gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cereal‐in‐the‐Bottle Associated with Increased Time Between Feeds Among a Sample of Low‐Income Women (2015)

The purpose was to describe the prevalence of and reasons for addition of infant cereal to formula bottles. Low-income mothers (n=54) of normal birth weight, healthy, term infants ~2.1 months old, recorded formula intake for 48-hrs, including ounces offered and remaining, and infant cereal if used. Mothers reported reasons for cereal use, when relevant. Nearly half of mothers (46%) reported having ever added cereal to the bottle, with two of the most common reasons being to reduce hunger (44%) and extend sleep (32%) (not mutually exclusive). Thirty-five percent of mothers reported adding cereal to the bottle at least once during the 48-hour recording period ('cereal-users'), with 42% of these adding cereal to all bottles. Mothers offered an average of 33.2+8.1 oz and infants consumed an average of 28.3+7.3 oz. Average bottle size was 4.7+1.3 oz. Though bottle size did not differ by cereal-use (p=0.68), cereal-users offered significantly fewer bottles than non-users (7.0 (4.0-10.5) vs. 7.5 (4.5-10.5) bottles, respectively; p=0.042). Despite this there was no difference between average daily amount of formula offered (p=0.68) or consumed (p=0.67). However, cereal-users reported a significantly longer time between feeds compared to non-users (3.3+0.9 vs. 2.8 + 0.6 hrs; p=0.02), which may indicate longer sleeping bouts or hunger reduction. Though cereal use appeared to extend time between bottles, it did not appear to result in a difference in formula consumption. Cereal's effect on the nutrient composition of bottle contents may be an important factor to consider, as transit time may differ between groups. Funding: USDA/NIFA/AFRI Award -2010-85215-20663.
Bioequivalence of the Emtricitabine/Rilpivirine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Single Tablet Regimen (2013)

Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/RPV/TDF) is a next-generation, once-daily complete antiretroviral single-tablet regimen for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of 2 distinct investigational coformulations of the FTC/RPV/TDF single-tablet regimen (containing emtricitabine 200 mg, rilpivirine 25 mg, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg) compared with the concurrent administration of a 200-mg strength capsule of FTC, a 25-mg strength tablet of RPV, and a 300-mg strength tablet of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy subjects. Thirty-six subjects were randomized in a single-dose, open-label, 3-way crossover study design; 34 subjects completed all study treatments. Serial blood samples were obtained over 192 hours following oral administration of each treatment and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated. Formulation bioequivalence was assessed by 90% confidence intervals (CI) for the ratio of geometric least square means (GMR) for C max , AUC 0-last and AUC inf for each drug of the FTC/RPV/TDF single-tablet regimen versus the individual components. Emtricitabine, rilpivirine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate administered under fed conditions (standardized meal of ~400 kcal) as individual drugs given concurrently or as a fixed-dose combination tablet were generally well tolerated. Of the 2 single-tablet formulations that were tested, a single coformulation (Test Formulation 1) demonstrated bioequivalence to the reference formulation, with 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of the geometric least-squares means contained within the bounds of 80% to 125% for the AUC inf , AUC 0-last , and C max values of emtricitabine, rilpivirine, and tenofovir, and was carried forward as the commercial formulation. This tablet is a next-generation, once-daily single-tablet antiretroviral regimen for the treatment of HIV-1 infection and offers an attractive treatment option to efavirenz-containing regimens.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) Expressed from an AAV1 Vector Leads to a Complete Reversion of Liver Cirrhosis in Rats (2016)

