gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical parsing and semantic navigation of full body CT data (2009)

Whole body CT scanning is a common diagnosis technique for discovering early signs of metastasis or for differential diagnosis. Automatic parsing and segmentation of multiple organs and semantic navigation inside the body can help the clinician in efficiently obtaining accurate diagnosis. However, dealing with the large amount of data of a full body scan is challenging and techniques are needed for the fast detection and segmentation of organs, e.g., heart, liver, kidneys, bladder, prostate, and spleen, and body landmarks, e.g., bronchial bifurcation, coccyx tip, sternum, lung tips. Solving the problem becomes even more challenging if partial body scans are used, where not all organs are present. We propose a new approach to this problem, in which a network of 1D and 3D landmarks is trained to quickly parse the 3D CT data and estimate which organs and landmarks are present as well as their most probable locations and boundaries. Using this approach, the segmentation of seven organs and detection of 19 body landmarks can be obtained in about 20 seconds with state-of-the-art accuracy and has been validated on 80 CT full or partial body scans.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of propionyl-<scp>l</scp>-carnitine effects on exercise performance in patients with claudication (2013)

Propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC) may improve exercise performance in patients with peripheral artery disease, but results from clinical trials have been inconsistent. The safety and efficacy of PLC for treatment of claudication was evaluated by a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials for which data were available through September 2010. Eighty-five studies were identified, of which 13 were randomized controlled trials. Owing to database availability for the six phase III studies carried out with PLC (1 g orally, twice daily), a patient-level meta-analysis was conducted as the primary analysis. Treadmill performance data from these six studies were harmonized to peak walking distance (PWD) on a 7% grade at a speed of 3 km/hour. PLC (n = 440) was associated with a net 16 meter improvement (95% CI, 8-20 meters) in PWD as compared with placebo (n = 427) in the primary analysis (p = 0.002). The effect of PLC was similar in subpopulations defined using clinical and demographic variables, with possible enhanced benefit in patients engaged in an exercise program or enrolled at study sites in Russia. The systematic review of the effect of PLCs on claudication identified seven additional randomized controlled trials for a total of 13 trials, which included 681 patients on placebo and 672 on PLC. This meta-analysis confirmed a 45 meter net improvement on PLC using a random-effects model. In conclusion, oral PLC is associated with a statistically significant increase in PWD in patients with claudication, which may be clinically relevant.
Simulation of free-space optical guiding structure based on colliding gas flows (2015)

A typographical error in Kaganovich et al. [Appl. Opt.54, F144 (2015)10.1364/AO.54.00F144APOPAI0003-6935] is corrected here.
Synthesis and characterization of elastomeric polyurea foam (2019)

ABSTRACT Polymeric foams are ubiquitous in impact mitigation for civilian and military applications; the performance in such loading scenarios can be elucidated through quasi‐static and dynamic mechanical testing. The present study reports on the complex microstructure of newly synthesized polyurea foams exhibiting a hierarchical structure consisting of large perforated semi‐closed spherical cells with a mean diameter of 370 ± 162 μm surrounded by smaller closed, spherical cells with size distribution of 69 ± 18 μm. The stress–strain curves were used to calculate the basic mechanical properties and to predict the dynamic behavior of the foams. Nonlinear regression and finite element analyses were used to calibrate the Ogden hyperfoam model to explicate the hyperelastic behavior. The performance of the polyurea foam was found to outperform a benchmark foam in nearly all the elastic and energy absorbing properties. For example, one variation of the newly synthesized foam stored nearly doubled the energy of the benchmark foam while being 12% lighter. Low‐density polyurea foam was found to decelerate an incoming impact mass with a minimum G‐level that was nearly one third lower than the higher density polyurea and benchmark foams. In all, the behavior of the foam is dependent on the parameters of the fabrication process. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137 , 48839.
Colorless Distributed Combustion (CDC): Effect of Flowfield Configuration (2009)

