gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Translation-Inspired OCR (2011)

Optical character recognition is carried out using techniques borrowed from statistical machine translation. In particular, the use of multiple simple feature functions in linear combination, along with minimum-error-rate training, integrated decoding, and N-gram language modeling is found to be remarkably effective, across several scripts and languages. Results are presented using both synthetic and real data in five languages.
Neural Progenitor Cells of the Adult Brain (2005)

Recent studies have substantially expanded our conception of the types of progenitor cells that continue to reside in the adult nervous system, and their respective roles in the normal maintenance of the brain and spinal cord. In the adult, neural stem cells persist within the forebrain ventricular zone, and give rise to a variety of more restricted progenitor phenotypes. The major progenitor pools of the adult human brain, each of which has now been isolated to purity, include ventricular zone neuronal progenitor cells, hippocampal neuronal progenitors and parenchymal glial progenitor cells. Each of these phenotypes exists within a local environmental niche, which tightly regulates both the mitotic activity and derivatives of its resident progenitors. Within these niches, both neuronal and glial progenitor cells may reside as transit amplifying pools, by which lineage-biased progenitors expand to replenish discrete mature phenotypes. The largest such pool appears to be that of the parenchymal glial progenitor cell. These cells are restricted to glial phenotype by their local white matter environment, but upon removal from that setting, can expand to generate neurons as well as glia. Thus, at least some populations of adult glial progenitors retain both multilineage capacity and mitotic competence, and as such may be able to regenerate the tissue-specified stem cells from which they derived. This presentation will focus on the interactions of the adult human white matter with its resident glial progenitor cells, emphasizing those pathways that regulate the maintenance of these cells in their undifferentiated state, in particular those that may be shared with ventricular zone neural stem cells.
Growth of <i>Pnp</i> heterojunction bipolar transistor structures by metalorganic molecular beam epitaxy (1992)

Fabrication of high-quality Pnp heterojunction bipolar transistors has traditionally been difficult due to the inability to achieve and confine high p- and n-type doping levels using common dopants such as Be and Si. In this paper we discuss how carbon and tin can be incorporated during growth by metalorganic molecular beam epitaxy in order to produce Pnp structures. In particular it has been found that carbon introduced from trimethylgallium can be used to produce abrupt, thermally stable profiles in AlGaAs and that incorporation at concentrations up to mid-1019 cm−3 does not adversely affect the optical or structural quality of the material. In addition, we have found that the use of tetraethyltin (TESn) for tin doping of the GaAs base layer allows for higher doping and better confinement of the dopant than can be obtained with elemental Sn. Consequently, large-area (90-μm diameter) Pnp transistors fabricated from material grown with TESn show higher gain than those grown with elemental tin, in spite of the higher base dopant concentration. The gain obtained with TESn, 45, is the highest yet reported for an abrupt-junction, uniformly-doped Pnp structure. Furthermore, because of the low parasitic resistances which result from the use of carbon and tin doping, the I–V characteristics obtained in this study show superior performance relative to previously published reports.
Compensatory Reserve for Early and Accurate Prediction of Hemodynamic Compromise: Case Studies for Clinical Utility in Acute Care and Physical Performance (2016)

The results from these case studies demonstrate that machine-learning techniques can be used to (1) identify a clinical or physiologic status of individuals through real-time measures of changes in PPG waveform features that result from compromise to circulating blood volume and (2) signal progression toward hemodynamic instability, with opportunity for early and effective intervention, well in advance of changes in traditional vital signs.
New photon detector for device analysis: Superconducting single-photon detector based on a hot electron effect (2001)

A novel superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD), intrinsically capable of high quantum efficiency (up to 20%) over a wide spectral range (ultraviolet to infrared), with low dark counts (&lt;1 cps), and fast (&lt;40 ps) timing resolution, is described. This SSPD has been used to perform timing measurements on complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor integrated circuits (ICs) by detecting the infrared light emission from switching transistors. Measurements performed from the backside of a 0.13 μm geometry flip–chip IC are presented. Other potential applications for this detector are in telecommunications, quantum cryptography, biofluorescence, and chemical kinetics.
Role of Interface Roughness in the Transport and Lasing Characteristics of Quantum-Cascade lasers (2009)

