gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A carbohydrate-binding protein, B-GRANULE CONTENT 1, influences starch granule size distribution in a dose-dependent manner in polyploid wheat (2019)

In Triticeae endosperm (e.g. wheat and barley), starch granules have a bimodal size distribution (with A- and B-type granules) whereas in other grasses the endosperm contains starch granules with a unimodal size distribution. Here, we identify the gene, BGC1 (B-GRANULE CONTENT 1), responsible for B-type starch granule content in Aegilops and wheat. Orthologues of this gene are known to influence starch synthesis in diploids such as rice, Arabidopsis, and barley. However, using polyploid Triticeae species, we uncovered a more complex biological role for BGC1 in starch granule initiation: BGC1 represses the initiation of A-granules in early grain development but promotes the initiation of B-granules in mid grain development. We provide evidence that the influence of BGC1 on starch synthesis is dose dependent and show that three very different starch phenotypes are conditioned by the gene dose of BGC1 in polyploid wheat: normal bimodal starch granule morphology; A-granules with few or no B-granules; or polymorphous starch with few normal A- or B-granules. We conclude from this work that BGC1 participates in controlling B-type starch granule initiation in Triticeae endosperm and that its precise effect on granule size and number varies with gene dose and stage of development.
Single Cell Gap Transflective Liquid Crystal Display without Sub Pixels Separation (2007)

Twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal display (LCD) is optimized for transflective liquid crystal displays. This new configuration does not separate the pixel into two sub-pixels of transmissive and reflective mode. Each pixel is partially transmissive and reflective with the help of a semi transparent mirror. The electro-optical characteristics in the transmissive mode and reflective mode match each other, which indicate that the transmissive and reflective functions can be controlled using the same voltage in a transflective LCD. TN LCD configuration exhibits a high contrast ratio, wide viewing angles, fast response time, and suitable for high quality transflective thin film transistor (TFT) LCDs.
Temperature quantitation and mapping of frozen tissue (2001)

A method was developed for quantitating the temperature within frozen tissue with the magnetic resonance (MR) parameter R2*. The pulse sequence uses half-pulse excitation and a short spiral readout to achieve echo times as short as 0.2 msec. Fiber-optic temperature sensors were inserted into bovine liver tissue. The tissue was frozen at one end while being held warm at the other end. Once steady state was reached, the parameter R2* was measured. A linear dependence of R2* on temperature was demonstrated. R2* is independent of freeze number and of the orientation of the temperature gradient with respect to the main magnetic field. Feasibility in a canine prostate during cryosurgery is demonstrated. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:99-104.
Multi-turn Dialogue Response Generation in an Adversarial Learning\n Framework (2018)

We propose an adversarial learning approach for generating multi-turn\ndialogue responses. Our proposed framework, hredGAN, is based on conditional\ngenerative adversarial networks (GANs). The GAN's generator is a modified\nhierarchical recurrent encoder-decoder network (HRED) and the discriminator is\na word-level bidirectional RNN that shares context and word embeddings with the\ngenerator. During inference, noise samples conditioned on the dialogue history\nare used to perturb the generator's latent space to generate several possible\nresponses. The final response is the one ranked best by the discriminator. The\nhredGAN shows improved performance over existing methods: (1) it generalizes\nbetter than networks trained using only the log-likelihood criterion, and (2)\nit generates longer, more informative and more diverse responses with high\nutterance and topic relevance even with limited training data. This improvement\nis demonstrated on the Movie triples and Ubuntu dialogue datasets using both\nautomatic and human evaluations.\n
Antibiotic Microspheres: Preliminary Testing for Potential Treatment of Osteomyelitis (2003)

