gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Technical assessment of load commutation switch in hybrid HVDC breaker (2014)

The development of a large scale high voltage direct current (HVDC) power grid requires a reliable, fast and low-loss circuit breaker. The load commutation switch (LCS) is an essential part of ABB's 1200 MW hybrid HVDC breaker concept which builds up a low-loss conducting path for the load current. The technical requirements for the LCS are expressed in this paper by studying the operation principle of the hybrid HVDC breaker. The voltage stress over the LCS is calculated and simulated based on a dc grid with 320kV and 2kA rated voltage and current. A system model of the hybrid HVDC breaker is developed in PSCAD/EMTDC software to study the design criteria for snubber circuit and arrester blocks. It is observed that conventional snubber circuits are not suitable for a bidirectional hybrid HVDC breaker as the current of snubber capacitors prevent the fast interruption action. A modified snubber circuit is proposed in this paper along with two more alternatives for the load commutation switch to overcome this problem. Moreover, the power loss model for a semiconductor device is discussed in this paper based on the 4.5 kV StakPak IGBT. The model is used to calculate the conduction power losses for different LCS topologies. Ultimately, a matrix of 3x3 IGBT modules is selected to provide a reliable LCS design which can handle several internal fault cases with no interruption of operation. A full-scale prototype has been constructed and tested in ABB HVDC Center, Ludvika, Sweden. The experimental test results are also included in the paper in order to verify the calculation and simulation study.
Design aspects of closed loop beamforming transmit diversity in HSUPA (2012)

Closed loop beamforming transmit diversity is a promising technique to improve the uplink transmission performance in cellular networks. This technique was recently incorporated into the 3GPP HSPA standard. This paper reflects on several design aspects of closed loop beamforming transmit diversity, including: precoded pilot channels design, precoding information determination when UE is in soft handover, and enhanced symmetric beamforming implementation.
A High-Flux, Flexible Membrane with Parylene-encapsulated Carbon Nanotubes (2008)

We present fabrication and characterization of a membrane based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and parylene. Carbon nanotubes have shown orders of magnitude enhancement in gas and water permeability compared to estimates generated by conventional theories [1, 2]. Large area membranes that exhibit flux enhancement characteristics of carbon nanotubes may provide an economical solution to a variety of technologies including water desalination [3] and gas sequestration [4]. We report a novel method of making carbon nanotube-based, robust membranes with large areas. A vertically aligned dense carbon nanotube array is infiltrated with parylene. Parylene polymer creates a pinhole free transparent film by exhibiting high surface conformity and excellent crevice penetration. Using this moisture-, chemical- and solvent-resistant polymer creates carbon nanotube membranes that promise to exhibit high stability and biocompatibility. CNT membranes are formed by releasing a free-standing film that consists of parylene-infiltrated CNTs, followed by CNT uncapping on both sides of the composite material. Thus fabricated membranes show flexibility and ductility due to the parylene matrix material, as well as high permeability attributed to embedded carbon nanotubes. These membranes have a potential for applications that may require high flux, flexibility and durability.
Clinical Application of a Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Legionella Species, Legionella pneumophila, and Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 (2012)

We developed a single-tube multiplex real-time PCR assay capable of simultaneously detecting and discriminating Legionella spp., Legionella pneumophila, and Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in primary specimens. Evaluation of 21 clinical specimens and 115 clinical isolates demonstrated this assay to be a rapid, high-throughput diagnostic test with 100% specificity that may aid during legionellosis outbreaks and epidemiologic investigations.
Microwave‐Induced Controlled Purification of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes without Sidewall Functionalization (2007)

Abstract A microwave‐induced controlled method for the purification of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by removing residual metal catalysts and carbonaceous impurities is reported. Compared to conventional strong acid treatment, this one‐step method uses dilute acids and complexing agents and reduces the reaction times to the order of minutes. Furthermore, the SWCNTs retain their chemical and physical properties and are not functionalized. Electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and atomic absorption (AA) spectrometry studies were used to characterize the purified SWCNTs.
Fault Ride-Through Configuration and Transient Management Scheme for Self-Excited Induction Generator-Based Wind Turbine (2013)

