gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carrier transport in multilayer organic photodetectors: I. Effects of layer structure on dark current and photoresponse (2004)

In this and the following article (Parts I and II, respectively), we discuss carrier transport in multilayer organic photodetectors. In Part I, we analyze carrier tunneling in multilayer organic photodetectors, both within the organic active region and at the anode/organic interface. The external quantum efficiency of an organic photodetector whose individual layers in the active region are ⩽30 Å thick shows an activation energy of ⩽0.1 eV, suggesting that the photogenerated carriers tunnel through the potential wells formed by the multilayer stack. In such photodetectors, electron tunneling injection from the anode into the organic active region dominates the dark current at T⩾200 K. Fitting of the dark current–voltage characteristics using a semiclassical tunneling model leads to barrier heights in agreement with experimental data. In Part II, the effects of anode preparation on performance of multilayer organic photodetectors are discussed.
A novel resonant snubber based soft-switching inverter (2002)

A new soft-switching inverter has been developed to overcome overvoltage and overcurrent problems in the existing resonant link inverters. This inverter employs a single auxiliary switch and a resonant inductor per phase to produce a zero voltage across the main switch so that the main switch can turn on at a lossless condition. Both the auxiliary switch and the resonant inductor are operating at a fractional duty, and thus are small in size compared to the main inverter circuit components. Although the resonance can be obtained with the use of the stray capacitance across the main switch, typical implementations require a small capacitor paralleling with the main switch to obtain nearly lossless turn-off. This paper describes both three-phase and single-phase circuit configurations. Operation modes in a complete zero-voltage switching cycle for the single-phase soft-switching inverter are described in detail with graphical explanation. Because the zero voltage condition is predictable by the selected circuit components, the implementation of this inverter does not require any voltage or current sensors. The circuit operation was first verified by a computer simulation and then further tested with a 1 kW power MOSFET based single-phase inverter. Both simulation and experimental results are presented to show the superiority of the proposed soft-switching inverter.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mapping Full-Length Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses in a Large White Pig (2001)

Xenotransplantation may bridge the widening gap between the shortage of donor organs and the increasing number of patients waiting for transplantation. However, a major safety issue is the potential cross-species transmission of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV). This problem could be resolved if it is possible to produce pigs that do not contain replication-competent copies of this virus. In order to determine the feasibility of this, we have determined the number of potentially replication-competent full-length PERV proviruses and obtained data on their integration sites within the porcine genome. We have screened genomic DNA libraries from a Large White pig for potentially intact proviruses. We identified six unique PERV B proviruses that were apparently intact in all three genes, while the majority of isolated proviruses were defective in one or more genes. No intact PERV A proviruses were found in this pig, despite the identification of multiple defective A proviruses. Genotyping of 30 unrelated pigs for these unique proviruses showed a heterogeneous distribution. Two proviruses were uncommon, present in 7 of 30 and 3 of 30 pigs, while three were each present in 24 of 30 pigs, and one was present in 30 of 30 animals examined. Our data indicate that few PERV proviruses in Large White pigs are capable of productive infection and suggest that many could be removed by selective breeding. Further studies are required to determine if all potentially functional proviruses could be removed by breeding or whether gene knockout techniques will be required to remove the residuum.
MUC1-C Stabilizes MCL-1 in the Oxidative Stress Response of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells to BCL-2 Inhibitors (2016)

Aberrant expression of myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL-1) is a major cause of drug resistance in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a heterodimeric oncoprotein that is aberrantly overexpressed in most TNBC. The present studies show that targeting the oncogenic MUC1 C-terminal subunit (MUC1-C) in TNBC cells with silencing or pharmacologic inhibition with GO-203 is associated with downregulation of MCL-1 levels. Targeting MUC1-C suppresses the MEK → ERK and PI3K → AKT pathways, and in turn destabilizes MCL-1. The small molecules ABT-737 and ABT-263 target BCL-2, BCL-XL and BCL-w, but not MCL-1. We show that treatment with ABT-737 increases reactive oxygen species and thereby MUC1-C expression. In this way, MUC1-C is upregulated in TNBC cells resistant to ABT-737 or ABT-263. We also demonstrate that MUC1-C is necessary for the resistance-associated increases in MCL-1 levels. Significantly, combining GO-203 with ABT-737 is synergistic in inhibiting survival of parental and drug resistant TNBC cells. These findings indicate that targeting MUC1-C is a potential strategy for reversing MCL-1-mediated resistance in TNBC.
Stable Integration of Transgenes Delivered by a Retrotransposon–Adenovirus Hybrid Vector (2001)

