gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic characterization of immortalized normal and primary tumor‐derived human prostate epithelial cell cultures (2000)

BACKGROUND Cell lines can provide powerful model systems for the study of human tumorigenesis. However, the human prostate cancer cell lines studied most intensively by investigators (PC3, DU145, and LNCaP) were established from metastatic lesions, and it is unlikely that they accurately recapitulate the genetic composition or biological behavior of primary prostate tumors. Cell lines more appropriate for the study of human prostate primary tumors would be those derived from spontaneously immortalized cells; unfortunately, explanted prostate cells survive only short-term in culture, and rarely immortalize spontaneously. Therefore, we examined whether cell lines developed through viral gene-mediated immortalization of human normal or primary tumor prostate epithelium express aspects of the normal or malignant phenotypes, and could serve as appropriate models for normal or transformed human prostatic epithelium. METHODS To accomplish these goals, we assessed the phenotypic expression of cell cultures established through the immortalization of normal (1532N, 1535N, 1542N, and PrEC-T) or malignant (1532T, 1535T, and 1542T) human prostate epithelium with the E6 and E7 genes of HPV-16, or the large T antigen gene of SV40. RESULTS Examination of these cell lines for their proliferative rates and their abilities to grow with or without serum or androgen stimulation, to form colonies in soft agar, or to form tumors in vivo, suggests that they may serve as valid, useful tools for the elucidation of prostate tumorigenesis. Moreover, the observation of structural alterations involving chromosome 8, including gain of 8q in 3 of the 4 cell lines expressing aspects of the malignant phenotype, implies that these cell lines accurately recapitulate the genetic composition of primary prostate tumors. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that cell lines generated from immortalized normal or primary tumor epithelium may be useful for the elucidation of early transforming events in the prostate. Prostate 44:164–171, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Brief review of recent research on blue phase liquid crystal materials and devices (2013)

Both polymer stabilization and bent-shaped molecule doping strategies are utilized to widen the blue phase range of liquid crystals.The molecular structures of compositions are optimized for high thermooptical and electro-optical performances.A low temperature applicable blue phase liquid crystal with suppressed hysteresis is achieved.The bistability of one blue phase liquid crystal is investigated.Based on these materials, fast tunable devices such as gratings with polarization insensitivity are designed and fabricated.The materials and device designs demonstrated here are suitable in wide applications requiring fast response time.
Magnetoresistance of Multilayers (1992)

Very large magnetoresistance (MR) effects, caused by spin-dependent electron scattering, have been found in magnetic multilayer films. The resistivity increases remarkably in cases where the magnetization of adjacent layers are antiparallel. Antiparallel magnetization may result from antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling or from differences in coercive fields. Experimental results on the MR properties of multilayer films are surveyed.
A pragmatic approach to trellis-coded modulation (1989)

Since the early 1970s, for power-limited applications, the convolutional code constraint length K=7 and rate 1/2, optimum in the sense of maximum free distance and minimum number of bit errors caused by remerging paths at the free distance, has become the de facto standard for coded digital communication. This was reinforced when punctured versions of this code became the standard for rate 3/4 and 7/8 codes for moderately bandlimited channels. Methods are described for using the same K=7, rate 1/2 convolutional code with signal phase constellations of 8-PSK and 160PSK and quadrature amplitude constellations of 16-QASK, 64-QASK, and 256-QASK to achieve, respectively, 2 and 3, and 2, 4, and 6 b/s/Hz bandwidth efficiencies while providing power efficiency that in most cases is virtually equivalent to that of the best Ungerboeck codes for constraint length 7 or 64 states. This pragmatic approach to all coding applications permits the use of a single basic coder and decoder to achieve respectable coding (power) gains for bandwidth efficiencies from 1 b/s/Hz to 6 b/s/Hz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nonconventional Reactor for Enzymatic Synthesis of Semi-Synthetic β-Lactam Antibiotics (2007)

