gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Nature of Mass Spectrometer Analyzer Contamination (2017)

Sample throughput in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is limited by the need for frequent ion path cleaning to remove accumulated debris that can lead to charging and general performance degradation. Contamination of ion optics within the vacuum system is particularly problematic as routine cleaning requires additional time for cycling the vacuum pumps. Differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) can select targeted ion species for transmission, thereby reducing the total number of charged particles entering the vacuum system. In this work, we characterize the nature of instrument contamination, describe efforts to improve mass spectrometer robustness by applying DMS prefiltering to reduce contamination of the vacuum ion optics, and demonstrate the capability of DMS to extend the interval between mass spectrometer cleaning. In addition, we introduce a new approach to effectively detect large charged particles formed during the electrospray ionization (ESI) process. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Two Distinct TATA-less Promoters Direct Tissue-specific Expression of the Rat Apo-B Editing Catalytic Polypeptide 1 Gene (1997)

The species and tissue specificity of apolipoprotein (apo) B mRNA editing is determined by the expression of apoB editing catalytic polypeptide 1 (APOBEC-1), the cytidine deaminase that catalyzes apoB mRNA editing. To understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate the transcription of APOBEC-1, we characterized rat APOBEC-1 cDNA and genomic DNA. cDNA cloning and RNase protection analysis showed two alternative promoters for the tissue-specific expression of APOBEC-1 in the liver and intestine, Pliv and Pint. Both promoters lack a TATA box, and Pint belongs to the MED-1 class of promoters, which initiate transcription at multiple sites. We also identified two allelic forms of the APOBEC-1 gene from the characterization of two rat APOBEC-1 P1 genomic clones, RE4 and RE5. The RE4 allele is 18 kilobases long and contains six exons and five introns, whereas the RE5 allele contains an additional approximately 8 kilobases of intron sequences and an extra exon encoding a 5'-untranslated region; however, the APOBEC-1 transcripts from the two alleles appear to have similar, if not identical, functions. Transgenic mouse studies showed that Pliv was preferentially used in the liver, kidney, brain, and adipose tissues, whereas Pint was preferentially used in the small intestine, stomach, and lung. Our results suggest that the tissue-specific expression of APOBEC-1 is governed by multiple regulatory elements exerting control over a single coding sequence. The presence or absence of these regulatory elements may determine the tissue-specific expression of APOBEC-1 in other mammalian species.
Diagnosis of Oropouche Virus Infection Using a Recombinant Nucleocapsid Protein-Based Enzyme Immunoassay (2001)

Oropouche (ORO) virus is an emerging infectious agent that has caused numerous outbreaks of an acute febrile (dengue-like) illness among humans in Brazil, Peru, and Panama. Diagnosis of ORO virus infection is based mainly on serology. Two different antigens, hamster serum antigen (HSA) and Vero cell lysate antigen (VCLA), are currently used in enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) in Brazil and Peru, respectively, to investigate the epidemiology of ORO virus infection. Both antigens involve use of infectious virus, and for this reason their use is restricted. Consequently, the frequency and distribution of ORO virus infection are largely unexplored in other countries of South America. This report describes the use of a bacterially expressed recombinant nucleocapsid (rN) protein of ORO virus in EIAs for the diagnosis of ORO virus infection. The data revealed that the purified rN protein is comparable to the authentic viral N protein in its antigenic characteristics and is highly sensitive and specific in EIAs. Among 183 serum samples tested, a high degree of concordance was found between rN protein-based EIA and HSA- and VCLA-based EIAs for the detection of both ORO virus-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies. The high sensitivity, specificity, and safety of the rN protein-based EIA make it a useful diagnostic technique that can be widely used to detect ORO virus infection in South America.
Periodic dispersion management in soliton wavelength-division multiplexing transmission with sliding filters (1997)

We compare the performance of dispersion-managed fibers with that of dispersion-decreasing fibers and of fibers with uniform dispersion in filtered soliton wavelength-division multiplexing transmission. Alternating-sign dispersion management allows us to achieve values of collision-induced timing jitter that are comparable with what can be achieved by use of dispersion-decreasing fiber and are lower for some parameter values.
“Force-Feedback” Leveling of Massively Parallel Arrays in Polymer Pen Lithography (2010)

