gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polarization System and Phase Transition on (Li,Na,K)NbO<sub>3</sub> Ceramics (2010)

The polarization system and phase transition on Li 0.055 (Na 0.50 K 0.50 ) 0.945 NbO 3 (LNKN) ceramics were investigated to determine the piezoelectric properties, relative permittivities and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The piezoelectric properties and relative permittivities were strongly dependent on the poled state, which poling temperatures were 25 or 150 °C. The XRD did not exhibit orthorhombic–tetragonal phase transition around the phase transition temperature because no orthorhombic phase was observed below the phase transition temperature. The LNKN ceramics had multiple poled states, the origin of the multiple poled states was considered to be attributable to the multiple spontaneous polarization ( P s ) direction on perovskite structure. From these results, we proposed that the phase transition on LNKN was not an orthorhombic–tetragonal phase transition but a monoclinic-tetragonal phase transition. The monoclinic perovskite structure [ Z =1, P m , a =3.9825(5) Å, b =3.9438(4) Å, c =4.0217(5) Å, β=90.292(3)°] can provide multiple P s directions, such as [101] pc and [001] pc .
Effects of Ni-B Compound Addition on Mechanical Properties and Wear Resistance of Cu-Sn-Pb Alloys. (1993)

As the recent bearings have been applied under higher load and insufficient lubrication, bearing materials should be further improved to have better anti-wear property.In order to obtain bearing materials of better anti-wear property under such conditions as edged loading and boundary lubrication, we have studied sinterd composite alloys having the steel back by adding Ni-B compound, as the wear resistant particle, to the relatively soft Cu-3.5wt%Sn-23wt%Pb alloy base. Mechanical properties and wear resistance were investigated for these composite alloys. Test results showed that hardness and tensile strength increased gradually by adding the amount of Ni-B hard compound, and that the anti-wear property of composite alloys with 3-8wt% of Ni-B addition was four times better than that of the conventional Cu-3.5wt%Sn-23wt%Pb alloy.
Junction Field Effect Transistors for Nanoelectronics (2009)

The gate leakage currents of MOSFETs increase exponentially with downward scaling, while the gate currents of enhancement-mode JFETs for complementary logic decrease with scaling. In principle, a crossover point could exist below which the JFET may be the preferred device for some large-scale ICs. This paper first examines the crossover point with a simple scaling analysis that suggests it lies in the neighborhood of a 25 nm gate length, depending on the supply voltages and the gate insulator used for the MOSFET. Other JFET electrical properties compare favorably with those of MOSFETs and exhibit similar scaling behaviors. Numerical simulations of a simple 25 nm gate length JFET show electrical properties better than the conservative scaling analysis and comparable to reported 25 nm MOSFETs, with, for example, a gate current density of 12 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at 0.7 V and a drain current on-to-off ratio of 3.5times10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . A self-aligned polycrystalline silicon gate and some straightforward performance enhancements proposed for the 25 nm device may allow it essentially to stand in for the geometrically similar 25 nm MOSFET in some circumstances. Additional device engineering outlined in this paper should further allow the silicon JFET to scale down to 10 nm gate lengths, where source-drain tunneling becomes important. Ten-nanometer-scale JFETs share many of the fabrication challenges of corresponding MOSFETs, and many of the well-developed concepts for MOSFETs, such as double gates and strain engineering, should be easily adapted to JFETs. These devices also lend themselves to a subsequent transition to III-V semiconductors-for heterostructures, performance increases, and scaling below 10 nm-without the oxide interface problems MOSFETs would face. Overall, JFETs appear to be of interest for the next one to two silicon technology nodes, and perhaps beyond.
InGaN/GaN Blue Laser Diode Grown on Semipolar (30\bar31) Free-Standing GaN Substrates (2010)

