gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>A novel methodology for triple/multiple-patterning layout decomposition</title> (2012)

Double patterning (DP) in a litho-etch-litho-etch (LELE) process is an attractive technique to scale the <i>K</i><sub>1</sub> factor below 0.25. For dense bidirectional layers such as the first metal layer (M1), however, density scaling with LELE suffers from poor tip-to-tip (T2T) and tip-to-side (T2S) spacing. As a result, triple-patterning (TP) in a LELELE process has emerged as a strong alternative. Because of the use of a third exposure/etch, LELELE can achieve good T2T and T2S scaling as well as improved pitch scaling over LELE in case further scaling is needed. TP layout decomposition, a.k.a. TP coloring, is much more challenging than DP layout decomposition. One of the biggest complexities of TP decomposition is that a stitch can be between different two-mask combinations (i.e. first/second, first/third, second/third) and, consequently, stitches are color-dependent and candidate stitch locations can be determined only during/after coloring. In this paper, we offer a novel methodology for TP layout decomposition. Rather than simplifying the TP stitching problem by using DP candidate stitches only (as in previous works), the methodology leverages TP stitching capability by considering additional candidate stitch locations to give coloring higher flexibility to resolve decomposition conflicts. To deal with TP coloring complexity, the methodology employs multiple DP coloring steps, which leverages existing infrastructure developed for DP layout decomposition. The method was used to decompose bidirectional M1 and M2 layouts at 45nm, 32nm, 22nm, and 14nm nodes. For reasonably dense layouts, the method achieves coloring solutions with no conflicts (or a reasonable number of conflicts solvable with manual legalization). For very dense and irregular M1 layouts, however, the method was unable to reach a conflict-free solution and a large number of conflicts was observed. Hence, layout simplifications for the M1 layer may be unavoidable to enable TP for the M1 layer. Although we apply the method for TP, the method is more general and can be applied for multiple patterning with any number of masks.
A facile method for the recovery of ionic liquid and lignin from biomass pretreatment (2011)

In the biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels, the process of pretreatment is currently one of the most difficult and expensive operations. The use of ionic liquids (ILs) in biomass pretreatment has received considerable attention recently because of their effectiveness at decreasing biomass recalcitrance to subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. In addition, ILs have the potential for decreasing the need for corrosive or toxic chemicals and associated waste streams that can be generated by other pretreatment methods that utilize acids and/or bases. In this article, we address two significant challenges to the realization of a practical IL pretreatment process. First, we describe a mixture containing specific proportions of a ketone and an alcohol that precipitates cellulose and lignocellulosic biomass from solutions of the IL 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate without the formation of intermediate gel phases. Second, an IL recovery process is described that removes lignin and most residual IL solutes and that minimizes energy and solvent use. These two techniques are demonstrated by the pretreatment of 100 g of corn stover with the recovery of 89% of the initial IL and separate corn stover fractions rich in glucans, xylans, lignin, and non-polar substances. These results highlight one potential approach towards the realization of a scalable ionic liquid pretreatment process technology that enables ionic liquid recovery and reuse.
Dielectric properties of perovskite antimonates (1997)

In the search for lower dielectric constant substrates for use in a high critical temperature superconducting (HTSC) microwave technology, the dielectric constants and microwave loss tangents determined from the complex dielectric properties measured at 10 GHz and 300 K are reported for numerous perovskite antimonates like A/sub 2/MeSbO/sub 6/ where A=Ba or Sr, Me=a rare-earth, Y, Sc, Ga or In and A/sub 4/MeSb/sub 3/O/sub 12/ where A=Ba or Sr and Me=Li, Na or K. Using these material properties, the Clausius-Mossotti relationship and a nonlinear regression fitting program, the polarizability of Sb/sup 5+/ has been investigated and determined to be 1.18/spl plusmn/0.49 /spl Aring//sup 3/ which makes it an excellent candidate for use as a constituent in a HTSC microwave substrate technology.
Nucleic Acid Amplification Methods Overview (2016)

