gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A sensitive magnetoresistive power amplifier (1977)

A small, sensitive, low noise, high gain power amplifier, using the anisotropic magnetoresistance effect in thin film permalloy, has been designed and its characteristics calculated. The minimum detectable input current is determined by Johnson noise and hence by input resistance and desired bandwidth. An example of theoretical performance is as follows. For an amplifier unit with approximate dimensions of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">300 \times 300 \times 2 \mu</tex> m and with input and load resistances of 50 Ω each the calculated noise at room temperature is equivalent to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-8</sup> A for a bandwidth (BW) of 1MHz or to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-7</sup> A for a BW of 100 MHz. At the 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-8</sup> A input current level, the calculated power gain is <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sim 600,000</tex> corresponding to a current gain of 775. Power gain decreases with input current as <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I^{-4/3}</tex> , reaching unity at <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I = 2.1 \times 10^{-4}</tex> A. Hence, for a BW of 1 MHz, at room temperature, the input current operating range for both amplification and signal-to-noise ratio greater than one is from <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I=10^{-8}</tex> A to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2.1 \times 10^{-4}</tex> A. To achieve high gain, the amplifier is configured so that the magnetization of the permalloy is biased to lie nominally along the hard axis, the sensing current in the permalloy makes an angle of 45° with the nominal magnetization direction, and the input current produces a magnetic field along the easy axis. This microsize, low noise, silicon compatible power amplifier will be useful in digital and FM applications and possibly as an amplifier for crosstie and bubble memories.
Development of compact resonator fiber optic gyroscopes (2017)

In this paper we report progress toward a compact resonator fiber optic gyroscope (RFOG) design for commercial navigation applications. Specifically, we report the first use of silicon optical bench (SIOB) technology within the gyro to miniaturize optical component size. A low loss SIOB is used for optical resonator loop closure and a promising initial finesse of 35 is observed. The gyro angle random walk is 0.0029 deg./rt.-hr., and first results show a bias stability of better than 0.1 deg./hr for a sensing coil diameter of two inches. These results represent an encouraging step toward the realization of a practical navigation-grade RFOG for civil navigation usage.
<title>Adaptive helical computed tomography reconstruction for MIP artifact reduction</title> (1997)

Helical computed tomography has become the preferred patient scanning mode in many clinical applications. A number of comparative studies have been performed to evaluate its performance parameters, such as the noise and the slice sensitivity profile. The objective of this paper is to examine the non-stationary noise characteristics of helical images and demonstrate its impact on the 3D image artifacts. We first derive an analytical equation that relate the interactions between the helical reconstruction scheme and the fan-beam filtered backprojection algorithm. We demonstrate that for many popular helical weights, the nose variation within the field of view of the reconstruction is close to a factor of 3. An adaptive approach to the reduction of the artifacts is proposed.
Reversible strain-induced magnetization switching in FeGa nanomagnets: Pathway to a rewritable, non-volatile, non-toggle, extremely low energy straintronic memory (2015)

We report reversible strain-induced magnetization switching between two stable/metastable states in ~300 nm sized FeGa nanomagnets delineated on a piezoelectric PMN-PT substrate. Voltage of one polarity applied across the substrate generates compressive strain in a nanomagnet and switches its magnetization to one state, while voltage of the opposite polarity generates tensile strain and switches the magnetization back to the original state. The two states can encode the two binary bits, and, using the right voltage polarity, one can write either bit deterministically. This portends an ultra-energy-efficient non-volatile "non-toggle" memory.
Exploring the Immunoproteome for Ovarian Cancer Biomarker Discovery (2011)

Most scientific efforts towards early detection of ovarian cancer are commonly focused on the discovery of tumour-associated antigens (TAA). Autologous antibodies against TAA, however, may serve as more sensitive diagnostic markers. They circulate in the blood before TAA and are usually more abundant than the TAAs themselves as a result of amplification through the humoral immune response. Accumulating evidence also suggests that a humoral response already exists during malignant transformation when aberrant gene expression is translated into premalignant cellular changes. This article reviews the current knowledge about autoantibodies against TAA in ovarian cancer and presents current immunoproteomic approaches for their detection.
Yaw rate estimation using two 1-axis accelerometers (2005)

This paper presents a new way of estimating yaw rate of a vehicle using two 1-axis accelerometers. Measurement of yaw rate is inevitable for vehicle stability control systems adopted in contemporary high performance sedans and for the automatic steering control systems for intelligent vehicles. Compared with accelerometers, the cost of rate gyros used to measure the yaw rate is significantly higher. As an economical software solution to replace the high-cost rate gyros with minimal additional hardware, an algorithm to estimate yaw rate using two 1-axis accelerometers is proposed in this paper.
Adversarial Robustness Toolbox v1.0.0 (2018)

