gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Signal measurements of multilayer refractive write-once data storage media (1992)

Multilayered refractive data storage allows serial optical recording at data densities exceeding 10<SUP>12</SUP>bits/cm<SUP>3</SUP>. Data may be recorded in a write once mode using two-photon excitation of a photopolymer film. Data is read with minimal cross-talk between layers by wavefront shearing interferometry, for example by differential interference contrast microscopy. The readout signal from such a multilayered refractive memory initially increases with the refractive index contrast. However, high index contrast may eventually lead to excessive scattering which could reduce signal quality. We report here an empirical method for quantitatively assessing the readout performance of multilayer refractive memory media using laser scanning differential interference contrast microscopy and simple image processing. Signal level distributions for a multilayered refractive write once data storage structure are presented.
Plasmonic enhancement of a whispering-gallery-mode biosensor for single nanoparticle detection (2011)

We describe and demonstrate a physical mechanism that substantially enhances the label-free sensitivity of a whispering-gallery-mode biosensor for the detection of individual nanoparticles in aqueous solution. It involves the interaction of dielectric nanoparticle in an equatorial carousel orbit with a plasmonic nanoparticle bound at the microparticle’s equator. As the dielectric particle parks to hot spots on the plasmonic particle we observe frequency shifts that are enhanced by a factor of 4, consistent with a simple reactive model. Once optimized the enhancement by this mechanism should exceed several orders of magnitude, putting individual protein within reach.
Simulated User Bots: Real Time Testing of Insider Threat Detection Systems (2018)

The insider threat is one of the most serious security problems faced by modern organizations. High pro?le cases demonstrate the serious consequences of successful attacks. The problem has been studied for many years, leading to a number of technologies and products that have been deployed widely in government and commercial enterprises. A fundamental question is: how well do these systems work? How may they be tested? How expensive are widely deployed monitoring infrastructures in terms of computational cost? Measurement of real systems, which are dynamic in nature, encounter unknown con?guration bugs and have sensitivities to the vagaries of human nature and adversarial behavior, requires a formal means to continuously test and evaluate deployed detection systems. We present a framework to deploy in situ simulated user bots (SUBs) that can emulate the actions of real users. By creating a user account and by running a host in the enterprise network, a SUB can be introduced into an enterprise system that runs at a realistic pace and does not interfere with normal operations. Infusing malicious behavior into the SUB should be detected by the insider threat monitoring infrastructure. The SUB framework can be controlled to explore the limits of deployed systems and to test the effectiveness of insider evasion tactics, especially low and slow behaviors. We demonstrate our framework in a synthetic ecosystem as well as in a live enterprise deployment. We created a synthetic environment of users based on data collected in a West Point cadet study. Various machine learning based intrusion detection algorithms are used to validate the ability of the SUB framework to generate both normal and malicious users. In a live University network, we launched a number of attacks on its intrusion detection system and showcased the ability to devise malicious users. In addition, we further deployed low and slow attacks that perform malicious actions over an extended period of time and demonstrate how even a large enterprise is ill equipped to combat such attacks.
Annealing of low-temperature grown semiconductors: material optimization for ultrafast all-optical gating (2003)

Summary form only given. Ultrafast all-optical gating with compact semiconductor devices requires materials with high absorption modulation, sub-picosecond response times, and low absorption in the fully saturated state (low nonsaturable losses). For the first time, we correlate the time response with the strength of the modulation in as-grown and annealed LT-GaAs. The modulation is very weak in as-grown LT-GaAs with sub-picosecond response times. We demonstrate that annealing substantially increases the modulation and preserves a fast, subpicosecond response, yielding a superior material for ultrafast all-optical gating. A qualitative model is presented which relates the material properties to the defect structure and the defect-related optical transitions in LT-GaAs. Based on this model, for the first time, guidelines are obtained for controlled defect engineering of non-stoichiometric semiconductors for applications in ultrafast nonlinear optics.
Long-term reversal of diabetes by the injection of immunoprotected islets. (1993)

The intraperitoneal injection of insulin-producing islets immunoprotected by an alginate-poly(amino acid) membrane is a potential method of reversing diabetes without the need for lifelong immunosuppression. Previous attempts to demonstrate this technology in large animals have failed, preventing application in humans. We have determined that key factors responsible for these past failures include cytokine (interleukins 1 and 6 and tumor necrosis factor) stimulation by mannuronic acid monomers from alginate capsules with weak mechanical integrity, which results in fibroblast proliferation. With this insight, we formulated mechanically stable microcapsules by using alginate high in guluronic acid content and report prolonged reversal of diabetes in the spontaneous diabetic dog model by the intraperitoneal injection of encapsulated canine islet allografts. Euglycemia, independent of any exogenous insulin requirement, was noted for up to 172 days. Graft survival, evidenced by positive C-peptide release, was noted for as long as 726 days in a recipient receiving a single injection of immunoprotected islets. Histological evidence of viable islets retrieved from the peritoneal cavity 6 months posttransplant confirmed the biocompatibility and immunoprotective nature of this capsule formulation. The finding that intraperitoneal injection of alginate-immunoprotected islets, a minimally invasive surgical procedure, is effective in prolonged (> 1 year) maintenance of glycemic control, without the need for lifelong immunosuppression, may have significant implications for the future therapy of type I diabetes in humans.
Synthesis and evaluation of peptidic metal chelators for neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases (2005)

