gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Noninjection Gram-Scale Synthesis of Monodisperse Pyramidal CuInS<sub>2</sub> Nanocrystals and Their Size-Dependent Properties (2010)

CuInS2 nanocrystals are viewed as very good candidates for solar harvesting and light emitting applications. Here we report an optimized noninjection method for the synthesis of monodisperse pyramidal CuInS2 nanocrystals with sizes ranging from 3 to 8 nm. This synthetic route is able to yield large amounts of high quality nanoparticles, usually in the gram scale for one batch experiment. The structure and surface studies showed that the resulting nanocrystals are pyramids of CuInS2 tetragonal phase with well-defined facets, while their surface is functionalized with dodecanethiol capping ligands. Spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements revealed size-dependent optical and electrical properties of CuInS2 nanocrystals, demonstrating quantum confinement effects in these systems. The size-dependent optical bandgaps of CuInS2 nanocrystals were found to be consistent with the finite-depth well effective mass approximation (EMA) calculations, which provide a convenient method to estimate the diameter of CuInS2 pyramids. Additionally we have also determined some important physical parameters, including bandgaps and energy levels, for this system, which are crucial for the integration of CuInS2 nanocrystals in potential device applications.
How to see through the Fog? Using Peer to Peer (P2P) for the Internet of Things (2019)

The Internet of Things (IoT) faces the challenge of scaling to handle tens of billions of connected devices. This challenge is made more difficult by the range of constituent IoT parts from Cloud-based applications to constrained nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Achieving the desired scale and interoperability requires an architecture for IoT that is scalable and allows seamless operation across networks and devices. This paper considers the requirements for IoT and considers a number of existing architectural approaches and the emergence of Fog computing. It proposes that Fog computing architectures must cater for the flow of data from constrained sensor nodes to powerful applications. It considers the suitability of a Peer to Peer (P2P) approach for Fog computing. Using a prototype implementation, it demonstrates how a Holistic Peer to Peer (HPP) architecture and application layer protocol meet the requirements set for IoT.
The Research And Implementation Of Internet Taxpaying System Based On Xml (2006)

Now,XML Technology is used widely in different industry. The article discussed one way to implement taxpaying on inter- net, in which, XML is used to express the information of taxpaying and SOAP is used to transfer XML data and SSL provide the se- curity of the transferation.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes Induce Proliferation and Migration of Normal and Chronic Wound Fibroblasts, and Enhance Angiogenesis In Vitro (2015)

Although chronic wounds are common and continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, treatments for these conditions are lacking and often ineffective. A large body of evidence exists demonstrating the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for repair and regeneration of damaged tissue, including acceleration of cutaneous wound healing. However, the exact mechanisms of wound healing mediated by MSCs are unclear. In this study, we examined the role of MSC exosomes in wound healing. We found that MSC exosomes ranged from 30 to 100-nm in diameter and internalization of MSC exosomes resulted in a dose-dependent enhancement of proliferation and migration of fibroblasts derived from normal donors and chronic wound patients. Uptake of MSC exosomes by human umbilical vein endothelial cells also resulted in dose-dependent increases of tube formation by endothelial cells. MSC exosomes were found to activate several signaling pathways important in wound healing (Akt, ERK, and STAT3) and induce the expression of a number of growth factors [hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), nerve growth factor (NGF), and stromal-derived growth factor-1 (SDF1)]. These findings represent a promising opportunity to gain insight into how MSCs may mediate wound healing.
Judging the evidence (2005)

All surgeons attempt to give their patients the optimum level of treatment at their disposal. They search their knowledge in order to come to the best diagnostic and practical solution to the problems which they face. Their decisions are based upon the wisdom which they have gathered during their
Eigenspace-based minimum variance beamforming applied to medical ultrasound imaging (2010)

