gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influenza A Virus Vaccines Containing Purified Recombinant H3 Hemagglutinin Are Well Tolerated and Induce Protective Immune Responses in Healthy Adults (1995)

This study evaluated the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of vaccines containing purified recombinant uncleaved hemagglutinin (rHA0) from influenza A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2) virus. In a randomized, double-blinded trial, 127 adult volunteers were immunized with 15 micrograms of rHA0, 15 micrograms of rHA0 plus alum, 90 micrograms of rHA0, licensed subvirion vaccine, or saline placebo. The rHA0 vaccines caused fewer local adverse reactions than did the commercial subvirion preparation. Neutralizing hemagglutinin-specific antibody responses to 15 micrograms of rHA0 were comparable to those elicited by licensed vaccine, not enhanced by the addition of alum, and significantly increased by raising the rHA0 dose from 15 to 90 micrograms. Compared with placebo recipients, rHA0-vaccinated subjects had significantly lower rates of influenza A (H3N2) virus infection and illness during the epidemic winter season. These results suggest that influenza vaccines containing purified rHA0 may offer an advantage over licensed preparations containing egg-grown antigens by inducing equivalent protective immune responses while being potentially less reactogenic.
Interpretation of multipath-analysis localizations of microseismic data: An Alberta Montney shale example (2012)

Reprocessing of a three-well microseismic survey in the Montney formation in Alberta was performed in 2012 by Octave Reservoir Technologies using a proprietary technique known as multipath analysis. Simultaneous detection and analysis of direct-path and head-wave arrivals of microseismic event energy during localization provided an expected increase in localization accuracy, particularly in depth, and resulted in event positions that were significantly different than those produced by current industry methods. In this work, the new event localizations are examined as a function of proximity to internal physical structures found within a 3D seismic depth volume through calculation of interface curvature and seismic incoherence. The results indicate a correlation between the determined event locations and computed seismic properties, indicating that the increase in event localization accuracy achieved may have been sufficient to enable observation of a relationship between the spatial distribution of induced microseismic activity and identified internal physical structures.
A New Paint Test for the Quantitative Evaluation of Irregular Wear (1998)

Abstract An improved method for a paint test is presented. The test consists of applying a single layer of paint to the tread surface by spraying, measuring the intensity of reflecting light to check the evenness of the paint thickness, running the tire on a vehicle for a short distance, and assessing the wear rate by measuring the intensities of reflecting light at various locations, and comparing them with the fresh paint values. The wear rate is the change in gray level at each point on the tread block. Under well‐controlled test conditions, the wear rate can be measured with a very high resolution. An example is provided to show the wear distribution from shoulder to shoulder of a truck tire. Using the presented technique, the effect of wheel alignment and tire type on uneven wear is studied.
Talker speech level control circuit for telephone transmitter by piezoelectric conversion (1993)

First Page
Adaptive disturbance rejection using ARMARKOV/Toeplitz models (2000)

An adaptive disturbance rejection algorithm is developed for the standard control problem. The multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) system and controller are represented as ARMARKOV/Toeplitz models, and the parameter matrix of the compensator is updated online by means of a gradient algorithm. The algorithm requires minimal knowledge of the plant, specifically, the numerator of the ARMARKOV model of the transfer function from the control inputs to the performance variables is required. No knowledge about the spectrum of the disturbance is needed. Experimental results demonstrating tonal and broadband disturbance rejection in an acoustic duct are presented.
The HIMOS flash technology: the alternative solution for low-cost embedded memory (2003)

