gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ceramic Phosphors for Light Conversion in LEDs (2012)

In the present article we briefly review some materials research aspects related to ceramic phosphors and discuss both typical characteristics as well as unique features of such optical converters. Devices with more efficiency and/or higher luminous flux that are based on converting the pump light crucially enable the use of LEDs in white and single color illumination schemes for many applications. Advantages of generating white light with ceramics versus powder-in-silicone are discussed. High performance of single color conversion LEDs in terms of efficacy and external quantum efficiency for the visible region boost the output in data or home cinema projection and automotive signaling but more applications are appearing.
Low cytokeratin- and low EpCAM-expressing circulating tumor cells in pancreatic cancer. (2013)

11046 Background: To date, detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood of pancreatic patients using standard immuno-capture techniques has met with limited success. As pancreatic cancer is prone to metastasize at distant sites, and therefore should have high numbers of CTCs, it is possible that immuno-capture methods are not suitable for this disease. Using a microfiltration approach, we show that CTCs are present in the peripheral blood in over 75% of pancreatic cancer patients, and that two distinct subtypes can be identified. Methods: Pancreatic patient samples were provided by Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI. CellSieve microfilters, with precision 7 micron diameter pores distributed in uniform arrays were employed. 7.5 mL of whole blood was diluted in pre-fixation solution and filtered through CellSieve microfilters. CTCs collected by this size exclusion technique were fixed, permeabilized, and stained with DAPI, an antibody cocktail against cytokeratin 8, 18 and 19 (FITC), EpCAM (PE), and CD45 (Cy5). CTCs, defined as cytokeratin positive and CD45 negative, were found in two distinct subtypes. One subtype had the “classic” characteristics of a CTC, with high EpCAM and cytokeratin expression, identifiable cytokeratin filamentation, and a cancer-like nuclear structure. The second subtype is indicative of a CTC undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), with low or no EpCAM, weak cytokeratin expression, and a smooth oval nuclear structure. Results: The “classic” CTCs were found in ~20% (n=40) of patient samples. The EMT-like CTCs were found in ~75% of the same patient cohort. Neither cell was present in any healthy subjects (n=30). EMT-like CTCs consistently lacked EpCAM expression and commonly presented as multi-cell clusters, or microemboli, in ~40% of the cases. Conclusions: We show that two distinct CTC subtypes circulate in the blood of most pancreatic patients. The low expression of cytokeratin and EpCAM of the EMT-like subtype implies that immuno-capture based CTC isolation methods have limited utility for pancreatic cancer. Further, this subtype provides a useful strategy for tracking pancreatic CTCs over the course of treatment.
Type-II superlattice photodiodes: an alternative for VLWIR detection (2003)

In the very long wavelength infrared (VLWIR) band, λ>14 microns, the detector materials are currently limited to extrinsic semiconductors. These extrinsic materials can be either heavily doped bulk semiconductor, like silicon or germanium, or a doped quantum well heterostructure. An alternative choice that provides the opportunity for higher temperature operation for VLWIR sensing is an intrinsic material based on a type-II InAs/Ga(In)Sb superlattice. There are many possible designs for these superlattices which will produce the same narrow band gap by adjusting individual layer thicknesses, indium content or substrate orientation. The infrared properties of various compositions and designs of these type-II superlattices have been studied. In the past few years, excellent results have been obtained on photoconductive and photodiode samples designed for infrared detection beyond 15 microns. An overview of the status of this material system will be presented. In addition, the latest experimental results for superlattice photodiodes with cut-off wavelengths as long as 30 microns will be covered.
Disturbance of macro- and microcirculation: relations with pulse pressure and cardiac organ damage (2007)