We demonstrate the first electrically-injected InGaN/GaN laser diodes (LDs) grown on semipolar (3031) free-standing GaN substrates. The lowest threshold current density (Jth) was 5.6 kA/cm2 with a clear lasing peak at 444.7 nm. The peak electroluminescence (EL) wavelength blue-shifted 4 nm below threshold and the characteristic temperature was ∼135 K. These results suggest that the semipolar (3031) plane may be a potential candidate for growing high performance nitride-based LDs.
Efficient Surface Grafting of Luminescent Silicon Quantum Dots by Photoinitiated Hydrosilylation (2005)

We suggest a method for efficient (high-coverage) grafting of organic molecules onto photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles. High coverage grafting was enabled by use of a modified etching process that produces a hydrogen-terminated surface on the nanoparticles with very little residual oxygen and by carefully excluding oxygen during the grafting process. It had not previously been possible to produce such a clean H-terminated surface on free silicon nanoparticles or, subsequently, to produce grafted particles without significant surface oxygen. This allowed us to (1) prepare air-stable green-emitting silicon nanoparticles, (2) prepare stable dispersions of grafted silicon nanoparticles in a variety of organic solvents from which particles can readily be precipitated by addition of nonsolvent, dried, and redispersed, (3) separate these nanoparticles by size (and therefore emission color) using conventional chromatographic methods, (4) protect the particles from chemical attack and photoluminescence quenching, and (5) provide functional groups on the particle surface for further derivatization. We also show, using 1H NMR, that the photoinitiated hydrosilylation reaction does not specifically graft the terminal carbon atom to the surface but that attachment at both the first and second atom occurs.
Numerical investigation of imaging-free terahertz generation setup using segmented tilted-pulse-front excitation (2019)

Recently a hybrid-type terahertz (THz) pulse source was proposed for high energy terahertz pulse generation. It is the combination of the conventional tilted-pulse-front setup and a nonlinear crystal with a transmission stair-step echelon of period in the hundred-micrometer range etched into the front face. The tilt angle introduced by the conventional tilted-pulse-front setup (pre-tilt) was chosen to be equal to the tilt-angle needed inside the nonlinear crystal (62° for lithium niobate (LN)) in order to fulfill velocity-matching. In this case, plane-parallel nonlinear optical crystals can be used. The possibility of using a plane-parallel nonlinear optical crystal for producing good-quality, symmetric THz beams was considered the most important advantage of this setup. In the present paper, a thorough numerical investigation of a modified version of that setup is presented. In the new version, the tilted pulse-front is created by a transmission grating without any imaging optics, and a wedged nonlinear optical crystal with a small wedge angle is supposed. According to a 1D numerical code, significantly higher THz generation efficiency can be achieved with a transmission stair-step echelon-faced nonlinear crystal having a 5 - 15-degree wedge angle than with a plane-parallel one or with the conventional tilted-pulse-front setup. Because of the spatially-dependent group-delay dispersion introduced by the transmission grating, a small wedge in the nonlinear crystal improves the spatial homogeneity of the THz-generation process, resulting in higher efficiencies and better beam profiles. At 100 K temperature, and by using 800 nm pump pulses with 20 mJ pulse energy, 100 fs pulse length and 8 mm beam spot radius, approximately 4.5% conversion efficiency and close to 1 mJ terahertz pulse energy can be reached with the newly-proposed setup.
Neutron-gamma discrimination in a Ce:LiCaAlF<inf>6</inf> scintillator based on pulse shape discrimination using digital signal processing (2011)

