gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasma amino acid profile is altered by visceral fat accumulation and is a predictor of visceral obesity in humans (2011)

Abstract Background: The plasma amino acid profile can be a useful indicator in clinical settings because it changes in response to various metabolic alternations. However, the association between the plasma amino acid profile and body fat accumulation has not been evaluated in humans. Objective: This study aimed to relate plasma amino acids to visceral fat accumulation in humans because excess visceral fat raises the odds ratio of developing metabolic syndrome. Design: A total of 1,449 subjects (985 males and 464 females) who had undergone a comprehensive health screening were enrolled in this study. The visceral fat area (VFA) was determined in each subject using CT imaging. Subjects were then divided into two groups according to VFA: high-VFA (&8805;100 cm2, n=867) and low-VFA (&lt;100 cm2, n=582). The plasma amino acid profile was analyzed together with other metabolic valuables and then compared between the two groups using uni- and multivariate analyses. Results: As the degree of visceral fat accumulation increased, plasma concentrations of several amino acids changed significantly. Glu, Val, Leu, Ile, Tyr, Ala, Phe, Pro, Lys, Orn, Trp, Met, His and alpha-aminobutyric acid (ABA) levels were significantly higher in the high-VFA group compared to the low-VFA group, whereas the levels of Gly, Ser, Gln and Asn were significantly lower. To evaluate the potential of using amino acids as an indicator of VFA, a discriminant analysis was conducted with the multivariate logistic regression analysis &quot;AminoIndex&quot;, and the ROC curve was calculated. The resulting &quot;AminoIndex&quot; exhibited an area under the ROC curve of 0.81 (95% confidence interval; 0.78 to 0.83), with higher sensitivity and specificity by 80% and 65%, respectively. Conclusions: The plasma amino acid profile changes depending on visceral fat content and can be used as a marker for diagnosing elevated visceral obesity in humans.
High data rate (10 Gbit/sec) demonstration in holographic disk digital data storage system (2003)

Summary from only given. In digital holographic data storage data modulation coding, data interleaving, and error correction are usually implemented in addition to conventional holography and multiplexing. The performance of the holographic disk digital data storage system is determined by several major factors, most notably, by the optical parameters (such as the imaging NA), material performance (dynamic range or M/#, scattering, and thickness), as well as available laser power.
Inhibitors of sterol synthesis. Effects of a new fluorinated analog of 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one in rats. (1994)

3 beta-Hydroxy-25,26,26,26,27,27,27-heptafluoro-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one (VII), an analog of 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one (I) in which conversion to 26- and 25-oxygenated metabolites is blocked by the F7-substitution, was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats at levels of from 0.025 to 0.15% by weight in a ground chow diet. Administration of VII resulted in lowering of the levels of serum cholesterol at dosages as low as 0.025% by weight in diet. In marked contrast to I, VII had little or no effect on food consumption. Whereas administration of I at a level of 0.1% by weight in diet resulted in a cessation of growth, VII, at approximately the same molar concentration in diet, had only slight or no effect on changes in total body weight. Significant levels of 25,26,26,26,27,27,27-heptafluorocholesterol (VIII) were observed in serum and liver, indicating the conversion of VII to VIII. Characterization of VIII in liver was based upon the results of gas chromatography, low and high resolution mass spectral studies, infrared spectroscopy, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The levels of VIII in serum appeared to be related to dosage and duration of administration of VII.
Tokamak plasma heating with intense, pulsed ion beams. [Patent application] (1981)

