gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new method for determination of single-sideband noise figure (1994)

A new method for determining mathematically the single-sideband noise figure of a device from double-sideband measurements is presented. The need for tunable filters as in other single-sideband measurement systems has been eliminated, and hence this method greatly reduces the complexity and cost of performing accurate noise figure measurements. Compared to conventional methods, more noise power measurements are required during both the calibration and measurement stages. These are combined in such a way as to cancel out the unwanted sidebands and are subsequently corrected for mismatch errors. Results obtained at various frequencies for both active and passive test devices with frequency-dependent noise figures are presented and compared to the expected values and the equivalent double-sideband measurements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Simple Catalytic Route for Alkynylgermanes (2016)

Abstract We report a new one‐pot, iridium(I)‐catalyzed direct method for the synthesis of alkynyl‐substituted germanium compounds with various functional groups from commercially available reagents. More than 25 compounds were obtained and spectroscopically characterized. Moreover, detailed DFT calculations were performed to study the mechanism of the catalytic cycle of the germylative coupling. The results confirm our assumptions that the rate‐determining step of the germylative coupling process is the product‐formation step.
Induced Chromosomal Proximity and Gene Fusions in Prostate Cancer (2009)

Gene fusions play a critical role in cancer progression. The mechanisms underlying their genesis and cell type specificity are not well understood. About 50% of human prostate cancers display a gene fusion involving the 5' untranslated region of TMPRSS2, an androgen-regulated gene, and the protein-coding sequences of ERG, which encodes an erythroblast transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factor. By studying human prostate cancer cells with fluorescence in situ hybridization, we show that androgen signaling induces proximity of the TMPRSS2 and ERG genomic loci, both located on chromosome 21q22.2. Subsequent exposure of the cells to gamma irradiation, which causes DNA double-strand breaks, facilitates the formation of the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion. These results may help explain why TMPRSS2-ERG fusions are restricted to the prostate, which is dependent on androgen signaling.
On Exploiting Per-Pixel Motion Conflicts to Extract Secondary Motions (2018)

Ubiquitous Augmented Reality requires robust localization in complex daily environments. The combination of camera and Inertial Mersurement Unit (IMU) has shown promising results for robust localization due to the complementary characteristics of the visual and inertial modalities. However, there exists many cases where the measurements from visual and inertial modalities do not provide a single consistent motion estimate thus causing disagreement on the estimated motion. Limited literature has addressed this problem associated with sensor fusion for localization. Since the disagreement is not a result of measurement noises, existing outlier rejection techniques are not suitable to address this problem. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to handle the disagreement as motion conflict with two key components. The first one is a generalized Hidden Markov Model (HMM) that formulates the tracking and management of the primary motion and the secondary motion as a single estimation problem. The second component is an epipolar constrained Deep Neural Network that generates a per-pixel motion conflict probability map. Experimental evaluations demonstrate significant improvement to the tracking accuracy in cases of strong motion conflict compared to previous state-of-the-art algorithms for localization. Moreover, as a consequence of motion tracking on the secondary maps, our solution enables augmentation of virtual content attached to secondary motions, which brings us one step closer to Ubiquitous Augmented Reality.
Sparsity enables estimation of both subcortical and cortical activity from MEG and EEG (2017)

Subcortical structures play a critical role in brain function. However, options for assessing electrophysiological activity in these structures are limited. Electromagnetic fields generated by neuronal activity in subcortical structures can be recorded noninvasively, using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG). However, these subcortical signals are much weaker than those generated by cortical activity. In addition, we show here that it is difficult to resolve subcortical sources because distributed cortical activity can explain the MEG and EEG patterns generated by deep sources. We then demonstrate that if the cortical activity is spatially sparse, both cortical and subcortical sources can be resolved with M/EEG. Building on this insight, we develop a hierarchical sparse inverse solution for M/EEG. We assess the performance of this algorithm on realistic simulations and auditory evoked response data, and show that thalamic and brainstem sources can be correctly estimated in the presence of cortical activity. Our work provides alternative perspectives and tools for characterizing electrophysiological activity in subcortical structures in the human brain.
Reconstruction of Canine Mandibular Bone Defects Using a Bone Transport Reconstruction Plate (2009)

The physical dimensions and architectural parameters of the new bone were comparable to the contralateral normal bone. Bone union at the docking site remains a problem.
The Total Synthesis of Lipid I (2001)

