gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Information Hiding in H.264/AVC Compressed Video (2013)

Information hiding refers to the process of inserting information into a host to serve specific purpose(s). In this paper, information hiding methods in the H.264/AVC compressed video domain are surveyed. First, the general framework of information hiding is conceptualized by relating the state of an entity to a meaning (i.e., sequences of bits). This concept is illustrated by using various data representation schemes such as bit plane replacement, spread spectrum, histogram manipulation, divisibility, mapping rules, and matrix encoding. Venues at which information hiding takes place are then identified, including prediction process, transformation, quantization, and entropy coding. Related information hiding methods at each venue are briefly reviewed, along with the presentation of the targeted applications, appropriate diagrams, and references. A timeline diagram is constructed to chronologically summarize the invention of information hiding methods in the compressed still image and video domains since 1992. A comparison among the considered information hiding methods is also conducted in terms of venue, payload, bitstream size overhead, video quality, computational complexity, and video criteria. Further perspectives and recommendations are presented to provide a better understanding of the current trend of information hiding and to identify new opportunities for information hiding in compressed video.
Field Cases of Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation Diagnostics Using Fiber Optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) Measurements and Analyses (2013)

Abstract Deciding on the optimum spacing between fractures and selecting the optimum fracture treatment parameters is a key challenge in designing the hydraulic fracture stimulations of Unconventional Gas and Liquid Rich Shale (UGLRS) wells. To make those decisions more effectively and more rapidly, (downhole) hydraulic fracture diagnostic tools can be used which provide a better understanding of how and where fractures initiate and what the distribution of fluid and proppant volume is downhole. One emerging technology, fiber optic distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) has the potential of providing such key diagnostic insights during hydraulic fracturing operations in real-time. This paper describes some of the background technology and presents the results of several hydraulic fracture stimulation (HFS) diagnostic case studies. The results illustrate how DAS has been used to perform real-time monitoring for both open-hole multi-stage fracturing and "Cemented Plug & Perf Completions". DAS has provided valuable insight as to the stimulation effectiveness. The technique has also provided insights into effective zonal isolation when using mechanical isolation during the hydraulic-fracturing process that would otherwise not have been possible. It also complements other HFS diagnostic technologies (e.g. tracers, micro-seismic, distributed temperature sensing (DTS), production logs (PLT)). DAS monitoring of hydraulic fracture stimulation can help accelerate the learning curve and drive performance improvements. Installation of fiber optic cables early in a field's life or when entering a new geological/geo-mechanical situation can allow for accelerated optimization of future wells.
Fabrication of 3D air-core MEMS inductors for very-high-frequency power conversions (2018)

Abstract We report a fabrication technology for 3D air-core inductors for small footprint and very-high-frequency power conversions. Our process is scalable and highly generic for fabricating inductors with a wide range of geometries and core shapes. We demonstrate spiral, solenoid, and toroidal inductors, a toroidal transformer and inductor with advanced geometries that cannot be produced by wire winding technology. The inductors are embedded in a silicon substrate and consist of through-silicon vias and suspended windings. The inductors fabricated with 20 and 25 turns and 280-350 μm heights on 4-16 mm 2 footprints have an inductance from 34.2 to 44.6 nH and a quality factor from 10 to 13 at frequencies ranging from 30 to 72 MHz. The air-core inductors show threefold lower parasitic capacitance and up to a 140% higher-quality factor and a 230% higher-operation frequency than silicon-core inductors. A 33 MHz boost converter mounted with an air-core toroidal inductor achieves an efficiency of 68.2%, which is better than converters mounted with a Si-core inductor (64.1%). Our inductors show good thermal cycling stability, and they are mechanically stable after vibration and 2-m-drop tests.
Enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-pumiliotoxin A (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEnantioselective total synthesis of (+)-pumiliotoxin ALarry E. Overman and Nan Horng LinCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 19, 3669–3670Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00219a060https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00219a060research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views637Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Perspectives Series: Molecular Medicine in Genetically Engineered Animals (1996)

