gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cement Evaluation Behind Thick-Walled Casing With Advanced Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Technolgy: Pushing the Limit (2013)

With the global onset of more complex and extreme drilling conditions, specialized well designs and equipment are no longer the exception, but the norm. Increased government oversight has also impacted asset development, emphasizing well integrity assurance and operational safety. In turn, intervention tools are being re-engineered to cater to these challenges. Ultrasonic pulse-echo technology has been successfully used for many years for cement evaluation behind casing up to 0.75-in. thick. Conventional ultrasound-based waves, however, cannot generate proper signal levels and penetrate thick-walled casing commonly used in deepwater well completions. However, advanced ultrasonic technology can resolve this issue. Preliminary investigation of various transducer materials and excitation techniques was followed by chamber testing to verify data quality and repeatability over a range of cement slurries and casing sizes. Laboratory results indicate that cement impedance can be reliably obtained behind casing of up to 1.2-in. thick. The application of this novel service can be of particular benefit in high-cost, high-risk assets (ultra-deepwater Gulf of Mexico, West Africa, and offshore Brazil, etc.), where well integrity assurance and reduced intervention time and cost are of paramount importance.
Reducing system noise in copy number data using principal components of self-self hybridizations (2011)

Genomic copy number variation underlies genetic disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, and congenital heart disease. Copy number variations are commonly detected by array based comparative genomic hybridization of sample to reference DNAs, but probe and operational variables combine to create correlated system noise that degrades detection of genetic events. To correct for this we have explored hybridizations in which no genetic signal is expected, namely "self-self" hybridizations (SSH) comparing DNAs from the same genome. We show that SSH trap a variety of correlated system noise present also in sample-reference (test) data. Through singular value decomposition of SSH, we are able to determine the principal components (PCs) of this noise. The PCs themselves offer deep insights into the sources of noise, and facilitate detection of artifacts. We present evidence that linear and piecewise linear correction of test data with the PCs does not introduce detectable spurious signal, yet improves signal-to-noise metrics, reduces false positives, and facilitates copy number determination.
Fabrication and Characterization of Visible-Light-Driven Plasmonic Photocatalyst Ag/AgCl/TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotube Arrays (2009)

Conventional TiO2 photocatalyst possesses excellent activities and stabilities, but requires near-ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (about 4% of the solar spectrum) for effective photocatalysis, thereby severely limiting its practical application. It is highly desirable to develop a photocatalyst that can use visible light in high efficiency under sunlight irradiation. In this work, we prepare new visible-light-driven plasmonic photocatalyst Ag/AgCl/TiO2 nanotube arrays (NTs) by depositing AgCl nanoparticles (NPs) into the self-organized TiO2 NTs, and then reducing partial Ag+ ions in the surface region of the AgCl particles to Ag0 species under xenon lamp irradiation. The prepared metal−semiconductor nanocomposite plasmonic photocatalyst exhibits a highly visible-light photocatalytic activity for photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in water and stability. A new plasmonic photocatalytic mechanism, which is proposed on the basis of the fact that the Ag NPs are photoexcited due to plasmon resonance and charge separation, is accomplished by the transfer of photoexcited electrons from the Ag NPs to the TiO2 conduction band and the simultaneous transfer of compensative electrons from a donor (Cl−) to the Ag NPs. The proposed mechanism is further confirmed by the experiments of hydroxyl radical and transient photocurrent response. The prepared photocatalysts are also of great interest in solar cell, catalysis, separation technology, biomedical engineering, and nanotechnology. This study may provide new insight into the design and preparation of advanced visible-light photocatalytic materials.
APPLIED TORQUE. THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TWISTING THINGS (1980)

