gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Formaldehyde (CH<sub>2</sub>O) Formation in Dimethyl Ether (DME) Spray Combustion Using PLIF Imaging (2016)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Recognition of Dimethyl Ether (DME) as an alternative fuel has been growing recently due to its fast evaporation and ignition in application of compression-ignition engine. Most importantly, combustion of DME produces almost no particulate matter (PM). The current study provides a further understanding of the combustion process in DME reacting spray via experiment done in a constant volume combustion chamber. Formaldehyde (CH<sub>2</sub>O), an important intermediate species in hydrocarbon combustion, has received much attention in research due to its unique contribution in chemical pathway that leads to the combustion and emission of fuels. Studies in other literature considered CH<sub>2</sub>O as a marker for UHC species since it is formed prior to diffusion flame. In this study, the formation of CH<sub>2</sub>O was highlighted both temporally and spatially through planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging at wavelength of 355-nm of an Nd:YAG laser at various time after start of injection (ASOI). The injection pressure was kept at 750 bar using a single-hole injector with diameter of 180 μm. The formation of CH<sub>2</sub>O is also correlated with time of ignition and flame region using other optical diagnostics including photodiode and natural flame luminosity, respectively. Additionally, kinetic modeling and CFD were used in order to explain further and confirm the combustion process and species formation (particularly, CH<sub>2</sub>O) in the DME flame. Both experimental and numerical results showed that CH<sub>2</sub>O is formed mostly prior to flame ignition at upstream region before liftoff length.</div></div>
Negotiating Two Cultures: Hmong American College Women's Experiences of Being a Daughter (2015)

Phenomenological analysis was used to explore 14 Hmong American college women’s perceptions of their relationships with their parents. Participants perceived they had become more psychologically close to their parents as well as becoming more independent from them.\nParticipants also identified an important developmental task for them at this stage of their lives which was to balance two cultures, their culture of origin and U.S. culture. Implications for counselors are discussed.
Biotechnological potential of halobacteria. (1992)

The extremely halophilic archaebacteria (halobacteria) became an early focus of scientific interest owing to their role in salted food deterioration. In more recent times their peculiar physiology involving extreme adaptation to the salt environment and other unique features have allowed the development of other applied interests. Their similarities to eukaryotic cells at the level of cell division justifies their use in the prescreening for anti-cancer drugs, and some of their antigens could be used for cancer diagnosis. Their unique retinal proteins can be used as light-biosensors and the use of the purple membrane (pm) as reversible holographic medium has already been developed. Halobacterial enzymes are an extremely tough raw material for enzyme technology, particularly for applications in which the reaction mixture has very low water activity. Thanks to their peculiar lipids and to the production of polysaccharides by some halobacteria, their cultures could be used for enhanced oil recovery. Some halobacteria are excellent producers of industrially interesting biopolymers. The use of halobacteria as producers of polyhydroxyalkanoates, biological polyesters such as poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, with the properties of biodegradable thermoplastics, is being considered.
[Recommendations for the standardized evaluation and classification of patients with painful temporomandibular disorders]. (2000)

The recommendations appear to be useful to enhance the diagnostic quality in the evaluation of patients with painful TMDs.
User-level threads on a general hardware interface (1995)

Moving resource management out of the operating system kernel facilitates a high degree of customisation. The lowest layer of the Arena system provides an abstract interface to conventional processor hardware (Mayes, 1993; Quick, 1995). The idea is to encapsulate the hardware behind an interface with certain low-level concepts which are generally applicable to any processor. Localization of hardware-dependency has the effect of increasing modularity and thus portability. This encapsulation, termed the Arena hardware object (HWO) supports portable user-level customizable resource management (Mayes et al., 1994). The aim is to remove resource management policy from the HWO whilst maintaining its integrity. The present paper deals with the Arena approach to the provision of pure user-level threads. Native implementations on Sparc and i486 processors are briefly described and performance figures are given. The compromise between reducing policy and maintaining integrity in the HWO implementations is discussed.
Antiferromagnetic layer thickness dependence of the IrMn/Co exchange-bias system (2003)

