gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determinism Measurement in Time Series by Chaotic Approach and Its Applications (1999)

Frequently irregular-looking time series may have a deterministic cause, which is why it is called deterministic chaos. Even if a time series has a little noise, it is not always easy to recognize noise by looking at data. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) is used to extract characteristic frequencies. A chaotic time series consists of an infinite number of frequency elements, producing a broad continuous power spectrum but has few distinguishable characteristics. We propose a way, called trajectory parallel measurement (TPM), based on the chaotic approach to distinguish determinism and randomness in a time series, and apply this to a chaotic time series with random noise, summarizing the results of practical application in diagnosing automatic transmission.
The a-WO{sub 3}/a-IrO{sub 2} electrochromic system (1990)

This article reviews the electrochemistry and optical switching performance of variable transmittance electrochromic devices based on the a-WO{sub 3}/a-IrO{sub 2} (a = amorphous) combination of electrochromic materials. The review concentrates on past research at EIC Laboratories on a-WO{sub 3}/a-IrO{sub 2} devices containing polymeric proton (H{sup +}) conductors with an ancillary discussion of devices using c-K{sub x}WO{sub 3+(x/2)} and the mixed oxide a-Mo{sub x}W{sub 1{minus}x}O{sub 3} as the primary electrochromic material. Approximately one half of the data presented has not been published previously, with the remaining data taken from articles in earlier SPIE volumes and the journal Solar Energy Materials. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the development of electrochromic devices for control of solar throughput in building windows and for automotive applications. This review is concerned with complementary electrochromic windows based on cathodically coloring WO{sub 3} in combination with anodically coloring IrO{sub 2}. In the complementary configuration, both electrochromic materials participate in the coloration process, enhancing the efficiency of optical modulation while providing intrinsic charge-balance.
Substituted Benzotrichloride Synthesis by Phase Transfer-Catalyzed Chlorination (1986)

A new method for converting benzyl and benzal chlorides to benzotrichlorides is reported. In contrast to prior art, the process involves contacting the substrates with strong alkali in a two-phase system containing phase transfer catalyst using organic soluble perchloralkanes acting upon base-generated carbanions. The method is particularly useful for preparing benzotrichlorides substituted by either alkyl or nitro groups.
Design and method of fabricating phase-shift masks for extreme-ultraviolet lithography by partial etching into the EUV multilayer mirror (2003)

Phase Shift Masks (PSM) for Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL) have the potential for extending the lithographic capability of EUVL beyond the 45-nm node. Typical PSM structures, such as for attenuated PSMs (Att-PSMs), are similar to those of binary masks in the sense that patterned structures of one or more layers of absorber (attenuator) are constructed on the EUV multilayer mirror to provide the correct amount of attenuation and phase shift. However, another type of PSM implemented by etching into the Mo/Si multilayers, rather than by adding lithographic structures on top of the Mo/Si multilayers (additive approach) can provide the required phase shift for both attenuated and hard PSMs. One of anticipated technical challenges, i.e. terminating ethcing at a specific depth with good surface uniformity can be sovled by employing an etch stop layer (ESL) embedded at a target depth inside the multilayer. In designing PSMs using this subtractive fabrication technique, the position and thickness of the ESL should be optimized, so that optical function of the multilayer substrate with embedded ESL should be same or close to when it does not have any embedded layer. According to simulation, the print bias for PSMs by etching into the multilayer stack to create the phase shift is smallest and near ideal compared to other types of PSMs or binary masks fabricated by conventional methods. The increase of depth of focus by 25-75% for contacts using an attenuated PSM and by 50-100% for lines using an ideal har dPSM is another lithographic advantage as well. The design and method of fabricating PSMs by etchign intothe multilayers is described, which include the optimziation of the thinkness and dpeth of the embedded layer. Experimental results of the multilayer etch process demonstrate initial feasibility of the subtractive approach to fabricating EUV PSMs.
Response to Comment on 'Spin-Orbit Logic with Magnetoelectric Nodes: A Scalable Charge Mediated Nonvolatile Spintronic Logic' (arXiv:1607.06690) (2017)

