gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simulating complicated human birth for research and training (2005)

We report on the design, testing and implementation of a novel birthing simulator developed specifically to research the delivery process and improve clinical training in uncommon but inevitable complicated human births. The simulator consists of a maternal model and an instrumented fetal model, used in conjunction with an existing force-sensing system and a data-acquisition system. The maternal model includes a bony, rotatable pelvis, flexible legs, and a uterine expulsive system. The fetal model, which can be delivered repeatedly through the maternal model, is instrumented with potentiometers to measure neck extension, rotation and flexion during delivery. Simulation of the brachial plexus within the model fetal neck allows measurement of stretch in those nerves at risk for injury during difficult deliveries. Wooden elements mimic the properties of neonatal bone and can break either spontaneously or purposely. Two methods for measuring clinician-applied force during simulated deliveries provide trainees with real-time assessment of their own traction force and allow researchers to correlate fetal neck motion and nerve stretch parameters with clinician-applied traction. Preliminary testing indicates the system is biofidelic for the final stages of the birthing process, and can be used for training and research in obstetrics.
Comparison of benzimidazole nucleosides and ganciclovir on the <i>in vitro</i> proliferation and colony formation of human bone marrow progenitor cells (1996)

Recently we have shown that certain benzimidazole ribonucleosides are potent and selective inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication. Because antiviral drugs used to treat HCMV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections can suppress marrow progenitors, we have evaluated the most promising of the new benzimidazoles for their effects on human bone marrow cells in vitro. In an initial study of the bone marrow toxicity of one of the most active compounds, 100 microM 2-bromo-5,6-dichloro-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-benzimidazole (BDCRB) inhibited cell proliferation by 20% over a 10 d period compared to 52% inhibition by 100 microM ganciclovir, the drug currently most used to treat HCMV infections. The effects of these drugs and selected other benzimidazole nucleosides were evaluated more extensively in haemopoietic progenitor cell colony formation assays. Colony formation was determined at 2 weeks and scored as either burst forming units-erythroid (BFU-E), or colony forming units-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM). At the highest concentration tested, 100 microM BDCRB only moderately affected BFU-E or CFU-GM formation (31% and 47% inhibition, respectively). This concentration is 10-fold higher than that required to produce a 10000-fold reduction in virus titre. Evaluation of the 2-chloro analog of BDCRB (TCRB) which is less potent against HCMV, its 5'-deoxy analog (5'-dTCRB) which is more potent, and the 2-unsubstituted compound (DRB) gave the following order of haemopoietic toxicity: DRB > TCRB > or = 5'-dTCRB > BDCRB. In contrast to the benzimidazoles, ganciclovir decreased colony formation by 84% for BFU-E and 86% for CFU-GM at 100 microM. These results establish that certain benzimidazole nucleosides are less toxic to haemopoietic progenitors than the preferred drug now being used clinically for HCMV infections. The results also establish that different structure-activity relationships exist for antiviral activity and progenitor cell toxicity, thereby suggesting that different mechanisms are involved in the two types of drug action.
A Unique Human Immunodeficiency Virus Culture Secreting Soluble gpl60 (1988)

A clone of the HUT78 cell line, chronically infected with the HIV-1 isolate HTLV-III451, has been demonstrated to secrete unprocessed HIV-1 envelope precursor protein gp160 as well as mature gp120. Further, when grown in serum-free defined medium these cells released approximately five times the amount of virus compared with cultures in normal medium. These proteins corresponded in their immunologic reactivities with the respective envelope proteins of the HTLV-IIIB isolate. They formed high-affinity soluble complexes with the CD4 antigen and inhibited the syncytium formation induced by HTLV-IIIB on CD4-positive cells. This is the first description of an HIV-1 culture system capable of shedding into the medium native gp160 that is soluble in the absence of detergents.
Fully aligned via integration for extendibility of interconnects to beyond the 7 nm node (2017)

