gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An electrophosphorescent organic light emitting concentrator (2014)

We demonstrate threefold directional light concentration from an organic light-emitting diode luminaire for use in spot lighting and other applications where high intensity illumination is required. The concentrating luminaire comprises four triangular, large-area green electrophosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) deposited on plastic substrates and assembled into a pyramidal structure with an open base that serves as the light exit aperture. The PHOLED surfaces are highly reflective to direct the emission from the devices to the aperture independent of the original emission position within the pyramid. The far-field intensity profile of the concentrator has a ‘batwing’ distribution that meets the requirements for general lighting for uniform illumination of planar surfaces. A simple scheme for concentrating the light emission from organic LEDs could make them more useful for a variety of tasks. Jaesang Lee and colleagues from the University of Michigan in the USA assembled four triangular-shaped, green electrophosphorescent light-emitting devices (PHOLEDs) into a pyramid with an open base. The light exiting the base of the pyramid was found to have a luminance three times greater than that of a similarly sized conventional planar PHOLED. The enhancement is due to the high reflectivity of the PHOLED surfaces, which ensure that light generated anywhere in the pyramid is, after a number of reflections, directed out of the base of the structure. The researchers say that this concept can be applied to PHOLEDs with any colour of emission.
Intelligent Tutoring Systems are Missing the Tutor: Building a More Strategic Dialog-Based Tutor (2000)

Graesser et. al. believe &quot;there is something about interactive discourse that is responsible for [student] learning gains. &quot; In this paper we present Ms. Lbzdquist, an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) designed to carry a more human-like interactive dialog to help students learn how to write algebra expressions given a word problem. Ms. Lindquist is able to carry on a running conversation, complete with probing questions, positive and negative feedback, follow-up questions in embedded sub-dialogs, and requests for explanation as to why something is correct. In order to build Ms. Lindquist we have expanded the traditional model-tracing paradigm so that Ms. Lindquist not only has a model of the student, but also has a model of tutorial reasoning. Ms. Lindquist has a separate tutorial model encoding pedagogical content knowledge in the form of different tutorial strategies that was partially developed by observing an experienced human tutor. We discuss aspects of this human tutor’s method that can be modeled well by Ms. Lindquist and share examples of what the software is able to do. Through testing, we plan to learn about the relative effectiveness of the different tutorial strategies Ms. Lindquist uses. Ms. Lindquist is available at www.AlgebraTutor.org.
Detecting precancerous lesions in the hamster cheek pouch using spectroscopic white-light optical coherence tomography to assess nuclear morphology via spectral oscillations (2009)

We have developed a novel dual-window approach for spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements and applied it to probe nuclear morphology in tissue samples drawn from the hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis model. The dual-window approach enables high spectral and depth resolution simultaneously, allowing detection of spectral oscillations, which we isolate to determine the structure of cell nuclei in the basal layer of the epithelium. The measurements were executed with our parallel frequency domain OCT system, which uses light from a thermal source, providing high bandwidth and access to the visible portion of the spectrum. The structural measurements show a highly statistically significant difference between untreated (normal) and treated (hyperplastic/dysplastic) tissues, indicating the potential utility of this approach as a diagnostic method.
Antisense induced exon skipping restores dystrophin in the 4CV mouse model of muscular dystrophy (2007)

