gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cooperative Precoding for Cognitive Transmission in Two-Tier Networks (2016)

In this paper, we study cooperative precoder design in two-tier networks, consisting of a macro-cell (MC) and several small-cells (SCs). By exploiting multiuser Vandermonde-subspace frequency division multiplexing (VFDM) transmission, an MC downlink can co-exist with cognitive SCs. In this paper, we first propose a cooperative cross-tier precoder (CTP) among the transmitters in the SCs to increase the transmitted dimension. The cooperative CTP allows us to use more efficient intra-tier precoder (ITP) in SCs to handle intracell interference and improve the throughput of the cognitive system. And then, three ITPs, a block-diagonal zero-forcing (BD-ZF) ITP, a capacity-achieving (CA) ITP, and a generalized MMSE channel inversion (GMI) ITP, are developed. Complexities of all CTPs and ITPs are discussed and compared. The overhead of channel state information (CSI) exchange is analyzed. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the throughput improvement of the proposed schemes and to discover the impact of the imperfect CSI. From the complexity comparison and the numerical results, the GMI ITP offers a good tradeoff between complexity and throughput.
Liquid‐Based Exfoliation of Black Phosphorus into Phosphorene and Its Application for Energy Storage Devices (2021)

Energy Storage Devices In article number 2000148, Amin Rabiei Baboukani, Chunlei Wang, and co-workers summarize the fundamentals and latest advances in liquid-based exfoliation of black phosphorus into phosphorene nanosheet and its application for rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors. Effects of exfoliation parameters through sonication, electrochemical, and bipolar exfoliation are systematically discussed. This work inspires efforts to further investigate phosphorene nanosheets for advanced energy storage devices.
Performance projection of III‐nitride heterojunction nanowire tunneling field‐effect transistors (2015)

The device concept and simulated characteristics of III-nitride nanowire tunneling field-effect transistors (NW TFETs) are presented. These devices employ polarization engineering in GaN/InN/GaN heterojunctions to achieve appreciable interband tunneling current densities, combined with a nanowire cylindrical gate-all-around geometry to achieve a high degree of gate electrostatic control. Simulations indicate that III-nitride nanowire TFETs can be expected to achieve on–off current ratios of 1011, IOFF of 10−10 µA µm−1, sub-threshold slopes as low as 25 mV dec−1 over 4 decades of current, and an ION of 50 µA µm−1 at a supply voltage of 0.5 V. A parametric evaluation of the geometry dependence of the device performance is performed, and the optimal device design parameter ranges for III-nitride NW TFETs are identified.
Favipiravir pharmacokinetics in Ebola-Infected patients of the JIKI trial reveals concentrations lower than targeted (2017)

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02329054.
Biomarkers in Spinal Cord Injury (2014)

Severe Central Nervous System (CNS) injuries, including Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), are common causes of disability resulting from trauma. In CNS injury, the important factors which determine the prognosis of patients are the severity of the primary injury (at the time of traumatic impact) and the ensuing secondary injury. Successful management of SCI also depends on accurate diagnosis of primary injury and prevention of delayed secondary injury. Recently innovations in the fi eld of biomarkers have been made; as yet there is no consensus on their clinical use for SCI. The aims of this chapter are therefore to evaluate the current status of protein biomarkers in SCI, and to discuss their potential diagnostic and prognostic value for SCI. We will also present novel biomarker data from CSF and plasma in SCI, both in animal models and patients.
Semantic mapping of natural language input to database entries via convolutional neural networks (2017)

Natural language processing research has made major advances with the concept of representing words, sentences, paragraphs, and even documents by embedded vector representations. We apply this idea to the problem of relating foods, as expressed in natural language meal descriptions, to corresponding database entries. We generate fixed-length embeddings for U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) food database entries, as well as vector-based representations of natural language meal descriptions, through a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture that predicts whether or not a USDA food item is present in the meal description. We compute dot products between each token in a meal description and a USDA food entry. By ranking the network's predicted average dot product between each possible database food entry and a meal description, we show it is possible to directly predict the USDA foods mentioned in a meal without requiring intermediate steps that would be used in a conventional database access application. We report the performance of this model on a binary verification task of over 48k meal descriptions, and show that this approach, when integrated with a Markov model, substantially outperforms our previous best multistage approach involving a conditional random field tagger, probabilistic segmentation, and database lookup.
New aminating reagents forthe synthesis of 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene (TATB) and other insensitive energetic materials (1995)

