gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acoustic Liner Drag: A Parametric Study of Conventional Configurations (2015)

Interest in the characterization of the aerodynamic drag performance of acoustic liners has increased in the past several years. This paper details experiments in NASA Langley's Grazing Flow Impedance Tube to quantify the relative drag of several conventional perforate-over-honeycomb liner configurations. For a fixed porosity, facesheet hole diameter and cavity depth are varied to study the effect of each. These configurations are selected to span the range of conventional liner geometries used in commercial aircraft engines. Detailed static pressure and acoustic measurements are made for grazing flows up to M=0.5 at 140 dB SPL for tones between 400 and 2800 Hz. These measurements are used to calculate a resistance factor (λ) for each configuration. Analysis shows a correlation between perforate hole size and the resistance factor but cavity depth seems to have little influence. Acoustic effects on liner drag are observed to be limited to the lower Mach numbers included in this investigation.
A Winning Backscatter Modulator: A Quarter-Gram, Ultrahigh-Frequency RFID for On-Metal Operation (2020)

Wireless sensors have become commonplace in our daily lives for such tasks as tracking temperature, measuring humidity, and sensing light and gas. Many technologies capable of relaying sensor information are continually being refined, but the search for a robust and customizable technology to satisfy the exponentially increasing demand for largescale and low-cost deployment of these wireless sensor nodes while minimizing power consumption has led to backscatter radio as a potential solution. Backscatter radio, first proposed in the 1940s as "communication by means of reflected power" [1], is a fairly mature technology that has been used in a variety of modern applications, especially those employing passive RFID technology in the ultrahigh-frequency band. The tags used in these applications are usually made up of just a transistor or switch and an antenna. These tags can be activated using only the RF power from an interrogating signal and, as a result, can be operated without any external energy source. Communication ranges of up to a few meters have been reported using this technology [2], [3].
Diameter Dependence of Aligned Growth of Carbon Nanotubes on a-Plane Sapphire Substrates (2008)

Aligned carbon nanotubes have great potential for advanced nanotube transistors and integrated circuits. In this article, we studied the carbon nanotube alignment mechanism using a chemical vapor deposition growth on a-plane sapphire substrates. We synthesized carbon nanotubes of different diameters by controlling the catalyst size and observed that nanotubes of smaller diameters had a higher degree of alignment. In addition, a surprising observation was that misaligned nanotubes had a preferred orientation. Furthermore, we developed a numerical simulation method to calculate interaction energy between a-plane sapphire surface and carbon nanotubes of different diameters. The calculated results were in good agreement with our experimental observations, which confirmed the observed diameter-dependent alignment and the preferred orientation for misaligned nanotubes.
A silicon magneto-coupler using a carrier-domain magnetometer (1985)

A new <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">IC</tex> isolation coupler based upon a sensitive magnetometer is described. The circuit is functionally similar to an opto-coupler in that a signal can be transferred to a dc-isolated circuit. In contrast to the opto-coupler, however, both transmitter and receiver for the magneto-coupler are built using a linear bipolar IC process. A fully integrated sense amplifier has been fabricated with two carrier-domain magnetometer sensors to produce a signal coupler having 250 kHz bandwidth.
Exenatide does not evoke pancreatitis and attenuates chemically induced pancreatitis in normal and diabetic rodents (2010)

