gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical Utility of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 and 2; Determination by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (2012)

Measurement of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) has utility for the diagnosis and management of growth disorders, but inter-assay comparison of results has been complicated by a multitude of reference standards, antibodies, detection methods, and pre-analytical preparation strategies. We developed a quantitative LC-MS method for intact IGF-I, which has advantages in throughput and complexity when compared to mass spectrometric approaches that rely on stable isotope dilution analysis of tryptic peptides. Since the method makes use of full-scan data, the assay was easily extended to provide quantitative measurement of IGF-II using the same assay protocol. The validated LC-MS assay for IGF-I and IGF-II provides accurate results across the pediatric and adult reference range and is suitable for clinical use.
Molecular Photon Upconversion Solar Cells Using Multilayer Assemblies: Progress and Prospects (2018)

Molecular photon upconversion via triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is an intriguing strategy to increase solar cell efficiencies and surpass the Shockley-Quiesser (SQ) limit. In this Perspective, we recount our group's efforts to harness TTA-UC by directly incorporating metal ion linked multilayers of acceptor and sensitizer molecules into an organic-inorganic hybrid solar cell architecture. These self-assembled multilayers facilitate both upconverted emission and photocurrent generation from the upconverted state with a record contribution of 0.158 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> under 1 sun solar flux. We recount the progression toward this record and the mechanistic insights learned along the way, summarize the rate- and efficiency-limiting events, and outline improvements that must be made to produce a viable TTA-UC solar cell that can surpass the SQ limit. We also discuss the potential impact that efficient TTA-UC and photocurrent generation could have on existing record solar cells.
Enhanced light extraction from organic light-emitting devices using a sub-anode grid (Presentation Recording) (2015)

We demonstrate a method for extracting waveguided light trapped in the organic and indium tin oxide layers of bottom emission organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) using a patterned planar grid layer (sub-anode grid) between the anode and the substrate. The scattering layer consists of two transparent materials with different refractive indices on a period sufficiently large to avoid diffraction and other unwanted wavelength-dependent effects. The position of the sub-anode grid outside of the OLED active region allows complete freedom in varying its dimensions and materials from which it is made without impacting the electrical characteristics of the device itself. Full wave electromagnetic simulation is used to study the efficiency dependence on refractive indices and geometric parameters of the grid. We show the fabrication process and characterization of OLEDs with two different grids: a buried sub-anode grid consisting of two dielectric materials, and an air sub-anode grid consisting of a dielectric material and gridline voids. Using a sub-anode grid, substrate plus air modes quantum efficiency of an OLED is enhanced from (33±2)% to (40±2)%, resulting in an increase in external quantum efficiency from (14±1)% to (18±1)%, with identical electrical characteristics to that of a conventional device. By varying the thickness of the electron transport layer (ETL) of sub-anode grid OLEDs, we find that all power launched into the waveguide modes is scattered into substrate. We also demonstrate a sub-anode grid combined with a thick ETL significantly reduces surface plasmon polaritons, and results in an increase in substrate plus air modes by a >50% compared with a conventional OLED. The wavelength, viewing angle and molecular orientational independence provided by this approach make this an attractive and general solution to the problem of extracting waveguided light and reducing plasmon losses in OLEDs.
Hot water extraction of bitumen from Utah tar sands (1976)

Utah tar sands are distinctly different from Canadian tar sands both with regard to chemical composition and physical properties, specifically viscosity. Flow curves for Utah and Athabasca bitumens were determined as a function of temperature. For all temperatures, both bitumen samples exhibited Newtonian behavior. Utah bitumen is significantly more viscous than Athabasca bitumen by more than an order of magnitude. This difference in viscosity makes phase disengagement more difficult to achieve. As a result of this consideration, a high shear, stirred tank reactor was selected for digestion of the tar sand samples, and wetting agents were added to assist the phase disengagement process. Preliminary results, in which separation coefficients greater than 0.90 were obtained, have encouraged further research in this area.
Dual Retinoblastoma-binding Proteins with Properties Related to a Negative Regulator of Ras in Yeast (1995)

