gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
3D and High Sensitivity Micrometric Mass Spectrometry Imaging (2017)

Mass spectrometry imaging has been shown of great interest in addressing biological questions by providing simultaneously chemical and spatial information. Particularly, TOF-SIMS is well recognized for its high spatial resolution (< 1 µm) which is essential in disclosing chemical information within a submicron area. The increasing use of TOF-SIMS in characterizing biological samples has greatly benefited from the introduction of new cluster ion sources. However, the ionization/desorption of the analytes under impacts of large clusters is still poorly understood. On the other hand, technically, current commercial TOF-SIMS instruments generally cannot provide sufficient mass resolution or mass accuracy for molecular identification, making analyses of complex biological systems especially challenging when no MS/MS fragmentation is available. Thus this thesis is aimed to get a better understanding of ion production under cluster impacts, to explore the MS/MS capability of the parallel imaging MS/MS Spectrometer (PHI nanoTOF II), as well as to apply TOF-SIMS to map important wood metabolites with high spatial resolution.In order to understand ion production under impacts of massive argon clusters, internal energy distributions of secondary ions were measured using survival yield method which involves the analyses of a series of benzylpyridinium ions. Investigation of various impacting conditions (energy, velocity, cluster size) suggested that velocity of the clusters play a major role in internal energy distribution and molecular fragmentation in the low energy per atom regime (E/n < 10 eV). The MS/MS fragmentation and parallel imaging capabilities of the newly designed PHI nanoTOF II spectrometer were evaluated by in situ MS/MS mapping of bioactive metabolites rubrynolide and rubrenolide in Amazonia wood species Sextonia rubra. Then this parallel imaging MS/MS technique was applied to perform in situ identification of related precursor metabolites in the same tree species. 2D and 3D TOF-SIMS imaging were carried out to target the plant cells that biosynthesize rubrynolide and rubrenolide. The results led to the proposal of a possible biosynthesis pathway of these two metabolites. In addition, to expand the application of TOF-SIMS imaging in wood chemistry analysis, radial distribution of wood extractives in the heartwood of European larch was also investigated.
An implanted-emitter 4H-SiC bipolar transistor with high current gain (2001)

An epi-base, implanted-emitter, npn bipolar transistor which showed a maximum common emitter current gain (/spl beta/) of /spl sim/40, the highest current gain reported for BJT in any polytype of SiC has been experimentally demonstrated in 4H-SiC. The forward drop was /spl sim/1 V at forward current density of 50 A/cm/sup 2/. The current gain decreases hence specific on-resistance increases with increasing temperature. The negative temperature coefficient of /spl beta/ makes the device attractive for paralleling and for preventing thermal runaways.
The design and analysis of DASH: a scalable directory-based multiprocessor (1992)

Scalable shared-memory multiprocessors combine the ease of programming of a single address space with the ability to scale performance as the system grows from a few processors to a few thousand processors. The major challenge in such machines lies in the design of a memory system that has both low latency and high bandwidth. Directory-based cache coherence can potentially satisfy both of these goals. Caching provides low latency, while the directory supports coherence without compromising bandwidth.
The focus of this dissertation is the design of distributed directory-based multiprocessors. The vehicle used to drive the investigation has been the implementation of the DASH prototype system. The detailed design of the prototype has shown that while directory-based systems are complex, they are feasible. The issues that must be addressed in their design include: providing scalable memory bandwidth with limited overhead cost, reducing and hiding the latency of a physically large memory system, and managing the concurrency problems introduced by the highly parallel execution environment.
The DASH prototype is the first operational machine to include a scalable cache-coherence mechanism. Analysis of the prototype has led to new insights into directory-based systems. First, the prototype shows that the complexity of directory-based protocols is manageable and that the hardware overhead can be kept quite low (less than 20% in the prototype). Second, while a single-address space can simplify use of a parallel system, it does not imply that interprocessor communication is free. Remote memory latency is significant ($>$100 processor clocks in the prototype), and good cache and memory locality are important to achieve high performance. Third, and most important of all, running parallel applications on the prototype has demonstrated that high-performance and near linear speedups are possible on this class of machine.
Finally, the preliminary design of a very large-scale highly integrated DASH system indicates that the architecture can be scaled in today's technology to a system with over 2000 processors and 1 TeraOPS in peak performance.
Public involvement in technology policy (2006)