Neutron detection techniques play an important role in various fields. As one of the promising candidates of neutron detectors with high efficiency, rare-earth-ion-doped LiCaAlF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> (LiCAF) scintillators have been developed. Since the LiCAF scintillator consists of light elements, it has low gamma-ray sensitivity. A large single crystal of a LiCAF up to a few inches diameter can be fabricated with Czochralski technique. The large LiCAF scintillator can be a promising neutron detector with high detection efficiency both from thermal to epi-thermal energy region. When using a large crystal, we must take care of the influence of gamma rays because neutron fields are usually accompanied by a large amount of gamma rays. A Ce:LiCAF scintillator can discriminate neutron and gamma-ray events with a pulse shape discrimination based on a difference in scintillation decay time. In this paper, we adopt the digital signal processing technique to investigate the detail properties of the scintillation decay time and evaluate the performance of neutron-gamma discrimination. A Ce:LiCAF scintillator has quite fast component about 1 ns only for fast electrons produced by gamma-rays. There is no fast component for heavy charged particles produced by neutron captures. We, therefore, can discriminate the neutron and gamma-ray events by presence of this fast component. The responses of Ce:LiCAF scintillators were investigated through basic experiments using both a Cf-252 neutron source with a polyethylene moderator and a Co-60 gamma-ray source. By using the pulse shape discrimination based on the presence of fast component, the gamma-ray sensitivity can be reduced to 1/10 of that without the pulse shape discrimination under condition keeping the 90% neutron sensitivity. In addition, we preliminarily evaluate the gamma-ray rejection performance for various Ce content LiCAF crystals. In these evaluations, low Ce content samples showed high gamma-ray rejection property.
[Progress in the development of tissue engineering of the cornea in Japan]. (2007)

Recently, regenerative medicine focusing on tissue-engineering techniques has been developed and established as a new clinical field. In Japan, two types of cultivated mucosal epithelial transplantation have been clinically applied to ocular surface reconstruction of severe stem cell deficiencies; one is allogeneic/autologous cultivated corneal epithelial transplantation and the other is autologous cultivated oral mucosal epithelial transplantation. These new techniques enabled us to treat severe stem cell deficiencies by covering the whole damaged ocular surface with cultivated mucosal epithelial sheets. In the field of corneal endothelial research, reconstruction of damaged corneal endothelium utilizing cultivated human corneal endothelial cells or their precursors has been developed and its usefulness confirmed in animal models. This review will provide an overview of recent results, as well as an insight into the future of research on corneal regenerative medicine in Japan.
Colloidal Silicon Nanorod Synthesis (2009)

The colloidal synthesis of crystalline silicon (Si) nanorods with diameters of 5 to 10 nm and lengths of 15 to 75 nm is demonstrated. Trisilane was decomposed in a hot solvent in the presence of dodecylamine and gold (Au) nanocrystals. Nanorods form by Au-seeded solution-liquid-solid growth with dodecylamine serving as capping ligands that stabilize the nanorod dispersion. Post-synthesis etching of the Au seeds from the nanorod tips is also demonstrated.
Maize Responses to a Severe Isolate of Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus (1994)

The results of incidence ratings to assess the host response of maize ( Zea mays L.) to natural infection, or to controlled inoculation in either the field or the greenhouse, with maize chlorotic dwarf virus (MCDV) appear inconsistent for identification of resistant or tolerant responses. Our objective was to determine whether assessment of the severity of three symptoms on the leaves (veinbanding, chlorosis, and twisting of the leaf and tearing of the leaf margin) would consistently allow differentiation of the host responses of maize inbreds and hybrids to inoculation with two isolates of MCDV. Symptom severity was assessed using a 1 to 5 visual rating for each of the three symptoms at three to four time intervals after controlled inoculation with a severe isolate of MCDV in both greenhouse and field experiments. Analysis of the symptom severity assessments grouped genotypes into similar host response categories in both environments. Incidence ratings of genotypes in greenhouse studies were not significantly different, and field incidence ratings were inconsistent. Height reduction in greenhouse‐grown plants was most severe in genotypes with high levels of expression of the other symptoms but was of limited value in differentiating genotypic groups. Comparison of the average symptom severity assessments using the severe and type isolates indicated that symptom expression in field‐grown plants was more severe when inoculated with the severe isolate of MCDV. Regardless of virus isolate, symptoms of plants grown in the field were not as severe as those on plants grown in the greenhouse. A reduction in symptom severity was associated with hybrid vigor of field‐grown plants. In one field study, the level of symptom severity was correlated with both yield and plant height reduction of hybrids.
Adenosine receptor subtype 3 (A3AR) agonists as novel analgesics in chronic neuropathic pain (2013)

