gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Erbium-doped fibre amplifiers operating at 1.5µm (1989)

The field of rare-earth-doped fibre lasers and amplifiers has expanded rapidly in recent years and there are now several groups working actively in the area. A variety of glass hosts, dopants and pump sources have been used, with the goal of achieving low-threshold, diode-laser-pumped operation of fibre lasers and amplifiers, particularly those operating in either the second or third telecommunication windows. The small core size of the single-mode fibre allows high pump intensities for modest (~mW) pump powers. Moreover, the intensity can be maintained over long lengths and this leads to ultra-low lasing thresholds and even permits CW diode-laser-pumped operation of three-level lasers. In conjunction with the long fluorescent lifetime of rare-earths in glass, the high pump intensity allows high-gain (&gt;30dB) operation of fibre amplifiers with excellent saturation properties. In addition, compatibility with existing fibre components is excellent, allowing all-optical fibre circuitry to be assembled with both active and passive components. This is particularly beneficial for the fibre amplifier, where splicing of the active fibre into the telecommunication link virtually eliminates troublesome Fresnel-reflection feedback which normally limits the gain in semiconductor laser amplifiers.<br/><br/>The configuration of a rare-earth-doped fibre amplifier is shown in Fig. 1. Using Er<sup>3+</sup> as a dopant, exceptionally high gains (26dB) have been obtained at a wavelength of 1.536µm, for modulation rates up to 400MHz. The amplifier is optically pumped using any one of a variety of wavelengths. The input equivalent noise power has been measured at -42dBm at a bit rate of 140Mb/s which compares favourably with state-of-the-art APD detectors at 1.54µm. A maximum output power of +13dBm has been achieved before onset of saturation. These early results demonstrate that Er<sup>3+</sup>-doped fibre amplifiers possess excellent gain and noise characteristics which make them attractive as wideband amplifiers and repeaters for multi-channel optical transmission systems.
A cryogen-free superconducting magnet with 95 cm warm bore for whole body MRI (1996)

A 0.5 T, 95 cm warm bore, cryogen-free superconducting magnet for whole body MRI has been developed and tested. By using Nb3Sn tape superconductor, this magnet is designed to meet the same performance requirement as existing helium cooled MRI magnets. Persistent operation with drift rate less than 0.1 ppm/hour and a stable 5.6 ppm field homogeneity in a 30 cm/spl times/40 cm cylindrical volume was achieved in October 1992. The magnet is cooled and maintained at the temperature of about 10 K by a Gifford McMahon (G-M) cryocooler. High quality images were produced by using this magnet with the 0.5 T GE SIGNA magnetic resonance imaging system.
Evaluating a New Class of AKT/mTOR Activators for HIV Latency-Reversing Activity <i>Ex Vivo</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> (2021)

An ability to activate latent HIV-1 expression could benefit many HIV cure strategies, but the first generation of latency reversing agents (LRAs) has proven disappointing. We evaluated AKT/mTOR activators as a potential new class of LRAs. Two glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors (GSK-3i's), SB-216763 and tideglusib (the latter already in phase II clinical trials) that activate AKT/mTOR signaling were tested. These GSK-3i's reactivated latent HIV-1 present in blood samples from aviremic individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the absence of T cell activation, release of inflammatory cytokines, cell toxicity, or impaired effector function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes or NK cells. However, when administered <i>in vivo</i> to SIV-infected rhesus macaques on suppressive ART, tideglusib exhibited poor pharmacodynamic properties and resulted in no clear evidence of significant SIV latency reversal. Whether alternative pharmacological formulations or combinations of this drug with other classes of LRAs will lead to an effective <i>in vivo</i> latency-reversing strategy remains to be determined.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> If combined with immune therapeutics, latency reversing agents (LRAs) have the potential to reduce the size of the reservoir sufficiently that an engineered immune response can control the virus in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. We have identified a new class of LRAs that do not induce T-cell activation and that are able to potentiate, rather than inhibit, CD8+ T and NK cell cytotoxic effector functions. This new class of LRAs corresponds to inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3. In this work, we have also studied the effects of one member of this drug class, tideglusib, in SIV-infected rhesus monkeys. When tested in vivo, however, tideglusib showed unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties, which resulted in lack of SIV latency reversal. The disconnect between our ex vivo and in vivo results highlights the importance of developing next generation LRAs with pharmacological properties that allow systemic drug delivery in relevant anatomical compartments harboring latent reservoirs.
Hyperimmune hens as a novel source of anti-Cryptosporidium antibodies suitable for passive immune transfer. (1992)

