gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new method to simultaneously determine the absorption and elastic scattering spectra of tissues in vivo (2000)

Different techniques have been proposed to correlate optical properties of tissue and their physiology/pathology. In this paper, we describe a new optical biopsy method based on spatially resolved reflectance measurement using a small diameter probe (ø1.8 mm). The development of an appropriate model for photon propagation in tissue at such distances allows us to determine simultaneously reduced scattering coefficient µs’ and absorption coefficient µa. Being made spectroscopically, the measurements then provide information both on tissue structure (related to scattering coefficient) and chromophore content (related to absorption coefficient). Such features can be used to distinguish between normal tissues and various pathologies. We present the guidelines of the method and preliminary results obtained on mice, where significant contrast has been observed between normal and altered epidermis and dermis.
T‐cell response to human papillomavirus type 52 L1, E6, and E7 peptides in women with transient infection, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive cancer (2011)

The E6 and E7 proteins encoded by human papillomaviruses (HPV) are prime targets for therapeutic vaccine development. Ninety-five women with HPV 52 infection (33 transient infections, 17 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade II, 15 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III, and 30 invasive cervical cancers) were examined for T-cell responses using interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (IFN-γ ELISPOT) assay. Of the 29 peptides (13 L1, 10 E6, and 6 E7) screened positive by an in vitro peptide-binding assay, 14 were positive by the IFN-γ ELISPOT assay. Positive epitopes for HLA A11 were located at amino acid positions 103-111, 332-340, 342-350, and 373-381 of the L1 protein; and at 27-35 and 86-94 of the E6 protein; and at 1-9 and 27-35 of the E7 protein. A24-specific epitopes included 60-68 and 98-106 of the L1 protein, 42-50 and 59-67 of the E6 protein, and 24-32 of the E7 protein. Only one epitope (99-107) of the E6 protein showed positive responses for HLA A2 subjects. Overall, T-cell responses against L1 were observed mainly in subjects who had cleared infection; whereas responses against E6 and E7 were confined mainly to subjects who had developed cervical neoplasia. The proportion of subjects showing detectable T-cell responses was low across all grades of cervical neoplasia suggesting that immune evasion mechanisms had set on early in the course of disease progression. This study provides the first set of T-cell epitopes mapped for HPV 52, which can be considered for further evaluation as targets for immunotherapy.
Novel Immunomodulators from Hard Ticks Selectively Reprogramme Human Dendritic Cell Responses (2013)

Hard ticks subvert the immune responses of their vertebrate hosts in order to feed for much longer periods than other blood-feeding ectoparasites; this may be one reason why they transmit perhaps the greatest diversity of pathogens of any arthropod vector. Tick-induced immunomodulation is mediated by salivary components, some of which neutralise elements of innate immunity or inhibit the development of adaptive immunity. As dendritic cells (DC) trigger and help to regulate adaptive immunity, they are an ideal target for immunomodulation. However, previously described immunoactive components of tick saliva are either highly promiscuous in their cellular and molecular targets or have limited effects on DC. Here we address the question of whether the largest and globally most important group of ticks (the ixodid metastriates) produce salivary molecules that specifically modulate DC activity. We used chromatography to isolate a salivary gland protein (Japanin) from Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. Japanin was cloned, and recombinant protein was produced in a baculoviral expression system. We found that Japanin specifically reprogrammes DC responses to a wide variety of stimuli in vitro, radically altering their expression of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory transmembrane molecules (measured by flow cytometry) and their secretion of pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and T cell polarising cytokines (assessed by Luminex multiplex assays); it also inhibits the differentiation of DC from monocytes. Sequence alignments and enzymatic deglycosylation revealed Japanin to be a 17.7 kDa, N-glycosylated lipocalin. Using molecular cloning and database searches, we have identified a group of homologous proteins in R. appendiculatus and related species, three of which we have expressed and shown to possess DC-modulatory activity. All data were obtained using DC generated from at least four human blood donors, with rigorous statistical analysis. Our results suggest a previously unknown mechanism for parasite-induced subversion of adaptive immunity, one which may also facilitate pathogen transmission.
An Aza-Cope Reactivity-Based Fluorescent Probe for Imaging Formaldehyde in Living Cells (2015)

