gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scalable-effort classifiers for energy-efficient machine learning (2015)

Supervised machine-learning algorithms are used to solve classification problems across the entire spectrum of computing platforms, from data centers to wearable devices, and place significant demand on their computational capabilities. In this paper, we propose scalable-effort classifiers, a new approach to optimizing the energy efficiency of supervised machine-learning classifiers. We observe that the inherent classification difficulty varies widely across inputs in real-world datasets; only a small fraction of the inputs truly require the full computational effort of the classifier, while the large majority can be classified correctly with very low effort. Yet, state-of-the-art classification algorithms expend equal effort on all inputs, irrespective of their difficulty. To address this inefficiency, we introduce the concept of scalable-effort classifiers, or classifiers that dynamically adjust their computational effort depending on the difficulty of the input data, while maintaining the same level of accuracy. Scalable effort classifiers are constructed by utilizing a chain of classifiers with increasing levels of complexity (and accuracy). Scalable effort execution is achieved by modulating the number of stages used for classifying a given input. Every stage in the chain contains an ensemble of biased classifiers, where each biased classifier is trained to detect a single class more accurately. The degree of consensus between the biased classifiers' outputs is used to decide whether classification can be terminated at the current stage or not. Our methodology thus allows us to transform any given classification algorithm into a scalable-effort chain. We build scalable-effort versions of 8 popular recognition applications using 3 different classification algorithms. Our experiments demonstrate that scalable-effort classifiers yield 2.79x reduction in average operations per input, which translates to 2.3x and 1.5x improvement in energy for hardware and software implementations, respectively.
Immunotherapeutic utility of stimulatory and suppressive oligodeoxynucleotides. (2004)

Bacterial DNA contains immunostimulatory CpG motifs that interact with toll-like receptor 9 on immune cells to stimulate the production of cytokines, chemokines and immunoglobulins. Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing CpG motifs mimic the activity of bacterial DNA. Recently, several structurally distinct types of CpG ODN were identified that differentially activate human immune cells. These ODNs may be useful as vaccine adjuvants, anti-allergens and in the treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. Yet CpG-driven immune activation can have deleterious consequences, such as increasing the host's susceptibility to autoimmune disease. The immunomodulatory activity of CpG DNA can be blocked by DNA containing G-rich 'suppressive' motifs. The therapeutic potential of these immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive ODNs are discussed in this review.
In vivo patient measurements of bladder elasticity using Ultrasound Bladder Vibrometry (UBV) (2013)

A healthy compliant bladder is capable of storing increasing volumes of urine at low pressures. The loss of bladder compliance is associated with various diseases. The urodynamic studies (UDS), the current clinical gold standard for measuring bladder compliance, requires catheterization and measuring intra-bladder pressure as a function of filling volumes. Ultrasound Bladder Vibrometry (UBV) is a noninvasive technique that uses focused ultrasound radiation force to excite Lamb waves in the bladder wall and pulse-echo techniques to track the wave motion in tissue. Cross-spectral analysis is used to calculate the wave velocity, which is directly related to the elastic properties of the bladder wall. In this study, we compare the measurements of changes in bladder elasticity as a function of bladder pressure and volume obtained using UBV and the pressure-volume measurements obtained using UDS. UBV and UDS of an excised porcine bladder are presented. Comparative studies in neurogenic and healthy patient bladders are also summarized.
Selective palladium-catalysed synthesis of diesters: alkoxycarbonylation of a CO<sub>2</sub>-butadiene derived δ-lactone (2017)

A selective domino reaction has been developed for the valorization of a well-known δ-lactone synthesized by the telomerization of 1,3-butadiene and CO<sub>2</sub>.
Tax-and-spend (2008)

Real-time Garbage Collection (RTGC) has recently advanced to the point where it is being used in production for financial trading, military command-and-control, and telecommunications. However, among potential users of RTGC, there is enormous diversity in both application requirements and deployment environments.
Emergence of small‐molecule CXCR4 antagonists as novel immune and hematopoietic system regulatory agents (2011)

