gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A prototype scintillation dosimeter customized for small and dynamic megavoltage radiation fields (2010)

A prototype plastic scintillation dosimeter has been developed with a small sensitive volume, rapid response and good dosimetric performance. The novelty of this design is the use of an air core light guide to transport the scintillation signal out of the primary radiation field. The significance of this innovation is that it eliminates the Cerenkov background signal that is generated in conventional optical fibres. The dosimeter performance was compared to existing commercial dosimeters in 6 MV and 18 MV photon beams and 6 MeV and 20 MeV electron beams, in both static and dynamic fields. The dosimeter was tested in small static fields and in dynamically delivered fields where the detector volume is shielded, while the stem is irradiated. The depth dose measurements for the photon beams agreed with ionization chamber measurements to within 1.6%, except in the build-up region due to positional uncertainty. For the 6 MeV and 20 MeV electron beams, the percentage depth dose measurements agreed with the ionization chamber measurements to within 3.6% and 4.5%, respectively. For field sizes of 1 cm x 1 cm and greater, the air core dosimeter readings agreed with diamond detector readings to within 1.2%. The air core dosimeter was accurate in dynamically delivered fields and had no measurable stem effect. The air core dosimeter was accurate over a range of field sizes, energies and dose rates, confirming that it is a sensitive and accurate dosimeter with high spatial resolution suitable for use in megavoltage photon and electron beams.
The Electrochemical Production of Organic Hypochlorite Compounds (1981)

The electrochemical synthesis of organic hypochlorite compounds is important as a process for direct production of reactive halofunctionalization agents (1, 2). These materials are useful as intermediates which contain a halogen in the plus one valence state, and applicable to the manufacture of industrial chemicals such as propylene oxide (2) and calcium hypochlorite (3–5). This electroorganic synthesis requires a raw material feed of aqueous brine, organic alcohol, and organic solvent in an undivided cell without separator, and no solvent in a second multi‐chambered cell having a membrane. For example, tertiary butyl hypochlorite can be prepared by the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride brine and tertiary butyl alcohol. High product yield, current density, and current efficiency is achieved by the proper choice of anode‐cathode or anode‐membrane gap, proper control of the pH, and cell temperature control. The addition of an organic solvent such as carbon tetrachloride can be used in the "gap‐cell" to extract the organic hypochlorite formed within the aqueous brine phase during or after the electrolysis step, according to the following overall reaction
Towards high-temperature applications of aluminium alloys enabled by additive manufacturing (2021)

Research on powder-based additive manufacturing of aluminium alloys is rapidly increasing, and recent breakthroughs in printing of defect-free parts promise substantial movement beyond traditional Al–Si–Mg) systems. One potential technological advantage of aluminium additive manufacturing, however, has received little attention: the design of alloys for use at T > ~200°C, or ~1/2 of the absolute melting temperature of aluminium. Besides offering lightweighting and improved energy efficiency through replacement of ferrous, titanium, and nickel-based alloys at 200–450°C, development of such alloys will reduce economic roadblocks for widespread implementation of aluminium additive manufacturing. We herein review the existing additive manufacturing literature for three categories of potential high-temperature alloys, discuss strategies for optimizing microstructures for elevated-temperature performance, and highlight gaps in current research. Although extensive microstructural characterisation has been performed on these alloys, we conclude that evaluations of their high-temperature mechanical properties and corrosion responses are severely deficient.
The utility of neural network in the diagnosis of Cheyne-Stokes respiration (2003)

