gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Catalyst-Free Growth of Graphene by Microwave Surface Wave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition at Low Temperature (2016)

Catalyst-free graphene films has been synthesized by microwave (MW) surface wave plasma (SWP) chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using hydrogenated carbon source on silicon substrates at low temperature (500℃). The synthesized process is simple, low-cost and possible for application on transparent electrodes, gas sensors and thin film resistors. Analytical methods such as Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and four points prove resistivity measurement and UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy were employed to characterize properties of the graphene films. The formation of multilayer of graphene on silicon substrate was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and TEM. It is possible to grow graphene directly on silicon substrate (without using catalyst) due to high radical density of MW SWP CVD. In addition, we also observed that the hydrogen had significant role for quality of graphene.
Acute mesenteric lymphadenitis due to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis lacking a virulence plasmid (1991)

A serotype 4a strain of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis lacking the virulence plasmid pYV (pYV- strain) was isolated from the mesenteric lymph nodes but not from the stool or the appendix of a 10-year-old girl with a diagnosis of acute mesenteric lymphadenitis. Microscopically, reticulocytic abscess and lymphadenitis were persent in the enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. Antibody against the isolate was detected in the serum. The isolate was negative for the presence of plasmid pYV and plasmid pYV-mediated properties, including autoagglutination and calcium dependency, but was positive for chromosome-mediated properties, including invasion into HeLa cells and tissues of mice and the Serény test. Mice were orally infected with this pYV- strain, and rapid elimination from the intestine occurred 14 days later. Hence, the potential to inhibit the phagocytosis encoded by plasmid pYV was lacking. As the pYV- strain was recovered from the mesenteric lymph nodes and the spleen, the invasiveness was encoded by chromosomal genes. The count of the pYV- strain in the mesenteric lymph nodes increased to 10(4.6) cells per g within 4 days. These findings suggest that pYV- Y. pseudotuberculosis was the causative agent of acute mesenteric lymphadenitis in the absence of gastroenteritis.
Design and structure of two new protein cages illustrate successes and ongoing challenges in protein engineering (2019)

In recent years, new protein engineering methods have produced more than a dozen symmetric, self-assembling protein cages whose structures have been validated to match their design models with near-atomic accuracy. However, many protein cage designs that are tested in the lab do not form the desired assembly, and improving the success rate of design has been a point of recent emphasis. Here we present two protein structures solved by X-ray crystallography of designed protein oligomers that form two-component cages with tetrahedral symmetry. To improve on the past tendency toward poorly soluble protein, we used a computational protocol that favors the formation of hydrogen-bonding networks over exclusively hydrophobic interactions to stabilize the designed protein-protein interfaces. Preliminary characterization showed highly soluble expression, and solution studies indicated successful cage formation by both designed proteins. For one of the designs, a crystal structure confirmed at high resolution that the intended tetrahedral cage was formed, though several flipped amino acid side chain rotamers resulted in an interface that deviates from the precise hydrogen-bonding pattern that was intended. A structure of the other designed cage showed that, under the conditions where crystals were obtained, a noncage structure was formed wherein a porous 3D protein network in space group I2<sub>1</sub> 3 is generated by an off-target twofold homomeric interface. These results illustrate some of the ongoing challenges of developing computational methods for polar interface design, and add two potentially valuable new entries to the growing list of engineered protein materials for downstream applications.
MHC class II-restricted presentation of native protein antigen by B cells is inhibitable by cycloheximide and brefeldin A. (1990)

