gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The suppression of fluorescence peaks in energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (2014)

A novel method to separate diffraction and fluorescence peaks in energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) is described. By tuning the excitation energy of an X-ray tube source to just below an elemental absorption edge, the corresponding fluorescence peaks of that element are completely suppressed in the resulting spectrum. Since Bremsstrahlung photons are present in the source spectrum up to the excitation energy, any diffraction peaks that lie at similar energies to the suppressed fluorescence peaks are uncovered. This technique is an alternative to the more usual method in EDXRD of altering the scattering angle in order to shift the energies of the diffraction peaks. However, in the back-reflection EDXRD technique [Hansford (2011). J. Appl. Cryst. 44 , 514–525] changing the scattering angle would lose the unique property of insensitivity to sample morphology and is therefore an unattractive option. The use of fluorescence suppression to reveal diffraction peaks is demonstrated experimentally by suppressing the Ca K fluorescence peaks in the back-reflection EDXRD spectra of several limestones and dolomites. Three substantial benefits are derived: uncovering of diffraction peak(s) that are otherwise obscured by fluorescence; suppression of the Ca K escape peaks; and an increase in the signal-to-background ratio. The improvement in the quality of the EDXRD spectrum allows the identification of a secondary mineral in the samples, where present. The results for a pressed-powder pellet of the geological standard JDo-1 (dolomite) show the presence of crystallite preferred orientation in this prepared sample. Preferred orientation is absent in several unprepared limestone and dolomite rock specimens, illustrating an advantage of the observation of rocks in their natural state enabled by back-reflection EDXRD.
Confirmation of Multiple Crohnʼs Disease Susceptibility Loci in a Large Dutch-Belgian Cohort (2009)

OBJECTIVES: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)—Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)—are chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders with a complex genetic background. A genomewide association scan by the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) recently identified several novel susceptibility loci. METHODS: We performed a large replication study in 2,731 Dutch and Belgian IBD patients (1,656 CD and 1,075 UC) and 1,086 controls. In total, 40 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that showed moderate or strong association in the WTCCC study, along with SNPs in the previously identified genesIL23R, ATG16L1,andNELL1,were studied. RESULTS: We confirmed the associations withIL23R(rs11209026,P= 2.69E-12),ATG16L1(rs2241880,P=4.82E-07),IRGM(rs4958847,P= 2.26E-05),NKX2-3(rs10883365,P= 5.91E-06), 1q24 (rs12035082,P=1.51E-05), 5p13 (rs17234657,P= 2.62E-05), and 10q21 (rs10761659,P=8.95E-04). We also identified associations with cyclin Y (CCNY; rs3936503,P=2.09 E-04) and Hect domain and RCC1-like domain 2 (HERC2; rs916977,P= 1.12E-04). Pooling our data with the original WTCCC data substantiated these associations. Several SNPs were also moderately associated with UC. Two genetic risk profiles based on the number of risk alleles and based on a weighted score were created. On the basis of these results, we calculated sensitivities, specificities, positive and negative predictive values, and likelihood ratios for CD. CONCLUSIONS: We replicated genetic associations for CD withIL23R, ATG16L1, IRGM, NKX2-3,1q24, 10q21, 5p13, andPTPN2and report evidence for associations withHERC2andCCNY.Pooling our data with the results of the WTCCC strengthened the results, suggesting genuine genetic associations. We show that a genetic risk profile can be constructed that is clinically useful and that can aid in making treatment decisions.
A gene deletion that up-regulates viral gene expression yields an attenuated RSV vaccine with improved antibody responses in children (2015)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral cause of severe pediatric respiratory illness, and a safe and effective vaccine for use in infancy and early childhood is needed. We previously showed that deletion of the coding sequence for the viral M2-2 protein (ΔM2-2) down-regulated viral RNA replication and up-regulated gene transcription and antigen synthesis, raising the possibility of development of an attenuated vaccine with enhanced immunogenicity. RSV MEDI ΔM2-2 was therefore evaluated as a live intranasal vaccine in adults, RSV-seropositive children, and RSV-seronegative children. When results in RSV-seronegative children were compared to those achieved with the previous leading live attenuated RSV candidate vaccine, vaccine virus shedding was significantly more restricted, yet the postvaccination RSV-neutralizing serum antibody achieved [geometric mean titer (GMT) = 1:97] was significantly greater. Surveillance during the subsequent RSV season showed that several seronegative RSV MEDI ΔM2-2 recipients had substantial antibody rises without reported illness, suggesting that the vaccine was protective yet primed for anamnestic responses to RSV. Rational design appears to have yielded a candidate RSV vaccine that is intrinsically superior at eliciting protective antibody in RSV-naïve children and highlights an approach for the development of live attenuated RSV vaccines.
<title>Recent advances in III-nitride materials, characterization and device applications</title> (1997)