The risk of developing pancreatitis is elevated in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Cases of pancreatitis have been reported in type 2 diabetes patients treated with GLP-1 (GLP-1R) receptor agonists. To examine whether the GLP-1R agonist exenatide potentially induces or modulates pancreatitis, the effect of exenatide was evaluated in normal or diabetic rodents. Normal and diabetic rats received a single exenatide dose (0.072, 0.24, and 0.72 nmol/kg) or vehicle. Diabetic ob/ob or HF-STZ mice were infused with exenatide (1.2 and 7.2 nmol·kg(-1)·day(-1)) or vehicle for 4 wk. Post-exenatide treatment, pancreatitis was induced with caerulein (CRN) or sodium taurocholate (ST), and changes in plasma amylase and lipase were measured. In ob/ob mice, plasma cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, MCP-1, IFNγ, and TNFα) and pancreatitis-associated genes were assessed. Pancreata were weighed and examined histologically. Exenatide treatment alone did not modify plasma amylase or lipase in any models tested. Exenatide attenuated CRN-induced release of amylase and lipase in normal rats and ob/ob mice but did not modify the response to ST infusion. Plasma cytokines and pancreatic weight were unaffected by exenatide. Exenatide upregulated Reg3b but not Il6, Ccl2, Nfkb1, or Vamp8 expression. Histological analysis revealed that the highest doses of exenatide decreased CRN- or ST-induced acute inflammation, vacuolation, and acinar single cell necrosis in mice and rats, respectively. Ductal cell proliferation rates were low and similar across all groups of ob/ob mice. In conclusion, exenatide did not modify plasma amylase and lipase concentrations in rodents without pancreatitis and improved chemically induced pancreatitis in normal and diabetic rodents.
Processing and sintering of nanosized TiN (1995)

The concept of surface modification of nano-scale particles with short-chained organic molecules has been used for the preparation of deagglomerated slurries of n-TiN using guanidine propionic acid as surface modifier, the strongly agglomerated powder could be redispersed to its primary particle size of 30 to 40 nm. From such suspensions green specimens with densities of 50% could be prepared by pressure filtration, which could be sintered to high densities (>96%) at temperatures below 1400°C without significant grain growth.
Human Gingiva-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Elicit Polarization of M2 Macrophages and Enhance Cutaneous Wound Healing   (2010)

Increasing evidence has supported the important role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in wound healing, however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Recently, we have isolated a unique population of MSCs from human gingiva (GMSCs) with similar stem cell-like properties, immunosuppressive, and anti-inflammatory functions as human bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs). We describe here the interplay between GMSCs and macrophages and the potential relevance in skin wound healing. When cocultured with GMSCs, macrophages acquired an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype characterized by an increased expression of mannose receptor (MR; CD206) and secretory cytokines interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6, a suppressed production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and decreased ability to induce Th-17 cell expansion. In vivo, we demonstrated that systemically infused GMSCs could home to the wound site in a tight spatial interaction with host macrophages, promoted them toward M2 polarization, and significantly enhanced wound repair. Mechanistically, GMSC treatment mitigated local inflammation mediated by a suppressed infiltration of inflammatory cells and production of IL-6 and TNF-α, and an increased expression of IL-10. The GMSC-induced suppression of TNF-α secretion by macrophages appears to correlate with impaired activation of NFκB p50. These findings provide first evidence that GMSCs are capable to elicit M2 polarization of macrophages, which might contribute to a marked acceleration of wound healing.
Self-aligned metallization and reactive ion etched buried base contact solar cells (1999)

Damage-free reactive ion etch processes have been developed that allow the formation of grooves with intentional under-etching of the mask, e.g. photo resist. In a succeeding metal evaporation step this very same mask obstructs the deposition of metal such that the metal is only deposited on the bottom of the groove. In a lift-off process the surplus metal is removed from the wafer surface. This metallization technique allows simple fabrication of single-side contacted solar cells. It has been used to form a buried base contact through the homogeneous emitter of a rear contact solar cell. Only one mask was used to define emitter and base areas and to contact the base. After depositing the metal on the bottom of the groove, it was electroplated. No significant shunts, i.e. no short circuits between emitter and base, are observed even though during electroplating the metal has grown out of the grooves. This rear contact solar cell with buried-base contacts achieves an efficiency of 16·3% under front side illumination (neither n++ nor p++ doping under the contact fingers). The cell still lacks open-circuit voltage (595 mV) and fill factor (70·9%), probably due to the lack of side-wall passivation in the grooves and of a sealing of the open pn-junction. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supravalvular aortic stenosis associated with a deletion disrupting the elastin gene. (1994)

Supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) is an inherited vascular disease that can cause heart failure and death. SVAS can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait or as part of a developmental disorder, Williams syndrome (WS). In recent studies we presented evidence suggesting that a translocation disrupting the elastin gene caused SVAS in one family while deletions involving the entire elastin locus caused WS. In this study, pulsed-field, PCR, and Southern analyses showed that a 100-kb deletion of the 3' end of the elastin gene cosegregated with the disease in another SVAS family. DNA sequence analysis localized the breakpoint between elastin exons 27 and 28, the same region disrupted by the SVAS-associated translocation. These data indicate that mutations in the elastin gene cause SVAS and suggest that elastin exons 28-36 may encode critical domains for vascular development.
Talbot–Lau interferometry-based x-ray imaging system with retractable and rotatable gratings for nondestructive testing (2020)

We develop an x-ray imaging system based on Talbot-Lau interferometry equipped with a mechanical structure for retracting and rotating gratings from the optical axis, which enables not only x-ray phase contrast imaging but also conventional x-ray imaging with high-magnification such as microcomputed tomography (μCT). We investigate the characterization of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates using this apparatus. Microcracks and fiber orientations are visualized in the dark-field images. Compared with the obtained μCT images, the relationship between the CFRP microstructures and the contrasts in the dark-field images are recognizable.
Neuroprotective Antioxidants from Marijuana<sup>a</sup> (2000)

Cannabidiol and other cannabinoids were examined as neuroprotectants in rat cortical neuron cultures exposed to toxic levels of the neurotransmitter, glutamate. The psychotropic cannabinoid receptor agonist delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol, (a non-psychoactive constituent of marijuana), both reduced NMDA, AMPA and kainate receptor mediated neurotoxicities. Neuroprotection was not affected by cannabinoid receptor antagonist, indicating a (cannabinoid) receptor-independent mechanism of action. Glutamate toxicity can be reduced by antioxidants. Using cyclic voltametry and a fenton reaction based system, it was demonstrated that Cannabidiol, THC and other cannabinoids are potent antioxidants. As evidence that cannabinoids can act as an antioxidants in neuronal cultures, cannabidiol was demonstrated to reduce hydroperoxide toxicity in neurons. In a head to head trial of the abilities of various antioxidants to prevent glutamate toxicity, cannabidiol was superior to both alpha-tocopherol and ascorbate in protective capacity. Recent preliminary studies in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia suggest that cannabidiol may be at least as effective in vivo as seen in these in vitro studies.
Auto-localization in ad-hoc microphone arrays (2013)

We present a method for automatic microphone localization in adhoc microphone arrays. The localization is based on time-of-arrival (TOA) measurements obtained from spatially distributed acoustic events. In practice, measured TOAs are an incomplete representation of the true TOAs due to unknown onset times of the acoustic events and internal delays in the capturing devices and make the localization problem insoluble if not addressed appropriately. The main contribution of the proposed method is an algorithm that identifies and corrects for such internal delays and acoustic event onset times in the measured TOAs. Experimental results using both simulated and real-world data demonstrate the performance of the method and highlight the significance of correct estimation of the internal delays and onset times.
Fluoromodule-based reporter/probes designed for in vivo fluorescence imaging (2015)

Optical imaging of whole, living animals has proven to be a powerful tool in multiple areas of preclinical research and has allowed noninvasive monitoring of immune responses, tumor and pathogen growth, and treatment responses in longitudinal studies. However, fluorescence-based studies in animals are challenging because tissue absorbs and autofluoresces strongly in the visible light spectrum. These optical properties drive development and use of fluorescent labels that absorb and emit at longer wavelengths. Here, we present a far-red absorbing fluoromodule-based reporter/probe system and show that this system can be used for imaging in living mice. The probe we developed is a fluorogenic dye called SC1 that is dark in solution but highly fluorescent when bound to its cognate reporter, Mars1. The reporter/probe complex, or fluoromodule, produced peak emission near 730 nm. Mars1 was able to bind a variety of structurally similar probes that differ in color and membrane permeability. We demonstrated that a tool kit of multiple probes can be used to label extracellular and intracellular reporter-tagged receptor pools with 2 colors. Imaging studies may benefit from this far-red excited reporter/probe system, which features tight coupling between probe fluorescence and reporter binding and offers the option of using an expandable family of fluorogenic probes with a single reporter gene.
One-Pot Synthesis of Rufloxacin (1991)

