gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Method and apparatus for acoustically monitoring the flow of suspended solid particulate matter. [Patent application; monitoring char flow in coal gasifier] (1980)

A method and apparatus for monitoring char flow in a coal gasifier system includes flow monitor circuits which measure acoustic attenuation caused by the presence of char in a char line and provides a char flow/no flow indication and an indication of relative char density. The flow monitor circuits compute the ratio of signals in two frequency bands, a first frequency band representative of background noise, and a second higher frequency band in which background noise is attenuated by the presence of char. Since the second frequency band contains higher frequencies, the ratio can be used to provide a flow/no flow indication. The second band can also be selected so that attenuation is monotonically related to particle concentration, providing a quantitative measure of char concentration.
Molecular mimicry and lyme borreliosis: A shared antigenic determinant between <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> and human tissue (1989)

The pathogenesis of chronic manifestations in Lyme borreliosis, a disease induced by Borrelia burgdorferi, is at present unresolved. By testing monoclonal antibodies directed against various borrelia antigens, we found an antigenic determinant shared by the 41 kDa flagella protein and human tissue, especially prominent on myelinated fibers of human peripheral nerve, on nerve cells and axons of the central nervous system, as well as on certain epithelial cells (including joint synovia) and on heart muscle cells. Immune reactions against such a shared antigen could play a pathogenetic role in chronic organ manifestations of Lyme borreliosis.
Adsorption of SO<sub>2</sub>on Sewage Sludge-Derived Materials (2001)

Sewage sludge-derived materials carbonized at temperatures between 400 and 950 degrees C were used for adsorption of sulfur dioxide from dry and moist air. The materials were characterized using sorption of nitrogen and thermal analysis. The sulfur dioxide capacity was measured according to a laboratory-developed breakthrough test. It was found that the capacity of the adsorbents increases with increasing temperature of carbonization. It is likely that during carbonization at high temperatures such catalytic metals as calcium become active. They play a significant role in the SO2 removal process by neutralization of sulfuric acid formed as a result of oxidation of sulfur dioxide in wet conditions. Besides sulfuric acid, various sulfur-containing salts are formed. It was shown that, after their removal using waterwashing,the SO2 capacitysignificantly decreased.
Results and simulations from the triggered plasma opening switch experiment (2002)

Summary form only given, as follows. Sandia National Laboratories has a program underway to develop a command-triggered plasma opening switch at the multi-megavolt and megampere level. In the triggered opening switch, moving the conducting plasma breaks the storage inductor circuit and causes rapid energy transfer to the load. This system uses fast-rising magnetic fields of order one Tesla to push a plasma with density about 10/sup 14/ electrons per cm/sup 3/. For opening cm-sized gaps on a 20-nanosecond time scale, this plasma must be accelerated to tens of cm per microsecond. The total volume of the plasma is 10-20 liters. This requires a few kilojoules of energy. A driver that provides the required magnetic field presently operates routinely. This paper will describe the required performance of the trigger field driver and the measured results, as well as computer simulations of the fields in the region of interest. Since the system structure necessarily has important three-dimensional features, computer simulations are valuable for designing hardware and analyzing the data from the experiment. The few-kJ required from the trigger pulser must be supplied in a relatively fast 30 ns time scale. The cost of this field is high enough that it's important to maximize the energy efficiency of the system. We will show the design constraints and the measured results compared to numerical simulations. We will also show results from experiments with plasma and the trigger magnetic field.
A Leaf Lamina Compression Method for Estimating Turgor Pressure (2010)

