gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Capital Punishment (2014)

The penalty of death still exists in the criminal justice system of the United States. In this entry, we present current information on the operations of capital punishment including the volume of cases and persons on death row and the distribution of death‐row inmates and executions by state. Specific attention is given to the impact of race upon capital sentencing, particularly the introduction of racial bias in terms of the race of the victim in capital cases. The capital sentencing system approved by the US Supreme Court is presented and explained. The major issues surrounding the use of the death penalty are raised. Current research on whether the death penalty acts as deterrent to homicide is presented as well as public opinion concerning capital punishment and the issue of sentencing innocent people to death.
Lagrange Equilibrium Points in Celestial Mechanics and Nonspreading Wave Packets for Strongly Driven Rydberg Electrons (1994)

We exhibit analytically and confirm numerically the existence of stable, though nonstationary, quantum states of electrons moving on circular orbits that are rapped in an effective potential well made of the Coulomb potential and the rotating electric field produced by a strong circularly polarized electromagnetic wave. These states are direct counterparts of the Trojans---two clusters of asteroids moving around the Sun in the vicinity of the stable Lagrange points in the Sun-Jupiter two-body system.
Recursive speech separation for unknown number of speakers (2019)

In this paper we propose a method of single-channel speaker-independent multi-speaker speech separation for an unknown number of speakers. As opposed to previous works, in which the number of speakers is assumed to be known in advance and speech separation models are specific for the number of speakers, our proposed method can be applied to cases with different numbers of speakers using a single model by recursively separating a speaker. To make the separation model recursively applicable, we propose one-and-rest permutation invariant training (OR-PIT). Evaluation on WSJ0-2mix and WSJ0-3mix datasets show that our proposed method achieves state-of-the-art results for two- and three-speaker mixtures with a single model. Moreover, the same model can separate four-speaker mixture, which was never seen during the training. We further propose the detection of the number of speakers in a mixture during recursive separation and show that this approach can more accurately estimate the number of speakers than detection in advance by using a deep neural network based classifier.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Intramolecular Dehydrative Amination of Allylic Alcohols with Carbamates (2012)

Aliphatic nitrogen heterocycles—either five- or six-membered—are formed in high yield and with up to 94 % ee when a 1:2 mixture of [(S)-2](AuCl)2 and AgClO4 is used as the catalyst for the title reaction. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
LOP24 (2015)

Öksüz, S.; Alagoz, S.; Karagoz, H.; Kucukodaci, Z.; Karaoz, E.; Duruksu, G.; Aksu, G.; Urhan, M. Author Information
Denoising by Sparse Approximation: Error Bounds Based on Rate-Distortion Theory (2006)

If a signal is known to have a sparse representation with respect to a frame, it can be estimated from a noise-corrupted observation by finding the best sparse approximation to . Removing noise in this manner depends on the frame efficiently representing the signal while it inefficiently represents the noise. The mean-squared error (MSE) of this denoising scheme and the probability that the estimate has the same sparsity pattern as the original signal are analyzed. First an MSE bound that depends on a new bound on approximating a Gaussian signal as a linear combination of elements of an overcomplete dictionary is given. Further analyses are for dictionaries generated randomly according to a spherically-symmetric distribution and signals expressible with single dictionary elements. Easily-computed approximations for the probability of selecting the correct dictionary element and the MSE are given. Asymptotic expressions reveal a critical input signal-to-noise ratio for signal recovery.
The G82S Polymorphism Promotes Glycosylation of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) at Asparagine 81 (2011)

