gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Live DDoS Detection with Hadoop (2016)

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) flooding attacks are one of the biggest challenges to the availability of online services today. These DDoS attacks overwhelm the victim with huge volume of traffic and render it incapable of performing normal communication or crashes it completely. If there are delays in detecting the flooding attacks, nothing much can be done except to manually disconnect the victim and fix the problem. In this paper, we propose HADEC, a Hadoop based Live DDoS Detection framework to tackle efficient analysis of flooding attacks by harnessing MapReduce and HDFS. We implemented a counter-based DDoS detection algorithm for four major flooding attacks (TCP-SYN, HTTP GET, UDP and ICMP) in MapReduce. Subsequently we deployed a testbed to evaluate the performance of HADEC framework for live DDoS detection. Based on the experiment we showed that HADEC is capable of processing and detecting DDoS attacks in affordable time.
Characteristics of Fresh Water Permeation in Hollow Fiber Membrane Module for Pressure Retarded Osmosis (2015)

Forward Osmosis (FO) is recently paied attention to preprocessing of the Reverse Osmosis (RO). It can reduce the input power of RO plant. It is required to reduce the salt concentration at outlet and increase the permeation flow rate. In this paper, the characteristics of the fresh water flow and permeation are studied for the hollow fiber membrane module used in FO system. It is cleared that the disappearance of fresh water and the concentration polarization in hollow fiber largely influence to the reduction of permeation flow rate in the case of the low fresh water flow rate. Concentration of fresh water and the leakage of salt influence to the reduction of permeation flow rate in the case of high fresh water flow rate.
Use of 16S rRNA Gene for Identification of a Broad Range of Clinically Relevant Bacterial Pathogens (2015)

According to World Health Organization statistics of 2011, infectious diseases remain in the top five causes of mortality worldwide. However, despite sophisticated research tools for microbial detection, rapid and accurate molecular diagnostics for identification of infection in humans have not been extensively adopted. Time-consuming culture-based methods remain to the forefront of clinical microbial detection. The 16S rRNA gene, a molecular marker for identification of bacterial species, is ubiquitous to members of this domain and, thanks to ever-expanding databases of sequence information, a useful tool for bacterial identification. In this study, we assembled an extensive repository of clinical isolates (n = 617), representing 30 medically important pathogenic species and originally identified using traditional culture-based or non-16S molecular methods. This strain repository was used to systematically evaluate the ability of 16S rRNA for species level identification. To enable the most accurate species level classification based on the paucity of sequence data accumulated in public databases, we built a Naïve Bayes classifier representing a diverse set of high-quality sequences from medically important bacterial organisms. We show that for species identification, a model-based approach is superior to an alignment based method. Overall, between 16S gene based and clinical identities, our study shows a genus-level concordance rate of 96% and a species-level concordance rate of 87.5%. We point to multiple cases of probable clinical misidentification with traditional culture based identification across a wide range of gram-negative rods and gram-positive cocci as well as common gram-negative cocci.
Transthoracic delivery of large devices into the left ventricle through the right ventricle and interventricular septum: preclinical feasibility (2013)

Large closed-chest access ports can be introduced across the right ventricular free wall and interventricular septum into the left ventricle. The septum recoils immediately and heals completely without repair. A nitinol occluder immediately seals the right ventricular wall. The entry angle is more favorable to introduce, for example, prosthetic mitral valves than a conventional atrial transseptal approach.
Searching by Talking (2016)

The growing popularity of mobile search and the advancement in voice recognition technologies have opened the door for web search users to speak their queries, rather than type them. While this kind of voice search is still in its infancy, it is gradually becoming more widespread. In this paper, we examine the logs of a commercial search engine's mobile interface, and compare the spoken queries to the typed-in queries. We place special emphasis on the semantic and syntactic characteristics of the two types of queries. %Our analysis suggests that voice queries focus more on audio-visual content and question answering, and less on social networking and adult domains. We also conduct an empirical evaluation showing that the language of voice queries is closer to natural language than typed queries. Our analysis reveals further differences between voice and text search, which have implications for the design of future voice-enabled search tools.
A<scp>ltered</scp> A<scp>utoantigen</scp> S<scp>tructure in</scp> S<scp>j</scp>ö<scp>gren</scp>’<scp>s</scp> S<scp>yndrome:</scp> I<scp>mplications for the</scp> P<scp>athogenesis of</scp> A<scp>utoimmune</scp> T<scp>issue</scp> D<scp>amage</scp> (2004)

