gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Large 718 Forgings for Land Based Turbines (1997)

The largest 718 ingots ever produced have been forged into 2000 mm (79 inch) diameter disks for land based turbines. The 686 mm (27 inch) diameter ingots are made by a triple melt process and weigh as much as 9000 kg (20,000 pounds). VAR melting parameters were varied in a development program to establish the processing window. Freedom from harmful positive (freckle) segregation has been verified by destructive evaluation of several full size ingots. Fine grain sizes of ASTM 9 to 11 have been achieved in the forgings through a multi-step billet and closed die forging practice. This fine grain size permits detection of small indications via ultrasonic testing, in all areas of each forging. Testing of material obtained through destructive evaluation of full size disks has shown mechanical properties to be within the same range as is found in smaller aircraft engine disks. Ultrasonic Indications no no no Freckles no no no T2 -6% no no T2 +6% no no T2 + 17% yes yes
Nanopore sequencing of long ribosomal DNA amplicons enables portable and simple biodiversity assessments with high phylogenetic resolution across broad taxonomic scale (2019)

Sequencing dual indexed, long rDNA amplicons on the MinION platform is a straightforward, cost-effective, portable, and universal approach for eukaryote DNA barcoding. Although bulk community analyses using long-amplicon approaches may introduce biases, the long rDNA amplicons approach signifies a powerful tool for enabling the accurate recovery of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity across biological communities.
Imaging Mass Spectrometry Reveals Unique Protein Profiles during Embryo Implantation (2008)

A reciprocal interaction between the implantation-competent blastocyst and receptive uterus is an absolute requirement for implantation, a process crucial for pregnancy success. A comprehensive understanding of this interaction has yet to be realized. One major difficulty in clearly defining this discourse is the complexity of the implantation process involving heterogeneous cell types of both the uterus and blastocyst, each endowed with unique molecular signatures that show dynamic changes during the course of pregnancy. Whereas gene expression studies by in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry have shown differential expression patterns of specific genes during implantation, there is no report how numerous signaling proteins are spatially displayed at specific times and stages of implantation in the context of blastocyst-uterine juxtaposition. Using in situ imaging (matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization) mass spectrometry directly on uterine sections, here we provide molecular composition, relative abundance, and spatial distribution of a large number of proteins during the periimplantation period. This approach has allowed us for the first time to generate in situ proteome profiles of implantation and interimplantation sites in mice in a region- and stage-specific manner with the progression of implantation. This application is reliable because patterns of expression of several proteins displayed by in situ imaging mass spectrometry correlate well with in situ hybridization results. More interestingly, the use of this approach has provided new insights regarding uterine biology of cytosolic phospholipase A(2alpha) null females that show implantation defects.
Poly(acrylic acid) Thickeners (1989)

The gel microstructure of poly(acrylic acid) thickeners is a key variable that defines the rheology conferred to and end-use applications of these products. The microstructure can be probed by using a quasi-elastic light-scattering technique to measure the Stokes-Einstein microdiffusion coefficient of colloidal gold sol particles immersed within the thickened system. The microstructures of two such thickeners have been determined. The structure of swollen microgels packed in intimate contact is postulated for an efficient thickener that confers pseudoplastic rheology. A less efficient thickener that confers viscoelastic rheology on aqueous systems is shown to be a true solution of polymer molecules. The structure of this compound is important in end-use applications such as the prevention of wicking in the printing of textiles. This chapter also discusses hydrophobic modification of poly(acrylic acid) thickeners to yield products that are useful as primary emulsifiers for oil-in-water systems. These emulsions are stable for years, but they break and coalesce almost instantly when electrolyte is introduced into the aqueous phase.
Induction of endothelin-1 expression by glucose: an effect of protein kinase C activation. (2000)

