gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ionic liquids for liquid-in-glass thermometers (2008)

The varied portfolio of applications of ionic liquids (ILs) is broadened in this work by presenting the possibility of their use as thermometric fluids in liquid-in-glass thermometers. Two ILs, namely tris(2-hydroxyethyl)methylammonium methylsulfate ([TEMA][MeSO4]) and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}amide ([P66614][NTf2]), have been selected for the construction of thermometers with ranges of operation tuned to general and speciality applications. The regular expansion of the IL volume with changes in temperature has been tested, and successful prototypes have been built, consisting of liquid-in-glass devices with an approximately spherical reservoir and a capillary tube attached. These devices have the advantage of operating with a fluid of ionic nature and a practically negligible vapor pressure. In addition, the inherent tunability of IL properties is a powerful tool in the possible design of speciality thermometers.
Cholestanol Metabolism, Molecular Pathology, and Nutritional Implications (2003)

Cholestanol, not cholesterol, is a minor component in the human body and in foods, but an increase in cholestanol concentration in serum induces a pathological condition named cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX). In our investigation of this disease for more than 25 years, a procedure for quantification of cholestanol by high-performance liquid chromatography and an assay method for sterol 27-hydroxylase were established, and several mutations of the CYP 27 gene in 10 CTX families were identified. We also established experimental animal models with symptoms of CTX by feeding a high cholestanol diet. Corneal dystrophy and gallstones were produced in mice, and an apoptosis of cerebellar neuronal cells was observed in rats. We propose the following underlying mechanism of CTX pathogenesis: When cholesterol in the plasma membrane is replaced by cholestanol to some extent, the membrane fluidity is reduced, and the calcium channel fails to open, inducing cell death. CTX patients are treated with oral administration of chenodeoxycholic acid, which reduces the cholestanol concentration in serum. Cholestanol has a toxic effect, and an imbalance of the cholesterol/cholestanol ratio in plasma membrane is suspected to cause the disturbance of calcium channel function of the membrane.
A bit-serial optical packet label-swapping scheme using DPSK encoded labels (2003)

We present a simple and robust bit-serial optical packet label-swapping scheme based on return-to-zero differential phase-shift keying encoded labels. The scheme is demonstrated with a label-swapping experiment for 10-Gb/s packets over two network nodes. Penalty-free label swapping is achievable using semiconductor optical amplifier-based interferometric wavelength converters and phase modulators. In addition, the packet data can be simultaneously 2R regenerated through this process. This will greatly enhance the scalability of the network.
Polyphthalaldehyde: Synthesis, Derivatives, and Applications (2017)

o-Phthalaldehyde is, to this day, the only aromatic aldehyde that can be homopolymerized through chain-growth polymerization. The product, polyphthalaldehyde (PPA), is a brittle white solid, and, having a polyacetal main chain, presents the ability to depolymerize quite rapidly in the presence of an acid. This review highlights the unique polymerization chemistry of o-phthalaldehyde since its discovery over half a century ago, describing the different methods for the preparation of PPA and its derivatives, how the polymerization chemistry affects the structure and thermomechanical properties of the obtained PPA, and summarizes recent developments in PPA chemistry as a responsive material. Modern material applications such as the use of PPA as photoresists or in thermal-scanning probe lithography, as well as exploration of judiciously end-capped PPA for its use as self-immolative materials are summarized. In addition, the use of PPA blocks in copolymers is described, leading to the development of films with well-defined nanochannels or nanopores that can serve as a template for the preparation of the microorganization of nanomaterials.
Asymmetric synthesis of (R)-muscone by enantioselective addition of chiral methyl cuprate to (E)-2-cyclopentadecen-1-one (1990)

