gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dry etch proximity modeling in mask fabrication (2003)

Microloading in photomask fabrication is a key parameter in process optimization. A Variable Bias Model has been successfully used in explaining etch proximity behavior during wafer etching. This model recently became part of the VT5 model suit. In this study, we apply variable bias modeling to the dry etching in mask fabrication. A special etch test pattern is used to characterize etch bias under various process conditions. We show that etch proximity is adequately described by two proximity parameters: density and separation. The model coefficients depend on the process parameters and can be used to characterize and explain etch behavior in terms of microloading and etch aperture effects. Ability to explain mask etching is important for accurate OPC modeling. While some modeling methodologies consider mask and wafer processes as a single "black box," we found that more accurate OPC models are generated by building separate models for mask-making, optical, and wafer processing steps. We show how variable etch model can be used to compensate for iso-dense mask bias and how this step fits into OPC flow.
Lentiviral Gene Transduction of Kidney (2002)

Gene transfer into kidney holds great potential as a novel therapeutic approach. We have studied the transduction of kidney in vivo after delivery of lentiviral vectors by various routes of administration. A lentiviral vector expressing the bacterial lacZ gene from the cytomegalovirus early promoter was used. The lentiviral vector was delivered into the kidneys of BALB/c mice by retrograde infusion into the ureter, by injection into the renal vein or artery, or by direct injection into the renal parenchyma. Expression of the reporter gene was achieved independently of the route of administration, although it appeared more efficient after parenchymal or ureteral administration. After parenchymal or ureteral infusion, expression of the transgene was localized to the outer medulla and corticomedullary junction. In the case of parenchymal injection, expression of the reporter gene extended to the cortex. Detection of the transgene in the renal proximal tubules was confirmed by in situ polymerase chain reaction after parenchymal or ureteral infusion. On delivery of the lentiviral vector through the renal artery or vein, expression of the reporter gene was markedly lower than was observed with parenchymal or ureteral infusion and was limited to the inner medullary collecting ducts. No apparent histological abnormality was observed after virus administration and transgene expression was stable for at least 3 months. These results provide the first evidence that lentiviral vectors can stably transduce renal cells in vivo and may be effective vehicles for gene delivery to the kidney.
Droplet-based magnetic bead immunoassay using microchannel-connected multiwell plates (μCHAMPs) for the detection of amyloid beta oligomers (2016)

Multiwell plates are regularly used in analytical research and clinical diagnosis but often require laborious washing steps and large sample or reagent volumes (typically, 100 μL per well). To overcome such drawbacks in the conventional multiwell plate, we present a novel microchannel-connected multiwell plate (μCHAMP) that can be used for automated disease biomarker detection in a small sample volume by performing droplet-based magnetic bead immunoassay inside the plate. In this μCHAMP-based immunoassay platform, small volumes (30-50 μL) of aqueous-phase working droplets are stably confined within each well by the simple microchannel structure (200-300 μm in height and 0.5-1 mm in width), and magnetic beads are exclusively transported into an adjacent droplet through the oil-filled microchannels assisted by a magnet array aligned beneath and controlled by a XY-motorized stage. Using this μCHAMP-based platform, we were able to perform parallel detection of synthetic amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers as a model analyte for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This platform easily simplified the laborious and consumptive immunoassay procedure by achieving automated parallel immunoassay (32 assays per operation in 3-well connected 96-well plate) within 1 hour and at low sample consumption (less than 10 μL per assay) with no cumbersome manual washing step. Moreover, it could detect synthetic Aβ oligomers even below 10 pg mL(-1) concentration with a calculated detection limit of ∼3 pg mL(-1). Therefore, the μCHAMP and droplet-based magnetic bead immunoassay, with the combination of XY-motorized magnet array, would be a useful platform in the diagnosis of human disease, including AD, which requires low consumption of the patient's body fluid sample and automation of the entire immunoassay procedure for high processing capacity.
3D Bioprinting Technologies for Hard Tissue and Organ Engineering (2016)

