gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Directionally Accelerated Detection of an Unknown Second Reactor with Antineutrinos for Mid-Field Nonproliferation Monitoring (2019)

When monitoring a reactor site for nuclear nonproliferation purposes, the presence of an unknown or hidden nuclear reactor could be obscured by the activities of a known reactor of much greater power nearby. Thus when monitoring reactor activities by the observation of antineutrino emissions, one must discriminate known background reactor fluxes from possible unknown reactor signals under investigation. To quantify this discrimination, we find the confidence to reject the (null) hypothesis of a single proximal reactor, by exploiting directional antineutrino signals in the presence of a second, unknown reactor. In particular, we simulate the inverse beta decay (IBD) response of a detector filled with a 1 kT fiducial mass of Gadolinium-doped liquid scintillator in mineral oil. We base the detector geometry on that of WATCHMAN, an upcoming antineutrino monitoring experiment soon to be deployed at the Boulby mine in the United Kingdom whose design and deployment will be detailed in a forthcoming white paper. From this simulation, we construct an analytical model of the IBD event distribution for the case of one $4\mathrm{\ GWt}\pm2\%$ reactor 25 km away from the detector site, and for an additional, unknown, 35 MWt reactor 3 to 5 km away. The effects of natural-background rejection cuts are approximated. Applying the model, we predict $3σ$ confidence to detect the presence of an unknown reactor within five weeks, at standoffs of 3 km or nearer. For more distant unknown reactors, the $3σ$ detection time increases significantly. However, the relative significance of directional sensitivity also increases, providing up to an eight week speedup to detect an unknown reactor at 5 km away. Therefore, directionally sensitive antineutrino monitoring can accelerate the mid-field detection of unknown reactors whose operation might otherwise be masked by more powerful reactors in the vicinity.
A New Approach to Osmium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Dihydroxylation and Aminohydroxylation of Olefins (2002)

Hydroxyaminosäure-Derivate dienen als chirale Liganden bei der hier vorgestellten Methode zur osmiumkatalysierten Dihydroxylierung und Aminohydroxylierung von Olefinen (siehe Schema). Dies sind die ersten asymmetrischen osmiumkatalysierten Prozesse, bei denen im zweiten Katalysezyklus ein Ligand permanent am Metallzentrum verbleibt.
A dynamically tunable memory hierarchy (2003)

The widespread use of repeaters in long wires creates the possibility of dynamically sizing regular on-chip structures. We present a tunable cache and translation lookaside buffer (TLB) hierarchy that leverages repeater insertion to dynamically trade off size for speed and power consumption on a per-application phase basis using a novel configuration management algorithm. In comparison to a conventional design that is fixed at a single design point targeted to the average application, the dynamically tunable cache and TLB hierarchy can be tailored to the needs of each application phase. The configuration algorithm dynamically detects phase changes and selects a configuration based on the application's ability to tolerate different hit and miss latencies in order to improve the memory energy-delay product. We evaluate the performance and energy consumption of our approach and project the effects of technology scaling trends on our design.
A low-noise FBAR-CMOS frequency/phase discriminator for phase noise measurement and cancellation (2013)

A sensitive low-noise frequency/phase discriminator and its applications in phase noise measurement and phase noise cancellation are presented. The discriminator uses a high quality factor thin Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator (FBAR) in a notch filter configuration with common-mode traps to reduce the low-frequency noise up-conversion. The performance of the notch filter, the discriminator transfer function, output noise, and phase noise floor are measured and compared with simulations. A feed-back feed-forward phase noise cancellation scheme is proposed based on the frequency/phase discriminator. Two chips were fabricated in 0.13 μm CMOS technology integrating the discriminator and the phase noise cancellation schemes, respectively. The 1.5 GHz discriminator shows phase noise floor of -128 dBc/Hz at 20 kHz,-142 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz, -162 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz and-166 dBc/Hz at 4 MHz, while consuming 26 mW of power. The measured phase noise of the feedback cancellation circuitry reaches the phase noise floor of the discriminator, verifying the proposed concepts.
Efficacy of serotonin inhibition in mouse models of bone loss (2011)

