gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution of Methyl 3-Phenylglycidate by Transesterification with Amino Alcohols (2001)

Kinetic resolution of racemic methyl trans-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)glycidate, a key intermediate for the synthesis of the well-known drug diltiazem hydrochloride, has been accomplished by transesterification reactions with suitable amino alcohols catalyzed by Novozym 435 in organic solvents.
Real-time synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing with a new subaperture approach (1992)

A time-domain subaperture approach that is suitable for real-time synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing and that produces high-quality, full-resolution images is presented. The real-time subaperture algorithm is based on an approximation of the phase history correction in each subaperture with a simple linear correction, which can be carried out by an up/down-conversion of the received signal followed by a moving average operation. The characteristics of the impulse response function are improved considerably by means of a frequency overlap of the subapertures and become comparable to a conventional matched filter response. Special algorithms for high-quality SAR processing, such as autofocus, Doppler centroid estimation, and range migration correction, can be efficiently implemented. High flexibility is achieved for multilook processing and no secondary range compression is needed, even for high squint angles.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Terminal Complement Inhibitor Eculizumab Reduces Thrombosis in Patients with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria. (2006)

Abstract Life-threatening thromboembolism (TE) is the most feared complication in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Thrombophilia in PNH likely involves a hypercoagulable state, possibly due to intravascular hemolysis with scavenging of the coagulation regulator nitric oxide, and platelet activation. Approximately 45% of PNH deaths result from TE. Thrombosis is more frequent in patients with larger PNH clones, but can occur in patients with smaller clones. Primary prophylactic anti-coagulation may reduce the thrombotic risk in PNH patients, although controlled studies have not been performed and there is a known serious hemorrhage risk. A randomized, placebo-controlled, 26-week phase 3 study of the terminal complement inhibitor eculizumab in 87 PNH patients (TRIUMPH) recently demonstrated dramatic reductions in intravascular hemolysis and RBC transfusions; 1 TE was reported with placebo and 0 with eculizumab. This single study was not powered to examine the effect of eculizumab on TE, and we prospectively examined the aggregate TE event rate in eculizumab-treated patients from TRIUMPH, the two other PNH trials, and the subsequent phase 3 extension study as compared to each patient’s pre-treatment event rate. Before receiving eculizumab, examination of patient records identified 126 TE events in 195 patients, and 103 were on anticoagulants. While pre-treatment TE event rates were variable in the 3 individual PNH studies, eculizumab reduced TE in each study. The TE event rate with eculizumab treatment was 1.22 per 100 patient years, compared to 7.49 (p&lt;0.001) in the same patients before eculizumab treatment, corresponding to a reduction of 84% (2 events with eculizumab vs. 12.3 events expected). Sensitivity analyses showed the effect to be robust. With restriction of the pre-treatment observation period to the 12-months immediately before initiation of the trials, the TE event rate with eculizumab was reduced 93% from 17.21 to 1.22, respectively (p=0.013). The TE event rate was reduced from 21.95 pre-treatment in patients with TE prior to the trials (n=63) to 3.42 during eculizumab treatment (p&lt;0.001). Most TE events prior to eculizumab treatment occurred in patients receiving anti-coagulants, indicating that this therapy may be insufficient to prevent thrombosis. Of 103 patients on anticoagulants, there were 54 TE events in 30 patients over 385.73 patient years (14.00/100 patient years) pre-eculizumab compared to no TE events with eculizumab in 101 patient years (0.0/100 patient years; p&lt;0.001), demonstrating that eculizumab reduces the risk of thrombosis in anticoagulated, highly thrombophilic PNH patients. These data show that long-term eculizumab treatment results in a clinically and statistically significant reduction in thrombosis in patients with PNH.
Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (1991)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Development and testing of a high sensitivity monitor for the measurement of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) in water without gravity-dependent components and using minimal chemical reagents has been performed. A breadboard instrument was constructed and tested for linearity, selectivity, and day-to-day reproducibility. The instrument has a linear response for a wide range of organic compounds over a range from 20 ppb C to 50 ppm C, with excellent day-to-day reproducibility. The upper level can be extended to ∼100 ppm C by changing the operating conditions of the analyzer. The selectivity of the instrument has been determined and no interference is observed except for high concentrations (&gt; 10 ppm) of iodine, hypochlorous acid, sodium nitrite and sodium sulfide.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Research into the development of a “reagentless” oxidation reactor based on a combination of electrolysis and UV photolysis has shown that high conversion efficiencies for the oxidation of methanol can be obtained at concentrations as great as 40 ppm C, and with further development, this technology should provide an attractive alternative to systems employing chemical oxidizing agents.</div>
Advanced Intermetallic TiAl Alloys (2016)