A portable wiltmeter instrument to estimate leaf turgor pressure according to an adaptation of the flattening method was developed. In the instrument, a flexible inflating membrane presses the leaf against a flattening plate having small orifices surrounded by a finely engraved network of obtuse indentations through which air flow is delivered. During a measurement, as the compression builds up, the leaf is progressively molded against the flattening plate, and as a consequence, the air flow ( x ) crossing the plate is reduced toward zero. The smallest leaf compression ( p 0 ) that blocks the air passage is an estimate of the leaf turgor. Wiltmeter measurements were compared with pressure probe measurements of cell turgor pressure in detached leaves of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.), kale ( Brassica oleracea L. var. Acephala), and chicory ( Chichorium endivia L.), which were allowed to suffer diverse levels of wilting caused by transpiration. Such observed wiltmeter readings were a little lower than the cell turgor pressure measured with a pressure probe; the regression coefficients between these methods were: 1.156 for lettuce, 1.13 for kale, and 1.036 for chicory. This portable quantitative procedure to measure leaf firmness has potentially valuable applications related to postharvest and field plant physiology studies.
Replacement of animal serum proteins by human albumin for growth and interferon production by Namalva cells (1980)

Growth and interferon production by human lymphoblastoid cells (Namalva) have been achieved by using medium with a complete substitution of human albumin for fetal bovine serum. Medium containing 0.3% human albumin supported exponential cell growth (minimum doubling time, 20 h) in Bilthoven 10-liter fermentors. Interferon induction with Sendai virus resulted in interferon yields of 0.5 x 10(4) to 1.0 x 10(4) interferon units per 10(6) Namalva cells per ml in RPMI 1640 medium containing 0.15 to 0.3% human albumin. Both cell growth and interferon production in medium containing human albumin were comparable to growth and interferon production in the same medium containing 10 and 5% fetal bovine serum, respectively.
Automatic script identification from document images using cluster-based templates (1997)

We describe an automated script identification system for typeset document images. Templates for each script are created by clustering textual symbols from a training set. Symbols from new images are compared to the templates to find the best script. Our current system processes thirteen scripts with minimal preprocessing and high accuracy.
Rotation sensing through electromagnetic-surface-acoustic-wave transduction (1977)

Rotation rates ranging from two rotations per day to one rpm have been measured by a novel but simple rotation sensor; rotary position can also be measured. This device utilizes a surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) standing-wave pattern on the circumferential surface of a rotating cylinder. The standing-wave nodes and antinodes are stationary in the rotating cylinder frame as they move past a separate sensing transducer. Electromagnetic transducers are used for the contactless transduction of SAW’s. The device sensitivity is effectively several orders of magnitude greater than for earlier SAW sensor designs. In addition, we foresee measurements of rotation rates of up to thousands of rpm and down to less than 0.1°/h. Design considerations and alternate sensor designs are discussed.
Detection of Immune Responses in Sentinel Nodes Draining Human Urinary Bladder Cancer (2004)

Being the first lymph node to receive drainage from the tumour area, the sentinel node offers a unique possibility to obtain tumour‐reactive lymphocytes. We investigated antitumour immune responses in sentinel nodes from patients with bladder cancer, by assaying tumour‐specific proliferation and TCR Vβ repertoires. During tumour surgery, sentinel lymph nodes were identified by peri‐tumoural injection of blue dye. Fresh specimens of tumour, sentinel and nonsentinel lymph nodes were obtained, and single‐cell suspensions were prepared. Cells were assayed for reactivity against autologous tumour extract in [ 3 H]‐thymidine incorporation assays and characterized by flow cytometry. Parallel analyses of the expression of Vβ gene families were performed with padlock probes, linear oligonucleotides which upon target recognition can be converted to circular molecules by a ligase. Probes were reacted with cDNA prepared from magnetically separated CD4 + cells, and the TCR repertoire was determined by hybridizing the products to oligonucleotide microarrays. Dose‐dependent proliferation in response to tumour extract could be detected in sentinel lymph nodes. Common clonal expansions were detected among tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes and in sentinel lymph nodes. Nonsentinel lymph nodes displayed a divergent TCR Vβ repertoire. These results indicate an ongoing immune response against tumour antigens in sentinel nodes, draining urinary bladder cancer. Identification of sentinel lymph nodes makes it possible to obtain tumour‐reactive lymphocytes for use in adoptive immunotherapy.
Speech word recognizing apparatus using information indicative of the relative significance of speech features (1994)

