gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tuning the Surface of Nanoparticles: Impact of Poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) on Protein Adsorption in Serum and Cellular Uptake (2016)

Due to the adsorption of biomolecules, the control of the biodistribution of nanoparticles is still one of the major challenges of nanomedicine. Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) for surface modification of nanoparticles is applied and both protein adsorption and cellular uptake of PEtOxylated nanoparticles versus nanoparticles coated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and non-coated positively and negatively charged nanoparticles are compared. Therefore, fluorescent poly(organosiloxane) nanoparticles of 15 nm radius are synthesized, which are used as a scaffold for surface modification in a grafting onto approach. With multi-angle dynamic light scattering, asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation, gel electrophoresis, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, it is demonstrated that protein adsorption on PEtOxylated nanoparticles is extremely low, similar as on PEGylated nanoparticles. Moreover, quantitative microscopy reveals that PEtOxylation significantly reduces the non-specific cellular uptake, particularly by macrophage-like cells. Collectively, studies demonstrate that PEtOx is a very effective alternative to PEG for stealth modification of the surface of nanoparticles.
Hypersonic Airbreathing Propulsion: An Aerodynamics, Aerothermodynamics, and Acoustics Competency White Paper (2002)

This White Paper examines the current state of Hypersonic Airbreathing Propulsion at the NASA Langley Research Center and the factors influencing this area of work and its personnel. Using this knowledge, the paper explores beyond the present day and suggests future directions and strategies for the field. Broad views are first taken regarding potential missions and applications of hypersonic propulsion. Then, candidate propulsion systems that may be applicable to these missions are suggested and discussed. Design tools and experimental techniques for developing these propulsion systems are then described, and approaches for applying them in the design process are considered. In each case, current strategies are reviewed and future approaches that may improve the techniques are considered. Finally, the paper concentrates on the needs to be addressed in each of these areas to take advantage of the opportunities that lay ahead for both the NASA Langley Research Center and the Aerodynamic Aerothermodynamic, and Aeroacoustics Competency. Recommendations are then provided so that the goals set forth in the paper may be achieved.
X-Ray Diffraction and Zn<i>K</i>-Edge XANES Studies of Perovskite Ferroelectric PZT-PZN Powders Derived from Zn<sub>2</sub>Nb<sub>34</sub>O<sub>87</sub>Precursor (2016)

An approach to synthesize perovskite ferroelectric 0.9Pb(Zr0.44Ti0.56)O3-0.1Pb(Zn0.33Nb0.67)O3 or 0.9PZT-0.1PZN powders with a modified mixed-oxide synthetic route via a combination of the perovskite PZT phase stabilizer and the novel intermediate phase of Zn2Nb34O87 B-site has been developed. Phase formation, morphology, particle size, chemical composition and oxidation state of the products were investigated as a function of calcination temperatures. It has been found that the pyrochlore phase of Pb3Nb4O13 tends to form together with the perovskite phase of PZT-PZN, depending on calcination temperatures. It is seen that optimization of calcination condition can lead to a 100% yield of PZT-PZN in a tetragonal perovskite phase. The tetragonality factor, degree of agglomeration, crystallite size and average particle size tend to increase with the calcination temperatures. In addition, the synchrotron X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analysis showed the oxidation state of Zn2+ atoms for all condition of 0.9PZT-0.1PZN powders.
The kinetics of protein precipitation by different reagents (1986)

The kinetics of precipitation of soya protein has been examined in a tubular flow reactor with the precipitants, ammonium sulfate, ethanol, divalent calcium, and sulfuric acid. The precipitate growth profiles obtained in all cases showed the rapid formation of a precipitate phase and the attainment of a final size within 16 s. The final mean particle diameter d(m) varied with precipitating agent used in the order: sulfuric acid (12.5 mum) > ethanol (7.5 mum) approximately calcium ion (7.2 mum) > ammonium sulfate (3.1 mum). In the case of ethanol precipitation, changes in the design of the contacting section of the reactor led to differences in the precipitate growth curve. Protein solubility curves are also presented, and with the reactor data, they provide a convenient method for assessing the effect of precipitating agent on the design of protein precipitation reactors.
Detection of distribution of avian influenza H5N1 virus by immunohistochemistry, chromogenic in situ hybridization and real-time PCR techniques in experimentally infected chickens. (2011)