Challenging issues concerning energy efficiency and environmental politics require novel approaches to materials design. A recent example with regard to structural materials is the emergence of lightweight intermetallic TiAl alloys. Their excellent high-temperature mechanical properties, low density, and high stiffness constitute a profile perfectly suitable for their application as advanced aero-engine turbine blades or as turbocharger turbine wheels in next-generation automotive engines. Advanced so-called 3 rd generation TiAl alloys, such as the TNM alloy described in this paper, are complex multi-phase alloys which can be processed by ingot or powder metallurgy as well as precision casting methods. Each process leads to specific microstructures which can be altered and optimized by thermo-mechanical processing and/or subsequent heat treatments.
Enhanced Magneto-optic Kerr Effect and Magnetic Properties of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>CeY</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Fe</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>12</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>Epitaxial Thin Films (2015)

Integrated magneto-optical components require magnetic thin films for tuning of their parameters, and for many applications yttrium iron garnet (YIG) is the material of choice. The authors study high-quality cerium-substituted YIG thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition, which possess tunable magnetic anisotropy and a greatly enhanced magneto-optic Kerr effect, compared to conventional films. This discovery presents new opportunities for engineering tomorrow's magneto-optical and spintronic logic devices.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase profiling reveals increased expression of phosphodiesterase 7B in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (2008)

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoforms can influence disease pathogenesis and be novel therapeutic targets. Because lower cAMP levels may contribute to the decreased apoptosis that occurs in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), we assessed the expression levels of PDE isoforms in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy adults and patients with CLL. We found a unique PDE mRNA signature in CLL: higher levels than in normal PBMC of PDE7B (increased approximately 23-fold) and lower levels of PDE3B, 4D, 5A, and 9A mRNA (each decreased approximately 30-fold). Increased PDE7B mRNA in CLL correlates with a 10-fold-higher expression of PDE7B protein and results in an increased contribution of PDE7 to total PDE activity. Consistent with the higher level of PDE7B expression, inhibitors of PDE7 (BRL-50481, IR-202) and a dual PDE4/PDE7 inhibitor (IR-284) selectively increase apoptosis in CLL cells compared with normal PBMC or B cells. Apoptosis of CLL cells promoted by inhibitors of PDE7 and PDE4/7 is attenuated by PKA inhibition, occurs via a mitochondrial-dependent process, and is associated with increased cAMP accumulation and down-regulation of the antiapoptotic protein survivin and of PDE7B. The increase in PDE7B expression and PDE7 inhibitor-promoted apoptosis implicates PDE7B as a drug target in CLL. Our findings identify a unique PDE signature in CLL and illustrate the utility of broad analyses of PDE isoform expression in human disease.
Design of the Orthogonal UWB Pulses with the Cognitive Radio Applications (2007)

In this paper, a method for the design of non-linear phase, full-band, UWB pulses that satisfy any given spectrum mask is described. The method uses convex programming in each step of the iterative procedure that updates the phase distribution of the goal function. Thanks to its mathematical structure, method performance is much better than the performance of similar methods found in literature. Techniques of adapting pulses waveforms for the cognitive radio applications are described; pulses waveforms are modified in order to achieve low interference to the victim systems.
A Quantitative Immunoassay Utilizing <i>Escherichia</i><i>coli</i> Cells Possessing Surface‐Expressed Single Chain Fv Molecules (1996)