The high-injection MOS (HIMOS) technology was initially developed as an application-specific memory technology, i.e., a nonvolatile block-erasable (Flash-type) memory for embedded applications. The label "embedded" points out that cost was considered to be the prime issue. Because of this, processing complexity and voltage reduction have been the major driving forces in the cell and process development rather than mere cell size scaling. Indeed, what really counts in embedded applications is the chip area per megabit rather than the cell size itself. Because the substantially high operating voltages of floating-gate-based memories are not being scaled, the peripheral area becomes the main bottleneck for most embedded applications. Also, cost has to be viewed in terms of masking steps and complexity or marginality of processing in general, especially in the case of embedded Flash, since the envisaged products have to be incorporated in a conventional CMOS line. To achieve this goal, a split-gate approach was adopted, which, combined with an additional program gate (PG), leads to maximized hot-electron efficiency at low voltages. As an additional major advantage, this PG allows the use of an electrically erasable programmable ROM-like threshold voltage window. This implies that the high threshold needs to be only slightly positive, while the low one could be strongly negative. Such a scheme allows very low excess charge levels (especially in the more critical off state), which greatly improves device reliability, while allowing further scaling of the tunnel oxide as compared with other Flash concepts. This allows further reduction of the program/erase voltages. Also, such a window provides a larger read current, which removes the necessity for wordline boosting during readout and therefore improves access time.
Carbon Nanotubes as Resonators for RF Spectrum Analyzers (2003)

Electromechanical resonators of a proposed type would comprise single carbon nanotubes suspended between electrodes (see Figure 1). Depending on the nanotube length, diameter, and tension, these devices will resonate at frequencies in a range from megahertz through gigahertz. Like the carbon-nanotube resonators described in the preceding article, these devices will exhibit high quality factors (Q values), will be compatible with integration with electronic circuits, and, unlike similar devices made from silicone and silicone carbide, will have tunable resonant frequencies as high as several GHz. An efficient electromechanical transduction method for the carbon nanotube resonators is provided by the previously observed variation of carbon nanotube length with charge injection. It was found that injection of electrons or holes, respectively, lengthens or shortens carbon nanotubes, by amounts of the order of a percent at bias levels of a few volts. The charge-dependent length change also enables a simple and direct means of tuning the resonant frequency by varying the DC bias and hence the tension along the tube, much like tuning a guitar string. In its basic form, the invention is a tunable high-Q resonator based on a suspended carbon nanotube bridge with attached electrodes (see Figure 1). An applied DC bias controls the tension and thus the frequency of resonance. If one were to superimpose a radio-frequency (RF) bias on the DC bias, then the resulting rapid variation in tension or length would set the tube into vibration. If, on the other hand, the carbon nanotube were to be set into vibration by interaction between an incident RF electric field and electric charges in the nanotube, then the vibration would give rise to an RF signal output that is proportional to the RF amplitude at the resonance frequency. Because the transduction mechanism is extremely sensitive and the active volume is only a few nanometers in diameter, this device is not well suited for use as a microwave power device. Instead, this carbon nanotube mechanical resonator would be useful primarily as part of a highly precise, sensitive, frequency-selective detector. An array of such devices featuring nanotubes of different lengths (and thus different frequencies) could be made to operate as a highspeed spectrum analyzer (see Figure 2)
High-Temperature Superconducting Magnets for NMR and MRI: R&D Activities at the MIT Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory (2010)

This paper describes the NMR/MRI magnets that are currently being developed at the MIT Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory: 1) a 1.3 GHz NMR magnet; 2) a compact NMR magnet assembled from YBCO annuli; and 3) a persistent-mode, fully-protected MgB<sub>2</sub> 0.5-T/800-mm whole-body MRI magnet.
Dihydroavenanthramide D for anti-irritant and anti-itch (2007)

Naturally occurring and synthetic avenanthramides were evaluated for their efficacy to inhibit substance P-induced release of histamine from mast cells. In vivo tests showed that four synthetic avenanthramides demonstrated ability to significantly reduce histamine-induced itch and redness. Dihydroavenanthramide D was also shown to be an excellent antioxidant.
Speed- and sensitivity-enhanced integrated optical sensor with divided photodiode (2004)

