gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Stable Derivatives of C<sub>62</sub>:  The First Nonclassical Fullerene Incorporating a Four-Membered Ring (2003)

A rational synthetic approach to the first four-membered ring-containing derivatives of C(62) is reported. They were synthesized by an inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction of 3,6-diaryl-1,2,4,5-tetrazines with C(60) in o-dichlorobenzene, followed by visible light irradiation at reflux. The structure of these nonclassical fullerenes derivatives was determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction.
Technique for controlling the internal rotation of principal axes in the fabrication of birefringent fibers (1988)

The fabrication of a polarization-maintaining fiber in which the internal rotation of the principal birefringent axes was monitored and controlled to a rate of less than 0.1 degrees /cm is discussed. This represents an order of magnitude improvement over the lowest rotation rate observed in commercial fibers. The technique is based on a novel method of interpreting the backscattered power from a-side illuminated birefringent fiber to determine the internal orientation of the strain inducing axes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
[Gene therapy for arteriosclerotic diseases]. (2001)

Recent progress in molecular biology gives us gene therapy, as a new strategy for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Targeted diseases have been wide-spread from single gene-deficient diseases to more complexed adult diseases such as restenosis after angioplasty and ischemic diseases. Clinical gene therapy for restenosis and angina using VEGF gene have already performed in USA and they can show beneficial effects of such strategies. On the other hand, we have just started a clinical trial using E2F decoy for restenosis after PTA or PTCA, since April 2000. E2F decoy is expected to become a new treatment for restenosis as a gene therapy. Also, the feasibility of a novel therapeutic strategy using angiogenic growth factors such as VEGF to augment collateral artery development has recently entered the realm of treatment of ischemic diseases. We focus on HGF, which is a novel endothelial growth factor. HGF-based therapeutic angiogenesis would possibly result a new treatment for severe ischemic diseases.
Multivalent zanamivir-bovine serum albumin conjugate as a potent influenza neuraminidase inhibitor (2017)

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Background Matting: The World Is Your Green Screen (2020)

We propose a method for creating a matte - the per-pixel foreground color and alpha - of a person by taking photos or videos in an everyday setting with a handheld camera. Most existing matting methods require a green screen background or a manually created trimap to produce a good matte. Automatic, trimap-free methods are appearing, but are not of comparable quality. In our trimap free approach, we ask the user to take an additional photo of the background without the subject at the time of capture. This step requires a small amount of foresight but is far less timeconsuming than creating a trimap. We train a deep network with an adversarial loss to predict the matte. We first train a matting network with a supervised loss on ground truth data with synthetic composites. To bridge the domain gap to real imagery with no labeling, we train another matting network guided by the first network and by a discriminator that judges the quality of composites. We demonstrate results on a wide variety of photos and videos and show significant improvement over the state of the art.
Development in High Frequency Ultrasonic Imaging and Transducers (2002)

There has been intense interest recently in ultrasonic imaging in the frequency range from 20 MHz and beyond in biomedicine. High frequency ultrasound has applications in dermatology, ophthalmology and intravascular imaging because of its superior resolution. The performance of ultrasonic imaging systems especially at high frequencies depends critically upon the transducers/arrays, the design of which in turn is determined to a large degree by the materials and fabrication methodology of the piezoelectric element and supporting structures. Recent developments in these areas are discussed in this paper.
Elderly Relocation to a Congregate Setting: Factors Influencing Adjustment (1993)

As the trend in relocation to congregate housing continues, protecting the well-being of relocating elderly becomes a major concern. The relationships of perceived choice, predictability, perceived social support, cognitive appraisal, and coping strategies on relocation adjustment were examined through semistructured interviews with elders relocating to a congregate setting in New York state. Perceived choice in relocation, predictability, perceived social support from family and neighbors, and cognitive appraisal of the move as threat or challenge were found to correlate significantly with adjustment. The majority of subjects viewed the move to a congregate setting positively, predominantly as a challenge, and as different but not extremely difficult. This study provides increased research-based understanding of the factors influencing postrelocation adjustment and fuller understanding of the personal meaning of the relocation experience that may be used to aid the successful transition of an older person to a group residential setting.
Sensitivity of finite helical axis parameters to temporally varying realistic motion utilizing an idealized knee model (2004)

