gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Critical Review of Cellulose Solvent Systems (1977)

Cellulose is the most abundant renewable, organic raw material available in the world today. Yet, for all it's availability, it has still not reached its potential utility in many areas of application. One of the major reasons for this is that many end-use applications require that cellulose be in a different form from that found in nature. In most of these applications, it is necessary first to dissolve cellulose in some manner and then to re-form it from such solutions into the desired products. It is this very important dissolving step which has proved to be either cumbersome or expensive compared to alternate materials which compete for market positions. In many cases only cellulose has the desirable properties required for end product use and, in these instances, the methods required to achieve cellulose solution present potential hazards and pollution control problems. Thus, improved techniques for dissolving cellulose are urgently needed
Mechanism of multisoliton formation and soliton energy quantization in passively mode-locked fiber lasers (2005)

We report results of numerical simulations on multiple-soliton generation and soliton energy quantization in a soliton fiber ring laser passively mode locked by using the nonlinear polarization rotation technique. We found numerically that the formation of multiple solitons in the laser is caused by a peak-power-limiting effect of the laser cavity. It is also the same effect that suppresses the soliton pulse collapse, an intrinsic feature of solitons propagating in gain media, and makes the solitons stable in the laser. Furthermore, we show that the soliton energy quantization observed in the lasers is a natural consequence of the gain competition between the multiple solitons. Enlightened by the numerical result we speculate that multisoliton formation and soliton energy quantization observed in other types of soliton fiber lasers could have a similar mechanism.
Efficient and Stereodivergent Syntheses of <scp>D</scp>‐ and <scp>L</scp>‐Fagomines and Their Analogues (2008)

Abstract The syntheses of D ‐ and L ‐fagomines 1 , 4 , 5 and 6 and their isomers from starting D ‐glycals have been achieved. The syntheses involve elaboration of common amino alcohol precursors obtained from 2‐deoxy‐1‐amino sugar derivatives. The key steps in the syntheses are intramolecular reductive amination and intramolecular N‐heterocyclization. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Improved Parsing and POS Tagging Using Inter-Sentence Consistency Constraints (2012)

State-of-the-art statistical parsers and POS taggers perform very well when trained with large amounts of in-domain data. When training data is out-of-domain or limited, accuracy degrades. In this paper, we aim to compensate for the lack of available training data by exploiting similarities between test set sentences. We show how to augment sentence-level models for parsing and POS tagging with inter-sentence consistency constraints. To deal with the resulting global objective, we present an efficient and exact dual decomposition decoding algorithm. In experiments, we add consistency constraints to the MST parser and the Stanford part-of-speech tagger and demonstrate significant error reduction in the domain adaptation and the lightly supervised settings across five languages.
Skin phototyping in a Chinese female population: analysis of four hundred and four cases from four major cities of China (2006)

From the study we concluded that the skin types of the investigated Chinese females are principally type III (more than 70%), and then type II and type IV. The different ways of answering the questionnaire did not affect the results remarkably. The measurements of photobiology parameters confirmed that there is a certain correlation between skin types and MED or MPPD determined in this group of volunteers.
Bitumen Extraction by Expanding Solvent-Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (ES-SAGD) with Asphaltene Solvents and Non-Solvents (2014)

