gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
First past the Post-colonial (2008)

The author recounts his personal experiences while visiting Beijing during the Olympics and his view of the book 'The End of History' by Francis Fukuyama. The book sets forth the idea that at the end of history, there are no serious ideological competitors left to liberal democracy.
Effect of different prokinetic agents and a novel enterokinetic agent on postoperative ileus in rats (1999)

Cisapride, but not metoclopramide or erythromycin, is able to improve postoperative ileus in the rat. The results suggest that a combination of 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist and 5-HT(4) receptor agonist properties may be required to obtain a beneficial effect on surgery induced ileus in the rat. Furthermore, they indirectly indicate that stimulation of the excitatory mechanisms is not able to overcome the inhibitory influence of the neural reflex pathways activated during abdominal surgery.
Rat skeletal myoblasts and arterial smooth muscle cells express the gene for the A chain but not the gene for the B chain (c-sis) of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and produce a PDGF-like protein. (1986)

It is shown here that the myogenic cell line L6J1, primary skeletal myoblasts, and primary adult arterial smooth muscle cells express the gene for the A chain but not the gene for the B chain (c-sis) of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). It is further demonstrated that conditioned media from L6J1 cultures contain material that (i) competes with 125I-labeled PDGF for binding to human fibroblasts, (ii) is specifically precipitated by antibodies against PDGF, and (iii) has a relative molecular mass comparable to that of PDGF and, after reduction, its constituent subunit chains. The secretion of PDGF-receptor-competing activity was at a maximum in exponentially growing cultures but remained at a high level also after the cells had become confluent, stopped dividing, and fused to form multinucleate myotubes. Similarly, it was previously demonstrated that adult rat arterial smooth muscle cells in primary culture produce a mitogenic protein with immunological and structural properties similar to PDGF. In accordance with these findings, it was recently shown that secretion of PDGF-like mitogens by a number of human tumor cell lines correlates with expression of the gene for the A chain rather than the B chain of PDGF. The results suggest that production of homodimers of PDGF A chains may stimulate proliferation of skeletal myoblasts and arterial smooth muscle cells in an autocrine or paracrine manner. This could fulfill important functions during myogenesis in the embryo as well as in tissue repair and atherogenesis in the adult.
Experimental avian paramyxovirus serotype-3 infection in chickens and turkeys (2010)

Avian paramyxoviruses (APMV) are divided into nine serotypes. Newcastle disease virus (APMV-1) is the most extensively characterized, while relatively little information is available for the other APMV serotypes. In the present study, we examined the pathogenicity of two divergent strains of APMV-3, Netherlands and Wisconsin, in (i) 9-day-old embryonated chicken eggs, (ii) 1-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) chicks and turkeys, and (iii) 2-week-old SPF chickens and turkeys. The mean death time in 9-day-old embryonated chicken eggs was 112 h for APMV-3 strain Netherlands and > 168 h for strain Wisconsin. The intracerebral pathogenicity index in 1-day-old chicks for strain Netherlands was 0.39 and for strain Wisconsin was zero. Thus, both strains are lentogenic. Both the strains replicated well in brain tissue when inoculated intracerebrally in 1-day-old SPF chicks, but without causing death. Mild respiratory disease signs were observed in 1-day-old chickens and turkeys when inoculated through oculonasal route with either strain. There were no overt signs of illness in 2-weeks-old chickens and turkeys by either strain, although all the birds seroconverted after infection. The viruses were isolated predominantly from brain, lungs, spleens, trachea, pancreas and kidney. Immunohistochemistry studies also showed the presence of large amount of viral antigens in both epithelial and sub-epithelial lining of respiratory and alimentary tracts. Our result suggests systemic spread of APMV-3 even though the viral fusion glycoprotein does not contain the canonical furin proteases cleavage site. Furthermore, there was little or no disease despite systemic viral spread and abundant viral replication in all the tissues tested.
Recent Development of Aptamer Sensors for the Quantification of Aflatoxin B1 (2019)