(R)-(–)-Muscone was prepared in 89% enantiomeric excess using newly devised chiral ligands such as (1R,2R,3S,4S)-3-[(1-methylpyrrolyl)methylamino]-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol in conjugate addition of methyl cuprate to (E)-2-cyclopentadecen-1-one.
Design Advantages and Benefits of the Chrysler Dakota Fully Integrated Thermoplastic Instrument Panel (1996)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Today's interior systems design engineer has been challenged with providing significantly lighter, simpler and more cost-effective instrument panel (IP) design solutions, while simultaneously meeting rigorous occupant protection and quality standards. These issues provided the motivation behind the fully-integrated structural instrument panel design developed for Chrysler's Dodge Dakota Truck Platform. This total system design approach greatly depends on the stiffness and ductility of the engineering thermoplastic substrate and cross-sectional design for managing the energy of unrestrained occupants during frontal collisions. The structural IP consists of a fully integrated, three-piece monocoque thermoplastic structure that replaces the traditional retainer, air delivery ducts, steel beams and reinforcements typically used in IP designs. Additional integration of support for the passenger side air bag, and packaging for the electrical harness as well as other IP components are provided through molded-in-features. The resulting design provided an overall weight savings of 2.5 kg, tooling cost savings of $1.5 million, and a 50% reduction in parts. Not defined yet is the total system cost reduction that should account for part cost reduction, assembly operation elimination, assembly simplification, and labor cost reduction. This paper discusses the design evolution of the Dodge Dakota structural instrument panel, and advantages and benefits of the structural solution compared to a traditional instrument panel approach.</div>
Effects of Zinc Magnesium Aspartate (ZMA) Supplementation on Training Adaptations and Markers of Anabolism and Catabolism (2004)

This study examined whether supplementing the diet with a commercial supplement containing zinc magnesium aspartate (ZMA) during training affects zinc and magnesium status, anabolic and catabolic hormone profiles, and/or training adaptations. Forty-two resistance trained males (27 +/- 9 yrs; 178 +/- 8 cm, 85 +/- 15 kg, 18.6 +/- 6% body fat) were matched according to fat free mass and randomly assigned to ingest in a double blind manner either a dextrose placebo (P) or ZMA 30-60 minutes prior to going to sleep during 8-weeks of standardized resistance-training. Subjects completed testing sessions at 0, 4, and 8 weeks that included body composition assessment as determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, 1-RM and muscular endurance tests on the bench and leg press, a Wingate anaerobic power test, and blood analysis to assess anabolic/catabolic status as well as markers of health. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results indicated that ZMA supplementation non-significantly increased serum zinc levels by 11 - 17% (p = 0.12). However, no significant differences were observed between groups in anabolic or catabolic hormone status, body composition, 1-RM bench press and leg press, upper or lower body muscular endurance, or cycling anaerobic capacity. Results indicate that ZMA supplementation during training does not appear to enhance training adaptations in resistance trained populations.
Response and Resistance (2006)

Abstract Close contact with a vibrant foreign culture stirred the minds of the local people. A few individuals responded by publishing scientific books and journals, while some decided to organize scientific organizations and institutions. Edward Said has argued that power and knowledge relationships are linked to the relationship between the different types of texts (which are possessed and professed by the colonizers and the colonized). The context of colonization precludes the possibility of knowledge being used in a non-dominative way. Unlike Said, Homi Bhabha argues that colonial power and discourse does not belong entirely to the colonizer. He situates the kernel of colonial discourse in the conflict of knowledge/disavowal, power/disempowerment, absence/presence, mastery/defence. Cultural historians have discussed two concepts associated with imperialism: distance and difference. Moreover, Jagdish Bose tried to show how the values of modern science were congruent, rather than poles apart, with the Indian ethos.
Axons modulate the expression of transforming growth factor‐betas in Schwann cells (1993)

