gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A hybrid scheme for compacting test responses with unknown values (2007)

This paper presents a hybrid compaction scheme for test responses containing unknown values, which consists of a space compactor and an unknown-blocking Multiple Input Signature Registers (MISR). The proposed scheme guarantees no coverage loss for the modeled faults. The proposed hybrid scheme can also be tuned to observe any user- specified percentage of responses for controlling the coverage loss for un-modeled faults. The experimental results demonstrate that, in comparison with a space compactor or an unknown-blocking MISR alone, the hybrid compaction scheme achieves a lower coverage loss without demanding more test-data volume. In addition, we propose a quantitative approach to estimate the required percentage of observable responses for the proposed scheme, directly based on a test-quality metric of un-modeled faults.
Design And Analysis Of Surface Coils For NMR Imaging (1986)

The parameters for designing surface coils for NMR imaging have been identified by introducing an equivalent circuit for it. Also a method of evaluation and testing of surface coils has been discussed in the lab environment.
Thermoplastic interpenetrating polymer networks of a triblock copolymer elastomer and an ionomeric plastic. I. Rheology and morphology (1981)

The thermoplastic interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) are combinations of two physically crosslinked polymers. Thermoplastic IPNs were prepared by combining polymer I, an SEBS triblock elastomer with polymer II, an ionomer prepared from a random copolymer of styrene, methacrylic acid, and isoprene (90/10/1 by volume). Neutralization of the acid groups to form the ionomer was carried out on a Brabender Plasticorder. Two subclasses of the thermoplastic IPNs were identified. Chemically blended systems, prepared by a sequential polymerization method, were compared with compositionally equivalent mechanically blended systems prepared by melt blending the separately synthesized polymers. The chemically blended thermoplastic IPNs (CBT IPNs) exhibited lower melt viscosities than compositionally equivalent mechanically blended thermoplastic IPNs (MBT IPNs). Moreover, the melt viscosities of many of the CBT IPNs were even lower than that of either homopolymer component, leading to an explanation in terms of an unusually low value of the rubbery modulus front factor. Although both types of thermoplastic IPNs underwent a phase inversion during neutralization of polymer II, the phase inversions were often incomplete. Morphological studies revealed that more equal dual phase continuity existed in the MBT IPNs than in the CBT IPNs after ionomer formation.
Molecular cloning of genes encoding branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas putida (1987)

We cloned the structural genes for the individual subunits of the branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase multienzyme complex on a 7.8-kilobase EcoRI-SstI restriction fragment of Pseudomonas putida chromosomal DNA by cloning into the broad-host-range vector pKT230. A direct selection system for growth on valine-isoleucine agar was achieved by complementation of P. putida branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase mutants. The recombinant plasmid, pSS1-1, increased expression of branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase up to five times in wild-type P. putida. The complex was expressed constitutively in P. putida(pSS1-1) but was inducible in Escherichia coli HB101(pSS1-1) by high valine. E. coli minicells transformed with pSS1-1 produced three polypeptides which did not match the four polypeptides of the purified complex. To resolve this problem, we inserted P. putida DNA from pSS1-1 into pUC18 and pUC19. The pUC-derived plasmids were used as DNA templates in an E. coli transcription-translation system. Four polypeptides were produced from the pUC18-derived plasmid which had the correct molecular weights, showing that the structural genes had been cloned. Since only weak bands were produced with the pUC19-derived plasmid, the direction of transcription was established. The locations and order of all the structural genes of branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase were located by restriction enzyme mapping.
Structural Characteristics of Size-Controlled Self-Aggregates of Deoxycholic Acid-Modified Chitosan and Their Application as a DNA Delivery Carrier (2001)

