gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rate-Optimization for Scalable Video Transmission over Wireless Networks (2014)

In this paper, we present a rate-optimization procedure for the transmission of scalable video sequences (e.g., the scalable extension of the H.264/AVC standard), over wireless channels. In particular, we propose a method of specifying the extractable rate points in the scalable bit stream such that the expected transmission rate is increased and the probability of not transmitting any video layer is reduced. The problem is formulated as an optimization problem. Although the problem is non-linear and non-convex, we show through simulations that it is possible to converge to the global optimal solution using numerical methods provided adequate initialization points are chosen. The low complexity of the numerical methods make such approaches suitable for rapidly changing environments. It is further demonstrated through simulations that, for given channel conditions, a limit on the level of granularity of the scalable video stream exists, beyond which the increase in the expected transmission rate is minimal, but a reduction in the compression efficiency is inevitable.
ChemInform Abstract: Growth of Polycrystalline CaF2 via Low‐Temperature Organometallic Chemical Vapor Deposition. (1989)

Abstract Low temp. CVD of polycrystalline CaF 2 is achieved at 150 °C using bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)calcium (Cp2Ca) as calcium source and SiF 4 or NF 3 as fluorine source.
Enhanced liposomal retention of irinotecan is correlated to increases in plasma irinotecan AUC and improved efficacy against a model of colorectal cancer (2005)

1393 Purpose: We have previously reported that irinotecan can be encapsulated into liposomes by generation of a secondary pH gradient following addition of the ionophore A23187 to liposomes with a pre-existing divalent metal ion gradient. A23187 exchanges divalent metal ions from the liposome interior for two protons from the external buffer thus generating a low internal pH. This environment maintains encapsulated irinotecan in the clinically active lactone form and can mediate significant gains in therapeutic effect when compared to unencapsulated irinotecan (Messerer et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 10:6638-49, 2004). In this study we sought to (i) further optimise the liposomal retention of irinotecan by use of interior solutions comprising transition metal ions at low pH and (ii) determine whether improved plasma retention of irinotecan by liposomes translates into increased therapeutic activity. Methods: Irinotecan was remote loaded into DSPC/Cholesterol liposomes comprising different internal solutions ± A23187: A (buffered Cu2+, pH 7.5), B (Cu2+, pH ∼ 3.5), C (Mn2+ + A23187) and D (Cu2+ + A23187). Mice were injected i.v. with a single treatment dose and the plasma concentrations of liposomal lipid and/or irinotecan were determined over time and used to calculate plasma irinotecan-to-lipid ratio (a measure of liposomal irinotecan retention), irinotecan area-under-the-curve (AUC) and mean residence time (MRT). The therapeutic efficacy of the treatments was investigated using a s.c. murine LS180 human colorectal cancer model. Results: Conclusion: Encapsulation of irinotecan in DSPC/Cholesterol liposomes by a remote loading procedure employing Cu2+ and A23187 results in a liposome formulation with superior plasma irinotecan retention and AUC, and improved therapeutic activity against a murine model of human colorectal cancer.
Detection of cancer antigens (CA-125) using gold nano particles on interdigitated electrode-based microfluidic biosensor (2019)

Integrating microfluidics with biosensors is of great research interest with the increasing trend of lab-on-the chip and point-of-care devices. Though there have been numerous studies performed relating microfluidics to the biosensing mechanisms, the study of the sensitivity variation due to microfluidic flow is very much limited. In this paper, the sensitivity of interdigitated electrodes was evaluated at the static drop condition and the microfluidic flow condition. In addition, this study demonstrates the use of gold nanoparticles to enhance the sensor signal response and provides experimental results of the capacitance difference during cancer antigen-125 (CA-125) antigen-antibody conjugation at multiple concentrations of CA-125 antigens. The experimental results also provide evidence of disease-specific detection of CA-125 antigen at multiple concentrations with the increase in capacitive signal response proportional to the concentration of the CA-125 antigens. The capacitive signal response of antigen-antibody conjugation on interdigitate electrodes has been enhanced by approximately 2.8 times (from 260.80 to 736.33 pF at 20 kHz frequency) in static drop condition and approximately 2.5 times (from 205.85 to 518.48 pF at 20 kHz frequency) in microfluidic flow condition with gold nanoparticle-coating. The capacitive signal response is observed to decrease at microfluidic flow condition at both plain interdigitated electrodes (from 260.80 to 205.85 pF at 20 kHz frequency) and gold nano particle coated interdigitated electrodes (from 736.33 to 518.48 pF at 20 kHz frequency), due to the strong shear effect compared to static drop condition. However, the microfluidic channel in the biosensor has the potential to increase the signal to noise ratio due to plasma separation from the whole blood and lead to the increase concentration of the biomarkers in the blood volume for sensing.
Holographic fabrication of graded photonic super-quasi-crystals with multiple-level gradients (2018)

