gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Abiotic Reductive Dechlorination of <i>cis</i>-Dichloroethylene by Fe Species Formed during Iron- or Sulfate-Reduction (2011)

This study investigated reductive dechlorination of cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE) by the reduced Fe phases obtained from in situ precipitation, which involved mixing of Fe(II), Fe(III), and S(-II) solutions. A range of redox conditions were simulated by varying the ratio of initial Fe(II) concentration ([Fe(II)](o)) to initial Fe(III) concentration ([Fe(III)](o)) for iron-reducing conditions (IRC) and the ratio of [Fe(II)](o) to initial sulfide concentration ([S(-II)](o)) for sulfate-reducing conditions (SRC). Significant dechlorination of cis-DCE occurred under highly reducing IRC and iron-rich SRC, suggesting that Fe (oxyhydr)oxides including green rusts are highly reactive with cis-DCE but that Fe sulfide as mackinawite (FeS) is nonreactive. Relative concentrations of sulfate to chloride were also varied to examine the anion impact on cis-DCE dechlorination. Generally, slower dechlorination occurred in the batches with higher sulfate concentrations. As indicated by higher dissolved Fe concentration, the slower dechlorination in the presence of sulfate was probably due to the decreased surface-complexed Fe(II). This study demonstrates that the chemical form of reduced Fe(II) is critical in determining the fate of cis-DCE under anoxic conditions.
Inhibitors of Cathepsin B Improve Memory and Reduce β-Amyloid in Transgenic Alzheimer Disease Mice Expressing the Wild-type, but Not the Swedish Mutant, β-Secretase Site of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (2008)

Elucidation of Abeta-lowering agents that inhibit processing of the wild-type (WT) beta-secretase amyloid precursor protein (APP) site, present in most Alzheimer disease (AD) patients, is a logical approach for improving memory deficit in AD. The cysteine protease inhibitors CA074Me and E64d were selected by inhibition of beta-secretase activity in regulated secretory vesicles that produce beta-amyloid (Abeta). The regulated secretory vesicle activity, represented by cathepsin B, selectively cleaves the WT beta-secretase site but not the rare Swedish mutant beta-secretase site. In vivo treatment of London APP mice, expressing the WT beta-secretase site, with these inhibitors resulted in substantial improvement in memory deficit assessed by the Morris water maze test. After inhibitor treatment, the improved memory function was accompanied by reduced amyloid plaque load, decreased Abeta40 and Abeta42, and reduced C-terminal beta-secretase fragment derived from APP by beta-secretase. However, the inhibitors had no effects on any of these parameters in mice expressing the Swedish mutant beta-secretase site of APP. The notable efficacy of these inhibitors to improve memory and reduce Abeta in an AD animal model expressing the WT beta-secretase APP site present in the majority of AD patients provides support for CA074Me and E64d inhibitors as potential AD therapeutic agents.
SAVE: A framework for semantic annotation of visual events (2008)

In this paper we propose a framework that performs automatic semantic annotation of visual events (SAVE). This is an enabling technology for content-based video annotation, query and retrieval with applications in Internet video search and video data mining. The method involves identifying objects in the scene, describing their inter-relations, detecting events of interest, and representing them semantically in a human readable and query-able format. The SAVE framework is composed of three main components. The first component is an image parsing engine that performs scene content extraction using bottom-up image analysis and a stochastic attribute image grammar, where we define a visual vocabulary from pixels, primitives, parts, objects and scenes, and specify their spatio-temporal or compositional relations; and a bottom-up top-down strategy is used for inference. The second component is an event inference engine, where the Video Event Markup Language (VEML) is adopted for semantic representation, and a grammar-based approach is used for event analysis and detection. The third component is the text generation engine that generates text report using head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG). The main contribution of this paper is a framework for an end-to-end system that infers visual events and annotates a large collection of videos. Experiments with maritime and urban scenes indicate the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Pipelining Data Compression Algorithms (1990)

Many different data compression techniques currently exist. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Combining (pipelining) multiple data compression techniques could achieve better compression rates than is possible with either technique individually. This paper proposes a pipelining technique and investigates the characteristics of two example pipelining algorithms. Their performance is compared with other well-known compression techniques.
<i>AIM1</i> , a novel non-lens member of the βγ-crystallin superfamily, is associated with the control of tumorigenicity in human malignant melanoma (1997)