In this technical note, we address the comments on the energy estimates for Magnetoelectric Spin-orbit (MESO) Logic, a new logic device proposed by the authors. We provide an analytical derivation of the switching energy, and support it with time-domain circuit simulations using a self-consistent ferroelectric (FE) compact model. While the energy to charge a capacitor is dissipated in the interconnect and transistor resistance, we note that the energy to switch a capacitor and a FE is independent of the interconnect resistance value to the first order. Also device design can mitigate the parasitic energy losses. We further show the circuit simulations for a sub 10 aJ switching operation of a MESO logic device comprehending: a) Energy stored in multiferroic; b) Energy dissipation in the resistance of the interconnect, Ric ; c) Energy dissipation in the inverse spin-orbit coupling (ISOC) spin to charge converter Risoc; d) Supply, ground resistance, and transistor losses. We also identify the requirements for the resistivity of the spin-orbit coupling materials and address the effect of internal resistance of the spin to charge conversion layer. We provide the material parameter space where MESO (with a fan-out of 1 and interconnect) achieves sub 10 aJ switching energy with path for scaling via ferroelectric/magnetoelectric/spin-orbit materials development.
Validation of a testis specific serine/threonine kinase [TSSK] family and the substrate of TSSK1 & 2, TSKS, as contraceptive targets. (2007)

A family of testis specific serine/threonine kinases, TSSK1-4 and SSTK, in addition to the substrate of TSSK1 & 2, TSKS, have been studied during the past several years in our laboratory. This paper will provide a general background on these kinases through review of pertinent literature and then will summarize data from our laboratory germane to evaluating these kinases as candidate targets for future development of small molecule kinase inhibitors that may serve to regulate male fertility. Bio-informatic and structural analyses of human TSSK1-4 and SSTK indicate that these kinases constitute a unique subfamily belonging to the AMPK branch on the human kinome tree. Expression studies showed that all five kinases and the TSKS substrate are testis abundant, if not strictly testis specific, indicating that tissue specific contraceptive targeting is possible. In situ hybridization further confirmed that mouse TSSK2, SSTK and TSKS are post-meiotic in their expression patterns, a finding that makes them possible targets of reversible contraceptive intervention by preserving spermatogonia and spermatocytes. Our laboratory detected TSSK2, TSKS and SSTK proteins in mature spermatozoa for the first time. TSKS was localized to the centrioles of human spermatozoa, while TSSK2 was observed in the sperm neck, equatorial segment and mid-piece of the sperm tail, and SSTK was localized in the equatorial segment. The interaction and binding between human TSSK2 and TSKS was confirmed by several methods: this substrate and enzyme interaction offers a particularly interesting opportunity for drug design. In vitro kinase assay showed phosphorylation of TSKS by TSSK2. The TSKS phosphopeptide, HGLSPATPIQGCSGPPGS*PEEPPR, was identified by IMAC-LC-FTMS, with serine 285 being phosphorylated (representend by asterisk). These results provide a rationale for high-throughput screening of inhibitors for TSKS phosphorylation and further studies of members of this kinase family as targets for both male contraception and intra-vaginal spermicides.
Laser Tweezers Raman Spectroscopy Detects Individual Neoplastic and Normal Hemotopoietic Cells. (2005)

Abstract Current methods for identifying neoplastic cells and discerning them from normal counterparts are often non-specific, slow, biologically perturbing, or a combination, thereof. Here, we show that single-cell, laser-tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) averts these shortcomings and also permits mechanical manipulation of the single cell under investigation. LTRS is used to characterize the biomolecular Raman signature of both normal human lymphocytes and transformed Jurkat and Raji lymphocyte cell lines from single, unfixed cells in suspension. We demonstrate that single-cell Raman spectra provide a highly reproducible biomolecular fingerprint. Characteristic peaks, mostly due to different DNA and protein concentrations, allow for discerning normal lymphocytes from transformed lymphocytes with high confidence (p << 0.05). Spectra are also compared and analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) to demonstrate that normal and transformed cells form distinct clusters that can be defined using just two principal components. The method is shown to have a sensitivity of 98.3% for cancer detection, with 97.2% of the cells being correctly classified as being normal or transformed. These results demonstrate the potential application of LTRS as a clinical tool, research instrument, and for cell sorting based on its intrinsic biomolecular signature, therefore eliminating the need for exogenous fluorescent labeling.
Strained Ge channel <i>p</i>-type metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors grown on Si1−xGex/Si virtual substrates (2001)

