gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CONCAVE-DMOSFET: A New Super-Low On-Resistance Power MOSFET (1995)

This paper describes a new super-low on-resistance power MOSFET. The new transistor “CONCAVE-DMOSFET” has a concave channel structure fabricated not by trench etching technique, but by a combination of local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS) and diffusion self-alignment using oxide film as a double diffusion mask. The CONCAVE-DMOSFET based on 16 µ m cell design has been fabricated for the first time, and the specific on-resistance of 75 mΩ· mm 2 with breakdown voltage of 50 V has been achieved. This specific on-resistance is the lowest ever reported for power MOSFETs of comparable same design rule. The lowest value has been realized by means of the CONCAVE-DMOS technology, which eliminates JFET resistance and provides a damage-free concave surface resulting in high channel mobility of 300 cm 2 /V·s.
Passive Localization of Calling Animals and Sensing of their Acoustic Environment Using Acoustic Tomography (1990)

When monitored by several acoustic receivers, the sounds emitted by terrestrial and marine animals can be used to localize their positions. The localization can proceed quickly and automatically with the use of computers when cross-correlation of the acoustic records is used to optimally estimate the travel-time difference between signals at different receivers. The time-bandwidth product (call duration x acoustic bandwidth) of the call is an important parameter. When the time-bandwidth product of the acoustic call equals or exceeds 10 (which is the case for many animals), localization is possible even when the signal-to-noise ratios of the call are below the noise level, as long as cross-correlation is used to estimate the travel-time difference. Use of cross-correlation significantly increases the range at which a calling animal may be detected over that possible by visual inspection of acoustic records. The error maps for the localization can be improved by factors from 2 to 100 if tomographic techniques are used to account for the fluctuation in winds (currents) and sound speed and the errors in the receiver positions. In addition, useful tomographic maps of the atmospheric wind and the sound-speed fields can be obtained from the sounds emitted by the animals. Tomographic maps of the currents and the sound speed in water are much less precise because the fractional change in the acoustic propagation speed from currents and sound-speed fluctuations is much smaller in water than in the air. Studies in ecology, behavior, and conservation could be significantly enhanced by using acoustic tomography.
A rapid micro-magnetic resonance imaging scanning for three-dimensional reconstruction of peripheral nerve fascicles (2018)

The most common methods for three-dimensional reconstruction of peripheral nerve fascicles include histological and radiology techniques. Histological techniques have many drawbacks including an enormous manual workload and poor image registration. Micro-magnetic resonance imaging (Micro-MRI), an emerging radiology technique, has been used to report results in the brain, liver and tumor tissues. However, micro-MRI usage for obtaining intraneural structures has not been reported. The aim of this study was to present a new imaging method for three-dimensional reconstruction of peripheral nerve fascicles by <sup>1</sup>T micro-MRI. Freshly harvested sciatic nerve samples from an amputated limb were divided into four groups. Two different scanning conditions (Mannerist Solution/GD-DTPA contrast agent, distilled water) were selected, and both T1 and T2 phases programmed for each scanning condition. Three clinical surgeons evaluated the quality of the images via a standardized scale. Moreover, to analyze deformation of the two-dimensional image, the nerve diameter and total area of the micro-MRI images were compared after hematoxylin-eosin staining. The results show that rapid micro-MRI imaging method can be used for three-dimensional reconstruction of the fascicle structure. Nerve sample immersed in contrast agent (Mannerist Solution/GD-DTPA) and scanned in the T1 phase was the best. Moreover, the nerve sample was scanned freshly and can be recycled for other procedures. MRI images show better stability and smaller deformation compared with histological images. In conclusion, micro-MRI provides a feasible and rapid method for three-dimensional reconstruction of peripheral nerve fascicles, which can clearly show the internal structure of the peripheral nerve.
Nanowire Structured Hybrid Cell for Concurrently Scavenging Solar and Mechanical Energies (2009)

Conversion cells for harvesting solar energy and mechanical energy are usually separate and independent entities that are designed and built following different physical principles. Developing a technology that harvests multiple-type energies in forms such as sun light and mechanical around the clock is desperately desired for fully utilizing the energies available in our living environment. We report a hybrid cell that is intended for simultaneously harvesting solar and mechanical energies. Using aligned ZnO nanowire arrays grown on surfaces of a flat substrate, a dye-sensitized solar cell is integrated with a piezoelectric nanogenerator. The former harvests solar energy irradiating on the top, and the latter harvests ultrasonic wave energy from the surrounding. The two energy harvesting approaches can work simultaneously or individually, and they can be integrated in parallel and serial for raising the output current and voltage, respectively, as well as power. It is found that the voltage output from the solar cell can be used to raise the output voltage of the nanogenerator, providing an effective approach for effectively storing and utilizing the power generated by the nanogenerator. Our study demonstrates a new approach for concurrently harvesting multiple types of energies using an integrated hybrid cell so that the energy resources can be effectively and complementary utilized whenever and wherever one or all of them is available.
<i>In Silico</i> Preclinical Trials: Methodology and Engineering Guide to Closed-Loop Control in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (2009)