Photonic quasi-crystals and photonic crystals with certain degrees of disorder can have a broadband light-matter interaction. In this paper, we present the holographic fabrication of graded photonic super-quasi-crystals through pixel-by-pixel phase pattern engineering using a spatial light modulator. Using the same phase pattern arranged in a decagon, we have fabricated graded photonic super-quasi-crystals with five-fold symmetry and multiple levels of gradients and graded photonic super-crystals with rectangular unit super-cells, depending on the Fourier filter. Although a certain degree of disorder was incorporated in the quasi-crystals, we still observed the golden ratio in the diameters of the diffraction rings of the fabricated quasi-crystals, indicating five-fold symmetry. Using direct pixel-by-pixel phase engineering, the same laser projection system, consisting of an integrated spatial light modulator and a reflective optical element, can be used for the fabrication of graded photonic super-crystals with various symmetries. The multi-level gradient effects on the optical properties of an organic light-emitting diode were simulated. When the cathode of an organic light-emitting device is patterned in the graded photonic super-crystals, a light extraction efficiency up to 76% in the visible range can be achieved.
Effects of Zr on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Sc-Yb Alloys (2007)

Extract Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2007 in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA, August 5 – August 9, 2007
New antihypertensive agents. III. Synthesis and antihypertensive activity of some arylalkyl piperidines carrying a heterocycle at the 4-position. (1983)

We synthesized a series of arylalkyl piperidines (II) carrying a heterocycle at the 4-position of piperidine and examined the hypotensive activities of the products. Compound 23 had the highest hypotensive activity in anesthetized normotensive rats (-78 mmHg, 30 mg/kg, i.p.) and compound 12 showed the strongest hypotensive activity (-95 mmHg, 30 mg/kg, p.o.) in unanesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats. Only compound 16 produced a considerable decrease in blood pressure in both animal models.
Multiobjective decision theory for computational optimization in radiation therapy (1997)

Machine-guided iterative optimization in radiation oncology requires ordinal or cardinal ranking of competing treatment plans. When the clinical objectives are multifaceted and incommensurable, the ranking formalism must take into account the decision maker's tradeoff strategies in a multidimensional decision space. To capture the decision processes in treatment planning, a multiobjective decision-theoretic scheme is formulated. Ranking among a group of candidate plans is based on a generalized distance metric. A dynamic metric weighting function is defined based on the state energy of the decision system, which is assumed to undergo thermodynamic cooling with iteration time. The decision maker is required to specify a baseline ranking of the objectives, which is taken to be the ground state of the decision system. This decision-theoretic formalism was applied to idealized cases in stereotactic radiosurgery and prostatic implantation, using the genetic algorithm as the optimization engine. The optimization pathways and the outcome at limited horizons indicated that the combined scheme of decision-theoretic steering and iterative optimization was robust and produced treatment plans consistent with the user's expectation. The effect of treatment uncertainties was simulated using imperfect objectives; however, certain recurring plans could be identified as optimized baseline solutions. Overall, the present formalism provides a realistic alternative to complete utility assessment or human-guided exploration of the efficient solution set.
Rapid Identification of up to Three <i>Candida</i> Species in a Single Reaction Tube by a 5′ Exonuclease Assay Using Fluorescent DNA Probes (1999)

