gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recycled Paper Products as Broiler Litter (1982)

The suitability of three types of recycled paper products for use as broiler litter was studied in three trials using a total of 9,600 broilers. Litter, consisting of hardwood sawdust (SD) as a control, shredded newspaper (SN), processed newspaper (PN), or processed cardboard (PC), was placed in each of four replicate pens in the first trial and reused in subsequent trials. Body weights at 28 and 49 days were significantly influenced by treatment with broilers reared on SN weighing more than SD controls. Broilers on PC were the lightest. Statistically, the PN broilers were heavier than SD broilers at 28 days but similar to controls by market age. Feed conversion was improved with SN at 28 days but did not differ by 49 days. Mortality was not significantly affected by litter material. The moisture content of paper litters was numerically higher than that of the SD control with significantly greater litter caking occurring in the paper litters. However, only broilers on PC had a greater incidence of breast blisters. Overall and total disease condemnation were not influenced by litter material. Skin color scores were improved with the PN treatment.
Ligand Exchange: A Ligand‐Exchange Route to Nobel Metal Nanocrystals with a Clean Surface for Enhanced Optical and Catalytic Properties (Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 8/2017) (2017)

Conventional methods to remove capping ligands from noble metal nanocrystals often are harsh enough to have a negative impact on crystal morphology. However, ligand removal is desired to improve surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). To this end, Chuanbo Gao and co-workers present a mild, robust and effective strategy to remove capping ligands in article number 1700075.
Identifying activating mutations in the EGFR gene: prognostic and therapeutic implications in non-small cell lung cancer (2015)

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Promising new therapies have recently emerged from the development of molecular targeted drugs; particularly promising are those blocking the signal transduction machinery of cancer cells. One of the most widely studied cell signaling pathways is that of EGFR, which leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation, increased cell angiogenesis, and greater cell invasiveness. Activating mutations in the EGFR gene (deletions in exon 19 and mutation L858R in exon 21), first described in 2004, have been detected in approximately 10% of all non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in Western countries and are the most important predictors of a response to EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). Studies of the EGFR-TKIs gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib, in comparison with platinum-based regimens, as first-line treatments in chemotherapy-naïve patients have shown that the EGFR-TKIs produce gains in progression-free survival and overall response rates, although only in patients whose tumors harbor activating mutations in the EGFR gene. Clinical trials have also shown EGFR-TKIs to be effective as second- and third-line therapies in advanced NSCLC. Here, we review the main aspects of EGFR pathway activation in NSCLC, underscore the importance of correctly identifying activating mutations in the EGFR gene, and discuss the main outcomes of EGFR-TKI treatment in NSCLC.
The development and evaluation of a continuous flow process for the lipase-mediated oxidation of alkenes (2009)

We report the use of an immobilised form of Candida antarctica lipase B, Novozym((R)) 435, in a preliminary investigation into the development of a continuous flow reactor capable of performing the chemo-enzymatic oxidation of alkenes in high yield and purity, utilising the commercially available oxidant hydrogen peroxide (100 volumes). Initial investigations focussed on the lipase-mediated oxidation of 1-methylcyclohexene, with the optimised reaction conditions subsequently employed for the epoxidation of an array of aromatic and aliphatic alkenes in 97.6 to 99.5% yield and quantitative purity.
Differential Substrate Inhibition Couples Kinetically Distinct 4-Coumarate:Coenzyme A Ligases with Spatially Distinct Metabolic Roles in Quaking Aspen (2002)