Ten specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens were inoculated intranasally with avian influenza virus subtype H5N1. Evaluation revealed distribution of the virus in twelve organs: liver, intestine, bursa, lung, trachea, thymus, heart, pancreas, brain, spleen, kidney, and esophagus. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH), and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were developed and compared for detection of the virus from the organs. The distribution of avian influenza H5N1 in chickens varied by animal and detecting technique. The heart, kidneys, intestines, lungs, and pancreas were positive with all three techniques, while the others varied by techique. The three techniques can be used to detect avian influenza effectively, but the pros and cons of each technique need to be determined. The decision of which technique to use depends on the objective of the examination, budget, type and quality of samples, laboratory facilities and technician skills.
BGCA: bandwidth guarded channel adaptive routing for ad hoc networks (2003)

To support truly peer-to-peer applications in ad hoc wireless networks, a judicious and efficient ad hoc routing protocol is needed. Much research has been done on designing ad hoc routing protocols and some well known protocols are also being implemented in practical situations. However, one major drawback in existing state-of-the-art protocols, such as the AODV (ad hoc on demand distance vector) routing protocol, is that the time-varying nature of the wireless channels among the mobile terminals is ignored, let alone exploited. In this paper, by using a previously proposed adaptive channel coding and modulation scheme which allows a mobile terminal to dynamically adjust the data throughput via changing the amount of error protection incorporated, we devise a new ad hoc routing algorithm that dynamically changes the routes according to the channel conditions. Extensive simulation results indicate that our proposed protocol is more efficient in that shorter delays and higher rates are achieved.
Articular Cartilage Thickness and Glycosaminoglycan Distribution in the Canine Knee Joint After Strenuous Running Exercise (1992)

The influences of the strenuous running training program on the knee joint articular cartilage was studied in six female beagle dogs. At the age of 15 weeks, the dogs started running on a treadmill inclined 15 degrees uphill. Thereafter, the dogs were trained for 40 weeks, five times a week. For the final 15 weeks, the dogs ran 20 km/day. Six age-matched female beagles served as controls. The cartilage surfaces were intact after the running exercise. The training reduced the thickness of the uncalcified cartilage by 6% in the medial femoral condyle. The glycosaminoglycan concentration was reduced an average of 11% on the summits of the femoral condyles. The reduction was most pronounced (41%) in the superficial 50-micron cartilage zone. In other regions of the knee, such a decrease of glycosaminoglycans was not observed. A shift to strenuous running voided the increase in cartilage thickness and proteoglycan content previously observed after moderate running. Strenuous running induced marked depletion of proteoglycans from the superficial layer of the femoral condyles at sites subjected to highest impact loads.
Jointly Learning to Align and Translate with Transformer Models (2019)

Sarthak Garg, Stephan Peitz, Udhyakumar Nallasamy, Matthias Paulik. Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). 2019.
α6 Integrins Are Required for Langerhans Cell Migration from the Epidermis (1997)

