gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A floating-point fused add-subtract unit (2008)

A floating-point fused add-subtract unit is described that performs simultaneous floating-point add and subtract operations on a common pair of single-precision data in about the same time that it takes to perform a single addition with a conventional floating-point adder. When placed and routed in a 45 nm process, the fused add-subtract unit is only about 40% larger than a conventional floating-point adder.
High‐performance polymer‐based electrophosphorescent light‐emitting diodes (2003)

Abstract High‐performance electrophosphorescent light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) were demonstrated with tris‐[9,9‐dihexyl‐2‐(pyridinyl‐2′) fluorene] iridium(III) [Ir(DPF) 3 ], tris‐{9,9‐dihexyl‐2‐[phenyl‐4′‐(‐pyridin‐2″‐yl)] fluorene} iridium(III) [Ir(DPPF) 3 ], and tris‐[2,5‐bis‐2′‐(9,9′‐dihexylfluorene) iridium] [Ir(HFP) 3 ] as guests and poly(vinylcarbazole) (PVK) blended with 2‐ tert ‐butylphenyl‐5‐biphenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol (PBD), poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorenyl‐2,7‐diyl) (PFO), and poly(9,9‐dihexylfluorene)‐ co ‐2,5‐dicyanophenylene (PF3CNP1) as hosts. The devices made with PVK‐PBD exhibited the highest external quantum efficiency (QE ext ), luminous efficiency (LE) and luminance (L). For example, yellowish green emission from PVK‐PBD doped with Ir(DPF) 3 was observed with QE ext = 10% ph/el, LE = 36 cd/A, and L > 8300 cd/m 2 , and red emission from PVK‐PBD doped with Ir(DPPF) 3 was observed with QE ext = 5% ph/el, LE = 7.2 cd/A, and L > 2700 cd/m 2 . Red electrophosphorescent LEDs with a low turn‐on voltage (5 V), QE ext = 4.5% ph/el, LE = 6.2 cd/A, and L > 1000 cd/m 2 were achieved with the conjugated polymer, PFO, as the host and Ir(HFP) 3 as the guest. Electrophosphorescent LEDs fabricated with the conjugated copolymer PF3CNP1 doped with Ir(HFP) 3 exhibited QE ext = 1.5% ph/el and LE = 3 cd/A with L = 2200 cd/m 2 . These devices exhibited good operational stability under DC drive at room temperature. Förster energy transfer played a minor role in achieving the high efficiencies in these electrophosphorescent devices; direct sequential charge trapping appeared to be the main operating mechanism. These results demonstrated that high‐performance electrophosphorescence can be obtained from polymer‐based LEDs that are fabricated by processing the active materials directly from solution. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2691–2705, 2003
Toward Engineering a Biological Joint Replacement (2012)

Osteoarthritis is a major cause of disability and pain for patients in the United States. Treatments for this degenerative disease represent a significant challenge considering the poor regenerative capacity of adult articular cartilage. Tissue-engineering techniques have advanced over the last two decades such that cartilage-like tissue can be cultivated in the laboratory for implantation. Even so, major challenges remain for creating fully functional tissue. This review article overviews some of these challenges, including overcoming limitations in nutrient supply to cartilage, improving in vitro collagen production, improving integration of engineered cartilage with native tissue, and exploring the potential for engineering full articular surface replacements.
Enhanced Prediction of Lopinavir Resistance from Genotype by Use of Artificial Neural Networks (2003)

Our objective was to accurately predict, from complex mutation patterns, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance to the protease inhibitor lopinavir, by use of artificial intelligence. Two neural network models were constructed: 1 based on changes at 11 positions in the protease that were previously recognized as being significant for lopinavir resistance and another based on a newly derived set of 28 mutations that were identified by performing category prevalence analysis. Both models were trained, validated, and tested with 1322 clinical samples. A procedure of determining the optimal neural network parameters was proposed to speed up the training processes. The results suggested that the 28-mutation set was a more accurate predictor of lopinavir susceptibility (correlation coefficient, R2=0.88). We identified potentially significant new mutations associated with lopinavir resistance and demonstrated the utility of neural network models in predicting phenotypic susceptibility from complex genotypes.
Aluminum Nitride Combined Overtone Resonator for Millimeter Wave 5g Applications (2021)

