gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
α<i>v</i>‐Integrin antagonist EMD 121974 induces apoptosis in brain tumor cells growing on vitronectin and tenascin (2002)

Orthotopic brain tumor growth is inhibited in athymic mice by the daily systemic administration of the alpha v-integrin antagonist EMD 121974. This compound, a cyclic RGD-penta-peptide, is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis, which induces apoptosis of growing endothelial cells through inhibition of their alpha v-integrin interaction with the matrix proteins vitronectin and tenascin. Here we show that EMD 121974 also induces apoptosis in the alpha v-integrin-expressing tumor cell lines U87 MG and DAOY by detaching them from vitronectin and tenascin, matrix proteins known to be essential for brain tumor growth and invasion. These matrix proteins are shown to be produced by the brain tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, only tumor cells expressing alpha v-integrins responded to the treatment with EMD 121974, after xenotransplantation into the forebrain of nude mice, supporting the importance of tumor cell-matrix interactions in tumor cell survival in the brain. Thus, the alpha v-antagonist EMD 121974 suppresses brain tumor growth through induction of apoptosis in both brain capillary and brain tumor cells by preventing their interaction with the matrix proteins vitronectin and tenascin. The dual action of this peptide explains its potent growth suppression of orthotopically transplanted brain tumors.
SDARS-Antenna-Diversity-Schemes for a better Radio-Link in Vehicles (2005)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The most challenging task for digital mobile satellite broadcast reception is to satisfy a variety of combined requirements for automotive applications. According to the US satellite digital broadcast system (SDARS) the antenna parameters according to the SDARS-Antenna Specification have to be met [<span class="xref">1</span>]. There is a great desire for a low profile design or even hidden antenna systems according to styling conditions given by the Automotive Industry. For the time being there are strong recommendations for a specific mounting location of a SDARS-antenna in order to meet the required radiation pattern on a vehicle. For many vehicle models this location is considered as inconvenient and there is a strong demand to design more inconspicuous antennas. This design constraint for the SDARS antennas would cause intolerable high bit-error-rates resulting in too many interruptions in poor signal areas even though up to two QPSK-modulated satellite signals and a terrestrial OFDM-modulated signal of the digital data stream are made available at a time however with an offset of time between each other. The intention of this paper is to present research results with respect to the additional obtainable improvement by means of a fast switching antenna-diversity system in addition to the SDARS combined satellite-and-terrestrial-channel-diversity-system. Error correcting codes by principle are applied in any digital communication system but due a different character cannot be a substitute for the satellite-and-terrestrial-channel-diversity and antenna-diversity as well.</div>
Statistical image reconstruction via denoised ordered-subset statistically penalized algebraic reconstruction technique (DOS-SPART) (2014)

Statistical Image Reconstruction (SIR) often involves a balance of two requirements: the first requirement is enforcing a minimal difference between the forward projection of the reconstructed image with the measured projection data and the second requirement enforcing some kind of image smoothness, which depends on the specific selection of regularizer, to reduce the noise in the reconstructed image. The needed delicate balance between these two requirements in the numerical implementations often slow down the reconstruction speed due to either a degradation in convergence rate of the algorithm or a degradation of parallellizability of the numerical implementation algorithms. In this work, a general numerical implementation strategy has been proposed to allow the SIR algorithms to be implemented in two decoupled and alternating steps. The first step using SIR without any regularizer which allows for the use of the well-known ordered subset (OS) strategy to accelerate the image reconstruction. The second step solves a denoising problem without involving the data fidelity term. The alternation of these two decoupled steps enable one to perform SIR with both high convergence rate and high parallellizability. The total variation norm of the image has been used as an example of regularizers to illustrate the proposed numerical implementation strategy. Numerical simulations have been performed to validate the proposed algorithm. The noise-spatial resolution tradeoff curve and convergence speed of the algorithm have been investigated and compared against the conventional gradient descent based implementation strategy.
Novel design for testability schemes for CMOS ICs (1990)

The authors present ideas for addressing the problem of detecting non-stuck-at faults in CMOS circuits that cannot be revealed by means of conventional methods (i.e., as logical errors in the steady-state response). Two techniques are proposed for detecting analog faults, particularly those resulting in intermediate voltages along circuit branches due to faulty conductive paths between the power supply and ground. Involving the conversion of analog faults into stuck-ats and the use of distributed testing logic, these techniques are shown to avoid the drawbacks of previous solutions. A method is proposed for online detection of delay faults, so far not yet considered in the context of design-for-testability. All the proposed techniques require little extra hardware and lead to minimal performance degradations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
S1‐02‐04: TAU IMMUNOTHERAPIES AND RELATED DIAGNOSTICS (2014)

