gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gaussian importance sampling and stratification: computational issues (1998)

This paper deals with efficient algorithms for simulating performance measures of Gaussian random vectors. Recently, we developed a simulation algorithm which consists of doing importance sampling by shifting the mean of the Gaussian random vector. Further variance reduction is obtained by stratification along a key direction. A central ingredient of this method is to compute the optimal shift of the mean for the importance sampling. The optimal shift is also a convenient, and in many cases, an effective direction for the stratification. After giving a brief overview of the basic simulation algorithms, we focus on issues regarding the computation of the optimal change of measure. A primary application of this methodology occurs in computational finance for pricing path dependent options.
<i>gyrA</i> Mutations Associated with Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Eight Species of <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> (1998)

Fluoroquinolone resistance (FQ-R) in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae species has been reported with increasing frequency in recent years. Two mechanisms of FQ-R have been identified in gram-negative organisms: mutations in DNA gyrase and reduced intracellular drug accumulation. A single point mutation in gyrA has been shown to reduce susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. To determine the extent of gyrA mutations associated with FQ-R in enteric bacteria, one set of oligonucleotide primers was selected from conserved sequences in the flanking regions of the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. This set of primers was used to amplify and sequence the QRDRs from 8 Enterobacteriaceae type strains and 60 fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Providencia stuartii, and Serratia marcescens. Although similarity of the nucleotide sequences of seven species ranged from 80.8 to 93.3%, when compared with that of E. coli, the amino acid sequences of the gyrA QRDR were highly conserved. Conservative amino acid substitutions were detected in the QRDRs of the susceptible type strains of C. freundii, E. aerogenes, K. oxytoca (Ser-83 to Thr), and P. stuartii (Asp-87 to Glu). Strains with ciprofloxacin MICs of >2 microg/ml expressed amino acid substitutions primarily at the Gly-81, Ser-83, or Asp-87 position. Fluoroquinolone MICs varied significantly for strains exhibiting identical gyrA mutations, indicating that alterations outside gyrA contribute to resistance. The type and position of amino acid alterations also differed among these six genera. High-level FQ-R frequently was associated with single gyrA mutations in all species of Enterobacteriaceae in this study except E. coli.
Lossless source coding for multiple access networks (2002)

A multiple access source code (MASC) is a source code designed for the following network configuration: a pair of jointly distributed information sequences {X/sub i/}/sub i=1//sup /spl infin// and {Y/sub i/}/sub i=1//sup /spl infin// is drawn i.i.d. according to joint probability mass function (p.m.f.) p(x,y); the encoder for each source operates without knowledge of the other source; the decoder receives the encoded bit streams of both sources. The rate region for MASCs with arbitrarily small but non-zero error probabilities was studied by Slepian and Wolf. In this paper, we consider the properties of optimal truly lossless MASCs and apply our findings to practical truly lossless and near lossless code design.
<title>Compact fiber optic immunosensor using tapered fibers and acoustic enhancement</title> (1997)

A compact fiber-optic sensing system that features all-fiber optical design and semiconductor-laser excitation has been developed and tested. A 2X2 fiber coupler directs the input light to the SMA connected sensing fiber tip and the fluorescent signal back to a CCD fiber spectrophotometer. In this system, the fluorescent signal is confined in the fiber system so the signal-to-noise ratio is greatly improved and the system can be operate in ambient light conditions. The utilization of a red laser diode has reduced the background signal of non-essential biomolecules. The fluorescent dye used is Cy5, which has an excitation wavelength of 650 nm and a fluorescent center wavelength of 680 nm. To illustrate the biosensor's diagnostic capabilities, a sandwich immunoassay to detect Salmonella is presented. Tapered fiber tips with different shapes and treatments were studied and optimized. An enhancement system employing ultrasonic concentration of target particles has also been developed and applied to the detection of Salmonella. The immunoassay was conducted in a test chamber that also serves as an ultrasonic standing-wave cell and allows microspheres to be concentrated in a column along the fiber probe. The system demonstrates broad promise in future biomedical application.
Development and Validation of a Highly Sensitive Urine-Based Test to Identify Patients with Colonic Adenomatous Polyps (2014)

