gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aerosol Generation from Propellant-Driven Metered Dose Inhalers (2006)

Propellant-driven, or pressurized, metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) have now been used for pharmaceutical inhalation aerosols for 50 years. Their introduction, in 1956, was revolutionary in that they allowed the development of formulations for repeated, reproducible dose delivery through a metering valve for airway administration (1). Significant changes to pMDIs have transpired with the phaseout of ozone depleting propellants based on chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) chemistry but pMDIs, especially those based on hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) chemistry, remain an important component of inhalation aerosol delivery systems.
Activity of B-Nor Analogues of Neurosteroids on the GABA<sub>A</sub>Receptor in Primary Neuronal Cultures (2006)

A GABA(A) receptor study of several B-nor analogues of allopregnanolone and pregnanolone has been carried out. B-norallopregnanolone (i.e., 3alpha-hydroxy-7-nor-5alpha-pregnan-20-one) was found comparable to allopregnanolone when measured with labeled TBPS. Analogous results were obtained from their effect on neurons in culture: this time, both 3alpha-hydroxy-7-nor-5xi-pregnan-20-ones (5 and 6) were found to stimulate [3H]flunitrazepam binding and GABA-induced 36Cl- influx. These effects were inhibited by GABA(A) receptor antagonists. Other analogues carrying electronegative substituents (epoxides 9 and 10 and ketone 12) in the B ring were inactive. Similarly, B-normal ketones 17, and 18 and 6-azasteroids 20 and 21 were also inactive. B-Nor analogues 5 and 6 did not induce neurotoxicity at relevant concentrations. A computational analysis of active and inactive neurosteroid analogues allowed the proposal of a 3D pharmacophoric hypothesis of their interaction with the GABA(A) receptor.
Auditing Protein Therapeutics Management by Professional APCs: Toward Prevention of Immune Responses against Therapeutic Proteins (2008)

Alloimmunization is a crippling concern in the management of patients undergoing administration of protein therapeutics as evidenced in replacement therapy and other treatment procedures. Several issues in the genesis and modulation of such deleterious immune responses have been studied. While authors have focused on the downstream events of the specific immune response and suggested modification of protein therapeutics to eliminate epitopes that interact with B cell receptors, T cell receptors, or MHCII molecules, the mechanisms underlying Ag interaction with APCs, a step upstream of immune effectors, have been grossly neglected. We wish to emphasize that the recent knowledge in understanding the capacities of an APC to handle an Ag and the importance of the surrounding microenvironment in this process are crucial for designing novel protein therapeutics with reduced immunogenicity.
Correction to “A 32–42-GHz RTWO-Based Frequency Quadrupler Achieving >37 dBc Harmonic Rejection in 22-nm FD-SOI” (2021)

In the above article <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Fig. 1</xref> was incorrectly provided. The correct figure and full caption appear here.
Learning to translate: a psycholinguistic approach to the induction of grammars and transfer functions (1996)

dentified many constraints on the form and processing of human languages. By incorporating these constraints into a language learning system, it is possible to build a system that learns to translate (infers functions and grammars for machine translation) from an aligned bilingual corpus of sentences using understandable, symbolic linguistic principles and representations. This work focuses on one particular constraint, the Marker Hypothesis, which is shown to be powerful, understandable, and computationally accessible. This hypothesis has been incorporated into a family of systems that infer such transfer functions using standard multivariate optimization techniques. These systems have been tested on a variety of language pairs and corpora, demonstrating the language and corpus independence of this approach. Furthermore, the design iv principles are in theory independent of any particular inference technique or grammatical representation and reflect only the constraints of the Marke
Sensor Validation: A Method to Enhance the Quality of the Man/Machine Interface in Nuclear Power Stations (1981)

