gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Displacement Consideration for a Ductile Propagating Fracture in Line Pipe (1974)

To date, the technically complex problem of arriving at an analysis for a running shear fracture in a gas-transmission line pipe has been primarily viewed by investigators in terms of an energy balance that involves empirical correlations of data. In contrast, in the present paper, the problem is reviewed in terms of the forces, masses, and time involved in the fracturing event and the resultant accelerations, velocities, and displacements with respect to (1) the forces driving the crack, (2) the pipe-wall ductility resisting the driving forces, and (3) the manner in which the crack arrests. Special attention is given to the effects of backfill on these events. On the bases of the data available, it is proposed that the displacements developed by the driving force are the result of the acceleration developed by the pressure acting on the flaps behind the crack. The driving force developed by the flaps results in forces which open the crack. For a constant velocity of propagation, the time for this flap displacement corresponds to the time for the pipe-wall thinning at the crack tip, which is controlled by the pipe-wall ductility. Thus, pipe-wall ductility can limit the speed of the crack. At a low crack speed, sufficient radial displacement of the flaps behind the crack occurs to cause the crack to turn in a helical path and arrest. Finally, the backfill significantly decreases the driving force and thus reduces the pipe-wall ductility necessary for arrest. Therefore, considerations of the displacements which occur during a propagating shear fracture indicate that the time and forces required for thinning the material at the crack tip, which is essentially governed by the ductility of the pipe wall, limit the speed of the crack.
Develop a Non-contact Automated Dimensional Inspection System for Automotive Manufacturing Industry (2008)

Recently, a variety of 3D sensors have been developed for rapid freeform surface measurement. However, an automated dimensional inspection system is required by automotive industry to bring this state-of-the-art technology into applications. This paper introduces a robot-integrated area sensing system that is developed to meet this industrial requirement. The dimensional inspection system includes a sensor planner, an error map generator, and a sensor affixed to a robot. The sensor planner is adapted to automatically generate robot path based on the CAD model of a workpiece. The path data is indicative for moving the sensor in relation to the surface of the workpiece. Based on the measured point clouds, the sensor planner is able to further modify the path data for the area sensor to improve the measurement performance. The error map generator is adapted to calculate the deviation of 3D shapes between measurement point clouds and the CAD information.
Multiview Positron Attenuation Tomography (2017)

Positron attenuation tomography (PAT) is a new modality for imaging the linear attenuation coefficients (LACs) of magnetically constrained β <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -ray beams in matter. A complete 3-D LAC image of an object can be made by measuring the positron annihilation rate density within it at a single orientation relative to the beam, and then applying the PAT transformation. The spatial resolution of this image is limited by the resolution of the positron emission tomography (PET), or other, system used to acquire the data as well as the scattering and gyration of the positrons around the magnetic field lines. The finite resolution of the PET system also leads to nonlinear artifacts associated with extended LAC discontinuities parallel to the beam. The mass thickness of an object that can be imaged is limited by the positron beam's range in it. However, due to the directional nature of the imaging process as well as its discrete sampling, PAT images acquired at different view angles may each carry unique information on the object's structure. This paper describes a forward model of PAT image formation and a backpropagation algorithm that, when used together to iteratively combine the data from multiple views, can improve the spatial resolution of PAT LAC images, extend their effective field of view, and reduce artifacts. The technique is demonstrated on measured and simulated data.
Preparation of High Purity Sodium 5‐Nitrotetrazolate (NaNT): An Essential Precursor to the Environmentally Acceptable Primary Explosive, DBX‐1 (2013)

Abstract Sodium 5‐nitrotetrazolate dihydrate (NaNT) is a useful precursor compound for the synthesis of lead‐free primary explosives; however, currently employed syntheses for the compound are tedious, dangerous, and plagued by impurities. Through comprehensive analysis, we elucidate the identity of the most detrimental impurities and further report an improved procedure for preparation of NaNT, which greatly improves the purity, while avoiding the handling of acid copper(II) nitrotetrazolate, a highly sensitive explosive intermediate. In the new procedure, 5‐aminotetrazole is diazotized with sodium nitrite, cupric sulfate, and nitric acid. Copper is precipitated as its oxide and the aqueous solution evaporated. After soxhlet extraction with acetone, large crystals of NaNT are obtained. The prepared material is suitable for preparation of lead azide replacement DBX‐1 [copper(I) 5‐nitrotetrazolate] as evidenced by successful use in M55 stab detonators.
Quantitative Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Shales (1992)

