gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Focal properties of an underwater acoustic Fresnel zone plate lens (2015)

Fresnel zone plate (FZP) lenses provide thin alternatives to conventionally sized acoustic lenses. We present experimental characterization of an underwater acoustic FZP lens fabricated at the Naval Research Laboratory. This diffractive lens has a short focal length (numerical aperture angle of θ = 62°) which provides a narrow focal spot with a diffraction limited first-null radius 0.61λ/sinθ. The 13 in diameter FZP consists of opaque rubber foam rings attached to a thin PDMS rubber substrate. Ultrasonic measurements of transmission were made using a scanning needle hydrophone and a 200 kHz piston source. Measured focal gain varied between 20 and 15 dB for incidence angles between 0 and 12°, respectively. These gains agreed with predictions computed using a wide-angle beam propagation method. Measured transverse focal shift agreed with geometrical constructions used in conventional lens theory. Axisymmetric finite-element computations using Fourier decomposition of the oblique incident field are also presented which provide a more accurate treatment of scattering from the penetrable rubber foam. These simulations resolve high-order, very narrow focusing in regions close to the lens (~5 wavelengths). A comparison of spherical and coma aberration between a conventional and FZP lens are also reported. [Work sponsored by the Office of Naval Research.]
Anti-CRISPR AcrIIA5 Potently Inhibits All Cas9 Homologs Used for Genome Editing (2019)

CRISPR-Cas9 systems provide powerful tools for genome editing. However, optimal employment of this technology will require control of Cas9 activity so that the timing, tissue specificity, and accuracy of editing may be precisely modulated. Anti-CRISPR proteins, which are small, naturally occurring inhibitors of CRISPR-Cas systems, are well suited for this purpose. A number of anti-CRISPR proteins have been shown to potently inhibit subgroups of CRISPR-Cas9 systems, but their maximal inhibitory activity is generally restricted to specific Cas9 homologs. Since Cas9 homologs vary in important properties, differing Cas9s may be optimal for particular genome-editing applications. To facilitate the practical exploitation of multiple Cas9 homologs, here we identify one anti-CRISPR, called AcrIIA5, that potently inhibits nine diverse type II-A and type II-C Cas9 homologs, including those currently used for genome editing. We show that the activity of AcrIIA5 results in partial in vivo cleavage of a single-guide RNA (sgRNA), suggesting that its mechanism involves RNA interaction.
Improved Video Compression using Perceptual Modeling (2012)

In this paper we investigate a method for selectively modifying a video stream using a color contrast sensitivity model based on the human visual system. The model identifies regions of high variance with frame to frame differences that are visually imperceptible to a human observer with normal color vision. The model is based on the CIELAB and the CIE ΔE94 color difference formula, and takes advantage of the nature of frame-based progressive video coding.The method was found to achieve up to 35% improvement in data compression without perceptible degradation of the video quality. As expected, the amount of compression improvement obtained is dependent on the type of video content being compressed.
A New Class of Amphiphiles Bearing Rigid Hydrophobic Groups for Solubilization and Stabilization of Membrane Proteins (2012)

Non-traditional amphiphiles: Conferring aqueous solubility on membrane proteins generally requires the use of a detergent or other amphiphilic agent. A new class of amphiphiles was synthesized, based on steroidal lipophilic groups, and evaluated with several membrane proteins. The results show that the new amphiphile, “glyco-diosgenin” (GDN; see figure), confers enhanced stability to a variety of membrane proteins in solution relative to popular conventional detergents, such as dodecylmaltoside (DDM). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Antifungal and antiviral activities of benanomicins and their analogues. (1991)

