gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Corticosteroids and ARDS: A review of treatment and prevention evidence (2011)

To systematically review the role of corticosteroids in prevention of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in high-risk patients, and in treatment of established ARDS. Primary articles were identified by English-language Pubmed/MEDLINE, Cochrane central register of controlled trials, and Cochrane systemic review database search (1960-June 2009) using the MeSH headings: ARDS, adult respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS, corticosteroids, and methylprednisolone (MP). The identified studies were reviewed and information regarding role of corticosteroids in prevention and treatment of ARDS was evaluated. Nine trials have evaluated the role of corticosteroid drugs in management of ARDS at various stages. Of the 9, 4 trials evaluated role of corticosteroids in prevention of ARDS, while other 5 trials were focused on treatment after variable periods of onset of ARDS. Trials with preventive corticosteroids, mostly using high doses of MP, showed negative results with patients in treatment arm, showing higher mortality and rate of ARDS development. While trials of corticosteroids in early ARDS showed variable results, somewhat, favoring use of these agents to reduce associated morbidities. In late stage of ARDS, these drugs have no benefits and are associated with adverse outcome. Use of corticosteroids in patients with early ARDS showed equivocal results in decreasing mortality; however, there is evidence that these drugs reduce organ dysfunction score, lung injury score, ventilator requirement, and intensive care unit stay. However, most of these trials are small, having a significant heterogeneity regarding study design, etiology of ARDS, and dosage of corticosteroids. Further research involving large-scale trials on relatively homogeneous cohort is necessary to establish the role of corticosteroids for this condition.
Nanomaterial‐enabled Rapid Detection of Water Contaminants (2015)

Water contaminants, e.g., inorganic chemicals and microorganisms, are critical metrics for water quality monitoring and have significant impacts on human health and plants/organisms living in water. The scope and focus of this review is nanomaterial-based optical, electronic, and electrochemical sensors for rapid detection of water contaminants, e.g., heavy metals, anions, and bacteria. These contaminants are commonly found in different water systems. The importance of water quality monitoring and control demands significant advancement in the detection of contaminants in water because current sensing technologies for water contaminants have limitations. The advantages of nanomaterial-based sensing technologies are highlighted and recent progress on nanomaterial-based sensors for rapid water contaminant detection is discussed. An outlook for future research into this rapidly growing field is also provided.
Micro-laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technique: a powerful method for performing quantitative surface mapping on conductive and nonconductive samples (2003)

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been applied mainly to bulk analysis of solids, liquids, and gases and less frequently for elemental microanalysis of solid surfaces. A micro-LIBS device devoted to analysis of the distribution of elements on surfaces is described. This device offers rapid access with a 3-microm spatial resolution to the microchemical structures of both conductive and nonconductive samples. Quantitative microchemical results of applications to ceramics are reported. By the use of a time-resolved acquisition spectrum, cerium in a uranium matrix was characterized with a cerium detection limit of 1.14%. Calibration curves obtained with manipulations during 1 year facilitated evaluations of reproducibility and repeatability. A 2% single-shot repeatability with a calibration reproducibility of approximately 7% is reported.
Voltage Followers for the Design of Sallen-Key Active Rc-Filters (2021)

In this paper consider the circuitry of voltage followers (VF) with unity-gain, intended for practical use in active Sallen-Key RC-filters (LPF, HPF, BPF, RF). The results of research and computer modeling of radiation-resistant and low-temperature VF in the LTSpice environment on models of CJFET transistors operating under the influence of neutron flux up to 10e14 n/cm2 and cryogenic temperatures up to -197&deg;C are presented.
LAY SERMONS, ADDRESSES, AND REVIEWS (2009)

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Color-corrected Fresnel lens for solar concentration (1980)

A new linear convex Fresnel lens with its groove side down is described. The design philosophy is similar to that of the highly concentrating two-focal Fresnel lens but includes a correction for chromatic aberration. A solar-concentration ratio as high as 80 is achieved. For wide-acceptance angles, the concentration nears the theoretical maximum.
Interaction of defects and H in proton-irradiated GaN(Mg, H) (2005)

Magnesium-doped, p-type GaN containing H was irradiated with MeV protons at room temperature and then annealed at a succession of increasing temperatures, with the behavior of defects and H in the material being followed through infrared absorption spectroscopy, nuclear-reaction analysis of the H, and photoluminescence. The results support the annihilation of Ga Frenkel pairs near room temperature, leaving the N interstitial and N vacancy to influence the elevated-temperature behavior. Multiple changes are observed with increasing temperature, ending with thermal release of the H above 700°C. These effects are interpreted in terms of a succession of complexes involving Mg, the point defects, and H.
Interleukin-10-mediated inhibition of free radical generation in macrophages (2001)

