gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spectrum of Canavan mutations among Jewish and non-Jewish patients (1994)

Canavan disease is an autosomal recessive leukodystrophy caused by the deficiency of aspartoacylase (ASPA) and accumulation of N-acetylapartic acid in brain. The cDNA and the gene for ASPA has been isolated and localized to 17q13-ter. Single strand conformation polymorphism followed by DNA sequencing and/or restriction endonuclease digestion of PCR amplified genomic DNA and cDNA were used for identification of Canavan mutations. The effect of these mutations on ASPA activity was determined by in vitro expression studies. We have analyzed 158 Canavan chromosomes for mutations in ASPA gene. A total of 13 different mutations were identified in the ASPA gene. The distribution of these mutations among patients of different ethnic groups is unique. Of the 100 Jewish Canavan chromosomes, E285{yields}A missense mutation was predominant in 83%, followed by Y231{yields}X nonsense mutation in 13%. The A305{yields}E mutation in Jewish patients was found in 2 alleles; both of which were of non-Jewish origin. The two predominant Jewish mutations account for 96% of the mutant alleles in this ethnic group. Among the 52 non-Jewish chromosomes of European descent, A305{yields}E missense mutation was predominant in 46.15% alleles; whereas E285{yields}A and Y232{yields}X mutations each account for 3.8% mutant alleles. Six other mutations including missense and deletionsmore » were identified in non-Jewish patients of European descent. These mutations account for 21.15% mutant alleles, resulting in an overall detection of 75%. The 3 Arab patient were each homozygous for 3 different mutations that included 2 missense and one exon skipping mutation(s). The implication of these mutations is discussed in terms of their origin, carrier detection and epidemiology in the risk population and pre-natal diagnosis in informative families.« less
An infrared optical field effect transistor with high speed response (1996)

An infrared optical field effect transistor has been developed using a thin film of lead titanate (PbTiO3) deposited on a n/p+ Si substrate by rf sputtering, in which the drain conductance changes in proportion to the infrared light power. A fast response with a rise time of 2.3 μs has been obtained that is about 150% faster than the other types of thermal infrared optical field effect transistor. The developed infrared sensor is a bulk channel field effect transistor structure, that possesses higher mobility. Thus, faster speed can be obtained. In addition, the sensor has been prepared on a Si substrate, which offers the potential to develop Si-based infrared optical-electric integrated circuits.
Targeted Fluorination with the Fluoride Ion by Manganese‐Catalyzed Decarboxylation (2015)

We describe the first catalytic decarboxylative fluorination reaction based on the nucleophilic fluoride ion. The reported method allows the facile replacement of various aliphatic carboxylic acid groups with fluorine. Moreover, the potential of this method for PET imaging has been demonstrated by the successful (18) F labeling of a variety of carboxylic acids with radiochemical conversions up to 50 %, representing a targeted decarboxylative (18) F labeling method with no-carrier-added [(18) F]fluoride. Mechanistic probes suggest that the reaction proceeds through the interaction of the manganese catalyst with iodine(III) carboxylates formed in situ from iodosylbenzene and the carboxylic acid substrates.
<i>miR-1343</i> attenuates pathways of fibrosis by targeting the TGF-β receptors (2015)

Irreversible respiratory obstruction resulting from progressive airway damage, inflammation and fibrosis is a feature of several chronic respiratory diseases, including cystic fibrosis (CF), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has a pivotal role in promoting lung fibrosis and is implicated in respiratory disease severity. In the present study, we show that a previously uncharacterized miRNA, miR-1343, reduces the expression of both TGF-β receptor 1 and 2 by directly targeting their 3'-UTRs. After TGF-β exposure, elevated intracellular miR-1343 significantly decreases levels of activated TGF-β effector molecules, pSMAD2 (phosphorylated SMAD2) and pSMAD3 (phosphorylated SMAD3), when compared with a non-targeting control miRNA. As a result, the abundance of fibrotic markers is reduced, cell migration into a scratch wound impaired and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) repressed. Mature miR-1343 is readily detected in human neutrophils and HL-60 cells and is activated in response to stress in A549 lung epithelial cells. miR-1343 may have direct therapeutic applications in fibrotic lung disease.
Widely Tunable InGaAsP/InP Laser Based on a Vertical Coupler Intracavity Filter (1992)

