gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Variable Rate UBD Production Data Facilitates Reservoir Characterization (2010)

Abstract In addition to reducing formation damage and improving drilling performance, underbalanced drilling (UBD) can improve field productivity and recovery via real-time reservoir characterization. A UBD characterization tool to interpret the production associated with the drawdown applied during UBD has been developed using variable rate well-testing theory. A new well that is drilled in a depleted field is likely to encounter differentially depleted zones. It is important to know what the pressures are so that an underbalanced condition can be maintained. Additionally, the identification of a permeability distribution is relatively easy when the pressures of the different zones are known independently. In classic well testing, only the average permeability and pressure of the whole formation is usually identified; but with UBD, it is possible to identify a permeability distribution, enabling the detection of high-permeability layers or other similar objects, such as fractures and compartments. Other critical aspects—such as production interval length, optimal well length and ways to eliminate/reduce well testing costs—also can be obtained when evaluating the data. Many of the theories pertaining to this subject seek an integrated, transient model of the formation and the wellbore. In the approach adopted for this program, the problem may be decoupled with independent models for the two parts of the system. This paper will expand the methodology used and will present case studies and results.
Enzymatically catalyzed CO <sub>2</sub> ‐H <sub>2</sub> O equilibration for oxygen isotope analyses of aqueous samples (2019)

This enzymatically catalyzed CO<sub>2</sub> -H<sub>2</sub> O equilibration method is time-efficient, cost-effective, requires no additional data correction procedure, and can be used for most commercially available CO<sub>2</sub> -H<sub>2</sub> O equilibration devices without any modification.
The synthesis of (2R,3R)-3-(L-Aspartylamino)-1-[(2S,3R)-3-methyl-2-norbornyl]-2-butanol, An excellent sweetener (1996)

Somel-aspartylnorbornylamino alcohol derivatives were synthesized as potential peptide sweeteners. Of these compounds, 3-(l-aspartylamino)-1-(3-methyl-2-norbornyl)-2-butanol displays an excellent sweetness potency. By further synthesis of one diastereoisomer, (2R,3R)-3-(l-aspartylamino)-1-[(2S,3R)-3-methyl-2-norbornyl]-2-butanol, we obtained an excellent and potent sweetener.
Method of image fusion for radiotherapy (2007)

Patient setup error is one of the major causes of tumor position uncertainty in radiotherapy for extracranial targets, which can result in a decreased radiation dose to the tumor and an increased dose to the normal tissues. Therefore, it is a common practice to verify the patient setup accuracy by comparing portal images with a digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) reference image. This paper proposes a practical method of portal image and DRR fusion for patient setup verification. As a result of the mean intensity difference between the inside and outside of the actual radiation region in the portal image, the image fusion in this work is fulfilled by applying an image registration process to the contents inside or outside of the actual radiation region in the portal image and the relevant contents that are extracted, accordingly, from the DRR image. The image fusion can also be fulfilled statistically by applying two separate image registration processes to the inside and outside of the actual radiation regions. To segment the image registration contents, automatic or semiautomatic region delineation schemes are employed that aim at minimizing users' operation burden, while at the same time maximizing the use of human intelligence. To achieve an accurate and fast delineation, this paper proposes using adaptive weight in the conventional level-set contour-finding algorithm for the automatic delineation scheme, as well as the use of adaptive banding in the conventional Intelligent Scissors algorithm for the semiautomatic delineation scheme.
Penaeidins, a New Family of Antimicrobial Peptides Isolated from the Shrimp Penaeus vannamei (Decapoda) (1997)

