gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance of Nanodiamonds <I>In Vivo</I>; Implementation of Selective Imaging and Fast Sampling (2014)

Single-molecule fluorescence measurements of biological samples frequently suffer from background autofluorescence originating from fluorescent materials pre-existing in living samples, and from unstable photo-physical properties of fluorescent labeling molecules. In this study, we first describe our method of selective imaging of nanodiamonds containing nitrogen-vacancy centers, promising fluorescent color centers, by a combination of optically detected magnetic resonance. The resultant images exhibit perfect elimination of extraneous fluorescence in real-time microscope observations. As the practical example applied to an in vivo system, we measured the resonance spectrum of nanodiamonds introduced into the intestine of Caenorhabditis elegans in the clear background and compared the spectral profile over time. The observed evolution strongly suggests that the rotation of the nanodiamond was detected. We also report our recent progress in the development of a spectrometer equipped with an avalanche photo-diode for fast sampling of photons, which can be used while observing the selective image of a field of view in a real-time manner. This apparatus is suitable for exploring dynamics through the measurement of fluctuation in fluorescence intensity caused by a rotating nanodiamond.
A Novel Synthesis of Polyacrolein Microspheres and Their Application for Cell Labeling and Cell Separation (1981)

A novel method for the synthesis of polyacrolein microspheres with fluorescent or magnetic properties is described. These microspheres carry reactive aldehyde groups on their surface, which are used for covalent binding of various proteins at physiological pH. Polyacrolein microspheres may be used as a simple tool for cell labeling and cell separation. The feasibility of specific labeling of fresh human red blood cells and of the separation of human red blood cells from turkey red blood cells by means of a magnetic field is discussed.
A controllable nanomechanical memory element (2004)

We report the realization of a completely controllable high-speed nanomechanical memory element fabricated from single-crystal silicon wafers. This element consists of a doubly clamped suspended nanomechanical beam structure, which can be made to switch controllably between two stable and distinct states at a single frequency in the megahertz range. Because of their submicron size and high normal-mode frequencies, these nanomechanical memory elements offer the potential to rival the current state-of-the-art electronic data storage and processing.
Thy1 (CD90) controls adipogenesis by regulating activity of the Src family kinase, Fyn (2014)

Worldwide obesity rates are at epidemic levels, and new insight into the regulation of obesity and adipogenesis are required. Thy1 (CD90), a cell surface protein with an enigmatic function, is expressed on subsets of fibroblasts and stem cells. We used a diet-induced obesity model to show that Thy1-null mice gain weight at a faster rate and gain 30% more weight than control C57BL/6 mice. During adipogenesis, Thy1 expression is lost in mouse 3T3-L1 cells. Overexpression of Thy1 blocked adipocyte formation and reduced mRNA and protein expression of an adipocyte marker, fatty acid-binding protein 4, by 5-fold. Although preadipocyte fibroblasts expressed Thy1 mRNA and protein, adipocytes from mouse and human fat tissue had almost undetectable Thy1 levels. Thy1 decreases the activity of the adipogenic transcription factor PPARγ by more than 60% as shown by PPARγ-dependent reporter assays. Using both genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we show Thy1 expression dampens PPARγ by inhibiting the activity of the Src-family kinase, Fyn. Thus, these studies reveal Thy1 blocks adipogenesis and PPARγ by inhibiting Fyn and support the idea that Thy1 is a novel therapeutic target in obesity.
IL4-10 fusion protein: a novel immunoregulatory drug combining activities of interleukin 4 and interleukin 10 (2018)

The objective of this study was to test the capacity of a newly developed fusion protein of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-10 [IL4-10 fusion protein (FP)] to shift multiple pro-inflammatory pathways towards immune regulation, and to inhibit pro-inflammatory activity in arthritis models. The effects of IL4-10 FP in comparison with IL-4, IL-10 and IL-4 plus IL-10 on pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, T cells and immunoglobulin (Ig) receptors in favour of immunoregulatory activity were studied. In addition, the capacity of IL4-10 FP to inhibit pro-inflammatory activity in ex-vivo and in-vivo arthritis models was investigated. IL4-10 FP robustly inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine [IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6 and IL-8] production in whole blood cultures, mediated by both the IL-10 and the IL-4 moiety. IL4-10 fusion protein induced IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) production and preserved soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR) levels, strongly increasing IL-1RA/IL-1β and sTNFR/TNF-α ratios. In addition, IL4-10 FP strongly inhibited T helper (Th) type 1 and 17 cytokine secretion, while maintaining FoxP3 expression and up-regulating Th2 activity. In addition, while largely leaving expression of activating Fc gamma receptor (FcγR)I, III and Fc epsilon receptor (FcεR) unaffected, it significantly shifted the FcγRIIa/FcγRIIb ratio in favour of the inhibitory FcγRIIb. Moreover, IL4-10 FP robustly inhibited secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue and suppressed experimental arthritis in mice, without inducing B cell hyperactivity. IL4-10 fusion protein is a novel drug, signalling cells to induce immunoregulatory activity that overcomes limitations of IL-4 and IL-10 stand-alone therapy, and therefore has therapeutic potential for inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Development of Sustained-release Antimicrobial Dental Varnishes Effective Against Streptococcus mutans in vitro (1985)

