gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Processing lunar soils for oxygen and other materials (1992)

Two types of lunar materials are excellent candidates for lunar oxygen production: ilmenite and silicates such as anorthite. Both are lunar surface minable, occurring in soils, breccias, and basalts. Because silicates are considerably more abundant than ilmenite, they may be preferred as source materials. Depending on the processing method chosen for oxygen production and the feedstock material, various useful metals and bulk materials can be produced as byproducts. Available processing techniques include hydrogen reduction of ilmenite and electrochemical and chemical reductions of silicates. Processes in these categories are generally in preliminary development stages and need significant research and development support to carry them to practical deployment, particularly as a lunar-based operation. The goal of beginning lunar processing operations by 2010 requires that planning and research and development emphasize the simplest processing schemes. However, more complex schemes that now appear to present difficult technical challenges may offer more valuable metal byproducts later. While they require more time and effort to perfect, the more complex or difficult schemes may provide important processing and product improvements with which to extend and elaborate the initial lunar processing facilities. A balanced RD (2) ilmenite--continuous fluid-bed reduction; (3) utilization of spent ilmenite to produce bulk materials; (4) silicates--electrochemical reduction; and (5) silicates--chemical reduction.
Looking Below the Surface of Breast Tissue during Surgery (2011)

In this article, we present a method that provides prompt detection of the presence of cancer cells inside the 2-mm margin of tissue surrounding the tumor after excision using spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS). SORS was developed to detect subtle changes in soft tissue spectra in the 100–2000 μm range and tested on excised breast tissues. The results display a very high specificity and sensitivity (100% and 95%, respectively) of classification between positive and negative tumor margins. SORS is a clinically feasible method, suitable for the real-time, intraoperative assessment of tumor margins at the micrometer level.
Antihypertensives. N-1H-Pyrrol-1-yl-3-pyridazinamines (1984)

The hypothesis that the side effects of hydralazine, such as mutagenicity and lupus erythematosus like syndrome, might be due to the NHNH2 group prompted us to incorporate part of this moiety into a pyrrole ring. Therefore, we prepared a series of N-1H-pyrrol-1-yl-3-pyridazinamines and a limited number of N-1H-pyrrol-1-yl-1-phthalazinamines by reaction of 3-hydrazinopyridazines and 1-hydrazinophthalazines with gamma-diketones. Most of these compounds, especially in the pyridazine series, showed moderate to strong antihypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The decrease in blood pressure generally had a slow onset after either oral or intravenous administration. N-(2,5-Dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-6-(4-morpholinyl)-3-pyridazinamine hydrochloride (30) (MDL 899) showed no mutagenic activity in several tests and is now in clinical trials in patients.
New efficient batch verification for an identity‐based signature scheme (2015)

Abstract Batch verification is a method to verify multiple digital signatures at a batch in time less than total individual verification time. Batch verification for an identity‐based signature scheme (IBS) is attractive because a short public identity such as an e‐mail address can be used as a verification key. In this paper, we first review the recent IBS scheme proposed by Shim and its batch verifier to show that the batch verifier is vulnerable to a forgery attack. In order to resist to the attack, we propose a new efficient batch verifier for the IBS scheme. The proposed batch verifier can deal with arbitrary number of signatures as a batch. We prove formally that the proposed batch verifier is secure. Then, we analyze the computation cost of the proposed batch verifier using concrete parameters and compare it with well‐known batch verifiers. The comparison shows that our batch verifier can significantly outperform the existing batch verifiers in computation. We finally present a one‐round three‐party identity‐based key agreement protocol as an application of our batch verifier, which requires only three pairing operations in verification. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced receivers for WCDMA terminal platforms and base stations (2006)