This paper examines the role of the general public in informing technology policy, observing that public involvement often occurs only through the electoral process or via feedback after plans have been implemented. Planners and policymakers are not necessarily in touch with the feelings and desires of the public who will be affected by their decisions. For this reason it is important to seek a clearer understanding of the views of citizens who are not typically involved in the planning or design process in order to guide the evolution of technology, as well as to highlight areas where there may be some discrepancy between planners and the needs of everyday users. To broaden the inputs into discussion of emerging problems related to pervasive computing in the State of Hawaii, both information and communication technology specialists (including government policy makers) and members of the general population were invited to participate in a multi-phase study. Differences in perception between specialists and the general public were identified in all phases of research. Specialists were identified as being more focused on near-term issues related to barriers affecting the growth of high-technology industries within the State. Non-specialists showed greater concern for "human" issues, including issues related to the control of technology. Importantly, both groups independently described a need for increased public participation in the process of technological development. Analysis also revealed that both groups found the problem statements generated by non-specialists to be valuable contributions, arguing for their inclusion in the process of problem identification and further supporting the use of participatory planning methods.
Combined T2-Weighted and Diffusion-Weighted MRI for Localization of Prostate Cancer (2007)

Combined T2 and DWI MRI is better than T2 imaging alone in the detection of significant cancer (Gleason score > or = 6 and diameter > 4 mm) within the peripheral zone of the prostate.
Cloud computing and cloud security in China (2018)

We live in the data age. It’s not easy to measure the total volume of data stored electronically, but an IDC estimate put the size of the “digital universe” at 0.18 zettabytes in 2006 and is forecasting a tenfold growth by 2011 to 1.8 zettabytes. A zettabyte is 1021 bytes, or equivalently one thousand exabytes, one million petabytes, or one billion terabytes. That’s roughly the same order of magnitude as one disk drive for every person in the world.
The role of trophoblastic microRNAs in placental viral infection (2014)

During the past decade, various types of small non-coding RNAs were found to be expressed in all kingdoms and phyla of life. Intense research efforts have begun to shed light on their biological functions, although much remains to be determined in order to fully characterize their scope of biological action. Typically, small RNAs provide sequence specificity to a protein complex that is driven to silence a long target RNA. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that are coded in the genome of most eukaryotes, and contribute to the cellular identity by regulating cell-specific gene networks by translational repression or degradation of mRNA. These effects commonly fine-tune gene expression associated with developmental or environmental cues. Different cell types can be characterized by their distinctive cellular miRNA landscape. The human placenta expresses a unique set of miRNAs, a high proportion of which is derived from a large cluster located on chromosome 19, (termed chromosome 19 miRNA cluster, or C19MC). Interestingly, a fraction of these placenta-enriched miRNAs are released to the extracellular environment through exosomes that were recently found to induce an antiviral immunity. In this review, we explore relevant placental viral infections and discuss the antiviral role of exosome-packaged placental C19MC miRNAs in this context.
23.2 A 1.1V 1ynm 6.4Gb/s/pin 16Gb DDR5 SDRAM with a Phase-Rotator-Based DLL, High-Speed SerDes and RX/TX Equalization Scheme (2019)

Required system performance for the computing and server, cost and power forces DRAM to improve its bandwidth, capacity and power. DDR5 SDRAM has been proposed as the next memory solution, with various new functions and circuit techniques to overcome the limitation of DDR4. Speed has been increased to 4.4 - 6.4Gb/s from DDR4's 3.2Gb/s. Energy efficiency has improved by over 30% using a 1.1V V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</sub> and a 1.8V V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PP</sub> . To achieve the performance and power consumption targets DDR5 adopted a small number of command pins with 2cycle decoding, new write training methods, an on-die ECC, an un-matched DO/DOS scheme, and an equalize scheme for the interface. This paper presents a 16Gb 6.4Gb/s/pin DDR5 SDRAM with a high-speed circuit techniques using a 1.1V DRAM process.
Protecting Private Keys against Memory Disclosure Attacks Using Hardware Transactional Memory (2015)

Cryptography plays an important role in computer and communication security. In practical implementations of cryptosystems, the cryptographic keys are usually loaded into the memory as plaintext, and then used in the cryptographic algorithms. Therefore, the private keys are subject to memory disclosure attacks that read unauthorized data from RAM. Such attacks could be performed through software methods (e.g., Open SSL Heart bleed) even when the integrity of the victim system's executable binaries is maintained. They could also be performed through physical methods (e.g., Cold-boot attacks on RAM chips) even when the system is free of software vulnerabilities. In this paper, we propose Mimosa that protects RSA private keys against the above software-based and physical memory attacks. When the Mimosa service is in idle, private keys are encrypted and reside in memory as cipher text. During the cryptographic computing, Mimosa uses hardware transactional memory (HTM) to ensure that (a) whenever a malicious process other than Mimosa attempts to read the plaintext private key, the transaction aborts and all sensitive data are automatically cleared with hardware mechanisms, due to the strong atomicity guarantee of HTM, and (b) all sensitive data, including private keys and intermediate states, appear as plaintext only within CPU-bound caches, and are never loaded to RAM chips. To the best of our knowledge, Mimosa is the first solution to use transactional memory to protect sensitive data against memory disclosure attacks. We have implemented Mimosa on a commodity machine with Intel Core i7 Haswell CPUs. Through extensive experiments, we show that Mimosa effectively protects cryptographic keys against various attacks that attempt to read sensitive data from memory, and it only introduces a small performance overhead.
Evidence for the role of an altered redox state in hyporesponsiveness of synovial T cells in rheumatoid arthritis (1997)

