gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distribution strategies for online retailers (2003)

The Internet provides retailers with potentially powerful opportunities to boost sales, increase market share, and generate new business through new services. One of the challenging questions that retailers are facing in that respect is how to organize the logistic fulfillment processes during and after the transaction has taken place. Based on a survey of 55 online retailers (both traditional and Internet-only) this paper investigates the distribution strategies of these different retailer types. This includes the use of infrastructure not particularly designed for delivery to Internet customers like stores and store warehouses, the logistics outsourcing strategy and the company's choice of delivery area. The independent variables studied are the delivery lead times offered to customers, the assortment choice, the number of Internet customer orders and the company type (traditional retailer or not). It is argued and demonstrated that the distribution channel for Internet customers should be integrated with existing operations, but for larger Internet order volumes, traditional retailers should switch to direct-delivery distribution centers. The outsourcing and delivery area decision appear to be mainly determined by the complexity of the assortment.
Pulse Adjustment, a Novel Digital Control Technique, for Control of a DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter Operating in Discontinuous Conduction Mode and Driving Constant Power Loads (2006)

Multi-converter power electronic distribution systems are being considered for advanced vehicles. The stability of the DC power electronics based power distribution systems is a significant design consideration because of the potential for negative impedance induced instabilities. In order to mitigate the problem of negative impedance instability, this paper presents a novel digital control technique for converters operating with constant power loads (CPLs). This novel digital control treats the converter as a digital system and regulates output voltage with the help of two predefined state variables. A comparator compares actual output voltage with reference voltage and then switches between appropriate states. Thus, task of the digital control is to deliver right amount of energy to the converter by right numbers of state operations so that the average power delivery matches the required power. It needs few logic gates and comparators to implement, thus, making it extremely simple and easy to develop a low cost application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for converters driving CPLs. Simulation and analytical results are presented to describe and verify the proposed technique
Role of imaging in the diagnosis of vascular malformations (VM) (2018)

Imaging evaluation of vascular malformations (VM) is paramount for proper diagnosis and treatment planning. These lesions often present as complex vascular masses with arterial, venous and lymphatic components, requiring the use of advanced imaging modalities for full anatomical characterization. Symptoms also depend of the location and flow characteristic of such lesions and range from: asymptomatic to severe forms of cardiac arteriovenous shunting. We present an overview of the diagnostic work-up of VM per most recent classification systems and describe imaging characteristics of such lesions at ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a diagnostic tool for work-up of such patients.
Absorption, distribution and elimination of alcohol: highway safety aspects. (1985)

Key aspects of the pharmacokinetics of alcohol are highly relevant to highway safety. Of particular pertinence are the partition of alcohol between various body tissues and fluids and the resulting alcohol concentration ratios for blood: breath and other body fluids, as well as the irregularity and short-term fluctuations of the blood and breath alcohol curves. Most alcohol pharmacokinetics parameters are subject to wide intersubject variability, as exemplified by peak blood alcohol concentrations reached on ingestion of identical weight-adjusted doses, time to peak after end of drinking and the rate of alcohol elimination from the blood. This great biological intersubject variability, when combined with sex-, age- and time-related differences, makes the blood alcohol information in widely distributed alcohol consumption nomograms and tables based on mean data inappropriate as a guide for the drinking behavior of individuals. Although there is good statistical correlation between the alcohol concentration of different body tissues and fluids in the fully postabsorptive state, wide individual variations from the population mean alcohol partition values exist. It is often impossible to determine whether the postabsorptive state has been reached at any given time. Those factors make it impossible or infeasible to convert the alcohol concentration of breath or urine to the simultaneous blood alcohol concentration with forensically acceptable certainty, especially under per se or absolute alcohol concentration laws. Inclusion of breath alcohol concentrations in drinking-driving statutes, as definitions or per se offense elements, makes unnecessary the conversion of breath alcohol analysis results into equivalent blood alcohol concentrations. Urine alcohol concentrations are inadequately correlated with blood alcohol concentrations or with driver impairment, and analysis of bladder urine is, therefore, inappropriate in traffic law enforcement. Significantly large sex-related differences in pharmacokinetic parameters have been demonstrated (e.g., in peak blood alcohol concentrations for weight-adjusted doses). The effects of age and time of day have been less extensively studies and are less clear. Breath and blood alcohol time curves are subject to short-term fluctuations from the trend line and other irregularities, and often do not follow the typical Widmark pattern. From the existing information on pharmacokinetics of alcohol and the characteristics and variability of blood and breath alcohol versus time curves, the following conclusions can be reached.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Role of enteric adenoviruses and rotaviruses in mild and severe acute enteritis (1988)

