gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Complexation of Nickel Ions by Boric Acid or (Poly)borates (2016)

An experiment based on electrochemical reactions and pH monitoring was performed in which nickel ions were gradually formed by oxidation of a nickel metal electrode in a solution of boric acid. Based on the experimental results and aqueous speciation modeling, the evolution of pH showed the existence of significant nickel-boron complexation. A triborate nickel complex was postulated at high boric acid concentrations when polyborates are present, and the equilibrium constants were determined at 25, 50 and 70 °C. The calculated enthalpy and entropy at 25 °C for the formation of the complex from boric acid and Ni<sup>2+</sup> ions are respectively equal to (65.6 ± 3.1) kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup> and (0.5 ± 11.1) J·K<sup>-1</sup>·mol<sup>-1</sup>. The results of this study suggest that complexation of nickel ions by borates can significantly enhance the solubility of nickel metal and nickel oxide depending on the concentration of boric acid and pH. First principles calculations were investigated and tend to show that the complex is thermodynamically stable and the nickel cation in solution should interact more strongly with the [Formula: see text] than with boric acid.
Immune functions of tumor necrosis factor. I. Tumor necrosis factor induces apoptosis of mouse thymocytes and can also stimulate or inhibit IL-6-induced proliferation depending on the concentration of mitogenic costimulation. (1993)

Murine rTNF produces at least three effects on mouse thymocytes in vitro: 1) Is a modest co-stimulator of proliferation with low PHA-P doses. 2) Has a bi-directional interaction with rIL-6-depending on PHA concentration: at low PHA (5 to 10 micrograms/ml) TNF augments and at high PHA (20 to 30 micrograms/ml) inhibits IL-6-induced proliferation. A comparable bidirectional PHA dose-dependent TNF interaction was seen with IL-1 beta, whereas only inhibition at high PHA with IL-2 and only augmentation at low PHA with IL-4 were seen. 3) TNF induces direct thymocyte apoptosis (a property not shared by IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-7). Of the cytokines studied, only IL-7 reduced TNF apoptosis. Thymocyte apoptosis by TNF showed the same species specificity as costimulation (i.e., human TNF had no effect) and was not inhibited by CY. The thymocyte CD4-CD8 phenotype after 72-h cultures showed that TNF decreased mainly double negative (DN) and single positive (SP) subsets, whereas IL-6 with low or high PHA increased DN and SP, especially the SP CD8+ subset. The regulatory and apoptotic effects of TNF were seen only with thymocytes and not with peripheral splenic or lymph node T cells. Four mAb to mouse TNF (2E2, XT22, 1C6, and 1OD9) could abrogate TNF costimulation and the TNF effects on IL-6-induced thymocyte proliferation, at both augmenting and inhibitory PHA conditions. However, only the two antibodies that also neutralize TNF lytic activity (2E2, XT22) could inhibit TNF-mediated apoptosis, implying two different but neighboring functional domains in the TNF molecule mediating apoptosis/lysis and costimulation. Our studies show that TNF might have unique and complex regulatory effects on growth and death of thymocyte populations in adult mice quite different from its effects on T cells in periphery.
Chemistry of oxalyl derivatives of methyl ketones. XLVI. Reaction of. beta. -bromoaroylpyruvic esters with urea (1987)

The substitution of the bromine atom in methyl ..beta..-bromoaroylpyruvates by urea is accompanied by cyclization of the substitution product. Depending on the reaction conditions, this leads either to 6-aroyl-5-hydroxyuracils or to 5-aryl-4-methoxycarbonyl-2,3-dihydro-2-imidazolones. The UV spectra were recorded on a Specord UV-Vis spectrometer in ethanol with the substances at concentrations of 10/sup -4/-10/sup -5/ M. The IR spectra were recorded in Vaseline oil on a UR-20 spectrometer. The PMR spectra were recorded in deuteroacetone on an RS-60 spectrometer with HMDS as internal standard. The mass spectra were recorded on a Varian Mat-311 spectrometer at 70 eV.
A New Approach to Differential Sticking (1985)

