gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Organic–inorganic hybrid tinphosphonate material with mesoscopic void spaces: an excellent catalyst for the radical polymerization of styrene (2012)

A new porous tinphosphonate HSnP-1 has been synthesized through the reaction of butylene-1,4-diphosphonic acid and SnCl4·5H2O under hydrothermal conditions at 453 K for 3 days in the absence of any structure directing agent. Powder X-ray diffraction, transmission and scanning electron microscopies (TEM and SEM), N2 sorption, solid state 13C CP MAS and 31P MAS NMR, UV-vis and FT IR spectroscopic tools are used to characterize the material. The crystallinity of HSnP-1 is sufficiently high under mildly acidic pH conditions and the crystal structure of the material has been indexed to the tetragonal phase with unit cell parameters a = b = 11.52 Å, c = 15.84 Å, α = β = γ = 90°. The surface area and the pore volume of the material were 338 m2 g−1 and 0.54 cc g−1, respectively. HSnP-1 showed outstanding catalytic activity in the radical polymerization of styrene at room temperature in the presence of aqueous H2O2 as an initiator under solvent-free conditions, whereas in the presence of aprotic solvent it facilitates partial oxidation of styrene to phenylacetaldehyde and acetophenone.
Biomechanical evaluation of human and porcine Auricular cartilage (2015)

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Condition Monitoring of Wind Turbines: A Review (2013)

ABSTRACT- This paper presents condition monitoring in wind turbines, and related technologies currently applied in practice and under development for aerospace applications, are reviewed. Condition monitoring system estimate the current condition of a machine from sensor measurements, whereas prediction systems give a probabilistic forecast of the future condition of the machine under the projected usage conditions. Current condition monitoring practice in wind turbine rotors involves tracking rotor imbalance, aerodynamic, surface roughness and overall performance and offline and online measurements of stress and strain. Key words- Wind energy, Condition monitoring 1.
Parental smoking and risk of otitis media in pre-school children. (1996)

This study was designed to estimate the role of passive smoking in the occurrence of repeated acute otitis media among pre-school children. The parents of 918 children, who were part of a birth cohort, were interviewed when the children were four years old. The frequency of episodes of otitis media was determined, as well as the age at which the first such episode occurred. Information about smoking in the home had been obtained when the child was two weeks old and again at 6, 12, 18 and 40 months of age. In all, 119 mothers (13%) smoked at least 20 cigarettes a day on average, 205 (22%) smoked less than 20, and 593 (65%) stated that they did not smoke at all. Children of mothers who smoked 20 or more cigarettes per day were at significantly increased risk of having four or more episodes of acute otitis media: relative risk (RR) = 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1-3.0 and of having their first episode earlier in life RR = 1.3 (CI = 1.0-1.8), after adjustment. Moreover, the risk of recurrent (> or = four episodes) otitis media increases with the amount of cigarettes smoked. These findings clearly strengthen the case for persuading parents not to smoke in the presence of young children.
Influence of pH, particle size and crystal form on dissolution behaviour of engineered nanomaterials (2016)

Solubility is a critical component of physicochemical characterisation of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) and an important parameter in their risk assessments. Standard testing methodologies are needed to estimate the dissolution behaviour and biodurability (half-life) of ENMs in biological fluids. The effect of pH, particle size and crystal form on dissolution behaviour of zinc metal, ZnO and TiO<sub>2</sub> was investigated using a simple 2 h solubility assay at body temperature (37 °C) and two pH conditions (1.5 and 7) to approximately frame the pH range found in human body fluids. Time series dissolution experiments were then conducted to determine rate constants and half-lives. Dissolution characteristics of investigated ENMs were compared with those of their bulk analogues for both pH conditions. Two crystal forms of TiO<sub>2</sub> were considered: anatase and rutile. For all compounds studied, and at both pH conditions, the short solubility assays and the time series experiments consistently showed that biodurability of the bulk analogues was equal to or greater than biodurability of the corresponding nanomaterials. The results showed that particle size and crystal form of inorganic ENMs were important properties that influenced dissolution behaviour and biodurability. All ENMs and bulk analogues displayed significantly higher solubility at low pH than at neutral pH. In the context of classification and read-across approaches, the pH of the dissolution medium was the key parameter. The main implication is that pH and temperature should be specified in solubility testing when evaluating ENM dissolution in human body fluids, even for preliminary (tier 1) screening.
Exploration, Innovation, Participation, and Practice : A Preliminary Probe of High School Environmental Education (2004)

L'auteur explore les raisons du relatif echec de l'implementation de l'education a l'environnement dans le secondaire compare aux reussites constatees a d'autres etapes de la vie scolaire...
Turbulent Character of Wind Energy (2013)

