gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Important Aspects of Acquiring Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) Data for Geoscientists (2021)

Fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is a technology used for many strain measurement applications, including seismic monitoring. Because it is relatively new to the market, most geoscientists are unfamiliar with the details of the technology, but nevertheless are required to make important acquisition parameter decisions such as the type of fiber-optic glass to use, the deployment method for the fiber-optic cable, the gauge length, and how to diminish the effect of optical noise. This chapter provides a non-theoretical, practical approach to making these decisions in order to obtain high-quality DAS data sets.
High-Throughput Cervical Cancer Screening Using Intracellular Human Papillomavirus E6 and E7 mRNA Quantification by Flow Cytometry (2005)

The Papanicolaou (Pap) test, based solely on the morphologic examination of exfoliated cells from the cervix, has reduced deaths due to cervical cancer by 74% in the United States during the past 40 years. During that time, the molecular mechanisms of cervical cancer have largely been elucidated. Taken together, these observations have identified a need for a high-throughput cervical cancer screening assay. We report the development of a high-throughput assay consisting of simultaneous immunophenotyping and ultrasensitive in situ hybridization for human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 messenger RNA (mRNA). This assay can be performed in less than 3 hours directly from liquid-based cervical cytology specimens. Overall, HPV fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for E6 and E7 mRNA demonstrated 83.3% sensitivity and 91.3% specificity for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions compared with the Pap test in 231 liquid-based cytology samples from 2 cohorts. In a subset of these samples, HPV FISH demonstrated higher sensitivity and specificity than Hybrid Capture (Digene, Gaithersburg, MD) for high-risk genotypes.
Fowl Cholera: Induction of Cross-Protection in Turkeys with Bacterins Prepared from Host-Passaged Pasteurella multocida (1977)

Modified fowl cholera bacterins prepared by inoculating agar medium with infected liver tissue from birds which died of acute fowl cholera induced 70% cross-protection in turkeys, i.e., protection against a different immunologic type of Pasteurella multocida. Standard bacterins prepared from cultures which had been lyophilized and stored showed variable cross-protection (0--40%). Repeated subculturing of the standard inoculum on agar reduced cross-protection. The protection with either the modified or standard bacterins was comparable (80--100%) when immunity was challenged with the homologous strain. With lyophilization of P. multocida and subculturing on agar, it appears that antigens capable of inducing cross-immunity may be lost more readily than antigens capable of inducing homologous immunity.
Step and Flash Imprint Lithography Modeling and Process Development (2004)

Step and Flash Imprint Lithography (SFIL) is a low pressure, room temperature process capable of faithfully reproducing nanometer scale features. By eliminating expensive imaging optics, SFIL is able to realize this pattern transfer at low cost. Previous work has described the SFIL process in detail including a general process description, etch transfer processes, initial defect studies, polymerization kinetics, and device demonstrations. This paper documents photopolymerization induced shrinkage of the etch barrier and its effect on pattern fidelity and line profile. Results from finite element and mesoscale models are compared to imprinted etch barriers of varying shrinkage.
Virtual electrode design for increasing spatial resolution in retinal prosthesis (2016)

Retinal prostheses systems are currently used to restore partial vision to patients blinded by degenerative diseases by electrically stimulating surviving retinal cells. To obtain likely maximum resolution, electrode size is minimised, allowing for a large quantity on an array and localised stimulation regions. Besides the small size leading to fabrication difficulties and higher electrochemical charge density, there are challenges associated with the number of drivers needed for a large electrode count as well as the strategies to deliver sufficient power to these drivers wirelessly. In hopes to increase electrode resolution while avoiding these issues, the authors propose a new 'virtual electrode' design to increase locations of likely stimulation. Passive metallisation strategically placed between disk electrodes, combined with alternating surrounding stimuli, channel current into a location between electrodes, producing a virtual stimulation site. A computational study was conducted to optimise the passive metal element geometry, quantify the expected current density output, and simulate retinal ganglion cell activity due to virtual electrode stimulation. Results show that this procedure leads to array geometry that focuses injected current and achieves retinal ganglion cell stimulation in a region beneath the 'virtual electrode,' creating an alternate stimulation site without additional drivers.
Corticotropin-releasing Factor 2 Receptor Localization in Skeletal Muscle (2004)

