gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Holey fibers for evanescent field devices (2003)

Summary form only given. In a holey fiber (HF), the cladding is formed by an array of holes which run along its length, and the core is simply the absence of a hole. HFs guide light because of the effective volume average index difference between the core and the cladding. The holes provide new opportunities for exploiting the interaction of light with gases and liquids through evanescent field effects. For example, the concentration of pollutants in a gas can be determined using the absorption which occurs as light propagates through the gas for a range of wavelengths, and HFs offer an alternative which naturally provide the possibility of extremely long optical path lengths. To assess the suitability of HFs for evanescent field devices such as gas sensors, it is crucial to know the magnitude of the overlap of the modal field with the holes, and here we present what we believe to be the first such calculations.
Optical Processing With Photorefractive Semiconductors (1989)

Experimental phase-conjugate four-wave-mixing apparatus used to demonstrate capabilities of GaAs (and potentially of other photorefractive semiconductors like InP and CdTe) for optical processing of information. With modifications, performs any of three basic image-processing functions: transfer to different light beam, enhancement of edges, and autocorrelation. Includes crystal of GaAs of 5 by 9 by 9 mm with cubic crystalline axes. Advantages include high speed and compatibilty with other semiconductor devices.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Des protein: an immunodominant target for the humoral response of tuberculous patients (1997)

The phoA gene fusion methodology permitted the identification of a new Mycobacterium tuberculosis exported protein, Des. This protein has significant sequence similarities to plant acyl-acyl carrier protein desaturases, which are enzymes involved in general fatty acid biosynthesis as well as in mycolic acid biosynthesis in mycobacteria. As shown by Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay experiments, the Des protein is a major B-cell antigen that was recognized by all the tuberculous M. tuberculosis- and M. bovis-infected human patients tested.
Novel inhibitors of breast cancer relevant kinases Brk and HER2 (2014)

Novel 4-anilino pyrido[2,3-b]indoles have been discovered as inhibitors of the breast cancer relevant protein kinase Brk. Within this first series favourable aniline substituents have been characterized. Combinations with substituents of the molecular scaffold have been further investigated and led to additional nanomolar Brk inhibitors. Due to the reported role of Brk in breast cancer progression via HER2 activation we determined the inhibition profile of our novel Brk inhibitors to additionally inhibit HER2. These studies characterized the first dually acting Brk and HER2 inhibitor and the first exclusive HER2 inhibitors.
Asymmetric electrode capacitive deionization for energy efficient desalination (2020)

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging technology as a sustainable low energy process for desalination of brackish water. Activated carbon electrodes are often used in the CDI devices. Electrosorption capacity was found to be improved on asymmetric electrode configuration using activated carbon cloth doped with fluorine due to redistribution of electric potential. This led to improvement in desalination performance up to 12.4 mg/g for a desalination cycle of 6 min employing an asymmetric fluorinated electrode as cathode (ACC//F-ACC). A relatively high charge efficiency of 77 % was obtained representing 92 % charge efficiency neglecting the leakage currents. Furthermore, the ion adsorption rate was found to improve substantially due to an increased surface conductivity of the fluorinated electrode confirmed by Mott-Schottky analysis. Energy consumption during desalination of 1000 ppm sodium chloride solution of 0.71kWh/m3 for symmetric electrode configuration was found to reduce by 36 % upon employing asymmetric configuration. This study shows some of the benefits of asymmetric configuration to achieve an optimal operation of CDI device, as well as improvements related to energy consumption.
Rapid response SiC thin-film thermistor (1984)

The thermistor consisted of a rf-sputtered SiC film deposited on one surface of an alumina ceramic plate. The thermistor element was brazed to the inner surface of a cylindrical metal housing at the closed end. The thermistor can detect temperatures with a thermal time constant of about 0.6 s.
Large refractive index change in silicone-based and non-silicone-based hydrogel polymers induced by femtosecond laser micro-machining (2006)

A Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser with a pulse energy of 1.3 nJ at a 93 MHz repetition rate has been used to micro-machine optical gratings inside several silicone-based and non-silicone-based hydrogel polymers. By measuring the diffraction efficiency of the gratings at 632.8 nm, we find as large as 0.06+/- 0.005 average refractive index change within the irradiated area.
Total Synthesis and Chemical Biology of the Sarcodictyins. (1999)

The sarcodictyins A-F and eleutherobin comprise a family of marine-derived diterpenoids with potent cytotoxicities against various tumor cell lines. Investigations have revealed that several of these compounds exert their cytotoxic effects through tubulin binding in a mechanism analogous to that of the clinical anticancer drug Taxol. The biological importance, challenging molecular architecture, and relative scarcity of these natural products have prompted several groups to undertake their total chemical synthesis. In this review, we summarize the current synthetic efforts and examine the preliminary structure-activity relationships which have emerged from early combinatorial libraries.
Gasoline production. [high octane number] (1975)