Leghorn hens were subcutaneously immunized with 25 micrograms of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant. A booster dose was injected 5 weeks later. Anti-Cryptosporidium activities of yolks and sera measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), demonstrated high levels in both sera and egg yolks which persisted for at least 17 wk. Preparations from yolks with high, medium and low anti-Cryptosporidium ELISA activities were used in a neonatal mouse model to assess their biological activities. A significant parasite reduction (P less than or equal to 0.001) was found between the high and all other groups. Hyperimmune eggs could be used as a source for passive immunity in cryptosporidiosis.
Expression of a crown gall biological control phenotype in an avirulent strain of Agrobacterium vitis by addition of the trifolitoxin production and resistance genes (2002)

TFX production by an avirulent strain of Agrobacterium does confer in that strain the ability to control crown gall disease on Nicotiana glauca. This is the first demonstration that the production of a ribosomally synthesized, post-translationally modified peptide antibiotic can confer reduction in plant disease incidence from a bacterial pathogen.
Aromatase expression in health and disease. (1997)

Family 19 of the P450 superfamily is responsible for the conversion of C19 androgenic steroids to the corresponding estrogens, a reaction known as aromatization, since it involves conversion of the delta 4-3-one A-ring of the androgens to the corresponding phenolic A-ring characteristic of estrogens. Its members occur throughout the entire vertebrate phylum. The reaction mechanism of aromatase is very interesting from a chemical point of view and has been studied extensively; however, a detailed examination of structure-function relationships has not been possible due to lack of a crystal structure. Recent attempts to model the three-dimensional structure of aromatase have permitted a model that accounts for the reaction mechanism and predicts the location of aromatase inhibitors. The gene encoding human aromatase has been cloned and characterized and shown to be unusual compared to genes encoding other P450 enzymes, since there are a number of untranslated first exons that occur in aromatase transcripts in a tissue-specific fashion, due to differential splicing as a consequence of the use of tissue-specific promoters. Thus, expression in ovary utilizes a proximal promoter that is regulated primarily by cAMP. On the other hand, expression in placenta utilizes a distal promoter that is located at least 40 kb upstream of the start of transcription and that is regulated by retinoids. Other promoters are employed in brain and adipose tissue. In the latter case, class I cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-11 as well as TNF alpha are important regulatory factors. PGE2 is also an important regulator of aromatase expression in adipose mesenchymal cells via cAMP and PGE2 appears to be a major factor produced by breast tumors that stimulates estrogen biosynthesis in local mesenchymal sites. In all of the splicing events involved in the use of these various promoters, a common 3'-splice junction is employed that is located upstream of the start of translation; thus, the coding regions of the transcripts- and hence the protein-are identical regardless of the tissue site of expression; what differ in a tissue-specific fashion are the 5'-ends of the transcripts. This pattern of expression has great significance both from a phylogenetic and ontogenetic standpoint as well as for the physiology and pathophysiology of estrogen formation. Recently, a number of mutations of the aromatase gene have been described, which give rise to complete estrogen deficiency. In females this results in virilization in utero and primary amenorrhea with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism at the time of puberty. In men the most striking feature is continued linear bone growth beyond the time of puberty, delayed bone age, and failure of epiphyseal closure, thus indicating an important role of estrogens in bone metabolism in men. In both sexes the symptoms can be alleviated by estrogen administration.
2‘,6‘-Dimethylphenoxyacetyl:  A New Achiral High Affinity P<sub>3</sub>-P<sub>2</sub>Ligand for Peptidomimetic-Based HIV Protease Inhibitors (2000)

