gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study Of Artificial Intelligence Techniques As Applied To The Location Of Address Blocks On Mail Pieces (1989)

Rule-based reasoning when applied to locating destination addresses on mail pieces can enhance system performance and accuracy. One of the critical steps in the automatic reading and sorting of mail by machine is in locating the block of text that is the destination address on a mail piece. This is complicated by the variation of global structure on mail piece faces, e.g., return and destination addresses can be anywhere on the mail piece, in any orientation and of any size. Compounding the problem is the addition of extraneous text and graphics such as advertising.
A Seamless Whole Speed Range Control of Interior PM Synchronous Machine without Position Transducer (2006)

This paper presents a complex solution for whole speed range sensorless control of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives. To cover an entire speed range of IPMSM without position transducer, different sensorless techniques must be employed. Design and implementation of sensorless techniques for different operating speeds are described in this paper. Presented application has been implemented including the high frequency (hf) injection method and extended back EMF state observer on a single chip solution of DSC56F8300 series without any additional supportive circuitry
Density-functional thermochemistry. V. Systematic optimization of exchange-correlation functionals (1997)

A systematic procedure for refining gradient corrections in Kohn–Sham exchange-correlation functionals is presented. The procedure is based on least-squares fitting to accurate thermochemical data. In this first application of the method, we use the G2 test set of Pople and co-workers to generate what we believe to be an optimum GGA/exact-exchange density-functional theory (i.e., generalized gradient approximation with mixing of exactly computed exchange).
Selective antagonism of amino acid‐induced and synaptic excitation in the cat spinal cord. (1979)

1. The effects of D-alpha-aminoadipate (DalphaAA), D-alpha-aminosuberate (DalphaAS) and other excitatory amino acid antagonists have been compared on the excitatory responses of neurones of the cat spinal cord to acetylcholine, a range of glutamate-related amino acids and stimulation of appropriate excitatory synaptic pathways. The ionophoretic technique was used for administration of excitants and antagonists. 2. DalphaAA and DalphaAS had little or no effect on acetylcholine-induced excitation of Renshaw cells. Responses of either Renshaw cells or dorsal horn neurones in the spinal cord to excitatory amino acids were depressed in the order: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), L-homocysteate, D-glutamate, ibotenate greater than D-homocysteate, L-aspartate, D-aspartate greater than L-glutamate, kainate and quisqualate. 3. These effects are consistent with the existence of different excitatory amino acid receptors, one type being sensitive to the actions of the antagonists, and activated predominantly by the NMDA group of excitants, with other receptors being relatively insensitive to DalphaAA and DalphaAS and activated predominantly by quisqualate and kainate. On this hypothesis, many amino acids are assumed to have mixed actions on DalphaAA-sensitive and -insensitive receptors. 4. 2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (2APB) and L-glutamic acid diethyl ester (GDEE) produced different patterns of antagonism of excitatory amino acid-induced responses from those observed with DalphaAA and DalphaAS. Neither substance was as potent as DalphaAA or DalphaAS as an excitatory amino acid antagonist. 5. Both DalphaAA and DalphaAS selectively antagonized synaptic excitation of Renshaw cells evoked by dorsal root stimulation without affecting cholinergic excitation of these cells evoked by ventral root stimulation. These latter responses were selectively antagonized by dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DHbetaE). DalphaAA also antagonized synaptic excitation of unidentified dorsal horn neurones of the spinal cord evoked by dorsal root stimulation. Neither GDEE (particularly) nor 2APB were as effective as DalphaAA or DalphaAS as depressants of synaptic excitation. 6. Taken in conjunction with the results of in vitro studies on the specificity of action of Dalpha¿ and related substances, these observations suggest that certain synaptic excitations in the spinal cord are mediated by an excitatory amino acid transmitter, and that this transmitter interacts with receptors which are activated selectively by NMDA, less selectively by other amino acids, including L-aspartate, and probably only slightly by quisqualate, kainate and (exogenous) L-glutamate.
Effect of flexible spacers in liquid crystalline copolyesters containing a non‐linear biphenol moiety (1988)

