gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reading Comprehension Instruction for Students With Learning Disabilities, 1995—2006: A Meta-Analysis (2009)

Meta-analysis procedures were employed to synthesize findings of research for improving reading comprehension of students with learning disabilities published in the decade following previous meta-analytic investigations. Forty studies, published between 1995 and 2006, were identified and coded. Nearly 2,000 students served as participants. Interventions were classified as fundamental reading skills instruction, text enhancements, and questioning/strategy instruction—including those that incorporated peer-mediated instruction and self-regulation. Mean weighted effect sizes were obtained for criterion-referenced measures: .69 for treatment effects, .69 for maintenance effects, and .75 for generalization effects. For norm-referenced tests, the mean effect size was .52 for treatment effects. These outcomes were somewhat lower than but generally consistent with those of previous meta-analyses in their conclusion that reading comprehension interventions have generally been very effective. Higher outcomes were noted for interventions that were implemented by researchers. Implications for practice and further research are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Designer Enzyme and Cell Applications in Industry and in Environmental Monitoring (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Semantic differential repair for input validation and sanitization (2014)

Correct validation and sanitization of user input is crucial in web applications for avoiding security vulnerabilities and erroneous application behavior. We present an automated differential repair technique for input validation and sanitization functions. Differential repair can be used within an application to repair client and server-side code with respect to each other, or across applications in order to strengthen the validation and sanitization checks. Given a reference and a target function, our differential repair technique strengthens the validation and sanitization operations in the target function based on the reference function. It does this by synthesizing three patches: a validation, a length, and a sanitization patch. Our automated patch synthesis algorithms are based on forward and backward symbolic string analyses that use automata as a symbolic representation. Composition of the three automatically synthesized patches with the original target function results in the repaired function, which provides stronger validation and sanitization than both the target and the reference functions.
Numerical Simulations of the Slingatron (2002)

Abstract : The slingatron mass accelerator is described for several track configurations (shapes), and numerical simulations of this accelerating mass traversing a given track configuration are presented. The sled is modeled as a point mass that interacts with the slingatron track using both a conventional and a new empirical velocity dependent friction law. The closed loop circular slingatron was found to produce high maximum sled velocities provided the gyration angular speed is always increasing. In contrast several spiral shaped slingatron tracks reveal that high maximum sled velocities are obtainable with the gyration speed held constant. In fact a slingatron constructed out of semi-circles is shown capable of generating high velocity sleds in such a way that no initial sled injection is necessary. Choosing the proper initial gyration phase with an empirically determined friction model allows the mass sled to gain ever-increasing velocities when placed in a semi-circle slingatron. The sled bearing pressure and its total acceleration are examined and presented.
BAAT: Towards Dynamically Managing Battery Aging in Green Datacenters (2015)

Energy storage devices (batteries) have shown great promise in eliminating supply/demand power mismatch and reducing energy/power cost in green datacenters. These important components progressively age due to irregular usage patterns, which result in less effective capacity and even pose serious threat to server availability. Nevertheless, prior proposals largely ignore the aging issue of batteries or simply use ad-hoc discharge capping to extend their lifetime. To fill this critical void, we thoroughly investigate battery aging on a heavily instrumented prototype over an observation period of six months. We propose battery anti-aging treatment (BAAT), a novel framework for hiding, reducing, and planning the battery aging effects. We show that BAAT can extend battery lifetime by 69%. It enables datacenters to maximally utilize energy storage resources to enhance availability and boost performance. Moreover, it reduces 26% battery cost and allows datacenters to economically scale in the big data era.
The perils of <i>Cc</i> revisited (1997)

The space groups of 98 structures originally reported in Cc are revised. In 75 cases the revised space group is C 2/ c and the revision entails adding a center of symmetry, usually leading to large changes in bond lengths and angles. In the remaining 23 cases, where the revised space group is Fdd 2, R 3 c or (in one case) I \overline 4 c 2, the lattice type is changed but no center is added; in these cases the molecular dimensions are effectively unchanged.
Lower bounds on the minimum hamming distance achievable with runlengh constrained or DC free block codes and the synthesis of a (16,8) D&lt;inf&gt;min&lt;/inf&gt;= 4 DC free block code (1984)

