gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simulation study of penetration electric field effects on the low‐ to mid‐latitude ionosphere (2005)

The first self‐consistent study of the impact of storm‐time penetration electric fields on the low‐ to mid‐latitude ionosphere is presented. The inner magnetosphere is described by the Rice Convection Model (RCM) and the ionosphere is described by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) code SAMI3. The codes are coupled electrodynamically through the electrostatic potential equation, and the storm is modeled via changes in the polar cap potential. Neutral wind driven electric fields are estimated from the Fejer/Scherliess quiet time model. It is found that temporal changes in the polar cap potential produce electric fields that modify the F region equatorial E × B drift velocities: the velocities increase in the daytime and decrease in the nighttime by up to a factor of two. This causes the total electron content (TEC) in the daytime, mid‐latitude ionosphere to increase by up to 35%. In addition, the ‘fountain effect’ is enhanced in the post‐sunset period.
Atypical beta-adrenergic receptor in 3T3-F442A adipocytes. Pharmacological and molecular relationship with the human beta 3-adrenergic receptor. (1991)

Expression of ligand binding properties for an atypical beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) subtype was studied during the adipose differentiation of murine 3T3-F442A cells and compared with that of the human beta 3-AR expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with the human beta 3-AR gene (CHO-beta 3 cells) Emorine, L. J., Marullo, S., Briend-Sutren, M. M., Patey, G., Tate, K., Delavier-Klutchko, C., and Strosberg, A. D. (1989) Science 245, 1118-1121). 3T3-F442A adipocytes exhibited high and low affinity binding sites for (-)-4-(3-t-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy) [5,7-3H]benzimidazole-2-one ((-)-[3H]CGP-12177) (KD = 1.2 and 38.3 nM) and (-)-[125I]iodocyanopindolol ([125I]CYP) (KD = 47 and 1,510 pM). The high affinity sites corresponded to the classical beta 1- and beta 2-AR subtypes whereas the KD values of the low affinity sites for the radioligands were similar to those measured in CHO-beta 3 cells (KD = 28 nM and 1,890 pM for (-)-[3H]CGP12177 and [125I]CYP, respectively). These low affinity sites were undetectable in preadipocytes but represented about 90% of total beta-ARs in adipocytes. The atypical beta-AR and the human beta 3-AR add similarly low affinities (Ki = 3-5 microM) for (+/-)-(2-(3-carbamoyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)ethylamino-3)-(4-(1-methyl- 4- trifluormethyl-2-imidazolyl)-phenoxy)-2-propanol methane sulfonate (CGP20712A) or erythro-(+/-)-1-(7-methylindan-4-yloxy)-3-isopropylaminob utan-2-ol (ICI118551), highly selective beta 1- and beta 2-AR antagonists, respectively, in agreement with the poor inhibitory effect of the compounds on (-)-isoproterenol (IPR)-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. Atypical beta-AR and beta 3-AR had an affinity about 10-50 times higher for sodium-4-(2-[2-hydroxy-2-(3-chlorophenyl)ethylamino]propyl)phenoxyace tate sesquihydrate (BRL37344) than the beta 1-AR subtype. This correlates with the potent lipolytic effect of BRL37344 in adipocytes. The rank order of potency of agonists in functional and binding studies was BRL37344 greater than IPR less than (-)-norepinephrine greater than (-)-epinephrine both in 3T3 adipocytes and CHO-beta 3 cells. As in CHO-beta 3 cells, the classical beta 1- and beta 2-antagonists CGP12177, oxprenolol, and pindolol were partial agonists in adipocytes. Although undetectable in preadipocytes, a major mRNA species of 2.3 kilobases (kb) and a minor one of 2.8 kb were observed in adipocytes by hybridization to a human beta 3-AR specific probe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Evidence for activation of the tissue kallikrein‐kinin system in nociceptive transmission and inflammatory responses of mice using a specific enzyme inhibitor (2000)

