gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Natural Product-Based Probes for the Central Nervous System (2015)

The number of individuals affected by a central nervous system disorder continues to steadily increase. Unfortunately, in many cases the available therapeutic options leaves these diseases undertreated and additional molecular probes are needed to fully understand these conditions. Historically, natural products have served as a rich source of new molecular scaffolds for developing these probes due to their complex structures and unique ability to perturb biological pathways through diverse mechanisms. With this in mind, the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist salvinorin A, the mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonist herkinorin, and the anti-tau diarylheptanoid myricanol were identified as potential probes for investigating substance abuse, pain, and Alzheimer’s Disease, respectively. To determine how the unique neoclerodane structure of salvinorin A interacts with the KOR, methods to chemical modify the steric and electronic properties of the furan ring were developed. The resulting structure-activity relationships (SAR) identified three compounds that successfully attenuated drug seeking behavior in an animal model of drug relapse. In a separate study, a simple modification to the A-ring of herkinorin was found to drastically increase the potency and selectivity for the MOR, thus increasing the potential in vivo utility of the probe. Additional SAR studies also resulted in the first sub-nanomolar diterpene MOR agonist. Finally, an enantioselective route to both enantiomers of myricanol was developed to provide the necessary material for more extensive biological investigations into the compound’s tau degradation mechanism. The three studies described herein, highlight the importance of using chemical synthesis to modify and build complex natural products scaffolds in order to probe biological systems.
Effects of a Topical Anti-aging Formulation on Skin Aging Biomarkers. (2022)

RSC anti-aging formulation and its TriHex™ components demonstrated significant reduction in telomere shortening, upregulation of Klotho and FOXO3 genes and biopsy validation of anti-aging efficacy. This new science supplements previous trials that demonstrated clinical efficacy of the formulation.
Phosphorescent Thymidine Triphosphate Sensor Based on a Donor–Acceptor Ensemble System using Intermolecular Energy Transfer (2008)

An ensemble sensor system that exhibited selective luminescence enhancement upon binding to thymidine 5'-triphosphate (TTP) in HEPES buffer over other nucleotides was developed. The ensemble system consisted of an energy acceptor (FIrpic-bis(Zn2+-dipicolylamine conjugate, FIrpic=bis[(4,6-difluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N,C2+]picolinate) derivative) and an energy donor (mCP-Zn2+-cyclen, mCP=N,N'-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene). Among the nucleotides, the selective recognition and luminescence enhancement for TTP was achieved by the strong binding of the thymine unit to Zn2+-cyclen (cyclen=1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) and intermolecular energy transfer between the mCP and FIrpic moieties.
Detection of mRNA Transcripts and Active Transcription in Persistent <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Induced by Exposure to Rifampin or Pyrazinamide (2000)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis can persist in an altered physiological state for many years after initial infection, and it may reactivate to cause active disease. An analogous persistent state, possibly consisting of several different subpopulations of bacteria, may arise during chemotherapy; this state is thought to be responsible for the prolonged period required for effective chemotherapy. Using two models of drug-induced persistence, we show that both microaerophilic stationary-phase M. tuberculosis treated with a high dose of rifampin in vitro and pyrazinamide-induced persistent bacteria in mice are nonculturable yet still contain 16S rRNA and mRNA transcripts. Also, the in vitro persistent, plate culture-negative bacteria incorporate radioactive uridine into their RNA in the presence of rifampin and can rapidly up-regulate gene transcription after the replacement of the drug with fresh medium and in response to heat shock. Our results show that persistent M. tuberculosis has transcriptional activity. This finding provides a molecular basis for the rational design of drugs targeted at persistent bacteria.
Comparison of in-house and commercial sample preparation and PCR amplification systems for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA in blood samples from Tanzanian adults (1997)

This study compared the performance of several in-house nested PCR systems and the Amplicor human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) PCR kit in the detection of HIV-1 DNA in Tanzanian samples prepared by two different methods. All six of the in-house primer sets evaluated had a higher sensitivity for HIV DNA detection in samples prepared by the Amplicor PCR sample preparation method than in those prepared by the Ficoll-Isopaque (FIP) density gradient centrifugation method. A sensitivity of 100% was achieved by combining two in-house primer sets. The sensitivity of the standard Amplicor HIV-1 PCR kit was only 59%, whereas a modified Amplicor HIV-1 PCR test had a sensitivity of 98%. Our data show that Tanzanian samples prepared by the Amplicor preparation method are more suitable for HIV-1 PCR testing than samples prepared by the FIP method. The modified, but not the standard, Amplicor HIV-1 PCR kit provides an alternative to the nested in-house PCR technique for the diagnosis of HIV infection.
Cell Cycle Regulation of Histone H1 Kinase Activity Associated with the Adenoviral Protein E1A (1991)

