gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced recovery and dissolution of griseofulvin nanoparticles from surfactant-free nanocomposite microparticles incorporating wet-milled swellable dispersants (2013)

Nanocomposite microparticles (NCMPs) incorporating drug nanoparticles and wet-milled swellable dispersant particles were investigated as a surfactant-free drug delivery vehicle with the goal of enhancing the nanoparticle recovery and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs. Superdisintegrants were used as inexpensive, model, swellable dispersant particles by incorporating them into NCMP structure with or without wet-stirred media milling along with the drug. Suspensions of griseofulvin (GF, model drug) along with various dispersants produced by wet-milling were coated onto Pharmatose® to prepare NCMPs in a fluidized bed process. Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC, polymer) alone and with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, surfactant) was used as base-line stabilizer/dispersant during milling. Croscarmellose sodium (CCS, superdisintegrant) and Mannitol were used as additional dispersants to prepare surfactant-free NCMPs. Nanoparticle recovery during redispersion and dissolution of the various GF-laden NCMPs were examined. Suspensions prepared by co-milling GF/HPC/CCS or milling GF/HPC/SDS were stable after 30 h of storage. After drying, due to its extensive swelling capacity, incorporation of wet-milled CCS in the NCMPs caused effective breakage of the NCMP structure and bursting of nanoparticle clusters, ultimately leading to fast recovery of the GF nanoparticles. Optimized wet co-milling and incorporation of CCS in NCMP structure led to superior dispersant performance over incorporation of unmilled CCS or physically mixed unmilled CCS with NCMPs. The enhanced redispersion correlated well with the fast GF dissolution from the NCMPs containing either CCS particles or SDS. Overall, swellable dispersant (CCS) particles, preferably in multimodal size distribution, enable a surfactant-free formulation for fast recovery/dissolution of the GF nanoparticles.
Plasma-induced Force and Self-induced Drag in the Dielectric Barrier Discharge Aerodynamic Plasma Actuator (2009)

§Through high-time-resolution laser interferometry, we observe the motion of a test article under the influence of a dielectric barrier discharge aerodynamic plasma actuator, and from this motion we deduce the time history of the force produced by the actuator to a resolution substantially smaller than the period of the actuator’s AC cycle. We find that the negative- and positive-going half cycles of the plasma discharge produce a force on the surrounding neutral air in the same direction, but that only the negative-going half cycle produces a force sufficient to substantially overcome the drag induced by accelerating the air in the immediate vicinity of the aerodynamic surface (within the boundary layer under normal circumstances).
Engineering, scale-up, and economic aspects of fungal pretreatment of wood chips (1998)

Biopulping is the treatment of wood chips with lignin-degrading fungi prior to pulping. Two sequential biopulping consortia at the USDA Forest Service. Forest Products Laboratory (FPL). Madison, Wisconsin, established the technical feasibility of biomechanical pulping on a laboratory-scale basis. Through the use of a proper lignin-degrading fungus, at least 30% electrical energy is saved in mechanical pulping amd paper strength properties are improved. Past work and an overview of fungal and pulp and paper research conducted during the consortia are summarized in Chapter 10 of this book and elsewhere in the literature (Akhtar et al., 1997; Blanchette et al., 1991; Kirk et al., 1994; Lawson and Still, 1957; Scott et al., 1995a.b; Sykes, 1994). Current research is aimed at determining the engineering and commercial feasibility of biopulping, which is the subject of this chapter. Our recent work has focused on Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (the best biopulping fungus to date) and loblolly pine (the most commonly used wood species for papermaking in the United States), with greater attention to those factors most likely to affect the engineering and economics of this technology. These factors are attainment of the necessary degree of asepsis, reducing the cost of fungal inoculum, maintaining a hospitable environment in the chip pile, and optimizing overall process economics. Chip piles, silo-based systems, and indoor or covered piles are all being considered for opera tion of the solid-state fermentation. A new biopulping fungus, Phlebia subserialis, is also being investigated (Akhtar et al., 1996b). As discussed in this chapter, this fungus has several advantages over the C. subvermispora, especially when the aforementioned factors are considered.
Dipole Field Navigation for targeted drug delivery (2014)

A new method for the navigation of therapeutic agents in the vascular network is introduced. This method, dubbed Dipole Field Navigation (DFN), is characterized by high directional gradients and a high magnetic field strength. The latter is used to bring magnetic therapeutic agents at saturation magnetization such that when combined with high directional gradients, effective navigation at any depths within the patient can be achieved. DFN does not have many of the constraints of gradient coil-based platforms, which include potential peripheral nerve stimulations, reduced directional changes and slew rates of the gradient fields, overheating of the coils, and high implementation cost. To achieve such specifications, soft ferromagnetic cores are positioned at specific locations inside the tunnel of a clinical MRI scanner providing a high uniform field of typically up to 3T, sufficient to bring both the cores and the therapeutic agents at full saturation magnetization. The field distortions created by the cores result in gradients exceeding 300 mT/m for whole body interventions. Hence, with such cores placed at specific locations, the resulting gradients would cause the therapeutic agents to follow a precise path in the vascular network towards the targeted region. In this paper, the fundamental theory of DFN with preliminary in vitro experimental results using one core in a 1.5T scanner confirms the potential of DFN for targeted drug delivery.
Performance of Shear Wave Speed Measurements by Using Reverberant Optical Coherence Elastography (2022)

