gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Development of Contemporary Clinical Sociology (1990)

While clinical sociologists have been part of American sociology for well over fifty years, it has been only the last decade that the field of clinical sociology has become formalized and has gained acceptance as having a legitimate role in contemporary sociology. The history and development of this renewed interest in clinical sociology parallels the history and development of the Clinical Sociology Association (cur-rently called the Sociological Practice Association). This paper gives an overview of the movement, differentiates current uses of the terms &quot;clinical sociology, &quot; &quot;applied sociology, &quot; and &quot;sociological practice, &quot; and discusses directions for the next decade. The history and development of contemporary clinical sociology parallels the history and development of the Clinical Sociology Association, currently called the Sociological Practice Association: A Professional Organization of Clinical and Applied Sociologists (SPA). The contemporary clinical sociology movement generally is dated from the organizational meeting of the Clinical Sociology Association (CSA) in 1978 during the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association (ASA) in San Francisco. John Glass is credited with being the founder of this movement; and, during the organizational meeting, he was elected coordinator of the newly formed network. Glass had been working in clinical settings for some time and had discussed the need for a clinical sociology in both a 1970 article entitled &quot;Toward a
Role of Osteoprotegerin in Arterial Calcification (2007)

Our results demonstrated that OPG had anticalcification activity in the aorta, probably through the downregulation of ALP activity. Because the time course of arterial calcification after the injection of calcitriol is accurate and reproducible, this mouse model will be useful for further investigation of vascular calcification.
A three-way comparative genomic analysis of Mannheimia haemolytica isolates (2010)

During our analysis we identified previously unknown possible type III secretion effector proteins, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated sequences (Cas). The presence of CRISPR regions is indicative of likely co-evolution with an associated phage. If proven functional, the presence of a type III secretion system in M. haemolytica will help us re-evaluate our approach to study host-pathogen interactions. We also identified various adhesins containing immuno-dominant domains, which may interfere with host-innate immunity and which could potentially serve as effective vaccine candidates.
Myeloperoxidase oxidation of sulfur‐centered and benzoic acid hydroxyl radical scavengers (1985)

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) oxidizes sulfur-centered and benzoate hydroxyl radical scavengers through formation of HOCl. Sulfur-centered hydroxyl radical scavengers compete with benzoate as antioxidants of HOCl. We conclude from these observations that competition experiments between benzoate and sulfur-centered hydroxyl radical scavengers are not sufficiently specific to infer participation of hydroxyl radicals in oxidative reactions mediated by neutrophils because of the unique action of MPO in affecting oxidation of the test radical scavengers.
Wavelet-Based Artifact Identification and Separation Technique for EEG Signals during Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (2013)

We present a new method for removing artifacts in electroencephalography (EEG) records during Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS). The main challenge in exploiting GVS is to understand how the stimulus acts as an input to brain. We used EEG to monitor the brain and elicit the GVS reflexes. However, GVS current distribution throughout the scalp generates an artifact on EEG signals. We need to eliminate this artifact to be able to analyze the EEG signals during GVS. We propose a novel method to estimate the contribution of the GVS current in the EEG signals at each electrode by combining time-series regression methods with wavelet decomposition methods. We use wavelet transform to project the recorded EEG signal into various frequency bands and then estimate the GVS current distribution in each frequency band. The proposed method was optimized using simulated signals, and its performance was compared to well-accepted artifact removal methods such as ICA-based methods and adaptive filters. The results show that the proposed method has better performance in removing GVS artifacts, compared to the others. Using the proposed method, a higher signal to artifact ratio of -1.625 dB was achieved, which outperformed other methods such as ICA-based methods, regression methods, and adaptive filters.
Artificial Neural Network for the Analysis of Electroencephalogram (2006)

