gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gigapixel Computational Imaging (2011)

Today, consumer cameras produce photographs with tens of millions of pixels. The recent trend in image sensor resolution seems to suggest that we will soon have cameras with billions of pixels. However, the resolution of any camera is fundamentally limited by geometric aberrations. We derive a scaling law that shows that, by using computations to correct for aberrations, we can create cameras with unprecedented resolution that have low lens complexity and compact form factor. In this paper, we present an architecture for gigapixel imaging that is compact and utilizes a simple optical design. The architecture consists of a ball lens shared by several small planar sensors, and a post-capture image processing stage. Several variants of this architecture are shown for capturing a contiguous hemispherical field of view as well as a complete spherical field of view. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our architecture by showing example images captured with two proof-of-concept gigapixel cameras.
Lossless high-index contrast distributed Bragg reflector (2003)

Summary form only given. We show that lossless high index contrast structures can be achieved without affecting device performance. This approach can be extended to 3D and to more elaborate photonic structures. It will open the door to a new class of lossless photonic devices for applications in planar all-optical circuits.
Image transmission using arithmetic coding based continuous error detection (2002)

Block cyclic redundancy check (CRC) codes represent a popular and powerful class of error detection techniques in modern data communication systems. Though efficient, CRCs can detect errors only after an entire block of data has been received and processed. We propose a new "continuous" error detection scheme using arithmetic coding that provides a novel tradeoff between the amount of added redundancy and the amount of time needed to detect an error once it occurs. We demonstrate how the new error detection framework improves the overall performance of transmission systems, and show how sizeable performance gains can be attained. We focus on two popular scenarios: (i) automatic repeat request (ARQ) based transmission; and (ii) forward error correction frameworks based on (serially) concatenated coding systems involving an inner error-correction code and an outer error-detection code.
Optimization of TCP segment size for file transfer (1997)

In this paper, we study the problem of optimal Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) segment size for file transfer from hosts to clients. The criterion of optimality is the minimization of the amount of TCP and IP (Internet Protocol) processing by the sender. The parameters that govern the host-processing cost include the cost for processing both the outgoing TCP segments and incoming TCP acknowledgments, the TCP window size, the maximum transferable unit (MTU) size of the network, and the network reliability factor. We study the variations of the sender processing cost as a function of the TCP segment size and the network reliability factor. We show that there exists a network reliability factor γ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> such that 1) for all network reliability factors γ ≤ γ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> , the optimal TCP segment size equals the MTU size less the sizes of the TCP and IP headers (the sender processing cost increases with the TCP segment size in this case); and 2) for each γ > γ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> , there exists an optimal TCP segment size that is greater than the MTU size. Moreover, the optimal TCP segment size is an increasing function of the network reliability factor. We also derive a sufficient condition for the optimal TCP segment size to be greater than the MTU size. In this case, a lower bound for the optimal TCP segment size can be obtained as a simple function of the network reliability factor.
CD44-Targeting for Antitumor Drug Delivery: A New SN-38-Hyaluronan Bioconjugate for Locoregional Treatment of Peritoneal Carcinomatosis (2011)

An innovative approach for cancer therapy implies the use of drugs covalently conjugated to macromolecular carriers that specifically target molecules over-expressed on tumor cells. This drug delivery strategy may allow a controlled release of the drug and a high targeting selectivity on tumor cells, increasing drug cytotoxicity and decreasing its undesirable side effects. We provide in vitro and in vivo preclinical data on the antitumor efficacy of ONCOFID™-S, a new bioconjugate of hyaluronic acid (HA) with SN-38 (the CPT11 active metabolite), that support the validity of the drug delivery strategy implying the use of HA as macromolecular carrier of antineoplastic drugs, an approach based on the over-expression of its target CD44 (the receptor for HA-mediated motility) in a wide variety of cancers. We show that ONCOFID™-S exerts a strong in vitro anti-proliferative activity on CD44 over-expressing rat DHD/K12/trb colon adenocarcinoma cells, as well as on gastric, breast, oesophageal, ovarian and lung human cancer cells, higher than that exerted by unconjugated SN-38. We also demonstrated the in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of locoregional treatment with ONCOFID™-S on two pre-clinical models of colorectal cancer (CRC) in BDIX rats: a) syngeneic model of subcutaneous tumor; b) syngeneic model of metastatic tumor induced by injection of cells into the peritoneal cavity, mimicking the clinical situation of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Specifically, in the latter model ONCOFID™-S is able to dramatically reduce all parameters indicative of a poor prognosis in peritoneal metastatization of CRC without any myelotoxicity or mesothelial inflammation. We propose this CD44-targeted therapeutic strategy for locoregional treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis from CRC, against which systemic chemotherapy results almost inefficient.
Wide‐band characteristics of fin ferrite electromagnetic wave absorber (1994)

