gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Privacy: An Overview of Federal Statues Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2003)

This report provides an overview of federal law governing wiretapping and electronic eavesdropping. It also appends citations to state law in the area and contains a bibliography of legal commentary as well as the text of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). This report also includes a brief summary of the recently expired Protect America Act, P.L. 110-55 and of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008, P.L. 110-261 (H.R. 6304).
Automated detection of breast masses on mammograms using adaptive contrast enhancement and texture classification (1996)

This paper presents segmentation and classification results of an automated algorithm for the detection of breast masses on digitized mammograms. Potential mass regions were first identified using density-weighted contrast enhancement (DWCE) segmentation applied to single-view mammograms. Once the potential mass regions had been identified, multiresolution texture features extracted from wavelet coefficients were calculated, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to classify the regions as breast masses or normal tissue. In this article the overall detection results for two independent sets of 84 mammograms used alternately for training and test were evaluated by free-response receiver operating characteristics (FROC) analysis. The test results indicate that this new algorithm produced approximately 4.4 false positive per image at a true positive detection rate of 90% and 2.3 false positives per image at a true positive rate of 80%.
Line capacity expansion schemes in photonic switching (1990)

Design considerations for capacity expansion are described, and requirements for photonic switch matrices, optical memories, and tunable-wavelength filters are examined. The present status of photonic switching devices and system experiments is discussed, covering space-, wavelength-, and time-division switches. Hybrid switching systems and coherent optical detection are considered as examples of system technology that will facilitate line capacity expansion.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An Electrochemiluminescence Biosensor for the Detection of Alzheimer’s Tau Protein Based on Gold Nanostar Decorated Carbon Nitride Nanosheets (2022)

Human Tau protein is the most reliable biomarker for the prediction of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the assay to detect low concentrations of tau protein in serum is a great challenge for the early diagnosis of AD. This paper reports an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor for Tau protein in serum samples. Gold nanostars (AuNSs) decorated on carbon nitride nanosheets (AuNS@g-CN nanostructure) show highly strong and stable ECL activity compared to pristine CN nanosheets due to the electrocatalytic and surface plasmon effects of AuNSs. As a result of the strong electromagnetic field at branches, AuNSs showed a better ECL enhancement effect than their spherical counterpart. For the fabrication of a specific immunosensor, immobilized AuNSs were functionalized with a monoclonal antibody specific for Tau protein. In the presence of Tau protein, the ECL intensity of the immunosensor decreased considerably. Under the optimal conditions, this ECL based immunosensor exhibits a dynamic linear range from 0.1 to 100 ng mL<sup>-1</sup> with a low limit of detection of 0.034 ng mL<sup>-1</sup>. The LOD is less than the Tau level in human serum; thus, this study provides a useful method for the determination of Tau. The fabricated ECL immunosensor was successfully applied to the detection of Tau, the biomarker in serum samples. Therefore, the present approach is very promising for application in diagnosing AD within the early stages of the disease.
<title>Characterization of a digital micromirror device for use as an optical mask in imaging and spectroscopy</title> (1998)

The digital micromirror device (DMD) is a micro-optical- electro-mechanical structure consisting of an array of 16 micrometers X 16 micrometers square mirrors positioned on a 17 micrometers pitch. Each individual mirror can be tilted +/- 10 degrees relative to the DMD substrate; the tilt is along the diagonal direction of the micromirror. The device was invented and manufactured by Texas Instruments (TI), Inc. TI packages the DMD as an OEM product for use in projection displays. We are investigating the use of the DMD as a spatial light modulator for precision imaging and spectroscopy applications. This includes optical characterization of the device, as well as systems engineering to operate the device. Some of the performance metrics to be considered are the diffraction efficiency, optical-switching contrast, background scattering properties, mirror crosstalk, and the modulation transfer function.
Automatic Method to Compare the Lanes in Gel Electrophoresis Images (2007)

Gel electrophoresis (GE) is an important tool in genomic analysis. GE results are presented using images. Each image contains several vertical lanes. Each lane consists of several horizontal bands. Two lanes are identical if the relative positions of the bands are the same. We present a computer method designed to compare the lanes and identify identical lanes. This method, developed using many image-processing techniques, is applied to segment the lanes and bands in GE images. The lanes are then converted into "position vectors" that describe the positions of the bands. Comparing lanes becomes equivalent to comparing the position vectors. This method can accurately identify identical lanes, helping biologists to identify the identical lanes from many lanes with much less effort
Granular solids, liquids, and gases (1996)

Granular materials are ubiquitous in the world around us. They have properties that are different from those commonly associated with either solids, liquids, or gases. In this review the authors select some of the special properties of granular materials and describe recent research developments.[S0034-6861(96)00204-8]
Chiral Calcium Phosphate Catalyzed Asymmetric Alkenylation Reaction of Arylglyoxals with 3-Vinylindoles (2017)