Several cellular proteins form stable complexes with the proteins encoded by the adenovirus early region 1A (E1A) gene in extracts derived from adenovirus infected or transformed cells. Two of the cellular proteins that bind to E1A have been identified; one, a 105-kilodalton protein (pRb), is the product of the retinoblastoma gene, and the other, a 60-kilodalton protein, is a human cyclin A. Two other proteins that bind E1A have now been shown to be related to p34cdc2. This E1A complex displayed histone H1-specific kinase activity; the kinase activity was modulated during the cell division cycle, and association of pRb with E1A apparently was not required for this activity.
A Novel Micro Air Vehicle with Flexible Wing Integrated with On-board Electronic Devices (2008)

This paper presents an electrically powered micro air vehicle (MAV) with a flexible wing integrated with on-board electronic components that is built at Tsinghua University. The low aspect ratio wing, adopting the airfoil of S5010 and Zimmerman shape, is made up of a flexible printed circuit membrane (FPCM) that covers a thin carbon fiber skeleton. The real MAV prototype is tested in a low-speed wind tunnel in order to evaluate its aerodynamic characteristics. The comparing experiments are conducted on the flexible wing and its rigid counterpart with the same size and the same wing shape to illustrate the aerodynamic advantages of the flexible wing. The results of the wind tunnel experiments indicate that the flexible wing has a larger angle of stall, bigger maximum lift coefficient than the rigid one. However, the lift-drag ratio of the flexible wing varies in a complex way because the flexible wing also increases the drag with the lift growth. The FPCM functions as both the skin of the aircraft wing and the supporting substrate for the electronic components, such as micro hot-film flow speed sensors that are used to determine 3 fundamental flight parameters: air speed, angle of attack and sideslip angle. In addition, most of the signal processing circuits is distributed on the FPCM, which remarkably reduces the autopilot load. The dimensions of a homemade autopilot that is separately installed in the fuselage are 35times20times12 mm with the weight of 6 g. Through experiments of real flights, the turning, climbing, maneuverability and wind resistant ability of the MAV are tested. The flight results show that the MAV can fly with good stability and maneuverability.
Edge detection algorithm based on SUSAN operation on auto hub image (2009)

When carrying on X-ray real-time crack detection to the aluminium-alloy cast, because a lot of goal object in collected images has blurring contour, it is apt to cause the erroneous and omissive judgement to the cast while commenting one like this. Aiming at this kind of phenomenon, combining the characters of many image noise fountainheads, applied SUSAN operation to carry out the edge detection to the defect image of aluminium-alloy cast, and achieved a good edge extraction result. The results of experiments prove the efficiency of the proposed approach in practical applications. it can detect the edge of defect rapidly and exactly, and then it's more convenient for staff to see them.
An Analysis on Possibility and Effect of Market Power under the 3rd Long Term Power Plan (2007)

In this paper, we try to analyze the likelihood of exercising the power of market dominance by certain generators in future power industry of Korea. Firstly, we estimated installed generation capacity and sales volume of electricity in Korea, based on 'The 3rd Long Term Power Plan' which was announced in December 2006. Secondly, we calculated HHI, an index showing the degree of concentration of an industry, and RSI, an index showing how adequate the supply of goods or services of an industry is, using Fast-Forward. Thirdly, assuming a major generator employs the strategy of withholding a part of its available capacity at a peak time, we simulated hypothetical movement of SMP over a certain period of time, which is compared with that obtained without assuming such strategy to generate Lerner Index. an index showing the degree of market power of a monopoly. Regulators, home and abroad, have not given much interest in analyzing the effect of market dominance that is likely to be exercised by certain players in the future. That said, this paper provides insight into developing methodologies of analyzing and mitigating such effect by proposing the above indices to gauge it. In addition, this paper also shows the potential impact of employing capacity withholding strategy on the financial account of a dominant generator.
New Antivirals and Drug Resistance (2009)

Progress in the discovery of new antiviral medicines is tempered by the rapidity with which drug-resistant variants emerge. A review of the resistance-suppressing properties of four classes of antivirals is presented: influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, antibodies, and protein-based fusion inhibitors. The analysis supports the hypothesis that the more similar the drug is to the target's natural ligands, the higher the barrier to resistance. However, other factors, such as entropy compensation and solvent anchoring, might also be exploited for improved drug design.
Deep data analysis via physically constrained linear unmixing: universal framework, domain examples, and a community-wide platform (2018)