Two antimicrobial varnishes were developed to be applied to the teeth for the eradication of Streptococcus mutans infections. One of them contained chlorhexidine acetate as the antimicrobial agent and the other, erythromycin base. Both varnishes contained Sumatra benzoin. Each of the two antimicrobial agents was shown to be highly effective against S. mutans and to be compatible with the benzoin vehicle. When applied to extracted teeth, both varnishes dried to form a tough, adherent, and colorless transparent layer. Dried samples of the varnishes, when suspended in frequently-changed buffer, released their microbial agents at low but bactericidal levels for at least 12 days. After the first day, drug release from the chlorhexidine varnish showed approximately zero-order kinetics, while the erythromycin varnish showed a combination of zero-order and first-order kinetics.
Algorithms for automatic generation of relative timing constraints (2011)

Asynchronous circuits exhibit impressive power and performance benefits over its synchronous counterpart. Asynchronous system design, however, is not widely adopted due to the fact that it lacks an equivalent support of CAD tools and requires deep expertise in asynchronous circuit design. A relative timing (RT) based asynchronous circuit design flow using traditional synchronous commercial CAD tools was recently proposed. This design flow enables engineers who are proficient in using synchronous design and CAD flow to more easily switch to asynchronous design without asynchronous experience while retaining the asynchronous benefits of power and performance. Relative timing constraints are the key step to this design flow, and were generated manually by the designer based on his/her intuition and understanding of the circuit logic and structure. This process was quite time-consuming and error-prone. 
This dissertation presents an algorithm that automatically generates a set of relative timing constraints to guarantee the correctness of a circuit with the aid of a formal verification engine – Analyze. The algorithms have been implemented in a tool called ARTIST (Automatic Relative Timing Identifier based on Signal Traces).
Automatic generation of relative timing constraints relies on manipulation, such as searching and backtracking, of a trace status tableau that is built based on the counter example signal trace returned from the formal verification engine. The underlying mechanism of relative timing is to force signal ordering on the labeled transition graph of the system to restrict its reachability to failure states such that the circuit implementation conforms to the specification. Examples from a simple C-Element to complex six-four GasP circuits are demonstrated to show how this technique is applied to real problems.
The set of relative timing constraints generated by ARTIST is compared against the set of hand generated constraints in terms of efficiency and quality. Over 100 four-phase handshake controller protocols have been verified through ARTIST and Analyze. ARTSIT vastly reduces the design time as compared to hand generation which may take days or even months to achieve a solution set of RT constraints. The quality of ARTIST generated constraints is also shown to be as good as hand generation.
Impaired mitochondrial transport and Parkin-independent degeneration of respiratory chain-deficient dopamine neurons in vivo (2011)

Mitochondrial dysfunction is heavily implicated in Parkinson disease (PD) as exemplified by the finding of an increased frequency of respiratory chain-deficient dopamine (DA) neurons in affected patients. An inherited form of PD is caused by impaired function of Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase reported to translocate to defective mitochondria in vitro to facilitate their clearance. We have developed a reporter mouse to assess mitochondrial morphology in DA neurons in vivo and show here that respiratory chain deficiency leads to fragmentation of the mitochondrial network and to the formation of large cytoplasmic bodies derived from mitochondria. Surprisingly, the dysfunctional mitochondria do not recruit Parkin in vivo, and neither the clearance of defective mitochondria nor the neurodegeneration phenotype is affected by the absence of Parkin. We also show that anterograde axonal transport of mitochondria is impaired in respiratory chain-deficient DA neurons, leading to a decreased supply of mitochondria to the axonal terminals.
Thin-film interference mirror to suppress grating harmonics in vacuum-ultraviolet radiation (1994)

A thin-film reflecting interference filter has been designed and constructed for the purpose of suppressing grating harmonics when monochromatizing synchrotron radiation. It consists of a layer of Si evaporated onto a substrate and makes use of interference between wave fronts reflected from the layer-substrate and vacuum-layer interfaces to suppress higher harmonics. The filter has proved useful over the fundamental wavelength range of 400-1200 A (~30-10 eV), maintaining a rejection ratio of fundamental to second harmonic exceeding 60. Calculations and measurements are presented, and the reflecting interference filter is compared with a critical-angle mirror used for the same purpose.
Variation-Aware Structural Synthesis of Analog Circuits via Hierarchical Building Blocks and Structural Homotopy (2009)