We used fungus-specific PCR primers and species-specific DNA probes to detect up to three Candida species in a single reaction tube by exploiting the 5' to 3' exonuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase. Probes to the internal transcribed spacer region of the rRNA gene were labeled at the 5' end with one of three fluorescent reporter dyes, 6-carboxy-fluorescein (FAM), tetrachloro-6-carboxy-fluorescein (TET), or hexachloro-6-carboxy-fluorescein (HEX), and at the 3' end with a quencher dye, 6-carboxy-tetramethyl-rhodamine. During PCR amplification, each reporter dye emits a characteristic wavelength as it is cleaved from its specific target DNA and from the quencher dye. Therefore, signals from up to three probes can be detected simultaneously during the PCR assay. Six probes were designed for use in this study: CA-FAM, CT-TET, and CP-HEX were added to one tube to simultaneously detect the typically fluconazole-sensitive species C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis, respectively. CG-FAM and CK-TET were added to a second tube to simultaneously detect the typically more innately fluconazole-resistant species C. glabrata and C. krusei, respectively. All-CAN-TET, a Candida genus probe, was added to a third tube to detect DNAs from all Candida species tested. DNAs recovered from 61 blood culture bottles, including 23 positive for C. albicans, 18 positive for C. glabrata, 6 positive for C. tropicalis, 6 positive for C. krusei, 5 positive for C. parapsilosis, and 3 positive for mixed fungemias, were tested. Control samples included those from blood culture bottles with no growth (n = 10) or from patients with confirmed bacteremia (n = 10). Probes detected and correctly identified the organisms in 58 of 61 specimens (95.1%) and gave no false-positive results. This method is simple and rapid and does not require post-PCR hybridization and incubation steps. It is sensitive and specific for the detection and identification of Candida species from blood culture bottles, including those containing mixtures of Candida species, and should facilitate an earlier specific diagnosis, leading to more appropriately targeted antifungal drug therapy.
Impedimetric biosignal analysis and quantification in a real-time biosensor system (2010)

We describe our real-time, label-free, electrochemical impedance biosensor system with an emphasis on the use of an impedance response signal model to quantify assays. The signal processing for estimating model parameters from noisy data and the quantitative verification against target concentration and affinity are also presented.
An Improved Novel Nonlinear Algorithm of Area-Wide Near-Surface Air Temperature Retrieval (2018)

Remote sensing air temperature mostly relies on linear algorithms that produce significantly variable results depending on various weather conditions. Recently, a novel nonlinear algorithm based on support vector machine (SVM) was reported with improved prediction accuracy by using multiple types of data including satellite and unmanned weather station, land coverage imagery, digital elevation model, astronomy, and calendar. To further improve the accuracy and consistence, this paper reports a selective arithmetic mean (SAM) approach for optimization of a previously reported SVM algorithm for area-wide near surface air temperature remote sensing using satellite and other types of data. Using Guangxi province as the study area, the results show that this new SAM approach significantly improved the overall retrieving quality over the previously reported simple arithmetic mean approach. The SAM approach has high tolerance to cloud, ground vegetation, and vertical and spatial spectrum variations, with superb prediction errors (absolute error, AE) and root mean square errors concentrated around 0.7 and 0.8 °C, respectively. The prediction error patterns with different atmosphere water content, enhanced vegetation index, and spatial spectrum were similar under all examined conditions. After SAM operations, the prediction error patterns showed a deep gap near a set error threshold δt, especially near δ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> (δ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ± 0.2) in every examined situation. SAM also produces significantly lower errors at AE ≥ δ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ≥ 0. The SVM model with SAM optimization minimizes the shortcomings of the classical temperature remote sensing technologies and is suitable for area-wide retrieving under natural conditions. Four modeling principles are summarized for building superb models.
Near-side prefetch throttling (2018)

