gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Body Condition Assessment Using Digital Images (2006)

This project assessed the ability to assign a body condition score (BCS) to a dairy cow from digital photographs or videos. Images were taken from the rear of the cow at a 0 to 20 degrees angle relative to the tail head. Four observers assigned a BCS to each of 57 cows at a farm visit (live, farm 1) and later from a photograph (photo). Means +/- standard deviations of BCS by method and observer were as follows: live = 3.25 +/- 0.51, 3.42 +/- 0.49, 3.32 +/- 0.58, 3.13 +/- 0.62; photo = 3.36 +/- 0.52, 3.32 +/- 0.43, 3.44 +/- 0.62, 3.14 +/- 0.6 for observers 1 to 4, respectively. Body condition score means differed across observers for live (observer 2 higher and observer 4 lower, compared with observers 1 and 3) and photo methods (observer 3 lower, compared with observers 1, 2, and 3); however, within observer, the mean live BCS did not differ from the mean photo BCS. Correlation coefficients between BCS assigned live and from photos were 0.84, 0.82, 0.82, and 0.90 for observers 1 to 4, respectively. Subsequently, observer 1 visited 2 farms, assigned a live BCS, and digitally photographed 187 cows (56 and 131 cows from farms 2 and 3, respectively). Observers 2, 3, and 4 assigned a BCS from the photographs. Means +/- standard deviations of BCS by observer (method) were 1 (live) 3.35 +/- 0.55; 2 (photo) 3.33 +/- 0.49; 3 (photo) 3.60 +/- 0.54; and 4 (photo) 3.26 +/- 0.62. The mean BCS for observer 3 was higher and that for observer 4 was lower than for observers 1 and 2. Correlation coefficients between observer 1 and observers 2 through 4 were 0.78, 0.76, and 0.79, respectively. Observer 1 assigned a BCS to 41 cows at a farm visit and 3 wk later assessed the BCS of cows from a video taken at a farm visit by a different individual. Cows were restrained in headlocks at a feed bunk when assessing BCS and for video production. No difference was detected for the mean BCS, for the standard deviation of the mean BCS, or in the distribution of BCS between the live and video assessments. Mean and SD for 17 groups of Holstein cows from 20 farms were used to generate 10,000 random samples of BCS. Groups of 25, 50, 100, and 150 cows were created from the random samples, and estimates of mean BCS were determined by sampling 3 to 80% of the group. Estimates of mean BCS with a sample size of 30% or more from a group of cows fell within the 95% confidence limit of the true mean more than 98% of the time. Digital photographs provide adequate imaging for assessment of BCS. Sampling 30% of a group should be adequate to assess the mean BCS. Video imaging allowed a rapid assessment of BCS but did not permit identification of individual cows.
Learn to Combine Multiple Hypotheses for Accurate Face Alignment (2013)

In this paper, we present the details of our method in attending the 300 Faces in-the-wild (300W) challenge. We build our method on cascade regression framework, where a series of regressors are utilized to progressively refine the shape initialized by face detector. In cascade regression, we use the HOG feature in a multi-scale manner, where the large pose validation is handled in early stages by HOG feature at large scale, and then shape is refined at later stages with HOG feature at small scale. We observe that the performance of the cascade regression method decreases when the initialization provided by face detector is not accurate enough (for faces with large appearance variations, face detection is still a challenging problem). To handle the problem, we propose to generate multiple hypotheses, and then learn to rank or combine these hypotheses to get the final result. The parameters in both learn to rank and learn to combine can be learned in a structural SVM framework. Despite the simplicity of our method, it achieves state-of-the-art performance on LFPW, and dramatically outperforms the baseline AAM on the 300-W challenge.
Estimating the NH <sub>3</sub> :H <sub>2</sub> SO <sub>4</sub> ratio of nucleating clusters in atmospheric conditions using quantum chemical methods (2007)

Abstract. We study the ammonia addition reactions of H2SO4·NH3 molecular clusters containing up to four ammonia and two sulfuric acid molecules using the ab initio method RI-MP2 (Resolution of Identity 2nd order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory). Together with results from previous studies, we use the computed values to estimate an upper limit for the ammonia content of small atmospheric clusters, without having to explicitly include water molecules in the quantum chemical simulations. Our results indicate that the NH3:H2SO4 mole ratio of small molecular clusters in typical atmospheric conditions is probably around 1:2. High ammonia concentrations or low temperatures may lead to the formation of ammonium bisulfate (1:1) clusters, but our results rule out the formation of ammonium sulfate clusters (2:1) anywhere in the atmosphere. A sensitivity analysis indicates that the qualitative conclusions of this study are not affected even by relatively large errors in the calculation of electronic energies or vibrational frequencies.
Protection of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar against infectious pancreatic necrosis after DNA vaccination (2004)