Clinical pharmacology and efficacy of flomoxef (FMOX) in neonates were investigated. And the following results were obtained. 1. Mean serum concentrations of FMOX at 30 minutes after administration were 24.3 micrograms/ml, 47.6 micrograms/ml, and 85.8 micrograms/ml at doses of 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 40 mg/kg administered, respectively. 2. Mean serum half-lives of FMOX were 3.4 hours in 0-3 day-old neonates, and 2.6 hours in 4 day-old or older subjects. 3. A dose response was evident among different dose groups given 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 40 mg/kg. 4. Urinary recovery rates of FMOX in the first 6 hours after administration ranged between 12.8 and 51.1%. 5. FMOX was effective in 7 out of 8 cases in which causative pathogens were identified. 6. Diarrhea was observed in 1 case as a side effect of the drug, but the symptom was relieved soon after the completion of the treatment. There was no case in which any abnormal laboratory results were observed. 7. FMOX has a broad spectrum of activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobes and anaerobes. It is stable against most of beta-lactamases. It was demonstrated to be highly effective in our study, and yet without any serious side effects. FMOX is therefore considered to be one of the useful agents of the first choice for the treatment of bacterial infections such as sepsis and urinary tract infections in neonates and infants.
Continuous-Phase, Unmodulated Parallel-Combinatory High-Compaction Multicarrier Modulation (2011)

A new type of modulation called continuous-phase parallel-combinatory high-compaction multicarrier modulation (CPPC/HC-MCM) is proposed. CPPC/HC-MCM employs the technique of continuous-phase modulation (CPM) and avoids the formation of amplitude gaps between two successive signals to enhance the spectral efficiency of conventional PC/HC-MCM. Results of simulations show that CPPC/HC-MCM is spectrally efficient and achieves a smaller bit error rate than conventional (unmodulated) PC/HC-MCM at a common spectral efficiency even if the peak-to-average power ratio is considered.
AGILE: Axially Graded Index LEns as a non-tracking solar concentrator (2011)

The Axially Graded Index Lens (AGILE) explicitly takes advantage of the fact that the density of electromagnetic radiation modes is proportional to the square of the Refractive Index ratio, to create non-tracking solar concentrators.
Beam modeling and beam model commissioning for Monte Carlo dose calculation‐based radiation therapy treatment planning: Report of AAPM Task Group 157 (2019)

Dose calculation plays an important role in the accuracy of radiotherapy treatment planning and beam delivery. The Monte Carlo (MC) method is capable of achieving the highest accuracy in radiotherapy dose calculation and has been implemented in many commercial systems for radiotherapy treatment planning. The objective of this task group was to assist clinical physicists with the potentially complex task of acceptance testing and commissioning MC-based treatment planning systems (TPS) for photon and electron beam dose calculations. This report provides an overview on the general approach of clinical implementation and testing of MC-based TPS with a specific focus on models of clinical photon and electron beams. Different types of beam models are described including those that utilize MC simulation of the treatment head and those that rely on analytical methods and measurements. The trade-off between accuracy and efficiency in the various source-modeling approaches is discussed together with guidelines for acceptance testing of MC-based TPS from the clinical standpoint. Specific recommendations are given on methods and practical procedures to commission clinical beam models for MC-based TPS.
Synthesis of substituted [<sup>123</sup>I]imidazo[1,2-α]pyridines as potential probes for the study of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptors using SPECT (2000)

The imidazo[1,2-α]pyridines [N,N´-dimethyl-6-chloro-(4´zf-iodophenyl)imidazo[1,2-α]pyridine-3-acetamide 1, [N,N´l-6-chloro-(4´-iodophenyl)imidazo[1,2-α]pyridine-3-acetamide 2, and [N-methyl-6-chloro-(4´-iodophenyl)imidazo[1,2-α]pyridine-3-acetamide 3, are high affinity and selective ligands for the Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors (PBR). The [ 123 I]1-3 labelled analogues of these compounds were subsequently synthesised for the potential study of the PBR in vivo using SPECT. Radioiodination was achieved by iododestannylation reactions of the corresponding tributyl tin precursors with Na[ 123 I] in the presence of peracetic acid, chloramine-T or Iodogen. Purification of the crude product was achieved by semipreparative C-18 RP HPLC to give the products in radiochemical yields of 40-85%. The products were obtained in >97% chemical and radiochemical purity and with specific activities >80 GBq/μmol.
Optical Measurement of Saturates, Aromatics, Resins, And Asphaltenes in Crude Oil (2017)