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic cytokine that controls inflammatory processes by suppressing the production of proinflammatory cytokines that are known to be transcriptionally regulated by nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Although still controversial, IL-10 has been shown to inhibit NF-kappaB activation through a process that involves proteolytic degradation of inhibitory subunit IkappaB-alpha. What is not known, however, is the mechanism by which IL-10 exerts its effect on IkappaB-alpha degradation. The present study investigates the possible role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their inhibition by IL-10 in NF-kappaB activation and IkappaB-alpha degradation in macrophages. Treatment of the cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) caused activation of NF-kappaB and rapid proteolysis of IkappaB-alpha as determined by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, gene transfection, and Western blot. IL-10 pretreatment inhibited both NF-kappaB activation and IkappaB-alpha degradation. Both of these processes were also inhibited by ROS scavengers, catalase (H(2)O(2) scavenger), and sodium formate (.OH scavenger) but were minimally affected by superoxide dismutase (O scavenger). These results suggests that.OH radicals, formed by an H(2)O(2)-dependent, metal-catalyzed Fenton reaction, play a major role in this process. Electron spin resonance studies confirmed the formation of.OH radicals in LPS-treated cells. Addition of IL-10 inhibited both IkappaB-alpha degradation and generation of.OH radicals in response to LPS stimulation. These results demonstrate, for the first time, direct evidence for the role of IL-10 in ROS-dependent NF-kappaB activation.
Hand-held glucose monitor and recorder (1988)

A portable blood glucose sensor is described. The instruments uses a polarographic method already widely accepted in clinical assay devices. The accuracy of the measurement and its speed and simplicity of use are achieved primarily by a specially constructed, proprietary disposable membrane that ensures a reliable electrooxidation current. The electrodes are Pt against Ag/AgCl. The surface characteristics of the chlorided electrode that give the best polargraphic response are discussed. Electronic methods for sensor signal processing and data recording are described. Patient data are read by a clinical workstation which analyzes the data and provides hard copy to assist the managing physician.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
InP/GaAsSb/InP double heterojunction bipolar transistors (2003)

InP/GaAsSb/InP double heterojunction bipolar transistors (DHBTs) are some of the fastest bipolar transistors ever fabricated, with current gain cutoff and maximum oscillation frequencies simultaneously exceeding 300 GHz while maintaining breakdown voltages BV/sub CEO/ > 6 V. InP/GaAsSb/InP DHBTs are particularly appealing because excellent device figures of merit are achievable with relatively simple structures involving abrupt junctions and uniform doping levels and compositions: this is a tremendous manufacturability advantage in comparison to GaInAs-based alternatives. This paper highlights some important physical aspects of the use of GaAsSb base layers. In particular, we describe the implications of the staggered band line-up at the E/B and B/C heterojunctions for charge storage in the devices, and show that InP/GaAsSb/InP DHBTs offer inherent advantages with direct implications to applications in high-speed digital circuits.
Hardcopy Document Authentication Based on Public Key Encryption and 2D Barcodes (2012)

In document authentication, the context refers to the ability to trace the origins of a document to a given person, the device that produced it, or the time and/or place it was produced. Forgeries pose significant dangers in terms of authentication and trust. Therefore, it is essential to maintain the integrity of important documents to prevent document content modification by an intruder. Here, we explain the possibility of adding a two-dimensional (2D)barcode that contains the required information to ensure integrity verification, the original authentication, and the confidentiality of documents in the hardcopy formats. We utilize some cryptographic algorithms such as RSA, the ElGamal Cryptosystem, and the Chinese Remainder Theorem, in achieving the required security attributes. We then verify safe and secure document transfer.
Sequences on the 3′ Side of Hexanucleotide AAUAAA Affect Efficiency of Cleavage at the Polyadenylation Site (1984)

