gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> Spore Germination In Vivo by Bioluminescence Imaging (2008)

We sought to visualize the site of Bacillus anthracis spore germination in vivo. For that purpose, we constructed a reporter plasmid with the lux operon under control of the spore small acid-soluble protein B (sspB) promoter. In B. subtilis, sspB-driven synthesis of luciferase during sporulation results in incorporation of the enzyme in spores. We observed that B. anthracis Sterne transformed with our sspBp::lux plasmid was only luminescent during germination. In contrast, Sterne transformed with a similarly constructed plasmid with lux expression under control of the protective antigen promoter displayed luminescence only during vegetative growth. We then infected A/J mice intranasally with spores that harbored the germination reporter. Mice were monitored for up to 14 days with the Xenogen In Vivo Imaging System. While luminescence only became evident in live animals at 18 h, dissection after sacrificing infected mice at earlier time points revealed luminescence in lung tissue at 30 min after intranasal infection. Microscopic histochemical and immunofluorescence studies on luminescent lung sections and imprints revealed that macrophages were the first cells in contact with the B. anthracis spores. By 6 h after infection, polymorphonuclear leukocytes with intracellular spores were evident in the alveolar spaces. After 24 h, few free spores were observed in the alveolar spaces; most of the spores detected by immunofluorescence were in the cytoplasm of interstitial macrophages. In contrast, mediastinal lymph nodes remained nonluminescent throughout the infection. We conclude that in this animal system, the primary site of B. anthracis spore germination is the lungs.
Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell Modeling: A Review (2013)

Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC) is a very good candidate technology for securing sustainable development for the future. It allows CO 2 to be recycled into usable fuels and has potential for hydrogen economy. In this work the authors focus on development of SOEC through modeling different aspects of the cell: from design of specific elements to final incorporation of electrolyzers in the global energy system and network. The publications reviewed span from the 1970s to the present day and cover a selection of most contributed works. The selected publications provide means for modeling the solid oxide electrolyzer cell in both steady and transient states. The scale of the models ranges from micro to macro and to global energy system levels. The thrust of this work is to summarize the current level of development in modeling the solid oxide electrolyzer cell and to highlight unresolved problems and provide pointers in terms of research gaps requiring closer attention by engineers and scientists.
Dose-escalation study of SAR439859, an oral selective estrogen receptor (ER) degrader (SERD), in postmenopausal women with ER+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer (mBC). (2019)

1054 Background: SERDs result in ER competitive antagonism and degradation and can block signaling in ER-dependent tumors resistant to other endocrine therapies. This study investigates SAR439859, a potent oral SERD, +/- palbociclib in ER+/HER2- mBC. Here are preliminary results, as of 28 Nov 2018, for single-agent SAR439859 dose escalation. Methods: Part A of this Phase 1/2 study (NCT03284957; TED14856) assessed SAR439859 dose escalation (dose range: 20–600 mg once daily [QD]; 3 + 3 design) in postmenopausal women with ER+/HER2- mBC treated for ≥ 6 months with prior endocrine therapy and ≤ 3 chemotherapies in the advanced setting. Endpoints: dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs); maximum tolerated dose (MTD); safety; pharmacokinetics (PK); tumor response (RECIST 1.1); pharmacodynamic (PD) inhibition of ER occupancy ( 18 FES-PET scan). Results: Patients (pts; n = 16) had a median age of 59.5 years (range 40–79), ECOG performance status of 0 (62.5%) or 1 (37.5%) and a median of three prior anticancer therapies (range 1–8) in the advanced setting (endocrine therapy n = 16; chemo/targeted therapy n = 13). All pts had ≥ 1 treatment emergent adverse event (mostly grade 1–2); most frequent were asthenia/fatigue (43.8%), hot flushes (37.5%), nausea (37.5%), diarrhea (31.3%), constipation (31.3%), and decreased appetite (31.3%). There were no DLTs at any of the five dose levels (maximum administered dose: 600 mg QD); MTD was not reached. In 18 FES-PET scans, signal inhibition > 87% occurred with plasma concentrations > 100 ng/mL. There was a dose proportional increase of exposure up to 400 mg after repeated QD doses. Average C trough was reached after repeated 400 mg QD allowing 90% of 18 FES-PET signal inhibition. One pt (6.3%) had confirmed partial response (150 mg QD); eight (50%) had stable disease (SD) including three (18.8%) long-term SD (≥ 24 weeks); seven (43.8%) had progressive disease. Conclusions: SAR439859 had a favorable safety profile, high ER occupancy and encouraging antitumor activity (to be confirmed in dose expansion) in pretreated pts with ER+/HER2- mBC. With no DLTs and MTD, 400 mg QD was selected for expansion cohorts based on safety, PD and PK data. Funding: Sanofi. Clinical trial information: NCT03284957.
SWAG Injection on the Siri Field - An Optimized Injection System for Less Cost (2000)

