gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Overview of Mono-Energetic Gamma-Ray Sources and Applications (2010)

Recent progress in accelerator physics and laser technology have enabled the development of a new class of tunable gamma-ray light sources based on Compton scattering between a high-brightness, relativistic electron beam and a high intensity laser pulse produced via chirped-pulse amplification (CPA). A precision, tunable Mono-Energetic Gamma-ray (MEGa-ray) source driven by a compact, high-gradient X-band linac is currently under development and construction at LLNL. High-brightness, relativistic electron bunches produced by an X-band linac designed in collaboration with SLAC NAL will interact with a Joule-class, 10 ps, diode-pumped CPA laser pulse to generate tunable {gamma}-rays in the 0.5-2.5 MeV photon energy range via Compton scattering. This MEGaray source will be used to excite nuclear resonance fluorescence in various isotopes. Applications include homeland security, stockpile science and surveillance, nuclear fuel assay, and waste imaging and assay. The source design, key parameters, and current status are presented, along with important applications, including nuclear resonance fluorescence.
Drillstring Mechanics Model for Surveillance, Root Cause Analysis, and Mitigation of Torsional Vibrations (2014)

Summary Vibrations have been identified as one of the most-frequent and persistent performance limiters by limiting weight on bit, rate of penetration, or borehole quality even when they may be low enough not to cause damage to downhole tools and equipment. A general purpose drillstring mechanics model has been developed to analyze axial and torsional vibrations in the frequency domain and provide vibration indices indicative of dysfunction in these modes. The model uses transfer matrices to solve for harmonic perturbations around a baseline solution obtained from a torque/drag type analysis, and accounts for effects of well path, tool joints, viscous damping caused by the drilling fluid, surface-boundary conditions, bit characteristics, and special vibration mitigation tools. The model supports workflows for real-time vibration surveillance as well as post-drill root cause analysis and well redesign. For example, real-time stick/slip severity monitoring is enabled by use of 1-second surface measurements. As a well redesign tool, a large number of design alternatives can be quickly evaluated to mitigate vibrations. Case studies using high-frequency surface/downhole drilling mechanics data validated the model and identified three types of torsional dysfunctions with distinct signatures and mitigators: unstable stick/slip, an instability associated mostly with the lowest-frequency torsional resonance of the drillstring; bit/bottomhole assembly stall, which is intermittent, sudden mechanical jamming at the bottom of the drillstring; and synchronous torsional oscillation, which is the amplification of periodic excitations at torsional resonances of the drillstring. In one case study, the stick/slip surveillance tool was superior to real-time downhole measurements in lag time, bandwidth, and accuracy. In another case, the root cause of prevalent unstable stick/slip was identified as velocity-weakening aggressiveness of the bit. Of the redesign options, the use of a topdrive controller tuned to damp out the lowest-frequency torsional resonance was deemed most effective. One such controller was evaluated in the field and was very effective at mitigating stick/slip in subsequent wells.
Nanoparticle doping for improved Er-doped fiber lasers (2016)

A nanoparticle (NP) doping technique was used for making erbium-doped fibers (EDFs) for high energy lasers. The nanoparticles were doped into the silica soot of preforms, which were drawn into fibers. The Er luminescence lifetimes of the NP-doped cores are longer than those of corresponding solution-doped silica, and substantially less Al is incorporated into the NP-doped cores. Optical-to-optical slope efficiencies of greater than 71% have been measured. Initial investigations of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) have indicated that SBS suppression is achieved by NP doping, where we observed a low intrinsic Brillouin gain coefficient, of ~1× 10<sup>-11 </sup>m/W and the Brillouin bandwidth was increased by 2.5x compared to fused silica.
Reducing data-overhead of mesh-based ad hoc multicast routing protocols by steiner tree meshes (2005)