Our objective in this study was to localize the corticotropin-releasing factor 2 receptor (CRF2R) in rodent and human skeletal muscle. We found CRF2R protein to be abundant in neural tissues in skeletal muscle, including large nerve fibers and bundles, neural tissue associated with mechanoreceptors, muscle spindles, and the Golgi tendon organ. CRF2R protein was also abundant in blood vessels in skeletal muscle. CRF2R protein was also observed, although with less abundance, in the endo/perimysial regions in skeletal muscle. The localization of the CRF2R to blood vessels is consistent with the CRF2R-mediated vascular phenomena observed previously, but the observation of CRF2R in neural tissue in skeletal muscle is a novel finding with an unknown function.
Phase-contrast with interleaved undersampled projections (2000)

MR phase-contrast techniques provide velocity-sensitive angiograms and quantitative flow measurements but require long scan times. Recently it has been shown that undersampled projection reconstruction can acquire higher resolution per unit time than Fourier techniques with acceptable artifacts when used in contrast-enhanced MR angiography. Undersampled projection reconstruction has similar potential for phase-contrast acquisitions. Flow sensitization gradients are used with projection trajectories to acquire velocity-dependent phase information. An acquisition scheme that acquires three flow encoding directions on three sets of angular-interleaved projections is introduced. Depending on the resolution, acquisition times for 3D datasets can decrease by factors of two to four.
Mechanism of anionic ring‐opening polymerization of silacyclopent‐3‐enes (1991)

Abstract Anionic ring‐opening polymerization of silacyclopent‐3‐enes has characteristics which are different from those of anionic living polymerizations of 1,3‐dienes. High molcular weights are obtained in most cases but generally with most probable molecular weight distributions M w /M n ≅ 2. The polymerization is stereospecific. Poly(1‐sila‐cis‐pent‐3‐enes) are obtained. Ring opening polymerization of 1,1,3‐trimethyl‐1‐sila cyclopent‐3‐ene is found to be regioselective at −78°C to yield a polymer in which cis‐1,4‐isoprene units are joined to dimethylsilylene units almost exclusively in a head to tail orientation. Finally, anionic polymerization of 1‐methyl‐1‐silacyclopent‐3‐ene is found to yield poly(1‐methyl‐1‐sila‐cis‐pent‐3‐ene) of low molecular weight. This permits end group analysis by 1 H, 13 C and 29 Si NMR spectroscopy, signals are observed which are consistent with the presence of 1‐methyl‐1‐silacyclopent‐3‐ene rings. These are probably end groups. A mechanism consistent with the above is discussed.
Assessment of antitumor function of NK cells expanded with exosomes from K562.mb21 cells. (2017)

132 Background: NK cells can kill malignant cells to provide innate immunity against tumors. Due to their low abundance in blood, a focus is to expand NK cells ex vivo having enhanced anti-tumor cytotoxicity to be used as a treatment. Our group has pioneered a cell-free method using plasma membrane (PM) particles derived from K562 cells expressing 41BBL and membrane-bound IL-21 (K562.mb21) which were developed for NK cell expansion. Compared to feeder cell based methods for NK cell expansion, PM21-particles improve safety and allow for potential wide-spread dissemination, and also allows direct in vivo use. Exosomes, vesicles naturally secreted by cells, may yet be another novel feeder cell free way for NK cell expansion and may have further advantageous therapeutic dimensions. Methods: EX21-exosomes and PM21-particles were prepared from K562.mb21 cells and characterized by Nanosight and Western blot analysis. CD3-depleted PBMCs were cultured with EX21 for 14 days, NK cell amounts were monitored and media changed every 2-3 days. In vitro cytotoxicity against K562 cells were comparatively assessed for EX21-NK cells and PM21-NK cells. In vivo anti-tumor efficacy of EX21- and PM21-NK cells was assessed in NSG mice implanted ip with SKOV3_luc ovarian tumor cells (1 x 10 6 cells seeded for 4 days). SKOV3-bearing mice were treated with vehicle, or two doses of EX21-NK cells or PM21-NK cells (1 x 10 7 , in 5 day intervals), and with or without in vivo administration of EX21 (10 µg, 3x/week) or PM21-particles (600 µg, 3x/week). All groups were injected ip with IL-2 (10 KU, 3x/week). Survival analysis was performed with a Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. Results: NK cells cultured with EX21 expanded 530 fold (344-710) over 14 days compared to 735 fold (667-802) in presence of PM21-particles. Treatment of SKOV3 engrafted NSG mice with NK cells, expanded with either EX21 or with PM21, allowed significant ( < 0.0001) increase in survival compared to untreated animals (41-44 vs 29 days post treatment). Ip delivery of EX21 to SKOV3 bearing mice had no effect on survival in either untreated control or EX21-NK cell treated groups. Conclusions: EX21 efficiently expands NK cells and EX21-NK cells have equal anti-tumor effect as PM21-NK cells, both in vitro and in vivo.
Engineering better voting systems (2006)

