gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Postnatal airway growth in cystic fibrosis piglets (2017)

Mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) anion channel cause CF. The leading cause of death in the CF population is lung disease. Increasing evidence suggests that in utero airway development is CFTR-dependent and that developmental abnormalities may contribute to CF lung disease. However, relatively little is known about postnatal CF airway growth, largely because such studies are limited in humans. Therefore, we examined airway growth and lung volume in a porcine model of CF. We hypothesized that CF pigs would have abnormal postnatal airway growth. To test this hypothesis, we performed CT-based airway and lung volume measurements in 3-wk-old non-CF and CF pigs. We found that 3-wk-old CF pigs had tracheas of reduced caliber and irregular shape. Their bronchial lumens were reduced in size proximally but not distally, were irregularly shaped, and had reduced distensibility. Our data suggest that lack of CFTR results in aberrant postnatal airway growth and development, which could contribute to CF lung disease pathogenesis.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> This CT scan-based study of airway morphometry in the cystic fibrosis (CF) postnatal period is unique, as analogous studies in humans are greatly limited for ethical and technical reasons. Findings such as reduced airway lumen area and irregular caliber suggest that airway growth and development are CF transmembrane conductance regulator-dependent and that airway growth defects may contribute to CF lung disease pathogenesis.
Plastic Scintillators With Neutron/Gamma Pulse Shape Discrimination (2013)

In this paper we report on the fabrication and characterization of advanced plastic scintillators. Our results show that these novel plastic scintillators have a relatively high light yield, a fast scintillation decay, and very good neutron/gamma pulse shape discrimination.
10 Gb/s multiple wavelength, coherent short pulse source based on spectral carving of supercontinuum generated in fibers (2000)

We demonstrate a high-power, multi-wavelength, short pulse source at 10 Gb/s based on spectral slicing of supercontinuum (SC) generated in short fibers. We show that short fiber SC can be used for dense wavelength division multiplexing applications because of its >7.9 dBm/nm power spectral density, 140 nm spectral bandwidth, and /spl plusmn/0.5 dB spectral uniformity over 40 mn. Pulse carving up to 60 nm away from the pump wavelength and CW generation by longitudinal mode carving indicates that the coherence of the SC is maintained. By using high nonlinearity fibers, the spectral bandwidth is increased to 250 nm, which can accommodate >600 wavelength channels with 50 GHz channel spacing and >6 Tb/s aggregate data rate. We also calculate the coherence degradation due to amplification of incoherent energy during the SC generation. Theoretical results show that the SC generation in short fibers has 13 dB higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to the SC generated in long fiber.
Two-Mode Operation in Highly Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fiber (2004)

A photonic crystal fiber with different air-hole diameters along the orthogonal axes is found to support only the first two modes over a very broad wavelength range (>650 nm). The second-order mode is approximately linearly polarized and has stable-intensity lope positions that do not change in response to environmental disturbances. Strain sensitivity as a function of operating wavelength of a two-mode interferometric sensor made from such a fiber is also investigated.
Diaphragm for acoustic instruments and method of manufacturing the same (1983)

First Page
Ocular Toxicity of Nanoparticles (2014)

The application of biodegradable nanoparticles in ocular therapies is of utmost importance to the field of ocular medicine. The enhancement of the current methods of therapy could mean a drastic change in the quality of life of people suffering from a number of degenerative posterior eye disorders. Currently, the most common form of ocular therapy involves topical treatment in the form of eyedrops due to its ease of use, minimal risk of infection, and patient compliability [1]. This method is limited in its effect, as natural processes in the eye flush the drug out of the tissue within the first minute of application; lacrimation is one such example [1,2]. The structural barriers in the ocular tissue combined with the difficulty in drug delivery make the posterior eye chamber a potentially neglected site of therapy [1]. To directly target the posterior eye chamber, a common method of therapy is intravitreal injection (IVT) to deliver drugs to the retina [1,2]. This method is not without any adverse side effects; the common ones include tissue damage and infections [1]. Nonbiodegradable forms of treatment are also used, by which a nanosized device is surgically implanted at the site of therapy [3]. The drawbacks of such a method are the relative large-sized incision required to implant a device; the repeated implantations of a new device, once the previous device has exhausted its drug supply; and neglecting removal of the device may cause it to be encapsulated by the fibrous tissue [3]. The possible complications with this type of therapy include retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, and dissolution of the device, among others [3].
A Mesh‐Adjustable Molecular Sieve for General Use in Gas Separation (2007)

