gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
National and Regional Trends in Heart Failure Hospitalization and Mortality Rates for Medicare Beneficiaries, 1998-2008 (2011)

<h3>Context</h3>It is not known whether recent declines in ischemic heart disease and its risk factors have been accompanied by declines in heart failure (HF) hospitalization and mortality.<h3>Objective</h3>To examine changes in HF hospitalization rate and 1-year mortality rate in the United States, nationally and by state or territory.<h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3>From acute care hospitals in the United States and Puerto Rico, 55 097 390 fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized between 1998 and 2008 with a principal discharge diagnosis code for HF.<h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3>Changes in patient demographics and comorbidities, HF hospitalization rates, and 1-year mortality rates.<h3>Results</h3>The HF hospitalization rate adjusted for age, sex, and race declined from 2845 per 100 000 person-years in 1998 to 2007 per 100 000 person-years in 2008 (P < .001), a relative decline of 29.5%. Age-adjusted HF hospitalization rates declined over the study period for all race-sex categories. Black men had the lowest rate of decline (4142 to 3201 per 100 000 person-years) among all race-sex categories, which persisted after adjusting for age (incidence rate ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.79-0.84). Heart failure hospitalization rates declined significantly faster than the national mean in 16 states and significantly slower in 3 states. Risk-adjusted 1-year mortality decreased from 31.7% in 1999 to 29.6% in 2008 (P < .001), a relative decline of 6.6%. One-year mortality rates declined significantly in 4 states but increased in 5 states.<h3>Conclusions</h3>The overall HF hospitalization rate declined substantially from 1998 to 2008 but at a lower rate for black men. The overall 1-year mortality rate declined slightly over the past decade but remains high. Changes in HF hospitalization and 1-year mortality rates were uneven across states.
Assessing phage therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa using a Galleria mellonella infection model (2015)

The Galleria mellonella infection model was used to assess the in vivo efficacy of phage therapy against laboratory and clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In a first series of experiments, Galleria were infected with the laboratory strain P. aeruginosa PAO1 and were treated with varying multiplicity of infection (MOI) of phages either 2 h post-infection (treatment) or 2 h pre-infection (prevention) via injection into the haemolymph. To address the kinetics of infection, larvae were bled over a period of 24 h for quantification of bacteria and phages. Survival rates at 24 h when infected with 10 cells/larvae were greater in the prevention versus treatment model (47% vs. 40%, MOI = 10; 47% vs. 20%, MOI = 1; and 33% vs. 7%, MOI = 0.1). This pattern held true when 100 cells/larvae were used (87% vs. 20%, MOI = 10; 53% vs. 13%, MOI = 1; 67% vs. 7%, MOI = 0.1). By 24 h post-infection, phages kept bacterial cell numbers in the haemolymph 1000-fold lower than in the non-treated group. In a second series of experiments using clinical strains to further validate the prevention model, phages protected Galleria when infected with both a bacteraemia (0% vs. 85%) and a cystic fibrosis (80% vs. 100%) isolate. Therefore, this study validates the use of G. mellonella as a simple, robust and cost-effective model for initial in vivo examination of P. aeruginosa-targeted phage therapy, which may be applied to other pathogens with similarly low infective doses.
Visible-light laser oscillation in indirect-bandgap Al&lt;inf&gt;x&lt;/inf&gt;Ga&lt;inf&gt;1-x&lt;/inf&gt;As (77 K) (1977)

Laser oscillation was accomplished at 77 K for the first time in indirect-gap Al <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> Ga <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</inf> As ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x = 0.46</tex> ) incorporated with nitrogen atoms by ion implantation. Pumping was made by a coumarin 102 dye laser (480 nm). Threshold pumping power was <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6 \times 10^{4}</tex> W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in nitrogen-doped Al <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> Ga <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</inf> As ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x = 0.46</tex> ), and laser oscillation was not observed in undoped samples. Nitrogen atoms, introduced into the undoped Al <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> Ga <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</inf> As active layer, were found to work as isoelectronic traps and to be responsible for stimulated emission and laser oscillation.
Semi-Supervised Positioning Algorithm in Indoor WLAN Environment (2015)

In Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) positioning system, the most popular solution for RSS-based positioning is the fingerprinting architecture. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm, known as Semi-supervised Discriminant Embedding (SDE), to reconstruct a radio map by using real-time signalstrength values received at random points. Instead of deploying dense reference points, our approach takes advantage of less labeled data and partial unlabeled data to transform into lowerdimensional feature signals. Through solving the objective functions optimization, with strong discriminative features in Receive Signal Strength (RSS) are retained in the low-dimensional space. We conducted experiments in our office area with a realistic WLAN environment. Compared to the traditional methods, the experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has considerable accuracy improvement in the same positioning environment. Furthermore, the results also show the size of training samples can be greatly reduced in the proposed algorithm in order to achieve the similar accuracy of traditional approaches. That is, the cost of collecting fingerprints in the offline stage and calibrating database in the online stage are thus reduced.
Construction, calibration and evaluation of a tissue phantom with reproducible optical properties for investigations in light emission tomography (2007)

