gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bulk CMOS technology for SOC (2002)

CMOS technology scaling has come to a point whereby traditional assumptions that warranted a fair degree of de-coupling between process development and circuit/system design do not hold. One specific example relates to chip standby leakage. Today's most advanced transistor designs push gate dielectric thickness into a regime where direct tunneling currents are no longer negligible. Meanwhile, the portable electronics sector had become a key industry driver demanding VLSI circuits with ever increasing functionality-performance needs while maintaining tight controls on power consumption. To conciliate the scaling-driven technology fundamental limitations with the industry evolution requirements, flexible CMOS technologies and tighter interaction between process development and circuit/system design are needed to efficiently realize Systems on a Chip (SoC). This paper discusses aspects of bulk CMOS SoC technology definition and front-end scaling trends.
Environmental Contamination: Deliberate and Accidental (1991)

A brief detail of some incidents and situations where the toxicity of some chemicals are displayed at the cost of human and environmental tragedy is presented. An effort should be made to avoid such tragedies by not letting them reach the disaster proportions, making efforts to channelise the disposal of hazardous wastes, and redesigning the new buildings for safer storage of chemicals.
A 7-GHz, Low-Power, Low Phase-Noise Differential Current-Reused VCO Utilizing a Trifilar-Transformer-Feedback Technique (2011)

This paper presents a 7GHz differential current-reused voltage-controlled oscillator (CR-VCO) with low power consumption and low phase noise using 0.18-µm CMOS technology. The output power of this CR-VCO is enhanced by utilizing a trifilar-transformer-feedback technique. The lower phase noise is achieved by the more symmetric voltage swings resulting from the improved balance of switching current. At a 1.5-V DC supply voltage, the power dissipation is only 3.4mW. The total tuning range is 1.4GHz (17.9%) as the tuning voltage ranges from 0V to 1.8V. The optimum phase noise is around -117.3dBc/Hz at a frequency offset of 1MHz from the center frequency of 7.07GHz. The corresponding output power is around -6.8dBm. For the proposed CR-VCO, the calculated figures-of-merit, FOM and FOMT, are -188.9 and -193.9dBc/Hz, respectively.
1998 Volvo Award Winner in Biomechanical Studies (1998)

The results of the current project demonstrate that static compressive loading initiates a number of harmful responses in a dose-dependent way: disorganization of the anulus fibrosus; an increase in apoptosis and associated loss of cellularity; and down regulation of collagen II and aggrecan gene expression. The finite element model used in this study predicts loss of collagen fiber tension and increased matrix hydrostatic stress in those anular regions observed to undergo programmed cell death after 1 week of loading and ultimately become populated by chondrocytes after one month of recuperation. This correspondence conforms with the suggestions of others that the cellular phenotype in collagenous tissues is sensitive to the dominant type of tissue stress. Although the specific mechanisms by which alterations in tissue stress lead to apoptosis and variation in cell phenotype remain to be identified, our results suggest that maintenance of appropriate stress within the disc may be an important basis for strategies to mitigate disc degeneration and initiate disc repair.
Direct Electromagnetic Acceleration of a Compact Toroid to High Density and High Speed (1995)

The direct acceleration and compression of a magnetically confined plasma, called a compact toroid (CT), by an electrical discharge are investigated with numerical time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic computer simulations. We find that a critical dimensionless parameter $P$ characterizes the resiliency of a CT to an acceleration over a characteristic distance, and that a CT can be compressed self-similarly and accelerated to an arbitrary nonrelativistic speed when $P$ is maintained in an appropriate range.
Functional Outcome of Collagenase Injections Compared with Fasciectomy in Treatment of Dupuytren's Contracture (2013)

CCH injections are safe and effective and may be a viable alternative to fasciectomy for treating DC. It also allows earlier return to work and daily activities.
Monte Carlo fast dose calculator for proton radiotherapy: application to a voxelized geometry representing a patient with prostate cancer (2008)