The presentation of protein Ag with MHC class II proteins involves the uptake of the protein Ag by endocytosis followed by processing, probably proteolysis, in an intracellular acidic compartment. However, there remains considerable controversy as to the precise route taken by the antigen and the MHC class II protein during this process. The unusual stability of Ag-MHC class II protein complexes has led to speculation that antigen can only associate with newly synthesized MHC class II molecules. An alternate possibility is that the MHC class II binding site can be regenerated within the cell during internalization and recycling of MHC class II proteins. To address these possibilities, three different murine B lymphoma lines were tested for their ability to process and present native protein Ag in the presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide or the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide or the protein export inhibitor, Brefeldin A. Both agents blocked the presentation of native OVA or native hen egg lysozyme to Ag-specific T cell hybridomas. No effect was seen on peptide presentation or on presentation to allo- or autoreactive T cells. Inasmuch as Brefeldin A has been previously shown to block protein export without affecting protein internalization or protein degradation in the endocytic pathway, the simplest interpretation of these data is that antigenic fragments generated in the APC after uptake by the endocytic pathway, preferentially associate with newly synthesized rather than mature MHC class II proteins.
A relation checking algorithm with application to a rule-based system for power system voltage control (2003)

A representation is proposed for a complex knowledge base. The representation is used to define the relations that may exist between a pair of rules. The relations defined are cause-effect, mutual exclusion, redundancy, conflict, subsumption, implication, and unnecessary condition. An algorithm to detect these relations is presented, and its application to power systems is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An Integral Formulation for the Electrodynamics of Metallic Carbon Nanotubes Based on a Fluid Model (2006)

An integral formulation to model, in the frequency domain, the electromagnetic response of three-dimensional (3-D) structures formed by metallic carbon nanotubes and conductors, within the framework of the classical electrodynamics, is described. The conduction electrons of the metallic nanotube are modeled as an infinitesimally thin cylindrical layer of compressible fluid, whose dynamics are described by means of the linearized hydrodynamic equations. The resulting integral equations are solved numerically by the finite element method using the facet elements and the null-pinv decomposition. The proposed formulation is applied to study carbon nanotube interconnects and dipole antennas and some related results are outlined. The solutions highlight the high-frequency effects due to the electron inertia and the fluid pressure. In particular, since the kinetic inductance matrix dominates over the magnetic one, proximity effects are negligible
Macromol. Biosci. 10/2017 (2017)

Back Cover: The shell of poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) -based hard shell microbubbles is analyzed using different methods. Fluorescence and electron microscopy are used for shell thickness and gel permeation chromatography for molecular weight analysis, to determine the best properties for ultrasound mediated destruction and drug delivery purposes. This is reported by Lia Appold, Yang Shi, Stephan Rütten, Alexander Kühne, Andrij Pich, Fabian Kiessling and Twan Lammers, article number 1700002.
A comprehensive glossary of autophagy-related molecules and processes (2<sup>nd</sup>edition) (2011)

The study of autophagy is rapidly expanding, and our knowledge of the molecular mechanism and its connections to a wide range of physiological processes has increased substantially in the past decade. The vocabulary associated with autophagy has grown concomitantly. In fact, it is difficult for readers--even those who work in the field--to keep up with the ever-expanding terminology associated with the various autophagy-related processes. Accordingly, we have developed a comprehensive glossary of autophagy-related terms that is meant to provide a quick reference for researchers who need a brief reminder of the regulatory effects of transcription factors and chemical agents that induce or inhibit autophagy, the function of the autophagy-related proteins, and the roles of accessory components and structures that are associated with autophagy.
Advanced SiC and GaN power electronics for automotive systems (2010)

A power switching device is one of the key elements to determine the performance of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and pure electric vehicles (EVs). Recently, the power devices using wide-bandgap semiconductors, such as SiC and GaN, have been intensively developed for the future HEVs and EVs. In this paper, we review a role of the power devices in these automotive systems, the required device characteristics, and the recent status of SiC and GaN power devices.
High-pressure natural gas liquefaction and adsorption pretreatment : theoretical work and experimental field study (2001)

The objective of this work has been to study offshore natural gas liquefaction processes with emphasis on utilization of the high reservoir pressure. A natural gas liquefaction process specially de ...
Can the Clusters Zr<sub>6</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub>(OOCR)<sub>12</sub> and [Zr<sub>6</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub>(OOCR)<sub>12</sub>]<sub>2</sub> Be Converted into Each Other? (2006)