Although vaccines against infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) based on inactivated virus or recombinant structural viral proteins are commercially available, the protection is not complete and the disease is still a problem for the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar farming industry. In the present study, 5 different plasmids that expressed whole or parts of the large open reading frames (ORF) of Segment A of the IPN virus (IPNV) were constructed. The plasmids were shown to express proteins in cell cultures and in zebrafish Danio rerio in vivo. The specificities of the expressed proteins were confirmed by staining with IPNV-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAb) The plasmids were then used alone or in different combinations to vaccinate groups of Atlantic salmon, which subsequently were challenged in an experimental assay for IPN. A high level of protection was induced only by the plasmid combination that contained a plasmid expressing all the large ORF polyprotein.
New Iron(II) and Manganese(II) Complexes of Two Ultra-Rigid, Cross-Bridged Tetraazamacrocycles for Catalysis and Biomimicry (2000)

The high-spin dichloro Mn2+ and Fe2+ complexes of 4,11-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane (1) and 4,10-dimethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazabicyclo[5.5.2]tetradecane (2) provide durable new compounds of these elements for important fundamental studies and applications. The compounds are especially noteable for their exceptional kinetic stabilities and redox activity. The X-ray crystal structures of all four complexes demonstrate that the ligands enforce a distorted octahedral geometry on the metals with two cis sites occupied by labile chloride ligands. Magnetic measurements reveal that all are high spin with typical magnetic moments. Cyclic voltammetry of the complexes shows reversible redox processes at +0.110 and +0.038 V (versus SHE) for the Fe3+/Fe2+ couples of Fe(1)Cl2 and Fe(2)Cl2, respectively, while the Mn3+/Mn2+ and Mn4+/Mn3+ couples were observed at +0.585 and +1.343 V, and +0.466 and +1.232 V for the complexes Mn(1)Cl2 and Mn(2)Cl2, respectively. Mn2+(1) was found to react with H2O2 and other oxidizing agents to produce the Mn4+(1) complex. The catalytic efficacy of Mn4+(1) in aqueous solution has been assessed in the epoxidation reaction of carbamazepine and hydrogen abstraction reaction with 1,4-cyclohexadiene. The complex has been found to be a selective catalyst, exhibiting moderate catalytic activity in oxygen transfer, but significantly more effective catalytic activity in hydrogen abstraction reactions.
Infrared emission from a flame as the basis for chromatographic detection of organic compounds (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInfrared emission from a flame as the basis for chromatographic detection of organic compoundsM. Keith. Hudson and Kenneth W. BuschCite this: Anal. Chem. 1987, 59, 21, 2603–2609Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00148a016https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00148a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views89Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Flash Translation Layer and its functionalities (2019)

Flash memory had gained popularity as secondary storage when compared to hard disk it poses excellent factors like as light weighted, shock resistance, non volatility in nature and low power consumption. However there are some technical limitations such as read and write operation cost differs in context of energy and time. To write any data, first that page should be erased which leads to another level of complexity as read/write operation works on granularity of page and erase operation is performed on granularity of block which is collection of pages. Despite the fact that flash memory is replacing traditional hard disk it urge some computational overhead which make this replacement difficult. To sort out the differences in interface an emulation layer FTL (Flash Translation Layer) is used. FTL mapped the host generated logical address to physical address of flash memory. This paper surveys the functionalities of FTL.
Adhesive bonding : science, technology and applications (2005)

Part 1 Fundamentals of adhesive bonding: History of adhesive bonding What are adhesives and sealants and how do they work? Surfaces: how to assess Surfaces: How to treat. Part 2 Mechanical properties: Stress analysis Environmental (durability) effects Nondestructive testing Impact behaviour of adhesively bonded joints Fracture mechanics of adhesive bonds Fatigue Vibration damping. Part 3 Applications: Joining similar and dissimilar materials Bonding composites Building and construction - steel and aluminium Building and construction - timber Automobiles Boats and marine Shoe industry Electrical Aerospace.
Apical splenic nerve electrical stimulation discloses an anti-inflammatory pathway relying on adrenergic and nicotinic receptors in myeloid cells (2019)

