gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low threshold planarized vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (1990)

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers fabricated utilizing a self-aligned process to provide planarized contacts are discussed. A single 80-AA In/sub 0.2/Ga/sub 0.8/As strained quantum well was used in the active region. Emission was at 963 nm. Threshold currents under continuous-wave room temperature operation of 1.1 mA, at 4.0-V bias, were measured for numerous 12- mu m*12- mu m devices. Corresponding threshold current densities were 800 A/cm/sup 2/ (600 A/cm/sup 2/ for broad area devices). These are the lowest figures yet reported for this type of device. It was found that grading of the mirror had a marked effect on mirror resistance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Optimisation of the STANAG 5066 ARQ protocol to support high data rate HF communications (2002)

The NATO standardisation agreement STANAG 5066, "Profile for HF Radio Data Communications", is an open standard defining the requirements for building interoperable HF data communications systems. The ARQ (automatic repeat request) protocol within this standard describes a number of implementation dependent parameters which can be configured to optimise the performance of the system according to the intended use. This paper describes the results of testing carried out to provide recommendations on a number of these parameters with the aim of producing a system which performs robustly under a wide range of typical HF channel conditions. STANAG 5066 was completed prior to the standardisation of a high data rate waveform capable of operation at data rates of 9600 bps and higher (although allowance was made within the standard for such a waveform to be accommodated as and when it became available). The standardisation of such a waveform suitable for use with the STANAG 5066 ARQ protocol under STANAG 4539, "Technical Standards For Non-Hopping HF Communications Waveforms", has introduced a number of new configuration issues. This paper provides recommendations on the changes required to obtain maximum benefit from the integration of this waveform into existing HF systems currently providing adaptive operation over data rates of 75 to 2400 bps and discusses the optimisation of data rate adaption algorithms for effective use of the complete range of data rates currently available to HF users.
Small‐Interfering RNA‐Mediated Identification and Regulation of the Ternary SNARE Complex Mediating RBL‐2H3 Mast Cell Degranulation (2010)

Dysregulation of mast cell function contributes to allergic and autoimmune disease that affects more than 70 million persons in the United States alone. Identifying novel mast cell targets that mediate disease or disease progression is required for the development of innovative therapeutics for the treatment of allergy/asthma and autoimmune disease. RNA interference technologies offer hope both as basic research tools for target identification and as potential, novel, specific therapeutics. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins that have been postulated to mediate the transport and fusion of inflammatory mediator-laden vesicles to the membrane in mast cells leading to their subsequent exocytosis. The functional role(s) of specific SNARE family member complexes in mast cell degranulation has not been fully elucidated. Here, we characterize the functional importance of SNARE complexes in FcεRI receptor-mediated degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells utilizing RNA interference. We demonstrate that ternary SNARE complexes of synaptosomal-associated protein-23, Syntaxin 4 and vesicle-associated membrane protein-7 (VAMP-7) or VAMP-8 are directly involved in mast cell degranulation. Additionally, we evaluate the siRNAs directed against these molecules as potential therapeutic agents for disease intervention. These studies have identified specific SNARE proteins and complexes that serve as novel targets for the development of siRNA therapies to treat allergic and autoimmune disease.
Prediction models for software fault correction effort (2002)

We have developed a model to explain and predict the effort associated with changes made to software to correct faults while it is undergoing development. Since the effort data available for this study is ordinal in nature, ordinal response models are used to explain the effort in terms of measures of fault locality and the characteristics of the software components being changed. The calibrated ordinal response model is then applied to two projects not used in the calibration to examine predictive validity.
Simple method for mitigation of polarization crosstalk in silica planar lightwave circuit directional couplers (2006)

Polarization crosstalk in planar lightwave circuit directional couplers can cause significant polarization-dependence in interferometers that use them. We show a simple way to mitigate the polarization crosstalk without incurring a performance penalty or requiring extra fabrication steps. We demonstrate it on a 23-ps Mach-Zehnder delay interferometer
Physical Inorganic Chemistry (2010)

