gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
N-<i>myc</i> is essential during neurogenesis for the rapid expansion of progenitor cell populations and the inhibition of neuronal differentiation (2002)

To address the role of N- myc in neurogenesis and in nervous system tumors, it was conditionally disrupted in neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) with a nestin-Cre transgene. Null mice display ataxia, behavioral abnormalities, and tremors that correlate with a twofold decrease in brain mass that disproportionately affects the cerebellum (sixfold reduced in mass) and the cerebral cortex, both of which show signs of disorganization. In control mice at E12.5, we observe a domain of high N-Myc protein expression in the rapidly proliferating cerebellar primordium. Targeted deletion of N- myc results in severely compromised proliferation as shown by a striking decrease in S phase and mitotic cells as well as in cells expressing the Myc target gene cyclin D2, whereas apoptosis is unaffected. Null progenitor cells also have comparatively high levels of the cdk inhibitors p27 Kip1 and p18 Ink4c , whereas p15 Ink4b , p21 Cip1 , and p19 Ink4d levels are unaffected. Many null progenitors also exhibit altered nuclear morphology and size. In addition, loss of N- myc disrupts neuronal differentiation as evidenced by ectopic staining of the neuron specific marker βTUBIII in the cerebrum. Furthermore, in progenitor cell cultures derived from null embryonic brain, we observe a dramatic increase in neuronal differentiation compared with controls. Thus, N- myc is essential for normal neurogenesis, regulating NPC proliferation, differentiation, and nuclear size. Its effects on proliferation and differentiation appear due, at least in part, to down-regulation of a specific subset of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors.
<i>anthocyanin1</i> of Petunia Encodes a Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Protein That Directly Activates Transcription of Structural Anthocyanin Genes (2000)

The petunia loci anthocyanin1 (an1), an2, an4, and an11 are required for the transcription of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in floral organs. The an2 and an11 loci were recently cloned and shown to encode a MYB-domain transcriptional activator and a cytosolic WD40 protein, respectively. Here, we report the isolation of an1 by transposon tagging. an1 encodes a new member of the basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors that is functionally and evolutionarily distinct from JAF13, the apparent petunia ortholog of maize RED1 and snapdragon DELILA. We provide genetic evidence that the transcription factors encoded by an1, an2, and an4 operate in an unexpectedly complex regulatory hierarchy. In leaves, ectopic expression of AN2 induces an1 expression, whereas in anthers, an1 expression depends on an4, encoding (or controlling) a MYB protein that is paralogous to AN2. Experiments with transgenic plants expressing a post-translationally controlled AN1-GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR fusion protein indicated that independent of protein synthesis, AN1 directly activates the expression of the dfrA gene encoding the enzyme dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and of Pmyb27 encoding a MYB-domain protein of unknown function.
Parliamentary storytelling: a new concept in public engagement with parliaments (2020)

This article focuses on the UK Parliament’s recent efforts to engage citizens: specifically, the use of storytelling techniques to represent Parliament as a relevant and relatable institution. The use of these techniques is very recent within parliamentary engagement which, in its own right, is a relatively new addition to Parliament’s functions and activities. Building on theories of parliamentary engagement, representation, and narratology, we construct a new conceptual framework of ‘parliamentary storytelling’ through which these recent engagement efforts can be understood and examined. In demonstrating the utility of this framework, we analyse three contemporaneous case studies according to five key components (and the dynamic between them): storyteller, narrator, characters, plot, and audience. In facilitating this unprecedented depth of analysis, the ‘parliamentary storytelling’ framework is relevant beyond the UK Parliament, and applicable to any legislatures intending to enhance – and more comprehensively understand – their own public engagement practice.
Effect of molecular structure on rheological and crystallization properties of polyethylenes (1996)

