gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Communication by chaotic signals: the inverse system approach (1996)

The inverse of a non-linear dynamical system is introduced and its synchronization with the original system is discussed. If the original system is chaotic and if despite this the inverse system synchronizes, the two systems can be used respectively as a modulator and a demodulator for a chaotic carrier signal. The transmitted signal is then hidden in chaos. We show that the inverse system can have a different order from the original system. The difference corresponds to the relative degree of the original system. In an inverse system with reduced order it is easier to achieve synchronization; on the other hand, such a system may distort a noisy input signal considerably. Examples from the literature are discussed from the point of view of order reduction. New circuit examples are given where the input and the output are not variables at the same port, as is the case for all published examples in the context of communication with chaotic signals. Finally, a quite general system structure together with its inverse that can be designed for synchronization is given.
Interlayer Interaction and Electronic Screening in Multilayer Graphene Investigated with Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (2007)

The unusual transport properties of graphene are the direct consequence of a peculiar band structure near the Dirac point. We determine the shape of the pi bands and their characteristic splitting, and find the transition from two-dimensional to bulk character for 1 to 4 layers of graphene by angle-resolved photoemission. By detailed measurements of the pi bands we derive the stacking order, layer-dependent electron potential, screening length, and strength of interlayer interaction by comparison with tight binding calculations, yielding a comprehensive description of multilayer graphene's electronic structure.
Comparison of immunocytochemistry, real-time quantitative RT-PCR and flow cytometry for detection of minimal residual disease in neuroblastoma (2005)

A quantitative and precise measure of treatment response is warranted in neuroblastoma patients. We compared three quantitative methods often used for detection of minimal residual disease in such patients. Specificity, sensitivity and concordance of immunocytochemistry, real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry were compared using experimental cell suspensions (n = 8) and clinical samples (n = 126). Neuroblastoma cells were identified by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry using anti-GD2 (14.G2a) and anti-NCAM (5.1H11) antibodies, whereas tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA was the molecular target for quantitative RT-PCR. The sensitivity using flow cytometry was 1-2 logs less than using immunocytochemistry or quantitative RT-PCR. All control samples (n = 35) tested negative by immunocytochemistry, whereas 2/34 (6%) and 1/14 (7%) were false positive by quantitative RT-PCR and flow cytometry respectively. Concordant results were obtained in 85% of patient samples (n = 116) analyzed in parallel by quantitative RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry, whereas 71% of samples analyzed by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry were concordant (n = 35). The correlation between tumor cell levels analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry was high (r = 0.78, p < 0.001). Quantitative RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry both reliably detected very low levels of neuroblastoma cells in clinical samples. The agreement and correlation between these methods were high. In comparison, flow cytometry was less sensitive.
The security policy of the secure distributed operating system prototype (2003)

The experimental secure distributed operating system (SDOS) is described. It uses a composable property as its mandatory security policy. The security policy includes a fine granularity of discretionary access control immune to Trojan horse attacks. The high degree of assurance that composability makes practical and the richness of the discretionary controls lead SDOS to use balanced assurance. In balance assurance, the assurance measures are fitted to the portion of the security policy whose enforcement is being assured. Like the Cronus distributed computing environment from which it is derived, SDOS uses an object model with abstract operations on various types of system objects and permits an application to extend the paradigm to new types of application objects with new operations. The SDOS security policy and enforcement can likewise be extended for an application's security policy and enforcement.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Isolation and characterization of single chain bovine factor V. (1979)

A procedure for the isolation of bovine Factor V has been developed. The Factor V is isolated from bovine plasma by a series of steps including barium citrate adsorption, polyethylene glycol precipitation, QAE-cellulose adsorption, hydrophobic chromatography on octyl Sepharose, ammonium sulfate fractionation, preparative electrophoresis on acrylamide gels, and finally, phenyl Sepharose chromatography. During isolation, judicious use of inhibitors including benzamidine hydrochloride, soybean trypsin inhibitor, and diisopropylphosphorofluoridate has been applied to prevent activation of the Factor V TO Factor Va. The activity of the isolated protein increases by a factor of 80 when stimulated by catalytic amounts of thrombin. The specific activity of the material after thrombin activation is 1250 units/mg of protein when evaluated versus a bovine Factor V standard in human factor V-deficient plasma. The isolated protein is a single component when analyzed by a variety of electrophoretic techniques and has been characterized in terms of its gross physical and chemical properties. Bovine Factor V is a single chain glycoprotein which has a molecular weight of 330,000. The single chain nature of the molecule has been established by sedimentation equilibrium studies of the native molecule and on the molecule in 6 M guanidinium chloride with and without disulfide bond reduction. In addition to these mass measurements, the single chain nature of the molecule has been established by hydrodynamic estimation of the random coil volume by sedimentation velocity studies of the reduced carboxyamidomethylated protein in 6 M guanidinium chloride. Native Factor V has a sedimentation coefficient so20,w of 9.19 S, which indicates the molecule is highly asymmetric. The frictional ratio f/fmin for the molecule is estimated to be 2.01, and the axial ratio of the equivalent prolate ellipsoid is 25:1. Thus, present data suggest that Factor V is a rod-like molecule composed of a single chain.
Synthesis and effects of two peptide fragments of thymopoietin II on E-rosette forming cells in the uremic state. (1979)

