gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
III-nitride blue light-emitting diodes utilizing hybrid tunnel junction with low excess voltage (2020)

Abstract Tunnel junctions (TJs) offer alternative designs and promise in some cases improved performances for nitride-based light-emitting diode (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs) and are widely used in academic studies. However, the voltage penalty of the LEDs and LDs, in comparison with standard contact technologies, has been a major concern especially for commercial applications. In this study, we investigated methods to achieve low excess voltage. Using ammonia molecular beam epitaxy (NH 3 MBE), GaN TJs were grown on commercial metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) grown blue LED wafers. Atom probe tomography (APT) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) indicate 1 min buffered HF (BHF) clean of the regrowth interface reduced Mg and impurity incorporation into the n++ regrown TJ layers. The wafers were processed and measured in parallel to reference wafers using both university processes and industry processes. At 20 A cm −2 , TJ LEDs grown with Si δ-doping at the junction interface processed in the university cleanroom had a forward voltage of 3.17 V in comparison to 2.86 V for LEDs processed with a standard indium tin oxide (ITO) contact. Unencapsulated TJ LEDs processed by industrial process without ITO or current blocking layer had about 0.3 V excess voltage compared to reference LEDs. The TJ LEDs also had more uniform light emission profile. The low excess voltage and consistent results acquired in both settings suggest that TJ can be scaled for industrial processes.
Advances in generator control and automatic synchronization - Eliminating the need for standalone synchronization systems (2012)

Flexibility in the control of electric power generation within an industrial facility can be improved through the implementation of technology associated with recent advances in electrical system measurement techniques and communications protocols. While generator speed governing and synchronization technology has remained relatively static in recent years, advancements in generator control, including the ability to eliminate the need for standalone bus synchronization systems, are described in this paper. For such advanced systems, time-synchronized measurement and control of generators are required, using technology such as IEEE C37.118 (synchronized phasor measurements). Time-synchronized measurements implemented in each generator governor controller allow precise control of a power system island or group of islands relative to each other or to a master reference. Accordingly, independent, perpetually synchronized power system islands were tested in a laboratory using time-synchronized governor controllers. The results are documented, and conclusions are drawn regarding the feasibility and usefulness of such technology. Additionally, challenges related to control and synchronization difficulties faced at a variety of industrial facilities are discussed, as well as how this new control technology can help overcome such difficulties.
Peptides Selected for Binding to a Virulent Strain of <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> by Phage Display Are Bactericidal (2005)

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is an obligate parasite of the oropharynx of humans, in whom it commonly causes mucosal infections such as otitis media, sinusitis, and bronchitis. We used a subtractive phage display approach to affinity select for peptides binding to the cell surface of a novel invasive NTHi strain R2866 (also called Int1). Over half of the selected phage peptides tested were bactericidal toward R2866 in a dose-dependent manner. Five of the clones encoded the same peptide sequence (KQRTSIRATEGCLPS; clone hi3/17), while the remaining four clones encoded unique peptides. All of the bactericidal phage peptides but one were cationic and had similar physical-chemical properties. Clone hi3/17 possessed a similar level of activity toward a panel of clinical NTHi isolates and H. influenzae type b strains but lacked bactericidal activity toward gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica) bacteria. These data indicate that peptides binding to bacterial surface structures isolated by phage display may prove of value in developing new antibiotics.
Light Sheet Microscopy with Wavefront Coding for Fast Volumetric Imaging of Biological Samples (2016)

Decoupling the illumination from the detection optics in microscopy can be achieved by combining light sheet and wavefront coding. This results in a system that allows the light sheet to produce optical sections from out of focus planes. By scanning the light sheet through the sample, it is possible to produce high-resolution volumetric images of living samples at unprecedented speeds.
Topological Lasers (2016)

We present the first topological laser: topologically-protected lasing in photonic honeycomb lattices. We show that the lasing modes are unidirectional and robust to defects.
Development of RNAi method for screening candidate genes to control emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (2017)

The ingestion of double-strand RNAs (dsRNA) targeting essential genes in an insect could cause mortality. Based on this principle, a new generation of insect control methods using RNA interference (RNAi) are being developed. In this work, we developed a bioassay for oral delivery of dsRNA to an invasive forest and urban tree pest, the emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis). EAB feeds and develops beneath the bark, killing trees rapidly. This behavior, coupled with the lack of a reliable artificial diet for rearing larvae and adults, make them difficult to study. We found that dsRNA is transported and processed to siRNAs by EAB larvae within 72 h after ingestion. Also, feeding neonate larvae with IAP (inhibitor of apoptosis) or COP (COPI coatomer, β subunit) dsRNA silenced their target genes and caused mortality. Both an increase in the concentration of dsRNA fed and sequential feeding of two different dsRNAs increased mortality. Here we provide evidence for successful RNAi in EAB, and demonstrate the development of a rapid and effective bioassay for oral delivery of dsRNA to screen additional genes.
Magnetic Interaction and Winding Polarities Investigation in a Double-Rotor Switched Reluctance Machine (2016)

