gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Laboratory Scale Critical-Dimension Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Instrument (2007)

New methods for critical dimension (CD) measurements may be needed to enable the detailed characterization of nanoscale structures produced in the semiconductor industry and for nanotechnology applications. In earlier work, small angle x‐ray scattering (SAXS) measurements with synchrotron sources have shown promise in meeting several grand challenges for CD metrology. However, it is not practical to depend upon x‐ray synchrotron sources, which are large national facilities with limitations in the number of available instruments. To address this problem, a laboratory scale SAXS instrument for critical dimension measurements on periodic nanoscale patterns has been designed, installed, and tested. The system possesses two configurations, SAXS and ultra‐small‐angle x‐ray scattering (USAXS), with a radiation target of either copper or molybdenum. With these configurations, the instrument is capable of accessing scattering angles that probe length scales ranging from ca. 0.5 nm to 2 μm. In this work, we compare CD‐SAXS measurements taken from a synchrotron‐based SAXS at the Advanced Photon Source of the Argonne National Laboratory with those from the National Institute of Standards and Technology laboratory‐scale SAXS instrument. The results from standard line/space gratings possessing periodic line‐space patterns with CDs of tens to hundreds of nanometers show that the laboratory‐scale system can quantitatively measure parameters, such as the pitch, line width, height, line‐width roughness and sidewall angle. These results show that laboratory‐scale measurements are feasible and can be used for research and development purposes or to assist calibration of optical scatterometry and CD‐scanning electron microscopy instruments. The primary limitation of the measurement is that the data collection rate is unacceptably slow for production metrology because of the significantly lower x‐ray beam fluxes currently available.
The role of crown ethers in drug delivery (2019)

The unique structure of the crown ethers has attracted the attention of many scientists to the use of these compounds in organic synthesis, and drug delivery. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on the use of crown ethers in the drug delivery process. In the drug delivery process, the use of compounds that can act selectively is very important. Crown ethers with their unique structure can appear in various roles in drug delivery. In recent years, the use of crown ethers in the formulation of nano-drugs have attracted the attention of many researchers, and it shows that crown ethers have a great potential in the process of drug delivery. In fact, chemistry plays a role as a medium for transferring information from suitable compounds to drug delivery. Reviewing the results of the research provides the opportunity to create new ideas for using crown ether in new drug delivery systems.
Integrated vehicle control (2003)

A description is given of Project Trilby, whose aim is to create the concept and bring together the technology for total, integrated control of vehicles to provide the customers with a level of performance not otherwise achievable. Total, integrated control requires the coordination of all vehicle subsystems, while factoring the needs, performance, and preferences of the driver into the design and control decisions. One possible scenario is an adaptive vehicle which would have the capability of sensing or identifying its operational situation, an onboard knowledge base or database, the ability to analyze the situation relative to history and indicted driver preferences and performance capabilities, and the ability to adapt the vehicle by control decisions to achieve the best overall system performance. The overall approach to integrated-control design is dependent on using analytical design techniques, including explicit representation of the driver, to understand/configure the system; achieving coordinated control of the subsystems; and interfacing properly with the rapidly changing environment in which the vehicles must operate.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A 77-GHz FM/CW radar front-end with a low-profile low-loss printed antenna (1999)

Design and results of a 77-GHz frequency-modulation/continuous-wave radar sensor based on a simple waveguide circuitry and a novel type of printed, low-profile, and low-loss antenna are presented. A Gunn voltage-controlled oscillator and a finline mixer act as transmitter and receiver, respectively, connected by two E-plane couplers. The folded reflector-type antenna consists of a printed slot array and another planar substrate, which, at the same time, provides twisting of the polarization and focusing of the incident wave. The performance of the radar is described, together with the initial results of a scanning of the antenna beam.
Use of multiple epinephrine doses in anaphylaxis: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2021)

Around 1 in 10 anaphylaxis reactions are treated with more than 1 dose of epinephrine.
Mid-infrared microspectroscopic imaging with a quantum cascade laser (2013)

Conventional mid-infrared (mid-IR) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging systems employ an incoherent globar source and achieve spectral contrast through interferometry. While this approach is suitable for many general applications, recent advancements in broadly tunable external cavity Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCL) offer new approaches to and new possibilities for mid-IR micro-spectroscopic imaging. While QCL-based devices have yet to achieve the wide spectral range generally employed by spectroscopists for molecular analyses, they are starting to be used for microscopy at discrete frequencies. Here, we present a discrete frequency IR (DFIR) microscope based on a QCL source and explore its utility for mid-IR imaging. In our prototype instrument, spectral contrast is achieved by tuning the QCL to bands in a narrow spectral region of interest. We demonstrate wide-field imaging employing a 128x128 pixel liquid nitrogen cooled mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) focal plane array (FPA) detector. The resulting images demonstrate successful imaging as well as several unique features due to coherence effects from the laser source. Here we discuss the effects of this coherence and compare our instrument to conventional mid-IR imaging instrumentation.
Senior wellness services--a concept for the 80s. (1985)