Interaction between the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and its ligands amplifies the proinflammatory response. N-Linked glycosylation of RAGE plays an important role in the regulation of ligand binding. Two potential sites for N-linked glycosylation, at Asn(25) and Asn(81), are implicated, one of which is potentially influenced by a naturally occurring polymorphism that substitutes Gly(82) with Ser. This G82S polymorphic RAGE variant displays increased ligand binding and downstream signaling. We hypothesized that the G82S polymorphism affects RAGE glycosylation and thereby affects ligand binding. WT or various mutant forms of RAGE protein, including N25Q, N81Q, N25Q/G82S, and N25Q/N81Q, were produced by transfecting HEK293 cells. The glycosylation patterns of expressed proteins were compared. Enzymatic deglycosylation showed that WT RAGE and the G82S polymorphic variant are glycosylated to the same extent. Our data also revealed N-linked glycosylation of N25Q and N81Q mutants, suggesting that both Asn(25) and Asn(81) can be utilized for N-linked glycosylation. Using mass spectrometry analysis, we found that Asn(81) may or may not be glycosylated in WT RAGE, whereas in G82S RAGE, Asn(81) is always glycosylated. Furthermore, RAGE binding to S100B ligand is affected by Asn(81) glycosylation, with consequences for NF-κB activation. Therefore, the G82S polymorphism promotes N-linked glycosylation of Asn(81), which has implications for the structure of the ligand binding region of RAGE and might explain the enhanced function associated with the G82S polymorphic RAGE variant.
Quantitative Analysis of Dynamic Gd‐DTPA Enhancement in Breast Tumors Using a Permeability Model (1995)

The MRI signal enhancement in a breast tumor, measured as a function of time after a bolus injection of Gd-DTPA, may contain enough information to differentiate malignant from benign tissue. We find a physiological model for measuring capillary permeability and leakage space (P. S. Tofts, A. G. Kermode, measurement of the blood-brain barrier permeability and leakage space using dynamic MR imaging. 1. Fundamental concepts. Magn. Reson. Med. 17, 357-367 (1991)) fits the data well. The enhancement curve is particularly sensitive to the preinjection T1 of the tumor, the dose, and the time of injection. This model may provide a means of characterizing the pathophysiology of breast tumors from the Gd-DTPA enhancement curve.
Testing Hypergolic Ignition of Paraffin Wax/LiAlH4 Mixtures (2010)

,The hypergolic ignition of paraffin wax doped with LiAlH4 was investigated. The paraffin wax/LiAlH4 mixture was found to be hypergolic with 363 K - 373 K nitric acid at concentrations above 30 % LiAlH4. The mixture was also found to be hypergolic under certain conditions with 296 K nitric acid. The exact ignition mechanism was explored with chemical kinetic modeling and experimentation. Further investigation finds the doped wax to be hypergolic with several other strong acids; sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, but not the weak acid, acetic acid. Hypergolic ignition of paraffin wax with N2O4 was observed but a reliable ignition system was not found.
Pseudoparaproteinemia Related to Iomeprol Administration after Angiocardiography: Detection in the β Fraction by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (2006)

status: Published
Composite Materials. A Numerical Model for the Crush-Worthiness Analysis Designed for FRP Materials with Progressive Crushing Behavior. (2002)

Tapered FRP tubes have high energy absorption performance under axial compressive load. FRP will be useful for structural material of a shock absorber in the various industries. And in order to evaluate the behavior of this material, several experimental tests and numerical simulations using FEM are carried out recently. However, it is difficult to simulate properly the behavior of tapered FRP tubes, so called “Progressive Crushing” with FEM, because the fracture mechanism contains various kinds of fractures such as delimitation, fiber fracture and so on. In this study, we proposed a special FEM model based on experimental data that is useful for the crush-worthiness analysis of FRP tube.
Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Low-Level Wireless Communication (2018)

Traditional radio systems are strictly co-designed on the lower levels of the OSI stack for compatibility and efficiency. Although this has enabled the success of radio communications, it has also introduced lengthy standardization processes and imposed static allocation of the radio spectrum. Various initiatives have been undertaken by the research community to tackle the problem of artificial spectrum scarcity by both making frequency allocation more dynamic and building flexible radios to replace the static ones. There is reason to believe that just as computer vision and control have been overhauled by the introduction of machine learning, wireless communication can also be improved by utilizing similar techniques to increase the flexibility of wireless networks. In this work, we pose the problem of discovering low-level wireless communication schemes ex-nihilo between two agents in a fully decentralized fashion as a reinforcement learning problem. Our proposed approach uses policy gradients to learn an optimal bi-directional communication scheme and shows surprisingly sophisticated and intelligent learning behavior. We present the results of extensive experiments and an analysis of the fidelity of our approach.
RTL design source management for system-on-a-chip designs (2002)

