gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Millimeter Wave Communication: A Comprehensive Survey (2018)

Millimeter wave (mmWave) communication has raised increasing attentions from both academia and industry due to its exceptional advantages. Compared with existing wireless communication techniques, such as WiFi and 4G, mmWave communications adopt much higher carrier frequencies and thus come with advantages including huge bandwidth, narrow beam, high transmission quality, and strong detection ability. These advantages can well address difficult situations caused by recent popular applications using wireless technologies. For example, mmWave communications can significantly alleviate the skyrocketing traffic demand of wireless communication from video streaming. Meanwhile, mmWave communications have several natural disadvantages, e.g., severe signal attenuation, easily blocked by obstacles, and small coverage, due to its short wavelengths. Hence, the major challenge is how to overcome its shortcomings while fully utilizing its advantages. In this paper, we present a taxonomy based on the layered model and give an extensive review on mmWave communications. Specially, we divide existing efforts into four categories that investigate: physical layer, medium access control (MAC) layer, network layer, and cross layer optimization, respectively. First, we present an overview of some technical details in physical layer. Second, we summarize available literature in MAC layer that pertains to protocols and scheduling schemes. Third, we make an in-depth survey of related research work in network layer, providing brain storming and methodology for enhancing the capacity and coverage of mmWave networks. Fourth, we analyze available research work related to cross layer allocation/optimization for mmWave communications. Fifth, we make a review of mmWave applications to illustrate how mmWave technology can be employed to satisfy other services. At the end of each section described above, we point out the inadequacy of existing work and identify the future work. Sixth, we present some available resources for mmWave communications, including related books about mmWave, commonly used mmWave frequencies, existing protocols based on mmWave, and experimental platforms. Finally, we have a simple summary and point out several promising future research directions.
Information Retrieval at Cornell. (1976)

Twenty-eight patients (33 hands) were reviewed an average 2.5 years after an open palm technique combined with partial fasciectomy for the correction of Dupuytren's disease. They were assessed by diathesis evaluation and Tubiana's score. Results show a recurrence rate of 33.5% (3% severe), an extension rate of 51.5% and an overall complication rate of 21% without reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Fifteen percent and 12% had an important deficit in flexion and extension respectively. These findings are comparable to those found in the literature.
Design of the IBM z15 microprocessor (2020)

The latest-generation IBM Z processor provides enhanced performance and compute capacity compared to its IBM z14 predecessor. This article describes some of the major improvements in both process and design including out-of-order load-and-store sequencing, single-instruction multiple-data and floating point enhancements, a new modulo arithmetic engine for accelerating elliptic curve cryptography, a hardware sort accelerator, and a workflow that modernized the development of these features. Outside of the central processing unit (CPU), the cache sizes have increased on all levels, and each processor chip now contains 12 CPUs. System topology changes have been introduced allowing up to five drawers to exist in a fully populated system. The processor cache subsystem includes numerous improvements in the area of fetch, store, and cache management policies aimed at speeding up both traditional data serving workloads and highly virtualized environments alike.
Drug-recommendation system for patients with infectious diseases. (2005)

We developed a decision support system that helps doctors select appropriate first-line drugs. The system classifies patients' abilities to protect themselves from infectious diseases as a risk level for infection. In an evaluation of the prototype system, the risk level it determined correlated with the decisions of specialists. The system is very effective and convenient for doctors to use.
Unsupervised neuron selection for mitigating catastrophic forgetting in neural networks (2014)

Catastrophic forgetting is a well studied problem in artificial neural networks in which past representations are rapidly lost as new representations are constructed. We hypothesize that such forgetting occurs due to overlap in the hidden layers, as well as the global nature in which neurons encode information. We introduce a novel technique to mitigate forgetting which effectively minimizes activation overlapping by using online clustering to effectively select neurons in the feedforward and back-propagation phases. We demonstrate the memory retention properties of the proposed scheme using the MNIST digit recognition data set.
The polo-box-dependent induction of ectopic septal structures by a mammalian polo kinase, Plk, in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1999)

Members of the polo subfamily of protein kinases play pivotal roles in cell-cycle control and proliferation. In addition to a high degree of sequence similarity in the kinase domain, polo kinases contain a strikingly conserved motif termed "polo-box" in the noncatalytic C-terminal domain. We have previously shown that the mammalian polo-like kinase Plk is a functional homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc5. Here, we show that, in a polo-box- and kinase activity-dependent manner, ectopic expression of Plk in budding yeast can induce a class of cells with abnormally elongated buds. In addition to localization at spindle poles and cytokinetic neck filaments, Plk induces and localizes to ectopic septin ring structures within the elongated buds. In contrast, mutations in the polo-box abolish both localization to, and induction of, septal structures. Consistent with the polo-box-dependent subcellular localization, the C-terminal domain of Plk, but not its polo-box mutant, is sufficient for subcellular localization. Our data suggest that Plk may contribute a signal to initiate or promote cytokinetic event(s) and that an intact polo-box is required for regulation of these cellular processes.
Detection of Protease Activity Using a Fluorescence-Enhancement Globular Substrate (1996)

