gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Nonlinear Radar (2013)

Abstract : In this report, a unique cognitive nonlinear radar (CNR) is introduced. Research and development efforts for the CNR are currently funded by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL). The CNR adapts to (1) an increasingly cluttered electromagnetic (EM) environment, a growing problem for ground-based and airborne radar systems; (2) multiple targets; and (3) other radar, communication, and electronic systems that must operate without interfering with each other. The CNR uses a narrowband, nonlinear radar target detection methodology. This methodology has the advantage, as compared with other nonlinear radar systems that do not implement a cognitive scheme, to adapt to the radio frequency (RF) environment by intelligently selecting waveform parameters using adaptive algorithms. The adaptive algorithms optimize the waveform parameters based on (1) the EM interference, (2) target likelihood, and (3) permissible transmit frequencies as specified by regulations and allowable by other systems operations within the environment.
Cover Picture: Synthesis and Optical Properties of Tetraaryl‐1,4‐dihydropyrrolo[3,2‐<i>b</i>]pyrroles (Asian J. Org. Chem. 5/2013) (2013)

Six bonds are formed on one pot to give 1,4-dihydropyrrole[3,2-b]pyrroles in an operationally simple reaction that is described by Daniel Gryko and co-workers in their Full Paper on page 411 ff. The target compounds are formed in a domino process from aldehydes, primary amines, and butane-2,3-dione. Such fused pyrroles have interesting optical properties but are among the least studied heteropentalenes because they have previously been difficult to synthesize. One of several potential applications of 1,4-dihydropyrrole[3,2-b]pyrroles is demonstrated in a fluorescent cell-imaging experiment.
Desynchronizing the abnormally synchronized neural activity in the subthalamic nucleus: a modeling study (2007)

A mathematical model of a target area for deep brain stimulation was used to investigate the effects of electrical stimulation on pathologically synchronized clusters of neurons. In total, three newly developed stimulation techniques based on multisite coordinated reset and delayed feedback were tested and compared with a high-frequency stimulation method that is currently used as a standard stimulation protocol for deep brain stimulation. By modeling both excitatory and inhibitory actions of the electrical stimulation, we revealed the desynchronization impacts of the novel stimulation techniques. This contrasts with standard high-frequency stimulation, which failed to desynchronize the target population and whose inhibitory effects blocked all neuronal activity. We also explored the demand-controlled character of the proposed methods, and demonstrated that the amount of stimulation current required was considerably smaller than that for high-frequency stimulation. These novel stimulation methods appear to be superior to standard high-frequency stimulation techniques, and we propose the methods now be used for deep brain stimulation.
Epoxidation of Olefins by Molybdenum(VI) Catalysts Supported on Functional Polyimide Particulates (2005)

Functional polyimides have been prepared in a bead form by nonaqueous suspension polycondensation. A molybdenum(VI) complex was supported on the functional polyimide particulates containing a triazole group and used as a catalyst in the liquid-phase epoxidation of higher olefins with tert-butyl hydroperoxide as the oxygen source. Serious degradation of the polyimide-supported Mo(VI) catalyst does not happen in air until ∼400 °C. The polyimide-supported Mo catalyst was highly active and selective and could be recycled 10 times with no detectable loss of Mo from the support.
A New 8-Bit PCM Audio Recording Technique Using an Extension of the Video Track (1982)

A PCM recording system capable of reproducing high-quality sound using a low tape speed has been developed for use with the recently- announced Video Movie unit, 1) a video camera and video tape recorder combined in a compact unit.
Network-Level Access Control Management for the Cloud (2013)

One of the major security threats that public cloud computing platforms face today is that the active cloud virtual machine instances are visible and accessible via the public internet, which allows hackers to carry out several types of attacks such as Denial of Service (DoS) and intrusion over along durations which increases the probabilities of successful penetration. Security logs of the failed attempts attest to the real threat and the intensity and duration of these. Most systems running on public cloud instances today are not security hardened to withstand such persistent and long attacks. It is not only dangerous but also disastrous for the enterprise that uses such instances to deliver cloud services, for the users that use such services, and for the cloud provider that provides the cloud infrastructure. Therefore, what is required is a network level access control solution that facilitates delivery of cloud services while protecting the network perimeter of the solution in a useable and dynamically customisable manner. In this paper, we have described such a network-based access control solution for public cloud services that we have designed and developed and is applicable to any of the various cloud platforms available today. We have deployed our solution as part of the "Security-as-a-Service" model on IBM Smart Cloud Enterprise (SCE), and has been used for commercial delivery of cloud services. These applications have led to not only high level of security with no security attacks via network exposure on the services, but also significant savings on the cost of maintaining the security of such instances and services. We have also studied the challenges that network address translators (NATs) pose for network-based access control on public cloud, and have developed solutions for such challenges.
Crystal Structure Data for Efavirenz (Sustiva™) by Combined Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction and Electron Microscopy Techniques (2001)