A detailed analysis is presented on torque, the force that twists an object around an axis. Characteristics of preload in a bolted joint are described, and the design of bolted joints is discussed, as influenced by the expected load, geometry of the joint, gaskets, strength, elasticity, compressibility of the bolts and parts, and economics. The advantages of the torque wrench in measuring preload are considered. Factors influencing the fatigue value of a bolt include surface finish, size, reliability, temperature, and stress concentration factors. No single reliable formula can indicate the optimum size and preload of a bolt for given applications; experimental loading of the joints while monitoring with accurate test equipment is the only certain method. In real life, assembly errors can cause the best preload to drift off course in either direction. Recommendations include knowing the correct value of a bolt; using correct units of measurement; and using bolts with clean and well lubricated threads. A fastener that is already tight should never be torqued or retorqued without first being loosened, cleaned and lubricated. Torque wrenches should be kept in a safe, protected place.
A functional description of the Hearsay-II speech understanding system (2005)

A description of the September, 1976, version of the Hearsay-II system is given at the knowledge-source level, indicating the actions of each knowledge-source and their interactions.
Synthesis of Palm Oil‐Based Diethanolamides (2007)

Abstract In this work, Epoxidized Palm Olein (EPO o ) was blended with Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Kernel Olein (RBDPKO o ) in a range of 10–100% (w/w) to react with diethanolamine (DEA) with a 1:3 molar ratio to produce diethanolamides that retained some epoxides. The epoxidized diethanolamides are proposed as a new type of vegetable oil derived polyols for rigid polyurethane. The optimal reaction temperature is 110 °C for 5 h. In addition, the optimal amount of starting materials were determined to be 40% (w/w) of EPO o blended with 60% (w/w) of RBDPKO o . The diethanolamides appeared as non‐viscous liquid at room temperature with a viscosity of 990.08 cP at 25 °C and 427.09 cP at 40 °C, a cloud point of 21 °C, a pour point of 12 °C and 0.78% of retained oxirane oxygen contents (OOC). The hydroxyl and the amine values of the diethanolamides were determined as 351.85 mg KOH/g sample and 4.5 mg KOH/g sample, respectively. In addition, chemical elucidation of the diethanolamides with functional epoxides was carried out using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) for the purpose of process development and quality control.
[Determination of decabromodiphenyl ethane using high performance liquid chromatography]. (2008)

A method was developed for the quantitative determination of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The sample was separated on a Zorbax C18 column (5 microm, 150 mm x 4.6 mm) at the temperature of 40 degrees C with the elution of methanol-tetrahydrofuran (70:30, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The detection wavelength was 230 nm. The assay exhibited a good linearity in decabromodiphenyl ethane concentration range from 0.001 to 0.100 g/L with a correlation coefficient of 0.9991. The limit of detection was 0.2 mg/L. The recovery was more than 96% (n = 4), and the relative standard deviation was 4.0% (n = 6). This method can be applied in the industrialized production for replacing the thermal analysis.
Therapeutic approach by Aloe vera in experimental model of multiple sclerosis (2010)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that leads to an inflammatory demyelination, axonal damage, and progressive neurologic disability that affects approximately 2.5 million people worldwide. The aim of the present research was to test the therapeutic effect of Aloe vera in experimental model of MS. All experiments were conducted on C57BL/6 male mice aged 6-8 weeks. To induce the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), 250 microg of the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 peptide emulsified in complete freund's adjuvant was injected subcutaneously on day 0 over two flank areas. In addition, 200 ng of pertussis toxin in 100 microL phosphate buffered saline was injected intraperitoneally on days 0 and 2. The therapeutic protocol was carried out intragastrically using 120 mg/kg/day Aloe vera from 7 days before to 21 days after EAE induction. The mice were killed 21 days after EAE induction. The brains of mice were removed for histological analysis and their isolated splenocytes were cultured. The results indicated that treatment with Aloe vera caused a significant reduction in severity of the disease in experimental model of MS. Histological analysis showed 3 +/- 2 plaques in Aloe vera-treated mice compared with 5 +/- 1 plaques in control group. The density of mononuclear infiltration in the CNS of Aloe vera-treated mice (500 +/- 200) was significantly less in comparison to 700 +/- 185 cells in control group. Moreover, the serum level of nitric oxide in treatment group was significantly less than control animals. The level of interferon-gamma in cell culture supernatant of treated mice splenocytes was lower than control group, whereas decrease in serum level of interleukin-10 in treatment group was not significant in comparison with control mice. These data indicate that Aloe vera therapy can attenuate the disease progression in experimental model of MS.
A change impact dependency measure for predicting the maintainability of source code (2004)

