gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dawn: An Ion-Propelled Journey to the Beginning of the Solar System (2008)

The Dawn mission is designed to perform a scientific investigation of the two most massive main-belt asteroids Vesta and Ceres. These bodies are believed to preserve records of the physical and chemical conditions present during the formation of the solar system. The mission uses an ion propulsion system to enable the single Dawn spacecraft and its complement of scientific instruments to orbit both of these asteroids. Dawn's three science instruments - the gamma ray and neutron detector, the visible and infrared mapping spectrometer, and the primary framing camera - were successfully tested after launch and are functioning normally. The ion propulsion system includes three ion thrusters of the type flown previously on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Deep Space 1 mission. A minimum of two ion thrusters is necessary to accomplish the Dawn mission. Checkout of two of the ion thrusters was completed as planned within 30 days after launch. This activity confirmed that the spacecraft has two healthy ion thrusters. While further checkout activities are still in progress, the activities completed as of the end of October indicate that the spacecraft is well on its way toward being ready for the start of the thrusting-cruise phase of the mission beginning December 17, 2007.
Common methods of biological age estimation (2017)

At present, no single indicator could be used as a golden index to estimate aging process. The biological age (BA), which combines several important biomarkers with mathematical modeling, has been proposed for >50 years as an aging estimation method to replace chronological age (CA). The common methods used for BA estimation include the multiple linear regression (MLR), the principal component analysis (PCA), the Hochschild's method, and the Klemera and Doubal's method (KDM). The fundamental differences in these four methods are the roles of CA and the selection criteria of aging biomarkers. In MLR and PCA, CA is treated as the selection criterion and an independent index. The Hochschild's method and KDM share a similar concept, making CA an independent variable. Previous studies have either simply constructed the BA model by one or compared the four methods together. However, reviews have yet to illustrate and compare the four methods systematically. Since the BA model is a potential estimation of aging for clinical use, such as predicting onset and prognosis of diseases, improving the elderly's living qualities, and realizing successful aging, here we summarize previous BA studies, illustrate the basic statistical steps, and thoroughly discuss the comparisons among the four common BA estimation methods.
Extracting binary signals from microarray time-course data (2007)

This article presents a new method for analyzing microarray time courses by identifying genes that undergo abrupt transitions in expression level, and the time at which the transitions occur. The algorithm matches the sequence of expression levels for each gene against temporal patterns having one or two transitions between two expression levels. The algorithm reports a P-value for the matching pattern of each gene, and a global false discovery rate can also be computed. After matching, genes can be sorted by the direction and time of transitions. Genes can be partitioned into sets based on the direction and time of change for further analysis, such as comparison with Gene Ontology annotations or binding site motifs. The method is evaluated on simulated and actual time-course data. On microarray data for budding yeast, it is shown that the groups of genes that change in similar ways and at similar times have significant and relevant Gene Ontology annotations.
Catalytic Functionalization of Unactivated sp<sup>3</sup> C–H Bonds via <i>exo</i>-Directing Groups: Synthesis of Chemically Differentiated 1,2-Diols (2012)

We describe a Pd-catalyzed site-selective functionalization of unactivated aliphatic C-H bonds, providing chemically differentiated 1,2-diols from monoalcohol derivatives. The oxime was employed as both a directing group (DG) and an alcohol surrogate for this transformation. As demonstrated in a range of substrates, the C-H bonds β to the oxime group are selectively oxidized. Besides activation of the methyl groups, methylene groups (CH(2)) in cyclic substrates and methine groups (CH) at bridge-head positions can also be functionalized. In addition, an intriguing oxidative skeleton rearrangement was observed using the menthol-derived substrate. The use of exo-directing groups in C-H activation, as illustrated in this work, would potentially open doors for the discovery of new transformations and new cleavable DGs.
Engineering the magnetic properties of amorphous (Fe80Co20)80B20 with multilayers of variable anisotropy direction (2007)

The main goal of this work is to generate a method to control the magnetic properties of magnetostrictive metals (anisotropy and coercive field) without affecting the total magnetostriction. Multilayers of amorphous (Fe80Co20)80B20 are sputtered changing alternatively the anisotropy direction of the successive layers. The hysteresis loops show how the anisotropy field can be controlled by playing with the thickness ratio of the layers. Additionally, a clear decrease of the coercive field when the anisotropy direction rotates 90° from layer to layer is observed. This effect seems to have its origin in the mechanical energy accumulated in each layer.
Tax Policy with Quasi-Geometric Discounting (2000)