Advances in biotechnology over the last ten years have made it possible for the researcher to alter gene expression in vivo in many diverse ways (1). With the establishment of embryonic stem (ES) 1 cell technology (2), more subtle and precise alterations can now be achieved than were previously possible using microinjection techniques. However, to date germline transmission has only been achieved with mouse ES cells, and microinjection continues to be the method most widely used for other species. While the mouse has a number of advantages, not least the depth of our knowledge of its genetics, other species are being increasingly used for transgenic studies due to their greater suitability for addressing specific questions. We will briefly review the application of transgenic technology to nonmurine species as it stands at present, with par
High-speed complex-coupled strain-compensated AlGaInAs/InP 1.5 μm DFB laser diodes (2002)

The technology and characterization of high-speed partly loss-coupled distributed feedback (DFB) 1.55 /spl mu/m laser diodes realized on a strain-compensated AlGaInAs/InP MBE/MOVPE grown epitaxial structure is presented. We observe low thresholds, SMSRs of 50 dB, very high -3 dB intensity modulation (IM) bandwidths up to 23 GHz and good large signal behaviour.
Galectin-1 Induces Cell Adhesion to the Extracellular Matrix and Apoptosis of Non-Adherent Human Colon Cancer Colo201 Cells (2003)

To isolate cDNAs for molecules involved in cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix, expression cloning with non-adherent colon cancer Colo201 cells was carried out. Four positive clones were isolated and, when sequenced, one was found to be galectin-1, a beta-galactoside-binding protein. When cultured on fibronectin-, laminin-, and collagen-coated and non-coated dishes, the adherent galectin-1 cDNA-transfected Colo201 cells increased and spread somewhat. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that galectin-1 was expressed inside and outside of Colo201 cells. The adhesion was dependent on the carbohydrate-recognition domain of galectin-1 since lactose inhibited the adhesion and exogenously-added galectin-1 caused the adhesion. PD58059, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase, or LY294002, a phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase inhibitor, decreased the adhesion. Furthermore, the expression of galectin-1 in Colo201 cells induced apoptotic cell death, while exogenously-added galectin-1 did not cause apoptosis. These results indicate that galectin-1 plays a role in both cell-matrix interactions and the inhibition of Colo201 cell proliferation, and suggest that galectin-1 expressed in cells could be associated with apoptosis.
Hydrogen storage: the remaining scientific and technological challenges (2007)

To ensure future worldwide mobility, hydrogen storage in combination with fuel cells for on-board automotive applications is one of the most challenging issues. Potential solid-state solutions have to fulfil operating requirements defined by the fuel cell propulsion system. Important requirements are also defined by customer demands such as cost, overall fuel capacity, refuelling time and efficiency. It seems that currently none of the different storage solid state materials can reach the required storage densities for a hydrogen-powered vehicle. New strategies for storage systems are necessary to fulfil the requirements for a broad introduction of automotive fuel cell powertrains to the market. The combination of different storage systems may provide a possible solution to store sufficiently high amounts of hydrogen.
Molecular breakdown: a comprehensive view of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (<i>ALK</i>)<i>‐</i>rearranged non‐small cell lung cancer (2017)