This article describes the development of reliable techniques to measure the isothermal crystallization rates (ICR) under quiescent as well as under small amplitude, oscillatory shear conditions. Quiescent crystallization rates were obtained using a differential scanning calorimeter. Those under small amplitude shear were obtained using Rheometrics rheometers. It is shown how a small amount of long-chain branching in high-density polyethylene homopolymer (HDPE) dramatically influences rheological properties and enhances ICR. For these HDPEs, the rate increases with the increase in long-chain branching. The general application of isothermal crystallization studies, however, should be done with great caution. This is because the fundamentals of isothermal crystallization require that it be done on the basis of a fixed undercooling with respect to the equilibrium melting temperature. Such a temperature is ill-defined for the commercial polymers having broad molecular weight distribution (MWD). Nonetheless, a practical procedure is outlined wherein the melting curve of a previously isothermally crystallized sample is used as a substitute for judging the equilibrium melting point and in deciding the selection of a proper crystallization temperature. Even this new procedure may not be applicable for polymers having heterogeneous short-chain branching distribution. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diffusion method for the determination of acid-volatile sulfides (AVS) in sediment (1994)

Abstract A simplified procedure using diffusion and a sulfide ion selective electrode is described for measuring acid-volatile sulfides (AVS) in sediment This method yielded at least 10% more AVS than the more common purge-and trap method The quantity of AVS (based on dry mass of sediment) was found to be dependent on acid concentration and on mass of wet sediment The mean recovery of known additions of sodium sulfide was 93 8 ± 6 7%
Frequency Control Performance Measurement and Requirements (2010)

Frequency control is an essential requirement of reliable electric power system operations. Determination of frequency control depends on frequency measurement and the practices based on these measurements that dictate acceptable frequency management. This report chronicles the evolution of these measurements and practices. As technology progresses from analog to digital for calculation, communication, and control, the technical basis for frequency control measurement and practices to determine acceptable performance continues to improve. Before the introduction of digital computing, practices were determined largely by prior experience. In anticipation of mandatory reliability rules, practices evolved from a focus primarily on commercial and equity issues to an increased focus on reliability. This evolution is expected to continue and place increased requirements for more precise measurements and a stronger scientific basis for future frequency management practices in support of reliability.
Retrieval Of Percussion Gestures Using Timbre Classification Techniques. (2004)

[TODO] Add abstract here.
Either Rap1 or Cdc13 can protect telomeric single-stranded 3′ overhangs from degradation in vitro (2019)

Telomeres, the DNA-protein structures capping the ends of linear chromosomes, are important for regulating replicative senescence and maintaining genome stability. Telomeres consist of G-rich repetitive sequences that end in a G-rich single-stranded (ss) 3' overhang, which is vital for telomere function. It is largely unknown how the 3' overhang is protected against exonucleases. In budding yeast, double-stranded (ds) telomeric DNA is bound by Rap1, while ssDNA is bound by Cdc13. Here, we developed an in vitro DNA 3'end protection assay to gain mechanistic insight into how Naumovozyma castellii Cdc13 and Rap1 may protect against 3' exonucleolytic degradation by Exonuclease T. Our results show that Cdc13 protects the 3' overhang at least 5 nucleotides (nt) beyond its binding site, when bound directly adjacent to the ds-ss junction. Rap1 protects 1-2 nt of the 3' overhang when bound to dsDNA adjacent to the ds-ss junction. Remarkably, when Rap1 is bound across the ds-ss junction, the protection of the 3' overhang is extended to 6 nt. This shows that binding by either Cdc13 or Rap1 can protect telomeric overhangs from 3' exonucleolytic degradation, and suggests a new important role for Rap1 in protecting short overhangs under circumstances when Cdc13 cannot bind the telomere.
Opposition in Social Interaction amongst Children: Why Intellectual Benefits Do Not Mean Social Costs (2006)