The aim of this study was to design a diagnostic model to identify patients with Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR-CSA) based on indices of oximetric spectral analysis. A retrospective analysis of oximetric recordings of 213 sleep studies conducted over a one-year period at a Veterans Affairs medical facility was performed. A probabilistic neural network (PNN) was developed from salient features of the oximetric spectral analysis, desaturation events and the delta index. A fivefold cross-validation was used to assess the accuracy of the neural network in identifying CSR-CSA. When compared to overnight polysomnography, the PNN achieved a sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval [CI] 85%-100%) and a specificity of 99% (95% 97%-100%) with a corresponding area under the curve of 99% (95% CI 99%-100%). When combined with overnight pulse oximetry, PNN offers an accurate and easily applicable tool to detect CSR-CSA.
Physicochemical Properties and Catalytic Behavior of the Molecular Sieve SSZ-70 (2010)

SSZ-70 is synthesized using 1,3-bis(isobutyl)imidazolium, 1,3-bis(cyclohexyl)imidazolium, and 1,3-bis(cycloheptyl)imidazolium structure directing agents (SDAs), and the solids obtained are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), 29Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), electron microscopy, nitrogen and hydrocarbon adsorption, and thermogravimetric analyses. The physicochemical properties of SSZ-70 show that it is a new molecular sieve that has similarities to MWW-type materials. The catalytic behavior of SSZ-70 is evaluated through the use of the constraint index (CI) test. Distinct differences in the reactivity between Al-SSZ-70 and SSZ-25 (MWW) are observed and are the consequences of the structural differences between these two molecular sieves.
A Highly Robust Double Node Upset Tolerant latch (2016)

Due to technology scaling, radiation induced errors which cause a double node upset (DNU) have become more common in data storage elements. All current designs either suffer from high area and performance overhead or are vulnerable to an error after a DNU thus making them unsuitable for clock gating. A novel latch design is proposed in which all internal and external nodes are capable of recovering the previous value after a single or double node upset. The proposed latch offers higher speed, lower power consumption and lower area requirements compared to all existing DNU tolerant latches capable of recovering all nodes.
Joins over UNION ALL Queries in Teradata® (2018)

The UNION ALL set operator is useful for combining data from multiple sources. With the emergence and prevalence of big data ecosystems in which data is typically stored on multiple systems, UNION ALL has become even more important in many analytical queries. In this project, we demonstrate novel cost-based optimization techniques implemented in Teradata Database for join queries involving UNION ALL views and derived tables. Instead of the naive and traditional way of spooling each UNION ALL branch to a common spool prior to performing join operations, which can be prohibitively expensive, we demonstrate new techniques developed in Teradata Database including: 1) Cost-based pushing of joins into UNION ALL branches, 2) Branch grouping strategy prior to join pushing, 3) Geography adjustment of the pushed relations to avoid unnecessary redistribution or duplication, 4) Iterative join decomposition of a pushed join to multiple joins, and 5) Combining multiple join steps into a single multisource join step. In the demonstration, we use the Teradata Visual Explain tool, which offers a rich set of visual rendering capabilities of query plans, the display of various metadata information for each plan step, and several interactive UGI options for end-users.
Testing the accuracy of query optimizers (2012)

The accuracy of a query optimizer is intricately connected with a database system performance and its operational cost: the more accurate the optimizer's cost model, the better the resulting execution plans. Database application programmers and other practitioners have long provided anecdotal evidence that database systems differ widely with respect to the quality of their optimizers, yet, to date no formal method is available to database users to assess or refute such claims.
Semantic Geometric Modelling of Unstructured Indoor Point Cloud (2018)

A method capable of automatically reconstructing 3D building models with semantic information from the unstructured 3D point cloud of indoor scenes is presented in this paper. This method has three main steps: 3D segmentation using a new hybrid algorithm, room layout reconstruction, and wall-surface object reconstruction by using an enriched approach. Unlike existing methods, this method aims to detect, cluster, and model complex structures without having prior scanner or trajectory information. In addition, this method enables the accurate detection of wall-surface “defacements”, such as windows, doors, and virtual openings. In addition to the detection of wall-surface apertures, the detection of closed objects, such as doors, is also possible. Hence, for the first time, the whole 3D modelling process of the indoor scene from a backpack laser scanner (BLS) dataset was achieved and is recorded for the first time. This novel method was validated using both synthetic data and real data acquired by a developed BLS system for indoor scenes. Evaluating our approach on synthetic datasets achieved a precision of around 94% and a recall of around 97%, while for BLS datasets our approach achieved a precision of around 95% and a recall of around 89%. The results reveal this novel method to be robust and accurate for 3D indoor modelling.
Folded tubular photometer for atmospheric measurements of NO <sub>2</sub> and NO (2018)