Summary Shales make up more than 75% of drilled formations and cause at least 90% of wellbore-stability problems. Physical measurements of shale properties are required to develop realistic constitutive relationships and to understand and define shale strength and behavior under downhole conditions. Quantitative shale-strength data are needed to improve wellbore-stability model predictions. This paper describes a research test program to determine the mechanical properties of different classes of shales and to build a database on their characteristics and mechanical behavior. Shale samples from undisturbed block samples were prepared under controlled conditions. Mechanical test techniques were developed to measure effective-stress/strain properties accurately for shales. The tests require a heavy-duty, triaxial test load frame and other specially designed equipment to obtain precise pore pressure measurements. During the tests, pore pressure, stresses, and strains were monitored accurately by an automatic data-acquisition system. The test techniques described can be used to test shales with different characteristics: soft, hard, brittle, plastic, etc. On the basis of results of several shale tests, high-quality, effective-stress/strain data and failure criteria (shale strength relationships) can be obtained routinely.
Nanofabrication on unconventional substrates using transferred hard masks (2015)

A major challenge in nanofabrication is to pattern unconventional substrates that cannot be processed for a variety of reasons, such as incompatibility with spin coating, electron beam lithography, optical lithography, or wet chemical steps. Here, we present a versatile nanofabrication method based on re-usable silicon membrane hard masks, patterned using standard lithography and mature silicon processing technology. These masks, transferred precisely onto targeted regions, can be in the millimetre scale. They allow for fabrication on a wide range of substrates, including rough, soft and non-conductive materials, enabling feature linewidths down to 10 nm. Plasma etching, lift-off and ion implantation are realized without the need for scanning electron/ion beam processing, UV exposure, or wet etching on target substrates.
A multicenter, prospective validation of disseminated intravascular coagulation diagnostic criteria for critically ill patients: Comparing current criteria* (2006)

The JAAM scoring system has an acceptable property for the diagnosis of DIC. The scoring system identified most of the patients diagnosed by the JMHW and ISTH criteria. Revised JAAM DIC criteria preserved all properties of the original criteria for DIC diagnosis. The revised scoring system can be useful for selecting DIC patients for early treatment in a critical care setting.
Edge partitioning in external-memory graph search (2007)

There is currently much interest in using exter-nal memory, such as disk storage, to scale up graph-search algorithms. Recent work shows that the local structure of a graph can be leveraged to substantially improve the efficiency of external-memory graph search. This paper introduces a technique, called edge partitioning, which exploits a form of local structure that has not been con-sidered in previous work. The new technique im-proves the scalability of structured approaches to external-memory graph search, and also guaran-tees the applicability of these approaches to any graph-search problem. We show its effectiveness in an external-memory graph-search algorithm for domain-independent STRIPS planning. 1
An enhanced Line-Reflect-Reflect-Match calibration (2006)

This paper reports the results of a detailed study of a commercial implementation of the Line-Reflect-Reflect Match (LRRM) vector network analyzer calibration method with automatic load inductance correction. Limitations in applicability for non-offset standards and when the Line (Thru) standard is electrically long and/or the load inductive reactance is large are examined. An enhanced LRRM (eLRRM) algorithm has been developed providing superior and more predictable results for these less frequently encountered cases. eLRRM is available in a commercial VNA calibration software product.
Disentangling Human Dynamics for Pedestrian Locomotion Forecasting with\n Noisy Supervision (2019)

We tackle the problem of Human Locomotion Forecasting, a task for jointly\npredicting the spatial positions of several keypoints on the human body in the\nnear future under an egocentric setting. In contrast to the previous work that\naims to solve either the task of pose prediction or trajectory forecasting in\nisolation, we propose a framework to unify the two problems and address the\npractically useful task of pedestrian locomotion prediction in the wild. Among\nthe major challenges in solving this task is the scarcity of annotated\negocentric video datasets with dense annotations for pose, depth, or egomotion.\nTo surmount this difficulty, we use state-of-the-art models to generate (noisy)\nannotations and propose robust forecasting models that can learn from this\nnoisy supervision. We present a method to disentangle the overall pedestrian\nmotion into easier to learn subparts by utilizing a pose completion and a\ndecomposition module. The completion module fills in the missing key-point\nannotations and the decomposition module breaks the cleaned locomotion down to\nglobal (trajectory) and local (pose keypoint movements). Further, with Quasi\nRNN as our backbone, we propose a novel hierarchical trajectory forecasting\nnetwork that utilizes low-level vision domain specific signals like egomotion\nand depth to predict the global trajectory. Our method leads to\nstate-of-the-art results for the prediction of human locomotion in the\negocentric view. Project pade: https://karttikeya.github.io/publication/plf/\n
List Decoding of Polar Codes (2012)

