gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Small dimensional microstrips embedded with ferromagnetic layers: Numerical simulations and experimental results (2008)

We use a numerical electromagnetic simulation software to investigate a filtering device consisting of a small dimensional microstrips embedded with a thin layer of ferromagnetic material and we compare our results to experimental results. We are able to show good correlation of simulation versus experiment for the magnitude of insertion loss and phase shift. The microstrips considered have dimensions on the order of the skin depth of the conductor and hence the field distribution is not easily calculated by analytic methods. We show that numerical simulation methods provide an accurate means of characterizing these structures.
Expression of elevated levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in SARS‐CoV‐infected ACE2<sup>+</sup> cells in SARS patients: relation to the acute lung injury and pathogenesis of SARS (2006)

The authors have previously shown that acute lung injury (ALI) produces a wide spectrum of pathological processes in patients who die of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and that the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nucleoprotein is detectable in the lungs, and other organs and tissues, in these patients. In the present study, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) assays were used to analyse the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV spike (S) protein, and some pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs) including MCP-1, TGF-beta1, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 in autopsy tissues from four patients who died of SARS. SARS-CoV S protein and its RNA were only detected in ACE2+ cells in the lungs and other organs, indicating that ACE2-expressing cells are the primary targets for SARS-CoV infection in vivo in humans. High levels of PICs were expressed in the SARS-CoV-infected ACE2+ cells, but not in the uninfected cells. These results suggest that cells infected by SARS-CoV produce elevated levels of PICs which may cause immuno-mediated damage to the lungs and other organs, resulting in ALI and, subsequently, multi-organ dysfunction. Therefore application of PIC antagonists may reduce the severity and mortality of SARS.
Bioconversion and biosynthesis of nanaomycins using cerulenin, a specific inhibitor of fatty acid and polyketide biosyntheses. (1980)

The biosynthetic relationship of the nanaomycins produced by Streptomyces rosa var. notoensis OS-3966 was studied by means of a bioconversion method using the antibiotic cerulenin, a specific inhibitor of fatty acid and polyketide biosyntheses. Nanaomycin D was considered to be the first component produced from the hypothetical intermediate "polyketide". It is proposed that the biosynthesis sequence for the nanaomycin is: nanaomycin D leads to nanaomycin A leads to nanaomycin E leads to nanaomycin B. Nanaomycin B can be converted to nanaomycin A by non-enzymatic dehydration; however, nanaomycin A is rapidly bioconverted to nanaomycin E, which is the major component synthesized by the nanaomycin-producing strain.
Control of waveguide properties in hybrid polymer-silica microstructured optical fiber gratings (2002)

We investigate the properties of Bragg gratings in hybrid polymer-silica microstructured fibers and show the ability to design waveguide and polymer properties to control fiber grating spectral characteristics, including suppression and temperature tuning of core-cladding mode coupling.
In vitro and in vivo selectin-blocking activities of sulfated lipids and sulfated sialyl compounds (1998)

There is accumulating evidence that sulfated lipids, sulfated oligosaccharides and other sulfated compounds are reactive with selectins in a manner that interferes with selectin interactions with their natural ligands. In the report we describe the ability of sulfated lipids (sulfatides and gangliosides) and multimeric forms of sulfated sialic acid to block binding of P- and E-selectin-Ig to neutrophils. The in vivo ability of these compounds to block lung injury in rats following i.v. infusion of purified cobra venom factor (CVF), which induces injury that is L- and P-selectin dependent, was also determined as well as effects on recruitment of neutrophils, as measured by lung myeloperoxidase. There was a significant correlation between the ability of sulfated lipids and sialyl compounds to interfere in vitro with P-selectin-Ig binding to neutrophils and to protect against P-selectin-dependent acute lung injury induced by CVF. The biological effects of these sulfated compounds were also associated with diminished accumulation of neutrophils. The protective effects of these compounds may be linked to their ability to interfere with P-selectin binding to counter-receptors on neutrophils.
Supplement to Zombie Memory: Extending Memory Lifetime by Reviving Dead Blocks (2013)

