gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quality Protein Maize Based on Reducing Sulfur in Leaf Cells (2017)

Low levels of the essential amino acids lysine (Lys) and methionine (Met) in a maize-based diet are a major cost to feed and food. Lys deficiency is due to the abundance of Lys-poor proteins in maize kernels. Although a maize mutant, <i>opaque-2</i> (<i>o2</i>), has sufficient levels of Lys, its soft kernel renders it unfit for storage and transportation. Breeders overcame this problem by selecting quantitative trait loci (QTL) restoring kernel hardness in the presence of <i>o2</i>, a variety called Quality Protein Maize (QPM). Although at least one QTL acts by enhancing the expression of the γ-zein proteins, we could surprisingly achieve rebalancing of the Lys content and a vitreous kernel phenotype by targeting suppression of γ-zeins without the <i>o2</i> mutant. Reduced levels of γ-zeins were achieved with RNA interference (RNAi). Another transgenic event, PE5 expresses the <i>Escherichia coli</i> enzyme 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate reductase involved in sulfate assimilation, specifically in leaves. The stacked transgenic events produce a vitreous endosperm, which has higher Lys level than the classical opaque W64A<i>o2</i> variant. Moreover, due to the increased sulfate reduction in the leaf, Met level is elevated in the seed. Such a combination of transgenes produces hybrid seeds superior to classical QPMs that would neither require a costly feed mix nor synthetic Met supplementation, potentially creating a novel and cost-effective means for improving maize nutritional quality.
Neuro-fuzzy Filtering Techniques for the Analysis of Complex Acoustic Scenarios (2003)

A neuro-fuzzy based filter for acoustic filtering is described. In order to perform temporal filtering, a proper architecture was developed exploiting a buffer memory. Subband analysis was used. This led to an architecture composed of a QMF filter bank, a neuro-fuzzy network for each subband and a reconstruction QMF filter bank Many simulation results are described relative to signals captured from real acoustic scenarios.
Use of vegetation index and meteorological parameters for the prediction of crop yield in India (2007)

Monsoon rainfall distribution over the Indian sub‐continent is inconsistent every year. Due to uncertainty and dependence on the monsoon onset and weather conditions, estimation of crop yield in India is difficult. In this paper, analyses of the crop yield, normalized difference vegetation index, soil moisture, surface temperature and rainfall data for 16 years (from 1984 to 1999) have been carried out. A non‐linear iterative multivariate optimization approach (quasi‐Newton method with least square loss function) has been used to derive an empirical piecewise linear crop yield prediction equation (with a break point). The derived empirical equation (based on 1984 to 1998 data) has been used to predict 1999 crop yield with R2>0.90. The model has been validated for the three years 1997, 1998 and 1999. A crop yield prediction equation has been obtained for each province in India (for wheat and rice) that accounts for>90% of the variance in the dataset.
Spontaneous Conversion of Basal Plane Dislocations in 4° Off-Axis 4H–SiC Epitaxial Layers (2014)

The conversion of basal plane dislocations (BPDs) to electrically benign threading edge dislocations in 4° off-axis 4H–SiC epilayers has been investigated using ultraviolet photoluminescence imaging. The conversion spontaneously occurred throughout the epitaxial layer for all substrates studied using similar epitaxial growth conditions. BPD conversion in highly doped epilayers was suppressed compared with lower n-type doped layers, suggesting that nitrogen concentration influences the conversion mechanism. However, it is technologically important for the conversion to occur in a heavily doped buffer layer. The densities of BPDs in low-doped (∼1014 cm–3) films having a thickness of 20 μm were significantly reduced when a ∼20 μm thick highly doped N+ buffer layer was grown between the low-doped layer and the substrate. Without the buffer layer, an average of ∼50 BPDs cm–2 was observed and with the buffer layer, an average of 1.5 BPDs cm–2 was detected; the best result was 0.2 BPD cm–2. A PiN structure consisting of a 25 μm thick N+ buffer layer to convert the majority of BPDs prior to the device structure was used to test the mitigation process, and the diodes demonstrated no forward voltage change after 225 h of continuous biasing at 100 A cm–2.
Enterprise Service Bus with USB-like Universal Ports (2011)

Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) is an important and critical component of the Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) infrastructure. An ESB is used to connect applications to each other, which employ disparate forms of services to expose some or all of their functionalities. In the currently available ESBs, each application must connect to the ESB through a port of one specific type. This port type is determined by the communication protocol and message type used by an application. An example of protocol and message type is SOAP over HTTP, which is called a Web Service. In this paper, we describe a new, USB-like Universal Port type, which can be employed by an ESB. The Universal Port type will allow any application to connect to an ESB using any one of the Universal Ports, irrespective of the communication protocol or message format type used by the application. The simplification introduced by the Universal Ports in an ESB will allow scalability, ease of maintenance and updates, ease of extendibility to new communication protocols, use of multiple protocols by an application, and convenience of protocol switch any time by an application.
Reply to "Comment on counterfactual direct quantum communication" (2014)

