gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The microbial community of Vetiver root and its involvement into essential oil biogenesis (2008)

Vetiver is the only grass cultivated worldwide for the root essential oil, which is a mixture of sesquiterpene alcohols and hydrocarbons, used extensively in perfumery and cosmetics. Light and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of bacteria in the cortical parenchymatous essential oil-producing cells and in the lysigen lacunae in close association with the essential oil. This finding and the evidence that axenic Vetiver produces in vitro only trace amounts of oil with a strikingly different composition compared with the oils from in vivo Vetiver plants stimulated the hypothesis of an involvement of these bacteria in the oil metabolism. We used culture-based and culture-independent approaches to analyse the microbial community of the Vetiver root. Results demonstrate a broad phylogenetic spectrum of bacteria, including alpha-, beta- and gamma-Proteobacteria, high-G+C-content Gram-positive bacteria, and microbes belonging to the Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria group. We isolated root-associated bacteria and showed that most of them are able to grow by using oil sesquiterpenes as a carbon source and to metabolize them releasing into the medium a large number of compounds typically found in commercial Vetiver oils. Several bacteria were also able to induce gene expression of a Vetiver sesquiterpene synthase. These results support the intriguing hypothesis that bacteria may have a role in essential oil biosynthesis opening the possibility to use them to manoeuvre the Vetiver oil molecular structure.
The activation of hydroxy groups of carriers with 4‐nitrophenyl and <i>N</i>‐hydroxysuccinimidyl chloroformates (1982)

The Activation of Hydroxy Groups of Cam'em with 4-Nitrop henyl and N-Hydroxysuccinimidyl Ch lor0 formates'Fed amount of lysine. 1 .I2 g/g of dry matter.' Fed amount of lysine, 0.45 g/g of dry matter.
[Enzymatic degradation of organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos by fungus WZ-I]. (2005)

Degradation characteristics of chlorpyrifos insecticides was determined by the crude enzyme extracted from the isolated strain WZ-I ( Fusarium LK. ex Fx). The best separating condition and the degrading characteristic of chlorpyrifos were studied. Rate of degradation for chlorpyrifos by its intracellular enzyme, extracellular enzyme and cell fragment was 60.8%, 11.3% and 48%, respectively. The degrading enzyme was extracted after this fungus was incubated for 8 generations in the condition of noninducement, and its enzymic activity lost less, the results show that this enzyme is an intracellular and connatural enzyme. The solubility protein of the crude enzyme was determined with Albumin (bovine serum) as standard protein and the solubility protein of the crude enzyme was 3.36 mg x mL(-1). The pH optimum for crude enzyme was 6.8 for enzymatic degradation of chlorpyrifos, and it had comparatively high activity in the range of pH 6.0 - 9.0. The optimum temperature for enzymatic activity was at 40 degrees C, it still had comparatively high activity in the range of temperature 20-50 degrees C, the activity of enzyme rapidly reduced at 55 degrees C, its activity was 41% of the maximal activity. The crude enzyme showed Km value for chlorpyrifos of 1.049 26 mmol x L(-1), and the maximal enzymatic degradation rate was 0.253 5 micromol x (mg x min)(-1). Additional experimental evidence suggests that the enzyme had the stability of endure for temperature and pH, the crude enzyme of fungus WZ-I could effectively degrade chlorpyrifos.
AC induction motor efficiency (2003)

The author discusses those factors which determine the efficiency and rating of polyphase AC induction motors. The loss mechanisms are described and are related to the performance and design characteristics of the motor, such as the operating flux density, the winding turns distribution, the current density in the windings, the motor speed torque characteristic, and the motor efficiency itself. The author emphasizes the fact that induction motor design is an integrated process and that it is not in general possible to adjust one motor design parameter (such as the winding turns distribution) without changing a number of performance parameters (torque, efficiency, rating, etc.). In addition, the factors that together determine the rating of induction motors are discussed. The author also discusses the common pitfalls which occur when attempting to interpret induction motor performance measurements. The need to measure both the electrical input power and the mechanical output power of a motor to determine its efficiency is emphasized. Finally, the author presents a brief discussion of tests performed upon a set of AC induction motors which were rewound using the Unity-Plus winding technology. This technology has received considerable attention in the past few years because of claims that it can result in improved motor efficiency. The test results do not verify these claims.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Genetic variability of maize pathogens in Serbia (2007)