Starting from palinavir (1), our lead HIV protease inhibitor, we have discovered a new series of truncated analogues in which the P(3)-P(2) quinaldic-valine portion of 1 was replaced by 2', 6'-dimethylphenoxyacetyl. With EC(50)'s in the 1-2 nM range, some of these compounds are among the most potent inhibitors of HIV replication in vitro, reported to date. One of the most promising members in this series (compound 27, BILA 2185 BS) exhibited a favorable overall pharmacokinetic profile, with 61% apparent oral bioavailability in rat. X-ray crystal structures and molecular modeling were used to rationalize the high potency resulting from incorporation of this structurally simple, achiral ligand into the P(3)-P(2) position of hydroxyethylamine-based HIV protease inhibitors.
Electrochemical removal of H2S from fuel gas. Final report, April 1987-May 1991 (1993)

The report describes the results of a development program to advance the status of an electrochemical membrane separation process applied to removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from fuel gases. In the process, contaminated gas is passed through one side of the cell where H2S is reduced to H2 and sulfur with the sulfur passing through the electrolyte membrane to be removed as sulfur vapor by a sweep gas from the other side of the cell. The sulfur vapor is then cooled and condensed.
Mutation in HSF4 Associated with Early but Not Late-Onset Hereditary Cataract in the Boston Terrier (2007)

Primary hereditary cataract (HC) is one of the most common disorders in purebred dogs and is a leading cause of blindness. Boston Terriers suffer from 2 distinct forms of HC which occur at different ages and which are different in their appearance and progression. Early-onset hereditary cataract (EHC) affects dogs within the first few months of life, is always progressive and bilateral, and results in total blindness, whereas late-onset hereditary cataract (LHC) in general affects dogs over the age of 3 and is more variable in its clinical phenotype, age of onset, progression, and the degree to which vision is impaired. A mutation in HSF4 has recently been reported in a small number of Boston Terriers affected with EHC. In this study, we analyzed 22 additional Boston Terriers affected with early-onset cataract to confirm that the HSF4 mutation is causative for this form of cataract in this breed. In addition, we analyzed 40 Boston Terriers that were either clinically clear or affected with LHC for the presence or absence of the HSF4 mutation. By also sequencing HSF4 in dogs affected with LHC, we conclude that HSF4 is not associated with the development of the late-onset form of cataract and that the 2 forms of cataract in this breed are therefore genetically discrete conditions.
Overlapping PCR for Bidirectional PCR Amplification of Specific Alleles: A Rapid One-Tube Method for Simultaneously Differentiating Homozygotes and Heterozygotes (1997)

Rapid detection of single-base changes is fundamental to molecular medicine. PASA (PCR Amplification of Specific Alleles) is a rapid method of genotyping single-base changes, but one reaction is required for each allele. Bidirectional PASA (Bi-PASA) was developed to distinguish between homozygotes and heterozygotes in one PCR reaction by utilizing novel primer design with appropriate cycling conditions. In Bi-PASA, one of the alleles is amplified by a PASA reaction in one direction while the second allele is amplified by a PASA reaction in the opposite direction. Two outer (P and Q) and two inner allele-specific (A and B) primers are required. In heterozygotes, three segments are amplified: a segment of size AQ resulting from one allele, another segment of size PB resulting from the second allele, and a combined segment of size PQ. In homozygotes, segment PQ and either segments AQ or PB amplify. The two inner primers (A and B) contain a relatively short complementary region and a 10-nucleotide G + C-rich 5' tail. The inner primers "switch" from low-efficiency to high-efficiency amplification when genomic DNA is replaced by previously amplified template DNA. In addition, the 5' tails prevent "megapriming". The parameters for optimizing Bi-PASA were investigated in detail for common mutations in the human factor V and catechol-O-methyltransferase genes. Guidelines for optimization of Bi-PASA also were developed and tested in a prospective study. Three additional Bi-PASA assays were optimized rapidly by utilizing these guidelines. In conclusion, Bi-PASA is a simple and rapid method for detecting the zygosity of known mutations in a single PCR reaction.
Genomic Analysis of the First European Bacteriophages with Depolymerase Activity and Biocontrol Efficacy Against the Phytopathogen<em> Ralstonia solanacearum</em> (2021)

