gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PI3K‐independent AKT activation in cancers: A treasure trove for novel therapeutics (2012)

AKT/PKB serine threonine kinase, a critical signaling molecule promoting cell growth and survival pathways, is frequently dysregulated in many cancers. Although phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K), a lipid kinase, is well characterized as a major regulator of AKT activation in response to a variety of ligands, recent studies highlight a diverse group of tyrosine (Ack1/TNK2, Src, PTK6) and serine/threonine (TBK1, IKBKE, DNAPKcs) kinases that activate AKT directly to promote its pro-proliferative signaling functions. While some of these alternate AKT activating kinases respond to growth factors, others respond to inflammatory and genotoxic stimuli. A common theme emerging from these studies is that aberrant or hyperactivation of these alternate kinases is often associated with malignancy. Consequently, evaluating the use of small molecular inhibitors against these alternate AKT activating kinases at earlier stages of cancer therapy may overcome the pressing problem of drug resistance surfacing especially in patients treated with PI3K inhibitors.
Interference avoidance mechanisms in the hybrid cellular and device-to-device systems (2009)

A hybrid system of cellular mode and device-to-device (D2D) mode is considered in this paper, where the cellular uplink resource is reused by the D2D transmission. In order to maximize the overall system performance, the mutual interference between cellular and D2D sub-systems has to be addressed. Here, two mechanisms are proposed to solve the problem: One is mitigating the interference from cellular transmission to D2D communication by an interference tracing approach. The other one is aiming to reduce the interference from D2D transmission to cellular communication by a tolerable interference broadcasting approach. Both mechanisms can work independently or jointly to synergy the transmission in the hybrid system for the efficient resource utilization. In the end, simulation is conducted to study the performance of the proposed schemes, which shows satisfying results.
Acoustic recognition component of an 86000-word speech recognizer (2002)

Recent results obtained with a hidden Markov model (HMM)-based acoustic recognizer using a virtually unlimited vocabulary (86000 words) to perform speaker-dependent isolated-word recognition are described. The task domain of this recognizer is quite general, consisting of paragraphs read from various newspapers, books, and magazines. The results of a comparative acoustic recognition study using various types of HMMs and various amounts of training data (from 700 to about 4000 words) are presented. The models explored include context-dependent allophonic HMMs (including generalized diphone and triphone models with unimodal Gaussian output densities) and context-independent phonemic HMMs (using either unimodal or mixture densities). Experimental results indicate that phonemic HMMs with many components in the mixture output densities provide the highest acoustic recognition accuracy. The acoustic recognition accuracy for a total of about 7000 test words spoken by four male and five female speakers is 82%. Recognition accuracy after application of the language model increases to 92%.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Large Single Crystal Diamond Plates Produced by Microwave Plasma CVD (2009)

Recent developments in producing large single crystal CVD diamond plates are reviewed. The developments consist of synthesis of large single crystal diamond and production of single crystal diamond plates from the bulk diamond by the lift-off process. Combining these developments, half-inch single crystal CVD diamond plates have been successfully produced.
Motion‐adaptive alternate gamma drive for flicker‐free motion‐blur reduction in 100/120‐Hz LCD TV (2009)

Abstract— LCD motion blur is a well‐known phenomenon, and several approaches have been developed to address it. This includes very‐high‐performance approaches based on motion‐compensated frame rate conversion (MC‐FRC) and very‐low‐cost approaches based on impulsive driving. Impulsive‐driving schemes are attractive because of their low cost, but suffer from two significant issues — loss of luminance and large‐area flicker. A new impulsive‐driving approach using motion‐adaptive alternate gamma driving (MA‐AGD), which removes motion blur and preserves the original luminance level without causing large‐area flicker, is proposed.
Specificity of steroid hormone-induced sex determination in a turtle (1992)

