gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aminosubstituted disilanes: Synthesis by unsymmetrical and symmetrical reductive coupling (1998)

The reductive coupling of chlorotris(diorganylamino)silanes 1 with chlorotrimethylsilane by the action oflithium in THF provides for steric reasons, an easy access to unsymmetrical aminosubstituted disilanes (R2N)3Si-SiMe3 3. Similarly, cross-coupling to give pentakis(diethylamino)disilane 4 is observed between 1a and bis(diethylamino)chloro-hydridosilane 2a on treatment with lithium. In reactions of the less bulky bis(diorganylamino)chlorohy-dridosilanes 2 with ClSiMe3 and Li, however, thesymmetrical coupling is preferred and affords SiH-functional substituted (R2N)32HSi-SiH(NR2)2 5. Aminosubstituted disilanes 3–5 are useful starting materials for modification of disilanes or syntheses ofsilicon heterocycles via generation and trapping of aminosilylenes, as exemplified by diethylaminosilacyclopent-3-ene 6a. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 9:311–316, 1998
An automatic circuit diagram reader with loop-structure-based symbol recognition (1988)

A high-performance logic circuit diagram reader was developed for VLSI-CAD data input. Almost all logic circuit symbols include one or more loop structures. A description is given of an efficient method for recognition of these loop-structured symbols. The proposed method consists of two processes: symbol segmentation and symbol identification. Symbol identification is achieved by a powerful hybrid method which uses heuristics to mediate between template matching and feature extraction. The entire symbol recognition process is carried out under a decision-tree control strategy. The entire recognition system for circuit diagrams is briefly explained, including character string recognition and connecting line analysis.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Preliminary Study on a Biocompatible Cellulose Waterborne Polyurethane Composite Membrane (2022)

A promising technique for repairing necrotic mucosa of human organs has emerged, in which composite films are used to replace human mucosa. In this work, neutral alpha-amylase corrosion solution with a concentration of 0.40 mg/mL and hydrochloric acid corrosion solution at pH 0.9 were used as simulated oral cavity and gastric fluid environments under the condition of human body temperature. The prepared cellulose film and the cellulose water-based polyurethane composite film (the concentration of water-based polyurethane was 90, 92, 94, 96, or 98%) were mixed in the simulated environment. The composite membrane had a weaker water swelling property (water swelling degree of 4.32%), weaker surface hydrophilicity (water contact angle of 59.05°), and stronger enzyme activity (1.77 U). This functional film composite material is expected to become an ideal substitute for human mucosa.
Flow-Assisted Corrosion of Carbon Steel Under Neutral Water Conditions (2007)

Flow-assisted corrosion (FAC) often has caused serious damage to carbon steel piping in nuclear power plants. As a first stage of experiments to determine the effects of water chemistry parameters on FAC, corrosion rates of carbon steel were measured in 140°C pure water with an online corrosion rate monitor based on electrical resistance measurement as [O2] and flow velocity were changed. The data were compiled as a function of electrochemical corrosion potential (ECP) and flow velocity. It was concluded that the FAC rate was below the detectable limit in highly oxygenated conditions, where [O2] was &gt;50 ppb and ECP was above –0.2 VSHE; and the effects of preoxidation treatment disappeared rapidly under deaerated conditions.
Thin film encapsulation of acceleration sensors using polysilicon sacrificial layers (2004)

This work presents a novel wafer-level encapsulation technique for MEMS devices featuring functional, sacrificial, and cap layers all made from polycrystalline silicon. This technique offers several advantages such as a low area consumption, a reduced thickness of the sealed device and a CMOS compatible process flow for a MEMS-first CMOS intergrated sensor. The process flow for the encapsulation of a MEMS accelerometer is presented. The main features of the approach are the use of a second sacrificial layer on top of the device made from silicon, a thick cap layer also made from silicon and the use of gaseous CIF/sub 3/ for the etching of the sacrificial silicon layer. The protection of the cap and functional layer of the device during sacrificial etching is achieved by thin oxide layers confining the sacrificial etching to a predefined volume. The mechanical stability of the cap layer during handling or plastic mold packaging is ensured by a barrel vault design of the MEMS cavity.
Stability of ondansetron hydrochloride and dexamethasone sodium phosphate in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and in 5% dextrose injection (1997)

peer reviewed
Optimized Downhole Mud Motor Delivers Outstanding Performance Improvement in Alaska Coiled Tubing Drilling (2012)