Double-rotor switched reluctance machine (DRSRM) integrates two switched reluctance machines (SRMs) into one housing, providing a compact solution for hybrid power trains so that one DRSRM can replace two electric machines. This paper presents a new DRSRM design in which the stator flux barriers are removed and the flux lines in the interior and exterior machines are more evenly distributed. The effects of stator flux barriers are investigated, the loss mechanism in the DRSRM is analyzed, and finally, various winding configurations are compared. It is concluded that flux lines are more evenly distributed in the stator, reducing iron saturation and losses, while the interior and exterior machines can be independently controlled without sacrificing performance. Moreover, winding polarity in DRSRM is critical to reduce stator iron saturation and thereby losses.
Harnessing the Potential of Function-Reuse in Multimedia Cloud Systems (2021)

Cloud-based computing systems can get oversubscribed due to the budget constraints of their users or limitations in certain resource types. The oversubscription can, in turn, degrade the users perceived Quality of Service (QoS). The approach we investigate to mitigate both the oversubscription and the incurred cost is based on smart reusing of the computation needed to process the service requests (i.e., tasks). We propose a reusing paradigm for the tasks that are waiting for execution. This paradigm can be particularly impactful in serverless platforms where multiple users can request similar services simultaneously. Our motivation is a multimedia streaming engine that processes the media segments in an on-demand manner. We propose a mechanism to identify various types of “mergeable” tasks and aggregate them to improve the QoS and mitigate the incurred cost. We develop novel approaches to determine when and how to perform task aggregation such that the QoS of other tasks is not affected. Evaluation results show that the proposed mechanism can improve the QoS by significantly reducing the percentage of tasks missing their deadlines and reduce the overall time (and subsequently the incurred cost) of utilizing cloud services by more than 9 percent.
An efficient activity ionic liquid-enzyme system for biodiesel production (2011)

The efficient production of biodiesel in hydrophobic ionic liquids using immobilized lipase was demonstrated. The use of ionic liquids containing long alkyl chains on the cation has the important advantage of producing homogeneous systems at the start of the reaction but, when the reaction is complete, a three-phase system is created that allows selective extraction of the products using straightforward separation techniques, while the ionic liquid and the enzyme can be reused. Fifteen ionic liquids based on different alkyl chain length of the methyl imidazolium cation ([C10MIM], [C12MIM], [C14MIM], [C16MIM] and [C18MIM]) combined with [BF4], [PF6] or [NTf2] anions were assayed as reaction media for two immobilized lipases (Candida antarcticalipase B and Pseudomonas fluorescenslipase AK) for biodiesel production. The highest synthetic activity was obtained in [C16MIM] [NTf2] using Novozym 435 (immobilized Candida antarcticalipase with 245.13 U g−1IME), its activity being more than three times higher than in a solvent-free system. Additionally, in this IL the fatty acid methyl esters production was 90.29% after 3 h, while in the solvent-free system it was 27.3%. The influence of several reaction parameters, such as temperature, methanol-to-oil molar ratio, alkyl-chain length of the alcohols, IL : substrate volume ratios, amount of enzyme, and oils feedstock were studied and optimized.
Synergistic Malaria Parasite Killing by Two Types of Plasmodial Surface Anion Channel Inhibitors (2016)

Malaria parasites increase their host erythrocyte's permeability to a broad range of ions and organic solutes. The plasmodial surface anion channel (PSAC) mediates this uptake and is an established drug target. Development of therapies targeting this channel is limited by several problems including interactions between known inhibitors and permeating solutes that lead to incomplete channel block. Here, we designed and executed a high-throughput screen to identify a novel class of PSAC inhibitors that overcome this solute-inhibitor interaction. These new inhibitors differ from existing blockers and have distinct effects on channel-mediated transport, supporting a model of two separate routes for solute permeation though PSAC. Combinations of inhibitors specific for the two routes had strong synergistic action against in vitro parasite propagation, whereas combinations acting on a single route produced only additive effects. The magnitude of synergism depended on external nutrient concentrations, consistent with an essential role of the channel in parasite nutrient acquisition. The identified inhibitors will enable a better understanding of the channel's structure-function and may be starting points for novel combination therapies that produce synergistic parasite killing.
Post-Correction of Analog-to-Digital Converters (2003)

A dynamic post-correction method for ADCs is presented. The method utilizes bit-masking, and a tool for analyzing the effects thereof is proposed. This tool is used to calculate optimal bit allocations, in order to minimize the THD of the corrected ADC. An example based on experimental ADC data is presented.
An experimental large capacity semiconductor file memory using 16-levels/cell storage (1987)