We report here the isolation of three members of a new family of antimicrobial peptides from the hemolymph of shrimps Penaeus vannamei in which immune response has not been experimentally induced. The three molecules display antimicrobial activity against fungi and bacteria with a predominant activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The complete sequences of these peptides were determined by a combination of enzymatic cleavages, Edman degradation, mass spectrometry, and cDNA cloning using a hemocyte cDNA library. The mature molecules (50 and 62 residues) are characterized by an NH2-terminal domain rich in proline residues and a COOH-terminal domain containing three intramolecular disulfide bridges. One of these molecules is post-translationally modified by a pyroglutamic acid at the first position. Comparison of the data obtained from the cDNA clones and mass spectrometry showed that two of these peptides are probably COOH-terminally amidated by elimination of a glycine residue. These molecules with no evident homology to other hitherto described antimicrobial peptides were named penaeidins.
Rapid Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Uropathogenic <i>E. coli</i> by Tracking Submicron Scale Motion of Single Bacterial Cells (2017)

To combat antibiotic resistance, a rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) technology that can identify resistant infections at disease onset is required. Current clinical AST technologies take 1-3 days, which is often too slow for accurate treatment. Here we demonstrate a rapid AST method by tracking sub-μm scale bacterial motion with an optical imaging and tracking technique. We apply the method to clinically relevant bacterial pathogens, Escherichia coli O157: H7 and uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) loosely tethered to a glass surface. By analyzing dose-dependent sub-μm motion changes in a population of bacterial cells, we obtain the minimum bactericidal concentration within 2 h using human urine samples spiked with UPEC. We validate the AST method using the standard culture-based AST methods. In addition to population studies, the method allows single cell analysis, which can identify subpopulations of resistance strains within a sample.
Fast birefringent mode stressed liquid crystal (2005)

We report a stressed liquid crystal (SLC) that produce a large shift in phase retardation at submillisecond speeds. The SLC consists of uniformly aligned micro-domains of a liquid crystal dispersed in a polymer structure. Mechanical stress produces uniform alignment, essentially eliminates light scattering, and substantially improves the electro-optic performance. A 22-μm-thick SLC film switches more than 2μm of phase retardation in less than 1ms. The system has a linear voltage response with essentially no hysteresis.
Plastic Scintillators and Radiation Detectors Based on Triphenyl Pyrazoline Derivatives (2021)

Abstract Plastic scintillators (PS) allow design of portative lightweight devices for quantification of low‐activity radiation sources. We have recently suggested a new type of organic fluorophores based on triphenyl pyrazoline (PZ) derivatives with high fluorescence quantum yield showing high radioluminescence when combined with a polyvinyltoluene (PVT) matrix. In this publication we report on radioluminescence properties of the PZ−X family with various halogen substitution (X=F, Cl, Br, I), or having vinyl functional group (vPZ, X=vinyl). PS based on such fluorophores and PVT matrix can be prepared as bulk samples, micrometer size beads or cladding on optical fibers. Application of fluorophores with vinyl functional groups enabled their enhanced interaction with the matrix due to covalent bonding between the components. We demonstrate high performance of PZ−X fluorophores and especially vPZ fluorophore in fabrication of nanocomposites for detection of various types of radiation. Scintillators have enhanced gamma ray detection capabilities with an addition of triphenyl Bi, or Gd 2 O 3 nanoparticles. High fluorescence quantum yield and luminosity of PZ fluorophores allows dramatical reduction of their content in PS systems. Mechanisms of energy transfer and conversion during scintillation process are discussed. Special consideration is given to enhancement of α/β and neutron/gamma (n/γ) pulse shape discrimination (PSD) function of the developed scintillators.
Multiple-access interference suppression for OFDM systems based on Doppler shifts (2003)

We consider multiuser communications in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel in the presence of significant Doppler shifts. It is well-known that the time asynchrony between users in a direct-sequence (DS) code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system allows for interference suppression. Similarly, the different Doppler shifts of received signals from a multiuser channel can be exploited in the frequency domain to achieve interference suppression. We show that this can be achieved with multicarrier CDMA (MC-CDMA). The relationship between the interference suppression capability and the Doppler shifts is studied in terms of signal-to-interference ratio (SIR).
Adaptive Subchip Multipath Resolving for Wireless Location Systems (2006)

