gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatically Acquiring Causal Expression Patterns from Relation-annotated Corpora to Improve Question Answering for why-Questions (2008)

This article describes our approach for answering why-questions that we initially introduced at NTCIR-6 QAC-4. The approach automatically acquires causal expression patterns from relation-annotated corpora by abstracting text spans annotated with a causal relation and by mining syntactic patterns that are useful for distinguishing sentences annotated with a causal relation from those annotated with other relations. We use these automatically acquired causal expression patterns to create features to represent answer candidates, and use these features together with other possible features related to causality to train an answer candidate ranker that maximizes the QA performance with regards to the corpus of why-questions and answers. NAZEQA, a Japanese why-QA system based on our approach, clearly outperforms baselines with a Mean Reciprocal Rank (top-5) of 0.223 when sentences are used as answers and with a MRR (top-5) of 0.326 when paragraphs are used as answers, making it presumably the best-performing fully implemented why-QA system. Experimental results also verified the usefulness of the automatically acquired causal expression patterns.
Reduction of the flow induced vibration response of a marine cable by altering the cable boundary conditions (1983)

Thesis (Mech.E)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1983.
Gold ultramicroelectrodes for on‐site monitoring of trace lead (1993)

Abstract Gold and gold‐coated cylinder microelectrodes are used as stripping‐based microsensors for trace lead. These gold ultramicroelectrodes exhibit a favorable stripping performance, similar to that observed at common mercury ultramicroelectrodes. Such use of “mercury‐free” electrodes greatly facilitates the development of disposable sensors for lead blood screening programs. Potentiometric stripping analysis at these gold ultramicroelectrodes yields reproducible results for parts per billion (μg/L) concentrations of lead, following short preconcentration periods and using static, nondeaerated solutions. Numerous experimental variables have been characterized and optimized. Repetitive assays of 200‐μl sample drops yield a relative standard deviation of 2.2% ( n = 20). The application of the gold ultramicroelectrodes for assays of various real samples is demonstrated, and prospects for their use in decentralized testings are discussed.
Large-Scale Flow Photochemical Synthesis of Functionalized trans-Cyclooctenes Using Sulfonated Silica Gel (2018)

Functionalized <i>trans</i>-cyclooctenes are useful bioorthogonal reagents that are typically prepared using a flow photoisomerization method where the product is captured by AgNO<sub>3</sub> on silica gel. While this method is effective, the leaching of silver can be problematic when scaling up syntheses. It is shown here that Ag(I) immobilized on tosic silica gel can be used to capture <i>trans</i>-cyclooctene products at higher loadings without leaching. It is demonstrated that the sulfonated silica gel can be regenerated and reused with similar yields over multiple runs. Nine different <i>trans</i>-cyclooctenes were synthesized, including those commonly utilized in bioorthogonal chemistry as well as new amine and carboxylic acid derivatives.
Improving Fault Ride-Through Capability of DFIG-Based Wind Turbine Using Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (2013)

With increased penetration of wind energy as a renewable energy source, there is a need to keep wind turbines connected to the grid during different disturbances such as grid faults. In this paper, the use of superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) is proposed to reduce fault current level at the stator side and improve the fault ride-through (FRT) capability of the system. To highlight the proposed technique, a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is considered as a wind-turbine generator, where the whole system is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC software. Detailed simulation results are obtained with and without SFCL considering stator and rotor currents. In addition, the voltage profile at the generator terminals is analyzed. The effect of limiting resistance value is also investigated. The obtained results ensure that the SFCL is effective in decreasing the fault current. Moreover, both the voltage dip at the generator terminals and the reactive power consumption from the grid are decreased during the fault. The voltage dip characteristics are discussed in accordance with international grid codes for wind turbines.
Highly controllable fabrication of fiber probe for photon scanning tunneling microscope (1994)