Widely tunable semiconductor lasers are critical components for future wavelength division multiplexed networks and switching systems. Indeed, the total capacity of such systems is presently limited by the laser tuning range. The electrical tuning range of DFB and DBR lasers is limited to less than ~15nm. This limitation results from the fact that the fractional tuning range, Δλ/λ, of the fine-pitch Bragg grating wavelength-selective reflector is simply proportional to the normalized effective index change, ΔN/N. However, we have recently demonstrated that the grating-assisted vertical coupler provides an attractive bandpass filter that can be electrically tuned over a range substantially greater than a grating reflector for the same induced refractive index change [1,2]. Indeed, very recently a tunable twin guide laser that includes a vertical coupler structure between two nearly-synchronous guides exhibited evidence of extended, but irregular tuning [3]. Here we report a novel monolithic extended cavity laser with an integrated grating-assisted vertical coupler as a tunable intracavity filter. This laser has measured tuning range of 57nm and a tuning response that depends monotonically on the filter tuning current.
Silicon nitride islands as oxidation masks for the formation of silicon nanopillars (1999)

We have used silicon nitride islands as oxidation masks for the formation of nanometer-scale silicon pillars. For the growth of silicon nitride islands on the Si(111)-7×7 surface, two different methods were used: (1) 100 eV N2+ ion exposure at room temperature followed by subsequent post annealing at 980 °C and (2) N2 exposure at 800 °C. Scanning tunneling microscope images for the two differently prepared surfaces showed a submonolayer coverage of nanometer-size silicon nitride islands. On these surfaces, oxygen was exposed at high temperatures where silicon etching was dominant over oxide formation. It was found that those silicon nitride islands successfully worked as oxidation masks to form silicon nanopillars as high as several nanometers via a selective oxygen etching of silicon. Silicon nanopillars of uniform sizes but with nonuniform heights were obtained in the case of N2+ ions, while those with a distribution of nonuniform sizes but homogeneous heights were formed in the case of N2 gas. Such different results are explained in terms of differences in the nitridation reaction between the two preparation methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen from Catalytic Reforming of Biomass‐Derived Hydrocarbons in Liquid Water. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
High-gradient low-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:math> accelerating structure using the first negative spatial harmonic of the fundamental mode (2017)

The development of high-gradient accelerating structures for low-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ particles is the key for compact hadron linear accelerators. A particular example of such a machine is a hadron therapy linac, which is a promising alternative to cyclic machines, traditionally used for cancer treatment. Currently, the practical utilization of linear accelerators in radiation therapy is limited by the requirement to be under 50 m in length. A usable device for cancer therapy should produce 200--250 MeV protons and/or $400--450\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}/\mathrm{u}$ carbon ions, which sets the requirement of having $35\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MV}/\mathrm{m}$ average ``real-estate gradient'' or gradient per unit of actual accelerator length, including different accelerating sections, focusing elements and beam transport lines, and at least $50\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MV}/\mathrm{m}$ accelerating gradients in the high-energy section of the linac. Such high accelerating gradients for ion linacs have recently become feasible for operations at S-band frequencies. However, the reasonable application of traditional S-band structures is practically limited to $\ensuremath{\beta}=\mathrm{v}/\mathrm{c}>0.4$. However, the simulations show that for lower phase velocities, these structures have either high surface fields ($>200\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MV}/\mathrm{m}$) or low shunt impedances ($<35\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{M}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}/\mathrm{m}$). At the same time, a significant ($\ensuremath{\sim}10%$) reduction in the linac length can be achieved by using the $50\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MV}/\mathrm{m}$ structures starting from $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\sim}0.3$. To address this issue, we have designed a novel radio frequency structure where the beam is synchronous with the higher spatial harmonic of the electromagnetic field. In this paper, we discuss the principles of this approach, the related beam dynamics and especially the electromagnetic and thermomechanical designs of this novel structure. Besides the application to ion therapy, the technology described in this paper can be applied to future high gradient normal conducting ion linacs and high energy physics machines, such as a compact hadron collider. This approach preserves linac compactness in settings with limited space availability.
Use of periodicity and jitter as speech recognition features (2002)