A density-matrix based theory of transport and lasing in quantum-cascade lasers reveals that large disparity between lasing linewidth and tunneling broadening changes the design guidelines to favor strong coupling between injector and upper laser level.
Liquid-crystal-based optical time-delay control system for wideband phased arrays (1993)

We introduce a novel, time delay-based, transmit-receive mode, remotely located, optical control system for wide instantaneous bandwidth phased arrays. Time delays are achieved using a cascade of free-space and fiber-based optical delay lines using bulk imaging optics for low complexity, two dimensional, free-space optical interconnects. High channel isolation, low insertion loss optical switching between delayed and undelayed paths is based on polarization switching using the low cost nematic liquid crystal arrays and polarizing beam splitters. The system allows for noise reduction via spatial and polarization filtering. A dual- channel time-multiplexed system arrangement is used to implement the fast (e.g., 200 beams/s) radar scan rates using the several millisecond response time nematic liquid crystals.
Biodistribution of therapeutic extracellular vesicles (2023)

The field of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has seen a tremendous paradigm shift in the past two decades, from being regarded as cellular waste bags to being considered essential mediators in intercellular communication. Their unique ability to transfer macromolecules across cells and biological barriers has made them a rising star in drug delivery. Mounting evidence suggests that EVs can be explored as efficient drug delivery vehicles for a range of therapeutic macromolecules. In contrast to many synthetic delivery systems, these vesicles appear exceptionally well tolerated <i>in vivo</i>. This tremendous development in the therapeutic application of EVs has been made through technological advancement in labelling and understanding the <i>in vivo</i> biodistribution of EVs. Here in this review, we have summarised the recent findings in EV <i>in vivo</i> pharmacokinetics and discussed various biological barriers that need to be surpassed to achieve tissue-specific delivery.
Three-terminal superconducting device using a Si single-crystal film (1985)

A three-terminal superconducting device composed of a semiconductor-coupled Josephson junction and an oxide-insulated gate is fabricated. A p-type Si single-crystal film having a 100-nm thickness is used for the semiconductor layer. Two superconducting electrodes of the Josephson junction correspond to source and drain electrodes of the three-terminal device. Josephson tunneling current flows between source and drain electrodes, and is controlled by the gate bias voltage.
Blind Source Separation Exploiting Higher-Order Frequency Dependencies (2006)

Blind source separation (BSS) is a challenging problem in real-world environments where sources are time delayed and convolved. The problem becomes more difficult in very reverberant conditions, with an increasing number of sources, and geometric configurations of the sources such that finding directionality is not sufficient for source separation. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm that exploits higher order frequency dependencies of source signals in order to separate them when they are mixed. In the frequency domain, this formulation assumes that dependencies exist between frequency bins instead of defining independence for each frequency bin. In this manner, we can avoid the well-known frequency permutation problem. To derive the learning algorithm, we define a cost function, which is an extension of mutual information between multivariate random variables. By introducing a source prior that models the inherent frequency dependencies, we obtain a simple form of a multivariate score function. In experiments, we generate simulated data with various kinds of sources in various environments. We evaluate the performances and compare it with other well-known algorithms. The results show the proposed algorithm outperforms the others in most cases. The algorithm is also able to accurately recover six sources with six microphones. In this case, we can obtain about 16-dB signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) improvement. Similar performance is observed in real conference room recordings with three human speakers reading sentences and one loudspeaker playing music
Detection of colorectal adenoma and cancer based on transthyretin and C3a‐desArg serum levels (2007)

