gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Language, thought and reality: a comparison of Ferdinand de Saussure's<i>Course in General Linguistics</i>with C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards'<i>The Meaning of Meaning</i> (2005)

This paper returns to two key texts in the history of linguistic theory: Saussure's Course in General Linguistics (1916) and Ogden and Richards' The Meaning of Meaning (1923). While Saussure's linguistic model is dialectical and synthetic, with the two elements of the linguistic sign (signal and signification) being compared to the two sides of a sheet of paper, Ogden and Richards' is tripartite and analytic, with the three elements involved in the language situation (word, thought and thing) being represented as the three points of a triangle. Moreover, while Saussure sees language as turning in upon itself, with the sign referring not to things in an extra‐linguistic reality but to other signs within the same linguistic structure, Ogden and Richards see language as referring beyond itself, to a reality outside language. These differences are related to differences in how the human mind is conceived: while Saussure sees thought as embedded in language, and while he invests the mind with the power to order and regulate the chaos inherent in language, Ogden and Richards, writing very much in the wake of the new psychology of stimulus–response behaviourism, separate thought from language, and divest the mind of any power to resist ‘the power of words’. Interestingly, though, Ogden and Richards show signs of an early cognitivism, which raises the question of whether contemporary cognitive science is perhaps more indebted to the stimulus–response paradigm than it would care to admit.
Kurthia huakuii sp. nov., isolated from biogas slurry, and emended description of the genus Kurthia (2013)

A novel facultatively anaerobic bacterium, designated strain LAM0618(T), was isolated from biogas slurry samples collected from the large-scale anaerobic digester of Modern Farming Corporation in Hebei Province, China. Cells of strain LAM0618(T) were Gram-stain-positive, motile, non-spore-forming and short-rod-shaped. The optimal temperature and pH for growth were 30 °C and 7.0, respectively. The strain did not require NaCl for growth but tolerated up to 70 g NaCl l(-1). The major fatty acids of strain LAM0618(T) were iso-C(15 : 0), anteiso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(14 : 0), C(16 : 0) and C(18 : 0). The predominant menaquinones of strain LAM0618(T) were menaquinone 7 (MK-7) and menaquinone 6 (MK-6). The main polar lipids of strain LAM0618(T) were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and six unknown glycolipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 41 mol% as determined by the Tm method. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain LAM0618(T) was a member of the genus Kurthia, and was most closely related to 'Kurthia massiliensis' DSM 24639, Kurthia zopfii DSM 20580(T), Kurthia gibsonii DSM 20636(T) and Kurthia sibirica DSM 4747(T), with 96.9, 95.7, 95.6 and 94.9 % sequence similarity, respectively. Based on its phenotypic and genotypic properties, strain LAM0618(T) is suggested to represent a novel species of the genus Kurthia, for which the name Kurthia huakuii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LAM0618(T) ( = ACCC 06121(T) = JCM 19187(T)).
Transgenic Mice as Future Tools in Risk Assessment (1989)

Historically, mice have served a routine and useful purpose in the research, development, and testing of biologicals, chemicals, and drugs for efficacy, toxicity, and carcinogenic risk. The literature is replete with examples using mice to study organic compounds both in short‐term tests involving tumor initiation and promotion and in long‐term experiments dealing with fertility, reproduction, and teratology. During the past two decades, a virtual explosion of advances has occurred in modern biology that includes the discoveries of retroviruses, oncogenes, DNA restriction enzymes, nucleotide sequence analyses, and microinjection techniques. Fusion of these milestones in genetic, molecular, and cell biology with recent developments in mouse embryology has opened novel avenues and methods of experimentation as significant additions to the risk assessment armamentarium that currently uses both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Some promising directions afforded by transgenic mice as powerful future tools in risk assessment will be summarized below.
Synthesis of iron-based magnetic nanocomposites: A review (2021)