Elasticity of biological tissue is important to understand its properties, which could play important role in medical diagnosis and treatment, especially in its early stage of pathology. Optical Coherence Elastography (OCE) has been intensively developed for mapping the elasticity contrast of various biological tissues. OCE techniques based on tracking of shear vibrational wave propagation is one of the most popular techniques. The high speed of shear wave propagation in biological media leads to challenges in both data acquisition and data processing. Recently, the concept of reverberant shear wave fi eld has been applied to OCE, called Rev3D-OCE. In this work, we experimentally investigate the performance of Rev3D-OCE to differentiate gelatin phantoms with a slight difference of elasticity. We verifi ed that Rev3D-OCE can differentiate different shear wave speeds associated with different concentrations of gelatin phantoms, where higher shear wave speed was observed in a higher concentration of the phantom as expected. The average shear wave speed of gelatin with 3 wt% and 4 wt% concentrations were measured as 1.3 ± 0.2 m/s and 1.5 ± 0.1 m/s with about 11% and 14% of errors as compared with that obtained by standard mechanical testing, respectively. In addition, the spatial resolution of Rev3D-OCE as determined from the edge response measurement at the boundary between two gelatins of 3 wt% and 4 wt% concentrations was measured to be 0.3 millimeters.
High breakdown voltage AlGaN/GaN heterojunction field effect transistors on sapphire (2008)

Abstract AlGaN/GaN heterojunction field effect transistors (HFETs) on sapphire substrates for high‐power switching applications were fabricated using a self‐align process. Without any additional field plate design, the fabricated devices with gate‐drain spacing (L gd ) of 16 µm exhibited a high breakdown voltage (BV) of 1580 V with a specific on‐resistance (AR on ) of 4.0 mΩ‐cm 2 . This result approaches the SiC theoretical limit. The BV‐AR on performance showed a linear trend with variations of L gd , indicating a predictable performance. In addition, the effects of the source and drain contact lengths L s and L d on AR on have also been investigated and optimized. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Isolation and Expansion of Cardiosphere‐Derived Stem Cells (2011)

Abstract The isolation and in vitro expansion of stem cells from the adult heart may provide a cell therapy for regenerating damaged myocardium. Cardiac stem cells can be isolated via magnetic or fluorescent cell sorting using specific cell‐surface markers, including c‐kit, Sca‐1, and Isl‐1. Because these isolation methods yield relatively few cells, substantial in vitro expansion is required to generate sufficient cell numbers for therapy. An alternative method uses cells spontaneously shed from cultured heart explants, which are harvested, induced to form cardiospheres, and expanded as a monolayer for several passages. This method for generating therapeutically relevant numbers of cells in a shorter time period than cell surface marker–based isolations is ideally suited for autologous cardiac stem cell therapy after myocardial infarction. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol . 16:2C.3.1‐2C.3.12. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Axioma's Alpha Factor Method: Improving Risk Estimation By Reducing Risk Model Portfolio Selection Bias (2006)

A new method is described for using factor risk models when estimating portfolio risk and constructing optimal portfolios. This patent-pending method, designated the Alpha Factor Method, adjusts the factor risk model risk estimate of a portfolio suspected of having underestimated risk. This reduces the risk underestimation bias that is unavoidable for optimized portfolios. Empirical backtests indicate that use of the Alpha Factor Method improves the accuracy of risk estimation and leads to superior portfolio construction for optimized portfolios.
Novel memristive logic architectures (2016)

We present techniques for realising reliable logic functions and more complex systems based on the switching characteristics of memristors. First we show that memristors have inherent properties for representing multiple valued MIN-MAX logic over the post algebra. We also present efficient architectures for realising multifunction logic gates, and present a technique with hybrid 1T-4M architecture for seamless integration with existing CMOS logic. Memristors have tremendous potential for security aware hardware synthesis. To this end, we present design methods for realising highly efficient Galois Field circuits, which are widely used in crypto hardware, based on our 1T-4M architectures. Experimental results show that our proposed design requires significantly lower power while maintaining reliable operations at high frequencies compared to the CMOS counterparts.
A multi-banded system architecture for ultra-wideband communications (2004)