4-Coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) activates hydroxycinnamates for entry into phenylpropanoid branchways that support various metabolic activities, including lignification and flavonoid biosynthesis. However, it is not clear whether and how 4CL proteins with their broad substrate specificities fulfill the specific hydroxycinnamate requirements of the branchways they supply. Two tissue-specific 4CLs, Pt4CL1 and Pt4CL2, have previously been cloned from quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), but whether they are catalytically adapted for the distinctive metabolic roles they are thought to support is not apparent from published biochemical data. Therefore, single- and mixed-substrate assays were conducted to determine whether the 4CLs from aspen exhibit clear catalytic identities under certain metabolic circumstances. Recombinant Pt4CL1 and Pt4CL2 exhibited the expected preference for p-coumarate in single-substrate assays, but strong competitive inhibition favored utilization of caffeate and p-coumarate, respectively, in mixed-substrate assays. The Pt4CL1 product, caffeoyl-CoA, predominated in mixed-substrate assays with xylem extract, and this was consistent with the near absence of Pt4CL2 expression in xylem tissue as determined by in situ hybridization. It is interesting that the Pt4CL2 product p-coumaroyl-CoA predominated in assays with developing leaf extract, although in situ hybridization revealed that both genes were coexpressed. The xylem extract and recombinant 4CL1 data allow us to advance a mechanism by which 4CL1 can selectively utilize caffeate for the support of monolignol biosynthesis in maturing xylem and phloem fibers. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), in contrast, possesses a single 4CL protein exhibiting broad substrate specificity in mixed-substrate assays. We discuss these 4CL differences in terms of the contrasts in lignification between angiosperm trees and their gymnosperm progenitors.
Hyperpolarized <sup>13</sup> C allows a direct measure of flux through a single enzyme-catalyzed step by NMR (2007)

(13)C NMR is a powerful tool for monitoring metabolic fluxes in vivo. The recent availability of automated dynamic nuclear polarization equipment for hyperpolarizing (13)C nuclei now offers the potential to measure metabolic fluxes through select enzyme-catalyzed steps with substantially improved sensitivity. Here, we investigated the metabolism of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C(1)]pyruvate in a widely used model for physiology and pharmacology, the perfused rat heart. Dissolved (13)CO(2), the immediate product of the first step of the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase, was observed with a temporal resolution of approximately 1 s along with H(13)CO(3)(-), the hydrated form of (13)CO(2) generated catalytically by carbonic anhydrase. In hearts presented with the medium-chain fatty acid octanoate in addition to hyperpolarized [1-(13)C(1)]pyruvate, production of (13)CO(2) and H(13)CO(3)(-) was suppressed by approximately 90%, whereas the signal from [1-(13)C(1)]lactate was enhanced. In separate experiments, it was shown that O(2) consumption and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux were unchanged in the presence of added octanoate. Thus, the rate of appearance of (13)CO(2) and H(13)CO(3)(-) from [1-(13)C(1)]pyruvate does not reflect production of CO(2) in the TCA cycle but rather reflects flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase exclusively.
Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on cognitive functioning in rats with cerebral ischemia reperfusion (2016)

VNS improves spatial and fear memory in a rat model of MCAO/R injury. However, a reduction in NE from the administration of DSP-4 blocks these protective effects, suggesting that NE may contribute to the influence exhibited by VNS on memory performance in rats with cerebral I/R-related injury.
Formation and resolution of double-strand break intermediates in V(D)J rearrangement. (1995)

A recently described pre-B cell line can be induced at high temperature to actively rearrange its immunoglobulin light-chain loci. We used this cell line to determine the fate of double-strand breaks generated by V(D)J rearrangement. After induction, 30%-40% of K loci had broken JK1 signal ends. JK1-coding ends were detectable, but 10- to 100-fold less frequent. Both covalently closed (hairpin) and open, blunt, processed coding ends were observed. Coding junctions involving JK1 accumulated with similar kinetics as JK1 signal ends, arguing that coding ends can be resolved quickly and efficiently to coding junctions, whereas signal ends remain mostly unjoined. Signal ends are then joined rapidly when cells are returned to the low temperature. These results support the model that broken signal ends and hairpin coding ends are authentic intermediates in V(D)J recombination. It appears that hairpin coding ends are rapidly opened, processed, and resolved to coding junctions, whereas joining of signal ends is clearly uncoupled from the joining of coding ends and can be much slower. Efficient formation of signal junctions may require cell cycle progression, or down-regulation of the recombination machinery.
Subgrain boundaries in laterally seeded silicon-on-oxide formed by graphite strip heater recrystallization (1982)