Abstract. We describe and characterize a modular folded tubular photometer for making direct measurements of the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and specify how this method could be extended to measure other pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and black carbon particulate matter. Direct absorbance measurements using this photometer can be made across the spectral range from the ultraviolet (UV) to the near infrared. The absorbance cell makes use of modular components (tubular detection cells and mirror cubes) that allow construction of path lengths of up to 2 m or more while maintaining low cell volumes. The long path lengths and low cell volumes enable sensitive detection of ambient air pollutants down to low part-per-billion levels for gas species and aerosol extinctions down to 1 Mm−1, corresponding to ∼ 0.1 µg m−3 for black carbon particulates. Pressure equalization throughout the stages of the absorbance measurement is shown to be critical to accurate measurements of analyte concentrations. The present paper describes the application of this photometer to direct measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and the incorporation of design features that also enable measurement of nitric oxide (NO) in the same instrument. Excellent agreement for ambient measurements along an urban roadside was found for both NO2 and NO measured by the folded tubular photometer compared to existing standard techniques. Compared to commonly used methods for measurements of NOx species, the advantages of this approach include (1) an absolute quantification for NO2 based on the Beer–Lambert law, thereby greatly reducing the frequency at which calibrations are required; (2) the direct measurement of NO2 concentration without prior conversion to NO as is required for the commonly used chemiluminescence method; (3) the use of modular components that allow construction of absorbance detection cells of varying lengths for extending the dynamic range of concentrations that can be measured; (4) a more economical instrument than other currently available direct measurement techniques for NO2; and (5) the potential for simultaneous detection of additional species such as SO2, O3, and black carbon in the same instrument. In contrast to other commercially available direct NO2 measurements, such as cavity-attenuated phase-shift spectroscopy (CAPS), the folded tubular photometer also measures NO simultaneously in the same apparatus by quantitatively converting NO to NO2 with ozone, which is then detected by direct absorbance.
Applications of high repetition rate tabletop soft X-ray lasers become a reality in several fields (2001)

For many years researchers have envisioned the development of compact high repetition rate tabletop soft x-ray laser, that could be routinely used in application in numerous disciplines. With demonstrated average powers of several mW and millijoule-level pulse energy at 46.9nm, the Ne-like Ar capillary discharge-pumped laser is the first compact laser to reach this goal. In this paper we summarize the development status of high repetition rate tabletop soft x-ray lasers based on capillary discharge excitation, and give examples of their successful use in several applications. Results of the use of a caprllary discharge pumped 46.9nm laser m dense plasma interferometry, soft x-ray reflectometry for the determination of optical constants, characterization of diffraction gratings, laser ablation of materials, and plasma generation are described. The observation of lasing at 52.9nm line in Ne-like Cl with output pulse energy up to 10 μJ is also reported.
Mode-selective dissimilar fiber photonic-lantern spatial multiplexers for few-mode fiber (2013)

We demonstrate a 3 core fiber-based photonic lantern spatial-multiplexer that selectively excites the LP01 and LP11 modes. The mode-selectivity is greater than 6 dB and insertion loss is below 2.4 dB when coupled to a graded-index FMF.
Thermally stable ohmic contacts to <i>n</i>-type GaAs. I. MoGeW contact metal (1987)