Two peptides, H-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr-Val-Gln-Leu-Tyr-Leu-OH and H-Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr-Val-Gln-Leu-Tyr-Leu-OH (fragment of thymopoietin II), were synthesized in a conventional manner utilizing the hydrogen flluoride procedure, and were tested to determine their effects on E-rosette forming cells in the uremic state. The synthetic decapeptide increased E-rosette forming capacity in the presence of uremic serum. The synthetic nonapeptide had no effect on the E-rosette formation inhibiting activity of uremic serum.
Human IgG1 Hinge Fragmentation as the Result of H2O2-mediated Radical Cleavage (2009)

Hinge cleavage of a recombinant human IgG1 antibody, generated during production in a Chinese hamster ovary cell culture, was observed in the purified material. The cleavage products could be reproduced by incubation of the antibody with H(2)O(2) and featured complementary ladders of the C- and N-terminal residues (Asp(226)-Lys(227)-Thr(228)-His(229)-Thr(230)) in the heavy chain of the Fab domain and the upper hinge of one of the Fc domains, respectively. Two adducts of +45 and +71 Da were also observed at the N-terminal residues of some Fc fragments and were identified as isocyanate and alpha-ketoacyl derivatives generated by radical cleavage at the alpha-carbon position through the diamide and alpha-amidation pathways. We determined that the hinge cleavage was initiated by radical-induced breakage of the disulfide bond between the two hinge cysteines at position 231 (Cys(231)-Pro-Pro-Cys-Pro), followed by the formation of a thiyl radical (Cys(231)-S(*)) on one cysteine and sulfenic acid (Cys(231)-SOH) on the other. The location of the initial radical attack and the critical role of Cys(231) were demonstrated by the observation that 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide only reacted with the Cys(231) radical and completely blocked hinge cleavage, suggesting the necessity of an electron/radical transfer from the Cys(231) radical to the hinge residues where cleavage was observed. As a precursor of hydroxyl radicals, H(2)O(2) is widely produced in healthy cells and tissues and therefore could be the source for the radical-induced fragmentation of human IgG1 antibodies in vivo.
Double-Blind Randomized Phase II Study of the Combination of Sorafenib and Dacarbazine in Patients With Advanced Melanoma: A Report From the 11715 Study Group (2008)

Sorafenib plus dacarbazine was well tolerated in patients with advanced melanoma and yielded an encouraging improvement in PFS. Based on these findings, additional studies with the combination are warranted in this patient population.
Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, NADPH, and cell survival (2012)

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway. Many scientists think that the roles and regulation of G6PD in physiology and pathophysiology have been well established as the enzyme was first identified 80 years ago. And that G6PD has been extensively studied especially with respect to G6PD deficiency and its association with hemolysis, and with respect to the role G6PD plays in lipid metabolism. But there has been a growing understanding of the central importance of G6PD to cellular physiology as it is a major source of NADPH that is required by many essential cellular systems including the antioxidant pathways, nitric oxide synthase, NADPH oxidase, cytochrome p450 system, and others. Indeed G6PD is essential for cell survival. It has also become evident that G6PD is highly regulated by many signals that affect transcription, post-translation, intracellular location, and interactions with other protein. Pathophysiologic roles for G6PD have also been identified in such disease processes as diabetes, aldosterone-induced endothelial dysfunction, cancer, and others. It is now clear that G6PD is under complex regulatory control and of central importance to many cellular processes. In this review the biochemistry, regulatory signals, physiologic roles, and pathophysiologic roles for G6PD that have been elucidated over the past 20 years are discussed.
Thermodynamic limitation for Ca<sup>2+</sup>handling contributes to decreased contractile reserve in rat hearts (1998)