Topical exposure of mice to chemical allergens results in the migration of epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) from the skin and their accumulation as immunostimulatory dendritic cells (DCs) in draining lymph nodes. Epidermal cell-derived cytokines have been implicated in the maturation and migration of LCs, but the adhesion molecules that regulate LC migration have not been studied. We hypothesized that integrin-mediated interactions with extracellular matrix components of the skin and lymph node may regulate LC/DC migration. We found that alpha 6 integrins and alpha 4 integrins were differentially expressed by epidermal LCs and lymph node DCs. A majority of LCs (70%) expressed the alpha 6 integrin subunit, whereas DCs did not express alpha 6 integrins. In contrast, the alpha 4 integrin subunit was expressed at high levels on DCs but at much lower levels on LCs. The anti-alpha 6 integrin antibody, GoH3, which blocks binding to laminin, completely prevented the spontaneous migration of LCs from skin explants in vitro and the rapid migration of LCs from mouse ear skin induced after intradermal administration of TNF-alpha in vivo. GoH3 also reduced the accumulation of DCs in draining lymph nodes by a maximum of 70% after topical administration of the chemical allergen oxazolone. LCs remaining in the epidermis in the presence of GoH3 adopted a rounded morphology, rather than the interdigitating appearance typical of LCs in naive skin, suggesting that the cells had detached from neighboring keratinocytes and withdrawn cellular processes in preparation for migration, but were unable to leave the epidermis. The anti-alpha 4 integrin antibody PS/2, which blocks binding to fibronectin, had no effect on LC migration from the epidermis either in vitro or in vivo, or on the accumulation of DCs in draining lymph nodes after oxazolone application. RGD-containing peptides were also without effect on LC migration from skin explants. These results identify an important role for alpha 6 integrins in the migration of LC from the epidermis to the draining lymph node by regulating access across the epidermal basement membrane. In contrast, alpha 4 integrins, or other integrin-dependent interactions with fibronectin that are mediated by the RGD recognition sequence, did not influence LC migration from the epidermis. In addition, alpha 4 integrins did not affect the accumulation of LCs as DCs in draining lymph nodes.
Gradient Sparsification for Communication-Efficient Distributed Optimization (2018)

Modern large-scale machine learning applications require stochastic optimization algorithms to be implemented on distributed computational architectures. A key bottleneck is the communication overhead for exchanging information such as stochastic gradients among different workers. In this paper, to reduce the communication cost, we propose a convex optimization formulation to minimize the coding length of stochastic gradients. The key idea is to randomly drop out coordinates of the stochastic gradient vectors and amplify the remaining coordinates appropriately to ensure the sparsified gradient to be unbiased. To solve the optimal sparsification efficiently, a simple and fast algorithm is proposed for an approximate solution, with a theoretical guarantee for sparseness. Experiments on ` 2 -regularized logistic regression, support vector machines and convolutional neural networks validate our sparsification approaches. © 2018 Curran Associates Inc..All rights reserved.
Raman microspectroscopic model of human breast tissue: implications for breast cancer diagnosis <i>in vivo</i> (2002)

Abstract Raman spectroscopy has the potential to provide real‐time, in situ diagnosis of breast cancer during needle biopsy or surgery via an optical fiber probe. Understanding the chemical/morphological basis of the Raman spectrum of breast tissue is a necessary step in developing Raman spectroscopy as a tool for in situ breast cancer diagnosis. To understand the relationship between the Raman spectrum of a sample of breast tissue and its disease state, near‐infrared Raman spectroscopic images of human breast tissue were acquired using a confocal microscope. These images were then compared with phase contrast and hematoxylin‐ and eosin‐stained images to develop a chemical/morphological model of breast tissue Raman spectra. This model fits macroscopic tissue spectra with a linear combination of basis spectra derived from spectra of the cell cytoplasm, cell nucleus, fat, β‐carotene, collagen, calcium hydroxyapatite, calcium oxalate dihydrate, cholesterol‐like lipid deposits and water. Each basis spectrum represents data acquired from multiple patients and, when appropriate, from a variety of normal and diseased states. The model explains the spectral features of a range of normal and diseased breast tissue samples, including breast cancer. It can be used to relate the Raman spectrum of a breast tissue sample to diagnostic parameters used by pathologists. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequenced Reactions with Samarium(II) Iodide. Sequential Intramolecular Barbier Cyclization/Grob Fragmentation for the Synthesis of Medium-Sized Carbocycles (2001)

Samarium(II) iodide was used to access eight-, nine-, and ten-membered carbocycles via a domino reaction composed of a cyclization/fragmentation process. 2-(Iodoalkyl)-, 2-(iodomethyl)allyl-, and 2-(2-iodomethyl)benzyl-2-methyl-3-(methanesulfonyloxy)cycloalkanones were subjected to Barbier-type reductive coupling conditions. Intermediate cycloalkanedione derivatives were also treated under similar conditions, providing bicyclic hydroxy ketones with complete diastereoselectivity and high yields. This method represents a general and efficient approach to a variety of highly functionalized, stereodefined carbocycles.
Downstream processing of mannosylerythritol lipids produced by <b> <i>Pseudozyma aphidis</i> </b> (2005)