Wellness plays an important role and represents a major direction in today's health care delivery system. Senior Wellness Services are human assistance services for senior members of the community designed to link established hospital resources with new services that will affect the quality of life. Successful Wellness services involve the potential use of many resources within the hospital and the community. These services are designed with the older adult in mind, and offer participants lifestyle education, clinical counseling, and peer support. Wellness programs help fulfill the need for preventive health education while improving communication between the hospital and the community it serves.
Comparison of the results of immunocytochemical assays for biologic variables on preoperative fine‐needle aspirates and on surgical specimens of primary breast carcinomas (2000)

BACKGROUND Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a well-documented procedure for the diagnosis and biologic characterization of breast carcinoma. In order to compare the immunocytochemical expression of biologic parameters on cytology and on histology, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) status, p53 protein expression, and Ki67 growth fraction were evaluated on presurgical fine-needle aspirates (FNAs) from breast carcinoma patients and on the corresponding surgical samples prior to any systemic therapy. METHODS FNAs were performed on 104 patients with primary breast carcinoma at the time of diagnosis and subjected to immunocytochemical evaluation of ER, PgR, p53, and Ki67. The same parameters were immunohistochemically evaluated on the corresponding paraffin embedded sections. RESULTS ER, PgR, p53, and Ki67 were evaluable on FNAs and on paired tissue sections in 100, 97, 68, and 84 cases, respectively. Concordance between cytology and histology was 89% for ER, 78% for PgR, 79% for p53, and 70% for Ki67. CONCLUSIONS The concordance between the results of immunocytochemical evaluation of ER, PgR, p53, and Ki67, on both cytology and histology, underscores the reliability of the biologic characterization of breast carcinoma by FNAB. This approach could be particularly useful in predicting prognosis and response to treatment in patients who are candidates for neoadjuvant chemotherapy and/or endocrine therapy. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2000;90:61–6. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Staggered projections for frictional contact in multibody systems (2008)

We present a new discrete velocity-level formulation of frictional contact dynamics that reduces to a pair of coupled projections and introduce a simple fixed-point property of this coupled system. This allows us to construct a novel algorithm for accurate frictional contact resolution based on a simple staggered sequence of projections. The algorithm accelerates performance using warm starts to leverage the potentially high temporal coherence between contact states and provides users with direct control over frictional accuracy. Applying this algorithm to rigid and deformable systems, we obtain robust and accurate simulations of frictional contact behavior not previously possible, at rates suitable for interactive haptic simulations, as well as large-scale animations. By construction, the proposed algorithm guarantees exact, velocity-level contact constraint enforcement and obtains long-term stable and robust integration. Examples are given to illustrate the performance, plausibility and accuracy of the obtained solutions.
Multiview Immersion in Hybrid Reality Environments (2017)

In the domain of large-scale visualization instruments, Hybrid Reality Environments (HREs) are a recent innovation that combines the best-in-class capabilities of immersive environments, with the best-in-class capabilities of ultra-high-resolution display walls. HREs create a seamless 2D/3D environment that supports both information-rich analysis as well as virtual-reality simulation exploration at a resolution matching human visual acuity. Collaborative research groups in HREs tend to work on a variety of tasks during a research session (sometimes in parallel), and these tasks require 2D data views, 3D views, linking between them, and the ability to bring in (or hide) data quickly as needed. Addressing these needs requires a matching software infrastructure that fully leverages the technological affordances offered by these new instruments.\nIn this dissertation, I detail the requirements of such infrastructure and outline the model of an operating system for Hybrid Reality Environments. I present an implementation of core components of this model, called Omegalib. I show how this implementation has been successfully used to create HRE visualizations for research, education and outreach. One key feature of Omegalib is its ability to support multiple applications running simultaneously on an HRE. This is a significant improvement compared to classic immersive systems, which normally support a single application at a time. HREs (and large displays in general) are ideal systems to support co-located collaboration, and the ability to run and control multi-application workspaces is key to effective work in this setting. However, enabling multiple immersive applications on a large display presents several challenges. I discuss our solution to these challenges and present an extension of Omegalib that supports fully dynamic, multi-view, multi-user immersion. I evaluate this new system, which I call Multiview Immersion (MVI) in a formal user study: two-user groups are asked to compare 3D sonar scans using MVI, single-view immersion and multiple views without immersion (simulating a standard display wall). My objective is understanding the effect of MVI on analysis effectiveness, view usage and collaboration patterns compared to alternatives. MVI appears to reduce analysis error rates for this sample task and makes it more likely for both users to remain engaged with the analysis task.
SYNTHESIS OF 2-THIOHYDANTOINS AND THEIR <i>S</i>-GLUCOSYLATED DERIVATIVES AS POTENTIAL ANTIVIRAL AND ANTITUMOR AGENTS (2001)

