gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Self-Coherent Systems for Short Reach Transmission (2018)

We review self-coherent receiver schemes that enable >100 Gb/s per-wavelength transmission over ~100 km of fiber. We discuss in detail recent progress on Kramers-Kronig receivers.
Measurement of Therapeutic Proton Beam Using a Fiber-Optic Cerenkov Radiation Sensor (2014)

Tumor therapy using the high-energy radiation has evolved over the decades as typical non-invasive treatment method due to its advantage compared with surgery. But, the radiotherapy can damage or destroy normal cells as well as destroying tumor cells and cause side effects of treatment. Even though most side effects are temporary, these effects can be extremely fatal for patient. Therefore, the exact measurement of the exposure dose of patient during radiation therapy is very important for patient safety. In the case of the conventional fiber-optic radiation sensor that consists of a scintillator for high-energy radiation dosimetry, additional correction is necessary due to the quenching effects of the scintillator. In this study, we measured the exposure dose of the high-energy proton beam without the scintillator by using the Cerenkov radiation that generated inside the plastic optical fiber. As a result of this study, we confirmed a Bragg peak of the proton beam without a scintillator. Also it was in good agreement with the result of the ionization chamber.
Matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionization mass spectrometry of proteins using a free-electron laser (1995)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the most promising techniques for spectral fingerprinting large molecules, such as proteins, oligonucleotides and carbohydrates. In the usual implementation of this technique, the analyte molecule is dissolved in an aromatic liquid matrix material which resonantly absorbs ultraviolet laser light. Resonant absorption by {pi}-{pi}* transitions volatilizes the matrix and initiates subsequent charge transfer to the analyte molecules, which are detected by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Recent MALDI-MS studies with Er:YAG (2.94 {mu}m) and CO{sub 2}{sup 4} (9.4-10.6 {mu}m) lasers suggest that them is significant unexplored potential for mass spectrometry of macromolecules, including oligonucleotide, in the mid-infrared. Preliminary experiments show that it is possible to capitalize on the rich rovibronic absorption spectrum of virtually all organics to initiate resonant desorption in matrix material over the entire range of pH values. However, the mechanism of charge transfer is particularly problematic for infrared MALDI because of the low photon energy. In this paper, we report the results of MALI-MS studies on small proteins using the Vanderbilt FEL and several matrix materials. Proteins with masses up to roughly 6,000 amu were detected with high resolution in a linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer. By varying the pulse durationmore » using a broadband Pockels cell, we have been able to compare the results of relatively long (5 {mu}s) and short (0.1 {mu}s) irradiation on the desorption and ionization processes. Compared to uv-MALDI spectra of identical analytes obtained with a nitrogen laser (337 nm) in the same time-of-flight spectrometer, the infrared results appear to show that the desorption and ionization process goes on over a somewhat longer time scale.« less
Method and apparatus for monitoring two-phase flow. [PWR] (1975)

A method and apparatus for monitoring two-phase flow is provided that is particularly related to the monitoring of transient two-phase (liquid-vapor) flow rates such as may occur during a pressurized water reactor core blow-down. The present invention essentially comprises the use of flanged wire screens or similar devices, such as perforated plates, to produce certain desirable effects in the flow regime for monitoring purposes. One desirable effect is a measurable and reproducible pressure drop across the screen. The pressure drop can be characterized for various known flow rates and then used to monitor nonhomogeneous flow regimes. Another useful effect of the use of screens or plates in nonhomogeneous flow is that such apparatus tends to create a uniformly dispersed flow regime in the immediate downstream vicinity. This is a desirable effect because it usually increases the accuracy of flow rate measurements determined by conventional methods.
Biobased extraction and depolymerization technology for PHA, PHA monomers, and biomass hydrolysate production (2018)

