gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
K-nested layered look-ahead method and architectures for high throughput Viterbi decoder (2004)

A novel K-nested layered look-ahead method and its corresponding architectures, which pack K trellis steps into one step (where K is the encoder constraint length) and combine two look-ahead sub-trellises in a layered manner, are proposed for a high throughput Viterbi decoder. The proposed method guarantees parallel paths between any two-trellis states in the look-ahead trellises and distributes the add-compare-select computations to all trellis layers. It leads to a regular and simple architecture for the Viterbi decoding algorithm. The proposed method can be implemented in a partly or fully parallel manner and can be used for a high throughput Viterbi decoder. The main advantage of the proposed design is that it has the least latency among all look-ahead Viterbi decoders for a given level of parallelism.
Alumina, Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>, layers as effective p-stops for silicon radiation detectors (2011)

Inter-strip shortening due to electron accumulation is a problem for any segmented p-type and double-sided n-type detectors. The standard approach for inter-strip or interpixel isolation is an implanted and annealed p-type layer, called p-stop. We show that alumina layer can be used as effective p-stops due to a negative surface charge at the silicon-alumina interface. We used ALD (atomic layer deposition) and e-beam evaporated alumina layers as inter-strip dielectrics for n-on-n strips. We fabricated a double sided strip detector (DSSD) on n-type silicon with alumina as a p-stop and tested the DSSD under gamma-ray irradiation. We compare ALD alumina layers with standard silicon oxide for isolating n-on-n strips. Equivalents to “p-stop” and “p-spray” were fabricated and evaluated with respect to their leakage currents. Finite element simulations support our experimental findings.
A Novel Approach for Automatic Follow-Up of Detected Lung Nodules (2007)

Our long term research goal is to develop an image-based approach for early diagnosis of lung nodules that may lead to lung cancer. This paper focuses on monitoring the progress of detected lung nodules in successive chest low dose CT (LDCT) scans of a patient using non-rigid registration. In this paper, we propose a new methodology for 3D LDCT data registration. The registration methodology is non-rigid and involves two steps: global alignment of one scan (target data) to another scan (reference data) using the learned prior appearance model followed by local alignments in order to correct for intricate deformations. From two subsequent chest scans, visual appearance of the chest images, after equalizing their signals, are modeled with a Markov-Gibbs random field with pairwise interaction. Our approach is based on finding the affine transformation to register one data set (target data) to another data set (reference data) by maximizing a special Gibbs energy function using a gradient descent algorithm. To get accurate appearance model, we developed a new approach to an automatically select the most important cliques that describe the visual appearance of LDCT data. To handle local deformations, we propose a new approach based on deforming each voxel over evolving closed and equi-spaced surfaces (iso-surfaces) to closely match the prototype. The evolution of the iso-surfaces is guided by an exponential speed function in the directions minimizing distances between corresponding pixel pairs on the iso-surfaces on both data sets. Our preliminary results on 10 patients show that the proper registration could lead to precise identification of the progress of the detected lung nodules.
Lower-Complexity Layered Belief-Propagation Decoding of LDPC Codes (2008)

The design of LDPC decoders with low complexity, high throughput, and good performance is a critical task. A well-known strategy is to design structured codes such as quasi- cyclic LDPC (QC-LDPC) that allow partially-parallel decoders. Sequential schedules, such as Layered Belief-Propagation (LBP), converge faster than the traditional flooding schedule while allowing parallel decoding of QC-LDPC codes. In this paper, we propose a novel low-complexity sequential schedule called Zigzag LBP (Z-LBP). Current LBP schedules do not allow partially- parallel architectures in the regime of high-rate codes with small- to-medium blocklengths. Our proposed algorithm can still be implemented in a partially-parallel manner in this regime. Z-LBP provides the same benefits as LBP including faster convergence speed and lower frame error rates than flooding.
Physiological Effects of γ-Linolenic Acid and Its Production by Fungal Cultivation (1993)