The Monte Carlo method is used to provide accurate dose estimates in proton radiation therapy research. While it is more accurate than commonly used analytical dose calculations, it is computationally intense. The aim of this work was to characterize for a clinical setup the fast dose calculator (FDC), a Monte Carlo track-repeating algorithm based on GEANT4. FDC was developed to increase computation speed without diminishing dosimetric accuracy. The algorithm used a database of proton trajectories in water to calculate the dose of protons in heterogeneous media. The extrapolation from water to 41 materials was achieved by scaling the proton range and the scattering angles. The scaling parameters were obtained by comparing GEANT4 dose distributions with those calculated with FDC for homogeneous phantoms. The FDC algorithm was tested by comparing dose distributions in a voxelized prostate cancer patient as calculated with well-known Monte Carlo codes (GEANT4 and MCNPX). The track-repeating approach reduced the CPU time required for a complete dose calculation in a voxelized patient anatomy by more than two orders of magnitude, while on average reproducing the results from the Monte Carlo predictions within 2% in terms of dose and within 1 mm in terms of distance.
Anionic Conjugated Polymer with Aptamer-Functionalized Silica Nanoparticle for Label-Free Naked-Eye Detection of Lysozyme in Protein Mixtures (2010)

An assay triggered by recognition-induced charge switching is developed for protein detection and quantification. Aptamer-functionalized silica nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized to capture lysozyme, resulting in an alternation of the surface charge from negative to partially positive. The binding event is then translated and monitored by the fluorescence signal of a highly fluorescent anionic poly(fluorene-alt-vinylene) (PFVSO(3)), which "stains" on protein/aptamer-NP complexes via electrostatic interaction. Blue-greenish fluorescence of PFVSO(3) is observed in the presence of lysozyme by the naked eye, while no fluorescence is obtained for NPs upon treatment with a mixture of foreign proteins. A linear relationship between NP fluorescence and lysozyme is observed in the concentration range of 0-22.5 microg/mL, which gives a limit of detection as approximately 0.36 microg/mL. This work demonstrates a convenient label-free conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE)-based protein detection with high specificity and sensitivity, which has potential applications in medical diagnosis.
Synthesis and characterization of benzodithiophene–isoindigo polymers for solar cells (2011)

Three new alternating polymers with the electron-deficient isoindigo group as the acceptor unit and benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene (BDT) or BDT flanked by thiophenes (or octylthiophenes) as the donor unit were designed and synthesized. All the polymers have good thermal stability, solubility and broad absorption spectra. Their photophysical, electrochemical and photovoltaic (PV) properties were investigated. To understand their different PV performance in the resulting polymer solar cells (PSCs), the morphology of their blends with fullerene derivatives was investigated by atomic force microscopy, and the molecular geometries as well as the molecular frontier orbitals were simulated by density functional theory calculations (Gaussian 09). The polymer PBDT-TIT, with BDT flanked by thiophenes as the donor unit and isoindigo as the acceptor unit, exhibits quite planar backbones and its blend with fullerene derivatives shows optimal morphology. As a result, the PSCs based on PBDT-TIT with a conventional device configuration of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PBDT-TIT:PC61BM/LiF/Al showed a power conversion efficiency of 4.22%, with a short-circuit current density of 7.87 mA cm−2, an open-circuit voltage of 0.79 V and a fill factor of 0.68 under the AM 1.5G illumination with an intensity of 100 mW cm−2 from a solar simulator.
Fluorescence detection of proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels using environmentally benign, nonfixative, saline solution (2000)