Abstract The chemokine CXCR4 receptor is a G‐protein‐coupled receptor that has multiple functions in normal physiologies involving the hematopoietic and immune systems. Although the CXCR4 receptor was initially discovered as one of the co‐receptors involved in human immune deficiency virus (HIV) cell entry, it has also been linked to many central immune system functions through the direct regulation of cell trafficking and adhesion, and is present in many cell types within the body. The receptor ligand combination of CXCL12 (SDF‐1) and CXCR4 underlies pathologies such as HIV infection, cancer metastasis and drug resistance, leukemia progression, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus. This alternative and widespread functionality has allowed researchers to discover new potential uses for substances that are CXCR4 antagonists. This has resulted in approval of the first CXCR4 antagonist, plerixafor injection (AMD3100), for hematopoietic stem cell mobilization. Newer agents are under clinical evaluation for HIV, cancer, and stem cell mobilization. As these agents are further investigated, new uses and therapeutic interventions for CXCR4 antagonists will be discovered. Drug Dev Res 72:598–602, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
<title>Novel explicit rate congestion control algorithm</title> (1998)

In this paper, we introduce a novel explicit rate algorithm to support available bit rate service in asynchronous transfer mode networks. Our algorithm is based on observing the maximum bandwidth usage of different connections and incorporating both rate and queue length information to achieve a stable operation. Zero steady state queue length is achieved. We separate congestion control and fairness issues in our design and estimate the number of locally bottlenecked active connections. This number is used to normalize control and to redistribute spare bandwidth during transient and does not affect the steady state fair rate used by each connections. As such, our algorithm is relatively insensitive to the accuracy of this number. The issue of supporting both UBR and ABR is addressed. The performance of our algorithm is evaluated through simulations.
Customizable sponge-based authenticated encryption using 16-bit S-boxes (2015)

Authenticated encryption (AE) is a symmetric key cryptographic scheme that aims to provide both confidentiality and data integrity. There are many AE algorithms in existence today. However, they are often far from ideal in terms of efficiency and ease of use. For this reason, there is ongoing effort to develop new AE algorithms that are secure, efficient, and easy to use.
Promising results for early diagnosis of lung cancer (2008)

Our long term research goal is to develop a fully automated, image- based diagnostic system for early diagnosis of pulmonary nodules that may lead to lung cancer. This paper focuses on monitoring the development of lung nodules detected in successive chest low dose (LD) CT scans of a patient. We propose a new methodology for 3D LDCT data registration which is non-rigid and involves two steps: (i) global alignment of one scan (target) to another scan (reference or prototype) using the learned prior appearance model followed by (ii) local alignment in order to correct for intricate deformations. After equalizing signals for two subsequent chest scans, visual appearance of these chest images is modeled with a Markov-Gibbs random field with pairwise interaction. We estimate the affine transformation that globally register the target to the prototype by gradient descent maximization of a special Gibbs energy function. To handle local deformations, we deform each voxel of the target over evolving closed equi-spaced surfaces (iso-surfaces) to closely match the prototype. The evolution of the iso-surfaces is guided by an exponential speed function in the directions that minimize distances between the corresponding voxel pairs on the iso-surfaces in both the data sets. Preliminary results on the 135 LDCT data sets from 27 patients show that our proper registration could lead to precise diagnosis and identification of the development of the detected pulmonary nodules.
<title>Update on fluorescence spectroscopy studies of diseased skin</title> (1996)

This is a progress report on our ongoing fluorescence spectroscopy studies of diseased skin. A PC plug-in spectrometer has been used clinically to collect autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectral data from various skin lesions including skin cancer. To date, over 100 patients with a total of over 180 diseased skin sites have been measured and our database on the spectroscopic properties of diseased skin has been enlarged accordingly. Analysis of these preliminary data confirmed our preliminary observations that certain types of skin lesions possess consistent characteristic autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance properties. A new method of data analysis, spectra ratioing, provides new features to aid the optical diagnosis of skin lesions.
Importance sampling of area lights in participating media (2011)