A facile, quantitative immunoassay is described that utilizes Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria expressing single chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragments attached to the cell surface. A Scatchard analysis demonstrated that the antibodies on the surface of the cells retained full binding activity (Kd = 2.2 x 10(-9) M) and that there are 60,000 scFv molecules per cell. The cells are used as the antibody reagent in the assay, and, following incubation with analyte, simple centrifugation is used to separate the antibody-bound from unbound analyte. The immunoassay is rapid and accurate down to the nanomolar level. In addition, a variety of detection strategies can be used, and the immunoassay is not adversely affected by the presence of animal serum. A key advantage of the new immunoassay is that the antibody reagent can be inexpensively produced in a "ready to use" form by simply growing cultures of the bacteria.
An automated method of differential red blood cell classification with application to the diagnosis of anemia. (1977)

A method of automated red cell analysis suitable for the rapid classification of large numbers of red cells from individual blood specimens has been developed, and preliminarily tested on normal bloods and clinically proven cases of anemias and red cell disorders. According to this method digital image processing techniques provide several features relating to shape and internal central pallor configurations of red cells. These features are used with a fully automated decision logic to rapidly provide a quantitative "red cell differential" analysis, a report of the percentage subpopulations of recognized categories of red cells. For each subpopulation, measurements of mean cell area, mean cell hemoglobin content and mean cell hemoglobin density are provided. The nine types of red cell disorders studied with this method were: (a) iron deficiency anemia, (b) the anemia of chronic disease, (c) beta-thalassemia trait, (d) sickle cell anemia, (e) hemoglobin C disease, (f) intravascular hemolysis, (g) hereditary elliptocytosis, (h) hereditary spherocytosis, and (i) megaloblastic anemia due to folic acid deficiency. Preliminary indications are that the red cell differential is useful in distinguishing between these conditions.
Transformation of rifamycin S into rifamycins B and L. A revision of the current biosynthetic hypothesis. (1982)

The transformation of rifamycin S into rifamycins B and L was reinvestigated in order to establish more detailed pathways. Our results exclude rifamycin O as a common progenitor in the biosyntheses of rifamycins B and L. Rifamycins B and L are formed from rifamycin S (SV) by different pathways using different C3-precursors for the biosynthesis of their glycolic acid moieties. A thiamine-dependent enzyme (decarboxylase) seems to be involved in the transformation reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF 5,6‐DIARYL‐2,3‐DIHYDROIMIDAZO(2,1‐B)THIAZOLES. ISOMERIC 4‐PYRIDYL AND 4‐SUBSTITUTED‐PHENYL DERIVATIVES (1984)

Abstract Die aus den Ketonen ( II) erhaltenen Bromderivate reagieren mit dem Amin (I) zu den Heterocyelen (III).
Images from self-occlusion (2011)

We propose a complete system for designing, simulating, and fabricating surfaces with shading due to self-occlusion that induce desired input images. Our work is based on a simple observation. Consider a cylindrical hole (a pit) in a planar surface. As the depth of the hole increases, the radiance emitted from the surface patch that contains the hole decreases. This is because more light is trapped and absorbed in the hole. First, we propose a measurement-based approach that derives a mapping between average albedo of the surface patch containing the hole and the hole depth. Given this mapping and an input image, we show how to produce a distribution of holes with varied depth that approximates the image well. We demonstrate that by aligning holes with image features we can obtain reproductions that look better than those resulting from regular hole patterns -- despite using slightly less holes. We validate this method on a variety of images and corresponding surfaces fabricated with a computer-controlled milling machine and a 3D printer.
Genetic Analysis of Imidazolinone Resistance in Mutation-Derived Lines of Common Wheat (2004)