We describe in details the materials and methods used to construct, calibrate and evaluate tissue phantoms and light sources; we describe the method for acquiring the data and present quantitative results for light intensity reconstruction using the reproducible phantom's optical properties as a priori information. We consider a tissue phantom imaging with optical properties which match those for typical mouse tissues, as a useful part of light diffusion studies in heterogeneous biological media in order to obtain important parameters for any reconstruction technique. Solid tissue phantoms are particularly useful for the study of light-tissue interaction and are still an active area of investigation.
Case-oriented planning support system for business information systems (2002)

A structural model which represents the causal relationships of problems using a directed graph is one of the effective techniques for problem analysis in business information systems planning. However, is very difficult for novice system planners to make a structural model of reasonable quality. In this paper, we propose a support method of structural modeling by providing useful information from case-base for a user. In this method, the case-base is constructed from cases of structural models by using a technique in which nodes of structural models are divided into four parts. From the case-base, effective information for creating appropriate nodes is retrieved and provided for a user. And we have developed a support system for structural modeling based on the proposed method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
X-ray Diffraction and X-ray Spectroscopy Studies of Cobalt-Doped Anatase TiO<sub>2</sub>:Co Nanopowders (2017)

Co-doped TiO2 is one of the most extensively studied oxides for applying as dilute magnetic semiconductors due to its room temperature magnetism. Here we present results of the studies of Ti0.97Co0.03O2 nanopowders synthesized by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method by means of X-ray diffraction, soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (Ti L2,3 and Co L2,3 spectra), hard X-ray absorption spectroscopy (Co K spectra), and 1s3p resonant inelastic X-ray scattering at the Co K edge. According to X-ray diffraction data and Ti L2,3 X-ray absorption spectra, all the samples before the thermal treatment exhibit anatase structure with substantial amount of amorphous phase. After annealing the Ti0.97Co0.03O2 samples in vacuum or hydrogen at 700 °C, the anatase structure persists while amorphous phase contribution is eliminated. Surface-sensitive soft X-ray absorption Co L2,3 spectroscopy revealed only Co2+ ions tetrahedrally coordinated by oxygen ions and no sign of metallic Co. Co2+ tetrahedral sites (instead of typical octahedral ones) are an additional evidence for Co2+ localization at the distorted TiO2 particle surface. Bulk-sensitive X-ray diffraction, Co K X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and 1s3p resonant inelastic X-ray scattering at the Co K edge revealed clustering of metallic cobalt inside of the large agglomerates formed by TiO2 nanoparticles in annealed TiO2:Co nanopowders.
Improving magnetic coupling for battery charging through 3D magnetic flux (2016)

The spatial distribution of the magnetic field and the coupling between the coils in the Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) systems is an important aspect to consider in the system design and efficiency optimization. The presented study in this paper is based on tests performed on a physical model. The transmitting (primary) equipment, is an electrical three-phase system, capable to be connected in star or delta (both electrically and geometrically). The measured results allow to describe graphically the magnetic field distribution in three dimensions. The analytical formulas aim to help to understand and to quantify the physical phenomena but they cannot be considered a universal approach and the measurement results help to understand better the observable facts. In the WPT, the key issues that will influence the efficiency, are the alignment of the coils, the spatial orientation of the magnetic field, the detachment and the tilt between the windings, all they changing the magnetic coupling between the transmitter and the receiver of energy. This research is directed not only to the magnetic field distribution but finally, to optimize the energy transfer efficiency.
Critical Residues of Integrin αIIb Subunit for Binding of αIIbβ3 (Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa) to Fibrinogen and Ligand-mimetic Antibodies (PAC-1, OP-G2, and LJ-CP3) (1996)

Integrin alphaIIbbeta3 plays a critical role in platelet aggregation through its interaction with fibrinogen. Elucidation of the mechanisms of alphaIIbbeta3-fibrinogen interaction is critical to understanding hemostasis and thrombosis. Here we report that mutations of Gly-184, Tyr-189, Tyr-190, Phe-191, and Gly-193 within the predicted turn structure of the third amino-terminal repeat of alphaIIb significantly block binding of alphaIIbbeta3 to soluble fibrinogen. These mutations also block binding of alphaIIbbeta3 to ligand-mimetic monoclonal antibodies PAC-1, OP-G2, LJ-CP3, which have an RGD-related RYD sequence in their antigen-binding sites. These mutations do not significantly affect the expression of alphaIIbbeta3, in contrast to most of the natural alphaIIb mutations occurring in Glanzmann's thrombasthenic patients. The data suggest that these residues are critically involved in alphaIIbbeta3-ligand interactions.
Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Antisense Oligonucleotides (2003)