Enhanced actions or levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, have been associated with decreased blood flow in the retina and peripheral nerves of diabetic animals and may be related to the development of pathologies in these tissues. Hyperglycemia has been postulated to increase ET-1 secretion in endothelial cells. We have characterized the mechanism by which elevation of glucose is increasing ET-1 mRNA expression in capillary bovine retinal endothelial cells (BREC) and bovine retinal pericytes (BRPC). Elevation of glucose, but not mannitol, from 5.5 to 25 mmol/l for 3 days increased membranous protein kinase C (PKC) activities and ET-1 mRNA in parallel levels by 2-fold in BREC and BRPC. These effects were reversed by decreasing glucose levels to 5.5 mmol/l for an additional 2 days. Glucose-induced ET-1 overexpression was inhibited by a general PKC inhibitor, GF109203X, and a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor, PD98059, but not by wortmannin, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor. By immunoblot analysis, PKC-beta2 and -delta isoforms in BREC were significantly increased relative to other isoforms in the membranous fractions when glucose level was increased. Overexpression of PKC-beta1 and -delta isoforms but not PKC-zeta isoform by adenovirus vectors containing the respective cDNA enhanced in parallel PKC activities, proteins, and basal and glucose-induced ET-1 mRNA expression by at least 2-fold. These results showed that enhanced ET-1 expression induced by hyperglycemia in diabetes is partly due to activation of PKC-beta and -delta isoforms, suggesting that inhibition of these PKC isoforms may prevent early changes in diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy.
Microstructural evolution in low carbon steel Ti–B weld metals with several Al levels (2009)

Microstructure development in welding material containing Ti and B has been in situ observed by using laser scanning confocal microscopy, with various cooling rates. The samples with different aluminum contents were prepared for the observation. In the sample with low Al/O ratio (0.48–0.73), an acicular ferrite microstructure transforming from intragranular nucleation site was in situ observed. On the other hand, with high Al/O ratio, the bainite microstructure originating from grain boundary of austenite was in situ observed. The transformation temperature decreased with increasing aluminum content. It was clear that the microstructure difference was due to the different inclusion in the matrix. Based on those observations, the chemical composition, cooling rate and microstructure were systematically related and the microstructural developments were summarized as a CCT diagram.
Hu protein as an early marker of neuronal phenotypic differentiation by subependymal zone cells of the adult songbird forebrain (1995)

The avian forebrain exhibits neurogenesis in adulthood, with neuronal production from ependymal/subependymal zone (SZ) precursor cells. To follow the commitment of newborn cells to neuronal lineage, we used their expression of the Hu family of neuronal RNA-binding proteins to identify them before their migration from the SZ. Adult canaries were injected with [3H]thymidine as a marker of DNA replication, sacrificed after varying intervals, stained for Hu, and autoradiographed. We found that Hu was not expressed by premitotic precursor cells, but rather appeared within hours in their neuronal progeny, which did not embark on parenchymal migration until 4 to 7 days later. Hu was expressed by all neurons, but not glia, both in vivo and in vitro, as determined by ultrastructural analysis as well as co-localization of Hu and cell-type selective antigens. In addition, co-staining for Hu and N-cadherin, whose expression is down-regulated on neuronal emigration from the SZ, revealed their initial co-expression by neuronal daughter cells still within the SZ. These results suggest that Hu expression may be used as a very early indicator of neuronal differentiation by SZ cells. Furthermore, the data indicate that in the adult avian brain, neuronal phenotype is established within hours of precursor mitosis, even though the neuronal daughter cells do not initiate parenchymal migration for at least 4 days thereafter, following their down-regulation of N-cadherin.
Novel Tat-Encoding Bicistronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Based Gene Transfer Vectors for High-Level Transgene Expression (2000)

