gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polysaccharides in Medicinal Applications (2017)

Polysaccharides - structure and general properties: chemical synthesis of polysaccharides curdian and succinoglycan pullulan cellulose and its derivatives - structures, reactions, and medical uses hemicelluloses hydrogels polysaccharides in medicine: glycobiology - general aspects structure and biosynthesis of glycoproteins normal and pathological catabolism of glycoproteins oligosaccharide antibiotics bacterial capsular polysaccharides - immunogenicity and vaccines polysaccharides and glycoconjugates as human vaccines recombinant glycoproteins - pitfalls and strategy glycoconjugates and diseases medical applications of dextran and its derivatives polysaccharides in oxygen-carrier blood substitutes fucan sulfates and their anticoagulant activities pharmaceutical and medical applications of cyclodextrins bioartificial pancreas chitin and chitosan - medical applications chitosan - a novel matrix for hemoperfusion membranes as biomaterials polysaccharides used in ophthalmology hydrogels as support for drug delivery systems polysaccharides as supports for antiviral and antitumoral drugs.
Herd Immunity Conferred By Hepatitis B Vaccination Increases the Protection Efficacy against Hepatitis B Virus Infection (2016)

Most of the chronic infections with Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) are acquired in perinatal period or in early life in China. We conducted HBV serosurveys in the same community among the age 5-6 year old children who were born in 1979-1980, in 1985-1986, and in 2002-2003, respectively. The seropositive rate of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) was 11.43% in the unvaccinated population. It decreased to 2.08% among the vaccinated children born in the same year. With increased vaccination coverage the HBsAg seropositive rate decreased to 0.24% among the age 6-7 year old children born in 2002-2003, with 98.21% protection efficacy. Herd immunity conferred by HBV vaccination increases the protection efficacy against HBV infection.
Controlling group and phase velocities in bidirectional mode-locked fiber lasers (2019)

A bidirectional mode-locked fiber laser producing two correlated frequency combs of the same repetition rate is demonstrated. The intensity dependence of pulse and phase velocities are measured simultaneously. As expected, the phase delay is determined by the linear and nonlinear indices of refraction. The nonlinear Kerr effect contribution to the pulse velocity is dwarfed by a contribution from saturable gain dynamics.
Seismicity response to stress perturbations, analysed for a world-wide catalogue (2003)

A statistical analysis of the relative distance and time delay separating pairs of earthquakes is performed, to determine how a seismicity system evolves dynamically following a stress perturbation (earthquake). We analyse the space–time correlations of a worldwide seismicity data set (CNSS catalogue, 1963–1998, M≥ 5, depth ≤70 km), and show that seismic activity diffuses away from an earthquake as the time delay increases following its occurrence. Two regimes are observed: a slow diffusion at short timescales (up to 10 days) during which the mean distance R(Δt) between the initial earthquake and the subsequent earthquakes grows as R(Δt) ∼ΔtH, with H = 0.19, and a second regime at longer timescales with H = 0.4. The growth exponent H in the first regime increases systematically with the size of the initial earthquake, but no such dependence is observed for the second regime. Associating the latter with the viscous diffusion of stress in the upper mantle, we obtain an estimate of about 1017 Pa s for the asthenospheric lateral viscosity. This diffusion indicates that the relaxation response of the crust to a stress step depends non-linearly, in respect of both its intensity and general form, on the perturbation. A positive correlation between the regional heat flow and diffusion exponent is found, suggesting a strong thermal control on the diffusion. The overall auto-decorrelation and this diffusion process are the two major mechanisms by which seismicity systems relax stress concentrations, by redistributing them in space and in time. Both processes exhibit typical power-law behaviours, supporting the notion of space–time scale invariance of stress exchanges between seismically active faults.
Displacement of YY1 by Differentiation-Specific Transcription Factor hSkn-1a Activates the P <sub>670</sub> Promoter of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 (2001)