Most anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-rearranged non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) show good clinical response to ALK inhibitors. However, some ALK-rearranged NSCLC patients show various primary responses with unknown reasons. Previous studies focused on the clinical aspects of ALK fusions in small cohorts, or were conducted in vitro and/or in vivo to investigate the function of ALK. One of the suggested theories describes how echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-ALK variants play a role towards different sensitivities in ALK inhibitors. Until now, there has been no integrated comprehensive study that dissects ALK at the molecular level in a large scale. Here, we report the largest extensive molecular analysis of 158 ALK-rearranged NSCLCs and have investigated these findings in a cell line construct experiment. We discovered that NSCLCs with EML4-ALK short forms (variant 3/others) had more advanced stage and frequent metastases than cases with the long forms (variant 1/others) (p = 0.057, p < 0.05). In vitro experiments revealed that EML4-ALK short forms show lower sensitivity to ALK inhibitors than do long forms. Clinical analysis also showed a trend for the short forms showing worse PFS. Interestingly, we found that breakpoints of ALK are evenly distributed mainly in intron 19 and almost all of them undergo a non-homologous end-joining repair to generate ALK fusions. We also discovered four novel somatic ALK mutations in NSCLC (T1151R, R1192P, A1280V, and L1535Q) that confer primary resistance; all of them showed strong resistance to ALK inhibitors, as G1202R does. Through targeted deep sequencing, we discovered three novel ALK fusion partners (GCC2, LMO7, and PHACTR1), and different ALK fusion partners showed different intracellular localization. With our findings that the EML4-ALK variants, new ALK somatic mutations, and novel ALK-fusion partners may affect sensitivity to ALK inhibitors, we stress the importance of targeted therapy to take the ALK molecular profiling into consideration. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small-molecule MAPK inhibitors restore radioiodine incorporation in mouse thyroid cancers with conditional BRAF activation (2011)

Advanced human thyroid cancers, particularly those that are refractory to treatment with radioiodine (RAI), have a high prevalence of BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1) mutations. However, the degree to which these cancers are dependent on BRAF expression is still unclear. To address this question, we generated mice expressing one of the most commonly detected BRAF mutations in human papillary thyroid carcinomas (BRAF(V600E)) in thyroid follicular cells in a doxycycline-inducible (dox-inducible) manner. Upon dox induction of BRAF(V600E), the mice developed highly penetrant and poorly differentiated thyroid tumors. Discontinuation of dox extinguished BRAF(V600E) expression and reestablished thyroid follicular architecture and normal thyroid histology. Switching on BRAF(V600E) rapidly induced hypothyroidism and virtually abolished thyroid-specific gene expression and RAI incorporation, all of which were restored to near basal levels upon discontinuation of dox. Treatment of mice with these cancers with small molecule inhibitors of either MEK or mutant BRAF reduced their proliferative index and partially restored thyroid-specific gene expression. Strikingly, treatment with the MAPK pathway inhibitors rendered the tumor cells susceptible to a therapeutic dose of RAI. Our data show that thyroid tumors carrying BRAF(V600E) mutations are exquisitely dependent on the oncoprotein for viability and that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of its expression or activity is associated with tumor regression and restoration of RAI uptake in vivo in mice. These findings have potentially significant clinical ramifications.
Hybrid stereo imaging including a light field and a regular camera (2016)

Light field imaging involves capturing both angular and spatial distribution of light; it enables new capabilities, such as post-capture digital refocusing, perspective shift, and depth estimation. Micro-lens array (MLA) based light field cameras provide a cost-effective approach to light field imaging. The two major issues with MLA based light field cameras are low spatial resolution and narrow baseline, which limits the depth range and accuracy. In this paper, we present a hybrid stereo imaging system that includes a light field camera and a regular camera. The hybrid system addresses both the spatial resolution and narrow baseline issues of the MLA based light field cameras while preserving all the light field capabilities.
Obj-GloVe: Scene-Based Contextual Object Embedding (2019)

Recently, with the prevalence of large-scale image dataset, the co-occurrence information among classes becomes rich, calling for a new way to exploit it to facilitate inference. In this paper, we propose Obj-GloVe, a generic scene-based contextual embedding for common visual objects, where we adopt the word embedding method GloVe to exploit the co-occurrence between entities. We train the embedding on pre-processed Open Images V4 dataset and provide extensive visualization and analysis by dimensionality reduction and projecting the vectors along a specific semantic axis, and showcasing the nearest neighbors of the most common objects. Furthermore, we reveal the potential applications of Obj-GloVe on object detection and text-to-image synthesis, then verify its effectiveness on these two applications respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Noncovalent Inhibitors of Rhinovirus 3C Protease. (2011)

