gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gene Organization and Promoter Function for CC Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) (1998)

CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) functions physiologically as a receptor for the leukocyte chemoattractants macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta, and RANTES, and functions pathologically as a key cell entry coreceptor for HIV-1. The factors that regulate CCR5 expression may be useful therapeutic targets for HIV-1 infection. To identify nuclear regulatory factors, we have located and functionally characterized the CCR5 gene promoter. The gene consists of two exons separated by a 1.9-kb intron. Exon 1 contains 43 bp of the 5'-untranslated region; exon 2 contains 11 bp of the 5'-untranslated region and the complete open reading frame. Primer extension analysis identified two adjacent transcriptional start points (tsp) that map to the first 2 bp found in the longest known CCR5 cDNA sequence. A TATA box is present 31 bp upstream from the first tsp. CCR5 mRNA was detected constitutively in both primary human myeloid and lymphoid cells by Northern blot hybridization. Consistent with this, transcription of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene was constitutively activated in both transiently transfected myeloid and lymphoid cell lines by the 80-bp gene fragment located immediately upstream of the tsp. Deletion analysis located a strong silencer element between nucleotides -244 and -80, and a strong enhancer element between -486 and -244. These results suggest that the gene region between -486 and -1 may regulate the expression of CCR5 in monocyte/macrophages and T lymphocytes.
A Practical Exploration System for Search Advertising (2017)

In this paper, we describe an exploration system that was implemented by the search-advertising team of a prominent web-portal to address the cold ads problem. The cold ads problem refers to the situation where, when new ads are injected into the system by advertisers, the system is unable to assign an accurate quality to the ad (in our case, the click probability). As a consequence, the advertiser may suffer from low impression volumes for these cold ads, and the overall system may perform sub-optimally if the click probabilities for new ads are not learnt rapidly. We designed a new exploration system that was adapted to search advertising and the serving constraints of the system. In this paper, we define the problem, discuss the design details of the exploration system, new evaluation criteria, and present the performance metrics that were observed by us.
LiGa(OTf)(sub 4) as an Electrolyte Salt for Li-Ion Cells (2008)

Lithium tetrakis(trifluoromethane sulfo - nato)gallate [abbreviated (wherein OTf signifies trifluoro - methanesulfonate)] has been found to be promising as an electrolyte salt for incorporation into both liquid and polymer electrolytes in both rechargeable and non-rechargeable lithium-ion electrochemical cells. This and other ingredients have been investigated in continuing research oriented toward im proving the performances of rechargeable lithium-ion electrochemical cells, especially at low temperatures. This research at earlier stages, and the underlying physical and chemical principles, were reported in numerous previous NASA Tech Briefs articles. As described in more detail in those articles, lithiumion cells most commonly contain nonaqueous electrolyte solutions consisting of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) dissolved in mixtures of cyclic and linear alkyl carbonates, including ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC). Although such LiPF6-based electrolyte solutions are generally highly ionically conductive and electrochemically stable, as needed for good cell performance, there is interest in identifying alternate lithium electrolyte salts that, relative to LiPF6, are more resilient at high temperature and are less expensive. Experiments have been performed on LiGa(OTf)4 as well as on several other candidate lithium salts in pursuit of this interest. As part of these experiments, LiGa(OTf)4 was synthesized by the reaction of Ga(OTf)3 with an equimolar portion of LiOTf in a solvent consisting of anhydrous acetonitrile. Evaporation of the solvent yielded LiGa(OTf)4 as a colorless crystalline solid. The LiGa(OTf)4 and the other salts were incorporated into solutions with PC and DMC. The resulting electrolyte solutions exhibited reasonably high ionic conductivities over a relatively wide temperature range down to 40 C (see figure). In cyclic voltammetry measurements, LiGa(OTf)4 and the other salts exhibited acceptably high electrochemical stability over the relatively wide potential window of 0 to 5 V versus Li+/Li. 13C nuclear-magneticresonance measurements yielded results that suggested that in comparison with the other candidate salts, LiGa(OTf)4 exhibits less ion pairing. Planned further development will include optimization of the salt and solvent contents of such electrolyte solutions and incorporation of LiGa(OTf)4 into gel and solid-state polymer electrolytes. Of the salts, LiGa(OTf)4 is expected to be especially desirable for incorporation into lithium polymer electrolytes, wherein decreased ion pairing is advantageous and the large delocalized anions can exert a plasticizing effect.
Cardiac cone‐beam CT volume reconstruction using ART (2005)