The specificity of steroid hormone-induced sex determination was investigated in the red-eared slider, Trachemys scripta, a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination. All eggs were incubated at either a female-producing temperature (31 degrees C) or a male-producing temperature (26 degrees C) and received control or experimental treatments at stage 17-18 of embryonic development. A variety of treatments induced female sex determination at the male-producing temperature. Oestradiol-17 beta, diethylstilboestrol (DES) (an oestrogen agonist) and norethindrone (NET) (a progestin with reputed oestrogenic as well as anti-oestrogenic properties) were the most effective in inducing female sex determination. Other reputed oestrogen antagonists/partial agonists (i.e. tamoxifen, nafoxidine and clomiphene citrate) were also capable of inducing female sex determination, but to a lesser extent. A high dosage of testosterone resulted in the production of some females (7 of 15 hatchlings) whereas dihydrotestosterone had no detectable effect on sex determination. This latter finding suggests that testosterone could be acting via aromatization to oestradiol-17 beta. A few females resulted from eggs that had been treated with aromatase inhibitor, 1,4,6-androstatrien-3,17-dione (ATD) (3 of 97), the antiandrogen hydroxyflutamide (1 of 55) and progesterone (3 of 36), suggesting the possibilities of non-specific effects of these compounds when used in large dosages. Alternatively, metabolites of these compounds may be oestrogenic. Collectively, the results at the male-producing temperature are consistent with the hypothesis that steroid-induced female sex determination is mediated via an oestrogen-specific receptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Dkk1 blocks Wnt-induced osteoprotegerin production in osteoblast progenitors in multiple myeloma (2007)

2050 Multiple myeloma (MM), a fatal malignancy of plasma cells growing systemically in bone, causes osteolytic bone lesions. Bone turnover is regulated by the coupled activity of osteoblasts (OB) and osteoclasts (OC). OC differentiation is positively modulated by the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and negatively regulated by the decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG). Although the RANKL/OPG axis appears to be deregulated in MM, little is known about how MM cells might promote this process. Wnt signaling promotes bone formation and OB differentiation and overexpression of an active form beta-catenin in OB leads to upregulation of OPG, indicating that Wnt signaling in OB regulates osteoclastogenesis. We have demonstrated that MM cells express Dkk1, a soluble antagonist of canonical Wnt signaling, and that increased levels of Dkk1 in serum from MM is linked to bone lesions and MM serum can inhibit OB differentiation in a Dkk1-specific manner. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of the osteolytic process in MM, we investigated the role of canonical Wnt signaling in regulating the RANKL/OPG axis in OB progenitors. By real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and ELISA analysis, we demonstrate that Wnt3a significantly induced OPG in C2C12 cells, a pluripotential mesenchymal progenitor. This Wnt3a-induced increase in OPG was significantly inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with recombinant Dkk1 or conditioned medium from an MM cell line constitutively expressing Dkk1. Inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling by transfection with siRNA to Wnt co-receptors LRP5/6 and or a dominant negative beta-catenin abrogated both endogenous and Wnt3a-induced OPG relative to controls. Interestingly, Dkk2, which has been shown to promote OB differentiation, significantly blocked Wnt3a-induced increase in OPG. Finally, treatment of the cells with plasma from bone marrow of MM pateints with high concentrations (> 100 ng/ml) of Dkk1 inhibited both OPG mRNA and protein in C2C12 cells. While Wnt3a stimulated OPG, it had a negative effect on RANKL mRNA as accessed by qPCR. Constitutive expression of Dkk1 lead to increased production of RANKL. Our results suggest that canonical Wnt signaling plays an important role in regulating the RANKL/OPG axis and that Dkk1 secretion by MM cells directly inhibits osteoblast differentiation while indirectly promoting osteoclastogenesis. Restoring proper Wnt signaling in MM may prevent bone lesions and possibly disease progression.
Pinning method of pulse confinement in optical fiber with random dispersion (2002)

Pulse propagation in optical fiber links with randomness in the dispersion is investigated theoretically and numerically for systems with and without dispersion management. The main effects of locally correlated noise are inevitable pulse destruction and statistical broadening. However, periodic/quasi-periodic management of fiber randomness, achieved by setting the accumulated dispersion to its nominal value (pinning), essentially decreases pulse broadening. If the pinning period is short enough, we observe a statistical state that is numerically indistinguishable from the steady state in the dispersion-managed case.
Integrated reconfigurable multiple‐input–multiple‐output antenna system with an ultra‐wideband sensing antenna for cognitive radio platforms (2015)