Transcription from human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) P(670), a promoter in the E7 open reading frame, is repressed in undifferentiated keratinocytes but becomes activated upon differentiation. We showed that the transient luciferase expression driven by P(670) was markedly enhanced in HeLa cells cotransfected with an expression plasmid for human Skn-1a (hSkn-1a), a transcription factor specific to differentiating keratinocytes. The hSkn-1a POU domain alone, which mediates sequence-specific DNA binding, was sufficient to activate the expression of luciferase. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed the presence of two binding sites, sites 1 and 2, upstream of P(670), which were shared by hSkn-1a and YY1. Site 1 bound more strongly to hSkn-1a than site 2 did. YY1 complexing with a short DNA fragment having site 1 was displaced by hSkn-1a, indicating that hSkn-1a's affinity with site 1 was stronger than YY1's. Disrupting the binding sites by nucleotide substitutions raised the basal expression level of luciferase and decreased the enhancing effect of hSkn-1a. In HeLa cells transfected with circular HPV16 DNA along with the expression plasmid for hSkn-1a, the transcript from P(670) was detectable, which indicates that the results obtained with the reporter plasmids are likely to have mimicked the regulation of P(670) in authentic HPV16 DNA. The data strongly suggest that the transcription from P(670) is repressed primarily by YY1 binding to the two sites, and the displacement of YY1 by hSkn-1a releases P(670) from the repression.
Survey of maximum genus of graphs (2010)

Research developments on maximum genus of graphs in graph embedding the- ory since 1971 were reviewed, including the following aspects: the relationships between maximum genus and other graph invariants such as connectivity, diameter, girth, chromatic number and z-factors; maximum genus and embedded graphs; and number of maximum genus embeddings.
VibSense: Sensing Touches on Ubiquitous Surfaces through Vibration (2017)

VibSense pushes the limits of vibration-based sensing to determine the location of a touch on extended surface areas as well as identify the object touching the surface leveraging a single sensor. Unlike capacitive sensing, it does not require conductive materials and compared to audio sensing it is more robust to acoustic noise. It supports a broad array of applications through either passive or active sensing using only a single sensor. In VibSense's passive sensing, the received vibration signals are determined by the location of the touch impact. This allows location discrimination of touches precise enough to enable emerging applications such as virtual keyboards on ubiquitous surfaces for mobile devices. Moreover, in the active mode, the received vibration signals carry richer information of the touching object's characteristics (e.g., weight, size, location and material). This further enables VibSense to match the signals to the trained profiles and allows it to differentiate personal objects in contact with any surface. VibSense is evaluated extensively in the use cases of localizing touches (i.e., virtual keyboards), object localization and identification. Our experimental results demonstrate that VibSense can achieve high accuracy, over 95%, in all these use cases.
Synthesis and Initial Evaluation for In Vivo Chelation of Pu(IV) of a Mixed Octadentate Spermine-Based Ligand Containing 4-Carbamoyl-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-2(1<i>H</i>)-pyridinone and 6-Carbamoyl-1-hydroxy-2(1<i>H</i>)-pyridinone (2002)

An improved synthesis for a series of 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone-based octadentate ligands is reported. The mixed chelate, octadentate ligand, 3,4,3-LI(1,2-Me-3,2-HOPO), was designed, synthesized, and tested for in vivo chelation of Pu in a mouse model. This ligand incorporates both 1,2-HOPO and Me-3,2-HOPO metal chelating units; the latter has higher affinity toward actinide ions than does 1,2-HOPO at physiological pH. Injected or administered orally to fasted or normally fed mice at the standard clinical dose 30 micromol/kg, both 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) and 3,4,3-LI(1,2-Me-3,2-HOPO) remove significantly more Pu than injected CaNa(3)DTPA. Injected doses of 0.1 micromol/kg of these HOPO ligands are as effective as 30 micromol/kg of injected CaNa(3)DTPA. Ten daily injections of 30 micromol/kg of a HOPO ligand did not induce detectable acute toxicity in mice. The mixed HOPO ligand is somewhat more effective than 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) when given orally, and the enhanced reduction of liver Pu by the mixed ligand is statistically significant. Thus, both octadentate HOPO ligands meet the criterion of low toxicity at doses that are more effective than the standard dose of CaNa(3)DTPA. Their improved effectiveness at low dose along with great oral activity (despite low gastrointestinal absorption) implies that new treatment regimens can be developed using the HOPO ligands alone or as adjuncts to CaNa(3)DTPA therapy, which will greatly exceed the amount of Pu excretion that is achievable with CaNa(3)DTPA alone.
Nonhygienic behavior, knowledge, and attitudes among interactive splash park visitors. (2010)

