gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Submillimeter Wave Frequency Selective Surface With Polarization Independent Spectral Responses (2009)

This paper reports the design, construction and electromagnetic performance of a new freestanding frequency selective surface (FSS) structure which generates coincident spectral responses for dual polarization excitation at oblique angles of incidence. The FSS is required to allow transmission of 316.5-325.5 GHz radiation with a loss les 0.6 dB and to achieve ges 30 dB rejection from 349.5-358.5 GHz. It should also exhibit crosspolarization levels below -25 dB, all criteria being satisfied simultaneously for TE and TM polarizations at 45 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">deg</sup> incidence. The filter consists of two identical, 30 mm diameter, 12.5 mum thick, optically flat, perforated metal screens separated by 450 mu m. Each of the ap 5000 unit cells contains two nested, short circuited, rectangular loop slots and a rectangular dipole slot. The nested elements provide a passband spectral response centered at 320 GHz in the TE and TM planes; the dipole slot increases the filter roll-off above resonance. The FSS was fabricated from silicon-on-insulator wafers using precision micromachining and plating processes including the use of deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) to pattern the individual slots and remove the substrate under the periodic arrays. Quasi-optical transmission measurements in the 250-360 GHz range yielded virtually identical copolarized spectral responses, with the performance meeting or exceeding the above specifications. Experimental results are in excellent agreement with numerical predictions.
Progress on large-area polarization grating fabrication (2012)

Over the last several years, we have pioneered liquid crystal polarization gratings (PGs), in both switchable and polymer versions. We have also introduced their use in many applications, including mechanical/non-mechanical laser beam steering and polarization imaging/sensing. Until now, conventional holographic congurations were used to create PGs where the diameter of the active area was limited to 1-2 inches. In this paper, we discuss a new holography setup to fabricate large area PGs using spherical waves as the diverging coherent beams. Various design parameters of this setup are examined for impact on the quality of the recorded PG profile. Using this setup, we demonstrate a large area polymer PG with approximately 66 inch square area, and present detailed characterization.
Pathogenicity of <i>Ssp</i>I-positive infectious bursal disease virus and molecular characterization of the VP2 hypervariable region (2001)

The pathogenicity of four isolates of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) that have restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV), based on the presence of SspI and TaqI sites in the VP2 hypervariable region, was studied in specific pathogen free chickens. Chickens inoculated with isolates 92/04, 94/B551 and 97/61 developed severe clinical signs with a high mortality ranging from 70 to 80%, whereas the 94/273 isolate caused 10% mortality. Regardless of the isolates, significant differences were noted in the bursal lesion scores and bursa:body weight ratio index in the infected groups in comparison with the control groups. However, the presence of lesions in non-bursal tissues, muscles, thymus and at the junction of the proventriculus and gizzard were found only in the 92/04, 97/61 and 94/B551 isolates. Restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis of the VP2 hypervariable region indicated that all the isolates can be classified as vvIBDV based on the presence of SspI and TaqI sites at nucleotide positions 1011 and 833, respectively. In addition, all the isolates had amino acid substitutions at P222A, V256I and L294I, which are characteristic for vvIBDV isolated from different parts of the world. All the isolates except 94/273 also had a StyI site at nucleotide position 888. The absence of a StyI site in this isolate was associated with amino acid substitution at 254 from G to S. The 94/273 also had an amino acid substitution at position 270 from A to E, which is variable in the STC, Cu1 and OH strains. The presence of amino acid substitutions from G254S andA270E in SspI- and TaqI-positive vvIBDV strains is very uncommon and has not been reported previously. These amino acid variations might have caused the 94/273 to become less virulent in specific pathogen free chickens and resemble a classical virulent IBDV strain.
Equine rhinovirus 1 is more closely related to foot-and-mouth disease virus than to other picornaviruses. (1996)