Modern computed tomography systems allow volume imaging of the heart. Up to now, approximately two-dimensional (2D) and 3D algorithms based on filtered backprojection are used for the reconstruction. These algorithms become more sensitive to artifacts when the cone angle of the x-ray beam increases as it is the current trend of computed tomography (CT) technology. In this paper, we investigate the potential of iterative reconstruction based on the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) for helical cardiac cone-beam CT. Iterative reconstruction has the advantages that it takes the cone angle into account exactly and that it can be combined with retrospective cardiac gating fairly easily. We introduce a modified ART algorithm for cardiac CT reconstruction. We apply it to clinical cardiac data from a 16-slice CT scanner and compare the images to those obtained with a current analytical reconstruction method. In a second part, we investigate the potential of iterative reconstruction for a large area detector with 256 slices. For the clinical cases, iterative reconstruction produces excellent images of diagnostic quality. For the large area detector, iterative reconstruction produces images superior to analytical reconstruction in terms of cone-beam artifacts.
Generalized End-to-End Loss for Speaker Verification (2017)

In this paper, we propose a new loss function called generalized end-to-end (GE2E) loss, which makes the training of speaker verification models more efficient than our previous tuple-based end-to-end (TE2E) loss function. Unlike TE2E, the GE2E loss function updates the network in a way that emphasizes examples that are difficult to verify at each step of the training process. Additionally, the GE2E loss does not require an initial stage of example selection. With these properties, our model with the new loss function decreases speaker verification EER by more than 10%, while reducing the training time by 60% at the same time. We also introduce the MultiReader technique, which allows us to do domain adaptation - training a more accurate model that supports multiple keywords (i.e. "OK Google" and "Hey Google") as well as multiple dialects.
Solar concentrator with a toroidal relay module (2015)

III-V multijunction solar cells require solar concentrators with a high concentration ratio to reduce per watt cost and to increase solar energy transforming efficiency. This paper discusses a novel solar concentrator design that features a high concentration ratio, high transfer efficiency, thin profile design, and a high solar acceptance angle. The optical design of the concentrator utilizes a toroidal relay module, which includes both the off-axis relay lens and field lens design in a single concentric toroidal lens shape. The optical design concept of the concentrator is discussed and the simulation results are shown. The given exemplary design has an aspect ratio of 0.24, a high averaged optical concentration ratio 1230×, a maximum efficiency of 76.8%, and the solar acceptance angle of ±0.9°.
Pupilgram imperfections and their effect on lithography (2003)

Over the past three years or so, as lens manufacturing has improved and lens aberrations have been continuously reduced, the effects of imperfections in the pupil fill, or the partial-coherence pattern produced by the illuminator of a lithographic tool, are rising up out of the noise level and becoming important. Tools for quantitatively measuring illuminator pupil fill are now becoming increasingly widespread, and the user community is collecting data and asking lithographic tool suppliers what the data mean. Previously, we measured imperfections in the pupil fill of Nikon S204-generation scanners by generating pupilgrams, analyzed them in a manner so as to extract their underlying structure, and compared the results to scaling laws derived from lithographic calculations run with Prolith. At that time, we found that the imperfections seen in that generation of lithographic tools were small enough to have only a minimal effect on litho performance. Now, pupil-fill effects in new-generation high-NA scanners have been measured and characterized. We present a systematic study of pupilgrams, measured with a pinhole reticle while exercising illuminator adjustments, and correlate them with simultaneous measurements of CD uniformity and V-H bias to evaluate the importance of the illuminator in overall CD performance. We have also developed a more sophisticated analysis method to predict the effects of the pupilgrams on litho performance, and we present the correlation between experiment and theory. This work should allow both lithographic tool suppliers and end users to inspect a pupilgram and determine whether it will adversely impact their lithography.
Endo-Selective Enyne Ring- Closing Metathesis Promoted by Stereogenic-at-W Mono-Pyrrolide Complexes (2011)