Error correction coding gain can be obtained with dc free magnetic recording codes having a minimum Hamming distance <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d_{\min}\geq 4</tex> . In this information theoretic paper we establish lower bounds on the minimum Hamming distance achievable with (2n,k) (ie R = k/2n) block codes with runlength constrained or dc free sequences, and present a table with the computed guaranteed minimum values of k for (2n,k) dc free block codes with (b=0, l=2n-1, C=n) sequences, a specified block length 2n and desired minimum Hamming distance <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d_{\min}</tex> . Subsequently, we present the formal synthesis of a (16,8) <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d_{\min}=4</tex> code with sequences which have, in NRZ notation, a minimum runlength of 1 and maximum runlength of 8, while the bound on the maximum instantaneous accumulated charge is C = 5. This accumulated charge returns to zero at the end of each 16 bit code word. Encoding and decoding schemes for the synthesized code are also proposed.
Fermi Level Depinning on n-Epitaxial GeSn by Yb Stanogermanide Formation With Low-Contact Resistivity (2016)

Processes for Fermi level (FL) depinning on n-type epitaxial GeSn (N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</sub> of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">19</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> ) were studied to obtain ohmic contact by forming Yb stanogermanide through α-GeSn/Yb/ n-GeSn and SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /Yb/n-GeSn structure with 500 °C annealing. Compared with Al/n-GeSn contacts which show Schottky conduction, Yb stanogermanide contacts from both structures exhibit ohmic-like behavior, implying the effectiveness to mitigate FL pinning. Nevertheless, the one with α-GeSn capping layer is more desirable, since it reveals superior characteristics to the other counterpart in terms of higher reverse current, a small Schottky barrier height (Φ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">BN</sub> ) of 0.13 eV, a low contact resistivity ( <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Pc</sub> ) of 3.8 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-7</sup> Ω-cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and smoother surface roughness. The root cause that explains the phenomenon is the better morphology of the stanogermanide due to the α-GeSn capping layer that helps minimize the excess Ge/Sn consumption and nonuniform diffusion from the n-type epitaxial GeSn. By combining these promising properties, Yb stanogermanide formed with α-GeSn capping layer empowering the emerging GeSn technology.
Survival of bundleless hair cells and subsequent bundle replacement in the bullfrog's saccule (2002)

Our senses of hearing and balance depend upon hair cells, the sensory receptors of the inner ear. Millions of people suffer from hearing and balance deficits caused by damage to hair cells as a result of exposure to noise, aminoglycoside antibiotics, and antitumor drugs. In some species such damage can be reversed through the production of new cells. This proliferative response is limited in mammals but it has been hypothesized that damaged hair cells might survive and undergo intracellular repair. We examined the fate of bullfrog saccular hair cells after exposure to a low dose of the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin to determine whether hair cells could survive such treatment and subsequently be repaired. In organ cultures of the bullfrog saccule a combination of time-lapse video microscopy, two-photon microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunocytochemistry showed that hair cells can lose their hair bundle and survive as bundleless cells for at least 1 week. Time-lapse and electron microscopy revealed stages in the separation of the bundle from the cell body. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of cultures fixed 2, 4, and 7 days after antibiotic treatment showed that numerous new hair bundles were produced between 4 and 7 days of culture. Further examination revealed hair cells with small repaired hair bundles alongside damaged remnants of larger surviving bundles. The results indicate that sensory hair cells can undergo intracellular self-repair in the absence of mitosis, offering new possibilities for functional hair cell recovery and an explanation for non-proliferative recovery.
Historic Districts and Land Values (1991)

We measure the net effect of historic districting on the value of federally certified historic sites. The impact could be either positive or negative depending on the tension between positive externality effects and the constraints on property rights. Since federally certified historic parcels are not severely encumbered by regulations, we expect positive externality effects to dominate any negative effects of constraining rights. We find that the net effect of historic districting on land values is significantly positive. We also find that while residential parcels within historic districts attract a huge price premium of 131%, the premium associated with nonresidential parcels within historic districts is statistically insignificant.
Metal etcher qualification using angular scatterometry (2005)

