gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dispersing Carbon Nanotubes with Graphene Oxide in Water and Synergistic Effects between Graphene Derivatives (2010)

Synergistic graphenes: The chemical and electrical synergies between graphene derivatives enable a simple, cost-effective and environmentally friendly strategy for solution-phase processing of graphene oxide (GO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The new nanohybrid exhibits high performance when used as electrodes for supercapacitors (see figure; ER=electrochemically reduced, CCG=chemically converted graphene). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Small molecule tools for functional interrogation of protein tyrosine phosphatases (2012)

The importance of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in the regulation of cellular signalling is well established. Malfunction of PTP activity is also known to be associated with cancer, metabolic syndromes and autoimmune disorders, as well as neurodegenerative and infectious diseases. However, a detailed understanding of the roles played by the PTPs in normal physiology and in pathogenic conditions has been hampered by the absence of PTP-specific small molecule agents. In addition, the therapeutic benefits of modulating this target class are underexplored as a result of a lack of suitable chemical probes. Potent and specific PTP inhibitors could significantly facilitate functional analysis of the PTPs in complex cellular signal transduction pathways and may constitute valuable therapeutics in the treatment of several human diseases. We highlight the current challenges to and opportunities for developing PTP-specific small molecule agents. We also review available selective small molecule inhibitors developed for a number of PTPs, including PTP1B, TC-PTP, SHP2, lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase, haematopoietic protein tyrosine phosphatase, CD45, PTPβ, PTPγ, PTPRO, Vaccinia H1-related phosphatase, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3, Cdc25, YopH, mPTPA and mPTPB.
Some Properties of Continuous Hidden Markov Model Representations (1985)

Many signals can be modeled as probabilistic functions of Markov chains in which the observed signal is a random vector whose probability density function (pdf) depends on the current state of an underlying Markov chain. Such models are called Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) and are useful representations for speech signals in terms of some convenient observations (e.g., cepstral coefficients or pseudolog area ratios). One method of estimating parameters of HMMs is the well-known Baum-Welch reestimation method. For continuous pdf's, the method was known to work only for elliptically symmetric densities. We have recently shown that the method can be generalized to handle mixtures of elliptically symmetric pdf's. Any continuous pdf can be approximated to any desired accuracy by such mixtures, in particular, by mixtures of multivariate Gaussian pdf's. To effectively make use of this method of parameter estimation, it is necessary to understand how it is affected by the amount of training data available, the number of states in the Markov chain, the dimensionality of the signal, etc. To study these issues, Markov chains and random vector generators were simulated to generate training sequences from “toy” models. The model parameters were estimated from these training sequences and compared to the “true” parameters by means of an appropriate distance measure. The results of several such experiments show the strong sensitivity of the method to some (but not all) of the model parameters. A procedure for getting good initial parameter estimates is, therefore, of considerable importance.
Novel facial image recognition techniques employing principal component analysis (2007)

Recently, pattern recognition/classification has received considerable attention in diverse engineering fields such as biomedical imaging, speaker identification, fingerprint recognition, and face recognition, etc. 
This study contributes novel techniques for facial image recognition based on the Two dimensional principal component analysis in the transform domain. These algorithms reduce the storage requirements by an order of magnitude and the computational complexity by a factor of 2 while maintaining the excellent recognition accuracy of the recently reported methods.
The proposed recognition systems employ different structures, multicriteria and multitransform. In addition, principal component analysis in the transform domain in conjunction with vector quantization is developed which result in further improvement in the recognition accuracy and dimensionality reduction. 
Experimental results confirm the excellent properties of the proposed algorithms.
Modal spaces (2005)

We present a new interaction technique for large direct-touch displays called Modal Spaces. Modal interfaces require the user to keep track of the state of the system. The Modal Spaces technique adds screen location as an additional parameter of the interaction. Each modal region on the display supports a particular set of input actions and the visual background indicates the space's use. This "workbench approach" exploits the larger form factor of display. Our spatial multiplexing of the display supports a document-centric paradigm (as opposed to application-centric), enabling input gesture reuse, while complementing and enhancing the current existing practices of modal interfaces. We present a proof-of-concept system and discuss potential applications, design issues, and future research directions.
Advances in IC-Scheduling Theory: Scheduling Expansive and Reductive Dags and Scheduling Dags via Duality (2007)