Preface ix Contributors xi 1 Electron Transfer Reactions 1 Ophir Snir and Ira A. Weinstock 2 Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Hydrogen and Hydride Transfer Reactions 39 Shunichi Fukuzumi 3 Oxygen Atom Transfer 75 Mahdi M. Abu-Omar 4 Mechanisms of Oxygen Binding and Activation at Transition Metal Centers 109 Elena V. Rybak-Akimova 5 Activation of Molecular Hydrogen 189 Gregory J. Kubas and Dennis Michael Heinekey 6 Activation of Carbon Dioxide 247 Ferenc Joo 7 Chemistry of Bound Nitrogen Monoxide and Related Redox Species 281 Jose A. Olabe 8 Ligand Substitution Dynamics in Metal Complexes 339 Thomas W. Swaddle 9 Reactivity of Inorganic Radicals in Aqueous Solution 395 David M. Stanbury 10 Organometallic Radicals: Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Reaction Mechanisms 429 Tamas Kegl, George C. Fortman, Manuel Temprado, and Carl D. Hoff 11 Metal-Mediated Carbon--Hydrogen Bond Activation 495 Thomas Brent Gunnoe 12 Solar Photochemistry with Transition Metal Compounds Anchored to Semiconductor Surfaces 551 Gerald J. Meyer Index 589
Porcine rotavirus B as primary causative agent of diarrhea outbreaks in newborn piglets (2020)

Rotavirus (RV) is considered a major cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in young animals. RV is classified into nine species, five of which have been identified in pigs. Most studies worldwide have highlighted diarrhoea outbreaks caused by RVA, which is considered the most important RV species. In the present study, we described the detection and characterization of porcine RVB as a primary causative agent of diarrhoea outbreaks in pig herds in Brazil. The study showed a high frequency (64/90; 71.1%) of RVB diagnosis in newborn piglets associated with marked histopathological lesions in the small intestines. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP7 gene of wild-type RVB strains revealed a high diversity of G genotypes circulating in one geographic region of Brazil. Our findings suggest that RVB may be considered an important primary enteric pathogen in piglets and should be included in the routine differential diagnosis of enteric diseases in piglets.
A student's guide to classical control (1997)

A series of points concerning classical control, and particularly feedback; intended as an overview to tell an undergraduate at the start of his course what he will be studying, as an aid to revision for an undergraduate at the end of his course, and as an aid in reviewing existing knowledge for a person starting post-graduate studies.
Performance characteristics of continuous yeast‐alcohol fermentors with no mechanical stirring (1974)

Abstract Continuous fermentation of grape juice was studied in three basic kinds of nonmechanically stirred fermentors, classified according to the direction in which flow is applied against settling: upward‐flow, slant‐flow, and horizontal‐flow. Fermentation kinetics were found to be zero‐order, thus rate was directly proportional to cell density. Completeness of fermentation depends upon yeast characteristics (growth rate flocculation), fermentor geometry (settling depth, flow path length), and upon flow velocity. Fermentor analysis demonstrated that to achieve complete fermentation in the minimum juice holding time, efficient cell retention as well as rapid yeast growth and fermentation rates are required. Fermentor design and operation are discussed in the light of this analysis.
Scale‐Up Studies on a Defined Medium Process for Pilot Plant Production of Illicicolin by <i>Gliocladium</i><i>roseum</i> (2001)

Illicicolin was cultivated at the 600-L pilot scale for purposes of material generation and process development. The initial medium containing oat flour was difficult operationally as a result of excessive foaming during sterilization, so a new defined medium process (with either glucose or sucrose as the carbon source), developed at the 23-L scale, was scaled up and improved for pilot scale needs. Pilot scale media development efforts focused on exploring the highest concentration of media (1.0 x to 3.0 x) that could be cultivated at the pilot scale and not be limited by mixing or oxygen mass transfer. The process was scaled up successfully and peak titers improved 7.5-fold, from about 200 mg/L in the initial complex medium to 1500 mg/L in the final defined medium.
Real-Time Drilling Operations Centers: A History of Functionality and Organizational Purpose—The Second Generation (2010)