A series of 3-alkyl-5-((Z))-arylidene-2-thiohydantoins 4a-1 were synthesized from the direct condensation of the aromatic aldehydes with 3-alkyl-2-thiohydantoins 3a-c, which in turn were prepared from the reaction of glycine (1) and alkyl isothiocyanates 2a-c. The alkylation of 4a-1 with methylthioethyl chloride gave 5-((Z))-arylidene-3-alkyl-S-(2-methylthioethyl)-2-thiohydantoins 5a-e. S-Glucosylation took place on the reaction of 4a-1 with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide under anhydrous alkaline conditions. These structures have been confirmed from a model study of the coupling of 4a with methylthioethyl chloride and alpha-D-glucose pentaacetate, respectively under Lewis acid conditions.
The evolution of solid density within a thermal explosion. I. Proton radiography of pre-ignition expansion, material motion, and chemical decomposition (2012)

We report proton transmission images obtained during direct heating of a sample of PBX 9501 (a plastic bonded formulation of the explosive nitramine octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX)) prior to the ignition of a thermal explosion. We describe the application of proton radiography using the 800 MeV proton accelerator at Los Alamos National Laboratory to obtain transmission images in these thermal explosion experiments. We have obtained images at two spatial magnifications and viewing both the radial and the transverse axes of a solid cylindrical sample encased in aluminum. During heating we observe the slow evolution of proton transmission through the samples, with particular detail during material flow associated with the HMX β-δ phase transition. We also directly observe the loss of solid density to decomposition associated with elevated temperatures in the volume defining the ignition location in these experiments. We measure a diameter associated with this volume of 1–2 mm, in agreement with previous estimations of the diameter using spatially resolved fast thermocouples.
RankIQA: Learning from Rankings for No-reference Image Quality Assessment (2017)

We propose a no-reference image quality assessment (NR-IQA) approach that learns from rankings (RankIQA). To address the problem of limited IQA dataset size, we train a Siamese Network to rank images in terms of image quality by using synthetically generated distortions for which relative image quality is known. These ranked image sets can be automatically generated without laborious human labeling. We then use fine-tuning to transfer the knowledge represented in the trained Siamese Network to a traditional CNN that estimates absolute image quality from single images. We demonstrate how our approach can be made significantly more efficient than traditional Siamese Networks by forward propagating a batch of images through a single network and backpropagating gradients derived from all pairs of images in the batch. Experiments on the TID2013 benchmark show that we improve the state-of-the-art by over 5%. Furthermore, on the LIVE benchmark we show that our approach is superior to existing NR-IQA techniques and that we even outperform the state-of-the-art in full-reference IQA (FR-IQA) methods without having to resort to high-quality reference images to infer IQA.
Suboptimal Decision Fusion in Wireless Sensor Networks under Non-Gaussian Noise Channels (2007)

Decision fusion in wireless sensor networks under non-Gaussian noise channels is studied. To consider the tail behavior noise distributions, we use a exponentially-tailed distribution as a wide class of noise distributions. Based on a canonical parallel fusion model with fading and noise channels, the likelihood ratio(LR) based fusion rule is considered as an optimal fusion rule under Neyman-Pearson criterion. With both high and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) approximation to the optimal rule, we obtain several suboptimal fusion rules. and we propose a simple fusion rule that provides robust detection performance with a minimum prior information, Performance evaluation for several fusion rules is peformed through simulation. Simulation results show the robustness of the Proposed simple fusion rule.
An antiserum against protamines for immunohistochemical studies of histone to protamine transition during human spermiogenesis (1988)