We study the effects of tazation in a model with a representative agent with time Inconsistent preferences: discounting is quasi-geometric. Utility is derived from Consumption and leisure, and tazation can be based on consumption and investmentc Spending as well as on capital and labor income. The model allows for closed form Solutions, and welfare comparisons can be made across taxation systems. Optimal taxation analysis in this model leads to time inconsistency issues for the government, assuming that the government shares the consumer's preferences and Cannot commit to future taxes. We study time-consistent policy equilibria for Different tax constitutions. A tax constitution specifies what tax instruments are Available, and we assume that the government can commit to a tax constitution. The Results show that a constitution leaving the government with no ability to tax results in Strictly higher welfare than one where the government has full freedom to tax. Indeed, for some parameter values, the best tax constitution of all is laissez faire (even though the government is benevolent and fully rational). For other parameter values, it may be optimal to allow the government to use a less than fully restricted set of tax bases. [D6,E6,H2]
Investment and the long swings of unemployment (2022)

Abstract We estimate the medium‐term relationship between investment and unemployment over the period 1960–2017 in 20 OECD countries, a period that includes the years of the Great Recession. While neoclassical growth theory typically assumes full employment—with no effect of investment on unemployment—and New‐Keynesian models assume that such a relationship only exists in the short term at business cycle frequencies, we find that over our sample period covering more than 5 decades, a statistically significant negative relationship does exist: in decades when investment fell, unemployment increased. Panel estimation, using a measure of stock market volatility as an instrument for investment, confirms the negative relationship between investment and unemployment. High stock market volatility and low investment are associated with high unemployment, other things equal. The evidence supports both Keynes' ideas about an unemployment equilibrium as well as more recent investment‐based theories of the natural rate of unemployment.
Efficient Exciton Dissociation Enabled by the End Group Modification in Non-Fullerene Acceptors (2020)

For organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells, in order to overcome the larger Coulombic binding energy between holes and electrons, an extra driving force is required for efficient exciton dissociation. Here, we report two nonfullerene acceptors named IO-4H and IO-4F for OPV cells. By employing the polymer PBDB-TF as a donor, the PBDB-TF:IO-4H-based device only shows a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.30% with a charge dissociation probability (Pdiss) of 13.3%. On the contrary, the PBDB-TF:IO-4F-based device demonstrates a PCE of 7.85% with a Pdiss of 81.3%. The photoelectric processes demonstrate that both devices have similar charge transport and charge recombination properties. The limitation of photovoltaic performance is the low exciton dissociation efficiency in the PBDB-TF:IO-4H-based device. The theoretical studies show the electrostatic potential (ESP) of IO-4H is negative in the end groups and similar to the ESP of PBDB-TF, whereas ESP of IO-4F is positive. PBDB-TF and the IO-4F may form a strong intermolecular electric field to assist the exciton dissociation. Our results suggest that increasing the ESP difference between donor and acceptor may be beneficial to promote exciton dissociation, thus improving photovoltaic performance.
Up‐regulation of <i>PSF1</i> promotes the growth of breast cancer cells (2010)

PSF1 is a subunit of the GINS complex that functions along with the MCM2-7 complex and Cdc45 in eukaryotic DNA replication. Although mammalian PSF1 is predominantly expressed in highly proliferating cells and organs, little is known about the roles of PSF1 in mature cells or cancer cells. We found that PSF1 was expressed at relatively high levels in breast tumor cells, but at low levels in normal breast cells. Knockdown of PSF1 expression using small interfering RNA (siRNA) slowed the growth of breast cancer cell lines by delaying DNA replication but did not affect proliferation of normal human mammary epithelial cells. Reduced PSF1 expression also inhibited anchorage-independent growth in breast cancer cell lines. These results suggest that PSF1 over-expression is specifically involved in breast cancer cell growth. Therefore, PSF1 inhibition might provide new therapeutic approaches for breast cancer.
TAS6417, A Novel EGFR Inhibitor Targeting Exon 20 Insertion Mutations (2018)

Activating mutations in the <i>EGFR</i> gene are important targets in cancer therapy because they are key drivers of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although almost all common EGFR mutations, such as exon 19 deletions and the L858R point mutation in exon 21, are sensitive to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapies, NSCLC driven by EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations is associated with poor clinical outcomes due to dose-limiting toxicity, demonstrating the need for a novel therapy. TAS6417 is a novel EGFR inhibitor that targets EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations while sparing wild-type (WT) EGFR. In cell viability assays using Ba/F3 cells engineered to express human EGFR, TAS6417 inhibited EGFR with various exon 20 insertion mutations more potently than it inhibited the WT. Western blot analysis revealed that TAS6417 inhibited EGFR phosphorylation and downstream molecules in NSCLC cell lines expressing EGFR exon 20 insertions, resulting in caspase activation. These characteristics led to marked tumor regression <i>in vivo</i> in both a genetically engineered model and in a patient-derived xenograft model. Furthermore, TAS6417 provided a survival benefit with good tolerability in a lung orthotopic implantation mouse model. These findings support the clinical evaluation of TAS6417 as an efficacious drug candidate for patients with NSCLC harboring EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations. <i>Mol Cancer Ther; 17(8); 1648-58. ©2018 AACR</i>.
A high-sample-rate robot control system using a DSP based numerical calculation engine (2003)