We first articulate the theoretic difficulties with the existing metrics designed for predicting software maintainability. To overcome the difficulties, we propose to measure a purely internal and objective attribute of code, namely change impact dependency, and show how it can be modeled to predict real change impact. The proposed base measure can be further elaborated for evaluating software maintainability.
Outline for discrete part manufacturing engineering (2002)

It is argued that within the framework of computer integrated manufacturing and engineering reference modeling, manufacturing system models may be and must be verified by prototyping supported by computer-aided methodology rather than by paper-aided methodology. Both synchronic and diachronic life-cycles as employed in integration engineering are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Investigation of a Reattaching Turbulent Shear Layer: Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step (1980)

Incompressible flow over a backward-facing step is studied in order to investigate the flow characteristics in the separated shear-layer, the reattachment zone, and the redeveloping boundary layer after reattachment. Two different step-heights are used: h/δs = 2.2 and h/δs = 3.3. The boundary layer at separation is turbulent for both cases. Turbulent intensities and shear stress reach maxima in the reattachment zone, followed by rapid decay near the surface after reattachment. Downstream of reattachnent, the flow returns very slowly to the structure of an ordinary turbulent boundary layer. In the reattached layer the conventional normalization of outerlayer eddy viscosity by U∞ δ* does not collapse the data. However, it was found that normalization by U∞ (δ − δ*) does collapse the data to within ± 10% of a single curve as far downstream as x/xR ≈ 2, the last data station. This result illustrates the strong downstream persistence of the energetic turbulence structure created in the separated shear layer.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Optical and Electrical Properties of Nanostructured Indium Tin Oxide Fabricated by Oblique-Angle Deposition (2012)

Oblique-angle deposition of indium tin oxide (ITO) is used to fabricate optical thin-film coatings with a porous, columnar nanostructure. Indium tin oxide is a material that is widely used in industrial applications because it is both optically transparent and electrically conductive. The ITO coatings are fabricated, using electron-beam evaporation, with a range of deposition angles between 0 degrees (normal incidence) and 80 degrees. As the deposition angle increases, we find that the porosity of the ITO film increases and the refractive index decreases. We measure the resistivity of the ITO film at each deposition angle, and find that as the porosity increases, the resistivity increases superlinearly. A new theoretical model is presented to describe the relationship between the ITO film's resistivity and its porosity. The model takes into account the columnar structure of the film, and agrees very well with the experimental data.
PET-MRI: a review of challenges and solutions in the development of integrated multimodality imaging (2015)

The integration of positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been an ongoing research topic for the last 20 years. This paper gives an overview of the different developments and the technical problems associated with combining PET and MRI in one system. After explaining the different detector concepts for integrating PET-MRI and minimising interference the limitations and advantages of different solutions for the detector and system are described for preclinical and clinical imaging systems. The different integrated PET-MRI systems are described in detail. Besides detector concepts and system integration the challenges and proposed solutions for attenuation correction and the potential for motion correction and resolution recovery are also discussed in this topical review.
Admittance of Irises in Coaxial and Circular Waveguides for TE/sub 11/-Mode Excitation (1987)

The admittance of irises in both coaxial and circular waveguides is deduced from a mode-matching technique. Design data for the effective admittance to TE/sub 11/ -mode excitation are given for a range of waveguide and iris dimensions.
Seven great blunders of the computing world (2002)

