gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular Anchors for Self-Assembled Monolayers on ZnO: A Direct Comparison of the Thiol and Phosphonic Acid Moieties (2009)

Two of the most promising schemes for attaching organic molecules to metal oxides are based on the chemistry of the thiol and phosphonic acid moieties. We have made a direct comparison of the efficacy of these two molecular anchors on zinc oxide by comparing the chemical and physical properties of n-hexane derivatives of both. The surface properties of polycrystalline ZnO thin films and ZnO(0001̅)-O crystals modified with 1-hexanethiol and 1-hexanephosphonic acid were examined with a novel quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)-based flow cell reactor, angle-resolved and temperature-dependent photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. A means of using ammonium chloride as a probe of molecule-ZnO interactions is introduced and used to ascertain the relative quality of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) based on thiols and phosphonic acids. QCM data shows that a phosphonic acid-anchored alkyl chain only six carbons long can provide significant corrosion protection for ZnO against Brønsted acids, reducing the etch rate relative to the bare ZnO surface by a factor of more than nine. In contrast, we find that monolayers from the analogous molecule hexanethiol are more defective as revealed by their higher ionic permeability and lower hydrophobicity. Substrate attenuation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments were used to determine the thickness of SAMs formed by the two hexane derivatives and it was found that SAMs from phosphonic acids were approximately twice as thick as those formed by hexanethiol. The thermal stability of the two linking groups was also explored and we find that previous claims of highly stable alkanethiolate monolayers on ZnO are suspect. Taken as a whole, our results indicate that the phosphonic acid moiety is preferred over thiols for the attachment of short alkyl groups to ZnO.
Range Expansion and Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) for Picocell Networks (2011)

Range expansion (RE), when applied with inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) may have significant benefits for improving the throughput and fairness of macrocell/picocell networks. In this paper, first, benefits of RE in the uplink and downlink are reviewed, emphasizing its definitive merit for uplink communications. It is shown that while RE also improves the fairness in the downlink, it may seriously degrade the total system capacity if no ICIC is utilized. Then, a novel cell-selection technique that capitalizes on subframe-blanking at the macrocell is introduced for improving the downlink capacity and fairness. System level simulation results show that the proposed cellselection method adaptively achieves a good balance between sum capacity and fairness, and can be used in place of biasbased cell-selection.
Identification of an “essential” cysteine of nitrate reductase via mutagenesis of its recombinant cytochrome b reductase domain. (1994)

Five cysteine residues in the recombinant cytochrome b reductase domain of corn leaf NADH:nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1) were modified by site-directed mutagenesis. At least two amino acid replacement mutants were generated for each of the 5 cysteines of this domain. Characteristics of the amino acid replacement mutants correlated well with the structural location of the cysteine residues in the preliminary three-dimensional model of the cytochrome b reductase domain: somewhat exposed cysteines could be replaced by hydrophilic amino acid residues, while more buried cysteines by hydrophobic residues. An exception was found for the invariant cysteine near the C terminus, which is found in all nitrate reductases and also in the closely related NADH: cytochrome b5 reductase, as well as, most other members of this flavoenzyme family. No substitution for the invariant cysteine yielded highly active enzyme, although these mutants had normal visible spectra. When the invariant cysteine was mutated to serine, the cytochrome b reductase domain was resistant to inhibition by pchloromercuribenzoate, an inhibitor of nitrate reductases. Kinetic analysis suggested that the catalytic efficiency of the mutant was markedly reduced. We concluded, the invariant cysteine plays an important role in catalysis and may be essential for high catalytic efficiency of nitrate reductases.
[The expression of Fas, FasL and Bcl-2 on RMA cells during the process of apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic drugs]. (2002)