The paper proposes a novel fault ride-through (FRT) configuration with a transient management scheme to provide dynamic grid supports for self-excited induction generator (SEIG)-based wind turbines. The new configuration is capable of supporting both shunt and series compensation modes for enhancing FRT capability and transient stability. The proposed control scheme, utilizing positive and negative sequence controllers, provides a transient management solution for both balanced and unbalanced fault conditions. An active damping control loop for the shunt compensation configuration is developed to mitigate system oscillation and improve system performance during and following faults. A comprehensive simulation has verified the FRT capability of the new configuration and transient management scheme, and showed that the proposed topology increases system stability under various short circuit ratios, even in case of a weak grid. The experimental results are also carried out to show the effectiveness of the proposed shunt-series reconfiguration topology.
The ‘pH optimum anomaly’ of intracellular enzymes of <i>Ferroplasma acidiphilum</i> (2005)

A wide range of microorganisms, the so-called acidophiles, inhabit acidic environments and grow optimally at pH values between 0 and 3. The intracellular pH of these organisms is, however, close to neutrality or slightly acidic. It is to be expected that enzymatic activities dedicated to extracellular functions would be adapted to the prevailing low pH of the environment (0-3), whereas intracellular enzymes would be optimally active at the near-neutral pH of the cytoplasm (4.6-7.0). The genes of several intracellular or cell-bound enzymes, a carboxylesterase and three alpha-glucosidases, from Ferroplasma acidiphilum, a cell wall-lacking acidophilic archaeon with a growth optimum at pH 1.7, were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and their products purified and characterized. The Ferroplasmaalpha-glucosidases exhibited no sequence similarity to known glycosyl hydrolases. All enzymes functioned and were stable in vitro in the pH range 1.7-4.0, and had pH optima much lower than the mean intracellular pH of 5.6. This 'pH optimum anomaly' suggests the existence of yet-undetected cellular compartmentalization providing cytoplasmic pH patchiness and low pH environments for the enzymes we have analysed.
A Convenient New Route to 1-Haloalkyl Carbonates (1988)

Alkyl (or alkenyl or aryl) 1-haloalkyl carbonates are conveniently prepared by reaction of an aldehyde with an alkyl (or alkenyl or aryl) carbonohalidate (haloformate) in the presence of a catalyst.
Amplitude and phase dereverberation of harmonic signals (2017)

While most dereverberation methods focus on how to estimate the magnitude of an anechoic signal in the time-frequency domain, we propose a method which also takes the phase into account. By applying a harmonic model to the anechoic signal, we derive a formulation to compute the amplitude and phase of each harmonic. These parameters are then estimated by our method in presence of reverberation. As we jointly estimate the amplitude and phase of the clean signal, we achieve a very strong dereverberation on synthetic harmonic signals, resulting in a significant improvement of standard dereverberation objective measures over the state-of-the-art.
Inhibition of G-protein-coupled Receptor Function by Disruption of Transmembrane Domain Interactions (1999)

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) represent a superfamily of proteins that mediate the function of neurotransmitters and peptide hormones and are involved in viral entry and perception of light, smell, and taste. GPCRs are characterized by the presence of seven transmembrane domains (TMs). We demonstrate here that structural analogs of individual TMs of GPCRs can serve as potent and specific receptor antagonists. Peptides derived from the transmembrane regions of CXCR4 and CCR5 chemokine receptors specifically inhibited receptor signaling and the in vitro replication of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) at concentrations as low as 0.2 microM. Similarly, peptides mimicking the TMs of cholecystokinin receptor A, were found to abolish ligand binding and signaling through the receptor. Negative charges positioned at the extracellular termini of peptide antagonists appeared to be important for correct spontaneous insertion of the compounds into the cell membrane and for their activity. Targeting of the specific interactions between transmembrane domains of GPCRs is suggested as a general sequence-based method to disrupt receptor function for application in drug design and for structure-function studies of the receptors.
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: a blueprint for metamorphosis (2011)