In a proof-of-concept study it was shown that decreasing synthesis of gut serotonin through a small molecule inhibitor of Tph1 could prevent and treat ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in young mice and rats. In this study, we define the minimal efficacy of this Tph1 inhibitor, demonstrate that its activity is improved with the duration of treatment, and show that its anabolic effect persists on interruption. Importantly, given the prevalence of osteoporosis in the aging population, we then show that Tph1 inhibition rescues ovariectomy-induced bone loss in aged mice. It also cures the low bone mass of Lrp5-deficient mice through a sole anabolic effect. Lastly, we provide evidence that inhibition of gut serotonin synthesis can work in concert with an antiresorptive agent to increase bone mass in ovariectomized mice. This study provides a more comprehensive view of the anabolic efficacy of Tph1 inhibitors and further establishes the spectrum of their therapeutic potential in the treatment of bone-loss disorders.
Bacterial Growth Medium that Significantly Increases the Yield of Recombinant Plasmid (1998)

Isolation of plasmid DNA from Escherichia coli is a daily activity in many molecular biology laboratories. A number of protocols and media recipes have been reported in an effort to make this process more efficient. Here we describe a growth medium that supports much higher E. coli cell densities and, concomitantly, a much higher yield of plasmid than previously reported for small-scale applications. On a unit volume basis, E. coli cultures grown in this medium, termed H15, produce up to 30-fold more recombinant plasmid than in conventional rich media, paralleling the increase in cell density. This phenomenon is independent of E. coli host strain, DNA insert size and plasmid copy number. H15 medium is also very economical; as much as 6 mg of plasmid can be harvested per dollar of medium.
Antiviral Profiles of Novel Iminocyclitol Compounds against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, West Nile Virus, Dengue Virus and Hepatitis B Virus (2007)

The antiviral activity of iminocyclitol compounds with a deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) head group and either a straight chain alkyl or alkylcycloalkyl group attached to the nitrogen atom have been tested in vitro against multiple-enveloped viruses. Several of these analogues were superior to previously reported DNJ compounds. Iminocyclitols that inhibit the glycan-processing enzyme endoplasmic-reticular glucosidase have been shown to inhibit the morphogenesis of viruses that bud from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) has been used as a surrogate system for study of the hepatitis C virus, which belong to the virus family (Flaviviridae) as West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue virus (DV). N-Nonyl-DNJ (NNDNJ) was previously reported to have micromolar antiviral activity against BVDV, but a limiting toxicity profile. N-Butylcyclohexyl-DNJ (SP169) was shown to be as potent as NNDNJ in assays against BVDV and less toxic. However, it was inactive against hepatitis B virus (HBV). The present study reports efforts to improve the performance profiles of these compounds. Introduction of an oxygen atom into the N-alkyl side chain of DNJ, either as an ether or a hydroxyl functionality, reduced toxicity but sacrificed potency. Introduction of a hydroxyl group at the tertiary carbon junction of the cycloalkyl and linear alkyl group, as in N-pentyl-(1-hydroxycyclohexyl)-DNJ (OSL-9511), led to a structure that was as well tolerated as DNJ (CC50>500 microM), but retained micromolar antiviral activity against all ER morphogenesis budding viruses tested: BVDV, WNV, DV and HBV. The implication of this modification to the development of broad-spectrum antiviral agents is discussed.
Ultraviolet Femtosecond Laser Creation of Corneal Flap (2009)

Ultraviolet corneal refractive surgery is a novel procedure and has the potential to be an alternative to infrared refractive surgery considering safety aspects.
Synthesis and Characterization of Chalcopyrite (CuInS2 and CuhInSe2) Colloidal Nanoparticles for Optoelectronic Applications via Low-Temperature Pyrolysis of Single-Source Precursors (2003)