Abstract A series of copolyesters 2 containing both linear mesogenic and non‐linear non‐mesogenic aromatic ester units was prepared and characterized for the ability of the latter to either modify or destabilize the liquid‐crystalline (LC) properties of the former. The mesogenic units were formed from the reaction of 1,4‐phenylene diacetate ( 3 ) with 4,4′‐decamethylenedioxydibenzoic acid ( 5 ), whereas the non‐mesogenic units were formed from reaction of the latter monomer with the diacetate of the non‐linear biphenol, sulfonylbis(1,4′‐phenylene) diacetate ( 4 ). The presence of the flexible spacer in each unit allows the copolyesters to form a nematic phase even at a content of non‐mesogenic units as high as approximately 80 mole‐%. Copolyester compositions with mesogenic unit contents approaching this limit for LC behavior appear to form melts which contain both nematic and isotropic phases below the isotropization transitions.
Members of the immunoglobulin superfamily in bacteria (1996)

We report a prediction that two prokaryotic proteins contain immunoglobulin superfamily domains. Immunoglobulin-like folds have been identified previously in prokaryotic proteins, but these share no recognizable sequence similarity with eukaryotic immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) folds, and may be the result of the physics and chemistry of proteins favoring certain common folds. In contrast, the prokaryotic proteins identified have sequences whose match to the immunoglobulin superfamily can be detected by hidden Markov modeling, BLASTP matches, key residue analysis, and secondary structure predictions. We propose that these prokaryotic immunoglobulin-like domains are almost certain to be related by divergence from a common ancestor to eukaryotic immunoglobulin superfamily domains.
SUB‐100‐Nanometer Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging Based on a Near‐Field Photothermal Technique (“PTIR”) (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction AFMIR: Photothermal-Induced Resonance Experiment Experimental Illustration of the Photothermal Technique Applications: Biological Studies Conclusion and Perspectives Acknowledgments References
Accurate DOA estimation using array antenna with arbitrary geometry (2005)

The so called universal steering vector (USV) whose locus is equivalent to the array element pattern is applied to the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation by multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm. It is shown that if the USV which includes the effect of the mutual coupling between the array elements is used, the compensation for the received voltage to remove the effect of the mutual coupling is not required any more. The USV for array antennas with arbitrary geometry is derived and evaluated efficiently by using the method of moments (MoM) so that the DOA estimation can be performed accurately by using the array antenna with arbitrary geometry. Numerical examples of the DOA estimation by a dipole array antenna, and an antenna array composed of a monopole antenna and a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) mounted on a mobile handset are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
"Circumferential profiles:" a new method for computer analysis of thallium-201 myocardial perfusion images. (1979)

A method for computer analysis of thallium-201 scintigrams is described, in which the left-ventricular activity is measured along radii constructed from the center of the left ventricle (LV) to each point on the LV circumference. Data are then displayed graphically as a "circumferential profile" of normalized activity against radial location. Thallium defects are identified and scored by comparison of the profile curve with empirically determined normal limits. In patients with coronary artery disease, defect scores were found to be quantitative and reproducible, and to agree generally with subjective visual analysis.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclic Amino Acid Derivatives via a [2,3]-Stevens Rearrangement and Ring-Closing Metathesis (2013)

Unnatural cyclic amino acids are valuable tools in biomedical research and drug discovery. A two-step stereoselective strategy for converting simple glycine-derived aminoesters into unnatural cyclic amino acid derivatives has been developed. The process includes a palladium-catalyzed tandem allylic amination/[2,3]-Stevens rearrangement followed by a ruthenium-catalyzed ring-closing metathesis. The [2,3]-rearrangement proceeds with high diastereoselectivity through an exo transition state. Oppolzer's chiral auxiliary was utilized to access an enantiopure cyclic amino acid by this approach, which will enable future biological applications.
Adaptive rate control scheme to improve QoS of multimedia streaming application (2012)