Polymer pen lithography is a recently developed molecular printing technique which can produce features with diameters ranging from 80 nm to >10 microm in a single writing step using massively parallel (>10(7) pens) arrays of pyramidal, elastomeric pens. Leveling these pen arrays with respect to the surface to produce uniform features over large areas remains a considerable challenge. Here, we describe a new method for leveling the pen arrays that utilizes the force between the pen arrays and the surface to achieve leveling with a tilt of less than 0.004 degrees, thereby producing features that vary by only 50 nm over 1 cm.
The Mouse GalR2 Galanin Receptor: Genomic Organization, cDNA Cloning, and Functional Characterization (1998)

The diverse physiological actions of galanin are thought to be mediated through activation of galanin receptors (GalRs). We report the genomic and cDNA cloning of a mouse GalR that possesses a genomic structure distinct from that of GalR1 and encodes a functional galanin receptor. The mouse GalR gene consists of two exons separated by a single intron within the protein-coding region. The splicing site for the intron is located at the junction between the third transmembrane domain and the second intracellular loop. The cDNA encodes a 370-amino acid putative G protein-coupled receptor that is markedly different from human GalR1 and rat GalR3 (38 and 57%) but shares high homology with rat GalR2 (94%). In binding studies utilizing membranes from COS-7 cells transfected with mouse GalR2 cDNA, the receptor displayed high affinity (K(D) = 0.47 nM) and saturable binding with 125I-galanin (Bmax = 670 fmol/mg). The radioligand binding can be displaced by galanin and its analogues in a rank order: galanin approximately = M40 approximately = M15 approximately = M35 approximately = C7 approximately = galanin(2-29) approximately = galanin(1-16) >> galanin(10-29) approximately = galanin(3-29), which resembles the pharmacological profile of the rat GalR2. Receptor activation by galanin in COS-7 cells stimulated phosphoinositide metabolism, which was not reversed by pertussis toxin. Thus, the galanin receptor encoded in the cloned mouse GalR gene is the type 2 galanin receptor and is active in both ligand binding and signaling assays.
Improving the geometry of manholes designed for separate sewer systems (2018)

The design of manholes dates back more than 100 years. However, there have been developments such as the use of new materials for the manufacture of manholes, and advances in inspection and maintenance technologies, allowing improvements to the shape of manholes. This paper presents an innovative design for manholes, created to overcome the challenges associated with the installation of separate sewer systems in narrow streets, common to both UK and EU cities. The traditional separate sewer system has two separate manholes. The proposed manhole combines these two manholes into one structure, with two separate chambers, to allow storm flow and foul flow to pass through the same manhole without mixing. The structural performance of the new design has been tested using mathematical modelling validated by experimental tests. The results are compared with the structural performance of traditional manholes. The new design shows an improved resistance to high live loads.
Low-temperature deposition of BaCuSF, a visible through mid-infrared p-type transparent conductor (2013)

Barium copper sulfur fluoride (BaCuSF) is a p-type transparent conductor (p-TC) that, when doped with potassium, exhibits exceptionally high conductivity. The results of a detailed optical and electronic characterization of BaCuSF thin films deposited at a substrate temperature of 100 °C are presented. X-ray diffractometry shows the presence of a cubic BaCuSF phase. Spectroscopic measurements demonstrate that the films transmit from the visible through the mid-infrared with a band gap of 1.8 eV. Hall measurements indicate that the material is a degenerate semiconductor. As deposited, the films exhibit conductivity at room temperature of approximately 260 S/cm - among the highest reported room temperature conductivities for p-TCs. After post-deposition treatment in water, their conductivity increases to as high as 800 S/cm, and their band gap is reduced to 1.5 eV. The potential for low temperature deposition of p-type films with high conductivity and optical transmittance makes BaCuSF promising for several applications including flexible electronics and photovoltaics.
A sliding-band dynamic range compression for use in hearing aids (2014)

