gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spur-Free Multirate All-Digital PLL for Mobile Phones in 65 nm CMOS (2011)

We propose a new multirate architecture of an all-digital PLL (ADPLL) featuring phase/frequency modulation capability. While the ADPLL approach has already proven its benefits of power dissipation and cost reduction through the discrete-time operation and full RF-SoC integration in nanoscale CMOS, the coarse discretization of the phase detector function tends to keep it from reaching the ultimate of the RF performance potential. The proposed ADPLL features an arbitrarily high data rate modulation that is independent from the reference frequency. It is also made substantially free from injection pulling and ill-shaped quantization noise of the TDC by means of dithering with dynamic adjustment of differential pair mismatches as well as frequency translation of the feedback clock. Low power techniques, such as speculative clock retiming and asynchronous counter are used. The presented ADPLL is implemented in 65 nm CMOS as part of a single-chip GSM/EDGE RF-SoC. It occupies 0.35 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and consumes 32 mA of current at 1.2 V supply in the low frequency band. The measured results show a virtually spur-free operation.
High‐resolution transcriptional analysis of the symbiotic plasmid of <i>Rhizobium</i> sp. NGR234 (1999)

Most of the bacterial genes involved in nodulation of legumes (nod, nol and noe ) as well as nitrogen fixation (nif and fix ) are carried on pNGR234a, the 536 kb symbiotic plasmid (pSym) of the broad-host-range Rhizobium sp. NGR234. Putative transcription regulators comprise 24 of the predicted 416 open reading frames (ORFs) contained on this replicon. Computational analyses identified 19 nod boxes and 16 conserved NifA-sigma54 regulatory sequences, which are thought to co-ordinate the expression of nodulation and nitrogen fixation genes respectively. To analyse transcription of all putative ORFs, the nucleotide sequence of pNGR234a was divided into 441 segments designed to represent all coding and intergenic regions. Each of these segments was amplified by polymerase chain reactions, transferred to filters and probed with radioactively labelled RNA. RNA was extracted from bacterial cultures grown under various experimental conditions, as well as from bacteroids of determinate and indeterminate nodules. Generally, genes involved in the synthesis of Nod factors (e.g. the three hsn loci) were induced rapidly after the addition of flavonoids, whereas others thought to act within the plant (e.g. those encoding the type III secretion system) responded more slowly. Many insertion (IS) and transposon (Tn)-like sequences were expressed strongly under all conditions tested, while a number of loci other than those known to encode nod, noe, nol, nif and fix genes were also transcribed in nodules. Many more diverse transcripts were found in bacteroids of determinate as opposed to indeterminate nodules.
Intrinsic multiple quantum well spatial light modulators (1995)

Large improvements are reported in the sensitivity of optically addressed multiple quantum well spatial light modulators. In prior work with these materials the quantum well region has been made semi-insulating. It is shown that this is unnecessary and in fact detrimental to performance. By placing layers containing high trap concentrations at the ends of the structure and leaving the active quantum well layers intrinsic the speed of the device at a given illumination is improved by more than four times, diffraction efficiency is enhanced and spatial resolution is almost the same.
Aspirin triggered lipid mediators: novel inhibitors of leucocyte trafficking (2000)

Despite nearly 100 years of wide usage, complete knowledge of the therapeutic impact of aspirin is still evolving1-3and new beneficial effects are being uncovered in cardiovascular disease and cancer.4 5 The irreversible acetylation of cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-1 and its more recently discovered isoform COX-21 6 with inhibition of prostaglandins is well appreciated and explains some, but not all, of the pharmacological actions of aspirin.