Abstract Two phases in the evolution of drilling operations centers are identified based upon published information. The first was examined in detail in an earlier paper. The second is examined here by way of a review of several operators' strategies over time and in different areas of operation. The first generation of centers was short lived, failing to survive the reductions in oil price and drilling activities of the late 80s. The second generation had the benefit of significant evolution of information technology in the intervening years and is part of a broader trend toward integrated operations and collaborative work processes. Common trends are identified from the case histories presented. These include a discussion of foundational capability, data and architecture standards, higher level work processes and organizational change management.
Progressive Linear Precoder Optimization for MIMO Packet Retransmissions Exploiting Channel Covariance Information (2008)

This work investigates the design of linear precoders for ARQ packet retransmissions in multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. We consider transmitter precoder design based on partial MIMO channel information in the form of their covariance feedback. Our objective is to maximize the ergodic mutual information provided by multiple (re)transmissions of a packet subject to transmission power constraint. We propose a set of near-optimal successive linear ARQ precoders for flat fading MIMO channels. This progressive linear ARQ precoder combines the appropriate power loading and the reverse-order pairing of singular values in the current retransmission with previous transmissions. This reverse-order pairing is a special feature unique to our sequential ARQ preceding approach with demonstrated performance gains.
Micellar Liquid Chromatography (2000)

Micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) is a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic mode with a solution containing a surfactant above the critical micellar concentration, as mobile phase. An organic solvent is added to improve the elution strength and peak shape. The interaction of solutes with the surfactant monomers adsorbed on the stationary phase, in combination with the solubilization capability of micelles, has profound implications on retention, selectivity, and efficiency. However, the most relevant features of MLC are the elution of compounds in a wide range of polarities (neutral and ionic) using isocratic elution, and the feasibility of direct injection of physiological fluids.
Automating Mason's rule and its application to analysis of stochastic Petri nets (1995)

A symbolic performance analysis approach for discrete-event systems can be formulated based on the integration of Petri nets and moment generating function concepts. The key steps in the method include modeling a system with stochastic Petri nets, generation of state machine Petri nets with transfer functions, derivation of equivalent transfer functions, and symbolic derivation of transfer functions to obtain the performance measures. To automate the above procedure, computer implementation of Mason's rule becomes very important for a symbolic solution. This paper proposes and implements the algorithms to evaluate the Mason's rule and describes their applications to deriving transfer functions of a state machine Petri net for system performance. The complexity of the algorithms is analyzed. Finally, future research toward construction of a CAD tool for design of discrete-event systems is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Melanin, melanin "ghosts," and melanin composition in Cryptococcus neoformans (1996)

