gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-coherence enhanced backscattering: review of principles and applications for colon cancer screening (2006)

The phenomenon of enhanced backscattering (EBS) of light, also known as coherent backscattering (CBS) of light, has been the object of intensive investigation in nonbiological media over the last two decades. However, there have been only a few attempts to explore EBS for tissue characterization and diagnosis. We have recently made progress in the EBS measurements in tissue by taking advantage of low spatial coherence illumination, which has led us to the development of low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) spectroscopy. In this work, we review the current state of research on LEBS. After a brief discussion of the basic principle of EBS and LEBS, we present an overview of the unique features of LEBS for tissue characterization, and show that LEBS enables depth-selective spectroscopic assessment of mucosal tissue. Then, we demonstrate the potential of LEBS spectroscopy for predicting the risk of colon carcinogenesis and colonoscopy-free screening for colorectal cancer (CRC).
Anteromedial and posterolateral graft kinematics of a double‐bundle ACL reconstruction: a 3D computer simulation (2015)

The femoral graft-tunnel angle was larger than on the tibial side and the GTEC angles influenced the PL graft more, implying that grafts may experience a less optimal biomechanical environment at the femoral tunnels.
Visualization and Detection of Ciliary Beating Pattern and Frequency in the Upper Airway using Phase Resolved Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography (2017)

Ciliary motion plays a critical role in the overall respiratory health of the upper airway. These cilia beat at a native frequency and in a synchronized pattern to continuously transport foreign particulate trapped in a layer of mucous out of the upper airway. Disruption of ciliary motion can lead to severe respiratory diseases and compromised respiratory function. Currently, the study of cilia requires expensive high speed cameras and high powered microscopes which is unsuitable for in vivo imaging and diagnosis. Doppler based optical coherence tomography has the potential to visualize the microscopic motion of cilia during their beating cycle. We demonstrate the development of a high-speed Doppler optical coherence tomography system that not only can rapidly determine the cilia beat frequency, but also simultaneously visualize the temporal cilia beating pattern which plays critical roles in cilia function.
Peripherally reinforced laminated loudspeaker diaphragm (1980)

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All frequency domain distributed fiber-optic brillouin sensing (2003)

A frequency domain approach to distributed fiber-optic Brillouin sensing is presented and numerically analyzed. In this technique, both measurements and signal processing are performed in the frequency domain. We use an integral equation which directly relates the Brillouin gain to the Brillouin signal in the frequency domain in order to develop a new technique for the quantitative reconstruction of temperature-strain profiles along an optical fiber. The reconstruction is achieved by minimizing a cost function representing the error between the measured and the model data. Such a minimization is effectively performed by representing the unknown (temperature-strain) profile with a finite number of parameters. Numerical results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach and its stability with respect to measurement errors.
Maleimido substituted cyclotriphosphazene resins for fire and heat resistant composites (1983)

A new class of fire- and heat-resistant matrix resins have been synthesized by the thermal polymerization of maleimido substituted phenoxycyclotriphosphazenes. The resins have exhibited a char yield of 82 percent at 800 C in nitrogen and 81 percent at 700 C in air. Graphite-fabric laminates based on a resin of this class have shown a limiting oxygen index of 100 percent even at 300 C. Details of the fabrication of the resins and the composites and testing procedures are discussed.
Fabrication of volcano emitters using chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) (2002)

Volcano emitters with gate dimensions of 6, 9, 15, 25, and 50 /spl mu/m have been processed using chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) for the removal of the emitter material and the gate-to-emitter dielectric on top of the gate plateau. Devices were fabricated with Cr, Cr-cermet, TiW/Au, SiC, and SiC/TiW/Au as the emitter materials and with 1 /spl mu/m spacings between the emitter rims and the silicon gates. The gate post heights ranged from 4 to 6 /spl mu/m. Measurements of single volcano SiC and SiC/TiW/Au emitters showed that the emission current scales with the periphery of the devices. CMP offers a readily scaleable process for the manufacturing of large area FEDs.
Catalytic Asymmetric Epoxidation of Cyclic Enones (2008)

