gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fouling and Natural Organic Matter Removal in Adsorbent/Membrane Systems for Drinking Water Treatment (2003)

Adsorbent particles added to ultrafiltration (UF) systems treating drinking water can remove natural organic matter (NOM) and some other contaminants from the water, but their effect on membrane fouling is inconsistent-in some cases, fouling is reduced, and in others, it is exacerbated. This research investigated the behavior of UF systems to which powdered activated carbon (PAC), heated iron oxide particles (HIOPs), or (nonadsorbent) SiO2 particles were added. On a mass basis, the PAC removed the most NOM from solution, the HIOPs removed less, and the SiO2 removed essentially none. However, in the case of both PAC and SiO2, increasing the dose of solids led to a steady increase in fouling, whereas the opposite trend applied when HIOPs were added. In the absence of NOM, none of the solids fouled the membrane significantly. Thus, even though NOM is a causative agent for fouling, removing it from solution does not necessarily reduce fouling; the mechanism of removal can be just as important as the absolute amount removed, if the removal occurs in a cake layer near the membrane surface. Scanning electron microscopy images of the cake layers formed in the three systems suggest that the NOM binds PAC or SiO2 particles to one another and to the membrane surface, so that the particles become part of the foulant in the system. By contrast, the NOM appears to bind HIOPs to one another but not to the membrane. This process leaves enough pore space in the cake layer for water to reach the membrane with minimal resistance, and it reduces the tendency for either the NOM or the HIOPs to foul the membrane surface.
Experimental investigation of different fault indicators for Synchronous machine failure analysis (2015)

Fault indicators signifying major failures in Synchronous machines (SM) are highlighted. A 15 megawatt (MW) SM was chosen in which, electro-mechanical faults were made by suitably altering physical disposition of machine parts. Finite element simulation of the motor model helped build signature for ideal and fault conditions in time and frequency domains for different fault indicators. Measurements were performed for stator parameters like phase voltage, current, stator current of the exciter and also through slip-ring for various rotor parameters, such as field winding voltage, current, shaft voltage and current. Comparison of simulation and measured results indicates field current and shaft voltage as two major fault detecting parameters. Stator exciter current proves to be an ideal indicator for semiconductor failures and even carries signatures for electro-mechanical faults. Notwithstanding the limitations of accessibility for measurement, information from field current and shaft voltage can be corroborated together for a combined fault diagnostic strategy.
Macrocycle peptides delineate locked-open inhibition mechanism for microorganism phosphoglycerate mutases (2017)

Glycolytic interconversion of phosphoglycerate isomers is catalysed in numerous pathogenic microorganisms by a cofactor-independent mutase (iPGM) structurally distinct from the mammalian cofactor-dependent (dPGM) isozyme. The iPGM active site dynamically assembles through substrate-triggered movement of phosphatase and transferase domains creating a solvent inaccessible cavity. Here we identify alternate ligand binding regions using nematode iPGM to select and enrich lariat-like ligands from an mRNA-display macrocyclic peptide library containing >10<sup>12</sup> members. Functional analysis of the ligands, named ipglycermides, demonstrates sub-nanomolar inhibition of iPGM with complete selectivity over dPGM. The crystal structure of an iPGM macrocyclic peptide complex illuminated an allosteric, locked-open inhibition mechanism placing the cyclic peptide at the bi-domain interface. This binding mode aligns the pendant lariat cysteine thiolate for coordination with the iPGM transition metal ion cluster. The extended charged, hydrophilic binding surface interaction rationalizes the persistent challenges these enzymes have presented to small-molecule screening efforts highlighting the important roles of macrocyclic peptides in expanding chemical diversity for ligand discovery.
Chip-based frequency comb sources for optical coherence tomography (2019)