Sensorineural hearing loss is associated with elevated hearing thresholds, reduced dynamic range, and loudness recruitment. Dynamic range compression in the hearing aids is provided for restoring normal loudness of low level sounds without making the high level sounds uncomfortably loud. A sliding-band compression is presented for significantly reducing the temporal and spectral distortions generally associated with the currently used single and multiband compression techniques. It uses a frequency-dependent gain function calculated on the basis of critical bandwidth based short-time power spectrum and the specified hearing thresholds, compression ratios, and attack and release times. It is realized using FFT-based analysis-synthesis and can be integrated with other FFT-based signal processing in hearing aids to save computation. The technique is implemented and tested for satisfactory real-time operation, with sampling frequency of 10 kHz, window length of 25.6 ms with 75% overlap on a 16-bit fixed-point DSP processor with on-chip FFT hardware.
A novel non-invasive technique for measuring the residual lung volume by nitrogen washout with rapid thoracoabdominal compression in infants (1999)

A new non-invasive and reliable technique for routine measurement of RV in infants is presented.
Biocompatible Infinite‐Coordination‐Polymer Nanoparticle–Nucleic‐Acid Conjugates for Antisense Gene Regulation (2014)

Herein, we report the synthesis of DNA-functionalized infinite-coordination-polymer (ICP) nanoparticles as biocompatible gene-regulation agents. ICP nanoparticles were synthesized from ferric nitrate and a ditopic 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone (HOPO) ligand bearing a pendant azide. Addition of Fe(III) to a solution of the ligand produced nanoparticles, which were colloidally unstable in the presence of salts. Conjugation of DNA to the Fe(III)-HOPO ICP particles by copper-free click chemistry afforded colloidally stable nucleic-acid nanoconstructs. The DNA-ICP particles, when cross-linked through sequence-specific hybridization, exhibited narrow, highly cooperative melting transitions consistent with dense DNA surface loading. The ability of the DNA-ICP particles to enter cells and alter protein expression was also evaluated. Our results indicate that these novel particles carry nucleic acids into mammalian cells without the need for transfection agents and are capable of efficient gene knockdown.
Optical Automatic Gain Controller for High-Bandwidth Free-Space Optical Communication Links (2011)

We developed an optical automatic gain controller for free-space optical communications with a noise figure of 4.1 dB to maximize link margin and a dynamic range of > 60 dB to overcome link dynamics.
Selective Labeling of Proteins on Living Cell Membranes Using Fluorescent Nanodiamond Probes (2016)

The impeccable photostability of fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) is an ideal property for use in fluorescence imaging of proteins in living cells. However, such an application requires highly specific labeling of the target proteins with FNDs. Furthermore, the surface of unmodified FNDs tends to adsorb biomolecules nonspecifically, which hinders the reliable targeting of proteins with FNDs. Here, we combined hyperbranched polyglycerol modification of FNDs with the β-lactamase-tag system to develop a strategy for selective imaging of the protein of interest in cells. The combination of these techniques enabled site-specific labeling of Interleukin-18 receptor alpha chain, a membrane receptor, with FNDs, which eventually enabled tracking of the diffusion trajectory of FND-labeled proteins on the membrane surface.
Argus: Low-Cost, Comprehensive Error Detection in Simple Cores (2007)

We have developed Argus, a novel approach for providing low-cost, comprehensive error detection for simple cores. The key to Argus is that the operation of a von Neumann core consists of four fundamental tasks - control flow, dataflow, computation, and memory access - that can be checked separately. We prove that Argus can detect any error by observing whether any of these tasks are performed incorrectly. We describe a prototype implementation, Argus-1, based on a single-issue, 4-stage, in-order processor to illustrate the potential of our approach. Experiments show that Argus-1 detects transient and permanent errors in simple cores with much lower impact on performance (<4% average overhead) and chip area (<17% overhead) than previous techniques.
Fluorometer to spectrophotometer converter (1996)