The retinoblastoma protein (Rb) interacts with multiple cellular proteins that mediate its cellular function. We have identified nine polypeptides that bind to the T-binding domains of Rb using an Rb affinity resin. RbAp48 and RbAp46 are quantitatively the major Rb-associated proteins purified by this approach. RbAp48 was characterized previously and was found to be related to MSI1, a negative regulator of Ras in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we report the cloning and characterization of RbAp46. RbAp46 shares 89.4% amino acid identity with RbAp48. The internal WD repeats, which are found in a growing number of eukaryotic proteins, are conserved between RbAp46 and RbAp48. Like RbAp48, RbAp46 forms a complex with Rb both in vitro and in vivo and suppresses the heat-shock sensitivity of the yeast RAS2Val-19 strains. We have also isolated the murine cDNA homologs of RbAp48 and RbAp46. Although both mRNA can be detected in all mouse tissues, their mRNA levels vary dramatically between different tissues. No significant differences were observed in the expression patterns of these genes in most tissues except thymus, testis, and ovary/uterus, in which 2-fold differences were observed. Interestingly, the mouse and human RbAp48 amino acid sequences are completely identical, and the mouse and human RbAp46 differ only by one conserved amino acid substitution. These results suggest that RbAp48 and RbAp46 may have shared as well as unique functions in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation.
Nonlinear Lyapunov-based boundary control of distributed heat transfer mechanisms in membrane distillation plant (2015)

This paper presents a nonlinear Lyapunov-based boundary control for the temperature difference of a membrane distillation boundary layers. The heat transfer mechanisms inside the process are modeled with a 2D advection-diffusion equation. The model is semi-descretized in space, and a nonlinear state-space representation is provided. The control is designed to force the temperature difference along the membrane sides to track a desired reference asymptotically, and hence a desired flux would be generated. Certain constraints are put on the control law inputs to be within an economic range of energy supplies. The effect of the controller gain is discussed. Simulations with real process parameters for the model, and the controller are provided.
Maximizing Profit in Optical WDM Networks (2005)

This chapter considers wavelength routed optical networks, which are fast becoming the choice for the backbone of wide-area networks. Such networks employ wavelength routing to establish all-optical data paths called lightpaths. The chapter studies the routing and wavelength assignment of lightpaths with the objective being to maximize the profit. The problem of maximizing profits is formulated as an Integer Programming problem. Heuristic algorithms are also developed to solve the problem assuming both an off-line and an on-line traffic model. Numerical results are presented, which indicate the efficiency of the algorithms.
Simple laser-based pipeline corrosion assessment system (1997)

The article focuses on development and use of a simpler laser-based system for accurately and efficiently measuring and assessing corrosion damage on the external surface of an exposed pipeline. The system uses a laser-based range sensor, which relies on optical spray, sensor movement, and the principal of triangulation to construct a three-dimensional measurement. Baseline subtraction, where a polynomial curve-fit is used to approximate the ideal pipe profile above the corroded area, is used. Future profiles are subtracted from the ideal profile, and when differences are significant, corrosion depth measurements are made by constructing normal vectors at points along the ideal profile. The use of such a system for accurately mapping corrosion damage allows more accurate assessments, thereby reducing the number of unnecessary repairs and cut outs, and reduces the risk of non-conservative assessments. The use of this system also results in reduced labor costs associated with mapping corrosion damage and allows the assessment process to be carried out over a much shorter period of time. The system can also be used to develop an accurate correlation between inline inspection (ILI) results and corrosion geometry during the first few excavations following ILI, resulting in the need to excavate fewer areas.
Flyback converter with hybrid clamp (2018)

This paper presents a flyback converter with a hybrid clamp, i.e., a combined passive RCD and active clamp, and a corresponding power management circuit that substantially optimizes the performance of the flyback converter in the entire line and load ranges. By sensing the operating conditions, the power management circuit configures the clamp circuit either as a passive clamp or as an active clamp. In the passive-clamp configuration, the clamp switch is kept turned off and the main switch turns on with valley switching, whereas, in the active-clamp configuration, the clamp switch operates with pulse-width modulation (PWM) which enables zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) turn-on of the main switch. Performance of the flyback converter with the hybrid clamp is evaluated on a laboratory prototype of a 65-W (19.5-V, 3.33-A) universal-line-voltage-range (90-264 Vrms) adapter.
Image Denoising by Adaptive Kernel Regression (2006)

This paper introduces an extremely robust adaptive denoising filter in the spatial domain. The filter is based on non-parametric statistical estimation methods, and in particular generalizes an adaptive method proposed earlier by Fukunaga [1]. To denoise a pixel, the proposed filter computes a locally adaptive set of weights and window sizes, which can be proven to be optimal in the context of non-parametric estimation using kernels. While we do not report analytical results on the statistical efficiency of the proposed method in this paper, we will discuss its derivation, and experimentally demonstrate its effectiveness against competing techniques at low SNR and on real noisy data.
Inducible <i>Escherichia coli</i> fermentation for increased plasmid DNA production (2006)