A compact, novel multi‐mode, multi‐band frequency reconfigurable multiple‐input–multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna system, integrated with ultra‐wideband (UWB) sensing antenna, is presented. The developed model can be used as a complete antenna platform for cognitive radio applications. The antenna system is developed on a single substrate area of dimensions 65 × 120 mm 2 . The proposed sensing antenna is used to cover a wide range of frequency bands from 710 to 3600 MHz. The frequency reconfigurable dual‐element MIMO antenna is integrated with P‐type, intrinsic, N‐type (PIN) diodes for frequency agility. Different modes of selection are used for the MIMO antenna system reconfigurability to support different wireless system standards. The proposed MIMO antenna configuration is used to cover various frequency bands from 755 to 3450 MHz. The complete system comprising the multi‐band reconfigurable MIMO antennas and UWB sensing antenna for cognitive radio applications is proposed with a compact form factor.
Microsensor on single ZnO microwire (2009)

For development of individual ZnO microwire in hydrogen sensors an environmentally benign synthesis process and fabrication route are required. Here we report a synthesis route for ZnO microwires using vapour phase process. Furthermore, our synthesis technique permits microwires to be transferred to other substrates. This offers the possibility of using focused ion beam instrument for handling. We fabricated a single microwire-based sensor and found ~4% sensitive hydrogen 200 ppm in the air at room temperature.
Approaches to branched polystyrene using bulk free-radical polymerization (1997)

Preparation of branched polystyrene using continuous bulk styrene polymerization is extremely difficult due to gel formation and can even lead to reactor plugging. This investigation explores the concept of post-polymerizer branching by placing latent functional groups along the polymer backbone which couple during high-temperature devolatilization of the polymerized effluent. The latent functional monomer pair investigated is glycidyl methacrylate and acrylic acid. The key to producing a branched polystyrene that is thermally stable is to add one of the latent functional monomers in large excess, making the other monomer the limiting reagent. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 683–687, 1997
High-Q silicon nitride resonator gyroscope interrogated with broadband light (2023)

Advancements in silicon photonics technology have resulted in significant progress toward tactical-grade chip-scale optical gyroscopes for applications such as inertial navigation for a range of self-driving vehicles. Our first generation of gyro, reported a year ago, was a resonant ring gyro fabricated with an ultra-low-loss silicon-nitride waveguide in a racetrack shape with a perimeter of 37 mm and a finesse of 1270. When the laser frequency was tuned to interrogate the resonance with the lowest backscattering coefficient, and balanced detection was implemented to reduce common noise in the two output signals, the angular random walk (ARW) was measured to be 80 deg/h/√Hz, and the gyro output was dominated by backscattering noise. The second-generation reported here utilizes a longer ring to further reduce backscattering noise. The ring resonator is a circular spiral with 33 turns, a length of 1.2 m, and a finesse of 29. When interrogated with a narrow-linewidth laser like the racetrack gyro, it has a measured ARW of 210 deg/h/√Hz dominated by laser-frequency noise. The ARW is higher than that of the racetrack gyro because the balanced detection was not as effective (13.2 dB of common noise rejection compared to 18 dB in the racetrack gyro). Tests in a vacuum indicate that environmental fluctuations do not contribute to the noise, and that most of the measured drift (3,500 deg/h) has an optical and/or electronic origin. We also report the noise performance of the racetrack gyro interrogated in a Sagnac interferometer probed with broadband light. This configuration was inspired by a recent publication from Shanghai Jiao Tong University that reports a resonant fiber optic gyroscope interrogated with broadband light with a measured ARW that meets tactical-grade requirements. The advantages of this interrogation technique are that it eliminates the need to stabilize the resonator, it reduces the component count, and by making use of incoherent light, it reduces the backscattering noise. The measured ARW of the racetrack gyro interrogated with broadband light was dominated by excess noise at large detected powers, and it was a factor of ~900 larger than the ARW of the same racetrack gyro interrogated with the laser. The reason for this increase in ARW is that the advantage of having a high-finesse resonator is lost when the ring is interrogated with broadband light, and the sensitivity is reduced by a factor of the finesse compared to the same ring resonator interrogated with a laser. This reduction in sensitivity is demonstrated experimentally. Achieving tactical-grade requirements will require returning to a laser interrogation, improving the balanced detection scheme to achieve a noise cancellation of 25 dB or better, and optimizing the laser linewidth to minimize both laser frequency noise and backscattering noise.
Loss compensation of an ultra-wideband electro-optic modulator in heterogeneous silicon/erbium-doped lithium niobate (2023)

