gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Stable, Low Permeable TEMPO Catholyte for Aqueous Total Organic Redox Flow Batteries (2021)

Abstract Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) are highly attractive for large‐scale energy storage because of their nonflammability, low cost, and sustainability. (2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yl)oxyl (TEMPO) derivatives, a class of redox active molecules bearing air‐stable free nitroxyl radicals and high redox potential (>0.8 V vs NHE), has been identified as promising catholytes for AORFBs. However, reported TEMPO based molecules are either permeable through ion exchange membranes or not chemically stable enough for long‐term energy storage. Herein, a new TEMPO derivative functionalized with a dual‐ammonium dicationic group, N 1 , N 1 , N 1 , N 3 , N 3 , 2, 2, 6, 6‐nonamethyl‐ N 3 ‐(piperidinyloxy)propane‐1,3‐bis(ammonium) dichloride ( N 2 ‐TEMPO ) as a stable, low permeable catholyte for AORFBs is reported. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H‐NMR) spectroscopic studies reveal its exceptional stability and ultra‐low permeability (1.49 × 10 −12 cm 2 s −1 ). Coupled with 1,1′‐bis[3‐(trimethylammonio)propyl]‐4,4′‐bipyridinium tetrachloride ((NPr) 2 V) as an anolyte, a 1.35 V N 2 ‐TEMPO /(NPr) 2 V AORFB with 0.5 m electrolytes (9.05 Wh L −1 ) delivers a high power density of 114 mW cm −2 and 100% capacity retention for 400 cycles at 60 mA cm −2 . At 1.0 m electrolyte concentrations, the N 2 ‐TEMPO /(NPr) 2 V AORFB achieves an energy density of 18.1 Wh L −1 and capacity retention of 90% for 400 cycles at 60 mA cm −2 .
One-laser interferometric broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (2006)

We introduce an interferometric technique for eliminating the non-resonant background of broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. CARS microscopy has been used for imaging a number of biological samples and processes, but the studies are mostly limited to detecting lipids in biological systems by probing the C-H stretch. Non-resonant background and incoherent noise sources can easily overwhelm less intense signals from other molecular vibrations. In this study, we demonstrate a one-laser broadband interferometric technique that separates the spontaneous Raman scattering-related component of the CARS signal from the non-resonant background using liquid benzonitrile as a model system.
Detection of Bacteria in Phagocyte‐Smears from Septicemia‐Suspected Blood by <i>In Situ</i> Hybridization Using Biotinylated Probes (1994)

We report herein the detection of intracellular bacteria in phagocyte-smears obtained from septicemia-suspected blood samples by in situ hybridization. This was obtained by using nick-translated biotin-11-dUTP-labeled DNA probes and streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugates for visualization of the hybridized signals. The probes were made from random genomic DNA clones of bacteria which are frequently the causative agents of bacteremia, such as Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. When our in situ hybridization method was compared with conventional culture protocols for the ability to detect bacteria from the blood of patients suspected of having septicemia, 30 positive results were obtained in 50 specimens by in situ hybridization methods. In contrast, only 7 positive results were obtained by blood cultures. Thus, even if bacteria cannot be detected by conventional blood cultures and histology, our in situ hybridization method allows for direct observation of bacterial foci in circulating phagocytes and identification of the bacteria. Our investigations suggest that in septicemia, circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils carry some surviving bacteria as well as metabolized bacterial DNA and RNA for a considerable period of time. Thus, our in situ hybridization method using the phagocyte-smears have diagnostic value for detecting most bacteria which cause septicemia.
Magnetostriction observed by X-ray diffraction in iron (2005)

A new technique to observe magnetostriction by X-ray diffraction was reported. We found that a symmetry part of the relative diffraction intensity change induced by applying magnetic field was proportional to a Bragg angle shift. It was a differential measurement on the rocking curve. The Bragg angle and its shift gave quantitative magnetostrictive coefficients. Sensitivity of the present method on the magnetostrictive coefficient for an iron specimen approached to 10/sup -7/.
Observation of Subcellular Metabolite Gradients in Single Cells by Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (2012)