This article sets forth guidelines for in silico (simulation-based) proof-of-concept testing of artificial pancreas control algorithms. The goal was to design a test procedure that can facilitate regulatory approval [e.g., Food and Drug Administration Investigational Device Exemption] for General Clinical Research Center experiments without preliminary testing on animals. The methodology is designed around a software package, based on a recent meal simulation model of the glucose-insulin system. Putting a premium on generality, this document starts by specifying a generic, rather abstract, meta-algorithm for control. The meta-algorithm has two main components: (1) patient assessment and tuning of control parameters, i.e., algorithmic processes for collection and processing patient data prior to closed-loop operation, and (2) controller warm-up and run-time operation, i.e., algorithmic processes for initializing controller states and managing blood glucose. The simulation-based testing methodology is designed to reveal the conceptual/mathematical operation of both main components, as applied to a large population of in silico patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Rapid Reversal of Psychotic Depression Using Mifepristone (2001)

The rationale for treating psychotic major depression with glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists is reviewed. Five patients with psychotic major depression were given 600 mg of mifepristone in a 4-day, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. All the patients completed the protocol and adverse effects were not observed or reported. All of the five patients showed substantial improvements in their Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores while they were receiving mifepristone, and four of the five patients showed substantial improvement in their Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores. Little, if any, improvement was seen with placebo. These preliminary results suggest that short-term use of GR antagonists may be effective in the treatment of psychotic major depression and that additional study, perhaps using higher doses or more treatment days, seems warranted.
A quantitative study of firewall configuration errors (2004)

The protection that firewalls provide is only as good as the policy they are configured to implement. Analysis of real configuration data show that corporate firewalls are often enforcing rule sets that violate well established security guidelines. Firewalls are the cornerstone of corporate intranet security. Once a company acquires a firewall, a systems administrator must configure and manage it according to a security policy that meets the company's needs. Configuration is a crucial task, probably the most important factor in the security a firewall provides.
Accurate estimation of entropy in very short physiological time series: the problem of atrial fibrillation detection in implanted ventricular devices (2010)

Entropy estimation is useful but difficult in short time series. For example, automated detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) in very short heart beat interval time series would be useful in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices that record only from the ventricle. Such devices require efficient algorithms, and the clinical situation demands accuracy. Toward these ends, we optimized the sample entropy measure, which reports the probability that short templates will match with others within the series. We developed general methods for the rational selection of the template length m and the tolerance matching r. The major innovation was to allow r to vary so that sufficient matches are found for confident entropy estimation, with conversion of the final probability to a density by dividing by the matching region volume, 2r(m). The optimized sample entropy estimate and the mean heart beat interval each contributed to accurate detection of AF in as few as 12 heartbeats. The final algorithm, called the coefficient of sample entropy (COSEn), was developed using the canonical MIT-BIH database and validated in a new and much larger set of consecutive Holter monitor recordings from the University of Virginia. In patients over the age of 40 yr old, COSEn has high degrees of accuracy in distinguishing AF from normal sinus rhythm in 12-beat calculations performed hourly. The most common errors are atrial or ventricular ectopy, which increase entropy despite sinus rhythm, and atrial flutter, which can have low or high entropy states depending on dynamics of atrioventricular conduction.
The Role of Bond Coat in Advanced Thermal Barrier Coating (2005)

A novel diffusion barrier bond coat with a duplex layer structure, a sigma phase Re-Cr-Ni barrier and Ni aluminides as an aluminum reservoir was formed on a Ni based superalloy (TMS 82+) and Hastelloy X. The oxidation behavior of both alloys with and without the sigma- Re-Cr-Ni -phase as a diffusion barrier was investigated at temperatures of 1373K (Hastelloy X) and 1423K (TMS-82+) for up to 360ks. It was found that the Re-Cr-Ni acts as a diffusion barrier for both inward diffusion of Al and outward diffusion of alloying elements in the alloy substrate.
Disulfiram inhibits activating transcription factor/cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein and human melanoma growth in a metal-dependent manner <i>in vitro</i>, in mice and in a patient with metastatic disease (2004)

