gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution of nanodomains during the electric-field-induced relaxor to normal ferroelectric phase transition in a Sc-doped Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3 ceramic (2007)

Sc doping in Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3 enhances the B-site 1:1 cation order significantly but promotes the ferroelectric polar order moderately. At low doping levels, the electrical polar domains remain at the nanometer scale and the relaxor ferroelectric behavior is preserved. A normal ferroelectric state can be triggered with electric fields from the relaxor state at lower temperatures. This electric-field-induced phase transition process was directly observed with an in situ transmission electron microscopy technique in a 4at.% Sc-doped Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3 polycrystalline ceramic under different conditions. It was found that the phase transition started at the grain boundary and took two steps to complete: The gradual coalescence of the polar nanodomains and the abrupt formation of the long-range ferroelectric domains. During the growth of the polar nanodomains, the morphology of the cation ordered chemical domains does not change. Furthermore, these chemical domains seem to have no strong resistance to the growth of polar domains in Sc-doped Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3.
<title>In vivo photodynamic therapy with meso-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC): influence of light intensity and optimization of photodynamic efficiency</title> (1996)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) consists in administering a photosensitizer generating cytotoxic radical species when submitted to light irradiation. One of the difficulties encountered in PDT is to find a photosensitizer absorbing at a wavelength penetrating tissues deeply. Meso-tetra(m- hydroxyphenyl)chlorin(mTHPC) presents this characteristic since it is activated at 650 nm. The photodynamic efficiency of mTHPC (0.3 mg/kg) was evaluated 72 hrs after intraperitoneal injection in HT29 human tumor bearing mice. This interval has been determined by a biodistribution study using fluorescence spectroscopy and HPLC. Mice were irradiated at 650 nm, 10 J/cm<SUP>2</SUP> using a dye laser. The photodynamic efficiency was evaluated by two methods: tumor growth after photodynamic treatment and macroscopic measurement of necrosis depth after tumoral resection using in vivo staining procedure with Evans blue dye. The normalization of the tumor volume (V equals 1/6 pi D<SUP>3</SUP>) to the initial volume showed no significant difference of control and treated mice, no regression was observed. Secondly the necrosis depth was determined 24 hrs after irradiation using Evans blue which circulates in vessels not damaged by the treatment. Only tumors from treated animals presented measurable necrosis area, mostly localized in surface around the irradiated site with a mean depth of 3.0 plus or minus 0.3 mm. No prolonged tumoral regression was observed. Unexpectedly, the photodynamic activity was higher when using a low irradiance (32 mW/cm<SUP>2</SUP>) than when using a higher one (160 mW/cm<SUP>2</SUP>). These results were not related to intratumoral mTHPC photodestruction. Tumor eradication may occur either in tumors measuring less than 3 mm, with a small light intensity, or through fractionated irradiation.
A POMDP framework for human-in-the-loop system (2014)

Human operators are involved in many real world systems such as automobile systems. Traditional human-assistance features such as warning systems in the aircraft and automatic braking systems in automobile only monitor the states of the machine in order to prevent human errors and enhance safety. We believe that next generation systems should be able to monitor both the human and the machine and give an appropriate feedback to them. Although having human in the control loop has its advantage, it lacks a unified modeling framework to manage the feedback between the human and the machine. In this paper, we will present how partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) can be used as a unified framework for the three main components in a human-in-the-loop control system-the human model, the machine dynamic model and the observation model. We use simulations to show the benefits of this framework. Finally, we outline the key challenge to advance this framework.
Influences of Harvest Date and Location on the Levels of β-Carotene, Ascorbic Acid, Total Phenols, the in Vitro Antioxidant Capacity, and Phenolic Profiles of Five Commercial Varieties of Mango (<i>Mangifera indica</i> L.) (2009)

