gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding treatment non-adherence in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a survey of what service users do and why (2013)

This study suggests that non-adherence, both intentional and unintentional, is common amongst individuals with diagnoses of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and that this often occurs without health professionals' knowledge or support. Treatment choices reflect a desire to live well, but are often driven by short-term needs. Given access to more information, and importantly to emotional support, service users could be helped to make treatment choices that adequately reflect the long-term risks of non-adherence, as well as allowing them to live well day-to-day. More research is required better to understand the meanings and complexities of service users' treatment choices.
Ferroelectric memory based on nanostructures (2012)

In the past decades, ferroelectric materials have attracted wide attention due to their applications in nonvolatile memory devices (NVMDs) rendered by the electrically switchable spontaneous polarizations. Furthermore, the combination of ferroelectric and nanomaterials opens a new route to fabricating a nanoscale memory device with ultrahigh memory integration, which greatly eases the ever increasing scaling and economic challenges encountered in the traditional semiconductor industry. In this review, we summarize the recent development of the nonvolatile ferroelectric field effect transistor (FeFET) memory devices based on nanostructures. The operating principles of FeFET are introduced first, followed by the discussion of the real FeFET memory nanodevices based on oxide nanowires, nanoparticles, semiconductor nanotetrapods, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. Finally, we present the opportunities and challenges in nanomemory devices and our views on the future prospects of NVMDs.
Converting Neural Network Language Models into Back-off Language Models for Efficient Decoding in Automatic Speech Recognition (2013)

Neural network language models (NNLMs) have achieved very good performance in large-vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) systems. Because decoding with NNLMs is computationally expensive, there is interest in developing methods to approximate NNLMs with simpler language models that are suitable for fast decoding. In this work, we propose an approximate method for converting a feedforward NNLM into a back-off n-gram language model that can be used directly in existing LVCSR decoders. We convert NNLMs of increasing order to pruned back-off language models, using lower-order models to constrain the n-grams allowed in higher-order models. In experiments on Broadcast News data, we find that the resulting back-off models retain the bulk of the gain achieved by NNLMs over conventional n-gram language models, and give accuracy improvements as compared to existing methods for converting NNLMs to back-off models. In addition, the proposed approach can be applied to any type of non-back-off language model to enable efficient decoding.
Predicting the Outcome of Endometrial Hyperplasia by Quantitative Analysis of Nuclear Features Using a Linear Discriminant Function (1983)

Nuclear parameters from 24 cases of atypical endometrial hyperplasia were determined by means of graphic tablet and microcomputer. Eight of the 24 hyperplasias progressed to carcinoma, but the remaining 16 did not progress during a mean follow-up period of 11.8 years. A linear discriminant function selected the mean and standard deviation of maximal nuclear diameter as useful predictors of clinical outcome. The linear discriminant function predicted the correct outcome in 83% of the cases. This study suggests that measurement of nuclear parameters in atypical endometrial hyperplasia may provide a more objective means of predicting the behavior of the various forms of hyperplasia.
In vitro killing of neuroblastoma cells by neutrophils derived from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-treated cancer patients using an anti-disialoganglioside/anti-Fc gamma RI bispecific antibody (1995)

Neutrophils isolated from cancer patients treated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) express high levels of Fc gamma RI. They exhibited an efficient killing of GD2+ neuroblastoma cells in the presence of an antidisialoganglioside (GD2) mouse monoclonal antibody (MoAb; 7A4, IgG3 kappa). However, this cytotoxicity was totally blocked by human monomeric IgG. In contrast, a bispecific antibody (7A4 bis 22/MDX-260), prepared by chemically linking an F(ab') fragment of 7A4 with an F(ab') fragment of an anti-Fc gamma RI MoAb, 22, which binds outside the Fc binding domain, triggered antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, even when neutrophils were preincubated with human monomeric IgG. F(ab')2 22 MoAb abrogated the MDX-260 killing without affecting that of 7A4. The 3G8 MoAb, directed against the Fc gamma RIII binding site, did not inhibit the cytotoxicity induced by either antibody. Thus, these results indicate that G-CSF-activated neutrophils exert their cytotoxic effect against neuroblastoma cells through Fc gamma RI and not Fc gamma RIII, and that the saturation of the high affinity Fc gamma RI by monomeric IgG can be overcome by the use of bispecific antibodies binding epitopes outside the IgG Fc gamma RI binding site. A combined administration of such bispecific antibodies and G-CSF may be, therefore, an efficient therapeutic approach to trigger tumor lysis by cytotoxic neutrophils in vivo.
EFFECT OF IMPACT ON CHONDROCYTE VIABILITY DURING INSERTION OF HUMAN OSTEOCHONDRAL GRAFTS (2006)