The most important milestone in understanding a genetic disease is the identification of the causative mutation. However, such knowledge is often insufficient to decipher the pathophysiology of the disorder or to effectively treat those affected. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare, disabling, genetic disease of progressive heterotopic endochondral ossification (HEO) enabled by missense mutations that promiscuously and provisionally activate ACVR1/ALK2, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor, in all affected individuals. While activating mutations of the ACVR1/ALK2 receptor are necessary, disease activity and progression also depend on altered cell and tissue physiology. Recent findings identify inflammatory and immunological factors, vascular-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and a hypoxic lesional microenvironment that trigger, promote, and enable episodic progression of FOP in the setting of the genetic mutation. Effective therapies for FOP will need to consider these seminal pathophysiologic interactions.
Intracavity injection lasing in a hybrid neodymium laser (1995)

A hybrid neodymium (Nd) laser that contains Nd:YLF and Nd:phosphate glass media in a single cavity was demonstrated. In a wide range of gain conditions, the original lasing spectrum of Nd:glass can be suppressed and the hybrid laser spectrum was ‘‘locked’’ to that of Nd:YLF, even when Nd:YLF was pumped below its threshold.
A novel 2D-to-3D conversion technique based on relative height-depth cue (2009)

We present a simple depth estimation framework for 2D-to-3D media conversion. The perceptual depth information from monocular image is estimated by the optimal use of relative height cue, which is one of well-known depth recovery cues. The height depth cue is very common in photographic images. We propose a novel line tracing method and depth refinement filter as core of our depth estimation framework. The line tracing algorithm traces strong edge positions to generate an initial staircase depth map. The initial depth map is further improved by a recursive depth refinement filter. We present visual results from depth estimation and stereo image generation.
Scalable Attentive Sentence-Pair Modeling via Distilled Sentence\n Embedding (2019)

Recent state-of-the-art natural language understanding models, such as BERT\nand XLNet, score a pair of sentences (A and B) using multiple cross-attention\noperations - a process in which each word in sentence A attends to all words in\nsentence B and vice versa. As a result, computing the similarity between a\nquery sentence and a set of candidate sentences, requires the propagation of\nall query-candidate sentence-pairs throughout a stack of cross-attention\nlayers. This exhaustive process becomes computationally prohibitive when the\nnumber of candidate sentences is large. In contrast, sentence embedding\ntechniques learn a sentence-to-vector mapping and compute the similarity\nbetween the sentence vectors via simple elementary operations. In this paper,\nwe introduce Distilled Sentence Embedding (DSE) - a model that is based on\nknowledge distillation from cross-attentive models, focusing on sentence-pair\ntasks. The outline of DSE is as follows: Given a cross-attentive teacher model\n(e.g. a fine-tuned BERT), we train a sentence embedding based student model to\nreconstruct the sentence-pair scores obtained by the teacher model. We\nempirically demonstrate the effectiveness of DSE on five GLUE sentence-pair\ntasks. DSE significantly outperforms several ELMO variants and other sentence\nembedding methods, while accelerating computation of the query-candidate\nsentence-pairs similarities by several orders of magnitude, with an average\nrelative degradation of 4.6% compared to BERT. Furthermore, we show that DSE\nproduces sentence embeddings that reach state-of-the-art performance on\nuniversal sentence representation benchmarks. Our code is made publicly\navailable at https://github.com/microsoft/Distilled-Sentence-Embedding.\n
Sort-Select-Damp: An efficient strategy for color look-up table lattice design (2008)

