gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional Materials for Direct Thermal Full Color Recording Paper. (2001)

A new direct thermal full color recording paper named TA paper has been on the market. TA paper has three recording layers : an outermost yellow color forming layer, a magenta layer and an innermost cyan color forming layer. The yellow color forming layer comprises a diazonium salt decomposable by 420 nm light and a coupler which reacts to form a yellow dye. The magenta comprises a diazonium salt decomposable by 365 nm light and a coupler which reacts to form a magenta dye. The cyan color forming layer comprises a basic leuco dye and a phenolic color developer.In this article we will describe how to design functional materials for TA paper such as diazonium salts, couplers, basic leuco dyes, phenolic color developers and ultraviolet absorber precursors.
Determination of Residual Oil Saturation With the Borehole Gravity Meter (1985)

ABSTRACT Use of the borehole gravity meter (BHGM) to measure remaining oil saturation is a method new to the industry. The technique is described, and its applicability to Middle East reservoirs is discussed. Results of an extensive error analysis are presented. The method, which we call log-produce-log, consists of running a base BHGM before significant production, and a later BHGM after production. The remaining oil saturation is computed from the difference of the two BHGM measured bulk densities. The Middle East oil fields are ideal for application of this method. Porosities are high, crude is light, and connate water is dense (saline). The method is independent, for all practical purposes, of hole size, rugosity, number of casing strings, shale content, and acidization. The method also has a very large radius of investigation, 50 feet plus, which enables it to sense a far larger volume of the reservoir than any other method. As reservoirs are often heterogeneous in both porosity and fluid saturations, the remaining oil saturation thus determined would be more representative of the reservoir as a whole than any other technique. The disadvantages of the method are the need for a base BHGM log prior to significant production from the zone of interest, and a poor vertical resolution of about 10 feet. Results of a comprehensive and realistic error analysis are presented and show this technique as possibly the most accurate Sor method.
Design of theranostic nanomedicine (II): synthesis and physicochemical properties of a biocompatible polyphosphazene&ndash;docetaxel conjugate (2017)

To prepare an efficient theranostic polyphosphazene-docetaxel (DTX) conjugate, a new drug delivery system was designed by grafting a multifunctional lysine ethylester (LysOEt) as a spacer group along with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG) to the polyphosphazene backbone ([NP]<sub>n</sub>), and then DTX was conjugated to the carrier polymer using acid-cleavable <i>cis</i>-aconitic acid (AA) as a linker. The resultant polyphosphazene-DTX conjugate, formulated as [NP(MPEG550)<sub>3</sub>(Lys-OEt)(AA)(DTX)]<sub>n</sub> and named "Polytaxel", exhibited high water solubility and stability by forming stable polymeric micelles as shown in its transmission electron microscopy image and dynamic light scattering measurements. Another important aspect of Polytaxel is that it can easily be labeled with various imaging agents using the lysine amino group, enabling studies on various aspects, such as its organ distribution, tumor-targeting properties, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and excretion. The pharmacokinetics of Polytaxel was remarkably improved, with prolonged elimination half-life and enhanced area under the curve. Ex vivo imaging study of cyanine dye-labeled Polytaxel showed that intravenously injected Polytaxel is long circulating in the blood stream and selectively accumulates in tumor tissues. Polytaxel distributed in other organs was cleared from all major organs at ~6 weeks after injection. The in vitro study of DTX release from the carrier polymer showed that >95% of conjugated DTX was released at pH 5.4 over a period of 7 days. Xenograft trials of Polytaxel using nude mice against the human gastric tumor cell line MKN-28 showed complete tumor regression, with low systemic toxicity. Polytaxel is currently in preclinical study.
Structural requirements for inducible shedding of the p55 tumor necrosis factor receptor. (1994)