Recently, adaptive beamforming methods have been successfully applied to medical ultrasound imaging, resulting in significant improvement in image quality compared with non-adaptive delay-and-sum (DAS) beamformers. Most of the adaptive beamformers presented in the ultrasound imaging literature are based on the minimum variance (MV) beamformer which can significantly improve the imaging resolution, although their success in enhancing the contrast has not yet been satisfactory. It is desirable for the beamformer to improve the resolution and contrast at the same time. To this end, in this paper, we have applied the eigenspace-based MV (EIBMV) beamformer to medical ultrasound imaging and have shown a simultaneous improvement in imaging resolution and contrast. EIBMV beamformer utilizes the eigenstructure of the covariance matrix to enhance the performance of the MV beamformer. The weight vector of the EIBMV is found by projecting the MV weight vector onto a vector subspace constructed from the eigenstructure of the covariance matrix. Using EIBMV weights instead of the MV ones leads to reduced sidelobes and improved contrast, without compromising the high resolution of the MV beamformer. In addition, the proposed EIBMV beamformer presents a satisfactory robustness against data misalignment resulting from steering vector errors, outperforming the regularized MV beamformer.
Effect of Loops and G-Quartets on the Stability of RNA G-Quadruplexes (2013)

The loop length, loop composition, salt concentration, and number of G-quartets are major determinants of G-quadruplex stability. We examined the effect of each of these factors on the thermal stability and folding topology of a library of RNA quadruplexes. The thermal stability of G2 and G3 RNA quadruplexes was investigated upon varying the loop length (from 1-1-1 to 15-15-15) and salt concentration (from 1 to 100 mM KCl), while the effect of loop composition was explored using 18 naturally occurring potential RNA quadruplexes predicted in untranslated regions (UTRs). We found loop length and quadruplex stability to be inversely related for G2 RNA quadruplexes and G3 RNA quadruplexes with shorter loops. However, melting temperature saturates for G3 RNA quadruplexes with longer loops. RNA G-quadruplexes with longer loops (G3 15-15-15) displayed Tm values significantly higher than the physiological temperature. This study thus highlights the need to modify the consensus motif presently used by quadruplex prediction tools. An increase in the loop size from 7 bases to 15 bases in the consensus motif will add to its predictive value for the discovery of potential RNA quadruplexes across transcriptomes.
Applications of NIPAm Copolymers in Lignocellulosic Biomass Depolymerization for Biofuels Production (2014)

Applications of NIPAm Copolymers in Lignocellulosic BiomassDepolymerization for Biofuels ProductionBy: Katherine Jean MackenzieDoctor of Philosophy in ChemistryUniversity of California, BerkeleyProfessor Matthew B. Francis, ChairAbstractThere is currently great interest in the use of cellulosic biomass as a source of renewable fuels. This practice generally involves the enzymatic hydrolysis of plant matter to afford soluble sugars for subsequent fermentation steps. The cost of cellulase enzymes presents a critical barrier to the commercialization of these processes. In this work, two methods to reduce enzyme costs are presented. Both are based on copolymers exhibiting a thermoresponsive lower critical solution temperature (LCST), created through the copolymerization of an aminooxy-bearing methacrylamide with <italic>N</italic>-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) or <italic>N</italic>-isopropylmethacrylamide (NIPMa). The design of this copolymer includes three different ways to adjust the LCST, allowing it to be readily tailored to the temperature requirements of a specific application. In the first strategy, this copolymer system is combined with a site-selective protein modification method to construct a recoverable polymer-endoglucanase bioconjugate. This bioconjugate matches the activity of unmodified enzymes on insoluble purified cellulose, and shows an increased hydrolysis yield on an industrially-relevant lignocellulosic biomass. The recycling ability of the bioconjugate was evaluated over three rounds of activity, affording significantly more soluble carbohydrates than unmodified enzyme alone on both assayed substrates. The second application of the NIPAm copolymers is as a new family of polymer additives that can increase enzyme performance substantially. When applied to an industrially relevant combination of enzymes and lignin-containing biomass, polymer additives allow a 60% reduction in enzyme loading to achieve the same level of saccharification. It was found that these polymers function through multiple mechanisms, including (1) preventing enzyme denaturation from shear and interfacial interactions, (2) preventing non-productive adsorption to lignin, and (3) altering the cellulose structure. These two applications of NIPAm copolymers were tailored specifically for use with cellulases. However, it was found that the ability of NIPAm copolymers to stabilize proteins against shear and interfacial stress extends to other, non-cellulolytic enzymes. This expands the potential use of NIPAm copolymers to a range of industrial operations
New pharmacokinetic in vitro model for studies of antibiotic activity against intracellular microorganisms (1996)