Abstract Simultaneous Water And Gas (SWAG) injection has been implemented on the Siri Field on the Danish Continental Shelf and represents the first reported full field application of its kind in the North Sea. The associated produced gas is mixed with injection water at the wellhead, and injected as a two-phase mixture. The required total injection volume for voidage replacement is thus achieved with a simplified injection system, fewer wells and reduced gas recompression pressure requirements. Injection per well has typically been in the range 4,000–8,000 Sm3/day (25,000–50,000 bpd) water and 200,000 – 400,000 Sm3/day (7 −14 Mscf/d) gas. Evaluation of alternative injection schemes identified SWAG as the optimum scenario for Siri. The choice reflects that: There is no established gas export infrastructure in the immediate area, Siri gas volumes alone are too small to warrant establishment of a system, and routine gas flaring is unacceptable. Reinjection is therefore required. Reservoir simulation studies indicate improved oil recovery (IOR) with combined gas and water injection as compared to pure water injection, apparently related to attic oil displacement, reduced residual oil saturation and better sweep efficiency. Continuous water injection from both injectors is required to maintain reservoir pressure. The SWAG concept fulfills all these requirements, representing a safe, economic and environmentally-friendly development solution.
Viral genetic determinants for thrips transmission of Tomato spotted wilt virus (2005)

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is transmitted exclusively by thrips in nature. A reassortment-based viral genetic system was used to map transmissibility by thrips to the medium (M) RNA of TSWV. To locate determinants of thrips transmission in the M RNA, 30 single-lesion isolates (SLIs) were generated from a single TSWV isolate that was inefficiently transmitted by thrips. Three of the 30 SLIs were transmitted by thrips, and 27 were not. Sequence analysis of the M RNA, thrips transmissibility assays, G(C) protein analysis, and transmission electron microscopic studies revealed that a specific nonsynonymous mutation (C1375A) in the G(N)/G(C) ORF of the M RNA resulted in the loss of thrips transmissibility without inhibition of virion assembly. This was in contrast to other nontransmissible SLIs, which had frameshift and/or nonsense mutations in the G(N)/G(C) ORF but were defective in virion assembly. The G(C) glycoprotein was detectable in the C1375A mutants but not in the frameshift or nonsense mutants. We report a specific viral determinant associated with virus transmission by thrips. In addition, the loss of transmissibility was associated with the accumulation of defective haplotypes in the population, which are not transmissible by thrips, rather than with the presence of a dominant haplotype that is inefficiently transmitted by thrips. These results also indicate that the glycoproteins may not be required for TSWV infection of plant hosts but are required for transmissibility by thrips.
Effects of Placement, Attachment, and Weight Classification on Pedometer Accuracy (2007)

Of these sites, the RS placement is recommended because of the ease of reading the pedometer during activity. Using a belt did not significantly improve accuracy except for normal weight groups at the NV placement site.
The New Welfare Sanction (2011)

