gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calcium Permeable-AMPA Receptors and Excitotoxicity in Neurological Disorders (2021)

Excitotoxicity is one of the primary mechanisms of cell loss in a variety of diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Other than the previously established signaling pathways of excitotoxicity, which depend on the excessive release of glutamate from axon terminals or over-activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs), Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx-triggered excitotoxicity through Ca<sup>2+</sup>-permeable (CP)-AMPA receptors (AMPARs) is detected in multiple disease models. In this review, both acute brain insults (e.g., brain trauma or spinal cord injury, ischemia) and chronic neurological disorders, including Epilepsy/Seizures, Huntington's disease (HD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), chronic pain, and glaucoma, are discussed regarding the CP-AMPAR-mediated excitotoxicity. Considering the low expression or absence of CP-AMPARs in most cells, specific manipulation of the CP-AMPARs might be a more plausible strategy to delay the onset and progression of pathological alterations with fewer side effects than blocking NMDARs.
<i>RET</i> Proto-Oncogene in the Development of Human Cancer (1999)

The RET proto-oncogene, located on chromosome subband 10q11.2, encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in tissues and tumors derived from neural crest. Germline (present in every cell of the body) mutations in RET cause multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2), an inherited cancer syndrome characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytoma (PC), and hyperparathyroidism (HPT). This knowledge has allowed molecular diagnosis and presymptomatic DNA-based testing to become possible. RET testing is considered the standard of care in MEN 2 families because clinical decisions are made based on the results of such gene testing. There appears to be a correlation between specific RET mutation type and organ-specific tumor development. Such knowledge might be useful in tailoring targeted surveillance in the near future. Somatic (in the tumor only) RET mutations have been found in a proportion of sporadic MTCs and PCs. Whether the presence of somatic RET mutation is associated with a poor prognosis is currently being investigated as another tool for molecular medicine.
Biotransformation and bioactivation reactions of alicyclic amines in drug molecules (2014)

Aliphatic nitrogen heterocycles such as piperazine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, morpholine, aziridine, azetidine, and azepane are well known building blocks in drug design and important core structures in approved drug therapies. These core units have been targets for metabolic attack by P450s and other drug metabolizing enzymes such as aldehyde oxidase and monoamine oxidase (MAOs). The electron rich nitrogen and/or α-carbons are often major sites of metabolism of alicyclic amines. The most common biotransformations include N-oxidation, N-conjugation, oxidative N-dealkylation, ring oxidation, and ring opening. In some instances, the metabolic pathways generate electrophilic reactive intermediates and cause bioactivation. However, potential bioactivation related adverse events can be attenuated by structural modifications. Hence it is important to understand the biotransformation pathways to design stable drug candidates that are devoid of metabolic liabilities early in the discovery stage. The current review provides a comprehensive summary of biotransformation and bioactivation pathways of aliphatic nitrogen containing heterocycles and strategies to mitigate metabolic liabilities.
Direct 3D printing of polymers onto textiles: experimental studies and applications (2015)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the adhesion of polymer materials printed directly onto fabrics using entry-level fused deposition modelling (FDM) machines. A series of functional and decorative parts were designed to explore the limitations and to identify potential applications. Design/methodology/approach – A series of shapes and structures were designed as 3D computer-aided design (CAD) solids to determine whether complex parts could be printed directly onto the surface of fabrics. The structures were fabricated using an entry-level FDM printer with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polylactic acid (PLA) and nylon on eight different types of synthetic and man-made woven and knit fabrics. The results were recorded according to four parameters – the warp, bond, print quality and flex – before comparing the data sets. Findings – Among the three polymers, PLA showed the best results when printed on the eight different types of fabrics, having extremely good adhesion with little warp, yet displaying a high quality of print with good flexural strength. For the fabrics, woven cotton, woven polywool and knit soy had excellent adhesion when the three polymers were deposited. Research limitations/implications – Future work should cover a wider range of polymers and textiles and incorporate more functional features for testing. Other aspects include modifying the fibre surface through mechanical or chemical means to achieve a more efficient adhesion with the fibre and examining the deposition process in terms of temperature, pressure and build density. Future work should also investigate the feasibility for large-scale production. Practical implications – This paper supports work on wearable electronics by integrating comfortable textiles with hard wearing parts without compromising on quality and fit and combining additive manufacturing processes with textiles to maintain the drape characteristics of the fabric. Polymer–textile deposition will contribute to new applications and functional products such as orthopaedic braces for medical use or for decorative features such as buttons and trimmings for garments. Originality/value – This paper has contributed to new knowledge by providing a better understanding of polymer materials being printed directly onto fabrics using entry-level FDM machines.
X-ray line spectra from exploded-wire arrays (1979)

