gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A broad-band single polarization optical fiber (1991)

The authors report on a single-mode optical fiber that transmits one and only one polarization state of the fundamental mode over a broad wavelength band (13%). The good broadband performance is attributed to the fiber's refractive-index profile, which mathematically allows only one polarization state to cutoff. The authors discuss general design principles and show that the mode field diameter is a qualitative indicator of the fiber's performance. The fiber's guided polarization state is similar to the fundamental mode of a step-index fiber in its low attenuation, 5.5 dB/km, and small mode diameter, 5.8 mu m (both measurements at 840 nm). Most important, the fiber shows a broad single polarization band, 13%, a feature well described by the change in mode field diameter with wavelength of an ideal, circularly symmetry, W-profile fiber.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Two-Party secret key distribution via a modified quantum secret sharing protocol (2015)

We present and demonstrate a novel protocol for distributing secret keys between two and only two parties based on N-party single-qubit Quantum Secret Sharing (QSS). We demonstrate our new protocol with N = 3 parties using phase-encoded photons. We show that any two out of N parties can build a secret key based on partial information from each other and with collaboration from the remaining N - 2 parties. Our implementation allows for an accessible transition between N-party QSS and arbitrary two party QKD without modification of hardware. In addition, our approach significantly reduces the number of resources such as single photon detectors, lasers and dark fiber connections needed to implement QKD.
Synthesis of New Benzoxazinone Derivatives as Neuropeptide Y5 Antagonists for the Treatment of Obesity (2004)

Screening of our internal chemical collection against the neuropeptide Y5 (NPY Y5) receptor allowed the identification of a benzoxazine derivative 5f as a hit that showed moderate affinity (IC(50) = 300 nM). With the aim of improving the in vitro potency, a series of 2-benzoxazinone derivatives have been synthesized and tested for NPY Y5 activity. Most of the compounds were found to be potent and selective NPY Y5 antagonists having nanomolar binding affinities for the NPY Y5 receptor and showing functional antagonism in the forskolin-induced cyclic AMP test. Prelimminary studies in order to understand the structure-activity relationship were undertaken. Selected compounds were further evaluated for in vivo efficacy, affording the lead compound 2-[4-(8-methyl-2-oxo-4H-benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-N-(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-3-yl)acetamide 5p, which displayed in vivo activity reducing food intake in rodents.
Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Reveals an Unexpected Coupling Product in the Copper-Promoted Synthesis of Pyrazoles (2013)

The reaction mechanism of the intermolecular oxidative formation of pyrazole 2 via a C–C/N–N bond-formation cascade of the enaminone 1 is investigated by means of ESI-MS. No direct reaction intermediates are observed; however, the formation of an unexpected imidazolid-3-one derivative X is observed that involves an oxidative dimerization of 1 in the presence of dioxygen. The derivative X is isolated and characterized by means of multidimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy.
Structure–property relationships of porous materials for carbon dioxide separation and capture (2012)

There is an urgent need to identify porous materials that can efficiently separate CO2 from mixtures of gases, such as the exhaust of fossil-fuel-based power plants and from impure sources of CH4 (e.g., natural gas and landfill gas). Recently, researchers have investigated collections of porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with the intent of finding correlations between CO2 separation ability and various material properties. However, due to the limited size of the collections, no clear correlations were found for material properties such as pore size, surface area, and pore volume, leaving researchers with little guidance in the design of new materials. In this work we drastically expand the scope of previous studies to include over 130 000 hypothetical MOFs, using molecular simulation to generate the adsorption properties. The resulting data exhibit sharply defined structure–property relationships that were not apparent when smaller collections of MOFs were considered. We show clear correlations between purely structural characteristics (e.g., pore size, surface area, and pore volume), as well as chemical characteristics (i.e., functional groups), with five adsorbent evaluation criteria taken from the engineering literature. These reported structure–property relationships can serve as a map for experimental synthesis going forward.
Raman Spectroscopic Detection for Perchlorate at Low Concentrations (2004)