The role of enteric-type adenoviruses and rotaviruses in mild and severe acute gastroenteritis was investigated among children younger than 5 years of age seeking treatment at an urban hospital (UH) and at a rural health center (RHC) in India. There were 330 children at the UH and 340 at the RHC; 319 and 315 age matched nondiarrheal children served as controls for the respective groups. Rotavirus was detected in 15.2% of 330 cases and 1.9% of 319 controls at the UH (P less than 0.001) and in 16.5% of 340 cases and 2.9% of 315 controls at the RHC (P less than 0.001). RV excretion was 3- to 5-fold more common in severe compared with mild diarrhea at the UH and at the RHC (P less than 0.001). The detection rate for enteric-type adenoviruses was similar in patients and controls, respectively, at the UH (0.9%; 2.5%) and RHC (3.8%; 2.5%). At the RHC adenovirus types other than 40 and 41 were excreted by 8.8% of the patients and by only 1.0% of the controls (P less than 0.001). It is possible that the diarrheagenic role of adenoviruses may not be restricted to types 40 and 41.
Preventative therapies for healthy women at high risk of breast cancer (2014)

Tamoxifen has been shown to reduce the risk of developing estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer by at least 50%, in both pre- and postmenopausal women. The current challenge is to find new agents with fewer side effects and to find agents that are specifically suitable for premenopausal women with ER-negative breast cancer. Other selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as raloxifene, arzoxifene, and lasofoxifene, have been shown to reduce the incidence of breast cancer by 50%-80%. SERMs are interesting agents for the prevention of breast cancer, but longer follow-up is needed for some of them for a complete risk-benefit profile of these drugs. Aromatase inhibitors have emerged as new drugs in the prevention setting for postmenopausal women. In the Mammary Prevention 3 (MAP3) trial, a 65% reduction in invasive breast cancer with exemestane was observed, and the Breast Cancer Intervention Study-II trial, which compared anastrozole with placebo, reported a 60% reduction in those cancers. Although SERMs and aromatase inhibitors have been proven to be excellent agents in the preventive setting specifically for postmenopausal women and ER-positive breast cancer, newer agents have to be found specifically for ER-negative breast cancers, which mostly occur in premenopausal women.
Cytokine Induction of Fas Gene Expression in Insulin-Producing Cells Requires the Transcription Factors NF-κB and C/EBP (2001)

Fas-mediated cell death may play a role in the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells in type 1 diabetes. beta-Cells do not express Fas under physiological conditions, but Fas mRNA and protein are induced in cytokine-exposed mouse and human islets, rendering the beta-cells susceptible to Fas ligand-induced apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular regulation of Fas by cytokines in rat beta-cells and in insulin-producing RINm5F cells. Fas mRNA expression was increased 15-fold in fluorescence-activated cell sorting-purified rat beta-cells exposed to interleukin (IL)-1beta, whereas gamma-interferon had no effect. Transfection experiments of rat Fas promoter-luciferase reporter constructs into purified rat beta-cells and RINm5F insulinoma cells identified an IL-1beta-responsive region between nucleotides -223 and -54. Inactivation of two adjacent NF-kappaB and C/EBP sites in this region abolished IL-1beta-induced Fas promoter activity in RINm5F cells. Binding of NF-kappaB and C/EBP factors to their respective sites was confirmed by gel shift assays. In cotransfection experiments, NF-kappaB p65 transactivated the Fas promoter. NF-kappaB p50 and C/EBPbeta overexpression had no effect by themselves on the Fas promoter activity, but when cotransfected with p65, each factor inhibited transactivation by p65. These results suggest a critical role for NF-kappaB and C/EBP factors in cytokine-regulation of Fas expression in insulin-producing cells.
Design of a 100-MHz 10-mW 3-V sample-and-hold amplifier in digital bipolar technology (1995)