The deployment of angular scatterometry as a powerful and effective process control methodology has recently included the measurement of etched metal features in a typical complex Aluminum stack. With the control of metal process steps taking a more critical role in silicon manufacturing, a fast, reproducible and accurate methodology for measuring CD and depth is necessary. With the half-pitch of the metal pattern being as low as the minimum device feature, etch rate measurements on above-micron test structures are hardly indicative of the pattern-dependent etch profiles and behavior. Angular scatterometry offers a non-destructive, fast and powerful approach for measuring the profiles of the yield-relevant array features in metal applications. In this work we demonstrate the application of angular scatterometry to the qualification of metal etchers. Etch depth is difficult to control and must be inspected with slow techniques such as profilometry. In addition to the slow response time and sparse radial sampling, contact profilometry is susceptible to residual resist and polymer residue as well as to the variations in the TiN ARC layer affecting the measurement of the Aluminum etch rates. We show that the choice of a suitable profile model and accurate knowledge of the optical properties allow scatterometry to overcome all of these traditional challenges. We demonstrate that angular scatterometry is sensitive to the parameters of interest for controlling metal etchers, specifically etch depth, CD and profile. Across an experimental design that introduced intentional variations in these parameters, angular scatterometry results were able to track the variations accurately. In addition, profile results determined through scatterometry compare favorably with cross-sectional SEM images and measurements. Measurement precision results will also be presented.
<title>Generation of 3D geometric models from unstructured 3D points</title> (1995)

Devices such as videocameras, VCRs, microphones, and fax machines have had a great impact on society because they allow various aspects of the physical world to be acquired, stored, transmitted, and reinstantiated. An important physical form that has received little attention is that of 3D shape. Emerging technologies allowing the acquisition and reinstantiation of 3D shape (3D laser scanners and solid freeform fabrication) are motivating numerous applications, including reverse engineering, traditional non-CAD design, and 3D faxing. However, for 3D scanning to realize its full potential, software must be developed to allow the reconstruction of useful 3D geometric models from the raw data that scanners produce. This work addresses surface reconstruction: the recovery of concise, accurate piecewise smooth surface models from scanned 3D points. We present a surface reconstruction method that is significantly more general than previous ones. Neither the topological type of the surface, its geometry, nor the location of its sharp features are known in advance -- all are inferred from the data points. A key ingredient is the introduction of a new class of subdivision surfaces allowing the representation of sharp features such as creases and corners. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the method using both simulated and real data.
High temperature superconductor circuit components for cryogenic microwave systems (2002)

Recent progress in high temperature superconductor (HTS) technology has improved the prospects for a new generation of hybrid microwave systems based on passive HTS circuits and active semiconductor devices operating around 77 K. In this paper a review of the current state of passive HTS microwave circuits is given together with a critical appraisal of the problems facing circuit designers using this technology. The major factors to be resolved include the restrictions imposed by HTS film processing methods, the relatively low power-handling capability of HTS circuits and the rationale for moving to a liquid nitrogen cooled environment. These issues and the competition from other technologies are discussed with potential markets in mind.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Discovering governing equations from data by sparse identification of nonlinear dynamical systems (2016)

Extracting governing equations from data is a central challenge in many diverse areas of science and engineering. Data are abundant whereas models often remain elusive, as in climate science, neuroscience, ecology, finance, and epidemiology, to name only a few examples. In this work, we combine sparsity-promoting techniques and machine learning with nonlinear dynamical systems to discover governing equations from noisy measurement data. The only assumption about the structure of the model is that there are only a few important terms that govern the dynamics, so that the equations are sparse in the space of possible functions; this assumption holds for many physical systems in an appropriate basis. In particular, we use sparse regression to determine the fewest terms in the dynamic governing equations required to accurately represent the data. This results in parsimonious models that balance accuracy with model complexity to avoid overfitting. We demonstrate the algorithm on a wide range of problems, from simple canonical systems, including linear and nonlinear oscillators and the chaotic Lorenz system, to the fluid vortex shedding behind an obstacle. The fluid example illustrates the ability of this method to discover the underlying dynamics of a system that took experts in the community nearly 30 years to resolve. We also show that this method generalizes to parameterized systems and systems that are time-varying or have external forcing.
Analytical systems ranked by freedom from interferences. (1987)