Perchlorate (ClO4-) has recently emerged as a widespread environmental contaminant found in groundwater and surface water, and there is a great need for rapid detection and monitoring of this contaminant. In this study, we explore the use of surface-enhanced (SERS) and normal Raman spectroscopy for detecting ClO4- at low concentrations. We found that ClO4- is SERS active and, for the first time, were able to detect ClO4- at concentrations as low as 10(-6)-10(-7) M (or 10-100 microg/L) through the application of silver SERS substrates or selective sorbents such as bifunctional anion-exchange resins. The use of selective sorbents greatly enhanced the reproducibility and sensitivity of ClO4- detection by normal Raman spectroscopy. Further exploration and research may allow application of these techniques for in situ, real-time detection and monitoring of ClO4- in environmental samples at even lower concentrations.
Encapsulation of drugs into large unilamellar liposomes prepared by an extemporaneous method (1991)

The method we developed for extemporaneous preparation of large unilamellar liposomes (Philippot et al. 1984) was applied to the encapsulation of 12 different antibiotic, anti-asthmatic and anti-inflammatory drugs. The behaviour of these drugs, during encapsulation, assigns them to one of the three classes: hydrophilic, hydrophobic or both. Alone, the first type of compound gave an appreciable encapsulation. However, the entrapment yield depended on the respective charges of the liposome and the drug. The amphiphile molecules tested are permeant and thus did not stay inside the liposomes. Only one of the hydrophobic drugs analysed associated with the liposome membrane lipids with a good yield.
Measurement-Only Topological Quantum Computation via Tunable Interactions (2012)

I examine, in general, how tunable interactions may be used to perform anyonic teleportation and generate braiding transformations for non-Abelian anyons. I explain how these methods are encompassed by the "measurement-only" approach to topological quantum computation. The physically most relevant example of Ising anyons or Majorana zero-modes is considered in detail, particularly in the context of Majorana nanowires.
Liquid Fuel Impingement on In-Cylinder Surfaces as a Source of Hydrocarbon Emissions From Direct Injection Gasoline Engines (2000)

Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions from direct injection gasoline (DIG) engines are significantly higher than those from comparable port fuel injected engines, especially when “late” direct injection (injection during the compression stroke) is used to produce a fuel economy benefit via unthrottled lean operation. The sources of engine-out hydrocarbon emissions for late direct injection are bulk flame quench, low temperatures for post-combustion oxidation, and fuel impingement on in-cylinder walls. An experimental technique has been developed that isolates the wall impingement source from the other sources of HC emissions from DIG engines. A series of steady-state and transient experiments is reported for which the HC emissions due to operation with a premixed charge using a gaseous fuel are compared to those when a small amount of liquid fuel is injected onto an in-cylinder surface and the gaseous fuel flow rate is decreased correspondingly. The steady-state experiments show that wetting any in-cylinder surface dramatically increases HC emissions compared to homogeneous charge operation with a gaseous fuel. The results of the transient fuel injection interrupt tests indicate that liquid-phase gasoline can survive within the cylinder of a fully warmed-up firing engine and that liquid fuel vaporization is slower than current computational models predict. This work supports the argument that HC emissions from DIG engines can be decreased by reducing the amount of liquid fuel that impinges on the cylinder liner and piston, and by improving the vaporization rate of the fuel that is deposited on these surfaces.
Metformin inhibits RAN translation through PKR pathway and mitigates disease in <i>C9orf72</i> ALS/FTD mice (2020)