The capacity for intracellular growth is an important survival strategy for a large group of common pathogens. Helicobacter pylori, the etiological agent for gastritis and duodenal ulcer, has been shown by both in vivo and in vitro studies to have the capacity to invade epithelial cells. In vitro models are used to study the effect of antibiotics on microoganisms. Most investigations are performed in broth culture or on agar plates, but kinetic models for bacteria in broth have been described. We present a new, kinetic model adapted for intracellular pathogens. A glass chamber, with a metal rack fitting Falcon cell culture inserts, was connected to a pump by rubber tubes. Different tube diameters and pump speeds were evaluated, and the assay was designed to mimic the half-lives of the antibiotics in vivo, i.e., 11.5 h for azithromycin, 5 h for clarithromycin, and 1 h for amoxicillin. Monolayers of HEp-2 cells were grown in the inserts for 2 days, after which H. pylori (clinical strain 88-23), was added to the system. Internalization was allowed for 12 h, and extracellular H. pylori cells were eradicated with gentamicin. The inserts were moved to the glass chamber, containing medium with 12.5 mg of either amoxicillin or azithromycin per liter or 2.4 mg of clarithromycin per liter. This represents 12.5, 50, and 80 times the extracellular minimum bactericidal concentration value, respectively. Samples were taken at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h. The HEp-2 cells were lysed, and intracellular bacteria were counted by plating. Inserts with infected cells grown in drug-free medium were included as controls for each time interval. A 3-log10 reduction of H. pylori was achieved in the experiments with azithromycin, and a 4-log10 reduction was achieved in the clarithromycin experiments, while no intracellular effect was seen when amoxicillin was used. The antibiotic concentrations at the sampling intervals were 12.5, 3.1, 0.8, 0.2, 0.05, and 0 mg/liter for amoxicillin; 12.5, 11.5, 10, 9, 8, and 3 mg/liter for azithromycin; and 2.4, 1.8, 1.4, 1, 0.8, and 0 mg/liter for clarithromycin. This new model for pharmacokinetic studies provides a useful tool, with applications for a broad range of microorganisms.
Short-Period Superlattice Structure of Sn-Doped In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(ZnO)<sub>4</sub> and In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(ZnO)<sub>5</sub> Nanowires (2005)

Two longitudinal superlattice structures of In(2)O(3)(ZnO)(4) and In(2)O(3)(ZnO)(5) nanowires were exclusively produced by a thermal evaporation method. The diameter is periodically modulated in the range of 50-90 nm. The nanowires consist of one In-O layer and five (or six) layered Zn-O slabs stacked alternately perpendicular to the long axis, with a modulation period of 1.65 (or 1.9) nm. These superlattice nanowires were doped with 6-8% Sn. The X-ray diffraction pattern reveals the structural defects of wurtzite ZnO crystals due to the In/Sn incorporation. The high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrum suggests that In and Sn withdraw the electrons from Zn and enhance the number of dangling-bond O 2p states, resulting in the reduction of the band gap. Photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence exhibit the peak shift of near band edge emission to the lower energy and the enhancement of green emission as the In/Sn content increases.
An infrastructure for profile-driven dynamic recompilation (2002)