We study the problem of reducing data overhead of mesh-based multicast ad hoc routing protocols by reducing the number of forwarding nodes. We show that minimizing the number of forwarding nodes is equivalent to the problem of finding the minimal cost multicast tree. In addition, we demonstrate the problem to be NP-complete by a transformation to the Steiner tree problem. We propose a distributed heuristic algorithm based on the epidemic propagation of the number of forwarding nodes. Our simulation results show that the proposed heuristic, when implemented into ODMRP, is able to offer similar performance results and a lower average latency while improving the forwarding efficiency in around a 40-50% with respect to the original ODMRP.
Compliant Prosthetic Or Robotic Joint (1989)

Rotation partly free and partly restrained by resilience and damping. Joint includes U-shaped x- and y-axis frames joined by cables that cross in at center piece. The y-axis frame rotates about y-axis on roller bearing within predetermined angular range. The y-axis frame rotates slightly farther when arm strikes stop, because cables can twist. This mimics compliant resistance of knee joint reaching limit of its forward or backward motion. Used in prosthetic device to replace diseased or damage human joint, or in robot linkage to limit movement and cushion overloads.
Genomics, Signaling, and Treatment of Waldenström Macroglobulinemia (2017)

Next-generation sequencing has revealed recurring somatic mutations in Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). Commonly recurring mutations include MYD88 (95% to 97%), CXCR4 (30% to 40%), ARID1A (17%), and CD79B (8% to 15%). Diagnostic discrimination of WM from overlapping B-cell malignancies is aided by MYD88 mutation status. Transcription is affected by MYD88 and CXCR4 mutations and includes overexpression of genes involved in VDJ recombination, CXCR4 pathway signaling, and BCL2 family members. Among patients with MYD88 mutations, those with CXCR4 mutations show transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressors associated with acquisition of mutated MYD88. Deletions involving chromosome 6q are common and include genes that modulate nuclear factor-κB, BCL2, BTK, apoptosis, differentiation, and ARID1B. Non-chromosome 6q genes are also frequently deleted and include LYN, a regulator of B-cell receptor signaling. MYD88 and CXCR4 mutations affect WM disease presentation and treatment outcome. Patients with wild-type MYD88 show lower bone marrow disease burden and serum immunoglobulin M levels but show an increased risk of death. Patients with CXCR4 mutations have higher bone marrow disease burden, and those with nonsense CXCR4 mutations have higher serum immunoglobulin M levels and incidence of symptomatic hyperviscosity. Mutated MYD88 triggers BTK, IRAK1/IRAK4, and HCK growth and survival signaling, whereas CXCR4 mutations promote AKT and extracellular regulated kinase-1/2 signaling and drug resistance in the presence of its ligand CXCL12. Ibrutinib is active in patients with WM and is affected by MYD88 and CXCR4 mutation status. Patients with mutated MYD88 and wild-type CXCR4 mutation status exhibit best responses to ibrutinib. Lower response rates and delayed responses to ibrutinib are associated with mutated CXCR4 in patients with WM. MYD88 and CXCR4 mutation status may be helpful in treatment selection for symptomatic patients. Novel therapeutic approaches under investigation include therapeutics targeting MYD88, CXCR4, and BCL2 signaling.
Nickel Silicide Nanowire Arrays for Anti‐Reflective Electrodes in Photovoltaics (2012)

Abstract Conductive nanowires (NWs) provide several advantages as a template and electrode material for solar cells due to their favorable light scattering properties. While the majority of NW solar cell architectures studied are based on semiconductor materials, metallic NWs could provide equivalent anti‐reflection properties, while acting as a low‐resistance back contact for charge transport, and facilitate light scattering in thin layers of semiconductors coated on the surface. However, fabrication of single‐crystalline highly anti‐reflective NWs on low‐cost, flexible substrates remains a challenge to drive down the cost of NW solar cells. In this study, metallic Ni x Si NW arrays are fabricated by a simple, bottom‐up, and low‐cost method based on the thermal decomposition of silane on the surface of flexible Ni foil substrates without the need for lithography, etching or catalysts. The optical properties of these NW arrays demonstrate broadband suppression of reflection to levels below 1% from 350 nm to 1100 nm, which is among the highest values reported for NWs. A simple route to control the diameter and density of the NWs is introduced based on variations in a carrier gas flow rate. A high‐resolution TEM, XRD and TEM‐EDS study of the NWs reveals that they are single crystalline, with the phase and composition varying between Ni 2 Si and NiSi. The nanowire resistivity is measured to be 10 −4 Ω‐cm, suggesting their use as an efficient back electrode material for nanostructured solar cells with favorable light scattering properties.
<i>FetalQuant</i>: deducing fractional fetal DNA concentration from massively parallel sequencing of DNA in maternal plasma (2012)

