gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characteristic Parameters of Liquid Crystal Cells and Their Measurements (2006)

The concept of equivalent characteristic parameters of a liquid crystal (LC) cell is introduced together with the characteristic circle and the characteristic ellipse. They are all related to the twist angle and retardation of the LC cell. Such equivalent characteristic parameters can provide a framework for analyzing LC modes, as well as providing a means to measure LC cell parameters. A new Stokes parameter method is also introduced to measure these characteristic parameters. Thus the twist angle and retardation of the LC cell can be determined accurately.
Ferrocene-oligonucleotide conjugates for electrochemical probing of DNA (1996)

Toward the development of a universal, sensitive and convenient method of DNA (or RNA) detection, electrochemically active oligonucleotides were prepared by covalent linkage of a ferrocenyl group to the 5'-aminohexyl-terminated synthetic oligonucleotides. Using these electrochemically active probes, we have been able to demonstrate the detection of DNA and RNA at femtomole levels by HPLC equipped with an ordinary electrochemical detector (ECD) [Takenaka,S., Uto,Y., Kondo,H., Ihara,T. and Takagi,M. (1994) Anal. Biochem., 218, 436-443]. Thermodynamic and electrochemical studies of the interaction between the probes and the targets are presented here. The thermodynamics obtained revealed that the conjugation stabilizes the triple-helix complexes by 2-3 kcal mol-1 (1-2 orders increment in binding constant) at 298 K, which corresponds to the effect of elongation of additional several base triplets. The main cause of this thermodynamic stabilization by the conjugation is likely to be the overall conformational change of whole structure of the conjugate rather than the additional local interaction. The redox potential of the probe was independent of the target structure, which is either single- or double stranded. However, the potential is slightly dependent (with a 10-30 mV negative shift on complexation) on the extra sequence in the target, probably because the individual sequence is capable of contacting or interacting with the ferrocenyl group in a slightly different way from each other. This small potential shift itself, however, does not cause any inconvenience on practical applications in detecting the probes by using ECD. These results lead to the conclusion that the redox-active probes are very useful for the microanalysis of nucleic acids due to the stability of the complexes, high detection sensitivity and wide applicability to the target structures (DNA and RNA; single- and double strands) and the sequences.
New non equilibrium atmospheric plasma gun for applications in medicine (2008)

This paper reports on a new device based on very short pulsed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), generating plasmas over very long distances (~ m) at atmospheric pressure consisting of plasma bullets close to the type of those reported by Laroussi. These plasma balls are traveling at very high speed, between 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> and 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> cm/s, in flexible dielectric tube at the end of which there is generation of a plasma plume like zone (which shape and intensity is depending on the discharge repetition rate). Secondary mixture plasma can be produced close to a given surface by adding other gas fluxes in the main gas stream. The plasma bullets can be generated in gases at repetition rate varying in the range from single shot to multi-kilohertz. This allows one to vary the energy deposition on a treated surface over orders of magnitude while maintaining short treatment
Identification of the immunoreactive peptide sequence for AgSK1, an adenocarcinoma‐restricted antigen (2000)

SK1, a human immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal antibody was derived from regional nodal lymphocytes of a Dukes B colon carcinoma patient. The antigen recognized by the human monoclonal antibody (HuMab) SK1, termed AgSK1, was shown to be a two-chain glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight range of 42-46 kDa and preferentially expressed by human adenocarcinomas, particularly human gastrointestinal malignancies. To identify the gene encoding the AgSK1 antigenic epitope, a cDNA expression library constructed in lambda gt22A using mRNA from the colon carcinoma cell line HT29 was screened and one of the isolated clones encoding a 1.5-kb cDNA, which showed strong immunoreactivity with HuMab SK1, was selected for further analysis. This clone consisted of an amino terminal open reading frame of 54 amino acids and the carboxyl terminal 20 amino acids of this protein coding region contained the antigenic epitope recognized by HuMab SK1.
Global optimization of masks, including film stack design to restore TM contrast in high NA TCC's (2007)