Specific polyclonal antisera have been obtained against total human protamines isolated from purified sperm nuclei. The specificity of antibodies was assessed in immunodotting and immunoblotting assays. In this preliminary report, these specific antibodies were used as probes for in-situ determination of histone to protamine transition during human spermiogenesis. Protamine-containing sites were detected on sections of human testes by light microscopy using the immunoperoxidase technique. As in other mammals, protamines appear and concentrate in condensed nuclei of elongating spermatids, i.e. during the later steps of human spermiogenesis.
Clinical Dementia Rating Orientation Score as an Excellent Predictor of the Progression to Alzheimer's Disease in Mild Cognitive Impairment (2017)

Our findings suggest that CDR Orientation subscale score, a simple and easily available clinical measure, could provide very useful information to predict AD dementia progression in amnestic MCI individuals in real clinical settings.
“Music Has No Borders”: An Exploratory Study of Audience Engagement With YouTube Music Broadcasts During COVID-19 Lockdown, 2020 (2021)

This exploratory study engages with eight case studies of music performances broadcast online to investigate the role of music in facilitating social cohesion, intercultural understanding and community resilience during a time of social distancing and concomitant heightened racial tensions. Using an online ethnographic approach and thematic analysis of video comments, the nature of audience engagement with music performances broadcast via YouTube during COVID-19 lockdown of 2020 is explored through the lens of ritual engagement with media events and models of social capital. The eight case studies featured virtual choirs, orchestras and music collaborations of various genres, including classical, pop and fusion styles drawing from European, Asia Minor, South African, West African, North African, Arabic, South Asian, and East Asian cultural origins. Five overarching themes resulted from thematic analysis of video comments, including <i>Interaction</i>, <i>Unity</i>, <i>Resilience</i>, <i>Identity</i>, and <i>Emotion</i>. The paper contributes important theorisation that ritual engagement and social learning fosters intercultural understanding through engaging with music both cognitively and emotionally, which can in turn shape both individual and collective identity. Online platforms provide scope for both bonding and bridging opportunities. Community resilience is supported through the sharing of knowledge, sustaining music practice during social distancing, as well as emotional support shared among audience participants, with potential wellbeing outcomes.
Spatial evolution of filaments in broad area diode laser amplifiers (1993)

We report a numerical model that demonstrates the evolution of a uniform array of filaments from random fluctuations in the input of a single-pass semiconductor laser amplifier. We also report the first direct experimental observation of the spatial evolution of filaments in a broad area active grating semiconductor laser amplifier. The observed filamentation shows good agreement with the numerical model. This agreement suggests that such filaments may result from the unstable growth of microscopic fluctuations in the input and/or nonuniformities within the amplifier.
3D reconstruction of dynamic vehicles using sparse 3D-laser-scanner and 2D image fusion (2016)

Map building becomes one of the most interesting research topic in computer vision field nowadays. To acquire accurate large 3D scene reconstructions, 3D laser scanners are recently developed and widely used. They produce accurate but sparse 3D point clouds of the environments. However, 3D reconstruction of rigidly moving objects along side with the large-scale 3D scene reconstruction is still lack of interest in many researches. To achieve a detailed object-level 3D reconstruction, a single scan of point cloud is insufficient due to their sparsity. For example, traditional Iterative Closest Point (ICP) registration technique or its variances are not accurate and robust enough to registered the point clouds, as they are easily trapped into the local minima. In this paper, we propose an 3-Point RANSAC with ICP refinement algorithm to build 3D reconstruction of rigidly moving objects, such as vehicles, using 2D-3D camera setup. Results show that the proposed algorithm can robustly and accurately registered the sparse 3D point cloud.
An exemplar-based approach to individualized parcellation reveals the need for sex specific functional networks (2017)

Recent work with functional connectivity data has led to significant progress in understanding the functional organization of the brain. While the majority of the literature has focused on group-level parcellation approaches, there is ample evidence that the brain varies in both structure and function across individuals. In this work, we introduce a parcellation technique that incorporates delineation of functional networks both at the individual- and group-level. The proposed technique deploys the notion of "submodularity" to jointly parcellate the cerebral cortex while establishing an inclusive correspondence between the individualized functional networks. Using this parcellation technique, we successfully established a cross-validated predictive model that predicts individuals' sex, solely based on the parcellation schemes (i.e. the node-to-network assignment vectors). The sex prediction finding illustrates that individualized parcellation of functional networks can reveal subgroups in a population and suggests that the use of a global network parcellation may overlook fundamental differences in network organization. This is a particularly important point to consider in studies comparing patients versus controls or even patient subgroups. Network organization may differ between individuals and global configurations should not be assumed. This approach to the individualized study of functional organization in the brain has many implications for both neuroscience and clinical applications.