gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved latch-up immunity in junction-isolated smart power ICs with unbiased guard ring (2001)

The performance of the unbiased guard ring structure is measured and the effects of high current, emitter area, and layout of unbiased guard rings are reported and explained. Measurements show a reduction in parasitic gain by up to six orders of magnitude, while also avoiding the cross talk and power consumption of biased rings. A comparative analysis of unbiased guard ring with biased guard ring shows up to 100 times better performance at low current levels. A modification to the unbiased guard ring is also implemented and successfully tested which shows an increase in the current handling capability of the structure by an order of magnitude.
Symmetry in Strain Engineering of Nanomembranes: Making New Strained Materials (2011)

Strain in a material changes the lattice constant and thereby creates a material with new properties relative to the unstrained, but chemically identical, material. The ability to alter the strain (its magnitude, direction, extent, periodicity, symmetry, and nature) allows tunability of these new properties. A recent development, crystalline nanomembranes, offers a powerful platform for using and tuning strain to create materials that have unique properties, not achievable in bulk materials or with conventional processes. Nanomembranes, because of their thinness, enable elastic strain sharing, a process that introduces large amounts of strain and unique strain distributions in single-crystal materials, without exposing the material to the formation of extended defects. We provide here prescriptions for making new strained materials using crystal symmetry as the driver: we calculate the strain distributions in flat nanomembranes for two-fold and four-fold elastically symmetric materials. We show that we can controllably tune the amount of strain and the asymmetry of the strain distribution in elastically isotropic and anisotropic materials uniformly over large areas. We perform the experimental demonstration with a trilayer Si(110)/Si((1-x))Ge(x)(110)/Si(110) nanomembrane: an elastically two-fold symmetric system in which we can transfer strain that is biaxially isotropic. We are thus able to make uniformly strained materials that cannot be made any other way.
Addressee and Response Selection in Multi-Party Conversations With Speaker Interaction RNNs (2018)

In this paper, we study the problem of addressee and response selection in multi-party conversations. Understanding multi-party conversations is challenging because of complex speaker interactions: multiple speakers exchange messages with each other, playing different roles (sender, addressee, observer), and these roles vary across turns. To tackle this challenge, we propose the Speaker Interaction Recurrent Neural Network (SI-RNN). Whereas the previous state-of-the-art system updated speaker embeddings only for the sender, SI-RNN uses a novel dialog encoder to update speaker embeddings in a role-sensitive way. Additionally, unlike the previous work that selected the addressee and response separately, SI-RNN selects them jointly by viewing the task as a sequence prediction problem. Experimental results show that SI-RNN significantly improves the accuracy of addressee and response selection, particularly in complex conversations with many speakers and responses to distant messages many turns in the past.
Learning Motion in Feature Space: Locally-Consistent Deformable Convolution Networks for Fine-Grained Action Detection (2019)

Fine-grained action detection is an important task with numerous applications in robotics and human-computer interaction. Existing methods typically utilize a two-stage approach including extraction of local spatio-temporal features followed by temporal modeling to capture long-term dependencies. While most recent papers have focused on the latter (long-temporal modeling), here, we focus on producing features capable of modeling fine-grained motion more efficiently. We propose a novel locally-consistent deformable convolution, which utilizes the change in receptive fields and enforces a local coherency constraint to capture motion information effectively. Our model jointly learns spatio-temporal features (instead of using independent spatial and temporal streams). The temporal component is learned from the feature space instead of pixel space, e.g. optical flow. The produced features can be flexibly used in conjunction with other long-temporal modeling networks, e.g. ST-CNN, DilatedTCN, and ED-TCN. Overall, our proposed approach robustly outperforms the original long-temporal models on two fine-grained action datasets: 50 Salads and GTEA, achieving F1 scores of 80.22% and 75.39% respectively.
Requirements of the secondary structures in the primary transcript for multicopy single-stranded DNA synthesis by reverse transcriptase from bacterial retron-Ec107. (1994)

Multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA) is produced by bacterial retroelements called retrons. It consists of single-stranded DNA that is linked to an internal G residue of an RNA molecule by a 2',5'-phosphodiester linkage. It has been demonstrated that specific primary sequences, as well as the secondary structures immediately downstream of the G residue, are essential for the cDNA priming reaction (Shimamoto, T., Hsu, M.-Y., Inouye, S., and Inouye, M. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 2684-2692). We have now examined the requirement of the structures in the region corresponding to DNA for msDNA synthesis. The upper stem region consisting of 71 bases of msDNA-Ec107 was found not to be essential, and this region could be deleted to efficiently produce a truncated msDNA containing only a 36-base single-stranded DNA. Various mutations including base replacements, deletions, and insertions were constructed in the lower stem region. It was found that any mutations resulting in more stable secondary structures caused reduction in msDNA synthesis. The results indicated that reverse transcriptase requires a loose secondary structure in the template RNA near the cDNA priming site for cDNA elongation.
Multiuser Scheduling in the 3GPP LTE Cellular Uplink (2012)

In this paper, we consider resource allocation in the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular uplink (UL), which will be the most widely deployed next generation cellular uplink. The key features of the 3GPP LTE uplink are that it is based on a modified form of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based multiple access (OFDMA), which enables channel dependent frequency selective scheduling, and that it allows for multiuser (MU) scheduling wherein multiple users can be assigned the same time-frequency resource. In addition to the considerable spectral efficiency improvements that are possible by exploiting these two features, the LTE UL allows for transmit antenna selection together with the possibility to employ advanced receivers at the base-station, which promise further gains. However, several practical constraints that seek to maintain a low signaling overhead are also imposed. In this paper, we show that the resulting resource allocation problem is APX-hard and then propose a local ratio test (LRT)-based constant-factor polynomial-time approximation algorithm. We then propose two enhancements to this algorithm as well as a sequential LRT-based MU scheduling algorithm that offers a constant-factor approximation and is another useful choice in the complexity versus performance tradeoff. Further, user preselection, wherein a smaller pool of good users is preselected and a sophisticated scheduling algorithm is then employed on the selected pool, is also examined. We suggest several such user preselection algorithms, some of which are shown to offer constant-factor approximations to the preselection problem. Detailed evaluations reveal that the proposed algorithms and their enhancements offer significant gains.
Signal-Detection Analysis of Neural Impairment using Oculomotor Assessment (2015)

Various types of brain disorders affect visuomotor processing and generate characteristic patterns of deficits in oculomotor behavior (e.g., Leigh & Zee, 2006). Whereas current clinical tests that assess static foveal acuity, perimetry, and contrast sensitivity provide early indicators of visual pathology, the oculomotor system may also provide sensitive and reliable signals that can be used to detect disease onset and track the severity of functional impairment. Methods. We developed a 15-minute test that derives a ten-element vector of metrics from the oculomotor responses to direction-and-speed randomized radially moving stimuli, including pursuit initiation and steady-state tracking, as well as direction-tuning and speed-tuning metrics (Liston & Stone, JOV, in press). Using this task, we collected data from a baseline population of normal observers (N=41) and a few observers with retinal pathology (glaucoma N=2; retinitis pigmentosa N=1, sampled twice over an interval of 17 months). For each metric, we normalized the raw measurements into a standard normal distribution. For a given pathology, we defined the oculomotor "disease vector" as the distance between the average vector for a patient population and the mean of the normal population. The inner product between a disease vector and the vector from any individual patient yields a linear detection metric of the severity of their impairment or their “impairment index”. Results. For two glaucoma patients tested, we observed significant impairment in one observer (index: 2.27; p< 0.05), but not in the other (index: 0.70;p>0.05). For our single retinitis pigmentosa patient, we observed significant impairment at both time points (indices: 2.28 and 3.86, p< 0.05 and p< 0.01) with the index changing significantly over time (p< 0.01, bootstrap test). Conclusions. Using a multi-dimensional performance vector computed using our oculomotor assessment test, “disease vectors” and “impairment indices” can be constructed to characterize, detect, and track the progression of visuomotor pathology. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015
IFN-λ4: The Paradoxical New Member of the Interferon Lambda Family (2014)