Bacterial plasmids are the vectors of choice for DNA vaccines and short-term gene therapeutics. Growing plasmid DNA by microbial (Escherichia coli) fermentation is usually combined with alkaline lysis/chromatography methods of purification. To date, typical plasmid fermentation media and processes result in yields of 100-250 mg of plasmid DNA/l of culture medium, using standard high-copy pUC origin-containing plasmids. In order to address this initial and yield-limiting upstream step, we identified novel fermentation control parameters for fed-batch fermentation. The resulting fermentation strategies significantly increased specific plasmid yield with respect to cell mass while enhancing plasmid integrity and maintaining supercoiled DNA content. Fed-batch fermentation yield exceeding 1000 mg of plasmid DNA/l was obtained after reduction of plasmid-mediated metabolic burden during growth, and yields up to 1500 mg of plasmid DNA/l have been achieved with optimized plasmid backbones. Interestingly, by inducing high plasmid levels after sufficient biomass accumulation at low temperature and restricted growth, cells were able to tolerate significantly higher plasmid quantities than cells grown by conventional processes. This 5-10-fold increase in plasmid yield dramatically decreases plasmid manufacturing costs and improves the effectiveness of downstream purification by reducing the fraction of impurities.
Estimating compilation time of a query optimizer (2003)

A query optimizer compares alternative plans in its search space to find the best plan for a given query. Depending on the search space and the enumeration algorithm, optimizers vary in their compilation time and the quality of the execution plan they can generate. This paper describes a compilation time estimator that provides a quantified estimate of the optimizer compilation time for a given query. Such an estimator is useful for automatically choosing the right level of optimization in commercial database systems. In addition, compilation time estimates can be quite helpful for mid-query reoptimization, for monitoring the progress of workload analysis tools where a large number queries need to be compiled (but not executed), and for judicious design and tuning of an optimizer.Previous attempts to estimate optimizer compilation complexity used the number of possible binary joins as the metric and overlooked the fact that each join often translates into a different number of join plans because of the presence of "physical" properties. We use the number of plans (instead of joins) to estimate query compilation time, and employ two novel ideas: (1) reusing an optimizer's join enumerator to obtain actual number of joins, but bypassing plan generation to save estimation overhead; (2) maintaining a small number of "interesting" properties to facilitate plan counting. We prototyped our approach in a commercial database system and our experimental results show that we can achieve good compilation time estimates (less than 30% error, on average) for complex real queries, using a small fraction (within 3%) of the actual compilation time.
55% system detection efficiency with self-aligned WSi superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (2012)

We report a system detection efficiency of 55 % at 1500 nm with an amorphous tungsten-silicide (WSi) superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) using a self-aligned packaging scheme for alignment of the detector and optical fiber.
Fast varying channel estimation in downlink LTE systems (2010)

This paper tackles the problem of fast varying channel estimation in LTE systems. Particular attention is given to downlink transmission where OFDMA is used as the multiple access technique for the air interface. In OFDMA, fast variation of the channel results in significant inter-carrier interference (ICI) which cannot be mitigated with conventional estimation and equalization techniques. In this paper, we investigate the polynomial modeling of rapidly time varying channels. Specifically, we propose a time-domain estimation method and a low-complexity frequency-domain estimation method both of which leverage the special structure of the approximated channel matrix to compute ICI channel components. It is shown by simulations that these two methods provide a considerable performance improvement over conventional methods by means of improved ICI mitigation. We further study the robustness of these two methods to both partial and full channel profile knowledge. It has been shown that the frequency-domain approach has much lower complexity and better robustness compared to the time domain approach.
Field Emission of Electrons from Single LaB<sub>6</sub> Nanowires (2005)

Single-crystalline lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) nanowires show excellent electric-field-induced electron emission following the Fowler–Nordheim scheme. The LaB6 nanowires grow in the <001> crystallographic direction (see Figure) with diameters of about 20 nm. An emission current of 30 nA from a single nanowire, corresponding to a emission current density of 5 × 105 A cm–2, has been obtained.
Magnetic tunnel junction device with perpendicular magnetization films for high-density magnetic random access memory (2002)

