gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Field Fingerprinting of Integrated Circuit Activity with a Quantum Diamond Microscope (2020)

Current density distributions in active integrated circuits (ICs) result in patterns of magnetic fields that contain structural and functional information about the IC. Magnetic fields pass through standard materials used by the semiconductor industry and provide a powerful means to fingerprint IC activity for security and failure analysis applications. Here, we demonstrate high spatial resolution, wide field-of-view, vector magnetic field imaging of static (DC) magnetic field emanations from an IC in different active states using a Quantum Diamond Microscope (QDM). The QDM employs a dense layer of fluorescent nitrogen-vacancy (NV) quantum defects near the surface of a transparent diamond substrate placed on the IC to image magnetic fields. We show that QDM imaging achieves simultaneous $\sim10$ $μ$m resolution of all three vector magnetic field components over the 3.7 mm $\times$ 3.7 mm field-of-view of the diamond. We study activity arising from spatially-dependent current flow in both intact and decapsulated field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs); and find that QDM images can determine pre-programmed IC active states with high fidelity using machine-learning classification methods.
Matrix converter commutation strategies with and without explicit input voltage sign measurement (2002)

This paper gives an overview to voltage-controlled matrix converter commutation. Conventional converter systems with explicit sign measurement circuits that were necessary for the commutation in the past are discussed. New operation methods eliminating these extra measuring circuits are presented. The paper explains the new methods. Advantages and disadvantages of different approaches are discussed. The robustness of the new methods against disturbance is proved and measurements on a 5.5-kW matrix converter system are shown.
Supporting soft real-time tasks in the xen hypervisor (2010)

Virtualization technology enables server consolidation and has given an impetus to low-cost green data centers. However, current hypervisors do not provide adequate support for real-time applications, and this has limited the adoption of virtualization in some domains. Soft real-time applications, such as media-based ones, are impeded by components of virtualization including low-performance virtualization I/O, increased scheduling latency, and shared-cache contention. The virtual machine scheduler is central to all these issues. The goal in this paper is to adapt the virtual machine scheduler to be more soft-real-time friendly. We improve two aspects of the VMM scheduler -- managing scheduling latency as a first-class resource and managing shared caches. We use enterprise IP telephony as an illustrative soft real-time workload and design a scheduler S that incorporates the knowledge of soft real-time applications in all aspects of the scheduler to support responsiveness. For this we first define a laxity value that can be interpreted as the target scheduling latency that the workload desires. The load balancer is also designed to minimize the latency for real-time tasks. For cache management, we take cache-affinity into account for real time tasks and load-balance accordingly to prevent cache thrashing. We measured cache misses and demonstrated that cache management is essential for soft real time tasks. Although our scheduler S employs a different design philosophy, interestingly enough it can be implemented with simple modifications to the Xen hypervisor's credit scheduler. Our experiments demonstrate that the Xen scheduler with our modifications can support soft real-time guests well, without penalizing non-real-time domains.
Logic Bug Detection and Localization Using Symbolic Quick Error\n Detection (2017)

We present Symbolic Quick Error Detection (Symbolic QED), a structured\napproach for logic bug detection and localization which can be used both during\npre-silicon design verification as well as post-silicon validation and debug.\nThis new methodology leverages prior work on Quick Error Detection (QED) which\nhas been demonstrated to drastically reduce the latency, in terms of the number\nof clock cycles, of error detection following the activation of a logic (or\nelectrical) bug. QED works through software transformations, including\nredundant execution and control flow checking, of the applied tests. Symbolic\nQED combines these error-detecting QED transformations with bounded model\nchecking-based formal analysis to generate minimal-length bug activation traces\nthat detect and localize any logic bugs in the design. We demonstrate the\npracticality and effectiveness of Symbolic QED using the OpenSPARC T2, a\n500-million-transistor open-source multicore System-on-Chip (SoC) design, and\nusing "difficult" logic bug scenarios observed in various state-of-the-art\ncommercial multicore SoCs. Our results show that Symbolic QED: (i) is fully\nautomatic, unlike manual techniques in use today that can be extremely\ntime-consuming and expensive; (ii) requires only a few hours in contrast to\nmanual approaches that might take days (or even months) or formal techniques\nthat often take days or fail completely for large designs; and (iii) generates\ncounter-examples (for activating and detecting logic bugs) that are up to 6\norders of magnitude shorter than those produced by traditional techniques.\nSignificantly, this new approach does not require any additional hardware.\n
Extradiscal ultrasound thermal therapy (ExDUSTT): evaluation in ex vivo and in vivo spine models (Invited Paper) (2005)