Induced shedding of the p55 tumor necrosis factor receptor (p55-R) was previously shown to be independent of the amino acid sequence properties of the intracellular domain of this receptor. We now find it also independent of the sequence properties of the transmembrane domain and of the cysteine-rich region that constitutes most of the extracellular domain of the receptor. The shedding is shown to depend solely on the sequence properties of a small region within the spacer that links the cysteine-rich region in the extracellular domain to the transmembrane domain. Detailed tests of effects of mutations in the spacer on the shedding indicate that the process is independent of the amino acid side-chain identity in this region except for a limited dependence on the identity of 1 residue (Val-173), located downstream to the putative major cleavage site of the receptor. It is strongly affected, however, by some mutations that seem to change the conformation of the spacer region. These findings suggest that a short amino acid sequence in the p55-R is essential and sufficient for its shedding and that the shedding is mediated either by a protease with limited sequence specificity or by several different proteases that recognize different amino acid sequences, yet it strictly depends on some conformational features of the cleavage region in the receptor.
Analysis of PD-L1 and RAD50 in circulating cells recovered from lung cancer patients before and after induction of radiotherapy. (2016)

e20537 Background: PD-L1 expression can be altered during radiotherapy (RT) and may be a mechanism for resistance to immunotherapy. In lung cancer (LC), monitoring PD-L1 expression changes in tumor or stroma using repetitive biopsies is not feasible. Sequential tracking of PD-L1 using circulating cells may be a surrogate in assessing marker expression during treatment. RAD50 is a DNA repair gene that can be used to assess tumor cell response to radiation. We sequentially tracked PD-L1 expression and RAD50 induction in 2 cell types (Circulating tumor cells [CTCs] and Cancer Associated Macrophage-like Cells [CAMLs]) in LC patients (pts) before and during RT. Methods: Forty stage I-IV LC pts, receiving radiation/chemoradiation therapy, were included in this prospective pilot study. Baseline blood sample (7.5 ml) was drawn prior to start of RT (T0) and a 2nd sample was drawn at a follow up visit during RT (T1). Blood was processed by CellSiev microfilters; stained for cytokeratin/CD45. Using the QUASR technique, fluorescence signal was removed and cells restained for RAD50 and PD-L1. RAD50 foci numbers within nuclear areas were quantified. PD-L1 intensity was measured and grouped by 4 IHC scores: 0-negative, 1-low, 2-medium, and 3-high. Correlations to pretreatment core biopsy with PD-L1 expression at T0 are being made. Results: At least one cytokeratin positive cell (CTC or CAML) was found in all but 4 samples (95%). CTCs were found in 69% of T0 and 72% of T1 samples and CAMLs in 79% of T0 and 97% of T1 samples. For PD-L1 expression, 12 pts had 0 PD-L1 expression at T0, but increased to > 2 at T1, 15 pts with low PD-L1 expression remained low at T1, and 13 pts with high PD-L1 expression at T0 remained high at T1. RAD50 foci ranged 0-16 per cell, averaging 0.56 at T0, increasing to 4.68 at T1 during RT. No correlation was found between RAD50 induction and PD-L1 expression. PD-L1 expression on core biopsy is ongoing. Conclusions: PD-L1 and RAD50 are quantifiable in CTCs/CAMLs, with an observed correlative response to RT +/- chemotherapy. This data suggests that sequential tracking of CTCs/CAMLs from the primary lung tumor is feasible using microfiltration and may potentially serve as predictive biomarker in cancer therapy.
Laser Scanning Mode Interference Contrast Microscope and Its Application to Step Height Measurement (1993)

The image contrast of the laser scanning mode interference contrast (LASMIC) microscope is descrihed. Some experimental results show the high performance of the LASMIC microscope in visualizing small phase changes on the surface of the sample. Furthermore, as a new application of the LASMIC microscope, quantitative measurement of step heights using LASMIC signals is proposed. The principle of this measurement is described theoretically and its effectiveness is verified experimentally.
<i>TOLLIP</i> , <i>MUC5B</i> , and the Response to <i>N</i> -Acetylcysteine among Individuals with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (2015)