In reply to Vaidman's Comment [arXiv:1304.6689], we show that his claim that our Protocol for Direct Counterfactual Quantum Communication [PRL 110, 170502 (2013), arXiv:1206.2042] is counterfactual only for one type of information bit is wrong.
Dual‐Echo EPI sequence for integrated distortion correction in 3D time‐resolved hyperpolarized <sup>13</sup>C MRI (2017)

A novel dual-echo 3D EPI acquisition sequence for integrated off-resonance correction in hyperpolarized <sup>13</sup> C imaging was developed and demonstrated. The proposed sequence offers clear advantages over flyback EPI for time-resolved metabolic mapping. Magn Reson Med 79:643-653, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Time dependent perturbation theory and tones in cascaded erbium-doped fiber amplifier systems (1997)

The time dependent perturbation theory of the gain dynamics of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) is presented in this paper. The perturbed output is expressed explicitly in terms of the input perturbation. The general theory is then applied to sinusoidal tones; the results agree well with the experiment.
Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Cereal Grain Production with Optical Sensing and Variable Rate Application (2002)

In 2001, N fertilizer prices nearly doubled as a result of increased natural gas prices. This was further troubling when considering that the world N use efficiency (NUE) in cereal grain production averages only 33%. Methods to improve NUE in winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) have not included high spatial‐resolution management based on sensed plant growth properties nor on midseason prediction of grain yield. Our objective was to determine the validity of using in‐season estimates of grain yield (INSEY) and a response index (RI) to modulate N at 1‐m 2 spatial resolution. Four winter wheat field experiments were conducted that evaluated prescribed midseason N applications compared with uniform rates that simulated farmer practices. Our methods recognize that each 1‐m 2 area in wheat fields needs to be sensed and managed independently and that the need for fertilizer N is temporally dependent. Averaged over locations, NUE was improved by >15% when N fertilization was based on optically sensed INSEY, determined for each 1‐m 2 area, and a RI compared with traditional practices at uniform N rates.
A humanized single-chain antibody against beta 3 integrin inhibits pulmonary metastasis by preferentially fragmenting activated platelets in the tumor microenvironment (2012)

Platelets play a supportive role in tumor metastasis. Impairment of platelet function within the tumor microenvironment may provide a clinically useful approach to inhibit metastasis. We developed a novel humanized single-chain antibody (scFv Ab) against integrin GPIIIa49-66 (named A11) capable of lysing activated platelets. In this study, we investigate the effect of A11 on the development of pulmonary metastases. In the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) metastatic model, A11 decreases the mean number of surface nodules and mean volume of pulmonary nodules. It protects against lung metastases in a time window that extended 4 hours before and 4 hours after the IV injection of LLCs. Coinjection of GPIIIa49-66 albumin reverses the antimetastatic activity of A11 in the B16 melanoma model, consistent with the pathophysiologic relevance of the platelet GPIIIa49-66 epitope. Significantly, A11 had no effect on angiogenesis using both in vitro and in vivo assays. The underlying molecular mechanisms are a combination of inhibition of each of the following interactions: between activated platelets and tumor cells, platelets and endothelial cells, and platelets and monocytes, as well as disaggregation of an existing platelet/tumor thrombus. Our observations may provide a novel antimetastatic strategy through lysing activated platelets in the tumor microenvironment using humanized anti-GPIIIa49-66 scFv Ab.
Utilization of Steel-Making Dust in Drilling Fluids Formulations (2020)

Steelmaking is an energy-intensive process that generates considerable amounts of by-products and wastes, which often pose major environmental and economic challenges to the steel-making industry. One of these by-products is steel dust that is produced during the separation of impurities in the smelting and refining of metals in steel-making furnaces. In this study, electric arc furnace (EAF) dust has been evaluated as a potential, low-cost additive to increase the viscosity and weight of drilling muds. Currently, the cost of drilling operations typically accounts for 50 to 80% of the exploration costs and about 30 to 80% of the subsequent field development costs. Utilization of steelmaking waste in drilling fluids formulations is aimed to produce new and optimized water-based drilling formulations, which is expected to reduce the amount of bentonite and other viscosifier additives used in the drilling formulations. The results showed that in a typical water-based drilling fluid of 8.6 ppg (1030.51 kg/m3), the amount of standard drilling grade bentonite could be reduced by 30 wt.% with the addition of the proposed new additive to complete the required mud weight. The mixture proved to be stable with no phase separation.
Robustly Anchoring Annotations Using Keywords (2001)

