gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Long-term treatment of phenylketonuria with a new medical food containing large neutral amino acids (2016)

In conclusion, the new formula is suitable for life-long treatment of PKU, and it offers the PKU clinic a new choice for treatment.
Preparation and <i>in vitro</i> cytotoxicity of a methotrexate‐anti‐MM46 monoclonal antibody conjugate <i>via</i> an oligopeptide spacer (1989)

Abstract A method was developed by which conjugates of methotrexate (MTX) with antibody were prepared via an oligopeptide spacer which, after internalization of the conjugates into the target cells, would be cleaved by lysosomal enzymes to liberate MTX or its derivative(s) for entry of the drug into the cytoplasm through the lysosomal membrane. The conjugate of MTX with a monoclonal antibody (MAb) (aMM46) to mouse mammary carcinoma MM46 cells prepared by this method via Leu‐Ala‐Leu‐Ala showed potent, antibody‐directed cytotoxicity through lysosomal degradation of the conjugate, most likely at the tetrapeptide spacer. This was supported by the following observations: (a) the cytotoxicity of the aMM46 conjugate was more potent than that of the corresponding normal γ‐globulin conjugate, the antibody alone not being cytotoxic; (b) the conjugate retained its potent cytotoxicity to MM46 cells even after removal, by hydroxylamine treatment, of a less stably bound MTX derivative which might have been released extracellularly and have caused non‐specific cytotoxicity by entering the cells via the membrane active transport system for MTX; (c) the cytotoxicity was not inhibited by thiamine pyrophosphate, an inhibitor of the MTX transport system; (d) the cytotoxicity was inhibited significantly with ammonium chloride, which inactivates lysosomal enzymes by raising the pH; and (e) the cleavability of the Leu‐Ala‐Leu‐Ala spacer by the lysosomal enzymes was verified by using bio‐undegradable poly(D‐lysine) and biodegradable poly(L‐lysine) as the lysosomotropic macromolecular carriers: unlike the poly(L‐lysine) counterpart, the direct MTX‐poly(D‐lysine) conjugate showed very weak cytotoxicity while the tetrapeptide‐mediated conjugate of MTX with poly(D‐lysine) exhibited potent cytotoxicity.
Detection of Deviations in Mobile Applications Network Behavior (2012)

In this paper a novel system for detecting meaningful deviations in a mobile application's network behavior is proposed. The main goal of the proposed system is to protect mobile device users and cellular infrastructure companies from malicious applications. The new system is capable of: (1) identifying malicious attacks or masquerading applications installed on a mobile device, and (2) identifying republishing of popular applications injected with a malicious code. The detection is performed based on the application's network traffic patterns only. For each application two types of models are learned. The first model, local, represents the personal traffic pattern for each user using an application and is learned on the device. The second model, collaborative, represents traffic patterns of numerous users using an application and is learned on the system server. Machine-learning methods are used for learning and detection purposes. This paper focuses on methods utilized for local (i.e., on mobile device) learning and detection of deviations from the normal application's behavior. These methods were implemented and evaluated on Android devices. The evaluation experiments demonstrate that: (1) various applications have specific network traffic patterns and certain application categories can be distinguishable by their network patterns, (2) different levels of deviations from normal behavior can be detected accurately, and (3) local learning is feasible and has a low performance overhead on mobile devices.
Measurement of Phantomless Thoracic Bone Mineral Density on Coronary Artery Calcium CT Scans Acquired with Various CT Scanner Models (2013)

Phantomless BMD can be measured accurately on CAC CT scans acquired with a variety of CT scanners without additional radiation exposure.
Solid Hollow Fiber Cooling Crystallization (2004)