A process for producing a high-octane gasoline having reduced smog-forming tendencies is described, which comprises: thermally dehydrogenating-cracking isobutane to obtain propylene and isobutene; hydrating propylene to obtain isopropanol; etherating the isopropanol with the isobutene to obtain t-butyl isopropyl ether; and blending the t-butyl isopropyl ether with gasoline-boiling-range hydrocarbons. Preferably the thermal dehydrogenation is carried out under conditions, specifically including a temperature between about 1125 and 1275/sup 0/F., to produce a molar ratio of isobutene to propylene between 1.0 and 1.25. (auth)
Development of a low-permeability glass--ceramic to seal to molybdenum. [For long-life vacuum tubes] (1975)

This report describes the development of low-permeability glass-ceramics which can be sealed directly to molybdenum for the purpose of producing long-life vacuum tubes. Low permeability to helium and thermal expansion match to molybdenum are the bases upon which particular glass-ceramic compositions were selected and developed. The fabrication of tube envelopes using glass-ceramics is simplified when compared to conventional ceramic/metal tubes and these melting and sealing techniques are presented.
Combinatorial Synthesis of Heterocycles:  Solid-Phase Synthesis of 2-Amino-4(1<i>H</i>)-quinazolinone Derivatives (2000)

A new solid-phase synthesis of various substituted 2-amino-4(1H)-quinazolinones from a resin bound amine component is described. The amine was readily converted to the corresponding polymer bound S-methylthiopseudourea. Condensation with different substituted isatoic anhydrides afforded 2-amino-4(1H)-quinazolinone derivatives. The method is amenable for combinatorial library generation.
Studies on Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O thin film resonator for mass sensor application (2006)

Zinc oxide (ZnO) and its ternary alloy magnesium zinc oxide (Mg <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Zn <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> O) are piezoelectric materials for high quality factor bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators operating at GHz frequencies. Mg <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Zn <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> O thin film BAW devices built on Si substrates are particularly attractive for integrating piezoelectric Mg <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Zn <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> O with the main stream semiconductor devices and circuits. In this paper, we report single-mode Mg <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Zn <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> O based thin film resonators (TFRs) built on Si substrates. An acoustic mirror, composed of alternating quarter-wavelength silicon dioxide (SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) and tungsten (W) layers, is used to isolate the resonator from the Si substrate. High quality and well c-axis oriented Mg <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Zn <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> O thin films are deposited on Si substrates using RF sputtering technology. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) are used to characterize the Mg <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Zn <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> O layers. The theoretical analysis of the TFR, based on the transmission line model, is presented. The BAW velocity and effective coupling coefficient of Mg <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Zn <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> O can be tailored by varying the Mg composition in the films. The acoustic velocity increases with increasing Mg composition. The feasibility to use this structure to build ultra-high-sensitive mass BAW TFR sensor is analyzed. A mass sensitivity higher than 103 Hz cm <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /ng is demonstrated
CD4<sup>+</sup>T cell recognition of MHC class II-restricted epitopes from NY-ESO-1 presented by a prevalent HLA DP4 allele: Association with NY-ESO-1 antibody production (2001)

NY-ESO-1 is a tumor-specific shared antigen with distinctive immunogenicity. Both CD8(+) T cells and class-switched Ab responses have been detected from patients with cancer. In this study, a CD4(+) T cell line was generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a melanoma patient and was shown to recognize NY-ESO-1 peptides presented by HLA-DP4, a dominant MHC class II allele expressed in 43--70% of Caucasians. The ESO p157--170 peptide containing the core region of DP4-restricted T cell epitope was present in a number of tumor cell lines tested and found to be recognized by both CD4(+) T cells as well as HLA-A2-restricted CD8(+) T cells. Thus, the ESO p157--170 epitope represents a potential candidate for cancer vaccines aimed at generating both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. More importantly, 16 of 17 melanoma patients who developed Ab against NY-ESO-1 were found to be HLA-DP4-positive. CD4(+) T cells specific for the NY-ESO-1 epitopes were generated from 5 of 6 melanoma patients with NY-ESO-1 Ab. In contrast, no specific DP4-restricted T cells were generated from two patients without detectable NY-ESO-1 Ab. These results suggested that NY-ESO-1-specific DP4-restricted CD4(+) T cells were closely associated with NY-ESO-1 Ab observed in melanoma patients and might play an important role in providing help for activating B cells for NY-ESO-1-specific Ab production.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Mediates Photoreceptor Death in a Rodent Model of Retinal Detachment (2011)

TNFα plays a critical role in RD-induced photoreceptor degeneration. This pathway may become an important target in the prevention of RD-induced photoreceptor degeneration.
Differentiated Service Function Chaining Framework (2013)