We describe a successive-cancellation \emph{list} decoder for polar codes, which is a generalization of the classic successive-cancellation decoder of Arıkan. In the proposed list decoder, up to $L$ decoding paths are considered concurrently at each decoding stage. Then, a single codeword is selected from the list as output. If the most likely codeword is selected, simulation results show that the resulting performance is very close to that of a maximum-likelihood decoder, even for moderate values of $L$. Alternatively, if a "genie" is allowed to pick the codeword from the list, the results are comparable to the current state of the art LDPC codes. Luckily, implementing such a helpful genie is easy. Our list decoder doubles the number of decoding paths at each decoding step, and then uses a pruning procedure to discard all but the $L$ "best" paths. %In order to implement this algorithm, we introduce a natural pruning criterion that can be easily evaluated. Nevertheless, a straightforward implementation still requires $Ω(L \cdot n^2)$ time, which is in stark contrast with the $O(n \log n)$ complexity of the original successive-cancellation decoder. We utilize the structure of polar codes to overcome this problem. Specifically, we devise an efficient, numerically stable, implementation taking only $O(L \cdot n \log n)$ time and $O(L \cdot n)$ space.
.BETA.-Lactam antibiotics derived from nitrogen heterocyclic acetic acids. 2. Cephalosporin derivatives. (1981)

Three cephalosporin derivatives were prepared from 1,4-dihydro-4-oxypyridine-1-acetic acid. These were the 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) derivative and the compounds with 5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-thiol and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrazole-5-thiol at C-3 of the cephalosporin nucleus. The antibacterial activity of the 7-ACA derivative was comparable to cephalothin, and that of the other two derivatives was comparable to cefazolin. The 7-ACA derivative, compared to cephalothin, was significantly less metabolized, was less protein bound, and had a longer half life.
Response time characterization of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (2003)

We report our time-resolved measurements of NbN-based superconducting single-photon detectors. The structures are meander-type, 10-nm thick, and 200-nm wide stripes and were operated at 4.2 K. We have shown that the NbN devices can count single-photon pulses with below 100-ps time resolution. The response signal pulse width was about 150 ps, and the system jitter was measured to be 35 ps.
Detecting arcing events in semiconductor manufacturing equipment (2012)

Bipolar arcs require a high voltage difference between two closely spaced points. As an example; if there is excessive deposition or contamination on the deposition and or cover ring in a physical vapor deposition tool (PVD) tool, a DC bipolar arc can occur leading to ablation of underlying materials, wafer breakage or chamber damage caused by the discharge. In some cases these incidents are not identified until numerous wafers have been processed. Therefore it is essential to identify arcing at the time of the event. In this paper, we address a problem for arc detection in a PVD chamber. The electrostatic chuck (ESC) critical parameter(s) are captured with 1000Hz sampling frequency and wavelet transforms are used to isolate arcs from the raw data. This methodology can easily be implemented on other plasma chamber types.
Abstract B03: PVT1 exon 9 is a potential non-invasive biomarker that regulates apoptosis and the cell cycle in aggressive prostate cancer in black males (2016)

Abstract Prostate cancer (PCA) is the most common non-skin cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death for men in the U.S. Black males have a higher incidence of PCA, compared to White males. In fact, Black race is a confirmed, non-modifiable risk factor for PCA with a 2.5 fold greater risk of lethal PCA compared to Caucasian males. Discovery of effective early detection strategies are necessary to address the profound health disparity. The chromosomal region 8q24 is associated with aggressive PCA in Black men and variants of this region have been identified to interact with the PVT1 non-protein coding gene in PCA. PVT1 is located at 8q24 and is transcribed into a long non-protein coding RNA that has been implicated in PCA. Using a panel of eight prostate epithelial cell lines modeling a variety of clinical characteristics of PCA, we investigated the expression of 12 exons of PVT1 in PCA. We discovered that exon 9 of PVT1 is consistently significantly upregulated (by about 2-folds) in aggressive PCA cell lines derived from Black males (MDA PCa 2b and E006AA-hT) in comparison to indolent PCA cells from a Black male E006AA, and both indolent and aggressive PCA cell lines derived from White males. Cell-free PVT1 exon 9 was detectable in cell culture medium, and found to be detectable at significantly higher levels from the aggressive E006AA-hT cell line in comparison to the indolent E006AA cell line from which it was derived. PVT1 exon 9 was efficiently silenced by a custom-designed siRNA. We observed that silencing of PVT1 exon 9 expression resulted in apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G1 phase in the MDA PCa 2b cell line derived from a Black male. Consequently, PVT1 exon 9 may regulate apoptosis and the cell cycle in aggressive PCA in Black males. Our ability to detect cell-free PVT1 exon 9 indicates that PVT1 exon 9 may have potential future role in non-invasive early detection of aggressive PCA in Black males. Citation Format: Adeodat Ilboudo, Dibash Das, Olorunseun O. Ogunwobi. PVT1 exon 9 is a potential non-invasive biomarker that regulates apoptosis and the cell cycle in aggressive prostate cancer in black males. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eighth AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 13-16, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25(3 Suppl):Abstract nr B03.
Reprogramming plant gene expression: a prerequisite to geminivirus DNA replication (2004)