Osteomyelitis is a difficult problem for orthopaedic surgeons. The current standard of treatment requires high doses of antibiotic to be administered parenterally, which can damage vital organs. A local drug delivery system, which targets only the infected tissues, would eliminate some of the complications associated with extended courses of parenteral antibiotic treatment. In the current study, biodegradable microspheres were manufactured from a high molecular weight copolymer of 50% lactic and 50% glycolic acid and the antibiotic tobramycin. Various formulations of microspheres were tested for in vitro elution characteristics to determine the optimum formulation for linear release of antibiotic for at least 4 weeks. The optimal formulation then was implanted into a pouch created in the quadriceps muscle of mice to evaluate the in vivo elution of the antibiotic and the inflammatory response elicited by the microspheres. Results indicate that a sustained linear release of antibiotic from the microspheres is possible for a period of at least 4 weeks and that the inflammatory response was within levels required for the microspheres to be considered biocompatible.
Top pinned magnetic tunnel junction stacks with high annealing tolerance for high density STT-MRAM applications (2017)

Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ) are widely being researched as they are the key component in advanced spin transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM).
Integrated Coupling to Whispering Gallery Modes of Microspheres in a Microfluidic Platform (2009)

We demonstrate excitation of whispering gallery modes in dielectric microspheres using optical trapping with silicon nitride waveguides. Resonances are measured from waveguide transmission thus providing an integrated platform for using microspheres in lab-on-a-chip biosensing applications.
Fast prototyping of asynchronous logic (2004)

Digital designers increasingly use asynchronous circuit techniques to combat the design complexities, energy consumption, and manufacturing variabilities that affect modern VLSI circuits. Existing commercial FPGAs, due to their clocked architectures, cannot efficiently prototype asynchronous logic. This dissertation investigates asynchronous FPGA architectures and automated methods for their configuration, with the goal of quickly prototyping asynchronous designs. 
First, we present a new asynchronous FPGA architecture that has integrated pipelining support and is configurable at the pipeline-stage level. This pipelined asynchronous FPGA has the property of slack elasticity and hence does not need explicit retiming registers to prototype high-speed pipelined designs. We report performance numbers that, for the first time, are competitive with and actually better than clocked FPGA architectures, and that are also competitive with full custom asynchronous design. 
Second, we discuss logic synthesis methods for automatically mapping asynchronous designs to these FPGA architectures. We present a high-level synthesis technique that creates dataflow graphs of asynchronous computations and projects them onto a regular set of concurrent asynchronous pipeline stages. These pipelines can then be mapped to our asynchronous FPGAs using standard clocked place-and-route tools.
Highly repetitive, extreme-ultraviolet radiation source based on a gas-discharge plasma (1999)

An extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) radiation source near the 13-nm wavelength generated in a small (1.1 J) pinch plasma is presented. The ignition of the plasma occurs in a pseudosparklike electrode geometry, which allows for omitting a switch between the storage capacity and the electrode system and for low inductive coupling of the electrically stored energy to the plasma. Thus energies of only a few joules are sufficient to create current pulses in the range of several kiloamperes, which lead to a compression and a heating of the plasmas to electron densities of more than 10(17) cm(-3) and temperatures of several tens of electron volts, which is necessary for emission in the EUV range. As an example, the emission spectrum of an oxygen plasma in the 11-18-nm range is presented. Transitions of beryllium- and lithium-like oxygen ions can be identified. Current waveform and time-resolved measurements of the EUV emission are discussed. In initial experiments a repetitive operation at nearly 0.2 kHz could be demonstrated. Additionally, the broadband emission of a xenon plasma generated in a 2.2-J discharge is presented.
Digital Breast Tomosynthesis: Observer Performance of Clustered Microcalcification Detection on Breast Phantom Images Acquired with an Experimental System Using Variable Scan Angles, Angular Increments, and Number of Projection Views (2014)

With imaging that did not include x-ray source motion or patient motion during acquisition of the projection views, narrow-angle DBT digital breast tomosynthesis provided higher sensitivity and conspicuity than wide-angle DBT digital breast tomosynthesis for subtle microcalcification clusters.
A Versatile Fan-Out Infrastructure Based on Die-Stencil Substrate Promoted by an Advanced Multifunctional Temporary Bonding Material (2019)