A high-sample-rate robot controller has been designed to resolve computational requirements in advanced algorithms, such as the computed torque method or various impedance control algorithms. An active stiffness control algorithm for a six-degree-of-freedom manipulation has been implemented on the controller, and a 1 kHz sampling rate has been achieved. The design assumes no specific algorithm and robot configuration, and it is easy to increase the number of drive joints. The controller is equipped with a general-purpose vector/matrix calculation engine, servo drivers, and a 16-bit microcomputer system. The calculation engine, which accelerates hole computation for advanced control methods, is based on a 13.4 MFLOPS single-chip floating-point digital signal processor (DSP). This engine was developed to simplify DSP programming without degrading its high-performance computation capabilities. Basic vector/matrix functions and general functions for scalar value computation are mask ROMed on the DSP chip. The controller construction and calculation engine functions, and their performance, are addressed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Terahertz Communication for Vehicular Networks (2017)

With the never-ending increase in the number of mobile connected devices and the need for higher data rates anywhere, anytime, higher frequency bands are being considered for communications. As millimeter-wave technology moves from research to commercial deployments, and motivated by the still limited bandwidth, the terahertz (THz) band is envisioned as the next frontier for communications. When it comes to vehicular networks, communication at much higher frequencies and, consequently, with much higher data rates brings many exciting opportunities as well as challenges. In this paper, an overview of the opportunities and challenges in THz communications for vehicular networks is provided. In addition, the papers in this Special Section which provide first-time solutions to some of these challenges, are introduced.
Public Personnel Management in County Government (1996)

In recent decades there have been many social, economic and political changes in society which have led to an emphasis on progressive public personnel policies and management. Some of the most salient changes for public personnel policy have been the increasing number of women in the workplace, a societal emphasis on equality and diversity, the unionization of government employees, and an increasing emphasis on employee lifestyle issues. This article investigates how well county governments have responded to these new workplace dynamics and the factors associated with adaptive change. The focus of the analyses presented is the adoption of progressive personnel practices and policies such as sexual harassment prevention training and complaint processing, affirmative action recruitment, collective bargaining rights, and employee assistance policies. Based on a survey of 790 counties in 1993, the results indicate that the adoption of formal sexual harassment, affirmative action, collective bargaining, and employee assistance programs is demonstrably related to level of urbanization, the presence of a professional personnel office, size of the workforce, local-level representation of women and/ or minorities in public office, and political culture.
A Taxonomy and Survey of Cloud Computing Systems (2009)

The computational world is becoming very large and complex. Cloud Computing has emerged as a popular computing model to support processing large volumetric data using clusters of commodity computers. According to J.Dean and S. Ghemawat [1], Google currently processes over 20 terabytes of raw Web data. It's some fascinating, large-scale processing of data that makes your head spin and appreciate the years of distributed computing fine-tuning applied to today's large problems. The evolution of cloud computing can handle such massive data as per on demand service. Nowadays the computational world is opting for pay-for-use models and Hype and discussion aside, there remains no concrete definition of cloud computing. In this paper, we first develop a comprehensive taxonomy for describing cloud computing architecture. Then we use this taxonomy to survey several existing cloud computing services developed by various projects world-wide such as Google, force.com, Amazon. We use the taxonomy and survey results not only to identify similarities and differences of the architectural approaches of cloud computing, but also to identify areas requiring further research.
Routine stenting improved outcomes and had similar costs to that of balloon angioplasty with provisional stenting (2001)

Source Citation Weaver WD, Reisman MA, Griffin JJ, et al., for the OPUS-1 Investigators. Optimum percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty compared with routine stent strategy trial (OPUS-1): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2000 Jun 24;355:2199-203. 10881893
A binary format for genetic data designed for large whole genome studies that enable both marker and strand based analyses (2008)

