gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EfficientFormer: Vision Transformers at MobileNet Speed (2022)

Vision Transformers (ViT) have shown rapid progress in computer vision tasks, achieving promising results on various benchmarks. However, due to the massive number of parameters and model design, \textit{e.g.}, attention mechanism, ViT-based models are generally times slower than lightweight convolutional networks. Therefore, the deployment of ViT for real-time applications is particularly challenging, especially on resource-constrained hardware such as mobile devices. Recent efforts try to reduce the computation complexity of ViT through network architecture search or hybrid design with MobileNet block, yet the inference speed is still unsatisfactory. This leads to an important question: can transformers run as fast as MobileNet while obtaining high performance? To answer this, we first revisit the network architecture and operators used in ViT-based models and identify inefficient designs. Then we introduce a dimension-consistent pure transformer (without MobileNet blocks) as a design paradigm. Finally, we perform latency-driven slimming to get a series of final models dubbed EfficientFormer. Extensive experiments show the superiority of EfficientFormer in performance and speed on mobile devices. Our fastest model, EfficientFormer-L1, achieves $79.2\%$ top-1 accuracy on ImageNet-1K with only $1.6$ ms inference latency on iPhone 12 (compiled with CoreML), which runs as fast as MobileNetV2$\times 1.4$ ($1.6$ ms, $74.7\%$ top-1), and our largest model, EfficientFormer-L7, obtains $83.3\%$ accuracy with only $7.0$ ms latency. Our work proves that properly designed transformers can reach extremely low latency on mobile devices while maintaining high performance.
Expansion-matched passively cooled heatsinks with low thermal resistance for high-power diode laser bars (2006)

The lifetime of high-power diode lasers, which are cooled by standard copper heatsinks, is limited. The reasons are the aging of the indium solder normally employed as well as the mechanical stress caused by the mismatch between the copper heatsink (16 - 17ppm/K) and the GaAs diode laser bars (6 - 7.5 ppm/K). For micro - channel heatsinks corrosion and erosion of the micro channels limit the lifetime additionally. The different thermal behavior and the resulting stress cannot be compensated totally by the solder. Expansion matched heatsink materials like tungsten-copper or aluminum nitride reduce this stress. A further possible solution is a combination of copper and molybdenum layers, but all these materials have a high thermal resistance in common. For high-power electronic or low cost medical applications novel materials like copper/carbon compound, compound diamond or high-conductivity ceramics were developed during recent years. Based on these novel materials, passively cooled heatsinks are designed, and thermal and mechanical simulations are performed to check their properties. The expansion of the heatsink and the induced mechanical stress between laser bar and heatsink are the main tasks for the simulations. A comparison of the simulation with experimental results for different material combinations illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches. Together with the boundary conditions the ideal applications for packaging with these materials are defined. The goal of the development of passively-cooled expansion-matched heatsinks has to be a long-term reliability of several 10.000h and a thermal resistance below 1 K/W.
New models for the evaluation of opioid effects in the guinea‐pig ileum (1985)

The pharmacology of morphine and opioid peptides was studied in the guinea-pig ileum by examining their inhibitory effects on propulsive peristaltic activity and on the cooling-induced longitudinal contraction. In these experiments, dose-response curves were recorded. The rank order of potency in inhibiting peristalsis was found to be: dermorphin greater than FK 33-824 greater than dynorphin-(1-17) greater than dynorphin-(1-13) greater than delta-receptor-peptide greater than morphine greater than [Leu] enkephalin, whereas the rank order in inhibiting cooling-induced contractions was found to be: dynorphin-(1-13) congruent to FK 33-824 congruent to dermorphin greater than delta-receptor peptide greater than morphine. Naloxone antagonized the maximally effective dose of each of the opioid agents. In view of the differences between the abilities of these opioids to inhibit propulsive peristaltic activity, these models seem to be valuable for the examination of inhibitory opioid effects in the gut.
The Role of Oxidative Stress in Chemical Carcinogenesis (1998)

