gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface-normal electro-optic-polymer modulator with silicon subwavelength grating (2016)

We propose novel silicon-based surface-normal optical modulator using electro-optic (EO) polymer. The EO polymer is embedded inside a thin silicon subwavelength grating layer, which is used as both the interdigitated electrodes for effective poling of the EO polymer, and as high-Q resonant structure for the incident light to enable efficient modulation. We numerically demonstrate 10-dB intensity modulation at 1550-nm wavelength under a refractive index change of only 3.8 × 10−4, corresponding to the driving voltage below 1 V. Total-reflectance phase modulator is also demonstrated by adding a backside reflector. With inherently high-speed response over several tens of GHz, scalability to dense 2-D array integrated with CMOS driver circuitry, and relatively easy and low-cost fabrication without epitaxial process, the proposed device may find versatile applications in optical interconnects, free-space optical communications, imaging and sensing.
<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Floral Dip Transformation Method (2006)

Arabidopsis floral dip transformation is notable for a number of reasons. First, it is strikingly simple to perform. Agrobacterium is applied to flowering Arabidopsis plants that subsequently set seed, and transgenic plants are then selected among the progeny seedlings. Because no plant tissue culture is required, somaclonal variation is avoided, and the procedure can be performed easily by nonspecialists. Success rates are high: it is common that 1% of the progeny seedlings are transgenic. The biology behind the method is interesting: Arabidopsis and some related Brassicaceae are apparently unique in allowing exogenously applied Agrobacterium to colonize the interior of developing ovaries, where female gametophyte cell lineages are transformed. The availability of the method has had a transformative effect on the overall practice of plant molecular biology, as the generation and analysis of large numbers of transgenic plants is now routine in hundreds of laboratories. The method has been exploited in a genomics context to make stable gene knockout plant lines for most Arabidopsis genes.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF NONWOVEN FILTER PERFORMANCE USING SECOND ORDER ORTHOGONAL DESIGN (1987)

Abstract This paper presents the results and conclusions from an experimental investigation concerning nonwoven precleaner performance in non-stationary filtration Results were obtained using filters with chemically cured polyacrylonitrile fibers having diameters of 3.5-20.5 denier, packing densities ranging from 0.0188 to 0.0612, filter thicknesses between 5.5 and 22.5 mm, and aerosol velocities from 0.24 to 2.36 m/s. The experiment was planned using second order orthogonal design. Since the precleaners were developed for ventilation systems and engines of off-road vehicles, the test dust was modelled from the properties of contaminants found in road tests.
Energy-efficient Runtime Adaptive Scrubbing in fault-tolerant Network-on-Chips (NoCs) architectures (2013)

As Networks-on-Chips (NoCs) continue to become more susceptible to process variation, cross-talk, hard and soft errors with technology scaling to sub-nanometer, there is an urgent need for adaptive Error Correction Coding (ECC) schemes for improving the resiliency of the system. The goal of adaptive ECC schemes should be two fold; decrease power consumption when errors are infrequent, thereby maximizing power savings and increase the fault coverage when errors are frequent, thereby improving application speedup while consuming more power. In this paper, we propose Runtime Adaptive Scrubbing (RAS), a novel multi-layered error correction and detection scheme for Networks-on-Chips (NoCs) architectures that intelligently adjusts fault coverage at the physical layer using variable strength encoders to scrub (protect) flits, thereby preventing faults from accumulating and propagating up to the logical layer. RAS successfully permits graceful network degradation while improving the overall network speedup, fault granularity, and wider fault coverage than traditional static schemes. Simulation results indicate that RAS improves network latency by an average of 10% for Splash-2/PARSEC benchmarks on a 8 × 8 mesh network while incurring 6.6% power penalty per flit and saving 15% in area overhead.
Relative neuron loss in hippocampal sclerosis of aging and Alzheimer's disease (2018)