Occasions where children oppose each other have been claimed to convey intellectual benefits through their association with justification and resolution. They have been claimed to promote social rejection through their association with aggression. Because it is inconceivable that intellectual benefits imply social costs, either the relation amongst opposition, justification, resolution, and aggression is weaker than claimed, or children differ in their use of justification, resolution, and aggression during opposition. To explore these possibilities, 49 triads, comprising children aged 4 to 7 years, were videotaped while they engaged in free play and structured activities. The children varied in gender and temperament, and the triads varied in gender composition. Justification, resolution, and aggression were all relatively frequent in oppositional contexts. However, the use of justification and resolution during opposition was clearly separated from the use of aggression. Gender, temperament, age, and gender composition of triad were all relevant to the oppositional behaviour that children displayed.
Retrovirus-Associated Heparan Sulfate Mediates Immobilization and Gene Transfer on Recombinant Fibronectin (2002)

Recombinant retroviruses have been shown to bind to fibronectin (FN) and increase the efficiency of gene transfer to a variety of cell types. Despite recent work to optimize gene transfer on recombinant FN, the mechanism of retrovirus binding to FN and the interactions of target cells with the bound virus remain elusive. We investigated the roles of virus surface glycoprotein (gp70), cell-conditioned medium, and proteoglycans in mediating retrovirus binding to FN. We also examined the role of Polybrene (PB) in these interactions. We found that gp70 is not involved in retrovirus binding to FN. Immobilization of the virus, however, does not overcome its receptor requirement, and gp70 is still needed for successful gene transfer. Our results clearly show that retrovirus binds FN through virus-associated heparan sulfate (HS) and that binding is necessary for transduction without PB. Two distinct modes of gene transfer occur depending on PB: (i) in the presence of PB, retrovirus interacts directly with the target cells; and (ii) in the absence of PB, retrovirus binds to FN and target cells interact with the immobilized virus. PB may promote the former mode by interacting with the virus HS and reducing the negative charge of the viral particles. Interestingly, the latter mode is more efficient, leading to significantly enhanced gene transfer. A better understanding of these interactions may provide insight into virus-cell interactions and lead to a more rational design of transduction protocols.
The PACES digital engagement model (2002)

This paper describes the Passive and Active Countermeasures Evaluation Simulation (PACES). PACES is best characterized as an engineering level digital engagement model used to study the effectiveness of electronic countermeasures and aircraft maneuvers against threat radar and missile systems. A typical scenario consists of one or two maneuvering aircraft deploying electronic countermeasures (ECM) against a single threat system. PACES includes several radar and missile models comprising surface-to-air (SAM) and antiaircraft artillery (AAA) tracking radars, airborne air-to-air missile (AAM) TTRs, missile borne seeker radars, and several SAM and AAM interceptors. PACES currently supports eight distinct threat systems which are generic in nature but representative of modern radar and missile technology. Actual systems can be represented by incorporating exact data such as design parameters and signal processing algorithms. PACES is written in FORTRAN and consists of approximately 80,000 lines of code, including over 30,000 lines of code in the 'root' portion (which is everything except specific radar and missile modules) plus upwards of 50,000 lines of code in the various radar and missile modules. Types of radars modeled include moving target indication (MTI) tracking radars, pulse Doppler tracking radars (with monopulse tracking algorithms), and continuous wave (CW) and high pulse repetition frequency (PRF) Doppler seeker radars. Available countermeasures include chaff, jammers, towed decoys, and expended (flying) decoys.
Stable Isotope Ratios in Hair and Teeth Reflect Biologic (2007)

Biologic rhythms give insight into normal physiology and disease. They can be used as biomarkers for neuronal degenerations. We present a diverse data set to show that hair and teeth contain an extended record of biologic rhythms, and that analysis of these tissues could yield signals of neurodegenerations. We examined hair from mummified humans from South America, extinct mammals and modern animals and people, both healthy and diseased, and teeth of hominins. We also monitored heart-rate variability, a measure of a biologic rhythm, in some living subjects and analyzed it using power spectra. The samples were examined to determine variations in stable isotope ratios along the length of the hair and across growth-lines of the enamel in teeth. We found recurring circa-annual periods of slow and fast rhythms in hydrogen isotope ratios in hair and carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in teeth. The power spectra contained slow and fast frequency power, matching, in terms of normalized frequency, the spectra of heart rate variability found in our living subjects. Analysis of the power spectra of hydrogen isotope ratios in hair from a patient with neurodegeneration revealed the same spectral features seen in the patient’s heart-rate variability. Our study shows that spectral analysis of stable isotope ratios in readily available tissues such as hair could become a powerful diagnostic tool when effective treatments and neuroprotective drugs for neurodegenerative diseases become available. It also suggests that similar analyses of archaeological specimens could give insight into the physiology of ancient people and animals.
CASCADE - a multi-layer Boron-10 neutron detection system (2016)