A series of novel derivatives of neuropeptides with a metal-chelating moiety was synthesized and examined for various properties related to iron (Fe) chelation and neuroprotective action. All derivatives chelated Fe to form stable Fe complexes in water. Some strongly inhibited Fe-induced lipid peroxidation with an IC(50) value of about 12 microm. In PC12 cell culture, several compounds, at concentrations as low as 1 microm, attenuated serum-free stimulated cell death and improved cell survival by 20-35%. At this concentration, these analogs also protected against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced cell death, increasing cell viability by 20-30%. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies indicated that besides being good Fe chelators, these analogs act as radical scavengers to directly scavenge hydroxyl radicals. Together, the data indicate that some of the analogs could be further developed as possible neuroprotective agents for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases, Friedreich's atxia, amyotrophic, and lateral sclerosis where Fe misregulation has been reported.
Three Gaucher-Disease-Producing Mutations in a Patient with Gaucher Disease: Mechanism and Diagnostic Implications (2000)

As Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive disorder, most patients are either homozygotes or compound heterozygotes for glucocerebrosidase mutations. We have encountered a patient with three mutations, two c.1226A-->G (1226G, N370S) and one c.1448 T-->C (1448C, L444P). This was shown to be due to a gene conversion event in which the sequence of the glucocerebrosidase pseudogene that includes the 1448C mutation had been imposed on a glucocerebrosidase gene that already had the 1226G mutation. The patient had relatively mild disease which had been discovered after an attack of infectious mononucleosis, a relationship that has been observed previously. If it had not been recognized that this patient had the 1226G/1226G,1448C genotype, prenatal testing might have falsely identified a 1226G,1448C/wt (wild type) fetus as having Gaucher disease.
Influence of additives of carbon nanotubes on the structure and properties of metal binders for a diamond tool (2013)

The possibility of alloying the powder alloy of the Fe-Cu-Co-Sn system with multilayered carbon nanotubes (MCNTs) in order to form a dispersion-hardened composite material with improved mechanical and tribological properties, which can be used as a binder for a diamond cutting tool, is considered. The mixing mode of carbon nanotubes with the starting powder binder is selected. The dependence of physicochemical properties of the composite material on the MCNT content is investigated in a range of 0.01–3%. The composite binders with the optimal MCNT content at a level of 0.01% are fabricated. The alloy is characterized by improved mechanical properties; namely, hardness increases by 9–11 HRB units and the bending strength for three-point bending increases by 100 MPa.
Symmetrical polarization splitter/rotator design and application in a polarization insensitive WDM receiver (2015)

In integrated photonics, the design goal of a polarization splitter/rotator (PSR) has been separating the TE0 and TM0 modes in a waveguide. This is a natural choice. But in theory, a PSR only needs to project the incoming State Of Polarization (SOP) orthogonally to its output ports, using any orthogonal mode basis set in the fiber. In this article, we introduce a novel PSR design that alternatively takes the linear combination of TE0 and TM0 (TE0 +/- TM0) as orthogonal bases. By contrast, existing approaches exclusively use TE0 and TM0 as their basis set. The design is based on two symmetric and robust structures: a bi-layer taper and a Y-junction, and involves no bends. To prove the concept, we incorporated it into a four-channel polarization insensitive wavelength division multiplexing (PI-WDM) receiver fabricated in a standard CMOS Si photonics process. 40 Gb/s data rate and 0.7 +/- 0.2 dB polarization dependent loss (PDL) is demonstrated on each channel. Lastly, we propose an improved PSR design with 12 μm device length, < 0.1 dB PDL, < 0.4 dB insertion loss and < 0.05 dB wavelength dependence across C-band for both polarizations. Overall, our PSR design concept is simple, easy to realize and presents a new perspective for future PSR designs.
Mechanical, Microstructural, and Electrochemical Characterization of NaSICON Sodium Ion Conductors [Poster] (2022)