We describe bicistronic single-exon Tat (72-amino-acid Tat [Tat72])- and full-length Tat (Tat86)-encoding gene transfer vectors based on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We created versions of these vectors that were rendered Rev independent by using the constitutive transport element (CTE) from Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV). Tat72-encoding vectors performed better than Tat86-expressing vectors in gene transfer experiments. CTE-containing vectors, produced in a Rev-independent packaging system, had gene transfer efficiencies nearly equivalent to those produced using a combination RNA transport (CTE and Rev-Rev response element)-based packaging system. The Tat72-encoding vectors could be efficiently transduced into a variety of cell types, showed higher levels of transgene expression than vectors with the simian cytomegalovirus immediate-early or the simian virus 40 early promoter, and provide an alternative to HIV-1 vectors with internal promoters.
Orthoplanar Spring Based Compliant Force/Torque Sensor for Robot Force Control (2017)

A compliant force/torque sensor for robot force control has been developed. This thesis presents methods of designing, testing, and implementing the sensor on a robotic system. The sensor uses an orthoplanar spring equipped with Hall-effect sensors to measure one component of force and two moment components. Its unique design allows for simple and cost effective manufacturing, high reliability, and compactness. The device may be used in applications where a robot must control contact forces with its environment, such as in surface cleaning tasks, manipulating doors, and removing threaded fasteners. The compliant design of the sensor improves force control performance and reduces impact forces.\nSensor design considerations are discussed, followed by a discussion of the proposed design concept. Theoretical compliance and stress analysis of the orthoplanar spring is presented that allows for rapid design calculations; these calculations are validated via finite element analysis. A mechanical design method is given which uses the results of the compliance and stress analysis. Transducer design is then addressed by developing a model of the sensor. The design methods are used to design a prototype sensor which is tested to determine its instrument uncertainty. Finally, the sensor is implemented on a robotic platform to test its performance in force control.
Toyota's World First 8-Speed Automatic Transmission for Passenger Cars (2007)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">TOYOTA has developed the world's first eight-speed automatic transmission (AA80E) for front-engine, rear-drive passenger cars. The AA80E developed for high-torque engines raises the level of power performance and fuel efficiency. To meet the size requirements needed for mounting in a passenger car application, an 8-speed geartrain, torque converter, transmission case and hydraulic control device were all newly-developed. Furthermore, the AA80E has benefited from technical developments to achieve an extremely high level of quietness and shifting performance. In this paper, the details of the AA80E are introduced.</div>
A comparison of web robot and human requests (2013)

Sophisticated Web robots sport a wide variety of functionality and visiting characteristics, constituting a significant percentage of the requests serviced by a Web server. Unlike human clients that retrieve information off a site by navigating links and ignoring irrelevant information, Web robots may collect many different types of resources, and employ varying navigation strategies to find the knowledge on the site they desire. Thus, the resource request patterns of their visits are unpredictable and cannot be inferred based on our knowledge of human request patterns. In this paper, we perform an analysis on the types of resources requested by Web robots using recent Web logs from an academic Web server. We study the distribution of response sizes and response codes, the types of resources requested, and popularity of resources for requests from Web robots. Throughout, we contrast our findings against human resource request patterns. We find reasons to suggest that robots severely handicaps the ability of Web server caches to operate with high performance.
Detection of novel gene expression in paraffin-embedded tissues by isotopicin situ hybridization in tissue microarrays (2001)

Correlating altered gene expression patterns with particular disease states is a critical step in understanding disease processes and developing treatment strategies. Many thousands of novel gene sequences have recently been annotated in public and private databases and are now available for analysis. Tissue-specific expression patterns of these sequences can be evaluated physically on DNA arrays and other high throughput assays, or virtually by bioinformatics mining of expressed sequence tag (EST) databases. As a secondary screening tool, in situ hybridisation (ISH) not only confirms tissue specificity, but also reveals what is often valuable information about cell-type expression patterns of nov16l sequences. Due to their availability and long-term stability at room temperature, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded clinical specimens provide an invaluable resource for evaluating expression patterns of novel human genes. We describe a high-throughput approach for identifying and quantifying the expression of novel genes in paraffin-embedded human tissues using isotopic in situ hybridisation and tissue microarrays (TMA).
Network anticorrelations, global regression, and phase‐shifted soft tissue correction (2010)

