gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Obligatory role of cholesterol and apolipoprotein E in the formation of large cholesterol-enriched and receptor-active high density lipoproteins. (1985)

The formation of large cholesterol-enriched high density lipoproteins (HDL1/HDLc) from typical HDL3 requires lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity, additional cholesterol, and a source of apolipoprotein (apo-) E. The present study explores the role of apo-E in promoting HDL1/HDLc formation and in imparting to these lipoprotein particles the ability to interact with the apo-B,E(low density lipoprotein (LDL] receptor. Incubation of normal canine serum with cholesterol-loaded mouse peritoneal macrophages resulted in the formation of HDL1/HDLc that competed with 125I-LDL for binding to the apo-B,E(LDL) receptors on cultured human fibroblasts. Cholesterol efflux from macrophages was necessary because incubation of normal canine serum with nonloaded macrophages did not cause HDL1/HDLc formation. However, cholesterol delivery to the serum was not sufficient to result in HDL1/HDLc formation. Apolipoprotein E had to be available. Incubation of apo-E-depleted canine serum with cholesterol-loaded J774 cells, a macrophage cell line that does not synthesize apo-E, demonstrated that no HDL1/HDLc formation was detected even in the presence of significant cholesterol efflux. However, addition of exogenous apo-E to the serum during the incubation with cholesterol-loaded J744 cells promoted the formation of large receptor-active HDL1/HDLc. The receptor binding activity of these particles produced in vitro correlated with the amount of apo-E incorporated into the HDL1/HDLc. Apolipoproteins A-I and C-III were ineffective in promoting HDL1/HDLc formation; thus, apo-E was unique in allowing HDL1/HDLc formation. These results demonstrate that when lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity, cholesterol, and apo-E are present in serum, typical HDL can be transformed in vitro into large cholesterol-rich HDL1/HDLc that are capable of binding to lipoprotein receptors.
Dielectrophoretic Micropatterning with Microparticle Monolayers Covalently Linked to Glass Surfaces (2004)

Two-dimensional micropatterns of microparticles were fabricated on glass substrates with negative dielectrophoretic force, and the patterned microparticles were covalently bound on the substrate via cross-linking agents. The line and grid patterns of microparticles were prepared using the repulsive force of negative dielectrophoresis (n-DEP). The template interdigitated microband array (IDA) electrodes (width and gap 50 mum) were incorporated into the dielectrophoretic patterning cell with a fluidic channel. The microstructures on the glass substrates with amino or sulfhydryl groups were immobilized with the cross-linking agents disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS) and m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxy-succinimide ester (MBS). Diaphorase (Dp), a flavoenzyme, was selectively attached on the patterned microparticles using the maleimide groups of MBS. The enzyme activity on the patterned particles was electrochemically characterized with a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) in the presence of NADH and ferrocenylmethanol as a redox mediator. The SECM images proved that Dp was selectively immobilized onto the surface of microparticles to maintain its catalytic activity.
Dietary Supplementation of Gamma-Linolenic Acid Improves Skin Parameters in Subjects with Dry Skin and Mild Atopic Dermatitis (2011)

Disruption of the skin barrier function caused by epidermal hyper-proliferation, results in the skin becoming dry and showing high transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) is reportedly efficacious for treating TEWL and epidermal hyper-proliferation. In this study, to elucidate the effect of GLA-rich oil on skin function, GLA-containing food was given to adults with dry skin or mild atopic dermatitis and skin parameters were evaluated. In the results, we recognized beneficial effects on the TEWL index. The efficacy of GLA was also demonstrated to be statistically significant especially in subjects with pro-inflammatory features. The results suggest that the mechanism of improvement of skin barrier has been associated with possible generation of anti-inflammatory metabolites from GLA. The clinical physician also confirmed that none of the subjects showed any noteworthy side effects. GLA-enriched food appears to be safe and to improve skin barrier function in subjects with dry skin conditions and mild atopic dermatitis.
Growth of Streptococcus faecalis var. zymogenes on Glycerol: The Effect of Aerobic and Anaerobic Growth in the Presence and Absence of Haematin on Enzyme Synthesis (1982)