Colorless Distributed Combustion (CDC) is being investigated as it shows great potential for lower NOx emissions, noise reduction and uniform thermal field for gas turbine combustors. CDC is characterized by distributed reaction zone which leads to uniform thermal field and provide significant improvement in pattern factor, reduced NOx emission and lower sound levels. Basic requirement for CDC is mixing between the combustion air and product gases to form hot and diluted oxidant prior to its mixing with the fuel. This leads to spontaneous ignition of the fuel and distributed reactions. This requirement can be met with different configuration of fuel and air injections with carefully characterized flowfield distribution within the combustion zone. In the present investigation four sample configurations have been examined. They include a diffusion flame configuration and three other configurations that provide potential for CDC mode combustor operation. For all four modes same fuel and air injection diameters are used to examine the effect of flow field configuration on combustion characteristics. The results are compared for flowfield and fuel/air mixing using numerical simulations and global flame signatures, exhaust emissions, acoustic signatures, and thermal field using experiments. Both numerical simulations and experiments are performed at heat load of 25kW, using methane as the fuel at atmospheric pressure using normal temperature air and fuel. Lower NOx emissions, better thermal field uniformity, and lower acoustic levels have been observed when the flame approached CDC modes as compared to the baseline case of a diffusion flame. The reaction zone is observed to be distributed over the combustor volume in the CDC mode.
Broadband Diffractive Optics* (1991)

In many regions of the EM spectrum refractive lenses are not practical, so that diffractive lenses are all that are available for high resolution focussing or imaging. For example, Fresnel structures (eg. zone plates) have demonstrated diffraction limited imaging at soft x-ray wavelengths, but only for narrowband illumination (Δλ <λ O /N, where N = # of zones). There have been various attempts to design diffractive lens doublets or triplets to correct for and/or reduce the chromatic aberrations associated with diffractive optics. These approaches generally involve two or more diffractive elements separated by a finite distance. As such, they represent a "lens system" instead of compact, broadband lens, and they suffer from the compound inefficiency of the multiple diffractive elements.
Relationship of epidermal lipogenesis to cutaneous barrier function. (1987)

Although the lipids of mammalian stratum corneum are known to be important for the cutaneous permeability barrier, the factors that regulate epidermal lipid biosynthesis are poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that cutaneous sterol synthesis is regulated by cutaneous barrier requirements, while the levels of circulating sterols do not play a role. Whether cutaneous barrier requirements regulate epidermal lipogenesis in general and the nature of the signal that activates the lipid biosynthetic apparatus are unknown. We determined whether alterations of the cutaneous permeability barrier, induced by treatment with a solvent (acetone), a surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), or essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD), provoked a discrete versus global stimulation of epidermal and dermal lipid biosynthesis. Acetone treatment increased epidermal, but not dermal, sterol and fatty acid biosynthesis approximately threefold over controls at 1-4 hr, which returned to normal after 12 hr. SDS treatment likewise stimulated epidermal sterol and fatty acid biosynthesis, but the increase was less dramatic than in acetone-treated animals. Since plastic occlusion blocked the expected increase in de novo lipid biosynthesis in acetone-treated animals, it is possible that water flux provides the molecular signal for de novo synthesis. Finally, EFAD mice also demonstrated enhanced epidermal sterol and fatty acid biosynthesis in comparison to normals, an effect that also was abolished when transepidermal water loss was normalized by occlusion, despite the presence of ongoing EFAD. These results demonstrate that disruption of the cutaneous permeability barrier stimulates a parallel, global boost in both sterol and fatty acid biosynthesis that is limited to the epidermis. Since such stimulation is reversed by restoration of barrier function, transcutaneous water gradients may regulate epidermal lipogenesis.
<title>Normal incidence multiple quantum well light modulator with exceedingly high contrast ratio</title> (1994)

We report a novel approach to normal incidence multiple quantum well light modulators. The quantum-confined Stark effect is utilized to tune the polarization rotation and phase retardation created by a thermally induced in-plane anisotropic strain. An exceedingly high contrast ratio of 4800:1 is demonstrated for a normally-on device at room temperature.
Space-time constellations matched to the receiver (2004)