IGF-I modulates liver tissue homeostasis. It is produced by hepatocytes and signals within the liver through IGF-I receptor expressed on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Liver cirrhosis is characterized by marked IGF-I deficiency. Here we compared the effect of two different gene therapy vectors encoding IGF-I as a potential treatment for cirrhotic patients. Rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cirrhosis were treated with controls or with adeno-associated virus 1 (AAV) or simian virus 40 (SV40) vectors expressing IGF-I (AAVIGF-I or SVIGF-I) and molecular and histological studies were performed at 4 days, 8 weeks and 16 weeks. Increased levels of IGF-I were observed in the liver as soon as 4 days after vector administration. Control cirrhotic rats showed increased hepatic expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic factors including transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) together with upregulation of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), a marker of HSC activation. In IGF-I-treated rats the levels of all these molecules were similar to those of healthy controls by week 8 post-therapy. Of note, the decline of TGFβ, CTGF, VEGF and αSMA expression was more rapid in AAVIGF-I treated animals reaching statistical significance by day 4 post-therapy. IGF-I-treated rats showed similar improvement of liver function tests in parallel with upregulation of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), a factor that promotes hepatocellular differentiation. A significant decrease of liver fibrosis, accompanied by upregulation of the hepatoprotective and anti-fibrogenic hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), occurred in all IGF-I-treated rats but complete reversal of liver cirrhosis took place only in AAVIGF-I group. Therefore, AAVIGF-I reverts liver cirrhosis in rats, a capability which deserves clinical testing.
Carvedilol in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension: experience with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. (1994)

An open randomized study was conducted in mild to moderate hypertensive patients to evaluate, over a 3 months treatment period, the efficacy and tolerability of carvedilol 25 mg OD and to compare, in case of insufficient results with 25 mg, the efficacy and tolerance of carvedilol 50 mg and carvedilol 25 mg coadministered with diuretics. Mean office blood pressure (sitting) of the 91 patients who completed the study according to the protocol was reduced from 161/100 to 147/91 mm Hg after 4 weeks of treatment carvedilol 25 mg OD. Continuation of carvedilol 25 mg produced no further reduction in blood pressure. Increasing carvedilol to 50 mg OD or addition of diuretics further reduced blood pressure. Ambulatory blood pressure measurements showed a significant reduction in both SBP and DBP after 3 months treatment in the three groups, as well as with respect to the circadian profile of blood pressure and heart rate. Large differences between ambulatory and office blood pressure were observed: 37% of the patients diagnosed as mild to moderate hypertensives according to office blood pressure before treatment had mean daytime DBP < 90 mm Hg and 39% mean daytime SBP < 140 mm Hg. Twenty-eight percent of the patients experienced adverse events; they occurred mainly at the beginning of treatment; less than 5% of participants withdrew due to adverse events. The most frequent adverse events were fatigue, vertigo and asthenia. This study showed that carvedilol is safe and effective in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension and that there is a high prevalence (nearly 40%) of low ambulatory blood pressure means in a population labelled as mild to moderate hypertensive.
Causal Decision Making and Causal Effect Estimation Are Not the Same... and Why It Matters (2021)

Causal decision making (CDM) based on machine learning has become a routine part of business. Businesses algorithmically target offers, incentives, and recommendations to affect consumer behavior. Recently, we have seen an acceleration of research related to CDM and causal effect estimation (CEE) using machine-learned models. This article highlights an important perspective: CDM is not the same as CEE, and counterintuitively, accurate CEE is not necessary for accurate CDM. Our experience is that this is not well understood by practitioners or most researchers. Technically, the estimand of interest is different, and this has important implications both for modeling and for the use of statistical models for CDM. We draw on prior research to highlight three implications. (1) We should consider carefully the objective function of the causal machine learning, and if possible, optimize for accurate treatment assignment rather than for accurate effect-size estimation. (2) Confounding does not have the same effect on CDM as it does on CEE. The upshot is that for supporting CDM it may be just as good or even better to learn with confounded data as with unconfounded data. Finally, (3) causal statistical modeling may not be necessary to support CDM because a proxy target for statistical modeling might do as well or better. This third observation helps to explain at least one broad common CDM practice that seems wrong at first blush: the widespread use of non-causal models for targeting interventions. The last two implications are particularly important in practice, as acquiring (unconfounded) data on all counterfactuals can be costly and often impracticable. These observations open substantial research ground. We hope to facilitate research in this area by pointing to related articles from multiple contributing fields, including two dozen articles published the last three to four years.
In Vitro Inhibition of Thyroid Hormone Sulfation by Hydroxylated Metabolites of Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (1998)