Abstract Efavirenz (Sustiva™) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) for the treatment of HrV-infected patients and has been in the market since 1998. Efavirenz exists as three different polymorphs (Forms I, II, III) and a nonstochiometric heptane solvate (Form IV). The current synthetic process for Efavirenz yields Form IV which is converted to the desired Form I polymorph by heating. One of the concerns for any drug substance is whether a consistent crystal form is produced in order to insure consistent physical and chemical properties, as well as to safeguard pharmacokinetic profiles. The sensitivity and resolution of single-crystal x-ray diffraction, the traditional method employed to determine unit cell parameters of drug compounds in development, are limited for Efavirenz Form IV because of the small crystallite size of the material. Furthermore, Efavirenz Form IV materials, depending on the process conditions, have slightly different powder diffraction patterns in terms of intensity when collected on standard in-house diffractometers.
Modern software gating vs. hardware gating - a large population comparison. (2015)

1804 Objectives Hardware based respiratory gating has been offered as a solution to the image degradation caused by patient motion. This strategy can be used to delineate the phases of respiratory motion, thus improving resolution, but requires additional time, cost and effort. In the last few years data driven (software) gating - a strategy based on extracting motion information directly from raw PET data - has been developed and refined to run with increasing accuracy and robustness. Data driven gating has the advantages that it is fast, fully automated, reproducible, and requires no changes to clinical acquisition procedures. In this work we compare modern hardware vs. software gating strategies in a large population of PET data. Methods 189 FDG PET scans were acquired (in 116 patients). Acquisitions were reconstructed as respiratory gated images using hardware derived respiratory triggers (pressure belt) and software derived signal (fully automated post processing method previously presented at SNMMI). Gated images were used to generate gif animation loops of the respiratory cycle, and presented to a nuclear medicine physician for analysis. The only potential difference between the two sets was clarity of motion. Viewing the two animations side-by-side in a randomized order, the observer was asked to delineate which image set had better quality or if they were equal. Results Randomized review showed that the hardware and software performed comparably. In 93% of the scans motion quality was determined to be indistinguishable. 1% of the hardware and 6% of the software gated scans exhibited optimal (in the set) motion quality. Conclusions We have shown that data driven gating can work comparably to hardware in a large FDG PET population, and in some cases outperforming it. Our results, and the obvious practical advantages of data driven gating, further the contention that software gating could be a viable strategy for overcoming the challenges posed by respiratory motion and implemented in a robust and ubiquitous manner. Research Support We would like to acknowledge Siemens AG for their support.
Fiber-optic accelerometer having cantilevered acceleration-sensitive mass (1988)

First Page
Analysis and Equalization of Data-Dependent Jitter (2006)

Data-dependent jitter limits the bit-error rate (BER) performance of broadband communication systems and aggravates synchronization in phase- and delay-locked loops used for data recovery. A method for calculating the data-dependent jitter in broadband systems from the pulse response is discussed. The impact of jitter on conventional clock and data recovery circuits is studied in the time and frequency domain. The deterministic nature of data-dependent jitter suggests equalization techniques suitable for high-speed circuits. Two equalizer circuit implementations are presented. The first is a SiGe clock and data recovery circuit modified to incorporate a deterministic jitter equalizer. This circuit demonstrates the reduction of jitter in the recovered clock. The second circuit is a MOS implementation of a jitter equalizer with independent control of the rising and falling edge timing. This equalizer demonstrates improvement of the timing margins that achieve 10/sup -12/ BER from 30 to 52 ps at 10 Gb/s.
Maximizing SCM Content of Blended Cements (2015)

Today, Portland cement substitutes known as supplementary cementitious materials or SCMs are used to improve the performance while reducing the environmental footprint of concrete. There are several factors that impact the amount of SCMs that can be added to concrete while maintaining its basic integrity. This paper describes a newly developed framework for optimizing the substitution of cement with SCMs in concrete. This framework has been developed based on recent testing results and clearly indicates that paying close attention to cement and SCM particle size distributions (PSDs) and the corresponding packing density of the combined ingredients will allow for an optimization of the cement and SCMs in concrete. This framework has been developed on the basis of several independent laboratory studies and can be adapted as a basis for evaluating and optimizing any combination of cement and SCMs. The means to produce cement/SCM blends with the optimized PSDs with existing equipment configurations are also explored.
Portable, Chronic Neural Interface System Design for Sensory Augmentation (2007)

