gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Zero-field remote detection of NMR with a microfabricated atomic magnetometer (2008)

We demonstrate remote detection of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with a microchip sensor consisting of a microfluidic channel and a microfabricated vapor cell (the heart of an atomic magnetometer). Detection occurs at zero magnetic field, which allows operation of the magnetometer in the spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) regime and increases the proximity of sensor and sample by eliminating the need for a solenoid to create a leading field. We achieve pulsed NMR linewidths of 26 Hz, limited, we believe, by the residence time and flow dispersion in the encoding region. In a fully optimized system, we estimate that for 1 s of integration, 7 x 10(13) protons in a volume of 1 mm(3), prepolarized in a 10-kG field, can be detected with a signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 3. This level of sensitivity is competitive with that demonstrated by microcoils in 100-kG magnetic fields, without requiring superconducting magnets.
Hemizona Index (HZI) Demonstrates Excellent Predictability when Evaluating Sperm Fertilizing Capacity in <i>In Vitro</i> Fertilization Patients (1994)

The objective of this work was to assess the power of the hemizona assay to predict in vitro fertilization (IVF) results using receiving operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. In a tertiary medical center setting, 94 couples undergoing IVF were included in the study comparing their fertilization results to sperm function during the hemizona assay. Using ROC analysis, fertilization in IVF (mature oocytes only) was compared to performance of the sperm in the sperm-zona pellucida binding test as expressed by hemizona index (HZI; [number of test sperm bound/number of control sperm bound] x 100). The IVF results were as follows: 32 patients had no fertilization (0%), 55 patients fertilized all of the oocytes (100%), and 7 patients fertilized between 14% and 85% of the oocytes. Modified ROC analysis was used to determine the best threshold for fertilization success or failure, depending upon how the data are viewed. A HZI of 40-43 separated the 100% fertilization group from the other groups, with a true positive rate of 87% and a true negative of 83%. Conversely, a HZI of 4-5 separated the 0% fertilization versus partial or total fertilization, with a true positive rate of 100% and true negative rate of 71%. Sperm performance in the hemizona assay as measured by the HZI reflects performance in IVF and benefits couple evaluation and counseling.
Activation of MDR1 (P-glycoprotein) gene expression in human cells by protein kinase C agonists. (1992)

P-glycoprotein, encoded by the MDR1 (multidrug resistance) gene, is a transmembrane efflux pump for various lipophilic compounds. MDR1 is expressed in several types of normal human tissues and in a variety of tumors, where its expression has been correlated with resistance to chemotherapy. Some P-glycoprotein-overexpressing multidrug-resistant cell lines contain elevated amounts of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC activation was shown to increase the level of drug resistance in several cell lines, but the functional association of PKC with P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance remains unclear. We have studied the effects of lymphocyte-activating agents on P-glycoprotein activity in normal human lymphocytes, and found that 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), an efficient agonist of PKC, increased the activity as well as the levels of P-glycoprotein in these cells. TPA also increased P-glycoprotein expression in several cell lines derived from different types of leukemias and solid tumors. The increase in MDR1 gene expression was observed at both the protein and RNA levels. Induction of MDR1 mRNA was apparent as early as two hours after the addition of TPA. Diacylglycerol (DAG), a physiological stimulant of PKC, also increased the expression of MDR1 mRNA and P-glycoprotein. The induction of MDR1 expression by TPA and DAG was suppressed by staurosporine, a protein kinase inhibitor. The results suggest that MDR1 gene expression in different cell types is regulated by a PKC-mediated pathway. This finding has implications for the emergence of multidrug resistance in vitro and in vivo.
Total Synthesis of (+)-Irciniastatin A (a.k.a. Psymberin) and (−)-Irciniastatin B (2013)

