gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Image Intensifier-Based CT Volume Imager For Angiography: System Evaluation (1989)

A prototype volume CT system for use in angiography has been modified and tested using three different phantoms. This system consists of a fixed x-ray tube, a conventional image intensifier coupled to a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, a computer-controlled turntable on which phantoms were placed. In order to explore the imaging performance of the system for reconstructing a three dimension (3D) vascular structure, two sets of projection images of a vascular phantom, acquired over 250 projection angles with two different sizes of image intensifier were digitized and used for a direct 3D cone beam reconstruction. The spatial resolution limits of the system were measured from the 3D reconstructed images of a specially-designed resolution phantom. The direct 3D reconstructions of a Humanoid chest phantom were obtained using this system to show the perspective of the system for a general medical application with 3D imaging. The quality of the reconstructed images indicates that the system can be used for achieving a direct 3D reconstruction of a vascular structure as well as a general 3D object. The measured spatial resolution of the system is nearly half of the nominal resolution of the image intensifier and is reduced around the edge of the image intensifier, primarily because of the pincushion distortion.
Multi-Biomarker Panel Prediction Model for Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer: a retrospective and multi-center cohort study (2020)

<title>Abstract</title> Background Early diagnosis is paramount in increasing the survival rate of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, effective early diagnostic tools are lacking at present. The current study aimed to develop a prediction model using a multi-marker panel (LRG1, TTR, and CA19-9) as a diagnostic screening tool for PDAC. Methods A large multi-center cohort of 1,991 samples were collected from January 2011 to September 2019, of which 609 are normal (NL), 145 are other cancer (OC; colorectal, thyroid, and breast cancer), 314 are pancreatic benign disease (PB), and 923 are PDAC. The automated multi-biomarker Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay kit was developed using three potential biomarkers, LRG1, TTR, and CA 19 − 9. Using a logistic regression (LR) model trained on training data set, the predicted values for PDACs were obtained, and the result was classified into one of the three risk groups: low, intermediate, and high. The five covariates used to create the model were sex, age, and biomarkers TTR, CA 19 − 9, and LRG1. Results Participants were categorized into four groups as NL (n = 609, 30.6%), OC (n = 145, 7.3%), PB (n = 314, 15.7%), and PDAC (n = 923, 46.4%). The NL, OC, and PB groups were clubbed into the non-PDAC group (n = 1068, 53.6%). The positive and negative predictive value, sensitivity, and specificity were 94.12, 90.40, 93.81, and 90.86, respectively. Conclusions This study demonstrates a significant diagnostic performance of the multi-marker panel in distinguishing PDAC from normal and benign pancreatic disease states, as well as patients with other cancers. The study indicates that the introduced multi-marker panel prediction model for PDAC diagnosis can help guide medical decisions for patients, including patients with early stage PDAC or with normal levels of CA 19 − 9.
Development of the Protection System Against Malicious Software (2014)

Nowadays mobile phone manufacturers offer their customers not only devices for calling and sending SMSmessages, but also multi-functional smartphones with much broader capability. Mobile phones are used to access the Internet, for e-mailing, social networking, finding phone owner`s location and routing, etc. Due to its multiple functionalities, a smartphone can store a lot of data that may be breached by theft or data leakage. This article focuses on development of security software for mobile devices able to detect malicious software and infected files on the device as well as to protect the user from applications recording personal conversations, secretly transmitting data and activating programs. Antivirus software monitors secret camera activation warning the user. The paper also provides the comparison of the proposed security software with popular antiviruses: Kaspersky Mobile Security, Dr.Web, ESET, Norton Antivirus, etc.
A Same-Channel Full-Duplex Receiver Using Direct RF Sampling (2018)