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), T cells isolated from the synovial fluid (SF) show impaired responses to mitogenic stimulation compared with T cells from the peripheral blood (PB). Here it is reported that hyporesponsiveness of SF T cells correlated with a significant decrease in the levels of the intracellular redox-regulating agent glutathione (GSH). GSH was decreased in both CD4+ (p = 0.0022) and CD8+ (p = 0.0010) SF T cell subsets compared with PB CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in RA patients. Levels of thioredoxin (TRX), another key redox mediator, previously found to be secreted under conditions of oxidative stress, were found to be significantly increased in SF compared with plasma samples of RA patients (p = 0.005). Increased levels of TRX in the SF of inflamed joints was found to be associated with RA when compared with other arthritides (p = 0.007). Restoration of GSH levels in SF T cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), enhanced mitogenic induced proliferative responses and IL-2 production. Collectively, these data impute an important role to an altered redox state in the hyporesponsiveness of joint T cells in patients with RA.
Cd1−<i>x</i>Mn<i>x</i>Te-CdTe multilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (1984)

Single-crystal multilayers of the dilute magnetic semiconductor Cd1−x Mnx Te (x∼0.2) alternating with CdTe have been successfully grown for the first time using the molecular beam epitaxy technique. Four sets of superlattices have been prepared consisting of 14, 60, 90, and 240 double layers of average thickness 460, 140, 75, and 37 Å, respectively. Each set consists of two samples grown simultaneously using 7×15×1-mm thick (0001) sapphire substrates onto which 5.0-μm-thick CdTe buffer layers were first deposited. X-ray diffraction techniques were employed to verify that epitaxy had been achieved and to obtain the average lattice constant of each of the multilayer structures. X-ray diffraction satellites were observed on both sides of the (111) diffraction peak of the superlattices composed of 14 and 60 alternating layers, respectively, which allowed an accurate estimate of the superlattice period, or double-layer thickness, for these samples. Results of UV reflectance studies and photoluminescence experiments at liquid nitrogen temperatures are also presented and discussed.
Tuberculosis Biomarkers: From Diagnosis to Protection (2016)

New approaches to control tuberculosis (TB) worldwide are needed. In particular, new tools for diagnosis and new biomarkers are required to evaluate both pathogen and host key elements of the response to infection. Non-sputum based diagnostic tests, biomarkers predictive of adequate responsiveness to treatment, and biomarkers of risk of developing active TB disease are major goals. Here, we review the current state of the field. Although reports on new candidate biomarkers are numerous, validation and independent confirmation are rare. Efforts are needed to reduce the gap between the exploratory up-stream identification of candidate biomarkers, and the validation of biomarkers against clear clinical endpoints in different populations. This will need a major commitment from both scientists and funding bodies.
Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Analysis of Cu(I) in Electroplating Solution and Evaluation of Plated Films (2018)

In this study, we investigated the behavior of the cuprous ion (Cu(I)) in a copper sulfate plating solution and the effects of Cu(I) on the quality of the resultant copper plating film. Through spectroscopic methods, two kinds of Cu(I)-containing compounds in the plating solution were identified by analyzing the kinetics of the complex forming reactions between Cu(I) and the disodium salt of bathocuproinedisulfonic acid (BCS). The first Cu(I) component reacts slowly with BCS and probably incorporated deep inside the polyethylene glycol (PEG) matrix; thus, Cu(I) is sterically hindered by PEG, preventing interactions with the BCS in the plating solution. The other Cu(I) component can instantaneously react with BCS, forming a complex. In addition, interestingly, it has been shown that the instantaneous component affects the roughness of copper plating films. These results indicate that spectroscopic measurement and analysis is effective for the management and evaluation of plating solutions for high-quality production.
Excited-State Symmetry Breaking in Cofacial and Linear Dimers of a Green Perylenediimide Chlorophyll Analogue Leading to Ultrafast Charge Separation (2002)