A fully aligned via (FAV) integration scheme is introduced and demonstrated at 36 nm metal pitch, with extendibility to beyond the 7 nm node. Selective chemistries were developed to recess Cu and W wires and their associated barrier liner materials, so as to create local topography with no adverse effects on these wiring levels or their dielectrics. Dielectric cap layers were optimized for excellent via RIE selectivity, to act as via guiding structures during subsequent level pattern definition. This combination mitigates via overlay and critical dimension (CD) errors. FAV integration can enable line/via area scaling for 70% lower line resistances and 30% larger via contact areas at the same node. Concurrently, FAV improves TDDB reliability through increased minimum insulator spacing, and EM reliability by maximizing via/wire contact area.
Ultra wideband antenna (2004)

Ultra wideband antennas are specifically designed to transmit and/or receive very short time durations of electromagnetic energy. It is well known that UWB antenna design remains the major factor in the progress of UWB technology. This article describes a study of conventional antennas and why they are not suitable for a UWB system.
Robust giant magnetoresistance material system for magnetic sensors (1999)

A new, robust giant magnetoresistance (GMR) material system is described that comprises an exchange-biased artificial antiferromagnet. For the exchange biasing Ir18Mn82 is used because of its high blocking temperature. Experiments have demonstrated that this material can withstand magnetic fields larger than 150 kA/m and annealing at temperatures above 275 °C without irreversible damage. At higher temperatures the GMR effect starts to decrease due to atomic diffusion; the exchange-biasing effect, however, does not disappear, which means that this is no longer the limiting factor. The excellent magnetic and thermal robustness, combined with the unambiguous asymmetric magnetoresistance curve, makes this GMR material system very suitable for application in (e.g., automotive) sensors.
Accurate modelling of fabricated hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers (2015)

We report a novel approach to reconstruct the cross-sectional profile of fabricated hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers from scanning electron microscope images. Finite element simulations on the reconstructed geometries achieve a remarkable match with the measured transmission window, surface mode position and attenuation. The agreement between estimated scattering loss from surface roughness and measured loss values indicates that structural distortions, in particular the uneven distribution of glass across the thin silica struts on the core boundary, have a strong impact on the loss. This provides insight into the differences between idealized models and fabricated fibers, which could be key to further fiber loss reduction.
Retroviral gene delivery. (1997)

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the properties of retroviruses and the affect of these properties on the properties of retrovirus-based vectors. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of retroviral vectors to those of several other gene transfer techniques are compared. The chapter describes the retroviral vector system based on the avian leukosis virus (ALV) retrovirus family. The ALV-based retroviral vector system can be used to deliver and express genes in avian and mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. The system can be used to exploit the advantages of both the avian and murine animal models. Replication-competent ALV-based vectors can be grown to high titer on avian cells but are replication-defective after infecting susceptible mammalian cells. The system offers advantages for experiments that require either widespread or tissue-specific gene delivery. If the target cells continue to divide, multiple experimental genes can be delivered sequentially by multiple retroviral infections. Other gene-delivery methods could be used in combination with the ALV-based retroviral vector system to deliver a second gene in cells that have stopped dividing.
Low Sintering Temperature Nano-Silver Pastes with High Bonding Strength by Adding Silver 2-Ethylhexanoate (2021)

A silver precursor (silver 2-ethylhexanoate) and silver nanoparticles were synthesized and used to prepare a low sintering temperature nano-silver paste (PM03). We optimized the amount of silver 2-ethylhexanoate added and the sintering temperature to obtain the best performance of the nano-silver paste. The relationship between the microstructures and properties of the paste was studied. The addition of silver 2-ethylhexanoate resulted in less porosity, leading to lower resistivity and higher shear strength. Thermal compression of the paste PM03 at 250 °C with 10 MPa pressure for 30 min was found to be the proper condition for copper-to-copper bonding. The resistivity was (3.50 ± 0.02) × 10<sup>-7</sup> Ω∙m, and the shear strength was 57.48 MPa.
A new convenient synthesis of diazoalkanes from N-(N-nitrosoalkylamino)methyl)benzamides. (1976)