This paper describes the design of an all-npn open-loop sample-and-hold amplifier intended for use at the front end of analog-to-digital converters. Configured as a quasidifferential topology, the circuit employs capacitive coupling between the input and output to achieve differential voltage swings of 3 V in a 3.3-V system. It also exploits the high speed of bipolar transistors to attain a sampling rate of 100 MHz with a power dissipation of 10 mW. A prototype fabricated in a 1.5-/spl mu/m 12-GHz digital bipolar technology exhibits harmonics 60 dB below the fundamental with a 10-MHz sinusoidal input. The hold-mode feedthrough is less than -60 dB and the droop rate is 100 /spl mu/V/ns.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Total Synthesis of [Ψ[C(═S)NH]Tpg<sup>4</sup>]Vancomycin Aglycon, [Ψ[C(═NH)NH]Tpg<sup>4</sup>]Vancomycin Aglycon, and Related Key Compounds: Reengineering Vancomycin for Dual <scp>d</scp>-Ala-<scp>d</scp>-Ala and <scp>d</scp>-Ala-<scp>d</scp>-Lac Binding (2011)

The total synthesis of [Ψ[C(═S)NH]Tpg(4)]vancomycin aglycon (8) and its unique AgOAc-promoted single-step conversion to [Ψ[C(═NH)NH]Tpg(4)]vancomycin aglycon (7), conducted on a fully deprotected substrate, are disclosed. The synthetic approach not only permits access to 7, but it also allows late-stage access to related residue 4 derivatives, alternative access to [Ψ[CH(2)NH]Tpg(4)]vancomycin aglycon (6) from a common late-stage intermediate, and provides authentic residue 4 thioamide and amidine derivatives of the vancomycin aglycon that will facilitate ongoing efforts on their semisynthetic preparation. In addition to early stage residue 4 thioamide introduction, allowing differentiation of one of seven amide bonds central to the vancomycin core structure, the approach relied on two aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions for formation of the 16-membered diaryl ethers in the CD/DE ring systems, an effective macrolactamization for closure of the 12-membered biaryl AB ring system, and the defined order of CD, AB, and DE ring closures. This order of ring closures follows their increasing ease of thermal atropisomer equilibration, permitting the recycling of any newly generated unnatural atropisomer under progressively milder thermal conditions where the atropoisomer stereochemistry already set is not impacted. Full details of the evaluation of 7 and 8 along with several related key synthetic compounds containing the core residue 4 amidine and thioamide modifications are reported. The binding affinity of compounds containing the residue 4 amidine with the model D-Ala-D-Ala ligand 2 was found to be only 2-3 times less than the vancomycin aglycon (5), and this binding affinity is maintained with the model d-Ala-d-Lac ligand 4, representing a nearly 600-fold increase in affinity relative to the vancomycin aglycon. Importantly, the amidines display effective dual, balanced binding affinity for both ligands (K(a)2/4 = 0.9-1.05), and they exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against VanA resistant bacteria ( E. faecalis , VanA VRE) at a level accurately reflecting these binding characteristics (MIC = 0.3-0.6 μg/mL), charting a rational approach forward in the development of antibiotics for the treatment of vancomycin-resistant bacterial infections. In sharp contrast, 8 and related residue 4 thioamides failed to bind either 2 or 4 to any appreciable extent, do not exhibit antimicrobial activity, and serve to further underscore the remarkable behavior of the residue 4 amidines.
Biologically active quinoline and quinazoline alkaloids part I (2017)