The thiocarbamate alcoholism drug disulfiram blocks the P-glycoprotein extrusion pump, inhibits the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB, sensitizes tumors to chemotherapy, reduces angiogenesis, and inhibits tumor growth in mice. Thiocarbamates react with critical thiols and also complex metal ions. Using melanoma as the paradigm, we tested whether disulfiram might inhibit growth by forming mixed disulfides with critical thiols in a mechanism facilitated by metal ions. Disulfiram given to melanoma cells in combination with Cu2+ or Zn2+ decreased expression of cyclin A and reduced proliferation in vitro at lower concentrations than disulfiram alone. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays, disulfiram decreased transcription factor binding to the cyclic AMP-responsive element in a manner potentiated by Cu2+ ions and by the presence of glutathione, suggesting that thiocarbamates might disrupt transcription factor binding by inducing S-glutathionylation of the transcription factor DNA binding region. Disulfiram inhibited growth and angiogenesis in melanomas transplanted in severe combined immunodeficient mice, and these effects were potentiated by Zn2+ supplementation. The combination of oral zinc gluconate and disulfiram at currently approved doses for alcoholism also induced >50% reduction in hepatic metastases and produced clinical remission in a patient with stage IV metastatic ocular melanoma, who has continued on oral zinc gluconate and disulfiram therapy for 53 continuous months with negligible side effects. These findings present a novel strategy for treating metastatic melanoma by employing an old drug toward a new therapeutic use.
Invited review: Motor neuropathies, motor neuron disorders, and antiglycolipid antibodies (1991)

High titers of IgM anti-GM1 antibodies are commonly found in the serum of patients with some lower motor neuron disorders and peripheral neuropathies. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are useful for the detection and quantitation of anti-GM1 antibodies. Testing for serum anti-GM1 activity is indicated in the diagnostic evaluation of lower motor neuron syndromes. The presence of high titers of anti-GM1 antibodies mandates careful electrophysiologic testing for the motor conduction block that is found in multifocal motor neuropathy, a treatable disorder. Quantitation of anti-GM1 antibodies may also be a useful guide in the treatment of multifocal motor neuropathy. Further study of antiglycolipid antibodies in motor neuron disorders and peripheral neuropathies may provide clues to the events that stimulate these antibodies and to the pathogenesis of such syndromes.
Dynamic Resistance&#x2014;A Metric for Variability Characterization of Phase-Change Memory (2009)

The resistance of phase-change-memory (PCM) cells measured during RESET programming (dynamic resistance, R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</sub> ) is found to be inversely proportional to the amplitude of the programming current, as R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</sub> = [A/I] + B. We show that parameters A and B are related to the intrinsic properties of the memory cell, and demonstrate by means of experimental data that they could be used to characterize the cell-to-cell process-induced variability of PCM cells.
Single-Exposure Long-Equivalent-Wavelength Interferometry (1991)

Proposed single-exposure technique for producing long-equivalent-wavelength interferograms (LEWI's) involves use of photographic film to record two-wavelength interferogram nonlinearly in single exposure. Nonlinearity required to produce difference-spatial-frequency Fourier component containing LEWI information obtained by adjusting exposure so it falls on nonlinear portion of sensitivity curve of film. After two-wavelength interferogram recorded, film developed in conventional manner. Possible to use LEWI's to measure surface contours of such objects as human corneas, not expected to remain stationary for two exposures. Commercial interferogram-processing computer programs used to convert LEWI's into topographical representations of surfaces.
A tunable, band-pass, miniaturized-element frequency selective surface: Design and measurement (2007)

Frequency selective surface (FSS) structures, with resonant unit cells whose dimensions are comparable to half of a wavelength, have been studied for a variety of applications like radar and satellite communications. FSSs are usually 2D planar, periodic structures consisting of one or more metallic patterns, each backed by a dielectric substrate. The frequency response of an FSS is entirely described by the geometry of the structure in one period called a unit cell. In traditional FSS design, the frequency selective properties result from mutual interactions of the periodic FSS elements.
Infrared passbands for clear-air-turbulence detection (1978)

Clear air turbulence (CAT) ahead of an aircraft can be detected in real time by an infrared radiometer. The alert time and reliability depend on the passband of the infrared filter used and the altitude of the aircraft. Preliminary results and analyses show that a nominal passband of 26 to 35 microm appears optimal to alert CAT from 1.5 to 6.0 min ahead of the encounter. The alert time increases with higher altitude as the atmospheric absorption, determining the horizontal weighting, is reduced.
A Simple and Practical Method for the Preparation and Purity Determination of Halide‐Free Imidazolium Ionic Liquids (2006)

