gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evidence for the Participation of a Cytosolic NADP<sup>+</sup>‐Dependent Oxidoreductase in the Catabolism of γ‐Hydroxybutyrate In Vivo (1987)

The concentration of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in brain, kidney, and muscle as well as the clearance of [1-14C]GHB in plasma have been found to be altered by the administration of a number of metabolic intermediates and drugs that inhibit the NADP+-dependent oxidoreductase, "GHB dehydrogenase," an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of GHB to succinic semialdehyde. Administration of valproate, salicylate, and phenylacetate, all inhibitors of GHB dehydrogenase, significantly increased the concentration of GHB in brain; salicylate increased GHB concentration in kidney, and alpha-ketoisocaproate increased GHB levels in kidney and muscle. The half-life of [1-14C]GHB in plasma was decreased by D-glucuronate, a compound that stimulates the oxidation of GHB by this enzyme and was increased by a competitive substrate of the enzyme, L-gulonate. The results of these experiments suggest a role for GHB dehydrogenase in the regulation of tissue levels of endogenous GHB.
House, Street, City: Le Corbusier’s Research Towards a New Urban Interior (2019)

Le Corbusier’s investigations, conducted between the 1910s and the 1930s, were focused on a new relationship between street and building. This research started from texts about the city, in particular, the writings of Eugène Hénard’s. These essays, dating back to 1903-1909, dealt with the necessity of a renewed strategy for the urban street, breaking down the monotony and the problems related to the sequence of buildings and creating a series of places as squares, gardens, and open courtyards: actual urban rooms between streets an buildings. Learning from those texts, Le Corbusier worked on a series of polemical writings about the rue corridor, collected in particular in The City of Tomorrow, Precisions and The Radiant City. A series of projects explored to the extreme consequences the topic: the Dom-ino building principle used for collective housing evolved to the redent, detached from the infrastructure, and the immeuble villa, with its inhabited façades. Finally, the curved redent for the Plan Obus in Algiers transformed the street itself into a "building as city" flowing in the landscape. The essay follows how Le Corbusier transforms the street and its traditional urban components in interior elements inside the buildings.
A Load-Balancing and Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for MANET Accessing Internet (2009)

For requirement of MANET accessing Internet, a load-balancing and energy-aware routing protocol is proposed after analysis on MANET routing. This protocol is used for Internet gateway broadcasting route, and it evaluates route with node's residual energy and transmission load. With this protocol node accessing Internet can find a shortest route and avoid low-power node and busy node.
Studies in Solvent Extraction Using Polyaphrons. II. Semibatch and Continuous Countercurrent Extraction/Flotation of a Hydrophobic Organic Dye from Water (1996)

Abstract Transport mechanisms and a mathematical model for a continuous, countercurrent predispersed solvent extraction (PDSE) process are proposed in this paper. Solvent extraction using polyaphrons provides enhanced mass transfer (extraction) of solute through larger interfacial areas of micron-sized predispersed solvent. Increased rise velocity is needed for subsequent phase separation (flotation) of dispersed polyaphrons through attachment onto micron-sized gas dispersions called colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs). PDSE experiments were conducted in both batch and continuous countercurrent modes to remove a hydrophobic organic dye (Solvent Red 27) from water into kerosene. Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate was used as the water-soluble surfactant and Tergitol-15-S-3 as the kerosene-soluble surfactant to form polyaphrons. The CGAs were prepared using hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide in water. Results from batch experiments showed that the efficiency of dye removal depended not only on the duration of flotation but also on the settling time after flotation. Longer settling times increased the process efficiency, indicating gradual removal of the smaller polyaphrons. In the continuous countercurrent mode, the mathematical model predicts that the process efficiency is a function of the flow rates of CGA and polyaphrons relative to feed water flow rate, the partition coefficient of the solute, relative sizes of polyaphrons to CGAs, and the attachment efficiency of polyaphrons to CGAs. Experimental results in the continuous countercurrent mode are tested against the proposed model.
Perforating Skin as a Function of Rock Permeability and Underbalance (1991)