The imidazolinone herbicides possess high biological potency at low application rates, and thus are an attractive alternative for weed control. The induction of genes conferring resistance by mutagenesis could facilitate the use of imidazolinones as an alterative weed control system in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Six M3:6 spring wheat lines resistant to imidazolinone herbicides were identified following seed mutagenesis and were selected for genetic study. The lines were designated as 1A, 9A, 10A, 11A, 15A, and 16A. BW755 carries a previously characterized partially dominant resistance gene (FS-4). On the basis of analysis of F1, F2, backcross (BC)1F1 and F2:3 populations, resistance in lines 1A, 9A, 10A, 11A, and 16A is a partially dominant trait inherited as a single nuclear gene. Resistance in TealIMI 15A is dominant and is inherited as two independent nuclear-coded genes. Allelism studies indicated that resistance genes in 1A, 9A, 10A, 16A, and one of the resistance genes in 15A are allelic to FS-4 All crosses between resistant lines and 11A produced segregating F2 and F2:3 populations suggesting the presence of a unique resistance gene in 11A. The resistance genes were named on the basis of the recommended rules for gene symbolization in wheat. The FS-4 allele was redesignated as Imi1 The resistance gene in 11A and the second resistance gene in 15A were designated as Imi2 and Imi3, respectively. Results from these studies indicate that higher levels of imidazolinone resistance in wheat could be achieved by stacking two or more genes into a single genotype.
Incorporation of an additional viral‐clearance step into a human immunoglobulin manufacturing process (2002)

Background and Objectives Regulatory agencies have mandated that manufacturers of immunoglobulin products incorporate robust viral inactivation or removal steps into their purification processes. We evaluated the effectiveness of incorporating nanofiltration, a generic virus‐clearance step, into an existing plasma‐fractionation process for a human anti‐D immunoglobulin product. Materials and Methods The nanofiltration process studied utilizes a 180 000‐molecular weight composite membrane with well‐defined pore distribution. To examine its viral‐clearance capability, diluted anti‐D immunoglobulin was spiked with high concentrations of human and animal model viruses and subjected to tangential‐flow nanofiltration during scaled‐down validation runs. Viral clearance by the membrane was determined by calculating log removal values in accordance with guidelines provided by US and European regulatory agencies. Results Nanofiltration removed viruses of varying sizes and physical characteristics. For the three non‐enveloped viruses tested (porcine parvovirus, encephalomyocarditis virus and hepatitis A virus, sizes 18–30 nm), clearance was 3·3, 4·1 and > 5·1 log, respectively. For the three enveloped viruses (human immunodeficiency virus‐1, bovine viral diarrhoea virus and pseudorabies virus, 50–200 nm), a substantial 5‐log reduction was demonstrated. Product potency, purity and stability were unaffected. Conclusion Tangential‐flow nanofiltration provides substantial virus‐removal capabilities for immunoglobulin preparations.
Artificial mosaic protein containing antigenic epitopes of hepatitis E virus (1994)

A synthetic gene encoding an artificial polypeptide composed of antigenic epitopes of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) proteins was constructed from short oligodeoxyribonucleotides by using PCR. The polypeptide comprises a mosaic of three antigenically active dominant regions from the protein encoded by open reading frame 2 (ORF2), one antigenically active region from the protein encoded by ORF3 of the Burmese HEV strain, and one antigenically active region from the protein encoded by ORF3 of the Mexican HEV strain. The mosaic protein was expressed in Escherichia coli as a chimera with glutathione S-transferase or beta-galactosidase. Guinea pig sera containing antibodies to the corresponding HEV synthetic peptides were used to demonstrate by Western immunoblot analysis and enzyme immunoassay the presence and accessibility of all HEV-specific antigenic epitopes introduced into the mosaic protein. Both the glutathione S-transferase and beta-galactosidase hybrid proteins were analyzed by using a panel of human anti-HEV-positive and -negative sera. The data obtained strongly indicate a diagnostic potential for the mosaic protein.
Evaluation of advanced static VAR generators. Final report (1984)

