gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear analysis of Y-junction laser arrays (1989)

An analysis of Y-junction arrays above threshold is presented. The analysis incorporates nonlinear gain saturation and shows that the gain becomes nonuniform above threshold even if the array is otherwise ideal. The nonuniform, nonlinear gain saturation causes the near field and the radiation patterns to deteriorate with increasing output power. Although the far-field lobe width does not necessarily increase greatly above threshold, the Strehl ratio may decrease significantly depending on the device design. Empirically, it is found that, when the Strehl ratio decreases to approximately 0.7, the second-order array mode attains threshold and both the first and second array modes lase simultaneously. An improved design, whose far-field Strehl ratio remains 0.85 even well in excess of 1 W output power and in which the second-order array mode never attains threshold, is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
PHYSICS AND MECHANISM OF ULTRASONIC IMPACT TREATMENT (2004)

It has been acknowledged that ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) occupies a firm position among methods for improving the reliability of welded joints, particularly their fatigue strengths. Developed in Russia in the early 1970s, this process has aroused considerable interest among experts and researchers in the area of fatigue and fabrication of welded structures. This interest reflects the benefits of the treatment; the small dimensions, high power and ease-of-use of the tools; good control of the treatment parameters; consistency; economic feasibility and safety; the wide range of practical applications. This paper presents technical aspects of the process, including an experimental and theoretical description of the physics and the means of controlling the ultrasonic impact parameters. In addition, the efficiency of ultrasonic as compared to single impacts, such as obtained with peening processes, is assessed. Finally, it describes the mechanism of the effect on materials, feedback mode, in-process control of the treatment quality, tools and power supplies designed on the basis of the results of investigations of UIT.
Multi‐targeted therapy by curcumin: how spicy is it? (2008)

Although traditional medicines have been used for thousands of years, for most such medicines neither the active component nor their molecular targets have been very well identified. Curcumin, a yellow component of turmeric or curry powder, however, is an exception. Although inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2, HER2, tumor necrosis factor, EGFR, Bcr-abl, proteosome, and vascular endothelial cell growth factor have been approved for human use by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), curcumin as a single agent can down-regulate all these targets. Curcumin can also activate apoptosis, down-regulate cell survival gene products, and up-regulate p53, p21, and p27. Although curcumin is poorly absorbed after ingestion, multiple studies have suggested that even low levels of physiologically achievable concentrations of curcumin may be sufficient for its chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity. Thus, curcumin regulates multiple targets (multitargeted therapy), which is needed for treatment of most diseases, and it is inexpensive and has been found to be safe in human clinical trials. The present article reviews the key molecular mechanisms of curcumin action and compares this to some of the single-targeted therapies currently available for human cancer.
The High-Affinity Receptor for Immunoglobulin E: A Target for Therapy of Allergic Diseases (1991)

The high-affinity receptor for IgE (Fc epsilon RI) on mast cells and basophils is a tetrameric complex, alpha beta gamma 2. Here we summarize the latest developments on the structure and function of this receptor. By genetic transfer, we have engineered a cell line secreting substantial amounts of a peptide containing exclusively the extracellular domain of the alpha-subunit. This domain by itself is sufficient to mediate high-affinity binding of IgE. Glycosylation and the presence of the other subunits are not necessary for the binding function. The gamma-subunit of Fc epsilon RI is part of other receptors such as Fc gamma RIII and the T cell receptor, and therefore is likely to play an important although still undefined functional role. A detailed knowledge of how the receptor interacts with IgE and induces cellular degranulation may lead to the design of new therapeutic approaches to allergic diseases. The potential strategies are discussed.
New Calcitonin Isolated from the Ray, <i>Dasyatis akajei</i> (1991)

Calcitonin causes hypocalcemia by inhibiting the resorption of calcium from the bone in mammals. Calcitonin has now been isolated from the ultimobranchial gland of a cartilaginous fish, the ray (Dasyatis akajei), and its amino acid has been determined to be H-Cys-Thr-Ser-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Val-Val-Gly-Lys-Ser-Gln-Gln-Leu-His-Lys-Leu-G ln-Asn-Ile-Gln-Arg-Thr-Asp-Val-Gly-Ala-Ala-Thr-Pro-NH2. Although its basic structure is well conserved, the amino acid sequence of ray calcitonin is considerably different from that of other calcitonins sequenced to date. Because the ray lacks calcified bones, an examination of the effect of calcitonin in this fish may elucidate a new role for calcitonin in vertebrates.
A Practical Approach to Sub-Salt Velocity Analysis Using Wave Equation Migration Scans (2007)