This paper presents the first Aluminum Nitride (AlN) Combined Overtone Resonator (COR) in the 5G millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum. The demonstrated AlN COR operates based on a multimodal excitation of the second and third order asymmetric Lamb-wave modes (A2 and A3) in a 389 nm thick AlN film. The combined overtone is observed at 23.2 GHz with a high electromechanical coupling coefficient, k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , of 0.46% (Lateral-Field-Excited configurations with only top electrodes) and mechanical quality factor (Q <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> ) of 254, providing a high f · Q >6e12. Additionally, the two-dimensional vibration mode of CORs allows the resonant frequency to be lithographically defined without significant k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> degradation. The demonstrated performance makes AlN CORs a strong candidate for the implementation of low-loss miniaturized multi-frequency filters for mmWave 5G applications.
Mechanistic characterization and crystal structure of a small molecule inactivator bound to plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (2013)

Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) is a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) family. Excessive PAI-1 activity is associated with human disease, making it an attractive pharmaceutical target. However, like other serpins, PAI-1 has a labile structure, making it a difficult target for the development of small molecule inhibitors, and to date, there are no US Food and Drug Administration-approved small molecule inactivators of any serpins. Here we describe the mechanistic and structural characterization of a high affinity inactivator of PAI-1. This molecule binds to PAI-1 reversibly and acts through an allosteric mechanism that inhibits PAI-1 binding to proteases and to its cofactor vitronectin. The binding site is identified by X-ray crystallography and mutagenesis as a pocket at the interface of β-sheets B and C and α-helix H. A similar pocket is present on other serpins, suggesting that this site could be a common target in this structurally conserved protein family.
<title>Fabrication and performance of MARS optical modulators for fiber-to-the-home systems</title> (1996)

The methods used to fabricate silicon optical modulators (MARS) devices in several material systems are described. Experimental results showing low bit-error-rate performance at 3.5 Mbit/sec. with a broad optical spectrum are presented.
Diode laser-based cavity ring-down instrument for NO <sub>3</sub> , N <sub>2</sub> O <sub>5</sub> , NO, NO <sub>2</sub> and O <sub>3</sub> from aircraft (2011)

Abstract. This article presents a diode laser based, cavity ring-down spectrometer for simultaneous in situ measurements of four nitrogen oxide species, NO3, N2O5, NO, NO2, as well as O3, designed for deployment on aircraft. The instrument measures NO3 and NO2 by optical extinction at 662 nm and 405 nm, respectively; N2O5 is measured by thermal conversion to NO3, while NO and O3 are measured by chemical conversion to NO2. The instrument has several advantages over previous instruments developed by our group for measurement of NO2, NO3 and N2O5 alone, based on a pulsed Nd:YAG and dye laser. First, the use of continuous wave diode lasers reduces the requirements for power and weight and eliminates hazardous materials. Second, detection of NO2 at 405 nm is more sensitive than our previously reported 532 nm instrument, and does not have a measurable interference from O3. Third, the instrument includes chemical conversion of NO and O3 to NO2 to provide measurements of total NOx (= NO + NO2) and Ox (= NO2 + O3) on two separate channels; mixing ratios of NO and O3 are determined by subtraction of NO2. Finally, all five species are calibrated against a single standard based on 254 nm O3 absorption to provide high accuracy. Disadvantages include an increased sensitivity to water vapor on the 662 nm NO3 and N2O5 channels and a modest reduction in sensitivity for these species compared to the pulsed laser instrument. The measurement precision for both NO3 and N2O5 is below 1 pptv (2σ, 1 s) and for NO, NO2 and O3 is 170, 46, and 56 pptv (2σ, 1 s) respectively. The NO and NO2 measurements are less precise than research-grade chemiluminescence instruments. However, the combination of these five species in a single instrument, calibrated to a single analytical standard, provides a complete and accurate picture of nighttime nitrogen oxide chemistry. The instrument performance is demonstrated using data acquired during a recent field campaign in California.
Scaling of petawatt-class lasers to multi-kHZ repetition rates (2019)

