gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of HIV Vpr as a Regulator of Apoptosis and an Effector on Bystander Cells (2006)

The major event in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is the death of many cells related to host immune response. The demise of these cells is normally explained by cell suicide mechanism, apoptosis. Interestingly, the decrease in the number of immune cells, such as non-CD4(+) cells as well as CD4(+) T cells, in HIV infection usually occurs in uninfected bystander cells, not in directly infected cells. It has, therefore, been suggested that several soluble factors, including viral protein R (Vpr), are released from the infected cells and induce the death of bystander cells. Some studies show that Vpr interacts directly with adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) to induce mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP). The MMP results in release of some apoptogenic factors such as cytochrome-c (cyt-c) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Vpr also has indirect effect on mitochondria through enhancing the level of caspase-9 transcription and suppressing nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB). The involvement of p53 in Vpr-induced apoptosis remains to be studied. On the other hand, low level of Vpr expression has anti-apoptotic effect, whereas it's high level of expression induces apoptosis. Extracellular Vpr also exhibits cytotoxicity to uninfected bystander cells through apoptotic or necrotic mechanism. The facts that Vpr has cytotoxic effect on both infected cells and bystander cells, and that it exhibits both pro- and anti-apoptotic activity may explain its role in viral survival and disease progression.
Immunogenicity of an Inactivated Monovalent 2009 H1N1 Influenza Vaccine in Pregnant Women (2011)

Background. Although pregnant women are at increased risk of severe illness following influenza infection, there is relatively little information on the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines administered during pregnancy.
Unfolding Kinetics of Bovine Trypsinogen (1996)

The unfolding kinetics of bovine trypsinogen were studied by a fluorescence-detected stopped-flow technique at pH 5.8. Trypsinogen unfolding appeared to be a rather complex reaction. Two phases, fast (with a time constant in the millisecond range) and slow, were detected in the range 2-7 M guanidium chloride (GdmCl). The natural logarithm of the rate constant of the slow phase exhibited strong dependence on [GdmCl], changing from hundreds of seconds at low denaturant concentration to about 20 ms at 7 M GdmCl. The curvature of this dependence further suggests a complex mechanism of unfolding. Generally, similar kinetics were observed for the trypsinogen.Ca complex. Small differences could be noticed, however, for the fast phase. In agreement, Ca2+ influenced only this stage of the reaction. Analysis of the dependence of the time constant of the fast phase on [CaCl2] indicates that at 4 M GdmCl, trypsinogen.Ca unfolds about sixfold slower than free zymogen, and that native trypsinogen at 4 M GdmCl still exhibits high affinity for Ca2+. Limited data on trypsin unfolding show virtually an identical dependence of the slow phase on [GdmCl]; the fast phase, however was not observed. Moreover, in the 3-4.5 M GdmCl range, a separate phase was detected. It is postulated that this phase is a manifestation of the activation-domain unfolding. The Eyring plots for the fast phase of . trypsinogen and trypsinogen.Ca unfolding are linear, indicating little change in heat capacity for this stage of reaction. The slow step of unfolding, however, shows significant curvature which indicates a substantial increase in heat capacity.
Properties of Color Variation Across a Multi-Projector Display (2002)

Large area multi-projector displays are becoming increasingly popular for scientific visualization and virtual reality applications. Though most of the geometric calibration issues for such displays have been addressed in the past, the color variation across the display is still not addressed in a comprehensive fashion. The two major components of this color variation are the color non-uniformity within a single projector’s field of view termed as intra-projector variation and the variation across different projectors termed as inter-projector variations. Understanding the properties of the color variation across a multi-projector display can help us make simplifying assumptions which in turn can render the problem of achieving color uniformity in such displays tractable. In this paper we study the properties of intra-projector variations in different kinds of projectors. We investigate the validity of the assumptions of channel constancy, spatial homogeneity, spatial uniformity and response non-linearity in case of projectors. It has been shown before that such assumptions for display devices like CRT monitors and LCD panels are valid or can be modeled by simple mathematical functions. We will show that the projectors are quite different in this respect and some assumptions that can be safely made about some of the other display devices cannot be made for projector.
MXenes stretch hydrogel sensor performance to new limits (2018)