Chronic neuropathic pain is poorly managed and represents a huge unmet medical need. In chronic constriction injury (CCI) and chemotherapy‐induced neuropathic pain (CIPN), we demonstrate the analgesic effects of potent and specific A3AR agonists, IBMECA or Cl‐IBMECA; now in clinical trials as anti‐inflammatory and antitumor agents. In mice and rats with CCI, systemic A3AR agonists reversed mechano‐allodynia in a dose‐dependent manner. These effects were blocked by a selective A3AR antagonist (MRS1523), lost in A3AR −/− mice, and had both peripheral and spinal sites of action that were attenuated by intraplantar or intrathechal injection of MRS1523. CIPN is the major toxicity of widely used antitumoral agents and one of the most common causes of dose reduction and discontinuation of an otherwise life‐saving therapy. In rats, IB‐MECA and Cl‐IB‐MECA blocked or reversed mechano‐allodynia and mechano‐hyperalgesia induced by paclitaxel, oxaliplatin and bortezomib in a dose‐dependent manner without interfering with antitumor effects. The selective and oral A3AR agonists, MRS1898 and MRS5698 were equally effective. Our findings provide the pharmacological rationale towards the clinical development of A3AR agonists for chronic pain of diverse etiologies. Supported by NIH/NIDA [R01 DA024074], NIH/NIHMS [5T32GM008306], Saint Louis University President Research Funds, St. Louis Cancer Center.
Discovery of MK-5046, a Potent, Selective Bombesin Receptor Subtype-3 Agonist for the Treatment of Obesity (2010)

We report the development and characterization of compound 22 (MK-5046), a potent, selective small molecule agonist of BRS-3 (bombesin receptor subtype-3). In pharmacological testing using diet-induced obese mice, compound 22 caused mechanism-based, dose-dependent reductions in food intake and body weight.
Streak Detection in Color Printed Customer Content (2021)

Streaks are one of the most common print defects in electrophotographic printers that influence print quality. Streak defects are dark or light lines with the major axis along the printing process direction and are usually caused by a defective Intermediate Transfer Belt (ITB) or Organic Photo Conductor (OPC) component in the printer. Previously, we designed an algorithm to detect the streak defects only on standard printed test pages, which have uniform color [1]. In this paper, we design an algorithm to detect the streak defects on the customer content area, which we call a raster ROI. It is more complicated than the uniform color printed page because the customer content influences our streak detection result. Sometimes, the customer content has some dark or light straight lines along the printing process direction, and they are similar to streak defects. To detect the streak defects on the customer pages, we must separate the straight lines of customer content and the streak defects. To detect the streak in a raster ROI, we apply the Sobel edge detection algorithm and morphological operations to the master image, which includes the customer content without defects, to remove the straight customer content lines on the scanned test pages. The remaining dark or light straight line along the printing process direction may be streak defects. For the detected streak defects, we use the DAG-SVM multi-classification method to classify the rank of streak defects in the raster ROI.
Benefits of adaptive motion accuracy in H.26L video coding (2002)

In video coding standards such as H.263 and MPEG4, the motion vectors are restricted to have the same accuracy for the whole video sequence. In this paper, we explore the benefits of adapting motion vector accuracy at each macroblock of the video frames. We use a Lagrange criterion to select the best motion vectors and their accuracies, and encode them using an adaptive VLC table. We implemented full-search and fast-search versions of our technique in the test model TML-1 of the emerging video coding standard H.26L. In comparison to the original TML-1, which uses fixed 1/3-pixel motion accuracy for all the macroblocks, the proposed adaptive scheme can provide significant coding gains at the cost of slightly increasing computational complexity.
Regulation of plasma factor XIII binding to fibrin in vitro (1985)