Relative neuron loss in the hippocampus compared to the parahippocampus gyrus may be useful in distinguishing HS-Aging in the context of comorbid ADNC. HS-Aging contributes to cognitive impairment, which phenotypically resembles AD dementia. TDP proteinopathy is a frequent comorbidity in HS-Aging and may contribute to cognitive impairment to a modest degree. Ann Neurol 2018;84:749-761.
Performance Limits and Opportunities for Low Temperature Thermal Desalination (2015)

Conventional low temperature thermal desalination (LTTD) uses ocean thermal temperature gradients to drive a single stage flash distillation process to produce pure water from seawater. While the temperature difference in the ocean drives distillation and provides cooling in LTTD, external electrical energy is required to pump the water streams from the ocean and to maintain a near vacuum in the flash chamber. In this work, an LTTD process from the literature is compared against, the thermodynamic least work and the minimum least work possible for the system, reverse osmosis (RO) and membrane distillation (MD), an alternative thermal desalination technology. In all cases compared, the product water flow rates, feed seawater inlet temperatures and cold seawater inlet conditions were held constant. Exergy and Second law analysis showed that for the LTTD system studied, under reversible operating conditions with no heat exchange with the atmosphere, a power production of 26 kWh/m3 of product water was possible. At near zero recoveries (infinite warm feed flow rates) or allowing heat exchange with an infinite ambient at the warm water temperature, maximum power production possible was found to increase to 75 kWh/m3. In contrast, the LTTD system in literature was found to consume 22 kWh/m3 while standard seawater RO consumes 2.3 kWh/m3. MD was found to be an effective alternative LTTD technology. Switching to MD from flash distillation eliminates the need for vacuum pumps and also reduces the pumping power consumption by reducing both the required cool and warm water flow rates through increased recovery ratios. Furthermore, pressure drops in the condenser on the cool side and the requirement of pumping brine back to atmospheric pressure from a near vacuum in a conventional LTTD flash chamber are avoided. The proposed LTMD system can potentially perform competitively with RO by operating with a specific power consumption less than 2.5 kWh/m3, while retaining the environmental benefits of the conventional LTTD system.
Lithium Type X Zeolite as a Superior Sorbent for Air Separation (1992)

Abstract Li-X, Ba-X, and Li-A zeolites are prepared by ion exchange with the commercial Na-X (13X) and Na-A (4A) zeolites. At the ambient temperature (298 K), only Li-X exhibits a significant enhancement of the N2/O2 adsorption selectivity over the commercial zeolites. At a pressure of 1 atm, the N2/O2 selectivity is increased from approximately 3 for 13X and 4A to approximately 7 for Li-X. Air separations by the two sorbents Li-X and Na-X are compared using a commercial 5-step air-separation pressure swing adsorption (PSA) cycle. The comparison is made by using a mathematical model of proven predictive ability. A parametric comparison shows superior separation results for the Li-X zeolite under all PSA conditions. For example, the Li-X sorbent gives >90% O2 purity and an O2 recovery of over 70% at a feed rate of >5.65 s× 105 L STP/h. In addition, for the same O2 purity and feed rate, the Na-X sorbent gives an O2 recovery of less than 30%. Hence the replacement of the commercially used Na-X sorbent by the Li-X sorbent will result in an energy saving of over 50%.
Efficient submatch addressing for regular expressions (2001)