The computing profession has had many great successes, but there have been many great blunders. Blunders arise from a failure of imagination, from an inability to see beyond the immediate problem to its full social or professional context. If professionals acquire an education in and remain sensitive to social and ethical issues, they will commit fewer blunders and recover more swiftly from them. The seven great blunders of the computing world, according to the author, relate to: (1) terminology ("data" vs. "information"), (2) the computer (keyboard layouts), (3) the processor (integer and floating-point arithmetic), (4) commercial programming (COBOL), (5) scientific programming (FORTRAN and Algol), (6) text encoding (Unicode), and (7) numeric encoding (symbols and digit ordering). The seven blunders offered provide a mix that is ancient and modern, retrievable and irretrievable, general and particular, subtle and blatant, and arguable and undeniable.
Syngas production by high temperature steam/CO<sub>2</sub> coelectrolysis using solid oxide electrolysis cells (2015)

High temperature (HT) steam/CO2 coelectrolysis with solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) using the electricity and heat generated from clean energies is an important alternative for syngas production without fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Herein, reaction characteristics and the outlet syngas composition of HT steam/CO2 coelectrolysis under different operating conditions, including distinct inlet gas compositions and electrolysis current densities, are systematically studied at 800 °C using commercially available SOECs. The HT coelectrolysis process, which has comparable performance to HT steam electrolysis, is more active than the HT CO2 electrolysis process, indicating the important contribution of the reverse water-gas shift reaction in the formation of CO. The outlet syngas composition from HT steam/CO2 coelectrolysis is very sensitive to the operating conditions, indicating the feasibility of controlling the syngas composition by varying these conditions. Maximum steam and CO2 utilizations of 77% and 76% are achieved at 1.0 A cm(-2) with an inlet gas composition of 20% H2/40% steam/40% CO2.
Evaluation of post-consumer cellulosic textile waste for chemical recycling based on cellulose degree of polymerization and molar mass distribution (2019)

The aim of this study is to improve the understanding of which end-of-life cellulosic textiles can be used for chemical recycling according to their composition, wear life and laundering—domestic versus service sector. For that purpose, end-of-life textiles were generated through laboratorial laundering of virgin fabrics under domestic and industrial conditions, and the cellulose content and its intrinsic viscosity and molar mass distribution were measured in all samples after two, 10, 20, and 50 laundering cycles. Results presented herein also address the knowledge gap concerning polymer properties of end-of-life man-made cellulosic fabrics—viscose and Lyocell. The results show that post-consumer textiles from the home consumer sector, using domestic laundering, can be assumed to have a similar, or only slightly lower, degree of polymerization than the virgin textiles (−15%). Post-consumer textiles from the service sector, using industrial laundering, can be assumed to have a substantially lower degree of polymerization. An approximate decrease of up to 80% of the original degree of polymerization can be expected when they are worn out. A higher relative decrease for cotton than man-made cellulosic textiles is expected. Furthermore, in these laboratorial laundering trials, no evidence evolved that the cellulose content in blended polyester fabrics would be significantly affected by domestic or industrial laundering. With respect to molar mass distribution, domestic post-consumer cotton waste seems to be the most suitable feedstock for chemical textile recycling using Lyocell-type processes, although a pre-treatment step might be required to remove contaminants and lower the intrinsic viscosity to 400–500 ml/g.
Effect of Hydrogen Cyanide and Carbonyl Sulphide on the Germination and Plumule Vigour of Wheat (1996)

Several factors which may influence the germination of wheat fumigated with hydrogen cyanide or carbonyl sulphide were investigated. Dosages of hydrogen cyanide ranged from 10 mg litre−1 for 24-h exposure up to 150 mg litre−1 for 96-h exposure. Dosages of carbonyl sulphide ranged from 25 mg litre−1 for 24-h exposure up to 500 mg litre−1 for 72-h exposure. The experiments were conducted on wheat of 11·4, 13·8 and 15·7% moisture content. The higher levels of these fumigants exceed those needed for control of insects in wheat. Germination was not diminished and may have been slightly enhanced with hydrogen cyanide, but was diminished by high levels of carbonyl sulphide in the drier wheat. The plumule length was reduced following all dosages of hydrogen cyanide, but only after high dosages of carbonyl sulphide, especially on the driest wheat. It is concluded that hydrogen cyanide and carbonyl sulphide could be used to control insects in wheat without affecting seed viability, provided that concentrations are carefully controlled.
The Diffusion of Process Innovation: The Case of Drip Irrigation in California (2015)

