gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Flux Nanofibrous Composite Reverse Osmosis Membrane Containing Interfacial Water Channels for Desalination (2023)

A nanofibrous composite reverse osmosis (RO) membrane with a polyamide barrier layer containing interfacial water channels was fabricated on an electrospun nanofibrous substrate via an interfacial polymerization process. The RO membrane was employed for desalination of brackish water and exhibited enhanced permeation flux as well as rejection ratio. Nanocellulose was prepared by sequential oxidations of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) and sodium periodate systems and surface grafting with different alkyl groups including octyl, decanyl, dodecanyl, tetradecanyl, cetyl, and octadecanyl groups. The chemical structure of the modified nanocellulose was verified subsequently by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and solid NMR measurements. Two monomers, trimesoyl chloride (TMC) and <i>m</i>-phenylenediamine (MPD), were employed to prepare a cross-linked polyamide matrix, i.e., the barrier layer of the RO membrane, which integrated with the alkyl groups-grafted nanocellulose to build up interfacial water channels via interfacial polymerization. The top and cross-sectional morphologies of the composite barrier layer were observed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to verify the integration structure of the nanofibrous composite containing water channels. The aggregation and distribution of water molecules in the nanofibrous composite RO membrane verified the existence of water channels, demonstrated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The desalination performance of the nanofibrous composite RO membrane was conducted and compared with that of commercially available RO membranes in the processing of brackish water, where 3 times higher permeation flux and 99.1% rejection ratio against NaCl were accomplished. This indicated that the engineering of interfacial water channels in the barrier layer could substantially increase the permeation flux of the nanofibrous composite membrane while retaining the high rejection ratio as well, i.e., to break through the trade-off between permeation flux and rejection ratio. Antifouling properties, chlorine resistance, and long-term desalination performance were also demonstrated to evaluate the potential applications of the nanofibrous composite RO membrane; remarkable durability and robustness were achieved in addition to 3 times higher permeation flux and a higher rejection ratio against commercial RO membranes in brackish water desalination.
Rapid Fabrication of Soft, Multilayered Electronics for Wearable Biomonitoring (2016)

Soft integrated electronics are key components for emerging applications in wearable biomonitoring, soft co‐robotics, and physical human–machine interaction. They are composed of soft and elastically deformable circuits and sensors that are combined with packaged microelectronics for signal processing, power regulation, and communication. While promising, widespread use of soft wearable electronics is currently limited by the lack of robust fabrication techniques to rapidly, efficiently, and precisely assemble soft and rigid components into multilayered systems. Here, an efficient digital fabrication approach is presented to create highly customizable wearable electronics through rapid laser machining and adhesion controlled soft materials assembly. Well aligned, multilayered materials are created from 2D and 3D elements that stretch and bend while seamlessly integrating with rigid components such as microchip integrated circuits, discrete electrical components, and interconnects. These techniques are applied using commercially available materials and components and the fabrication of thin, lightweight, customized sensor skins is demonstrated in under an hour. These fully integrated wireless devices conformably bond to the hand and are successfully used for monitoring hand gesture, pulse rate, and blood oxygenation. These materials and methods enable custom wearable electronics while offering versatility in design and functionality for a variety of applications through material selection and construction.
Ferroelectric memories (1990)

Abstract A status report is given on the development of thin-film ferroelectric memories, both by sputtering and by sol-gel techniques, integrated onto gallium arsenide or silicon. Emphasis is on lead zirconate titanate (PZT) materials. Progress in ferroelectric materials, electrical characterization, and circuit design is reviewed. Commercial parts recently developed by Ramtron Corp. and Krysalis Corp. are included, in addition to work by our own group.
Biomimetic magnetic nanocomposite for smart skins (2015)