Antisense oligonucleotides have attracted special interest as a novel class of therapeutic agents for the treatment of viral infection, cancers, and genetic disorders because of their ablhty to inhibit expression of a disease-associated gene in a sequence-specific manner. Gene expression is inhibited by hybrid ization of the oligonucleotide to sequences in the gene or the messenger RNA (mRNA) target by Watson-Crick base pairing. The first example of specific mhibition of gene expression by an ohgonucleotide was reported by Zamecnik and Stephenson (1), who demonstrated that a short oligonucleotide inhibited Rous sarcoma virus replication in cell culture. Since then, the field has progressed enormously. Numerous studies have demonstrated the ability of antisense oligonucleotides to modulate gene expression (2-4). Accompanying chapters in this volume describe the use of antisense oligonucleotides for vanous disease targets.
Learning to Rank with Small Set of Ground Truth Data (2022)

Over the past decades, researchers had put lots of effort investigating ranking techniques used to rank query results retrieved during information retrieval, or to rank the recommended products in recommender systems. In this project, we aim to investigate searching, ranking, as well as recommendation techniques to help to realize a university academia searching platform. Unlike the usual information retrieval scenarios where lots of ground truth ranking data is present, in our case, we have only limited ground truth knowledge regarding the academia ranking. For instance, given some search queries, we only know a few researchers who are highly relevant and thus should be ranked at the top, and for some other search queries, we have no knowledge about which researcher should be ranked at the top at all. The limited amount of ground truth data makes some of the conventional ranking techniques and evaluation metrics become infeasible, and this is a huge challenge we faced during this project. This project enhances the user's academia searching experience to a large extent, it helps to achieve an academic searching platform which includes researchers, publications and fields of study information, which will be beneficial not only to the university faculties but also to students' research experiences.
Effects of low-frequency modulation on rf discharge chemical vapor deposition (1988)

Low-frequency square-wave modulation of a rf discharge in silane diluted with a rare gas brought about an improvement in the deposition rate of amorphous hydrogenated silicon films and in the film quality as well as a drastic suppression of powder concentration in the discharge space. These results can be explained by a SiH3 density in the modulated discharge that is high compared to that without modulation, because of the electron density enhancement resulting from the modulation and also because the lifetime of SiH3 radicals is much longer than those of SiHn radicals (n=0–2).
Micromachining of a piezocomposite transducer using a copper vapor laser (2001)

A 1-3 piezocomposite transducer with front face dimensions of 2 x 2 mm has been micromachined using a copper vapor laser. The device consists of PZT5A piezoceramic pillars with a 65-micron pitch suspended in a low viscosity thermosetting polymer. The kerf width is 13 microns, and the transducer thickness is 170 microns, making the device suitable for ultrasonic reception at frequencies close to 10 MHz.
PRADA: Protecting against DNN Model Stealing Attacks (2018)

Machine learning (ML) applications are increasingly prevalent. Protecting the confidentiality of ML models becomes paramount for two reasons: (a) a model can be a business advantage to its owner, and (b) an adversary may use a stolen model to find transferable adversarial examples that can evade classification by the original model. Access to the model can be restricted to be only via well-defined prediction APIs. Nevertheless, prediction APIs still provide enough information to allow an adversary to mount model extraction attacks by sending repeated queries via the prediction API. In this paper, we describe new model extraction attacks using novel approaches for generating synthetic queries, and optimizing training hyperparameters. Our attacks outperform state-of-the-art model extraction in terms of transferability of both targeted and non-targeted adversarial examples (up to +29-44 percentage points, pp), and prediction accuracy (up to +46 pp) on two datasets. We provide take-aways on how to perform effective model extraction attacks. We then propose PRADA, the first step towards generic and effective detection of DNN model extraction attacks. It analyzes the distribution of consecutive API queries and raises an alarm when this distribution deviates from benign behavior. We show that PRADA can detect all prior model extraction attacks with no false positives.
Research on the Simulation Process for the CFETR Divertor Assembly in Delmia (2020)

Abstract Divertor is an important inner component for Tokamak. In the conceptual design stage, the divertor should be assembled according to the design process in order to guide the work in site. Inner and outer targets, Dome, cassette body are studied in terms of their assemble process to validate the assembly process. Besides, Inner and outer targets and Dome are connected to the cassette body to form the whole divertor model in Delmia. Therefore, it is feasible to do assembly simulation in the virtual environment.
Design of Middleware for Interactive Data Services in the Terrestrial DMB (2006)

and to be executed in any type of T-DMB receiver. The middleware we introduce here is especially designed to support a proposed method for application provisions applied to a concept of application module appropriate to the service environment of T-DMB. We also verify the designed T-DMB MATE API through the implementation of the middleware and its application in a PC-based receiver.
A conflict-free protocol for optical WDMA networks (2002)