Abstract Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is a proven enhanced oil recovery technique for oil sand extraction. However, the environmental and economic challenges associated with steam generation limit the application of this technology. To address these issues, we investigated the effectiveness of Expanding Solvent SAGD (ES-SAGD) over base SAGD on a bitumen sample (8.8 °API). Experimental studies are conducted with a two-dimensional physical model. Different strategies for solvent injection are tested (co-injection and cyclic injection) to examine the deposition of polar fractions of the bitumen on porous media or producing polar fractions with non-polar ones. To investigate the level of oil upgrading while toluene is used as asphaltene soluble solvent, n-hexane was selected as asphaltene insoluble. Steam chamber development is monitored with temperature profiles from 47 separate positions. Steam oil ratios, solvent oil ratios, and the level of oil upgrading in terms of viscosity reduction and API gravity improvement are evaluated together. Environmental footprints of SAGD with ES-SAGD are discussed in terms of solvent toxicity, total produced greenhouse gases, and asphaltene precipitation with FTIR analysis on postmortem samples. Furthermore, the energy intensity of the processes is assessed by considering steam generation and solvent costs. This study reveals that co-injection of hydrocarbon solvents with steam enhances the steam chamber development with higher oil production rate. Moreover, ES-SAGD results in recovery of more upgraded oil and has less environment impact. We observe that the selection of the solvent type and injection strategy are the most crucial parameters for the design of hybrid SAGD process and solvent cost can be minimized by using the recycled solvent for continuous injection of solvents. High energy consumption for steam generation during SAGD process can be reduced by co-injection with steam proper solvent type at proper injection strategy. This experimental study reveals that ES-SAGD process has environmental and economic benefits over base SAGD. However, some solvents can cause undesirable effects due to the asphaltene destabilization and precipitation in production or transportation lines. Results of this work can be used to better address solvent interaction with polar components during SAGD.
Design of a 13.56 MHz RFID system (2006)

This paper presents a 13.56 MHz RFID reader that can be used as a door-lock for home security. The RFID reader consists of a transmitter, a receiver, and a data processing block. To verify the operation of the developed RFID reader, we present both a PSPICE simulation for transmitter/receiver and a digital simulation for data processing block. In particular, a CRC block for error detection of received data and a Manchester decoding block for position detection of collided data are designed using VHDL. In addition, we applied a binary search algorithm to multi-tag anti-collision. The anti-collision procedure is carried out by PIC microcontroller on software. Both the experimental and simulation results show that the developed reader can provide the right multi-tag recognition
Robust industrial control with optimized decoupling in roll-to-roll systems: New approaches using finite element modeling of the Web (2015)

Roll-to-roll systems handling web material such as papers, polymers, textiles or metals are very common in the industry. Web handling systems are recently used to produce new technologies such as printed semi-conductors, thin solar panels, printed electronics, etc. In web handling systems, one of the main objectives is to reach a good accuracy of web tension and web speed. For the tuning of machineries, one-dimensional models are commonly used and they do not take into account several three-dimensional mechanical phenomena initiated by lateral components of the elastic web dynamics. It is necessary to develop new models in order to optimize roll-to-roll systems. This paper presents for the first time robust control applied to web dynamics modeled in 3D, including web tension decoupling between consecutive web spans.
Un criminaliste bourguignon : François Serpillon (1695-1772) (1991)

International audience
Workers in Developing Societies (2023)

To talk about a "working class" in the developing societies of Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean and the Middle East might initially appear premature, both in a numerical and sociological sense. But the relative invisibility of the working class in developing societies also arises from persistent misconceptions at the political and ideological levels. In another sense, it was not in the interests of colonial capital to detach workers too violently or completely from the land: their low-wage policies could then be justified by reference to the idea that workers had a supplementary income from their agricultural produce. The working class in peripheral countries is thus set for an enormous quantitative expansion, especially if the number of workers in the small open-air sweat shops is considered. There is little evidence to suggest that the urban poor, the small-scale traders, or the peasantry have accepted the image of selfish unionised urban workers held by planners, officials and politicians.
Designing coaxial ground heat exchangers with a thermally enhanced outer pipe (2015)