NAC may be an efficacious therapy for individuals with IPF with an rs3750920 (TOLLIP) TT genotype, but it was associated with a trend toward harm in those with a CC genotype. A genotype-stratified prospective clinical trial should be conducted before any recommendation regarding the use of off-label NAC to treat IPF.
Experimental Investigations of the Performance of a Multitube Pulse Detonation Turbine System (2011)

A multitube pulse detonation combustor consisting of eight unvalved tubes arranged in a can-annular configuration was integrated with a single-stage axial turbine nominally rated for 10 lbm=s, 25,000 rpm and 1000 hp. The multitube pulse-detonation-combustor-turbine hybrid was operated using ethylene-air mixtures for runs of 5 min to achieve thermal steady state in order to quantify performance at two operating conditions using simultaneous and sequential firing patterns. Analysis of these data reveal that turbine efficiency under pulsedetonation-combustor-fired operation was indistinguishable from steady performance within the 8 points measurement uncertainty. Furthermore, the pulse-detonation-combustor-turbine hybrid system demonstrated a potential 25% improvement in efficiency once corrections were made for the suboptimal fueling design, which resulted in lower-than-anticipated combustion efficiency. The present work is promising as it suggests that a pulsedetonation-combustor-turbine hybrid engine performance benefit can be realized with further development.
Myofibril-Inducing RNA (MIR) is essential for tropomyosin expression and myofibrillogenesis in axolotl hearts (2009)

The Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, carries the naturally-occurring recessive mutant gene 'c' that results in a failure of homozygous (c/c) embryos to form hearts that beat because of an absence of organized myofibrils. Our previous studies have shown that a noncoding RNA, Myofibril-Inducing RNA (MIR), is capable of promoting myofibrillogenesis and heart beating in the mutant (c/c) axolotls. The present study demonstrates that the MIR gene is essential for tropomyosin (TM) expression in axolotl hearts during development. Gene expression studies show that mRNA expression of various tropomyosin isoforms in untreated mutant hearts and in normal hearts knocked down with double-stranded MIR (dsMIR) are similar to untreated normal. However, at the protein level, selected tropomyosin isoforms are significantly reduced in mutant and dsMIR treated normal hearts. These results suggest that MIR is involved in controlling the translation or post-translation of various TM isoforms and subsequently of regulating cardiac contractility.
Hiding information in images (2002)

We present a new method of embedding information within digital images, called spread spectrum image steganography (SSIS). Steganography, which means "covered writing" in Greek, is the science of communicating in a hidden manner. SSIS conceals a message of substantial length within digital imagery while maintaining the original image size and dynamic range. The hidden message can be recovered using the appropriate keys without any knowledge of the original image. Image processing, error control coding, and spread spectrum techniques used to conceal the hidden data are described, and the performance of the technique is illustrated. The message embedded by this method can be in the form of text, imagery, or any other digital signal. Applications for such a data-hiding scheme include in-band captioning, hidden communication, image tamperproofing, authentication, invisible map overlays, embedded control, and revision tracking.
The α‐Ketoglutarate/Fe<sup>II</sup>‐Dependent Dioxygenase VldW Is Responsible for the Formation of Validamycin B (2012)

From A to B: Through detailed biochemical investigations, we discovered that VldW, an α-ketoglutarate/Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenase, regioselectively hydroxylates validamycin A to validamycin B. The results provide insights into the biosynthesis of hydroxylated validamycins and could be used to control the metabolic outcomes of the validamycin pathway.
Multi-dimensional Impact Detection and Diagnosis in Cellular Networks (2020)

Performance impacts are commonly observed in cellular networks and are induced by several factors, such as software upgrade and configuration changes. The variability in traffic patterns across different granularities can lead to impact cancellation or dilution. As a result, performance impacts are hard to capture if not aggregated over problematic features. Analyzing performance impact across all possible feature combinations is too expensive. On the other hand, the set of features that causes issues is unpredictable due to the highly dynamic and heterogeneous cellular networks. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm that dynamically explores those network feature combinations that are likely to have problems by using a summary structure Sketch. We further design a neural network based algorithm to localize root cause. We achieve high scalability in neural network by leveraging the Lattice and Sketch structure. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our impact detection and diagnosis through extensive evaluation using data collected from a major tier-1 cellular carrier in US and synthetic traces.
Fast Coupled Retransmission for Multipath TCP in Data Center Networks (2016)

Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is emerging as a new potential candidate that replaces the existing single-path TCP (SPTCP). One applicable area of MPTCP is cloud data center networks, where multiple paths are often available between servers. However, it is observed that MPTCP may not fully leverage the multiple paths and sometimes perform even worse than SPTCP, especially for time-sensitive short flows in data center networks. To address this challenge, we propose a fast coupled retransmission mechanism for MPTCP. The key observation is that one of the paths is likely to be congested if an out-of-order packet exists even after all data packets have been transmitted. In this case, we forward the data packets from the congested path onto the noncongested path and quickly retransmit them. This mechanism effectively avoids network congestion and, hence, helps reduce the overall flow completion time. We implement the proposed scheme in the Linux kernel and evaluate it on our real data center testbed, and the results show that our proposal significantly outperforms the existing schemes.
Influence of incubation time on the vibration and mechanic properties of mycowood (2015)

Abstract The goal of the current study was to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of mycowood as a high quality tone-wood, obtained from Norway spruce by treatment of the white rot fungus Physisporinus vitreus as a function of the treatment time. In focus was the stiffness to weight ratio, which is often considered a main criterion for tone-wood selection. The vibro-mechanical properties were tested by non-destructive methods. The change of color and density were also measured after 4–12 months of fungal incubation. Density decreased up to 5% after 12 months of fungal treatment. Sound velocity was measured in small size specimens by means of the free-free vibration approach, while in large specimens the air-coupled ultrasound method was applied. The two techniques gave similar results and indicated that the sound velocity decreased in mycowood. Internal damping was increased in mycowood to a higher extent than the reduction in the specific modulus of elasticity (E/ρ) and thus the sound velocity in the material. The sound velocity was decreasing with increasing incubation times and scattering of data with this regard was larger in the transversal than in the longitudinal direction. The sound radiation coefficient and the characteristic impedance were enhanced in mycowood and its color was more brownish and richer in tone.
Case Series: The Effectiveness of Fatty Acids from Pracaxi Oil in a Topical Silicone Base for Scar and Wound Therapy (2014)

Application of a compounded anhydrous silicone base containing pracaxi oil alone or in combination with other active substances led to considerable improvements in wound healing and scar attributes and is a potentially useful option in the treatment of surgical, traumatic, or burn wounds and scars.
Synthesis of Magnetic Graphene Oxide (MGO) and Auxiliary Microwaves To Enhance Oil Recovery (2019)

Currently, thermal oil recovery methods are commonly applied to heavy oil development. Microwave heating is an effective recovery method and has the advantages of rapid heat transfer, volumetric heating, and selective heating. In the process of using microwaves to extract heavy oil, catalyst-assisted microwaves for oil viscosity reduction are adopted. In this study, magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) with a good load is prepared using a charge self-assembly method. The MGO is then characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Next, the dispersibility of MGO in water with increasing microwave treatment time is studied using ultraviolet spectrometry. Finally, using microwaves, the heavy oil viscosity reduction effect of MGO and the oil displacement effect of MGO fluid are tested. The results revealed that MGO is a catalyst supported by ferroferric oxide nanoparticles (denoted as nano-Fe3O4) on graphene oxide. Its loadability and dispersibility in water are good. With an increase in the radiation duration of the microwaves, its dispersibility in water deteriorates and magnetic-reduced graphene oxide (MRGO) forms, which exhibits lipophilicity and better microwave absorption performance than MGO. However, MGO performs well in heavy oil viscosity reduction using auxiliary microwaves. The viscosity reduction rate reached 43.61% after 10 min of microwave treatment when adding a hydrogen donor, and the heavy oil was modified to increase the content of light components. Furthermore, MGO fluid flooding was found to have a higher recovery efficiency under microwave irradiation compared with conventional water flooding. The thermal stress generated by the microwaves caused the oil and water to retransport in the porous medium, blocking some of the turbulent channels, which increased the swept volume of the subsequent displacement. In addition, the lipophilic MRGO produced under microwave treatment approached the oil spontaneously and, together with the loaded Fe3O4, reacted on the oil to reduce its viscosity. This was beneficial for the separation and shedding of the oil from the attachment. Therefore, MGO-assisted microwave treatment can potentially be used to enhance oil recovery.
Bispectral analysis of tracheal breath sounds for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2012)