Conformational analysis by means of nuclear magnetic resonance measurement has disclosed that N-[(N-nitrosoalkylamino) methyl] amides newly prepared are in favor of anti form in crystals while in state of solution form syn-anti equilibrium mixture. These nitrosoamines have been found smoothly to generate diazoalkanes by the influence of alkali. In the use of their benzamide analogs a new practically useful means for synthesizing a series of diazoalkanes has been established.
Ketone Supplementation for Health and Disease (2016)

Abstract Exogenous ketone supplements rapidly elevate blood ketones in a dose-dependent manner regardless of dietary intake, making them a practical method of inducing therapeutic ketosis for medical use. It is thought that ketone supplementation could be used as a stand-alone therapy, or as a way to further augment the therapeutic efficacy of the ketogenic diet. Ketone supplementation could increase treatment compliance by allowing many patients to maintain a more normal lifestyle with a less restrictive diet. The therapeutic effects of ketone supplementation are likely mediated in part by a stabilization of blood glucose and insulin levels, an increase in metabolic efficiency, and an inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation. Ketone supplements may also serve as an effective preventative medicine due to their potential ability to protect and enhance mitochondrial health and function. Indeed, preliminary evidence suggests there are a number of conditions for which exogenous ketone supplementation may be beneficial.
Design of a small residual dispersion fiber and a corresponding dispersion compensating fiber (2003)

We have given designs of a Small Residual Dispersion Fiber (SRDF) and a corresponding Dispersion Compensating Fiber (DCF), where the dispersion slopes of these fibers are so adjusted that a small length of the DCF will approximately compensate the accumulated dispersion in SRDF simultaneously at all wavelengths in the range of 1530 to 1565 nm (gain window of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers). The maximum values of the effective dispersion and the slope of the effective dispersion in the wavelength range of 1530 to 1565 nm are approximately 0.08 ps/(km.nm) and approximately 0.01 ps/(km.nm2), respectively.
Rapid high spatial resolution diffusion MRI at 7 Tesla using simultaneous multislice acquisition (2014)

Diffusion weighted MRI (dMRI) data with very high spatial resolution can be obtained using ultra high magnetic field strength MRI such as 7 Tesla(T). However, for extensive brain coverage a large number of imaging slices are required, which can result in long acquisition times (TA). Simultaneous Multi-Slice (SMS) acquisition technology enables increased temporal efficiency of MRI to permit rapid acquisition of dMRI. However, Multiband (MB) RF-pulses used for SMS acquisition can cause large energy deposition into the subject and limit the rate at which data can be acquired. Power Independent of Number of Slices (PINS) pulses can be used instead of MB pulse to reduce RF-power. However, this comes at a cost of reduced bandwidth and increased off-resonance dependency, which degrades image quality. We proposed a new RF pulse design, MultiPINS, by combining MB with PINS RF pulses to further decrease RF energy and/or shorten pulse lengths. Employing SMS technology and PINS/MultiPINS pulses, in-vivo dMRI results were recorded at high spatial resolutions at 7 T. The data shows that this method enables a 3-fold scan time reduction while preserving image quality.
Complement Fragment 3a Priming of Umbilical Cord Blood Progenitors: Safety Profile (2013)

Preclinical data showed that priming CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells with complement fragment 3a (C3a) improved homing and engraftment. Thus, we hypothesized that priming of umbilical cord blood (UCB) hematopoietic progenitors with C3a would facilitate homing and could potentially be used to address the need for improved engraftment after UCB transplantation. We primed 1 of 2 UCB units for double UCB transplantation after nonmyeloablative conditioning. This design provided adequate safety and the potential to observe skewed long-term chimerism in favor of the C3a-primed unit as a surrogate measure of efficacy. C3a priming of 1 UCB unit did not result in infusional toxicity. Increased grades 1 to 3 hypertension were the only infusional adverse events observed in 9 (30%) patients. We observed no activation of inflammatory or coagulation pathways downstream of C3a. As tested, C3a priming did not impair engraftment, but did not skew chimerism toward the treated unit. As compared with historical controls, mortality and survival were not adversely affected. Thus, before any additional clinical studies, C3a priming to promote engraftment will require further preclinical optimization.
A built-in BTI monitor for long-term data collection in IBM microprocessors (2013)