Melanin synthesis is associated with virulence for the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Exposure of nonmelanized C. neoformans 4067 cells to 4 M guanidinium isothiocyanate followed by 6 M HCl at 100 degrees C resulted in complete solubilization of cellular structures. However, exposure of melanized C. neoformans 24067 to the same conditions produced a suspension of black particles. Analysis of black particles with transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed cell "ghosts" with electron-dense walls. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy of suspensions of black particles revealed a signal indicative of a stable free radical population. The magnitude of the ESR signal was increased by illumination, Zn2+ ions, and basic pH. Boiling the black particles produced only a small reduction in the magnitude of the ESR signal. These ESR changes are characteristic of melanin. Exposure of melanized black cells to 0.1 or 0.5% NaOCl bleached the cells white and abolished the ESR signal, consistent with melanin disruption. ESR spectroscopy was used to study the rate of stable free radical formation, taken as an index of melanization, of C. neoformans 24067 cells growing in medium with 1.0 mM L-dopa at 30 and 37 degrees C over the course of 14 days. Melanization was slower at 37 degrees C. but by day 14, cells grown at 30 and 37 degrees C. had comparable levels or melanin. ESR spectroscopy of seven melanized C. neoformans strains revealed that some strains differed by up to eightfold in melanin content. The ESR spectra of C. neoformans 24067 grown in minimal medium containing either 1.0 mM catechol, dopamine, or L-dopa revealed large differences in signal amplitude. The relative melanin contents were 0.05, 0.45, and 1.0 for C. neoformans grown in media with catechol, dopamine. and L-dopa, respectively. Quantitative analysis revealed that melanin comprised 15.4% of the dry mass of the cell after 10 days of growth in medium containing 1.0 mM L-dopa. The results suggest (i) a useful protocol for isolating C. neoformans melanin, (ii) a role for melanin in maintaining cell wall integrity, (iii) disruption of melanin by NaOCl, (iv) strain differences in melanin content after growth in L-dopa, and (v) quantitative and/or qualitative differences in the melanin produced after growth in various substrates.
Optimal Design for Shared Backup Path Protected Elastic Optical Networks Under Single-Link Failure (2014)

This paper considers the network protection technique of shared backup path protection (SBPP) in comparison with 1 + 1 path protection for elastic optical networks. We develop integer linear programming (ILP) models to minimize both the required spare capacity and the maximum number of link frequency slots (FSs) used. We consider transponder tunability that corresponds to the condition of whether or not the same set of FSs is required to be used for both the working and protection lightpaths. We also apply the bandwidth squeezed restoration technique to obtain the maximum restoration levels for the affected service flows, subject to a limited FS capacity on each fiber link. Our studies show that the proposed SBPP technique requires much lower spare capacity compared to the traditional 1 + 1 path protection approach. The flexibility of allowing the working and protection lightpaths to use different sets of FSs (i.e., with full transponder tunability) has the advantage of reducing both the number of FSs needed and the spare capacity redundancy required.
X-ray computed tomography with seven degree of freedom robotic sample holder (2022)

Abstract We present an x-ray Computed Tomography setup that integrates a seven degrees of freedom robotic arm as a sample holder within an existing laboratory x-ray computed tomography setup. We aim to provide a flexible sample holder that is able to execute non-standard and task-specific trajectories for complex samples. The robotic arm is integrated with a unified software package that allows for path planning, collision detection, geometric calibration and reconstruction of the sample. The calibration is necessary to identify the accurate pose of the sample which deviates from the expected pose due to inaccurate placement of the robotic arm. With our software the user is able to command the robotic arm to execute arbitrary trajectories for a given sample in a safe manner and output its reconstruction to the user. We present experimental results with a circular trajectory where the robotic sample holder achieves identical visual quality compared to a conventional sample holder.
Toward Everyday Gaze Input (2017)

For eye tracking to become a ubiquitous part of our everyday interaction with computers, we first need to understand its limitations outside rigorously controlled labs, and develop robust applications that can be used by a broad range of users and in various environments. Toward this end, we collected eye tracking data from 80 people in a calibration-style task, using two different trackers in two lighting conditions. We found that accuracy and precision can vary between users and targets more than six-fold, and report on differences between lighting, trackers, and screen regions. We show how such data can be used to determine appropriate target sizes and to optimize the parameters of commonly used filters. We conclude with design recommendations and examples how our findings and methodology can inform the design of error-aware adaptive applications.
An Intelligent License Plate Detection and Recognition Model Using Deep Neural Networks (2021)

