gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling Controversy within Populations (2017)

A growing body of research focuses on computationally detecting controversial topics and understanding the stances people hold on them. Yet gaps remain in our theoretical and practical understanding of how to define controversy, how it manifests, and how to measure it. Since controversy is a complicated social phenomenon, it is difficult to understand what elements make up the controversy. Previous work has attempted to capture controversy algorithmically by studying cues for disagreement and polarity between different stance groups. However, we still lack a systematic understanding of how controversy should be defined and measured. In this paper, we propose a multi-dimensional model of controversy. Specifically, we introduce a model with two minimal dimensions: contention and importance. Our model departs from existing work by viewing controversy as a trait rooted in population. It suggests that controversy should be separately observed in a given population, rather than held as a fixed universal quantity. We model contention and importance within a population from a mathematical standpoint. To validate and evaluate the soundness of our theoretical model, we instantiate the model to algorithms for a diverse set of sources: polling, Twitter, and Wikipedia. We demonstrate that our controversy model holds an explanatory power for observed phenomena but also a predictive power for tasks, such as identifying controversial Wikipedia articles.
Development of a new whitefly trap (1998)

The CC trap was designed to capture whitefly (Bemisia spp.) adults for survey, monitoring, and sampling in the field and in the greenhouse. The trap design was based on whitefly adult behavioral attraction to yellow color, flight orientation to sky light when leaving host plants, and walking to shade when landing on a new host for feeding and egg laying. The trap does not use sticky materials or bait. It can be placed in greenhouses or fields for extended periods without saturation catches of whitefly adults. The trap does not catch many other insect types and avoids dust contamination. It is washable, reusable, inexpensive, and easy to use. Whiteflies caught can be counted against a dark background without the aid of a microscope. It may also have potential for supplementary adult whitefly control in greenhouses where parasites are released for the control of whitefly nymphs since it does not catch many Eretmocerus spp. parasites. The trap can also be used as a research tool for studying whitefly activity in the field.
Novel Design of Heterogeneous Automation Controller Based on Real-Time Data Distribution Service Middleware to Avoid Obsolescence Challenges (2016)

Oil and gas processing facilities utilize various process automation systems with proprietary controllers. As the systems age; older technologies become obsolete resulting in frequent premature capital investments to sustain their operation. This paper presents a new design of automation controller to provide inherent mechanisms for upgrades and/or partial replacement of any obsolete components without obligation for a complete system replacement throughout the expected life cycle of the processing facilities. The input/output racks are physically and logically decoupled from the controller by converting them into distributed autonomous process interface systems. The proprietary input/output communication between the conventional controller CPU and the associated input/output racks is replaced with standard real-time data distribution service middleware for providing seamless cross-vendor interoperable communication between the controller and the distributed autonomous process interface systems. The objective of this change is to allow flexibility of supply for all controller’s subcomponents from multiple vendors to safeguard against premature automation obsolescence challenges. Detailed performance analysis was conducted to evaluate the viability of using the standard real-time data distribution service middleware technology in the design of automation controller to replace the proprietary input/output communication. The key simulation measurements to demonstrate its performance sustainability while growing in controller’s size based on the number of input/output signals are communication latency, variation in packets delays, and communication throughput. The overall performance results confirm the viability of the new proposal as the basis for designing cost effective evergreen process automation solutions that would result in optimum total cost of ownership capital investment throughout the systems’ life span. The only limiting factor is the selected network infrastructure.
White-light optical Fourier transform device (1992)

The construction and operation of a new optical phase plate assembly is described that takes the Fourier transform of an intensity image in white light. It consists of symmetrical wedges of birefringent crystals that induce an angle between the wave fronts of the polarized components of the output beam. The wave-front angle is shown to be linearly proportional to the angle of incidence. This is sufficient to generate the necessary phase factor for a Fourier transform.
<title>Polycrystalline silicon thin film transistor technology for flexible large-area electronics</title> (2001)

The burgeoning number of mobile consumer electronics has created a demand for lightweight, low-cost, portable displays. The development of a polycrystalline-silicon thin film transistor (TFT) technology compatible with plastic substrates will enable displays and large-area electronics that are low power, rugged and flexible. Significant challenges exist in the development of a polysilicon TFT fabrication process that is compatible with plastic substrates, since plastic has a much lower thermal budget than glass substrates. In general, superior polysilicon TFT performance is achieved with higher temperature fabrication processes because the quality of the polysilicon and gate- dielectric films are very sensitive to process temperature. In this work, an ultra-low-temperature process for fabricating high-quality self-aligned polysilicon TFTs on flexible plastic substrates is described. All fabrication steps are performed at or below 100 degrees C. Polysilicon is formed by crystallizing sputtered amorphous Si films using a XeCl excimer laser with a pulse duration of approximately 35 ns. Gate oxide deposition is formed using high-density plasma CVD, and metal films are deposited by sputtering.
Visible Light Driven Benzyl Alcohol Dehydrogenation in a Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrosynthesis Cell (2014)