Recent advances in genotyping technology have enabled large studies with data from thousands of subjects to contain half a million or more of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) marker per subject. This rapid increase in the size of data has generated the need to compress the data in order to reduce the storage capacity requirements and the memory required at run time to perform analysis on the data. The availability of so many markers across the whole genome has created opportunities for new methodologies to be implemented that take advantage of the relatively high density of the markers to perform analyses that take into account the Linkage Disequilibrium (LD), an effect where some combinations of genetic markers are non-randomly associated. Classical techniques for transforming genotypic data into a binary format are already in use by several applications however we demonstrate in this paper that the traditional transformations are not adequate for certain types of analyses as some information key to new methodologies of analyses is lost. We propose a new protocol for formatting binary genotypic data that can be used in all types of analyses while still offering a very high compression rate.
Automated Interpretation and Extraction of Topographic Information from Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Data (2017)

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is a powerful surface-sensitive characterization tool allowing the imaging of chemical properties over a wide range of organic and inorganic material systems. This technique allows precise studies of chemical composition with sub-100-nm lateral and nanometer depth spatial resolution. However, comprehensive interpretation of ToF-SIMS results is challenging because of the very large data volume and high dimensionality. Furthermore, investigation of samples with pronounced topographical features is complicated by systematic and measureable shifts in the mass spectrum. In this work we developed an approach for the interpretation of the ToF-SIMS data, based on the advanced data analytics. Along with characterization of the chemical composition, our approach allows extraction of the sample surface morphology from a time of flight registration technique. This approach allows one to perform correlated investigations of surface morphology, biological function, and chemical composition of Arabidopsis roots.
Adaptive neural-network-based approach for the control of continuously stirred tank reactor (1994)

An online adaptive neural-network-based controller (OANNC) is developed in the paper. The detailed design procedures of the OANNC are given, along with an illustrative example of controlling a continuously stirred tank reactor. Simulation results show that the OANNC is successful in controlling nonlinear time-varying systems with slow dynamics. Compared with conventional neural-network controllers. The OANNC has the following advantages. First, it is capable of controlling nonlinear systems with time-varying parameters, which is not usually the case for a nonadaptive neural-network controller. Secondly, the selection of the initial training data set is trivial due to the online adaptive training ability of the neural network. Normally, for a conventional neural-network structure, the selection of an initial training data set is crucial, with the requirement that the training data set should be persistently exciting, which is quite difficult in many practical situations.
SARS‐CoV‐2 and SARS‐CoV: Virtual screening of potential inhibitors targeting RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase activity (NSP12) (2020)

Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, the harm caused by coronaviruses to the world cannot be underestimated. Recently, a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 [SARS-CoV-2]) initially found to trigger human severe respiratory illness in Wuhan City of China in 2019, has infected more than six million people worldwide by 21 June 2020, and which has been recognized as a public health emergency of international concern as well. And the virus has spread to more than 200 countries around the world. However, the effective drug has not yet been officially licensed or approved to treat SARS-Cov-2 and SARS-Cov infection. NSP12-NSP7-NSP8 complex of SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV, essential for viral replication and transcription, is generally regarded as a potential target to fight against the virus. According to the NSP12-NSP7-NSP8 complex (PDB ID: 7BW4) structure of SARS-CoV-2 and the NSP12-NSP7-NSP8 complex (PDB ID: 6NUR) structure of SARS-CoV, NSP12-NSP7 interface model, and NSP12-NSP8 interface model were established for virtual screening in the present study. Eight compounds (Nilotinib, Saquinavir, Tipranavir, Lonafarnib, Tegobuvir, Olysio, Filibuvir, and Cepharanthine) were selected for binding free energy calculations based on virtual screening and docking scores. All eight compounds can combine well with NSP12-NSP7-NSP8 in the crystal structure, providing drug candidates for the treatment and prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 and SARS.
How attractive are forest carbon sinks? Economic insights into supply and demand of Certified Emission Reductions (2005)

Abstract The Clean Development Mechanism includes afforestation projects as possible instruments to reduce global atmospheric CO2. These projects have also the potential to combat regional environmental problems like land degradation and desertification. The present article analyzes forestry projects in north-western Patagonia from an economic viewpoint based on the latest Kyoto Protocol developments. We consider temporary and long-term Certified Emission Reductions (CER) and determine the conditions on which forest plantations are attractive to potential CER suppliers and demanders. We conclude that for most of the recent carbon price projections, carbon sink projects would be economically viable for CER suppliers and at the same time attractive to CER demanders looking for cost-efficient emission abatement opportunities.
Competitive advantage of SOI from dynamic threshold shifts and reduced capacitance (2004)

In this paper, capacitance reduction and drive enhancement as a consequence of partially depleted SOI floating body topology.