The development of the polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, by Saiki et al. (1) was a milestone in biotechnology and heralded the beginning of the modern era of molecular diagnostics. Although PCR is the most widely used nucleic acid amplification strategy, other strategies have been developed, and several have clinical utility. These strategies are based on either signal or target amplification. Examples of each category will be discussed in the sections that follow. These techniques have sensitivity unparalleled in laboratory medicine, have created new opportunities for the clinical laboratory to impact patient care, and have become the new “gold standards” for laboratory diagnosis of many infectious diseases.
Breakthrough of 25Gb/s Germanium on Silicon Avalanche Photodiode (2016)

Our germanium on silicon avalanche photodiodes (Ge/Si APDs) show a 1310nm sensitivity of −22.5dBm at 25.78Gb/s, which is, to our knowledge, the best sensitivity in reported 25Gb/s avalanche photodiodes.
Ethanol‐Induced Translocation of Protein Kinase A Occurs in Two Phases: Control by Different Molecular Mechanisms (2002)

We identify two distinct phases of ethanol-induced PKA translocation which appear to be regulated by different molecular mechanisms. The first requires A2 signaling and cAMP; the later phase requires RNA and protein synthesis. The two phases of ethanol-induced PKA translocation observed in cell lines may contribute to changes in PKA signaling, cAMP-dependent gene expression, and the initiation and maintenance of sustained drinking behavior in experimental animals.
Characterization of Ba<sub>0.6</sub>Sr<sub>0.4</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> thin films with Mg additive fabricated by Metalorganic decomposition technique (1998)

Abstract We report for the first time Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BST 60/40) thin films with Mg additive fabricated by Metalorganic decomposition technique on platinum coated silicon substrates using acetate-alkoxide precursors.[1] The structural and electrical properties of the BST thin films were greatly changed by additions of Mg. The surface morphology of the films was smooth with a dense microstructure. The typical small signal dielectric constant and the loss factor for a 0.4 μm thick undoped BST films were 450 and 0.013, respectively, at an applied frequency of 100 kHz. The dielectric loss was significantly reduced by the Mg content. The tunability (ΔC/C0) was found to change from 20.7% to 5.8% as the Mg additive content was changed from 0 to 20 mol%. The films exhibited high resistivity of the order of 1012 Ω-cm even up to an applied electric field of 100 kV/cm.
Induction of HLA Class I-Restricted CD8+ CTLs Specific for the Major Outer Membrane Protein of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> in Human Genital Tract Infections (1999)

HLA class I-restricted CD8+ CTLs specific for the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis are present in the peripheral blood of humans who acquired genital tract infections with the organism. Three HLA-A2-restricted epitopes and two HLA-B51-restricted epitopes were identified in serovar E-MOMP. One of the five epitopes spans a variable segment of MOMP and is likely a serovar E-specific epitope. The other four epitopes are localized in constant segments and are C. trachomatis species specific. CTL populations specific for one or more of the four constant segment epitopes were isolated from all 10 infected subjects tested, regardless of infecting serovars, but from only one of seven uninfected subjects tested. The CTLs failed to recognize corresponding peptides derived from Chlamydia pneumoniae MOMP, further suggesting that they indeed resulted from genital tract infections with C. trachomatis. Significantly, ME180 human cervical epithelial cells productively infected with C. trachomatis were killed by the MOMP peptide-specific CTLs. Further investigations of the ability of such CTLs to lyse normal infected epithelial cells and their presence at inflamed sites in the genital tract will help understand the protective or pathological role of CTLs in chlamydial infections. The MOMP CTL epitopes may be explored as potential components of a subunit vaccine against sexually transmitted diseases caused by C. trachomatis. Moreover, the knowledge provided here will facilitate studies of HLA class I pathways of chlamydial Ag processing and presentation in physiologically relevant human APCs.
Preparation and Application of Highly Concentrated Perfluoroctylbromide Fluorocarbon Emulsions (1988)

"Preparation and Application of Highly Concentrated Perfluoroctylbromide Fluorocarbon Emulsions." Biomaterials, Artificial Cells and Artificial Organs, 16(1-3), pp. 441–442
Sodium channel α1-subunit mutations in severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy and infantile spasms (2003)