Time selective sampling is capable of eliminating strong interference signals without requiring a high linearity receiver front-end. This can be used to implement a full-duplex transceiver front-end by sampling the weak received signal at the zero-crossings of the strong transmitted signal. In this work, we propose a circuit technique to directly sample the received RF signal at the antenna port by exploiting implicit voltage-to-delay conversion occurring in a full-duplex system. The sampler is implemented in a 65 nm CMOS process, and simulation results show a sensitivity of -67 dBm in the presence of a +5.5 dBm Tx signal. The received signal has a 10 MHz bandwidth, and the overall receiver consumes 33.2 mW from a 1.2 V power supply.
ChemInform Abstract: MODIFIKATIONEN VON ANTIBIOTICA 9. MITT. ZUR KENNTNIS VON RIFAMYCIN‐S, REAKTIONEN DES CHINOIDEN NUCLEUS (1974)

Abstract Durch Einwirkung aliphatischer Amine, wie z.B. (II), auf Rifamycin‐S (1) entstehen die Aminoderivate (III), die nach Oxidation als rot bis schwarzviolett gefärbte Chinone (IV) isoliert werden.
Surface acoustic wave device (2007)

There is provided a surface acoustic wave device which can prevent a breakage of electrodes and electrical breaks, decrease an insertion loss of elements, and enhance a Q-factor of resonators. Interdigital electrode sections and each have a laminated structure of a base layer made of TiN (titanium nitride) or TiOxNy and a main electrode layer deposited to come in contact with an upper surface of the base layer. The main electrode layer is deposited such that a {111} plane as a closest-packed plane of the main electrode layer has a constant gradient with respect to a surface of a substrate, and thus electromigration or stress migration can be suppressed in the interdigital electrode sections.
Quantum Nanofabrication: Mechanisms and Fundamental Limits (2018)

Quantum-size-controlled photoelectrochemical (QSC-PEC) etching, which uses quantum confinement effects to control size, can potentially enable the fabrication of epitaxial quantum nanostructures with unprecedented accuracy and precision across a wide range of materials systems. However, many open questions remain about this new technique, including its limitations and broader applicability. In this project, using an integrated experimental and theoretical modeling approach, we pursue a greater understanding of the time-dependent QSC-PEC etch process and to uncover the underlying mechanisms that determine its ultimate accuracy and precision. We also seek to broaden our understanding of the scope of its ultimate applicability in emerging nanostructures and nanodevices.
Toughened Isotactic Polypropylene: Phase Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Blends with Strategically Designed Random Copolymer Modifiers (2016)

A series of poly(cyclohexylethylene-ran-ethylene) (CE) copolymers were synthesized with statistical segment lengths designed to match that of isotactic poly(propylene) (iPP). Melt blending the CE compounds containing 50–70 wt % cyclohexylethylene repeat units with iPP at loadings between 5 and 20 wt % resulted in a dispersion of CE droplets with number-average diameters between 150 and 500 nm as determined by scanning electron microscopy. Linear dynamic mechanical elastic (G′) and loss (G″) moduli data were fit to the Palierne model providing estimates for the interfacial tension between iPP and CE, which was interpreted based on enthalpic (χH) and entropic (χS) contributions to the overall segment–segment interaction parameter, χ = χH + χS, attributed to density and statistical segment length differences, respectively. The small particle sizes are explained by a reduced interfacial tension, driven by minimization of χS (≈0), counterbalanced by χH > 0, establishing an optimal balance between phase separation and dispersion during blending at practical molecular weights. The optically clear blends exhibit superior tensile mechanical properties, with the strain at break increasing from 20% for iPP to 400% at a loading of 5 wt %, attributable to shear yielding of the matrix triggered by cavitation of the uniformly dispersed CE copolymer particles.
Antiphase switching in globally coupled nonlinear arrays (2002)

The goal of this paper is to show how to switch from one anti-phase state to another. The method is directly applicable to real experiments of globally coupled laser oscillators, such as microchip multimode lasers.
SiFi (2021)

