gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
First Signal from a Broadband Cryogenic Preamplifier Cooled by Circulating Liquid Nitrogen in a 7 T Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer (2012)

Despite the outstanding performance of Fourier transform ion cyclotron/mass spectrometry (FTICR/MS), the complexity of the cellular proteome or natural compounds presents considerable challenges. Sensitivity is a key performance parameter of a FTICR mass spectrometer. By improving this parameter, the dynamic range of the instrument can be increased to improve the detection signal of low-abundance compounds or fragment ion peaks. In order to improve sensitivity, a cryogenic detection system was developed by the KBSI (Korean Basic Science Institute) in collaboration with Stahl-Electronics (Mettenheim, Germany). A simple, efficient liquid circulation cooling system was designed and a cryogenic preamplifier implemented inside a FTICR mass spectrometer. This cooling system circulates a cryoliquid from a Dewar to the "liquid circulation unit" through a CF flange to cool a copper block and a cryopreamplifier; the cooling medium is subsequently exhausted into the air. The cryopreamplifier can be operated over a very wide temperature range, from room temperature to low temperature environments (4.2 K). First, ion signals detected by the cryopreamplifier using a circulating liquid nitrogen cooling system were observed and showed a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) about 130% better than that obtained at room temperature.
<title>Fast, inexpensive, diffraction-limited cylindrical microlenses</title> (1991)

We have developed a technique for fabricating fast, well corrected cylindrical microlenses. With this technique we have made a number of different microlenses with dimensions and focal lengths in the range of a few hundred micrometers , and diffraction limited numerical apertures as high as 0.9. The microlenses are specifically designed for applications where they can increase the radiance or otherwise enhance the optical characteristics of laser diode light. The fabrication method we use is very versatile, and the microlenses produced this way would be very inexpensive in production quantities.
Spliced Video and Buffering Considerations for Tune-In Time Minimization in DVB-H for Mobile TV (2006)

A novel video splicing method is proposed which minimizes the tune-in time of mobile TV in Digital Video Broadcasting for Handheld terminals (DVB-H). DVB-H uses a time-sliced transmission scheme to reduce the power consumption used for radio reception. Tune-in time in DVB-H refers to the time between the start of the reception of a broadcast signal and the start of the media rendering. One of the significant factors in tune-in time is the time from the start of media decoding to the start of correct output from decoder, which can be minimized when a time-slice is started with a random access point picture such as an independent decoding refresh (IDR) picture in H.264/AVC. In IP datacasting (IPDC) over DVB-H, the encapsulation to time-slices is performed independently from encoding in a network element called IP encapsulator. At the time encoding, time-slice boundaries are not known exactly, and it is impossible to govern the location of IDR pictures relative to time-slice boundaries. It is proposed that an additional stream consisting of IDR pictures only is transmitted to the IP encapsulator, which replaces pictures in a normal bitstream with IDR pictures according to time-slice boundaries in order to achieve the minimum tune-in time. It has to be ensured that the "spliced" stream resulting from the operation of the IP encapsulator complies with the Hypothetical Reference Decoder (HRD) specification of H.264/AVC.
Design of thiol- and light-sensitive degradable hydrogels using Michael-type addition reactions (2015)

Injectable depots that respond to exogenous and endogenous stimuli present an attractive strategy for tunable, patient-specific drug delivery. Here, the design of injectable and multimodal degradable hydrogels that respond to externally applied light and physiological stimuli, specifically aqueous and reducing microenvironments, is reported. Rapid hydrogel formation was achieved using a thiol-maleimide click reaction between multifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) macromers. Hydrogel degradation kinetics in response to externally applied cytocompatible light, reducing conditions, and hydrolysis were characterized, and degradation of the gel was controlled over multiple time scales from seconds to days. Further, tailored release of an encapsulated model cargo, fluorescent nanobeads, was demonstrated.
Automatic Cochlear Duct Length Estimation for Selection of Cochlear Implant Electrode Arrays (2017)

Choosing the best CI electrode array is an important task for optimizing hearing outcomes. Manual cochleae length measurements are user-dependent, and errors impact upon the CI electrode array choice for certain patients. Measuring cochlea length automatically is less time consuming and generates more repeatable results. Our automatic approach could make use of CDL for patient-customized treatment more clinically adoptable.
Modification of a Fragment from Type II Collagen Affects the Dynamics of Human Class II MHC Proteins and the Subsequent T-Cell Response, Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis (2017)

Modification of a Fragment from Type II Collagen Affects the Dynamics of Human Class II MHC Proteins and the Subsequent T-Cell Response, Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Drain Extended Tunnel FET—A Novel Power Transistor for RF and Switching Applications (2016)