Various uses of the screw or helical axis have previously been reported in the literature in an attempt to quantify the complex displacements and coupled rotations of in vivo human knee kinematics. Multiple methods have been used by previous authors to calculate the axis parameters, and it has been theorized that the mathematical stability and accuracy of the finite helical axis (FHA) is highly dependent on experimental variability and rotation increment spacing between axis calculations. Previous research has not addressed the sensitivity of the FHA for true in vivo data collection, as required for gait laboratory analysis. This research presents a controlled series of experiments simulating continuous data collection as utilized in gait analysis to investigate the sensitivity of the three-dimensional finite screw axis parameters of rotation, displacement, orientation and location with regard to time step increment spacing, utilizing two different methods for spatial location. Six-degree-of-freedom motion parameters are measured for an idealized rigid body knee model that is constrained to a planar motion profile for the purposes of error analysis. The kinematic data are collected using a multicamera optoelectronic system combined with an error minimization algorithm known as the point cluster method. Rotation about the screw axis is seen to be repeatable, accurate and time step increment insensitive. Displacement along the axis is highly dependent on time step increment sizing, with smaller rotation angles between calculations producing more accuracy. Orientation of the axis in space is accurate with only a slight filtering effect noticed during motion reversal. Locating the screw axis by a projected point onto the screw axis from the mid-point of the finite displacement is found to be less sensitive to motion reversal than finding the intersection of the axis with a reference plane. A filtering effect of the spatial location parameters was noted for larger time step increments during periods of little or no rotation.
Prevention of Stone Disease (2007)

In recent years stone disease has become more widespread in developed countries. At present the prevalence is 5.2 and 15% of men and 6% of women are affected. The increase is linked to changes in lifestyle, eating patterns and obesity which has become very common. The 'metabolic syndrome' includes all the diseases, e.g. hypertension, lipid imbalances, type 2 diabetes mellitus, gout and cardiovascular disease, which are concomitant in the majority of stone formers. Dietary patterns, besides leading to stone formation, also determine stone chemistry. With a diet that is rich in oxalates, calcium oxalate will constitute 75% of stones, struvite 10-20%, uric acid 5-6% and cystine 1%. As approximately 50% of patients with stones suffer recurrences, metabolic and/or pharmacological prophylaxis is recommended.
A novel caspase 8 selective small molecule potentiates TRAIL-induced cell death (2015)

Recombinant soluble TRAIL and agonistic antibodies against TRAIL receptors (DR4 and DR5) are currently being created for clinical cancer therapy, due to their selective killing of cancer cells and high safety characteristics. However, resistance to TRAIL and other targeted therapies is an important issue facing current cancer research field. An attractive strategy to sensitize resistant malignancies to TRAIL-induced cell death is the design of small molecules that target and promote caspase 8 activation. For the first time, we describe the discovery and characterization of a small molecule that directly binds caspase 8 and enhances its activation when combined with TRAIL, but not alone. The molecule was identified through an in silico chemical screen for compounds with affinity for the caspase 8 homodimer's interface. The compound was experimentally validated to directly bind caspase 8, and to promote caspase 8 activation and cell death in single living cells or population of cells, upon TRAIL stimulation. Our approach is a proof-of-concept strategy leading to the discovery of a novel small molecule that not only stimulates TRAIL-induced apoptosis in cancer cells, but may also provide insights into the structure-function relationship of caspase 8 homodimers as putative targets in cancer.
Simple prism pyramids: a new light trapping texture for silicon solar cells (2002)

A new light trapping front surface geometry for solar cells, the simple prism pyramid (SPP) texture, is introduced and numerically analyzed with the newly developed ray tracing program SUNRAYS. The SPP texture is applicable to polycrystalline cells because it can be prepared by mechanical grooving. The SPP texture achieves the maximum average path length of rays that is theoretically possible under isotropic illumination. Encapsulated, 300 /spl mu/m thick silicon solar cells with a grooving period of 100 /spl mu/m and a flat aluminum back surface reflector are considered. The light trapping properties of symmetric upright grooves and pyramids are studied systematically as a function of facet orientation. The SPP texture is superior to both symmetric upright grooves and pyramids.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Embedded Android: Porting, Extending, and Customizing (2013)

Looking to port Android to other platforms such as embedded devices? This hands-on book shows you how Android works and how you can adapt it to fit your needs. Youll delve into Androids architecture and learn how to navigate its source code, modify its various components, and create your own version of Android for your particular device. Youll also discover how Android differs from its Linux roots.If youre experienced with embedded systems development and have a good handle on Linux, this book helps you mold Android to hardware platforms other than mobile devices.Learn about Androids development model and the hardware you need to run it Get a quick primer on Android internals, including the Linux kernel and Dalvik virtual machine Set up and explore the AOSP without hardware, using a functional emulator image Understand Androids non-recursive build system, and learn how to make your own modifications Use evaluation boards to prototype your embedded Android system Examine the native user-space, including the root filesystem layout, the adb tool, and Androids command line Discover how to interact withand customizethe Android Framework
Transforming documentation from the XML doctypes used for the apache website to DITA (2001)