A major thrust in the current efforts to improve the safety of nuclear plants is to assure that the plant operator has accurate and timely information on which to base his actions. An important system capability, which is necessary to achieve this goal, is a reliable means to determine the validity of sensor data. Sensor signal validation is considered to be a prerequisite for successful use of disturbance analysis and surveillance systems (DASS), which are currently under study by EPRI and DOE. At the heart of the DASS concept of providing information to aid nuclear plant operating crews in making correct decisions, is the creation of a single, validated, data base; upon which DASS functional modules operate. Examples of DASS functions are monitoring of critical safety functions (reactivity control, core heat removal, primary coolant system integrity, radioactivity and containment integrity), disturbance detection, system configuration monitoring, verification of control actuation and technical specification margins monitoring. Signal validation is essential for the flow of correct information from the data base to the plant operating crew. The benefits from use of a DASS would quickly be negated by the possibility of situations where questionable or erroneous information could be generated by DASS. Furthermore, the validation methodology is likely to be applicable not only to signals, but also to reactor plant system and sub-system functional operation, i.e., diagnostic analysis of reactor control loops and sub-loops.
Differentially Stimulated CD4<sup>+</sup>T Cells Display Altered Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Kinetics: Implications for the Efficacy of Antiviral Agents (2009)

The activation state of CD4(+) T cells plays a crucial role in the establishment of a productive human immunodeficiency virus infection. Here, we show that T cells stimulated for 1 day demonstrated delayed kinetics of viral reverse transcription and integration compared to cells stimulated for 2 days prior to infection. As a result, the efficiency of reverse transcription and integration inhibitors differs in these differentially stimulated cells. These studies increase our understanding of how T cells support viral replication and provide insight regarding the efficiency of antiretroviral therapy in lymphoid compartments.
Auditable Data Structures (2017)

The classic notion of history-independence guarantees that if a data structure is ever observed, only its current contents are revealed, not the history of operations that built it. This powerful concept has applications, for example, to e-voting and data retention compliance, where data structure histories should be private. The concept of weak history-independence (WHI) assumes only a single observation will ever occur, while strong history-independence (SHI) allows for multiple observations at arbitrary times. WHI constructions tend to be fast, but provide no repeatability, while SHI constructions provide unlimited repeatability, but tend to be slow. We introduce auditable data structures, where an auditor can observe data structures at arbitrary times (as in SHI), but we relax the unrealistic restriction that data structures cannot react to observations, since in most applications of history-independence, data owners know when observations have occurred. We consider two audit scenarios-secure topology, where an auditor can observe the contents and pointers of a data structure, and secure implementation, where an auditor can observe the memory layout of a data structure. We present a generic template for auditable data structures and, as a foundation for any auditable data structure, an Auditable Memory Manager (AMM), which is an efficient memory manager that translates any auditable data structure with a secure topology into one with a secure implementation. We give a prototype implementation that provides empirical evidence that the worst-case time running times of our AMM are 45 to 8,300 faster than those of a well-known SHI memory manager. Thus, auditable data structures provide a practical way of achieving time efficiency, as in WHI, while allowing for multiple audits, as in SHI.
PRIMUS, a new process for recycling by-products and producing virgin iron (2001)

For years, the iron and steel industry has been in search of new processes for an efficient production of virgin steel as well as for the recycling of its by-products, especially for those containing zinc. Considering these objectives, Paul Wurth S.A., in cooperation with ProfilARBED, has developed a process using the multiple-hearth furnace and coal fines as the reductant and main energy source. A trial plant with a capacity of 2 t/h was built and has been operated for more than one year at the ProfilARBED Belval site. This paper reports on the trial campaigns, which have given most promising results.
16S rRNA gene-based profiling of the human infant gut microbiota is strongly influenced by sample processing and PCR primer choice (2015)

This work emphasises the importance of sample processing methodology to downstream sequencing results and illustrates the value of employing multiple approaches for determining microbiota composition.
Effects of combined administration of transforming growth factor‐β1 and epidermal growth factor on properties of the in situ frozen anterior cruciate ligament in rabbits (2002)