The enzymatic synthesis of β-lactam semi-synthetic antibiotics has been receiving increasing attention as a green-chemistry alternative for the industrial production of these drugs, because mild reaction conditions may be used. A nonconventional fed-batch reactor is presented here, using a bi-disperse gel matrix for immobilization of the enzyme penicillin G acylase (PGA) [EC 3.5.1.11]. The catalyst particles are suspended within Taylor−Couette vortices, performing the kinetically controlled synthesis of ampicillin (AMP) from phenylglycine methyl ester (PGME) and 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA). This is a serial−parallel set of reactions, where the desired product (AMP) is the intermediate species, and a high selectivity is essential for the process economics. With this objective, AMP should be precipitated, withdrawing the antibiotic from the liquid phase and reducing its hydrolysis. One key point is to protect the physical integrity of the catalyst within this environment. To avoid damages to the catalyst particle caused by conventional impellers, while preserving a good mixing, Taylor−Couette flow was used. In addition, a convenient biocatalyst matrix was developed, to allow easy separation between the crystals and the enzyme support. A bench-scale (50 mL) Taylor vortex flow reactor (VFR), with a radius ratio of η = 0.27 and operating in fed-batch mode, was used for proof of the concept. To sustain homogeneous fluidization of the biocatalyst, the VFR operated with a rotational Reynolds number of Re = 5605, within the turbulent Taylor vortices flow region. With this reactor−catalyst ensemble, 100% activity and complete physical integrity of the particles were sustained after 200 h of operation.
Improving the performance of OFDM-based vehicular systems through diversity coding (2013)

In this paper, we present diversity coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DC-OFDM), an approach to maximize the probability of successful reception and increase the reliability of OFDM-based systems through diversity coding. We focus on the application of DC-OFDM to vehicular networks based on IEEE 802.11p technology and analyze the performance improvement using this new technology. It is shown that DC-OFDM significantly improves the performance of vehicular ad hoc networks in terms of throughput and the expected number of correctly received symbols.
An adaptive network prefetch scheme (1998)

In this paper, we present an adaptive prefetch scheme for network use, in which we download files that will very likely be requested in the near future, based on the user access history and the network conditions. Our prefetch scheme consists of two parts: a prediction module and a threshold module. In the prediction module, we estimate the probability with which each file will be requested in the near future. In the threshold module, we compute the prefetch threshold for each related server, the idea being that the access probability is compared to the prefetch threshold. An important contribution of this paper is that we derive a formula for the prefetch threshold to determine its value dynamically based on system load, capacity, and the cost of time and system resources to the user. We also show that by prefetching those files whose access probability is greater than or equal to its server's prefetch threshold, a lower average cost can always be achieved. As an example, we present a prediction algorithm for web browsing. Simulations of this prediction algorithm show that, by using access information from the client, we can achieve high successful prediction rates, while using that from the server generally results in more hits.
Development of 5-FU-modified tumor suppressor microRNAs as a platform for novel microRNA-based cancer therapeutics (2022)

Abstract MicroRNA (miRNAs) are pleiotropic post-transcriptional modulators of gene expression. Its inherently pleiotropic nature make miRNAs strong candidates for the development of cancer therapeutics, yet despite its potential, there remains a challenge to deliver nucleic acid-based therapies into cancer cells. We developed a novel approach to modify miRNAs by replacing the uracil bases with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in the guide strand of tumor suppressor miRNAs, thereby combining the therapeutic effect of 5-FU with tumor suppressive effect of miRNAs to create a potent, multi-targeted therapeutic molecule without altering its native RNA interference (RNAi) function. To demonstrate the general applicability of this approach to other tumor suppressive miRNAs, we screened a panel of 12 novel miRNA mimetics in several cancer types including leukemia, breast, gastric, lung, and pancreatic cancer. Our results show that 5-FU-modified miRNA mimetics have increased potency (low nM range) in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and that these mimetics can be delivered into cancer cells without delivery vehicle both in vitro and in vivo , thus representing significant advancements in the development of therapeutic miRNAs for cancer. This work demonstrates the potential of fluoropyrimidine modifications that can be broadly applicable and may serve as a platform technology for future miRNA and nucleic acid-based therapeutics.
Ultrasensitive micro-scale parity-time-symmetric ring laser gyroscope (Conference Presentation) (2018)

