gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automated Workstations for Parallel Synthesis (2002)

One of the main objectives in current chemical process development is increasing laboratory efficiency by high throughput experimentation (HTE) for screening of reaction and process parameters and by high speed experimentation (HSE) for optimisation of process parameters. An important tool in reaching this second goal is the use of parallel automated reactor systems. This report describes the tests, requirements, and evaluation scheme we used in our laboratories for testing three commercially available systems.
Practical Environmental Bioremediation (2023)

Bioremediation, or enhanced microbiological treatment, of environments contaminated with a variety of organic and inorganic compounds is one of the most effective innovative technologies to come around this century! Practical Environmental Bioremediation: The Field Guide presents updated material, case histories and many instructive illustrations to reflect the evolving image of this fast-emerging industry. Bioremediation technology has witnessed great strides towards simplifying treatability formats, finding new approaches to field application, more potent nutrient formulations, monitoring protocols and the resulting general improvement in results. This new guide condenses all current available knowledge and presents necessary technical aspects and concepts in language that can be readily comprehended by the technical student, experienced scientist or engineer, the aspiring newcomer, or anyone else interested in this exciting natural cleanup technique.
Beyond biomimicry: What termites can tell us about realizing the living building. (2008)

Termites and the structures they build have been used as exemplars of biomimetic designs for climate control in buildings, like Zimbabwe's Eastgate Centre, and various other termite-inspired buildings. Remarkably, these designs are based upon an erroneous conception of how termite mounds actually work. In this article, we review recent progress in the structure and function of termite mounds, and outline new biomimetic building designs that could arise from this better understanding. We also suggest that the termite extended organism provides a model to take architecture beyond biomimicry—from buildings that merely imitate life to buildings that are, in a sense, alive.
An Evaluation of Flow and Transport Properties for Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids in Porous Medium Systems (2019)

Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a technology being applied across the US to increase the permeability of shale deposits containing natural gas by injecting a multicomponent, non-Newtonian mixture into the subsurface to induce fractures. The purpose of this work was to assess the behavior of non-Newtonian fluids used in fracking. Guar gum was chosen as a model fracking compound. Rheological properties of guar gum solutions were analyzed and column experiments were performed to determine the pressure drop as a function of fluid velocity. Guar gum was found to alter the viscosity of the flushing solution by more than two orders of magnitude in some cases. A Cross model was fit to the viscosity data and dispersion was found to decrease with increasing viscosity. Preliminary collaborative work has been done to model the observed systems at the pore scale. Comparing these results to the column-scale observations made shows relatively good agreement.
Early treatment response as a predictor of ongoing weight loss in obesity treatment (2005)

Early improvements in eating behaviour and weight appear to have additive effects in the prediction of ongoing weight change. Future research is required to identify the optimal rate of weight loss, whether there are critical periods for behaviour change, and factors which influence the likelihood of early behaviour change.
Walking Speed and Global Cognition: Results from the OKLAHOMA Study (2007)

Executive functioning and processing speed have been related to physical functioning in non-demented, elderly samples; however, the relationship between walking speed and global cognition has not been examined. Six hundred and seventy-five community dwelling older adults were enrolled through their primary care physicians. Walking speed was assessed on a 50-foot course at usual pace. Global cognition was assessed with the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) Total Scale score. After adjusting for age, gender, and education, there was a strong inverse relationship between walking speed and global cognition, with slower walkers performing worse on the cognitive measures, faster walkers performing better on the cognitive measures, and the intermediate walkers performing in the middle. In these older adults, global cognition was related to walking speed.
A lipophilic iron chelator can replace transferrin as a stimulator of cell proliferation and differentiation. (1984)