Getting to the point: Cell microdissection and analysis by the title technique was used to study the compartmentalization of metabolites within subcellular domains. Experiments performed on plant epidermal cells imply that there are significant differences between the metabolite composition in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. This technique is applicable to other cell types and may give insight into the mechanisms of disease and drug delivery. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Electrochemical Properties of Nanostructured Porous Gold Electrodes in Biofouling Solutions (2013)

The effect of electrode porosity on the electrochemical response of redox active molecules (potassium ferricyanide, ruthenium(III) hexammine, and ferrocene methanol) in the presence of bovine serum albumin or fibrinogen was studied at macroporous (pore diameter: 1200 nm), hierarchical (1200/60 nm), and nanoporous (<50 nm) gold. These electrodes were prepared using standard templating or dealloying techniques, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) was utilized to evaluate the effect of protein adsorption on the electron transfer of the diffusing redox probes. Following exposure to albumin (or fibrinogen) under near neutral pH conditions, planar gold electrodes showed an immediate reduction in Faradaic peak current and increase in peak splitting for potassium ferricyanide. The rate at which the CV curves changed was highly dependent on the morphology of the electrode. For example, the time required for the Faradaic current to drop to one-half of its original value was 3, 12, and 38 min for planar gold, macroporous gold, and hierarchical gold, respectively. Remarkably, for nanoporous gold, only a few percent drop in the peak Faradaic current was observed after an hour in solution. A similar suppression in the voltammetry at planar gold was also noted for ruthenium hexammine at pH 3 after exposure to albumin for several hours. At nanoporous gold, no significant loss in response was observed. The order of performance of the electrodes as judged by their ability to efficiently transfer electrons in the presence of biofouling agents tracked porosity with the electrode having the smallest pore size and largest surface area, providing near ideal results. Nanoporous gold electrodes when immersed in serum or heparinized blood containing potassium ferricyanide showed ideal voltammetry while significant fouling was evident in the electrochemical response at planar gold. The small nanopores in this 3D open framework are believed to restrict the transport of large biomolecules, thus minimizing passivation of the inner surfaces while permitting access to small redox probes to efficiently exchange electrons.
Accelerated Degradation of Perfluorosulfonates and Perfluorocarboxylates by UV/Sulfite + Iodide: Reaction Mechanisms and System Efficiencies (2022)

The addition of iodide (I<sup>-</sup>) in the UV/sulfite system (UV/S) significantly accelerated the reductive degradation of perfluorosulfonates (PFSAs, C<sub><i>n</i></sub>F<sub>2<i>n</i>+1</sub>SO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) and perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs, C<sub><i>n</i></sub>F<sub>2<i>n</i>+1</sub>COO<sup>-</sup>). Using the highly recalcitrant perfluorobutane sulfonate (C<sub>4</sub>F<sub>9</sub>SO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) as a probe, we optimized the UV/sulfite + iodide system (UV/S + I) to degrade <i>n</i> = 1-7 PFCAs and <i>n</i> = 4, 6, 8 PFSAs. In general, the kinetics of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) decay, defluorination, and transformation product formations in UV/S + I were up to three times faster than those in UV/S. Both systems achieve a similar maximum defluorination. The enhanced reaction rates and optimized photoreactor settings lowered the EE/O for PFCA degradation below 1.5 kW h m<sup>-3</sup>. The relatively high quantum yield of e<sub>aq</sub><sup>-</sup> from I<sup>-</sup> made the availability of hydrated electrons (e<sub>aq</sub><sup>-</sup>) in UV/S + I and UV/I two times greater than that in UV/S. Meanwhile, the rapid scavenging of reactive iodine species by SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup> made the lifetime of e<sub>aq</sub><sup>-</sup> in UV/S + I eight times longer than that in UV/I. The addition of I<sup>-</sup> also substantially enhanced SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup> utilization in treating concentrated PFAS. The optimized UV/S + I system achieved >99.7% removal of most PFSAs and PFCAs and >90% overall defluorination in a synthetic solution of concentrated PFAS mixtures and NaCl. We extended the discussion over molecular transformation mechanisms, development of PFAS degradation technologies, and the fate of iodine species.
Synthesis of widely tunable and highly luminescent zinc nitride nanocrystals (2014)