One of the largest automotive sectors in the world is India. The number of vehicles traveling by road has increased in recent times. In malls or other crowded places, many vehicles enter and exit the parking area. Due to the increase in vehicles, it is difficult to manually note down the license plate number of all the vehicles passing in and out of the parking area. Hence, it is necessary to develop an Automatic License Plate Detection and Recognition (ALPDR) model that recognize the license plate number of vehicles automatically. To automate this process, we propose a three-step process that will detect the license plate, segment the characters and recognize the characters present in it. Detection is done by converting the input image to a bi-level image. Using region props the characters are segmented from the detected license plate. A two-layer CNN model is developed to recognize the segmented characters. The proposed model automatically updates the details of the car entering and exiting the parking area to the database. The proposed ALPDR model has been tested in several conditions such as blurred images, different distances from the cameras, day and night conditions on the stationary vehicles. Experimental result shows that the proposed system achieves 91.1%, 96.7%, and 98.8% accuracy on license plate detection, segmentation, and recognition respectively which is superior to state-of-the-art literature models.
Determination of DNA sequences required for regulated Mycobacterium tuberculosis RecA expression in response to DNA-damaging agents suggests that two modes of regulation exist (1997)

The recA gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has previously been cloned and sequenced (E. O. Davis, S. G. Sedgwick, and M. J. Colston, J. Bacteriol. 173:5653-5662, 1991). In this study, the expression of this gene was shown to be inducible in response to various DNA-damaging agents by using a transcriptional fusion to the reporter gene encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. A segment of DNA around 300 bp upstream of the coding region was shown to be required for expression. However, primer extension analysis indicated that the transcriptional start sites were 47 and 93 bp upstream of the translation initiation codon. Sequence motifs with homology to two families of Escherichia coli promoters but also with significant differences were located near these proposed transcription start sites. The differences from the E. coli consensus patterns would explain the previously described lack of expression of the M. tuberculosis recA gene from its own promoter in E. coli. In addition, the M. tuberculosis LexA protein was shown to bind specifically to a sequence, GAAC-N4-GTTC, overlapping one of these putative promoters and homologous to the Bacillus subtilis Cheo box involved in the regulation of SOS genes. The region of DNA 300 bp upstream of the recA gene was shown not to contain a promoter, suggesting that it functions as an upstream activator sequence.
Metreleptin for metabolic disorders associated with generalized or partial lipodystrophy (2014)

Lipodystrophy is a group of acquired and inherited disorders characterized by selective loss of adipose tissue. Despite wide genotypic and phenotypic variety, many patients with lipodystrophy have similar metabolic complications including insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic steatosis. Often, these metabolic abnormalities are severe and difficult to treat with conventional glucose and lipid-lowering therapies. Lack of adipose tissue also results in marked hypoleptinemia, and there has recently been much interest in using leptin-replacement therapy to treat the metabolic complications of lipodystrophy. Administration of metreleptin, the human recombinant leptin analogue, has been shown in prospective, open-label studies to improve glucose control, dyslipidemia and steatohepatitis. This article summarizes the current evidence for the safety and efficacy of leptin-replacement therapy in patients with lipodystrophy.
Center-based 3D Object Detection and Tracking (2020)

Three-dimensional objects are commonly represented as 3D boxes in a point-cloud. This representation mimics the well-studied image-based 2D bounding-box detection but comes with additional challenges. Objects in a 3D world do not follow any particular orientation, and box-based detectors have difficulties enumerating all orientations or fitting an axis-aligned bounding box to rotated objects. In this paper, we instead propose to represent, detect, and track 3D objects as points. Our framework, CenterPoint, first detects centers of objects using a keypoint detector and regresses to other attributes, including 3D size, 3D orientation, and velocity. In a second stage, it refines these estimates using additional point features on the object. In CenterPoint, 3D object tracking simplifies to greedy closest-point matching. The resulting detection and tracking algorithm is simple, efficient, and effective. CenterPoint achieved state-of-the-art performance on the nuScenes benchmark for both 3D detection and tracking, with 65.5 NDS and 63.8 AMOTA for a single model. On the Waymo Open Dataset, CenterPoint outperforms all previous single model method by a large margin and ranks first among all Lidar-only submissions. The code and pretrained models are available at https://github.com/tianweiy/CenterPoint.