A total synthesis of lipid I (4), a membrane-associated intermediate in the bacterial cell wall (peptidoglycan) biosynthesis pathway, is reported. This highly convergent synthesis will enable further studies on bacterial resistance mechanisms and may provide insight toward the development of new chemotherapeutic agents with novel modes of action.
cDNA cloning of human and rat brain <i>myo</i>-inositol monophosphatase. Expression and characterization of the human recombinant enzyme (1992)

Inositol monophosphatase (EC 3.1.3.25) is a key enzyme in the phosphoinositide cell-signalling system. Its role is to provide inositol required for the resynthesis of phosphatidylinositol and polyphosphoinositides. It is the probable pharmacological target for lithium action in brain. Using probes derived from the bovine inositol monophosphatase cDNA we have isolated cDNA clones encoding the human and rat brain enzymes. The enzyme is highly conserved in all three species (79% identical). The coding region of the human cDNA was inserted into a bacterial expression vector. The expressed recombinant enzyme was purified and its biochemical properties examined. The human enzyme is very similar to the bovine enzyme.
Multi-fluxon effects in long Josephson junctions (1993)

Experiments with fluxons moving in long Josephson junctions of different geometries are reviewed. A controllable way of introducing fluxons one by one into annular Josephson junctions has been realized. This allows a comparison with existing fluxon chain perturbation theory. Several new millimeter-wave stimulated regimes found in linear junctions are discussed. Large asymmetric zero-crossing steps of constant voltage have been observed in the I-V curves. These steps may have a potential application in Josephson voltage standards. Large narrowband radiation emitted from the flux-flow oscillator in the 62-77-GHz frequency range has been detected.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Using Very Deep Convolutional Neural Networks to Automatically Detect Plagiarized Spoken Responses (2019)

This study focuses on the automatic plagiarism detection in the context of high-stakes spoken language proficiency assessment, in which some test takers may attempt to game the test by memorizing prepared source materials before the test and then adapting them on-the-fly during the test to produce their spoken responses. When trying to identify such instances of plagiarism, experienced human raters attempt to find salient matching expressions that appear both in potential source materials and the test responses. This motivates an approach that visualizes a grid of lexical matches between a test response and a source and then applies state-of-the-art image recognition techniques to detect patterns of matching sequences. This study employs Inception networks-very deep convolutional neural networks-to build automatic detection models. The system achieves an F1-score of 79.6% on the class of plagiarized responses outperforming a baseline system based on word sequence matching (F1-score of 74.1%).
Defining Stem and Progenitor Cells within Adipose Tissue (2008)

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSC) are routinely isolated from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of homogenized adipose tissue. Freshly isolated ADSC display surface markers that differ from those of cultured ADSC, but both cell preparations are capable of multipotential differentiation. Recent studies have inferred that these progenitors may reside in a perivascular location where they appeared to coexpress CD34 and smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) but not CD31. However, these studies provided only limited histological evidence to support such assertions. In the present study, we employed immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to define more precisely the location of ADSC within human adipose tissue. Our results show that alpha-SMA and CD31 localized within smooth muscle and endothelial cells, respectively, in all blood vessels examined. CD34 localized to both the intima (endothelium) and adventitia neither of which expressed alpha-SMA. The niche marker Wnt5a was confined exclusively to the vascular wall within mural smooth muscle cells. Surprisingly, the widely accepted mesenchymal stem cell marker STRO-1 was expressed exclusively in the endothelium of capillaries and arterioles but not in the endothelium of arteries. The embryonic stem cell marker SSEA1 localized to a pericytic location in capillaries and in certain smooth muscle cells of arterioles. Cells expressing the embryonic stem cell markers telomerase and OCT4 were rare and observed only in capillaries. Based on these findings and evidence gathered from the existing literature, we propose that ADSC are vascular precursor (stem) cells at various stages of differentiation. In their native tissue, ADSC at early stages of differentiation can differentiate into tissue-specific cells such as adipocytes. Isolated, ADSC can be induced to differentiate into additional cell types such as osteoblasts and chondrocytes.
Conductive Thin Films of Pristine Graphene by Solvent Interface Trapping (2013)