Duchenne Muscular dystrophy (DMD), a severe neuromuscular disorder, is caused by nonsense or frameshift mutations in dystrophin gene that results in an absence of functional dystrophin. Loss of functional dystrophin renders muscle fibres vulnerable to membrane damage during contraction. Antisense oligonucleotide (AO) induced exon skipping has been used to induce specific exon removal and by-pass the disease-causing mutation. Some dystrophin mutations will require removal of more than one exon. We are investigating multi-exon skipping in the B6Ros.Cg-Dmdmdx−4Cv/J (4cv) muscular dystrophy mouse model, which has a nonsense mutation in exon 53 of the dystrophin gene. This area is of relevance to the human dystrophin gene since this area corresponds to the major deletion hot spot of the human dystrophin gene. To restore the reading frame of the 4cv dystrophin mRNA, both exons 52 and 53 must be excised from the mature dystrophin gene transcript. 2_-O-Methyl AOs on a phosphorothioate backbone (2OMe) have been designed to mask motifs involved in splicing to remove these exons during pre-mRNA processing. We describe the removal of single exon and multi-exons in cell culture and in vivo. The exploration of exon skipping events in the 4CV mouse model will provide additional information in AO design, and will be a molecular model relevant to many DMD cases.
Effect of Pre-Deformation of Austenite on Shape Memory Properties in Fe-Mn-Si-based Alloys Containing Nb and C (2002)

The shape memory properties of Fe–Mn–Si-based alloys containing Nb and C are further improved by pre-rolling of the solution-treated austenite and the subsequent ageing treatment. For an Fe–28Mn–6Si–5Cr–0.53Nb–0.06C (mass%) alloy, 90% of an initial 4% strain is recovered on heating without any previous training treatment, if the alloy in austenitic state is rolled by 6–14% at 870 K and aged at 1070 K for 10 min to produce NbC precipitates. In the same condition, the alloy develops shape recovery stresses of 255 MPa and 295 MPa for 6% and 14% pre-rolling, respectively, when initially deformed by 4.5%. TEM observations indicate that these improved shape memory characteristics are related to a fine distribution of NbC precipitates in the fcc matrix and their interaction with stacking faults.
ChemInform Abstract: Optimization of Imidazole Compounds as Selective TAAR1 Agonists: Discovery of RO5073012. (2012)

Abstract Based on 2‐benzylimidazoline screening hits, low molecular weight imidazole compounds are identified as potent, selective, and drug‐like TAAR1 agonists.
Micromachined W-band polymeric tunable iris filter (2011)

A tunable filter working in the W-band spectrum has been successfully demonstrated using a combined plastic molding and electroplating process. The prototype filter architecture has two deformable membranes of 1.6 mm in diameter on top of a WR-10 waveguide based, two-cavity, polymeric iris filter. The membranes can be actively adjusted to deform and alter the cavity geometry concurrently for frequency tuning applications. The tunable filter was simulated using High Frequency Structure Simulator and theoretically analyzed using the perturbation method. Experimentally, a prototype band-pass filter has bandwidth of 4.05 GHz centered at 94.79 GHz and a minimum insertion loss of 2.37 dB with return loss better than 15 dB. As a tunable filter, a total of 2.59 GHz center frequency change has been recorded when the membranes deflected from 50 μm into, to 150 μm out of the waveguide. These results imply that the demonstrated tunable filter could be potentially applicable for waveguide-based mm-wave systems.
Stable Photopatterned Cholesteric Layers Made by Photoisomerization and Subsequent Photopolymerization for Use as Color Filters in Liquid‐Crystal Displays (2003)

Very stable cholesteric layers with patterned reflection colors are made by coating a monomeric cholesteric mixture on a substrate followed by photoisomerization in air to tune the reflection color and photopolymerization to stabilize the layer. The layers can be used as color filters in liquid‐crystal displays (see Figure). The photopolymerization is performed in N 2 , resulting in rapid crosslinking, preventing unwanted additional color changes.
Dual purpose no voltage winding design for the bearingless ac homopolar and consequent pole motors (2014)

Winding layouts for the bearingless ac homopolar and consequent pole motors that allow the same coils to be used for both radial force and torque production are investigated. This concept enables a “pure” bearingless motor where the same iron and copper are used for both magnetic bearing operation and torque production. For three phase windings, it is shown that these schemes limit 6-pole machines to integral slot windings, but that 8-pole machines support various fractional slot windings. Conclusions are similarly drawn for two phase windings. A winding design procedure is proposed and 3D finite element analysis (FEA) results are presented for an example design.
The role of carbohydrate in the antigenic and immunogenic structure of bovine herpesvirus type 1 glycoproteins gI and gIV (1990)

