gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single-cell analysis of the dynamics and functional outcomes of interactions between human natural killer cells and target cells (2012)

Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of innate immune lymphocytes that interrogate potential target cells and rapidly respond by lysing them or secreting inflammatory immunomodulators. Productive interactions between NK cells and targets such as tumor cells or virally infected cells are critical for immunological control of malignancies and infections. For individual NK cells, however, the relationship between the characteristics of these cell-cell interactions, cytolysis, and secretory activity is not well understood. Here, we used arrays of subnanoliter wells (nanowells) to monitor individual NK cell-target cell interactions and quantify the resulting cytolytic and secretory responses. We show that NK cells operate independently when lysing a single target cell and that lysis is most probable during an NK cell's first encounter with a target. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the secretion of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) occurs most often among NK cells that become the least motile upon contacting a target cell but is largely independent of cytolysis. Our findings demonstrate that integrated analysis of the cell-cell interaction parameters, cytolytic activity, and secretory activity of single NK cells can reveal new insights into how these complex functions are related within individual cells.
Using Lossless Data Compression in Data Storage Systems: Not for Saving Space (2010)

Lossless data compression for data storage has become less popular as mass data storage systems are becoming increasingly cheap. This leaves many files stored on mass data storage media uncompressed although they are losslessly compressible. This paper proposes to exploit the lossless compressibility of those files to improve the underlying storage system performance metrics such as energy efficiency and access speed, other than saving storage space as in conventional practice. The key idea is to apply runtime lossless data compression to enable an opportunistic use of a stronger error correction code (ECC) with more coding redundancy in data storage systems, and trade such opportunistic extra error correction capability to improve other system performance metrics in the runtime. Since data storage is typically realized in the unit of equal-sized sectors (e.g., 512 B or 4 KB user data per sector), we only apply this strategy to each individual sector independently in order to be completely transparent to the firmware, operating systems, and users. Using low-density parity check (LDPC) code as ECC in storage systems, this paper quantitatively studies the effectiveness of this design strategy in both hard disk drives and NAND flash memories. For hard disk drives, we use this design strategy to reduce average hard disk drive read channel signal processing energy consumption, and results show that up to 38 percent read channel energy saving can be achieved. For NAND flash memories, we use this design strategy to improve average NAND flash memory write speed, and results show that up to 36 percent write speed improvement can be achieved for 2 bits/cell NAND flash memories.
Adsorption of bacteria to ion-exchange materials (1989)

The adsorption of some bacterial cultures to four ion‐exchange resins was assessed by plate counts. With some organism/resin combinations, the level of adsorption was high and consistent, but not in the majority of cases. The use of two independent measurements of biomass, assay of cell protein or catalase activity, showed that, with the exception of one type of resin, the assessment of adsorption by plate counts alone was misleading and other independent measurements must be made. Assessing the adsorption of bacteria to electropositive filters by plate counts appeared acceptable, but again independent measurements should be made.
Recombinant erythropoietin and blood transfusions in cancer chemotherapy-induced anemia (1998)

Anemia represents a common side effect of cancer chemotherapy, and results in diminished overall well-being as well as side effects such as dyspnea, fatigue and decreased appetite. Treatment options for chemotherapy-induced anemia are transfusion of red blood cells and s.c. erythropoietin. Although transfusion is generally well tolerated, patients usually experience fluctuating hemoglobin levels because of hesitancy to transfuse to normal hemoglobin levels. Additionally, concerns persist related to the safety of blood products, including the transmission of blood-borne pathogens, immunomodulation by transfusion and severe allergic reactions, despite advances in transfusion medicine. Erythropoietin is an effective alternative to transfusion in many patients and allows for a more consistent hemoglobin level. The costs associated with the drug have limited its use. In addition, patient preferences for the two treatment options have not been investigated. Economic analyses, including consideration of the costs associated with medical care as well as the consequences, will be essential in evaluating the potential of transfusions and erythropoietin in treating the anemia associated with cancer chemotherapy.
Adaptive equalization of CPM signals transmitted over fast Rayleigh flat-fading channels (1995)

A new algorithm for adapting the coefficients of an equalizer for continuous phase modulated data signals in a flat-fading environment is presented. The cost function to optimize is based on the maximum likelihood sequence estimation index for such signals and channel conditions. It is shown that this equalizer algorithm, called the maximum likelihood equalizer, involves the iterative computation of one of the eigenvectors of a matrix. An implementation is proposed, which combines iterative estimation procedures for QR decomposition, matrix eigenvalue tracking and channel prediction error. Simulation results are presented that demonstrate the ability of the algorithm to equalize the channel filtering effects in a fast fading environment, without requiring phase coherent carrier recovery.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Gas composition and lifetime studies of discharge excited rare-gas halide lasers (1980)