P051 A Practical Approach to Sub-Salt Velocity Analysis Using Wave Equation Migration Scans J. Jiao* (PGS) J. Willis (PGS) & D. Lowrey (PGS) SUMMARY This paper describes the tools and methodology which we have developed for performing a sub-salt velocity analysis using wave equation migration scans. The paper describes the full processing interpretation and velocity updating sequence in very practical terms. Relevant figures are provided of the tools used to accomplish the analysis along with data examples which have been produced using the method. EAGE 69 th Conference & Exhibition — London UK 11 - 14 June 2007 Introduction Migration
4-Alkyl-thio- and -dithio-azetidinones from penicillins (1971)

Thiols react smoothly with penicillin sulphoxides to form 4-alkylthioazetidinones which, by treatment with phosphites or reaction with nucleophiles and alkyl iodides, afford 4-alkylthioazetidinones; some related reactions are also reported.
Collagen sponge as intravaginal barrier method: two years experience. (1979)

Investigations at the University of Arizona on the collagen sponge for female barrier contraception were instigated in 1976 and their progress is reported in this book chapter. This sponge also has potential usefulness for topical application of say herpesvirus medicine or in veterinary antibiotic drug delivery. Many modifications have been tested since the sponge concept was 1st introduced including alterations in resilience size material and removal means. The characteristics of the contraceptive collagen sponge with the best performance were: composition pure bovine skin collagen (100%); cross-linking agent glutaraldehyde ( < 5 ppm residual content); density 50 mg of collagen per cm cu; pH 4.5-5.5; fluid binding (milliliters of water per gram) 35-45; and size 6-7 cm by 2.5 cm cylinder. Future options include the incorporation of spermicide. The collagen sponge is inserted intravaginally with a syringe-type applicator. A loop made of soft nylon cord is attached to the collagen sponge for easier removal. The string is anchored through the sponge in such a way that the pulling force is evenly distributed over a large area of the sponge matrix. The sponge should be left in the upper vault of the vagina for 6-8 hours after intercourse; removal of the sponge for 48 hours following intercourse is unnecessary. Malodor forms after 48 hours. Studies in 1977 established the good acceptability of the device. As a result of basic clinical studies the sponge is being incorporated with a nondetergent spermicide because when the sponge was used as a mechanical barrier alone some 15-20% of cervical mucus samples showed sperm penetration after intercourse.
Thermally Activated Retainers For Insertion In Gaps (1992)

Mechanical retainers of new type for use with gap filler easy to install and to attach themselves securely. Concept based on shape-memory properties of metal alloy Nitinol, alloy of nickel and titanium. Retainers conceived for use with Space Shuttle insulating tiles but used on other assemblies of blocks or tiles configured similarly. Tabs bent outward made flush by cooling below memory transition temperature. After insertion in gap and reheating, tabs spring outward.
NutShell (2017)

Despite much recent progress, Web page latencies over cellular networks remain much higher than those over wired networks. Proxies that execute Web page JavaScript (JS) and push objects needed by the client can reduce latency. However, a key concern is the scalability of the proxy which must execute JS for many concurrent users. In this paper, we propose to scale the proxies, focusing on a design where the proxy's execution is solely to push the needed objects and the client completely executes the page as normal. Such redundant execution is a simple, yet effective approach to cutting network latencies, which dominate page load delays in cellular settings. We develop whittling, a technique to identify and execute in the proxy only the JS code necessary to identify and push the objects required for the client page load, while skipping other code. Whittling is closely related to program slicing, but with the important distinction that it is acceptable to approximate the program slice in the proxy given the client's complete execution. Experiments with top Alexa Web pages show NutShell can sustain, on average, 27\% more user requests per second than a proxy performing fully redundant execution, while preserving, and sometimes enhancing, the latency benefits.
GAP-43 amino terminal peptides modulate growth cone morphology and neurite outgrowth (1994)

The neuronal growth-associated protein GAP-43 is expressed maximally during development and regeneration, and is enriched at the cytosolic surface of the growth cone membrane. GAP-43 can activate the GTP-binding protein G(o) which is also a major component of the growth cone membrane. These findings have led to the hypothesis that GAP-43 might modulate neurite outgrowth by altering G-protein activity. Here we define the sequence requirements for GAP-43 amino terminal peptide stimulation of G(o), and test these peptides as potential modulators of neurite outgrowth. The first 10 amino acids of GAP-43, Met-Leu-Cys-Cys-Met-Arg-Arg-Thr-Lys-Gln, stimulate G(o). Substitutions at particular residues reveal that cys3, cys4, arg6, and lys9 are critical, but arg7 is not. Both the GAP-43(1-10) peptide and the G-protein-activating peptide mastoparan induce growth cone collapse and inhibit neurite extension from embryonic chick dorsal root ganglion and retinal neurons. This is likely to be mediated by G-proteins: pertussis toxin blocks the inhibition, and mutant peptides that do not activate G(o) do not alter outgrowth. In contrast to the case with embryonic chick dorsal root ganglion cells, neurite outgrowth from N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells is stimulated by GAP-43(1-10). This is probably also a G-protein-mediated event because it is blocked by pertussis toxin, because the sequence requirements match those for G(o) stimulation, and because mastoparan stimulates outgrowth from these cells. The longer GAP-43(1-25) peptide does not alter neurite outgrowth unless the cells are permeabilized, suggesting an intracellular site of action. These data identify a novel set of compounds that modulate neurite outgrowth, and also support the notion that GAP-43 can alter neurite extension by modulating pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein activity in the growth cone.
147 Rational Design of Envelope Surface Identifies Broadly Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies to HIV-1 (2011)