Precise control of the size and structure is one critical design parameter of micellar systems for drug delivery applications. To control the size of self-aggregates, chitosan was depolymerized with various amounts of sodium nitrite, and hydrophobically modified with deoxycholic acid to form self-aggregates in aqueous media. Formation and physicochemical characteristics of size-controlled self-aggregates were investigated using dynamic light scattering, fluorescence spectroscopy, and computer simulation method. The size of self-aggregates varied in the range of 130-300 nm in diameter, and their structures were found to depend strongly on the molecular weight of chitosan ranging from 5 to 200 kDa. Due to the chain rigidity of chitosan molecule, the structure of self-aggregates was suggested to be a cylindrical bamboolike structure when the molecular weight of chitosan was larger than 40 kDa, which might form a very poor spherical form of a birdnestlike structure. To explore the potential applications of self-aggregates as a gene delivery carrier, complexes between chitosan self-aggregates and plasmid DNA were prepared and confirmed by measuring the fluorescence intensity of ethidium bromide and electrophoresis on agarose gels. The complex formation had strong dependency on the size and structure of chitosan self-aggregates and significantly influenced the transfection efficiency of COS-1 cells (up to a factor of 10). This approach to control the size and structure of chitosan-derived self-aggregates may find a wide range of applications in gene delivery as well as general drug delivery applications.
Deep Reinforcement Learning-based Image Captioning with Embedding Reward (2017)

Image captioning is a challenging problem owing to the complexity in understanding the image content and diverse ways of describing it in natural language. Recent advances in deep neural networks have substantially improved the performance of this task. Most state-of-the-art approaches follow an encoder-decoder framework, which generates captions using a sequential recurrent prediction model. However, in this paper, we introduce a novel decision-making framework for image captioning. We utilize a "policy network" and a "value network" to collaboratively generate captions. The policy network serves as a local guidance by providing the confidence of predicting the next word according to the current state. Additionally, the value network serves as a global and lookahead guidance by evaluating all possible extensions of the current state. In essence, it adjusts the goal of predicting the correct words towards the goal of generating captions similar to the ground truth captions. We train both networks using an actor-critic reinforcement learning model, with a novel reward defined by visual-semantic embedding. Extensive experiments and analyses on the Microsoft COCO dataset show that the proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art approaches across different evaluation metrics.
High-sensitivity photoacoustic leak testing (2003)

The photoacoustic effect may be exploited for the detection and localization of gas leaks from otherwise sealed components. The technique involves filling the test component with a tracer gas, and radiating the component to produce photoacoustic sound from any leak site where tracer gas is present. This paper describes demonstration experiments utilizing 10.6-micro radiation from a carbon-dioxide laser and sulfur hexafluoride as a tracer gas for photoacoustic leak testing at leak rates between 6 x 10(-5) cm3/s (1 cm3 in 4.6 h) and 5 x 10(-9) cm3/s (1 cm3 in 6.3 years). The technique may reach or exceed the capabilities of the most sensitive commercial leak test systems using helium mass-spectrometers. In addition, comparison of the measured results to a simple scaling law suggests that tracer gas cloud geometry influences the photoacoustic signal amplitude.
Automatic discovery of salient segments in imperfect speech transcripts (2001)

This paper addresses the problem of automatic detection of salient video segments for real-world applications such as corporate training based on associated speech transcriptions. We present a novel segmentation algorithm based on automatic speech recognition (ASR) applied to the audio track of the video. Our feature set consists of word n-grams extracted from the imperfect speech transcriptions. We use a two-pass algorithm that combines a boundary-based method with a content-based method. In the first pass, we analyze the temporal distribution and the rate of arrival of features to compute an initial segmentation. In the second pass, we detect changes in content-bearing words by using the content-bearing features as queries in an information retrieval system. The content-based second pass validates the initial segments and merges them as needed. Variations in the structure of the audio/video content, and the accuracy of ASR have an impact on the feasibility of the segmentation task. For realistic data we observe that we can identify content-rich segments of the audio. In the best scenario a high-level table-of-contents is generated and in the worse scenario a single salient segment is identified. We illustrate the algorithm in detail with some examples and validate the data with manual segmentation boundaries.
Collision-free construction of animated feathers using implicit constraint surfaces (2009)