Whereas large arteries dampen oscillations resulting from intermittent ventricular ejection, small arteries steadily deliver optimal blood flow to various organs as the heart. The transition from pulsatile to steady pressure is influenced by several factors as wave travel, damping, and reflections, which are mainly determined by the impedance mismatch between large vessels and arteriolar bifurcations. The mechanism(s) behind the dampening of pressure wave in the periphery and the links between central and peripheral pulsatile pressure (PP) may determine cardiac damage. Active pathways participate to pulse widening and changes in pulse amplitude in microvessels. Steady and cyclic stresses operate through different transduction mechanisms, the former being focal adhesion kinase and the latter being free radicals and oxidative stress. Independently of mechanics, calcifications and attachment molecules contribute to enhance vessel wall stiffness through changes in collagen cross-links, proteoglycans, integrins, and fibronectin. Enhanced PP transmission may thus occur and precipitate organ damage at each time that autoregulatory mechanisms, normally protecting the heart from vascular injury, are blunted. Such circumstances, observed in old subjects with systolic hypertension and/or Type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly under high-sodium diet, cause cardiac damage and explain why increased PP and arterial stiffness are significant predictors of morbidity and mortality in the elderly.
A double dissociation of the acuity and crowding limits to letter identification, and the promise of improved visual screening (2014)

Here, we systematically explore the size and spacing requirements for identifying a letter among other letters. We measure acuity for flanked and unflanked letters, centrally and peripherally, in normals and amblyopes. We find that acuity, overlap masking, and crowding each demand a minimum size or spacing for readable text. Just measuring flanked and unflanked acuity is enough for our proposed model to predict the observer's threshold size and spacing for letters at any eccentricity. We also find that amblyopia in adults retains the character of the childhood condition that caused it. Amblyopia is a developmental neural deficit that can occur as a result of either strabismus or anisometropia in childhood. Peripheral viewing during childhood due to strabismus results in amblyopia that is crowding limited, like peripheral vision. Optical blur of one eye during childhood due to anisometropia without strabismus results in amblyopia that is acuity limited, like blurred vision. Furthermore, we find that the spacing:acuity ratio of flanked and unflanked acuity can distinguish strabismic amblyopia from purely anisometropic amblyopia in nearly perfect agreement with lack of stereopsis. A scatter diagram of threshold spacing versus acuity, one point per patient, for several diagnostic groups, reveals the diagnostic power of flanked acuity testing. These results and two demonstrations indicate that the sensitivity of visual screening tests can be improved by using flankers that are more tightly spaced and letter like. Finally, in concert with Strappini, Pelli, Di Pace, and Martelli (submitted), we jointly report a double dissociation between acuity and crowding. Two clinical conditions-anisometropic amblyopia and apperceptive agnosia-each selectively impair either acuity A or the spacing:acuity ratio S/A, not both. Furthermore, when we specifically estimate crowding, we find a double dissociation between acuity and crowding. Models of human object recognition will need to accommodate this newly discovered independence of acuity and crowding.
Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells in Solid Organ Transplantation: Where Do We Stand? (2018)

Over the past century, solid organ transplantation has been improved both at a surgical and postoperative level. However, despite the improvement in efficiency, safety, and survival, we are still far from obtaining full acceptance of all kinds of allograft in the absence of concomitant treatments. Today, transplanted patients are treated with immunosuppressive drugs (IS) to minimize immunological response in order to prevent graft rejection. Nevertheless, the lack of specificity of IS leads to an increase in the risk of cancer and infections. At this point, cell therapies have been shown as a novel promising resource to minimize the use of IS in transplantation. The main strength of cell therapy is the opportunity to generate allograft-specific tolerance, promoting in this way long-term allograft survival. Among several other regulatory cell types, tolerogenic monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Tol-MoDCs) appear to be an interesting candidate for cell therapy due to their ability to perform specific antigen presentation and to polarize immune response to immunotolerance. In this review, we describe the characteristics and the mechanisms of action of both human Tol-MoDCs and rodent tolerogenic bone marrow-derived DCs (Tol-BMDCs). Furthermore, studies performed in transplantation models in rodents and non-human primates corroborate the potential of Tol-BMDCs for immunoregulation. In consequence, Tol-MoDCs have been recently evaluated in sundry clinical trials in autoimmune diseases and shown to be safe. In addition to autoimmune diseases clinical trials, Tol-MoDC is currently used in the first phase I/II clinical trials in transplantation. Translation of Tol-MoDCs to clinical application in transplantation will also be discussed in this review.
The Teleradiologist Experience (2016)