SUMMARY Geminiviruses constitute a large family of plant-infecting viruses with small, single-stranded DNA genomes that replicate through double-stranded intermediates. Because of their limited coding capacity, geminiviruses supply only the factors required to initiate their replication and use plant nuclear DNA polymerases to amplify their genomes. Many geminiviruses replicate in differentiated cells that no longer contain detectable levels of host DNA polymerases and associated factors. To overcome this barrier, geminiviruses induce the accumulation of DNA replication machinery in mature plant cells by reprogramming host gene expression. The mammalian DNA tumour viruses activate host genes required for DNA replication by binding to the retinoblastoma protein, a negative regulator of cell cycle progression, and relieving repression through the E2F family of transcription factors. In this review, we discuss recent experiments showing that geminiviruses also modulate components of the retinoblastoma/E2F transcription regulatory network to induce quiescent plant cells to re-enter the cell cycle and regain the capacity to support high levels of DNA replication. Regulation of the cell division cycle and its integration with developmental pathways is complex, with many factors, including hormones, sucrose and environmental signals, controlling re-entry into the plant cell cycle. Geminivirus interactions with these regulatory networks are likely to determine if and where they can replicate their genomes in different plant tissues and hosts.
Rapid Identification of All Known Retroviral Reverse Transcriptase Sequences with a Novel Versatile Detection Assay (2000)

We have developed a highly sensitive, universal assay that allows detection as well as identification of all known retroviral reverse transcriptase (RT)-related nucleic acids in a biological sample by a single two-step experiment. The assay combines polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse dot-blot hybridization (RDBH), using an array of immobilized synthetic retrovirus-specific oligonucleotides and two sets of mixed oligo primers (MOPs). These primers were derived from highly conserved motifs found in all known reverse transcriptase genes. The PCR/RDBH assay was used for qualitative analyses of human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) transcription in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in particles released by the human mammary carcinoma-derived cell line T47D. Sensitivity was further demonstrated by detection of down to 10 copies of pig endogenous retrovirus (PERV) DNA in human cDNA samples. Therefore, this assay is particularly useful for the identification of retroviral sequences in xenografts as well as in recipients of xenografted tissues and organs. Moreover, it is a valuable tool to detect retroviral transcripts and particles in cell cultures used for production of therapeutic polypeptides. The assay is further suitable for monitoring vector preparation used in human gene therapy to exclude transfer of copackaged endogenous retroviruses into target cells.
Structure–Activity Relationships for Antibacterial to Antifungal Conversion of Kanamycin to Amphiphilic Analogues (2015)

Novel fungicides are urgently needed. It was recently reported that the attachment of an octyl group at the O-4″ position of kanamycin B converts this antibacterial aminoglycoside into a novel antifungal agent. To elucidate the structure-activity relationship (SAR) for this phenomenon, a lead compound FG03 with a hydroxyl group replacing the 3″-NH2 group of kanamycin B was synthesized. FG03's antifungal activity and synthetic scheme inspired the synthesis of a library of kanamycin B analogues alkylated at various hydroxyl groups. SAR studies of the library revealed that for antifungal activity the O-4″ position is the optimal site for attaching a linear alkyl chain and that the 3″-NH2 and 6″-OH groups of the kanamycin B parent molecule are not essential for antifungal activity. The discovery of lead compound, FG03, is an example of reviving clinically obsolete drugs like kanamycin by simple chemical modification and an alternative strategy for discovering novel antimicrobials.
Micellization of Hydrophobically Modified Cyclodextrins. 1. Micellar Structure (2000)

The grafting of a cholesterol derivative onto a methylated cyclodextrin through a spacer arm produces an amphiphilic compound exhibiting high solubility in water. This new molecule was fully characterized in terms of chemical and optical purities by high resolution NMR and mass spectrometry. An analysis of its behavior in aqueous solution using surface tension measurements and light, small-angle X-ray, and neutron scattering techniques proved that it self-assembles into monodisperse spherical micelles with an average aggregation number of 24. The micelles can be described as two-shell objects, the cyclodextrin moieties being exposed to the aqueous medium, making them prone to include guest molecules in the cavities. These objects can therefore be of high interest for the targeting of biologically important molecules and especially for the delivery of drugs.