The development of wearable electronics, point-of-care testing, and soft robotics requires strain sensors that are highly sensitive, stretchable, capable of adhering conformably to arbitrary and complex surfaces, and preferably self-healable. Conductive hydrogels hold great promise as sensing materials for these applications. However, their sensitivities are generally low, and they suffer from signal hysteresis and fluctuation due to their viscoelastic property, which can compromise their sensing performance. We demonstrate that hydrogel composites incorporating MXene (Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T <sub><i>x</i></sub> ) outperform all reported hydrogels for strain sensors. The obtained composite hydrogel [MXene-based hydrogel (M-hydrogel)] exhibits outstanding tensile strain sensitivity with a gauge factor (GF) of 25, which is 10 times higher than that of pristine hydrogel. Furthermore, the M-hydrogel exhibits remarkable stretchability of more than 3400%, an instantaneous self-healing ability, excellent conformability, and adhesiveness to various surfaces, including human skin. The M-hydrogel composite exhibits much higher sensitivity under compressive strains (GF of 80) than under tensile strains. We exploit this asymmetrical strain sensitivity coupled with viscous deformation (self-recoverable residual deformation) to add new dimensions to the sensing capability of hydrogels. Consequently, both the direction and speed of motions on the hydrogel surface can be detected conveniently. Based on this effect, M-hydrogel demonstrates superior sensing performance in advanced sensing applications. Thus, the traditionally disadvantageous viscoelastic property of hydrogels can be transformed into an advantage for sensing, which reveals prospects for hydrogel sensors.
Temperature-Induced Crystallization and Compactibility of Spray Dried Composite Particles Composed of Amorphous Lactose and Various Types of Water-Soluble Polymer. (2000)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the temperature-induced crystallization and the compactibility of the composite particles containing amorphous lactose and various types of polymers. The composite particles were prepared by spray-drying an aqueous solution of lactose and various types of gel forming water-soluble polymers at various formulating ratios. The stabilizing effect of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) on amorphous lactose in the composite particles was smaller than that of sodium alginate in comparing at the same formulating ratios. The difference in the stability of amorphous lactose in the composite particles was attributed to the difference in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composite particles caused by the polymers formulated. The tensile strength of compacted spray-dried composite particles containing the polymers was higher than commercial lactose for direct tabletting (DCL21). The tensile strength of the composite particles was increased with an increase in water content in the particles. The difference in compactibility of the composite particles containing the different amount of polymer and water could be explained by the difference in Tg of the particles.
Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-2 (PARP-2) Is Required for Efficient Base Excision DNA Repair in Association with PARP-1 and XRCC1 (2002)

The DNA damage dependence of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-2 (PARP-2) activity is suggestive of its implication in genome surveillance and protection. Here we show that the PARP-2 gene, mainly expressed in actively dividing tissues follows, but to a smaller extent, that of PARP-1 during mouse development. We found that PARP-2 and PARP-1 homo- and heterodimerize; the interacting interfaces, sites of reciprocal modification, have been mapped. PARP-2 was also found to interact with three other proteins involved in the base excision repair pathway: x-ray cross complementing factor 1 (XRCC1), DNA polymerase beta, and DNA ligase III, already known as partners of PARP-1. XRCC1 negatively regulates PARP-2 activity, as it does for PARP-1, while being a polymer acceptor for both PARP-1 and PARP-2. To gain insight into the physiological role of PARP-2 in response to genotoxic stress, we developed by gene disruption mice deficient in PARP-2. Following treatment by the alkylating agent N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU), PARP-2-deficient cells displayed an important delay in DNA strand breaks resealing, similar to that observed in PARP-1 deficient cells, thus confirming that PARP-2 is also an active player in base excision repair despite its low capacity to synthesize ADP-ribose polymers.
A Review of: “Drug Discovery—A History” (2006)