We report a biomimetic tactile sensor consisting of magnetic nanocomposite artificial cilia and magnetic sensors. The nanocomposite is fashioned from polydimethylsiloxane and iron nanowires and exhibits a permanent magnetic behavior. This enables remote operation without an additional magnetic field to magnetize the nanowires, which simplifies device integration. Moreover, the highly elastic and easy patternable nanocomposite is corrosion resistant and thermally stable. The highly sensitive and power efficient tactile sensors can detect vertical and shear forces from interactions with objects. The sensors can operate in dry and wet environment with the ability to measure different properties such as the texture and the movement or stability of objects, with easily adjustable performance.
Aspect-independent cylinder discrimination by human observers using broadband sonar pulses (1981)

An experiment was conducted to determine the capabilities of four human subjects to discriminate broadband sonar echoes from cylindrical targets independent of target aspect. Digital recording of target echoes were obtained using dolphinlike echolocation signals, and played back to the subjects at 150 of the original sample rate. The targets, which were 17.8 cm long and 7.62 cm in diameter, included cylinders of solid aluminum and rock, hollow water-filled steel, and hollow aluminum filled with water, air or powder. The subjects were first trained to discriminate between a pair of targets at 0°, 45°, and 90° until performance reached 100% correct at each aspect. Next the subjects were trained until they achieved near perfect performance with the three target aspects occurring randomly during a session. The subjects' abilities to generalize discrimination cues from the three previously learned aspects were measured by randomly presenting target echoes from seven aspects during a session, four of which were new aspects. For target pairs involving hollow aluminum versus rock, hollow versus solid aluminum, and solid aluminum versus rock, the subjects' scores for the new signals were between 75% and 85% correct on their first sessions. This performance improved to approximately 95% for all subjects, after seven sessions. The results indicate that the subjects could generalize discrimination cues independent of the target aspect. With a few exceptions, the verbal cues for each target pair were similar across subjects.
Precoder design for weighted sum delay minimization in MIMO physical layer multicasting (2012)

This paper considers the design of linear transmit precoding schemes to minimize the weighted sum delay metric over a K-user multi-antenna multicast channel. Limited by the rank and power constraints, the precoding matrices are designed under two interesting scenarios. The first scenario assumes the availability of pilots that can be precoded, using which the transmitter can convey any choice of transmit precoders to the users. Consequently, the sought transmit precoders can be any complex-valued matrices subject to given rank (dimensionality) and power (norm) constraints. A provably convergent cyclic alternating ascent based algorithm is proposed for a relaxed version of the problem, and is shown to attain at least a stationary point. Assuming that no such pilots are available, the second scenario constrains the transmit precoders to lie in a finite codebook. A concatenation based approach is adopted for constructing higher rank precoding matrices, which can facilitate the precoder search and allow for efficient signaling. A simple deterministic algorithm is proposed which involves maximizing a submodular rate function per step, and yields a worst-case performance guarantee.
A Feature-Enriched Multiscale Method for Simulating Complex Geomodels (2017)

Abstract Multiscale methods have been shown to offer an order-of-magnitude increase in the speed of reservoir simulators. This may enable users to model complex fluid flow and geology with greater speed and flexibility than is available with the current computational technologies. Contemporary multiscale methods typically use a restriction operator to construct a reduced system of flow equations and a prolongation operator to map pressure unknowns from the reduced flow equations back to the original simulation grid. When combined with a local smoother, this gives an iterative solver that can efficiently compute approximate pressures to within a prescribed accuracy and still provide mass-conservative fluxes. We present an adaptive and flexible framework for combining multiple sets of such multiscale approximations. Each multiscale approximation can target a certain scale; geological features like faults, fractures, facies, or other geobodies; or a particular computational challenge like propagating displacement and chemical fronts, wells being turned on or off, etc. Multiscale methods that fit the framework are characterized by three features. First, the prolongation and restriction operators are constructed using a non-overlapping partition of the fine grid. Second, the prolongation operator is composed of a set of basis functions, each of which has compact support within a support region that contains a coarse grid block. Finally, the basis functions form a partition of unity. Through a series of numerical examples that include idealized geology and flow physics as well as geological models of real assets, we demonstrate that the new framework increases the accuracy and efficiency of multiscale technology. In particular, we show how it is possible to combine multiscale approximations with different resolution as well as multiscale approximations targeting, among others, high-contrast fluvial sands; fractured carbonate reservoirs; challenging grids including faults, pinchouts and inactive cells; and complex wells.
Duration of Loxosceles reclusa venom detection by ELISA from swabs. (2009)