We describe a novel apparatus and method for rapidly separating and measuring four subfractions of crude oil: saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes (SARA). This work is an extension of our previous work on the microfluidic measurement of asphaltene content, where a microfluidic technique was used to rapidly separate asphaltenes from crude oil for indirect optical measurement. Here, we extend the measurement by adding column chromatography to fractionate the deasphalted oil into saturate, aromatic, and resin fractions. Saturates are measured by refractive index, whereas the aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes are measured by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorbance. We evaluate 15 samples from various geographical origins to determine appropriate optical-to-gravimetric response factors. The response factors are then used to enable a seamlessly automated SARA measurement technique. When the 15 samples are run through the automated procedure, the optical-to-gravimetric root-mean-square error (RMSE) values are ±3.8 wt % for saturates, ±2.7 wt % for aromatics, ±2.3 wt % for resins, and ±1.2 wt % for asphaltenes—absolute errors. The final microfluidic SARA technique exhibited excellent reproducibility; the measurements were within ±0.8 wt % for saturates, aromatics, and resins and within ±0.2 wt % for asphaltenes. Further, the technique reduced SARA experimental times from 2 days to 4 h for topped samples while greatly reducing the need for manual labor.
Europium Nanospheres-Based Time-Resolved Fluorescence for Rapid and Ultrasensitive Determination of Total Aflatoxin in Feed (2015)

Immunochromatographic (IC) assays are considered suitable diagnostic tools for the determination of mycotoxins. A europium nanospheres-based time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (Eu-Nano-TRFIA), based on a monoclonal antibody and a portable TRFIA reader, was developed to determine total aflatoxin (including aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2) levels in feed samples. Under optimized conditions, the Eu-Nano-TRFIA method detected total aflatoxin within 12 min. It showed good linearity (R(2) > 0.985), LOD of 0.16 μg/kg, a wide dynamic range of 0.48-30.0 μg/kg, recovery rates of 83.9-113.9%, and coefficients of variation (CVs) of 3.5-8.8%. In the 397 samples from company and livestock farms throughout China, the detection rate was 78.3%, concentrations were 0.50-145.30 μg/kg, the highest total aflatoxin content was found in cottonseed meal, and corn was found to be the most commonly contaminated feed. This method could be a powerful alternative for the rapid and ultrasensitive determination of total aflatoxin in quality control and meet the required Chinese maximum residue limits.
Semiconducting Photoconductors From amorphous Filpe of Dye-Sensitized Polyphenylacetylene (1984)

Abstract Trans-polyphenylacetylene (PPA), in the form of amorphous films that are several μm thick, is a semiconducting photoconductor, both, undoped and doped with certain electron-accepting compounds. This report describes the photoconductivity in PPA sensitized with the dyes pyronin Y and methylene blue, which sensitize the photoresponse in the region of the dyes’ absorption bands and desensitize it elsewhere. The major photoconductivity mechanism is concluded to be the injection of electrons that are photogenerated in the dye into the conducting states of the polymer, followed by transport through the polymer by a trap-modulated bandlike mechanism.
Characterizing and predicting search engine switching behavior (2009)

Search engine switching describes the voluntarily transition from one Web search engine to another. In this paper we present a study of search engine switching behavior that combines large-scale log-based analysis and survey data. We characterize aspects of switching behavior, and develop and evaluate predictive models of switching behavior using features of the active query, the current session, and user search history. Our findings provide insight into the decision-making processes of search engine users and demonstrate the relationship between switching and factors such as dissatisfaction with the quality of the results, the desire for broader topic coverage or verification of encountered information, and user preferences. The findings also reveal sufficient consistency in users' search behavior prior to engine switching to afford accurate prediction of switching events. Predictive models may be useful for search engines who may want to modify the search experience if they can accurately anticipate a switch.
Zur Synthese aliphatischer Polyisocyanate - Lackpolyisocyanate mit Biuret-, Isocyanurat- oder Uretdionstruktur (1994)