Ground heat exchangers installed in boreholes are an expensive component of a ground-coupled heat pump system, where minimizing the borehole length with appropriate materials and configuration can reduce the overall cost of the system. Design calculations performed analytically indicate that the coaxial pipe configuration can be more advantageous than the single U-pipe configuration to reduce the total borehole length of a system. A decrease of the borehole thermal resistance and an increase of the thermal mass of water contained in the coaxial exchanger helped to reduce borehole length by up to 23% for a synthetic building load profile dominated by cooling. The decrease of the borehole thermal resistance was achieved with an outer pipe made of thermally enhanced high-density polyethylene, where the thermal conductivity is 0.7 W m-1 K-1. The coaxial configuration requires further investigations of the technical barriers related to the installation of ground heat exchangers in the field.
High‐Performance Single‐Crystalline Perovskite Thin‐Film Photodetector (2018)

The best performing modern optoelectronic devices rely on single-crystalline thin-film (SC-TF) semiconductors grown epitaxially. The emerging halide perovskites, which can be synthesized via low-cost solution-based methods, have achieved substantial success in various optoelectronic devices including solar cells, lasers, light-emitting diodes, and photodetectors. However, to date, the performance of these perovskite devices based on polycrystalline thin-film active layers lags behind the epitaxially grown semiconductor devices. Here, a photodetector based on SC-TF perovskite active layer is reported with a record performance of a 50 million gain, 70 GHz gain-bandwidth product, and a 100-photon level detection limit at 180 Hz modulation bandwidth, which as far as we know are the highest values among all the reported perovskite photodetectors. The superior performance of the device originates from replacing polycrystalline thin film by a thickness-optimized SC-TF with much higher mobility and longer recombination time. The results indicate that high-performance perovskite devices based on SC-TF may become competitive in modern optoelectronics.
Synthesis of <i>cis,syndiotactic</i> ROMP Polymers Containing Alternating Enantiomers (2011)

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of rac-endo,exo-5,6-dicarbomethoxynorbornene (inter alia) yields a cis,syndio,alt-polymer, one in which the sequential units in the cis,syndiotactic polymer consist of alternating enantiomers. Cis selectivity arises through addition of the monomer to produce an all-cis-metallacyclobutane intermediate, while syndioselectivity and alternating enantiomer structures arise as a consequence of inversion of configuration at the metal center with each metathesis step.
High Frame Rate Capture and Production (2015)

This paper describes the challenges of capturing at high frame rates (typically 120fps) including issues of lighting, camera movement and shutter angle (exposure time). We report on the results of testing a variety of typical motion sequences (sports, dance, fighting, vehicles) with both camera pans, steady-cam, zooms and locked-off shots. In addition green screen captures have provided insight into matting scenes at high frame rates to determine if there is benefit to using higher frame rates for that application — We discuss how these factors affect the ability to post produce content both in high frame rate (120) as well as lower frame rates (24, 25, 30, 50 and 60). There are a variety of frame rate conversion techniques and we will explain how these techniques work as well as describe the results of using these techniques. — We have explored the ability to control motion blur in a scene by adding synthetic blur to a HFR sequence. The motion blur can be adaptive to the scene content as well as different elements in the scene. Future work and areas of interest will be discussed.
Isotopomer Measurement Techniques in Metabolic Flux Analysis II: Mass Spectrometry (2013)

Mass spectrometry (MS) offers a sensitive, reliable, and highly accurate method for measurement of isotopic labeling, which is required for generating comprehensive flux maps using metabolic flux analysis (MFA). We present protocols for assessing isotope labeling in a wide range of biochemical species, including proteinogenic amino acids, free organic and amino acids, sugar phosphates, lipids, starch-glucose, and RNA-ribose. We describe the steps of sample preparation, MS analysis, and data handling required to obtain high-quality isotope labeling measurements that are applicable to MFA. By selecting target analytes that maximize identifiability of the key fluxes of interest, MS measurements of isotope labeling can provide a powerful platform for assessing metabolic fluxes in complex biochemical networks.
Vehicle and cargo container inspection system for drugs (1999)