Background: Osteochondral grafts, used to treat chondral and osteochondral defects, require high insertional forces that may affect the viability of chondrocytes in the graft. The objectives of this study were to (1) measure the loading impact during insertion of osteochondral grafts, (2) evaluate the effect of insertional loading on chondrocyte viability, and (3) assess this effect on chondrocyte apoptosis and activation of caspase-3. Methods: The distal parts of twelve fresh femora from six adult human cadavers were harvested within seventy-two hours after the death of the donor. From each femur, four 15-mm-diameter cylindrical osteochondral grafts were isolated; two of these grafts (a total of twenty-four grafts in the study) were transplanted with standard impact insertion into recipient sockets in the other condyle of the ipsilateral femur. The other two grafts served as unloaded controls. Loads were measured during the insertion of ten of the twenty-four transplanted grafts. Full-thickness cartilage disks were then removed from the grafts, incubated for up to forty-eight hours, and analyzed for cell viability, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling)-positive reactivity, and caspase-3 activation, each as a function of the depth from the articular surface. Results: The insertion of an osteochondral graft was characterized, on the average (and standard deviation), by 10 ± 4 impacts, each generating 2.4 ± 0.9 kN of load and 13.3 ± 4.9 MPa of stress for a duration of 0.57 ± 0.13 ms with a 0.62 ± 0.25 N·s impulse. Impact insertion increased cell death in the superficial 500 μm to 21% at one hour (p < 0.001) and 47% at forty-eight hours (p < 0.001) and also increased cell death in deeper layers at forty-eight hours. Some cell death was due to apoptosis, as indicated by an increase in caspase-3 activation at eight hours (p < 0.01) and TUNEL-positive cells at forty-eight hours (p < 0.05) in the superficial 500 μm of impacted cartilage. Conclusions: Impact insertion of osteochondral grafts generates damaging loads that cause chondrocyte death, particularly in the superficial zone, mainly as a result of apoptosis mediated by the activation of caspases. Clinical Relevance: Chondrocyte death that occurs during impact insertion of osteochondral grafts may lead to compromised function. Understanding the mechanisms and consequences of such impact loading may provide insights into potential therapeutic interventions, or lead to changes in the insertion technique, to decrease the cell injury associated with impact loading.
Fast Selecting Optimal Sync Word Based on Filtering and Backtracking for Burst Synchronization (2006)

The frame sync word (SW) is very important for burst data communication systems. Commonly used SWs such as m-sequences are not optimized for specific system environments in terms of misdetection (including false alarm and detection failure) probability. In this paper, both upper boundary and lower boundary of misdetection probability of frame synchronization are derived for given length and pattern of the preamble, length of SW and BER of channel. Based on the proposed boundaries, filtering out the SWs impossible to be optimal. And then, a backtracking full searching algorithm is used on the resulting SWs to select the optimal ones. Numerical results show that the filtering and backtracking full search algorithm (FBFSA) is very efficient and flexible
Calcium Signaling Pathways: Key Pathways in the Regulation of Obesity (2019)

Nowadays, high epidemic obesity-triggered hypertension and diabetes seriously damage social public health. There is now a general consensus that the body's fat content exceeding a certain threshold can lead to obesity. Calcium ion is one of the most abundant ions in the human body. A large number of studies have shown that calcium signaling could play a major role in increasing energy consumption by enhancing the metabolism and the differentiation of adipocytes and reducing food intake through regulating neuronal excitability, thereby effectively decreasing the occurrence of obesity. In this paper, we review multiple calcium signaling pathways, including the IP3 (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)-Ca<sup>2+</sup> (calcium ion) pathway, the p38-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway, and the calmodulin binding pathway, which are involved in biological clock, intestinal microbial activity, and nerve excitability to regulate food intake, metabolism, and differentiation of adipocytes in mammals, resulting in the improvement of obesity.
Design and implementation of a synchrophasor data concentrator (2011)