We have fabricated strained Ge channel p-type metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (p-MOSFETs) on Si0.3Ge0.7 virtual substrates. The poor interface between silicon dioxide (SiO2) and the Ge channel was eliminated by capping the strained Ge layer with a relaxed, epitaxial silicon surface layer grown at 400 °C. Ge p-MOSFETs fabricated from this structure show a hole mobility enhancement of nearly eight times that of co-processed bulk Si devices, and the Ge MOSFETs have a peak effective mobility of 1160 cm2/V s. These MOSFETs demonstrate the possibility of creating a surface channel enhancement-mode MOSFET with buried channel-like transport characteristics.
Solid-state electrochromic cell with anodic iridium oxide film electrodes (1979)

A new solid-state electrochromic cell has been fabricated using an anodic iridium oxide film (AIROF) display electrode. The cell has the symmetric sandwich structure AIROF‖Nafion‖AIROF, with the Nafion solid electrolyte opacified by an in situ precipitation technique. A symmetric square-wave voltage of 1.5 V amplitude produces clearly perceivable color changes from pale to dark blue-gray in ≈1 sec when viewed in diffuse reflection. Good open-circuit optical memory is exhibited: (typical loss in attenuation of 8%/day).
Detection of Cancer Biomarkers using Fluorescence Enhanced by Silicon-Based Photonic Crystals and Bandgap-Matching Laser Scanner (2012)

Photonic crystal (PC) surfaces fabricated on silicon substrates provide signal enhancement for surface-bound fluorophores by ~100x using a novel imaging system that illuminates the surface with a laser that matches the conditions for resonant coupling to the PC.
Bayesian Estimation on Load Model Coefficients of ZIP and Induction Motor Model (2019)

Parameter identification in load models is a critical factor for power system computation, simulation, and prediction, as well as stability and reliability analysis. Conventional point estimation based composite load modeling approaches suffer from disturbances and noises, and provide limited information of the system dynamics. In this work, a statistics (Bayesian Estimation) based distribution estimation approach is proposed for both static and dynamic load models. When dealing with multiple parameters, Gibbs sampling method is employed. The proposed method samples all parameters in each iteration and updates one parameter while others remain fixed. The proposed method provides a distribution estimation for load model coefficients and is robust for measuring errors. The proposed parameter identification approach is generic and can be applied to both transmission and distribution networks. Simulations using a 33-feeder system illustrated the efficiency and robustness of the proposal.
Photoplethysmographic Measurement of Pulse Shape (2007)

Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a noninvasive test that uses a light-emitting diode and a photoelectric cell to detect changes in skin blood volume. Blood volume of the skin can be changes, so too does the amount of light reflected back to the sensor. Multi-channel PPG systems were developed and tested for the reproducibility of the system to measure the volume pulse from healthy subjects.
Comparative evaluation of 111In-labeled NOTA-conjugated affibody molecules for visualization of HER3 expression in malignant tumors (2015)

Expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor type 3 (HER3) in malignant tumors has been associated with resistance to a variety of anticancer therapies. Several anti-HER3 monoclonal antibodies are currently under pre-clinical and clinical development aiming to overcome HER3-mediated resistance. Radionuclide molecular imaging of HER3 expression may improve treatment by allowing the selection of suitable patients for HER3-targeted therapy. Affibody molecules are a class of small (7 kDa) high-affinity targeting proteins with appreciable potential as molecular imaging probes. In a recent study, we selected affibody molecules with affinity to HER3 at a low picomolar range. The aim of the present study was to develop an anti-HER3 affibody molecule suitable for labeling with radiometals. The HEHEHE-Z08698-NOTA and HEHEHE-Z08699-NOTA HER3-specific affibody molecules were labeled with indium-111 (111In) and assessed in vitro and in vivo for imaging properties using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Labeling of HEHEHE-Z08698-NOTA and HEHEHE-Z08699-NOTA with 111In provided stable conjugates. In vitro cell tests demonstrated specific binding of the two conjugates to HER3-expressing BT-474 breast carcinoma cells. In mice bearing BT-474 xenografts, the tumor uptake of the two conjugates was receptor-specific. Direct in vivo comparison of 111In-HEHEHE-Z08698-NOTA and 111In-HEHEHE-Z08699‑NOTA demonstrated that the two conjugates provided equal radioactivity uptake in tumors, although the tumor-to-blood ratio was improved for 111In-HEHEHE-Z08698-NOTA [12 ± 3 vs. 8 ± 1, 4 h post injection (p.i.)] due to more efficient blood clearance. 111In-HEHEHE-Z08698-NOTA is a promising candidate for imaging of HER3-expression in malignant tumors using SPECT. Results of the present study indicate that this conjugate could be used for patient stratification for anti-HER3 therapy.
A family of memristor‐based reactance‐less oscillators (2013)