Zombie is an endurance management framework that enables a variety of error correction mechanisms to extend thelifetimes of memories that suffer from bit failures caused by wearout, such as phase-change memory (PCM). Zombie supports both single-level cell (SLC) and multi-level cell (MLC) variants. It extends the lifetime of blocks in working memory pages (primary blocks) by pairing them with spare blocks, i.e., working blocks in pages that have been disabled due to exhaustion of a single block’s error correction resources, which would be `dead’ otherwise. Spare blocks adaptively provide error correction resources to primary blocks as failures accumulate over time. This reduces the waste caused by early block failures, making working blocks in discarded pages a useful resource. Even though we use PCM as the target technology, Zombie applies to any memory technology that suffers stuck-at cell failures. This paper provides supplemental information to [3], which describes the name framework, a combination of two new error correction mechanisms (ZombieXOR for SLC and ZombieMLC for MLC) and the extension of two previously proposed SLC mechanisms (ZombieECP and ZombieERC). We present the read and write algorithms, an analytical model for SLC, detailed discussion of the MLC mechanism, and analysis demonstrating reduced drift-induced soft errors for MLC. This additional information could not fit in the page limitations of [3], demonstrates feasibility of PCM, especially MLC, and supports our results of 58% to 92% improvement in endurance for ZombieSLC memory and an even more impressive 11X to 17X improvement for ZombieMLC, both with performance overheads of only 0.1% when memories using prior error correction mechanisms reach end of life.
TeraByte InfraRed Delivery (TBIRD): a demonstration of large-volume direct-to-Earth data transfer from low-Earth orbit (2018)

Delivery of large volumes of data from low-Earth orbit to ground is challenging due to the short link durations associated with direct-to-Earth links. The short ranges that are typical for such links enable high data rates with small terminals. While the data rate for radio-frequency links is typically limited by available spectrum, optical links do not have such limitations. However, to date, demonstrations of optical links from low-Earth orbit to ground have been limited to ~10 to ~1000 Mbps. We describe plans for NASA’s TeraByte InfraRed Delivery (TBIRD) system, which will demonstrate a direct-to-Earth optical communication link from a CubeSat in low-Earth orbit at burst rates up to 200 Gbps. Such a link is capable of delivering >50 Terabytes per day from a small spacecraft to a single small ground terminal.
Preparation of oily core polyamide microcapsules <i>via</i> interfacial polycondensation (2003)

Abstract Microcapsules obtained by interfacial polycondensation from an original system based on the polyaddition of specific di‐ or polyamines and more classical acyl chloride molecules were studied. The originality of the system lies in the fact that the encapsulated agent is the internal phase allowing its incorporation without an organic solvent, which is an advantage from the point of view of environmental protection. Once the optimal parameters of the emulsion were determined, the membrane formation was studied by optimizing the emulsification and reaction times in relation to simultaneous acyl chloride hydrolysis. The microcapsules were obtained by interfacial polycondensation between an excess of amine functions (diamine and diethylenetriamine) and acyl chloride (sebacoyl chloride and 1,3,5‐benzene tricarbonyl trichloride) from an oil‐in‐water emulsion in the presence of 88% hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) as a surfactant. Various formulations in terms of COCl concentration, crosslinking agent concentration, excess of amine functions, emulsification and reaction times were prepared. The hydrolysis of acyl halide functions is the main parameter which influences the growth of the membrane. The increase in acyl chloride function concentration allows compensation for that lost by hydrolysis, and increases the encapsulation yield to about 90%. The degree of crosslinking of the membrane was controlled in order to minimize the subsequent release of oil by the addition of trifunctional monomers. An optimal formulation was developed offering high encapsulation yield and optimal elastic behaviour. Almost spherical capsules, with a membrane thickness of approximately 500 nm, relatively smooth internal walls and crumpled external walls, were observed by scanning electron microscopy. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Generation of Bacteriophage-Insensitive Mutants of Streptococcus thermophilus via an Antisense RNA CRISPR-Cas Silencing Approach (2017)