A highly enantioselective epoxidation of cyclic enones with hydrogen peroxide has been developed that is catalyzed by chiral primary amine salts.
Fast non-intrusive memory reclamation for highly-concurrent data structures (2016)

Current memory reclamation mechanisms for highly-concurrent data structures present an awkward trade-off. Techniques such as epoch-based reclamation perform well when all threads are running on dedicated processors, but the delay or failure of a single thread will prevent any other thread from reclaiming memory. Alternatives such as hazard pointers are highly robust, but they are expensive because they require a large number of memory barriers. This paper proposes three novel ways to alleviate the costs of the memory barriers associated with hazard pointers and related techniques. These new proposals are backward-compatible with existing code that uses hazard pointers. They move the cost of memory management from the principal code path to the infrequent memory reclamation procedure, significantly reducing or eliminating memory barriers executed on the principal code path. These proposals include (1) exploiting the operating system's memory protection ability, (2) exploiting certain x86 hardware features to trigger memory barriers only when needed, and (3) a novel hardware-assisted mechanism, called a hazard lookaside buffer (HLB) that allows a reclaiming thread to query whether there are hazardous pointers that need to be flushed to memory. We evaluate our proposals using a few fundamental data structures (linked lists and skiplists) and libcuckoo, a recent high-throughput hash-table library, and show significant improvements over the hazard pointer technique.
Digoxin derivatives with selectivity for the α2β3 isoform of Na,K-ATPase potently reduce intraocular pressure (2015)

The ciliary epithelium in the eye consists of pigmented epithelial cells that express the α1β1 isoform of Na,K-ATPase and nonpigmented epithelial cells that express mainly the α2β3 isoform. In principle, a Na,K-ATPase inhibitor with selectivity for α2β3 that penetrates the cornea could effectively reduce intraocular pressure, with minimal systemic or local toxicity. We have recently synthesized perhydro-1,4-oxazepine derivatives of digoxin by NaIO4 oxidation of the third digitoxose and reductive amination with various R-NH2 substituents and identified derivatives with significant selectivity for human α2β1 over α1β1 (up to 7.5-fold). When applied topically, the most α2-selective derivatives effectively prevented or reversed pharmacologically raised intraocular pressure in rabbits. A recent structure of Na,K-ATPase, with bound digoxin, shows the third digitoxose approaching one residue in the β1 subunit, Gln84, suggesting a role for β in digoxin binding. Gln84 in β1 is replaced by Val88 in β3. Assuming that alkyl substituents might interact with β3Val88, we synthesized perhydro-1,4-oxazepine derivatives of digoxin with diverse alkyl substituents. The methylcyclopropyl and cyclobutyl derivatives are strongly selective for α2β3 over α1β1 (22-33-fold respectively), as determined either with purified human isoform proteins or intact bovine nonpigmented epithelium cells. When applied topically on rabbit eyes, these derivatives potently reduce both pharmacologically raised and basal intraocular pressure. The cyclobutyl derivative is more efficient than Latanoprost, the most widely used glaucoma drug. Thus, the conclusion is that α2β3-selective digoxin derivatives effectively penetrate the cornea and inhibit the Na,K-ATPase, hence reducing aqueous humor production. The new digoxin derivatives may have potential for glaucoma drug therapy.
Novel Sulfur Vulcanization Accelerators Based on Mercapto-Pyridine, -Pyrazine, and -Pyrimidine (1996)

