gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrocarbon conversion. [Ethylbenzene] (1984)

The process comprises isomerization, in the liquid or vapor phase, of a feed comprising a xylene or mixture of xylenes and optionally also containing up to 25% ethylbenzene using a catalyst comprising a novel crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite Nu-5.
Automatic Bolus and Adaptive Basal Algorithm for the Artificial Pancreatic β-Cell (2010)

The ABAB therapy was compared with the optimal open-loop therapy and missed-bolus scenario on 100 adult subjects from the Food and Drug Administration-accepted University of Virginia/Padova Metabolic Simulator. The ABAB therapy presented superior performance according to the control-variability grid analysis. In addition, the ABAB therapy shows excellent robustness to insulin sensitivity rise: the hypoglycemia percentage was only 3.3% even when insulin sensitivity was increased by 20%. Independent of user intervention, the ABAB therapy is a good candidate for the first generation of an artificial pancreas. The proposed therapy shows excellent robustness to insulin dosing mismatches.
Aberration Generation by Contact Lenses With Aspheric and Asymmetric Surfaces (2002)

The aberrations generated by soft contact lenses on the eye were predictable. Rotations and translations of the contact lenses with respect to correct position on the eye were, however, the main limitation for precise correction of the ocular aberrations.
Alcohols as hydrogen-donor solvents for treatment of coal. [Patent application; US DOE] (1977)

A method for the hydroconversion of coal by solvent treatment at elevated temperatures and pressure wherein an alcohol having an ..cap alpha..-hydrogen atom, particularly a secondary alcohol such as isopropanol, is utilized as a hydrogen donor solvent. In a particular embodiment, a base capable of providing a catalytically effective amount of the corresponding alcoholate anion under the solvent treatment conditions is added to catalyze the alcohol-coal reaction.
Monoclonal antibodies differentially reactive with native and reductively modified Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (1995)

Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (BBI) is a potent anticarcinogen that suppresses malignant transformation at nanomolar concentrations. Small amounts of BBI in its native form can be measured by immunoassay using specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs); however, the MAbs currently available are not capable of detecting BBI metabolites in human body fluids. To develop new reagents for the study of BBI exposure and pharmacokinetics, we produced four MAbs, designated 3B6, 3E3, 4H8 and 5G2, from hybridomas derived from a mouse immunized with reductively modified BBI. The epitopes recognized by the four MAbs were characterized using BBI in its native form or modified by different methods. MAb 3B6 reacted with native BBI. Partial reduction of BBI with 720 Gy of gamma radiation in an oxygen-free solution of 100 mM formate increased the reactivity of BBI with 3B6; however, extensive reduction of BBI with 100 mM DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) completely abolished this antigenic reactivity. In contrast, the other three MAbs reacted with BBI molecules that had been reduced either with 720 Gy of radiation in formate solution or with DTT. Alkylation of the radiochemically reduced BBI with N-ethylmaleimide further increased the reactivity of BBI with 3E3, 4H8 and 5G2, possibly by preventing the formation of new disulfide bonds within the BBI molecules. The binding of 4H8 and 5G2 to BBI antigen was inhibited by the binding of 3E3, and vice versa. Thus, the epitopes recognized by 3E3, 4H8 and 5G2 are probably located close to one another on the reduced BBI molecules. These three MAbs were able to react with BBI metabolites in urine samples collected from volunteers after oral administration of BBI. The ability of these MAbs to detect BBI metabolites indicates that BBI may be reductively modified in vivo and these MAbs may be useful reagents for monitoring the uptake of BBI into human tissues in cancer chemoprevention studies with BBI.
Improved Probabilistic Neural Network Algorithm for Chemical Sensor Array Pattern Recognition (1999)