We provide an expanded description of the global algorithm for mask optimization introduced in our earlier papers, and discuss auxiliary optimizations that can be carried out in the problem constraints and film stack. Mask optimization tends inherently to be a problem with non-convex quadratic constraints, but for small problems we can mitigate this difficulty by exploiting specialized knowledge that applies in the lithography context. If exposure latitude is approximated as maximization of edge slope between image regions whose intensities must print with opposite polarity, we show that the solution space can be approximately divided into regions that contain at most one local minimum. Though the survey of parameter space to identify these regions requires an exhaustive grid search, this search can be accelerated using heuristics, and is not the rate-limiting step at SRAM scale or below. We recover a degree of generality by using a less simplified objective function when we actually assess the local minima. The quasi-binary specialization of lithographic targets is further exploited by searching only in the subspace formed by the dominant joint eigenvectors for dark region intensity and bright region intensity, typically reducing problem dimensionality to less than half that of the full set of frequency-domain variables (i.e. collected diffraction orders). Contrast in this subspace across the bright/dark edge will approximately reflect exposure latitude when we apply the standard fixed edge-placement constraints of lithography. However, during an exploratory stage of optimization we can define preliminary tolerances which more explicitly reflect constraints on devices, e.g. as is done with compactor codes for design migration. Our algorithm can handle vector imaging in a general way, but for the special case of unpolarized illumination and a lens having radial symmetry (but arbitrary source shape) we show that the bilinear function which describes vector interference within the film stack can be expressed in terms of three generic radial functions, enabling rapid numerical evaluation of the Hopkins kernel. By inspection these functions show that one can in principle recover classical scalar-like imaging even at high NA by exposing a very thin layer spaced above a reflective substack. The reflected image largely restores destructive interference in TM polarized fringes, if proper phasing is achieved. With an ideal reflector, the first-order azimuthal contrast loss term vanishes in all TCC components, and complete equivalence to scalar imaging is obtained in classical two-beam imaging.
Frequency-agile field-programmable filter array (FPFA) with multiple functionalities (2011)

This paper demonstrates the concept of a field-programmable filter array which can be configured in the field after fabrication. The proposed array is composed of tunable resonators and can have multiple functionalities by rerouting signals from input ports to output ports. Signal rerouting can be achieved by controlling the inter-resonator coupling with a wide tuning ratio of coupling coefficients. The inter-resonator coupling structure presented in this paper is designed to have both positive and negative coupling values. The presented coupling structure has a large tuning ratio so that both large coupling and large isolation between two resonators can be obtained. A unit cell of the proposed field-programmable filter array was fabricated to prove the proposed concept. It is shown that the unit cell can be adjusted to have second-order bandpass responses, third-order bandpass responses, and fourth-order bandpass responses. The unit cell can also be operated as a switchable filter bank without a switch. All operation modes are verified by measurement.
Universal protection against influenza infection by a multidomain antibody to influenza hemagglutinin (2018)

Durable influenza protection Vaccines are indispensable for the control and prevention of influenza, but there are several challenges to efficacy. Some individuals respond poorly to vaccination, and virus variation makes targeting optimal antigens difficult. Broadly neutralizing antibodies are one solution, but they have their own pitfalls, including limited cross-reactivity to both influenza A and B strains and the need for repeated injections. Now, Laursen et al. have developed multidomain antibodies with breadth and potency. Administered intranasally to mice with an adeno-associated virus vector, the antibodies provided durable and continuous protection from a panoply of influenza strains. Science , this issue p. 598
Frozen cultured sheets of epidermal keratinocytes in reepithelialization and repair of the cornea after photorefractive keratectomy (2002)

The use of frozen CEAK as a biologically active wound dressing improved tissue repair at 1 month in corneas ablated by transepithelial PRK in the male albino rabbit model. Treatment with CEAK could improve the outcome of PRK in humans.
Max-min d-cluster formation in wireless ad hoc networks (2002)

An ad hoc network may be logically represented as a set of clusters. The clusterheads form a d-hop dominating set. Each node is at most d hops from a clusterhead. Clusterheads form a virtual backbone and may be used to route packets for nodes in their cluster. Previous heuristics restricted themselves to 1-hop clusters. We show that the minimum d-hop dominating set problem is NP-complete. Then we present a heuristic to form d-clusters in a wireless ad hoc network. Nodes are assumed to have a non-deterministic mobility pattern. Clusters are formed by diffusing node identities along the wireless links. When the heuristic terminates, a node either becomes a clusterhead, or is at most d wireless hops away from its clusterhead. The value of d is a parameter of the heuristic. The heuristic can be run either at regular intervals, or whenever the network configuration changes. One of the features of the heuristic is that it tends to re-elect existing clusterheads even when the network configuration changes. This helps to reduce the communication overheads during transition from old clusterheads to new clusterheads. Also, there is a tendency to evenly distribute the mobile nodes among the clusterheads, and evently distribute the responsibility of acting as clusterheads among all nodes. Thus, the heuristic is fair and stable. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed heuristic is better than the two earlier heuristics, namely the LCA and degree-based solutions.
Corrosion Preventive Materials and Corrosion Testing (2020)