Graphite's insolubility in conventional solvents is a major obstacle to its utilization. This challenge is typically addressed by chemical modification such as oxidation, followed by reduction. However, pristine graphene possesses superior properties as oxidation and reduction lead to degradation of the graphene. Here we demonstrate the use of an interfacial trapping technique to assemble laterally macroscopic films of pristine graphene that are up to 95% transparent. This is accomplished by modest sonication of natural flake graphite in a water/heptane mixture to form continuous films at the interface between two immiscible liquids. Furthermore, the graphene sheets readily climb hydrophilic solid substrates, forming a homogeneous thin film one to four layers thick. These films are composed of a network of overlapping graphene sheets and shown to have long-range structure with conductivities on the order of 400 S/cm.
Reconfigurable and finely tunable optical tapped delay line to achieve 40 Gb/s equalization and correlation using conversion/dispersion based delays (2010)

We experimentally demonstrate a tunable and reconfigurable optical tapped delay line using conversion dispersion based delays. Correlation and equalization functions are demonstrated. We observed a ~60% improvement of dispersion tolerance at an OSNR penalty of 3 dB.
Abstract A94: Understanding of differing sensitivity in EML4-ALK NSCLC patients to crizotinib and geldanamycin. (2013)

Abstract Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common form of lung cancer, afflicting nearly 200,000 people in the United States each year. Abnormal ALK is found in about 5% of NSCLC cases, meaning more than 5,000 new patients could benefit from the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) crizotinib. However, not all patients benefit from such treatment, with the clinical response to crizotinib differing among patients who harbor the same molecular abnormality. Similarly, patients with ALK fusion proteins have shown varying sensitivity to the HSP90 inhibitor geldanamycin in preclinical studies. We have chosen two NSCLC cell lines, H3122 and H2228, as a model to address these questions. Both cell lines harbor EML4-ALK fusions with differing sensitivity to the inhibitors crizotinib and geldanamycin. We used the established method of TMT peptide labeling coupled with serial peptide immunoprecipitation. To observe the effects of crizotinib and geldanamycin on ALK sensitive H3122 and non-sensitive H2228 NSCLC cell lines quantitative analysis was performed. Phosphotyrosine, acetylation, methylation, ATM/ATR substrate (s/tQ), Akt/AMPK subs AGC/CAMK/STE, and MAPK family kinase motif antibodies were used for immunoprecipitation allowing us to characterize and quantify post translational modifications before and after treatment. In this study, we identify extensive signaling networks downstream of ALK across multiple spaces, including phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation. These differences may be clinically significant and highlight the possibility that ALK inhibitors alone may only be effective in a subset of NSCLC ALK-positive patients with EML4-ALK inversion. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):A94. Citation Format: Klarisa Rikova, Benjamin Hall, Anthony Possemato, Keri Mroszczyk, Kimberly A. Lee, Joan MacNeill, Jian Min Ren, Ailan Guo, Daniel Mulhern, Yi Wang, Sean A. Beausoleil, Michael J. Comb. Understanding of differing sensitivity in EML4-ALK NSCLC patients to crizotinib and geldanamycin. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A94.
2-Benzazepines. 9. Synthesis and chemistry of 3H-2-benzazepine and pyrimido[4,5-d][2]benzazepine derivatives (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT2-Benzazepines. 9. Synthesis and chemistry of 3H-2-benzazepine and pyrimido[4,5-d][2]benzazepine derivativesE. J. Trybulski, R. I. Fryer, E. Reeder, S. Vitone, and L. TodaroCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 12, 2191–2202Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00362a007https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00362a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views351Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
An Environmentally Friendly, Highly Effective Hydrogen Sulphide Scavenger for Drilling Fluids (2003)

Abstract Drilling into a hydrogen-sulphide (H2S) rich formation presents risks that the highly toxic gas might be carried to the surface and released, thus creating a serious hazard. To mitigate this risk, it is standard practice to run the drilling mud at high pH and to include a sulphide scavenger. Commonly, such scavengers are based on iron oxide or on zinc compounds. Iron oxide has the advantage of being environmentally friendly but, at high pH, has a slow reaction rate. In contrast, the zinc-based scavengers have a faster action. In particular, chelated zinc, which is water soluble, has a very fast reaction rate. The action of the zinc in any form is to precipitate the sulphide as a zinc salt. Precipitation prevents release of hydrogen sulphide gas, but it contaminates the mud and cuttings with zinc. In many parts of the world, disposal of material containing zinc is a problem because it is regarded as a toxic heavy metal. For example, discharge is forbidden in many international waters and cuttings for disposal on land may have to be treated as special waste. E&P Forum recommends product substitution as a source reduction method of reducing waste disposal problems and associated costs. Accordingly, a less toxic alternative was pursued. A new scavenger has been developed that relies on the affinity between iron and sulphide. The active chemical is a form of ferrous iron complexed with a carbohydrate derivative. It is highly soluble in the brine phases of water-based mud and will not precipitate at a pH over 12. Because the iron is in solution, the reaction with sulphide is instantaneous and complete. The paper deals with the environmental implications of zinc vs. iron and the development of the new scavenger. The paper will present details of case histories concerning operations on a reservoir containing 25% H2S. Even in these demanding conditions, no H2S was detected at the surface.
Secure ultrafast communication with spatial-temporal converters (2000)