A circuit for long-term measurement of bias temperature instability (BTI) degradation is described. It is an entirely on-chip measurement circuit, which reports measurements periodically with a digital output. Implemented on IBM's z196 Enterprise systems, it can be used to monitor long-term degradation under real-use conditions. Over 500 days worth of ring oscillator degradation data from customer systems are presented. The importance of using a reference oscillator to measure performance degradation in the field, where the supply voltage and temperature can vary dynamically, is shown.
Speaker for automotive vehicle audio system having a vehicle panel serving as sound-amplifying medium (1985)

First Page
Towards New Indices of Arterial Stiffness Using Systolic Pulse Contour Analysis: A Theoretical Point of View (2008)

Total arterial stiffness plays a contributory role throughout aging and in numerous cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. Aortic stiffening is responsible for an increased characteristic impedance (ie, the impedance to the left ventricular pulsatile flow), thus increasing the forward pressure-wave amplitude that contributes to pulse pressure elevation. Aortic stiffening also increases pulse wave velocity, and this results in anticipated and enhanced wave reflections, further augmenting central pulse pressure. Unfortunately, there is no simple time-domain estimate of characteristic impedance. Furthermore, recent guidelines have reviewed the limitations of diastolic pulse contour analysis to estimate arterial stiffness in the time domain. The present theoretical article proposes that systolic pulse contour analysis may provide new, simple time-domain indices quantifying pulsatile load in resting humans. Our proposal was mainly based on 2 simple, validated assumptions: (1) a linear aortic pressure-flow relationship in early systole and (2) a triangular aortic flow wave during systole. This allowed us to describe new time-domain estimates of characteristic impedance, pulsatile load (waveguide ratio), total arterial compliance, and total arterial stiffness. It is demonstrated that total arterial stiffness may be estimated by the following formula: [(Pi - DAP) x ST] / (SV x Deltat), where Pi is the aortic pressure at the inflection point (peak forward pressure wave), DAP is diastolic aortic pressure, ST is systolic ejection time, SV is stroke volume, and Deltat is the time-to-Pi. A mathematical relationship among time intervals and indices of pulsatile load is demonstrated, and the clinical implications are discussed in terms of cardiovascular risk and stroke volume prediction.
Direct Period Synthesis for Achieving Sub-PPM Frequency Resolution Through Time Average Frequency: The Principle, The Experimental Demonstration, and Its Application in Digital Communication (2014)

Direct period synthesis is a technique of using a base time unit and the time-average-frequency concept to synthesize clock frequency. Its distinguished capabilities include generating frequencies in very fine step and switching frequency in very fast speed. In this paper, the principle of fine frequency generation is presented. Using data collected from two 55-nm CMOS chips, experimental evidence of sub-ppm (0.04 ppm at finest) frequency resolution at 27 MHz, 1.5 GHz, and 2.4 GHz is provided. This feature of fine frequency resolution is very important in digital communication, especially for plesiochronous and heterochronous systems. It is a circuit level enabler for system level innovation. In the last part of this paper, several important applications of using these capabilities are explored.
Genetically engineered multiband high‐impedance frequency selective surfaces (2003)

Abstract A methodology is presented for the design synthesis of metamaterials that act as thin multifrequency artificial magnetic conductors. These structures are realized by placing a frequency‐selective surface above a conventional prefect electric conductor, separated by a thin dielectric layer. The frequency‐selective surface design is optimized using a micro‐genetic algorithm to operate at multiple, narrow frequency bands. Two examples of genetically engineered multiband high‐impedance frequency‐selective surfaces (that is, artificial magnetic conductors) are presented and discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 38: 400–403, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11073
Antimicrobial and biocompatible ε-polylysine–γ-poly(glutamic acid)–based hydrogel system for wound healing (2016)