Earlier studies in our laboratory showed that hydroxylated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) competitively inhibit thyroxine (T4) binding to transthyretin (TTR) and type I deiodinase (D1) activity. In this study, we investigated the possible inhibitory effects of hydroxylated metabolites of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs) on iodothyronine sulfotransferase activity. Rat liver cytosol was used as a source of sulfotransferase enzyme in an in vitro assay with 125I-labeled 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2) as a model substrate. Increasing amounts of hydroxylated PCBs, PCDDs, or PCDFs or extracts from incubation mixtures of PHAHs and induced liver microsomes were added as potential inhibitors of T2 sulfotransferase activity. Hydroxylated metabolites of PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs were found to be potent inhibitors of T2 sulfotransferase activity in vitro with IC50 values in the low micromolar range (0.2-3.8 microM). The most potent inhibitor of T2 sulfotransferase activity in our experiments was the PCB metabolite 3-hydroxy-2,3',4, 4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl with an IC50 value of 0.2 microM. A hydroxyl group in the para or meta position appeared to be an important structural requirement for T2 sulfotransferase inhibition by PCB metabolites. Ortho hydroxy PCBs were much less potent, and none of the parent PHAHs was capable of inhibiting T2 sulfotransferase activity. In addition, the formation of T2 sulfotransferase-inhibiting metabolites of individual brominated diphenyl ethers and nitrofen as well as from some commercial PHAH mixtures (e.g., Bromkal, Clophen A50, and Aroclor 1254) was also demonstrated. These results indicate that hydroxylated PHAHs are potent inhibitors of thyroid hormone sulfation. Since thyroid hormone sulfation may play an important role in regulating free hormone levels in the fetus, and PCB metabolites are known to accumulate in fetal tissues after maternal exposure to PCBs, these observations may have implications for fetal thyroid hormone homeostasis and development.
Thermal transport properties of thin films of small molecule organic semiconductors (2005)

A series of harmonic Joule-heating experiments have been employed to determine the thermal conductivities of thin films of pentacene, N,N′-diphenyl−N,N′-di(3-methylphenyl)−(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine, and tris(8-hydroquinolinato)aluminum, three widely used organic semiconductors. Room-temperature thermal conductivity values of 0.51, 0.24, and 0.48W∕mK were measured for films of these three compounds, respectively. These values are over two orders of magnitude lower than those of inorganic semiconductors. While amorphous films were found to display only small thermal conductivity changes over the temperature range of 228–350 K, pentacene exhibited stronger variations that are typical of phonon-phonon scattering observed in polycrystalline semiconductors.
Accuracy of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame origin and Earth expansion (2011)

The International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) is a fundamental datum for high?precision orbit tracking, navigation, and global change monitoring. Accurately realizing and maintaining ITRF origin at the mean Earth system center of mass (CM) is critical to surface and spacecraft based geodetic measurements including those of sea level rise and its sources. Although ITRF combines data from satellite laser ranging (SLR), Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Global Positioning System (GPS), and Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS), its origin is currently realized by the single technique of SLR. Consequently, it is difficult to independently evaluate the origin accuracy. Also, whether the solid Earth is expanding or shrinking has attracted persistent attention. The expansion rate, if any, has not been accurately determined before, due to insufficient data coverage on the Earth's surface and the presence of other geophysical processes. Here, we use multiple precise geodetic data sets and a simultaneous global estimation platform to determine that the ITRF2008 origin is consistent with the mean CM at the level of 0.5 mm yr?1, and the mean radius of the Earth is not changing to within 1? measurement uncertainty of 0.2 mm yr?1.
Multiple-scattering treatment for small-angle scattering problems (1980)

