gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modelling of a novel x-ray phase contrast imaging technique based on coded apertures (2007)

X-ray phase contrast imaging is probably the most relevant among emerging x-ray imaging techniques, and it has the proven potential of revolutionizing the field of diagnostic radiology. Impressive images of a wide range of samples have been obtained, mostly at synchrotron radiation facilities. The necessity of relying on synchrotron radiation has prevented to a large extent a widespread diffusion of phase contrast imaging, thus precluding its transfer to clinical practice. A new technique, based on the use of coded apertures, was recently developed at UCL. This technique was demonstrated to provide intense phase contrast signals with conventional x-ray sources and detectors. Unlike other attempts at making phase contrast imaging feasible with conventional sources, the coded-aperture approach does not impose substantial limitations and/or filtering of the radiation beam, and it therefore allows, for the first time, exposures compatible with clinical practice. The technique has been thoroughly modelled, and this paper describes the technique in detail by going through the different steps of the modelling. All the main factors influencing image quality are discussed, alongside the viability of realizing a prototype suitable for clinical use. The model has been experimentally validated and a section of the paper shows the comparison between simulated and experimental results.
How to select a winner in evolutionary optimization? (2017)

In many evolutionary optimization domains evaluations are noisy. The candidates are tested on a number of randomly drawn samples, such as different games played, different physical simulations, or different user interactions. As a result, selecting the winner is a multiple hypothesis problem: The candidate that evaluated the best most likely received a lucky selection of samples, and will not perform as well in the future. This paper proposes a technique for selecting the winner and estimating its true performance based on the smoothness assumption: Candidates that are similar perform similarly. Estimated fitness is replaced by the average fitness of candidate's neighbors, making the selection and estimation more reliable. Simulated experiments in the multiplexer domain show that this technique is reliable, making it likely that the true winner is selected and its future performance is accurately estimated.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Hybrid “Metalloporphyrin‐Ellipticine” Molecules. (1989)

Abstract The porphyrin ligand (Ia) is obtained by coupling of the mixed anhydride formed from an ellipticine derivative (preparation described) and ethyl chloroformate with a metal‐free porphyrin bearing an amino function attached by a methylene chain to the p‐phenoxy ring of a meso‐tetraarylporphyrin.
Multi-Atlas Segmentation with Joint Label Fusion (2012)

Multi-atlas segmentation is an effective approach for automatically labeling objects of interest in biomedical images. In this approach, multiple expert-segmented example images, called atlases, are registered to a target image, and deformed atlas segmentations are combined using label fusion. Among the proposed label fusion strategies, weighted voting with spatially varying weight distributions derived from atlas-target intensity similarity have been particularly successful. However, one limitation of these strategies is that the weights are computed independently for each atlas, without taking into account the fact that different atlases may produce similar label errors. To address this limitation, we propose a new solution for the label fusion problem in which weighted voting is formulated in terms of minimizing the total expectation of labeling error and in which pairwise dependency between atlases is explicitly modeled as the joint probability of two atlases making a segmentation error at a voxel. This probability is approximated using intensity similarity between a pair of atlases and the target image in the neighborhood of each voxel. We validate our method in two medical image segmentation problems: hippocampus segmentation and hippocampus subfield segmentation in magnetic resonance (MR) images. For both problems, we show consistent and significant improvement over label fusion strategies that assign atlas weights independently.
A novel high-gradient magnetic separator (HGMS) design for biotech applications (2002)

A novel high-gradient magnetic separator (HGMS) has been designed to meet the strong requirements of biotech processes to grant high product yield, efficient cleanability and low operating costs. The novel design using a rotary permanent magnet leads to an "on-off" characteristic of the field in the separation zone. This combines the permanent magnet's advantage of low running costs with the solenoid's advantage to flush the filter in place. The utilization of NdFeB magnets into the yoke allows high magnetic inductions leading to efficient and fast separation of magnetic supports used in biotech processes. The bioprocess requirement of complete particle recovery and efficient matrix cleaning after separation was achieved by the integration of an ultrasonication device.
A CHARACTERISTIC OF ALKALINE ACTIVATED MESOPHASE BASED CARBON FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITOR (2002)

