gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic accessibility transcoding for flash content (2007)

It is not surprising that rich Internet content, such as Flash and DHTML, is some of the most pervasive content because of its visual attractiveness to the sighted majority. Such visually rich content has been causing severe accessibility problems, especially for people with visual disabilities. For Flash content, the kinds of accessibility information necessary for screen readers is not usually provided in the existing content. A typical example of such missing data is the lack of alternative text for buttons, hypertext links, widget roles, and so on. One of the major reasons is that the current accessibility framework of Flash content imposes a burden on content authors to make their content accessible. As a result, adding support for accessibility tends to be neglected, and screen reader users are left out of the richer Internet experiences.
Thermally or Photochemically Induced Cationic Polymerization (1985)

Diaryliodonium salts are a new class of versatile initiators of cationic polymerization which are characterized by their exceptional latency. On irradiation with UV light, these compounds are very efficient photoinitiators whose reactivity and absorption characteristics can be tailored at will by structural modification as well as through the use of photosensitizers. When diaryliodonium salts are combined with catalytic amounts of Cu(II) compounds, they can be used to thermally initiate cationic polymerization at temperatures above 80°C. The further addition of reducing agents produces initiator systems in which cationic polymerization occurs spontaneously on mixing at 25°C. Examples of polymerizations carried out using these photochemical and thermal initiator systems are given along with the proposed mechanism of the reactions involved.
Brominated Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants for Engineering Thermoplastics (1990)

A brominated triaryl phosphate ester was shown to be a highly efficient flame retardant additive for engineering plastics such as polycarbonate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, and various alloys including polycarbonate/ABS. In some resins antimony oxide or sodium antimonate is not required or desirable. The brominated phosphate has excellent thermal stability and also does not discolor at high processing temperature. Processing studies show the flame retardant disperses readily and aids processability. Flammability data, mechanical properties, impact, and HDT are reported for various resins and compared with resins containing commercial bromine-containing flame retardants.
Spatiotemporally Adaptive Synchronized (SAS) express &amp; local trains for urban commuter rail systems (2014)

In this paper, we present the SAS train system which is a spatiotemporally variant headway train operation system for subway system lines based on the S-train system technology [1] and [2]. SAS system is designed to dispatch any reasonable number of trains in any interval of the line at all times with the operation of higher speed express trains and variable length trains. This enables the currently existing local train subway system to carry up to 200% more passengers 33~75% more quickly without any modification of existing infrastructure. This system is significantly effective for utilization of train resources, resolving severe train and station overcrowding problems during rush hours and minimizing the under-loaded train operations during non-rush hours.
Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on electrical resistance and phase transition characteristics of thin film vanadium oxide (2008)

Metal-insulator transitions in strongly correlated oxides such as vanadium oxide (VO2) are of great scientific and technological interest. Due to the presence of multiple oxidation states, synthesis of high-quality VO2 films on substrates with the desired phase transition characteristics such as large jumps in phase transition resistance is a challenge. We show that the resistance ratio across the metal-insulator transition as well as the resistance of thin film VO2 can be modulated at relatively low temperatures by the use of ultraviolet irradiation. The enhanced oxygen incorporation due to creation of excited oxygen species enables controllably tunable stoichiometry.
Optimal training for MIMO fading channels with time- and frequency-selectivity (2004)

Demand for high data rate leads to frequency-selective propagation effects, whereas carrier frequency-offsets and Doppler effects induced by mobility introduce time-selectivity in wireless links. These fading channels, once acquired, offer joint multipath-Doppler diversity gains. In addition, space-time multiplexing and/or coding offer attractive means of combating fading, and boosting capacity of multi-antenna communications. As the number of antennas increases, channel estimation becomes challenging because the number of unknowns increases, and the power is split at the transmitter. Optimal training sequences have so far been designed for flat-fading and frequency-selective multi-antenna systems. In this paper, we design a low complexity optimal training scheme for block transmissions over time-and frequency (a.k.a. doubly)- selective channels with multiple antennas. The optimality in designing our training schemes consists of maximizing a lower bound on the ergodic (average) capacity that is shown to be equivalent to minimizing the mean-square error of the linear channel estimator. Simulation results confirm our theoretical analysis which applies to both single- and multi-carrier transmissions.
Bayesian wavelet snake for computer-aided diagnosis of lung nodules (2000)