AIM1 is a novel gene whose expression is associated with the experimental reversal of tumorigenicity of human malignant melanoma. The predicted protein product of the major 4.1-kb transcript shows striking similarity to the betagamma-crystallin superfamily. All known members of this superfamily contain two or four characteristic motifs arranged as one or two symmetrical domains. AIM1, in contrast, contains 12 betagamma motifs, suggesting a 6-domain structure resembling a trimer of beta- or gamma-crystallin subunits. The structure of the AIM1 gene shows remarkable similarity to beta-crystallin genes, with homologous introns delineating equivalent protein structural units. AIM1 is the first mammalian member of the betagamma superfamily with a primarily non-lens role. Other parts of the predicted AIM1 protein sequence have weak similarity with filament or actin-binding proteins. AIM1 is a good candidate for the putative suppressor of malignant melanoma on chromosome 6, possibly exerting its effects through interactions with the cytoskeleton.
Photoreactions of Enones with Amines – Cyclization of Unsaturated Enones and Reductive Ring Opening by Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET) (1992)

Photolysis of the unsaturated enones 1 yields [2 + 2] cycloaddition products 2 and 3 with varying regioselectivity. Under electron‐transfer conditions (PET) spirocyclic products 4 are formed. The straight [2 + 2] cycloaddition products 2b,c,f are converted to the spirocyclic products 4b,c,f under the same reaction conditions. The cyclobutane 5 and the cyclopropane 11 also undergo this new reductive ring opening reaction, while the stabilized system 7 is converted to reduced ringenlarged triquinane 10 which may be interesting in natural product synthesis. – Irradiation of 2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one ( 14 ) in the presence of N,N ‐dimethylallylamine ( 15 ) leads to the decahydroisoquinoline 18 . A mechanism involving radical intermediates is discussed.
Magnetic Field Induced by Screening Current in Short and Straight Coated Conductors (2010)

This paper presents experimental results and analyses of spatial and temporal variations of a screening-current-induced magnetic fields (SCFs) and remnant trapped fields for a short coated conductor (CC) and CCs superimposed each other. The variations are evaluated at temperatures of 4.2 K, 20 K and 30 K. Based on a simple model for SCFs and remnant trapped fields for a short and straight CC, the variations for a CC are formulated. The experimental results of SCFs for superimposed CCs elucidated that a SCF for each CC interacts with other SCFs.
Conformance Checking Using Cost-Based Fitness Analysis (2011)

The growing complexity of processes in many organizations stimulates the adoption of business process analysis techniques. Typically, such techniques are based on process models and assume that the operational processes in reality conform to these models. However, experience shows that reality often deviates from hand-made models. Therefore, the problem of checking to what extent the operational process conforms to the process model is important for process management, process improvement, and compliance. In this paper, we present a robust replay analysis technique that is able to measure the conformance of an event log for a given process model. The approach quantifies conformance and provides intuitive diagnostics (skipped and inserted activities). Our technique has been implemented in the ProM 6 framework. Comparative evaluations show that the approach overcomes many of the limitations of existing conformance checking techniques.
The Boundary Waters (2014)

Journal Article The Boundary Waters Get access Jennifer Case Jennifer Case jennifer@thecases.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, Volume 22, Issue 1, Winter 2015, Pages 164–177, https://doi.org/10.1093/isle/isu098 Published: 03 September 2014
Highly Linear Broadband Optical Modulator Based on Electro-Optic Polymer (2012)

In this paper, we present the design, fabrication, and characterization of a traveling-wave directional coupler modulator based on electro-optic polymer, which is able to provide both high linearity and broad bandwidth. The high linearity is realized by introducing Δβ -reversal technique in the two-domain directional coupler. A traveling-wave electrode is designed to function with bandwidth-length product of 302 GHz·cm , by achieving low microwave loss, excellent impedance matching, and velocity matching, as well as smooth electric-field profile transformation. The 3-dB bandwidth of the device is measured to be 10 GHz. The spurious-free dynamic range of 110 dB ±3 Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2/3</sup> is measured over the modulation frequency range of 2-8 GHz. To the best of our knowledge, such high linearity is first measured at the frequency up to 8 GHz. In addition, a 1 × 2 multimode interference 3-dB splitter, a photobleached refractive index taper, and a quasi-vertical taper are used to reduce the optical insertion loss of the device.
Effect of size on electrical performance (2006)

The electrical breakdown performance, either unaged or after ageing (laboratory or service), is often used as the basis for qualification of a device, design or material. Many of the features that affect these performance levels have been discussed in other documents; contaminants, propensity for water treeing, insulating and semiconducting materials. However the size of cable tested is rarely discussed. This is somewhat surprising as it has been long recognized that electrical failure is an extreme value (the Weibull distribution is a member of this family) or weakest link process. In extreme value processes the performance of the whole device is determined by the single "weakest link". Thus when more "weak links" are present the chance of failure is consequently higher: the measured performance depends on weak link concentration or size of the device. Additionally at some dimensions the thickness of the dielectric can influence the breakdown mechanism itself; especially if the thermal influences are present. This paper will attempt to discuss a number of these size related issues for both AC & impulse conditions; these will include: 1) the effect of the dielectric volume actual mechanism of failure, 2) prediction of performance on service length cables from short length laboratory tests. This has practical relevance on the selection of appropriate qualification levels which will have direct relevance to service performance, 3) the requirements for cable quality when increasing the size (thickness or length) installed
Shear-wave elastography in breast ultrasonography: the state of the art (2017)