Generally, a high-speed optical sensor consists of a photodiode and a transimpedance amplifier. If a large photosensitive area is demanded, the resulting large junction capacitance of the photodiode limits both the bandwidth and the noise behavior of the transimpedance amplifier. Therefore we suggest an innovative approach, which divides the photodiode into four electrically isolated sections. Each of the four-quarter photodiodes is connected to a transimpedance amplifier and their output voltages are combined with a summation amplifier. The capacitance of each of the four-quarter photodiodes is only one fourth of the capacitance of the undivided photodiode, therefore the bandwidth of the innovative optical sensor is 223MHz, which is three times as high as the bandwidth of a transimpedance amplifier with an undivided photodiode. The photo-sensitivity is more than doubled to 75mV/μW.
Pseudogenization of a Sweet-Receptor Gene Accounts for Cats' Indifference toward Sugar (2005)

Although domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) possess an otherwise functional sense of taste, they, unlike most mammals, do not prefer and may be unable to detect the sweetness of sugars. One possible explanation for this behavior is that cats lack the sensory system to taste sugars and therefore are indifferent to them. Drawing on work in mice, demonstrating that alleles of sweet-receptor genes predict low sugar intake, we examined the possibility that genes involved in the initial transduction of sweet perception might account for the indifference to sweet-tasting foods by cats. We characterized the sweet-receptor genes of domestic cats as well as those of other members of the Felidae family of obligate carnivores, tiger and cheetah. Because the mammalian sweet-taste receptor is formed by the dimerization of two proteins (T1R2 and T1R3; gene symbols Tas1r2 and Tas1r3), we identified and sequenced both genes in the cat by screening a feline genomic BAC library and by performing PCR with degenerate primers on cat genomic DNA. Gene expression was assessed by RT-PCR of taste tissue, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. The cat Tas1r3 gene shows high sequence similarity with functional Tas1r3 genes of other species. Message from Tas1r3 was detected by RT-PCR of taste tissue. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies demonstrate that Tas1r3 is expressed, as expected, in taste buds. However, the cat Tas1r2 gene shows a 247-base pair microdeletion in exon 3 and stop codons in exons 4 and 6. There was no evidence of detectable mRNA from cat Tas1r2 by RT-PCR or in situ hybridization, and no evidence of protein expression by immunohistochemistry. Tas1r2 in tiger and cheetah and in six healthy adult domestic cats all show the similar deletion and stop codons. We conclude that cat Tas1r3 is an apparently functional and expressed receptor but that cat Tas1r2 is an unexpressed pseudogene. A functional sweet-taste receptor heteromer cannot form, and thus the cat lacks the receptor likely necessary for detection of sweet stimuli. This molecular change was very likely an important event in the evolution of the cat's carnivorous behavior.
deSEO: combating search-result poisoning (2011)

We perform an in-depth study of SEO attacks that spread malware by poisoning search results for popular queries. Such attacks, although recent, appear to be both widespread and effective. They compromise legitimate Web sites and generate a large number of fake pages targeting trendy keywords. We first dissect one example attack that affects over 5,000 Web domains and attracts over 81,000 user visits. Further, we develop de-SEO, a system that automatically detects these attacks. Using large datasets with hundreds of billions of URLs, deSEO successfully identifies multiple malicious SEO campaigns. In particular, applying the URL signatures derived from deSEO, we find 36 % of sampled searches to Google and Bing contain at least one malicious link in the top results at the time of our experiment. 1
Electrophoresis in microfabricated devices using photopolymerized polyacrylamide gels and electrode-defined sample injection (2001)

Microfabrication techniques have become increasingly popular in the development of the next generation of DNA analysis systems. While significant progress has been reported by many researchers, complete microfabricated integrated DNA analysis devices are still in the earliest stages of development. Most miniaturized analysis systems have incorporated noncross-linked polymer solutions as the separation medium of choice and the operation of these systems necessitates the use of high electric fields and long separation lengths. In this paper, we present two techniques that may help alleviate this problem and accelerate the development of the so-called 'lab-on-a-chip' systems. We present the use of photodefinable polyacrylamide gels as a sieving medium for DNA electrophoresis. These gels offer the significant advantages of faster curing times, locally controlled gel interface, and simpler handling over chemically polymerized gels. We also introduce an electrode-defined sample compaction and injection technique. This technique helps achieve sample compaction without migration into the gel and offers significant control over the size and application of the sample plug. The use of these technologies for double-stranded DNA separations in microfabricated separation systems is demonstrated.
Analysis of Scale-up Parameters in 3D Silicon-Nanowire Lithium-Battery Anodes (2020)