IP networks rely more and more on the combination of advanced
functions (besides the basic routing and forwarding functions). This
document defines a solution to enforce Service Function Chaining (SFC)
with minimum requirements on the underlying network. The proposed
solution allows for Differentiated Forwarding (DiffForward): packets
are classified and marked at the entry point of an SFC-enabled
network, and are then forwarded on a per SFC map basis.
Photothermal converters for quantitative 2D and 3D real-time TeraHertz imaging (2010)

Recent advances for the measurement of TeraHertz (THz) radiation by using original IR temperature flux sensors are presented. The bolometer principle is used for designing simple thermal converters for THz radiations (measurement of the temperature increase of a sensitive absorber). Most of these sensors are efficient, sensitive and fast enough for quantitative measurement of THz source power as well as for 2D and 3D THz imaging. By combining optical and thermal technologies, we extend and adapt the use of thermal sensors to large THz wavelength till 3 mm (0.1 THz). A large variety of mono- or arrayed- thermal sensors is used and optimized for real-time room temperature THz imaging using adapted IR focal-plane microbolometers array (FPMA) camera. Optimisation and adaptation of such FPMA is discussed and a new arrayed prototype device of THz-Thermal Converter, "TTC", for full-field real-time THz imaging is presented. This small size, low cost and efficient prototype design is discussed from the thermal point of view and is characterized using a compact powerful THz source. Their sensitivity is evaluated and the obtained 2D and 3D images clearly illustrates the high potential of this new kind of THz camera. Finally, it is shown that non-arrayed extended plane TTCs (EMIR sensitivescreens) coupled to FPA cameras produce THz images free of diffraction phenomena.
Phase aberration in Shear Wave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry (2011)

Shearwave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry (SDUV) is an acoustic radiation force based technique that measures tissue shear viscoelasticity by characterizing shear wave speed dispersion. An application of this technique is liver fibrosis staging. We previously reported findings from an animal study where shear modulus and viscosity reconstruction displayed larger variances for in vivo versus ex vivo cases. This study investigates two major causes of such increased variance, namely attenuation and phase aberration. Two sets of experiments were conducted using a custom phantom. In the first experiment, the phantom was imaged directly with varying pushing power by setting system transmit attenuation at different levels from 0 dB to 6 dB. The second set of experiments utilized different pieces of pork bellies as aberrators between the probe and the phantom, while maintaining the pushing power at 0 dB. For each data set, SDUV reconstruction algorithms yielded shear moduli within a region of interest (ROI) of 10 mm × 4 mm close to the pushing focus. The attenuation experiment showed that the variance in SDUV reconstruction results did not start to increase until the peak displacement dropped to 2.2 µm. On the other hand, insertion of an aberrator caused elevated variances even at a much higher peak displacement of 3.9 µm. The variances also swung greatly among different data sets with similar peak displacements. Moreover, thinner aberrators produced consistently better results even with lower peak displacements. All these observations indicate that phase aberration induced waveform distortion is more detrimental to SDUV than pure attenuation. It is beneficial to investigate phase aberration correction methods and apply them to improve SDUV performance.
Ultrathin glass fiber microprobe for electroporation of arbitrary selected cell groups (2020)

A new type of ultrathin fiber microprobe for selective electroporation is reported. The microprobe is 10 cm long and has a diameter of 350 µm. This microprobe is a low cost tool, which allows electroporation of an arbitrary selected single cell or groups of cells among population with use of a standard microscope and cell culture plates. The microprobe in its basic form contains two metal microelectrodes made of a silver-copper alloy, running along the fiber, each with a diameter of 23 µm. The probe was tested in vitro on a population of normal and cancer cells. Successful targeted electroporation was observed by means of accumulation of trypan blue (TB) dye marker in the cell. The electroporation phenomenon was also verified with propidium iodide and AnnexinV in fluorescent microscopy.
Traceless Directing Groups in Radical Cascades: From Oligoalkynes to Fused Helicenes without Tethered Initiators (2014)

We report the first example of a traceless directing group in a radical cascade. The chemo- and regioselectivity of the initial attack in skipped oligoalkynes is controlled by propargyl OR moiety. Radical translocations lead to the boomerang return of the radical center to the site of initial attack where it assists the elimination of the directing functionality via β-scission in the last step of the cascade. The Bu3Sn moiety continues further via facile reactions with electrophiles as well as Stille and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. This selective radical transformation opens a new approach for the controlled transformation of skipped oligoalkynes into polycyclic ribbons of tunable dimensions.
Control of an Impacted Cantilever toward Application of an Atomic Force Microscope in Tapping Mode (2008)