In recent years, high density and high speed file memories have become increasingly important for achieving higher performance in computer systems. Multilevel storage dynamic memories offer advantages in terms of speed and density for file usage. An experimental 4Mbit memory has been designed and fabricated utilizing a newly developed multilevel storage scheme and unique peripheral circuits. These include a staircase pulse generator for multilevel storage operation, a voltage regulator for maintaining storage level accuracy, an error correcting circuit for protecting the data from alpha-particle-induced soft error, and a timing generator for testing the device as a fully integrated LSI memory.
A non-dissociative open-flask hydroboration with ammonia borane: ready synthesis of ammonia–trialkylboranes and aminodialkylboranes (2016)

Under open-flask conditions, ammonia borane hydroborates olefins in refluxing tetrahydrofuran. Unlike conventional hydroboration, the Lewis base (ammonia) is not dissociated from the boron center. Terminal alkenes selectively provide ammonia-trialkylborane complexes. On the other hand, internal alkenes afford aminodialkylboranes via a metal-free hydroboration-dehydrogenation sequence. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidation of the products provides the corresponding alcohols in high yields.
PROLONGATION OF MURINE CARDIAC AND SKIN ALLOGRAFT SURVIVAL BY ANTI-CD40 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY (1998)

512 CD40/CD40L interactions are crucial for the development of CD4+ T cell dependent immune responses such as allograft rejection. For example, simultaneous administration of a CD40L monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the CTLA4-Ig fusion protein synergistically prolongs the survival of skin and cardiac allografts. In this report we establish the efficacy of an anti-CD40 mAb alone and in combination with CTLA4-Ig as an alternative to anti-CD40 ligand as a strategy to inhibit rejection. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrates that CD40 is strongly induced on both donor and recipient cells in the rejecting allograft. Furthermore, transplants using CD40-/- mice indicate that CD40 on the recipient is functionally more important than on donor tissues. Hearts from CD40-/- donors are rejected promptly, whereas CD40-/- recipients reject wild type (wt) cardiac allografts more slowly than wt B6,129 F1 control recipients. The ability of an anti-CD40 mAb, 7E1, to inhibit allograft rejection was tested in the BALB/c to C3H/HeJ strain combination. Recipient mice were treated with 7E1 (250μg/dose) intraperitoneally (IP) on days 0, 2, 4 & 6. 7E1 significantly prolonged cardiac allograft survival relative to untreated controls. However, histological assessment of the 7E1 treated animals demonstrated significant interstitial fibrosis and coronary vasculopathy by postoperative day (POD) 140. As previously reported with a CD40L mAb (MR1), 7E1 synergized with CTLA4-Ig in inhibiting these pathologic changes. C3H/HeJ recipients of BALB/c skin grafts were treated with anti-CD40 mAb, alone and in combination with CTLA4-Ig (250μg/dose IP on days 0, 2, 4 & 6). Anti-CD40 mAbs alone prolonged skin graft survival (MST=30d) compared to MR1 treatment (MST=14d). Untreated controls rejected the skin grafts promptly by POD11. As in the cardiac allograft model, 7E1 and CTLA4-Ig synergize to improve skin graft survival (MST=93d). 7E1 was found to prevent the formation of donor specific alloantibodies in the cardiac allograft recipients. Alloantibodies were undetectable on POD 29, 35 & 57, whereas alloantibodies were detected in the control BALB/c cardiac allograft recipients at a dilution of 1:512 at POD 29, 34 & 57. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood of cardiac allograft recipients treated with 7E1 demonstrated partial B cell depletion on POD 8 and 21 which returned to normal by POD55. 7E1 treatment had no effect on T cell and macrophage compartments. These studies suggest that the use of anti-CD40 mAbs is an effective alternative to MR1 in the blockade of the gp39-CD40 pathway alone or in combination with CTLA4Ig.
Chiral separation of benzoporphyrin derivative mono- and diacids by laser induced fluorescence-capillary electrophoresis (2002)

A method for the separation of benzoporphyrin derivative mono- and diacid (BPDMA, BPDDA) enantiomers by laser induced fluorescence-capillary electrophoresis (LIF-CE) has been developed. By using 300 mM borate buffer, pH 9.2, 25 mM sodium cholate and 10% acetronitrile as electrolyte, +10 kV electrokinetic sampling injection of 2 s and an applied +20 kV voltage across the ends of a 37 cm capillary (30 cm to the detector, 50 microm ID), all six BPD stereoisomers were baseline-separated within 20 min. Formation constants, free electrophoretic and complexation mobilities with borate and cholate were determined based on dynamic complexation capillary electrophoresis theory. The BPD enantiomers can be quantitatively determined in the range of 10(-2)-10(-5) mg mL(-1). The correlation coefficients (r2) of the least-squares linear regression analysis of the BPD enantiomers are in the range of 0.9914-0.9997. Their limits of detection are 2.18-3.5 x 10(-3) mg mL(-1). The relative standard deviations for the separation were 2.90-4.64% (n = 10). In comparison with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), CE has better resolution and efficiency. This separation method was successfully applied to the BPD enantiomers obtained from a matrix of bovine serum and from liposomally formulated material as well as from studies with rat, dog and human microsomes.
Rapid Recovery and Identification of Anthrax Bacteria from the Environment (2000)