ABSTRACT This paper presents a new theorical and experimental study of the forces involved along the pipe/cake/formation triple bond when differential pressure sticking has been established. This has been done by recording the pressure at differents points of the pipe/cake and cake/formation interfaces in a laboratory device reproducing the drilled hole conditions. Results show that the resistance at any point of the pipe/cake/formation bond is mainly affected by the pore pressure existing at that point.
Optimal Steady-State Control for Isolated Traffic Intersections (2010)

A simplified isolated controlled vehicular traffic intersection with two movements is considered. A discrete-event max-plus model is proposed to formulate an optimization problem for the green-red switching sequence. In the case when the criterion is a strictly increasing, linear function of the queue lengths, the problem becomes a linear programming problem. Also, in this case, the steady-state control problem can be solved analytically. A sufficient and necessary condition for steady-state control is derived, and the structure of optimal steady-state traffic control is revealed. Our condition is the same as the necessary condition in <citerefgrp xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><citeref refid="ref5"/> </citerefgrp> for both queue lengths to be non-increasing at an isolated intersection.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)-Enabled Circulation Sub Precisely Spots Loss-Circulation Material in Critical Interval (2015)

Abstract Taking fluid losses in a drilling operation is common practice. Pumping loss-circulation material (LCM) to control drilling fluid losses to the formation is part of the overall solution. Precisely spotting the correct volume of LCM and protecting sensitive directional tools in the bottomhole assembly (BHA) has proven to be a considerable challenge. Recently in a critical offshore well in the North Sea, the 6.5 intermediate section was drilled to 10,446 feet through a soft, porous limestone formation. In addition to the propensity of the chalk formation for seepage, a pre-existing natural fault was also present. The drilling fluid used to drill this section was 8.7-ppg paraffin- and mineral-based mud. Factors key to controlling losses were LCM displacement in precise intervals of the section and timely delivery of the material into the well annulus through a diverter circulation sub. High flow rates and minimal differential pressure at the tool were key to the mud program. Because the RFID-enabled diverter circulation sub was capable of being selectively opened and closed using specifically programmed transponders, it did not require a ball seat or mechanical indexing system. This feature, coupled with the extra-large total flow area (TFA) and integrated flapper system of diverter circulation sub, allowed precise and timely LCM pumping while completely protecting the measurement-while-drilling (MWD) and rotary steerable (RSS) systems from damaging debris. A total of 29 pills were pumped in the 14-day period that it took to drill the section. The circulation sub was strategically opened and closed in the diverting mode during this pill and LCM pumping program to control losses and allow the operator to drill ahead. By using an RFID-enabled circulation sub specifically designed to displace heavy pills and LCM, the operator was able to control losses, maintain proper hydrostatic pressure, and reach total depth (TD).
Hepatitis B Virus Regulatory HBx Protein Binds to Adaptor Protein IPS-1 and Inhibits the Activation of Beta Interferon (2010)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) encodes the regulatory HBx protein, which is required for virus replication, although its specific role(s) in the replication cycle remains under investigation. An immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry approach was used to identify four novel HBx binding proteins from the cytoplasmic fraction of HBx transgenic mouse livers. One of these HBx binding partners is beta interferon promoter stimulator 1 (IPS-1), an adaptor protein that plays a critical role in mediating retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) signaling, which leads to the activation of beta interferon (IFN-β). The HBx-IPS-1 protein interaction was confirmed in plasmid-transfected HepG2 cells by reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation and Western blotting. We hypothesized that HBx might alter IPS-1 function since proteins of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis A virus similarly bind IPS-1 and target it for inactivation. The effect of HBx on IPS-1-mediated IFN-β signaling was tested in transfected 293T and HepG2 cells, and we show that HBx inhibits double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)-mediated IFN-β activation in a dose-dependent manner when expressed either alone or within the context of HBV replication. However, HBx does not inhibit poly(I:C)-activated IFN-β signaling. These results demonstrate that HBx interferes with the RIG-I pathway of innate immunity. Hepatitis B virus now joins hepatitis C virus and hepatitis A virus in targeting the same innate immune response pathway, presumably as a shared strategy to benefit replication of these viruses in the liver.
Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: new hypothesis regarding its etiology and pathogenesis suggests that astrocytes might be the primary target hosting a still unknown external agent (2011)