Synchro-Phasor data concentrators (PDCs) are key elements in the realization of Wide Area Monitoring, Protection, And Control (WAMPAC) technology. Currently, there are two ongoing standardization efforts in the IEEE surrounding the application of PMUs and PDC This paper presents latest activities in standardization of WAMPAC systems, and design and implementation of synchrophasor data concentrator. The implementation issues, such as Time-sync clock lost at PMU, missing phasor data frames, handling multiple input data rates and latency from PMUs, etc. with data concentrators are discussed, and various solutions are proposed.
Kainate-Induced Cerebrovascular Dilation Is Resistant to Ischemia in Piglets (1997)

Background and Purpose Cerebral arteriolar dilation to N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) is drastically reduced by anoxic stress. The effects of anoxic stress on cerebrovascular dilation to activation of other types of glutamate receptors are unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ischemia on cerebral arteriolar responses to kainate in anesthetized piglets. Methods Arteriolar responses to 5×10 −5 mol/L and 10 −4 mol/L kainate were evaluated before and 10 minutes after total, global ischemia. Ischemia was induced by increasing intracranial pressure. We measured pial arteriolar diameters (≈100 μm) using a cranial window and intravital microscopy. Results Before ischemia, kainate dilated arterioles by 16±2% at 5×10 −5 mol/L and 30±2% at 10 −4 mol/L (mean±SEM; n=6). After ischemia, the diameter of arterioles increased by 17±3% and 26±3% to 5×10 −5 and 10 −4 mol/L kainate, respectively ( P >.05). We also investigated the mechanisms involved in mediating arteriolar dilation to kainate. Intravenous administration of N ω -nitro- l -arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (15 mg/kg) (n=7) or indomethacin (10 mg/kg) (n=6) individually reduced arteriolar dilation to kainate by approximately one half. Coadministration of L-NAME and indomethacin almost completely eliminated arteriolar dilation to kainate (n=10). Administration of theophylline (20 mg/kg IV) did not affect dilator responses to kainate (n=7). Blockade of NMDA receptors by MK801 had minimal effects on arteriolar dilation to kainate (n=6). Conclusions There are three main findings from this study: (1) kainate is a potent dilator agent in the neonatal cerebral circulation; (2) nitric oxide and prostaglandins both participate in the vasodilator response to kainate; and (3) in contrast to NMDA, cerebral arteriolar dilator responses to kainate are resistant to ischemic stress.
Mutational Analysis of the Insulin-like Growth Factor I Prohormone Processing Site (1995)

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a mitogenic peptide that is produced in most tissues and cell lines and plays an important role in embryonic development and postnatal growth. IGF-I is initially synthesized as a prohormone precursor that is converted to mature IGF-I by endoproteolytic removal of the carboxyl-terminal E-domain. Regulation of the conversion of proIGF-I to mature IGF-I is a potential mechanism by which the biological activity of this growth factor might be modulated. Endoproteolysis of the IGF-I prohormone occurs at the unique pentabasic motif Lys-X-X-Lys-X-X-Arg71-X-X-Arg-X-X-Arg. Recently, a family of enzymes which cleave prohormone precursors at sites containing multiple basic residues has been discovered. The goals of this study were 1) to determine which basic residues in the pentabasic proIGF-I processing site were necessary for proper cleavage and 2) to examine the role that subtilisin-related proprotein convertase 1 (SPC1/furin) might play in proIGF-I processing. We have shown that an expression vector coding for an epitope-tagged proIGF-I directs synthesis and secretion of mature IGF-I-(1-70), extended IGF-I-(1-76), proIGF-I, and N-glycosylated proIGF-I in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Extended IGF-I-(1-76) is produced by cleavage at Arg77 and requires both Arg74 (P4) and Arg77 (P1). Cleavage at Arg77 does not occur in the SPC1-deficient cell lines RPE.40 and LoVo, suggesting that processing at this site is mediated by SPC1. Mature IGF-I-(1-70) is produced by cleavage at Arg71 and requires both Lys68 (P4) and Arg71 (P1). Lys65 in the P7 position is important for efficient cleavage. SPC1 is not required for processing at Arg71 since this cleavage occurs in RPE.40 and LoVo cells. These data suggest the existence of a processing enzyme which is specific for the Lys-X-X-Arg motif of proIGF-I.
Microfibril-associated Protein 4 Is Present in Lung Washings and Binds to the Collagen Region of Lung Surfactant Protein D (1999)