A spectroscopic study has been made of the stable species produced in rare-gas halide laser discharges. Molecules observed to be created in rare-gas fluoride discharges were NO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> , SiF <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> , CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> , ClO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> , F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> CO, FNO, FNO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> , and NF <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> of which only NO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> , and ClO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> , in the case of XeF, appreciably absorb at the laser wavelengths. These latter species were created from the air impurities in the F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> and He gases and their creation acts to deplete the F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> donor. For ArF, the lifetime of the gas could be considerably extended by circulating the gas through a liquid N <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> trap. For the rare-gas chlorides, no discharge induced species were spectroscopically detected although AlCl <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> powder was formed in the laser tube. A more F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> compatible laser tube than glass and high purity F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> should be used for long lived rare-gas fluoride operation.
Surface modification of polyester biomaterials for tissue engineering (2007)

Surfaces play an important role in a biological system for most biological reactions occurring at surfaces and interfaces. The development of biomaterials for tissue engineering is to create perfect surfaces which can provoke specific cellular responses and direct new tissue regeneration. The improvement in biocompatibility of biomaterials for tissue engineering by directed surface modification is an important contribution to biomaterials development. Among many biomaterials used for tissue engineering, polyesters have been well documented for their excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility and nontoxicity. However, poor hydrophilicity and the lack of natural recognition sites on the surface of polyesters have greatly limited their further application in the tissue engineering field. Therefore, how to introduce functional groups or molecules to polyester surfaces, which ideally adjust cell/tissue biological functions, becomes more and more important. In this review, recent advances in polyester surface modification and their applications are reviewed. The development of new technologies or methods used to modify polyester surfaces for developing their biocompatibility is introduced. The results of polyester surface modifications by surface morphological modification, surface chemical group/charge modification, surface biomacromolecule modification and so on are reported in detail. Modified surface properties of polyesters directly related to in vitro/vivo biological performances are presented as well, such as protein adsorption, cell attachment and growth and tissue response. Lastly, the prospect of polyester surface modification is discussed, especially the current conception of biomimetic and molecular recognition.
Extended base H<sup>+</sup>-ion sensitive bipolar junction transistor with SnO<inf>2</inf>/ITO glass sensing membrane (2009)

In this study, an extended base bipolar junction transistor (EBBJT) as an H <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> ion sensitive device have been investigated. The SnO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /ITO glass, fabricated by sputtering SnO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> on the conductive ITO glass, is used as a pH-sensitive membrane for electrode, which is connected with a commercial bipolar junction transistor (BJT) device. The experimental data show that this structure has a linear pH response, about 57-60 mV/pH in the ion concentration range between pH 2 and 10, and hysteresis effect is about 4.2 mV. The thermal stability of EBBJT has been validated by the experimental results on pH values ranging from 2 to 10 in a temperature range of 25°C to 55 °C. In addition, it is easier to fabricate and package the sensitive membrane structure and the measurement is simple for the application of disposable biosensor without complex temperature compensation.
BROADBAND COUPLING INTO SINGLE MODE, PLANAR INTEGRATED OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE STRUCTURES FOR SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF THIN FILM ANALYTES AND INTERFACIAL CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENTS (2005)

A broadband coupling approach applied to a single mode, sol-gel, planar integrated optical waveguide (IOW) was used to create a multichannel attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectrometer. Initial attempts to create an achromatic coupling element for sol-gel waveguides, based upon previous work applied to vacuum deposited glass devices, did not lead to an easily achievable design. Instead a simplified, non-achromatic approach based upon impinging an incident light beam with a large numerical aperture onto an incoupling prism was used. This simplified broadband coupling approach was used to create a sol-gel IOW-ATR spectrometer that transmitted light down to at least 400 nm, and produced a measurable bandwidth of ~ 250 nm; both phenomena are marked improvements upon the capabilities of previously reported devices. An experimental demonstration of this device proved it capable of measuring the visible spectrum of a thin film of horse heart cytochrome c adsorbed to the sol-gel surface at a submonolayer coverage. The broadband spectral capabilities of this sol-gel device were also used to experimentally validate a new method for determining the angular orientation of molecules bound to an arbitrary waveguide surface. In addition to the sol-gel IOW work, the simplified broadband coupling approach was applied to a previously reported multilayered electroactive waveguide device, which was used to collect electrically modulated, broadband spectra for thin films of cytochrome c, as well as a dicarboxyferrocene moiety. Both of these IOW-ATR spectrometers represent improved tools for probing the near-surface chemical environments of molecular assemblies.
Imparting sensitivity and selectivity to a gold nanoparticle chemiresistor through thiol monolayer functionalization for sensing acetone (2018)