The utility of W-alkylidene complexes for enyne ring-closing metathesis is demonstrated in a direct comparison with Mo-based analogs. Tungsten complexes lead to less alkyne oligomerization and higher levels of endo-selectivity and enantioselectivity.
Hybrid incoherent optical pattern recognition system (1983)

A pattern recognition system that uses incoherent spatial filtering to recognize images directly from a narrowband phosphor television monitor is described. Images of real objects are captured with a television camera. These images are then edge-enhanced electronically and displayed on the TV monitor. The monitor output is used directly as the input to a holographic correlator. An optical multichannel analyzer at the correlation plane is used to analyze the shape of the correlation function and to determine the position of its peak. Experimental results agree well with theory. Concepts for handling rotation, aspect angle, and scale variations of the input are discussed.
Objective Detection of Auditory Steady-State Responses: Comparison of One-Sample and q-Sample Tests (2006)

Auditory steady-state responses (ASSR) are expected to be useful for the objective, frequency-specific assessment of hearing thresholds in small children. To detect ASSR close to the hearing threshold, a powerful statistical test has to be applied. At present, so-called one-sample tests are used. These tests only evaluate the phase, or the phase and amplitude, of the first harmonic, that is, the fundamental frequency. It is shown that higher harmonics with significant amplitudes are also contained in the ASSR spectrum. For this reason, statistical tests that only consider the first harmonic ignore a significant portion of the available information. The use of a q-sample test, which, in addition to the fundamental frequency, also includes higher harmonics in the detection leads to a better detection performance. The evaluation of test performance uses both detection rate and detection time.
Emergent formation of dynamic topographic patterns in electron beam\n induced etching (2015)

Spontaneous formation of geometric patterns is a fascinating, ubiquitous\nprocess that provides fundamental insights into the roles of symmetry breaking,\nanisotropy and nonlinear interactions in emergent phenomena. Here we report\ndynamic, highly ordered topographic patterns on the surface of diamond that\nspan multiple length scales and have a symmetry controlled by the chemical\nspecies of a precursor gas used in electron beam induced etching (EBIE). This\nbehavior reveals an underlying etch rate anisotropy and an electron energy\ntransfer pathway that has been overlooked by existing EBIE theory. We present\nan etch rate kinetics model that fully explains our results and is universally\napplicable to EBIE. Our findings can be exploited for controlled wetting,\noptical structuring and other emerging applications that require nano and\nmicro-scale surface texturing.\n
Performance Characteristics of the NoiseSpotter: An Acoustic Monitoring and Localization System (2019)

Abstract In support of monitoring technologies to evaluate the potential environmental effects of offshore energy devices, this project attempts to ultimately improve upon traditional acoustic sensing techniques by developing a cost-effective compact array of acoustic vector sensors that characterizes, classifies, and provides accurate location information for anthropogenic and natural sounds. The NoiseSpotter consists of three acoustic vector sensors arranged in a three-dimensional array deployed as a seafloor mooring. Each vector sensor measures acoustic pressure and the three-dimensional particle velocity vector associated with the propagation of an acoustic wave, thereby inherently providing bearing information to an underwater source of sound. Here, performance characteristics of the NoiseSpotter are presented, along with an analysis of its abilities as an operational passive acoustic monitoring system to characterize sources of sound. Data are presented from controlled acoustic transmissions in a quiet environment and an energetic tidal channel in the presence of non-acoustic flow noise. NoiseSpotter performance is demonstrated through its modular design, ease of deployment/recovery, ability to remove signal contamination by flow noise and the ability to geolocate acoustic sources of interest.
<title>A New Optical Surface Microprofiling Instrument</title> (1983)