Storage space: A mesh-adjustable molecular sieve (MAMS), based on a graphitic metal–organic framework obtained by the packing of trilayers, has been prepared and characterized. The MAMS can separate any two or more gases with kinetic diameters between 2.9 and 5.0 Å through temperature-controlled molecular gating to hydrophobic gas-storage chambers (see picture).
Studies of field emission from bias-grown diamond thin films (1999)

We have investigated the field emission properties of diamond films grown under substrate bias conditions in a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition system, with a substrate temperature of 800 °C, microwave power of 600 W, and a total pressure of 11 Torr. One group of films was grown with a substrate bias of −100 V in gas mixtures of 1% N2 and 1%–20% CH4 in H2, while a second group of films was grown with a substrate bias ranging from +100 to −150 V in a gas mixture of 1%N2–10%CH4–89%H2. The field emission performance in terms of threshold field and emission current improved considerably as a function of increasing CH4 concentration and negative bias voltage. Ultraviolet Raman analysis showed that the field emission enhancement resulting from an increase in CH4 concentration from 1% to 5% correlates with a decrease in the sp3 bonding character in the diamond film. The dependence of field emission on negative bias voltage appears to be correlated with ion bombardment-induced damage in the film during growth. The scanning electron microscopy image of the film grown with −150 V bias showed: smaller surface topographic features as compared to films grown under 0 and +100 V bias. The film grown with a bias of −150 V showed the lowest threshold field (∼2.0 V/μm) corresponding to an emission current density of 12.7 μA/cm2. J vs E0 measurements across a length of 40 mm over the film showed a uniform threshold field (2.0±0.55 V/μm). The film grown with a positive bias (+100 V) showed a relatively poor field emission performance.
DHODH modulates transcriptional elongation in the neural crest and melanoma (2011)

Melanoma is a tumour of transformed melanocytes, which are originally derived from the embryonic neural crest. It is unknown to what extent the programs that regulate neural crest development interact with mutations in the BRAF oncogene, which is the most commonly mutated gene in human melanoma1. We have used zebrafish embryos to identify the initiating transcriptional events that occur on activation of human BRAF(V600E) (which encodes an amino acid substitution mutant of BRAF) in the neural crest lineage. Zebrafish embryos that are transgenic for mitfa:BRAF(V600E) and lack p53 (also known as tp53) have a gene signature that is enriched for markers of multipotent neural crest cells, and neural crest progenitors from these embryos fail to terminally differentiate. To determine whether these early transcriptional events are important for melanoma pathogenesis, we performed a chemical genetic screen to identify small-molecule suppressors of the neural crest lineage, which were then tested for their effects on melanoma. One class of compound, inhibitors of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), for example leflunomide, led to an almost complete abrogation of neural crest development in zebrafish and to a reduction in the self-renewal of mammalian neural crest stem cells. Leflunomide exerts these effects by inhibiting the transcriptional elongation of genes that are required for neural crest development and melanoma growth. When used alone or in combination with a specific inhibitor of the BRAF(V600E) oncogene, DHODH inhibition led to a marked decrease in melanoma growth both in vitro and in mouse xenograft studies. Taken together, these studies highlight developmental pathways in neural crest cells that have a direct bearing on melanoma formation.
A Novel Approach to Shared-Spectrum Multistatic Radar (2006)

