gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance characteristics of Yardney lithium-ion cells for the Mars 2001 Lander application (2002)

NASA requires lightweight rechargeable batteries for future missions to Mars and the outer planets that are capable of operating over a wide range of temperatures, with high specific energy and energy densities. Due to the attractive performance characteristics, lithium-ion batteries have been identified as the battery chemistry of choice for a number of future applications, including Mars Rovers and Landers. The Mars 2001 Lander (Mars Surveyor Program MSP 01) will be among one of the first missions which will utilize lithium-ion technology. This application will require two lithium-ion batteries, each being 28 V (eight cells), 25 Ah and 9 kg (18 kg total). In addition to the requirement of being able to supply at least 90 cycles on the surface of Mars after a 1 year storage and cruise time, the battery must be capable of operation (both charge and discharge) over a wide temperature range (-20/spl deg/C to +40/spl deg/C), with tolerance to nonoperational excursions to -30/spl deg/C and 50/spl deg/C. To assess the viability of lithium-ion cells for these applications, a number of performance characterization tests have been performed on state-of-art Yardney lithium-ion cells, including: assessing the room temperature cycle life, low temperature cycle life (20/spl deg/C), rate capability as a function of temperature (-30/spl deg/ to 40/spl deg/C), pulse capability, self-discharge and storage characteristics, as well as, mission profile capability. This paper describes the Mars 2001 Lander mission battery requirements and presents results of the cell testing conducted to-date in support of the mission.
Multicomponent Breath Analysis With Infrared Absorption Using Room-Temperature Quantum Cascade Lasers (2009)

Breath analysis is a powerful noninvasive technique for the diagnosis and monitoring of respiratory diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) are markers of airway inflammation and can indicate the extent of respiratory diseases. We have developed a compact fast response laser system for analysis of multiple gases by infrared absorption. The instrument uses room temperature quantum cascade lasers to simultaneously measure NO, CO, carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and nitrous oxide (N(2)O) in exhaled breath. Four breath flow rates are employed to explore their exchange dynamics in the lungs and airways. We obtain 1-s detection precisions of 0.5-0.8 parts-per-billion (ppb) for NO, CO, and N(2)O with an instrument response time of less than 1 s. The breath analysis system has been demonstrated in a preliminary study of volunteers. It is currently deployed in a trial clinical study.
Observations of the transient X-ray source 4U 0115+63 (1979)

Results are presented for HEAO A-2 pointed observations and Ariel 5 A11-Sky Monitor observations of the X-ray transient 4U 0115 + 63. The transient source pulses with a period of 3.6136 s + or - 0.0004 s, has a hard spectrum typical of an X-ray binary pulsar, and has a broad iron line emission feature. A discussion of the transient behavior is given, and inferences are made concerning the nature of the X-ray source based on the pointed data.
Effects of the spatial nonuniformity of optical transverse modes on the modulation response of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (2003)

We present detailed numerical simulations to clarify the important role that the nonuniformity of the transverse optical mode plays for the high-speed response of oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). The comprehensive laser diode simulator, Minilase, as well as a one-dimensional rate equation model are used as simulation tools. It is demonstrated that, due to the nonuniform optical intensity, carriers at different locations in the quantum well have different stimulated recombination rates, and therefore exhibit different dynamic responses to small signal modulation. This nonuniformity causes an overdamping of the relaxation oscillation, as well as a low-frequency roll-off of the modulation response. Due to this nonlinear effect, the intrinsic maximum bandwidth of VCSELs with oxide confined apertures is shown to be much smaller than predicted by the conventional rate equation model which assumes uniform optical intensity. We further demonstrate that this damping effect can be greatly reduced by restricting the current injection to be well within the transverse optical field. This is achievable by using tapered oxides to make the electrical aperture smaller than the optical aperture, which thereby improves the modulation bandwidth significantly.
Contributions of Different Modes of TRPV1 Activation to TRPV1 Antagonist-Induced Hyperthermia (2010)

Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) antagonists are widely viewed as next-generation pain therapeutics. However, these compounds cause hyperthermia, a serious side effect. TRPV1 antagonists differentially block three modes of TRPV1 activation: by heat, protons, and chemical ligands (e.g., capsaicin). We asked what combination of potencies in these three modes of TRPV1 activation corresponds to the lowest potency of a TRPV1 antagonist to cause hyperthermia. We studied hyperthermic responses of rats, mice, and guinea pigs to eight TRPV1 antagonists with different pharmacological profiles and used mathematical modeling to find a relative contribution of the blockade of each activation mode to the development of hyperthermia. We found that the hyperthermic effect has the highest sensitivity to the extent of TRPV1 blockade in the proton mode (0.43 to 0.65) with no to moderate sensitivity in the capsaicin mode (-0.01 to 0.34) and no sensitivity in the heat mode (0.00 to 0.01). We conclude that hyperthermia-free TRPV1 antagonists do not block TRPV1 activation by protons, even if they are potent blockers of the heat mode, and that decreasing the potency to block the capsaicin mode may further decrease the potency to cause hyperthermia.
Solvent extraction developments in southern africa (2006)

The largest solvent-extraction plant in the world at the time, the Nchanga Copper Operation, was in Zambia. The first commercial process using solvent extraction for the refining of the platinum-group metals was in South Africa. More recently, the Southern African region has seen the implementation of solvent extraction for other base metals, precious metals, and specialty metals. These include the world firsts of primary production of zinc at Skorpion Zinc in Namibia and the large-scale refining of gold by Harmony Gold in South Africa. Several other flowsheets that use solvent-extraction technology are currently under commissioning, development, or feasibility study for implementation in this part of the world, including those for the recovery of copper, cobalt, nickel, tantalum, and niobium.
Boceprevir and Telaprevir in the Management of Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Patients (2011)

Recent approval of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) against hepatitis C virus (HCV) offers a major advance in the management of HCV infection. These DAAs, boceprevir and telaprevir, when given with pegylated interferon alfa (Peg-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV), result in a much higher sustained virologic response rate compared with Peg-IFN and RBV. The DAA-containing regimens are approved for HCV genotype 1 infection in HCV treatment-naive and HCV treatment-experienced patients. In this review, we present an overview of pharmacology, efficacy, adverse events, and emergence of resistance-associated variants with the use of these agents. As with all drugs, especially newly approved drugs, clinicians must consult the package insert for detailed prescribing information, list of all reported adverse events, contraindications, and drug interactions.
A post-SQUID ac amplifier aimed for multiplexed detector readouts (2006)

We have built a room temperature amplifier based on Si JFETs (junction field effect transistors) intended for ac-coupled SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) readouts, such as in frequency-domain multiplexed transition-edge sensor systems. The amplifier operates at 5M Hzcentre frequency where it has the measured noise temperature of 27 K for a 60 � load, which includes the noise from the active termination and the room temperature transformer. When it was driven from a SQUID with an on-chip matching transformer, flux noise of 0.45 µ� 0 Hz −1/2 was obtained. Additionally, w ec onsider the potential o ft he recently introduced SiGe bipolar transistors for the same application. The dynamic range considerations for SQUID multiplexers, which require the use of an amplifier with a low noise temperature, are briefly discussed. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Relevance of Na+–Ca2+ exchange in heart failure (2003)

Recent topological studies suggested that the exchange blamed for provoking arrhythmogenic, delayed afterdepoprotein is comprised of nine transmembrane helices (TMs) larizations. We have dedicated section 5 to recent literature with connecting loop regions and a large cytoplasmic 1 and clinical studies that may elucidate the role of Nahydrophilic domain between TM 5 and 6 [13-15]. Site-21 Ca exchange in arrhythmogenesis. directed mutagenesis studies have suggested that TMs 2 and 3 and TMs 7 and 8 together with their connecting loops participate in the formation of the ion translocation
Tree Histogram Coding for Mobile Image Matching (2009)