The DOE Office of Electricity views sodium batteries as a priority in pursuing a safe, resilient, and reliable grid. Improvements in solid-state electrolytes are key to realizing the potential of these large-scale batteries. NaSICON structure consists of SiO4 or PO4 tetrahedra sharing common corners with ZrO6 octahedra. Structure forms “tunnels” in three dimensions that can transport interstitial sodium ion. 3D structure provides higher ionic conductivity than other conductors (β’’-alumina), particularly at low temperature. Lower temperature (cheaper) processing compared to β’’-alumina. Our objective was to identify fundamental structure-processing-property relationships in NaSICON solid electrolytes to inform design for use in sodium batteries. In this work, the mechanical properties of NaSICON sodium ion conductors are affected by sodium conduction. Electrochemical cycling can alter modulus and hardness in NaSICON. Excessive cycling can lead to secondary phases and/or dendrite formation that change mechanical properties in NaSICON. Mechanical and electrochemical properties can be correlated with topographical features to further inform design decisions
A novel approach to produce monodisperse hollow pure silica spheres (2018)

In this work, we report an efficient method to produce pure hollow silica spheres (HSS) using phenyltrimethoxysilane (PTMS) compound. The production of HSS was carried out via hydrolysis of PTMS in the aqueous media and followed by a condensation reaction to form silica spheres with phenyl groups. The product was then calcined to remove phenyl groups and obtain pure silica spheres with >95% fine structure. The chemical nature of pure silica was confirmed by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. The calcined HSS were stable beyond the temperature of 900 °C as confirmed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The calcined spheres preserved their spherical appearance and hollow core as shown by SEM and TEM micrographs. Interestingly, the average size of the spheres was reduced significantly after calcination from 760 to 510 nm, confirming further the removal of phenyl groups. The calcined HSS offered much higher surface area (As) when analysed by BET; As for calcined product was ∼406 and mere ∼4.8 m2/g for uncalcined HSS. Finally, drug release study of cisplatin/HSS showed over 45% of steady cumulative release for 72 h. The prepared HSS can be dispersed in water opening the possibility of many novel bio/non-bio applications. Keywords: Silica spheres, Hollow core, Calcination, Cisplatin, Drug delivery
All-optical 2R regeneration and wavelength conversion at 20 Gb/s using an electroabsorption modulator (1999)

We describe experimental results of simultaneous all-optical 2R regeneration (reshape and reamplify) and wavelength conversion of return-to-zero data at 20 Gb/s using a reverse-biased electroabsorption modulator. The nonlinear optical transmission characteristic of the electroabsorption modulator reshapes the degraded input data by selective absorption of the optical noise and, therefore, increases the signal-to-noise ratio of the output, Reverse biasing the modulator allows fast recovery of the optical absorption for high data-rate operation without the detrimental bit-patterning effect. Error-free wavelength conversion and regeneration was obtained with more than 3-dB improvement of the receiver sensitivity at a bit-error-rate of 10/sup -9/.
Hybrid eye center localization using cascaded regression and robust circle fitting (2017)

We propose a new cascaded regressor for eye center detection. Previous methods start from a face or an eye detector and use either advanced features or powerful regressors for eye center localization, but not both. Instead, we detect the eyes more accurately using an existing facial feature alignment method. We improve the robustness of localization by using both advanced features and powerful regression machinery. Finally, unlike most other methods that do not refine the regression results, we make the localization more accurate by adding a robust circle fitting post-processing step. We evaluate our new approach and show that it achieves state-of-the-art performance on the BioID, GI4E, and the TalkingFace datasets. At an average normalized error of less than 5%, the regressor trained on manually annotated data yields an accuracy of 95.07% (BioID), 99.27% (GI4E), and 95.68% (TalkingFace).
Upgrading coke strength by a coal-blend-compaction process (1981)

In the continuing effort to upgrade the strength of coke made from available coal blends, US Steel is developing coal-blend compaction as an alternative method to coal preheating. In this process the coal blend is compacted to produce relatively weak compacted materials, which are subsequently degraded into controlled size fractions of intimately integrated particles of the multicomponent coal blend. The degraded blend particles are charged into conventional coke ovens for coking. Coal-blend-compaction tests conducted in the laboratory with coals from the Appalachian basin showed substantial improvement in coke strength. The encouraging laboratory results dictated a commerical scale test at US Steel's Gary Works. This plant test, in which more than 200 tons of coal blend was used, further confirmed the improvement in coke strength by the coal-blend-compaction process. Potential benefits of the process include (1) retrospective adaptation to existing coke batteries, (2) improved strength of coke from regular coal blends, (3) maintenance of same or higher coke strength with poor coal blends, and (4) economics that are competitive with or better than those of coal preheating. Continuing developments are being investigated in a compaction pilot plant and commercial coke ovens at US Steel's Clairton Works, mainly to establish engineering criteriamore » and optimal controls for large-scale installations. 9 figures, 2 tables.« less
Nonbleach process for the purification of palm C16–18 methyl ester sulfonates (1995)