Abstract Rufloxacin (MF-934) was prepared in one-pot synthesis in 61% yield by treatment of the 2,3,5-trifluoro-4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-benzoyl acetate, first with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal, then with 2-aminoethanethiol, followed by cyclization and hydrolysis.
Benzodiazepine receptor ligands. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 6-aryl-3,8-disubstituted-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazines. (1988)

A series of 6-aryl-3,8-disubstituted-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazines was synthesised starting from suitable o-benzoylbenzoic acids. The compounds were tested in vitro for inhibition of the specific binding of 3H-Diazepam to benzodiazepine receptors in preparations of membranes from rat brain synaptosomes. None of the compounds was notably active in this test.
Energy-filtered cold electron transport at room temperature (2014)

Fermi-Dirac electron thermal excitation is an intrinsic phenomenon that limits functionality of various electron systems. Efforts to manipulate electron thermal excitation have been successful when the entire system is cooled to cryogenic temperatures, typically <1 K. Here we show that electron thermal excitation can be effectively suppressed at room temperature, and energy-suppressed electrons, whose energy distribution corresponds to an effective electron temperature of ~45 K, can be transported throughout device components without external cooling. This is accomplished using a discrete level of a quantum well, which filters out thermally excited electrons and permits only energy-suppressed electrons to participate in electron transport. The quantum well (~2 nm of Cr2O3) is formed between source (Cr) and tunnelling barrier (SiO2) in a double-barrier-tunnelling-junction structure having a quantum dot as the central island. Cold electron transport is detected from extremely narrow differential conductance peaks in electron tunnelling through CdSe quantum dots, with full widths at half maximum of only ~15 mV at room temperature. Electrons can behave as if they are at a temperature different from that of the solid in which they are embedded. Here, the authors demonstrate a room temperature device that can generate electrons with an effective temperature of 45 K by using quantum wells to filter out energetic particles.
Cardiac localization in topograms using hierarchical models (2013)

A vast number of medical imaging protocols identify anatomical regions of interest (ROI) from two dimensional (2D) localizer images to aid high resolution scan planning. These localizer scans are typically two dimensional projections of three dimensional data and as such have lower image detail due to overlapping tissue. The problem is further complicated by large variations in shape, size, appearance and the high occurrence of anomalies in the human anatomy. Manual ROI delineation is time consuming and error prone. To combat these issues we develop a hierarchical multi-object active appearance model (AAM) framework that is both robust to inaccuracies in model initialization yet sufficiently flexible to handle the large diversity of the human body. The method was successfully applied to automatically determine the extents of the human heart in 99 2D CT topograms yielding significant improvement in accuracy over a single global AAM approach.
CHROME TANNING : STATE-OF-ART ON THE MATERIAL COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERIZATION (1999)

Introduction Mineral tanning salts, in general, and chrome tanning salts, in particular, have gained importance in leather proc­ essing during the last two decades. The ability to produce lighter, softer, stronger and brighter leathers has rendered chrome tanning salts a tanners preference over other tan­ ning materials, viz. vegetable and synthetic tanning mate­ rials. The quicker and relatively cheaper processing has made the tanners to resort to the practice of chrome tanning, despite the stricter environmental legislations which miti­ gate discharge of untreated chrome tanning effluents I . The current commercial chrome tanning methods give rise to only about 50-70% chromium uptake2. This neces­ sitates investigations on the possible development of low waste chrome tanning salts and cleaner leather processing methods. Hence, the following aspects, viz. (a) the aqueous chemistry of chromium(II1) complexes and the nature of chromium collagen interactions; (b) the characterization of commercial chrome tanning materials and the identifi­ cation of the low binding/ poor affinity complexes, and (c) methods of avoiding the formation of such species in the preparation of low or zero waste basic chromium salts have attained greater importance in recent years. The preparation of basic chromium salts under different conditions and the modification after preparation lead to changes in the composition of various species present in the basic chromium tanning salts. An attempt has been made here to review the studies on the composition and characterization of chrome tanning systems.
Variable Constraints on the Principal Immunodominant Domain of the Transmembrane Glycoprotein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (1999)