While existing work in neural interfaces is largely geared toward the restoration of lost function in amputees or victims of neurological injuries, similar technology may also facilitate augmentation of healthy subjects. One example is the potential to learn a new, unnatural sense through a neural interface. The use of neural interfaces in healthy subjects would require an even greater level of safety and convenience than in disabled subjects, including reliable, robust bidirectional implants with highly-portable components outside the skin. We present our progress to date in the development of a bidirectional neural interface system intended for completely untethered use. The system consists of a wireless stimulating and recording peripheral nerve implant powered by a rechargeable battery, and a wearable package that communicates wirelessly both with the implant and with a computer or a network of independent sensor nodes. Once validated, such a system could permit the exploration of increasingly realistic use of neural interfaces both for restoration and for augmentation.
Anterior Cable Reconstruction: Prioritize Rotator Cable and Tendon Cord When Considering Superior Capsular Reconstruction (2022)

Although distinct in name, the anterior cable of the superior capsule and tendon cord of the supraspinatus are structurally one in the same at the attachment on the greater tuberosity footprint. Force transmission through both structures where they converge and interdigitate at this location is disproportionately high, which has implications on functional impact. Superior capsule reconstruction, and, specifically, the anterior cable of the superior capsule, has been shown to assist in maintaining superior stability and a functional fulcrum of the glenohumeral joint, without overconstraining range of motion. Anterior cable reconstructions have been described for specific indications, including full-thickness tears of the supraspinatus and anterior one-half of the infraspinatus. Cord-like grafts, including long head biceps tendon autografts and semitendinosus allografts, can provide relative technical ease during surgery compared to sheet-like grafts for this indication. Side-to-side sutures between anterior cable reconstruction graft and posterosuperior capsule retension the native capsule to optimize its natural functional role. Accounting for abduction and rotation at the time of fixation and employing "loop-around" fixation sutures (no sutures through the graft), are critical concepts to consider in terms of kinematics and limiting graft failure. With both the biomechanically and clinically based literature demonstrating functionality with maintenance of the superior capsule (and specifically the anterior cable of the capsule), despite rotator cuff tendon insufficiency or irreparability, the anterior cable of the superior capsule should be prioritized when considering full-thickness rotator cuff tears that naturally involve both the capsular cable and the supraspinatus tendon cord. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V (expert opinion).
Patterning of nano-scale arrays by table-top extreme ultraviolet laser interferometric lithography (2007)

Arrays of nanodots were directly patterned by interferometric lithography using a bright table-top 46.9 nm laser. Multiple exposures with a Lloyd's mirror interferometer allowed to print arrays of 60 nm FWHM features. This laser-based extreme ultraviolet interferometric technique makes possible to print different nanoscale patterns using a compact table-top set up.
A 128-Stage CMOS TDI Image Sensor With On-Chip Digital Accumulator (2015)

A 128-stage CMOS time delay integration (TDI) image sensor with on-chip digital accumulator was presented in this paper. By using two sets of sampling capacitors and an optimized timing, the on-chip column parallel cyclic analog-todigital converter (ADC) in the sensor conducts the correlated double sampling, digital program gain amplifying, and A/D conversion all altogether in one ADC's conversion time simultaneously. An on-chip digital accumulator suitable for this sensor is also proposed. A prototype 1024 × 128 CMOS TDI image sensor is fabricated in the 0.18-μm CMOS technology, and the measurement results proof that the pixels and readout circuits in the sensor work properly. With a line rate of 3875 lines/s, the sensor costs a power consumption of 290 mW and a silicon area of 18.2 mm × 18.9 mm. The estimated maximum sensitivity of the fabricated sensor is 2010 V/lux· sec. This paper is suitable for applications in low-illumination, high scanning speed, and remote sensing systems.
High Temperature Sensor based on Supermode Interference in Multicore Fiber (2014)

A high temperature fiber optic sensor based on multicore fiber is presented. Experimental results show the sensor operating stably at temperatures up to 1000°C with the capability to multiplex sensors in a single chain.
Evaluation of haptic devices and end‐users: Novel performance metrics in<scp>tele‐robotic</scp>microsurgery (2020)

The integrated performance metrics allows independent evaluation of both the user and haptic device, thereby quantifying human-machine interactions.
Some issues relating to the ductility of wrought magnesium alloys (2008)

\n\t\t\t\t\tThe present work is concerned with gaining a better understanding of the factors that control the ductility of wrought magnesium alloys. The ultimate aim is to develop alloys with vastly improved room temperature formability. It is shown that 3D tomography of fractured tensile specimens reveals disk shaped voids aligned more or less at 45 deg. to the tensile axis. These voids are consistent with twin induced void formation. It is also shown that the double twins that produce such voids form in contradiction to Schmid predictions. Finally, it is demonstrated that low levels of rare-earth additions leads to vastly improved texture and ductility in extrusions, as they do in rolled sheet.<br />\n\t\t\t\t
Theoretical Study of a Novel Power Cycle for Enhanced Geothermal Systems (2022)

