gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Technology-design co-optimization of resistive cross-point array for accelerating learning algorithms on chip (2015)

Technology-design co-optimization methodologies of the resistive cross-point array are proposed for implementing the machine learning algorithms on a chip. A novel read and write scheme is designed to accelerate the training process, which realizes fully parallel operations of the weighted sum and the weight update. Furthermore, technology and design parameters of the resistive cross-point array are co-optimized to enhance the learning accuracy, latency and energy consumption, etc. In contrast to the conventional memory design, a set of reverse scaling rules is proposed on the resistive cross-point array to achieve high learning accuracy. These include 1) larger wire width to reduce the IR drop on interconnects thereby increasing the learning accuracy; 2) use of multiple cells for each weight element to alleviate the impact of the device variations, at an affordable expense of area, energy and latency. The optimized resistive cross-point array with peripheral circuitry is implemented at the 65 nm node. Its performance is benchmarked for handwritten digit recognition on the MNIST database using gradient-based sparse coding. Compared to state-of-the-art software approach running on CPU, it achieves >103 speed-up and >106 energy efficiency improvement, enabling real-time image feature extraction and learning.
Atmospheric Optical Calibration System for Outdoor Testing of Photovoltaic Devices (1993)

The Atmospheric Optical Calibration System (AOCS) was developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory for making real-time, terrestrially based measurements of selected optical properties of the atmosphere. The original application of the AOCS was to provide measurements of atmospheric optical conditions pertinent to outdoor photovoltaic (PV) device performance measurements. It addresses the dependence of outdoor PV test results on the characteristics of the incident solar radiation that are dependent on these constantly changing atmospheric optical conditions. This paper describes the AOCS, its calibration and its application to PV testing. Additional applications related to the measurement of atmospheric optical properties are also mentioned.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes in Gold Catalysis (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Microengineered Polymer‐ and Ceramic‐Based Biomaterial Scaffolds: A Topical Review on Design, Processing, and Biocompatibility Properties (2013)

Porous scaffolds play a critical role in bone regeneration and therefore are widely being developed for various biomedical applications. Porosity and pore size, both at the macroscopic and microscopic levels, are important morphological characteristics of a biomaterial scaffold for bone regeneration. This chapter explores the state-of the-art knowledge on the fabrication of porous scaffolds and their physicomechanical behavior as well as in vitro and in vivo biological response in the context of their bone regeneration capabilities. The availability of a number of scaffold fabrication routes provides an opportunity to develop porous scaffolds of various biocompatible materials with different porosities, pore sizes, and mechanical properties. The chapter discusses mechanical as well as the in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility properties. It highlights some of the outstanding issues related to the future scaffold development to mimic the complex architecture of natural bone for better bone tissue regeneration.
Cationic antiprotozoal drugs. Trypanocidal activity of 2-(4'-formylphenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinium guanylhydrazones and related derivatives of quaternary heteroaromatic compounds (1990)

A series of quaternary 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridinum salts has been prepared and evaluated for antiparasitic activity. Primary attention was focused on derivatives with amido, substituted hydrazone, and heterocyclic functionality at the para position of the phenyl substituent. Guanylhydrazones and N-substituted guanylhydrazones of the 4'-formyl-substituted compounds are very active against the blood state Trypanosoma rhodesiense in mice by subcutaneous or oral administration. The most potent compounds attain 100% survival for 30 days at doses of less than 1.0 mg/kg (sc) and greater than 5.0 mg/kg (po). Weaker activity is noted for certain other 4'-substituents such as carboxamidines and carboxamide oximes. Considerable variation in structure, including replacing of the imidazo [1,2-a]pyridinium ring by other cationic heterocyclic rings and insertion of linking groups between the heterocyclic ring and phenyl group, can be done, and a high level of activity is maintained. Relationships between these structural changes and biological activity are discussed.
High repetition rate optical pulse generation from an actively mode-locked fiber rin laser (1998)

Rational harmonic mode-locking of an Er-doped fiber ring laser has been successfully demonstrated up to the 16-th harmonic, of the RF frequency applied to the electro-optic modulator. This is the highest harmonic reported so far to our knowledge.
Novel High-Efficiency Boron Crosslinkers for Low-Polymer-Loading Fracturing Fluids (2014)