The diversity-vs-rate tradeoffs of linear space-time constellations are derived and analyzed under different constraints on the receiver complexity, and the rate scaling with the signal-to-noise ratio (multiplexing gain). New constellations from the threaded algebraic space-time (TAST) signaling framework are matched to the receiver in the sense of achieving the optimal diversity-vs-rate tradeoffs for a given complexity of the sphere decoder or the nulling and cancellation receiver.
A rational framework for evaluating the next generation of vaccines against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (2014)

Since the early 1980s, several investigations have focused on developing a vaccine against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle and sheep. These studies used whole-cell inactived vaccines that have proven useful in limiting disease progression, but have not prevented infection. In contrast, modified live vaccines that invoke a Th1 type immune response, may improve protection against infection. Spurred by recent advances in the ability to create defined knockouts in MAP, several independent laboratories have developed modified live vaccine candidates by transcriptional mutation of virulence and metablolic genes in MAP. In order to accelerate the process of identification and comparative elvaluation of he most promising modified live MAP vaccine candidates, members of a multi-institutional USDA- funded research consortium, the Johne's disease integrated program (JDIP), met to established a standardized testing platform using agreed upon protocols. A total of 22 candidates vaccine strains developed in five independent laboratories in the United States and New Zealand voluntarily entered into a double blind gated trial pipeline. In Phase I, the survival characteristics of each candidate were determined in bovine macrophages. Attenuated strains moved to Phase II, where tissue colonization of C57/BL6 mice were evaluated in a challenge model. In Phase III, five promising candidates from Phase I and II were evaluated for their ability to reduce fecal shedding, tissue colonization and pathology in a baby goat challenge model. Formation of a multi-institutional consortium for vaccine strain evaluation has revealed insights for the implementation of vaccine trials for Johne's disease and other animals pathogens. We conclude by suggesting the best way forward based on this 3-phase trial experience and challenge the rationale for use of a macrophage-to-mouse-to native host pipeline for MAP vaccine development.
The Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Resistance Genes Ty-1 and Ty-3 Are Allelic and Code for DFDGD-Class RNA–Dependent RNA Polymerases (2013)

Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Disease incited by Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) causes huge losses in tomato production worldwide and is caused by different related begomovirus species. Breeding for TYLCV resistance has been based on the introgression of multiple resistance genes originating from several wild tomato species. In this study we have fine-mapped the widely used Solanum chilense-derived Ty-1 and Ty-3 genes by screening nearly 12,000 plants for recombination events and generating recombinant inbred lines. Multiple molecular markers were developed and used in combination with disease tests to fine-map the genes to a small genomic region (approximately 70 kb). Using a Tobacco Rattle Virus-Virus Induced Gene Silencing approach, the resistance gene was identified. It is shown that Ty-1 and Ty-3 are allelic and that they code for a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) belonging to the RDRγ type, which has an atypical DFDGD motif in the catalytic domain. In contrast to the RDRα type, characterized by a catalytic DLDGD motif, no clear function has yet been described for the RDRγ type, and thus the Ty-1/Ty-3 gene unveils a completely new class of resistance gene. Although speculative, the resistance mechanism of Ty-1/Ty-3 and its specificity towards TYLCV are discussed in light of the function of the related RDRα class in the amplification of the RNAi response in plants and transcriptional silencing of geminiviruses in plants.
High continuous wave power, 0.8 μm-band, Al-free active-region diode lasers (1997)