A unified synthetic strategy to access (+)-irciniastatin A (a.k.a. psymberin) and (-)-irciniastatin B, two cytotoxic secondary metabolites, has been achieved. Highlights of the convergent strategy comprise a boron-mediated aldol union to set the C(15)-C(17) syn-syn triad, reagent control to set the four stereocenters of the tetrahydropyran core, and a late-stage Curtius rearrangement to install the acid-sensitive stereogenic N,O-aminal. Having achieved the total synthesis of (+)-irciniastatin A, we devised an improved synthetic route to the tetrahydropyran core (13 steps) compared to the first-generation synthesis (22 steps). Construction of the structurally similar (-)-irciniastatin B was then achieved via modification of a late-stage (-)-irciniastatin A intermediate to implement a chemoselective deprotection/oxidation sequence to access the requisite oxidation state at C(11) of the tetrahydropyran core. Of particular significance, the unified strategy will permit late-stage diversification for analogue development, designed to explore the biological role of substitution at the C(11) position of these highly potent tumor cell growth inhibitory molecules.
Observation of Topography and Optical Image of Optical Fiber End by Atomic Force Mode Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope (1995)

A scanning near-field optic/atomic force microscope (SNOAM) was improved using a novel optical fiber probe. The optical fiber probe has a mirror grounded on the ridge for the optical lever of AFM. The resonant characteristics of the optical fiber probe were adequate for a noncontact AFM cantilever: the typical Q factor and resonant frequency were 574 and 10.9 kHz, respectively. The topographical and optical resolution of the SNOAM was better than 100 nm for a standard sample of chromium patterns on a quartz substrate. The SNOAM successfully provided topographies and optical images of optical fiber ends simultaneously. These images indicated that the optical pattern of the core was markedly influenced by the surface roughness of the optical fiber end.
Ethanol-Induced Translocation of Protein Kinase A Occurs in Two Phases: Control by Different Molecular Mechanisms (2002)

Background: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) regulates cellular functions. The specificity of PKA-mediated phosphorylation is determined primarily by PKA localization to sub-cellular sites. Chronic exposure to ethanol causes sustained translocation of the PKA catalytic subunit (C) from the Golgi to the nucleus in NG108-15 cells. Here we find that this is preceded by a transient short-term ethanol-induced translocation of PKA C. Different molecular mechanisms appear to underlie early and late phases of ethanol-induced translocation of PKA subunits. Methods: The time course and localization of PKA C and regulatory (RII) subunits was assessed by immunocytochemistry in NG108-15 cells in the presence of ethanol, adenosine receptor (A2) blockade, and inhibitors of PKA activity and RNA and protein synthesis. Results: Ethanol induces an early phase (<30 min) of C translocation to the cytoplasm and nucleus. This requires cAMP via adenosine A2 receptor activation. C then returns to the Golgi area after 60 min. A second phase of C translocation occurs during continuing exposure to ethanol (>12 hr). Re-accumulation of nuclear C no longer requires A2 or cAMP. RII also translocates to the nucleus during chronic treatment with ethanol. Both C and RII remain in the nucleus as long as ethanol is present. Unlike the early phase of ethanol induced translocation, the second phase of PKA subunit translocation requires protein and RNA synthesis. Conclusions: We identify two distinct phases of ethanol-induced PKA translocation which appear to be regulated by different molecular mechanisms. The first requires A2 signaling and cAMP; the later phase requires RNA and protein synthesis. The two phases of ethanol-induced PKA translocation observed in cell lines may contribute to changes in PKA signaling, cAMP-dependent gene expression, and the initiation and maintenance of sustained drinking behavior in experimental animals.
Compact finger imager (1999)

We present the design of a compact, low-cost finger imager, to be used for enrolling and recognizing individuals based upon their finger ridge patterns. The optical system employs viewing beyond the critical angle and darkfield illumination for maximum image contrast. The optical system is afocal and telecentric, achieving corrected distortion with oblique viewing.
Macular Pigment Screener (2006)

Apparatus for measuring a property of the eye. A target viewed by the subject is composed of two lights of different wavelnegth which flicker in anti-phase. The modulation rate of the flicker is decreased from above flicker threshold toward the frequency at which the flicker may be detected.
The origin and future of composite aluminium conductors (1991)

