gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sol-gel derived and repairable nano-interconnects (2004)

Most of the compliant interconnects that are currently being developed have inductance and resistance higher than desirable. There is definitive evidence that nano-structured interconnects can provide better resistance to crack growth and fatigue resistance and hence improve mechanical reliability without sacrificing the electrical properties. Current approaches to interconnects such as reflowed solder paste and electroplated interconnects cannot easily achieve nano-grained structures and also impose restrictions on the processibility. For example, screen-printing solder pastes cannot achieve very fine pitches, while electroplated interconnects are restricted to a few material systems. The current wafer level packages are at a pitch of 250-400 microns. We propose solution derived reworkable nano-interconnects as a viable technology to meet the needs of reducing pitch in the die package. This paper proposes solution derived (sol-gel based) nano-grained copper and lead free solders for fine-pitch high strength nano-structured interconnects. In this process, metal-based organic polymer solutions are heat-treated in reducing atmosphere to form metallic copper and lead-free solders (Sn-Ag-Cu). The key is to achieve ultra homogeneous mixing at atomic to molecular level. The precursors were mixed in solvent and refluxed under inert atmosphere at 125/spl deg/C to form metallic Cu/Sn-Ag-Cu complex solutions. The homogenous gel obtained from the hydrolysis of sol-gel precursor solution is heat treated under inert atmosphere at temperatures below 350/spl deg/C to achieve the desired compositions. Among a large number of methods for metal deposition, sol-gel technology, based on thermal decomposition of metal-organic compounds, can prove to be the most convenient and inexpensive for industrial applications.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of Some Hexacarboxylic Acid Derivatives of Hexaazatriphenylene. (1989)

Abstract Hexaazatriphenylenehexacarboxylic acid trianhydride (II) generated in situ reacts with the primary amines (III), dimethylamine (VIa), or methanol (VIb) to give the tricarboxylic acid derivatives (IV) or (VII).
Monitoring and Correcting Autonomic Function Aboard Mir: NASA Technology Used in Space and on Earth to Facilitate Adaptation (1999)

The broad objective of the research was to study individual characteristics of human adaptation to long duration spaceflight and possibilities of their correction using autonomic conditioning. The changes in autonomic state during adaptation to microgravity can have profound effects on the operational efficiency of crewmembers and may result in debilitating biomedical symptoms. Ground-based and inflight experiment results showed that certain responses of autonomic nervous system were correlated with, or consistently preceded, reports of performance decrements or the symptoms. Autogenic-Feedback-Training Exercise (AFTE) is a physiological conditioning method that has been used to train people to voluntary control several of their own physiological responses. The specific objectives were: 1) To study human autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses to sustained exposure to microgravity; 2) To study human behavior/performance changes related to physiology; 3) To evaluate the effectiveness of preflight autonomic conditioning (AFTE) for facilitating adaptation to space and readaptation to Earth; and 4) To archive these data for the NASA Life Sciences Data Archive and thereby make this information available to the international scientific community.
Improved frequency response of InP/InGaAsP/InGaAs avalanche photodiodes with separate absorption, grading and multiplication regions (1985)

We report very high-speed operation of InP/InGaAsP/InGaAs avalanche photodiodes with separate absorption, grading and multiplication regions (SAGM-APDs). For low multiplication values (M0≤7) the bandwidth of these APDs is relatively insensitive to the gain and is determined by the hole transit time and the RC time constant. In this gain region bandwidths as high as 5.5 GHz have been achieved. For higher multiplication values the frequency response exhibits a constant gain-bandwidth product. We have observed gain-bandwidth products as high as 40 GHz, the highest value reported to date for a device of this type.
Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in</i> <i>vivo</i> (2000)

Dentinal repair in the postnatal organism occurs through the activity of specialized cells, odontoblasts, that are thought to be maintained by an as yet undefined precursor population associated with pulp tissue. In this study, we isolated a clonogenic, rapidly proliferative population of cells from adult human dental pulp. These DPSCs were then compared with human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), known precursors of osteoblasts. Although they share a similar immunophenotype in vitro, functional studies showed that DPSCs produced only sporadic, but densely calcified nodules, and did not form adipocytes, whereas BMSCs routinely calcified throughout the adherent cell layer with clusters of lipid-laden adipocytes. When DPSCs were transplanted into immunocompromised mice, they generated a dentin-like structure lined with human odontoblast-like cells that surrounded a pulp-like interstitial tissue. In contrast, BMSCs formed lamellar bone containing osteocytes and surface-lining osteoblasts, surrounding a fibrous vascular tissue with active hematopoiesis and adipocytes. This study isolates postnatal human DPSCs that have the ability to form a dentin/pulp-like complex.
Pharmacological inhibition of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor signaling ameliorates FGF23-mediated hypophosphatemic rickets (2012)

