gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Restricted diffusion effects on nuclear magnetic resonance DT2 maps (2015)

ABSTRACT The 2D nuclear magnetic resonance diffusion-relaxation experiment (NMR DT2) has proven to be a powerful method to characterize complex fluids. Molecular components with distinct diffusion coefficients are shown on DT2 maps as separate peaks. In porous media such as reservoir rocks, molecular diffusion is restricted such that the apparent diffusion coefficient is time dependent and the diffusion behavior is non-Gaussian. Such restricted diffusion effects can manifest on the DT2 maps and complicate the interpretation of the results, but so far, they have not been systematically investigated. We used controlled laboratory experiments to demonstrate the influence of non-Gaussian restricted diffusion on NMR DT2 maps under various conditions and to show how restricted diffusion effects on DT2 maps can be distinguished from multiphase fluids. NMR DT2 experiments were carried out on a series of water-saturated packs of glass beads and two rock cores. The results revealed the important role of two critical length scales controlling the restricted diffusion effects on NMR DT2 maps: the molecular diffusion length lD during the NMR diffusion encoding time and the characteristic pore size dpore. For lD≪dpore, the effect of non-Gaussian diffusion was negligible and the NMR DT2 map showed only one peak. As lD approaches dpore, an additional peak with a smaller diffusion coefficient emerged (resembling the DT2 map of an unrestricted two molecular components fluid), and its relative intensity was maximized (to ∼17%), when lD≈dpore. As lD further increased, the relative intensity of the additional peak started decreasing, in contrast to the scenario of DT2 maps of multiphase fluids. We determined the extent and influence of restricted diffusion on NMR DT2 maps, and we informed the interpretation of NMR DT2 measurements, which are commonly used to quantify gas, water, and oil signals in reservoir rocks.
[Gene therapy for peripheral arterial disease]. (2005)

Therapeutic angiogenesis using angiogenic growth factor is expected to be a new treatment for with patients with critical limb ischemia. The first human clinical trial treating peripheral vascular disease was started in 1994 using vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). To date, other potent angiogenic growth factors, such as fibroblast growth factor(FGF) or hepatocyte growth factor(HGF), have been also estimated in clinical trials for peripheral arterial disease. Several results from phase 1 or 2 trials using VEGF, FGF and HGF gene were encouraging. Phase 3 trials are now ongoing and their results are expected.
A device model for the tandem junction solar cell (1978)

A conceptual device model has been developed to explain operation of the tandem junction cell (TJC) when back contacts only are used. Operation and parameters of the cell are explained by transistor action. Experimental observations are presented which confirm that current is collected for carrier generation in the front uncontacted n(plus) region. The model should be useful as a guideline to optimize the TJC by application of transistor design principles.
Angiotensin receptor blocker drugs and inhibition of adrenal beta-arrestin-1-dependent aldosterone production: Implications for heart failure therapy (2017)

Aldosterone mediates many of the physiological and pathophysiological/cardio-toxic effects of angiotensin II (AngII). Its synthesis and secretion from the zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex, elevated in chronic heart failure (HF), is induced by AngII type 1 receptors (AT<sub>1</sub>Rs). The AT<sub>1</sub>R is a G protein-coupled receptor, mainly coupling to G<sub>q/11</sub> proteins. However, it can also signal through β-arrestin-1 (βarr1) or -2 (βarr2), both of which mediate G protein-independent signaling. Over the past decade, a second, G<sub>q/11</sub> protein-independent but βarr1-dependent signaling pathway emanating from the adrenocortical AT<sub>1</sub>R and leading to aldosterone production has become appreciated. Thus, it became apparent that AT<sub>1</sub>R antagonists that block both pathways equally well are warranted for fully effective aldosterone suppression in HF. This spurred the comparison of all of the currently marketed angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs, AT<sub>1</sub>R antagonists or sartans) at blocking activation of the two signaling modes (G protein-, and βarr1-dependent) at the AngII-activated AT<sub>1</sub>R and hence, at suppression of aldosterone <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Although all agents are very potent inhibitors of G protein activation at the AT<sub>1</sub>R, candesartan and valsartan were uncovered to be the most potent ARBs at blocking βarr activation by AngII and at suppressing aldosterone <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> in post-myocardial infarction HF animals. In contrast, irbesartan and losartan are virtually G protein-"biased" blockers at the human AT<sub>1</sub>R, with very low efficacy for βarr inhibition and aldosterone suppression. Therefore, candesartan and valsartan (and other, structurally similar compounds) may be the most preferred ARB agents for HF pharmacotherapy, as well as for treatment of other conditions characterized by elevated aldosterone.
Impact of Spacer and Hydrophobic Tail on Interfacial and Rheological Properties of Cationic Amido-Amine Gemini Surfactants for EOR Application (2018)

