gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cost aware Inference for IoT Devices (2019)

Networked embedded devices (IoTs) of limited CPU, memory and power resources are revolutionizing data gathering, remote monitoring and planning in many consumer and business applications. Nevertheless, resource limitations place a significant burden on their service life and operation, warranting cost-aware methods that are capable of distributively screening redundancies in device information and transmitting informative data. We propose to train a decentralized gated network that, given an observed instance at test-time, allows for activation of select devices to transmit information to a central node, which then performs inference. We analyze our proposed gradient descent algorithm for Gaussian features and establish convergence guarantees under good initialization. We conduct experiments on a number of real-world datasets arising in IoT applications and show that our model results in over 1.5X service life with negligible accuracy degradation relative to a performance achievable by a neural network.
Intriguing Properties of Adversarial Examples (2017)

It is becoming increasingly clear that many machine learning classifiers are vulnerable to adversarial examples. In attempting to explain the origin of adversarial examples, previous studies have typically focused on the fact that neural networks operate on high dimensional data, they overfit, or they are too linear. Here we argue that the origin of adversarial examples is primarily due to an inherent uncertainty that neural networks have about their predictions. We show that the functional form of this uncertainty is independent of architecture, dataset, and training protocol; and depends only on the statistics of the logit differences of the network, which do not change significantly during training. This leads to adversarial error having a universal scaling, as a power-law, with respect to the size of the adversarial perturbation. We show that this universality holds for a broad range of datasets (MNIST, CIFAR10, ImageNet, and random data), models (including state-of-the-art deep networks, linear models, adversarially trained networks, and networks trained on randomly shuffled labels), and attacks (FGSM, step l.l., PGD). Motivated by these results, we study the effects of reducing prediction entropy on adversarial robustness. Finally, we study the effect of network architectures on adversarial sensitivity. To do this, we use neural architecture search with reinforcement learning to find adversarially robust architectures on CIFAR10. Our resulting architecture is more robust to white \emph{and} black box attacks compared to previous attempts.
A comparative analysis of pilot placement schemes in frequency-selective fast fading MIMO channel (2007)

The problem of pilot placement for channel estimation in time-frequency-space lattice in MIMO-OFDM system under frequency-selective fast fading MIMO channel is addressed in this paper. Given the least square channel estimation algorithm and orthogonal pilot signal format design, four different pilot placement schemes are analyzed in a uniformed manner. The theoretical and simulated mean square errors of the schemes show that, the scheme of placing pilots on frequency-equal-spaced and time-shifted subcarriers has good performance and balanced complexity.
Autoregulation may control the expression of yeast pyruvate decarboxylase structural genes <i>PDC1</i> and <i>PDC5</i> (1990)

Recently we deleted the pyruvate decarboxylase structural gene PDC1 from the genome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The pdc1 deletion mutants had pyruvate decarboxylase activity due to the presence of a second structural gene [Schaaff, I., Green, J. B. A., Gozalbo, D. & Hohmann, S. (1989) Curr. Genet. 15, 75-81]. We cloned and sequenced this gene which we call PDC5. The predicted amino acid sequences of PDC1 and PDC5 are 88% identical. Deletion of PDC5 did not cause any decrease in the specific pyruvate decarboxylase activity while pdc1 deletion mutants had 80% of the wild-type activity. Deletion mutants lacking both PDC1 and PDC5 did not show any detectable pyruvate decarboxylase activity in vitro and were unable to ferment glucose. This indicates that PDC1 and PDC5 are the only structural genes for pyruvate decarboxylase in yeast. The PDC5 isoenzyme showed a slightly higher Km value for its substrate pyruvate than the PDC1 product (PDC5: Km = 8 mM; PDC1: Km = 5 mM), as measured in crude extract of pdc1 and pdc5 deletion mutants, respectively. PDC5 is only expressed in pdc1 deletion mutants. No mRNA transcribed from PDC5 could be detected in wild-type cells. Thus, in addition to the control by glucose induction, pyruvate decarboxylase activity seems to be subject to autoregulation. Similar phenomena have been described previously for tubulin, histones and a ribosomal protein but not for metabolic enzymes.
Home fortification with micronutrient sprinkles – A new approach for the prevention and treatment of nutritional anemias (2003)