We determined the effect of hemolysis, lipemia, and bilirubinemia on clinical-chemical analytical results under standardized conditions, for serum specimens prepared by us. Our purpose was to assess results obtained with 22 commonly available analytical systems. The quantitative rating scheme described is derived from the observed interference(s) divided by the number of analytical methods evaluated. The combined ranking reveals which chemistry analyzers are least affected and which are most affected by the added substances. Generally, systems that incorporate physical barriers or protein-separation steps perform better than those without thin-film layers, glass-fiber barriers, or dialysis membranes. Among the "direct" analyzers, fewer interferences are seen if appropriate "blanking" wavelengths are used, especially if a "specimen blank" absorbance is used appropriately in the analytical system. Centrifugal analyzers tended to perform poorly, according to the criteria presented here.
Post-Keynesian policing (1996)

Two broad governamental rationalities may be discerned in the overall discourses of community policing since the 1960s. The first is a Keynesian, welfarist form which links plice to the community via extended welfare-service and protective roles. This was associated with relations of expertise that subordinated the public in a dependent, client relation. The ascendancy of post-Keynesian plitical rationalities replaces this model with one in which the community appears as knowledgeable about local conditions, and (with some training) competent to from a partnership with plice. Discourses of community policing thus have manifested an altered content of ‘community’ over this period. In the early years, community was the local site of state and social forms of intervention. In recent years the emphasis has been on images of the community as voluntary rather than imposed, private rather than state or public, co-operative rather than hierarchical. This image of ‘community’ is particularly attractive to post-Keynesian governance, as it eschews the social yet rafers to relational forms capable of dealing with problems which cannot readily be left to individual efforts. This renders it both conceptually and practically a preferred successor to state and social forms of governing security.
Standardized comparison of antiseptic efficacy of triclosan, PVP-iodine, octenidine dihydrochloride, polyhexanide and chlorhexidine digluconate (2010)

Tests under standardized and harmonized conditions help to choose the most efficacious agent. When a prolonged contact time is feasible, ranking of agents would be polyhexanide = octenidine > chlorhexidine > triclosan > PVP-iodine. This is consistent with the recommendations for antisepsis of acute wounds. Polyhexanide seems to be preferable for chronic wounds due to its higher tolerability. If an immediate effect is required, ranking would be octenidine = PVP-iodine>> polyhexanide > chlorhexidine > triclosan.
Synthesis of Schiff and Mannich Bases of Isatin Derivatives with 4-Amino-4,5-Dihydro-1H-1,2,4-Triazole-5-Ones (2008)

Ethyl imidate hydrochlorides 1 were prepared by passing HCl gas through solutions of substituted benzyl cyanides and absolute ethanol. Ethoxycarbonylhydrazones 2 were synthesized from the reaction of compounds 1 with ethyl carbazate. Treatment of 2 with hydrazine hydrate leads to the formation of substituted 4-amino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-ones 3. Isatin and 5-chloroisatin were added to 3 to form Schiff bases 4 and N-Mannich bases 5 of these compounds were synthesized by reacting with formaldehyde and piperidine. Their chemical structures were confirmed by means of IR, (1)H- and (13)C-NMR data and by elemental analysis.
Generative Counterfactual Introspection for Explainable Deep Learning (2019)

In this work, we propose an introspection technique for deep neural networks that relies on a generative model to instigate salient editing of the input image for model interpretation. Such modification provides the fundamental interventional operation that allows us to obtain answers to counterfactual inquiries, i.e., what meaningful change can be made to the input image in order to alter the prediction. We demonstrate how to reveal interesting properties of the given classifiers by utilizing the proposed introspection approach on both the MNIST and the CelebA dataset.
The Operational Feature Exchange Language (2018)

Abstract: "This collection of documents describes the existing Feature Exchange Language (FEL) as it is implemented in the prototype Intelligent Machining Workstation (IMW). The original design of FEL is described, the FEL interface to several IMW subsystems (Planning, Modeling, and Holding) is explained in considerable detail, and the implementations for both the Sun Unix C++ and the TI Explorer Lisp environments are explained."
Digital Converter for Differential Capacitive Sensors (2008)

A digital converter that directly translates variations in the capacitances of a differential-type capacitive sensor to a proportional digital value is described in this paper. A conventional dual-slope, analog-to-digital converter is suitably modified to obtain direct capacitance-to-digital conversion (CDC). Analysis of the proposed technique indicates that the effects of nonidealities and variations in circuit parameters on the performance of the CDC is either in the form of a gain error and/or an offset, both of which can be easily compensated. Simulation studies and experimental results obtained from a prototype built and tested prove the efficacy of the proposed scheme.