Efficient, high-power, Al-free active-region diode lasers emitting at λ=0.83 μm have been grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Threshold-current densities as low as 220 A/cm2, maximum continuous wave (cw) power of 4.6 W, and a maximum cw wallplug efficiency of 45% are achieved from 1 mm long, uncoated devices with In0.5(Ga0.5Al0.5)0.5P cladding layers. Further improvement is obtained by replacing the p-In0.5(Ga0.5Al0.5)0.5P cladding layer with thin (0.1 μm) electron-blocking layers of Al0.85Ga0.15As and In0.5(Ga0.5Al0.5)0.5P, and a p-In0.5(Ga0.9Al0.1)0.5P cladding layer. Such devices provide a record-high T0 of 160 K and reach catastrophic optical mirror damage (COMD) at a record-high cw power of 4.7 W (both facets). The corresponding COMD power-density level (8.7 MW/cm2)is ∼2 times the COMD power-density level for uncoated, 0.81-μm-emitting AlGaAs-active devices. Therefore, 0.81-μm-emitting, Al-free active-region devices are expected to operate reliably at roughly twice the power of AlGaAs-active region devices.
Agonists of Toll-like Receptor 9 Containing Synthetic Dinucleotide Motifs (2007)

Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs activate Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). Our previous studies have shown that ODNs containing two 5'-ends are more immunostimulatory than those with one 5'-end. In the present study, to understand the role of functional groups in TLR9 recognition and subsequent immune response, we substituted C or G of a CpG dinucleotide with 5-OH-dC, 5-propyne-dC, furano-dT, 1-(2'-deoxy-beta- d-ribofuranosyl)-2-oxo-7-deaza-8-methyl-purine, dF, 4-thio-dU, N(3)-Me-dC, N (4)-Et-dC, Psi-iso-dC, and arabinoC or 7-deaza-dG, 7-deaza-8-aza-dG, 9-deaza-dG, N(1)-Me-dG, N(2)-Me-dG, 6-Thio-dG, dI, 8-OMe-dG, 8-O-allyl-dG, and arabinoG in ODN containing two 5'-ends. Agonists of TLR9 containing cytosine or guanine modification showed activity in HEK293 cells expressing TLR9, mouse spleen, and human cell-based assays and in vivo in mice. The results presented here provide insight into which specific chemical modifications at C or G of the CpG motif are recognized by TLR9 and the ability to modulate immune responses substituting natural C or G in immune modulatory oligonucleotides.
Rapid characterization of the activities of lignin-modifying enzymes based on nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS) (2018)

A new assay procedure has been developed for studying lignin-modifying enzymes by nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry. Enzyme assays of a laccase and a MnP on phenolic and nonphenolic β-aryl ether substrates revealed different primary reaction pathways due to the availability of the phenoxy radical intermediates. Our assay provides a wealth of information on bond cleavage events not available using conventional colorimetric assays and can easily be carried out in microliter volumes and the quantitative analysis of product formation and kinetics is rapidly achieved by NIMS. This is the first time that NIMS technology was applied to study the activities of lignin-modifying enzymes. Unlike other previous works, our use of amphiphilic guaiacylglycerol β-<i>O</i>-4 substrate (I) enables the formation of micelles. This approach helps avoid the re-polymerization of the resulting monomeric product. As a result, our assay can clearly demonstrate the degradation pathways of phenolic guaiacylglycerol β-<i>O</i>-4 type of molecules with laccase and MnP.
Direct and Scalable Deposition of Atomically Thin Low-Noise MoS<sub>2</sub> Membranes on Apertures (2015)

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) flakes can grow beyond the edge of an underlying substrate into a planar freestanding crystal. When the substrate edge is in the form of an aperture, reagent-limited nucleation followed by edge growth facilitate direct and selective growth of freestanding MoS2 membranes. We have found conditions under which MoS2 grows preferentially across micrometer-scale prefabricated solid-state apertures in silicon nitride membranes, resulting in sealed membranes that are one to a few atomic layers thick. We have investigated the structure and purity of our membranes by a combination of atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy, elemental analysis, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and low-noise ion-current recordings through nanopores fabricated in such membranes. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of fabricated ultrathin nanopores in such membranes for single-stranded DNA translocation detection.
Anion Exchange Membrane Capacitive Deionization Cells (2017)