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) highly derivatized with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC, isomer I) served as a fluorescent enhancement substrate to measure protease activity. In the native globular BSA structure, the fluorescence of the lysine-conjugated fluorescein moieties was quenched 98%. Proteolytic digestion of highly derivatized BSA with Pronase resulted in fluorescence enhancement of 4300%. Both alpha-chymotrypsin and proteinase K yielded lower but similar fluorescence enhancement values of 2880% and 2800%, respectively. Digestion of the fluorescein-BSA substrate with trypsin, which required basic amino acids for activity, showed fluorescence enhancement of 1480% reflecting the fluorescein-lysine thiocarbamyl linkage. When derivatized substrate was pretreated with a thiol-reducing agent prior to incubation with proteases, a relatively small increase in fluorescence was noted relative to the untreated substrate except in the case of Pronase. The minimum sensitivity of proteolytic activity, based on a comparison of untreated and reduced FITC25BSA was 32 x 10(-6) units for I ng proteinase K, 1 x 10(-3) units for 1 ng alpha-chymotrypsin and 10 x 10(-3) units for Pronase and trypsin (1 ng each). The fluorescence enhancement assay was suited for sensitive intensity measurements or as an endpoint assay to detect protease activity.
Influence of stator-rotor gap on axial-turbine unsteady forcing functions (1993)

This paper investigates the effects of stator-to-rotor axial gap on the two-dimensional propagation of pressure disturbances due to potential-flo w interaction between the blade rows and viscous-wake effects from upstream blade rows in axial-turbine-blade rotor cascades. Results are obtained by modeling the effects of the upstream stator viscous wake and potential-flowfield on the downstream rotor flowfield, and computing the unsteady flowfields in the rotor frame. The amplitudes of the two types of disturbances for typical turbines are based on a review of available experimental and computational data. The potential-flowfield is modeled as a sinusoidal pressure disturbance of amplitude 4% of the local pressure across the stator trailing edges that decays downstream. This potential-flow disturbance from upstream is affected by the potential-flowfield of the downstream cascade. The velocity wake is modeled as a Gaussian velocity defect of varying amplitude and width, depending on the stator-rotor gap between the blade rows. The wake amplitudes and widths are based on conservation of loss of incoming momentum to the rotor due to the wake. The axial gap between rotor and stator is varied to show how the two disturbances propagating in different directions reinforce or counteract each other at different stator-rotor gaps. The corresponding forces on rotor blades are computed for typical values of reduced frequency. Analyses of this type will enable turbomachinery designers to predict (and with geometric design modifications to reduce) the unsteady stresses acting on turbomachiner y blades.
Oxygen Plasma-Treatment Effects on Si Transfer (2005)

Oxygen plasma-treatment is commonly used to increase the hydrophilicity of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps used for microcontact printing (muCP) aqueous-based inks. Review of the literature reveals that a wide range of plasma parameters are currently employed to modify stamp surfaces. However, little is known about the effect of these parameters (e.g., power, chamber pressure, duration) on the undesirable transfer of low-molecular-weight silicon-containing fragments from the stamps that commonly occurs during muCP. To study the effect of oxygen plasma-treatment on Si transfer, unpatterned PDMS stamps were treated with oxygen plasma under various conditions and used to stamp deionized water on plasma-activated poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrates. Once stamped, the PMMA substrates were analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to quantify and characterize silicon present on the substrate surface. In addition, used PDMS stamps were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe topographical changes that occur during oxygen plasma-treatment. XPS results show that all plasma treatments studied significantly reduced the amount of Si transfer from the treated stamps during muCP as compared to untreated PDMS stamps and that the source of transfer is residual PDMS fragments not removed by oxygen plasma. SEM results show that, although the treated stamps undergo a variety of topographical changes, no correlation exists between stamp topography and extent of Si transfer from the stamps.
Security Evaluation of the Electronic Control Unit Software Update Process (2014)