The etiology and pathogenic mechanisms underlying Sjögren's syndrome (SS) remain unclear. Recent studies have emphasized that the specific autoantibodies that occur in a high proportion of patients with SS may provide important insights into the circumstances that initiate and propagate tissue damage in this disease. Although autoantigens targeted in systemic autoimmune diseases share little in common in terms of structure, subcellular distribution, or function in normal cells, these molecules are unified by becoming clustered and concentrated in the surface blebs of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, their structure is altered during some types of cell death to generate structures not previously generated during development and homeostasis. This review highlights the susceptibility of SS autoantigens to undergoing such structural changes during activation of immune effector pathways, and synthesizes a model of SS incorporating these concepts. An understanding of the mechanisms responsible for activating the specific immune response in SS, and the role of specific immune effector pathways in propagating both the autoimmune response and tissue damage, is of potential therapeutic importance. Abbreviations used in this paper are: CTL, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; GluR3, subunit III of the glutamate receptor; GrB, granzyme B; M3R, type III muscarinic receptor; NK cells, natural killer cells; PARP, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase; SS, Sjögren's syndrome; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; and UV, ultraviolet.
The influence of specimen thickness on X-ray count rates in STEM-microanalysis (1977)

Abstract Measurements have been made on the variation with thickness of the ratio between the X-ray count rates for CuKα and AIKα in thin foils of an aged A1 6% Zn, 1.98% Mg, 1.34% Cu alloy using scanning transmission electron microscopy. Accurate microanalysis is prevented by what appears to be a copper-rich surface film, probably formed during electrochemical preparation of the specimen. The film is not removed by ion beam thinning but is reduced by chemical etching. The implication of the results in general for microanalysis of thin films is discussed and the importance of specimen preparation emphasized.
Semi-Infinite Programming: Theory, Methods, and Applications (1993)

Starting from a number of motivating and abundant applications in §2, including control of robots, eigenvalue computations, mechanical stress of materials, and statistical design, the authors describe a class of optimization problems which are referred to as semi-infinite, because their constraints bound functions of a finite number of variables on a whole region. In §§3–5, first- and second-order optimality conditions are derived for general nonlinear problems as well as a procedure for reducing the problem locally to one with only finitely many constraints. Another main effort for achieving simplification is through duality in §6. There, algebraic properties of finite linear programming are brought to bear on duality theory in semi-infinite programming. Section 7 treats numerical methods based on either discretization or local reduction with the emphasis on the design of superlinearly convergent (SQP-type) methods. Taking this differentiable point of view, this paper can be considered to be complementary to the review given by Polak [SIAM Rev., 29 (1987), pp. 21–89] on the nondifferentiable approach. The last, short section briefly reviews some work done on parametric problems.
Roles of Fc Domain and Exudation in L2 Antibody-Mediated Protection against Human Papillomavirus (2018)