Nonhygienic behavior likely contributed to three recreational waterborne illness (RWI) outbreaks at Idaho splash parks. The study described in this article examined the influence of signage and hygiene attendant presence on rates of nonhygienic behavior among children at splash parks and knowledge and attitudes of their adult supervisors. Investigators observed children for nonhygienic behaviors at four Idaho splash parks, two with signage and attendants. Supervisors were surveyed (N = 551) using an eight-item survey. Individually observed children (N = 145) were often seen exposing their buttocks to splash feature water and placing an open mouth to water. The rate of nonhygienic behaviors was not lower at parks with signage or staff. Supervisors reported bathing children before splash park entry infrequently. Signage and hygiene attendants do not adequately limit nonhygienic behaviors at splash parks, and supervisors have insufficient understanding of RWI. These findings have implica.tions for developing splash park regulations and RWI prevention efforts.
Closed-Loop Control of Quasi-Static Scanning PZT Micromirrors with Embedded Piezoresistive Sensing and Spurious Mode Rejection (2021)

The work presents a novel closed-loop control to improve scanning linearity in piezoelectric micromirrors with embedded Lead-Zirconate-Titanate (PZT) actuation and piezoresistive sensing. The system includes two feedback loops aimed at pushing the control bandwidth beyond the microelectromechanical system (MEMS) resonance, at damping the closed-loop quality factor, at nulling the steady-state control error and at rejecting effects of MEMS high-order modes. Overall, the strategy reduces linearity errors down to ± 0.03°, but the latter aspect is particularly challenging: management of spurious resonances is indeed shown to affect the optimal control strategy, suggesting further investigation of predictive feedback techniques.
Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor α-mediated Apoptosis in Renal Glomerular Mesangial Cells (2003)

These cells express receptors to tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a cytokine with proapoptotic properties implicated in the resolution of GN. Progression to proliferative GN is accompanied by cyclooxygenase-mediated formation of prostaglandins and inefficient apoptosis of mesangial cells. The aims of this study were to quantify TNFmediated apoptosis in renal mesangial cells and to determine whether expression of the inducible form of cyclooxygenase, cylooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inhibits this apoptosis. By 24 h significant levels of apoptosis were induced by TNF (100 ng/ml) or etoposide control (100 M), as shown by phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase-3 activation, development of a sub-G 0 /G 1 region, and distinct chromatin condensation. Using adenoviralmediated delivery of the COX-2 gene (AdCOX-2) apoptotic features were prevented from appearing in AdCOX-2 cells treated with TNF, whereas etoposidetreated AdCOX-2 cells were not protected. Furthermore, COX-2 expression, induced by the vasoconstrictor peptide ET-1 or the cytokine interleukin-1 also inhibited TNF-mediated but not etoposide-mediated apoptosis, to an extent, similar to adenoviral COX-2 infection. Selective COX-2 inhibition by NS-398 restored TNF-mediated apoptosis. Prostaglandin (PG) E 2 and PGI 2 were shown to be the major prostaglandin metabolites in Ad-COX-2 cells. The addition of PGE 2 and PGI 2 protected against TNF-mediated apoptosis. These results demonstrate COX-2 anti-apoptotic activity via a death receptor route and suggest that selective COX-2 inhibition may augment TNF apoptosis in chronic inflammatory conditions.
Guidelines for quality control of commercially produced natural enemies. (2003)