Lentiviruses have in their transmembrane glycoprotein (TM) a highly immunogenic structure referred to as the principal immunodominant domain (PID). The PID forms a loop of 5 to 7 amino acids between two conserved cysteines. Previous studies showed that envelope (Env) glycoprotein functions of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) could be retained after extensive mutation of the PID loop sequence, in spite of its high conservation. In order to compare Env function in different lentiviruses, either random mutations were introduced in the PID loop sequence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) or the entire HIV-1 PID loop was replaced by the corresponding PID loop of FIV or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). In the macrophage-tropic HIV-1 ADA Env, mutations impaired the processing of the gp160 Env precursor, thereby abolishing viral infectivity. However, 6 of the 108 random Env mutants that were screened retained the capacity to induce cell membrane fusion. The SIV and FIV sequences and five random mutations were then introduced in the context of T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1 LAI which, although phenotypically distant from HIV-1 ADA, has an identical PID loop sequence. In contrast to the situation for HIV-1 ADA mutants, the cleavage of the Env precursor was unaffected in most HIV-1 LAI mutants. Such mutations, however, resulted in increased shedding of the gp120 surface glycoprotein (SU) from the gp41 TM. The HIV-1 LAI Env mutants showed high fusogenic efficiency. Three Env mutants retained the capacity to mediate virus entry in target cells, although less efficiently than the wild-type Env, and allowed the reconstitution of infectious molecular clones. These results indicated that in HIV-1, like FIV, the conserved PID sequence can be changed without impairing Env function. However, functional constraints on the PID of HIV-1 vary depending on the structural context of Env, presumably in relation to the role of the PID in the interaction of the SU and TM subunits and the stability of the Env complex.
A hybrid frequency assignment for femtocells and coverage area analysis for co-channel operation (2008)

Successful deployment of femtocells requires intelligent cell planning and introduces some unique challenges. In this letter, an efficient frequency assignment technique is proposed for femtocells considering practical issues such as hand-off, coverage, and interference. Moreover, interference-limited coverage area (ILCA) of a co-channel femtocell base station is calculated based on parameters such as the distance to the macrocell BS, path loss exponents, and transmission power levels.
Aqueous soluble tetrazolium/formazan MTS as an indicator of NADH- and NADPH-dependent dehydrogenase activity. (1995)

Recently a new tetrazolium was described for the use of monitoring cell viability in culture. This tetrazolium, commonly referred to as MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 5-(3-carboxymethonyphenol)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt], has the unusual property that it can be reduced to a water-soluble formazan. beta-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/reduced (NADH) and beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate/reduced (NADPH) are examples of physiologically important reducing agents. In cell-free studies, MTS was reduce to the soluble formazan in the presence of NADH and NADPH, and reaction were compared to those with dithiothreitol (DTT) or 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). The efficiency of these reactions was enhanced 1000-fold by the presence of phenazine methosulfate. Selectivity in the electron transfer from NADPH was slightly greater than NADH, and NADPH or NADH was much greater than the thiols DTT or 2-ME. Generation of either NADH or NADPH in solution by malate dehydrogenase or isocitrate dehydrogenase, respectively, was monitored by the MTS reduction reaction. The rate of formazan formation was comparable to the formation of NADH or NADPH. This system represents a useful tool for evaluating reaction kinetics in solutions of NAD- or NADP-dependent dehydrogenase enzymes, and these reactions can be performed in typical biological buffers containing reducing agents without significant interference to the MTS/formazan system.