Abstract Experimental tests were performed under simulated downhole conditions to determine the minimum underbalance necessary to obtain zero-perforation damage skin in two sandstones of different permeabilities. The objective of this paper is to study the transient cleanup resulting from the dynamic surge of fluid through the perforation immediately after perforating, prior to any postshot flow. Single-shot perforation flow tests were conducted in nominally 100-md Gold and 200-md Berea sandstone cores under various underbalances. Prior to shooting, the virgin whole core diametral and axial permeabilities were measured. Perforation damage skin was determined using analytical and finite element models. For each of the two basic rock permeabilities, (1) the minimum underbalance required to obtain zero-perforating skin without postshot flow was determined, and (2) a relationship of skin to perforating underbalance was obtained. The experimental results were used to establish a Reynold’s number criterion for zero-perforation damage skin. Using the Reynold’s number criterion, a simple equation can be employed to predict, as a function of formation and fluid properties, the minimum underbalance to achieve zero-perforating skin prior to any postshot flow.
Conditional arithmetic coding of tree structuredvector quantisation indices with reduced memory (1997)

The authors propose an efficient conditional arithmetic coding scheme for tree structured vector quantisation (TSVQ) systems which effectively exploits interblock correlation. A memory reduction method for the conditional arithmetic coding scheme is also presented. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides remarkable bit-rate reduction performance.
Composite Chitosan/Nano-Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds Induce Osteocalcin Production by Osteoblasts <i>In Vitro</i> and Support Bone Formation <i>In Vivo</i> (2009)

There is a significant clinical need to develop alternatives to autografts and allografts for bone grafting procedures. Porous, biodegradable scaffolds based on the biopolymer chitosan have been investigated as bone graft substitutes, and the addition of calcium phosphate to these scaffolds has been shown to improve the mechanical properties of the scaffold and may increase osteoconductivity. In this study, in vitro mineralization was examined for osteoblasts seeded in a porous scaffold composed of fused chitosan/nano-hydroxyapatite microspheres. Human fetal osteoblasts were cultured on composite and chitosan scaffolds for 21 days. On days 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21, total dsDNA, alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen, and osteocalcin production were measured. Total cellularity (measured by dsDNA), alkaline phosphatase, and type I collagen production were similar between the two scaffold groups. However, osteocalcin production occurred significantly earlier (day 7 vs. day 21) and was more than three times greater (0.0022 vs. 0.0068 ng/mL/ng DNA) on day 21 when osteoblasts were cultured on composite scaffolds. Osteocalcin is a marker of late osteoblastic differentiation and mineralized bone matrix formation. Therefore, the increase in osteocalcin production seen when cells were cultured on composite scaffolds may indicate that these scaffolds were superior to chitosan-only scaffolds in facilitating osteoblast mineralization. Composite scaffolds were also shown to be biocompatible and osteoconductive in a preliminary critical size rat calvarial defect study. These results demonstrate the potential of composite chitosan/nano-hydroxyapatite scaffolds to be used in bone tissue engineering.
Chest-Worn Health Monitor Based on a Bistatic Self-Injection-Locked Radar (2015)

This paper presents wearable health monitors that are based on continuous-wave Doppler radar technology. To achieve low complexity, low power consumption, and simultaneous wireless transmission of Doppler information, the radar architecture is bistatic with a self-injection-locked oscillator (SILO) tag and an injection-locked oscillator (ILO)-based frequency demodulator. In experiments with a prototype that was operated in the medical body area network and the industrial scientific and medical bands from 2.36 to 2.484 GHz, the SILO tag is attached to the chest of a subject to transform the movement of the chest due to cardiopulmonary activity and body exercise into a transmitted frequency-modulated wave. The tag consumes a very low power of 4.4 mW. The ILO-based frequency demodulator, located 30 cm from the subject, receives and processes this wave to yield the waveform that is associated with the movement of the chest. Following further digital signal processing, the cardiopulmonary activity and body exercise are displayed as time-frequency spectrograms. Promisingly, the experimental results that are presented in this paper reveal that the proposed health monitor has high potential to integrate a cardiopulmonary sensor, a pedometer, and a wireless transmission device on a single radar platform.
Numerical Study on Dynamics of Blood Cell Migration and Deformation in Atherosclerotic Vessels (2022)