Synchronized low-frequency BOLD fluctuations are observed in dissociable large-scale, distributed networks with functional specialization. Two such networks, referred to as the task-positive network (TPN) and the task-negative network (TNN) because they tend to be active or inactive during cognitively demanding tasks, show reproducible anticorrelation of resting BOLD fluctuations after removal of the global brain signal. Because global signal regression mandates that anticorrelated regions to a given seed region must exist, it is unclear whether such anticorrelations are an artifact of global regression or an intrinsic property of neural activity. In this study, we demonstrate from simulated data that spurious anticorrelations are introduced during global regression for any two networks as a linear function of their size. Using actual resting state data, we also show that both the TPN and TNN become anticorrelated with the orbits when soft tissues are included in the global regression algorithm. Finally, we propose a technique using phase-shifted soft tissue regression (PSTCor) that allows improved correction of global physiological artifacts without global regression that shows improved anatomic specificity to global regression but does not show significant network anticorrelations. These results imply that observed anticorrelations between TNN and TPN may be largely or entirely artifactual in the resting state. These results also imply that differences in network anticorrelations attributed to pathophysiological or behavioral states may be due to differences in network size or recruitment rather than actual anticorrelations.
Analytical characterization of coformulated antibodies as combination therapy (2020)

When two therapeutic agents are combined in a single formulation, i.e., coformulated, the quality and safety of the individual agents must be preserved. Here we describe an approach to evaluate the quality attributes of two individual monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), designated mAb-A and mAb-B, in coformulation. The mAbs were fractionated from heat-stressed coformulated drug product (DP) by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Each purified mAb fraction was then compared with mAb-A and mAb-B in their individual formulations from the same drug substance sources used to make the coformulated DP lot, which was subjected to the same stress conditions. Product variants were evaluated and compared by using several analytical tests, including high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), reducing and nonreducing gel electrophoresis, ion-exchange chromatography, capillary isoelectric focusing, and peptide mapping with mass spectrometry. Intermolecular interactions in coformulated and photostressed DPs were studied by evaluating aggregates fractionated from coformulated DP by HPSEC. Aggregate fractions of coformulated DP contained dimers, but not coaggregates, of mAb-A or mAb-B. Moreover, extensive assays for higher-order structure and biological interactions confirmed that there was no interaction between the two mAb molecules in the coformulation. These results demonstrate that the two coformulated therapeutic mAbs had the same quality attributes as the individually formulated mAb-A and mAb-B, no new quality attributes were formed, and no physicochemical, intermolecular, or biological interactions occurred between the two components. The approach described here can be used to monitor the product quality of other coformulated antibodies.
Human safety and pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular dose of a novel spectinomycin analog, trospectomycin (U-63,366F) (1990)

In this study, local and systemic tolerance and pharmacokinetics of trospectomycin sulfate in human beings were evaluated for the first time. Trospectomycin sulfate (U-63,366F; trospectomycin) or sterile saline was administered to 96 healthy male volunteers in doses ranging from 0.25 ml (75 mg) to 3.3 ml (1,000 mg) in a single intramuscular injection in a double-blind, randomized design. Volunteers were screened to establish baseline vital signs and laboratory test values. Pain and tenderness at the injection site, which occurred at doses of 450 mg and above, were the most common side effects; they were mild in severity and transient. Adverse drug experiences reported by subjects included nausea, dizziness, light-headedness, diaphoresis, costal pain, and perioral numbness. The perioral numbness (paresthesia) experienced at doses of 750, 900, and 1,000 mg was probably drug related. No Clostridium difficile toxin was detected in fecal samples. Pharmacokinetic calculations based on data obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography showed that after a 1,000-mg intramuscular dose of trospectomycin (3.3 ml), the serum mean half-life was 1.85 h (1.70 to 2.02 h), mean area under the serum concentration-time curve was 140.2 micrograms.h/ml and was linear with dose, mean peak concentration was 28.3 micrograms/ml (20.4 to 34.7 micrograms/ml), mean time to maximum concentration was 71 min (30 to 120 min), and the elimination rate constant was 0.307 h-1. The elimination rate constant and half-life did not vary with dose. Little trospectomycin was detected in 2-day fecal collections. A few randomly occurring abnormal clinical laboratory test values and vital signs were observed. For the trospectomycin-treated group, creatinine phosphokinase increased substantially for 24 h after injection and then decrease through day 5, while serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase increased slightly.
Active pixel sensor for X-ray imaging spectroscopy (2002)