Light-driven dehydrogenation of benzyl alcohol (BnOH) to benzaldehyde and hydrogen has been shown to occur in a dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cell (DSPEC). In the DSPEC, the photoanode consists of mesoporous films of TiO2 nanoparticles or of core/shell nanoparticles with tin-doped In2O3 nanoparticle (nanoITO) cores and thin layers of TiO2 deposited by atomic layer deposition (nanoITO/TiO2). Metal oxide surfaces were coderivatized with both a ruthenium polypyridyl chromophore in excess and an oxidation catalyst. Chromophore excitation and electron injection were followed by cross-surface electron-transfer activation of the catalyst to -Ru(IV)═O(2+), which then oxidizes benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. The injected electrons are transferred to a Pt electrode for H2 production. The nanoITO/TiO2 core/shell structure causes a decrease of up to 2 orders of magnitude in back electron-transfer rate compared to TiO2. At the optimized shell thickness, sustained absorbed photon to current efficiency of 3.7% was achieved for BnOH dehydrogenation, an enhancement of ~10 compared to TiO2.
Automated Electrofacies Ordering (2005)

Electrofacies analysis involves partitioning a set of log data into electrofacies units, and presenting them in a manner that is comparable to that used by geologists for either outcrop or core description. To display facies, geologists use specific patterns and colors that are conventionally assigned by observation of variables such as grain size, shaliness, porosity, or types of sedimentary features. Experience has shown that, by appropriately ordering electrofacies, it is easier to correlate the vertical distribution of geological events such as sedimentary sequences or diagenesis with well-log signatures, and thus to draw inferences about the geological setting directly from logs. Usually, electrofacies are manually ordered. Due to the difficulties inherent in data visualization in a multi-dimensional space, this task is time-consuming, requires high-level expertise, and is subject to interpreter bias. The ordering method we present here alleviates the above problems. Called a Coarse-to-Fine Self-Organizing Map (CFSOM), it is modified from the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) of Kohonen (1984) and uses a neuron-splitting technique, which solves the convergence problem of one-dimensional SOM. The CFSOM algorithm is elegant, simple, and fast; it always attains an optimal solution. As it does not require any a priori assumptions, adjustments, or initialization parameters, it is totally free of user bias. CFSOM, together with Multi-Resolution Graph-based Clustering (MRGC), an electrofacies cluster builder, constitutes a fast, user-friendly, and versatile tool for electrofacies analysis, bringing substantial added value to many log and core measurements. It is also used to generate electrofacies from array logs such as NMR T 2 distributions, where it would be impossible to sort out manually and order T 2 distributions defined in 10, 30 or 50 dimensions.
Association of a Soybean Raffinose Synthase Gene with Low Raffinose and Stachyose Seed Phenotype (2008)

Oligosaccharides are an important component of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] meal in terms of metabolizable energy for monogastric animals. Sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose are the three main oligosaccharides present in soybean meal. Of the three, only sucrose is nutritionally useful. When raffinose and stachyose are fermented by microbes present in the gut, the results are flatulence and discomfort, which ultimately lead to poor weight gain. The long term objective of this research is ultimately to increase the nutritional value of soybean meal by elevating the metabolizable energy at the expense of raffinose and stachyose through the manipulation of soybean raffinose synthase, the key enzyme for raffinose and stachyose biosynthesis. The objectives of this work were to develop molecular genetic information about soybean raffinose synthases and to evaluate the candidate raffinose synthase genes in a soybean germplasm accession (PI 200508) that contains low levels of raffinose and stachyose. Our results indicate the soybean genome contains at least two expressed genes similar to other characterized raffinose synthases. A novel allele of one of these putative soybean raffinose synthase genes was discovered from the PI 200508 that completely associates with the low raffinose and stachyose phenotype. Molecular marker assays specific for the PI 200508 allele were developed to allow direct selection for the low raffinose and low stachyose phenotype.
Synthesis of tetrahydropteridine C6-stereoisomers, including N5-formyl-(6S)-tetrahydrofolic acid (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of tetrahydropteridine C6-stereoisomers, including N5-formyl-(6S)-tetrahydrofolic acidSteven W. Bailey, Rama Y. Chandrasekaran, and June E. AylingCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 16, 4470–4477Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1992https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00042a030RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views807Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
A WDM access system architecture based on spectral slicing of an amplified LED and delay-line multiplexing and encoding of eight wavelength channels for 64 subscribers (1997)

