gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reproducibility of the Diagnosis of Endometrial Hyperplasia, Atypical Hyperplasia, and Well-Differentiated Carcinoma (1998)

Many studies have attempted to identify histologic features that aid in the distinction of atypical hyperplasia (AH) from hyperplasia without atypia and well-differentiated endometrioid carcinoma, but few have evaluated the reproducibility of these diagnoses. Five pathologists independently reviewed 100 endometrial biopsy and curettage specimens chosen to represent the entire spectrum of proliferative lesions of the endometrium, including proliferative endometrium (PEM), hyperplasia without atypia, AH, and well-differentiated endometrioid carcinoma. Slides were reviewed twice for diagnosis, with an intervening evaluation of a checklist of histologic features. Intraobserver and interobserver agreement were assessed using the kappa statistic. Intraobserver kappa values ranged from 0.67 to 0.89 (76% to 89% agreement). Interobserver kappa values by diagnostic category were: proliferative endometrium: 0.86; hyperplasia without atypia: 0.60; AH: 0.47; well-differentiated endometrioid carcinoma: 0.83; with a kappa value of 0.69 for all cases combined. Associations between the selected histologic features and the given diagnoses for each pathologist were analyzed using multiple logistic regressions to identify features that were useful for distinguishing among diagnostic categories. Histologic features determined by univariable and multivariable analyses that were found to be most associated with distinguishing diagnostic categories were: proliferative endometrium versus hyperplasia without atypia: gland crowding (univariable, multivariable), and gland branching (univariable); hyperplasia without atypia versus AH: presence of nucleoli (univariable, multivariable), nuclear enlargement (univariable), vesicular chromatin change (univariable), nuclear pleomorphism (univariable), chromatin irregularities (univariable), and loss of polarity (univariable); hyperplasia without atypia versus carcinoma: glandular confluence/complex cribriform pattern (univariable, multivariable), stromal alteration (univariable, multivariable), and necrosis (univariable). In summary, interobserver agreement was good but was lowest for AH. Only the presence of nucleoli was strongly associated with distinction of AH from hyperplasia without atypia. Individual pathologists use additional features to diagnose atypia, but these features are not consistently associated with that diagnosis. Cribriform architectural pattern and stromal alteration were associated with the distinction of well-differentiated endometrioid carcinoma from AH.
Multivalent TB vaccines targeting the esx gene family generate potent and broad cell-mediated immune responses superior to BCG (2014)

Development of a broad-spectrum synthetic vaccine against TB would represent an important advance to the limited vaccine armamentarium against TB. It is believed that the esx family of TB antigens may represent important vaccine candidates. However, only 4 esx antigens have been studied as potential vaccine antigens. The challenge remains to develop a vaccine that simultaneously targets all 23 members of the esx family to induce enhanced broad-spectrum cell-mediated immunity. We sought to investigate if broader cellular immune responses could be induced using a multivalent DNA vaccine representing the esx family protein members delivered via electroporation. In this study, 15 designed esx antigens were created to cross target all members of the esx family. They were distributed into groups of 3 self-processing antigens each, resulting in 5 trivalent highly optimized DNA plasmids. Vaccination with all 5 constructs elicited robust antigen-specific IFN-γ responses to all encoded esx antigens and induced multifunctional CD4 Th1 and CD8 T cell responses. Importantly, we show that when all constructs are combined into a cocktail, the RSQ-15 vaccine, elicited substantial broad Ag-specific T cell responses to all esx antigens as compared with vaccination with BCG. Moreover, these vaccine-induced responses were highly cross-reactive with BCG encoded esx family members and were highly immune effective in a BCG DNA prime-boost format. Furthermore, we demonstrate the vaccine potential and immunopotent profile of several novel esx antigens never previously studied. These data highlight the likely importance of these novel immunogens for study as preventative or therapeutic synthetic TB vaccines in combination or as stand alone antigens.
Unraveling the functions of plasmacytoid dendritic cells during viral infections, autoimmunity, and tolerance (2010)