Abstract The impact of spacer length, spacer rigidity, trans and cis conformation of spacer double bond, and hydrophobic tail length of amido-amine cationic gemini surfactants was investigated by means of interfacial and rheological properties. For the study, six cationic amido-amine gemini surfactants were synthesized and used a cationic polyacrylamide. The interfacial tension (IFT) of the surfactants between crude oil and water was measured as a function of the surfactant concentration. It has been observed that the nature of the spacer and hydrophobic moiety have a significant effect on the oil/water interfacial tension. Rheological measurements of the surfactant-polymer hybrid system were performed at various surfactant concentrations, shear rates and temperatures. All synthesized cationic gemini surfactants were compatible with the cationic polyacrylamide since no precipitates were observed. By increasing the surfactant concentration, the storage modulus, as well as viscous properties of the cationic polyacrylamide, decreased at all temperatures because of the effect of charge shielding. On the other hand, the effect of concentration of surfactant was only significant at low shear rates. The storage modulus and viscous properties of the cationic polyacrylamide were also decreased significantly upon increasing surfactant tail length (C 12 to C 18 ). However, spacer rigidity, length, and conformation of spacer double bond caused a slight decrease in the storage modulus and viscous properties of cationic polyacrylamide. IFT, rheological properties, and compatibility tests showed huge potential of investigated surfactant-polymer system for enhanced oil production.
Dual-Vdd Interconnect With Chip-Level Time Slack Allocation for FPGA Power Reduction (2006)

To reduce field-programmable gate array power, Vdd programmability has been recently proposed to select the Vdd level for interconnects and power-gate unused interconnects. However, Vdd-level converters used in the existing Vdd-programmable method consume a large amount of leakage. This paper proposes two ways to avoid using level converters in interconnects, namely; 1) tree-based level converter insertion (TLC) and 2) dual-Vdd tree-based level converter insertion (dTLC). TLC enforces that there is only one Vdd level within each routing tree, while dTLC can have different Vdd levels within a routing tree, but no VddL switch drives VddH switches. Dual-Vdd assignment algorithms were developed considering chip-level time slack allocation for maximum power reduction. The algorithms include TLC-S and dTLC-S, two power sensitivity-based algorithms with implicit time slack allocation, and dTLC-LP, a linear programming (LP)-based algorithm with explicit time slack allocation. All allocate time slack first to interconnects with higher power sensitivity and assign low Vdd to them for more power reduction. Experiments show that dTLC-LP obtains the lowest power consumption. Compared to dTLC-LP, dTLC-S obtains a slightly higher power consumption but runs three times faster. Compared to the existing segment-based level converter insertion for dual Vdd, dTLC-LP reduces interconnect power by 52.90% without performance loss for Microelectronics Center of North Carolina benchmark circuits
Method for treating SO/sub 2/, SO/sub 3/ and dust simultaneously (1987)