An improved probabilistic neural network (IPNN) algorithm for use in chemical sensor array pattern recognition applications is described. The IPNN is based on a modified probabilistic neural network (PNN) with three innovations designed to reduce the computational and memory requirements, to speed training, and to decrease the false alarm rate. The utility of this new approach is illustrated with the use of four data sets extracted from simulated and laboratory-collected surface acoustic wave sensor array data. A competitive learning strategy, based on a learning vector quantization neural network, is shown to reduce the storage and computation requirements. The IPNN hidden layer requires only a fraction of the storage space of a conventional PNN. A simple distance-based calculation is reported to approximate the optimal kernel width of a PNN. This calculation is found to decrease the training time and requires no user input. A general procedure for selecting the optimal rejection threshold for a PNN-based algorithm using Monte Carlo simulations is also demonstrated. This outlier rejection strategy is implemented for an IPNN classifier and found to reject ambiguous patterns, thereby decreasing the potential for false alarms.
Radially aligned hierarchical columnar structure as a cathode material for high energy density sodium-ion batteries (2015)

Delivery of high capacity with good retention is a challenge in developing cathodes for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. Here we present a radially aligned hierarchical columnar structure in spherical particles with varied chemical composition from the inner end (Na[Ni0.75Co0.02Mn0.23]O2) to the outer end (Na[Ni0.58Co0.06Mn0.36]O2) of the structure. With this cathode material, we show that an electrochemical reaction based on Ni(2+/3+/4+) is readily available to deliver a discharge capacity of 157 mAh (g-oxide)(-1) (15 mA g(-1)), a capacity retention of 80% (125 mAh g(-1)) during 300 cycles in combination with a hard carbon anode, and a rate capability of 132.6 mAh g(-1) (1,500 mA g(-1), 10 C-rate). The cathode also exhibits good temperature performance even at -20°C. These results originate from rather unique chemistry of the cathode material, which enables the Ni redox reaction and minimizes the surface area contacting corrosive electrolyte.
Cloning and Recombinant Expression of a Structurally Novel Human Secreted Phospholipase A2 (2000)

Mammals contain a diverse set of secreted phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)s) that liberate arachidonic acid from phospholipids for the production of eicosanoids and exert a variety of physiological and pathological effects. We report the cloning, recombinant expression, and kinetic properties of a novel human sPLA(2) that defines a new structural class of sPLA(2)s called group XII. The human group XII (hGXII) cDNA contains a putative signal peptide of 22 residues followed by a mature protein of 167 amino acids that displays homology to all known sPLA(2)s only over a short stretch of amino acids in the active site region. Northern blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses show that the tissue distribution of hGXII is distinct from the other human sPLA(2)s with strong expression in heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, and pancreas and weaker expression in brain, liver, small intestine, lung, placenta, ovaries, testis, and prostate. Catalytically active hGXII was produced in Escherichia coli and shown to be Ca(2+)-dependent despite the fact that it is predicted to have an unusual Ca(2+)-binding loop. Similar to the previously characterized mouse group IIE sPLA(2)s, the specific activity of hGXII is low in comparison to that of other mammalian sPLA(2), suggesting that hGXII could have novel functions that are independent of its phospholipase A(2) activity.
Detection of oscillations in power systems using Kalman filtering techniques (2004)

This paper addresses online estimation of electromechanical oscillatory modes in power systems using dynamic data such as currents, voltages and angle differences measured on-line across transmission lines. These measurements are provided by newly installed phasor measurement units (PMUs). Here, the collected data are evaluated with the main objective to detect the dominant frequency and damping of oscillations during normal operation of the power system. The goal is to give the transmission operator qualitative and quantitative information about actual oscillations in the power system as well as about related properties, such as stability margins. The approach is demonstrated on a model of a real power system. Several problems and limitations of the approach are pointed out as well.
A New Series of Potent Benzodiazepine γ‐Secretase Inhibitors. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Approach to Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation: Development of Aerobic Pd‐Catalyzed Reductive Coupling Reactions of Organometallic Reagents and Styrenes. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Novel Myeloma-Specific Multiple Peptides Able to Generate Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes: Potential Therapeutic Application in Multiple Myeloma and Other Plasma Cell Disorders, (2011)