Abstract There has long been interest in methyl ester sulfonates (MES) derived from natural or renewable sources, such as palm oil, with considerable effort focused on process development. A major drawback with current process technology is the formation of dark brown impurities that create aesthetic and odor issues in the final product. These issues are usually addressed by bleaching rather than by chemical purification. This paper reports on a simple yet highly effective nonbleach, two‐step process for purifying palm C16–18 potassium methyl ester sulfonates. The first step comprises addition of water to the impure surfactant mixture. Preferably, the temperature of the system is maintained above the Krafft point of the surfactant, thereby completely solubilizing the surfactant and associated impurities. Once completely dissolved, the surfactant mixture is allowed to cool, and the potassium‐neutralized methyl ester sulfonate precipitates out selectively. In the second step, the purified surfactant is recovered by gravity‐ or pressure‐filtration or by centrifugation, followed by drying. The process significantly improves C16–18 MES analytical purity and color without raising safety or environmental concerns. It also allows for the purification of products derived from lower‐grade methyl esters, resolves odor issues, and does not require use of substantial amounts of solvent such as methanol.
Observation of crystallographic wing tilt in cantilever epitaxy of GaN on silicon carbide and silicon (111) substrates (2001)

We have characterized the growth of GaN on both SiC and Si (111) using the cantilever epitaxy technique. Cantilever epitaxy employs growth from periodic, parallel mesas which are formed by etching the substrate [C.I.H. Ashby et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 3233 (2000)]. GaN/AlN/Si and GaN/AlN/SiC layers were grown via metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on substrates with reactive ion etched trenches. This single step approach allows GaN to laterally overgrow the substrate trenches yielding low defect density material over the trench, while avoiding use of a mask which is commonly employed in lateral epitaxial overgrowth. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and x-ray diffraction were used to characterize the resulting material. Significant threading dislocation reduction was observed in the “wing” regions (the material directly over the trenches). Contrary to previous reports, crystallographic wing tilt ranging from 0.22° to 0.77° was also observed, despite the absence of a wing/mask interface using this technique.
Radical Anion Salts of Naphthalenetetracarboxylic Acid Derivatives—a Novel Class of Electrically Conducting Compounds (1989)

The search for new organic conductors has led to a broadly variable class consisting of the radical anion salts of naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride and diimide. The X-ray structure analysis of the complex 1 (single crystal conductivity σ20°C = 10 S cm−1) revealed a stacking of anionic units characteristic of one-dimensional conductors.
Effect of antibody solution conditions on filter performance for virus removal filter Planova™ 20N (2010)

We investigated the effect of antibody solution conditions (ionic strength, pH, IgG concentration, buffer composition, and aggregate level (dimer content)) on filter performance for a virus removal filtration process using the Planova 20N, a virus removal filter. Ionic strength and pH affected the filter flux. A consistent high flux was maintained at an ionic strength greater than 10 mM and at pH 4-8 under a typical buffer composition (sodium chloride, citrate, acetate, and phosphate). Optimum IgG concentration was 10-20 mg/mL allowing for high throughput (kg/m(2) of IgG). Dimer content negligibly affected the flux level. Under high throughput conditions, virus spiking did not affect flux whereas a parvovirus logarithmic reduction value greater than 5 was maintained. From the results of zeta potential analyses for IgG and the membrane, we considered that electrostatic interactions between antibodies and the membrane affect filter performance (flux level and throughput). These results indicate that the Planova 20N filter is applicable for a wide range of solution conditions typically used in antibody processing.
Synthesis and biological activity of some amide derivatives of the lantibiotic actagardine. (1990)

A series of basic carboxamides of actagardine (1), a lantibiotic possessing good antistreptococcal activity, were synthetized. Some physico-chemical characteristics, in particular charge and lipophilicity, that influence water solubility were determined. The in vitro and in vivo activity was evaluated. The monocarboxamides were generally more active than actagardine against selected Gram-positive bacteria. The 3,3-dimethylamino-1-propylamide hydrochloride (4) showed good water solubility, bactericidal action and favourable antibacterial activity and it appears to be a suitable drug for further investigation.
The unified power flow controller: a new approach to power transmission control (1995)

This paper shows that the unified power flow controller (UPFC) is able to control both the transmitted real power and, independently, the reactive power flows at the sending- and the receiving-end of the transmission line. The unique capabilities of the UPFC in multiple line compensation are integrated into a generalized power flow controller that is able to maintain prescribed, and independently controllable, real power and reactive power flow in the line. The paper describes the basic concepts of the proposed generalized P and Q controller and compares it to the more conventional, but related power flow controllers, such as the thyristor-controlled series capacitor and thyristor-controlled phase angle regulator. The paper also presents results of computer simulations showing the performance of the UPFC under different system conditions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>