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Real Time Hand Segmentation on Frugal Headmounted Device for Gestural Interface (2018)

With the resurgence of Head Mounted Displays (HMDs), in-air gestures form a natural and intuitive interaction mode of communication. HMDs such as Microsoft Hololens, Daqri smart-glasses etc., have on-board processors with additional sensors, making the device expensive. Our goal, therefore, is to enable mass-market reach by extending the interaction space around mobile devices for Augmented/Virtual reality: with just frugal head-mounts such as Google Cardboard and Wearality with a smartphone. One necessary step for a feasible human-computer interaction is gesture recognition, preceded by a reliable hand segmentation in egocentric view. We propose a technique for real-time hand segmentation that utilize only RGB camera in an off-the-shelf mobile device. The novelty of our work lies in coming up with a filtering technique that term Multi Orientation Matched filter, used for hand segmentation that works on-device, even in situations of skin-like background. We have extensively tested our hand segmentation method on public datasets. We provide comparisons of hand segmentation with the existing methods under the same limitations. We demonstrate that our method outperforms in term of computational time and comparable results in term of accuracy. Further, we demonstrate that using our solution a zoom gesture classification can work in real-time on android smartphones.
Tape-Head With Sub-Ambient Air Pressure Cavities (2016)

A new tape-head design with surface cavities is presented as an alternative to the conventional skiving-edge flat-profile head design. The new head design is referred to as the vacuum head, inspired by the sub-ambient air pressure that develops in the surface cavities during operation. Two prototype head modules, a writer and a reader, were fabricated by modifying commercial tape-head modules and are compared with unmodified reference modules. A finite-element model is presented to simulate the head-tape interface and aid in the surface topography design of the vacuum head prototypes. The modeling results correspond qualitatively with experimental data from interferometer measurements of the shape of tape as it passes over the vacuum heads. The vacuum heads are operated successfully in data read/write experiments, with a slightly reduced signal-to-noise ratio performance compared with the reference heads. An indirect measure of head friction is obtained from tape velocity spectra that show a much reduced friction-induced compressional wave tape resonance for the vacuum modules compared with that for the reference modules. The results presented in this paper show that the new vacuum head design is a promising candidate for future heads with low friction, enabling the use of very smooth media for reduced magnetic spacing and increased areal densities.
Animal Models of Oral Mucositis Induced by Antineoplastic Drugs and Radiation (2002)

Oral mucositis is a common, troubling, and often dose-limiting toxicity of cancer chemotherapy (1). In the case of patients receiving radiation to the head and neck, stomatotoxicity is a frequent cause of unplanned interruptions in treatment. In its most dramatic form, mucositis results in diffuse full-thickness ulceration of the oral mucosa, causing severe pain and loss of function. The lesions that develop are often a site of secondary infection. Importantly, in the myelosuppressed patient, the loss of mucosal integrity results in a systemic portal of entry for the mouth’s indigenous bacterial flora (2). Consequently, oral mucositis is a major risk factor for sepsis in this population. In addition to its physiologic cost, the results of a number of pharmacoeconomic studies have attached significant economic and outcome costs to the condition. The length of hospital stay, febrile days, days of total parenteral nutrition, antibiotic use, and analgesic use are all increased in-patients with mucositis (3). Among bone-marrow transplant recipients, the difference in charges between patients with mucositis compared to those without the condition is over $25,000 (4). The finding by Bellm et al. that mucositis was the most commonly cited negative outcome among bone-marrow transplant recipients is illustrative of its impact on patients’ quality of life (5).
Subcategory-aware Convolutional Neural Networks for Object Proposals and Detection (2016)