James E. Klaunig, Yong Xu, Jason S. Isenberg, Stephen Bachowski, Kyle L. Kolaja, Jiazhong Jiang, Donald E. Stevenson, Earl F. Walborg, Jr., The Role of Oxidative Stress in Chemical Carcinogenesis, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 106, Supplement 1 (Feb., 1998), pp. 289-295
Controllable Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Termination Monomers for Advances in Photochemically Controlled Covalent Adaptable Networks (2014)

With the advent of systematically designed controllable reversible addition–fragmentation termination (CRAFT) compounds, we have identified structure–property relationships related to the RAFT compositional structure as it impacts photoplasticity in covalent adaptable networks (CANs). In this study, we have expanded the range and functional capabilities of addition–fragmentation capable network forming monomers by synthesizing and evaluating systematically varying CRAFT monomers with the general formula ABCBA. Subsequent assessment of the impact of these monomers on photoplasticity and stress relaxation was performed. Structural variation of the A and B segments, in particular, imparts increased efficiency and efficacy in stress relaxation and photoplasticity. The CRAFT monomers employed have highly efficient stress relaxation properties demonstrating stress reduction of up to 54% and 75%, respectively, in postpolymerization network photoplasticity experiments. Furthermore, polymerization stress reduction in purely acrylate and acrylate–thiol networks with CRAFT monomers shows a remarkably enhanced efficacy with the inclusion of relatively small amounts of the monomers. With a loading of only 1.5 wt % of the alkene trithiocarbonate monomer in each system more than 75% stress reduction was achieved.
The MKK6/p38 Stress Kinase Cascade Is Critical for Tumor Necrosis Factor-–Induced Expression of Monocyte-Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Endothelial Cells (1999)

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a member of the C-C subfamily of chemokines, is important for the local recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammatory challenge. Here, we investigated endothelial signaling pathways involving members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase superfamily and studied their role for MCP-1 expression in endothelium. We show that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a potent inflammatory activator of endothelium, leads to activation of MAP kinases ERK, p38, and JNK in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Contribution of MAP kinase pathways to TNF-alpha-induced synthesis of endothelial MCP-1 was then studied by pharmacologic inhibition and transient expression of dominant negative or constitutively active kinase mutants using flow cytometry, Northern blot, and luciferase reporter gene assays. Inhibition of Raf/MEK/ERK or SEK/JNK pathways had no significant effect on MCP-1 levels, whereas blocking the MKK6/p38 pathway by p38 inhibitors SB203580 or SB202190 or by a dominant negative mutant of MKK6, the upstream activator of p38, strongly inhibited TNF-alpha-induced expression of MCP-1. Consistent with that finding, expression of wild-type or constitutively active MKK6 significantly enhanced the effect of limiting TNF-alpha concentrations on MCP-1 synthesis. These data suggest a crucial role for the MKK6/p38 stress kinase cascade in TNF-alpha-mediated endothelial MCP-1 expression.
The Mobile Execution Environment: A Secure and Non-Intrusive Approach to Implement a Bring You Own Device Policy for Laptops (2012)

Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) has become an established business practice, however the practice can increase an organisation’s information security risks. The implementation of a BYOD policy for laptops must consider how the information security risks can be mitigated or managed. The selection of an appropriate secure laptop software configuration is an important part of the information security risk mitigation/management strategy. This paper considers how a secure laptop software configuration, the Mobile Execution Environment (MEE) can be used to minimise risks when a BYOD policy for laptops is implemented. In this paper the security and business risks associated with the implementation of such a policy are identified and discussed before giving an overview of a range of laptop software configuration options suitable for the implementation of a secure BYOD policy. The design objectives and security requirements of the MEE are enumerated and its key features described. For each identified risk, the MEE features that mitigate/manage the risk are presented. The paper concludes by considering the type of work for which the MEE is most suited and also how the security features of the MEE can be enhanced when the MEE forms part of a secure portable execution and storage environment.
MRI Safety Update 2008: Part 1, MRI Contrast Agents and Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (2008)