Abstract Fragment screening and structure—activity‐relationship exploration lead to identification of the first low micromolar, non‐covalent inhibitors of the human rhinovirus 3C protease.
Motion robust high resolution 3D free‐breathing pulmonary MRI using dynamic 3D image self‐navigator (2017)

An optimized 3D UTE sequence combined with the proposed reconstruction methods can provide high-resolution motion robust pulmonary MRI. Feasibility was shown in patients who had irregular breathing patterns in which our approach could depict clinically relevant pulmonary pathologies. Magn Reson Med 79:2954-2967, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Ruthenium-Decorated Lipid Vesicles: Light-Induced Release of [Ru(terpy)(bpy)(OH<sub>2</sub>)]<sup>2+</sup> and Thermal Back Coordination (2010)

Electrostatic forces play an important role in the interaction between large transition metal complexes and lipid bilayers. In this work, a thioether-cholestanol hybrid ligand (4) was synthesized, which coordinates to ruthenium(II) via its sulfur atom and intercalates into lipid bilayers via its apolar tail. By mixing its ruthenium complex [Ru(terpy)(bpy)(4)](2+) (terpy = 2,2';6',2''-terpyridine; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) with either the negatively charged lipid dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) or with the zwitterionic lipid dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), large unilamellar vesicles decorated with ruthenium polypyridyl complexes are formed. Upon visible light irradiation the ruthenium-sulfur coordination bond is selectively broken, releasing the ruthenium fragment as the free aqua complex [Ru(terpy)(bpy)(OH(2))](2+). The photochemical quantum yield under blue light irradiation (452 nm) is 0.0074(8) for DMPG vesicles and 0.0073(8) for DMPC vesicles (at 25 °C), which is not significantly different from similar homogeneous systems. Dynamic light scattering and cryo-TEM pictures show that the size and shape of the vesicles are not perturbed by light irradiation. Depending on the charge of the lipids, the cationic aqua complex either strongly interacts with the membrane (DMPG) or diffuses away from it (DMPC). Back coordination of [Ru(terpy)(bpy)(OH(2))](2+) to the thioether-decorated vesicles takes place only at DMPG bilayers with high ligand concentrations (25 mol %) and elevated temperatures (70 °C). During this process, partial vesicle fusion was also observed. We discuss the potential of such ruthenium-decorated vesicles in the context of light-controlled molecular motion and light-triggered drug delivery.
Correlative Light Microscopy for High-Content Screening (2013)

High-throughput microscopy is an effective tool for rapidly collecting data on a large scale. However, high throughput comes at the cost of low spatial resolution. Here we introduce correlative light microscopy by combining fast automated widefield imaging, confocal microscopy and super-resolution microscopy. We demonstrate the potential of this approach for scalable experiments. The workflow consists of a robust approach for selecting cells of interest on a wide-field screening microscope at low resolution and subsequently re-localizing those cells with micrometer precision for confocal and super-resolution imaging. As a case study, we visualized and quantified cis- and trans-Golgi markers at increasing resolution.
History of sentinel node and validation of the technique (2001)

Sentinel node biopsy is a minimally invasive technique to select patients with occult lymph node metastases who may benefit from further regional or systemic therapy. The sentinel node is the first lymph node reached by metastasising cells from a primary tumour. Attempts to remove this node with a procedure based on standard anatomical patterns did not become popular. The development of the dynamic technique of intraoperative lymphatic mapping in the 1990s resulted in general acceptance of the sentinel node concept. This hypothesis of sequential tumour dissemination seems to be valid according to numerous studies of sentinel node biopsy with confirmatory regional lymph node dissection. This report describes the history and the validation of the technique, with particular reference to breast cancer.
A micromachined silicon capacitive temperature sensor for radiosonde applications (2009)

