gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermal Stability of High Molecular Weight Self-Doped Poly(anilineboronic acid) (2005)

The molecular weight, thermal stability, and conductivity of chemically synthesized, self-doped poly(anilineboronic acid) have been determined. Gel permeation chromatography results indicate a number-average molecular weight of 1 676 000 g mol-1, a weight-average molecular weight of 1 760 000 g mol-1, and a polydispersity of ∼1.05. The high molecular weight is maintained following removal of boronic acid groups via ipso-substitution reactions, suggesting that boronic ester cross-links do not contribute significantly to the high molecular weight observed. According to thermogravimetric analysis results, the thermal stability of self-doped poly(anilineboronic acid) is greater than that of HCl-doped polyaniline and other self-doped forms of polyaniline. Unlike polyaniline, which experiences complete decomposition of the backbone above 400 °C, self-doped poly(anilineboronic acid) remains largely intact and possesses conductivity near 0.01 S cm-1.
Sequentially constructive concurrency: a conservative extension of the synchronous model of computation (2013)

Synchronous languages ensure deterministic concurrency, but at the price of heavy restrictions on what programs are considered valid, or constructive. Meanwhile, sequential languages such as C and Java offer an intuitive, familiar programming paradigm but provide no guarantees with regard to deterministic concurrency. The sequentially constructive model of computation (SC MoC) presented here harnesses the synchronous execution model to achieve deterministic concurrency while addressing concerns that synchronous languages are unnecessarily restrictive and difficult to adopt. In essence, the SC MoC extends the classical synchronous MoC by allowing variables to be read and written in any order as long as sequentiality expressed in the program provides sufficient scheduling information to rule out race conditions. The SC MoC is a conservative extension in that programs considered constructive in the common synchronous MoC are also SC and retain the same semantics. In this paper, we identify classes of variable accesses, define sequential constructiveness based on the concept of SC-admissible scheduling, and present a priority-based scheduling algorithm for analyzing and compiling SC programs.
Active Dynamic Thermography is a Sensitive Method for Distinguishing Burn Wound Conversion (2015)

Burn conversion is a contributor to morbidity that currently has no quantitative measurement system. Active dynamic thermography (ADT) has recently been characterized for the early assessment of burn wounds and resolves the three-dimensional structure of materials by heat transfer analysis. As conversion is a product of physiological changes in three-dimensional structure, with subsequent modification of heat transfer properties, the authors hypothesize that ADT can specifically identify the process of burn conversion and serve as an important tool for burn care. A heated comb was used to create four contact burns separated by three interspaces on bilateral flanks of 18 rats, resulting in 144 burns and 108 interspaces. Wounds were imaged by ADT and laser Doppler imaging (LDI) pre- and post-injury through hour 36, with a subset undergoing biopsy collection. Direct analysis of thermographic and perfusion data revealed an increasing difference between burns and interspaces by ADT with increasing injury severity (P < .05), while LDI characterized the opposite. Comparison of stasis zones to burns reveals the ability of ADT to distinguish these two regions in both intermediate and deep burns at every assessment (P < .05). In addition, when wounds are grouped as converting or not converting, ADT identifies by hour 12, wounds that will convert (P < .05). LDI identifies by hour 4 wounds that will not (P < .05). This study has demonstrated that ADT can directly identify burn wound conversion, while LDI can identify nonconverting wounds. Further advancement of ADT technology has the potential to guide real-time interventional techniques.
Renin inhibitory peptides: a study of structural modifications in the peptide backbone (1989)

We studied the peptide backbone modifications that improve the metabolic stability of the resulting peptides and yet retain high inhibitory activity against human plasma renin. A systematic investigation of N-alpha-methyl and C-alpha-methyl modifications at the P2 and P3 sites of renin-inhibitory peptides that contain part of the human angiotensinogen sequence led to the discovery of N-alpha-methyl amino acids at the P2 site as a useful structural modification. U-71,038 (11) inhibited human plasma renin with an in vitro potency (IC50) of 2.6 x 10(-10) mol/l. It is highly selective for renin and, as anticipated, resistant to proteolytic degradation. Additional study based on molecular graphic modelling has led us to propose a gamma-lactam conformational constraint at the P2-P3 site. This pseudo-dipeptide has proved useful in the preparation of active renin inhibitors. Compound 18a inhibited human plasma renin with an in vitro potency (IC50) of 2.1 x 10(-9) mol/l. This class of compounds also offers structural features for the study of enzyme-bound conformers.
A new iodinated tropane derivative (?-CDIT) for in vivo dopamine transporter exploration: Comparison with ?-CIT (1997)