A simple accessory has been constructed that will convert a standard laboratory spectrofluorometer into a spectrophotometer. This attachment fits within the sample compartment of a spectrofluorometer and consists of a cuvette holder, two mirrors, and two collimators. Light is redirected from the excitation lamp through the cuvette and then into the emission detector to measure absorbance instead of fluorescence. One to the collimators is a pinhole that greatly restricts the amount of emission light to prevent saturating the detector that is much more sensitive than is needed for spectrophotometry. This accessory is inexpensive, simple, and can preclude the need to buy both types of instruments saving money and laboratory bench space.
Properties and Uses of Boron Nitride Fibers (1966)

Boron nitride fibers have been prepared for the first time. The fibers possess corro sion resistance and thermal stability superior to any known fibers. The electrical insulating properties for boron nitride fibers are unique, particularly at elevated tempera tures. The mechanical properties approach the values normally ascribed to glass fibers ; however, because of their polycrystalline nature, the fibers do not appear to abrade as readily. Preliminary studies on processing boron nitride fibers into end use forms indicate that yarn and cloth can be fabricated. Properties of resin composites rein forced with boron nitride fibers are discussed. Difficulties in preparing ceramic and metal composites indicate the need for suitable coupling agents. Potential aerospace and industrial applications are described, based on properties and availability of various fabricated forms of the fiber.
Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Supercapacitor Electrodes: A Review on Pseudocapacitive Materials (2013)

Carbon nanotube (CNT) supercapacitor electrodes have been the focus of a large amount of research in the last decade given the high specific surface area, electrical conductivity, and chemical stability that they provide. In addition to the electrochemical double-layer capacitance provided by CNTs, electrodes synthesized with this material can be further functionalized with substances such as conducting polymers, metallophthalocyanines, or metal oxides (including oxides of ruthenium, manganese, nickel, and zinc) that add a faradaic (charge transfer) component to the capacitor known as pseudocapacitance. With relatively little pseudocapacitive material, the performance characteristics of the electrode can be improved dramatically. This review details the various methods, materials, and resulting performance figures of pseudocapacitive functionalization to carbon nanotube supercapacitors presented in recent years.
Feasibility of Swept Synthetic Aperture Ultrasound Imaging (2016)

Ultrasound image quality is often inherently limited by the physical dimensions of the imaging transducer. We hypothesize that, by collecting synthetic aperture data sets over a range of aperture positions while precisely tracking the position and orientation of the transducer, we can synthesize large effective apertures to produce images with improved resolution and target detectability. We analyze the two largest limiting factors for coherent signal summation: aberration and mechanical uncertainty. Using an excised canine abdominal wall as a model phase screen, we experimentally observed an effective arrival time error ranging from 18.3 ns to 58 ns (root-mean-square error) across the swept positions. Through this clutter-generating tissue, we observed a 72.9% improvement in resolution with only a 3.75 dB increase in side lobe amplitude compared to the control case. We present a simulation model to study the effect of calibration and mechanical jitter errors on the synthesized point spread function. The relative effects of these errors in each imaging dimension are explored, showing the importance of orientation relative to the point spread function. We present a prototype device for performing swept synthetic aperture imaging using a conventional 1-D array transducer and ultrasound research scanner. Point target reconstruction error for a 44.2 degree sweep shows a reconstruction precision of 82.8 μm and 17.8 μm in the lateral and axial dimensions respectively, within the acceptable performance bounds of the simulation model. Improvements in resolution, contrast and contrast-to-noise ratio are demonstrated in vivo and in a fetal phantom.
Controlled synthesis of ultra-long vertically aligned BaTiO<sub>3</sub>nanowire arrays for sensing and energy harvesting applications (2014)

A novel approach for the synthesis of ultra-long (up to ∼45 μm) vertically aligned barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanowire (NW) arrays on an oxidized Ti substrate is developed. The fabrication method uses a two-step hydrothermal reaction that firstly, involves the growth of ultra-long aligned sodium titanate NW arrays and secondly, involves the transfer of these precursor sodium titanate NW arrays to BaTiO3 NW arrays while retaining the shape of the template nanowires. The ion-exchange during the second hydrothermal reaction in barium hydroxide solution results in the structural transformation from single-crystal sodium titanate NW arrays to BaTiO3 NW arrays. This synthesis approach is low-cost, scalable, and enables control over the morphology and aspect ratio of the resulting BaTiO3 NW arrays by tuning the hydrothermal reaction parameters. In addition to the synthesis methods reported here, the energy harvesting behavior of the BaTiO3 NW arrays is evaluated as a function of their aspect ratio and demonstrated to produce significant impact on the energy produced. The newly developed hydrothermal synthesis process for controlled growth of ultra-long, vertically aligned BaTiO3 NW arrays provides a promising method for their efficient utilization in nano-electromechanical system-based sensors, energy harvesters, and nano-scale electronic devices.
<title>Optical multilayers with an amorphous fluoropolymer</title> (1994)