Formaldehyde (FA) is a reactive carbonyl species (RCS) produced in living systems that has been implicated in epigenetics as well as in the pathologies of various cancers, diabetes, and heart, liver, and neurodegenerative diseases. Traditional methods for biological FA detection rely on sample destruction and/or extensive processing, resulting in a loss of spatiotemporal information. To help address this technological gap, we present the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a fluorescent probe for live-cell FA imaging that relies on a FA-induced aza-Cope rearrangement. Formaldehyde probe-1 (FAP-1) is capable of detecting physiologically relevant concentrations of FA in aqueous buffer and in live cells with high selectivity over potentially competing biological analytes. Moreover, FAP-1 can visualize endogenous FA produced by lysine-specific demethylase 1 in a breast cancer cell model, presaging the potential utility of this chemical approach to probe RCS biology.
Automatic ambiguity detection (1998)

Most work on sense disambiguation presumes that one knows beforehand -e.g. from a thesaurus -a set of polysemous terms.But published lists invariably give only partial coverage.For example, the English word tan has several obvious senses, but one may overlook the abbreviation for tangent.In this paper, we present an algorithm for identifying interesting polysemous terms and measuring their degree of polysemy, given an unlabeled corpus.The algorithm involves: (i) collecting all terms within a -term window of the target term; (ii) computing the inter-term distances of the contextual terms, and reducing the multi-dimensional distance space to two dimensions using standard methods; (iii) converting the two-dimensional representation into radial coordinates and using isotonic/antitonic regression to compute the degree to which the distribution deviates from a single-peak model.The amount of deviation is the proposed polysemy index.
Feasibility of<i>in vivo</i>intravascular photoacoustic imaging using integrated ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging catheter (2012)

Pilot studies of in vivo combined intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and intravascular photoacoustic (IVPA) imaging are reported. A recently introduced prototype of an integrated IVUS/IVPA imaging catheter consisting of a single-element ultrasound transducer and a light delivery system based on a single optical fiber was adapted and used for in vivo imaging of a coronary stent deployed in a rabbit's thoracic aorta in the presence of luminal blood. The results suggest that in vivo IVUS/IVPA imaging is feasible using the integrated IVUS/IVPA imaging catheter. The challenges of in vivo combined IVUS/IVPA imaging are discussed, and further improvements on the design of the catheter and the clinical imaging system are proposed.
Zur Reaktivität von C=N-Doppelbindungssystemen, VII. Synthesen von fluoreszierenden pyronokondensierten Heterocyclen / The Reactivity of the C=N-Double Bond Systems, VII. Syntheses of Condensed Pyronoheterocycles (1976)

The combined action of orthoformate and aniline upon 4-hydroxy-coumarin yields anilinomethylene chromon-2,4-dione, which reacts with ethyl cyanoacetate in DMF in the presence of KOH to give the pyronocoumarine (6a). Pyronoquinolones are obtained in a similar way.
Extrusion of polystyrene nanocomposite foams with supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> (2003)

Abstract Intercalated and exfoliated polystyrene/nano‐clay composites were prepared by mechanical blending and in situ polymerization respectively. The composites were then foamed by using CO 2 as the foaming agent in an extrusion foaming process. The resulting foam structure is compared with that of pure polystyrene and polystyrene/talc composite. At a screw rotation speed of 10 rpm and a die temperature of 200°C, the addition of a small amount (i.e., 5 wt%) of intercalated nano‐clay greatly reduces cell size from 25.3 to 11.1 μm and increases cell density from 2.7 × 10 7 to 2.8 × 10 8 cells/cm 3 . Once exfoliated, the nanocomposite exhibits the highest cell density (1.5 × 10 9 cells/cm 3 ) and smallest cell size (4.9 μm) at the same particle concentration. Compared with polystyrene foams, the nanocomposite foams exhibit higher tensile modulus, improved fire retardance, and better barrier property. Combining nanocomposites and the extrusion foaming process provides a new technique for the design and control of cell structure in microcellular foams.
Molecular and immunological characterization of a novel timothy grass (<i>Phleum pratense</i>) pollen allergen, Phl p 11 (2002)