SPECT exploration of the dopamine transporter with tropane derivatives such as beta-CIT has already produced very valuable information in humans. However, the high affinity of this tracer for both dopamine and serotonin transporters and its slow in vivo kinetics provide the best images in humans more than 20 h after injection. In order to improve those properties, we performed structural changes in the tropane structure in the phenyl and nitrogen substituents for higher affinity and specificity and obtained a promising ligand, 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(3',4' diclorophenyl)-8-(3-iodoprop-2E-enyl) nortropane (beta-CDIT). This iodinated ligand was characterized in vitro and in vivo in the rat in comparison with beta-CIT. In vitro competition studies revealed that beta-CIT and beta-CDIT similarly inhibited the binding of [3H]GBR 12935 (Ki = 27.5 and 29.0 nM, respectively). In contrast, competition studies with [3H]paroxetine and [3H]nisoxetine showed that beta-CDIT had a lower affinity for the serotonin transporter than beta-CIT (Ki = 50 and 3 nM, respectively) and also a lower affinity for the noradrenaline transporter than beta-CIT (Ki = 500 and 80 nM, respectively). In vivo studies in the rat showed that there was high and rapid uptake of [125I] beta-CDIT in the striatum. In addition, preinjection of GBR 12909 prevented accumulation of this ligand in the striatum by 80%, whereas only a 30% decrease was obtained for [125I] beta-CIT. It seems, therefore, that the combination of aromatic and nitrogen substitution improves the properties of tropane derivatives to provide an exclusive dopamine transporter ligand potentially usable in SPECT.
CHRK1, a Chitinase-Related Receptor-Like Kinase in Tobacco (2000)

A cDNA encoding a chitinase-related receptor-like kinase, designated CHRK1, was isolated from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The C-terminal kinase domain (KD) of CHRK1 contained all of the conserved amino acids of serine/threonine protein kinases. The putative extracellular domain was closely related to the class V chitinase of tobacco and to microbial chitinases. CHRK1 mRNA accumulation was strongly stimulated by infection with fungal pathogen and tobacco mosaic virus. Amino acid-sequence analysis revealed that the chitinase-like domain of CHRK1 lacked the essential glutamic acid residue required for chitinase activity. The recombinant chitinase-like domain did not show any catalytic activity for either oligomeric or polymeric chitin substrates. The recombinant KD of CHRK1 exhibited autophosphorylation, but the mutant KD with a mutation in the essential ATP-binding site did not, suggesting that CHRK1 encoded a functional kinase. CHRK1 was detected in membrane fractions of tobacco BY2 cells. Furthermore, CHRK1-GFP fusion protein was localized in plasma membranes when it was expressed in animal cells. This is the first report of a new type of receptor-like kinase containing a chitinase-like sequence in the putative extracellular domain.
Coordinative Amphiphiles as Tunable siRNA Transporters (2016)

In this study, we developed coordinative amphiphiles for use as novel siRNA transporters. As a modification of a conventional cationic lipid structure, we replaced the cationic head with zinc(II)-dipicolylamine complex (Zn/DPA) as a phosphate-directing group, and used various membrane-directing groups in the place of the hydrophobic tails. These simple amphiphiles are readily synthesized and easy to modify. The Zn/DPA head groups bind to the phosphate backbones of siRNAs, and to our surprise, they prevented the enzymatic degradation of siRNAs by RNase A. Interestingly, the Zn/DPA head itself exhibited moderate transfection efficiency, and its combination with a membrane-directing group-oleoyl (CA1), pyrenebutyryl (CA2), or biotin (CA3)-enhanced the delivery efficiency without imparting significant cytotoxicity. Notably, the uptake pathway was tunable depending on the nature of the membrane-directing group. CA1 delivered siRNAs mainly through caveolae-mediated endocytosis, and CA2 through clathrin- and caveolin-independent endocytosis; CA3 recruited siRNAs specifically into biotin receptor-positive HepG2 cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Thus, it appears possible to develop tunable siRNA transporters simply by changing the membrane-directing parts. These are the first examples of amphiphilic siRNA transporters accompanying coordinative interactions between the amphiphiles and siRNAs.
Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Irrigation Scheduling (2020)