Lack of quality control procedures during the mass production of natural enemies may lead to failures in biological pest control. An example is presented of deteriorating efficiency of a natural enemy before quality control was applied and the measures that were taken to restore quality. Although some producers of beneficial insects and mites have applied quality control in one form or another for more than 30 years, it was only during the past 10 years that collaboration between researchers and the biocontrol industry resulted in the development of the 30 harmonized quality control guidelines that are presented in this chapter. Most guidelines have been ring-tested by commercial producers; some are still in development. For each natural enemy the test conditions and the quality control criteria are given. Finally, future developments in quality control are discussed, such as the need to develop flight and performance tests, and the wish of farmers to obtain a set of simple tests for quality control of natural enemies once they have arrived at the farm.
Membrane Topology of an ATP-gated Ion Channel (P2X Receptor) (1998)

Western blots of Xenopus oocyte membrane preparations showed that the apparent molecular mass of the wild type P2X2 receptor (about 65 kDa) was reduced by pretreatment with endoglycosidase H. Mutagenesis of one or more of three potential asparagines (N182S, N239S, and N298S) followed by Western blots showed that each of the sites was glycosylated in the wild type receptor. Functional channels were formed by receptors lacking any single asparagine, but not by channels mutated in two or three positions. Artificial consensus sequences (N-X-S/T) introduced into the N-terminal region (asparagine at position 9, 16, or 26) were not glycosylated. Asparagines were glycosylated when introduced at the C-terminal end of the first hydrophobic domain (positions 62 and 66) and at the N-terminal end of the second hydrophobic domain (position 324). A protein in which the C terminus of one P2X2 subunit was joined to the N terminus of a second P2X2 subunit (from a concatenated cDNA) had twice the molecular mass of the P2X2 receptor subunit, and formed fully functional channels. The experiments provide direct evidence for the topology originally proposed for the P2X receptor, with intracellular N and C termini, two membrane-spanning domains, and a large extracellular loop.
Carboxyl-terminal portions of the alpha chains of fibrinogen and fibrin. Localization by electron microscopy and the effects of isolated alpha C fragments on polymerization (1993)

The locations of the carboxyl-terminal two thirds of the A alpha chains, or the alpha C domains, were determined for fibrinogen and some of its derivatives by electron microscopy of rotary-shadowed preparations. A monoclonal antibody, G8, to the carboxyl-terminal 150 amino acids of the A alpha chain, binds near the central region of fibrinogen, indicating that the alpha C domains of most molecules are not normally visible because they are on or near the amino-terminal disulfide knot. At pH 3.5, fibrinogen and fibrin monomers appear to be similar, with a projection terminating in a small globular domain from each end of most molecules. In contrast, fragment X monomers, produced by cleavage of the alpha C domains from fibrinogen with plasmin, show no such projections. When fibrin monomer is brought to neutral pH under conditions where polymerization is delayed, individual molecules are still visible showing the alpha C domains as a single additional nodule near the central region. Moreover, analysis of clusters of molecules reveals some intermolecular associations via the alpha C domains. A 40-kDa fragment comprising the alpha C domain has been isolated from a plasmin digest of fibrinogen and characterized by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and determination of amino-terminal amino acid sequences. Electron microscopy of alpha C fragments reveals individual globular structures, as well as oligomeric aggregates. The addition of alpha C fragments to fibrin monomer followed by dilution to neutral pH to initiate polymerization results in lower turbidity, longer lag period, and slower maximum rate of turbidity increase. Also, electron microscopy reveals complexes of alpha C fragments with fibrin monomer at neutral pH. It appears that the free alpha C fragments can bind to the alpha C domains of fibrin, competing with the normal alpha C domain interactions involved in polymerization.
4-Amidinoindan-1-one 2'-amidinohydrazone: a new potent and selective inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (1993)