We have purified a glycoprotein from bovine lung washings using affinity chromatography on a maltose-affinity column. On SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the protein showed a molecular mass of 36 kDa in the reduced state and 66 kDa in the unreduced state. On gel permeation chromatography the apparent molecular mass was 250 kDa. N-terminal sequencing showed homology to the human matrix protein microfibril-associated protein (hMFAP4), and the glycoprotein was designated bovine MFAP4 (bMFAP4). Lung surfactant protein D (SP-D) was also purified from lung washings, and calcium-dependent binding was demonstrated between bMFAP4 and SP-D. hMFAP4 was cloned, and recombinant hMFAP4 showed the same binding pattern to SP-D as bMFAP4. No binding was seen to recombinant SP-D composed of the neck region and carbohydrate recognition domain of SP-D, indicating that the interaction between MFAP4 and SP-D is mediated via the collagen region of SP-D. MFAP4 also showed calcium-dependent binding to mannan, which was partially inhibited by maltose. Our findings indicate that MFAP4 has two binding specificities, one for collagen and one for carbohydrate, and we suggest that MFAP4 may fix the collectins in the extracellular compartment during inflammation.
Inhibition of Regulatory-Associated Protein of Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Prevents Hyperoxia-Induced Lung Injury by Enhancing Autophagy and Reducing Apoptosis in Neonatal Mice (2016)

Administration of supplemental oxygen remains a critical clinical intervention for survival of preterm infants with respiratory failure. However, prolonged exposure to hyperoxia can augment pulmonary damage, resulting in developmental lung diseases embodied as hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We sought to investigate the role of autophagy in hyperoxia-induced apoptotic cell death in developing lungs. We identified increased autophagy signaling in hyperoxia-exposed mouse lung epithelial-12 cells, freshly isolated fetal type II alveolar epithelial cells, lungs of newborn wild-type mice, and human newborns with respiratory distress syndrome and evolving and established BPD. We found that hyperoxia exposure induces autophagy in a Trp53-dependent manner in mouse lung epithelial-12 cells and in neonatal mouse lungs. Using pharmacological inhibitors and gene silencing techniques, we found that the activation of autophagy, upon hyperoxia exposure, demonstrated a protective role with an antiapoptotic response. Specifically, inhibiting regulatory-associated protein of mechanistic target of rapamycin (RPTOR) in hyperoxia settings, as evidenced by wild-type mice treated with torin2 or mice administered (Rptor) silencing RNA via intranasal delivery or Rptor<sup>+/-</sup>, limited lung injury by increased autophagy, decreased apoptosis, improved lung architecture, and increased survival. Furthermore, we identified increased protein expression of phospho-beclin1, light chain-3-II and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1, suggesting altered autophagic flux in the lungs of human neonates with established BPD. Collectively, our study unveils a novel demonstration of enhancing autophagy and antiapoptotic effects, specifically through the inhibition of RPTOR as a potentially useful therapeutic target for the treatment of hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury and BPD in developing lungs.
A biostatistical study into the efficiency of individualisation using nonisotopic chemiluminescent‐enhanced NICE™ multilocus DNA probes (1997)

The efficiency of individualisation using nonisotopic chemiluminescent- enhanced probes (NICE) was investigated by analysing DNA fingerprints obtained from 190 unrelated Caucasians. Novel analysis of the scoring procedure enabled us to include the comparison of 585 pairs of samples for each of two probes. When the results of NICE probes 33.6 and 33.15 were combined, the mean percentage band share between two unrelated individuals was 16.8% and the mean number of bands identified in an individual DNA fingerprint was 54.8. Results were compared with those obtained using isotopically labelled probes and suggest that the two labelling systems gave similar efficiencies for differentiating between individuals. Analysis of DNA fingerprints from 37 family trios (mother, child and father groups) gave a mutation rate of 0.10% when using NICE probes. The two labelling systems compared were equally efficient in establishing family relationships.
Surface Roughness Image Analysis using Quasi-Fractal Characteristics and Fuzzy Clustering Methods (2008)