Due to the rapid development of indoor location-based services, automatically deriving an indoor semantic floorplan becomes a highly promising technique for ubiquitous applications. To make an indoor semantic floorplan fully practical, it is essential to handle the dynamics of semantic information. Despite several methods proposed for automatic construction and semantic labeling of indoor floorplans, this problem has not been well studied and remains open. In this article, we present a system called SiFi to provide accurate and automatic self-updating service. It updates semantics with instant videos acquired by mobile devices in indoor scenes. First, a crowdsourced-based task model is designed to attract users to contribute semantic-rich videos. Second, we use the maximum likelihood estimation method to solve the text inferring problem as the sequential relationship of texts provides additional geometrical constraints. Finally, we formulate the semantic update as an inference problem to accurately label semantics at correct locations on the indoor floorplans. Extensive experiments have been conducted across 9 weeks in a shopping mall with more than 250 stores. Experimental results show that SiFi achieves 84.5% accuracy of semantic update.
Telomere Shortening Is Proportional to the Size of the G-rich Telomeric 3′-Overhang (2000)

Most normal diploid human cells do not express telomerase activity and are unable to maintain telomere length with ongoing cell divisions. We show that the length of the single-stranded G-rich telomeric 3'-overhang is proportional to the rate of shortening in four human cell types that exhibit different rates of telomere shortening in culture. These results provide direct evidence that the size of the G-rich overhang is not fixed but subject to regulation. The potential ability to manipulate this rate has profound implications both for slowing the rate of replicative aging in normal cells and for accelerating the rate of telomere loss in cancer cells in combination with anti-telomerase therapies.
Evaluation of MR acquisition strategies for MR based attenuation correction (2013)

The purpose of this study was to compare two different strategies of MR data acquisition for MR-based PET attenuation correction (MRAC). One of the leading causes of image variability in MR acquisition is the choice of transmit/receive radio-frequency coils. We use a PET/CT-MR tri-modality setup to evaluate the advantages and limitations of local and body coil MR data acquisition for the generation of PET attenuation maps by means of fully automatic image processing. This method has been tested retrospectively on data from clinical oncology patients referred for a PET/CT scan.
A flexible, simple telecentric three dimensional measurement system (2017)

Calibration which defines the relationship between the phase and depth data is the important part of the fringe projection profilometry. In practice, the inherently nonlinear and spatially variable relationship between the absolute phase of the projected fringe and the object surface depth without using telecentric lens make calibration problematic in the measurement of small object. In order to obtain this problem, a flexible, simple telecentric three dimensional measurement system is proposed. Because of the characteristic that the size of object will not change with depth in telecentric imaging, the absolute phase is linear with the depth and the process of calibration become simpler. The experiment result indicate that the standard deviation of calibration result at z coordinate is within 5 μm, while that at x and y coordinate is within 3 μm. Three-dimensional shape reconstruction of a coin value ¥1 and measurement of central circle points of the calibration target further verify the validity of the proposed calibration method.
Determination of the secondary structure of selected melittin analogues with different haemolytic activities (1994)

In earlier studies, we have reported that minor modifications in the amino acid sequence of melittin result in dramatic changes in its biological activity. In the current study, we have investigated the secondary structure of melittin analogues with either increased or decreased haemolytic activity in order to further our understanding of the structural features involved in the binding and/or insertion of peptides into a phospholipid membrane from solution. This was accomplished by analysing the c.d. spectra of the analogues in solutions of various ionic strength and, separately, in the presence of micelles. These studies permit the assessment of the effect of small sequence modifications (i.e. single amino acid omission or substitution) on the self-association-induced secondary structure of melittin in aqueous solution, as well as its binding affinity to micelles. It was found that amphipathicity, as well as interchain distances and the orientation of hydrophobic residues, were involved in the induction of stabilized structures.
Message Replication and Consumer Database Synchronization Algorithms and System for Highly Available High Performance Intelligent Networks (2007)