Electro-optic modulators (EOMs) are indispensable elements for integrated photonic circuits. However, optical insertion losses limit the utilization of EOMs for scalable integration. Here, we propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, EOM scheme on a heterogeneous platform of silicon- and erbium-doped lithium niobate (Si/Er:LN). In this design, electro-optic modulation and optical amplification are simultaneously employed in phase shifters of the EOM. The excellent electro-optic property of lithium niobate is maintained to achieve ultra-wideband modulation. Meanwhile, optical amplification is performed by adopting the stimulated transitions of erbium ions in the Er:LN, leading to effective optical loss compensation. Theoretical analysis shows that a bandwidth exceeding 170 GHz with a half-wave voltage of 3 V is successfully realized. Moreover, efficient propagation compensation of ∼4 dB is predicted at a wavelength of 1531 nm.
Plant cell enlargement and the action of expansins (1996)

Plant cells are caged within a distended polymeric network (the cell wall), which enlarges by a process of stress relaxation and slippage (creep) of the polysaccharides that make up the load-bearing network of the wall. Protein mediators of wall creep have recently been isolated and characterized. These proteins, called expansins, appear to disrupt the noncovalent adhesion of matrix polysaccharides to cellulose microfibrils, thereby permitting turgor-driven wall enlargement. Expansin activity is specifically expressed in the growing tissues of dicotyledons and monocotyledons. Sequence analysis of cDNAs indicates that expansins are novel proteins, without previously known functional motifs. Comparison of expansin cDNAs from cucumber, pea, Arabidopsis and rice shows that the proteins are highly conserved in size and amino acid sequence. Phylogenetic analysis of expansin sequences suggests that this multigene family diverged before the evolution of angiosperms. Speculation is presented about the role of this gene family in plant development and evolution.
Progress toward Device-Quality Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Materials:  2. Enhancement of Electric Field Poling Efficiency and Temporal Stability by Modification of Isoxazolone-Based High μβ Chromophores (1999)

Isoxazolone (ISX) acceptor based chromophores terminated with hydroxyl functional groups were synthesized, spin cast into optical quality 1−2 μm thick films, poled in the presence of an electric field, and thermoset into polyurethane networks to lock in the poling-induced acentric chromophore order. Alkyl groups were introduced into the chromophore backbone (π-electron bridge) to increase chromophore solubility and to inhibit electrostatic interactions between these “high μβ” chromophores. Thermosetting polyurethanes containing alkyl-substituted chromophores exhibited much (1.7−1.9 times) higher electrooptic coefficients than polymers containing unsubstituted chromophores. Chromophores with hydroxyl groups on only the donor end of the molecule were processed into hardened “themoset” materials, exhibiting a dynamic thermal stability (temperature at which the macroscopic optical nonlinearity is first observed to decrease in a thermal ramping experiment) of poling-induced dipolar order of ∼80 °C, while chromophores with hydroxyl groups on both the donor and acceptor ends display a dynamic thermal stability of poling-induced acentric order of ∼110 °C. Optical loss in these materials originates from the scattering of incident light by chromophore aggregates, rather than from intrinsic (resonant) optical absorption of the chromophores. Alkyl groups in the modified chromophores serve as “bumpers” to sterically prevent aggregation of chromophores driven by strong, spatially anisotropic, intermolecular electrostatic interactions. Steric inhibition of aggregation serves not only to enhance poling efficiency (and thus, electrooptic coefficients) but also to minimize scattering losses.
Dynamically tunable extraordinary light absorption in monolayer graphene (2017)