Aiming at a feasible industrial scale bioplastic (PHAs) production, a microbial-based PHA-extraction technique was developed and investigated for extraction of different kinds of PHAs and a variety of well-studied producing microbial strains. This technology could make bioplastics production free of the use of organic solvents or other recovery chemicals. The technology allows the co-production of other valuable components from non-PHA cellular biomass. Moreover, an enzymatic depolymerization process was developed to produce PHA monomers form the recovered native granules. Via this technology, high-value products can be produced and explored for different innovative applications. Developing and upscaling this bio-based technology could help in production of bioplastic, it monomers, and single-cell hydrolysate at minimum cost and zero-wastes.
The videoharp: an optical scanning MIDI controller (1991)

The videoharp is an optical-scanning musical instrument controller which senses multiple-finger gestures. It works by detecting the images of a performer's fingertips. From the images, the position and velocity of each fingertip is deduced. This information is translated into MIDI, which is then used to drive synthesizers for sound production. The translation is programmable, enabling the instrument to be played using different articulation techniques. The videoharp may be played with harp-like or keyboard-like gestures, by bowing or drumming motions, or by motions with no analogue in existing instrument technique.
T20/DP178, an Ectodomain Peptide of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41, Is an Activator of Human Phagocyte N-Formyl Peptide Receptor (1999)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope protein gp41 mediates viral fusion with human host cells. The peptide segment T20/DP178, located in the C-terminus of the ectodomain of gp41, interacts with the N-terminal leucine zipper-like domain on gp41 to establish the fusogenic conformation of the virus. Synthetic T20/DP178 peptide is highly efficacious in inhibiting HIV-1 infection in vitro by disrupting the transformation of fusogenic status of viral gp41; thus, it has been proposed for clinical trial. We report that synthetic T20/DP178 is a chemoattractant and activator of human peripheral blood phagocytes but not of T lymphocytes. We further demonstrate that T20/DP178 specifically activates a seven-transmembrane, G-protein-coupled phagocyte receptor for N-formylated chemotactic peptides, formyl peptide receptor (FPR). Moreover, synthetic T20/DP178 analogs lacking N-terminal amino acids acted as FPR antagonists. Our results suggest that gp41 peptides regulate phagocyte function via FPR and identify a novel mechanism by which HIV-1 may modulate innate immunity.
Selecting the best constellation for mobile satellite services (1996)

The purpose of this paper is to reexamine the orbit selection process for communications satellite systems. The paper relates constellation characteristics to factors which influence cost and quality from the end user perspective. The paper describes important consumer quality considerations and relates technical features of constellations to perceived benefits. The paper includes graphical presentations of fundamental technical parameters as a function of orbit altitude and constellation configuration. The parametric data include: time delay, path loss (including slant range effects), coverage areas visible from space, number of satellites required for global coverage, eclipse cycles, and elevation angles from the ground. Several performance enhancement techniques are also examined, including: diversity service, stereo transmission, directed coverage, and link margins. The paper quantifies performance factors contributed by the space segment, Earth stations, terrestrial networks, and user terminals. The analysis shows that some satellite constellations offer features which will increase system capacity, improve service to selected regions, reduce the need for subscriber cooperation, and reduce the risk of call disconnect. The paper shows how the currently proposed systems compare in the continuum of possible constellations. (Author)
Efficient object sampling via weak references (2000)

The performance of automatic memory management may be improved if the policies used in allocating and collecting objects had knowledge of the lifetimes of objects. To date, approaches to the pretenuring of objects in older generations have relied on profile-driven feedback gathered from trace runs. This feedback has been used to specialize allocation sites in a program. These approaches suffer from a number of limitations. We propose an alternative that through efficient sampling of objects allows for on-line adaption of allocation sites to improve the efficiency of the memory system. In doing so, we make use of a facility already present in many collectors such as those found in Java™ virtual machines: weak references. By judiciously tracking a subset of allocated objects with weak references, we are able to gather the necessary statistics to make better object-placement decisions.
Modeling of planar varactor frequency multiplier devices with blocking barriers (1992)