Advances in our basic scientific understanding of the immune system and mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis have provided the tools to rationally design an effective vaccine for AIDS. Cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (NAb) are found in the sera of many HIV-1 infected subjects, but the virologic basis of their neutralization remains poorly understood. We have used knowledge of HIV-1 Envelope (Env) structure to developed antigenically resurfaced glycoproteins specific for the structurally conserved site of CD4 receptor binding. These probes identified sera with such NAbs from infected donors and enabled the isolation of B cells that recognized the CD4-binding site (CD4bs). By expressing immunoglobulin genes from individual B cells, we identified three monoclonal antibodies, including a pair of somatic variants that neutralized over 90% of circulating HIV-1 isolates. Exceptionally broad HIV-1 neutralization can be achieved with individual antibodies targeted to the functionally conserved CD4bs of gp120, an insight critical to the development of an AIDS vaccine. In other studies, we have continued to study basic mechanisms of pathogenesis of HIV and have recently made progress in defining the molecular basis for CD4 cell killing/depletion by HIV. The status of the rational immunogen design and novel therapeutic interventions that prevent HIV infection will be discussed.
Transient Stability Analysis for Grid-Forming Inverters Transitioning from Islanded to Grid-Connected Mode (2022)

This paper addresses the transient stability of grid-forming (GFM) inverters when transitioning from the islanded to grid-connected mode. It is revealed that the reconnection of the GFM inverters to the main grid can be equivalent to a step change of the active power reference, whose impact is closely related with the local load, active power reference of GFM inverter, and short-circuit ratio (SCR) of the grid. Such equivalent disturbance may cause GFM inverters lose the synchronism with the grid. To avoid loss of synchronization, the existence of equilibria of GFM inverter after reconnecting it with the grid is examined, considering the varying SCR. Then, the parametric effects of power controllers on the transient stability are characterized by using phase portraits, which shed clear insights into the controller design for reliably reconnecting GFM inverters with grid. Lastly, all the theoretical findings are confirmed by experimental tests.
Enhancement of Ferroelectricity in Strained BaTiO <sub>3</sub> Thin Films (2004)

Biaxial compressive strain has been used to markedly enhance the ferroelectric properties of BaTiO3 thin films. This strain, imposed by coherent epitaxy, can result in a ferroelectric transition temperature nearly 500 degrees C higher and a remanent polarization at least 250% higher than bulk BaTiO3 single crystals. This work demonstrates a route to a lead-free ferroelectric for nonvolatile memories and electro-optic devices.
REALM: Retrieval-Augmented Language Model Pre-Training (2020)

Language model pre-training has been shown to capture a surprising amount of world knowledge, crucial for NLP tasks such as question answering. However, this knowledge is stored implicitly in the parameters of a neural network, requiring ever-larger networks to cover more facts. To capture knowledge in a more modular and interpretable way, we augment language model pre-training with a latent knowledge retriever, which allows the model to retrieve and attend over documents from a large corpus such as Wikipedia, used during pre-training, fine-tuning and inference. For the first time, we show how to pre-train such a knowledge retriever in an unsupervised manner, using masked language modeling as the learning signal and backpropagating through a retrieval step that considers millions of documents. We demonstrate the effectiveness of Retrieval-Augmented Language Model pre-training (REALM) by fine-tuning on the challenging task of Open-domain Question Answering (Open-QA). We compare against state-of-the-art models for both explicit and implicit knowledge storage on three popular Open-QA benchmarks, and find that we outperform all previous methods by a significant margin (4-16% absolute accuracy), while also providing qualitative benefits such as interpretability and modularity.
Robust Camera Pose Refinement and Rapid SfM for Multiview Aerial Imagery—Without RANSAC (2015)

A robust camera pose refinement approach for sequential wide-area airborne imagery is proposed in this letter. Image frames are sequentially acquired, and with each frame, its corresponding position and orientation are approximately available from airborne platform inertial measurement unit and GPS sensors. In the proposed structure from motion (SfM) approach the available approximation of camera parameters (from low-certainty sensors) is directly used in an optimization stage. The putative matches obtained from the sequential matching paradigm are also directly used in the optimization with no early stage filtering (e.g., no RANSAC). A robust function is proposed and used to deal with outliers (mismatches). The full pipeline has been run over a set of wide-area motion imagery data collected by an airplane flying over different cities in the U.S. The results prove the power and efficiency of the proposed pipeline. Effectiveness of the proposed robust function is compared with some popular robust functions such as Cauchy and Huber using synthetic data.
Stereo Image and Depth Map Generation for Images with Different Views and Resolutions (2018)