We consider here an election ballot as a document, a document that works as the carrier of a voter's choice in an election's accounting system for determining a winning candidate. And we consider a voting system as a way to manage both the document and its flow in compliance with the requirements of the election. Trustworthy elections are the core of a democratic spirit and engineering a voting system with requirements of convenience, privacy, integrity and reliability lies at the core of trustworthy elections. We define here some clear requirements for a trustworthy voting system and analyze the most popular classes of voting systems according to some of these requirements. We draw conclusions on the engineering of better voting systems and show two efforts in this direction.
Node counting in wireless sensor networks (2015)

A distributed consensus algorithm for estimating the number of nodes in a wireless sensor network in the presence of communication noise is proposed. The idea is based on estimating the norm of available samples at nodes. Each node generates its own random initial measurements and updates its state by only communicating with its neighbors: the algorithm is fully distributed with no assumptions about the structure of the network. We also show that there is a trade-off between the estimation error and the storage at each node.
Identifying a series of candidate genes for mania and psychosis: a convergent functional genomics approach (2000)

We have used methamphetamine treatment of rats as an animal model for psychotic mania. Specific brain regions were analyzed comprehensively for changes in gene expression using oligonucleotide GeneChip microarrays. The data was cross-matched against human genomic loci associated with either bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Using this convergent approach, we have identified several novel candidate genes (e.g., signal transduction molecules, transcription factors, metabolic enzymes) that may be involved in the pathogenesis of mood disorders and psychosis. Furthermore, for one of these genes, G protein-coupled receptor kinase 3 (GRK3), we found by Western blot analysis evidence for decreased protein levels in a subset of patient lymphoblastoid cell lines that correlated with disease severity. Finally, the classification of these candidate genes into two prototypical categories, psychogenes and psychosis-suppressor genes, is described.
Seabed sediment properties from single-channel seismic profiling data (2006)

An acoustic model is presented for the calculation of velocity and attenuation of compressional waves in unconsolidated marine sediments. The model uses the concept of a standard sediment structure that assumes spherical grain shapes and a bimodal grain-size distribution in which the small particles represent the clay fraction. The description of the acoustic response of this bimodal sediment model is based on Biot’s poroelastic theory and includes two viscoelastic extensions to the original formulation to enable the resulting combined model to cover a wide range of unconsolidated marine sediments. The first extension, an effective-grain model, is introduced to include the fine-grained spectrum of these sediments and the second, a viscoelastic grain-contact model, to account for their unconsolidated granular nature. The acoustic model provides the basis for a neural-network (NN) inversion scheme to extract sediment physical properties from measured single-channel seismic reflection profiling data. Input parameters for the NN are travel times, attenuation, and reflectivities, which are determined from the seismograms. Preliminary application to real reflection data has provided reasonable results within the framework of our standard sediment model for sediment thickness, density, porosity, sound velocity, and concentration of fine-grained material.
Carbonic Anhydrase Immobilized on Textile Structured Packing Using Chitosan Entrapment for CO<sub>2</sub>Capture (2022)

