gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Combination of Alkaloids and Triterpenes of Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R. Br. Leaves Enhances Immunomodulatory Activity in C57BL/6 Mice and Induces Apoptosis in the A549 Cell Line (2013)

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the induction of apoptosis and the immunomodulatory activities of alkaloids and triterpenes of Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R. Br. leaves (ASL). Importantly, their possible synergistic properties were also explored in this study. Human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 and Lewis tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice were used for the evaluation of their activities. A MTT assay was used to determine the proliferation inhibition in A549 cells. Annexin-V/PI double staining as well as flow cytometry was performed to detect apoptosis and cell cycle status. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to determine the levels of inflammatory mediators interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in serum. Furthermore, western blot analysis was applied to evaluate the expressions of proteins associated with cell death. Alkaloids or triterpenes showed a high anti-proliferative activity in A549 cells, with IC50 values of 14.4 µg/mL and 9.3 µg/mL, respectively. The alkaloids and triterpenes combination could significantly inhibit tumor growth in tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice, compared with alkaloids or triterpenes alone (7.5, 15, 30 g raw material/kg). The immune organs indexes including spleen index and thymus index were increased remarkably by the combination of alkaloids and triterpenes, whereas the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were up-regulated significantly. Moreover, Annexin-V/PI double staining and flow cytometry showed that the combination of alkaloids and triterpenes (1, 2 and 3 mg raw material/kg) could induce apoptosis and cause S cell cycle arrest in A549 cells. Western blot analysis also showed that their combination (2 mg raw material/kg) significantly down-regulated Bcl-2 expression and pro-casp8 level, whereas it remarkably increased the level of cleaved caspase-8 leading to apoptosis in A549 cells. These observations provide preliminary evidence that both alkaloids and triterpenes possess immune regulation and induction apoptosis activities. Their combination has a stronger activity than that of either class alone. Our findings suggested that these components might be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of NSCLC through a significant synergy effect.
Design and delivery of non-parenteral vaccines. (1998)

Non-parenteral delivery of vaccines is reviewed focusing on the delivery systems that have been used for various mucosal routes of administration. Systems considered include biodegradable micro- and nanoparticles, liposomes, live bacterial and viral vectors and mucosal adjuvants. New approaches to mucosal vaccine formulation using: (i) gene fusion technology to create non-toxic derivatives of mucosal adjuvants, (ii) genetically inactivated antigens with a deletion in an essential gene, (iii) coexpression of an antigen and a specific cytokine that is important in the modulation and control of a mucosal immune response, and (iv) genetic material itself that would allow DNA or RNA uptake and its endogenous expression in the host cell are described.
Inferring experimental procedures from text-based representations of chemical reactions (2021)

The experimental execution of chemical reactions is a context-dependent and time-consuming process, often solved using the experience collected over multiple decades of laboratory work or searching similar, already executed, experimental protocols. Although data-driven schemes, such as retrosynthetic models, are becoming established technologies in synthetic organic chemistry, the conversion of proposed synthetic routes to experimental procedures remains a burden on the shoulder of domain experts. In this work, we present data-driven models for predicting the entire sequence of synthesis steps starting from a textual representation of a chemical equation, for application in batch organic chemistry. We generated a data set of 693,517 chemical equations and associated action sequences by extracting and processing experimental procedure text from patents, using state-of-the-art natural language models. We used the attained data set to train three different models: a nearest-neighbor model based on recently-introduced reaction fingerprints, and two deep-learning sequence-to-sequence models based on the Transformer and BART architectures. An analysis by a trained chemist revealed that the predicted action sequences are adequate for execution without human intervention in more than 50% of the cases.
Powder Temperature, Size, and Number Density in Laser-Driven Reactions (1986)