There are many practical applications where stereo images and depth maps may need to be generated using cameras with different resolutions and view angles. One challenge is that the parallax in images may create issues in image alignment. Another challenge is on how to handle the different resolutions. This paper presents some preliminary results in enhancing the stereo images and depth maps using the uncalibrated images with different resolution and view angles. Our goal is to investigate whether or not we can combine the images with different resolutions and view angles to generate high quality stereo images and depth maps. We first enhance the low resolution image (assuming it is the left image without loss of generality) with help from the high resolution image (assuming it is the right image). We then combine the improved left image and the original high resolution right image to create high quality stereo and depth maps. Actual images from the Middlebury database were used in our experiments. Preliminary results demonstrated that the proposed approach works to certain extent. There is still room for performance improvement.
High-Resolution Melting Analysis for Rapid Detection of Sequence Type 131 Escherichia coli (2017)

<i>Escherichia coli</i> isolates belonging to the sequence type 131 (ST131) clonal complex have been associated with the global distribution of fluoroquinolone and β-lactam resistance. Whole-genome sequencing and multilocus sequence typing identify sequence type but are expensive when evaluating large numbers of samples. This study was designed to develop a cost-effective screening tool using high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis to differentiate ST131 from non-ST131 <i>E. coli</i> in large sample populations in the absence of sequence analysis. The method was optimized using DNA from 12 <i>E. coli</i> isolates. Singleplex PCR was performed using 10 ng of DNA, Type-it HRM buffer, and multilocus sequence typing primers and was followed by multiplex PCR. The amplicon sizes ranged from 630 to 737 bp. Melt temperature peaks were determined by performing HRM analysis at 0.1°C resolution from 50 to 95°C on a Rotor-Gene Q 5-plex HRM system. Derivative melt curves were compared between sequence types and analyzed by principal component analysis. A blinded study of 191 <i>E. coli</i> isolates of ST131 and unknown sequence types validated this methodology. This methodology returned 99.2% specificity (124 true negatives and 1 false positive) and 100% sensitivity (66 true positives and 0 false negatives). This HRM methodology distinguishes ST131 from non-ST131 <i>E. coli</i> without sequence analysis. The analysis can be accomplished in about 3 h in any laboratory with an HRM-capable instrument and principal component analysis software. Therefore, this assay is a fast and cost-effective alternative to sequencing-based ST131 identification.
Treatment of neurological injury with thymosin β4 (2012)

Neurorestorative therapy targets multiple types of parenchymal cells in the intact tissue of injured brain tissue to increase neurogenesis, angiogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, and axonal remodeling during recovery from neurological injury. In our laboratory, we tested thymosin β4 (Tβ4) as a neurorestorative agent to treat models of neurological injury. This review discusses our results demonstrating that Tβ4 improves neurological functional outcome in a rat model of embolic stroke, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, and a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Tβ4 is a pleiotropic peptide exhibiting many actions in several different types of tissues. One mechanism associated with improvement of neurological improvement from Tβ4 treatment is oligodendrogenesis involving the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells to mature myelin-secreting oligodendrocytes. Moreover, our preclinical data provide a basis for movement of Tβ4 into clinical trials for treatment of these devastating neurological diseases and injuries.
Thulium heat source: IR D project 91-031 (1991)

The goal of the Thulium Heat Source study is to determine the performance capability and evaluate the safety and environmental aspects of a thulium-170 heat source. Our approach is to study parametrically the performance of thulium-170 heat source designs in the power range of 5--50 kW{sub th}. At least three heat source designs will be characterized in this power range and integrated with various power conversion subsystems to assess their performance, mass, and volume. We will determine shielding requirements, and consider the safety and environmental aspects of their use.
Adaptive as-natural-as-possible image stitching (2015)

The goal of image stitching is to create natural-looking mosaics free of artifacts that may occur due to relative camera motion, illumination changes, and optical aberrations. In this paper, we propose a novel stitching method, that uses a smooth stitching field over the entire target image, while accounting for all the local transformation variations. Computing the warp is fully automated and uses a combination of local homography and global similarity transformations, both of which are estimated with respect to the target. We mitigate the perspective distortion in the non-overlapping regions by linearizing the homography and slowly changing it to the global similarity. The proposed method is easily generalized to multiple images, and allows one to automatically obtain the best perspective in the panorama. It is also more robust to parameter selection, and hence more automated compared with state-of-the-art methods. The benefits of the proposed approach are demonstrated using a variety of challenging cases.