gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A low-cost dual energy CT system with sparse data (2014)

Dual Energy CT (DECT) has recently gained significant research interest owing to its ability to discriminate materials, and hence is widely applied in the field of nuclear safety and security inspection. With the current technological developments, DECT can be typically realized by using two sets of detectors, one for detecting lower energy X-rays and another for detecting higher energy X-rays. This makes the imaging system expensive, limiting its practical implementation. In 2009, our group performed a preliminary study on a new low-cost system design, using only a complete data set for lower energy level and a sparse data set for the higher energy level. This could significantly reduce the cost of the system, as it contained much smaller number of detector elements. Reconstruction method is the key point of this system. In the present study, we further validated this system and proposed a robust method, involving three main steps: (1) estimation of the missing data iteratively with TV constraints; (2) use the reconstruction from the complete lower energy CT data set to form an initial estimation of the projection data for higher energy level; (3) use ordered views to accelerate the computation. Numerical simulations with different number of detector elements have also been examined. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that 1 + 14% CT data is sufficient enough to provide a rather good reconstruction of both the effective atomic number and electron density distributions of the scanned object, instead of 2 sets CT data.
Biological activity of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D sub 2 and 24-epi-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D sub 2 (1988)

The biological activity of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D{sub 2} (1,25(OH){sub 2}D{sub 2}) and 24-epi-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D{sub 2} (24-epi-1,25(OH){sub 2}D{sub 2}) has been determined in vitamin D-deficient rats. The biological effectiveness of 1,25(OH){sub 2}D{sub 2} is equal to that reported previously for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D{sub 3} (1,25(OH){sub 2}D{sub 3}) in intestinal calcium transport, mineralization of bone, mobilization of bone calcium, and elevation of plasma inorganic phosphorus of rachitic rats. However, 24-epi-1,25(OH){sub 2}D{sub 2} is at best one-half as active as 1,25(OH){sub 2}D{sub 2} in stimulating intestinal calcium transport and in the mineralization of rachitic bone. The 24-epi-1,25(OH){sub 2}D{sub 2} is one-third as active as 1,25(OH){sub 2}D{sub 3} in binding to the chick intestinal receptor for 1,25(OH){sub 2}D{sub 3}. Thus receptor discrimination may account for the twofold difference in intestinal calcium transport activity. 24-Epi-1,25(OH){sub 2}D{sub 2} appeared inactive in in vivo mobilization of bone calcium or bone phosphorus. On the other hand, in fetal rat bone culture, the epi compound was only five times less active than 1,25(OH){sub 2}D{sub 2} in inducing resorption. Short-term experiments on bone mineral mobilization in vivo show that the 24-epi-1,25(OH){sub 2}D{sub 2} does induce bone calcium mobilization but that its activity in this respect is short lived. It is suggested thatmore » 24-epi-1,25(OH){sub 2}D{sub 2} is more rapidly degraded in vivo than 1,25(OH){sub 2}D{sub 2}, and, as a result, it shows preferential activity on intestine whose response to a single dose of 1,25(OH){sub 2}D{sub 2} remains for several days, whereas the short-lived bone system does not remain stimulated during the 24-h period between doses.« less
Oil-shale-retorting and combustion system. [DOE patent application] (1981)

The present invention is directed to the extraction of energy values from oil shale containing considerable concentrations of calcium carbonate in an efficient manner. The volatiles are separated from the oil shale in a retorting zone of a fluidized bed where the temperature and the concentration of oxygen are maintained at sufficiently low levels so that the volatiles are extracted from the oil shale with minimal combustion of the volatiles and with minimal calcination of the calcium carbonate. These gaseous volatiles and the calcium carbonate flow from the retorting zone into a freeboard combustion zone where the volatiles are burned in the presence of excess air. In this zone the calcination of the calcium carbonate occurs but at the expense of less Btu's than would be required by the calcination reaction in the event both the retorting and combustion steps took place simultaneously. The heat values in the products of combustion are satisfactorily recovered in a suitable heat exchange system.
Volume rendering for relational data (2002)

