gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved strain measuring using fast strain-encoded cardiac MR (2011)

The strain encoding (SENC) technique encodes regional strain of the heart into the acquired MR images and produces two images with two different tunings so that longitudinal strain, on the short-axis view, or circumferential strain on the long-axis view, are measured. Interleaving acquisition is used to shorten the acquisition time of the two tuned images by 50%, but it suffers from errors in the strain calculations due to inter-tunings motion of the heart, which is the motion between two successive acquisitions. In this work, a method is proposed to correct for the inter-tunings motion by estimating the motion induced shift in the spatial frequency of the encoding pattern, which depends on the strain rate. Numerical data is generated to test the proposed method and real images of human subjects are used for validation The results show an improvement in strain calculations so as to relax the imaging constraints on spatial and temporal resolutions and improve image quality.
SRAM-Based NATURE: A Dynamically Reconfigurable FPGA Based on 10T Low-Power SRAMs (2011)

We presented a hybrid CMOS/nanotechnology reconfigurable architecture (NATURE), earlier. It was based on CMOS logic and nano RAMs. It used the concept of temporal logic folding and fine-grain (e.g., cycle-level) dynamic reconfiguration to increase logic density by an order of magnitude. This dynamic reconfiguration is done intra-circuit rather than inter-circuit. However, the previous design of NATURE required fine-grained distribution of nano RAMs throughout the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) architecture. Since the fabrication process of nano RAMs is not mature yet, this prevents immediate exploitation of NATURE. In this paper, we present a NATURE architecture that is based on CMOS logic and CMOS SRAMs that are used for on-chip dynamic reconfiguration. We use fast and low-power SRAM blocks that are based on 10T SRAM cells. We have also laid out the various FPGA components in a 65-nm technology to evaluate the FPGA performance. We hide the dynamic reconfiguration delay behind the computation delay through the use of shadow SRAM cells. Experimental results show more than an order of magnitude improvement in logic density and improvement in the area-delay product relative to a traditional baseline FPGA architecture that does not use the concept of logic folding.
Real-time 2D/3D registration via CNN regression (2016)

In this paper, we present a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) regression approach for real-time 2-D/3-D registration. Different from optimization-based methods, which iteratively optimize the transformation parameters over a scalar-valued metric function representing the quality of the registration, the proposed method exploits the information embedded in the appearances of the Digitally Reconstructed Radiograph and X-ray images, and employs CNN regressors to directly estimate the transformation parameters. The CNN regressors are trained for local zones and applied in a hierarchical manner to break down the complex regression task into simpler sub-tasks that can be learned separately. Our experiment results demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method in computational efficiency with negligible degradation of registration accuracy compared to intensity-based methods.
Deep Subwavelength Plasmonic Lasers (2009)

Laser science has tackled physical limitations to achieve higher power, faster and smaller light sources. The quest for ultra-compact laser that can directly generate coherent optical fields at the nano-scale, far beyond the diffraction limit of light, remains a key fundamental challenge. Microscopic lasers based on photonic crystals, micro-disks, metal clad cavities and nanowires can now reach the diffraction limit, which restricts both the optical mode size and physical device dimension to be larger than half a wavelength. While surface plasmons are capable of tightly localizing light, ohmic loss at optical frequencies has inhibited the realization of truly nano-scale lasers. Recent theory has proposed a way to significantly reduce plasmonic loss while maintaining ultra-small modes by using a hybrid plasmonic waveguide. Using this approach, we report an experimental demonstration of nano-scale plasmonic lasers producing optical modes 100 times smaller than the diffraction limit, utilizing a high gain Cadmium Sulphide semiconductor nanowire atop a Silver surface separated by a 5 nm thick insulating gap. Direct measurements of emission lifetime reveal a broad-band enhancement of the nanowire's spontaneous emission rate by up to 6 times due to the strong mode confinement and the signature of apparently threshold-less lasing. Since plasmonic modes have no cut-off, we show down-scaling of the lateral dimensions of both device and optical mode. As these optical coherent sources approach molecular and electronics length scales, plasmonic lasers offer the possibility to explore extreme interactions between light and matter, opening new avenues in active photonic circuits, bio-sensing and quantum information technology.
Detection of tetracyclines and efflux pump inhibitors (1993)

