gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fluzone® intra-dermal (Intanza®/Istivac® Intra-dermal): An updated overview (2016)

Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory acute viral disease which imposes a very heavy burden both in terms of epidemiology and costs, in the developed countries as well as in the developing ones. It represents a serious public health concern and vaccination constitutes an important tool to reduce or at least mitigate its burden. Despite the existence of a broad armamentarium against influenza and despite all the efforts and recommendations of international organisms to broaden immunization, influenza vaccination coverage is still far from being optimal. This, taken together with logistic and technical difficulties that can result into vaccine shortage, makes intra-dermal (ID) vaccines, such as Fluzone® ID and Intanza®, particularly attractive. ID vaccines are comparable and, in some cases, superior to intra-muscular/sub-cutaneous vaccines in terms of immunogenicity, safety, reactogenicity, tolerability and cross-protection profiles, as well as in terms of patient preference, acceptance and vaccine selection. Further advances, such as Fluzone® ID with alternative B strains and Quadrivalent Fluzone® ID or the possibility of self-administering the vaccines, make influenza ID vaccines even more valuable.
Function and Antagonism of &#946; Integrins in the Development of Cancer Therapy (2009)

The integrin family of cell surface receptors integrates cell-extracellular matrix interactions with the cell cytoskeleton and signalling across the cell membrane, resulting in an important role in cell adhesion, mobility and migration, proliferation, and survival. Changes in the number and identity of integrin receptors are common in cancer cells resulting in alteration of the ability of malignant cells to interact with the extracellular matrix, and promoting migration as well as facilitating survival outside the tumour normal environment. beta(3) integrins are potentially involved in every step of the metastatic process and expression of both alpha(IIb)beta(3) and alpha(n)beta(3) is correlated with metastatic ability of tumour cells. The recognition of the RGD binding motif common to the disintegrins and natural integrin ligands such as fibrinogen allowed the development of small molecule beta(3) integrin antagonists, progressing from linear peptides containing the RGD sequence to cyclic peptides with well-defined conformation, and hence to small molecule peptidomimetics with improved pharmacological properties. In this review, we summarize the role of the beta(3)-subfamily of integrins when expressed in normal and tumour tissue, the development of small-molecule antagonists of beta(3) integrins and their potential anti-cancer applications.
Cation-pi interactions in aromatics of biological and medicinal interest: electrostatic potential surfaces as a useful qualitative guide. (1996)

The cation-pi interaction is an important, general force for molecular recognition in biological receptors. Through the sidechains of aromatic amino acids, novel binding sites for cationic ligands such as acetylcholine can be constructed. We report here a number of calculations on prototypical cation-pi systems, emphasizing structures of relevance to biological receptors and prototypical heterocycles of the type often of importance in medicinal chemistry. Trends in the data can be rationalized using a relatively simple model that emphasizes the electrostatic component of the cation-pi interaction. In particular, plots of the electrostatic potential surfaces of the relevant aromatics provide useful guidelines for predicting cation-pi interactions in new systems.
Evidence for virus-encoded glycosylation specificity. (1993)

Four spontaneously derived serologically distinct classes of mutants of the Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus (PBCV-1) were isolated using polyclonal antiserum prepared against either intact PBCV-1 or PBCV-1-derived serotypes. The oligosaccharide(s) of the viral major capsid protein and two minor glycoproteins determined virus serological specificity. Normally, viral glycoproteins arise from host-specific glycosylation of viral proteins; the glycan portion can be altered only by growing the virus on another host or by mutations in glycosylation sites of the viral protein. Neither mechanism explains the changes in the glycan(s) of the PBCV-1 major capsid protein because all of the viruses were grown in the same host alga and the predicted amino acid sequence of the major capsid protein was identical in the PBCV-1 serotypes. PBCV-1 antiserum resistance is best explained by viral mutations that block specific steps in glycosylation, possibly by inactivating glycosyltransferases.
Clinical Aspects of Depression in Chronic Pain Patients (1991)

It has been widely recognized that an appreciable proportion of chronic pain patients have depressive disorders. Although numerous studies and several literature reviews have examined the relationship between chronic pain and depression, disorders of mood come in many forms, and little attention has been paid to the different types of depressive disorders found among patients with chronic pain. In this article, the different ways in which a chronic pain patient may manifest depression are discussed. Diagnostic criteria for major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depression are described, and the relevance of these disorders and of masked depression to chronic pain is discussed. The medical illnesses and medications that can cause symptoms of depressive disorders are also briefly described. Depressive disorders and their concomitants are an integral part of the experience of chronic pain and are important in developing an optimal treatment plan. For these reasons, they should be carefully evaluated in all patients with chronic pain.
RF-pumped infrared laser using transverse gas flow (1984)