We investigate a class of features related to voicing parameters that indicate whether the vocal chords are vibrating. Features describing voicing characteristics of speech signals are integrated with an existing 38-dimensional feature vector consisting of first and second order time derivatives of the frame energy and of the cepstral coefficients with their first and second derivatives. HMM-based connected digit recognition experiments comparing the traditional and extended feature sets show that voicing features and spectral information are complementary and that improved speech recognition performance is obtained by combining the two sources of information.
Trichomonas vaginalis with a double-stranded RNA virus has upregulated levels of phenotypically variable immunogen mRNA (1994)

Some isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis carry a double-stranded RNA virus (TVV) and undergo phenotypic variation between surface expression and cytoplasmic expression of a prominent immunogen (P270). Only trichomonads with TVV express P270 on the surface. Northern (RNA) blots using a specific cDNA encoding the repeat element of the phenotypically varying P270 immunogen as a probe showed accumulation of P270 transcript only in isolates with TVV (V+) in contrast to isolates without the virus (V-). To test further the influence of virus infection on P270 mRNA expression, V- progeny, derived from the parental V+ isolates, were tested. Trichomonads of V- progeny, like the fresh clinical V- isolates, also showed no accumulation of P270 mRNA. By immunoblotting with a monoclonal antibody to the key repeated epitope of P270, it was found that V- organisms had quantitatively less immunoreactive protein than the parental V+ isolates. Although V+ and V- isolates contained proteins immunoreactive with the monoclonal antibody to P270, it was necessary to test for the presence of the P270 gene among all the isolates. As expected, Southern blots demonstrated that V+ and V- trichomonads possessed the gene encoding P270. These data suggest that the double-stranded RNA virus of T. vaginalis is involved in the regulation of P270 mRNA accumulation.
Single-shot two-dimensional spectrometer (2006)

A two-dimensional optical spectrometer is demonstrated using simple optical components. This spectrometer is based on ultrafast two-dimensional (2D) frequency-dispersed pump-probe spectroscopy and can be used for single-shot correlation spectroscopy. To demonstrate functionality of this device, we measure the 2D correlation spectrum of atomic rubidium.
Joint Adaptive Background Skipping and Weighted Bit Allocation for Wireless Video Telephony (2005)

In this paper, we propose a novel region-of-interest (ROI) video coding algorithm for wireless video telephony applications. In order to improve the visual quality of the ROI, the proposed approach reallocates bits from Non-ROI macroblocks to ROI by adaptively skipping Non-ROI and using an optimized weighted bit allocation scheme to bias the bit allocation. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first effort to develop an optimized ρ-domain bit allocation scheme for ROI video coding. Experimental results indicate that the proposed approach significantly outperforms other methods by up to 2dB.
Consistent and Significant Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope–Mediated Membrane Fusion by β‐Chemokines (RANTES) in Primary Human Macrophages (2000)