The objective of the study is to explore the effect of Fas, FasL and Bcl-2 on the process of apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic drugs through detecting the expression of Fas, FasL and Bcl-2 on murine lymphoma cell line RMA. Dexamethasone(DEX), etoposide (VP-16), arsenic trioxide As(2)O(3) and all trans-retinoic-acid (ATRA) were added to the RMA cells as well as to the cells preincubated with interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), respectively. The effect on apoptosis was observed and the expression of Fas and FasL mRNA as well as the expression of Fas and Bcl-2 antigen were measured. DEX and VP-16 could promote apoptosis of RMA cells while upregulating the expression of Fas and FasL without affecting the expression of Bcl-2. ATRA downregulated the expression of Bcl-2 without any change of Fas and FasL, and no apoptosis of RMA cells induced by ATRA was observed. Although As(2)O(3) induced apoptosis of RMA cells, it did not affect the expression of Fas, FasL and Bcl-2, which suggested that different drugs induce apoptosis of the same kind of cells by different signal transduction system and apoptosis induced by Fas system needed the coexistence of Fas and FasL. Although IL-2, IL-6 and GM-CSF upregulated the expression of Fas protein when adding to RMA cells separately, none of them induced apoptosis. Apoptosis could be induced by combination of IL-2 and IL-6 along with the upregulation of Fas and FasL. The cytokines facilitated the apoptotic action of chemotherapeutic drugs, the drug concentration for inducing apoptosis decreased and the time period of starting apoptosis shortened. Apoptosis could be observed without the expression of FasL when anti-Fas-antibody was added to RMA cells. The results demonstrated that there was synergistic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs and some cytokines for induction of apoptosis. Fas-FasL system participated in the apoptosis induced by DEX and VP-16; different drugs induce apoptosis by different pathway of signal transduction.
The properties of electrodeposited minerals in seawater (1983)

It would be possible to protect structures located in seawater, and to enhance their strength, by using electrodeposition methods to apply a coating formed from minerals in the seawater. To provide initial background knowledge for this process, experiments have been conducted to determine the effects of the relative placement of electrodes, current density, cathode surface roughness, and the role of biological organisms on the quality of the deposits produced.
Active Vibration Control Using NiTiNOL and Piezoelectric Ceramics (1990)

The results of a study recently completed by Boeing Aerospace & Elec tronics to investigate the use of NiTiNOL Shape Memory Metals as the sensor and actua tor components of active vibration suppression systems are presented. Two different test set-ups consisting of aluminum cantilever beams with NiTiNOL wires fastened along both sides were developed. The test article for the first set-up was a very flexible, low frequency beam which utilized NiTiNOL wires for both sensing and actuation. The test article for the second set-up was a much stiffer, high frequency beam which utilized NiTiNOL wires for sensing and piezoelectric ceramics for actuation. The settling times of both beams were significantly reduced through the use of the NiTiNOL wire sensors and actuators. Analytical simulations were developed which correlated well with the experimental results. The results of the study demonstrated the feasibility of using NiTiNOL sensors and actuators for active vibration control of structural members.
Copper(II) Reagent-Promoted Degradation of <i>N</i>, <i>N</i>′-dialkyldiazenedicarboxamides (2002)

Abstract Degradation of N,N′-dialkyldiazenedicarboxamides with a copper(II) reagent, which was prepared from lithium 4-nitrophenoxide and copper(II) bromide in tetrahydrofuran, proceeded via formation of isocyanate to produce the corresponding 4-nitrophenyl N-alkylcarbamate with the evolution of nitrogen. Further, it was also found that 4-nitrophenyl N-alkylcarbamate reacted with primary or secondary amines to give the corresponding multisubstituted urea. Based on the above results, we developed a new method for the one-pot preparation of multisubstituted ureas from N,N′-dialkyldiazenedicarboxamides.
The Two-Thirds Verdict: A Surviving Anachronism in an Age of Court-Martial Evolution (1983)

tary defendants have attacked the numerical composition and required verdict ratios of military courts-martial based on the differences between the courts-martial and civilian juries.These attacks have been unsuccessful to date since the military appellate courts have attempted to distinguish between juries and courts-marital, based upon the presumed difference in their respective qualitative composition and functions. 6 When such distinctions are examined analytically in light of the evolution of military justice, the reasoning of the military courts appears to be seriously flawed.This Article demonstrates that a deficiency exists in distinctions between juries and courts-martial thus failing to justify any difference in the numerical vote necessary to convict an accused of a non petty offense.I.
Strong anisotropic thermal conductivity of nanoporous silicon (2015)