Petawatt laser applications, such as laser plasma acceleration, EUV generation, neutron generation, and materials processing are average-power limited. However, the highest average-power petawatt-class laser to date has an average power of less than 1 kW. Scaling Petawatt-class lasers beyond 10 kW of average power requires a paradigm shift in laser design. To date, average power scaling has been accomplished by increasing the repetition rate of single-shot lasers, in which each shot represents a complete pump/extraction cycle. We propose an alternative scheme, multipulse extraction, in which the gain medium is pumped continuously and the upper state population is extracted over many pulses. This method has two primary benefits: First, because efficient extraction is not necessary in a single pulse, the extraction fluence (and hence the B-integral) can be much lower than in a single pulse design. Second, there isn’t a need to pump within a single inverse lifetime, and therefore less expensive, less complex, and more efficient CW pump sources can be used. Multipulse extraction requires that the gain material have an inverse lifetime significantly less than the desired repetition rate. The design and optimization two multipulse extraction amplifiers, a 10 kHz-100 fs-30J amplifier and a 200 Hz-240 fs-240 J amplifier, will be presented. These point designs have applications in laser plasma acceleration and neutron generation, respectively
A Capsule‐Type Microrobot with Pick‐and‐Drop Motion for Targeted Drug and Cell Delivery (2018)

A capsule-type microrobot exhibits "pick-and-drop" (P&D) motion to hold a particle within a confined volume and transports it via a corkscrewing motion. The P&D motion is possible because the capsule-type microrobot has two parts: a plunger and a cap. The fabricated microrobots are wirelessly controlled by a magnetic manipulator. Drugs or cells can be encapsulated in the container of the capsule-type microrobot by the P&D motion or attached to the surface of the cap, which can be used as a supporting structure. Therefore, the capsule-type microrobot can deliver suspended or adherent cells. The drug or cells are minimally exposed or not completely exposed to the surrounding fluid and do not experience shear force when encapsulated in the container. As a proof-of-concept, secure transportation of microparticles in the confined volume of the capsule via P&D motion is demonstrated. In addition, the cap is used as a scaffold for neuronal cell culture on a rat brain slice to demonstrate its biocompatibility and feasibility for targeted cell delivery. The proposed capsule-type microrobot is suitable for diverse applications, as it protects the encapsulated materials.
Vaccination against Lyme disease caused by diverse Borrelia burgdorferi. (1995)

Diversity and mutations in the genes for outer surface proteins (Osps) A and B of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B. burgdorferi), the spirochetal agent of Lyme disease, suggests that a monovalent OspA or OspB vaccine may not provide protection against antigenically variable naturally occurring B. burgdorferi. We now show that OspA or OspB immunizations protect mice from tick-borne infection with heterogeneous B. burgdorferi from different geographic regions. This result is in distinct contrast to in vitro killing analyses and in vivo protection studies using syringe injections of B. burgdorferi as the challenge inoculum. Evaluations of vaccine efficacy against Lyme disease and other vector-borne infections should use the natural mode of transmission and not be predicated on classification systems or assays that do not rely upon the vector to transmit infection.
Method for Reducing the Drag of Increasing Forebody Roughness Blunt-Based Vehicles by Adaptively Increasing Forebody Roughness (2005)

A method for reducing drag upon a blunt-based vehicle by adaptively increasing forebody roughness to increase drag at the roughened area of the forebody, which results in a decrease in drag at the base of this vehicle, and in total vehicle drag.
LAMP-Coupled CRISPR–Cas12a Module for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Plant DNA Viruses (2021)

One important factor for successful disease management is the ability to rapidly and accurately identify the causal agent. Plant viruses cause severe economic losses and pose a serious threat to sustainable agriculture. Therefore, optimization of the speed, sensitivity, feasibility, portability, and accuracy of virus detection is urgently needed. Here, we developed a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based nucleic acid diagnostic method utilizing the CRISPR-Cas12a system for detecting two geminiviruses, tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), which have single-stranded DNA genomes. Our assay detected TYLCV and ToLCNDV in infected plants with high sensitivity and specificity. Our newly developed assay can be performed in ~1 h and provides easy-to-interpret visual readouts using a simple, low-cost fluorescence visualizer, making it suitable for point-of-use applications.
INCREASED GRANZYME B mRNA AFTER ALLOINCOMPATIBLE MYOBLAST TRANSPLANTATION (1995)

