gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bias Voltage Dependence of Tunneling Anisotropic Magnetoresistance in Magnetic Tunnel Junctions with MgO and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mi>Al</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>Tunnel Barriers (2007)

Tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance (TAMR) is observed in tunnel junctions with transition metal electrodes as the moments are rotated from in-plane to out-of-plane in sufficiently large magnetic fields that the moments are nearly parallel to one another. A complex angular dependence of the tunneling resistance is found with twofold and fourfold components that vary strongly with bias voltage. Distinctly different TAMR behaviors are obtained for devices formed with highly textured crystalline MgO(001) and amorphous Al2O3 tunnel barriers. A tight-binding model shows that a fourfold angular dependence can be explained by the presence of an interface resonant state that affects the transmission of the contributing tunneling states through a spin-orbit interaction.
Method for net decrease of hazardous radioactive nuclear waste materials. [Thermal neutron irradiation of long-lived radionuclides to produce stable nuclides and short-lived radionuclides] (1988)

A method of decreasing the amount of relatively long lived fission products in radioactive waste materials in excess of that due to their natural radioactive decay by producing relatively short lived radioactive nuclides and stable nuclides from the relatively long lived fission products is described comprising the steps of: (a) separating the fission products into at least (1) physically separate groups, and (2) relatively short lived fission product radioactive nuclides and stable nuclides; (b) storing the relatively short lived radioactive nuclides and stable nuclides; (c) exposing at least the groups containing Kr/sup 85/, Sr/sup 90/, Zr/sup 93/, Tc/sup 99/, Pd/sup 107/, I/sup 129/, Cs/sup 135/, Sm/sup 151/ + Eu, and actinides, to a high thermal neutron flux for separate, different predetermined periods of time selected in accordance with the long lived fission product nuclide in the corresponding group for inducing predetermined transformations of the relatively long lived fission product nuclides to produce relatively short lived radioactive nuclides and stable nuclides; (d) removing each exposed group containing the produced relatively short lived radioactive nuclides and stable nuclides from the high thermal neutron flux; (e) separating the removed group into (1) the produced short lived radioactive nuclides and stable nuclides, and (2)more » a plurality of further groups having long lived fission product nuclides respectively corresponding to at least some of the long lived fission product nuclides or the groups of step (a); (f) storing the produced short lived radioactive nuclides and stable nuclides; (g) joining at least one of the further groups to at least one of the groups of step (a) having a corresponding long lived fission product nuclide.« less
Investigation of Process Impact on Soft Error Susceptibility of Nanometric SRAMs Using a Compact Critical Charge Model (2008)

Nanometric SRAMs are more vulnerable to experiencing particle induced soft error due to lower operating voltages coupled with higher packing density and increased process variations. In this paper, we present a compact model for critical charge of a 6T SRAM cell for estimating the effects of process variations on its soft error susceptibility. The model is based on dynamic behavior of the cell and a simple decoupling technique for the non-linearly coupled storage nodes. The model describes the critical charge in terms of transistor parameters, cell supply voltage, and injected current parameters. Consequently, it enables investigating the spread of critical charge due to process induced variations in these parameters and to manufacturing defects, such as, resistive contacts or vias. In addition, the model can estimate the improvement in critical charge when MIM capacitors are added to the cell in order to improve the soft error robustness. The critical charge calculated by the model is in good agreement with SPICE simulations for a commercial 90 nm CMOS process with a maximum discrepancy of less than 5%.
A Balloonborne Instrument for the Measurement of Vertical Profiles of Supercooled Liquid Water Concentration (1980)

A vibrating wire placed in the humidity duct of a standard U.S. rawinsonde is used to measure vertical profiles of the concentration of supercooled liquid water in clouds. The natural frequency of vibration varies according to the mass of ice accumulated by contact freezing. By monitoring the natural frequency and the airspeed relative to the wire, the supercooled liquid water concentration can be found. Suitable electronics are developed for both individual expendable rawinsonde units and a ground-based receiver so that the vibration frequency can be recorded. Calibration of the frequency change versus mass accumulation is done theoretically along with measurements made in a wind tunnel with supercooled water present. Further verification is found by the use of paint, uniformly sprayed on the “upwind” side of an exposed wire. For exposition of the instrument, a sample sounding is described.
Prevention of Cavitation in Propellers (2021)