A primary factor behind the enormous interest in XML is the support it provides for transforming documents to meet the needs of information-processing applications as well as human readers working with HTML, print, and other presentation media. This case study reviews the issues we confronted, the tools we implemented, and the procedures we adopted to transform a documentation set from one XML document type to another, and from XML to HTML and Adobe PDF.The documentation set for Xalan, the Apache XSL transformer based largely on code donated by Lotus/IBM, is written in XML, using document types shared by the projects on the Apache XML website. To present Xalan reference releases to IBM project groups, the Cambridge Advanced Technology Group has set up build procedures to transform the Xalan XML documentation to DITA, an extensible XML information typing architecture currently under development in IBM. After verifying that the DITA output conforms to its declared document type, the build publishes the DITA documentation set as HTML and as PDF.
A Case of Drug Eruption Caused by the Crude Drug <i>Boi® (Sinomenium Stem/Sinomeni Caulis et Rhizoma)</i> (1995)

We report a case of drug eruption caused by the crude drug Boi. A 41-year-old female patient had been diagnosed with chronic rheumatoid arthritis in the department of internal medicine. After ingestion of a decoction of the crude drug Boi for the alleviation of arthralgia, a slight fever developed, which was followed by systemic edematous erythema with itching. HPLC showed that the main components of the crude drug Boi are sinomenine and magnoflorine. The results of patch tests were negative for all oral drugs that the patient had been taking. Oral ingestion tests showed that the patient showed positive reactions to the as-is Boi boiling-water decoction and 1/10-volume sinomenine. Based on this, the drug eruption was judged to be caused by sinomenine. It is considered the first time that the causative component of a drug eruption was confirmed by oral ingestion tests with components of a crude drug of Kampo medicine (Sino-Japanese traditional medicine).
Studies on Phospholipases from Streptomyces (1975)

1. Phospholipase C [EC 3. 1. 4. 3] found in the growth medium of Streptomyces hachijoensis was purified about sixty-fold by dialysis and column chromatography on Sephadex G-50. 2. The active fraction was separated by isoelectric focusing into two fractions, phospholipase C-I (pI 6.0) and phospholipase C-II (pI 5.6). 3. Both purified phospholipases C were homogeneous by immunodiffusion and were not differentiated as regards antigenicity. 4. Phospholipase C-I had maximal activity at pH 8.0 and the optimal temperature was 50°. Phospholipase C-I was stable at 50° for 30 min and was stable at neutral pH. 5. The activity of phospholipase C-I was inhibited by high concentrations of various detergents such as Triton X-100, sodium cholate, SDS and was also inhibited by Ca2+, Ba2+, Al3+, and EDTA, but was stimulated by Mg2+, and ethyl ether. 6. The Km value of phospholipase C-I was 0.9 mM, using phosphatidylcholine as a substrate. 7. By the gel filtration procedure, the molecular weights of phospholipase C-I and -II were both determined to be 18, 000. 8. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, cardiolipin, sphingomyelin, and lysophosphatidylcholine were hydrolyzed by phospholipase C-I, but phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine were hydrolyzed with difficulty under the same conditions. Phospholipase C-I also hydrolyzed phosphatidic acid.
2D NMR Spectra from Stochastic NMR. Coupling and Exchange Information from Third Order Frequency Kernel (1980)

Abstract It is shown how 1D and 2D NMR spectra can be derived from one NMR experiment. The method is based on the evaluation of the non‐linear response of the nuclear spin system to stochastic excitation the strength of which corresponds to values close to the maximum of the saturation curve. Thus, optimum sensitivity is obtained at the expense of slight line broadening in the 1D spectrum. Crosspeaks in the 2D plane indicate the existence of saturation transfer between two transitions at the respective frequencies. This is demonstrated with simulated (AB) as well as experimental spectra (AB, chemical exchange).
Efficient testability enhancement for combinational circuit (2002)

We propose a novel testability enhancement scheme based on XOR Chain Structure. The structure is effective for improving both controllability and observability. The insertion points are selected by fast testability analysis and random pattern resistant node source tracking. Experiments with ISCAS85 benchmark circuits show that the scheme is effective. The incurred hardware overhead and performance penalty is relatively low.
Stress Affected Livestock As Seen By Thermography (1988)

Infrared thermography, down through the years, has most typically been applied to inanimate objects, for example; building enclosures, roof assemblies and several others. With the significant advancements in computers, thermographic software/hardware and scanning techniques, the application field has advanced dramatically. Recently, the Canadian Government's Public Works Regional Facilities Maintenance and Agriculture branches have devoted numerous man-hours to thermographically scanning various livestock, such as; cattle and swine. These totally new research experiments are possibly embarking on new solutions for Agriculture Canada's livestock exporting ventures. The primary influencing factor which Agriculture Canada is trying to analyze and manipulate is stress. Significant research into human related stress has proved invaluable. In comparison, little is known concerning animal stress. The end result which all wholesalers, retailers and consumers are concerned with is, top quality meat products. These high quality products are especially desired by foreign countries. Thermography has given the scientists at Agriculture Canada the inside track for inspecting an animal prior to and during the initial meat processing process, for monitoring meat quality related to stress. This paper reveals the present day innovative research techniques which the Canadian Government is conducting on beef cattle.
A COMPARATIVE PLACEBO, CONTROL CLINICAL EVALUATION OF PHALATRIKADI KWATH IN MADHUMEHA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE2 (2015)