A highly efficient alkenylation reaction of arylglyoxals with 3-vinylindoles catalyzed by chiral calcium phosphate is described. Structurally diverse allylic alcohols bearing indole and carbonyl units are prepared in excellent yields, good diastereoselectivities, and high to excellent enantioselectivities. These products are good building blocks for the synthesis of polysubstituted chiral tetrahydrocarbozol-2-ones. The mechanism study indicates that the most likely role of the catalyst is to activate the hydrate of arylglyoxal and control the stereoselectivity via desymmetric coordination.
The Effect of Vitamin D and FokI Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphism to 25 (OH) D, TNF-α and Nitric Oxide Levels in Diabetic Foot Patients (2019)

Vitamin D receptors thought to reduce the inflammatory process activity of diabetic foot ulcers which is influenced by vitamin D receptor polymorphism (VDR). The inflammatory indicators that play a role, including TNF-α and Nitric Oxide (NO), while the VDR gene that mostly studied concerning type 2 DM is FokI variant. This study aimed to analyze the effect of oral vitamin D administration on levels of 25 (OH) D, TNF-α, and NO through VDR Fok-I genetic polymorphism in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. This experimental study used the pre and post-test control group design method with 36 diabetic foot patients of West Sumatera, Indonesia, who randomly divided into two groups, namely the group given once only100, 000 IU vitamin D3, and the control group was given once only placebo capsules before blood examination. Each respondent was examined for blood for levels of 25 (OH) D, TNF-α, NO, VDR FokI gene polymorphism (PCR analysis and sequencing). Blood tests were taken before treatment (H0) and four weeks later (H28). The results showed that the most VDRFokI gene polymorphisms were heterozygous mutant types followed by wild-type and homozygous mutants. Giving vitamin D increases levels of 25 (OH) D and NO, but does not reduce levels of TNF-α. There is no effect of VDR FokI gene polymorphism on levels of 25 (OH) D, TNF-α, and NO levels. CONCLUSIONS Administration of vitamin D is beneficial in diabetic foot patients to increase levels of 25 (OH) D and Nitric oxide (NO) oxide, but not affected by the VDR FokI genetic polymorphism.
Energetics, structure, and long-range interaction of vacancy-type defects in carbon nanotubes: Atomistic simulations (2006)

The presence of vacancy clusters in carbon nanotubes has been assumed to explain the formation of carbon peapods and the difference between the experimentally measured and theoretical fracture strength of nanotubes. We use atomistic simulations at various levels of theory to study the characteristics of large vacancies formed by up to six missing atoms. We show that the formation of big ``holes'' on nanotube walls is energetically unfavorable as the vacancies tend to split into smaller defects due to the reconstruction of the nanotube atomic network. We also demonstrate that there is a weak but long-ranged interaction between the vacancies not only through strain fields but, surprisingly, also due to electronic effects, similar to those of adatoms on metal surfaces.
Ceramics vs. low-CTE organic packaging of TSV silicon interposers (2011)

As industry tends toward I/O and function increase, the wiring density and layer counts have increased extending today's package sizes to about 50mm. Organic materials have been excessively used and preferred to ceramics materials due to lower cost, general market acceptance of organic materials and better board level reliability. The new modified glass/ceramic composite LTCC (Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic) material seems promising to have better second level reliability due to it's CTE being closer to FR4 material. Since this material is about 3 times stiffer than organic low-CTE core material, its effect on low-k reliability and bump fatigue needs to be investigated. This paper presents the comparison of LTCC ceramics and low-CTE organic materials for 3 different cases; (1) a logic die that is mounted on a large silicon interposer with Cu through silicon via through 45um pitch micro bumps. The silicon interposer is 100um thick, and is mounted on a 42.5×42.5mm substrate through 180um pitch C4 bumps, (2) The same logic die on a 50um thick TSV interposer with more aggressive bump and TSV pitch, (3) a smaller logic die flip-chipped on a 27×27mm package (no interposer). 3D thermal-mechanical simulation have been performed to compare the effect of LTCC ceramics material on TSV interposer stress, low-k delamination and fatigue life of micro bumps and C4 bumps. In addition, the packaged samples for case 3 have been subjected to thermal cycling to validate simulation results and effectiveness of LTCC material on die stress and bump fatigue.
Band gap reduction in GaNSb alloys due to the anion mismatch (2005)