Abstract Fin electromagnetic wave absorbers are proposed in which the sintered ferrite plates are placed in the direction perpendicular to the electric field of the incident electromagnetic field. By numerical calculations, it is shown that this structure has a broadband reflection suppressing characteristic. The characteristics of the absorbers in terms of the structural parameters of the absorber and ferrite permeability are shown, and it is found that the optimum structure of the absorber for a broadband operation depends on the permeability of the ferrite. Further, by means of the model experiment, the broadband characteristics of the proposed absorber are demonstrated.
Determination of the Enantiomeric Composition of Guest Molecules by Chemometric Analysis of the UV−Visible Spectra of Cyclodextrin Guest−Host Complexes (2003)

Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to the UV spectra of a series of solutions at pH 12 containing a fixed concentration (30 mM) of beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and a fixed concentration (15 mM) of 2-phenylglycine (phi-Gly) with various known enantiomeric compositions. Multivariate correlation of the spectral data for the solutions containing the phi-Gly/beta-CD guest-host complexes with the known enantiomeric composition of the phi-Gly samples was accomplished by partial-least-squares regression. When the multivariate model was used to predict the enantiomeric purity of a test set of samples over the mol fraction range of 0.5-0.9 R-phi-Gly, the average magnitude of the relative errors in the mol fraction determination of enantiomeric composition was 3%. A plot of the enantiomeric composition predicted by the model versus the known enantiomeric composition of the calibration set gave a straight line with a correlation coefficient of 0.955, a slope of 1.05, and an offset of 5.61 x 10-4.
Reducing Spontaneous Emission in Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics by a Combined Readout/Filter Technique (2015)

Physical implementations of qubits can be extremely sensitive to environmental coupling, which can result in decoherence. While efforts are made for protection, coupling to the environment is necessary to measure and manipulate the state of the qubit. As such, the goal of having long qubit energy relaxation times is in competition with that of achieving high-fidelity qubit control and measurement. Here, we propose a method that integrates filtering techniques for preserving superconducting qubit lifetimes together with the dispersive coupling of the qubit to a microwave resonator for control and measurement. The result is a compact circuit that protects qubits from spontaneous loss to the environment, while also retaining the ability to perform fast, high-fidelity readout. Importantly, we show the device operates in a regime that is attainable with current experimental parameters and provide a specific example for superconducting qubits in circuit quantum electrodynamics.
Genetically modified live attenuated parasites as vaccines for leishmaniasis. (2006)

Leishmaniasis causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide and is an important public health problem. Even though it is endemic in developing countries in tropical regions of the world,in recent years economic globalization and increased travel has extended its reach to people in developed countries. Leishmania is usually spread by the bite of the female sandfly. In addition, naïve populations can be exposed to Leishmania infection through transfusion of blood and blood products from infected asymptomatic individuals. There are several clinical forms of leishmaniasis caused by different species of the parasite. In some cases, the only possible cure for this disease is drug treatment. However, prolonged use of such drugs has led to parasite drug resistance. At present there are no effective vaccines against Leishmania. Many vaccine strategies have been pursued, including the use of whole cell lysate, killed, avirulent or irradiated parasites. Additionally, DNA vaccines and purified or recombinant parasite antigens have also been tested. Most of these strategies have shown some degree of effectiveness in animal models but little or no protection in humans. There is now a general consensus among Leishmania vaccine researchers that parasite persistence may be important for effective protective response and could be achieved by live attenuated parasite immunization. In this article we reviewed the efforts in developing genetically defined live attenuated Leishmania parasites as vaccine candidates with the goal of achieving a low level of parasite persistence without being virulent in the host and inducing protective immunity.
Oral administration of pyrophosphate inhibits connective tissue calcification (2017)

Various disorders including pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) and generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI), which are caused by inactivating mutations in <i>ABCC6</i> and <i>ENPP1</i>, respectively, present with extensive tissue calcification due to reduced plasma pyrophosphate (PPi). However, it has always been assumed that the bioavailability of orally administered PPi is negligible. Here, we demonstrate increased PPi concentration in the circulation of humans after oral PPi administration. Furthermore, in mouse models of PXE and GACI, oral PPi provided via drinking water attenuated their ectopic calcification phenotype. Noticeably, provision of drinking water with 0.3 mM PPi to mice heterozygous for inactivating mutations in <i>Enpp1</i> during pregnancy robustly inhibited ectopic calcification in their <i>Enpp1</i><sup>-/-</sup> offspring. Our work shows that orally administered PPi is readily absorbed in humans and mice and inhibits connective tissue calcification in mouse models of PXE and GACI PPi, which is recognized as safe by the FDA, therefore not only has great potential as an effective and extremely low-cost treatment for these currently intractable genetic disorders, but also in other conditions involving connective tissue calcification.
Note: Accurate determination of thickness of multiple layers of thin film deposited on a piezoelectric quartz crystal (2013)