Streptococcus faecalis var. zymogenes was grown aerobically and anaerobically in the presence and absence of haematin, with glycerol as the carbon and energy source. Aerobic growth was stimulated by the inclusion of haematin in the medium but fumarate had no effect on growth. The bacterium was unable to grow anaerobically on glycerol unless fumarate was present; haematin had no effect on growth. NADH oxidase activity, which catalysed the oxidation of NADH + H+ to form H2O rather than H2O2, was found in the soluble fraction and was induced by aerobic growth but partially repressed when haematin was present in the medium. In contrast, a particulate NADH oxidase, which was sensitive to inhibition by antimycin A and 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide, was induced by aerobic growth in the presence of haematin. NADH peroxidase was massively induced by aerobic growth, whereas more lactate dehydrogenase activity was found in anaerobically grown bacteria. Catalase was formed only during aerobic growth in the presence of haematin.
Strong electronic coupling between single C<sub>60</sub>molecules and gold electrodes prepared by quench condensation at 4 K. A single molecule three terminal device study (2005)

We report the first measurements of single C60 molecules trapped in three terminal devices prepared by quench condensation of a gold source and drain electrode on top of an aluminium gate electrode covered with a thin oxide. Our experimental platform allows source and drain electrodes to be fabricated on the gate oxide at low temperatures and high vacuum. In a subsequent step, single molecules are evaporated in situ onto the surface and caught in the gap between a source and a drain electrode. This fabrication method ensures a clean contact between the molecule and the gold electrode due to the unbroken vacuum. Our measurements reveal a strong interaction between the C60 molecule and the gold electrodes resulting in the absence of the Coulomb blockade effects observed by others. In addition, we observe an insignificant gate dependence but a pronounced negative differential resistance (NDR) at bias voltages from 20-50 meV. The position of the peak in the NDR shows a pronounced and universal temperature dependence for all six devices included in the study. The results are related to previous measurements in such devices which focus on the detailed nature of the contact region between the molecule the gold electrode.
BigHorn Home Improvement Center Energy Performance: Preprint (2006)

This is one of the nation's first commercial building projects to integrate extensive high-performance design into a retail space. The extensive use of natural light, combined with energy-efficient electrical lighting design, provides good illumination and excellent energy savings. The reduced lighting loads, management of solar gains, and cool climate allow natural ventilation to meet the cooling loads. A hydronic radiant floor system, gas-fired radiant heaters, and a transpired solar collector deliver heat. An 8.9-kW roof-integrated photovoltaic (PV) system offsets a portion of the electricity.
Using the British National Formulary best practice for nurse prescribers (2011)

This article explains how the British National Formulary (BNF) should be used to facilitate safe, effective and appropriate prescribing. It also outlines, by use of examples, how to find significant changes in a new edition of the BNF so that nurses can remain up to date with the latest prescribing information.
A highly efficient organic light‐emitting diode with an imprinted in‐cell polarizer for backlight applications (2008)

Abstract A highly efficient organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) with an in‐cell polarizer made of an imprinted liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) layer doped with dichroic dye molecules is presented. The in‐cell polarizer was found to be capable of effectively polarizing the emission light of the OLED and of significantly improving the luminance through the periodic microstructures fabricated using an imprinting method. This type of OLED with an imprinted in‐cell polarizer is useful for efficient light source applications in liquid crystal displays (LCDs).
QBE: QLearning-Based Exploration of Android Applications (2018)