To address how L2-specific antibodies prevent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of the genital tract, we generated neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) WW1, a rat IgG2a that binds L2 residues 17 to 36 (like mouse MAb RG1), and JWW3, a mouse IgG2b derivative of Mab24 specific for L2 residues 58 to 64. By Western blotting, WW1 recognized L2 of 29/34 HPV genotypes tested, compared to only 13/34 for RG1 and 25/34 for JWW3. WW1 IgG and F(ab')<sub>2</sub> bound HPV16 pseudovirions similarly; however, whole IgG provided better protection against HPV vaginal challenge. Passive transfer of WW1 IgG was similarly protective in wild-type and neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-deficient mice, suggesting that protection by WW1 IgG is not mediated by FcRn-dependent transcytosis. Rather, local epithelial disruption, required for genital infection and induced by either brushing or nonoxynol-9 treatment, released serum IgG in the genital tract, suggesting Fc-independent exudation. Depletion of neutrophils and macrophages reduced protection of mice upon passive transfer of whole WW1 or JWW3 IgGs. Similarly, IgG-mediated protection by L2 MAbs WW1, JWW3, and RG1 was reduced in Fc receptor knockout compared to wild-type mice. However, levels of <i>in vitro</i> neutralization by WW1 IgG were similar in TRIM21 knockout and wild-type cells, indicating that Fc does not contribute to antibody-dependent intracellular neutralization (ADIN). In conclusion, the Fc domain of L2-specific IgGs is not active for ADIN, but it opsonizes bound extracellular pseudovirions for phagocytes in protecting mice from intravaginal HPV challenge. Systemically administered neutralizing IgG can access the site of infection in an abrasion via exudation without the need for FcRn-mediated transcytosis.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> At least 15 alpha HPV types are causative agents for 5% of all cancers worldwide, and beta types have been implicated in nonmelanoma skin cancer, whereas others produce benign papillomas, such as genital warts, associated with considerable morbidity and health systems costs. Vaccines targeting the minor capsid protein L2 have the potential to provide broad-spectrum immunity against medically relevant HPVs of divergent genera via the induction of broadly cross-neutralizing serum IgG. Here we examine the mechanisms by which L2-specific serum IgG reaches the viral inoculum in the genital tract to effect protection. Abrasion of the vaginal epithelium allows the virus to access and infect basal keratinocytes, and our findings suggest that this also permits the local exudation of neutralizing IgG and vaccine-induced sterilizing immunity. We also demonstrate the importance of Fc-mediated phagocytosis of L2 antibody-virion complexes for humoral immunity, a protective mechanism that is not detected by current <i>in vitro</i> neutralization assays.
Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station annual report 2002 (2002)

This annual report summarizes the results obtained by a selected group of the more than 140 ongoing research projects supported by the Agricultural Experiment Station at Colorado State University. The Agricultural Experiment Station is an integral component of Colorado State University, your land-grant university, and it is committed to conducting research on the agricultural and natural resource needs of the people of Colorado.
Finding a Voice: Women at Three Moments of British Peace Activism (2012)

In orienting myself to the gender and political dynamics of today’s peace movements I found myself wanting to read into the history of the condemnation of war, looking back to times and places when a spirit of resistance and refusal broke through the common fatalism that for centuries, for millennia, accepted war as natural, inevitable and even necessary. The words of remarkable individuals do reach us from very distant times, voicing anti-war convictions in words similar to ours, even though the political systems, gender orders and practices of warfighting they experienced were very different from those of today.
Algorithms for Dispersed Processing (2014)

Highly scalable computing environments demand a parallelisation and distribution of processing tasks. Consequently, the data being processed is redundantly distributed to benefit from data locality characteristics, but also to increase safety, privacy and security objectives. Such distributed processing is coordinated by message passing or map-reduce programming styles. For partially replicated and dispersed data, however, the distributed processing poses new challenges because the required input data elements are not wholly available anymore to the processing tasks. Novel and adjusted processing algorithms which work under restricted assumptions thus become an important part of distributed infrastructures. We review, propose and analyse algorithms which align with split and dispersed data structures. Subsequently, we contribute and evaluate our implementations thereof in order to assess possible future applications on top of dispersed storage and multipath transmission of data.
Q-BERT: Hessian Based Ultra Low Precision Quantization of BERT (2020)