Highly emissive zinc nitride nanocrystals have been prepared from the reaction of ammonia with diethylzinc. The peak photoluminescence wavelength can be tuned from below 500 nm to above 1100 nm.
Automated detection and removal of cloud shadows on HICO images (2011)

Clouds cause a serious problem for optical satellite sensors. Clouds not only conceal the ground, they also cast shadows, which cause either a reduction or total loss of information in an image, by reducing the illumination falling on the shadowed pixels. Ocean color bio-optical inversion algorithms rely on measurements of remote sensing reflectance (R<i><sub>rs</sub></i> (λ )) at each pixel. If shadows are not removed properly across a scene, erroneous R<i><sub>rs</sub></i> (λ) values will be calculated for the shadowed pixels, leading to incorrect retrievals of ocean color products such as chlorophyll. The cloud shadow issue becomes significant especially for high-resolution sensors such as the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO). On the other hand, the contrast of pixels in and outside a shadow provides opportunities to remove atmospheric contributions for ocean color remote sensing. Although identifying cloud is relatively straightforward using simple brightness thresholds, identifying their shadows especially over water is quite challenging because the brightness of the shadows is very close to the brightness of neighboring sunny regions especially in deep waters. In this study, we present automated procedures for our recently proposed cloud shadow detection technique called the Cloud Shadow Algorithm (CSA) and Lee et al. (2007) cloud and shadow atmospheric correction algorithm. We apply both automated procedures to HICO imagery and show examples of the results.
P-C4 Associating HIV-1 Env trimer structures with functional Env conformational states by smFRET analysis (2018)

The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer mainly exists in a closed conformation (state 1), which is driven by CD4 binding through an intermediate conformation (state 2) to the open CD4-bound conformation (state 3). These functional Env states can be visualized by single-molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET). A breakthrough in the structural characterization of the HIV-1 Env trimer has been the generation of recombinant cleaved soluble gp140 SOSIP.664 trimers. Parallel cryoelectron microscopy studies have been performed with the mature HIV-1JR-FL Env in complex with the PGT151 neutralizing antibody. Both approaches resulted in similar structures. It is currently generally assumed that these structures represent the ground state of HIV-1 Env (state 1). Here we apply smFRET to probe the conformational state of HIV-1 Env in these constructs and antibody complexes. Fluorophores were introduced at the identical positions in the HIV-1 Env proteins used for structural studies and the native Env on the surface of virions, and the resulting smFRET values compared. Surprisingly, smFRET data reveal that both the soluble gp140 SOSIP.664 and PGT151-HIV-1JR-FL Env structures correspond to the state 2 gp120 conformation observed on the virus. Our data suggest that the all-important structure of state 1 of HIV-1 Env, which is the target of the majority of broadly neutralizing antibodies, remains unknown. Determining the structure of this additional conformation observed on native virions should allow the design of second generation immunogens that specifically present the state 1 conformation of HIV-1 Env.
Synthesis of Sulfoxide-Modified Cellulose Derivatives Designed for the Permselective Membrane of Sulfur Dioxide (1987)

Abstract The Michael type addition reaction of cellulose with a series of vinyl sulfoxides, namely methyl vinyl sulfoxide, ethyl vinyl sulfoxide, t-butyl vinyl sulfoxide, and phenyl vinyl sulfoxide, was performed with NaOH as a catalyst to produce 2-(alkyl- or arylsulfinyl)ethyl cellulose derivatives. The high permselectivity of sulfur dioxide against nitrogen and oxygen was achieved through these sulfoxide modified cellulose membranes.
Nanoconjugated NAP as a Potent and Periphery Selective Mu Opioid Receptor Modulator To Treat Opioid-Induced Constipation (2016)