Two isomeric amidino-2-acetylpyridine amidinohydrazones, 11 and 12, and 4-amidinoindanone amidinohydrazone, 17, have been synthesized and tested for inhibition of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) and diamine oxidase and for antiproliferative activity against T24 human bladder carcinoma cells. Compound 11 inhibited SAMDC with an IC50 of 10 nM and was 140- and > 500-fold more potent than methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) and 12, respectively. The difference in potency between 11 and 12 was interpreted with the help of molecular modeling and appeared to be associated with two different low-energy conformations of the compounds. Compound 17 which represents a conformationally constrained analogue of 11, was superior to the latter and MGBG with respect to selective inhibition of SAMDC and antiproliferative activity, and is of interest as a potential anticancer agent and a drug for the treatment of protozoal and Pneumocystis carinii infections.
Temporal bone findings in the late stage of secretory otitis media (1977)

The temporal bone findings in a patient with secretory otitis media are presented. One ear had been fitted with tympanostomy tubes for five and the other for three years. Before death the latter ear had been without a tube for two years. Histological study revealed secreting tympanic mucosa with a very high density of goblet cells both in the ear with a ventilating tube in position and in the ear with an intact tympanic membrane. The case represents a late stage of secretory otitis media. It seems that ventilating tubes cause the degeneration and disappearance of subepithelial glands but the effect on goblet cells is less pronounced.
Functional description of signal processing in the Rogue GPS receiver (1988)

Over the past year, two Rogue GPS prototype receivers have been assembled and successfully subjected to a variety of laboratory and field tests. A functional description is presented of signal processing in the Rogue receiver, tracing the signal from RF input to the output values of group delay, phase, and data bits. The receiver can track up to eight satellites, without time multiplexing among satellites or channels, simultaneously measuring both group delay and phase for each of three channels (L1-C/A, L1-P, L2-P). The Rogue signal processing described requires generation of the code for all three channels. Receiver functional design, which emphasized accuracy, reliability, flexibility, and dynamic capability, is summarized. A detailed functional description of signal processing is presented, including C/A-channel and P-channel processing, carrier-aided averaging of group delays, checks for cycle slips, acquistion, and distinctive features.
Delay-Power-Rate-Distortion Optimization of Video Representations for Dynamic Adaptive Streaming (2017)

Dynamic adaptive streaming addresses user heterogeneity by providing multiple encoded representations at different rates and/or resolutions for the same video content. For delay-sensitive applications, such as live streaming, there is however a stringent requirement on the encoding delay, and usually the encoding power (or rate) budget is also limited by the computational (or storage) capacity of the server. It is therefore important, yet challenging, to optimally select the source coding parameters for each encoded representation in order to minimize the resource consumption while maintaining a high quality of experience for the users. To address this, we propose an optimization framework with an optimal representation selection problem for delay, power, and rate constrained adaptive video streaming. Then, by the optimal selection of source coding parameters for each selected representation, we maximize the overall expected user satisfaction, subject not only to the encoding rate constraint, but also to the delay and power constraints at the server. We formulate the proposed optimization problem as an integer linear program formulation to provide the performance upper bound, and as a submodular maximization problem with two knapsack constraints to develop a practically feasible algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed weighted rate and power cost benefit greedy algorithm is able to achieve a near-optimal performance with very low time complexity. In addition, it can strike the best tradeoff both between the rate and power cost, and between the algorithm's performance and the delay requirements proposed by delay sensitive applications.
Improved Peak Windowing for PAPR Reduction in OFDM (2009)

The large peak to average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission translates to system performance degradation due to low power efficiency in the presence of nonlinear power amplification. To reduce PAPR, many OFDM systems have adopted the peak windowing method. However, existing peak windowing schemes suffer from performance limitations especially in the presence of multiple closely-spaced peaks. In this paper, two new peak windowing schemes are proposed to improve performance by taking care of closely-spaced peaks. Simulation results show that the two proposed schemes outperform existing schemes in attaining significantly lower out-of-band radiation given the same in-band distortion constraints.