Hard tissues and organs, including the bones, teeth and cartilage, are the most extensively exploited and rapidly developed areas in regenerative medicine field. One prominent character of hard tissues and organs is that their extracellular matrices mineralize to withstand weight and pressure. Over the last two decades, a wide variety of 3D printing technologies have been adapted to hard tissue and organ engineering. These 3D printing technologies have been defined as 3D bioprinting. Especially for hard organ regeneration, a series of new theories, strategies and protocols have been proposed. Some of the technologies have been applied in medical therapies with some successes. Each of the technologies has pros and cons in hard tissue and organ engineering. In this review, we summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the historical available innovative 3D bioprinting technologies for used as special tools for hard tissue and organ engineering.
Design and processing of all-oxide composites (1995)

All-oxide ceramic composites as a material with potential for long life-time applications at temperatures in the 1400-1600{degrees}C range in combustion environments were studied. The properties of available polycrystalline and single crystal oxide fibres were summarised. The literature on stable weak interfaces in all-oxide composites was reviewed. Composites with single crystal fibres, a polycrystalline matrix of the same material as the fibres, and a compatible high temperature stable weak oxide interphase was suggested to be the most promising approach. Processing of all-oxide composites was performed. ZrO{sub 2}-coated sapphire fibres in reaction bonded alumina and in hot pressed alumina showed crack deflection and fibre pull-out. In reaction bonded mullite crack deflection and pull-out was observed even for un-coated sapphire fibres. This was attributed to thermal expansion mismatch. A recently started European project aiming at development, scale-up and property evaluation of all-oxide composites is briefly outlined.
Hydroxylation of Alkanes with Molecular Oxygen Catalyzed by a New Ruthenium‐Substituted Polyoxometalate, [WZnRu(OH)(H<sub>2</sub>O)(ZnW<sub>9</sub>O<sub>34</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>11−</sup> (1995)

Highly selective aerobic hydroxylation of tertiary carbon centers in alkanes is catalyzed by the title polyoxometalate under mild reaction conditions [Eq. (a)]. This is of great significance, in particular in the search for ways to activate molecular oxygen in the oxidation of hydrocarbons.
Glycols applied in a broad range of drilling fluids (1997)

The challenge to the drilling fluids industry has been to find a water-based system or additive that meets both the performance demands for inhibiting reactive shale formations and environmental requirements. Using glycols as drilling fluid additives has been a common practice for several years. The exact mechanisms and benefits have been debated within the industry. Recent work has focused on the use of cloud point glycols as shale inhibitors. Experience around the world, coupled with a better understanding of shale inhibition, has led to the successful development and application of Glycol Enhanced Muds, or GEMs. The paper describes drill-in fluid applications, subsalt applications, toxicity tests, and two case histories.
Stress-Induced Bladder Mast Cell Activation: Implications for Interstitial Cystitis (1997)

This is the first time that psychological stress is shown to activate bladder mast cells, apparently via the action of at least some sensory neuropeptides. These findings have implications for the pathophysiology and possible therapy of interstitial cystitis.
Relationship of Hepatitis C Genotype 1 NS5A Sequence Mutations to Early Phase Viral Kinetics and Interferon Effectiveness (2002)

The interferon (IFN) sensitivity-determining region (ISDR) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A protein is controversially implicated in determining IFN-alpha-sustained viral response for HCV genotype 1-infected patients. Because the NS5A protein interferes with protein kinase antiviral activity, this study attempted to determine whether ISDR amino acid mutation number would correlate better with IFN effectiveness to inhibit virus production and elicit early virus clearance. Early viral kinetic data from 22 genotype 1-infected patients treated with high-dose IFN was compared with ISDR mutation number. IFN effectiveness and first-phase viral log decline correlated directly with ISDR mutation number (P=.02). Mean mutation number was higher among rapid responders (3.7+/-1.0; n=6) than among nonresponders (1.3+/-1.0; n=16) (P=.001). Also, second-phase viral log decline and calculated hepatocyte death rate correlated directly with ISDR mutation number (P=.01). This supports a dual effector role for NS5A, which regulates virus production and immune clearance early in therapy.
Lattice-Reduction-Aided Broadcast Precoding (2004)