This article uses drip irrigation to illustrate the evolution of process innovations during their diffusion-undergoing several waves of improvements and coevolution with other production practices in order to move across applications and locations over time.First we integrate multiple data sources to trace the rich history of drip in California.We find that drip's evolution has been consistent with 1) the threshold model, which emphasizes the tendency to first adopt a technology at locations where it is most valuable and 2) the real option value model, which suggests that crisis situations trigger major transitions.We highlight the role of the private and public sector in adapting process innovations to local needs and show the necessity of historical analysis and perspective in assessing a technology's impacts.Second, we empirically investigate the productivity impacts of drip irrigation in California, focusing on changes in crop yields and farm income.We estimate a yield effect of drip ranging from 16-48%, depending on the crop and location, and an increase in farm income between 2.6-7.4% annually.On whole, we show that the diffusion of drip was gradual, Cooperative Extension was essential, and the gains for California agriculture were substantial.
Psychophysical evaluation of PSOLA: natural versus synthetic speech (1997)

This paper presents the result of psychophysicalexperiments dealing with pitch-marker positioning withinthe Pitch Synchronous OverLap and Add (PSOLA)framework. Sustained natural vowels were PSOLAmodifiedin fundamental frequency. The experimentswere aimed at determining the auditory sensitivity to (1)deterministic shifts of either all or single pitch markerswithin a sequence, and (2) random shifts of all pitchmarkers niner). As for deterministic shifts of all pitchmarkers, the results were in reasonable agreement withresults obtained previously for synthetic formant signals.For deterministic shifts of single pitch markers,thresholds depended on position in the sequence.Detection thresholds for jittered shifts were comparableto thresholds for detecting jitter in pulse trains. Theranking of the thresholds for these three conditionsindicated that the auditory system is more sensitive todynamic (modulation) cues rather than to static (timbral)cues arising from shifts in pitch-marker positioning.
Oxytocin receptors in the dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) bias fear learning toward temporally predictable cued fear (2019)

The inability to discriminate between threat and safety is a hallmark of stress-induced psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder. Dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST<sub>dl</sub>) is critically involved in the modulation of fear and anxiety, and has been proposed to regulate discrimination between signaled (cued, predictable) and unsignaled (unpredictable) threats. We recently showed that oxytocin receptors (OTRs) in the BNST<sub>dl</sub> facilitate acquisition of cued fear measured in a fear-potentiated startle (FPS). In the current study, using in vivo microdialysis in awake male Sprague-Dawley rats, a double immunofluorescence approach with confocal microscopy, as well as retrograde tracing of hypothalamic BNST-projecting OT neurons, we investigated whether fear conditioning activates OT system and modulates OT release. To determine the role of OTR in fear memory formation, we also infused OTR antagonist or OT into the BNST<sub>dl</sub> before fear conditioning and measured rats' ability to discriminate between cued (signaled) and non-cued (unsignaled) fear using FPS. In contrast to acute stress (exposure to forced swim stress or foot shocks alone), cued fear conditioning increases OT content in BNST<sub>dl</sub> microdialysates. In addition, fear conditioning induces moderate activation of OT neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and robust activation in the supraoptic and accessory nuclei of the hypothalamus. Application of OT into the BNST<sub>dl</sub> facilitates fear learning toward signaled, predictable threats, whereas blocking OTR attenuates this effect. We conclude that OTR neurotransmission in the BNST<sub>dl</sub> plays a pivotal role in strengthening fear learning of temporally predictable, signaled threats.