Adversarial Robustness Toolbox (ART) is a Python library supporting developers and researchers in defending Machine Learning models (Deep Neural Networks, Gradient Boosted Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines, Random Forests, Logistic Regression, Gaussian Processes, Decision Trees, Scikit-learn Pipelines, etc.) against adversarial threats and helps making AI systems more secure and trustworthy. Machine Learning models are vulnerable to adversarial examples, which are inputs (images, texts, tabular data, etc.) deliberately modified to produce a desired response by the Machine Learning model. ART provides the tools to build and deploy defences and test them with adversarial attacks. Defending Machine Learning models involves certifying and verifying model robustness and model hardening with approaches such as pre-processing inputs, augmenting training data with adversarial samples, and leveraging runtime detection methods to flag any inputs that might have been modified by an adversary. The attacks implemented in ART allow creating adversarial attacks against Machine Learning models which is required to test defenses with state-of-the-art threat models. Supported Machine Learning Libraries include TensorFlow (v1 and v2), Keras, PyTorch, MXNet, Scikit-learn, XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost, and GPy. The source code of ART is released with MIT license at https://github.com/IBM/adversarial-robustness-toolbox. The release includes code examples, notebooks with tutorials and documentation (http://adversarial-robustness-toolbox.readthedocs.io).
Abstract A07: Role of the class IA PI3K p110β subunit in pancreatic cancer (2020)

Abstract Introduction: Class I PI3K signaling is constitutively active and correlated with a poor prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The modest effect of pan-PI3Ks inhibitors (targeting all p110 isoforms) clinically tested on different types of cancer highlighted the need to understand the roles of each PI3K isoform in cancer cell, with isoform-specific inhibitors of PI3K and murine models that conditionally target their activity. My team has developed unique mouse models that recapitulate the carcinogenesis of PDAC and that conditionally target the activity of p110α or p110β specifically in pancreatic epithelial cells. Methods: We analyzed the biologic impact of pancreas-restricted genetic inactivation of p110β during pancreatic cancer progression induced by oncogenic Kras with or without mutated p53 combined with experimentally induced risk factor conditions such as inflammation. In particular, we searched the mechanisms of action of p110β in pancreatic cancerogenesis and in lesion-driven stroma formation. Results: Inhibition of p110β prevented tumor progression towards metastatic cancer and led to the formation of low-grade neoplastic lesions, demonstrating the role of this isoform in pancreatic carcinogenesis. We found that upon genetic inactivation of the p110β isoform, the only present lesions are duct-like preneoplastic structures. Besides, mice harboring genetic inactivation of p110β in their pancreas are protected from mutated Kras and p53-induced lethality. Interestingly, p110β inactivation in pancreatic epithelial cells is responsible for changing the immune cell recruitment and the stromal response to epithelial oncogenic Kras signal or to inflammation. Conclusion: Our data suggest that p110β in pancreatic lineage plays an important role in murine pancreatic cancer initiation induced by genetic alterations commonly found in pancreatic cancer, by impacting cell dedifferentiation and reprogramming tumor microenvironment. Citation Format: Silvia Arcucci, Nicole Therville, Céline Basset, Aurélie Vertut, Julie Guillermet-Guibert. Role of the class IA PI3K p110β subunit in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Targeting PI3K/mTOR Signaling; 2018 Nov 30-Dec 8; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(10_Suppl):Abstract nr A07.
Zeolite Synthesis Using Degradable Structure-Directing Agents and Pore-Filling Agents (2004)

Zeolites and molecular sieves are synthesized using organic structure-directing agents (SDAs) that have the potential to be degraded into fragments within the pore space so that they can be readily extracted at mild conditions. The zeolites and molecular sieves, VPI-8, ZSM-12, and ZSM-5, are synthesized using the ketal-containing SDA, 8,8-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-azoniaspiro[4,5]decane (SDA-1). As expected, solids with unidimensional pore systems (VPI-8, ZSM-12) are much more difficult to process by this methodology than solids containing multidimensional pore systems (ZSM-5). Pore-filling agents (PFAs) such as isobutylamine and cyclopentylamine are used together with the ketal-containing SDA-1 to prepare ZSM-5. Extraction of the PFA is shown to be feasible, and its removal provides space for components to enter the zeolite micropores where they react with and cleave SDA-1. Removal of the cleavage fragments from SDA-1 gives ZSM-5 that has the appropriate pore volume, framework aluminum (measured by 27Al NMR), and catalytic behavior. Reasons for desiring this new type of zeolite synthesis method are enumerated.
Optical add/drop multiplexer based on subtractive dispersion planar reflective gratings (2005)

Optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs) have emerged as the key enabling components for building long-haul and metro-area networks. The wide-spread deployment of OADMs in the access market will depend on the availability of cost-effective integrated solutions. We have successfully fabricated a fully-integrated OADM based on planar reflective gratings. The device uses a combination of two grating elements arranged in a subtractive dispersion configuration. The first grating demultiplexes a 300-nm-wide band and drops optical channels at 1490 nm and 1550 nm, commonly used by service providers to send information to the end user. The second grating completely counter-balances the dispersion properties of the first grating and ultimately yields zero dispersion in the output waveguide. Such a configuration allows the transmission of optical signals though the OADM in an ultra-wide band spanning 1250 to 1410 nm. This ultra-wide 'through' band is a critical step allowing the use of low-cost lasers, without temperature stabilization, for sending data to a service provider. The OADM was manufactured using an industry standard silica-on-silicon process which was augmented with grating facet formation and metallization. In spite of using low refractive index contrast waveguides (0.82%), the device had a remarkably low footprint of only 0.25 square centimeters. Applications of the OADM in access market networks is discussed.
Speciation and recovery of chromium from chromite ore processing residues (2001)

The processing of chromite ore is associated with the generation of large quantities of solid wastes containing chromium, which have been disposed of as landfill for many years. The mobilization and operational speciation of chromium contained in soils contaminated with metal salts are important in terms of the environment. Several methods have been employed for the extraction and recovery of solid wastes. Chromium contained in contaminated soils and solid wastes can be categorized as exchangeable, oxidizable, carbonate-bound, reducible and residual. The results from this study indicate a need for efficient leaching methodologies in chromite ore processing plants to decrease the non-detrital fractions of chromium in the residue. Aggressive methodologies are required to recover chromium from the detrital fractions. The potential benefits of employing sodium peroxide for the complete recovery of chromium from chromite residue have been demonstrated, and the need to ensure the safety of the process has been emphasized.
A two-microphone dual delay-line approach for extraction of a speech sound in the presence of multiple interferers (2001)

This paper describes algorithms for signal extraction for use as a front-end of telecommunication devices, speech recognition systems, as well as hearing aids that operate in noisy environments. The development was based on some independent, hypothesized theories of the computational mechanics of biological systems in which directional hearing is enabled mainly by binaural processing of interaural directional cues. Our system uses two microphones as input devices and a signal processing method based on the two input channels. The signal processing procedure comprises two major stages: (i) source localization, and (ii) cancellation of noise sources based on knowledge of the locations of all sound sources. The source localization, detailed in our previous paper [Liu et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108, 1888 (2000)], was based on a well-recognized biological architecture comprising a dual delay-line and a coincidence detection mechanism. This paper focuses on description of the noise cancellation stage. We designed a simple subtraction method which, when strategically employed over the dual delay-line structure in the broadband manner, can effectively cancel multiple interfering sound sources and consequently enhance the desired signal. We obtained an 8-10 dB enhancement for the desired speech in the situations of four talkers in the anechoic acoustic test (or 7-10 dB enhancement in the situations of six talkers in the computer simulation) when all the sounds were equally intense and temporally aligned.
Automatic identification of impairments caused by intermodulation distortion in cable television pictures (1992)

The authors study the feasibility of automatically monitoring a television picture for the purpose of knowing whether or not impairments resulting from intermodulation beats are present. They develop a mathematical model for the intermodulation beats and show that the theoretical results confirm the experimental ones. These results show that by using the two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform of a picture the automatic detection and recognition of intermodulation distortion is feasible. The results demonstrate, contrary to common belief, that it is possible to monitor the signal in a nonintrusive fashion.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cardiac signal estimation based on the arterial and venous pressure signals of a hemodialysis machine (2016)

Continuous cardiac monitoring is usually not performed during hemodialysis treatment, although a majority of patients with kidney failure suffer from cardiovascular disease. In the present paper, a method is proposed for estimating a cardiac pressure signal by combining the arterial and the venous pressure sensor signals of the hemodialysis machine. The estimation is complicated by the periodic pressure disturbance caused by the peristaltic blood pump, with an amplitude much larger than that of the cardiac pressure signal. Using different techniques for combining the arterial and venous pressure signals, the performance is evaluated and compared to that of an earlier method which made use of the venous pressure only. The heart rate and the heartbeat occurrence times, determined from the estimated cardiac pressure signal, are compared to the corresponding quantities determined from a photoplethysmographic reference signal. Signals from 9 complete hemodialysis treatments were analyzed. For a heartbeat amplitude of 0.5 mmHg, the median absolute deviation between estimated and reference heart rate was 1.3 bpm when using the venous pressure signal only, but dropped to 0.6 bpm when combining the pressure signals. The results show that the proposed method offers superior estimation at low heartbeat amplitudes. Consequently, more patients can be successfully monitored during treatment without the need of extra sensors. The results are preliminary, and need to be verified on a separate dataset.
The synthesis of glutathione peroxidase analogs. (1989)

