gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Mitochondria in Epilepsy: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases (2004)

The epileptic seizures observed in a broad variety of diseases involving mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and central nervous system pathology strongly suggest the possible role of mitochondria in the pathomechanism of various forms of epilepsy. The mtDNA mutations in these diseases affect the functions of complexes of oxidative phosphorylation that have mitochondria-encoded subunits. Similar deficiencies of oxidative phosphorylation, in particular of Complexes I and IV, have been detected in the epileptogenic brain regions of therapy-resistant focal epilepsies, such as the hippocampal subfield CA3 in temporal lobe epilepsy with Ammon's horn sclerosis. This suggests that impaired mitochondrial function can affect the viability and excitability of hippocampal neurons because of (1) decreased production of adenosine 5'-triphosphate; (2) increased generation of reactive oxygen species; and (3) alteration of calcium homeostasis.
Endothelial activation and dysfunction in COVID-19: from basic mechanisms to potential therapeutic approaches (2020)

On 12 March 2020, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. As of 4 August 2020, more than 18 million confirmed infections had been reported globally. Most patients have mild symptoms, but some patients develop respiratory failure which is the leading cause of death among COVID-19 patients. Endothelial cells with high levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression are major participants and regulators of inflammatory reactions and coagulation. Accumulating evidence suggests that endothelial activation and dysfunction participate in COVID-19 pathogenesis by altering the integrity of vessel barrier, promoting pro-coagulative state, inducing endothelial inflammation, and even mediating leukocyte infiltration. This review describes the proposed cellular and molecular mechanisms of endothelial activation and dysfunction during COVID-19 emphasizing the principal mediators and therapeutic implications.
Dominant Epitopes of the C6 Diagnostic Peptide of<i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>Are Largely Inaccessible to Antibody on the Parent VlsE Molecule (2007)

Lyme borreliosis (LB) is a disease for which antibody-based detection assays are often required for diagnosis. The variable surface molecule VlsE and IR6, one of its invariable regions, are commonly targeted by the antibody response in infected individuals. A series of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays was performed to comparatively examine the antibody responses of North American LB patients (n = 37) to VlsE and invariable segments of this molecule. Both immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG responses to full-length VlsE and to peptides reproducing invariable regions 2, 4, and 6, as well as the invariable domains at the amino and carboxyl termini of VlsE, were assessed. The proportions and specificities of reactivity to the invariable segments were tested by using cognate peptides as competitors for VlsE binding by patient serum antibodies. IR6 epitopes (by the C6 peptide) were found to dominate the response to invariable segments. IR6 (C6)-specific antibodies were detected in 78% of the serum specimens, whereas <40% of patients generated antibodies that bound the N- or C-terminal domain and <12% of patients responded to either IR2 or IR4. Interestingly, 15 of 37 patients generated IgG antibodies that reacted with C6 but not with VlsE. Conversely, IgM responses were frequent for VlsE but not for invariable segments. A representative number of the serum specimens (n = 8) that contained IgG antibodies reacting with both C6 and VlsE was assessed in competition experiments, using C6 as a competitor. Only half of these specimens contained IgG antibodies whose binding to VlsE could be inhibited >50% by competition with the added C6 peptide. The median percent inhibition was 45.5%. These findings indicate that IR6 epitopes are largely concealed from the VlsE molecular surface and that full-length VlsE-based diagnosis likely detects antibodies to conformational and/or variable region epitopes.
Electrophoresis and Chromatography of Heat‐Treated Plain, Sugared and Salted Whole Egg (1983)

ABSTRACT The effects of heat treatments on the proteins in plain, 10% sugared and 10% salted whole egg were studied by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and diethylaminoethyl‐Sephacel ion exchange chromatography. Electrophoretograms of products heated from 57–87°C for 3.5 min showed a wide range of protein stability. Livetins and some globulins were most heat sensitive, while conalbumin and ovalbumin were most stable. Sugar and salt increased heat stability of proteins by 1.6 and 7.9°C, respectively. Heat sensitive proteins were most stabilized by sugar and salt. Heating whole egg and sugared whole egg changed the chromatograms substantially, while heating salted whole egg caused fewer changes.
Learning to recognize features of valid textual entailments (2006)