A precoding scheme for multiuser broadcast communications is described, which fills the gap between the low-complexity Tomlinson-Harashima precoding and the sphere decoder-based system of Peel et al. Simulation results show that, replacing the closest-point search with the Babai approximation, the full diversity order supported by the channel is available to each user, as in the system of Peel et al., and unlike Tomlinson-Harashima precoding, which suffers some diversity penalty. The complexity of the scheme is similar to that of Tomlinson-Harashima precoding.
Myocardial Late Enhancement in Contrast-Enhanced Cardiac MRI: Distinction Between Infarction Scar and Non–Infarction-Related Disease (2005)

LE in contrast-enhanced cardiac MRI is not specific for ischemic infarction. LE in ischemic infarction always involves the subendocardial layer, whereas it does not necessarily do so in other myocardial diseases. Therefore, if LE omit the subendocardial layer, different nonischemic myocardial diseases have to be considered. The pattern of LE might be helpful for the differential diagnosis of myocardial disease and in distinguishing it from ischemic disease.
[Value of surgical treatment of decubitus ulcer in geriatric patients]. (1991)

Geriatric patients have a high incidence of pressure sores. Pain, chronic and acute infection and protein loss may impair their general condition. Pressure relief, local débridement, disinfection and physiologic wound dressing are the first steps in local treatment. The spontaneous healing time of a pressure sore is very slow, even if concomitant diseases as diabetes, urinary tract infection and pneumonia could be stabilized and the general condition of the patient be improved. In these selected and stable cases, surgical débridement and plastic pressure sore closure may be indicated. Simple skinflaps can give good results in superficial sores without bone involvement and have a low operative morbidity. Musculocutaneous flaps are technically more difficult, but resist better to infection and may fill bigger and deeper defects. In any operation, vascular territories (angiosomes) of further flaps, suitable for a recurrent or second decubitus closure, must be preserved. Long-term results in 30 operated patients over 60 are presented. Although the postoperative complication rate is very high, healing could be achieved in all surviving patients.
Stringent and growth control of rRNA synthesis in Escherichia coli are both mediated by ppGpp. (1988)

Weak stringent or relaxed responses were induced in Escherichia coli (relA+), using mild amino acid starvation or treatment with chloramphenicol at low concentrations, respectively, such that the growth rate was barely reduced. In this manner, the intracellular concentration of the nucleotide guanosine tetraphosphate, ppGpp, could be varied in any desired range between 0 and 1000 pmol of ppGpp per OD460 unit of culture mass. At the same time, the rate of synthesis of stable RNA (rs; rRNA and tRNA) was measured, relative to the total instantaneous rate of RNA synthesis (rt). The correlation between the cytoplasmic concentration of ppGpp and stable RNA gene activity (rs/rt) was the same as that observed previously with relA+ and relA strains growing exponentially at different rates in different media. This suggests that the distinction between growth control and stringent control of stable RNA synthesis is arbitrary, and that both kinds of control reflect the same ppGpp-dependent phenomenon. By increasing the stable RNA gene dosage, using high copy number plasmids carrying an rrn gene, we have tested the idea that ppGpp partitions the bacterial RNA polymerase into two forms with different probabilities to initiate at stable RNA and mRNA promoters. The relaxed response was not significantly altered, but the extent of the stringent response was reduced by the presence of extra rrn genes. The results agree with quantitative predictions derived from the RNA polymerase partitioning hypothesis.
Using a Sequential Regimen to Eliminate Bacteria at Sublethal Antibiotic Dosages (2015)