Android applications are used extensively around the world. Many of these applications contain potential crashes. Black-box testing of Android applications has been studied over the last decade to detect these crashes. In this paper, we propose QLearning-Based Exploration (QBE), a fully automated black-box testing methodology, which explores GUI actions using a well-known reinforcement learning technique called QLearning. QBE performs automata learning to obtain a model of the AUT, and generates replayable test suites. Specifically, QBE learns from a set of existing applications the kinds of actions that are most useful in order to reach a particular objective such as detecting crashes or increasing activity coverage. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first machine learning based approach in Android GUI Testing. We conduct experiments on a test set of 100 AUTs obtained from the commonly used F-Droid benchmarks to show the effectiveness of QBE. We show that QBE performs better than all compared black-box tools in terms of activity coverage and number of distinct detected crashes. We make QBE and our experimental data available online.
Numerical Analysis and Design Optimization of a Homopolar Inductor Machine Used for Flywheel Energy Storage (2013)

This paper investigates a homopolar inductor machine (HIM) for flywheel energy storage in electromagnetic launch applications. An equivalent 2-D finite-element model is presented to predict the machine behavior, and the effectiveness of the equivalence is validated by the comparison of 2-D and 3-D results. Based on the 2-D model, the rotor tooth shape is then optimized to achieve high fundamental value of the air-gap flux density for a given rotor diameter. It is shown that the proposed 3-D to 2-D equivalence can predict the performance of the HIM in an accurate and fast way, which is quite valuable in the design stage of a HIM.
Affinity measures based on the graph Laplacian (2008)

Several language processing tasks can be inherently represented by a weighted graph where the weights are interpreted as a measure of relatedness between two vertices. Measuring similarity between arbitary pairs of vertices is essential in solving several language processing problems on these datasets. Random walk based measures perform better than other path based measures like shortest-path. We evaluate several random walk measures and propose a new measure based on commute time. We use the psuedo inverse of the Laplacian to derive estimates for commute times in graphs. Further, we show that this pseudo inverse based measure could be improved by discarding the least significant eigenvectors, corresponding to the noise in the graph construction process, using singular value decomposition.
Comment on “A small-molecule antivirulence agent for treating <i>Clostridium difficile</i> infection” (2016)

New insights into the mechanism of action of ebselen, a small-molecule antivirulence agent that reduces disease pathology in a mouse model of Clostridium difficile infection, suggest a different molecular target may be responsible for its efficacy.
Sialic Acid-Binding Proteins: Characterization, Biological Function and Application (1992)

The last decade has witnessed steadily growing support for the notion that the carbohydrate portion of glycoconjugates is not merely an inert structural addition to the protein or lipid backbone. Considerable attention has been given to the chemical composition of glycosidic residues in such heteropolymers. Sialic acids are frequently occurring components of oligosaccharide side chains in glycoconjugates of most higher animals and a few microorganisms. They appear to play an important role as ligands in glycobiological interactions. Mediation of a proposed protein-carbohydrate recognition will necessarily involve a binding protein with the respective specificity. Such proteins thus are able to serve as receptors for certain types of carbohydrate moieties like sialic acids in vivo. Various members of this class of proteins have already proven their value as analytical tools in studying expression and localization of defined sialoglycoconjugates. These proteins attract much attention due to both their functions in situ and their potential as laboratory tools in glycoconjugate research in areas like biochemistry or histology. We present a survey of the purification, characterization and application of this class of proteins to illustrate the status of knowledge and the current directions of research in this field.
<i>In</i> <i>Vitro</i> Evaluation of Antibiotic Synergy for Polymyxin B-Resistant Carbapenemase-Producing <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (2010)