Helper-dependent adenoviruses show great promise as gene delivery vectors. However, because they do not integrate into the host chromosome, transgene expression cannot be maintained indefinitely. To overcome these limitations, we have inserted an L1 retrotransposon/transgene element into a helper-dependent adenovirus to create a novel chimeric gene delivery vector. Efficient adenovirus-mediated delivery of the L1 element into cultured human cells results in subsequent retrotransposition and stable integration of the transgene. L1 retrotransposition frequency was found to correlate with increasing multiplicity of infection by the chimeric vector, and further retrotransposition from newly integrated elements was not observed on prolonged culture. Therefore, this vector, which utilizes components of low immunogenic potential, represents a novel two-stage gene delivery system capable of achieving high titers via the initial helper-dependent adenovirus stage and permanent transgene integration via the retrotransposition stage.
Vaccination of Full‐<scp>s</scp>ib Channel Catfish Families Against Enteric Septicemia of Catfish with an Oral Live Attenuated <i>Edwardsiella ictaluri</i> Vaccine (2016)

Abstract This study evaluated the efficacy of an oral live attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine against enteric septicemia of catfish in 20 full‐sib fingerling channel catfish families. The vaccine was delivered orally by feeding fish a diet coated with an attenuated E . ictaluri isolate. Sixty‐nine days postvaccination, control and vaccinated fish were challenged with virulent E . ictaluri and mortality was examined for 21 d postchallenge. Vaccinated fish had significantly lower mortality than nonvaccinated fish following challenge ( P < 0.001). Mortality of vaccinated fish was 1.7 ± 1.4% as opposed to 47.8 ± 28.7% in nonvaccinated fish. Relative percent survival ranged from 87.7 to 100% with an average of 95.2 ± 4.0% (± SE ) among the 20 families of fish. There were significant differences in mortality among families in nonvaccinated fish ( P < 0.01) while there were no differences among vaccinated families of fish. Results indicate that the live attenuated E . ictaluri vaccine is effective at reducing mortality in channel catfish exposed to virulent E . ictaluri . These data demonstrate that genetic differences among healthy families of channel catfish are not major considerations in developing an effective vaccination program utilizing the oral vaccination platform described in this study.
Protease nexin. Properties and a modified purification procedure. (1985)

The present paper describes chemical and functional properties of protease nexin, a serine protease inhibitor released from cultured human fibroblasts. It is shown that protease nexin is actually synthesized by fibroblasts and represents about 1% of their secreted protein. Analysis of the amino acid composition of purified protease nexin indicates that it is evolutionarily related to antithrombin III and heparin cofactor II. Protease nexin contains approximately 6% carbohydrate, with 2.3% amino sugar, 1.1% neutral sugar, and 3.0% sialic acid. The Mr calculated from equilibrium sedimentation analysis is 43,000. Protease nexin is a broad specificity inhibitor of trypsin-like serine proteases. It reacts rapidly with trypsin (kassoc = 4.2 +/- 0.4 X 10(6) M-1 s-1), thrombin (kassoc = 6.0 +/- 1.3 X 10(5) M-1 s-1), urokinase (kassoc = 1.5 +/- 0.1 X 10(5) M-1 s-1), and plasmin (kassoc = 1.3 +/- 0.1 X 10(5) M-1 s-1), and slowly inhibits Factor Xa and the gamma subunit of nerve growth factor but does not inhibit chymotrypsin-like proteases or leukocyte elastase. In the presence of heparin, protease nexin inhibits thrombin at a nearly diffusion-controlled rate. Two heparin affinity classes of protease nexin can be detected. The present characterization pertains to the fraction of protease nexin having the higher affinity for heparin. The low affinity material, which is the minor fraction, is lost during purification.
Application of control theory principles to optimization of grain size during hot extrusion (1998)

AbstractAbstractModern control theory has been applied to the optimisation of microstructure development during hot extrusion. This approach involves state space type models for describing the material behaviour and the mechanics of the process. The problem of determining process control parameters such as strain, strain rate, and temperature to obtain prespecified microstructural features can be systematically formulated in terms of an optimal control problem. This method has been applied to the optimisation of grain size and certain process parameters such as die geometry and ram velocity during extrusion of plain carbon steel. Experimental results of this investigation show good agreement with those predicted in the design stage.
A multiresolution watermark for digital images (1997)

We introduce a new multiresolution watermarking method for digital images. The method is based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Pseudo-random codes are added to the large coefficients at the high and middle frequency bands of the DWT of an image. It is shown that this method is more robust to often proposed methods to some common image distortions, such as the wavelet transform based image compression, and image halftoning. Moreover, the method is hierarchical. The computation load needed to detect the watermark depends on the noise level in an image.
Developments towards effective treatments for Nipah and Hendra virus infection (2006)