Screening assays for the detection of tetracyclines and inhibitors of tetracycline efflux pumps are described. The tetracycline assay is based on the observation that the tetA(B) gene encoding the efflux pump of transposon Tn10 is induced by tetracycline. The Escherichia coli strain designed to detect tetracyclines contains a single copy of a tetA(B)-lacZ transcriptional fusion integrated into the chromosome and the tetR gene encoding the tetracycline repressor on a plasmid. The assay specifically detects tetracyclines of distinct structures, but not other classes of drugs. A strain capable of detecting inhibitors of the TetA(B) efflux pump contained the tetA(B)-lacZ fusion and, in addition, a tetA(B) structural gene lacking its transcriptional regulatory signals which mediated resistance to only 5 micrograms of tetracycline per ml. This strain was more refractory to induction by tetracycline because of the action of the pump. Inhibitors were detected in two ways: (i) beta-galactosidase induction in the presence of 5 ng of tetracycline per ml, a subinducing concentration, and (ii) growth inhibition in the presence of 5 micrograms of tetracycline per ml. A strain designed to detect inhibitors of the Tet(K) efflux pump from Staphylococcus aureus was constructed by substituting the tet(K) structural gene for the tetA(B) gene. Nocardamine and other siderophores were found to interfere with the action of tetracycline efflux pumps.
Amplifiable hybridization probes. (1990)

Amplifiable hybridization probes enable the development of extremely sensitive clinical assays. These novel molecules consist of a probe sequence embedded within the sequences of a replicatable RNA. The molecules are first hybridized to target sequences in a conventional manner. The probe-target complexes are then isolated and the probes are released from their targets. The released probes are then amplified by incubation with the RNA-directed RNA polymerase, Q-beta replicase. The replicase copies the probes in a geometrically increasing manner: after each round of copying, the number of RNA molecules is twice the previous number. The doubling process is very rapid, resulting in as many as one billion copies of each molecule in 30 minutes. The amount of RNA that is made is large enough to be measured without using radioisotopes. Theoretically, these assays should be extraordinarily sensitive, since only one probe molecule is required to start the amplification process. In practice the sensitivity of the assays is limited by the presence of non hybridized probes that persist, despite extensive washing of the probe-target hybrids. Currently, the limit of detection is about 10,000 molecules of target. However, replicatable probes are now being prepared that include a "molecular switch", which is a region of the RNA that undergoes a conformational change when the probe sequence hybridizes to its target. Protocols are being developed that link signal generation to the state of this switch. The simplicity and speed of the enzymatic steps that are required facilitate automation of the assays.
Advanced welding techniques with optimized accessories for high brightness 1 µm lasers (2013)

Within the past couple of years one can see several trends in laser material processing. On the one hand optimized application results necessitate advancements of the equipment as e.g. laser sources, laser light cables and focusing optics. On the other hand the optimization of the application results due to a very good process understanding and optimized accessories is indispensible. This paper will link recent insights into process mechanisms e.g. in high power welding based on high speed video and modern process diagnostic methods to an optimization of accessories. We will show an example on the influence of the metal vapor plume to the achieved welding results and present a device allowing more constant welding results regarding surface quality and penetration depth. The second part of the paper will focus on the latest advances in remote scanner processing and wobbling techniques when processing different joints and in welding of aluminum.
Bi-SQUID: a novel linearization method for dc SQUID voltage response (2009)

We show that the voltage response of a dc SQUID can be substantially linearized by the introduction of a nonlinear inductance. The inductance tuning allows us to achieve response linearity close to 120 dB. Such a nonlinear inductance can be easily formed using Josephson junction inductance. The additional junction and main inductance form a single-junction SQUID and hence the device can be called a bi-SQUID. To obtain high dynamic range commensurate to the high response linearity, one can use a serial array of nonlinear inductance dc SQUIDs. Experimental studies of a single bi-SQUID and serial arrays of bi-SQUIDs are reported and discussed.
Multi-Mechanism Non-Linear Vibration Harvester Combining Inductive and Magnetostrictive Mechanisms (2013)

In this study, we focus on developing a multi-mechanism energy harvester (MMEH) which combines magnetostrictive and inductive mechanisms with overall shape and size similar to AA battery. The multi-mechanism harvester was theoretically modeled, fabricated and experimentally characterized. The theoretical model combining analytical and FEM modeling techniques provides the system dynamics and output power for specific generator and magnetostrictive geometry at various source conditions. The prototype consisted of a cylindrical tube containing a magnetic levitation cavity where a center magnet oscillated through a copper coil. Magnetostrictive rods were mounted on the bottom and top cap of the cylindrical tube. In response to external vibrations, electrical energy was harvested from the relative motion between magnet and coil through Faraday's effect and from the magnetostrictive material through the Villari effect. The experimental results were compared to theoretical predictions for both mechanisms which showed reasonable agreement. The difference between model predictions and experiments are discussed in detail. The inductive mechanism generated 5.3 mW, 2.57 mW, 0.27 mW at 0.9 G, 0.7 G and 0.4 G respectively.
Performance and Stability of Low Temperature Transparent Thin-Film Transistors Using Amorphous Multicomponent Dielectrics (2009)