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a tropical fruit grown worldwide with excellent nutritional value and widely attributed health-promoting properties. Extensive studies have been made of the high concentrations of phenolic antioxidants in mango peels, seeds, and leaves, yet less is known about the phenolic antioxidants of mango fruit pulp. Five varieties of mangoes from four countries were evaluated with multiple harvests over 1 year to compare the beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, and total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of the fruit pulp and to compare the phenolic profiles of the individual varieties. To minimize ripeness variability, only soft fruit (0.5-1 N compression) with a minimum of 10% soluble solids were used for these measurements. Ascorbic acid ranged from 11 to 134 mg/100 g of pulp puree, and beta-carotene varied from 5 to 30 mg/kg among the five varieties. Total phenolic content ranged from 19.5 to 166.7 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g of puree. The varieties Tommy Atkins, Kent, Keitt, and Haden had similar total phenolic contents, averaging 31.2+/-7.8 mg GAE/100 g of puree, whereas the variety Ataulfo contained substantially higher values. Similar trends were observed in the DPPH radical scavenging activities among the five varieties. In contrast, the country of origin and harvest dates had far less influence on these parameters. Ataulfo mangoes contained significantly higher amounts of mangiferin and ellagic acid than the other four varieties. Large fruit-to-fruit variations in the concentrations of these compounds occurred within sets of mangoes of the same cultivar with the same harvest location and date.
Application of ionic liquids for electrostatic control in wood (2004)

Abstract Wood products with anti-electrostatic properties have wide applications in many fields. However, wood is an insulator and does not itself have anti-electrostatic ability. This study investigated several ionic liquids as anti-electrostatic agents for wood. Ionic liquids are liquids at room temperature (or close to room temperature), possess no vapor pressure and are excellent conductors for electric current. Maple and pine veneers were either soaked in or brushed with five ionic liquids: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. The ionic liquid-treated wood specimens were then measured for surface resistivity and volume resistivity in accordance with ASTM standards. The effects of application method (brushed vs. soaked) and storage time were investigated. All the ionic liquids studied were effective anti-electrostatic agents for pine and maple. For all ionic liquids tested, pine had lower resistivity, and thus higher anti-electrostatic ability, than maple.
Dynamic engine modeling through linear programming Support Vector Regression (2009)

In this paper, we develop a dynamic model for an internal combustion engine using Support Vector Regression (SVR). In particular, a linear programming SVR (LP-SVR) approach is investigated. The computational advantages and generalization capability of the LP-SVR dynamic engine model are illustrated through a case study, where a model is developed for an L4 gasoline engine. Simulation results are reported to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed approach and to illustrate the trade-offs among different modeling attributes.
Feature Selection With Redundancy-Constrained Class Separability (2010)

Scatter-matrix-based class separability is a simple and efficient feature selection criterion in the literature. However, the conventional trace-based formulation does not take feature redundancy into account and is prone to selecting a set of discriminative but mutually redundant features. In this brief, we first theoretically prove that in the context of this trace-based criterion the existence of sufficiently correlated features can always prevent selecting the optimal feature set. Then, on top of this criterion, we propose the redundancy-constrained feature selection (RCFS). To ensure the algorithm's efficiency and scalability, we study the characteristic of the constraints with which the resulted constrained 0-1 optimization can be efficiently and globally solved. By using the totally unimodular (TUM) concept in integer programming, a necessary condition for such constraints is derived. This condition reveals an interesting special case in which qualified redundancy constraints can be conveniently generated via a clustering of features. We study this special case and develop an efficient feature selection approach based on Dinkelbach's algorithm. Experiments on benchmark data sets demonstrate the superior performance of our approach to those without redundancy constraints.
A detection system of android application based on permission analysis (2014)

Since the openness of Android platform leads to a mess of privacy leaks and property damages of users, a novel detection system based on the permission analysis for Android applications (APPs) is proposed. The proposed detection system can be incorporated with computer terminals as well as mobile terminals, and can detect the permission information of APPs and check the sensitive permission the APPs possess. In addition, the detect system can provide a secondary judgement of APPs to guarantee the information and property security of the users.
Active involvement of Ca2+ in mitotic progression of Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. (1990)