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death, and it develops from benign colorectal adenomas in over 95% of patients. Early detection of these cancer precursors by screening tests and their removal can potentially eradicate more than 95% of colorectal cancers before they develop. To discover sensitive and specific biomarkers for improvement of pre-clinical diagnosis of colorectal adenoma and cancer, we analysed in two independent studies (n = 87 and n = 83 patients) serum samples from colorectal cancer (stage III), colorectal adenoma and control patients using SELDI-TOF-MS. Extensive statistical analysis was performed to establish homogeneous patient groups based on their clinical data. Two biomarkers that were each able to distinguish control patients from either colorectal adenoma or colorectal cancer patients (p<0.001) were identified as transthyretin (pre-albumin) and C3a-desArg by MS/MS and were further validated by antibody-based assays (radial immunodiffusion, ELISA). A combination of both proteins clearly indicated the presence of colorectal adenoma or carcinoma. Using a cut-off of <0.225 g/L for transthyretin and >1974 ng/mL for C3a-desArg, we found a sensitivity and specificity for colorectal adenoma of 96% and 70%, respectively.
Compact and Light-Weight Automated Semen Analysis Platform Using Lensfree on-Chip Microscopy (2010)

We demonstrate a compact and lightweight platform to conduct automated semen analysis using a lensfree on-chip microscope. This holographic on-chip imaging platform weighs ∼46 g, measures ∼4.2 × 4.2 × 5.8 cm, and does not require any lenses, lasers or other bulky optical components to achieve phase and amplitude imaging of sperms over ∼24 mm(2) field-of-view with an effective numerical aperture of ∼0.2. Using this wide-field lensfree on-chip microscope, semen samples are imaged for ∼10 s, capturing a total of ∼20 holographic frames. Digital subtraction of these consecutive lensfree frames, followed by appropriate processing of the reconstructed images, enables automated quantification of the count, the speed and the dynamic trajectories of motile sperms, while summation of the same frames permits counting of immotile sperms. Such a compact and lightweight automated semen analysis platform running on a wide-field lensfree on-chip microscope could be especially important for fertility clinics, personal male fertility tests, as well as for field use in veterinary medicine such as in stud farming and animal breeding applications.
Detecting Humans via Their Pose (2007)

We consider the problem of detecting humans and classifying their pose from a single image. Specifically, our goal is to devise a statistical model that simultaneously answers two questions: 1) is there a human in the image? and, if so, 2) what is a low-dimensional representation of her pose? We investigate models that can be learned in an unsupervised manner on unlabeled images of human poses, and provide information that can be used to match the pose of a new image to the ones present in the training set. Starting from a set of descriptors recently proposed for human detection, we apply the Latent Dirichlet Allocation framework to model the statistics of these features, and use the resulting model to answer the above questions. We show how our model can efficiently describe the space of images of humans with their pose, by providing an effective representation of poses for tasks such as classification and matching, while performing remarkably well in human/non human decision problems, thus enabling its use for human detection. We validate the model with extensive quantitative experiments and comparisons with other approaches on human detection and pose matching.
Anxiolytic action of pterostilbene: involvement of hippocampal ERK phosphorylation (2012)

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of the natural product pterostilbene. Adult male mice administered pterostilbene (1–10 mg/kg, p.o.) were subjected to the elevated plus maze (EPM) test. Pterostilbene manifested anxiolytic activity at 1 and 2 mg/kg doses, demonstrated by increases in % permanence time and number of open arm entries. In addition, the anxiolytic activity of pterostilbene was comparable to that of diazepam in the EPM. The locomotor activity of the animals was unaffected at all doses. Western blot analysis revealed a decrease in both ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation in hippocampal homogenates from mice treated with 1 and 2 mg/kg ptserostilbene. Moreover, pterostilbene was detected in the sera and brains of mice following single oral administration. Neither anxiolytic nor motor activity impairment was observed at the higher doses (5 and 10 mg/kg). These results suggest that pterostilbene has the potential to become a candidate compound for therapeutic drug development for anxiety disorders.
Controlled Light–Matter Interaction in Graphene Electrooptic Devices Using Nanophotonic Cavities and Waveguides (2013)