SUMMARY In this paper, we present for the first time a family of memristor‐based reactance‐less oscillators (MRLOs). The proposed oscillators require no reactive components, that is, inductors or capacitors, rather, the ‘resistance storage’ property of memristor is exploited to generate the oscillation. Different types of MRLO family are presented, and for each type, closed form expressions are derived for the oscillation condition, oscillation frequency, and range of oscillation. Derived equations are further verified using transient circuit simulations. A comparison between different MRLO types is also discussed. In addition, detailed fabrication steps of a memristor device and experimental results for the first MRLO physical realization are presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High-performance focal plane array based on type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice heterostructures (2008)

Recent progress in growth techniques, structure design and processing has lifted the performances of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors. A double heterostructure design, based on a low band gap (11 μm) active region and high band gap (5 μm) superlattice contacts, reduced the sensitivity of the superlattice to surface effects. The heterodiodes with an 11 µm cutoff, passivated with SiO<sub>2</sub>, presented similar performances to unpassivated devices and a one order of magnitude increase of the resistivity of the sidewalls, even after flip-chip bonding and underfill. Thanks to this new design and to the inversion of the polarity of the devices, a high performance focal plane array with an 11 μm cutoff was demonstrated. The noise equivalent temperature difference was measured as 26 mK and 19 mK for operating temperatures of 81 K and 67 K. At an integration time of 0.08 ms, the FPA presented a quantum efficiency superior to 50%.
Fast Detection and Localization of Multiple Leaks in Water Distribution Network Jointly Driven by Simulation and Machine Learning (2022)

The leakage control in water distribution networks (WDNs) is of high concern in the water supply industry. One direct and effective way to reduce leakage is to adopt leakage detection and localization methods to guide water utilities to repair broken pipes in time. In order to achieve higher accuracy in the leakage detection process in WDN with multiple leaks, a novel multiple leak detection and localization framework (MLDLF) based on existing pressure and flow measurements is proposed. The MLDLF decomposed the problem into three substages: model calibration, leakage identification, and leakage localization. After using the calibrated hydraulic model to predict pressure values and estimate overall leakage flow in each area in the first stage, the data-driven methods, STLK, including the seasonal and trend decomposition using loess (STL decomposition) and the k-means clustering method, were performed in the identification stage to distinguish different leakage scenarios so as to determine the occurrence time of every leakage event. Finally, combined with the stepwise model–based fault diagnosis method, leakages were located gradually with high computational efficiency. A case study of applying MLDLF to the WDN of L-Town showed that 56.52% of the leakage events were successfully identified and located with the economic score reaching €264,873, indicating the robustness and good applicability of MLDLF in identifying and localizing all types of leaks under multiple leakage scenarios.
Activity of 2-Aryl-2-(3-indolyl)acetohydroxamates against Drug-Resistant Cancer Cells (2015)

Many types of tumor, including glioma, melanoma, non-small cell lung, esophageal, and head and neck cancer, among others, are intrinsically resistant to apoptosis induction and poorly responsive to current therapies with proapoptotic agents. In addition, tumors often develop multidrug resistance based on the cellular efflux of chemotherapeutic agents. Thus, novel anticancer agents capable of overcoming these intrinsic or developed tumor resistance mechanisms are urgently needed. We describe a series of 2-aryl-2-(3-indolyl)acetohydroxamic acids that are active against apoptosis- and multidrug-resistant cancer cells as well as glioblastoma neurosphere stemlike cell cultures derived from patients. Thus, the described compounds serve as a novel chemical scaffold for the development of potentially highly effective clinical cancer drugs.
Fast measurement of wavefront aberration in double-grating Ronchi lateral shearing interferometry (2023)