A technique to accurately measure the temperature of powders in a laser-driven reaction has been developed. Particles are formed by heating reactant gases with a 150-W CO2 laser. The brightness temperature of the particulate cloud was measured with a micro-optical pyrometer. The emissivity was determined from scattering and transmission measurements. A correction for high turbidity was derived. The scattering and transmission measurements also allow the determination of the size and number density of the particles. The temperature and particle size as a function of height are reported for five silicon powder reaction conditions, and for one silicon carbide reaction. The measurements indicate that particles are often nucleated before the reactant gas has reached the CO2 laser beam. The reaction zone temperature decreases once most of the reactant gas is consumed, unless the produced powder absorbs 10.6 μm radiation as does SiC. The silicon particles nucleate as amorphous silicon, and then crystallize as they move into hotter regions of the reaction zone.
Rituximab in B-Lineage Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (2016)

Adding rituximab to the ALL chemotherapy protocol improved the outcome for younger adults with CD20-positive, Ph-negative ALL. (Funded by the Regional Clinical Research Office, Paris, and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00327678 .).
Media telecom network: A Telco approach to peer-to-peer delivery of streaming content (2008)

This paper describes the architecture of the China Telecom Media Telecom Network (MTN), a peer-to-peer based network for delivering streaming media content to end consumers, and a summary of simulations based on this network architecture.
Chronic modafinil effects on drug-seeking following methamphetamine self-administration in rats (2011)

Acute administration of the cognitive enhancing drug, modafinil (Provigil®), reduces methamphetamine (Meth) seeking following withdrawal from daily self-administration. However, the more clinically relevant effects of modafinil on Meth-seeking after chronic treatment have not been explored. Here, we determined the impact of modafinil on Meth-seeking after chronic daily treatment during extinction or abstinence following Meth self-administration. Rats self-administered intravenous Meth during daily 2-h sessions for 14 d, followed by extinction sessions or abstinence. During this period, rats received daily injections of vehicle, 30, or 100 mg/kg modafinil and were then tested for Meth-seeking via cue, Meth-primed, and context-induced reinstatement at early and late withdrawal time-points. We found that chronic modafinil attenuated relapse to a Meth-paired context, decreased conditioned cue-induced and Meth-primed reinstatement, and resulted in enduring reductions in Meth-seeking even after discontinuation of treatment. Additionally, we determined that only a very high dose of modafinil (300 mg/kg) during maintenance of self-administration had an impact on Meth intake. These results validate and extend clinical and preclinical findings that modafinil may be a viable treatment option for Meth addiction.
Seasonal Variations in Clinical and Laboratory Variables among Chronic Hemodialysis Patients (2002)

Seasonal variations in BP among chronic hemodialysis patients have been reported. It was hypothesized that other characteristics of these patients might also vary with the seasons. Twenty-one clinical and laboratory variables were examined for seasonal variations among 1445 patients enrolled in the Hemodialysis Study, sponsored by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Mixed-effects models were applied to longitudinal changes (up to 45 mo) for individual patients for 19 of the 21 variables, which were measured at least twice each year, to determine the seasonal component of each variable. Seasonal variations in the other two variables, i.e., protein and energy intakes determined from annual dietary records, were assessed in cross-sectional comparisons of intakes of patients entering the study at different time points. Thirteen of the 21 variables examined demonstrated statistically significant (P < 0.01) seasonal components in their longitudinal variations. Predialysis blood urea nitrogen concentrations peaked in March, which coincided approximately with the peak protein catabolic rates, as well as protein and energy intakes (determined by dietary recall). Predialysis systolic and diastolic BP values were highest in winter and lowest in summer, corroborating previous reports. In addition, the lower predialysis BP values in summer were associated with higher outdoor temperatures and less interdialytic fluid gain. The mean predialysis hematocrit values were highest in July, which could not be attributed solely to the estimated changes in plasma volume. Seasonal variations in clinical and laboratory variables occur commonly among chronic hemodialysis patients. The reasons for most of these variations are not apparent and require further investigation. Nonetheless, failure to consider these variations might lead to biases in the interpretation of clinical studies. In addition, awareness of these variations might facilitate the interpretation of laboratory results and the clinical treatment of these patients.
Multichannel 65 zF rms Resolution CMOS Monolithic Capacitive Sensor for Counting Single Micrometer-Sized Airborne Particles on Chip (2016)