Chemiresistor-based gas sensors for detection of target volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air face common challenges of poor sensitivity and selectivity as well as suffering from interference by other constituent gases and/or humidity. This work demonstrates that functionalizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with a designed thiol monolayer improves sensitivity and selectivity of the derived AuNPs gas sensor. We report the synthesis and application of a thiol ligand fitted with both a urea motif and a <i>tert</i>-butyl end group for functionalizing AuNPs. The AuNPs sensor prepared using the urea thiol ligand demonstrated significantly increased acetone sensing in comparison with tested commercially available thiol-functionalized AuNPs. The sensor worked under ambient temperature and high humidity conditions, and demonstrated a linear relationship between the sensor response and the common logarithm of analyte concentration.
ATP released from β‐amyloid-stimulated microglia induces reactive oxygen species production in an autocrine fashion (2007)

Present study demonstrated that fibrillar beta-amyloid peptide (fAbeta1-42) induced ATP release, which in turn activated NADPH oxidase via the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in fAbeta1-42- treated microglia appeared to require Ca2+ influx from extracellular sources, because ROS generation was abolished to control levels in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Considering previous observation of superoxide generation by Ca2+ influx through P2X7R in microglia, we hypothesized that ROS production in fAbeta-stimulated microglia might be mediated by ATP released from the microglia. We therefore examined whether fAbeta1-42-induced Ca2+ influx was mediated through P2X7R activation. In serial experiments, we found that microglial pretreatment with the P2X7R antagonists Pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'- disulfonate (100 microM) or oxidized ATP (100 microM) inhibited fAbeta-induced Ca2+ influx and reduced ROS generation to basal levels. Furthermore, ATP efflux from fAbeta1-42- stimulated microglia was observed, and apyrase treatment decreased the generation of ROS. These findings provide conclusive evidence that fAbeta-stimulated ROS generation in microglial cells is regulated by ATP released from the microglia in an autocrine manner.
Nanoparticles for the Induction of Antigen-Specific Immunological Tolerance (2018)

Antigen-specific immune tolerance has been a long-standing goal for immunotherapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and allergies and for the prevention of allograft rejection and anti-drug antibodies directed against biologic therapies. Nanoparticles have emerged as powerful tools to initiate and modulate immune responses due to their inherent capacity to target antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and deliver coordinated signals that can elicit an antigen-specific immune response. A wide range of strategies have been described to create tolerogenic nanoparticles (tNPs) that fall into three broad categories. One strategy includes tNPs that provide antigen alone to harness natural tolerogenic processes and environments, such as presentation of antigen in the absence of costimulatory signals, oral tolerance, the tolerogenic environment of the liver, and apoptotic cell death. A second strategy includes tNPs that carry antigen and simultaneously target tolerogenic receptors, such as pro-tolerogenic cytokine receptors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, FAS receptor, and the CD22 inhibitory receptor. A third strategy includes tNPs that carry a payload of tolerogenic pharmacological agents that can "lock" APCs into a developmental or metabolic state that favors tolerogenic presentation of antigens. These diverse strategies have led to the development of tNPs that are capable of inducing antigen-specific immunological tolerance, not just immunosuppression, in animal models. These novel tNP technologies herald a promising approach to specifically prevent and treat unwanted immune reactions in humans. The first tNP, SEL-212, a biodegradable synthetic vaccine particle encapsulating rapamycin, has reached the clinic and is currently in Phase 2 clinical trials.
Silicon doping effect on SF6/O2 plasma chemical texturing (2011)

A SF6/O2 plasma chemical etching is proposed as a process to texture n- and p-doped c-Si (100) by chemical reactivity of active fluorine species, under conditions avoiding ion bombardment and sputtering. Under this chemical etching regime, we found a strong impact of silicon doping on texturing characteristics and effectiveness. Specifically, an anisotropic square-based hillock-like texturing with 6% reflectivity is obtained for n-type Si. Conversely, for p-type Si, H2 plasma pretreatments are necessary to activate the silicon etching and obtain a nanotextured surface with a reflectivity of 16%. Reflectance from textured silicon surfaces is investigated and correlated to the morphology, surface roughness, and dimension of features.
Phonetic Enhancement and Three Patterns of English a-Tensing (2017)