A vehicle and cargo container inspection system has been developed which uses gamma-ray radiography to produce digital images useful for detection of drugs and other contraband. The system is comprised of a 1 Ci Cs137 gamma-ray source collimated into a fan beam which is aligned with a linear array of NaI gamma-ray detectors located on the opposite side of the container. The NaI detectors are operated in the pulse-counting mode. A digital image of the vehicle or container is obtained by moving the aligned source and detector array relative to the object. Systems have been demonstrated in which the object is stationary (source and detector array move on parallel tracks) and in which the object moves past a stationary source and detector array. Scanning speeds of ∼30 cm/s with a pixel size (at the object) of ∼1 cm have been achieved. Faster scanning speeds of ∼2 m/s have been demonstrated on railcars with more modest spatial resolution (4 cm pixels). Digital radiographic images are generated from the detector count rates. These images, recorded on a PC-based data acquisition and display system, are shown from several applications: 1) inspection of trucks and containers at a border crossing, 2) inspection of railcars at a border crossing, 3) inspection of outbound cargo containers for stolen automobiles, and 4) inspection of trucks and cars for terrorist bombs.
How First‐Time‐in‐Human Studies Are Being Performed: A Survey of Phase I Dose‐Escalation Trials in Healthy Volunteers Published Between 1995 and 2004 (2005)

First-time-in-human studies are small, time-lagged dose-escalation studies including volunteer subjects evaluating safety and tolerability. There is little consensus in the design of a first-time-in-human study, and it is difficult to get an overview of studies performed. One hundred five studies comprising 3323 healthy volunteers published in the 5 major clinical pharmacology journals since 1995 were analyzed. The average trial was placebo controlled, double blind including 32 subjects at 5 dose levels but with great variation in cohort size and dose-escalation method. The parallel single-dose design was the most common design, with the crossover designs being more frequent in the early publications. Despite discussions on the optimization of phase I trials, little seems to be happening. The development of study designs and evaluation methods for cancer trials is extensive, but formal statistically based methods and more scientific study designs are unusual in phase I dose-escalation trials in healthy volunteers.
Dissecting the roles of endothelin,TGF-β and GM-CSF on myofibroblast differentiation by keratinocytes (2004)

Myofibroblasts are specialized fibroblasts that contribute to wound healing by producing extracellular matrix and by contracting the granulation tissue. They appear in a phase of wound healing when the dermis strongly interacts with activated epidermal keratinocytes. Direct co-culture with keratinocytes upregulates TGFbeta activity and also induces fibroblast to differentiate into alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA)-positive myofibroblasts. TGF-beta activity alone cannot completely account for alphaSMA induction in these co-cultures, and here we analyze mechanical force generation, another potent inducer of myofibroblast differentiation in this model. Using deformable silicone substrates, we show that contractile activity of fibroblasts is already induced after 1-2-days of co-culture, when fibroblasts are generally alphaSMA negative. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), the most potent inducer of smooth muscle cell contraction, was up-regulated in co-cultures, while blocking ET-1 with the ET receptor inhibitor PD156252 inhibited contraction in these early co-cultures. In 4-5 days of co-culture, however, fibroblast contractile activity correlated with an increased expression of alphaSMA expression. Stimulation of fibroblast mono-cultures with ET-1 in a low serum medium did not induce alphaSMA expression; however, ET-1 did synergize with TGF-beta. Surprisingly, GM-CSF, another mediatorstimulating myofibroblast differentiation in granulation tissue, inhibited alphaSMA expression in fibroblasts, costimulated with TGF-beta and ET-1. GM-CSF activated NFkappaB, thus interfering with TGF-beta signaling. Blocking TGFbeta and ET-1 largely impaired alphaSMA induction in co-cultures at day 7 and, in combination, almost completely prevented alphaSMA induction. Our results dissect the roles of TGF-beta and ET-1 on mechanical force generation in keratinocyte-fibroblast co-cultures, and identify GM-CSF as an inducer of myofibroblasts acting indirectly.
Egocentric recognition of handled objects: Benchmark and analysis (2009)