Photoexcitation of chromophoric dimers constrained to a symmetric pi-stacked geometry by their molecular structure usually produces excimers independent of solvent polarity, while dimers with edge-to-edge perpendicular pi systems undergo excited-state symmetry breaking in highly polar solvents leading to intradimer charge separation. We present direct evidence for symmetry breaking in the lowest excited singlet state of a symmetric cofacial dimer of 1,7-bis(pyrrolidin-1'-yl)-perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (5PDI) in the low polarity solvent toluene to produce a radical ion pair quantitatively. This dimer, cof-5PDI2, was synthesized by attaching two 5PDI chromophores via imide groups to a xanthene spacer. For comparison, a linear symmetric dimer, lin-5PDI2, was prepared in which the 5PDI chromophores are linked end-to-end via a N-N single bond between their imides. The edge-to-edge pi systems of the 5PDI chromophores within lin-5PDI2 are perpendicular to one another. Ground-state absorption spectra of both 5PDI dimers show exciton coupling, which is consistent with the orientation of the 5PDI chromophores relative to one another. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy following excitation of the dimers with 700 nm, 100 fs laser pulses shows that quantitative intradimer electron transfer occurs in cof-5PDI2 in toluene with tau = 0.17 ps followed by charge recombination to the ground state with tau = 222 ps. Similar measurements on lin-5PDI2 reveal that photoinduced electron transfer does not occur in toluene, but occurs in more polar solvents such as 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, wherein tau = 55 ps for charge separation and tau = 99 ps for charge recombination. Excited-state symmetry breaking in 5PDI dimers provides new routes to biomimetic charge separation and storage assemblies that can be more easily prepared and modified than those based on multiple tetrapyrrole macrocycles.
Exceedingly mild, selective and stereospecific phase-transfer-catalyzed hydrogenation of arenes (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTExceedingly mild, selective and stereospecific phase-transfer-catalyzed hydrogenation of arenesKrzysztof R. Januszkiewicz and Howard AlperCite this: Organometallics 1983, 2, 8, 1055–1057Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om50002a025https://doi.org/10.1021/om50002a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views800Altmetric-Citations78LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Receiver based PAPR reduction in OFDMA (2014)

High peak-to-average power ratio is one of the major drawbacks of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Clipping is the simplest peak reduction scheme, however, it requires clipping mitigation at the receiver. Recently compressed sensing has been used for clipping mitigation (by exploiting the sparse nature of clipping signal). However, clipping estimation in multi-user scenario (i.e., OFDMA) is not straightforward as clipping distortions overlap in frequency domain and one cannot distinguish between distortions from different users. In this work, a collaborative clipping removal strategy is proposed based on joint estimation of the clipping distortions from all users. Further, an effective data aided channel estimation strategy for clipped OFDM is also outlined. Simulation results are presented to justify the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.
The beta-subunit of the F1F0-ATPase is conserved in mycoplasmas. (1986)

Monospecific polyclonal antibodies that were generated against the beta-subunit of Escherichia coli ATPase (F1Fo) cross-reacted with a protein present in the cells of several Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species. In Mycoplasma gallisepticum, the reactive protein was found almost exclusively in the cell membrane. This protein had an apparent molecular mass of approximately 52 kDa and could not be released from the membranes by repeated washings with either low or high salt solutions in the presence or absence of EDTA. The reactive protein was found to be catalytically active, exhibiting up to 44% of the total membrane-bound ATPase activity. We suggest that mycoplasmas possess a F1Fo-ATPase which undergoes structural modification(s) allowing its integration into the membrane.
Labanotation (2013)

A definitive book for students of dance and movement studies, Labanotation is now available in a fourth edition, the first complete revision of the text since 1977. Initiated by the movement genius Rudolf Laban, and refined through fifty years of work by teachers here and abroad, Labanotation, the first wholly successful system for recording human movement, is now having the effect on ballet and other forms of dance that the prefection of music notation in the Renaissance had on the development of music. This book makes it possible to record accurately, for study and reconstruction, the great dance creations of the theater, as well as such diverse activities as time/motion studies for industry, personnel assessment and physical therapy. So comprehensive that it can indicate even facial expressions, the system is also simple enough for a child to learn easily as an integral part of athletic or dance training.
Competitive management of distributed shared memory (2003)

The authors present and analyze algorithms for managing the distributed shared memory present in nonuniform-memory-access multiprocessors and related systems. The competitive properties of these algorithms guarantee that their performance is within a small constant factor of optimal even though they make no use of any information about memory reference patterns. Both hardware and software implementation concerns are covered. A case study of the Mach operating system indicates that integration of these algorithms into operating systems does not pose major problems. On the other hand, hardware support is required to obtain the full functionality of the algorithms. The authors also sketch possible extensions to the algorithms to support additional hardware architectures and software programming models.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>