A phase field model is used to study the effect of atherosclerotic plaque on hemodynamics. The migration of cells in blood flows is described by a set of multiple phase field equations, which incorporate elastic energies and the interacting effects of cells. Several simulations are carried out to reveal the influences of initial velocities of blood cells, cellular elasticity and block rates of hemodynamic vessels. The results show that the cell deformation increases with the growth of the initial active velocity and block rate but with the decrease of the cellular elasticity. The atherosclerotic plaque not only affects the deformation and migration of cells but also can promote the variation in hemodynamic properties. The atherosclerotic plaque causes a burst in cell velocity, and the greater the block rate and cellular elasticity, the more dramatic the variation of instantaneous velocity. The present work demonstrates that the phase field method could be extended to reveal formation atherosclerosis at the microscopic level from the perspective of hemodynamics.
On the Structure of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Photoelectron Spectra of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> (1999)

Ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) calculations with the 6-311+G(2df) basis set have been performed on Al2O3, Al2O2, and their corresponding negative ions. A triplet ground state is predicted for the Al2O3 molecule and a doublet ground state for Al2O3-. Both Al2O3 and its negative ion have a C2v structure, which is a distorted form of the structure proposed in a recent report on negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) of AlxOy- (x = 1−2, y = 1−5) [J. Chem. Phys. 1997, 106, 1309]. Al2O2 and its negative ion have a planar (D2h) rhombic structure. The adiabatic electron affinity calculated at the CCSD(T) level is 3.28 eV for Al2O3 and 1.81 eV for Al2O2 compared to the experimental values of 3.71 and 1.88 eV, respectively. The singlet−triplet (S−T) gap of 0.49 eV observed for Al2O2 in the PES experiment compares quite well with our computed value of 0.47 eV. Adiabatic electron detachment energies (AEDE) of the anions calculated at the CCSD(T) level and B3LYP harmonic vibrational frequencies (including isotopic frequency shifts) of the lowest energy structures of the neutral molecules are provided for future experimental studies on these species.
Possibility of X-ray detection using quantum wells (1991)

The author presents simple designs of quantum-well-based detectors which can be easily fabricated and which can detect a flux of X-rays incident on the detector. The author calculates the X-ray induced change in absorption and refractive index in GaAs-based quantum wells and uses that information to predict the performance of several proposed X-ray detectors based on carrier induced change in optical susceptibility in semiconductor quantum well structures following X-ray absorption. A 1% change in the probe beam in a reflection geometry is calculated for an incident flux of 12 X-ray photons per mu m/sup 2/.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Arabidopsis is susceptible to infection by a downy mildew fungus. (1990)

A population of Arabidopsis thaliana growing locally in a suburb of Zürich called Weiningen was observed to be infected with downy mildew. Plants were collected and the progress of infection was investigated in artificial inoculations in the laboratory. The plants proved to be highly susceptible, and pronounced intercellular mycelial growth, haustoria formation, conidiophore production, and sporulation of the causal organism Peronospora parasitica were all observed. The formation of oogonia, antheridia, and oospores also occurred. In contrast, Arabidopsis strain RLD was resistant to infection and none of the above structures was formed. The fungus was localized very soon after penetration of RLD leaf cells, which responded with a typical hypersensitive reaction. The differential interaction of an isolate of P. parasitica with two strains of Arabidopsis opens up the possibility of cloning resistance determinants from a host that is very amenable to genetic and molecular analysis.
Towards Photorealistic Reconstruction of Highly Multiplexed Lensless Images (2019)