Solid hollow fiber cooling crystallization (SHFCC) is a new technique suitable for crystal size distribution (CSD) control of aqueous/organic systems from bench to industrial scale. Solid hollow fiber devices possessing good temperature control and operational flexibility can serve as seed/nuclei generators, stand-alone crystallizers, or supersaturation creation devices. Operating schemes implemented include feed recycling, once-through, and solid hollow fiber crystallizer−completely stirred tank (SHFC−CST) in-series operation mode. The performance of SHFCC of aqueous KNO3 solutions was assessed against mixed suspension mixed product removal (MSMPR) crystallizer data. Feed recycling and the once-through operation modes were similar and characterized by broader CSDs and lower reproducibility due to generation of a large number of fines causing slow filtration and localized growth on the filters. SHFC−CST in-series operation proved successful yielding narrow and reproducible CSDs with mean sizes between 100 and 150 μm, 3−4 times lower than those of MSMPR crystallizers. Also, 90% of the crystals were smaller than 370 μm compared to 550−600 μm for MSMPR crystallizers. Further, the number of crystals generated per unit volume was 2−3 orders of magnitude higher. SHFC−CST in-series crystallization of salicylic acid from ethanol solutions clearly showed that, unlike other membrane hollow fiber based crystallization techniques, SHFCC does not suffer any performance loss for organic systems.
Preparation of a Graphite Fluoride Film on Aluminum (1982)

Abstract The complete manuscript of this communication appears in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982 , 939. DOI: 10.1002/anie.198209390
Increasing cleavage specificity and activity of restriction endonuclease KpnI (2013)

Restriction enzyme KpnI is a HNH superfamily endonuclease requiring divalent metal ions for DNA cleavage but not for binding. The active site of KpnI can accommodate metal ions of different atomic radii for DNA cleavage. Although Mg(2+) ion higher than 500 μM mediates promiscuous activity, Ca(2+) suppresses the promiscuity and induces high cleavage fidelity. Here, we report that a conservative mutation of the metal-coordinating residue D148 to Glu results in the elimination of the Ca(2+)-mediated cleavage but imparting high cleavage fidelity with Mg(2+). High cleavage fidelity of the mutant D148E is achieved through better discrimination of the target site at the binding and cleavage steps. Biochemical experiments and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the mutation inhibits Ca(2+)-mediated cleavage activity by altering the geometry of the Ca(2+)-bound HNH active site. Although the D148E mutant reduces the specific activity of the enzyme, we identified a suppressor mutation that increases the turnover rate to restore the specific activity of the high fidelity mutant to the wild-type level. Our results show that active site plasticity in coordinating different metal ions is related to KpnI promiscuous activity, and tinkering the metal ion coordination is a plausible way to reduce promiscuous activity of metalloenzymes.
Measurement of the fluorescence of crop residues: A tool for controlling soil erosion (1994)

Management of crop residues, the portion of a crop left in the field after harvest, is an important conservation practice for minimizing soil erosion and for improving water quality. Quantification of crop residue cover is required to evaluate the effectiveness of conservation tillage practices. Methods are needed to quantify residue cover that are rapid, accurate, and objective. The fluorescence of crop residue was found to be a broadband phenomenon with emission maxima at 420 to 495 nm for excitations of 350 to 420 nm. Soils had low intensity broadband emissions over the 400 to 690 nm region for excitations of 300 to 600 nm. The range of relative fluorescence intensities for the crop residues was much greater than the fluorescence observed of the soils. As the crop residues decompose their blue fluorescence values approach the fluorescence of the soil. Fluorescence techniques are concluded to be less ambiguous and better suited for discriminating crop residues and soils than reflectance methods. If properly implemented, fluorescence techniques can be used to quantify, not only crop residue cover, but also photosynthetic efficiency in the field.
Occupant classification system for automotive airbag suppression (2003)