The accuracy of the shear-phase retrieval method is critical for accurate wavefront aberration measurements in double-grating Ronchi lateral shearing interferometry. Currently, the suppression of the interferences of unwanted diffractions generated by the Ronchi grating at the image plane is eliminated by adding more phase shifts, which increases the measurement time. Here, a stepped phase-shifting algorithm is proposed to suppress the unwanted diffractions and retrieve the shear phase between ±1st orders accurately with fewer phase shifts, and the measurement efficiency can be increased by 25% at least. The minimum number of phase shifts, which depends on the high diffraction orders existing in the interferograms, is analyzed. The proposed method was verified via numerical simulations and experiments. The wavefront measurement was validated via a comparison with the results of point-diffracted interferometry, and the root-mean-square difference was within 2.0 nm.
Thread Data Sharing in Cache (2017)

On modern multi-core processors, independent workloads often interfere with each other by competing for shared cache space. However, for multi-threaded workloads, where a single copy of data can be accessed by multiple threads, the threads can cooperatively share cache. Because data sharing consolidates the collective working set of threads, the effective size of shared cache becomes larger than it would have been when data are not shared. This paper presents a new theory of data sharing. It includes (1) a new metric called the shared footprint to mathematically compute the amount of data shared by any group of threads in any size cache, and (2) a linear-time algorithm to measure shared footprint by scanning the memory trace of a multi-threaded program. The paper presents the practical implementation and evaluates the new theory using 14 PARSEC and SPEC OMP benchmarks, including an example use of shared footprint in program optimization.
A facile and novel synthesis of 1,6‐naphthyridin‐2(1<i>H</i>)‐ones (1990)

Abstract A new and convenient procedure for the synthesis of 1,6‐naphthyridin‐2(1 H )‐ones and their derivatives is described. In the first scheme 5‐acetyl‐6‐[2‐(dimethylamino)ethenyl]‐1,2‐dihydro‐2‐oxo‐3‐pyridinecarbonitrile ( 4 ) obtained by the reaction of N,N ‐dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal with 5‐acetyl‐1,2‐dihydro‐6‐methyl‐2‐oxo‐3‐pyridinecarbonitrile ( 3 ) was cyclized to 1,2‐dihydro‐5‐methyl‐2‐oxo‐1,6‐naphthyridine‐3‐carbonitrile ( 5 ) by the action of ammonium acetate. Thermal decarboxylation of acid 7 obtained from the hydrolysis of nitrile 5 led to a mixture of 5‐methyl‐1,6‐naphthyridin‐2(1 H )‐one ( 8 ) and its dimer 9 . Hydrazide 11 obtained from nitrile 5 in two steps was converted to 3‐amino‐5‐methyl‐1,6‐naphthyridin‐2(1 H )‐one ( 12 ) by the Curtius rearrangement. The amino group of 12 was readily replaced by treatment with aqueous sodium hydroxide to yield 3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐1,6‐naphthyridin‐2(1 H )‐one ( 13 ). In the second scheme, Michael reaction of enamines of type 20 with methyl propiolate, followed by ring closure gave 5‐acyl(aroyl)‐6‐methyl‐2(1 H )‐pyridinones ( 21 ) which in turn were treated with Bredereck's reagent to produce 5‐acyl(aroyl)‐6‐[2‐(dimethylamino)ethenyl]‐2(1 H )‐pyridinones ( 22 ). Treatment of 22 with ammonium acetate led to the formation of 1,6‐naphthyridin‐2(1 H )‐ones 23 .
Interaction between Polarized Triplets and Stable Radicals in Liquid Solutions (2001)

The magnetization generated by the interaction of stable radicals with photoexcited triplets in a viscous solution at room temperature was measured by light-induced Fourier transform electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (FT-EPR). High and long-lived polarized magnetization (>100 μs in emission) is generated in the stable radical (α,γ-bisdiphenylene-β-phenylallyl) interacting with the photoexcited triplet state of free base, and Zn, tetraphenylporphyrin. Radical-triplet interaction was analyzed quantitatively employing a combined model of electron spin polarization transfer (ESPT) and radical−triplet pair mechanism (RTPM). The presented model allows calculating the radical polarization following an encounter with a thermal or nonthermal triplets. Moreover, an important conclusion from this study is that the generation of radical polarization via RTPM does not require efficient quenching of the photoexcited triplet.