gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improvement of laser damage resistance and diffraction efficiency of multilayer dielectric diffraction gratings by HF etchback linewidth tailoring (2010)

Multilayer dielectric (MLD) diffraction gratings for Petawatt-class laser systems possess unique laser damage characteristics. Details of the shape of the grating lines and the concentration of absorbing impurities on the surface of the grating structures both have strong effects on laser damage threshold. It is known that electric field enhancement in the solid material comprising the grating lines varies directly with the linewidth and inversely with the line height for equivalent diffraction efficiency. Here, we present an overview of laser damage characteristics of MLD gratings, and describe a process for post-processing ion-beam etched grating lines using very dilute buffered hydrofluoric acid solutions. This process acts simultaneously to reduce grating linewidth and remove surface contaminants, thereby improving laser damage thresholds through two pathways.
Structural analysis of O‐glycopeptides employing negative‐ and positive‐ion multi‐stage mass spectra obtained by collision‐induced and electron‐capture dissociations in linear ion trap time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (2007)

Structural analyses of various glycans attached to proteins and peptides are highly desirable for elucidating their biological roles. An approach based on mass spectrometry (MS) combining both collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron-capture dissociation (ECD) in the positive- and negative-ion modes has been proposed as a simple and direct method of assigning an O-glycan without releasing it from the peptide and of determining the amino acid sequence of the peptide and glycosylation site. The instrument used is an electrospray ionization (ESI) linear ion trap (LIT) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer with tandem LITs for CID by He gas and ECD. The proposed approach was tested with two synthetic O-glycopeptides binding a sialyl Lewis x (sLe(x)) oligosaccharide and a 3'-sialyl N-acetyllactosamine (3'-SLN) on a serine (S) residue. In the negative-ion mode, the CID MS(2) spectra of O-glycopeptides showed a relatively abundant glycoside-bond cleavage between the core N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and serine (S) that yields deprotonated C(3)-type fragment ions of O-glycan and deprotonated Z(0)-type peptide ions. The structure of the sLe(x) (3'-SLN) oligosaccharide was simply assigned by comparing the CID MS(3) spectrum derived from the C(3)-type fragment ion with the CID MS(2) spectra of the sLe(x) and sLe(a) (3'- and 6'-SLN) standards (i.e., negative-ion MS(n) spectral matching). The amino acid sequence of the peptide including the glycosylation site was determined from the ECD MS(2) spectrum in the positive-ion mode.
P2X: The ionotropic receptor for extracellular ATP (1998)

Studies made during the past four years have reported the cDNA cloning of P2X receptors and their electrophysiologic evaluation. More recently, mutagenesis and protein biochemistry approaches have begun to assign functions to specific regions in these proteins. These functions include the agonist and antagonist binding profiles of different P2X receptors and their ability to form nonselective cationic channels. The work has also shed light on how the physiologic ligand for P2X receptors, extracellular ATP, can have effects in both the nervous and immune systems. One member of the P2X receptor family, i.e., P2X7, is selectively expressed in the immune system. This receptor is a bifunctional molecule, generating both a cationic channel and a macromolecular pore, whose activation can result in permeabilization of the cell. Drug Dev. Res. 45:125–129, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Solgel method for producing lens quality radial gradient-index glass (1987)

High-quality radial gradient-index glass based on the TiO 2 -SiO 2 and ZrO 2 -SiO 2 systems has been prepared using solgel techniques. The use of additional components such as AI 2 O 3 , B 2 O 3 , and GeO 2 helps to eliminate the problems of gel fracture, bloating, and crystallization. In all cases, the precursor gels are prepared from metal alkoxides, water, alcohol, and a small amount of acid catalyst. The refractive-index gradient is created by selectively leaching the TiO 2 or ZrO 2 component from the precursor gel by placing the gel in an aqueous acid solution. The leaching process is halted by placing the gel in methanol. The gel is then dried in an oven and then sintered into glass by heating to temperatures as high as 1500°C. Plane-faced gradient-index lenses have been made with diameters >8 mm and index changes >0.02.
Improvement of Methods for the Isolation of Cell‐Free Fetal DNA from Maternal Plasma (2006)

The low amount of cell-free fetal DNA present in the maternal circulation poses significant challenges to its use in future diagnostic applications, and ways of increasing the yield of this potential marker extracted from maternal plasma are constantly being explored. In this study, we compared two methods of DNA extraction, a manual and an automated method. Our analysis revealed that although the manual method yielded overall more total cell-free DNA, the automated system yielded higher quantities of cell-free DNA of fetal origin. Furthermore, the DNA isolated using the automated system appeared to be of greater purity than that isolated by the manual method, with fewer inhibitors to downstream real-time PCR reactions.
Striae evaluation of TiO 2 -SiO 2 ultra-low expansion glasses using the line-focus-beam ultrasonic material characterization system (2006)