Innovative carbon dioxide (CO2) capture approaches are urgently needed to lower and reverse CO2 emissions that lead to climate change. Here, we report the design, fabrication and testing of high efficiency biocatalytic textile-based gas–liquid contactors made using versatile, sustainable, and readily available polymers, cellulose, and chitosan, together with an immobilized carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme to accelerate CO2 absorption into benign, low-energy, aqueous potassium carbonate (K2CO3)-based solvents. This novel structured packing is able to withstand the CO2 scrubbing environment, will be simple to scale up, and will be useful as a “drop-in” for conventional chemical absorption systems as well as offer new possibilities for direct air capture. Immobilizing CA in a thin coating on textile packing surfaces minimizes the enzyme requirement, retains enzyme in the absorber for high catalytic benefit and longevity with repeated use, and allows downstream process flexibility by preventing CA from traveling to other unit operations, for example, high temperature desorption where enzyme could become inactivated. CA immobilization on cotton fiber textile packing materials by entrapment with chitosan exhibited an activity recovery of at least 49% and activity retentions of higher than 68% after 10 repeated wash and retest cycles over 5 days and up to 41% after a 31 day incubation in 10 wt % K2CO3 at 40 °C. The lightweight biocatalytic textile packing modules are sturdy and easily handled with no sharp edges or dusting issues as can accompany conventional metal packing- or particulate-immobilized enzymes. In laboratory-scale countercurrent CO2 absorption tests at 4 L per minute total gas flow rates, CA-immobilized textile packings delivered average CO2 absorption efficiencies of 52.3% and 81.7% for single and double-stacked packings, respectively, versus 26.6% and 46.4% for single and double-stacked no-enzyme control textile packings, and versus 3.6% for conventional glass Raschig rings filled to the equivalent single-stacked packing height. Textile packings exhibited excellent solvent distribution throughout the packing even at low liquid flow rates, maintaining uniform gas contact with the wetted solid contacting surfaces across a range of different liquid flow rates, leading to robust CO2 capture efficiency. Biocatalytic textile packing retained 66% of the initial CO2 capture performance after five cycles of washing, drying, ambient storage, and retesting over a period of 66 days. In a separate test with freshly made packing, 76.5% performance retention was observed after a continuous 120 h recirculation longevity test.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Functionalization of Mesopore Walls in Hierarchically Porous Zeolites. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Adult rat and human bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neurons (2000)

Bone marrow stromal cells exhibit multiple traits of a stem cell population. They can be greatly expanded in vitro and induced to differentiate into multiple mesenchymal cell types. However, differentiation to non-mesenchymal fates has not been demonstrated. Here, adult rat stromal cells were expanded as undifferentiated cells in culture for more than 20 passages, indicating their proliferative capacity. A simple treatment protocol induced the stromal cells to exhibit a neuronal phenotype, expressing neuron-specific enolase, NeuN, neurofilament-M, and tau. With an optimal differentiation protocol, almost 80% of the cells expressed NSE and NF-M. The refractile cell bodies extended long processes terminating in typical growth cones and filopodia. The differentiating cells expressed nestin, characteristic of neuronal precursor stem cells, at 5 hr, but the trait was undetectable at 6 days. In contrast, expression of trkA, the nerve growth factor receptor, persisted from 5 hr through 6 days. Clonal cell lines, established from single cells, proliferated, yielding both undifferentiated and neuronal cells. Human marrow stromal cells subjected to this protocol also differentiated into neurons. Consequently, adult marrow stromal cells can be induced to overcome their mesenchymal commitment and may constitute an abundant and accessible cellular reservoir for the treatment of a variety of neurologic diseases. J. Neurosci. Res. 61:364–370, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Feasibility of Tubular Fender Units for Pier Protection Against Vessel Collision (2008)