We describe a proof-of-concept spot urine-based metabolomic diagnostic test that identifies patients with colonic adenomatous polyps with a greater level of sensitivity (83%) than fecal-based tests.
Molecular biology of the 5‐HT<sub>1</sub> receptor subfamily (1992)

Abstract Four serotonin receptor clones have now been isolated and characterized. They encode the serotonin 5‐HT 1A , 5‐HT 1C , 5‐HT 1D , and 5‐HT 2 receptors. The serotonin 5‐HT 1C receptor, which was originally classified as a 5‐HT 1 receptor, is now seen to be a member of the 5‐HT 2 receptor subfamily. Within the current 5‐HT 1 receptor subfamily, the two clones that have been described (5‐HT 1A and 5‐HT 1D ) show similarities in amino acid sequence and function but are not as closely related as might have been expected. The human 5‐HT 1D receptor clone, when expressed in mouse fibroblast cells, displays pharmacological binding properties in agreement with human cortical membrane preparations. Sumatriptan, a new antimigraine medication, exhibits an apparent dissociation constant of 3.4 nM at this human receptor site. This represents the highest affinity interaction yet identified for this drug, and suggests that significant species differences may exist in the binding of this compound to 5‐HT 1D receptors. Similar species differences in ergot drug affinities have been described for the 5‐HT 2 receptor. Deduced amino acid sequence homologies between serotonin and other monoamine receptor clones are discussed, leading to a classification scheme for serotonin receptors involving superfamily, family, and subfamily relationships. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Micro-holograms recorded in a new thermoplastic medium for holographic data storage (2006)

This paper updates the recent progress in the micro-holographic format data recorded in our second-generation dye-doped thermoplastic medium. This new medium is about 400 times more sensitive than our first generation material, while our single-bit system needs less than 2.3 milliseconds to write a micro-hologram. The characteristics of micro-holograms recorded in the high sensitivity material are presented and compared to earlier results from the first-generation low-sensitivity material.
<title>Disk scheduling for displaying and recording video in nonlinear news editing systems</title> (1997)

Unlike video-on-demand servers, non-linear editing systems enable the user to manipulate the content of the video database. Applications such as news editing systems require that the underlying storage server be able to concurrently record live broadcast information, modify pre-recorded data, and broadcast an authored presentation. A multimedia storage server that efficiently supports such a diverse group of activities constitutes the focus of this study. Our contribution is a novel real-time disk scheduling algorithm that treats both read and write requests in a homogeneous manner in order to ensure that their deadlines are met. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm offers low violations of read deadlines, reduces buffer requirements, and improves the throughput of the storage server by enhancing the utilization of available disk bandwidth.
Proactive Surge Protection: A Defense Mechanism for Bandwidth-Based Attacks (2009)

Abstract — Large-scale bandwidth-based distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks can quickly knock out substantial parts of a network before reactive defenses can respond. Even traffic flows that are not under direct attack can suffer significant collateral damage if these flows pass through links that are common to attack routes. Given the existence today of large botnets with more than a hundred thousand bots, the potential for a large-scale coordinated attack exists, especially given the prevalence of high-speed Internet access. This paper presents a Proactive Surge Protection (PSP) mechanism that aims to provide a broad first line of defense against DDoS attacks. The approach aims to minimize collateral damage by providing bandwidth isolation between traffic flows. This isolation is achieved through a combination of traffic measurements, bandwidth allocation of network resources, metering and tagging of packets at the network perimeter, and preferential dropping of packets inside the network. The proposed solution is readily deployable using existing router mechanisms and does not rely on any unauthenticated packet header information. Thus the approach is resilient to evading attack schemes that launch many seemingly legitimate TCP connections with spoofed IP addresses and port numbers. Finally, our extensive evaluation results across two large commercial backbone networks, using both distributed and targeted attack scenarios, show that up to 95.5 % of the network could suffer collateral damage without protection, but our solution was able to significantly reduce the amount of collateral damage by up to 97.58 % in terms of the number of packets dropped and 90.36 % in terms of the number of flows with packet loss. Furthermore, we show that PSP can maintain low packet loss rates even when the intensity of attacks is increased significantly. I.
Temperature Stability of Piezoelectric Ceramics (1985)