A method for efficiently volume rendering dense scatterplots of relational data is described. Plotting difficulties that arise from large numbers of data points, categorical variables, interaction with non-axis dimensions, and unknown values, are addressed by this method. The domain of the plot is voxelized using binning and then volume rendering. Since a table is used as the underlying data structure, no storage is wasted on regions with no data. The opacity of each voxel is a function of the number of data points in a corresponding bin. A voxel's color is derived by averaging the value of one of the variables for all the data points that fall in a bin. Other variables in the data may be mapped to external query sliders. A dragger object permits a user to select regions inside the volume.
Nanoparticle Doped Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Photorefractives (2007)

The gain characteristics of liquid crystal photorefractive cells doped with ferroelectric nanoparticles has been measured. Gain coefficients up to 1000 cm−1 are obtained in the Bragg regime using the surface space-charge field from Ce:SBN windows.
Flexible coils with a drug‐releasing hydrophilic coating: A new platform for controlled delivery of drugs to the eye? (2004)

Delivery of drugs to the front-side of the eye is routinely done through eye drops. It is known that approximately 80% of each eye-drop is lost, as a result of rapid clearance of the tear fluid via the naso-lacrymal canal. Consequently, repeated administration through several droplets is usually necessary to achieve a desired effect, e.g., mydriasis (widening of the pupil) prior to corneal surgery. Studies with a new ocular drug delivery device are reported. The new device is believed to provide a basis for more convenient and efficient method for ocular drug delivery. The device is a metallic coil with a hydrophilic, drug-containing polymeric coating. The coil is placed in the conjunctival fornix (under the lower eye-lid), and the drug is released slowly, by diffusion into the tear fluid. The capacity of the device could be increased by using the lumen of the coils as a depot for the drug to be released. Preliminary experiments with the new device are reported. These experiments were performed largely in vitro, but partly also in vivo. The latter experiments comprised release of the fluorescent dye, and delivery of atropine (a potent mydriatic agent), in the eyes of several healthy volunteers. The first results obtained with the new device indicate its potential utility. It is discussed that much more research and development work is required, e.g., to define the optimal design of the coil in order to minimise the risk for irritation. Furthermore, the parameters that define the kinetics of the intraocular drug release must be defined and optimised with respect to the exact application.
A Scalable Hybrid Power and Energy Architecture for Unmanned Ground Vehicles (2010)

Currently, the limiting factor in electric vehicle design and performance is the energy source. This problem has been recognized in the automotive industry, and much research has gone into alternatives to batteries, or augmenting them through a hybridization scheme. Very little of this research has gone into doing the same for robots. The research in the robotics field has focused mainly on integrating highly energy dense power sources with little thought applied to optimizing the efficiency of power converter designs and efficient energy management. There has been no effort to standardize the design of robot power systems through the use of a scalable power delivery architecture. The challenge lies in the development of the hardware and control algorithms for a scalable power delivery architecture which satisfies both the power and energy requirements of most unmanned ground vehicles. This thesis proposes a robotic power architecture which is easily scalable and facilitates the use of a wide variety of energy storage/generation devices, while focusing on the system control algorithm and its stability. The experimental results for an example system are presented, demonstrating that the architecture functions properly when faced with real world robotic power demands.
Automatic atlas‐based segmentation of the breast in MRI for 3D breast volume computation (2012)

The fully automated segmentation approach of the breast in MRI allows the computation of total breast volume, a step required for breast density assessment. The use of features invariant to image intensity and a shape atlas to reinforce shape consistency are attractive characteristics of the method. Error analysis demonstrates that 5.3% variability in the estimation of breast density incurred by the method is an acceptable trade-off.
Heartbeat optical coherence elastography: corneal biomechanics in vivo (2021)