Abstract Abstract 3990 Although single antigen targeted vaccination has been evaluated in multiple myeloma (MM), its efficacy has been limited. The major challenges in developing a MM-specific immunotherapy include heterogeneity of tumor associated antigens (TAA) expression, frequent mutations of specific TAA and variability of the human T-cell repertoire. We hypothesize that peptide vaccine efficacy may be enhanced by stimulating immune cells with multiple epitopes derived from different TAA. The goal of our study was to examine the effectiveness of a combination of four immunogenic HLA-A2-specific peptides derived from multiple MM-associated antigens to induce myeloma-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) ex vivo. The specific target antigens, XBP1, CD138 and CS1 play a significant role in MM pathogenesis. We have identified immunogenic HLA-A2-specific epitopes: heteroclitic XBP1 US184–192 (YISPWILAV), heteroclitic XBP1 SP367–375 (YLFPQLISV), native CD138260–268(GLVGLIFAV) and native CS1239–247 (SLFVLGLFL). In this study, first we evaluated each of the four epitopes in parallel and confirmed strong HLA-A2 binding affinity of the four individual peptides and demonstrated comparable phenotypes and overall functional activity of CTL generated with each peptide against HLA-A2+ MM cells. We next evaluated the multipeptide-specific CTL (MP-CTL) generated using a combination of all four peptides. The MP-CTL had an increased percentage of total CD8+ T cells, CCR7−CD45RO+(effector memory) and CD69+ (activated) cells. In addition, the MP-CTL demonstrated polyfunctional immune activities [higher IFN-g production, cell proliferation and cytotoxicity] against HLA-A2+ primary MM cells and MM cell lines, but not to HLA-A2− MM cells or HLA-A2+ breast cancer cells. Importantly, the MP-CTL demonstrated peptide-specific responses to all relevant epitopes including heteroclitic XBP1 US184–192 (YISPWILAV), heteroclitic XBP1 SP367–375 (YLFPQLISV), native CD138260–268(GLVGLIFAV) and native CS1239–247 (SLFVLGLFL), but not to an irrelevant CMV pp65 (NLVPMVATV) peptide in a various functional assays evaluated cytokine production and cytotoxicity. Moreover, the MP-CTL demonstrated similar or greater response against MM, compared to CTL generated using the individual peptides. Thus, targeting MM-associated antigens using a cocktail of specific peptides may provide an effective therapeutic application in patients with MM and related plasma cell disorders. Disclosures: Anderson: Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria. Munshi:Millennium: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Onyx: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.
Cancer diagnosis and prognosis decoded by blood-based circulating microRNA signatures (2013)

In the recent years, circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have garnered a lot of attention and interest in the field of disease biomarkers. With characteristics such as high stability, low cost, possibility of repeated sampling and minimal invasiveness, circulating miRNAs are ideal for development into diagnostic tests. There have been many studies reported on the potential of circulating miRNAs as early detection, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in cancer. Here, we have reviewed the application of plasma and serum miRNAs as biomarkers for cancer focusing on epithelial carcinomas [prostate, breast, lung, colorectal, and gastric cancer (GC)] and hematological malignancies (leukemia and lymphoma). We have also addressed the common challenges that need to be overcome to achieve a successful bench to bedside transition.
Synthesis of ceramic superconductors under low oxygen pressure (1989)

We have developed a process for synthesizing orthorhombic YBa2Cu3O
 x
 (123) superconducting powders by calcination of the precursor powder under reduced total oxygen pressure. Because a single calcination at 800°C for 4 h in flowing oxygen at a pressure of 2 mm Hg results in essentially phase-pure material, total calcination times have been drastically reduced. At liquid nitrogen temperature, sintered pellets made from this powder have critical current densities of ∼1000 A/cm2 in zero applied magnetic field.
A Dynamical Systems Approach to Neuromorphic Computation of Conditional Probabilities (2018)