A detailed microstructural analysis of laterally seeded silicon-on-oxide formed by scanning graphite strip heater recrystallization is presented for the first time. The recrystallized top silicon layer has a (100) orientation, but contains many subgrain boundaries formed by dislocation coalescence. The subgrains are misoriented by &lt;0.3° and have no internal defects. β-SiC contamination of the top silicon layer was detected. It is probably due to particulate contamination from the top graphite strip heater.
Nitroimidazoles: Molecular Fireworks That Combat a Broad Spectrum of Infectious Diseases (2017)

Infectious diseases claim millions of lives every year, but with the advent of drug resistance, therapeutic options to treat infections are inadequate. There is now an urgent need to develop new and effective treatments. Nitroimidazoles are a class of antimicrobial drugs that have remarkable broad spectrum activity against parasites, mycobacteria, and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. While nitroimidazoles were discovered in the 1950s, there has been renewed interest in their therapeutic potential, particularly for the treatment of parasitic infections and tuberculosis. In this review, we summarize different classes of nitroimidazoles that have been described in the literature in the past five years, from approved drugs and clinical candidates to examples undergoing preclinical or early stage development. The relatively "nonspecific" mode of action and resistance mechanisms of nitromidazoles are discussed, and contemporary strategies to facilitate nitroimidazole drug development are highlighted.
Projeto Tapejara : Um Ambiente de Ensino à Distância na Web (2001)

The new tendency to deploy learning activities to the WWW creates an excellent opportunity for remote courses. To establish a god quality in the offered learning material, the remote (and Web) technology demands new information system modelling techniques. Our approach is to develop a complete conceptual modelling of the course. The mail goal of the project, here described, is the development of a Web environment to support distributed learning through browsers, conceptual content modelling and intelligent agents. In particular this paper describes the environment of an intelligent teaching system in the Web, which uses workflow concepts and intelligent agents to achieve a student detailed follow-up. The temporal restrictions on the course are stored in the model and enforced by the expert agent that selects the more appropriated content structure to offer considering restrictions and the previous student behaviour..
<i>Stored Program Controlled Network</i>: Routing of Direct-Signaling Messages in the CCIS Network (1982)

This paper compares and contrasts the two methods currently used to route messages through the common-channel interoffice signaling (CCIS) network. Since its introduction in 1976, the CCIS network has been providing routing of telephone signaling messages between switching offices using permanent virtual circuits. In 1980, a new datagram routing capability, called direct signaling, has been added that significantly enhances the network's ability to interconnect Stored Program Control (SPC) systems. Stored program control systems interconnected by the signaling network can now communicate in support of improved SPC network services in addition to CCIS trunk-related call-control signaling. This paper briefly reviews banded telephone routing and then describes and compares direct signaling routing. The new flow control procedures required to implement direct signaling are discussed and two examples of applications using direct signaling are presented.
Memory reduction method for deep neural network training (2016)

Training deep neural networks requires a large amount of memory, making very deep neural networks difficult to fit on accelerator memories. In order to overcome this limitation, we present a method to reduce the amount of memory for training a deep neural network. The method enables to suppress memory increase during the backward pass, by reusing the memory regions allocated for the forward pass. Experimental results exhibit our method reduced the occupied memory size in training by 44.7% on VGGNet with no accuracy affection. Our method also enabled training speedup by increasing the mini batch size up to double.
Comparing Breastfeeding and Breast Pumps Using a Computer Model (1997)