Nanocrystalline (or quantum dot) materials hold potential as components of next-generation photovoltaic (PV) devices. The inclusion of quantum dots in PV devices has been proposed as a means to improve the efficiency of photon conversion (quantum dot solar cell), enable low-cost deposition of thin-films, provide sites for exciton dissociation, and pathways for electron transport. Quantum dots are also expected to be more resistant to degradation from electron, proton, and alpha particle radiation than the corresponding bulk material, a requirement for use in space solar ~sells. Chalcopyrite nanocrystals can be produced by low-temperature thermal decomposition of single-source precursors such as (PR3)2CuIn(ER')4 (R = Ph, R' = Et, E = S; R = R' = Ph, E = Se). Single-source precursors are molecules which contain all the necessary elements for synthesis of a desired material. Thermal decomposition of the precursor results in the formation of material with the correct stoichiometry as a nanocrystalline powder or a thin film, often at significantly lower temperatures than those typically employed for thin-film deposition by multi-source evaporation techniques, typically less than 500 C. We show that CuInSz and CuInSe2 nanocrystals can be synthesized from the precursors at temperatures as low as 250 C. The nanocrystals are characterized by optical spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy.
Biodegradable, Photocrosslinked Alginate Hydrogels with Independently Tailorable Physical Properties and Cell Adhesivity (2010)

Biocompatible polymers capable of photopolymerization are of immense interest for tissue engineering applications as they can be injected in a minimally invasive manner into a defect site and, then upon application of ultraviolet light, rapidly form hydrogels in situ. Cell adhesion interactions with a biomaterial are known to be important in regulating cell behaviors such as proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, we have covalently modified photocrosslinkable alginate with cell adhesion ligands containing the Arg-Gly-Asp amino acid sequence to form biodegradable, photocrosslinked alginate hydrogels with controlled cell adhesivity. This unique polymer system allows for independent modulation of the physical and biochemical signaling environment presented to cells. The physical properties of the hydrogels such as elastic moduli, swelling ratios, and degradation profiles were similar at the same crosslinking density regardless of the presence of adhesion ligands. Chondrocytes seeded on the surface of the adhesion ligand-modified hydrogels were able to attach and spread, whereas those seeded on unmodified hydrogels exhibited minimal adherence. Importantly, the adhesion-ligand-modified hydrogels enhanced the proliferation and chondrogenic differentiated function of encapsulated chondrocytes as demonstrated by increased DNA content and production of glycosaminoglycans compared to unmodified control hydrogels. This new photocrosslinkable, biodegradable biomaterial system in which the soluble (e.g., growth factors) and insoluble (e.g., cell adhesion ligands) biochemical signaling environment and the biomaterial physical properties (e.g., the elastic moduli) can be independently controlled may be a powerful tool for elucidating the individual and combined effects of these parameters on cell function for cartilage tissue engineering and other regenerative medicine applications.
Towards direct conversion detectors for medical imaging with X-rays (2008)

Imaging detectors for medical X-ray and Computed Tomography (CT) applications have undergone many improvements and technology changes over time. But most (dynamic) detectors sold in this field still rely on indirect conversion, using scintillators and photodiodes to convert the X-ray quanta ultimately into electrical signals. Direct conversion detectors promise very high spatial resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios. Some direct conversion materials may allow for counting or even energy resolving detection of the X-ray quanta. Based on this, for example spectrally resolving CT systems are becoming an interesting option for the next decade. This contribution highlights the requirements of advanced medical X-ray and CT imaging and shows examples of status and progress in the field. The emphasis is on the direct conversion sensors for pixelated detectors, but considerations on read-out concepts and on associated challenges such as interconnects will also be presented. Finally, the most burning issues, such as count rate limitations and polarization effects, will be discussed from an application point of view.
Optical infrared flame detection system with neural networks (2007)

A model for an infrared (IR) flame detection system using artificial neural networks (ANN) is presented. The joint time-frequency analysis (JTFA) in the form of a Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) is used for extracting relevant input features for a set of ANNs. Each ANN is trained using the backpropagation conjugate-gradient (CG) method to distinguish all hydrocarbon flames from a particular type of environmental nuisance and background noise. Signal saturation caused by the increased intensity of IR sources at closer distances is resolved by an adjustable gain control. A classification scheme with trained ANN connection weights was implemented on a digital signal processor for use in an industrial hydrocarbon flame detector.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Cardiotonic Activity of a Series of Substituted 4‐Alkyl‐ 2(1H)‐quinazolinones. (1988)