Reliable positioning of cellular users in a mobile environment requires accurate resolving of overlapping multipath components. However, this task is difficult due to fast channel fading conditions and data ill-conditioning, which limit the performance of least-squares-based techniques. This paper develops two overlapping multipath resolving methods (adaptive and nonadaptive), and shows how the adaptive solution can be made robust to the above limitations by extracting and exploiting a priori information about the fading channel. Also the proposed techniques are extended when there are antenna arrays at the base station. Simulation results illustrate the performance of the proposed techniques.
Increased Plasma Oxidized Phospholipid:Apolipoprotein B-100 Ratio With Concomitant Depletion of Oxidized Phospholipids From Atherosclerotic Lesions After Dietary Lipid-Lowering (2006)

In the setting of overall reduction of plasma OxPL levels after dietary lipid-lowering, increases in the OxPL/apoB ratio reflect reduced content of OxPL in atherosclerotic plaques. These data suggest that changes in the OxPL/apoB ratio may reflect early atherosclerosis regression.
Combining Ligand Design with Photoligation to Provide Compact, Colloidally Stable, and Easy to Conjugate Quantum Dots (2013)

We describe the design and synthesis of two compact multicoordinating (lipoic acid-appended) zwitterion ligands for the capping of luminescent quantum dots, QDs. This design is combined with a novel and easy to implement photoligation strategy to promote the in situ ligand exchange and transfer of the QDs to buffer media. This method involves the irradiation of the native hydrophobic nanocrystals in the presence of the ligands, which promotes in situ cap exchange and phase transfer of the QDs, eliminating the need for a chemical reduction of the dithiolane groups. Applied to the present LA-zwitterion ligands, this route has provided QDs with high photoluminescence yields and excellent colloidal stability over a broad range of conditions, including acidic and basic pH, in the presence of growth media and excess salt conditions. The small lateral extension of the capping layer allowed easy conjugation of the QDs to globular proteins expressing a terminal polyhistidine tag, where binding is promoted by metal-affinity interactions between the accessible Zn-rich surface and imidazoles in the terminal tag of the proteins. The ability to carry out conjugation in acidic as well as basic conditions opens up the possibility to use such self-assembled QD-protein conjugates in various biological applications.
Developments in monitoring mine slope stability using radar interferometry (2002)

The authors describe a new ground based radar system which utilises differential interferometry to detect changes in rock surfaces in open cut mines. The aim is to detect small precursor movements of the rock slope which often occur prior to collapse, allowing the estimation of rock slope stability. A ground based system gives a unique opportunity to investigate the accuracy of radar interferometry for bare rock surfaces, as unlike satellite systems, high repeat rates, atmospheric monitoring and ground truthing is now easily achieved. Data collected from field trials at two open cut coal mines (Drayton, NSW Australia and Moura, QLD Australia), demonstrates that after compensation for atmospheric effects, sub-millimeter accuracy can be obtained over distances of 70-150 meters using the Slope Stability Radar (SSR). The two remaining sources of errors are fretting or weathering of the surface and dielectric changes of the rock surface, primarily due to rain. Through these tests the SSR is shown to be more accurate than current reflectorless laser EDM systems at detecting changes in a rock surface.
Design and synthesis of biodegradable grafted cationic polycarbonates as broad spectrum antimicrobial agents (2015)

Several biodegradable grafted cationic polycarbonates prepared via metal-free organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization are investigated for their antimicrobial activity, mechanism of action, and biocompatibility. Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. Supporting Information Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Design-aware lithography (2012)