The role of carbohydrate in the antigenic and immunogenic structure of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) glycoproteins gI and gIV was investigated. Deglycosylated proteins induced a significantly lower antibody response in rabbits than native glycoproteins suggesting that the immunogenicity of several epitopes on gI and gIV is carbohydrate-dependent. Loss of carbohydrate from gI also resulted in a significantly decreased ability to induce a serum neutralizing antibody response to BHV-1, due to modifications in three distinct carbohydrate-containing continuous epitopes. Similarly, in vitro lysis of BHV-1-infected cells was significantly reduced when antibodies raised against deglycosylated gI were employed; this was attributed to changes in two of the three carbohydrate-dependent neutralizing epitopes on gI. The oligosaccharides may be directly involved as actual components of these continuous epitopes, rather than in stabilization of the conformation of the protein. In contrast, carbohydrate removal from gIV did not have a significant effect on the capacity to stimulate a neutralizing antibody response. Accordingly, none of the neutralizing epitopes on gIV appeared to be carbohydrate-dependent. Similarly, lysis of virus-infected cells was not significantly reduced when antibodies specific for deglycosylated rather than native gIV were used. In contrast to the humoral response, the delayed-type hypersensitivity response was stronger in rabbits immunized with deglycosylated proteins than in those inoculated with native glycoproteins gI or gIV. Consequently, the carbohydrates on gI and gIV may play a dual role in the host's immune recognition and response by contributing to certain epitopes, but masking others. The implications for the development of a subunit vaccine against BHV-1 are discussed.
Potential use of Oxygen as a Metabolic Biosensor in Combination with T2*-Weighted MRI to Define the Ischemic Penumbra (2008)

We describe a novel magnetic resonance imaging technique for detecting metabolism indirectly through changes in oxyhemoglobin:deoxyhemoglobin ratios and T2(*) signal change during 'oxygen challenge' (OC, 5 mins 100% O(2)). During OC, T2(*) increase reflects O(2) binding to deoxyhemoglobin, which is formed when metabolizing tissues take up oxygen. Here OC has been applied to identify tissue metabolism within the ischemic brain. Permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced in rats. In series 1 scanning (n=5), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) was performed, followed by echo-planar T2(*) acquired during OC and perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI, arterial spin labeling). Oxygen challenge induced a T2(*) signal increase of 1.8%, 3.7%, and 0.24% in the contralateral cortex, ipsilateral cortex within the PWI/DWI mismatch zone, and ischemic core, respectively. T2(*) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map coregistration revealed that the T2(*) signal increase extended into the ADC lesion (3.4%). In series 2 (n=5), FLASH T2(*) and ADC maps coregistered with histology revealed a T2(*) signal increase of 4.9% in the histologically defined border zone (55% normal neuronal morphology, located within the ADC lesion boundary) compared with a 0.7% increase in the cortical ischemic core (92% neuronal ischemic cell change, core ADC lesion). Oxygen challenge has potential clinical utility and, by distinguishing metabolically active and inactive tissues within hypoperfused regions, could provide a more precise assessment of penumbra.
In-Vivo Validation of 3D Multi-Frequency Liver Shear Wave Absolute Vibro-Elastography with an xMATRIX Array (2019)

Liver fibrosis arises from chronic liver diseases, such as hepatitis B, C, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and can result in cirrhosis and death. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is commonly regarded as the imaging-based gold-standard for fibrosis staging. With the aid of a state-of-the-art matrix array transducer, our previous 3D ultrasound shear wave absolute vibro-elastography (S-WAVE) imaging was able to generate hepatic stiffness measurements which are comparable to MRE. In this work, we introduce multi-frequency S-WAVE imaging with a matrix array transducer, to provide more robust and reliable measurements by shorter overall exam time. The system was characterized with three liver tissue phantoms of different elasticity using the MRE results as the ground truth. Six healthy volunteers and six patients who have chronic liver diseases were imaged. Our results indicate that measurements from multi-frequency 3D S-WAVE with a matrix array transducer correlated better to MRE, compared to the readings from the transient elastography method (FibroScan, Echosens).
Object Counting and Instance Segmentation With Image-Level Supervision (2019)