Abstract For almost two decades, coiled tubing drilling (CTD) has proved to be a successful method to reach the un-swept portions of Alaska’s North Slope reservoirs. This method of drilling has evolved over the years with new technologies and efforts from contractors and operators striving to improve performance from lessons learned. Despite these improvements in equipment and processes, operators and contractors must still deal with certain inherent deficiencies of this drilling method when compared to conventional rotary drilling – suboptimal weight transfer, sometimes troublesome hole cleaning — due mainly to lack of string rotation and low flow rate range, etc. These shortcomings have the potential to induce other drilling performance problems that affect the smoothness of coiled tubing drilling operations. Severe lateral vibration and severe stalling have become acceptable evils over the years, resulting in undesirable trips for failure and unacceptable non- productive time (NPT), both undermining one of the key benefits of coiled tubing drilling – rapid pace operations compared to rotary drilling. This paper introduces a new lower-speed downhole positive displacement motor (PDM). The technology is equipped with high-performance elastomer and was engineered to improve drilling and drill-bit performance in CTD applications. Recent field deployments in Alaska’s North Slope CTD operations proved this design by eliminating earlier performance problems for improved CTD project economics. For example, the technology’s ability to allow for about 10gal/min higher flow rates (compared to other motor designs) significantly improves hole cleaning; a key aspect in CTD operations. Up to today, this downhole mud motor design has been utilized on 13 wells, accumulating 1,303 circulating hours, 577 drilling hours and over 20,700 ft drilled. Performance improvements in depth of cut, reduced lateral vibration, reduced amount of stalls, and other benefits were achieved. There was no trip for PDM failure in all of the 34 runs, traversing different formation zones. The corresponding paper will provide additional information on application benefits by investigating two recent field deployments.
Control of de novo Pyrimidine Biosynthesis in Mammalian Tissues. Levels and Turnover of Early Intermediates in Mouse Spleen in vivo (1980)

A single subcutaneous administration of sodium [14C] bicarbonate was given to anemic mice previously treated with acetylphenylhydrazine. 14C rapidly appeared in the arterial blood, reached a peak value in less than 3 min, and disappeared with a half-life of about 7 min. The tracer thus administered offered a quasi pulse-labeling technique. The radioactive intermediates and end products in the hyperplastic and hematopoietic spleen were separated by repeated chromatography on anion-exchange resin. A relatively large amount of radioactivity appeared in carbamoylaspartate (peak value at 5 min), while definite but low radioactivity was found in dihydroorotate and orotate plus its derivatives (∑ orotate). The 14C in the uracil 5′-nucleotide pool (∑UMP) reached a maximum at 30 min and then declined with a half-life of about 60 min. l-[ureido-14C] Citrulline or l-[guanidino-14C] arginine induced no significant labeling of uracil nucleotides. Steady-state levels of carbamoyl phosphate, carbamoylaspartate, ∑ orotate, and ∑UMP were 0.12, 69.0, 5.0, and 513 nmol/g spleen. The above observations were consistent with the notion that production of carbamoyl phosphate limits the pathway, under the conditions used. When mice Were pretreated with 6-azauridine, a potent inhibitor of orotate conversion to UMP, there was a marked enhancement in the tissue contents of the intermediates, as well as a considerable accumulation of the 14C label, thus demonstrating that intermediates do not readily permeate through cell membranes. Kinetic analysis of the 14C label in carbamoylaspartate, together with reasonable assumptions, gave a value of 0.43 μmol × h−1× g−1 for the flow rate of the pathway. This value was close to the apparent turnover rate of ∑UMP (0.36 μmol × h−1× g−1), calculated from the half-life of the decline of the radioactivity and the pool size of ∑UMP (0.52 μmol/g).
Recombinant human uteroglobin/CC10 inhibits the adhesion and migration of primary human endothelial cells via specific and saturable binding to fibronectin (2006)