Infection and entry of CD4(+) cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) requires a coreceptor molecule, which, in concert with CD4, interacts with the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), leading to membrane fusion. The principal coreceptors are the CCR5 and CXCR4 chemokine receptors. The suppressive effect of beta-chemokines, principally RANTES, on certain HIV-1 isolates was established before the discovery of the CCR5 receptor, and there have since been multiple reports confirming this initial observation. However, the inhibitory effect of beta-chemokines on HIV-1 infection of macrophages has been controversial. The current study focused on this issue in detail, with a reductionist approach, using assays that measure the effect of beta-chemokines solely on Env-mediated fusion. It is shown that under a variety of culture and differentiation conditions, RANTES maintains a significant and consistent inhibitory effect on CCR5-dependent Env-mediated fusion, and the role of these findings is discussed in relation to the role of beta-chemokines in HIV pathogenesis.
Wideband modulation of the C13O216 laser <i>R</i> (18) line at 10.784 μm with an N14H3 Stark cell (1977)

Intense Stark resonance absorptions near 10.7 μm of the R (18) and R (24) lines and a weaker absorption of the R (26) line of the isotopic C13O216 laser by N14H3 are reported. Wideband modulation experiments with an N14H3 Stark cell and the R (18) line are presented. Key modulation features are the 2-ns rise time, high modulation depths, low power dissipation, short Stark modulator cell (10 cm), high saturation intensity (≳8 W/cm2), new spectral features of the modulated signal versus Stark bias, and a demonstration of 180-Mbit random word modulation.
A Novel Transgenic Mouse Model for the In Vivo Evaluation of Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Drugs (1992)

We have developed a binary transgenic mouse system that allows easy in vivo evaluation of new anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drugs or therapies specifically designed to target the viral transactivator protein (TAT) or long terminal repeat (LTR) functions. This approach consists of a simple genetic cross between an "activator" transgenic mouse expressing the HIV-1-tat gene exclusively to T lymphocytes and a "target" transgenic mouse bearing a silent reporter gene whose expression is under the control of the HIV-1-LTR. As expected, most of the target transgenic animals did not express the reporter gene; on the contrary, all the double-transgenic mice bearing both the activator and target transgenes strongly expressed the TAT-induced reporter gene. The choice of a secreted human alpha 1-antitrypsin variant (alpha 1-AT) as reporter gene readily permits in a single animal the quantitative determination of the plasma level of alpha 1-AT protein before and after anti-LTR or anti-TAT treatments. Such mice may be valuable as new laboratory models for the in vivo evaluation of agents with potential anti-HIV-1 activity.
<title>Novel architectures for implementing very high throughput variable-length decoders in HDTV systems</title> (1996)

Variable Length Decoders (VLD) constitute one of the principal bottlenecks in building HDTV Decoders. In these systems, the VLD must decode at a rate of about 100 million code words per second or higher. The VLD speed of operation, however, is limited by long propagation delays in the word length decoding loop caused by wide barrel shifting, large table decoding, multiplexing, and arithmetic operations. The stringent speed requirements present major challenges in VLD implementation using current VLSI technology. Several techniques of VLD throughput enhancement are discussed here. Some of these methods increase the speed of the loop hardware, while the others introduce some parallelism in processing the inherently serial bit stream data. These techniques can be combined together or used independently to provide advantages in different applications. The techniques of Type-Independent Length Decoding Loop Acceleration and Scaleable Quasi-Parallel Processing produce very good results in professional applications (studio, medical etc.). For consumer applications, the One-Hot architecture along with the technique of Adaptive Acceleration in Processing of Huffman Coded Bit Streams promise to deliver feasible and inexpensive VLD implementations in VLSI with the benefit of operation at clock rates lower than those required in the architectures traditionally employed. A method of Dynamic State Machine Partitioning in Tree Searching VLD implementations is also considered for a `pre-VLD' application, where word boundary information is extracted to enhance the performance of the actual VLD.
Three‐dimensional prostate segmentation using level set with shape constraint based on rotational slices for 3D end‐firing TRUS guided biopsy (2013)

To address the challenges involved with slice-based 3D prostate segmentation, a level set based method is proposed in this paper. This method is especially developed for a 3D end-firing TRUS guided prostate biopsy system. The extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is accurate, robust, and computationally efficient.
Annodienin and Jahnonacin: New Bioactive Nontetrahydrofuran Annonaceous Acetogenins from the Twigs of<u>Annona Jahnii</u> (1999)