The first integrated CMOS monolithic sensor system for on-chip capacitive detection of micrometric airborne particulate matter (PM) is presented. The chip is based on a 32 channel lock-in architecture allowing a dust collection area of 1.15 mm2 where interdigitated differential microelectrodes, fabricated with the top metal and directly exposed to air, allow single particle sensitivity. The preamplifier input capacitance is significantly minimized thanks to the electrode-amplifier proximity and proper partitioning of the sensing area, in order to reduce the noise. Each channel comprises a charge preamplifier with adjustable high-pass filtering for flicker noise shaping, square-wave mixer, gm-C tunable low-pass filter (40-750 Hz), and a 6 bit digital network for automatic compensation of electrodes mismatching with a granularity of 150 aF. Thanks to the capacitive noise of only 65 zF rms with 25 ms temporal resolution, deposition events of single mineral talc particles were recorded down to 1 μm diameter with a signal-to-noise ratio of ≈18 dB. This chip paves the way to pervasive mapping of both indoor and outdoor PM in the 1-30 μm range.
Newborn calf intestinal absorption of immunoglobulins extracted from colostrum (1986)

In the newborn calf, colostrum immunoglobulin absorption was compared with absorption of immunoglobulins extracted from colostrum. Reduced absorption of the latter resulted in plasma immunoglobulin levels unable to protect the animals against infections. Adding complete milk powder to the immunoglobulin solution slightly improved the level of absorption. Postprandial plasma alkaline phosphatases levels exhibited changes differing with the nature of the meals. This reinforces the idea that intestinal function was probably disturbed by immunoglobulin solutions. Moreover, reduced appetite for immunoglobulin solution was evident by the second meal, when most of the animals previously subjected to this diet suffered from a variety of problems (scour, asthenia), possibly caused by harmful effects of immunoglobulin solution on their digestive tract.
Looking at Vehicles on the Road: A Survey of Vision-Based Vehicle Detection, Tracking, and Behavior Analysis (2013)

This paper provides a review of the literature in on-road vision-based vehicle detection, tracking, and behavior understanding. Over the past decade, vision-based surround perception has progressed from its infancy into maturity. We provide a survey of recent works in the literature, placing vision-based vehicle detection in the context of sensor-based on-road surround analysis. We detail advances in vehicle detection, discussing monocular, stereo vision, and active sensor-vision fusion for on-road vehicle detection. We discuss vision-based vehicle tracking in the monocular and stereo-vision domains, analyzing filtering, estimation, and dynamical models. We discuss the nascent branch of intelligent vehicles research concerned with utilizing spatiotemporal measurements, trajectories, and various features to characterize on-road behavior. We provide a discussion on the state of the art, detail common performance metrics and benchmarks, and provide perspective on future research directions in the field.
Class Imbalance Problem in Data Mining Review (2013)

In last few years there are major changes and evolution has been done on classification of data. As the application area of technology is increases the size of data also increases. Classification of data becomes difficult because of unbounded size and imbalance nature of data. Class imbalance problem become greatest issue in data mining. Imbalance problem occur where one of the two classes having more sample than other classes. The most of algorithm are more focusing on classification of major sample while ignoring or misclassifying minority sample. The minority samples are those that rarely occur but very important. There are different methods available for classification of imbalance data set which is divided into three main categories, the algorithmic approach, data-preprocessing approach and feature selection approach. Each of this technique has their own advantages and disadvantages. In this paper systematic study of each approach is define which gives the right direction for research in class imbalance problem.
mt <scp>DNA</scp> heteroplasmy level and copy number indicate disease burden in m.3243A>G mitochondrial disease (2018)

