gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The metal binding properties of kraft lignin (2009)

There is a strong driving force to increase the competitiveness of the pulping industry by finding new business opportunities. In this context full utilisation of the wood raw material used in conventional pulping mills is of vital importance. One focus area is to increase the utilisation areas of lignin. LignoBoost is a new method to obtain kraft lignin of high purity. The aim of the project was to investigate and increase the ability of LignoBoost kraft lignins to bind metals in aqueous solutions. The metal binding property of kraft lignins was evaluated using copper (II) ions. The metal binding capacities were 1.76 mg Cu2+/g LignoBoost softwood kraft lignin, 0.96 mg Cu2+/g LignoBoost hardwood kraft lignin and 1.12 mg Cu2+/g condensed softwood kraft lignin. The metal binding capacities of the softwood and hardwood kraft lignins from LignoBoost were lower than expected, when compared to the metal binding capacities of other lignins found in literature. The highest copper binding capacity of a kraft lignin found in literature was almost 50 times greater than that of the LignoBoost softwood kraft lignin. The Mannich reaction was used to increase the nitrogen content in softwood lignin, and thereby increase its electron-donating capacity. An increase in electron-donating capacity should promote its metal binding capacity. The Mannich reaction occurs in the vacant ortho position of the phenolic groups of lignin, introducing an aminomethyl group at that position. The only vacant ortho position in the phenol unit for reaction is in the guaicyl unit. Softwood lignin underwent a Mannich reaction, since softwood contains a greater number of guaiacyl units than hardwoods. A screening of the products from this Mannich reaction on LignoBoost softwood kraft lignin was performed to optimise the reaction conditions. The reaction time, temperature, amount of formaldehyde and dimethylamine were varied. The Mannich products were evaluated by elemental analysis. The conditions giving the highest nitrogen content in the product were used further in a Mannich reaction of condensed softwood kraft lignin. The condensed softwood kraft lignin (7 g) was treated with dimethylamine (0.35 mol) and formaldehyde (0.35 mol) at 80°C for 24 hours. The metal binding experiment could not be carried out with Mannich-modified condensed softwood kraft lignin since the lignin dissolved in the copper solution. When introducing nitrogen functionalities into lignin the electron-donating capacity should increase. An increase in donor groups should promote the metal binding capacity of the lignin. A problem that occurred when introducing aminomethyl groups was an increase in solubility of the lignin. Water solubility of the lignin derivative is undesirable in the envisaged utilization area, metal binding in, for example mine deposits, from where contaminated water may be a concentrated source of heavy metals.
A tunable iodine laser (1979)

The tuning of an atomic iodine photodissociation laser over 11 wavenumbers is reported. The Zeeman effect is used to tune the laser, which is operated in a longitudinal magnetic field of up to 75 kG.
Simulating Real-Time Aspects of Wireless Sensor Networks (2009)

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) technology has been mainly used in the applications with low-frequency sampling and little computational complexity. Recently, new classes of WSN-based applications with different characteristics are being considered, including process control, industrial automation and visual surveillance. Such new applications usually involve relatively heavy computations and also present real-time requirements as bounded end-to- end delay and guaranteed Quality of Service. It becomes then necessary to employ proper resource management policies, not only for communication resources but also jointly for computing resources, in the design and development of such WSN-based applications. In this context, simulation can play a critical role, together with analytical models, for validating a system design against the parameters of Quality of Service demanded for. In this paper, we present RTNS, a publicly available free simulation tool which includes Operating System aspects in wireless distributed applications. RTNS extends the well-known NS-2 simulator with models of the CPU, the Real-Time Operating System and the application tasks, to take into account delays due to the computation in addition to the communication. We demonstrate the benefits of RTNS by presenting our simulation study for a complex WSN-based multi-view vision system for real-time event detection.
Agglutinate formation in serum samples mixed with intravenous fat emulsions (1985)

The degree of fat agglutination (the so-called “creaming phenomenon”) was measured in sera from 51 critically ill patients, 200 ambulatory patients and 24 healthy volunteers. A 400-μl serum sample was mixed with 10 μl of a fat emulsion (Intralipid), incubated at 37°C, and examined after 2, 6, and 24 h. Almost all samples from critically ill patients exhibited creaming, as did 31% of the samples from ambulatory patients. Serum samples from healthy volunteers were incubated with purified C-reactive protein (CRP). At a CRP concentration of 40 mg/L, creaming was always observed. Creaming also occurred at normal serum levels of CRP, but at increased concentrations of other serum proteins. Finally, the creaming test was performed with 12 different fat emulsions, mixed with sera from critically ill and healthy subjects. Healthy sera produced no creaming and sera from critically ill patients invariably showed creaming with every emulsion.
A New Member of the <i>Escherichia coli fad</i> Regulon: Transcriptional Regulation of <i>fadM</i> ( <i>ybaW</i> ) (2009)