Temperatures and densities were determined from the plasma formed by implosion at the center of symmetrical exploded-wire arrays. Temperatures of 500–725 eV were found from line ratios in Al and Si spectra using various plasma models. The recombination temperatures for these elements were 500–550 eV. Higher implosion plasma temperatures of 1.5–2 keV were found in Ti and Fe data. The densities were ∼1×1020 electrons/cm3 for the spatially integrated implosion region. Intense emitting regions of ∼500 μm to ∼1.5 mm in size were observed in densitometer contours of Al-plasma pinhole camera x-ray images.
Petroleum system modeling capabilities for use in oil and gas resource assessments (2006)

PetroMod or user-defined porosity/permeability/ depth through time can be used for the lithologies.
Average-case analysis of a nearest neighbor algorthim (1993)

In this paper we present an average-case analysis of the nearest neighbor algorithm, a simple induction method that has been studied by many researchers. Our analysis assumes a conjunctive target concept, noise-free Boolean attributes, and a uniform distribution over the instance space. We calculate the probability that the algorithm will encounter a test instance that is distance d from the prototype of the concept, along with the probability that the nearest stored training case is distance e from this test instance. From this we compute the probability of correct classification as a function of the number of observed training cases, the number of relevant attributes, and the number of irrelevant attributes. We also explore the behavioral implications of the analysis by presenting predicted learning curves for artificial domains, and give experimental results on these domains as a check on our reasoning.
High School Cybersecurity (2021)

Cybersecurity touches nearly every aspect of daily life of students, their family, and larger society. The ubiquitous connectivity of devices and ever-connected students drives the need for cybersecurity education at a deeper and more technical level than in any previous generation.
Electric field gradient focusing in microchannels with embedded bipolar electrode (2009)

The complex interplay of electrophoretic, electroosmotic, bulk convective, and diffusive mass/charge transport in a hybrid poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/glass microchannel with embedded floating electrode is analyzed. The thin floating electrode attached locally to the wall of the straight microchannel results in a redistribution of local field strength after the application of an external electric field. Together with bulk convection based on cathodic electroosmotic flow, an extended field gradient is formed in the anodic microchannel segment. It imparts a spatially dependent electrophoretic force on charged analytes and, in combination with the bulk convection, results in an electric field gradient focusing at analyte-specific positions. Analyte concentration in the enriched zone approaches a maximum value which is independent of its concentration in the supplying reservoirs. A simple approach is shown to unify the temporal behavior of the concentration factors under general conditions.
Aminosilane Cross-linked PEG/PEPEG/PPEPG Membranes for CO<sub>2</sub>/N<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub> Separation (2010)

Aminosilane-modified poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), PEG-block-poly(propylene glycol) (PPG)-block-PEG (PEPEG), and PPG-block-PEG-block-PPG (PPEPG) diacrylate prepolymers are synthesized as new membrane materials for gas separation. By combining the in situ sol−gel process and cross-linking process together, the silane-modified prepolymers form flexible nanocomposite membranes with a maximum CO2 permeability of 274 barrer and CO2/N2 selectivity of about 30. The CO2 permeabilities of silane cross-linked PEPEG and PPEPG membranes are higher than those of silane cross-linked PEG membranes, whereas the CO2/N2 and CO2/H2 selectivities increase as the PEG content increases in the membrane. A proper aminosilane/prepolymer reaction ratio benefits the gas separation performance of the membrane due to the formation of different cross-linking structures and composites.
Worldwide Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae,</i>and<i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i>in the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997–1999 (2001)

The in vitro activities of numerous antimicrobials against clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis from patients with bloodstream and respiratory tract infections in the United States, Canada, Europe, Latin America, and the Asia-Pacific region were studied in the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Penicillin resistance (minimum inhibitory concentration, > or =2 microg/mL) was noted in all 5 geographic regions, and a high and increasing rate of macrolide resistance among S. pneumoniae isolates was observed. Elevated rates of resistance to clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline were seen. beta-Lactamase-mediated resistance in H. influenzae to amoxicillin and variable trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance by region were documented. Resistance to several drugs continues to emerge among pneumococci worldwide, but more stable resistance patterns have been noted for H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. Continued surveillance of this pathogen group appears to be prudent.
Protein Associated with Myc (PAM) Is a Potent Inhibitor of Adenylyl Cyclases (2001)