WCDMA continues to evolve to support high-bit-rate applications. Highspeed downlink packet access (HSDPA) technology, for example, substantially increases data rates in the downlink. As data rates increase, however, greater self-interference from the dispersive radio channel limits performance. As a consequence, Ericsson has developed advanced receivers for WCDMA terminal platforms and base stations. The authors describe an advanced receiver approach known as generalized Rake (G-Rake) reception. The G-Rake receiver functions like an equalizer, suppressing self-interference. To minimize cost and time-tomarket, the receiver architecture builds on the traditional Rake receiver architecture. Tests show that the G-Rake receiver can significantly improve throughput and system capacity for high-bit-rate applications. Ericsson will include G-Rake for HSDPA services starting with its U350 and U360 WCDMA platforms. G-Rake reception is also being considered for other applications. For voice service, for instance, it can increase downlink capacity by 30%. Data and voice applications improve when G-Rake reception is used in conjunction with the two-antenna terminal platforms that are part of EMP’s technology roadmap. G-Rake will also significantly improve performance on the uplink when data rates exceed 2Mbps in later phases of the enhanced uplink (EUL).
Growth Mechanism of MoS<sub>2</sub> Fullerene-like Nanoparticles by Gas-Phase Synthesis (2000)

Inorganic fullerene-like (hollow onionlike) nanoparticles (IF) and nanotubes have attracted considerable interest in recent years, due to their unusual crystallographic morphology and their interesting physical properties. IF-MoS2 and nanotubes were first synthesized by a gas-phase reaction from MoO3 powder. This process consists of three steps: (1) evaporation of the MoO3 powder as molecular clusters; (2) condensation of the oxide clusters to give MoO3-x nanosize particles; (3) sulfidization of the suboxide nanoparticles to generate IF nanoparticles. The evaporation of MoO3 (step 1) and the IF particle formation from the oxide nanoparticles (step 3) have been investigated already, while the mechanism for the suboxide nanoparticles formation (step 2) has not been studied before and is reported here. According to the present model, a partial reduction of the trioxide molecular clusters (3−5 molecules) leads to the formation of MoO3-x nanoparticles (5−300-nm particles size)the precursor for IF-MoS2. A mathematical model, which takes into account the diffusion of the reactants into the reaction zone, the chemical reactions, and the boundary conditions obtained from the experiments, is established and solved. Based on the comprehensive understanding of the IF-MoS2 growth mechanism from MoO3 powder and the solution of the diffusion equations, a gas-phase reactor, which allowed reproducible preparation of a pure IF-MoS2 powder (50 mg per batch) with controllable sizes, is demonstrated.
Chemical composition tuning in quaternary p-type Pb-chalcogenides – a promising strategy for enhanced thermoelectric performance (2013)

Recently a significant improvement in the thermoelectric performance of p-type ternary PbTe-PbSe and PbTe-PbS systems has been realized through alternating the electronic band structure and introducing nano-scale precipitates to bulk materials respectively. However, the quaternary system of PbTe-PbSe-PbS has received less attention. In the current work, we have excluded phase complexity by fabricating single phase sodium doped PbTe, alloyed with PbS up to its solubility limit which is extended to larger concentrations than in the ternary system of PbTe-PbS due to the presence of PbSe. We have presented a thermoelectric efficiency of approximately 1.6 which is superior to ternary PbTe-PbSe and PbTe-PbS at similar carrier concentrations and the binary PbTe, PbSe and PbS alloys. The quaternary system shows a larger Seebeck coefficient than the ternary PbTe-PbSe alloy, indicative of a wider band gap, valence band energy offset and heavier carriers effective mass. In addition, the existence of PbS in the alloy further reduces the lattice thermal conductivity originated from phonon scattering on solute atoms with high contrast atomic mass. Single phase quaternary PbTe-PbSe-PbS alloys are promising thermoelectric materials that provide high performance through adjusting the electronic band structure by regulating chemical composition.
Determining breathing or snoring episodes and apneas during sleep using acoustic signal from the neck (2016)