Quinoline and quinazoline alkaloids, two important classes of N-based heterocyclic compounds, have attracted tremendous attention from researchers worldwide since the 19th century. Over the past 200 years, many compounds from these two classes were isolated from natural sources, and most of them and their modified analogs possess significant bioactivities. Quinine and camptothecin are two of the most famous and important quinoline alkaloids, and their discoveries opened new areas in antimalarial and anticancer drug development, respectively. In this review, we survey the literature on bioactive alkaloids from these two classes and highlight research achievements prior to the year 2008 (Part I). Over 200 molecules with a broad range of bioactivities, including antitumor, antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal, antiparasitic and insecticidal, antiviral, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, herbicidal, antioxidant and other activities, were reviewed. This survey should provide new clues or possibilities for the discovery of new and better drugs from the original naturally occurring quinoline and quinazoline alkaloids.
Extremum Seeking Control for Discrete-Time Systems - eScholarship (2002)

In this note, the concept of wide-band noise is analyzed via a certain integral representation. It is proved that there are infinitely many wide-band noise processes represented in integral form which correspond to the same autocovariance function. Based on this integral representation, a technique of reduction of a wide-band noise driven system to a white noise driven system is presented. This technique is used to modify the separation principle and the Kalman–Bucy filtering to wide-band noise driven systems.
Impact Strength and Transmission Electron Microscopy Investigations of Aged and Carburized Alloy 800H (1984)

AbstractThe effect of carburization on the impact strength and microstructure of the commercial Fe-32 Ni-20 Cr alloy 800H has been investigated in the 20 to 800°C temperature range. The properties and microstructure of test pieces carburized at 850°C for up to 500 h in an argon-10 vol% methane atmosphere and of specimens heat treated at 850°C in an inert atmosphere for the same times were compared.The results showed that aging at 850°C reduced the impact strength at 20 to 800°C. With an increasing degree of carburization, the impact strength was progressively reduced to ∼50 J at a bulk carbon content of 0.6 wt%. Heat treatment after carburization caused a further decrease in impact strength as the depth of carbon penetration increased.Microstructural examination by optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of broken test specimens showed precipitation of M23C6 carbides on grain and twin boundaries and intragranular fine precipitation of TiC and M23C6 as well as the presence of primary titanium carbonitrides.The TEM investigations using extraction replica and thin foil techniques established that the M23C6 carbides at grain boundaries retained a crystallographic orientation to one grain and grew into the adjacent grain. Lamellae of M23C6 carbides precipitated on noncoherent twin boundaries grew into the grain parallel to the twin plane, whereas M23C6 on coherent twin planes grew as plates along the twinning plane.
Cobalt(II) Chloride-Catalyzed Chemoselective Sodium Borohydride Reduction of Azides in Water (2000)

Reduction of azides to amines and amides was carried out with NaBH4/CoCl2 · 6 H2O in sole water at 25 °C under catalytic heterogeneous conditions. A broad spectrum of azides was reduced in a short time, chemoselectively in high yield and purity.
REAL-TIME ROUTE PLANNING FOR UNMANNED AIR VEHICLE WITH AN EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM (2003)

Based on evolutionary computation, a new 3D route planner for unmanned air vehicles is presented. In our evolutionary route planner, the individual candidates are evaluated with respect to the workspace. Therefore a computation of the configuration space is avoided. With Digital Terrain Elevation Data, our approach can find a near-optimal route that can increase the surviving probability efficiently. By using a problem-specific representation of candidate solutions and genetic operators, the routes are generated in real-time and are able to take into account different kinds of mission constraints such as minimum route leg length and flying altitude, maximum turning angle, and fixed approach vector to goal position, etc.
Denight: nighttime image enhancement using daytime image (2008)