Super accurate evaluation method for TiO<sub>2</sub>-doped SiO<sub>2</sub> ultra-low-expansion glass having periodic striae associated with its fabrication process was investigated using the line-focus-beam ultrasonic material characterization (LFB-UMC) system. To obtain absolute values of leaky surface acoustic wave (LSAW) velocities measured with the LFB-UMC system, proper standard specimens of the glass for system calibration was examined. Using a specimen with a surface perpendicular to the striae plane as the standard specimen, a reliable standard LSAW velocity of 3308.18 m/s within ±0.35 m/s for the calibration was obtained regardless of influence of velocity variations due to the periodic striae. Also, we determined the accurate relationship between the TiO<sub>2</sub> concentrations and LSAW velocities (sensitivity: -0.0601 wt%/(m/s)) so that the TiO<sub>2</sub> concentration of the standard specimen with a LSAW velocity of 3308.18 m/s was determined to be 7.09 wt%. Furthermore, to evaluate more reliably the more homogeneous ultra-low-expansion glasses in the near future, the measurement accuracy of the LSAW velocity was improved with a method using the LFB device with a larger curvature radius <i>R</i> operating at lower frequency from ±0.0053% for <i>R</i>=1.0 mm at 225 MHz to ±0.0020% for <i>R</i>=2.0 mm at 75 MHz.
Chemistry of Pseudomonic Acid. Part 16. Aryl and Heteroaryl Ketone Derivatives of Monic Acid. (1996)

The synthesis, antibacterial activities, murine pharmacokinetic and infection model data for a range of aryl and heteroaryl ketone derivatives of monic acid (2a) are reported. The best results were found for the 3-furyl and 2-methoxy thiazol-5-yl analogues.
Additives Improve Processing Of Polyimides (1988)

Melt-processable polyimides maintain desirable polymer properties prepared by adding small amounts of certain low-molecular-weight, thermally stable additives. Useful in preparing void-free polyimide composites from higher flow resins that wet out fibers at lower processing temperatures. Applied to preparing high-temperature polyimide adhesives allowing enhanced wetting of adherends and ultimately better adhesion. Improvement to processing polyimides and potential application for production of films, coatings, adhesives, and composites.
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to hepatitis A virus: partial localization of a neutralizing antigenic site (1984)

BALB/c mice were immunized with purified preparations of hepatitis A virus (HAV) isolated after 21 days of growth in LLC-MK2 cells. The HAV antigen was isolated from CsCl gradients and consisted primarily of the following three proteins as analyzed after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Coomassie blue staining: VP-1 at 33,000 daltons, VP-2 at 29,000 to 30,000 daltons, and VP-3 at 27,000 daltons. The spleen cells isolated from two BALB/c mice, immunized with two inoculations of HAV, were fused with SP 2/0 myeloma cells and grown in hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine medium. Of 270 hybridomas initially screened, 72 were positive for binding HAV by a noncompetitive radioimmunoassay. All 72 were tested for the ability to neutralize the infectivity of HAV in an in vitro cell culture assay that was adapted for microtiter plates and that used detergent-treated virus for improved neutralization sensitivity and newborn cynomolgus monkey kidney cells for rapid growth. Eighteen hybridomas were positive for neutralization; 16 remained stable. Of the 16, 9 were able to compete with labeled polyclonal serum for binding to HAV. The nine competing hybridomas could be separated into two groups which appear to be directed towards two different sites on HAV and could complement each other in the competitive radioimmunoassay against polyclonal sera. Of the original 16 neutralizing hybridomas, 4 were subcloned through two cycles of limit dilutions. All four monoclonal antibodies retained their original neutralizing and competitive properties; three were immunoglobulin G2a, and one was immunoglobulin G1. All four monoclonal antibodies readily precipitate whole 125I-labeled HAV but are not able to recognize the disrupted proteins of the virus (as tested by immune precipitations of heat- and detergent-disrupted virions or Western blot analyses). However, the heterobifunctional cross-linking reagent toluene-2,4-diisocyanate was used to cross-link purified Fab fragments of two different monoclonal antibodies (2D2 and 6A5) to HAV before disruption. This reagent demonstrated a specific reaction of the monoclonal antibodies to the VP-1 of HAV, suggesting this major surface protein contains at least one of the major neutralization sites for HAV.
Continuously tunable compact single-mode quantum cascade laser source for chemical sensing (2008)

We demonstrate a compact, single-mode quantum cascade laser source continuously tunable over 8% of its center wavelength of 9 mum. We integrate the source into a compact mid-infrared spectrometer for absorption spectroscopy of liquids and gases.
Shear Wave Travel Time Determination Using an Unconventional Approach (1982)