It is often suggested that a retreat from the ‘rehabilitative ideal’ - that faith in the capacity of prison to reform offenders which dominated penal philosophy throughout much of the twentieth century - is another sign of a new punitive direction in penal policy (Garland, 2001a). It is argued here, in line with Garland, that it was not so much the abandonment of the rehabilitative ideal in the UK but rather its revival in a different form which has led to increased penal severity in recent years. Rather than the welfarist measures associated with that ideal being abandoned, they have actually been extended and rendered more coercive. In Punishment and Welfare (1985), David Garland described the emergence of this combination of punishment and treatment at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century the ‘welfare sanction’. Although it would appear that such a sanction did not lead to significantly increased penal severity in the early part of the twentieth century, it is argued that a proliferation of ‘welfare sanctions’ has indeed done so at the beginning of the twenty-first. This chapter briefly discusses the rise of the rehabilitative ideal and its mutation into the ‘neo-rehabilitative ideal’ (Morgan, 1994) before examining how welfare sanctions function in practice in Britain today and how the new rehabilitative philosophy has affected the prison and probation services.
Combining Machine Learning and Computational Chemistry for Predictive Insights Into Chemical Systems (2021)

Machine learning models are poised to make a transformative impact on chemical sciences by dramatically accelerating computational algorithms and amplifying insights available from computational chemistry methods. However, achieving this requires a confluence and coaction of expertise in computer science and physical sciences. This Review is written for new and experienced researchers working at the intersection of both fields. We first provide concise tutorials of computational chemistry and machine learning methods, showing how insights involving both can be achieved. We follow with a critical review of noteworthy applications that demonstrate how computational chemistry and machine learning can be used together to provide insightful (and useful) predictions in molecular and materials modeling, retrosyntheses, catalysis, and drug design.
Study of the structure of besulpamide, 1‐[(4‐chloro‐3‐sulfamoylbenzoyl)amino]2,4,6‐trimethylpyridinium hydroxide inner salt, and related compounds, using X‐Ray crystallography and <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1989)

Abstract The diuretic and antihypertensive drug Besulpamide, 1‐[(4‐Chloro‐3‐sulfamoylbenzoyl)amino]‐2,4,6‐trimethylpyridinium hydroxide inner salt, and related compounds have been investigated by nmr spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. A mechanism for the formation of the salt 5 is proposed. The tautomerism of hydroxy derivatives of Besulpamide is discussed on the basis of nmr spectroscopy. The single‐crystal X‐ray investigation of Besulpamide, R = 0.038 (R w = 0.041), showed two crystallographically independent molecular conformations in the crystal structure, space group P \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\bar 1$\end{document} , a = 8.485(3), b = 14.282(2), c = 15.312(6), α = 69.41(2), β = 82.22(4), γ = 72.78(3).
CMAC - A multi-channel energy efficient MAC for wireless sensor networks (2006)

Tins paper presents CMAC, a fully desynchronized MAC protocol that is designed to exploit the existing multi-channel support in sensor nodes. The hardware requirements of our protocol are minimal, requiring a single half-duplex transceiver and a low-power wake-up radio. CMAC takes into account the fundamental energy constraint in sensor nodes by placing them in a default sleep mode and waking them up only when necessary. As a contrast to other dual radio wake-up schemes, our protocol focuses on how communication and its preceding control message exchange mechanism can be undertaken in a multi-channel scenario without assuming a separate control channel. CMAC enables spatial channel re-use, nearly collision free communication, and addresses the deafness problem without incurring a tradeoff in fairness or latency. When compared with a recent MAC protocol SMAC, results show that CMAC obtains nearly 200% reduction in energy consumption, significantly improved throughput, and end-to-end delay values that are 50-150% better than SMAC for our simulated topologies
Nanophotonic Polarization Diversity Demultiplexer Chip (2009)