Bringing medications to market is a time consuming and expensive endeavor, costing hundreds of millions of dollars. The book Drug Discovery—A History by Walter Sneader is a review of the scientific...
[Surgical treatment of pelvic and femoral bones neoplasms]. (1979)

The author has reported 42 operations on the pelvic girdle and femoral bones. Two new variants of surgical intervention are suggested: 1) interiliac-pubic-sciatic amputation of a lower extremity, and 2) extended exarticulation of the femur. Des keletization of pelvic bones in both operative procedures renders them more ablastic and radical as compared with routine operations. Interiliac-abdominal resection is felt to be more rational from the rehabilitation viewpoint, moreover it is the author's opinion that resection of the femoral proximal segment should be avoided whenever possible.
Flow visualization on the linear compressor cascade endwall using oil flows and laser Doppler anemometry (2004)

Surface oil flow visualizations were conducted in the VPI&SU Department of AOE Low Speed Linear Cascade Wind Tunnel on the endwall. Oil flow visualizations of the endwall flow features (passage flow, cross flow and tip leakage vortex) for tip gap to chord ratios (t/c) of 1.65% and 3.3% are discussed in detail. For the first time, quantitative comparisons are made between the oil-flow direction and the wall shear stress direction obtained from laser Doppler anemometer experimental results. The oil flow streaks are aligned with the wall shear stress direction, except near separation, which is proved theoretically and experimentally. Wall shear stress directions in the oil-flow images are measured and the separation line in the oil flow is calibrated based on the skin friction results from the LDA measurement.
Energy transfer pathways in the carbazole functionalized β-diketonate europium complexes (2007)

Two novel Eu3+ complexes Eu(CDBM)3·2H2O and Eu(CCDBM)3·2H2O have been synthesized (CDBM = 1-(4-(9-carbazol)phenyl)-3-phenyl-1,3-propanedione, CCDBM = 1-((4-(9-carbazol)methyl)phenyl)-3-phenyl-1,3-propanedione). Eu(CDBM)3·2H2O showed strong internal ligand charge transfer (ILCT) fluorescence and sensitized emission of Eu3+. Due to the charge transfer character, the fluorescence band of CDBM shifted from 403 nm in cyclohexane to 559 nm in acetonitrile. Photophysical studies demonstrated that no energy was migrated from the ILCT excited state of the ligands to Eu3+, and that Eu3+ was sensitized by the triplet state which was localized in the 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedione (DBM) part. The quantum efficiencies of Eu3+ in the three complexes are in the order Eu(DBM)3·2H2O > Eu(CCDBM)3·2H2O > Eu(CDBM)3·2H2O in both solution and the solid state. The energy transfer pathways in the three Eu3+ complexes were discussed in detail. Based on the systematic photophysical studies, a new guideline for the organo-lanthanide light emitting materials has been proposed: ILCT should be avoided during molecular modification.
Dual-Channel Photoelectrochemical Ratiometric Aptasensor with up-Converting Nanocrystals Using Spatial-Resolved Technique on Homemade 3D Printed Device (2018)

A near-infrared light-activated ratiometric photoelectrochemical aptasensor was fabricated for detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) coupling with upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs)-semiconductor nanocrystals-based spatial-resolved technique on a homemade 3D printing device in which a self-regulating integrated electrode was designed for dual signal readout. The as-prepared NaYF<sub>4</sub>:Yb,Er UCNPs@CdTe nanocrystals were initially assembled on two adjacent photoelectrodes, then CEA aptamer 1 (A<sub>1</sub>) and capture DNA (CA) were modified onto two working photoelectrodes (WP<sub>1</sub> and WP<sub>2</sub>) through covalent binding, respectively, and then gold nanoparticle-labeled CEA aptamer 2 (Au NP-A<sub>2</sub>) was immobilized on the surface of functional WP<sub>2</sub> for the formation of double-stranded DNA. Upon target CEA introduction, the various concentrations of CEA were captured on the WP<sub>1</sub>, whereas the binding of the CEA with Au NP-A<sub>2</sub> could be released from the WP<sub>2</sub> thanks to the highly affinity of CEA toward A<sub>2</sub>. The dual signal readout with the "signal-off" of WP<sub>1</sub> and "signal-on" of WP<sub>2</sub> were employed for the spatial-resolved PEC (SR-PEC) strategy to detect CEA as an analytical model. Combining NaYF<sub>4</sub>:Yb,Er UCNPs@CdTe nanocrystals with spatial-resolved model on 3D printing device, the PEC ratiometric aptasensor based on steric hindrance effect and exciton-plasmon interactions (EPI) exhibited a linear range from 10.0 pg mL<sup>-1</sup> to 5.0 ng mL<sup>-1</sup> with a limit of detection of 4.8 pg mL<sup>-1</sup> under 980 nm illumination. The SR-PEC ratiometric strategy showed acceptable stability and reproducibility with a superior anti-interference ability. This approach can provide the guidance for the design of ratiometric, multiplexed, and point-of-care biosensors.
Algorithm design for a 30-bit integrated logarithmic processor (2003)