Nanophotonic devices, such as waveguides and cavities, can strongly enhance the interaction of light with graphene. We describe techniques for enhancing the interaction of photons with graphene using chip-integrated nanophotonic devices. Transferring single-layer graphene onto planar photonic crystal nanocavities enables a spectrally selective, order-of-magnitude enhancement of optical coupling with graphene, as shown by spectroscopic studies of cavity modes in visible and infrared spectral ranges. We observed dramatically cavity-enhanced absorption, hot photoluminescence emission, and Raman scattering of the monolayer graphene. We also described a broad-spectrum enhancement of the light-matter interaction by coupling graphene with a bus waveguide on a silicon-on-insulator photonic integrated circuit, which enables a 6.2-dB transmission attenuation due to the graphene absorption over a waveguide length of 70 μm. By electrically gating the graphene monolayer coupled with a planar photonic crystal nanocavity, electrooptic modulation of the cavity reflection was possible with a contrast in excess of 10 dB. Moreover, a novel modulator device based on the cavity-coupled graphene-boron nitride-graphene capacitor was fabricated, showing a modulation speed up to 0.57 GHz. These results indicate the applications of graphene-cavity devices in high-speed and high-contrast modulators with low energy consumption. The integration of graphene with nanophotonic architectures promises a new generation of compact, energy-efficient, and ultrafast electrooptic graphene devices for on-chip optical communications.
New potential photodynamic therapeutic anti-cancer agents: synthesis and characterization of demethoxy amino-substituted hypocrellins. (2000)

A novel method was used to obtain demethoxy amino-substituted hypocrellin derivatives. The reaction condition was mild and amino substitution occurred at position 2 or 11 of hypocrellins with high yield. The photophysical and photochemical properties of the amino-substituted hypocrellins derivatives were investigated, and their significantly enhanced red absorptivities and strong active oxygen-generating functions qualified them as promising photodynamic therapeutic anti-cancer agents.
Preference representation for multi-unit multiattribute auctions (2007)

The problem of multi-unit multiattribute trading, though use-ful in practical procurement settings, has been rarely ad-dressed in auction literature. We present a general framework to structure specifications of preferences over multi-unit mul-tiattribute outcomes, allowing flexible tradeoffs between ex-pressiveness and compactness of representation. Next, we use this framework to propose an auction mechanism with useful economic and computational properties, applicable over a substantial part of the general preference domain. Background and introduction Procurement auctions typically involve various non-price as-pects of a deal, such as quality measures, delivery and ser-vice information, and supplier qualification criteria. A mul-tiattribute mechanism facilitates such negotiations, and po-tentially achieves higher welfare by picking contract config-urations that are both valued by the buyer and less costly for the supplier. Various such mechanisms have been sug-gested in the auction literature (Che 1993; Bichler 2001;
Metamaterial-Substrate Antenna Array for MIMO Communication System (2009)

We demonstrate how a magnetic permeability enhanced metamaterial can enhance the antenna array of a multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) communication system. The performance of a rectangular patch antenna array on a metamaterial substrate was studied relative to a similar array constructed on a conventional FR4 substrate. Differently spaced arrays were analytically compared using array correlation coefficients and mean effective gain as performance metrics. Achievable channel capacity were obtained through channel measurements made on a MIMO testbed. While results show that arrays on conventional FR4 substrates have higher capacity due to gain and efficiency factors, arrays can be made smaller, and have less mutual coupling and correlation coefficients, when using a metamaterial substrate, but the antenna built on the metamaterial substrate can be made more efficient through the use of better host materials. This was reflected in the analysis of both antenna arrays normalized to remove efficiency and gain differences where they showed similar performances. Hence, metamaterial substrates are a cost-effective solution when antenna miniaturization is a key design criteria compared to conventional substrates that achieve the same miniaturization factor without significantly sacrificing performance.
Cell aggregates as self‐assembling bioink (2006)