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most frequently-found mycotoxins in contaminated food. As the content of mycotoxins is particularly low in food, the development of probes to detect AFB1 in foods with high sensitivity and selectivity is an urgent social need for the evaluation of food quality. Numerous techniques have been developed to monitor AFB1. Nevertheless, most of them require cumbersome, labor-consuming, and sophisticated instruments, which have limited their application. An aptamer is a single, short nucleic acid sequence that is capable of recognizing different targets. Owing to their unique properties, aptamers have been considered as alternatives to antibodies. Aptasensors are considered to be an emerging strategy for the quantification of aflatoxin B1 with high selectivity and sensitivity. In this review, we summarize recent developments in colormetric, electrochemical, SERS, and fluorescent aptasensors for the quantification of AFB1. Finally, the perspectives and current challenges of aptasensors for AFB1 are outlined.
Efficient Biodistribution and Gene Silencing in the Lung epithelium via Intravenous Liposomal Delivery of siRNA (2013)

RNA interference (RNAi) may provide a therapeutic solution to many pulmonary epithelium diseases. However, the main barrier to the clinical use of RNAi remains the lack of efficient delivery vectors. Research has mainly concentrated on the intranasal route of delivery of short interfering RNA (siRNA) effector molecules for the treatment of respiratory diseases. However, this may be complicated in a diseased state due to the increased fluid production and tissue remodeling. Therefore, we investigated our hydration of a freeze-dried matrix (HFDM) formulated liposomes for systemic delivery to the lung epithelium. Here, we show that 45 ± 2% of epithelial murine lung cells receive siRNA delivery upon intravenous (IV) liposomal administration. Furthermore, we demonstrate that liposomal siRNA delivery resulted in targeted gene and protein knockdown throughout the lung, including lung epithelium. Taken together, this is the first description of lung epithelial delivery via cationic liposomes, and provides a proof of concept for the use of IV liposomal RNAi delivery to specifically knockdown targeted genes in the respiratory system. This approach may provide an attractive alternate therapeutic delivery strategy for the treatment of lung epithelium diseases. RNA interference (RNAi) may provide a therapeutic solution to many pulmonary epithelium diseases. However, the main barrier to the clinical use of RNAi remains the lack of efficient delivery vectors. Research has mainly concentrated on the intranasal route of delivery of short interfering RNA (siRNA) effector molecules for the treatment of respiratory diseases. However, this may be complicated in a diseased state due to the increased fluid production and tissue remodeling. Therefore, we investigated our hydration of a freeze-dried matrix (HFDM) formulated liposomes for systemic delivery to the lung epithelium. Here, we show that 45 ± 2% of epithelial murine lung cells receive siRNA delivery upon intravenous (IV) liposomal administration. Furthermore, we demonstrate that liposomal siRNA delivery resulted in targeted gene and protein knockdown throughout the lung, including lung epithelium. Taken together, this is the first description of lung epithelial delivery via cationic liposomes, and provides a proof of concept for the use of IV liposomal RNAi delivery to specifically knockdown targeted genes in the respiratory system. This approach may provide an attractive alternate therapeutic delivery strategy for the treatment of lung epithelium diseases.
Advanced interconnect schemes towards 0.1 μm (2003)

As design rules drop below 200 nm, a variety of problems emerges such as RC delay, electromigration resistance and heat dissipation exacerbated by increasing chip power. The use of copper should solve resistivity and electromigration problems but the reliability issue with respect to an efficient diffusion barrier is a concern. Low k dielectrics allowing capacitance reduction have low thermal conductivity and thus poor heat dissipation capability. Integration of copper and low k dielectrics in a damascene architecture are under intensive study world wide. This paper gives an overview of the international state of the art to overcome critical issues of advanced interconnects.
ApproxRank: Estimating Rank for a Subgraph (2009)