SYPRO Tangerine stain is an environmentally benign alternative to conventional protein stains that does not require solvents such as methanol or acetic acid for effective protein visualization. Instead, proteins can be stained in a wide range of buffers, including phosphate-buffered saline or simply 150 mM NaCl using an easy, one-step procedure that does not require destaining. Stained proteins can be excited by ultraviolet light of about 300 nm or with visible light of about 490 nm. The fluorescence emission maximum of the dye is approximately 640 nm. Noncovalent binding of SYPRO Tangerine dye is mediated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and to a lesser extent by hydrophobic amino acid residues in proteins. This is in stark contrast to acidic silver nitrate staining, which interacts predominantly with lysine residues or Coomassie Blue R, which in turn interacts primarily with arginine and lysine residues. The sensitivity of SYPRO Tangerine stain is similar to that of the SYPRO Red and SYPRO Orange stains - about 4-10 ng per protein band. This detection sensitivity is comparable to colloidal Coomassie blue staining and rapid silver staining procedures. Since proteins stained with SYPRO Tangerine dye are not fixed, they can easily be eluted from gels or utilized in zymographic assays, provided that SDS does not inactivate the protein of interest. This is demonstrated with in-gel detection of rabbit liver esterase activity using alpha-naphthyl acetate and Fast Blue BB dye as well as Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase activity using ELF-97 beta-D-glucuronide. The dye is also suitable for staining proteins in gels prior to their transfer to membranes by electroblotting. Gentle staining conditions are expected to improve protein recovery after electroelution and to reduce the potential for artifactual protein modifications such as the alkylation of lysine and esterification of glutamate residues, which complicate interpretation of peptide fragment profiles generated by mass spectrometry.
A comparison of line enhancement techniques: applications to guide-wire detection and respiratory motion tracking (2009)

During interventional radiology procedures, guide-wires are usually inserted into the patients vascular tree for
diagnosis or healing purpose. These procedures are monitored with an Xray interventional system providing
images of the interventional devices navigating through the patient's body. The automatic detection of such
tools by image processing means has gained maturity over the past years and enables applications ranging from
image enhancement to multimodal image fusion. Sophisticated detection methods are emerging, which rely on a
variety of device enhancement techniques. In this article we reviewed and classified these techniques into three
families. We chose a state of the art approach in each of them and built a rigorous framework to compare their
detection capability and their computational complexity. Through simulations and the intensive use of ROC
curves we demonstrated that the Hessian based methods are the most robust to strong curvature of the devices
and that the family of rotated filters technique is the most suited for detecting low CNR and low curvature
devices. The steerable filter approach demonstrated less interesting detection capabilities and appears to be the
most expensive one to compute. Finally we demonstrated the interest of automatic guide-wire detection on a
clinical topic: the compensation of respiratory motion in multimodal image fusion.
Improvement of High-Rate Performance of All-Solid-State Lithium Secondary Batteries Using LiCoO[sub 2] Coated with Li[sub 2]O–SiO[sub 2] Glasses (2007)

Development of rate capability is one of the most important issues to be solved in all-solid-state lithium secondary batteries. The electrochemical performance of these batteries has been highly improved by coating particles with thin film. The interfacial resistance between and the glass-ceramic electrolyte was decreased by those coatings. The rate capabilities of the cells using the coated particles were superior to that of the cell using noncoated . The coating was more effective than the coating in enhancing rate performance, suggesting that lithium-ion conductivity of the coating materials is important for high-rate performance.
Dynamics and Adaptive Control for Stability Recovery of Damaged Asymmetric Aircraft (2006)