As a n-6 essential fatty acid, γ-linolenic acid (GLA) has been shown to be more effective than linoleic acid. Its effects cover anti-atherosclerosis including hypocholesterolic and anti-thrombogenic effect, anti-cancer, higher alcohol oxidation, anti-inflammatory effect and others. These effects are generally attributed to by-passing Δ6-desaturase reaction.Using some species in genus Mortierella, lipid accumulative fungi, attempt at increase in lipid and GLA productivity has been made changing carbon and nitrogen source, pH, temperature and others. Decane as carbon source resulted in higher polar lipid content in spite of lower growth than glucose. Cultivation at higher glucose concentration (>100 g/L), originally intended to get higher cell mass per unit volume of culture medium, resulted in higher lipid content. The optimum culture conditions for lipid accumulation were lower both in pH and temperature than those for growth, which lead to our proposal of 2 tanks continuous system to separate growth from lipid accumulation phase. The maximum lipid productivity of 1.1 g/L·h and GLA productivity of 106 mg/L·h were obtained in a continuous operation at 0.15-1 of dilution rate and 100 g/L of feed glucose concentration.
Expression, purification and comparative characterisation of enzymatically deactivated recombinant botulinum neurotoxin type A (2008)

Botulinum Neurotoxin (BoNT) is responsible for botulism, a severe and often deadly disease. Light chain of BoNT behaves as endopeptidase, cleaving the SNARE proteins, and inhibits the neurotransmitter release. A double-mutant E224A/E262A full-length BoNT Type A was successfully cloned and expressed in E. coli. The purified protein lacks the endopeptidase activity involved in the toxic action, and is structurally compatible with the native BoNT/A. Thus this molecule not only can be used as a safe surrogate for study of BoNT, but also can be potentially used as an antidote against botulism, and as a vaccine candidate for botulism.
<title>Comprehensive evaluation of major phase-shift mask technologies for isolated gate structures in logic designs</title> (1994)

This paper presents a comparative analysis of binary `chrome-on-glass,' attenuated, biased rim, and phase edge shifted DUV lithography solutions for advanced circuitry in the sub-250 nm image size regime. Lithography techniques are compared based on design complexity, ground rule impact, process latitude, and cost. Data are presented from aerial image simulations (SPLAT), aerial image measurements (AIMS<SUP>R</SUP>), and SEM measurements. Phase edge shifted designs clearly exhibit the largest process window for 200 nm linewidths exposed on a 0.5 NA 248 nm DUV stepper. The complexity of the mask engineering (design as well as manufacture) and exposure process for this `hard' phase shifting technique warrants the study of less powerful but also less restrictive phase shifting options. This paper investigates the tradeoffs associated with various applicable phase shift mask (PSM) techniques and presents recommendations based on specific program requirements.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of antibody to type III group B streptococci (1982)

Neonates at risk for fulminant type III, group B streptococcal (III GBS) infection are those who lack antibody to the capsular polysaccharide. A newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was compared with a standard radioactive antigen-binding assay (RABA) for quantitation of III GBS antibody in human sera. Although there was a significant correlation between the ELISA and RABA (r = 0.81; P less than 0.001) in general, the ELISA detected antibody both to core and native antigens of III GBS, whereas the RABA detected antibody to native polysaccharide exclusively. The results of the two assays were discordant when sera which had only high native or core antibody (not both) were assessed. Although the ELISA was reproducible and required less than 1 microliter of serum, interpretation of data obtained by the assay should be viewed with caution since only antibody to native III GBS has been correlated with human immunity.
Automatic construction of travel itineraries using social breadcrumbs (2010)