We focus on the problem of single scattering in homogeneous volumes and develop a new importance sampling technique that avoids the singularity near point light sources. We then generalize our method to area lights of arbitrary shapes.
A dynamic quasi-Newton method for uncalibrated visual servoing (2003)

Tracking of a moving target by uncalibrated model independent visual servo control is achieved by developing a new "dynamic" quasi-Newton approach. Model independent visual servo control is defined as using visual feedback to control a robot without precisely calibrated kinematic and camera models. The control problem is formulated as a nonlinear least squares optimization. For the moving target case, this results in a time-varying objective function which is minimized using a new dynamic Newton's method. A second-order convergence rate is established, and it is shown that the standard method is not guaranteed convergence for a moving target. The algorithm is extended to develop a dynamic Broyden update and subsequently a dynamic quasi-Newton method. Results for both one- and six-degree-of-freedom systems demonstrate the success of the algorithm and shows dramatic improvement over previous methods.
Automated Coach to Practice Conversations (2013)

We present a real-time system including a 3D character that can converse, capture, analyze and interpret subtle and multidimensional human nonverbal behaviors for possible applications such as job interviews, public speaking, or even automated speech therapy. The system works in a personal computer and senses nonverbal data from video (i.e., facial expressions) and audio (i.e., speech recognition and prosody analysis) using a standard web cam. We contextualized the development and evaluation of our system as a training scenario for job interviews. Using user-centered design and iterations, we determine how the nonverbal data could be presented to the user in an intuitive and educational manner. We tested efficacy of the system in context of job interviews with 90 MIT undergraduate students. Our results suggest that the participants who used our system to improve their interview skills were perceived to be better candidates by human judges. Participants reported that the most useful feature was being given feedback on their speaking rate, and overall they reported strong agreement that would consider using this system again for self-reflection.
Intrinsically-low Brillouin gain optical fibers (2013)

Numerous methods to increase the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) threshold have been previously implemented. Some are passive, based on acousto-optic fiber designs that incorporate longitudinally- or radially-tailored optical and/or acoustic index profiles, leading to broadened Brillouin gain spectra (BGS) with reduced peak gain. Some are active, relying on an applied temperature or strain distribution, also resulting in broadened BGS. Broadening the laser spectrum still represents the most effective method to-date to obtain large-scale (> 20 dB) decreases in the gain, but the suitability of this method depends largely on the application and system requirements on the laser spectrum. Despite these technologies, some introduced only in the last decade, the vast majority of high-energy, narrow-linewidth fiber laser systems are still limited by SBS rather than the availability of pump power. We present an alternative approach; rather than focusing on ‘suppressing’ SBS in waveguide or other designs, we propose implementing materials with intrinsically low Brillouin gain. We focus on high-density, high-soundvelocity, large acoustic-damping-coefficient, and low-photoelastic-constant materials wherein the correct balancing of physical characteristics gives rise to extremely low Brillouin gain. In general, the approach requires the use of compositions that would be considered to be highly unconventional and unachievable utilizing standard fiber fabrication methods. For example, we describe recent results on sapphire-derived fibers (among other compositions) wherein a Brillouin gain nearly 20 dB lower than those of more conventional fibers has been realized. Other compositions will also be presented, including new results on a novel baria doped fiber, including others predicted to have zero-valued photoelastic constants, and therefore zero Brillouin gain.
Electrochemical recycling of lead from hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites using deep eutectic solvents (2016)

A viable electrochemical solution to lead-based hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites photovoltaic material recycling is demonstrated.
Metal leaching from refinery waste hydroprocessing catalyst (2018)