High-quality AlN, GaN, AlGaN have been grown on sapphire substrate by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (LP-MOCVD). The x-ray rocking curve of AlN and GaN were 100 arcsecs and 30 arcsecs respectively with Pendelloesung oscillations, which are the best reported to date. GaN with high crystallinity simultaneously exhibited high optical and electrical quality. Photoluminescence linewidth of GaN at 77K was as low as 17 meV, which is the best reported to date. Si-doped GaN had a mobility higher than 300 cm<SUP>2</SUP>/V.s. GaN has been also successfully grown on LiGaO<SUB>2</SUB> substrate with LP-MOCVD for the first time. AlGaN for the entire composition range has been grown. These layers exhibited the lowest x-ray FWHM reported to date. The excellent optical quality of these layers have been characterized by room temperature UV transmission and photoluminescence. N-type doping of AlGaN with Si has ben achieved up to 60 percent Al with mobility as high as 78 cm<SUP>2</SUP>/V.s. Al<SUB>x</SUB>Ga<SUB>1-x</SUB>N/Al<SUB>y</SUB>Ga<SUB>1-y</SUB>N superlattice with atomically sharp interface have been demonstrated. Optically-pumped stimulated emission in GaN:Ge and GaN:Si has been observed with threshold optical power density as low as 0.4 MW/cm<SUP>2</SUP>. AlGaN photoconductors with cut-off wavelengths from 200 nm to 365 nm have been achieved for the first time. GaN p-n junction photovoltaic detector with very selective photoresponse have been demonstrated and theoretically modeled. Ti/AlN/Si metal-insulator- semiconductor capacitor with high capacitance-voltage performances at both low and high frequencies and low interface trap level density have been demonstrated for the first time in this material system.
Novel globoside‐like oligosaccharide expression patterns in nontypeable <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> lipopolysaccharide (2007)

We report the novel pattern of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) expressed by two disease-associated nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae strains, 1268 and 1200. The strains express the common structural motifs of H. influenzae; globotetraose [beta-d-GalpNAc-(1-->3)-alpha-d-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-d-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-d-Glcp] and its truncated versions globoside [alpha-d-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-d-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-d-Glcp] and lactose [beta-d-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-d-Glcp] linked to the terminal heptose (HepIII) and the corresponding structures with an alpha-d-Glcp as the reducing sugar linked to the middle heptose (HepII) in the same LPS molecule. Previously these motifs had been found linked only to either the proximal heptose (HepI) or HepIII of the triheptosyl inner-core moiety l-alpha-d-Hepp-(1-->2)-[PEtn-->6]-l-alpha-d-Hepp-(1-->3)-l-alpha-d-Hepp-(1-->5)-[PPEtn-->4]-alpha-Kdo-(2-->6)-lipid A. This novel finding was obtained by structural studies of LPS using NMR techniques and ESI-MS on O-deacylated LPS and core oligosaccharide material, as well as electrospray ionization-multiple-step tandem mass spectrometry on permethylated dephosphorylated oligosaccharide material. A lpsA mutant of strain 1268 expressed LPS of reduced complexity that facilitated unambiguous structural determination. Using capillary electrophoresis-ESI-MS/MS we identified sialylated glycoforms that included sialyllactose as an extension from HepII, this is a further novel finding for H. influenzae LPS. In addition, each LPS was found to carry phosphocholine and O-linked glycine. Nontypeable H. influenzae strain 1200 expressed identical LPS structures to 1268 with the difference that strain 1200 LPS had acetates substituting HepIII, whereas strain 1268 LPS has glycine at the same position.
Efficient Operation of Air-Side Economizer Using Extremum Seeking Control (2010)