This paper presents an adaptive rate control scheme for streaming-based content sharing service which delivers multimedia contents from a user device to another device or seamlessly redirect streaming service across heterogeneous user devices. In proposed scheme, a streaming server adjusts video quality level according to the network and client status. Our scheme is different from other rate control schemes because the video quality at the server is decided not only based on the available bandwidth, but also on the device characteristics and bandwidth requirement at the access network. Through the simulation, we prove that our scheme improves the network stability and quality of streaming service by appropriately adjusting the quality of video stream.
Robust artificial neural networks and outlier detection. Technical report (2011)

Large outliers break down linear and nonlinear regression models. Robust regression methods allow one to filter out the outliers when building a model. By replacing the traditional least squares criterion with the least trimmed squares criterion, in which half of data is treated as potential outliers, one can fit accurate regression models to strongly contaminated data. High-breakdown methods have become very well established in linear regression, but have started being applied for non-linear regression only recently. In this work, we examine the problem of fitting artificial neural networks to contaminated data using least trimmed squares criterion. We introduce a penalized least trimmed squares criterion which prevents unnecessary removal of valid data. Training of ANNs leads to a challenging non-smooth global optimization problem. We compare the efficiency of several derivative-free optimization methods in solving it, and show that our approach identifies the outliers correctly when ANNs are used for nonlinear regression.
The Phonetic Difference Between the Korean Stop Series /p,t,k/ and the English /b,d,g/ Based on the VOT Value (2003)

Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics 3-3, 427-452. Korean is famous for having all voiceless stop sounds. Korean does have voiced stops but they are considered to exist only as the allophones of word initial /p,t,k/. My experiment shows the English word initial stop sounds [b, d, g] and the Korean lax stop series /p, t, k/ in word initial position are similar in the range of voice onset time. If English word initial [b, d, g] sounds are posited as voiced, then Korean word initial /p, t, k/ should be classified as voiced also. Phonetically English /b, d, g/ phonemes and Korean /p, t, k/ phonemes are very similar except the word initial [p, t, k] are devoiced slightly more, but not significant enough to be classified as voiceless than English word initial [b, d, g]. If we posit /b, d, g/ as Korean phonemes, it explains why Korean /p, t, k/ series has the allophones [b, d, g] instead of fortis stops /p', t', k' / in Korean even though /p', t', k'/ has less positive VOT value than /P. t, k/. If we posit /b, d, g/ as Korean phonemes, then it does not cause spelling or pronunciation confusion either when Koreans learn English or English speakers learn Korean.
Sorsby's fundus dystrophy mutations impair turnover of TIMP-3 by retinal pigment epithelial cells† (2005)

Sorsby's fundus dystrophy (SFD) is an autosomal dominant degenerative disease of the retina, caused by mutations in exon 5 of the gene for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3). The mechanism by which these mutations give rise to the disease phenotype is unknown. In an attempt to identify common properties of these molecules that might underlie the disease phenotype, a range of SFD mutants were expressed from human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. This showed that resistance to turnover, resulting from intermolecular disulfide bond formation, was a common property of all the SFD mutants examined, providing a possible explanation for the increased deposition of the protein observed in eyes from SFD patients. In contrast, SFD mutants varied in their ability to inhibit cell-surface activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), a potent mediator of angiogenesis, ranging from being fully active to totally inactive. These data show that increased deposition of active TIMP-3, rather than dysregulation of metalloproteinase inhibition, is likely to be the primary, initiating event in SFD.
Reinvestigation of the Biomimetic Cyclization of 3,5-Diketo Esters: Application to the Total Synthesis of Cyercene A, an α-Methoxy-γ-Pyrone-Containing Polypropionate (2017)