A composite conductor with high-purity aluminium filaments in an aluminium alloy matrix has been developed. It retains a very high electrical resistance ratio and yield strength when cooled by liquid hydrogen. In typical cryogenic magnetic applications, the aluminium composite is lighter in weight and more versatile than superconductors at any temperature, as long as large flows of cryogenic hydrogen are permissible.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The two faces of serotonin in bone biology (2010)

The serotonin molecule has some remarkable properties. It is synthesized by two different genes at two different sites, and, surprisingly, plays antagonistic functions on bone mass accrual at these two sites. When produced peripherally, serotonin acts as a hormone to inhibit bone formation. In contrast, when produced in the brain, serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter to exert a positive and dominant effect on bone mass accrual by enhancing bone formation and limiting bone resorption. The effect of serotonin on bone biology could be harnessed pharmacologically to treat diseases such as osteoporosis.
Apolipoprotein E4 Causes Age- and Sex-Dependent Impairments of Hilar GABAergic Interneurons and Learning and Memory Deficits in Mice (2012)

Apolipoprotein (apo) E4 is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE4 has sex-dependent effects, whereby the risk of developing AD is higher in apoE4-expressing females than males. However, the mechanism underlying the sex difference, in relation to apoE4, is unknown. Previous findings indicate that apoE4 causes age-dependent impairments of hilar GABAergic interneurons in female mice, leading to learning and memory deficits. Here, we investigate whether the detrimental effects of apoE4 on hilar GABAergic interneurons are sex-dependent using apoE knock-in (KI) mice across different ages. We found that in female apoE-KI mice, there was an age-dependent depletion of hilar GABAergic interneurons, whereby GAD67- or somatostatin-positive--but not NPY- or parvalbumin-positive-interneuron loss was exacerbated by apoE4. Loss of these neuronal populations was correlated with the severity of spatial learning deficits at 16 months of age in female apoE4-KI mice; however, this effect was not observed in female apoE3-KI mice. In contrast, we found an increase in the numbers of hilar GABAergic interneurons with advancing age in male apoE-KI mice, regardless of apoE genotype. Moreover, male apoE-KI mice showed a consistent ratio of hilar inhibitory GABAergic interneurons to excitatory mossy cells approximating 1.5 that is independent of apoE genotype and age, whereas female apoE-KI mice exhibited an age-dependent decrease in this ratio, which was exacerbated by apoE4. Interestingly, there are no apoE genotype effects on GABAergic interneurons in the CA1 and CA3 subregions of the hippocampus as well as the entorhinal and auditory cortexes. These findings suggest that the sex-dependent effects of apoE4 on developing AD is in part attributable to inherent sex-based differences in the numbers of hilar GABAergic interneurons, which is further modulated by apoE genotype.
<title>Design of low-complexity wavelet-based image codec</title> (1998)

This work proposes the use of the external wavelet transform (EWT) and the scalable binary description (S-BiD) technique to reduce the memory requirement and the processing time for wavelet-based image compression methods, in the stage of the wavelet transform as well as the quantization and coding of wavelet coefficients. With EWT, one performs the wavelet transform on an image stored in a less expensive but slower buffer with the help of a small fast cache. With the S-BiD technique, wavelet coefficients are partitioned into wavelet blocks. Each block is small enough to be fetched into the cache to be coded completely. Wavelet coefficients are quantized into a set of interleaved bit-streams that describe three layers in the quantization hierarchy, i.e. blocks, subbands and coefficients, respectively. The resulting codec finds wide applications. It can be easily implemented in a DSP or used to compress a very large image without tiling. It can generate good compressed images even with a cache memory less than 4 Kbyte. With a cache memory of 16 Kbyte, its PSNR performance is comparable with all other codecs while it has a very fast coding speed. The maximum size of the wavelet block that can be processed is limited by the size of the cache memory. The coding efficiency of this codec increases with a larger block size.
Fabrication of a vertical-type organic transistor with a planar metal base (2005)