Thermally stable, low-resistance ohmic contacts on n-type GaAs are required to fabricate high-speed GaAs integrated circuits. MoGeW contacts prepared by annealing at high temperature around 800 °C in an InAs overpressure are attractive, because the contact is expected to be thermally stable during subsequent annealing at 400 °C, which is required by several process steps following ohmic contact formation. In the present experiment, the contact resistance measurements and microstructural analysis of MoGeW contacts were carried out to establish a fabrication process which forms ohmic contacts with low contact resistance. The contact metals were prepared by sequentially depositing Ge, Mo, Ge, and W, with various Mo/Ge layer thickness ratios, onto (100)-oriented GaAs wafers. The conducting channels were formed by doping GaAs with about 1×1018 cm−3 Si. Contact resistances were determined by the transmission line method, and microstructural analysis was carried out by x-ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and transmission electron microscopy. Contact resistance (Rc) was found to be strongly influenced by the Mo/Ge layer thickness ratio and annealing temperature. Rc values lower than 0.5 Ω mm were obtained for samples with a Mo/Ge thickness ratio in the range 0.6–1.3 and annealed at around 800 °C. The lowest mean Rc value obtained in the present experiment was 0.3 Ω mm. The major compound formed in this contact was identified to be Mo5As4, which has a high melting point. No changes in the microstructure and the Rc values were observed after annealing the contacts at 400 °C for more than 100 h. Finally, an attempt to understand the carrier transport mechanism was carried out by correlating the electrical behavior with the film microstructure. For this purpose the samples were annealed in an InAs overpressure with or without a Si3N4 cap, by flash annealing, and in an arsine atmosphere. The ohmic behavior was observed only in the samples annealed in an InAs overpressure. The SIMS analysis indicated that a small amount of In, less than 1 at. %, was segregated at the metal/GaAs interfaces in this sample. The In could form compounds with GaAs and reduce the barrier height, resulting in reduction of the contact resistances.
Semantic subtyping with an SMT solver (2010)

We study a first-order functional language with the novel combination of the ideas of refinement type (the subset of a type to satisfy a Boolean expression) and type-test (a Boolean expression testing whether a value belongs to a type). Our core calculus can express a rich variety of typing idioms; for example, intersection, union, negation, singleton, nullable, variant, and algebraic types are all derivable. We formulate a semantics in which expressions denote terms, and types are interpreted as first-order logic formulas. Subtyping is defined as valid implication between the semantics of types. The formulas are interpreted in a specific model that we axiomatize using standard first-order theories. On this basis, we present a novel type-checking algorithm able to eliminate many dynamic tests and to detect many errors statically. The key idea is to rely on an SMT solver to compute subtyping efficiently. Moreover, interpreting types as formulas allows us to call the SMT solver at run-time to compute instances of types.
Silk Protein Lithography as a Route to Fabricate Sericin Microarchitectures (2014)

Photolithographic fabrication via a "silk sericin photoresist" is used to form precise protein microstructures directly and rapidly on a variety of substrates. High-resolution and fidelity architectures in two and three dimensions with line widths down to 1 μm are formed. Photo-crosslinked protein structures provide structural iridescence and guide cell adhesion with precise spatial control.
Abstract 18849: Molecular Signature of Early Cardiovascular Lineages Revealed by Single Cell Transcriptomics (2015)