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a powerful interferometric imaging technique widely used in medical fields such as ophthalmology, cardiology and dermatology. Superluminescent diodes (SLDs) are widely used as light sources in OCT. Recently integrated chip-based frequency combs have been demonstrated in numerous platforms and the possibility of using these broadband chip-scale combs for OCT has been raised extensively over the past few years. However, the use of these chip-based frequency combs as light sources for OCT requires bandwidth and power compatibility with current OCT systems and have not been shown to date. Here we generate frequency combs based on chip-scale lithographically-defined microresonators and demonstrate its capability as a novel light source for OCT. The combs are designed with a small spectral line spacing of 0.21 nm which ensure imaging range comparable to commercial system and operated at non-phase locked regime which provide conversion efficiency of 30%. The comb source is shown to be compatible with a standard commercial spectral domain (SD) OCT system and enables imaging of human tissue with image quality comparable to the one achieved with tabletop commercial sources. The comb source also provides a path towards fully integrated OCT systems.
New Processes for Alkali Ferrate Synthesis (2008)

A new process for the synthesis of the potassium ferrate(VI) salt was developed at the University of Nancy, France under an EEC program; started in 2001. This program had an objective of synthesizing a large quantity of ferrate in order to feed large scale applications in the field of water treatment such as drinking water, municipal waste water, and industrial waste water treatment. The raw materials used were ferrous sulphate, potassium hydroxide, and calcium hypochlorite (or chlorine). In this process, mixing of three solids took place in a mixer in which the potassium ferrate(VI) salt was stabilized. Another objective of the program was to develop synthesis of solid sodium ferrate(VI), which is cheaper to produce because its preparation requires less expensive materials: caustic soda instead of potassium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite (or chlorine gas) instead of calcium hypochlorite. The final objective was to develop a better technology, which could be cheaper and easier to scale-up. This chapter also describes successful results of lab and small pilot tests.
Anti-repression of RNA Polymerase II Transcription by Pyrrole−Imidazole Polyamides (1999)

Pyrrole-imidazole polyamides are ligands that bind in the minor groove of DNA with high affinity and sequence selectivity. Molecules of this class have been shown to disrupt specific transcription factor-DNA interactions and to inhibit basal and activated transcription from various RNA polymerase II and III promoters. A set of eight-ring hairpin-motif pyrrole-imidazole polyamides has been designed to bind within the binding site for the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) UL122 immediate early protein 2 (IE86). IE86 represses transcription of the CMV major immediate early promoter (MIEP) through its cognate cis recognition sequence (crs) located between the TATA box and the transcription initiation site. The designed polyamides bind to their target DNA sequence with nanomolar affinities and with a high degree of sequence selectivity. The polyamides effectively block binding of IE86 protein to the crs in DNase I footprinting experiments. A mismatch polyamide, containing a single imidazole to pyrrole substitution, and also a polyamide binding to a site located 14 base pairs upstream of the repressor binding site, do not prevent IE86 binding to the crs. IE86-mediated transcriptional repression in vitro is relieved by a match polyamide but not by a mismatch polyamide. Transcription from a DNA template harboring a mutation in the crs is not affected either by IE86 protein or by the match polyamides. These results demonstrate that this new class of small molecules, the pyrrole-imidazole polyamides, are not only effective inhibitors of basal and activated transcription, but also can be used to activate transcription by blocking the DNA-binding activity of a repressor protein.
Discovery and Evaluation of Novel Angular Fused Pyridoquinazolinonecarboxamides as RNA Polymerase I Inhibitors (2022)

RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcribes ribosomal DNA (rDNA) into the 47S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) precursor. Further processing produces the 28S, 5.8S, and 18S rRNAs that are assembled into mature ribosomes. Many cancers exhibit higher Pol I transcriptional activity, reflecting a need for increased ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis and making the inhibition of this process an attractive therapeutic strategy. Lead molecule BMH-21 (<b>1</b>) has been established as a Pol I inhibitor by affecting the destruction of RPA194, the Pol I large catalytic subunit. A previous structure-activity relationship (SAR) study uncovered key pharmacophores, but activity was constrained within a tight chemical space. This work details further SAR efforts that have yielded new scaffolds and improved off-target activity while retaining the desired RPA194 degradation potency. Pharmacokinetic profiling was obtained and provides a starting point for further optimization. New compounds present additional opportunities for the development of Pol I inhibitory cancer therapies.
RFID Tag Antenna Coupled by Shorted Microstrip Line for Metallic Surfaces (2008)