Predation of starter lactic acid bacteria such as <i>Streptococcus thermophilus</i> by bacteriophages is a persistent and costly problem in the dairy industry. CRISPR-mediated <u>b</u>acteriophage <u>i</u>nsensitive <u>m</u>utants (BIMs), while straightforward to generate and verify, can quickly be overcome by mutant phages. The aim of this study was to develop a tool allowing the generation of derivatives of commercial <i>S. thermophilus</i> strains which are resistant to phage attack through a non-CRISPR-mediated mechanism, with the objective of generating BIMs exhibiting stable resistance against a range of isolated lytic <i>S. thermophilus</i> phages. To achieve this, standard BIM generation was complemented by the use of the wild-type (WT) strain which had been transformed with an antisense mRNA-generating plasmid (targeting a crucial CRISPR-associated [<i>cas</i>] gene) in order to facilitate the generation of non-CRISPR-mediated BIMs. Phage sensitivity assays suggest that non-CRISPR-mediated BIMs exhibit some advantages compared to CRISPR-mediated BIMs derived from the same strain.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> The outlined approach reveals the presence of a powerful host-imposed barrier for phage infection in <i>S. thermophilus</i> Considering the detrimental economic consequences of phage infection in the dairy processing environment, the developed methodology has widespread applications, particularly where other methods may not be practical or effective in obtaining robust, phage-tolerant <i>S. thermophilus</i> starter strains.
Intact signal peptide of CD18, the β-subunit of β<sub>2</sub>-integrins, renders ruminants susceptible to<i>Mannheimia haemolytica</i>leukotoxin (2009)

Signal peptides of membrane proteins are cleaved by endoplasmic reticulum-resident signal peptidase, and thus, are not present on mature membrane proteins. Here, we report that, contrary to the paradigm, the signal peptide of ruminant CD18, the beta-subunit of beta(2)-integrins, is not cleaved. Intriguingly, the intact signal peptide of CD18 is responsible for the susceptibility of ruminant leukocytes to Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica leukotoxin (Lkt). Inhibition of Lkt-induced cytolysis of ruminant leukocytes by CD18 peptide analogs revealed that the Lkt-binding site is formed by amino acids 5-17 of CD18, which, surprisingly, comprise most of the signal sequence. Flow cytometric analysis of ruminant leukocytes indicated the presence of the signal peptide on mature CD18 molecules expressed on the cell surface. Analysis of transfectants expressing CD18 containing the FLAG epitope at the putative cleavage site confirmed that the signal peptide of bovine CD18 is not cleaved. Analysis of the signal sequence of CD18 of eight ruminants and five nonruminants revealed that the signal sequence of CD18 of ruminants contains "cleavage-inhibiting" Q, whereas that of nonruminants contains "cleavage-conducive" G at position -5 relative to the cleavage site. Site-directed mutagenesis of Q to G at position -5 of the signal peptide of bovine CD18 resulted in the cleavage of the signal peptide and abrogation of cytolysis of transfectants expressing bovine CD18 carrying the Q(-5)G mutation. We propose that engineering cattle and other ruminants to contain this mutation would provide a novel technology to render them less susceptible to pneumonic pasteurellosis and concomitant economic losses.
Temperature-sensitive mutants in herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP4 permissive for early gene expression (1984)