We have investigated the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1,-beta 2, and -beta 3 in developing, degenerating, and regenerating rat peripheral nerve by immunohistochemistry and Northern blot analysis. In normal adult sciatic nerve, TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 are detected in the cytoplasm of Schwann cells, and the levels of TGF-beta 1 and -beta 3 mRNAs are constant during post-natal development. When sciatic nerves are transected to cause axonal degeneration and prevent axonal regeneration, the level of TGF-beta 1 mRNA in the distal nerve-stump increases markedly and remains elevated, whereas the level of TGF-beta 3 mRNA falls modestly and remains depressed. When sciatic nerves are crushed to cause axonal degeneration and allow axonal regeneration, the level of TGF-beta 1 mRNA initially increases as axons degenerate, and then falls as axons regenerate. TGF-beta 2 mRNA was not detected in developing or lesioned sciatic nerves at any time. Cultured Schwann cells have high levels of TGF-beta 1 mRNA, the amount of which is reduced by forskolin, which mimics the effect of axonal contact. These data demonstrate that Schwann cells express TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3, and that TGF-beta 1 and -beta 3 mRNA predominate over TGF-beta 2 mRNA in peripheral nerve. Axonal contact and forskolin decrease the expression of TGF-beta 1 in Schwann cells.
Multivariate Versus Univariate Decision Trees (1992)

In this paper we present a new multivariate decision tree algorithm LMDT, which combines linear machines with decision trees. LMDT constructs each test in a decision tree by training a linear machine and then eliminating irrelevant and noisy variables in a controlled manner. To examine LMDT&apos;s ability to find good generalizations we present results for a variety of domains. We compare LMDT empirically to a univariate decision tree algorithm and observe that when multivariate tests are the appropriate bias for a given data set, LMDT finds small accurate trees. 1 Introduction One commonly used approach for learning from examples is to induce a univariate decision tree (Hunt, Marin &amp; Stone, 1966; Breiman, Friedman, Olshen &amp; Stone, 1984; Quinlan, 1986). Each test in a univariate tree is based on one of the input variables and therefore, is restricted to representing a split through the instance space that is orthogonal to the variable&apos;s axis. Such a bias may be inappropriate for problems...
Low back pain and golf: A review of biomechanical risk factors (2020)

Golf is an international sport played by a variety of age groups and fitness levels, and although golf has a low to moderate aerobic intensity level, injuries are common among professional and amateur golfers. High amounts of force experienced during the golf swing can lead to injury when golfers lack appropriate strength or technique with the lower back most commonly injured. Research has indicated that trunk muscle activation, hip strength and mobility, and pelvis and trunk rotation are associated with low back pain (LBP). Based on anecdotal evidence, golf practitioners specifically address issues in weight shift, lumbar positioning, and pelvis sequencing for golfers with LBP. This review aims to elucidate the effects of proper and improper golf swing technique on LBP and to help golf practitioners understand how to approach the alleviation of LBP in their clientele.
Enabling optical metrology on small 5x5um2 in-cell targets to support flexible sampling and higher order overlay and CD control for advanced logic devices nodes (2018)

In next generation Logic devices, overlay control requirements shrink to sub 2.5nm level on-product overlay. Historically on-product overlay has been defined by the overlay capability of after-develop in-scribe targets. However, due to design and dimension, the after development metrology targets are not completely representative for the final overlay of the device. In addition, they are confined to the scribe-lane area, which limits the sampling possibilities. To address these two issues, metrology on structures matching the device structure and which can be sampled with high density across the device is required. Conventional after-etch CDSEM techniques on logic devices present difficulties in discerning the layers of interest, potential destructive charging effects and finally, they are limited by the long measurement times[1] [2] [3] . All together, limit the sampling densities and making CDSEM less attractive for control applications. Optical metrology can overcome most of these limitations. Such measurement, however, does require repetitive structures. This requirement is not fulfilled by logic devices, as the features vary in pitch and CD over the exposure field. The solution is to use small targets, with a maximum pad size of 5x5um<sup>2</sup> , which can easily be placed in the logic cell area. These targets share the process and architecture of the device features of interest, but with a modified design that replicates as close as possible the device layout, allowing for in-device metrology for both CD and Overlay. This solution enables measuring closer to the actual product feature location and, not being limited to scribe-lanes, it opens the possibility of higher-density sampling schemes across the field. In summary, these targets become the facilitator of in-device metrology (IDM), that is, enabling the measurements both in-device Overlay and the CD parameters of interest and can deliver accurate, high-throughput, dense and after-etch measurements for Logic. Overlay improvements derived from a high-densely sampled Overlay map measured with 5x5 um<sup>2</sup> In Device Metrology (IDM) targets were investigated on a customer Logic application. In this work we present both the main design aspects of the 5x5 um<sup>2</sup> IDM targets, as well as the results on the improved Overlay performance.
Probabilistic topic models (2012)

