gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Abstract BS2-1: Collective invasion in breast cancer is led by specialized cancer cells with basal gene expression (2015)

Abstract Metastasis is the major driver of mortality and morbidity from breast cancer. Unfortunately, there are very few therapies that are effective in the metastatic setting. The overall hypothesis guiding our work is that a deeper biological understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving metastatic progression would facilitate the development of novel therapeutic concepts. A major barrier to achieving this goal is that the essential cellular steps occur deep within the body over a period of months to years. To overcome this barrier, we developed a novel organoid invasion assay that enables us to prospectively identify the most invasive cells within primary breast tumors. We initially explanted organoids from advanced tumors derived from the MMTV-PyMT transgenic mouse model of luminal B breast cancer. Surprisingly, we discovered that the cells that lead invasion into the extracellular matrix express basal epithelial genes, such as keratin-14, p63, and P-cadherin, both in 3D culture and in vivo. We next demonstrated that the cells leading invasion in mouse models of Her2 overexpressing (MMTV-Neu) and basal breast cancer (C3(1)-Tag) also expressed basal epithelial markers. We then adapted our organoid invasion assay to study primary human breast tumors in real-time and found that keratin-14+ cells lead collective invasion across diverse molecular subtypes of breast cancer, both in 3D culture and in vivo. With these correlations firmly established, we returned to the MMTV-PyMT mouse model to dissect the mechanisms underlying collective invasion. Using a keratin-14 reporter line we revealed that the basal invasion program can be induced in luminal phenotype cancer cells and that these newly keratin-14+ cells can lead collective invasion. We then identified shRNA constructs to knockdown keratin-14 and demonstrated that it is required for collective invasion in 3D culture and in vivo. Our current work focuses on using next generation sequencing to identify targetable genes required for the invasive process and using in vivo lineage analysis to study the relationship between collective invasion and distant metastasis. Citation Format: Andrew J Ewald. Collective invasion in breast cancer is led by specialized cancer cells with basal gene expression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr BS2-1.
A New Approach Towards Fully Homomorphic Encryption Over Geometric Algebra (2019)

The ability to compute on encrypted data in a meaningful way is a subject of increasing interest in both academia and industry. The type of encryption that allows any function to be evaluated on encrypted data is called fully homomorphic encryption, or FHE, and is one promising way to achieve secure computation. The problem was first stated in 1978 by Rivest et al. and first realized by Gentry in 2009, but remains an open problem since an FHE scheme that is both efficient and secure is yet to be presented. Most of the prominent FHE schemes follow Gentry's blueprint which concentrates the efforts of researchers on very similar algebraic structures and noise management techniques. The intrinsic complexity of these schemes results in the similar shortfalls that they share in efficiency. We introduce the application of Geometric Algebra (GA) to encryption in conjunction with p-adic arithmetic and a modified version of the Chinese Remainder Theorem and we demonstrate an efficient, noise-free, symmetric-key FHE scheme. We focus the security analysis on demonstrating that our FHE scheme is not linearly decryptable. Further, we discuss a practical approach for generalizing different types of algebraic structures in the geometric product space of two dimensions, which allows us to export GA operations to other algebras and vice-versa. Our construction supports a variety of applications, from homomorphic obfuscation to general purpose FHE computations.
Fabrication of High-Surface-Area Graphene/Polyaniline Nanocomposites and Their Application in Supercapacitors (2013)

Graphene/polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites were prepared by reducing graphene oxide with hydrazine in the presence of different amounts of polyaniline nanoparticles. In situ cryo-transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of a graphene oxide (GO)/PANI solution revealed that the PANI nanoparticles were anchored on the surface of the GO sheets. During the reduction, the as-adsorbed PANI nanoparticles were sandwiched between layers of graphene sheets. These PANI nanoparticles acted as spacers to create gaps between neighboring graphene sheets, resulting in a higher surface area compared to pure graphene. Graphene/PANI nanocomposites exhibited the high specific surface area of 891 m2/g. Utilizing this composite material, a supercapacitor with a specific capacitance of 257 F/g at a current density of 0.1 A/g has been achieved.
Improved vibration-based damage detection algorithm for structures (1999)

A vibration-based damage detection algorithm is newly derived and its accuracy in damage prediction is evaluated for structures with limited modal parameters. In the first step, existing damage detection algorithms are reviewed and then a new algorithm is developed to improve the accuracy of damage localization and severity estimation by eliminating erratic assumptions and limits in the existing algorithms. The accuracy of the algorithms are assessed when applied to a two-span continuous beam for which pre-damage and post-damage modal parameters are available for only a few modes of vibration. Compared to the existing damage detection algorithms, the newly-derived algorithm improved the accuracy of damage localization and severity estimation results in the test beam.
Carbon nanotube switches for communication and memory applications (2008)