New, higher-capacity materials are required in order to address the growing need for batteries with greater energy density and longer cycle life for modern applications. We present here a study of silicon-nanowires (SiNWs) anodes, synthesized via a novel, catalysts free and scalable chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on stainless-steel mesh[1]. Our study is focused on the adaptation of the SiNWs anode in various large-scale configurations. Our research efforts have resulted in the successful scale-up of the silicon anode from Si/Li half-cells with areal capacity of 14mAh/cm 2 , to coin cells with commercial cathodes, industrial 1/3AAA cells and eventually multilayered pouch cells. Testing of the anodes in industrial cells demonstrated the applicability of these anodes in commercial lithium-ion batteries that can run for hundreds of cycles, withstanding fast charge and discharge and subzero temperatures. An all-solid Si/polymer electrolyte/NCA cell was also demonstrated as a proof of concept (POC). We assign the major degradation mechanism of the SiNWs anodes to the growth of the primary and secondary SEI thickness and impedance during cycling. We found that the depth of lithiation/delithiation and the voltage profile of the cell significantly affect cell's stability[2]. Figure 1- a) SiNWs anode grown on SS mesh, b) cycle life of 1Ah pouch cell with a 5.5mgSi/cm 2 anode References [1] N. Harpak, G. Davidi, D. Schneier, S. Menkin, E. Mados, D. Golodnitsky, E. Peled, F. Patolsky, Large-Scale Self-Catalyzed Spongelike Silicon Nano-Network-Based 3D Anodes for High-Capacity Lithium-Ion Batteries, Nano Lett. (2019) acs.nanolett.8b05127. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b05127. [2] D. Schneier, N. Harpak, S. Menkin, G. Davidi, M. Goor, E. Mados, G. Ardel, F. Patolsky, D. Golodnitsky, E. Peled, Analysis of Scale-up Parameters in 3D Silicon-Nanowire Lithium-Battery Anodes Analysis of Scale-up Parameters in 3D Silicon-Nanowire Lithium- Battery Anodes, (2020). doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ab6f5a. Figure 1
A digital video signal post-processor for color image sensors (1989)

A description is given of a digital-video-signal postprocessing chip (DSPP) developed for use with one-chip color video image sensors. The chip improves the image quality of reconstructed RGB data by performing black-level adjustment, color correction matrixing, gamma correction, and edge enhancement. It contains 115000 transistors in a 11.5 mm×11.2 mm die area and was designed using a silicon compiler in a 2-μm die area and was designed using a silicon compiler in a 2-μm CMOS process. It can be used in NTSC, CCIR 601, and PAL/SECAM video systems
Parasitic capacitance cancellation in filter inductors (2006)

This paper introduces a technique for improving the high-frequency performance of filter inductors and common-mode chokes by cancelling out the effects of parasitic capacitance. This technique uses additional passive components to inject a compensation current that cancels the parasitic current, thereby improving high-frequency filtering performance. Two implementation approaches for this technique are introduced. The first implementation achieves cancellation using an additional small winding on the filter inductor and a small capacitor. This approach is effective where very high coupling of the windings can be achieved or where only moderate performance improvements are required. The second implementation utilizes a small radio frequency transformer in parallel with the filter inductor to inject cancellation currents from the compensation capacitor. This technique requires an additional component (the transformer), but can provide a high degree of cancellation. Experimental results confirm the theory in both implementations.
Two-dimensional metamaterial structure exhibiting reduced visibility at 500 nm (2008)

