gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ontologies in cross-language information retrieval (2003)

We present an approach to using ontologies as interlingua in cross-language information retrieval in the medical domain. Our approach is based on using the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) as the primary ontology. Documents and queries are annotated with multiple layers of linguistic information (part-of-speech tags, lemmas, phrase chunks). Based on this we identify medical terms and semantic relations between them and map them to their position in the ontology. The paper describes experiments in monolingual and cross-language document retrieval, performed on a corpus of medical abstracts. Results show that semantic information, specifically the combined use of concepts and relations, increases the precision in monolingual retrieval. In cross-language retrieval the semantic annotation outperforms machine translation of the queries, but the best results are achieved by combining a similarity thesaurus with the semantic codes.
Chlorine initiated photooxidation studies of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs): Results for HCFC‐22 (CHClF<sub>2</sub>); HFC‐41 (CH<sub>3</sub>F); HCFC‐124 (CClFHCF<sub>3</sub>); HFC‐125 (CF<sub>3</sub>CHF<sub>2</sub>); HFC‐134a (CF<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>F); HCFC‐142b (CClF<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>); and HFC‐152a (CHF<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>) (1992)

Abstract Data on the tropospheric degradation of proposed substitutes for ozone depleting CFCs were obtained by conducting photochemical oxidation studies of HCFCs and HFCs using long path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The hydrogen abstraction reactions were initiated using Cl radicals rather than OH radicals because of the rather unreactive nature of the compounds. The experimental product yields at T = 25 ± 3°C and 700 Torr of dry air were: CHClF 2 (1.11 ± 0.06 C(O)F 2 ); CClFHCF 3 (1.00 ± 0.04 CF 3 C(O)F); CF 3 CHF 2 (1.09 ± 0.05 C(O)F 2 ); CClF 2 CH 3 (0.98 ± 0.03 C(O)F 2 ); CHF 2 CH 3 (1.00 ± 0.05 C(O)F 2 ); CF 3 CH 2 F (0.16 ± 0.03 CF 3 CF(O), and 0.83 ± 0.22 HFC(O)), where all standard deviations are 2σ. For each compound, the critical step in determining the oxidation products was the decomposition of a halogenated alkoxy radical. For HCFC‐22 and HCFC‐124, the major alkoxy radical decomposition route was Cl elimination. The HFC‐125 product data were consistent with CC cleavage of a two carbon alkoxy radical as the major decomposition route whereas both CC cleavage and H abstraction by O 2 were significant contributors to the decomposition of the HFC‐134a alkoxy radical. Secondary Cl reactions in the HCFC‐142b and HFC‐152a experiments prevented an unambiguous determination of the decomposition modes; the data are consistent with both CC bond scission and Cl reactions with halogenated aldehydes producing the oxidation product C(O)F 2 . With the exception of the HFC‐134a and HFC‐125 data, the proposed mechanisms can account for the major oxidation products. For HFC‐134a and HFC‐125, a number of product bands could not be identified. The bands are likely due to products from reactions involving the CF 3 O 2 radical. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Metallothioneins and Platinum(II) Anti-Tumor Compounds (2009)

The classical square planar transition metal complex cis-diamminodichlorido platinum(II) (cisplatin) ranks among the most successful and widely applied antitumor drugs for the treatment of a number of cancers. However, the risk of unforeseen resistance formation and the appearance of severe side effects in cancer patients constitutes a considerable need for the development of novel platinum based antitumor compounds. Since the introduction of cisplatin into the clinic, a few similar compounds, like cis-diammine(1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato)platinum(II) (carboplatin), were developed, which can partly overcome the problems. The ubiquitously occurring small zinc and copper binding proteins metallothioneins (MTs) constitute the most potent cytosolic sink for platinum drugs. It appeared that, besides the formation of the very strong platinum(II)-sulfur bond involving the twenty cysteine residues of MT, the incorporation of platinum(II) into the MT structure contributes effectively to the scavenging of the drug. However, recently it became evident that the extent, to which MT sequesters platinum drugs, depends not only on the type of cancer, but also on the interaction of MT with the ligand sphere of the platinum center. For example, in contrast to cis-platinum(II) compounds, trans-platinum(II) compounds retain their N-donor ligands upon reaction with MT. From these studies, guidelines may be derived for the development of N-donor carrier ligands leading to novel platinum(II) drugs. This review describes the role of metallothioneins for the platinum(II) drug sequestration in vivo. Furthermore, it summarizes the recent developments toward the understanding of the reaction between platinum(II) and MT thiols and the structural aspects of the platinum(II) incorporation into the MT domains, and comments about future perspectives are given.
Training recurrent networks online without backtracking (2015)