Hb-OCE may be an effective tool for assessing the mechanical properties of the cornea in vivo without the need for external excitation. This tool may be effective for clinical assessment of corneal mechanical properties because it only requires optical coherence tomography imaging and data processing.
Astrocytes Regulate the Development and Maturation of Retinal Ganglion Cells Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (2019)

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) form the connection between the eye and the brain, with this connectivity disrupted in numerous blinding disorders. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability to derive RGCs from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs); however, these cells exhibited some characteristics that indicated a limited state of maturation. Among the many factors known to influence RGC development in the retina, astrocytes are known to play a significant role in their functional maturation. Thus, efforts of the current study examined the functional maturation of hPSC-derived RGCs, including the ability of astrocytes to modulate this developmental timeline. Morphological and functional properties of RGCs were found to increase over time, with astrocytes significantly accelerating the functional maturation of hPSC-derived RGCs. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the functional and morphological maturation of RGCs in vitro, including the effects of astrocytes on the maturation of hPSC-derived RGCs.
20.4 3D Surgical Alignment with 100µm Resolution Using Magnetic-Field Gradient-Based Localization (2020)

Substantial advances in the field of surgery have taken place in recent years, which aim at decreasing patient morbidity through innovations in endoscopy, optical imaging, laparoscopic and robotic technologies. However, real-time imaging and navigation during high precision surgery necessitates the use of X-Ray fluoroscopy with most existing technologies to achieve precise localization. Intramedullary (IM) nailing is a common example of such high precision orthopedic surgery, which requires insertion of a nail into the medullary canal of a fractured bone followed by locking screws [1]. Proximal screw locking is performed using a mechanical guide, which is not possible for distal locking owing to the deformation (≈15mm) caused during insertion [2]. Freehand technique is typically used to localize distal holes, in which the surgical drill is aligned with the hole axis through fluoroscopic imaging. This process is time-consuming and exposes the patient and surgical team to high ionizing radiation. Various other methods, which reduce or eliminate irradiation during distal locking, are not widely used. This is attributed to their lack of compensation for significant deformation of the nail, added requirements such as computing systems, extra robotic arms, CT images, sophisticated hardware and software that require training for the surgeon and staff. This paper presents a navigation system for 3D localization using magnetic field gradients, which is inspired by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) but does not require the strong magnetic field used in MRI [3], and can replace fluoroscopy during IM nailing. The goal is to generate monotonically varying magnetic fields in the desired Field-of-View (FOV) such that each spatial point corresponds to a unique field value. The field is sensed by miniaturized devices in the FOV and communicated wirelessly to a receiver, which maps the field to spatial coordinates and displays the device location in real-time. Monotonically varying magnetic fields are generated using low-cost planar electromagnet coils, placed beneath the patient's leg. A battery-less wireless device capable of measuring and transmitting the value of its local magnetic field, is attached to the distal end of the implanted nail. This device consists of a 3D magnetic sensor (AK09970N), a CMOS chip to interface with the sensor, an off-chip coil for wireless power transfer (WPT) and data communication, and off-chip capacitors for energy storage. Another similar device is installed in the surgical drill. In the measurement phase, both devices measure magnetic fields in X, Y and Z at their respective locations. A computing system decodes the spatial position of both the devices from the received magnetic field data and displays their relative locations on a monitor, which helps the surgeon to maneuver to the hole location in real-time. The resolution of magnetic field measured by the devices (AB) and strength of the applied magnetic field gradient (G), together set the localization resolution (LR) of the system as LR = AB/G.
Growth of Perpendicular Barium Hexaferrite Thin Film Media on a Pt Underlayer for High Density Perpendicular Magnetic Recording (1994)

