gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Checkpoint Proteins in Pediatric Brain and Extracranial Solid Tumors: Opportunities for Immunotherapy (2016)

Pediatric brain and extracranial solid tumors are a diverse group of malignancies that represent almost half of all pediatric cancers. Standard therapy includes various combinations of surgery, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and radiation, which can be very harmful to a developing child, and survivors carry a substantial burden of long-term morbidities. Although these therapies have improved survival rates for children with solid tumors, outcomes still remain extremely poor for subsets of patients. Recently, immunosuppressive checkpoint molecules that negatively regulate immune cell function have been described. When found on malignant cells or in the tumor microenvironment, they contribute to immune evasion and tumor escape. Agents designed to inhibit these proteins have demonstrated significant efficacy in human adult solid tumor studies. However, there is limited research focusing on immune checkpoint molecules and inhibitors in pediatric solid tumors. In this review, we examine the current knowledge on immune checkpoint proteins with an emphasis on cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4); programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1); OX-2 membrane glycoprotein (CD200); and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). We review T-cell signaling, the mechanisms of action of these checkpoint molecules, pediatric preclinical studies on checkpoint proteins and checkpoint blockade, pediatric checkpoint inhibitor clinical trials conducted to date, and future immunotherapy opportunities for childhood cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 23(2); 342-50. ©2016 AACR.
Increased PD-1 and decreased CD28 expression in chronic hepatitis B patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (2010)

PD-1(+) tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes correlate with portal vein thrombosis and might serve as a potential prognostic marker of and a novel therapeutic target for HBV-related HCC.
Is multicore hardware for general-purpose parallel processing broken? (2014)

The current generation of general-purpose multicore hardware must be fixed to support more application domains and to allow cost-effective parallel programming.
Europe as a Linguistic Area (2006)

Abstract Over the last decades, work on areal relationship among the languages of Europe has been a field of intensive research. This work has been dominated by questions such as the following: Do the European languages constitute a linguistic area or Sprachbund? Is it possible to define a region in Europe that is most central in terms of linguistic properties? Are there any ‘Euroversals’, that is, linguistic properties that are characteristic for European languages but are uncommon elsewhere in the world? In this chapter, a new approach to the study contact-induced transfer from one language to another is proposed. Rather than viewing areal relationship as a product, it is described as a process induced by language contact. Rather than describing Europe as a linguistic area, the model proposed concerns the forces that led, and are leading to areal relationship in Europe.
Hybrid Piled/Gravity Platform for Harsh Environments (1992)

ABSTRACT The paper describes a 'hybrid? gravity base/steel pi1ed offshore substructure designed for severe ice and seismic environmental conditions. The structure comprises a steel piled jacket within a gravity base 'shield?. The gravity base element comprises a simple raft, of steel or concrete construction, with a central monopod leg. The steel piled element comprises a ring of piles within the central leg. During sea-transport to the offshore site the ring of piles is supported by the gravity structure. After the piles are driven, the connection is severed so that the jacket (ie the piles) and gravity base shield function as separate structures. The topsides is supported only on the ring of piles. Ice loads are carried entirely on the gravity base shield. The novel elements of the concept are protected by a number of patents. INTRODUCTOIN Numerous structural solutions have been used in ice-infested waters including gravel islands, caisson retained islands, steel jackets and gravity base structures. Concepts, too, are numerous, many of which are variation derivatives of the types noted above. Many offshore areas where ice loads prevail are also earthquake sensitive regions. Examples of interest to the hydrocarbons industry are Cook Inlet, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Arctic Ocean. The hybrid structure provides an innovative solution for satisfying the conflicting design requirements when both ice and seismic conditions can occur. For severe ice loading it is necessary to provide a massive structure with large stiffness. Such a structure is often unsuitable for seismic conditions because of susceptibility to high dynamic excitation. By supporting the topsides on the inner ring of piles and not on the gravity base a number of benefits are achieved including:Enhanced safety and redundancy.Reduction in deck excitation forces.Conductors isolated from dynamic response of gravity base.Reduced gravity base dimensions.Reduced sensitivity to soil liquefaction. DESCRIPTION OF HYBRID STRUCTURL The structure has the outward appearance of a gravity base monopod structure, as shown in Figure 1, View A. Sectional views show the arrangement of the ring of piles within the central monopod leg. The annulus between piles and gravity base leg is shown nominally as 1500mm, although greater separation can readily be provided. The concept has currently been developed to suit water depths in the range 30m to 45m. In principle the concept is applicable to deeper waters. Gravity base dimensions are primarily related to water depth, horizontal loads, soil strength, on-bottom weight and floating stability criteria. For the hybrid concept in 30m to 45m waters, base dimensions are typically of the order 100m × 100m for medium strength soils and horizontal loads around 300 MN. Perimeter skirt piles can be used to carry a proportion of the lateral load, providing a means of reducing base area. This will generally be economic if horizontal sliding governs design. The transition between the gravity base raft and leg can be configured as a cone or as a simple stepped annulus (collar) as shown in Figure 1.
At-Bias Extraction of Access Parasitic Resistances in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs: Impact on Device Linearity and Channel Electron Velocity (2006)

AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor "hot" parasitic source and drain resistances R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S,D</sub> are determined under operating biases through wideband S-parameter measurements, without the use of "ColdFET" biasing conditions. Both R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</sub> and R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</sub> are found to increase dramatically over ColdFET values, both for biases approaching threshold and for open-channel conditions. Parasitic resistance values have a significant effect on the extracted small-signal equivalent circuit model elements, as well as on the apparent device linearity. The bias dependence of access resistances modifies the understanding of the transistor physical operation: A revised delay time analysis accounting for the bias dependence of parasitic resistances shows that the effective average electron velocity in the AlGaN/GaN two-dimensional electron-gas channel is approximately equal to 1.9 times 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sup> cm/s. This new value of channel velocity is also consistent with the C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">GS</sub> /g <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MO</sub> ratio obtained when the bias dependence of R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</sub> and R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</sub> is accounted for during the extraction of the transistor small-signal equivalent circuit model
Engineering Multivalent Antibody Fragments for In Vivo Targeting (2004)

Antibodies, especially in the genetically engineered form, provide a powerful and diverse set of reagents for the recognition of biological structures. Of key importance to those in the antibody field are advances in genomics and proteomics, fostered by technology such as gene-expression profiling, protein microarrays, and high-throughput validation assays, which are providing a multitude of new protein targets for investigation. In parallel, antibody technologies such as phage display ( Chapter 8 ) and ribosome display ( Chapter 9 ), are providing agents to specifically recognize these novel targets, with broad future applications in detection and intervention in fields as diverse as human health, agriculture, and the environment.
Telechelic poly(thio‐1,4‐phenylene)s and poly(thio‐1,4‐phenylene)‐<i>block</i>‐polyamides (1990)

Abstract Poly(thio‐1,4‐phenylene)s (PPS) 5a–d with reactive end groups like carboxyl, nitro, cyano and aldehyde groups were synthesized under high as well as atmospheric pressure. Carboxyl terminated telechelics 5a were used as starting materials for the synthesis of poly(thio‐1,4‐phenylene)‐ block ‐polyamides. Semicrystalline and amorphous polyamides like Nylon 6 and Trogamide® served as coblocks. The formation of block copolymers was approved by the solubility behavior, the NMR and IR spectra as well as high temperature GPC. The thermal stability increases with the fraction of PPS. By DSC, phase separation of the block copolymers was observed at certain compositions and molecular weights.
Three-phase Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging with Improved Receiver Misalignment Tolerance (2020)

Charging of electric vehicles through inductive wireless power transfer (WPT) provides an attractive alternative to traditional wired charging. However, existing WPT systems display high degradation in efficiency and throughput power when transmitter and receiver become misaligned. A three-phase WPT system with magnetically decoupled transmitter windings is proposed to address this degradation. By optimal selection of the transmitter phase current distribution, a region of maximal flux density can be centred at the receiver location, achieving nearly constant efficiency and throughput power for receiver misalignment up to ±20cm. Excitation of the three-phase transmitter coil is provided by a conventional three-phase inverter, halving the number of semiconductors and gate drivers used with previous technologies. Experimental results demonstrate 92.97% coil efficiency and 88.45% system efficiency at perfect alignment at 3.3kW power transfer. Performance is shown to hardly degrade with misalignments up to 20cm, where coil efficiency remains at 90.52% and system efficiency at 86.66%.
Common-Mode Voltage Attenuation of an Active Common-Mode Filter in a Motor Drive System Fed by a PWM Inverter (2019)