For the first time, a novel drain-extended tunnel FET (DeTFET) device is disclosed in this paper, while addressing the need for high-voltage/high-power devices for system-on-chip and automotive applications in beyond FinFET technology nodes. Operation of the proposed DeTFET device is presented with physics of band-to-band tunneling and associated carrier injection. Device's intrinsic (dc/switching), analog, and RF performance is compared with the state-of-the-art drain-extended nMOS (DeNMOS) device. The proposed device for 11 V breakdown voltage offers $15\times $ better subthreshold slope, $8\times $ lower off-state leakage, $2\times $ higher ON current, and absence of channel length modulation and drain induced barrier lowering, while keeping $2.5\times $ lower threshold voltage. This results into significantly better ON resistance for a range of gate voltages, higher transconductance, orders of magnitude higher intrinsic transistor gain, and better RF characteristics, when compared with the DeNMOS device. Finally, device design guidelines are presented and scalability, without affecting breakdown voltage, of the proposed device is compared with the DeNMOS device.
Unidirectional Mechanical Amplification as a Design Principle for an Active Microphone (2011)

Amplification underlies the operation of many biological and engineering systems. Simple electrical, optical, and mechanical amplifiers are reciprocal: the backward coupling of the output to the input equals the forward coupling of the input to the output. Unidirectional amplifiers that occur often in electrical and optical systems are special nonreciprocal devices in which the output does not couple back to the input even though the forward coupling persists. Here we propose a scheme for unidirectional mechanical amplification that we utilize to construct an active microphone. We show that amplification improves the microphone's threshold for detecting weak signals and that unidirectionality prevents distortion.
Inter-layer motion field mapping for the scalable extension of HEVC (2013)

The next generation video coding standard, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), is under development by the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of the ITU-T VCEG and the ISO/IEC MPEG. As the first version of single-layer HEVC standard comes close to completion, there is a great interest to extend the standard with scalable capabilities. In this paper, an inter-layer Motion Field Mapping (MFM) algorithm is proposed for the scalable extension of HEVC to generate the motion field of inter-layer reference pictures, such that the correlation between the motion vectors (MVs) of base-layer and enhancement-layer can be exploited. Moreover, as the proposed method does not change any block-level operation, the existing single-layer encoder and decoder logic of HEVC can be directly applied without modification of motion vector prediction for the enhancement-layer. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed MFM method in improving the performance of enhancement-layer motion prediction in scalable HEVC.
Detection of virulent<i>Shigella</i>and enteroinvasive<i>Escherichia coli</i>by induction of the 43 kDa invasion plasmid antigen, ipaC (1997)

The invasion plasmid antigen, ipaC (43 kDa) of Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) could be induced in vitro by growing them in the presence of Congo red. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using antibodies to the 43 kDa protein of Shigella has been developed for specific detection of virulent Shigella spp and EIEC. The test is independent of initial isolation of individual colonies. As few as 10(2) CFU/ml of virulent Shigella present in mixed cultures could be detected and concurrently their susceptibility to antibiotics could be analysed after an initial growth of 8-16 h in Congo red-containing medium. The test may prove useful in the diagnosis and treatment of bacillary dysentery caused either by Shigella or EIEC through their rapid identification and proper antimicrobial therapy.
Parallel clustering and classification of monolithic and non-monolithic document bases (1996)

Cluster based approaches to information retrieval have been hampered by computationally intensive processes required for organizing the document base, and maintaining the document base in a dynamic environment. The high degree of computational requirements was conducive to the use of high performance, parallel processing computers. The hypothesis was that the commonly used single-pass clustering algorithm could be parallelized to overcome the time-prohibitive clustering process of massive document sets. This was verified by large reductions in clustering time while attaining near linear speed up in applications requiring a high level of similarity among documents in a cluster.
The second focus was in using parallelized classification algorithms to maintain document set classification schemes in a dynamic environment. The hypothesis was that parallel processing could be used to reduce the large storage requirements (several hundred megabytes) of ancillary data required for document set classification. This was verified by having the algorithm produce data internally as required. The massive storage requirement was eliminated, and classification of large sets was performed in a non-prohibitive time frame while attaining reasonable speed up.
The third area of focus centered on the document base model itself. All current algorithm and retrieval measures are based on all documents being collocated in a single document base. The premise was that the current monolithic document base model does not adequately reflect the emerging environment of distributed, and independent information systems. The hypothesis was that queries conducted at the independent system level would eliminate the need for building and maintaining large, unwieldy, monolithic structures. This was verified by treating partitions of the document base as independent entities which consistently resulted in the formation of tighter clusters at, what would be, the independent system level.
Bistability and negative resistance in semiconductor lasers (1982)