Vacation planning is one of the frequent---but nonetheless laborious---tasks that people engage themselves with online; requiring skilled interaction with a multitude of resources. This paper constructs intra-city travel itineraries automatically by tapping a latent source reflecting geo-temporal breadcrumbs left by millions of tourists. For example, the popular rich media sharing site, Flickr, allows photos to be stamped by the time of when they were taken and be mapped to Points Of Interests (POIs) by geographical (i.e. latitude-longitude) and semantic (e.g., tags) metadata.Leveraging this information, we construct itineraries following a two-step approach. Given a city, we first extract photo streams of individual users. Each photo stream provides estimates on where the user was, how long he stayed at each place, and what was the transit time between places. In the second step, we aggregate all user photo streams into a POI graph. Itineraries are then automatically constructed from the graph based on the popularity of the POIs and subject to the user's time and destination constraints.We evaluate our approach by constructing itineraries for several major cities and comparing them, through a crowd-sourcing marketplace (Amazon Mechanical Turk), against itineraries constructed from popular bus tours that are professionally generated. Our extensive survey-based user studies over about 450 workers on AMT indicate that high quality itineraries can be automatically constructed from Flickr data.
Keyframe-based user interfaces for digital video (2001)

Three visual interfaces that use keyframes - still images automatically pulled from video - to provide access points for efficient navigation of recorded content can help identify potentially useful or relevant video segments.
Fault-tolerant controller architecture for cascaded multi-level converters (2017)

Voltage source multi-level converters (MC) are one of the options for rectifying and inverting in high power applications. Each converter consists of several modules connected together to form a single converter. Power rating of the converter is usually more than the desired rating and it is possible to continue operation by bypassing the failed modules. This capability increases the reliability of this category of converters compared to other type of converters. In this paper, a distributed controller has been proposed that implements hot standby techniques to increase reliability and availability of the converter. Each slave controller is directly connected to the power electronic module with data link to neighbor controllers and all of the controllers are being synchronized through a master controller. At the end, reliability assessment of the proposed controller based on Markov modeling has been represented and experimental result approves the feasibility of the control method.
Broadband diffractive optical networks (2021)

We report a broadband diffractive optical network that can simultaneously process a continuum of wavelengths. To demonstrate its success, we designed and experimentally validated a series of broadband networks to create single/dual passband spectral filters and a spatially-controlled wavelength de-multiplexer that are composed of deep learning-designed diffractive layers to spatially and spectrally engineer the output light. The resulting designs were 3D-printed and tested using a terahertz time-domain-spectroscopy system to demonstrate the match between their numerical and experimental output. Broadband diffractive networks diverge from intuitive/analytical designs, creating unique optical systems to perform deterministic tasks and statistical inference for machine learning applications.
Per-Pixel Time Constant Measurement of Bolometer Cameras (2020)

A novel system to measure the time constant of microbolometer cameras per-pixel to create a 2-D time constant map is presented. The measurements take place at the camera level and do not require any special control of the camera beyond the ability to capture raw data. Detailed simulations are run for a broad range of variables and values to demonstrate the usefulness of the system in extracting even extremely fast time constants with high accuracy and repeatability. Measurements are taken on a proof of concept system with an example camera, and a 2-D time constant map is reported. These results are compared with measurements from a linear motion stage system.
αII-Spectrin Breakdown Product Cerebrospinal Fluid Exposure Metrics Suggest Differences in Cellular Injury Mechanisms after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (2009)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) produces alphaII-spectrin breakdown products (SBDPs) that are potential biomarkers for TBI. To further understand these biomarkers, the present study examined (1) the exposure and kinetic characteristics of SBDPs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of adults with severe TBI, and (2) the relationship between these exposure and kinetic metrics and severity of injury. This clinical database study analyzed CSF concentrations of 150-, 145-, and 120-kDa SBDPs in 38 severe TBI patients. Area under the curve (AUC), mean residence time (MRT), maximum concentration (C(max)), time to maximum concentration (T(max)), and half-life (t(1/2)) were determined for each SBDP. Markers of calpain proteolysis (SBDP150 and SBDP145) had a greater median AUC and C(max) and a shorter MRT than SBDP120, produced by caspase-3 proteolysis in the CSF in TBI patients ( p < 0.001). AUC and MRT for SBDP150 and SBDP15 were significantly greater in patients with worse Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores at 24 h after injury compared to those whose GCS scores improved (AUC p=0.013, MRT p=0.001; AUC p=0.009, MRT p=0.021, respectively). A positive correlation was found between patients with longer elevations in intracranial pressure (ICP) measurements of 25mmHg or higher and those with a greater AUC and MRT for all three biomarkers. This is the first study to show that the biomarkers of proteolysis differentially associated with calpain and caspase-3 activity have distinct CSF exposure profiles following TBI that suggest a prominent role for calpain activity. Further studies are being conducted to determine if exposure and kinetic metrics for biofluid-based biomarkers can predict clinical outcome.
Oxygen incorporation in homoepitaxial N-polar GaN grown by radio frequency-plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy: Mitigation and modeling (2012)