For maximizing consumer satisfaction, intelligent network services such as the prepaid card service need to be built upon mechanisms that provide efficiency along with high availability. With multiple replicated service control point (SCP) databases in each one of a number of LAN sites interconnected by WANs for ease of information access and catastrophe tolerance, the proposed distributed software system employs a highly efficacious and innovative fault-tolerant algorithm for replication of messages originating at an SCP to all the others, and a novel asynchronous algorithm to achieve continual synchronization of all the databases with the help of the replicated messages received at different destinations.
Active Motion Control of a Hydraulic Free Piston Engine (2013)

The free piston engine (FPE), as an alternative of the conventional internal combustion engine, could significantly impact the energy consumption and emissions of both on-highway and off-highway vehicles. In an FPE, the piston motion is dependent on the combustion chamber gas dynamics and the loading dynamics in real time. One of the technical barriers that prevents the wide spread of this technology is the lack of precise piston motion control. In this paper, we present the modeling and control of a hydraulic FPE with an opposed-piston opposed-cylinder design. Specifically, a comprehensive system model is first built and validated to study the dynamics of the engine operation. The simulation studies lead to the design of an active piston motion controller, which acts as a virtual crankshaft by utilizing energy in the storage element to regulate the piston to follow a predefined trajectory. With a designated optimal trajectory, the virtual crankshaft ensures stable and robust operation in engine motoring. Preliminary combustion testing results and analysis are also included in this paper.
An Efficient ML Decoder for Tail-Biting Codes Based on Circular Trap Detection (2013)

Tail-biting codes are efficient coding techniques to eliminate the rate loss in conventional known-tail convolutional codes at a cost of increased complexity in decoders. In addition, tail-biting trellis representation of block codes makes the trellis-based maximum likelihood (ML) decoder desirable for implementation. Circular Viterbi algorithm (CVA) is introduced to decode the tail-biting codes for its decoding efficiency. However, its decoding process suffers from circular traps, which degrade the decoding efficiency. In this paper, we propose an efficient checking rule for the detection of circular traps. Based on this rule, a novel maximum likelihood (ML) decoding algorithm for tail-biting codes is presented. On tail-biting trellis, computational complexity and memory consumption of this decoder are significantly reduced comparing to other available ML decoders, such as the two-phase ML decoder. To further reduce the decoding complexity, we propose a new near-optimal decoding algorithm based on a simplified trap detection strategy. The performance of the above algorithms is validated with simulation.
Neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin is a predictor of the course of global and renal childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity (2009)

Serial measurement of urinary and plasma NGAL levels may be valuable in predicting impending worsening of global and renal childhood-onset SLE disease activity.
Microstructuring of ferroelectric crystal media using light, poling, and etching techniques (2001)

LiNbO<SUB>3</SUB> and LiTaO<SUB>3</SUB> are commonly used ferroelectric crystal materials. Since the first reports of successful single domain crystal growth in 1965, these materials have found increasing use in optoelectronics, laser systems, Q- switching and frequency conversion, holographic data storage, surface acoustic wave devices, integrated optics and modulator use, and most recently, microwave telecommunications. In single domain format these ferroelectrics are photorefractive, pyroelectric and piezoelectric, and possess usefully large nonlinear optical and electro-optical coefficients. If domain engineering or micron/nano-scale bulk or surface modification is performed however, greater functionality is introduced, leading to additional uses such as phase-matched frequency conversion, grating and photonic structures, and the recently proposed use in MEMS and MOEMS devices. We discuss here a range of techniques for domain engineering and domain selective etching, as well as the use of light in poling and etching modification, and illustrate this potential with several devices that we have constructed by these routes.
Variable Loop Gain Using Excessive Regeneration Detection for a Delayed Wide-Area Control System (2018)

Excessive time delay in the implementation of a wide-area damping controller may lead to poor time-domain response or instability of an otherwise stable closed loop system. Careful monitoring of the controller output reveals the relative phase margin as it tends toward a vanishingly small value. Design and analysis of the Excessive Regeneration Detector (ERD) for system stability migration is presented. Details of degradation are followed by the description of a variable loop gain controller to ensure stability in the presence of significant delay, with nominal controller design developed using loop shaping theory. Linear and nonlinear stability of the system is assessed with the variable loop gain controller in place. Simulations of multiple disturbance environments and time delay conditions validate the developed theory using a detailed nonlinear model of the western North American Power System. Finally, a GPS spoofing algorithm is employed to demonstrate the efficacy of the approach to a malicious phasor measurement unit (PMU) attack.
The Chemistry behind Antioxidant Capacity Assays (2005)