Models for optimization of planar frequency triplers with symmetrical C-V curves are presented. The roles and and limitations of various blocking barriers (oxide, Mott, heterojunction) are discussed. Devices with undoped drift regions (BIN) gave moderate efficiency but a broad range of power generation, whereas the devices with doped drift regions (BNN) have high efficiency in a narrower power window. In particular, an upper power limit of the BNN is caused by electron velocity saturation. Implementations in SiO/sub 2/-Si and AlAs-GaAs and means for increasing the power of BNN structures are considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Extended Virtual Table: An Optical Extension for Table-Like Projection Systems (2001)

A prototype of an optical extension for table-like rear-projection systems is described. A large, half-silvered mirror beam splitter is used as the optical combiner to unify a virtual and a real workbench. The virtual workbench has been enabled to display computer graphics beyond its projection boundaries and to combine virtual environments with the adjacent real world. A variety of techniques are described and referred to that allow indirect interaction with virtual objects through the mirror. Furthermore, the optical distortion that is caused by the half-silvered mirror combiner is analyzed, and techniques are presented to compensate for this distortion.
Plasma concentrations of angiogenic/anti-angiogenic factors have prognostic value in women presenting with suspected preeclampsia to the obstetrical triage area: a prospective study (2013)

The determination of angiogenic/anti-angiogenic factors has prognostic value in patients presenting to the obstetrical triage area with suspected PE for the identification of those requiring preterm delivery and at risk for adverse maternal/neonatal outcomes.
[Advances in understanding of clinical presentations and molecular mechanisms of triplet repeat diseases]. (1999)

Triplet repeat diseases are diseases caused by unstable expansion of trinucleotide repeats in the causative genes. Identification of the causative genes has made it possible to understand the clinical presentations and molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration caused by expanded triplet repeat diseases. In the triplet repeat diseases caused by expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeats, the CAG repeats code for polyglutamine stretches. Evidences, which indicate that proteins with expanded polyglutamine stretches result in aggregate formation and induce apoptosis, are accumulating, and it is expected that development of therapeutic measures for triplet repeat diseases will become a reality in the near future.
New Approach to Chemically Induced Silicon Oxidation (1991)

The project New Approach to Chemically Induced Silicon Oxidation suggested a new and different approach to oxidation by the addition of small concentrations of a fluorine compound to the oxidation strain. This novel approach was successfully carried out within the framework of state-of-the-art oxidation technology. The objectives for the study were divided into four sections and the core elements of these sections are: study of oxidation kinetics with original source dichlorofluorethane, (Study of temperature, time, volume additions); involves MOS characterization and effect of hot carriers; influence of this process on stacking faults, furnace ambients and other oxidation related effects; and investigate use of other compounds for this purpose.
<title>Optically Pumped Ultraviolet And Infrared Lasers Driven By Exploding Metal Films And Wires</title> (1983)

The 342-nm molecular iodine and 1315-nm atomic iodine lasers have been optically pumped by intense light from exploding-metal-film and exploding-wire discharges. Brightness temperatures for the exploding-film discharges were -25,000 K and for the wire discharges were -30,000 K. For the 12 laser the 3.5-cm diameter by 40-cm long pumped volume lies adjacent to the wire or film of the same length. Pressures of 1-6 torr 12 and 1-3 atm SF; CF4, or Ar were used in the stainless-steel cell. Using 20-pF capacitance charged to 40 kV, a 0.25-mm tungsten wire, 3-torr 12, and a 2-atm SF6, an energy of 2 J was obtained from the laser in a pulse of 8-Ns duration. The specific output energy was 7 J/k. Substitution of a cylin-drical A2 film for the wire, under otherwise similar conditions, led to a X10 output energy reduction. With an active volume and wire of 70-cm length greater output energies and efficiencies were obtained with similar input energy. An output pulse of 12 J and 12-ps duration was measured for a specific output energy of 18 J/ℓ. A laser energy of 110 J in a 20-us-long pulse has been measured from atomic iodine using a wire discharge along the axis of a larger cell. The active volume available was 20 cm in diameter and 80 cm in length. Input energy was 32 kJ. In similar measurements using a cylindrical AR, film for discharge initiation, the measured output energy was 40 J.
Converse magnetoelectric effect in laminated composites of PMN–PT single crystal and Terfenol-D alloy (2006)