The electrochemical response of capacitive deionization (CDI) employing a single anion exchange membrane (AEM-CDI) is contrasted to conventional two-membrane CDI (MCDI) formed with complementary anion and cation exchange membranes. Pristine activated carbon cloth electrodes that possess native positive surface charge in solution were used as both anode (positive electrode) and cathode (negative electrode) in these cells. In a separate set of tests to investigate the impact of surface charge modification on deionization responses, the single and dual membrane cells were formed with asymmetric electrodes (AEM-aCDI and aMCDI) consisting of nitric acid oxidized electrodes that possess negative surface charge as the cathode material, while pristine carbon cloth was retained as the anode material. Operating at 1.2 V, salt adsorption capacities are ∼1.3, 9.9, and 16.6, and 17.3 mg NaCl g−1 electrode for the AEM-CDI, MCDI, AEM-aCDI, and aMCDI, respectively. The diminished performance of AEM-CDI is attributed to charge expulsion and enhanced parasitic electrochemical reactions at the unprotected cathode that reduce the charge efficiency. In contrast, for AEM-aCDI, a treated cathode enhances surface charge effects to match aMCDI performance with half the membrane requirement.
Is a Fluoroscopic Verification of the Electrode Position Necessary in Ambulatory Intragastric pH Monitoring? (1992)

To assess whether a fluoroscopic verification of the electrode position is necessary before and whether electrode displacement occurs during intragastric pH measurements, a crossover study was performed in 20 healthy male volunteers. The pH electrode was initially placed in the gastric corpus using pH readings and catheter length only, and the electrode tip was fluoroscopically located before and after the 24-hour study. Only in one study arm was an adjustment of the electrode position allowed, if fluoroscopy showed a position outside the gastric body. Thirty-seven (92%) of all 40 electrodes were in the corpus when placed by pH-metric methods alone. With fluoroscopic guidance, 2 of the 3 electrodes lying outside the corpus could be repositioned as desired. The median night, day or 24-hour gastric pHs measured in the groups with or without replacement of the electrode tip were identical. Displacement after 24-hour measurements did not occur with initially correctly positioned electrodes. Fluoroscopy is not necessary for the verification of the position of electrodes placed by pH-metric techniques in individuals with residual acid secretion, and electrode displacement is rare.
Synthesis of (±)-2,3-<i>cis</i>-Stegobinone, (±)-<i>cis</i>-2,3-Dihydro-2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(1-methyl-2-oxobutyl)-4<i>H</i>-pyran-4-one, the Sex Pheromone of Drugstore Beetle (1983)

Journal Article Synthesis of (±)-2,3-cis-Stegobinone, (±)-cis-2,3-Dihydro-2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(1-methyl-2-oxobutyl)-4H-pyran-4-one, the Sex Pheromone of Drugstore Beetle Get access Mikio Ono, Mikio Ono Fuji Flavor Co., Ltd., 3–5–8 Midorigaoka, Hamura-machi, Nishitama-gun, Tokyo 190, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Isao Ōnishi, Isao Ōnishi Fuji Flavor Co., Ltd., 3–5–8 Midorigaoka, Hamura-machi, Nishitama-gun, Tokyo 190, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Yasumasa Kuwahara, Yasumasa Kuwahara Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, Sakura, Niihari, Ibaraki 305, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Tatsuji Chuman, Tatsuji Chuman Central Research Institute, The Japan Tobacco and Salt Public Corporation, 6–2 Umegaoka, Midori-ku, Yokohama 227, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Kunio Katō Kunio Katō Central Research Institute, The Japan Tobacco and Salt Public Corporation, 6–2 Umegaoka, Midori-ku, Yokohama 227, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 47, Issue 8, 1 August 1983, Pages 1933–1934, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1983.10865889 Published: 01 August 1983 Article history Received: 14 March 1983 Published: 01 August 1983
Efficient method for lossless LIDAR data compression (2011)

Domen Mongusa* & Borut Žalika a University of Maribor, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Smetanova 17, SI-2000, Maribor, Slovenia