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a circulating factor secreted by osteocytes that is essential for phosphate homeostasis. In kidney proximal tubular cells FGF23 inhibits phosphate reabsorption and leads to decreased synthesis and enhanced catabolism of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2 D3 ). Excess levels of FGF23 cause renal phosphate wasting and suppression of circulating 1,25(OH)2 D3 levels and are associated with several hereditary hypophosphatemic disorders with skeletal abnormalities, including X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) and autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets (ARHR). Currently, therapeutic approaches to these diseases are limited to treatment with activated vitamin D analogues and phosphate supplementation, often merely resulting in partial correction of the skeletal aberrations. In this study, we evaluate the use of FGFR inhibitors for the treatment of FGF23-mediated hypophosphatemic disorders using NVP-BGJ398, a novel selective, pan-specific FGFR inhibitor currently in Phase I clinical trials for cancer therapy. In two different hypophosphatemic mouse models, Hyp and Dmp1-null mice, resembling the human diseases XLH and ARHR, we find that pharmacological inhibition of FGFRs efficiently abrogates aberrant FGF23 signaling and normalizes the hypophosphatemic and hypocalcemic conditions of these mice. Correspondingly, long-term FGFR inhibition in Hyp mice leads to enhanced bone growth, increased mineralization, and reorganization of the disturbed growth plate structure. We therefore propose NVP-BGJ398 treatment as a novel approach for the therapy of FGF23-mediated hypophosphatemic diseases.
Direct solid-phase /sup 125/I radioimmunoassay of serum cortisol (1978)

We report a solid-phase iodine-125 radioimmunoassay for serum cortisol in which the interfering binding proteins are inactivated by a combination of reaction pH and 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid. The procedure is easy to perform and gives accurate and reliable results. The shift in pH for optimum binding of an antibody resulting from immobilization on a solid support, used to decrease cortisol binding competition in the present test, is potentially exploitable in other antibody and enzyme systems.
The Jacobi MIMO Channel (2012)

This paper presents a new fading model for MIMO channels, the Jacobi fading model. It asserts that $H$, the transfer matrix which couples the $m_t$ inputs into $m_r$ outputs, is a sub-matrix of an $m\times m$ random (Haar-distributed) unitary matrix. The (squared) singular values of $H$ follow the law of the classical Jacobi ensemble of random matrices; hence the name of the channel. One motivation to define such a channel comes from multimode/multicore optical fiber communication. It turns out that this model can be qualitatively different than the Rayleigh model, leading to interesting practical and theoretical results. This work first evaluates the ergodic capacity of the channel. Then, it considers the non-ergodic case, where it analyzes the outage probability and the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff. In the case where $k=m_t+m_r-m > 0$ it is shown that at least $k$ degrees of freedom are guaranteed not to fade for any channel realization, enabling a zero outage probability or infinite diversity order at the corresponding rates. A simple scheme utilizing (a possibly outdated) channel state feedback is provided, attaining the no-outage guarantee. Finally, noting that as $m$ increases, the Jacobi model approaches the Rayleigh model, the paper discusses the applicability of the model in other communication scenaria.
A verification metric for multi-sensor image registration (2007)

Accurate geo-location of imagery produced from airborne imaging sensors is a prerequisite for precision targeting and navigation. However, the geo-location metadata often has significant errors which can degrade the performance of applications using the imagery. When reference imagery is available, image registration can be performed as part of a bundle-adjustment procedure to reduce metadata errors. Knowledge of the metadata error statistics can be used to set the registration transform hypothesis search space size. In setting the search space size, a compromise is often made between computational expediency and search space coverage. It therefore becomes necessary to detect cases in which the true registration solution falls outside of the initial search space. To this end, we develop a registration verification metric, for use in a multisensor image registration algorithm, which measures the verity of the registration solution. The verification metric value is used in a hypothesis testing problem to make a decision regarding the suitability of the search space size. Based on the hypothesis test outcome, we close the loop on the verification metric in an iterative algorithm. We expand the search space as necessary, and re-execute the registration algorithm using the expanded search space. We first provide an overview of the registration algorithm, and then describe the verification metric. We generate numerical results of the verification metric hypothesis testing problem in the form of Receiver Operating Characteristics curves illustrating the accuracy of the approach. We also discuss normalization of the metric across scene content.
Normalised rate-distortion modelfor quantisation in MC-DCT video coders (1997)