For mobile image matching applications, a mobile device captures a query image, extracts descriptive features, and transmits these features wirelessly to a server. The server recognizes the query image by comparing the extracted features to its database and returns information associated with the recognition result. For slow links, query feature compression is crucial for low-latency retrieval. Previous image retrieval systems transmit compressed feature descriptors, which is well suited for pairwise image matching. For fast retrieval from large databases, however, scalable vocabulary trees are commonly employed. In this paper, we propose a rate-efficient codec designed for tree-based retrieval. By encoding a tree histogram, our codec can achieve a more than 5times rate reduction compared to sending compressed feature descriptors. By discarding the order amongst a list of features, histogram coding requires 1.5times lower rate than sending a tree node index for every feature. A statistical analysis is performed to study how the entropy of encoded symbols varies with tree depth and the number of features.
X‐ray Structure of a Pokeweed Antiviral Protein, Coded by a New Genomic Clone, at 0.23 nm Resolution (1994)

We have determined the crystal structure of alpha-pokeweed antiviral protein, a member of ribosome-inactivating proteins, at 0.23 nm resolution, by the molecular-replacement method. The crystals belong to the space group P2(1)2(1)2 with unit-cell dimensions a = 4.71, b = 11.63 and c = 4.96 nm, and contain one protein molecule/asymmetric unit based on a crystal volume/unit protein molecular mass of 2.1 x 10(-3) nm3/Da. The crystallographic residual value was reduced to 17.2% (0.6-0.23 nm resolution) with root-mean-square deviations in bond lengths of 1.9 pm and bond angles of 2.2 degrees. The C alpha-C alpha distance map shows that alpha-pokeweed antiviral protein is composed of three modules, the N-terminal (Ala1-Leu76), the central (Tyr77-Lys185) and the C-terminal (Tyr186-Thr266) modules. The substrate-binding site is formed as a cleft between the central and C-terminal modules and all the active residues exist on the central module. The electrostatic potential around the substrate-binding site shows that the central and C-terminal module sides of this cleft have a negatively and a positively charged region, respectively. This charge distribution in the protein seems to provide a suitable interaction with the substrate rRNA.
Coconut: Threshold Issuance Selective Disclosure Credentials with Applications to Distributed Ledgers (2019)

Coconut is a novel selective disclosure credential scheme supporting distributed threshold issuance, public and private attributes, re-randomization, and multiple unlinkable selective attribute revelations. Coconut integrates with blockchains to ensure confidentiality, authenticity and availability even when a subset of credential issuing authorities are malicious or offline. We implement and evaluate a generic Coconut smart contract library for Chainspace and Ethereum; and present three applications related to anonymous payments, electronic petitions, and distribution of proxies for censorship resistance. Coconut uses short and computationally efficient credentials, and our evaluation shows that most Coconut cryptographic primitives take just a few milliseconds on average, with verification taking the longest time (10 milliseconds).
Configurable Resistive Switching between Memory and Threshold Characteristics for Protein‐Based Devices (2015)

The employ of natural biomaterials as the basic building blocks of electronic devices is of growing interest for biocompatible and green electronics. Here, resistive switching (RS) devices based on naturally silk protein with configurable functionality are demonstrated. The RS type of the devices can be effectively and exactly controlled by controlling the compliance current in the set process. Memory RS can be triggered by a higher compliance current, while threshold RS can be triggered by a lower compliance current. Furthermore, two types of memory devices, working in random access and WORM modes, can be achieved with the RS effect. The results suggest that silk protein possesses the potential for sustainable electronics and data storage. In addition, this finding would provide important guidelines for the performance optimization of biomaterials based memory devices and the study of the underlying mechanism behind the RS effect arising from biomaterials.
Optimal Decision Making for Automated Vehicles Using Homotopy Generation and Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (2021)