Recently, Nie and coworkers (L. Nie, Y. Ren, A. Janakiraman, S. Smith, and H. Schulz, Biochemistry 47:9618-9626, 2008) reported a new Escherichia coli thioesterase encoded by the ybaW gene that cleaves the thioester bonds of inhibitory acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) by-products generated during beta-oxidation of certain unsaturated fatty acids. These authors suggested that ybaW expression might be regulated by FadR, the repressor of the fad (fatty acid degradation) regulon. We report mapping of the ybaW promoter and show that ybaW transcription responded to FadR in vivo. Moreover, purified FadR bound to a DNA sequence similar to the canonical FadR binding site located upstream of the ybaW coding sequence and was released from the promoter upon the addition of long-chain acyl-CoA thioesters. We therefore propose the designation fadM in place of ybaW. Although FadR regulation of fadM expression had the pattern typical of fad regulon genes, its modulation by the cyclic AMP (cAMP) receptor protein-cAMP complex (CRP-cAMP) global regulator was the opposite of that normally observed. CRP-cAMP generally acts as an activator of fad gene expression, consistent with the low status of fatty acids as carbon sources. However, glucose growth stimulated fadM expression relative to acetate growth, as did inactivation of CRP-cAMP, indicating that the complex acts as a negative regulator of this gene. The stimulation of fadM expression seen upon deletion of the gene encoding adenylate cyclase (Deltacya) was reversed by supplementation of the growth medium with cAMP. Nie and coworkers also reported that growth on a conjugated linoleic acid isomer yields much higher levels of FadM thioesterase activity than does growth on oleic acid. In contrast, we found that the conjugated linoleic acid isomer was only a weak inducer of fadM expression. Although the gene is not essential for growth, the high basal level of fadM expression under diverse growth conditions suggests that the encoded thioesterase has functions in addition to beta-oxidation.
Provably Safe Robot Navigation with Obstacle Uncertainty (2017)

As drones and autonomous cars become more widespread, it is becoming increasingly important that robots can operate safely under realistic conditions. The noisy information fed into real systems means that robots must use estimates of the environment to plan navigation. Efficiently guaranteeing that the resulting motion plans are safe under these circumstances has proved difficult. We examine how to guarantee that a trajectory or policy has at most [Formula: see text] collision probability ([Formula: see text]-safe) with only imperfect observations of the environment. We examine the implications of various mathematical formalisms of safety and arrive at a mathematical notion of safety of a long-term execution, even when conditioned on observational information. We explore the idea of shadows that generalize the notion of a confidence set to estimated shapes and present a theorem that allows us to understand the relationship between shadows and their classical statistical equivalents such as confidence and credible sets. We present efficient algorithms that use shadows to prove that trajectories or policies are safe with much tighter bounds than in previous work. Notably, the complexity of the environment does not affect our method’s ability to evaluate whether a trajectory or policy is safe. We then use these safety-checking methods to design a safe variant of the rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) planning algorithm.
An 11-stage axial compressor performance simulation considering the change of tip clearance in different operating conditions (2014)

The multistage axial compressor is one of the critical components of aero-engines and plays a key role in their performance, reliability, and economy. Tip clearance has a significant impact on the performance and stability of multistage axial compressors. Due to blade and disk deformations, tip clearance will vary significantly in different operating conditions. Thus, tip clearance should be accurately estimated when evaluating compressor performance. This paper proposes a new model to predict changes of tip clearance of multistage axial compressors in different operating conditions. A first-principles approach is used to estimate the change of tip clearance caused by thermal and mechanical deformation. The span-wise temperature distribution across each stage of the multistage compressors is considered by the proposed model in this paper. The model was validated by General Electric Company (GE) E3 engine experimental results. Using the model, the performance of an 11-stage axial compressor is simulated. The results show that accounting for tip clearance variations has a 0.5% impact on the calculated mass flow rate and a 1% impact on the calculated efficiency. Thus, variations of tip clearance at different operating conditions cannot be ignored and the proposed new model is useful to accurately predict the performance of multistage axial compressor.
Tissue kallikrein promotes neovascularization and improves cardiac function by the Akt-glycogen synthase kinase-3  pathway (2008)

These data provide the first direct evidence that tissue kallikrein protects against acute-phase MI by promoting neovascularization, restoring regional blood flow and improving cardiac function through the kinin B2 receptor-Akt-GSK-3beta and VEGF signalling pathways.
A Novel Microscope Slide Adhesive for Poorly Adherent Tissue Sections (2003)