This paper advocates a new architecture for textual inference in which finding a good alignment is separated from evaluating entailment. Current approaches to semantic inference in question answering and textual entailment have approximated the entailment problem as that of computing the best alignment of the hypothesis to the text, using a locally decomposable matching score. We argue that there are significant weaknesses in this approach, including flawed assumptions of monotonicity and locality. Instead we propose a pipelined approach where alignment is followed by a classification step, in which we extract features representing high-level characteristics of the entailment problem, and pass the resulting feature vector to a statistical classifier trained on development data. We report results on data from the 2005 Pascal RTE Challenge which surpass previously reported results for alignment-based systems. translator kidnapped in Iraq no 98 Sharon warns Arafat could be targeted for assassination. prime minister targeted for assassination no 152 Twenty-five of the dead were members of the law enforcement agencies and the rest of the 67 were civilians. 25 of the dead were civilians. no 231 The memorandum noted the United Nations estimated that 2.5 million to 3.5 million people died of AIDS last year. Over 2 million people died of AIDS last year. yes 971 Mitsubishi Motors Corp.'s new vehicle sales in the US fell 46 percent in June. Mitsubishi sales rose 46 percent. no 1806 Vanunu, 49, was abducted by Israeli agents and convicted of treason in 1986 after discussing his work as a mid-level Dimona technician with Britain's Sunday Times newspaper. Vanunu's disclosures in 1968 led experts to conclude that Israel has a stockpile of nuclear warheads. no 2081 The main race track in Qatar is located in Shahaniya, on the Dukhan Road. Qatar is located in Shahaniya. no Table 1: Illustrative examples from the PASCAL RTE data set, available at http://www.pascal-network.org/Challenges/RTE. Though most problems shown have answer no, the data set is actually balanced between yes and no.
Novel splittable N‐Tx/2N‐Rx transceiver phased array to optimize both signal‐to‐noise ratio and transmit efficiency at 9.4T (2015)

As a proof of concept, we developed and constructed a novel splittable transceiver phased array that allows doubling of the number of Rx elements while keeping both Tx and Rx elements at the same distance from the subject. Both Tx and Rx performance can be optimized at the same time using this method. Magn Reson Med 76:1621-1628, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Adsorption modes of cysteine on Au(111): Thiolate, amino-thiolate, disulfide (2004)

The adsorption of cysteine on the (111) surface of gold has been studied by means of periodic supercell density-functional theory calculations. A number of different adsorption modes are examined, including adsorption through the thiol group in either thiolate or disulfide form, and adsorption through both the thiol and amino functional groups. We find that at intermediate coverage densities the latter mode of adsorption is favored, followed by thiolate adsorption at the bridge (slightly displace toward fcc) site. The N-Au and S-Au bond strengths in the amino-thiolate adsorption are estimated to be of the order of 6 and 47 kcal/mol, respectively. The electronic structure of the different systems is analyzed, with focus on the total and projected density of states, as well as on the detailed character of the electronic states at the interface. States near the Fermi energy are found to have a metal-molecule antibonding character, whereas metal-molecule bonding states mostly occur near the lower edge of the Au-d band.
Real-time fast physical random number generator with a photonic integrated circuit (2017)

Random number generators are essential for applications in information security and numerical simulations. Most optical-chaos-based random number generators produce random bit sequences by offline post-processing with large optical components. We demonstrate a real-time hardware implementation of a fast physical random number generator with a photonic integrated circuit and a field programmable gate array (FPGA) electronic board. We generate 1-Tbit random bit sequences and evaluate their statistical randomness using NIST Special Publication 800-22 and TestU01. All of the BigCrush tests in TestU01 are passed using 410-Gbit random bit sequences. A maximum real-time generation rate of 21.1 Gb/s is achieved for random bit sequences in binary format stored in a computer, which can be directly used for applications involving secret keys in cryptography and random seeds in large-scale numerical simulations.
Isolation and Properties of Abrin: a Toxic Protein Inhibiting Protein Synthesis (1973)