In the face of continued technology scaling with limited lithographic capabilities, there has been a push towards increased co-optimization of design and process. A key enabler is enhancing the design-manufacturing interface to allow more information than traditional layout shapes to propagate to lithography. We describe a method to generate this additional information in the form of shape tolerances on layout polygons. We further develop two different manufacturing methods to utilize these tolerances during mask optimization. One is a tolerance-driven optical proximity correction algorithm to limit on-wafer lithographic hotspots by constraining process window contours to lie within tolerances. The second is a layout optimization approach that modifies layout shapes during OPC to make them more robust to process variations. Our simulation results show that this increased level of interaction between design and lithography can lead to fewer process hotspots on-wafer compared to conventional design-oblivious methods.
Structure and motion estimation of a moving object using a moving camera (2010)

A solution is presented to the problem of estimating the structure and motion of a moving object seen from a moving camera. A nonlinear observer is proposed, which asymptotically identifies the structure and motion of the moving object, when the camera motion is persistently exciting. The object is assumed to be moving with constant velocities. The proposed method makes no assumptions on the minimum number of views or point correspondences as required by the existing approaches.
Identification of Off-Target Cleavage Sites of Zinc Finger Nucleases and TAL Effector Nucleases Using Predictive Models (2014)

Using engineered nucleases, such as Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) or Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs), to make targeted genomic modifications has become a common technique to create new model organisms and custom cell lines, and has shown great promise for disease treatment. However, these nucleases have the potential for off-target cleavage that could confound interpretation of experimental results and be detrimental for therapeutic use. Here, we describe a method to test for nuclease cleavage at potential off-target sites predicted by bioinformatics models.
Properties and Application of a Thermostable Maltogenic Amylase Produced by a Strain of <i>Bacillus</i> Modified by Recombinant‐DNA Techniques (1984)

Abstract During a screening programme for amylase producing microorganisms a strain of Bacillus was isolated which produced a maltogenic amylase which had possible industrial potential. Unlike the microbial β‐amylases from B. cereus, B. megaterium, B. polymyxa and B. circulans this enzyme was characterized by being stable at 60–70°C at pH 4.5.‐5.5. Unfortunately the microorganism proved to be difficult to cultivate. Using recombinant‐DNA techniques it was possible to transfer the gene, which coded for the enzyme, to a host organism which was easier to cultivate, thus making industrial production a viable proposition. The enzyme is suitable for producing high maltose syrups from liquefied starch. When used together with an amylopectin debranching enzyme such as pullulanase, more than 75% maltose can be obtained at 30% D. S.
Identification of the neurotrophic factor sequence of prosaposin (1995)

Prosaposin, recently identified as a neurotrophic factor (1), is the precursor of saposins A, B, C, and D. The neurotrophic activity of prosaposin resides in the saposin C domain. We have pinpointed the active sequence to a linear 12-mer located in the NH2-terminal sequence of saposin C (LIDNNKTEKEIL). Nanomolar concentrations of a 22-mer peptide encompassing this region stimulated neurite outgrowth and choline acetyltransferase activity, and prevented cell death in neuroblastoma cells. In primary cerebellar granule cells, the 22-mer also stimulated neurite outgroth. Studies of the neuroblastoma line NS20Y using a radiolabeled 18-mer from the neurotrophic region identified a high-affinity (Kd = 70 pM) binding site indicative of receptor-ligand interaction. The 22-mer stimulated protein phosphorylation of several proteins, some of which were tyrosine-phosphorylated after brief exposure similar to saposin C. Circular dichroism studies demonstrated that the 22-mer was converted from a random to a helical structure by addition of ganglioside GM1. The results are consistent with receptor-ligand binding by the peptide initiating a signal transduction cascade and resulting in neuronal differentiation.
Optimal evaluation of array expressions on massively parallel machines (1995)