Modern day piezoelectric quartz crystal microbalances for thin film deposition control are based on Z-match equation, which is mathematically valid for deposition of a single material on a given quartz crystal. When multiple layers are deposited, thickness and deposition rate errors accumulate due to mismatch of acoustic impedance of different materials. Here we present a novel method, based on the acoustic transfer matrix formalism, for accurate determination of thickness of an arbitrary number of layers of dissimilar materials deposited on a quartz crystal. Laboratory data show excellent accuracy of the method compared to conventional Z-match equation.
Robust, universal biomarker assay to detect senescent cells in biological specimens (2016)

Cellular senescence contributes to organismal development, aging, and diverse pathologies, yet available assays to detect senescent cells remain unsatisfactory. Here, we designed and synthesized a lipophilic, biotin-linked Sudan Black B (SBB) analogue suitable for sensitive and specific, antibody-enhanced detection of lipofuscin-containing senescent cells in any biological material. This new hybrid histo-/immunochemical method is easy to perform, reliable, and universally applicable to assess senescence in biomedicine, from cancer research to gerontology.
All-Optical Label Swapping for the Future Internet (2002)

All-optical label swapping (AOLS), an approach to transparently route IP packets all-optically, can revolutionize the future Internet. AOLS uses optical encapsulation to route packets independent of their bit-rate, format or length. Photonic technologies like rapidly tunable all-optical wavelength converters play a key role in realizing AOLS. This article also covers semiconductor optical amplifier and nonlinear optical-fiber-based wavelength converter implementations. Results of an AOLS systems demonstration with 40-Gbit/s packets are shown.
Semaphorin 3A – a marker for disease activity and a potential putative disease-modifying treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus (2012)

Semaphorin 3A (sema3A) and neuropilin-1 (NP-1) play a regulatory role in immune responses and have a demonstrated effect on the course of collagen-induced arthritis. Sema3A was also found to be involved in other immune-mediated diseases, e.g. psoriasis and allergic rhinitis. In this review we concentrated on the involvement of sema3A and NP-1 in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and on the specific effect of sema3A on the auto-reactive properties of B cells in SLE patients. We demonstrated the expression of sema3A in renal biopsies from lupus glomerulonephritis patients. This expression was found to be inversely correlated with proteinuria and kidney function tests. Sema3A serum levels in SLE patients were found to be significantly lower than in RA patients (disease control) and lower yet than in normal individuals. Altered serum sema3A levels were found to be in inverse correlation with SLE disease activity, mainly with renal damage and the presence of anti-cardiolipin antibodies. The expression of both sema3A and NP-1 on B cells from SLE patients was significantly different in comparison with normal healthy individuals. Finally, we demonstrated that when sema3A was co-cultured with CpG-ODN-stimulated memory B cells of SLE patients, their TLR-9 expression was significantly reduced by almost 50% (p = 0.001). These findings, along with the observation of sema3A being reduced in SLE patients in correlation with disease severity and autoimmunity, and memory B cells being beneficially responsive to sema3A, suggest this regulatory molecule may be considered as a potential therapy for SLE. Such focused therapies will help in achieving the maintenance of self-tolerance and alter pro-inflammatory status in lupus.
WE‐C‐220‐01: Histotripsy without Cavitation (2011)

Purpose: Histotripsy is an exciting new mechanism for ablating tissue in that it completely emulsifies tissue, leaving nothing behind but a liquid‐like slurry. Although clinical applications of this approach are still to be tested, it offers high promise for the use of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) for therapy. Accordingly to the conventional approach, short (microsecond‐length) pulses of very high amplitude ultrasound are used to induce intense cavitation, which mechanically disrupts the tissue. We have developed an approach that involves longer (millisecond‐length) pulses. These high amplitude pulses develop into shock waves that induce superheated boiling in the tissue, resulting in very efficient tissue emulsification. Methods. Experiments have been undertaken in a variety of tissues and tissue phantoms; we particularly prefer transparent tissue mimicking materials that permit high‐speed photography. Histotripsy lesions (essentially holes in tissue) were generated in these materials under acoustic exposures that have been reported in clinical applications. Imaging modalities include MR, ultrasound, and high‐speed photography. Results. When ultrasound imaging is used to examine HIFU‐induced, thermal‐lesion formation, the appearance of hyperechogenicity often occurs. Although this hyperechogenicity has typically been associated with the occurrence of cavitation, we have determined that cavitation seldom generates enough backscatter to be detectable; rather, hyperechogenicity is more often associated with boiling. In particular, we have observed that when the HIFU intensity is sufficiently high that shock formation occurs, boiling can occur in milliseconds. The appearance of a hyperechoic echo is an accurate focus monitoring technique. Modeling, using weak shock theory, supports this occurrence of boiling. The time‐to‐boil can accurately be predicted by modeling and is very reproducible. Conclusions: Histotripsy can be generated by shock‐wave‐induced boiling, an approach that offers many attractive features.
AnomalyDetect: Anomaly Detection for Preserving Availability of Virtualized Cloud Services (2017)