The biomimetic cyclization of 3,5-diketo esters was reinvestigated for the synthesis of α-methoxy-γ-pyrones. 3,5-Diketo esters were selectively synthesized via the aldol reaction of commercially available methyl 2-methyl-3-oxopentanoate with an aldehyde followed by the oxidation with AZADOL® and PhI(OAc)2. The DBU-promoted intramolecular transesterification of 3,5-diketo esters showed excellent reactivity in MeOH, to give the corresponding γ-hydroxy-α-pyrones in high yields under mild reaction conditions. Based on the present cyclization scheme, the total synthesis of cyercene A was achieved.
SC-FEGAN: Face Editing Generative Adversarial Network with User's Sketch and Color (2019)

We present a novel image editing system that generates images as the user provides free-form mask, sketch and color as an input. Our system consist of a end-to-end trainable convolutional network. Contrary to the existing methods, our system wholly utilizes free-form user input with color and shape. This allows the system to respond to the user's sketch and color input, using it as a guideline to generate an image. In our particular work, we trained network with additional style loss which made it possible to generate realistic results, despite large portions of the image being removed. Our proposed network architecture SC-FEGAN is well suited to generate high quality synthetic image using intuitive user inputs.
Bajo el volcán: el cinturón de fuego de Indonesia (2008)

En Indonesia, la vida transcurre a la sombra de cumbres ardientes. Asentado sobre una zona de extrema violencia geofisica, este archipielago esta unido fisica y culturalmente por los volcanes, 
cuyas cimas atraen a santones y peregrinos. En esta tierra de fuego, los volcanes constituyen el nucleo de un complejo entramado de creencias y mitos que atrapa a los indonesios e influye de multiples formas en los acontecimientos de su vida
Dependence of structural and magnetic properties on deposition angle in electron-beam evaporated Co/Pt multilayer thin films (1996)

The effects of deposition angle on the structural and magnetic properties of e-beam evaporated Co/Pt multilayer thin films prepared on tilted substrates were examined. It was found that the [111] crystallographic orientations of the multilayer thin films were not aligned with columnar growth orientations and that they remained normal to the substrate planes, irrespective of deposition angle, even though the deposition angle was severely oblique up to 60°. Interestingly enough, the magnetic easy axis orientation was nearly aligned with the substrate normal,J. Appl. Phys. irrespective of deposition angle, which suggested that surface anisotropy was a major reason for the perpendicular anisotropy in Co/Pt multilayer thin films.
DSP-based brushless DC motor sensorless drivers with sine PWM (2009)

This paper presents a brushless DC motor sensorless driver with sine pulse width modulation signal. For speed control, the current feedback is included to the closed loop control strategy to decrease the power consumption and increase the motor performance. In addition, the sine wave phase-changing signal is closed with a set of specific electrical angles in the zero crossing point to detect the back electromotive force and observe the output performance. A simple mathematical model of brushless DC motor is derived, and the control strategy is implemented by digital signal processing (DSP) platform. The validity of the method is verified by the experiments.
Empirical Correlations for Thermal Flowmeters Covering a Wide Range of Thermal-Physical Properties (1999)

Thermal flowmeters can provide direct mass flow measurement of gases and vapors over a wide range of process conditions without the need for density corrections based on pressure and temperature. They are widely used in industrial processes that contain toxic, corrosive, or highly reactive gases. It is often not possible to calibrate the flowmeter on the process gas in which it will be used. In this case a non-hazardous �surrogate� gas is used for calibration, and a theoretical model used to predict the meter�s response in the process gas. This can lead to large measurement errors because there are no accurate and straightforward methods for predicting the performance on one kind of gas based on the calibration on another gas because of the complexity of the thermal processes within the flow sensor. This paper describes some of the commonly used models and conversion methods and presents work done at ORNL to develop and experimentally verify better thermal models for predicting flowmeter performance.
Circulating libraries and video rental stores (2001)