Abstract Sulfur vulcanization accelerators derived from 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) have been a staple for the rubber processing industry for over 65 years. Most noteworthy are the sulfenamide derivatives, which provide various combinations of scorch delay and cure rate, depending upon the basicity and steric nature of the sulfenamide N-substituent(s). While the effect of the amine moiety on benzothiazole sulfenamide accelerator performance has been well documented, the effect of the S-linked heterocyclic moiety of the sulfenamide has been investigated to a much lesser extent. Thus, to gain a better understanding of the role of the heterocycle, a variety of novel disulfides and sulfenamides based on pyridine have been synthesized and tested. The performance of the pyridine based accelerators have been compared to each other and to the various benzothiazole analogues. Until recently, the corresponding sulfenimides (compounds containing two divalent thiol moieties attached to an amine nitrogen ) seem to have received little attention in the rubber industry. Sulfenimides based on pyridine, pyrazine and pyrimidine have therefore also been synthesized and tested. The differences in preparation and vulcanization activity for the benzothiazole sulfenimides and sulfenamides are described, as well as some rudimentary differences which have appeared in the early stages of mechanistic work. It has been discovered in the course of this work that other heterocyclic thiols may be substituted for 2-mercaptobenzothiazole in the basic sulfenimide structure to gain advantages both in faster cure rate and extended scorch delay. The behavior of these novel sulfenimides in common rubber cure systems is presented together with representative physical properties of the rubber vulcanizates.
Electroporation of Synthetic DNA Antigens Offers Protection in Nonhuman Primates Challenged with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (2009)

Avian influenza highlights the need for novel vaccination techniques that would allow for the rapid design and production of safe and effective vaccines. An ideal platform would be capable of inducing both protective antibodies and potent cellular immune responses. These potential advantages of DNA vaccines remain unrealized due to a lack of efficacy in large animal studies and in human trials. Questions remain regarding the potential utility of cellular immune responses against influenza virus in primates. In this study, by construct optimization and in vivo electroporation of synthetic DNA-encoded antigens, we observed the induction of cross-reactive cellular and humoral immune responses individually capable of providing protection from influenza virus infection in the rhesus macaque. These studies advance the DNA vaccine field and provide a novel, more tolerable vaccine with broad immunogenicity to avian influenza virus. This approach appears important for further investigation, including studies with humans.
A bactericidal antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi is directed against a variable region of the OspB protein (1994)

Borrelia burgdorferi, an agent of Lyme disease, is killed by some monoclonal antibodies in the absence of complement or phagocytes. In the present study, the bactericidal action of monoclonal antibodies against B. burgdorferi and B. hermsii, a cause of relapsing fever, was further characterized. H6831, an antibody recognizing the OspB proteins of some B. burgdorferi strains, and H4825, an antibody specific for one serotype of B. hermsii, were purified, and Fab fragments of the antibodies were prepared. In time-kill studies, more than 99.9% of strain B31 B. burgdorferi cells were killed after 30 min of exposure to H6831 Fab fragments. The MBC of the Fab fragments was 10 micrograms/ml. Electron microscopy revealed that the bactericidal Fab fragments produced numerous blebs and cell lysis of the borrelias for which they were specific. To identify the epitope for H6831, the OspB sequences of H6831-susceptible and -resistant strains and mutants were determined. The deduced OspB proteins of all H6831-resistant strains and mutants differed from the strain B31 OspB at residue 253. Murine antisera raised against a 21-mer synthetic peptide representing the region around residue 253 were specific for strain B31 by Western blot (immunoblot) and growth inhibition assays. Furthermore, the antipeptide serum inhibited the binding of H6831 to whole borrelias. These findings indicated that the linear component of the bactericidal antibody's epitope was located at or near residue 253.
The Mean and Median Criteria for Kernel Bandwidth Selection for Support Vector Data Description (2017)

Support vector data description (SVDD) is a popular technique for detecting anomalies. The SVDD classifier partitions the whole space into an inlier region, which consists of the region near the training data, and an outlier region, which consists of points away from the training data. The computation of the SVDD classifier requires a kernel function, and the Gaussian kernel is a common choice for the kernel function. The Gaussian kernel has a bandwidth parameter, whose value is important for good results. A small bandwidth leads to overfitting, and the resulting SVDD classifier overestimates the number of anomalies. A large bandwidth leads to underfitting, and the classifier fails to detect many anomalies. In this paper we present a new automatic, unsupervised method for selecting the Gaussian kernel bandwidth. The selected value can be computed quickly, and it is competitive with existing bandwidth selection methods.
Motion-compensated compressed sensing for dynamic imaging (2010)