Hendra and Nipah virus are closely related emerging viruses comprising the Henipavirus genus of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae and are distinguished by their ability to cause fatal disease in both animal and human hosts. In particular, the high mortality and person-to-person transmission associated with the most recent Nipah virus outbreaks, as well as the very recent re-emergence of Hendra virus, has confirmed the importance and necessity of developing effective therapeutic interventions. Much research conducted on the henipaviruses over the past several years has focused on virus entry, including the attachment of virus to the host cell, the identification of the virus receptor and the membrane fusion process between the viral and host cell membranes. These findings have led to the development of possible vaccine candidates, as well as potential antiviral therapeutics. The common link among all of the possible antiviral agents discussed here, which have also been developed and tested, is that they target very early stages of the infection process. The establishment and validation of suitable animal models of Henipavirus infection and pathogenesis are also discussed as they will be crucial in the assessment of the effectiveness of any treatments for Hendra and Nipah virus infection.
Can software routers scale? (2008)

Software routers can lead us from a network of special-purpose hardware routers to one of general-purpose extensible infrastructure - if, that is, they can scale to high speeds. We identify the challenges in achieving this scalability and propose a solution: a cluster-based router architecture that uses an interconnect of commodity server platforms to build software routers that are both incrementally scalable and fully programmable.
All-Optical Regeneration of Phase Modulated Signals (2007)

In the paper, a phase-only regeneration is presented as well as simultaneous phase and amplitude regeneration of DPSK signals using a NOLM-PSA.
A One-Pot Transformation of Ketones Into N-(Meth)Acryloyl-2-Amino Acids (1987)

Abstract A synthetic sequence for the preparation of N-(meth)acryloyl-2-amino acids is outlined which involves transformation of a ketone successively into an aminonitrile and a (meth)acrylamidonitrile, followed by selective hydrolysis of the nitrile function. All reactions are performed in aqueous media, in one reaction vessel, and in a stepwise manner without isolation of any intermediate products.
Discovery of ZrCoBi based half Heuslers with high thermoelectric conversion efficiency (2018)

Thermoelectric materials are capable of converting waste heat into electricity. The dimensionless figure-of-merit (ZT), as the critical measure for the material's thermoelectric performance, plays a decisive role in the energy conversion efficiency. Half-Heusler materials, as one of the most promising candidates for thermoelectric power generation, have relatively low ZTs compared to other material systems. Here we report the discovery of p-type ZrCoBi-based half-Heuslers with a record-high ZT of ∼1.42 at 973 K and a high thermoelectric conversion efficiency of ∼9% at the temperature difference of ∼500 K. Such an outstanding thermoelectric performance originates from its unique band structure offering a high band degeneracy (N<sub>v</sub>) of 10 in conjunction with a low thermal conductivity benefiting from the low mean sound velocity (v<sub>m</sub> ∼2800 m s<sup>-1</sup>). Our work demonstrates that ZrCoBi-based half-Heuslers are promising candidates for high-temperature thermoelectric power generation.
Space flight tests of attitude determination using GPS (1994)

Abstract Preliminary space flight results of attitude determination using GPS are presented from a spacecraft in low Earth orbit. Relative position measurements accurate to the sub‐centimetre level are made among multiple GPS antennas mounted on the space vehicle. A Trimble Navigation TANS Quadrex (a GPS receiver specially adapted for attitude determination by Stanford University) is used as a differential carrier phase sensor for the flight. Four GPS antennas are mounted on the zenith face of RADCAL, a polar orbiting, gravity‐gradient‐stabilized Air Force Space Test Program Satellite, built by Defense Systems, Inc. The four antennas are equally spaced about the perimeter of the 30 inch diameter cylindrical spacecraft bus. The Quadrex receiver measures the phase of the L ‐band GPS carrier (1575 MHz) at each of up to four antennas for up to six GPS satellites simultaneously. From these measurements, an initial assessment of attitude determination in space is performed in post‐processing. For RADCAL, the attitude solution is greatly overdetermined. In a preliminary evaluation of system performance, the system accuracy is determined through measurement self‐consistency. Analysis of the attitude motion in the context of a gravity gradient dynamic model yields further insight into the system performance.
Coordinated Cell Threshold user pairing criteria for uplink CoMP MU-MIMO (2011)

Multi-User Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MU-MIMO) technique is introduced into 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long-Term Evolution (LTE) to enhance system throughput. Besides, Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission/reception is considered by LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) standard to improve the cell-edge throughput. However, some new problems appear with the promotion of MU-MIMO technique in the CoMP scenario. The existing user pairing algorithms proposed for LTE do not take the state of multi-cells into account. It is necessary to enhance user pairing algorithm to fit the CoMP MU-MIMO scenario. Consequently this paper presents a Coordinated Cell Threshold Criteria (CCTC) algorithm for uplink CoMP MU-MIMO scenario. The CCTC algorithm considers the channel state information of entire CoMP cells and sets the threshold to avoid user pairing with bad channel orthogonal from paired users to coordinate cells. Simulation results show that CCTC can significantly enhance system throughput while it is utilized in uplink CoMP user pairing.
Three-Dimensional Local Binary Patterns for Hyperspectral Imagery Classification (2017)