Despite global goals set by United Nations' agencies over the past decade for significant reductions in iron deficiency anemia (IDA), it remains a largely unaddressed public health problem affecting more than two billion people, one-third of the world's population. The negative impact of IDA on health and human potential are greatest in the developing world, where it is estimated that 51% of children younger than four years of age are anemic, mainly due to a diet that is inadequate in bioavailable iron. Studies in both developed and developing countries have consistently shown mental and motor impairments that may not be reversible in children younger than two years of age with IDA. From a public health standpoint there are four possible interventions for the prevention of anemia: dietary diversification to include foods rich in absorbable iron; fortification of staple foods including targeted fortification of complementary foods for infants and young children; the provision of iron supplements; and 'home-fortification'. In response to a United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) request to develop a new approach to IDA, our research group developed 'Sprinkles' for home-fortification of complementary foods. Sprinkles are single-dose sachets (like small packets of sugar) containing micronutrients in powder form (encapsulated iron, zinc, vitamins A, C and D, and folic acid), which are easily sprinkled onto any home-prepared complementary food. Sprinkles were developed to overcome many of the side effects and disadvantages of iron drops. We have demonstrated that Sprinkles are as effective as iron drops in the treatment and prevention of anemia. Sprinkles are easier to use and are, therefore, better accepted than iron drops, which may improve adherence to iron interventions.
TLR7-induced protective CD8+ T cell immunity is mediated by a Type I IFN and IL-12 co-dependent pathway (135.48) (2009)

Abstract Covalent conjugation of a TLR7 agonist to a protein antigen enhances the immunogenicity of the antigen and elicits protective CD8+ T cell responses. This study identifies divergent effects of two major cytokines induced by the TLR7 agonist-protein conjugate (conjugate), IFNα and IL-12, in leading to efficient priming of CD8+ T cells. In examining dendritic cell responses to the conjugate, we found that signaling through the Type I IFN receptor was required for the timely recruitment and accumulation of activated dendritic cells in the draining lymph nodes. Furthermore, Type I IFN receptor-deficient dendritic cells failed to cross-present appreciable levels of the antigen even though the capacity for antigen uptake was not impaired. Consequently, conjugate-induced CD8+ T cell responses were substantially reduced in Type I IFN receptor-deficient mice. In contrast, IL-12 deficiency had no effect on the capacity of dendritic cells to respond to the conjugate. Yet, IL-12 was required for the induction of CD8+ T cells. Collectively, the data suggest that there is a co-dependency of both IFNα and IL-12 during the primary response to immunization with the conjugate possibly due to distinct roles on dendritic cells and CD8+ T cells, respectively. These results point to the possibility of targeting the induction of both IFNα and IL-12 as a novel strategy in vaccine development for optimal induction of cell-mediated immunity. NIH Grant R21: AI70038
Oil industry first field trial of inter-well reservoir nanoagent tracers (2015)

This short manuscript highlights the industry's first proven reservoir nanoagents' design and demonstrates a successful multi-well field trial using these agents. Our fundamental nanoparticles tracer template, A-Dots or Arab-D Dots, is intentionally geared towards the harsh but prolific Arab-D carbonate reservoir environment of 100<sup>+</sup>°C temperature, 150,000<sup>+</sup>ppm salinity, and an abundant presence of divalent ions in the connate water. Preliminary analyses confirmed nanoparticles' breakthrough at a producer nearly 500m from the injector at the reservoir level; thus, proving the tracer nanoparticles' mobility and transport capability. This is considered industry-first and a breakthrough achievement complementing earlier accomplishments in regard to the nanoagents' reservoir stability with the first successful single well test and ease of scale up with the synthesis of one metric ton of this material. The importance of this accomplishment is not in how sophisticated is the sensing functionalities of this design but rather in its stability, mobility, scalability, and field application potentials. This renders the concept of having active, reactive, and even communicative, in-situ reservoir nanoagents for underground sensing and intervention a well anticipated near-future reality.
IMG 4 version of the integrated microbial genomes comparative analysis system (2013)

The Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) data warehouse integrates genomes from all three domains of life, as well as plasmids, viruses and genome fragments. IMG provides tools for analyzing and reviewing the structural and functional annotations of genomes in a comparative context. IMG's data content and analytical capabilities have increased continuously since its first version released in 2005. Since the last report published in the 2012 NAR Database Issue, IMG's annotation and data integration pipelines have evolved while new tools have been added for recording and analyzing single cell genomes, RNA Seq and biosynthetic cluster data. Different IMG datamarts provide support for the analysis of publicly available genomes (IMG/W: http://img.jgi.doe.gov/w), expert review of genome annotations (IMG/ER: http://img.jgi.doe.gov/er) and teaching and training in the area of microbial genome analysis (IMG/EDU: http://img.jgi.doe.gov/edu).
Reactive Ion Etching Selectivity of Si/SiO2: Comparing of two ﬂuorocarbon gases CHF3 and CF4 (2019)

Two reactive ion etching (RIE) processes were studied to show the relative etch selectivity between SiO2 and Si using two ﬂuorocarbon gases, CF4 and CHF3. Results show that CHF3 gives better selectivity (16:1) over CF4 (1.2 :1). On the other hand, the etch rate of SiO2 of CF4 is approximately 52.8 nm/min, faster than CHF3 (32.4 nm/min).
Polymeric Carriers for Nucleic Acid Delivery: Current Designs and Future Directions (2019)

Within the last two decades, a series of novel therapeutic nucleic acids entered research and clinical evaluation. Their differences both in biophysical properties as well as in mode and site of biological action provide polymer-based carriers with new delivery challenges. Recent tailor-made designs of polymeric carriers are reviewed that were optimized for nucleic acid cargos such as plasmid DNA, siRNA, and micro RNA, mRNA, or genome-modifying nucleic acids. The specific requirements for the various therapeutic cargos are discussed. Future directions include dynamic bioresponsive polymers as components of nanomachines, multifunctional sequence-defined carriers for evolution-based selective optimization, and organic-inorganic multicomponent nanoassemblies.
Battery State‐of‐Charge Modeling for Solar PV Array Using Polynomial Regression (2022)

Due to the increased demand of solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays, its integration with a battery and modeling of precise State of Charge (SoC) is a consequential parameter to understand the available battery capacity in real time domain. In this paper, the integration of solar PV array with the first-order RC circuit has been implemented utilizing the MATLAB (Simulink Library). For experimentation, the open-circuit voltage ( V oc ) and the short-circuit current ( I sc ) of the solar panel is considered as 36.3 volts and 7.84 amperes, respectively. The continuous fluctuating irradiance from 110,580 W/m 2 leads in the variation of output voltage of the solar PV arrays. Also, the variations of battery charging current, voltage across battery, and battery SOC due to variations in irradiance are examined in detail. The proposed methodology of this manuscript explains the authentic time modeling of SoC utilizing the second, third, fourth, and fifth order of a polynomial regression technique. The comparative relationship between the OCV and SoC during the charging of the model with solar PV array has been also obtained for different orders of polynomials. Quantitatively, fifth-order model outperforms second, third, and fourth by 27.5%, 26.7%, and 21.3%, respectively.
Sound Source Localization and Separation (2006)

People face the problem of sound source localization and separation in situations where they attempt to localize and focus on a source of sound among a dissonance of conversations and background noise. This paper synthesizes a sound source localization routine. We utilize a general source separation technique, Independent Component Analysis.. Particularly, basic ICA was applied to separate mixtures of low frequency, narrow band, non-Gaussian signals by using closely spaced uni-directional microphones. The localization routine worked with an average condition number of 10. The routine was tested on data collected in a laboratory.
BREAKING BOUNDARIES: MEDEA AS THE “BARBARIAN” IN OVID’S HEROIDES VI AND XII (2018)