Because the duration of the recoverable antigen is seen to be at least two weeks, the ELISA venom test appears capable of detecting venom on most patients presenting with Loxosceles envenomations. This detection system will allow the physician more accurate determination of whether the lesion is from a brown recluse spider or some other agent that can cause this type of necrotic ulcer.
Tunnel-injected sub-260 nm ultraviolet light emitting diodes (2017)

We report on tunnel-injected deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV LEDs) configured with a polarization engineered Al0.75Ga0.25 N/In0.2Ga0.8 N tunnel junction structure. Tunnel-injected UV LED structure enables n-type contacts for both bottom and top contact layers. However, achieving Ohmic contact to wide bandgap n-AlGaN layers is challenging and typically requires high temperature contact metal annealing. In this work, we adopted a compositionally graded top contact layer for non-alloyed metal contact and obtained a low contact resistance of ρc = 4.8 × 10−5 Ω cm2 on n-Al0.75Ga0.25 N. We also observed a significant reduction in the forward operation voltage from 30.9 V to 19.2 V at 1 kA/cm2 by increasing the Mg doping concentration from 6.2 × 1018 cm−3 to 1.5 × 1019 cm−3. Non-equilibrium hole injection into wide bandgap Al0.75Ga0.25 N with Eg&gt;5.2 eV was confirmed by light emission at 257 nm. This work demonstrates the feasibility of tunneling hole injection into deep UV LEDs and provides a structural design towards high power deep-UV emitters.
Efficacy of an absorbable mesh in keeping the small bowel out of the human pelvis following surgery (1988)

Patients with pelvic malignancies frequently require postoperative radiation therapy either as adjunctive or palliative treatment. Tumoricidal doses, however, are frequently associated with small-bowel damage. Animal experiments demonstrated tolerance to high-dose radiation therapy and protection from radiation enteritis by use of an absorbable polymer polyglycolic acid (PGA) that is used as an intestinal sling to elevate the small bowel away from the operated site. Sixty patients (42 with rectal carcinomas and 18 with gynecologic malignancies) underwent surgical treatment that included the intestinal sling procedure. Postoperative radiation was begun within three weeks following surgery and patients received a mean approximating 5500 rads in fractionated doses. A mean follow-up time of 28 months has not revealed a single case of radiation enteritis (by either contrast studies or physiologic studies) or PGA mesh-related complications. The authors believe that this surgical technique should be employed in patients who may require postoperative radiation treatment for pelvic malignancy.
Digital watermarking for high-quality imaging (2002)

In this paper, we address the requirements, techniques and applications of digital watermarking for high-quality images. We present several classes of digital watermarking techniques defined by their appearance and application domains, specify the requirements, and summarize the current research efforts in the Image Library Applications group of the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center on digital watermarking of high-quality images. We hope that by addressing these issues, we can both provide a foundation for the next generation of digital watermarking techniques, and a vision for their future applications.
Nanostructured Surfaces and Detection Instrumentation for Photonic Crystal Enhanced Fluorescence (2013)