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a respiratory disorder with serious consequences that is characterized by repetitive cessation of breathing for more than 10s often associated with a drop of more than 4% in the blood's Oxygen saturation level. The gold standard for OSA diagnosis is full-night Polysomnography (PSG), which is a time-consuming, inconvenient, and costly assessment. On the other hand, our team has showed that the analysis of tracheal respiratory sounds recorded during wakefulness holds promises to be used as a simple and effective tool for screening moderate and severe OSA. In this paper, we examine the nonlinear characteristics of tracheal breath sounds and the possibility to extract features from Higher Order Spectra (HOS) for OSA screening. The data used in this study were recorded during wakefulness in two body positions, supine and upright, and during mouth and nose breathing. We estimated the bispectrum of the sounds in each respiratory cycle, calculated the median bifrequencies and the energy of the bispectrum, and investigated any statistically significant differences between the extracted features in two groups of non-OSA and severe OSA data. The differences in the features between body positions and nose/mouth breathing were also looked at. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in the features between non-OSA individuals and those with severe OSA. The results encourage the use of these features in future studies for OSA screening.
INTEGRATION PROCESSES AND PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTIVE OXIDE MEMORY TRANSISTOR (2006)

ABSTRACT The retention problem is a technical challenge for one-transistor (1T) ferroelectric memory devices. Three possible mechanisms are responsible for the poor retention of one-transistor ferroelectric memories: namely, leakage current deals with charges trapping within the gate oxide and ferroelectric film, floating gate effect, and the depolarization field. In order to overcome these problems, a novel ferroelectric transistor design using a semiconductive oxide film in place of the gate dielectric has been fabricated. There is no insulator and floating gate, and only the ferroelectric thin film deposited on a semiconductive oxide in the gate stack; therefore, there is a very low depolarization field. The highly oriented ferroelectric thin films have been selectively deposited on the device trench structure, which resulted in lower leakage current. The bottom gate of the ferroelectric capacitor is electrically connected to the silicon substrate through the semiconductive metal oxide resulting in the improvement of the memory retention characteristics.
High efficiency of lutetium silicate scintillators, Ce-doped LPS, and LYSO crystals (2004)

Cerium doped lutetium pyrosilicate Lu/sub 2/Si/sub 2/O/sub 7/ (Ce: LPS) scintillator presents high light output (average value: 26,300 ph/MeV), a relatively good energy resolution (10%) and a fast decay time (38 ns) without afterglow. The luminescence efficiency remains very high when the temperature increases up to 450 K. It makes this new scintillator very attractive. We compare its properties to those of another recently developed cerium doped silicate, Ce: Lu/sub 2(1-x)/Y/sub 2x/SiO/sub 5/ (LYSO).
Modeling of time-dependent non-uniform dielectric breakdown using a clustering statistical approach (2013)

We report a time-dependent clustering model for non-uniform dielectric breakdown. Its area scaling and low-percentile scaling properties are rigorously investigated. While at high percentiles non-uniform area scaling dominates, the model restores the weakest-link characteristics at low percentiles relevant for reliability projection. As a result, we develop a comprehensive methodology for the parameter extraction and projection methodology for non-uniform dielectric breakdown. Excellent agreement is obtained between the model and the experimental data of back-end-of-line low-k dielectrics and front-end-of-line gate dielectrics, suggesting a wide range of applications of this model in the field of dielectric breakdown reliability.