gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scanning heterodyne optical interferometers (1996)

Compact, high performance, scanning heterodyne optical interferometers are introduced for interferometric phase-based measurement applications. The novel, in-line, almost common-path optical interferometer design offers robustness to externally induced phase noise via mechanical vibrations, thermal effects, and other environmental effects. Novel instrument designs are introduced for both transmissive and reflective interferometry. These instruments use acousto-optic devices or Bragg cells to implement rapid (e.g., &lt;50 μs/scan spot) optical scanning of the test medium. Although the read optical beam scans a given test region, the double Bragg diffraction optical design of the instrument makes the final interfering output beams stationary on the two high speed photodetectors used for radio frequency signal generation via heterodyne detection. One photodetector acts as the fixed phase reference, while the other fixed photodetector picks up the test medium phase information as the optical beam scans the test region. The transmissive design instrument is built in the laboratory using flint glass Bragg cells. A typical 120 MHz heterodyne detected signal output had a carrier-to-noise ratio of 108.9 dBc/Hz measured at a +160 kHz offset using a spectrum analyzer resolution bandwidth of 30 kHz. The corresponding single-sideband phase noise was estimated at −101.57 dBc/Hz at 160 kHz offset. The measured instrument radio frequency dynamic range was ∼60 dB or an equivalent of 30 dB optical dynamic range, with a 1/1000 of a fringe cycle phase measurement accuracy. Test medium optical phase mapping was successfully tested with the instrument using a large area, 6 μm thick, birefringent-mode nematic liquid crystal cell. Our instrument allows the use of high continuous wave or peak power, broad spectral linewidth, coherent light sources. The instrument can have a high 50% optical power efficiency. High speed two-dimensional optical scanning of a test medium is possible with our instrument by using a fixed one-dimensional output high speed detector array, or via the use of high speed nonmechanical electro-optic deflectors.
Rational Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Characterization of Novel Ghrelin Receptor Inverse Agonists as Potential Treatment against Obesity-Related Metabolic Diseases (2018)

A new chemotype of ghrelin inverse agonists was discovered through chimeric design based on molecular scaffolds known as growth-hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) modulators but with divergent pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. The structure-activities/properties exploration led to compound 47, which displayed potent human GHSR antagonism and inverse agonism in cellular assays (IC<sub>50</sub> = 68 nM, EC<sub>50</sub> = 29 nM), moderate oral bioavailability, and notable brain penetration in rat ( F = 27%, B/ P ratio = 1.9). First in vivo studies demonstrated effective reduction of food intake after oral or parenteral administration to mouse (78% at 1 h and 38% at 8 h, respectively). Further preclinical studies are needed to evaluate the most suited mode of administration with the aim of promoting a first central-acting ghrelin inverse agonist molecule to development, which would represent a significant step toward therapeutic agents to treat metabolic disorders related to obesity, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus.
A study of gas chemistry during hot-filament vapor deposition of diamond films using methane/hydrogen and acetylene/hydrogen gas mixtures (1990)

The composition of the reaction gases in a hot-filament reactor for chemical vapor deposition of diamond films was analyzed using a gas chromatograph coupled with a quartz microprobe. Concentrations of several hydrocarbons were determined as functions of filament temperature (FT) and the position of the probe relative to the filament for two feed gases, methane/hydrogen and acetylene/hydrogen. The diamond growth rate was measured as a function of FT in both feed gases. The major chemical process in these reaction systems is found to be conversion between methane and acetylene with ethane and ethylene as reaction intermediates. For FT≤1800 °C, the chemical reactivity is low, and no diamond deposition is observed. For FT≥1900 °C, nearly identical chemical composition near the filament is obtained from both feed gases (indicating possible attainment of thermodynamic equilibrium in the gas mixtures), and the measured diamond growth rates are similar. A substantial depletion of carbon in the reaction gases near the filament is observed and is shown to be due to thermal diffusion. Downstream of the filament, a nonequilibrium state is observed, possibly caused by slow methane/acetylene conversion and/or fast diffusion. The trend of the diamond growth rate, which increases with increasing FT from 1900 to 2200 °C, correlates well with the concentration profile of acetylene but not that of methane.
Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Anti–RNA polymerase III antibody: Analytical accuracy and clinical associations in systemic sclerosis (2005)