An optical surface microprofiling instrument is described in this paper. The instrument is an interferometric device capable of measuring the the microtopography of a precision surface along a single scan line. A 25 millimeter. scan can be accomplished in less than one minute with the present hardware. The vertical resolution of the instrument is on the order of 10 Angstrons. The lateral resolution is diffraction limited and corresponds to a few micrometers. Surface profile data are output in the form of analog voltages that can be readily digitized by a computer for further analysis, if necessary. The microprofiler is a compact unit that requires no elaborate vibration isolation. Since the test is non-contacting in nature it is a non-destructive test. The instrument can potentially generate surface profile data for large samples. Numerous techniques exist for measuring the microtopography of precision surfaces. A brief overview will highlight the characteristics of the commonly used methods. This discussion will set a background against which the performance of the surface microprofiling instrument can be compared. Examples of surface profile data produced by the instrument for a variety of samples will be presented.
Gamma discrimination in pillar structured thermal neutron detectors (2012)

Solid-state thermal neutron detectors are desired to replace <sup>3</sup>He tube based technology for the detection of special nuclear materials. <sup>3</sup>He tubes have some issues with stability, sensitivity to microphonics and very recently, a shortage of <sup>3</sup>He. There are numerous solid-state approaches being investigated that utilize various architectures and material combinations. By using the combination of high-aspect-ratio silicon PIN pillars, which are 2 μm wide with a 2 μm separation, arranged in a square matrix, and surrounded by <sup>10</sup>B, the neutron converter material, a high efficiency thermal neutron detector is possible. Besides intrinsic neutron detection efficiency, neutron to gamma discrimination is an important figure of merit for unambiguous signal identification. In this work, theoretical calculations and experimental measurements are conducted to determine the effect of structure design of pillar structured thermal neutron detectors including: intrinsic layer thickness, pillar height, substrate doping and incident gamma energy on neutron to gamma discrimination.
Pharmacology of 2-cyclohexylmethylidenehydrazinoadenosine (WRC-0470), a novel, short-acting adenosine A2A receptor agonist that produces selective coronary vasodilation (1997)

Intravenous adenosine (ADO) is used clinically to produce coronary vasodilation during myocardial perfusion imaging studies. The coronary vasodilation produced by ADO is due to activation of A2A-receptors. An analogue of ADO WRC-0470 was developed that was selective for the A2A-receptor. The present studies were designed to determine whether WRC-0470 could produce selective coronary vasodilation but be devoid of the side effects that ADO possesses due to activation of A1, A2B, or A3 adenosine receptors. In guinea pig isolated tissues, WRC-0470 was a potent coronary vasodilator (A2A: A50 = 1.5 nM) but was a weak negative inotropic or chronotropic agent (A1: A50 = 40–140 μM) and was a weak vasodilator in the aorta (A2B: A50 = 49 μM). WRC-0470 bound to human A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors with affinities of 48 μM, 270 nM, 430 μM, and 903 nM, respectively. Intravenous infusion of WRC-0470 (0.1–0.6 μg/kg/min × 10 min) to anesthetized and conscious dogs produced coronary vasodilation at doses that produced little or no systemic hypotension. Only at infusion doses in excess of 0.6 μg/kg/min was a significant decrease in blood pressure and a decrease in left ventricular pressure observed. WRC-0470 had no consistent or significant effect on heart rate, PR interval, QRS interval, or QT interval. WRC-0470 was rapidly cleared from dog plasma with an elimination half-life of 6 min. In an allergic sheep model of asthma, the clinically predicted dose of WRC-0470 (≤0.6 μg/kg/min) produced no significant increase in lung resistance whereas the clinical dose of ADO (140 μg/kg/min) produced a 100% increase in lung resistance. WRC-0470 is a short-acting A2A selective ADO agonist that produces selective coronary vasodilation in the dog. Because WRC-0470 is a weak agonist at A1, A2B, and A3 receptors it is predicted that WRC-0470 will produce fewer side effects clinically than does ADO. Drug Dev. Res. 40:313–324, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Energy-efficient Time-Stampless Adaptive Nonuniform Sampling (2011)