We need to find ways of enhancing the potency of existing antibiotics, and, with this in mind, we begin with an unusual question: how low can antibiotic dosages be and yet bacterial clearance still be observed? Seeking to optimise the simultaneous use of two antibiotics, we use the minimal dose at which clearance is observed in an in vitro experimental model of antibiotic treatment as a criterion to distinguish the best and worst treatments of a bacterium, Escherichia coli. Our aim is to compare a combination treatment consisting of two synergistic antibiotics to so-called sequential treatments in which the choice of antibiotic to administer can change with each round of treatment. Using mathematical predictions validated by the E. coli treatment model, we show that clearance of the bacterium can be achieved using sequential treatments at antibiotic dosages so low that the equivalent two-drug combination treatments are ineffective. Seeking to treat the bacterium in testing circumstances, we purposefully study an E. coli strain that has a multidrug pump encoded in its chromosome that effluxes both antibiotics. Genomic amplifications that increase the number of pumps expressed per cell can cause the failure of high-dose combination treatments, yet, as we show, sequentially treated populations can still collapse. However, dual resistance due to the pump means that the antibiotics must be carefully deployed and not all sublethal sequential treatments succeed. A screen of 136 96-h-long sequential treatments determined five of these that could clear the bacterium at sublethal dosages in all replicate populations, even though none had done so by 24 h. These successes can be attributed to a collateral sensitivity whereby cross-resistance due to the duplicated pump proves insufficient to stop a reduction in E. coli growth rate following drug exchanges, a reduction that proves large enough for appropriately chosen drug switches to clear the bacterium.
Peripheral blood stem cell transplant–related <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> infection in a patient with sickle cell disease (2012)

These findings are consistent with transmission by the stem cell product and have profound implications with respect to the screening of potential stem cell donors and recipients from malaria-endemic regions.
Pairs Trading: Performance of a Relative Value Arbitrage Rule (1999)

We test a Wall Street investment strategy known as with daily data over the period 1962 through 1997. Stocks are matched into pairs according to minimum distance in historical normalized price space. We test the profitability of several trading rules with six-month trading periods over the 1962-1997 period, and find average annualized excess returns of up to 12 percent for a number of self-financing portfolios of top pairs. Part of these profits may be due to market microstructure effects. Nevertheless, our historical trading profits exceed a conservative estimate of transaction costs through most of the period. We bootstrap random pairs in order to distinguish pairs trading from pure mean-reversion strategies. The bootstrap results suggest that the ?pairs? effect differs from previously documented mean reversion profits.
Bcl-XL specifically activates Bak to induce swelling and restructuring of the endoplasmic reticulum (2005)

Bcl-2 family members Bak and Bax constitute a mitochondrial gateway for multiple death pathways. Both proteins are also present in the endoplasmic reticulum where they control apoptosis through the regulation of calcium levels. We show here that reticular Bak has the additional capacity of modulating the structure of this organelle. Coexpression of Bak and Bcl-X(L) provokes extensive swelling and vacuolization of reticular cisternae. A Bak version lacking the BH3 domain suffices to induce this phenotype, and reticular targeting of this mutant retains the activity. Expression of upstream BH3-only activators in similar conditions recapitulates ER swelling and vacuolization if ryanodine receptor calcium channel activity is inhibited. Experiments with Bak and Bax-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts show that endogenous Bak mediates the effect, whereas Bax is mainly irrelevant. These results reveal a previously unidentified role of Bak in regulating reticular conformation. Because this activity is absent in Bax, it constitutes one of the first examples of functional divergence between the two multidomain homologues.
Serum opsonic activity after immunization of adults with Haemophilus influenzae type b-diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine (1985)

We measured the uptake of radiolabeled Haemophilus influenzae type b by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Haemophilus influenzae type b strains were preopsonized in individual sera from six adults immunized with type b polysaccharide vaccine (PRP) or six adults immunized with PRP covalently coupled to diphtheria toxoid (PRP-D vaccine). Serum was heat inactivated before use, and exogenous human complement was added. Of the 12 subjects, 3 had high levels of opsonic activity (greater than 40% of immune control) in their preimmunization serum. This activity did not correlate with the concentrations of anti-PRP antibody and was unaffected by absorption of anti-PRP antibody. At 1 month after vaccination, the serum of PRP-D subjects had higher opsonic activity than that from subjects who received PRP (5% serum, mean PRP-D = 86%, mean PRP = 53%, P = 0.001). After 12 months, both groups had higher serum opsonic activity than before immunization (P less than 0.02), but there was no difference between the two groups (mean PRP-D = 48%, mean PRP = 51%). In postimmunization serum, opsonic activity induced by PRP-D or PRP vaccines correlated directly with anti-PRP antibody concentrations as measured by a radioantigen binding assay. We conclude that both vaccines induce opsonic activity, opsonic activity induced by immunization of adults correlates well with the concentration of anti-PRP antibody achieved, and in preimmune sera with low concentrations of anti-PRP antibody, factors other than anti-PRP antibody contribute to opsonic activity.
Art and Life (1988)

