gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improvement of Impact Energy for Copper/Aluminium Friction Welded Joint due to the Shape of Interface Edge. (1999)

The friction welding for copper and aluminium is useful to minimize the diffusion thickness at the interface between copper and aluminium. The minimization of diffusion thickness is required for maintaining the joint strength, because brittle intermetallic compounds are formed at the friction weld interface between copper and aluminium. However, the improvement techniques on joint strength characteristics have not fully been clarified. In this study, stress singularities at the intersection of free surfaces and the interface between copper and aluminium are investigated using finite element analysis. It was confirmed that the no free-edge stress singularities existed in case of convex angle. In this experiment, copper and aluminium friction welded joints with convex apex angle were fabricated as to minimize the diffusion thickness, such ad > 1 μm at the interface between copper and aluminium. It was confirmed that the good tensile strength could be observed in any cases. The Charpy impact energy became comparatively low values in case of 90 degree of apex angle, and revealed a remarkable good impact energy can be obtained in case of the convex angle that showed no free-edge stress singularities.
T-cells resist CD5 CAR mediated fratricide by continuously degrading CD5 protein (2022)

Abstract Developing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells for patients with T cell malignancies remains challenging as most CARs targeting T-lineage antigens induce T cell fratricide. A notable exception is a CD5-specific CAR, which does not produce extensive fratricide, coinciding with a loss of detectable surface CD5 by an unknown mechanism. In this study, we used live imaging fluorescent microscopy, Western Blot, and flow cytometry to show CD5 protein is rapidly internalized and degraded in transduced T cells following CD5 CAR expression. Experiments with C-and N-tagged CD5 confirmed complete degradation of the entire protein in CD5 CAR T cells. Physical ligation of CD5 antigen by the CAR in cis is sufficient to drive loss of CD5 protein, independently of either CAR or CD5 signaling, resulting in full protection from CD5-directed fratricide. In an ongoing Phase I clinical trial (NCT03081910), CD5 CAR T cells expand and produce robust anti-tumor activity in patients with T cell malignancies. However, patients exhibit incomplete aplasia of non-transduced normal T-cells and a population of circulating T cells remain resistant to CD5-directed elimination and persistalongside CAR T cells. These resistant T cells are surface CD5-negative suggesting that in the presence of CD5 CAR T cells there can be removal of the target antigen as a means of evading killing. Indeed, in vitro experiments showed normal T cells degrade CD5 protein upon coculture with CD5 CAR T cells indicating antigen down modulation occurs on target cells not only in cis but also in trans. These data identify a possible mechanism of resistance of normal T cells to CD5-directed CAR T-cell elimination. Supported by CAGT T32 Training Grant NIH NCI SPORE P2
Truly non-blocking writes (2011)

Writing data within user or operating system memory often encounters the classic read-before-write problem whereby the page written to must first be read from the backing store, effectively blocking the writing process before modifications are made. Unfortunately, the large gap between memory and storage access performance adversely affects workloads that require substantial readbefore-write operations when accessing memory. In this paper, we present techniques that make writes to memory truly non-blocking. The basic approach involves absorbing writes immediately in temporary buffer pages and asynchronously merging the updates after reading in the on-disk version of the page. Doing so improves system performance by first, reducing blocking of processes and second, improving the parallelism of data retrieval from the backing store leading to better throughput for readbefore-write operations. We analyze the potential benefits of our approach using full-system memory access traces for several benchmark workloads and present techniques that commodity operating systems can employ to implement non-blocking writes. 1
Development of High Sn Content Bronze Processed&lt;tex&gt;$hboxNb_3hboxSn$&lt;/tex&gt;Superconducting Wire for High Field Magnets (2004)

Bronze processed Nb/sub 3/Sn superconducting wire with Cu-16wt%Sn-0.3wt%Ti (16%Sn bronze) matrix has been developed. For the development, two-step approach was taken. At the first step, two kinds of small size round wires, having a bronze to niobium ratio (bronze ratio) of 2.5 and 1.9, were prepared. Heat treatment was made on these wires at 650/spl deg/C or 700/spl deg/C and the effects of bronze ratio and heat treatment temperature on critical current density (J/sub c/) in magnetic field region from 18 to 25 T were examined. A sample with a bronze ratio of 2.5 and heated at 700/spl deg/C was found to show the highest J/sub c/ of all. In the second step, we manufactured commercial scale rectangular cross-sectioned wire using 16%Sn bronze. J/sub c/ n-value in high magnetic field region are estimated for this wire. As a result, the wire showed J/sub c/ and n-value of 115 A/mm/sub 2/ and 37, respectively, at 22 T, 2.1 K, demonstrating the possibility as a candidate superconducting wire for high field magnets such as over-920 MHz NMR magnet.
Maximum likelihood estimation of length of secret message embedded using ±k steganography in spatial domain (2005)

