gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Melaminium molybdate smoke and fire retarders for poly(vinyl chloride) (1986)

Abstract Melaminium molybdates are shown to be very effective smoke and fire retarder additives for PVC. In a simple tin stabilized rigid PVC compound the preferred melaminium β‐octa‐molybdate outperformed MoO 3 and other common molybdenum smoke retarders. Combinations of melaminium molybdates with compounds of copper formed very efficient smoke‐reducing and char‐forming synergistic additive systems for PVC. For example, combining the octamolybdate with a series of different copper compounds consistently gave smoke reductions of about 85% in the flaming mode of the NBS Smoke Chamber at a total additive level of 5 parts per hundred parts of PVC. These large reductions in smoke were accompanied by large increases in the amount of char formed and retained as combustion residues.
Incoherent light imaging using an optical phased array (2020)

Recent advances in silicon photonics have enabled large-scale optical phased arrays for applications such as beam steering and directional light detection. However, to date, these results have only been applied to coherent light. Many applications, including passive imaging with natural illumination, require operation using incoherent and/or broadband light. Here, we implement an optical phased array designed for these applications using a planar, fractal, path length-matching architecture known as an “H-tree.” We demonstrate electronic beamsteering and natural light imaging using this flat, broadband, photonic-integrated device.
Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Hints (2019)

Monocular depth estimators can be trained with various forms of self-supervision from binocular-stereo data to circumvent the need for high-quality laser-scans or other ground-truth data. The disadvantage, however, is that the photometric reprojection losses used with self-supervised learning typically have multiple local minima. These plausible-looking alternatives to ground-truth can restrict what a regression network learns, causing it to predict depth maps of limited quality. As one prominent example, depth discontinuities around thin structures are often incorrectly estimated by current state-of-the-art methods. Here, we study the problem of ambiguous reprojections in depth-prediction from stereo-based self-supervision, and introduce Depth Hints to alleviate their effects. Depth Hints are complementary depth-suggestions obtained from simple off-the-shelf stereo algorithms. These hints enhance an existing photometric loss function, and are used to guide a network to learn better weights. They require no additional data, and are assumed to be right only sometimes. We show that using our Depth Hints gives a substantial boost when training several leading self-supervised-from-stereo models, not just our own. Further, combined with other good practices, we produce state-of-the-art depth predictions on the KITTI benchmark.
The IL-17B-IL-17 receptor B pathway promotes resistance to paclitaxel in breast tumors through activation of the ERK1/2 pathway (2017)

Interleukin 17B (IL-17B) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that belongs to the IL-17 cytokines family and binds to IL-17 receptor B (IL-17RB). Here we found that high expression of IL-17B and IL-17RB is associated with poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer and that IL-17B expression upregulation is specifically associated with poorer survival in patients with basal-like breast cancer. We thus focused on IL-17B role in breast cancer by using luminal and triple negative (TN)/basal-like tumor cell lines. We found that IL-17B induces resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. <i>In vivo</i>, IL-17B induced resistance to paclitaxel and treatment with an anti-IL-17RB neutralizing antibody completely restored breast tumor chemosensitivity, leading to tumor shrinkage. We next focused on the signaling pathways activated in human breast cancer cell lines upon incubation with IL-17B. We observed that IL-17B induces ERK1/2 pathway activation, leading to upregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins of the BCL-2 family. IL-17B-induced chemoresistance was completely abolished by incubation with PD98059, an inhibitor of the MAPK/ERK pathway, indicating that the ERK pathway plays a crucial role. Altogether our results emphasize the role of the IL-17B/IL-17RB signaling pathway in breast tumors and identify IL-17B and its receptor as attractive therapeutic targets for potentiating breast cancer chemotherapy.
Ester bio-isosteres: synthesis of oxadiazolyl-1-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes as muscarinic agonists (1988)