A study of exchange bias in IrMn/Co systems is presented. Temperature and thickness dependence studies have revealed nonmonotonic behavior in both exchange bias field and coercivity with both variables. In particular the exchange bias field shows a peak for low IrMn thicknesses that is suppressed at temperatures higher than about 200 K. Calculations using the domain state model of exchange biasing are able to describe all the features seen in the experimental data.
Nanoshell-assisted cancer therapy: Targeted photothermal tumor ablation (2007)

This thesis details the development of a targeted nanoshell therapy for cancer specific photothermal ablation. By attaching targeting antibodies or ligands to the nanoshell surface, these targeted nanoshells preferentially bind to tumor sites. When NIR light is applied over the tumor region containing nanoshells, the nanoshells heat, thus destroying the tumor. The targeted nanoshells therapy is demonstrated here in vitro and in vivo, targeting both the cancer cells and the angiogenic vasculature. In vitro, anti-HER2 antibody was used to bind nanoshells directly to the cancer cells, which express HER2. The cancer vasculature was targeted in vitro and in vivo by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which binds to the VEGF receptor on endothelial cells.\nNanoshells targeted against cancer cells were conjugated with anti-HER2 antibodies to facilitate the binding on nanoshells to SKBR-3 breast cancer cells. Upon NIR excitation, the nanoshell-laden cells were thermally ablated. Both membrane-bound nanoshells and NIR laser irradiation are required simultaneously to destroy the cancer cells. Cells incubated with targeted nanoshells without laser irradiation continued to be viable. When healthy cells and cancerous cells were co-cultured, cancer cells could still be targeted and ablated without damaging the adjacent healthy cells.\nSimilar to anti-HER2 nanoshells binding cancer cells, nanoshells conjugated with the soluble VEGF bound vascular endothelial growth factor receptors on endothelial cells. Selectively killing endothelial cells removes the blood supply sustaining the tumor and demonstrates the feasibility of targeted nanoshells as an anti-angiogenic strategy. VEGF nanoshells incubated with endothelial cells in vitro produced a circular area of cell death after laser irradiation. A tumor-bearing mouse model further validated the vascular targeting when VEGF nanoshells induced tumor regression after systemic nanoshell delivery and laser irradiation.\nBoth in vivo and in vitro studies confirmed the ability to selectively induce cell death with the photothermal interaction of immunonanoshells and NIR light. Immunonanoshells exposed to laser irradiation produced targeted cell death of cancer cells even when cancer cells were in close proximity to normal healthy cells. Immunonanoshells are a promising minimally invasive cancer therapy due to their biocompatibility, selective cell specific binding, and NIR-assisted photothermal destruction of tumor tissue.
Transparent thin-film transistors with pentacene channel, AlOx gate, and NiOx electrodes (2005)

We report on the fabrication of pentacene-based transparent thin-film transistors (TTFT) that consist of NiOx, AlOx, and indium-tin-oxide (ITO) for the source-drain (S/D) electrode, gate dielectric, and gate electrode, respectively. The NiOx S/D electrodes of which the work function is well matched to that of pentacene were deposited on a 50-nm-thick pentacene channel by thermal evaporation of NiO powder and showed a moderately low but still effective transmittance of ∼25% in the visible range along with a good sheet resistance of ∼60Ω∕◻. The maximum saturation current of our pentacene-based TTFT was about 15μA at a gate bias of −40V showing a high field effect mobility of 0.9cm2∕Vs in the dark, and the on/off current ratio of our TTFT was about 5×105. It is concluded that jointly adopting NiOx for the S/D electrode and AlOx for gate dielectric realizes a high-quality pentacene-based TTFT.
DART1-a possible ideal building block of memory systems (2002)