Understanding the principles of biological self‐organization is indispensable for developing efficient strategies to build living tissues and organs. Morphogenesis, the sequence of natural pattern‐forming processes through which organs acquire their final shape, is under strict genetic control. However, genes do not create spatial structures: physical mechanisms do. Here we show how the self‐assembly capacity of cells and tissues can be exploited to construct living structures of prescribed shape. The central tenet of our approach is that tissues composed of motile and adhesive cells mimic the behavior of liquids. To biologically validate this idea, we first show that the fusion of embryonic cushion tissue during heart morphogenesis proceeds similarly in vitro and in vivo and both qualitatively and quantitatively resembles the coalescence of liquid drops. Next, we demonstrate that, once given the right initial cues, that is directed, spherical cell aggregates mixed with appropriate hydrogel behave as self‐assembling “bio‐ink” particles. Finally, we show that these bio‐ink particles can be dispensed by special “bio‐printers.” We print cellular toroids, tubes and in particular “beating” sheets of cardiomyocytes.
Inverting schema mappings (2006)

A schema mapping is a specification that describes how data structured under one schema (the source schema) is to be transformed into data structured under a different schema (the target schema). Although the notion of an inverse of a schema mapping is important, the exact definition of an inverse mapping is somewhat elusive. This is because a schema mapping may associate many target instances with each source instance, and many source instances with each target instance. Based on the notion that the composition of a mapping and its inverse is the identity, we give a formal definition for what it means for a schema mapping M′ to be an inverse of a schema mapping M for a class S of source instances. We call such an inverse an S-inverse. A particular case of interest arises when S is the class of all instances, in which case an S-inverse is a global inverse. We focus on the important and practical case of schema mappings defined by source-to-target tuple-generating dependencies, and uncover a rich theory. When S is defined by a set of dependencies with a finite chase, we show how to construct an S-inverse when one exists. In particular, we show how to construct a global inverse when one exists. Given M and M′, we show how to define the largest class S such that M′ is an S-inverse of M.
Differential expression of human cyclin G1 (CCNG1) in cancer: A novel biomarker in development for CCNG1 inhibitor therapy. (2018)

e24315 Background: CCNG1 inhibitor therapy, exemplified by DeltaRex-G, a tumor targeted gene vector bearing a cytocidal knock-out CCNG1 gene, has been shown to induce long term (9-12 years) survivorship in patients with metastatic solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Purpose: To evaluate CCNG1 expression in tumors as a novel biomarker for identification of patients who are likely to benefit from CCNG1 inhibitor therapy. Methods: A qualified immunohistochemical staining protocol was used for enumeration of CCNG1 and Ki-67 nuclear staining cells in 17 tissue types across 15 organs. The significance of differences between the number of CCNG1 and Ki-67 nuclear staining cells in normal versus cancerous tissues were evaluated using paired Student’s t test. Pearson’s coefficient of correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between the number of Ki-67 versus CCNG1 nuclear staining cells. RNA sequence analysis was also used to compare CCNG1 expression in cancerous tissues versus normal tissues from 20 organ sites. Results: Significant differences were found when comparing CCNG1 nuclear staining percentages between analogous healthy and cancerous tissues (p = 0.002, df = 11). The nuclear staining percentages of CCNG1 and Ki-67 share a statistically significant, positive correlation (r = .936977, p < 0.00001). Gene expression, by RNA sequence analysis, of cancerous tissues versus normal tissues was not significantly different but no paired comparisons are currently available. Conclusions: Taken together, these data indicate that CCNG1 expression, obtained from a qualified IHC assay, is enhanced in cancerous tumors compared to their normal analogous counterparts and may be useful in predicting a favorable response to CCNG1 inhibitor therapy in patients with solid and hematologic malignancies. Studies are planned to confirm these results in a Phase 2 basket study of CCNG1 inhibitor therapy for CCNG1 expressing tumors. RNA sequence analysis utilizing paired comparisons of cancerous tumors with their normal counterparts are also proposed.