Pseudozyma aphidis DSM 14930 was used for the bioreactor production of mannosylerythritol lipids (MEL). A scheme is presented for the isolation and purification of MEL by using different solvents. Adsorption experiments of MEL at Amberlite XAD resins were performed. Up to 93% (wt-%) MEL could be transferred from the culture suspension into a newly formed, highly viscous solid phase by heating the culture suspension to ≥100 °C. This phase contained on average 87% (wt-%) MEL and could be simply isolated by pouring off the supernatant, without producing solvent waste.
Highly Sensitive, 112 Gb/s O-band Waveguide Coupled Silicon-Germanium Avalanche Photodetectors (2019)

We present two different waveguide coupled SiGe APDs. We report 25 Gb/s error free operation with −12 dBm input power. Additionally, 112 Gb/s PAM-4 operation below the KP4-FEC threshold of 2.0 × 10−4 is reported.
Side channel analysis countermeasures using obfuscated instructions (2010)

Proven cryptographic algorithms using adequate key sizes are widely used as the primary protection scheme for software programs and hardware circuits. However, it has been shown that detailed analysis of physical circuit manifestations reveal enough information to help adversaries determine the cipher key. Thus, even the strongest algorithms and techniques can be defeated after key extraction. We illustrate a novel technique towards protecting encryption circuits from specific types of side channel analysis attacks utilizing electromagnetic (EM) and radio frequency (RF) probes. Three encryption algorithms, AES, RSA, and DES, implemented in Java are tested on an FPGA to determine their side channel vulnerabilities. Then, select Java bytecodes are obfuscated dynamically through multiple and fundamentally different execution options for satisfying the function during runtime. The obfuscation techniques cause the power signature and execution time to differ each time the specific bytecode is executed within the same encryption routine. Within our experimental framework, all three encryption algorithms had their respective secret keys extracted. After obfuscation countermeasures were applied, DES and RSA encryption circuits are protected successfully from previous side channel exploits. With protection in place, adversaries must collect and expend a minimum of 4 times the effort to exploit protected circuits.
Mechanisms of Cancer-Induced Thrombosis in Cancer (2006)

Substantial epidemiologic, laboratory, pathologic and clinical evidence supports the historic association between activation of blood coagulation and progression of cancer. The increased risk for venous thromboembolism(VTE) in cancer has been considered an epiphenomenon. However, recent studies from several laboratories have linked more closely malignanttransformation (oncogenesis), tumor angiogenesis and metastasis to the generation of clotting intermediates(e.g. tissue factor [TF], factor Xa and thrombin),clotting or platelet function inhibitors (e.g. COX-2) or fibrinolysis inhibitors (e.g. plasminogen activator inhibitor, type 1 [PAI-1]). Furthermore, TF, Xa and thrombin may induce important tumor cell signaling cascades in a clotting-dependent and/or clotting independent manner (e.g. thru engagement of protease-activated receptors [PARs]). Targeting blood clotting reactions in cancer may provide a unique approach to cancer treatment.
Development of a Non-Invasive Blink Reflexometer (2017)

Qualitative assessments of the blink reflex are used clinically to assess neurological status in critical care, operating room, and rehabilitative settings. Despite decades of literature supporting the use of quantitative measurements of the blink reflex in the evaluation of multiple neurological disorders, clinical adoption has failed. Thus, there remains an unmet clinical need for an objective, portable, non-invasive metric of neurological health that can be used in a variety of settings. We have developed a high-speed videography-based device to trigger, record, and analyze a blink reflex. A pilot study was performed to compare the device's measurements to the published literature of electromyographic measurements, currently the gold standard. The study results indicate that the device is a viable tool to obtain fast, objective, and quantitative metrics of a blink reflex, and has promise as a non-invasive diagnostic assessment of neurological health.
A dynamic multi-scale approach for turbulent inflow boundary conditions in spatially developing flows (2011)