The hexanucleotide AAUAAA has been demonstrated to be part of the signal for cleavage and polyadenylation at appropriate sites on eucaryotic mRNA precursors. Since this sequence is not unique to polyadenylation sites, it cannot be the entire signal for the cleavage event. We have extended the definition of the polyadenylation cleavage signal by examining the cleavage event at the site of polyadenylation for the simian virus 40 late mRNAs. Using viable mutants, we have determined that deletion of sequences between 3 and 60 nucleotides on the 3' side of the AAUAAA decreases the efficiency of utilization of the normal polyadenylation site. These data strongly indicate a second major element of the polyadenylation signal. The phenotype of these deletion mutants is an enrichment of viral late transcripts longer than the normally polyadenylated RNA in infected cells. These extended transcripts appear to have an increased half-life due to the less efficient cleavage at the normal polyadenylation site. The enriched levels of extended transcripts in cells infected with the deletion mutants allowed us to examine regions of the late transcript which normally are difficult to study. The extended transcripts have several discrete 3' ends which we have analyzed in relation to polyadenylation and other RNA processing events. Two of these ends map to nucleotides 2794 and 2848, which lie within a region of extensive secondary structure which marks the putative processing signal for the formation of the simian virus 40-associated small RNA. A third specific 3' end reveals a cryptic polyadenylation site at approximately nucleotides 2980 to 2985, more than 300 nucleotides beyond the normal polyadenylation site. This site appears to be utilized only in mutants with debilitated normal sites. The significance of sequences on the 3' side of an AAUAAA for efficient polyadenylation at a specific site is discussed.
Measurement and Analysis of Handover Latencies in IEEE 802.11i Secured Networks (2007)

Abstract — The purpose of the IEEE 802.11i standard is to endue wireless networks with advanced security by leveraging mature and proven security technologies. The concept of a Robust Secure Network (RSN) as a long-term security architecture was defined in order to provide confidentiality of data being transferred over the wireless medium as well as to provide mutual authentication between mobile stations and the network infrastructure. Nonetheless, security provisioning is indubitable time and resource consuming, which poses a problem as far as meeting quality of service demands of forthcoming delay-critical applications (e.g. Voice over WLAN) is concerned. The main objective of this research is to measure and analyze how currently deployed mobile devices perform when joining the RSN as defined by the IEEE 802.11i security amendment. Furthermore, we investigate various state-of-the-art implementations of IEEE 802.11i among different mobile devices providing the answer to what to expect on performance sacrifice by utilizing link-layer protection of IEEE 802.11i. As a result of this work, we find that the price to pay for the IEEE 802.11 security greatly varies among different devices, starting from low latencies such as≈19 ms up to≈330 ms and interestingly, computational stronger clients are not a priori the winners. Index Terms — WLAN, Security, IEEE 802.11i, Measurement. I.
Degradation of Nitric Acid-Treated Bulk Polyethylene. 1. IR Study of Oxydized Groups (1981)

New IR data on the selective oxidation of polyethylene treated with nitric acid are reported. The oxidized groups introduced by the nitric acid are examined with reference to the bands at1710 (-COOH), 1650 (-O-NO2), and 1550 cm-1 (NO2) as a function of treatment time. The influence of the rwaction conditions in the amount and and nature of the groups introduced is further investigated. Thus, the ratio of nitro to carboxyl groups after prolonged treatment times is approximately equal to 1/4 if the reaction is performed in open tubes. It is, however,considerably smaller (<1/8), lowering with time, for t>40 h, if the treatment is confined into sealed tubes. Furthemore, in addition to the established view of the polymer esidues consisting of paraffinic chains terminated by caboxyl groups the presence of covalent nitrate groups was verified. These groups are probably attached at fold chains, as an intewrmediary of the reaction during the first treatment hours. Finally, is further suggested that the nitro groups introduced are preferentially localized at the periphery of the crystallites.
Intrathecal Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Delivery for Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Phase I Trial) (1997)

In this first trial of a recombinant neurotrophic factor to be administered intrathecally by drug pump, the CNTF was well distributed along the spinal canal. Pain syndromes (headache, radicular pain) that were dose-related occurred in two patients, but systemic side effects, which had been observed with subcutaneous rHCNTF, did not occur. Intrathecal drug pump delivery of neurotrophic factors may be the most appropriate way in which to test the efficacy of these high-molecular weight proteins, because high CSF levels can be achieved without significant systemic side effects.
Electrical contact bounce in medium duty contacts (1988)

The basic phenomena of electrical contact bounce with the passage of current, in the medium duty range (1 to 30 A AC and DC), are investigated. Experimental results presented show that by considering individual impacts, an understanding of how current affects contact bounce is achieved. An automated test system is used to evaluate contact bounce. The surface degradation is evaluated by endurance testing, allowing the development of empirical relations between mechanical and electrical bounce. With this understanding it is shown how arc energy dissipation can be reduced by the designed reduction of impact kinetic energy, leading to prolonged contact life.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Weak Palindromic Consensus Sequences Are a Common Feature Found at the Integration Target Sites of Many Retroviruses (2005)

Integration into the host genome is one of the hallmarks of the retroviral life cycle and is catalyzed by virus-encoded integrases. While integrase has strict sequence requirements for the viral DNA ends, target site sequences have been shown to be very diverse. We carefully examined a large number of integration target site sequences from several retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1, simian immunodeficiency virus, murine leukemia virus, and avian sarcoma-leukosis virus, and found that a statistical palindromic consensus, centered on the virus-specific duplicated target site sequence, was a common feature at integration target sites for these retroviruses.
Multihop lightwave networks based on De Bruijn graphs (1991)