High-performance vertical-type organic transistors were fabricated using a simple layered structure composed of organic/metal/organic layers. This device could modulate a sheet current between the emitter and collector by a voltage applied to the thin base electrode inserted. When C60 and perylene derivatives were used for the channel layer, the modulated collector current exceeded 300mA∕cm2 by application of only several volts of base voltage. The mechanism for this process is discussed from the viewpoint of metal base transistors.
Metabolic engineering of the anaerobic central metabolic pathway in <i>Escherichia coli</i> for the simultaneous anaerobic production of isoamyl acetate and succinic acid (2009)

An in vivo method of producing isoamyl acetate and succinate simultaneously has been developed in Escherichia coli to maximize yields of both high value compounds as well as maintain the proper redox balance between NADH and NAD(+). Previous attempts at producing the ester isoamyl acetate anaerobically did not produce the compound in high concentrations because of competing pathways and the need for NAD(+) regeneration. The objective of this study is to produce succinate as an example of a reduced coproduct to balance the ratio of NADH/NAD(+) as a way of maximizing isoamyl acetate production. Because the volatility of the two compounds differs greatly, the two could be easily separated in an industrial setting. An ldhA, adhE double mutant strain (SBS110MG) served as the control strain to test the effect of an additional ackA-pta mutation as found in SBS990MG. Both strains overexpressed the two heterologous genes pyruvate carboxylase and alcohol acetyltransferase (for ester production). The triple mutant SBS990MG was found to produce higher levels of both isoamyl acetate and succinate. At the optimal condition of 25 degrees C, the culture produced 9.4 mM isoamyl acetate and 45.5 mM succinate. SBS990MG produced 36% more ester and over 700% more succinate than SBS110MG. In addition, this study demonstrated that a significantly higher isoamyl acetate concentration can be attained by simultaneously balancing the carbon and cofactor flow; the isoamyl acetate concentration of 9.4 mM is more than seven times higher than an earlier report of about 1.2 mM.
Dispersion-based applications in photonic crystals (2004)

A novel implementation of a variable beam splitter using a photonic crystal (PhC) is proposed. The beam splitter consists of two periodic structures: a non-channel dispersion guiding region and a band gap based splitting structure. The dispersion guiding PhC structure is used to route the optical wave by exploiting the dispersion properties of the lattice. Arbitrary power ratio between output beams can be achieved by varying the parameters of the splitting structure. Within the studied range of splitting structures, high output power was observed and verified experimentally.
Chemical preparation of high-field zinc oxide varistors (1985)

Chemical preparation methods were developed for high-field ZnO varistors in which precipitation techniques were used to prepare precursor powders. Varistors were made by sintering uniaxially pressed pellets in the range of 675 to 740/sup 0/C in air. Varistor properties included electric fields(E) in the 10 to 100 kV/cm range at current densities(J) of 5A/cm/sup 2/, nonlinearity coefficients(..cap alpha..) greater than 30 at 2.5 less than or equal to J less than or equal to 5.0 A/cm/sup 2/, and densities in the range of 65 to 99% of theoretical depending both on sintering temperature and composition.
MINI REVIEW Carbohydrate sulfotransferases in lymphocyte homing (2000)

Sulfation is a critical modification in many instances of biological recognition. Early work in lymphocyte homing indicated that the endothelial ligands for L-selectin depended upon sulfation modifications. Subsequent studies showed that the two specific modifications, Gal-6-SO4 and GlcNAc-6-SO4, were present on actual biological ligands. Recently, a family of carbohydrate sulfotransferases capable of generating these modifications has been identified at the molecular level. Reconstitution experiments implicate members of this family as critical participants in lymphocyte homing.
The EUV phase-shifting point diffraction interferometer (2000)