Since carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were first reported in North Carolina, these highly resistant organisms have been isolated with increasing frequency, especially in the New York City area. Polymyxin B is one of the few antimicrobials that retain reliable activity against these organisms. However, polymyxin B MICs are elevated against K. pneumoniae isolates with increasing frequency, leaving clinicians with few therapeutic options. We investigated several antimicrobial agents for potential synergy with polymyxin B against 12 clinical strains of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae. A broth microdilution assay using a 96-well plate was developed in which graded dilutions of polymyxin B and the study drug were incubated with resistant isolates in a checkerboard pattern. Polymyxin B was studied in combination with cefazolin, ceftriaxone, cefepime, imipenem, gentamicin, tigecycline, doxycycline, and rifampin. All K. pneumoniae strains tested positive for K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) genes by real-time PCR and had elevated polymyxin B MIC values ranging from 16 to 128 μg/ml. Synergy was observed with the combination of polymyxin B and rifampin as well as with polymyxin B and doxycycline, resulting in at least a 4-fold decrease in the polymyxin B MIC. For both combinations, this effect occurred at physiologically achievable concentrations. Less pronounced synergy was noted with tigecycline and polymyxin B. No synergy was observed at physiologic concentrations with the other antimicrobials studied. These results suggest that rifampin, doxycycline, and tigecycline may be useful additions to polymyxin B in the treatment of infections caused by highly resistant carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae. Further studies are warranted to determine if these in vitro findings translate into clinical efficacy.
FIN5 Positively Regulates Far-red Light Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana (2003)

We report the characterization of a semi-dominant mutation fin5-1 (far-red insensitive 5-1) of Arabidopsis, which was isolated from genetic screening of phytochrome A (phyA) signaling components. Plants with the fin5-1 mutation exhibited a long hypocotyl phenotype when grown under far-red (FR) light, but not under red light. Physiological analyses implied that FIN5 might be differentially involved in diverse responses that are regulated by phyA under continuous FR light. Anthocyanin accumulation, gravitropic response of hypocotyl growth, and FR light-preconditioned blocking of greening were also impaired in the fin5-1 mutant, whereas photoperiodic floral induction was not, if at all, significantly affected. Moreover, light-regulated expression of the CHS, PORA and PsbS genes was attenuated in fin5-1 mutant plants, while the light-induced expression of CAB was normal. The mutation exhibited semi-dominance regarding control of hypocotyl growth in FR light. We suggest that FIN5 defines a novel branch in the network of phyA signaling in Arabidopsis.
Identification of cross-reactive and serotype 2-specific neutralization epitopes on VP3 of human rotavirus (1988)

The group A rotaviruses are composed of at least seven serotypes. Serotype specificity is defined mainly by an outer capsid protein, VP7. In contrast, the other surface protein, VP3 (775 amino acids), appears to be associated with both serotype-specific and heterotypic immunity. To identify the cross-reactive and serotype-specific neutralization epitopes on VP3 of human rotavirus, we sequenced the VP3 gene of antigenic mutants resistant to each of seven anti-VP3 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (N-MAbs) which exhibited heterotypic or serotype 2-specific reactivity, and we defined three distinct neutralization epitopes on VP3. The mutants sustained single amino acid substitutions at position 305, 392, 433, or 439. Amino acid position 305 was critical to epitope I, whereas amino acid position 433 was critical to epitope III. In contrast, epitope II appeared to be more dependent upon conformation and protein folding because both amino acid positions 392 and 439 appeared to be critical. These four positions clustered in a relatively limited area of VP5, the larger of the two cleavage products of VP3. At the positions where amino acid substitutions occurred, there was a correlation between amino acid sequence homology among different serotypes and the reactivity patterns of various viruses with the N-MAbs used for selection of mutants. A synthetic peptide (amino acids 296 to 313) which included the sequence of epitope I reacted with its corresponding N-MAb, suggesting that the region contains a sequential antigenic determinant. These data may prove useful in current efforts to develop vaccines against human rotavirus infection.
Serotypic Variations Among Virulent Pneumococci in Deposition and Degradation of Covalently Bound C3b: Implications for Phagocytosis and Antibody Production (1986)