Global Ca2+ transients have been observed to precede nuclear envelope breakdown and the onset of anaphase in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts in 8% (vol/vol) FBS. The occurrence of these Ca2+ transients was dependent on intracellular stores. These Ca2+ transients could be (a) abolished by serum removal without halting mitosis, and (b) eliminated by increasing intracellular Ca2+ buffering capacity through loading the cells with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) buffer, via the tetra(acetoxymethyl) ester, without hindering the transition into anaphase. Microinjection of sufficient concentrations of BAPTA buffer could block nuclear envelope breakdown. Pulses of Ca2+ generated by flash photolysis of intracellularly trapped nitr-5, a "caged" Ca2+, could precipitate precocious nuclear envelope breakdown in prophase cells. In metaphase cells, photochemically generated Ca2+ pulses could cause changes in the appearance of the chromosomes, but the length of time required for cells to make the transition from metaphase to anaphase remained essentially unchanged regardless of whether a Ca2+ pulse was photoreleased during metaphase. The results from these photorelease experiments were not dependent on the presence of serum in the medium. Discharging intracellular Ca2+ stores with ionomycin in the presence of 1.8 mM extracellular Ca2+ doubled the time for cells to pass from late metaphase into anaphase, whereas severe Ca2+ deprivation by treatment with ionomycin in EGTA-containing medium halted mitosis. Our results collectively indicate that Ca2+ is actively involved in nuclear envelope breakdown, but Ca2+ signals are likely unnecessary for the metaphase-anaphase transition in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Additional studies of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in mitotic REF52 and PtK1 cells revealed that Ca2+ transients are not observed at all mitotic stages in all cells. The absence of observable global Ca2+ transients, where calcium buffers can block and pulses of Ca2+ can advance mitotic stages, may imply that the relevant Ca2+ movements are too local to be detected.
Applying SAT methods in unbounded symbolic model checking (2002)

Abstract. A method of symbolic model checking is introduced that uses conjunctive normal form (CNF) rather than binary decision dia-grams (BDD’s) and uses a SAT-based approach to quantifier elimination. This method is compared to a traditional BDD-based model checking ap-proach using a set of benchmark problems derived from the compositional verification of a commercial microprocessor design. 1
Group-Skeleton-Based Human Action Recognition in Complex Events (2020)

Human action recognition as an important application of computer vision has been studied for decades. Among various approaches, skeleton-based methods recently attract increasing attention due to their robust and superior performance. However, existing skeleton-based methods ignore the potential action relationships between different persons, while the action of a person is highly likely to be impacted by another person especially in complex events. In this paper, we propose a novel group-skeleton-based human action recognition method in complex events. This method first utilizes multi-scale spatial-temporal graph convolutional networks (MS-G3Ds) to extract skeleton features from multiple persons. In addition to the traditional key point coordinates, we also input the key point speed values to the networks for better performance. Then we use multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) to embed the distance values between the reference person and other persons into the extracted features. Lastly, all the features are fed into another MS-G3D for feature fusion and classification. For avoiding class imbalance problems, the networks are trained with a focal loss. The proposed algorithm is also our solution for the Large-scale Human-centric Video Analysis in Complex Events Challenge. Results on the HiEve dataset show that our method can give superior performance compared to other state-of-the-art methods.
Development of an image receptor for use in digital mammography (2003)

We have recently developed a digital x-ray image receptor for use in mammographic procedures. The detector is based upon a photoconductor, amorphous selenium (a-Se), coupled to a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) layer. A potential is applied across the structure to create a bias electric field in the photoconductor. When x-rays are absorbed in the photoconductor, electron-hole pairs are released. The created charges are swept to the a-Se /PDLC interface via the applied electric field, which causes potential variations across the PDLC. These variations lead to liquid crystal (LC) molecule re-orientation, which affects the propagation of readout light from an external source through the display. The readout light can be bright in this arrangement so that no secondary quantum sinks are present. Since this system is independent of light creation in contrast with a phosphor screen system, the image brightness can be adjusted independently of the number of x-rays used to make the image. The image can be digitized with a CCD camera and a frame grabber. Results will be presented on the PDLC characteristics, the system model and initial images from the detector.
Interpreting Patient Data using Medical Background Knowledge. (2012)

Clinical patient data, such as medical images and reports, establish the basis of the diagnostic process. In order to improve the access to heterogeneous and distributed clinical data sources recent work concentrates on extracting semantic annotations with links to concepts of medical ontologies, such as RadLex, FMA, SNOMED CT or others. However, these annotations are not always on the appropriate level of detail for clinical applications as they simply reflect the descriptive content of the respective patient data. For integrating the data into the clinical work-flow, an interpretation of annotations using medical background knowledge is needed. In this paper we present a use-case of such an interpretation: we have built an initial ontology containing lymphoma-related diseases and symptoms as well as their relations. The created ontology is used to infer likely diseases of patients based on annotations. In this way, annotations can be understood in the context of likely diseases and help the clinician to make a diagnosis. By means of a prototype implementation we evaluate our approach and identify further knowledge requirements for the model. 1
Cellulose and hemicellulose valorisation: an integrated challenge of catalysis and reaction engineering (2014)