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are bone marrow-derived cells that secrete large amounts of type I interferon (IFN) in response to viruses. Type I IFNs are pleiotropic cytokines with antiviral activity that also enhance innate and adaptive immune responses. Viruses trigger activation of pDCs and type I IFN responses mainly through the Toll-like receptor pathway. However, a variety of activating and inhibitory pDC receptors fine tune the amplitude of type I IFN responses. Chronic activation and secretion of type I IFN in the absence of infection can promote autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, while activated pDCs promote immunity and autoimmunity, resting or alternatively activated pDCs may be tolerogenic. The various roles of pDCs have been extensively studied in vitro and in vivo with depleting antibodies. However, depleting antibodies cross-react with other cell types that are critical for eliciting protective immunity, potentially yielding ambiguous phenotypes. Here we discuss new approaches to assess pDC functions in vivo and provide preliminary data on their potential roles during viral infections. Such approaches would also prove useful in the more specific evaluation of how pDCs mediate tolerance and autoimmunity. Finally, we discuss the emergent role of pDCs and one of their receptors, tetherin, in human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis.
Stereocontrolled and Convergent Entry to <i>CF</i><i><sub>2</sub></i>-Sialosides:  Synthesis of <i>CF</i><i><sub>2</sub></i>-Linked Ganglioside GM4 (2007)

Sialidase-resistant ganglioside analogues having biological activities similar to those of natural gangliosides are expected to be important probes for clarifying the biological functions of gangliosides. Focusing on difluoromethylene-linked (CF2-linked) α(2,3)sialylgalactose as a core structure of sialidase-resistant ganglioside mimics, we have developed novel, stereocontrolled, and efficient methodologies to synthesize CF2-sialosides based on Ireland−Claisen rearrangement. CF2-linked α(2,3)sialylgalactose and CF2-linked GM4 were synthesized.
Synthesis of low immunogenicity RNA with high-temperature in vitro transcription (2020)

The use of synthetic RNA for therapeutics requires that the in vitro synthesis process be robust and efficient. The technology used for the synthesis of these in vitro<i>-</i>transcribed RNAs, predominantly using phage RNA polymerases (RNAPs), is well established. However, transcripts synthesized with RNAPs are known to display an immune-stimulatory activity in vivo that is often undesirable. Previous studies have identified double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a major by-product of the in vitro transcription (IVT) process, as a trigger of cellular immune responses. Here we describe the characterization of a high-temperature IVT process using thermostable T7 RNAPs to synthesize functional mRNAs that demonstrate reduced immunogenicity without the need for a post-synthesis purification step. We identify features that drive the production of two kinds of dsRNA by-products-one arising from 3' extension of the run-off product and one formed by the production of antisense RNAs-and demonstrate that at a high temperature, T7 RNAP has reduced 3'-extension of the run-off product. We show that template-encoded poly(A) tailing does not affect 3'-extension but reduces the formation of the antisense RNA by-products. Combining high-temperature IVT with template-encoded poly(A) tailing prevents the formation of both kinds of dsRNA by-products generating functional mRNAs with reduced immunogenicity.
Macrophage-fibroblast interactions in collagenase production and cartilage degradation (1979)

Rabbit bone-marrow macrophages and fibroblasts were cultured, independently or together, with pieces of 35S-labelled cartilage or at the surface of dried [14C]collagen gels. Each type of cell, cultivated alone, rapidly degraded the proteoglycan of cartilage, but only the fibroblasts degraded collagen. The co-culture of both types of cell had no consistent effect on the rate of proteoglycan degradation, but it stimulated the rate of collagen degradation. In parallel, the accumulation of collagenase in the culture fluid was enhanced but not that of neutral proteinase. Coinditioned media from macrophage cultures added to cultures of fibroblasts had the same effect as the living macrophages in stimulating the production of collagenase. Their action was itself enhanced when the macrophages had been activated by concanavalin A-stimulated spleen-cell factors. These data suggest that fibroblasts may act as effector cells in producing collagenase and degrading collagen in response to soluble factors released by macrophages under the control of lymphocyte factors.
Integrated pillar scatterers for speeding up classification of cell holograms (2017)