This series focuses on what it’s like to be a radiologist in a variety of settings. Here, we focused on teleradiology.
Penman, Margaret, <i>A Century of Service: Toronto Public </i> (1986)

Find information about UTP Journals. University of Toronto Press is Canada’s leading academic publisher and one of the largest university presses in North America, with particular strengths in the social sciences, humanities, and business. The Book Publishing Division is widely recognized in Canada for its strength in history, political science, sociology, Indigenous studies, and cultural studies. Internationally, UTP is a leading publisher of medieval, Renaissance, Italian, Iberian, Slavic, and urban studies, as well as studies in book and print culture.
Characterization of urban ground clutter with new generation airborne Doppler weather radar (2002)

To characterize urban ground clutter as seen by an airborne X-band Doppler weather radar, data are collected while viewing the ground in the vicinity of airports at Philadelphia, Denver, and Orlando. These flights are made to determine the feasibility of using such a radar to detect low-altitude wind shears. The ground returns which are of interest are called clutter returns, according to the intended principal use of the radar. Analysis of the data yields information about normalized radar cross section (NRCS), spectral width and location of clutter spikes in the velocity spectrum, and the effects of out-of-range clutter returns.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Development of a hybrid (rigid-flexible) morphing leading edge equipped with bending and extending capabilities (2020)

The development of the bench model of a hybrid (rigid-flexible) morphing leading edge is presented in this paper. The distinctive feature of this design centers on compounding a fully rigid nose with a flexible structure to create a seamless morphing leading edge. The rigid nose guarantees a precise shape control in the aerodynamically critical region of the wing whereas the flexible structure allows for an increase in both chord length and its camber. These improvements offer potential solutions to many of the challenges reported in the literature about the existing morphing wing designs. In order to evaluate the feasibility of the hybrid (rigid-flexible) concept and to demonstrate the aforementioned improvements, a bench model is developed and tested in-house. This paper focuses on the analysis performed to develop this model, including (1) aerodynamic shape optimization to devise the desired drooped shape; (2) geometry optimization to specify the dimensions of the rigid nose; (3) finite element analysis to characterize the skin component of the flexible structure; and (4) finite element analysis to estimate the actuation authority. Overall, the numerical and experimental results reveal the inherent advantage of the hybrid (rigid-flexible) concept from the smart structure standpoint; however, significant considerations are required to advance the technical readiness level of this design to a commercially viable solution for aircraft manufacturers.
Platelet-membrane-biomimetic nanoparticles for targeted antitumor drug delivery (2019)

Platelet membrane biomimetic nanoparticles played a promising targeted treatment of cancer with low side effect.
Somatic mutation in cancer and normal cells (2015)

Spontaneously occurring mutations accumulate in somatic cells throughout a person's lifetime. The majority of these mutations do not have a noticeable effect, but some can alter key cellular functions. Early somatic mutations can cause developmental disorders, whereas the progressive accumulation of mutations throughout life can lead to cancer and contribute to aging. Genome sequencing has revolutionized our understanding of somatic mutation in cancer, providing a detailed view of the mutational processes and genes that drive cancer. Yet, fundamental gaps remain in our knowledge of how normal cells evolve into cancer cells. We briefly summarize a number of the lessons learned over 5 years of cancer genome sequencing and discuss their implications for our understanding of cancer progression and aging.
Interactions Between Saflufenacil and Glyphosate on Selected Broadleaf Weeds (2009)

