gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonventing Thermal and Humidity Control for EVA Suits (2011)

Future EVA suits need processes and systems to control internal temperature and humidity without venting water to the environment. This paper describes an absorption-based cooling and dehumidification system as well as laboratory demonstrations of the key processes. There are two main components in the system: an evaporation cooling and dehumidification garment (ECDG) that removes both sensible heat and latent heat from the pressure garment, and an absorber radiator that absorbs moisture and rejects heat to space by thermal radiation. This paper discusses the overall design of both components, and presents recent data demonstrating their operation. We developed a design and fabrication approach to produce prototypical heat/water absorbing elements for the ECDG, and demonstrated by test that these elements could absorb heat and moisture at a high flux. Proof-of-concept tests showed that an ECDG prototype absorbs heat and moisture at a rate of 85 W/ft under conditions that simulate operation in an EVA suit. The heat absorption was primarily due to direct absorption of water vapor. It is possible to construct large, flexible, durable cooling patches that can be incorporated into a cooling garment with this system. The proof-of-concept test data was scaled to calculate area needed for full metabolic loads, thus showing that it is feasible to use this technology in an EVA suit. Full-scale, lightweight absorber/radiator modules have also been built and tested. They can reject heat at a flux of 33 W/ft while maintaining ECDG operation at conditions that will provide a cool and dry environment inside the EVA suit.
Antibiotic Use in Children Is Associated With Increased Risk of Asthma (2009)

This study provides evidence that the use of antibiotics in the first year of life is associated with a small risk of developing asthma, and this risk increases with the number of courses of antibiotics prescribed.
Correction: NVP-LDE225, a Potent and Selective SMOOTHENED Antagonist Reduces Melanoma Growth In Vitro and In Vivo (2013)

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancers and its incidence is increasing worldwide.So far there are no curable therapies especially after metastasis.Due to frequent mutations in members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, this pathway is constitutively active in melanoma.It has been shown that the SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH)-GLI and MAPK signaling pathway regulate cell growth in many tumors including melanoma and interact with each other in the regulation of cell proliferation and survival.Here we show that the SHH-GLI pathway is active in human melanoma cell lines as they express downstream target of this pathway GLI1.Expression of GLI1 was significantly higher in human primary melanoma tissues harboring BRAF V600E mutation than those with wild type BRAF.Pharmacologic inhibition of BRAF V600E in human melanoma cell lines resulted in decreased expression of GLI1 thus demonstrating interaction of SHH-GLI and MAPK pathways.Inhibition of SHH-GLI pathway by the novel small molecule inhibitor of smoothened NVP-LDE225 was followed by inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis in human melanoma cell lines, interestingly with both BRAF V600E and BRAF Wild Type status.NVP-LDE225 was potent in reducing cell proliferation and inducing tumor growth arrest in vitro and in vivo, respectively and these effects were superior to the natural compound cyclopamine.Finally, we conclude that inhibition of SHH-GLI signaling pathway in human melanoma by the specific smoothened inhibitor NVP-LDE225 could have potential therapeutic application in human melanoma even in the absence of BRAF V600E mutation and warrants further investigations.
Inhibition of human sputum elastase by substituted 2-pyrones. 2 (1987)

Nineteen 4-hydroxy- and 4-methoxy-2-pyrones related to elasnin (I) have been assayed for in vitro inhibition of human sputum elastase (HSE), porcine pancreatic elastase, alpha-chymotrypsin, and trypsin. Inhibition is reported as Ki and Ki'; percentage inhibition was dependent on [S] in a number of cases, making it unsuitable as a measure of relative inhibition. The 3-(1-oxoalkyl)-4-hydroxy-6-alkyl-2-pyrones were found to be most effective, the octyl homologue 11 being the most potent inhibitor (Ki = 4.6 microM, 30 times better than the lead compound). A further reduction in inhibition was observed when the hitherto hydrophobic 6-substituent was substituted by a branched functionality of hydrophilic nature. Conversely, methylation of the 4-hydroxy group of the 6-alkyl-2-pyrones increased inhibitory activity. The mechanism of inhibition varied from pure noncompetitive to mixed type to uncompetitive and was found to be dependent on the pattern of substitution. We believe that the 4-hydroxy-2-pyrone binds to the S4 subsite, with the 6-substituent extending across the S4-S1 subsites and the 3-substituent occupying the S5 subsite. The length of the inhibitor binding region was calculated to be approximately 24 A. None of the hydrophobic compounds were found to have any appreciable inhibition (less than 10%) with porcine pancreatic elastase, bovine alpha-chymotrypsin, and bovine trypsin when tested at the limit of their solubility. The hydrophilic compounds were nonspecific, inhibiting all four enzymes. Dialysis was used to show that the interaction is fully reversible.
A new microcell system in LA (2003)