To prevent incidents and accidents associated with MRI, it is necessary to regularly revisit the safety topics that directly impact patient management especially with respect to the subjects that are "new" (e.g., MRI contrast agents and NSF), those that should be reassessed because of recent changes, topics that deserve emphasis because of controversy or confusion, and information that should be considered in light of new findings.
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for the functional domains of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (1986)

Monoclonal antibodies were developed against poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and analyzed for their reactivity against the NAD+- and DNA-binding fragments. Two fusions were performed to obtain hybridomas and the resulting anti-poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase antibodies were further screened by characterization of their immunoglobulin light chains. Five different hybridomas were isolated which produced different immunoglobulin light chains, all of which were specific for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. The specificities of these antibodies were determined by immunoblotting against the purified poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, its autodegradation fragments, and the fragments prepared by limited proteolysis with chymotrypsin and papain. These fragments have been suggested to contain the NAD+-binding site, the DNA-binding site, and the automodification site, respectively. All the monoclonal antibodies reacted with the 116 kdalton (kDa) band corresponding to the purified enzyme. Four antibodies reacted exclusively with antigenic site(s) on the 46-kDa fragment which contains the DNA-binding site. A fifth antibody reacted exclusively with a clearly different antigenic site on the 74- and 54-kDa fragments which possess the NAD+ (substrate) binding site. The immunoreactivity with the major autodegradation products (69- and 46-kDa fragments) of the purified enzyme confirms this difference between the two groups of antibodies. The 22-kDa fragment corresponding to the auto-modification site does not show any immunoreactivity with the antibodies.
Rebound Effects with Long-Acting Amphetamine or Methylphenidate Stimulant Medication Preparations among Adolescent Male Drivers with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2008)

This study investigated whether OROS methylphenidate (OROS MPH, Concerta) or extended-release mixed amphetamine salts (se-AMPH ER, Adderall XR) were associated with worsening of driving performance, or drug rebound, relative to placebo 16-17 hours post-ingestion. Nineteen male adolescent drivers aged 17-19 with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were compared on a virtual reality driving simulator and an on-road drive after taking 72 mg of OROS MPH, 30 mg of se-AMPH ER, or placebo. Medication was taken at 08:00 in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Participants drove a simulator at 17:00, 20:00, 23:00, and 01:00, and drove their own cars over a 16-mile road course at 24:00. The main outcome measures were composite scores of driving performance. Neither OROS MPH nor se-AMPH ER was associated with significant worsening of simulator performance relative to placebo 17 hours post-ingestion in group comparisons. However, inattentive on-road driving errors were significantly more common on se-AMPH ER relative to placebo at midnight (p = 0.04), suggesting possible rebound. During both late simulator and on-road testing, driving performance variance was approximately 300% greater during the se-AMPH ER compared to the OROS MPH condition.
A one-pot two-step efficient metal-free process for the generation of PEO-b-PCL-b-PLA amphiphilic triblock copolymers (2014)

In an effort to reduce hazardous chemicals, a one-pot two-step process with active bases and inactive salts was developed for the synthesis of high molar mass PEO-block-PCL-block-P(L- or D,L-LA) amphiphilic triblock copolymers. A series of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/poly(L- or D,L-lactide) (P(L- or D,L-LA)) di- and triblock copolymers have been prepared in bulk from metal-free catalytic systems and starting from either 1-pyrenemethanol or poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) macroinitiator. The controlled generation of such structures was obtained after screening and comparing a wide variety of organic activators. Narrower dispersity characterizing each sample prepared from the PEO macroinitiator were elucidated by theoretical modeling. Finally, the ability of those triblock copolymers to self-associate in water was studied by dynamic light scattering and compared to PEO-b-P(CL-co-LA) copolymers.
Dual Closed-Loop Control Strategy of LCL Filter Grid-Connected Inverter Based on the αβ Coordinate System (2018)