Activated graphitizing carbons, mesophase carbons prepared by alkaline activation for electrochemical Capacitors (Electric double-layer capacitors; EDLCs) with organic liquid electrolytes showed larger specific capacitance per unit volume (F/cm 3 ) than those of conventional activated carbon materials. The physical characteristic is lower specific surface area, compared with a conventional activated carbon. It has been supposed that the electric double-layer interfaces of alkaline activated mesophase carbon which have high density per unit volume were dominated by the edge plane of hexagonal lattice, compared with those of conventional activated carbon material.
A Polarization Controller for Air-Core Photonic-Bandgap Fiber (2006)

We investigate the effects of twisting on the birefringence of an air-core fiber and demonstrate the first air-core fiber polarization controller, a simple device consisting of three short twisted fiber sections, with a 20-dB extinction ratio.
The 360-Degree Maneuver for Treatment of Benign Positional Vertigo (2005)

The 360-degree maneuver can be effective in treating benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Its rate of success is comparable to the rate of success of the standard Epley maneuver. On analysis, it is strikingly similar to the Epley and Semont maneuvers.
Cryptosystems based on chaotic dynamics (1993)

An encryption scheme based on chaotic dynamics is presented. This scheme makes use of the efficient and reproducible generation of cryptographically secure pseudo random numbers from chaotic maps. The result is a system which encrypts quickly and possesses a large keyspace, even in small precision implementations. This system offers an excellent solution to several problems including the dissemination of key material, over the air rekeying, and other situations requiring the secure management of information.
Adaptive Depth-Map Coding for 3D-Video (2010)

This paper proposes an efficient adaptive depth-map coding scheme for generating virtual-view images in 3D-video. Virtual-view images can be generated by view-interpolation based on the decoded depth-map of the image. The proposed depth-map coding scheme is designed to have a new gray-coding-based bit-plane coding method for efficiently coding the depth-map images on the object-boundary areas, as well as the conventional DCT-based coding scheme (H.264/AVC) for efficiently coding the inside area images of the objects or the background depth-map images. Simulation results show that the proposed coding scheme, in comparison with the H.264/AVC coding scheme, improves the BD-rate savings 6.77%-10.28% and the BD-PSNR gains 0.42dB-0.68dB. It also improves the subjective picture quality of synthesized virtual-view images using decoded depth-maps.
Infectious transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus to animals. (1984)

An human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-producing cell line (Ra-1) was established from rabbit lymphocytes by co-cultivation with lethally irradiated MT-2 cells. Ra-1 cells were inoculated intravenously into a Japanese monkey and rabbits. All animals responded with the production of antibodies to HTLV. Lymphocytes from the seroconverted animals were grown in the presence of T-cell growth factor (TCGF) or co-cultured with lymphocytes from seronegative healthy persons. The TCGF-grown cells, which were chromosomally of the recipient type, expressed HTLV antigens and particles. The co-cultures gave rise to human T-cell lines which also harbored HTLV antigens and particles. Blood transfusion from the infected rabbits resulted in the seroconversion of the recipient rabbits. HTLV-producing lymphoid cell lines were established from some of the transfused rabbits. The recipient origin of these cell lines was determined by chromosome analysis. It was possible to serially transmit HTLV by blood transfusion in rabbits. Thus, these animals offer promise as a laboratory model for HTLV infection.
Wireless Multicast Scheduling With Switched Beamforming Antennas (2012)