In recent years the electromagnetic spectrum has become increasingly crowded due to the demand for higher bandwidths by both the radar and communications communities. One proposed solution to this issue is shared-spectrum multistatic radar, analogous to code-division multiple access (CDMA) communications. The recently proposed multistatic adaptive pulse compression (MAPC) algorithm has been shown to successfully suppress both range sidelobes and interference from multiple radars operating in the same spectrum, thus enabling shared-spectrum multistatic radar. In this paper, we present a method to increase the overall information capacity of the MAPC algorithm by performing joint adaptive pulse compression in conjunction with adaptive beamforming. The addition of an adaptive beamforming stage to the MAPC algorithm enables further mutual interference suppression and therefore better estimation performance such that the number of multistatic radars simultaneously operating in the same spectrum may be increased for the same mean-square estimation error. Analysis of the performance of the adaptive beamforming MAPC algorithm in the presence of Doppler mismatch is presented.
Monolithic integration of an InGaAsP-InP MQW laser/waveguide using a twin-guide structure with a mode selection layer (1997)

We demonstrate a monolithically integrated 1.55-μm wavelength InGaAsP-InP multiple-quantum-well (MQW) laser with a passive Y-branch waveguide in a vertical twin-waveguide structure. To reduce the sensitivity of the device performance characteristics to laser cavity length and variations in the layer structure, we introduce an In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As absorption, or "loss" layer. This layer eliminates the propagation of the even mode, while having minimal effect on the odd mode. The threshold current densities and differential efficiencies of the devices are unaffected by the loss layer. A record high coupling efficiency of 45% from the laser to the external passive waveguide is obtained.
Branhamella catarrhalis: epidemiology, surface antigenic structure, and immune response. (1996)

Over the past decade, Branhamella catarrhalis has emerged as an important human pathogen. The bacterium is a common cause of otitis media in children and of lower respiratory tract infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. B. catarrhalis is exclusively a human pathogen. It colonizes the respiratory tract of a small proportion of adults and a larger proportion of children. Studies involving restriction enzyme analysis of genomic DNA show that colonization is a dynamic process, with the human host eliminating and acquiring new strains frequently. The surface of B. catarrhalis contains outer membrane proteins, lipooligosaccharide, and pili. The genes which encode several outer membrane proteins have been cloned, and some of these proteins are being studied as potential vaccine antigens. Analysis of the immune response has been limited by the lack of an adequate animal model of B. catarrhalis infection. New information regarding outer membrane structure should guide studies of the human immune response to B. catarrhalis. Immunoassays which specifically detect antibodies to determinants exposed on the bacterial surface will elucidate the most relevant immune response. The recognition of B. catarrhalis as an important human pathogen has stimulated research on the epidemiology and surface structures of the bacterium. Future studies to understand the mechanisms of infection and to elucidate the human immune response to infection hold promise of developing new methods to treat and prevent infections caused by B. catarrhalis.
Energy-Aware Digital Signatures for Embedded Medical Devices (2019)

Authentication is vital for the Internet of Things (IoT)applications involving sensitive data (e.g., medical and financial systems). Digital signatures offer scalable authentication with non-repudiation and public verifiability, which are necessary for auditing and dispute resolution in such IoT applications. However, digital signatures have been shown to be highly costly for low-end IoT devices, especially when embedded devices (e.g., medical implants)must operate without a battery replacement for a long time. We propose an Energy-aware Signature for Embedded Medical devices (ESEM)that achieves near-optimal signer efficiency. ESEM signature generation does not require any costly operations (e.g., elliptic curve (EC)scalar multiplication/addition), but only a small constant-number of pseudo-random function calls, additions, and a single modular multiplication. ESEM has the smallest signature size among its EC-based counterparts with an identical private key size. We achieve this by eliminating the use of the ephemeral public key (i.e, commitment)in Schnorr-type signatures from the signing via a distributed construction at the verifier without interaction with the signer while permitting a constant-size public key. We proved that ESEM is secure (in random oracle model), and fully implemented it on an 8-bit AVR microcontroller that is commonly used in medical devices. Our experiments showed that ESEM achieves 8.4× higher energy efficiency over its closest counterpart while offering a smaller signature and code size. Hence, ESEM can be suitable for deployment on resource limited embedded devices in IoT. We open-sourced our software for public testing and wide-adoption.
The Chemistry and Biology of Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulators and Activators (2013)