This paper reports an investigation into the fundamental temperature stability of piezoelectric ceramics through thermal aging and thermal shock tests. The dependence of piezoelectricity on thermal aging and thermal shock of low Q m and high Q m materials was clarified. The surface charges generated by the thermal shock caused depolarization of the ceramic elements. In particular, it was found that space charges promoted depolarization in the high Q m materials. A resistor inserted in parallel with the element for the thermal shock test improved piezoelectricity by causing quick relaxation of the induced charges.
Adapted J6/JFH1-Based Hepatitis C Virus Recombinants with Genotype-Specific NS4A Show Similar Efficacies against Lead Protease Inhibitors, Alpha Interferon, and a Putative NS4A Inhibitor (2013)

To facilitate studies of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS4A, we aimed at developing J6/JFH1-based recombinants with genotype 1- to 7-specific NS4A proteins. We developed efficient culture systems expressing NS4A proteins of genotypes (isolates) 1a (H77 and TN), 1b (J4), 2a (J6), 4a (ED43), 5a (SA13), 6a (HK6a), and 7a (QC69), with peak infectivity titers of ∼3.5 to 4.5 log10 focus-forming units per ml. Except for genotype 2a (J6), growth depended on adaptive mutations identified in long-term culture. Genotype 1a, 1b, and 4a recombinants were adapted by amino acid substitutions F772S (p7) and V1663A (NS4A), while 5a, 6a, and 7a recombinants required additional substitutions in the NS3 protease and/or NS4A. We demonstrated applicability of the developed recombinants for study of antivirals. Genotype 1 to 7 NS4A recombinants showed similar responses to the protease inhibitors telaprevir (VX-950), boceprevir (Sch503034), simeprevir (TMC435350), danoprevir (ITMN-191), and vaniprevir (MK-7009), to alpha interferon 2b, and to the putative NS4A inhibitor ACH-806. The efficacy of ACH-806 was lower than that of protease inhibitors and was not influenced by changes at amino acids 1042 and 1065 (in the NS3 protease), which have been suggested to mediate resistance to ACH-806 in replicons. Genotype 1a, 1b, and 2a recombinants showed viral spread under long-term treatment with ACH-806, without acquisition of resistance mutations in the NS3-NS4A region. Relatively high concentrations of ACH-806 inhibited viral assembly, but not replication, in a single-cycle production assay. The developed HCV culture systems will facilitate studies benefitting from expression of genotype-specific NS4A in a constant backbone in the context of the complete viral replication cycle, including functional studies and evaluations of the efficacy of antivirals.
Comparison of fluorescence tomographic imaging in mice with early-arriving and quasi-continuous-wave photons (2010)

The highly diffuse nature of light propagation in biological tissue is a major challenge for obtaining high-fidelity fluorescence tomographic images. In this work we investigated the use of time-gated detection of early-arriving photons for reducing the effects of light scatter in mice relative to quasi-cw photons. When analyzing sinographic representations of the measured data, it was determined that early photons allowed a reduction in the measured FWHM of fluorescent targets by a factor of approximately 2-3, yielding a significant improvement in the tomographic image reconstruction quality.
CTNet: Conversational Transformer Network for Emotion Recognition (2021)