In a method of treating an exhaust gas which contains SO/sub 2/ and SO/sub 3/ and dust wherein the gas is passed through a dry dust collector to remove most of the dust, the teated gas is then treated in an absorbing device containing an absorbent selected from the group consisting of calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate to remove SO/sub 2/ and remaining dust. The improvement this patent describes comprises the steps of blowing air into an absorbing solution fed the gas absorbing device in order to oxidize the absorbing solution and to thereby form a gypsum therein; then separating a part of the absorbing solution into a first slurry containing mainly the gypsum grains and a second slurry containing mainly the dust by utilizing the difference between the precipitation speeds of dust and gypsum particles in the slurry. Next, one obtains the gypsum from the first slurry; adds an alkali to the second slurry; sprays the alkali second slurry into the exhaust gas on the upstream side of the dry dust collector, collects dries and solidifies SO/sub 3/; and collects the resultant solid together with the dust with the dry dust collector.
Compact and low power consumption tunable photonic crystal nanobeam cavity (2013)

A proof-of-concept for a new and entirely CMOS compatible tunable nanobeam cavity is demonstrated in this paper. Preliminary results show that a compact nanobeam cavity (~20 μm(2)) with high Q-factor (~50,000) and integrated with a micro-heater atop, is able of tuning the resonant wavelength up to 15 nm with low power consumption (0.35nm/mW), and of attaining high modulation depth with only ~100 μW. Additionally, a tunable bi-stable behavior is reported.
Transduction of High-Frequency Micromechanical Resonators Using Depletion Forces in p-n Diodes (2011)

We present in this paper the design and fabrication of a homogeneous silicon micromechanical resonator actuated using forces acting on the immobile charge in the depletion region of a symmetrically doped p-n diode. The proposed resonator combines the high quality factor <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> of air-gap-transduced resonators with the frequency-scaling benefits of internal dielectrically transduced resonators. Using this transduction method, we demonstrate a thickness-longitudinal-mode micromechanical resonator with <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> ~18000 at a resonant frequency of 3.72 GHz at room temperature, yielding an <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</i> · <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> product of 6.69 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">13</sup> Hz, which is the highest reported value for a silicon micromechanical resonator to date.
Testing high resolution ADCs with low resolution/accuracy deterministic dynamic element matched DACs (2005)

This work presents a deterministic dynamic element matching (DDEM) approach which is applied to low precision DACs to generate stimulus signals for ADC testing. Both simulation results and experimental results from a fabricated DDEM DAC are presented to verify the performance. The ADC testing performance of an 8-bit DDEM DAC (linearity less than 5 bits without DDEM) is comparable to or better than the best results reported in the literature using on-chip linear ramp generators. The DDEM technique offers great potential for use in both production test and built-in-self-test(BIST) environments.
Wideband Integrated Optical Delay Line Based on a Continuously Tunable Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (2017)

An integrated optical delay line is presented and experimentally demonstrated with a true-time delay continuously tuned up to 125 ps. The proposed device is based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with tuneable couplers, can be ideally operated with a single control signal, and achieves a bandwidth-delay product consistently larger than ring-based delay lines. The device is successfully used in a transmission system to control the delay of a 10 Gbit/s data stream.
Circular Scanning With RUM Actuators (1994)

Technical paper discusses use of rotating-unbalanced-mass (RUM) actuators to scan scientific instruments in circular patterns centered on target points. Proposes reconfiguration of existing experimental raster- and line-scanning RUM apparatus to enable experiments on circular scanning. Presents formulas for calculating effects of RUM mounted on ends of gimballed beam. Calculations for control gains of RUM and gimbal servos also presented.
Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Optimization in Cognitive Radio Networks (2008)

Cognitive radio is being recognized as an intelligent technology due to its ability to rapidly and autonomously adapt operating parameters to changing environments and conditions. In order to reliably and swiftly detect spectrum holes in cognitive radios, spectrum sensing must be used. In this paper, we consider cooperative spectrum sensing in order to optimize the sensing performance. We focus on energy detection for spectrum sensing and find that the optimal fusion rule is the half-voting rule. Next, the optimal detection threshold of energy detection is determined numerically. Finally, we propose a fast spectrum sensing algorithm for a large network which requires fewer than the total number of cognitive radios to perform cooperative spectrum sensing while satisfying a given error bound.
Sweep-free distributed Brillouin time-domain analyzer (SF-BOTDA) (2011)