A modern vehicle is controlled by a distributed network of embedded devices - Electronic Control Units. The software of these devices is updated over an easily accessible and standardised diagnostic interface. Their hardware capabilities are very low, and thereby the security implementations are fairly minimalistic. This thesis analyses the Electronic Control Units used in the heavy-duty vehicle company Scania for security vulnerabilities. First, a list of security requirements was compiled. The implementation of these requirements was verified on several Electronic Control Units by the application of software testing methods. Testing identified two potentially dangerous shortfalls: short encryption seeds used in the authentication challenge, and a lack of reliable software source verification. These vulnerabilities were validated by performing experimental attacks. A brute-force attack was performed on a device with 2-byte seeds and keys. Next, an active man-in-the-middle attack was successfuly carried out to bypass authentication and ash the Electronic Control Unit with arbitrary software. Additionally, a passive man-in-the-middle attack was performed to sniff and store software files. The final attack was a combination: a valid seed and authentication code pair was sniffed over a flashing session, followed by using the pair to gain access later. To mitigate these attacks, it is most important to use long authentication seeds and keys, and implement all security standards. Public-key cryptography may also be an alternative for authentication. Software data encryption could be considered for integrity and confidentiality. A less computation-intense solution would be adding cryptographic signatures to messages.
Mitochondria and free radicals in neurodegenerative diseases (1997)

Historical Overview Basic Concepts of Mitochondrial Function and Free Radical Generation Relationship of Mitochondrial Dysfunction to Excitoxicity and Apoptosis The Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Animal Models of Neurodegenerative Disease Neurologic Dysfunction in Known Mitochondrial Diseases The Role of Mitochondria and Oxidative Damage in Neurodegenerative Diseases Therapeutic Approaches to Neurodegenerative Diseases Implicated by Mitochondrial Dysfunction.
Mid-IR laser source using hollow waveguide beam combining (2016)

Hollow waveguide technology is a route to efficient beam combining of multiple laser sources in a compact footprint. It is a technology appropriate for combining free-space or fibre-coupled beams generated by semiconductor, fibre or solidstate laser sources. This paper will present results of a breadboard mid-IR system comprising four laser sources combined using a hollow waveguide optical circuit. In this approach the individual dichroic beam combiner components are held in precision alignment slots in the hollow waveguide circuit and the different input wavelengths are guided between the components to a common output port. The hollow waveguide circuit is formed in the surface of a Macor (machinable glass-ceramic) substrate using precision CNC machining techniques. The hollow waveguides have fundamentally different propagation characteristics to solid core waveguides leading to transmission characteristics close to those of the atmosphere while still providing useful light guidance properties. The transmission efficiency and power handling of the hollow waveguide circuit can be designed to be very high across a broad waveband range. Three of the sources are quantum cascade lasers (QCLs), a semiconductor laser technology providing direct generation of midwave IR output. The combined beams provide 4.2 W of near diffraction-limited output co-boresighted to better than 20 µrad. High coupling efficiency into the waveguides is demonstrated, with negligible waveguide transmission losses. The overall transmission of the hollow waveguide beam combining optical circuit, weighted by the laser power at each wavelength, is 93%. This loss is dominated by the performance of the dichroic optics used to combine the beams.
Gold and Platinum Catalysis of Enyne Cycloisomerization (2006)

Abstract This account provides a comprehensive overview of the development of gold and platinum catalysis of the enyne cycloisomerization. The use of these soft, alkynophilic metals enables mild, chemoselective and efficient transformations of a variety of readily available acyclic enynes to a wide range of synthetically useful carbocyclic and heterocyclic products. The review is organized according to diverse structural types of enynes that undergo skeletal cycloisomerizations. The account begins with an overview of transformations of primarily 1,6‐enynes to 1‐alkenylcyclopentenes, bicyclo[4.1.0]heptenes, methylenecycloalkenes, bicyclo[4.3.0]nonadienes and bicyclo[3.2.0]heptenes. This section is followed by the discussion of cycloisomerizations of 1,5‐enynes, which enable a rapid access to a range of other cyclic products, including bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenes, cyclohexadienes, heterobicycloalkenes, methylenecyclopentenes, naphthalenes and methyleneindenes. In addition, the [3,3] rearrangement of 1,5‐enynes provides efficient access to the corresponding allenes. The account concludes with an overview of the most recent studies on gold‐ and platinum‐catalyzed cycloisomerizations of 1,4‐ and 1,3‐enynes. Due to the rapidly increasing interest in this area during the past three to five years, we believe that this review provides a timely and comprehensive discussion of the development gold‐ and platinum‐catalyzed cycloisomerization starting from the initial pioneering investigations to the latest advances in the field. A significant emphasis is placed on the mechanistic discussion of the observed manifolds of skeletal reorganizations.
Orbital forcing timescales: an introduction (1995)