Another series of bioactive lipid mediators on which aspirin has an impact are lipoxins (LX), and their C15 epimers (15R), denoted aspirin triggered lipoxins (ATL, fig 1), which are biosynthesised by separate routes involving transcellular circuits.7 Native LX in the nanomolar range inhibit the adhesion and transmigration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs)8-10 and hence serve as counter-regulatory signals operative in the resolution of inflammatory sites.11 12 Not only do LX serve counter-regulatory roles, but specific enantiomerically modified LX (ATL) may also be actual effectors of well established anti-inflammatory therapeutic actions of aspirin. The impact of 5S,6R,15S-trihydroxy-7,9,13- trans -11- cis -eicosatetraenoic acid (LXA4) and ATL was investigated in tumour necrosis factor (TNFα) initiated PMN responses in vitro and in vivo using the metabolically more stable LX analogues 15R/S-methyl-LXA4and 15-epi-16-(parafluoro)-phenoxy-LXA4. These compounds represent subtle modifications to the native LXA4 and ATL structure that prevent rapid metabolic inactivation of the lipoxin and 15-epi-LX structures.13 14 These compounds are also potent novel inhibitors of TNFα driven PMN associated inflammatory events in vitro as well as in vivo, as shown in a murine model with end points relevant to pulmonary inflammation.



Figure 1 
Generation of aspirin triggered lipid mediators (ATLM): anti-inflammation signals. Arachidonic acid can be transformed via COX-1 or its inducible isoform COX-2 to produce prostaglandins and thromboxane. Acetylation by aspirin blocks this conversion.1 6 …
Antenna probes for power reception from deep tissues for wearable microwave thermometry (2017)

The goal of the research presented in this paper is a design procedure for wearable antenna probes for monitoring internal body temperature using microwave radiometry. Receiving thermal black-body radiation from internal tissue layers is challenging as the human skin dominates the received power due to its high conductivity and permittivity. Therefore, a new design method is needed for probes that receive thermal power preferentially from deep tissue layers, while minimizing the contribution of surface tissues. The design method starts from reciprocity in the near-field, allowing simulations of volume loss power density to be used to predict black-body radiation. Several probes with superstrates are designed in order to maximize the volume loss power density in a specific buried layer. The experiments are performed in the 1.4-GHz quiet band, and temperature tracking is demonstrated and compared to thermocouple direct measurements on a skin-fat-muscle phantom.
Non-destructive electrical characterization of low-k sidewall damage before metallization by a near-field scanned microwave probe (2006)

We demonstrate a novel method to electrically characterize sidewall damage in patterned low-k dielectric films before metallization. The measurement is made on uniform trenches etched into a low-k film backed by Cu or a Cu grid. The technique, based on a near-field scanned microwave probe with ~10mum spot size, is non-contact and non-invasive, making it feasible as an in-line metrology
Sensitivity Enhancement of Fiber-Laser-Based Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy by Intensity Noise Suppressor (2012)

Fiber laser pulses are split and combined with a delay to suppress the intensity noise by 23 dB, which is only 4-dB higher than the shot noise limit. Fiber-based stimulated Raman imaging is also demonstrated.
Effect of Incus Removal on Middle Ear Acoustic Sensor for a Fully Implantable Cochlear Prosthesis (2006)

System miniaturization and steady progress towards a totally implantable prosthetic system is the current trend in cochlear implant technology. To achieve this objective, the external microphone of present implants needs to be implantable. This goal can be accomplished by placing a miniature accelerometer on the ossicular chain in the middle ear to detect and convert bone vibrations into an electrical signal for further processing and stimulating cochlear electrodes. This paper describes the characterization of the umbo of a human temporal bone before and after the removal of the incus to determine the impact of the resulting change in umbo mechanics and attached accelerometer performance. With the removal of the incus, the umbo vibration acceleration frequency response in the direction perpendicular to the tympanic membrane increases by 5 dB below 2 kHz. Above 2 kHz the response diverges due to the change of ossicular chain resonant frequency caused by the removal of the incus. However, at each frequency the umbo vibration acceleration exhibits a linear function of the input sound pressure level (SPL) with a slope of 20 dB per decade before and after removal of the incus. A commercial accelerometer attached to the umbo shows similar characteristics. From the measurement results of umbo characterization, a miniaturized implantable accelerometer with a packaged mass below 20 milligrams, a sensing resolution of 35 mug <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rms</sub> /radicHz, and a bandwidth of 10 kHz would be required to detect normal conversation
Prolonged Oral Treatment with MK-677, a Novel Growth Hormone Secretagogue, Improves Sleep Quality in Man (1997)