The development of carbon nanotube-based nanoelectromechanical (NEM) switches is described in this work for their potential application in communication and memory systems. Our first NEM structure consists of single walled nanotubes (SWNTs) suspended over shallow trenches in a SiO<sub>2</sub> layer, with a Nb pull electrode beneath. DC measurements of these devices show well-defined ON and OFF states as the tube is actuated electrostatically at a few volts. For high frequency applications, electromagnetic modeling of these devices was performed using FEMLAB to calculate the quasi-static capacitance. An equivalent circuit of our switch was developed from which the swept frequency response was simulated up to 100 GHz in the ON and OFF states. A second NEM switch structure, where the tubes are perpendicular to the substrate is also discussed, which is primarily being developed for nonvolatile memory applications. Here, the growth of multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs) from deep nanopores is described using thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and plasma-enhanced (PE) CVD with Fe and Ni catalyst, respectively, in preparation for the formation of a vertical switch architecture.
Comparative study of large-mode holey and conventional fibers (2001)

Little information exists regarding how large-mode holey fibers compare, in practical terms, with their conventional counterparts. We present what is to our knowledge the first experimental study of mode area and bend loss for a range of large-mode holey and conventional fibers. It is demonstrated here that large-mode holey fibers exhibit mode areas and bending losses that are comparable to those of conventional fibers at 1.55mu . However, the novel wavelength dependence of the numerical aperture in a holey fiber offers a significant advantage for broadband and short-wavelength applications in which single-mode operation is required.
Quantitation of imidazo[1,2‐<i>a</i>]quinoxaline derivatives in human and rat plasma using LC/ESI‐MS (2009)

Since several years, our group developed quinoxalinic compounds. Among the synthesized compounds, in the imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxaline series, EAPB0203 has shown interesting activities both on melanoma and lymphoma. The structure of EAPB0203 has been modulated and a new compound, EAPB0503, exhibits an in vitro cytotoxic activity on melanoma cancer cell line 7-9 times higher than EAPB0203. We validated an LC/ESI-MS method to simultaneously quantify EAPB0503 and its metabolite EAPB0603 in human and rat plasma. Chromatography was performed on a C8 Zorbax eclipse XDB column with a mobile phase consisting of acetronitrile and formate buffer gradient elution. LC-MS data were acquired in SIM mode at m/z 305, 291, and 303 for EAPB0503, EAPB0603, and the internal standard, respectively. The drug/internal standard peak area ratios were linked via quadratic relationships to concentrations (low range: 5-300 microg/L, high range: 100-1000 microg/L). The method is precise (precision, < or = 14%) and accurate (recovery, 92-113%). Mean extraction efficiencies, > 72% for each analyte, were obtained. The lower LOQs were 5 microg/L. This highly specific and sensitive method was successfully used to investigate plasma concentrations of EAPB0503 and EAPB0603 in a pharmacokinetic study carried out in rat and would also be useful in clinical trials at a later stage.
Low fluid loss additive composition. [for plugging highly permeable strata around borehole] (1976)

An oil-soluble, water-insoluble low fluid loss additive composition is comprised of a particulated, homogeneous solid solution of (1) wax; (2) an oil-soluble polyhydroxy higher fatty acid partial ester surface active agent; and (3) a water-dispersible surface active agent such as a polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol, a polyethylene glycol higher fatty acid ester, a polyoxyethylene polyhydroxy higher fatty acid ester, a polyoxyethylene tertiary fatty amine, or a polyoxyethylene fatty amide condensate. The composition can optionally include small amounts of a polymeric material and/or a higher fatty alcohol. The low fluid loss additive composition can be employed in well drilling, completion and workover operations, and in hydraulic fracturing, acidizing, and other well treating applications.
Meteorological approach for detection and removal of rain from videos (2013)

Rain removal algorithms require certain number of consecutive frames for reducing the visibility of rain from videos. These algorithms are designed for the rain videos captured by the fixed camera. In this study, it is demonstrated that using global motion compensation all the rain removal algorithms developed for fixed camera can be used for moving camera too. In this study a novel, efficient and simple algorithm for detection and removal of rain from video using meteorological properties is proposed. Here meteorological properties are used to separate the rain pixels from the non‐rain pixels. The proposed algorithm achieves good accuracy in spite of less number of consecutive frames, which reduces the buffer size and delay. It works only on the intensity plane that further reduces the complexity and execution time significantly. Quantitative and qualitative analyses show that the proposed algorithm removes rain effectively under constrained buffer size and delay in comparison with most of the competing rain removal algorithms.
Deriving signal constraints to accelerate sequential test generation (2002)