We introduce the "NoBackTrack" algorithm to train the parameters of dynamical systems such as recurrent neural networks. This algorithm works in an online, memoryless setting, thus requiring no backpropagation through time, and is scalable, avoiding the large computational and memory cost of maintaining the full gradient of the current state with respect to the parameters. The algorithm essentially maintains, at each time, a single search direction in parameter space. The evolution of this search direction is partly stochastic and is constructed in such a way to provide, at every time, an unbiased random estimate of the gradient of the loss function with respect to the parameters. Because the gradient estimate is unbiased, on average over time the parameter is updated as it should. The resulting gradient estimate can then be fed to a lightweight Kalman-like filter to yield an improved algorithm. For recurrent neural networks, the resulting algorithms scale linearly with the number of parameters. Small-scale experiments confirm the suitability of the approach, showing that the stochastic approximation of the gradient introduced in the algorithm is not detrimental to learning. In particular, the Kalman-like version of NoBackTrack is superior to backpropagation through time (BPTT) when the time span of dependencies in the data is longer than the truncation span for BPTT.
Role of the NH<sub>2</sub> Functionality and Solvent in Terdentate CNN Alkoxide Ruthenium Complexes for the Fast Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones in 2‐Propanol (2008)

The reaction of [RuCl(CNN)(dppb)] (1; HCNN=6-(4-methylphenyl)-2-pyridylmethylamine) with NaOiPr in 2-propanol/C6D6 affords the alcohol adduct alkoxide [Ru(OiPr)(CNN)(dppb)].n iPrOH (5), containing the Ru-NH2 linkage. The alkoxide [Ru(OiPr)(CNN)(dppb)] (4) is formed by treatment of the hydride [Ru(H)(CNN)(dppb)] (2) with acetone in C6D6. Complex 5 in 2-propanol/C6D6 equilibrates quickly with hydride 2 and acetone with an exchange rate of (5.4+/-0.2) s(-1) at 25 degrees C, higher than that found between 4 and 2 ((2.9+/-0.4) s(-1)). This fast process, involving a beta-hydrogen elimination versus ketone insertion into the Ru-H bond, occurs within a hydrogen-bonding network favored by the Ru-NH2 motif. The cationic alcohol complex [Ru(CNN)(dppb)(iPrOH)](BAr(f)4) (6; Ar(f)=3,5-C6H3(CF3)2), obtained from 1, Na[BAr(f)4], and 2-propanol, reacts with NaOiPr to afford 5. Complex 5 reacts with either 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone through hydride 2 or with 4,4'-difluorobenzhydrol through protonation, affording the alkoxide [Ru(OCH(4-C6H4F)2)(CNN)(dppb)] (7) in 90 and 85 % yield of the isolated product. The chiral CNN-ruthenium compound [RuCl(CNN)((S,S)-Skewphos)] (8), obtained by the reaction of [RuCl2(PPh3)3] with (S,S)-Skewphos and orthometalation of HCNN in the presence of NEt3, is a highly active catalyst for the enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of methylaryl ketones (turnover frequencies (TOFs) of up to 1.4 x 10(6) h(-1) at reflux were obtained) with up to 89% ee. Also the ketone CF3CO(4-C6H4F), containing the strong electron-withdrawing CF3 group, is reduced to the R alcohol with 64% ee and a TOF of 1.5 x 10(4) h(-1). The chiral alkoxide [Ru(OiPr)(CNN)((S,S)-Skewphos)]n iPrOH (9), obtained from 8 and NaOiPr in the presence of 2-propanol, reacts with CF3CO(4-C6H4F) to afford a mixture of the diastereomer alkoxides [Ru(OCH(CF3)(4-C6H4F))(CNN)((S,S)-Skewphos)] (10/11; 74% yield) with 67% de. This value is very close to the enantiomeric excess of the alcohol (R)-CF3CH(OH)(4-C6H4F) formed in catalysis, thus suggesting that diastereoisomeric alkoxides with the Ru-NH2 linkage are key species in the catalytic asymmetric transfer hydrogenation reaction.
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Leukocyte Function-Associated Antigen-3 Provide Costimulation for Superantigen-Induced T Lymphocyte Proliferation in the Absence of a Specific Presenting Molecule (1998)