Highlights Deep reinforcement learning-based irrigation scheduling is proposed to determine the amount of irrigation required at each time step considering soil moisture level, evapotranspiration, forecast precipitation, and crop growth stage. The proposed methodology was compared with traditional irrigation scheduling approaches and some machine learning based scheduling approaches based on simulation. Abstract. Machine learning has been widely applied in many areas, with promising results and large potential. In this article, deep reinforcement learning-based irrigation scheduling is proposed. This approach can automate the irrigation process and can achieve highly precise water application that results in higher simulated net return. Using this approach, the irrigation controller can automatically determine the optimal or near-optimal water application amount. Traditional reinforcement learning can be superior to traditional periodic and threshold-based irrigation scheduling. However, traditional reinforcement learning fails to accurately represent a real-world irrigation environment due to its limited state space. Compared with traditional reinforcement learning, the deep reinforcement learning method can better model a real-world environment based on multi-dimensional observations. Simulations for various weather conditions and crop types show that the proposed deep reinforcement learning irrigation scheduling can increase net return. Keywords: Automated irrigation scheduling, Deep reinforcement learning, Machine learning.
Analysis of haloacetic acids in drinking water using post-column reaction-ion chromatography with on-line internal standardization (2011)

A post-column reaction-ion chromatography analyzer (PCR-IC) with automated internal standardization (IS) has been optimized to determine nine haloacetic acid (HAAs) species in drinking water while operating in near real-time with a one hour analysis time. The IS-PCR-IC method requires minimal sample preparation that consists of passing water samples through cartridges to remove anions and introducing the pretreated samples into the on-line channel of the automated instrumentation. Two sets of water samples have been analyzed and method detection limit (MDL), accuracy and precision measurements have been conducted prior to the water sample analysis. The experimental MDL values for the HAA species ranged from 1.4 to 7.8 μg L−1; the accuracy ranged from 75.9 to 112%; and the precision ranged from 6.2 to 34.6%. The concentration of each HAA and the Total HAAs found in these water samples were determined using internal standardization and the results were compared to USEPA Method 552.3. The bias estimates between these two methods for Total HAA9 range from −8.3 to 12.5 μg L−1.
Prevention of hematogenous metastasis by neutralizing mice and its chimeric anti‐Aggrus/podoplanin antibodies (2011)

The platelet aggregation-inducing factor, Aggrus (also known as podoplanin), is reported to contribute to cancer metastasis by mediating cancer cell-platelet interaction. Aggrus has been shown to be upregulated in many different types of cancers. Thus, not only the functional inhibition of Aggrus, but also its application as a cancer-specific antigen has therapeutic potential. Among a series of anti-Aggrus mAb established previously, no mouse anti-human Aggrus mAb exists that possesses the ability to neutralize platelet aggregation. For precise preclinical examinations of mouse and monkey models, the establishment of Aggrus-neutralizing mouse mAb and their chimeric Abs is needed. In this study, we established two mouse anti-human Aggrus mAb, P2-0 and HAG-3. A precise analysis of their epitopes revealed that P2-0 recognized the conformation near the bioactive O-glycosylation site at the Thr(52) residue. In contrast, HAG-3 recognized the amino-terminus side at a short distance from the conformation recognized by P2-0. We observed that only P2-0 attenuated Aggrus-induced platelet aggregation and Aggrus binding to its platelet receptor, that is, the C-type lectin-like receptor-2. Consistent with these data, only P2-0 prevented the experimental metastasis of human Aggrus-overexpressing CHO cells. Subsequently, we cloned the complementary determining region of P2-0 and produced the murine/human chimeric P2-0 antibody. This chimeric antibody maintained its inhibitory activity of Aggrus-induced platelet aggregation and experimental metastasis. Thus, P2-0 and its chimeric antibody are expected to aid the development of preclinical and clinical examinations of Aggrus-targeted cancer therapy.
Low power linear current mode imager with 1.5 transistors per pixel (2008)