We propose and demonstrate a novel spectrum-sliced and delay-line multiplexed multiple-wavelength source and its use in a WDM access system. In the proposed system, the pulsed output from an amplified LED is spectrally sliced by a WDM router and multiplexed with short fiber delay lines into individually addressable wavelength channels that can be modulated with an external modulator. By using an Er-fiber amplified 1.55-μm LED as the source, eight-channel WDM routers, an 8×8 star coupler, and monolithically integrated amplifier-modulator chips for data encoding, our experiment demonstrated that a single LED can provide down-stream WDM links to 64 subscribers each at 50 Mb/s.
Electric-field modified atomic beam holography (1999)

We report a demonstration of electric-field modulated atomic beam holography. The phase of the Ne atomic wave is modified by the quadratic Stark effect when an atom passes through the hologram. A combination of an electrode array and a two-dimensional through-hole hologram works as the phase hologram. Such a phase hologram not only eliminates nondiffracted images, but also makes real-time pattern modification possible.
Concurrent Application of Charge Using a Novel Circuit Prevents Heat‐Related Coagulum Formation During Radiofrequency Ablation (2008)

We describe a novel method of placing negative charge on electrodes during ablation that reduced coagulum formation. This may decrease thromboembolism-related complications with radiofrequency ablation procedures.
Synthesis of Silicon Carbide Powders from Methyl-Modified Silica Aerogels (2020)

β-silicon carbide (SiC) powders were synthesized by the carbothermal reduction of methyl-modified silica aerogel/carbon mixtures. The correlations between the phase evolution and morphologies of the SiC powders and the C/SiO2 ratio were investigated. At a C/SiO2 ratio of 3, β-SiC formed at 1425 °C and single-phase SiC powders were obtained at 1525 °C. The methyl groups (-CH3) on the silica aerogel surfaces played important roles in the formation of SiC during the carbothermal reduction. SiC could be synthesized from the silica aerogel/carbon mixtures under lower temperature and C/SiO2 ratios than those needed for quartz or hydrophilic silica. The morphology of the SiC powder depended on the C/SiO2 ratio. A low C/SiO2 ratio resulted in β-SiC powder with spherical morphology, while agglomerates consisting of fine SiC particles were obtained at the C/SiO2 ratio of 3. High-purity SiC powder (99.95%) could be obtained with C/SiO2 = 0.5 and 3 at 1525 °C for 5 h.
Phenylethynyl‐terminated imide oligomers and polymers therefrom (1994)

Abstract Two new phenylethynyl endcapping compounds, 3‐ and 4‐amino‐4′‐phenylethynylbenzophenone, were synthesized and used to terminate imide oligomers from 3,4′‐oxydianiline and 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride at a calculated molecular weight of 9000 g/mol and from 3,4′‐oxydianiline (0.85 mol), 1,3‐bis (3‐aminophenoxy) benzene (0.15 mol), and 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride at a calculated molecular weight of 5000 g/mol. Glass transition temperatures for the cured oligomers were ∼ 249°C for the former and 272°C for the latter. Films cured at 350°C for 1 h were tough and flexible and provided high tensile properties. The uncured oligomers were readily compression molded to provide tough, solve nt‐resistant moldings. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Molecular Cloning and Pharmacological Characterization of the Bovine beta3-adrenergic Receptor (1995)

A full-length clone encoding a beta-adrenergic receptor was isolated from a bovine brown adipose tissue cDNA library. By comparative sequence analysis, and pharmacological characterization of a Chinese hamster ovary cell line expressing the full-length cDNA, it was shown that the product of the cloned gene is the bovine equivalent of the atypical beta 3-adrenergic receptor previously described in human, mouse, and rat [Strosberg, A. D. (1993) Prot. Sci. 2, 1198-1209]. The cloned receptor exhibits a pharmacological profile very similar to those from other species. In particular, the receptor has high affinity for BRL 37344 [(RR,SS)-(+/-)-4-(2'-[2-hydroxy-2-(3- chlorophenyl)ethylamino]propyl)phenoxyacetate sodium salt sesquihydrate], and low affinity for the iodinated ligand(-)-[3-125I]-iodocyanopindolol. The bovine beta 3-adrenergic receptor has high affinity for beta 1-adrenergic receptor and beta 2-adrenergic receptor antagonists including ICI 201651 [(R)-4-(2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropylaminoethoxy)-N-(2- methoxyethyl)phenoxy acetic acid], carazolol, and CGP 12177A [(+/-)-4-(3-t-butylamino-2- hydroxypropoxy)benzimidazol-2-one]. In contrast to the murine beta 3-adrenergic receptor, both bupranolol and (-)-propranolol were partial agonists of the bovine receptor. The isolation of the bovine beta 3-adrenergic receptor, and information obtained from detailed pharmacological profiling may allow for the development of selective compounds for producing beef cattle with a low-body-mass index, and also aid the ongoing search for more selective agonists for the human receptor.
Pressure‐assisted and pressure‐programmed capillary electrophoresis/electrospray ionization time of flight ‐ mass spectrometry for the analysis of peptide mixtures (1998)