As the first representative of group 11 grass pollen allergens, Phl p 11 has been cloned and produced as a recombinant protein showing allergenic activity. One-third of grass pollen-sensitized subjects showed specific IgE reactivity to recombinant Phl p 11, corresponding in magnitude to a significant proportion of specific IgE to grass pollen extract.
Genetic association of an ( 2-macroglobulin (Val1000lle) polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease (1998)

alpha2-Macroglobulin (A2M) is a proteinase inhibitor found in association with senile plaques (SP) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A2M has been implicated biochemically in binding and degradation of the amyloid beta (Abeta) protein which accumulates in SP. We studied the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and a common A2M polymorphism, Val1000 (GTC)/Ile1000 (ATC), which occurs near the thiolester active site of the molecule. In an initial exploratory data set (90 controls and 171 Alzheimer's disease) we noted an increased frequency of the G/G genotype from 0.07 to 0.12. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the G/G genotype is over-represented in Alzheimer's disease in an additional independent data set: a group of 359 controls and 566 Alzheimer's disease patients. In the hypothesis testing cohort, the G/G genotype increased from 0.07 in controls to 0.12 in Alzheimer's disease (P < 0.05, Fisher's exact test). The odds ratio for Alzheimer's disease associated with the G/G genotype was 1.77 (1.16-2.70, P < 0.01) and in combination with APOE4 was 9.68 (95% CI 3.91-24.0, P < 0.001). The presence of the G allele was associated with an increase in Abeta burden in a small series. The A2M receptor, A2M-r/LRP, is a multifunctional receptor whose ligands include apolipoprotein E and the amyloid precursor protein. These four proteins have each been genetically linked to Alzheimer's disease, suggesting that they may participate in a common disease pathway.
Operations, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) for Overlay Networks: Gap Analysis (2016)

This document provides an overview of the Operations, Administration,
and Maintenance (OAM) for overlay networks. The OAM toolset includes
set of fault management and performance monitoring capabilities
(operating in the data plane) that comply with the Overlay OAM
Requirements. Insufficient functional coverage of existing OAM
protocols also noted in this document. The protocol definitions for
each of the Overlay OAM tools to be defined in separate documents.
OVERVIEW: ULTRASOUND SENSING USING GAS-COUPLED LASER ACOUSTIC DETECTION (2001)

Abstract A novel laser-based technique for the detection of ultrasound radiated from solid materials has been developed. In this approach, a probe beam is directed parallel to the surface of a sample. Ultrasonic waves in the solid are detected when an acoustic wave is radiated from the surface into the ambient air where the density variations cause a beam deflection. Because the detection laser beam is not reflected from the sample surface. the technique is not dependent upon the surface optical properties of the material under investigation. It is particularly useful for testing materials with poorly reflecting surfaces such as graphite/polymer composites. Gascoupled laser acoustic detection (OCLAD) has been used to record well-resolved throughtransmission, Rayleigh, and Lamb waves in various materials. GCLAD has also been incorporated into a C-scanning system where it has been used to image subsurface flaws in graphite/polymer composite panels.
Pruning hardware evaluation space via correlation-driven application similarity analysis (2011)

System evaluation is routinely performed in industry to select one amongst a set of different systems to improve performance of proprietary applications. However, a wide range of system configurations is available every year on the market. This makes an exhaustive system evaluation progressively challenging and expensive.
LSU rDNA‐BASED RFLP ASSAYS FOR DISCRIMINATING SPECIES AND STRAINS OF <i>ALEXANDRIUM</i> (DINOPHYCEAE)<sup>1</sup> (1996)