ABSTRACT This letter presents the design of a small and low-profile RFID tag antenna in the UHF band that can be mounted on metallic objects. The designed tag antenna, which uses a ceramic material as a substrate, consists of a radiating patch and a microstrip line with two shorting pins for a proximity-coupled feeding structure. Using this structure, impedance matching can be simply obtained between the antenna and tag chip without a matching network. The fractional impedance bandwidth for S 11 <3 dB and radiation efficiency are about 1.4% and 56% at 911 MHz, respectively. The read range is approximately from 5 m to 6 m when the tag antenna is mounted on a metallic surface.
Broadband piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers based on dual resonance modes (2015)

Piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUTs) have the potential for broad bandwidth, thus enabling high resolution imaging. However, previous PMUTs had fractional bandwidths of only ~50% or smaller because of the thick multilayer PMUT structure. Here, we demonstrate broadband PZT PMUTs that achieve a 97% fractional bandwidth by utilizing a thinner structure excited at two adjacent mechanical vibration modes. PMUTs were fabricated and characterized in the mechanical, electrical and acoustic domains, and a 30 μm × 200 μm ribbon PMUT demonstrates a large displacement sensitivity of 500 nm/V in air and pressure response of 0.3 kPa/V in fluid, equivalent to 13.6 kPa/V average pressure on the PMUT surface, measured 1.4 mm away from the PMUT.
Thermomechanical Properties of Several Polymer Modified Asphalts (2000)

Abstract Costly deterioration of many roads and highways paved with asphalt generates a growing interest in polymer modified asphalts (PMA). Although asphalt represents only a fraction of asphalt paving mix, it is believed that it has a significant effect on the thermomechanical properties of asphalt pavements. Currently there is no consensus on the type of tests and specifications for polymer modified asphalts; however, it is clear that such specifications should be based on rheological testing of these systems. As a viscoelastic material asphalt is usually characterized by its dynamic material functions. An advantage of the use of modified loss tangent function in PMA systems is discussed in this contribution. Three polymer modifiers (SBS, EVA and EGA) commonly used in the asphalt paving industry were blended with base asphalt and various relaxations in the base, and its blends are studied here.
Neural decoding of attentional selection in multi-speaker environments without access to clean sources (2017)

Our novel framework for AAD bridges the gap between the most recent advancements in speech processing technologies and speech prosthesis research and moves us closer to the development of cognitively controlled hearable devices for the hearing impaired.
A tunable-frequency Gunn diode fabricated by focused ion-beam implantation (1988)

The fabrication of a planar Gunn diode in which the fundamental transit-time model oscillation frequency can be tuned over the range 6-23 GHz by varying the DC bias across the device is reported. The wide-band tunability is due to a linear doping-concentration gradient between the contacts. This lateral doping is created by implanting the device with a focused beam of silicon ions and smoothly increasing the dose from contact to contact. A Gunn diode with a uniform active region, also fabricated with the focused ion beam, displays a relatively constant oscillation frequency in the same bias range.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Static Analysis Framework for Database Applications (2009)

Database developers today use data access APIs such as ADO.NET to execute SQL queries from their application. These applications often have security problems such as SQL injection vulnerabilities and performance problems such as poorly written SQL queries. However today's compilers have little or no understanding of data access APIs or DBMS, and hence the above problems can go undetected until much later in the application lifecycle. We present a framework that adapts traditional program analysis by leveraging understanding of data access APIs in order to identify such problems early on during application development. Our framework can analyze database application binaries that use ADO.NET data access APIs. We show how our framework can be used for a variety of analysis tasks such as SQL injection detection, workload extraction, identifying performance problems, and verifying data integrity constraints in the application.
Corrugated and nanoporous silica microspheres: synthesis by controlled etching, and improving their chemical adsorption and application in biosensing (2008)