A large number of temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in the gene encoding the immediate-early transcriptional regulatory protein, ICP4, have been isolated and characterized with respect to expression of the immediate-early, early, and late viral gene products. The hallmark of these mutants is the overproduction of immediate-early gene products and the underproduction of early and late gene products. The present study involves the preliminary genetic and molecular characterization of two unique regulatory mutants of HSV-1, ts48 and ts303. Genetically, both mutants exhibit inefficient complementation with eight ts mutants in complementation group 1-2, which defines the gene for ICP4, and marker rescue experiments place the mutations in both mutants in the 3' portion of the coding sequence for ICP4. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of ts48- and ts303-infected cell polypeptides synthesized at the nonpermissive temperature demonstrates that immediate-early polypeptides ICP4 and ICP27 are overproduced, with the simultaneous production of early polypeptides ICP6, ICP8, gB, and others. Immediate-early polypeptides are resynthesized upon temperature shift-up early in infection; however, shift-up late in infection does not result in the resynthesis of immediate-early polypeptides. Late gene products are either absent or underrepresented under long-term labeling conditions. To examine the effects of the mutations in ts48, ts303, and other ICP4 mutants specifically on early gene expression, trans-induction experiments were performed in cells transfected with the gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase under early gene control (tk) and superinfected with KOS, tsB32, ts48, and ts303. Mutant tsB32 did not induce chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity above the basal level; however, ts48 and ts303 induced chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity nearly equal to wild-type levels. Fifteen to fifty percent of wild-type levels of viral DNA are synthesized at the nonpermissive temperature in ts48- and ts303-infected cells, indicating that immediate-early and early gene functions are intact (or nearly so) and that the block in ts48 and ts303 is in a regulatory event subsequent to that exhibited by other mutants in complementation group 1-2 which are DNA-.
Alzheimer’s Disease in the Retina: Imaging Retinal Aβ Plaques for Early Diagnosis and Therapy Assessment (2012)

Translation of noninvasive retinal-plaque imaging to humans could eventually facilitate early and accurate AD diagnosis and therapy assessment.
Light extraction in tandem organic light emitting diodes (2021)

Since the invention of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), great research efforts have been dedicated to improving their efficiency and lifetime. For high-brightness applications, tandem OLED structures have advantages because of the lower current densities required to achieve high brightness. With the successful development of highly efficient charge generation layers, high brightness tandem OLEDs are used in displays and lighting. However, the major challenge for tandem OLEDs is the low light extraction efficiency, because about 50% of the light is trapped inside the device as waveguide modes. In this Perspective, we first review the recent works done on light extraction, analyze different waveguide mode extraction structures, and then identify the key factors determining the extraction efficiencies in tandem OLEDs.
An Area Efficient High Turn Ratio Monolithic Transformer for (2010)

A novel way of manufacturing an on-chip transformer that produces high inductance ratio (LSec/LPri > 30) with excellent area efficiency is presented. This technique uses an electrical all-round coupling effect of a conductor A (Primary Coil), having large effective width, and a densely routed conductor B (Secondary Coil). Thus, a high turn ratio monolithic transformer, using minimum die size, is realizable on silicon. The coil having the dense routing can also be doubled up as a monolithic RF choke on silicon. In this work, area efficiency is compared between various type of existing transformer structures (i.e. Interleaved and Stacked transformer), based on unit inductance. The method presented is fully compatible to all the foundry standard CMOS processes.
Frequency-domain analysis of dynamically applied strain using sweep-free Brillouin time-domain analyzer and sloped-assisted FBG sensing (2012)

Fast reconstruction of the whole Brillouin gain spectrum is experimentally demonstrated using sweep-free Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (SF-BOTDA). Strain variations with the frequencies up to 400 Hz are spectrally analyzed, achieving strain sensitivity of 1 microstrain per root Hz at a sampling rate of 5.5 kHz and a spatial resolution of 4m. The results favorably compare with fiber Bragg grating sensing.
Quantum cascade lasers with double-quantum-well superlattices (2001)

A quantum-cascade laser using a double-quantum-well graded superlattice as the active region is presented. Each SL period consists of two strongly coupled quantum wells resulting in the splitting of the lowest miniband into two minibands. These two minibands can be designed to be flat and to contain delocalized, spatially symmetric wavefunctions under an applied electric field which in turn leads to a high optical dipole for the interminiband transition. In addition, the new design allows independent control of the energy levels of the lowest two minibands, their width and the splitting separating them, enhancing design flexibility. Using a cascade design of 55 pairs of alternated active regions and injectors, pulsed laser action is achieved at /spl lambda/=11.6 μm. Peak output powers reach 120 mW at 7 K and approximately 12 mW at the maximum operating temperature of 195 K."
Spelling assistance for compound words (1988)