This article briefly describes the already known clinical features and pathogenic mechanisms underlying sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, namely excitoxicity, oxidative stress, protein damage, inflammation, genetic abnormalities and neuronal death. Thereafter, it puts forward the hypothesis that astrocytes may be the cells which serve as targets for the harmful action of a still unknown environmental agent, while neuronal death may be a secondary event following the initial insult to glial cells. The article also suggests that an emergent virus or a misfolded infectious protein might be potential candidates to accomplish this task.
Characterization of upstream activation elements essential for the expression of germ cell alkaline phosphatase in human choriocarcinoma cells (1993)

Expression of the germ cell alkaline phosphatase is a highly regulated process tied to malignant transformation of the human placenta. Human choriocarcinoma cells (malignant trophoblasts) express primarily the germ cell alkaline phosphatase gene and only low or nondetectable levels of the placental alkaline phosphatase normally found in the human placenta. Here, we show that nucleotides -156 to -1 region relative to the gene transcription start site (+1) contain cis-acting DNA elements that direct germ cell alkaline phosphatase expression in choriocarcinoma cells. Within the minimal activator region, at least three nuclear protein-binding sites, I (-63/-44), II (-87/-67), and III (-136/-103), were identified by DNase I footprinting analysis. All three sites are GC-rich. Sites I and II contain a sequence known to bind the transcription factor AP-2; the AP-2 site in site II overlaps a consensus motif for the transcription factor Sp1. Gel retardation experiments showed that similar nuclear protein factor(s) in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells bind to all three sites, with highest affinity to sites I and II. Site-directed mutagenesis that prevents binding of nuclear proteins to either site I or II, or both sites I and II, resulted in the loss of factor binding and reduced activator activity. The germ cell alkaline phosphatase promoter that contains an intact binding site III but altered sites I and II had little activator activity, suggesting that protein-protein interaction is important for germ cell alkaline phosphatase gene activation.
Design methods of broadband circularly polarized patch antennas using artificial ground structure (2010)

This paper deals with broadband circularly polarized patch antennas using an Artificial Ground (AG) structure with rectangular unit cells as a reflector. The AG structure has no band gap unlike the mushroom structures for electromagnetic band gap (EBG) and changes the reflection phase in accordance with the polarization state of the incident wave. By properly combining the transmitted wave from the antenna and the reflected wave from the AG structure, broadband circular polarization can be obtained. On the other, the antennas have a rectangular or circular patch and are tested at around 6 GHz and show some simulated and measured in impedance, axial ratio and radiation patterns. The results show typically an impedance bandwidth of 48.6% and 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth 20.4%, for example, which are significantly wider than these of conventional patch antennas.
Schottky-barrier inhomogeneity at epitaxial<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">NiSi</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>interfaces on Si(100) (1991)

The Schottky-barrier height (SBH) of an epitaxial ${\mathrm{NiSi}}_{2}$ layer grown on Si(100) is shown to depend critically on the morphology of the interface. Single-crystal, uniform, planar ${\mathrm{NiSi}}_{2}$Si(100) layers have a much lower (n-type) SBH than that of interfaces which are made up of inclined 〈111〉 facets. Interfaces with both planar 〈100〉 sections and inclined 〈111〉 sections exhibit electrical behavior expected of a spatially inhomogeneous SB. We suggest that interface atomic structure determines SBH formation.
Real time genetic compensation operationally defines the dynamic demands of feedback control (2018)