Previous studies have indicated the existence of common mechanisms regulating sleep and somatotropic activity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of prolonged treatment with a novel, orally active, growth hormone secretagogue (MK-677) on sleep quality in healthy young and older adults. Eight young subjects (18-30 years) followed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-period crossover design. Each subject participated in three 7-day treatment periods (with bedtime drug administration), presented in random (Latin square) order, and separated by at least 14 days. Doses were 5 and 25 mg MK-677 and matching placebo. Six older subjects, ages 65-71 years, each participated in two 14-day treatment periods (with bedtime drug administration) separated by a 14-day washout. Doses were 2 and 25 mg MK-677 during the first and second periods, respectively. Baseline sleep and hormonal data were obtained on the 2 days preceding the beginning of the first 14-day treatment period. In young subjects, high-dose MK-677 treatment resulted in an approximately 50% increase in the duration of stage IV and in a more than 20% increase in REM sleep as compared to placebo (p < 0.05). The frequency of deviations from normal sleep decreased from 42% under placebo to 8% under high-dose MK-677 (p < 0.03). In older adults, treatment with MK-677 was associated with a nearly 50% increase in REM sleep (p < 0.05) and a decrease in REM latency (p < 0.02). The frequency of deviations from normal sleep also decreased (p < 0.02). The present findings suggest that MK-677 may simultaneously improve sleep quality and correct the relative hyposomatotropism of senescence.
Image-Derived Input Function for Assessment of 18F-FDG Uptake by the Inflamed Lung (2007)

Using 2 mixed venous blood samples, the method accurately assesses the entire time course of the pulmonary (18)F-FDG input function and does not require the precise geometry of a specific blood-pool ROI or a population-based input function. This method may substantially facilitate studies involving modeling of pulmonary (18)F-FDG in patients with viral or bacterial infections, pulmonary fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Analytical Tools for Gluten Detection. Policies and Regulation (2015)

This book will give you up-to-date information on the basic and clinical aspects of gluten-related disorders, the evolution of grains, bread and gluten-free products covering the necessary integration of the different fields which until recently were considered separate. To achieve a common platform, this book has three sections. The first section deals with chapters explaining the immune response to the toxic peptides of gluten as well as new approaches in treatment. The second section revises the advances made in the clinical spectrum of the gluten-related disorders. The third section explores the evolution of gluten, bread products and the great challenge to elaborate gluten-free products of high quality. The technological improvements in this field will produce gluten-free foods, less expensive than at present available in food stores. The authors are recognized investigators, active in the field of gluten-related disorders and the evolution of gluten-free products. The information provided is essential for celiacs, non-celiac gluten- sensitive persons, Patient Associations of gluten-related disorders, physicians and the food industry. It will be of help to clinical and research scientists in clinical medicine, immunology and pathology, to professionals in nutrition and gluten-free products, to the regulatory authorities, to food chemists and their technologists.
Activation of the CRF 2 receptor modulates skeletal muscle mass under physiological and pathological conditions (2003)

Two receptors activated by the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides have been identified, the CRF 1 receptor (CRF1R) and the CRF 2 receptor (CRF2R). Of these, the CRF2R is expressed in skeletal muscle. To understand the role of the CRF2R in skeletal muscle, we utilized CRFR knockout mice and CRF2R-selective agonists to modulate nerve damage and corticosteroid- and disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mice. These analyses demonstrated that activation of the CRF2R decreased nerve damage and corticosteroid- and disuse-induced skeletal muscle mass and function loss. In addition, selective activation of the CRF2R increased nonatrophy skeletal muscle mass. Thus we describe for the first time a novel activity of the CRF2R, modulation of skeletal muscle mass.
Electric gradient force drive mechanism for novel microscale all-dielectric gyroscope (2014)