The FCC ruling in 2002 allowing for the unlicensed deployment of ultra-wideband (UWB) devices for communications purposes in the 3.1-10.6 GHz band has sparked great interest in the industry. In particular, the IEEE 802.15.3a task group is currently developing a standard for high-rate, short-range wireless communication systems that is expected to use UWB technology. One of the main challenges for UWB system design is minimizing the possible interference to other narrowband systems, while, at the same time, dealing with the large interference that may be coming from these narrowband systems into the UWB receiver. Traditional UWB systems have used very short time impulses that occupy several giga-hertz of bandwidth. This approach makes it difficult to efficiently avoid other system that may be sharing the same band. This paper will describe a channel model that has been adopted by the industry to evaluate the merits of different UWB physical layer approaches and introduce an alternate approach to a high-rate UWB system that is based upon the concatenation of multiple narrower band UWB waveforms.
High-resolution imaging of mouse anatomy with a multi-purpose optoacoustic tomography system (2011)

Optoacoustic imaging can noninvasively provide visualization of vasculature structures with optical contrast well below the skin surface. For meaningful biological investigations, high-resolution at mesoscopic penetration depths and therefore thorough adaption of the systematic arrangement to the object of interest is required. A suitable modular optoacoustic tomography system is presented here and its performance is demonstrated in three exemplary studies on imaging agar phantoms, mouse head vasculature and mouse tumor vasculature ex-vivo.
A TEM/STEM and APFIM study of nitrogen distribution in inert-gas-atomized type 304 stainless steels (1994)

The attraction of austenitic stainless steels lies in the combination of their mechanical and physical properties and corrosion resistance. However, a major disappointment is their relatively low strength. Over the years, continued efforts have been made to try to improve the strength of conventionally processed austenitic steels without sacrificing other properties. Using nitrogen as an alloying element can very effectively increase the strength of austenitic stainless steels while maintaining a high toughness. Improved resistance to intergranular corrosion and longer creep-to-rupture time1 werealso reported among nitrogen-containing austenitic steels. Though there is little doubt that interstitial nitrogen is responsible for the improved mechanical properties, the strengthening mechanism by nitrogen can not be explained successfully in a “conventional sense”, i.e. despite its smaller atomic size, nitrogen was found to increase the yield strength at 4K more than carbon does by a factor of about 2. One reason for the lack of understanding of nitrogen strengthening mechanism is because of thedifficulty of detecting low atomic number elements as well as possible short range order that may exist between interstitial and substitutional atoms.
Experimental characterization of phase tuning using fine wavelength offsets in a tunable complex-coefficient optical tapped-delay-line (2014)

We use fine-detuning of pump wavelengths to adjust the tap phases in a complex-coefficient optical tapped-delay-line that utilizes conversion/dispersion-based delays and nonlinear wave mixing. Full 2π phase tuning is demonstrated by detuning the frequency of laser pumps by <20  GHz, which shows close agreement with theory.
Apparatus and Initial Results for Pressurized Planar Electrochromatography (2004)

Pressurized planar electrochromatography (PPEC) is a new planar chromatographic technique in which the mobile phase is driven by electroosmotic flow, while the sorbent layer is pressurized in a manner that allows heat to flow from the layer through an electrically insulating, thermally conducting, sheet of aluminum nitride ceramic. A prototype apparatus for performing PPEC is described. Separation by PPEC is faster than by conventional TLC, and an example is presented of a 24-fold enhancement in the speed of separation. PPEC was performed on both regular and high-performance C18 layers, and the latter yield substantially faster separation. The sorbent layer requires conditioning at elevated temperature before use, and solute migration velocity increases with this temperature. The flow rate increases in a linear manner with increasing voltage and diminishes in a nonlinear manner with increasing pressure. Both electrical current and Joule heating diminish with increasing pressure, and the diminution of flow at high pressure can be compensated by an increase in voltage. PPEC is more efficient than classical TLC. Theoretical plate heights diminish with increasing Rf and are in the range 29−21 and 55−27 μm for the high-performance and regular plates, respectively. PPEC retains the advantages of classical TLC but has the ability to separate a substantially higher number of samples simultaneously. An example is presented on the separation of nine samples in 1 min on a 2.5 cm × 10 cm sorbent layer.
Use of Superelastic Nitinol and Highly-Stretchable Latex to Develop a Tongue Prosthetic Assist Device and Facilitate Swallowing for Dysphagia Patients (2019)