SUMMARY Biological signaling networks use feedback control to dynamically adjust their operation in real time. Traditional static genetic methods such as gene knockouts or rescue experiments often can identify the existence of feedback interactions, yet are unable to determine what feedback dynamics are required. Here, we implement a new strategy, closed loop optogenetic compensation (CLOC), to address this problem. Using a custom-built hardware and software infrastructure, CLOC monitors in real time the output of a pathway deleted for a feedback regulator. A minimal model uses these measurements to calculate and deliver—on the fly—an optogenetically-enabled transcriptional input designed to compensate for the effects of the feedback deletion. Application of CLOC to the yeast pheromone response pathway revealed surprisingly distinct dynamic requirements for three well-studied feedback regulators. CLOC, a marriage of control theory and traditional genetics, presents a broadly applicable methodology for defining the dynamic function of biological feedback regulators.
Machine Learning Techniques in Optical Communication (2015)

Machine learning techniques relevant for nonlinearity mitigation, carrier recovery, and nanoscale device characterization are reviewed and employed. Markov Chain Monte Carlo in combination with Bayesian filtering is employed within the nonlinear state-space framework and demonstrated for parameter estimation. It is shown that the time-varying effects of cross-phase modulation (XPM) induced polarization scattering and phase noise can be formulated within the nonlinear state-space model (SSM). This allows for tracking and compensation of the XPM induced impairments by employing approximate stochastic filtering methods such as extended Kalman or particle filtering. The achievable gains are dependent on the autocorrelation (AC) function properties of the impairments under consideration which is strongly dependent on the transmissions scenario. The gain of the compensation method are therefore investigated by varying the parameters of the AC function describing XPM-induced polarization scattering and phase noise. It is shown that an increase in the nonlinear tolerance of more than 2 dB is achievable for 32 Gbaud QPSK and 16-quadratic-amplitude modulation (QAM). It is also reviewed how laser rate equations can be formulated within the nonlinear state-space framework which allows for tracking of nonLorentzian laser phase noise lineshapes. It is experimentally demonstrated for 28 Gbaud 16-QAM signals that if the laser phase noise shape strongly deviates from the Lorentzian, phase noise tracking algorithms employing rate equation-based SSM result in a significant performance improvement ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$>$</tex-math></inline-formula> 8 dB) compared to traditional approaches using digital phase-locked loop. Finally, Gaussian mixture model is reviewed and employed for nonlinear phase noise compensation and characterization of nanoscale devices structure variations.
<title>Time-resolved imaging fluorescence microscopy</title> (1992)

The extension of microscope luminescence measurements into the temporal domain provides the possibility of determining time-resolved properties of microscope samples and their surrounding environments, and thereby extends the conventional steady state measurements. `Time resolved imaging microscopy' is a relatively new technique whereby fast kinetic and luminescence decay parameters (decay times and the corresponding time or phase resolved amplitudes) are directly and simultaneously measured throughout an image, pixel by pixel, in an optical microscope. Molecular rotation, solvent and matrix relaxation, quenching mechanisms, reactions, and energy transfer are examples of molecular spectroscopic processes that can be studied best by directly measuring the time dependent properties. Dynamic measurements are generally much more informative than their steady state counterparts. The goal of our work is to develop time-resolved methods that can be applied conveniently and routinely to biological material in the microscope over a wide time domain. In addition to the augmented purely spectroscopic and reaction kinetic information, simultaneous spatial and temporal resolution of an image in a microscope provides significant improvement in image contrast, probe identification and differentiation, background (light scattering and inherent luminescence) reduction, and provides additional parameters for digital image analysis. Time resolution makes it possible to recover structures in an image concealed by background luminescence with a different lifetime. Examples of these procedures are given, and the instrumentation required for the data acquisition and analysis is discussed. The technique employs phase-locked coordination between the modulation of the perturbation and the recording of the luminescence image together with a Photometrics (Tucson, Ariz.) series 200 high resolution slow-scan scientific CCD camera. A normal fluorescence microscope is used.
Post-Sintering Heat Treatments for Porous Coated Ti-6A1-4V Alloy (1985)