In this paper, a bidirectional associative memory dual adaptive resonance theory 1 (DART1) consisting of two simplified ART1 (SART1) networks, which share the same category layer called the conceptual layer and use only top-down weight matrices, is studied. The DART1 can meet the most important requirement of the neural networks as the memory device, that is, the ability to store arbitrary patterns in networks and retrieve them correctly. Other advantages of this model include the capability of associating one pattern with another arbitrary pattern like the MLP (multilayer perceptron) networks, eliminating the input noise as a nearest-neighbor classifier in terms of the Hamming distance, capable of handling both spatial and temporal patterns, full memory capacity like the ART1 networks, fast construction of weights, easy to update the memory system, and self-organizing ability in response to arbitrary binary patterns. In addition, the DART1 can deal with the 1-to-many and many-to-1 mappings in the domains formed by trained patterns. These features make the DART1 very attractive as the building block of memory system. Therefore, it is possible to build the neural-based database or expert systems, which are the topics of future research.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improving Chireix Combiner Efficiency using Mems Switches (2006)

In this paper, we present one more efficient LINC-outphasing power amplifier using a new model of Chireix combining system. In this model we use high response time MEMS (micro electro mechanical system) switches to connect and disconnect two different stubs at the input of the Chireix combiner. This exchange of two stubs is occurred at a fixed level of the phase between the two input signals in order to improve the overall efficiency of the Chireix power amplifier. ADS simulation is used to study and validate all cases of the improved efficiency
Microbiome of affected and unaffected skin of patients with atopic dermatitis before and after emollient treatment. (2014)

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that results in areas of dry, itchy skin. Several cultivation-dependent and -independent studies have identified changes in the composition of microbial communities in these affected areas over time and when compared to healthy control individuals. However, how these communities vary on affected and unaffected skin of the same individual, and how these communities respond to emollient treatment, remains poorly understood. Here we characterized the microbial communities associated with affected and unaffected skin of 49 patients with AD before and after emollient treatment using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. We found that microbial diversity and community composition was different between affected and unaffected skin of AD patients prior to treatment. Differences were driven primarily by the overabundance of Staphylococcus species on affected skin and a corresponding decrease in bacterial diversity. After 84-days of emollient treatment, the clinical symptoms of AD improved in 72% of the study population. Microbial communities associated with affected skin of these treatment responders more closely resembled unaffected skin after treatment as indicated by increased overall diversity and a decrease in the abundance of Staphylococcus species. Interestingly, Stenotrophomonas species were significantly more abundant in the communities of 'responders', suggesting a possible role in restoration of the skin microbiome in patients with AD. We demonstrated that the comparison of affected and unaffected skin from the same individual provides deeper insight into the bacterial communities involved in the skin dysbiosis associated with AD. These data support the importance of emollients in the management of AD although future studies should explore how emollients and other treatments help to restore skin dysbioses.
Rationale and clinical status of local hyperthermia, radiation, and chemotherapy in locally advanced malignancies. (1997)

The combination of ionizing irradiation and local hyperthermia therapy has been demonstrated to be efficacious in a variety of localized neoplasms. One of the most consistent conclusions from this experience, however, is the finding that large tumor size is a significant negative prognosticator for attaining complete tumor regression. During the past decade investigators have begun to look at the possibility of adding chemotherapy to thermo-radiotherapy in order to improve the efficacy of treatment in patients with large tumors. This review article summarizes the recent clinical experience with such triple modality therapy.
Fabrication of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<i><sub>x</sub></i> MXene Transparent Thin Films with Tunable Optoelectronic Properties (2016)

MXenes, a new class of 2D transition metal carbides and carbonitrides, show great promise in supercapacitors, Li‐ion batteries, fuel cells, and sensor applications. A unique combination of their metallic conductivity, hydrophilic surface, and excellent mechanical properties renders them attractive for transparent conductive electrode application. Here, a simple, scalable method is proposed to fabricate transparent conductive thin films using delaminated Ti 3 C 2 MXene flakes by spray coating. Homogenous films, 5–70 nm thick, are produced at ambient conditions over a large area as shown by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The sheet resistances ( R s ) range from 0.5 to 8 kΩ sq −1 at 40% to 90% transmittance, respectively, which corresponds to figures of merit (the ratio of electronic to optical conductivities, σ DC / σ opt ) around 0.5–0.7. Flexible, transparent, and conductive films are also produced and exhibit stable R s values at up to 5 mm bend radii. Furthermore, the films' optoelectronic properties are tuned by chemical or electrochemical intercalation of cations. The films show reversible changes of transmittance in the UV–visible region during electrochemical intercalation/deintercalation of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. This work shows the potential of MXenes to be used as transparent conductors in electronic, electrochromic, and sensor applications.
Equilibrium surface hydrogen coverage during silicon epitaxy using SiH4 (1990)