In this paper, we present AnomalyDetect, an approach for detecting anomalies in cloud services. A cloud service consists of a set of interacting applications/processes running on one or more interconnected virtual machines. AnomalyDetect uses the Kalman Filter as the basis for predicting the states of virtual machines running cloud services. It uses the cloud service's virtual machine historical data to forecast potential anomalies. AnomalyDetect has been integrated with the AutoMigrate framework and serves as the means for detecting anomalies to automatically trigger live migration of cloud services to preserve their availability. AutoMigrate is a framework for developing intelligent systems that can monitor and migrate cloud services to maximize their availability in case of cloud disruption. We conducted a number of experiments to analyze the performance of the proposed AnomalyDetect approach. The experimental results highlight the feasibility of AnomalyDetect as an approach to autonomic cloud availability.
The promise of bispecific antibodies. (2004)

Extract: While monoclonal antibodies closely resemble the naturally occurring immune defense proteins, bispecific antibodies (i.e., antibodies detecting two different antigens) are not found in nature. Both types of antibodies share the feature of antigen specificity that is mediated by the presence of a unique antigen binding site on the antibody. Antigen binding sites exclusively interact with a particular molecular part of an antigen, known as an epitope. Monoclonal IgG (immunoglobulin G) antibodies carry two antigen binding sites for the same epitope, while bispecific antibodies are equipped with two different antigen binding sites with the potential to link two epitopes that could be present on two different cell types. Murine monoclonal antibodies first became available through the hybridoma technology developed by Köhler and Milstein in 1975. Since then they have been improved for therapeutic use by chimerization (only the antigen binding sites remain murine, all other antibody parts are of human origin, e.g., Erbitux), humanization (only the six subregions of the antigen binding site that actually contact the epitope remain murine, e.g., Avastin) or the recovery of fully human antibodies from phage display libraries or from mice transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes (e.g., ABX-EGF, an investigational drug). Several monoclonal antibodies have been approved for human therapy in various disease indications acting either as receptor antagonists, neutralizers of protein receptor ligands or through the recruitment of immune effector functions against pathogenic cells.
A generalized fluid system simulation program to model flow distribution in fluid networks (1998)

This paper describes a general purpose computer program for analyzing steady state and transient flow in a complex network. The program is capable of modeling phase changes, compressibility, mixture thermodynamics and external body forces such as gravity and centrifugal. The program's preprocessor allows the user to interactively develop a fluid network simulation consisting of nodes and branches. Mass, energy and specie conservation equations are solved at the nodes; the momentum conservation equations are solved in the branches. The program contains subroutines for computing "real fluid" thermodynamic and thermophysical properties for 33 fluids. The fluids are: helium, methane, neon, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, fluorine, hydrogen, parahydrogen, water, kerosene (RP-1), isobutane, butane, deuterium, ethane, ethylene, hydrogen sulfide, krypton, propane, xenon, R-11, R-12, R-22, R-32, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134A, R-152A, nitrogen trifluoride and ammonia. The program also provides the options of using any incompressible fluid with constant density and viscosity or ideal gas. Seventeen different resistance/source options are provided for modeling momentum sources or sinks in the branches. These options include: pipe flow, flow through a restriction, non-circular duct, pipe flow with entrance and/or exit losses, thin sharp orifice, thick orifice, square edge reduction, square edge expansion, rotating annular duct, rotating radial duct, labyrinth seal, parallel plates, common fittings and valves, pump characteristics, pump power, valve with a given loss coefficient, and a Joule-Thompson device. The system of equations describing the fluid network is solved by a hybrid numerical method that is a combination of the Newton-Raphson and successive substitution methods. This paper also illustrates the application and verification of the code by comparison with Hardy Cross method for steady state flow and analytical solution for unsteady flow.