gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised Parsimonious Cluster-Based Anomaly Detection (PCAD) (2018)

Group anomaly detection (AD), i.e. detection of clusters of anomalous samples in a test batch, with the samples in a given such cluster exhibiting a common pattern of atypicality (relative to a null model) has important applications to discovering unknown classes present in a test data batch and, equivalently, to zero-day threat detection in a security context. When the feature space is large, clusters may manifest anomalies on very small feature subsets, which is well-captured by the parsimonious mixture modelling (PMM) framework. Thus, we propose a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT-like) group AD framework, with PMMs used for both the null and the alternative hypothesis (that an anomalous cluster is present), and with the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) used to adjudicate between these hypotheses. We demonstrate our approach on network traffic data sets, detecting Zeus (web) bots and peer-to-peer traffic as zero-day activities. Our PCAD achieves substantially better detection results than a previous group AD method applied to this domain.
Joint Encoding and Decoding Methods for Digital Audio Broadcasting of Multiple Programs (2005)

We introduce new methods for increasing the performance of multiprogram digital audio broadcast systems, e.g., satellite digital audio broadcasting. Joint multiprogram encoding is an attractive possibility for parallel broadcasting of a large number of programs. Joint coding extended over multiple audio frames in time give further improvements. The benefits of this kind of statistical multiplexing yield improved audio quality and/or higher capacity in terms of number of programs. We describe the new Joint Multiple Program Encoding Technique in the context of the perceptual audio coding (PAC) type of algorithms. We also describe methods for multi-program transmission including Equal Error Protection (EEP) as well as Unequal Error Protection (UEP) and improved error concealment for multiple program transmission. Some of the techniques described in this paper, are currently being used in satellite digital audio broadcasting in the United States.
Coherent and incoherent terahertz beams measured from a terahertz photoconductive antenna (2014)

We have systematically measured and analyzed the terahertz beams of a photoconductive antenna fabricated on a GaAs substrate. Our data indicate that the antenna produces both coherent and incoherent terahertz beams. The former is produced largely by the plasmon, and the latter is believed to be due to the black body radiation resulting from the thermal excitations and Joule heating by both the femto-second laser and the bias voltage, applied across the electrodes of the antenna. The terahertz-beam property is greatly affected by the operating condition of the photoconductive antenna.
A fiber Bragg grating sensor for detection of liquid water in concrete structures (2013)

Concrete structures rely greatly on the integrity of their supporting rebars to remain serviceable for their intended purposes. Unfortunately, rebars are vulnerable to corrosion due to the ingress of water from the environment, which often also carries a multitude of ionic particles that encourage corrosion. Liquid phase water may enter the structure through cracks that may not be obvious to human observation. Thus, a fiber Bragg grating sensor was designed that is able to detect (i.e. 'on–off') the presence of liquid water in order to provide an early warning signal for the ingress of water. Two tests were conducted to verify the functionality of the sensor: the first experiment tested the repeatability of the sensor to cyclic input of various volumes of water, and the second tested the sensor's response to flooding conditions. The sensor showed a good repeatability, with fast response times (<10 min to reach a level guaranteeing the presence of water) and a recovery time of 11–15 h, depending on the input volume. The flooding test showed similar performance and viability of the sensor during flooding conditions.
Determination of metolachlor by competitive enzyme immunoassay using a specific monoclonal antibody (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of metolachlor by competitive enzyme immunoassay using a specific monoclonal antibodyJean Marc Schlaeppi, Hans Moser, and Klaus RamsteinerCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1991, 39, 8, 1533–1536Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00008a033https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00008a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views102Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Exosite Interactions Contribute to the Activated Protein C-Catalyzed Inactivation of Factor VIIIa. (2004)