Nowadays, since more and more battery-operated devices are involved in applications with continuous sensing, development of an efficient sampling mechanisms is an important issue for these applications. In this paper, we investigate power efficiency aspects of a recently proposed adaptive nonuniform sampling. This sampling scheme minimizes the energy consumption of the sampling process, which is approximately proportional to sampling rate. The main characteristics of our method are that, first, sampling times do not need to be transmitted, since the receiver can compute them by using a function of previously taken samples, and second, only innovative samples are taken from the signal of interest, reducing the sampling rate and therefore the energy consumption. We call this scheme Time-Stampless Adaptive Nonuniform Sampling (TANS). TANS can be used in several scenarios, showing promising results in terms of energy savings, and can potentially enable the development of new applications that require continuous signals sensing, such as applications related to health monitoring, location tracking and entertainment.
Gabapentin Enacarbil in Restless Legs Syndrome (2009)

Gabapentin enacarbil at 1200 mg significantly improved restless legs syndrome symptoms compared with placebo. Efficacy outcomes for GEn at 600 mg were similar to placebo. Both GEn doses were generally well tolerated.
The Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35 <i>S</i> Promoter: Combinatorial Regulation of Transcription in Plants (1990)

Appropriate regulation of transcription in higher plants requires specific cis elements in the regulatory regions of genes and their corresponding trans-acting proteins. Analysis of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter has contributed to the understanding of transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. The intact 35S promoter confers constitutive expression upon heterologous genes in most plants. Dissection into subdomains that are able to confer tissue-specific gene expression has demonstrated that the promoter has a modular organization. When selected subdomains are combined, they confer expression not detected from the isolated subdomains, suggesting that synergistic interactions occur among cis elements. The expression patterns conferred by specific combinations of 35S subdomains differ in tobacco and petunia. This indicates that a combinatorial code of cisregulatory elements may be interpreted differently in different species.
Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha specifically induce formation of cytomegalovirus-permissive monocyte-derived macrophages that are refractory to the antiviral activity of these cytokines. (1997)

Monocytes/macrophages are key cells in the pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Although HCMV infection in monocytes is restricted to early events of gene expression, productive infection has been demonstrated in differentiated macrophages in vitro. We examined the cellular and cytokine components that are essential for HCMV replication in Concanavalin A-stimulated monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). By negative selection, depletion of CD8+ T lymphocytes, but not CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD19+ B cells, or CD56+ NK cells, resulted in a 60-70% reduction in the number of HCMV-infected MDM, and a 4 log decrease in virus production. Neutralization of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, but not IL-1, IL-2, or TGF-beta, decreased production of virus by 4 logs and 2 logs, respectively. Subsequently, addition of recombinant IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha to purified monocyte cultures was sufficient to produce HCMV-permissive MDM. While IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha possess antiviral properties, addition of these cytokines to permissive MDM cultures did not affect production of HCMV. Thus, rather than inhibiting replication of HCMV, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha specifically induce differentiation of monocytes into HCMV-permissive MDM, which are resistant to the antiviral effects of these cytokines.
Method for Image-Based Measurement of the Reversible and Irreversible Contribution to the Transverse-Relaxation Rate (1996)

A multislice NMR imaging pulse sequence capable of measuring both the reversible and irreversible contribution to the transverse-relaxation rate (R'2 and R2) in a single scan is described. The method, termed GESFIDE (gradient-echo sampling of FID and echo) is based on sampling the descending and ascending portions of a Hahn echo with a train of gradient echoes. R2 and R'2 are computed by exploiting the differential evolution of the transverse magnetization before and after the phase-reversal pulse. Salient features of the method are its insensitivity to RF pulse imperfections and its high precision and efficiency. Applications examined involve the characterization of magnetically inhomogeneous tissues and biomaterials such as trabecular bone marrow in the skeleton and brain iron.