Excellent c-axis perpendicularly oriented barium hexaferrite thin films have been achieved on both (111) and (100) Pt underlayers by either conventional rf diode or magnetron sputtering. TEM cross section study has revealed a sharp interface between the barium hexaferrite and the Pt underlayer, indicating no extensive interfacial reactions between layers. This has enabled fabrication of very thin barium hexaferrite films as thin as 50Å. A 50Å thick Pt underlayer is sufficient to produce a good c-axis perpendicular orientation in the barium hexaferrite layer. High coercivity (above 2000 Oe) perpendicular barium hexaferrite media can be obtained in a film thickness range suitable for high density perpendicular recording.
High Electroactivity of Polyaniline in Supercapacitors by Using a Hierarchically Porous Carbon Monolith as a Support (2007)

Abstract A high‐performance polyaniline electrode was prepared by potentiostatic deposition of aniline on a hierarchically porous carbon monolith (HPCM), which was carbonized from the mesophase pitch. A capacitance value as high as 2200 F g –1 (per weight of polyaniline) is obtained at a power density of 0.47 kW kg –1 and an energy density of 300 W h kg –1 . This active material deposited on HPCM also has the advantageous of high stability. These properties can be essentially attributed to the backbone role of HPCM. The method also has the advantage of a topology that is favorable for kinetics at high power densities, thus, contributing to the increase of ionic conductivity and power density. There is also no need for a binder, which not only lowers the preparation costs but also offers advantages in terms of stability and performance.
Two-Dimensional Vernier Scale (1992)

Modified vernier scale gives accurate two-dimensional coordinates from maps, drawings, or cathode-ray-tube displays. Movable circular overlay rests on fixed rectangular-grid overlay. Pitch of circles nine-tenths that of grid and, for greatest accuracy, radii of circles large compared with pitch of grid. Scale enables user to interpolate between finest divisions of regularly spaced rule simply by observing which mark on auxiliary vernier rule aligns with mark on primary rule.
061 Metabolic alteration in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (METAL-HCM Study): randomised double blinded placebo controlled trial of perhexiline therapy in patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (2010)

<h3>Background</h3> Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) exhibit myocardial energetic impairment, but a causative role for this energy deficiency in the pathogenesis of HCM remains unproven. We hypothesised that the metabolic modulator, perhexiline would ameliorate myocardial energy deficiency and thereby improve diastolic function and exercise capacity. <h3>Methods</h3> Forty-six consecutive patients with symptomatic exercise limitation (peak oxygen consumption – peak VO2<75% of predicted) due to non-obstructive HCM (mean age 55±0.26 years old) were randomised to perhexiline (n=25) or placebo (n=21). Myocardial PCr/ATP ratio, an established marker of cardiac energetic status, as measured by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, LV diastolic filling (heart rate normalised time to peak filling, nTTPF) at rest and during exercise using radionuclide ventriculography, peak VO2, symptoms, quality of life and serum metabolites were assessed at baseline and at the end of the study (4.6±1.8 months). (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT00500552). <h3>Results</h3> Perhexiline improved myocardial PCr/ATP ratios (from 1.27±0.02 to 1.73±0.02; p=0.003) and normalised the abnormal prolongation of nTTPF between rest and exercise (δ nTTPF: +0.11±0.008 s vs −0.01±0.005; p=0.03). These changes were accompanied by improvement in peak VO2 (22.2±0.2 to 24.29±0.2 ml/kg/min; p=0.003) and symptoms (NYHA class by 0.8 units p<0.001) (all p-values ANCOVA). <h3>Conclusion</h3> In symptomatic HCM, perhexiline, a modulator of substrate metabolism, ameliorates cardiac energetic impairment, corrects diastolic dysfunction and increases exercise capacity. This study supports the hypothesis that energy deficiency contributes to the pathogenesis and provides a rationale for further consideration of metabolic therapies in HCM.
Estimation of Rail Bending Stress From Real-Time Vertical Track Deflection Measurement (2009)