Pressure assisting and pressure programming the inlet of the capillary electrophoresis instrument were used for the analysis of peptide mixtures and protein digests using capillary electrophoresis/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CE/ESI-MS). CE/ESI-MS of peptide mixtures and tryptic digests of proteins was studied using three different types of capillary columns: (i) a freshly aminopropylsilane (APS)-treated column, (ii) an untreated column, and (iii) a degraded APS-treated column. To maintain a constant and adequate buffer flow toward the CE capillary outlet for stable CE and ESI operation, low pressure was applied to the inlet of the CE when an untreated or degraded APS capillary was used. By programming the inlet pressure, CE/ESI-MS analysis time was reduced to 1/3 of its original time. The utility of this technique is demonstrated by CE/ESI-MS analysis of a hemoglobin variant (hemoglobin-S) and its tryptic digests. Identification of the mutant peptide in the tryptic digest of hemoglobin-S was achieved by collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the protein digests using CE/ESI time of flight-mass spectrometry (TOF-MS).
Modification of Estrone at the 6, 16, and 17 Positions:  Novel Potent Inhibitors of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (2006)

The 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs) catalyze the interconversion between the oxidized and reduced forms of androgens and estrogens at the 17 position. The 17beta-HSD type 1 enzyme (17beta-HSD1) catalyzes the reduction of estrone to estradiol and is expressed in malignant breast cells. Inhibitors of this enzyme thus have potential as treatments for hormone dependent breast cancer. Here we report the syntheses and biological evaluation of novel inhibitors based on the estrone or estradiol template. These have been investigated by modification at the 6, 16 or 17 positions or combinations of these in order to gain information about structure-activity relationships by probing different areas in the enzyme active site. Activity data have been incorporated into a QSAR with predictive power, and the X-ray crystal structures of compounds 15 and 16c have been determined. Compound 15 has an IC50 of 320 nM for 17beta-HSD1 and is selective for 17beta-HSD1 over 17beta-HSD2. Three libraries of amides are also reported that led to the identification of inhibitors 19e and 20a, which have IC50 values of 510 and 380 nM respectively, and 20 h which, having an IC50 value of 37 nM, is the most potent inhibitor of 17beta-HSD1 reported to date. These amides are also selective for 17beta-HSD1 over 17beta-HSD2.
Selective oxidation of an individual layer in a magnetic tunnel junction through the use of thermodynamic control (2005)

Oxidation of an ultrathin metal layer (less than 1 nm) to form a tunnel barrier oxide, without oxidizing adjacent layers, is of critical importance in making nanoscale devices such as magnetic tunnel junctions. It is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to achieve this objective using conventional methods that rely on kinetic control of the oxidation process. We present an alternative approach using a gas mixture with a fixed chemical potential of oxygen as the oxidizing medium. This mixture, chosen with thermodynamic calculations, tends to uniformly oxidize the tunnel barrier to the thermodynamically favored stoichiometry without oxidizing the adjacent layers. Experiments on a model system show that a thin-film layer such as Al can be oxidized without oxidizing common ferromagnetic alloys, such as Co–Fe, using a mixture of CO2∕CO or H2∕H2O. The chemical states of the Al and Co–Fe based example were characterized using x-ray photoelectron and synchrotron-source Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Parametric interpolation filter for motion compensated prediction (2009)

Recently, adaptive interpolation filter (AIF) has received increasing attention for motion-compensated prediction (MCP). The existing methods code the filter coefficients individually and the accuracy of coefficients and the size of side information are conflicting. This paper studies the effect of making trade-off between the two conflicting aspects and proposes the parametric interpolation filter (PIF), which represents filters by five parameters instead of individual coefficients and approximate the optimal filter by tuning the parameters. The experimental results show that PIF approaches the efficiency of the optimal filter and outperforms the related work.
Electrical and optical 3D modelling of light-trapping single-photon avalanche diode (2018)

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) have been widely used to push the frontier of scientific research (e.g., quantum science and single-molecule fluorescence) and practical applications (e.g., Lidar). However, there is a typical compromise between photon detection efficiency and jitter distribution. The light-trapping SPAD has been proposed to break this trade-off by coupling the vertically incoming photons into a laterally propagating mode while maintaining a small jitter and a thin Si device layer. In this work, we provide a 3D-based optical and electrical model based on practical fabrication conditions and discuss about design parameters, which include surface texturing, photon injection position, device area, and other features.