The switching speeds of next-generation power semiconductor devices, such as those made of silicon carbide and gallium nitride are roughly ten times those of conventional devices (e.g., silicon insulated-gate bipolar transistors). This increases the frequency range of the electromagnetic noise accompanying the switching operations of pulsewidth modulated (PWM) converters and worsens the influence of radiated noise. The authors have previously proposed an active common-mode filter (ACF) that reduces the radiated noise from the power cables connected to a PWM converter and evaluated its effect in reducing radiated noise by using a function generator as a common-mode (CM) noise source. In this paper, the ACF is applied to a motor drive system fed by a three-phase PWM inverter, and the attenuation characteristics of the CM voltage are evaluated. To avoid saturating the ACF, the combination of an active common-noise canceller and the ACF is discussed. The experimental results show that the system constructed in this paper can suppress the CM voltage produced by the PWM inverter over a wide frequency range from 100 to 100 MHz.
A new class of surface modifiers for stiction reduction (1999)

In order to achieve stiction-free polysilicon surfaces, we have suggested a new class of chemical grafting precursors and confirmed their excellent characteristics. The strategy is to adopt dialkyldichlorosilanes (DDS, R/sub 2/SiCl/sub 2/) instead of monoalkyltrichlorosilanes (MTS, RSiCl/sub 3/) such as octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS, C/sub 18/H/sub 37/SiCl/sub 3/) or 1 H,1 H,2 H,-2 H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS, C/sub 10/H/sub 4/F/sub 17/SiCl/sub 3/). DDS has two short chains and compactly deposits on the hydrophilic polysilicon surface. DDS coated surface is even superior to those of conventional compounds in some respects. Since interactions among precursor molecules are reduced, conglomeration both in homogeneous solution and on surface can be effectively avoided. No difference was found between results from the processes in ambient environment and in dry box. And the final quality of the modified surfaces is much less dependent on temperature. In addition, DDS has some advantages of remarkably reduced process time and acceptably low cost. Even the cantilevers with 3 mm in length can be protected successfully from the stiction.
The Heat And Mass Transfer Phenomena In Vacuum Membrane Distillation For Desalination (2010)

Vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) process can be used for water purification or the desalination of salt water. The process simply consists of a flat sheet hydrophobic micro porous PTFE membrane and diaphragm vacuum pump without a condenser for the water recovery or trap. The feed was used aqueous NaCl solution. The VMD experiments were performed to evaluate the heat and mass transfer coefficient of the boundary layer in a membrane module. The only operating parameters are feed inlet temperature, and feed flow rate were investigated. The permeate flux was strongly affected by the feed inlet temperature, feed flow rate, and boundary layer heat transfer coefficient. Since lowering the temperature polarization coefficient is essential enhance the process performance considerable and maximizing the heat transfer coefficient for maximizes the mass flux of distillate water. In this paper, the results of VMD experiments are used to measure the boundary layer heat transfer coefficient, and the experimental results are used to reevaluate the empirical constants in the Dittus- Boelter equation.
Unsupervised Detection of Apnea Using Commodity RFID Tags With a Recurrent Variational Autoencoder (2019)

With the rapid development of intelligent health sensing in the Internet of Things (IoT), vital sign monitoring (e.g., respiration) and abnormal respiration detection have attracted increasing attention. Considering the challenging and the cost of collecting labeled training data from patients with breathing related diseases, we develop the AutoTag system, an unsupervised recurrent variational autoencoder-based method for respiration rate estimation and abnormal breathing detection with off-the-shelf RFID tags. Moreover, for real-time breath monitoring, a novel method is proposed to cancel the distortion on measured phase values caused by channel hopping for FCC-complaint RFID systems. The efficacy of the proposed system is demonstrated by the extensive experiments conducted in two indoor environments, while the impact of various design and environmental factors is also evaluated.
Sestrins Inhibit mTORC1 Kinase Activation through the GATOR Complex (2014)

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) kinase is a sensor of different environmental conditions and regulator of cell growth, metabolism, and autophagy. mTORC1 is activated by Rag GTPases, working as RagA:RagB and RagC:RagD heterodimers. Rags control mTORC1 activity by tethering mTORC1 to the lysosomes where it is activated by Rheb GTPase. RagA:RagB, active in its GTP-bound form, is inhibited by GATOR1 complex, a GTPase-activating protein, and GATOR1 is in turn negatively regulated by GATOR2 complex. Sestrins are stress-responsive proteins that inhibit mTORC1 via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and tuberous sclerosis complex. Here we report an AMPK-independent mechanism of mTORC1 inhibition by Sestrins mediated by their interaction with GATOR2. As a result of this interaction, the Sestrins suppress mTOR lysosomal localization in a Rag-dependent manner. This mechanism is potentially involved in mTORC1 regulation by amino acids, rotenone, and tunicamycin, connecting stress response with mTORC1 inhibition.
Optimization and Evaluation of Energy-Efficient Mixed-Signal MFCC Feature Extraction Architecture (2020)