Greater rates of genetic gain can be achieved by selecting animals born to younger parents. However, little is known about the lifetime performance of dual purpose ewes (Ovis aries) that are born to primiparous ewe lambs (8 to 9 months old at breeding). This experiment investigated the effect of being born from either a ewe lamb or mixed age dam as either a single or twin on the lifetime performance of ewe progeny. Lifetime performance was measured in terms of the life time live weights of the ewes, the weight and number of lambs born and weaned, the efficiency of production (kilograms of lamb weaned / predicted pasture intake (kgDM) of the ewes), and ewe survival. The study followed the lifetime production of 17 single and 41 twin female lambs born to mature ewes (M1 and M2, respectively), and 28 single and 29 twin lambs born to ewe lambs (L1 and L2, respectively). Over their lifetime L2 ewes were lighter (P<0.05) but had similar body condition scores to the other three ewe groups. There was no difference in average progeny weaning weight or total progeny litter weaning weights between groups. The M1 ewes had the greatest longevity (P<0.05) of the four groups. Even though L2 ewes were lighter than the other three groups, this was insufficient to increase their lifetime efficiency of production (kg lamb weaned/predicted pasture consumption), relative to the other groups. These results suggest farmers could select replacements born to ewe lambs without sacrificing animal production.
Regulation of MLL/COMPASS stability through its proteolytic cleavage by taspase1 as a possible approach for clinical therapy of leukemia (2018)

Chromosomal translocations of the Mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (<i>MLL1</i>) gene generate MLL chimeras that drive the pathogenesis of acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemia. The untranslocated MLL1 is a substrate for proteolytic cleavage by the endopeptidase threonine aspartase 1 (taspase1); however, the biological significance of MLL1 cleavage by this endopeptidase remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that taspase1-dependent cleavage of MLL1 results in the destabilization of MLL. Upon loss of taspase1, MLL1 association with chromatin is markedly increased due to the stabilization of its unprocessed version, and this stabilization of the uncleaved MLL1 can result in the displacement of MLL chimeras from chromatin in leukemic cells. Casein kinase II (CKII) phosphorylates MLL1 proximal to the taspase1 cleavage site, facilitating its cleavage, and pharmacological inhibition of CKII blocks taspase1-dependent MLL1 processing, increases MLL1 stability, and results in the displacement of the MLL chimeras from chromatin. Accordingly, inhibition of CKII in a MLL-AF9 mouse model of leukemia delayed leukemic progression in vivo. This study provides insights into the direct regulation of the stability of MLL1 through its cleavage by taspase1, which can be harnessed for targeted therapeutic approaches for the treatment of aggressive leukemia as the result of MLL translocations.
Low OH excess loss PCVD fibres prepared by fluorine doping (1984)

Single-mode and multimode fibres have been prepared with PCVD using C2F6 as dopant. With increasing concentrations of C2F6 an exponential decrease of the OH excess loss was found. Ultra-low OH absorption losses of 0.2 dR/km at 1.38 μm have been achieved.
Continuum robots for multi-scale motion: Micro-scale motion through equilibrium modulation (2017)

Existing robots for multi-scale motion (MSM) are unsuitable for micro-surgery in deep surgical sites where miniaturization and traversal of often tortuous anatomical passageways is required. Also, new emerging surgical paradigms for natural orifice surgery and image-based diagnosis and guidance at the micro-scale level promise to provide accurate verification of tumor resection margins. To overcome the limitations of current robot architectures, and to enable image-based biopsy and micro-surgery in confined spaces, we present a new concept of continuum robots with equilibrium modulation (CREM). CREM robots are a modification of multi-backbone continuum robots that achieve micro-motion by using indirect actuation through modulation of their static equilibrium by change of the distribution of their cross-sectional flexural rigidity. As a first step towards modeling the micro-scale kinematics of these robots, solutions for micro-motion tracking are presented and verified to achieve tracking accuracies of better than 2μm. Preliminary evaluation of the micro-motion capabilities of a first prototype demonstrates motion resolutions at 1μm level and hysteresis of less than 10μm - despite the use of inexpensive actuators with significant backlash. Finally, a demonstration of a first effort at integrating such a robot with a custom-made optical coherence tomography (OCT) probe is presented.
A New Approach to Produce HIV-1 Envelope Trimers (2015)