Epitaxial silicon has been grown on Si(100) wafers using SiH4 in a rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition reactor in the temperature regime from 450–700 °C. Gas analysis during growth and thermal desorption spectra (TDS) after growth were measured with a differentially pumped mass spectrometer. We have attempted to estimate the surface population of hydrogen during epitaxial growth by ‘‘freezing out’’ the surface hydrogen with a rapid cool down and pump down followed by a temperature programmed desorption taken in the reactor. SiH is found as the majority species in equilibrium during growth, with the surface population decreasing from one monolayer around 550–600 °C, at a pressure of three mTorr SiH4. Molecular hydrogen does not interfere with silane adsorption in this pressure regime.
2.5 W Eye-safe Solid-state Raman Laser (2001)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text J. T. Murray, W. L. Austin, and R. C. Powell, "2.5 W Eye-safe Solid-state Raman Laser," in Advanced Solid State Lasers, M. Fejer, H. Injeyan, and U. Keller, eds., Vol. 26 of OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics (Optica Publishing Group, 1999), paper WC4. Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Efficient reprogramming of sensor networks using incremental updates and data compression (2012)

Reprogramming is an important issue in wireless sensor networks. It enables users to extend or correct functionality of a sensor network after deployment, at a low cost. In this paper, we investigate two problems: improving the energy efficiency and improving the delay of reprogramming.\nAs enabling technologies we use data compression and incremental updates. We analyze different algorithms for both approaches, as well as their combination, when applied to resource-constrained devices. All algorithms are ported to the Contiki embedded operating system, and profiled for different types of reprogramming. Our results show that there is a clear trade-off between performance and resource requirements. Either VCDIFF, or the combination of Lempel-Ziv-77 or FastLZ compression algorithms with BSDIFF for delta encoding, have the best overall performance compared to other compression algorithms.
Object detection and recognition by using sensor fusion (2014)

This paper studies a sensor fusion method focusing on a collision avoidance system, capable of high accurate object detection by blending a camera and 2D LIDAR with the aid of pixel analysis. Pixel analysis is performed via single camera under a concern that the free space in front of vehicles is limited by objects on almost vertical surfaces. The considered problem is defined as that how to efficiently analyze a large number of disparity data on image for the object identification. A solution comprising of vision, rangefinder, and inertial sensors is thus proposed. To reduce its computational costs in real-world applications, we fulfill the object detection and locating process in the laser space while completing the object classification in the vision space in the environments of expressway with a speed range [60, 70] (kph) and urban roads with a speed range [10, 30] (kph). Furthermore, verification results show the superiority of the constructed mechanism in the moving/stationary object recognition with the data fusion.
New Role for HIV: A Vehicle for Moving Genes Into Cells (1996)

A big problem that has dogged the nascent field of gene therapy is the lack of an effective means for shuttling genes into target cells. Most current transfer vehicles, or vectors, only work with dividing cells, for example, making it hard to get therapeutic genes into neurons and stem cells. Now a team from the Salk Institute reports on page 263 using a highly modified form of the AIDS virus, HIV, to transfect nondividing cells. The work is a long way from clinical application, but it may point the way to better vectors.
Deletions of AXIN1, a component of the WNT/wingless pathway, in sporadic medulloblastomas. (2001)

