gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sensitivities of five alpha continuous air monitors for detection of airborne sup 239 Pu (1992)

Results of measurements of the sensitivities of five alpha continuous air monitors (CAMs) for detection of airborne {sup 239}Pu are presented. Four commercially available alpha CAMs (Kurz model 8311, Merlin Gerin Edgar, RADeCO model 452, and Victoreen model 758) and a prototype alpha CAM currently in use at Argonne National Laboratory- West (ANL-W) were tested sampling natural ambient air and laboratory-generated atmospheres laden with either blank dust or dust containing nCi/g concentrations of {sup 239}Pu. Cumulative alpha spectra were stored at 30 or 60 minute intervals during each sampling and were subsequently analyzed using three different commonly used alpha spectrum analysis algorithms. The effect of airborne dust concentration and sample filter porosity on detector resolution and sensitivity for airborne {sup 239}Pu are described.
Tumor‐associated MHC II‐restricted phosphopeptides: New targets for immune recognition (2008)

Searching for more optimal targets for CD4 + T cell mediated anti‐tumor immunity, we have investigated phosphopeptides, a new category of tumor‐derived epitopes. It is unknown whether human MHC II molecules can present phosphopeptides for specific CD4 + T cell recognition, although MHC I molecules can display phosphopeptides recognized by CD8 + T cells. Using biochemical enrichment, mass spectrometric sequencing and comparative analysis, 79 HLA‐DR‐associated phosphopeptides from 42 proteins were isolated from an autologous pair of melanoma and EBV‐transformed B lymphoblast lines. Three sequences were common to both cell types, but others were unique to melanoma or B cells. Many sequences occurred as nested sets, typical of MHC II‐associated peptides. Importantly, many of the parent proteins have defined roles in cancer development, growth and metastasis. In parallel, we raised human CD4 + T cells against a candidate melanoma‐associated phospho‐B‐Raf V600E peptide, BRAFmut pT599 , which could specifically recognize the phosphopeptide versus its non‐phosphorylated counterpart. This is the first demonstration, to our knowledge, of human MHC II‐associated phosphopeptides and of phosphopeptide‐specific reactivity in human CD4 + T cells, providing potential new targets for cancer immunotherapy. Funded by Dept. of Surgery and Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, and by USPHS grants to DFH and VHE.
Increasing the Power to Detect Causal Associations by Combining Genotypic and Expression Data in Segregating Populations (2007)

To dissect common human diseases such as obesity and diabetes, a systematic approach is needed to study how genes interact with one another, and with genetic and environmental factors, to determine clinical end points or disease phenotypes. Bayesian networks provide a convenient framework for extracting relationships from noisy data and are frequently applied to large-scale data to derive causal relationships among variables of interest. Given the complexity of molecular networks underlying common human disease traits, and the fact that biological networks can change depending on environmental conditions and genetic factors, large datasets, generally involving multiple perturbations (experiments), are required to reconstruct and reliably extract information from these networks. With limited resources, the balance of coverage of multiple perturbations and multiple subjects in a single perturbation needs to be considered in the experimental design. Increasing the number of experiments, or the number of subjects in an experiment, is an expensive and time-consuming way to improve network reconstruction. Integrating multiple types of data from existing subjects might be more efficient. For example, it has recently been demonstrated that combining genotypic and gene expression data in a segregating population leads to improved network reconstruction, which in turn may lead to better predictions of the effects of experimental perturbations on any given gene. Here we simulate data based on networks reconstructed from biological data collected in a segregating mouse population and quantify the improvement in network reconstruction achieved using genotypic and gene expression data, compared with reconstruction using gene expression data alone. We demonstrate that networks reconstructed using the combined genotypic and gene expression data achieve a level of reconstruction accuracy that exceeds networks reconstructed from expression data alone, and that fewer subjects may be required to achieve this superior reconstruction accuracy. We conclude that this integrative genomics approach to reconstructing networks not only leads to more predictive network models, but also may save time and money by decreasing the amount of data that must be generated under any given condition of interest to construct predictive network models.
Production of Large-Particle-Size Monodisperse Latexes in Microgravity (1985)