In this paper, we propose a new method for estimating the number of embedding changes for non-adaptive ±K embedding in images. The method uses a high-pass FIR filter and then recovers an approximate message length using a Maximum Likelihood Estimator on those stego image segments where the filtered samples can be modeled using a stationary Generalized Gaussian random process. It is shown that for images with a low noise level, such as decompressed JPEG images, this method can accurately estimate the number of embedding changes even for K=1 and for embedding rates as low as 0.2 bits per pixel. Although for raw, never compressed images the message length estimate is less accurate, when used as a scalar parameter for a classifier detecting the presence of ±K steganography, the proposed method gave us relatively reliable results for embedding rates as low as 0.5 bits per pixel.
Wide-angle catadioptric lens with a rectilinear projection scheme (2006)

A catadioptric wide-angle lens having a rectilinear projection scheme has been developed with a view to possible applications in the security-surveillance area. The lens has been designed for a miniature camera with a video graphics array-grade 1/3 in. color CCD sensor. The field of view of the lens is over 151 degrees , and still distortion is under 1%. Furthermore, the modulation transfer function is better than 0.3 at 70 line pairs/mm over the whole active area of the image sensor.
Shear wave excitation in a rubberlike medium by focused shock pulse (1998)

Ultrasonic excitation of shear waves is important for elasticity imaging of biological tissue. In the shear wave elasticity imaging shear strain is remotely induced in tissue by the radiation force of focused modulated ultrasound. Previous study has shown that tone bursts of millisecond duration at megahertz frequencies with intensities and exposures typical for diagnostic ultrasound may induce bulk radiation force of the order of 0.01 N/cm3 and shear displacements of the order of 10 μ. In this work, new nonlinear mechanisms are discussed that provide detectable shear displacements by means of single submicrosecond pulses. Two new possibilities are discussed. Significantly enhanced radiation force and greater shear displacement can be produced in tissue by single acoustic videopulse with nonzero momentum. Another possibility is based on the enhanced nonlinear absorption which occurs after the shock is formed in the temporal profile of the pulse. Nonlinear mathematical models describing the process of generation of shear waves using single pulses are developed. Experimentally, single focused pulses are excited by high-power laser radiation inside an optoacoustic cell. Shear displacements are detected in a sample of gel using optical scattering. Results of modeling and experiments are in good agreement. [Work supported by CRDF and RFBR.]
Restriction/Modification Systems and Restriction Endonucleases Are More Effective on Lactococcal Bacteriophages That Have Emerged Recently in the Dairy Industry (1993)

Recently, eight lytic small isometric-headed bacteriophages were isolated from cheese-manufacturing plants throughout North America. The eight phages were different, but all propagated on one strain, Lactococcus lactis NCK203. On the basis of DNA homology, they were classified in the P335 species. Digestion of their genomes in vitro with restriction enzymes resulted in an unusually high number of type II endonuclease sites compared with the more common lytic phages of the 936 (small isometric-headed) and c2 (prolate-headed) species. In vivo, the P335 phages were more sensitive to four distinct lactococcal restriction and modification (R/M) systems than phages belonging to the 936 and c2 species. A significant correlation was found between the number of restriction sites for endonucleases (purified from other bacterial genera) and the relative susceptibility of phages to lactococcal R/M systems. Comparisons among these three phage species indicate that the P335 species may have emerged most recently in the dairy industry.
Improved Channel Decoding for the CDMA Forward Link Chip-Level LMMSE Receiver (2006)

This paper investigates how to improve channel decoder trellis path metric calculations when convolutional or turbo codes are combined with the chip-level linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile receiver. These metric calculations require channel state information (CSI) that consists of desired signal amplitude and interference plus noise variance. Several techniques suitable for use with the chip-level LMMSE receiver are presented for estimating CSI. Chip-level simulations are used to evaluate CDMA forward link performance when these techniques are used by the mobile. The results indicate that the channel state estimation scheme that provides the best forward link performance depends on the type of channel code and channel decoder algorithm used in the system.
Fabrication of dense optoelectronic device arrays (1995)

The development of complex optoelectronic devices and circuitry, including optoelectronic integrated circuits, vertical cavity surface emitting laser arrays, and light emitting diode (LED) arrays, may be simplified by the separation of the circuitry and epitaxial layers from the substrate. This separation permits access to the back side of the epitaxial film, allowing back side metallization for interconnects and mirrors, as well as improved heat sink attachment. We describe the results of the successful fabrication of 2D arrays comprising 32,768 monolithic LEDs. The individual LEDs are addressed through a multiplexing circuit in which row addressing is provided on the front side of the epitaxy, and column addressing is provided on the back side. The monolithic LED array is dense, consisting of center to center device spacing of 50 micrometers . The epitaxial films were formed by conventional metal organic chemical vapor deposition, with AlGaAs active layers emitting at 650 nm. A separation layer of AlAs is used to facilitate substrate removal. The fabrication process and results will be described.
Integration of "on-chip" electrochemical detection in a microfabricated capillary electrophoresis device (2002)