Common object counting in a natural scene is a challenging problem in computer vision with numerous real-world applications. Existing image-level supervised common object counting approaches only predict the global object count and rely on additional instance-level supervision to also determine object locations. We propose an image-level supervised approach that provides both the global object count and the spatial distribution of object instances by constructing an object category density map. Motivated by psychological studies, we further reduce image-level supervision using a limited object count information (up to four). To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to propose image-level supervised density map estimation for common object counting and demonstrate its effectiveness in image-level supervised instance segmentation. Comprehensive experiments are performed on the PASCAL VOC and COCO datasets. Our approach outperforms existing methods, including those using instance-level supervision, on both datasets for common object counting. Moreover, our approach improves state-of-the-art image-level supervised instance segmentation with a relative gain of 17.8% in terms of average best overlap, on the PASCAL VOC 2012 dataset.
Cyclic Alkyl Amino Carbene (CAAC) Ruthenium Complexes as Remarkably Active Catalysts for Ethenolysis (2014)

An expanded family of ruthenium-based metathesis catalysts bearing cyclic alkyl amino carbene (CAAC) ligands was prepared. These catalysts exhibited exceptional activity in the ethenolysis of the seed-oil derivative methyl oleate. In many cases, catalyst turnover numbers (TONs) of more than 100,000 were achieved, at a catalyst loading of only 3 ppm. Remarkably, the most active catalyst system was able to achieve a TON of 340,000, at a catalyst loading of only 1 ppm. This is the first time a series of metathesis catalysts has exhibited such high performance in cross-metathesis reactions employing ethylene gas, with activities sufficient to render ethenolysis applicable to the industrial-scale production of linear α-olefins (LAOs) and other terminal-olefin products.
Mutations in the Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1α Gene in MODY and Early-Onset NIDDM: Evidence for a Mutational Hotspot in Exon 4 (1997)

We have recently shown that mutations in the gene encoding the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1alpha are the cause of one form of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY3). Here, we report the exon-intron organization and partial sequence of the human HNF-1alpha gene. In addition, we have screened the ten exons and flanking introns of this gene for mutations in a group of 25 unrelated white subjects from Germany who presented with NIDDM before 35 years of age and had a first-degree relative with NIDDM. Mutations were identified in nine of these individuals, suggesting that mutations in the HNF-1alpha gene are a common cause of diabetes in German subjects with early-onset NIDDM and a family history of diabetes. Thus, screening for mutations in this gene may be indicated in subjects with early-onset NIDDM. Interestingly, three of the nine mutations occurred at the same site in exon 4 with insertion of a C in a polyC tract, centered around codon 290 (designated Pro291fsinsC), thereby resulting in a frameshift during translation and premature termination. Analyses of linked DNA polymorphisms in the HNF-1alpha gene indicated that the Pro291fsinsC mutation was present on a different haplotype in each subject, implying that the polyC tract represents a mutational hot spot. We have also identified the mutation in the HNF-1alpha gene in the Jutland pedigree, one of the original MODY pedigrees reported in the literature, as being a T-->G substitution in codon 241, resulting in the replacement of a conserved Cys by Gly (C241G). The information on the sequence of the HNF-1alpha gene and its promoter region will facilitate the search for mutations in other subjects and studies of the role of the gene in determining normal beta-cell functions.
Nanoplasmonic molecular ruler for nuclease activity and DNA footprinting - eScholarship (2006)