Abstract A selective chemical etching was used to fabricate fiber probes for the photon scanning tunneling microscope (PSTM). The cladding diameter of the fiber probe was controlled by varying the first‐step etching time. The cone angle of the fiber probe tip was controlled by varying the doping ratio of the fiber and the composition of the etching solution. A cladding diameter of 8 μm and a tip diameter of about 3 nm were fabricated. The smallest cone angle was 14°.
Low electrode induced optical losses in organic active single layer polyfluorene waveguides with two indium tin oxide electrodes deposited by pulsed laser deposition (2006)

We demonstrate that 20nm thick indium tin oxide (ITO) layers deposited by pulsed laser deposition present sheet resistance as low as 130Ω∕◻ and very uniform morphology, with an average roughness of about 0.4nm, and peak-to-valley roughness as low as 8.2nm. This good uniformity allowed us to realize a single layer polyfluorene active waveguide with both top and bottom ITO electrodes showing clear amplified spontaneous emission and electrode induced losses as low as 3.0cm−1. We investigated the effects of hole injection in the ASE intensity concluding that complete gain suppression due to polaron absorption would take place for current density of about 360mAcm−2.
Regulatory T Cell Modulation by CBP/EP300 Bromodomain Inhibition (2016)

Covalent modification of histones is a fundamental mechanism of regulated gene expression in eukaryotes, and interpretation of histone modifications is an essential feature of epigenetic control. Bromodomains are specialized binding modules that interact with acetylated histones, linking chromatin recognition to gene transcription. Because of their ability to function in a domain-specific fashion, selective disruption of bromodomain:acetylated histone interactions with chemical probes serves as a powerful means for understanding biological processes regulated by these chromatin adaptors. Here we describe the discovery and characterization of potent and selective small molecule inhibitors for the bromodomains of CREBBP/EP300 that engage their target in cellular assays. We use these tools to demonstrate a critical role for CREBBP/EP300 bromodomains in regulatory T cell biology. Because regulatory T cell recruitment to tumors is a major mechanism of immune evasion by cancer cells, our data highlight the importance of CREBBP/EP300 bromodomain inhibition as a novel, small molecule-based approach for cancer immunotherapy.
Alternative Transformations to Handle Extreme Values of the Dependent Variable (1988)

Abstract Transformations that could be used to reduce the influence of extreme observations of dependent variables, which can assume either sign, on regression coefficient estimates are studied in this article. Two that seem reasonable on a priori grounds—the extended Box—Cox (BC) and the inverse hyperbolic sine (IHS)—are evaluated in detail. One feature is that the log-likelihood function for IHS is defined for zero values of the dependent variable, which is not true of BC. The double-length regression technique (Davidson and MacKinnon 1984) is used to perform hypothesis tests of one transformation against the other using Canadian data on household net worth. These tests support the use of IHS instead of BC for this data set. Empirical investigators in economics often work with a logged dependent variable (taking the natural logarithm of a data series is, of course, a special case of BC) to reduce the weight their particular estimation procedure might otherwise attach to extreme values of the dependent variable. Logging dependent and independent variables has the added attraction that slope coefficients may be interpreted as elasticities. In the event that the dependent variable assumes nonpositive values, some researchers (e.g., Diamond and Hausman 1984; King and Dicks-Mireaux 1982) have dropped the nonpositive values and others have added a constant so that each observation is positive. An alternative transformation, which is defined for any real number, is the IHS transformation, sinh-1(x) = log(x + (x 2 + l)1/2). This was proposed in Johnson (1949) and is just as easy to employ as the BC transformation.
Synthetic single domain antibodies for the conformational trapping of membrane proteins (2018)

Mechanistic and structural studies of membrane proteins require their stabilization in specific conformations. Single domain antibodies are potent reagents for this purpose, but their generation relies on immunizations, which impedes selections in the presence of ligands typically needed to populate defined conformational states. To overcome this key limitation, we developed an in vitro selection platform based on synthetic single domain antibodies named sybodies. To target the limited hydrophilic surfaces of membrane proteins, we designed three sybody libraries that exhibit different shapes and moderate hydrophobicity of the randomized surface. A robust binder selection cascade combining ribosome and phage display enabled the generation of conformation-selective, high affinity sybodies against an ABC transporter and two previously intractable human SLC transporters, GlyT1 and ENT1. The platform does not require access to animal facilities and builds exclusively on commercially available reagents, thus enabling every lab to rapidly generate binders against challenging membrane proteins.
Enhancer-driven membrane markers for analysis of nonautonomous mechanisms reveal neuron–glia interactions in <i>Drosophila</i> (2011)