The introduction of airbags into automobiles has significantly improved the safety of the occupants. Unfortunately, airbags can also cause fatal injuries if the occupant is a child smaller (in weight) than a typical 6 year old. In response to this, The National Highway Transportation and Safety Administration (NHTSA) has mandated that starting in the 2006 model year all automobiles be equipped with an automatic suppression system to detect the presence of a child or infant and suppress the airbag. The classification problem we address is a four-class problem with the classes being rear-facing infant seat, child, adult, and empty seat. We describe a machine vision-based occupant classification system using a single grayscale camera and a digital signal processor that can perform this function in "real time" (< 5 seconds). The system has been extensively tested on a database of over 21,000 real-world images collected over a period of 4 months in moderate lighting conditions with a wide variety of passengers in eight different vehicles. We have achieved a classification accuracy of /spl sim/ 95%. We believe this system serves the need for a low-cost, high reliability embedded real-time airbag suppression system. Additional testing and improvements of the classification system are currently underway.
An X-ray-based method for the determination of the contrast agent propagation in 3-D vessel structures (2002)

A method for the determination of the contrast-agent propagation in vessel trees is presented. A standard three-dimensional (3-D) rotational angiography procedure is performed to reconstruct the morphology of the contrast-filled vessel tree in a 3-D volume. An additional fluoroscopy projection series acquired with a fixed projection angle delivers the temporal information of the bolus propagating. The mapping of the propagation information from the two-dimensional projections to the 3-D image data set is the topic of this paper. A symbolic tree structure is built up that represents the vessel tree including bifurcations. Neighborhood relations between vessel pieces are given in three dimensions. This facilitates filtering procedures and plausibility controls of the resulting time dependent 3-D data set. The presented method proved to be accurate with phantom data and gives novel insight in the feeding structure of arterio-venous malformations and aneurysms.
A 256x256 6.3pJ/pixel-event Query-driven Dynamic Vision Sensor with Energy-conserving Row-parallel Event Scanning (2021)

This work reports a query-driven dynamic vision sensing (q DVS) approach to computational imaging that substantially improves on the achievable pixel density and energy efficiency of visual event coding. The chip architecture combines complementary advantages of frame scanning active pixel sensors (APS) and event-driven DVS (e DVS) CMOS imagers. The 256x256-pixel q DVS with 33% fill factor achieves 10% temporal contrast sensitivity and consumes 0.5mW from 1.2V at a peak event rate of 80Meps, yielding an energy efficiency Figure-of-Merit (FoM) of 6.3pJ/pixel-event.
Exhaled Volatile Organic Compounds Precedes Pulmonary Injury in a Swine Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity Model (2019)

Exposing swine to 72 h of hyperoxia induced a pulmonary injury consistent with human clinical endpoints of PO<sub>2</sub>T. VOC analysis identified six VOCs in exhaled breath that preceded PO<sub>2</sub>T. Results show promise that a simple, non-invasive breath test could potentially predict the risk of pulmonary injury in humans exposed to high partial pressures of oxygen.
Abstract 4562: Superior targeting of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) with recombinant monoclonal antibody mixtures (2011)

Abstract Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is involved in development and maintenance of malignant phenotypes of several human cancers and therefore represent an attractive therapeutic target. Trastuzumab is currently the only anti-HER2 antibody approved for treatment of human cancers and although succesful more efficacious treatments are warranted. Mixtures of recombinant monoclonal antibodies are promising candidates as the next generation of antibody therapeutics due to their multipotent activities. The aim of the present study was to identify mixtures of anti-HER2 antibodies with superior activity to existing monoclonal antibodies. Anti-HER2 antibodies were raised in mice by immunizations with HER-2 in different antigen presenting formats. A large antibody repertoire consisting of approximately 150 unique anti-HER-2 antibodies was cloned from the mice using the mSymplex™ technology. Based on a thorough sequence and binding analysis, 40 antibodies were selected for functional evaluation. The 40 antibodies were tested as individual antibodies and in mixtures of two and three for the ability to inhibit the growth of four human cancer cell lines using a standard viability assay. In total, more than 1300 mixtures were evaluated for ability to inhibit growth of the four cell lines. The 20 mixtures with the highest levels of growth inhibition were further characterized with regard to potency (IC50) and ability to engage in ADCC and CDC. The results demonstrated that HER2 mixtures were superior to trastuzumab, pertuzumab and the mixture of the two at inhibiting the growth of seven of the 10 cell lines investigated. Interestingly, the mixtures also inhibited the growth of the trastuzumab resistant breast cancer cell line HCC202, reflecting the differentiated mechanisms of anti-HER2 antibody mixtures. In vivo, anti-HER2 mixtures had superior activity compared to the monoclonal anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab in two models of human gastric cancer. Based on these results, a candidate mixture was selected and referred to as Sym005. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that the novel antibody mixture Sym005 has a unique set of HER2 inhibitory mechanisms, which translates into superior anti-cancer activity in HER2-positive tumor xenografts. Furthermore, the results provide a clear rationale for evaluation of Sym005 in clinical trials on patients with HER2 positive tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4562. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4562
Infrared material property measurements with polarimetry and spectropolarimetry (1990)