Abstract The synthesis of the 4‐methylquinazolinones (IIIa) and (IIIb) from the 2‐aminoacetophenones (I) is accomplished either directly by cyclization with potassium cyanate (II) or via conversion of (I) to the carbamate (V) and subsequent ring closure.
A Vertical Microfluidic Probe (2011)

Performing localized chemical events on surfaces is critical for numerous applications. We earlier invented the microfluidic probe (MFP), which circumvented the need to process samples in closed microchannels by hydrodynamically confining liquids that performed chemistries on surfaces (Juncker et al. Nat. Mater. 2005, 4, 622-628). Here we present a new and versatile probe, the vertical MFP (vMFP), which operates in the scanning mode while overcoming earlier challenges that limited the practical implementation of the MFP technology. The key component of the vMFP is the head, a microfluidic device (∼1 cm(2) in area) consisting of glass and Si and having microfluidic features fabricated in-plane in the Si layer. The base configuration of the head has two micrometer-size channels that inject/aspirate liquids and terminate at the apex which is ∼1 mm(2). In scanning mode, the head is oriented vertically with the apex parallel to the surface with typical spacing of 1-30 μm. Such length scales and using flow rates from nanoliters/second to microliters/second allow chemical events to be performed on surfaces with tens of picoliter quantities of reagents. Before scanning, the head is clipped on a holder for leak-free, low dead volume interface assembly, providing a simple world-to-chip interface. Surfaces are scanned by mounting the holder on a computer-controlled stage having ∼0.1 μm resolution in positioning. We present detailed steps to fabricate vMFP heads having channels with dimensions from 1 μm × 1 μm to 50 μm × 50 μm for liquid localization over areas of 10-10,000 μm(2). Additionally, advanced design strategies are described to achieve high yield in fabrication and to support a broad range of applications. These include particulate filters, redundant aperture architectures, inclined flow-paths that service apertures, and multiple channels to enable symmetric flow confinement. We also present a method to characterize flow confinement and estimate the distance between the head and the surface by monitoring the evolution of a solution of fluorescently labeled antibody on an activated glass surface. This flow characterization reveals regimes of operation suitable for different surface topographies. We further integrate the dispensing of immersion liquid to the vMFP head for processing surfaces for extended periods of time (∼60 min). The versatility of the vMFP is exemplified by patterning fluorescently labeled proteins, inactivation of cells using sodium hypochlorite, and staining living NIH fibroblasts with Cellomics. These applications are enabled by the compact design of the head, which provides easy access to the surface, simplifies alignment, and enables processing surfaces having dimensions from the micrometer to the centimeter scale and with large topographical variations. We therefore believe that ease-of-operation, reconfigurability, and conservative use of chemicals by the vMFP will lead to its widespread use by microtechnologists and the chemical and biomedical communities.
Design and Test of a New Tracheostoma Valve Based on Inhalation (1999)

The device appears to function well in physiological ranges and is optimally adjustable. The airflow resistance coefficient lies in the range of the entire airway resistance (120-470 Pa x s(2) x L(-2)) in quiet breathing.
CrowdUtility: A Recommendation System for Crowdsourcing Platforms (2014)

Crowd workers exhibit varying work patterns, expertise, and quality leading to wide variability in the performance of crowdsourcing platforms. The onus of choosing a suitable platform to post tasks is mostly with the requester, often leading to poor guarantees and unmet requirements due to the dynamism in performance of crowd platforms. Towards this end, we demonstrate CrowdUtility, a statistical modelling based tool for evaluating multiple crowdsourcing platforms and recommending a platform that best suits the requirements of the requester. CrowdUtility uses an online Multi-Armed Bandit framework, to schedule tasks while optimizing platform performance. We demonstrate an end-to end system starting from requirements specification, to platform recommendation, to real-time monitoring.
Emerging principles for the design of promiscuous HLA-DR-restricted peptides: an example from the major bee venom allergen (2002)