Bacterial superantigens can bind TCR in the absence of MHC class II molecules and activate T lymphocytes when cocultured with certain class II-deficient accessory cells. It has not been determined, however, whether these accessory cells provide direct costimulation to the T cell or serve to present superantigens via a nonconventional ligand. We have identified a human adenocarcinoma cell line, SW480, that assists in the activation of human T cells by the staphylococcal enterotoxins B (SEB), C1 (SEC1), and D (SED), but not SEA, SEC2, SEC3, or SEE. SW480 cells did not express class II molecules, and anti-class II mAbs did not inhibit T cell proliferation, supporting the hypothesis that class II is not absolutely required for enterotoxin-mediated T cell activation. The TCR Vbeta profile of T cells stimulated by SEB plus SW480 cells was similar to that of T cells stimulated by SEB plus class II+ APC, indicating that TCR-SEB interactions were preserved in the absence of class II molecules. Binding studies failed to detect specific association of SEB with SW480 cells, suggesting that SW480 cells do not express receptors for enterotoxin. SEB coupled to beads, however, stimulated T cell proliferation, but only in the presence of SW480 cells. SW480 cells express both ICAM-1 and LFA-3 molecules, and the addition of Abs to these receptors inhibited T cell proliferation. These findings support a model in which certain enterotoxins engage the TCR independent of MHC class II or other specific presenting molecules and induce T cell proliferation with signals provided by nonconventional accessory cells.
Arterio-venous anastomoses in the human skin and their role in temperature control (2015)

Arterio-venous anastomoses (AVAs) are direct connections between small arteries and small veins. In humans they are numerous in the glabrous skin of the hands and feet. The AVAs are short vessel segments with a large inner diameter and a very thick muscular wall. They are densely innervated by adrenergic axons. When they are open, they provide a low-resistance connection between arteries and veins, shunting blood directly into the venous plexuses of the limbs. The AVAs play an important role in temperature regulation in humans in their thermoneutral zone, which for a naked resting human is about 26°C to 36°C, but lower when active and clothed. From the temperature control center in the hypothalamus, bursts of nerve impulses are sent simultaneously to all AVAs. The AVAs are all closed near the lower end and all open near the upper end of the thermoneutral zone. The small veins in the skin of the arms and legs are also contracted near the lower end of the thermoneutral zone and relax to a wider cross section as the ambient temperature rises. At the cold end of the thermoneutral range, the blood returns to the heart through the deep veins and cools the arterial blood through a countercurrent mechanism. As the ambient temperature rises, more blood is returned through the superficial venous plexuses and veins and heats the skin surface of the full length of the 4 limbs. This skin surface is responsible for a large part of the loss of heat from the body toward the upper end of the thermoneutral zone.
Patient-specific factors modulate leukocyte response in dimethyl fumarate treated MS patients (2020)

Determine if patient-specific factors modulate absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), neutrophil count (ANC), and/or Neutrophile-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) treated patients.
Choosing a combined oral contraceptive pill (2015)

The combined oral contraceptive pill is an effective contraceptive method which can also offer other benefits. However, other contraceptive options should be discussed. If the pill is the chosen method, prescribe a pill with the lowest effective dose of oestrogen and progestogen. Pills containing levonorgestrel or norethisterone in combination with ethinyloestradiol 35 microgram or less are considered first-line. They are effective if taken correctly, have a relatively low risk of venous thromboembolism, and are listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. The pill is usually taken in a monthly cycle. Some women may prefer an extended pill regimen with fewer or no inactive pills.
Vaccines against infectious coryza (1995)

AbstractThe paper reviews the literature on vaccines against infectious coryza of chickens. Our knowledge of natural immunity, antigens involved in protection and the degree of cross-serovar protection provided by vaccines is summarized. The effect of variables such as antigen dose, inactivating agent and adjuvant type on vaccine efficacy is reviewed. The protective ability of a new generation infectious coryza vaccine based on a live attenuated strain of Haemophilus paragallinarum is discussed.Keywords:: Infectious coryzavaccineHaemophilus paragallinarum
Enhancing the Gas Separation Selectivity of Mixed-Matrix Membranes Using a Dual-Interfacial Engineering Approach (2020)