Three types of advanced static VAR generators (ASVGs) employing mainly solid-state switching devices with minimal use of conventional components have been defined and examined. Analysis of the power-doubling approach was supported by tests on a 100 kVA model. Candidate switches for the ASVGs were reviewed and gate-turn-off thyristors (GTOS) selected. Parameters of candidate GTOs from three manufacturers are given and insights provided for future, even higher rated devices. A comparison is made of the various types of ASVG and a conventional static VAR generator of the fixed-capacitor, thyristor-controlled reactor type. Recommendations are made for future developments.
Array Processor Has Power and Flexibility (1982)

Proposed processor architecture would have flexibility of a multi-processor and computational power of a lockstep array. Using an efficient interconnection network, it accomodates a large number of individual processors and memory modules. Array architecture would be suitable for very large scientific simulation problems and other applications.
Manufacture of Mozzarella cheese from highly-concentrated skim milk microfiltration retentate depleted of whey proteins (2001)

Abstract A cheese-making process was developed which utilizes concentration factor (CF) 8, pH 6.0 skim milk microfiltration (MF) retentate to produce low-moisture, part-skim (LMPS) Mozzarella cheese. The compositional and proteolytic effects of different levels of rennet concentration, coagulation temperature, and post-coagulation curd cutting time were evaluated, with rennet concentration having the strongest influence. A post-coagulation curd cutting time of 15–20 min was found to normalize the extent of κ-casein hydrolysis during coagulation of concentrated MF retentate. Optimal cheese manufacturing parameters were determined to be 80–100 μL rennet kg–1 MF cheesemilk, coagulation temperature of 32–36 °C, and post-coagulation curd cutting time of 15 min. As compared with ultrafiltration (UF) retentate cheese manufacture, cheese made from MF retentates has potential for improved textural and functional qualities, along with recovery of highly functional whey proteins (WP) from permeate.
Zeptogram Scale Nanomechanical Mass Sensing (2005)

Very high frequency (VHF) nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) provide unprecedented sensitivity for inertial mass sensing. We demonstrate in situ measurements in real time with mass noise floor ∼20 zg. Our best mass resolution corresponds to ∼7 zg, equivalent to ∼30 xenon atoms or the mass of an individual 4 kDa molecule. Detailed analysis of the ultimate sensitivity of such devices based on these experimental results indicates that NEMS can ultimately provide inertial mass sensing of individual intact, electrically neutral macromolecules with single-Dalton (1 amu) resolution. Electromechanical devices, especially those at the nanoscale, offer new prospects for a variety of important applications ranging from electronic communications to fundamental science. 1 In particular, electromechanical sensors are ubiquitous, having a long history of important applications in many diverse fields of science and technology. Among the most responsive are sensors based on the acoustic vibratory modes of crystals, 2,3 thin films, 4 and, more recently, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) 5,6 and nanoelectromechancial systems (NEMS). 7,8 Two attributes of NEMS devicessminuscule mass and high quality factor (Q)s provide them with unprecedented potential for mass sensing, demonstrated by recently achieved femtogram7 and attogram
Full chip hierarchical inverse lithography: a solution with perfect symmetry (2017)

In this paper we introduce an inverse lithography technology (ILT) solution that provides masks with perfect symmetry and minimal complexity. In this solution we divide the ILT problem into three steps and strictly maintain symmetry in each of these steps. First, we optimize an ideal grayscale mask. Second, we seed this ideal mask with polygons. Finally, we grow these seeds in a separate optimization flow. The final mask perfectly maintains the symmetry properties of the illumination source. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first ILT solution that can be used on the original design hierarchy on a full chip scale.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Utility, and X‐Ray Crystal Structure of Novel Complexes of Baccatin III with Imidazole and 2‐Propanol. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.