The globally increased demand for helium-3 along with the limited availability of this gas calls for the development of alternative technologies for the large ESS instrumentation pool. We report on the CASCADE Project - a novel detection system, which has been developed for the purposes of neutron spin echo spectroscopy. It features 2D spatially resolved detection of thermal neutrons at high rates. The CASCADE detector is composed of a stack of solid boron-10 coated Gas Electron Multiplier foils, which serve both as a neutron converter and as an amplifier for the primary ionization deposited in the standard Argon-CO2 counting gas environment. This multi-layer setup efficiently increases the detection efficiency and serves as a helium-3 alternative. It has furthermore been possible to extract the signal of the charge traversing the stack to identify the very thin conversion layer of about 1 micrometer. This allows the precise determination of the time-of-flight, necessary for the application in MIEZE spin echo techniques.
What we know about rooftop electricity (1984)

Some results from a two and one-half year study of mine prototype residential utility interactive PV systems at the Southwest Residential Experiment Station are presented. Payoff scenarios are discussed based on some of the systems studied. It is concluded that as technical questions are answered, residential photovoltaics becomes mostly a matter of econimics and public policy.
Virus removal by drinking water treatment processes (1989)

Viruses are very small microorganisms that are parasites of human, animals, bacteria, and plants. In water, the only viruses that can be a health risk for man or animals are the enteric viruses: viruses that are excreted in feces by infected individuals. Some of these viruses are extremely resistant in the aquatic environment and can be found in relatively low numbers in most waters contaminated by fecal material. However, because as little as one to ten infectious viruses are sufficient to infect a susceptible individual, it is important to eliminate even minute numbers of these microorganisms from drinking water. Methods have been developed for the detection of viruses in volumes of water exceeding 10001. With the increase in sensitivity and the wider use of methods for their detection in drinking water, viruses have been detected in drinking water meeting current standards of water quality. This paper reviews the literature on these occurrences.
Establishing the Design Rules for DNA‐Mediated Programmable Colloidal Crystallization (2010)

DNA-programmierbare Kolloidkristalle werden aus 5–80 nm großen Nanopartikeln aufgebaut, und ihre Gitterparameter liegen zwischen 25 und 225 nm. Eine vorhersagbare und mathematisch definierbare Beziehung zwischen Partikelgröße und DNA-Länge bestimmt die Organisations- und Kristallisationsprozesse, was einen Satz von Regeln für die nanoskalige DNA-basierte Assoziatbildung liefert. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A 828&#x03BC;W 1.8V 80dB dynamic-range readout interface for a MEMS capacitive microphone (2008)

A CMOS interface for a piston-type MEMS capacitive microphone is presented. It performs a capacitance-to-voltage conversion by bootstrapping the sensor through a voltage pre-amplifier, feeding a third-order sigma-delta modulator. The bootstrapping performs active parasitic compensation, improving the readout sensitivity by ~12 dB. The total current consumption is 460 uA at 1.8 V-supply. The digital output achieves 80 dBA-DR, with 63 dBA peak-SNR, using 0.35 um 2P/4M CMOS technology. The paper includes electrical and acoustic measurement results for the interface.
Hybrid semi-Markov CRF for Neural Sequence Labeling (2018)