The mechanical properties of tendon autografts used in reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are reduced after surgery. Previous studies showed that growth factors such as transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) can stimulate fibroblast proliferation and increase collagen and noncollagenous protein synthesis by these cells. These factors might be useful, therefore, in preventing graft deterioration after transplantation or accelerating mechanical restoration of the deteriorated graft. The purpose of our study, therefore, was to clarify the effects of TGF-beta1 and EGF on biomechanical properties using an in situ freeze-thaw ACL model in the rabbit. A total of 142 rabbits underwent the freeze-thaw treatment in the right ACL and were then divided into four groups. Group I served as a freeze-thaw, but otherwise untreated control. In Group II. a delivery vehicle (fibrin sealant) alone was applied. In Group III, 4-ng TGF-beta1 and 100-ng EGF mixed with the vehicle were applied. In Group IV, higher doses (2-microg TGF-beta1 and 50-microg EGF) of growth factors were mixed with the vehicle. The groups were compared at 6 and 12 weeks on the basis of mechanical properties, water content, and histological and ultrastructural observations. The cross-sectional area of Group III (average, 7.1 mm2) was significantly less than that of Groups I, II, and IV (9.0. 8.2. and 9.4 mm2. respectively) at 12 weeks. The tensile strength of Group lII (62.2 MPa) was significantly greater than that of Groups I, II, and IV (35.6, 43.7, and 36.9 MPa, respectively) at 12 weeks, while the water content of Group III (70.7%) was significantly lower than that of Group I (75.2%). No other significant differences occurred among Groups I, II, and IV. A unimodal distribution of collagen fibril diameters was noted in Groups I and II, while a bimodal pattern was found in Group III. This study demonstrated that low-dose application of TGFbeta1 and EGF significantly inhibited not only the increased water content and cross-sectional area, but also the decreased tensile strength caused by the freeze-thaw treatment, while a high dose of TGF-beta1 and EGF does not have the same beneficial effects.
Novel hydrogel microspheres of chitosan and pluronic F-127 for controlled release of 5-fluorouracil (2007)

Hydrogel microspheres of chitosan (CS) and Pluronic F127 (PF-127) were prepared by the emulsion-crosslinking method employing glutaraldehyde (GA) as a crosslinker. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), an anticancer drug with good water solubility, was encapsulated into hydrogel microspheres. Various formulations were prepared by varying the ratio of CS and PF-127, % drug loading and amount of GA. Microspheres were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to confirm the absence of chemical interactions between drug, polymer and the crosslinking agent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to study the surface morphology of the microspheres. SEM showed that microspheres have smooth shiny surfaces. Particle size, as measured by laser light scattering technique, gave an average size ranging from 110 to 382 microm. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (X-RD) studies were performed to understand the crystalline nature of the drug after encapsulation into hydrogel microspheres. Encapsulation of the drug up to 86% achieved was measured by UV spectroscopy. Equilibrium swelling experiments were performed in distilled water. Diffusion coefficients (D) of water through microspheres were estimated by an empirical equation. In vitro release studies indicated the dependence of release rate on the extent of crosslinking, drug loading and the amount of PF-127 used to produce the microspheres; slow release was extended up to 24 h. The release data were also fitted to an empirical equation to compute the diffusional exponent (n), which indicated that the release mechanism followed the non-Fickian trend.
Abductive framework for nonmonotonic theory change (1995)

This paper proposes a method of nonmonotonic theory change. We first introduce a new form of abduction that can account for observations in nonmonotonic situation. Then we provide a framework of autoepistemic update, which describes nonmonotonic theory change through the extended abductive framework. The proposed update semantics is fairly general and provides a unified framework for various update semantics such as first-order update, view update of databases, and contradiction removal of nonmonotonic theories. 1 Introduction A lot of theories for belief change have been proposed in AI and related fields. At abstract and philosophical levels, the belief dynamics have been studied as rationality postulates to be satisfied by belief sets (e.g., [ Alchour&apos;ron et al., 1985; Katsuno and Mendelzon, 1991b ] ). In the field of AI and databases, various researchers have proposed revision, contraction, and update methods of data and knowledge bases. On the AI side, revision and update method...
Variations on the Kalman filter for enhanced performance monitoring of gas turbine engines (2012)