Normal C57BL/10SnJ myoblasts were transplanted into the tibialis anterior of C57BL/10SnJ, C57BL/ScSn mdx, or BALB/c mice. These transplantations allowed us to investigate the immune response not only against MHC but also against dystrophin introduced in the dystrophic muscles by such transplantations. Recently, our group reported following myoblast transplantations cellular infiltration of the host muscle by class II MHC cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes expressing CD4 or CD8 and IL-2 receptors. In the present study, activation of these infiltrating lymphocytes was investigated by measuring the expression of granzyme B mRNA. We used reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to detect granzyme B mRNA at various intervals after myoblast transplantations. To standardize the results, the mRNA were reverse transcribed using an oligo (dt) so that beta-actin mRNA could also be amplified from the same cDNA preparation. Granzyme B mRNA was increased for at least 3 weeks after MHC alloincompatible grafts. The absence of increased granzyme B expression after allocompatible transplantation in mdx mice suggests that dystrophin is not sufficiently immunogenic to induce short term acute rejection. These results indicate that lymphocytes infiltrated in muscles injected with histoincompatible myoblasts are activated and sustain the requirement for an adequate immunosuppression after such transplantations.
Throughput Characterization and Beamwidth Selection for Positioning-Assisted mmWave Service (2018)

We propose an optimal beamwidth selection strategy based on the trade-off between localization and communication performance in millimeter wave networks. With larger resources devoted to localization, we achieve a lower beam-selection error due to accurate position information, although the resulting limitation in communication resources reduces the user data rate. Conversely, to obtain a better rate performance the system needs to increase the allocation for communication, consequently increasing the probability of beam selection error. We characterize localization performance bounds and downlink average rate performance of a mmWave network and accordingly introduce a possible multi-service optimization policy.
Full-duplex wireless based on a small-form-factor analog self-interference canceller (2016)

A demonstration of a real-time full-duplex wireless link is presented, in which a pair of full-duplex transceivers perform simultaneous transmission and reception on the same frequency channel. A full-duplex transceiver is composed of a custom-designed small-form-factor analog self-interference canceller, and a digital self-interference cancellation implementation is integrated with the National Instruments Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP). An adaptive analog self-interference canceller tuning mechanism adjusts to environmental changes. We demonstrate the practicality and robustness of the full-duplex wireless link through the National Instruments LabVIEW interface.
A novel multipath interference cancellation scheme for RAKE channel estimation (2002)

A novel channel estimation scheme is proposed for a RAKE receiver operating in the downlink of a mobile communication scenario. The approach is an extension of the well known Wiener channel estimator and partly cancels multipath interference, with the additional advantage of being able to cope with physically closely spaced multipaths which arise, for example, in an indoor scenario. It is demonstrated by means of simulation that the algorithm improves the quality of the channel estimates significantly. Little additional computational effort is necessary to implement the algorithm, making it an ideal candidate for improving reception capabilities of the mobile user equipment.
A wideband circularly polarized rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (2010)

In this article, a new hybrid dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) has been investigated to produce circular polarization over a wide frequency band. The targeted application is to produce a compact antenna for satellite navigation systems. The obtained design was fabricated and measured, showing impedance matching from 1.09 to 1.83 GHz, i.e. over 50% bandwidth. The radiation characteristics of the antennas were also characterized. From 1.13 to 1.63 GHz, the achieved gain is over 1.5 dBic and the axial ratio is under 1 dB at boresight. The half-power beamwidth is greater than 75°, and the axial ratio beamwidth (AR ≤ 3 dB) is over 90°.
High peak-current-density strained-layer In0.3Ga0.7As/Al0.8Ga0.2As resonant tunneling diodes grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (1997)