As the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems accounts for a major sector of energy consumption for commercial buildings, there has been a greater demand for improving the efficiency of such systems. The air-side economizers have been developed as a class of energy-saving HVAC devices that may increase the energy efficiency by taking advantage of outdoor air during cool or cold weather. However, many economizers do not operate in the expected manner and waste even more energy than before installation, mostly due to the unreliable sensors and actuators in practice. Better control strategy is needed for optimal and robust operation. In this paper, an extremum-seeking control (ESC) based self-optimizing strategy is proposed to minimize the energy consumption, with the feedback of chilled water supply command rather than the temperature and humidity measurements. The mechanical cooling load is minimized by seeking the optimal outdoor air damper opening in real time. Such scheme does not need temperature and humidity sensors, and depends much less on the knowledge of the economizer model. Simulation was performed on a MODELICA based transient model of a single-duct air-handling unit developed with DYMOLA and AIRCONDITIONING LIBRARY. The simulation results demonstrated the potential of using ESC to achieve the minimal mechanical cooling load in a self-optimizing manner. In addition, an antiwindup ESC scheme is proposed to handle the ESC windup issue due to actuator (damper) saturation. The simulation results validated the effectiveness of the proposed antiwindup ESC.
Detection of seizures in intracranial EEG: UPenn and Mayo Clinic's Seizure Detection Challenge (2015)

A system for detection of seizures in intracranial EEG is presented that is based on a combination of generative, discriminative and hybrid approaches. We present a methodology to effectively benefit from the advantages each classifier offers. In particular, Gaussian mixture models, Support Vector Machines, hybrid likelihood ratio and Gaussian supervector approaches are developed and combined for the task. This system participated in the UPenn and Mayo Clinic's Seizure Detection Challenge, ranking in the top 5 of over 200 participants. The drawbacks of the proposed method with respect to the winning solutions are critically assessed.
FeMn Exchange Biased Storage Layer for Thermally Assisted MRAM (2010)

Thermally assisted MRAM cells with FeMn exchange biased storage layers were successfully written using 50 ns current pulses with write power densities below 10 mW/¿m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and current densities below 1.3 ×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . These low power density values were achieved without using thermal barriers to confine the heat in the cell. Introducing thermal barriers would even further lower the write power density by increasing the heating efficiency. The storage layer coercivity increased upon anneal at 340 C. This could be related to manganese diffusion or to a texture incompatibility between the CoFe and the FeMn antiferromagnetic layer, a problem which can be fixed by insertion of appropriate diffusion barrier or texture control layer. Successful writing was observed for repeated write attempts with heating pulse power densities in the 7-12.5 mW/¿m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> range.
“Bacillus thuringiensis var. san diego” Stamm M‐7 ist identisch mit dem zuvor in Deutschland isolierten käferwirksamen B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis Stamm BI 256‐82 (1987)

Abstract “Bacillus thuringiensis var. san diego” strain M‐7 is identical to the formerly in Germany isolated strain BI 256‐82, B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis, which is pathogenic to coleopteran insects Comparative studies on two strains of Bacillus thuringiensis that are only pathogenic for certain coleopterous insects have been conducted: BI 256‐82 isolated 1982 by K rieg et al. and M‐7 described by H errnstadt et al. 1986. Our studies include phenotypic characterisation of the vegetative cells by biochemical features, serological determination as well as inhibition by antibiotics and chemotherapeutics. Also the toxic parasporal crystals were characterised by morphology, solubility, and protein pattern. In addition, the plasmid DNA of both strains was analysed. In all diagnostic tests no differences could be detected between the two strains. The same was true with the insect pathological host range. Altogether the results clearly show that strain M‐7 is identical with the prototype BI 256‐82 formerly described by us and found to be representative for a new pathotype C and the variety tenebrionis. Thus, the claim of H errnstadt et al. that their strain M‐7 would be a “novel microorganism” and belonging to a new variety (“ san diego ”) is rejected. Furthermore, the origin of M‐7 is still obscure as the authors did not refer to its derivation or source of isolation. Zusammenfassung Zwei Stämme von Bacillus thuringiensis , die nur gegenüber bestimmten Coleopterenarten toxisch sind, wurden miteinander verglichen: der 1982 von K rieg et al. isolierte BI 256–82 und der von H errnstadt et al. (1986) beschriebene M‐7. Die vorliegende Untersuchung umfaßt eine phänotypische Charakterisierung der vegetativen Zellen durch Nachweis bestimmter biochemischer Leistungen, Bestimmung ihres Serotyps und Erstellung ihres Antibiogramms. Außerdem erfolgte eine Charakterisierung der parasporalen Toxinkristalle in bezug auf Morphologie, Löslichkeit und Proteinmuster. Darüber hinaus wurde die Plasmid‐DNS analysiert. In allen diagnostischen Tests war kein Unterschied zwischen den beiden Stämmen feststellbar. Dies gilt auch für die insektenpathologischen Wirtsbereiche. Die Ergebnisse demonstrieren somit die Identität zwischen dem Stamm M‐7 und dem von uns zuerst beschriebenen Prototyp BI 256–82, welcher sowohl repräsentativ ist für einen neuen Pathotyp C von B. thuringiensis als auch für die Subspecies tenebrionis. Der Anspruch von H errnstadt et al., daß ihr Stamm ein „novel microorganism” ist, der einer neuen Varietät („ san diego ”) angehört, wird zurückgewiesen. Auch bleibt die Herkunft des M‐7‐Stammes weiterhin ungeklärt.
XML query processing (2005)