Ralstonia solanacearum is the causative agent of bacterial wilt, one of the most destructive plant diseases. While chemical control has an environmental impact, biological control strategies can allow sustainable agrosystems. Three lytic bacteriophages (phages) of R. solanacearum with biocontrol capacity in environmental water and plant were isolated from river water in Europe but not fully characterized, their genomic characterization being fundamental to understand their biology. In this work, the phage genomes were sequenced and subjected to bioinformatic analysis. The morphology was also observed by electron microscopy. Phylogenetic analyses were performed with a selection of phages able to infect R. solanacearum and the closely related phytopathogenic species R. pseudosolanacearum. The results indicated that the genomes of vRsoP-WF2, vRsoP-WM2 and vRsoP-WR2 range from 40,688 to 41,158 bp with almost 59% GC-contents, 52 ORFs in vRsoP-WF2 and vRsoP-WM2, and 53 in vRsoP-WR2 but, with only 22 or 23 predicted proteins with functional homologs in databases. Among them, two lysins and one exopolysaccharide (EPS) depolymerase, this type of depolymerase being identified in R. solanacearum phages for the first time. These three European phages belong to the same novel species within the Gyeongsanvirus, Autographiviridae family (formerly Podoviridae). These genomic data will contribute to a better understanding of the abilities of these phages to damage host cells and, consequently, to an improvement in the biological control of R. solanacearum.
GENETICS OF COMPETITION FOR NODULATION OF LEGUMES (1992)

An economically important problem in microbial ecology concerns the efficacy of rhizobial inoculants for the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules on legume crop plants such as soybean, alfalfa, and clover. Some strains of rhizobia can increase symbiotic nitrogen fixation under controlled conditions. However, attempts to improve nitrogen fixation under agricultural conditions with such strains often fail, usually as a result of the presence of indigenous rhizobia limiting nodulation by the inoculum strains. This problem is referred to as the Rhizobium competition problem, and molecular genetics is being used to address the problem from two perspectives. First, the host specificity of rhizobia is being characterized with the long term goal of developing strains that can nodulate a very strain-specific host-legume genotype. Second, the genetic basis of competitiveness in several strains is being examined. Genetic determinants of nodulation competitiveness have been isolated and mechanisms for their stable integration into the genome of superior nitrogen-fixing strains have been developed. Several phenotypes have been identified as playing an important role in nodulation competitiveness including antibiosis, motility, speed of nodulation, cell-surface characteristics, and nodulation efficiency. Several solutions to this problem are likely to result from these strategies and will be useful for certain legumes in specific locations.
Adenosine A3 receptor activation inhibits pronociceptive N-type Ca2+ currents and cell excitability in dorsal root ganglion neurons (2019)

Recently, studies have focused on the antihyperalgesic activity of the A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) in several chronic pain models, but the cellular and molecular basis of this effect is still unknown. Here, we investigated the expression and functional effects of A3AR on the excitability of small- to medium-sized, capsaicin-sensitive, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons isolated from 3- to 4-week-old rats. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments and immunofluorescence analysis revealed A3AR expression in DRG neurons. Patch-clamp experiments demonstrated that 2 distinct A3AR agonists, Cl-IB-MECA and the highly selective MRS5980, inhibited Ca-activated K (KCa) currents evoked by a voltage-ramp protocol. This effect was dependent on a reduction in Ca influx via N-type voltage-dependent Ca channels, as Cl-IB-MECA-induced inhibition was sensitive to the N-type blocker PD173212 but not to the L-type blocker, lacidipine. The endogenous agonist adenosine also reduced N-type Ca currents, and its effect was inhibited by 56% in the presence of A3AR antagonist MRS1523, demonstrating that the majority of adenosine's effect is mediated by this receptor subtype. Current-clamp recordings demonstrated that neuronal firing of rat DRG neurons was also significantly reduced by A3AR activation in a MRS1523-sensitive but PD173212-insensitive manner. Intracellular Ca measurements confirmed the inhibitory role of A3AR on DRG neuronal firing. We conclude that pain-relieving effects observed on A3AR activation could be mediated through N-type Ca channel block and action potential inhibition as independent mechanisms in isolated rat DRG neurons. These findings support A3AR-based therapy as a viable approach to alleviate pain in different pathologies.
Elevated serum levels of free interleukin-18 in adult-onset Still’s disease (2016)