An edge-guided active contour based on the wavelet transform called the Bayesian wavelet snake has been developed for identifying a closed-contour object with a fuzzy and low-contrast boundary. The wavelet snake is designed to deform its shape based
Performance of a Novel Combined Cooling and Power Gas Turbine With Water Harvesting (2008)

A thermodynamic design-point performance analysis is performed on a novel cooling and power cycle that combines a semiclosed cycle gas turbine called the high-pressure regenerative turbine engine (HPRTE) with a vapor absorption refrigeration system (VARS). Waste heat from the recirculated combustion gas of the HPRTE is used to power the VARS. Water produced as a product of combustion is intentionally condensed and harvested. A part of the VARS cooling is used to chill the gas entering the high-pressure compressor, allowing water condensation and extraction as well as large efficiency gains. The remaining cooling capacity is provided to an external refrigeration load. The cycle is modeled using zero-dimensional steady-state thermodynamics, considering conservative values of polytropic efficiencies, a conservative model for turbine blade cooling, conservative values of pressure drops for the turbomachinery, including heat exchangers, and accurate correlations for the properties of the LiBr–H2O mixture and the combustion products. The cycle is shown to operate with a thermal efficiency greater than 40% for parameters appropriate to medium sized engines, while producing about 1.5kg of water per kilogram of fuel (propane) consumed. This thermal efficiency is in addition to the large cooling effect generated in the evaporator of VARS, equivalent to 3–4% increased efficiency. The efficiency would be greater than 51% without turbine cooling bleed. The refrigeration ratio, defined as the ratio of external refrigeration load to the net work output, is found to be 0.38 for the base case. The water extracted is found to be a strong function of the recirculation ratio and low pressure compressor ratio PRc1. Based on these and prior results, which showed that the HPRTE is very compact and has inherently low emissions, it appears that this cycle would be well suited for distributed power and some vehicle applications, especially ones with associated air conditioning loads.
Perinodular and Intranodular Radiomic Features on Lung CT Images Distinguish Adenocarcinomas from Granulomas (2018)

Purpose To evaluate ability of radiomic (computer-extracted imaging) features to distinguish non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinomas from granulomas at noncontrast CT. Materials and Methods For this retrospective study, screening or standard diagnostic noncontrast CT images were collected for 290 patients (mean age, 68 years; range, 18-92 years; 125 men [mean age, 67 years; range, 18-90 years] and 165 women [mean age, 68 years; range, 33-92 years]) from two institutions between 2007 and 2013. Histopathologic analysis was available for one nodule per patient. Corresponding nodule of interest was identified on axial CT images by a radiologist with manual annotation. Nodule shape, wavelet (Gabor), and texture-based (Haralick and Laws energy) features were extracted from intra- and perinodular regions. Features were pruned to train machine learning classifiers with 145 patients. In a test set of 145 patients, classifier results were compared against a convolutional neural network (CNN) and diagnostic readings of two radiologists. Results Support vector machine classifier with intranodular radiomic features achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.75 on the test set. Combining radiomics of intranodular with perinodular regions improved the AUC to 0.80. On the same test set, CNN resulted in an AUC of 0.76. Radiologist readers achieved AUCs of 0.61 and 0.60, respectively. Conclusion Radiomic features from intranodular and perinodular regions of nodules can distinguish non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinomas from benign granulomas at noncontrast CT. © RSNA, 2018 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Nishino in this issue.
Quantification of transmural perfusion gradients by high-resolution MR versus fractional flow reserve for the assessment of coronary artery stenosis (2012)