The book provides an extensive coverage of conjugated polymer based nano-composite coatings with advanced anti-corrosive properties. The book gives detailed explanation of corrosion testing methods and techniques to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the coatings. It includes elaborate discussion on classification of corrosion, electrochemistry of corrosion process, theories explaining the mechanism of corrosion and various corrosion testing standards. Electrochemical studies like open circuit potential (OCP) variation with time, potentiodynamic polarization, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and accelerated corrosion testing are highlighted as important tools to extract information about the behavior of coatings under corrosive conditions. The book discusses epoxy-conjugated polymer based novel composite coating formulations, including aniline and o-toluidine, o-anisidine, phenetidine and pentafluoroaniline with appropriate fillers like SiO2, flyash, ZrO2 nanoparticles, and chitosan for the protection of metallic substrates. A general discussion on the self healing mechanism of epoxy-polypyrrole based biopolymer hybrid composite coatings is included in this book. This book provides a critical review on the conjugated polymer based composite coatings with superior corrosion resistance, good mechanical integrity, better adhesion properties and self healing ability under highly aggressive conditions which can be commercially used for the protection of metal substrates from corrosion.
The soybean GmSNAP18 gene underlies two types of resistance to soybean cyst nematode (2017)

Two types of resistant soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) sources are widely used against soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe). These include Peking-type soybean, whose resistance requires both the rhg1-a and Rhg4 alleles, and PI 88788-type soybean, whose resistance requires only the rhg1-b allele. Multiple copy number of PI 88788-type GmSNAP18, GmAAT, and GmWI12 in one genomic segment simultaneously contribute to rhg1-b resistance. Using an integrated set of genetic and genomic approaches, we demonstrate that the rhg1-a Peking-type GmSNAP18 is sufficient for resistance to SCN in combination with Rhg4. The two SNAPs (soluble NSF attachment proteins) differ by only five amino acids. Our findings suggest that Peking-type GmSNAP18 is performing a different role in SCN resistance than PI 88788-type GmSNAP18. As such, this is an example of a pathogen resistance gene that has evolved to underlie two types of resistance, yet ensure the same function within a single plant species.
Live Migration Ate My VM: Recovering a Virtual Machine after Failure of Post-Copy Live Migration (2019)

Post-copy is one of the two key techniques (besides pre-copy) for live migration of virtual machines in data centers. Post-copy provides deterministic total migration time and low downtime for write-intensive VMs. However, if post-copy migration fails for any reason, the migrating VM is lost because the VM's latest consistent state is split between the source and destination nodes during migration. In this paper, we present PostCopyFT, a new approach to recover a VM after a destination or network failure during post-copy live migration using an efficient reverse incremental checkpointing mechanism. We have implemented and evaluated our approach in the KVM/QEMU platform. Our experimental results show that the total migration time of post-copy remains unchanged while maintaining low failover time, downtime, and application performance overhead.
Quasiparticle-Injected Superconducting Weak Link Device (1982)

This paper concerns a new three terminal superconducting weak link device, having a third electrode attached to the weak link part for injecting quasiparticles. The structure, the fabrication procedure and the result of the measurement of its static I - V characteristics are presented. As a result, a current gain larger than that of any other Josephson switching devices is obtained. It is found that the larger current gain depends strongly upon the input resistance between the third electrode and the weak link part. The switching speed of the device is also theoretically discussed.
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Application to Tissue Analysis (2006)

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is applied to characterize animal tissue samples. Samples include brain, kidney, liver, lung, muscle and spleen tissues. LIBS intensity ratios of certain trace elements are used for the sample identification. Concentration ratios from inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICPES) of those tissues are obtained for comparison.
Toxins from cyanophytes belonging to the scytonemataceae (1986)

Abstract
An Exceptionally Conserved Transcriptional Repressor, CTCF, Employs Different Combinations of Zinc Fingers To Bind Diverged Promoter Sequences of Avian and Mammalian c-<i>myc</i> Oncogenes (1996)

We have isolated and analyzed human CTCF cDNA clones and show here that the ubiquitously expressed 11-zinc-finger factor CTCF is an exceptionally highly conserved protein displaying 93% identity between avian and human amino acid sequences. It binds specifically to regulatory sequences in the promoter-proximal regions of chicken, mouse, and human c-myc oncogenes. CTCF contains two transcription repressor domains transferable to a heterologous DNA binding domain. One CTCF binding site, conserved in mouse and human c-myc genes, is found immediately downstream of the major P2 promoter at a sequence which maps precisely within the region of RNA polymerase II pausing and release. Gel shift assays of nuclear extracts from mouse and human cells show that CTCF is the predominant factor binding to this sequence. Mutational analysis of the P2-proximal CTCF binding site and transient-cotransfection experiments demonstrate that CTCF is a transcriptional repressor of the human c-myc gene. Although there is 100% sequence identity in the DNA binding domains of the avian and human CTCF proteins, the regulatory sequences recognized by CTCF in chicken and human c-myc promoters are clearly diverged. Mutating the contact nucleotides confirms that CTCF binding to the human c-myc P2 promoter requires a number of unique contact DNA bases that are absent in the chicken c-myc CTCF binding site. Moreover, proteolytic-protection assays indicate that several more CTCF Zn fingers are involved in contacting the human CTCF binding site than the chicken site. Gel shift assays utilizing successively deleted Zn finger domains indicate that CTCF Zn fingers 2 to 7 are involved in binding to the chicken c-myc promoter, while fingers 3 to 11 mediate CTCF binding to the human promoter. This flexibility in Zn finger usage reveals CTCF to be a unique "multivalent" transcriptional factor and provides the first feasible explanation of how certain homologous genes (i.e., c-myc) of different vertebrate species are regulated by the same factor and maintain similar expression patterns despite significant promoter sequence divergence.
A new index-guided AlGaInP visible semiconductor laser with very small astigmatism (1989)