XQuery is starting to gain significant traction as a language for querying and transforming XML data. It is used in a variety of different products. Examples to date include XML database systems, XML document repositories, XML data integation, workflow systems, and publish and subscribe systems. In addition, XPath of which XQuery is a superset is used in various products such as Web browsers. Although the W3C XQuery specification has not yet attained Recommendation status, and the definition of the language has not entirely stabilized, a number of alternative proposals to implement and optimize XQuery have appeared both in industry and in the research community. Given the wide range of applications for which XQuery is applicable, a wide spectrum of alternative techniques have been proposed for XQuery processing. Some of these techniques are only useful for certain applications, other techniques are general-purpose. The goal of this seminar is to give an overview of the existing approaches to process XQuery expressions and to give details of the most important techniques. The presenters have experience from designing and building an industrial-strength XQuery engine [1]. The seminar will give details of that XQuery engine, but the seminar will also give extensive coverage of other XQuery engines and of the state of the art in the research community. The agenda for the seminar is as follows: (1) Introduction to XQuery: Motivation, XQuery data model, XQuery type system, Basic query language concepts; (2) Internal Representation of XML Data: DOM, SAX Events, TokenStream, Skeleton, Vertical Partitioning; (3) XQuery Algebras: XQuery Core vs. Relational Algebra, XQuery Algebras from Research Projects; (4) XPath Query Processing: Transducers, Automata, etc.; (5) XQuery Optimization: XML query equivalence, Rewrite Rules, Cost Models; (6) XQuery Runtime Systems: Iterator Models, Algorithms for XQuery Operators; (7) XML Indexes: Value and path indexes, others; (8) XQuery Products and Prototypes: XQRL/BEA, Galax, Saxon, etc. (as available); (9) Advanced Query Processing Techniques, Related Topics: Querying compressed XML data, Multi-Query Optimization, Publish/Subscribe and XML Information Filter, XML Data Integration, XML Updates, XML integrity constraints; (10) Summary.
Heavy Ion Source Support Gas Mixing Experiments (1977)

Experiments on mixing an easily ionized support gas with the primary ion source gas have produced large beam enhancements for high charge state light ions (masses ≤ 20). In the Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron (ORIC), the beam increase has been a factor of 5 or greater, depending on ion species and charge state. Approximately 0.1 cc/min of the easily ionized support gas (argon, krypton, or xenon) is supplied to the ion source through a separate gas line and the primary gas flow is reduced by ≃ 30%. The proposed mechanism for increased intensity is as follows: The heavier support gas ionizes readily to a higher charge state, providing increased cathode heating. The increased heating permits a reduction in primary gas flow (lower pressure) and the subsequent beam increase.
Retinyl ethers as cancer chemopreventive agents. Suppression of mammary cancer. (1997)