In CNN-based object detection methods, region proposal becomes a bottleneck when objects exhibit significant scale variation, occlusion or truncation. In addition, these methods mainly focus on 2D object detection and cannot estimate detailed properties of objects. In this paper, we propose subcategory-aware CNNs for object detection. We introduce a novel region proposal network that uses subcategory information to guide the proposal generating process, and a new detection network for joint detection and subcategory classification. By using subcategories related to object pose, we achieve state-of-the-art performance on both detection and pose estimation on commonly used benchmarks.
ATTACK2VEC: Leveraging Temporal Word Embeddings to Understand the Evolution of Cyberattacks (2019)

Despite the fact that cyberattacks are constantly growing in complexity, the research community still lacks effective tools to easily monitor and understand them. In particular, there is a need for techniques that are able to not only track how prominently certain malicious actions, such as the exploitation of specific vulnerabilities, are exploited in the wild, but also (and more importantly) how these malicious actions factor in as attack steps in more complex cyberattacks. In this paper we present ATTACK2VEC, a system that uses temporal word embeddings to model how attack steps are exploited in the wild, and track how they evolve. We test ATTACK2VEC on a dataset of billions of security events collected from the customers of a commercial Intrusion Prevention System over a period of two years, and show that our approach is effective in monitoring the emergence of new attack strategies in the wild and in flagging which attack steps are often used together by attackers (e.g., vulnerabilities that are frequently exploited together). ATTACK2VEC provides a useful tool for researchers and practitioners to better understand cyberattacks and their evolution, and use this knowledge to improve situational awareness and develop proactive defenses.
<title>Compression for radiological images</title> (1992)

The viewing of radiological images has peculiarities that must be taken into account in the design of a compression technique. The images may be manipulated on a workstation to change the contrast, to change the center of the brightness levels that are viewed, and even to invert the images. Because of the possible consequences of losing information in a medical application, bit preserving compression is used for the images used for diagnosis. However, for archiving the images may be compressed to 10 of their original size. A compression technique based on the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) takes the viewing factors into account by compressing the changes in the local brightness levels. The compression technique is a variation of the CCITT JPEG compression that suppresses the blocking of the DCT except in areas of very high contrast.
Chemical routes to Ge∕Si(100) structures for low temperature Si-based semiconductor applications (2007)

The authors describe very low temperature (350–420°C) growth of atomically smooth Ge films (0.2–0.4nm roughness) directly on Si(100) via gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. A carefully tuned admixture of (GeH3)2CH2, possessing unique pseudosurfactant properties, and conventional Ge2H6 provides unprecedented control of film microstructure, morphology, and composition. Formation of edge dislocations at the interface ensures growth of virtually relaxed monocrystalline Ge films (∼40–1000nm thick) with a threading dislocation density less than 105cm−2 as determined by etch pit measurements. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy showed no measurable carbon incorporation indicating that C desorbs as CH4, consistent with calculated chemisorption energies.
Enhanced pyroelectric sensitivity using ferroelectric active mode detection (2007)

Active pyroelectric detection (APD), using ferroelectrics as the sensing materials, is described and compared to traditional-passive pyroelectric modes of operation. The active approach yields a number of distinct advantages over its passive counterparts, including greater effective pyroelectric coefficient and improved signal to noise ratio. Thin film test structures formed from strontium bismuth tantalate (SrBi2Ta2O9) are used to demonstrate the APD principle.
Frequency-domain Analysis of Dynamically Applied Strain Using Sweep-Free Brillouin Time-domain Analyzer (2012)

Fast reconstruction of the whole Brillouin gain spectrum is experimentally demonstrated using sweep-free Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (SF-BOTDA). Strain variations with frequencies up to 400Hz are spectrally analyzed achieving strain sensitivity of 1microstrain per root Hz at a sampling rate of 5.5KHz and a spatial resolution of 4m.
L1 Peptide–Conjugated Fibrin Hydrogels Promote Salivary Gland Regeneration (2017)