As the number of systems which offer annotations on digital documents increases, robust anchoring of annotations is a key challenge. It is especially important if the annotator lacks write-access to the document being annotated. For example, if someone makes an annotation on a web page today and the web page changes tomorrow, what happens to the annotation? One approach is simply to &quot;orphan&quot; the annotation (separate it from its context), while another is to attempt to re-position the annotation in the modified document. This paper introduces Keyword Anchoring, a method for robustly anchoring annotations in digital documents so they can be appropriately re-positioned in a modified version of the document. Unlike existing robust anchoring algorithms, the design of Keyword Anchoring is motivated by an evaluation of user expectations. This evaluation revealed that unique words in the vicinity of an annotation are distinguishing anchor characteristics, which can be tracked among successive versions of a document. By focusing on document content rather than on the underlying document structure, Keyword Anchoring requires no cooperation from the document, and can be used with a variety of digital document formats. We present our algorithm, describe several user studies we conducted to gauge user expectations, and discuss implications of our work for applications.
Low Complexity Out-of-Order Issue Logic Using Static Circuits (2012)

In this paper a single-cycle issue queue circuit architecture that simplifies the wakeup and selection logic is proposed. The micro-architecture and fully static CMOS circuits are presented for a 32-entry queue that issues four instructions per cycle. The instruction-ready signals are divided into groups and processed in parallel to issue the four oldest ready instructions. The complete issue queue and prioritization logic requires 20 inversions, allowing simulated circuit operation at over 4 GHz in a foundry 45 nm SOI fabrication process.
Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congener Concentration and Sediment Supplementation on Rates of Methanogenesis and 2,3,6-Trichlorobiphenyl Dechlorination in an Anaerobic Enrichment (1993)

We have employed a method of enrichment that allows us to significantly increase the rate of reductive polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) dechlorination. This method shortens the time required to investigate the effects that culture conditions have on dechlorination and provides an estimate of the potential activity of the PCB-dechlorinating anaerobes. The periodic supplementation of sterile sediment and PCB produced an enhanced, measurable, and sustained rate of dechlorination. We observed volumetric rates of the dechlorination of 2,3,6-trichlorobiphenyl (2,3,6-CB) to 2,6-dichlorobiphenyl (2,6-CB) of more than 300 mumol liter day when the cultures were supplemented daily. A calculation of this activity that is based on an estimate of the number of dechlorinating anaerobes present indicates that 1.13 pmol of 2,3,6-CB was dechlorinated to 2,6-CB day bacterial cell. This rate is similar to that of the reductive dechlorination of 3-chlorobenzoate by Desulfomonile tiedjei. Methanogenesis declined from 585.3 to 125.9 mumol of CH(4) liter day, while dechlorination increased from 8.2 to 346.0 mumol of 2,3,6-CB dechlorinated to 2,6-CB liter day.
Overloaded Hollow‐Fiber Liquid Chromatography (1990)

Liquid chromatography in hollow fibers can separate solutes like flavors and proteins by using a stationary phase of organic solvent, sometimes containing reversed micelles. Such separations, which have a much smaller pressure drop than equivalent separations in packed beds, show dispersion consistent with chromatographic theories at low flows and dilute feeds. These separations behave less predictably at high flows and concentrated feeds, which overload the hollow fibers. The results for flavors correlate well with the Graetz number, consistent with available theories of chromatography and adsorption. The results for proteins correlate poorly with the Graetz number but better with a dimensionless flux based on facilitated diffusion in the stationary phase.
Experimental verification of distributed piezoelectric actuators foruse in precision space structures (1986)

An analytic model for structures with distributed piezoelectric actuators is experimentally verified for the cases of both surface-bonded and embedded actuators. A technique for the selection of such piezoelectric actuators' location has been developed, and is noted to indicate that segmented actuators are always more effective than continuous ones, since the output of each can be individually controlled. Manufacturing techniques for the bonding or embedding of segmented piezoelectric actuators are also developed which allow independent electrical contact to be made with each actuator. Static tests have been conducted to determine how the elastic properties of the composite are affected by the presence of an embedded actuator, for the case of glass/epoxy laminates.
Aqueous Sol−Gel Process for Protein Encapsulation (2000)