We propose a new method to significantly accelerate sequential test generation algorithms. The main idea is to accurately compute signal constraints for large sequential circuits and use these constraints effectively during deterministic sequential test generation. Our signal constraint computation technique is based on three key Ideas: (1) unlike prior techniques (which compute line probabilities assuming only a 0 or 1 logic value for any signal), line probabilities are computed by allowing signals to assume values other than 0 or 1, (2) line justification techniques are employed to update line probabilities, and (3) symbolic simulation is iteratively used in conjunction with line probability computation and line justification to refine the set of values that a signal can assume. Experimental results on several large production and benchmark sequential circuits show that our technique results in a significant reduction (more than 50%) in the test generation time. This reduction is achieved without compromising the fault coverage that can be obtained by the base system. By incorporating our technique into the base system, we obtained higher fault coverage using fewer CPU seconds for a majority of example sequential circuits.
Extending the Representation Capabilities of Shape Grammars: A Parametric Matching Technique for Shapes Defined by Curved Lines (2003)

A shape grammar provides the means to synthesize designs in the language defined by its rules through automated or human interaction. Shape grammar interpreters provide a quick method to move a shape grammar from paper to an implemented design synthesis tool. In this paper, a method of shape addition, subtraction, and matching for two-dimensional shapes consisting of curved and straight lines is outlined. Some results from three implemented shape grammars are shown and their uses are discussed.
Reliable mid-infrared laterally-coupled distributed-feedback interband cascade lasers (2014)

We report on the performance and reliability of laterally-coupled distributed-feedback (DFB) interband cascade lasers designed to operate at 3.6 μm wavelength. A two-step ridge etch process ensures single-transverse-mode operation with minimal lateral current spreading, and a second-order Bragg grating etched alongside the ridge waveguide imposes single-mode DFB operation. Life tests performed on four randomly selected lasers, continuously operating at 40 °C with output power &gt;10 mW, showed no measurable degradation after each laser was operated continuously for more than 1500 h.
Sensors Selection for Continuous Monitoring of Bowel State and Activity (2018)

New research and diagnosis tools are needed to continuously measure bowel state and activity. We investigated functionality of several sensors in vivo and in vitro. Five sensor types, including pressure, infrared, color, conductivity and capacitance, were tested to validate functionality inside the colon. Initial wired prototypes were tested and calibrated in benchtop testing and then inserted intraluminally into pig colon and rectum in three acute surgical procedures. The results from both benchtop and in-vivo testing correlate and indicate that pressure, conductivity, and capacitance measurements could provide information on the state of the bowel and its activity.
High frequency high current point of load modules with integrated planar inductors (2014)

Planar inductors made by mixed laminates of commercially available low-fire Ni-Cu-Zn ferrite tapes and metal-flake composites developed by NEC-TOKIN have been used for the high density integration of point-of-load (POL) modules. The incremental permeability and core loss density were characterized on the toroidal samples under high dc bias. Measurement results demonstrate that both materials are suitable for applications in high frequency high current POL converters. In order to realize a high power density POL module, a multilayer ferrite inductor laminated with alternating layers of ESL 40010 and ESL 40012 in a 1:1 ratio has been fabricated and integrated with the active layer using modified low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) processing. Meanwhile, the standard printed circuit board (PCB) processing has been adopted for the POL integration with a PCB embedded inductor using metal-flake composite materials. These developed 3-dimensional (3-D) integration approaches can be used to reduce the footprint and increase the power density for the high frequency high current POL converter. It is demonstrated that the power efficiency of POL modules with integrated planar inductors can achieve above 87% at operating frequency of 2 MHz and output current of 15 A. Additionally, no obvious efficiency degradation was observed on the integrated POL modules after certain numbers of thermal cycling from -40 °C to +150 °C.
Survivability of Affordable High Temperature Polymer Matrix Composites for Propulsion Engine Components (2003)

PMR-type polyimides are regarded as state of the art high temperature polymers, due to their excellent thermo-mechanical properties and thermo-oxidative stability. One of their drawbacks, however is the inability to process them using cost-effective processing methods such as Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) and Resin Film Infusion (RFI). Development of low viscosity, high temperature polymers has been the subject of intense research. Recently, a new generation of low viscosity polyimides were synthesized by the introduction of twisted biphenyl or binapthyl groups into the backbone. This report details the progress for Year 1, which has involved acquiring samples and initiating Phases I and II of the proposed research. Specifically, studies of the process-property relationships of a series of polymers using oligomers based on 2,3,3' ,4'-biphenyltertracarboxylic dianhydride (PBDA) and a mixture of a diamine, BAX and a triamine, 1,3,5-Tris (4-aminophenoxybenzene), TAB, where the amount of TAB was varied have been initiated. The sample containing 10 percent TAB possesses a slightly higher degree of crystalline order versus that of the 20 percent TAB sample, based on x-ray diffraction studies of the b-staged oligomers. Both systems lose all of the crystalline order upon curing, however. The chemorheology has been studied as a function of the TAB content. While the magnitude of the viscosity is essentially the same for both systems, the cure kinetics of the 10 percent TAB system is faster than that for the 20 percent TAB system. The sample exhibits a melting-recrystallization-remelting behavior before the crosslinking commences. Correlation of other kinetic parameters, such as the activation energies for curing, the Tg and mechanical properties to the structure of these systems is underway. Future studies will involve characterization of mechanical and thermal properties of the pure resins and the fabrication of fiber reinforced composites using these materials.
Non-destructive method for determining neutron exposure (1983)