The anti-RNAP III ELISA is analytically accurate and clinically specific. With this assay, testing for anti-RNAP III antibody can be made routinely available.
Optical proximity correction using holographic imaging technique (2014)

In this work, the preliminary results of the holographic imaging technique (HIT) as a resolution enhancement technique (RET) hybrid inverse lithography technique (ILT) optical proximity correction mask correction is presented. The proposed technique is based on the illumination system and free space propagation of the mask. First, an in-line hologram (Gabor hologram) is generated by computing the target pattern diffraction pattern. Second, the computed hologram is synthesized as pattern contours to form a mask for a conventional optical system. In this study, a simple HIT corrected mask is validated with compact lithographic exposure system mathematical model for demonstrating the preliminary validity of the proposed method. Future plans to validate HIT for the most aggressive process nodes are proposed. The proposed technique has not been exercised against conventional ILT or other RET techniques, and does not contain analysis of resolution improvement achievable with those techniques.
Non-invasive estimation of pressure changes along a streamline using vector velocity ultrasound (2015)

A non-invasive method for estimating pressure changes along a streamline using ultrasound is presented. The suggested method estimates pressure gradients from 2-D vector velocity fields. Changes in pressure are derived using a model based on the Navier-Stokes equations. Scans of a carotid bifurcation phantom with a 70% constriction are performed using a linear array transducer connected to the experimental scanner, SARUS. 2-D fields of angle-independent vector velocities are acquired to a depth of 3 cm using directional synthetic aperture vector flow imaging. The performance of the suggested estimator is evaluated by comparing its results to a 3-D numerical simulation model. The study showed pressure drops across the constricted phantom varying from −5 Pa to 7 Pa with a standard deviation of 4%. The proposed method had a normalised root-mean-square error of 10% in reference to the simulation model. Further, an in-vivo scan of the carotid bifurcation is made to show the feasibility of the technique in a less experimental environment.
Distributed dynamic partitioning based diagnosis of scan chain (2013)

Diagnosis memory footprint for large designs is growing as design sizes grow such that the diagnosis throughput for given computational resources becomes a bottleneck in volume diagnosis. In this paper, we propose a scan chain diagnosis flow based on dynamic design partitioning and distributed diagnosis architecture that can improve the diagnosis throughput over one order of magnitude.
An Innovative Geostatistical Approach to Build Geologically Realistic Reservoir Models – the MPS/FDM Workflow (2005)

Building geologically realistic reservoir models that honor well data and seismic-derived information remains a major challenge for Geostatisticians. Conventional variogram-based modelling techniques typically fail to capture complex geological structures while objectbased techniques are severely limited by the amount of conditioning data. This talk presents new reservoir facies modelling tools developed at ChevronTexaco in collaboration with Stanford University that improve both model quality and efficiency relative to traditional geostatistical techniques.
A comparative study of<i>Edwardsiella ictaluri</i>parent (EILO) and<i>E. ictaluri</i>rifampicin‐mutant (RE‐33) isolates using lipopolysaccharides, outer membrane proteins, fatty acids, Biolog, API 20E and genomic analyses (2003)

The biological properties of Edwardsiella ictaluri RE-33 rifampicin-mutant and its parent strain EILO were analysed. RE-33 is an avirulent isolate used as a modified live vaccine against enteric septicaemia of catfish. Electrophoretic analysis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) patterns showed high homology between both isolates. Further characterization of LPS by immunoblotting revealed the main differences in LPS composition. The RE-33 isolate lacks the high molecular weight bands of LPS (HMW-LPS). Outer membrane protein analysis also showed some immunological differences between RE-33 and the EILO parent strain. Only two fingerprinting techniques, fatty acid composition analysis and Biolog phenotypic profiles, were able to discriminate between both isolates.
Synergistic Enhancement of Cancer Therapy Using A Combination of Carbon Nanotubes and Anti-Tumor Drug (2009)