Of the different growth supplements used in chemically defined media, only transferrin is required for differentiation of tubules in the embryonic mouse metanephros. Since transferrin is an iron-carrying protein, we asked whether iron is crucial for tubulogenesis. Differentiation of metanephric tubules both in whole embryonic kidneys and in a transfilter system was studied. The tissues were grown in chemically defined media containing transferrin, apotransferrin, the metal-chelator complex ferric pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (FePIH), and excesses of ferric ion. Although we found that apotransferrin was not as effective as iron-loaded transferrin in promoting proliferation in the differentiating kidneys, excess ferric ion at up to 100 microM, five times the normal serum concentration, could not promote differentiation or proliferation. However, iron coupled to the nonphysiological, lipophilic iron chelator, pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone, to form FePIH, could sustain levels of cell proliferation and tubulogenesis similar to those attained by transferrin. Thus, the role of transferrin in cell proliferation during tubulogenesis is solely to provide iron. Since FePIH apparently bypasses the receptor-mediated route of iron intake, the use of FePIH as a tool for investigating cell proliferation and its regulation is suggested.
A Synthetic Peptide Corresponding to the Carboxy Terminus of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmembrane Glycoprotein Induces Alterations in the Ionic Permeability of <i>Xenopus laevis</i> Oocytes (1997)

The carboxy-terminal 29 amino acids of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein (HIV-1 TM) are referred to as lentivirus lytic peptide 1 (LLP-1). Synthetic peptides corresponding to LLP-1 have been shown to induce cytolysis and to alter the permeability of cultured cells to various small molecules. To address the mechanisms by which LLP-1 induces cytolysis and membrane permeability changes, various concentrations of LLP-1 were incubated with Xenopus laevis oocytes, and two-electrode, voltage-clamp recording measurements were performed. LLP-1 at concentrations of 75 nM and above induced dramatic alterations in the resting membrane potential and ionic permeability of Xenopus oocytes. These concentrations of LLP-1 appeared to induce a major disruption of plasma membrane electrophysiological integrity. In contrast, concentrations of LLP-1 of 20-50 nM induced changes in membrane ionic permeability that mimic changes induced by compounds, such as the bee venom peptide melittin, that are known to form channel-like structures in biological membranes at sublytic concentrations. An analog of LLP-1 with greatly reduced cytolytic activity failed to alter the electrophysiological properties of Xenopus oocytes. Thus, by altering plasma membrane ionic permeability, the carboxy terminus of TM may contribute to cytolysis of HIV-1-infected CD4+ cells.
Ru Nanoparticles Immobilized on Montmorillonite by Ionic Liquids: A Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Hydrogenation of Benzene (2005)

In three steps to ruthenium-based heterogeneous catalysts: The central element of this novel and simple route is the immobilization of Ru0 nanoparticles on montmorillonite (see picture; the arrows indicate a Ru nanoparticle intercalated in the interlaminar space of montmorillonite) with the help of an ionic liquid. The resulting catalyst is highly efficient for the hydrogenation of benzene.
Serum C-Reactive Protein and Self-Reported Stroke (2000)

C-reactive protein may predict the risk of coronary heart disease, but its association with stroke has not been well studied. We used data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted from 1988 to 1994, to examine the association between serum C-reactive protein concentrations and self-reported past history of stroke among 8850 US men and women aged >/=40 years. The unadjusted geometric mean of C-reactive protein concentration was higher among participants with stroke than those without stroke (0. 45+/-0.02 versus 0.32+/-0.01, P<0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, race or ethnicity, education, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, history of diabetes mellitus, body mass index, and physical activity, the odds ratio for stroke among participants with C-reactive protein concentrations >/=0.55 mg/dL compared with participants with concentrations </=0.21 mg/dL was 1.71 (95% CI 1.11 to 2.64 [odds ratio per mg/dL 1.19, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.34]). These cross-sectional data support findings from other studies suggesting that C-reactive protein concentration may be a risk factor or marker for stroke in the US population.
Social Skills Training in Groups with Developmentally Disabled Adults (1997)