The free energy release from ATP hydrolysis (‖ΔG ∼p ‖) is decreased by inhibiting the creatine kinase (CK) reaction, which may limit the thermodynamic driving force for the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca 2+ pumps and thereby cause a decrease in contractile reserve. To determine whether a decrease in ‖ΔG ∼p ‖ results in decreased contractile reserve by impairing Ca 2+ handling, we measured left ventricular pressure and cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] c ; by indo 1 fluorescence) in isolated perfused rat hearts, with >95% inhibition of CK with 90 μmol iodoacetamide. Iodoacetamide did not directly alter SR Ca 2+ -ATPase activity, baseline left ventricular developed pressure, or baseline [Ca 2+ ] c . When perfusate Ca 2+ concentration was increased from 1.2 to 3.3 mM, LV developed pressure increased from 67 ± 6 to 119 ± 8 mmHg in control hearts ( P < 0.05) but did not significantly increase in CK-inhibited hearts. Similarly, the amplitude of the [Ca 2+ ] c transient increased from 548 ± 54 to 852 ± 140 nM in control hearts ( P < 0.05) but did not significantly increase in CK-inhibited hearts. We conclude that decreased ‖ΔG ∼p ‖ limits intracellular Ca 2+ handling and thereby limits contractile reserve.
Vehicle Routing and Scheduling with Full Truckloads (2003)

Truckload carriers are constantly faced with the problem of shipping full truckloads of goods at minimum cost between pairs of cities or customers, using a fleet of trucks located at one or more depots. In this paper, a new branch-and-bound algorithm for solving an integer-programming formulation of this vehicle-routing problem (VRP) with full truckloads is developed. The algorithm also takes into consideration the time-window constraints and waiting costs. The resulting efficiency, validated by computational tests on random problems, is due to a column-generation scheme that exploits the special structure of the problem to solve the linear-programming relaxation problems that arise at the nodes.
Fractionation of social brain circuits in autism spectrum disorders (2012)

Autism spectrum disorders are developmental disorders characterized by impairments in social and communication abilities and repetitive behaviours. Converging neuroscientific evidence has suggested that the neuropathology of autism spectrum disorders is widely distributed, involving impaired connectivity throughout the brain. Here, we evaluate the hypothesis that decreased connectivity in high-functioning adolescents with an autism spectrum disorder relative to typically developing adolescents is concentrated within domain-specific circuits that are specialized for social processing. Using a novel whole-brain connectivity approach in functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found that not only are decreases in connectivity most pronounced between regions of the social brain but also they are selective to connections between limbic-related brain regions involved in affective aspects of social processing from other parts of the social brain that support language and sensorimotor processes. This selective pattern was independently obtained for correlations with measures of social symptom severity, implying a fractionation of the social brain in autism spectrum disorders at the level of whole circuits.
The Arabidopsis <i>immutans</i> Mutation Affects Plastid Differentiation and the Morphogenesis of White and Green Sectors in Variegated Plants (2001)

The immutans (im) variegation mutant of Arabidopsis has green and white leaf sectors due to the action of a nuclear recessive gene, IMMUTANS (IM). This gene encodes the IM protein, which is a chloroplast homolog of the mitochondrial alternative oxidase. Because the white sectors of im accumulate the noncolored carotenoid, phytoene, IM likely serves as a redox component in phytoene desaturation. In this paper, we show that IM has a global impact on plant growth and development and is required for the differentiation of multiple plastid types, including chloroplasts, amyloplasts, and etioplasts. IM promoter activity and IM mRNAs are also expressed ubiquitously in Arabidopsis. IM transcript levels correlate with carotenoid accumulation in some, but not all, tissues. This suggests that IM function is not limited to carotenogenesis. Leaf anatomy is radically altered in the green and white sectors of im: Mesophyll cell sizes are dramatically enlarged in the green sectors and palisade cells fail to expand in the white sectors. The green im sectors also have significantly higher than normal rates of O(2) evolution and elevated chlorophyll a/b ratios, typical of those found in "sun" leaves. We conclude that the changes in structure and photosynthetic function of the green leaf sectors are part of an adaptive mechanism that attempts to compensate for a lack of photosynthesis in the white leaf sectors, while maximizing the ability of the plant to avoid photodamage.
An evaluation of depth perception on volumetric displays (2006)

We present an experiment that compares volumetric displays to existing 3D display techniques in three tasks that require users to perceive depth in 3D scenes. Because they generate imagery in true 3D space, volumetric displays allow viewers to use their natural physiological mechanisms for depth perception, without requiring special hardware such as head trackers or shutter glasses. However, it is unclear from the literature as to whether these displays are actually better than the status-quo for enabling the perception of 3D scenes, thus motivating the present study. Our results show that volumetric displays enable significantly better user performance in a simple depth judgment task, and better performance in a collision judgment task, but in its current form does not enhance user comprehension of more complex 3D scenes.
Highly ordered anodic porous alumina membrane and its surface modification approaches for biomedical application (2014)