We report a dual-interfacial engineering approach that uses a sub-20 nm polycrystalline MOF-74 shell as a transition phase to engineer the MOF-polymer interface. The application of a shell MOF layer divides the original single interface problem into two interfaces: MOF-MOF and MOF-polymer, which can be individually addressed. The greater external surface area created by the uneven MOF-74 shell containing high-density open metal sites allows the MOF to interact with 300% polymer at the interface compared to traditional MOF, thereby ensuring good interfacial compatibility. When applied on UiO-66-NH<sub>2</sub>, its respective mixed-matrix membranes exhibit a simultaneous increase of CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> separation selectivity and CO<sub>2</sub> permeability with increasing MOF loading, implying a defect-free interface. When applied on MOF-801, the mixed-matrix membranes exhibit an ethylene/ethane separation selectivity up to 5.91, a drastic 76% increase compared to that of the neat polymer owing to a "gas focusing" mechanism promoted by the preferred pore orientation in the MOF-74 layer. This represents one of the most selective ethylene/ethane separation membranes reported to date.
The combination of polymorphisms within interferon‐γ receptor 1 and receptor 2 associated with the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (1999)

Genetic factors seem to play a significant role in susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We previously described the amino acid polymorphism (Val14Met) within the IFN-gamma receptor 1 (IFN-gammaRI), and that the frequency of the Metl4 allele in SLE patients was significantly higher than that of the healthy control population [Tanaka et al. (1999) Immunogenetics 49, 266-271]. We also found an amino acid polymorphism (Gln64Arg) within IFN-gamma receptor 2 (IFN-gammaR2). Since the IFN-gamma receptor is a complex consisting of IFN-gammaR1 and IFN-gammaR2, we searched for the particular combination of two kinds of amino acid polymorphisms found within the IFN-gamma receptor which plays a prominent role in susceptibility to SLE. The greatest risk of the development of SLE was detected in the individuals who had the combination of IFNGR1 Met14/Val14 genotype and IFNGR2 Gln64/Gln64 genotype.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Mass Transport Properties of a Self-Generating Single-Source Magnesium Precursor for MOCVD of MgF<sub>2</sub>Films (2009)

The diglyme [CH3O(CH2CH2O)2CH3] adduct of the magnesium bis-hexafluoroacetyl-acetonato [Mg(hfa)2·2H2O·2diglyme] has been synthesized in a single-step reaction. It has been characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, and 1H and 13C NMR. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies provide evidence of a mononuclear hexa-coordinated complex with an octahedral structure for the Mg(hfa)2·2H2O moiety and diglyme coordinated in the outer sphere (triclinic system, space group= P1̅; a = 8.952(3) Å, b = 9.036(3) Å, c = 11.98(1) Å, α = 110.44(5)°, β = 108.64(4)°, γ = 97.06(3)°, Z = 1). The “thermal robustness” and mass transport properties of the adduct have been investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and chemical vapor deposition experiments. Thermal analysis data revealed high volatility and good thermal stability with a residue left lower than 1%. The Mg(hfa)2·2H2O·2diglyme has been successfully applied to the low-pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of MgF2 films. The good quality of the deposited films indicates that the adduct is a very attractive single-source precursor for deposition of MgF2 films.
Molecular cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding an extracellular aspartic proteinase from<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> (1995)

Oligonucleotide primers based on conserved regions of the aspergillopepsins (EC 3.4.23.18) were used to PCR amplify a 650 bp segment of the gene encoding the extracellular aspartic proteinase (PEP) from Aspergillus fumigatus. The segment was used as a probe for isolating and sequencing the gene from a genomic library of the fungus. Likewise the cDNA was amplified by reverse PCR, cloned and sequenced. The pep gene was found to consist of four exons encoding for 395 aa. The pre-proenzyme deduced has an N-terminal leader sequence of 70 aa preceding the sequence of the mature enzyme consisting of 325 aa with a calculated molecular mass of 34.4 kDa and an isoelectric point of 3.95. The N-terminal sequence of the mature enzyme matched the N-terminal aa sequence of PEP exactly. The nucleotide and the aa sequences of the pre-proenzyme were 70% and 71% homologous to the corresponding sequences of the aspergillopepsin from A. niger var. awamori. Southern analysis of digested genomic A. fumigatus DNA with a specific PCR probe suggested the presence of a single copy of the pep gene.
Morphology of quisqualate-induced neurotoxicity in the chicken retina. (1987)