This first of two social work studies with developmentally disabled adults evaluates the effectiveness of a social skills training package in a replication of Bales (1980). Two groups of four trainees from vocational training programs were organized at two sites, respectively (n = 8). Both groups received a 12-session training package designed to improve social skills in four domains. A multiple baseline design across skills was used to evaluate effectiveness for individuals in each group, with skills assessed using a 16-situation role-play test. As a result of training, participants improved in skill performance using the role-play test, but an in-vivo assessment showed little change. Thus it was concluded that the treatment package was effective in improving social skills, but not powerful enough to effect significant changes in other settings. Suggestions are given concerning treatment effectiveness and implications for social work practice.
A Dynamic Light Scattering Study of Hydrogels Based on Telechelic Poly(vinyl alcohol) (2000)

Chemical hydrogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA, were obtained by reacting telechelic PVA bearing aldehydic groups at both ends of the chain with the hydroxylic moiety of the polymer. These networks were studied by dynamic light scattering around the sol-gel transition threshold. The auto-correlation function, g((2))(q,t), displays nonergodic behavior when the system enters the gel phase. Appropriate ensemble averaging of the g((2))(q,t) yields the dynamic structure factor f(q,t). To extract from the f(q,t) the characteristic parameters of the network, we adopted a model originally proposed for colloidal gels. A correct description of the f(q,t) was obtained. The results were compared with those obtained independently on the same type of hydrogels by equilibrium swelling and compression modulus measurements. A link to macroscopic properties of the gels is also shown.
Prospective Staging Evaluation of Patients with Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas (1980)

A prospective pretreatment staging evaluation was done on 49 consecutive patients with mycosis fungoides or the Sézary syndrome to study patterns of disease spread and prognostic factors. Routine staging procedures included complete blood count, blood chemistries, chest roentgenogram, lymphangiogram, radionuclide scans, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, liver biopsy, and lymph node biopsy. Special evaluations included cytogenetic analysis, electron microscopy, and T-cell cytology. Extracutaneous lymphoma was documented by light microscopy in 51% of patients and by the three special procedures in 88%. Extracutaneous lymphoma was most frequent in blood and lymph nodes; 18% of patients had visceral involvement. Patients with generalized erythroderma had a higher frequency of extracutaneous disease than did patients with cutaneous plaques and tumors by both light microscopy and special studies. Survival was directly related to the type of skin involvement and the presence or absence of extracutaneous disease. Systemic dissemination of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is frequent, generally asymptomatic, and develops early via the circulation. These findings may explain why cutaneous therapies are associated with a high frequency of relapse.
The Chlamydial Plasmid-Encoded Protein pgp3 Is Secreted into the Cytosol of<i>Chlamydia</i>-Infected Cells (2008)

The chlamydial cryptic plasmid encodes eight putative open reading frames (ORFs), designated pORF1 to -8. Antibodies raised against these ORF proteins were used to localize the endogenous proteins during chlamydial infection. We found that the pORF5 protein (also known as pgp3) was detected mainly in the cytosol of Chlamydia-infected cells, while the remaining seven proteins were found inside the chlamydial inclusions only. The pgp3 distribution pattern in the host cell cytosol is similar to but not overlapping with that of chlamydial protease/proteasome-like activity factor (CPAF), a chlamydial genome-encoded protein known to be secreted from chlamydial inclusions into the host cell cytosol. The anti-pgp3 labeling was removed by preabsorption with pgp3 but not CPAF fusion proteins and vice versa, demonstrating that pgp3 is a unique secretion protein. This conclusion is further supported by the observation that pgp3 was highly enriched in cytosolic fractions and had a minimal presence in the inclusion-containing nuclear fractions prepared from Chlamydia-infected cells. The pgp3 protein was detected as early as 12 h after infection and was secreted by all chlamydial species that carry the cryptic plasmid, suggesting that there is a selection pressure for maintaining pgp3 secretion during chlamydial infection. Although expression of pgp3 in the host cell cytosol via a transgene did not alter the susceptibility of the transfected cells to the subsequent chlamydial infection, purified pgp3 protein stimulated macrophages to release inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that pgp3 may contribute to chlamydial pathogenesis.
Investigating the Effects of Dynamic Precision Scaling on Neural Network Training. (2018)