The trimeric envelope spike of HIV-1 mediates virus entry into human cells. The exposed part of the trimer, gp140, consists of two noncovalently associated subunits, gp120 and gp41 ectodomain. A recombinant vaccine that mimics the native trimer might elicit entry-blocking antibodies and prevent virus infection. However, preparation of authentic HIV-1 trimers has been challenging. Recently, an affinity column containing the broadly neutralizing antibody 2G12 has been used to capture recombinant gp140 and prepare trimers from clade A BG505 that naturally produces stable trimers. However, this antibody-based approach may not be as effective for the diverse HIV-1 strains with different epitope signatures. Here, we report a new and simple approach to produce HIV-1 envelope trimers. The C terminus of gp140 was attached to Strep-tag II with a long linker separating the tag from the massive trimer base and glycan shield. This allowed capture of nearly homogeneous gp140 directly from the culture medium. Cleaved, uncleaved, and fully or partially glycosylated trimers from different clade viruses were produced. Extensive biochemical characterizations showed that cleavage of gp140 was not essential for trimerization, but it triggered a conformational change that channels trimers into correct glycosylation pathways, generating compact three-blade propeller-shaped trimers. Uncleaved trimers entered aberrant pathways, resulting in hyperglycosylation, nonspecific cross-linking, and conformational heterogeneity. Even the cleaved trimers showed microheterogeneity in gp41 glycosylation. These studies established a broadly applicable HIV-1 trimer production system as well as generating new insights into their assembly and maturation that collectively bear on the HIV-1 vaccine design.
Transient Force Atomic Force Microscopy: A New Nano-Interrogation Method (2007)

Atomic force microscopes (AFMs) are the primary investigation systems at the nanoscale. In existing dynamic mode AFM methods steady-state response of microcantilever is monitored for imaging tip-surface interaction forces at the nano-scale. In these methods microcantilevers with high quality factor are employed for high force sensitivity but at the cost of speed due to dependence on steady-state signals. In this paper, a novel methodology for fast interrogation of material that exploits the transient part of the cantilever response is presented. This method effectively addresses the perceived fundamental limitation on bandwidth due to high quality factors. Analysis and experiments show that the method results in significant increase in bandwidth and resolution as compared to the steady-state-based methods. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of a systems perspective to the field of imaging at the nano-scale and for the first time reports real-time imaging at the nanoscale using the transient method with scan speed 40 times faster than conventional methods.
Enhanced Tearing by Electrical Stimulation of the Anterior Ethmoid Nerve (2017)

Electrical stimulation of the anterior ethmoid nerve increased aqueous tear volume, reduced tear osmolarity, added lipid, and increased the concentration of normal tear proteins. Human studies with an intranasal stimulator should verify these effects in patients with aqueous- and lipid-deficient forms of dry eye disease.
Age- and Sex-Related Effects in German Cockroaches Fed an Allopurinol Diet (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) (1993)

The effects of feeding several ages of adult and nymphal German cockroaches a laboratory rat chow diet containing 0.10% allopurinol were investigated. All cockroaches fed the allopurinol diet suffered increased mortality. The range of LT50 values (the time required to kill 50% of an experimental cohort) for four ages of nymphs (1-8, 16-23, 21-28, and 28-35 d old following hatch) continuously fed the allopurinol diet was 1.36 wk (4.72-6.08 wk). Regardless of sex, young adult (1-7 d old following eclosion) cockroaches fed the allopurinol diet died significantly sooner than older adults (28-35 d old following eclosion); males died significantly sooner than females. All females fed the allopurinol diet as nymphs aborted their oothecae. Although an initial ootheca were hatched from cockroaches fed the allopurinol diet as adults, all subsequent oothecae were aborted. Untreated females mated with allopurinol-fed males experienced successful reproduction, but allopurinol-fed females mated with either allopurinol- or control diet-fed males failed to reproduce. Evidence suggests that cockroaches suffer increased mortality and reproductive failure from increased levels of hypoxanthine and xanthine.
Elevated levels of a high molecular weight antigen detected by antibody W1 in sera from breast cancer patients. (1986)