Background The subendocardial layer of the myocardium is more sensitive to ischaemia than the subepicaridal layer due to interactions between myocardial contraction and blood supply. The transmural perfusion gradients observed in coronary heart disease (CAD) can be visualised with high spatial resolution myocardial perfusion CMR. These gradients are characterised by the extent and intensity of the endoto epicardial redistribution and by its temporal persistence. The gradientogram method (Hautvast et al. MRM 2011) has been developed to assess and quantify these characteristics of transmural perfusion gradients. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the method versus fractional flow reserve (FFR) in patients with suspected CAD.
Thrombin Receptors on Human Platelets (1997)

Platelet responses to thrombin are at least partly mediated by a G-protein-coupled receptor whose NH2 terminus is a substrate for thrombin. In the present studies we have examined the location of thrombin receptors in resting platelets and followed their redistribution during platelet activation. The results reveal several new aspects of thrombin receptor biology. 1) On resting platelets, approximately two-thirds of the receptors were located in the plasma membrane. The remainder were present in the membranes of the surface connecting system. 2) When platelets were activated by ADP or a thromboxane analog, thrombin receptors that were initially in the surface connecting system were exposed on the platelet surface, increasing the number of detectable receptors by 40% and presumably making them available for subsequent activation by thrombin. 3) Platelet activation by thrombin rapidly abolished the binding of the antibodies whose epitopes are sensitive to receptor cleavage and left the platelets in a state refractory to both thrombin and the agonist peptide, SFLLRN. This was accompanied by a 60% decrease in the binding of receptor antibodies directed COOH-terminal to the cleavage site irrespective of whether the receptors were activated proteolytically by thrombin or nonproteolytically by SFLLRN. 4) The loss of antibody binding sites caused by thrombin was due in part to receptor internalization and in part to the shedding of thrombin receptors into membrane microparticles, especially under conditions in which aggregation was allowed to occur. However, at least 40% of the cleaved receptors remained on the platelet surface. 5) Lacking the ability to synthesize new receptors and lacking an intracellular reserve of preformed receptors comparable to that found in endothelial cells, platelets were unable to repopulate their surface with intact receptors following exposure to thrombin. This difference underlies the ability of endothelial cells to recover responsiveness to thrombin rapidly while platelets do not, despite the presence on both of the same receptor for thrombin.
Methods and Concerns of Compensating In-Plane Switching Liquid Crystal Displays (2000)

It is well known that uncompensated in-plane switching (IPS) liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have much better viewing angle than conventional twisted-nematic (TN) LCDs. However, to achieve optimal viewing angle performance in these devices, they must be compensated by one or more films. In this paper, we will study the optimization of such compensation. We will show the benefit of using polarizers which do not have a birefringent substrate. We will also show the effect of which side of the LCD the compensation films are placed. Finally, we will investigate the surprising effect of the pretilt angle on the viewing angle of the compensated IPS LCD.
Preparation of iron oxide mesoporous magnetic microparticles as novel multidrug carriers for synergistic anticancer therapy and deep tumor penetration (2019)