MEMS vibratory gyroscopes have recently shown great promise in the field of micro-scale position, navigation, and timing (μPNT), yet their performance often falls short of navigation grade due to losses in the vibratory structure. This paper reports a novel drive mechanism used to excite a cylindrical, all-dielectric micro-shell gyroscope structure. The drive mechanism operates by generating a gradient electric field force from a set of interdigitated electrodes placed adjacent to the gyroscope structure. This novel transduction mechanism enables mechanical actuation of a pristine dielectric structure without the need for direct metallization which could degrade the quality factor (Q) and mechanical performance. Mode spectroscopy in the range of 5-50 kHz is demonstrated with mode amplitudes as large as 0.3 μm for a 10 V drive signal. Quality factors of 12,000 have been measured. Design, fabrication, and experimental demonstration are presented.
Progressively-Refined Reflectance Functions from Natural Illumination (2004)

In this paper we present a simple, robust, and efficient algorithm for estimating reflectance fields (i.e., a description of the transport of light through a scene) for a fixed viewpoint using images of the scene under known natural illumination. Our algorithm treats the scene as a black-box linear system that transforms an input signal (the incident light) into an output signal (the reflected light). The algorithm is hierarchical - it progressively refines the approximation of the reflectance field with an increasing number of training samples until the required precision is reached. Our method relies on a new representation for reflectance fields. This representation is compact, can be progressively refined, and quickly computes the relighting of scenes with complex illumination. Our representation and the corresponding algorithm allow us to efficiently estimate the reflectance fields of scenes with specular, glossy, refractive, and diffuse elements. The method also handles soft and hard shadows, inter-reflections, caustics, and subsurface scattering. We verify our algorithm and representation using two measurement setups and several scenes, including an outdoor view of the city of Cambridge.
A Binarized Neural Network Accelerator with Differential Crosspoint Memristor Array for Energy-Efficient MAC Operations (2019)

Binarized Neural Networks (BNN) significantly reduce computational complexity and relax memory requirements with binarized weights and activations. We propose a differential crosspoint (DX) memristor array for enabling parallel multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) operations in BNN to further improve the efficiency. Two differential memristors compose one synapse. The synapses on the same column form a voltage divider in which the output voltage corresponds linearly to the digital summation. The analog output voltage is then quantized to 4-bit output by a voltage sense amplifier. A small 64×64 DX array in every DX unit (DXU) minimizes parasitic resistance and capacitance for quicker MAC operations. A system architecture using DXUs for BNN acceleration is introduced. A wide range of BNN models can be mapped to an array of DXUs. To further reduce the energy spent on data movement, a neighbor shifting scheme increases the input data reusability. The effects of quantization and bit errors are investigated by running MNIST and CFAR-10 datasets. A DXU is able to achieve an estimated energy efficiency of 160 TMAC/s/W.
An Overview on Stabilized Lithium Metal Powder (SLMP), an Enabling Material for a New Generation of Li-Ion Batteries (2007)

The current Li-ion battery technology has reached its maturity and incremental improvements in energy density can not meet the increasing demand for more energy and power for portable electronic applications. Stabilized Lithium Metal Powder (SLMPTM) is an enabling material and technology that creates opportunities for more choices of active materials to be used in Li-ion batteries resulting in systems with improved performance in energy, safety and possibly cost. In this work we have discussed the initial results for SLMP stability in selected solvents. Material has been incorporated into Li-ion cells and results indicate that SLMP could be used as an independent source of lithium. Examples of using SLMP to improve the first cycle efficiency in silicon composite material and of Li-ion cell built with non-lithium providing cathode, such as the first Li-ion battery fabricated with a metal fluoride, are discussed. Approaches for synthesis of tin and silicon nanocomposites are presented.
Au@MoS2@WS2 Core-Shell Architectures: A Solution to Versatile Colloidal Suspensions of 2D Heterostructures (2019)