Variability of some maize pathogens was identified in the last 50 years of research in Serbia, mostly by their cultural characteristics and susceptibility of test genotypes and only in some cases by determination of mating types, vegetative compatibility or biochemical methods. Although more advanced methods that can determine within population variability at the molecular level were developed, they are still not applied in research in Serbia. The highest variability was determined for maize leaf pathogens - Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard & Suggs (2 races) and Bipolaris zeicola (Stout) Shoemaker (2 races), although this variability is significantly lower than the variability of the same pathogens found in the world. Researches conducted with the aim to determine mating types and vegetative compatibility of the Fusarium species, a maize root and stalk pathogen, indicated their high variability in Serbia. Considering the pathogen ability to adapt easily and quickly to new genotypes, agro-ecological conditions and crop practice, a constant surveillance of parasite divergence and epidemiology is necessary in order to avoid detrimental consequences on maize yield and quality.
Governesses (2011)

Working as a governess was one of the few respectable occupations for middle-class women in the nineteenth century, but governesses were placed in a difficult social position, living with the families they worked for, but not being regarded as on the same level. The women who came to Sydney as governesses were the main providers of education for girls, and their roles and attainments changed as attitudes to women's education altered over the century. By the early decades of the twentieth century there were few governesses left in Sydney.
Fatty acid desaturation and microsomal lipid fatty acid composition in experimental hypothyroidism (1982)

We have studied the influence of experimental hypothyroidism in the rat on the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and on liver microsomal lipid fatty acid composition. Hypothyroid rats demonstrated an 80% decrease in delta 9 (stearate) desaturation and a 43% decrease in delta 6 (linoleate) desaturation. Liver microsomal fatty acid composition was altered in the hypothyroid animals with a significantly decreased proportion of arachidonate and increased proportions of linoleate, eicosa-8,11,14-trienoate, eicosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate. The bulk of these changes occurred in both of the two major phospholipid components, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. All of the changes were corrected by treatment of the hypothyroid rat with 25 micrograms of tri-iodothyronine/100 g body wt. twice daily. The diminished delta 9 desaturation did not lead to any changes in fatty acid composition. The increased linoleate and decreased arachidonate levels may be due to the diminished delta 6 desaturase activity, the rate-controlling step in the conversion of linoleate into arachidonate. The increases in the proportions of the other polyunsaturated fatty acid components cannot be explained by changes in the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, but are probably due to diminished utilization of these fatty acids.
The Vital Role of Polymerase ζ and REV1 in Mutagenic, but Not Correct, DNA Synthesis across Benzo[a]pyrene-dG and Recruitment of Polymerase ζ by REV1 to Replication-stalled Site (2012)