The vasodilatory properties of nitric oxide (NO) have been utilized in pharmacotherapy for more than 130 years. Still today, NO-donor drugs are important in the management of cardiovascular diseases. However, inhaled NO or drugs releasing NO and organic nitrates are associated with noteworthy therapeutic shortcomings, including resistance to NO in some disease states, the development of tolerance during long-term treatment, and nonspecific effects, such as post-translational modification of proteins. The beneficial actions of NO are mediated by stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), a heme-containing enzyme which produces the intracellular signaling molecule cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Recently, two classes of compounds have been discovered that amplify the function of sGC in a NO-independent manner, the so-called sGC stimulators and sGC activators. The most advanced drug, the sGC stimulator riociguat, has successfully undergone Phase III clinical trials for different forms of pulmonary hypertension.
Multi-Centre Experience on the Use of Perhexiline in Chronic Heart Failure and Refractory Angina: Old Drug, New Hope (2009)

Perhexiline therapy provides symptomatic relief in the majority of patients with minimal side effects or toxicity. Careful therapeutic level monitoring for dose titration is important to prevent acute and chronic toxicity. Patients with refractory angina were more likely to be responders.
iSonar (2017)

Recent technological advances have brought to the end-user market smartphones that are able to remain fully-functional even when submerged under water. This capability will soon enable the commercialization of a plethora of exciting smartphone apps, including life-saving systems such as real-time monitoring of scuba divers breathing. On the other hand, it becomes paramount to empower smartphones with end-to-end underwater communication capabilities. In this paper, we propose iSonar, the first system implementing reliable software-defined acoustic networking between water-proof smartphones. Specifically, iSonar transforms off-the-shelf smartphones into ultrasonic software "radios" that implement an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based communication system to exchange data under water. To this end, iSonar sends and receives information through the AUX interface and by implementing a lightweight network stack entirely in software. We have implemented a fully-functional hardware/software prototype of iSonar on Android smartphones and off-the-shelf electronic equipment, and extensively evaluated its performance through several experiments in a tank testbed. Results show that iSonar is able to achieve packet error rate (PER) of 10-3, which is significant considering the low audio sampling rate and the strong multipath effect induced by the water tank environment.
Asymmetric masks for laboratory-based X-ray phase-contrast imaging with edge illumination (2016)

We report on an asymmetric mask concept that enables X-ray phase-contrast imaging without requiring any movement in the system during data acquisition. The method is compatible with laboratory equipment, namely a commercial detector and a rotating anode tube. The only motion required is that of the object under investigation which is scanned through the imaging system. Two proof-of-principle optical elements were designed, fabricated and experimentally tested. Quantitative measurements on samples of known shape and composition were compared to theory with good agreement. The method is capable of measuring the attenuation, refraction and (ultra-small-angle) X-ray scattering, does not have coherence requirements and naturally adapts to all those situations in which the X-ray image is obtained by scanning a sample through the imaging system.
Phase from Defocused Color Images (2009)

We introduce a method for recovering phase information inspired by the Transport of Intensity Equation (TIE). Instead of images at multiple planes, we use defocused images at a single plane with multiple wavelengths; three wavelength data can be determined using standard camera Bayer filters.
Amino acids and glycine ethyl ester as new crystallization reagents for lysozyme (2010)

Several amino acids and their derivatives are prominent additives in the field of protein chemistry. This study reports the use of charged amino acids and glycine ethyl ester as precipitants in protein crystallization, using hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) as a model. A discussion of the crystallization of HEWL using these reagents as precipitating agents is given.
Properties of microwave plasma torch operating at a low pressure (2008)