Equine rhinovirus 1 (ERhV1) is a respiratory pathogen of horses which has an uncertain taxonomic status. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the ERhV1 genome except for a small region at the 5' end. The predicted polyprotein was encoded by 6741 nucleotides and possessed a typical picornavirus proteolytic cleavage pattern, including a leader polypeptide. The genomic structure and predicted amino acid sequence of ERhV1 were more similar to those of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDVs), the only members of the aphthovirus genus, than to those of other picornaviruses. Features which were most similar to FMDV included a 16-amino acid 2A protein which was 87.5% identical in sequence of FMDV 2A, a leader (L) protein similar in size to FMDV Lab and the possibility of a truncated L protein similar in size to FMDV Lb, and a 3C protease which recognizes different cleavage sites. However, unlike FMDV, ERhV1 had only one copy of the 3B (VPg) polypeptide. The phylogenetic relationships of the ERhV1 sequence and nucleotide sequences of representative species of the five genera of the family Picornaviridae were examined. Nucleotide sequences coding for the complete polyprotein, the RNA polymerase, and VP1 were analyzed separately. The phylogenetic trees confirmed that ERhV1 was more closely related to FMDV than to other picornaviruses and suggested that ERhV1 may be a member, albeit very distant, of the aphthovirus genus.
Sim2Cool: A Two-Phase Cooling System Simulator and Design Tool (2018)

The development of two-phase cooling for both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) integrated circuits using pumped dielectric coolant has gained recent attention due to the ability to manage high heat densities, compatibility with electronics and low cooling energy usage. Development of this approach requires high fidelity and computationally manageable conjugate thermal models both at the device level as well as the system level. Recent studies have shown micro-scale modeling of in-situ thermal and hydrodynamic phenomena (e.g. boiling and bubble dynamics) of two-phase flow boiling with good accuracy. This paper describes a simulation tool named Sim2Cool which addresses the need for macro-scale system level design simulation for two-phase cooling. The Sim2Cool simulation tool uses an enthalpy-based / energy balance model for the system components and a reduced order model for device-level model. The system simulator tool allows system component parameters to be quickly analyzed including; condenser, reservoir and tubing diameter as well as heat dissipation and flow rate to quantify the impact on the system coefficient of performance (COP). Such tools are critical to accelerating the integration of two phase cooling with microelectronics to realize performance gains by way of high density electronic packaging as Moore's law on silicon technology advancement reaches physics limits.
PSEUDACTEON DECAPITATING FLIES: POTENTIAL VECTORS OF A FIRE ANT VIRUS? (2007)

Solenopsis invicta virus (SINV-1) is a positive-stranded RNA virus recently found to infect all stages of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Valles et al. 2004; Valles and Strong 2005). SINV-1 and a second genotype have been tentatively assigned to the Dicistroviridae (Mayo 2002). Infected individuals or colonies did not exhibit any immediate, discernible symptoms in the field. However, under stress from introduction into the laboratory, brood death was often observed among infected colonies, ultimately leading to the death of the entire colony (Valles et al. 2004). These characteristics are consistent with other insect-infecting positive-stranded RNA viruses. They often persist as inapparent, asymptomatic infections that, under certain conditions, induce replication within the host, resulting in observable symptoms and often death (Christian and Scotti 1998; Fernandez et al. 2002). The SINV infection rate among colonies was reported to be around 25% in Gainesville, Florida (Valles et al. 2004; Valles and Strong 2005). SINV vertical and horizontal transmission were inferred based on RT-PCR detection of virus genome in eggs and successful colony to colony transfer under lab conditions (Valles et al. 2004). However, the exact mechanisms by which the virus is spread from nest to nest in the field are unknown.more » Our results indicate that SINV does not replicate within Pseudacteon decapitating flies that parasitize S. invicta. Flies appeared to develop normally from SINV-infected S. invicta workers. Mechanical transmission of SINV to uninfected ants by oviposition appears unlikely.« less
Sequestering HMGB1 via DNA-Conjugated Beads Ameliorates Murine Colitis (2014)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that affects millions of people worldwide. Although the etiology of IBD is not clear, it is known that products from stressed cells and enteric microbes promote intestinal inflammation. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), originally identified as a nuclear DNA binding protein, is a cytokine-like protein mediator implicated in infection, sterile injury, autoimmune disease, and IBD. Elevated levels of HMGB1 have been detected in inflamed human intestinal tissues and in feces of IBD patients and mouse models of colitis. Neutralizing HMGB1 activity by administration of anti-HMGB1 antibodies or HMGB1-specific antagonist improves clinical outcomes in animal models of colitis. Since HMGB1 binds to DNA with high affinity, here we developed a novel strategy to sequester HMGB1 using DNA immobilized on sepharose beads. Screening of DNA-bead constructs revealed that B2 beads, one linear form of DNA conjugated beads, bind HMGB1 with high affinity, capture HMGB1 ex vivo from endotoxin-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell supernatant and from feces of mice with colitis. Oral administration of B2 DNA beads significantly improved body weight, reduced colon injury, and suppressed colonic and circulating cytokine levels in mice with spontaneous colitis (IL-10 knockout) and with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Thus, DNA beads reduce inflammation by sequestering HMGB1 and may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of IBD.
Acid-Scavenging Separators: A Novel Route for Improving Li-Ion Batteries’ Durability (2017)