It is well known that cavitation phenomena affect the efficiency of propellers. It is a major world wide economic problem for the transport industry. The speed of fast, ocean going vessels is liimted by cavitation effects on hydrofoils and propulsion systems. The main approaches of industry to mitigate the detrimental effects of cavitation on propellers is restricted to varying operating conditions, geometric design and choice of wear resistant materials. We here develop a simple solution to the problem. It has been known for over a century that dissolved gases reduce the tensile strength of liquids by orders of magnitude. De-gassing of a iquid dramatically reduces the ability of a fluid to cavitate. Propeller cavitation in ships and submarines is typically controlled by reducing rotation rate and/or blade pitch. We here demonstrate the astonishing fact that cavitation can be completely prevented by releasing de-gassed water adjacent to the low pressure side of a rotating propeller, without varying blade speed or pitch. Practical implementation is simple and cheap.
Thermal conductivity in molten-metal-etched diamond films (1993)

Substantial thinning of chemical vapor deposited diamond films has been accomplished by a diffusional transfer of carbon atoms from diamond to molten rare-earth metals. Cerium and lanthanum are particularly useful because of their large liquid solubility of carbon. The perpendicular thermal conductivity of the processed diamond film (after removal of about 40 μm from the bottom surface) is remarkably improved from ∼14–15 to about 20–22 W/cm °C, a value approaching that of high-quality Type IIa single crystal diamond. The in-plane conductivity, on the other hand, is improved only slightly because of the anisotropic microstructure. The improvement in conductivity implies that few phonon scattering centers are introduced by the thinning process, for example, through grain boundary contamination by metal atoms.
A cerebellar model for predictive motor control tested in a brain-based device (2006)

The cerebellum is known to be critical for accurate adaptive control and motor learning. We propose here a mechanism by which the cerebellum may replace reflex control with predictive control. This mechanism is embedded in a learning rule (the delayed eligibility trace rule) in which synapses onto a Purkinje cell or onto a cell in the deep cerebellar nuclei become eligible for plasticity only after a fixed delay from the onset of suprathreshold presynaptic activity. To investigate the proposal that the cerebellum is a general-purpose predictive controller guided by a delayed eligibility trace rule, a computer model based on the anatomy and dynamics of the cerebellum was constructed. It contained components simulating cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei, and it received input from a middle temporal visual area and the inferior olive. The model was incorporated in a real-world brain-based device (BBD) built on a Segway robotic platform that learned to traverse curved paths. The BBD learned which visual motion cues predicted impending collisions and used this experience to avoid path boundaries. During learning, the BBD adapted its velocity and turning rate to successfully traverse various curved paths. By examining neuronal activity and synaptic changes during this behavior, we found that the cerebellar circuit selectively responded to motion cues in specific receptive fields of simulated middle temporal visual areas. The system described here prompts several hypotheses about the relationship between perception and motor control and may be useful in the development of general-purpose motor learning systems for machines.
Analysis of selective growth of n-type diamond in lateral p–n junction diodes by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (2014)

The selective growth of n-type diamond on a (001) diamond substrate is a powerful method to obtain a lateral p–n junction diode, which is a basic component of power devices. We analyzed the detailed structure and growth mechanism of the selective growth of n-type diamond by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. We observed clear boundary lines between the substrate and the newly grown diamond by the selective growth. Thus, the observation of the n-type diamond was possible despite the homoepitaxial growth. It was revealed that the n-type diamond was synthesized in both the [111] and [110] directions from the bottom of the step corner. On the other hand, the growth in the [001] direction was not observed owing to the controlled growth conditions.
Electric energy generator (2006)

This study reports an extremely cost-effective mechanism for converting wind energy into electric energy using piezoelectric bimorph actuators at small scale. The total dimensions of the electric energy generator are 5.08 x 11.6 x 7.7 cm3. The rectangular, box-shaped body of the overall structure is made using 3.2-mm thick plastic. Slits are made on two opposite faces of the box so that two columns and six rows of bimorph actuators can be inserted. Each row of bimorph actuators is separated from each other by a gap of 6 mm, and the two columns of bimorphs are separated from each other by a gap of 6.35 mm. In between the two columns, a cylindrical rod is inserted consisting of six rectangular hooks. The hooks are positioned in such a way that each of them just touches the two bimorphs on either side in a particular row. As the wind flows across the generator, it creates a rotary motion on the attached fan that is converted into vertical motion of the cylindrical rod using the cam-shaft mechanism. This vertical motion of the cylindrical rod creates oscillating stress on the bimorphs due to attached hooks. The bimorphs produce output voltage proportional to the applied oscillating stress through piezoelectric effect. The prototype fabricated in this study was found to generate 1.2 mW power at a wind speed of 12 mph across the load of 1.7 komega.
A glucose-repressible gene encodes acetyl-CoA hydrolase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1990)