The development of new advanced packaging technologies is always in high demand due to the continuous pursuit of smaller package sizes, higher performance, more integration of functionalities, lower power consumption, and reduced cost of ownership. As a result, various advanced packaging platforms have been established, such as flip chip, fan-in wafer-level packaging, fan-out wafer-level packaging, embedded die, and through-silicon via (TSV). Among them, fan-out wafer-level packaging (FOWLP) is quickly gaining prominence, especially in high-end use and for providing an efficient solution for system-in-package (SiP) and 3D integration. However, there are several well-known disadvantages of the traditional FOWLP process, such as die shift during molding, large warpage due to coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch, time-consuming molding and curing processes, and outgassing and low thermal stability of epoxy resin. Therefore, people are seeking alternatives for existing FOWLP solutions, such as embedded silicon fan-out (eSiFO) and glass fan-out (GFO) packaging. In this paper, we will introduce a new versatile fan-out packaging structure as an alternative solution for the traditional FOWLP. This new emerging technology is based on a polymeric die-stencil substrate, in which cavities are created by laser ablation or by mechanical means to accommodate different dies. There are several advantages of this new FO packaging platform: 1) more flexibility on choice of polymeric die-stencil substrates in order to achieve optimized performance; 2) ease of configuration of stencil to accommodate different die sizes, especially for fabrication of SiP; and 3) improved throughput by eliminating the time-consuming molding and curing process in traditional epoxy resins. In addition, we will introduce new multifunctional materials that are under development specifically to facilitate the demonstration of this new stencil-based FO technology.
IroN Functions as a Siderophore Receptor and Is a Urovirulence Factor in an Extraintestinal Pathogenic Isolate of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2002)

IroN was recently identified in the extracellular pathogenic Escherichia coli strain CP9. In this study experimental evidence demonstrating that IroN mediates utilization of the siderophore enterobactin was obtained, thereby establishing IroN as a catecholate siderophore receptor. In a mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection the presence of iroN contributed significantly to CP9's ability to colonize the mouse bladder, kidneys, and urine, evidence that IroN is a urovirulence factor. However, growth in human urine ex vivo and adherence to uroepithelial cells in vitro were equivalent for an isogenic mutant deficient in IroN (CP82) and its wild-type parent (CP9). Taken together, these findings establish that IroN is a siderophore receptor and a urovirulence factor. However, uncertainty exists as to the mechanism(s) via which IroN contributes to urovirulence.
Radiation damage and mitigation by minority carrier injection in GaSb/InAs and InAsSb/AlAsSb heterojunction barrier infrared detectors (2022)

Effects of gamma and proton irradiation, and of forward bias minority carrier injection, on minority carrier diffusion and photoresponse were investigated for long-wave (LW) and mid-wave (MW) infrared detectors with engineered majoritycarrier barriers. The LWIR detector was a type-II GaSb/InAs strained-layer superlattice pBiBn structure. The MWIR detector was a InAsSb/AlAsSb nBp structure without superlattices. Room temperature gamma irradiations degraded the minority carrier diffusion length of the LWIR structure, and minority carrier injections caused dramatic improvements, though there was little effect from either treatment on photoresponse. For the MWIR detector, effects of room temperature gamma irradiation and injection on minority carrier diffusion and photoresponse were negligible. Subsequently, both types of detectors were subjected to gamma irradiation at 77 K. In-situ photoresponse was unchanged for the LWIR detectors, while that for the MWIR ones decreased 19% after cumulative dose of ~500 krad(Si). Minority carrier injection had no effect on photoresponse for either. The LWIR detector was then subjected to 4 Mrad(Si) of 30 MeV proton irradiation at 77 K, and showed a 35% decrease in photoresponse, but again no effect from forward bias injection. These results suggest that photoresponse of the LWIR detectors is not limited by minority carrier diffusion.
UV-Curable Contact Active Benzophenone Terminated Quaternary Ammonium Antimicrobials for Applications in Polymer Plastics and Related Devices (2017)