The structural and optoelectronic properties in GaNxSb1−x alloys (0⩽x&lt;0.02) grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on both GaSb substrates and AlSb buffer layers on GaAs substrates are investigated. High-resolution x-ray diffraction (XRD) and reciprocal space mapping indicate that the GaNxSb1−x epilayers are of high crystalline quality and the alloy composition is found to be independent of substrate, for identical growth conditions. The band gap of the GaNSb alloys is found to decrease with increasing nitrogen content from absorption spectroscopy. Strain-induced band-gap shifts, Moss-Burstein effects, and band renormalization were ruled out by XRD and Hall measurements. The band-gap reduction is solely due to the substitution of dilute amounts of highly electronegative nitrogen for antimony, and is greater than observed in GaNAs with the same N content.
Zeolitization of volcaniclastic sediments; the role of temperature and pH (1998)

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the question of why some volcanic ashes are zeolitized and others are not. The pH of interstitial water is the most important control on zeolitization. Surface water and groundwater in volcanic areas is acidic, but zeolitization requires neutral to alkaline conditions. Therefore, acidic interstitial water must be removed or neutralized before zeolitization can take place. Conditions favoring zeolitization are deposition or redeposition under water, or reheating of ash after acidic interstitial water has been removed, or influx of slightly alkaline (bicarbonate-bearing) groundwater from overlying or neighboring limestones.
Retention of poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide) on 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (2017)

Silane coupling agents are commonly employed to link an organic polymer to an inorganic substrate. One of the widely utilized coupling agents is 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (APTES). In this study, the authors investigated the ability of APTES to retain thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm) on hydroxylated surfaces such as glass. For comparison purposes, the authors also evaluated the retention behaviors of (1) polystyrene, which likely has weaker van der Waals interactions and acid-base interactions (contributed by hydrogen-bonding) with APTES, on APTES as well as (2) pNIPAAm on two other silane coupling agents, which have similar structures to APTES, but exhibit less interaction with pNIPAAm. Under our processing conditions, the stronger interactions, particularly hydrogen bonding, between pNIPAAm and APTES were found to contribute substantially to the retention of pNIPAAm on the APTES modified surface, especially on the cured APTES layer when the interpenetration was minimal or nonexistent. On the noncured APTES layer, the formation of an APTES-pNIPAAm interpenetrating network resulted in the retention of thicker pNIPAAm films. As demonstrated by water contact angles [i.e., 7°-15° higher at 40 °C, the temperature above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of 32 °C for pNIPAAm, as compared to those at 25 °C] and cell attachment and detachment behaviors (i.e., attached/spread at 37 °C, above LCST; detached at 20 °C, below LCST), the retained pNIPAAm layer (6-15 nm), on both noncured and cured APTES, exhibited thermo-responsive behavior. The results in this study illustrate the simplicity of using the coupling/adhesion promoting ability of APTES to retain pNIPAAm films on hydroxylated substrates, which exhibit faster cell sheet detachment (≤30 min) as compared to pNIPAAm brushes (in hours) prepared using tedious and costly grafting approaches. The use of adhesion promoters to retain pNIPAAm provides an affordable alternative to current thermo-responsive supports for cell sheet engineering and stem cell therapy applications.
DeepOPF: A Feasibility-Optimized Deep Neural Network Approach for AC Optimal Power Flow Problems (2022)

To cope with increasing uncertainty from renewable generation and flexible load, grid operators need to solve alternative current optimal power flow (AC-OPF) problems more frequently for efficient and reliable operation. In this article, we develop a deep neural network (DNN) approach, called DeepOPF, for solving AC-OPF problems in a fraction of the time used by conventional iterative solvers. A key difficulty for applying machine learning techniques for solving AC-OPF problems lies in ensuring that the obtained solutions respect the equality and inequality physical and operational constraints. Generalized a prediction-and-reconstruction procedure in our previous studies, DeepOPF first trains a DNN model to predict a set of independent operating variables and then directly compute the remaining ones by solving the power flow equations. Such an approach not only preserves the power-flow balance equality constraints but also reduces the number of variables to be predicted by the DNN, cutting down the number of neurons and training data needed. DeepOPF then employs a penalty approach with a zero-order gradient estimation technique in the training process toward guaranteeing the inequality constraints. We also drive a condition for tuning the DNN size according to the desired approximation accuracy, which measures its generalization capability. It provides theoretical justification for using DNN to solve AC-OPF problems. Simulation results for IEEE 30/118/300-bus and a synthetic 2000-bus test cases demonstrate the effectiveness of the penalty approach. They also show that DeepOPF speeds up the computing time by up to two orders of magnitude as compared to a state-of-the-art iterative solver, at the expense of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$< $</tex-math></inline-formula> 0.2% cost difference.
The Research of PHP Development Framework Based on MVC Pattern (2009)