Wind turbines generate electricity from turbulent wind. Large fluctuations, and, more importantly, frequent wind gusts cause a highly fluctuating electrical power feed into the grid. Such effects are the hallmark of high-frequency turbulence. Here we show evidence that it is the complex structure of turbulence that dominates the power output for one single wind turbine as well as for an entire wind farm. We illustrate the highly intermittent, peaked nature of wind power fed into the grid. Multifractal scaling is observed, as described initially by Kolmogorov's 1962 theory of turbulence. In parallel, we propose a stochastic model that converts wind speed signals into power output signals with appropriate multifractal statistics. As more and more wind turbines become integrated into our electric grids, a proper understanding of this intermittent power source must be worked out to ensure grid stability in future networks. Thus, our results stress the need for a profound understanding of the physics of turbulence and its impact on wind energy.
Improved Rear Surface Passivation of Cu(In,Ga)Se$_{\bf 2}$ Solar Cells: A Combination of an Al$_{\bf 2}$O $_{\bf 3}$ Rear Surface Passivation Layer and Nanosized Local Rear Point Contacts (2014)

An innovative rear contacting structure for copper indium gallium (di) selenide (CIGS) thin-film solar cells is developed in an industrially viable way and demonstrated in tangible devices. The idea stems from the silicon (Si) industry, where rear surface passivation layers are combined with micron-sized local point contacts to boost the open-circuit voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OC</sub> ) and, hence, cell efficiency. However, compared with Si solar cells, CIGS solar cell minority carrier diffusion lengths are several orders lower in magnitude. Therefore, the proposed CIGS cell design reduces rear surface recombination by combining a rear surface passivation layer and nanosized local point contacts. Atomic layer deposition of Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> is used to passivate the CIGS surface and the formation of nanosphere-shaped precipitates in chemical bath deposition of CdS to generate nanosized point contact openings. The manufactured Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> rear surface passivated CIGS solar cells with nanosized local rear point contacts show a significant improvement in V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OC</sub> compared with unpassivated reference cells.
Value of peak exercise oxygen consumption for optimal timing of cardiac transplantation in ambulatory patients with heart failure. (1991)

These data suggest that cardiac transplantation can be safely deferred in ambulatory patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction and peak exercise VO2 of more than 14 ml/min/kg.
Modular soft‐switching converter in DC micro‐grid system applications (2018)

Owing to environmental issue and global temperature rise, the growth of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic arrays, fuel cells and wind turbine power has been developed. Therefore, the direct current (DC) micro‐grid distributed systems are more and more important to integrate renewable energy sources, energy storage devices, local DC loads or alternative current (AC) loads and AC micro‐grid through AC–DC converters to achieve high reliability and efficiency in power systems. For industry and transportation applications such as metro and light transit, the preferred voltage level on DC micro‐grid system is recommended as 600–900 V. The proposed DC–DC converter contains three half‐bridge circuits with a series–parallel connection at primary–secondary sides so as to decrease voltage rating of active devices and current rating of rectifier diodes. Asymmetric pulse‐width modulation scheme is used to realise the soft‐switching turn‐on for active devices and the switching losses of power devices can be further reduced. To overcome input split voltage balance issue, flying capacitors are employed between two cascaded half‐bridge circuits and the voltage rating of each active device is limited at V in /3. Finally, experiments with a laboratory prototype are provided to verify the theoretical analysis and circuit performance.
Optical Wireless OFDM System on FPGA: Study of LED Nonlinearity Effects (2011)

Nonlinearities can drastically degrade the performance of OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) based optical wireless (OW) communication systems using intensity modulation (IM) of the optical carrier. The light emitting diode (LED) transfer function distorts the signal amplitude and forces the lower signal peaks to be clipped at the LED turn-on voltage (TOV). Additionally, the upper signal peaks can result in optical output degradation. The induced distortion can be controlled by optimizing the bias point (BP) of the LED and/or backing-off the signal power modulating the LED. In this paper, the obtained experimental results using a hardware demonstrator for OW OFDM transmission based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) and off-the-shelf analog components are presented. The conducted measurements for the bit-error performance focus on determining the optimum BP and optimizing the OFDM signal amplitude to obtain best performance. In this context, the experimental bit-error ratio (BER) is obtained as a function of the LED BP and the RMS (root mean square) OFDM signal across the LED.
The symbol grounding problem has been solved, so what's next? (2008)

This chapter briefly discusses the issues of symbols, meanings, and embodiment. It explains the solution to the symbol grounding problem. It illustrates the ingredients that are employed in the experiments about language emergence using a specific example of a color guessing game. It argues that these experiments show that there is an effective solution to the symbol grounding problem. The objective test for this claim is in the increased success of agents in the language games.
Construction of an eGFP Expression Plasmid under Control of T7 Promoter and IRES Sequence for Assay of T7 RNA Polymerase Activity in Mammalian Cell Lines. (2014)

