gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preclinical development of SMA artificial anal sphincters (2006)

This article presents some progress in the development for preclinical trials of an artificial anal sphincter using shape memory alloys. The novel device has been proposed and developed by the author's group at Tohoku University. It has two dominant features different from other systems, which are either clinically available or still under development. One is that a solid driving element, a combination of shape memory alloy (SMA) ribbons and silicone elastomer sheets with a layered structure, is adopted for the opening and closing functions of the artificial sphincter. The other is a sandwich mechanism for the closing of bowel to reduce the risk of buckling induced ischemia which has been reported in hydraulically driven artificial sphincters with a radial squeezing mechanism. The device has fewer parts inside the body and therefore be implanted more easily. A new design eliminating the risk of heat burns enables long-term implantation and brings the device closer to practical use. Functionality and safety of the device have been proved in three-month animal experiments.
Abstract 15193: Racial Difference in Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Kawasaki Disease in Southeast US (2019)

Introduction: Kawasaki Disease (KD) displays substantial variation in prevalence and response to intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG) by race and ethnicity. However, studies including and making concl...
A convenient synthesis of (24S)-1α-hydroxyvitamin D<sub>2</sub> (1989)

A new method was developed for the synthesis of (2R)- and (2S)-2,3-dimethylbutyl p-tolyl sulphone from a chiral sulphinate ester, and applied to the synthesis of (24S)-1α-hydroxyvitamin D2; this new 24-epimer of vitamin D2 has a distinct biological activity profile, differing qualitatively from that known for the (24S)-isomer.
In vitro degradation of calcium sulfate polymer composites for the reconstruction of bone (2010)

We are testing degradation rates of calcium sulfate/polymer composites meant for use as bone graft substitutes. The goal is to demonstrate the potential of composite degradable and biocompatible materials that will resorb slower than pure calcium sulfate. We will determine which composites give us degradation profiles that are appropriate for different types of bone regeneration.
Natural killer lines and clones with apparent antigen specificity. (1990)

Fresh CD3-, CD16+ lymphocytes that adhered to selected allogeneic lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) were cultured with LCL in the presence of IL-2-containing medium. The resulting lines as well as clones derived from these lines expressed CD16 and/or CD56, but lacked detectable CD3 or TCR-alpha/beta or TCR-gamma/delta complexes on the cell surface. Northern blot analysis failed to detect CD3 epsilon or TCR-beta transcripts, but revealed the presence of a TCR-gamma chain transcript in one of these lines. In addition to displaying potent cytolytic activity against K562 erythroleukemia cells (a classical NK target), the vast majority of these lines and clones lysed their specific stimulator LCL to a significantly greater extent than irrelevant LCL. This selective killing was inhibited by the addition of cold stimulator LCL or K562 cells, or anti-LFA 1 mAbs, but not by irrelevant LCL or mAbs to CD3, class I or class II MHC antigens. These results indicate that some CD3- lymphocytes, phenotypically indistinguishable from NK cells, can recognize and lyse allogeneic targets in a specific manner.
<title>Computerized detection of pulmonary nodules in chest radiographs: reduction of false positives based on symmetry between left and right lungs</title> (2000)

We have developed a novel method called local contralateral subtraction for reduction of false positives reported by a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) scheme for detection of lung nodules in chest radiographs. Our method is based on the removal of normal structures in the regions of interest (ROIs), based on symmetry between the left and right lungs. In our method, two ROIs were extracted, one from the position where a candidate of a nodule is located, and the other from the anatomically corresponding location in the opposite lung, which contains similar normal structures. We employed a wavelet-based multiresolution image registration method to match the two ROIs, and subtraction was performed. A signal- to-noise ratio (SNR) between a central region and the adjacent background region was calculated for quantification of the remaining structures in the subtracted ROI. The SNR was then used for distinction between nodules and false positives. In an analysis of 550 ROIs consisting of 51 nodules and 499 false positives reported as detected nodules by our current CAD scheme, we were able to eliminate 44% of false positives with loss of only one nodule with this new method. This result indicates that our new method is effective in reducing false positives due to normal anatomic structures, and thus can improve the performance of our CAD scheme for detection of pulmonary nodules in chest radiographs.
A 23pW, 780ppm/&#x00B0;C resistor-less current reference using subthreshold MOSFETs (2014)