Free IL-18 levels are specifically elevated in AOSD compared with other inflammatory diseases, suggesting that IL-18 represents a potential target for the treatment of AOSD.
Analysis of a damage sensor based on elastic-plastic metal coatings on optical fibers (1993)

Optical-fiber sensors coated with linear work hardening elastic-plastic materials are analytically explored to determine the effects the coating properties have on the sensor performance. The optical-fiber system is analytically subjected to both an axial load and a uniform thermal gradient. The nonlinear analysis reveals a mechanism for designing coatings which provide a memory to the optical-fiber sensor by undergoing permanent deformations in response to large thermal or mechanical strain excursions. This behavior is exploited to design a damage sensor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
New synthetic routes towards polyphosphazenes (1992)

Abstract Two new methods for the synthesis of polyphosphazenes are described. The first is based on the catalyzed polycondensation of phosphoranimines using various catalysts and initiators. Certain mechanistic aspects of this process with reactive intermediates are discussed. Linear polymers are formed quantitatively at temperatures around 100 °C in a few hours (the thermal process requires a few days at 200 °C). The second method is based on the direct reaction between phosphonites and phosphinites with silyl azides. This reaction proceeds by phosphine azide intermediates and provides new polyphosphazenes.
Design and Smooth Position/Force Switching Control of a Miniature Gripper for Automated Microhandling (2013)

Automated microhandling tasks demand miniature grippers equipped with position and force sensors to execute reliable operations. This paper presents the design, implementation, and control of a piezoelectrically actuated compliant gripper with combined position and force monitoring/control capabilities. The gripper structure is devised based on a compliant rotary bearing mechanism with the displacement amplification lever, which endows a simplified architecture than the existing parallelogram-based ones. Moreover, the challenge of achieving a smooth transition between the position and force switching control is addressed by means of a new incremental control scheme. Precision control under the influence of hysteretic nonlinearity is guaranteed by a discrete sliding-mode control algorithm. The scheme is implemented with an field-programmable gate array (FPGA) platform. Experimental investigations are undertaken to verify the effectiveness of the gripper system by executing grasp-hold-release operations of a micro copper wire. The results confirm that the proposed incremental-based switching control outperforms conventional approach in terms of position/force regulation accuracy and operation time.
Oral Nystatin in the Treatment of Psoriasis (1984)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Our concept of the pathogenesis of psoriasis ascribes a major role to<i>Malassezia ovalis (Pityrosporum ovale)</i>residing in the hair roots of so-called seborrheic areas. In an attempt to reduce the numbers of those organisms, we have used oral ketoconazole therapy in patients with psoriasis and reported apparent benefit in a small group of patients.<sup>1</sup> Further use of oral ketoconazole therapy in patients with psoriasis has been followed up in some patients by clearing of psoriatic patches in nonseborrheic areas of the skin, in sites where few or no<i>M ovalis</i>reside. This suggested the possibility that ketoconazole was working systemically, perhaps on yeasts residing in the gut. Meanwhile, Baker<sup>2</sup>reported improvement in the condition of patients with both psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease when treated with oral nystatin. Oral nystatin is poorly absorbed from the gut and its effect is considered to be almost
Detection of propagating phase gradients in EEG signals using Model Field Theory of non-Gaussian mixtures (2008)

Model field theory (MFT) is a powerful tool of pattern recognition, which has been used successfully for various tasks involving noisy data and high level of clutter. Detection of spatio-temporal activity patterns in EEG experiments is a very challenging task and it is well-suited for MFT implementation. Previous work on applying MFT for EEG analysis used Gaussian assumption on the mixture components. The present work uses non-Gaussian components for the description of propagating phase-cones, which are more realistic models of the experimentally observed physiological processes. This work introduces MFT equations for non-Gaussian transient processes, and describes the identification algorithm. The method is demonstrated using simulated phase cone data.