Training neural networks is a time- and compute-intensive operation. This is mainly due to the large amount of floating point tensor operations that are required during training. These constraints limit the scope of design space explorations (in terms of hyperparameter search) for data scientists and researchers. Recent work has explored the possibility of reducing the numerical precision used to represent parameters, activations, and gradients during neural network training as a way to reduce the computational cost of training (and thus reducing training time). In this paper we develop a novel dynamic precision scaling scheme and evaluate its performance, comparing it to previous works. Using stochastic fixed-point rounding, a quantization-error based scaling scheme, and dynamic bit-widths during training, we achieve 98.8% test accuracy on the MNIST dataset using an average bit-width of just 16 bits for weights and 14 bits for activations. This beats the previous state-of-the-art dynamic bit-width precision scaling algorithm.
Selective laser melting of Al–8.5Fe–1.3V–1.7Si alloy: Investigation on the resultant microstructure and hardness (2015)

This article presents the microstructure and hardness variation of an Al–8.5Fe–1.3V–1.7Si (wt%, FVS0812) alloy after selective laser melting (SLM) modification. Three zones were distinguished across the melting pool of the SLM-processed FVS0812 alloy: the laser melted zone (LMZ), the melting pool border, and the heat affected zone (HAZ) in the previously deposited area around the melting pool. Inside the LMZ, either an extremely fine cellular-dendritic structure or a mixture zone of the α-Al matrix and nanoscale Al12(Fe,V)3Si particles appeared. With a decreased laser beam scanning speed, the cellular-dendritic structure zone within the LMZ shrank significantly while the mixture zone expanded. The α-Al and Al12(Fe,V)3Si mixture zone was also observed in the HAZ, but another phase, submicron θ-Al13Fe4 particles with rectangular or hexagonal shapes, formed along the melting pool border. Microhardness tests indicated that the hardness of the SLM-processed FVS0812 samples far exceeded that of the as-cast FVS0812 alloy.
Optimizing Hydroxyl Radical Footprinting Analysis of Biotherapeutics Using Internal Standard Dosimetry (2020)

Hydroxyl radical footprinting-mass spectrometry (HRF-MS) is a powerful technique for measuring protein structure by quantitating the solvent accessibility of amino acid side-chains; and when used in comparative analysis, HRF-MS data can provide detailed information on changes in protein structure. However, consistently controlling the amount of hydroxyl radical labeling of a protein requires the precise understanding of both the amount of radicals generated and half-life of the radicals in solution. The latter is particularly important for applications such as protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions, which may have different characteristics such as intrinsic reactivity and buffer components, and can cause differences in radical scavenging (herein termed "scavenging potential") between samples. To address this inherent challenge with HRF-MS analysis, we describe the comprehensive implementation of an internal standard (IS) dosimeter peptide leucine enkephalin (LeuEnk) for measuring the scavenging potential of pharmaceutically relevant proteins and formulation components. This further enabled evaluation of the critical method parameters affecting the scavenging potential of samples subjected to HRF-MS using fast photochemical oxidation of proteins. We demonstrate a direct correlation between the oxidation of the IS peptide and biotherapeutic target proteins, and show the oxidation of the IS can be used as a guide for ensuring equivalent scavenging potentials when comparing multiple samples. Establishing this strategy enables optimization of sample parameters, a system suitability approach, normalization of data, and comparison/harmonization of HRF-MS analysis across different laboratories.
Personal fabrication (2010)

Open source 3D printers could herald the start of a new industrial revolution.
The effect of pH and nucleophiles on complement activation by human proximal tubular epithelial cells (2002)