Interferons (IFNs) are generally considered antiviral cytokines, yet the newly discovered IFN-λ4 is linked with the failure to clear hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection either spontaneously or in response to treatment. IFN-λ4 can be generated only by individuals who carry the IFNL4-ΔG allele (rs368234815), which is the strongest known host factor for predicting clearance of HCV. The ancestral IFNL4-ΔG allele is the major variant in Africans while the minor variant in Asians, suggesting very strong negative genetic selection for this allele-most likely driven by an infectious agent other than HCV. IFN-λ4 most closely resembles IFN-λ3, but these proteins share only 29% amino-acid identity, and, in contrast to IFN-λ3, IFN-λ4 is only weakly secreted. Nevertheless, IFN-λ4 signals through the IFN-λ receptor complex and induces expression of IFN-stimulated genes via the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway. Although the IFNL4-ΔG variant is strongly associated with the failure to clear HCV infection, HCV-infected patients who carry this allele have lower baseline HCV RNA levels in the absence of treatment. Resolving the paradoxical functions of IFN-λ4, which appears to induce antiviral activity yet impair effective clearance of HCV, may yield critical new insights into the immunologic response to HCV infection and IFN biology.
Hexafluorobenzene: a Sensitive19F NMR Indicator of Tumor Oxygenation (1996)

We have surveyed the sensitivity of the spin lattice relaxation rates of the 19F resonances of several perfluorocarbons to changes in oxygen tension and temperature. Hexafluorobenzene was found to exhibit exceptional sensitivity to changes in oxygen tension, and we have exploited this phenomenon to measure tumor oxygen tension following intratumoral injection. When 20 microliters hexaflourobenzene were injected they remained localized and the biodistribution was readily assessed on the basis of combined 1H and 19F three-dimensional MRI. Relaxation measurements indicated a typical baseline oxygen tension of 4.0 +/- 1.5 torr in the central region of a Dunning prostate R3327-AT1 tumor when the rat breathed 66% oxygen. Altering the inspired oxygen concentration to 100% produced a modest increase in pO2 (5.6 +/- 0.7 torr; p < 0.1). Significantly, the precision of these measurements should facilitate NMR investigations of radiobiological hypoxia. Intra-tumoral injection allowed measurements from regions not normally accessible to infused perfluorocarbons and provides an additional approach to measuring tumor oxygenation.
Hierarchically buckled sheath-core fibers for superelastic electronics, sensors, and muscles (2015)

Superelastic conducting fibers with improved properties and functionalities are needed for diverse applications. Here we report the fabrication of highly stretchable (up to 1320%) sheath-core conducting fibers created by wrapping carbon nanotube sheets oriented in the fiber direction on stretched rubber fiber cores. The resulting structure exhibited distinct short- and long-period sheath buckling that occurred reversibly out of phase in the axial and belt directions, enabling a resistance change of less than 5% for a 1000% stretch. By including other rubber and carbon nanotube sheath layers, we demonstrated strain sensors generating an 860% capacitance change and electrically powered torsional muscles operating reversibly by a coupled tension-to-torsion actuation mechanism. Using theory, we quantitatively explain the complementary effects of an increase in muscle length and a large positive Poisson's ratio on torsional actuation and electronic properties.
MMP11 and CD2 as novel prognostic factors in hormone receptor-negative, HER2-positive breast cancer (2017)

Our new prognostic model for HR-/HER2+ breast cancer provides more accurate information on the risk of distant metastasis than traditional clinical prognostic factors and may be used to identify patients with a good prognosis in this aggressive subtype of breast cancer.
14 Amyloid Imaging and (What is “Normal”?) Aging (2009)