Biocompatible and antimicrobial wound dressings are important biomaterials for tissue adhesion and healing. Hydrogels derived from natural polyamino acids are ideal wound dressing because of their good water solubility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. In this study, we introduce poly(amino acid)–based hydrogels as a new type of wound dressing for wound healing. The composite hydrogels were derived from water-soluble ε-polylysine and γ-poly(glutamic acid) cross-linked by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide and N-hydroxy-succinimide. The gelation is attributed to the reaction between the amino groups of ε-polylysine and carboxyl groups of γ-poly(glutamic acid). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize the composite hydrogels. The effect of the ratio of ε-polylysine and γ-poly(glutamic acid) on the gelation time, surface morphology, equilibrium swelling, elastic moduli, adhesive strength, and in vitro degradation of composite hydrogels was examined. The hydrogels showed excellent antimicrobial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Indirect cytotoxicity assessment indicated that the composite hydrogels were nontoxic to the L929 cell. The potential of the composite hydrogel as wound dressing was demonstrated by applying it in the skin incision. Results demonstrated that the composite hydrogel showed superior healing effects compared with suture, fibrin glue, and compont skin adhesive, while eliciting less inflammatory response. In conclusion, antimicrobial and biocompatible ε-polylysine–γ-poly(glutamic acid) composite may have great application for wound healing.
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 is specifically involved in sweet taste transmission (2015)

Five fundamental taste qualities (sweet, bitter, salty, sour, umami) are sensed by dedicated taste cells (TCs) that relay quality information to gustatory nerve fibers. In peripheral taste signaling pathways, ATP has been identified as a functional neurotransmitter, but it remains to be determined how specificity of different taste qualities is maintained across synapses. Recent studies demonstrated that some gut peptides are released from taste buds by prolonged application of particular taste stimuli, suggesting their potential involvement in taste information coding. In this study, we focused on the function of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in initial responses to taste stimulation. GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) null mice had reduced neural and behavioral responses specifically to sweet compounds compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Some sweet responsive TCs expressed GLP-1 and its receptors were expressed in gustatory neurons. GLP-1 was released immediately from taste bud cells in response to sweet compounds but not to other taste stimuli. Intravenous administration of GLP-1 elicited transient responses in a subset of sweet-sensitive gustatory nerve fibers but did not affect other types of fibers, and this response was suppressed by pre-administration of the GLP-1R antagonist Exendin-4(3-39). Thus GLP-1 may be involved in normal sweet taste signal transmission in mice.
Switch-and-Examine Relaying Scheme for Cognitive AF Relay Networks in Rayleigh Fading Channels (2014)

This paper introduces cognitive amplify-and-forward (AF) relay networks employing the low complexity switch-and-examine diversity combining (SEC) relaying scheme. This scheme requires low amount of channel estimations compared to the opportunistic relaying and it is based on the SEC diversity combining technique in which a relay out of multiple relays is selected to forward the source message to destination. The selection process is performed such that the end-to-end (e2e) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the selected relay satisfies a predetermined switching threshold. In addition, the paper derives approximate expressions for the outage probability and symbol error probability (SEP) of the proposed system. The channel capacity is also numerically calculated. Furthermore, the system is studied at high SNR values where the diversity order and coding gain are derived. Results show that the diversity order of the studied cognitive AF relaying with SEC selection is the same as its non-cognitive counterpart.
Synthesis and characterization of self‐metallizing gold‐doped polyimide films (1995)

Abstract State‐of‐the‐art methods for producing reflective polymer films for space applications involve multiple steps, and the integrity of the metal–polymer interface is less than optimal. A more efficient process was developed that consists of doping polyamic acid resins with gold additives and curing them to form self‐metallizing polyimide films. Several moderately reflective, flexible metallic gold films were produced that have good thermal stability and mechanical properties, a strong metal–polymer interface, and in some cases, electrical conductivity. It was found that the polymer system, gold additive, gold concentration, and heat treatment all affect the reflectivity, flexibility, and conductivity of the resulting polyimide films by affecting the degree of metallization of the film surface. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.