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Parallel Inferencing For Rule-Based Expert Systems (1991)

Improved approach to development of expert-system computer programs increases speed of execution on parallel processors; that is, on multiple coordinated computers operating simultaneously, each on different part of problem. Based on detection and analysis of hidden parallelism in knowledge bases (collections of if...then... rules) and exploitation of this parallelism to maximize speed of execution on parallel processors connected to each other in hypercube configuration.
A detection instrument for enhanced-fluorescence and label-free imaging on photonic crystal surfaces (2009)

We report on the design and demonstration of an optical imaging system capable of exciting surface-bound fluorophores within the resonant evanescent electric field of a photonic crystal surface and gathering fluorescence emission that is directed toward the imaging objective by the photonic crystal. The system also has the ability to quantify shifts in the local resonance angle induced by the adsorption of biomolecules on the photonic crystal surface for label-free biomolecular imaging. With these two capabilities combined within a single detection system, we demonstrate label-free images self-registered to enhanced fluorescence images with 328x more sensitive fluorescence detection relative to a glass surface. This technique is applied to a DNA microarray where label-free quantification of immobilized capture DNA enables improved quality control and subsequent enhanced fluorescence detection of dye-tagged hybridized DNA yields 3x more genes to be detected versus commercially available microarray substrates.
Spray drying of drug-swellable dispersant suspensions for preparation of fast-dissolving, high drug-loaded, surfactant-free nanocomposites (2014)

Bioavailability of a poorly soluble drug can be improved by preparing a drug nanosuspension and subsequently drying it into nanocomposite microparticles (NCMPs). Unfortunately, drug nanoparticles aggregate during milling and drying, causing incomplete recovery and slow dissolution. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of various classes of dispersants on drug dissolution from drug NCMPs, with the ultimate goal of enhancing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs via high drug nanoparticle loaded, surfactant-free NCMPs. Precursor suspensions of griseofulvin (GF, model drug) nanoparticles in the presence of various dispersants were prepared via wet stirred media milling and spray dried to form the NCMPs. Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC, polymer) alone and with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, surfactant) was used as a base-line stabilizer/dispersant during milling. Two swellable crosslinked polymers, croscarmellose sodium (CCS) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG), and a conventional soluble matrix former, Mannitol, were used in addition to HPC. Besides being used as-received, CCS was also wet co-milled with GF for two different durations to examine the impact of CCS particle size. Laser diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV spectroscopy, NCMP redispersion and dissolution tests were used for characterization. The results show that incorporation of CCS/SSG, preferably wet-milled to a wide particle size distribution, into the spray-dried NCMPs resulted in fast release and dispersion of drug nanoparticle clusters. The swellable dispersants were superior to Mannitol in dissolution enhancement, and could achieve fast release comparable to SDS, demonstrating the feasibility of spray drying to prepare high drug-loaded, surfactant-free nanocomposites.
Ethylene Carbonate/2‐Methyltetrahydrofuran Electrolyte for Li/Amorphous  V 2 O 5 ‐  P 2 O  Secondary Batteries (1986)