A transverse gas flow configuration has been developed utilizing RF discharge waveguide technology for several infrared lasers. Two potential applications have been identified: pulsed chemical laser and CW CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> laser. In the 3.8 μm DF laser, the flowing gas device provides rapid gas replenishment to maintain high electrical efficiency at high repetition rates. An average power of 0.6 W was achieved at 1 kHz. An order of magnitude power improvement can potentially be developed in a closed cycle system. In the CW CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> laser, the flowing gas provides efficient cooling so that high output power per unit gain length can be achieved. A 16 W output in a 20 cm gain length device, corresponding to a record 0.8 W/cm output has been demonstrated. This system can be developed into a 20-60 W laser with a 20-50 cm gain length.
New Therapeutics for Ulcerative Colitis (2021)

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing and remitting inflammatory disease of the colon with a variable course. Despite advances in treatment, only approximately 40% of patients achieve clinical remission at the end of a year, prompting the exploration of new treatment modalities. This review explores novel therapeutic approaches to UC, including promising drugs in various stages of development, efforts to maximize the efficacy of currently available treatment options, and non-medication-based modalities. Treatment approaches which show promise in impacting the future of UC management are highlighted.
Monoclonal Antibodies to Complement Components Without the Need of Their Prior Purification. II. Antibodies to Mouse C3 And C4 (1990)

Rat monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to mouse complement components C3 and C4 were produced by immunizing rats with cell-bound C3 and C4. This principle involves: a) using mouse thymocytes coated with syngeneic rat antibody isotypes that show high affinity to C1q, b) the intercalation of C1q from serum and c) the subsequent activation of the classical complement pathway leading to deposition of cell-bound complement components. Screening for anti-complement antibodies was performed on antibody coating microtiter plates with mouse serum as source of complement. The reactivity of the MAbs was determined by variations of the ELISA screening system using EDTA-serum to inhibit complement activation by C1 dissociation, serum rendered deficient of functionally active C3 by treatment with cobra venom factor (CVF) or serum of genetically C5-deficient mice. The specificity of the MAbs was confirmed by affinity chromatography followed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. We were able to establish a panel of anti-C3 and anti-C4 MAbs of various isotypes.
Delta-sigma modulator topologies for high-speed high-resolution A/D converters (2003)

By fully exploiting the enhanced stability characteristics of multibit quantization, stable higher-order /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulators with finite-impulse-response (FIR) noise-transfer-functions (NTF) can be designed to achieve high signal-to-quantization-noise ratios at low oversampling ratios (OSR). This paper proposes a multibit /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator topology to realize FIR NTFs of arbitrary orders. Its key features include: reduced sensitivity to integrator nonlinearities, improved robustness to /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator coefficient variations, and decreased circuit complexity. Its performance is validated through simulations and compared to traditional /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator structures. This paper further discusses how the design of the signal transfer function (the signal path within the /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator) can significantly reduce the harmonic distortion due to opamp nonidealities in the modulator's loop filter and can help reduce the power dissipation, especially for high-speed high-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADC) designed in low-voltage fine-line technologies.
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase by curcumin: Investigation by simulated molecular docking and subsequent<i>in vitro</i>/<i>in vivo</i>evaluation (2008)

Curcumin was investigated as an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) in an attempt to explain some of its interesting multiple pharmacological effects, such as its anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-malarial and anti-alzheimer's properties. The investigation included simulated docking experiments to fit curcumin within the binding pocket of GSK-3beta followed by experimental in vitro and in vivo validations. Curcumin was found to optimally fit within the binding pocket of GSK-3beta via several attractive interactions with key amino acids. Experimentally, curcumin was found to potently inhibit GSK-3beta (IC50 = 66.3 nM). Furthermore, our in vivo experiments illustrated that curcumin significantly increases liver glycogen in fasting Balb/c mice. Our findings strongly suggest that the diverse pharmacological activities of curcumin are at least partially mediated by inhibition of GSK-3beta.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates GTP hydrolysis by membranes from GH4C1 rat pituitary tumor cells. (1984)