This review summarizes the multifaceted aspects of antioxidants and the basic kinetic models of inhibited autoxidation and analyzes the chemical principles of antioxidant capacity assays. Depending upon the reactions involved, these assays can roughly be classified into two types: assays based on hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions and assays based on electron transfer (ET). The majority of HAT-based assays apply a competitive reaction scheme, in which antioxidant and substrate compete for thermally generated peroxyl radicals through the decomposition of azo compounds. These assays include inhibition of induced low-density lipoprotein autoxidation, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), total radical trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP), and crocin bleaching assays. ET-based assays measure the capacity of an antioxidant in the reduction of an oxidant, which changes color when reduced. The degree of color change is correlated with the sample's antioxidant concentrations. ET-based assays include the total phenols assay by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR), Trolox equivalence antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), "total antioxidant potential" assay using a Cu(II) complex as an oxidant, and DPPH. In addition, other assays intended to measure a sample's scavenging capacity of biologically relevant oxidants such as singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, peroxynitrite, and hydroxyl radical are also summarized. On the basis of this analysis, it is suggested that the total phenols assay by FCR be used to quantify an antioxidant's reducing capacity and the ORAC assay to quantify peroxyl radical scavenging capacity. To comprehensively study different aspects of antioxidants, validated and specific assays are needed in addition to these two commonly accepted assays.
Novel Metal Silicide Thin Films by Design via Controlled Solid-State Diffusion (2015)

In the quest to accelerate the discovery and deployment of new materials with ideal and tailored properties, synthesis via solid-state diffusion holds particular promise, as it allows the crystal structure and stoichiometry of thin films to be controlled independently of the deposition method. However, the kinetics and the quality of the resulting materials remain relatively unexplored. Here we demonstrate both source-limited and kinetically limited solid-state diffusion as routes to tune the stoichiometry of platinum silicide (PtxSi) thin films, representative of metal silicides that have attractive mechanical and electronic properties. Using in situ heating inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM) while performing electron diffraction, we show that both routes lead to stoichiometrically controlled formation of PtxSi (x = 1, 2, 3) thin films with high phase selectivity, revealing the crystal structure and formation sequence for each phase. The PtxSi formation process from sequentially deposited layers of platinum (Pt) and amorphous silicon significantly differs from the Pt/single-crystal silicon case, allowing the formation of Pt3Si thin films for the first time.
Transgenic analysis of tomato endo‐β‐1,4‐glucanase gene function. Role of <i>cel1</i> in floral abscission (1998)

Summary Endo‐β‐1,4‐glucanase (EGase) expression in ripening tomato fruit and abscising tomato flowers reflects the overlapping accumulation of structurally divergent gene transcripts, including EGase1 (Cel1) and EGase2 (Cel2). Transgenic plants in which cel1 expression was specifically inhibited were evaluated in order to assess the potential role(s) played by Cel1 during fruit ripening and floral abscission. The constitutive expression of an antisense cel1 gene driven by the 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus resulted in the reduction of Cel1 mRNA to trace levels in both ripening fruit and abscising abscission zones of transgenic tomato plants. Transgenic fruit in which cel1 expression was reduced to less than 0.1% of wild‐type levels exhibited normal growth and softening behaviour. Transgenic floral abscission zones expressing 5–7% of wild‐type levels of Cel1 mRNA exhibited an incidence of abscission reduced by up to one third. The incomplete loss of abscission ability by transgenic flowers may indicate that the contribution of Cel1 activity is insufficient to account for all floral abscission and attests to the presence in tomato abscission zones of additional cell wall hydrolase activities, including Cel2.