Nanoplasmonic molecular ruler for nuclease activity and DNA footprinting Fanqing Frank Chen 1,§, * , Gang L. Liu 2, * , Yadong Yin 1,3,5 , Daniele Gerion 1 , Siri Kunchakarra 1 , Bipasha Mukherjee 1 , Stephen D. Jett 4 , David G. Bear 4 , A. Paul Alivisatos 1,3 , Luke P. Lee 2 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 Biomolecular Nanotechnology Center, Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and the Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Current address:Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 Correspondence should be addressed to: Fanqing Frank Chen (f_chen@lbl.gov) Life Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory MS977R0225A, 1 Cyclotron Rd. Berkeley, CA 94720 Word count: Abstract: 147 Main Text: 1500 Methods: 752 References: 30 Figures: 4
Protection of Wood Using Combinations of Biocides (2003)

Traditional wood preservatives provide a broad spectrum of activity but are being increasing regulated due to perceived environmental concerns. New organic biocides, developed for applications other than protecting wood, possess low toxicity and high selectivity against some organisms. However, the high selectivity also means that a particular biocide may be relatively inactive against a few of the many wood-destroying or staining/molding organisms. One possible solution is to develop new formulations based upon synergistic blends of biocides which are already registered for other non-wood applications. These formulated products can possess a broad spectrum of activity and low environmental impact. Examples of several synergistic combinations which are effective against stains and molds, or wood-destroying organisms, are given. This approach offers a good opportunity to develop new, relatively low cost and environmentally-benign wood protection systems.
Comparative Assessment of Prediction Models in Voltage Control (2007)

Emergency voltage control problems in electric power networks have stimulated the interest for the implementation of online optimal control techniques. In this sense there have been a number of publications in the past few years concerning the employment of predictive control schemes to counteract the possibility of voltage collapses, all of which inherently rely on a prediction model of the network to choose the control action to apply onto the system. The tradeoff between complexity and accuracy of the chosen model is therefore relevant in the derivation of the control scheme, as for such a system-critical real-time application it must yield reliable predicted values whilst avoiding an excessively onerous degree of complexity.
SPRAYABLE ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE POLYMER CONCRETE COATINGS. FINAL REPORT (1985)

A sprayable electrically conductive polymer concrete coating for vertical and overhead applications has been developed. This technology, in conjunction with impressed current cathodic protection, can be used to prevent corrosion of the embedded reinforcing steel in concrete girders, piers, columns, and beams. A formulation of an electrically conductive polymer concrete, which holds the conductive filler in suspension and can be sprayed in thin uniform coatings, was developed. This coating is permeable, yet has low electrical resistivity (<10 ohm-cm), good bond strength to concrete substrates, and good weatherability. The commercially available spray equipment can be used to spray mixtures containing up to 60 wt% calcined coke breeze and 40 wt% resin on vertical or overhead surface.
<title>Advancements in conductive cladding materials for nonlinear-optic-polymer-based optoelectronic devices</title> (2001)

We have investigated various conductive and non-conductive polymers suitable for use as cladding layers in nonlinear optic (NLO) polymer based opto-electronic devices. Our goal was to maximize the nonlinearity of the core material, minimize the total poling voltage, and minimize the absorption loss. Using a cladding material that is more conductive than the NLO core material, the majority of the applied poling voltage is dropped across the core, realizing a maximum EO coefficient with minimum applied voltage. We found, however, that there are tradeoffs between absorption loss, conductivity, refractive index, materials processability and materials compatibility when using off-the-shelf materials.
Highly parallel computer architecture for robotic computation (1991)

In a computer having a large number of single instruction multiple data (SIMD) processors, each of the SIMD processors has two sets of three individual processor elements controlled by a master control unit and interconnected among a plurality of register file units where data is stored. The register files input and output data in synchronism with a minor cycle clock under control of two slave control units controlling the register file units connected to respective ones of the two sets of processor elements. Depending upon which ones of the register file units are enabled to store or transmit data during a particular minor clock cycle, the processor elements within an SIMD processor are connected in rings or in pipeline arrays, and may exchange data with the internal bus or with neighboring SIMD processors through interface units controlled by respective ones of the two slave control units.