The recently introduced Compressed Sensing (CS) theory explains how sparse or compressible signals can be reconstructed from far fewer samples than what was previously believed possible. The CS theory has attracted significant attention for applications such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) where long acquisition times have been problematic. This is especially true for dynamic MRI applications where high spatio-temporal resolution is needed. For example, in cardiac cine MRI, it is desirable to acquire the whole cardiac volume within a single breath-hold in order to avoid artifacts due to respiratory motion. Conventional MRI techniques do not allow reconstruction of high resolution image sequences from such limited amount of data. Vaswani et al. recently proposed an extension of the CS framework to problems with partially known support (i.e. sparsity pattern). In their work, the problem of recursive reconstruction of time sequences of sparse signals was considered. Under the assumption that the support of the signal changes slowly over time, they proposed using the support of the previous frame as the "known" part of the support for the current frame. While this approach works well for image sequences with little or no motion, motion causes significant change in support between adjacent frames. In this paper, we illustrate how motion estimation and compensation techniques can be used to reconstruct more accurate estimates of support for image sequences with substantial motion (such as cardiac MRI). Experimental results using phantoms as well as real MRI data sets illustrate the improved performance of the proposed technique.
A Fast Parallel Algorithm for Convolutional Sparse Coding (2018)

The current leading algorithms for convolutional sparse coding are not inherently parallelizable, and therefore are not able to fully exploit modern multi-core architectures. We address this deficiency by developing a new algorithm that partitions the dictionary and the corresponding coefficient maps into groups, solving the main subproblems for all of the groups in parallel. Theoretical complexities and implementational details are discussed and validated with computational experiments, which indicate speed improvements by about a factor of 5, depending on the specific problem.
White blood cell population dynamics for risk stratification of acute coronary syndrome (2017)

The complete blood count (CBC) provides a high-level assessment of a patient's immunologic state and guides the diagnosis and treatment of almost all diseases. Hematology analyzers evaluate CBCs by making high-dimensional single-cell measurements of size and cytoplasmic and nuclear morphology in high throughput, but only the final cell counts are commonly used for clinical decisions. Here, we utilize the underlying single-cell measurements from conventional clinical instruments to develop a mathematical model guided by cellular mechanisms that quantifies the population dynamics of neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte characteristics. The dynamic model tracks the evolution of the morphology of WBC subpopulations as a patient transitions from a healthy to a diseased state. We show how healthy individuals and hospitalized patients with similar WBC counts can be robustly classified based on their WBC population dynamics. We combine the model with supervised learning techniques to risk-stratify patients under evaluation for acute coronary syndrome. In particular, the model can identify more than 70% of patients in our study population with initially negative screening tests who will be diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome in the subsequent 48 hours. More generally, our study shows how mechanistic modeling of existing clinical data can help realize the vision of precision medicine.
Polymeric optical waveguides for device applications (1991)

Polymeric materials suitable for the formation of both passive and electro-optically active waveguide devices have been produced. We have developed methods for delineating channel waveguides in thin polymer films via a photopatteming technique. A description of the performance characteristics of devices incorporating these materials will be presented. An analysis of the advantages and drawbacks of polymeric systems will also be included.
Novel Current Sharing Schemes for Multiphase Converters with Digital Controller Implementation (2007)

Multiphase converters require a current sharing loop to maintain equal or desired current sharing between phases or paralleled modules. Conventional current sharing schemes are based on sensing each phase current to provide the current information to the control loop. Such schemes have disadvantages including the fact that they operate to generate a pre-set sharing ratio that is independent of converter efficiency value, they are highly affected by the sensing accuracy of each phase, and they require large associated sensing circuitries and off-line calibration. In this paper, new efficiency based current sharing concepts and schemes are proposed and discussed to eliminate or reduce the disadvantages of conventional schemes. The proposed concepts are based on dynamically maximizing the efficiency (minimizing power losses) of the converter to achieve the optimum current sharing ratio. They also provide schemes that are independent of sensing accuracy and require a reduced number of sensors and associated circuitries. The proposed schemes can be used for current sharing as stand-alone designs or can be combined with conventional schemes to achieve online current sharing loop calibration. Digital controller implementation is presented utilizing flexibility and other advantages of digital controllers. Experimental results are presented to support the theoretical analysis.
Registration of ‘CL152’ Rice (2013)