Mitochondrial disease associated with the pathogenic m.3243A>G variant is a common, clinically heterogeneous, neurogenetic disorder. Using multiple linear regression and linear mixed modelling, we evaluated which commonly assayed tissue (blood <i>N</i> = 231, urine <i>N</i> = 235, skeletal muscle <i>N</i> = 77) represents the m.3243A>G mutation load and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number most strongly associated with disease burden and progression. m.3243A>G levels are correlated in blood, muscle and urine (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.61-0.73). Blood heteroplasmy declines by ~2.3%/year; we have extended previously published methodology to adjust for age. In urine, males have higher mtDNA copy number and ~20% higher m.3243A>G mutation load; we present formulas to adjust for this. Blood is the most highly correlated mutation measure for disease burden and progression in m.3243A>G-harbouring individuals; increasing age and heteroplasmy contribute (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.27, <i>P</i> < 0.001). In muscle, heteroplasmy, age and mtDNA copy number explain a higher proportion of variability in disease burden (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.40, <i>P</i> < 0.001), although activity level and disease severity are likely to affect copy number. Whilst our data indicate that age-corrected blood m.3243A>G heteroplasmy is the most convenient and reliable measure for routine clinical assessment, additional factors such as mtDNA copy number may also influence disease severity.
Fast planning by search in domain transition graph (2008)

Recent advances in classical planning have used the SAS+ formalism, and several effective heuristics have been developed based on the SAS+ formalism. Comparing to the traditional STRIPS/ADL formalism, SAS+ is capable of capturing vital information such as domain transition structures and causal dependencies. In this paper, we propose a new SAS+ based incomplete planning approach. Instead of using SAS+ to derive heuristics within a heuristic search planner, we directly search in domain transition graphs (DTGs) and causal graphs (CGs) derived from the SAS+ formalism. The new method is efficient because the SAS+ representation is often much more compact than STRIPS. The CGs and DTGs provide rich information of domain structures that can effectively guide the search towards solutions. Experimental results show strong performance of the proposed planner on recent international planning competition domains.
A Histogram Algorithm For Fast Audio Retrieval. (2005)

[TODO] Add abstract here.
Low-Loss and Compact Silica-Based Athermal Arrayed Waveguide Grating Using Resin-Filled Groove (2009)

We describe our design and fabrication of a low-loss and compact 1.5%-Delta silica-based athermal arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) using a resin-filled groove. We present the theory of athermal AWG design and clarify the relationship between the AWG design parameters and the groove design required for realizing an athermal condition. We also describe approaches for reducing excess loss in the groove, which are used to optimize the groove and arrayed waveguide designs. We examine the performance of a 40-channel 100 GHz spacing athermal AWG module that employs all of the approaches. We successfully reduce the excess loss in the groove to 0.2 dB and achieve a compact chip size of 31times23 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> as well as sufficient optical performance and temperature insensitivity for practical use. In addition, we confirm by calculation that our approaches for excess loss reduction are also effective for an athermal AWG with a channel spacing of less than 100 GHz.
Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by using loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick biosensor (2012)

Tuberculosis is a persistent problem in the developing world and the biggest cause of mortality. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) allows DNA to be amplified rapidly at a constant temperature. Here a LAMP method was combined with a chromatographic lateral-flow dipstick (LFD) to detect IS6110 gene of M. tuberculosis rapidly and specifically. The reaction was optimized at 65 °C for 90 min and amplified DNA hybridized to an FITC-labeled oligonucleotide probe for 5 min was detected at LFD test line 5 min after application. Excluding for the step of DNA extraction, test results could be generated within 1 h 40 min. In addition to advantages of short assay time, confirmation of amplicon identity by hybridization and elimination of electrophoresis with carcinogenic ethidium bromide, the LAMP-LFD was more sensitive than an existing PCR assay for detection of M. tuberculosis.
Ultra low noise long wavelength EDFA with 3.6 dB external noise figure (2003)

A long-wavelength erbium-doped fiber amplifier (LW-EDFB) is reported showing a near-quantum-limited external noise figure as low as 3.6 dB. The amplifier configuration uses a buried optical filter and optical isolator to achieve this performance.
Bulky Monodentate Phosphoramidites in Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation Reactions: Aspects of Regioselectivity and Enantioselectivity (2004)