The Synthesis of Aliphatic Polyisocyanates Containing Biuret, Isocyanurate or Uretdione Backbones for Use in Coatings Two-component polyurethane coatings („2K-PUR”︁) are made from polyols and polyisocyanates. Polyisocyanates based on aliphatic diisocyanates with low monomer content are employed for light stable coatings. An overview of the patent literature regarding the synthesis of such aliphatic polyisocyanates will be given. Methods of preparing biuret polyisocyanates, the formation of isocyanurate polyisocyanates by catalysed cyclotrimerisation, as well as cyclodimerisation which leads to the formation of uretdione polyisocyanates will be discussed. These different types of polyisocyanates are to gain increasing economic importance in the area of high quality automobile and heavy duty industrial coatings as well as construction protection and maintenance.
Combined angiography and perfusion using radial imaging and arterial spin labeling (2018)

The CAPRIA technique shows potential for the efficient evaluation of both macrovascular blood flow and tissue perfusion within a single scan, with potential applications in a range of cerebrovascular diseases.
Strontium iodide instrument development for gamma spectroscopy and radioisotope identification (2014)

Development of the Europium-doped Strontium Iodide scintillator, SrI2(Eu2+), has progressed significantly in recent years. SrI2(Eu2+) has excellent material properties for gamma ray spectroscopy: high light yield (<80,000 ph/MeV), excellent light yield proportionality, and high effective atomic number (Z = 49) for high photoelectric cross-section. High quality 1.5” and 2” diameter boules are now available due to rapid advances in SrI2(Eu) crystal growth. In these large SrI2(Eu) crystals, optical self-absorption by Eu<sup>2+</sup> degrades the energy resolution as measured by analog electronics, but we mitigate this effect through on-the-fly correction of the scintillation pulses by digital readout electronics. Using this digital correction technique we have demonstrated energy resolution of 2.9% FWHM at 662 keV for a 4 in3 SrI<sub>2</sub>(Eu) crystal, over 2.6 inches long. Based on this digital readout technology, we have developed a detector prototype with greatly improved radioisotope identification capability compared to Sodium Iodide, NaI(Tl). The higher resolution of SrI<sub>2</sub>(Eu) yields a factor of 2 to 5 improvement in radioisotope identification (RIID) error rate compared to NaI(Tl).
An introduction to NASA’s broadband acoustic absorbers that resemble natural reeds (2021)

Thin, lightweight, and durable broadband acoustic absorbers capable of absorbing sounds over a wide frequency range, especially below 1000 Hz, while also surviving harsh operational conditions such as exposure to sprays of liquid and solid debris and high temperatures are desired for many noise control applications. While today’s commercially available broadband acoustic liners are impressive, such as melamine foam and perforate-over-honeycomb structures, each style has its limitations. Motivated by the need to reduce aircraft engine noise pollution NASA has recently patented a broadband acoustic absorber that claims some benefit over existing acoustic liners. Inspired by nature, these structures resemble the geometry and acoustic absorption of bundles of natural reeds, slender grasses that grow in wetlands across the world. Proof-of-concept experiments have begun at NASA. This report summarizes the design, fabrication, and normal incidence impedance tube tests performed for assemblies of natural reeds and additively-manufactured plastic prototypes that resemble the irregular geometry of bundles of natural reeds. Some synthetic prototypes were tested with and without perforated face sheets. Results indicate that there are a number of synthetic designs that exhibit substantial acoustic absorption in the frequency range of 500 Hz to 3000 Hz, and especially below 1000 Hz, as compared to baseline acoustic absorbers of similar thicknesses and weights. Many of these prototypes have an average acoustic absorption coefficient greater than 0.6. Additionally, an annular prototype was designed and printed but not yet subjected to tests. This annular prototype of a multifunctional structure designed to transfer heat and absorb sound was developed to fit inside the NASA Glenn Research Center’s DGEN Aeropropulsion Research Turbofan engine testbed. This invention can be considered and developed for a variety of aerospace, automotive, industrial, and architectural noise control applications.
An exo-cell assay for examining real-time γ-secretase activity and inhibition (2009)

gamma-Secretase is an aspartyl protease that cleaves multiple substrates that are involved in broad biological processes ranging from stem cell development to neurodegeneration. The investigation of gamma-secretase has been limited by currently available assays that require genetic or biochemical manipulation in the form of substrate transfection or membrane preparation. Here we report an exo-cell assay that is capable of characterizing gamma-secretase activity in any cellular system without limitation. Using a highly active, recombinant substrate this assay can quickly and easily ascertain the status of gamma-secretase activity in cell systems and patient samples. We have applied this method to determine the activity of gamma-secretase in primary cell samples where transfection and/or membrane isolation are not viable options. Importantly, it allows for the detection of real time gamma-secretase activity after inhibitor or drug treatment. The application of this assay to determine the role of gamma-secretase in physiological and pathological conditions will greatly facilitate our characterization of this complex protease and help in the development and evaluation of gamma-secretase-targeted therapies in Alzheimer's disease or a variety of neoplasms.
Sim2SG: Sim-to-Real Scene Graph Generation for Transfer Learning (2021)