In modern processors, prefetching is an essential component for hiding long-latency memory accesses. However, prefetching too aggressively can easily degrade performance by evicting useful data from cache, or by saturating precious memory bandwidth. Tuning the prefetcher's activity is thus an important problem. Existing techniques tend to focus on detecting negative symptoms of aggressive prefetching, such as unused prefetches being evicted or memory bandwidth saturation, and throttle the prefetcher in response.
Enzyme immunoassay using native envelope glycoprotein (gp160) for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibodies (1994)

An enzyme immunoassay using the purified native gp160 for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibody was developed. This assay was determined to be highly specific, since (i) 157 serum samples that were confirmed negative by Western blot (immunoblot) (WB) were negative, (ii) 41 serum samples from populations with medical conditions that might cause nonspecific assay reactivity were all negative, and (iii) all 15 serum samples that showed false-positive reactions in one or more commercial HIV-1 screening tests were negative. The assay gave 100% specificity with a randomly selected and unlinked panel of 1,000 serum samples from healthy blood donors. The sensitivity of the assay was assessed by testing 238 samples confirmed as HIV-1 antibody positive by a standardized WB assay. All 238 serum samples (100%) were reactive in the native gp160 assay. In a dilution panel of 14 weakly WB-positive serum samples, 7 samples reacted two-to fivefold more strongly in the gp160 assay than in a virus lysate-based assay; the remaining 7 samples gave comparable reactivities in the two tests. The reactivities of 13 of these 14 serum samples in the gp160 assay were higher than in a commercial enzyme immunoassay that uses a recombinant envelope protein as the antigen. The native gp160 assay was more sensitive to identify seroconversion. In a well-characterized panel of sequential blood samples from a seroconverter, the new assay detected antibodies at least one sample ahead of the other commercial assays tested.
Reaction chemistry of metallotexaphyrins: the synthesis and characterization of the first meso-oxotexaphlorinElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: experimental section, UV–VIS spectra of 1 and 3 and NMR spectra. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b1/b108914p/ (2002)

Ring-oxygenation of metallotexaphyrins, promoted by strong bases, produces oxotexaphlorin, the first example of a meso-oxo functionalized texaphyrin derivative.
Phase modelling for low bit-rate speech coding (2000)

Discusses the phase spectra of voiced speech segments digitised at low bit-rates using sinusoidal interpolative coding techniques. Such phase spectra are either disregarded at the decoder or regenerated from the magnitude spectra according to assumptions about the human speech production mechanism. The inaccuracy of the commonly used minimum phase assumption is demonstrated and a means of correcting the phase thus obtained using a second order all-pass filter is presented. The application of the all-pass filter to three speech coding techniques (sinusoidal transform coding (STC), improved multi-band excitation (IMBE) and prototype waveform interpolation (PWI)) is demonstrated.
Study and design of robust differential beamformers with linear microphone arrays (2015)

Differential beamformers can generate frequency-invariant spatial responses and therefore have the great potential to solve many broadband acoustic signal processing problems such as noise reduction, signal separation, dereverberation, etc. The design of such beamformers, however, is not a trivial task. This paper is devoted to the study and design of differential beamformers with linear array geometry. The objective is to design robust differential beamformers that can form frequency-invariant beampatterns. The major contribution consists of the following aspects. (1) It discusses a general approach to the design of linear DMAs that can use any number of microphones to design a given order DMA as long as the number of microphones is at least one more than the order of the DMA. (2) It presents a method that can maximize the white noise gain with a given number of microphones and order of the DMA; so the resulting beamformer is more robust to sensor noise than the beamformer designed with the traditional DMA method. (3) It discusses how to use nonuniform geometries to further improve robustness of differential beamformers. (4) It investigates the possibility to improve the robustness of differential beamformers with the use of the diagonal loading technique.
Proton-driven cation transport through a polymer membrane (1982)

T. M. Fyles, C. A. McGavin and D. E. Thompson, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1982, 924 DOI: 10.1039/C39820000924
A Preexisting Rare <i>PIK3CA</i> E545K Subpopulation Confers Clinical Resistance to MEK plus CDK4/6 Inhibition in <i>NRAS</i> Melanoma and Is Dependent on S6K1 Signaling (2018)