Customized semantic query answering, personalized search, focused crawlers and localized search engines frequently focus on ranking the pages contained within a subgraph of the global Web graph. The challenge for these applications is to compute PageRank-style scores efficiently on the subgraph, i.e., the ranking must reflect the global link structure of the Web graph but it must do so without paying the high overhead associated with a global computation. We propose a framework of an exact solution and an approximate solution for computing ranking on a subgraph. The IdealRank algorithm is an exact solution with the assumption that the scores of external pages are known. We prove that the IdealRank scores for pages in the subgraph converge. Since the PageRank-style scores of external pages may not typically be available, we propose the ApproxRank algorithm to estimate scores for the subgraph. Both IdealRank and ApproxRank represent the set of external pages with an external node L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> and extend the subgraph with links to L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> . They also modify the PageRank-style transition matrix with respect to L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> . We analyze the L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> distance between IdealRank scores and ApproxRank scores of the subgraph and show that it is within a constant factor of the L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> distance of the external pages (e.g., the true PageRank scores and uniform scores assumed by ApproxRank). We compare ApproxRank and a stochastic complementation approach (SC), a current best solution for this problem, on different types of subgraphs. ApproxRank has similar or superior performance to SC and typically improves on the runtime performance of SC by an order of magnitude or better. We demonstrate that ApproxRank provides a good approximation to PageRank for a variety of subgraphs.
Addition of Functional Characteristics of Organic Photochromic Dye to Nano-Structures by Selective Doping on a Polymer Surface (2003)

Functional characteristics of an organic photochromic dye were added to nano-structures of a diblock copolymer by selective doping using the "vapor transportation method" with vacuum technique. The photochromic compound cis-1,2-dicyano-1,2-bis(2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thienyl)ethene (CMTE) was dispersed into polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and polycarbonate (PC) substrates, and the rates of production of CMTE-containing layers were as follows: PS > PC > PMMA. The differences in formation rate between polymer matrices can lead to selective dispersal of CMTE into the PS nano-domains of a PS-block-PMMA film with a micro phase separation structure, resulting in addition of the photochromic characteristics of CMTE to PS nano-structures of the PS-block-PMMA film.
Evaluation of Marine Sponge Metabolites for Cytotoxicity and Signal Transduction Activity (1993)

Twenty-four metabolites derived from marine sponges were evaluated for their cytotoxicities against two human tumor cell lines, non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 and colon adenocarcinoma HT-29, and against one murine leukemia cell line, P-388, and evaluated for their ability to effect signal transduction in a newly developed cell adhesion assay using an EL-4 cell line. The compounds included latrunculin A [1], batzelline A [2], chondrillin [3], aureol [4], epihippuristanol, theonellamine B, discorhabdins A and C, kabiramide C, dercitin, meridine, manzamines A, B, and C, 8,15-diisocyano-11(20)-amphilectene and the corresponding C-15 formamide, a 20-carbon acetylenic alcohol, 4,5-dihydro-6"-deoxybromotopsentin, epispongiadiol, isospongiadiol, puupehenone, reiswigin A, and demethyl- and demethyloxyaaptamine. Latrunculin A [1], batzelline A [2], chondrillin [3], and aureol [4] expressed the desired profile of a greater than five-fold level of cytotoxicity against A549 relative to P-388, and an effect in the cell adhesion assay. In this group of compounds, cytotoxicity toward A549 was equal to or more pronounced than against HT-29. Latrunculin A was evaluated in an sc-implanted human A549 lung tumor xenograft mouse model and yielded a T/C of 146%. Batzelline A was evaluated in the cancer cell line panel at the National Cancer Institute and found to express selective cytotoxicity against several melanoma cancer cell lines.
New antimultipath technique for spread spectrum receivers (1993)

The adaptive RAKE filter can be used in spread spectrum systems to combine the separate signal energies received due to multipath propagation effects. However, shorter length coding schemes are often subject to significant autocorrelation sidelobes, which when incorporated into the RAKE scheme cause further interference. A new approach to combining these signal energies is made possible using the adaptive multipath cancellation receiver and the improved RAKE filter is shown to avoid the sidelobe interference experienced with nonideal autocorrelation functions.
Induction of <i>c-fos</i> mRNA in Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex by Antipsychotic Drugs: Role of Dopamine D2 and D3 Receptors (1996)