Since their advent in the 1940's, gas turbines have been used in a wide range of land, sea and air applications due to their high power density and reliability. In today's competitive market, gas turbine operators need to optimise the dispatch availability (it i.e., minimise operational issues such as aborted take-offs or in-flight shutdowns) as well as the direct operating costs of their assets. Besides improvements in the design and manufacture processes, proactive maintenance practices, based on the actual condition of the turbine, enable the achievement of these objectives. Generating dependable information about the health condition of the gas turbine is a requisite for a successful implementation of condition-based maintenance. In this thesis, we focus on the assessment of the performance of the thermodynamic cycle, also known as Module Performance Analysis. The purpose of module performance analysis is to detect, isolate and quantify changes in engine module performance, described by so-called health parameters, on the basis of measurements collected along the gas-path of the engine. Generally, the health parameters are correcting factors on the efficiency and the flow capacity of the modules while the measurements are inter-component temperatures, pressures, shaft speeds and fuel flow. Module performance analysis can be cast as an estimation problem that is characterised by a number of difficulties such as non-linearity of the system and noise and bias in the measurements. Moreover the number of health parameters usually exceeds the number of gas-path measurements, making the estimation problem underdetermined. This thesis starts with a survey of the state-of-the-art in module performance analysis. We then propose enhancements to a monitoring tool for steady-state data developed by Dr. P. Dewallef during his thesis at the Turbomachinery Group. Specifically, the improvements concern the fault detection and isolation tasks, respectively handled by a hypothesis testing and a sparse estimator. As a complement, we define metrics for the selection and analysis of sensor--health parameter suites based on the Information Theory. In a second step, we investigate the feasibility and the benefit that could be expected from the processing of data collected during transient operation of a gas turbine. We also discuss the impact of modelling errors on the estimation procedure and propose a solution that makes the health assessment robust with respect to modelling errors. The theoretical developments are evaluated on the basis of simulated test-cases through a series of metrics that gauge the estimation accuracy and the performance of the fault detection and isolation modules.
Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing (2011)

Directional drilling and hydraulic-fracturing technologies are dramatically increasing natural-gas extraction. In aquifers overlying the Marcellus and Utica shale formations of northeastern Pennsylvania and upstate New York, we document systematic evidence for methane contamination of drinking water associated with shale-gas extraction. In active gas-extraction areas (one or more gas wells within 1 km), average and maximum methane concentrations in drinking-water wells increased with proximity to the nearest gas well and were 19.2 and 64 mg CH(4) L(-1) (n = 26), a potential explosion hazard; in contrast, dissolved methane samples in neighboring nonextraction sites (no gas wells within 1 km) within similar geologic formations and hydrogeologic regimes averaged only 1.1 mg L(-1) (P < 0.05; n = 34). Average δ(13)C-CH(4) values of dissolved methane in shallow groundwater were significantly less negative for active than for nonactive sites (-37 ± 7‰ and -54 ± 11‰, respectively; P < 0.0001). These δ(13)C-CH(4) data, coupled with the ratios of methane-to-higher-chain hydrocarbons, and δ(2)H-CH(4) values, are consistent with deeper thermogenic methane sources such as the Marcellus and Utica shales at the active sites and matched gas geochemistry from gas wells nearby. In contrast, lower-concentration samples from shallow groundwater at nonactive sites had isotopic signatures reflecting a more biogenic or mixed biogenic/thermogenic methane source. We found no evidence for contamination of drinking-water samples with deep saline brines or fracturing fluids. We conclude that greater stewardship, data, and-possibly-regulation are needed to ensure the sustainable future of shale-gas extraction and to improve public confidence in its use.
Collaborative search revisited (2013)