Platform molecules have recently been in the focus of numerous investigations as intermediates for transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into fuels and chemicals. Herein we focus on challenges associated with technical implementation of the production of selected platform molecules. 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-furfural, furfural and levulinic acid were chosen to illustrate pitfalls and limitations of currently available catalytic reaction systems. Owing to the prominent reactivity, high polarity and high boiling points of most biomass-derived platform chemicals, the design of efficient, economic and environmentally benign chemical processes offers a number of difficulties. Challenges include not only a selective synthesis of such platform chemicals and their further transformation into potential products but also methods to allow an energy efficient product separation and sufficient catalyst stability under the applied reaction conditions. In this review we discuss three approaches to tackle the integration of catalytic transformations, reaction engineering and product separation. First, extraction-assisted synthesis methods are discussed. In the next step the integration of such extraction-assisted approaches into reaction cascades is considered. Finally, one-pot transformations of lignocellulose-derived carbohydrates into value-added products without isolation of the intermediate platform chemicals are outlined. The present status of predictive tools facilitating the selection of suitable solvent systems for extraction systems is discussed to outline current opportunities and constraints of a theoretical process design and optimization. In summary, this review provides an overview of recent progress with regard to strategies for process integration of chemo-catalytic biomass valorisation and highlights challenges associated with such approaches.
Using reservoir architecture to maximize CO2 storage capacity (2009)

This paper examines, with reservoir simulation, the impact of applying “best practices” and capitalizing on reservoir architecture to restrict CO2 plume movement and maximize reservoir storage capacity. Specifically, the paper explores the value gained from using horizontal CO2 injection wells and taking advantage of any existing shale “baffles” in conjunction with other reservoir characteristics that influence flow such as capillary pressure, pore volume trapping, and CO2 dissolution. Recent geologic and reservoir data collected from the Tuscaloosa Formation at the Mississippi Test Site (a Southeastern Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership CO2 sequestration pilot test) will be used as the case study for evaluating alternative CO2 injection and storage engineering concepts. The Tuscaloosa Formation is a thick, porous, permeable, regionally extensive saline reservoir occurring throughout the Gulf Coast and is considered a high priority setting for large-scale CO2 storage.
Characterizing the neural mechanisms of skill learning and repetition priming (2001)

The changes in brain activity related to skill learning and repetition priming in a mirror-reading task were examined using functional MRI. Subjects exhibited significant learning across five training sessions and this learning generalized significantly to different spatial transformations (inverted-mirror reversed text and normal letters spelled backwards). Mirror reading, compared with reading normal text, was associated with extensive activation in occipital, temporal, parietal and frontal regions. Learning to read mirror-reversed (MR) text was associated with increased activation in left inferior temporal, striatal, left inferior prefrontal and right cerebellar regions and with decreased activity in the left hippocampus and left cerebellum. Short-term repetition priming was associated with reduced activity in many of the regions active during mirror reading and extensive item-specific practice (long-term repetition priming) resulted in a virtual elimination of activity in those regions. Short- and long-term repetition priming thus appeared to rely upon common neural mechanisms. Nearly all of the regions exhibiting significant learning-related changes also exhibited increased repetition priming effects, suggesting common neural substrates for priming and skill learning in this task. Comparison of MR items with other spatially transformed typographies showed that the learning-related changes were general to all of the spatial transformations. The results confirm the importance of striatofrontal neural networks for the acquisition of skills, and suggest that skill learning and repetition priming may have common substrates within a particular task.
A spiking neural network model of 3D perception for event-based neuromorphic stereo vision systems (2017)

Stereo vision is an important feature that enables machine vision systems to perceive their environment in 3D. While machine vision has spawned a variety of software algorithms to solve the stereo-correspondence problem, their implementation and integration in small, fast, and efficient hardware vision systems remains a difficult challenge. Recent advances made in neuromorphic engineering offer a possible solution to this problem, with the use of a new class of event-based vision sensors and neural processing devices inspired by the organizing principles of the brain. Here we propose a radically novel model that solves the stereo-correspondence problem with a spiking neural network that can be directly implemented with massively parallel, compact, low-latency and low-power neuromorphic engineering devices. We validate the model with experimental results, highlighting features that are in agreement with both computational neuroscience stereo vision theories and experimental findings. We demonstrate its features with a prototype neuromorphic hardware system and provide testable predictions on the role of spike-based representations and temporal dynamics in biological stereo vision processing systems.