A description is given of the PacTel microcell system, which was designed to be easily integrated into the existing macrocell system architecture, provide capacity relief, lessen the overhead message burden, and provide coverage where needed. The Los Angeles test results show that C/I ratios of better than 20 dB are realized using the PacTel microcell system. K=3 patterns are, therefore, possible. A two to two-and-one-half increase in channel capacity can be obtained. The system is easily deployable for coverage and capacity and is cost-effective.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improved Molecular Diagnosis of COVID-19 by the Novel, Highly Sensitive and Specific COVID-19-RdRp/Hel Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay Validated <i>In Vitro</i> and with Clinical Specimens (2020)

On 31 December 2019, the World Health Organization was informed of a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China. Subsequent investigations identified a novel coronavirus, now named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), from the affected patients. Highly sensitive and specific laboratory diagnostics are important for controlling the rapidly evolving SARS-CoV-2-associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. In this study, we developed and compared the performance of three novel real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)/helicase (Hel), spike (S), and nucleocapsid (N) genes of SARS-CoV-2 with that of the reported RdRp-P2 assay, which is used in >30 European laboratories. Among the three novel assays, the COVID-19-RdRp/Hel assay had the lowest limit of detection <i>in vitro</i> (1.8 50% tissue culture infective doses [TCID<sub>50</sub>]/ml with genomic RNA and 11.2 RNA copies/reaction with <i>in vitro</i> RNA transcripts). Among 273 specimens from 15 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in Hong Kong, 77 (28.2%) were positive by both the COVID-19-RdRp/Hel and RdRp-P2 assays. The COVID-19-RdRp/Hel assay was positive for an additional 42 RdRp-P2-negative specimens (119/273 [43.6%] versus 77/273 [28.2%]; <i>P</i> < 0.001), including 29/120 (24.2%) respiratory tract specimens and 13/153 (8.5%) non-respiratory tract specimens. The mean viral load of these specimens was 3.21 × 10<sup>4</sup> RNA copies/ml (range, 2.21 × 10<sup>2</sup> to 4.71 × 10<sup>5</sup> RNA copies/ml). The COVID-19-RdRp/Hel assay did not cross-react with other human-pathogenic coronaviruses and respiratory pathogens in cell culture and clinical specimens, whereas the RdRp-P2 assay cross-reacted with SARS-CoV in cell culture. The highly sensitive and specific COVID-19-RdRp/Hel assay may help to improve the laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19.
Efficient Multi-keV Underdense Laser-Produced Plasma Radiators (2001)

Novel, efficient x-ray sources have been created by supersonically heating a large volume of Xe gas. A laser-induced bleaching wave quickly ionizes the high- Z gas, and the resulting plasma emits x rays. This method significantly improves the production of hard x rays because less energy is lost to kinetic energy and sub-keV x rays. The conversion efficiency of laser energy into L-shell radiation between 4-7 keV is measured at approximately 10%, an order of magnitude higher than efficiencies measured from solid disk targets. This higher flux enables material testing and backlighting in new regimes and scales well to future high-powered lasers.
CDC25 Phosphatase Inhibitors: An Update (2011)