Photonic crystal (PC) surfaces have been demonstrated as a compelling platform for improving the sensitivity of surface-based fluorescent assays used in disease diagnostics and life science research. PCs can be engineered to support optical resonances at specific wavelengths at which strong electromagnetic fields are utilized to enhance the intensity of surface-bound fluorophore excitation. Meanwhile, the leaky resonant modes of PCs can be used to direct emitted photons within a narrow range of angles for more efficient collection by a fluorescence detection system. The multiplicative effects of enhanced excitation combined with enhanced photon extraction combine to provide improved signal-to-noise ratios for detection of fluorescent emitters, which in turn can be used to reduce the limits of detection of low concentration analytes, such as disease biomarker proteins. Fabrication of PCs using inexpensive manufacturing methods and materials that include replica molding on plastic, nano-imprint lithography on quartz substrates result in devices that are practical for single-use disposable applications. In this review, we will describe the motivation for implementing high-sensitivity fluorescence detection in the context of molecular diagnosis and gene expression analysis though the use of PC surfaces. Recent efforts to improve the design and fabrication of PCs and their associated detection instrumentation are summarized, including the use of PCs coupled with Fabry-Perot cavities and external cavity lasers.
Functional effects of the antigen glatiramer acetate are complex and tightly associated with its composition (2015)

Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone®; GA) is a non-biological complex drug for multiple sclerosis. GA modulated thousands of genes in genome-wide expression studies conducted in THP-1 cells and mouse splenocytes. Comparing GA with differently-manufactured glatiramoid Polimunol (Synthon) in mice yielded hundreds of differentially expressed probesets, including biologically-relevant genes (e.g. Il18, adj p<9e-6) and pathways. In human monocytes, 700+ probesets differed between Polimunol and GA, enriching for 130+ pathways including response to lipopolysaccharide (adj. p<0.006). Key differences were confirmed by qRT-PCR (splenocytes) or proteomics (THP-1). These studies demonstrate the complexity of GA's mechanisms of action, and may help inform therapeutic equivalence assessment.
Review of thickness-shear mode quartz resonator sensors for temperature and pressure (2001)

This work reviews the use of thickness shear mode resonators for temperature sensing and pressure measurement. Advantages of such sensors include inherently digital format, high resolution, high accuracy, and long-term stability. This work reviews the physical principles involved in the operation of the devices along with quoted sensor performance results. The earliest commercially available temperature sensors were stand-alone units. Their use and commercial success evolved through different stages depending in part on ancillary electronics available at the time. A number of temperature-sensing applications are ancillary to other thickness shear resonator sensors. Two main categories are separate resonator for temperature compensation and dual-mode operation of a single thickness shear resonator. Dual-mode oper- ation subdivides into use of two modes from different thickness shear mode families or two modes from the same thickness shear mode family. A variety of pressure sensors use the fact that the frequency of a thickness shear resonator changes with stress bias. Such applica- tions divide conveniently into categories dependent on the pattern of stress bias used.
Magnetic Field Patterning of Nickel Nanowire Film Realized by Printed Precursor Inks (2019)

This paper demonstrates an easily prepared novel material and approach to producing aligned nickel (Ni) nanowires having unique and customizable structures on a variety of substrates for electronic and magnetic applications. This is a new approach to producing printed metallic Ni structures from precursor materials, and it provides a novel technique for nanowire formation during reduction. This homogeneous solution can be printed in ambient conditions, and it forms aligned elemental Ni nanowires over large areas upon heating in the presence of a magnetic field. The use of templates or subsequent purification are not required. This technique is very flexible, and allows the preparation of unique patterns of nanowires which provides opportunities to produce structures with enhanced anisotropic electrical and magnetic properties. An example of this is the unique fabrication of aligned nanowire grids by overlaying layers of nanowires oriented at different angles with respect to each other. The resistivity of printed and cured films was found to be as low as 560 µΩ∙cm. The saturation magnetization was measured to be 30 emu∙g<sup>-1</sup>, which is comparable to bulk Ni. Magnetic anisotropy was induced with an axis along the direction of the applied magnetic field, giving soft magnetic properties.
Construction and Application of a Rh–Pt DNA Metalloinsertor Conjugate (2014)