Our efforts have been focused on developing a self-contained and transportable capillary electrophoresis (CE) system with integrated electrochemical detection (ECD). The current prototype includes all necessary electrodes "on-chip" and utilizes miniaturized CE and ECD supporting electronics custom designed for this purpose. A novel microfabrication procedure was used to create recessed platinum electrodes and the CE/EC device from two patterned ultra-flat glass substrates. The electrodes in the bottom substrate were formed by a self-aligned etch and deposition technique followed by a photolithographic lift-off process. The microchannels (20 /spl mu/m deep/spl times/50 /spl mu/m wide [avg]) were chemically etched into the top substrate followed by thermal bonding to complete the microchip device. CE/EC experiments were performed using 0.02M phosphate buffer (pH 6), an analyte/buffer solution (2.2 mM dopamine, 2.3 mM catechol) and varying separation voltages (0-250 V) with a custom electronics unit interfaced to a laptop computer for data acquisition. Detection limits (S/N=3) were found to be 4.3 /spl mu/M for dopamine and 4.4 /spl mu/M for catechol. A linear detection response was observed up to 2200 /spl mu/M and 2300 /spl mu/M for dopamine and catechol, respectively.
Model-Based Iterative Reconstruction for Dual-Energy X-Ray CT Using a Joint Quadratic Likelihood Model (2013)

Dual-energy X-ray CT (DECT) has the potential to improve contrast and reduce artifacts as compared to traditional CT. Moreover, by applying model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) to dual-energy data, one might also expect to reduce noise and improve resolution. However, the direct implementation of dual-energy MBIR requires the use of a nonlinear forward model, which increases both complexity and computation. Alternatively, simplified forward models have been used which treat the material-decomposed channels separately, but these approaches do not fully account for the statistical dependencies in the channels. In this paper, we present a method for joint dual-energy MBIR (JDE-MBIR), which simplifies the forward model while still accounting for the complete statistical dependency in the material-decomposed sinogram components. The JDE-MBIR approach works by using a quadratic approximation to the polychromatic log-likelihood and a simple but exact nonnegativity constraint in the image domain. We demonstrate that our method is particularly effective when the DECT system uses fast kVp switching, since in this case the model accounts for the inaccuracy of interpolated sinogram entries. Both phantom and clinical results show that the proposed model produces images that compare favorably in quality to previous decomposition-based methods, including FBP and other statistical iterative approaches.
The use of vaccinia virus for the construction of recombinant vaccines (1986)

Abstract Recombinant DNA technology has been used to engineer vaccinia virus genetically into a eukaryotic expression vector. An exciting outcome of these gene‐splicing techniques is that after the insertion of one or more genes which encode the information for antigens responsible for conferring immunity toward an infectious disease, vaccinia can be adapted for the development of live recombinant vaccines. This review discusses recombinant vaccinia design and the feasibility of using these vaccines for disease protection.
Developmental Regulation of Methyl Benzoate Biosynthesis and Emission in Snapdragon Flowers (2000)

In snapdragon flowers, the volatile ester methyl benzoate is the most abundant scent compound. It is synthesized by and emitted from only the upper and lower lobes of petals, where pollinators (bumblebees) come in contact with the flower. Emission of methyl benzoate occurs in a rhythmic manner, with maximum emission during the day, which correlates with pollinator activity. A novel S-adenosyl-l-methionine:benzoic acid carboxyl methyl transferase (BAMT), the final enzyme in the biosynthesis of methyl benzoate, and its corresponding cDNA have been isolated and characterized. The complete amino acid sequence of the BAMT protein has only low levels of sequence similarity to other previously characterized proteins, including plant O-methyl transferases. During the life span of the flower, the levels of methyl benzoate emission, BAMT activity, BAMT gene expression, and the amounts of BAMT protein and benzoic acid are developmentally and differentially regulated. Linear regression analysis revealed that production of methyl benzoate is regulated by the amount of benzoic acid and the amount of BAMT protein, which in turn is regulated at the transcriptional level.
Configurable variable length code with genetic algorithms (2003)

The variable length code (VLC) tables in MPEG-1/2/4 and H.26X are fixed and optimized for a limited range of bit-rates, and they cannot handle a variety of applications. The universal variable length code (UVLC) is a new scheme to encode syntax elements and has some configurable capabilities. It is being considered in the ITU-T H.26L. However, the configurable feature of UVLC has not been well explored. In this paper we describe a VLC scheme which uses configurations as parameters to adapt UVLC to different symbol distributions of different applications. We also propose a method to automatically determine the configuration parameters based on a genetic algorithm (GA). Experimental results show that our method can achieve very good coding efficiency while drastically simplifying the encoding and decoding process, and is applicable to a variety of applications.
Identification and characterization of TRAIL-death receptor agonist for the treatment of human breast cancer (2007)