A microwave plasma torch system is attached to a low-pressure chamber in this study. The electric field induced in a quartz discharge tube by microwave radiation breaks down the gas at a sufficiently low pressure, igniting the plasma, which is continuously sustained by the microwave radiation. The plasma profile at a very low pressure is shown to be asymmetric with higher density on the incoming side of the microwaves. The gas temperature at the bright spot of the torch plasma measured via the optical emission from hydroxide radicals is shown to increase drastically upon high-pressure operation as the microwave power increases. The electron density at the torch flame is measured by recording the Stark broadening of the hydrogen Balmer beta line. The plasma density increases as the microwave power increases. The typical argon plasma density of a plasma torch powered at 500W under a pressure of 150Torr is on the order of 1014∕cm3. The electron temperature in the argon torch plasma was estimated to be 1.5 eV, thereby effectively exciting the molecules in the torch gas. Disintegration of nitrogen fluoride (NF3) indicates that a microwave plasma torch operating at a low pressure can efficiently generate an abundant amount of chemical radicals.
A Convergent Total Synthesis of the Michellamines (1998)

A convergent total synthesis of the anti-HIV michellamines (1) is described. The tetraaryl skeleton of the michellamines was constructed by formation first of the inner (nonstereogenic) biaryl axis and subsequently of the two other (stereogenic) axes in a highly convergent manner. The key transformation features a double Suzuki-type cross-coupling reaction between binaphthalene ditriflate 26 and isoquinolineboronic acid 35. Ditriflate 26 is synthesized in six steps starting from diene 6 and 2,6-dibromobenzoquinone (9) in 21% overall yield. For large scale production of 26, a substantially shortened version of an existing procedure for the preparation of bisnaphthoquinone 13 was also developed, which allows for the preparation of 13 from benzoquinone and diene 6 in five steps and 67% overall yield. Binaphthoquinone 13 was subsequently converted into ditriflate 26 in three steps and 67% overall yield. By the described synthetic strategy, michellamines A (1a) and B (1b) are produced (1a:1b = 1:2.5) in 24.6% overall yield from diene 6. Curiously, none of the nonnaturally occurring atropoisomer 1c is formed.
Vertical cavity blue InGaN/GaN MQW light emitting devices using substrate separation and substrate transfer techniques (2003)

Reports a new method for fabricating III-nitride vertical cavity light emitting devices using laser induced substrate separation (LISS) and electrolytic substrate transfer techniques. As a demonstration, we illustrate two types of structures: (a) a high-Q optical resonator structure with dielectric DBR stacks suitable for optically pumped VCSEL operation, and (b) a vertical injection LED with an asymmetric cavity formed by a metallic mirror and a single dielectric DBR stack. Both structures have been designed and fabricated from OMVPE grown InGaN/GaN MQW heterostructure material grown on sapphire substrates.
Structural and electronic characteristics of Cu(In,Ga)Se<sub>2</sub> thin films sputtered from quaternary targets (2012)

Although the advantages of sputter deposition for large area, uniform deposition are well known, it has long been believed that sputtering Cu(In,Ga)Se <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> (CIGS) from a quaternary sputtering target yields films with morphological and electronic properties that make them unsuitable for use in high-efficiency photovoltaic devices. Recent work, however, has demonstrated that this deposition method can produce dense, polycrystalline, highly oriented films with the desired stoichiometry. Devices built with these films exhibit efficiencies >10%. While effective parameters for target composition and deposition conditions have been achieved, variation from these conditions can result in a wide array of morphologies, even while composition remains near that of stoichiometric CIGS. In this paper, we review the broad range of structural and electronic properties that result from various sets of target compositions and deposition conditions. Films deposited under some conditions are similar in important respects - their composition, a dense structure composed of ∼1 µm sized grains, and the presence of a MoSe <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> layer - to those of evaporated CIGS. We discuss how these results point towards the possibility of higher-efficiency sputtered CIGS.