Saflufenacil (Kixor) is a new herbicide under development by BASF for preplant burndown and preemergence broadleaf weed control in field crops, including corn, soybean, sorghum, and wheat. Field experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2008 to describe dose‐response curves of saflufenacil applied alone or tank‐mixed with methylated seed oil (MSO) or glyphosate to control several broadleaf weeds in Nebraska. Dose‐response curves based on log‐logistic model were used to determine the ED 90 values (effective dose that provides 90% weed control efficacy) for kochia, wild buckwheat, horseweed, henbit, field pennycress, prickly lettuce, shepherd's‐purse, field bindweed, and dandelion. In general, weed control efficacy was influenced by herbicide dose and type of tank‐mix. For most of the species tested, weed control efficacy increased when small amount of saflufenacil was added to the label dose of glyphosate. For example, 90% control of horseweed at 28 days after treatment was obtained with 217, 78, and 35 g ai/ha for saflufenacil applied alone or tank‐mixed with MSO or glyphosate, respectively. The ED 90 values determined for different broadleaf weed species are within the proposed label dose for saflufenacil (e.g., 125 g ai/ha). Addition of glyphosate improved activity; however, it may not be needed unless grass and perennial weeds are target species.
Predictors of Suicide and Accident Death in the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS) (2014)

Predictors of Army suicides were largely similar to those reported elsewhere for civilians, although some predictors distinct to Army service emerged that deserve more in-depth analysis. The existence of a time trend in suicide risk among never-deployed soldiers argues indirectly against the view that exposure to combat-related trauma is the exclusive cause of the increase in Army suicides.
05 µJ pulses from a giant-chirp ytterbium fiber oscillator (2011)

We present a mode-locked all-normal dispersion ytterbium fiber oscillator with output pulse energies beyond 0.5 µJ. The oscillator is mode-locked using nonlinear polarization rotation, and stable single-pulse operation is achieved by spectral filtering inside the resonator. The oscillator generates strongly chirped output pulses at a repetition rate of 4.3 MHz which can be compressed down to 760 fs.
Reduction of commutation torque ripple in a brushless DC motor drive (2008)

This paper describes the reduction in torque ripple due to phase commutation of brushless dc motors. With two-phase 120deg electrical conduction for the inverter connected to the conventional three-phase BLDC machine, the commutation torque ripple occurs at every 60 electrical degrees when a change over from one phase to another occurs. This effect increases the commutation time at higher speeds which increases the torque ripple. The torque ripple is reduced by changing the switching mode from 120deg to a dual switching mode with 120deg switching at lower speeds and 1800 electrical for the inverter at higher speeds.
Optical interferometer for gas bubble vibration measurements with Angstrom sensitivity (1993)

An optical interferometer which measures the radial pulsations of gas bubbles in liquids with Angstrom sensitivity is described. The gas–liquid interfaces act as mirrors. The interferometer, intrinsically differential, is insensitive to the overall movement of the bubble and to vibrations of the optical components. Examples of the resonance behavior of oxygen bubbles in water are given.
Correlation of Local Effects of DNA Sequence and Position of β-Alanine Inserts with Polyamide–DNA Complex Binding Affinities and Kinetics (2012)

To improve our understanding of the effects of β-alanine (β) substitution and the number of heterocycles on DNA binding affinity and selectivity, we investigated the interactions of an eight-ring hairpin polyamide (PA) and two β derivatives as well as a six-heterocycle analogue with their cognate DNA sequence, 5'-TGGCTT-3'. Binding selectivity and the effects of β have been investigated with the cognate and five mutant DNAs. A set of powerful and complementary methods have been employed for both energetic and structural evaluations: UV melting, biosensor surface plasmon resonance, isothermal titration calorimetry, circular dichroism, and a DNA ligation ladder global structure assay. The reduced number of heterocycles in the six-ring PA weakens the binding affinity; however, the smaller PA aggregates significantly less than the larger PAs and allows us to obtain the binding thermodynamics. The PA-DNA binding enthalpy is large and negative with a large negative ΔC(p) and is the primary driving component of the Gibbs free energy. The complete SPR binding results clearly show that β substitutions can substantially weaken the binding affinity of hairpin PAs in a position-dependent manner. More importantly, the changes in the binding of PA to the mutant DNAs further confirm the position-dependent effects on the PA-DNA interaction affinity. Comparison of mutant DNA sequences also shows a different effect in recognition of T·A versus A·T base pairs. The effects of DNA mutations on binding of a single PA as well as the effects of the position of β substitution on binding tell a clear and very important story about sequence-dependent binding of PAs to DNA.
Sign/Logarithm Arithmetic for FFT Implementation (1983)