Here we describe a spiking neural network model for obtaining the conditional probability between two random variables from the synaptic weight between two corresponding neurons. Our method does not aim to mimic biologically plausible processes in the brain, but instead aims to replace slow Bayesian updating algorithms with highly parallel, simple computations by taking inspiration from Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP), a naturally occurring phenomena of neuronal synapses. The neuronal network we develop can operate in two different modes to both learn the joint distribution of variables, and read out conditional probabilities based on partial input. Furthermore, it relies on integer-valued neurons and synapses, making it amenable to hardware-based implementations. We demonstrate this capability of our novel probabilistic computation unit by encoding synthetically generated input data streams into spike trains and letting the synaptic weight of interest converge to the correct conditional probability.
Illegible Text to Readable Text: An Image-to-Image Transformation using Conditional Sliced Wasserstein Adversarial Networks (2019)

Automatic text recognition from ancient handwritten record images is an important problem in the genealogy domain. However, critical challenges such as varying noise conditions, vanishing texts, and variations in handwriting make the recognition task difficult. We tackle this problem by developing a handwritten-to-machine-print conditional Generative Adversarial network (HW2MP-GAN) model that formulates handwritten recognition as a text-Image-to-text-Image translation problem where a given image, typically in an illegible form, is converted into another image, close to its machine-print form. The proposed model consists of three-components including a generator, and word-level and character-level discriminators. The model incorporates Sliced Wasserstein distance (SWD) and U-Net architectures in HW2MP-GAN for better quality image-to-image transformation. Our experiments reveal that HW2MP-GAN outperforms state-of-the-art baseline cGAN models by almost 30 in Frechet Handwritten Distance (FHD), 0.6 on average Levenshtein distance and 39% in word accuracy for image-to-image translation on IAM database. Further, HW2MP-GAN improves handwritten recognition word accuracy by 1.3% compared to baseline handwritten recognition models on the IAM database.
In-Line Esterification of Pyrolysis Vapor with Ethanol Improves Bio-oil Quality (2009)

A simple reactive condensation technique was developed to decrease the concentration of reactive species in the oily phase of two-phase pyrolysis oil as a means to increase the storage stability, heating value, and overall quality of the oil. Bio-oil vapor was esterified from the reaction of in situ organic acids with ethanol during condensation resulting in the production of water and esters. The research compared the quality of slow pyrolysis-produced bio-oils collected by condensing pyrolysis vapor using atomized ethanol (EtOH) at various weight hourly space velocity (WHSV). The resultant bio-oil exhibited two phases at room temperature, which were separated to obtain an oily and an aqueous phase. WHSV was varied from 8.3 to 33 (kg h−1 biomass per kg h−1 ethanol), which produced bio-oils with ethanol content ranging from 7.3 to 23.2 wt % of total oil. Increasing EtOH from 0 to 23% (w/w) decreased water content and viscosity in the oily phase by 16% and 56%, respectively, while also increasing pH from 2.48 to 3.05. Results were consistent with the formation of esters. The concentration of a carboxylic acid, acetic acid, and an ester, ethyl acetate, were determined using quantitative GC-MS analysis and indicated a maximum 40% (v/v) conversion of acetic acid with 19% (v/v) being converted to ethyl acetate. Other reactions predicted included acetalizations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde with ethanol to form diethoxymethane and 1,1-diethoxyethane, respectively.
Sample interval modulation for the simultaneous acquisition of displacement vector data in magnetic resonance elastography: theory and application (2013)

SampLe Interval Modulation-magnetic resonance elastography (SLIM-MRE) is introduced for simultaneously encoding all three displacement projections of a monofrequency vibration into the MR signal phase. In SLIM-MRE, the individual displacement components are observed using different sample intervals. In doing so, the components are modulated with different apparent frequencies in the MR signal phase expressed as a harmonic function of the start time of the motion encoding gradients and can thus be decomposed by applying a Fourier transform to the sampled multidirectional MR phases. In this work, the theoretical foundations of SLIM-MRE are presented and the new idea is implemented using a high field (11.7 T) vertical bore magnetic resonance imaging system on an inhomogeneous agarose gel phantom sample. The local frequency estimation-derived stiffness values were the same within the error margins for both the new SLIM-MRE method and for conventional MRE, while the number of temporally-resolved MRE experiments needed for each study was reduced from three to one. In this work, we present for the first time, monofrequency displacement data along three sensitization directions that were acquired simultaneously and stored in the same k-space.
New cuts for width-extensional mode quartz crystal resonators (2003)