High performance transparent thin-film transistors deposited on glass substrates and entirely processed at a low temperature not exceeding are presented and analyzed in this paper. Besides being based on an amorphous oxide semiconductor, the main innovation of this work relies on the use of sputtered multicomponent oxides as dielectric materials based on mixtures of with or . These multicomponent dielectrics allow to obtain amorphous structures and low leakage currents while preserving a high dielectric constant. This results in transistors with remarkable electrical properties, such as field-effect mobility exceeding , close to 0 V turn-on voltage, on/off ratio higher than , and a subthreshold slope of , obtained with a dielectric. When subjected to severe current stress tests, optimized devices show little and reversible variation in their electrical characteristics. The devices presented here have properties comparable to the ones using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited at , reinforcing the success of this amorphous multicomponent dielectric approach for low temperature, high performance, and transparent electronic circuits.
Lymphotoxins (1988)

In the late 1960s it was reported that lymphoid cells from humans and experimental animals could be stimulated in vitro with immunogens and mitogens to release materials that caused cytotoxic and cytostatic effects on continuous nucleated mammalian cells in vitro (1–4). The molecules released by lymphocytes and macrophages were termed lymphotoxins (LT) and macrophage cytotoxins (MCT) respectively (1,2,5). In the mid 1970s, it was reported that the serum of mice infected with bacillus Calmatte-Guerin and then stimulated with endotoxin induced the hemorrhagic necrosis of the murine tumors in vivo; the active component(s) were termed tumor necrosis factors (TNF) (6). It is now clear that LT, MCT, and TNF form an interrelated system of effector molecules.
CO-Dependent H <sub>2</sub> Production by Genetically Engineered Thermococcus onnurineus NA1 (2013)

Hydrogenogenic CO oxidation (CO + H(2)O → CO(2) + H(2)) has the potential for H(2) production as a clean renewable fuel. Thermococcus onnurineus NA1, which grows on CO and produces H(2), has a unique gene cluster encoding the carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) and the hydrogenase. The gene cluster was identified as essential for carboxydotrophic hydrogenogenic metabolism by gene disruption and transcriptional analysis. To develop a strain producing high levels of H(2), the gene cluster was placed under the control of a strong promoter. The resulting mutant, MC01, showed 30-fold-higher transcription of the mRNA encoding CODH, hydrogenase, and Na(+)/H(+) antiporter and a 1.8-fold-higher specific activity for CO-dependent H(2) production than did the wild-type strain. The H(2) production potential of the MC01 mutant in a bioreactor culture was 3.8-fold higher than that of the wild-type strain. The H(2) production rate of the engineered strain was severalfold higher than those of any other CO-dependent H(2)-producing prokaryotes studied to date. The engineered strain also possessed high activity for the bioconversion of industrial waste gases created as a by-product during steel production. This work represents the first demonstration of H(2) production from steel mill waste gas using a carboxydotrophic hydrogenogenic microbe.
Nonresonant micromachined gyroscopes with structural mode-decoupling (2003)

This paper reports a novel four-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) nonresonant micromachined gyroscope design concept that addresses two major MEMS gyroscope design challenges: eliminating the mode-matching requirement and minimizing instability and drift due to mechanical coupling between the drive and sense modes. The proposed approach is based on utilizing dynamical amplification both in the 2-DOF drive-direction oscillator and the 2-DOF sense-direction oscillator, which are structurally decoupled, to achieve large oscillation amplitudes without resonance. The overall 4-DOF dynamical system is composed of three proof masses, where second and third masses form the 2-DOF sense-direction oscillator, and the first mass and the combination of the second and third masses form the 2-DOF drive-direction oscillator. The frequency responses of the drive and sense direction oscillators have two resonant peaks and a flat region between the peaks. The device is nominally operated in the flat regions of the response curves belonging to the drive and sense direction oscillators, where the gain is less sensitive to frequency fluctuations. This is achieved by designing the drive and sense anti-resonance frequencies to match. Consequently, by utilizing dynamical amplification in the decoupled 2-DOF oscillators, increased bandwidth and reduced sensitivity to structural and thermal parameter fluctuations and damping changes are achieved, leading to improved robustness and long-term stability over the operating time of the device.
Ethylene Glycol Monolayer Protected Nanoparticles:  Synthesis, Characterization, and Interactions with Biological Molecules (2004)