Metamaterials provide unprecedented freedom and flexibility in the creation of new structures, which control electromagnetic wave propagation in very unusual ways. Very recently various theoretical designs for an electromagnetic cloak were suggested and an experimental realization of a partial cloak operating in a two-dimensional cylindrical geometry were reported in the microwave frequency range. We report on an experimental two-dimensional reduced visibility structure that approximates the distribution of the radial component of the dielectric permittivity necessary to achieve nonmagnetic cloaking in the visible frequency range.
Dissecting genetic requirements of human breast tumorigenesis in a tissue transgenic model of human breast cancer in mice (2009)

Breast cancer development is a complex pathobiological process involving sequential genetic alterations in normal epithelial cells that results in uncontrolled growth in a permissive microenvironment. Accordingly, physiologically relevant models of human breast cancer that recapitulate these events are needed to study cancer biology and evaluate therapeutic agents. Here, we report the generation and utilization of the human breast cancer in mouse (HIM) model, which is composed of genetically engineered primary human breast epithelial organoids and activated human breast stromal cells. By using this approach, we have defined key genetic events required to drive the development of human preneoplastic lesions as well as invasive adenocarcinomas that are histologically similar to those in patients. Tumor development in the HIM model proceeds through defined histological stages of hyperplasia, DCIS to invasive carcinoma. Moreover, HIM tumors display characteristic responses to targeted therapies, such as HER2 inhibitors, further validating the utility of these models in preclinical compound testing. The HIM model is an experimentally tractable human in vivo system that holds great potential for advancing our basic understanding of cancer biology and for the discovery and testing of targeted therapies.
Impact of the hard‐segment concentration on highly resilient polyurethane foams based on palm olein polyol (2017)

ABSTRACT The impact of replacing polyether polyol with different levels of a palm‐olein‐based natural oil polyol (NOP) was systematically correlated with the changes in the foaming reactivities, cell structures, physicomechanical properties, and morphologies of highly resilient (HR) polyurethane foams. Replacing the polyether polyol with the NOP did not require us to significantly modify the formulation to obtain stabile foams with uniform and open cell structures. The incorporation of the NOP increased the tear strength and load‐bearing capacity of the HR polyurethane foams; this was attributed to the high functionality and lower equivalent weight of the NOP. The addition of the NOP increased the energy‐absorbing properties of the molded HR foams; this correlated with the increased phase mixing of hard and soft segments, as determined via dynamic mechanical analysis and Fourier transform infrared analyses. The HR‐molded foams’ hysteresis and compression sets, which are inversely correlated with the durability of HR‐molded foams in automotive seating applications, were found to increase with the addition of the NOP. However, it was demonstrated that the changes in the hysteresis and compression set could be partially offset by the reduction of the isocyanate index, which could allow for the increased incorporation of the NOPs in the HR foams without a notable loss of key performance characteristics. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134 , 45440.
Identification and Characterization of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Genes Essential for Gastric Colonization (2003)

Helicobacter pylori causes one of the most common, chronic bacterial infections and is a primary cause of severe gastric disorders. To unravel the bacterial factors necessary for the process of gastric colonization and pathogenesis, signature tagged mutagenesis (STM) was adapted to H. pylori. The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) was used as model system to screen a set of 960 STM mutants. This resulted in 47 H. pylori genes, assigned to 9 different functional categories, representing a set of biological functions absolutely essential for gastric colonization, as verified and quantified for many mutants by competition experiments. Identification of previously known colonization factors, such as the urease and motility functions validated this method, but also novel and several hypothetical genes were found. Interestingly, a secreted collagenase, encoded by hp0169, could be identified and functionally verified as a new essential virulence factor for H. pylori stomach colonization. Furthermore, comB4, encoding a putative ATPase being part of a DNA transformation-associated type IV transport system of H. pylori was found to be absolutely essential for colonization, but natural transformation competence was apparently not the essential function. Thus, this first systematic STM application identified a set of previously unknown H. pylori colonization factors and may help to potentiate the development of novel therapies against gastric Helicobacter infections.