The application of heat to intervertebral discs is being clinically investigated for the treatment of discogenic back pain. The purpose of this study was to develop and test the feasibility of small ultrasound applicators that can be endoscopically placed adjacent to the disc, and deliver heating energy into the disc without puncturing the annular wall. Prototype devices were fabricated using curvilinear transducers (2.5-3.5 mm wide x 10 mm long, 5.4 - 6.5 MHz) that produce a narrow penetrating beam extending along the length of the ultrasound element. The transducer was affixed to either a flexible or rigid delivery catheter, and enclosed within an asymmetric coupling balloon with water-cooling flow. Bench measurements demonstrated 35-60% acoustic efficiencies, high-power output capabilities, and lightly focused beam patterns. The heating characteristics of these devices were evaluated with ex vivo and in vivo experiments within lumbar and cervical spine segments from sheep models and human cadaveric spine. The applicators were positioned adjacent to the annular wall of the surgically exposed discs. Ultrasound energy was focused directly into the disc to avoid heating the vertebral bodies. Multi-point thermocouple probes were placed throughout the disc to characterize the resultant temperature distributions. These studies demonstrated that ultrasound energy from these applicators penetrated the annular wall of the disc, and produced thermal coagulative temperatures of >60-65°C as far as 10 mm into the tissue. This study also showed that lower power levels and temperatures delivered for 10 minutes can generate a cytotoxic thermal dose of t<sub>43°C</sub> >240 min penetrating 5-10 mm from the annular wall.
Multiple Description Video Coding using Adaptive Temporal Sub-Sampling (2007)

Multiple description coding (MDC) is a promising alternative for robust transmission of information over non-prioritized and unpredictable networks. Especially, MDC has emerged as an attractive approach for video applications where retransmission is unacceptable or infeasible. In this paper, an effective MD video codec is designed based on pre-and post-processing of video sequences, without any modification to the source or channel codec. Considering different motion information of inter-frame, adaptive temporal sub-sampling is employed to the original video data. As a result, adaptive redundancy can make a better tradeoff between the reconstruction quality and compression efficiency. The experimental results exhibit better performance of the proposed scheme than other schemes.
Search of sequence databases with uninterpreted high-energy collision-induced dissociation spectra of peptides (1996)

We have broadened the utility of the SEQUEST computer algorithms to permit correlation of uninterpreted high-energy collision-induced dissociation spectra of peptides with all sequences in a database. SEQUEST now allows for the additional fragment ion types observed under high-energy conditions. We analyzed spectra from peptides isolated following trypsin digestion of 13 proteins. SEQUEST ranked the correct sequence first for 90% (18/20) of the spectra in searches of the OWL database, without constraint by enzyme cleavage specificity or species of origin. All false-positives were flagged by the scoring system. SEQUEST searches databases for sequences that correspond to the precursor ion mass ±0.5 u. Preliminary ranking of the top 500 candidates is done by calculation of fragment ion masses for each sequence, and comparison to the measured ion masses on the basis of ion series continuity, summed ion intensity, and immonium ion presence. Final ranking is done by construction of model spectra for the 500 candidates and constructing/performing of a cross-correlation analysis with the actual spectrum. Given the need to relate mounting genome sequence information with corresponding suites of proteins that comprise the cellular molecular machinery, tandem mass spectrometry appears destined to play the leading role in accelerating protein identification on the large scale required.
Dual-pump generation of high-coherence primary Kerr combs with multiple sub-lines (2017)