Recent advancements in fields like Internet of Things (IoT), augmented reality, etc. have led to an unprecedented demand for miniature cameras with low cost that can be integrated anywhere and can be used for distributed monitoring. Mask-based lensless imaging systems make such inexpensive and compact models realizable. However, reduction in the size and cost of these imagers comes at the expense of their image quality due to the high degree of multiplexing inherent in their design. In this paper, we present a method to obtain image reconstructions from mask-based lensless measurements that are more photorealistic than those currently available in the literature. We particularly focus on FlatCam, a lensless imager consisting of a coded mask placed over a bare CMOS sensor. Existing techniques for reconstructing FlatCam measurements suffer from several drawbacks including lower resolution and dynamic range than lens-based cameras. Our approach overcomes these drawbacks using a fully trainable non-iterative deep learning based model. Our approach is based on two stages: an inversion stage that maps the measurement into the space of intermediate reconstruction and a perceptual enhancement stage that improves this intermediate reconstruction based on perceptual and signal distortion metrics. Our proposed method is fast and produces photo-realistic reconstruction as demonstrated on many real and challenging scenes.
Room-Temperature Ballistic Transport in III-Nitride Heterostructures (2015)

Room-temperature (RT) ballistic transport of electrons is experimentally observed and theoretically investigated in III-nitrides. This has been largely investigated at low temperatures in low band gap III-V materials due to their high electron mobilities. However, their application to RT ballistic devices is limited by their low optical phonon energies, close to KT at 300 K. In addition, the short electron mean-free-path at RT requires nanoscale devices for which surface effects are a limitation in these materials. We explore the unique properties of wide band-gap III-nitride semiconductors to demonstrate RT ballistic devices. A theoretical model is proposed to corroborate experimentally their optical phonon energy of 92 meV, which is ∼4× larger than in other III-V semiconductors. This allows RT ballistic devices operating at larger voltages and currents. An additional model is described to determine experimentally a characteristic dimension for ballistic transport of 188 nm. Another remarkable property is their short carrier depletion at device sidewalls, down to 13 nm, which allows top-down nanofabrication of very narrow ballistic devices. These results open a wealth of new systems and basic transport studies possible at RT.
Tiny Videos: A Large Data Set for Nonparametric Video Retrieval and Frame Classification (2010)

In this paper, we present a large database of over 50,000 user-labeled videos collected from YouTube. We develop a compact representation called "tiny videos" that achieves high video compression rates while retaining the overall visual appearance of the video as it varies over time. We show that frame sampling using affinity propagation-an exemplar-based clustering algorithm-achieves the best trade-off between compression and video recall. We use this large collection of user-labeled videos in conjunction with simple data mining techniques to perform related video retrieval, as well as classification of images and video frames. The classification results achieved by tiny videos are compared with the tiny images framework [24] for a variety of recognition tasks. The tiny images data set consists of 80 million images collected from the Internet. These are the largest labeled research data sets of videos and images available to date. We show that tiny videos are better suited for classifying scenery and sports activities, while tiny images perform better at recognizing objects. Furthermore, we demonstrate that combining the tiny images and tiny videos data sets improves classification precision in a wider range of categories.
Wireless Java programming with Java 2 Micro Edition (2001)

Introduction. I. GETTING STARTED. 1. Introduction to Wireless Application Development. 2. Java for Wireless Devices. 3. Java Wireless Programming Basics. 4. Packaging and Deploying Java Wireless Applications. II. DEVELOPING WIRELESS APPLICATIONS USING JAVA. 5. Central Components of the UI for Wireless Devices. 6. Using High-Level APIs in UI Development. 7. Using Low-Level APIs in UI Development. 8. Persistent Storage. 9. Basic Network Programming in J2ME MIDP. 10. Using XML in Wireless Applications. 11. A Complete Example: MotoShop. 12. Data Synchronization for Wireless Applications. III. APPENDIXES. A: CLDC Class Libraries. B: MIDP Class Libraries. C: Resource Links. D: NTT DoCoMo's Java for i-Mode. Index.
Fabrication and characterization of electrochromic nanocrystalline WO<sub>3</sub>/Si (111) thin films for infrared emittance modulation applications (2001)