We present here a magnetic tunnel junction device using perpendicular magnetization films designed for magnetic random access memory (MRAM). In order to achieve high-density MRAM, magnetic tunnel junction devices with a small area of low aspect ratio (length/width) is required. However, all MRAMs reported so far consist of in-plane magnetization films, which require an aspect ratio of 2 or more in order to reduce magnetization curling at the edge. Meanwhile, a perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (pMTJ) can achieve an aspect ratio=1 because the low saturation magnetization does not cause magnetization curling. Magnetic-force microscope shows that stable and uniform magnetization states were observed in 0.3 μm×0.3 μm perpendicular magnetization film fabricated by focused-ion beam. In contrast, in-plane magnetization films clearly show the presence of magnetization vortices at 0.5 μm×0.5 μm, which show the impossibility of information storage. The PMTJ shows a magnetoresistive (MR) ratio larger than 50% with a squareness ratio of 1 and no degradation of MR ratio at 103 Ω μm2 ordered junction resistance.
A new linear-time harmonic balance algorithm for cyclostationary noise analysis in RF circuits (2002)

A new technique is presented for computing noise in nonlinear circuits. The method is based on a formulation that uses harmonic power spectral densities (HPSDs), using which a block-structured matrix relation between the second-order statistics of noise within a circuit is derived. The HPSD formulation is used to devise a harmonic-balance-based noise algorithm that requires O(nN log N) time and O(nN) memory, where n represents circuit size and N the number of harmonics of the large-signal steady state. The method treats device noise sources with arbitrarily shaped PSDs (including thermal, shot and flicker noises) handles noise input correlations and computes correlations between different outputs. The HPSD formulation is also used to establish the non-intuitive result that bandpass filtering of cyclostationary noise can result in stationary noise. The new technique is illustrated using an example that exhibits noise folding and interaction between harmonic PSD components. The results are validated against Monte-Carlo simulations. The noise performance of a large industrial integrated RF circuit (with >300 nodes) is also analyzed in less than 2 hours using the new method.
Reducing Wafer Delay Time by Robot Idle Time Regulation for Single-Arm Cluster Tools (2020)

Nowadays, wafer fabrication in semiconductor manufacturing is highly dependent on cluster tools. A cluster tool is equipped with several process modules (PMs) and a wafer handling robot. When the tool is operating, generally each PM is processing a wafer, and the robot is responsible for delivering the wafers from one PM to another. Thus, when a wafer is completed in a PM, the robot may be busy for performing other tasks such that it cannot immediately unload the completed wafer in the PM, resulting in that the wafer has to stay there for some extra time. The processing time of a wafer together with its delay time for waiting for the robot’s arrival for unloading is defined as wafer residency time in a PM. However, a long wafer delay time may deteriorate its quality. Therefore, it is highly desired and important to reduce the wafer delay time at each step as much as possible. This work aims to tackle this important issue for single-arm cluster tools (SACTs). Specifically, by using a Petri net model, this work analyzes the steady-state operational behavior of an SACT under the backward and earliest starting strategies. It is found that there must exist wafer delay time at the steps in the upstream of the bottleneck step, and such wafer delay time can be reduced by properly adjusting the robot waiting time. Thus, three algorithms are developed to reduce the wafer delay time at each step as much as possible by properly assigning the robot idle time. Finally, the application of the proposed method is illustrated by using examples. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —In a modern semiconductor fab, there are hundreds of cluster tools for wafer fabrication. To ensure wafer quality, it is important to reduce the wafer delay time in PMs of cluster tools after a wafer is processed since the high temperature, chemical gas, and particles in the PMs may damage the wafer. To do so, this work proposes three algorithms with polynomial complexity to assign the robot idle time as robot waiting time such that the wafer delay time in PMs can be reduced as much as possible. Furthermore, the obtained schedule by these algorithms is optimal in terms of the cycle time. Besides, the developed algorithms can be easily embedded into the controller of cluster tools by facility engineers. Therefore, this work has a practical value.
Present State and Novel Development of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell. (2002)

To develop a high performance direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), a novel electrolyte membrane is needed. This electrolyte membrane should be durable up to 130t to improve the catalytic reaction, and the methanol crossover should be reduced. Reported membranes are reviewed in this article, and our own approach is shown. Our approach is to design a pore-filling type polyelectrolyte membrane, where the polyelectrolyte is filled into the pores of a porous substrate, and the membrane swelling is suppressed by the substrate matrix. Proton conductivity was achieved through the filling electrolyte polymer. Methanol permeation was controlled by the swelling of the electrolyte polymer, and the mechanical strength at high temperature was maintained by the substrate. From this concept, a high proton conductivity was shown to exist with reduced membrane methanol permeability, and in addition, a heat-resistance was also achieved.
Addressing the Challenge of Edema in Fiber Tracking (2014)

The submission related to this article was awarded the First Prize at the associated tractography challenge.