High traffic volume, heavy axle loads, and high train speed can produce large rail bending stresses which contribute to increased track deterioration. Rail stress problems are further exacerbated by poor support conditions such as abrupt changes in vertical track modulus and poor track geometry. This paper summarizes the development of a measurement technique, based on a system being developed over the past few years at the University of Nebraska and sponsored by the Federal Railroad Administration, to determine the actual bending stress in the rail in real-time from a car moving at revenue speeds. The UNL system measures the rail height relative to the line created by the wheel/rail contact points. The system functions continuously over long distances and in revenue service. The system establishes three points of the rail shape beneath the loaded wheels and over a distance of ten feet. These points include the location of high bending stress below the loaded wheels. This direct measurement of the rail shape can then be mapped into rail stress through the curvature of the rail and beam theory. As verification of the UNL measurement system, results from tests conducted on the Union Pacific Railroad’s Yoder Subdivision are discussed. In these tests, bondable resistance strain gages were mounted to the lower flange of the rail at several locations. The track was then loaded by spotting the measurement car over the strain gages and by moving the car over the gages at various speeds. The loaded and unloaded rail profiles were measured using surveying equipment and the relationship between the UNL deflection measurement and the measured rail stress was explored. These early results suggest the UNL system is capable of measuring real-time bending stress in the rail.
Beyond Natural Products: Synthetic Analogues of Bryostatin 1 (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Bryostatin Analogue Design The Design and Synthesis of a C26 Des-Methyl Analogue Bryostatin Analogues with Modified Spacer Domains Bryostatin Analogues with Modified Recognition Domains Biological Studies on Analogues of Bryostatin Conclusion and Outlook Acknowledgments References
On the estimation of radar polarization orientation shifts induced by terrain slopes (2002)

In recent studies, D. L. Schuler et al. (2000) applied polarimetric imaging radar-derived orientation angles to measure topography, and J. S. Lee et al. (2000) used orientation angles for polarimetric SAR data compensation, to ensure accurate estimation of geophysical parameters in rugged terrain areas. To support these applications, it is important to accurately estimate shifts in orientation angles induced by the azimuth slope variations. However, in many cases, inconsistency in the estimation of orientation angle shifts was encountered in several areas, introducing noisy and erroneous results. The present authors develop a unified analysis of estimation algorithms based on the circular polarization covariance matrix. The concept of reflection symmetry is used to explain the soundness of the circular polarization method and to show problems associated with other algorithms. L-band polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of Camp Roberts, CA, are used to substantiate this theory.
Branch history guided instruction prefetching (2002)

Instruction cache misses stall the fetch stage of the processor pipeline and hence affect instruction supply to the processor. Instruction prefetching has been proposed as a mechanism to reduce instruction cache (I-cache) misses. However, a prefetch is effective only if accurate and initiated sufficiently early to cover the miss penalty. This paper presents a new hardware-based instruction prefetching mechanism, Branch History Guided Prefetching (BHGP), to improve the timeliness of instruction prefetches. BHGP correlates the execution of a branch instruction with I-cache misses and uses branch instructions to trigger prefetches of instructions that occur (N-1) branches later in the program execution, for a given N>1. Evaluations on commercial applications, windows-NT applications, and some CPU2000 applications show an average reduction of 66% in miss rate over all applications. BHGP improved the IPC bp 12 to 14% for the CPU2000 applications studied; on average 80% of the BHGP prefetches arrived in cache before their next use, even on a 4-wide issue machine with a 15 cycle L2 access penalty.
Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Vertical Lift Walker for Sit-to-Stand Transition Assistance (2012)

A walker capable of providing vertical lift support can improve independence and increase mobility of individuals living with spinal cord injury (SCI). Using a novel lifting mechanism, a walker has been designed to provide sit-to-stand assistance to individuals with partially paralyzed lower extremity muscles. The design was verified through experiments with one individual with SCI. The results show the walker is capable of reducing the force demands on the upper and lower extremity muscles during sit-to-stand transition compared to standard walkers. The walker does not require electrical power and no grip force or harness is necessary during sit-to-stand operation, enabling its use by individuals with limited hand function. The design concept can be extended to aid other populations with lower extremity weakness.