Abstract One thing that has become clear from amyloid imaging studies is how early the full burden of plaques accumulate, often by the time a patient first develops symptoms. This finding brings with it the challenge to define the earliest evidence of plaque accumulation, and this is very likely to be in the clinically unimpaired elderly. We will then need to understand the full significance of asymptomatic brain β-amyloidosis. Does it lead to sub-clinical cognitive deficits? Does it lead to Alzheimer's disease (AD)? If good anti-amyloid therapies can be developed, should they be started at this preclinical stage? Perhaps most importantly, if amyloid deposition can be reversed at this early stage, can AD be prevented? The current paradigm of diagnosing and treating AD during the clinically symptomatic period may not lead us to the treatment success we desire and a new paradigm for the treatment during pre-symptomatic period of AD seems to be required. Amyloid imaging may have its most important application in the detection and longitudinal follow-up of this prodromal state. It may lead to a new definition of what is “normal” aging.
A novel GaInAsP/InP distributed feedback laser (1985)

GaInAsP/InP distributed feedback lasers have been fabricated with a simple new design in which the grating is etched into the top of a mass-transported buried heterostructure. Single-frequency operation with sidemodes lower than −32 dB and threshold currents as low as 16 mA have been achieved.
Simulation of Airfoil Icing with a Novel Morphogenetic Model (2005)

In this paper, we describe a new modeling approach to tackle the challenging problem of in-flight icing prediction. In this approach, termed morphogenetic modeling, we predict the structural details of aircraft ice accretion by emulating the behavior of individual fluid elements. A two-dimensional morphogenetic model is used here to predict the ice accretion shape forming on a National Advisory Committee For Aeronautics 0012 airfoil under various atmospheric conditions. The influence of the surface heat transfer formulation on the ice accretion shape is examined. We complement the numerical simulation with an analytical model for airfoil icing that is based on a simple form of the mass and heat conservation equations. This analytical investigation allows us to identify a significant new dimensionless ratio, the runback factor, defined as the ratio of the impinging water mass flux to the freezing mass flux at the stagnation line. An increasing runback factor leads to a quantifiable downstream displacement of the accretion mass. We also use the analytical model to verify the morphogenetic model during the early stages of icing, and find that there is reasonable agreement between the two models in terms of ice accretion shape. A comparison with experimental data and other models shows that even simple morphogenetic modeling is competitive with existing models. Further improvements will take advantage of the model’s unique ability to simulate discontinuous ice accretions in complex geometries, leading to a considerable advancement in the simulation of in-flight icing.
Toward the Assessment of Food Toxicity for Celiac Patients: Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to a Main Immunogenic Gluten Peptide (2008)

The sensitivity and epitope preferences of the A1 antibody resulted to be useful to detect gluten relevant peptides to infer the potential toxicity of food for celiac patients as well as to monitor peptide modifications by transglutaminase 2 or glutenases.
Lightning current measurements on real installations by a mobile measurement system (2010)

For decades measurements of real lightning currents have been performed for basic scientific research on lightning current test fields all over the world. Based on the scientific background of these measurements the measuring systems used for this research is highly sophisticated and rather complex. Therefore it is quite difficult to use these systems flexibly on different locations. In contrast, the system introduced in this report is designed rather compact for use in different locations and different types of installations. In this paper the measurement technique and the corresponding different sensors are introduced. Also the different methods of data transmission and data analysis are explained. Finally first results of comparison tests are presented. Measurement results gained by the new mobile measurement system are compared with data which was provided by the scientific lightning current measurement station operated by the Austrian research group ALDIS. These co-operation measurements were done at the Gaisberg Telecommunication Tower close to Salzburg. It is the aim of the authors to introduce the first results of lightning current measurements with the new system gained at the Gaisberg tower in a poster presentation at ICLP 2010. This poster will also include a brief technical description of the measurement system and describes its actual implementation at the telecommunication site.
Safety and Efficacy of the Terminal Complement Inhibitor Eculizumab in Patients with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria: Interim Shepherd Phase III Clinical Study. (2006)