[Confidential, not for public use until the week before the conference (as written in Terms of Use).] About 5% of European population (similarly for the globe) of any age suffer from obstructive sleep apnea. Other breathing disturbances during sleep (primarily habitual snoring) occur in more than 25% of the population. Polysomnography is a gold standard in diagnosing sleep disordered breathing, however it is expensive and impossible to be used as a screening tool. Our aim was to deliver (Clebre) system consisted of the wireless acoustic sensor and the mobile application for detecting breathing or snoring episodes and apneas using artificial intelligence methods, and check the accuracy of proposed solution. We attached the Clebre prototype to the neck, and connected it with smartphone via Bluetooth. The algorithm comprised episode segmentation part and machine learning episodes classification, and ran online during recording. 40 whole-night records from 16 generally healthy subjects were registered and 1525 various episodes (divided into training and testing parts) were labelled to learn the system and check its accuracy. Our algorithm intended to determine breathing episodes based on spectral thresholding and heuristics worked very well for the entire recordings, except body position changes, that must be removed from analysis. We obtained overall accuracy of 88.2% (sensitivity 85.1% and specificity 90.3%) in determining between breathing and snoring. Provided system allows to perform sleep-breathing screening, without affecting comfort and with the accuracy comparable to the advanced solutions. The results are available immediately after recording and could be shared with a doctor.
Synthesis of a Benzene‐containing <scp>C1</scp>‐Phosphonate Analogue of <scp>UDP‐GlcNAc</scp> for the Inhibition of <i>O</i>‐<scp>GlcNAc</scp> Transferase (2015)

I report here the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new C1 ‐phosphonate analogue of UDP‐GlcNAc as a potential inhibitor of OGT , an enzyme responsible for O ‐ GlcNAc modification. The analogue was designed to mimic the transition state of the natural donor involved in the enzymatic reaction. However, the analogue showed somehow low activity as an inhibitor of OGT .
A design method for superconducting MRI magnets with ferromagnetic material (2002)

The emphasis of this work is on the optimal design of MRI magnets with both superconducting coils and ferromagnetic rings. The work is directed to the automated design of MRI magnet systems containing superconducting wire and both 'cold' and 'warm' iron. Details of the optimization procedure are given and the results show combined superconducting and iron material MRI magnets with excellent field characteristics. Strong, homogeneous central magnetic fields are produced with little stray or external field leakage. The field calculations are performed using a semi-analytical method for both current coil and iron material sources. Design examples for symmetric, open and asymmetric clinical MRI magnets containing both superconducting coils and ferromagnetic material are presented.
Diffusion‐driven desalination using waste heat in air streams (2008)

Recently a diffusion-driven desalination (DDD) process has been described as a method for distilling mineralized water. Extensive studies have already examined the performance of the process using waste heat in water streams. This work focuses on the performance of the diffusion tower (evaporator) using waste heat in air streams. Both experimental and parametric investigations are included. It is observed that the evaporation process is very inefficient when heated air and ambient water are input to the diffusion tower. In contrast, efficient evaporation is achieved when both heated air and heated water are input to the diffusion tower. An industrial application is considered where a waste heat air stream at 82°C is available and a recuperative heat exchanger is used to heat the feed water. It is found that the optimum operating conditions include an air mass flux of 1.5 kg m−2 s−1, an air to feed water mass flow ratio of 10 in the diffusion tower and a fresh water to air mass flow ratio of 2 in the direct contact condenser. At these operating conditions, a fresh water production efficiency of 0.22 and a specific energy consumption of 0.0012 kW h kg−1 can be achieved. The analytical model used to analyze the performance of the DDD process agrees well with the experimental measurements. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structures of Xenopus Embryonic Epidermal Lectin Reveal a Conserved Mechanism of Microbial Glycan Recognition (2016)