The authors de Bruijn graphs as logical topologies for multihop lightwave networks. The throughput and delay performance of networks based on de Bruijn graphs are compared with those of shufflenets. It is shown that for a given maximum nodal in- and out-degree and average number of hops between stations, a network based on a de Bruijn graph can support a much larger number of stations than a shufflenet. This increase in the number of stations is obtained at the expense of some nonuniformity in edge loading when the traffic distribution over the source-destination pairs is uniform. In the 1024-node example, this results in a slightly lower throughput for the network based on the de Bruijn graph compared to the shufflenet, but the former has lower delay at low offered loads.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Use of the Atomic Force Microscope To Determine the Effect of Substratum Surface Topography on Bacterial Adhesion (2002)

Changes in surface roughness and topography on the macroscopic scale are known to affect bacterial attachment and retention. Little quantitative information is available as to how changes in surface topography on the micron and submicron scale affect the strength of bacterial attachment to substrata. A novel method is described using the atomic force microscope where a varying shear/lateral force (in nanonewtons) is used to detach individual bacterial cells from various substrata of different surface topographies. Lateral changes of 0.1 μm in the surface topography are sufficient to affect the strength of bacterial attachment. An increase in applied force from 4 to 8 nN was necessary to move bacteria retained in surface defects of approximately 1 μm wide and 0.2 μm deep compared with cells attached on smooth surfaces.
EHD study of the corona wind between wire and plate electrodes (1978)

The corona wind, with a velocity of several meters per second, is caused by applying high electric tension to bring about corona discharge in gases. In this paper the corona wind is experimentally and theoretically analyzed from an electrohydrod ynamical (EHD) standpoint. Experiments have been performed mainly in nitrogen by a two-dimensional electrode arrangement of a fine wire anode and a plate cathode. The voltage-current characteristics of an electrostatic probe indicate that positive ions predominate in the whole space except in an extremely narrow region close to the wire. A theoretical analysis has been conducted based on the model that positive ions produced by ionization near the wire electrode move toward the plate, introducing the bulk convective motion of neutral molecules as the result of collisions of ions and neutral molecules. The electric potential distribution in the space and pressure distribution on the plate calculated numerically agree well with the experimental data. Consequently, it is made clear that the corona wind is caused by the Coulomb force exerted on ions and collisions of ions and neutral molecules of gas.
A common statistical misunderstanding in Psychology and Neuroscience: Do we need normally distributed independent or dependent variables for linear regression to work? (2018)

Abstract Our ability to draw conclusions from experiments often relies on the application of inferential statistics, such as those included within the general-linear-modeling framework. The purpose of this commentary is to direct attention a common fallacy that can be observed in paper reviews and professional exchanges in the field of Psychology and Neuroscience pertaining to multiple regression analysis. The fallacy concerns the confusion of the requirements on the residuals of a linear-regression model with requirements on the dependent or independent variables themselves. A simple thought experiment, algebraic demonstration, and simulation study can demonstrate this misconception. It is our hope that consideration of the fallacy may help clarify distinctions between technical statistical issues and conceptual interpretation of research findings.
Human Spermidine Synthase: Cloning and Primary Structure (1990)

Using a synthetic deoxyoligonucleotide mixture constructed for a tryptic peptide of the bovine enzyme as a probe, cDNA coding for the full-length subunit of spermidine synthase was isolated from a human decidual cDNA library constructed on phage lambda gt11. After subcloning into the Eco RI site of pBR322 and propagation, both strands of the insert were sequenced using a shotgun strategy. Starting from the first start codon, which was immediately preceded by a GC-rich region including four overlapping CCGCC consensus sequences, an open reading frame for a 302-amino-acid polypeptide was resolved. This peptide had an Mr of 33,827, started with methionine, and ended with serine. The identity of the isolated cDNA was confirmed by comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with resolved sequences of the tryptic peptides of bovine spermidine synthase. The coding strand of the cDNA revealed no special regulatory or ribosome-binding signals within 82 nucleotides preceding the start codon and no polyadenylation signal within 247 nucleotides following the stop codon. The coding region, containing a 13-nucleotide repeat close to the 5' end, was longer than, and very different from, that of the bacterial counterpart. This region seems to be of retroviral origin and shows marked homology with sequences found in a variety of human, mammalian, avian, and viral genes and mRNAs. By computer analysis, the first 200 nucleotides of the 5' end of the coding strand appear able to form a very stable secondary structure with a free energy change of -157.6 kcal/mole.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)