Extrinsic factors and the interactions of neurons with surrounding tissues are essential for almost every aspect of neuronal development. Here we describe a strategy of gene expression with an independent enhancer-driven cellular marker (GEEM) for studying roles of cell-cell interactions and extrinsic factors in the development of the Drosophila nervous system. Key to this strategy is robust expression of enhancer-driven transgenic markers in specific neurons. To this end, we have created vectors to achieve bright and even labeling of neuronal processes, easy cloning of enhancer elements, and efficient and flexible generation of transgenic animals. We provide examples of enhancer-driven membrane markers for specific neurons in both the peripheral and central nervous systems and their applications in the study of neuronal projections and connections in the Drosophila brain. We further applied GEEM to examine the wrapping of sensory neuron somas by glia during embryonic and larval stages, and neuron-glia interaction during dendrite pruning in live animals, leading to the discovery that glia play critical roles in the severing and degradation of proximal dendrites. The GEEM paradigm should be applicable to the studies of both cell-autonomous and nonautonomous regulations of any cell type.
Keyword generation for search engine advertising using semantic similarity between terms (2007)

An important problem in search engine advertising is key-word1 generation. In the past, advertisers have preferred to bid for keywords that tend to have high search volumes and hence are more expensive. An alternate strategy involves bidding for several related but low volume, inexpensive terms that generate the same amount of traffic cumulatively but are much cheaper. This paper seeks to establish a mathematical formulation of this problem and suggests a method for generation of several terms from a seed keyword. This approach uses a web based kernel function to establish semantic similarity between terms. The similarity graph is then traversed to generate keywords that are related but cheaper.
Word image matching using dynamic time warping (2003)

Libraries and other institutions are interested in providing access to scanned versions of their large collections of handwritten historical manuscripts on electronic media. Convenient access to a collection requires an index, which is manually created at great labor and expense. Since current handwriting recognizers do not perform well on historical documents, a technique called word spotting has been developed: clusters with occurrences of the same word in a collection are established using image matching. By annotating "interesting" clusters, an index can be built automatically. We present an algorithm for matching handwritten words in noisy historical documents. The segmented word images are preprocessed to create sets of 1-dimensional features, which are then compared using dynamic time warping. We present experimental results on two different data sets from the George Washington collection. Our experiments show that this algorithm performs better and is faster than competing matching techniques.
Dietary fiber and breast cancer (1990)

Evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that dietary fiber, as well as fat, has the potential for affecting breast cancer risk. Fiber may have a protective role because of its influence on estrogen metabolism and excretion or because of the endocrine effects of the lignans, a family of compounds formed in the intestine from fiber-associated precursors. Future research should include additional mechanistic studies and dietary intervention trials in groups of women that have a high risk of breast cancer.
GPS based predictive resource allocation in cellular networks (2003)

Traditionally in cellular networks, mobile terminals operate via their base stations. However, due to bandwidth and resource constraints, there is an upper bound on the number of mobile terminals that can be handled by a given base station, which may lead to rejection of an incoming request. The call dropping rate can be minimized by allocating resources in neighboring cells based on the location of the mobile devices. Here we propose that GPS receivers be interfaced with the mobile terminals to provide the location information. A new architecture has been proposed, in which the cell assignment is handled dynamically through estimation of the location of mobile terminals by a resource allocation center. The proposed predictive mobility algorithm was simulated and the results are presented. The simulation results show that the GPS based prediction is able to reduce the hand-off call dropping by as much as 38% for heavy traffic conditions.
Research on VSCF Wind Power Generation System and Control Technology (2009)