Porous silica materials made by low-temperature sol−gel process are promising host matrixes for encapsulation of biomolecules. To date, researchers have focused on sol−gel routes using alkoxides such as tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) for encapsulation of biomolecules. These routes lead to formation of alcohol as a byproduct that can have a detrimental effect on the activity of entrapped biomolecules. We have developed a novel aqueous sol−gel process to encapsulate biological molecules (such as enzymes, antibodies, and cells) that uses neutral pH and room temperature and does not generate alcohol as a byproduct. The process uses sodium silicate as precursor and is carried out in two steps: preparation of a low-pH silicate sol followed by gelation at neutral pH with a suitable buffer containing biomolecules. Two enzymes widely used in biosensing applications, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), were used to prepare enzyme-doped silica monoliths and to investigate the effect of silica as host matrix on enzyme kinetics. The yield of the encapsulation process was close to 100% for both enzymes, and no significant leaching of enzyme molecules was observed over time. Encapsulated enzymes followed Michaelis−Menten kinetics and maintained good catalytic activity, the specific activity of encapsulated HRP and G6PDH being 73% and 36% of the specific activities of the free enzymes, respectively. The values of the Michaelis constant (Km) of the encapsulated enzymes were higher than those of the free enzymes, indicating the presence of partitioning and diffusional effects in the pores of the sol−gel matrix. The encapsulated enzymes also exhibited a different pH dependence of catalytic activity; the pH maxima for enzymatic activity for encapsulated enzymes were higher by 0.5−1 pH unit than those for enzymes in solution. These novel enzyme-doped silica matrixes provide promising platforms for development of biosensors, affinity supports, and immobilized enzyme reactors.
Fast Quantum State Transfer and Entanglement Renormalization Using Long-Range Interactions (2017)

In short-range interacting systems, the speed at which entanglement can be established between two separated points is limited by a constant Lieb-Robinson velocity. Long-range interacting systems are capable of faster entanglement generation, but the degree of the speedup possible is an open question. In this Letter, we present a protocol capable of transferring a quantum state across a distance L in d dimensions using long-range interactions with a strength bounded by 1/r^{α}. If α<d, the state transfer time is asymptotically independent of L; if α=d, the time scales logarithmically with the distance L; if d<α<d+1, the transfer occurs in a time proportional to L^{α-d}; and if α≥d+1, it occurs in a time proportional to L. We then use this protocol to upper bound the time required to create a state specified by a multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz (MERA) tensor network and show that if the linear size of the MERA state is L, then it can be created in a time that scales with L identically to the state transfer up to logarithmic corrections. This protocol realizes an exponential speedup in cases of α=d, which could be useful in creating large entangled states for dipole-dipole (1/r^{3}) interactions in three dimensions.
Synthesis and herbicidal activity of phenyl‐substituted benzoylpyrazoles (2002)

A novel series of substituted 3-phenyl benzoylpyrazoles were prepared and tested as potential grass herbicides. The targeted materials were prepared by three newly developed synthetic routes, which allowed a comprehensive study of the SAR (structure-activity relationships) of this series. The best combination of grass weed activity (Avena fatua L, Setaria viridis (L) Beauv and Alopecurus myosuroides Huds) and wheat selectivity was obtained with an alkoxy group in the 4-position of the phenyl ring. Activity was further enhanced by the presence of tert-butyl on the pyrazole and a methyl group at the C-2 position of the benzoyl moiety. The alkoxy-substituted 3-phenylbenzoylpyrazoles are a novel class of herbicides with potential utility for control of important grass weeds in cereals.
Selective Efflux Inhibition of ATP-binding Cassette Sub-family G Member 2 (2013)

Although many mechanisms exist, resistance of tumors to cancer therapy drugs is the principal reason for treatment failure and the majority of clinical and experimental data indicates that multidrug transporters such ABCB1 (a.k.a. Pgp, MDR1) and ABCG2 (a.k.a. BCRP, MRP1) play a leading role by preventing cytotoxic intracellular drug concentrations. Inhibition of the function of these drug efflux pumps presents a promising approach to treat cancer using existing drugs. To date, clinical trials with such adjuvant therapies have been relatively unsuccessful. One likely contributing factor to these failed clinical applications is limited understanding of specific substrate/inhibitor/pump interactions. We propose that searching for selective efflux inhibitors by profiling multiple ABC transporter efflux pumps against a library of small molecules could result in molecular probes that could further explore such interactions. Using the mitochondrial membrane potential dye JC-1 as a dual-pump fluorescent reporter substrate in our primary screening protocol we observed a piperazine substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine substructure with promise for selective efflux inhibition. As a result of a focused structure activity relationship (SAR) driven chemistry effort we describe herein a selective ABCG2 efflux inhibitor (SID 88095709) with a 36 fold preference over ABCB1 with increased activity over prior art for ABCG2. The probe has low in vitro cellular toxicity, as well as adequate solubility and stability under appropriate experimental conditions. The probe also appears to have an IP landscape with space to operate. In vitro chemotherapeutic potentiation further illustrates the utility of the probe compound and related members. A related scaffold (SID 97301789) also shows promise for further development and optimization.