Abstract In paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), lack of the GPI-anchored terminal complement inhibitor CD59 from blood cells renders erythrocytes susceptible to chronic hemolysis resulting in anemia, fatigue, thrombosis, poor quality of life (QoL), and a dependency on transfusions. Eculizumab, a terminal complement inhibitor, reduced intravascular hemolysis and transfusion requirements in transfusion dependent patients with normal or near-normal platelet counts in a randomized placebo-controlled trial (TRIUMPH). SHEPHERD, an open-label, non-placebo controlled 52-week phase III clinical study, is underway to evaluate the safety and efficacy of eculizumab in a broader PNH population including patients with significant thrombocytopenia and/or lower transfusion requirements. Eculizumab was dosed as follows: 600 mg IV every 7 days x 4; 900 mg 7 days later; and then 900 mg every 14±2 days. Eculizumab was administered to 97 patients at 33 international sites. In a pre-specified 6-month interim analysis, the most frequent adverse events were headache (50%), nasopharyngitis (23%), and nausea (16%); most were mild to moderate in severity. No infections or serious adverse events were reported as “probably” or “definitely” related to drug. Intravascular hemolysis, the central clinical manifestation in PNH and the primary surrogate efficacy endpoint of the trial, was significantly reduced in eculizumab patients as assessed by change in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) area under the curve (p&lt;0.001). LDH levels decreased from a median of 2,051 U/L at baseline to 270 U/L at 26 weeks (p&lt;0.001; normal range 103–223 U/L). Control of intravascular hemolysis resulted in an improvement in anemia as transfusion requirements decreased from a median of 4.0 PRBC units/patient pre-treatment to 0.0 during treatment (p&lt;0.001), approximately 50% of the patients were rendered transfusion independent (P&lt;0.001), and hemoglobin levels increased (p&lt;0.001). Fatigue, as measured by both the FACIT-Fatigue and EORTC QLQ-C30 instruments, was significantly improved with eculizumab treatment as compared to baseline (p&lt;0.001 for each). Other EORTC-QLQ-C30 patient reported outcomes demonstrating improvement included global health status (p&lt;0.001), all 5 patient functioning subscales (p&lt;0.001) and 7 of 9 symptom/single item subscales (p≤0.03). These results demonstrate that the beneficial effects of eculizumab in PNH are applicable to a much broader patient population than previously studied and further underscore that eculizumab treatment markedly reduces intravascular hemolysis, thereby providing clinical benefit to treated patients. The trial will complete in September 2006 and the final results from this 52-week study will be presented.
Design of HIV Protease Inhibitors Based on Inorganic Polyhedral Metallacarboranes (2009)

HIV protease (HIV PR) is a primary target for anti-HIV drug design. We have previously identified and characterized substituted metallacarboranes as a new class of HIV protease inhibitors. In a structure-guided drug design effort, we connected the two cobalt bis(dicarbollide) clusters with a linker to substituted ammonium group and obtained a set of compounds based on a lead formula [H(2)N-(8-(C(2)H(4)O)(2)-1,2-C(2)B(9)H(10))(1',2'-C(2)B(9)H(11))-3,3'-Co)(2)]Na. We explored inhibition properties of these compounds with various substitutions, determined the HIV PR:inhibitor crystal structure, and computationally explored the conformational space of the linker. Our results prove the capacity of linker-substituted dual-cage cobalt bis(dicarbollides) as lead compounds for design of more potent inhibitors of HIV PR.
Doubly tunable double ring surface coil (2003)

Abstract To perform multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging, a coil with a high signal‐to‐noise ratio and spatially uniform B 1 field that covers the same volume of interest at several frequencies is preferred. The design of a surface coil that reduces contaminating signals from the surface‐lying tissues and improves uniformity of the B 1 field within the same preselected volume for both 31 P and 1 H is described. Testing of the coil demonstrated acquisition of proton images and 31 P spectra from a selected voxel in rat liver at 7 T. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 17B: 11–16, 2003.