A latex is a suspension of very tiny (micrometer-size) plastic spheres in water, stabilized by emulsifiers. The growth of billions of these tiny plastic spheres to sizes larger than can be grown on Earth is attempted while keeping all of them exactly the same size and perfectly spherical. Thus far on several of the Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR) flights, the latex spheres have been returned to Earth with standard deviations of better than 1.4%. In microgravity the absence of buoyancy effects has allowed growth of the balls up to 30 micrometers in diameter thus far. The MLR has now flown 5 times on the Shuttle. The MLR has now produced the first commercial space product; that is the first commercial material ever manufactured in space and marketed on Earth. Once it is demonstrated that these large-size-monodisperse latexes can be routinely produced in quantity and quality, they can be marketed for many types of scientific applications. They can be used in biomedical research for such things as drug carriers and tracers in the body, human and animal blood flow studies, membrane and pore-sizing in the body, and medical diagnostic tests.
Co-Administration of Lipid Nanoparticles and Sub-Unit Vaccine Antigens Is Required for Increase in Antigen-Specific Immune Responses in Mice (2016)

A vast body of evidence suggests that nanoparticles function as potent immune-modulatory agents. We have previously shown that Merck proprietary Lipid NanoParticles (LNPs) markedly boost B-cell and T-cell responses to sub-unit vaccine antigens in mice. To further evaluate the specifics of vaccine delivery and dosing regimens in vivo, we performed immunogenicity studies in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice using two model antigens, Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) and Ovalbumin (OVA), respectively. To assess the requirement for co-administration of antigen and LNP for the elicitation of immune responses, we evaluated immune responses after administering antigen and LNP to separate limbs, or administering antigen and LNP to the same limb but separated by 24 h. We also evaluated formulations combining antigen, LNP, and aluminum-based adjuvant amorphous aluminum hydroxylphosphate sulfate (MAA) to look for synergistic adjuvant effects. Analyses of antigen-specific B-cell and T-cell responses from immunized mice revealed that the LNPs and antigens must be co-administered-both at the same time and in the same location-in order to boost antigen-specific immune responses. Mixing of antigen with MAA prior to formulation with LNP did not impact the generation of antigen-specific B-cell responses, but drastically reduced the ability of LNPs to boost antigen-specific T-cell responses. Overall, our data demonstrate that the administration of LNPs and vaccine antigen together enables their immune-stimulatory properties.
1-Arylpyrazoline-3-carboxanilides (1995)

Nitrile-imine cycloaddition chemistry was utilized to synthesize a new class of pyrazoline insecticides. The structure activity relationships of the pyrazoline insecticides were explored by using a wide variety of dipolarophiles to give 5-substituted and 5,5-disubstituted products. In addition we have used dianion chemistry to produce a number of compounds which have 4-substitution opposite of the regiochemistry derived from cycloaddition.
Shiga Toxins (Stxs): Multifaceted Pathogenicity Determinants (2007)

The Shiga toxins (Stxs) (also known as Vero toxins and formerly called Shiga-like toxins) constitute a family of toxins that features Stx from Shigella dysenteriae type 1 as the prototype. Among bacterial toxins, the Stxs are particularly potent poisons that are estimated to be as toxic per unit of weight as tetanus toxin and second only to botulinum toxin in potency. The major difference among the Stxs is reflected in the division of the Stx family into two groups, Stx/Stx1 and Stx2, based on the capacity of antitoxin to neutralize the cytotoxic activity of each member of the homologous but not the heterologous group. The Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) bacteria grow within the colon and elaborate Stx1 and/or Stx2. The toxin crosses the intestinal barrier and enters the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, the toxin may bind to polymorphonuclear cells and circulate. The major target organ of the Stxs is the kidney, although sites within the central nervous system may also be affected. The interaction of Stx and bacterial lipopolysaccharide with cells of the immune system and locally within the kidney may lead to increased cytokine and chemokine expression. Some epidemiological evidence suggests that STEC strains that produce Stx2 cause more severe disease than STEC strains that make Stx1 or both Stx1 and Stx2.
Polaris: a system for query, analysis and visualization of multi-dimensional relational databases (2002)