Polarimetiy and spectropolarimetry are optical measurement techniques which use polarized light to obtain electrooptical material property information. These techniques are being used to make measurements on infrared electrooptical materials. Infrared materials of interest are those which find use in two dimensional modulators, i.e. optical picessing applications and infrared scene projectors. Polarimetry measurements are made at one infrared wavelength at a time using laser sources. Spectropolarimetry measurements are made over an entire infrared spectral region, e.g. 2 to 14 tm. A Fourier transform infrared spectrometer is the source of radiation in this case. The Mueller matrix formulation can be used to describe the polarized light and its interaction with the sample and measurement system optics. A Mueller matrix of the sample can then be obtained from a series of measurements with different input polarization states. The sample Mueller matrix contains information on the polarization properties. Electric fields are imposed on the sample as optical measurements are made. Fundamental constants associated with the sample material can be derived from the measured Mueller matrix elements.
A small-molecule activator of the unfolded protein response eradicates human breast tumors in mice (2021)

Metastatic estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancer is presently incurable. Seeking to target these drug-resistant cancers, we report the discovery of a compound, called ErSO, that activates the anticipatory unfolded protein response (a-UPR) and induces rapid and selective necrosis of ERα-positive breast cancer cell lines in vitro. We then tested ErSO in vivo in several preclinical orthotopic and metastasis mouse models carrying different xenografts of human breast cancer lines or patient-derived breast tumors. In multiple orthotopic models, ErSO treatment given either orally or intraperitoneally for 14 to 21 days induced tumor regression without recurrence. In a cell line tail vein metastasis model, ErSO was also effective at inducing regression of most lung, bone, and liver metastases. ErSO treatment induced almost complete regression of brain metastases in mice carrying intracranial human breast cancer cell line xenografts. Tumors that did not undergo complete regression and regrew remained sensitive to retreatment with ErSO. ErSO was well tolerated in mice, rats, and dogs at doses above those needed for therapeutic responses and had little or no effect on normal ERα-expressing murine tissues. ErSO mediated its anticancer effects through activation of the a-UPR, suggesting that activation of a tumor protective pathway could induce tumor regression.
Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in humans to the NSP4 enterotoxin of rotavirus (1999)

Rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP4 has recently been suggested to function as a viral enterotoxin and play a role in the pathophysiological mechanism whereby rotaviruses induce diarrhea. The ability of rotavirus NSP4 to stimulate a humoral immune response was examined in naturally infected children and adults, rotavirus vaccinated children, as well as a cellular immune response in adults. In this study, 10 of 10 naturally infected children and 9 of 10 rotavirus-vaccinated children showed a weak humoral IgG immune response to recombinant NSP4 (rNSP4) and/or a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 114-134 of NSP4. Modest serum IgG antibody responses were detected in 20 of 20 adults. A cellular immune response to rNSP4 and/or NSP4(114-134) were detected in 8 of 10 adults measured either as a T-cell proliferative response (7 of 10), an increased production of IL-2 (6 of 10), or increased production of interferon-gamma (8 of 10). These results indicate that NSP4 induces a humoral immune response in humans and show for the first time that NSP4 stimulates a cellular immune response, possibly including cytolytic T-cells.
Oxygen Compatibility Testing of Composite Materials (2000)