Abstract Activated Protein C (APC) is an anticoagulant serine protease that proteolytically inactivates cofactors Va and VIIIa. Cleavage of human factor VIIIa occurs at Arg336 and Arg562 located within the A1 and A2 subunits, respectively. While cleavages are not ordered, the former site appears to represent a preferred cleavage site. Efficient catalysis requires binding of APC to a phospholipid surface and to the A3-C1-C2 subunit of factor VIIIa. The latter observation suggests that APC likely binds substrate via an exosite(s) thereby contributing to substrate specificity. A study was undertaken to evaluate contributions of substrate docking at the active site and exosite tethering to the APC catalytic mechanism. Recombinant, human factor VIII mutants where P1 Arg residues at 336 and 562 were substituted with Ala or Gln were constructed and stably expressed. Purified factor VIII was converted to factor VIIIa by thrombin and used as substrate to elucidate the mechanism of cleavages. Proteins mutated at Arg336 were also mutated at Lys338 because the latter residue may serve as an alternative APC cleavage site when residue 336 is mutated. Rates of inactivation of wild type and mutant factor VIIIa molecules and rates of cleavage at Arg336 and Arg562 by APC were monitored in the presence and absence of protein S. The R336A/K338A mutant was inactivated and cleaved at the 336 site approximately 20-fold slower than the wild type, whereas the R336Q/K338Q mutant was completely resistant to cleavage at the 336 site. These results indicate that residues other than Arg may be tolerated at the P1 site, whereas Gln yields a cleavage-resistant substrate. Indeed, the R336Q/K338Q/R562Q (triple Q) mutant was resistant to cleavage at both P1 sites. Furthermore, mutations retarding cleavage at residue 336 showed a dramatic decrease in rates of inactivation suggesting that cleavage at this site correlated with the inactivation of factor VIIIa. The importance of exosite interactions was explored by inhibition experiments examining the inactivation of wild type factor VIIIa in the presence of triple Q mutant factor VIIIa. Wild type factor VIIIa inactivation rates decreased as the proportion of triple Q factor VIIIa increased, indicating that the P1 mutant factor VIIIa effectively sequestered APC from the native substrate. Evaluation of inactivation rates suggested that APC possessed an ~8-fold greater affinity for the triple Q FVIIIa than the wild type factor VIIIa. Consistent with that observation, the Ki for triple Q factor VIIIa (29.5 ± 3.6 nM) was ~5-fold less than the Km for wild type factor VIIIa (133 ± 27 nM). Taken together, these results indicate that mutations in the P1 site that prevent cleavage may also retard dissociation of the enzyme-substrate complex. Overall, results from this study suggest that exosite interactions make a primary contribution to substrate affinity during APC-catalyzed inactivation of factor VIIIa.
ABCG2 polymorphisms in gout: insights into disease susceptibility and treatment approaches (2017)

As a result of the association of a common polymorphism (<i>rs2231142</i>, Q141K) in the ATP-binding cassette G2 (ABCG2) transporter with serum urate concentration in a genome-wide association study, it was revealed that ABCG2 is an important uric acid transporter. This review discusses the relevance of ABCG2 polymorphisms in gout, possible etiological mechanisms, and treatment approaches. The 141K ABCG2 urate-increasing variant causes instability in the nucleotide-binding domain, leading to decreased surface expression and function. Trafficking of the protein to the cell membrane is altered, and instead, there is an increased ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of the variant protein as well as sequestration into aggresomes. In humans, this leads to decreased uric acid excretion through both the kidney and the gut with the potential for a subsequent compensatory increase in renal urinary excretion. Not only does the 141K polymorphism in ABCG2 lead to hyperuricemia through renal overload and renal underexcretion, but emerging evidence indicates that it also increases the risk of acute gout in the presence of hyperuricemia, early onset of gout, tophi formation, and a poor response to allopurinol. In addition, there is some evidence that ABCG2 dysfunction may promote renal dysfunction in chronic kidney disease patients, increase systemic inflammatory responses, and decrease cellular autophagic responses to stress. These results suggest multiple benefits in restoring ABCG2 function. It has been shown that decreased ABCG2 141K surface expression and function can be restored with colchicine and other small molecule correctors. However, caution should be exercised in any application of these approaches given the role of surface ABCG2 in drug resistance.
2[prime] and 3[prime] Carboranyl uridines and their diethyl ether adducts (1992)

A process is described for preparing carboranyl uridine nucleoside compounds and their diethyl ether adducts, which exhibit a tenfold increase in boron content over prior art boron containing nucleoside compounds. The carboranyl uridine nucleoside compounds exhibit enhanced lipophilicity and hydrophilic properties adequate to enable solvation in aqueous media for subsequent incorporation of the compounds in methods for boron neutron capture therapy in mammalian tumor cells. No Drawings
Matching Restaurant Menus to Crowdsourced Food Data (2017)

We study the problem of how to match a formally structured restaurant menu item to a large database of less structured food items that has been collected via crowd-sourcing. At first glance, this problem scenario looks like a typical text matching problem that might possibly be solved with existing text similarity learning approaches. However, due to the unique nature of our scenario and the need for scalability, our problem imposes certain restrictions on possible machine learning approaches that we can employ. We propose a novel, practical, and scalable machine learning solution architecture, consisting of two major steps. First we use a query generation approach, based on a Markov Decision Process algorithm, to reduce the time complexity of searching for matching candidates. That is then followed by a re-ranking step, using deep learning techniques, to meet our required matching quality goals. It is important to note that our proposed solution architecture has already been deployed in a real application system serving tens of millions of users, and shows great potential for practical cases of user-entered text to structured text matching, especially when scalability is crucial.
Better never than late (2011)