Various characteristics for a width-extensional mode quartz crystal resonator are described. A new cut for a width-extensional mode quartz crystal resonator, the KT-cut, is proposed, and its frequency characteristics, frequency temperature behavior, and electrical characteristics are clarified. A frequency equation is derived under the conditions that width X/sub 0/ is much larger than thickness Z/sub 0/ but much smaller than length Y/sub 0/ by solving partial differential equations for a new shape GT cut quartz crystal resonator with a variational principle. The modified shape for the resonator is referred to as the GT resonator. From this equation, relationships of resonant frequency versus width X/sub 0/ and the first- and second-order temperature coefficients alpha , beta versus a cut angle theta are analyzed theoretically. Series resistance R/sub 1/ and a quality factor Q are examined in the frequency range of approximately 8.7 to 32 MHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sputtering Techniques for Controlling Composition of Thin Films of High-Tc Superconducting Compounds (1971)

Presently known, high transition temperature (≳15 K) superconducting materials have either the β-W (A-15) or rocksalt (B-l) crystal structure. Although these compounds retain the desired crystal structure over a wide composition range, optimum Tc’s are obtained only when the compounds are nearly stoichiometric. Films of some of these materials, including compounds in the Nb–Al, Nb–Sn, and Nb–Al–Ge systems, have been prepared by sputtering. To control composition, various targets have been employed, including ingots made by arc melting, hot-pressed powder mixtures, and multiple targets. Compound formation was achieved in most cases (as verified by x-ray diffraction analysis) regardless of target material used, however, the Tc’s of the films varied from &lt; 10 K to over 16 K. The influence of target material on stoichiometry and on Tc is discussed, and some of the high-field superconducting properties of the deposited films are reported.
Developing usable speech criteria for speaker identification technology (2002)

A "usable speech" extraction system was proposed (Yanatorno, 1998) to separate co-channel speech into "usable" frames that are minimally corrupted by interfering speech. Studies indicate that a significant amount of cochannel speech can be considered "usable" for speaker identification (SID). Therefore, it is necessary to establish criteria for usable speech frames for SID. Voiced speech, of which usable speech is entirely comprised, is shown to be information rich for SID. In addition, SID accuracy increases as the frame-based target to interferer ratio (TIR) increases when evaluated independently of the amount of available segments. Krishnamachari et al. (2000) developed a frame-based spectral autocorrelation ratio (SAR) technique for determining usable frames within co-channel speech. The ability of the SAR method to determine usable frames at various thresholds is examined. This paper investigates the effectiveness of a frame-based usable speech extraction technique for speaker identification.
Cubic Pyrochlore Bismuth Zinc Niobate Thin Films for High‐Temperature Dielectric Energy Storage (2015)

Thin films of cubic pyrochlore bismuth zinc niobate, a lead‐free dielectric, were fabricated using a solution chemistry based upon the Pechini method. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the films are smooth and mostly dense. The films exhibit a dielectric constant of 145 ± 5, a low dielectric loss of 0.00065 ± 0.0001, and a room temperature, 1 kHz maximum field of approximately 4.7 MV/cm. At frequencies of 100 Hz and 10 kHz, the maximum field sustained by the material increased to 5.0 MV/cm and 5.1 MV/cm, although the dielectric loss increased to 0.0065 ± 0.001. At a measurement frequency of 10 kHz, the maximum energy storage density was ~60.8 ± 2.0 J/cm 3 , while at a measurement frequency of 100 Hz, the maximum energy storage was ~46.7 ± 1.7 J/cm 3 . As the temperature was increased to 200°C, the breakdown strength of the films decreased, while the loss tangent remained modest. At 200°C and a measurement frequency of 100 Hz, the maximum energy storage density was ~23.1 ± 0.8 J/cm 3 , and at 10 kHz, the maximum energy storage density was ~27.3 ± 1.0 J/cm 3 .