Toward the application to the tapping mode AFM (Atomic Force Microscope), we propose a new control method to keep the state of a soft impact between an object surface and the tip of a cantilever whose supporting point is periodically and laterally excited. In the practical usage of AFM, the surface of the object is scanned by the excited cantilever. Depending on the profile of the surface, the distance between the surface and the center of the excitation is varied and then, the state of the contact is changed. To keep the state of contact, the center of the excitation is automatically shifted in AFM. As a result, we can know the profile of the object from the shift of the center while scanning. By the way, it is known that various bifurcations of the responses of the beam occur according to impact conditions and variation of the excitation frequency. In our previous study, we indicated theoretically and experimentally that when the excitation frequency N is set to 2.5 times the first natural frequency ω1 of the cantilever, i.e., N=2.5ω1, the contact produces the frequency component of the 1.25 time the first natural frequency in the cantilever response, i.e., 1.25ω1. In this paper, by using this phenomenon, we propose a control method to shift the center of the excitation according to the profile of the object surface, keeping soft contact. For this purpose, a real-time signal processing method is suggested to determine the magnitude of the targetted frequency component. Also, a servo system is designed to periodically excite and to control the center of the excitation precisely. Finally, validity of the proposed control method is experimentally confirmed by using a macro-beam.
Characteristics and Optimum Operating Parameters of a Gyrotron Traveling Wave Amplifier (1979)

Characteristics and optimum operating parameters are determined for a new type of high-power high-efficiency generator of millimeter waves known as a gyrotron traveling wave amplifier. In the example consided, wave amplification results from the interaction of a TE/sub 01/ waveguide mode with the fundamental cyclotron harmonic of an electron beam. The parameter optimization involves the determination of the point of maximum device efficiency as a function of beam density, beam energy, beam positioning, and external magnetic field for the output power required. An analytical linear theory and a numerical simulation code form the basis of theoretical calculations. As a result of the extensive survey in parameter space, the peak efficiency in the beam frame has been found to exceed 70 percent. This result has been applied to the specific design of a 35-GHz amplifier with output power ~340 kW, a power gain of 2 dB/cm, and a laboratory frame efficiency of 51 percent.
Thermosetting acetylenic Schiff base bisimide resins (1991)

The title resins I (Z1 = divalent unsatd. heterocyclic radical, mono- or polycyclic divalent arom. radical; Z2 = divalent aliph. or arom. radical; R = H, aliph., mono- or polycyclic arom. radical) are useful in heat-resistant adhesives and composites. Thus, 0.2 mol 4-ethynylbenzaldehyde and 0.1 mol benzhydroltetracarboxylic anhydride were mixed with a soln. of 0.2 mol 2,6-bis[(3-amino)phenoxy]pyridine in 160 mL diglyme at 5, reacted 4 h, and heated to 150 for 5 h, giving an amorphous solid bisimide with glass temp. 95. Heating the bisimide 60 min at 140, 75 min at 200, and 240 min at 280 gave a cured resin with glass temp. 280 and 1, 5, and 10% wt. loss (in air) temp. 413, 470, and 505, resp
<title>Ultrafast ablation with high-pulse-repetition-rate lasers: I. Theoretical considerations</title> (1998)

The novel technique for deposition of a high quality thin films of different materials by the use of picosecond laser pulses delivered on a target with the repetition rate of several tens of megahertz is proposed. The differences of the proposed method from the conventional pulse laser deposition is due to shorter laser pulses (picosecond instead of nanosecond) and higher repetition rate which is tens of megahertz (MHz) instead of tens of hertz (Hz). The method allow us to significantly improve the quality of a film due to a decrease by nine orders of magnitude in a number of particles evaporating during a single laser pulse in comparison to that produced by nanosecond, 30 Hz lasers, thus removing a major disadvantage of laser deposition method which is the formation of particulates on the film. The use of a very high repetition rate laser also leads to a qualitatively new mode of vapor-substrate interaction. Due to the short time (10<SUP>-7</SUP> - 10<SUP>-8</SUP> sec) between the laser pulses a quasi-continuous laser plume is formed. The particles evaporated by the previous laser pulse and just deposited on the substrate do not cool down significantly by the time when the particles from the following laser pulse arrive, and therefore their chemical bonds are still reactive. As a result, the high repetition rate regime of evaporation allows for formation of structures on the substrate such as, for example, carbon nanotubes, polymer chains, etc. Another advantage is the opportunity of scanning the laser focal spot over different targets of different materials which allows for a deposition of multilayered films containing mono-atomic layers of different atoms. The results on ultrafast laser ablation and deposition are presented in two joint papers. In this paper (Part I) we present the theoretical justification of the ultrafast laser deposition method, calculating the vapor characteristics, evaporation and deposition rates for the optimal evaporation regime for different modes of laser- target interaction. In the second paper (Part II) the experimental results on evaporation of a graphite target, deposition of high quality diamond-like (DLC) films and the comparison of the laser plume characteristics to theory are presented.