We experimentally generate high-coherence primary Kerr combs with multiple sub-lines by using dual pumps and demonstrate the application of a primary comb state in multichannel communications. We find that more than 10 primary comb lines can be generated within the spectrum of modulation instability gain in our microring resonator. The generation is also verified by numerical simulations and the measured linewidth confirms the high coherence of the generated primary comb lines. We also demonstrate the high-coherence characteristics in a coherent communication experiment, in which each comb line is encoded with 20 Gbaud quadrature phase-shift-keyed signals.
Improving the privacy, security, and performance of biometric systems (2009)

Biometric systems now represent a critical piece of the world's security infrastructure. Such systems are deployed at our borders, our workplaces, and even our amusement parks. Biometrics have found their way into military security checkpoints in Iraq and naval and coast guard operations around the globe. From the simplest time and attendance application, to the most sophisticated access control security installation, biometrics present a common set of benefits and problems for those that use and maintain such systems. This dissertation examines issues in three distinct, yet related components of biometric recognition systems: Privacy, Security, and Performance.
Beginning with Privacy, a series of new attacks against existing template protection schemes is introduced, leading to a formulation of sound security requirements for revocable template technologies. Two novel secure revocable biotoken schemes are then introduced that conform to the aforementioned security requirements, including a base biotoken encoding method, and a bipartite biotoken method supporting secure data release. Using the biotoken technology as a basis, the Security of biometrics is considered through the development of a series of bio-cryptographic protocols, culminating in the development of a full biometric key infrastructure that enhances existing public key infrastructure. To address the threat of physical spoofing attacks, a low-cost spectrometer design is introduced that is capable of distinguishing between real live fingers and common artificial material. Regarding Performance, issues in long-range unconstrained face acquisition are discussed, followed by the introduction of a new facial feature detector and secure face recognition approach designed for this specific problem. Finally, a machine learning approach and a pure statistical approach are introduced for predicting the failure of biometric recognition systems. This research, taken as a whole, represents various embodiments of good and functional biometric systems that have yet to be realized in deployment.
Novel Successive Transmit Beamforming Algorithms for MISO-OFDM Systems (2006)

In this paper, we focus on the design and evaluation of new transmit beamforming algorithms for the multiple-input single-output (MISO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. In the MISO-OFDM systems, out transmit beamforming requires a huge amount of channel feedback, this is because the channel state information on each subcarrier has to be conveyed from the receiver to transmitter. In order to reduce the channel feedback requirement in the OFDM system, we take the time and frequency domain correlations of the channel fading into consideration. Based on our successive beamforming (SBF) technique, we develop several classes of feedback algorithms for the OFDM systems. These new algorithms use the knowledge from the previous frame or neighboring subcarrier to aid the beamforming codebook design for the current subcarrier. Through numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the proposed algorithms require a small amount of channel feedback, yet they outperform the other existing finite rate OFDM beamformers.
Improving the magnetic properties of high induction boron silicon-iron by adding boron to the coating (1979)

The presence of boron, nitrogen and sulfur provides strong inhibition to normal grain growth in heavily cold-rolled 3% silicon-iron, which permits the development of a precise (110) [001] secondary recrystallization texture during the final anneal. The addition of boron to the magnesia coating, which results in the diffusion of boron into the alloy, has a marked effect on the grain growth behavior during the final anneal of silicon-iron containing these elements for grain growth inhibition. Alloys initially deficient in either boron or sulfur experience more extensive secondary recrystallization, and therefore achieve a higher induction, as a result of boron being added to the coating. While small additions of boron are helpful, larger additions decrease the induction, the optimum boron addition to the coating being related to the nitrogen content.
Generating local addresses and communication sets for data-parallel programs (1993)