Nanoporous silicon is known to have a thermal conductivity that is orders of magnitude smaller than the bulk crystalline silicon from which it is formed. Even though the strong columnar microscopic structure of porous silicon indicates the possibility of highly anisotropic thermal properties, there have been no measurements. We report here an experimental investigation of this anisotropy. An analytical heat spreading model with 3ω thermal conductivity measurement method was used to derive both in-plane and cross-plane conductivities. Additionally, we describe a finite element analysis that supports the experimental measurements. Our measurements reveal that because of the nanoscale columnar nature of the material, the in-plane thermal conductivity of nanoporous silicon is 1–2 orders of magnitude smaller than the cross-plane thermal conductivity and 2–3 orders of magnitude smaller than that of crystalline silicon, making it comparable to the best thermal insulators available.
Formation of Virus Assembly Intermediate Complexes in the Cytoplasm by Wild-Type and Assembly-Defective Mutant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Their Association with Membranes (1999)

We have previously identified two distinct forms of putative viral assembly intermediate complexes, a detergent-resistant complex (DRC) and a detergent-sensitive complex (DSC), in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected CD4(+) T cells (Y. M. Lee and X. F. Yu, Virology 243:78-93, 1998). In the present study, the intracellular localization of these two viral assembly intermediate complexes was investigated by use of a newly developed method of subcellular fractionation. In wild-type HIV-1-infected H9 cells, the DRC fractionated with the soluble cytoplasmic fraction, whereas the DSC was associated with the membrane fraction. The DRC was also detected in the cytoplasmic fraction in H9 cells expressing HIV-1 Myr- mutant Gag. However, little of the unmyristylated Gag and Gag-Pol proteins was found in the membrane fraction. Furthermore, HIV-1 Gag proteins synthesized in vitro in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system in the absence of exogenous lipid membrane were able to assemble into a viral Gag complex similar to that of the DRC identified in infected H9 cells. The density of the viral Gag complex was not altered by treatment with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100, suggesting a lack of association of this complex with endogenous lipid. Formation of the DRC was not significantly affected by mutations in assembly domains M and L of the Gag protein but was drastically inhibited by a mutation in the assembly I domain. Purified DRC could be disrupted by high-salt treatment, suggesting electrostatic interactions are important for stabilizing the DRC. The Gag precursor proteins in the DRC were more sensitive to trypsin digestion than those in the DSC. These findings suggest that HIV-1 Gag and Gag-Pol precursors assemble into DRC in the cytoplasm, a process which requires the protein-protein interaction domain (I) in NCp7; subsequently, the DRC is transported to the plasma membrane through a process mediated by the M domain of the matrix protein. It appears that during this process, a conformational change might occur in the DRC either before or after its association with the plasma membrane, and this change is followed by the detection of virus budding structure at the plasma membrane.
Reservoir and Fracture-Flow Characterization Using Novel Diagnostic Plots (2018)