Autocatalytic decomposition of LiPF6, with generation of HF and Lewis acids is the root cause for Li-ion battery (LIB) performance degradation. Acidic species promote various parasitic reactions, among which transition metal ions’ dissolution and the loss of electroactive as well as transport Li+ have the most detrimental consequences for LIB performance. Herein we report on the performance improvements enabled by an acid-scavenging separator in cells with graphite negative and LiMn2O4 or LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 positive electrodes. After 4 weeks of cycling at 55 °C, LiMn2O4∥graphite and LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2∥graphite cells with functional separators retain 100 and 43% more capacity, respectively, than cells with plain polypropylene separators. Furthermore, cells with functionalized separators have half of the interfacial impedances of cells with baseline separators, irrespective of positive electrode. The benefits afforded by acid-scavenging separators thus extend to broader classes of cell chemistries, beyond those affected mainly by manganese dissolution and loss of electroactive Li+ ions.
Cache Conscious Indexing for Decision-Support in Main Memory (1998)

As random access memory gets cheaper, it becomes increasingly affordable to build computers with large main memories.We consider decision support workloads within the context of a main memory database system, and consider ways to enhance the performance of query evaluation. Indexes can potentially speed up a variety of operations in a database system. In our context, we are less concerned about incremental updating of the index, since we can rebuild indexes in response to batch updates relatively quickly. Our primary concerns are the time taken for a look-up, and the space occupied by the index structure. We study indexing techniques for main memory, including hash indexes,binary search trees, T-trees, B+-trees, interpolation search, and binary search on arrays. At one extreme, hash-indexes provide fast look-up but require a lot of space. At another extreme, binary search on an array requires no additional space beyond the array, but performs relatively poorly. An analysis of binary search on an array shows that it has poor reference locality, leading to many cache misses and slow look-up times. Our goal is to provide faster look-up times than binary search by paying better attention to reference locality and cache behavior,without using substantial extra space. We propose a new indexing technique called 'Cache-Sensitive Search Trees' (CSS-trees). Our technique stores a directory structure on top of a sorted array. The directory represents a balanced search tree stored itself as an array.Nodes in this search tree are designed to have size matching the cache-line size of the machine. Because we store the tree in an array Nodes in this search tree are designed to have size matching the cache-line size of the machine. Because we store the tree in an array structure, we do not have to store internal-node pointers; child nodes can be found by performing arithmetic on array offsets. We provide an analytic comparison of the algorithms based on their time and space requirements. We have implemented all of the techniques, and present a performance study on two popular modern machines. We demonstrate that with a small space overhead, we can reduce the cost of binary search on the array by more than a factor of two. We also show that our technique dominates B+-trees, T-trees, and binary search trees in terms of both space and time. Our performance graphs show significantly different rankings of algorithms than shown in a 1986 study by Lehman and Carey. The explanation of the difference is that during the last twelve years, the relative cost of a cache miss to that of a CPU instruction cycle has increased by two orders of magnitude. As a result, it is now much more important to design techniques with good cache behavior.
Routine testing of magnetic field homogeneity on clinical MRI systems (2006)