It had been demonstrated previously that retinyl methyl ether (RME) can suppress carcinogen-induced mammary cancers in vivo. It had also been shown that RME is demethylated enzymatically to retinol and produces the toxic effects of retinol; however, a rationale was developed for further investigations of retinyl ethers and was the basis for the synthesis and biological evaluations of new retinyl ethers for the chemoprevention of mammary cancer, reported herein. Two of the new retinyl ethers, retinyl 3-methyl-2-butenyl ether (RMBE) and retinyl 2-propynyl ether (RPE), were evaluated for the suppression of mammary cancers in vivo. RMBE, RPE, RME, the 2,3,6-trimethyl-4-methoxyphenyl analogue of RME, and retinyl acetate (a positive control) were incorporated individually into the feed of rats that had been injected with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea to induce mammary cancers. Ninety-day tests of these compounds for suppression of mammary cancer showed that RPE has significant cancer chemopreventive activity, comparable to that of retinyl acetate in simultaneous tests. RMBE demonstrated borderline activity. Both RPE and RMBE were less toxic than retinyl acetate or RME and, in contrast to the other retinoids, did not cause accumulation of large amounts of retinyl palmitate in the liver. Further investigations of RPE showed that it accumulated in mammary tissue after a single oral dose was administered to female rats, reached maximum concentrations within 24 h, and was still present at 75-80% of maximum concentrations after 72 h. In ethanol at 25 degrees C, RPE slowly underwent intramolecular cyclization; small amounts of the cyclized product also appeared in mammary tissue of rats dosed with RPE. During the mammary cancer bioassay, however, RPE was essentially stable in the feed. Some of the new retinyl ethers, as well as RME, bind to cellular retinol-binding protein.
Touch‐ and Brush‐Spinning of Nanofibers (2015)

Robust, simple, and scalable touch- and brush-spinning methods for the drawing of nanofibers, core-shell nanofibers, and their aligned 2D and 3D meshes using polymer solutions and melts are discussed.
A distributed predictive cache for high performance computer systems (1995)

The execution time of programs that have large working sets is substantially increased by the overhead of retrieving data from the memory system. Even when a first level cache is integrated with the CPU, the memory overhead may increase the total execution time by 50-300%. In this dissertation we present a cost effective memory system that uses a novel address predictor to reduce the latency and a distributed second level cache to increase the bandwidth of the memory system.
We have studied the inter-arrival times of requests to main memory as well as the memory address request patterns for a workload of large scale programs. From this study we observed that the CPU address request patterns to main memory repeat during program execution. We propose a 1st order Markov model to abstract the CPU memory address request behavior. The model is used to build a dynamic hardware based address predictor, i.e., 1st order Memory Address Predictor (MAP), to predict the next CPU request. The 1st order MAP is comprised of a Prediction Table that stores an approximation of the state transition matrix of the model, a learning and self-correcting unit that refines the contents of the Prediction Table by tracking the CPU behavior and a Prefetch Unit that uses the Prediction Table to predict CPU requests. The 1st order MAP is designed to predict regular memory access patterns such as those generated by matrix programs as well as much more complicated address request patterns like those generated by linked-list based programs.
To facilitate the transfer of large blocks of data from the slow main DRAM memory to the fast second level (L2) cache, the L2 cache is integrated into the DRAM array to form a distributed cache. The resulting large bandwidth between the DRAM array and the L2 cache is utilized by the 1st order MAP to move large blocks of data between the DRAM array and the L2 cache, concurrent with CPU execution.
We present two practical architectures, i.e., Cached DRAM & MAP and Enhanced DRAM & MAP, using our methodology to build high performance memory systems. Both systems are designed around commercially available memory ICs. Accurate event-driven simulation of the memory systems show that the Enhanced DRAM & MAP scheme has an average memory overhead of 8%, which is a 71% reduction when compared to a conventional 256K byte L2 cache. In addition, the Enhanced DRAM & MAP needs a total of 160k bytes of SRAM which is 38% less than the 256K bytes needed for the conventional L2 caches.
Experimental Study of the Depolymerization of Starch under the Combined Action of Protons and Gamma Radiation (1980)

Abstract Depolymerization of starch under the combined action of protons and gamma radiation ( 60 Co) is studied by means of investigating the variations of intrinsic viscosity and the rate of water‐soluble products. Experimental results corroborate the theoretical laws proposed in an earlier paper. The utilization field and the limits of this theory were studied and the industrial applications in the field of dextrinification are discussed.