This paper describes a method for providing spelling assistance for Germanic compound words. The technique systematically analyzes an unknown word to determine its components, using a dictionary which associates word components with codes that describe their compounding characteristics. Language-specific morphological transformations are used to take into consideration common intraword elision patterns. Special dictionary entries, heuristic rules, and lexical distance measures are used to provide the best possible replacement compound words. The method is fast and provides spelling assistance and hyphenation support in an interactive environment.
Inter-Disciplinary Validation of Pre Earthquake Signals. Case Study for Major Earthquakes in Asia (2004-2010) and for 2011 Tohoku Earthquake (2012)

We carried out multi-sensors observations in our investigation of phenomena preceding major earthquakes. Our approach is based on a systematic analysis of several physical and environmental parameters, which we found, associated with the earthquake processes: thermal infrared radiation, temperature and concentration of electrons in the ionosphere, radon/ion activities, and air temperature/humidity in the atmosphere. We used satellite and ground observations and interpreted them with the Lithosphere-Atmosphere- Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) model, one of possible paradigms we study and support. We made two independent continues hind-cast investigations in Taiwan and Japan for total of 102 earthquakes (M>6) occurring from 2004-2011. We analyzed: (1) ionospheric electromagnetic radiation, plasma and energetic electron measurements from DEMETER (2) emitted long-wavelength radiation (OLR) from NOAA/AVHRR and NASA/EOS; (3) radon/ion variations (in situ data); and 4) GPS Total Electron Content (TEC) measurements collected from space and ground based observations. This joint analysis of ground and satellite data has shown that one to six (or more) days prior to the largest earthquakes there were anomalies in all of the analyzed physical observations. For the latest March 11 , 2011 Tohoku earthquake, our analysis shows again the same relationship between several independent observations characterizing the lithosphere /atmosphere coupling. On March 7th we found a rapid increase of emitted infrared radiation observed from satellite data and subsequently an anomaly developed near the epicenter. The GPS/TEC data indicated an increase and variation in electron density reaching a maximum value on March 8. Beginning from this day we confirmed an abnormal TEC variation over the epicenter in the lower ionosphere. These findings revealed the existence of atmospheric and ionospheric phenomena occurring prior to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, which indicated new evidence of a distinct coupling between the lithosphere and atmosphere/ionosphere.
Modal Equalization by Temporal Shaping of Room Response (2003)

The low-frequency behavior of sound reproduction in listening rooms is often problematic due to long-ringing modes that are difficult and expensive to control by acoustic means. Modal equalization has been proposed recently to correct the low-frequency problems by shortening the decay times of problematic modes through modification of transfer function poles. While the previous methods were based on the estimation of isolated modes and their parameters, the new method proposed here is a technique to change the time-domain response more directly. It is an advanced windowing technique where the temporal shaping of a given impulse response can be done in a frequency-dependent manner. The method is compared with previous modal equalization techniques.
Validation of the QUick atmospheric correction (QUAC) algorithm for VNIR-SWIR multi- and hyperspectral imagery (2005)

We describe a new visible-near infrared short-wavelength infrared (VNIR-SWIR) atmospheric correction method for multi- and hyperspectral imagery, dubbed QUAC (QUick Atmospheric Correction) that also enables retrieval of the wavelength-dependent optical depth of the aerosol or haze and molecular absorbers. It determines the atmospheric compensation parameters directly from the information contained within the scene using the observed pixel spectra. The approach is based on the empirical finding that the spectral standard deviation of a collection of diverse material spectra, such as the endmember spectra in a scene, is essentially spectrally flat. It allows the retrieval of reasonably accurate reflectance spectra even when the sensor does not have a proper radiometric or wavelength calibration, or when the solar illumination intensity is unknown. The computational speed of the atmospheric correction method is significantly faster than for the first-principles methods, making it potentially suitable for real-time applications. The aerosol optical depth retrieval method, unlike most prior methods, does not require the presence of dark pixels. QUAC is applied to atmospherically correction several AVIRIS data sets and a Landsat-7 data set, as well as to simulated HyMap data for a wide variety of atmospheric conditions. Comparisons to the physics-based Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH) code are also presented.