Using beamforming antennas to improve wireless multicast transmissions has received considerable attention recently. A recent work proposes to partition all single-lobe beams into groups and to form composite multilobe beam patterns to transmit multicast traffic. Depending on how the power is split among the individual beams constituting a composite beam pattern, two power models are considered: 1) equal power split (EQP), and 2) asymmetric power split (ASP). This paper revisits the key challenge-beam partitioning in the beamforming-multicast problem-and makes significant progress in both algorithmic and analytic aspects of the problem. Under EQP, we propose a low-complexity optimal algorithm based on dynamic programming. Under ASP, we prove that it is NP-hard to have ( <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> / <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -ϵ)-approximation algorithm for any ϵ >; 0. For discrete rate functions under ASP, we develop an Asymptotic Polynomial-Time Approximation Scheme (APTAS), an asymptotic ( <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> / <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> + β)-approximation solution (where β ≥ 0 depends on the wireless technology), and an asymptotic 2-approximation solution to the problem by relating the problem to a generalized version of the bin-packing problem. In retrospect, we also obtain an asymptotic 2-approximation solution for the generalized bin-packing problem, which is of independent interest. For continuous rate functions under ASP, we develop sufficient conditions under which the optimal number of composite beams is 1, <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">K</i> , and arbitrary, respectively, where <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">K</i> is the total number of single-lobe beams. Both experimental results and simulations based on real-world channel measurements corroborate our analytical results by showing significant improvement compared to state-of-the-art algorithms.
Photonic synthesis of high fidelity microwave arbitrary waveforms using near field frequency to time mapping (2013)

Photonic radio-frequency (RF) arbitrary waveform generation (AWG) based on spectral shaping and frequency-to-time mapping has received substantial attention. This technique, however, is critically constrained by the far-field condition which imposes strict limits on the complexity of the generated waveforms. The time bandwidth product (TBWP) decreases as the inverse of the RF bandwidth which limits one from exploiting the full TBWP available from modern pulse shapers. Here we introduce a new RF-AWG technique which we call near-field frequency-to-time mapping. This approach overcomes the previous restrictions by predistorting the amplitude and phase of the spectrally shaped optical signal to achieve high fidelity waveforms with radically increased TBWP in the near field region.
SGL: A Domain-Specific Language for Large-Scale Analysis of Open-Source Code (2018)

Today software is built in fundamentally different ways from how it was a decade ago. It is increasingly common for applications to be assembled out of open-source components, resulting in the use of large amounts of third-party code. This third-party code is a means for vulnerabilities to make their way downstream into applications. Recent vulnerabilities such as Heartbleed, FREAK SSL/TLS, GHOST, and the Equifax data breach (due to a flaw in Apache Struts) were ultimately caused by third-party components. We argue that an automated way to audit the open-source ecosystem, catalog existing vulnerabilities, and discover new flaws is essential to using open-source safely. To this end, we describe the Security Graph Language (SGL), a domain-specific language for analyzing graph-structured datasets of open-source code and cataloguing vulnerabilities. SGL allows users to express complex queries on relations between libraries and vulnerabilities in the style of a program analysis language. SGL queries double as an executable representation for vulnerabilities, allowing vulnerabilities to be automatically checked against a database and deduplicated using a canonical representation. We outline a novel optimization for SGL queries based on regular path query containment, improving query performance by up to 3 orders of magnitude. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of SGL in practice to find zero-day vulnerabilities by identifying several flaws in the open-source version of Oracle GlassFish Server.
Immunization of Patients with Metastatic Melanoma Using Both Class I- and Class II-Restricted Peptides from Melanoma-Associated Antigens (2003)