String pattern matching in its different forms is an important topic in theoretical computer science.This thesis concentrates on the problem of regular expression matching with submatch addressing,where the position and extent of the substrings matched by given subexpressions must be provided. The algorithms in widespread use at the time either take exponential worst-case time to find a match,can handle only a subset of all regular expressions, or use space proportional to the length of theinput string where constant space would suffice. In this thesis I propose a new method for solving thesubmatch addressing problem using nondeterministic finite automata with transitions augmented bycopy-on-write update operations. The resulting algorithm makes a single pass over the input string, always using time linearly pro-portional to the input. Space consumption depends only on the used regular expression, and not onthe input string. To the author’s knowledge, this is a new result. A prototype of a POSIX.2 com-patible regular expression matcher using the algorithm was done. Benchmarking results indicate thatthe prototype compares favorably against some popular implementations. Furthermore, absence ofexponential or polynomial time worst cases makes it possible to use any regular expression withoutperformance problems, which is not the case with previous implementations or algorithms.
Clonal characterization of the human IgG antibody repertoire to <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> type b polysaccharide. II. IgG antibodies contain VH genes from a single VH family and VL genes from at least four VL families. (1989)

To define the V gene family repertoire of human IgG anti-Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide antibodies, we purified six IgG1 and nine IgG2 anti-Hib-PS antibodies to monoclonality from immune serum of six individuals and performed N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. Of the 15 clonal antibodies we examined, all H chain V regions were of the VHIII family. In contrast, the L chains of these antibodies were clearly from at least four different VL families; VKI, VKII, VKIII, and V lambda. Interestingly. VL family expression correlated with the cross-reactivity of these antibodies to the capsular carbohydrate of Escherichia coli K100. VKII antibodies did not cross-react, whereas antibodies expressing V lambda, VKI, or VKIII generally cross-reacted. We conclude that L chain V regions are very important contributors to the limited heterogeneity in this antibody repertoire.
Dip-in depletion optical lithography of three-dimensional chiral polarizers (2013)

We combine the concepts of dip-in and stimulated-emission-depletion-inspired optical lithography for the first time to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures for photonics. For depletion of the photoinitiator ITX we employ a fiber-coupled laser diode at 639 nm wavelength. To demonstrate the performance of the experimental setup, we have fabricated 3D chiral layer-by-layer twisted woodpile structures with a lattice constant reduced by more than a factor of 2 compared to earlier results. The fabricated chiral photonic crystals serve as dual-band polarizers for circular polarization at visible and telecom wavelengths. Spectroscopic measurements agree well with scattering-matrix calculations.
Long-baseline Michelson interferometry with large ground-based telescopes operating at optical wavelengths. II. Interferometry at infrared wavelengths (1984)

For pt.I see ibid., vol.15, no.4, p.171-82 (1984). Long baseline Michelson interferometry is envisaged with large ground-based telescopes operating at visible or infrared wavelengths. The ability of the method to provide accurate visibility measurements, in spite of variable observing conditions, is discussed. Several operating modes are considered and limiting magnitudes are evaluated in each case. Performances are found to improve slowly with the aperture diameter and are found to be extremely sensitive to seeing conditions. In spite of the tremendous gain expected from space observations, the potential of ground-based interferometry remains high. The infrared part of the spectrum which can be observed from the ground ( lambda <or approximately=25 mu m), is discussed.
Revealing the amino acid composition of proteins within an expanded genetic code (2014)

The genetic code can be manipulated to reassign codons for the incorporation of non-standard amino acids (NSAA). Deletion of release factor 1 in Escherichia coli enhances translation of UAG (Stop) codons, yet may also extended protein synthesis at natural UAG terminated messenger RNAs. The fidelity of protein synthesis at reassigned UAG codons and the purity of the NSAA containing proteins produced require careful examination. Proteomics would be an ideal tool for these tasks, but conventional proteomic analyses cannot readily identify the extended proteins and accurately discover multiple amino acid (AA) insertions at a single UAG. To address these challenges, we created a new proteomic workflow that enabled the detection of UAG readthrough in native proteins in E. coli strains in which UAG was reassigned to encode phosphoserine. The method also enabled quantitation of NSAA and natural AA incorporation at UAG in a recombinant reporter protein. As a proof-of-principle, we measured the fidelity and purity of the phosphoserine orthogonal translation system (OTS) and used this information to improve its performance. Our results show a surprising diversity of natural AAs at reassigned stop codons. Our method can be used to improve OTSs and to quantify amino acid purity at reassigned codons in organisms with expanded genetic codes.
A Time-of-Flight Range Image Sensor With Background Canceling Lock-in Pixels Based on Lateral Electric Field Charge Modulation (2014)