ABSTRACT In a previous study large‐subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rDNA) sequences from the marine dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech, A. catenella (Whedon et Kofoid) Balech, A. fundyense Balech, A. affine (Fukuyo et Inoue) Balech, A. minutum Halim, A. lusitanicum Balech, and A. andersoni Balech were compared to assess inter‐ and intraspecific relationships. Many cultures compared in that study contained more than one class of LSU rDNA. Sequencing pooled clones of rDNA from single cultures revealed length heterogeneities and sequence ambiguities. This complicated sequence comparisons because multiple rDNA clones from a single culture had to be sequenced individually to document the different classes of molecules present in that culture. A further complication remained as to whether or not the observed intraculture sequence variations were reliable genetic markers or were instead artifacts of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, cloning, and/or sequencing methods employed. The goals of the present study were to test the accuracy of Alexandrium LSU rDNA sequences using restriction fragment‐length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and to devise RFLP‐based assays for discriminating among representatives of that group. Computer‐assisted examination of the sequences allowed us to identify a set of restriction enzymes that were predicted to reveal species, strain, and intraculture LSU rDNA heterogeneities. All groups identified by sequencing were revealed independently and repeatedly by RFLP analysis of PCR‐amplified material. Five ambiguities and one length heterogeneity, each of which ascribes a unique group of Alexandrium species or strains, were confirmed by restriction digests. Observed intraculture LSU rDNA heterogeneities were not artifacts of cloning and sequencing but were instead a good representation of the spectrum of molecules amplified during PCR reactions. Intraculture LSU rDNA heterogeneities thus serve as unique genetic markers for particular strains of Alexandrium , particularly those of A. tamarense, A. catenella , and A. fundyense. However, some of these “signature heterogeneities” represented a smaller portion of PCR product than was expected given acquired sequences. Other deviations from predicted RFLP patterns included incomplete digestions and appearance of spurious products. These observations indicate that the diversity of sequences in PCR product pools were greater than that observed by cloning and sequencing. The RFLP tests described here are useful tools for characterizing Alexandrium LSU rDNA to define the evolutionary lineage of cultures and are applicable at a fraction of the time, cost, and labor required for sequencing.
Enhanced range for OTDR-like dispersion map measurements (1998)

We report on enhancement of the range, reliability, and accuracy of optical-time-domain-reflection- (OTDR-) like measurement of an optical fiber's dispersion map, D(z), through the combined use of Raman gain, an appropriate seed at the four-wave mixing frequency, and a greatly improved algorithm for reduction of the data. In particular, in measurements made from only one end of the fiber, we have demonstrated a range of 75 km in dispersion-shifted fiber and of 22.5 km in high-loss dispersion-compensating fiber.
Direct micro-transfer molding of perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) polymer waveguides (2002)

Perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) polymers and copolymers enjoy a unique combination of properties well suited for optical applications such as high temperature stability, precisely controlled refractive index, low moisture absorption, excellent melt and solution processability, a variable thermoptic coefficient, and low transmission loss at 1300 and 1550 nm. Copolymerization reactions offer tailored thermal and optical properties by simple choice of comonomer. PFCB copolymers can be solution or melt microfabricated via standard methods and can also be processed via micro-transfer molding in photolithographically generated features. Reliable molding of polymer waveguides offers significant potential to reduce photonic integrated circuit (PIC) fabrication costs and enable the realization of compact, integrated subsystems for a variety of applications. Copolymerization chemistry, thermoptic measurements, and initial results on the first micro-transfer molded waveguide structures are presented.
Highly accurate positioned, rapid figure correction by reactive ion etching for large aperture lightweight membrane optical elements (2019)

Diffractive membrane optics has been expected to meet the requirement of large aperture space-based telescopes. However, the flexible membrane has different properties from traditional materials that the desired geometrical form is hardly obtained by current ultra-precision surface manufacturing technologies. A 400 mm aperture membrane substrate was figure-corrected by reactive ion etching from the initial figure error of 105 nm rms to the final figure error of ∼17 nm rms in total effective figuring time of ∼7.5 minutes. The RIE figuring technique with high position accuracy, nanometer level repeatability, and parallel removal manner has exhibited huge potential in figure correction.
Electric Arc and Electrochemical Surface Texturing Technologies (1997)