The rate of SCN1A mutations in this cohort of SMEI patients suggests that other factors may be important in SMEI. Less severe mutations associated with GEFS+ could interact with other loci to cause SMEI in cases with a family history of GEFS+. This study extends the phenotypic heterogeneity of mutations in SCN1A to include IS.
<title>Automated analysis of echocardiographic apical four-chamber images</title> (2000)

A fully automated algorithm is presented that computes the epicardial and endocaridal borders of the left ventricle of the heat for an echocardiographic image sequence acquired from the apical 4-chamber view. The method is tested for agreement against borders drawn by an expert on a prospective patient database of 68 patients. Since two cycles were acquired for all but 1 patient, a total of 135 image sequences were considered. The mean differences bewteen expert and computer generated endocardial borders were 5.13mm and 5.81mm at the end diastole and end systole, respectively. The mean differences between the epicardial borders at the end diastole and end systole were 5.09mm and 5.22mm respectively.
Discovery of New Fusion Inhibitor Peptides against SARS-CoV-2 by Targeting the Spike S2 Subunit (2021)

A novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), caused a worldwide pandemic. Our aim in this study is to produce new fusion inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2, which can be the basis for developing new antiviral drugs. The fusion core comprising the heptad repeat domains (HR1 and HR2) of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) were used to design the peptides. A total of twelve peptides were generated, comprising a short or truncated 24-mer (peptide #1), a long 36-mer peptide (peptide #2), and ten peptide #2 analogs. In contrast to SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 S-mediated cell-cell fusion cannot be inhibited with a minimal length, 24-mer peptide. Peptide #2 demonstrated potent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 S-mediated cell-cell fusion at 1 µM concentration. Three peptide #2 analogs showed IC50 values in the low micromolar range (4.7-9.8 µM). Peptide #2 inhibited the SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus assay at IC50=1.49 µM. Given their potent inhibition of viral activity and safety and lack of cytotoxicity, these peptides provide an attractive avenue for the development of new prophylactic and therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2.
Identification of the separate domains in the hepatic glycogen-targeting subunit of protein phosphatase 1 that interact with phosphorylase a, glycogen and protein phosphatase 1 (1998)

Deletion and mutational analyses of the rat liver glycogen-targeting subunit (GL) of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) have identified three separate domains that are responsible for binding of PP1, glycogen and phosphorylase a. The glycogen-binding domain spans the centre of GL between residues 144 and 231 and appears to be distinct from the glycogen-binding (storage) site of phosphorylase. The regulatory high-affinity binding site for phosphorylase a lies in the 16 amino acids at the C-terminus of GL. The PP1-binding domain is deduced to comprise the -RVXF- motif [Egloff, Johnson, Moorhead, Cohen and Barford (1997) EMBO J. 16, 1876-1887] located at residues 61-64 of GL and preceding lysine residues at positions 56, 57 and 59. A possible approach for increasing glycogen synthesis in certain disorders is discussed.
Pharmacological Chaperone Therapy for the Treatment of Gaucher Disease: Results of Phase 1 Clinical Trials and a Clinical Ex Vivo Response Study with a Survey of Blood Markers for 53 Gaucher Patients. (2007)