A new scheme for ultrasensitive laser gyroscopes that utilizes the physics of exceptional points will be presented. By exploiting the properties of such non-Hermitian degeneracies, we show that the rotation-induced frequency splitting becomes proportional to the square root of the gyration speed (√𝛀)- thus enhancing the sensitivity to low angular rotations by orders of magnitudes. In addition, at its maximum sensitivity limit, the measurable spectral splitting is independent of the radius of the rings involved. Our work paves the way towards a new class of ultrasensitive miniature ring laser gyroscopes on chip.
Preparation of dilution-stable aqueous magnetic fluids (1980)

As part of its program in advancing mineral technology, the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, has investigated the production of water-base magnetic fluids that are stable toward dilution, and therefore fit for mineral and material beneficiation. Extension of the Bureau developed peptization technique for kerosine-base magnetic fluids to the preparation of the aqueous variety was possible when oleic acid was replaced by dodecylamine. The fluids thus prepared were, however, not stable toward dilution. Irreversible flocculation followed the addition of excessive quantities of water, such as would be encountered in mineral beneficiation operations. When dodecanoic (lauric) acid was used instead of dodecylamine as the dispersing agent, the resulting aqueous magnetic fluid was found to be more stable toward dilution with water. In this second generation water-base magnetic fluid, the dodecanate anionic dispersing agent is superior to the commonly used dodecylamine cationic dispersing agent. Chemisorption of dodecanate anion on the magnetite surface proper by chemically bonding to surface iron atoms is contrasted to the mere adsorption of a cationic surfactant on the solution side of the electric double layer. Expansion of the double layer by dilution and the accompanying decrease in dodecylamine bulk concentration can detach the cationic dispersing agent from the particles of old generation magnetic fluids and nullify their electrostatic charge. By contrast, the firmly held anionic dispersing agent will continue to adhere to the magnetic particles while augmenting their electrostatic charge. Thus, while the former fluids may irreversibly flocculate, the new generation fluids will resist flocculation upon dilution.
A Three-Dimensional Interactive Simulated-Globe System Application in Education (2013)

This study proposes an innovative three-dimensional (3D) Interactive Simulated-Globe System application. The instrument includes: a data processing unit, a wireless control unit, an image capturing unit, a laser emission unit as well as 3D hemispheric body imaging. The 3D hemispheric body imaging is designed to display the output image from a data processing unit. The Laser emission unit is for emitting a laser spot on the output image. Based on the spherical coordinates of the laser spot, detected by a data processing unit through an image capture unit, the spherical coordinates, with a plane coordinates converter operation, can provide spherical coordinates to convert into plane coordinates for the data processing unit. Utilizing the coordinates location, of the laser spot through image acquisition, calibration and internal coordinates with external coordinate converter operation can be guided the cursor, output by the data processing unit on 3D hemispheric body to launch synchronous movement with laser spot. To combine wireless control technology can perform synchronous driven, control and interactive with the software image on 3D hemispheric body. This work allows general planet software such as Google Earth (Mar, Moon), used in a variety of panel displays or projection turn into the 3D hemispheric body, and then through the laser spot emitted by the laser emission unit and wireless control unit, allows the laser spot in synchronization to control the cursor and software on the 3D hemispheric body imaging for a variety of interactive, and then perform the effect of 3D interactive globe system in any classroom or astronomical Museum for formal and Social education. Keywords-three-dimensional; interactive; spherical coordinates; internal coordinates; external coordinate I.
Development of Direct Carbonate Fuel Cell Systems for Achieving Ultra High Efficiency (2010)