The pharmacological activity of phenylacetyl-Phe-Ser-Arg-N-(2, 4-dinitrophenyl)-ethylenediamine (TKI), a tissue kallikrein specific inhibitor, was assessed using models of nociception and inflammation in mice. Injection of TKI (13.6 - 136 micromol kg(-1), i.p. or 41 - 410 micromol kg(-1), s.c.) produced a dose-related inhibition of the acetic acid-induced writhes (by 37 to 85% or 34 to 80%, respectively). The antinociceptive activity of TKI (41 micromol kg(-1), i.p.) was maximal after 30 min injection and lasted for 120 min. The effect was unaltered by pretreatment with naloxone (8.2 micromol kg(-1), s.c.) or bilateral adrenalectomy. TKI (41 and 136 micromol kg(-1), i.p.) produced a dose-related decrease of the late phase of formalin-induced nociception by 79 and 98%, respectively. At 136 micromol kg(-1), i.p., TKI also shortened the duration of paw licking in the early phase by 69%. TKI (41 and 136 micromol kg(-1), i.p.) also reduced the capsaicin-induced nociceptive response (by 51 to 79%). TKI (41 micromol kg(-1), i.p. or 410 micromol kg(-1), s.c.) reduced the oedematogenic response, from the second to the fifth hour after carrageenin injection by 36 to 30% or by 47 to 39%, respectively. Pretreatment with TKI (41 micromol kg(-1), i.p.) reduced the capsaicin-induced neurogenic inflammation in the mouse ear by 54%. It is concluded that TKI presents antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities mediated by inhibition of kinin formation by tissue kallikrein in mice. The results also indicate that the tissue kallikrein-dependent pathway contributes to kinin generation in nociceptive and inflammatory processes in mice.
Alzheimer's Disease and Possible Gene Interaction (1994)

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Mutational analysis of the <i>PLCE1</i> gene in steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (2010)

PLCE1 is a major gene of DMS and is mutated in a non-negligible proportion of FSGS cases without NPHS2 mutations. Although additional variants in 19 candidate genes (16 other PLC genes, BRAF,IQGAP1 and NPHS1) were not identified, it is speculated that other modifier genes or environmental factors may play a role in the renal phenotype variability observed in individuals bearing PLCE1 mutations. This observation needs to be considered in the genetic counselling offered to patients.
Classification and Terminology of Scoliosis (1973)

*University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York. Professor and Chairman, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgeon-in-Chief Strong Memorial Hospital. Present address: 260 Crittendon Boulevard, Rochester, New York 14642 **University of California, Irvine, California, Professor and Chairman, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery Chief of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orange County Medical Center, Orange, California
Treatment of painful advanced internal lumbar disc derangement with intradiscal injection of hypertonic dextrose. (2006)

The results suggest that intradiscal injection of hypertonic dextrose may have a place in the management of pain arising from advanced lumbar degenerative disc disease.
Lower bounds for cutting planes proofs with small coefficients (1997)

Abstract We consider small-weight Cutting Planes (CP*) proofs; that is, Cutting Planes (CP) proofs with coefficients up to Poly( n ). We use the well known lower bounds for monotone complexity to prove an exponential lower bound for the length of CP* proofs, for a family of tautologies based on the clique function. Because Resolution is a special case of small-weight CP, our method also gives a new and simpler exponential lower bound for Resolution. We also prove the following two theorems: (1) Tree-like CP* proofs cannot polynomially simulate non-tree-like CP* proofs. (2) Tree-like CP* proofs and Bounded-depth-Frege proofs cannot polynomially simulate each other. Our proofs also work for some generalizations of the CP* proof system. In particular, they work for CP* with a deduction rule, and also for any proof system that allows any formula with small communication complexity, and any set of sound rules of inference.
Targeted Delivery of Doxorubicin by Folic Acid-Decorated Dual Functional Nanocarrier (2014)

Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most commonly used antineoplastic agents, but its clinical application is oftentimes coupled with severe side effects. Selective delivery of DOX to tumors via nanosized drug carrier represents an attractive approach to this problem. Previously, we developed a dual functional nanomicellar carrier, PEG5K-embelin2 (PEG5K-EB2), which was able to deliver paclitaxel (PTX) selectively to tumors and to achieve an enhanced therapeutic effect. In the present study, we examined the utility of PEG5K-EB2 to deliver DOX to tumors. In addition, folic acid (FA) was coupled to the surface of the PEG5K-EB2 micelles (FA-PEG5K-EB2) to further improve the selective targetability of the system. DOX-loaded PEG5K-EB2 micelles were uniformly spherical particles with a diameter of approximately 20 nm. Incorporation of FA had minimal effect on the size of the particles. The DOX loading efficiency was as high as 91.7% and 93.5% for PEG5K-EB2 and FA-PEG5K-EB2, respectively. DOX formulated in PEG5K-EB2 micelles (with or without FA decoration) demonstrated sustained kinetics of DOX release compared to free DOX. FA-PEG5K-EB2 significantly facilitated the intracellular uptake of DOX over free DOX and PEGylated liposomal DOX (Doxil) in breast cancer cells, 4T1.2, and drug resistant cells, NCI/ADR-RES. P-gp ATPase assay showed that PEG5K-EB2 significantly inhibited the function of the P-gp efflux pump. The maximum tolerated dose of DOX-loaded PEG5K-EB2 micelles was 15 mg/kg in mice, which was 1.5-fold greater than that for free DOX. Pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution studies showed that both types of DOX-loaded micelles, especially FA-PEG5K-EB2, were able to significantly prolong the blood circulation time of DOX and facilitate its preferential accumulation at the tumor tissue. Finally, DOX/PEG5K-EB2 mixed micelles demonstrated significantly enhanced tumor growth inhibitory effect with minimal toxicity in comparison to free DOX and Doxil and the antitumor activity was further enhanced after the decoration by folic acid. Our data suggest that FA-PEG5K-EB2 micelles represent a promising DOX delivery system that warrants more study in the future.
Dried blood spots (DBS) in doping controls: a complementary matrix for improved in- and out-of-competition sports drug testing strategies (2015)

The use of dried blood spots as a complementary sample matrix combined with state-of-the-art analytical techniques substantially improves doping control efforts, particularly concerning cost-efficiency, test frequency, and sample collection invasiveness.
Digital signal processing for improved NTSC television receiver (1989)

The authors have developed a digital signal processing approach for an improved NTSC (National Television System Committee) television (IDTV) system, utilizing three-dimensional motion adaptive processing techniques with frame memories. They made an effort to improve the precision of motion detection and introduced a stable system clock reproduction method and appropriate signal processing for nonstandard signals. The system has been implemented as digital LSI circuits, and an IDTV was made for home use. These digital signal processing techniques can help to improve the picture quality not only on large, direct viewing screens but also on projectors of more than 40 in.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Estimation of Regression Relationships Containing Unobservable Independent Variables (1970)

as an independent variable. Last in Zellner [10], it is shown that equations of simultaneous equation models can be brought into a regression form involving some observable and some unobservable independent variables. Given that regression relationstcontaining unobservable independent occur quite frequently, and -in' fact are a special case of errors in the variables models, it is important to have good methods for analyzing them. Previous analyses have almost always involved the use of an instrumental variable approach, an approach which leads to estimators with the desirable large sample property of consistency. However, it is not clear that the instrumental variable approach leads to asymptotically efficient estimators for all parameters of a model and the small sample properties of instrumental variable estimators are for the most part unknown. In the present paper, we first consider the specification and interpretation of the models under consideration in Section 2. Then in Section 3 we apply a least squares approach to generate an estimator which, with a normality assumption, is a maximum likelihood estimator. The relationship of this estimator to certain instrumental variable estimators is set forth. Then in Section 4, a Bayesian analysis of the model is presented. Finally, in Section 5 some concluding remarks are presented.
Sample Size Determination for Some Common Nonparametric Tests (1987)

Abstract The article discusses the problem of determining the number of observations required by some common nonparametric tests, so that the tests have power at least 1 – β against alternatives that differ sufficiently from the hypothesis being tested. It is shown that the number of observations depends on certain simple probabilities. A method is suggested for fixing the value of the appropriate probability when determining sample size.
Lead Removal from Wastewaters Using Chabazite Tuff (1988)