Uteroglobin (UG) or Clara Cell 10 kDa protein (CC10) is a small, stable, epithelial secretory anti-inflammatory protein. Uteroglobin has been shown to inhibit neointimal formation in vivo after balloon angioplasty through an unknown mechanism. An interaction between UG and plasma fibronectin (Fn) has been demonstrated in mice. Since Fn plays a key role in endothelial cell (EC) migration and angiogenesis, we investigated whether recombinant human UG (rhUG) affects EC migration via Fn binding. In this report, we show a saturable binding of rhUG to Fn depending on Fn conformation and that rhUG is covalently cross-linked to Fn by transglutaminase (TGase). Additionally, our study highlights that rhUG can also bind to exogenously added or self-secreted Fn on the membrane of human primary microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC), although these complexes are weakly associated with the plasmalemma. Upon the interaction with Fn in solid phase, rhUG strongly inhibits HMVEC attachment on Fn, but not on other ECM proteins. Consequently, rhUG also inhibits cell migration in a dose dependent fashion (I.C.50 = 65 nM) and hinders the "wound healing" in vitro. The small size, stability and human tolerability of rhUG suggest that rhUG in slow-release form or genetically delivered could be used in humans to modulate cell/Fn interactions in the context of tumor microenvironment or in the context of inflammation and fibrosis.
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of 10,11-dihydropyrrolo [1,2-b][1,2,5]benzothiadiazepine-11-acetic acid 5,5-dioxide derivatives and related compounds. (1996)

The synthesis and the in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity of novel pyrrolo annulated benzothiadiazepine acetic acids and some related derivatives are reported. The new compounds share chemical features with pyrrolo[1,2-d][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one 1 and Ro 5-3335 pyrrylbenzodiazepinone 4, two inhibitors of HIV-replication at the level of reverse transcriptase (RT) and transcriptional transactivation by Tat, respectively. Two derivatives, namely methyl 10,11-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-b][1,2,5]benzothiadiazepine-11-acetic-5,5 -dioxide (5a) and 1,12b-dihydro-2H-azeto[2,1-d]pyrrolo[1,2-b][1,2,5]benzoth iadiazepin-2-one 8,8-dioxide (7a), were found to exhibit a significant, although not very potent, activity against human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-1).
Decentralized Semantic Identity (2016)

This paper examines a semantic approach for identity management, namely the W3C WebID, as a representation of personal information, and the WebID-TLS as a decentralized authentication protocol, allowing individuals to manage their own identities and data privacy. The paper identifies a set of important usability, privacy and security issues that needs to be addressed, and proposes an end to end authentication mechanism based on WebID, JSON Web Tokens (JWT) and the blockchain. The WebID includes a personal profile with its certificate, and the social relationship information described as the RDF-based FOAF ontology. The JWT is a standardized container format to encode personal related information in a secure way using "claims". The distributed, irreversible, undeletable, and immutable nature of the blockchain has appropriate attributes for distributed credential storage and decentralized identity management.
Recombinant Secretory Immunoglobulin A in Passive Immunotherapy: Linking Immunology and Biotechnology (2003)