Poor main magnetic field (B0) homogeneity (H(B)) leads to artifacts and signal losses in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The American College of Radiology's MRI quality control manual mandates annual checks of H(B), suggesting tests using spectral linewidth and phase-difference (delta phi) maps. A new method, the bandwidth-difference (deltaBW) method, which compares the distortion for small and large BW acquisitions to determine the HB, is proposed. The deltaBW method has the advantage that it can be used to measure multiple diameters of spherical volumes (DSV) in a single phantom. A phantom has been developed to exploit this method and results obtained with it are compared to those using three standard methods. Small receiver BW in the presence of poor H(B) leads to geometric distortions because gradients are reduced to the level of the B0 inhomogeneities. Data were acquired using seven MRI systems from different manufacturers, ranging in field strength from 0.2 to 3.0 T. Fast gradient echo pulse sequences were scanned twice using small and large BWs. H(B) was measured from the shift of landmarks between the two BW acquisitions. Results were compared with data from the full width at half maximum (FWHM) method, the delta phi method and one manufacturer's resonant frequency mapping data. The FWHM method was available on two systems and the detla phi method was available on one. The deltaBW method could be performed in all scanners investigated. The H(B) measured ranged 0.11-0.32 ppm to 6.7-12.9 ppm for DSV of 13-22.6 cm. Direct comparisons of the data obtained using the deltaBW method showed good agreement with data obtained using the FWHM method. Data obtained using the deltaBW method compared favorably with the manufacturer's resonant frequency map. The deltaBW method produces measurements of H(B) at various DSV values that can be obtained from a single set of phantom images. The accuracy of deltaBW B0 homogeneity measurements are comparable to the other methods tested.
Transrenal Nucleic Acids: From Proof of Principle to Clinical Tests (2008)

In spite of numerous publications on potential diagnostic application of circulating DNA and transrenal nucleic acid (Tr-NA) analysis, few, if any, tests based on this technology are available in clinical labs. This delay in test development and implementation is caused, at least in part, by the deficit in robust methods for isolation of short nucleic acid fragments from bodily fluids, as well as in techniques for analyzing these fragments. We have developed a new anion exchanger-based method for the isolation of cell-free nucleic acid fragments from large volumes of bodily fluids, and analyzed these fragments by PCR techniques specially designed to amplify "ultrashort" templates. The combination of these two techniques not only revealed the presence in urine of 10-150 bases or bp DNA and RNA fragments in addition to previously observed 150-200-bp DNA fragments and high molecular weight DNA, but also significantly increased the sensitivity of Tr-DNA detection. Additionally, we detected in urine a variety of miRNAs, including those excreted transrenally, thereby opening new diagnostic possibilities for Tr-NA analysis.
Antimony selenide nanostructures: morphology control through modulation of ligand chemistry and variation of the precursor ratio (2017)

Nanocrystalline antimony chalcogenides belong to a class of materials that offer significant potential for photovoltaics, display and lighting applications. However, a lack of synthetic methodologies that allow facile solution-based access to these nanomaterials currently restricts their practical use. Herein, a new synthetic route for the controlled preparation of antimony selenide nanostructures through colloidal chemistry is reported. A collection of nanostructures ranging from nanorods and nanocrystals to hollow spheres was successfully synthesized through the reported methodology, for which the morphological control during the particle formation was accomplished through both modulation of ligand chemistry for passivating the nanocrystal surface and accurate adjustment of the precursor ratio.
Conversion of food processing wastes into ethanol using a novel biological reactor/separator. Final report, September 1, 1984-September 30, 1985 (1985)