Surveying a suite of algorithms that offer a solution to managing large document archives.
Stagnant Ice at the Bed of White Glacier, Axel Heiberg Island. N.W.T., Canada (1987)

A total of 400 soundings along 15 profiles were obtained on White Glacier, Axel Heiberg Island, N.W.T. with a monopulse radar equipment that was rebuilt according to a model of the US Geological Survey. The resulting data allowed maps to be compiled of the ice thickness for the glacier tongue, The radio echo-sounding data and englacial temperature measurements give some indication of the existence of stagnant ice in depressions of the glacier bed in the accumulation zone of White Glacier.
Tunable Multilayer Graphene Metamaterials for Terahertz/Infrared Waveguide Modulators (2015)

Active development of terahertz (THz)/ infrared (IR) science and technology has created a growing demand for new electronic and quasi-optical devices. In particular, the promising opportunities for broadband high-speed terahertz communication require new techniques for real-time manipulation of radiation. Various approaches have been proposed for THz/IR amplitude, phase, spatial and temporal profile modulation, including the employment of metamaterials [1] and, recently, one-atom-thick graphene [2]. Most of the proposed modulators, including graphene-based ones, are developed for free-space propagation configurations. However, high-speed THz/IR communication channels will unlikely be based on such architectures - atmospheric absorption peaks and small wavelengths (from submillimeter to tens of micrometers) imply strong free-space attenuation. It is therefore preferential to apply waveguide-based modulation platform similar to those used in telecom photonics. Due to specific properties constrains it is natural to consider metamaterial (structured) approach to satisfy simultaneous demands for low losses and high tunability in the waveguide configuration. We study and classify the electromagnetic regimes of multilayer graphene-dielectric artificial metamaterials. The interplay between interband and intraband transitions in graphene allows converting the structure into a transparent and/or electromagnetically dense artificial medium. The gate voltage can be used to electrically control the concentration of carriers in the graphene sheets and, thus, efficiently change the dispersion of the whole structure. Placed inside a hollow waveguide, a multilayer graphene/dielectric metamaterial provides high-speed modulation and tunable bandpass filtering. The absence of scattered radiation enables dense integration of such THz waveguides and modulators without influencing their neighboring elements. We exemplify the employment of graphene-dielectric metamaterial for waveguide-integrated modulators with three examples of tunable devices. The first one is a modulator with excellent ONstate transmission and very high modulation depth: > 38 dB with only 70 meV graphene electrochemical potential change. The second one is a modulator with extreme sensitivity towards graphene Fermi energy. The third one is a tunable waveguide-based passband filter. The narrow-band cut-off conditions around the ON-state allow the latter to shift its central frequency by 1:25% per every meV graphene Fermi energy change. We believe that graphene-dielectric multilayer metamaterials will constitute the functional platform for THz-IR waveguide-integrated devices.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by inhalation of dust (2020)

The study provided evidence supporting the association between occupational dust exposure and the risk of developing COPD.
Limited Risk of Kidney Stone Formation During Long-Term Calcium Citrate Supplementation in Nonstone Forming Subjects (1994)