This paper presents a CMOS time-of-flight (ToF) range image sensor using high-speed lock-in pixels with background light canceling capability. The proposed lock-in pixel uses MOS gate-induced lateral electric field control of depleted potential of pinned photodiode for implementing a multiple-tap charge modulator while achieving a high-speed charge transfer for high-time resolution. A TOF image sensor with 320 x 240 effective pixels is implemented using a 0.11-μm CMOS image sensor process. The TOF sensor has a range resolution of less than 12 mm without background light and 20 mm under background line for the range from 0.8 to 1.8 m and integration time of 50 ms. The effectiveness of in-pixel background light canceling with a three-tap output pixel is demonstrated.
Sneak Previews (2004)

In the Tutorial section of the May-June issue of Geophysics, Spetzler and Snieder provide a detailed discussion about the limitations of geometric ray theory in imaging methods applied to finite-frequency wavefield recordings. The authors show that the resolution in tomographic images is not limited to the Fresnel volume width. This conclusion might have important implications for estimating resolution limits of tomographic images.
Origins of recently gained introns in <i>Caenorhabditis</i> (2004)

The genomes of the nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae both contain approximately 100,000 introns, of which >6,000 are unique to one or the other species. To study the origins of new introns, we used a conservative method involving phylogenetic comparisons to animal orthologs and nematode paralogs to identify cases where an intron content difference between C. elegans and C. briggsae was caused by intron insertion rather than deletion. We identified 81 recently gained introns in C. elegans and 41 in C. briggsae. Novel introns have a stronger exon splice site consensus sequence than the general population of introns and show the same preference for phase 0 sites in codons over phases 1 and 2. More of the novel introns are inserted in genes that are expressed in the C. elegans germ line than expected by chance. Thirteen of the 122 gained introns are in genes whose protein products function in premRNA processing, including three gains in the gene for spliceosomal protein SF3B1 and two in the nonsense-mediated decay gene smg-2. Twenty-eight novel introns have significant DNA sequence identity to other introns, including three that are similar to other introns in the same gene. All of these similarities involve minisatellites or palindromes in the intron sequences. Our results suggest that at least some of the intron gains were caused by reverse splicing of a preexisting intron.
Surface acoustic wave biosensors for biomolecular interaction analysis (2004)

HPSSW type, (horizontally polarized surface shear wave) surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices have been proven to be suitable for biosensing applications. They allow an easy and fast label free detection of molecules with biological relevance via direct detection of the adsorbed mass. However, SAW device structures are usually connected by bond wires. In consequence sampling chambers suffer from relatively big flow cell volumes /spl sim/ 50 /spl mu/l. We developed new resonator filter based HPSSW devices with gold transducers. They work at an operating frequency of 433.9 MHz on 36/spl deg/YX LiTaO/sub 3/ as substrate material. Bonding wires could be eliminated as the sensor is capacitively coupled with the driving electronics via large contact pads. The new coupling concept (originally developed for our gas sensing approach) enables the reduction of the sample volume in the flow cell down to 60 nl. This decreases sample consumption and reduces the length of the measurement cycles. Affinity assays were realized using this SAW biosensor. Measurements with the systems urease/anti-urease and estradiol/estrogen receptor are shown exemplarily. In the latter case it could be shown that reference SAW surfaces without binding partner have the potential to enable the quantification of binding reactions even in complex media. For automated sample handling, the SAW detection unit is integrated in a flow injection analysis (FIA) system. A cost-effective, compact demonstration instrument for SAW biosensing was developed.
The Growing Intellectual Disenfranchisement of Black Americans. (1989)