Opioids are the mainstay for cancer and noncancer pain management. However, their use is often associated with multiple adverse effects. Among them, the most common and persistent one is probably opioid-induced constipation (OIC). Periphery selective opioid antagonists may alleviate the symptoms of OIC without compromising the analgesic effects of opioids. Recently our laboratories have identified one novel lead compound, 17-cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6β-[(4'-pyridyl)acetamido]morphinan (NAP), as a peripherally selective mu opioid receptor ligand carrying subnanomolar affinity to the mu opioid receptor and over 100-folds of selectivity over both the delta and kappa opioid receptors, with reasonable oral availability and half-life, and potential to treat OIC. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems are now widely considered due to their technological advantages such as good stability, high carrier capacity, low therapeutic side effects, etc. Herein we report nanoparticle supported NAP as a potential candidate for OIC treatment with improved peripheral selectivity over the original lead compound NAP.
A novel image sensor with flexible sampling control (2002)

We propose a new sampling control system for an image sensor. Contrary to the random access pixels, the proposed sensor is able to read out spatially variant pixels at high speed, without inputting pixel address for each access. The sampling positions can be changed dynamically by rewriting the sampling position memory. Since the proposed sensor has sampling position memory that stores the sampling control order, it is able to easily control sampling position. We can achieve any spatially varying sampling patterns.
NOVEL STAGING TOOL FOR LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCER: A PILOT STUDY USING GENETIC ADAPTIVE NEURAL NETWORKS (1998)

Our study suggests that neural networks may be useful as an initial staging tool for detection of extracapsular extension in patients with clinically organ confined prostate cancer. These networks preclude unnecessary staging tests for 63% of patients with clinically organ confined prostate cancer.
Integration of ferroelectric thin films into nonvolatile memories (1992)

Recent advances in the development of high quality thin films of ferroelectric materials have created renewed interest in ferroelectric random access memory (FERRAM) devices. At the present time, several groups are pursuing the development of FERRAMs, where a thin film ferroelectric capacitor memory element is integrated either adjacent to or directly above the circuit elements in a standard silicon or gallium arsenide integrated circuit. However, these designs provide destructive readout (DRO) only. An alternative monolithic device concept, where the ferroelectric thin film is integrated directly into the semiconductor field effect transistor (FET) element, provides not only nonvolatility, but also nondestructive readout (NDRO). For DRO FERRAM structures, lead–zirconate–titanate is the most widely investigated material at present. At Westinghouse, we are concentrating our efforts on the NDRO ferroelectric memory FET approach, using barium magnesium fluoride (BaMgF4) and bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12) thin films. In this paper, we shall review the current status of the integration of ferroelectric thin films into nonvolatile memory devices, with special emphasis on our own results using BaMgF4 and Bi4Ti3O12.
In search of ultra wideband performance of the monopole-dielectric resonator antenna (2006)

A new concept of employing hybrid dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) excited by a quarter wave monopole has recently been proposed and examined by a group of researchers. An ultra wide impedance bandwidth (3:1) with monopole-like radiation patterns was achieved theoretically and experimentally. In this paper, we have addressed the same structure aiming to developing a better physical insight into its ultra wideband performance. A thorough study of the resonant modes and the input impedance behaviour in this hybrid antenna structure has been presented using simulated data and electrical parameters like electric current and field distributions and those have been analyzed to understand the physics behind the phenomena. This study ultimately leads to developing a comprehensive design guideline for further investigations and practical applications in different microwave bands.
Automatic Identification of Application-Specific Functional Units with Architecturally Visible Storage (2006)

Instruction set extensions (ISEs) can be used effectively to accelerate the performance of embedded processors. The critical, and difficult task of ISE selection is often performed manually by designers. A few automatic methods for ISE generation have shown good capabilities, but are still limited in the handling of memory accesses, and so they fail to directly address the memory wall problem. We present here the first ISE identification technique that can automatically identify state-holding application-specific functional units (AFUs) comprehensively, thus being able to eliminate a large portion of memory traffic from cache and main memory. Our cycle-accurate results obtained by the SimpleScalar simulator show that the identified AFUs with architecturally visible storage gain significantly more than previous techniques, and achieve an average speedup of 2.8times over pure software execution. Moreover, the number of required memory-access instructions is reduced by two thirds on average, suggesting corresponding benefits on energy consumption
Segmentation Certainty Through Uncertainty: Uncertainty-Refined Binary Volumetric Segmentation Under Multifactor Domain Shift (2019)