Iron oxide-based magnetic nanocomposites have been interesting materials for a wide range of applications in various fields of environment, energy, industries, and medicals. The formation of iron oxide-based magnetic nanocomposites is varied and tuneable referred to their purposes. This paper presents the reviews of the development of magnetic iron oxide nanocomposites by several synthesis method and materials. The highlight is focused on various method for controlling size, magnetization, and the nanoparticles distribution within solid support such as mesoporous silica, clay, graphene, carbon, and zeolite. The role of synthesis method on the magnetic properties and other characteristics as the function of various parameters such as iron content, synthesis condition such as pH, dispersion method, and the presence of intensification are summarized. Furthermore, future perspective for development is also highlighted.
Principales alergenos en las enfermedades alérgicas más frecuentes (1996)

Feline mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI) is a recessively inherited deficiency of arylsulfatase B (ASB). In the eye, the disease is expressed by the intracytoplasmic accumulation of vacuolated inclusions. These are present in connective tissue cells in the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, choroid, and the stroma of the iris and ciliary body. In the iris and ciliary body epithelia, only the nonpigmented cells of the latter show presence of the disease. In the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a spatial and temporal distribution of the disease has been noted. In general, the nonpigmented RPE in the posterior pole is affected to a greater extent earlier in the disease; the peripheral pigmented RPE remains normal. Although hypertrophy of nonpigmented RPE cells causes disarray of the photoreceptor outer segments, their internal disc organization is not disrupted. Normal outer segment renewal rates and the presence of RPE phagosomes suggest that the diseased RPE is still able to function normally.
Presenting a traffic management and control system in driver assistance form based on vehicular networks (2017)

Vehicular Networks is considered a major step in the field of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). In this technology, some equipment will be installed on vehicles and special places at roadsides which will enable the wireless communication between vehicles with each other and will provide the communication between the vehicles and roadside equipment. One of the ITS application is Traffic monitoring system. Such system enables accessing traffic videos by traffic monitoring centers to make traffic decision. However, providing traffic video for the vehicles can be appealing. This paper addresses a new application in vehicular networks and ITS which can provide this videos for drivers in a city. Each driver request timely traffic video of a location from a web server and the web server forward this request to a stream management server. This server based on current location of the requester vehicle, its speed and its direction calculates appropriate video chunks for each RSU along vehicle destination. This study aims to present a system which can bring a high accessibility for content and can provide it with an appropriate bandwidth and quality for vehicles. Due to the scalability and bandwidth limitations for its content and streaming, vehicular networks are used in this system.
Fast modular reduction for large-integer multiplication for cryptosystem application (2012)

In this paper, we attempt to speedup the modular reduction as an independent step of modular multiplication, which is the central operation in public-key cryptosystems. Based on the properties of Mersenne and Quasi-Mersenne primes, we have described four distinct sets of moduli which are responsible for converting the single-precision multiplication prevalent in many of today's techniques into an addition operation and a few simple shift operations. We propose a revision to the Modified Barrett algorithm presented in [3]. With the backing of the special moduli sets, our proposed algorithm is shown to outperform the Modified Barrett algorithm by nearly 25% when we consider the level of reduction (which bears a direct effect upon the speed of the second phase of reduction), and by over 10% when we consider the time taken for reduction.
Secure connection assistance architecture for IoT devices (2016)

With the miniaturization of devices and development of network infrastructure, the use of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) or Internet of Things (IoT) services are becoming widespread. The arrival of M2M/IoT raises many questions such as how to suit the current computer security standard to IoT devices, how to accommodate the huge number of IoT devices, and how to meet the heterogonous requirements from a wide variety of devices. In this paper, we focus on the characteristics of IoT devices and propose a multi-level security support architecture for resource-constrained IoT devices without impairing security for resource-rich devices. We also discuss the comparison results from using a conventional uniform security support architecture.
Deep Reinforcement Fuzzing (2018)