Despite recent innovations in technologies supporting collaborative web search [11, 13, 25, 34, 35, 37], the features of the primary tools for digital information seeking (web browsers and search engines) continue to reflect a presumption that search is a single-user activity. In this paper, we present the findings of a survey of 167 diverse users' collaborative web search practices, including the prevalence and frequency of such activities, the information needs motivating collaboration, the methods and tools employed in such tasks, and users' satisfaction with the status quo. We find an increased prevalence and frequency of collaborative search, particularly by younger users, and an appropriation of "old" technologies like e-mail as well as "new" technologies like smartphones and social networking sites, rather than the use of dedicated collaborative search tools. We reflect on how and why collaborative search practices have changed in the six years since the first survey detailing this phenomenon was conducted [22], and synthesize our findings to offer suggestions for the design of future collaborative search technologies.
Antioxidant Vitamins and Cardiovascular Disease (1999)

The hypothesis that antioxidant vitamins might reduce cardiovascular disease risk is based on a large body of both basic and human epidemiological research. One of the most consistent findings in dietary research is that those who consume higher amounts of fruits and vegetables have lower rates of heart disease and stroke as well as cancer. Recent attention has focused on the antioxidant content of fruits and vegetables as a possible explanation for the apparent protective effects. Basic research provides a plausible mechanism by which antioxidants might reduce the risk of atherosclerosis. A large number of descriptive, case-control, and cohort studies provide data suggesting that consumption of antioxidant vitamins is associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular disease. These data raise the question of a possible role of antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E and beta-carotene, in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, but they do not provide a definitive answer. Randomized trial data will be essential in fully assessing whether or not there is a causal effect of antioxidants in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Results from several large-scale randomized trials of antioxidant supplements are now available, and additional trial data should be forthcoming in the near future, which will better define the role of antioxidants in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic disease. At this point, antioxidants represent a possible but as yet unproven means to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Hybrids of Dendritic Cells and Tumor Cells Generated by Electrofusion Simultaneously Present Immunodominant Epitopes from Multiple Human Tumor-Associated Antigens in the Context of MHC Class I and Class II Molecules (2003)

Hybrid cells generated by fusing dendritic cells with tumor cells (DC-TC) are currently being evaluated as cancer vaccines in preclinical models and human immunization trials. In this study, we evaluated the production of human DC-TC hybrids using an electrofusion protocol previously defined for murine cells. Human DCs were electrically fused with allogeneic melanoma cells (888mel) and were subsequently analyzed for coexpression of unique DC and TC markers using FACS and fluorescence microscopy. Dually fluorescent cells were clearly observed using both techniques after staining with Abs against distinct surface molecules suggesting that true cell fusion had occurred. We also evaluated the ability of human DC-TC hybrids to present tumor-associated epitopes in the context of both MHC class I and class II molecules. Allogeneic DCs expressing HLA-A*0201, HLA-DR beta 1*0401, and HLA-DR beta 1*0701 were fused with 888mel cells that do not express any of these MHC molecules, but do express multiple melanoma-associated Ags. DC-888mel hybrids efficiently presented HLA-A*0201-restricted epitopes from the melanoma Ags MART-1, gp100, tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related protein 2 as evaluated by specific cytokine secretion from six distinct CTL lines. In contrast, DCs could not cross-present MHC class I-restricted epitopes after exogenously loading with gp100 protein. DC-888mel hybrids also presented HLA-DR beta 1*0401- and HLA-DR beta 1*0701-restricted peptides from gp100 to CD4(+) T cell populations. Therefore, fusions of DCs and tumor cells express both MHC class I- and class II-restricted tumor-associated epitopes and may be useful for the induction of tumor-reactive CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells in vitro and in human vaccination trials.