A frequency-sweep-free method for distributed Brillouin sensing is proposed, having the potential for fast dynamic strain measurements. In this reported implementation of the method, multiple probe waves with carefully chosen optical frequencies simultaneously propagate in the fiber against an equal number of sequentially-launched, short pump pulses of matching frequencies, where each of pump-probe pair replaces one sweeping step in the classical BOTDA technique. Experimentally, distributed sensing is demonstrated with a spatial resolution of a few meters.
Iris (2012)

We present Iris, a practical, authenticated file system designed to support workloads from large enterprises storing data in the cloud and be resilient against potentially untrustworthy service providers. As a transparent layer enforcing strong integrity guarantees, Iris lets an enterprise tenant maintain a large file system in the cloud. In Iris, tenants obtain strong assurance not just on data integrity, but also on data freshness, as well as data retrievability in case of accidental or adversarial cloud failures.
Method for preparing high transition temperature Nb/sub 3/Ge superconductors. [Patent application] (1975)

Bulk coatings of Nb/sub 3/Ge superconductors having transition temperatures in excess of 20/sup 0/K are readily formed by a chemical vapor deposition technique involving the coreduction of NbCl/sub 5/ and GeCl/sub 4/ in the presence of hydrogen. The NbCl/sub 5/ vapor may advantageously be formed quantitatively in the temperature range of about 250 to 260/sup 0/C by the chlorination of Nb metal provided the partial pressure of the product NbCl/sub 5/ vapor is maintained at or below about 0.1 atm.
Synthesis of 2‘-<i>O</i>-[2-[(<i>N,N</i>-Dimethylamino)oxy]ethyl] Modified Nucleosides and Oligonucleotides (2001)

A versatile synthetic route has been developed for the synthesis of 2'-O-[2-[(N,N-dimethylamino)oxy]ethyl] (abbreviated as 2'-O-DMAOE) modified purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and their corresponding nucleoside phosphoramidites and solid supports. To synthesize 2'-O-DMAOE purine nucleosides, the key intermediate B (Scheme 1) was obtained from the 2'-O-allyl purine nucleosides (13a and 15) via oxidative cleavage of the carbon-carbon bond to the corresponding aldehydes followed by reduction. To synthesize pyrimidine nucleosides, opening the 2,2'-anhydro-5-methyluridine 5 with the borate ester of ethylene glycol gave the key intermediate B. The 2'-O-(2-hydroxyethyl) nucleosides were converted, in excellent yield, by a regioselective Mitsunobu reaction, to the corresponding 2'-O-[2-[(1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl)oxy]ethyl] nucleosides (18, 19, and 20). These compounds were subsequently deprotected and converted into the 2'-O-[2-[(methyleneamino)oxy]ethyl] derivatives (22, 23, and 24). Reduction and a second reductive amination with formaldehyde yielded the corresponding 2'-O-[2-[(N,N-dimethylamino)oxy]ethyl] nucleosides (25, 26, and 27). These nucleosides were converted to their 3'-O-phosphoramidites and controlled-pore glass solid supports in excellent overall yield. Using these monomers, modified oligonucleotides containing pyrimidine and purine bases were synthesized with phosphodiester, phosphorothioate, and both linkages (phosphorothioate and phosphodiester) present in the same oligonucleotide as a chimera in high yields. The oligonucleotides were characterized by HPLC, capillary gel electrophoresis, and ESMS. The effect of this modification on the affinity of the oligonucleotides for complementary RNA and on nuclease stability was evaluated. The 2'-O-DMAOE modification enhanced the binding affinity of the oligonucleotides for the complementary RNA (and not for DNA). The modified oligonucleotides that possessed the phosphodiester backbone demonstrated excellent resistance to nuclease with t(1/2) > 24 h.
Method and article for primary containment of cesium wastes. [DOE patent application] (1981)