Speech feature extraction is an indispensable module in the whole speech recognition process. Especially in the energy-constrained internet of things nodes, low-power feature extraction greatly improves the working time of the system. This paper optimizes a complete energy-efficient speech feature extraction architecture in the mixed-signal domain for speech recognition. The speech feature extraction architecture extracts acoustic features in the mixed-signal domain, which significantly reduces the cost of Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) and computational complexity. Moreover, the noise robustness of the mixed-signal MFCC feature has been investigated to adapt to the real scene. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed optimized architecture, we fabricate a chip about the proposed feature extraction architecture in 180nm CMOS process, the post-simulation results show that the core of mixed-signal MFCC feature extraction achieves 70% power saving and enhanced noise robustness than state of the art.
Recent development of error control codes for future communication and storage systems (2017)

The outstanding performance of error control codes has attracted the interest of the information and communications theory community and industry partners for more than 20 years since Turbo codes were invented. In recent years, there are more and more scenarios in modern communication and digital storage systems, such as wireless communications, optical communications, flash memories, computer hard drives, sensor networks, and deep-space probing, each having drastically different performance requirements. Hence, more effi cient coding methods are highly desirable to be applied to multi-scenarios with low complexity, low latency and reliable transmission rate close to the Shannon capacity.
p38 MAP Kinase Mediates Both Short-Term and Long-Term Synaptic Depression in<i>Aplysia</i> (2003)

At Aplysia sensory-to-motor neuron synapses, the inhibitory neuropeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFa) produces depression, and serotonin (5-HT) produces facilitation. Short-term depression has been found to result from the activation of a phospholipase A2. The released arachidonate is metabolized by 12-lipoxygenase to active second messengers. We find that FMRFa leads to the phosphorylation and activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. Short-term depression and the release of arachidonate are blocked by the specific p38 kinase inhibitor SB 203580. Both the inhibitor and an affinity-purified antibody raised against recombinant Aplysia p38 kinase injected into sensory neurons prevented long-term depression, which depends on the phosphorylation of translation factors cAMP response element-binding protein 2 (CREB2) and activating transcription factor 2. Facilitation produced by 5-HT, on the other hand, inactivates p38 kinase. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicate that p38 kinase activates CREB2. p38 kinase also is pivotal in the bidirectional regulation of synaptic plasticity: when the kinase is inhibited, brief treatment with 5-HT that normally produces only short-term facilitation now results in long-term facilitation. Conversely, in sensory neurons injected with the activated kinase, long-term facilitation is blocked, and brief exposure to FMRFa, which normally results in short-term depression, results in long-term depression. We conclude that p38 kinase, which itself is bidirectionally regulated by FMRFa and 5-HT, acts as a modulator of synaptic plasticity by positively regulating depression and serving as an inhibitory constraint for facilitation.
An Automatic Moving Object Detection Algorithm for Video Surveillance Applications (2009)

Moving object detection is a very important step in video surveillance. And frame difference algorithms are suitable for these applications. First of all, an automatic threshold calculation method was proposed according to statistic information to obtain moving pixels of video frames. Then moving regions can be formed by morphological operations. At last, the nearest distance of two regions was proposed and it was satisfying for region combination. The proposed algorithm is automatic and efficient in intelligent surveillance applications.
Regeneration of hyaline-like cartilage in situ with SOX9 stimulation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (2017)

Microfracture, a common procedure for treatment of cartilage injury, induces fibrocartilage repair by recruiting bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to the site of cartilage injury. However, fibrocartilage is inferior biomechanically to hyaline cartilage. SRY-type high-mobility group box-9 (SOX9) is a master regulator of chondrogenesis by promoting proliferation and differentiation of MSC into chondrocytes. In this study we aimed to test the therapeutic potential of cell penetrating recombinant SOX9 protein in regeneration of hyaline cartilage in situ at the site of cartilage injury. We generated a recombinant SOX9 protein which was fused with super positively charged green fluorescence protein (GFP) (scSOX9) to facilitate cell penetration. scSOX9 was able to induce chondrogenesis of bone marrow derived MSC in vitro. In a rabbit cartilage injury model, scSOX9 in combination with microfracture significantly improved quality of repaired cartilage as shown by macroscopic appearance. Histological analysis revealed that the reparative tissue induced by microfracture with scSOX9 had features of hyaline cartilage; and collagen type II to type I ratio was similar to that in normal cartilage. This short term in vivo study demonstrated that when administered at the site of microfracture, scSOX9 was able to induce reparative tissue with features of hyaline cartilage.