Earlier work has developed the underpinnings of the IC-scheduling theory, a framework for scheduling computations having intertask dependencies - modeled via directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) - for Internet-based computing. The goal of the schedules produced is to render tasks eligible for execution at the maximum possible rate, with the dual aim of 1) utilizing remote clients' computational resources well by always having work to allocate to an available client and 2) lessening the likelihood of a computation's stalling for lack of eligible tasks. The DAGs handled by the theory thus far are those that can be decomposed into a given collection of bipartite building block DAGs via the operation of DAG decomposition. A basic tool in constructing schedules is a relation >, which allows one to "prioritize" the scheduling of a complex DAG's building blocks. The current paper extends the IC-scheduling theory in two ways: by expanding significantly the repertoire of DAGs that the theory can schedule optimally and by allowing one sometimes to shortcut the algorithmic process required to find optimal schedules. The expanded repertoire now allows the theory to schedule optimally, among other DAGs, a large range of DAGs that are either "expansive", in the sense that they grow outward from their sources, or "reductive", in the sense that they grow inward toward their sinks. The algorithmic shortcuts allow one to "read off" an optimal schedule for a DAG from a given optimal schedule for the DAG's dual, which is obtained by reversing all arcs (thereby exchanging the roles of sources and sinks).
Delivery of Tumor-Antigen-Encoding mRNA into Dendritic Cells for Vaccination (2008)

Antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) have been intensively investigated as potential cellular antitumor vaccines. Several recent reports have indicated that loading DCs with whole tumor derived mRNA or defined tumor-antigen-encoding mRNA represents an effective nonviral strategy to stimulate T cell responses both for in vitro and in vivo models. Here, we describe the electroporation method as a tool for introducing in vitro transcribed capped mRNA into human DCs for tumor vaccination. We use MART-1/Melan-A as a model tumor-associated antigen for the generation of a DC-based vaccine against melanoma cancer. In addition to efficient antigen loading, it is important to obtain a maximal number of potent antigen-presenting cells. Another prerequisite for the development of a DC-based cancer vaccine is to obtain mature DCs. In this chapter, we describe the basic techniques required for the successful genetic modification of DCs by using the mRNA electroporation method.
TU‐D‐204B‐01: Scatter Correction for On‐Board Cone‐Beam CT in Radiation Therapy Using Planning MDCT Images (2010)

Purpose : The applications of cone‐beam CT (CBCT) imaging in radiation therapy are greatly hampered by the poor image quality mainly due to scatter artifacts. The current use of CBCT is only limited to treatment setup, and an optimal scatter correction solution still remains unclear. Here, we propose a new scatter correction method for CBCT based on the current workflow of radiation therapy. Methods and Materials : With much smaller inherent scatter signals, diagnostic multi‐detector CT (MDCT) provides more accurate CT images and is routinely used for radiation treatment planning. Using the MDCT image as the “free” prior information, we first estimate the primary projections in the CBCT scan via forward projection on MDCT data. Since the deviation between patient geometries in the CBCT and the registered MDCT data only leads to high‐frequency primary projection differences and scatter has dominant low‐frequency components, CBCT scatter signals are accurately estimated by low‐pass filtering and effectively corrected for after subtraction. The proposed method is evaluated using two phantom studies on tabletop systems. Results : On the Catphan©600 phantom, the reconstruction error is reduced from 348 HU to 4 HU around the phantom center. In the selected regions of interest, the average image contrast is increased by a factor of 3.3. This contrast increase improves low‐contrast detectability, as seen in the pelvis phantom study. Besides a significant improvement of image quality, a 25 HU object, which is otherwise buried in the scatter artifacts, can be clearly identified after the proposed scatter correction. Compared to the kernel‐based method, our approach shows an improved performance. Conclusions : Effective scatter correction is achieved on CBCT using our MDCT‐based approach. The increased accuracy of CBCT imaging substantially facilitates CBCT‐based clinical applications, such as tumor delineation and dose calculation. As such, the proposed method will be very attractive in current radiation therapy.
Dependence of Voltage and Size on Write Error Rates in Spin-Transfer Torque Magnetic Random-Access Memory (2016)

The dependence of the write-error rate (WER) on the applied write voltage, write pulse width, and device size was examined in individual devices of a spin-transfer torque (STT) magnetic random-access memory (MRAM) 4 kbit chip. We present 10 ns switching data at the 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-6</sup> error level for 655 devices, ranging in diameter from 50 nm to 11 nm, to make a statistically significant demonstration that a specific magnetic tunnel junction stack with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is capable of delivering good write performance in junction diameters range from 50 to 11 nm. Furthermore, write-error-rate data on one 11 nm device down to an error rate of 7×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-10</sup> was demonstrated at 10 ns with a write current of 7.5 μA, corresponding to a record low switching energy below 100 fJ.
FOUR DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM MICROMACHINED GYROSCOPES (2001)