The cell division cycle 25 (CDC25) family of proteins is a group of highly conserved dual-specificity phosphatases. They are key regulators of normal cell division and the cell response to DNA damage, and play a fundamental role in transitions between cell cycle phases during normal cell division, via the activation of CdK/cyclin complexes. Their abnormal expression, detected in a number of tumors, often correlated with a poor clinical prognosis, implies that their dysregulation is involved in malignant transformation. Thus, inhibition of these proteins represents an attractive therapeutic target in oncology, as evidenced from many patents and papers published on the subject in recent years. Hence, this review aims to provide an overview of recent developments in the field of CDC25 phosphatase inhibitor design since 2008.
4.4 A Highly Linear High-Power 802.11ac/ax WLAN SiGe HBT Power Amplifier Using a Compact 2<sup>nd</sup>-Harmonic-Shorting Four-Way Transformer and Integrated Thermal Sensors (2019)

Increasing demand on high-speed mobile access requires a spectrum-efficient wireless connectivity platform. With dense modulation and MIMO techniques, 802.11ac WLAN has been widely deployed as a viable solution. The emerging 802.11ax standard promises increased network capacity and higher data-rates. As 802.11ac/ax imposes stringent linearity requirements on power amplifiers (PAs), a high peak-to-average power ratio, operation at large power back-off, and reduced PAE are unavoidable. As a result, III-V processes [1] have dominated the development of high-output-power (P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OUT</sub> ) WLAN PAs. To replace them with lower cost Si-based PAs, several linearization schemes [2], [3] have been proposed, such as digital pre-distortion (DPD) and a spatial power combining, at the cost of increased complexity in the digital domain. In [4], a 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> -harmonic short is used for linear Class-AB PAs, but an inductor on the supply lane occupies Si area and causes ohmic losses, degrading P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OUT</sub> and PAE. SiGe HBTs [5] are suitable for WLAN PAs due to their high power density, ruggedness, and CMOS compatibility. However, as current gain (β) drops with junction-temperature (T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">J</sub> ) rise, this distorts PA linearity and power gain.
Isolation and characterization of a rat liver enzyme with both cysteine conjugate beta-lyase and kynureninase activity. (1985)

Cysteine conjugate beta-lyase is a name applied to enzymes which cleave the S-cysteine conjugates of some xenobiotics to pyruvate, ammonia, and a thiol. Recently, several laboratories have characterized these enzymes from kidney, liver, and bacterial sources in an effort to understand their role in the genesis of novel sulfur-containing metabolites of xenobiotics and in the toxicity of some S-cysteine conjugates. Kynureninase is an enzyme which plays a key role in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide ribonucleotides. This investigation demonstrates that rat hepatic cysteine conjugate beta-lyase is the same enzyme as kynureninase. Both activities copurify on ion exchange, hydroxylapatite, and molecular exclusion chromatography. The subunit composition of enzyme prepared by two different methods is identical, Mr = 55,000. The Km values for 3-OH-kynurenine and kynurenine are 13 and 400 microM, respectively. Kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine inhibit cysteine conjugate beta-lyase activity. Inactivation of the enzyme by substrates which undergo beta-elimination results in loss of kynureninase activity, but kynurenine does not inactivate the enzyme. Both enzyme activities react with anti-cysteine conjugate beta-lyase antibody. Product inhibitors of kynureninase, anthranilate, and 3-hydroxyanthranilate are also inhibitors of cysteine conjugate beta-lyase. Heat inactivation at 70 degrees C produced coincident loss of both activities. The enzyme has an absorption maximum at 432 nm suggesting a bound pyridoxal phosphate. These data show that at least one cysteine conjugate beta-lyase is a pyridoxal phosphate enzyme with a biological function other than xenobiotic metabolism. The enzyme can catalyze two distinct types of reactions, i.e. beta-elimination and the kynureninase reaction.
The Role of Nutrition in the Management of Lower Extremity Wounds (2005)