A novel silicon capacitive temperature sensor implemented with micromachined multilayer cantilevers is presented. The multi-layered sensor structure has been fabricated with SOI wafers by a 4-mask process. Using this structure, the low-power dissipation and wide temperature range can be achieved. For the present sensor, the temperature range is from -70°C to 100°C with the sensitivity of 7 fF/°C. This makes it suitable to serve as a temperature sensor for low-power and wide temperature range applications.
Advanced Hot-Gas Desulfurization Sorbents (1997)

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power systems are being advanced worldwide for generating electricity from coal due to their superior environmental performance, economics, and efficiency in comparison to conventional coal-based power plants. Hot gas cleanup offers the potential for higher plant thermal efficiencies and lower cost. A key subsystem of hot-gas cleanup is hot-gas desulfurization using regenerable sorbents. Sorbents based on zinc oxide are currently the leading candidates and are being developed for moving- and fluidized- bed reactor applications. Zinc oxide sorbents can effectively reduce the H{sub 2}S in coal gas to around 10 ppm levels and can be regenerated for multicycle operation. However, all current first-generation leading sorbents undergo significant loss of reactivity with cycling, as much as 50% or greater loss in only 25-50 cycles. Stability of the hot-gas desulfurization sorbent over 100`s of cycles is essential for improved IGCC economics over conventional power plants. This project aims to develop hot-gas cleanup sorbents for relatively lower temperature applications, 343 to 538{degrees}C with emphasis on the temperature range from 400 to 500{degrees}. Recent economic evaluations have indicated that the thermal efficiency of IGCC systems increases rapidly with the temperature of hot-gas cleanup up to 350{degrees}C and then very slowly as the temperature is increased further. This suggests that the temperature severity of the hot-gas cleanup devices can be reduced without significant loss of thermal efficiency. The objective of this study is to develop attrition-resistant advanced hot-gas desulfurization sorbents which show stable and high sulfidation reactivity at 343{degrees}C (650{degrees}F) to 538{degrees}C(1OOO{degrees}F) and regenerability at lower temperatures than leading first generation sorbents.
Expression of mRNA for cytokines in tumor‐infiltrating mononuclear cells in ovarian adenocarcinoma and invasive breast cancer (1992)

Cytokine gene expression in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in frozen-tissue sections of 2 types of human solid tumor--ovarian adenocarcinoma and invasive breast cancer--was examined by in situ hybridization with 35S-labeled cDNA probes for human cytokines. The proportion of cells containing mRNA able to hybridize to the antisense c-DNA probes for interleukin 2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interferon gamma (IFN gamma) or receptors for IL-2 (either p55 or p70) was also determined in human normal peripheral lymphoid tissues and inflammatory tissues. Few cells were positive for IL2 and TNF alpha mRNA in reactive human lymph nodes and tonsils. Inflammatory lesions, such as salpingitis or chronic active hepatitis, contained 10-20 times more cells positive for cytokine mRNA than reactive lymphoid tissue. In contrast, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in the stroma of ovarian carcinomas or most ductal breast tumors only rarely expressed mRNA for TNF alpha, IL2 or IFN gamma. The intensity of mononuclear cell infiltration in these tumors correlated positively with the percentage of cells which expressed mRNA for IL-2, TNF alpha and IL-2R. In those ductal breast carcinomas which contained intracellular or intraductal mucins, up to 30% of lymphoid cells in the tumor stroma were positive for IL-2, TNF alpha, IFN gamma and IL-2R. Thus, strong evidence for local activation of mononuclear cells in situ, exemplified by the expression of genes for cytokines, was obtained only in inflammatory lesions and in mucin-producing breast carcinomas. In most carcinomas studied, few TIL expressed genes for cytokines as measured by in situ hybridization. Thus, human solid tumors appear to differ in their ability to induce gene expression for cytokines in TIL.