The autonomic nervous system innervates all lymphoid tissues including the spleen therefore providing a link between the central nervous system and the immune system. The only known mechanism of neural inhibition of inflammation in the spleen relies on the production of norepinephrine by splenic catecholaminergic fibers which binds to β2-adrenergic receptors (β 2-ARs) of CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells. These CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells trigger the release of acetylcholine that inhibits the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by macrophages through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAchRs) signaling. While the vagal anti-inflammatory pathway has been extensively studied in rodents, it remains to be determined whether it coexists with other neural pathways. Here, we have found that three nerve branches project to the spleen in mice. While two of these nerves are associated with an artery and contain catecholaminergic fibers, the third is located at the apex of the spleen and contain both catecholaminergic and cholinergic fibers. We found that electrical stimulation of the apical nerve, but not the arterial nerves, inhibited inflammation independently of lymphocytes. In striking contrast to the anti-inflammatory pathway mechanism described so far, we also found that the inhibition of inflammation by apical nerve electrical stimulation relied on signaling by both β 2-ARs and α7nAchRs in myeloid cells, with these two signaling pathways acting in parallel. Most importantly, apical splenic nerve electrical stimulation mitigated clinical symptoms in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis further providing the proof-of-concept that such an approach could be beneficial in patients with Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
One‐Step Synthesis of Highly Oxygen‐Deficient Lithium Titanate Oxide with Conformal Amorphous Carbon Coating as Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries (2017)

The lithium titanate defect spinel, Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO), is a promising “zero‐strain” anode material for lithium‐ion batteries in cycling‐demanding applications. However, the low‐rate capability limits its range of applications. Surface modifications, for example, coating and defect engineering, play an intriguing role in interfacial electrochemical processes. Herein, a novel synthesis of highly oxygen‐deficient “defective‐LTO” anode material with high‐rate performance is reported. It is synthesized using conventional precursors via a one‐pot thermal reduction process. A high level of oxygen vacancies of ≈6.5 at% and conformal amorphous carbon coating are achieved simultaneously, resulting in a compounding effect for a high discharge capacity of 123 mAh g −1 with Coulombic efficiency of 99.8% at 10 C‐rate. Ab initio calculations foresight that oxygen vacancies increase the electron donor density of the neighboring titanium atoms, while conformal amorphous carbon significantly lowers interfacial charge‐transfer resistance. The formation mechanism, as well as the origin of enhanced electrochemical properties, is elaborated in this paper.
Electrical characterization of sol-gel derived PZT thin films (2003)

Thin films of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) were deposited on a variety of substrates using the sol-gel process. These included Pt/Ti/SiO/sub 2//Si, RuO/sub 2//SiO/sub 2//Si, RuO/sub 2//MgO, Pt/MgO, and Pt/Ti/MgO. Epitaxial, oriented, and polycrystalline films were obtained after annealing at 700 degrees C for 10 min. Polycrystalline PZT films with RuO/sub 2/ as top and bottom electrodes showed superior hysteresis and fatigue behavior as compared to such films on Pt. Epitaxial films on Pt/MgO and Pt/Ti/MgO displayed excellent fatigue behavior and large remnant polarization as compared to their polycrystalline counterparts on Pt/Ti/SiO/sub 2//Si. The results suggest that different fatigue mechanisms may be simultaneously operating.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Real-time virtual metrology and control of etch rate in an industrial plasma chamber (2012)

Plasma etch is a semiconductor manufacturing process during which material is removed from the surface of semiconducting wafers, typically made of silicon, using gases in plasma form. A host of chemical and electrical complexities make the etch process notoriously difficult to model and troublesome to control. This work demonstrates the use of a real-time model predictive control scheme to control plasma etch rate in the presence of disturbances to the ground path of the chamber, which are representative of maintenance events. Virtual metrology (VM) models, using plasma impedance measurements, are used to estimate the plasma etch rate in real time for control, with a view to eliminating the requirement for invasive measurements. The VM and control schemes exhibit fast set-point tracking and disturbance rejection capabilities. Etch rate can be controlled to within 1% of the desired value. Such control represents a significant improvement over open-loop operation of etch tools, where variances in etch rate of up to 5% can be observed during production processes due to disturbances in tool state and material properties.
An Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Nickel-base Superalloy with Excellent High Temperature Strength (1987)

Oxide dispersion strengthened nickel-base superalloys with compositional variants were prepared by mechanical alloying, and their secondary recrystallization characteristics and creep rupture strength were examined. Their matrix compositions were determined by modifying cast superalloys containing a high volume fraction of γ' phase. One of the presently investigated alloys, Alloy 98, was shown to form directionally recrystallized grain structures by zone anneal and surpass monocrystalline superalloys in the creep rupture stress range below about 320MPa. Higher tantalum concentration in Alloy 98 than in other oxide dispersion strengthened alloys is considered to improve creep rupture strength. Aluminum addition, higher than about 6wt%, seems to degrade recrystallization properties and consequently decrease creep strength. M23C6 carbide precipitates besides γ' phase and oxide dispersoids were observed in Alloy 98 by means of transmission electron microscopy. Also observed was a formation of coalescent oxides and oxide denuded areas around them, and the higher creep strength will be expected by improved process to minimize these dispersion defects.
Nanostructural engineering of nitride nucleation layers for GaN substrate dislocation reduction. (2009)