Using the yeast two-hybrid assay and the second of the two large cytosolic domains of type V adenylyl cyclase (ACV) as bait, we identified a small region (amino acids 1028-1231) in the protein associated with Myc (PAM) as an interaction site for ACV. This small region of PAM as well as purified full-length PAM inhibited the activity of ACV. Additionally, full-length PAM was a very potent inhibitor of ACI and AC activities in S49 cyc(-) cells and HeLa cells with IC(50) values in the pm and low nm range. Moreover, the regulator of chromatin condensation 1-like domain of PAM (amino acids 446-1062) was sufficient and as potent as full-length PAM at inhibiting the activity of ACV. Interestingly, full-length PAM did not inhibit ACII activity that was stimulated by either forskolin of Galpha(s). When endogenous levels of PAM in HeLa cells were decreased using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, the basal cAMP content was elevated, and the dose-response curve for vasoactive intestinal peptide-elicited cAMP accumulation in HeLa cells was shifted to the left. Therefore, we conclude that PAM is a very potent, novel inhibitor of specific isoforms of AC. Furthermore, the regulator of chromatin condensation 1-like domain of PAM is sufficient to exert the effects of the full-length protein on AC and decreases in endogenous PAM levels in HeLa cells can modulate both basal and agonist stimulated cAMP accumulation.
Influence of Polymer Blending on Mechanical and Thermal Properties (2010)

Polymer blends are capable of providing materials with extended useful properties beyond the range that can be obtained from single polymer equivalents. Blends of polystyrene (PS) and Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) are prepared in different ratios by melt blending technique which was carried out using a single screw extruder. The tensile test and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) are used to study mechanical and thermal properties. The results from this work show that the mechanical properties for blend system are better than those of pure polymers, also the (DSC) test gives good indications of improving state of miscibility for most blend ratios; there is only one glass transition temperature between the two values of pure polymers.
Attention-Guided Hierarchical Structure Aggregation for Image Matting (2020)

Existing deep learning based matting algorithms primarily resort to high-level semantic features to improve the overall structure of alpha mattes. However, we argue that advanced semantics extracted from CNNs contribute unequally for alpha perception and we are supposed to reconcile advanced semantic information with low-level appearance cues to refine the foreground details. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end Hierarchical Attention Matting Network (HAttMatting), which can predict the better structure of alpha mattes from single RGB images without additional input. Specifically, we employ spatial and channel-wise attention to integrate appearance cues and pyramidal features in a novel fashion. This blended attention mechanism can perceive alpha mattes from refined boundaries and adaptive semantics. We also introduce a hybrid loss function fusing Structural SIMilarity (SSIM), Mean Square Error (MSE) and Adversarial loss to guide the network to further improve the overall foreground structure. Besides, we construct a large-scale image matting dataset comprised of 59,600 training images and 1000 test images (total 646 distinct foreground alpha mattes), which can further improve the robustness of our hierarchical structure aggregation model. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed HAttMatting can capture sophisticated foreground structure and achieve state-of-the-art performance with single RGB images as input.
Pechakucha - How engaging is your chit-chat? (2014)

Whether your intention is to engage, inspire, inform or persuade, let the images do the talking.
<i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> Characterization of the Novel Oxabicyclooctane-Linked Bacterial Topoisomerase Inhibitor AM-8722, a Selective, Potent Inhibitor of Bacterial DNA Gyrase (2016)

Oxabicyclooctane-linked novel bacterial topoisomerase inhibitors (NBTIs) represent a new class of recently described antibacterial agents with broad-spectrum activity. NBTIs dually inhibit the clinically validated bacterial targets DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and have been shown to bind distinctly from known classes of antibacterial agents directed against these targets. Herein we report the molecular, cellular, and in vivo characterization of AM-8722 as a representative N-alkylated-1,5-naphthyridone left-hand-side-substituted NBTI. Consistent with its mode of action, macromolecular labeling studies revealed a specific effect of AM-8722 to dose dependently inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis. AM-8722 displayed greater intrinsic enzymatic potency than levofloxacin versus both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and displayed selectivity against human topoisomerase II. AM-8722 was rapidly bactericidal and exhibited whole-cell activity versus a range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, with no whole-cell potency shift due to the presence of DNA or human serum. Frequency-of-resistance studies demonstrated an acceptable rate of resistance emergence in vitro at concentrations 16- to 32-fold the MIC. AM-8722 displayed acceptable pharmacokinetic properties and was shown to be efficacious in mouse models of bacterial septicemia. Overall, AM-8722 is a selective and potent NBTI that displays broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo.
Investigation of the mechanism for Schottky barrier formation by group III metals on GaAs(110) (1979)

New evidence for a defect mechanism which is responsible for pinning states within the band gap on the (110) surfaces of the III–V compounds is presented. Investigations of column III metals on both n- and p-type GaAs revealed a systematic difference in surface Fermi energy stabilization in the gap with p-type samples pinning 0.25 eV below n-type samples. Several current models and theories of Schottky barriers are discussed in terms of both the results given in this paper and previously reported data.
Treatment of rabies in mice and foxes with antiviral compounds. (1988)