The possible use of Campanian tuff, namely chabazite tuff, in the removal of lead from wastewaters has been evaluated, either in static experiments or testing fixed beds eluted by solutions of the pollutant with or without the addition of interfering cations. Through the computation of breakthrough curves, ion exchange dynamic data have been collected, pointing out the good performances of the beds, at least when the concentration of interfering cations is comparable to that of lead. On the ground of the results obtained, perspectives of use in lead decontamination from wastewaters of storage batteries manufacturing industries and ceramic factories have been at last foreseen.
Activation of KCNQ2/3 Potassium Channels by Novel Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-One Derivatives (2011)

The voltage-gated M-type potassium channel, encoded mainly by the KCNQ2/3 genes, plays an important role in the control of neuronal excitability. Mutations in the KCNQ2 gene lead to a form of neonatal epilepsy in humans termed 'benign familial neonatal convulsions', which is characterized by hyperexcitability of neurons. KCNQ openers or activators are expected to decrease the firing of overactive neurons and are thus conducive to the treatment of epilepsy and pain. Here, we report that four novel synthesized derivatives of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one (PPO) named QO-26, QO-28, QO-40 and QO-41 potently augmented KCNQ2/3 channels expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells and shifted the half-maximal activation voltage (V(1/2)) in the hyperpolarizing direction. The V(1/2) was negatively shifted in a concentration-dependent manner. The compounds markedly slowed both KCNQ2/3 channel activation and deactivation kinetics. Structure-activity relationship studies suggest that trifluoromethyl at the C-2 position, phenyl or naphthyl at the C-3 position, and trifluoromethyl or chloromethyl at the C-5 position are essential for the activity. These results suggest the four PPO derivatives act as KCNQ2/3 channel openers, providing a new dimension for the design and development of more potent channel openers.
Cardiac outflow tract: A review of some embryogenetic aspects of the conotruncal region of the heart (2006)

A review concerning some embryogenetic aspects of the cardiac outflow tract is presented. Two main topics are discussed: the truncal septation and the secondary heart field. In the context of the septation of the truncus arteriosus, the development of the arterial valves is largely discussed, particularly in reference to the sinuses of Valsalva. Emphasis is also given to the fate of the external myocardial wall of the truncus arteriosus, as this primordial myocardial surface disappears later in the development. Molecular genetics data concerning Sox4 and NF-Atc transcription factors are correlated in the present review with rare forms of truncus malformations encountered in human pathology. The roles exerted by the secondary heart field and the neural crest on the development and growth of the conotruncal musculature are largely discussed. Reported experimental ablations of both secondary heart field and neural crest, showed conotruncal defects such as persistent truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, and double-outlet right ventricle, which were considered as the result of a short outflow tract causing, ultimately, a lack of conotruncal rotation. In this regard, some morphologic correlations are carried out, in the present review, between these experimental animal models and human malformations, and it is thought that this sort of conotruncal defects cannot be explained always in terms of conotruncal hypoplasia. Finally, influence of Pitx2c, a left-right laterality signaling gene, on the modulation of the conotruncal rotation, as most recently reported, is emphasized in terms of very likely multifactorial contributions in the embryogenesis of the conotruncal region of the heart.
Lysosomal Cysteine Proteinase Cathepsin S as a Potential Target for Anti-Cancer Therapy (2007)

In mammalian cells, cysteine proteinases are localized mainly in the cytoplasm and lysosomal compartments. For lysosomal cysteine proteinases, they are synthesized as inactive zymogens and converted to active forms occurred in the acidic and reducing conditions of late endosomes or lysosomes. Here we review the roles of active lysosomal cysteine proteinases in particular cathepsin S and its importance to many physiological or pathological processes including tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Biochemical and clinical studies have shown significant changes in the levels of mRNA expression and enzyme activity of cathepsin S in various cancer tissues and cell lines. Immunologic, molecular and pharmaceutical approaches to alter the expression and proteolytic activity of cathepsin S all provided strong evidence for a causal role of this proteolytic enzyme in tumor progression and invasion. Determination of the X-ray structures of either cathepsin S alone or complexed with inhibitors further offered insights of the active site pocket of cathepsin S, thereby making the rational design of low-molecular weight synthetic inhibitors feasible for anti-cancer drug development and treatment.
3-d localization error analysis in wireless networks (2007)