We are investigating the amination of electrophilic aromatic systems through the use of Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution (VNS) chemistry. This research has led to a new synthesis of 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) and 1,3-diamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (DATB) which uses 2,4,6-trinitroaniline (picramide) or 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene as starting materials. We also describe the development of a new class of VNS aminating reagents based on quarternary hydrazinium halides. 1,1,1-Trimethylhydrazinium iodide (TMHI), available from the methylation of the surplus propellant uns-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), was used in a new synthesis of TATB. The advantages, scope and limitations of the VNS approach to the synthesis of TATB and other amino-substituted nitroarenes are discussed.
Fine structure analysis of type-specific and type-common antigenic sites of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D (1984)

The fine structure of the antigenic determinants of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 glycoprotein D (gD) was analyzed to determine whether structural differences underlie the differential immunogenicity of these glycoproteins. A region common to herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 gD (amino acid residues 11 to 19) and two sites specific for herpes simplex virus type 2 gD (one determined by proline at position 7, the other determined by asparagine at position 21) were localized within the N-terminal 23 amino acids of gD by synthesis of peptides and comparison of their cross-reactivity with antisera raised to herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 gD. The secondary structure of these peptides, as predicted by computer analysis, is discussed in relation to their immunogenicity.
Vapor‐Based Polymer Gradients (2008)

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) co-polymerization was used to fabricate polymer coatings, which comprise of reactive surface composition gradients. Two functionalized derivatives of [2.2]paracyclophane were fed into a two-source CVD system at a 180 ° angle, then copolymerized and deposited as a polymer gradient. Infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the compositional changes within the bulk polymer and at the surface. By manipulating process parameters, gradients of tailored compositional slope can be deposited on a wide range of substrates. We also were able to selectively immobilize fluorescence-labeled ligands onto the reactive polymer gradients, making CVD-based gradient surfaces a flexible platform for fabricating biomolecular substrates.
Autostereoscopic imaging systems based on holographic screen (2001)

Stereoscopic imaging systems require to have a mean of creating viewing zone(s) to make viewers to perceive images with a certain depth. Holographic screen is a kind of holographic optical elements, designed for both image projection and the viewing zone creation. It has properties of a lens + a diffuser for transmission type and a diffused or simple spherical mirror for reflection type. Making full color holographic screens with a desired property requires an extra process of making chirp-type fringes in the developing stage or stacking three primary color screens for the reflection type and aligning a long narrow slit type diffuser as an object m recording process for the transmission type. The holographic screen is an analogue type screen which can create many separated viewing zones for many viewers and with a reasonable depth. The viewing zone size is proportional to projector's objective exit pupil size. Hence it can be controlled for any desired size. Making any desired size screen is also possible, however, its focal length is proportional to its size. This is why the screen is allowed to be used for only projection type stereoscopic systems. The viewing angle obtainable with the screen can be up to 70 degrees in reflection mode operation. This angle is big enough for the multiview image projection. An image combiner for Head Up Display for cars is an example of a non-stereoscopic area of application.
Radioimmunoguided surgery in primary colon cancer. (1990)

Radioimmunoguided surgery (RIGS), the intraoperative use of a hand-held gamma detecting probe (GDP) to identify tissue containing radiolabeled monoclonal antibody (MAb), was performed upon 30 patients with primary colon carcinoma. Each patient received an intravenous injection of MAb B72.3 (1.0 to 0.25 mg) radiolabeled with 125I (5.0 to 1.0 mCi) 8 to 34 days before exploration. The GDP was used to measure radioactivity in colon tissue, tumor bed, nodal drainage areas, and areas of suspected metastases. Antibody localized to histologically documented tumor in 23 of 30 patients (77%). Tumor margins were more clearly defined in 20 of 30 patients (67%). GDP counts led to major alterations in surgical resection in five patients (17%) and changes in adjuvant therapy in four (14%). GDP counts identified occult liver metastases in two patients (7%) and correctly indicated the benign nature of liver masses in three (10%). In four patients (13%), occult nodal metastases were identified. RIGS can precisely delineate tumor margins, define the extent of nodal involvement, and localize occult tumor, providing a method of immediate intraoperative staging that may lessen recurrences and produce higher survival rates.
A highly efficient peptide substrate for EGFR activates the kinase by inducing aggregation (2013)

Formation of an asymmetric dimer by the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) kinase domains results in allosteric activation. Since this dimer does not readily form in solution, the EGFR kinase domain phosphorylates most peptide substrates with a relatively low catalytic efficiency. Peptide C is a synthetic peptide substrate of EGFR developed by others that is phosphorylated with a significantly higher catalytic efficiency, and we sought to understand the basis for this. Peptide C was found to increase EGFR kinase activity by promoting formation of the EGFR kinase domain asymmetric dimer. Activation of the kinase domain by Peptide C also enhances phosphorylation of other substrates. Aggregation of the EGFR kinase domain by Peptide C probably underlies activation, and Peptide C precipitates several other proteins. Peptide C was found to form fibrils independent of the presence of EGFR, and these fibrils may facilitate aggregation and activation of the kinase domain. These results establish that a peptide substrate of EGFR may increase catalytic activity by promoting kinase domain dimerization by an aggregation-mediated mechanism.
Digital breast tomosynthesis: effects of projection-view distribution on computer-aided detection of microcalcification clusters (2014)