Cancer vaccines targeting CD8+ T cells have been successful in eliciting immunologic responses but disappointing in inducing clinical responses. Strong evidence supports the importance of CD4+ T cells in "helping" cytotoxic CD8+ cells in antitumor immunity. We report here on two consecutive clinical trials evaluating the impact of immunization with both human leukocyte antigen class I- and class II-restricted peptides from the gp100 melanoma antigen. In Protocol 1, 22 patients with metastatic melanoma were immunized with two modified class I A*0201-restricted peptides, gp100:209-217(210M) and MART-1:26-35(27L). In Protocol 2, 19 patients received the same class I-restricted peptides in combination with a class II DRB1*0401-restricted peptide, gp100:44-59. As assessed by in vitro sensitization assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) against the native gp100:209-217 peptide, 95% of patients in Protocol 1 were successfully immunized after two vaccinations in contrast to 50% of patients in Protocol 2 (P(2) < 0.005). Furthermore, the degree of sensitization was significantly lower in patients in Protocol 2 (P = 0.01). Clinically, one patient in Protocol 2 had an objective response, and none did in Protocol 1. Thus, the addition of the class II-restricted peptide gp100:44-59 did not improve clinical response but might have diminished the immunologic response of circulating PBMC to the class I-restricted peptide gp100:209-217. The reasons for this decreased immune reactivity are unclear but may involve increased CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell activity, increased apoptosis of activated CD8+ T cells, or the trafficking of sensitized CD8+ reactive cells out of the peripheral blood. Moreover, the sequential, nonrandomized nature of patient enrollment for the two trials may account for the differences in immunologic response.
Vaporizer for Volatile Anesthetics during High-frequency Jet Ventilation (1989)

At present, the potent inhalation anesthetics cannot be used during high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) because a suitable vaporizer is not available. A vaporizer for enflurane during HFJV was designed, built, and tested, based on the principle of airblast atomization in which liquid enflurane is delivered to the vaporizer by an infusion pump. Eight dogs were kept anesthetized with enflurane for 2 h using this device. Vital signs and arterial blood gases were within normal limits during anesthesia. The concentration of vaporized enflurane, measured by mass spectrometry, could be reliably and accurately controlled within the clinical range at any minute volume by adjusting the infusion rate. Measurements of blood enflurane indicated that enflurane uptake could be adequately achieved.
Compensating For Doppler Shift In Laser Instrumentation (1990)

Electronic tuning system continually adjusts frequency of tunable diode laser to compensate for Doppler shift caused by motion of transmitter or receiver containing laser. Doppler-shift-compensating system intended primarily for use in transmitter or receiver of laser remote-sensing or communication system to keep frequency of received signal within frequency range of narrow-band-pass filter. By use of narrow-band filter (instead of wide-band filter required in absence of Doppler compensation), signal-to-noise ratio of laser system increased. Thus, less-powerful transmitter usable.
MINI REVIEW Microbial glycosaminoglycan glycosyltransferases (2002)

Glycosaminoglycans, a class of linear polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units containing a hexosamine, are important carbohydrates found in many organisms. Vertebrates utilize glycosaminoglycans in structural, recognition, adhesion, and signaling roles. Certain pathogenic bacteria produce extracellular capsules composed of glycosaminoglycans or glycosaminoglycanlike polymers that enhance the microbes’ ability to infect or to colonize the host. In the period from 1993 to 2001, bacterial enzymes were discovered that catalyze the polymerization of the repeating unit of hyaluronan, chondroitin, or N-acetylheparosan (unsulfated, unepimerized heparin). Depending on the specific carbohydrate and the microorganism, either a dual-action enzyme (synthase) that transfers two distinct monosaccharides or a pair of single-action transferases are utilized to synthesize the glycosaminoglycan polymer. Current views on the enzymology, structures, potential evolution, and the roles of the known glycosyltransferases from Streptococcus, Pasteurella, and Escherichia are discussed.
Large-scale freestanding nanometer-thick graphite pellicles for mass production of nanodevices beyond 10 nm (2015)

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) has received much attention in the semiconductor industry as a promising candidate to extend dimensional scaling beyond 10 nm. We present a new pellicle material, nanometer-thick graphite film (NGF), which shows an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) transmission of 92% at a thickness of 18 nm. The maximum temperature induced by laser irradiation (λ = 800 nm) of 9.9 W cm(-2) was 267 °C, due to the high thermal conductivity of the NGF. The freestanding NGF was found to be chemically stable during annealing at 500 °C in a hydrogen environment. A 50 × 50 mm large area freestanding NGF was fabricated using the wet and dry transfer (WaDT) method. The NGF can be used as an EUVL pellicle for the mass production of nanodevices beyond 10 nm.
Micro ion trap mass spectrometry (1999)