We have found experimentally and theoretically that laminated composites comprising one layer of length-magnetized Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.92 (Terfenol-D) magnetostrictive alloy sandwiched between two layers of thickness-polarized, electro-parallel-connected 0.7Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3–0.3PbTiO3 (PMN–PT) piezoelectric single crystal have a large converse magnetoelectric effect characterized by a large magnetic induction in response to an applied ac voltage. The reported converse magnetoelectric effect originates from the product of the converse piezoelectric effect in the PMN–PT layers and the converse magnetostrictive effect in the Terfenol-D layer. Large converse magnetoelectric coefficient in excess of 105mG∕V is obtained in the composites at a low magnetic bias field of 170Oe. The measured magnetic induction has an excellent linear relationship to the applied ac voltage with amplitude varying from 50to160V. These made the composites to be a promising material for direct realization of core-free magnetic flux control devices.
Position-sensorless control method at low speed for permanent magnet synchronous motors using induced voltage caused by magnetic saturation (2010)

A new position-sensorless method has been developed for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive at low speed. This method utilizes the induced voltage caused by magnetic saturation of PMSM. The rotor position can be detected by using the open phase voltage of a conventional 120-degree commutation. No harmonic injection is needed. This paper discusses the principle of the proposed method and the experimental results.
A Process and Temperature Compensated Two-Stage Ring Oscillator (2007)

Local positive feedback in a delay element enables a ring oscillator with only two stages to oscillate and produce quadrature clocks. Routh-Hurwitz's criterion is applied to prove that such a structure can oscillate. An internally generated power supply from a constant-gm bias keeps the free running frequency to within ±5% from -40 to 125°C over process variations. The 1.25GHz oscillator in 0.13μm CMOS draws 3.4mA and has a phase noise of -88dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset.
Gate‐recessed normally‐off GaN‐on‐ Si HEMT using a new O<sub>2</sub>‐BCl<sub>3</sub> digital etching technique (2010)

Abstract A new, semi‐self‐limiting, digital etch process using separate oxygen (O 2 ) and boron trichloride (BCl 3 ) plasmas to sequentially remove layers of material from AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) on the order of a few angstroms per cycle is presented. This novel digital or atomic layer etching (ALE) technique was used for the conversion of AlGaN/GaN HEMT devices from depletion mode (normally‐on operation) to enhancement mode (normally‐off operation). For a fixed BCl 3 time of 60 sec per cycle, the etch rate per cycle was increased from 1.4 nm/cycle to 2.5 nm/cycle by increasing the O 2 time per cycle from zero to 15 seconds, and remained fairly constant with higher O 2 time per cycle for a self‐limiting etch process. Two GaN‐on‐Si wafers from the same CVD growth were processed side‐by‐side using the device layout and process steps, except for the depletion‐to‐enhancement conversion step, to compare ALE and fluorine treatment. The ALE‐processed had a peak g m of 250 mS/mm, 67% higher than the fluorine‐treatment process. The ALE process resulted in a threshold voltage variation of +/‐ 150 mV across the 3 inch wafer (σ = 63 mV), which was less than half of that of the fluorine‐treatment wafer. The three‐terminal breakdown voltage of the ALE‐processed wafer exceeded 1100 V, which is the first demonstration of such a high voltage device using GaN‐on‐Si and a gate recess technique, and the drain leakage current was in the μA/mm range at 1100 V. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Studies on the Common Active Site of Growth Hormone (1976)

From the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York SUMMARY A fragment, A-II, isolated from a component of a tryptic digest of bovine growth hormone has growth-promoting ac- tivity in rats and metabolic activity in humans similar to human growth hormone. The amino acid sequence of this peptide has been reinvestigated and revised. The 38-amino acid peptide was cleaved with cyanogen bromide, chymo- trypsin, and trypsin. The amino acid sequences were then established by Edman degradation as well as with overlap- ping peptides. Homology in the sequence was good between this bovine growth hormone fragment and peptides occurring in ovine growth hormone, human growth hormone, and hu- man chorionic somatomammotropin. From limited tryptic digests of bGH’ (1, 2), a homogeneous component (3) has been isolated and dissociated to yield a large and a small
Aorta and Runoff Vessels: Single-Injection MR Angiography with Automated Table Movement Compared with Multiinjection Time-resolved MR Angiography—Initial Results (2001)