Electroencephalography is an important tool for diagnosing, monitoring and managing neurological disorders related to epilepsy. The presence of epileptiform activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG) confirms the diagnosis of epilepsy. During the seizures, the scalp of patients with epilepsy is characterized by high amplitude synchronized periodic EEG waveforms, reflecting abnormal discharge of a large group of neurons. Between the seizures, the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the patients who suffer from epilepsy is normally characterized by occasional spikes or spike and wave complexes (inter-ictal activity). It is difficult to detect these and sometimes is missed by the clinicians who observe the paper records. The purpose of the work describes the automated detection of epileptic events based on wavelet analysis of electroencephalogram. Three layered feedforward back-propagation artificial neural network (ANN) is designed to classify the epileptic seizure and non-epileptic seizure.
Preparation and Deposition Mechanism of Ferroelectric PbTiO3 Thin Films by Chemical Vapor Deposition (1988)

Lead titanate films were deposited on titanium substrate by chemical vapor deposition using reactant gas mixtures of Pb, , and oxygen. The chemical vapor deposition of is a thermally activated process with an apparent activation energy of 21.8 kcal/mol. Auger electron spectroscopy analysis was performed. Impurities were not found in the film after 3.5 keV Ar ion sputtering for 12 min. The crystal growth along the (001) preferred orientation is increased with an increase in the deposition temperature. The deposition mechanism was discussed. At 650°C, when the gas flow rate is less than 700 sccm, the deposition reaction is controlled by mass transport; with a gas flow rate greater than 700 sccm, the reaction is controlled by the surface reaction. The critical gas flow rate at which the deposition mechanism switches from the mass transport to the surface reaction increases with increasing deposition temperature.
The role of compartmentation and glycerol kinase in the synthesis of ATP within the glycosome of Trypanosoma brucei. (1985)

Glycosomes, purified from trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma brucei, contained all the enzymes necessary to convert glucose to alpha-glycerophosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate. The multienzyme reaction which produces 2 alpha-glycerophosphate, 2 ADP, and 2 NAD+ from 1 glucose, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH was studied spectrophotometrically. Intact glycosomes, suspended with 5.6 mM alpha-glycerophosphate and 2 mM ADP, produced ATP inside the glycosomes for glucose phosphorylation at a rate of 0.7 mumol/min/mg protein, so confirming the feasibility of producing ATP from alpha-glycerophosphate and ADP catalyzed by glycosomal glycerol kinase, and coupling this ATP production to the ATP-requiring stages of glycolysis. No evidence was found for direct channeling of the ATP generated by glycerol kinase and either hexokinase or phosphofructose kinase in glycosomal enzyme complexes cross-linked by dimethyl suberimidate treatment of intact glycosomes prior to solubilization of their membrane. Compartmentation of glycolytic intermediates, enzymes, and ATP inside isolated glycosomes was demonstrated by their inaccessibility to exogenous enzymes. We conclude that the compartmentation of the glycosome and the efficient production of ATP in the glycosome from whole cell concentrations of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and ADP account for the observed whole cell production of equimolar glycerol from glucose with net ATP synthesis by T. brucei under anaerobic conditions.
Overview of portal monitoring at border crossings (2003)

The Bureau of Customs and Border Protection has the task of interdicting illicit radioactive material at ports of entry. Items of concern include radiation dispersal devices (RDD), nuclear warheads, and special nuclear material (SNM). The preferred survey method screens all vehicles in primary and diverts questionable vehicles to secondary. This requires high detection probability in primary while not overwhelming secondary with alarms, which could include naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) found in acceptable cargo and radionuclides used in medical procedures. Sensitive alarm algorithms must accommodate the baseline depression observed whenever a vehicle enters the portal. Energy-based algorithms can effectively use the crude energy information available from a plastic scintillator to distinguish NORM from SNM. Whenever NORM cargo limits the alarm threshold, energy-based algorithms produce significantly better detection probabilities for small SNM sources than gross-count algorithms. Algorithms can be best evaluated using a large empirical data set to 1) calculate false alarm probabilities, 2) select sigma-level thresholds for operationally acceptable false alarm rates, and 3) determine detection probabilities for marginally detectable pseudo sources of SNM.
Heteroepitaxial growth of OPGaP on OPGaAs for frequency conversion in the IR and THz (2016)