J. Saunders, A. M. MacLeod, K. Merchant, G. A. Showell, R. J. Snow, L. J. Street and R. Baker, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1988, 1618 DOI: 10.1039/C39880001618
<title>Improved performance in piezoelectric fiber composites using interdigitated electrodes</title> (1995)

Piezoelectric fiber composites were introduced as an alterative to monolithic piezoceramic wafers for structural actuation applications. This manuscript was an investigation into the improvement of piezoelectric fiber composite performance through a non-conventional electroding scheme. An interdigitated electrode pattern introduced the major component of electric field into the plane of the structure (along the fibers) and allowed the use of the primary piezoelectric effect. Two models were developed that predict the composite properties. These models examined the trends of composite properties versus fiber volume fraction for various constituent materials. Improvement was seen by comparing the modeled piezoelectric properties of the new electrodes to the conventional arrangement for fiber composites. Several etched electrode fiber composites were manufactured and tested to validate the models. Good agreement was seen for the capacitance, but the piezoelectric constants showed good agreement at only certain fiber volume fractions.
Up-regulation of Chondrocyte Matrix Genes and Products by Electric Fields (2004)

This study tested the hypothesis that selective and specific capacitively coupled electrical signals could stimulate gene expression and matrix production in bovine articular chondrocytes. Starting with a capacitively coupled electric signal that previously was shown to be effective in stimulating proliferation in bovine articular cartilage chondrocytes, dose responses were done sequentially for duration, response time, amplitude, duty cycle, and frequency. Results showed that a 0.5-hour, 20 mV/cm, signal at 60 kHz up-regulated aggrecan gene expression approximately eightfold (p < 0.0003) using a 50% duty cycle, whereas Type II collagen gene expression was up-regulated approximately fivefold (p < 0.02) using an 8.3% duty cycle. Using a compound signal (a 0.5-hour continuous period plus multiple 1-hour periods of 50% duty cycle for 7 days) both proteoglycan and collagen accumulation in vitro were increased approximately fivefold (p < 0.0003) and twofold (p < 0.0008), respectively. Also, the most effective capacitively coupled electric signal was different for each of the two molecules studied (aggrecan, 50% duty cycle and 4-hour response time; Type II collagen, 8.3% duty cycle and 6-hour response time). We conclude that selective up-regulation of gene expression and matrix accumulation of cartilage structural macromolecules (such as aggrecan and Type II collagen) with specific capacitively coupled fields occurs in vitro. This may be useful in vivo as a noninvasive modality to promote cartilage healing or ameliorate the effects of osteoarthritis, or both.
Method and apparatus for extracting oil from hydrocarbonaceous solid material. [50 torr and 600 to 900/sup 0/F] (1977)

A closed self-contained system (method and apparatus) for efficiently extracting oil and other hydrocarbons from oil-bearing hydrocarbonaceous solid material is described. The material, which may be preheated to remove water and hydrocarbons which vaporize below about 600/sup 0/F, is advanced in the form of discrete individual pieces along a pathway in a substantially evacuated zone (e.g., less than 50 torr) while in the presence of heat energy sufficient to raise the temperature of the shale (e.g., to 600/sup 0/ to no more than 900/sup 0/F) to cause the oil and other hydrocarbons to be liberated as a vapor in the evacuated zone. The hydrocarbonaceous solid material advances in proximity with at least one condenser surface so that oil and other hydrocarbons are condensed and recovered from the liberated vapor. The system operates at temperatures which are at all times below 900/sup 0/F, and generally below 700/sup 0/F, to extract the oil from the oil-bearing hydrocarbonaceous solid material in a relatively short period of time (e.g., 30 to 360 minutes).
VeriPhy: verified controller executables from verified cyber-physical system models (2018)