Wind power generation system should adopt the variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) control strategy in order to maximize the use of wind energy. This paper respectively analyzes the principle, performance and characteristics of the cage asynchronous power generation systems, doubly -fed power generation systems and power generation brushless doubly -fed VSCF wind power system. By comparing the advantages and disadvantages, this paper looks forward the development trends of the wind generator and wind power generation control techniques, such as large-size wind turbine, using variable pitch and variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) technology, wind turbine direct drive, and adoption of intelligent control, etc.
Polypeptides containing adenine and uracil residues (1978)

Abstract Amino acids containing uracil, adenine and imidazole residues were prepared and polymerized by reacting with phosgene in ethylene carbonate. The polymers did not have a simple polypeptidic structure but were soluble in aqueous dimethylformamide and interacted with complementary polynucleotides. Alternative polymerization of amino acids by N , N ′‐carbonyldiimidazole in aqueous neutral buffers proceeded with very low conversion but pure polypeptides resulted from the reaction. The following amino acids were prepared: β‐adenin‐9‐yl‐α‐alanine ( 1a ), N ‐methyl‐β‐(adenin‐9‐yl)‐α‐alanine ( 1b ), β‐(uracil‐1‐yl)‐α‐alanine, ( 2a ), N ‐methyl‐β‐(uracil‐1‐yl)‐α‐alanine ( 2b ), β‐(5,6‐trimethyleneuracil‐1‐yl)‐α‐alanine ( 3 ), and β‐(imidazol‐1‐yl)‐α‐alanine.
A 0.5-V 28-nm 256-kb Mini-Array Based 6T SRAM With Vtrip-Tracking Write-Assist (2017)

This paper presents a 28-nm 256-kb 6T static random access memory operating down to near-threshold regime. The cell array is built on foundry 4-by-2 mini-array with split single-ended large signal sensing to enable an ultra-short local bit-line of 4-b length to improve variation tolerance and performance, and to reduce disturb while maintaining manufacturability. The design employs threshold power gating to facilitate lower NAP (Sleep) mode voltage/power and faster wake-up for the cell array, and low-swing global read bit-line (GRBL) with integrated low-swing voltage precharger to improve read performance and reduce the dynamic read power. A cell Vtrip-tracking write-assist (VTWA) lowers the selected sub-array supply to cell inverter trip voltage to enhance write-ability while providing PVT tracking capability to ensure adequate data retention margin for unselected cells in the selected sub-array. The 256-kb test chip is implemented in UMC 28-nm high-κ metal-gate (HκMG) CMOS technology with macro area of 1058.22 × 374.76 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Error-free full functionality is achieved from 0.9 down to 0.5 V (limited by read V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MIN</sub> ) without redundancy. The low-swing GRBL reduces dynamic power by 6.5% (8.0%) at 0.9 V (0.6 V). The VTWA improves the write V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MIN</sub> by 75 mV (from 0.525 to 0.45 V). The measured maximum operation frequency is 735 MHz (20 MHz) at 0.9 V (0.5 V), TT corner, 25°.
FGFR2 signaling in normal andlimbless chick limb buds (1999)