This paper proposes a MOSFET-only, 20pA, 780ppm/°C current reference that consumes 23pW. The ultra-low power circuit exploits subthreshold-biased MOSFETs and a complementary-to-absolute temperature (CTAT) gate voltage to compensate for temperature dependency. The design shows low supply voltage sensitivity of 0.58%/V and a load sensitivity of 0.25%/V.
Fast magnetic resonance diffusion‐weighted imaging of acute human stroke (1992)

Rapid MRI of the molecular diffusion of water demonstrated cerebral infarcts in 32 patients. We studied these patients at various times following the onset of ischemic symptoms and found that diffusion-weighted imaging revealed the infarcts sooner than conventional T2-weighted spin-echo imaging did; four hyperacute infarcts were shown only by diffusion-weighted imaging. Acute infarcts had lower apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) than noninfarcted regions did. This relative difference in ADC reached a nadir in the first 24 hours and rose progressively thereafter. Chronic infarcts showed a relative increase in diffusion and were readily distinguishable from acute infarcts. The technique takes less than 2 minutes to apply using a standard 1.5-tesla scanner in the clinical setting. Diffusion-weighted imaging has the potential to play a role in improving the early anatomic diagnosis of stroke and therefore in the development and implementation of early stroke interventions.
Recurrent <i>GNAS</i> Mutations Define an Unexpected Pathway for Pancreatic Cyst Development (2011)

More than 2% of the adult U.S. population harbors a pancreatic cyst. These often pose a difficult management problem because conventional criteria cannot always distinguish cysts with malignant potential from those that are innocuous. One of the most common cystic neoplasms of the pancreas, and a bona fide precursor to invasive adenocarcinoma, is called intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). To help reveal the pathogenesis of these lesions, we purified the DNA from IPMN cyst fluids from 19 patients and searched for mutations in 169 genes commonly altered in human cancers. In addition to the expected KRAS mutations, we identified recurrent mutations at codon 201 of GNAS. A larger number (113) of additional IPMNs were then analyzed to determine the prevalence of KRAS and GNAS mutations. In total, we found that GNAS mutations were present in 66% of IPMNs and that either KRAS or GNAS mutations could be identified in 96%. In eight cases, we could investigate invasive adenocarcinomas that developed in association with IPMNs containing GNAS mutations. In seven of these eight cases, the GNAS mutations present in the IPMNs were also found in the invasive lesion. GNAS mutations were not found in other types of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas or in invasive adenocarcinomas not associated with IPMNs. In addition to defining a new pathway for pancreatic neoplasia, these data suggest that GNAS mutations can inform the diagnosis and management of patients with cystic pancreatic lesions.
Effects of low osmolar contrast media on cardiac function: optimal sodium concentration for contractility. (1991)

The effects of adding NaCl to the non-ionic contrast medium iohexol (Omnipaque) were investigated in the isolated rat heart. Iohexol (150 mgI/ml) with 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 145 mM NaCl added and the ionic dimeric compound ioxaglate (Hexabrix 160 mgI/ml) containing approximately 75 mM NaCl were examined. Coronary flow rate (CFR), heart rate (HR), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and myocardial high energy phosphate compounds at the end of the experiments were measured. In all groups examined the physiological changes following contrast media injection were only transient and the recovery to normal values of HR and LVDP occurred within 30 seconds. The contractile changes after contrast media exposure were dependent on the concentration of sodium added. The addition of 20 mM sodium to iohexol induced the least changes in LVDP. It is concluded from the present study that addition of sodium in the range of 20-40 mM to non-ionic contrast media, may reduce the immediate cardiac disturbances during coronary angiography.
Polymeric Microneedle Array Fabrication by Photolithography (2015)