We report the synthesis and characterization of a bimetallic conjugate (RhPt) in which an oxaliplatin derivative is tethered to a rhodium metalloinsertor through an aminomalonate leaving group ligand. The complex interacts with DNA through metalloinsertion at a base pair mismatch followed by formation of a covalent Pt-DNA adduct. Characterization of RhPt in mismatch repair-deficient HCT116O cells reveals increased cytotoxicity compared to cisplatin and oxaliplatin as well as relative to the unconjugated rhodium and platinum counterparts. Caspase and poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibition assays indicate that RhPt induces apoptotic cell death. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) experiments reveal that RhPt exhibits enhanced cellular uptake properties that contribute to its increased efficacy.
Distributed feedback fiber laser pumped by multimode laser diodes (2008)

A distributed feedback fiber laser made of highly Er-Yb codoped phosphate glass fiber has been demonstrated experimentally. Efficient pump absorption allows for multimode pumping into the cladding of the active fiber. Output powers up to 160 mW have been achieved. The 35 mm long fiber laser device emits with >50 dB side mode suppression ratio.
Determination of Localized Loss in Cabled Fiber Using OTDR Measurements of Relative Mode Field Diameter (2010)

We demonstrate enhanced sensitivity of a commercial OTDR by employing novel bidirectional analysis techniques. The method is applicable to measurements of cabled fiber where fluctuations in local mode field diameter are due to factory variations.
Light scattering for surface inspection (1987)

The laser scanning inspection system (LSIS) is a large-area high-speed surface inspection system based on laser scanning and light scattering. It currently inspects patterned and unpatterned photolithography masks for particulates, down to 2 μ m in size. Masks up to 6 × 6 in. can be inspected in <60 s. The LSIS is controlled by an AT&T PC6300. Light scattering for inspection of smooth surfaces is a well-established technique. For patterned surfaces light is scattered from the pattern and the defects. There may also be diffraction from the pattern.
Fuel Flexible Distributed Combustion for Gas Turbine Engines (2012)

Distributed Combustion provides significant performance improvement of gas turbine combustors including uniform thermal field in the entire combustion chamber (improved pattern factor), ultra low emission of NOx and CO, low noise, enhanced stability and higher efficiency. Distributed combustion with swirl have been investigated to determine the beneficial aspects of such flows on clean and efficient combustion under simulated gas turbine combustion conditions with close focus on NOx emission. Near Zero emissions of NO and CO have been demonstrated using methane under distributed combustion conditions with heat release intensities commensurable to gas turbine applications. In this paper, distributed combustion is further investigated using both gaseous and liquid fuels with emphasis on pollutants emission and combustor performance with each fuel. Performance evaluation with the different fuels is established to outline the flexibility of the combustor in handling a wide range of fuels with different calorific values and phases with focus on ultra-low pollutants emission. Results obtained on pollutants emission and OH* chemiluminescence for the specific fuels examined at various equivalence ratios are presented. Near distributed combustion conditions with less than 5 PPM of NO emission were demonstrated under novel premixed conditions for the various fuels tested thus outlining the combustor ability to handle different fuels with high performance. Further reduction of NOx can be made with true distributed combustion condition.© 2012 ASME
Directing Human Embryonic Stem Cells to a Retinal Fate (2010)

Substantial progress has been made in the development of methods to direct embryonic stem cells to differentiate into various regions of the central nervous system (CNS). We have used the current model of eye specification to develop a protocol for directing human embryonic stem cells to generate retinal progenitors and various types of retinal neurons. Our method uses a multistep protocol in which embryoid bodies are treated with inhibitors of both BMP signaling and canonical Wnt signaling to promote expression of key eye field transcription factors (EFTFs), as assayed by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence microscopy. The retinal progenitor cells spontaneously undergo differentiation into various types of retinal neurons, including photoreceptors, and this can be promoted by treatment with small molecule inhibitors of the Notch pathway.
New Ionic Liquids with Tris(perfluoroalkyl)trifluorophosphate (FAP) Anions. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.