A novel screening assay was used to test 13 previously described antibreast cancer antibodies for those which recognize antigens elevated in serum of breast cancer patients. Binding of three of these antibodies to breast or lung carcinoma cells was inhibited to a significantly greater extent by tumor patient serum than by normal serum, suggesting that the antigens might be useful serum markers. Two of these antibodies, W1 and W9, were shown to recognize nonoverlapping epitopes on a high molecular weight molecule(s) purified from serum from breast cancer patients. A sensitive double determinant immunoassay was developed to measure W1 antigen levels in sera from a total of 389 cancer patients and controls. Forty seven % (37 of 79) of individuals having breast cancer showed elevated serum levels of the W1 antigen, whereas only 4% (1 of 25) of normal controls and 2% (1 of 47) of patients hospitalized for nonmalignant disorders showed elevated levels. These differences were statistically significant (P less than 0.001). The percentage of breast cancer patients showing elevated serum levels was greater for individuals with metastatic disease. Statistically significant numbers of lung, ovarian, and prostate, but not colon, cancer patients also had elevated serum levels of the W1 antigen. These data suggest that measurement of the W1 antigen in serum might provide clinically useful information on the course of metastatic breast and other cancers.
Development of an air removal system for dissolved air flotation (1998)

Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) is often used as a separation step in drinking water treatment. An increasing use of high rate processes has become a trend in chemical treatment. When increasing the loading rate for a flotation process, an increasing head loss built up occurs in the following filter process due to dispersed air carry over. This paper describes the development of an air removal system by using a lamella plate separation system for the dispersed air. Pilot plant experiments showed that the surface load for the combination Lamella Dissolved Air Flotation, the LDAF-unit can be considerably increased in comparison with a conventional DAF-unit.
A spatial feature extraction and regularization model for virtual auditory display (1993)

A spatial feature extraction and regularization model is developed to represent free-field-to-eardrum transfer functions (FETFs). A Karhunen-Loeve expansion is used to derive a low dimensional eigen-transfer function (EF) subspace for the measured FETFs. The coordinates of each FETF in the subspace are determined by projecting all measured FETFs onto the EFs. These coordinates represent samples of the FETFs' spatial features. Functional representations of the spatial features, termed spatial characteristic functions (SCFs), are obtained by applying a thin-plate general spline smoothing model to regularize the samples. A functional representation for the FETF is thus obtained by linearly combining the EFs with the SCFs. Typical errors between the measured and modeled FETFs for a KEMAR are on the order of a hundredth of 1%.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nitroxyl anion exerts redox-sensitive positive cardiac inotropy <i>in vivo</i> by calcitonin gene-related peptide signaling (2001)

Nitroxyl anion (NO(-)) is the one-electron reduction product of nitric oxide (NO( small middle dot)) and is enzymatically generated by NO synthase in vitro. The physiologic activity and mechanism of action of NO(-) in vivo remains unknown. The NO(-) generator Angeli's salt (AS, Na(2)N(2)O(3)) was administered to conscious chronically instrumented dogs, and pressure-dimension analysis was used to discriminate contractile from peripheral vascular responses. AS rapidly enhanced left ventricular contractility and concomitantly lowered cardiac preload volume and diastolic pressure (venodilation) without a change in arterial resistance. There were no associated changes in arterial or venous plasma cGMP. The inotropic response was similar despite reflex blockade with hexamethonium or volume reexpansion, indicating its independence from baroreflex stimulation. However, reflex activation did play a major role in the selective venodilation observed under basal conditions. These data contrasted with the pure NO donor diethylamine/NO, which induced a negligible inotropic response and a more balanced veno/arterial dilation. AS-induced positive inotropy, but not systemic vasodilatation, was highly redox-sensitive, being virtually inhibited by coinfusion of N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Cardiac inotropic signaling by NO(-) was mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), as treatment with the selective CGRP-receptor antagonist CGRP(8-37) prevented this effect but not systemic vasodilation. Thus, NO(-) is a redox-sensitive positive inotrope with selective venodilator action, whose cardiac effects are mediated by CGRP-receptor stimulation. This fact is evidence linking NO(-) to redox-sensitive cardiac contractile modulation by nonadrenergic/noncholinergic peptide signaling. Given its cardiac and vascular properties, NO(-) may prove useful for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases characterized by cardiac depression and elevated venous filling pressures.
Using a Periodic Disturbance Observer for a Motor Drive to Compensate Current Measurement Errors (2015)