We present a scheme for constructing complex feather geometry suitable for feature animation. The key points of our approach include the use of a potential field derived from guide geometry and an implicit constraint surface to create nonpenetrating feather geometry. Our method is frame independent and produces visually smooth animation that is free from popping and other visual artifacts. We provide details of the implementation and examples of the technique applied to an animated character with several thousand feathers.
Reinforcement Learning with Probabilistic Guarantees for Autonomous\n Driving (2019)

Designing reliable decision strategies for autonomous urban driving is\nchallenging. Reinforcement learning (RL) has been used to automatically derive\nsuitable behavior in uncertain environments, but it does not provide any\nguarantee on the performance of the resulting policy. We propose a generic\napproach to enforce probabilistic guarantees on an RL agent. An exploration\nstrategy is derived prior to training that constrains the agent to choose among\nactions that satisfy a desired probabilistic specification expressed with\nlinear temporal logic (LTL). Reducing the search space to policies satisfying\nthe LTL formula helps training and simplifies reward design. This paper\noutlines a case study of an intersection scenario involving multiple traffic\nparticipants. The resulting policy outperforms a rule-based heuristic approach\nin terms of efficiency while exhibiting strong guarantees on safety.\n
Quasistatic Formation of the Spheromak Plasma Configuration (1981)

A novel method for creating the spheromak configuration has been proposed and verified experimentally. The scheme is based on a transfer of poloidal and toroidal magnetic fluxes into a plasma from a "flux core." We present the first experimental verification of this quasistatic (${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{Alfv}\stackrel{\ifmmode\acute\else\textasciiacute\fi{}}{\mathrm{e}}\mathrm{n}}\ensuremath{\ll}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{form}}<{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{diff}}$) formation scheme, which is suitable for future scaleup to fusion-reactor parameters.
Amide proton transfer imaging with improved robustness to magnetic field inhomogeneity and magnetization transfer asymmetry using saturation with frequency alternating RF irradiation (2011)

Amide proton transfer (APT) imaging has shown promise as an indicator of tissue pH and as a marker for brain tumors. Sources of error in APT measurements include direct water saturation, and magnetization transfer (MT) from membranes and macromolecules. These are typically suppressed by postprocessing asymmetry analysis. However, this approach is strongly dependent on B(0) homogeneity and can introduce additional errors due to intrinsic MT asymmetry, aliphatic proton features opposite the amide peak and radiation damping-induced asymmetry. Although several methods exist to correct for B(0) inhomogeneity, they tremendously increase scan times and do not address errors induced by asymmetry of the z-spectrum. In this article, a novel saturation scheme-saturation with frequency alternating RF irradiation (SAFARI)-is proposed in combination with a new magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) parameter designed to generate APT images insensitive to direct water saturation and MT, even in the presence of B(0) inhomogeneity. The feasibility of the SAFARI technique is demonstrated in phantoms and in the human brain. Experimental results show that SAFARI successfully removes direct water saturation and MT contamination from APT images. It is insensitive to B(0) offsets up to 180 Hz without using additional B(0) correction, thereby dramatically reducing scanning time.
The GAP-Related Domain of Tuberin, the Product of the TSC2 Gene, is a Target for Missense Mutations in Tuberous Sclerosis (1997)