Real-time processing constraints entail that non-linear color transforms be implemented using multi-dimensional look-up-tables (LUT). The LUT cannot be prohibitively large because of storage and memory constraints. Hence the LUT is built with a sparser input node sampling. The issue of LUT node placement becomes important in such cases. The standard approach is to place the nodes upon a uniform regular lattice spanning the entire input color space. Such a uniform placement of LUT nodes ignores certain crucial factors namely the curvature of the non-linear color transform, and the statistical distribution of the input – often resulting in high approximation errors or equivalently objectionable visual artifacts in images processed through the LUT. In this paper, we formulate the underlying cost measure that node placement algorithms should seek to minimize. At the heart of this measure is a significance function which quantifies the relative importance of input variables. We argue that techniques which select truly optimal nodes w.r.t this cost measure are computationally infeasible. We then propose an efficient algorithm that is essentially based on selecting nodes that lie at maxima of the significance function. The latter is iteratively adjusted to prevent degenerate node selection. Experimental results across a variety of scenarios demonstrate significant transform accuracy improvements over classical uniform node-spacing.
sGC Stimulator Efficacy Beyond Blood Pressure in Dahl‐Salt Sensitive Model of Hypertension (2015)

Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is an important intracellular receptor that can be activated by sGC stimulators to produce cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)protein kinase G (PKG) mediated effects. We have identified a novel series of sGC stimulators that decreased blood pressure (BP) in rats in a dose‐dependent manner at oral doses between 1‐10 mg/kg. These compounds possess a rat pharmacokinetic profile consistent with predicted once daily administration in humans. In this study we evaluated IWP‐121 in the Dahl Salt‐Sensitive (DSS) model of hypertension. Male DSS rats received 2 weeks of high‐salt diet prior to high salt plus compound for 6 additional weeks. Compounds were tested at doses of 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg/day eq in the chow (n=8/group) using Losartan as a positive control at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day eq in the water and compared to a high‐salt (hs) control group who received high salt diet for 8 weeks. IWP‐121 dose dependently decreased mean BP at week 8 with a maximal effect of 49 mmHg at the 10mg/kg dose. In comparison, losartan reduced mean BP by 27 mmHg. Both IWP‐121 (at all doses tested) and losartan had statistically significant effects on heart hypertrophy compared with the high‐salt (HS) group (3.5± 0.1 vs 4.5 ±0.3 g/Kg; p<0.001). IWP‐121 was efficacious at decreasing microalbuminaria in the urine (an indicator of kidney end organ protection) and serum biomarkers known to be involved in inflammatory and fibrotic processes (TIMP‐1, OPN and MCP‐1) in a dose‐dependent manner. In summary, IW‐121 demonstrated a potent anti‐hypertensive effect, additional effects in end organ protection, and effects on biomarkers consistent with anti‐fibrotic/anti‐inflammatory activity.
Multiple Audio Watermarking With Spectrum Pyramid (2007)

The paper presents a new approach for intellectual property protection of audio products when they are distributed via computer networks or radio broadcasting. The presented approach is based on a method for digital watermarking, performed in the spectrum domain, using a Complex Hadamard Transform (CHT) with a specific matrix, in which only of the elements are complex numbers. In correspondence with this method the watermark data modifies the phases of selected spectrum coefficients of the audio signal. The values of these coefficients are used to build the Spectral Pyramid (SP), which is the synonymous presentation of the processed audio signal. The pyramid permits multi-layer watermarking, because the watermarks, embedded in its layers do not interchange. The paper presents the algorithms for the audio watermark embedding, extraction and detection. The method is evaluated on the basis of some theoretical analysis comparisons and on experimental results. The new approach presents applications in e-commerce, distance learning, tracing and proving of the illegal distribution of audio products. Key words
An accurate ILT-enabling full-chip mask 3D model for all-angle patterns (2013)