Medea is an intriguing figure in Greek mythology who has been portrayed in a variety of ways by ancient Greek and Roman authors. One dominating feature in all her stories is her identity as an outsider who enters the mainland Greece through her marriage to Jason. In the Heroides, the Roman poet Ovid depicts Medea in two of the single letters. Taking advantage of his audience’ familiarity with the mythical tradition and possible awareness of previous literary works, Ovid plays on the idea of Medea as an outsider: in Hypsipyle’s Letter VI, Medea is represented as a barbarian, while in Letter XII Medea mocks “Greek” values and practices. Through intertextual references to each other and to the prior literary tradition, Ovid is able to portray a complicated, self-reflective figure in these two letters, whose multiple potentials are brought out when confronted with a diversity of life experiences. In creating a figure who breaks all boundaries, Ovid the poet is also breaking the boundaries of texts and genres.
Fcγ receptor polymorphisms in systemic lupus erythematosus: Association with disease and in vivo clearance of immune complexes (2000)

In Caucasian populations, the R/H polymorphism of FcgammaRIIa is a minor determinant in susceptibility to SLE, whereas the V/F polymorphism of FcgammaRIIIa is associated with a set of disease manifestations. Notably, the R/H polymorphism of FcgammaRIIa affects the clearance of immune complexes in vivo, which may influence the course of a disease such as SLE.
Difficulties in Automatic Speech Recognition of Dysarthric Speakers and Implications for Speech-Based Applications Used by the Elderly: A Literature Review (2010)

Despite their growing presence in home computer applications and various telephony services, commercial automatic speech recognition technologies are still not easily employed by everyone; especially individuals with speech disorders. In addition, relatively little research has been conducted on automatic speech recognition performance with older adults, in whom speech disorders are commonly present. As one ages, the older adult voice naturally begins to resemble some aspects of mildly dysarthric speech. Dysarthria, a common neuromotor speech disorder, is particularly useful for exploring performance limitations of automatic speech recognizers owing to its wide range of speech expression. This article reviews clinical research literature examining the use of commercial speech-to-text automatic speech recognition technology by individuals with dysarthria. The main factors limiting automatic speech recognition performance with dysarthric speakers are highlighted and extended to the elderly using a specific example of a novel, automated, speech-based personal emergency response system for older adults.
On locality in distributed storage systems (2012)

This paper studies the design of codes for distributed storage systems (DSS) that enable local repair in the event of node failure. This paper presents locally repairable codes based on low degree multivariate polynomials. Its code construction mechanism extends work on Noisy Interpolating Set by Dvir et al. [1]. The paper presents two classes of codes that allow node repair to be performed by contacting 2 and 3 surviving nodes respectively. It further shows that both classes are good in terms of their rate and minimum distance, and allow their rate to be bartered for greater flexibility in the repair process.
Measurement of the hyperelastic properties of 44 pathological<i>ex vivo</i>breast tissue samples (2009)

The elastic and hyperelastic properties of biological soft tissues have been of interest to the medical community. There are several biomedical applications where parameters characterizing such properties are critical for a reliable clinical outcome. These applications include surgery planning, needle biopsy and brachtherapy where tissue biomechanical modeling is involved. Another important application is interpreting nonlinear elastography images. While there has been considerable research on the measurement of the linear elastic modulus of small tissue samples, little research has been conducted for measuring parameters that characterize the nonlinear elasticity of tissues included in tissue slice specimens. This work presents hyperelastic measurement results of 44 pathological ex vivo breast tissue samples. For each sample, five hyperelastic models have been used, including the Yeoh, N = 2 polynomial, N = 1 Ogden, Arruda-Boyce, and Veronda-Westmann models. Results show that the Yeoh, polynomial and Ogden models are the most accurate in terms of fitting experimental data. The results indicate that almost all of the parameters corresponding to the pathological tissues are between two times to over two orders of magnitude larger than those of normal tissues, with C(11) showing the most significant difference. Furthermore, statistical analysis indicates that C(02) of the Yeoh model, and C(11) and C(20) of the polynomial model have very good potential for cancer classification as they show statistically significant differences for various cancer types, especially for invasive lobular carcinoma. In addition to the potential for use in cancer classification, the presented data are very important for applications such as surgery planning and virtual reality based clinician training systems where accurate nonlinear tissue response modeling is required.
Realizable RLCK circuit crunching (2003)