From 3000 BC, healers have understood the importance of nutrition in wound care and used nutritional supplements to aid healing. Many of the teachings from Hippocrates, the father of modern-day medicine, clearly state his firm belief that good health can be achieved through nutrition. In the early 1900s when advances in biochemistry were frequent, many of the essential constituents of nutrition were characterized, which formed the basis for many animal and human wound-healing experiments. This led to the discovery of vitamin C, zinc, and many other components essential for the orderly progression of healing. Modern-day research has concentrated on finding nutritional components that can enhance healing through supra-physiological doses, such as in the use of the amino acids arginine and carnitine. However, clinicians need to be aware that approximately 50% of patients admitted to the hospital are malnourished, requiring dietary supplementation; appropriate nutritional assessment and advice therefore should be an integral part of all wound management. This review provides an up-to-date commentary on the role of nutrition in wound care, with specific emphasis on lower limb wounds, from a historical perspective, and within it both the biomedical approach and current herbalist practices are considered.
Understanding Deep Convolutional Networks through Gestalt Theory (2018)

The superior performance of deep convolutional networks over high-dimensional problems have made them very popular for several applications. Despite their wide adoption, their underlying mechanisms still remain unclear with their improvement procedures still relying mainly on a trial and error process. We introduce a novel sensitivity analysis based on the Gestalt theory for giving insights into the classifier function and intermediate layers. Since Gestalt psychology stipulates that perception can be a product of complex interactions among several elements, we perform an ablation study based on this concept to discover which principles and image context significantly contribute in the network classification. Our results reveal that convnets follow most of the visual cortical perceptual mechanisms defined by the Gestalt principles at several levels. The proposed framework stimulates specific feature maps in classification problems and reveal important network attributes that can produce more explainable network models.
Depth Estimation from Monocular Image and Coarse Depth Points based on Conditional GAN (2018)

Depth estimation has achieved considerable success with the development of the depth sensor devices and deep learning method. However, depth estimation from monocular RGB-based image will increase ambiguity and is prone to error. In this paper, we present a novel approach to produce dense depth map from a single image coupled with coarse point-cloud samples. Our approach learns to fit the distribution of the depth map from source data using conditional adversarial networks and convert the sparse point clouds to dense maps. Our experiments show that the use of the conditional adversarial networks can add full image information to the predicted depth maps and the effectiveness of our approach to predict depth in NYU-Depth-v2 indoor dataset.
Interaction of Ir and IrO<sub>2</sub> thin films with polysilicon, W and WSI<sub>x</sub> (1997)

Abstract Ir and IrO2 thin films have been identified as potential electrode materials for ferroelectric capacitors. These electrodes have shown excellent electrical characteristics. The integration of ferroelectric capacitors into memory cell requires the bottom electrode material to be placed directly over a contact plug. This paper studies the interaction of Ir and IrO2 with commonly used plug materials such as polysilicon, tungsten (W), and tungsten silicide (WSix) after a post-deposition annealing at 800°C. Film properties such as composition, resistivity, crystallinity, adhesion, and micro-structure have been examined before and after anneal. The results show that W is a possible plug material for Ir electrode; while polysilicon and WSix are potential candidates if IrO2 electrodes are used.
A phase Ia/IIb trial of the CXCR4 inhibitor X4P-001 and nivolumab for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) that is unresponsive to nivolumab monotherapy (2018)