In the paper we investigate 3-D positioning by making use of distance/range and angle-of-arrival (AOA) measurements. Two estimation methods (linear least squares (LS) estimator and optimization) are developed for node positioning in wireless networks. We derive the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for positioning with both range and AOA measurements in a 3-D environment, which is not seen in the literature. Also we derive compact approximate expressions of the variances of the LS algorithms. In the literature, positioning accuracy is usually studied by assuming perfect anchor location information. To evaluate positioning accuracy under realistic conditions, we also analyze the impact of anchor position error. Numerical results demonstrate that the derived analytical results have a good match with the simulated results.
Observation of bias associated with re-amplification of DNA isolated from denaturing gradient gels (2005)

DNA from environmental PCR products separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was isolated from the background smear rather than from discrete bands of the DGGE gel. The "interband" region was considered as a potential source of less dominant members of natural microbial communities. Surprisingly, instead of detecting new bands from the re-amplified PCR products, patterns very similar to the original ones were obtained regardless of the position of the "interband" region. The results suggest that the separation of amplicons by DGGE may not be perfect and band re-amplification based sequence analyses need careful interpretation.
A real-time library for the design of hybrid robot control architectures (2002)

Describes a real-time library providing facilities useful in the design of robot control architectures. The library supports structured creation of reactive and deliberative modules, dynamic modification of relevant real-time parameters, generation of timing fault handlers, measurement and monitoring of execution times. This support enables adaptation of the rate of computation of real-time modules to the rate of change of the external world, and hence better tuning of robot behavior to the world uncertainty and dynamics. The real-time library has been put to work by designing a hybrid control architecture for a robot performing a kitting task. In the prototype experiment described in the paper, a Puma 560 robot manipulator is fed with parts by a small mobile robot. The control architecture governing Puma operations dynamically allocates computational resources to reactive and deliberative modules, according to the task level priorities.
Clinical implication and prognostic significance of the tumor suppressor <i>TSLC1</i> gene detected in adenocarcinoma of the lung (2003)

The loss or reduction of TSLC1 expression in resected lung adenocarcinoma cases was associated with a poor prognosis, indicating that TSLC1 represents a central effector gene for controlling the biologic aggressiveness of the tumor and that it is an essential biomarker for predicting patient prognosis. These data may help to detect those patients at high risk for recurrence who might benefit from additional therapeutic strategies such as adjuvant therapy.
GPFS-SNC: An enterprise cluster file system for Big Data (2013)

A new class of data-intensive applications commonly referred to as Big Data applications (e.g., customer sentiment analysis based on click-stream logs) involves processing massive amounts of data with a focus on semantically transforming the data. This class of applications is massively parallel and well suited for the MapReduce programming framework that allows users to perform large-scale data analyses such that the application execution layer handles the system architecture, data partitioning, and task scheduling. In this paper, we introduce GPFS-SNC (General Parallel File System for Shared Nothing Clusters), a scalable file system that operates over a cluster of commodity machines and direct-attached storage and meets the requirements of analytics and traditional applications that are typically used together in analytics solutions. The architecture extends an existing enterprise cluster file system to support these emerging classes of workloads by applying five innovative optimizations: 1) locality awareness to allow compute jobs to be scheduled on nodes where the data resides, 2) metablocks that allow large and small block sizes to co-exist in the same file system to meet the needs of different types of applications, 3) write affinity that allows applications to dictate the layout of files on different nodes in order to maximize both write and read bandwidth, 4) pipelined replication to maximize use of network bandwidth for data replication, and 5) distributed recovery to minimize the effect of failures on ongoing computation.
[<i>N</i>-Methyl-<sup>11</sup>C]Cholylsarcosine, a Novel Bile Acid Tracer for PET/CT of Hepatic Excretory Function: Radiosynthesis and Proof-of-Concept Studies in Pigs (2012)

We have synthesized a novel conjugated bile acid analog, (11)C-cholylsarcosine, and PET/CT studies on anesthetized pigs showed that the hepatic handling of tracer uptake from blood and excretion into the bile was comparable to that for the endogenous bile acid cholyltaurine. This tracer may be valuable for future studies of normal and pathologic hepatic excretory functions in humans.