Generating local addresses and communication sets is an important issue in distributed-memory implementations of data-parallel languages such as High Performance Fortran. We show that for an array A affinely aligned to a template that is distributed across p processors with a cyclic(k) distribution, and a computation involving the regular section A(l:h:s) , the local memory access sequence for any processor is characterized by a finite state machine of at most k states. We present fast algorithms for computing the essential information about these state machines, and extend the framework to handle multidimensional arrays. We also show how to generate communication sets using the state machine approach. Performance results show that this solution requires very little runtime overhead and acceptable preprocessing time.
Nonlinear Processing Methods for Detection and Location of Microseismic Events (2013)

Locating microseismic events using a method such as coalescence microseismic mapping (CMM) is much more effective if the underlying detection function, such as STA/LTA, has reliably detected the events. This in turn depends on the SNR of the data that the detection function has been applied to. These issues are especially important for surface microseismic monitoring, where the SNR of the recorded data is significantly less than that of borehole data. In this paper, we introduce novel nonlinear stacking methods to improve automatic detection and location of weak seismic events that are typically below the background noise-level. We also introduce several novel methods that have applications for detection and location of signals with varying source radiation patterns that have a phase change. We show the outline of the methods on synthetic data and also demonstrate application to real data acquired during surface microseismic monitoring. In the real data case we compare one nonlinear stacking method with the conventional stack for a series of perforation shot arrivals and show how the signal-to-noise ratio is significantly improved for a real event, and how this improves the event detection and location sensitivity by a combination of signal-to-noise ratio improvement and noise discrimination.
iBodies: Modular Synthetic Antibody Mimetics Based on Hydrophilic Polymers Decorated with Functional Moieties (2016)

Antibodies are indispensable tools for biomedicine and anticancer therapy. Nevertheless, their use is compromised by high production costs, limited stability, and difficulty of chemical modification. The design and preparation of synthetic polymer conjugates capable of replacing antibodies in biomedical applications such as ELISA, flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and immunoprecipitation is reported. The conjugates, named "iBodies", consist of an HPMA copolymer decorated with low-molecular-weight compounds that function as targeting ligands, affinity anchors, and imaging probes. We prepared specific conjugates targeting several proteins with known ligands and used these iBodies for enzyme inhibition, protein isolation, immobilization, quantification, and live-cell imaging. Our data indicate that this highly modular and versatile polymer system can be used to produce inexpensive and stable antibody substitutes directed toward virtually any protein of interest with a known ligand.
Novel Infectious cDNA Clones of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 3a (Strain S52) and 4a (Strain ED43): Genetic Analyses and <i>In Vivo</i> Pathogenesis Studies (2010)

Previously, RNA transcripts of cDNA clones of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes 1a (strains H77, HCV-1, and HC-TN), 1b (HC-J4, Con1, and HCV-N), and 2a (HC-J6 and JFH1) were found to be infectious in chimpanzees. However, only JFH1 was infectious in human hepatoma Huh7 cells. We performed genetic analysis of HCV genotype 3a (strain S52) and 4a (strain ED43) prototype strains and generated full-length consensus cDNA clones (pS52 and pED43). Transfection of Huh7.5 cells with RNA transcripts of these clones did not yield cells expressing HCV Core. However, intrahepatic transfection of chimpanzees resulted in robust infection with peak HCV RNA titers of approximately 5.5 log(10) international units (IU)/ml. Genomic consensus sequences recovered from serum at the times of peak viral titers were identical to the sequences of the parental plasmids. Both chimpanzees developed acute hepatitis with elevated liver enzymes and significant necroinflammatory liver changes coinciding with detection of gamma interferon-secreting, intrahepatic T cells. However, the onset and broadness of intrahepatic T-cell responses varied greatly in the two animals, with an early (week 4) multispecific response in the ED43-infected animal (3 weeks before the first evidence of viral control) and a late (week 11) response with limited breadth in the S52-infected animal (without evidence of viral control). Autologous serum neutralizing antibodies were not detected during the acute infection in either animal. Both animals became persistently infected. In conclusion, we generated fully functional infectious cDNA clones of HCV genotypes 3a and 4a. Proof of functionality of all genes might further the development of recombinant cell culture systems for these important genotypes.
Hybrid ARQ for modulo loss reduction in multi-user MIMO THP systems (2013)

Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) using Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) has great potential to achieve high system capacity in wireless systems. On the other hand, hybrid ARQ (HARQ) is essential to realize the reliable wireless packet transmission and therefore, the combination of THP with HARQ can be seen as a promising approach to achieve reliable high-capacity wireless transmissions. However, this combination has a problem of severe performance degradation due to the accumulation of modulo loss which is the inherent drawback of THP. In this paper, we propose the HARQ scheme to cancel the accumulation of modulo loss in Multi-user MIMO THP systems. The main feature of the proposed approach is to add the same perturbation vector as the initial transmit packet to the retransmit packets in order to prevent the accumulation of modulo loss. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is demonstrated in comparison with the conventional packet combining scheme by means of computer simulations.
All-Polysaccharide, Self-Healing Injectable Hydrogels Based on Chitosan and Oxidized Hydroxypropyl Polysaccharides (2020)

Polysaccharide-based hydrogels are attractive materials for biomedical applications for reasons that include their polyfunctionality, generally benign nature, and biodegradability. However, the use of polysaccharide-based hydrogels may be limited by toxicity arising from small-molecule crosslinkers, or may involve undesired chemical modification [Hennink, W. E.; et al. <i>Adv. Drug Delivery Rev.</i> 2012, 64, 223-236]. Here, we report a green, simple, efficient strategy for the preparation of polysaccharide-based, in situ forming hydrogels. The Edgar group reports in the accompanying manuscript that chemoselective oxidation of oligo(hydroxypropyl)-substituted polysaccharides introduces ketone groups at the termini of the side chains [Nichols, B. L. B.; et al]. Amine-containing moieties can condense with ketones to form imines. The imine linkage is dynamic in the presence of water, providing the potential for self-healing [Wei, Z.; et al. <i>Adv. Funct. Mater.</i> 2015, 25, 1352-1359], injectability [Wei, Z.; et al. <i>Adv. Funct. Mater.</i> 2015, 25, 1352-1359], and pH responsiveness [Yao, K.; et al. <i>J. Appl. Polym. Sci.</i> 1993, 48, 343-354]. In this work, we designed and prepared two different types of hydrogels, oxidized hydroxypropyl cellulose/chitosan (Ox-HPC-Chitosan) and oxidized hydroxypropyl dextran/chitosan (Ox-HPD-Chitosan), each cross-linked by imine bonds. The mechanical properties of these hydrogels were characterized by rheometry, revealing that hydrogel storage modulus could be tuned from 300 Pa to 13 kPa simply by controlling the degree of substitution (DS) of ketone groups. Rheological characterization also illustrated the rapid self-healing property of these all-polysaccharide hydrogels. Moreover, these hydrogels exhibited high swelling rates and facile injectability. Therefore, this work reveals a potential strategy for the construction of hydrogels that require no small-molecule crosslinkers and are therefore highly attractive for biomedical, agricultural, controlled release, and other applications.
Zonal Adaptive Optical Microscopy (2011)

Inhomogeneous optical properties of biological samples degrade imaging performance. Using an image-based zonal adaptive optical approach, we demonstrated that diffraction-limited resolution can be recovered from mouse brains in vivo to a depth of 450 micron.
Efficient mid-IR spectral generation via 4<sup>th</sup> order cascaded-Raman amplification (2008)

A simple and robust 2.14 um fiber-based laser source is demonstrated via higher order cascaded Raman scattering in silica fiber. The temporal and spectral characteristics of the laser are compared with simulations.