Intelectins (X-type lectins), broadly distributed throughout chordates, have been implicated in innate immunity. Xenopus laevis embryonic epidermal lectin (XEEL), an intelectin secreted into environmental water by the X. laevis embryo, is postulated to function as a defense against microbes. XEEL is homologous (64% identical) to human intelectin-1 (hIntL-1), which is also implicated in innate immune defense. We showed previously that hIntL-1 binds microbial glycans bearing exocyclic vicinal diol groups. It is unknown whether XEEL has the same ligand specificity. Also unclear is whether XEEL and hIntL-1 have similar quaternary structures, as XEEL lacks the corresponding cysteine residues in hIntL-1 that stabilize the disulfide-linked trimer. These observations prompted us to further characterize XEEL. We found that hIntL-1 and XEEL have similar structural features. Even without the corresponding intermolecular disulfide bonds present in hIntL-1, the carbohydrate recognition domain of XEEL (XEELCRD) forms a stable trimer in solution. The structure of XEELCRD in complex with d-glycerol-1-phosphate, a residue present in microbe-specific glycans, indicated that the exocyclic vicinal diol coordinates to a protein-bound calcium ion. This ligand-binding mode is conserved between XEEL and hIntL-1. The domain architecture of full-length XEEL is reminiscent of a barbell, with two sets of three glycan-binding sites oriented in opposite directions. This orientation is consistent with our observation that XEEL can promote the agglutination of specific serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. These data support a role for XEEL in innate immunity, and they highlight structural and functional conservation of X-type lectins among chordates.
The Application of Phase-only Filters to Optical Interconnects and Pattern Recognition (1990)

Abstract We have recently developed a new type of liquid-crystal spatial light-modulator which acts as a phase-only spatial light-modulator for coherent light. The use of this device as a flexible filter in the Fourier plane of an optical correlation system is described, and it is shown how it may also be used as a flexible interconnect capable of simultaneously providing continuous amplitude and binary phase modulation.
Synthesis of a travelling wave slotted substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) array with dual-circular polarization (2013)

SIW slot array antennas fed by emulated waveguide feed structure have lower insertion loss when compared to planar printed antennas. They are easy to manufacture, have light weight, and their use should lead to a lower cost fabrication as well. A synthesis procedure for the SIW antenna design is introduced, where the optimum slot parameters and the number of slots per radiating SIW can be optimized for a given beam tilt angle. Slots are designed to provide specific coupling factors that are determined numerically using an approximate step-by-step design recipe. The coupling is a function of slots dimensions, slots spacing, and beam tilt angle. A full array prototype with 32 radiating SIW guides with 13 "X" shaped slots, and a folded feed network have been developed. The feed network of this multi-layer slot array has been tapered to maximize the antenna efficiency and lower the side lobe level.
CD28 Costimulation Provided through a CD19-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor Enhances<i>In vivo</i>Persistence and Antitumor Efficacy of Adoptively Transferred T Cells (2006)

Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) combine an antigen-binding domain with a CD3-zeta signaling motif to redirect T-cell specificity to clinically important targets. First-generation CAR, such as the CD19-specific CAR (designated CD19R), may fail to fully engage genetically modified T cells because activation is initiated by antigen-dependent signaling through chimeric CD3-zeta, independent of costimulation through accessory molecules. We show that enforced expression of the full-length costimulatory molecule CD28 in CD8(+)CD19R(+)CD28(-) T cells can restore fully competent antigen-dependent T-cell activation upon binding CD19(+) targets expressing CD80/CD86. Thus, to provide costimulation to T cells through a CD19-specific CAR, independent of binding to CD80/CD86, we developed a second-generation CAR (designated CD19RCD28), which includes a modified chimeric CD28 signaling domain fused to chimeric CD3-zeta. CD19R(+) and CD19RCD28(+) CD8(+) T cells specifically lyse CD19(+) tumor cells. However, the CD19RCD28(+) CD8(+) T cells proliferate in absence of exogenous recombinant human interleukin-2, produce interleukin-2, propagate, and up-regulate antiapoptotic Bcl-X(L) after stimulation by CD19(+) tumor cells. For the first time, we show in vivo that adoptively transferred CD19RCD28(+) T cells show an improved persistence and antitumor effect compared with CD19R(+) T cells. These data imply that modifications to the CAR can result in improved therapeutic potential of CD19-specific T cells expressing this second-generation CAR.
Stochasticity Modeling in Memristors (2015)