This manuscript describes the fabrication of polymeric microneedle (MN) arrays by photolithography. It involves a simple mold-free process by using a photomask consisting of embedded micro-lenses. Embedded micro-lenses were found to influence MN geometry (sharpness). Robust MN arrays with tip diameters ranging between 41.5 µm ± 8.4 µm and 71.6 µm ± 13.7 µm, with two different lengths (1,336 µm ± 193 µm and 957 µm ± 171 µm) were fabricated. These MN arrays may provide potential applications in delivery of low molecular and macromolecular therapeutic agents through skin.
DNA vaccines for the treatment of prostate cancer (2010)

Prostate cancer is a significant public health problem, and the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the USA. The long natural history of prostate cancer, the presence of a serum biomarker that can be used to detect very early recurrences, and the previous identification of multiple potential tissue-specific target antigens are all features that make this disease suitable for the development of anti-tumor vaccines. To date, many anti-tumor vaccines have entered clinical testing for patients with prostate cancer, and some have demonstrated clinical benefit. DNA vaccines represent one vaccine approach that has been evaluated in multiple preclinical models and clinical trials. The safety, specificity for the target antigen, ease of manufacturing and ease of incorporating other immune-modulating approaches make DNA vaccines particularly relevant for future development. This article focuses on DNA vaccines specifically in the context of prostate cancer treatment, focusing on antigens targeted in preclinical models, recent clinical trials and efforts to improve the potency of these vaccines.
Development of Microwave-Matrix Partial Oxidation Reformer (2021)

This study proposes a novel microwave-matrix reformer (MMR) to convert biogas, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change, into high-quality fuel energy. To show its performance potential, it has identified the characteristics of biogas conversion and product gas for O 2 /C ratio, steam supply, reformed gas recirculation, and recirculated water supply, which affect CH 4 and CO 2 conversions. The reforming characteristics for different variables were achieved as follows. The optimal conditions of the MMR were 100% recirculation rate and 10 mL/min water supply when O 2 /C ratio and total gas supply were 1 and 30L/min, respectively. Under these conditions, CH 4 conversion was 68.6%, CO 2 conversion was 37.9%, H 2 selectivity was 88.1%, and H 2 /CO was 1.54, which were resonable for applying to stack for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell.
Research on High Power Laser Damage Resistant Optically Addressable Spatial Light Modulator (2022)

Liquid crystal spatial light modulators (LC-SLMs) are devices that can accurately adjust the parameters of beam amplitude, phase, wavefront and polarization. However, due to the limitation of laser damage resistance of component materials, LC-SLMs still have difficulty meeting the application and development needs of a high-average power laser system. Here, we proposed an optically addressable spatial light modulator (OASLM) based on a sapphire substrate. Due to the good thermal conductivity of sapphire, the laser damage resistance of the device was greatly improved. The thermal distribution of OASLM based on the sapphire substrate and the K9 substrate is analyzed by a laser-induced temperature rise model. The experimental results also show the excellent performance of sapphire OASLM under high-power CW laser irradiation, its laser power density is increased from 10 W/cm2 to 75 W/cm2, and the working time is more than 30 min. By bonding sapphire to the other side, the laser power density can be increased to 100 W/cm2, and these are completed without active heat dissipation. This method provides a feasible path for high-average-power SLMs.
Nonlinear radar: a historical overview and a summary of recent advancements (2020)

A broad review of publications relevant to nonlinear radar is conducted. The principle-of-operation of nonlinear radar is summarized and applications for this technology are listed. Targets addressed by this type of radar follow a power-series model, and from this model a nonlinear radar range equation is derived. An extensive survey of publicly-available literature, including specifications for systems already tested, guides the design of harmonic radar for finding electronics. The authors have combined a stepped-frequency architecture with harmonic radar to create a system which is capable of imaging and tracking nonlinear targets with very high clutter rejection.
Syntax-based language models for statistical machine translation (2003)