In this paper the authors describe the results of experiments for surface roughness image acquisition and processing in order to develop an automated roughness control system. This implies the finding of a characteristic roughness parameter (for example Ra) on the bases of information contained in the image of the surface. To achieve this goal we use quasi-fractal characteristics and fuzzy clustering methods.
Characterization of proteinases in extracts of adult<i>Haemonchus contortus</i>, the ovine abomasal nematode (1993)

The degradation of several protein substrates, including the blood proteins haemoglobin, albumin and fibrinogen, by proteinases present in extracts of adult Haemonchus contortus was examined over a broad pH range. These proteinases were further characterized on the basis of substrate specificity, inhibitor sensitivity and molecular size by spectrophotometric and substrate gel analysis. The majority of the proteinases capable of degrading the blood proteins tested were active at acidic pH and could be ascribed to the cysteine proteinase class. In addition, evidence is presented that these proteinases are differentially recognized and inhibited by immune sera and that parasites capable of withstanding protective host immune responses exhibit modified expression of proteinases.
Troubled Waters in the East China Sea - China’s ADIZ 中国防空识别区 (2014)

In November 2013 China declared an Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ). Within the already changeable East Asian region China’s neighbours reacted with alarm. Despite increasing apprehension and speculation about China’s assertiveness, this paper argues China’s ADIZ is not a challenge to the status quo. China’s domestic politics and the specific Sino-Japanese tension over the Diaoyu/Senkaku islands account for the creation, timing and method of establishing the ADIZ. A comparative case study of China’s ADIZ and Japan’s own ADIZ demonstrates that misperceptions about China’s ADIZ rather than the ADIZ itself are more likely to further destabilise the region. 摘要：2013年11月，中国宣布建立东海防空识别区（ADIZ），东亚这个动荡的地区再次变得风声鹤唳。针对越来越多的对中国强硬态度的各种推测，本文认为，从中国国内形势以及具体的中日关系的角度来看，中国设立防空识别区并不是为了挑战现状。对中国和日本自身防空识别区的比较案例研究有助于理解这个观点，即我们需要更确凿的证据才能得出结论，而不是制造误解，使该区域变得更加不稳定。
Production of Recombinant RNase Ba and Its Application in Downstream Processing of Plasmid DNA for Pharmaceutical Use (2006)

The demand for new strategies in downstream processing of biopharmaceutical plasmid DNA has increased in response to the importance of nucleic acids as active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in gene therapy and genetic vaccination. Led by the problematic usage of animal-derived proteins for producing reagents of clinical applications, we present an opportunity of removing RNA prior to chromatographic steps by using a recombinant RNase Ba (barnase of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) as an alternative to bovine RNase A. An expression vector for RNase Ba production was constructed enabling periplasmic localization of the recombinant protein. Cultivation of the RNase-producing clone showed stable activity (3.6 kU mL(-1) during stationary phase) throughout the cultivation process. After purification the RNase activity was tested and compared to that of commercially available RNase A. RNase Ba showed no DNase activity even after prolonged incubation with plasmid DNA. Thus, it is a suitable substitute for bovine RNase A in pharmaceutical purification processes.
Responses of different cell lines from ocular tissues to elevated hydrostatic pressure (2000)

These observations demonstrate that cell lines from different ocular tissues are sensitive to changes in external pressure in vitro. They exhibit morphological and cytoskeletal changes as well as significant alterations of intracellular adenylyl cyclase activity following exposure to acute and sustained levels of elevated hydrostatic pressure of up to 6 hours' duration.
Silicon Reagents in Organic Synthesis (1988)

The basic aim of the book is two-fold: to describe routes to functionalized organosilanes and the useful behavior of such silanes, with emphasis placed on the organic moiety; to provide coverage of organosilicon chemistry. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.
Epidural Steroid Injection Compared with Discectomy for the Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation (2005)

1 The Cleveland Clinic Spine Institute The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH 44195 [email protected]