Multilayered coatings were made by physical vapor deposition (PVD) of a perfluorinated amorphous polymer, Teflon AF2400, together with other optical materials. A high reflector at 1064 nm was made with ZnS and AF2400. An all-organic 1064-nm reflector was made from AF2400 and polyethylene. Oxide (HfO<SUB>2</SUB>, SiO<SUB>2</SUB>) compatibility was also tested. Each multilayer system adhered to itself. The multilayers were influenced by coating stress and unintentional temperature rises during PVD deposition.
Electrostatic vibration energy harvester with combined effect of electrical nonlinearities and mechanical impact (2014)

International audience
Fiber optic tachometer based on the Faraday effect (1989)

A fiber optic tachometer is described that uses the Faraday effect in a ferrite to modulate light from a multimode fiber. A yttrium iron garnet (YIG) crystal is used as the magnetooptic modulator. A permanent magnet is placed near the crystal, such that a nearby rotating steel toothed wheel changes the magnetic field inside the crystal, causing modulation of the intensity of the 1.3-microm light. Modulation depths up to 50% have been achieved with signal-to-noise ratios of over 15 dB. A single multimode fiber connects the remote sensor head to the LED light source and detector.
DLACEP: A Deep-Learning Based Framework for Approximate Complex Event Processing (2022)

Complex event processing (CEP) is employed to detect user-specified patterns of events in data streams. CEP mechanisms operate by maintaining all sets of events that can potentially be composed into a pattern match. This approach can be wasteful when many of the sets do not participate in an actual match and are therefore discarded.
High-Temperature Mechanics of Boron Nitride Nanotube “Buckypaper” for Engineering Advanced Structural Materials (2019)

Boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) is an attractive load-bearing nanomaterial with excellent mechanical properties and high-temperature stability. In this study, the mechanics of BNNT buckypaper assembly is examined at elevated temperatures (up to 750 °C). In situ mechanical investigations are performed inside the electron microscope for real-time visualization of deformation. The deformation characteristics are examined at multiple hierarchical levels to understand the role of defects in a single nanotube, stress-transfer between entangled nanotubes, and interactions between multiple nanotube layers of the buckypaper. The ultralightweight buckypaper is flexible and damage-tolerant and withstands repeated loading/unloading/reloading indentation cycles with an elastic modulus ∼0.8–1.2 GPa. Digital image correlation analysis of the real-time videos indicates excellent strain re-distribution in the buckypaper, which prevents localized stress-concentration. In situ high-speed camera imaging during tensile deformation reveals crack-deflection and crack-bridging due to nanotube entanglements, providing failure-resistance. The buckypaper has energy-dissipation ability, with loss tangent (tan δ) at room temperature as high as 0.5. This study attests to the ability of BNNT macroassembly to bear mechanical stresses up to 750 °C. The application of this macroassembly for developing a polymer-based nanocomposite with superior stiffness (1170% improvement) is also demonstrated. The findings in this work can be applied for engineering BNNT-based advanced structural materials.
Regulator-Gating Methodology with Distributed Switched Capacitor Voltage Converters (2014)

One of the primary challenges with fully integratedvoltage regulation is to maintain a high power efficiency overa wide output current range. A multiphase distributed switchedcapacitor (SC) converter with a new control method that adaptivelyturns on and off certain interleaved stages is proposed. By controlling the number of active interleaved stages basedon the load current, the proposed system achieves a higherpower efficiency for lower output currents, forcing active stagesto operate at highest possible power efficiency. By distributingthe interleaved stages, lower IR and Ldi/dt drop is achieved.