Corrugated and nanoporous silica microspheres were synthesized by simple controlled etching of smooth spherical silica microspheres of various sizes with aqueous KCN or KOH solution. The smooth silica microspheres were prepared by the Stöber method. The structure and morphology of the etched microspheres were controlled by varying the type and concentration (pH value) of the etchants and the etching time. Upon etching the original silica microspheres with a higher concentration of etchant for a longer time, highly corrugated and hollow silica microspheres were obtained. Shorter etching time and a lower concentration of etchant have resulted in only moderately corrugated microspheres. Comparative studies revealed that the etching with KCN solution proceeds more slowly due to the milder concentration of OH− ions it generates compared to a similar concentration of KOH solution. By optimizing the etching process, silica microspheres with increased adsorption capacity for chemicals such as rhodamine 6G can be obtained. By encapsulating gold nanoparticles and horseradish peroxidase into the etched microspheres having optimized corrugated structures and then casting the resulting nanocomposite materials on a glassy carbon electrode, sensitive electrochemical biosensors for the detection of micromolar concentrations of H2O2 were fabricated. The correlations between the microspheres' size, the etchant's concentration and the etching time with the structures and shapes of the etched microspheres, their adsorption properties to chemicals, and their potential in biosensing application were established. The synthetic method also proved to be applicable in producing corrugated/hollow titania microspheres. This controlled etching synthetic method to produce corrugated metal oxide microspheres is versatile and is useful for controlling nanomaterials' structure and morphology, enhancing their surface area and adsorption capacity of chemicals and drug molecules, as well as making sensitive electrochemical biosensors.
Design and Study of Wide-Band Patch Antenna Fed by Meandering Probe (2006)

A wide-band probe fed patch antenna with low cross polarization and symmetrical broadside radiation pattern is proposed and studied. By employing a novel meandering probe feed and locating a patch about 0.1/spl lambda//sub 0/ above a ground plane, a patch antenna with 30% impedance bandwidth (SWR<2) and 9 dBi gain is designed. The far field radiation pattern of the antenna is stable across the operating bandwidth. Parametric studies and design guidelines of the proposed feeding structure are provided.
Islanding detection in smart grids (2010)

All distributed generators (DG), especially those connected to low voltage distribution grids are required to detect islanding conditions. The methods for detecting islanding are classified in three main categories: passive, active and communication based. Passive methods are based on grid monitoring, are easy to implement but have a large non-detection zone in the case local generation meets the load demand. Active methods, which are commonly used today, may reduce the non-detection zone but in the case of large amount of DGs installed, power quality problems are foreseen. The communication based methods are seldom used today mainly because of high cost of communication. However, if the islanding detection schemes can use the communication infrastructure to be deployed for smart grids, e.g. for metering, feeder automation, etc. the communication based methods will become cost competitive with the active methods without their weaknesses. This paper focuses on communication based methods and analyzes the influence of bidirectional power flow on the existing methods. The paper also proposes a new method to be used in a smart grid infrastructure.
Chemical modification of erythromycins. IX. Selective methylation at the C-6 hydroxyl group of erythromycin a oxime derivatives and preparation of clarithromycin. (1993)

Although erythromycin A contains five hydroxyl groups, regioselective methylation at the C-6 hydroxyl group was achieved to the extent of 90% when a 9-O-substituted erythromycin A 9-oxime was employed as substrate. The methylation and its selectivity are dependent on an O-protecting group at the 9-oxime, solvent, base, and methylating reagent. In particular, the use of a polar aprotic solvent is indispensable for the methylation. Among the 9-oxime derivatives, 2'-O,3'-N-bis(benzyloxycarbonyl)-N-demethylerythromycin A 9-[O-(2-chlorobenzyl)oxime] was the most important intermediate for the synthesis of clarithromycin (6-O-methylerythromycin A).
Abstract 302: High throughput drug screening with engineered tumor spheroids (2015)