We investigated the effect of projection view (PV) distribution on detectability of microcalcification clusters (MC) in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) by a computer-aided detection (CAD) system. With IRB approval, DBT of breasts with biopsy-proven MCs were acquired with 60° tomographic angle, 21 PVs, and 3° increment (full set). The DBT volume was reconstructed using simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) with multiscale bilateral filtering (MSBF) regularization. Three subsets simulating acquisition with 11, 9 and 11 PVs at tomographic angle and angular increment of (30°, 3°), (24°, 3°) and (60°, 6°), respectively, were also reconstructed with MSBF-regularized SART at several iterations. The subsets therefore had about half the dose of the full set. An enhancement-modulated multiscale calcification response volume was derived, and prescreening of the individual microcalcification candidates was performed in this volume. Iterative thresholding in combination with region growing identified the potential microcalcification candidates. The prescreening sensitivity was analyzed using the mean and standard deviation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the microcalcification candidates and rank-sensitivity plot. The candidates of MCs were detected by dynamic clustering using SNR and distance criteria. No additional FP reduction steps were performed to avoid the variability due to parameter tuning for a small data set. The performance of MC detection was compared at this stage. For the three subsets, view-based FROC analysis showed that the lowest FP rates at 90% sensitivity was achieved at 6.2, 11.8 and 9.0 per volume, respectively, compared to that of the full set at 3.9. The (30°, 3°) set performed better than the other two subsets.
Iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least‐squares estimation (IDEAL): Application with fast spin‐echo imaging (2005)

Chemical shift based methods are often used to achieve uniform water-fat separation that is insensitive to Bo inhomogeneities. Many spin-echo (SE) or fast SE (FSE) approaches acquire three echoes shifted symmetrically about the SE, creating time-dependent phase shifts caused by water-fat chemical shift. This work demonstrates that symmetrically acquired echoes cause artifacts that degrade image quality. According to theory, the noise performance of any water-fat separation method is dependent on the proportion of water and fat within a voxel, and the position of echoes relative to the SE. To address this problem, we propose a method termed "iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetric and least-squares estimation" (IDEAL). This technique combines asymmetrically acquired echoes with an iterative least-squares decomposition algorithm to maximize noise performance. Theoretical calculations predict that the optimal echo combination occurs when the relative phase of the echoes is separated by 2pi/3, with the middle echo centered at pi/2+pik (k=any integer), i.e., (-pi/6+pik, pi/2+pik, 7pi/6+pik). Only with these echo combinations can noise performance reach the maximum possible and be independent of the proportion of water and fat. Close agreement between theoretical and experimental results obtained from an oil-water phantom was observed, demonstrating that the iterative least-squares decomposition method is an efficient estimator.
Applications of ribosome display to antibody drug discovery (2005)

Ribosome display is a polymerase chain reaction-based in vitro display technology that is well suited to the selection and evolution of high affinity antibodies. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic translation systems have been applied to ribosome display, and the technology's utility has been demonstrated in the antibody isolation process. In particular, ribosome display lends itself to the evolution of functional characteristics, such as potency, of lead candidate antibodies to provide therapeutic antibodies. Large libraries (10(12)) can be rapidly constructed, antibodies selected, and sequence space extensively explored by targeted mutagenesis techniques or by random mutagenesis throughout the antibody sequence. Using such approaches in ribosome display systems lead antibodies derived from phage display or from immunised animals have been improved > 1000-fold in potency within 6 months. This review will discuss the technology and give an insight into how ribosome display is being applied to the antibody lead discovery and optimisation processes.
Alleviating Solar Energy Congestion in the Distribution Grid via Smart Metering Communications (2012)

The operation and control of the existing power grid system, which is challenged with rising demands and peak loads, has been considered passive. Congestion is often discovered in high-demand regions, and at locations where abundant renewable energy is generated and injected into the grid; this is attributed to a lack of transmission lines, transfer capability, and transmission capacity. While developing distributed generation (DG) tends to alleviate the traditional congestion problem, employing information and communications technology (ICT) helps manage DG more effectively. ICT involves a vast amount of data to facilitate a broader knowledge of the network status. Data computation and communications are critical elements that can impact the system performance. In this paper, we consider congestion caused by power surpluses produced from households' solar units on rooftops or on ground. Disconnecting some solar units is required to maintain the reliability of the distribution grid. We propose a model for the disconnection process via smart metering communications between smart meters and the utility control center. By modeling the surplus congestion issue as a knapsack problem, we can solve it by proposed greedy solutions. Reduced computation time and data traffic in the network can be achieved.
Structural Features of Small Molecules Targeting the RNA Repeat Expansion That Causes Genetically Defined ALS/FTD (2020)