The usefulness of the hybrid materials of nanoparticles and biological molecules on many occasions depends on how well one can achieve a rational design based on specific binding and programmable assembly. Nonspecific binding between nanoparticles and biomolecules is one of the major barriers for achieving their utilities in a biological system. In this paper, we demonstrate a new approach to eliminate nonspecific interactions between nanoparticles and biological molecules by shielding the nanoparticle with a monolayer of ethylene glycol. A direct synthesis of di-, tri-, and tetra(ethylene glycol)-protected gold nanoparticles (Au-S-EGn, n = 2, 3, and 4) was achieved under the condition that the water content was optimized in the range of 9-18% in the reaction mixture. With controlled ratio of [HAuCl4]/[EGn-SH] at 2, the synthesized particles have an average diameter of 3.5 nm and a surface plasma resonance band around 510 nm. Their surface structures were confirmed by 1H NMR spectra. These gold nanoparticles are bonded with a uniform monolayer with defined lengths of 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 nm for Au-S-EG2, Au-S-EG3, and Au-S-EG4, respectively. They have great stabilities in aqueous solutions with a high concentration of electrolytes as well as in organic solvents. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the ethylene glycol monolayer coating is ca. 14% of the total nanoparticle weight. Biological binding tests by using ion-exchange chromatography and gel electrophoresis demonstrated that these Au-S-EGn (n = 2, 3, or 4) nanoparticles are free of any nonspecific bindings with various proteins, DNA, and RNA. These types of nanoparticles provide a fundamental starting material for designing hybrid materials composed of metallic nanoparticles and biomolecules.
Summary report from the first international workshop on soluble HLA antigens. Paris, August 1992 (1993)

The First International Workshop on Soluble HLA antigens focused on the comparison of immunoassay procedures for quantitation of soluble HLA (sHLA) class I antigens and the selection of a sHLA class I antigen international standard. Several sets of serum, plasma, and cell culture supernatant specimens were assayed blindly for levels of sHLA class I antigens by 15 participating laboratories using different immunoassay formats. The sandwich ELISA using (i) for antigen capture: an anti-HLA class I heavy chain monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for a monomorphic epitope, and (ii) for antigen detection: an anti-beta 2 microglobulin antibody-enzyme conjugate, was the assay format of choice. There was a high inter-laboratory correlation among the majority of laboratories. All serum and plasma specimens from normal donors, and from a single transplant patient, had detectable levels of sHLA class I antigens. Paired serum and plasma specimens had similar levels of sHLA class I antigens, although plasma sHLA antigens seemed more stable than serum sHLA antigens. sHLA-A2 and sHLA-B7 antigens were detected in all specimens from HLA-A2 and HLA-B7 donors, respectively, using allele-specific ELISAs. No difference in reactivity was observed for quantitation of native sHLA class I antigens whether the capture mAb was TP25.99 (alpha 3 domain-specific) or W6/32 (alpha 2 + alpha 3-specific). However, a human-mouse chimeric sHLA class I antigen reacted weakly in assays which used TP25.99 mAb. The wide variation among laboratories in their reporting of micrograms/ml units pointed to the need for an inter-laboratory standardization based on a calibrated sHLA antigen preparation. T.sB7, an sHLA-B7 antigen derived from a cell line transfected within human beta 2 microglobulin and HLA-B7 genes, was accepted as the First sHLA class I Antigen International Standard at the workshop meeting.
Symmetries that simplify design of spot-array phase gratings (1990)

Dammann gratings 1 are diffraction gratings that produce replicated images or arrays of spots from an incoming beam of monochromatic light. This property makes them useful for image duplication applications and spot array generation in optical computing. The process of designing an appropriate pattern typically involves an optimization procedure; therefore, the primary limitation in designing gratings that produce complex arrays is the computational resources required. Fortunately, symmetry properties can be incorporated into the grating design, significantly reducing the number of independent parameters required to describe a solution. First, we will extend the use of the translation symmetries that were introduced to produce an even-numbered spot array from binary phase gratings. 2 Then we shall describe other symmetry properties that may be used to reduce the complexity of locating an optimal solution set. These symmetry properties will be generalized to cover binary phase gratings, discrete multilevel phase gratings, and continuous phase gratings.
A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition (1989)

This tutorial provides an overview of the basic theory of hidden Markov models (HMMs) as originated by L.E. Baum and T. Petrie (1966) and gives practical details on methods of implementation of the theory along with a description of selected applications of the theory to distinct problems in speech recognition. Results from a number of original sources are combined to provide a single source of acquiring the background required to pursue further this area of research. The author first reviews the theory of discrete Markov chains and shows how the concept of hidden states, where the observation is a probabilistic function of the state, can be used effectively. The theory is illustrated with two simple examples, namely coin-tossing, and the classic balls-in-urns system. Three fundamental problems of HMMs are noted and several practical techniques for solving these problems are given. The various types of HMMs that have been studied, including ergodic as well as left-right models, are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Autocorrelation artifacts in optical coherence tomography and interferometric synthetic aperture microscopy (2007)

Interferometric synthetic aperture microscopy processing of optical coherence tomography data has been shown to allow computational focusing of en face planes that have traditionally been regarded as out of focus. It is shown that this focusing of the image also produces a defocusing effect in autocorrelation artifacts resulting from Fourier-domain data collection. This effect is verified experimentally and through simulation.