A dynamic method for prescribing realistic inflow boundary conditions is presented for simulations of spatially developing turbulent boundary layers. The approach is based on the rescaling–recycling method proposed by Lund, Wu & Squires ( J. Comput. Phys , vol. 140, 1998, pp. 233–258) and the multi-scale method developed by Araya, Jansen & Castillo ( J. Turbul. , vol. 10, no. 36, 2009, pp. 1–33). The rescaling process requires prior knowledge about how the velocity and length scales are related between the inlet and recycle stations. Here a dynamic approach is proposed in which such information is deduced dynamically by involving an additional plane, the so-called test plane located between the inlet and recycle stations. The approach distinguishes between the inner and outer regions of the boundary layer and enables the use of multiple velocity scales. This flexibility allows applications to boundary layer flows with pressure gradients and avoids the need to prescribe empirically the friction velocity and other flow parameters at the inlet of the domain. The dynamic method is tested in direct numerical simulations of zero, favourable and adverse pressure gradient flows. The dynamically obtained scaling exponents for the downstream evolution of boundary layer parameters are found to fluctuate in time, but on average they agree with the expected values for zero, favourable and adverse pressure gradient flows. Comparisons of the results with data from experiments, and from other direct numerical simulations that use much longer computational domains to capture laminar-to-turbulence transition, demonstrate the suitability of the proposed dynamic method.
A Report of an ESL Classroom Observation in Two Language Schools in Auckland (2006)

This article reports an empirical study of classroom observation of two general English lessons that examined the effects of teachers’ referential questions on learners’ responses in two ESL classrooms. The study found that in both classes, the teachers asked many more referential questions than display questions, contrary to earlier findings. Moreover, the teachers’ referential questions elicited longer and syntactically more complex utterances from the learners. The reasons for this are discussed in the light of the objectives and pedagogic tasks of the lessons. Findings confirm the value of teachers’ referential questions on learners’ responses and are discussed in the context of the characteristics and functions of both referential questions and display questions.
Continuous infusion of B‐domain deleted recombinant factor VIII (ReFacto) in patients with haemophilia A undergoing surgery: clinical experience (2004)

This retrospective, open-label, non-comparative study evaluated continuous infusion of recombinant factor VIII (ReFacto), B-domain deleted recombinant FVIII (BDDrFVIII), in patients with haemophilia A undergoing surgery and requiring >5 consecutive days of treatment. Sixteen patients from eight centres underwent a total of 20 procedures. Haemostatic outcome was assessed as 'excellent' or 'good' in 75% of procedures, and target FVIII:C levels were maintained throughout the continuous infusion period. The reported volume of blood loss during surgery was also within the normal range for non-haemophilic patients for the type of surgery performed. Red blood cell transfusions were required to balance excessive blood loss during BDDrFVIII continuous infusion in eight (40%) procedures (seven patients), five with bleeding or requiring volume replacement and three to treat anaemia secondary to blood loss. Non-serious adverse events considered by investigators as possibly or probably related to BDDrFVIII continuous infusion were infrequent (n = 5) considering the duration of treatment (n =239 cumulative days of continuous infusion), and all of these were mild-to-moderate in severity. No thromboembolic complications were reported except for one case of thrombophlebitis occurring at the infusion site. Only two patients (four events) experienced serious adverse bleeding; BDDrFVIII was otherwise well-tolerated. These data show that continuous infusion of BDDrFVIII provides reliable haemostasis and is an effective and well-tolerated regimen for patients with haemophilia A undergoing surgery.
Metasurface-based low profile broadband circularly polarized antenna (2017)

A broadband metasurface-based low profile antenna is proposed for circularly polarized (CP) radiation. The proposed broadband antenna consists of a rectangular patch radiator, a metasurface with an array of rectangular rings, and a coaxial probe. The broadband CP antenna with antenna volume of 80 mm × 60 mm × 4.8 mm exhibits desired performance from 3.65 GHz to 4.55 GHz (22%) for axial ratio (AR) <; 3.0 dB, gain greater than 6 dBic, and VSWR ≤ 2.