The mathematical model of three-phase LCL inverter has coupling term in dq coordinate system. At the same time, the traditional proportional integrate (PI) controller can only realize the no steady-state error control of the sinusoidal AC current in dq coordinate system. This requires highly accurate phase angles and complex coordinate transformations. This paper proposes a control strategy which uses the Quasi-proportional resonant (QPR) controller in the αβ coordinate system. Using the capacitor current as the inner loop realizes active damping and inhibits the resonance peak of LCL filter. The grid-connected current external loop control sine AC current non-static tracking. Design capacitance current feedback coefficient, the proportional coefficient of QPR controller and resonance gain coefficient with frequency domain analysis and zero-pole assignment. The parameter design method and the effectiveness of the control strategy are proved in the simulation and experiment.
Automatic 3D City Modeling Using a Digital Map and Panoramic Images from a Mobile Mapping System (2014)

Three‐dimensional city models are becoming a valuable resource because of their close geospatial, geometrical, and visual relationship with the physical world. However, ground‐oriented applications in virtual reality, 3D navigation, and civil engineering require a novel modeling approach, because the existing large‐scale 3D city modeling methods do not provide rich visual information at ground level. This paper proposes a new framework for generating 3D city models that satisfy both the visual and the physical requirements for ground‐oriented virtual reality applications. To ensure its usability, the framework must be cost‐effective and allow for automated creation. To achieve these goals, we leverage a mobile mapping system that automatically gathers high‐resolution images and supplements sensor information such as the position and direction of the captured images. To resolve problems stemming from sensor noise and occlusions, we develop a fusion technique to incorporate digital map data. This paper describes the major processes of the overall framework and the proposed techniques for each step and presents experimental results from a comparison with an existing 3D city model.
A Computational Framework to Study Public Health Epidemiology (2009)

Public health professionals require computational support to study disease outbreak dynamics and to facilitate policy and decision-making. Modeling disease outbreaks in large realistic populations is a data-intensive task that requires tremendous computational resources. This paper presents a framework of multiple source and computational modules to evaluate what-if scenarios and quantify public health actions.
Optimizing contrast enhancement during helical CT of the liver: a comparison of two bolus tracking techniques. (1998)

Optimizing portal venous phase helical CT of the liver after a low-volume bolus of contrast agent and an injection rate of 1.5 ml/sec is best achieved by initiating helical CT scanning after visualizing the contrast bolus arrival within the liver rather than after reaching a preset attenuation threshold.
Virus-Triggered ATP Release Limits Viral Replication through Facilitating IFN-β Production in a P2X7-Dependent Manner (2017)

Accumulating evidence shows that innate immune responses are associated with extracellular nucleotides, particularly ATP. In this article, we demonstrate extensive protection of ATP/P2X7 signaling in a host against viral infection. Interestingly, we observed a significant increase in ATP as a danger signal in vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-infected cell supernatant and VSV-infected mice in an exocytosis- and pannexin channel-dependent manner. Furthermore, extracellular ATP reduces the replication of VSV, Newcastle disease virus, murine leukemia virus, and HSV in vivo and in vitro through the P2X7 receptor. Meanwhile, ATP significantly increases IFN-β expression in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Mechanistically, ATP facilitates IFN-β secretion through P38/JNK/ATF-2 signaling pathways, which are crucial in promoting antiviral immunity. Taken together, these results demonstrate the protective role of extracellular ATP and P2X7 in viral infection and suggest a potential therapeutic role for ATP/P2X7 in viral diseases.
Hydrogen Crossover in PEM and Alkaline Water Electrolysis: Mechanisms, Direct Comparison and Mitigation Strategies (2018)