Tuberous sclerosis is an autosomal dominant trait in which the dysregulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation results in the development of hamartomatous growths in many organs. The TSC2 gene is one of two genes determining tuberous sclerosis. Inactivating germline mutations of TSC2 in patients with tuberous sclerosis and somatic loss of heterozygosity at the TSC2 locus in the associated hamartomas indicate that TSC2 functions as a tumour suppressor gene and that loss of function is critical to expression of the tuberous sclerosis phenotype. The TSC2 product, tuberin, has a region of homology with the GTPase activating protein rap1GAP and stimulates the GTPase activity of rap1a and rab5a in vitro. Here we show that the region of homology between tuberin and human rap1GAP and the murine GAP mSpa1 is more extensive than previously reported and spans approximately 160 amino acid residues encoded within exons 34-38 of the TSC2 gene. Single strand conformation polymorphism analysis of these exons in 173 unrelated patients with tuberous sclerosis and direct sequencing of variant conformers together with study of additional family members enabled characterisation of disease associated mutations in 14 cases. Missense mutations, which occurred in exons 36, 37 and 38 were identified in eight cases, four of whom shared the same recurrent change P1675L. Each of the five different missense mutations identified was shown to occur de novo in at least one sporadic case of tuberous sclerosis. The high proportion of missense mutations detected in the region of the TSC2 gene encoding the GAP-related domain supports its key role in the regulation of cellular growth.
Functionally selective signaling and broad metabolic benefits by novel insulin receptor partial agonists (2022)

Insulin analogs have been developed to treat diabetes with focus primarily on improving the time action profile without affecting ligand-receptor interaction or functional selectivity. As a result, inherent liabilities (e.g. hypoglycemia) of injectable insulin continue to limit the true therapeutic potential of related agents. Insulin dimers were synthesized to investigate whether partial agonism of the insulin receptor (IR) tyrosine kinase is achievable, and to explore the potential for tissue-selective systemic insulin pharmacology. The insulin dimers induced distinct IR conformational changes compared to native monomeric insulin and substrate phosphorylation assays demonstrated partial agonism. Structurally distinct dimers with differences in conjugation sites and linkers were prepared to deliver desirable IR partial agonist (IRPA). Systemic infusions of a B29-B29 dimer in vivo revealed sharp differences compared to native insulin. Suppression of hepatic glucose production and lipolysis were like that attained with regular insulin, albeit with a distinctly shallower dose-response. In contrast, there was highly attenuated stimulation of glucose uptake into muscle. Mechanistic studies indicated that IRPAs exploit tissue differences in receptor density and have additional distinctions pertaining to drug clearance and distribution. The hepato-adipose selective action of IRPAs is a potentially safer approach for treatment of diabetes.
<title>Identification of anthrax-specific signature sequence from Bacillus anthracis</title> (2001)

The primary objective was to identify and clone novel chromosomal DNA fragments for use as B. anthracis-specific markers. Towards this goal, 300 random primers (RAPD technology, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) were screened to identify polymorphic loci on the anthrax chromosome. Five such DNA fragments uniquely amplifying from anthrax chromosome were identified and isolated. These fragments were cloned in pCR vector and sequenced. Database (genebank) analysis of one of the cloned probe, VRTC899, revealed the presence of specific chromosomal DNA probe, Ba813 from anthrax. This prove also contains flanking DNA with no homology to known sequences. Availability of signature DNA probes for detection of antrax-causing agent in environmental samples is critical for field application of DNA-based sensor technologies. In conclusion, we have demonstrated application of RAPD technology for identification of anthrax-specific signature sequences. This strategy can be extended to identify signature sequences from other BW agents.
Three New Cryptophycins from<i>Nostoc</i>sp. GSV 224 (1997)