Increasingly, system-on-a-chip (SOC) designers are looking to leverage the expertise of design service providers to bring products to market. Design service providers may be engaged at various points in the design process: from design conception and specification to processing a completed technology dependent netlist. Engagement typically occurs at a stage intermediate to these points; completed RTL for some portion of the design may exist but assistance is needed to integrate the RTL with other core IF, or design services may be enlisted to develop some portion of the RTL or new cores to perform specific functions. Proper management of RTL design source is critical to the overall success of a project. This paper describes a methodology used by a design service provider to address this issue.
Optical Nanoprinting of Colloidal Particles and Functional Structures (2019)

Recent advances in chemical sciences have enabled the tailorable synthesis of colloidal particles with variable composition, size, shape, and properties. Building superstructures with colloidal particles as building blocks is appealing for the fabrication of functional metamaterials and nanodevices. Optical nanoprinting provides a versatile platform to print various particles into arbitrary configurations with nanometric precision. In this review, we summarize recent progress in optical nanoprinting of colloidal particles and its related applications. Diverse techniques based on different physical mechanisms, including optical forces, light-controlled electric fields, optothermal effects, laser-directed thermocapillary flows, and photochemical reactions, are discussed in detail. With its flexible and versatile capabilities, optical nanoprinting will find promising applications in numerous fields such as nanophotonics, energy, microelectronics, and nanomedicine.
Voltage references: from diodes to precision high-order bandgap circuits (2002)

Preface. Acknowledgments. List of Tables. List of Figures. Summary. 1. The Basics. 1.1 The Diode. 1.2 Current Mirrors. Appendix A.1: Temperature Dependence of the Diode Voltage. 2. Current References. 2.1 PTAT Current References. 2.2 Startup Circuits and Frequency Compensation. 2.3 CTAT Current References. 2.4 Temperature-Independent Current References. 2.5 PTAT[superscript 2] Current Generators. 3. Voltage References. 3.1 Zero-Order References. 3.2 First-Order References. 3.3 Second-Order References (Curvature Correction). 3.4 State-of-the-Art Curvature-Correction Techniques. 4. Designing Precision Reference Circuits. 4.1 Error Sources. 4.2 The Output Stage. 4.3 Designing for Power Supply Rejection and Line Regulation. Appendix A.4: Error Sources in a Typical First-Order Bandgap. Appendix B.4: Effect of the Resistors' Temperature Coefficient on a Reference with a Current-Mode Output Stage. 5. Considering the System and the Working Environment. 5.1 Design of the Trim Network. 5.2 Package-Shift Effects. 5.3 System-Related Issues. 5.4 Characterization. Appendix A.5: Bandgap Trimming Procedure for a Mixed-Mode (Both Voltage-Mode and Current-Mode) Output Stage. Appendix B.5: Package Shift-Effects in Bandgap Reference Circuits. Appendix C.5: Derivation of the Time Required for a Reference Circuit to Change a Finite Amount upon a single-Step Stimulus. Index. About the Author.
Oscillatory Shear Stress Stimulates Adhesion Molecule Expression in Cultured Human Endothelium (1998)