The local binary pattern (LBP) is a simple and efficient texture descriptor for image processing. Recently, LBP has been introduced for feature extraction of hyperspectral imagery. Specifically, the LBP codes are extracted from the 2-D band images to capture the spatial correlation among neighboring pixels, and then the statistical histogram features from all bands, which could estimate the underlying distribution in local area, are concatenated together for pixel-wise classification. However, since hyperspectral imagery contains rich spectral and spatial information, which is actually a 3-D data cube, the 2-D LBP (2-DLBP) model cannot fully exploit the joint spectral-spatial structure. In this paper, the 2-DLBP has been extended into 3-D LBP (3-DLBP) model through forming a 3-D regular octahedral frame to characterize the spectral-spatial relationship. In order to reflect the local continuous property of hyperspectral data in both the spectral and spatial domains, while ensuring the rotational invariance of the 3-DLBP model, the code patterns of 3-DLBP model have been divided into eight groups (including seven groups of “dense” patterns and one group of “nondense” patterns) based on the consistency of spectral-spatial topology structure. Specifically, the patterns in seven “dense” groups correspond to the microstructures in the 3-D domains (such as spots, edges, and flat areas), which has a high percentage in all the 3-DLBP patterns, while the rest patterns are aggregated and treated as the “nondense” patterns. The proposed method is thus called 3-D dense LBP (3-D <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> LBP) model. Moreover, instead of taking zero as the hard threshold, a slack variable has been introduced to enable the difference between the central pixel and the neighboring ones varying in a small interval, which could greatly decrease the impact of spectral variability and noise, and the discriminative power of the features has been further boosted. The slack threshold-based 3-D <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> LBP model is named ST-3-D <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> LBP. A series of experiments is conducted on three real hyperspectral imageries to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed two 3-D <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> LBP-based methods. The experimental results show that the performance of the proposed ST-3-D <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> LBP is significantly superior to that of 2-DLBP, which is also better than the 3-D <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> LBP model and several state-of-the-art hyperspectral classification methods.
Determining the microwave coupling and operational efficiencies of a microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition reactor under high pressure diamond synthesis operating conditions (2015)

The microwave coupling efficiency of the 2.45 GHz, microwave plasma assisted diamond synthesis process is investigated by experimentally measuring the performance of a specific single mode excited, internally tuned microwave plasma reactor. Plasma reactor coupling efficiencies (η) > 90% are achieved over the entire 100-260 Torr pressure range and 1.5-2.4 kW input power diamond synthesis regime. When operating at a specific experimental operating condition, small additional internal tuning adjustments can be made to achieve η > 98%. When the plasma reactor has low empty cavity losses, i.e., the empty cavity quality factor is >1500, then overall microwave discharge coupling efficiencies (η(coup)) of >94% can be achieved. A large, safe, and efficient experimental operating regime is identified. Both substrate hot spots and the formation of microwave plasmoids are eliminated when operating within this regime. This investigation suggests that both the reactor design and the reactor process operation must be considered when attempting to lower diamond synthesis electrical energy costs while still enabling a very versatile and flexible operation performance.
Towards Linear Optical Quantum Computers (2004)

Scalable quantum computation with linear optics was considered to be impossible due to the lack of efficient two-qubit logic gates, despite its ease of implementation of one-qubit gates. Two-qubit gates necessarily need a nonlinear interaction between the two photons, and the efficiency of this nonlinear interaction is typically very tiny in bulk materials. However, we recently have shown that this barrier can be circumvented with effective nonlinearities produced by projective measurements, and with this work linear-optical quantum computing becomes a new possibility of scalable quantum computation. We review several issues concerning its principles and requirements.
Improving γ-ray energy resolution, non-proportionality, and decay time of NaI:Tl+ with Sr2+ and Ca2+ co-doping (2015)

Commercially available thallium activated sodium iodide scintillators are typically characterized by a γ-ray energy resolution of 6.5% at 662 keV and a scintillation decay time constant of 230 ns. Energy resolution, non-proportionality, and scintillation decay time are improved when the crystal is co-doped with alkaline earth metals (Sr2+ and Ca2+). The energy resolution of NaI:Tl+ is improved to 5.3%, and the decay time is simultaneously reduced to 170 ns with Sr2+ and Ca2+ co-doping. The improvement in energy resolution, non-proportionality, and decay time are likely due to the suppression of the slow scintillation processes in NaI:Tl+.