Abstract Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase). Deficient GCase activity leads to symptoms such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, bone necrosis, infarcts and osteoporosis, and in some cases, neuropathic disease. The pharmacological chaperone AT2101 (isofagamine tartrate) selectively binds and stabilizes GCase in the ER and increases trafficking of the enzyme to the lysosome. In single- and repeat-dose Phase 1 clinical trials involving 72 healthy volunteers, AT2101 was well tolerated with no serious adverse events. In the repeat-dose study, a dose-dependent increase in GCase levels in white blood cells (up to 3.5-fold) was observed during the 7 day treatment period, and enzyme levels remained elevated for more than a week after removal of the drug. To evaluate the effects of AT2101 on a range of different GCase variants, we conducted an ex vivo response study using macrophages and EBV-transformed lymphoblasts derived from GD patients. The study was conducted on samples from 53 patients enrolled at 5 sites in the United States. The study included 26 males and 26 females with type I GD, and one male with type III GD. Patients ranged in age from 7 to 83 years; 50 of 53 patients were receiving imiglucerase and blood was drawn prior to enzyme infusion. Incubation of cells with AT2101 (5 days) increased GCase levels in macrophages or lymphoblasts derived from 52 of 53 patients representing 18 different genotypes (mean: 2.6-fold, range: 1.4- to 8.6-fold). Plasma was also screened for potential biomarkers associated with inflammation, bone metabolism, multiple myeloma and neurodegeneration. Analysis of 40 markers showed elevated levels of chitotriosidase activity, TRACP 5b, PARC, IL-8, IL-17, VEGF, MIP-1α and α-synuclein and reduced bone-specific alkaline phosphatase levels in some patients. These results show that an imbalance between osteoclast and osteoblast activities may remain even though treatment with imiglucerase (Wenstrup et al. 2007. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 22: 119–26) and bisphosphonates (Wenstrup et al. 2004. Blood, 104: 1253–7) have been shown to increase bone mass in GD patients. Interestingly, increases in IL-8, IL-17, VEGF, MIP-1α, impaired osteoblast activity and increased osteoclast activity have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma, and it has been reported that GD patients have an increased risk of developing multiple myeloma (Rosenbloom et al. 2005. Blood, 105: 4569–72). To determine if these biomarkers respond to treatment with AT2101, they are being monitored in an ongoing 6-month Phase 2 clinical trial with AT2101 in GD patients. Additionally, a 4-week Phase 2 clinical trial with AT2101 is being conducted in GD patients and preliminary results are expected by the end of 2007.
Threshold shock sensor based on a bi-stable mechanism (2013)

We propose a novel MEMS shock sensor based on the notion of bistability. A moving mass induces the transition of a beam from a first stable configuration to a second stable configuration when a given acceleration threshold is reached. The new device has been designed, analysed numerically and tested with encouraging results.
THz polarimetric metamaterials (2008)

We demonstrate a THz-metamaterial that exhibits a frequency selective resonant response based on the polarization of the incident field. The metamaterial is based on an asymmetric split-ring resonator structure. A polarization-insensitive design is also presented.
Type-matching clock tree for zero skew clock gating (2008)

Clock skew minimization is always very important in the clock tree synthesis. Due to clock gating, the clock tree may include different types of logic gates, e.g., AND gates, OR gates, and buffer gates. If the logic gates at the same level are in different types, which have different timing behaviors, the control of clock skew becomes difficult. Based on that observation, in this paper, we present a novel clock tree design style, called type-matching clock tree, to ensure that the logic gates at the same level are in the same type. We prove that any clock control logic can always be transformed to our type-matching clock tree. Then, based on the idea of type-matching clock tree, we propose a zero skew gated clock tree synthesis algorithm. Compared with the industry-strength gated clock tree synthesis, experimental data show that our approach can significantly reduce the clock skew in every process corner with a small penalty on the clock tree area and the clock tree power consumption.
Bipolar Exfoliation and in Situ Deposition of High-Quality Graphene for Supercapacitor Application (2019)

Developing a reliable, simple, cost-efficient, and eco-friendly method for scale-up production of high-quality graphene-based materials is essential for the broad applications of graphene. In this study, bipolar electrochemistry concept is utilized to design a single-step and controllable process for simultaneously exfoliating a graphite source and depositing both graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide layers on conductive substrates. The electrochemical analysis carried out on symmetric cells revealed an areal capacitance of 1.932 mF cm–2 for the high-quality reduced graphene oxide deposited on the negative feeding electrode, and 0.404 mF cm–2 for the graphene oxide deposited on the positive feeding electrode at a scan rate of 2 mV s–1. The devices also showed high stability for periodic and repeated constant current charging/discharging cycles which is suitable for energy storage in supercapacitors. In the frequency domain, cutoff frequencies of 1820 and 1157 Hz at −45° impedance phase angle were obtained for the positive and negative feeding electrode-based devices, respectively, which is a promising characteristic for alternating current filtering applications.
Query expansion using path-constrained random walks (2013)