Hyposalivation contributes to dental caries, periodontitis, and microbial infections. Additionally, it impairs activities of daily living (e.g., speaking, chewing, and swallowing). Treatments for hyposalivation are currently limited to medications (e.g., the muscarinic receptor agonists pilocarpine and cevimeline) that induce saliva secretion from residual acinar cells and the use of saliva substitutes. However, given that these therapies provide only temporary relief, the development of alternative treatments to restore gland function is essential. Previous studies demonstrated that laminin 1 (L1) is critical for intact salivary cell cluster formation and organization. However, the full L1 sequence is not suitable for clinical applications, as each protein domain may contribute to unwanted effects, such as degradation, tumorigenesis, and immune responses that, when compounded, outweigh the potential benefits provided by their sum. Although the L1 peptides YIGSR and A99 linked to fibrin hydrogels (FHs) promote intact salivary epithelial formation in vitro, little is known about their role during salivary gland regeneration in vivo. Therefore, the goal of this study was to demonstrate whether L1 peptides conjugated to FHs promote tissue regeneration in a wound-healing model of mouse submandibular glands (mSMGs). Our results suggest that YIGSR-A99 peptides, chemically conjugated to FHs and applied to wounded mSMGs in vivo, formed new organized salivary tissue. In contrast, wounded mSMGs treated with FHs alone or in the absence of a scaffold showed disorganized collagen formation and poor tissue healing. Together these studies indicate that damaged salivary gland tissue can grow and differentiate when treated with FHs containing L1 peptides.
Reduced-Space Relevance Vector Machine for Adaptive Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (2022)

We introduce an efficient synthetic electrode selection strategy for use in Adaptive Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (AECVT). The proposed strategy is based on the Adaptive Relevance Vector Machine (ARVM) method and allows to successively obtain synthetic electrode configurations that yield the most decrease in the image reconstruction uncertainty for the spatial distribution of the permittivity in the region of interest. The problem is first formulated as an instance of the Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO). By noting that the QUBO formulation is an NP-hard problem and thus prohibitive in practice, we then introduce the Reduced ARVM method, corresponding to the application of the ARVM method to a reduced search space. By using the Reduced ARVM method, good image reconstruction and low uncertainty levels can be achieved in AECVT with considerably fewer measurements. To corroborate our analysis, we present simulation results for three representative AECVT scenarios.
Method of radial seismic data collection for improved salt structure imaging (1989)

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Molecular Classification of Endometriosis and Disease Stage Using High-Dimensional Genomic Data (2014)

Endometriosis (E), an estrogen-dependent, progesterone-resistant, inflammatory disorder, affects 10% of reproductive-age women. It is diagnosed and staged at surgery, resulting in an 11-year latency from symptom onset to diagnosis, underscoring the need for less invasive, less expensive approaches. Because the uterine lining (endometrium) in women with E has altered molecular profiles, we tested whether molecular classification of this tissue can distinguish and stage disease. We developed classifiers using genomic data from n = 148 archived endometrial samples from women with E or without E (normal controls or with other common uterine/pelvic pathologies) across the menstrual cycle and evaluated their performance on independent sample sets. Classifiers were trained separately on samples in specific hormonal milieu, using margin tree classification, and accuracies were scored on independent validation samples. Classification of samples from women with E or no E involved 2 binary decisions, each based on expression of specific genes. These first distinguished presence or absence of uterine/pelvic pathology and then no E from E, with the latter further classified according to severity (minimal/mild or moderate/severe). Best performing classifiers identified E with 90%-100% accuracy, were cycle phase-specific or independent, and used relatively few genes to determine disease and severity. Differential gene expression and pathway analyses revealed immune activation, altered steroid and thyroid hormone signaling/metabolism, and growth factor signaling in endometrium of women with E. Similar findings were observed with other disorders vs controls. Thus, classifier analysis of genomic data from endometrium can detect and stage pelvic E with high accuracy, dependent or independent of hormonal milieu. We propose that limited classifier candidate genes are of high value in developing diagnostics and identifying therapeutic targets. Discovery of endometrial molecular differences in the presence of E and other uterine/pelvic pathologies raises the broader biological question of their impact on the steroid hormone response and normal functions of this tissue.