During recent years, the anodization of aluminum, due to its great commercial significance, represents one of the most important and widespread method used for the synthesis of ordered nanostructures. Whose geometry is controlled by diverse synthesis factors which include the voltage applied, the temperature of the electrochemical environment in which the synthesis is carried out, the reagent used to etch the aluminum metal and the time period of anodization. As anodic porous alumina (APA) has high porosity, pores with high aspect ratio with highly ordered pores. The matrix is well-suited for biomedical applications such as protein separation, purification, biomolecule detection, drug delivery protein crystallography and cell cultures because the biological macromolecules can easily fit into the pores of the matrix without the loss of primary biological action. In combination with surface engineering and nanobiotechnology diverse surface modifications are now being realized with nanoscale pore structures of APA that can provide high selectivity to archive a variety of applications based on specific molecular characteristics. This review observes how the structure and properties of APA related to their present and prospective uses for research in biotechnology. In addition, the role of APA are also covered in areas including, sensitive detection methods, microarrays and other molecular assays, and in creating new nanostructures for further uses within biology.
Polybenzimidazole nanofiltration hollow fiber for cephalexin separation (2005)

Abstract Most conventional nanofiltration (NF) hollow‐fiber membranes are fabricated by means of multiple steps of posttreatments. Because of the unique amphoteric characteristics of the imidazole group in polybenzimidazole (PBI), a novel PBI NF hollow‐fiber membrane with appropriate charge characteristics has been fabricated by a one‐step phase‐inversion process without posttreatment. The resultant mechanically stable PBI membranes can withstand pressures up to 30 bars. It is found that the mean effective pore size decreases, whereas the pure water permeability increases with an increase in elongational draw ratio. The novel PBI NF hollow‐fiber membrane exhibits higher rejection to divalent cations, lower rejection to divalent anions, and the lowest rejection to monovalent ions at pH 7.0. Thus the divalent and monovalent ions of both NaCl/MgCl 2 and NaCl/Na 2 SO 4 binary salt solutions can be effectively fractionated by the PBI NF membrane arising from ion competition. The surface charge characteristics of the PBI NF membrane are strongly dependent on pH. Therefore, by adjusting the pH of cephalexin aqueous solution to modify the ionization states of these dipolar cephalexin molecules, PBI NF membranes show high separation effectiveness for the recovery of this antibiotic from solution over a wide range of pH values. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Novel Complex Stacking of Fully-Ordered Transition Metal Layers in Li<sub>4</sub>FeSbO<sub>6</sub> Materials (2015)

As part of a broad project to explore Li4MM′O6 materials (with M and M′ being selected from a wide variety of metals) as positive electrode materials for Li-ion batteries, the structures of Li4FeSbO6 materials with both stoichiometric and slightly deficient lithium contents are studied here. For lithium content varying from 3.8 to 4.0, the color changes from yellow to black and extra superstructure peaks are seen in the XRD patterns. These extra peaks appear as satellites around the four superstructure peaks affected by the stacking of the transition metal atoms. Refinements of both XRD and neutron scattering patterns show a nearly perfect ordering of Li, Fe, and Sb in the transition metal layers of all samples, although these refinements must take the stacking faults into account in order to extract information about the structure of the TM layers. The structure of the most lithium rich sample, where the satellite superstructure peaks are seen, was determined with the help of HRTEM, XRD, and neutron scattering. The satellites arise due to a new stacking sequence where not all transition metal layers are identical but instead two slightly different compositions stack in an AABB sequence giving a unit cell that is four times larger than normal for such monoclinic layered materials. The more lithium deficient samples are found to contain metal site vacancies based on elemental analysis and Mössbauer spectroscopy results. The significant changes in physical properties are attributed to the presence of these vacancies. This study illustrates the great importance of carefully determining the final compositions in these materials, as very small differences in compositions may have large impacts on structures and properties.
Sidewall Covalent Functionalization of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes Through Reactions of Fluoronanotubes with Urea, Guanidine, and Thiourea (2008)

Sidewall covalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes is necessary to achieve smaller bundles and individuals, link to other functional moieties, and aid in better dispersion in composites. In the present study, we developed a one-step functionalization method which uses fluorinated single wall carbon nanotubes (F-SWNTs) as starting materials in the reactions with urea, thiourea, or guanidine. Through these reactions, the derivatives with terminal amide and heteroamide groups on the nanotube sidewalls have been prepared. The nanotubes also contain some residual fluorine generating bifunctional derivatives. These derivatives were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Compared to fluorinated nanotubes, the urea-functionalized SWNTs (U-F-SWNTs) have shown among the three derivatives the highest stability of their dispersions in DMF, water, and aqueous urea solutions, thereby creating new opportunities for biomedical applications with nanotubes. These bifunctional derivatives show improved dispersion in the epoxy system that should aid in creating an interface between the SWNTs and the polymers and result in much stronger composites. The three derivatives are efficiently synthesized, and the method can be easily scaled up for applications such as creating an integrated polymer network for stronger composites, coatings, and for use in biomedical applications and nanoelectronic devices.