Emotion recognition in conversation is a crucial topic for its widespread applications in the field of human-computer interactions. Unlike vanilla emotion recognition of individual utterances, conversational emotion recognition requires modeling both context-sensitive and speaker-sensitive dependencies. Despite the promising results of recent works, they generally do not leverage advanced fusion techniques to generate the multimodal representations of an utterance. In this way, they have limitations in modeling the intra-modal and cross-modal interactions. In order to address these problems, we propose a multimodal learning framework for conversational emotion recognition, called conversational transformer network (CTNet). Specifically, we propose to use the transformer-based structure to model intra-modal and cross-modal interactions among multimodal features. Meanwhile, we utilize word-level lexical features and segment-level acoustic features as the inputs, thus enabling us to capture temporal information in the utterance. Additionally, to model context-sensitive and speaker-sensitive dependencies, we propose to use the multihead attention based bi-directional GRU component and speaker embeddings. Experimental results on the IEMOCAP and MELD datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Our method shows an absolute 2.1~6.2% performance improvement on weighted average F1 over state-of-the-art strategies.
Recovery from Creasing and Mussing of Cotton Finished with Experimental and Conventional Durable-Press Reageots (1981)

Cotton fabric finished with experimental reagent systems, N-methylolacrylamide (NMA) plus phosphate salts, N-methylolmethacrylamide (NMMA), NMMA plus phosphate salts, and N-methylolpolyethyleneurea, dp = 2, (NMP-2), showed different rates of recovery from creasing and mussing in laundering tumble-drying, compared to cottons finished with conventional crosslinking reagents, dimethylolethyleneurea (DMEU), dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), and formaldehyde. At similar levels of conditioned wrinkle-recovery angle (WRA) or durable-press (DP), fabric treated with experimental reagent systems recovered from creasing (WRA) more slowly in the initial period (6 seconds) but more rapidly in the second period of measurement (1 minute) than those treated with conventional reagents. The fabric treated with experimental reagent systems recovered from mussing more rapidly in the initial period (15 minutes) and less rapidly in the second period of measurement (1 hour).
Recent advances in multi-core transmission fibers (2012)

We summarize the progresses of multi-core fibers for ultra-high capacity transmission systems. Recent efforts, reliability issues and splicing technique for multi-core fibers are also described in this paper.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Olefin Aziridination with Diphenylphosphoryl Azide. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Experimental apparatus for studying rotating magnetic field current drive in plasmas (2005)

This article describes the design and operation of an experimental apparatus that was constructed for studying rotating magnetic field (RMF) current drive in plasmas formed in a metal vacuum chamber. The device was designed to enable the study of various RMF coil geometries that are fully enclosed inside the vacuum chamber. To date, the apparatus has been used with three distinct RMF coil geometries, one of which was fully immersed in the RMF-driven plasma.
Loudspeaker system for converting a digitized electric signal into an acoustic signal (1989)

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Nutraceutical cocrystals: utilizing pterostilbene as a cocrystal former (2010)

The nutraceutical compound pterostilbene is investigated for its propensity to form cocrystalline materials with active pharmaceutical ingredients. Three cocrystals of a 1 : 1 stoichiometric molar ratio of pterostilbene with caffeine (two polymorphs, Form I and Form II) and carbamazepine were prepared and characterized by crystallographic (XRPD, single-crystal) and thermoanalytical (TGA, DSC) techniques. Physical stability of the cocrystals with respect to relative humidity (RH) was examined and found to be dramatically improved in relationship to caffeine or carbamazepine. The carbamazepine : pterostilbene cocrystal was stable upon slurrying in water for 3 days; therefore, aqueous equilibrium solubility measurements were carried out, revealing that the cocrystal solubility was 7× lower than carbamazepine dihydrate and 2.5× lower than pterostilbene. Slurrying the caffeine : pterostilbene cocrystal (Form I) in water led to a solution that was supersaturated with respect to pterostilbene, resulting in the precipitation of pterostilbene after three days; therefore concentrations at specific time points were measured as opposed to equilibrium solubility. At five hours the concentration of the caffeine cocrystal was 33× lower than the caffeine hydrate solubility, but was 27× higher than the pterostilbene solubility.
Finger posture and shear force measurement using fingernail sensors: initial experimentation (2002)