To assess serotypic variability in resistance to phagocytosis and in elicitation of antibody response among virulent pneumococci, we quantitated covalently bound C3b and analyzed the C3b degradation fragments for log-phase pneumococci of serotypes 3, 4, 6A, and 14 after opsonization for 20 and 90 min. In C3/C4-deficient agammaglobulinemic serum reconstituted with [3H]C3, covalent binding ranged from 2.9 X 10(4) to 1.5 X 10(5) C3b molecules per organism and increased at least two-fold in the presence of type-specific anticapsular antibody. We compared amide- and ester-linked forms of covalently bound C3b among unencapsulated and encapsulated isolates and differentiated cell wall from capsular binding. Analysis of proteolytic degradation of C3b, covalently bound at the capsular level, revealed C3b, iC3b, and C3d on the capsular surfaces of serotypes 3 and 4, whereas serotypes 6A and 14 displayed only iC3b. We conclude that pneumococcal serotypes, differing in their capsular polysaccharide, differ as well in the amount and site of covalently bound C3b and in its degradative processing to iC3b and C3d. We describe how these differences may explain the well-recognized patterns of serotypic variance in resistance to phagocytosis and in stimulation of antibody production.
Effect of the Hydrophobic Component on the Properties of Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether sulfone)s (2009)

Four kinds of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s containing hydrophobic component of different size was synthesized by the copolymerization of disodium 3,3′-disulfo-4,4′-difluorophenyl sulfone and 4,4′-difluorophenyl sulfone with 2,2-bis(2-hydroxy-5-biphenylyl)propane (SPE1), 4,4′-dihydroxytetraphenylmethane (SPE2), 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene (SPE3), or 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene (SPE4) under nucleophilic aromatic substitution conditions. The copolymer composition was set at 45−70 mol % of 3,3′-disulfo-4,4′-difluorophenyl sulfone in order to achieve similar ion exchange capacity (ca. 2.0 mequiv/g) for all the sulfonated copolymers SPE1−4. The copolymers were of high molecular weight (Mn = 150−220 kDa, Mw = 310−695 kDa) to give tough and flexible membranes by solution casting. STEM observation revealed that small hydrophobic components (SPE3 and SPE4) induced larger water cluster than bulky hydrophobic ones (SPE1 and SPE2). The small hydrophobic components induced high proton conductivities and proton diffusion coefficients as well as low water swelling. SPE4 membrane showed the highest proton conductivity at 50−80 °C and 10−90% RH among the four SPEs membranes. The smaller hydrophobic component was also effective in terms of gas permeation and mechanical properties for fuel cell applications.
Efficient and Accurate Rendering of Complex Light Sources (2009)

Abstract We present a new method for estimating the radiance function of complex area light sources. The method is based on Jensen's photon mapping algorithm. In order to capture high angular frequencies in the radiance function, we incorporate the angular domain into the density estimation. However, density estimation in position‐direction space makes it necessary to find a tradeoff between the spatial and angular accuracy of the estimation. We identify the parameters which are important for this tradeoff and investigate the typical estimation errors. We show how the large data size, which is inherent to the underlying problem, can be handled. The method is applied to different automotive tail lights. It can be applied to a wide range of other real‐world light sources.
<i>Bifidobacterium</i> can mitigate intestinal immunopathology in the context of CTLA-4 blockade (2017)

Antibodies that attenuate immune tolerance have been used to effectively treat cancer, but they can also trigger severe autoimmunity. To investigate this, we combined anti-CTLA-4 treatment with a standard colitis model to give mice a more severe form of the disease. Pretreatment with an antibiotic, vancomycin, provoked an even more severe, largely fatal form, suggesting that a Gram-positive component of the microbiota had a mitigating effect. We then found that a commonly used probiotic, <i>Bifidobacterium</i>, could largely rescue the mice from immunopathology without an apparent effect on antitumor immunity, and this effect may be dependent on regulatory T cells.
Efficacy of a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine in reducing rotavirus-associated health care utilization across three regions (11 countries) (2007)

PRV reduced hospitalizations and ED visits within each region in REST. Results were consistent across regions and across the overall study cohort.