A series of UV active benzophenone ([C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>-O-(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>n</sub>-N<sup>+</sup>Me<sub>2</sub>R][X<sup>-</sup>]; 4, R = C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>25</sub>, n = 3, X<sup>-</sup> = Br<sup>-</sup>; 5a-c, R = C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>37</sub>, n = 3, X<sup>-</sup> = Cl<sup>-</sup>, Br<sup>-</sup>, I<sup>-</sup>; 6a-c, R = C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>37</sub>, n = 4, X<sup>-</sup> = Cl<sup>-</sup>, Br<sup>-</sup>, I<sup>-</sup>; 7a-c, R = C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>37</sub>, n = 6, X<sup>-</sup> = Cl<sup>-</sup>, Br<sup>-</sup>, I<sup>-</sup>) terminated C<sub>12</sub> and C<sub>18</sub> quaternary ammonium salts (QACs) were prepared by thermal or microwave-driven Menshutkin protocols of the appropriate benzophenone alkyl halide (1a-c, 2a-c, 3a-c) with the corresponding dodecyl- or octadecyl N,N-dimethylamine. All new compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, HRMS spectrometry, and, in one instance (4), by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Representative C<sub>12</sub> and C<sub>18</sub> benzophenone QACs were formulated into 1% (w/v) water or water/ethanol-based aerosol spray coatings and then UV-cured onto plastic substrates (polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyether ether ketone) with exposure to low to moderate doses of UV (20-30 J cm<sup>-2</sup>). Confirmation as to the presence of the coatings was detected by advancing water contact angle measurements, which revealed a more hydrophilic surface after coating. Further confirmation was gained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and bromophenol blue staining, all of which showed the presence of the attached quaternary ammonium molecule. Analysis of surfaces treated with the C<sub>18</sub> benzophenone 5b by atomic force microscopy and surface profilometry revealed a coating thickness of ∼350 nm. The treated samples along with controls were then evaluated for their antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive (Arthrobacter sp., Listeria monocytogenes) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria at a solid/air interface using the large drop inoculum protocol; this technique gave no evidence for cell adhesion after a 3 h time frame. These antimicrobial materials show promise for their use as coatings on plastic biomedical devices with the aim of preventing biofilm formation and preventing the spread of hospital acquired infections.
Lithography for robust and editable atomic-scale silicon devices and memories (2018)

At the atomic scale, there has always been a trade-off between the ease of fabrication of structures and their thermal stability. Complex structures that are created effortlessly often disorder above cryogenic conditions. Conversely, systems with high thermal stability do not generally permit the same degree of complex manipulations. Here, we report scanning tunneling microscope (STM) techniques to substantially improve automated hydrogen lithography (HL) on silicon, and to transform state-of-the-art hydrogen repassivation into an efficient, accessible error correction/editing tool relative to existing chemical and mechanical methods. These techniques are readily adapted to many STMs, together enabling fabrication of error-free, room-temperature stable structures of unprecedented size. We created two rewriteable atomic memories (1.1 petabits per in<sup>2</sup>), storing the alphabet letter-by-letter in 8 bits and a piece of music in 192 bits. With HL no longer faced with this trade-off, practical silicon-based atomic-scale devices are poised to make rapid advances towards their full potential.
Vaccines Against Shigella and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: A summary of the 2018 VASE Conference (2019)

PATH hosted the second Vaccines Against Shigella and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VASE) Conference in Mexico City in June 2018, again providing experts from around the world an opportunity to participate in a highly collaborative forum to discuss progress in the development of new enteric vaccines. Through a combination of plenary sessions and posters, keynote presentations, and workshops, the 2018 VASE Conference aimed to accelerate communication and progress among those working to achieve the goal of licensed vaccines against these two bacterial pathogens. Many presentations recognized the importance of diarrheal disease and long-term sequelae caused by infections with Shigella and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Other presentations explored new strategies for vaccine development, including the search for novel, possibly conserved, antigens for more effective vaccines. Much progress is being made as some vaccine candidates are now moving through clinical trials. Research presented in oral and poster presentations at the VASE Conference covered a range of topics, including: the global burden of disease, epidemiology, and health economics; host parameters and genomics that predict responses to infection and disease; preclinical evaluations of vaccine antigens and models of enteric diseases; and vaccine candidates in clinical trials and human challenge studies. This article reviews key points and highlighted research presented in each of the plenary conference sessions and poster presentations at the 2018 VASE Conference.
Framework for multirate transmission in orthogonal code hopping multiplexing (2005)