A new procedure is reported for the purification of the toxic protein abrin and for the isolation of its two constituent peptide chains. Abrin was extracted from Semen jequiriti and purified by chromatography on a DEAE‐cellulose column and on a Sepharose‐4B column. The purified toxin behaved as a single protein on polyacrylamide‐gel electrophoresis. The LD 50 dose in mice was about 70 ng indicating that the preparation was about 6‐times as toxic as the most active abrin previously described. After reduction of the toxin with 2‐mercaptoethanol in the presence of galactose the two constituent peptide chains of abrin were isolated by chromatography on a DEAE‐cellulose column. The smaller peptide, denoted the A‐chain, inhibited strongly protein synthesis in a cell‐free system from rabbit reticulocytes, whereas the larger peptide, the B‐chain, lacked this ability. Human erythrocytes pretreated with intact abrin or with B‐chain were agglutinated by an antiserum against abrin, whereas erythrocytes pretreated with A‐chain were not agglutinated under these conditions. The results indicate that the toxic action of abrin is associated with the A‐chain and that the B‐chain functions as a “carrier” moiety necessary for binding of the toxin to the cell surface.
The diagnostic value of echocardiography in the right coronary artery left ventricular fistula (2017)

Objective
To assess the pathologic anatomy features of right coronary artery fistula to left ventricle and the diagnostic value of echocardiography.


Methods
One adult with right coronary artery fistula to left ventricle who admitted to Qingdao Municipal Hospital (Group) on May 14, 2015 and 31 cases who reported by literatures were enrolled in this study.The echocardiographic characteristics and echocardiographic diagnostic value of right coronary artery left ventricular fistula were analyzed.


Results
All 32 cases were confirmed by surgery or angiography, including 29 cases of surgical cases.Twenty-nine cases were diagnosed by preoperative echocardiography, the diagnosis coincidence rate was 90.63%; Two case were diagnosed by preoperative ultrasonography (not clear) combined with imaging diagnosis.One case was misdiagnosed as sinus of valsalva aneurism rupture, the misdiagnosis rate was 3.12%.


Conclusion
Echocardiography can real-time dynamically display pathological anatomy of right coronary artery to left ventricular fistula and hemodynamic changes dynamically noninvasively, quickly, efficiently with high, accurately.It is the preferred method in the diagnosis of right coronary artery left ventricular fistula.


Key words: 
Echocardiography; Coronary vessels; Fistula
Regulation of Metabolism and Body Fat Mass by Leptin (2000)

The relative stability of body weight over the long term and under a variety of environmental conditions that alter short-term energy intake and expenditure provides strong evidence for the regulation of body energy content. The lipostatic theory of energy balance regulation proposed 40 years ago that circulating factors, generated in proportion to body fat stores, acted as signals to the brain, eliciting changes in energy intake and expenditure. The discovery of leptin and its receptors has now provided a molecular basis for this theory. Leptin functions as much more than an adipocyte-derived signal of lipid stores, however. Although suppression of food intake is an important centrally mediated effect of leptin, considerable evidence indicates that leptin also functions both directly and indirectly, via the brain, to orchestrate complex metabolic changes in a number of organs and tissues, altering nutrient flux to favor energy expenditure over energy storage.
The DASH diet enhances the blood pressure response to losartan in hypertensive patients (2003)

The DASH diet enhances the ABP response to losartan in essential hypertension. This effect is particularly marked in African Americans.
Medial Canthoplasty with the Mitek Anchor System (1997)