Heat is a well-recognized hazard for workers in many outdoor settings, yet few investigations have compared the prevalence of outdoor work at the community level and rates of heat-related mortality and morbidity. This analysis examines whether heat-related health outcomes occur more frequently in communities with higher proportions of residents working in construction, agriculture, and other outdoor industries. Using 2005-2010 data from Los Angeles County, California, we analyze associations between community-level rates of deaths, emergency department (ED) visits, and hospitalizations during summer heat events and the prevalence of outdoor work. We find generally higher rates of heat-related ED visits and hospitalizations during summer heat events in communities with more residents working outdoors. Specifically, each percentage increase in residents working in construction resulted in an 8.1 percent increase in heat-related ED visits and a 7.9 percent increase in heat-related hospitalizations, while each percentage increase in residents working in agriculture and related sectors resulted in a 10.9 percent increase in heat-related ED visits. The findings suggest that outdoor work may significantly influence the overall burden of heat-related morbidity at the community level. Public health professionals and healthcare providers should recognize work and employment as significant heat risk factors when preparing for and responding to extreme heat events.
A Strategy for the Incorporation of Water Molecules Present in a Ligand Binding Site into a Three-Dimensional Quantitative Structure−Activity Relationship Analysis (1997)

Water present in a ligand binding site of a protein has been recognized to play a major role in ligand-protein interactions. To date, rational drug design techniques do not usually incorporate the effect of these water molecules into the design strategy. This work represents a new strategy for including water molecules into a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis using a set of glucose analogue inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase (GP). In this series, the structures of the ligand-enzyme complexes have been solved by X-ray crystallography, and the positions of the ligands and the water molecules at the ligand binding site are known. For the structure-activity analysis, some water molecules adjacent to the ligands were included into an assembly which encompasses both the inhibitor and the water involved in the ligand-enzyme interaction. The mobility of some water molecules at the ligand binding site of GP gives rise to differences in the ligand-water assembly which have been accounted for using a simulation study involving force-field energy calculations. The assembly of ligand plus water was used in a GRID/GOLPE analysis, and the models obtained compare favorably with equivalent models when water was excluded. Both models were analyzed in detail and compared with the crystallographic structures of the ligand-enzyme complexes in order to evaluate their ability to reproduce the experimental observations. The results demonstrate that incorporation of water molecules into the analysis improves the predictive ability of the models and makes them easier to interpret. The information obtained from interpretation of the models is in good agreement with the conclusions derived from the structural analysis of the complexes and offers valuable insights into new characteristics of the ligands which may be exploited for the design of more potent inhibitors.
Exploiting style in architectural design environments (1994)

As the design of software architectures emerges as a discipline within software engineering, it will become increasingly important to support architectural description and analysis with tools and environments. In this paper we describe a system for developing architectural design environments that exploit architectural styles to guide software architects in producing specific systems. The primary contributions of this research are: (a) a generic object model for representing architectural designs; (b) the characterization of architectural styles as specializations of this object model; and (c) a toolkit for creating an open architectural design environment from a description of a specific architectural style. We use our experience in implementing these concepts to illustrate how style-oriented architectural design raises new challenges for software support environments.
Low Complexity Estimation Method of Rényi Entropy for Ergodic Sources (2018)

Since the entropy is a popular randomness measure, there are many studies for the estimation of entropies for given random samples. In this paper, we propose an estimation method of the Rényi entropy of order α . Since the Rényi entropy of order α is a generalized entropy measure including the Shannon entropy as a special case, the proposed estimation method for Rényi entropy can detect any significant deviation of an ergodic stationary random source's output. It is shown that the expected test value of the proposed scheme is equivalent to the Rényi entropy of order α . After deriving a general representation of parameters of the proposed estimator, we discuss on the particular orders of Rényi entropy such as α → 1 , α = 1 / 2 , and α = 2 . Because the Rényi entropy of order 2 is the most popular one, we present an iterative estimation method for the application with stringent resource restrictions.