Acetyl-CoA hydrolase, catalyzing the hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA, is presumably involved in regulating the intracellular acetyl-CoA pool. Recently, a yeast acetyl-CoA hydrolase was purified to homogeneity from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and partially characterized (Lee, F.-J. S., Lin, L.-W., and Smith, J. A. (1989) Eur. J. Biochem. 184, 21-28). In order to study the biological function and regulation of the acetyl-CoA hydrolase, we cloned and sequenced the full length cDNA encoding yeast acetyl-CoA hydrolase. RNA blot analysis indicates that acetyl-CoA hydrolase is encoded by a 2.5-kilobase mRNA. DNA blot analyses of genomic and chromosomal DNA reveal that the gene (so-called ACH1, acetyl-CoA hydrolase) is present as a single copy located on chromosome II. Acetyl-CoA hydrolase is established to be a mannose-containing glycoprotein, which binds concanavalin A. By measuring the levels of ACH1 mRNA and acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity in different growth phases and by examining the effects of various carbon sources, we have demonstrated that ACH1 expression is repressed by glucose.
Giant Flexoelectricity of Bent-Core Nematic Liquid Crystals (2006)

Flexoelectricity is a coupling between orientational deformation and electric polarization. We present a direct method for measuring the flexoelectric coefficients of nematic liquid crystals (NLCs) via the electric current produced by periodic mechanical flexing of the NLC's bounding surfaces. This method is suitable for measuring the response of bent-core liquid crystals, which are expected to demonstrate a much larger flexoelectric effect than traditional, calamitic liquid crystals. Our results reveal that not only is the bend flexoelectric coefficient of bent-core NLCs gigantic (more than 3 orders of magnitude larger than in calamitics) but also it is much larger than would be expected from microscopic models based on molecular geometry. Thus, bent-core nematic materials can form the basis of a technological breakthrough for conversion between mechanical and electrical energy.
Production of stable chloroplast-transformed plants in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (2011)

Chloroplast genetic engineering of higher plants offers several unique advantages compared with nuclear genome transformation, such as high levels of transgene expression, a lack of position effect due to site-specific transgene integration by homologous recombination, multigene engineering in a single transformation event and reducing risks of gene flow via pollen due to maternal inheritance. We established a reproducible chloroplast transformation system of potato using a tobacco specific plastid transformation vector, pCtVG (trnI-Prrn-aadA-mgfp-TpsbA-trnA). Stable transgene integration into chloroplast genomes and the homoplasmic state of the transgenome were confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analyses. Northern, immunoblot analysis, and GFP fluorescence imaging revealed high expression and accumulation of GFP in the plastids of potato leaves. This system would provide new opportunities for genetic improvement and mass production of value added foreign proteins in this crop.
An evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of deterministic database systems (2014)

Recent proposals for deterministic database system designs argue that deterministic database systems facilitate replication since the same input can be independently sent to two different replicas without concern for replica divergence. In addition, they argue that determinism yields performance benefits due to (1) the introduction of deadlock avoidance techniques, (2) the reduction (or elimination) of distributed commit protocols, and (3) light-weight locking. However, these performance benefits are not universally applicable, and there exist several disadvantages of determinism, including (1) the additional overhead of processing transactions for which it is not known in advance what data will be accessed, (2) an inability to abort transactions arbitrarily (e.g., in the case of database or partition overload), and (3) the increased latency required by a preprocessing layer that ensures that the same input is sent to every replica. This paper presents a thorough experimental study that carefully investigates both the advantages and disadvantages of determinism, in order to give a database user a more complete understanding of which database to use for a given database workload and cluster configuration.
An Environmentally-Friendly Process for Fuel Cell Electrode Reclamation (2006)

If society is to meet its objective of sustainable growth, then issues relating to energy conservation and environmental stewardship need to be in the forefront of engineering concerns. It has been proposed that both energy efficiency and the environment can be improved by switching to hydrogen as the primary source of energy in our economy. While production of hydrogen introduces some environmental issues, the overall impact on air pollution should be positive because of the lack of emissions at point-of-use during combustion of the fuel; the only by-product is water. By comparison, elaborate pollution control strategies, both in engine design and operation and in exhaust clean-up via catalytic removal of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen, and particulate matter in the case of diesel, are needed to enable us to use liquid fuels for transportation. One of the promising ways to utilize hydrogen is to release its chemical energy in a fuel cell.
Adapted Domain Specific Class Means (2015)