A new method for measuring both the posture of human fingers and shear force at human fingertips is presented. Instead of using a traditional electronic glove with bending sensors embedded along the finger and shear sensors embedded beneath the fingertip, a wearable fingernail sensor is used to measure resulting changes in coloration of the fingernail. Since the sensor is mounted on the fingernail, finger posture can be measured without wearing a glove that hampers the motion of the fingers. Similarly, shear forces can be measured without covering the finger pad and obstructing the human's natural haptic sense. In the past, fingernail sensors with a one-dimensional array of photodetectors have been used to measure normal touching forces at the fingertip. A new fingernail sensor with a two-dimensional spatial array of photodetectors is constructed in order to measure finger posture and shear forces. Experiments are performed in order to measure the outputs of the photodetectors in response to changes in finger posture and applied normal and shear forces. Analysis is then performed to correlate the outputs to the inputs and provide a means of estimating normal forces, shear forces, and changes in finger posture.
Evolution of bubble clouds induced by pulsed cavitational ultrasound therapy - Histotripsy (2008)

Mechanical tissue fractionation can be achieved using successive, high-intensity ultrasound pulses in a process termed histotripsy. Histotripsy has many potential clinical applications where noninvasive tissue removal is desired. The primary mechanism for histotripsy is believed to be cavitation. Using fast-gated imaging, this paper studies the evolution of a cavitating bubble cloud induced by a histotripsy pulse (10 and 14 cycles) at peak negative pressures exceeding 21MPa. Bubble clouds are generated inside a gelatin phantom and at a tissue-water interface, representing two situations encountered clinically. In both environments, the imaging results show that the bubble clouds share the same evolutionary trend. The bubble cloud and individual bubbles in the cloud were generated by the first cycle of the pulse, grew with each cycle during the pulse, and continued to grow and collapsed several hundred microseconds after the pulse. For example, the bubbles started under 10 microm, grew to 50 microm during the pulse, and continued to grow 100 microm after the pulse. The results also suggest that the bubble clouds generated in the two environments differ in growth and collapse duration, void fraction, shape, and size. This study furthers our understanding of the dynamics of bubble clouds induced by histotripsy.
Infectivity-selective Oncolytic Adenovirus Developed by High-throughput Screening of Adenovirus-formatted Library (2012)

Adenovirus (Ad) is a potent gene-delivery vehicle and has frequently been used for designing oncolytic viruses. However, lack of selectivity on infection has hampered the achievement of sufficient in vivo efficiency. Here, we developed a novel oncolytic virus system, infectivity-selective oncolytic adenovirus (ISOAd), via direct high-throughput screening of a high-diversity targeting-ligand library in adenoviral format. Through our newly designed rescue virus system, the high-diversity Ad library carrying the random seven amino acid sequences ligand-library in the AB-loop of its fiber-knob region (5 × 10(9) diversity) was successfully generated. During the screening of this library with the cells expressing the target molecule (mesothelin, MSLN), the AB-loop sequence of the virus clones converged to one dominant sequence and a novel MSLN-targeting sequence was isolated. The virus with the isolated motif showed selective infectivity to MSLN-positive cells in vitro. In vivo, it exhibited a selective and potent antitumor effect resulted from the viral replication in MSLN-positive xenografts. The ISOAd is a novel class of oncolytic Ad, which has selectivity at the step of transduction. The selectivity at the stage of infection can open new perspectives in oncolytic Ad therapy for various diseases.
Process for closed-cycle thermochemical production of hydrogen and oxygen from water. [uses auxiliary compounds of the system iron-chlorine] (1977)

A closed-cycle multi-step thermochemical process is described for the production of hydrogen and oxygen from water. The disclosed process utilizes auxiliary compounds of the system iron-chlorine. By using the following two basic process steps: (a) reacting an iron oxide with hydrogen chloride or a mixture of hydrogen chloride and chlorine to form iron(II) chloride or iron(III) chloride, and, (b) reacting iron or iron(II) oxide with water to form iron(II) oxide or iron(II)(III) oxide, it is possible to employ a variety of additional steps so that the sum total of the reaction steps consume water, produce hydrogen and oxygen and regenerate the desired starting materials within the closed system.