Sign/logarithm arithmetic is applicable to a variety of numerical applications where wide dynamic range and small wordsize are required. In this paper the basic sign/logarithm arithmetic operations required for signal processing (i.e., addition, subtraction, and multiplication) are reviewed, the computational errors are analyzed for FFT realization, and simulation results are presented which serve to verify the analysis. It is shown that the sign/logarithm approach provides improved arithmetic quantization error performance for a given word size over FFT's implemented with conventional fixed or floating point arithmetic, and that the sign/logarithm implementation is faster and less complex than conventional approaches.
Quantum-barrier-varactor diodes for high-efficiency millimetre-wave multipliers (1989)

A new device, the quantum-barrier-varactor diode (QBV diode), is proposed for use in multipliers for millimetre waves. Since the capacitance/voltage characteristic is symmetric, only odd harmonics are obtained. Hence there is no idler circuit to consider for the tripler and only one for the quintupler. It is shown that for triplers and quintuplers, the theoretical efficiency using QBVs is comparable or possibly larger than using Schottky varactor diodes.
Topical toxicity of various concentrations of DMSO recorded with impedance measurements and water vapour loss measurements Recording of skin's adaptation to repeated DMSO irritation (1978)

The effects of topical applications on the living human forearm skin of 3 ml of DMSO 0.09 % JaCI in water solutions of various concentrations during a variety of exposure times were evaluated clinically, and with water vapour loss and impedance measurements. The water vapour loss measurement appeared not to be a sensitive parameter, since it showed only deviations from normal values if there were also clinical signs of irritation, e.g. if the skin is exposed during 15 min to a DMSO solution of 90 % or higher. Impeddance showed some increase after 15‐min exposures to 30 % DMSO. In the range of 60 to 99.9 % DMSO, decreases of impedance were found increasing progressively with strength of solution and duration of exposure. Only the longer exposures (3 h to 60 % DMSO) or the higher concentrations (90 % DMSO and over during 15‐min exposure) produced clinical signs. Daily repeated short‐lasting (5–10 min) exposures to carefully chosen concentrations of DMSO (60, 73 and 86 %revealed that the skin of the volunteer was almost able to resist the lowest concentration. If exposed for 10 min the skin had some difficulty in recovering from the irritating influence of exposures to 60 or 73 % DMSO which took place the preceding day: there is some tendency to a progressive lowering of resistance. With repeated 5‐min exposures to 86 % DMSO, this tendency to progressive lowering of resistance is more evident although there is a clear but somewhat incomplete recovery 24 h after each preceding exposure. If the skin is exposed daily to 86 % DMSO for 10 min. the regenerative capacity after the 12th exposure is exhausted. However, after the 17th exposure, extra regenerative forces seem to be mobilized restricting progressively the consequences of every exposure to follow. If the skin is no longer exposed (day 21), recovery is speedier and more complete than that seen after the 5‐min exposures to the same strength. We propose calling this ‘adaptation’ or ‘hardening’.
A Traffic and Power-aware Algorithm for Virtual Machine Placement in Cloud Data Center (2014)

In cloud computing model, virtualized resources is provided to customers as a service over the Internet with reasonable price. This model effectively helps customers focus on their creative business because computing resources are provided on demand by cloud provider. Because of the convenient for cloud customers, the demand for cloud resource grows, thus make cloud data center enlarge and energy consumption becomes a critical issue for cloud provider as well as the carbon dioxide emission. In order to save energy, virtual machines are consolidated to reduce the number of servers required to host them. However, for applications that require communication among services, this migration can increase the latency which causes bad effect on their performance. This paper presents an algorithm that improve communication performance by reducing overall traffic cost of virtual machines and while energy by increasing CPU utilization.