This paper presents a recent study of a damaged generic transport model as part of a NASA research project to investigate adaptive control methods for stability recovery of damaged aircraft operating in offnominal flight conditions under damage and or failures. Aerodynamic modeling of damage effects is performed using an aerodynamic code to assess changes in the stability and control derivatives of a generic transport aircraft. Certain types of damage such as damage to one of the wings or horizontal stabilizers can cause the aircraft to become asymmetric, thus resulting in a coupling between the longitudinal and lateral motions. Flight dynamics for a general asymmetric aircraft is derived to account for changes in the center of gravity that can compromise the stability of the damaged aircraft. An iterative trim analysis for the translational motion is developed to refine the trim procedure by accounting for the effects of the control surface deflection. A hybrid direct-indirect neural network, adaptive flight control is proposed as an adaptive law for stabilizing the rotational motion of the damaged aircraft. The indirect adaptation is designed to estimate the plant dynamics of the damaged aircraft in conjunction with the direct adaptation that computes the control augmentation. Two approaches are presented: 1) an adaptive law derived from the Lyapunov stability theory to ensure that the signals are bounded, and 2) a recursive least-square method for parameter identification. A hardware-inthe-loop simulation is conducted and demonstrates the effectiveness of the direct neural network adaptive flight control in the stability recovery of the damaged aircraft. A preliminary simulation of the hybrid adaptive flight control has been performed and initial data have shown the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid approach. Future work will include further investigations and high-fidelity simulations of the proposed hybrid adaptive flight control approach.
Metabolomic database annotations via query of elemental compositions: Mass accuracy is insufficient even at less than 1 ppm (2006)

More than 1.6 million molecular formulae in the range 0-500 Da were generated in an exhaustive manner under strict observation of mathematical and chemical rules. Assuming that ion species are fully resolved (either by chromatography or by high resolution mass spectrometry), we conclude that a mass spectrometer capable of 3 ppm mass accuracy and 2% error for isotopic abundance patterns outperforms mass spectrometers with less than 1 ppm mass accuracy or even hypothetical mass spectrometers with 0.1 ppm mass accuracy that do not include isotope information in the calculation of molecular formulae.
The need for a new outlook on labor monitoring (2006)

Fetal heart rate monitors, including the newer pulse-oximetry and STAN monitors, are designed to detect fetal distress that affects less than 1% of women in labor. Non-progressive labor is a much more common disorder than fetal distress, with approximately 50% of women in labor requiring oxytocin. Current technology assessing labor progress is subjective and inaccurate. There is a need for objective and accurate technology to measure labor progress and the effect it may have on managing labor and, specifically, non-progressive labor.
Acamprosate (Campral) for Treatment of Alcoholism (2006)

Acamprosate is a safe and well-tolerated treatment for patients with alcoholism and it appears to improve the likelihood that patients will remain abstinent. Most evidence suggests it is as effective as naltrexone but with fewer adverse reactions, and that it may be more effective when used in combination with naltrexone or disulfiram.
20-HETE Signals Through G-Protein–Coupled Receptor GPR75 (G <sub>q</sub> ) to Affect Vascular Function and Trigger Hypertension (2017)

This is the first report to identify a GPCR target for an eicosanoid of this class. The discovery of 20-HETE-GPR75 pairing presented here provides the molecular basis for the signaling and pathophysiological functions mediated by 20-HETE in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.
Longstanding Effect and Outcome Differences of Palatal Plate and Oral Screen Training on Stroke-Related Dysphagia (2013)

Aim: This study aimed at evaluating (1) if the oral training effect on stroke related dysphagia differs between two different oral appliances, a palatal plate (PP) and an oral screen (OS), and (2) if the training effect remains at a late follow-up.
One‐pot synthesis of polymer/inorganic hybrids: toward readily accessible, low‐loss, and highly tunable refractive index materials and patterns (2011)