A promising candidate for the wide field imaging spectrometer of the European Space Agency's X-ray Evolving Universe Spectroscopy (XEUS) mission is the Active Pixel Sensor (APS) based on the Depleted P-channel Field Effect Transistor (DEPFET). This concept combines low electronic noise with low power consumption, random accessibility of the pixels, high speed readout by parallel multi-channel processing, a fill factor of 100% by backside illumination and high quantum efficiency by an optimized entrance window and a fully depleted bulk. The DEPFET is a monolithic combination of detector and preamplifier with minimized capacitance and the possibility of repetitive non-destructive readout of the same signal thus reducing read noise. In this paper the DEPFET principle and the concepts of the APS and repetitive non-destructive readout are explained, measurements of single DEPFET structures and small APS prototypes are presented.
Multiple-Valued Logic Circuits (2017)

Multiple-valued logic (MVL) is a hybrid of binary logic and analog signal processing: some of the noise advantages of a single binary signal are retained, and some of the advantages of a single analog signal' ability to provide greater informational content are used. The MVL nonvolatile memory provides greater memory density and decreased incremental memory cost. MVL nonvolatile memory provides greater memory density and decreased incremental memory cost. The physical mechanism typically used in programming the floating gate is channel hot electron injection or Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, and for erasure Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. Organizations of floating-gate transistors such that they can be electrically programmed one bit at a time and electrically erased a block, sector, or page simultaneously are called “Flash” memory. The sense amplifier serves as an analog-to-digital converter that translates the multiple-valued drain current into an equivalent set of binary logical output signals with voltages compatible with the rest of the computing system.
Efficient Knockdown and Lack of Passenger Strand Activity by Dicer-Independent shRNAs Expressed from Pol II-Driven MicroRNA Scaffolds (2018)

The expression of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) may result in unwanted activity from the co-processed passenger strand. Recent studies have shown that shortening the stem of conventional shRNAs abolishes passenger strand release. These Dicer-independent shRNAs, expressed from RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters, rely on Ago2 processing in resemblance to miR-451. Using strand-specific reporters, we tested two designs, and our results support the loss of passenger strand activity. We demonstrate that artificial primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) transcripts, expressed from Pol II promoters, can potently silence a gene of choice. Among six different scaffolds tested, miR-324 and miR-451 were readily re-targeted to direct efficient knockdown from either a CMV or a U1 snRNA promoter. Importantly, the miR-shRNAs have no passenger strand activity and remain active in Dicer-knockout cells. Our vectors are straightforward to design, as we replace the pre-miR-324 or -451 sequences with a Dicer-independent shRNA mimicking miR-451 with unpaired A-C nucleotides at the base. The use of Pol II promoters allows for controlled expression, while the inclusion of pri-miRNA sequences likely requires Drosha processing and, as such, mimics microRNA biogenesis. Since this improved and tunable system bypasses the requirement for Dicer activity and abolishes passenger strand activity completely, it will likely prove favorable in both research and therapeutic applications in terms of versatility and enhanced safety. Keywords: RNAi, Dicer-independent shRNA, miR-451, miR-324, agoshRNA, agshRNA, passenger strand activity, Drosha, U1 promoter, Pol-II driven miRNA scaffold
Combined Pyroelectric, Piezoelectric and Shape Memory Effects for Thermal Energy Harvesting (2013)

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