The computational power required to classify cell holograms is a major limit to the throughput of label-free cell sorting based on digital holographic microscopy. In this work, a simple integrated photonic stage comprising a collection of silica pillar scatterers is proposed as an effective nonlinear mixing interface between the light scattered by a cell and an image sensor. The light processing provided by the photonic stage allows for the use of a simple linear classifier implemented in the electric domain and applied on a limited number of pixels. A proof-of-concept of the presented machine learning technique, which is based on the extreme learning machine (ELM) paradigm, is provided by the classification results on samples generated by 2D FDTD simulations of cells in a microfluidic channel.
Bovine hydroxyapatite for maxillary sinus grafting: comparative histomorphometric findings in sheep (1998)

This experimental study in animals examines the value of bovine hydroxyapatite as grafting material in one-stage sinus lift procedure. The Schneiderian membrane was elevated from extraorally in 54 sinuses of 27 adult female mountain sheep. Two titanium plasma-flame-spray coated cylindrical implants were placed in each sinus in the same session. In 2 groups of 18 sinuses each, the subantral hollow space was filled with bovine hydroxyapatite and autogenous cancellous bone from the iliac crest, respectively. Eighteen sinuses that were left empty served as a control group. Polyfluorochrome sequential labelling (tetracycline, calcein green, alizarin complexon) was carried out 4 weeks postoperatively, 2 weeks before the animals were sacrificed, and halfway through the observation period to assess new bone formation. The selected observation periods were 12 weeks, 16 weeks, and 26 weeks. Six sinuses per observation period and test group were available for histologic evaluation. All implants showed favourable osseointegration into local bone. New bone formation was observed in a triangular area bound by the implant surface, the local buccal antral wall, and submucous connective tissue in all implants. Bovine hydroxyapatite adjacent to local bone was mainly surrounded by bone tissue. There was a great variation in the extent of bony sheathing of the hydroxyapatite particles, irrespective of the animals' survival time. Macrophages were found around HA particles that were not surrounded by bone as well as on free implant surfaces. The mean length of the bone-implant bond was 3.86 mm in the group of empty sinuses, 4.87 mm in the group augmented with hydroxyapatite, and 5.66 mm in the group augmented with autogenous cancellous bone. During the observation period, the relative length of bone in direct contact with the implant surface increased from 20.0% to 25.1% in the control group, from 30.4% to 35.5% in the group treated with autogenous cancellous bone, and from 27.4% to 34.7% in the HA group. Autogenous cancellous bone showed a significantly greater bone-implant contact than did the control group (P = 0.0004) and the HA group (P = 0.0499). When the apical implant portions were examined separately, both HA (P = 0.006) and autogenous cancellous bone (P = 0.005) showed a significantly better bone-implant bond than did the control group.
Effect of long term administration of honey and Fanta drink on the histopathology of male and female Wister rats ( Rattus rattus ) (2012)

The effect of administration of honey and fanta drink on the histopathology of  male and female wistar albino rats was studied. This current study was carried out to determine the possible changes in the histopathology of the male and female wistar rats after honey and fanta drink administration.. Thirty wistar albino rats, 13 females and 17 males were used. These were divided into 3 groups as follows: (a) A control group which was given rat feed and water, (b) rats given rat feed plus fanta drink and water (c) rats given rat feed, water, and 17.0g/kg body weight pure honey.The results showed a healthier mucosa of the stomach in the male and female wistar rat fed with honey. However, the lungs, ileum, ovary and testis had no significant changes, although these organs in the rats were all seen to be in healthy conditions. No necrosis was observed in the kidneys, there was also a small fatty change observed in the liver of the male wistar rat which fed on honey. The intake of honey, and fanta drink in this study had no negative effect on the histopathology of the male and female wistar albino rats, although honey had a more positive result. A more significant result may be seen if honey, and fanta drink administration lasts longer than five weeks.
Modelling of multiple coupled concentric open and closed microstrip ring structure (1991)