The preparation of mesoporous iron oxides with controllable physiochemical properties for effective therapeutic drug delivery remains a formidable challenge. Herein, iron oxide mesoporous magnetic microparticles (IO-MMMs) were prepared by a modified reverse hard-templating approach using, for the first time, acid-prepared mesoporous spheres (APMS) as the hard silica template. The obtained mesostructures exhibited remarkably high surface area and large pore volumes (S<sub>BET</sub> = 240 m<sup>2</sup>/g and V<sub>pore</sub> = 0.55 cm<sup>3</sup>/g), controllable average sizes, generally uniform morphologies, and excellent biocompatibilities, allowing them to achieve optimal drug release in cancer cells and tumor tissues. IO-MMM carriers were able to co-load high amounts of hydrophilic chemotherapeutic drugs (Dox or Daun) and/or hydrophobic hormonal anticancer drugs (Tam), and release them sustainably in a pH-dependent manner, utilizing the fluorescence of Daun to real-time trace the intracellular drug distribution, and employing Daun/Tam to treat cancer by combined chemo/hormonal therapy. Cytotoxicity assays against different types of cancerous cells showed that the combinatory Daun/Tam@IO-MMM formulation significantly reduced the viability of metastatic MCF7 and KAIMRC1 breast as well as HCT8 colorectal cancer cells, with the least potency towards non-cancerous normal primary cells (up to 10-fold). Electron, flow, and live confocal microscopy imaging confirmed that the loaded vehicles were successfully and differentially uptaken by the different tested cells, gradually releasing their payloads, and causing apoptotic cell death. Importantly, compared to free drugs, Daun/Tam@IO-MMMs displayed enhanced drug accumulation in patient breast primary tumor tissues, deeply penetrating into the tumor region and killing the tumor cells inside. The designed carriers described here, thus, constitute a novel promising magnetic mesoporous smart system that entraps different kinds of drugs and release them in a controlled manner for combinatorial chemo/hormonal cancer theranostics. This multifactorial platform may open new avenues in cancer therapy as efficient synergistic antitumor system through overcoming limitations of conventional cancer therapy.
Differences in type II collagen degradation between peripheral and central cartilage of rat stifle joints after cranial cruciate ligament transection (2000)

These results indicate that cartilage degradation after CCL transection in the rat consists of 2 phases. An early phase located at the cartilage margins and a late phase located at the central part of the cartilage. In the early phase, collagenase-dependent cartilage damage occurred. During the late phase, the level of type II collagen denaturation increased.
Human pregnancy-specific beta 1 glycoprotein is encoded by multiple genes localized on two chromosomes. (1988)

A human genomic library was screened with a mixture of two cDNA probes, with one covering the 5' coding sequence and the other containing the 3'-end portion of human pregnancy-specific beta 1 glycoprotein (SP1). Seventeen clones were identified, all of which carried insert fragments capable of hybridizing with the cDNA probe. Insert size of these clones varied from 15.0 to 19.8 kb. Partial restriction maps were constructed, which demonstrated the presence of at least seven groups of unique SP1 genomic clones and suggested the possibility of multiple genes coding for SP1. The multigene nature of SP1 was confirmed by hybridization of the SP1 cDNA probe to multiple bands on Southern blots of human genomic DNA. Further analysis with chromosomal DNA dot blot demonstrated the presence of homologous sequences on the X chromosome and autosomal chromosome 6. Thus, human SP1 is apparently coded for by more than one gene residing on the X and 6 chromosomes.
Experimental evaluation of resonant clock distribution (2004)

Energy recovery (a.k.a. adiabatic) systems present an attractive alternative to conventional designs due to their significant potential for reducing power. In practical versions of these systems, flip-flops are typically synchronized by a sinusoidal power-clock waveform through a resonant clock distribution network. Understanding clock skew is particularly important in energy recovery systems, because unlike their conventional counterparts, they do not use square clock waveforms or buffers. We have performed an experimental evaluation of clock skew in resonant H-shape clock distribution networks with sinusoidal waveforms. Our results show that compared to conventional clock distribution methodologies in high performance processors, properly designed low-power resonant clocking provides comparable or better skew. Our paper is the first study to suggest a number of practical design guidelines for low-skew resonant clocking, through a systematic investigation of the impact of width, spacing, and loading of the clock tree on clock skew.
Broadcasting a single wavelength over a WDM network (2002)

We propose and demonstrate a wavelength-division-multiplexed network in which one wavelength is used for broadcast signals, while other wavelengths are used for switched signals. A novel device-the Bragg tap-is demonstrated.
The Deep-space Positioning System Concept: Automating Complex Navigation Operations Beyond the Earth (2016)