FGF10 and FGF8, which are reciprocally expressed by the mesoderm and AER of the developing limb bud, have been implicated in limb initiation, outgrowth, and patterning. FGF10 and FGF8 signal through the FGFR2b and FGFR2c alternative splice isoforms, respectively [Ornitz DM, et al. 1996. J Biol Chem 271:15292-15297; Igarashi M, et al. 1998. J Biol Chem 273:13230-13235]. A paracrine signaling loop model has been proposed whereby FGF10 expressed by limb mesoderm signals via ectodermally restricted FGFR2b to regulate FGF8 expression by the apical ectoderm; in turn, FGF8 signals via mesodermally restricted FGFR2c to maintain FGF10 expression [Ohuchi H, et al. 1997. Development 124:2235-2244; Xu X, et al. 1998. Development 125:753-765]. To explore this model, we have examined FGFR2b and FGFR2c mRNA expression, using isoform-specific probes during the early stages of development of the chick limb when limb initiation, AER induction, and outgrowth are occurring. We have found that FGFR2b is expressed by limb ectoderm, including the AER, consistent with paracrine signaling of FGF10. By contrast, FGFR2c is expressed by both mesoderm and ectoderm, indicating that FGF8 has the potential to function in an autocrine as well as paracrine fashion. Indeed, as the limb grows out in response to the AER, FGFR2c expression attenuates in the mesoderm of the progress zone, but is maintained in the AER itself, arguing against exclusive paracrine signaling of FGF8 during limb outgrowth. We also report that transcripts for FGF10, FGFR2b, and FGFR2c are expressed normally in the limb buds of limbless mutant embryos, which fail to form an AER and do not express FGF8. Furthermore, we detect no mutations in exons specific for the FGFR2c or FGFR2b isoforms in limbless embryos. Since gene targeting has shown that expression of FGF8 in limb ectoderm depends on FGF10 [Min H, et al. 1998. Genes Dev 12:3156-3161; Sekine K, et al. 1999. Nature Genet 21:138-141], these results indicate that the product of the limbless gene is required for FGF10 to induce expression of FGF8.
A Structural View of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Replication Machinery: RNA Synthesis, Proofreading and Final Capping (2020)

The current coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is due to the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The scientific community has mounted a strong response by accelerating research and innovation, and has quickly set the foundation for understanding the molecular determinants of the disease for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. The replication of the viral genome within the infected cells is a key stage of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. It is a complex process involving the action of several viral and host proteins in order to perform RNA polymerization, proofreading and final capping. This review provides an update of the structural and functional data on the key actors of the replicatory machinery of SARS-CoV-2, to fill the gaps in the currently available structural data, which is mainly obtained through homology modeling. Moreover, learning from similar viruses, we collect data from the literature to reconstruct the pattern of interactions among the protein actors of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase machinery. Here, an important role is played by co-factors such as Nsp8 and Nsp10, not only as allosteric activators but also as molecular connectors that hold the entire machinery together to enhance the efficiency of RNA replication.
Trees (2022)

Abstract The second chapter provides an overview of the life, teachings, and enlightenment of Siddhartha Gautama, the historical Buddha. The Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Noble Path, core Buddhist doctrines, are explained along with the Buddha’s Three Marks of Existence: duhkha (suffering, unsatisfactoriness, the lived experience), anitya (impermanence, change), and anatman (non-self). Buddhism’s mutual cause-and-effect framework, pratityasamutpada, is introduced and explained from the perspectives of multiple Buddhist traditions. Multiple primary teachings of the Buddha written in the Pali Canon are quoted, along with references to more contemporary Buddhist authors, to help explain fundamental Buddhist teachings. The chapter concludes with a personal story of the author’s experiences traveling to Ethiopia to adopt two infant children.
Cavity Flow Characterization of the Bristled Shark Skin Microgeometry (2009)

An experimental study was carried out to discern the flow field induced inside a model consisting of bristled shark skin denticles. When bristled, a system of interlocking cavities is formed within the shark skin, and it was hypothesized that this microgeometry may be used by the shark as a means of controlling the boundary layer. The flow field induced inside a simplified, staggered square-cavity model was also studied for comparison; measurements were obtained using a DPIV system. Results showed that the shark skin, with both ribs on the backward face of the cavities and its v-shaped tips protruding into the boundary layer, induced a coherent system of interlocking embedded vortices. These vortices resulted in a partial slip condition felt by the outer boundary layer flow, which is indicative of a possible separation control mechanism.
Non-absorbing high-efficiency counter for itinerant microwave photons (2014)

We theoretically demonstrated that high-efficiency detection of single itinerant microwave photons in the non-absorbing manner can be achieved using a single transmon. The distinguishability between zero and one-photon state is up to 90 percent.