We present a syntax-based language model for use in noisy-channel machine translation. In particular, a language model based upon that described in (Cha01) is combined with the syntax based translation-model described in (YK01). The resulting system was used to translate 347 sentences from Chinese to English and compared with the results of an IBM-model-4-based system, as well as that of (YK02), all trained on the same data. The translations were sorted into four groups: good/bad syntax crossed with good/bad meaning. While the total number of translations that preserved meaning were the same for (YK02) and the syntax-based system (and both higher than the IBM-model-4-based system), the syntax based system had 45% more translations that also had good syntax than did (YK02) (and approximately 70% more than IBM Model 4). The number of translations that did not preserve meaning, but at least had good grammar, also increased, though to less avail.
Automatic inference of memory fences (2012)

We addresses the problem of automatic verification and fence inference in concurrent programs running under relaxed memory models. Modern architectures implement relaxed memory models in which memory operations may be reordered and executed non-atomically. Instructions called memory fences are provided to the programmer, allowing control of this behavior. To ensure correctness of many algorithms, the programmer is often required to explicitly insert memory fences into her program. However, she must use as few fences as possible, or the benefits of the relaxed architecture may be lost. It is our goal to help automate the fence insertion process. We present an algorithm for automatic inference of memory fences in concurrent programs, relieving the programmer from this complex task. Given a finite-state program, a safety specification and a description of the memory model our algorithm computes a set of ordering constraints that guarantee the correctness of the program under the memory model. The computed constraints are maximally permissive: removing any constraint from the solution would permit an execution violating the specification. These constraints are then realized as additional fences in the input program. We implemented our approach in a pair of tools called fender and blender and used them to infer correct and efficient placements of fences for several non-trivial algorithms, including practical mutual exclusion primitives and concurrent data structures.
Phase-Contrast OCT Imaging of Transverse Flows in the Mouse Retina and Choroid (2008)

Phase-contrast OCT enables three-dimensional visualization of retinal and choroidal vasculature in vivo.
A New Pyridazine Series of GABA<sub>A</sub> α5 Ligands (2005)

Screening of the Merck compound collection identified 6 as an unusually simple, low molecular weight hit with moderate affinity for GABAA receptors. The structural novelty of 6, compared to our advanced series of GABAA alpha5 inverse agonists, made it an attractive molecule for further exploration. This paper will describe the evolution of 6 into a new series of ligands with nanomolar affinity and functional selectivity for GABAA alpha5 receptor subtypes.
Time-and frequency-domain equalization for quasi-orthogonal STBC over frequency-selective channels (2004)

We investigate time- and frequency-domain equalization techniques for quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes. The proposed schemes extend the original symbol-level scheme developed for flat-fading channels to a block-level implementation either in the time or frequency domain. Receiver structures which exploit the embedded quasi-orthogonality, therefore keeping the equalizer complexity at a manageable level, are presented. The considered schemes are applied to the EDGE TDMA system and their performances are compared under both perfect and estimated channel conditions.
Suture-Button Syndesmosis Fixation (2005)

Syndesmosis screws have significant problems including loosening, breakage, the need for removal, and late diastasis. A new technique of syndesmosis fixation is proposed in this study, in which a heavy suture is placed across the syndesmosis, which has been looped and tightened through cortical button anchors on either side of the ankle. Indirect placement of the medial button avoids a medial incision. Sixteen patients had this suture-button fixation in a prospective clinical study. Mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle scores were significantly better in patients who had suture-button fixation than in a comparative group of 16 patients who had syndesmosis screw fixation at 3 months (91 versus 80, respectively) and at 12 months postoperatively (93 versus 83, respectively). Return to work was faster (2.8 months in patients who had suture-button fixation versus 4.6 months who had syndesmosis screw fixation), and no patients who had suture-buttons required secondary surgery for implant removal. Axial computed tomography scanning at 3 months showed maintenance of reduction. Suture-button fixation is simple, safe, and effective. Patients have had improved outcomes and faster rehabilitation, without needing routine implant removal. It may become the treatment of choice in patients with a syndesmosis injury.
Monoclonal antibody to an external epitope of the human mdr1 P-glycoprotein. (1993)