For years, solution processing has provided a versatile platform to extend the applications of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) beyond those achievable with traditional preparation methods. However, existing solution-based synthesis and exfoliation approaches are not compatible with complex geometries, particularly when interfacial control is desired. As a result, promising TMD structures, including MoS2/WS2 heterostructures, are barred from the rich assembly and modification opportunities possible with solution preparation. Here, we introduce a strategy that combines traditional vapor phase deposition and solution chemistry to build TMD core-shell heterostructures housed in aqueous media. We report the first synthesized TMD core-shell heterostructure, Au@MoS2@WS2, with an Au nanoparticle core and MoS2 and WS2 shells, and provide a means of suspending the structure in solution to allow for higher order patterning and ligand-based functionalization. High-resolution electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy provide detailed analysis of the structure and interfaces of the core-shell heterostructures. UV-vis, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential measurements exhibit the outstanding natural stability and monodispersity of Au@MoS2@WS2 in solution. As a proof of concept, the aqueous environment is utilized to both functionalize the core-shell heterostructures with electrostatic ligands and pattern them into desired configurations on a target substrate. This work harnesses the advantages of vapor phase preparation of nanomaterials and the functionality possible with aqueous suspension to expand future engineering and application opportunities of TMD heterostructures.
Liquid suspensions of reversible metal hydrides (1983)

The reversibility of the process M + x/2 H/sub 2/ ..-->.. MH/sub x/, where M is a metal hydride former that forms a hydride MH/sub x/ in the presence of H/sub 2/, generally used to store and recall H/sub 2/, is found to proceed under a liquid, thereby to reduce contamination, provide better temperature control and provide in situ mobility of the reactants. Thus, a slurry of particles of a metal hydride former with an inert solvent is subjected to temperature and pressure controlled atmosphere containing H/sub 2/, to store hydrogen (at high pressures) and to release (at low pressures) previously stored hydrogen. The direction of the flow of the H/sub 2/ through the liquid is dependent upon the H/sub 2/ pressure in the gas phase at a given temperature. When the former is above the equilibrium absorption pressure of the respective hydride the reaction proceeds to the right, i.e., the metal hydride is formed and hydrogen is stored in the solid particle. When the H/sub 2/ pressure in the gas phase is below the equilibrium dissociation pressure of the respective hydride the reaction proceeds to the left, the metal hydride is decomposed and hydrogen is released into the gasmore » phase.« less
A rib optical waveguide with cutoff mesa isolation (1996)

A rib optical waveguide using the concept of optical cutoff to provide isolation between adjacent waveguides in a photonic integrated circuit is disclosed. Due to the evanescent nature of light propagation in cutoff waveguides, this cutoff mesa rib waveguide permits fabrication of single-moded rib waveguides with minimal self-interference and crosstalk by means of light guided in a remaining slab waveguide. Design rules are given and operation of a single-moded cut-off mesa rib waveguide and an MZI using this waveguide are demonstrated.
Mast cell clones: a model for the analysis of cellular maturation. (1982)

Cloned mouse mast cells resemble, by ultrastructure, immature mast cells observed in vivo. These mast cell clones can be grown in the absence of any other cells, facilitating direct investigations of their biochemistry and function. We find that cloned mast cells express plasma membrane receptors (Fc epsilon R) that bind mouse IgE with an equilibrium constant (KA) similar to that of normal mouse peritoneal mast cells. In addition, cloned mast cells do not display detectable la antigens and cannot enhance lg secretion when added to lymphocyte cultures or mediate natural killer lysis. In the presence of 1 mM sodium butyrate, cloned mast cells stop dividing and acquire abundant electron-dense cytoplasmic granules similar to those of mature mast cells. Their histamine content increases concomitant with cytoplasmic granule maturation and may exceed that of untreated mast cells by 50-fold. Unlike peritoneal mast cells, cloned mast cells incorporate 35SO4 into chondroitin sulfates rather than heparin. These findings demonstrate that, unlike fully differentiated mouse peritoneal mast cells, cloned immature mouse mast cells contain no heparin and low levels of histamine. In addition, they establish that high-affinity Fc epsilon R are expressed early in mast cell maturation, well before completion of cytoplasmic granule synthesis and mediator storage.