There is a role for computer models in increasing the understanding of milk extraction from the human teat. A computer model can be used to investigate aspects of extracting milk from the human teat which are not feasible using clinical experiments. In this paper, the behavior of the human teat during an infant suckling and with the use of a breast pump is modeled. The model is used to (1) identify the role of suction and the peristaltic motion of the tongue during suckling and (2) compare the volume of milk extracted by an infant breastfeeding with that obtained using a breast pump. Infants use a peristaltic motion of the tongue, along with some suction, to extract milk. Breast pumps use a cyclic pattern of suction only. In the model, the human teat is represented as a cylindrical porous elastic material saturated with fluid. We mimic an infant suckling by imposing both suction and a peristaltic force in the computer model of the human teat. This is compared to the effect of suction only, which models the action of breast pumps. The results demonstrate that there is an optimal time to apply the peristaltic force during the suction cycle which will increase the milk volume. The model and results may be of use in the future design of effective breast pumps.
Noninvasive Monitoring of Murine Tumor Blood Flow During and After Photodynamic Therapy Provides Early Assessment of Therapeutic Efficacy (2005)

These data suggest a role for DCS in real-time monitoring of PDT vascular response as an indicator of treatment efficacy.
System for acquisition of three-dimensional shape and movement using digital Light-in-Flight holography (2001)

In the development of new products there are two parallel lines for the development process to follow: the traditional or and the new computer aided or virtual. The traditional line is to develop prototypes that can be used for testing strength, functionality, and visual appearance of the product. In the virtual line digital (CAD) models are developed that can be tested entirely in a computer by simulations, e.g., using finite element analysis (FEA) and other tools. For transformation from the real to the virtual world some kind of 3-D acquisition system is needed. The shape of the model should be measured together with further data concerning the visual appearance, material properties, etc. We develop electronic recording techniques for doing this based on the Light-in-Flight technique. This technology has all the advantages of holography, i.e., apart from the shape it is also possible to measure how much light is reflected from different parts of the object along with interferometric information, which can give mechanical data for the object. This can be used, for example, for visualization and to give tactile and haptic information to a virtual reality system about how the object would be perceived by a person touching it.
Adaptive Human-Machine Interfaces in Cognitive Production Environments (2007)

This article presents an integrated framework for multi-modal adaptive cognitive technical systems to guide, assist and observe human workers in complex manual assembly environments. The demand for highly flexible construction facilities obviously contradicts longer training and preparation phases of human workers. By giving context-aware building instructions over retina displays, text-to-speech commands or acoustical signals, a non-specialized industrial stand-by men in a production task can precisely be alloted to execute the next processing step without any previous knowledge. Using non-invasive gesture recognizers and object detectors the human worker can be observed in order to track the production line and initiate the subsequent step in the interaction loop. Aiming at testing and evaluating the desired human-machine interfaces and its capabilities a virtual working place together with a concrete use case is introduced.
Particle-in-Cell Simulation and Optimization for a 220-GHz Folded-Waveguide Traveling-Wave Tube (2011)

The folded-waveguide slow-wave structure (SWS) is a robust beam-wave interaction circuit for millimeter-wave traveling-wave tubes. We applied a particle-in-cell solver (Computer Simulation Technology Particle Studio) to analyze and optimize a 220-GHz folded-waveguide SWS. The beam-wave interaction and the electron beam dynamics were studied based on simulation results. The influence of the beam tunnel, with respect to its transverse shape and size, on the circuit performance was investigated in detail. A beam tunnel with a square cross section exhibits lower gain and efficiency and similar bandwidth compared with a beam tunnel with a circular cross section. With a proper phase-velocity taper employed in the nonlinear region of the circuit, the small-signal gain, peak saturated output power, and efficiency were significantly improved, increasing from 21.5 to 27.8 dB, 41 to 70.5 W, and 4.5% to 8%, respectively, for a 36-mm-long loss-free circuit. A simulated 3-dB bandwidth of ~ 15 GHz is demonstrated.
Improving Interpretability of Subsalt Images by Image Conditioning and Enhancement with RTM Vector Image Partitions (2015)