Highly efficient eGFP expression in HEK-293 cells showed that T7 RNA polymerase could be used for cytoplasmic RNA transcription such as production of anti-cancer proteins and oncolytic viral genomic RNA by reverse genetics.
Ultimate solution to authentication via memorable password (2000)

A new password authentication and key agreement protocol called AMP is proposed in a provable manner. Human-memorable password authentication is not easy to provide over insecure networks due to the low entropy of the password. A cryptographic protocol, based on the public-key cryptography, is the most promising solution to this problem. AMP provides the password-verifier based authentication and the Diffie-Hellman key agreement, securely and efficiently. AMP is easy to generalize in any other cyclic groups. Verifier-based protocols allow the asymmetric model in which a client possesses a password, while a server stores its verifier. AMP is actually the most efficient protocol among those protocols. Several variants of AMP are also proposed. They are called AMP i , AMP n , AMP + , AMP ++ . Among them, AMP n is a pure password-based protocol rather than a verifier-based protocol. In the end, we give a rigorous comparison to the related protocols.
Mitochondria (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Structure Energy Production: ROS Uncoupling Origin and Inheritance of Mitochondria Apoptosis Crosstalk with Other Organelles Distribution Cancer and Aging References
Nonlinear Residual Echo Suppression using a Power Filter Model of the Acoustic Echo Path (2007)

Loudspeakers and amplifiers of mobile communication receivers may cause significant nonlinear distortion in the acoustic echo path, resulting in a limitation of the performance of linear echo cancelers. In this contribution, we present a nonlinear acoustic echo suppressor in order to increase the attenuation of the nonlinearly distorted residual echo. The proposed approach is based on a power filter model of the acoustic echo path which is applied to the estimation of the power spectral density of the nonlinear residual echo. These time-variant estimates are used to appropriately adjust the frequency-dependent gain values of the echo suppressor. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated in realistic experimental set-ups.
Porous Polysaccharide‐Based Scaffolds for Human Endothelial Progenitor Cells (2012)

Human ECFCs contribute to vascular repair. For this reason, they are considered as valuable cell therapy products in ischemic diseases. Porous scaffolds are prepared that are composed of natural polysaccharides, pullulan and dextran, by chemical crosslinking without use of organic solvents. These porous scaffolds, which have pores with an average size of 42 µm and a porosity of 21%, preserve the viability and the proliferation of cord-blood ECFCs. After 7 d of culture in porous scaffolds, ECFCs express endothelial markers (CD31 and vWf) and maintain endothelial functions. The cultured cells can be easily retrieved by enzymatic degradation of the porous scaffolds. In vitro results suggest that the porous scaffold could allow cell delivery of ECFCs for treatment of vascular diseases.
Nucleotide sequence of the uhp region of Escherichia coli (1987)

The Escherichia coli uhp region encodes the transport system that mediates the uptake of a number of sugar phosphates as well as the regulatory components that are responsible for induction of this transport system by external glucose 6-phosphate. Four uhp genes have been identified by analysis of the complementation behavior and polypeptide coding capacity of plasmids carrying subcloned regions or transposon insertions. The nucleotide sequence of a 6.5-kilobase segment that contains the 3' end of the ilvBN operon and the entire uhp region was determined. Four open reading frames were identified in the locations expected for the various uhp genes; all were oriented in the same direction, counterclockwise relative to the genetic map. The properties of the polypeptides predicted from the nucleotide sequence were consistent with their observed features. The 196-amino-acid UhpA polypeptide has the composition characteristic of a soluble protein and bears homology to the DNA-binding regions of many regulatory activators and repressors. The 518-amino-acid UhpB and the 199-amino-acid UhpC regulatory proteins contain substantial segments of hydrophobic character. Similarly, the 463-amino-acid UhpT transporter is a hydrophobic protein with numerous potential transmembrane segments. The UhpC regulatory protein has substantial sequence homology to part of UhpT, suggesting that this regulatory protein might have evolved by duplication of the gene for the transporter and that its role in transmembrane signaling may involve sugar-phosphate-binding sites and transmembrane orientations similar to those of the transport protein.
Correlation of tumor O6 methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase levels with survival of malignant astrocytoma patients treated with bis-chloroethylnitrosourea: a Southwest Oncology Group study. (1998)

The MGMT level in tumor tissue specimens may be a predictive marker of survival in patients with malignant astrocytoma that is independent of other previously described prognostic variables.
Chiroptical, linear, and second-order nonlinear optical properties of binaphthol derivatives (2012)