Analytical explicit expressions have been derived for multiple-scattering effects under assumptions which are usually fulfilled in small-angle scattering. The expressions are used to evaluate quantitatively distortions of scattering patterns caused by multiple scattering. The distortions are discussed in terms of changes of the forward-scattering cross section, the radius of the gyration, the integrated intensity, the Porod region and Porod constant. In addition, the analytical expressions have been used to calculate the scattering cross section of the sample from scattering patterns which are strongly affected by multiple scattering.
TCF4-Targeting miR-124 is Differentially Expressed amongst Dendritic Cell Subsets (2016)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that sample their environment and present antigens to naïve T lymphocytes for the subsequent antigen-specific immune responses. DCs exist in a range of distinct subpopulations including plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and classical DCs (cDCs), with the latter consisting of the cDC1 and cDC2 lineages. Although the roles of DC-specific transcription factors across the DC subsets have become understood, the posttranscriptional mechanisms that regulate DC development are yet to be elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are pivotal posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression in a myriad of biological processes, but their contribution to the immune system is just beginning to surface. In this study, our in-house probe collection was screened to identify miRNAs possibly involved in DC development and function by targeting the transcripts of relevant mouse transcription factors. Examination of DC subsets from the culture of mouse bone marrow with Flt3 ligand identified high expression of miR-124 which was able to target the transcript of TCF4, a transcription factor critical for the development and homeostasis of pDCs. Further expression profiling of mouse DC subsets isolated from in vitro culture as well as via ex vivo purification demonstrated that miR-124 was outstandingly expressed in CD24(+) cDC1 cells compared to in pDCs and CD172α(+) cDC2 cells. These results imply that miR-124 is likely involved in the processes of DC subset development by posttranscriptional regulation of a transcription factor(s).
Linking Transcriptional Elongation and Messenger RNA Export to Metastatic Breast Cancers (2005)

The biochemical pathways that are disrupted in the genesis of sporadic breast cancers remain unclear. Moreover, the present prognosticating markers used to determine the prognosis of node-negative patient leads to probabilistic results, and the eventual clinical course is far from certain. Here we identified the human TREX complex, a multiprotein complex that links transcription elongation to mRNA transport, as culprit of aggressive human breast cancers. We show that whereas p84N5 (called hTREX84) is expressed at very low levels in normal breast epithelial cells, it is highly expressed in breast tumors. Importantly, hTREX84 expression correlates with tumor size and the metastatic state of the tumor progression. Reduction of hTREX84 levels in breast cancer cell lines by small interfering RNA result in inhibition of cellular proliferation and abrogation of mRNA export. These results not only identify hTREX84 as a prognosticator of breast cancer but also delineate human TREX complex as a target for therapeutic drugs against breast cancer.
Implementation of Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography in Percutaneous Mitral Balloon Valvuloplasty and Structural Heart Disease Interventions (2009)

Percutaneous interventions for structural heart disease are performed in a dynamic and complex environment that necessitates multiple imaging modalities to achieve procedural success. Structural interventions are routinely guided by two-dimensional (2D) modalities such as x-ray fluoroscopy, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), and intracardiac echocardiography. Real time imaging with three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography is a novel method of guidance to facilitate complex structural interventions with the promise of greater safety and efficacy. Real time 3D TEE (RT3D-TEE) affords the capability of imaging catheters and devices, the interventional objective, and adjacent structures simultaneously. We present an overview of RT3D-TEE and explore its functionality in structural heart interventions by using percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty as a model.
Effect of Copper on Growth of Yeast (1978)