Dynamic optimization of computer programs can dramatically improve their performance on a variety of applications. The paper presents an efficient infrastructure for dynamic recompilation that can support a wide range of dynamic optimizations including profile-driven optimizations. The infrastructure allows any section of code to be optimized and regenerated on-the-fly, even code for currently active procedures. The infrastructure incorporates a low-overhead edge-count profiling strategy that supports first-class continuations and reinstrumentation of active procedures. Profiling instrumentation can be added and removed dynamically, and the data can be displayed graphically in terms of the original source to provide useful feedback to the programmer.
Interactive Visual Data Mining (2011)

In the data mining field, people have no doubt that high level information (or knowledge) can be extracted from the database through the use of algorithms. However, a one-shot knowledge deduction is based on the assumption that the model developer knows the structure of knowledge to be deducted. This assumption may not be invalid in general. Hence, a general proposition for data mining is that, without human-computer interaction, any knowledge discovery algorithm (or program) will fail to meet the needs from a data miner who has a novel goal (Wang, S. & Wang, H., 2002). Recently, interactive visual data mining techniques have opened new avenues in the data mining field (Chen, Zhu, & Chen, 2001; de Oliveira & Levkowitz, 2003; Han, Hu & Cercone, 2003; Shneiderman, 2002; Yang, 2003). Request access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.
Alagebrium attenuates acute methylglyoxal‐induced glucose intolerance in Sprague‐Dawley rats (2009)

Alagebrium acutely attenuated MG-induced glucose intolerance, suggesting a possible preventive role for alagebrium against the harmful effects of MG.
The Cairo plan. (1995)

The Plan of Action which arose from the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development calls for stabilizing the population of the world at 7.8 billion by the year 2050. This plan reflects the sense of urgency born of a knowledge that the resources of the world are already being strained by human demands. For example, marine biologists believe that the ocean fisheries would sustain a catch of 100 million tons a year. This level was reached in 1989. If the biologists are correct, the seafood catch per person will continue to decline until population stabilizes, and seafood prices will continue to increase. Water use from underground aquifers is already exceeding aquifer recharge rates leading to a fall in water tables. Therefore, world irrigation growth has slowed significantly. In addition, farmers have fully exploited the capacity of some crops to benefit from fertilization in major food producing areas of North America, Europe, and China. Thus, the only way that the needs of 90 million additional people each year will be met will be by reducing total per capital consumption. The Plan of Action is ambitious and right on target. Its first goal is to meet the family planning needs of the 120 million women who do not have access to services. It also acknowledges the fact that gender inequality is a leading cause of high fertility and calls for increased educational opportunities for girls.
Efficient DSP based detection of DTMF tones (2002)

The author describes a novel approach for the efficient DSP (digital signal processing)-based processing of DTMF (dual-tone multifrequency) tones in which the DTMF detector is structured as the cascade of a band separation filter and followed by a simple bank of single-tone detectors. Efficiency is then achieved by implementing the band separation filter at the lowest possible sampling rate, i.e. 1000 Hz, through a recursive decimator. The decimators used consist of all-pass parallel branches and simulate doubly terminated lossless lattice networks through the wave linear transformation, and they can be shown to implement a subset of elliptic transfer functions. Thus, an analytic solution exists for the set of coefficients yielding the optimum solution in the equiripple sense. It is shown that the complete band separation and detection operation can be accomplished with a computational load of 5.25 multiplications and 11.375 add.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Span-Based Joint Entity and Relation Extraction with Transformer Pre-Training (2020)

We introduce SpERT, an attention model for span-based joint entity and relation extraction. Our key contribution is a light-weight reasoning on BERT embeddings, which features entity recognition and filtering, as well as relation classification with a localized, marker-free context representation. The model is trained using strong within-sentence negative samples, which are efficiently extracted in a single BERT pass. These aspects facilitate a search over all spans in the sentence. In ablation studies, we demonstrate the benefits of pre-training, strong negative sampling and localized context. Our model outperforms prior work by up to 2.6% F1 score on several datasets for joint entity and relation extraction.
Beauty in the eye of the beholder: the two blue opsins of lycaenid butterflies and the opsin gene-driven evolution of sexually dimorphic eyes (2006)