As obtained geofluids from enhanced geothermal systems usually have lower temperatures and contain chemicals and impurities, a novel power cycle (NPC) with a unit capacity of several hundred kilowatts has been configured and developed in this study, with particular reference to the geofluid temperature (heat source) ranging from 110 °C to 170 °C. Using a suitable CO2-based mixture working fluid, a transcritical power cycle was developed. The novelty of the developed power cycle lies in the fact that an increasing-pressure endothermic process was realized in a few-hundred-meters-long downhole heat exchanger (DHE) by making use of gravitational potential energy, which increases the working fluid’s pressure and temperature at the turbine inlet and, hence, increases the cycle’s power output. The increasing-pressure endothermic process in the DHE has a better match with the temperature change of the heat source (geofluid), as does the exothermic process in the condenser with the temperature change of the sink (cooling water), which reduces the heat transfer irreversibility and improves the cycle efficiency. Power cycle performance has been analyzed in terms of the effects of mass fraction of the mixture working fluids, the working fluid’s flowrate and its DHE inlet pressure, geofluid flowrate, and the length of the DHE. Results show that, for a given geofluid’s temperature and mass flowrate, the cycle’s net power output is a strong function of the working-fluid’s flowrate, as well as of its DHE inlet pressure. Too high or too low of a DHE inlet pressure results in a lower power output. When geofluid temperature is 130 °C, the optimum DHE inlet pressure is found to be 11 MPa, corresponding to an optimum working-fluid flowrate of 6.5 kg/s. The longer the DHE, the greater the corresponding working-fluid flowrate and the higher the net power output. For geofluid temperature ranging from 110 °C to 170 °C, the developed NPC has a better thermodynamic performance than the conventional ORC. The advantage of using the developed NPC becomes obvious when geofluid temperature is low. The maximum net power output difference between the NPC and the ORC happens when the geofluid temperature is 130 °C and NPC’s working fluid mass fraction (R32/CO2) is 0.5/0.5.
Clay Aerogel Composite Materials (2010)

A simple, inexpensive, and environmentally-friendly process for converting mixtures of clays and polymers has been developed. Polymer and clay are combined in water, and the mixtures are freeze dried to produce materials which have bulk densities typically in the range of 0.03 – 0.15 g/cm3. These low density polymer/clay aerogel materials possess good mechanical properties similar to those of traditional polymer foams, can be reinforced with fibers, modified with nanoparticles, biomineralized, or converted into porous ceramics.
Integer Programming for Multi-class Active Learning (2010)

Active learning has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool for improving the effectiveness of binary classifiers. It iteratively identifies informative unlabeled examples which after labeling are used to augment the initial training set. Adapting the procedure to large-scale, multi-class classification problems, however, poses certain challenges. For instance, to guarantee improvement by the method we may need to select a large number of examples that require prohibitive labeling resources. Furthermore, the notion of informative examples also changes significantly when multiple classes are considered. In this paper we show that multi-class active learning can be cast into an integer programming framework, where a subset of examples that are informative across maximum number of classes is selected. We test our approach on several large-scale document categorization problems. We demonstrate that in the case of limited labeling resources and large number of classes the proposed method is more effective compared to other known approaches.
Concurrence of extracellular vesicle enrichment and metabolic switch visualized label-free in the tumor microenvironment (2017)

Understanding the role of the tumor microenvironment in carcinogenesis has reshaped cancer research. Events at both microscopic (molecular) and macroscopic (tissue) scales have been identified in engineered tumor microenvironments involving in vitro cultures, live tissue xenografts, and transgenic animals. However, these events have not been comprehensively observed under unperturbed (authentic) conditions free of exogenous labeling or genetic modification. The lack of a suitable imaging methodology has largely limited our understanding of the complex interrelations and possible causal links involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis within the tumor microenvironment. Using multicontrast nonlinear imaging, we visualize endogenous substances in rat and human mammary tumors through their intrinsic nonlinear optical properties, and simultaneously observe angiogenesis, extracellular matrix reorganization, and non-native cell recruitment. We find that all these macroscopic events in the tumor microenvironment require concurrent enrichment of specific extracellular vesicles and a metabolic switch toward biosynthesis. This concurrence at the microscopic scale provides not only new insights into carcinogenesis and metastasis but also a potentially new strategy for cancer diagnosis, surgery, and therapeutics.
Self-organization induced by the differential flow of activator and inhibitor (1993)

We have experimentally verified the prediction that a homogeneous steady state of an activator-inhibitor system can be destabilized by a differential flow of the key species, rather than by their differential diffusivity for Turing instability. Traveling waves are generated by a flow of Belousov-Zhabotinsky reactants through a tube containing ferroin immobilized on a cation exchanger. Without flow the system resides in a homogeneous steady state. This mechanism of spatiotemporal pattern formation avoids the restrictions of the Turing instability on the diffusion coefficients and can thus be expected to operate in a larger class of chemical, physical, and biological systems.