To navigate complex driving scenarios, automated vehicles must be able to make decisions that reflect higher-level goals such as safety and efficiency, leveraging the vehicle's full capabilities if necessary. We introduce an architecture that is capable of handling combinatorial decision making and control with a high fidelity vehicle model. This is accomplished by solving a nonlinear model predictive control optimization for each maneuver variant, or homotopy, identified in the drivable space. These locally optimal solutions are then evaluated on a criterion that reflects high-level objectives. Experimental results on a full-scale vehicle demonstrate this architecture's effectiveness in an overtaking scenario with oncoming traffic that requires the ego vehicle to decide whether to pass before or after the oncoming traffic passes.
CpG-induced antitumor immunity requires IL-12 in expansion of effector cells and down-regulation of PD-1 (2016)

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, as a ligand of toll-like receptor (TLR)-9, have demonstrated promising antitumor effects in some clinical trials; however, its toxicity and low efficacy as a systemic therapy has limited its therapeutic applications. In order to improve its therapeutic efficacy, we investigated the mechanisms of CpG-induced antitumor immunity in the context of CD8+ T cell responses. We show that IL-12 is required for the expansion of IFN-γ producing tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells capable of rejecting tumors. In addition, CpGs reduced PD-1 expression by effector CD8+ T cells via the IL-12 pathway. The combination of CpG and PD-1 blockade show a synergistic effect in generation of systemic antitumor immunity. Our studies define a critical role of IL-12 in CpG-induced antitumor immunity and provide a rationale for combined therapy with TLR agonists and immune checkpoint blockade in cancer treatment.
A framework for advancing our understanding of cancer-associated fibroblasts (2020)

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of the tumour microenvironment with diverse functions, including matrix deposition and remodelling, extensive reciprocal signalling interactions with cancer cells and crosstalk with infiltrating leukocytes. As such, they are a potential target for optimizing therapeutic strategies against cancer. However, many challenges are present in ongoing attempts to modulate CAFs for therapeutic benefit. These include limitations in our understanding of the origin of CAFs and heterogeneity in CAF function, with it being desirable to retain some antitumorigenic functions. On the basis of a meeting of experts in the field of CAF biology, we summarize in this Consensus Statement our current knowledge and present a framework for advancing our understanding of this critical cell type within the tumour microenvironment.
Abstract 3382: Three-Dimensional Color Doppler Echocardiography for Direct Measurement of Mitral Regurgitation Vena Contracta Area: A Clinical Experience (2007)

Introduction: 3D color Doppler allows a direct measurement of Vena Contracta (VC) area in patients with mitral regurgitation (MR), without the need for geometric assumptions. Hypothesis: 3D color Doppler VC area provides a more accurate assessment of MR severity than the conventional 2D color Doppler VC diameter. Methods: Patients with ≥ mild MR underwent 2D and 3D color Doppler and a quantitative echo-Doppler study. 2D VC diameter was measured from a zoomed parasternal long-axis view. 3D VC area was acquired using real-time 3D (Philips) and measured off-line (TomTec). MR severity was assessed both quantitatively, as effective regurgitant orifice area from pulsed Doppler [EROA = (mitral stroke volume - aortic stroke volume)/MR time velocity integral], and semi-quantitatively as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography. Results: 61 patients (65 ± 15 years) were studied. MR severity was mild in 25%, moderate in 36%, and moderate to severe or severe in 39%. Mitral valve pathology was prolapse in 33%, restricted closure in 44% and annular calcification in 7%. Regurgitant MR jet was eccentric in 49% of patients. For all patients, 3D VC area correlated significantly with EROA, better than 2D VC diameter (figure ). The advantage of 3D VC area over 2D VC diameter was more pronounced in eccentric jets (r=0.76, p< 0.001 vs. r=0.5, p =0.006, respectively) and in moderate to severe or severe MR (r=0.65, p<0.001 vs. r =0.13, p=0.54, respectively). Conclusions : Measurement of VC area is feasible with real-time 3D and provides a simple parameter that accurately reflects MR severity, particularly in eccentric and clinically significant MR where geometric assumptions may be challenging.
Premonoidal categories and flow graphs (1998)