This paper proposes hybrid semi-Markov conditional random fields (SCRFs) for neural sequence labeling in natural language processing. Based on conventional conditional random fields (CRFs), SCRFs have been designed for the tasks of assigning labels to segments by extracting features from and describing transitions between segments instead of words. In this paper, we improve the existing SCRF methods by employing word-level and segment-level information simultaneously. First, word-level labels are utilized to derive the segment scores in SCRFs. Second, a CRF output layer and an SCRF output layer are integrated into an unified neural network and trained jointly. Experimental results on CoNLL 2003 named entity recognition (NER) shared task show that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance when no external knowledge is used.
Solvent-free Diels–Alder reactions of in situ generated cyclopentadiene (2008)

A solvent-free Diels–Alder reaction was carried out by heating a mixture of dicyclopentadiene and a dienophile. Cyclopentadiene, formed in situ, reacted with the dienophile in a thermodynamically controlled reaction. Besides being solvent-free, the described procedure allows for almost complete utilization of dicyclopentadiene and avoids handling of noxious and hazardous cyclopentadiene. The reaction worked well with dienophiles such as maleic anhydride and unsaturated esters. However, unsaturated acids were not suitable dienophiles, yielding Diels–Alder adducts in a low yield.
Put Chatbot into Its Interlocutor's Shoes: New Framework to Learn Chatbot Responding with Intention (2021)

Most chatbot literature that focuses on improving the fluency and coherence of a chatbot, is dedicated to making chatbots more human-like. However, very little work delves into what really separates humans from chatbots -- humans intrinsically understand the effect their responses have on the interlocutor and often respond with an intention such as proposing an optimistic view to make the interlocutor feel better. This paper proposes an innovative framework to train chatbots to possess human-like intentions. Our framework includes a guiding chatbot and an interlocutor model that plays the role of humans. The guiding chatbot is assigned an intention and learns to induce the interlocutor to reply with responses matching the intention, for example, long responses, joyful responses, responses with specific words, etc. We examined our framework using three experimental setups and evaluated the guiding chatbot with four different metrics to demonstrate flexibility and performance advantages. Additionally, we performed trials with human interlocutors to substantiate the guiding chatbot's effectiveness in influencing the responses of humans to a certain extent. Code will be made available to the public.
The microbiology of Kocho: An Ethiopian Traditionally Fermented Food from Enset (Ensete ventricosum) (2014)

Kocho is starchy food product obtained from a mixture of the scraped pulp of pseudo stem and pulverized corm of enset plant (Ensete ventricosum). Ensete ventricosum is a drought resistant plant and can be cultivated as an alternative food source for food security problem around the globe. This study was conducted to examine the fermentation process, the microbial dynamics and the physicochemical changes that occur during traditional fermentation of kocho. Survey on kocho fermentation was carried out at three localities in the vicinity of Hawassa city, Southern Ethiopia. Matured enset plants were purchased and processed and fermented following the traditional methods practiced by the Sidama (local people living in and around Hawasa City) women. Kocho samples were taken for microbiological and physicochemical analysis. The fermentation process was conducted in two Phases: Phase I (surface fermentation or without burring) and Phase II (pit fermentation or buried in pit) under five treatment conditions (kocho dough with traditional starter culture in bucket at surface or not buried in the pit, Kocho dough without traditional starter in bucket at surface or not buried, kocho dough with traditional starter culture in bucket buried in the pit, kocho dough without traditional starter culture in bucket buried in the pit and traditional kocho fermentation in pit). At Phase I, Aerobic mesophilic counts (AMC) were varied between 3.8 and 7.8 log CFU/g in all treatments. Correspondingly lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts were varied between 2.3 to 9.5 and 2.1 to 8.3 log CFU/g respectively. The pH value ranged from 6.12 to 4.50. At Phase II, AMC showed decreasing trend and enterobacteriaceae were totally inhibited towards the end as pH value lowered. Inconsistent variation was observed on LAB and yeast counts. Results suggested that LAB and yeasts were identified as the major microorganisms responsible for the fermentation of kocho. The isolates need further investigation to identify to species and/or strain level and use in starter culture development. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v8i1.8716