A conflict-free protocol for packet-switched wavelength division multiaccess networks is proposed. With the use of a control channel, each station in the network can obtain packet backlog information of all the other stations, and so packet transmission can be scheduled to avoid destination conflicts. A very fast scheduling algorithm is proposed. Simulation results show that a maximum throughput of 1 can be achieved, as compared to a maximum of 0.63 for protocols without transmission scheduling. This high throughput performance is obtained because the transmission, reception and processing of backlog information and the transmission and reception of data packets are all done simultaneously in a pipeline operation and all destination conflicts are avoided in every slot through scheduling. The packet delay is calculated to be only one slot (due to scheduling) larger than those protocols without transmission scheduling at low traffic conditions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A network model for network management teaching (1998)

Experiences in leaching network management at undergraduate and post graduate levels of computer science courses has led to a recognition 'f ~he need 10 offer some practical experience in xupport of Ike theore~ical material of the trzdilional course. This paper describes the developnwnt of a 'model agm', which can be programmed to present mal~agemtwt data 10 a network management platjhm in formats and sequences which simulate a range of network devices and patterns of bduzviour. The paper describes the way in which such a model agenr can be programmed, and shows, by means of an example simulated network fiwh, how ~he model agents are z{tilised in a p~actical learning environment with a student (in ~.kerole of network manager) Izm'ing to identifi ~id diagnose the 'fault' using only data obtained f?om lke model agents forming 'their' network . ..
Neural Networks Leverage Corpus-wide Information for Part-of-speech Tagging (2014)

We propose a neural network approach to benefit from the non-linearity of corpuswide statistics for part-of-speech (POS) tagging. We investigated several types of corpus-wide information for the words, such as word embeddings and POS tag distributions. Since these statistics are encoded as dense continuous features, it is not trivial to combine these features comparing with sparse discrete features. Our tagger is designed as a combination of a linear model for discrete features and a feed-forward neural network that captures the non-linear interactions among the continuous features. By using several recent advances in the activation functions for neural networks, the proposed method marks new state-of-the-art accuracies for English POS tagging tasks.
The Use of Immortalized Cell Lines in GPCR Screening: The Good, Bad and Ugly. (2008)

For most membrane-bound molecular targets, including G protein linked receptors (GPCRs), the optimal approach in drug discovery involves the use of cell based high throughput screening (HTS) technologies to identify compounds that modulate target activity. Most GPCRs have been cloned and can therefore be routinely expressed in immortalized cell lines. These cells can be easily and rapidly grown in unlimited quantities making them ideal for use in current HTS technologies. A significant advantage of this approach is that immortalized recombinant cells provide a homogenous background for expression of the target which greatly facilitates consistency in screening, thus allowing for a better understanding of the mechanism of action of the interacting compound or drug. Nonetheless, it is now evident that numerous disparities exist between the physiological environment of screening systems using recombinant cells and natural tissues. This has lead to a problem in the validity of the pharmacological data obtained using immortalized cells in as much as such cells do not always reflect the desired clinical efficacy and safety of the compounds under examination. This brief review discusses these issues and describes how they influence the discovery of drugs using modern HTS.
Reaction of Glyoxal with Aliphatic Alcohols Using Cationic Exchange Resins as Catalysts (1997)

The applicability of cationic exchange resins, such as Indion 130, Amberlyst-15, and Amberlite IR-120, as catalysts was evaluated for the reactions of glyoxal with different aliphatic alcohols to give mono- and diacetals. The alcohols studied in the present work were methanol, n-butanol, isoamyl alcohol, and 2-ethylhexanol. In all cases, the presence of water in the reaction mixture was found to have a strong impact on the equilibrium conversion and the reaction kinetics. The removal of water results in a significant enhancement in the conversion levels. Reaction parameters such as mole ratio of reactants, temperature, and catalyst loading were studied to maximize the selectivity towards the industrially more important product, i.e., monoacetals of glyoxal. Experimental data for the batch reactions of methanol are very well explained by a simple pseudohomogeneous model. A simplified lumped parameter model, consisting of four parameters, based on the Langmuir−Hinshelwood−Hougen−Watson mechanism, has been proposed for the reactions of glyoxal with less reactive alcohols (n-butanol, isoamyl alcohol, and 2-ethylhexanol), as the effect of water concentration on the kinetics of these reactions cannot be explained by a pseudohomogeneous model.
A categorized bibliography on incremental computation (1993)

In many kinds of emnputatiomd contexts, modifications of the input data are to be processed at once so as to have immediate effect on the output. Because small changes in the input to a computation often cause only small changes in the outpu~ the challenge is to compute the new output incrementally by updating parts of the old outpu~ rather than by recomputing the entire output from scratch (as a “batch computation”)