We present VeriPhy, a verified pipeline which automatically transforms verified high-level models of safety-critical cyber-physical systems (CPSs) in differential dynamic logic (dL) to verified controller executables. VeriPhy proves that all safety results are preserved end-to-end as it bridges abstraction gaps, including: i) the gap between mathematical reals in physical models and machine arithmetic in the implementation, ii) the gap between real physics and its differential-equation models, and iii) the gap between nondeterministic controller models and machine code. VeriPhy reduces CPS safety to the faithfulness of the physical environment, which is checked at runtime by synthesized, verified monitors. We use three provers in this effort: KeYmaera X, HOL4, and Isabelle/HOL. To minimize the trusted base, we cross-verify KeYmaeraX in Isabelle/HOL. We evaluate the resulting controller and monitors on commodity robotics hardware.
Correction of inhomogeneities in Magnetic Resonance Images (2008)

This paper presents a method by which two fast spoiled gradient echo image volumes can be used to estimate the slowly varying intensity variation frequently observed in Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI). We first present results for simulated brain MRI, where we compare the performance of a segmentation algorithm on uncorrected, corrected and artifact free images. Next, we present the results for a real uniform phantom and then for clinical spinal images, where our algorithm reduces the intensity variation within a tissue class from a factor of 30 to a factor of 2. The technique and algorithm has been successfully tested on over 1000 images acquired with different coils, sequences and anatomies.
MicroRNA let-7-TGFBR3 signalling regulates cardiomyocyte apoptosis after infarction (2019)

Together, we conclude that the let-7-Tgfbr3-p38 MAPK signalling plays an important role in cardiomyocyte apoptosis after MI. Furthermore, microRNA let-7 and Tgfbr3 may serve as therapeutic targets and biomarkers for myocardial damage. FUND: Ministry of Science and Technology, National Health Research Institutes, Academia Sinica Program for Translational Innovation of Biopharmaceutical Development-Technology Supporting Platform Axis, Thematic Research Program and the Summit Research Program, Taiwan.
TGF-β1, but Not TGF-β2 or TGF-β3, is Differentially Present in Epithelial Cells of Advanced Pulmonary Fibrosis: An Immunohistochemical Study (1996)

Although it is recognized that three isoforms of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) exist in mammals, their expression, distribution, and function in injury and repair are not well characterized. Using immunohistochemistry and antibodies to synthetic peptides of TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, and TGF-beta 3, we determined the distribution of TGF-beta isoforms in lung sections with acute and chronic lesions of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chronic asbestosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, as well as non-specific pneumonitis. In lung sections with advanced pulmonary fibrosis and honeycombing, irrespective of the diagnosis, TGF-beta 1 was prominently expressed in epithelial cells and macrophages and was found to be associated with the extracellular matrix. In lungs with early lesions of IPF and only inflammatory changes, TGF-beta 1 was present in alveolar macrophages but TGF-beta 1 was not present in epithelial cells. Small amounts of matrix-associated TGF-beta 1 were present subepithelially in areas of lung sections from patients with IPF with minimal inflammation and no fibrosis. In normal lungs with no evidence of inflammation or fibrosis TGF-beta 1 was not seen in alveolar macrophages, epithelial cells, or extracellularly. TGF-beta 2 and TGF-beta 3 were expressed in alveolar macrophages, epithelial cells, and smooth muscle cells of vessels and bronchi of normal lungs and lungs with both inflammatory and fibrotic changes. Our findings suggest that while TGF-beta 2 and TGF-beta 3 are ubiquitously expressed in the lung, TGF-beta 1 is expressed in epithelial cells of fibrotic lungs where the presence of TGF-beta 1 is not disease-specific but an indication of the chronicity of the injury.
Optical and mechanical characterization of microfabricated optical bend loss sensor for distributive pressure measurement (2007)

The paper describes the development of a mesh waveguide sensor capable of measuring pressure force at the plantar interface. The uniqueness of the system is in its batch fabrication process, which involves a microfabrication molding technique with poly(dimethylsiloxane)(PDMS) as the optical medium. The pressure sensor consists of an array of optical waveguides lying in perpendicular rows and columns separated by elastomeric pads. A map of normal stress was constructed based on observed macro bending which causes intensity attenuation from the physical deformation of two adjacent perpendicular waveguides. In this paper, optical and mechanical analysis of the bend loss will be presented. We will also present the results using a two-layer neural network system for force and image construction of fourteen different shape patterns and its corresponding four different applied forces.
Extraction of Heavy Metals by 2-Mercaptoethoxy Groups Attached to Silica Gel (2004)