A series of bulky monodentate phosphoramidite ligands, based on biphenol, BINOL and TADDOL backbones, have been employed in the Pd-catalysed allylic alkylation reaction. Reaction of disodium diethyl 2-methyl malonate with monosubstituted allylic substrates in the presence of palladium complexes of the phosphoramidite ligands proceeds smoothly at room temperature. The regioselectivities observed depend strongly on the leaving group and the geometry of the allylic starting compounds. Mono-coordination occurs when these ligands are ligated in [Pd(allyl)(X)] complexes (allyl=C3H5, 1-CH3C3H4, 1-C6H5C3H4, 1,3-(C6H5)2C3H3; X=Cl, OAc). The solid-state structure determined by X-ray diffraction of [Pd(C3H5)(1)(Cl)] reveals a non-symmetric coordination of the allyl moiety, caused by the stronger trans influence of the phosphoramidite ligand relative to X-. In all of these complexes, the syn,trans isomer is the major species present in solution. Because of fast isomerisation and high reactivity of the syn,cis complex, the major product formed upon alkylation is the linear product, especially for monosubstituted phenylallyl substrates in the presence of halide counterions. In the case of biphenol- and BINOL-based phosphoramidites, however, a strong memory effect is observed when 1-phenyl-2-propenyl acetate is employed as the substrate. In this case, nucleophilic attack competes effectively with the isomerisation of the transient cinnamylpalladium complexes. The asymmetric allylic alkylation of 1,3-diphenyl-2-propenyl acetate afforded the chiral product in up to 93 % ee. Substrates with smaller substituents gave lower enantioselectivities. The observed stereoselectivity is explained in terms of a preferential rotation mechanism, in which the product is formed by attack on one of the isomers of the intermediate [Pd[1,3-(C6H5)2C3H3](L)(OAc)] complex.
The Sociography of the Nazi Party in a Catholic County: The 1939 Census of the Membership of the NSDAP in County Aachen (2005)

Abstract Based on an important source which has hardly been used to date, data drawn from the 1939 Nazi Party membership census, this article contributes to our limited knowledge of the sociography of the membership of the Nazi Party at the micro‐level and that of its most important specialist organisations during the Third Reich. The computer analysis of 8,082 members mobilised by the Nazi Party in County Aachen by 1939 reveals a number of social characteristics which it shared with the party membership at the macro‐level, along with some significant differences, especially as far as the social background of the SS membership in the county is concerned.
Effects of TGF‐βs in the Liver: Cell Proliferation and Fibrogenesis (2007)

TGF-beta 1 is a potent inhibitor of hepatocyte proliferation in vivo and in culture and an inducer of fibrogenesis. It is produced by non-parenchymal cells in normal, regenerating, neoplastic and pre-neoplastic liver. TGF-beta 2 and beta 3 are also found in liver non-parenchymal cells and the amounts of their mRNAs increase during liver regeneration. TGF-beta 2 has similar effects to TGF-beta 1. Membranes from normal adult rat liver bind TGF-beta 1 with kinetics consistent with the presence of a single high affinity binding site; membranes from livers that have been regenerating for 12-72 hours show high affinity binding sites not detected in livers of normal or sham-operated rats. Affinity labelling of membranes from normal and regenerating liver shows two receptor proteins with Mr 85,000 and 65,000. In contrast, a prominent band corresponding to a binding protein of Mr 280,000 is detected in membrane preparations of cultured liver epithelial cells. Although modulation of TGF-beta 1 receptors occurs during liver regeneration, it has not been possible to determine which receptor is responsible for the TGF-beta 1 effects in hepatocytes. Other studies have demonstrated a significant correlation between TGF-beta 1 mRNA expression and various indicators of fibrogenesis in patients with chronic liver disease. Thus in animals and humans TGF-beta 1 appears to play a major role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in chronic liver disease.