gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isotope dilution GC/MS determination of anandamide and other fatty acylethanolamides in rat blood plasma (1998)

Anandamide and allied fatty acylethanolamides (AEs) may act as signalling molecules in brain and peripheral tissues. In the present study, we describe an electron-impact gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method based on isotope dilution, which may be used for the identification and quantification of anandamide and other AEs in biological matrices. The calibration curves for standard AEs were linear over the range 0-1000 pmol (r2 = 0.99) with a coefficient of variation of 4% at 2.5 pmol. Detection and quantification limits were in the high fmol to low pmol range for all AEs. Using this method we measured nanomolar concentrations of three endogenous AEs in deproteinated rat blood plasma (anandamide: 5.2 pmol/ml; palmitylethanolamide: 16.7 pmol/ml; oleylethanolamide: 8.1 pmol/ml). These results are consistent with a regulatory role of anandamide and other AEs in peripheral tissues.
Wind Tunnel Modeling of Small Particle Deposition (1986)

An inexpensive microsphere dispersion, deposition, and sampling system is described. This system was used to examine the transport and deposition of small particles (− 1 μm diameter) across the aerodynamic boundary layer which developed over a prototype deposition surface (smooth, flat, acrylic plate). Unit density, polystyrene latex microspheres (0.8 and 1.1 μm diameter) were deposited onto both oil-coated and dry, upper and lower surfaces. Observed deposition velocities were significantly larger than those reported in the literature, possibly because low relative humidities increased electrostatic charge on the experimental plate. The experimental results were greater than those predicted by a turbulent flow particle deposition model.
The P2X<sub>7</sub> ATP Receptor in the Kidney: A Matter of Life or Death? (2005)

P2X7 is an intriguing membrane receptor for the extracellular nucleotide ATP, which functions as a ligand-gated ion channel; it can activate cell membrane permeabilization and also has a wide range of downstream signaling pathways, including mediation of inflammatory responses and modulation of cell turnover. Despite recent identification of P2X7 receptor protein in the renal tract, the biological and potential pathological functions of this receptor and its signaling cascades in the kidney are not yet fully understood. P2X7 receptor protein is expressed in normal kidney development, predominantly in the condensing mesenchyme, and later in the maturing and adult derivatives of the ureteric bud. Glomerular expression of the molecule is scarce in normal kidney, but is upregulated in chronic and inflammatory conditions, suggesting a role in the inflammatory response or in repair and remodeling in these settings. P2X7 receptor expression in the adult collecting ducts of murine kidney, as well as the collecting duct cysts in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, has been described and agonists of the receptor can modulate the development of renal cysts in an in vitro model of cyst formation derived from the cpk/cpk mouse. Further investigation of the function of the P2X7 receptor in normal and abnormal kidneys might lead to novel therapeutic targets in a wide range of renal diseases.
Direct observation of the absorption bands of the first electronic transition in liquid H2O and D2O by attenuated total reflectance far-UV spectroscopy (2008)

Absorption bands of the first electronic transition (X (1)A(1)-->A (1)B(1)) of water (H(2)O) and heavy water (D(2)O) in the liquid state have been directly observed by using a uniquely designed attenuated total reflectance far-ultraviolet (ATR-FUV) spectrometer. Since the ATR geometry reduces the absorbance, the FUV spectra can be obtained over the entire X (1)A(1)-->A (1)B(1) absorption band, including the band maxima. Systematic measurements of the FUV spectra of H(2)O and D(2)O with heating from 10 to 70 degrees C and the analysis of Kramers-Kronig transformation reveal that the first electronic transition band redshifted on heating. This result is in good agreement with the redshift that has been frequently observed in the low-energy band tail of the X (1)A(1)-->A (1)B(1) absorption band.
Application of magnetic field hyperthermia and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to HIV-1-specific T-cell cytotoxicity (2013)

The latent HIV-1 reservoir remains the major barrier to HIV-1 eradication. Although successful at limiting HIV replication, highly active antiretroviral therapy is unable to cure HIV infection, thus novel therapeutic strategies are needed to eliminate the virus. Magnetic field hyperthermia (MFH) generates thermoablative cytotoxic temperatures in target-cell populations, and has delivered promising outcomes in animal models, as well as in several cancer clinical trials. MFH has been proposed as a strategy to improve the killing of HIV-infected cells and for targeting the HIV latent reservoirs. We wished to determine whether MFH could be used to enhance cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) targeting of HIV-infected cells in a proof-of-concept study. Here, for the first time, we apply MFH to an infectious disease (HIV-1) using the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle FeraSpin R. We attempt to improve the cytotoxic potential of T-cell receptor-transfected HIV-specific CTLs using thermotherapy, and assess superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle toxicity, uptake, and effect on cell function using more sensitive methods than previously described. FeraSpin R exhibited only limited toxicity, demonstrated efficient uptake and cell-surface attachment, and only modestly impacted T-cell function. In contrast to the cancer models, insufficient MFH was generated to enhance CTL killing of HIV-infected cells. MFH remains an exciting new technology in the field of cancer therapeutics, which, as technology improves, may have significant potential to enhance CTL function and act as an adjunctive therapy in the eradication of latently infected HIV-positive cells.
Stimulation of Capacitative Calcium Entry in HL-60 Cells by Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields (2004)

Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) are hypothesized to affect intracellular structures in living cells providing a new means to modulate cell signal transduction mechanisms. The effects of nsPEFs on the release of internal calcium and activation of calcium influx in HL-60 cells were investigated by using real time fluorescent microscopy with Fluo-3 and fluorometry with Fura-2. nsPEFs induced an increase in intracellular calcium levels that was seen in all cells. With pulses of 60 ns duration and electric fields between 4 and 15 kV/cm, intracellular calcium increased 200-700 nM, respectively, above basal levels (similar to100 nM), while the uptake of propidium iodide was absent. This suggests that increases in intracellular calcium were not because of plasma membrane electroporation. nsPEF and the purinergic agonist UTP induced calcium mobilization in the presence and absence of extracellular calcium with similar kinetics and appeared to target the same inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate- and thapsigargin-sensitive calcium pools in the endoplasmic reticulum. For cells exposed to either nsPEF or UTP in the absence of extracellular calcium, there was an electric field-dependent or UTP dose-dependent increase in capacitative calcium entry when calcium was added to the extracellular media. These findings suggest that nsPEFs, like ligand-mediated responses, release calcium from similar internal calcium pools and thus activate plasma membrane calcium influx channels or capacitative calcium entry.
Theophylline abolishes the light peak in perfused cat eyes. (1987)

Theophylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, was applied to the arterially perfused cat eye in vitro. At a concentration of 850 microM, theophylline abolished the light peak of the DC-ERG and led to a 20% increase in perfusate flow to the eye. The effects were reversible. An experimentally-induced increase in flow per se by 20% resulted in a slight enhancement of the light peak. The data suggest the involvement of cyclic nucleotides in the generation of the light peak. Theophylline also caused a decrease in the standing potential of the eye, an increase in the b-wave amplitude, and a decrease in the c-wave amplitude in a dose-dependent and reversible manner.
Generative Adversarial Networks for Mitigating Biases in Machine Learning Systems (2020)

In this paper, we propose a new framework for mitigating biases in machine learning systems. The problem of the existing mitigation approaches is that they are model-oriented in the sense that they focus on tuning the training algorithms to produce fair results, while overlooking the fact that the training data can itself be the main reason for biased outcomes. Technically speaking, two essential limitations can be found in such model-based approaches: 1) the mitigation cannot be achieved without degrading the accuracy of the machine learning models, and 2) when the data used for training are largely biased, the training time automatically increases so as to find suitable learning parameters that help produce fair results. To address these shortcomings, we propose in this work a new framework that can largely mitigate the biases and discriminations in machine learning systems while at the same time enhancing the prediction accuracy of these systems. The proposed framework is based on conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (cGANs), which are used to generate new synthetic fair data with selective properties from the original data. We also propose a framework for analyzing data biases, which is important for understanding the amount and type of data that need to be synthetically sampled and labeled for each population group. Experimental results show that the proposed solution can efficiently mitigate different types of biases, while at the same time enhancing the prediction accuracy of the underlying machine learning model.
A Bernstein‐Bézier Based Approach to Soft Tissue Simulation (1998)

This paper discusses a Finite Element approach for volumetric soft tissue modeling in the context of facial surgery simulation. We elaborate on the underlying physics and address some computational aspects of the finite element discretization. In contrast to existing approaches speed is not our first concern, but we strive for the highest possible accuracy of simulation. We therefore propose an extension of linear elasticity towards incompressibility and nonlinear material behavior, in order to describe the complex properties of human soft tissue more accurately. Furthermore, we incorporate higher order interpolation functions using a Bernstein‐Bézier formulation, which has various advantageous properties, such as its integral polynomial form of arbitrary degree, efficient subdivision schemes, and suitability for geometric modeling and rendering. In addition, the use of tetrahedral Finite Elements does not put any restriction on the geometry of the simulated volumes. Experimental results obtained from a synthetic block of soft tissue and from the Visible Human Data Set illustrate the performance of the envisioned model.
Childhood Osteoporosis (2011)