Peak current densities two times higher than the best values reported for GaAs-based resonant tunneling diode (RTD) structures have been obtained from metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition (MOCVD)-grown deep-quantum-well strained-layer In0.3Ga0.7As/Al0.8Ga0.2As RTDs. By growing on nominally exact (100) +/−0.1° GaAs substrates, we have been able to obtain smooth interfaces between the strained-layer In0.3Ga0.7As quantum well and Al0.8Ga0.2As barriers, which, in turn, enabled us to benefit from resonant tunneling through the second resonant energy level of In0.3Ga0.7As/Al0.8Ga0.2As structures. Peak current densities in excess of 300 kA/cm2, and peak-to-valley current ratios as high as 3:1, at 300 K, have been obtained from structures with 14-Å-thick barriers and a 57-Å-thick well.
Selective growth of ZnO nanotips using MOCVD (2003)

ZnO is a wide bandgap semiconductor having a direct bandgap of 3.32 eV at room temperature. It has an exciton binding energy of 60 meV. It is found to be significantly more radiation hard than Si, GaAs, and GaN, which is critical against wearing out during field emission. Furthermore, ZnO can also be made as transparent and highly conductive, or piezoelectric. The ZnO nanotips can be grown at relatively low temperatures, giving ZnO a unique advantage over other wide bandgap semiconductors, such as GaN and SiC. In the present work, we report the selective growth of ZnO nanotips on various substrates using MOCVD. The ZnO nanotips are single crystalline, n-type conductive and show good optical properties. These nanotips have potential applications in field emission devices and UV photonics.
(S)-lacosamide inhibition of CRMP2 phosphorylation reduces postoperative and neuropathic pain behaviors through distinct classes of sensory neurons identified by constellation pharmacology (2016)

Chronic pain affects the life of millions of people. Current treatments have deleterious side effects. We have advanced a strategy for targeting protein interactions which regulate the N-type voltage-gated calcium (CaV2.2) channel as an alternative to direct channel block. Peptides uncoupling CaV2.2 interactions with the axonal collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) were antinociceptive without effects on memory, depression, and reward/addiction. A search for small molecules that could recapitulate uncoupling of the CaV2.2-CRMP2 interaction identified (S)-lacosamide [(S)-LCM], the inactive enantiomer of the Food and Drug Administration-approved antiepileptic drug (R)-lacosamide [(R)-LCM, Vimpat]. We show that (S)-LCM, but not (R)-LCM, inhibits CRMP2 phosphorylation by cyclin dependent kinase 5, a step necessary for driving CaV2.2 activity, in sensory neurons. (S)-lacosamide inhibited depolarization-induced Ca influx with a low micromolar IC50. Voltage-clamp electrophysiology experiments demonstrated a commensurate reduction in Ca currents in sensory neurons after an acute application of (S)-LCM. Using constellation pharmacology, a recently described high content phenotypic screening platform for functional fingerprinting of neurons that uses subtype-selective pharmacological agents to elucidate cell-specific combinations (constellations) of key signaling proteins that define specific cell types, we investigated if (S)-LCM preferentially acts on certain types of neurons. (S)-lacosamide decreased the dorsal root ganglion neurons responding to mustard oil, and increased the number of cells responding to menthol. Finally, (S)-LCM reversed thermal hypersensitivity and mechanical allodynia in a model of postoperative pain, and 2 models of neuropathic pain. Thus, using (S)-LCM to inhibit CRMP2 phosphorylation is a novel and efficient strategy to treat pain, which works by targeting specific sensory neuron populations.
A framework for scheduling parallel dbms user-defined programs on an attached high-performance computer (2008)

We describe a software framework for deploying, scheduling and executing parallel DBMS user-defined programs on an attached high-performance computer (HPC) platform. This framework is advantageous for many DBMS workloads in the following two aspects. First, the long-running user-defined programs can be speeded up by taking advantage of the greater hardware parallel-ism available on the attached HPC platform. Second, the interac-tive response time of the remaining applications on the database server platform is improved by the off-loading of long-running user-defined programs to the attached HPC platform. Our frame-work provides a new approach for integrating high-performance computing into the workflow of query-oriented, computationally-intensive applications.