The characteristics of multiple concentric open and closed ring microstrip structures are computed in terms of the distributed self and mutual capacitances and inductances. The spectral domain technique is used to compute these quasistatic capacitances and inductances of the multiple coupled concentric rings. The coupled ring structures are modelled as asymmetric and multiple coupled line circuits which are used to evaluate resonance frequencies and other multiport characteristics of these structures.
A Moisture-Resistant Soft Actuator with Low Driving Voltages for Haptic Stimulations in Virtual Games (2022)

Strong and robust stimulations to human skins with low driving voltages under high moisture working conditions are desirable for wearable haptic feedback applications. Here, a soft actuator based on the "air bubble" electret structure is developed to work in high-moisture environments and produce haptic sensations to human skin with low driving voltages. Experimentally, the water soaking and drying process has been conducted repeatedly for the first time and the 20th time to test the antimoisture ability of the actuator as it recovers its output force up 90 and 65% of the initial value, respectively. The threshold voltages for sensible haptic sensations for the fingertip and palm of volunteers have been characterized as 7 and 10 V, respectively. Furthermore, a demonstration example has been designed and conducted in a virtual boxing game to generate the designated haptic sensations according to the gaming conditions with an accuracy of 98% for more than 100 tests. As such, the design principle, performance characteristic, and demonstration example in this work could inspire various applications with improved reliability for wearable haptic devices.
n-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> to N<sup>+</sup>-TiO<sub>2</sub> Heterojunction Photoanode for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation (2015)

To improve the performance of the thin hematite photoanode for photoelectrochemical water oxidation, in this work, an nN(+) α-Fe2O3 (hematite)-TiO2 heterojunction photoanode is constructed on fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate to establish a built-in field in the space charge region for facilitating the charge separation in the hematite layer. Charge distribution in the hematite-TiO2 heterostructure is investigated using Kelvin probe force microscopy, which confirms the improvement of charge separation in hematite layer by the formation of energy-matched nN(+) α-Fe2O3-TiO2 heterojunction. Compared to the hematite photoanode, an eightfold enhancement of the photocurrent density at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode is measured in the hematite-TiO2 heterojunction photoanode. By using hydrogen peroxide as a hole scavenger, it demonstrates that both charge separation and charge injection efficiencies in the hematite-TiO2 heterojunction photoanode are superior to those in the hematite photoanode. It results from the significant suppressions of the charge recombinations occurring within the hematite layer as well as at the interface of photoelectrode and electrolyte by the formation of the nN(+) α-Fe2O3-TiO2 heterojunction.
Performance Evaluation of Resource Management in Cloud Computing Environments (2015)

Cloud computing is a computational model in which resource providers can offer on-demand services to clients in a transparent way. However, to be able to guarantee quality of service without limiting the number of accepted requests, providers must be able to dynamically manage the available resources so that they can be optimized. This dynamic resource management is not a trivial task, since it involves meeting several challenges related to workload modeling, virtualization, performance modeling, deployment and monitoring of applications on virtualized resources. This paper carries out a performance evaluation of a module for resource management in a cloud environment that includes handling available resources during execution time and ensuring the quality of service defined in the service level agreement. An analysis was conducted of different resource configurations to define which dimension of resource scaling has a real influence on client requests. The results were used to model and implement a simulated cloud system, in which the allocated resource can be changed on-the-fly, with a corresponding change in price. In this way, the proposed module seeks to satisfy both the client by ensuring quality of service, and the provider by ensuring the best use of resources at a fair price.
1.5-µm-Wavelength Distributed Feedback Lasers with Deeply Etched First-Order Vertical Grating (2001)

1.5-µm-wavelength distributed feedback lasers with a deeply etched first order vertical grating were realized for the first time. It was shown that we can obtain an effective coupling by reducing the stripe width. The sample with the cavity length of 430 µm, 1.8 µm stripe width and 0.2 µm grating depth on each lateral side exhibited a 12.5 mA threshold current, 37% total differential quantum efficiency and 35 dB submode suppression ratio at a bias current of two times the threshold.
Synthesis of polymers with an intact lactone ring structure in the main chain (1998)