Deep learning segmentation models are known to be sensitive to the scale, contrast, and distribution of pixel values when applied to Computed Tomography (CT) images. For material samples, scans are often obtained from a variety of scanning equipment and resolutions resulting in domain shift. The ability of segmentation models to generalize to examples from these shifted domains relies on how well the distribution of the training data represents the overall distribution of the target data. We present a method to overcome the challenges presented by domain shifts. Our results indicate that we can leverage a deep learning model trained on one domain to accurately segment similar materials at different resolutions by refining binary predictions using uncertainty quantification (UQ). We apply this technique to a set of unlabeled CT scans of woven composite materials with clear qualitative improvement of binary segmentations over the original deep learning predictions. In contrast to prior work, our technique enables refined segmentations without the expense of the additional training time and parameters associated with deep learning models used to address domain shift.
Memory allocation for embedded systems with a compile-time-unknown scratch-pad size (2005)

This paper presents the first memory allocation scheme for embedded systems having scratch-pad memory whose size is unknown at compile time. A scratch-pad memory (SPM) is a fast compiler-managed SRAM that replaces the hardware-managed cache. Its uses are motivated by its better real-time guarantees as compared to cache and by its significantly lower overheads in energy consumption, area and access time.Existing data allocation schemes for SPM all require that the SPM size be known at compile-time. Unfortunately, the resulting executable is tied to that size of SPM and is not portable to processor implementations having a different SPM size. Such portability would be valuable in situations where programs for an embedded system are not burned into the system at the time of manufacture, but rather are downloaded onto it during deployment, either using a network or portable media such as memory sticks. Such post-deployment code updates are common in distributed networks and in personal hand-held devices. The presence of different SPM sizes in different devices is common because of the evolution in VLSI technology across years. The result is that SPM cannot be used in such situations with downloaded code.To overcome this limitation, this work presents a compiler method whose resulting executable is portable across SPMs of any size. The executable at run-time places frequently used objects in SPM; it considers code, global variables and stack variables for placement in SPM. The allocation is decided by modified loader software before the program is first run and once the SPM size can be discovered. The loader then modifies the program binary based on the decided allocation. To keep the overhead low, much of the pre-processing for the allocation is done at compile-time. Results show that our benchmarks average a 36% speed increase versus an all-DRAM allocation, while the optimal static allocation scheme, which knows the SPM size at compile-time and is thus an un-achievable upper-bound, is only slightly faster (41% faster than all-DRAM). Results also show that the overhead from our embedded loader averages about 1% in both code-size and run-time of our benchmarks.
Passively mode-locked miniature Nd:YVO4 lasers with up to 49 GHz repetition rate (2000)

We present miniature Nd:vanadate (Nd:YV04) lasers which are passively mode-locked at extremely high repetition rates of up to 49 GHz, using semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAMs). Q-switching instabilities were suppressed by the use of an optimized monolithic cavity design and the use of a SESAM with a small modulation depth and saturation fluence. At 49 GHz repetition rate, we achieved 82 mW average output power, 1.7 pJ pulse energy, and a pulse duration of ~6 ps.
Proposed planar lightwave circuit design of programmable optical CDMA spectral encoder/decoder using array-waveguide grating (1999)

We have proposed a planar lightwave circuit that integrates one AWG and arrays of thermooptic phase shifters to construct a programmable spectral encoder/decoder for the application of optical CDMA communications. High extinction spectral bit patterns, bit weight equalization control, and programmable coding capability can be readily achieved on one monolithically integrated device. The compactness of the proposed device also promises the feasibility of mass-production for the telecommunication industry.