We describe a protected isocyanate (PI) microscope slide-coating technology that significantly enhances tissue section adhesion. This technology is particularly useful for problematic tissue sections that detach during staining. The glass slide coating is unique in that it involves a highly reactive covalent coupling to cellular proteins. Namely, we coat the slides with a modified isocyanate group capable of binding to amine, hydroxyl, and carboxylic functionalities on cells and tissue sections. This contrasts to presently available slide coatings, which primarily provide a weak charge interaction with tissue proteins. We compared the tissue adhesiveness of our isocyanate-coated slides to commercially available aminosilane (“plus”), poly-L-lysine, and polysineTM slides. Serial tissue sections were mounted on PI-coated slides versus one of the other existing coatings and treated in an otherwise-identical manner for staining. In instances where tissue adhesion was problematic, PI-coated slides produced better tissue retention almost every time. The difference was sometimes dramatic and of significant diagnostic value. We believe that this technology can be useful for capturingt issue sections that otherwise will not adhere well to glass slides. (The J Histotechnol 26:117, 2003)Submitted November 4, 2002; Accepted with revisions April 7, 2003
Ghrelin: endocrine, metabolic and cardiovascular actions. (2005)

Ghrelin is a peptide predominantly produced by the stomach, although expressed by many other tissues, including the pancreas and the cardiovascular system. Its secretion is negatively associated to body mass index and undergoes fluctuations during the day. It is stimulated by energy restriction and acetylcholine, while it is reduced by gastrectomy, food intake, glucose, insulin and SRIF. Ghrelin is a natural ligand of the GH secretagogue (GHS) receptor 1a (GHS-R1a), known being specific for synthetic GHS. GHS-R1a expression and binding studies showed GHS-R in the hypothalamus-pituitary area but also in other brain areas as well as in peripheral, endocrine and non-endocrine tissues, including the pancreas and the cardiovascular system. Besides its potent GH-releasing effect, ghrelin: 1) stimulates lactotroph and corticotroph secretion while it negatively modulates the gonadal axis; 2) exerts central actions including orexigenic effect coupled with control of energy expenditure; 3) influences either the exocrine or the endocrine pancreatic function and the glucose and lipid metabolism; 4) controls gastric motility and acid secretion; 5) exerts cardiovascular actions; 6) modulates cell proliferation. Ser3-acylation of ghrelin is essential for binding the GHS-R1a and for its endocrine actions. However, both non-acylated and acylated ghrelin are bound by GHS-R subtypes at both the pancreatic and the cardiovascular level. Non-acylated ghrelin is not an inactive peptide; it exerts some non-endocrine actions such as cardiovascular activities, modulation of cell proliferation and even some metabolic action such as modulation of insulin secretion, glucose and lipid metabolism. Notably, some GHS-R subtypes are not ghrelin receptors; cardiovascular receptors specific for peptidyl GHS have been found and it has been shown they mediate some specific actions that are not shared by ghrelin.
Free radical production by dysfunctional eNOS (2004)

Endothelium derived nitric oxide (NO) plays a major role in cardiovascular homeostasis. It has important anti-atherosclerotic properties which include regulation of vasomotor tone and vessel wall permeability, suppression of leucocyte adhesion to the endothelial surface, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. The important role of NO in the cardiovascular system is highlighted by key observations in animal models. Inhibition of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), the enzyme that catalyses endothelial NO synthesis, accelerates atherogenesis. Similarly, genetic deletion of eNOS in mice leads to hypertension, defective vascular remodelling, vascular thrombosis, and enhanced leucocyte–endothelial cell interactions. In humans, all major cardiovascular risk factors, including hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking, have been associated with endothelial dysfunction, characterised by impaired NO bioavailability. Importantly, the impairment of NO mediated endothelial function is an independent predictor of adverse cardiac events.1 Taken together, current data strongly suggest that impaired NO activity is a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Improving endothelial NO bioavailability in vivo may reduce cardiovascular risk and has emerged as a major therapeutic goal.

In vivo NO bioactivity is determined by the balance between synthesis and degradation of NO. The biosynthesis of endothelial NO is catalysed by the enzyme eNOS and requires the amino acid L-arginine, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and molecular oxygen as substrates, as well as several cofactors and prosthetic groups. Inactivation of NO may occur by its reaction with oxyhaemoglobin in erythrocytes but also by reacting with superoxide anions, resulting in the formation of peroxynitrite. …
The Case for Routine Parathyroid Hormone Monitoring (2012)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a uremic toxin with multiple systemic effects including bone disorders (renal osteodystrophy), myopathy, neurologic abnormalities, anemia, pruritus, and cardiomyopathy. Hyperparathyroidism is common in CKD and results in significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated. Clinical practice guidelines from the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes initiative broadened the optimal PTH range to >2 and <9 times the upper limit of normal for the assay measured. Furthermore, the guidelines recommend following trends in PTH to determine the appropriate therapy. These guidelines overcome issues with the assay variability and help clinicians make judgments when treating individual patients. They also require frequent measurement in order to determine trends and implement appropriate treatments.
The generation of optical vortices and shape preserving vortex arrays in hollow multimode waveguides (2001)