We have investigated the effect of gallium deposition and desorption cycles and ultrathin (15 Å) AlN layers on the oxygen impurity concentrations in homoepitaxial N-polar GaN layers. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) indicates that three Ga deposition and desorption cycles reduce the total oxygen by 70%–80%, while ten cycles reduces the total oxygen by more than 90%. We present a model of surface segregation and incorporation which accurately captures the distribution of oxygen in these layers. By fitting the model to the SIMS data, we are able to determine the fraction of an oxygen layer adsorbed on a GaN surface which segregates upon initiation of epitaxial GaN growth. Under the conditions investigated, we find this fraction to be 80%.
Cloning and expression of the recombinant FAb fragment of monoclonal antibody K1 that reacts with mesothelin present on mesotheliomas and ovarian cancers (1997)

The monoclonal antibody (MAb) K1 recognizes an approximate 40 kDA glycoprotein, mesothelin, that is present on the surface of human mesothelial cells, mesotheliomas and ovarian cancers. We have cloned the cDNAs encoding the variable regions of MAb K1 and constructed plasmids for expression of recombinant K1 (FAb). Recombinant FAb was produced in Escherichia coli in inclusion bodies that were solubilized and refolded to active protein. Binding of K1 MAb and FAb was compared by radioactive binding and competition assays and by surface plasmon resonance (BIAcore). Recombinant K1 (FAb) binds to cells expressing K1-antigen with a similar affinity as papain derived FAb from K1(lgG) and with a 4- to 10-fold reduced affinity compared with bivalent lgG. The cloned FAb can be used to make higher affinity antibodies and immunoconjugates that could be useful for various types of immunotherapies. Int. J. Cancer 71:638-644, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 1 This article is a U.S. Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America
Evaluation of Variable-Depth Liner Configurations for Increased Broadband Noise Reduction (2015)

This paper explores the effects of variable-depth geometry on the amount of noise reduction that can be achieved with acoustic liners. Results for two variable-depth liners tested in the NASA Langley Grazing Flow Impedance Tube demonstrate significant broadband noise reduction. An impedance prediction model is combined with two propagation codes to predict corresponding sound pressure level profiles over the length of the Grazing Flow Impedance Tube. The comparison of measured and predicted sound pressure level profiles is sufficiently favorable to support use of these tools for investigation of a number of proposed variable-depth liner configurations. Predicted sound pressure level profiles for these proposed configurations reveal a number of interesting features. Liner orientation clearly affects the sound pressure level profile over the length of the liner, but the effect on the total attenuation is less pronounced. The axial extent of attenuation at an individual frequency continues well beyond the location where the liner depth is optimally tuned to the quarter-wavelength of that frequency. The sound pressure level profile is significantly affected by the way in which variable-depth segments are distributed over the length of the liner. Given the broadband noise reduction capability for these liner configurations, further development of impedance prediction models and propagation codes specifically tuned for this application is warranted.
Cloning of a DNA sequence encoding a major fragment of the 47 kilodalton stress protein homologue of Candida albicans (1989)