We address the problem of domain adaptation (DA) from one or multiple source domains to a target domain. Most of the existing DA methods assume that source data is largely available. Such an assumption rarely holds in real applications, for both technical and legal reasons. More realistic are situations where source domain observations become quickly unavailable, but only some domain representatives can be retained, either as source instances or as their aggregation. In this paper therefore we focus on the Domain Specific Class Means (DSCM) classifier [5] that can handle such scenario and we combine it with the sMDA framework [4]. We show, on a variety of datasets and tasks, that the method can be applied successfully even when no labeled target is available and also that it can provide performance comparable to the case where dense knowledge (all source data) is available.
A standalone micro biochip to monitor the cancer progression by measuring cancer antigens as a point-of-care (POC) device for enhanced cancer management (2017)

FDA has approved the cancer biomarkers like CA-125 (Cancer Antigen-125), HE4 (Human Epididymis Protein 4), PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) etc., to monitor the cancer progression by measuring the concentration levels of biomarkers in the biofluid samples of the patients. This research paper explains the detection process of the Cancer Antigens-CA 125 from a micro volume of the biofluid sample. The biochip is incorporated with the sensing platform in a microfluidic channel to detect the cancer antigens during the biofluid flow in the microchannel. The sensing platform is designed with multiple layers, in order to enhance the antibody immobilization on nano circuit and thus the detection signal. The antigen-antibody interaction during the biofluid flow on the immobilized antibodies in the microchannel change the capacitance measurements in the sensing circuit. The change in the capacitance indicates the targeted cancer antigens concentration in the biofluid sample. The concentration of CA-125 antigens used in the experiment is 55ug/ml at a pH of 7.4, in order to establish the functionality of the biochip. The change in capacitance after the antigen-antibody interaction is 679.62 pF is when compared to the bare electrodes. The In-situ realtime measurement of cancer biomarkers from a finger prick blood sample in a simple and easy way using the micro biochip helps to monitor the cancer progression more easily and thus enable the enhanced cancer management.
Three-electrode Ti:LiNbO<sub>3</sub>optical switch (1986)

Modifications of the conventional electrode arrangement of electrooptic directional coupler switches are described. Uniform <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\Delta \Beta</tex> electrodes can be symmetrically shortened to ∼ 40 percent of their length without significant increase in electrical drive voltage. Based on this result, a new three-electrode switch is described which can be used to electrically adjust both the bar and the crossed states of the switch. It is also demonstrated that the three-electrode arrangement can be used to reduce or eliminate optical crosstalk in Ti : LiNbO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> switches.
Subcutaneous Injection versus Subcutaneous Infusion of Insulin: Are the Rates of Absorption Truly the Same? (2011)

The question is, is insulin absorption after subcutaneous (SC) injection of a prandial insulin/insulin analog prior to a meal comparable to that of infusion of the same insulin dose as a bolus via an insulin pump? You might say, this is easy; let us check what published studies tell us about this topic. A search in PubMed using search terms, “injection infusion insulin subcutaneous pharmacokinetic” resulted in 69 hits on August 26, 2011. However, according to their titles, only two publications from 1983 studied this question.1,2 In one study, a pharmacokinetic (PK) model was used to describe the plasma concentration time profile after SC administration of insulin in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.1 Continuous SC insulin infusion for 1 h at a rate of 3 ml/h (2-3 U/ml) resulted in comparable PK parameters to those generated by SC injection of insulin (40 U/ml). The authors concluded from their study that the absorption kinetics of insulin did not differ significantly between two modes of SC insulin administration in the patients studied. In the other study, six human insulin or porcine insulin preparations of either porcine were investigated after intravenous or SC infusion at two different rates (study I) and three preparations were investigated after SC bolus injection (study II) in healthy men, but SC injection or infusion were not studied in a head-to-head manner.2 For us, these studies, which are performed with outdated techniques and inappropriate study designs, are not conclusive.

Are there reasons to believe that there might be clinically relevant differences in insulin absorption between SC injection and infusion? Let us review the relevant factors.
<title>Spectral and modulation performance of quantum cascade lasers with application to remote sensing</title> (1999)

We have characterized the spectral noise density and frequency modulation performance of an 8.5 micron quantum- cascade diode (QC) laser operating continuously at liquid nitrogen temperatures. The phase noise is measured by fixing the laser frequency in the half-height region of a molecular resonance and measuring the fluctuations in absorbance; these fluctuations are then accurately converted into measurements in the fluctuations of the absolute frequency. A Fourier analysis of the intrinsic spectral/phase noise show a 1/f<SUP>2</SUP> dependence up to the measurement bandwidth limit of approximately 1 MHz. The laser linewidth is < 1 MHz when measured over several milliseconds. Servo locking schemes will be discussed with the implication that QC laser sources can be stabilized to a high degree. The frequency modulation performance of a QC laser has been measured and synchronous detection of f, 2f and 3f absorption signals (nitrous oxide at 8.5 micrometers ) has been achieved with direct modulation of the injection current.