Experiments to perform mass spectrometry with ion traps of submillimeter dimension are described. Several trap geometries amenable to microfabrication have been explored. In these experiments, vapor-phase molecules were ionized by a pulse from a frequency-quadrupled Nd:YAG laser. The ions were trapped and mass analyzed by manipulating the radiofrequency voltages on the trap electrodes. Effects of trapping parameters on mass resolution and sensitivity are discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A three-level buck converter and digital controller for improving load transient response (2010)

A method for improving heavy-to-light load transient response in low-power switch-mode power supplies is presented in this paper. It relies on the utilization of a 3-level 5-switch buck converter and a digital controller with an extended duty ratio control value. The method is experimentally verified with a 6 V to 1.3 V, 400 kHz, 8 W digitally controlled system showing 3 times faster response than that of a conventional buck.
A simple radioassay for angiotensin-converting enzyme (1977)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme can be measured by the rate of release of 3H-labelled hippurate from p-[3H]benzoylglycylglycylglycine. The product is separable from the substrate by extraction of acidified reaction mixtures with ethyl acetate. Assay results for human serum angiotensin-converting enzyme can be obtained within 1.5 h of receipt of serum samples. Within the limits tested, the assay appears to be specific. However, interference by hitherto unrecognized enzymes of abnormal sera must be ruled out.
Low-dose preview for patient-specific, task-specific technique selection in cone-beam CT (2014)

Correlated noise injection is essential to accurate simulation of CBCT image quality at reduced dose. With the proposed LDP method, the user can prospectively select patient-specific, minimum-dose protocols (viz., acquisition technique and reconstruction method) suitable to a particular imaging task and to the user's own observer preferences for CBCT scans following the first acquisition. The method could provide dose reduction in common clinical scenarios involving multiple CBCT scans, such as image-guided surgery and radiotherapy.
Aglycosylated immunoglobulin G<sub>1</sub>variants productively engage activating Fc receptors (2008)

Immunoglobulin G plays a vital role in adaptive immunity and antibody-based therapy through engagement of its Fc region by the Fc gamma receptors (Fc gammaRs) on immune cells. In addition to specific protein-protein contacts, N-linked glycosylation of the IgG Fc has been thought to be essential for the recognition of Fc by Fc gammaR. This requirement for the N-linked glycan has limited biomanufacture of therapeutic antibodies by restricting it to mammalian expression systems. We report here aglycosylated Fc domain variants that maintain engagement to Fc gammaRs, both in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating that Fc glycosylation is not strictly required for the activation of immune cells by IgG. These variants provide insight into how the N-linked glycan is used biologically in the recognition of Fc by Fc gammaRs, as well as represent a step toward the production in alternative expression systems of antibody-based therapeutics capable of eliciting immune effector functions.
Chemical vapor deposition and characterization of 6H-SiC thin films on off-axis 6H-SiC substrates (1988)

High-quality, monocrystalline 6H-SiC thin films have been epitaxially grown on 6H-SiC {0001} substrates which were prepared 3° off-axis from 〈0001〉 towards 〈112̄0〉 at 1773 K via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Essentially, no defects were generated from the epilayer/substrate interface as determined by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM). Double positioning boundaries which were observed in β-SiC grown on 6H-SiC substrates were eliminated as confirmed by plan-view TEM. A strong dependence of the surface morphology of the as-grown thin films on the tilting orientation of the substrates was observed and reasons for this phenomenon are discussed. The unintentionally doped 6H-SiC thin films always exhibit n-type conduction with a carrier concentration on the order of 1016 cm−3. Au-6H-SiC Schottky barrier diodes were fabricated on the CVD 6H-SiC thin films and it was found that the leakage current at a reverse bias of 55 V was only 3.2×10−5 A/cm2. This is compared to SiC films grown on other substrates.