In this study, the acute neurotoxic effects of quisqualic acid on the chick retina were examined 2 hr or 2 days following intravitreal injections of either 100 or 200 nmol quisqualic acid (QUIS). Both doses resulted in marked nuclear pyknosis and cytoplasmic swelling of a large population of cells located in the inner aspect of the inner nuclear layer, consistent with amacrine cells. The associated swelling of the inner plexiform layer was primarily due to swollen processes of amacrine cells. Also affected was a row of cells located in the outer margin of the inner nuclear layer, consistent with horizontal cells. Ganglion cells developed hyperchromic, vacuolated cytoplasm. Bipolar cells appeared to be spared from damage at these doses. Electron microscopy of photoreceptor synapses revealed that QUIS was associated with a decrease in the relative frequency of long synaptic ribbons and an increase in the frequency of short ribbons, granular ribbons, "synaptic stalks," and paranuclear granules. After 2 days survival, most ganglion cells and some amacrine cells appeared normal, while degeneration was observed in a small number of photoreceptors. Remaining photoreceptor terminals appeared normal. QUIS may provide a useful tool in understanding the dynamics of normal photoreceptor ribbon turnover. The results are also discussed in relation to other known classes of excitatory amino acids.
Optically Active Antifungal Azoles. III. Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Sulfide and Sulfonamide Derivatives of (2R,3R)-2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-3-mercapto-1- (lH-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-butanol. (1994)

In an effort to find potent antifungal agents, optically active sulfur-containing triazole derivatives, sulfides (3) and sulfonamides (4), were prepared and evaluated for antifungal activity against Candida albicans in vitro and in vivo. The sulfides (3) were prepared by the reaction of (2R,3R)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-mercapto-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl )-2-butanol (1) with various heteroarylmethyl chlorides in the presence of sodium methoxide. The sulfonamides (4) were synthesized starting from the disulfide (15) in three steps including oxidation of the corresponding sulfenamides (17). Some of the sulfur-containing triazole derivatives (3, 4) showed strong protective effects against candidosis in mice.
Screen printed electrochemical platforms for pH sensing (2009)

We explore the possible use of screen printing technology for fabricating disposable electrochemical platforms for the sensing of pH. These screen printed pH sensors incorporate the pH sensitive phenanthraquinone moiety which undergoes a Nernstian potential shift with pH, and the pH insensitive dimethylferrocene which acts as an internal reference. This generic approach offers a calibration-less and reproducible approach for portable pH measurements with the possibility of miniaturisation allowing incorporation into existing sensing devices. The advantages, limitations and future prospects of this fabrication approach for producing electrochemical platforms for pH sensing are also discussed.
Thromboelastography for the prediction of bleeding after transplant renal biopsy. (1995)

The ability of prebiopsy coagulation assays to predict mild postbiopsy bleeding was evaluated in renal transplant patients undergoing renal allograft biopsy (N = 120). The coagulation assays studied included the bleeding time, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, platelet count, and thromboelastograph (TEG). Coagulation results were defined as abnormal if they fell outside the established normal reference range. Bleeding was defined as a drop in the hematocrit equal to or more than 4 points 6 h after the procedure or ultrasound evidence of a new perirenal hematoma. Overall, 21% of patients showed evidence of mild bleeding. Of those who bled, 78% had normal results on all coagulation tests, indicating that most mild bleeding was not associated with coagulation abnormalities. Of the assays tested, only abnormal TEG:angle (P < 0.01) and TEG:k (P < 0.04) values were associated with an increased risk of bleeding. Bleeding times were not predictive of an increased risk of postbiopsy bleeding; five patients had abnormal bleeding times ranging from 10 to 20 min of whom only one bled. All prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and platelet count abnormalities were mild (e.g., no prothrombin times longer than 15 s, no platelet counts below 129,000/microL); none of these assays predicted postbiopsy bleeding. Other clinical characteristics, including patient age, sex, serum creatinine, blood pressure (if less than 160/90 mm Hg), number of biopsy passes, or renal pathology, did not appear to influence bleeding after biopsy. It was concluded that most bleeding after transplant renal biopsy was not associated with coagulation abnormalities and that the TEG was the best assay for detecting mild coagulation abnormalities associated with an increased risk of bleeding.