By means of photoinitiated SH-En-polyaddition of 2-ethylidene-6-hepten-5-olide (δ-lactone) and 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)diethanethiol or 1,3-bis(3-mercaptopropyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, it was possible for the first time to form a high-molecular linear polymer with an intact lactone structure. Under these conditions, the reactivity does not depend on the carbon-carbon double bond structure. With pentaerythritol-tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) as a crosslinking agent, networks are formed; the structure of the comonomers and the proportionate composition of the monomers modify the polymer properties. These novel polymers have been fully characterized. Durch photoinduzierte SH-En-Polyaddition mit 2,2'-(Ethylendioxy)diethanthiol bzw. 1,3-Bis(3-mercaptopropyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane war es erstmalig möglich, das 2-Ethyliden-6-hepten-5-olid (δ-Lacton) unter Erhalt der Lactonstruktur in hochmolekulare lineare Polymere zu überführen. Strukturell bedingte Reaktivitätsunterschiede der beiden Doppelbindungen konnten unter diesen Bedingungen nicht beobachtet werden. Mit Pentaerythrit-tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionat) als Vernetzer werden Netzwerkstrukturen aufgebaut, deren Eigenschaften durch die Struktur der Comonomeren und deren anteilsmäßige Zusammensetzung modifiziert werden können. Diese neuen Polymeren wurden umfassend charakterisiert.
Design of a shape dependent snapping algorithm (2012)

Many layout design applications support snapping functionalities to help users align objects precisely. Currently, the center location of the object's bounding box is used for aligning the object. Users, however, may not perceive the bounding box center as the center of a shape, especially if that shape lacks symmetry. In this paper, we report on the results of our experiment, which examines how users perceive the center of a shape, and discuss how the research outcome can be applied to improve snapping algorithms for layout applications.
Synthesis of Phostone‐Constrained Nucleic Acid (P‐CNA) Dinucleotides Through Intramolecular Arbuzov's Reaction (2011)

Abstract P‐CNAs are dinucleotide building blocks in which the torsional angles α and β of the sugar/phosphate backbone are constrained to non‐canonical values within a cyclic phosphonate structure (phostone) synthesised by diastereoselective intramolecular Arbuzov reaction. The reaction has been improved through the use of microwave activation and addition of lithium bromide.
Intratumoural interleukin 12 gene therapy stimulates the immune system and decreases angiogenesis in dogs with spontaneous cancer (2016)

Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a powerful immunostimulatory cytokine with a strong antitumoural activity. In this work, the immunological, anti-angiogenic and clinical effects of three consecutive intratumoural IL-12 electrogene therapy (EGT) treatments were evaluated in nine dogs with spontaneous cancer. In all the dogs, tumour biopsies and blood samples were taken prior, during and after the intratumoural IL-12 EGT (on days 1, 8, 35 and 1, 3, 8, 15, 35, respectively). An initial decrease in immune cells was followed by an increase above baseline 1-3 weeks after treatment initiation. Interestingly, the decrease in peripheral leukocytes 2 days after the first intratumoural IL-12 EGT coincided with erythema and tumour swelling. Transient increases of IL-12 and interferon γ were measured in the serum and the tumour tissue, whereas IL-10 transiently increased only in the serum. The effect of intratumoural IL-12 EGT on the levels of IL-24 and vascular endothelial growth factor in the sera and tumour biopsies differed per dog. Via contrast-enhanced ultrasound (US) (on days 1, 8 and 35), we demonstrated that intratumoural IL-12 EGT resulted in a significant decrease of the relative blood volume and blood flow speed in the tumour compared with baseline. Metastases were present in two dogs. In one of these dogs, IL-12 EGT of the primary tumour caused a transient partial regression of the metastases, but not of the primary tumour. The second dog with metastases did not survive long enough to complete the entire treatment cycle. Despite encouraging immunostimulatory and anti-angiogenic effects after intratumoural IL-12 EGT, no clinically relevant outcomes were observed in this study, as persistent tumour regression could not be obtained. On the other hand, the laboratory and US results hold great promise for combinatorial strategies of intratumoural IL-12 EGT with conventional antitumour (immuno)therapies.
A RECONFIGURABLE ELECTROMAGNETIC BANDGAP STRUCTURE FOR A BEAM STEERING BASE STATION ANTENNA (2004)

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