Previous studies have shown that the application of a porous Ti-6A1-4V alloy coating results in a substantial decrease in the substrate material fatigue properties. This phenomenon is due to both a microstructural change from the equiaxed alpha-beta microstructure to a lamellar structure and a notch effect created by the porous coating. The lamellar microstructure has been shown to exhibit the worst fatigue properties of the most common structures obtained in Ti-6A1-4V alloy. This study examined various post-sintering heat treatments which would alter the material microstructure and possibly result in improved fatigue performance. The heat treatments examined produced alternate microstructures to the lamellar structure and some approached the totally transformed acicular alpha structure. The acicular alpha structure has been shown to exhibit the best fatigue properties for Ti-6A1-4V alloy in the notched condition.
Extraction of Essential Oil and Pigments from <i>Curcuma longa</i> [L.] by Steam Distillation and Extraction with Volatile Solvents (2003)

Curcuma longa [Linn] (turmeric), of the Zingiberaceae family, has a great importance in the food, textile, and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this work was to identify the best processing conditions to maximize the yields of essential oil and pigments, as well as their content of ar-turmerone, (alpha and beta)-turmerone, and the curcuminoids, respectively. Autoclave pressure and distillation time were the variables studied for the steam distillation process. The highest yields of essential oil (0.46 wt %) and pigment (0.16 wt %)-expressed as curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin-were obtained at a pressure of 1.0 x 10(5) Pa and a time of 2 h. On the other hand, with extraction by volatile solvents, the best yield of essential oil (5.49 wt %) was obtained when using 0.175, 0.124, 0.088 mm particles (Foust, A. S.; Wenzel, L. A.; Clump, C. W.; Maus, L.; Andersen, L. B. Princípios das Operações Unitárias; Editora Guanabara Dois S.A.: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1982), at 40 degrees C, and 6 h of extraction. However, the best yield of pigment (7.98 wt %) was obtained under the same conditions, except for the temperature (30 degrees C).
INLINE RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION‐ASSISTED LAPAROSCOPIC LIVER RESECTION: FIRST EXPERIMENT WITH STAPLING DEVICE (2007)

In this study, we successfully carried out InLine RFA-assisted laparoscopic liver resection in both stapled and diathermy group. We showed that there was a highly significant difference between InLine and other liver resection techniques laparoscopically.
Whispering gallery germanium-on-silicon photodetector (2017)

We design and demonstrate, to the best of our knowledge, the first whispering gallery germanium-on-silicon photodetector with evanescent coupling from a silicon bus waveguide in a CMOS-compatible process. The small footprint (63.6 μm<sup>2</sup>), high responsivity (∼1.04 A/W at 1530 nm), low bias voltage (-1 V), low dark current (2.03 nA), and large optoelectric bandwidth (32.9 GHz) of the detector enable simultaneous wavelength filtering and power detection, ideal for handling large network data traffic. In addition, with the resonant nature of the detector, we also optimize the design to enable long-wavelength detection, achieving a separate device with a detection range of up to 1630 nm with a >0.45 A/W responsivity, making it an important building block for optical communication networks.
Solid-State Synthesis of a Conducting Polythiophene via an Unprecedented Heterocyclic Coupling Reaction (2003)

Prolonged storage ( approximately 2 years) or gentle heating (50-80 degrees C) of crystalline 2,5-dibromo-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (DBEDOT) affords a highly conducting, bromine-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), as confirmed by solid-state NMR, FTIR, CV, and vis-NIR spectroscopies. The novel solid-state polymerization (SSP) does not occur for 2,5-dichloro-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (DCEDOT), and requires a much higher temperature (>130 degrees C) for 2,5-diiodo-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (DIEDOT). X-ray structural analysis of the above dihalothiophenes reveals short Hal.Hal distances between adjacent molecules in DBEDOT and DIEDOT, but not in DCEDOT. The polymerization may also occur in the melt but is significantly slower and leads to poorly conductive material. Detailed studies of the reaction were performed using ESR, DSC, microscopy, and gravimetric analyses. SSP starts on crystal defect sites; it is exothermic by 14 kcal/mol and requires activation energy of approximately 26 kcal/mol (for DBEDOT). The temperature dependence of the conductivity of SSP-PEDOT (sigma(rt) = 20-80 S/cm) reveals a slight thermal activation. It can be further increased by a factor of 2 by doping with iodine. Using this approach, thin films of PEDOT with conductivity as high as 20 S/cm were fabricated on insulating flexible plastic surfaces.