As the technology node keeps shrinking down to sub-28 nm, mask topography (Mask3D) effect is one of the most influential factors to draw intensive research lately. To build a successful Mask3D compact model, the runtime efficiency, accuracy and the flexibility to handle various geometry patterns are the three most important criterion to fulfill. Different approaches have been tried to resolve the difficulties in the full-chip modeling, but so far none of the existing Mask3D modeling methods have succeeded in meeting all the three criterion at the same time. It is often seen that an existing Mask3D model to succeed in one or two criteria, but fails in the rest. In this paper, we propose our innovative full chip Mask3D modeling method to successfully handle the above criterion at the same time. To our best of knowledge, it is the first ever Mask3D modeling in literature that is be able to achieve this goal. In our modeling flow, we first analyze the Mask3D effect by using rigorous simulation as the reference and generate edge-based kernels to mimic the Mask3D effect near the feature boundaries. The flexibility of handling the kernel helps us enable the support for all-angle patterns and be extendable for edge coupling effect and off-axis illumination. Our experimental results show that with only less than 30% runtime overhead compared to the conventional Mask2D model, we are able to achieve less than 0.8 nm CD RMS on the flexible feature patterns. An ILT-based OPC and simulation result is provided to validate the capability of all-angle support of our proposed model.
DWT-SVD based blind audio watermarking scheme for copyright protection (2014)

It is always necessary to protect copyrights of multi-media data in order to prevent misuse and to reduce the loss caused by piracy. So, it is necessary to find methods for copyright protection. Traditionally for audio, images and video this is achieved by digital watermarking. The watermark could be either a logo or some unique binary pattern and is associated with a rightful owner. In this paper we propose a new blind audio watermarking method using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). This method embeds each bit of the watermark to one of the Eigen values of the audio frame in DWT and SVD space and robustly retrieves the watermark to prove the ownership without requiring original audio. The proposed blind audio watermarking method is robust to various compression formats, sampling rate changes and signal processing attacks and we proved this through simulation results.
Plant secondary metabolism in the post-genomic era (2006)

The biotechnological production of high-value plant secondary metabolites in cultivated cells is an attractive alternative to isolation processes from the intact plants or to the total chemical synthesis. However, plant metabolic engineering has met only limited success, in sharp contrast to microorganisms, since our knowledge on biosynthesis of secondary metabolites is still very limited. Despite of the rapid development of not only plant genomics but also of analytical tools genetic maps of biosynthetic pathways are far from complete. Furthermore, regulation of the individual steps leading to the desired end-product is poorly understood.
Electronic Radon Daughter Dosimetry (1979)

Daily exposure of uranium mining personnel to 232Rn daughters has established the need for a device that will continually monitor an individual's exposure. Such a device has been built and tested with promising results. The device is an electronic dosimeter using both a solid-state detector and circuitry, and is a personal instrument worn throughout the working shift. Since the instrument is in close proximity to the miner and measures continually, it provides a more accurate account of total cumulative exposure, and avoids the errors caused by the present technique of spot checking the environment. The system permits the measurement of cumulative exposures to airborne radon progeny, expressed in units of Working Level Hours (WLH).
A phase 1/2a dose-escalation study of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in individuals with subacute cervical spinal cord injury (2022)

LCTOPC1 can be safely administered to participants in the subacute period after cervical SCI. The injection procedure, low-dose temporary immunosuppression regimen, and LCTOPC1 were well tolerated. The safety and neurological function data support further investigation to determine the efficacy of LCTOPC1 in the treatment of SCI. Clinical trial registration no.: NCT02302157 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
An efficient method for plasma-charging damage measurement (1994)

The initial slope of the voltage versus time curve during constant current stressing of gate-oxide has been demonstrated, for the first time, as a good indicator for plasma-charging damage. This method of damage measurement measures the charge trapping rate of the gate-oxide directly while it is under a high-field stress. It combines the stressing and measuring steps in one rapid measurement. Using only capacitors as testing vehicle, this method does not require extensive processing. Using current stressing instead of CV measurement, this method greatly reduces the measurement time and the size requirement of the capacitor. The ability of this measurement method in bringing out the passivated defects after annealing is demonstrated. An example of using this method in detecting plasma-charging damage is included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>