The use of monoclonal antibodies has become routine in the research and diagnostic laboratories, but the potential of antibody molecules in public health and medical applications is still far from its maximum. Most infections begin at mucosal surfaces, and this is certainly not only a stroke of good fortune if mother's milk serves as a natural delivery vehicle for antibodies protecting the gastrointestinal tract of nursing infants. Mammary gland or other mucous secretions containing numerous antibody specificities provide an efficient mean to immediately protect a mucosal surface against pathogens, which have never been encountered by the host. From a public health perspective, topical passive immunization of mucosal surfaces with monoclonal antibodies can block entry and transmission of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that infect humans, and thus defeat some key immune evasion strategies designed by many pathogens. The chief antibody on most mucosal surfaces is secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), a polypeptide complex comprising dimeric IgA, the connecting J chain, and the secretory component. The molecular stability, tetravalency, and strong anti-inflammatory properties make SIgA particularly well suited to fulfill the function of passive protective immunity when applied exogenously to mucosal surfaces. The review will give an overview of the basic concepts underlying mucosal immunity, present the molecular mechanisms whereby SIgA prevents mucosal infections, cover the last advances in the topic of recombinant SIgA production, and examine how structure-function relationship in SIgA will help designing molecules with novel properties for passive immunotherapy.
Failure Modes in Machine Learning Systems (2019)

In the last two years, more than 200 papers have been written on how machine learning (ML) systems can fail because of adversarial attacks on the algorithms and data; this number balloons if we were to incorporate papers covering non-adversarial failure modes. The spate of papers has made it difficult for ML practitioners, let alone engineers, lawyers, and policymakers, to keep up with the attacks against and defenses of ML systems. However, as these systems become more pervasive, the need to understand how they fail, whether by the hand of an adversary or due to the inherent design of a system, will only become more pressing. In order to equip software developers, security incident responders, lawyers, and policy makers with a common vernacular to talk about this problem, we developed a framework to classify failures into "Intentional failures" where the failure is caused by an active adversary attempting to subvert the system to attain her goals; and "Unintentional failures" where the failure is because an ML system produces an inherently unsafe outcome. After developing the initial version of the taxonomy last year, we worked with security and ML teams across Microsoft, 23 external partners, standards organization, and governments to understand how stakeholders would use our framework. Throughout the paper, we attempt to highlight how machine learning failure modes are meaningfully different from traditional software failures from a technology and policy perspective.
Genetic Polymorphisms of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated and Breast Cancer Risk (2005)

To evaluate the role of genetic polymorphisms of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) in the etiology of breast cancer, a hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Korea. Nine-hundred ninety-six histologically confirmed incident breast cancer cases and 1,181 cancer-free controls were recruited in Seoul between 1995 and 2003. Genotypes of the ATM polymorphisms-5144A > T, IVS21 + 1049T > C, IVS33 - 55T > C, IVS34 + 60G > A, and 3393T > G were determined by the 5'-nuclease assay. Individual haplotypes were estimated from genotype data by a Bayesian method. Five ATM alleles were found to be in strong linkage disequilibrium (D' > 0.82; P < 0.001). Haplotype frequencies were significantly different between cases and controls (chi2 test, P < 0.001). The ATM IVS21 + 1049 TC or CC, IVS34 + 60 GA or AA, and 3393 TG or GG genotypes were associated with increased breast cancer risk, particularly in premenopausal women [odds ratios (OR), 1.51; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11-2.05; OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.08-1.88; and OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.04-1.80, respectively]. Compared with diploid of TCCAG:TCCAG, the most common haplotype, the ATTGT:ATTGT was associated with decreased risk of breast cancer with borderline significance (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.58-1.04) and TCCAG:ATCGT and ATTGT:ACCAG were associated with increased breast cancer risk (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.18-4.48 and OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.1.07-5.52, respectively) after adjusting for age, education, age at first full-term pregnancy, parity, family history of breast cancer, alcohol consumption, and smoking. As the number of ATTGT haplotype decreased, the risk of breast cancer increased (P for trend < 0.01). Our results thus suggest that genetic polymorphisms of ATM play an important role in the development of breast cancer in Korean women.
A Load Flow Calculation Method for Ill-Conditioned Power Systems (1981)