The DNA synthesis across DNA lesions, termed translesion synthesis (TLS), is a complex process influenced by various factors. To investigate this process in mammalian cells, we examined TLS across a benzo[a]pyrene dihydrodiol epoxide-derived dG adduct (BPDE-dG) using a plasmid bearing a single BPDE-dG and genetically engineered mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). In wild-type MEFs, TLS was extremely miscoding (>90%) with G → T transversions being predominant. Knockout of the Rev1 gene decreased both the TLS efficiency and the miscoding frequency. Knockout of the Rev3L gene, coding for the catalytic subunit of pol ζ, caused even greater decreases in these two TLS parameters; almost all residual TLS were error-free. Thus, REV1 and pol ζ are critical to mutagenic, but not accurate, TLS across BPDE-dG. The introduction of human REV1 cDNA into Rev1(-/-) MEFs restored the mutagenic TLS, but a REV1 mutant lacking the C terminus did not. Yeast and mammalian three-hybrid assays revealed that the REV7 subunit of pol ζ mediated the interaction between REV3 and the REV1 C terminus. These results support the hypothesis that REV1 recruits pol ζ through the interaction with REV7. Our results also predict the existence of a minor REV1-independent pol ζ recruitment pathway. Finally, although mutagenic TLS across BPDE-dG largely depends on RAD18, experiments using Polk(-/-) Polh(-/-) Poli(-/-) triple-gene knockout MEFs unexpectedly revealed that another polymerase(s) could insert a nucleotide opposite BPDE-dG. This indicates that a non-Y family polymerase(s) can insert a nucleotide opposite BPDE-dG, but the subsequent extension from miscoding termini depends on REV1-polζ in a RAD18-dependent manner.
A Cloud-Based Transcoding Framework for Real-Time Mobile Video Conferencing System (2014)

High-definition video applications are often challenging for mobile devices due to their limited processing capability and bandwidth-constrained network connection. To deal with this issue, this paper proposes a cloud based transcoding framework to achieve scalable and efficient video adaption for mobile devices. This framework introduces a prediction-based scheduling algorithm to optimize both latency requirement and cloud utility cost for mobile clients. Following this framework, we developed a prototype system based on Windows Azure. Experiment results show that our system can effectively provide low-latency and cost-efficient video service to mobile clients.
Visual Exploration of Neural Document Embedding in Information Retrieval: Semantics and Feature Selection (2019)

Neural embeddings are widely used in language modeling and feature generation with superior computational power. Particularly, neural document embedding - converting texts of variable-length to semantic vector representations - has shown to benefit widespread downstream applications, e.g., information retrieval (IR). However, the black-box nature makes it difficult to understand how the semantics are encoded and employed. We propose visual exploration of neural document embedding to gain insights into the underlying embedding space, and promote the utilization in prevalent IR applications. In this study, we take an IR application-driven view, which is further motivated by biomedical IR in healthcare decision-making, and collaborate with domain experts to design and develop a visual analytics system. This system visualizes neural document embeddings as a configurable document map and enables guidance and reasoning; facilitates to explore the neural embedding space and identify salient neural dimensions (semantic features) per task and domain interest; and supports advisable feature selection (semantic analysis) along with instant visual feedback to promote IR performance. We demonstrate the usefulness and effectiveness of this system and present inspiring findings in use cases. This work will help designers/developers of downstream applications gain insights and confidence in neural document embedding, and exploit that to achieve more favorable performance in application domains.
Gold Nanorod Arrays with Good Reproducibility for High-Performance Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (2009)

We have attempted to develop surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates by the use of two-dimensional (2D) Au nanorod arrays and to characterize the SERS-active sites of the Au nanostructures. We prepared two different types of 2D Au nanorod arrays by means of the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template-assisted nanofabrication. In the template-embedded array (type I) an Au nanorod fills up the AAO pore, while in the annularly spaced array (type II) an Au nanorod keeps approximately 20 nm away from the pore wall. The strongest SERS effect was observed for both types of substrates with an Au nanorod diameter of approximately 66 nm. With respect to the bare AAO template, the NaOH-etched (unetched) type I substrate with the 66 nm Au nanorod showed 115-fold (63-fold) enhancement in Raman scattering, corresponding to a SERS enhancement factor of 10(7)-10(9). For the unetched and ordered Au naonorod arrays, the SERS-active sites localized around the rod end, whereas for the NaOH-etched and partially aggregated Au nanorods, hot spots for SERS were found in the interstices between rod tips. The type II substrate allowed the effect of rod length on the SERS response to be investigated, and the SERS response was observed to vary very little with the rod length increase (250-1000 nm), indicating that majority of the signal originates at the rod end. A comparison between the analytes all-trans-beta-carotene and pyridine suggests that, for both types of substrates, the electromagnetic enhancement is predominant over the chemical enhancement. This work demonstrates that the unetched type I substrate is highly SERS effective, for which the fabrication protocol is advantageous in its simplicity and reproducibility.
Performance of a fiber-optic temperature sensor from −200 to 1050°C (1988)