Bursty and various rate packet-based traffic has gradually increased and it can be dominant in the future wireless communications. To accommodate the packet-based traffic efficiently, we introduce our previously proposed orthogonal code hopping multiplexing (OCHM) [S. Park and D.K. Sung, Dec 2002] as a statistical multiplexing scheme for orthogonal downlink, and propose a hybrid multirate scheme for supporting variable rate transmission in OCHM by analyzing the symbol collision probability and self-interference.
The Development of A MEMS-Based Inertial/GPS System for Land-Vehicle Navigation Applications (2006)

With the development of low-cost inertial sensors and GPS technology, MEMS-based INS/GPS navigation systems are beginning to meet the increasing demands of lower cost, smaller size, and seamless navigation solutions for land vehicles. But there are still two challenges for current MEMS navigation systems before they can be commercialized. The first one is to further reduce the cost of the systems, which is mainly governed by the cost of MEMS gyros (>$10/axis). The second is to improve the accuracy of the systems, especially during GPS signal outages. The Mobile Multi-Sensor Systems (MMSS) Research Group in the University of Calgary developed its prototype MEMS navigation system in 2004 and published preliminary results in 2005. This paper will report further progress of the systems that tried to fulfill the challenges of the current MEMS system. The system cost issue was addressed by introducing the Partial IMU (ParIMU) configuration that consists of only one heading gyro (Gz) and two horizontal accelerometers (Ax and Ay). The system cost can be reduced significantly since the hardware required for two gyros and one accelerometer is eliminated. A universal algorithm based on the concept of pseudo sensors was developed to process the ParIMU signals. Results have shown that the performance has obvious degradation but still can meet the requirements of some applications, especially with additional aiding, (such as non-holonomic constraint). On the other hand, a Backward Smoothing (BS) algorithm (Rauch-Tung-Strieber smoother) was introduced to improve the navigation performance of the MEMS navigation system. Results showed that the BS can reduce the navigation errors significantly; especially the position drifts during GPS signal outages. Of course, this BS can only be applied for post-processing scenarios. Studies in this paper have shown that the ParIMU and the BS are two measures that can well meet the challenges of current MEMS navigation systems to a large extent.
Neural network learning of optimal Kalman prediction and control (2008)

Although there are many neural network (NN) algorithms for prediction and for control, and although methods for optimal estimation (including filtering and prediction) and for optimal control in linear systems were provided by Kalman in 1960 (with nonlinear extensions since then), there has been, to my knowledge, no NN algorithm that learns either Kalman prediction or Kalman control (apart from the special case of stationary control). Here we show how optimal Kalman prediction and control (KPC), as well as system identification, can be learned and executed by a recurrent neural network composed of linear-response nodes, using as input only a stream of noisy measurement data. The requirements of KPC appear to impose significant constraints on the allowed NN circuitry and signal flows. The NN architecture implied by these constraints bears certain resemblances to the local-circuit architecture of mammalian cerebral cortex. We discuss these resemblances, as well as caveats that limit our current ability to draw inferences for biological function. It has been suggested that the local cortical circuit (LCC) architecture may perform core functions (as yet unknown) that underlie sensory, motor,and other cortical processing. It is reasonable to conjecture that such functions may include prediction, the estimation or inference of missing or noisy sensory data, and the goal-driven generation of control signals. The resemblances found between the KPC NN architecture and that of the LCC are consistent with this conjecture.