Fuzzing is the process of finding security vulnerabilities in input-processing code by repeatedly testing the code with modified inputs. In this paper, we formalize fuzzing as a reinforcement learning problem using the concept of Markov decision processes. This in turn allows us to apply state-of-the-art deep <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> -learning algorithms that optimize rewards, which we define from runtime properties of the program under test. By observing the rewards caused by mutating with a specific set of actions performed on an initial program input, the fuzzing agent learns a policy that can next generate new higher-reward inputs. We have implemented this new approach, and preliminary empirical evidence shows that reinforcement fuzzing can outperform baseline random fuzzing.
The cleavage and formation of activated human Hageman factor by autodigestion and by kallikrein. (1982)

We have compared the cleavage of purified human Hageman factor (HF) by an activated form of human Hageman factor (HFa) (autodigestion) and by kallikrein. In each case, an initial cleavage is seen which produces HFa with Mr = 80,000 consisting of a heavy chain of Mr = 52,000 disulfide-linked to a light chain of Mr = 28,000. As autodigestion proceeds, HFa is shown to be further digested to yield a major active product at a molecular weight of 40,000 as well as Hageman factor fragment (HFf), which appear as two closely related molecular species of Mr = 28,000 and 30,000. A minor active product of Mr = 70,000 is also seen. Upon reduction of each of the active forms, a chain with Mr = 28,000 is released which contains the active site. HF digestion by kallikrein results in rapid formation of HFa, followed by HFa digestion to HFf and degradation of the heavy chain region to an inactive fragment at 40,000 daltons, which is then degraded to an end product of Mr = 36,000. Production of the active species with Mr = 40,000 and 70,000 is greatly diminished when kallikrein is the HF activator, and these active forms are shown to be formed primarily by autodigestion. The time course of HFa and HFf formation indicates that the rate of activation of Hageman factor by kallikrein is much faster than the rate of autoactivation; the addition of high molecular weight kininogen increases the rate of HFa and HFf formation as well as the extent of HG digestion. These data indicate that HFa is the active intermediate from which other active species are derived. The patterns of HF and HFa digestion by HFa and kallikrein are distinct; a model for HF digestion is presented.
Igf Signaling is Required for Cardiomyocyte Proliferation during Zebrafish Heart Development and Regeneration (2013)

Unlike its mammalian counterpart, the adult zebrafish heart is able to fully regenerate after severe injury. One of the most important events during the regeneration process is cardiomyocyte proliferation, which results in the replacement of lost myocardium. Growth factors that induce cardiomyocyte proliferation during zebrafish heart regeneration remain to be identified. Signaling pathways important for heart development might be reutilized during heart regeneration. IGF2 was recently shown to be important for cardiomyocyte proliferation and heart growth during mid-gestation heart development in mice, although its role in heart regeneration is unknown. We found that expression of igf2b was upregulated during zebrafish heart regeneration. Following resection of the ventricle apex, igf2b expression was detected in the wound, endocardium and epicardium at a time that coincides with cardiomyocyte proliferation. Transgenic zebrafish embryos expressing a dominant negative form of Igf1 receptor (dn-Igf1r) had fewer cardiomyocytes and impaired heart development, as did embryos treated with an Igf1r inhibitor. Moreover, inhibition of Igf1r signaling blocked cardiomyocyte proliferation during heart development and regeneration. We found that Igf signaling is required for a subpopulation of cardiomyocytes marked by gata4:EGFP to contribute to the regenerating area. Our findings suggest that Igf signaling is important for heart development and myocardial regeneration in zebrafish.
A Comparison of PWM Switching Strategies on the Basis of Drive System Efficiency (1984)

A method of evaluating the performance of PWM switching strategies on the basis of overall drive (system) efficiency is presented. System efficiency is the product of inverter and motor efficiency. Methods for calculating the motor and inverter efficiencies, and therefore the system efficiency, are outlined. The calculation procedure is then used to compare four of the most common PWM switching strategies.
The Erp protein is anchored at the surface by a carboxy-terminal hydrophobic domain and is important for cell-wall structure in<i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i> (2004)