Osteoporosis has long been considered a health problem unique to postmenopausal women and elderly. It is being increasingly recognized that osteoporosis could affect children as a primary problem and as secondary to various diseases, and medications. The present review discusses the current definition of osteoporosis in children, its causes, types and risk factors for low bone mineral density, in addition to prevention and treatment strategies that can help optimize bone health in children.
A LSI time switch for digital telephone switching (1982)

AN LSI TIME SWITCH for the digital telephone switching system,which includes an 11K static RAM and 600 gates of peripheral circuits, affording performance of greater than 20MHz maximum operating frequency and 600mW power consumption, will be described. The LSI was designed for the time switch memory in the speech path of the digital telephone switching system. The low power characteristic of the LSI has made it possible to cool the system without a fan. In using general-purpose ICs, about 50 ICs are needed and the power consumption may exceed 8W to achieve the required performance. This time switch LSI realizes an equivalent lattice size of 1024 x 1024 on a single chip, quadmple of the conventional time switch LSI.
Optimizing flash-based key-value cache systems (2016)

Flash-based key-value cache systems, such as Facebook’s McDipper [1] and Twitter’s Fatcache [2], provide a cost-efficient solution for high-speed key-value caching. These cache solutions typically take commercial SSDs and adopt a Memcached-like scheme to store and manage key-value pairs in flash. Such a practice, though simple, is inefficient. We advocate to reconsider the hardware/software architecture design by directly opening device-level details to key-value cache systems. This co-design approach can effectively bridge the semantic gap and closely connect the two layers together. Leveraging the domain knowledge of key-value caches and the unique device-level properties, we can maximize the efficiency of a key-value cache system on flash devices while minimizing its weakness. We are implementing a prototype based on the Open-channel SSD hardware platform. Our preliminary experiments show very promising results.
Rearrangement of 5-Isopropenyl-2-norbornene to 5-Methyl-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1<i>H</i>-indene (1976)

Abstract The Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and isoprene gave predominantly endo- and exo-5-isopropenyl-2-norbornenes and also cis-5-methyltetrahydro-1H-indene produced from the endo-product by Cope rearrangement.
To address surface reaction network complexity using scaling relations machine learning and DFT calculations (2017)

Surface reaction networks involving hydrocarbons exhibit enormous complexity with thousands of species and reactions for all but the very simplest of chemistries. We present a framework for optimization under uncertainty for heterogeneous catalysis reaction networks using surrogate models that are trained on the fly. The surrogate model is constructed by teaching a Gaussian process adsorption energies based on group additivity fingerprints, combined with transition-state scaling relations and a simple classifier for determining the rate-limiting step. The surrogate model is iteratively used to predict the most important reaction step to be calculated explicitly with computationally demanding electronic structure theory. Applying these methods to the reaction of syngas on rhodium(111), we identify the most likely reaction mechanism. Propagating uncertainty throughout this process yields the likelihood that the final mechanism is complete given measurements on only a subset of the entire network and uncertainty in the underlying density functional theory calculations.
3D Point Cloud Processing and Learning for Autonomous Driving (2020)

We present a review of 3D point cloud processing and learning for autonomous driving. As one of the most important sensors in autonomous vehicles, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors collect 3D point clouds that precisely record the external surfaces of objects and scenes. The tools for 3D point cloud processing and learning are critical to the map creation, localization, and perception modules in an autonomous vehicle. While much attention has been paid to data collected from cameras, such as images and videos, an increasing number of researchers have recognized the importance and significance of LiDAR in autonomous driving and have proposed processing and learning algorithms to exploit 3D point clouds. We review the recent progress in this research area and summarize what has been tried and what is needed for practical and safe autonomous vehicles. We also offer perspectives on open issues that are needed to be solved in the future.
Pseudo-Extensional Mode MEMS Ring Gyroscope (2019)

This paper presents the design and characterization of a yaw gyroscope which employs a pseudo-extensional mode of a ring. The extensional mode is typically a bulk mode where the ring width expands and contracts across its circumference in contrast to a traditional wineglass mode where the in-plane ring width stays nominally constant during vibrations. Our axial symmetrical gyroscope structure is comprised of an array of concentric rings to create an apparent extensional mode, but at much lower frequency since it is made of flexural elements. An advantage inherent to the new mode is the local rejection of linear accelerations as compared to the fundamental wineglass, which rejects linear accelerations by matching electrodes across the diameter of the ring. Implemented in the wafer-level Epitaxial Silicon Encapsulation process, the device occupies an area of 1.8 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and initial characterization clearly demonstrates feasibility of using the pseudo-extensional mode of vibration for rate sensing with Q-factors of 110,000 and noise level of 0.60 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> /√hr.
Gaussian Process Regression for <italic>In Situ</italic> Capacity Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries (2018)