We believe this finding could lead to the development of new cancer therapies by carefully selecting the cytostatic drugs and nanostructural materials that, in combination, may provide synergistic curative rates.
Anticipating epileptic seizures in real time by a non-linear analysis of similarity between EEG recordings (1999)

In a previous publication we showed that non-linear analysis can extract spatio-temporal changes of brain electrical activity prior to epileptic seizures. Here we describe a new method to analyze this long-term non-stationarity in the EEG by a measure of dynamical similarity between different parts of the time series. We apply this method to the study of a group of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy recorded intracranially during transitions to seizure. We show that the method, which can be implemented on a personal computer, can track in real time spatio-temporal changes in brain dynamics several minutes prior to seizure.
One-Step Generation of Salt-Responsive Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules via Surfactant-Organized Nanoscale Interfacial Complexation in Emulsions (SO NICE) (2017)

Polyelectrolyte microcapsules are versatile compartments for encapsulation, protection, and controlled/triggered release of active agents. Conventional methods of polyelectrolyte microcapsule preparation require multiple steps or do not allow for efficient encapsulation of active agents in the lumen of the microcapsule. In this work, we present the fabrication of hollow polyelectrolyte microcapsules with a salt-responsive property based on surfactant organized nanoscale interfacial complexation in emulsions (SO NICE). In SO NICE, polyelectrolyte microcapsules are templated by water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions. One polyelectrolyte is dissolved in the inner water droplet of the W/O/W double emulsions, whereas the second polyelectrolyte is dissolved in the organic phase by hydrophobic ion paring with an oppositely charged hydrophobic surfactant. Interfacial complexation of the two polyelectrolytes generates a few hundred-nanometer thick film at the inner water-oil interface of the W/O/W double emulsions. SO NICE microcapsules can be triggered to release their cargo by increasing the ionic strength of the solution, which is a hallmark of polyelectrolyte-based microcapsules. By enabling dissolution and interfacial complexation of polyelectrolytes in organic solvents, SO NICE widens the pallet of polymers that can be used to generate functional polyelectrolyte microcapsules with high encapsulation efficiency for applications in encapsulation and controlled/triggered release.
Analysis-by-synthesis method for determining optimal excitation for natural-sounding LPC speech synthesis (1981)

LPC speech synthesis uses two separate excitation signals—a delta-function pulse once every pitch period for voiced speech and white noise for unvoiced speech. This way of representing excitation requires that speech segments be classified accurately into voiced and unvoiced categories and the pitch period of voiced segments be known. It is now well recognized that such a rigid idealization of the excitation is often responsible for the unnatural quality associated with synthesized speech. We find that a more flexible representation of the excitation is necessary for producing natural-sounding speech. This paper presents an analysis-by-synthesis procedure for determining the optimal excitation for LPC synthesis (at different bit rates) without requiring prior knowledge of either the voiced-unvoiced classification or the pitch period. The excitation is found by minimizing the perceptual difference between waveforms of the original and the synthetic speech signals using a noniterative procedure. The perceptual difference metric takes account of the finite frequency resolution and the masking properties of the human hearing mechanism.
Separation of macrovascular signal in multi‐inversion time arterial spin labelling MRI (2010)

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) provides a noninvasive method to measure brain perfusion and is becoming an increasingly viable alternative to more invasive MR methods due to improvements in acquisition, such as the use of a three-dimensional GRASE readout. A potential source of error in ASL measurements is signal arising from intravascular blood that is destined for more distal tissue. This is typically suppressed using diffusion gradients in many ASL sequences. However, several problems exist with this approach, such as the choice of cutoff velocity and gradient direction and incompatibility with certain readout modules. An alternative approach is to explicitly model the intravascular signal. This study exploits this approach by using multi-inversion time ASL data with a recently developed model-fitting method. The method employed permits the intravascular contribution to be discarded in voxels where there is no support in the data for its inclusion, thereby addressing the issue of overfitting. It is shown by comparing data with and without flow suppression, and by comparing the intravascular contribution in GRASE ASL data to MR angiographic images, that the model-fitting approach can provide a viable alternative to flow suppression in ASL where suppression is either not feasible or not desirable.
Cloning, Expression, and Functional Characterization of TL1A-Ig (2013)