Summary Boron-based crosslinkers are used commonly to increase viscosity and to improve fluid-loss control and proppant transportability of guar and its derivative fluids. Boron crosslinkers are usually preferred because of their ability to reheal after shearing and their favorable environmental properties. More-efficient crosslinkers capable of crosslinking fluids with reduced polymer loading have always been of great interest, to reduce both the formation and the proppant-pack damage from polymer residues and to reduce overall fluid cost, especially with the reduced availability and higher cost of guar. Recently, we reported in paper SPE 140817 (Sun and Qu 2011( the synthesis of polyaminoboronates, bulky compounds containing multiple boron sites and capable of interacting with multiple polysaccharide strands to form more complex crosslinking networks at lower polymer loadings than conventional guar fluids. However, to improve the marketability and acceptance of the product, a lower-cost combination of raw materials is sought. In addition, a delaying mechanism to improve the control of the fluid-viscosity buildup can make the product fit into broader applications. A readily available polyamine was used as the base scaffold, and boron was incorporated by means of intermediate borate formed in the condensation reaction between boric acid and ethylene glycol to replace volatile and highly flammable trimethylborate. New chemistry was developed to produce more-controlled crosslinking. The resulting compound exhibited desired adjustable delay characteristics. This paper shows the effect of a series of new crosslinkers in terms of delay properties. The testing results of fluids with a 20%-lower polymer loading, crosslinked with the new crosslinker, are reported and compared with those of conventional fluids. Analysis and discussion of the chemistry, crosslinker performance, and economics are presented.
Bidirectional equalizer arbitrated by Viterbi decoder path metrics (2007)

A bidirectional decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is proposed with the arbitration of the Viterbi decoder. The proposed DFE uses the minimum path metric between Viterbi decoders for the forward and reverse DFEs in the arbitration process. It has over 2 dB SNR gain against the conventional bidirectional DFE and the single DFE.
Overview of the Baculovirus Expression System (1995)

Abstract Baculoviruses have emerged as a popular system for overproducing recombinant proteins in eukaryotic cells. This overview unit describes the baculovirus life cycle and expression system, and also provides information on vectors and protocols for using the baculovirus expression system.
IODVA1, a guanidinobenzimidazole derivative, targets Rac activity and Ras-driven cancer models (2020)

<div><p>We report the synthesis and preliminary characterization of IODVA1, a potent small molecule that is active in xenograft mouse models of Ras-driven lung and breast cancers. In an effort to inhibit oncogenic Ras signaling, we combined <i>in silico</i> screening with inhibition of proliferation and colony formation of Ras-driven cells. NSC124205 fulfilled all criteria. HPLC analysis revealed that NSC124205 was a mixture of at least three compounds, from which IODVA1 was determined to be the active component. IODVA1 decreased 2D and 3D cell proliferation, cell spreading and ruffle and lamellipodia formation through downregulation of Rac activity. IODVA1 significantly impaired xenograft tumor growth of Ras-driven cancer cells with no observable toxicity. Immuno-histochemistry analysis of tumor sections suggests that cell death occurs by increased apoptosis. Our data suggest that IODVA1 targets Rac signaling to induce death of Ras-transformed cells. Therefore, IODVA1 holds promise as an anti-tumor therapeutic agent.</p></div>
<title>Retina ray-tracing technique for eye-refraction mapping</title> (1997)

In photorefractive sight correction, pre-operational computations of to-be-ablated layers are usually based on information about cornea shape that is one of the causes of aberrations. To obtain high-quality results of operation, contributions to aberrations of other origins are to be taken into account. Technique of eye-aberration mapping has been investigated, we called retina ray-tracing. It consists in directing into the eye a narrow beam, scanned (translated) in parallel to itself. Computer controls trajectory of scanning. Beam projection (spot of light) is formed on the retina. Aberrations result in varying position of the spot on retina in the course of scanning. Deviations from initial position are measured and reconstructed into wave aberration function. Mathematical relations, using Zernike polynomial expansions, were found to transform these data into necessary cornea shape correction with ablation technologies. In our experimental setup, we used the technique of acousto-optic scanning with frame time less than 10 ms for 65 sensed points. Eye-aberration mapping is realized with optical power resolution 0.1 diopter.
Gel Electrolyte Derived from Poly(ethylene glycol) Blending Poly(acrylonitrile) Applicable to Roll‐to‐Roll Assembly of Electric Double Layer Capacitors (2012)

Abstract The synthesis of a gelled polymer electrolyte (GPE) using poly(ethylene glycol) blending poly(acrylonitrile) (i.e., PAN‐ b ‐PEG‐ b ‐PAN) as a host, dimethyl formamide (DMF) as a plasticizer and LiClO 4 as an electrolytic salt for electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) is reported. The PAN‐ b ‐PEG‐ b ‐PAN copolymer in the GPE has a linear configuration for high ionic conductivity and excellent compatibility with carbon electrodes. When assembling the GPE in a carbon‐based symmetric EDLC, the copolymer network facilitates ion motion by reducing the equivalent series resistance and Warburg resistance of the capacitor. This symmetric cell has a capacitance value of 101 F g −1 at 0.125 A g −1 and can deliver an energy level of 11.5 Wh kg −1 at a high power of 10 000 W kg −1 over a voltage window of 2.1 V. This cell shows superior stability, with little decay of specific capacitance after 30 000 galvanostatic charge‐discharge cycles. The distinctive merit of the GPE film is its adjustable mechanical integrity, which makes the roll‐to‐roll assembly of GPE‐based EDLCs readily scalable to industrial levels.
Asymmetric Synthesis by Homogeneous CatalysisBased in part on the article Asymmetric Synthesis by Homogeneous Catalysis by Brice Bosnich which appeared in the <i>Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition</i> . (2005)