In the last several years, large multi-dimensional databases have become common in a variety of applications such as data warehousing and scientific computing. Analysis and exploration tasks place significant demands on the interfaces to these databases. Because of the size of the data sets, dense graphical representations are more effective for exploration than spreadsheets and charts. Furthermore, because of the exploratory nature of the analysis, it must be possible for the analysts to change visualizations rapidly as they pursue a cycle involving first hypothesis and then experimentation. The authors present Polaris, an interface for exploring large multi-dimensional databases that extends the well-known Pivot Table interface. The novel features of Polaris include an interface for constructing visual specifications of table based graphical displays and the ability to generate a precise set of relational queries from the visual specifications. The visual specifications can be rapidly and incrementally developed, giving the analyst visual feedback as they construct complex queries and visualizations.
Multi-spectral materials: hybridisation of optical plasmonic filters, a mid infrared metamaterial absorber and a terahertz metamaterial absorber (2016)

Multi-spectral imaging systems typically require the cumbersome integration of disparate filtering materials and detectors in order to operate simultaneously in multiple spectral regions. Each distinct waveband must be detected at different spatial locations on a single chip or by separate chips optimised for each band. Here, we report on a single component that optically multiplexes visible, Mid Infrared (4.5 μm) and Terahertz (126 μm) radiation thereby maximising the spectral information density. We hybridise plasmonic and metamaterial structures to form a device capable of simultaneously filtering 15 visible wavelengths and absorbing Mid Infrared and Terahertz. Our synthetic multi-spectral component could be integrated with silicon complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology where Si photodiodes are available to detect the visible radiation and micro-bolometers available to detect the Infrared/Terahertz and render an inexpensive, mass-producible camera capable of forming coaxial visible, Infrared and Terahertz images.
A prevalent missense substitution that modulates activity of prostatic steroid 5alpha-reductase. (1997)

Prostate cancer is the most common serious cancer diagnosed in men in the United States. This disease is also characterized by a striking racial/ethnic variation in incidence: highest in African-Americans, intermediate in Caucasians, slightly lower in Latinos, and lowest in Asians. Ample biochemical and epidemiological evidence suggests a role for androgens, particularly testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, in prostate cancer etiology. We have analyzed a candidate gene for prostate cancer, SRD5A2, encoding prostatic steroid 5alpha-reductase type II, which converts testosterone into the more bioactive dihydrotestosterone, for mutations. We report here one amino acid substitution, V89L, which replaces valine at codon 89 with leucine. This substitution is a "germline" (constitutional) DNA polymorphism, and it is common, panethnic, and reduces in vivo steroid 5alpha-reductase activity. This substitution is particularly common among Asians and may explain the low risk for prostate cancer in this population.
Cooperative cars - using cellular communications for co-operative automotive applications (2007)

This paper introduces the research project Cooperative Cars (CoCar), which investigates the possibilities of current and future mobile cellular communication systems to support cooperative vehicle applications. The applications in scope include driver safety applications, like in-time dissemination of accident or road works warnings, and traffic management applications, like providing real-time traffic state and routing information. The capabilities and limits of current cellular systems and the trend of future technologies in terms of delay, capacity, and throughput are presented and mapped to the requirement of an exemplary traffic safety application. In order to realize this cooperative vehicle application with cellular systems, different technologies are presented that are supported already or will be implemented in the near future.
Non-contact probes for device and integrated circuit characterization in the THz and mmW bands (2014)