Part of the gene coding for the immunodominant 47 kDa antigen of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans was cloned and sequenced. The predicted amino acid sequence was homologous to stress proteins, the most extensive similarity being with the heat shock protein hsp 90 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The 47 kDa antigen has diagnostic and therapeutic potential and is the first candidal antigen to be cloned and sequenced.
Regulation of neovascularization by human neutrophil peptides (α‐defensins): a link between inflammation and angiogenesis (2004)

Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, is a complex biological process that is orchestrated by several growth factors and components of the extracellular matrix, including fibronectin (FN) and its receptor the integrin alpha5beta1. Angiogenesis is a critical part of inflammation and wound repair, but the mechanism by which vascular proliferation and migration is regulated by inflammatory cells is not completely understood. We have previously shown that human neutrophil peptides (HNPs), also known as alpha-defensins, which are secreted in high concentrations when neutrophils are activated, bind specifically to FN in the extracellular matrix and inhibit plasminogen activation. Therefore, we asked whether HNPs act as a link between inflammation and angiogenesis. Alpha5beta1-mediated endothelial cell adhesion and migration to FN, both under control conditions and under stimulation by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were inhibited specifically and in a dose-dependent manner by HNPs, whereas endothelial cell adhesion and migration to other components of the extracellular matrix, such as vitronectin, collagen, or fibrinogen/fibrin were not. Consistent with this finding, HNPs bound to and promoted the binding of fibronectin to alpha5beta1 integrin in arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-independent manner. HNPs also completely inhibited VEGF-induced proliferation and induced apoptosis of endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, HNPs inhibited capillary tube formation in three-dimensional fibrin-matrices as well as neovascularization in vivo in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay. Taken together, these data indicate that HNPs can regulate angiogenesis by affecting endothelial cell adhesion and migration in an FN-dependent manner as well as endothelial cell proliferation. These findings provide new insight into the role of inflammatory cells in angiogenesis and might provide a platform for developing a novel class of anti-angiogenesis drugs.
Ultra-Low NOx Advanced Vortex Combustor (2006)

An ultra lean-premixed Advanced Vortex Combustor (AVC) has been developed and tested. The natural gas fueled AVC was tested at the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Energy Technology Laboratory (USDOE NETL) test facility in Morgantown (WV). All testing was performed at elevated pressures and inlet temperatures and at lean fuel-air ratios representative of industrial gas turbines. The improved AVC design exhibited simultaneous NOx/CO/UHC emissions of 4/4/0 ppmv (all emissions are at 15% O2 dry). The design also achieved less than 3 ppmv NOx with combustion efficiencies in excess of 99.5%. The design demonstrated tremendous acoustic dynamic stability over a wide range of operating conditions which potentially makes this approach significantly more attractive than other lean premixed combustion approaches. In addition, a pressure drop of 1.75% was measured which is significantly lower than conventional gas turbine combustors. Potentially, this lower pressure drop characteristic of the AVC concept translates into overall gas turbine cycle efficiency improvements of up to one full percentage point. The relatively high velocities and low pressure drops achievable with this technology make the AVC approach an attractive alternative for syngas fuel applications.
A model for the cost analysis of wireless access architectures (2002)

Broadband wireless access planned for deployment in the 10- to 42-GHz frequency range and deployable in point-to-multipoint configurations has been gaining acceptance among network operators recently. This paper presents a model that can be used to optimize the cost of wireless access architectures. Cost functions are derived for network nodes and links in which such factors as demographic, traffic, marketing, and systems that impact network cost are variables. These variable factors can then be used to construct a complete characterization of network costs. Cost sensitivity can be analyzed by varying any desired parameters to investigate their impact on network cost, and the results can be used to optimize costs. Each node and link in the network is analyzed independently, and the model developed can then be used by network operators as a cost-modeling tool to analyze network nodes or links. This paper concludes with a case study of the impact of rain availability on the economics of deploying local multipoint distribution service (LMDS) networks.