The present study aims to develop an eco-friendly methodology for the recovery of nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), and vanadium (V) from the refinery waste spent hydroprocessing catalyst. The proposed process has two stages: the first stage is to separate alumina, while the second stage involves the separation of metal compounds. The effectiveness of leaching agents, such as NH<sub>4</sub>OH, (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, and (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub>, for the extraction of Mo, V, Ni, and Al from the refinery spent catalyst has been reported as a function of reagent concentration (0.5 to 2.0 molar), leaching time (1 to 6 h), and temperature (35 to 60°C). The optimal leaching conditions were achieved to obtain the maximum recovery of Mo, Ni, and V metals. The effect of the mixture of multi-ammonium salts on the metal extraction was also studied, which showed an adverse effect for Ni and V, while marginal improvement was observed for Mo leaching. The ammonium salts can form soluble metal complexes, in which stability or solubility depends on the nature of ammonium salt and the reaction conditions. The extracted metals and support can be reused to synthesize a fresh hydroprocessing catalyst. The process will reduce the refinery waste and recover the expensive metals. Therefore, the process is not only important from an environmental point of view but also vital from an economic perspective.
Isolation of two protein-free and chemically different lipopolysaccharides from Bordetella pertussis phenol-extracted endotoxin (1980)

Endotoxin prepared from several Bordetella pertussis strains in both immunological phases I and IV gave two lipopolysaccharide peaks (LPS-I and LPS-II) when analyzed on hydroxylapatite columns in a phosphate buffer containing 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate; these lipopolysaccharides, present in the ratio of 2:3, are true endotoxins by both chemical and biological criteria. Endotoxins isolated from Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri gave single lipopolysaccharide peaks when analyzed by the same procedure. Upon hydrolysis with acetic acid (pH 3.4) at 100 degrees C for 1 h, LPS-I released a polysaccharide (PS-I); the linkage broken was that of the glycosidic bond of a non-phosphorylated 3-deoxy-oct-2-ulosonic acid. Treatment with 0.25 M mineral acid at 100 degrees C for 30 min was required to free the polysaccharide moiety (PS-II) of LPS-II, the linkage broken being the glycosidic bond of a phosphorylated 3-deoxy-oct-2-ulosonic acid. Chemical and physical differences of the polysaccharide moieties PS-I and PS-II present in LPS-I and LPS-II have been described previously (25). By using the technique of 125I labeling, it was shown that the totality of labeled proteins present in the endotoxin extracted from Bordetella pertussis by the phenol-water procedure could be separated from the lipopolysaccharide by column chromatography on hydroxylapatite; it follows that these proteins are not linked by covalent bonds to the lipopolysaccharide.
Nonlinearities in the high-current response of interferometric fiber-optic current sensors (2008)

The nonlinearities in the response of an interferometric fiber-optic current sensor associated with deviations of the light waves from perfect circular polarization are theoretically and experimentally investigated. The consequences for inherent temperature compensation of the Faraday effect by means of a non-90°-retarder are investigated for currents up to several 100 kA and temperatures between -40°C and 80°C. The results are of particular interest to sensors for high direct currents in the electro-winning industry where measurement accuracy to within ±0.1% is required up to 500 kA.
Demonstration of quantum solar cell concepts in InGaP barrier structures (2009)

Quantum solar cell structures seek to harness a wide spectrum of photons by embedding low energy-gap wells or dots within a high energy-gap matrix. Contrary to previous reports and expectations, we find that an extended region of narrow band-gap material can be inserted into the depletion region of a wide band-gap p-n junction without significantly degrading the dark diode characteristics. In particular, thin InGaP barrier layers are found to be extremely effective at reducing the diode dark current of GaAs-based diodes by several orders of magnitude. Our results imply a clear separation in the quasi-Fermi level at the InGaP/GaAs heterointerface, as well as efficient photogenerated carrier transport over the potential energy barrier. This novel GaAs-based device structure has produced over a 100 mV increase in the open circuit voltage without any degradation in the short circuit current.
Design of a novel phase contrast x-ray imaging system for mammography (2010)