We describe a number of interesting parallels between circulating libraries in England circa 1725-1850 and video rental stores in the United States circa 1980-1990. Both institutions evolved in a similar manner, which suggests that common economic and social forces were at work. Perhaps the histories of these two industries may be helpful in understanding current and future developments in computer- and Internet-related media.
Optical sampling of GHz charge density modulation in silicon bipolar junction transistors (1987)

We report the use of optical sampling employing a gain-switched 1.3μm semiconductor laser to observe charge density modulation in a 1.5μm x 5μm emitter silicon BJT. The overall system bandwidth is 8 GHz. The device under test is switched at frequencies from 100 MHz to 2.5 GHz.
Static scene statistical algorithm for nonuniformity correction in focal-plane arrays (2015)

A static scene statistical nonuniformity correction (S3NUC) method was developed based on the higher-order moments of a linear statistical model of a photodetection process. S3NUC relieves the requirement for calibrated targets or a moving scene for NUC by utilizing two data sets of different intensities but requires low scene intensity levels. The first-, second-, and third-order moments of the two data sets are used to estimate the gain and bias values for the detectors in a focal-plane array (FPA). These gain and bias values may then be used to correct the nonuniformities between detectors or to initialize other continuous calibration methods. S3NUC was successfully applied to simulated data as well as measured data at visible wavelengths.
AbobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport®), OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox®), and IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®) Neurotoxin Content and Potential Implications for Duration of Response in Patients (2018)

Botulinum neurotoxin type-A (BoNT-A) blocks the release of acetylcholine from peripheral cholinergic nerve terminals and is an important option for the treatment of disorders characterised by excessive cholinergic neuronal activity. Several BoNT-A products are currently marketed, each with unique manufacturing processes, excipients, formulation, and non-interchangeable potency units. Nevertheless, the effects of all the products are mediated by the 150 kDa BoNT-A neurotoxin. We assessed the quantity and light chain (LC) activity of BoNT-A in three commercial BoNT-A products (Dysport<sup>®</sup>; Botox<sup>®</sup>; Xeomin<sup>®</sup>). We quantified 150 kDa BoNT-A by sandwich ELISA and assessed LC activity by EndoPep assay. In both assays, we assessed the results for the commercial products against recombinant 150 kDa BoNT-A. The mean 150 kDa BoNT-A content per vial measured by ELISA was 2.69 ng/500 U vial Dysport<sup>®</sup>, 0.90 ng/100 U vial Botox<sup>®</sup>, and 0.40 ng/100 U vial Xeomin<sup>®</sup>. To present clinically relevant results, we calculated the 150 kDa BoNT-A/US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved dose in adult upper limb spasticity: 5.38 ng Dysport<sup>®</sup> (1000 U; 2 × 500 U vials), 3.60 ng Botox<sup>®</sup> (400 U; 4 × 100 U vials), and 1.61 ng Xeomin<sup>®</sup> (400 U; 4 × 100 U vials). EndoPep assay showed similar LC activity among BoNT-A products. Thus, greater amounts of active neurotoxin are injected with Dysport<sup>®</sup>, at FDA-approved doses, than with other products. This fact might explain the long duration of action reported across multiple indications, which benefits patients, caregivers, clinicians, and healthcare systems.
The adaptive compensation algorithm for small UAV image stabilization (2012)

Today, there are an increasing number of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platforms being equipped with video for real-time observation. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems (UAVs) have been generally used in a great variety of missions because of its inexpensiveness and flexibility. However, UAV often experience unintended translation and rotation due to atmospheric turbulence. And it leads the compensation image to losing lots of information when the large drift occurs. In order to get rid of the unwanted jitter and retain the most information, an estimate of the intentional motion is necessary. This paper presents a novel approach to estimating the intentional motion by adaptive compensation algorithm. And it can retain image information and remove image jitter when the pre-path is deemed to be a straight line. The method has been demonstrated through a series of experiments on real aviation video data.