Repeat associated non-AUG (RAN) translation is found in a growing number of microsatellite expansion diseases, but the mechanisms remain unclear. We show that RAN translation is highly regulated by the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). In cells, structured CAG, CCUG, CAGG, and G<sub>4</sub>C<sub>2</sub> expansion RNAs activate PKR, which leads to increased levels of multiple RAN proteins. Blocking PKR using PKR-K296R, the TAR RNA binding protein or PKR-KO cells, reduces RAN protein levels. p-PKR is elevated in <i>C9orf72</i> ALS/FTD human and mouse brains, and inhibiting PKR in <i>C9orf72</i> BAC transgenic mice using AAV-PKR-K296R or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug metformin, decreases RAN proteins, and improves behavior and pathology. In summary, targeting PKR, including by use of metformin, is a promising therapeutic approach for <i>C9orf72</i> ALS/FTD and other expansion diseases.
When Firmware Modifications Attack: A Case Study of Embedded Exploitation (2013)

The ability to update firmware is a feature that is found in nearly all modern embedded systems. We demonstrate how this feature can be exploited to allow attackers to inject malicious firmware modifications into vulnerable embedded devices. We discuss techniques for exploiting such vulnerable functionality and the implementation of a proof of concept printer malware capable of network reconnaissance, data exfiltration and propagation to general purpose computers and other embedded device types. We present a case study of the HP-RFU (Remote Firmware Update) LaserJet printer firmware modification vulnerability, which allows arbitrary injection of malware into the printer’s firmware via standard printed documents. We show vulnerable population data gathered by continuously tracking all publicly accessible printers discovered through an exhaustive scan of IPv4 space. To show that firmware update signing is not the panacea of embedded defense, we present an analysis of known vulnerabilities found in third-party libraries in 373 LaserJet firmware images. Prior research has shown that the design flaws and vulnerabilities presented in this paper are found in other modern embedded systems. Thus, the exploitation techniques presented in this paper can be generalized to compromise other embedded systems.
Telecentric three-dimensional sensor with a liquid mirror for large-object inspection (1999)

We describe a device that applies the advantages of the space invariance of telecentric triangulation with the measurement of large objects (1 m(3)). Because the scan motion of the laser beam is decoupled from the physical transport of the sensor head, the fast scanning of large volumes becomes feasible. The device consists of a triangulation laser telemeter head that uses a large liquid primary mirror and an aspheric secondary mirror to realize the telecentric f-theta objective. We propose using liquid-mirror technology to make low-cost large objectives that have low f numbers, a diffraction-limited performance, and low scattering in the visible. This new optical system is useful for 3-D measurement. We discuss the optical configuration of the system and the performance of a laboratory prototype. The prototype has a standoff distance of 1.5 m, a telecentric scan as long as 1 m, a depth of view of 1 m, and a relative depth resolution of 0.5-1 mm.
Downhole steam injector. [Patent application] (1981)

The present study was conducted to clarify the regulatory mechanism of cuticular protein genes of Bombyx mori expressed in wing discs in the prepupal stage. BHR3, BHR4, E74A, and ßFTZ-F1 were successively expressed in wing discs at the pre-pupal stage. BHR3 showed different ecdysone responsiveness from other ecdysone-responsive transcription factors (ERTFs) and was induced by ecdysone addition but showed decrease by ecdysone removal after treatment (ecdysone pulse). BHR4 and E74A were induced by the ecdysone addition and by the ecdysone pulse. ßFTZ-F1 was not induced by the ecdysone addition but was induced by the ecdysone pulse. Thus, ERTFs showed different hormone responsiveness, resulting in the different expression timing. We selected cuticular protein genes that showed the same expression stage with each transcription factor and examined their ecdysone responsiveness. The developmental expression and ecdysone responsiveness of BmorCPH5, BmorCPR34, BmorCPR23, and BmorCPR99 resembled those of BHR3, BHR4, E74A, and ßFTZ-F1, respectively. The results of the transient reporter assay strongly suggested the regulation of each cuticular protein promoter by ERTF. These ERTFs regulated different cuticular protein genes and determined their expression timing and probably the nature of the cuticle layer of insects.
Ventricular dyssynchrony assessment using ultra-high frequency ECG technique (2017)