ABSTRACT In the past, numerous techniques have been used in attempting the downhole determination of formation shear travel time. These include visual inspection of full wave train recordings (e.g., variable density, signature, microseismogram), monitoring the amplitude characteristics of the acoustic wave train in selected gate(s), digital analysis of the acoustic wave train in selected gate(s), experimentally defining a relationship between compressional and shear wave transmit times, digital analysis of the acoustic wave train at various transmitter-receiver (T-R) spacings, etc. These techniques have had only limited success, particularly in shaly, unconsolidated, undercompacted and/or gas bearing formations. A new analytical model has been developed and tested which overcomes some of these constraints. By utilizing the standard compressional travel time in conjunction with supplementary non-acoustic logging data, the shear travel time can be estimated with reasonable accuracy in clastic (sand/shale) sequences.
DNA Fragmentation in Microorganisms Assessed In Situ (2008)

Chromosomal DNA fragmentation may be a direct or indirect outcome of cell death. Unlike DNA fragmentation in higher eukaryotic cells, DNA fragmentation in microorganisms is rarely studied. We report an adaptation of a diffusion-based assay, developed as a kit, which allows for simple and rapid discrimination of bacteria with fragmented DNA. Intact cells were embedded in an agarose microgel on a slide, incubated in a lysis buffer to partially remove the cell walls, membranes, and proteins, and then stained with a DNA fluorochrome, SYBR Gold. Identifying cells with fragmented DNA uses peripheral diffusion of DNA fragments. Cells without DNA fragmentation show only limited spreading of DNA fiber loops. These results have been seen in several gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, as well as in yeasts. Detection of DNA fragmentation was confirmed by fluoroquinolone treatment and by DNA breakage detection-fluorescence in situ hybridization. Proteus mirabilis with spontaneously fragmented DNA during exponential and stationary growth or Escherichia coli with DNA damaged after exposure to hydrogen peroxide or antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin or ampicillin, was clearly detected. Similarly, fragmented DNA was detected in Saccharomyces cerevisiae after amphotericin B treatment. Our assay may be useful for the simple and rapid evaluation of DNA damage and repair as well as cell death, either spontaneous or induced by exogenous stimuli, including antimicrobial agents or environmental conditions.
Aromatase Inhibitors in Ovulation Induction (2004)

The new third generation aromatase inhibitors are extremely potent and specific oral inhibitors of estrogen production. We reported the success of using aromatase inhibitors for induction of ovulation in World Health Organization (WHO) type II anovulatory patients. Promising pregnancy rates were associated with the use of aromatase inhibitors for induction of ovulation in these women. In addition, the use of aromatase inhibition in conjunction with gonadotropin injection was associated with a significant reduction in the gonadotropin dose required for optimum controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. We believe that these oral agents are efficient and safe and have many advantages compared with clomiphene citrate (CC). We propose that aromatase inhibitors will replace CC in the future as the new primary treatment for ovulation induction. In this review, we present an update on the use of aromatase inhibitors for induction of ovulation and we discuss several new areas of potential interest regarding the use of aromatase inhibitors, either alone or together with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) for infertility treatment. Further research in these areas may demonstrate an expanded role in assisted reproductive technologies.
Pyrazolo[4,3‐d]pyrimidines as New Generation of Cyclin‐Dependent Kinase Inhibitors. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Translating imperative code to MapReduce (2014)

We present an approach for automatic translation of sequential, imperative code into a parallel MapReduce framework. Automating such a translation is challenging: imperative updates must be translated into a functional MapReduce form in a manner that both preserves semantics and enables parallelism. Our approach works by first translating the input code into a functional representation, with loops succinctly represented by fold operations. Then, guided by rewrite rules, our system searches a space of equivalent programs for an effective MapReduce implementation. The rules include a novel technique for handling irregular loop-carried dependencies using group-by operations to enable greater parallelism. We have implemented our technique in a tool called Mold. It translates sequential Java code into code targeting the Apache Spark runtime. We evaluated Mold on several real-world kernels and found that in most cases Mold generated the desired MapReduce program, even for codes with complex indirect updates.
Measurement of functional microcirculatory geometry and velocity distributions using automated image analysis (2008)

This study describes a new method for analyzing microcirculatory videos. It introduces algorithms for quantitative assessment of vessel length, diameter, the functional microcirculatory density distribution and red blood-cell (RBC) velocity in individual vessels as well as its distribution. The technique was validated and compared to commercial software. The method was applied to the sublingual microcirculation in a healthy volunteer and in a patient during cardiac surgery. Analysis time was reduced from hours to minutes compared to previous methods requiring manual vessel identification. Vessel diameter was detected with high accuracy (>80%, d > 3 pixels). Capillary length was estimated within 5 pixels accuracy. Velocity estimation was very accurate (>95%) in the range [2.5, 1,000] pixels/s. RBC velocity was reduced by 70% during the first 10 s of cardiac luxation. The present method has been shown to be fast and accurate and provides increased insight into the functional properties of the microcirculation.
Passive, Wireless Corrosion Sensors for Transportation Infrastructure (2011)