Many spectral responses in materials science, physics, and chemistry experiments can be characterized as resulting from the superposition of a number of more basic individual spectra. In this context, unmixing is defined as the problem of determining the individual spectra, given measurements of multiple spectra that are spatially resolved across samples, as well as the determination of the corresponding abundance maps indicating the local weighting of each individual spectrum. Matrix factorization is a popular linear unmixing technique that considers that the mixture model between the individual spectra and the spatial maps is linear. Here, we present a tutorial paper targeted at domain scientists to introduce linear unmixing techniques, to facilitate greater understanding of spectroscopic imaging data. We detail a matrix factorization framework that can incorporate different domain information through various parameters of the matrix factorization method. We demonstrate many domain-specific examples to explain the expressivity of the matrix factorization framework and show how the appropriate use of domain-specific constraints such as non-negativity and sum-to-one abundance result in physically meaningful spectral decompositions that are more readily interpretable. Our aim is not only to explain the off-the-shelf available tools, but to add additional constraints when ready-made algorithms are unavailable for the task. All examples use the scalable open source implementation from https://github.com/ramkikannan/nmflibrary that can run from small laptops to supercomputers, creating a user-wide platform for rapid dissemination and adoption across scientific disciplines.
Pop Music Beat Detection in the Huffman Coded Domain (2007)

This paper presents a novel beat detector that operates in the Huffman coded domain of a MP3 audio bitstream. We seek to answer two main questions. First, whether it is possible to extract beats without even partial decoding of a MP3 audio. Second, how to construct a low complexity algorithm to detect beats for multimedia applications in small devices such as mobile phones, if the answer to the first question is positive. Our investigation shows that beat detection in the Huffman coded domain can achieve fairly good results with a significantly reduced demand for computation. We also propose a graph-based algorithm to tackle the beat detection problem from an algorithmic perspective.
Strategies to Improve the Effectiveness of College English Translation Teaching (2021)

Today is the era of economic globalization, and it is also an era of internationalization in which there are frequent exchanges and fierce competition in various aspects of knowledge, economy, culture and information. With the rapid development of economic and cultural knowledge, there is still a lack of a large number of highly capable, high-level and high-quality English translators. With the continuous deepening of reform and opening to the outside world, more and more units in the world need foreign language talents, and the demand for English listening, speaking and translation skills is also increasing. The purpose of this article is mainly to explore strategies to improve the effectiveness of college English translation teaching. The current college English translation teaching mostly adopts a textbook-based, single-form teaching method. This teaching mode is stimulated by behaviorism to a certain extent. This response theory has a certain learning effect, but it emphasizes interaction with us. The teaching philosophy is quite different. In the implementation of college English translation teaching, we can learn from each other and adopt a variety of teaching methods and methods, with students as the main body, modern educational technology and equipment as the carrier, creating a collaborative learning atmosphere, strengthening and improving English translation skills training, and testing teaching in practice And learning effect. The survey results show that through a variety of teaching methods that stimulate people's interest and the assistance of modern means and equipment, etc., it is beneficial to cultivate the interest of college teachers and students in English translation learning, and then enhance the effectiveness of college English translation teaching.
Examining the Initiation of the Polymerization Mechanism and Network Development in Aromatic Polybenzoxazines (2013)

Three bis-benzoxazine monomers based on the aniline derivatives of bisphenol A (BA-a), bisphenol F (BF-a), and 3,3'-thiodiphenol (BT-a) are examined using a variety of spectroscopic, chromatographic, and thermomechanical techniques. The effect on the polymerization of the monomers is compared using two common compounds, 3,3'-thiodiphenol (TDP) and 3,3'-thiodipropionic acid (TDA), at a variety of loadings. It is found that the diacid has a greater effect on reducing the onset of polymerization and increasing cross-link density and <i>T</i><sub>g</sub> for a given benzoxazine. However, the addition of >5 wt % of the diacid had a detrimental effect on the cross-link density, <i>T</i><sub>g</sub>, and thermal stability of the polymer. The kinetics of the polymerization of BA-a were found to be well described using an autocatalytic model for which values of <i>n</i> = 1.64 and <i>m</i> = 2.31 were obtained for the early and later stages of reaction (activation energy = 81 kJ/mol). Following recrystallization the same monomer yielded values <i>n</i> = 1.89, <i>m</i> = 0.89, and <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> = 94 kJ/mol (confirming the influence of higher oligomers on reactivity). The choice of additive (in particular the magnitude of its p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>) appears to influence the nature of the network formation from a linear toward a more clusterlike growth mechanism.
A numerical study of mixing in a microchannel with circular mixing chambers (2009)