In this paper, a load flow calculation method for ill-conditioned power systems is developed. The proposed method is very simple, has no mathematical approximations, and requires almost no additional storage and computation time when incorporated into the normal Newton-Raphson program. Using the method, the load flow solution never diverges, and also the existence of the solution from the initial estimate can be easily judged. To examine the effectivenesst two ill-conditioned power systems, i.e., 11 and 43 bus systems are studied by the method, and it is found that the solution does not exist for the 11 bus system though the given data are said to be operational, and also that the solution does exist for the 43 bus system but does not converge with the single precision due to the precision deficiency of the computer.
Ultrastructural characterization of CD133<sup>+</sup> stem cells bound to superparamagnetic nanoparticles: possible biotechnological applications (2008)

CD133 antigen is an integral membrane glycoprotein that can bind with different cells. Originally, however, this cellular surface antigen was expressed in human stem cells and in various cellular progenitors of the haematopoietic system. Human cord blood has been described as an excellent source of CD133(+) haematopoietic progenitor cells with a large application potential. One of the main objectives of the present study is to describe for the first time the ultrastructural characteristics of CD133(+) stem cells using transmission electronic microscopy. Another objective of the manuscript is to demonstrate through transmission electronic microscopy the molecular image of magnetic nanoparticles connected to the stem cells of great biotechnological importance, as well as demonstrating the value of this finding for electronic paramagnetic resonance and its related nanobioscientific value. Ultrastructural results showed the monoclonal antibody anti-CD133 bound to the superparamagnetic nanoparticles by the presence of electrondense granules in cell membrane, as well as in the cytoplasm, revealing the ultrastructural characteristics of CD133(+) cells, exhibiting a round morphology with discrete cytoplasmic projections, having an active nucleus that follows this morphology. The cellular cytoplasm was filled up with mitochondrias, as well as microtubules and vesicles pinocitic, characterizing the process as being related to internalization of the magnetic nanoparticles that were endocyted by the cells in question. Electronic paramagnetic resonance analysis of the CD133(+) stem cells detected that the signal (spectrum) generated by the labelled cells comes from the superparamagnetic nanoparticles that are bound to them. These results strongly suggest that these CD133(+) cells can be used in nanobiotechnology applications, with benefits in different biomedical areas.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor as a biomarker for mood disorders: An historical overview and future directions (2010)

Mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BPD), are the most prevalent psychiatric conditions, and are also among the most severe and debilitating. However, the precise neurobiology underlying these disorders is currently unknown. One way to combat these disorders is to discover novel biomarkers for them. The development of such biomarkers will aid both in the diagnosis of mood disorders and in the development of effective psychiatric medications to treat them. A number of preclinical studies have suggested that the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of MDD. In 2003, we reported that serum levels of BDNF in antidepressant-naive patients with MDD were significantly lower than those of patients medicated with antidepressants and normal controls, and that serum BDNF levels were negatively correlated with the severity of depression. Additionally, we found that decreased serum levels of BDNF in antidepressant-naive patients recovered to normal levels associated with the recovery of depression after treatment with antidepressant medication. This review article will provide an historical overview of the role played by BDNF in the pathophysiology of mood disorders and in the mechanism of action of therapeutic agents. Particular focus will be given to the potential use of BDNF as a biomarker for mood disorders. BDNF is initially synthesized as a precursor protein proBDNF, and then proBDNF is proteolytically cleaved to the mature BDNF. Finally, future perspectives on the use of proBDNF as a novel biomarker for mood disorders will be discussed.
Multi Zone Completion Design Considerations (1996)

Very often, a wellbore penetrates numerous geologic zones of interest. An optimum completion design addresses a method of isolating these zones while protecting the reservoir for future exploitation. A common practice is to utilize two or more packers for efficient zonal isolation. When designing such a completion, a number of conditions and phenomena must be considered. These include, among others: thermal expansion; pressure changes; piston effects, and their resultant force and/or length changes. This paper outlines some of the factors that must be taken into consideration, then presents specific challenges and viable solutions for typical multitandem completion designs.