Diverse models have been proposed over the past years to explain the exhibiting behavior of memristors, the fourth fundamental circuit element. The models varied in complexity ranging from a description of physical mechanisms to a more generalized mathematical modeling. Nonetheless, stochasticity, a widespread observed phenomenon, has been immensely overlooked from the modeling perspective. This inherent variability within the operation of the memristor is a vital feature for the integration of this nonlinear device into the stochastic electronics realm of study. In this paper, experimentally observed innate stochasticity is modeled in a circuit compatible format. The model proposed is generic and could be incorporated into variants of threshold-based memristor models in which apparent variations in the output hysteresis convey the switching threshold shift. Further application as a noise injection alternative paves the way for novel approaches in the fields of neuromorphic engineering circuits design. On the other hand, extra caution needs to be paid to variability intolerant digital designs based on nondeterministic memristor logic.
Opimization of Conditions for Production of Uridine by a Mutant of<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (1994)

This work was designed to examine culture variables influencing the production of uridine by the Bacillus subtilis mutant No. 556. A combination of corn steep liquor (4%) + corn gluten meal (0.7%) + urea (2%) was the most suitable nitrogen source for the production of uridine; a high level of ammonium ions in the medium brought about abundant cell growth in the early stage of incubation and was detrimental to the fermentation. The addition of calcium salts, such as CaCO3 and CaCl2, was also essential for obtaining high yields of uridine. Among the carbon sources tested, glucose gave the best result. The optimum temperature and oxygen transfer rate for producing uridine were around 38°C and 20 × 10−7 mol O2/min/ml, respectively. Under optimum conditions in a 6000-liter fermentor, strain No. 556 produced 65mg/ml of uridine from 18% glucose.
Preparation of polyethylene block copolymers by a combination of postmetallocene catalysis of ethylene polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (2003)

Abstract The synthesis of block copolymers consisting of a polyethylene segment and either a poly(meth)acrylate or polystyrene segment was accomplished through the combination of postmetallocene‐mediated ethylene polymerization and subsequent atom transfer radical polymerization. A vinyl‐terminated polyethylene (number‐average molecular weight = 1800, weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight =1.70) was synthesized by the polymerization of ethylene with a phenoxyimine zirconium complex as a catalyst activated with methylalumoxane (MAO). This polyethylene was efficiently converted into an atom transfer radical polymerization macroinitiator by the addition of α‐bromoisobutyric acid to the vinyl chain end, and the polyethylene macroinitiator was used for the atom transfer radical polymerization of n ‐butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, or styrene; this resulted in defined polyethylene‐ b ‐poly( n ‐butyl acrylate), polyethylene‐ b ‐poly(methyl methacrylate), and polyethylene‐ b ‐polystyrene block copolymers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 496–504, 2004
Cloning of a Genetically Unstable Cytochrome P-450 Gene Cluster Involved in Degradation of the Pollutant Ethyl <i>tert</i> -Butyl Ether by <i>Rhodococcus ruber</i> (2001)

Rhodococcus ruber (formerly Gordonia terrae) IFP 2001 is one of a few bacterial strains able to degrade ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), which is a major pollutant from gasoline. This strain was found to undergo a spontaneous 14.3-kbp chromosomal deletion, which results in the loss of the ability to degrade ETBE. Sequence analysis of the region corresponding to the deletion revealed the presence of a gene cluster, ethABCD, encoding a ferredoxin reductase, a cytochrome P-450, a ferredoxin, and a 10-kDa protein of unknown function, respectively. The EthB and EthD proteins could be easily detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and were induced by ETBE in the wild-type strain. Upstream of ethABCD lies ethR, which codes for a putative positive transcriptional regulator of the AraC/XylS family. Transformation of the ETBE-negative mutant by a plasmid carrying the ethRABCD genes restored the ability to degrade ETBE. Complementation was abolished if the plasmid carried ethRABC only. The eth genes are located in a DNA fragment flanked by two identical direct repeats of 5.6 kbp. The ETBE-negative mutants carry a single copy of this 5.6-kbp repeat, suggesting that the 14.3-kbp chromosomal deletion resulted from a recombination between the two identical sequences. The 5.6-kbp repeat is a class II transposon carrying a TnpA transposase, a truncated form of the recombinase TnpR, and a terminal inverted repeat of 38 bp. The truncated TnpR is encoded by an IS3-interrupted tnpR gene.