Many industrial segments including utilities, manufacturing, government and infrastructure have an urgent need for a means to detect corrosion before significant damage occurs. Transportation infrastructure, such as bridges and roads, rely on reinforced and prestressed concrete for structural reliability but corrosion of the reinforcing steel in structural concrete can significantly lower the structural capacity. This proposal aims to develop an inexpensive wireless corrosion sensor that does not require any external power supply. Such a sensor would be very useful tool in evaluating the structural health of the nation’s infrastructure and in turn make our highway travel safer. These sensors will be based on radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags that are used to track consumer goods and are extremely low-cost. The ubiquity of RFID tags in the consumer market allows for the use of proven, off-the-shelf technology and translates into a lower per unit deployment cost. These sensors would be situated on the steel rebar either directly on the metal or over the epoxy coating. They could be fixed to the rebar in the field using a plastic ring that snaps onto the rebar or supplied pre-affixed to the rebar using an adhesive such as epoxy glue. Alternatively, they could be placed at different depths in the structure allowing the monitoring of the diffusion or seepage of corrosive salts into the concrete and provide early detection of potential structural problems. The location and degree of corrosion may be used to intelligently schedule maintenance to optimize resources or to modify the current uses of the structure to prolong the life. The development of such a sensor will allow the engineers to employ “best maintenance practices” that are estimated to save 46 percent of the annual corrosion cost of a black steel rebar bridge deck, or $2,000 per bridge per year.
Predicting the Failure Probability of Device Features in MEMS (2011)

In the MEMS industry today, device reliability is commonly evaluated by simulating the loads applied to a device using finite element (FE) analysis and setting a threshold for the allowable first principal stress ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> ). This is a potentially misleading practice for the analysis of brittle structures, but it is used because better reliability tools have not been validated and adopted for MEMS design. In this paper, we detail and validate pragmatic FE-based MEMS analysis capabilities: local (device feature) failure probability prediction and surface-specific failure probability intensity (FPI, μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> ) plotting, which quantitatively identify the most probable locations of fracture on a MEMS device and provide a more meaningful and higher contrast visualization versus corresponding plots of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> . To validate prediction effectiveness, fractographic analysis was completed on micromirrors (a representative MEMS device) loaded in two distinct complex stress states (primarily, tension or torsion) until failure, thus determining the locations of fracture initiation and their relative probabilities. Our method improves the simulation-driven design of brittle microstructures by providing not only the failure probability of the total structure but also probable failure locations as a function of load, all of which are essential for intelligent design iteration.
Adaptive stripe based patch matching for depth estimation (2002)

A novel stereo matching technique for depth estimation in stereoscopic image pairs is presented. The input image pair is preprocessed in the intensity domain and together with edge maps an adaptive mesh in which individual elements approximate linearly modeled regions are obtained. Then, an iterative stripe based, quadrilateral patch matching technique is employed to estimate the depth map from the image pair in a hierarchical manner. Finally, the resultant map is postprocessed to smooth the depth map at the patch borders. The quality of the test results demonstrates the effectiveness of the technique.
Reconfigurable Doherty amplifier for efficient amplification of signals with variable PAPR (2013)

This paper proposes a reconfigurable Doherty amplifier capable of efficiently amplifying signals with variable peak-to-average power ratios (PAPR). A small number of electronically tunable devices are used to preserve appropriate Doherty load modulation as the input signal PAPR varies. A reconfigurable Doherty amplifier demonstrator was designed and fabricated, using gallium nitride transistors, to operate at 2.6 GHz and to efficiently amplify signals with PAPR of 6, 9 and 12 dB. Continuous wave measurements revealed power added efficiencies of higher than 64% at 6 and 9 dB and 59% at 12 dB output back-off. A Volterra based digital predistortion technique was also applied to examine the linearizability of the demonstrator and an Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) of better than 46 dBc was achieved using 20MHz excitation signals with different PAPR values.
A Quality Assessment Method of Stereoscopic Images Based on Human Visual System (2011)

Through simulating contrast sensitivity function, multi-channel effects and stereoscopic perception of human visual system, a quality assessment method of stereoscopic images based on human visual system is proposed. In the quality evaluation of left and right images by computing Canberra distance, wavelet transform was used to simulate multi-channel effects and wavelet coefficients of different spatial frequency were weighted according to the contrast sensitivity function. The proposed method calculated similarity of the absolute disparity images of the original and test stereoscopic images to assess the stereoscopic perception. Then regression analysis was used to integrate the two evaluation results into an equation as our quality assessment model of stereoscopic images. Experimental results show that the proposed objective method achieves consistent stereoscopic image quality evaluation results with subjective assessment.