FuelCell Energy, Inc (FCE) has developed products based on its Direct FuelCell® (DFC®) technology with efficiencies near 50 percent based on lower heating value of (LHV) of natural gas. DFC is an internally reformed molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) which operates in the 550–700 C range. The combination of the internal reforming of methane and atmospheric pressure and moderately high temperature of operation has resulted in very simple power plant system configurations. Recently, FCE has developed system concepts to further increase the net electric efficiency to beyond 60% efficiency in subMW and MW class power plants. One of these system concepts is the arrangement of the fuel cell stacks in series for very high utilization of fuel in the stacks. Although, in principle, the concept of fuel cell stacks in series is very simple, the implementation of the concept in the actual hardware poses challenges requiring innovative solutions. These challenges include concerns with thermo-mechanical issues, flow and utilization patterns within the fuel cell stacks, and management of the pressure balance between the anode-and-cathode. To address, these issues, various analytical tools including system-level modeling and simulation and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) were utilized. FCE has developed a comprehensive fuel cell stack operation simulation model including hydrodynamics, kinetics, electro-chemical, and heat transfer mechanisms to investigate and optimize the design for performance as well as endurance. Various system configurations were developed which included methods for fueling the second tier stacks in the series. System simulation studies using first principle mass and energy conversation laws were performed. Parametric studies were completed. Subsequent to the system modeling results, the fuel cell stacks operations were analyzed using the Comprehensive Stack Simulation model. The CFD modeling of the fuel cell stacks were performed in support of the system simulation parametric studies. The results of the CFD modeling provided insight to the thermal and flow profiles of both first and second tier stacks in series. The net outcome of the investigation was the design of the system which met the goals of ultra high efficiency and yet complied with the thermo-mechanical requirements of the fuel cell stack components. In this paper, FCE will describe various system options for the very high efficiency systems, the issues related to the design, and the practical solutions to overcome the issues.
Myocardial expression, signaling, and function of GPR22: a protective role for an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (2008)

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play an essential role in the regulation of cardiovascular function. Therapeutic modulation of GPCRs has proven to be beneficial in the treatment of human heart disease. Myocardial "orphan" GPCRs, for which the natural ligand is unknown, represent potential novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of heart disease. Here, we describe the expression pattern, signaling pathways, and possible physiological role of the orphan GPR22. GPR22 mRNA analysis revealed a highly restricted expression pattern, with remarkably abundant and selective expression in the brain and heart of humans and rodents. In the heart, GPR22 mRNA was determined to be expressed in all chambers and was comparable with transcript levels of the beta(1)-adrenergic receptor as assessed by Taqman PCR. GPR22 protein expression in cardiac myocytes and coronary arteries was demonstrated in the rat heart by immunohistochemistry. When transfected into HEK-293 cells, GPR22 coupled constitutively to G(i)/G(o), resulting in the inhibition of adenyl cyclase. No constitutive coupling to G(s) or G(q) was observed. Myocardial mRNA expression of GPR22 was dramatically reduced following aortic banding in mice, suggesting a possible role in response to the stress associated with increased afterload. The absence of detectable GPR22 mRNA expression in the hearts of GPR22(-/-) mice had no apparent effect on normal heart structure or function; however, these mice displayed increased susceptibility to functional decompensation following aortic banding. Thus, we described, for the first time, the expression pattern and signaling for GPR22 and identified a protective role for GPR22 in response to hemodynamic stress resulting from increased afterload.
Steroid-Responsive Sequences in the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene 1A Promoter (2004)