Silica gel is currently being used as a support for various straight chain mono- and bifunctional compounds such as amines, thiols (mercaptans), and mercaptoalochols. The current study reports the results of an investigation of a 2-mercaptoethoxy moiety covalently attached to silica gel. The condensation was effected by acid-catalyzed condensation of toluene solution of 2-mercaptoethanol and silica gel and azeotropically removing the water using a Dean-Stark tube. As a coordinating agent, this bifunctional compound was used in the removal of copper(II), cadmium(II), and lead(II) from standard aqueous solutions. Using silica gel support, the removal percentages were 91-93% for the three metals.
Characterization of the binding specificity of two anticruciform DNA monoclonal antibodies (1989)

Two monoclonal antibodies (2D3 and 4B4) have been raised against a stable cruciform DNA structure containing the 27-base pair palindrome of the SV40 origin of replication on one strand and an unrelated 26-base pair palindrome on the complementary strand (pRGM 21 x pRGM 29) and have been shown to recognize conformational determinants specific to cruciform DNA structures (Frappier, L., Price, G.B., Martin, R. G., and Zannis-Hadjopoulos, M. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 193, 751-758). To define the region(s) of the cruciform that is recognized by these antibodies, we examined the ability of 2D3 and 4B4 to protect the single-stranded tips of the loops or the four-way junctions at the base of the stem of stable cruciform molecules against cleavage by mung bean nuclease or T7 endonuclease 3, respectively. Both antibodies were found to protect two of the four elbow-like structures at the base of the cruciform from T7 endonuclease 3 cleavage, but not the tips of the cruciform arms from mung bean nuclease cleavage. Also, predigestion of the cruciform with mung bean nuclease did not affect the binding of either antibody. In addition, 2D3 bound to a cruciform and a T-shaped structure involving the palindromic sequence at the cloning site of pUC7, which is completely unrelated in sequence to the palindrome of pRGM 21 x pRGM 29, and protected the base of these stem-loop structures against cleavage by T4 endonuclease VII. These results indicate that 2D3 and 4B4 bind at or near the base of the cruciform molecules and that, at least for 2D3, binding is independent of DNA sequence.
Abnormality analysis of streamed log data (2014)

We examine the determination of abnormality of streamed data using the statistical structure of the meta-data associated with it. The vital need for such a subject within a heterogeneous log based environment in real-time comes from the fact that most cloud based applications will use text-based logging as a means of reporting application behavior. The sheer volume of such logs makes retrospective analysis infeasible due to large processing and storage requirements. Our approach is based on conversion of the original data stream into meta-data (graph) and revealing the dominating (normal) statistical patterns within it. Real-time analysis of the stream compared with the meta-data model determines the degree of anomaly of the current data. The resulting graph also reveals the fundamental structure (“behavioral footprint”) of the data beyond the sources (physical or virtual devices) and processes.
Bit error probability estimation algorithm forsignal supervisionin all-optical networks (1999)

An improved histogram-based technique for estimating the bit error probability (BEP) of an NRZ-coded optical signal is introduced. At 10 Gbit/s, BEP estimation results are compared with those obtained via error counting for various levels of signal distortion and optical signal-to-noise ratio, both for synchronous and asynchronous sampling.
Fluoride glasses : synthesis and properties (1992)

The discovery of heavy metal fluoride glasses has opened new prospects for fiber optics operating beyond 2 µm with expected losses less than 10(-2) dB/Km. The main interest of fluoride glasses lies in their infrared transmission up to 8 µm in the bulk form and 4.5 µm for optical fibers. We have reported here the preparation, the glass forming systems and properties of heavy metal fluoride glasses.
LEDGIN-mediated Inhibition of Integrase–LEDGF/p75 Interaction Reduces Reactivation of Residual Latent HIV (2016)