The frame of a painting seems to provide an immediate answer to questions concerning the location of the boundary between life and art. Yet such an answer is problematic, since the status of the frame itself remains uncertain; it does not clearly belong to either sphere. The frame first appears as part of a painting, an indication that the perceiver should view its contents as art. From the point of view afforded by the painting itself, however, the frame is an arbitrary convention belonging to the realm of ordinary life. The frame, then, cannot be identified with either life or art; rather, it signals the shift from one to the other.1 In Virginia Woolf’s ‘The Lady in the Looking-Glass’ and Roger Fry’s ‘An Essay in Aesthetics’, the frame of a mirror is used to suggest the transference of aesthetic criteria to life. That Virginia Woolf would choose to explore the implications of a frame may be seen as a consequence of her association with painters and aestheticians. Although the influence of Roger Fry, in particular, was considerable, Virginia Woolf’s theories of art sometimes appear to have developed in opposition to his views.2 Her acceptance of the metaphors and models that his speculations provided without a corresponding commitment to the theories themselves is evident when one compares their descriptions of the effect of the frame.
Transport and fractionation in periodic potential-energy landscapes (2004)

Objects driven through periodically modulated potential-energy landscapes in two dimensions can become locked in to symmetry-selected directions that are independent of the driving force's orientation. We investigate this problem in the overdamped limit, and demonstrate that the crossover from free-flowing to locked-in transport can depend exponentially on an object's size, with this exceptional selectivity emerging from the landscape's periodicity.
Effect of the Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Antagonist Trapidil on Mesangial Cell Proliferation in Rats (1999)

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is known as a potent mediator in the proliferation of mesangial cells in culture and in mesangial proliferative nephritis. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of trapidil, an antagonist of PDGF, on mesangial cell proliferation in culture and in anti-Thy-1.1 nephritis in rats. Trapidil significantly inhibited 3H-thymidine incorporation in the mesangial cells stimulated by PDGF BB and suppressed mesangial cell proliferation in culture in a dose-dependent manner. In anti-Thy-1.1 nephritis, a significant reduction in the number of total glomerular cells and also proliferating (proliferating cell nuclear antigen positive) cells was demonstrated on day 7 in the rats treated with trapidil as compared with controls. Although renal function expressed as blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels did not differ between rats with and without trapidil treatment, the present results suggest a salutary effect of trapidil on mesangial cell proliferation. PDGF, therefore, could play an important role in mediating mesangial cell proliferation.
Gradient-Hierarchic-Aligned Porosity SiOC Ceramics (2017)

This work describes a simple technique to produce porous ceramics with aligned porosity having very high permeability and specific surface area. SiOC-based compositions were processed from blends of three types of preceramic polymer and a catalyst, followed by curing and pyrolysis. The heating applied from the bottom of molds promoted the nucleation, expansion and rising of gas bubbles, and the creation of a ceramic matrix with axially oriented channels interconnected by small round pores. The samples were analyzed by SEM, tomography, BET, water immersion porosimetry and permeation to gas flow. The resulting bodies presented levels of open porosity (69.9-83.4%), average channel diameter (0.59-1.25 mm) and permeability (0.56-3.83 × 10<sup>-9</sup> m<sup>2</sup>) comparable to those of ceramic foams and honeycomb monoliths, but with specific surface area (4.8-121.9 m<sup>2</sup>/g) typical adsorbents, enabling these lotus-type ceramics to be advantageously used as catalytic supports and adsorption components in several environmental control applications.