gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unifying a large corporate Web site: a case study of www.microsoft.com (2002)

Microsoft's World Wide Web site contains over 300,000 pages that are contributed by over 300 different groups. The target audience for the site is varied and ranges from children to information technology professionals. Unifying the look and feel of this large, diverse site is a daunting challenge, especially in the face of a decentralized corporate culture. Usability testing was used to identify which Web page elements might best unify the site while still allowing Microsoft groups maximum flexibility in Web page designs. Political challenges persist and inhibit the adoption of standard design elements.
Bcl-2 expression regulates sodium butyrate-induced apoptosis in human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. (1996)

Sodium butyrate (butyrate) is a potent growth inhibitor and differentiating agent for many cell types, including breast cancer cells. Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is a physiological mechanism of cell death that is dependent on both preexisting proteins and de novo protein synthesis. In the studies presented here, we investigated the role of apoptosis in the growth regulation of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells by sodium butyrate. We report that butyrate treatment of breast cancer MCF-7 cells causes a nonreversible growth inhibition by inducing apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Treatment of MCF-7 cells for as little as 12 h with butyrate caused a 5.6-fold induction in apoptotic cell death, which continued to increase up to 27-fold by 48 h treatment. The butyrate-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells was closely linked with the down-regulation of expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and Bcl-2 protein, a gene product known to be involved in the regulation of apoptosis in mammalian cells. The observed relationship between the down-regulation of Bcl-2 and induction of apoptosis was not causal because stable overexpression of Bcl-2 resulted in protection of MCF-7 cells from the cytotoxic morphological changes and growth-inhibitory effects of butyrate (15% growth inhibition compared to 60% growth inhibition in the parental cells). In addition, Bcl-2-overexpressing MCF-7 cells exhibited a significant suppression in butyrate-induced stimulation of apoptosis (5-fold increase in apoptosis compared to 27-fold in parental MCF-7 cells). These findings demonstrate that the levels of Bcl-2 expression regulate the butyrate-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells and that butyrate may potentially be useful in sensitizing the breast cancer cells to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis.
Lipopolysaccharide response is linked to the GTP binding protein, Gi2, in the promonocytic cell line U937 (1989)

Phorbol esters induce the differentiation of the human promonocytic cell line U937 to a monocyte/macrophage. This process is associated with the induction of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) gene expression (Strulovici, B., Daniel-Issakani, S., Oto, E., Nestor, J., Jr., Chan, H., and Ping-Tsou, A. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 3569-3576). Here we describe the induction by phorbol esters of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responsiveness in U937 cells. Preincubation with phorbol myristate acetate (TPA, 5 x 10(-8) M) for at least 4-6 h and up to 12 h followed by 3 h of LPS treatment induced a 4-fold enhancement in the accumulation of IL-1 beta transcripts compared to treatment with TPA alone. This "priming" effect was specific for protein kinase C agonists and required de novo protein synthesis. Exposure of [35S]methionine-labeled U937 cells to phorbol esters induced the de novo synthesis of a protein which migrated with a 40-kDa molecular mass in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, had an isoelectric point of 5.7 (p 40/5.7), and was recognized by a specific antibody to the pertussis toxin (PT)-sensitive Gi2. The time course for the appearance of Gi2 correlated with that for the induction of LPS responsiveness by TPA. Moreover, the LPS response was PT-sensitive. In cells treated with LPS for 5 min, Gi2 showed diminished ADP-ribosylation by PT. Treatment of U937 cells with LPS for 30 min induced phosphorylation of Gi2 and enhanced PT labeling. In a cell-free assay, phosphorylation of Gi2 by protein kinase C type III, rendered it a better PT substrate. The present findings thus suggest: 1) that TPA induces LPS responsiveness in U937 cells via de novo synthesis of Gi2; 2) that the LPS response (enhanced IL-1 production) is linked to a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein which we identified as Gi2; and 3) that LPS leads to phosphorylation of Gi2.
Characterizing Humans on Riemannian Manifolds (2012)

In surveillance applications, head and body orientation of people is of primary importance for assessing many behavioral traits. Unfortunately, in this context people are often encoded by a few, noisy pixels so that their characterization is difficult. We face this issue, proposing a computational framework which is based on an expressive descriptor, the covariance of features. Covariances have been employed for pedestrian detection purposes, actually a binary classification problem on Riemannian manifolds. In this paper, we show how to extend to the multiclassification case, presenting a novel descriptor, named weighted array of covariances, especially suited for dealing with tiny image representations. The extension requires a novel differential geometry approach in which covariances are projected on a unique tangent space where standard machine learning techniques can be applied. In particular, we adopt the Campbell-Baker-Hausdorff expansion as a means to approximate on the tangent space the genuine (geodesic) distances on the manifold in a very efficient way. We test our methodology on multiple benchmark datasets, and also propose new testing sets, getting convincing results in all the cases.
Sodium Hypochlorite Pentahydrate (NaOCl·5H2O) Crystals as an Extraordinary Oxidant for Primary and Secondary Alcohols (2014)

Sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate crystals containing less free sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride have been developed as an improved oxidant. Primary and secondary alcohols have been oxidized to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones with ­NaOCl·5H<sub>2</sub>O in the presence of TEMPO/Bu<sub>4</sub>NHSO<sub>4</sub>. This new oxidation method does not require pH adjustment and is applicable to sterically hindered secondary alcohols.
Marjolin Ulcer: A Comprehensive Review (2020)

This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of Marjolin ulcer (MU) to assist clinicians in understanding the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of MU. Marjolin ulcer presents with clear signs and symptoms of malignant degeneration in chronic wounds. It can be prevented by raising awareness and educating wound care providers appropriately about its signs and symptoms.
Two novel thermotropic liquid crystalline substituted oligo(<i>p</i>‐phenylene‐vinylene)s: Single crystal X‐ray determination of an all‐<i>trans</i> oligomeric PPV (1996)

Conjugated polymers, for example PPV and polythiophene, show great potential for applications in thin‐film microelectronic and optoelectronic devices. An understanding of structure–property relationships in these materials is therefore of great importance. Here, the successful preparation of two novel substituted five‐ring oligo‐PPVs and the first crystallographic characterization of a single‐crystal all‐ trans PPV oligomer are reported.
Airport vulnerability assessment-an analytical approach (2002)

The Airport Vulnerability Assessment Project (AVAP), is the direct result of congressional funding of recommendation 3.13 of the White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security. This project takes a new approach to the assessment of US commercial airports. AVAP uses automation analytical methods and tools to evaluate vulnerability and risk, and to analyze cost/benefits in a more quantitative manner. This paper addresses both the process used to conduct this program as well as an unclassified look at the results which have been achieved for the initial airport assessments. The process description covers the acquisition approach, the project structure, and a review of the various methodologies and tools being used by the 8 individual performing organizations (Battelle, BDM, SAIC, Lockwood Greene, CTI, Abacus Technology, Science and Engineering Associates, and the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center). The tools described include ASSESS, SAM, RiskWatch, CASRAP and BlastFX. Included in the process is the establishment and use of an advisory panel made up predominantly of experts from the National Laboratories (Sandia, Oak Ridge Argonne and Brookhaven). The results portion addresses the findings and products resulting from the initial airport assessments.
Regionally Specific and Genome-Wide Analyses Conclusively Demonstrate the Absence of CpG Methylation in Human Mitochondrial DNA (2013)

Although CpG methylation clearly distributes genome-wide in vertebrate nuclear DNA, the state of methylation in the vertebrate mitochondrial genome has been unclear. Several recent reports using immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods concluded that human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has much more than the 2 to 5% CpG methylation previously estimated. However, these methods do not provide information as to the sites or frequency of methylation at each CpG site. Here, we have used the more definitive bisulfite genomic sequencing method to examine CpG methylation in HCT116 human cells and primary human cells to independently answer these two questions. We found no evidence of CpG methylation at a biologically significant level in these regions of the human mitochondrial genome. Furthermore, unbiased next-generation sequencing of sodium bisulfite treated total DNA from HCT116 cells and analysis of genome-wide sodium bisulfite sequencing data sets from several other DNA sources confirmed this absence of CpG methylation in mtDNA. Based on our findings using regionally specific and genome-wide approaches with multiple human cell sources, we can definitively conclude that CpG methylation is absent in mtDNA. It is highly unlikely that CpG methylation plays any role in direct control of mitochondrial function.
A fuzzy logic positioning system for an articulated robot arm (2002)

Articulated robot arms offer maximum positioning flexibility but suffer from complex kinematics. In most applications, linear motion is desirable. Calculating the kinematic equations which govern an articulated arm is straight forward; however, it is generally difficult to calculate the inverse kinematic equations that are needed to position the arm in closed form. Using a fuzzy reasoning system, it is possible to accurately position an articulated arm without explicitly solving the inverse kinematic equations.
Coherent Control of Spin Precession Motion with Impulsive Magnetic Fields of Half-Cycle Terahertz Radiation (2010)

Coherent control of the precession motion of magnetizations in a single crystal YFeO3 with double half-cycle pulse terahertz waves was demonstrated. Quasiferromagnetic (0.299 THz) and quasiantiferromagnetic (0.527 THz) precession modes were selectively excited by choosing an appropriate interval of two pulses and were observed as free induction decay (FID) signals from the spin system. By observing the circularly polarized FID signals due to ferromagnetic resonance, we also succeeded in confirming directly the energy storage in the spin system and recovery from that to the electromagnetic radiation.
Trophoblast Stem Cell Maintenance by Fibroblast Growth Factor 4 Requires MEKK4 Activation of Jun N-Terminal Kinase (2009)