We have investigated the chiroptical, linear, and second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of seven binaphthol derivatives and elucidated structure-property relationships from the micromechanism for the first time. The excitation energies, oscillator strengths, and rotational strengths of the 150 lowest energy electron excitations for the most stable conformers have been calculated at TDB3LYP/cc-pVDZ level of theory. The experimental UV-vis absorption energies were reproduced well by our calculations. The simulated circular dichroism (CD) spectra and calculated optical rotation (OR) values are in reasonable agreement with experimental ones. These results demonstrate that TDDFT calculations can not only describe the electron transition property but also can be used to assign the absolute configurations (ACs) of binaphthol derivatives with high confidence. Whereas OR values are more sensitive to the molecular structures than CD spectra. The electron transition property and chiroptical origin have been assigned and analyzed. These derivatives possess remarkably large molecular first hyperpolarizabilities, especially compound 7 which has a value of 241.65 × 10(-30) esu. This value is about 60 times as large as that of highly π-delocalized phenyliminomethyl ferrocene complex. Moreover, compound 6 exhibits pronounced different second-order NLO response values from neutral state to the two cationic states (6(2+) and 6(4+)), which indicates that this compound could act as a potential NLO switch material. The cooperativity of intramolecular charge transfer of the studied compounds was also discussed.
Optimization of Two-Dimensional Off-Line LC/MS Separations To Improve Resolution of Complex Proteomic Samples (2004)

In off-line 2D-HPLC a continuous salt gradient is applied in the first separation dimension. This increases the number of identified proteins from complex samples significantly due to higher chromatographic resolution compared to stepwise elution. Achievement of optimal resolution requires the optimization of the two separation dimensions. The influence of LC elution gradients in the first and second dimensions, of analysis time, of stationary-phase material, and of column dimensions was systematically investigated in order to obtain information on the overall peak capacity of the separation system. Provided data indicate that for complex samples such as an E. coli cell extract, a shallow LC SCX gradient with a high number of collected fractions significantly increases the overall peak capacity while for lower complexity samples short gradients with few fractions were sufficient to obtain a maximum of identified peptides. In addition, column dimensions and materials exhibited a strong effect on the overall efficiency of the 2D HPLC separation. The outcome of these experiments could hence serve as a guideline for investigators to adapt their method for the separation of their specific proteome sample to achieve a maximum of peptide sequence information by 2D LC MS/MS analysis.
XLink-DB: Database and Software Tools for Storing and Visualizing Protein Interaction Topology Data (2013)

As large-scale cross-linking data becomes available, new software tools for data processing and visualization are required to replace manual data analysis. XLink-DB serves as a data storage site and visualization tool for cross-linking results. XLink-DB accepts data generated with any cross-linker and stores them in a relational database. Cross-linked sites are automatically mapped onto PDB structures if available, and results are compared to existing protein interaction databases. A protein interaction network is also automatically generated for the entire data set. The XLink-DB server, including examples, and a help page are available for noncommercial use at http://brucelab.gs.washington.edu/crosslinkdbv1/ . The source code can be viewed and downloaded at https://sourceforge.net/projects/crosslinkdb/?source=directory .
Electronic Commerce: Definition, Theory, and Context (1997)

Electronic commerce is a relatively new concept that crept into the business vocabulary during the 1970s. A picture of electronic commerce is emerging in which the Internet will become the essential dial-tone for conducting business by the year 2000. This contribution addresses definitional, theoretical and contextual issues including the nature, drivers, enablers, and the magnitude of electronic commerce. The author discusses the role of electronic markets, the effects of information technology on electronic commerce, interactivity, and the evolution of disintermediation to reintermediation. A definition and typology of electronic commerce are offered. Theoretical and conceptual approaches to electronic commerce are advanced in terms of (1) transaction cost theory, (2) marketing, (3) diffusion, (4) information retrieval, and (5) strategic networking. Lastly, the author poses the question of how electronic commerce adds value.
Astronomy Education in Developing Countries: the Role of Developed Countries (1999)

Here I present a personal view, focussing on the role of developed countries and the potential opportunities for enhancing astronomy education in developing countries. In particular, I emphasize the importance of using the web for astronomy and running an external visitor's program.
A Cascade Cyclization Approach to Schweinfurthin B (2002)

[reaction: see text] A strategy for synthesis of the hexahydroxanthene moiety of the natural products schweinfurthin A, B, and D is described. The relative stereochemistry in the key cationic cyclization step is established through the preference of the phenylselenide substituent for an equatorial orientation.
Efficient masking techniques for large-scale SIMD architectures (2002)

SIMD (single-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream) architectures require mechanisms that efficiently enable and disable mask processors to support flexible programming. Most current SIMD architectures use local masking. Global processor masks, specified by the control unit, are more efficient for tasks where the masking is data independent. An efficient hybrid masking technique that supports global masking, as well as local masking, for SIMD architectures constructed from standard microprocessors is proposed. A design for the hybrid mechanism is described, and its experimental performance using the existing PASM prototype is examined. It is shown that the hybrid masking technique can increase the utilization of PEs and thus increase performance, the degree of improvement being algorithm dependent.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>