The effect of copper was tested on the growth of many strains of yeast. Plate culture on density gradient agar of copper was used for estimating the growth response to copper. Growth in many strains was more strongly inhibited by the copper-aquo complex than by the copper-amino acid complex. Debaryomyces hansenii IFO 023 was found a suitable strain for the present study, because it was not resistant, not producing H2S, and copper absorption by this strain was similar to that of the resistant strain. Growth of yeast cells in medium containing copper was affected by pH and concentration of amino acid in medium. Absorption of copper into intact cells was almost saturated for the initial few minutes. It was also affected by the addition of amino acid to copper solution. Our results indicated that the growth response of yeast to copper was closely related to copper absorption into cells. About 60 percent of copper absorbed into cells was distributed in the soluble fraction of the cell homogenate which was obtained by centrifugation at 105,000 g for 60 min.
Modular architectures for adaptive multichannel lattice algorithms (1987)

A modular architecture for adaptive multichannel lattice algorithms is presented. This architecture requires no matrix computations and has a regular structure, which significantly simplifies its implementation as compared to the multichannel (matrix) version of the same algorithms. Because the suggested architecture exhibits a high degree of parallelism and local communication, it is well suited for implementation in dedicated (VLSI) hardware. The derivation of this modular architecture demonstrates a powerful principle for modular decomposition of multichannel recursions into systolic-arraylike architectures. The scope of applicability of this principle extends beyond multichannel lattice (and related least-squares) algorithms to other algorithms involving matrix computations, such as multiplication; factorization, and inversion.
Big Data Transformation Testing Based on Data Reverse Engineering (2015)

During the transformation of huge volume of data, there might exist data mismatch, miscalculation and/or loss of useful data that leads to an unsuccessful data transformation. To check out the occurrence of such possible errors, testing is a crucial requirement. The existing quality testing methods are either unreliable, return biased results, fail to provide answers for data differences or have several limitations which does not treat each and every part of the data into the process. We propose an approach of big data transformation testing based on the concept of data reverse engineering. It is a comprehensive approach that reverse the whole transformation process and does a comparison testing on each and every entry of the data if the original source data can be constructed back from the target data, once successful ETL process is done.
Uniform Coating of Nanometer‐Scale BaTiO <sub>3</sub> Layer on Spherical Ni Particles via Hydrothermal Conversion of Ti‐Hydroxide (2005)

A uniform BaTiO 3 nano layer was coated on spherical Ni particles for multilayer ceramic capacitor applications via a Ti‐hydroxide coating using the controlled hydrolysis of a TiCl 4 butanol solution containing (C 2 H 5 ) 2 NH (diethylamine, DEA) and its subsequent hydrothermal reaction at various [Ba(OH) 2 ], residual [DEA], and hydrothermal temperatures. The hydrothermal conversion was successful at [Ba(OH) 2 ]≥0.065 M (Ba/Ti≥1.3) and T ≥150°C, and the residual DEA in the Ti‐hydroxide coating layer not only affected the formation of the BaTiO 3 phase but also resulted in a rough surface morphology. When a minimal amount of DEA was involved in the formation of Ti‐hydroxide, a uniform BaTiO 3 coating with a clean surface morphology could be attained, which was confirmed by elemental mapping of the coated powder and the observation of hollow spheres after removing the Ni core. The BaTiO 3 coating was very effective not only in preventing Ni oxidation but also in shifting the starting point of Ni densification to a higher temperature.
Graph Based Discriminative Learning for Robust and Efficient Object Tracking (2007)

Object tracking is viewed as a two-class 'one-versus-rest' classification problem, in which the sample distribution of the target is approximately Gausian while the background samples are often multimodal. Based on these special properties, we propose a graph embedding based discriminative learning method, in which the topology structures of graphs are carefully designed to reflect the properties of the sample distributions. This method can simultaneously learn the subspace of the target and its local discriminative structure against the background. Moreover, a heuristic negative sample selection scheme is adopted to make the classification more effective. In tracking procedure, the graph based learning is embedded into a Bayesian inference framework cascaded with hierarchical motion estimation, which significantly improves the accuracy and efficiency of the localization. Furthermore, an incremental updating technique for the graphs is developed to capture the changes in both appearance and illumination. Experimental results demonstrate that, compared with two state-of-the-art methods, the proposed tracking algorithm is more efficient and effective, especially in dynamically changing and clutter scenes.