Scene graph (SG) generation has been gaining a lot of traction recently. Current SG generation techniques, however, rely on the availability of expensive and limited number of labeled datasets. Synthetic data offers a viable alternative as labels are essentially free. However, neural network models trained on synthetic data, do not perform well on real data because of the domain gap. To overcome this challenge, we propose Sim2SG, a scalable technique for sim-to-real transfer for scene graph generation. Sim2SG addresses the domain gap by decomposing it into appearance, label and prediction discrepancies between the two domains. We handle these discrepancies by introducing pseudo statistic based self-learning and adversarial techniques. Sim2SG does not require costly supervision from the real-world dataset. Our experiments demonstrate significant improvements over baselines in reducing the domain gap both qualitatively and quantitatively. We validate our approach on toy simulators, as well as realistic simulators evaluated on real-world data.
Application of optical coherence tomography and high-frequency ultrasound imaging during noninvasive laser vasectomy (2012)

A noninvasive approach to vasectomy may eliminate male fear of complications related to surgery and increase its acceptance. Noninvasive laser thermal occlusion of the canine vas deferens has recently been reported. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) are compared for monitoring laser thermal coagulation of the vas in an acute canine model. Bilateral noninvasive laser coagulation of the vas was performed in six dogs (n=12 vasa) using a Ytterbium fiber laser wavelength of 1075 nm, incident power of 9.0 W, pulse duration of 500 ms, pulse rate of 1 Hz, and 3-mm-diameter spot. Cryogen spray cooling was used to prevent skin burns during the procedure. An OCT system with endoscopic probe and a HFUS system with 20-MHz transducer were used to image the vas immediately before and after the procedure. Vasa were then excised and processed for gross and histologic analysis for comparison with OCT and HFUS images. OCT provided high-resolution, superficial imaging of the compressed vas within the vas ring clamp, while HFUS provided deeper imaging of the vas held manually in the scrotal fold. Both OCT and high HFUS are promising imaging modalities for real-time confirmation of vas occlusion during noninvasive laser vasectomy.
Super-orthogonal space-time trellis codes (2003)

We introduce a new class of space-time codes called super-orthogonal space-time trellis codes. These codes combine set partitioning and a super set of orthogonal space-time block codes in a systematic way to provide full diversity and improved coding gain over earlier space-time trellis code constructions.
Magnetic properties and thermal stability of MnBi/NdFeB hybrid bonded magnets (2011)

Magnetic properties and thermal stability were investigated for the MnBi/NdFeB (MnBi = 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 wt.%) bonded hybrid magnets prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. Effect of MnBi content on the magnetic properties of the hybrid magnets was studied. With increasing MnBi content, the coercivity of the MnBi/NdFeB hybrid magnets increases rapidly, while the remanence and maximum energy product drops simultaneously. Thermal stability measurement on MnBi magnet, NdFeB magnet, and the hybrid magnet with 20 wt.% MnBi indicates that both the NdFeB magnet and the MnBi/NdFeB hybrid magnet have a negative temperature coefficient of coercivity, while the MnBi magnet has a positive one. The (BH)max of the MnBi/NdFeB magnet (MnBi = 20 wt.%) is 5.71 MGOe at 423 K, which is much higher than 3.67 MGOe of the NdFeB magnet, indicating a remarkable improvement of thermal stability.
Universal Cancer Peptide-Based Therapeutic Vaccine Breaks Tolerance against Telomerase and Eradicates Established Tumor (2012)

Our results showed that UCP-based vaccinations strongly stimulate antitumor immune responses and could be used to design efficient immunotherapies in multiple types of cancers.