These data suggest that bicarbonate protects against complement-mediated damage in the lumen by increasing the local pH, rather than by inhibiting the generation of ammonia. PTEC appear to activate complement through provision of a 'protected site' on their surface, rather than by the activation of C3 by convertase-like protease(s).
The role of adhesion in the mechanical properties of filled polymer composites (1997)

Filled polymer composites have been prepared in which the energetics of the filler surfaces was systematically varied in order to investigate the dependence of the mechanical properties of the composite on the interfacial strength as predicted by the thermodynamic work of adhesion at the filler-matrix interface. A high-purity silica filler was used, treated with three different organofunctional silane coupling agents (two alkylsilanes and an aminosilane) to varying degrees from zero to complete coverage. The surface energetics of the modified fillers was characterized using both inverse gas chromatography (IGC) and dynamic contact angle analysis (DCA). While the surface energy assessments from IGC were higher than those obtained with wetting measurements, as expected, the trends with fractional coverage of silane were the same for each method, and were used to evaluate the thermodynamic work of adhesion. Highly filled polymer composites were prepared by dispersing the variously treated silica fillers into the amorphous thermoplastic matrix polymers: poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(vinyl butyral). Specimens of the composites were tested mechanically to give the yield stress. The poly(methyl methacrylate) composites all failed cohesively in the matrix, unaffected by any of the filler surface treatments. The poly(vinyl butyral) composites, however, all displayed purely interfacial failure, with the yield stress strongly dependent on the type and extent of the filler surface treatment. While all three silanes were found to decrease the filler surface energy, and consequently the thermodynamic work of adhesion, with higher surface coverage, corresponding decreases in the yield stress were found only for the alkylsilanes. For the aminosilane, the measured yield stress was found to increase with surface coverage and therefore to decrease with the work of adhesion. The difference in behavior between the two types of coupling agent is explained in terms of acid-base effects.
Effects of CGA-154281 and Temperature on Metolachlor Absorption and Metabolism, Glutathione Content, and Glutathione-<i>S</i>-Transferase Activity in Corn (<i>Zea mays</i>) (1991)

CGA-154281 and temperature effects on metolachlor absorption and metabolism were studied in corn seedlings grown in untreated soil or soil treated with metolachlor, CGA-154281, or both. Seedlings were grown under a cool (21/13 C, 16-h day) or warm (30/21 C, 16-h day) temperature regime and exposed to 14 C-metolachlor for 10 min at either 21 or 30 C. Corn grown under the cool temperature regime absorbed slightly more 14 C-metolachlor than corn grown under the warm temperature regime. Corn held at 21 C during a 10-min 14 C-metolachlor exposure period metabolized metolachlor more slowly than corn held at 30 C. Decreased corn tolerance to metolachlor observed at lower temperatures may be due in part to slower metolachlor metabolism. Corn grown in the presence of metolachlor plus CGA-154281 metabolized 14 C-metolachlor to the glutathione conjugate twice as fast as corn grown in the presence of metolachlor alone. The increase in metabolism rate was due to a fivefold increase in glutathione- S -transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) activity and not to an increase in glutathione (GSH) content. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that CGA-154281 protects corn from metolachlor injury by enhancing GST activity, which accelerates metolachlor detoxification via GSH conjugation.
Specular electron scattering in giant magnetoresistance spin valves (1997)

Specular scattering of electrons at the top surface of bottom spin valves has been found to contribute to the giant magnetoresistance effect. The specular scattering can be increased by the deposition of /spl sim/2 monolayers (ML) of Au, Ag, or Cu, with the result that the GMR increases and the R/sub /spl square// decreases. The deposition of 2 ML of species that disorder the surface, such as Ta, Si, C, or Ni/sub 80/Fe/sub 20/, suppresses the specular scattering. This suppression appears to be useful as a new method for evaluating the importance of specular scattering.