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates prolactin production by GH4C1 rat pituitary tumor cells, which possess high-affinity membrane receptors for the peptide. TRH caused up to a 50% increase in the activity of a low-Km GTPase in membranes from GH4C1 cells. The TRH stimulatory effect was maximal at GTP concentrations of 1 microM or lower. TRH caused an increase in GTPase activity of between 0.2 and 20 pmol of GTP hydrolyzed per mg of protein per min, depending on GTP concentration, while TRH binding was 0.3 pmol/mg of protein. TRH did not stimulate GTPase activity in membranes from GH12C1, or GH-Y cells, two pituitary lines lacking TRH receptors. Stimulation of GTPase depended on occupancy of the TRH receptor; half-maximal increases in GTPase activity required 46 nM TRH and 25 nM [N3-methyl-His]TRH, but the TRH free acid was inactive. The apparent Kds of these peptides for receptors were similar when measured under the same conditions. The fact that TRH binding to receptors is regulated by guanyl nucleotides, together with the demonstration of TRH stimulation of low-Km GTPase activity, suggests that the TRH receptor is associated with a guanyl nucleotide regulatory protein in the lactotroph membrane.
Salicylic Acid–Independent ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 Signaling in<i>Arabidopsis</i>Immunity and Cell Death Is Regulated by the Monooxygenase<i>FMO1</i>and the Nudix Hydrolase<i>NUDT7</i> (2006)

Arabidopsis thaliana ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1) controls defense activation and programmed cell death conditioned by intracellular Toll-related immune receptors that recognize specific pathogen effectors. EDS1 is also needed for basal resistance to invasive pathogens by restricting the progression of disease. In both responses, EDS1, assisted by its interacting partner, PHYTOALEXIN-DEFICIENT4 (PAD4), regulates accumulation of the phenolic defense molecule salicylic acid (SA) and other as yet unidentified signal intermediates. An Arabidopsis whole genome microarray experiment was designed to identify genes whose expression depends on EDS1 and PAD4, irrespective of local SA accumulation, and potential candidates of an SA-independent branch of EDS1 defense were found. We define two new immune regulators through analysis of corresponding Arabidopsis loss-of-function insertion mutants. FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE1 (FMO1) positively regulates the EDS1 pathway, and one member (NUDT7) of a family of cytosolic Nudix hydrolases exerts negative control of EDS1 signaling. Analysis of fmo1 and nudt7 mutants alone or in combination with sid2-1, a mutation that severely depletes pathogen-induced SA production, points to SA-independent functions of FMO1 and NUDT7 in EDS1-conditioned disease resistance and cell death. We find instead that SA antagonizes initiation of cell death and stunting of growth in nudt7 mutants.
Antibodies Induced by Dengue Virus Type 1 and 2 Envelope Domain III Recombinant Proteins in Monkeys Neutralize Strains with Different Genotypes (2009)

In the present work, we evaluated the neutralizing capacity of the antibodies induced by dengue virus type 1 and 2 envelope domain III recombinant proteins in monkeys against strains of different dengue virus type 1 and 2 genotypes. Here we demonstrated that dengue virus type 1 and 2 recombinant proteins induced high titers of neutralizing antibodies against different genotype strains.
Cytologic diagnosis of radiographically occult squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (1982)

From 1978-1980, 20 patients with radiographically occult squamous cell carcinoma of the lung were admitted to Toronto General Hospital. Among them, five had in situ carcinoma, three had microinvasive carcinoma, and 12 early invasive. All cases were first diagnosed by cytologic examinations of sputum, localized by bronchoscopy, and had been verified histologically. It appears that a cytologic diagnosis of in situ squamous cell carcinoma of the lung could not be established on the basis of a single abnormal squamous cell or an occasional group of abnormal cells, but could be reached by putting together all the cytologic findings observed in the preparations. The criteria for the cytologic diagnosis are elucidated. Cytomorphologically there was no difference between microinvasive and advanced invasive carcinoma. However, in a patient with known localized in situ carcinoma and previous persistent cytologic findings of the same from that particular site, the finding of frankly malignant cells from the same site in the follow-up bronchoscopic examination was almost definitely an indication of microinvasive carcinoma, which usually showed evidence of both in situ and invasive carcinoma in the bronchial brushing specimens. None of the three microinvasive carcinoma cases had positive lymph nodes, but four of the 12 patients with early invasive carcinoma had metastases to the nodes at the time of surgery. Hence, the best time to effectively treat the invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is at the microinvasive stage when the disease is considered curable.
Low-temperature magnetism of quinolinium<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mn/><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">TCNQ</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mn/></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>, a random-exchange Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain. I. Static properties (1981)

Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility ($\ensuremath{\chi}$) using low-field electron spin resonance over the temperature range $30 \mathrm{mK}<T<300 \mathrm{K}$ are reported for a polycrystalline sample of quinolinium-di-tetracyanoquinodimethanide, as well as over a more limited range in $T$ for two other polycrystalline samples and one single-platelet sample. In all cases, below \ensuremath{\sim}20 K, $\ensuremath{\chi} \ensuremath{\propto} {T}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, where for each preparation batch $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is constant. The temperature dependence of $\ensuremath{\chi}$ is interpreted as evidence that quinolinium-di-tetracyanoquinodimethanide is a random-exchange Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain with a high concentration of spins. It is speculated that the variation in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ between different preparation batches may be due to variations of short-range order introduced by different conditions of crystal growth. The relation of the observed $\ensuremath{\chi}$ to the microscopic exchange coupling is discussed in terms of recent renormalization calculations and the quasiuniversal behavior predicted by them. The absence of a sharp magnetic phase transition is interpreted as the suppression of an ordering transition by disorder.
Learning semantic relationships for better action retrieval in images (2015)

Human actions capture a wide variety of interactions between people and objects. As a result, the set of possible actions is extremely large and it is difficult to obtain sufficient training examples for all actions. However, we could compensate for this sparsity in supervision by leveraging the rich semantic relationship between different actions. A single action is often composed of other smaller actions and is exclusive of certain others. We need a method which can reason about such relationships and extrapolate unobserved actions from known actions. Hence, we propose a novel neural network framework which jointly extracts the relationship between actions and uses them for training better action retrieval models. Our model incorporates linguistic, visual and logical consistency based cues to effectively identify these relationships. We train and test our model on a largescale image dataset of human actions. We show a significant improvement in mean AP compared to different baseline methods including the HEX-graph approach from Deng et al. [8].
A Comparative Study for Contour Detection Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (2018)

Contour detection plays an important role in a wide range of applications such as image segmentation, object detection, shape matching, scene understanding, etc. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of contour detection using existing convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures. Given that contour detection can be considered as a classification task (e.g., contour or non-contour), six types of pretrained CNN (trained on ImageNet dataset) are individually used for domain-specific fine-tuning on contour dataset. The contour detection can then be achieved by sliding-window strategy, in which each image window (corresponding to a local patch) is used to extract features followed by classification. The features extraction is implemented by extracting the activation vectors from the fully-connected layers (except for the classification layer) of a fine-tuned CNN. Random forest classifier is adopted to predict whether the central pixel of a local patch is passed by contour or not. Experiments on a widely-used dataset called Berkeley Segmentation Data Set (BSDS500) demonstrate that fine-tuning technique can significantly improve the performance of contour detection.
Changes in the Activity and Structure of Urease in the Interaction with Polyelectrolytes (2008)

The influence of polyelectrolytes on the structural and catalytic characteristics of urease (Canavalia ensiformis) was studied by the methods of steady-state kinetics, fluorescence spectroscopy, and circular dichroism. It was shown that, of the four polyelectrolytes studied, two of which were negatively charged (polystyrene sulfonate and dextran sulfate) and two were positively charged (polyallylamine (PAA) and polydiallyl dimethylammonium chloride), only PAA was a potent urease inhibitor: 0.5 μg/ml of PAA provided a 50% degree of inhibition for enzyme at neutral pH. It was found that polyelectrolyte did not inhibit urease in the presence of micromolar concentrations of ammonium chloride. Based on the experimental data and the calculated structure of urease from Canavalia ensiformis and on the identity with the amino acid sequence of urease from Bacillus pasteurii, the mechanism of urease inactivation by the PAA polyelectrolyte is discussed. This mechanism does not resemble the inhibiting action of polyelectrolytes on the previously studied oligomeric proteins—lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and hemoglobin. It is proposed that the specific cation-binding sites determining the structural dynamics of the enzyme-polyelectrolyte complex play the regulating role in the urease molecule.
Semi-Supervised Log-Based Anomaly Detection via Probabilistic Label Estimation (2021)

With the growth of software systems, logs have become an important data to aid system maintenance. Log-based anomaly detection is one of the most important methods for such purpose, which aims to automatically detect system anomalies via log analysis. However, existing log-based anomaly detection approaches still suffer from practical issues due to either depending on a large amount of manually labeled training data (supervised approaches) or unsatisfactory performance without learning the knowledge on historical anomalies (unsupervised and semi-supervised approaches). In this paper, we propose a novel practical log-based anomaly detection approach, PLELog, which is semi-supervised to get rid of time-consuming manual labeling and incorporates the knowledge on historical anomalies via probabilistic label estimation to bring supervised approaches' superiority into play. In addition, PLELog is able to stay immune to unstable log data via semantic embedding and detect anomalies efficiently and effectively by designing an attention-based GRU neural network. We evaluated PLELog on two most widely-used public datasets, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of PLELog, significantly outperforming the compared approaches with an average of 181.6% improvement in terms of F1-score. In particular, PLELog has been applied to two real-world systems from our university and a large corporation, further demonstrating its practicability