Experimental results of a buried heterostructure laser with a segmented contact to achieve inhomogeneous gain are presented. Measurements reveal a negative differential resistance over the absorbing section. Depending on the source impedance of the dc current source driving the absorbing section, this negative resistance can lead to (i) bistability with a very large hysteresis in the light-current characteristic without self-pulsation or (ii) a small hysteresis with self-pulsations at microwave frequencies. An analysis, which includes the electrical part of the device, leads to an explanation of self-pulsations in inhomogeneously pumped lasers without having to rely on a sublinear gain dependence on injected carrier concentration.
Tuning and tailoring of broadband quantum-well infrared photodetector responsivity spectrum (2005)

The spectral response of quantum-well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) based on the III-V material system are tailorable to narrow or broad bandwidths within mid- and long-wavelength infrared bands. Typical broad-band QWIPs show considerable spectral shape change with bias voltage, particularly near the cut-off wavelength region. Two alternatives to the typical broadband QWIP design have been demonstrated. These designs consist of two multiquantum-well (QW) stacks or alternatively placed QWs and produce nearly fixed spectrums within the operating bias voltages. Flexibility in many design parameters of these detectors allows for tuning and tailoring the spectral shape according to application requirements, specifically for spectral imaging instruments.
Mapping the Functional Domains of Elongation Factor-2 Kinase (2000)

A new class of eukaryotic protein kinases that are not homologous to members of the serine/threonine/tyrosine protein kinase superfamily was recently identified [Futey, L. M., et al. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 523-529; Ryazanov, A. G., et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 4884-4889]. This class includes eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase, Dictyostelium myosin heavy chain kinases A, B, and C, and several mammalian putative protein kinases that are not yet fully characterized [Ryazanov, A. G., et al. (1999) Curr. Biol. 9, R43-R45]. eEF-2 kinase is a ubiquitous protein kinase that phosphorylates and inactivates eukaryotic translational elongation factor-2, and thus can modulate the rate of polypeptide chain elongation during translation. eEF-2 was the only known substrate for eEF-2 kinase. We demonstrate here that eEF-2 kinase can efficiently phosphorylate a 16-amino acid peptide, MH-1, corresponding to the myosin heavy chain kinase A phosphorylation site in Dictyostelium myosin heavy chains. This enabled us to develop a rapid assay for eEF-2 kinase activity. To localize the functional domains of eEF-2 kinase, we expressed human eEF-2 kinase in Escherichia coli as a GST-tagged fusion protein, and then performed systematic in vitro deletion mutagenesis. We analyzed eEF-2 kinase deletion mutants for the ability to autophosphorylate, and to phosphorylate eEF-2 as well as a peptide substrate, MH-1. Mutants with deletions between amino acids 51 and 335 were unable to autophosphorylate, and were also unable to phosphorylate eEF-2 and MH-1. Mutants with deletions between amino acids 521 and 725 were unable to phosphorylate eEF-2, but were still able to autophosphorylate and to phosphorylate MH-1. The kinases with deletions between amino acids 2 and 50 and 336 and 520 were able to catalyze all three reactions. In addition, the C-terminal domain expressed alone (amino acids 336-725) binds eEF-2 in a coprecipitation assay. These results suggest that eEF-2 kinase consists of two domains connected by a linker region. The amino-terminal domain contains the catalytic domain, while the carboxyl-terminal domain contains the eEF-2 targeting domain. The calmodulin-binding region is located between amino acids 51 and 96. The amino acid sequence of the carboxyl-terminal domain of eEF-2 kinase displays similarity to several proteins, all of which contain repeats of a 36-amino acid motif that we named "motif 36".
Airdisks and AirRAID: Modeling and scheduling periodic wireless data broadcast (1995)

We introduce a simple model, called the airdisk, for modeling the access of data transmitted periodically over wireless media as being analogous to the access of data from a standard magnetic disk. We consider several issues related to airdisks, such as their mean rotational latency under certain assumptions. The problem of scheduling the order in which data items are broadcast is analogous to that of determining how data should be laid out on the disk. Two problems of laying out data so as to minimize read time, given information about which data items are of most interest to the clients, are defined; both are shown to be NP-complete. We discuss ways in which the information about which items are of interest to clients can be obtained. Finally we consider how to increase the performance and storage capacity of airdisks, using the magnetic disk analogy as a guide. We suggest using multiple-track airdisks or borrowing the idea of Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) which is used for magnetic disks; for the wireless data broadcast environment we call the latter approach airRAID.
A New Highly Versatile Handle for Chemistry on a Solid Support: The Pipecolic Linker (2012)

The versatility of the pipecolic linker (Pip-linker) is illustrated by the synthesis of modified amino acids, C-terminal-modified pseudopeptides, and cyclic peptides, through side-chain anchoring of a lysine residue (see figure). Introduction of the first residue was easily accomplished and the Pip-linker revealed to be robust enough to support various chemical modifications.
A hydrogel-actuated smart microvalve with a porous diffusion barrier back-plate for active flow control (2003)