Persistence of latent, replication-competent Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) provirus is the main impediment towards a cure for HIV/AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). Therefore, different therapeutic strategies to eliminate the viral reservoirs are currently being explored. We here propose a novel strategy to reduce the replicating HIV reservoir during primary HIV infection by means of drug-induced retargeting of HIV integration. A novel class of integration inhibitors, referred to as LEDGINs, inhibit the interaction between HIV integrase and the LEDGF/p75 host cofactor, the main determinant of lentiviral integration site selection. We show for the first time that LEDGF/p75 depletion hampers HIV-1 reactivation in cell culture. Next we demonstrate that LEDGINs relocate and retarget HIV integration resulting in a HIV reservoir that is refractory to reactivation by different latency-reversing agents. Taken together, these results support the potential of integrase inhibitors that modulate integration site targeting to reduce the likeliness of viral rebound.
Optimal cache partitioning in IPTV network (2008)

Caching of video content allows reduction of bandwidth and IPTV network cost. In this paper we introduce the concept of content cacheability and present a fast algorithm that uses cacheability to optimally partition a cache between several video services with different traffic characteristics and content sizes. The goal of the optimization is to serve maximum (in terms of bandwidth) amount of subscribers' requests subject to constraints on cache memory and throughput.
Real-time tracking of an unpredictable target amidst unknown obstacles (2004)

This paper describes a new approach to keep a moving target into the field of view of a robot, despite obstacles. Unlike previous work, this approach does not assume that a complete or partial model of the target's behavior is available, nor that a map of the obstacles is given. At approximately 10 IIz, the robot constructs a local map of the environment from range data, localizes the target in this map, and computes its new velocity command. This command is selected to minimize a function that measures the risk that the target may escape the robot's field of view by crossing an occlusion ray created by an obstacle. The risk function defined in this paper combines a reactive term, whose minimization handles immediate threats, and a look-ahead term, whose minimization improves the robot's future ability to react to evading motions of the target. The experimental robotic system has been remarkably successful at tracking a target performing brisk maneuvers and swift turns behind obstacles.
Diode-MTJ Crossbar Memory Cell Using Voltage-Induced Unipolar Switching for High-Density MRAM (2013)

This letter presents a diode-magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) magnetic random access memory cell in a 65-nm complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor compatible process. A voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy switching mechanism, in addition to STT, allows for a unipolar set/reset write scheme, where voltage pulses of the same polarity, but different amplitudes, are used to switch the MTJs. A small crossbar array is constructed from 65-nm MTJs fabricated on a silicon wafer, with switching voltages ~ 1 V and thermal stability greater than 10 years, with discrete germanium diodes as access devices to allow for read/write operations. The crossbar architecture can be extended to multiple layers to create a 3-D stackable, nonvolatile memory with a sub-1F <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> effective cell size.
Characterization of Swirling Distributed Combustion (2013)

Colorless Distributed Combustion (CDC) has been shown to provide substantial performance improvement in terms of ultra-low emissions, uniform thermal field, combustion stability and enhanced efficiency. CDC has been examined under both swirling and nonswirling configurations for enhanced performance. Different injection velocities have been examined for its role on the extent of distributed combustion. CDC performance has also been evaluated at different operational temperatures and equivalence ratios. The results from several experiments are analyzed to determine the key factors that affect distributed combustion regime. Data showed key parameters for distributed combustion are recirculation ratio (defined as the ratio of the recirculated mass in the combustor to the mass of the fresh mixture), flow injection velocity, and other operating conditions. The results showed that increase in recirculation ratio and air injection velocity foster distributed reaction conditions. Impact of temperature and pressure varied with the operating equivalence ratio. A hybrid combination of the above parameters provides distribution index (DI) that reveals how well the chemical reaction zone is distributed within the combustion regime.