Cryptophycin 46 (2), -175 (3), and -176(4) have been identified as three new trace constituents of Nostoc sp. GSV 224. Cryptophycin-46 is an epimer of cryptophycin-3 (5) and to date is the only naturally occurring analogue having the S configuration at C-10 (C-2 in Unit B). Cryptophycins-175 and -176 also differ in unit B where 3 is the O-methyl analogue of cryptophycin-45 (6) and 4 is the O-desmethyl analogue of cryptophycin-21 (8). The relative and absolute stereochemistries of the three new analogues have been related to known cryptophycins by synthesis.
Emerging microRNA Therapeutic Approaches for Cystic Fibrosis (2018)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator <i>(CFTR)</i> gene and remains the most common life-shortening diseases affecting the exocrine organs. The absence of this channel results in an imbalance of ion concentrations across the cell membrane and results in more abnormal secretion and mucus plugging in the gastrointestinal tract and in the lungs of CF patients. The direct introduction of fully functional CFTR by gene therapy has long been pursued as a therapeutical option to restore CFTR function independent of the specific CFTR mutation, but the different clinical trials failed to propose persuasive evidence of this strategy. The last ten years has led to the development of new pharmacotherapies which can activate CFTR function in a mutation-specific manner. Although approximately 2,000 different disease-associated mutations have been identified, a single codon deletion, F508del, is by far the most common and is present on at least one allele in approximately 70% of the patients in CF populations. This strategy is limited by chemistry, the knowledge on CFTR and the heterogenicity of the patients. New research efforts in CF aim to develop other therapeutical approaches to combine different strategies. Targeting RNA appears as a new and an important opportunity to modulate dysregulated biological processes. Abnormal miRNA activity has been linked to numerous diseases, and over the last decade, the critical role of miRNA in regulating biological processes has fostered interest in how miRNA binds to and interacts explicitly with the target protein. Herein, this review describes the different strategies to identify dysregulated miRNA opens up a new concept and new opportunities to correct CFTR deficiency. This review describes therapeutic applications of antisense techniques currently under investigation in CF.
Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Carboxylic Acids with Sodium Chlorite Catalyzed by <scp>TEMPO</scp> and Bleach: 4‐Methoxyphenylacetic Acid (2004)

Abstract 4‐Methoxyphenethyl alcohol 4‐Methoxyphenylacetic acid 2,2,6,6,‐Tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) Sodium hypochlorite
Speckle contrast diffuse correlation tomography of complex turbid medium flow (2015)

A custom cost-effective CCD-based reflectance 3D flow imaging system demonstrated rapid acquisition of dense boundary data and, with further studies, a high potential for translatability to real tissues with arbitrary boundaries. A requisite correction was also found for measurements in the fashion of scDCT to recover accurate speckle contrast of deep tissues.
Formation and purification of a new enzyme, glycerol oxidase and stoichiometry of the enzyme reaction. (1980)

Glycerol oxidase, a novel glycerol oxidizing enzyme, has been found in several strains belonging to genera Aspergillus, Neurospora, and Penicillium. Aspergillus japonicus AT 008 showed significantly high enzyme activity. Glycerol oxidase was formed in the mycelia of the fungi grown on glycerol as a carbon source. The enzyme was purified from the cell-free extract of Aspergillus japonicus AT 008 by a procedure involving fractionation with ammonium sulfate, column chromatographies on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and hydroxylapatite, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The overall purification was approximately 190-fold with a yield of 35.5%. The purified enzyme gave a single band on acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of glycerol using molecular oxygen as a primary electron acceptor and producing glyceraldehyde and hydrogen peroxide according to the following scheme: CH2OHCHOHCH2OH+02→CHOCHOHCH2OH+H2O2.
Large-format broadband multicolor GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal plane arrays (2001)

The GaAs/AlGaAs based quantum well IR photodetectors (QWIPs) afford greater flexibility than the usual extrinsically doped semiconductor IR detectors because the wavelength of the peak response and cutoff can be continuously tailored over any wavelength between 6-20 micrometers . The spectral band width of these detectors can be tuned from narrow to wide allowing various applications. Also, QWIP offers multi-color IR cameras which is capable of simultaneously acquiring images in different IR bands. Each pixel of such array consists of vertically stacked, independently readable, QWIP detectors sensitive in different narrow IR bands. In this article, we discuss the result of a 10-16 micrometers large format broadband QWIP focal plane array IR bands. In this article, we discuss the results of a 10-16 micrometers large format broadband QWIP focal plane array (FPA). The size of the FPA is 640 X 512 and its pixel pitch is 25 microns. The highest operating temperature of the FPA is 45K, and it was determined by the charge storage capacity and the other features of the particular readout multiplexer used in this demonstration. Excellent imagery, with a noise equivalent differential temperature of 55 mK has been achieved. In addition, we will discus the developments and results of the 640 X 512 dual-band QWIP FPA.