Abstract: For the first time thick orientation-patterned GaP (OPGaP) was repeatedly grown heteroepitaxially on OPGaAs templates as a quasi-phase matched medium for frequency conversion in the mid and longwave IR, and THz regions. The OP templates were fabricated by wafer-bonding and in a MBE-assisted polarity inversion process. Standard low-pressure hydride vapor phase epitaxy (LP-HVPE) was used for one-step growth of up to 400 μm thick device quality OPGaP with excellent domain fidelity. The presented results can be viewed as the missing link between a welldeveloped technique for preparation of OP templates, using one robust nonlinear optical material (GaAs), and the subsequent thick epitaxial growth on them of another material (GaP). The reason for these efforts is that the second material has some indisputable advantages in point of view of thermal and optical properties but the preparation of native templates encounters challenges, which makes it difficult to obtain high quality homoepitaxial growth at an affordable price. Successful heteroepitaxial growth at such a relatively high lattice mismatch (- 3.6%) in a close to equilibrium growth process such as HVPE is noteworthy, especially when previously reported attempts, for example, growth of OPZnSe on OPGaAs templates at about 10 times smaller lattice mismatch (+ 0.3%) have produced only limited results. Combining the advantages of the two most promising nonlinear materials, GaAs and GaP, is a solution that will accelerate the development of high power, tunable laser sources for the IR and THz region, which are in great demand on the market.
Effects of Supported (<sup><i>n</i></sup>BuCp)<sub>2</sub>ZrCl<sub>2</sub>Catalyst Active-Center Distribution on Ethylene–1-Hexene Copolymer Backbone Heterogeneity and Thermal Behaviors (2013)

Two catalysts, denoted as catalyst 1 [silica/MAO/(nBuCp)2ZrCl2] and catalyst 2 [silica/nBuSnCl3/MAO/(nBuCp)2ZrCl2] were synthesized and subsequently used to prepare, without separate feeding of methylaluminoxane (MAO), ethylene homopolymer 1 and homopolymer 2, respectively, and ethylene–1-hexene copolymer 1 and copolymer 2, respectively. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Crystaf, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) [conventional and successive self-nucleation and annealing (SSA)], and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) polymer characterization results were used, as appropriate, to model the catalyst active-center distribution, ethylene sequence (equilibrium crystal) distribution, and lamellar thickness distribution (both continuous and discrete). Five different types of active centers were predicted in each catalyst, as corroborated by the SSA experiments and complemented by an extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) report published in the literature. 13C NMR spectroscopy also supported this active-center multiplicity. Models combined with experiments effectively illustrated how and why the active-center distribution and the variance in the design of the supported MAO anion, having different electronic and steric effects and coordination environments, influence the concerned copolymerization mechanism and polymer properties, including inter- and intrachain compositional heterogeneity and thermal behaviors. Copolymerization occurred according to the first-order Markovian terminal model, producing fairly random copolymers with minor skewedness toward blocky character. For each copolymer, the theoretical most probable ethylene sequences, nE MPDSC-GT and nE MPNMR-Flory, as well as the weight-average lamellar thicknesses, Lwav DSC–GT and Lwav SSA DSC, were found to be comparable. To the best of our knowledge, such a match has not previously been reported. The percentage crystallinities of the homo- and copolymers increased linearly as a function of LMPDSC-GT. This indicates that the homo- and copolymer chains folded excluding the butyl branch. The results of the present study will contribute to developing future supported metallocene catalysts that will be useful in the synthesis of new grades of ethylene−α-olefin linear low-density polyethylenes (LLDPEs).
TnpA trans-activates methylated maize Suppressor-mutator transposable elements in transgenic tobacco. (1993)