C243 TRAIL and death receptor (TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2) agonist antibodies have been shown to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. However, there are no small organic molecular weight compounds that bind to TRAIL-death receptors and induce apoptosis specifically in cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize death receptor agonists / small molecular weight organic compounds that induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Death receptor agonist termed as “DRA11” inhibited cell viability and colony formation, and induced apoptosis in estrogen-dependent (MCF-7) and independent (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468) human breast cancer cell lines, but had no effect on human normal mammary epithelial cells and hepatocytes. The ability of DRA11 to induce apoptosis was further enhanced in the presence of TRAIL. DRA11 formed active TRAIL-DISC (death-inducing signaling complex) similar to that of TRAIL. DRA11 inhibited the growth of orthotopically implanted MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 tumors in nude mice. Histological examination of tumor tissues derived from DRA11-treated nude mice revealed massive caspase-3 activation and TUNEL staining (apoptosis). In conclusion, we have identified, for the first time, DRA11 as a death receptor agonist that can be used in the clinic for the treatment of human breast cancer.
A Novel Biasing Technique for Low Adjacent Channel Power in Microwave Power Amplifiers (2007)

The proposed biasing technique is to change the DC quiescent point of the microwave power amplifiers self- adaptively with the input power. It not only manipulates the position of the third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) minimum dynamically, but also manages the DC bias power of the power amplifier adaptively. Therefore, the adjacent channel power can be reduced under the specified level, while the power consumption of the amplifier can be minimized. For the operation power ranging from 0.1 W to 0.5 W, a constant IMD3 of -25 dBm with above 25% of DC-to-RF conversion efficiency are achieved in a 1.95 GHz Class A power amplifier.
A Dynamically Reconfigurable Pixel Processor System Based on Power/Energy-Performance-Accuracy Optimization (2012)

We introduce a dynamically reconfigurable framework for implementing single-pixel operations. The system relies on a multiobjective optimization scheme that generates Pareto-optimal realizations in the power/energy-performance-accuracy (PPA/EPA) spaces. The Pareto-optimal realizations and their PPA/EPA values are stored in DDR-SDRAM and can be chosen dynamically to meet time-varying constraints. Results are shown in terms of power, accuracy (peak signal-to-noise ratio) of the resulting image, and performance in frames per second. Dynamic PPA/EPA management is implemented using dynamic partial reconfiguration and dynamic frequency control.
Highly swellable ultrathin poly(4-vinylpyridine) multilayer hydrogels with pH-triggered surface wettability (2013)

We report on the synthesis of a novel type of ultrathin hydrogel with remarkably high, fast and reversible swelling/shrinkage and sharp surface wettability transitions in response to pH changes. The poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP) hydrogels are produced by the selective cross-linking of PVP copolymer layers in PVP/poly(methacrylic acid) (PVP/PMAA) layer-by-layer (LbL) films assembled by a spin-assisted method on surfaces. These multilayer hydrogels exhibit drastic and reversible 10-fold swelling when pH is switched from neutral to acidic. Importantly, hydrogels at pH > 5 collapse to the thickness of dry films, evincing sharp hydrophilic-to-hydrophobic transitions. The swelling amplitude of these multilayer hydrogel coatings is controlled by varying cross-link densities within the hydrogel. Further, the pH-triggered swelling properties of PVP hydrogels are significantly affected by the multilayer assembly method. PVP films produced using the spin-assisted method experienced almost a 4-fold greater swelling enhancement over their conventionally “dipped” counterparts. Finally, PVP hydrogels dehydrated from basic and acidic solutions show drastically different surface morphology and wettability properties. The hydrogel contact angles vary from 70° to 20° for the films dried from neutral and acidic solutions, respectively. Our study provides better understanding of regulated volume and surface wettability transitions in polymer networks which is critical for developing novel materials for a wide variety of applications including sensing, transport regulation, and self-cleaning coatings.
FACTO (2011)

Recently answers for fact lookup queries have appeared on major search engines. For example, for the query Barack Obama date of birth Google directly shows "4 August 1961" above its regular results. In this paper, we describe FACTO, an end-to-end system for answering fact lookup queries for web search. FACTO extracts structured data from tables on the web, aggregates and cleans such data and stores them in a database. Given a web search query, FACTO will decide if it asks for facts in this database, and provides the most confident answer when possible. FACTO achieves higher precision and comparable coverage comparing with the fact lookup engines by Google and Ask.com, although FACTO is developed by a very small team. We present the challenges and our solutions in developing every component of FACTO. Some solutions are based on existing technologies, and many others are novel approaches proposed by us.