A new normalised rate-distortion model for quantisation in MC-DCT video coders is proposed. The model is computationally very efficient, since it approximates rate-distortion relations for all values of the quantisation parameter with only one curve, by normalising the energy of signals and the quantisation distortion, with functions of the quantisation parameter.
Rate-distortion models for video transcoding (2003)

This paper addresses the problem of selecting a single transcoding method from multiple transcoding possibilities that satisfy a specified delivery constraint. We first discus the rate-distortion modeling of DCT coefficients. Then, we quantify the distortion of the video transcoding output by examining the rate-distortion relationship of the popular transcoding techniques, including requantization, spatial downsampling and temporal downsampling. The use of our model is illustrated in some typical applications.
Banknote Validation through an Embedded RFID Chip and an NFC-Enabled Smartphone (2015)

With the new, state-of-the-art printing devices and equipment, there has been rapid growth in the counterfeiting of banknotes. Traditional security features on banknotes are easy targets for counterfeiters, and they can easily imitate the original banknotes with fake ones. Conventional methods for validating currency require specialized devices for the authentication of banknotes. However, cost and lack of mobility of sophisticated banknote validation devices are big problems for general consumers. Modern digital solutions are attempting to complement the traditional security features through embedding radio frequency identification (RFID) chips in the banknotes, for example, Euro currency. Unfortunately, the requirement of specialized RFID readers for banknote validation impedes their widespread proliferation among consumers. To overcome this problem, a new method of banknote validation using an RFID chip and an NFC-enabled smartphone is presented. The consumer sends a banknote validation request to the Monetary Agency (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mi mathvariant="script">M</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="script">A</mml:mi></mml:math>) using her or his smartphone and an Internet connection. The<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mi mathvariant="script">M</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="script">A</mml:mi></mml:math>replies by sending a random challenge to the consumer’s smartphone. The RFID chip in the banknote receives the challenge, via the NFC, and calculates an equivalent response to the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"><mml:mi mathvariant="script">M</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="script">A</mml:mi></mml:math>’s challenge. If any of the messages are incorrect, authentication is denied. By the proposed method, consumers can easily and instantly check the originality of currency notes with the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"><mml:mi mathvariant="script">M</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="script">A</mml:mi></mml:math>using their smartphones and an Internet connection. The proposed system is less expensive, computationally, than regular methods and preserves the privacy of people who carry banknotes.
Microfluidic Ethanol Biobatteries on a Microchip (2006)

This chapter outlines the methods and procedures for making a microfluidic and microfabricated biofuel cell. Commercially available screen-printing carbon inks are employed as electrodes by micromolding them onto glass microchips. The carbon ink electrodes are modified with methylene green and alcohol dehydrogenase immobilized within a modified Nafion membrane to act as bioanodes in the microfluidic system. The complete biofuel cell produces power using an external platinum cathode and an integrated microfluidic bioanode. Miniaturization of power sources, such as biofuel cells, is important in applications for implementation in small technologies (i.e., sensors, bioreactors, and lab-on-a-chip technology).
Point-projection x-ray radiography using an <i>X</i> pinch as the radiation source (2001)

Using an X pinch as a source of radiation for point-projection radiography, it is possible to project a high-resolution (1–10 μm) shadow image of dense plasma or test objects onto x-ray-sensitive film. The emission characteristics of X pinches composed of a wide variety of materials have been studied using several diagnostics. The pulse duration and shape of the x-ray bursts were measured in the 1.5–6 keV band using fast diamond PCDs and an x-ray streak camera with sweep speeds as fast as 10 ns for the full sweep (3.5 cm). To investigate the line and continuum radiation emitted by the X pinches, a convex spectrograph using a mica or KAP crystal, and a spectrograph based on a spherically bent mica crystal were used. Summarizing the data, including radiography results, wires known to have slower expansion rates and high boiling temperatures (NiCr, Ti, Nb, Mo, Pd, Ta, W, and Pt) appeared to yield the smallest x-ray source sizes, i.e., gave the best spatial resolution in radiographs and provided subnanosecond time resolution. All of these materials yield intense continuum radiation with energy up to 6 keV, and the highest resolution images are achieved using only the continuum radiation from the X pinch.
On Efficient Query Processing of Stream Counts on the Cell Processor (2009)