We present a novel, non-contact, on-wafer device characterization method covering both THz (300 GHz-3 THz) and mmW bands (60-300 GHz). Unlike existing contact probes which rely on fragile tips and physical contact with the device on the chip, the new non-contact probe setup is based on radiative coupling of vector network analyzer test ports into the coplanar waveguide environment of monolithic devices and integrated circuits via planar, on-chip, broadband antennas. The on-chip antennas act as “virtual” probe-tips on the test wafer and connect to the device through optimized, impedance matched coplanar waveguide (CPW) lines. Proof-of-concept validation is presented for the 325-750 GHz band using WR2.2 and WR1.5 frequency extender modules and a standard vector network analyzer as the backend. Owing to the non-contact nature, these new probes are free from wear/tear and fragility issues. More importantly, they are low cost and can be easily scaled beyond 900GHz where there is no existing solution for on-wafer device and integrated circuit testing.
The genetic basis of premature ovarian failure (2006)

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a common condition, affecting approximately 1:100 women. It is characterised by amenorrhea, hypoestrogenism, and elevated gonadotrophin levels in women under the age of 40. It is often an unexpected and distressing diagnosis, which coincides with infertility and menopausal symptoms. There is a well recognised genetic basis to the development of POF. Our laboratory has identified several candidate genes associated with POF.
Extending the Scope of Singlet‐State Spectroscopy (2007)

Different decoupling sequences are tested-using various shaped radio-frequency (RF) pulses-to achieve the longest possible lifetimes of singlet-state populations over the widest possible bandwidths, that is, ranges of offsets and relative chemical shifts of the nuclei involved in the singlet states. The use of sinc or refocusing broadband universal rotation pulses (RE-BURP) for decoupling during the intervals where singlet-state populations are preserved allows one to extend the useful bandwidth with respect to prior state-of-the-art methods based on composite-pulse WALTZ decoupling. The improved sinc decoupling sequences afford a more reliable and sensitive measure of the lifetimes of singlet states in pairs of spins that have widely different chemical shifts, such as the two aromatic protons H(5) and H(6) in uracil. Similar advantages are expected for nucleotides in RNA and DNA. Alternative approaches, in particular frequency-modulated decoupling sequences, also appear to be effective in preserving singlet-state populations, even though the profiles of the apparent relaxation rate constants as a function of the offset are somewhat perturbed. The best decoupling sequences prove their utility in sustaining longer lifetimes of singlet states than previously achieved for the side-chain tyrosine protons in bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) at 600 MHz (14.1 T), where the differences of chemical shifts between coupled protons are a challenge.
Selective Separation of Hydroxide from Alkaline Nuclear Tank Waste by Liquid−Liquid Extraction with Weak Hydroxy Acids (2002)

Recovery and recycle of caustic reagents in industrial processes offer potential means of pollution prevention, as investigated herein for particular needs related to the cleanup of alkaline nuclear waste. Specifically, the recovery of hydroxide from alkaline media by liquid-liquid extraction can be effected utilizing weak hydroxy acids, as demonstrated for NaOH utilizing a series of lipophilic fluorinated alcohols and alkylated phenols dissolved in 1-octanol. Extraction efficiency follows the expected order of acidity of the hydroxy acids, the phenols being the most efficient extractants among the compounds tested. After extraction, NaOH is effectively recoverable from the organic phase upon contact with water. The weakest hydroxy acids are the most efficiently stripped, NaOH recovery being nearly quantitative in a single contact. In competitive extraction experiments, good selectivity for hydroxide recovery over other anions such as nitrate and chloride was demonstrated. Since the order of extraction favors larger anions, the exceptional preference for hydroxide implies that the extraction occurs by deprotonation of the hydroxy acids in a cation-exchange process. Stripping therefore occurs by hydrolysis to regenerate the neutral hydroxy acid, liberating NaOH to the aqueous phase. Since hydroxide equivalents rather than actual hydroxide ions are transferred to the solvent, the process is termed "pseudohydroxide extraction." Hydroxide recovery from a simulant of alkaline nuclear tank waste (Hanford DSSF simulant) was also demonstrated in repeated extraction and stripping cycles.
62‐11: Development of New Green Phosphors for Liquid Crystal Display Backlights (2021)