UHFQRS offers a new and simple technique for assessing electrical activation patterns in ventricular dyssynchrony with a temporal-spatial resolution that cannot be obtained by processing standard surface ECG. The main clinical potential of UHFQRS lies in the identification of differences in electrical activation among CRT candidates and detection of improvements in electrical synchrony in patients with biventricular pacing.
Indole-Diterpene Biosynthetic Capability of<i>Epichloe</i>Endophytes as Predicted by<i>ltm</i>Gene Analysis (2009)

Bioprotective alkaloids produced by Epichloë and closely related asexual Neotyphodium fungal endophytes protect their grass hosts from insect and mammalian herbivory. One class of these compounds, known for antimammalian toxicity, is the indole-diterpenes. The LTM locus of Neotyphodium lolii (Lp19) and Epichloë festuce (Fl1), required for the biosynthesis of the indole-diterpene lolitrem, consists of 10 ltm genes. We have used PCR and Southern analysis to screen a broad taxonomic range of 44 endophyte isolates to determine why indole-diterpenes are present in so few endophyte-grass associations in comparison to that of the other bioprotective alkaloids, which are more widespread among the endophtyes. All 10 ltm genes were present in only three epichloë endophytes. A predominance of the asexual Neotyphodium spp. examined contained 8 of the 10 ltm genes, with only one N. lolii containing the entire LTM locus and the ability to produce lolitrems. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry profiles of indole-diterpenes from a subset of endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass showed that endophytes that contained functional genes present in ltm clusters 1 and 2 were capable of producing simple indole-diterpenes such as paspaline, 13-desoxypaxilline, and terpendoles, compounds predicted to be precursors of lolitrem B. Analysis of toxin biosynthesis genes by PCR now enables a diagnostic method to screen endophytes for both beneficial and detrimental alkaloids and can be used as a resource for screening isolates required for forage improvement.
Bond contribution model for the prediction of glass transition temperature in polyphenol molecular glass resists (2009)

Molecular glass resists have shown potential as replacements for polymeric resists in next generation lithography, especially extreme ultraviolet lithography. One of the main concerns about molecular resists is their glass transition temperature (Tg) which can be very low in some cases due to their small molecular size and other factors. While most of the polymeric chemically amplified resist platforms used thus far have Tg’s above 100°C, molecular resists investigated in the literature so far have shown a wide range of measured Tg’s from near room temperature to greater than 160°C. This potential for low Tg values and the current lack of ability to easily predict their Tg is a concern when designing new compounds because a molecular resist may be synthesized with a Tg value that is too low for the required processing conditions (e.g., allowing for dewetting of the resist, flow of the resist features, or excessive photoacid diffusion). To enable rational molecular resist design and overcome these problems, a quantitative structure-property relation model based on bond additivity that allows for the prediction of the Tg of molecular resists based on their full chemical structure has been developed in this work. The model shows a good coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.84 with experimental data, and a standard deviation of only 12°C for 57 compounds. It works well across multiple different levels of protection, different structural moieties, different molecular sizes, and different types of protecting groups. The model was also simplified to provide a simple heuristic for predicting Tg based on only two or three structural parameters, and this easy to use simplified model provides a similar level of quantitative agreement with experimental data to the full bond additivity model.
The superconducting properties of MgB/sub 2//(stainless steel) tapes fabricated by the pit process (2003)