A description is given of the architecture of an integrated processor that is capable of performing addition and subtraction of 30-b numbers with 20 fractional bits in the logarithmic number system. Previous techniques would require 70 Mb of ROM to implement this processor, which is not feasible for a single-chip implementation. The techniques presented here use a factor of 275 less memory. The key to this is the use of a linear approximation of the nonlinear functions stored in the lookup tables. The functions involved are highly nonlinear in some regions, so variable size regions are used for the approximation. The use of linear approximation alone would still require over 565 kb of ROM. Further compression is obtained by using linear approximation with differential coding of each table. The compression is chosen to minimize ROM size and obtains a further reduction of 55%. A total of 260 kb of ROM is required to implement the processor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The distribution of melanin in skin determined in vivo (2007)

New contact and noncontact chromophore SIAscopic mapping techniques provide robust, rapid noninvasive measures of the concentration and spatial distribution of eumelanin in vivo, independent of haemoglobin, which correspond to true tissue values for this chromophore.
A Wireless Mesh Network-based System for Hotspots Deployment and Management (2007)

In recent years Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) or hotspots, as they are commonly known, have emerged as a promising networking platform to extend network connectivity in public venues, providing local coverage for Internet applications on the move in urban areas and rural environments. Wireless hotspots using 802.11-based technology have popped up in corporate offices, coffeehouses, airports, restaurants and bookstores worldwide. For all their utility and ease of use the 802.11 wireless protocol, known as WiFi, has become the mobile connectivity mechanism of choice for business people, travelers, villagers, and everyone else. Unfortunately, even with the protocol's ease of use and its accessibility, there are still technical challenges to be solved toward an ubiquitous connectivity using WiFi hotspots. In this paper we present an experimental wireless system which extends beyond the hotspot's capabilities to provides wireless connectivity at distant areas and at a low cost. The system, combines the promising paradigm of Wireless Mesh Networks with the Captive Portal technology to offer a wide range of Internet-based communication services and applications. We detail the system architecture overseeing its main components and implementation details. Finally, we present some experiments in term of context services and traffic modeling, and demonstrate that the developed system can be easily deployed in term of coverage, management, and offered services.
Electric field calculations in brain stimulation based on finite elements: An optimized processing pipeline for the generation and usage of accurate individual head models (2011)

The need for realistic electric field calculations in human noninvasive brain stimulation is undisputed to more accurately determine the affected brain areas. However, using numerical techniques such as the finite element method (FEM) is methodologically complex, starting with the creation of accurate head models to the integration of the models in the numerical calculations. These problems substantially limit a more widespread application of numerical methods in brain stimulation up to now. We introduce an optimized processing pipeline allowing for the automatic generation of individualized high-quality head models from magnetic resonance images and their usage in subsequent field calculations based on the FEM. The pipeline starts by extracting the borders between skin, skull, cerebrospinal fluid, gray and white matter. The quality of the resulting surfaces is subsequently improved, allowing for the creation of tetrahedral volume head meshes that can finally be used in the numerical calculations. The pipeline integrates and extends established (and mainly free) software for neuroimaging, computer graphics, and FEM calculations into one easy-to-use solution. We demonstrate the successful usage of the pipeline in six subjects, including field calculations for transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation. The quality of the head volume meshes is validated both in terms of capturing the underlying anatomy and of the well-shapedness of the mesh elements. The latter is crucial to guarantee the numerical robustness of the FEM calculations. The pipeline will be released as open-source, allowing for the first time to perform realistic field calculations at an acceptable methodological complexity and moderate costs.
Closed-loop control of a fragile network: application to seizure-like dynamics of an epilepsy model (2015)