The extreme ultraviolet (EUV) phase-shifting point diffraction interferometer (PS/PDI) was developed and implemented at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to meet the significant measurement challenge of characterizing EUV projection lithography optics. The PS/PDI has been in continuous use and under ongoing development since 1996. Here we describe recent improvements made to the interferometer, and we summarize metrology results from state-of-the-art 10×-reduction EUV projection optics.
Modified Fused Multiply and Add for Exact Low Precision Product Accumulation (2017)

The implementation of the Fused Multiply and Add (FMA) operation has been extensively studied in the literature on standard and large precisions. We suggest re- visiting those studies for 16-bit precision. We introduce a variation of the Mixed precision FMA targeted for applications processing low precision inputs (such as machine learning). We also introduce several versions of a fixed point based floating- point FMA which performs an exact accumulation of binary16 numbers. We study the implementation and area footprint of those operators in comparison with standard FMAs.
On Compensation of Wave Reflections in Transmission Lines and Applications to the Overvoltage Problem AC Motor Drives (2004)

In several practical applications actuators are interconnected to a controlled plant through long cables. If the actuator operates at a fast sampling rate (with respect to the propagation delay of the cable) and its impedance cannot be neglected, wave reflections will occur and the transmitted pulse will be deformed-degrading the control quality. In this note, exploiting the scattering variables representation of the transmission line, we provide a framework for the design of active compensators to reduce the wave reflection problem. The compensators, implementable with regulated current and voltage sources, can be placed either on the actuator side or the plant side, and the only required prior knowledge is the transmission line characteristic impedance and the propagation delay. An adaptive implementation that obviates the need of the lines characteristic impedance, but still requires the knowledge of the propagation delay, is also presented. We prove the existence of an ideal scheme that transforms the line into a pure delay transfer which, unfortunately, yields an ill-posed interconnection and therefore has to be approximated for its practical application. The proposed design method is illustrated with a benchmark ac drives example consisting of a pulsewidth modulation inverter and an induction motor.
Exopolysaccharide biosynthetic glycoside hydrolases can be utilized to disrupt and prevent <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> biofilms (2015)

Abstract Bacterial biofilms are a significant medical challenge as they are recalcitrant to current therapeutic regimes. A key component of biofilm formation in the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharides Pel and Psl, which are involved in the formation and maintenance of the structural biofilm scaffold and protection against antimicrobials and host defenses. Given that the glycoside hydrolases – PelA h and PslG h – encoded in the pel and psl biosynthetic operons, respectively, are utilized for in vivo exopolysaccharide processing, we reasoned that these would provide specificity to target P. aeruginosa biofilms. Evaluating these enzymes as potential therapeutics, we demonstrate that these glycoside hydrolases selectively target and degrade the exopolysaccharide component of the biofilm matrix and that nanomolar concentrations of these enzymes can both prevent biofilm formation as well as rapidly disrupt preexisting biofilms in vitro . This treatment was effective against clinical and environmental P. aeruginosa isolates and reduced biofilm biomass by 58–94%. These non-cytotoxic enzymes potentiated antibiotics as the addition of either enzyme to a sub-lethal concentration of colistin reduced viable bacterial counts by 2.5 orders of magnitude. Additionally, PelA h was able to increase neutrophil killing by ~50%. This work illustrates the feasibility and benefits of using bacterial exopolysaccharide biosynthetic glycoside hydrolases and synthetic biology to develop novel anti-biofilm therapeutics.
Error rate measurements of a Josephson single flux quantum binary ripple counter (1992)

Single-flux quantum devices are used in superconductive analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), shift registers, and memory cells. They have been proposed for logic applications. The authors report the performance of high-speed superconducting, single-flux quantum (SFQ) ripple counters. Both memory and logic functions of the counter are investigated. Errors in logic operation produce bit error rates (BERs) as low as 0.22 errors per million binary operations, measured while counting 100-MHz pseudorandom input pulses. Errors in memory function do not occur on the time scale of the measurements. The BER is shown to be nearly independent of input bit rate and pattern, but strongly dependent on the counter cell operating point.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>