Transformer based architectures have become de-facto models used for a range of Natural Language Processing tasks. In particular, the BERT based models achieved significant accuracy gain for GLUE tasks, CoNLL-03 and SQuAD. However, BERT based models have a prohibitive memory footprint and latency. As a result, deploying BERT based models in resource constrained environments has become a challenging task. In this work, we perform an extensive analysis of fine-tuned BERT models using second order Hessian information, and we use our results to propose a novel method for quantizing BERT models to ultra low precision. In particular, we propose a new group-wise quantization scheme, and we use Hessian-based mix-precision method to compress the model further. We extensively test our proposed method on BERT downstream tasks of SST-2, MNLI, CoNLL-03, and SQuAD. We can achieve comparable performance to baseline with at most 2.3% performance degradation, even with ultra-low precision quantization down to 2 bits, corresponding up to 13× compression of the model parameters, and up to 4× compression of the embedding table as well as activations. Among all tasks, we observed the highest performance loss for BERT fine-tuned on SQuAD. By probing into the Hessian based analysis as well as visualization, we show that this is related to the fact that current training/fine-tuning strategy of BERT does not converge for SQuAD.
Safe sorting of GFP-transduced live cells for subsequent culture using a modified FACS Vantage (1999)

Sorting of live infected cells can be performed safely and with no deleterious effects on vector expression using the modified FACS Vantage instrument.
"La frontera estatal a la Catalunya contemporània: una historiografia del període després dels tractats de Baiona". (2023)

This article deals with the historiography of the French-Spanish border in Catalonia since the Treaties of Baiona (1856-1868) that demarcated the boundary line, focusing on three topics: the International Commission of the Pyrenees, a bilateral institution that emerged from the Baiona negotiations; the Pyrenees as a place of passage during the wars of the first half of the 20th century; and the establishment of the Franco regime at the border, starting in 1939.The historiography of the Pyrenean border in this period remains limited in scope and number.With the exception of books about the border during the Second World War, most studies are short articles or book chapters.Because the Pyrenean border is seen as stable, it has not received much attention from historians of modern Europe.However, the lack of wars involving both France and Spain in this period allows the relationship between the state, the border, and borderland communities to be examined in a different light.
Utilizing Acidic Sprays for Eliminating Salmonella enterica on Raw Almonds (2006)

ABSTRACT In‐shell or shelled almonds inoculated with Salmonella were sprayed with water, acetic acid, citric acid, acidified sodium chlorite, peroxyacetic acid, or a mixture of citric, hydrochloric, and phosphoric acids before testing for Salmonella on xylose‐lysine‐deoxycholate (XLD) agar and tryptic soy agar (TSA). Spraying acids on in‐shell almonds reduced about 0.48 to 1.88 and 0.22 to 0.67 log colony‐forming units (CFU)/g of Salmonella on XLD agar and TSA counts, respectively, on the in‐shell almonds but had no effect on the edible portion of the almonds (shelled almonds). When spraying acids on shelled almonds, a single spray application (1.6 mL acid solution/25 g of shelled almonds) with 1 min holding caused 0.72 to 1.93 and 0.38 to 1.35 log CFU/ g reductions of Salmonella counts on XLD agar and TSA, respectively. Increasing the holding time to 5 min did not enhance the reductions. When spraying shelled almonds, increasing the number of application (1 to 3 times) enhanced Salmonella reduction. Except for the peroxyacetic acids, increasing total holding time (5 to 120 min) improved the efficacies. Furthermore, increasing acid concentrations improved the efficacies of acetic, citric, and peroxyacetic acid treatments. Estimated 5‐log reductions on both TSA and XLD counts can be achieved under laboratory conditions using 10% citric acid by (1) the combination of shelling, 1 spraying, and 3 d of storage, (2) the combination of shelling, 2 sprayings, and 1 d of storage, or (3) the combination of shelling and 3 sprayings. Acidic sprays may be utilized for enhancing the microbiological safety of raw nuts.
Ein resonanter Mikroaktuator zur optischen Weglängenmodulation (2006)