It has recently been proposed that the epileptic cortex is fragile in the sense that seizures manifest through small perturbations in the synaptic connections that render the entire cortical network unstable. Closed-loop therapy could therefore entail detecting when the network goes unstable, and then stimulating with an exogenous current to stabilize the network. In this study, a non-linear stochastic model of a neuronal network was used to simulate both seizure and non-seizure activity. In particular, synaptic weights between neurons were chosen such that the network's fixed point is stable during non-seizure periods, and a subset of these connections (the most fragile) were perturbed to make the same fixed point unstable to model seizure events; and, the model randomly transitions between these two modes. The goal of this study was to measure spike train observations from this epileptic network and then apply a feedback controller that (i) detects when the network goes unstable, and then (ii) applies a state-feedback gain control input to the network to stabilize it. The stability detector is based on a 2-state (stable, unstable) hidden Markov model (HMM) of the network, and detects the transition from the stable mode to the unstable mode from using the firing rate of the most fragile node in the network (which is the output of the HMM). When the unstable mode is detected, a state-feedback gain is applied to generate a control input to the fragile node bringing the network back to the stable mode. Finally, when the network is detected as stable again, the feedback control input is switched off. High performance was achieved for the stability detector, and feedback control suppressed seizures within 2 s after onset.
Salt-inducible kinases are required for the IL-33–dependent secretion of cytokines and chemokines in mast cells (2021)

Cytokines and chemokines are important regulators of airway hyper-responsiveness, immune cell infiltration, and inflammation and are produced when mast cells are stimulated with interleukin-33 (IL-33). Here, we establish that the salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) are required for the IL-33-stimulated transcription of il13, gm-csf and tnf and hence the production of these cytokines. The IL-33-stimulated secretion of IL-13, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor was strongly reduced in fetal liver-derived mast cells from mice expressing a kinase-inactive mutant of SIK3 and abolished in cells expressing kinase-inactive mutants of SIK2 and SIK3. The IL-33-dependent secretion of these cytokines and several chemokines was also abolished in SIK2/3 double knock-out bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC), reduced in SIK3 KO cells but little affected in BMMC expressing kinase-inactive mutants of SIK1 and SIK2 or lacking SIK2 expression. In SIK2 knock-out BMMC, the expression of SIK3 was greatly increased. Our studies identify essential roles for SIK2 and SIK3 in producing inflammatory mediators that trigger airway inflammation. The effects of SIKs were independent of IκB kinase β, IκB kinase β-mediated NF-κB-dependent gene transcription, and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family members p38α and c-jun N-terminal kinases. Our results suggest that dual inhibitors of SIK2 and SIK3 may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of mast cell-driven diseases.
Polydopamine Surface Chemistry: A Decade of Discovery (2018)

Polydopamine is one of the simplest and most versatile approaches to functionalizing material surfaces, having been inspired by the adhesive nature of catechols and amines in mussel adhesive proteins. Since its first report in 2007, a decade of studies on polydopamine molecular structure, deposition conditions, and physicochemical properties have ensued. During this time, potential uses of polydopamine coatings have expanded in many unforeseen directions, seemingly only limited by the creativity of researchers seeking simple solutions to manipulating surface chemistry. In this review, we describe the current state of the art in polydopamine coating methods, describe efforts underway to uncover and tailor the complex structure and chemical properties of polydopamine, and identify emerging trends and needs in polydopamine research, including the use of dopamine analogs, nitrogen-free polyphenolic precursors, and improvement of coating mechanical properties.