Vessel collisions with bridges are increasing at an alarming rate, as heavy vessels are making more frequent trips under more bridges. In the US, rigorous design of bridges for vessel collision was first incorporated by AASHTO Guide Specification and Commentary for Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges, in which a model to determine vessel collision forces required for designing bridge elements was introduced. The guide, of which portions have been adopted into the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Specifications, does not provide specific guidance for the design of pier protection systems. Given the high number of bridge structures in navigable waterways in the state of Louisiana, bridge pier protection is of concern to the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development. It is desired that bridge fender systems that provide acceptable collision performance be identified. The goal of this project is to identify existing protective systems and propose new systems that can be used to mitigate the effects of bridge/vessel collisions. The focus of the effort is to identify or propose fender systems that are: 1) modular; 2) easily installed or replaced; 3) suitable for retrofitting existing bridges or for use in new construction; 4) crashworthy, i.e. highly damage tolerant with good energy absorption and stiffness characteristics; and 5) durable, with low life-cycle costs. Using a newly proposed multi-tiered performance-based design methodology, the performance of a number of alternative fender systems is evaluated and their suitability for bridge protection examined. The study found that fiber reinforced polymer piles arranged in clusters of two piles were shown to provide adequate sideways protection for the low and medium energy performance levels. However, they cannot provide protection for head on collisions for any of the performance levels. For such an application, pier-mounted, energy-absorbing plastic fenders were shown to be suitable for absorbing crash energy and reducing impact forces to acceptable levels. As with vehicle crash cushions that are commercially available and commonly used, the proposed fender systems can be tailored to achieve a wide range of applicability. Additional research is, however, needed to provide proof-of-concept and to engineer a viable and marketable product. It is envisioned that both experimental and computational research will be needed to develop and optimize a system that could be widely adopted in the state of Louisiana and across the country.
Specificity of Diastereomers of [<sup>99m</sup>Tc]TRODAT-1 as Dopamine Transporter Imaging Agents (1998)

Recently, we reported the first human study of [99mTc]TRODAT-1, technetium, 2-[[2-[[[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2- yl]methyl](2-mercaptoethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]-ethanethiolato(3-)-o xo- [1R-(exo-exo)]-, as an imaging agent of central nervous system (CNS) dopamine transporters. Due to the existence of several chiral centers on this molecule, upon the formation of [99mTc]TRODAT-1 complex (2) several diastereomers could be created. Two major diastereomers of [99mTc]TRODAT-1 (2), designated as peak A (2A) and peak B (2B), were separated by HPLC. Biodistribution of the purified diastereomers 2A,B was evaluated in rats. It appears that 2A displayed a higher lipophilicity than 2B (PC = 305 and 229, respectively), and a similar trend was observed for the initial brain uptake at 2 min postinjection (0.50% and 0.28% dose/organ for 2A,B, respectively). At 60 min post-iv-injection, the specific uptakes, as measured by [striatum - cerebellum]/cerebellum ([ST-CB]/CB) ratio, were 1.72 and 2.79 for 2A,B, respectively. The higher [ST-CB]/CB ratio observed for 2B was corroborated by the results of an in vitro binding assay. Higher binding affinity for dopamine transporters was observed for 3B (Ki = 13.87 and 8.42 nM for the analogous rhenium complexes 3A,B, respectively). The structure of the [99mTc]TRODAT-1 complexes was deduced using nonradioactive rhenium as a surrogate for radioactive technetium complex. Reacting free TRODAT-1 ligand with [Bu4N][ReOCl4] yielded two major complexes: Re-TRODAT-1A (3A) and Re-TRODAT-1B (3B) (corresponding with peaks A and B of [99mTc]TRODAT-1, respectively), whose structures were determined by X-ray analysis. The X-ray structures show that both complexes have a pseudo-square-pyramidal structure of [RevO]3+N2S2 core with oxygen occupying the apical position and the N-alkyl substitution in syn-configuration to the oxo-rhenium bond. In conclusion, TRODAT-1 formed at least two diastereomers after complexing with a metal(V)-oxo (M = 99mTc, Re) center core. The two isomers display different binding affinities toward dopamine transporters and distinct properties of localization in the striatum area of the brain where the transporters are located.