The soft real-time nature of large scale web applications in today's datacenters, combined with their distributed workflow, leads to deadlines being associated with the datacenter application traffic. A network flow is useful, and contributes to application throughput and operator revenue if, and only if, it completes within its deadline. Today's transport pro- tocols (TCP included), given their Internet origins, are agnostic to such flow deadlines. Instead, they strive to share network resources fairly. We show that this can hurt application performance.
Optical logic using electrically connected quantum well PIN diode modulators and detectors (1990)

We present new optoelectronic logic devices or circuits consisting of electrically connected quantum well PIN diodes capable of implementing any boolean logic function. One class of circuits uses single beams to represent the logic levels and compares their intensities to a locally generated reference signal. A second class of circuits routes signals as differential pairs. The connections of diodes in these circuits resemble the transistor connections in NMOS and CMOS logic families. We demonstrate simple optical programmable logic arrays (e.g., E = AB + CD) using both of these classes of circuits.
Oral Tolerance Induction to Newly Introduced Allergen is Favored by a Transforming Growth Factor-β-Enriched Formula (2019)

Food allergies have become a major healthcare concern, hence preventive efforts to ensure oral tolerance induction to newly introduced antigens are particularly relevant. Given that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a key role in immune tolerance, we tested whether an infant formula enriched with TGF-β would improve oral tolerance induction. A partially hydrolyzed whey protein-based formula was enriched with cow's-milk-derived TGF-β (TGF-β-enriched formula) by adding a specific whey protein isolate (WPI). The manufacturing process was optimized to achieve a concentration of TGF-β within the range of human breast milk concentrations. Protection from allergic sensitization and immune response was assessed in a mouse model. Adult mice received the TGF-β-enriched formula, a control non-enriched formula, or water ad libitum for 13 days before sensitization and suboptimal tolerization to ovalbumin (OVA). When compared to non-tolerized mice, suboptimally-tolerized mice supplemented with the TGF-β-enriched formula showed significantly lower levels of total immunoglobulin-E (IgE) and OVA-specific (IgG1). Mouse mast-cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) and cytokine levels were also significantly decreased in suboptimally-tolerized mice fed the TGF-β-enriched formula. In conclusion, oral supplementation with cow's-milk-derived TGF-β decreased allergic responses to newly introduced allergens and thus reduced the risk of developing food allergy.
Video Error Correction Using Soft-Output and Hard-Output Maximum Likelihood Decoding Applied to an H.264 Baseline Profile (2014)

Error concealment has long been identified as the last line of defense against transmission errors. Since error handling is outside the scope of video coding standards, decoders may choose to simply ignore corrupted packets or attempt to decode their content. In this paper, we present a novel joint source-channel decoding approach that can be applied to received video packets containing transmission errors. Soft-output information is combined with our novel syntax-element-level maximum likelihood decoding framework to effectively extract valid macroblocks from corrupted H.264 slices. Simulation results show that our video error correction strategy provides an average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) improvement near 2 dB compared to the error concealment approach used by the H.264 reference software, as well as an average PSNR improvement of 0.8 dB compared to state-of-the-art error concealment. The proposed method is also applicable when only hard-information is available, in which case it performs better than state-of-the-art error concealment especially in high error conditions. Finally, in our simulations, the proposed method increased the decoder computational complexity by only 5% to 20%, making it applicable for real-time applications.
Assessing the challenges of a pulse wave velocity based blood pressure measurement in surgical patients (2014)

Development of a continuous noninvasive blood pressure (cNIBP) monitor that is unobtrusive to patients is an attractive alternative to the cuff based measurements performed on medical-surgical floors in the hospital. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) provides a means to continuously monitor blood pressure in these patients. However, a PWV based cNIBP monitor faces a number of challenges in order to accurately measure blood pressure. In our study, we investigated some of the challenges faced by a body-worn cNIBP monitor (i.e. ViSi Mobile) on data collected on patients undergoing surgery. Results indicated that 1) pulse arrival time (PAT) values from ViSi Mobile were well correlated with PAT values obtained from an invasive reference; 2) the reciprocal of the PAT measurements were linearly correlated with blood pressure but the calibration curve was altered by administration of certain vasoactive substances; and 3) there are deterministic correlations between systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and the corresponding mean arterial pressure over a wide range of blood pressure values.
Advanced hybrid particulate collector. Quarterly technical progress report, July 1--September 30, 1996 (1996)