English a-tensing has received numerous treatments in the phonological and sociolinguistic literature, but the question of why it occurs (i) at all and (ii) in seemingly unnatural disjunctive phonological environments has not been settled. This paper presents a novel phonetic enhancement account of a-tensing in Philadelphia, New York City and Belfast English. I propose that a-tensing is best understood as an allophonic process which facilitates the perceptual identity and articulatory ease of nasality, voicing and/or segment duration in the following consonant. This approach unifies the apparently unnatural phonological environments in which the two a variants surface and predicts the attested dialectal patterns. A synchronic account of a-tensing also provides an explanation for the suprasegmental and morphological factors that condition the process.
what the journals say (2006)

The healing process can be affected by nutritional status of the patient. Although not supported by literature, nutrition as an extrinsic factor is based on two concepts: that malnutrition increases the risk of wound-related complications; and dietary intervention, such as total nutritional support of specific nutritional supplements can speed up the wound healing response.
Performance of ISDB-T HDTV Mobile Reception Using 8-branch Space Diversity with Iterative Decoding (2012)

We are studying how to improve ISDB-T HDTV mobile reception technology. We have proposed a new reception method that has two core technologies. One is 8-branch space diversity reception, and the other is iterative decoding between Viterbi decoding and Reed-Solomon decoding. We describe the computer simulation results and the performance of field experiments on the proposed prototype receiver in the Kanto area. We compared the performance of mobile reception with two reception methods: conventional 4-branch space diversity without iterative decoding and proposed 8-branch space diversity with iterative decoding. Both results show that the proposed method was improved by approximately 6 dB.
Improved recognition of contact names in voice commands (2015)

The recognition of contact names in mobile-device voice commands is a challenging problem. Some of the difficulties include potentially infinite vocabularies, low probability of contact tokens in the language model (LM), increased false triggering of contact voice commands when none are spoken, and very large and noisy contact name lists. In this paper we suggest solutions for each of these difficulties. We address low prior probability and out-of-vocabulary contact name problems by using class-based language models, and creating on-the-fly user dependent small language models containing only relevant names. These models are compiled dynamically based on analysis of the mobile device state. Since these solutions can increase biasing towards contact names during recognition, it is crucial to monitor false triggering. To properly balance this bias we introduce the concept of a contacts insertion reward. This reward is tuned using both positive and negative test sets. We show significant recognition performance improvements on data sets in three languages, without negatively impacting the overall system performance. The improvements are obtained in both offline evaluations as well as on live traffic experiments.
Setting performance standards: concepts, methods, and perspectives (2002)

Contents: G.J. Cizek, Preface. Part I:Foundational Issues in Standard Setting. G.J. Cizek, Conjectures on the Rise and Call of Standard Setting: An Introduction to Context and Practice. M.J. Zieky, So Much Has Changed: How the Setting of Cutscores Has Evolved Since the 1980s. M.T. Kane, So Much Remains the Same: Conception and Status of Validation in Setting Standards. R.K. Hambleton, Setting Performance Standards on Educational Assessments and Criteria for Evaluating the Process. Part II:Standard-Setting Methods in Practice. M.R. Raymond, J.B. Reid, Who Made Thee a Judge?: Selecting and Training Participants for Standard Setting. M.D. Reckase, Innovative Methods for Helping Standard-Setting Participants to Perform Their Task: The Role of Feedback Regarding Consistency, Accuracy, and Impact. S.C. Loomis, M.L. Bourque, From Tradition to Innovation: Standard Setting on the National Assessment of Educational Progress. N.M. Kingston, S.R. Kahl, K.P. Sweeney, L. Bay, Setting Performance Standards Using the Body of Work Method. H.C. Mitzel, D.M. Lewis, R.J. Patz, D.R. Green, The Bookmark Procedure: Psychological Perspectives. B.S. Plake, R.K. Hambleton, The Analytic Judgment Method for Setting Standards on Complex Performance Assessments. R.M. Jaeger, C.N. Mills, An Integrated Judgment Procedure for Setting Standards on Complex, Large-Scale Assessments. S.G. Sireci, Standard Setting Using Cluster Analysis. S.G. Sireci, B.E. Clauser, Practical Issues in Setting Standards on Computerized Adaptive Tests. Part III:Continuing Issues in Standard Setting. W.J. Brown, Social, Educational, and Political Complexities of Standard Setting. M.L. Thurlow, J.E. Ysseldyke, Standard-Setting Challenges for Special Populations. S.E. Phillips, Legal Issues in Standard Setting for K-12 Programs. J.D. Carson, Legal Issues in Standard Setting for Licensure and Certification. G.A. Camilli, G.J. Cizek, C.A. Lugg, Psychometric Theory and the Validation of Performance Standards: History and Future Perspectives. W.A. Mehrens, G.J. Cizek, Standard Setting and the Public Good: Benefits Accrued and Anticipated.