Surface texturing of conductive materials can readily be accomplished by means of a moving electric arc which produces a plasma from the environmental gases as well as from the vaporized substrate and arc electrode materials. As the arc is forced to move across the substrate surface, a condensate from the plasma re-deposits an extremely rough surface which is intimately mixed and attached to the substrate material. The arc textured surfaces produce greatly enhanced thermal emittance and hold potential for use as high temperature radiator surfaces in space, as well as in systems which use radiative heat dissipation such as computer assisted tomography (CAT) scan systems. Electrochemical texturing of titanium alloys can be accomplished by using sodium chloride solutions along with ultrasonic agitation to produce a random distribution of craters on the surface. The crater size and density can be controlled to produce surface craters appropriately sized for direct bone in-growth of orthopaedic implants. Electric arc texturing and electrochemical texturing techniques, surface properties and potential applications will be presented.
Morphology of yeast cell wall as affected by genetic manipulation of β(1 → 6) glycosidic linkage (1986)

The morphology of yeast cells as it is affected by the glycosidic linkages of constituent glucan was studied. Four different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied. A cell wall matrix particle representing the intact original morphology and composed entirely of beta-glucan was prepared. Using prepared cell wall glucan particles, the morphology and cell wall matrix structure were examined. Genetic modification of the cell wall structure during growth results in the alteration of the shape and hydrodnamic volume of the intact cell wall particles. The shape and hydrodynamic volume of the cell wall particles can also be modified by in vitro chemical and enzymatic treatment. The shape factor and hydrodynamic volume of the whole glucan cell wall matrix particles were evaluated quantitatively using a rheological analysis. An increased degree of beta(1 --> 6) cross-linking in the cell wall matrix induces a nearly 2-fold increase in the shape factor and a 10-fold increase in the compression modulus of the glucan particles. The disruption of beta(1 --> 6) glycosidic cross-linking causes the particles to swell by up to 18% of their original volume. This was used as a strategy to isolate a yeast mutant with a high beta(1 --> 6) glycosidic content in the cell wall glucan.
Magnetocurrent in a bipolar spin transistor at room temperature (2004)

A spin transistor which consists of a metallic giant magnetoresistance emitter, a copper base, and a p-n junction was prepared on a Si(100) wafer. The emitter current changes from 1mA at a magnetically parallel state to 0.968mA at a magnetically antiparallel state. At the same states the base currents were 29.3μA and 333nA, respectively, which gave a magnetocurrent ratio of ∼8600% and a transfer ratio of 3×10−2 at room temperature for a common collector configuration. The sensitivity of this spin device is higher than 4000%∕Oe. The memory effect and the high performance make it possible for practical usage. The working principle of this kind of three-terminal spin device can be simply described by circuit theory.
Micro Heat Changers and Surface-Micro-Coolers for High Heat Flux (2008)

This publication describes the development of a new microstructure to transfer high heat fluxes. With a simple mathematical model based on heat conduction theory for the heat transfer in a micro channel at laminar flow conditions it was deduced that for the transmission of high heat fluxes only the initial part at the beginning of the micro channels is of importance, i.e. the micro channels should be short. Based on this principle a micro structure was designed with a large number of short micro channels taken in parallel. With this newly developed microstructure a prototype of a micro heat exchanger and a surface micro cooler was manufactured and tested. Using the prototype of the micro heat exchanger, manufactured of plastic, heat fluxes up to 500 W/cm2 were achieved at a pressure loss of 0.16 MPa and a mass flow of the water of 200 kg/h per passage. Due to the use of materials with a higher temperature resistance and higher stability like aluminum or ceramic, higher water throughputs and higher flow velocities could be realized in the micro channels. Thus it was possible to increase the heat flux up to approx. 800 W/cm2 at a pressure loss of approx. 0.35 MPa and a mass flow of 350 kg/h per passage. The important focus of investigation of the surface micro cooler was set on the examination of the surface temperatures for different heat fluxes and different velocities of the water in the micro channels. The experimental results of these surface micro coolers are summarized to characteristic maps. With this characteristic maps it is possible to determine whether a micro surface cooler can be used for a specific application.