Medulloblastoma (MB) represents the most frequent malignant brain tumor in children. Most MBs appear sporadically; however, their incidence is highly elevated in two inherited tumor predisposition syndromes, Gorlin's and Turcot's syndrome. The genetic defects responsible for these diseases have been identified. Whereas Gorlin's syndrome patients carry germ-line mutations in the patched (PTCH) gene, Turcot's syndrome patients with MBs carry germ-line mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. The APC gene product is a component of a multiprotein complex controlling beta-catenin degradation. In this complex, Axin plays a major role as scaffold protein. Whereas APC mutations are rare in sporadic MBs, a hot-spot region of beta-catenin (CTNNB1) mutations was identified in a subset of MBs. To find out if Axin is also involved in the pathogenesis of sporadic MBs, we analyzed 86 MBs and 11 MB cell lines for mutations in the AXIN1 gene. Using single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, screening for large deletions by reverse transcription-PCR, and sequencing analysis, a single somatic point mutation in exon 1 (Pro255Ser) and seven large deletions (12%) of AXIN1 were detected. This indicates that AXIN1 may function as a tumor suppressor gene in MBs.
Protease La, the lon gene product, cleaves specific fluorogenic peptides in an ATP-dependent reaction. (1985)

Protease La is an ATP-dependent protease that catalyzes the rapid degradation of abnormal proteins and certain normal polypeptides in Escherichia coli. In order to learn more about its specificity and the role of ATP, we tested whether small fluorogenic peptides might serve as substrates. In the presence of ATP and Mg2+, protease La hydrolyzes two oligopeptides that are also substrates for chymotrypsin, glutaryl-Ala-Ala-Phe-methoxynaphthylamine (MNA) and succinyl-Phe-Leu-Phe-MNA. Methylation or removal of the acidic blocking group prevented hydrolysis. Closely related peptides (glutaryl-Gly-Gly-Phe-MNA and glutaryl-Ala-Ala-Ala-MNA) are cleaved only slightly, and substrates of trypsin-like proteases are not hydrolyzed. Furthermore, several peptide chloromethyl ketone derivatives that inhibit chymotrypsin and cathepsin G (especially benzyloxycarbonyl-Gly-Leu-Phe-chloro-methyl ketone), inhibited protease La. Thus its active site prefers peptides containing large hydrophobic residues, and amino acids beyond the cleavage site influence rates of hydrolysis. Peptide hydrolysis resembles protein breakdown by protease La in many respects: 1) ADP inhibits this process rapidly, 2) DNA stimulates it, 3) heparin, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, and benzoyl-Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe-Leu-MNA inhibit hydrolysis, 4) the reaction is maximal at pH 9.0-9.5, 5) the protein purified from lon- E. coli or Salmonella typhymurium showed no activity against the peptide, and that from lonR9 inhibited peptide hydrolysis by the wild-type enzyme. With partially purified enzyme, peptide hydrolysis was completely dependent on ATP. The pure protease hydrolyzed the peptide slowly when only Mg2+, Ca2+, or Mn2+ were present, and ATP enhanced this activity 6-15-fold (Km = 3 microM). Since these peptides cannot undergo phosphorylation, adenylylation, modification of amino groups, or denaturation, these mechanisms cannot account for the stimulation by ATP. Most likely, ATP and Mg2+ affect the conformation of the enzyme, rather than that of the substrate.
Backward Stimulated Raman Scattering in Shock-Compressed Benzene (1983)

Backward stimulated Raman scattering measurements have been used to measure the frequency shift of the 992-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ vibrational ring-stretching mode of benzene shock-compressed to pressures of 0.6 to 1.2 GPa. Results of the dynamic experiment are compared to shifts measured for benzene isothermally compressed with a diamond-anvil cell. A Gr\"uneisen mode $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ was determined for this vibrational degree of freedom.
Using text as a meander line for RFID transponder antennas (2004)

A new approach of using text as a meander line for size reduction of dipole antennas used in passive transponders for radio frequency identification (RFID) systems is proposed. Three different structures of text dipole antennas for 869 MHz RFID applications have been examined numerically using a finite element method simulator. The impedance matching and the radiation properties of the fabricated antennas are measured and the results are compared with the simulated values.