Abstract This section describes new approaches to asymmetric catalysis including screening mixtures of chiral ligands, applications of normally unresolvable ligands, chiral poisoning, asymmetric activation of racemic catalysts, asymmetric activation of enantioenriched catalysts, optimization of enantioselective catalysts using achiral and meso ligands, and combinatorial methods for catalyst generation.
Topical phenytoin for the treatment of neuropathic pain (2017)

We developed and tested a new putative analgesic cream, based on the anticonvulsant phenytoin in patients suffering from treatment refractory neuropathic pain. The use of commercial topical analgesics is not widespread due to the facts that capsaicin creams or patches can give rise to side effects, such as burning, and analgesic patches (e.g., lidocaine 5% patches) have complex handling, especially for geriatric patients. Only in a few countries, compounded creams based on tricyclic antidepressants or other (co-)analgesics are available. Such topical analgesic creams, however, are easy to administer and have a low propensity for inducing side effects. We, therefore, developed a new topical cream based on 5% and 10% phenytoin and described three successfully treated patients suffering from neuropathic pain. All patients were refractory to a number of other analgesics. In all patients, phenytoin cream was effective in reducing pain completely, without any side effects, and the tolerability was excellent. The onset of action of the phenytoin creams was within 30 minutes. Phenytoin cream might become a new treatment modality of the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Synthesis and hypocholesterolemic activity of 6,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-5,8-diones, novel inhibitors of acylCoA: cholesterol O-acyltransferase (1991)

A novel series of 6,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-5,8-dione inhibitors of the enzyme acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase is described. A number of these derivatives were found to be potent modulators of serum lipoprotein levels in cholesterol-fed rats. Further evaluation of one of the most effective analogues confirmed that it was significantly blocking the absorption of cholesterol from the gut.
Nanopatterned Extracellular Matrices Enable Cell-Based Assays with a Mass Spectrometric Readout (2017)

Cell-based assays are finding wider use in evaluating compounds in primary screens for drug development, yet it is still challenging to measure enzymatic activities as an end point in a cell-based assay. This paper reports a strategy that combines state-of-the-art cantilever free polymer pen lithography (PPL) with self-assembled monolayer laser desorption-ionization (SAMDI) mass spectrometry to guide cell localization and measure cellular enzymatic activities. Experiments are conducted with a 384 spot array, in which each spot is composed of ∼400 nanoarrays and each array has a 10 × 10 arrangement of 750 nm features that present extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins surrounded by an immobilized phosphopeptide. Cells attach to the individual nanoarrays, where they can be cultured and treated with small molecules, after which the media is removed and the cells are lysed. Phosphatase enzymes in the proximal lysate can then act on the immobilized phosphopeptide substrate to convert it to the dephosphorylated form. After the lysate is removed, the array is analyzed by SAMDI mass spectrometry to identify the extent of dephosphorylation and, therefore, the amount of enzyme activity in the cell. This novel approach of using nanopatterning to mediate cell adhesion and SAMDI to record enzyme activities in the proximal lysate will enable a broad range of cellular assays for applications in drug discovery and research not possible with conventional strategies.
Gradient-domain metropolis light transport (2013)

We introduce a novel Metropolis rendering algorithm that directly computes image gradients, and reconstructs the final image from the gradients by solving a Poisson equation. The reconstruction is aided by a low-fidelity approximation of the image computed during gradient sampling. As an extension of path-space Metropolis light transport, our algorithm is well suited for difficult transport scenarios. We demonstrate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art in several well-known test scenes. Additionally, we analyze the spectral properties of gradient-domain sampling, and compare it to the traditional image-domain sampling.
New materials for future generations of III-V solar cells (1999)

Three- and four-junction III-V devices are proposed for ultrahigh-efficiency solar cells using a new 1-eV material lattice-matched to GaAs, namely, GaInNAs. We demonstrate working prototypes of a GaInNAs-based solar cell lattice-matched to GaAs with photoresponse down to 1 eV. Under the AM1.5 direct spectrum with all the light higher in energy than the GaAs band gap filtered out, the prototypes grown with base doping of about 1017 cm−3 have open-circuit voltages ranging from 0.35 to 0.44 V, short-circuit current densities of 1.8 mA/cm2, and fill factors from 61% to 66%. To improve on the current record-efficiency tandem GaInP/GaAs solar cell by adding a GaInNAs junction, the short-circuit current density of this 1-eV cell must be significantly increased. Because these low short-circuit current densities are due to short diffusion lengths, we have demonstrated a depletion-width-enhanced variation of one of the prototype devices that trades off decreased voltage for increased photocurrent, with a short-circuit current density of 7.4 mA/cm2 and an open-circuit voltage of 0.28 V.
Mixed Conduction Membranes Suppress the Polysulfide Shuttle in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries (2017)