Low and oscillatory shear stresses are major features of the hemodynamic environment of sites opposite arterial flow dividers that are predisposed to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a focal inflammatory disease characterized initially by the recruitment of mononuclear cells into the arterial wall. The specific characteristics of the hemodynamic environment that facilitate the generation of arterial inflammatory responses in the presence of, for example, hyperlipidemia are unknown. We show here that prolonged oscillatory shear stress induces expression of endothelial cell leukocyte adhesion molecules, which are centrally important in mediating leukocyte localization into the arterial wall. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 was upregulated an average 9-fold relative to endothelial monolayers in static culture. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin exhibited 11-fold and 7.5-fold increases, respectively. Upregulation of these adhesion molecules was associated with enhanced monocyte adherence. Cytokine stimulation of surface vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 was maximally induced after 6 and 8 hours of cytokine incubation. Oscillatory shear stress for these time periods elicited respective vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels of 16% and 30% relative to those observed for cytokine stimulation. Surface intercellular adhesion molecule-1 induction by cytokine stimulation for 24 hours was found to be approximately five times the level detected after 24 hours of oscillatory shear stress. Experiments performed in the presence of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine demonstrated that the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 could be almost totally abolished, whereas that of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was typically reduced by approximately 70%. These results imply that oscillatory shear stress per se is sufficient to stimulate mononuclear leukocyte adhesion and, presumptively, migration into the arterial wall. These results further indicate that atherosclerotic lesion initiation is likely related, at least in part, to unique signals generated by oscillatory shear stress and that the mechanism of upregulation is, to some extent, redox sensitive.
Cytotoxicity of psammaplin A from a two-sponge association may correlate with the inhibition of DNA replication (2004)

Taken together, we suggest that psammaplin A-induced cytotoxicity may correlate with its inhibition on DNA replication. Psammaplin A has the potential to be developed as an anticancer drug.
Auditory Evoked Magnetic Fields to Tones and Pseudowords in Healthy Children and Adults (1995)

Neuromagnetic responses to tones and pseudowords were measured with a 24-channel magnetometer in nine adults and in 23 children, the latter aged 0.3–15 years. Both stimulus types elicited substantially similar responses in all subjects. At 0.9-s interstimulus interval (ISI), the adult response was a stable P1 m-N1m-P2m-N2m sequence peaking at 50, 100, 200, and 250 ms, respectively. A biphasic Plm-N1,2m response with peaks at 100 and 260 ms occurred in children up to 12 years of age. At longer ISIs (1.2–2.4 s), an adult-type N1m response appeared in most children. N1 m amplitude suppression at short ISIs was stronger in children than in adults and may reflect a longer refractory period of the N1 generator neurons during early childhood than later in life. Peak latencies of PI m, N1 m, and N2m decreased with age, most rapidly <7 years of age. All deflections originated in nearby cortical areas within the posterior sylvian fissure, and may serve as functional landmarks for that anatomic area.
Interactions of Pathological Hallmark Proteins (2011)

The disordered TPPP/p25 is a hallmark of synucleinopathies. Results: Tight binding of TPPP/p25 with -amyloid results in the formation of massive aggregates both in vitro and in vivo.
NGF and Neurotrophin-3 Both Activate TrkA on Sympathetic Neurons but Differentially Regulate Survival and Neuritogenesis (1997)

In this report we examine the biological and molecular basis of the control of sympathetic neuron differentiation and survival by NGF and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). NT-3 is as efficient as NGF in mediating neuritogenesis and expression of growth-associated genes in NGF-dependent sympathetic neurons, but it is 20-40-fold less efficient in supporting their survival. Both NT-3 and NGF induce similar sustained, long-term activation of TrkA, while NGF is 10-fold more efficient than NT-3 in mediating acute, short-term TrkA activity. At similar acute levels of TrkA activation, NT-3 still mediates neuronal survival two- to threefold less well than NGF. However, a mutant NT-3 that activates TrkC, but not TrkA, is unable to support sympathetic neuron survival or neuritogenesis, indicating that NT-3-mediated TrkA activation is necessary for both of these responses. On the basis of these data, we suggest that NGF and NT-3 differentially regulate the TrkA receptor both with regard to activation time course and downstream targets, leading to selective regulation of neuritogenesis and survival. Such differential responsiveness to two ligands acting through the same Trk receptor has important implications for neurotrophin function throughout the nervous system.
The Rayleigh Fading Channel Prediction via Deep Learning (2018)