TNF superfamily member 15 (TL1A) is the ligand for TNFR superfamily (TNFRSF)25. We previously reported that TNFRSF25 stimulation with an agonist Ab, 4C12, expands pre-existing CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vivo. To determine how the physiological ligand differs from the Ab, we generated a soluble mouse TL1A-Ig fusion protein that forms a dimer of TL1A trimers in solution with an apparent molecular mass of 516 kDa. In vitro, TL1A-Ig mediated rapid proliferation of Foxp3(+) Tregs and a population of CD4(+)Foxp3(-) conventional T cells. TL1A-Ig also blocked de novo biogenesis of inducible Tregs and it attenuated the suppressive function of Tregs. TNFRSF25 stimulation by TL1A-Ig in vivo induced expansion of Tregs such that they increased to 30-35% of all CD4(+) T cells in the peripheral blood within 5 d of treatment. Treg proliferation in vivo was dependent on TCR engagement with MHC class II. Elevated Treg levels can be maintained for at least 20 d with daily injections of TL1A-Ig. TL1A-Ig-expanded Tregs expressed high levels of activation/memory markers KLRG1 and CD103 and were highly suppressive ex vivo. TL1A-Ig-mediated Treg expansion in vivo was protective against allergic lung inflammation, a mouse model for asthma, by reversing the ratio of conventional T cells to Tregs in the lung and blocking eosinophil exudation into the bronchoalveolar fluid. Thus, TL1A-Ig fusion proteins are highly active and tightly controllable agents to stimulate Treg proliferation in vivo, and they are uniquely able to maintain high levels of expanded Tregs by repeated administration.
A Computational Workbench for Remote Full Field 2D Displacement and Strain Measurements (2009)

The present paper reports on the progress towards the development of a computational workbench infrastructure that implements the Mesh Free Random Grid Method (MFRGM) for the remote (non contact) measurement of displacement and strain fields. The method is applicable to structures bounded by flat surfaces that deform under various mechanical and generalized loading conditions. A brief description of MFRGM is followed by the description of the current prototype of a software workbench developed for the computational implementation of the algorithms involved with the analysis display and export of the experimental results associated with any specific applications of the method. Displacement validation as well as two examples of its usage are also presented.
The Effect of Tissue Inhomogeneities on the Accuracy of Proton Path Reconstruction for Proton Computed Tomography (2009)

Maintaining a high degree of spatial resolution in proton computed tomography (pCT) is a challenge due to the statistical nature of the proton path through the object. Recent work has focused on the formulation of the most likely path (MLP) of protons through a homogeneous water object and the accuracy of this approach has been tested experimentally with a homogeneous PMMA phantom. Inhomogeneities inside the phantom, consisting of, for example, air and bone will lead to unavoidable inaccuracies of this approach. The purpose of this ongoing work is to characterize systematic errors that are introduced by regions of bone and air density and how this affects the accuracy of proton CT in surrounding voxels both in terms of spatial and density reconstruction accuracy. Phantoms containing tissue‐equivalent inhomogeneities have been designed and proton transport through them has been simulated with the GEANT 4.9.0 Monte Carlo tool kit. Various iterative reconstruction techniques, including the classical fully sequential algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) and block‐iterative techniques, are currently being tested, and we will select the most accurate method for this study.
Analytical model of light reflectance for extraction of the optical properties in small volumes of turbid media (2007)