The electrolyte characteristics of ethylene carbonate/2MeTHF/LiAsF6 and the cell properties of Li//ethylene carbonate/2MeTHF//1.5M LiAsF6//a-V2O5-P2O5 relevant to lithium secondary batteries are reported. The electrolyte conductivity showed a maximum value when the ethylene carbonate/2MeTHF mixing volume ratio is around 1/1 at 25 C. The maximum conductivity shifted to a higher 2MeTHF mixing ratio with decreasing temperature. The ethylene carbonate/2MeTHF electrolyte, because of its higher conductivity, showed better utilization than the 2MeTHF electrolyte. Figures of merit of ethylene carbonate/2MeTHF electrolytes showed strong dependence on the amount of impurity. Typical cycling results at 25 C show a linear charge-discharge profile. It is concluded that the ethylene carbonate/2MeTHF//LiAsF6 electrolyte is excellent for achieving a high charge-discharge rate and a long cycle life in Li batteries and can work even at low temperatures. 6 references.
5.3: Novel Design for Color Electrochromic Display (2011)

Abstract We have developed a technology for a new full‐color reflective electrochromic display ECD based on the subtractive color mixing model. This improves display brightness and color reproducibility. Additional advantage is simple production process. An active matrix driving of the full‐color reflective ECD has been demonstrated successfully.
Improving SNR with a maximum likelihood compressed sensing decoder for multiplexed PET detectors (2010)

We present two novel contributions for multiplexing PET detectors. First, we develop a new theoretical framework for investigating multiplexing schemes for PET detectors using the theory of "compressed sensing" (CS). Second, we develop a new CS decoder that improves the multiplexing SNR. Because the photon events in PET are discrete, the detected photon signals are very sparse. CS theory can be used to specify multiplexing topologies that minimize the number of unique readout channels. In the case of readout for a PET detector array, CS can determine detector sampling criteria for effective "decoding" of the individual detector pixel signals and guide the design of multiplexing topologies for PET detector readouts. However, conventional CS methods do not account for the underlying noise model. Therefore, we develop a new method for decoding multiplexed detector signals that optimizes the SNR of the decoded detector pixel signals using maximum likelihood estimation, which we refer to as "maximum likelihood CS" (ML-CS) decoding. Using these results, we can describe any multiplexing readout scheme using a unified mathematical framework and formulate the optimal SNR estimator for recovering all detector signal information necessary to determine event interaction location, arrival time and energy with high precision. This ML-CS decoder can be applied to any multiplexing scheme such as standard Anger logic decoding. In this study, we study several different electronic multiplexing schemes for a given photodetector array design and use simulation studies to evaluate this new method. For example, for a conventional electronic multiplexing configuration known as "cross-strip multiplexing", we show that the ML-CS decoding algorithm can improve the SNR by 20-55% over conventional cross-strip readout decoding.
Towards End-to-End Reinforcement Learning of Dialogue Agents for Information Access (2017)

Bhuwan Dhingra, Lihong Li, Xiujun Li, Jianfeng Gao, Yun-Nung Chen, Faisal Ahmed, Li Deng. Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2017.
Learning a Fixed-Length Fingerprint Representation (2019)

We present DeepPrint, a deep network, which learns to extract fixed-length fingerprint representations of only 200 bytes. DeepPrint incorporates fingerprint domain knowledge, including alignment and minutiae detection, into the deep network architecture to maximize the discriminative power of its representation. The compact, DeepPrint representation has several advantages over the prevailing variable length minutiae representation which (i) requires computationally expensive graph matching techniques, (ii) is difficult to secure using strong encryption schemes (e.g., homomorphic encryption), and (iii) has low discriminative power in poor quality fingerprints where minutiae extraction is unreliable. We benchmark DeepPrint against two top performing COTS SDKs (Verifinger and Innovatrics) from the NIST and FVC evaluations. Coupled with a re-ranking scheme, the DeepPrint rank-1 search accuracy on the NIST SD4 dataset against a gallery of 1.1 million fingerprints is comparable to the top COTS matcher, but it is significantly faster (DeepPrint: 98.80% in 0.3 seconds vs. COTS A: 98.85% in 27 seconds). To the best of our knowledge, the DeepPrint representation is the most compact and discriminative fixed-length fingerprint representation reported in the academic literature.
Geometry optimization of electrically floating PET inserts for improved RF penetration for a 3 T MRI system (2018)