The authors compared two techniques for performing runoff, contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiography. Multiinjection time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics (TRICKS) and single-injection bolus-chase MR angiographic examinations were performed in 10 volunteers and 10 patients. Image quality and venous overlay of the major blood vessels of the abdomen, thigh, and calf were evaluated. Significantly more (P <.05) vessels were depicted with diagnostic quality on multiinjection TRICKS than on single-injection bolus-chase MR angiographic images.
Characteristics and function of human hemoglobin vesicles as an oxygen carrier (2000)

A liposome-encapsulated human hemoglobin (Neo Red Cell, (NRC) has been developed and evaluated as an artificial oxygen carrier. The NRC is a liposome-encapsulated highly concentrated (>45%) stroma-free human hemoglobin with inositol hexaphosphate (IHP as an allosteric effector), a coenzyme and substrates for reducing methemoglobin (metHb). The NRC's surface was coated with polyethylene glycol to prevent aggregation in plasma and to prolong their retention time in the blood stream. The oxygen binding behavior of the NRC in vitro was investigated and it was found that it effectively transports oxygen in vivo as an oxygen carrier. The oxygen binding behavior and kinetics were studied by the stopped-flow method and the oxygen binding curve of the NRC was determined. The oxygen binding speed and binding coefficient (Kon) of NRC, washed human red blood cells (WRBC) and stroma-free human hemoglobin (SFHb) were measured by stopped-flow method. The oxygen binding speed of SFHb was the highest, while that of RBC was the lowest and that of NRC was intermediate. The oxygen binding of NRC ended within 60 msec when deoxy-NRC was mixed with oxygen. The Kon of NRC was 2.9 × 105, 10 times faster than that of RBC. The oxygen binding curve and P50O2 of NRC that contained various IHP concentrations were measured. The oxygen-binding curve of the NRC sequentially shifted to the right as the IHP content was increased. Exchange transfusion of 70% was carried out for rats with NRC containing various concentrations of IHP and of Hb, and investigated the optimum concentration of NRC in vivo. The lactate value after exchange transfusion was three times higher than before exchange transfusion, when rats were subjected to exchange transfused with NRC that did not contain IHP. But the increase of lactate was suppressed when rats were transfused with NRC that contained IHP. When the Hb concentration of NRC was 5 and 6%, exchange transfused rats recovered to normality just like rats transfused with RBC. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risto-Projections TOF Data Non-Rigid Motion Estimation and Correction (2020)

With advancements in PET technology, scanners with a very good time-of-flight (TOF) resolution became available. In addition, scanners with long axial extent are now commercialized. Although raw data sizes increase significantly with such scanners, good TOF resolution allows substantial data compression without any loss of spatial resolution: for example, the histo-projections with relatively coarse sampling in the TOF direction in the Siemens Biograph Vision and Vision Quadra PET/CT scanners. The patient motion during the scan is unavoidable. The pattern caused by breathing may result in a relatively large displacement of organs and the consequent blurring of clinically relevant features in regions affected by the motion. As was shown in our previous work, non-rigid motion correction can be performed in the quasi-image space of histo-projections. The TOF locality property can be used to locally perform motion correction; that is, the approximation of motion as locally rigid on a scale of TOF resolution. In this work, we investigate motion estimation in the TOF data space from histo-images by histogramming the data into a 3D array consistent (in geometry and size) with the reconstruction image. The histo-image estimated motion is then used in histo-projections motion correction. Initial results using an XCAT digital phantom showed that the presented methodology accommodates for changes in non-rigid body movements for a typical pattern of patient motion. The patient scan on newly developed Biograph Vision Quadra PET/CT scanner was used in validation of presented motion correction.