PHP is one of the leading Web development languages, however, the development model of existing PHP organizes without a structure, which mixes the code of data access, the processing of business logic , and Web presentation layer together, as a relult, it brought about many problems in the Web applications , meanwhile, it could not meet the rapid development of Web apply any more. In this paper, a implementation of PHP based on MVC design patterns - FDF framework was provided for PHP developers, which can offer a framework for Web applications, separate the data, view and control of Web applications, afford to achieve loose coupling, thereby enhanced the efficiency, reliability, maintainability and scalability of application development.
Hybrid curvature and gradient wave-front sensor (2000)

A new wave-front sensor for adaptive optics that gives signals for the curvature and the two gradient components of the wave front simultaneously is proposed. The sensor uses quad cells placed at the foci of an array of astigmatic lenslets, giving three intensity-normalized differential signals. The parameters of a single subdetector are optimized to maximize the curvature signal. The performance of such a sensor designed for a membrane curvature mirror is analyzed. The good match between sensor and mirror is exhibited by an almost diagonal response matrix between the mirror actuator controls and the curvature signals.
Arcadia, a software development environment research project (1985)

The research objectives of the Arcadia project are two-fold: discovery and development of environment architecture principles and creation of novel software development tools, particularly powerful analysis tools, which will function within an environment built upon these architectural principles.Work in the architecture area is concerned with providing the framework to support integration while also supporting the often conflicting goal of extensibility. Thus, this area of research is directed toward achieving external integration by providing a consistent, uniform user interface, while still admitting customization and addition of new tools and interface functions. In an effort to also attain internal integration, research is aimed at developing mechanisms for structuring and managing the tools and data objects that populate a software development environment, while facilitating the insertion of new kinds of tools and new classes of objects.The unifying theme of work in the tools area is support for effective analysis at every stage of a software development project. Research is directed toward tools suitable for analyzing pre-implementation descriptions of software, software itself, and towards the production of testing and debugging tools. In many cases, these tools are specifically tailored for applicability to concurrent, distributed, or real-time software systems.The initial focus of Arcadia research is on creating a prototype environment, embodying the architectural principles, which supports Ada1 software development. This prototype environment is itself being developed in Ada.Arcadia is being developed by a consortium of researchers from the University of California at Irvine, the University of Colorado at Boulder, the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, TRW, Incremental Systems Corporation, and The Aerospace Corporation. This paper delineates the research objectives and describes the approaches being taken, the organization of the research endeavor, and current status of the work.
Ring Structure and Aromatic Substituent Effects on the p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>of the Benzoxaborole Pharmacophore (2011)

In this work, we present an investigation into the physical properties of a unique class of aromatic boronic acids, the benzoxaboroles. Using spectrophotometric methods, the ionization constants of a family of substituted benzoxaboroles are determined. Heterocyclic ring modifications are examined to determine their effects on the ionization of the boronic acid moiety. It is also shown that the substituent effects about the aromatic ring follow a Hammett relationship with the compounds' measured pK a values. Finally, these substituent effects are also shown to extend to the sugar binding properties of these compounds under physiologically relevant conditions. Combined, these data will inform medicinal chemists wishing to tailor the ionization and/or ability of this class of compound to bind diol-containing biomolecules.
Gap Processing Time Analysis of Stall Avoidance Schemes for High-Speed Downlink Packet Access with Parallel HARQ Mechanisms (2006)

The parallel multichannel stop-and-wait (SAW) hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) mechanism is one of key technologies for high-speed downlink packet access in the wideband code division multiple access system. However, this parallel HARQ mechanism may encounter a serious stall problem, resulting from the error of the negative acknowledgement (NACK) changing to the acknowledgement (ACK) in the control channel. In the stall situation, the receiver waits for a packet that will be no longer be sent by the transmitter and stops delivering the medium access control (MAC) layer packets to the upper layer. The stall issue seriously degrades the quality of service for the high-speed mobile terminal owing to the high probability of NACK-to-ACK errors. In this paper, we present an analytical approach to compare three stall avoidance schemes: the timer-based, the window-based, and the indicator-based schemes. To this end, we first propose a new performance metric-gap processing time, which is defined as the duration for a nonrecoverable gap appearing in the MAC layer reordering buffer until it is recognized. Second, we derive the probability mass functions and the closed-form expressions for the average gap processing time of these three stall avoidance schemes. It will be shown that our analytical results match the simulations well. Further, by analysis, we demonstrate that the indicator-based stall avoidance scheme outperforms the timer-based and the window-based schemes. The developed analytical approaches can help determine a proper number of processes for the parallel SAW HARQ mechanisms. We also show that the analytical formulas can be used to design the number of acceptable fully loaded users for an admission control policy subject to the gap processing time constraint. In the future, our analysis can facilitate the MAC/radio link control (RLC) cross-layer design because the gap processing time in the MAC layer is closely related to the RLC timeout mechanism and the window size in the RLC retransmission mechanism.