Reduction of an extracted netlist is an important pre-processing step for techniques such as model order reduction in the design and analysis of VLSI circuits. This paper describes a method for realizable reduction of extracted RLCK netlists by node elimination. The method is much faster than model order reduction techniques and hence is appropriate as a pre-processing step. The proposed method eliminates nodes with time constants below a user specified time constant. By giving the freedom to the user to select a critical point in the spectrum of nodal time constants, this method provides an option to make a tradeoff between accuracy and reduction. The proposed method preserves the dc characteristics and the first two moments at all nodes. It also recognizes and eliminates all the redundant inductances generated by the extraction tools. The proposed method naturally reduces to TICER [13] in the absence of any inductances.
Efficient Nd:YAG laser end pumped by a 20-W diode-laser bar (1996)

We describe efficient cw operation of a Nd:YAG laser longitudinally pumped by a 20-W cw diode-laser bar by use of a novel pump reshaping and focusing scheme. Fundamental-transverse-mode operation at 1.064 microm with output powers of 6 W (unpolarized) and 5.3 W (linearly polarized) for 14.4 W of incident pump power have been demonstrated.
A novel design of a miniature wideband corrugated horn antenna employing unique sinusoidal shaped ridges (2008)

A novel design was presented for a miniature corrugated ridged horn antenna. The design was manipulated based upon a special application which had stringent design parameters. In this application two such horn antennas were utilized and antenna isolation and bandwidth were key factors in creating a functional system. It was shown that the horn antenna adhered to all of the design constraints including the paramount isolation (≫60 dB measured) and bandwidth (6.28 GHz to ≫12 GHz) characteristics. This corresponds to 25%–50% more bandwidth than can be realized with a standard scalar horn antenna as seen in [6]. Additionally, simulated data and measured data were in close agreement for all antenna characteristics. As a next step, bandwidth range could be extended even further with the proper insertion of dielectric rods of various radii and dielectric permittivity. These rods would almost completely contain the propagating energy at higher frequencies minimizing the excitation of higher order modes thus increasing the bandwidth of the antenna.
A perspective on multi‐target drug discovery and design for complex diseases (2018)

Diseases of infection, of neurodegeneration (such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), and of malignancy (cancers) have complex and varied causative factors. Modern drug discovery has the power to identify potential modulators for multiple targets from millions of compounds. Computational approaches allow the determination of the association of each compound with its target before chemical synthesis and biological testing is done. These approaches depend on the prior identification of clinically and biologically validated targets. This Perspective will focus on the molecular and computational approaches that underpin drug design by medicinal chemists to promote understanding and collaboration with clinical scientists.
The haptic scissors: cutting in virtual environments (2004)

The "haptic scissors" is a device that creates the sensation of cutting in virtual environments. The scissors have two degrees of freedom of motion and force feedback, one for cutting (single blade rotation) and one for translation. An algorithm was developed to simultaneously display translational and cutting forces for a realistic cutting simulation. In previous work, we use filtered data from cutting biological tissues to create "haptic recordings" of the cutting experience. Here, we consider two cutting models: one based on real tissue data and one that is analytical. The model based on real tissue is a segmented linear empirical model of the original data. Experimental results show that users cannot differentiate between these models and the haptic recordings created earlier. The analytical model uses a combination of friction, assumed material properties, and user motion (position and velocity) to determine the displayed cutting forces.