Erp (Exported Repetitive Protein), also known as P36, Pirg and Rv3810, is a member of a mycobacteria-specific family of extracellular proteins. In pathogenic species, the erp gene has been described as a virulence factor. The Erp proteins comprise three domains. The N- and C-terminal domains are similar in all mycobacterial species, while the central domain consists of a repeated module that differs considerably between species. Here we show that the Erp protein is loosely attached to the surface and that the carboxy-terminal domain, which displays hydrophobic features, anchors Erp at the surface of the bacillus. The hydrophobic region is not necessary for the complementation of the altered colony morphology of a Mycobacterium smegmatis erp- mutant but proved to be necessary to achieve resistance to detergent at wild-type levels.
A Kinetic Study of Reactive Ion Etching of Tungsten in  SF 6 /  O 2 RF Plasmas (1993)

The reactive ion etching of chemically vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten in plasma has been investigated by means of optical emission spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and in situ x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This study is particularly focused on the etching of over W, a native oxide 34–45 Å thick always appearing on the CVD tungsten surface. Actinometry measurements show an excess of atomic fluorine and oxygen relative concentrations during the etching of the layer as compared to that of tungsten. Two etch products of tungsten are detected by mass spectrometry: and . In pure plasma, the main etched product of and W is . In (40/60) plasma, is the dominant product of the etching of the layer and that of W. In situ XPS analyses show the presence of fluorine, oxygen, and sulfur on the etched tungsten surface. The role of these elements in the formation of the two etch products of tungsten is discussed.
Demonstrating Biodiversity Offset Policy Outcomes Using the Classic “Trading in a Pit Market” Classroom Game (2017)

«Компенсация ущерба биоразнообразию» является новым подходом в области охраны природы, с помощью которого можно избавиться от негативного воздействия экономического развития на биоразнообразие. Компенсация ущерба включает в себя количественную оценку прогнозируемых потерь биоразнообразия, связанных с определенным проектом развития, и дальнейшее применение разработчиком мер полной экологической компенсации в других местах, например, в виде восстановления среды обитания. Целью применения метода компенсации ущерба являются достижение чистых нулевых потерь биоразнообразия в целом. В данной статье рассматривается эксперимент использования классической экономической игры (‘trading in a pit market’ — торговля в биржевой яме), которая может быть использована в процессе обучения и тренингов. Мы преследовали двоякую цель: во-первых, показать неспециалистам, как работает система компенсации ущерба биоразнообразию; и, во-вторых, разработать новую форму сбора данных для применения этой схемы на практике. В 2016 г. мы провели эксперимент с тремя группами студентов: двумя из Университета Копенгагена в Дании и одной из Шведского сельскохозяйственного университета. Эксперимент проводился с целью обучения студентов основам компенсации ущерба биоразнообразию. Кроме того, данные, собранные студентами в рамках эксперимента в условиях гипотетического применения и неприменения политики компенсации ущерба на местах, позволили выявить некоторые ключевые принципы, связанные с компенсацией, которые были отмечены в результатах применения реальной мировой политики.
Validation of concurrent preimplantation genetic testing for polygenic and monogenic disorders, structural rearrangements, and whole and segmental chromosome aneuploidy with a single universal platform (2019)

Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) has been successfully applied to reduce the risk of miscarriage, improve IVF success rates, and prevent inheritance of monogenic disease and unbalanced translocations. The present study provides the first method capable of simultaneous testing of aneuploidy (PGT-A), structural rearrangements (PGT-SR), and monogenic (PGT-M) disorders using a single platform. Using positive controls to establish performance characteristics, accuracies of 97 to >99% for each type of testing were observed. In addition, this study expands PGT to include predicting the risk of polygenic disorders (PGT-P) for the first time. Performance was established for two common diseases, hypothyroidism and type 1 diabetes, based upon availability of positive control samples from commercially available repositories. Data from the UK Biobank, eMERGE, and T1DBASE were used to establish and validate SNP-based predictors of each disease (7,311 SNPs for hypothyroidism and 82 for type 1 diabetes). Area under the curve of disease status prediction from genotypes alone were 0.71 for hypothyroidism and 0.68 for type 1 diabetes. The availability of expanded PGT to evaluate the risk of polygenic disorders in the preimplantation embryo has the potential to lower the prevalence of common genetic disease in humans.
Repurposing of FDA-approved antivirals, antibiotics, anthelmintics, antioxidants, and cell protectives against SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (2020)

SARS-CoV-2 or Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a rapidly spreading, highly contagious, and sometimes fatal disease for which drug discovery and vaccine development are critical. SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PL<sup>pro</sup>) was used to virtually screen 1697 clinical FDA-approved drugs. Among the top results expected to bind with SARS-CoV-2 PL<sup>pro</sup> strongly were three cell protectives and antioxidants (NAD+, quercitrin, and oxiglutatione), three antivirals (ritonavir, moroxydine, and zanamivir), two antimicrobials (doripenem and sulfaguanidine), two anticancer drugs, three benzimidazole anthelmintics, one antacid (famotidine), three anti-hypertensive ACE receptor blockers (candesartan, losartan, and valsartan) and other miscellaneous systemically or topically acting drugs. The binding patterns of these drugs were superior to the previously identified SARS CoV PL<sup>pro</sup> inhibitor, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), suggesting a potential for repurposing these drugs to treat COVID-19. The objective of drug repurposing is the rapid relocation of safe and approved drugs by bypassing the lengthy pharmacokinetic, toxicity, and preclinical phases. The ten drugs with the highest estimated docking scores with favorable pharmacokinetics were subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations followed by molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) binding energy calculations. Phenformin, quercetin, and ritonavir all demonstrated prospective binding affinities for COVID-19 PL<sup>pro</sup> over 50 ns MD simulations, with binding energy values of -56.6, -40.9, and -37.6 kcal/mol, respectively. Energetic and structural analyses showed phenformin was more stable than quercetin and ritonavir. The list of the drugs provided herein constitutes a primer for clinical application in COVID-19 patients and guidance for further antiviral studies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Safety and efficacy of ADS-5102 (amantadine) extended release capsules to improve walking in multiple sclerosis: A randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial (2018)

ADS-5102 was generally well tolerated. These data demonstrate an effect of ADS-5102 on walking speed. Further studies are warranted to confirm these observations.
A spinner‐integrated wind lidar for enhanced wind turbine control (2012)

ABSTRACT A field test with a continuous wave wind lidar (ZephIR) installed in the rotating spinner of a wind turbine for unimpeded preview measurements of the upwind approaching wind conditions is described. The experimental setup with the wind lidar on the tip of the rotating spinner of a large 80 m rotor diameter, 59 m hub height 2.3 MW wind turbine (Vestas NM80), located at Tjæreborg Enge in western Denmark is presented. Preview wind data at two selected upwind measurement distances, acquired during two measurement periods of different wind speed and atmospheric stability conditions, are analyzed. The lidar‐measured speed, shear and direction of the wind field previewed in front of the turbine are compared with reference measurements from an adjacent met mast and also with the speed and direction measurements on top of the nacelle behind the rotor plane used by the wind turbine itself. Yaw alignment of the wind turbine based on the spinner lidar measurements is compared with wind direction measurements from both the nearby reference met mast and the turbine's own yaw alignment wind vane. Furthermore, the ability to detect vertical wind shear and vertical direction veer in the inflow, through the analysis of the spinner lidar data, is investigated. Finally, the potential for enhancing turbine control and performance based on wind lidar preview measurements in combination with feed‐forward enabled turbine controllers is discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.