A non-destructive method for determination of neutron exposure in an object, such as a reactor pressure vessel, is based on the observation of characteristic gamma-rays emitted by activation products in the object by using a unique continuous gamma-ray spectrometer. The spectrometer views the object through appropriate collimators to determine the absolute emission rate of these characteristic gamma-rays, thereby ascertaining the absolute activity of given activation products in the object. These data can then be used to deduce the spatial and angular dependence of neutron exposure at regions of interest within the object.
Linearly π-conjugated oligothiophenes as simple metal-free sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (2015)

Oligothiophenes with a terminal acceptor anchoring group can act as simple and efficient metal-free sensitizers for DSSCs.
Projection-type electron spectroscopy collimator analyzer for charged particles and x-ray detections (2021)

We developed a compact sized device for angular and energy analysis of charged particles in a wide acceptance cone angle of nearly 1π steradian. This device is configured from an electrostatic lens comprising an axisymmetric aspherical mesh, which has a concave shape viewed from the point source, a set of axisymmetric electrodes, planar grids, microchannel plates, and a fluorescent screen positioned coaxially. The potentials of electrodes are adjusted so that the trajectories of the electrons with arbitrarily set kinetic energy are substantially parallelized by the electrostatic lens and enter the planar grid perpendicularly. Instead of the planar grid, a collimator plate with parallel holes can be used as an energy band-pass filter. The angular distribution of electrons with the selected kinetic energy is projected directly onto the fluorescent screen without converging and passing through a pinhole. This is a simple but significant electron-optical design to obtain wide-range angular distribution with high angular resolution, and the analyzer can be suitably used for the two-dimensional angular distribution measurements of electrons and ions emitted from surfaces.
Design of a variable stiffness bracing system: Mathematical modeling, fabrication, and dynamic analysis (2015)

This paper presents a new bracing system with variable stiffness springs; this adaptive structural control system is designed to protect buildings against severe vibration and ground movement. The developed variable stiffness bracing (VSB) system comprises four nonlinear steel leaf springs that provide nonlinear and variable stiffness capacity at different frame displacements. The inelastic actions of the VSB system׳s nonlinear leaf springs keep the energy dissipation characteristics and ductility of moment-resisting frames. At large vibration amplitudes, the VSB device restrains unallowably story drift. Therefore, frames display ductile performance. We developed a mathematical model to simulate the mechanical behavior of the system, including the stiffness nonlinearity of the springs. Moreover, we evaluated the efficiency of the VSB implementation in a single-degree-of-freedom system by dynamically analyzing different models: a moment-resisting frame, a conventional braced frame, and a frame using the VSB system. This article discusses and proves the effectiveness of the proposed system through numerical analysis.
A Simple, Rapid Method for the Preparation of [<sup>11</sup>C]Formaldehyde (2008)

A PET project: A powerful reagent for the synthesis of positron-emitting imaging molecules—[11C]formaldehyde—is accessible from [11C]methyl iodide and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in high yields and under mild conditions. Easy access to [11C]formaldehyde expands the scope of the carbon-11 toolbox and will lead to new reaction methodology and imaging compounds.
Power law dispersion from shear wave images (2020)

Many normal soft tissues exhibit dispersion of shear wave phase velocity that is consistent with power law behavior. This rheology is consistent with the fractional Zener model under assumptions that appear to be realistic for normal liver and other tissues. The phenomenon can be measured using multi-frequency reverberant shear wave elastography (R-SWE). A simultaneous multi-frequency R-SWE field can be accomplished by applying an array of external sources that operate at multiple frequencies, for example, 50, 100, 150…500 Hz, all contributing to the shear wave field produced in the target organ. With estimates of phase velocity across this frequency band, the R-SWE approach can obtain a 2-D power law coefficient (PLC) image. The clinical feasibility of this method has been analyzed by assessing the shear wave speed (SWS) and PLC in phantoms and in vivo human organs. For in vivo liver cases, mean SWS (1.99 m/s, 2.29 m/s, and 2.38 m/s) and mean PLC (0.23, 0.44, and 0.43) were estimated for a thin patient, and for two obese patients, respectively. For these cases, the PLC results may be an additional parameter that could help to differentiate the viscoelastic properties in liver tissue and enhanced image contrast in cases where lesions or pathologies show an altered viscoelastic response compared with normal tissue.