Trophoblast differentiation during placentation involves an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) with loss of E-cadherin and gain of trophoblast invasiveness. Mice harboring a point mutation that renders inactive the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase MEKK4 exhibit dysregulated placental development with increased trophoblast invasion. Isolated MEKK4 kinase-inactive trophoblast stem (TS) cells cultured under undifferentiating, self-renewing conditions in the presence of fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) display increased expression of Slug, Twist, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), loss of E-cadherin, and hyperinvasion of extracellular matrix, each a hallmark of EMT. MEKK4 kinase-inactive TS cells show a preferential differentiation to Tpbp alpha- and Gcm1-positive trophoblasts, which are indicative of spongiotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast differentiation, respectively. FGF4-stimulated Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 activity is markedly reduced in MEKK4 kinase-inactive TS cells. Chemical inhibition of JNK in wild-type TS cells induced a similar EMT response as loss of MEKK4 kinase activity, including inhibition of E-cadherin expression and increased expression of Slug, MMP2, Tpbp alpha, and Gcm1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses revealed changes in AP-1 composition with increased Fra-2 and decreased Fra-1 and JunB binding to the regulatory regions of Gcm1 and MMP2 genes in MEKK4 kinase-inactive TS cells. Our results define MEKK4 as a signaling hub for FGF4 activation of JNK that is required for maintenance of TS cells in an undifferentiated state.
An analysis of one regularization approach for solution of pure Neumann problem (2022)

In this paper, the analysis of one approach for the regularization of pure Neumann problems for second order elliptical equations, e.g., Poisson’s equation and linear elasticity equations, is presented. The main topic under consideration is the behavior of the condition number of the regularized problem. A general framework for the analysis is presented. This allows to determine a form of regularization term which leads to the “natural” asymptotic of the condition number of the regularized problem with respect to mesh parameter. Some numerical results, which support theoretical analysis are presented as well. The main motivation for the presented research is to develop theoretical background for an efficient and robust implementation of the solver for pure Neumann problems for the linear elasticity equations. Such solvers usually are needed in a number of domain decomposition methods, e.g. FETI. Developed approaches are planed to be used in software, developing in ITWM, e.g. KneeMech simulation software.
The SNAIL family member SCRATCH1 is not expressed in human tumors (2009)

The SNAIL and SLUG transcription factors play important roles in embryogenesis owing to their anti-apoptotic properties and their ability to promote morphogenetic changes by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT). These characteristics provide many of the proteins in these families with oncogenic and pro-metastatic capabilities when reactivated in cancers. The SCRATCH subgroup of the SNAIL superfamily, including SCRATCH1 and SCRATCH2, display distinct embryonic functions and diverge early in evolution. Despite the described overexpression of SCRT1 (encoding for SCRATCH1) in a small subset of human lung cancers, there is little data supporting a role of SCRATCH proteins in tumorigenesis. To further explore this possibility, we assessed SNAI1 (SNAIL), SNAI2 (SLUG) and SCRT1 (SCRATCH1) expression in a wide panel of human and murine tumors encompassing 151 primary tumors and 6 different cancer types, including melanomas and multiple different carcinomas. Whereas SNAI1 and SNAI2 are widely expressed in human and murine tumors, our results reveal that SCRT1 transcripts are undetectable in nearly all of the examined tumors suggesting that SCRATCH1 plays a minor role, if any, in tumorigenesis. Our data therefore suggest that oncogenic properties are not shared by all SNAIL superfamily members but instead are specifically allotted to the SNAIL subgroup supporting the conclusions that SNAIL and SCRATCH subgroups are functionally divergent and strengthening the hypothesis that the oncogenic potential of SNAIL and SLUG proteins relies on the hijacking of their embryonic functions.
Root canal microflora. (2007)

Modern day endodontics is undergoing a massive change with the introduction of new molecular based techniques for microbial identification. This review focuses on the microbiota in untreated and root-filled canals. It will also describe briefly the recent developments in microbial identification and the mechanisms by which certain species of microbes are able to invade and establish themselves in the root canal.
Frequency‐selective substrate integrated waveguide front‐end system for tracking applications (2018)

A K‐band frequency‐selective front‐end system for monopulse tracking applications is presented on a single layer of a substrate‐integrated waveguide (SIW). The circuit comprises an antenna array of two Vivaldi antennas, a frequency‐selective power combiner, and two frequency‐selective SIW crossovers, which eliminate the need for subsequent filtering. Its performance is demonstrated in terms of sum and difference patterns, gain, and scattering parameters. In order to validate the design procedure, the monopulse tracking front end is fabricated and measured. It has a bandwidth of 540 MHz with an operating frequency range of 23.63–24.17 GHz. The sum and difference patterns are provided by in‐phase and out‐of‐phase electric fields. The maximum achievable gain is 6.2 dB at the mid‐band frequency, and a 30‐degree field of view is obtained. The measurements are found to be in good agreement with simulations.
Bell violations in Majorana wires (2015)