It is predicted that by coherently combining appropriate sets of EHmn modes of hollow square cross section multimode step-index waveguides, individual optical vortices and shape preserving vortex arrays can be generated. The vortices formed in this manner have intensity and phase characteristics similar to those found in Laguerre-Gaussian beams. The resulting vortex fields should be useful for holding, manipulating and imparting orbital angular momentum to atoms and microscopic particles inside hollow waveguides. The advantage of realizing vortex fields in hollow waveguides is that the interaction lengths can be made much greater than in free-space. It is also possible to envisage hollow waveguide optical circuits formed on the surface of suitable substrates. These circuits can be used to realize multiple vortex beam configurations in which atoms can be held and manipulated.
Regulatory Roles of Opioid Peptides (1988)

Twenty-six papers by leading researchers survey opioid peptides and their receptors and discuss in detail how such receptors regulate both transmitter and hormone release as well as integrative mechanisms in the central nervous system. The contributions emphasize their modulation of neural excitability and their control of cardiovascular mechanisms. They also illustrate how receptor-type selective opioids may have therapeutic implications other than the classic ones.
Visually customizing inference rules about apples and oranges (2003)

We have been working on a unit system for end-user spreadsheets that is based on the concrete notion of units instead of the abstract concept of types. In previous work, we defined such a system formally. In this paper we describe a visual system to support the formal reasoning in two ways. First, it supports communicating and explaining the unit inference process to users. Second and more important, our approach allows users to change the system's reasoning by adding and customizing the system's inference rules.
Novel portable hypothermic pulsatile perfusion preservation technology: Improved viability and function of rodent and canine kidneys. (2011)

This organ preservation technology appears to provide an excellent preservation environment for kidneys such that post-transplant delayed graft function is minimized. Additionally, compared to current machine perfusion systems, the preservation system described in this work is significantly reduced in size, weight, and complexity, such that total portability may be possible.
Immunity, safety and protection of an Adenovirus 5 prime - Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara boost subunit vaccine against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in calves (2014)

Vaccination is the most cost effective control measure for Johne¿s disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) but currently available whole cell killed formulations have limited efficacy and are incompatible with the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis by tuberculin skin test. We have evaluated the utility of a viral delivery regimen of non-replicative human Adenovirus 5 and Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara recombinant for early entry MAP specific antigens (HAV) to show protection against challenge in a calf model and extensively screened for differential immunological markers associated with protection. We have shown that HAV vaccination was well tolerated, could be detected using a differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) test, showed no cross-reactivity with tuberculin and provided a degree of protection against challenge evidenced by a lack of faecal shedding in vaccinated animals that persisted throughout the 7 month infection period. Calves given HAV vaccination had significant priming and boosting of MAP derived antigen (PPD-J) specific CD4+, CD8+ IFN-? producing T-cell populations and, upon challenge, developed early specific Th17 related immune responses, enhanced IFN-? responses and retained a high MAP killing capacity in blood. During later phases post MAP challenge, PPD-J antigen specific IFN-? and Th17 responses in HAV vaccinated animals corresponded with improvements in peripheral bacteraemia. By contrast a lack of IFN-?, induction of FoxP3+ T cells and increased IL-1? and IL-10 secretion were indicative of progressive infection in Sham vaccinated animals. We conclude that HAV vaccination shows excellent promise as a new tool for improving control of MAP infection in cattle.
A Rapid MALDI-TOF MS Identification Database at Genospecies Level for Clinical and Environmental Aeromonas Strains (2012)

The genus Aeromonas has undergone a number of taxonomic and nomenclature revisions over the past 20 years, and new (sub)species and biogroups are continuously described. Standard identification methods such as biochemical characterization have deficiencies and do not allow clarification of the taxonomic position. This report describes the development of a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) identification database for a rapid identification of clinical and environmental Aeromonas isolates.
Integrated Guidance and Control of Moving-Mass Actuated Kinetic Warheads (2004)

Abstract : Modeling, simulation, and integrated guidance-control of a kinetic warhead utilizing moving- mass actuators are discussed. Moving masses can be used in any speed range both in the atmosphere as well as outside it, as long as there is a force, either aerodynamic or propulsive, acting on the vehicle. Since they are contained entirely within the airframe geometric envelope, and because no mass expulsion is involved, moving-mass actuation technique offers significant advantages over conventional aerodynamic control surfaces and reaction control systems. The present research developed a high fidelity, nine degree-of-freedom simulation model of a kinetic warhead with three moving-mass actuators. This simulation model is used for actuator sizing and in the development of flight control systems. A software package for performing numerical feedback linearization technique is employed for the design of nonlinear flight control systems. Interception of non-maneuvering and weaving targets in both atmospheric and exo-atmospheric conditions are demonstrated.