A variety of surgical techniques have been described for medial canthal tendon reattachment. They generally require technical skill and prolonged operating time. We have applied a new device, the Mitek Anchor System, in reattaching the medial canthal tendon to the medial orbital wall in 3 patients, and got excellent tendon fixation with this rapid and simple method. No complications, such as local infection or exposure, have occurred in any of the patients up to the present. Medial canthoplasty using the Mitek Anchor System has the advantage of being an easy technique with very accurate placement of the anchor and, consequently, reduced operating time. The operation can be performed through a small incision as well, and may not be so invasive as with other conventional procedures. This new technique of medial canthoplasty offers an excellent alternative to conventional techniques.
Robust Character Recognition in Low-Resolution Images and Videos (2005)

Although OCR techniques work very reliably for high-resolution documents, the recognition of superimposed text in low-resolution images or videos with a complex background is still a challenge. Three major parts characterize our system for recognition of superimposed text in images and videos: localization of text regions, segmentation (binarization) of characters, and recognition.\n\nWe use standard approaches to locate text regions and focus in this paper on the last two steps. Many approaches (e.g., projection profiles, k-mean clustering) do not work very well for separating characters with very small font sizes. We apply in a vertical direction a shortest-path algorithm to separate the characters in a text line. The recognition of characters is based on the curvature scale space (CSS) approach which smoothes the contour of a character with a Gaussian kernel and tracks its inflection points. A major drawback of the CSS method is its poor representation of convex segments: Convex objects cannot be represented at all due to missing inflection points. We have extended the CSS approach to generate feature points for concave and convex segments of a contour. This generic approach is not only applicable to text characters but to\narbitrary objects as well.\n\nIn the experimental results, we compare our approach against a pattern matching algorithm, two classification algorithms based on contour analysis, and a commercial OCR system. The overall recognition results are good enough even for the indexing of low resolution images and videos.
Divergent evolution in the cytoplasmic domains of PRLR and GHR genes in Artiodactyla (2009)

Both genes affect a multitude of traits that have been targets of selection after domestication. The genes seem to have responded differently to different selection pressures imposed by human artificial selection. The results suggest possible effects of selective sweeps in GHR before domestication in the pig lineage or species divergence in the Bison lineage. The PRLR results may be explained by strong directional selection in pigs or functional switching.
Sea Fog Identification from GOCI Images Using CNN Transfer Learning Models (2020)

This study proposes an approaching method of identifying sea fog by using Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) data through applying a Convolution Neural Network Transfer Learning (CNN-TL) model. In this study, VGG19 and ResNet50, pre-trained CNN models, are used for their high identification performance. The training and testing datasets were extracted from GOCI images for the area of coastal regions of the Korean Peninsula for six days in March 2015. With varying band combinations and changing whether Transfer Learning (TL) is applied, identification experiments were executed. TL enhanced the performance of the two models. Training data of CNN-TL showed up to 96.3% accuracy in matching, both with VGG19 and ResNet50, identically. Thus, it is revealed that CNN-TL is effective for the detection of sea fog from GOCI imagery.
Bone-Resorption Markers Galactosyl Hydroxylysine, Pyridinium Crosslinks, and Hydroxyproline Compared (1992)

We compared the clinical performances of four bone-resorption (BR) assays (hydroxyproline, HYP; galactosyl hydroxylysine, GHYL; deoxypyridinoline, DPD; and pyridinoline, PYD) in subjects with different BR rates: normal (adult men and premenopausal women), mildly increased (postmenopausal osteoporotic women), high (Paget disease patients), and very high (children). The discrimination power (Z score) and the accuracy (estimated by receiver-operating characteristic analysis) for GHYL, DPD, and PYD were compared with those for HYP. Discrimination power and accuracy were similar for high- and very-high-BR groups for all four assays. However in the mildly increased-BR group, DPD, GHYL, and PYD showed a higher discrimination power and accuracy than did HYP. The clinical performances of HYP, DPD, GHYL, and PYD are comparable for large changes in BR. For modest changes, DPD, GHYL, and PYD are more accurate and have a higher discrimination power than does HYP.
Role of the ACE2/Angiotensin 1–7 Axis of the Renin–Angiotensin System in Heart Failure (2016)