The Gottesman-Knill theorem holds that operations from the Clifford group, when combined with preparation and detection of qubit states in the computational basis, are insufficient for universal quantum computation. Indeed, any measurement results in such a system could be reproduced within a local hidden variable theory, so that there is no need for a quantum mechanical explanation and therefore no possibility of quantum speedup. Unfortunately, Clifford operations are precisely the ones available through braiding and measurement in systems supporting non-Abelian Majorana zero modes, which are otherwise an excellent candidate for topologically protected quantum computation. In order to move beyond the classically simulable subspace, an additional phase gate is required. This phase gate allows the system to violate the Bell-like CHSH inequality that would constrain a local hidden variable theory. In this article, we both demonstrate the procedure for measuring Bell violations in Majorana systems and introduce a new type of phase gate for the already existing semiconductor-based Majorana wire systems. We conclude with an experimentally feasible schematic combining the two, which should potentially lead to the demonstration of Bell violation in a Majorana experiment in the near future. Our work also naturally leads to a well-defined platform for universal fault-tolerant quantum computation using Majorana zero modes, which we describe.
SOI MOSFET mismatch due to floating-body effects (2002)

To distinguish small differentials in voltage, circuits such as sense amplifiers and SRAM cells require transistors having closely matched electrical characteristics. For example, a mismatch in threshold voltage between cross-coupled NMOSFETs in a sense amplifier introduces an additional noise source which hinders reliable sensing. Mismatch in V/sub T/ results from mismatched body-charge state, which is dependent on the operating history of the MOSFETs. In this paper, the effect of transient operation of cross-coupled partially-depleted SOI NMOSFETs on the mismatch of device electrical characteristics is investigated with FIELDAY device modeling. Selective use of novel "body-equilibration links" allows closely matched electrical characteristics within groups of devices without seriously degrading the performance advantages of SOI.
A 1/4 inch format 250 K pixel amplified MOS image sensor using CMOS process (2002)

A 1/4 inch format 250K pixel amplified MOS image sensor has been developed with the CMOS process. We have developed a new circuit technique using a 0.8 /spl mu/m design rule to achieve reduction of pixel size while realizing vertical two line mixing and high sensitivity. Considering high speed operation and stacking photoconversion layers, we have designed scanner circuits and photodiode potential. As a result, a dynamic range of 75 dB and a sensitivity of 1.8 /spl mu/ A/lx have been attained at a pixel size of 7.2(H)/spl times/5.6(V)/spl mu/ m/sup 2/. Also we confirmed high speed operation up to a HDTV data rate.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Optical excitations in electron microscopy (2010)

This review discusses how low-energy valence excitations created by swift electrons can render information on the optical response of structured materials with unmatched spatial resolution. Electron microscopes are capable of focusing electron beams on subnanometer spots and probing the target response either by analyzing electron energy losses or by detecting emitted radiation. Theoretical frameworks suited to calculate the probability of energy loss and light emission (cathodoluminescence) are reconsidered and compared with experimental results. More precisely, a quantum-mechanical description of the interaction between the electrons and the sample is discussed, followed by a powerful classical dielectric approach that can be applied in practice to more complex systems. The conditions are assessed under which classical and quantum-mechanical formulations are equivalent. The excitation of collective modes such as plasmons is studied in bulk materials, planar surfaces, and nanoparticles. Light emission induced by the electrons is shown to constitute an excellent probe of plasmons, combining subnanometer resolution in the position of the electron beam with nanometer resolution in the emitted wavelength. Both electron energy-loss and cathodoluminescence spectroscopies performed in a scanning mode of operation yield snapshots of plasmon modes in nanostructures with fine spatial detail as compared to other existing imaging techniques, thus providing an ideal tool for nanophotonics studies.
Direct modulation of double-heterostructure lasers at rates up to 1 Gbit/s (1973)

Mesa-stripe double-heterostructure lasers operating at room temperature with direct-current bias close to threshold have been directly modulated at gigabit rates. The distortion and ringing effects expected at these frequencies as a result of resonant coupling between photon- and electron-density distributions were found to be suppressed over a range of bias levels. This is thought to result from the multimode behaviour of the device.
Editorial: Balancing responsibilities when prescribing antimicrobials for farm animals (2017)

ANTIMICROBIAL use, and in particular, antibiotic use in farmed, food-producing species, has become the subject of increasing interest and concern over recent years. Regulatory authorities, medical practitioners, veterinary surgeons, farmers, the general public and others all have a legitimate interest in this area but priorities and perspectives can differ widely.