We have investigated the superconducting properties of monofilament MgB/sub 2/ tapes and wires with a stainless steel (SUS316) sheath. MgB/sub 2/ powder was put into a SUS316 tube with a 6.5 mm diameter; the tube was cold-rolled into a wire with a 1.4 mm-1.0 mm diameter using groove-rolling and cassette roller dies and then cold-rolled into tapes. The stainless steel sheath is effective to increase the density of the MgB/sub 2/ core. The transport critical current density depends on the wire diameter and tape thickness. The J/sub C/ values increase with increasing the total cross-sectional area reduction of tapes. However, the J/sub C/ value of the tape with a thickness of less than 0.3 mm deteriorated because of cracks introduced by rolling. Post-annealing increased the J/sub C/ properties of these tapes. The low annealing temperature of /spl sim/600/spl deg/C was effective to increase the J/sub C/ values for MgB/sub 2//(stainless steel) tapes. This temperature was much lower than the optimum annealing temperature of MgB/sub 2/ tapes with other sheath materials, such as MgB/sub 2//Fe tapes. The post-annealing improved the linkage of grains and enhanced the J/sub C/ values.
Visual Detection of Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Using pH-Sensitive Dyes (2015)

Nucleic acid amplification is the basis for many molecular diagnostic assays. In these cases, the amplification product must be detected and analyzed, typically requiring extended workflow time, sophisticated equipment, or both. Here we present a novel method of amplification detection that harnesses the pH change resulting from amplification reactions performed with minimal buffering capacity. In loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reactions, we achieved rapid (<30 min) and sensitive (<10 copies) visual detection using pH-sensitive dyes. Additionally, the detection can be performed in real time, enabling high-throughput or quantitative applications. We also demonstrate this visual detection for another isothermal amplification method (strand-displacement amplification), PCR, and reverse transcription LAMP (RT-LAMP) detection of RNA. The colorimetric detection of amplification presented here represents a generally applicable approach for visual detection of nucleic acid amplification, enabling molecular diagnostic tests to be analyzed immediately without the need for specialized and expensive instrumentation.
Passive acoustic tracking for cueing a multistatic active acoustic tracking system (2012)

Fields of distributed passive and multistatic active sonar sensors provide surveillance capabilities against quiet submarine threats in Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) scenarios. The joint cooperative use of passive and active sonar offers synergistic and complimentary acoustic performance as well as operational advantages. However, a significant challenge of heterogeneous, multi-sensor systems is the successful fusion of information from the various sensors to enable robust target detection, classification, localization, and tracking. This paper describes the formation of a passive acoustic track that may be used to cue an active multistatic acoustic tracking system. A cue from a passive acoustic track reduces the false track rate in the active tracker by focusing the search area and selectively initiating active tracks. The passive track is assumed to originate from a fixed passive acoustic horizontal line array (HLA) which is unable to determine target range or resolve the familiar left-right ambiguity. However, passive systems can predict Closest-Point-of-Approach (CPA) events. For each CPA event, a cue can be forwarded to the active system for multistatic active track initiation. This paper presents a minimal parametric representation for a passive acoustic track. It also describes an algorithm for obtaining initial estimates of parameters that can be used to initiate the passive track more effectively. A performance evaluation is given. This paper also describes the conversion of the passive track to pseudo-coordinates that are convenient for use with a multistatic tracking system. Lastly, a method for measuring passive track quality is described which determines if track quality is sufficient to justify cueing the active multistatic system.
Self‐Assembled Aptamer Nanoconstruct: A Highly Effective Molecule‐Capturing Platform Having Therapeutic Applications (2018)

Abstract Although the aptamer is a promising tool for binding and controlling the activity of a specific target molecule, its relatively low stability and capturing efficiency are major obstacles for its direct use in therapeutic applications. Herein, a 3D molecular capture system named the “constructed aptamer (CA)” is reported, which is formulated by the self‐assembly of the human vascular endothelial growth factor (hVEGF) aptamer block and Y‐shaped DNA blocks. The serum stability and target capturing efficiency exhibited by the CA are greater than that observed with the oligomeric aptamer and randomly amplified aptamer. In addition, successful intracellular uptake is observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy using fluorescence labeled CA. Finally, an enhanced antitumor effect is demonstrated in vivo, owing to the efficient inhibition of angiogenesis. Overall, the designed CA has great potential as a therapeutic platform for capturing a specific disease‐related molecule such as VEGF.