Recognizing objects being manipulated in hands can provide essential information about a person's activities and have far-reaching impacts on the application of vision in everyday life. The egocentric viewpoint from a wearable camera has unique advantages in recognizing handled objects, such as having a close view and seeing objects in their natural positions. We collect a comprehensive dataset and analyze the feasibilities and challenges of the egocentric recognition of handled objects. We use a lapel-worn camera and record uncompressed video streams as human subjects manipulate objects in daily activities. We use 42 day-to-day objects that vary in size, shape, color and textureness. 10 video sequences are shot for each object under different illuminations and backgrounds. We use this dataset and a SIFT-based recognition system to analyze and quantitatively characterize the main challenges in egocentric object recognition, such as motion blur and hand occlusion, along with its unique constraints, such as hand color, location prior and temporal consistency. SIFT-based recognition has an average recognition rate of 12%, and reaches 20% through enforcing temporal consistency. We use simulations to estimate the upper bound for SIFT-based recognition at 64%, the loss of accuracy due to background clutter at 20%, and that of hand occlusion at 13%. Our quantitative evaluations show that the egocentric recognition of handled objects is a challenging but feasible problem with many unique characteristics and many opportunities for future research.
Fine Structure and Superplasticity in Ultrahigh Carbon Steels. (1977)

This program has centered on the thermal-mechanical processing of steels containing 1 to 2.3%C and their properties. These ultrahigh carbon (UHC) steels have been commercially neglected because of a traditional belief that they are brittle. The processing however leads to the formation of extremely fine cementite particles of about 1/10 micron (0.0001 mm) in a matrix of extremely fine ferrite grains of about 1 micron (0.001 mm) or less. This fine structure lends itself to several unique and exciting characteristics which revolutionize the traditional attitudes to these materials. In the first place these fine grained steels are superplastic at warm temperatures and elongations to failure of over 1500% have now been obtained. This means that these materials can be very easily formed. Second, they are strong and ductile at room temperature and the strength can be simply controlled by the final processing temperature or subsequent heat treatment. Third, they can be given a simple transformation heat treatment to form a structure of cementite and martensite which is about as hard as tungsten carbide.
Laser-Based People Tracking (2002)

In this paper, we describe a method for real-time tracking of objects with multiple laser range-finders covering a workspace in a parallel and distributed fashion. Tracking people is a popular problem in machine vision. Here we adapt the methods used in vision to planar laser scanners. We group range measurements into entities like blobs and objects. With the help of a Kalman Filter (KF), the tracker smooths object paths and estimates its path even when the underlying object is occluded from all the lasers. We finally evaluate the tracker&apos;s performance through four experiments.
Atomic force microscopy study of ultrafiltration membranes: solute interactions and fouling in pulp and paper processing (2002)

Abstract Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to quantify directly the interaction (adhesion) of cellubiose and cellulose with two polymeric ultrafiltration membranes of similar molecular weight cut‐off (MWCO) but different materials (ES404 and EM006, PCI Membranes, UK). Membrane ES404 is made from polyethersulphone alone and EM006 is made of a polyethersulphone–polyacrylate blend chosen specifically to increase the hydrophilic properties and decrease the fouling properties of the membrane. Cellubiose‐modified silica probes were used to quantify the interaction of cellubiose with the clean membranes. Pure cellulose probes were used to quantify the interaction of cellulose with both clean and cellubiose‐fouled membranes. All measurements were made in 10 −2 M NaCl solution. It was found that the cellubiose‐modified probes had three times greater adhesion with the ES404 than with the EM006 membrane. The pure cellulose probe also had greater adhesion with the ES404 membrane. Cellubiose fouling of both membranes gave close to an order of magnitude increase in the adhesion of the cellulose probe. The results show how AFM in conjunction with the colloid probe technique can elucidate surface interactions in solution, in particular how macromolecular adsorption can modify the subsequent adhesion of particulates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.