A membrane glycoprotein, termed P-glycoprotein, has been shown to be responsible for cross-resistance to a broad range of structurally and functionally distinct cytotoxic agents. P-glycoprotein, encoded in humans by the mdr1 gene, functions as an energy-dependent efflux pump to exclude these cytotoxic agents from the resistant cell. In order to study the phenomenon of multidrug resistance in both normal and neoplastic cells, we have generated a mouse monoclonal antibody directed to an external epitope of the human P-glycoprotein. This monoclonal antibody, 4E3, is an IgG2a class antibody which specifically recognizes the human mdr1 P-glycoprotein but not the mdr3 gene product. The 4E3 monoclonal antibody immunoprecipitates both the glycosylated and nonglycosylated forms of P-glycoprotein under mild denaturation conditions. In addition, 4E3 can detect P-glycoprotein in immunocytochemical analysis of fixed tissue-cultured cells and in analysis of frozen sections of human tissue. Binding of the monoclonal antibody to multidrug-resistant cells does not significantly affect the intracellular accumulation or potentiate the cytotoxicity of daunomycin in multidrug-resistant cells. However, at high concentrations of antibody, 4E3 produces a mild potentiation of vinblastine and actinomycin cytotoxicity in multidrug-resistant cells. This monoclonal antibody will be useful both for analyzing P-glycoprotein expression in normal and neoplastic cells and for isolating live cells expressing the P-glycoprotein without significantly affecting the efflux functions of the transporter.
Trench etch processes for dual damascene patterning of low-k dielectrics (2001)

The use of dual damascene patterning for integration of Cu with low-k dielectric films has introduced new challenges for plasma etch processes. With a via-first dual damascene approach, an important issue for trench etch is defect formation (i.e., oxide ridges) around vias which can degrade device reliability. The use of low-k films as the dielectric material adds additional complexity and more limitation on the etch process parameters. This article discusses the development of etch processes that meet the special requirements for Cu/low-k dual damascene trench etch. All experiments were conducted in a medium-density TEL dipole ring magnet system. The dielectric film used here was an organosilicate glass (OSG). Using C4F8/N2/Ar chemistry, a trade-off was observed between etch rate and oxide ridge formation. The N2:Ar ratio was found to be the key parameter in controlling the severity of the oxide ridges, but eliminating the ridges using the N2:Ar ratio resulted in a low OSG etch rate and poor throughput. However, we found an alternative method which achieves a high OSG etch rate while maintaining critical dimension control and ridge-free conditions. The effect of various process parameters on the OSG etch rate and ridge formation is detailed. A comparison of experimental results against numerical simulations of C4F8-based bulk plasmas with varying gas flow ratios is also reported.
Thermal outlining using focused ultrasound (TOFU) with reversible temperature sensitive fluorescent probes (2016)

Optical imaging has long been hindered by the high absorption and scattering of light in biological tissue. This makes it difficult to probe beyond a few millimeters beneath the surface without sacrificing image resolution and quantitative accuracy. Strong scattering and the inherent nature of the inverse problem makes fluorescence diffuse optical tomography (FT) extremely challenging. To this end, multi-modality techniques that combine anatomical imaging with the functional optical information have been used to improve the resolution and accuracy of FT. Previously, we have reported on the feasibility of a new imaging method, "Thermal Outlining using Focused Ultrasound" (TOFU), which combines the sensitivity of FT with the resolution of focused ultrasound using temperature reversible fluorescent probes. In this method, the position of the temperature reversible fluorescent probes is localized by an increase in fluorescent signal when the hot spot of the focused ultrasound beam is scanned over the medium. This a priori information is then utilized to guide and constrain conventional reconstruction algorithm to recover the position and concentration of the probes more accurately. The small size of the focal spot (~1.4 mm) up to a depth of 6 cm, allows imaging the distribution of these temperature sensitive agents with not only high spatial resolution but also high quantitative accuracy in deep tissue. In this work, the performance of the system will be evaluated using simulation and phantoms to investigate the dependence that size of the fluorescent distribution has on the TOFU system performance.