A novel 1.5 transistors per pixel linear current mode active pixel sensor (APS) is presented. The photo pixel address switch is placed outside the pixel, effectively implementing 1.5 transistors per pixel using a sharing scheme of the read-out and reset transistor. The column FPN of 0.4% and SNR of 43dB is measured. The total power consumption is 5mW at 30fps. A theoretical framework for optimizing temporal and spatial noise is presented.
Coherent dual-comb interferometry with quasi-integer-ratio repetition rates (2014)

We demonstrate a generalized method for dual-comb interferometry that involves the use of two frequency combs with quasi-integer-ratio repetition rates. We use a 16.67 MHz comb to probe an 80-cm-long ring cavity and a 100 MHz comb to asynchronously sample its impulse response. The resulting signal can be seen as six time-multiplexed independent interferograms. We perform a deconvolution of the photodetector's impulse response to prevent any crosstalk between these multiplexed data sets. The measurement is then demultiplexed and corrected with referencing signals. We obtain a measurement with a spectral point spacing of 16.67 MHz and a spectral SNR of 55 dB by averaging 15,000 interferograms, corresponding to a measurement time of 500 s. Compared to conventional dual-comb spectroscopy, this generalized technique allows to either reduce the spectral point spacing or the acquisition time by changing the repetition rate of only one of the combs.
Genetics of the Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (2010)

The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal disorders of hematopoiesis characterized by the production of mature appearing cells within the blood stream. The MPNs were initially grouped together by William Dameshek in 1951, who noted the pathogenetic and clinical similarity of the different MPN [1]. However, it was not until the last 5 years that researchers have begun to elucidate the genetic basis for this group of diseases. Beginning with the 2005 discovery of the JAK2-V617F mutation, different MPNs have been the source of multiple gene discovery efforts [2–5]. This has led to the exciting discovery of a series of mutations in patients with MPN in known genes as well as in novel genes not previously known to be involved in pathogenesis of human disease.
M -mode photoacoustic flow imaging (2009)

Recently, there has been a growing interest in the development of photoacoustic flow measuring methods aimed to study microvascular blood flow in deep tissue. Here, we describe a method of M-mode photoacoustic flow imaging, where a photoacoustic microscope equipped with a high repetition rate pulsed dye laser is used. As a demonstration, we studied the flow of a diluted suspension of carbon glassy particles in a small tube, and extracted the flow profile. Potentially, the method can be applied to detect the blood flow in microvessels either directly or by injecting optically absorbing particles.
Interacting Active Rectangles for Estimation of Intervertebral Disk Orientation (2006)

This paper presents a fast and efficient method to determine intervertebral disk orientation in a magnetic resonance (MR) image of the spine. The algorithm originates from active contour theory and enforces a shape constraint to avoid leaks through weak or non-existent boundaries. The method represents a vertebra as a rectangle, modeled as a semi-affine transformation applied to the unit square. A regional flow integrated along the rectangle’s perimeter updates the rectangle’s transformation to achieve the segmentation. Further constraints are added so that adjacent rectangles have similar orientation and scale. The orientation of a disk is then inferred from its adjacent vertebrae. Experiments show that the method is fast and effective in detecting the correct intervertebral disk orientation, which is used for transverse image planning.
Aerobic Carbon–Carbon Bond Cleavage of Alkenes to Aldehydes Catalyzed by First-Row Transition-Metal-Substituted Polyoxometalates in the Presence of Nitrogen Dioxide (2014)