‘CL152’ (Reg. No.CV-141; PI 666059), a Clearfield (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany) long-grain rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar, was developed by the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center at the Rice Research Station near Crowley, LA, and approved for release by the director of the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station in 2011. CL152 was derived from the cross TACAURI/3/CYPRESS//L-202/TEBONNET/4/CL161 that was made in 2003 at the Rice Research Station. CL152 originated in 2005 as an F2:3 line selected based on agronomic characteristics. Testing in the Clearfield preliminary yield trials in 2010 indicated high yield potential and favorable agronomic characteristics. In 2009 and 2010, CL152 was evaluated in 38 statewide yield performance trials, along with two, high-yielding Clearfield check cultivars, ‘CL111’ and ‘CL151.’ Grain yield of CL152 was 8.7 Mg ha−1 compared with 8.7 and 9.2 Mg ha−1 for CL111 and CL151, respectively. Plant height for CL152 was 101 cm compared with 101 cm and 100 cm for CL111 and CL151, respectively. CL152 reached 50% heading in 83 d while CL111 reached 50% heading in 77 d and CL151 in 81 d. CL152 has a semi-erect flag leaf, and the leaves are dark green and display an intermediate leaf angle. The lemma and palea are straw-colored and glabrous, and the apiculus, light purple at heading, is colorless as the grain approaches harvest maturity. CL152 is susceptible to sheath blight disease, moderately resistant to blast disease and moderately resistant to straighthead disorder.
A concept for using the external tank from a National Space Transportation System (NSTS) for a lunar habitat (1989)

A concept for using the external tank from a National Space Transportation System for a lunar habitat is described. The tank is inserted in low earth orbit where it is outfitted as a 12-person lunar habitat. The tank modifications utilize existing structures and openings for man access without compromising the structural integrity of the tank. The modifications include installation of living quarters, instrumentation, and airlock; and thermal-control, environmental-control and life-support, and propulsion systems. The habitat is designed for unmanned transport to low lunar orbit and autonomously soft landed on the lunar surface. Supply to the habitat is provided by a space transfer vehicle and manned cargo lander. The lunar habitat concept is feasible by the year 2000 with the concurrent development of a space transfer vehicle and manned cargo lander for crew changeover and resupply.
FOCUS :E LECTROCHEMISTRY COMBINED WITH MS Efficient Analyte Oxidation in an Electrospray Ion Source Using a Porous Flow-Through Electrode Emitter (2004)

This article describes the components, operation, and use of a porous flow-through electrode emitter in an electrospray ion source. This emitter electrode geometry provided enhanced mass transport to the electrode surface to exploit the inherent electrochemistry of the electrospray process for efficient analyte oxidation at flow rates up to 800 L/min. An upstream current loop in the electrospray source circuit, formed by a grounded contact to solution upstream of the emitter electrode, was utilized to increase the magnitude of the total current at the emitter electrode to overcome current limits to efficient oxidation. The resistance in this upstream current loop was altered to control the current and “dial-in” the extent of analyte oxidation, and thus, the abundance and nature of the oxidized analyte ions observed in the mass spectrum. The oxidation of reserpine to form a variety of products by multiple electron transfer reactions and oxidation of the ferroceneboronate derivative of pinacol to form the ES active radical cation were used to study and to illustrate the performance of this new emitter electrode design. Flow injection, continuous infusion, and on-line HPLC experiments were performed. (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2004, 15, 1755–1766) © 2004 American Society for Mass Spectrometry