This paper reports on the fabrication and testing of a hydrogel-actuated microvalve that responds to changes in the concentration of specific chemical species in an external liquid environment. It consists of a hydrogel disc sandwiched between a porous plate and a flexible silicone rubber membrane. Swelling of the hydrogel produced by diffusion of chemical species through the porous plate results in the deflection of the membrane and closure of the valve intake orifice. A phenylboronic acid based hydrogel was used to construct a smart microvalve that opens and closes in response to the changes in the glucose concentration and pH. The fastest response time achieved was 16 minutes using a 70 /spl mu/m thick hydrogel and a 60 /spl mu/m porous back plate.
Engineering the Plastid Genome of Nicotiana sylvestris, a Diploid Model Species for Plastid Genetics (2010)

The plastids of higher plants have their own ∼120–160-kb genome that is present in 1,000–10,000 copies per cell. Engineering of the plastid genome (ptDNA) is based on homologous recombination between the plastid genome and cloned ptDNA sequences in the vector. A uniform population of engineered ptDNA is obtained by selection for marker genes encoded in the vectors. Manipulations of ptDNA include (1) insertion of transgenes in intergenic regions; (2) posttransformation excision of marker genes to obtain marker-free plants; (3) gene knockouts and gene knockdowns, and (4) cotransformation with multiple plasmids to introduce nonselected genes without physical linkage to marker genes. Most experiments on plastome engineering have been carried out in the allotetraploid Nicotiana tabacum. We report here for the first time plastid transformation in Nicotiana sylvestris, a diploid ornamental species. We demonstrate that the protocols and vectors developed for plastid transformation in N. tabacum are directly applicable to N. sylvestris with the advantage that the N. sylvestris transplastomic lines are suitable for mutant screens.
Synthesis and characterization of imidazolium asphaltenes poly (ionic liquid) and application in asphaltene aggregation inhibition of heavy crude oil (2020)

New ionic liquids were synthesized from asphaltene colloids that aggregate in the petroleum sludge precipitated in the storage tanks and transportation petroleum pipeline. The alkyl side chains on the asphaltenes were oxidized to polynuclear aromatic carboxylic acids that catalyzed the formation of imidazolium ionic liquid cations. Heptylamine, glyoxal, and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde were used to prepare 1,3-diheptyl and 1,3-diheptyl-2-hydroxyphenyl imidazolium cations conjugated with asphaltenes carboxylate anions as AsIL and AHIL ionic liquids, respectively. The chemical structure, surface charges, particle sizes, thermal stability and thermal characteristics were assessed. The impact of AsIL and AHIL on the dispersion, solubilization, and inhibition precipitation of asphaltenes in the binary solvents and heavy crude oil was studied. The results demontrate that the prepared ionic liquid containing aromatic (AHIL) acts as an asphaltene dispersing and solubilizing agent to inhibit the asphaltene precipitation more than that containing AsIL.
Equalizer Design and Complexity for Digital Coherent Receivers (2010)

Digital signal processing has completely changed the way optical communication systems work during recent years. In combination with coherent demodulation, it enables compensation of optical distortions that seemed impossible only a few years ago. However, at high bit rates, this comes at the price of complex processing circuits and high power consumption. In order to translate theoretic concepts into economically viable products, careful design of the digital signal processing algorithms is needed. In this paper, we give an overview of digital equalization algorithms for coherent receivers and derive expressions for their complexity. We compare single-carrier and multicarrier approaches, and investigate blind equalizer adaptation as well as training-symbol-based algorithms. We examine tradeoffs between parameters like sampling rate and tracking speed that are important for algorithm design and practical implementation.
Crime scene investigation (2012)

The Short Messaging Service (SMS), one of the most successful cellular services, generates millions of dollars in revenue for mobile operators. Estimates indicate that billions of text messages are traveling the airwaves daily. Nevertheless, text messaging is becoming a source of customer dissatisfaction due to the rapid surge of messaging abuse activities. Although spam is a well tackled problem in the email world, SMS spam experiences a yearly growth larger than 500%. In this paper we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first analysis of SMS spam traffic from a tier-1 cellular operator. Communication patterns of spammers are compared to those of legitimate cell-phone users and Machine to Machine (M2M) connected appliances. The results indicate that M2M systems exhibit communication profiles similar to spammers, which could mislead spam filters. Beyond the expected results, such as a large load of text messages sent out to a wide target list, other interesting findings are made. For example, the results indicate that the great majority of the spammers connect to the network with just a handful of different hardware models. We find the main geographical sources of messaging abuse in the US. We also find evidence of spammer mobility, voice and data traffic resembling the behavior of legitimate customers.