Background: The molecular definition of the differentiation process of cardiovascular lineages is of intense interest for developmental biologists. Recent studies have demonstrated that multipotent cardiac progenitors are capable of giving rise to multiple cardiovascular lineages such as endothelium, endocardium, epicardium and myocardium. Moreover, Nkx2-5 and Etv2 are two of the key genes that regulate the specification of the cardiac lineage. Understanding the global gene expression pattern and ontogeny of Nkx2-5 and Etv2 positive cells are critical steps for the decoding of the signaling cascade and the molecular mechanisms that govern mesodermal lineage differentiation. Methods: Using Etv2- and Nkx2-5-EYFP transgenic embryos, from which progenitors of cardiovascular/circulatory lineages can be isolated with high purity, we performed single cell transcriptome analysis. We used our recently developed single cell RNA-seq analysis pipeline, dpath, to decompose the transcriptome into seven major metagenes. Each gene and each cell was assigned the “metagene signature” based on its unique and robust features, which successfully captured their molecular dynamics and global expression patterns. Results: An unbiased clustering analysis using the metagene signature of 459 Etv2- and Nkx2-5 EYFP positive cells from E7.75 and E8.25 embryos revealed 16 mesodermal cell populations with distinct global gene expression patterns. The metagene entropy analysis revealed distinct differentiation potential and mesodermal lineage coverage among Etv2-EYFP + and Nkx2-5-EYFP + cells. Two major Nkx2-5 + cell populations were significantly associated with the first and second heart fields and novel gene markers for each heart fields were identified. We also discovered multiple types of endocardial populations from different sources and with distinct global gene expression patterns. Conclusions: We report the analysis of complete gene expression profiles during mesodermal lineage specification at a single cell resolution. These results demonstrate the power of combining machine learning algorithms and single cell RNA-seq for discovering hidden cell types from mixed cell population and novel lineage markers.
Towards Perceptually Optimized Adaptive Video Streaming-A Realistic Quality of Experience Database (2021)

Measuring Quality of Experience (QoE) and integrating these measurements into video streaming algorithms is a multi-faceted problem that fundamentally requires the design of comprehensive subjective QoE databases and objective QoE prediction models. To achieve this goal, we have recently designed the LIVE-NFLX-II database, a highly-realistic database which contains subjective QoE responses to various design dimensions, such as bitrate adaptation algorithms, network conditions and video content. Our database builds on recent advancements in content-adaptive encoding and incorporates actual network traces to capture realistic network variations on the client device. The new database focuses on low bandwidth conditions which are more challenging for bitrate adaptation algorithms, which often must navigate tradeoffs between rebuffering and video quality. Using our database, we study the effects of multiple streaming dimensions on user experience and evaluate video quality and quality of experience models and analyze their strengths and weaknesses. We believe that the tools introduced here will help inspire further progress on the development of perceptually-optimized client adaptation and video streaming strategies. The database is publicly available at http://live.ece.utexas.edu/research/LIVE_NFLX_II/live_nflx_plus.html.
CA-1, a novel phosphoprotein, interacts with the promoter of the cab140 gene in Arabidopsis and is undetectable in det1 mutant seedlings. (1993)

We have identified and partially purified a DNA binding protein from Arabidopsis that interacts specifically with the phytochrome-responsive promoter of the Arabidopsis cab140 gene. Promoter deletion analyses in transgenic tobacco showed that, if a region that includes the sequence interacting with this protein was deleted, both expression and phytochrome responsiveness were lost. The protein protected a cytosine- and adenine-rich region from DNase I digestion, and therefore it has been called Ca-1. CA-1 was shown to be a phosphoprotein, and dephosphorylation changed the migration of the protein-DNA complex in DNA mobility shift assays. The data suggested that the protein has an apparent molecular weight of 70,000. The CA-1-protected region of the cab140 promoter included an ACGT motif that has been found in the target sequences of a number of bZIP transcription factors, but the binding behavior of CA-1 differed from those factors. CA-1 binding activity was present in plants grown in either white light or darkness, and no differences in the binding activity were detected in the dark-grown plants after short red or white light treatments. However, the CA-1 binding activity was not detectable in extracts of seedlings bearing the det1 mutation grown in the dark and given the same illumination treatments as wild type. In contrast to wild type, the mutant seedlings express cab RNA at a high level when grown in complete darkness, and we found no further increase in cab140 mRNA in response to brief red illumination. The lack of CA-1 activity in the det1 mutant suggests that it may function as a transcriptional repressor regulating the expression of the cab140 gene in Arabidopsis.