The maize Suppressor-mutator (Spm) transposable element is subject to epigenetic inactivation in transgenic tobacco, as it is in maize. Spm inactivation in tobacco is correlated with increased methylation of sequences near the element's transcription start site. To determine whether element-encoded gene products can promote the reactivation of an inactive element, we investigated the effects of introducing individual CaMV 35S promoter-driven cDNAs for tnpA, tnpB, tnpC and tnpD, the element's four known protein-coding sequences. Introduction of the tnpA cDNA promoted the reactivation of the inactive resident Spm element, as judged by the appearance of regenerants with very early excision events and transposed elements. By contrast, the tnpB, tnpC and tnpD cDNAs had no affect on the activity of the resident Spm element. Similar results were obtained when the element-encoded cDNAs were introduced either by Agrobacterium-mediated retransformation or by a genetic cross. Reactivation of an inactive Spm by the tnpA cDNA is accompanied by reduced methylation of several methylation-sensitive restriction sites near the element's transcription start site. Maintenance of the reactivated Spm element in an active state requires the continued presence of the tnpA cDNA. Elimination of the tnpA cDNA locus by genetic segregation generally results in decreased element activity, as judged by a low frequency of excision events, and is accompanied by increased methylation of the element's 5'-end. Exceptions resembling the phenomenon of "presetting" are also observed in which progeny plants that did not receive the tnpA cDNA locus after meiotic segregation maintain high excision activity and exhibit low methylation levels.
Promising Blood Biomarkers for Clinical Use in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Focused Update (2022)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most-common cause of neurodegenerative dementia, and it is characterized by abnormal amyloid and tau accumulation, which indicates neurodegeneration. AD has mostly been diagnosed clinically. However, ligand-specific positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, such as amyloid PET, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are needed to accurately diagnose AD, since they supplement the shortcomings of clinical diagnoses. Using biomarkers that represent the pathology of AD is essential (particularly when disease-modifying treatment is available) to identify the corresponding pathology of targeted therapy and for monitoring the treatment response. Although imaging and CSF biomarkers are useful, their widespread use is restricted by their high cost and the discomfort during the lumbar puncture, respectively. Recent advances in AD blood biomarkers shed light on their future use for clinical purposes. The amyloid β (Aβ)42/Aβ40 ratio and the concentrations of phosphorylated tau at threonine 181 and at threonine 217, and of neurofilament light in the blood were found to represent the pathology of Aβ, tau, and neurodegeneration in the brain when using automatic electrochemiluminescence technologies, single-molecule arrays, immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry, etc. These blood biomarkers are imminently expected to be incorporated into clinical practice to predict, diagnose, and determine the stage of AD. In this review we focus on advancements in the measurement technologies for blood biomarkers and the promising biomarkers that are approaching clinical application. We also discuss the current limitations, the needed further investigations, and the perspectives on their use.
STED super-resolution microscopy in Drosophila tissue and in mammalian cells (2011)

Far-field super-resolution microscopy is a rapidly emerging method that is opening up opportunities for biological imaging beyond the optical diffraction limit. We have implemented a Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) microscope to image single dye, cell, and tissue samples with 50-80 nm resolution. First, we compare the STED performance imaging single molecules of several common dyes and report a novel STED dye. Then we apply STED to image planar cell polarity protein complexes in intact fixed <i>Drosophila</i> tissue for the first time. Finally, we present a preliminary study of the centrosomal protein Cep164 in mammalian cells. Our images suggest that Cep164 is arranged in a nine-fold symmetric pattern around the centriole, consistent with findings suggested by cryoelectron tomography. Our work demonstrates that STED microscopy can be used for superresolution imaging in intact tissue and provides ultrastructural information in biological samples as an alternative to immuno-electron microscopy.
Closing the “One Monomer–Two Polymers–One Monomer” Loop via Orthogonal (De)polymerization of a Lactone/Olefin Hybrid (2022)