Tau immunotherapy has great potential for Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Compared to amyloid-β, clearing pathological tau proteins is likely to be effective later in the disease, as the degree of tau pathology correlates better with dementia severity than amyloid-β plaque burden. Both active and passive tau immunizations against various epitopes are effective in mouse models, and one Phase 1 study with a tau immunogen is already underway. Most companies, however, are focused on developing tau antibodies for proof of concept clinical studies. The active approach remains riskier but has excellent future potential, in particular if it can be tailored to the individual's haplotype to maximize beneficial immune response and minimize adverse reactions. The efficacy in the mouse studies can be explained by both extra- and intracellular antibody-mediated clearance of tau aggregates. The importance of each pathway may depend on the properties of the antibodies, the stage of the disease and the experimental model. Some of the positive effects of active tau immunotherapy may also in part be related to favorable T-cell responses, which have not been thoroughly studied in this context. The increased focus in recent years on the tau protein for therapy has renewed interest in it for diagnosis. Beside a few β-sheet dyes that have advanced into clinical trials, antibodies and their derivatives should be considered and are likely to be more specific for pathological tau lesions. We have shown those to reliably enter the brain and identify mice with brain tau pathology in vivo after peripheral injection. The short half-life of the fragments is particularly suitable for imaging. Such targeting may provide valuable information on the tau epitope profile of each patient to tailor therapy for maximal efficacy and safety. Further development of tau antibodies and their derivatives as therapies is likely to advance their use as diagnostic probes as well. Hopefully, these approaches will be shown to be effective in clinical trials in the near future. Better understanding of the mechanisms involved should lead to improved efficacy of such therapies and enhance the accuracy of related diagnostic agents for tauopathies and other protein aggregation diseases.
Highly Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective One‐Pot Synthesis of Acyclic Epoxy Alcohols and Allylic Epoxy Alcohols. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
In Vitro Investigation of a New Thin Film Nitinol-Based Neurovascular Flow Diverter (2016)

Fusiform and wide-neck cerebral aneurysms (CAs) can be challenging to treat with conventional endovascular or surgical approaches. Recently, flow diverters have been developed to treat these cases by diverting flow away from the aneurysm rather than occluding it. The pipeline embolization device (PED), which embodies a single-layer braided design, is best known among available flow diverters. While the device has demonstrated success in recent trials, late aneurysmal rupture after PED treatment has been a concern. More recently, a new generation of dual-layer devices has emerged that includes a novel hyperelastic thin film nitinol (HE-TFN)-covered design. In this study, we compare fluid dynamic performance between the PED and HE-TFN devices using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The PED has a pore density of 12.5–20 pores/mm2 and a porosity of 65–70%. The two HE-TFN flow diverters have pore densities of 14.75 pores/mm2 and 40 pores/mm2, and porosities of 82% and 77%, respectively. Conventional wisdom suggests that the lower porosity PED would decrease intra-aneurysmal flow to the greatest degree. However, under physiologically realistic pulsatile flow conditions, average drops in root-mean-square (RMS) velocity (VRMS) within the aneurysm of an idealized physical flow model were 42.8–73.7% for the PED and 68.9–82.7% for the HE-TFN device with the highest pore density. Interestingly, examination of collateral vessel flows in the same model also showed that the HE-TFN design allowed for greater collateral perfusion than the PED. Similar trends were observed under steady flow conditions in the idealized model. In a more clinically realistic scenario wherein an anatomical aneurysm model was investigated, the PED affected intra-aneurysmal VRMS reductions of 64.3% and 56.3% under steady and pulsatile flow conditions, respectively. In comparison, the high pore density HE-TFN device reduced intra-aneurysmal VRMS by 88% and 71.3% under steady and pulsatile flow conditions, respectively. We attribute the superior performance of the HE-TFN device to higher pore density, which may play a more important role in modifying aneurysmal fluid dynamics than the conventional flow diverter design parameter of greatest general interest, absolute porosity. Finally, the PED led to more elevated intra-aneurysmal pressures after deployment, which provides insight into a potential mechanism for late rupture following treatment with the device.
A Tiered Geocast Protocol for Long Range Mobile Ad Hoc Networking (2006)