The study was aimed to have a conceptual review of the disease Madhumeha and its treatment in particular to the use of an herbal drugâ€ Phalatrikadi Kwath â€ and to compare its efficacy with the control drug (metformin) and placebo through scientific parameters in a double blind clinical control trial. Madhumeha , also known as Diabetes Mellitus is one of the types of Vataja prameha , that has been considered as an incurable disease ( Mahagada) . Due to indulgence in etiological factors it results in the incomplete formation of Kapha and Meda which further proceeds downward through the channels of Mutravaha srotas and get localized at Basti mukha leading to the symptoms like Prabhoota mutrata (polyurea), Avila mutrata (tubidity of urine) etc. As the disease is Chirakari, it requires an effective treatment which can be continued for a long time without any ill effects. Among the many treatment measures mentioned, Phalatrikadi kwath has been selected in this study and the effect was evaluated. The clinical study includes 50 patients of either sex between 30-60 years of age with Madhumeha (Type2 Diabetes Mellitus) were recruited having range of blood sugar (fasting 126-180 mg/dl, postprandial sugar, 200-250 mg/dl) attending the OPD of G.A.M Puri, Odisha and were divided into three groups. Group I (30 patients) were treated with trial drug ( Phalatrikadi kwatha ), Group II (10 patients) were treated with control drug (Metformin) and Group III (10 patients) were treated with placebo. All the three groups were recommended with uniform classically described diet ( Ahara) & regimen ( Vihara) . Patients were evaluated in an interval of 15 days for one month. FBS, PPBS with clinical sign & symptoms were assayed. After evaluating the total effects of the treatment, it was observed that Phalatrikadi kwath along with diet and regimen gave satisfactory relief in comparison to control drug (metformin)which is an established drug.
Highly accurate deterministic lateral displacement device and its application to purification of fungal spores (2010)

We have designed, built, and evaluated a microfluidic device that uses deterministic lateral displacement for size-based separation. The device achieves almost 100% purity and recovery in continuously sorting two, four, and six micrometer microspheres. We have applied this highly efficient device to the purification of fungal (Aspergillus) spores that are spherical ( approximately 4 mum diameter) with a narrow size distribution. Such separation directly from culture using unfiltered A. niger suspensions is difficult due to a high level of debris. The device produces a two to three increase in the ratio of spores to debris as measured by light scatter in a flow cytometer. The procedure is feasible at densities up to 4.4x10(6) sporesml. This is one of the first studies to apply microfluidic techniques to spore separations and has demonstrated that a passive separation system could significantly reduce the amount of debris in a suspension of fungal spores with virtually no loss of spore material.
Few-Shot Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translation (2019)

Unsupervised image-to-image translation methods learn to map images in a given class to an analogous image in a different class, drawing on unstructured (non-registered) datasets of images. While remarkably successful, current methods require access to many images in both source and destination classes at training time. We argue this greatly limits their use. Drawing inspiration from the human capability of picking up the essence of a novel object from a small number of examples and generalizing from there, we seek a few-shot, unsupervised image-to-image translation algorithm that works on previously unseen target classes that are specified, at test time, only by a few example images. Our model achieves this few-shot generation capability by coupling an adversarial training scheme with a novel network design. Through extensive experimental validation and comparisons to several baseline methods on benchmark datasets, we verify the effectiveness of the proposed framework. Our implementation and datasets are available at https://github.com/NVlabs/FUNIT .
Characterization of the microbiome of nipple aspirate fluid of breast cancer survivors (2016)

The microbiome impacts human health and disease. Until recently, human breast tissue and milk were presumed to be sterile. Here, we investigated the presence of microbes in the nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) and their potential association with breast cancer. We compared the NAF microbiome between women with a history of breast cancer (BC) and healthy control women (HC) using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The NAF microbiome from BC and HC showed significant differences in community composition. Two Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) showed differences in relative abundances between NAF collected from BC and HC. In NAF collected from BC, there was relatively higher incidence of the genus Alistipes. By contrast, an unclassified genus from the Sphingomonadaceae family was relatively more abundant in NAF from HC. These findings reflect the ductal source DNA since there were no differences between areolar skin samples collected from BC and HC. Furthermore, the microbes associated with BC share an enzymatic activity, Beta-Glucuronidase, which may promote breast cancer. This is the first report of bacterial DNA in human breast ductal fluid and the differences between NAF from HC and BC. Further investigation of the ductal microbiome and its potential role in breast cancer are warranted.