Abstract The mixing of fluids in a microchannel is numerically investigated using three‐dimensional Navier–Stokes equations. The microchannel has circular mixing chambers that are designed to create a self‐circulating flow that operates at low Reynolds numbers. The investigations have been performed on a design that comprises of four circular mixing chambers that are joined together with constriction channels. The study has been carried out in two parts. Firstly, the mixing and the flow field are analyzed for a wide range (1–250) of the Reynolds number. Secondly, the effects of two design parameters, namely, the ratio, w/d, of the width of the constriction channel to the diameter of the circular chamber, and the angle, θ, between the outer walls of the chamber and the connection channel, on the mixing and the flow field have been evaluated. The mixing has been evaluated using a parameter, called mixing index, which is based on the variance of the mass fraction. The mixing index at the end of the device increases rapidly with the Reynolds number. The presence of a flow recirculation zone in the circular chamber is found to be effective in enhancing mixing, especially for larger Reynolds numbers. The mixing performance improves with an increase in θ, and with a decrease in w/d. The characteristics of the pressure drop have also been investigated as a function of the Reynolds number and geometric parameters. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
High-temperature gradient HPLC and LC-NMR for the analysis of complex polyolefins (2008)

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of polyolefins continues to be one of the most important areas for academic and industrial polymer research. One consequence of the development of new "tailor-made" polyolefins is the need for new and improved analytical techniques for the analysis of polyolefins with respect to molar mass and chemical composition distribution. The present article briefly reviews different new and relevant techniques for polyolefin analysis. Crystallization analysis fractionation is a powerful new technique for the analysis of short-chain branching in linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and the analysis of polyolefin blends and copolymers regarding chemical composition. For the fast analysis of the chemical composition distribution, a new high-temperature gradient high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system has been developed. The efficiency of this system for the separation of various olefin copolymers is demonstrated. The correlation between molar mass and chemical composition can be accessed by on-line coupling of high-temperature size exclusion chromatography (HT-SEC) and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. It is shown that the on-line NMR analysis of chromatographic fractions yields information on microstructure and tacticity in addition to molar mass and copolymer composition.
The successors of Constantine (1997)

In dealing with the established institutions of Rome, where Constantine had already charted the pragmatic course which would be followed by his Christian successors through the century, the emperor faced constraints against the thoroughgoing eradication of paganism which the will of God ideally required - and of which Constans and his brother were eloquently reminded about this time in Firmicus Maternus' pamphlet On the Error of Profane Religions. A more definitive legacy of Constantine's was the transformation of ecclesiastical politics into affairs of state. Constans' destroyer, Fl. Magnus Magnentius, was representative of a new breed of capaces imperii springing up in the western provinces in the fourth century. In over twenty years of defending Roman territory in the east, Amida was the first place to fall to the Persians. At Constantinople he ordered an investigation into the disaster, which resulted in Ursicinus' being retired from his command.
Digital audio watermarking; techniques and applications (2012)

Counterfeiting and piracy of intellectual properties are often pointed to as an indispensable problems across the globe, though more intense in some region than others. Currently over millions of digital audio files like digital songs are copied illegally during file-sharing over the networks, costing loss of revenue to the music and broadcasting industries. Right owners such artists, composers, and producers have been searching for ways to protect their creations, discoveries and inventions. These challenges prompted significant research in Digital Watermarking (DW) to develop efficient methods to protect copyright and authentication messages in digital audio in order to prevent forgery and impersonation. This paper brings to view techniques and applications of digital audio watermarking signals. Requirements and Methods of audio watermark were indentified and classified accordingly. A new intelligent audio watermarking technique in a combine domain is proposed to complement the current methods. It is expected that this paper will serve as a launch pad for researchers interested in audio watermarking.
A large-scale study of soft-errors on GPUs in the field (2016)

Parallelism provided by the GPU architecture has enabled domain scientists to simulate physical phenomena at a much faster rate and finer granularity than what was previously possible by CPU-based large-scale clusters. Architecture researchers have been investigating reliability characteristics of GPUs and innovating techniques to increase the reliability of these emerging computing devices. Such efforts are often guided by technology projections and simplistic scientific kernels, and performed using architectural simulators and modeling tools. Lack of large-scale field data impedes the effectiveness of such efforts. This study attempts to bridge this gap by presenting a large-scale field data analysis of GPU reliability. We characterize and quantify different kinds of soft-errors on the Titan supercomputer's GPU nodes. Our study uncovers several interesting and previously unknown insights about the characteristics and impact of soft-errors.