We discuss the performance of GE's new green phosphors for wide color gamut in liquid crystal displays. These new phosphors are combined with GE's K 2 SiF 6 :Mn 4+ (KSF/PFS) red phosphor to increase color gamut by >5% versus standard KSF/β‐SiAlON:Eu 2+ phosphor blends. Other phosphor performance metrics such as response time, thermal quenching, and environmental stability will also be discussed.
Volume Changes Induced by the Electrochromic Process in Sputtered Iridium Oxide Films (1981)

We report volume changes induced by the electrochromic process in sputtered iridium oxide films (SIROF's). We show that SIROF's expand on incorporation of water. The rate of water uptake is greatly increased by initial potential cycling, i.e., coloring and bleaching. Hydration increases the kinetics of electrochromism by about an order of magnitude. We show also that electrochromic coloring and bleaching reversibly modulates the thickness of partially hydrated SIROF's. As‐deposited SIROF's significantly contract upon initial cathodic bleaching which supports the anion mechanism of electrochromism in iridium oxide films.
Multi-spectra peptide sequencing and its applications to multistage mass spectrometry (2008)

Despite a recent surge of interest in database-independent peptide identifications, accurate de novo peptide sequencing remains an elusive goal. While the recently introduced spectral network approach resulted in accurate peptide sequencing in low-complexity samples, its success depends on the chance of presence of spectra from overlapping peptides. On the other hand, while multistage mass spectrometry (collecting multiple MS 3 spectra from each MS 2 spectrum) can be applied to all spectra in a complex sample, there are currently no software tools for de novo peptide sequencing by multistage mass spectrometry. We describe a rigorous probabilistic framework for analyzing spectra of overlapping peptides and show how to apply it for multistage mass spectrometry. Our software results in both accurate de novo peptide sequencing from multistage mass spectra (despite the inferior quality of MS 3 spectra) and improved interpretation of spectral networks. We further study the problem of de novo peptide sequencing with accurate parent mass (but inaccurate fragment masses), the protocol that may soon become the dominant mode of spectral acquisition. Most existing peptide sequencing algorithms (based on the spectrum graph approach) do not track the accurate parent mass and are thus not equipped for solving this problem. We describe a de novo peptide sequencing algorithm aimed at this experimental protocol and show that it improves the sequencing accuracy on both tandem and multistage mass spectrometry.
A gated-beam electrospray ionization source with an external ion reservoir. A new tool for the characterization of biomolecules using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (1999)

In this work we describe a micro-electrospray ionization source equipped with an atmospheric pressure external ion shutter. The solenoid-activated shutter prevents the electrospray plume from entering the inlet capillary unless triggered to the 'open' position. When in the 'closed' position, a stable electrospray plume is maintained between the electrospray ionization (ESI) emitter and the electrically isolated face of the shutter. When the shutter is triggered, a 'slice' of ions is allowed to enter the inlet capillary and is subsequently accumulated in an external ion reservoir comprised of a radio frequency only (rf-only) hexapole and a pair of electrostatic elements. Following ion accumulation in the external ion reservoir, intact molecular ions of proteins, oligonucleotides, and noncovalent complexes can be stored for extended intervals (>30 minutes) prior to being transferred to the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) trapped ion cell for mass analysis. By introducing reactive gases directly into the external ion reservoir during the storage interval, ion-molecule reactions, such as H/D exchange, can be performed at high effective pressures. This scheme obviates the need for the long reaction times and delays associated with restoring base pressure in the trapped ion cell and allows H/D exchange reactions to be conducted in a fraction of the time required using conventional in-cell exchange approaches. The back face of the shutter arm contains an elastomeric material which can be positioned to seal the inlet to the mass spectrometer resulting in lower base pressure in the ion reservoir and the FTICR cell. Additionally, it is noted that blocking the ESI plume during non-accumulation events results in reduced fouling of the source electrodes and longer times between required source cleaning.