We demonstrate a very compact multifunctional photonic-crystal demultiplexer on high index contrast InP-membrane for coarse WDM applications. Polarization diversity is implemented using 2D-grating couplers. The performance of the device is evaluated using integrated p-i-n photodetectors. Polarization diversity from fiber to detector-without intermediate functional device-results in a minimal polarization dependent loss (PDL) of 0.2 dB. This value increases to 1.1 dB when including the photonic-crystal demultiplexer.
Plant Actin-Depolymerizing Factors Possess Opposing Biochemical Properties Arising from Key Amino Acid Changes throughout Evolution (2017)

Functional divergence in paralogs is an important genetic source of evolutionary innovation. Actin-depolymerizing factors (ADFs) are among the most important actin binding proteins and are involved in generating and remodeling actin cytoskeletal architecture via their conserved F-actin severing or depolymerizing activity. In plants, ADFs coevolved with actin, but their biochemical properties are diverse. Unfortunately, the biochemical function of most plant ADFs and the potential mechanisms of their functional divergence remain unclear. Here, in vitro biochemical analyses demonstrated that all 11 ADF genes in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> exhibit opposing biochemical properties. Subclass III ADFs evolved F-actin bundling (B-type) function from conserved F-actin depolymerizing (D-type) function, and subclass I ADFs have enhanced D-type function. By tracking historical mutation sites on ancestral proteins, several fundamental amino acid residues affecting the biochemical functions of these proteins were identified in Arabidopsis and various plants, suggesting that the biochemical divergence of ADFs has been conserved during the evolution of angiosperm plants. Importantly, N-terminal extensions on subclass III ADFs that arose from intron-sliding events are indispensable for the alteration of D-type to B-type function. We conclude that the evolution of these N-terminal extensions and several conserved mutations produced the diverse biochemical functions of plant ADFs from a putative ancestor.
CCR10 expression is a common feature of circulating and mucosal epithelial tissue IgA Ab-secreting cells (2003)

The dissemination of IgA-dependent immunity between mucosal sites has important implications for mucosal immunoprotection and vaccine development. Epithelial cells in diverse gastrointestinal and nonintestinal mucosal tissues express the chemokine MEC/CCL28. Here we demonstrate that CCR10, a receptor for MEC, is selectively expressed by IgA Ab-secreting cells (large s/cIgA(+)CD38(hi)CD19(int/-)CD20(-)), including circulating IgA(+) plasmablasts and almost all IgA(+) plasma cells in the salivary gland, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, and tonsils. Few T cells in any mucosal tissue examined express CCR10. Moreover, tonsil IgA plasmablasts migrate to MEC, consistent with the selectivity of CCR10 expression. In contrast, CCR9, whose ligand TECK/CCL25 is predominantly restricted to the small intestine and thymus, is expressed by a fraction of IgA Ab-secreting cells and almost all T cells in the small intestine, but by only a small percentage of plasma cells and plasmablasts in other sites. These results point to a unifying role for CCR10 and its mucosal epithelial ligand MEC in the migration of circulating IgA plasmablasts and, together with other tissue-specific homing mechanisms, provides a mechanistic basis for the specific dissemination of IgA Ab-secreting cells after local immunization.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Optically Active Phthaloyl D‐Aminooxy Acids from L‐Amino Acids or L‐Hydroxy Acid as Building Blocks for the Preparation of Aminooxy Peptides. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Efficient Perparation of Racemic Isomers of <i>ansa</i>-Zirconocene Complexes with a Vinyl Substituted Silylene Bridge (1997)

Abstract The reaction of dilithiated silylene-bridged Cp-ligands, whose silylene had one or two vinyl substituents, with ZrCl4 gave racemo-rich mixtures of the complex RR′Si(C5H2-2,4-Me2)2ZrCl2 (1: R = vinyl, R′ = Me, rac/meso = 77/23, 4: R = R′ = vinyl, rac/meso = 77/23). The pure racemic complex 1-rac was isolated after several recrystallization processes in a satisfactory yield (31%, rac/meso &gt;99⁄1) and was structurally characterized. Polymerization of propylene with 1-racMAO gave highly isotactic polypropylene.
Autoantibody Detection Using Indirect Immunofluorescence on HEp‐2 Cells (2009)