Summary Subsalt imaging remains a significant challenge despite the recent major advances in seismic acquisition, multiple attenuation, anisotropic velocity model building and migration algorithms. Insufficient illumination and inherited inaccuracy of the models yield difficult to interpret subsalt images even when we use full azimuth (FAZ) long offset datasets and Reverse Time Migration (RTM). Most recently, the introduction of Vector Image Partitions (VIPs) from RTM provided additional opportunities for enhancing seismic images and facilitating subsalt interpretation. In this paper, we present a new method for optimizing the final migrated images through enhancement of the consistent signal and suppression of noise among VIPs. In addition to fully automated mode of use, this method allows to incorporate geologic interpretation and illumination studies to guide the VIP selection in most difficult regions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method with examples from the Gulf of Mexico. The results show great improvements in the subsalt image quality in terms of signal to noise ratio, reflector continuity, and wavelet consistency along reflectors.
PREVAIL IV: A Randomized, Double-Blind, 2-Phase, Phase 2 Trial of Remdesivir vs Placebo for Reduction of Ebola Virus RNA in the Semen of Male Survivors (2021)

In this small trial, remdesivir 100 mg/day for 5 days safely reduced the presence of Ebola virus RNA in the semen of Ebola survivors 2 to 6 months after administration. A larger follow-up study is necessary to confirm results. Clinical Trials Registration . NCT02818582.
Selective synthesis of 1-O-alkyl glycerol and diglycerol ethers by reductive alkylation of alcohols (2010)

1-O-alkyl glycerol and diglycerol ethers are obtained in high yields and high selectivity by catalytic reductive alkylation of glycerol and diglycerol with linear aldehydes in the presence of 0.5 mol% of Pd/C under 10 bars of hydrogen using a Brønsted acid as co-catalyst. All byproducts were identified. A mechanism for the reductive alkylation is proposed.
A novel comprehensive control scheme of modular multilevel converter-based power electronic transformer (2015)

In this paper, the modular multilevel converter-based power electronic transformer (MMC-based PET) is studied. This topology is suitable for high voltage and large power capacity situations, such as DC power distribution network. Only one medium frequency transformer is used in the PET structure, reducing the size and weight. A series inductor is added to the DC side of MMC which can improve the characteristics of the topology. By analyzing the structure of MMC stage, a comprehensive control scheme is proposed. Based on the small signal model of output stage, a phase shift closed-loop control scheme is designed for output stage. The control schemes of MMC stage and output stage are independent of each other. A Simulink model is built in Matlab, and the simulation results verify the effectiveness of the topology and the proposed control scheme.
Using heparin molecules to manage COVID‐2019 (2020)

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is becoming one of the largest global public health crises in modern history. The race for an effective drug to prevent or treat the infection is the highest priority among health care providers, government officials, and the pharmaceutical industry. Recent evidence reports that the use of low-molecular-weight heparin reduces mortality in patients with severe coronavirus with coagulopathy. Although the full scope of the benefits from heparin for COVID-19 patients is unfolding, encouraging clinical data suggest that heparin-like molecules may represent a useful approach to treat or prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The intent of this article is to offer our opinions on the mechanism(s) by which heparin may attenuate the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we propose a novel strategy to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection using "designer" heparin molecules that are fabricated using a synthetic biology approach.
The effect of photomultiplier afterpulses in coincidence systems (1977)

Studies on a counter system comprising two groups of photomultipliers have shown that the effects of photomultiplier afterpulses are not eliminated when the two groups are run in coincidence.
Feasibility of 100G Ethernet enabled by Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation and Optical OFDM (2012)

For the first time, simulations have analysed the feasibility of 100Gb/s CAP and OFDM systems over SMF links using 18.6GHz directly modulated lasers. We have shown that CAP-16/16-QAM-OFDM and CAP-64/64-QAM-OFDM over a single channel can successfully support transmission over 2km SMF, with power dissipation of ~2 times that of a 4×25Gb/s NRZ system.