A method for producing a cesium-retentive waste form, characterized by a high degree of compositional stability and mechanical integrity, is provided by subjecting a cesium-loaded zeolite to heat under conditions suitable for stabilizing the zeolite and immobilizing the cesium, and coating said zeolite for sufficient duration within a suitable environment with at least one dense layer of pyrolytic carbon to seal therein said cesium to produce a final, cesium-bearing waste form. Typically, the zolite is stabilized and the cesium immobilized in less than four hours by confinement within an air environment maintained at about 600/sup 0/C. Coatings are thereafter applied by confining the calcined zeolite within a coating environment comprising inert fluidizing and carbon donor gases maintained at 1000/sup 0/C for a suitable duration.
Pyrosequencing To Detect Mutations in <i>FKS1</i> That Confer Reduced Echinocandin Susceptibility in <i>Candida albicans</i> (2008)

Pyrosequencing was compared to Sanger dideoxy sequencing to detect mutations in FKS1 responsible for reduced echinocandin susceptibility in Candida albicans. These methods were in complete agreement for 10 of 12 clinical isolates with elevated echinocandin MICs, supporting the potential feasibility of pyrosequencing to detect mutations within diploid fungi.
Reducing coil drive power losses in magnetic bubble memory systems (1981)

More than half of the power losses in a magnetic bubble memory subsystem using field-access bubble devices can be traced to the coil drive circuitry. Linear resonant coil drive circuits tend to be very efficient, but at the expense of being more complex. Switched coil drive circuits are simple in construction, but are usually less efficient. The relative merits of these two types of coil drives will be discussed with particular emphasis on operating power efficiency. A simple technique is presented for improving the efficiency of switched coil drive circuits without increasing drive circuit complexity.
A Novel Series of Highly Potent Benzimidazole-Based Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein Inhibitors (2001)

A series of benzimidazole-based analogues of the potent MTP inhibitor BMS-201038 were discovered. Incorporation of an unsubstituted benzimidazole moiety in place of a piperidine group afforded potent inhibitors of MTP in vitro which were weakly active in vivo. Appropriate substitution on the benzimidazole ring, especially with small alkyl groups, led to dramatic increases in potency, both in a cellular assay of apoB secretion and especially in animal models of cholesterol lowering. The most potent in this series, 3g (BMS-212122), was significantly more potent than BMS-201038 in reducing plasma lipids (cholesterol, VLDL/LDL, TG) in both hamsters and cynomolgus monkeys.
Structure of<i>Debaryomyces castellii</i>CBS 2923 phytase (2009)

Phytate (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate) is the primary storage form of phosphate in seeds and legumes (Reddy et al., 1982). Phytases are phosphatases that hydrolyze phytate to less phosphorylated myo-inositol derivatives and inorganic phosphate. The crystal structure of phytase from Debaryomyces castellii has been determined at 2.3 A resolution. The crystals belonged to space group P6(5)22, with unit-cell parameters a = 121.65, c = 332.24 A. The structure was solved by molecular replacement and refined to a final R factor of 15.7% (R(free) = 20.9%). The final model consists of a dimer (with two monomers of 458 residues), five NAG molecules and 628 water molecules.
A longitudinal study of per cent agalactosyl IgG in tuberculosis patients receiving chemotherapy, with or without immunotherapy. (1994)

An increased percentage of circulating IgG molecules that lack galactose from the oligosaccharides on the CH2 domain correlates with disease severity in tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. We have recently observed that a single injection of 10(9) autoclaved Mycobacterium vaccae given to tuberculosis patients 7 days after the initiation of chemotherapy causes accelerated clinical improvement, and clearance of bacilli from the sputum. We now show that this immunotherapy also causes rapid loss of agalactosyl IgG, detectable within 14-21 days, whereas chemotherapy alone causes agalactosyl IgG to rise further for up to 2 months. There is simultaneous inhibition of the antibody response to lipoarabinomannan, and transient enhancement of the tuberculin skin-test response. These findings are compatible with a shift from antibody production towards increased cell-mediated immunity. The ideal treatment for tuberculosis would supplement a truncated course of chemotherapy with an immunotherapeutic preparation able to down-regulate the Koch phenomenon and replace it with an efficiently bactericidal mechanism. We tentatively postulate that a fall in per cent agalactosyl IgG [%Gal(0)] in tuberculosis patients may be a marker of such a change.