We investigate the problem of evaluating Fortran 90-style array expressions on massively parallel distributed-memory machines. On such a machine, an elementwise operation can be performed in constant time for arrays whose corresponding elements are in the same processor. If the arrays are not aligned in this manner, the cost of aligning them is part of the cost of evaluating the expression tree. The choice of where to perform the operation then affects this cost. We describe the communication cost of the parallel machine theoretically as a metric space; we model the alignment problem as that of finding a minimum-cost embedding of the expression tree into this space. We present algorithms based on dynamic programming that solve the embedding problem optimally for several communication cost metrics: multidimensional grids and rings, hypercubes, fat-trees, and the discrete metric. We also extend our approach to handle operations that change the shape of the arrays.
An algebraic algorithm for generation of three-dimensional grain maps based on diffraction with a wide beam of hard X-rays (2004)

A reconstruction method is presented for generation of three-dimensional maps of the grain boundaries within powders or polycrystals. The grains are assumed to have a mosaic spread below 1°. They are mapped by diffraction with a wide beam of hard X-rays, using a setup similar to that of parallel-beam absorption contrast tomography. First the diffraction spots are sorted with respect to grain of origin. Next, for each grain the reconstruction is performed by an algebraic algorithm known as three-dimensional ART. From simulations it is found that reconstructions with a spatial accuracy better than the pixel size of the detector can be obtained from as few as five diffraction spots. The results are superior to three-dimensional reconstructions based on the same data using a variant of the filtered back-projection algorithm. In comparison with layer-by-layer type reconstructions based on the two-dimensional ART algorithm, as introduced by Poulsen & Fu [ J. Appl. Cryst. (2003), 36 , 1062–1068], the quality of the maps is found to be similar, provided that five to ten spots are available for analysis, while data acquisition with the three-dimensional method is much faster. The three-dimensional ART methodology is validated on experimental data. With state-of-the-art detectors, the spatial accuracy is estimated to be 5 µm.
Lightfield photography (2010)

Computational photography is based on capturing and processing discrete representations of all the light rays in the 3D space of a scene. Compared to conventional photography, which captures 2D images, computational photography captures the entire 4D 'lightfield', (the full 4D radiance). To multiplex the 4D radiance onto conventional 2D sensors, light-field photography demands sophisticated optics and imaging technology. Two-dimensional image rendering is based on creating 2D projections of the 4D radiance.
1.3-μm light-emitting diode from silicon electron irradiated at its damage threshold (1987)

We report 77-K electroluminescence from an irradiated carbon-rich silicon diode that has an internal quantum efficiency more than 103 times higher than that of band-to-band recombination in an unirradiated, but otherwise identical diode. This is achieved by creating optically active Cs-SiI-Cs complexes with room-temperature electron bombardment at an energy between the displacement thresholds for single vacancy and divacancy formation. Under these irradiation conditions, it is possible to create a high concentration of radiative defects without gross degradation of the diode’s electrical characteristics. The technique could provide very large scale integration-compatible silicon light-emitting diodes for 1.3–1.6 μm all-silicon integrated optics.
Spectral filtering for mode locking in the normal dispersive regime (2008)

A theoretical model that characterizes the physical process responsible for generating ultrashort, high-energy, mode-locked pulses in a normal-dispersion laser cavity with strong spectral filtering is developed. According to this model, two of the critical physical parameters used to achieve optimal performance are the ratio of the filter bandwidth to the gain bandwidth and the placement of the output coupler in the laser cavity. The spectral filtering plays a crucial role in maintaining a short pulse duration with high energy. This phenomenon is generic to mode locking with normal dispersion.
Light soaking effects on photovoltaic modules: Overview and literature review (2011)

Device performance under extended duration illumination is an essential characterization step for any PV technology, because light exposure can produce a variety of effects which influence the determination of both initial and long-term stabilized device performance. We present an overview of PV light soaking behavior based on a literature review of light soaking effects on commercial PV module technologies, including a-Si/μc-Si, CdTe, CIS/CIGS, and c-Si. We address the physical mechanisms of light-induced changes in each PV technology, short-and long-term light-induced effects, and current literature knowledge on PV module preconditioning for accurate power output determination. We highlight common themes and identify desirable attributes of equipment for PV module light soaking characterization and test.