Bacillus anthracis has been recognized as a highly likely biological warfare or terrorist agent. We have designed culture techniques to rapidly isolate and identify "live" anthrax from suspected environmental release. A special medium (3AT medium) allows for discrimination between closely related bacilli and non-pathogenic strains. Nitrate was found to be a primary factor influencing spore formation in Bacillus anthracis. Nitrate reduction in anthrax is not an adaptation to saprophytic environmental existence, but it is a signal to enhance environmental survival upon the death of the anthrax host, which can be mimicked in culture.
Shape‐ and Size‐Specific Chemistry of Ag Nanostructures in Catalytic Ethylene Epoxidation (2009)

Abstract Catalytic selectivity in the epoxidation of ethylene to form ethylene oxide on alumina‐supported silver catalysts is dependent on the geometric structure of catalytically active Ag particles and reaction conditions. Shape and size controlled synthesis of Ag nanoparticles is used to show that silver nanocubes exhibit higher selectivity than nanowires and nanospheres. For a given shape, larger particles offer improved selectivity. The enhanced selectivity toward ethylene oxide is attributed to the nature of the exposed Ag surface facets; Ag nanocubes and nanowires are dominated by (100) surface facet and Ag nanospheres are dominated by (111). Furthermore, the concentration of undercoordinated surface sites is related to diminished selectivity to ethylene oxide. We demonstrate that a simple model can account for the impact of chemical and physical factors on the reaction selectivity. These observations have also been used to design a selective catalyst for the ethylene epoxidation reaction.
Low‐dimensional‐structure self‐learning and thresholding: Regularization beyond compressed sensing for MRI Reconstruction (2011)

An improved image reconstruction method from undersampled k-space data, low-dimensional-structure self-learning and thresholding (LOST), which utilizes the structure from the underlying image is presented. A low-resolution image from the fully sampled k-space center is reconstructed to learn image patches of similar anatomical characteristics. These patches are arranged into "similarity clusters," which are subsequently processed for dealiasing and artifact removal, using underlying low-dimensional properties. The efficacy of the proposed method in scan time reduction was assessed in a pilot coronary MRI study. Initially, in a retrospective study on 10 healthy adult subjects, we evaluated retrospective undersampling and reconstruction using LOST, wavelet-based l(1)-norm minimization, and total variation compressed sensing. Quantitative measures of vessel sharpness and mean square error, and qualitative image scores were used to compare reconstruction for rates of 2, 3, and 4. Subsequently, in a prospective study, coronary MRI data were acquired using these rates, and LOST-reconstructed images were compared with an accelerated data acquisition using uniform undersampling and sensitivity encoding reconstruction. Subjective image quality and sharpness data indicate that LOST outperforms the alternative techniques for all rates. The prospective LOST yields images with superior quality compared with sensitivity encoding or l(1)-minimization compressed sensing. The proposed LOST technique greatly improves image reconstruction for accelerated coronary MRI acquisitions.
High-contrast terahertz modulator based on extraordinary transmission through a ring aperture (2011)

We demonstrated extraordinary THz transmission through ring apertures on a metal film. Transmission of 60% was obtained with an aperture-to-area ratio of only 1.4%. We show that the high transmission can be suppressed by over 18 dB with a thin layer of free carriers in the silicon substrate underneath the metal film. This result suggests that CMOS-compatible terahertz modulators can be built by controlling the carrier density near the aperture.
A Single-Cell Electroporation Device with Integrated Perfusion Channels for Efficient Intracellular Delivery (2005)

We present here a single-cell electroporation device with integrated perfusion channels to efficiently deliver impermeable substances into a cell. Each sequestered cell is subjected to an electric field to induce localized transient non-selective pores in a portion of the cell membrane. After pores are locally induced on a portion of the cell membrane, individually addressable capillary channels release pre-loaded compounds of interest into the cell. This approach conserves reagents; moreover cells remain separated from reagents until time of introduction. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our device design, we electroporate Hela (human cervical cancer) cells using low applied voltages (<1 V) and characterize permeation by measuring time dependent current traces. Subsequently, we insert cell impermeable propidium iodide and characterize its deliver/ via fluorescent intensity measurements.