Monte Carlo simulations and experiments in tissue phantoms were used to empirically develop an analytical model that characterizes the reflectance spectrum in a turbid medium. The model extracts the optical properties (scattering and absorption coefficients) of the medium at small source-detector separations, for which the diffusion approximation is not valid. The accuracy of the model and the inversion algorithm were investigated and validated. Four fiber probe configurations were tested for which both the source and the detector fibers were tilted at a predetermined angle, with the fibers parallel to each other. This parallel-fiber geometry facilitates clinical endoscopic applications and ease of fabrication. Accurate extraction of tissue optical properties from in vivo spectral measurements could have potential applications in detecting, noninvasively and in real time, epithelial (pre)cancers.
Demonstration of a desk-top size high repetition rate soft x-ray laser (2005)

We have demonstrated a new type of high repetition rate 46.9 nm capillary discharge laser that fits on top of a small desk and that it does not require a Marx generator for its excitation. The relatively low voltage required for its operation allows a reduction of nearly one order of magnitude in the size of the pulsed power unit relative to previous capillary discharge lasers. Laser pulses with an energy of ~ 13 microJ are generated at repetition rates up to 12 Hz. About (2-3) x 10 4 laser shots can be generated with a single capillary. This new type of portable laser is an easily accessible source of intense short wavelength laser light for applications.
Near-Infrared Autofluorescence Image-Guided Parathyroid Gland Mapping in Thyroidectomy (2017)

Parathyroid gland mapping using our NIR-IR imaging technique was feasible, with an excellent accuracy rate. This technique may be helpful for early identification of parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy.
Interactions and inhibition of blood coagulation factor Va involving residues 311–325 of activated protein C (1993)

Activated protein C (APC) exerts its physiologic anticoagulant role by proteolytic inactivation of the blood coagulation cofactors Va and VIIIa. The synthetic peptide-(311-325) (KRNRTFVLNFIKIPV), derived from the heavy chain sequence of APC, potently inhibited APC anticoagulant activity in activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and Xa-1-stage coagulation assays in normal and in protein S-depleted plasma with 50% inhibition at 13 microM peptide. In a system using purified clotting factors, peptide-(311-325) inhibited APC-catalyzed inactivation of factor Va in the presence or absence of phospholipids with 50% inhibition at 6 microM peptide. However, peptide-(311-325) had no effect on APC amidolytic activity or on the reaction of APC with the serpin, recombinant [Arg358]alpha 1-antitrypsin. Peptide-(311-325) surprisingly inhibited factor Xa clotting activity in normal plasma, and in a purified system it inhibited prothrombinase activity in the presence but not in the absence of factor Va with 50% inhibition at 8 microM peptide. The peptide had no significant effect on factor Xa or thrombin amidolytic activity and no effect on the clotting of purified fibrinogen by thrombin, suggesting it does not directly inhibit these enzymes. Factor Va bound in a dose-dependent manner to immobilized peptide-(311-325). Peptide-(311-315) inhibited the binding of factor Va to immobilized APC or factor Xa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
AlGaN-GaN HEMTs and HBTs for microwave power (2002)

Summary form only given. The AlGaN-GaN based material system offers the three most important materials properties required for efficient microwave power generation: very high breakdown electric field (/spl sim/2 MV/cm), high electron mobility and velocity (/spl mu//sub c//spl sim/1000 cm/sup 2//spl middot/V/sup -1/s/sup -1/ and v/sub s//spl sim/2/spl times/10/sup 7/ cm/spl middot/s/sup -1/ in bulk materials) and heterojunction technology to optimize device design. This has led to the rapid development of AlGaN-GaN HEMTs, grown heteroepitaxially on either sapphire or SiC substrates. AlGaN-GaN HBTs also show promise for power amplifier and switching applications. Inherent strengths of the HBT structure include high current densities and low phase noise, as well as improved linearity and threshold control. The progress in HEMT DC and RF performance has been spectacular and the possibility of insertion into high power systems is a distinct possibility. The HBTs continue to have to battle problems with p-type doping and associated processing difficulties. However, sustained progress in engineering around this problem holds promise for the future.