It is hoped that x-ray phase contrast imaging (XPCi) will provide a generational improvement in the effectiveness of mammography. XPCi is sensitive to the refraction which x-rays undergo as a result of the variation in x-ray propagation speeds within an object. XPCi is, however, seldom used in clinical applications owing mainly to a lack of suitable systems. The radiation physics group at UCL has previously designed and built an XPCi system sensitive to phase gradients in one dimension for application in security inspection. We present here the design methodology and final design of a prototype XPCi system sensitive to phase gradients in two directions for use in mammography. The technique makes efficient use of the flux available from a laboratory x-ray source, thus making it suitable for clinical use.
Structured Low-Rank Matrix Factorization: Global Optimality, Algorithms, and Applications (2019)

Convex formulations of low-rank matrix factorization problems have received considerable attention in machine learning. However, such formulations often require solving for a matrix of the size of the data matrix, making it challenging to apply them to large scale datasets. Moreover, in many applications the data can display structures beyond simply being low-rank, e.g., images and videos present complex spatio-temporal structures that are largely ignored by standard low-rank methods. In this paper we study a matrix factorization technique that is suitable for large datasets and captures additional structure in the factors by using a particular form of regularization that includes well-known regularizers such as total variation and the nuclear norm as particular cases. Although the resulting optimization problem is non-convex, we show that if the size of the factors is large enough, under certain conditions, any local minimizer for the factors yields a global minimizer. A few practical algorithms are also provided to solve the matrix factorization problem, and bounds on the distance from a given approximate solution of the optimization problem to the global optimum are derived. Examples in neural calcium imaging video segmentation and hyperspectral compressed recovery show the advantages of our approach on high-dimensional datasets.
A Novel Method of All-optical Switching: Quantum Router (2001)

Subpicosecond all-optical switching method based on the simultaneous two-photon coherence exchange is proposed and numerically demonstrated. The optical switching mechanism is based on the optical field induced dark resonance swapping via nondegenerate four-wave mixing processes. For potential applications of ultrafast all-optical switching in fiber-optic communications, 10-THz channel number independent quantum router is discussed.
High-resolution high-sensitivity elemental imaging by secondary ion mass spectrometry: from traditional 2D and 3D imaging to correlative microscopy (2015)

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) constitutes an extremely sensitive technique for imaging surfaces in 2D and 3D. Apart from its excellent sensitivity and high lateral resolution (50 nm on state-of-the-art SIMS instruments), advantages of SIMS include high dynamic range and the ability to differentiate between isotopes. This paper first reviews the underlying principles of SIMS as well as the performance and applications of 2D and 3D SIMS elemental imaging. The prospects for further improving the capabilities of SIMS imaging are discussed. The lateral resolution in SIMS imaging when using the microprobe mode is limited by (i) the ion probe size, which is dependent on the brightness of the primary ion source, the quality of the optics of the primary ion column and the electric fields in the near sample region used to extract secondary ions; (ii) the sensitivity of the analysis as a reasonable secondary ion signal, which must be detected from very tiny voxel sizes and thus from a very limited number of sputtered atoms; and (iii) the physical dimensions of the collision cascade determining the origin of the sputtered ions with respect to the impact site of the incident primary ion probe. One interesting prospect is the use of SIMS-based correlative microscopy. In this approach SIMS is combined with various high-resolution microscopy techniques, so that elemental/chemical information at the highest sensitivity can be obtained with SIMS, while excellent spatial resolution is provided by overlaying the SIMS images with high-resolution images obtained by these microscopy techniques. Examples of this approach are given by presenting in situ combinations of SIMS with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), helium ion microscopy (HIM) and scanning probe microscopy (SPM).