The physiological and physicochemical effects of long-term calcium citrate supplementation (25 mmol. calcium per day) were assessed in 7 normal premenopausal women. Calcium citrate increased urinary calcium from 3.27 +/- 0.42 mmol. per day (standard deviation) before treatment to 5.16 +/- 0.75 mmol. per day after 1-month of treatment (p < 0.0125). After 3 months of treatment urinary calcium decreased from the 1-month value to 4.54 +/- 0.67 mmol. per day (p < 0.0125) but remained higher than the pretreatment value (p < 0.0125). Fractional intestinal calcium absorption and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels decreased marginally at 1 month of calcium citrate therapy, from 0.457 +/- 0.092 to 0.374 +/- 0.035 (p < 0.05) and from 103 +/- 7 to 77 +/- 14 pmol./l. (p < 0.05), respectively. After 3 months of treatment fractional intestinal calcium absorption decreased further to 0.341 +/- 0.061 (p < 0.0125 compared to pretreatment), whereas serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D remained unchanged at 82 +/- 14 pmol./l. Calcium citrate treatment decreased urinary phosphorus levels significantly from 18.9 +/- 3.3 to 15.0 +/- 2.5 mmol. per day (p < 0.0125) and 14.0 +/- 2.5 mmol. per day (p < 0.05) at 1 and 3 months, respectively. Mean urinary oxalate decreased by 15 to 20% and urinary citrate increased marginally during treatment. Urinary saturation of calcium oxalate and brushite did not change during calcium citrate therapy, except at 1 month when the saturation of calcium oxalate increased marginally. The inhibitory activity of urine against spontaneous nucleation of calcium oxalate and brushite (formation product) did not change during treatment. In conclusion, long-term calcium citrate supplementation in normal subjects does not increase the propensity for crystallization of calcium salts in the urine. This protective effect is probably due to the attenuated increase in urinary calcium excretion (from a decrease in fractional intestinal calcium absorption), a decrease in urinary phosphorus and an increase in urinary citrate.
Autonomous color theme extraction from images using saliency (2015)

Color theme (palette) is a collection of color swatches for representing or describing colors in a visual design or an image. Color palettes have broad applications such as serving as means in automatic/semi-automatic design of visual media, as measures in quantifying aesthetics of visual design, and as metrics in image retrieval, image enhancement, and color semantics. In this paper, we suggest an autonomous mechanism for extracting color palettes from an image. Our method is simple and fast, and it works on the notion of visual saliency. By using visual saliency, we extract the fine colors appearing in the foreground along with the various colors in the background regions of an image. Our method accounts for defining different numbers of colors in the palette as well as presenting the proportion of each color according to its visual conspicuity in a given image. This flexibility supports an interactive color palette which may facilitate the designer’s color design task. As an application, we present how our extracted color palettes can be utilized as a color similarity metric to enhance the current color semantic based image retrieval techniques.
Measuring intracellular concentration of hydrogen peroxide with the use of genetically encoded H2O2 biosensor HyPer (2019)

In this study, we propose a method for quantification of average hydrogen peroxide concentration within a living cell that is based on the use of genetically encoded H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> biosensor HyPer. The method utilizes flow cytometric measurements of HyPer fluorescence in H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-exposed cells to analyze the biosensor oxidation kinetics. Fitting the experimental curves with kinetic equations allows determining the rate constants of HyPer oxidation/reduction which are used further for the calculation of peroxide concentrations in the cells of interest both in the presence and absence of external H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Applying this method to K562 cells, we have estimated the gradient as about 390-fold between the extracellular and intracellular level of exogenous H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in cells exposed to the micromole doses of peroxide, as well as the average basal level of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in the cytosol of undisturbed cells ( [Formula: see text] ). The method can be extended to other H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-sensitive redox probes or to procedures in which, rather than adding external peroxide, intracellular production of peroxide is triggered, providing a tool to quantitate not only basal average H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentrations but also the concentration of peroxide build up in the vicinity of redox probes.