Abstract A brief review is given of orbital patterns affecting the Earth which may be of use in establishing, for long or short periods, orbital forcing timescales (OFT). The metronomic variations of the Earth-Moon system and of the Earth-Sun orbital patterns produce gravitational and temperature effects which alter the physical environment on the Earth’s surface. These give an interpenetrating effect of forcing cycles ranging from twice daily tides, day-night alternations, various tidal patterns and the annual solar pattern. All of these have been used palaeontologically to give precision to short-term age determination in the past. It is cycles of the Milankovitch band which are showing promise of enabling new practical timescales to be established for parts of geological time. These depend on changes in the Earth-Sun distance (perihelion and precession cycles of 19 and 23 ka at the present time), changes in the tilt of the Earth’s axis with respect to the Earth’s orbit round the Sun (the obliquity cycles of 41 and 54 ka), and changes in the geometry of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun (eccentricity cycles of 106 and 414 ka). Since the number of days in the year have changed through time; so have the periods of the perihelion and precession cycles. There is increasing evidence that small-scale sedimentary rhythmic couplets, often grouped into bundles, may represent the effect of some of these; often the precessional couplets are grouped into bundles of five or so within the lower eccentricity period. The disentangling of the interpenetrating cycles to produce an OFT is an exciting problem and challenge for palaeobiology and sedimentology. These should enable numerical dates to be given to biostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic timescales and eventually enable many earth processes to be analysed in real time. 26 Ma oscillations related to the Cosmic Year ( c. 260 Ma) have been invoked to explain periodic mass extinctions in the fossil record. But evidence is presented to suggest such extinctions are not, in fact, periodic.
Regularized blur-assisted displacement field estimation (2002)

Due to the finite acquisition time of practical cameras, objects can move during image acquisition, therefore introducing motion blur degradations. Traditionally, these degradations are treated as undesirable artifacts that should be removed before further processing. We consider the use of motion blur as an indication of scene motion. We present two robust regularized motion estimation algorithms that consider the use of (motion) blur in their formulation. The first algorithm uses motion blur as prior knowledge for the estimation of the motion field. The second algorithm considers the joint estimation of the motion and motion blur. Each approach results in a motion blur point spread field, a motion field and a restored image in an approach that is different from previous work. Preliminary results are presented.
Immunisation with a Multivalent, Subunit Vaccine Reduces Patent Infection in a Natural Bovine Model of Onchocerciasis during Intense Field Exposure (2009)

Human onchocerciasis, caused by the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus, is controlled almost exclusively by the drug ivermectin, which prevents pathology by targeting the microfilariae. However, this reliance on a single control tool has led to interest in vaccination as a potentially complementary strategy. Here, we describe the results of a trial in West Africa to evaluate a multivalent, subunit vaccine for onchocerciasis in the naturally evolved host-parasite relationship of Onchocerca ochengi in cattle. Naïve calves, reared in fly-proof accommodation, were immunised with eight recombinant antigens of O. ochengi, administered separately with either Freund's adjuvant or alum. The selected antigens were orthologues of O. volvulus recombinant proteins that had previously been shown to confer protection against filarial larvae in rodent models and, in some cases, were recognised by serum antibodies from putatively immune humans. The vaccine was highly immunogenic, eliciting a mixed IgG isotype response. Four weeks after the final immunisation, vaccinated and adjuvant-treated control calves were exposed to natural parasite transmission by the blackfly vectors in an area of Cameroon hyperendemic for O. ochengi. After 22 months, all the control animals had patent infections (i.e., microfilaridermia), compared with only 58% of vaccinated cattle (P = 0.015). This study indicates that vaccination to prevent patent infection may be an achievable goal in onchocerciasis, reducing both the pathology and transmissibility of the infection. The cattle model has also demonstrated its utility for preclinical vaccine discovery, although much research will be required to achieve the requisite target product profile of a clinical candidate.
Automated microscopy screening for compounds that partially revert cholesterol accumulation in Niemann-Pick C cells (2005)

Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder manifested by abnormal accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and other lipids. We screened combinatorially synthesized chemical libraries to identify compounds that would partially revert cholesterol accumulation. Cultured CHO cells with NPC phenotypes (CT60 and CT43) were used for screening along with normal CHO cells as a control. We developed an automated microscopy assay based on imaging of filipin fluorescence for estimating cholesterol accumulation in lysosomal storage organelles. Our primary screen of 14,956 compounds identified 14 hit compounds that caused significant reduction in cellular cholesterol accumulation at 10 microM. We then screened a secondary library of 3,962 compounds selected based on chemical similarity to the initial hits and identified 7 compounds that demonstrated greater efficacy and lower toxicity than the original hits. These compounds are effective at concentrations of 123 nM to 3 microM in reducing the cholesterol accumulation in cells with a NPC1 phenotype.