Shear-wave elastography (SWE) is a recently developed ultrasound technique that can visualize and measure tissue elasticity. In breast ultrasonography, SWE has been shown to be useful for differentiating benign breast lesions from malignant breast lesions, and it has been suggested that SWE enhances the diagnostic performance of ultrasonography, potentially improving the specificity of conventional ultrasonography using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System criteria. More recently, not only has SWE been proven useful for the diagnosis of breast cancer, but has also been shown to provide valuable information that can be used as a preoperative predictor of the prognosis or response to chemotherapy.
Algorithms for Reducing the Waste Rate of Reinforcement Bars (2004)

Loss of rebars can be minimized with minimum use of discrete bars in market length. In order to achieve this goal, the accurate and detailed information of rebars is extracted, followed by both rapid and efficient bar combination. No paper has dealt directly with the reduction of rebar waste rates, although many researches have proposed indirect approaches to enhance productivity, constructability, safety and quality in the process of concrete reinforcement work. This paper, therefore, was prepared with the aim of developing algorithms to supply rebars required to minimize material waste during cutting and bending of discrete bars in rebar shops. At the same time, this study presented an automatic rebar detailing concept, a logical process of rebar combination with pertinent algorithms and binary search algorithm for bar data to implement the proposed topic. The effectiveness of the suggested algorithms was validated by case studies.
Tungsten/boron nitride multilayers for XUV optical applications (1992)

W/BN multilayers are theoretically efficient x-ray mirrors at the nitrogen and boron K-(alpha) lines (31.3 angstroms and 67.6 angstroms, respectively). Their most attractive potential application is detection of light elements by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The performances of W/BN mirrors depend not only on the structural quality of the multilayers but also on the stoichiometry of the boron nitride layers, especially in the water window (20 - 40 angstroms). In order to get stoichiometric BN layers with low surface roughness, the deposition of thick boron nitride films has been studied in detail. In-situ kinetic ellipsometry, x-ray photoemission, grazing x-ray reflection and scanning electron microscopy show that quasi-stoichiometric BN films with low surface roughness are obtained only with a low total deposition pressure and an additional nitrogen partial pressure. This result is related to the chemical and structural properties of the BN films. W/BN multilayers with medium period value (2d approximately equals 120 angstroms) show about 80 of the maximum reflectivity at the W M4-5 line. When the period is reduced, the performances are reduced, but good quality W/BN multilayers with very low period values (2d approximately equals 50 angstroms) and a great number of periods ( 100) have been fabricated. The best structural quality is obtained when a low nitrogen partial pressure is introduced during the deposition of the BN layers. The optical indice contrast is improved and the tungsten-boron interdiffusion is reduced.
Optimization of the pumping schedule in aquifer remediation under uncertainty (1990)

A common method of aquifer decontamination is through “pump and treat” systems. Mathematical models of flow and transport can be incorporated into an optimization scheme to determine the most cost‐effective pumping pattern and schedule, provided that the parameters of the system are somehow known. In practice, however, there is seldom enough information to specify with certainty all the parameters of the system. Parameters are obtained from measurements through inverse modeling and are subject to error. This work presents an optimization methodology which accounts for and reduces parameter uncertainty. It is shown that in an average sense the cost consists of two parts: one which depends only on the best estimates and another which increases with the error in parameter estimation. A policy which minimizes the sum of the two parts is developed. The proposed methodology elucidates the dual control aspect of stochastic control, i.e., the control policy (pumping schedule) optimizes the objective function by, among other things, improving the accuracy of estimation of system parameters (i.e., dispersivity, transmissivity). For purposes of illustration, the proposed method is applied to a simple case. Comparison with an optimization method which neglects uncertainty in parameter estimation shows the superiority of the proposed algorithm.
Interface Coupling in Twisted Multilayer Graphene by Resonant Raman Spectroscopy of Layer Breathing Modes (2015)

Raman spectroscopy is the prime nondestructive characterization tool for graphene and related layered materials. The shear (C) and layer breathing modes (LBMs) are due to relative motions of the planes, either perpendicular or parallel to their normal. This allows one to directly probe the interlayer interactions in multilayer samples. Graphene and other two-dimensional (2d) crystals can be combined to form various hybrids and heterostructures, creating materials on demand with properties determined by the interlayer interaction. This is the case even for a single material, where multilayer stacks with different relative orientations have different optical and electronic properties. In twisted multilayer graphene there is a significant enhancement of the C modes due to resonance with new optically allowed electronic transitions, determined by the relative orientation of the layers. Here we show that this applies also to the LBMs, which can be now directly measured at room temperature. We find that twisting has a small effect on LBMs, quite different from the case of the C modes. This implies that the periodicity mismatch between two twisted layers mostly affects shear interactions. Our work shows that ultralow-frequency Raman spectroscopy is an ideal tool to uncover the interface coupling of 2d hybrids and heterostructures.
Feature Matching Across 1D Panoramas (2005)