The detection of autoantibodies is an important element in the diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression in patients with autoimmune diseases. In laboratory diagnostic tests for connective tissue and autoimmune liver diseases, indirect immunofluorescence on HEp-2 cells plays a central role in a multistage diagnostic process. Despite the high quality of diagnostics, findings at different laboratories can differ considerably due to a lack of standardization, as well as subjective factors. The present paper formulates recommendations for the standardized processing and interpretation of the HEp-2 cell test for the detection of non-organ-specific (especially antinuclear) antibodies. It provides requirements regarding the diagnostic tests used, instructions for laboratory procedure and evaluation, and recommendations for interpretation. For an optimal laboratory diagnostic process, it is useful to have an informative, tentative clinical diagnosis and an experienced laboratory diagnostician. In addition, the following key elements are recommended: initial screening using indirect immunofluorescence on carefully chosen HEp-2 cells beginning with a serum dilution of 1:80 and evaluation under a microscope with powerful illumination; results from a titer of 1:160 upwards being considered positive; internal laboratory quality control; and standardized interpretation. The aim is to improve diagnostic tests and care of patients with autoimmune diseases as a central concern of the European Autoimmunity Standardization Initiative (EASI).
Inhibition of Mammary Tumorigenesis by Ergot Alkaloids and Promotion of Mammary Tumorigenesis by Pituitary Isografts in Adreno-Ovariectomized Mice (1972)

The effect of ergocornine or 2-bromo-α-ergocryptine (CB-154) in intact C3H/He virgin mice and the effect of pituitary isografts in adreno-ovariectomized mice on spontaneous mammary tumor incidence were investigated to clarify the importance of prolactin on mammary tumorigenesis. At the end of 8 months after the experiment began, mammary tumor incidences were 23.5 and 16.7% in mice with subcutaneous pellet implants of ergocornine and CB-154, respectively, whereas the incidence in control mice was 73.7%. Mammary tumor incidence was significantly inhibited by these ergot alkaloids undoubtedly through their suppression of pituitary prolactin secretion. Mammary tumor incidence was 51.3% at the end of 8 months after 3 pituitaries were grafted in adreno-ovariectomized mice, while no tumors appeared in the adreno-ovariectomized controls; this indicated that prolactin secreted continuously by the grafted pituitaries promoted the development of spontaneous mammary tumors in the apparent absence of adrenal and ovarian hormones. These results demonstrated that prolactin is a primary hormonal factor in spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis in mice.
A language for describing predictors and its application to automatic synthesis (1997)

As processor architectures have increased their reliance on speculative execution to improve performance, the importance of accurate prediction of what to execute speculatively has increased. Furthermore, the types of values predicted have expanded from the ubiquitous branch and call/return targets to the prediction of indirect jump targets, cache ways and data values. In general, the prediction process is one of identifying the current state of the system, and making a prediction for some as yet uncomputed value based on that state. Prediction accuracy is improved by learning what is a good prediction for that state using a feedback process at the time the predicted value is actually computed. While there have been a number of efforts to formally characterize this process, we have taken the approach of providing a simple algebraic-style notation that allows one to express this state identification and feedback process. This notation allows one to describe a wide variety of predictors in a uniform way. It also facilitates the use of an efficient search technique called genetic programming, which is loosely modeled on the natural evolutionary process, to explore the design space. In this paper we describe our notation and the results of the application of genetic programming to the design of branch and indirect jump predictors.
MLN120B, a Novel IκB Kinase β Inhibitor, Blocks Multiple Myeloma Cell Growth <i>In vitro</i> and <i>In vivo</i> (2006)

Our data show that the novel IKKbeta inhibitor MLN120B induces growth inhibition of multiple myeloma cells in SCID-hu mouse model. These studies provide the framework for clinical evaluation of MLN120B, alone and in combined therapies, trials of these novel agents to improve patient outcome in multiple myeloma.