Two well-known low-ceiling-temperature (LCT) monomers, γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL) toward ring-opening polymerization (ROP) to polyester and cyclohexene toward ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) to poly(cyclic olefin), are notoriously "nonpolymerizable". Here we present a strategy to render not only polymerizability of both the γ-BL and cyclohexene sites, orthogonally, but also complete and orthogonal depolymerization, through creating an LCT/LCT hybrid, bicyclic lactone/olefin (BiL<sup>=</sup>). This hybrid monomer undergoes orthogonal polymerization between ROP and ROMP, depending on the catalyst employed, affording two totally different classes of polymeric materials from this single monomer: polyester P(BiL<sup>=</sup>)<sub>ROP</sub> via ROP and functionalized poly(cyclic olefin) P(BiL<sup>=</sup>)<sub>ROMP</sub> via ROMP. Intriguingly, both P(BiL<sup>=</sup>)<sub>ROP</sub> and P(BiL<sup>=</sup>)<sub>ROMP</sub> are thermally robust but chemically recyclable under mild conditions (25-40 °C), in the presence of a catalyst, to recover cleanly the same monomer via chain unzipping and scission, respectively. In the ROP, topological and stereochemical controls have been achieved and the structures characterized. Furthermore, the intact functional group during the orthogonal polymerization (i.e., the double bond in ROP and the lactone in ROMP) is utilized for postfunctionalization for tuning materials' thermal and mechanical performances. The impressive depolymerization orthogonality further endows selective depolymerization of both the ROP/ROMP copolymer and the physical blend composites into the same starting monomer.
Sterilization efficacy of ultraviolet irradiation on microbial aerosols under dynamic airflow by experimental air conditioning systems. (1987)

In order to know the sterilization efficacy of ultraviolet irradiation on microbial aerosols, the size and the weight of the aerosol particles were evaluated, and these were irradiated under dynamic air flow created by an experimental air conditioning system. The experimental apparatus consisted of a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, an aerosol generator, spiral UV lamps placed around a quart glass tube, an Andersen air sampler and a vacuum pump. They were connected serially by stainless steel ducts (85 mm in diameter, 8m in length). Six types of microbial aerosols generated from an ultrasonic nebulizer were irradiated by UV rays (wavelength 254nm, mean density 9400 microW/cm2). Their irradiation time ranged from 1.0 to 0.0625 seconds. The microbial aerosols were collected onto the trypticase soy agar (TSA) medium in the Andersen air sampler. After incubation, the number of colony forming units (CFU) were counted, and converted to particle counts. The diameter of microbial aerosol particles calculated by their log normal distribution were found to match the diameter of a single bacteria cell measured by a microscope. The sterilization efficacy of UV in standard airflow conditions (0.5 sec. irradiation) were found to be over 99.5% in Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus subtilis (vegetative cell) and Bacillus subtilis (spore) and 67% in Aspergillus niger (conidium). In A. niger, which was the most resistant microbe to UV irradiation, the efficacy rose up to 79% when irradiated for 1.0 sec., and it was observed that the growth speed of the colonies was slower than that of the controls. It was thought that UV rays caused some damage to the proliferation of A. niger cells.
Assessment of driver's seating discomfort using interface pressure distribution (2009)

Pressure distribution at the driver-seat interface has been regarded as an objective measure having a clear association with subjective ratings, yet existing evidence regarding its efficacy is unclear. This study examined associations between driver's seating discomfort and kinds of pressure distribution variables considering driver's behaviours showing discomfort - changing seating postures and moving frequently. This requires quantitative and dynamic analyses of body pressure distribution. To investigate the relationship of pressure data with driver's postural changes, eight subjects performed a simulated driving task for 100 min in a driving simulator. The driving postures and body-seat interface pressure were measured continuously, and the subjective ratings were surveyed at the prescribed interval. In this study, two kinds of body pressure distribution variables were proposed as components of a discomfort assessment framework, and the relationship between these pressure variables with subjective ratings were analyzed. The close correlations between the pressure ratio variables and subjective ratings supported the possibility of using pressure data as a tool for the assessment of driver discomfort. It was also found that the change of load center position represented the change of driver's postures and might be a good indicator for discomfort prediction.
Slow Light Enhanced Nonlinear Effects in Silicon Photonic Crystal Waveguides (2009)

We experimentally investigate the slow light enhancement of nonlinear effects such as self-phase modulation, two-photon absorption and free carriers, through dispersion-engineered silicon photonic crystal waveguides. We also observe emission of visible light through third-harmonic generation.