While it is recognized that oxidation has a major role in the development of cataract, few compounds have been developed which effectively reduce the potential for oxidative insult. A major oxidant confronting the lens is H2O2. Few compounds capable of metabolizing H2O2 have been synthesized. This communication reports that a number of compounds with glutathione peroxidase activity have been developed. Some of these compounds are 10 fold more active than Ebselen, previously recognized as the synthetic compound with the greatest GSH peroxidase activity.
Intramolecular Carbonylation Reactions with Recyclable Palladium-Complexed Dendrimers on Silica:  Synthesis of Oxygen, Nitrogen, or Sulfur-Containing Medium Ring Fused Heterocycles (2005)

Palladium-complexed dendrimers supported on silica were evaluated as catalysts for intramolecular carbonylation reactions. The results showed that dendritic catalysts display high activity, affording oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur-containing seven- or eight-membered ring fused heterocycles in excellent yields. Moreover, these catalysts have competitive advantages in that they can be easily recovered by simple filtration in air and reused for up to eight cycles with only a slight loss of activity.
Autonomous Scanning Probe Microscopy <i>in Situ</i> Tip Conditioning through Machine Learning (2018)

Atomic-scale characterization and manipulation with scanning probe microscopy rely upon the use of an atomically sharp probe. Here we present automated methods based on machine learning to automatically detect and recondition the quality of the probe of a scanning tunneling microscope. As a model system, we employ these techniques on the technologically relevant hydrogen-terminated silicon surface, training the network to recognize abnormalities in the appearance of surface dangling bonds. Of the machine learning methods tested, a convolutional neural network yielded the greatest accuracy, achieving a positive identification of degraded tips in 97% of the test cases. By using multiple points of comparison and majority voting, the accuracy of the method is improved beyond 99%.
Cloning and expression of a Saccharomyces diastaticus glucoamylase gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1986)

A recombinant plasmid pool of the Saccharomyces diastaticus genome was constructed in plasmid YEp13 and used to transform a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Six transformants were obtained which expressed amylolytic activity. The plasmids each contained a 3.9-kilobase (kb) BamHI fragment, and all of these fragments were cloned in the same orientations and had identical restriction maps, which differed from the map of the STA1 gene (I. Yamashita and S. Fukui, Agric. Biol. Chem. 47:2689-2692, 1983). The glucoamylase activity exhibited by all S. cerevisiae transformants was approximately 100 times less than that of the donor strain. An even lower level of activity was obtained when the recombinant plasmid was introduced into Schizosaccharomyces pombe. No expression was observed in Escherichia coli. The 3.9-kb BamHI fragment hybridized to two sequences (4.4 and 3.9 kb) in BamHI-digested S. diastaticus DNA, regardless of which DEX (STA) gene S. diastaticus contained, and one sequence (3.9 kb) in BamHI-digested S. cerevisiae DNA. Tetrad analysis of crosses involving untransformed S. cerevisiae and S. diastaticus indicated that the 4.4-kb homologous sequence cosegregated with the glucoamylase activity, whereas the 3.9-kb fragment was present in each of the meiotic products. Poly(A)+ RNA fractions from vegetative and sporulating diploid cultures of S. cerevisiae and S. diastaticus were probed with the 3.9-kb BamHI fragment. Two RNA species, measuring 2.1 and 1.5 kb, were found in both the vegetative and sporulating cultures of S. diastaticus, whereas one 1.5-kb species was present only in the RNA from sporulating cultures of S. cerevisiae.
A rapid method for detecting the predominant Ashkenazi Jewish mutation in the Bloom's syndrome gene (1998)

Bloom's syndrome (BS) is a rare, autosomal recessive disease characterized by sun sensitivity, short stature, and predisposition to cancer. Although rare in the general population, BS is more common in the Ashkenazi Jewish population (German, 1993). The isolation of the gene for BS, known as BLM, has permitted the identification of mutations within the gene and the discovery that most BS individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish origin carry the identical 6-bp deletioin/7-bp insertion at position 2,281 of BLM (blmAsh). We have developed a rapid method for detecting blmAsh based on restriction enzyme digestion of a PCR product containing the mutation. blmAsh creates a restriction site within the amplified fragment allowing distinction of normal and mutant DNAs. This method has been designed for use with genomic DNA or cDNA.