Summary Multistage hydraulically fractured horizontal wells provide an effective means to exploit unconventional reservoirs. The current industry practice in the interpretation of field response often uses empirical decline-curve analysis or pressure-transient analysis/rate-transient analysis (PTA/RTA) for characterization of these reservoirs and fractures. These analytical tools depend on simplifying assumptions and do not provide a detailed description of the evolving reservoir-drainage volume accessed from a well. Understanding of the transient-drainage volume is essential for unconventional-reservoir and fracture assessment and optimization. In our previous study (Yang et al. 2015), we developed a “data-driven” methodology for the production rate and pressure analysis of shale-gas and shale-oil reservoirs. There are no underlying assumptions of fracture geometry, reservoir homogeneity, and flow regimes in the method proposed in our previous study. This approach depends on the high-frequency asymptotic solution of the diffusivity equation in heterogeneous reservoirs. It allows us to determine the well-drainage volume and the instantaneous recovery ratio (IRR), which is the ratio of the produced volume to the drainage volume, directly from the production data. In addition, a new w(τ) plot has been proposed to provide better insight into the depletion mechanisms and the fracture geometry. w(τ) is the derivative of pore volume with respect to τ. In this paper, we build upon our previous approach to propose a novel diagnostic tool for the interpretation of the characteristics of (potentially) complex fracture systems and drainage volume. We have used the w(τ) and IRR plots for the identification of characteristic signatures that imply complex fracture geometry, formation linear flow, partial reservoir completions, and fracture-interference/compaction effects during production. The w(τ) analysis gives us the fracture surface area and formation diffusivity, while the IRR analysis provides additional information on fracture conductivity. In addition, quantitative analysis is conducted using the novel w(τ) plot to interpret fracture-interference time, formation permeability, total fracture surface area, and stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). The major advantages of this current approach are the model-free analysis without assuming planar fractures, homogeneous formation properties, and specific flow regimes. In addition, the w(τ) plot captures high-resolution flow patterns not observed in traditional PTA/RTA analysis. The analysis leads to a simple and intuitive understanding of the transient-drainage volume and fracture conductivity. The results of the analysis are useful for hydraulic-fracturing-design optimization and matrix- and fracture-parameter estimation.
Transaction Processing Using an Untrusted Scheduler in a Multilevel Database with Replicated Architecture (1992)

Abstract : Replicated architecture has been proposed as a way to obtain acceptable performance in a multilevel secure database system. This architecture contains a separate database for each security level such that each contains replicated data from lower security classes. The consistency of the values of replicated data items must be maintained without unnecessarily interfering with concurrency of database operations. This paper provides a protocol to do this that is secure, since it is free of covert channels, and also ensures one-copy serializability of executing transactions. The protocol can be implemented with untrusted processes for both concurrency and recovery.
Interrogating the glycome using click chemistry (2012)

The past several years has seen a rapid development of the bioorthogonal chemical reporter methodology for the labelling of glycoconjugates of living cells and whole organisms. We have shown that 4-dibenzocyclooctynol (DIBO), which can easily be synthesized, reacts exceptionally fast in the absence of a Cu (I) catalyst with azido-containing compounds to give stable triazoles. The use of several cell lines with known defects in glycoconjugate glycosylation validated DIBO as a reagent for determining relative quantities of cell surface glycoconjugate sialylation. Using a chemical reporter strategy in combination with pharmacological treatments, we demonstrated a disease-specific and previously unrecognized accumulation of a diverse set of glycoconjugates in NPC1 and NPC2 fibroblasts within endocytic compartments. The labeled vesicles did not co-localize with the cholesterol-laden compartments of NPC cells, and treatment of either NPC1 or NPC2 cells with cyclodextrin was effective in reducing cholesterol storage and also the endocytic accumulation of sialoglycoproteins. 
Alterations in protein glycosylation occur during development and progression of many diseases, hence glycomics and glycoproteomics have emerged as important tools in glycobiomarker discovery. An enrichment method is described to covalently capture azide-tagged O-GlcNAc proteins, aimed at facilitating mass spectrometric analysis. Furthermore, the modified DIBO-resin is found to be very specific and with efficient enrichment of over 96% of modified O-GlcNAc proteins. A novel phototriggered click strategy is described for activation of cyclopropenones to produce reactive dibenzocyclooctynes upon irradiation for metal-free ligation for labeling of living cells modified with azidocontaining cell surface saccharides. The cyclopropenone-based phototriggered click chemistry offers exciting opportunities to label living organisms in a temporally and spatially controlled manner.
 It was found, for the first time, that the substitution pattern of the dibenzylcyclooctynes influences subcellular location. A highly polar sulfated dibenzocyclooctynylamides (S-DIBO) was developed, and we showed that DIBO can enter cells, thereby labeling intra- and extracellular azido-modified glycoconjugates, whereas S-DIBO cannot pass the cell membrane and therefore is ideally suited for selective labeling of cell surface molecules. The ability to selectively label cell surface molecules will yield unique opportunities for glycomic analysis and the study of glycoprotein trafficking.
Pollutant emission monitoring using QC laser-based mid-IR sensors (2001)