Combined MEK and CDK4/6 inhibition (MEKi + CDK4i) has shown promising clinical outcomes in patients with <i>NRAS</i>-mutant melanoma. Here, we interrogated longitudinal biopsies from a patient who initially responded to MEKi + CDK4i therapy but subsequently developed resistance. Whole-exome sequencing and functional validation identified an acquired <i>PIK3CA</i><sup>E545K</sup> mutation as conferring drug resistance. We demonstrate that <i>PIK3CA</i><sup>E545K</sup> preexisted in a rare subpopulation that was missed by both clinical and research testing, but was revealed upon multiregion sampling due to <i>PIK3CA</i><sup>E545K</sup> being nonuniformly distributed. This resistant population rapidly expanded after the initiation of MEKi + CDK4i therapy and persisted in all successive samples even after immune checkpoint therapy and distant metastasis. Functional studies identified activated S6K1 as both a key marker and specific therapeutic vulnerability downstream of <i>PIK3CA</i><sup>E545K</sup>-induced resistance. These results demonstrate that difficult-to-detect preexisting resistance mutations may exist more often than previously appreciated and also posit S6K1 as a common downstream therapeutic nexus for the MAPK, CDK4/6, and PI3K pathways.<b>Significance:</b> We report the first characterization of clinical acquired resistance to MEKi + CDK4i, identifying a rare preexisting <i>PIK3CA</i><sup>E545K</sup> subpopulation that expands upon therapy and exhibits drug resistance. We suggest that single-region pretreatment biopsy is insufficient to detect rare, spatially segregated drug-resistant subclones. Inhibition of S6K1 is able to resensitize PIK3CA<sup>E545K</sup>-expressing NRAS-mutant melanoma cells to MEKi + CDK4i. <i>Cancer Discov; 8(5); 556-67. ©2018 AACR.</i><i>See related commentary by Sullivan, p. 532</i><i>See related article by Teh et al., p. 568</i><i>This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 517</i>.
Integrating XML Data with Relational Databases. (2000)

XML technology is pushing the world into the e-commerce era. Relational database systems, today&apos;s dominant data management tool for business, must be able to accommodate the XML data, since collect-ing, analyzing, mining and managing that data will be tremendously important tasks. In this paper, we inves-tigate the problem of managing XML data in relational database systems. We are specically concerned with storing and accessing the XML data using relational technology. We propose an algorithm for mapping a DTD to the Entity-Relationship (ER) model (and thus the relational model) and examine some of the issues in loading XML data into the generated model. 1
Nickel-free stainless steel avoids neointima formation following coronary stent implantation (2012)

SUS316L stainless steel and cobalt-chromium and platinum-chromium alloys are widely used platforms for coronary stents. These alloys also contain nickel (Ni), which reportedly induces allergic reactions in some subjects and is known to have various cellular effects. The effects of Ni on neointima formation after stent implantation remain unknown, however. We developed coronary stents made of Ni-free high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel prepared using a N<sub>2</sub>-gas pressurized electroslag remelting (P-ESR) process. Neointima formation and inflammatory responses following stent implantation in porcine coronary arteries were then compared between the Ni-free and SUS316L stainless steel stents. We found significantly less neointima formation and inflammation in arteries implanted with Ni-free stents, as compared to SUS316L stents. Notably, Ni<sup>2+</sup> was eluted into the medium from SUS316L but not from Ni-free stainless steel. Mechanistically, Ni<sup>2+</sup> increased levels of hypoxia inducible factor protein-1<i>α</i> (HIF-1<i>α</i>) and its target genes in cultured smooth muscle cells. HIF-1<i>α</i> and their target gene levels were also increased in the vascular wall at SUS316L stent sites but not at Ni-free stent sites. The Ni-free stainless steel coronary stent reduces neointima formation, in part by avoiding activation of inflammatory processes via the Ni-HIF pathway. The Ni-free-stainless steel stent is a promising new coronary stent platform.