A reflectively monitored Fabry-Perot temperature sensor is characterized over a 1250 degrees C temperature range. Dielectric mirrors for the interferometer are incorporated into a continuous length of single-mode fiber by a fusionsplicing technique. The change in optical phase per unit temperature is nearly constant above room temperature but decreases at lower temperatures. Phase-shift data for the germania-doped silica fiber used in these experiments are compared with calculations based on previously reported information on the temperature dependence of refractive index and length in bulk fused silica.
Choosing geological models with Baysian belief networks : Starfield Festschrift (2002)

In this paper we explore the use of Baysian belief networks in the 
prediction of occurrences of geological ore bodies of different 
types and in different conditions. We show that this approach is 
consistent with the 'frame-based' modelling approach introduced 
by A.M. Starfield in a different context.
Real‐time surgical instrument detection in robot‐assisted surgery using a convolutional neural network cascade (2019)

Surgical instrument detection in robot-assisted surgery videos is an import vision component for these systems. Most of the current deep learning methods focus on single-tool detection and suffer from low detection speed. To address this, the authors propose a novel frame-by-frame detection method using a cascading convolutional neural network (CNN) which consists of two different CNNs for real-time multi-tool detection. An hourglass network and a modified visual geometry group (VGG) network are applied to jointly predict the localisation. The former CNN outputs detection heatmaps representing the location of tool tip areas, and the latter performs bounding-box regression for tool tip areas on these heatmaps stacked with input RGB image frames. The authors' method is tested on the publicly available <i>EndoVis Challenge</i> dataset and the <i>ATLAS Dione</i> dataset. The experimental results show that their method achieves better performance than mainstream detection methods in terms of detection accuracy and speed.
Real-time integration of a tactical-grade IMU and GPS for high-accuracy positioning and navigation (2003)

The integration of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Inertial Navigation Systems (INSs) is often used to provide accurate positioning and navigation information. For applications requiring the highest accuracy, the quality of the inertial sensors required is usually assumed to be very high. This dissertation investigates the integration of GPS with a tactical-grade Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) for centimetre-level navigation in real-time. Different GPS/INS integration strategies are investigated to assess their relative performance in terms of position and velocity accuracy during partial and complete data outages, carrier phase ambiguity resolution after such data outages, and the overall statistical reliability of the system. In terms of statistical reliability, the traditional equations used in dynamic systems are redeveloped in light of some practical considerations, including centralized and decentralized filter architectures, and sequential versus simultaneous measurement updating. Results show that the integrated solution outperforms the GPS-only approach in all areas. The difference between loose and tight integration strategies was most significant for ambiguity resolution and system reliability. The integrated solution is capable of providing decimetre-level accuracy or better for durations of about five or ten seconds when a complete or partial GPS outage is simulated. This level of accuracy, extended over longer time intervals, is shown to reduce the time required to resolve the 11 ambiguities by an average of about 50% or more for data outages as long as 30 seconds when using a tight integration strategy. More importantly, the reliability of the ambiguity resolution process is improved with the integrated system. Statistical reliability parameters are also dramatically better when using the integrated system with the ability of detecting a single-cycle cycle slip being better and more consistent, relative to GPS-only. The effect of undetected blunders on the final system is also significantly reduced. Two real-time tests are analyzed and results show that directly resolving the 11 ambiguities is still unreliable in suburban environments, even with the integrated system. However, using the widelane phase observable, sub-decimetre navigation is demonstrated in suburban and pseudo-urban environments, despite the relatively adverse operational conditions encountered.
Trimodal color-fluorescence-polarization endoscopy aided by a tumor selective molecular probe accurately detects flat lesions in colitis-associated cancer (2014)

Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) arises from premalignant flat lesions of the colon, which are difficult to detect with current endoscopic screening approaches. We have developed a complementary fluorescence and polarization reporting strategy that combines the unique biochemical and physical properties of dysplasia and cancer for real-time detection of these lesions. Using azoxymethane-dextran sodium sulfate (AOM-DSS) treated mice, which recapitulates human CAC and dysplasia, we show that an octapeptide labeled with a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye selectively identified all precancerous and cancerous lesions. A new thermoresponsive sol-gel formulation allowed topical application of the molecular probe during endoscopy. This method yielded high contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) between adenomatous tumors (20.6 ± 1.65) and flat lesions (12.1 ± 1.03) and surrounding uninvolved colon tissue versus CNR of inflamed tissues (1.62±0.42) Incorporation of nanowire-filtered polarization imaging into NIR fluorescence endoscopy shows a high depolarization contrast in both adenomatous tumors and flat lesions in CAC, reflecting compromised structural integrity of these tissues. Together, the real-time polarization imaging provides real-time validation of suspicious colon tissue highlighted by molecular fluorescence endoscopy.
A Cardinal Spline Approach to Wavelets (1991)

While it is well known that the $m$th order $B$-spline ${N_m}(x)$ with integer knots generates a multiresolution analysis, $\cdots \subset {V_{ - 1}} \subset {V_0} \subset \cdots$, with the $m$th order of approximation, we prove that $\psi (x): = L_{2m}^{(m)}(2x - 1)$, where ${L_{2m}}(x)$ denotes the $(2m)$th order fundamental cardinal interpolatory spline, generates the orthogonal complementary wavelet spaces ${W_k}$. Note that for $m = 1$, when the $B$-spline ${N_1}(x)$ is the characteristic function of the unit interval $[0,1)$, our basic wavelet ${Lâ_2}(2x - 1)$ is simply the well-known Haar wavelet. In proving that ${V_{k + 1}} = {V_k} \oplus {W_k}$, we give the exact formulation of ${N_m}(2x - j), j \in \mathbb {Z}$, in terms of integer translates of ${N_m}(x)$ and $\psi (x)$. This allows us to derive a wavelet decomposition algorithm without relying on orthogonality nor construction of a dual basis.
Vertical, Conformance in an Alternating Water-Miscible Gas Flood (1982)

ABSTRACT Oil recovery by the injection of water alternately with gas (WAG flooding) is often limited by gravity segregation, which causes the injected gas to rise to the top of the formation and water to migrate to the bottom. This segregation results in a miscible flood in only a thin layer at the top of the formation, whereas the remainder is waterflooded. However, vertical conformance in a WAG flood can be greatly improved by use of injection rates that are high relative to well spacing. The degree of improvement and, hence, the resultant oil recovery is primarily a function of a single dimensionless parameter, which is one form of the viscous-gravity ratio.
Catalytic Effect of CuCl on Pyrolysis of Five Kinds of Biomass (2013)

CuCl has been investigated with regard to its catalytic effects on pyrolysis of five biomass species, i.e., two kinds of typical forest waste (bamboo and fir wood), cellulose, xylan, and lignin by thermal analysis experiments. It shows that, with the presence of CuCl catalyst, the pyrolysis peaks shift to a lower temperature than those of a pure sample, and the maximum weight loss rate of two kinds of typical forest wastes was increased. The CuCl catalysis can also increase the amount of char residue. The activation energy and frequency factor of pyrolysis reaction for all samples were obtained by kinetic methods of analysis, the value of E and A of the mixture were higher than those of the sample (except lignin) in the absence of catalyst.