Heart failure (HF) remains the most common cause of death and disability, and a major economic burden, in industrialized nations. Physiological, pharmacological, and clinical studies have demonstrated that activation of the renin-angiotensin system is a key mediator of HF progression. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a homolog of ACE, is a monocarboxypeptidase that converts angiotensin II into angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7) which, by virtue of its actions on the Mas receptor, opposes the molecular and cellular effects of angiotensin II. ACE2 is widely expressed in cardiomyocytes, cardiofibroblasts, and coronary endothelial cells. Recent preclinical translational studies confirmed a critical counter-regulatory role of ACE2/Ang 1-7 axis on the activated renin-angiotensin system that results in HF with preserved ejection fraction. Although loss of ACE2 enhances susceptibility to HF, increasing ACE2 level prevents and reverses the HF phenotype. ACE2 and Ang 1-7 have emerged as a key protective pathway against HF with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. Recombinant human ACE2 has been tested in phase I and II clinical trials without adverse effects while lowering and increasing plasma angiotensin II and Ang 1-7 levels, respectively. This review discusses the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of ACE2 and the role of the ACE2/Ang 1-7 axis in cardiac physiology and in the pathophysiology of HF. The pharmacological and therapeutic potential of enhancing ACE2/Ang 1-7 action as a novel therapy for HF is highlighted.
A review of radiation countermeasures focusing on injury-specific medicinals and regulatory approval status: part II. Countermeasures for limited indications, internalized radionuclides, emesis, late effects, and agents demonstrating efficacy in large animals with or without FDA IND status (2017)

The dearth of FDA-approved radiation countermeasures has prompted intensified research for a new generation of radiation countermeasures. A number of promising radiation countermeasures are currently moving forward with continued support and effort by both governmental agencies and by publicly and privately held pharmaceutical companies. There is a limited number of countermeasures which are progressing well following the Animal Rule and may get approved in the near future, thus serving to close the gap of this critically important, unmet radiobiomedical need.
Content management in a mobile ad hoc network: beyond opportunistic strategy (2013)

We study the challenging problem of strategic content placement in a dynamic MANET. Existing content placement techniques cannot cope with such network dynamics since they are designed for fixed networks. Opportunistic caching approaches are insufficient as they do not actively manage contents for certain goals. In this paper, we present a novel content management approach, called LACMA that leverages the location information available to mobile devices via GPS. The main insight behind LACMA is to bind data to geographic location (as opposed to network nodes). This location-based strategy decouples the content placement problem from the changing network topology, and allows us to design an optimisation framework even in a dynamic MANET environment. We present key components of LACMA used for strategic content placement and content-location binding (through proactive content push). We evaluate LACMA and compare its performance with existing caching schemes and show that LACMA considerably outperforms existing schemes over a wide range of scenarios.
Flavin containing monooxygenase 3 exerts broad effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis (2014)

We performed silencing and overexpression studies of flavin containing monooxygenase (FMO) 3 in hyperlipidemic mouse models to examine its effects on trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels and atherosclerosis. Knockdown of hepatic FMO3 in LDL receptor knockout mice using an antisense oligonucleotide resulted in decreased circulating TMAO levels and atherosclerosis. Surprisingly, we also observed significant decreases in hepatic lipids and in levels of plasma lipids, ketone bodies, glucose, and insulin. FMO3 overexpression in transgenic mice, on the other hand, increased hepatic and plasma lipids. Global gene expression analyses suggested that these effects of FMO3 on lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis may be mediated through the PPARα and Kruppel-like factor 15 pathways. In vivo and in vitro results were consistent with the concept that the effects were mediated directly by FMO3 rather than trimethylamine/TMAO; in particular, overexpression of FMO3 in the human hepatoma cell line, Hep3B, resulted in significantly increased glucose secretion and lipogenesis. Our results indicate a major role for FMO3 in modulating glucose and lipid homeostasis in vivo, and they suggest that pharmacologic inhibition of FMO3 to reduce TMAO levels would be confounded by metabolic interactions.