A general-purpose inverter controls the output current using information from current sensors for high-performance motor control. However, these sensors outputs, however, have some gain and offset errors that depend on the peripheral components and the characteristics of the current sensor. These errors cause an imbalance in the output current, which causes a torque ripple. The torque ripple leads to many problems. The authors have proposed a periodic disturbance observer (PDO) as a control method for vibration suppression. The current sensor error causes a vibration with a specific frequency; thus, this paper proposes a current sensor error compensation method to apply the PDO for suppressing this specific frequency. This method can suppress the harmonic current in real time, and the current control performance can be improved by error compensation. This paper explains the proposed method and demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method through simulation and experimental results. In addition, this paper verifies the follow-ability of sensor error variation.
Dynamics and Stability of Variable-pitch Milling (2007)

The occurrence of the regenerative chatter phenomenon in the milling process is studied for cutters with non-uniform distribution (called variable-pitch cutters). The dynamic model of the process is developed and is evaluated from stability point of view. The mathematical characterization of the problem falls within a general class of delay differential equations (DDE) with multiple and rationally independent delays. The contribution of this paper is in the adoption of a mathematically novel and very recent paradigm to determine analytically the bounds of the stable versus unstable chatter. The novel paradigm is called the Cluster Treatment of Characteristic Roots, CTCR. The end result of CTCR provides a powerful tool to determine two important aspects of the process: (i) the pitch angle formation (i.e. the geometry) of the tool; (ii) the optimum cutting conditions (i.e. the depth of cut and the spindle speeds). This means that some process parameters as well as design features are considered via this procedure towards a consolidated optimization procedure. A set of case studies is also presented to demonstrate these capabilities.
Characterization of the B Cell Epitopes Associated with a Truncated Form of <i>Pseudomonas</i> Exotoxin (PE38) Used to Make Immunotoxins for the Treatment of Cancer Patients (2006)

Recombinant immunotoxins composed of an Ab Fv fragment joined to a truncated portion of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (termed PE38) have been evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of various human cancers. Immunotoxin therapy is very effective in hairy cell leukemia and also has activity in other hemological malignancies; however, a neutralizing Ab response to PE38 in patients with solid tumors prevents repeated treatments to maximize the benefit. In this study, we analyze the murine Ab response as a model to study the B cell epitopes associated with PE38. Sixty distinct mAbs to PE38 were characterized. Mutual competitive binding of the mAbs indicated the presence of 7 major epitope groups and 13 subgroups. The competition pattern indicated that the epitopes are discrete and could not be reproduced using a computer simulation program that created epitopes out of random surface residues on PE38. Using sera from immunotoxin-treated patients, the formation of human Abs to each of the topographical epitopes was demonstrated. One epitope subgroup, E1a, was identified as the principal neutralizing epitope. The location of each epitope on PE38 was determined by preparing 41 mutants of PE38 in which bulky surface residues were mutated to either alanine or glycine. All 7 major epitope groups and 9 of 13 epitope subgroups were identified by 14 different mutants and these retained high cytotoxic activity. Our results indicate that a relatively small number of discrete immunogenic sites are associated with PE38, most of which can be eliminated by point mutations.
Solar powered lithium-ion battery incorporating high performing electrode materials (2012)

The development of portable electronic communities requires high performing and high power lithium rechargeable batteries. Herein, we explore a new lithium ion battery combined with a new carbon based anode and cobalt based cathode which delivers an energy output of 280 Wh kg−1 and cycling efficiency of 97% over the investigated 500 cycles (1 C rate) of the lithium ion cell.