We introduce a new tongue prosthetic assist device (TPAD), which shows the first prosthetic application for potential treatment of swallowing difficulty in dysphagia patients. The native tongue has a number of complex movements that are not feasible to mimic using a single mechanical prosthetic device. In order to overcome this challenge, our device has three key features, including (1) a superelastic nitinol structure that transfers the force produced by the jaws during chewing towards the palate, (2) angled composite tubes for guiding the nitinol strips smoothly during the motion, and (3) highly stretchable thin polymeric membrane as a covering sheet in order to secure the food and fluids on top of the TPAD for easy swallowing. A set of mechanical experiments has optimized the size and angle of the guiding tubes for the TPAD. The low-profile TPAD was successfully placed in a cadaver model and its mobility effectively provided a simplistic mimic of the native tongue elevation function by applying vertical chewing motions. This is the first demonstration of a new oral device powered by the jaw motions in order to create a bulge in the middle of the mouth mimicking native tongue behavior.
Statistical gender analysis based on fingerprint ridge density (2013)

It is known that fingerprints' properties have differences in different genders. Furthermore, it is determined as women's epidermal ridge details are thin and men's epidermal ridge details are thick. However, only some races are researched in statistical studies which proof the truth of this acceptance. In this study, it is analysed whether women have more ridge count than men in a certain area of fingerprint with using Bayesian theorem. The database which consist of fingerprints we received from 380 Turkish male and 380 Turkish female citizens are used in this statistical analysis. The age range of the subjects is 17-24. Index fingers of right hands are examined in the study. For comparing with literature, the ridge counts are calculated by choosing a 5×5 square milimeters area. The ridge counts in this area are important for determining gender. The results show similarities with the literature. It is found that the average ridge density of women is 14,10 ridges/25square milimeters and the average ridge density of men is 11,49 ridges/25square milimeters. This study which is done by using Turkish people is the first study in its area and it is confirming the relationship between fingerprint and gender.
Evaluation and Correction for Optical Scattering Variations in Laser Speckle Rheology of Biological Fluids (2013)

Biological fluids fulfill key functionalities such as hydrating, protecting, and nourishing cells and tissues in various organ systems. They are capable of these versatile tasks owing to their distinct structural and viscoelastic properties. Characterizing the viscoelastic properties of bio-fluids is of pivotal importance for monitoring the development of certain pathologies as well as engineering synthetic replacements. Laser Speckle Rheology (LSR) is a novel optical technology that enables mechanical evaluation of tissue. In LSR, a coherent laser beam illuminates the tissue and temporal speckle intensity fluctuations are analyzed to evaluate mechanical properties. The rate of temporal speckle fluctuations is, however, influenced by both optical and mechanical properties of tissue. Therefore, in this paper, we develop and validate an approach to estimate and compensate for the contributions of light scattering to speckle dynamics and demonstrate the capability of LSR for the accurate extraction of viscoelastic moduli in phantom samples and biological fluids of varying optical and mechanical properties.
Oxytocin Receptor Blockade: A New Principle in the Treatment of Preterm Labor? (1989)

The concentration of myometrial and decidual oxytocin receptors increases dramatically in normal women in late pregnancy, causing enhanced uterine sensitivity to physiologic levels of oxytocin. Similar increase in myometrial oxytocin receptors has been found in women in preterm labor, indicating a role for oxytocin also in idiopathic preterm labor. A newly synthesized oxytocin analogue, 1-deamino-2-D-Tyr-(OEt)-4-Thr-8-Orn-oxytocin, has been found to be a competitive inhibitor of oxytocin. The present study was conducted to test its efficacy in suppressing uterine contractions during preterm labor in women. Twelve patients with established, uncomplicated preterm labor between 27 and 33 weeks of gestational age were given intravenous infusions of the analogue for 1.5 to 13 hours during continuous external cardiotocographic monitoring. In nine patients inhibition of uterine contractions was achieved and further progression in cervical scores was arrested. In three patients, all at 27 weeks of gestational age, no significant tocolytic effect was observed during a 1.5-hour infusion of the analogue and the patients were then given ritodrine intravenously. No side effects were observed in any of the patients. These preliminary findings support the concept that an increased concentration of uterine oxytocin receptors is an important etiologic factor in uncomplicated preterm labor and therefore oxytocin receptor blockade may be a therapeutic alternative for this condition.
Virtual ad hoc network testbeds for network-aware applications (2010)

Testing and evaluation of applications over mobile ad hoc networks is a challenge due to the difficulty of conducting field experiments and regression test. The common practice today is to perform such testing in a virtual ad hoc network testbed before field experiments. Although typical emulated network testbeds can be instrumented to generate and control certain network conditions, there is a class of network-aware applications, including network management systems, that needs to interact with network elements in order to observe and control the network behavior. To support testing and evaluation of such applications, a virtual ad hoc network testbed must allow monitoring as well as runtime configuration and control of the virtual network. Moreover, such virtual network testbeds should i) present a standard-based interface, ii) streamline the testbed setup process, and iii) not require any code modification to the application under test. In this paper, we present techniques that can satisfy the above requirements for a virtual ad hoc network testbed. An SNMP interface was used to illustrate the automation of testbed setup for evaluating applications as is.