The present studies compared the effects of acute and chronic administration of haloperidol or clozapine on c-fos mRNA expression in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Acute administration of clozapine, but not haloperidol robustly increased c-fos mRNA expression in the infralimbic and prelimbic cortex of the rat. Even though most c-fos mRNA-expressing neurons in the clozapine- treated animals were localized in deep cortical layers, labeled neurons were found organized into several cell bridges connecting the superficial and deep layers of the cortex. After chronic treatment with clozapine, c-fos mRNA was reduced by approximately 60% of that seen acutely; however, the columns of c-fos mRNA expressing neurons did not show the same magnitude of tolerance. Haloperidol had no significant effect even after chronic treatment. We examined further the role of dopamine D2 versus D3 receptors in c-fos gene induction in the infralimbic cortex by studying the acute effects of remoxipride and U-99194A. Remoxipride, a selective D2 antagonist in vitro, induced c-fos mRNA at very low doses and lost its ability to alter c-fos mRNA at higher doses. Interestingly, U-99194A, an antagonist with 20-fold selectivity for D3 over D2 receptors, also produced greater induction of c-fos mRNA at lower doses. We hypothesize that blockade of D3 receptors may enhance c-fos gene expression in the medial prefrontal cortex but that of D2 receptors may prevent the same.
Design and implementation of kernel S/W for TCP/IP offload engine(TOE) (2005)

TCP/IP is the most commonly used protocol to communicate between servers, and is used in a wide range of applications. Unfortunately, TCP/IP places a very heavy burden on host CPUs. Server CPUs have begun to choke while processing the TCP/IP overhead associated with transferring data. We have known that the CPU power in today's servers is just sufficient to handle the TCP processing, leaving no CPU cycles for application processing. So, in this paper, to resolve upper problem, we present the design of kernel software for TCP/IP off-loading engine. In this paper, we define the design concept of TOE module, and describe its architecture, main functions and interfaces with TOE device. TOE module consists of three software layers, that is, TOE device driver, TOE offload protocol layer, TOE socket switching layer. TOE device and TOE kernel software have several advantages as below. First, it improves network and application performance, that is, increases network throughput and lowers client response time. Second, it extends the life of existing servers, that is, enabling existing servers to manage additional client loads and enables existing servers to respond more quickly to client queries
Different Residues of the Human Estrogen Receptor Are Involved in the Recognition of Structurally Diverse Estrogens and Antiestrogens (1997)

We have previously examined, by alanine scanning mutagenesis, amino acids 515-535 of the estrogen receptor (ER) ligand binding domain to determine which of these residues are important in estradiol binding. Mutation at four sites that potentially lie along one face of an alpha-helix, Gly521, His524, Leu525, and Met528, all significantly impaired estradiol binding by the ER (Ekena, K., Weis, K. E., Katzenellenbogen, J. A., and Katzenellenbogen, B. S. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 20053-20059). In this report, we compare the pattern of residues that are important in the recognition of several structurally diverse estrogen agonists and antagonists (the synthetic nonsteroidal agonist hexestrol, an agonist derived from the mold metabolite zearalenone, P1496, and the partial agonist-antagonist trans-hydroxytamoxifen) with those that are predicted to contact estradiol in the receptor-ligand complex. Although there are some similarities in the pattern of residue recognition among all four ligands, each ligand showed distinct differences as well. Interestingly, alanine substitution at only one residue, the leucine at position 525, was found to inhibit binding of all the ligands tested. Another residue, His524, was found to be important in the recognition of three different agonists but not trans-hydroxytamoxifen (the only ligand lacking a second hydroxyl group). The recognition of estradiol and another agonist, P1496, was impaired by the G521A mutation, whereas ligand-induced activity by the two compounds that lack B- and C-rings, hexestrol and trans-hydroxytamoxifen, was unaffected. Our findings demonstrate that these ligands fit into the ER ligand binding pocket differently and that each contacts a distinct set of amino acids. The smaller ligands (estradiol and hexestrol) have a narrower footprint of interacting residues than the larger ligands (P1496 and trans-hydroxytamoxifen). This pattern of interaction is most consistent with the amino acids within this region being in contact with the portion of these ligands that corresponds to the D-ring end of estradiol. The interplay between the shape of an ER ligand and the residues that support its binding to ER may potentially underlie the selective actions of different ER ligands in various cell and promoter contexts.
Expression of C4.4A at the invasive front is a novel prognostic marker for disease recurrence of colorectal cancer (2010)