This project deals with scaling up and operating a novel Immobilized Cell Reactor-Separator (ICRS) developed at Purdue University. This reactor uses gas flow through an immobilized cell reactor to remove a volatile product (ethanol) from the fermentation broth. It was found that the life and performance of a small scale reactor could run continuously - 24 hours/day - for a year with no systematic decay in performance. Some contaminants such as wild yeasts or lactobaccillus were able to successfully colonize the reactor causing a performance decay although most contaminants are inhibited by the selective conditions of high acidity, presence of ethanol, and low oxygen tension. Scale-up parameters investigated. Residence time distributions, mass transfer efficiencies, and liquid hold-up as a function of column diameter and operating conditions. It was found that the Peclet number decreased from 122 for a 1 inch column to 58.5 for a 6 inch ID column and finally to 40.6 for a 13 inch ID column. The 13 inch column data should be representative of larger columns as far as the Peclet number, pressure drop, mass transfer and liquid holdup. Process design studies included work with vapor phase dehydration in which it was determined that molecular sievesmore » seem to be the dessicant of choice. We also investigated rectification of the ethanol in the inert gas leaving the ICRS and found that it is quite feasible and that the change in the shape of the equilibrium curve makes it theoretically possible to achieve anhydrous ethanol through rectification alone. 15 refs., 38 figs., 12 tabs.« less
Highly Inhibitive Water-Based Fluid System Provides Superior Chemical Stabilization of Reactive Shale Formations (2001)

A new highly inhibitive water-base fluid system has been developed for drilling applications in highly reactive and dispersive shale formations. The system significantly reduces the clay dispersion and hydration compared to existing glycol and other inhibitive systems. The laboratory finding shows lower risk of accretion and other problems related to cuttings agglomeration. The system components are newly developed and are designed to perform specific functions to achieve higher performance in highly reactive shale formations. The new system is environmentally friendly compared to currently available inhibitive mud systems. The new system consists of four basic components; the shale inhibitor, encapsulator, anti-accretion agent and fluid loss control agent. This fluid can be formulated with fresh water, seawater or salts, providing flexibility for a variety of drilling environments. The paper compares the performance of previous high performance water-base mud systems with the newly developed system. The paper also discusses generically the unique chemistry of the newly developed system components, system formulations and applications.
Photochemical method for generating superoxide radicals (O.sub.2.sup.-) in aqueous solutions (1980)

A photochemical method and apparatus for generating superoxide radicals (ub.2.sup.-) in an aqueous solution by means of a vacuum-ultraviolet lamp of simple design. The lamp is a microwave powered rare gas device that emits far-ultraviolet light. The lamp includes an inner loop of high purity quartz tubing through which flows an oxygen-saturated sodium formate solution. The inner loop is designed so that the solution is subjected to an intense flux of far-ultraviolet light. This causes the solution to photodecompose and form the product radical (O.sub.2.sup.-).
Sodium Sulfide/Ferrous Sulfate Treatment of Hexavalent Chromium and Other Heavy Metals at Tinker AFB. (1988)

Abstract : The objective of this research was to validate the use of sodium sulfide and ferrous sulfate in reducing hexavalent chromium and removing heavy metals from electroplating, and industrial wastewaters. Jars tests, and dynamic tests, were conducted using distilled water, electroplating rinse waters, and industrial wastewaters from Tinker AFB Industrial Waste Treatment Plant. Optimum process parameters were evaluated as well as analysis of the effects of typical contaminants and complexing agents, along with the effects of the process on downstream treatment. The information obtained verified that the sulfide treatment process will meet discharge permit requirements while reducing chemical and disposal costs. The results were the basis for continuing to Phase II, Pilot-Scale Study On Actual Industrial Wastewaters. Keywords: Metals treatment, Chromium reduction, Sulfide treatment, Heavy metals removal, Ferrous sulfide, Industrial wastewater, Treatment, Sludge reduction, Electroplating. (jes)