Abstract — This paper presents a new method for feature matching between pairs of one-dimensional panoramic images for use in navigation and localization by a mobile robot equipped with an omnidirectional camera. We extract locally scaleinvariant feature points from the scale space of such images, and collect color information and shape properties of the scale-space surface in a feature descriptor. We define a matching cost based on these descriptors, and present a novel dynamic programming method to establish globally optimal feature correspondences between images taken by a moving robot. Our method can handle arbitrary rotations and large numbers of missing features. It is also robust to significant changes in lighting conditions and viewing angle, and in the presence of some occlusion. I.
Psychotropic treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome and related disorders. (1993)

To maximize response of the physiologic and psychological consequences of the disorder, more investigation is needed to replicate the apparent findings that relate the neurochemical impairment underlying CFS and fibromyalgia to the type of antidepressant mechanism.
Soft tissue management: suturing and wound closure (2005)

The healing capacity of oral tissues is excellent. Flap design should allow maintenance of optimal and sufficient blood supply to all mobilized and immobilized portions of the soft tissues. With prolonged duration of the surgical procedure, especially when a high degree of hemostasis has been achieved, there is a risk of drying out of tissues. The surgical site must be kept moist to minimize shrinkage of the reflected tissue flap. In surgical endodontics, the marginal epithelium and connective tissue are not removed, but are left intact on the tooth surface subsequent to tissue incision, elevation, and reflection. The treatment is aimed at maintaining vitality and survival of these tissues in order to facilitate and expedite the healing process. Ideally, wound healing does not result in new attachment formation, but preferably in reattachment, or healing by primary intention. The re‐approximated tissue flap should rest passively in the desired place before suturing, reducing tension on the flap margins. In general, tissue trauma, such as stretching, tearing, or distortion should be avoided at all times. Gentle and careful manipulation with microsurgical instruments is helpful. As every placement of a suture poses additional injury to the wound margins, the smallest possible number of sutures should be used. Non‐absorbable suture materials in sizes 6‐0 to 8‐0 are preferred and absorbable material is only recommended in multilayered closure. Sutures must not act as ligatures and should exert minimal tension. Time required for the wound to heal is closely related to the gap between tissue wound margins. Therefore, perfect adaptation will allow earlier suture removal. Wound support is only needed until the healing process has progressed to such an extent that the tissue can withstand functional forces.
Aptamer-Based Strategies for Stem Cell Research (2007)

Aptamers have been introduced to analytical applications, target validation, and drug discovery processes and, recently, applied directly as therapeutic agents. Aptamers can be generated by a method called SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment). This is quite remarkable for such a young technology, which is only created in the early 1990s. This paper reviews recent new applications of aptamers in stem cell research and tissue engineering.
Latent Semantic Rational Kernels for Topic Spotting on Conversational Speech (2014)

In this work, we propose latent semantic rational kernels (LSRK) for topic spotting on conversational speech. Rather than mapping the input weighted finite-state transducers (WFSTs) onto a high dimensional n-gram feature space as in n-gram rational kernels, the proposed LSRK maps the WFSTs onto a latent semantic space. With the proposed LSRK, all available external knowledge and techniques can be flexibly integrated into a unified WFST based framework to boost the topic spotting performance. We present how to generalize the LSRK using tf-idf weighting, latent semantic analysis, WordNet and probabilistic topic models. To validate the proposed LSRK framework, we conduct the topic spotting experiments on two datasets, Switchboard and AT&T HMIHY0300 initial collection. The experimental results show that with the proposed LSRK we can achieve significant and consistent topic spotting performance gains over the n-gram rational kernels.
IgE receptor-positive non-B/non-T cells dominate the production of interleukin 4 and interleukin 6 in immunized mice. (1995)

The phenotype and antigenic specificity of cells secreting interleukin (IL) 4, IL-6, and interferon gamma was studied in mice during primary and secondary immune responses. T lymphocytes were the major source of interferon gamma, whereas non-B/non-T cells were the dominant source of IL-4 and IL-6 in the spleens of immunized animals. Cytokine-secreting non-B/non-T cells expressed surface receptors for IgE and/or IgG types II/III. Exposing these cells to antigen-specific IgE or IgG in vivo (or in vitro) "armed" them to release IL-4 and IL-6 upon subsequent antigenic challenge. These findings suggest that non-B/non-T cells may represent the "natural immunity" analogue of CD4+ T helper type 2 cells and participate in a positive feedback loop involved in the perpetuation of T helper type 2 cell responses.