The shuttling of polysulfide ions between the two electrodes of a lithium-sulfur battery is a major technical issue that limits the electrical performance and cycle life of this battery. This "polysulfide shuttle" causes self-discharge, low charging efficiencies, and irreversible capacity losses. Suppressing the polysulfide shuttle will bring us closer to realizing a rechargeable battery that has two to three times the energy density of today's lithium-ion batteries. We demonstrate a novel approach to the problem of the polysulfide shuttle by using a "mixed conduction membrane" (MCM). The MCM is a thin non-porous lithium-ion conducting barrier that simply restricts the soluble polysulfides to the positive electrode. Lithium-ion conduction occurs through the MCM by electrochemical intercalation or insertion reactions and concomitant solid-state diffusion, exactly as in the cathode of a lithium-ion battery. Because of the rapidity of lithium ion transport in the MCM, the internal resistance of the battery is not higher than that of a conventional lithium-sulfur battery. The MCM is as effective as the lithium nitrate additive in suppressing the polysulfide shuttle reactions. However, unlike lithium nitrate, the MCM is not used up during cycling and thus provides extended durability and cycle life. We establish the criteria for the selection of materials for MCMs and demonstrate the effectiveness of this novel MCM layer by proving the suppression of shuttling of polysulfides, demonstration of improved capacity retention during repeated cycling, and by the preservation of rate capability and impedance of the lithium-sulfur battery.
Machine-Assisted Search Preference Evaluation (2014)

Information Retrieval systems are traditionally evaluated using the relevance of web pages to individual queries. Other work on IR evaluation has focused on exploring the use of preference judgments over two search result lists. Unlike traditional query-document evaluation, collecting preference judgments over two search result-lists takes the context of documents, and hence takes the interaction between search results, into consideration. Moreover, preference judgments have been shown to produce more accurate results compared to absolute judgment. On the other hand result list preference judgments have very high annotation cost. In this work, we investigate how machine learned models can assist human judges in order to collect reliable result list preference judgments at large scale with lower judgment-cost. We build novel models that can predict user preference automatically. We investigate the effect of different features on the prediction quality. We focus on predicting preferences with high confidence and show that these models can be effectively used to assist human judges resulting in significant reduction in annotation cost.
Establishment and characterization of a schwannoma cell line from a patient with neurofibromatosis 2 (2002)

By using retroviral mediated gene transfer technique, a primary schwannoma culture from a 56-year-old Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) patient was immortalized with HPV E6-E7 genes. This cell line, HEI193, has a unique splice site mutation of the NF2 gene. Both immunocytochemistry and molecular biology techniques were used to demonstrate that this cell line is of Schwann cell origin. Comparison of the primary tumor with HEI193 revealed the same NF2 mutation and an identical pattern of allele loss at multiple loci, indicating that the established cell line had maintained many of the properties of the original tumor. The immortalized cell line was non-tumorigenic in both severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice and nude mice, but has altered growth properties such as higher proliferation rate and independence of Schwann cell growth factors. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to establish permanent cell lines from human NF2 patients. This Schwann tumor-derived cell line may provide a useful model system for the study of familial NF2 tumor pathogenesis, for elucidating NF2 functions and for testing new gene-based therapeutic approaches.
A scanning spherical tri-reflector antenna with a moving flat mirror (1995)

Spherical reflector systems can achieve pattern scanning without rotation of the main reflector through the use of multiple subreflectors that can move. Also, two subreflectors can be shaped to correct for spherical aberration and to control the aperture distribution on the spherical main reflector. In a previous paper (see ibid., vol.41, p.778, no.6, 1993) we introduced a method that offers both aperture phase and intensity control and scans the main beam without an accompanying movement of the illuminated area over main reflector. The method can overcome the poor aperture utilization problem common in spherical reflector antenna systems; however, it requires motion of the entire subreflector system, including the feed, during scan. In this paper we discuss a method that does not require motion of the subreflector system during scan. This method employs a flat mirror that creates a virtual image of the subreflector system. The motion of the subreflector system in the previous design is replaced by the motion of the virtual image that is controlled by the motion of the flat mirror. The new design offers simplified mechanical motion, while maintaining beam efficiency performance comparable to that of traditional spherical tri-reflector scanning antennas, but with some sacrifice in aperture efficiency and cross-polarization performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>