Abstract The reaction of N ‐alkylimidazole with alkyl sulfonates at room temperature affords 1,3‐dialkylimidazolium alkanesulfonates as crystalline solids in high yields. The alkanesulfonate anions can be easily substituted by a series of other anions [BF 4 , PF 6 , PF 3 (CF 2 CF 3 ) 3 , CF 3 SO 3 and N(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 ] by simple reaction of anions, salts, or acids in water at room temperature. Extraction with dichloromethane, filtration through a short basic alumina column and solvent evaporation affords the desired ionic liquids in 80–95% yield. The purity (>99.4%) of these ionic liquids can be determined by 1 H NMR spectra using the intensity of the 13 C satellites of the imidazolium N ‐methyl group as internal standard.
A single‐layer approach to electrochromic materials (2010)

Abstract This study is focused on the development of electrochromic (EC) materials that could be incorporated into electrically‐driven switchable devices such as electrochromogenic glasses. The ultimate goal of this research is to depart from the complexity of the EC device construction which is in use today. Such construction consists of three layers each of them incorporating a specific functionality: the electrochromophore, the electrolyte and the ion storage, assembled between two transparent or reflective electrodes. In most of these conventional devices the electrolyte layer is a liquid or a gel. Since solid‐state EC devices are of high commercial interest, we are exploring various avenues to reduce the number of layers to one layer that is all‐solid and electrochromically/electrolytically and ionically functional. The design strategy is based on the use of polymers such as poly(epichlorohydrin‐ co ‐ethylene oxide), poly(vinyl butyral) and poly(ethylene‐ co ‐methacrylic acid) ionomer, to which EC properties were introduced by grafting reactions with specifically synthesized carbazole derivatives. A combination of analytical techniques was used to characterize the monomers and the carbazole‐grafted polymers. A proof of concept was demonstrated for a single‐layer, all‐solid‐state EC device consisting of a film of poly(ECH‐ co ‐EO) containing pendent carbazole groups, assembled between two transparent electrodes, Sn‐doped In 2 O 3 oxide‐coated glasses. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Effects of Inorganic Cation Templates on Octahedral Molecular Sieves of Manganese Oxide (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffects of Inorganic Cation Templates on Octahedral Molecular Sieves of Manganese OxideYan-Fei Shen, Steven L. Suib, and Chi-Lin O'YoungCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 24, 11020–11029Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00103a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00103a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1208Altmetric-Citations151LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Chloride supporting electrolytes for all-vanadium redox flow batteries (2011)

This paper examines vanadium chloride solutions as electrolytes for an all-vanadium redox flow battery. The chloride solutions were capable of dissolving more than 2.3 M vanadium at varied valence states and remained stable at 0-50 °C. The improved stability appeared due to the formation of a vanadium dinuclear [V(2)O(3)·4H(2)O](4+) or a dinuclear-chloro complex [V(2)O(3)Cl·3H(2)O](3+) in the solutions over a wide temperature range. The all-vanadium redox flow batteries with the chloride electrolytes demonstrated excellent reversibility and fairly high efficiencies. Only negligible, if any, gas evolution was observed. The improved energy capacity and good performance, along with the ease in heat management, would lead to substantial reduction in capital cost and life-cycle cost, making the vanadium chloride redox flow battery a promising candidate for stationary applications.
Potent Antagonists of Somatostatin:  Synthesis and Biology (1998)

The search for synthetic analogues of somatostatin (SRIF) which exhibit selective affinities for the five known receptor subtypes (sst1-5) has generated a large number of potent agonist analogues. Many of these agonists display good subtype selectivities and affinities for the subtypes 2, 3, and 5, with very few selective for sst1 or sst4. Until the recent report by Bass and co-workers (Mol. Pharmacol. 1996, 50, 709-715; erratum, Mol. Pharmacol. 1997, 51, 170), no true antagonists had been discovered, let alone any displaying differential receptor subtype selectivity. In this present study, we explore the effect of this putative L5,D6 antagonist motif on various series of somatostatin agonist analogues, both linear and cyclic. It was found that many D5,L6 agonists could be converted into competitive antagonists by applying this motif, the most potent of which was H-Nal-cyclo[DCys-Pal-DTrp-Lys-Val-Cys]-Nal-NH2 (32). This antagonist was selective for hsst2 with an affinity of 75 nM and an IC50 of 15.1 nM against SRIF-14 in a rat in vitro antagonist bioassay. Receptor-selective somatostatin antagonists should provide valuable tools for characterizing the many important physiological functions of this neuropeptide.