A monolithic micro mechanical actuator for optical path length modulation is presented. It is fabricated in bulk micro machining by means of single crystal BSOI material. A micro mirror of 1.5 mm x 1.1 mm size oscillates resonantly perpendicular to the device plane. At pressures between 10 Pa and 4000 Pa amplitudes up to ± 100 µm were achieved using electrostatic drive voltages between 20 V and 140 V. The nonlinear devices have resonance frequencies between 5 kHz and 10 kHz and show quality factors of up to 25000. The dynamic mirror deformation is below 1 µm in motion. An electrostatic frequency tuning at voltages of up to 225 V yields resonance frequency shifts in the range of 10 Hz. Long term test with more than 1.5 x 109 oscillations have proven the stability of the device. During fabrication the effects of a field distortion in plasma etch showed a deviation of the etched geometry. A model for quality factor calculation cited from literature is presented comprising a correction proposal. In addition a new method for measuring acceleration orthogonally applied to the substrate is presented. The main focus of the thesis lies on the development of the fabrication process and the device characterization.
Preparation of Perovskite Powders and Coatings by RF-Suspension Plasma Spraying (1998)

Abstract Perovskite-type LaMnO3 powders and coatings have been prepared by a novel technique, the reactive suspension plasma spraying (SPS) using an inductively coupled plasma of about 40 kW plate power and an oxygen plasma sheath gas. Suitable precursor mixtures were found on the basis of solid state reactions, solubility and the phases obtained during the spray process. Best results were achieved by spraying a suspension of fine MnO2 powder in a saturated ethanol solution of LaCl3 with a 1:1 molar ratio of La and Mn. Low reactor pressure was helpful in order to diminish the amount of corrosive chlorine compounds in the reactor. As-sprayed coatings and collected powders showed perovskite contents of 70-90%. After a post-treatment with an 80% oxygen plasma an almost pure LaMnO3 deposit was achieved in the center of the incident plasma jet.
Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers and their application (2002)

Today's ultrasound technology covers a wide range of measurements, diagnostic, and other applications, e.g. from non-destructive testing to medical ultrasonic imaging or from surveillance in process plants to distance measurement. Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (cMUT) receive increasing acceptance as an alternative to piezoelectric transducers for certain fields of applications due to a number of distinctive features. Some of these cMUT applications recently presented are reviewed. Besides, the present paper focuses on novel technological aspects regarding the improvement in performance of cMUT consisting of silicon membranes. Within this context a partial doping of silicon membranes is introduced to confine the effective electrode area to an indispensable extent and, therefore, to reduce the offset and parasitic capacitance. Though the objective of this paper emphasizes applications and technology of cMUT, some further attention is paid to a frequently applied electrical equivalent circuit.
Prototype Implementation and Concept Validation of a 4-D Trajectory Fuel Burn Model Application (2010)

As new technologies are implemented to enhance the National Airspace System it is important to consider their impact on the environment and on the cost of operations. One of the major considerations for both is the amount of fuel consumed by aircraft. This paper describes a unique methodology that can be used to estimate the total fuel consumed by aircraft based on their 4-D trajectories and the weather through which they flew. This methodology is based on the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL) BADA (Base of Aircraft Data) fuel burn model. The paper then describes how the BADA fuel burn model and weather data provided by the National Weather Service were implemented in a prototype application and how this prototype was validated using actual data recorded during a flight for a specific aircraft. The paper concludes with a summary that includes suggestions for improvements that should be incorporated when implementing the production version of the application.
A total-energy based model of airplane overspeed takeoffs (2014)

A novel total-energy model of overspeed takeoffs is introduced . The mathematical model is based on the 6-DOF rigid-body aircraft equations of motion during takeoff and initial unaccelerated climb. Procedures and calculation steps to determine final takeoff weight and improved takeoff speeds are explained and discussed. A particular example was solved to demonstrate its potential use. A novel diagram for quick and easy determination of improved-V2 parameters was designed. Overspeed or improved-V2 takeoffs are very important safety and economic tool in scheduled airline operations. Unfortunately, overspeed takeoffs are not well understood or used as frequently as possible in practice. The main goal of this article is thus intended to be a contribution toward a better understanding of overspeed takeoffs as well as for fast estimation of relevant parameters. The equations and algorithms presented could be easily programmed in any low- or high-level computer language and used in airplane performance computers, print and digital databases, or onboard avionics.