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) enables novel applications in situations and venues that do not lend themselves to traditional networking, such as deployed military training, first responder communications at disaster sites, and even tactical military and police communications. In a MANET, mobile nodes relay each others' packets instead of each having to send its traffic through an infrastructure point. This relaying, however, can result in unacceptable latency and connectivity gaps when the area of operations is large. Geocast is a network protocol that replaces IP addressing: a packet is delivered to all nodes occupying a designated geocast region. However, geocast over large areas can suffer from the problems mentioned above when implemented in a flat network. This paper describes a new tiered geocast protocol that combines a novel mix of geocast heuristics for controlling transmissions with decision rules for bridging packets onto a long range subnetwork for long haul transport. This paper describes the tiered geocast algorithm, the design insights necessary to implement it in the real world, and an extensive simulation study of the protocol supporting two applications from the one tactical engagement simulation system (OneTESS) military training system
Measuring The Contact Resistances Of Photovoltaic Cells (1985)

Simple method devised to measure contact resistances of photovoltaic solar cells. Method uses readily available equipment and applicable at any time during life of cell. Enables evaluation of cell contact resistance, contact-end resistance, contact resistivity, sheet resistivity, and sheet resistivity under contact.
ReDA:Reinforced Differentiable Attribute for 3D Face Reconstruction (2020)

The key challenge for 3D face shape reconstruction is to build the correct dense face correspondence between the deformable mesh and the single input image. Given the ill-posed nature, previous works heavily rely on prior knowledge (such as 3DMM [2]) to reduce depth ambiguity. Although impressive result has been made recently [42, 14, 8], there is still a large room to improve the correspondence so that projected face shape better aligns with the silhouette of each face region (i.e, eye, mouth, nose, cheek, etc.) on the image. To further reduce the ambiguities, we present a novel framework called “Reinforced Differentiable Attributes” (“ReDA”) which is more general and effective than previous Differentiable Rendering (“DR”). Specifically, we first extend from color to more broad attributes, including the depth and the face parsing mask. Secondly, unlike the previous Z-buffer rendering, we make the rendering to be more differentiable through a set of convolution operations with multi-scale kernel sizes. In the meanwhile, to make “ReDA” to be more successful for 3D face recon-struction, we further introduce a new free-form deformation layer that sits on top of 3DMM to enjoy both the prior knowledge and out-of-space modeling. Both techniques can be easily integrated into existing 3D face reconstruction pipeline. Extensive experiments on both RGB and RGB-D datasets show that our approach outperforms prior arts.
Systematic Mining of Associated Server Herds for Malware Campaign Discovery (2015)

HTTP is a popular channel for malware to communicate with malicious servers (e.g., Command & Control, drive-by download, drop-zone), as well as to attack benign servers. By utilizing HTTP requests, malware easily disguises itself under a large amount of benign HTTP traffic. Thus, identifying malicious HTTP activities is challenging. We leverage an insight that cyber criminals are increasingly using dynamic malicious infrastructures with multiple servers to be efficient and anonymous in (i) malware distribution (using redirectors and exploit servers), (ii) control (using C&C servers) and (iii) monetization (using payment servers), and (iv) being robust against server takedowns (using multiple backups for each type of servers). Instead of focusing on detecting individual malicious domains, we propose a complementary approach to identify a group of closely related servers that are potentially involved in the same malware campaign, which we term as Associated Server Herd (ASH). Our solution, SMASH (Systematic Mining of Associated Server Herds), utilizes an unsupervised framework to infer malware ASHs by systematically mining the relations among all servers from multiple dimensions. We build a prototype system of SMASH and evaluate it with traces from a large ISP. The result shows that SMASH successfully infers a large number of previously undetected malicious servers and possible zero-day attacks, with low false positives. We believe the inferred ASHs provide a better global view of the attack campaign that may not be easily captured by detecting only individual servers.
Visual panel (2001)

This paper presents a vision-based interface system, VISUAL PANEL, which employs an arbitrary quadrangle-shaped panel (e.g., an ordinary piece of paper) and a tip pointer (e.g., fingertip) as an intuitive, wireless and mobile input device. The system can accurately and reliably track the panel and the tip pointer. The panel tracking continuously determines the projective mapping between the panel at the current position and the display, which in turn maps the tip position to the corresponding position on the display. By detecting the clicking and dragging actions, the system can fulfill many tasks such as controlling a remote large display, and simulating a physical keyboard. Users can naturally use their fingers or other tip pointers to issue commands and type texts. Furthermore, by tracking the 3D position and orientation of the visual panel, the system can also provide 3D information, serving as a virtual joystick, to control 3D virtual objects.
Quantitative and automatic echographic monitoring of labor progression (2012)