In recent years, the sketch-based technique has been presented as an effective method for counting stream items on processors with limited storage and processing capabilities, such as the network processors. In this paper, we examine the implementation of a sketch-based counting algorithm on the heterogeneous multi-core Cell processor. Like the network processors, the Cell also contains on-chip special processors with limited local memories. These special processors enable parallel processing of stream items using short-vector data-parallel (SIMD) operations. We demonstrate that the inaccuracies of the estimates computed by straightforward adaptations of current sketch-based counting approaches are exacerbated by increased inaccuracies in approximating counts of low frequency items, and by the inherent space limitations of the Cell processor. To address these concerns, we implement a sketch-based counting algorithm, FCM, that is specifically adapted for the Cell processor architecture. FCM incorporates novel capabilities for improving estimation accuracy using limited space by dynamically identifying low- and high-frequency stream items, and using a variable number of hash functions per item as determined by an item's current frequency phase. We experimentshortally demonstrate that with similar space consumption, FCM computes better frequency estimates of both the low- and high-frequency items than a naive parallelization of an existing stream counting algorithm. Using FCM as the kernel, our parallel algorithm is able to scale the over all performance linearly as well as improve the estimate accuracy as the number of processors is increased. Thus, this work demonstrates the importance of adapting the algorithm to the specifics of the underlying architecture.
Purification of human interferons by antibody affinity chromatography. (1977)

Human Leukocyte Interferon, Human Fibroblast Interferon and Namalva-interferon was purified on an antibody affinity colomn up to 2-20 X 10 IFU/mg protein with recoveries in the 80-120% range. The colomn was made by coupling highly absorped anti-leukocyte interferon immunoglobulins to Sepharose 4B. The absorption was performed by means of crude human leukocyte interferon covalently bound to Sepharose 4B.
A Replication Overlay Assisted Resource Discovery Service for Federated Systems (2008)

Federated systems have recently attracted much attention because they allow loosely coupled organizations to share resources for common benefits. However, discovering resources across administrative boundaries is challenging. Despite their willingness to share resources, many organizations prefer not to export their internal resource description to unfamiliar parties. While it is highly desirable to facilitate such voluntary sharing, the system also needs to resolve resource queries in an efficient manner. Unfortunately, none of the existing resource discovery designs, either hierarchical or DHT-based, can address these two challenges in the same time.In this paper, we present the design and evaluation of ROADS, a Replication Overlay Assisted resource Discovery Service for federated systems. In ROADS, the resource owners only export summaries, which are condensed representations of their resource records. These summaries are aggregated along a hierarchy and used to direct queries to appropriate resource owners. To improve its efficiency and resiliency, ROADS replicates the summaries using server overlays that enable "shortcuts'' in query forwarding. We have implemented ROADS and evaluated its performance through extensive analysis and experiments. The results show that ROADS outperforms a DHT-based design with 1-2 orders of magnitude less overhead in update messages and 50% less query forwarding time.
A steam separator-superheater apparatus (1973)

Description is given of a separator-superheater apparatus comprising an outer enclosure containing a separating-unit and a steam superheating unit according to the main patent. The present addition relates to an improvement in that apparatus, characterized in that the separating unit and the superheating unit, mounted in two distinct portions of the outer enclosure, are divided into the same number of sub-units of each unit being identical and operating in parallel, and in that to each separator sub-unit is associated a superheater sub- unit, said sub-units being mounted in series and located in one in the other of the enclosure two portions, respectively. This can be applied to the treatment of the exhaust steam of a turbine high pressure body, prior to re-injecting said steam into the low pressure body. (FR)
Uniform and scalable light-sheets generated by extended focusing (2014)

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) affords highly parallelized 3D imaging with optical sectioning capability and minimal light exposure. However, using Gaussian beams for light-sheet generation results in a trade-off between beam waist thickness and the area over which the beam can approximate a light-sheet. Here, we present a novel form of LSFM that uses incoherent extended focusing to produce divergence free light-sheets with near diffraction-limited resolution and uniform intensity distribution along the propagation direction. We demonstrate the imaging performance of the new technique by volumetric imaging of beads, collagen fibers, and melanoma cancer cells with sub-cellular resolution.
Development and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Directed Against the Nucleoprotein of Heartland Virus (2015)

Heartland virus (HRTV), a phlebovirus first isolated from two Missouri farmers in 2009, has been proposed to be transmitted to humans by the bite of infected Amblyomma americanum ticks. It is closely related to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) from China, another previously unrecognized phlebovirus that has subsequently been associated with hundreds of cases of severe disease in humans. To expand diagnostic capacity to detect HRTV infections, 20 hybridoma clones secreting anti-HRTV murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were developed using splenocytes from HRTV-inoculated AG129 alpha/beta and gamma interferon receptor-deficient mice. Nine of these MAbs were characterized herein for inclusion in future HRTV diagnostic assay development. All of the MAbs developed were found to be non-neutralizing and reactive to linear epitopes on HRTV nucleocapsid protein. MAb 2AF11 was found to be cross-reactive with SFTSV.