Although previous investigations have shown that wing coloration is an important component of social signaling in butterflies, the contribution of opsin evolution to sexual wing color dichromatism and interspecific divergence remains largely unexplored. Here we report that the butterfly Lycaena rubidus has evolved sexually dimorphic eyes due to changes in the regulation of opsin expression patterns to match the contrasting life histories of males and females. The L. rubidus eye contains four visual pigments with peak sensitivities in the ultraviolet (UV; lambdamax=360 nm), blue (B; lambdamax=437 nm and 500 nm, respectively) and long (LW; lambdamax=568 nm) wavelength range. By combining in situ hybridization of cloned opsin-encoding cDNAs with epi-microspectrophotometry, we found that all four opsin mRNAs and visual pigments are expressed in the eyes in a sex-specific manner. The male dorsal eye, which contains only UV and B (lambdamax=437 nm) visual pigments, indeed expresses two short wavelength opsin mRNAs, UVRh and BRh1. The female dorsal eye, which also has the UV and B (lambdamax=437 nm) visual pigments, also contains the LW visual pigment, and likewise expresses UVRh, BRh1 and LWRh mRNAs. Unexpectedly, in the female dorsal eye, we also found BRh1 co-expressed with LWRh in the R3-8 photoreceptor cells. The ventral eye of both sexes, on the other hand, contains all four visual pigments and expresses all four opsin mRNAs in a non-overlapping fashion. Surprisingly, we found that the 500 nm visual pigment is encoded by a duplicate blue opsin gene, BRh2. Further, using molecular phylogenetic methods we trace this novel blue opsin gene to a duplication event at the base of the Polyommatine+Thecline+Lycaenine radiation. The blue opsin gene duplication may help explain the blueness of blue lycaenid butterflies.
DBMap: A Space-Conscious Data Visualization and Knowledge Discovery Framework for Biomedical Data Warehouse (2004)

Advances in digital imaging modalities as well as other diagnosis and therapeutic techniques have generated a massive amount of diverse data for clinical research. The purpose of this study is to investigate and implement a new intuitive and space-conscious visualization framework, called DBMap, to facilitate efficient multidimensional data visualization and knowledge discovery against the large-scale data warehouses of integrated image and nonimage data. The DBMap framework is built upon the TreeMap concept. TreeMap is a space constrained graphical representation of large hierarchical data sets, mapped to a matrix of rectangles, whose size and color represent interested database fields. It allows the display of a large amount of numerical and categorical information in limited real estate of the computer screen with an intuitive user interface. DBMap has been implemented and integrated into a large brain research data warehouse to support neurologic and neuroradiologic research at the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center. For imaging specialists and clinical researchers, this novel DBMap framework facilitates another way to better explore and classify the hidden knowledge embedded in medical image data warehouses.
A Stochastic Programming Approach to Electric Energy Procurement for Large Consumers (2007)

This paper provides a technique based on stochastic programming to optimally solve the electricity procurement problem faced by a large consumer. Supply sources include bilateral contracts, a limited amount of self-production and the pool. Risk aversion is explicitly modeled using the conditional value-at-risk methodology. Results from a realistic case study are provided and analyzed
Noise propagation in electronically collimated single photon imaging (1988)

Cone-beam views of an object are produced from counts acquired with an electronically collimated system for SPECT (single-photon-emission computed tomography) using a deconvolution procedure. The propagation of noise through this procedure has been investigated using four approaches: a theoretical analysis using an approximate description of the point spread function in the form of an annulus; inverse filtering of a simulated disk source containing hot and cold regions; application of ART (algebraic reconstruction technique) using an accurate point spread function; and experimental reconstruction of a Cs-137 disk source.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>