There is no equivalent of GPS in “deep space,” that is beyond the Earth Moon system (and use of GPS beyond LEO and MEO is already problematic.) NASA has been awarded a patent on the concept of the “Deep-space Positioning System” (DPS) which is a self-contained instrument concept that would use in-situ observations to provide an automated and autonomous means of determining its position in the Solar System, and at least as important, its position relative to a target, whether that target is a planet, asteroid, moon or comet. In addition, the DPS system computes trajectory change parameters, as necessary to keep a spacecraft on a planned trajectory. Implementation options include the use of a radio receiver to receive a frequency beacon from a non-in-situ source for additional navigation information over and above that which can be provided by the cameras that are the principal data source of DPS. This paper discusses the DPS instrument concept, and its potential use in deep space.
Sonochemically produced polydopamine nanocapsules with selective antimicrobial activity (2013)

A facile, versatile, and one-pot sonochemical synthesis of polydopamine (PDA)-nanocapsules from dopamine is reported. The nanocapsules (227 ± 25 nm) can encapsulate hydrophobic substances while retaining the reactivity of PDA toward nucleophilic reactions, enabling facile surface modification for different applications. PDA nanocapsules are nontoxic to mammalian cells while Cu-containing PDA capsules demonstrate strong (99.9%) and rapid (15 min) bactericidal activity.
Biomarkers as non‐invasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C (2004)

Abstract Liver biopsy has been considered as the gold standard for assessing the stage and the grade of chronic liver diseases. Biopsy has a high sampling error (33% for fibrosis staging and 24% for necrosis staging), and intra‐ and interpathologist variability greater than 10%. Biochemical markers, particularly recent panels of markers (FibroTest‐ActiTest) have good predictive values with a better benefit risk ratio and lower cost than liver biopsy. Discordances between biopsy and serological markers results can be either due to serological markers or to biopsy. Because of the improvement of biochemical markers, the limits and the risk of biopsy, liver biopsy should not be mandatory any longer in the management of patients with chronic liver hepatitis C.
Parameter-free discovery and recommendation of areas-of-interest (2014)

The task of discovering places of interest is a key step for many location-based recommendation tasks. In this paper we propose a fully unsupervised and parameter-free approach to deal with this problem based on the collection of geotagged photos. While previous papers are mostly devoted to discovering points (POI), we focus on areas of interest (AOI). Recommendation of better matches the traditional tourist goals and allows to robustly incorporate the interests of many users resulting in less subjective recommendations. The typical question that can be answered with the algorithm is formulated as "Where can one spend T minutes/hours walking around to observe as many attractive places as possible?"
Characterization of a 150 kDa accessory receptor for TGF‐β1 on keratinocytes: Direct evidence for a GPI anchor and ligand binding of the released form (2001)

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a key modulator of epidermal development and homeostasis, and has been shown to potently regulate keratinocyte migration and function during wound repair. There are three cloned TGF-beta receptors termed type I, type II, and type III that are found on most cell types. The types I and II are the signaling receptors, while the type III is believed to facilitate TGF-beta binding to the types I and II receptors. Recently, we reported that in addition to these receptors, human keratinocytes express a 150 kDa TGF-beta 1 binding protein (r150) which forms a heteromeric complex with the TGF-beta signaling receptors. This accessory receptor was described as glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-specific anchored based on its sensitivity to phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C (PIPLC). In the present study, we demonstrate that the GPI-anchor is contained in r150 itself and not on a tightly associated protein and that it binds TGF-beta 1 with an affinity similar to those of the types I and II TGF-beta signaling receptors. Furthermore, the PIPLC released (soluble) form of this protein is capable of binding TGF-beta 1 independently from the signaling receptors. In addition, we provide evidence that r150 is released from the cell surface by an endogenous phospholipase C. Our observation that r150 interacts with the TGF-beta signaling receptors, together with the finding that the soluble r150 binds TGF-beta 1 suggest that r150 in either its membrane anchored or soluble form may potentiate or antagonize TGF-beta signaling. Elucidating the mechanism by which r150 functions as an accessory molecule in TGF-beta signaling may be critical to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of TGF-beta action in keratinocytes.