The development of polymer composite liquid oxygen LO2 tanks is a critical step in creating the next generation of launch vehicles. Future launch vehicles need to minimize the gross liftoff weight (GLOW), which is possible due to the 25%-40% reduction in weight that composite materials could provide over current aluminum technology. Although a composite LO2 tank makes these weight savings feasible, composite materials have not historically been viewed as "LO2 compatible." To be considered LO2 compatible, materials must be selected that will resist any type of detrimental, combustible reaction when exposed to usage environments. This is traditionally evaluated using a standard set of tests. However, materials that do not pass the standard tests can be shown to be safe for a particular application. This paper documents the approach and results of a joint NASA/Lockheed Martin program to select and verify LO2 compatible composite materials for liquid oxygen fuel tanks. The test approach developed included tests such as mechanical impact, particle impact, puncture, electrostatic discharge, friction, and pyrotechnic shock. These tests showed that composite liquid oxygen tanks are indeed feasible for future launch vehicles.
High-Frequency PCB Winding Transformer With Integrated Inductors for a Bi-Directional Resonant Converter (2018)

The momentum toward high power density high-efficiency power converters continues unabated. The key to reducing the size of power converters is high-frequency operation and the bottleneck is the magnetic components. With the emerging widebandgap devices, the switching frequency of power converters increases significantly, to hundreds of kilohertz, which provides us the opportunity to adopt printed circuit board (PCB) winding planar magnetics. Compared with the conventional litz-wire-based magnetics, planar magnetics can not only effectively reduce the converter size, but also offer improved reliability through automated manufacturing process with repeatable parasitics. Another way to reduce the number of magnetic components and shrink the size of power converters is through the magnetic integration. In this paper, a novel PCB winding based magnetic structure is proposed to integrate both inductor and transformer into one component. In this structure, the inductor value can be easily controlled by changing the cross-sectional area of the core or the length of the air gap. A 6.6-kW 500-kHz CLLC resonant converter prototype with 98% efficiency and 130-W/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> (8 kW/L) power density is built to verify the feasibility of the proposed PCB winding based magnetic structure.
Ocular Surface Residence Times of Artificial Tear Solutions (1992)

Solutions of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) are widely used as artificial tears. However, their usefulness is limited by the short duration of their effect. Dilute sodium hyaluronate (SH) solutions exhibit non-Newtonian rheology with high viscosities at low shear rates, which would be expected to enhance their ocular surface residence time. Using quantitative gamma scintigraphy, estimates of the ocular surface residence times of 0.3% HPMC, 1.4% PVA, and 0.2% SH were made in six patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The sodium hyaluronate solution had a mean half-life on the ocular surface of 321 s, significantly longer than hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (44 s; p = 0.012) and polyvinyl alcohol (39 s; p = 0.013).
Cloning of Nicotianamine Synthase Genes, Novel Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Phytosiderophores (1999)

Nicotianamine synthase (NAS), the key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for the mugineic acid family of phytosiderophores, catalyzes the trimerization of S-adenosylmethionine to form one molecule of nicotianamine. We purified NAS protein and isolated the genes nas1, nas2, nas3, nas4, nas5-1, nas5-2, and nas6, which encode NAS and NAS-like proteins from Fe-deficient barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Ehimehadaka no. 1) roots. Escherichia coli expressing nas1 showed NAS activity, confirming that this gene encodes a functional NAS. Expression of nas genes as determined by northern-blot analysis was induced by Fe deficiency and was root specific. The NAS genes form a multigene family in the barley and rice genomes.