With no lattice matched substrate available, sapphire continues as the substrate of choice for GaN growth, because of its reasonable cost and the extensive prior experience using it as a substrate for GaN. Surprisingly, the high dislocation density does not appear to limit UV and blue LED light intensity. However, dislocations may limit green LED light intensity and LED lifetime, especially as LEDs are pushed to higher current density for high end solid state lighting sources. To improve the performance for these higher current density LEDs, simple growth-enabled reductions in dislocation density would be highly prized. GaN nucleation layers (NLs) are not commonly thought of as an application of nano-structural engineering; yet, these layers evolve during the growth process to produce self-assembled, nanometer-scale structures. Continued growth on these nuclei ultimately leads to a fully coalesced film, and we show in this research program that their initial density is correlated to the GaN dislocation density. In this 18 month program, we developed MOCVD growth methods to reduce GaN dislocation densities on sapphire from 5 x 10{sup 8} cm{sup -2} using our standard delay recovery growth technique to 1 x 10{sup 8} cm{sup -2} using an ultra-low nucleation density technique. For this research, we firmly established a correlation between the GaN nucleation thickness, the resulting nucleation density after annealing, and dislocation density of full GaN films grown on these nucleation layers. We developed methods to reduce the nuclei density while still maintaining the ability to fully coalesce the GaN films. Ways were sought to improve the GaN nuclei orientation by improving the sapphire surface smoothness by annealing prior to the NL growth. Methods to eliminate the formation of additional nuclei once the majority of GaN nuclei were developed using a silicon nitride treatment prior to the deposition of the nucleation layer. Nucleation layer thickness was determined using optical reflectance and the nucleation density was determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Nomarski microscopy. Dislocation density was measured using X-ray diffraction and AFM after coating the surface with silicon nitride to delineate all dislocation types. The program milestone of producing GaN films with dislocation densities of 1 x 10{sup 8} cm{sup -2} was met by silicon nitride treatment of annealed sapphire followed by the multiple deposition of a low density of GaN nuclei followed by high temperature GaN growth. Details of this growth process and the underlying science are presented in this final report along with problems encountered in this research and recommendations for future work.
Thymus vulgaris essential oil: chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. (2014)

The study was designed to determine the chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris cultivated in Romania. The essential oil was isolated in a yield of 1.25% by steam distillation from the aerial part of the plant and subsequently analyzed by GC-MS. The major components were p-cymene (8.41%), γ-terpinene (30.90%) and thymol (47.59%). Its antimicrobial activity was evaluated on 7 common food-related bacteria and fungus by using the disk diffusion method. The results demonstrate that the Thymus vulgaris essential oil tested possesses strong antimicrobial properties, and may in the future represent a new source of natural antiseptics with applications in the pharmaceutical and food industry.
The Pharmacokinetics Evaluation and Bioequivalence of new Docetaxel Injections and Taxotere using Healthy Rats (2010)

The docetaxel of sterile freeze-dried powder injections was new developed injections due to overcome some drawbacks of Taxotere. We has been evaluated the pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence of the docetaxel of sterile freeze-dried powder injections and Taxotere by highly selective and accurate LC-MS/MS method in healthy rats. The pharmacokinetic parameters and bioequivalence of two injections were obtained by the profession software (DAS, version 2.0). The 90% CIs for the In-transformed ratios of C max : AUC 0-t and AUC 0~8 were 101.3%-104.1%, 99.8%-100.8% and 99.4-100.6%, respectively (all, p < 0.001). In this study, we attained the pharmacokinetic parameters of the two injections', meanwhile docetaxel of sterile freezedried powder injections appeared to be bioequivalent to Taxotere in healthy rats. The result was beneficially to further study the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of the human in the future research.
DeepLight: Learning Illumination for Unconstrained Mobile Mixed Reality (2019)

We present a learning-based method to infer plausible high dynamic range (HDR), omnidirectional illumination given an unconstrained, low dynamic range (LDR) image from a mobile phone camera with a limited field of view (FOV). For training data, we collect videos of various reflective spheres placed within the camera's FOV, leaving most of the background unoccluded, leveraging that materials with diverse reflectance functions reveal different lighting cues in a single exposure. We train a deep neural network to regress from the LDR background image to HDR lighting by matching the LDR ground truth sphere images to those rendered with the predicted illumination using image-based relighting, which is differentiable. Our inference runs at interactive frame rates on a mobile device, enabling realistic rendering of virtual objects into real scenes for mobile mixed reality. Training on automatically exposed and white-balanced videos, we improve the realism of rendered objects compared to the state-of-the art methods for both indoor and outdoor scenes.