Our study results provide comprehensive guidance on the geometrical design aspects of RF-penetrable PET inserts for efficient RF penetration inside the PET ring. By choosing proper geometric design parameters, we could get the RF field that was similar to the MRI-only case.
A 0.8-8.8-GHz image rejection microwave photonic downconverter (2000)

We report the performance of a wideband image rejection microwave downconverter which maps 0.8-8.8 GHz signals into intermediate frequencies between 1-2 GHz. Measurements performed on the system reveal an image rejection of greater than 150 dB and a spur free dynamic range of 106 dB/Hz/sup 2/3/. In addition, spurious signals present in the original system have been removed.
A New Process to Produce High-Quality PCC by the Causticizing Process in a Kraft Pulp Mill (2008)

A new process has been developed to produce high-quality precipitated calcium carbonate as a paper filler by using the causticizing process in a kraft pulp mill. The causticizing process converts green liquor into white liquor in the kraft pulp mill, producing calcium carbonate as a by-product. If the calcium carbonate (CCC) produced by causticizing could be extracted from the process and used as a papermaking material and if makeup quick-lime for white-liquor generation were supplied, rotary lime-kiln operation could be reduced or eliminated, and the consumption of fuel oil and the resulting discharge of carbon dioxide gas could be reduced. However, conventional CCC includes nonuniform particles with large diameters, which cause severe abrasion of plastic wire on paper machines and poor opacity of paper when it is used as a paper filler. To overcome these disadvantages, the challenge was to find a way to control the morphology of CCC produced from causticizing in the same manner as that of commercial precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). In conventional causticizing, green liquor is mixed with quicklime to produce CCC and white liquor in two steps: slaking of quicklime with water, and causticizing of the slaked lime with sodium carbonate. When these two reactions were separated and precisely controlled, it was found that CCC was obtained in various forms such as rice-, spindle-, and needle-like particles, some of which demonstrated high opacifying ability and little plastic-wire abrasion when used as paper fillers. In particular, the needle-like aragonite CCC crystal produced in this way demonstrated higher opacity in papermaking than commercial aragonite PCC. Based on these laboratory findings, the reactor was scaled up successfully to a mill-scale plant producing needle-like CCC at the Iwakuni mill of Nippon Paper Industries. This plant has been producing good-quality CCC for paper filler and good-quality white liquor for the last five years.
Ubiquitin‐dependent sperm quality control mechanism recognizes spermatozoa with DNA defects as revealed by dual ubiquitin‐TUNEL assay (2002)

Defective mammalian spermatozoa become ubiquitinated during epididymal passage, a mechanism that may mark the abnormal spermatozoa for proteolytic destruction (Sutovsky et al., 2001a: J Cell Sci 114:1665-1675). It is not known how such spermatozoa are recognized by the epididymal ubiquitination pathway and whether there is a selection against certain types of sperm defects. We examined the relationship between sperm ubiqutination, lifelong sperm morphology and sperm DNA defects using a single chanel, ubiquitin-activated flow cytometric assay, and a dual, ubiquitin-TUNEL assay. Semen samples from nine service sires of good-to-average fertility were screened. A positive correlation was found between sperm ubiquitination and the average frequency of morphological semen abnormalities from field evaluations performed throughout the reproductive life of individual sires. Sample correlation coefficients were r=0.65 for primary (head and tail) and r=0.60 for total semen abnormalities in the single channel assay. In a dual assay, we found a high, positive correlation (r=0.93) between the ubiquitin-positive sperm and the TUNEL positive sperm. Substantial correlations (r=0.47-0.64) were observed when the measurements from these two respective assays were compared for individual sires. While anti-ubiquitin antibodies recognized most of the TUNEL-positive sperm cells, the TUNEL-positive spermatozoa represented only a subset (approximately 20-40%) of all ubiquitin-positive cells. It appears that the ubiquitin-dependent sperm quality control, residing in the epididymal epithelium, has the ability to detect spermatozoa with apoptotic or necrotic DNA, while spermatozoa with defects other than DNA fragmentation are also recognized and ubiquitinated.