This paper presents MOJITO-R, a tool that performs variation-aware structural synthesis of analog circuits. It returns trustworthy topologies by searching across a space of thousands of possible topologies defined by hierarchically organized analog structural building blocks. ldquoStructural homotopyrdquo conducts search at several objective-function tightening levels (numbers of process corners) simultaneously. Multiobjective evolutionary search returns sized topologies which trade off power, area, performances, and <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">yield</i> . An experimental validation run returned 78 643 Pareto-optimal designs, having 982 sized topologies with various specification/yield combinations. A decision tree is extracted to visualize the performance-topology relationship.
Forkhead box A1 expression in breast cancer is associated with luminal subtype and good prognosis (2007)

Based on this study in patients treated with surgery followed by adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy, FOXA1 expression is associated with good prognosis. It correlates with luminal subtype breast cancer, and could possibly serve as a clinical marker for luminal subtype A. Prognostic ability of FOXA1 in these low-risk breast cancers may prove to be useful in treatment decision making.
Regeneration of spent adsorbents using homogeneous advanced oxidation (1995)

The removal of organic contaminants from water by adsorption processes results in spent adsorbents, and, in this research, the use of homogeneous advanced oxidation processes for destructive regeneration of adsorbents is investigated. These two homogeneous advanced oxidation processes are examined: hydrogen peroxide/ozone and ultraviolet light/hydrogen peroxide. The impacts of adsorbent, adsorbate, and temperature on regeneration were examined. The process was evaluated by the destruction efficiency, rate of regeneration, and the quantity of oxidants consumed. This study demonstrates that the regeneration of adsorbents by homogeneous advanced oxidation is not practical. This paper does not suggest other advanced oxidation processes that employ Fentons reagant or heterogeneous reactions using photoreactive metal catalysts (that is, TiO 2 ) are ineffective for regeneration of adsorbents. The regeneration rate was found to be much faster for smaller particle size adsorbents and weakly adsorbed compounds; in some cases, nearly 100% of the virgin capacity was recovered after regeneration. However, in all cases, the regeneration process consumes more oxidants than would be required by simply using a conventional advanced oxidation process for destroying organic contaminants. The high consumption of oxidants may be due to the slow rate of organic desorption and redox reactions with the adsorbent surface. Accordingly, regeneration processes using homogeneous advanced oxidation is not practical unless an adsorbent is developed that exhibits fast desorption kinetics and the surface does not react with the oxidants.
Total Synthesis of Natural Myriaporones (2004)

The relative and absolute configuration of the cytotoxic myriaporones (e.g. 4) was assigned by their total synthesis from aldehyde 1. Key steps included aldol reactions with chiral oxazolidinone 2 and with Weinreb amide 3. TBS=tert-butyldimethylsilyl, PMB=p-methoxybenzyl. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2004/z53313_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
In-service reliability assessment and top-down approach provides alternative reliability prediction method (1999)

The desire to develop a realistic mean-time-between-failure (MTBF), mean-time-to-failure (MTTF), or failure rate prediction method, which doesn't assume that only piece part faults cause system failures, has led to a new methodology involving in-service reliability assessment and a top-down approach. This methodology reduces uncertainty in the reliability predictions by relying primarily on line replaceable units (LRUs) field failure data history of in-service LRU designs with verified field performance that are similar in hardware and function to new LRU designs. Experience demonstrates that this new method as applied to hardware used in the commercial avionics industry reflects a high degree of accuracy on the MTBF prediction process applied to the new LRU designs. The Honeywell In-Service Reliability Assessment Program (HIRAP) method is an in-service reliability assessment process and top-down approach. HIRAP was developed for the purpose of predicting or assessing "in-use" reliability as well as a circuit design comparison measure in design trade studies. The HIRAP methodology includes an assessment of end item field experience, a top-down prediction approach, a comparison of fielded systems to new designs, and an application of algorithms to ascertain the MTBF of a new design, when there is some degree of similarity to predecessor designs in-service. The HIRAP methodology is described in this paper.
High Speed Addressing of a 0°–360° Bistable Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Display (1997)

In this letter we report the results of an investigation on the dynamics and optics of a twist bistable liquid crystal display. For the first time, the parameters required for high speed addressing of a 0°–360° bistable device are presented. The display consists of a chiral-doped nematic liquid crystal layer with a nominal surface pretilt. The characteristics of the drive waveform allows selection between two optically distinct twist states of 0° and 360°. Optimizing the ratio of cell thickness to inherent pitch and waveform parameters leads to line selection times, for a multiplexed display, of <100 µs; in contrast with typical nematic bistable displays that require times of ∼10 ms. Full optical response can be achieved in times on the order of 15 ms.
Technical Issues In Low Rate Transform Coding (1989)