At least three promoters (1A, 1B, and 1C) control the expression of mRNA transcripts for the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) protein. An hGR 1A promoter/exon sequence (-218/+269) contains at least 12 deoxyribonuclease (DNase) I footprints that contain bound protein. Whereas four of these footprints (FP6, FP7, FP8, and FP11) contain bound hGR in protein-DNA complexes that are formed, only two (FP7 and FP11) appear to be important for the up-regulation of hGR 1A promoter/exon activity in T-lymphoblasts. Furthermore, the activity of these DNA elements depends upon the promoter context, leading to a redundant and complex regulation of expression of the hGR 1A promoter/exon. FP7 appears to be required for hormonal responsiveness in the absence of upstream sequences (+41/+191), whereas the hormonal responsiveness of FP11 requires a functional, adjacent FP12 DNA sequence. FP12 contains overlapping binding sites for the protooncogene transcription factors c-Myb and c-Ets. It seems likely that binding of either c-Myb or c-Ets to FP12 is necessary for the direct or indirect binding of the hGR to FP11 (a nonconsensus glucocorticoid response element), and the resultant steroid-responsiveness of the hGR 1A promoter/exon sequence. We propose that the identity of the accessory transcription factor bound to FP12 (c-Myb or c-Ets) may determine the nature of regulation (positive or negative) of hGR gene expression by hormone, and that this may be important for hormone-induced apoptosis in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Simultaneous and Continuous Multiple Wavelength Absorption Spectroscopy on Nanoliter Volumes Based on Frequency-Division Multiplexing Fiber-Loop Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (2011)

We demonstrate a method for measuring optical loss simultaneously at multiple wavelengths with cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRD). Phase-shift CRD spectroscopy is used to obtain the absorption of a sample from the phase lag of intensity modulated light that is entering and exiting an optical cavity. We performed dual-wavelength detection by using two different laser light sources and frequency-division multiplexing. Each wavelength is modulated at a separate frequency, and a broadband detector records the total signal. This signal is then demodulated by lock-in amplifiers at the corresponding two frequencies allowing us to obtain the phase-shift and therefore the optical loss at several wavelengths simultaneously without the use of a dispersive element. In applying this method to fiber-loop cavity ring-down spectroscopy, we achieve detection at low micromolar concentrations in a 100 nL liquid volume. Measurements at two wavelengths (405 and 810 nm) were performed simultaneously on two dyes each absorbing at mainly one of the wavelengths. The respective concentrations could be quantified independently in pure samples as well as in mixtures. No crosstalk between the two channels was observed, and a minimal detectable absorbance of 0.02 cm(-1) was achieved at 405 nm.
Resistance to aqueous corrosion of steels protected by a Cr-Si diffusion coating (1993)

The simultaneous deposition of Cr and Si to form a diffusion coating on two steels (AISI 1045 and 4140) was studied. In halide-activated cementation packs the use of either a {open_quotes}ternary activator{close_quotes} (e.g., NaF+NaCl+AlF{sub 3}) combined with the elemental metal powders, or else a {open_quotes}dual activator{close_quotes} (e.g., NaF + NaCl) combined with a Cr-Si masteralloy powder, allows for the formation of a surface composition approximating 30Cr-3 to 4Si. Coated coupons were corrosion tested in either 1 N H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} or 3.5 wt % NaCl solution at room temperature. Coupons coated using the Cr-Si masteralloy had superior corrosion resistance in 1 N H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}, while steels coated in packs containing elemental metal powders suffered pitting corrosion. The coated coupons were not adequately resistant to pitting corrosion in 3.5 wt % NaCl solution.
Analysis Of Satellite Configurations For Spaceborne SAR Interferometry (2002)

Abstract- Spaceborne bi – and multistatic SAR is an attractive approach for along– track and across–track interferometry. This may be obtained by a set of low cost, passive receiver equipped micro satellites which simultaneously record the signals transmitted from an already existing spaceborne satellite. In this paper we intro-duce several multistatic SAR configurations, their fuel consumption, and present the results of an interferometric perfomance analysis for the satellites ALOS, ENVISAT, and TerraSAR–X. This analysis includes errors due to SNR, range and azimuth am-biguities, geometric decorrelation for flat surfaces. We finally conclude with an estimation of the required position accuracy for the different proposed formations. Interferometric SAR is an attractive and prosperous approach to extract geophysical parameters from the earth’s surface. To achieve high quality along–track and across–track interferograms on a global scale, several spaceborne bi – and multi–static SAR missions have been suggested. By combining already operating transmit satellites with new spaceborne configurations one can benefit and keep