An encrypted database interfaced with an ultrafast secure data communication system using spatial-temporal converters is proposed. The original spatial signal is optically encrypted, and the encrypted signal is holographically stored in a storage medium such as photorefractive materials. The spatially encrypted signal is sampled to avoid the overlap of each datum at the receiver. The sampled data are converted into a temporal signal to transmit the information through an optical fiber. At the receiver the temporal signal is converted back into the spatially encrypted signal. Retrieval of the original data can be achieved when the correct phase key is used in the decryption system. We developed an expression for encrypted output and decrypted data. We numerically evaluate the effect of sampling the spatially encrypted signal on the quality of the decrypted data.
An adaptive power control and coding scheme for mobile radio systems (2002)

We propose a dynamic combined power control and forward error correction control (FEC) algorithm for mobile radio systems that can minimize the power consumed by wireless transmitters while increasing the number of simultaneous connections. This algorithm is distributed, where individual transmitter-receiver pairs determine the minimal power and FEC to satisfy specified quality-of-service (QOS) constraints. We present simulation results showing that this algorithm outperforms previous algorithms that use only power control.
Modular Radiance Transfer (2011)

Many rendering algorithms willingly sacrifice accuracy, favoring plausible shading with high-performance. Modular Radiance Transfer (MRT) models coarse-scale, distant indirect lighting effects in scene geometry that scales from high-end GPUs to low-end mobile platforms. MRT eliminates scene-dependent precomputation by storing compact transport on simple shapes, akin to bounce cards used in film production. These shapes' modular transport can be instanced, warped and connected on-the-fly to yield approximate light transport in large scenes. We introduce a prior on incident lighting distributions and perform all computations in low-dimensional subspaces. An implicit lighting environment induced from the low-rank approximations is in turn used to model secondary effects, such as volumetric transport variation, higher-order irradiance, and transport through lightfields. MRT is a new approach to precomputed lighting that uses a novel low-dimensional subspace simulation of light transport to uniquely balance the need for high-performance and portable solutions, low memory usage, and fast authoring iteration.
Channel reduction schemes for fiber-optic angle encoders (1988)

Abstract Three fiber-optic sensor systems designed to remotely determine angular position that achieve high angular resolution with fewer channels than comparable Gray code encoders are described. Two of the Systems use a sheet polarizer affixed to a “codewheel” and the third system uses a two-channel digital shaft encoder style “codewheel.” The first polarization scheme uses four optical channels, two of which are analog and two digital. The ratio of the two analog channel intensities yields tan2θ. The fourfold quadrant ambiguity is resolved by the two digital channels that are transected by two semicircular masks on the polarizer codewheel (Ref. U.S. Patent No. 4,577,414, 25 Mar 1986). The second polarization scheme again uses quadrant ambiguity masks but employs only one analog channel that simulates a polarization vector that oscillates through 90°. The oscillating vector is produced by the superposition of two sine-wave-modulated beams at the polarizer codewheel. The modulations of the two beams have a phase difference that is created by time delaying one of the beams in a fiber delay loop. The phase difference between the generated composite signal and a reference signal then determines the angle of the codewheel. We have demonstrated experimentally that this type of split analog-digital scheme has a resolution equivalent to a 10-bit digital system (i.e., ±0.35°) independent of codewheel diameter. The serial digital shaft encoder scheme uses only two digital channels and a codewheel that has two concentric masks with 48 equally spaced windows offset with respect to each other by one-half window width. At 0° there is a unique mask that initializes an up/down decoder chip (Hewlett-Packard HCTL-2000). This system has a resolution better than 7 bits using a 5-cm diameter code wheel and 1-mm SelfocTM lenses. The supporting electro-optical systems including sources, fibers, lenses, mirrors, couplers, WDMs, polarizers, detectors, and signal processing for all schemes are described and the relative merits of each are compared.