12 Recent advances in mid-IR semiconductor laser technology based on intersubband transitions in InGaAs quantum wells promise a dramatic impact on tunable diode laser-based sensors for trace gases. This paper reports recent progress toward this realization of room-temperature laser-based sensors for combustion-generated pollutants such as NO<SUB>x</SUB> and SO<SUB>x</SUB>. Laboratory measurements of SO<SUB>2</SUB> at 8.6 micrometers are presented with detection limits on the order of 1 ppm. Extensions of these approaches for higher sensitivity measurements in exhaust gas conditions are described, as well as measurements of SO<SUB>3</SUB>.
IS <i>6110</i> , a <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Complex-Specific Insertion Sequence, Is Also Present in the Genome of <i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i> , Suggestive of Lateral Gene Transfer among Mycobacterial Species (2008)

IS6110 is an insertion element found exclusively within the members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), and because of this exclusivity, it has become an important diagnostic tool in the identification of MTBC species. The restriction of IS6110 to the MTBC is hypothesized to arise from the inability of these bacteria to exchange DNA. We have identified an IS6110-related element in a strain of Mycobacterium smegmatis. The presence of IS6110 indicates that lateral gene transfer has occurred among mycobacterial species, suggesting that the mycobacterial gene pool is larger than previously suspected.
Facilitated Oxygen Chemisorption in Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon for Improved Oxygen Reaction Activity in All‐Solid‐State Zinc–Air Batteries (2017)

Driven by the intensified demand for energy storage systems with high-power density and safety, all-solid-state zinc-air batteries have drawn extensive attention. However, the electrocatalyst active sites and the underlying mechanisms occurring in zinc-air batteries remain confusing due to the lack of in situ analytical techniques. In this work, the in situ observations, including X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, of a heteroatom-doped carbon air cathode are reported, in which the chemisorption of oxygen molecules and oxygen-containing intermediates on the carbon material can be facilitated by the electron deficiency caused by heteroatom doping, thus improving the oxygen reaction activity for zinc-air batteries. As expected, solid-state zinc-air batteries equipped with such air cathodes exhibit superior reversibility and durability. This work thus provides a profound understanding of the reaction principles of heteroatom-doped carbon materials in zinc-air batteries.
SoundPark : Exploring Ubiquitous Computing through a Mixed Reality Multi-player Game Experiment. (2009)

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The role of iron and copper molecules in the neuronal vulnerability of locus coeruleus and substantia nigra during aging (2004)

In this study, a comparative analysis of metal-related neuronal vulnerability was performed in two brainstem nuclei, the locus coeruleus (LC) and substantia nigra (SN), known targets of the etiological noxae in Parkinson's disease and related disorders. LC and SN pars compacta neurons both degenerate in Parkinson's disease and other Parkinsonisms; however, LC neurons are comparatively less affected and with a variable degree of involvement. In this study, iron, copper, and their major molecular forms like ferritins, ceruloplasmin, neuromelanin (NM), manganese-superoxide dismutase (SOD), and copper/zinc-SOD were measured in LC and SN of normal subjects at different ages. Iron content in LC was much lower than that in SN, and the ratio heavy-chain ferritin/iron in LC was higher than in the SN. The NM concentration was similar in LC and SN, but the iron content in NM of LC was much lower than SN. In both regions, heavy- and light-chain ferritins were present only in glia and were not detectable in neurons. These data suggest that in LC neurons, the iron mobilization and toxicity is lower than that in SN and is efficiently buffered by NM. The bigger damage occurring in SN could be related to the higher content of iron. Ferritins accomplish the same function of buffering iron in glial cells. Ceruloplasmin levels were similar in LC and SN, but copper was higher in LC. However, the copper content in NM of LC was higher than that of SN, indicating a higher copper mobilization in LC neurons. Manganese-SOD and copper/zinc-SOD had similar age trend in LC and SN. These results may explain at least one of the reasons underlying lower vulnerability of LC compared to SN in Parkinsonian syndromes.