This paper exploits Web search logs for query expansion (QE) by presenting a new QE method based on path-constrained random walks (PCRW), where the search logs are represented as a labeled, directed graph, and the probability of picking an expansion term for an input query is computed by a learned combination of constrained random walks on the graph. The method is shown to be generic in that it covers most of the popular QE models as special cases and flexible in that it provides a principled mathematical framework in which a wide variety of information useful for QE can be incorporated in a unified way. Evaluation is performed on the Web document ranking task using a real-world data set. Results show that the PCRW-based method is very effective for the expansion of rare queries, i.e., low-frequency queries that are unseen in search logs, and that it outperforms significantly other state-of-the-art QE meth-ods.
Concurrent image query using local random walk with restart on large scale graphs (2014)

Efficient image query is a fundamental challenge in many large scale multimedia applications, especially when handling many queries concurrently. In this paper, we proposed a novel approach called graph local random walk for high performance concurrent image query. Specifically, we organize the massive images set into a large scale graph using graph database, according to the similarity between images. A heuristic method is utilized to map each query image to some vertex in the graph, followed by a local search to refine the query results using an alternative of local random walk on graph. The local random walk process is essentially a weighted partial traversal in the local subgraphs for finding a better match of the query images. We organize the graph of the image set in a parallelization amenable approach, so that a set of partial graph traversal for local random walk can be performed concurrently, taking the advantage of the multithreading capability of processors. We implemented the proposed method in state-of-the-art multicore platforms. The experimental result shows that the graph local random walk based approach outperforms baseline methods in terms of both throughput and scalability.
Metafocusing by a Metaspiral Plasmonic Lens (2015)

We designed and realized a metasurface (manipulating the local geometry) spiral (manipulating the global geometry) plasmonic lens, which fundamentally overcomes the multiple efficiency and functionality challenges of conventional in-plane plasmonic lenses. The combination of spirality and metasurface achieves much more efficient and uniform linear-polarization-independent plasmonic focusing. As for functionality, under matched circularly polarized illumination the lens directs all of the power coupled to surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) into the focal spot, while the orthogonal polarization excites only diverging SPPs that do not penetrate the interior of the lens, achieving 2 orders of magnitude intensity contrast throughout the entire area of the lens. This optimal functional focusing is clearly demonstrated by near-field optical microscopy measurements that are in excellent agreement with simulations and are supported by a detailed theoretical interpretation of the underlying mechanisms. Our results advance the field of plasmonics toward functional detection and the employment of SPPs in smart pixels, near-field microscopy, lithography, and particle manipulation.
DIGITAL DEVICE AND TECHNIQUE FOR SENSING DISTRIBUTION OF SPRAY DEPOSITION (2005)

Assessment of spray deposition often relies on the use of water- and oil-sensitive paper or other stain-basedtechniques to document extent of coverage and distribution. The procedure requires the placement, collection, scanning, andpost-processing of deposition stains on cards, and is time consuming and labor intensive. An electronic sensor, coupled witha wireless network for transmission of in situ data, would have great advantages over current methods typically used in spraydeposition research. A prototype technique and sensor for detecting and quantifying spray deposition were developed andevaluated. The device is capable of sensing the presence and location of multiple droplets on a sensor surface, is reusableand potentially inexpensive. The sensor detects the presence of discrete fluid droplets on the sensor surface when dropletscomplete electrical circuits positioned in an array. The sensitivity of the system is controlled by setting a reference (threshold)voltage in a voltage comparator circuit, while spatial sensitivity is determined by the physical separation of sensing pointson the sensing array. The sensor differs from previously reported designs in that the deposition is quantified as a series ofdiscrete, digital indications instead of a spatially integrated response. This capability allows spatial distribution of spray,not just an estimate of quantity, to be determined. The sensor was tested using spray applications of fine, medium, and coarseASAE standard sprays. The performance of the sensor prototype, defined as measurement of covered area of stain deposition,was best when detecting coarse sprays. Future development will include fabrication of a sensing array with a higher spatialresolution of sensor pads, incorporation of more elegant algorithms for detailed scans of the sensing surface, and interfacingthe sensor with a wireless communication system.