Mechanisms underlying successful immunotherapy of allergic patients operate at the level of CD4+ helper T cells. T cell epitopes from allergens may thus constitute interesting molecules for immunotherapy, provided they are efficient for all patients and are not recognized by IgE. In an attempt to define such peptides for allergy to bee venom, we have investigated the capacity of peptides encompassing the sequence of the major bee venom allergen to stimulate PBMC from allergic patients and to react specifically with their IgE. The region 77-110 emerged as the most frequently T cell stimulating. We then analyzed the binding modes of the sequence 81-97 for ten different HLA-DR molecules and introduced punctual mutations to enhance the peptide affinity for these molecules. Six different modes have been identified on the sequence 81-97, one mode being common to eight HLA-DR molecules. Four HLA-DR molecules can bind the P85-97 peptide by two different modes with an equivalent affinity. The peptide N89L has a higher affinity for DRB1*0301 and DRB3*0101 and remains as active as the native peptide towards the other HLA-DR molecules.
A study on bipolar VLSI gate-arrays assuming four layers of metal (1982)

Describes a design study on a bipolar gate-array or masterslice chip with almost 10000 circuits. It assumes 2.5 /spl mu/m groundrules and four layers of metal, i.e. three layers of metal for global wiring and one layer for power and I/O redistribution. It is proven by using actual logic from the IBM 4331 system, that an additional wiring layer increases the circuit density on a masterslice chip by more than a factor of 2. The paper is divided into three sections. Section 1 describes the chip design, the detailed arrangement of internal and external cells with the associated wiring channels and some general aspects of a masterslice design. Section II explains the placement and wiring tools and gives detailed results of a wiring study, comparing a logic design with 2 wiring layers with the same logic implemented with 3 wiring layers (4 layers total). Section III covers the off-chip communication with its associated problems like noise generation by simultaneous driver switching, three-state driver, and embedded RAM macro testing.
A ‘universal’ type II chaperonin PCR detection system for the investigation of Archaea in complex microbial communities (2011)

Bacteria and Archaea are evolutionarily and biochemically distinct domains found together in many environments. Robust 'universal' PCR primer sets targeting both the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and the type I chaperonin gene have been established. However, 'universal' PCR primers for Archaea are currently limited to the 16S rRNA gene. We investigated the type II chaperonin (known as the thermosome, TF55, CCT or TCP-1) as a potential universal target (UT) for Archaea. Reproducible amplification of thermosome gene sequences from all major phyla tested was achieved through the application of a mixture or 'cocktail' of two forward and two reverse primers. Phylogenies based on the ∼750-bp thermosome UT were congruent with 16S rRNA gene phylogenies while exhibiting longer branch lengths, improving resolution of closely related taxa. 'Universal' thermosome primers were applied to profiling the archaeal community of dairy cow rumen and results compared with profiles based on the 16S rRNA gene and methyl co-enzyme M reductase (methanogen-specific) gene. Clone libraries generated from each target gene, as well as a pyrosequencing profile of one thermosome rumen library, revealed that all three targets consistently detected Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanobrevibacter ruminantium and Methanosphaera stadtmanae as the dominant constituents; however, thermosome gene sequences were more diverse than either of the other targets providing a higher resolution description of the archaeal community. These findings demonstrate that a 'universal' thermosome PCR protocol is a powerful metagenomic tool for detecting and characterizing Archaea and archaeal communities.
Differential processing of HIV envelope glycans on the virus and soluble recombinant trimer (2018)

As the sole target of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to HIV, the envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer is the focus of vaccination strategies designed to elicit protective bnAbs in humans. Because HIV Env is densely glycosylated with 75-90 N-glycans per trimer, most bnAbs use or accommodate them in their binding epitope, making the glycosylation of recombinant Env a key aspect of HIV vaccine design. Upon analysis of three HIV strains, we here find that site-specific glycosylation of Env from infectious virus closely matches Envs from corresponding recombinant membrane-bound trimers. However, viral Envs differ significantly from recombinant soluble, cleaved (SOSIP) Env trimers, strongly impacting antigenicity. These results provide a benchmark for virus Env glycosylation needed for the design of soluble Env trimers as part of an overall HIV vaccine strategy.