The high carrier mobility of graphene makes it an attractive material for electronics, however, graphene's application for optoelectronic systems is limited due to its low optical absorption. We present a cavity-coupled nanopatterned graphene absorber designed to sustain temporal and spatial overlap between localized surface plasmon resonance and cavity modes, thereby resulting in enhanced absorption up to an unprecedented value of theoretically $(60%)$ and experimentally measured $(45%)$ monolayer graphene in the technologically relevant 8--12-\ensuremath{\mu}m atmospheric transparent infrared imaging band. We demonstrate a wide electrostatic tunability of the absorption band $(\ensuremath{\sim}2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m})$ by modifying the Fermi energy. The proposed device design allows enhanced absorption and dynamic tunability of chemical vapor deposition grown low carrier mobility graphene which provides a significant advantage over previous strategies where absorption enhancement was limited to exfoliated high carrier mobility graphene. We developed an analytical model that incorporates the coupling of the graphene electron and substrate phonons, providing valuable and instructive insights into the modified plasmon-phonon dispersion relation necessary to interpret the experimental observations. Such gate voltage and cavity tunable enhanced absorption in chemical vapor deposited large area monolayer graphene paves the path towards the scalable development of ultrasensitive infrared photodetectors, modulators, and other optoelectronic devices.
Stress‐responsive zinc finger gene <i>ZPT2‐3</i> plays a role in drought tolerance in petunia (2003)

The petunia gene, ZPT2-3, encodes a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger protein. Here, we describe the expression of ZPT2-3 in response to various stresses and the effects of ZPT2-3 overexpression in transgenic petunia. Mechanical wounding induced accumulation of ZPT2-3 transcript, and the activity of ZPT2-3::luciferase was conferred by the 1668-bp ZPT2-3 upstream sequence, both locally and systemically. This induction was mediated by a jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent and ethylene-independent pathway. ZPT2-3 expression was also induced by cold, drought, and heavy metal treatments. The same ZPT2-3 promoter sequence showed similar responsiveness to wounding, cold, drought, and JA treatments in Arabidopsis when investigated in a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, indicating conservation of similar signaling pathways between the two plant species. ZPT2-3 functioned as an active repressor in a transient assay using Arabidopsis leaves. Constitutive overexpression of ZPT2-3 in transgenic petunia plants increased tolerance to dehydration. These results demonstrate the involvement of ZPT2-3 in plant response to various stresses, and suggest its potential utility to improve drought tolerance.
Microchannel heat exchangers for chemical reactors (1996)

A novel heat exchanger which uses microchannels to enhance heat transfer rates is investigated for chemical reactor applications. Heat exchange fluid flows in parallel through multiple channels of micron dimensions to both increase the surface area available for heat transfer and shrink the coolant boundary layer which reduces heat transfer resistance. An experimental apparatus simulates the operation of an exothermic reactor, and heat removal fluxes are measured between 6.5 and 42.5 W/cm{sup 2}. Overall heat transfer coefficients range from 5,000 to 16,000 W/m{sup 2}/K, which represents nearly an order of magnitude increase over a conventional heat exchanger of similar materials. The impact of higher heat removal fluxes is discussed for safe and stable reactor design and operation.
Ocean surface slope measurement using polarimetric SAR (2002)

A new technique has been developed to measure ocean surface slopes by polarimetric SAR. This technique has the potential of estimating surface slope in the along-track direction at an accuracy of a fraction of a degree. Experimental results using NASA/JPL AIRSAR P-, L-, C-band data from the Gulf Stream'90 Experiment showed a sudden slope change at a converging current front. The effect of velocity bunching on this measurement technique is also investigated.