Abstract Upon reaction of zirconium alkoxides, Zr(OR) 4 , with carboxylic acids, the clusters Zr 6 O 4 (OH) 4 (OOCR) 12 ( Zr6 ) or [Zr 6 O 4 (OH) 4 (OOCR) 12 ] 2 ( Zr12 ) were obtained, depending on the employed carboxylic acid. The structures of Zr12 clusters with acetate, propionate, vinyl acetate or 3,3′‐dimethylacrylate ligands were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, as well as that of methacrylate/acetate and methacrylate/propionate mixed‐ligand clusters. The structure of the hafnium cluster [Hf 6 O 4 (OH) 4 (acetate) 12 ] 2 is also reported for comparison. The Zr12 clusters are structurally related to the Zr6 clusters since they are composed of two Zr6 sub‐units which are bridged by four carboxylate ligands. In each compound, carboxylic acid molecules interact with the cluster by hydrogen bonding to part of the μ 3 ‐OH ligands. The clusters are highly dynamic in solution, due to site exchange of the carboxylate ligands; low‐temperature NMR spectra of the clusters correspond to the solid‐state structures. The Zr6 and Zr12 clusters can be clearly distinguished by their solution NMR spectra. Reactions between selected Zr12 clusters and carboxylic acids led to the conclusion, that only part of the ligands is accessible for ligand exchange reactions. In contrast, all ligands were exchanged when the Zr6 cluster Zr 6 O 4 (OH) 4 (methacrylate) 12 was treated with an excess of propionic acid, and Zr 6 O 4 (OH) 4 (propionate) 12 was formed. However, the Zr12 cluster [Zr 6 O 4 (OH) 4 (propionate) 12 ] 2 was obtained from the reaction of Zr(OBu) 4 with propionic acid. The Zr6 and Zr12 clusters thus do not interconvert at the given reaction conditions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Direct mapping between histograms: an improved interactive image enhancement method (2002)

In the traditional algorithm, two steps are needed to construct a mapping function from an original histogram to an arbitrarily specified histogram. One of the problems observed with the traditional histogram specification technique is the contouring effect in the general image. A one-step histogram specification method is presented to overcome some weaknesses of the traditional method. First, the cause of the contouring effect in the traditional two-step histogram transformation method is analyzed. Then, the one-step histogram specification algorithm is developed to avoid this problem. From the analysis and experiment results, it can be seen that the proposed one-step histogram specification has reduced the contouring effect which was caused by the traditional two-step method. The advantage of the presented approach is to minimize the local errors between the desired histogram and the resulting histogram.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Observation of the Power Spectrum of Ocean Waves Using a Cloverleaf Buoy (1980)

The power spectra of typical sets of ocean wave data obtained in the open ocean using a cloverleaf buoy are analyzed to determine an idealized form for the spectrum of ocean surface waves. It is shown that most of the single-peaked spectra observed in a generation area can be described well by the spectral form of the JONSWAP type. Two parameters α and γ characterizing the spectral form are calculated for each spectrum measured. Their relations to the dimensionless peak frequency f̄m (=fmU/g) are then determined. These relations are further converted into fetch relations for α and γ through a relation between f̄ and a dimensionless fetch F̄ (=gF/U2). Another spectral form proposed by Toba (1978) is examined and shown to fit as well to the observed spectra at high frequencies This fact shows quasi-equivalence of the JONSWAP spectrum and Toba's spectrum in the high-frequency range. On the basis of the agreements of both spectral forms at high frequencies, properties of the dimensionless constant α&prime in Toba's spectrum are examined. It is shown that α&prime depends very weakly on the dimensionless fetch F̄.
Adjuvanticity and Inflammatory Response Following Administration of Water-in-Oil Emulsions Prepared with Saturated Hydrocarbons in Chickens. (2000)