Nighttime images of a scene from a surveillance camera have lower contrast and higher noise than their corresponding daytime images of the same scene due to low illumination. Denighting is an image enhancement method for improving nighttime images, so that they are closer to those that would have been taken during daytime. The method exploits the fact that background images of the same scene have been captured all day long with a much higher quality. We present several results of the enhancement of low quality nighttime images using denighting.
The H2 robotic exoskeleton for gait rehabilitation after stroke: early findings from a clinical study (2015)

This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02114450 ).
Hyper-resolution indoor channel impulse responses:Multipath components and <i>k</i> -factors (1999)

A hyper-resolution method has been used to estimate the wideband indoor channel impulse response at 1.3 GHz in a variety of environments within a building. The number of multipath components N and the Ricean k-factor have been investigated. The effect of the presence of people has also been monitored. The results show that if a 30 dB impulse response dynamic range threshold is considered, a value of N less than 7 is applicable to all cases for > 90% of the time. It is also shown that the k-factor can be reliably estimated using only the three strongest components.
GFR measurement by simulating constant infusion with data acquired using a CdTe detector. A feasibility study (1986)

Conventional nuclear medicine methods for measuring glomerular filtration rate, GFR, are invalidated if the initial injection of radiopharmaceutical is tissued. An analytical method proposed by Veall and Gibbs in 1982 overcomes this difficulty but does require multiple blood samples. This paper investigates whether it is feasible to use the analytical method on data acquired with a CdTe detector system and thereby reducing to one the number of blood samples required. Synthetic data were used to investigate the effect of (a) duration of sampling (b) statistical noise and (c) non-stationarity on the GFR values derived by the Veall and Gibbs method. A sampling duration of 100 min is shown to be adequate and statistical noise is not a limiting factor. However, data fluctuations, mainly due to detector motion, do reduce the accuracy of the method. When the analytical technique is applied to data obtained using a CdTe detector on 40 patients the GFR values are similar to those derived by the conventional method (r = 0.957, Syx = 9.1 ml min-1). The technique is sufficiently attractive to warrant further studies to establish its absolute accuracy.
Emendation of the Genus Thermobacteroides: Thermobacteroides proteolyticus sp. nov., a Proteolytic Acetogen from a Methanogenic Enrichment (1985)

Thermobacteroides proteolyticus sp. nov. was isolated from a methanogenic enrichment culture inoculated from a thermophilic digestor (55°C) that was fermenting tannery wastes and cattle manure. The cells were anaerobic, gram-negative, nonsporeforming, nonmotile rods that were 0.5 μm wide and 1 to 6 μm long. At the end of logarithmic growth, they were pleomorphic, with some filamentous cells. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition was 45 mol% guanine plus cytosine. The temperature optimum was 63°C (growth range 35, to 75°C); the pH optimum was 7.5 (growth range, pH 5.0 to 8.5). The growth substrates used included yeast extract, peptone, casein, gelatin, and Trypticase peptone. Fructose, glucose, maltose, sucrose, and mannose were weakly used as growth substrates; however, addition of yeast extract and either rumen fluid or Trypticase peptone stimulated utilization of these carbohydrates. Acetate, H2, and CO2 were the major products of growth in medium containing gelatin or glucose. The cells were resistant to kanamycin. The type strain is strain BT (= ATCC 35242).
MECHANISMS OF TRANSMISSION OF RHINOVIRUS INFECTIONS (1988)

Journal Article MECHANISMS OF TRANSMISSION OF RHINOVIRUS INFECTIONS Get access J. OWEN HENDLEY, J. OWEN HENDLEY 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesville, VA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JACK M. GWALTNEY, JR. JACK M. GWALTNEY, JR. 2Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesville, VA 22908 Reprint requests to Dr. Jack M. Gwaltney, Jr. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Epidemiologic Reviews, Volume 10, Issue 1, 1988, Pages 242–258, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036024 Published: 01 March 1988