The objective for this quarter was to test the advanced hybrid particulate collector (AHPC) in real flue gas conditions. The initial tests were performed on the particulate test combustor (PTC) firing Absoloka subbituminous using two types of bags: PTFE and graphite-impregnated PTFE. Both bag types were evaluated in the on-line and off-line cleaning modes. Findings showed only a small difference in performance between the PTFE and graphite-impregnated PTFE. In the on-line cleaning mode, both the PTFE and graphite-impregnated PTFE bags maintained pressure drop across the bags of between 8.0 and 6.0 in. W.C. In the off-line mode, the pressure drop across both bag types ranged from 8.0 to 5.5 in. W.C. Dust-loading efficiencies averaged 99.986% over all the tests. The objective of the project is to develop a highly reliable AHPC that can provide > 99.99% particulate collection efficiency for all particle sizes from 0.01 to 50 {micro}m, is applicable for use with all US coals, and is cost-comparative with existing technologies.
Real-time Visual-Inertial Odometry for Event Cameras using Keyframe-based Nonlinear Optimization (2017)

Event cameras are bio-inspired vision sensors that output pixel-level brightness changes instead of standard intensity frames. They offer significant advantages over standard cameras, namely a very high dynamic range, no motion blur, and a latency in the order of microseconds. We propose a novel, accurate tightly-coupled visual-inertial odom- etry pipeline for such cameras that leverages their outstanding properties to estimate the camera ego-motion in challenging conditions, such as high-speed motion or high dynamic range scenes. The method tracks a set of features (extracted on the image plane) through time. To achieve that, we consider events in overlapping spatio-temporal windows and align them using the current camera motion and scene structure, yielding motion-compensated event frames. We then combine these feature tracks in a keyframe- based, visual-inertial odometry algorithm based on nonlinear optimization to estimate the camera’s 6-DOF pose, velocity, and IMU biases. The proposed method is evaluated quantitatively on the public Event Camera Dataset [19] and significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art [28], while being computationally much more efficient: our pipeline can run much faster than real-time on a laptop and even on a smartphone processor. Fur- thermore, we demonstrate qualitatively the accuracy and robustness of our pipeline on a large-scale dataset, and an extremely high-speed dataset recorded by spinning an event camera on a leash at 850 deg/s.
High-temperature, salt-tolerant xanthanase (1989)

A new high-temperature, salt-tolerant xanthanase suitable as an enzymic viscosity breaker for xanthanbased hydraulic fracture fluids was obtained by soil enrichment growth on xanthan gum incubated at 45°C in the presence of 3% NaCl. The mixed culture produces exoenzymes functional up to 65°C in the presence of salts. Degradation products include the pyruvic acetal of mannose and branched oligosaccharides derived from cleavage of main-chain β-(1→4)-d-glucosyl linkages. Release of the terminal pyruvic acetal ofd-mannose leads to oligosaccharide products that evidently contain the ene-4,5-unsaturated glucuronic acid residue.
What can be learned from satisfaction assessments? (2020)

Companies survey their customers to measure their satisfaction levels with the company and its services. The received responses are crucial as they allow companies to assess their respective performances and find ways to make needed improvements. This study focuses on the non-systematic bias that arises when customers assign numerical values in ordinal surveys. Using real customer satisfaction survey data of a large retail bank, we show that the common practice of segmenting ordinal survey responses into uneven segments limit the value that can be extracted from the data. We then show that it is possible to assess the magnitude of the irreducible error under simple assumptions, even in real surveys, and place the achievable modeling goal in perspective. We finish the study by suggesting that a thoughtful survey design, which uses either a careful binning strategy or proper calibration, can reduce the compounding non-systematic error even in elaborated ordinal surveys. A possible application of the calibration method we propose is efficiently conducting targeted surveys using active learning.
A low-bandwidth graphical user interface for high-speed triage of potential items of interest in video imagery (2013)

In this paper, we introduce a user interface called the “Threat Chip Display” (TCD) for rapid human-in-the-loop analysis and detection of “threats” in high-bandwidth imagery and video from a list of “Items of Interest” (IOI), which includes objects, targets and events that the human is interested in detecting and identifying. Typically some front-end algorithm (e.g., computer vision, cognitive algorithm, EEG RSVP based detection, radar detection) has been applied to the video and has pre-processed and identified a potential list of IOI. The goal of the TCD is to facilitate rapid analysis and triaging of this list of IOI to detect and confirm actual threats. The layout of the TCD is designed for ease of use, fast triage of IOI, and a low bandwidth requirement. Additionally, a very low mental demand allows the system to be run for extended periods of time.