Water-in-oil emulsions containing bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model antigen were prepared using aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons with carbon number from 12 to 18, and were tested in chickens. Straight-chain hydrocarbons induced higher antibody titers against BSA after administration than branched-chain hydrocarbons. n-C16H34 and n-C18H38 maintained high antibody titers even at 32 weeks after administration, compared with n-C12H26, n-C14H30 and n-C15H32. n-C12H26 and n-C14H30 raised concentrations of sialic acid and creatine kinase in plasma, both of which are important markers of inflammatory responses, immediately after administration. n-C16H34 and n-C18H38 did not raise the values of these markers. These results indicated that n-C16H34 and n-C18H38 induced elevated and sustained immune responses without severe adverse reactions in chickens.
Wavefront coding for athermalization of infrared imaging systems (2004)

Wavefront coding involves the insertion of an asymmetric refractive mask close to the pupil plane of an imaging system so as to encode the image with a specific point spread function that, when combined with decoding of the recorded image, can enable greatly reduced sensitivity to imaging aberrations. The application of wavefront coding has potential in the fields of microscopy, where increased instantaneous depth of field is advantageous and in thermal imaging where it can enable the use of simple, low-cost, light-weight lens systems. It has been previously shown that wavefront coding can alleviate optical aberrations and extend the depth of field of incoherent imaging systems whilst maintaining diffraction-limited resolution. It is particularly useful in controlling thermally induced defocus aberrations in infrared imaging systems. These improvements in performance are subject to a range of constraints including the difficulty in manufacturing an asymmetrical phase mask and significant noise amplification in the digitally restored image. We describe the relation between the optical path difference (OPD) introduced by the phase mask and the magnitude of noise amplification in the restored image. In particular there is a trade between the increased tolerance to optical aberrations and reduced signal-to-noise ratio in the recovered image. We present numerical and experimental studies based of noise amplification with the specific consideration of a simple refractive infrared imaging system operated in an ambient temperature varying from 0°C to +50 C. These results are used to delineate the design and application envelope for which infrared imaging can benefit from wavefront coding.
Best-known autocorrelation peak sidelobe levels for binary codes of length 71 to 105 (2008)

Best-known binary code autocorrelation peak sidelobe levels (PSLs) are updated for lengths 71 to 105. For lengths 71 to 82, codes with PSL 4 are found, establishing 4 as almost certainly the optimal value for these lengths. PSL-5 codes are produced for all lengths from 83 to 105, in many cases improving on best-known values.
Partially ordered epochs for thread-level speculation (2005)

Thread-Level Speculation TLS) can be used to exploit parallelism in programs where static analysis fails. When a dependence violation is dynamically detected, the violating thread is rolled-back and restarted. However, we believe that for many applications, the restrictions imposed by referencing the sequential execution model to interpret dependence ordering will unnecessarily throttle parallelism. In this paper, we consider the possibility that the application requires that threads merely be partially ordered. We analyze the sufficient conditions for TLS to produce semantically correct results with this relaxed constraint. We apply our methodology, which we call Partially-Ordered Thread-level Speculation POTS), to priority-based scheduling and graph search algorithms and demonstrate that such a methodology still yields semantically correct execution while yielding substantially more parallelism than TLS
Discovery of BI-2545: A Novel Autotaxin Inhibitor That Significantly Reduces LPA Levels in Vivo (2017)

In an effort to find new therapeutic interventions addressing the unmet medical need of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, we initiated a program to identify new autotaxin (ATX) inhibitors. Starting from a recently published compound (PF-8380), we identified several highly potent ATX inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. Further optimization efforts resulted in the identification of a single-digit nanomolar lead compound (BI-2545) that shows substantial lowering of LPA in vivo and is therefore considered a valuable tool for further studies.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Assembly, Budding, and Cell-Cell Spread in T Cells Take Place in Tetraspanin-Enriched Plasma Membrane Domains (2007)

Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) egress from infected CD4+ T cells is thought to be via assembly and budding at the plasma membrane and may involve components of the T-cell secretory apparatus, including tetraspanins. However, many studies on HIV-1 assembly have examined the trafficking of viral proteins in isolation, and most have used immortalized epithelial, fibroblastic, or hematopoietic cell lines that may not necessarily reflect natural infection of susceptible T cells. Here we have used immunofluorescence and cryoimmunoelectron microscopy (CEM) to examine protein transport during HIV-1 assembly in productively infected Jurkat CD4+ T cells and primary CD4+ T cells. The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) and the core protein (Gag) colocalize strongly with CD63 and CD81 and less strongly with CD9, whereas no colocalization was seen between Env or Gag and the late endosome/lysosomal marker Lamp2. CEM revealed incorporation of CD63 and CD81 but not Lamp2 into virions budding at the plasma membrane, and this was supported by immunoprecipitation studies, confirming that HIV-1 egress in T cells is trafficked via tetraspanin-enriched membrane domains (TEMs) that are distinct from lysosomal compartments. CD63, CD81, and, to a lesser extent, CD9 were recruited to the virological synapse (VS), and antibodies against these tetraspanins reduced VS formation. We propose that HIV-1 promotes virus assembly and cell-cell transfer in T cells by targeting plasma membrane TEMs.
Identification and Roles of Photosystem II Assembly, Stability, and Repair Factors in Arabidopsis (2016)

Photosystem II (PSII) is a multi-component pigment-protein complex that is responsible for water splitting, oxygen evolution, and plastoquinone reduction. Components of PSII can be classified into core proteins, low-molecular-mass proteins, extrinsic oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) proteins, and light-harvesting complex II proteins. In addition to these PSII subunits, more than 60 auxiliary proteins, enzymes, or components of thylakoid protein trafficking/targeting systems have been discovered to be directly or indirectly involved in de novo assembly and/or the repair and reassembly cycle of PSII. For example, components of thylakoid-protein-targeting complexes and the chloroplast-vesicle-transport system were found to deliver PSII subunits to thylakoid membranes. Various auxiliary proteins, such as PsbP-like (Psb stands for PSII) and light-harvesting complex-like proteins, atypical short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family proteins, and tetratricopeptide repeat proteins, were discovered to assist the de novo assembly and stability of PSII and the repair and reassembly cycle of PSII. Furthermore, a series of enzymes were discovered to catalyze important enzymatic steps, such as C-terminal processing of the D1 protein, thiol/disulfide-modulation, peptidylprolyl isomerization, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of PSII core and antenna proteins, and degradation of photodamaged PSII proteins. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the identities and molecular functions of different types of proteins that influence the assembly, stability, and repair of PSII in the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
VR story production on Disney animation's "cycles" (2018)

In this talk, we will explore the design, challenges, collaborative workflows, and technological execution of "Cycles", a VR short film created within Walt Disney Animation Studios' internal "Short Circuit" program for professional development.
Acid-catalyzed oligomerization of glycerol investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (2009)

Acid-catalyzed oligomerization of glycerol was investigated by direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode, i.e. ESI(+)-MS. The ESI(+)-MS data revealed that at 280 ºC and in acidic medium (pH 2), glycerol undergoes successive intermolecular condensations to produce oligomeric species, i.e. [(glycerol)n - (n - 1) H2O] (n = 2-5). These ESI(+)-MS data, in association with the information provided by IR, ¹H and 13C NMR analyses, indicated that these oligomers undergo intramolecular dehydrations to form miscellaneous products comprised mainly by cyclic compounds as well as alkenes and carbonylic derivatives (aldehydes and ketones).
Sensitive and Selective Label-Free DNA Detection by Conjugated Polymer-Based Microarrays and Intercalating Dye (2008)

We have demonstrated label-free and signal-amplifying DNA microarray using a conjugated polymer and an intercalating dye SYBR green I. Efficient FRET from the conjugated polymer to the dye produced large signal amplification so that without losing good selectivity, sensitive detection of subpicomolar concentrations of the target DNA was achieved.