Metastasis-associated gene C4.4A is a glycolipid-anchored membrane protein expressed in several human malignancies. The aim of this study was to explore the expression and clinical relevance of C4.4A in colorectal cancer. By quantitative RT-PCR, 154 colorectal cancer tissues were examined for C4.4A mRNA. We examined 132 colorectal cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry using a new polyclonal antibody that recognizes the C4.4A protein C-terminus containing the glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol anchor signaling sequence. A significant difference in 5-year overall survival was found between samples with high and low expression of C4.4A mRNA (P = 0.0005). Immunohistochemistry showed strong membranous staining of C4.4A at the invasive front of colorectal cancer tumors and at the frontier of metastatic lesions to lymph node and lung. The membranous staining with enhanced intensity at the invasive front of the primary colorectal cancer (Type A: 34/132, 25.6%) was associated with depth of invasion (P = 0.033) and venous invasion (P = 0.003), and was a significant independent prognostic factor (5-year overall survival in the entire series [n = 132; P = 0.004] and disease-free survival in stage II and III colorectal cancers [n = 82; P = 0.003]). Moreover, Type A C4.4A expression was linked to shorter liver metastasis-free survival rate, lung metastasis-free survival rate, or hematogenous metastasis-free survival (P = 0.0279, P = 0.0061, and P = 0.0006, respectively). Our data indicate that expression of the C4.4A protein at the invasive front acts as a novel prognostic marker in colorectal cancer, possibly through invasion-related mechanisms.
Pharmacokinetics of Venetoclax, a Novel BCL‐2 Inhibitor, in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia or Non‐Hodgkin Lymphoma (2016)

Venetoclax is a selective BCL-2 inhibitor that is approved in the United States for the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with 17p deletion who have received at least 1 prior therapy. The aim of this analysis was to characterize venetoclax pharmacokinetics in the plasma and urine of patients with hematological malignancies and evaluate the effect of dose proportionality, accumulation, weak and moderate CYP3A inhibitors, as well as low- and high-fat meals on venetoclax pharmacokinetics. Patients received a once-daily venetoclax dose of 20 to 1200 mg. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental methods. Venetoclax peak exposures were achieved at 5 to 8 hours under low-fat conditions, and the mean terminal-phase elimination half-life ranged between 14.1 and 18.2 hours at different doses. Venetoclax steady-state exposures showed minimal accumulation and increased proportionally over the dose range of 300 to 900 mg. Low-fat and high-fat meals increased venetoclax exposures by approximately 4-fold relative to the fasting state. Moderate CYP3A inhibitors increased venetoclax exposures by 40% to 60%, whereas weak CYP3A inhibitors had no effect. A negligible amount of venetoclax was excreted in the urine. In summary, venetoclax exhibits a pharmacokinetic profile that is compatible with once-daily dosing with food regardless of fat content. Concomitant use of venetoclax with moderate CYP3A inhibitors should be avoided or venetoclax dose should be reduced during the venetoclax initiation and ramp-up phase in CLL patients. Renal excretion plays a minimal role in the elimination of venetoclax.
Exploring the Thermodynamic Limits of Computation in Integrated Systems: Magnetic Memory, Nanomagnetic Logic, and the Landauer Limit (2011)

Nanomagnetic memory and logic circuits are attractive integrated platforms for studying the fundamental thermodynamic limits of computation. Using the stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, we show by direct calculation that the amount of energy dissipated during nanomagnet erasure approaches Landauer's thermodynamic limit of kTln(2) with high precision when the external magnetic fields are applied slowly. In addition, we find that nanomagnet systems behave according to generalized formulations of Landauer's principle that hold for small systems and generic logic operations. In all cases, the results are independent of the anisotropy energy of the nanomagnet. Lastly, we apply our computational approach to a nanomagnet majority logic gate, where we find that dissipationless, reversible computation can be achieved when the magnetic fields are applied in the appropriate order.