We give two presentations of the semantics of programs: a categorical semantics based on Power and Robinson's symmetric premonoidal categories and Joyal, Street and Verity's traced monoidal categories, and a graphical semantics based on mixed control flow and data flow graphs. We show how these semantics are related, and sketch how the 2-categorical versions could be used to give an operational semantics for programs. The semantics is similar to Hasegawa's presentation of Milner and Gardner's name-free action calculi.
Learning deep structured network for weakly supervised change detection (2017)

Conventional change detection methods require a large number of images to learn background models or depend on tedious pixel-level labeling by humans. In this paper, we present a weakly supervised approach that needs only image-level labels to simultaneously detect and localize changes in a pair of images. To this end, we employ a deep neural network with DAG topology to learn patterns of change from image-level labeled training data. On top of the initial CNN activations, we define a CRF model to incorporate the local differences and context with the dense connections between individual pixels. We apply a constrained mean-field algorithm to estimate the pixel-level labels, and use the estimated labels to update the parameters of the CNN in an iterative EM framework. This enables imposing global constraints on the observed foreground probability mass function. Our evaluations on four benchmark datasets demonstrate superior detection and localization performance.
The antiprogestin RU486 in advanced breast cancer: preliminary clinical trial. (1987)

Twenty-two oophorectomized or postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer resistant to several medical therapies (tamoxifen, or other endocrine therapy, and chemotherapy) were treated in a first trial with 200 mg per day of RU486 for 1 to 3 months. The long-term tolerance was good but there was a moderate decrease in plasma potassium. Plasma cortisol was increased 2-fold without clinical hypo- or hypercorticism. Twelve patients had a partial response or a stabilization of secondary deposits for 6 weeks but the response rate at 3 months was 18%. When available, estrogen and progesterone receptor levels were positive in these patients. This preliminary trial shows for the first time that the antiprogestin RU486 is well tolerated for medium term treatment. It suggests that it might be active on advanced breast cancer becoming resistant to tamoxifen.
Interleukin 1 (IL-1)-Dependent Melanoma Hepatic Metastasis In Vivo; Increased Endothelial Adherence by IL-1-Induced Mannose Receptors and Growth Factor Production In Vitro (1996)

Given the multiple and complex cytokine cascade induced in vivo and in vitro during LPS-induced systemic inflammation, IL-1 plays a strategic role. Since IL-1Ra is without side effects in humans, studies on intraoperative infusion of IL-1Ra during tumor resection may be indicated.
An 82&#x03BC;A/MHz microcontroller with embedded FeRAM for energy-harvesting applications (2011)

This paper presents an ultra-low-power micro controller unit (MCU) built as a system-on-chip (SoC) that comprises of a 3-stage pipelined 16b MSP430 CPU, an integrated clock and power-management unit, analog/digital peripherals and embedded FeRAM memory for fast write capability. The SoC is fabricated in 0.13μm CMOS with 5 Cu metal layers. Two additional mask layers are required to include the FeRAM memory.
CMRI based 3D left ventricle motion analysis on patients with acute myocardial infarction (2011)

3D Quantitative measurement of left ventricle (LV) motion on patients with acute myocardial infarction has been recognized as essential for effective LV function diagnosis. This paper presents a method to quantify 3D LV motion obtained from conventional CINE MRI using image analysis based on mathematical modeling. Level set method is employed for segmentation, and a 3D LV geometry was reconstructed by co-registering different views of MRI images. A mathematical model of LV geometry was then constructed to quantitatively describe the LV wall inward motion. The results using real data show that the method is able to quantify the LV inward motion, and can clearly represent the changed motion pattern with the follow-up data. Furthermore, the LV motion analysis for 8 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) show that high inward motion occurs mainly in the basal region of LV while a negative relation is found between LV ejection fraction (EF) improvement after acute MI and solely basal region inward motion, which could be helpful for diagnosis and LV EF recovery prediction.