Tungsten oxide thin films with different stoichiometry have been deposited on Si (111) wafers by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique under different conditions. The structural properties and infrared emissivity of WO3 thin films were analysed using a scanning accessory of a transmission electron microscope (STEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra (RS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Thin films deposited at 200 °C on Si showed an amorphous structure, while those annealed in air at 300 and 400 °C showed nanocrystalline and porous triclinic structures. These porous and nanocrystalline structures could be used to improve electrochromic colour efficiency and responsing, recovery properties. However, samples deposited at 200 °C and annealed at 240 °C for 0.5 h in oxygen showed a triclinic structure with average 10 nm crystallites. Nanocrystalline WO3 thin films on Si (111) synthesized by this technique might find applications in infrared emittance modulation systems.
Mesostructured Silica for Optical Functionality, Nanomachines, and Drug Delivery (2008)

Silica thin films and nanoparticles prepared using sol-gel chemistry are derivatized with active molecules to generate new functional materials. The mild conditions associated with sol-gel processing allow for the incorporation of a range of dopants including organic or inorganic dyes, biomolecules, surfactants, and molecular machines. Silica nanoparticles embedded with inorganic nanocrystals, and films containing living cells have also been synthesized. Silica templated with surfactants to create mesostructure contains physically and chemically different regions that can be selectively derivatized using defined techniques to create dynamic materials. Using two different techniques, donor-acceptor pairs can be doped into separated regions simultaneously and photo-induced electron transfer between the molecules can be measured. Mesoporous silica materials are also useful supports for molecular machines. Machines including snap-tops and nanoimpellers that are designed to control the release of guest molecules trapped within the pores are described. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles are promising materials for drug delivery and other biomedical applications because they are nontoxic and can be taken up by living cells. Through appropriate design and synthesis, multifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles for sophisticated bio-applications are created.
Electrophilic Fluorinating Reagent Mediated Synthesis of Fluorinated α-Keto Ethers, Benzil, and 6,6‘-Dialkoxy-2,2‘-bipyridines (2002)

Interactions of various fluorinated and nonfluorinated alcohols with trans-stilbene in the presence of electrophilic reagents were studied. Under neat conditions, reactions of trans-stilbene (1) with fluorinated alcohols, R(f)OH (R(f) = CF3CH2-, CFH2CH2-, CF3CF2CH2-, CF2H(CF2)3CH2-, (CF3)2CH-, (CF3)3C- (2a-f) in the presence of an electrophilic reagent, 1-(chloromethyl)-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate) (Selectfluor) or N,N-difluoro-2,2'-bipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate) (MEC-31), gave alpha-keto ethers (3a-f) and benzil (4) in good to moderate yields. alpha-Keto ether and benzil formation was very much dependent on the reaction time, the degree of fluorination of the alcohols, and whether a solvent such as CH3CN, DMF or DMA was utilized. In solution, alpha-keto ethers and benzil did not form. Interestingly, under neat conditions, nonfluorinated alcohols, ROH (R = CH3-, CH3CH2-, CH3CH2CH2-, CH3CH2CH2CH2-, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2-) (5g-k) did not react with trans-stilbene in the presence of MEC-31 but gave 6,6'-dialkoxy-2,2'-bipyridines (6g-k), regioselectively, in excellent isolated yields. On the other hand, fluorinated alcohols did not react with MEC-31. Reaction of MEC-31 with an excess of diethylene glycol (7) gave the bipyridine derivative (8) in 88% isolated yield. Reaction of 8 either with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) or bis(2-methoxyethyl)aminosulfur trifluoride (Deoxofluor) readily produced the corresponding difluoro derivative (9) in 85% isolated yield. All new compounds have been characterized by spectroscopic and elemental analysis.