Abstract The realization that modulated light pulses can be transported in a confined fashion over long distances within a structure that comprises a controlled spatial distribution of the refractive index n —as in optical fibres and waveguides—has, without doubt, underpinned the telecommunications revolution witnessed during the 20th century. The refractive index n , quantifying how light propagates in a given medium, as a consequence, has become one of the most important materials properties in designing photonics products. The other key characteristic for most optical and photonic applications is the amount of light that is absorbed by a material, expressed as the extinction coefficient κ. Although a range of organic/inorganic hybrid materials have been advanced with tunable refractive index, only a few systems combine a high n , sufficiently low κ and straightforward sample preparation to allow simple fabrication of highly transparent, low‐loss structures. Here, we present a hybrid material that can be readily produced in water via a one‐pot synthesis directly from commercially available, low‐cost precursors. Moreover, our hybrid material can be solution‐processed, yielding systems of an extinction coefficient <0.01, and a refractive index, which can be controlled to adopt values between 1.5 to at least 2.1. Unprecedentedly, simple post‐deposition procedures such as thermal annealing or irradiation with high‐intensity UV‐light allow adjusting n also after film fabrication, offering an exceptional degree of freedom in designing and tailoring also more complex photonic architectures or planar wave‐guides, for example, through creation of in‐plane refractive index patterns. As a proof‐of‐concept, we demonstrate fabrication of waveguides based on local heating. The versatility of our materials is further illustrated by the production of lenses and dielectric filters of ∼100% reflectivity in a given wavelength regime. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 000: 000–000, 2011
Development and evaluation of highly-loaded coal slurries. Phase I summary report, October 15, 1977-December 31, 1978 (1979)

Slurry fuels comprised of either bituminous, subbituminous, or lignite coal, and either aqeuous media or emulsions of No. 6 oil in water as the carrier were developed and evaluated at solids loadings up to 70% by weight. Emphasis was placed on aqueous slurries of bituminous coal. These slurries were developed for use in place of No. 6 oil in oil-fired burners. High solids loadings were attained by use of bimodal particle size distributions, which are blends of coarse-grind coal (approx. 50 to 85% -50 mesh) and fine-grind coal (generally 90% -200 mesh). The effect of the blends on slurry viscosity was determined to find the blends that minimize viscosity. The effect of mill conditions on particle size distribution was determined for each coal, using a hammermill pulverizer. A large number of water-soluble resins were evaluated for effect on slurry stability and viscosity. The best of these was found to be hydroxypropylated corn starch. Slurries based on the use of 3% solutions of the starch in water were prepared with up to 70% by weight bituminous coal and up to 65% subbituminous coal. The slurries are pourable pseudo-plastic fluids having room-temperature viscosities in the range of 550 to 1100 cp at a shear rate of 3000 sec/sup -1/, depending on the type of coal, solids loading, and particle size distribution. None of the slurries exhibited hard pack settling, even after room-temperature storage up to 74 days. Oil-in-water emulsions made with polyethylene glycol (23) lauryl ether as an emulsifier were found to be stable with respect to phase separation when stored at 160/sup 0/F. Slurries made with these emulsions do not exhibit hard pack settling after one week storage at 160/sup 0/F.
Antioxidant Evaluation in Dessert Spices Compared with Common Food Additives. Influence of Irradiation Procedure (2004)

The antioxidant properties of seven dessert spices (anise, cinnamon, ginger, licorice, mint, nutmeg, and vanilla) were compared with those of the common food antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (E-320), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (E-321), and propyl gallate (E-310). The influence of irradiation process on antioxidant activity was also evaluated. Mint and cinnamon exhibited a higher percentage of inhibition of oxidation than the other spices analyzed and the food antioxidants, as tested by the lipid peroxidation assay (LOO*). Nutmeg, anise, and licorice showed the strongest protection in the deoxyribose assay (OH*). Vanilla exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in the peroxidase-based assay (H2O2). Nutmeg, propyl gallate, ginger, and licorice improved the stability of oils (sunflower, corn, and olive) and fats (butter and margarine) against oxidation (110 degrees C Rancimat). Cinnamon was a better superoxide radical scavenger than the other analyzed spices and additives. When the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay was used to provide a ranking order of antioxidant activity, the result in decreasing order of antioxidant capacity was cinnamon approximately equal to propyl gallate > mint > anise > BHA > licorice approximately equal to vanilla > ginger > nutmeg > BHT. Irradiated samples did not show significant differences (p < 0.05) in the antioxidant activity with respect to the non-irradiated samples (1, 3, 5, and 10 kGy) in the assays used.