Accurate on-board capacity estimation is of critical importance in lithium-ion battery applications. Battery charging/discharging often occurs under a constant current load, and hence voltage versus time measurements under this condition may be accessible in practice. This paper presents a data-driven diagnostic technique, Gaussian process regression for in situ capacity estimation (GP-ICE), which estimates battery capacity using voltage measurements over short periods of galvanostatic operation. Unlike previous works, GP-ICE does not rely on interpreting the voltage-time data as incremental capacity (IC) or differential voltage (DV) curves. This overcomes the need to differentiate the voltage-time data (a process that amplifies measurement noise), and the requirement that the range of voltage measurements encompasses the peaks in the IC/DV curves. GP-ICE is applied to two datasets, consisting of 8 and 20 cells, respectively. In each case, within certain voltage ranges, as little as 10 s of galvanostatic operation enables capacity estimates with approximately 2%-3% root-mean-squared error (RMSE).
Transforming growth factor- <i>beta</i> is a potent immunosuppressive agent that inhibits IL-1-dependent lymphocyte proliferation. (1988)

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), a product of neoplastic and hemopoietic cells, is a bifunctional regulator of the immune response. At femtomolar concentrations, TGF-beta stimulates monocyte migration, and picomolar quantities induce synthesis of monocyte growth factors, including IL-1, that may promote tissue repair by regulating fibrosis and angiogenesis. Paradoxically, TGF-beta at picomolar concentrations also blocks the ability of IL-1 to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation. At 0.01 to 1.0 ng/ml, TGF-beta 1 and its homologue, TGF-beta 2, suppress the IL-1-dependent murine thymocyte proliferation assay. TGF-beta also inhibits human peripheral blood T lymphocyte mitogenesis. Inhibition of cell division appears to occur after activation of the lymphocytes inasmuch as neither gene expression nor translation of IL-2R is suppressed. Furthermore, TGF-beta does not block synthesis of IL-2. Therefore, TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 likely act at a site distal to IL-1 to block lymphocyte DNA synthesis. These findings suggest that TGF-beta secreted in an inflammatory site may be beneficial in diminishing lymphocyte function while promoting fibrosis and tissue repair. However, TGF-beta generated by neoplastic tissues may provide a mechanism for unrestricted tumor cell growth through its selective immunosuppressive effects.
A crossover pilot study evaluating the functional outcomes of two different types of robotic movement training in chronic stroke survivors using the arm exoskeleton BONES (2013)

NCT01050231.
Genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: seeking therapeutic targets in the era of gene therapy (2022)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an intractable disease that causes respiratory failure leading to mortality. The main locus of ALS is motor neurons. The success of antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapy in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a motor neuron disease, has triggered a paradigm shift in developing ALS therapies. The causative genes of ALS and disease-modifying genes, including those of sporadic ALS, have been identified one after another. Thus, the freedom of target choice for gene therapy has expanded by ASO strategy, leading to new avenues for therapeutic development. Tofersen for superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) was a pioneer in developing ASO for ALS. Improving protocols and devising early interventions for the disease are vital. In this review, we updated the knowledge of causative genes in ALS. We summarized the genetic mutations identified in familial ALS and their clinical features, focusing on SOD1, fused in sarcoma (FUS), and transacting response DNA-binding protein. The frequency of the C9ORF72 mutation is low in Japan, unlike in Europe and the United States, while SOD1 and FUS are more common, indicating that the target mutations for gene therapy vary by ethnicity. A genome-wide association study has revealed disease-modifying genes, which could be the novel target of gene therapy. The current status and prospects of gene therapy development were discussed, including ethical issues. Furthermore, we discussed the potential of axonal pathology as new therapeutic targets of ALS from the perspective of early intervention, including intra-axonal transcription factors, neuromuscular junction disconnection, dysregulated local translation, abnormal protein degradation, mitochondrial pathology, impaired axonal transport, aberrant cytoskeleton, and axon branching. We simultaneously discuss important pathological states of cell bodies: persistent stress granules, disrupted nucleocytoplasmic transport, and cryptic splicing. The development of gene therapy based on the elucidation of disease-modifying genes and early intervention in molecular pathology is expected to become an important therapeutic strategy in ALS.
Highly Active Chiral Ruthenium Catalysts for Asymmetric Cross‐ and Ring‐Opening Cross‐Metathesis (2006)

Metathesis takes sides: The scope of asymmetric metathesis has been expanded with the use of chiral ruthenium catalysts for asymmetric ring-opening cross-metathesis and for the first example of an asymmetric cross-metathesis (see scheme, TIPS=triisopropylsilyl). Information about the mechanism of asymmetric ring-opening cross-metathesis should allow the development of more selective catalysts. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2006/z602469_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.