This paper reports a novel design concept for micromachined gyroscopes with inherent disturbance-rejection capabilities. The proposed approach is based on increasing the degrees-of-freedom (DOF) of the oscillatory system by the use of two independently oscillating interconnected proof masses. Utilizing dynamical amplification in the 4-DOF system, inherent disturbance rejection is achieved, providing reduced sensitivity to structural and thermal parameter fluctuations and damping changes over the operating time of the device. In the proposed system, the first mass is forced to oscillate in the drive direction, and the response of the second mass in the orthogonal direction is sensed. The response to the rotation-induced Coriolis force has two resonant peaks and a flat region between peaks. Nominal operation of the device is in the flat region of the response, where the gain is less sensitive to frequency fluctuations. Simulations indicate over 15 times increase in the bandwidth of the system due to the use of the proposed design concept. In addition, the gain in the operation region has low sensitivity to damping changes. Consequently, by utilizing the disturbance-rejection capability of the dynamical system, improved robustness is achieved, which might relax tight fabrication tolerances and packaging requirements, and thus, reduce the production cost of micromachined gyroscopes.
Vapor-based synthesis of maleimide-functionalized coating for biointerface engineering (2012)

Chemical vapor deposition polymerization was used to deposit a novel maleimide-functionalized poly-p-xylylene coating on various substrates. The coated substrates are readily able to undergo thiol-maleimide click reaction under mild conditions. Applications using this coating technology are highlighted in low-protein-fouling modification as well as manipulated attachments and growth of bovine arterial endothelial cells.
Effects of levosimendan, a novel inotropic calcium-sensitizing drug, in experimental septic shock (2001)

Pretreatment with levosimendan in pigs subjected to endotoxin shock improved cardiac output and systemic and gut oxygen delivery. In addition, pulmonary hypertension largely was attenuated without any adverse effects on gas exchange. These results are promising in several aspects, but the role of levosimendan in the treating circulatory failure in sepsis remains to be established.
Customer-centric optimal resource reconfiguration for service outlets (2009)

How to optimally configure its service resources is always a key for the service providers to improve efficiency and quality of service. Fail to optimize service capability often causes long queues in many on-site service outlets, for example, retail stores, bank branches or government agencies. A first step to do service capability configuration is to identify and understand customer demand and preference. In previous research, these metrics are often obtained by general high-level (e.g. city level or district level) surveys which are not detailed enough for modeling specific customer experience at a given site. Further more, customer satisfaction is not considered as a key objective compared to cost and profit, which often leads to decisions that do not accommodate customer experiences adequately. A deep understanding of customer behavior will greatly help service providers achieve the commercial transformation from product-centric to customer-centric and enhance their market share and competitive strength. In this paper, we propose a customer-centric service resource reconfiguration method which identifies customer demand and preference from internal historical transaction data. Agent simulation is adopted to model the stochastic service processes and customer behavior in optimizing service resources.
Improving speech-based PTSD detection via multi-view learning (2014)

We demonstrate that by applying multi-view learning algorithms one can usefully leverage highly informative, highcost, psychophysiological data collected in a laboratory setting, to improve PTSD screening in the field, where only less-informative, low-cost, speech data are available. Cost metrics reflect resource requirements as well as subject receptivity to data collection. The speech-based representation involves distress indicator extraction from automatic speech recognition output, and a compact holistic audio representation based on the i-vector method. A prototype PTSD screening system was developed that benefits from highly informative EEG data yet, in the field, only relies on subjects' spoken commentary in response to open ended questions. Such a system can deliver screening with significantly increased engagement, to a broader population, leading to earlier intervention and improved outcomes. Using a recent dataset collected for multi-modal computer-aided diagnosis of PTSD, we demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves speech-based PTSD detection, without requiring costly and aversive procedures at deployment.
A Biochemically-Engineered Molecular Communication System (Invited Paper) (2012)

Molecular communication uses molecules (i.e., chemical signals) as an information carrier and allows biologically- and artificially-created nano- or cell-scale entities to communicate over a short distance. It is a new communication paradigm and is different from the traditional communication paradigm that uses electromagnetic waves (i.e., electronic and optical signals) as an information carrier. Key research challenges in molecular communication include design of a sender, design of a molecular propagation system, design of a receiver, design of a molecular communication interface, and mathematical modeling of molecular communication components and systems. This paper focuses on system design and experimental results of molecular communication and briefly refers to recent activities in molecular communication.
Detection of volatile organic compounds using mid-infrared silicon nitride waveguide sensors (2022)