Background: X4P-001 is an oral, selective, allosteric, CXCR4 inhibitor. In melanoma patients (pts), single agent X4P-001 increased tumor inflammatory signature and antigen presentation/processing gene expression scores in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and promoted activated, cytotoxic T cell infiltration. It is hypothesized that X4P-001 has the ability to restore immunity within the TME and potentially enhance the antitumor activity of checkpoint inhibitors. Methods: This is an open-label study to evaluate the safety and clinical activity of X4P001 in combination with nivolumab for advanced RCC. Pts receiving standard-of-care nivolumab monotherapy who had a best response of stable disease (SD) or progressive disease (PD) received 400 mg QD of X4P-001 while continuing 240 mg IV nivolumab infusions every 2 weeks. Blood and serum biomarkers were also assessed. Results: Of 9 enrolled pts (8 males/1 female; median age, 65 years), 1 remains on study and 8 have discontinued due to PD (4 pts), or treatment-related adverse events (AEs, 4 pts). Drugrelated AEs (≥ 25%) were diarrhea (5 pts); nasal congestion (4 pts); dry eye and alanine aminotransferase increase (3 pts each). Grade ≥ 3 drug-related AEs of autoimmune hepatitis; mucosal inflammation; rash; and increased lipase, alanine and aspartate aminotransferase were reported in 1 pt each. The best responses observed were partial response (PR; n = 1), SD (SD; n = 7), and PD (n = 1). Of the 5 pts with SD on earlier nivolumab monotherapy, 1 had a subsequent confirmed PR, and all 4 pts with PD on monotherapy at study entry had SD with the X4P-001 combination (median duration: 6.5 months; range: 3.7-10.6). Cytokine/chemokine concentrations in pt serum, pre- and post-combination treatment, will be presented. Conclusions: X4P-001 and nivolumab combination therapy in advanced RCC pts demonstrated potential antitumor activity and a manageable safety profile. These results, together with previously presented data from our melanoma study, suggest that CXCR4 inhibition mediated by X4P-001 may synergize with PD-1 blockade to enhance antitumor immune responses in pts that fail to respond to checkpoint inhibitor therapy alone. Clinical trial identification: NCT02923531. Editorial acknowledgement: Timothy Henion; Acumen Medical Communications. Legal entity responsible for the study: X4 Pharmaceuticals. Funding: X4 Pharmaceuticals. Disclosure: E. Tsiroyannis, K. Niland, Y. Wang, S. Parasuraman, L. Gan: Employee: X4 Pharmaceuticals. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
A fast high-Q X-band RF-MEMS reconfigurable evanescent-mode cavity resonator (2012)

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and measurement of an X-band evanescent-mode reconfigurable RF-MEMS cavity-based resonator with a fast response (84–112 µs) and a high quality factor of 593–1,077 between 10.7–13 GHz. An array of MEMS fixed-fixed beams biased against their own substrate are used as the tuning mechanism. By designing the DC bias to be completely external to the cavity, the coupling between the DC bias-line and the RF signal is virtually eliminated. This is a key property in measuring a tunable resonator quality factor that exceeds 1,000 at 13 GHz. This paper also quantifies the quality factor reduction solely due to the MEMS tuning array spatial distribution. Specifically, compared to an ideal static 15.5 GHz evanescent-mode cavity resonator with a simulated Q = 1,750, the MEMS array diminishes the resonator quality factor by only 7.4% (simulated Q = 1,620; the measured Q value is 1,400). The measured switching times are 84 µs and 112 µs for the up-to-down and down-to-up operations, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fastest response for a tunable X-band cavity-resonator with this quality factor.
Superposition and Alignment of Labeled Point Clouds (2011)

Geometric objects are often represented approximately in terms of a finite set of points in three-dimensional euclidean space. In this paper, we extend this representation to what we call labeled point clouds. A labeled point cloud is a finite set of points, where each point is not only associated with a position in three-dimensional space, but also with a discrete class label that represents a specific property. This type of model is especially suitable for modeling biomolecules such as proteins and protein binding sites, where a label may represent an atom type or a physico-chemical property. Proceeding from this representation, we address the question of how to compare two labeled points clouds in terms of their similarity. Using fuzzy modeling techniques, we develop a suitable similarity measure as well as an efficient evolutionary algorithm to compute it. Moreover, we consider the problem of establishing an alignment of the structures in the sense of a one-to-one correspondence between their basic constituents. From a biological point of view, alignments of this kind are of great interest, since mutually corresponding molecular constituents offer important information about evolution and heredity, and can also serve as a means to explain a degree of similarity. In this paper, we therefore develop a method for computing pairwise or multiple alignments of labeled point clouds. To this end, we proceed from an optimal superposition of the corresponding point clouds and construct an alignment which is as much as possible in agreement with the neighborhood structure established by this superposition. We apply our methods to the structural analysis of protein binding sites.