The binding of plasma factor XIII to fibrinogen or fibrin that has been chemically or enzymatically induced to polymerize was studied. Factor XIII binding was assayed using a 3H-putrescine incorporation assay and an 125I-plasma factor XIII binding assay. More than 80% of the native and radiolabeled plasma factor XIII was bound to fibrin I formed by reptilase in EDTA, citrate, or heparin anticoagulated plasma. Plasma factor XIII and 125I-factor XIII was bound (89.6% to 92.5%) to fibrin II formed by thrombin in either citrate or EDTA anticoagulated plasma. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of 125I-plasma factor XIII bound to fibrin I or fibrin II formed by reptilase or thrombin in the presence of EDTA demonstrated the b2-subunit remained bound to the a-chains or thrombin-cleaved a-chains. In the presence of calcium chloride and thrombin, the b2-subunit dissociated and factor XIIIa was bound. Protamine sulfate caused fibrinogen polymerization in the absence of divalent cations and reduced both plasma factor XIII and immunologic fibrinogen levels. Fibrinogen polymerized by protamine sulfate bound plasma factor XIII and the a2-subunit of 125I-platelet factor XIII. Plasma factor XIII was also bound to sonicated non-cross-linked fibrin II in either normal plasma or afibrinogenemic plasma. Plasma levels of several coagulation proteins were unchanged after the addition of reptilase, protamine sulfate, or sonicated fibrin to plasma. These results demonstrate that a specific binding site for the a2-subunit of plasma factor XIII is present on polymerized fibrinogen, fibrin I, and fibrin II. Furthermore, the presence of divalent cations, thrombin-cleavage of plasma factor XIII, and release of fibrinopeptides A or B are not required for plasma factor XIII binding to polymerized fibrinogen and fibrin.
Self-assembly of heterojunction quantum dots (2006)

The fabrication of a self-assembled heterojunction quantum dot structure composed of multiple materials is reported. This structure consists of a composite dot formed of an initial core of one material which results from normal self-assembly, followed by the epitaxy of a crown composed of a similarly strained material. Finally the entire dot structure is capped with a barrier material closely lattice matched to the substrate. In this demonstration, self-assembled InAs quantum dots were first formed on a GaAs substrate and subsequently crowned with GaSb. The entire structure was encapsulated with a GaAs cap layer. Atomic force microscopy shows that additional nucleation between the InAs layers has been minimized and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy shows the formation of the composite structure.
Noise Reduction using Frequency Sub-Band Adaptive Spectral Subtraction (2000)

A frequency sub-band based adaptive spectral subtraction algorithm is developed to remove noise from noise-corrupted speech signals. A single microphone is used to obtain both the noise-corrupted speech and the estimate of the statistics of the noise. The statistics of the noise are estimated during time frames that do not contain speech. These statistics are used to determine if future time frames contain speech. During speech time frames, the algorithm determines which frequency sub-bands contain useful speech information and which frequency sub-bands contain only noise. The frequency sub-bands, which contain only noise, are subtracted off at a larger proportion so the noise does not compete with the speech information. Simulation results are presented.
Negative refraction without negative index in metallic photonic crystals (2003)

It is shown that certain metallic photonic crystals can enable negative refraction and subwavelength imaging without relying on a negative effective index. These metallic structures are very simple in design and appear straightforward for fabrication. Their unusual electromagnetic response should provide an interesting comparison with the metallic left-handed materials.
An extended model for carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (2004)

In this paper, we present an extended Schottky barrier model that includes two new crucial aspects: i) current injection from the metal contacts into the channel does not occur directly but is mediated by the segment of the nanotube underneath the metal contacts whose density of states (DOS) is altered through the proximity of the metal (referred to in the following as "metal-modified" nanotube segment); and ii) the energy gap of carbon nanotubes with an average diameter of /spl sim/1.4 nm seems to be rather /spl sim/1.2 eV than /spl sim/0.7 eV as typically assumed for these type of tubes. Our simulation allows us for the first time to quantitatively describe subthreshold characteristics of CNFETs over the entire gate voltage range.
Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (2002)

We present the first scanning laser ophthalmoscope that uses adaptive optics to measure and correct the high order aberrations of the human eye. Adaptive optics increases both lateral and axial resolution, permitting axial sectioning of retinal tissue in vivo. The instrument is used to visualize photoreceptors, nerve fibers and flow of white blood cells in retinal capillaries.