The authors demonstrate a novel index-guided AlGaInP visible semiconductor laser with very small astigmatism. This laser, composed of a twin-groove ridge stripe structure, is formed by a two-step MOVPE process (metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy). After the AlGaInP (0.8 mu m)/GaInP (0.8 mu m) double heterostructure is grown on an n-GaAs substrate, a 3.5- mu m-wide ridge stripe is formed by etching the p-AlGaInP cladding layer, leaving a 0.3- mu m-thick cladding layer on the GaInP active layer. Then, n-GaAs selective growth is carried out on the etched cladding layer, and a 4- mu m-wide twin groove just near the ridge stripe structure is fabricated by selectively etching the n-GaAs current blocking layer. Finally, a Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ insulating block with low refractive index is formed only in the twin groove. As a result of the new structure, the visible laser is realized with not only the index-guide mode but also with low thermal resistivity ( approximately 50 K/W). Transverse-mode stabilized CW operation at room temperature was achieved at a lasing wavelength of 670 mu m, a threshold current of 70 mA, and an external differential quantum efficiency of 20%/facet.
Communication protocols based on CAAA attributes (2011)

Abstract We have introduced a system and method of extensible authentication protocols (EAPs) based on ECC and SKE with a permutation technique evolved. The permutation In our EAPs is a process of cubing a random number w.r.to a prime (p = 2 mod 3). These EAPs are compatible with 3G and 4G networks and no certificates exchanged during the communication. Further, they play an important role to fulfill CAAA issues. Keywords: Symmetric Key EncryptionPublic Key CryptographyExtensible Authentication ProtocolsPoint-to-Point protocol and Pseudo random numbers
Analysis and design of hybrid double-absorption cooling systems for low grade thermal energy applications (1980)

A hybrid double-absorption system using LiCl-H/sub 2/O solution as a working fluid is proposed in this paper. This system can operate at low source temperature (55-80/degree/C), requires lower blower power than a desiccant system, and has a higher system C.O.P. A modification of this system, a double absorption-evaporation system that provides even higher C.O.P. is also proposed. 16 refs.
Optimizing wavelet transform based on supervised learning for detection of microcalcifications in digital mammograms (2002)

A novel technique for optimizing the wavelet transform to enhance and detect microcalcifications in mammograms was developed based on the supervised learning method. In the learning process, a cost function is formulated to represent the difference between a desired output and the reconstructed image obtained from weighted wavelet coefficients for a given mammogram. This cost function is then minimized by modifying the weights for wavelet coefficients via a conjugate gradient algorithm. The Least Asymmetric Daubechies' wavelets were optimized with 44 regions-of-interest as the training set using a jackknife method. The performance of the optimized wavelets achieved a sensitivity of 90% with specificity of 80%, which outperforms the authors' current scheme based on a conventional wavelet transform.
Zigzag-shaped magnetic sensors (2004)

Magnetism in zigzag-shaped thin-film elements is investigated using scanning electron microscopy with polarization analysis, magnetotransport measurements, and micromagnetic simulations. We find that the angle of magnetization alternates along the length of the element, and is strongly correlated to the corrugated edges. We show that this simple and unique geometry can be used as a single-axis magnetic field sensor. In this configuration, the sensors are primarily sensitive to fields parallel to the applied current. Our results can be interpreted in terms of a coherent rotation model of the magnetization. These devices are scalable to nanometer dimensions.
Practical Concerns for Adoption of Microjet Cooling (2018)

As power densities in advanced electronics continue to rise, the need for high performance thermal solutions becomes increasingly important. Liquid jet impingement has been applied to cooling high power-density electronics due to its ability to dissipate large heat fluxes while maintaining an acceptable operating temperature in the device. Recently, microjets have been embedded within the device substrate, forming a compact solution that is highly scalable. Many practical questions remain, however, on whether microjet technology is ready for actual implementation. In this work, we address several important questions that impede adoption of the technology. Numerical analysis and experimental data are provided to demonstrate the tradeoff between thermal performance and driving pressure requirements through pumping analysis. Additional mechanical concerns regarding robustness to clogging and resistance to erosion are addressed through a 1000-hour extended lifetime test.