This paper presents a multi‐time channel prediction system based on backpropagation (BP) neural network with multi‐hidden layers, which can predict channel information effectively and benefit for massive MIMO performance, power control, and artificial noise physical layer security scheme design. Meanwhile, an early stopping strategy to avoid the overfitting of BP neural network is introduced. By comparing the predicted normalized mean square error (NMSE), the simulation results show that the performances of the proposed scheme are extremely improved. Moreover, a sparse channel sample construction method is proposed, which saves system resources effectively without weakening performances.
Self-Organizing Three-Dimensional Colloidal Photonic Crystal Structure with Augmented Dielectric Contrast (1998)

We demonstrated that low-velocity quasi-equilibrium evaporation of water from an aqueous colloidal solution of polystyrene microparticles with 220 nm diameter enabled the preparation of a three-dimensional colloidal-air photonic crystal structure without significantly distorting the lattice, and the absorption peak of the structure was observed at around 500 nm. A much stronger photonic band gap effect is expected due to an approximately 30% increase of the dielectric contrast.
Channel-Stacked NAND Flash Memory With Tied Bit-Line and Ground Select Transistor (2016)

In this letter, a channel-stacked array with tied bit-line (BL) and ground select transistor (GST) is proposed to access each layer independently without additional string select transistors (SSTs) to a conventional planar NAND array. The proposed structure can maximize memory density, since additional SSTs are not required for layer selection and the placement of BLs/word lines is similar to that of the conventional NAND array except for island-type GSTs. Basic memory operations are performed with fabricated devices. The selected layer is erased only by applying erase voltage to the selected common source line (CSL) and by biasing inhibition voltage to other CSLs. Only the selected layer is read by applying the same voltage as BL voltage to the CSLs of the unselected layers. In addition, the selected strings in the selected layer are programmed and other strings in the selected and unselected layers are all inhibited by the combination of CSL and BL voltages. Consequently, stable memory operations are obtained successfully in the proposed structure without interference between stacked layers.
Wound-Induced HB-EGF Ectodomain Shedding and EGFR Activation in Corneal Epithelial Cells (2004)

HB-EGF released on wounding acts as an autocrine-paracrine EGFR ligand. HB-EGF shedding and EGFR activation represent a critical event during corneal epithelial wound healing, suggesting a possible manipulation of wound healing during the early phases.
Synthesis of High Aspect Ratio BaTiO<sub>3</sub> Nanowires for High Energy Density Nanocomposite Capacitors (2012)

Abstract High energy density capacitors are critically important in advanced electronic devices and power systems since they can reduce the weight, size and cost required to meet a desired application. Nanocomposites hold strong potential for increasing the performance of high power energy sources; however, the energy density of most nanocomposites is still low compared to commercial capacitors and neat polymers. Here, we develop a new synthesis method for the growth of high aspect ratio barium titanate nanowires (BaTiO 3 ) nanowires (NWs) with high yield. High energy density nanocomposite capacitors are fabricated using surface‐functionalized high aspect ratio BaTiO 3 NWs in a poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene‐chlorofluoroethylene) (P(VDF‐TrFE‐CFE)) matrix. At a 17.5% volume fraction, the nanocomposites show more than 45.3% increase in energy density above that of the pure P(VDF‐TrFE‐CFE) polymer (10.48 J/cc compared to 7.21 J/cc) at electric field 300 MV/m. This value is significant and exceeds those reported for the conventional polymer‐ceramic nanocomposites; it is also more than seven times larger than high performance commercial polypropylene capacitor (1.2 J/cc at 640 MV/m). In addition, our nanocomposite capacitor has a maximum power density as high as 1.2 MW/cc occurring only 1.52 μs after the start of discharge. The findings of this research could lead to enhanced interest in nanowires based nanocomposites due to their potential for achieving next generation energy storage devices.