Nowadays the decision between Caesarean Sections (CS), natural or operative child delivery is taken upon interpretation of manually measured anatomical parameters and recorded fetal heart rate, exposing the clinical staff and patients to human errors and determining the continuously rising rate of CS above the ideal 15% recommended by the World Health Organization. This study introduces a new method for noninvasive, quantitative and automatic monitoring of childbirth labor progression. We combined an ultrasound system with a real-time tracking algorithm in order to automatically measure labor progression parameters, like head station, head position, progression angle, based on patient specific anatomical references [Patent no. PCT/EP2009/008321]. A 2D digital echograph connected to a PC for real-time image processing was employed to measure fetal head station (FHS) and progression angle (PA). A quantitative validation study was carried out on a birth simulator, consisting of fetal and maternal mannequins immersed in water. Then, a preliminary intrapartum B-mode imaging study was conducted on patients by means of the developed methods and corresponding algorithms. In the birth simulator, the automatic identification was correct in 98% of the computed images providing high visual reliability for the operator. The average errors (expressed as bias±SD) were 0.8±1.9 mm for FHS and 3°±4° for the PA. Accuracies improve of about 30% by reducing the frame-rate to be processed, i.e. from 1 fps to 0.2 fps, which is still suitable for the purpose. The methodology has been successfully validated in preliminary intrapartum echographic monitoring.
An Integrated Approach to Computer-Based Automated Tracing and Its Validation for 200 Common Carotid Arterial Wall Ultrasound Images (2010)

The mean distance errors +/- SD using this integrated approach were 1.05 +/- 1.04 pixels (0.07 +/- 0.07 mm) for proximal or near adventitia and 2.68 +/- 3.94 pixels (0.17 +/- 0.24 mm) for distal or far adventitia. Sixteen of 200 images were not perfectly traced because of the presence of both plaques and blood backscattering. The computational cost ensures the possibility for near real-time detection. Conclusions. Although the CALEXia algorithm automatically detects the CCA, it is also robust and validated over a large database. This can constitute a general basis for a completely automated segmentation procedure widely applicable to other anatomies.
Smartphone-based networks for earthquake detection (2015)

To enhance current earthquake early warning (EEW) systems, emerging technologies, including social and mobile computing, have been the focus of much attention. As smartphones have benefitted from significant development over the last few years, it is now possible to capture various kinds of motion using a smartphone's sensors, (e.g., accelerometer, GPS, etc.) including earthquake motion. To that end, we developed smartphone software to capture and backend analytics to determine whether the motion captured by a smartphone is caused by an earthquake or by human motion. In so doing, our goal is to establish a new type of seismic network using smartphones which enhance traditional seismic networks. In this paper, we evaluated the use of smartphones as detection devices; collected both human and simulated earthquake data using the smartphones, and developed an algorithm to distinguish earthquakes from human activities. Our results show that using our algorithms, a smartphone can not only be used as a recording instrument, but also a highly accurate earthquake detection tool. As a result, creating networks of seismic sensors based on smartphones will enhance the safety of communities vulnerable to earthquakes, worldwide.
The First Drinking Simulator Unit (2015)

Introduction: Current Thermal cycling units fail to simulate the drinking behaviors, and oral balancing temperature. They cannot also simulate other oral conditions such as drink coloring, and chemicals like tea, coffee, carbonated and noncarbonated, citrus juices as well as alcoholic and nonalcoholic drinks and also saliva and milk itself. The main objective of this study is to introduce the designing and manufacturing the first Drinking Simulator Unit (DSU) that reproduces the thermal, color and chemicalcycling as well as the drinking behavior and oral temperature in lab conditions uniquely. Methods: The invented system generally has two parts: the hardware and the software parts. The hardware consists of the mechanical and electronic parts. The software part is responsible for controlling the heating and cooling systems, electric valves, the pumps, and automatic filling systems of tanks as well as the sensors of the machine. Results: DSU is the first unit can reproduce the thermal, color and chemical cycling as well as the drinking behavior and oral temperature in lab conditions. Different kinds of colored and acidic drinks and also other chemical materials such as bleaching substances as well as detergents and antiseptics used for dentistry, industrial and medical purposes can be tested by DSU. DSU has also to be considered as an appliance performing in-vitro researches on dental structures. Conclusion: The invented system can greatly improve and validate the results of such researches.
Longer Carbon Nanotubes by Controlled Catalytic Growth in the Presence of Water Vapor (2012)

One of the most important problems in the synthesis of carbon nanotubes is the problem of controlling their morphology, namely, length, aspect ratio, alignment and so forth. Catalytic synthesis of carbon nanotubes in a suspended bed reactor allowed for the study of the possibilities of controlling the growth of nanotubes by introducing a certain amount of water vapor and carbon-containing materials in the reaction zone. The synthesized long carbon nanotubes were studied by Raman spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. We found that water concentration influences both yield and structure of nanotubes. It is shown that the yield of centimeter-long nanotubes can be maximized at an optimum H2O/C ratio, while deviations dramatically change morphology and thickness of the nanotubes.