Abstract Physiologically relevant, in vitro cell-based models are important tools to identify effective anticancer drugs. Three-dimensional (3D) clusters of cancer cells, called tumor spheroids, mimic key characteristics of avascular tumors such as diffusion limitations and hypoxia, and hence serve as a relevant model for compound screening. Nevertheless, current spheroid formation techniques face difficulties to generate large number of uniform sized spheroids, conveniently maintain them in culture and biochemically analyze them using commercially available tools. To address this need, we developed a robotic, high throughput technology for three-dimensional culture of cancer cells that is simple to implement, produces consistent size spheroids in standard microwell plates, and allows convenient robotic media exchange and drug addition, and analysis of cellular responses using microplate readers. The technology is based on the use of an aqueous two-phase system. Cancer cells confined in a drop of the denser aqueous phase are robotically dispensed into a microwell containing the immersion aqueous phase. Cells remain within the drop at the bottom of the microwell and form a viable spheroid. We demonstrate the robust performance of this technology by evaluating the effect of two clinically used drugs against biologically aggressive skin cancer and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Skin cancer spheroids treated with paclitaxel and cisplatin show dose-dependent decrease in cell viability, but with a greater resistance compared to the monolayer culture (2D) of cells (paclitaxel: LD50,3D = 178.5 nM, LD50,2D = 22.1 nM and cisplatin: LD50,3D = 131.7 μM and LD50,2D = 29.2 μM. TNBC cell monolayer and spheroids treated with cisplatin displayed a similar LD50 value of ∼13.1 μM. However, unlike the monolayer culture of TNBC cells that showed a dose-response to paclitaxel with LD50,2D = 8.0 nM, TNBC spheroids showed resistance to this drug, even at micromolar-scale concentrations, and maintained a high viability. In conclusion, our tumor spheroid technology enables quick and efficient generation of relevant tumor models in standard microplates to conveniently treat with chemical compounds and analyze. This technology allows investigating the efficacy of drug compounds against cancer cells and reveals cellular responses not captured with widely-used monolayer cultures. The ease of conducting and analyzing high throughput experiments will substantially reduce labor and cost, and expedite discovery of effective anti-cancer compounds with a physiologic tumor model. Citation Format: Stephanie Lemmo, Ehsan Aefi, Gary Luker, Hossein Tavana. High throughput drug screening with engineered tumor spheroids. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 302. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-302
Probabilistic Prognosis of Fatigue Crack Growth Using Acoustic Emission Data (2012)

This paper presents a structural health monitoring methodology that uses acoustic emission (AE) features to predict crack growth in structural elements subjected to fatigue. This allows for the prediction of the failure of the structural element at the current load level. The methodology uses Bayesian inference to account for different sources of uncertainty such as uncertainty in the data (AE signal), unknown fracture mechanics parameters, and model inadequacy. The methodology is divided into two main components: a model updating component that uses available data to build a joint probability distribution of the different unknown fracture mechanics parameters, and a prognosis component in which this multivariable probability distribution is sampled to predict the stress intensity factor range at a future number of cycles. The application of the methodology does not require knowledge of the load amplitude nor the initial crack length. The methodology is validated using experimental data from a compact test specimen under cyclic loading.
Facile Synthesis of Effcient and Selective Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts with Sulfonate and Phosphate Ligands (2010)

A series of novel, air-stable ruthenium NHC catalysts with sulfonate and phosphate anions have been prepared easily in one pot at high yields using commercially available precursors. The catalysts were found to be effective for ring-opening metathesis polymerization, ring-closing metathesis, and cross-metathesis. The catalysts showed higher cis-selectivity in olefin cross-metathesis reactions as compared to earlier known ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts, with allylbenzene and cis-1,4-diacetoxybutene as substrates.