The transmission of video information through a narrowband channel requires a significant degree of image compression. In addition to the actual coding procedure, the frame rate is reduced, the spatial sample rate is lowered, and the color components are further filtered. Through a review of a practical and flexible image compression configuration, the important technical aspects of video coding are presented. The complexity of the currently developed system is discussed for operation over a 64 kbit/s communication channel. The specific and primary considerations include the following: After a reduction of temporal and spatial resolution, the luminance and color difference signals are divided in pixel blocks of 16 x 16 and 8 x 8, respectively. Then they are passed on to a motion-compensated differential pulse-code modulation coding system with a subsequent discrete cosine transform of the prediction error. The appropriate quantization in performed by means of several Huffman tables.
Substrate reduction therapy in mouse models of the glycosphingolipidoses (2003)

Substrate reduction therapy uses small molecules to slow the rate of glycolipid biosynthesis. One of these drugs, N –butyldeoxynojirimycin (NB–DNJ), shows efficacy in mouse models of Tay–Sachs, Sandhoff and Fabry diseases. This offers the prospect that NB–DNJ may be of therapeutic benefit, at least in the juvenile and adult onset variants of these disorders. The infantile onset variants will require an additional enzyme–augmenting modality if the pathology is to be significantly improved. A second drug, N –butyldeoxyglactonojirimycin, looks very promising for treating storage diseases with neurological involvement as high systemic dosing is achievable without any side–effects.
Versatile method for achieving 1% speckle contrast in large-venue laser projection displays using a stationary multimode optical fiber (2012)

We propose a method based on quantitative theoretical analysis for achieving speckle contrast of 1% or less in images created by a full-frame laser projection display system. The method employs a stationary multimode optical fiber to achieve the effect of using a rapidly moving diffuser, but without moving the fiber or any other system component. When a suitably large projector lens is used, low-speckle illumination light delivered through the fiber acts in conjunction with wavelength diversity at the projection screen to achieve speckle contrast of 1% in viewed images. We describe in detail how the proposed method might be used with most types of high-power visible lasers being considered for large-venue displays. When used with visible laser diodes, the method may also be suitable for use in laser-based television.
Focusing by Plano-Concave lens using Negative Refraction (2005)

We demonstrate focusing of a plane microwave by a plano-concave lens fabricated from a photonic crystal (PhC) having negative refractive index and left-handed electromagnetic properties. An inverse experiment, in which a plane wave is produced from a source placed at the focal point of the lens is also reported. A frequency dependent negative refractive index, is obtained for the lens from the experimental data which matches well with that determined from band structure calculations.
A novel approach to optimise glycaemic control in insulin users (2015)

Insulin therapy has been available for almost a century. However, its success rate is still disappointing where the majority of users sustain harmfully elevated glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. The key element essential for effective and safe insulin therapy is frequent dosage titration to overcome constant variations in insulin requirements. In reality, dosage titration is done sporadically during clinic visits. A scalable solution to this problem is being reviewed. A diabetes nurses service improves glycaemic control without overburdening the health system. The service relies on a handheld device, which provides patients with an insulin dose recommendation for each injection while using the device to monitor glucose. Similar to the approach providers use during clinical encounters, the device analyses stored glucose trends and constantly titrates insulin dosage without care providers' supervision. In this report, we describe the logic behind the technology by providing examples from users.
Tip-matter interaction measurements using mems ring resonators (2009)

We have previously reported on a new concept of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) probes using bulk-mode silicon resonators [1]. We report here measurements of interaction between a surface and the vibrating tip of the resonator. In particular, the tip oscillation amplitude versus the probe-sample distance has been acquired for various surface materials. These experiments give access to the electrical response of the resonator regarding the tip-surface interaction and represent a first step towards force spectroscopy using MEMS resonators based probes. This work paves the way to the integration of such probes in an AFM set-up using the resonator output signal as the AFM feedback control signal.
Algorithms for simulation of speckle (laser and otherwise) (2008)

The speckle phenomenon is observed in any coherent imaging modality such as synthetic aperture radar, optical coherence tomography, ultrasound, or any number of measurement schemes involving laser illumination. Quantitative interpretation of the data from such measurement schemes (whether imaging or non-imaging) often hinges on accurate knowledge of the statistical behavior of the speckle phenomenon. To complement experimental measurements, researchers often turn to computer simulation of the phenomenon of interest. Over the years we have developed a variety of algorithms for simulating objective and subjective speckle for static and dynamic object fields. In this paper we detail the implementation of these algorithms and illustrate their use in a range of applications that include Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI), Laser Speckle Imaging (LSI), Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), etc.