This study provides a direct comparison of hydrogen crossover in PEM (Nafion 117) and alkaline water electrolysis (Zirfon) at a temperature of applying state-of-the-art separating unit materials. To this end, occurring crossover mechanisms are described first, before experimental data of the anodic hydrogen content are shown in dependence of current density, system pressure and process management strategy. The results suggest that permeation in PEM electrolyzers is mainly governed by diffusion due to a supersaturated concentration of dissolved hydrogen within the catalyst layer, showing a share of 98} of the total permeation flux at and atmospheric pressure. Permeation in alkaline electrolyzers also exhibits a significant influence of supersaturation, but the overall crossover is mainly influenced by mixing the electrolyte cycles, which makes up a share of 90} at and . Generally it becomes evident that hydrogen permeation across the separating unit is more than one order of magnitude smaller in alkaline electrolysis, which is mainly a consequence of the significantly lower hydrogen solubility in concentrated KOH electrolyte. Finally, this study concludes with an assessment of the impact of separating unit thickness and provides mitigation strategies to reduce hydrogen crossover.
Quantitative aspects of nitric oxide production from nitrate and nitrite (2022)

Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in many physiological and pathological processes in the human body. At least two major pathways produce NO: (1) the <i>L</i>-arginine-NO-oxidative pathway in which NO synthase (NOS) enzymes convert <i>L</i>-arginine to NO; (2) the nitrate-nitrite-NO reductive pathway in which NO is produced from the serial reduction of nitrate and nitrite. The deficiency of NO is involved in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic disorders. Intervention with foods containing nitrate and nitrite can potentially prevent or treat some chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. A better understanding of the NO cycle would help develop effective strategies for preventing or treating the disorders in which NO homeostasis is disturbed. This review summarizes quantitative aspects of NO production, emphasizing the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. Available data indicates that total NO production by NOS-dependent <i>L</i>-arginine-NO pathway is about 1000 μmol.day<sup>-1</sup>. Of about 1700 μmol.day<sup>-1</sup> ingested nitrate, ~25 % is extracted by the salivary glands and of which ~20 % is converted nitrite. It means that about 5 % of ingested nitrate is converted to nitrite in the oral cavity; assuming that all produced nitrite is reduced to NO in the stomach, it can be calculated that contribution of the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway to the whole-body NO production is about 85 μmol.day<sup>-1</sup> (1700 ×0.05=85) or approximately 100 μmol.day<sup>-1</sup>. The lower contribution of the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway does not mean that this pathway has lower importance in the whole-body NO homeostasis. Even in the adequate <i>L</i>-arginine supply, NOS-dependent NO production is insufficient to meet all NO functions, and the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway must provide the rest. In conclusion, the contribution of the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway in the whole human body NO production is <10 %, and the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway is complementary to the NOS-dependent NO production.
Cooperative anchor-less localization for large dynamic networks (2008)

High-definition location information is a key enabler for the emerging set of high-definition situation-aware (HDSA) systems. Applications such as search and rescue, blue force tracking, and exploratory rover localization often require rapid system deployment in unknown environments, in which case the setup of any pre-existing and fixed infrastructure becomes prohibitive. Further, such systems must often operate in harsh propagation environments such as inside buildings, in urban canyons, in caves, or on Martian terrain. In such infrastructure-limited scenarios, cooperation among network entities has the potential to provide the required self-location information for HDSA systems. In this paper we present a cooperative localization algorithm for use when there is no fixed localization infrastructure available. We evaluate the algorithm for large-scale networks with varied node mobility and then quantify performance gains when compared to classic cooperative techniques. A model for the communication between nodes is used that was obtained through an extensive measurement campaign around the MIT campus, using FCC-compliant UWB radios.
Improved external cavity design for cesium D1 (894 nm) diode laser (2000)

We have developed an external cavity diode laser for use near the cesium D1 transition at 894 nm, producing over 20 mW of single-mode power with a continuous tuning range of up to 25 GHz. Our mechanical design allows simple alignment and optimization of the cavity with very good passive stability, as temperature control of the diode is not coupled with changes in cavity length, and it could easily be used with diodes at other wavelengths. We detail the design and construction, and review the performance of the current system, which has been in operation for several years.