A new aerobic carbon–carbon bond cleavage reaction of linear di-substituted alkenes, to yield the corresponding aldehydes/ketones in high selectivity under mild reaction conditions, is described using copper(II)-substituted polyoxometalates, such as {α2-Cu(L)P2W17O61}8– or {[(Cu(L)]2WZn(ZnW9O34)2}12–, as catalysts, where L = NO2. A biorenewable-based substrate, methyl oleate, gave methyl 8-formyloctanoate and nonanal in >90% yield. Interestingly, cylcoalkenes yield the corresponding epoxides as products. These catalysts either can be prepared by pretreatment of the aqua-coordinated polyoxometalates (L = H2O) with NO2 or are formed in situ when the reactions are carried with nitroalkanes (for example, nitroethane) as solvents or cosolvents. Nitroethane was shown to release NO2 under reaction conditions. 31P NMR shows that the Cu-NO2-substituted polyoxometalates act as oxygen donors to the C–C double bond, yielding a Cu-NO product that is reoxidized to Cu-NO2 under reaction conditions to complete a catalytic cycle. Stoichiometric reactions and kinetic measurements using {α2-Co(NO2)P2W17O61}8– as oxidant and trans-stilbene derivatives as substrates point toward a reaction mechanism for C–C bond cleavage involving two molecules of {α2-Co(NO2)P2W17O61}8– and one molecule of trans-stilbene that is sufficiently stable at room temperature to be observed by 31P NMR.
The Effect of the Fluctuation of Measurement Values and the Filtering Characteritics on the Longitudinal Distance Control of Vehicles. (1994)

The effect of the fluctuation of measurement values and the filtering characteristics on the longitudinal distance control of vehicles has been investigated. In this studies, the following three system models are considered.(1) The system which has a distance sensor and a PID controller.(2) The system which has a distance sensor, relative velocity sensor and a PID controller.(3) The system which has a distance sensor, a communication tool and a PID controller.The system can take the data of the acceleration of the preceding vehicle by the communication. The precedin vehicle measures the acceleration by a velocity sensor.The fluctuation of the measurement values is assumed to be in the range of resolvability. The vehicle model is assumed as the system represented as a first order transfer function. The intersting results are obtained from the computer simulation.For the short distance longitudinal control of a vehicle, the direct measurement of the distance and the relative velocity is necessary. The data of the preceding vehicle obtained by the communication are not effective when the data have even a little errors.
A New Direct, Fast and Quantitative Enzyme-linked Ligandsorbent Assay for Measurement of Free Protein S Antigen (1998)

A new method to determine the concentration of free protein S in plasma is described. It is an enzyme-linked ligandsorbent assay (ELSA) which utilises the protein S binding capacity of the natural ligand C4b-binding protein (C4BP) to capture the free protein S from plasma samples. The use of C4BP as ligand in the assay is possible due to the high affinity (Kd = 0.1 nM) of the interaction between protein S and C4BP and to a slow rate of complex dissociation. A monoclonal antibody (HPS 54) was conjugated with horseradish peroxidase and used as target antibody. This antibody recognises a Ca2+ dependent epitope in the first EGF-like domain of protein S and does not interfere with C4BP binding sites of protein S. Addition of calcium in the assay helped prevent dissociation of the C4BP-protein S-HPS 54 complex. Three different experiments demonstrated the assay to be specific for free protein S. First, near-identical dose response curves were obtained with protein S in plasma and with purified protein S. Second, addition of purified C4BP to normal plasma resulted in loss of free protein S. Third, protein S depleted plasma gave zero values and around 80% of purified protein S added to protein S depleted plasma, and approximately 70% of protein S added to protein S deficient plasma samples, was recovered with the assay. The assay is fast (involves only a single incubation step of 30 min), sensitive and the range of measurement is 3% to 200% of free protein S when plasma dilution 1:20 represents 100%. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation at two levels were 2.3-4.3% and 5.1-7.4%, respectively. In a large protein S deficient family, the assay showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for the causative mutation. Moreover, free protein S levels in anticoagulated protein S deficient patients were completely separated from those obtained in non-anticoagulated controls. The new assay for free protein S is suitable for automation and it provides a useful means for routine clinical purposes to detect protein S deficiencies.