Mid-infrared (mid-IR) sensors consisting of silicon nitride (SiN) waveguides were designed and tested to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs). SiN thin films, prepared by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), have a broad mid-IR transparent region and a lower refractive index (n<sub>SiN</sub> = 2.0) than conventional materials such as Si (n<sub>Si</sub> = 3.4), which leads to a stronger evanescent wave and therefore higher sensitivity, as confirmed by a finite-difference eigenmode (FDE) calculation. Further, in-situ monitoring of three VOCs (acetone, ethanol, and isoprene) was experimentally demonstrated through characteristic absorption measurements at wavelengths λ = 3.0-3.6 μm. The SiN waveguide showed a five-fold sensitivity improvement over the Si waveguide due to its stronger evanescent field. To our knowledge, this is the first time SiN waveguides are used to perform on-chip mid-IR spectral measurements for VOC detection. Thus, the developed waveguide sensor has the potential to be used as a compact device module capable of monitoring multiple gaseous analytes for health, agricultural and environmental applications.
Materials Characterization Using Reconstructed Thermographic Data (2003)

Pulsed thermography has generally been used to identify, and in some cases, measure the depth of subsurface defects. In general, quantitative analysis of pulsed thermographic data has required the presence of a reference sample or region in the field of view, which is not practical for a majority of real inspection situations. Recently, we have developed a new approach to processing pulsed thermographic data, Thermographic Signal Reconstruction (TSR), which allows quantitative characterization without the use of a reference region.
Positive-electrode properties and crystal structures of Mg-rich transition metal oxides for magnesium rechargeable batteries (2022)

In this work, we focus on Mg-Fe-O and Mg-Ni-O with Mg-rich compositions as positive-electrode materials for magnesium rechargeable batteries, and prepare them by a thermal decomposition of precipitates obtained by a solution method. It is indicated from X-ray diffraction patterns that the Mg-Fe-O and Mg-Ni-O samples have the spinel and rocksalt structures, respectively. X-ray absorption near edge structures indicate that Fe and Ni are trivalent and divalent, respectively, in the Mg-rich oxides. From charge/discharge cycle test, it is demonstrated that the Mg-Fe-O shows higher discharge capacity than the other and then has good cycle performance while keeping a discharge capacity over 100 mA h g<sup>-1</sup>. To gain deeper understanding on a relationship between the electrode properties and the crystal structure of the Mg-Fe-O, the crystal structure is investigated by a Rietveld refinement using a synchrotron X-ray diffraction profile and an analysis on total correlation functions. It is indicated from these studies that a vacant octahedral site in the spinel structure is partially occupied by the excess Mg in the synthesized sample. This structural feature might result in a stable charge/discharge cycle performance of the Mg-rich Mg-Fe-O.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Pyrazolidinium Ylides with Vinyl Sulfones. A Regioselective Synthesis of Bicyclic Pyrazolidinone Antibacterial Agents. (1988)

Abstract The ylide (III) generated in situ from (I) reacts with the E‐vinyl sulfones (IV) to give the bicyclic pyrazolidiones (V) in a highly regioselective fashion.
1- and 3-Deamidino derivatives of dihydrostreptomycin and some 1-N-acyl derivatives. (1978)

1-Deamidino-, 3-deamidino- and 1,3-di(deamidino)dihydrostreptomycin (1, 2, 3) were prepared by treatment of dihydrostreptomycin (DHSM) with ammonia at 100 degrees C. The 3-guanidino group of DHSM is suggested to be more important than the 1-guanidino group for the antibacterial activity of DHSM. 1-N-[(S)-4-Amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) and 1-N-[(S)-4-guanidino-2-hydroxybutyryl] derivatives (4, 6) of 1-deamidinodihydrostreptomycin were futher prepared.
Adaptive multichannel combining and equalization for underwater acoustic communications (1993)

A theoretically optimal multichannel receiver for intersymbol interference communication channels is derived, and its suboptimal versions with linear and decision feedback equalizer are presented. A practical receiver based on any of these structures encounters difficulties in the underwater acoustic channels in which the extended time-varying multipath is accompanied by phase instabilities. A receiver that overcomes these problems by jointly performing adaptive mean-squared error diversity combining, multichannel carrier-phase synchronization and decision feedback equalization is proposed. Its performance is demonstrated on the experimental telemetry data from deep and shallow water long-range acoustic channels. Presented results indicate superior quality of coherent PSK and QAM reception obtained through joint equalization of very few channels.
Image Stacks (2003)

We present a simple but powerful Image Stack process for creating an enhanced image from a stack of registered images. This paradigm combines pixels using multi-image operations on a set of images of the same subject matter. We demonstrate how Image Stacks can help create group photographs, enhance high dynamic range images, combine images captured under different lighting conditions, remove unwanted objects from images, and combine images captured at different times and with different focal lengths.