Thirty four chemical compounds were injected into rabies infected mice by intramuscular (i.m.) route. Twenty four compounds such as well known therapeutic agents: amantadine, lipacids, phenol compounds, didemnin-B, procaine, nucleosides analogues (ribavirin, tiazofurin, pyrazofurin) had no effect. Two compounds had a slight effect not justifying to consider them as possible therapeutic agents: selenazofurin and an analogue of ribavirin (RTA). Eight heteropolyanions (HPA), which have a related chemical structure, were efficient providing 100% protection. Nineteen compounds were injected into rabies infected mice by the intracerebral (i.c.) route. Fourteen compounds such as ribavirin, RTA, selenazofurin, tiazofurin and 9 HPA compounds had no effect. Five other HPA compounds (HPA 23-39-46-51-56) were efficient preventing the development of clinical infection in some mice. Whatever was the treatment route, treated surviving mice developed rabies neutralizing antibodies. No proof of viral multiplication was found in their brains. As some HPA compounds did produce a therapeutic effect in mice, two of them HPA 23 and HPA 39 were administered to rabies-infected foxes. In foxes the compounds prolonged the mean survival time and increased the number of survivors. These data suggest that chemotherapy might be worthwhile when vaccination was impossible.
Extracción electroquímica de carburos de microaleación en Nb-acero (2008)

La técnica de extracción electroquímica fue empleada para evaluar su efectividad en la caracterización de precipitados en aceros microaleados. Para realizar el estudio, se utilizó un acero SAE 8620 modificado con niobio. La investigación se llevó a cabo variando la composición del electrolito utilizado en la disolución electroquímica de la matriz y el tamaño de poro de los filtros usados para recolectar las partículas precipitadas. La cuantificación del contenido de Nb se hizo por espectroscopia de emisión atómica de plasma (ICP-AES). Además, las muestras obtenidas por réplicas de extracción y las provenientes de los residuos recolectados en los filtros fueron analizadas mediante microscopía electrónica de transmisión. Estas últimas muestras, también fueron caracterizadas por difracción de rayos X. Los resultados mostraron que la velocidad de disolución electroquímica de las muestras es mayor en el electrolito acuoso con 10 vol. % HCl. Adicionalmente, el análisis mediante microscopía electrónica de transmisión, en combinación con los análisis químicos mediante ICP-AES, mostró que las partículas de (Nb,Ti)C son recolectadas en filtros de acetato con tamaños de poro mucho mayor que el tamaño de las partículas precipitadas.
Modulation of Inflammatory Genes by Natural Dietary Bioactive Compounds (2009)

Several epidemiologic studies have shown that chronic inflammation predisposes individuals to various types of cancer. Many cancers arise from sites of infection, chronic irritation, and inflammation. Conversely, an oncogenic change induces an inflammatory microenvironment that promotes the development of tumors. Natural bioactive compounds in dietary plant products including fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, tea, and wine are claimed to help prevent cancer, degenerative diseases, and chronic and acute inflammation. Modern methods in cell and molecular biology allow us to understand the interactions of different natural bioactive compounds with basic mechanisms of inflammatory response. The molecular pathways of this cancer-related inflammation are now unraveled. Natural bioactive compounds exert anti-inflammatory activity by modulating pro-inflammatory gene expressions have shown promising chemopreventive activity. This review summarizes current knowledge on natural bioactive compounds that act through the signaling pathways and modulate inflammatory gene expressions, thus providing evidence for these substances in cancer chemopreventive action.
Algorithms for HLA-based distributed simulation cloning (2005)

Distributed simulation cloning technology is designed to analyze alternative scenarios of a distributed simulation concurrently within the same execution session. One important goal is to optimize execution by avoiding repeated computation among independent scenarios. Our research is concerned with the cloning of High Level Architecture (HLA)-based distributed simulations; a federate may spawn clones to explore different scenarios at a decision point. This article introduces the cloning mechanism and the supporting infrastructure. When enabling cloning, our approach ensures the state consistency and supports user transparency and reusability of federate codes. When a federate clones, it is desirable to replicate only those federates whose states will be affected while the rest are shared among the old and new scenarios. This article discusses the theory and issues involved in such an incremental cloning mechanism, which guarantees accurate sharing and initiates cloning only when absolutely necessary. Experiments have been carried out to compare the performance of entire cloning and incremental cloning mechanisms. Experimental results indicate that the proposed approach provides correct cloning and can significantly reduce the execution time for evaluating different scenarios of a distributed simulation. Moreover the incremental cloning mechanism significantly surpasses entire cloning in terms of execution efficiency.