Abstract Annodienin (1) and jahnonacin (2), two new bioactive non-tetrahydrofuran Annonaceous acetogenins, have been isolated from the EtOH extract of the twigs of Annona jahnii Saff., using fractionation directed by brine shrimp lethality. These new compounds are unsaturated acetogenins and have a diol system. Compound 1 bears two double bonds in the aliphatic chain. The structures were elucidated by spectral analyses of the parent compounds and/or simple chemical derivatives, especially by employing 1H-NMR and 2D-NMR experiments. These acetogenins showed selective cytotoxicities, with potencies similar to adriamycin, among six human solid tumor cell lines. Key Words: Annonaceous acetogeninsAnnona jahniiannodieninjahnonacinbrine shrimp
Automatic aesthetic value assessment in photographic images (2010)

The automatic assessment of aesthetic values in consumer photographic images is an important issue for content management, organizing and retrieving images, and building digital image albums. This paper explores automatic aesthetic estimation in two different tasks: (1) to estimate fine-granularity aesthetic scores ranging from 0 to 100, a novel regression method, namely Diff-RankBoost, is proposed based on RankBoost and support vector techniques; and (2) to predict coarse-granularity aesthetic categories (e.g., visually “very pleasing” or “not pleasing”), multi-category classifiers are developed. A set of visual features describing various characteristics related to image quality and aesthetic values are used to generate multidimensional feature spaces for aesthetic estimation. Experiments over a consumer photographic image collection with user ground-truth indicate that the proposed algorithms provide promising results for automatic image aesthetic assessment.
Belief Space Metareasoning for Exception Recovery (2019)

Due to the complexity of the real world, autonomous systems use decision-making models that rely on simplifying assumptions to make them computationally tractable and feasible to design. However, since these limited representations cannot fully capture the domain of operation, an autonomous system may encounter unanticipated scenarios that cannot be resolved effectively. We first formally introduce an introspective autonomous system that uses belief space metareasoning to recover from exceptions by interleaving a main decision process with a set of exception handlers. We then apply introspective autonomy to autonomous driving. Finally, we demonstrate that an introspective autonomous vehicle is effective in simulation and on a fully operational prototype.
Subgroups of Alzheimer's disease based on cerebrospinal fluid molecular markers (2005)

Alzheimer's disease, the most common cause of dementia, is multifactorial and heterogeneous; its diagnosis remains probable. We postulated that more than one disease mechanism yielded Alzheimer's histopathology, and that subgroups of the disease might be identified by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of proteins associated with senile (neuritic) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. We immunoassayed levels of tau, ubiquitin, and Abeta(1-42) in retrospectively collected CSF samples of 468 clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease patients (N = 353) or non-Alzheimer's subjects (N = 115). Latent profile analysis assigned each subject to a cluster based on the levels of these molecular markers. Alzheimer's disease was subdivided into at least five subgroups based on CSF levels of Abeta(1-42), tau, and ubiquitin; each subgroup presented a different clinical profile. These subgroups, which can be identified by CSF analysis, might benefit differently from different therapeutic drugs.
Initial Cooldown Characteristic of Conduction-Cooled High Field Magnet System (2010)

Cooldown time is one of the major factors in the conduction-cooled superconducting magnet system. Cooldown time means a time cooling a superconducting magnet from room temperature to cryogenic temperature within a stipulated amount of time. The estimation of cooldown time seeks the elapsed time to cool the superconducting magnet by cryocooler during initial cooldown process. This procedure includes the modeling of properties of low temperature superconductor, the dimensions of superconducting magnet, the cryogenic loads, the thermal link between magnet and cryocooler, and the available refrigerating capacity of cryocooler. This method is applied to the conduction-cooled superconducting magnet system developed by ourselves for accuracy confirmation. The effects of magnetic field, size of magnet and thermal link on the initial cooldown are also discussed.