Genetically defined amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), collectively named c9ALS/FTD, are triggered by hexanucleotide GGGGCC repeat expansions [r(G<sub>4</sub>C<sub>2</sub>)<sup>exp</sup>] within the <i>C9orf72</i> gene. In these diseases, neuronal loss occurs through an interplay of deleterious phenotypes, including r(G<sub>4</sub>C<sub>2</sub>)<sup>exp</sup> RNA gain-of-function mechanisms. Herein, we identified a benzimidazole derivative, CB096, that specifically binds to a repeating 1 × 1 GG internal loop structure, 5'C<u>G</u>G/3'G<u>G</u>C, that is formed when r(G<sub>4</sub>C<sub>2</sub>)<sup>exp</sup> folds. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to define the molecular interactions formed between CB096 and r(G<sub>4</sub>C<sub>2</sub>)<sup>exp</sup> that results in the rescue of disease-associated pathways. Overall, this study reveals a unique structural feature within r(G<sub>4</sub>C<sub>2</sub>)<sup>exp</sup> that can be exploited for the development of lead medicines and chemical probes.
Time-Interleaved A/D Converters (2005)

In this chapter we have discussed the time-interleaved ADC. The performance is limited by mismatches between the channels. Gain and offset errors can be calibrated. A more severe problem is the phase skew errors which increases at high signal frequencies. The most effective way to reduce these errors is to use an input S/H circuit which usually needs an opamp that runs at the full speed of the ADC. The opamp is therefore difficult to design and power consuming. An improved global passive sampling technique that does not need an opamp was introduced. The limitations of the technique was also discussed. The phase skew distortion can be reduced by 10 to 20 dB compared to not using a global sampling technique.
Laser beam apodizer utilizing gradient-index optical effects in cholesteric liquid crystals (1991)

The fabrication of laser beam apodizers (or soft apertures) with large clear apertures using cholesteric liquid crystals is described. A soft edge profile is achieved by filling a cell with two separate cholesteric liquid crystal mixtures with different selective reflection bands. The fluidlike property of liquid crystals allows them to mix at the interface. In this overlap region, the reflectivity changes as a function of position. This concept is applied to the fabrication of two devices: (1 ) a one-dimensional beam apodizer with a clear aperture that can be mechanically adjusted by sliding two complementary devices relative to each other and (2) a circular beam apodizer.
Perhydrophenanthrenes; novel liquid crystals (1982)

H. Minas, H. Murawski, H. Stegemeyer and W. Sucrow, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1982, 308 DOI: 10.1039/C39820000308
Use of simultaneous stimulation to represent fine structure in cochlear implant processors (2008)

In cochlear implants, simultaneous stimulation of adjacent electrodes, can be used to shape the electric fields generated within the cochlea. For example, simultaneous in-phase stimulation of nearby electrodes can be used to create activation patterns which may have maxima at locations that are intermediate to the locations of the stimulated electrodes. Psychophysically, such “virtual channels” give rise to intermediate pitch sensations. Simultaneous out-of-phase stimulation of two flanking electrodes in addition to the center electrode can be used to presumably produce more focused activation at the cost of larger overall stimulation currents. Forward masking patterns indicate that for sufficiently large compensation currents, such “focused” stimulation can lead to a more spatially contained excitation. In some cases, current focusing also could lead to sensations that are more tonal relative to monopolar. This presentation will review recent results obtained in our laboratories with both “virtual channel” and “focused” configurations. We will also address how both techniques can be used to better represent the within-channel fine structure in a wearable sound processing strategy.
Synthesis of 1β-hydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub>and 1β,25-dihydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub> (1977)

1β-Hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1β,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 have been prepared from the corresponding 1α-epimers by a convenient three-step process involving the 1-oxoprevitamin forms as the key intermediates.
Ultrahigh-capacity access network architecture for mobile data backhaul using integrated W-band wireless and free-space optical links with OAM multiplexing (2014)

In this Letter, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel access network architecture using hybrid integrated W-band wireless and free-space optical (FSO) links with orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing. The transmission of a 20 GBd quadrature phase-shift keying signal modulated over 10 OAM modes has been demonstrated over a 0.6 m FSO link and a 0.4 m W-band wireless link at 100 GHz. The experimental results show that the architecture can support future ultrahigh-capacity, converged optical-wireless access networks that require extra bandwidth and system flexibility in mobile data networks.
Control of Flow Separation on a Turbine Blade by Utilizing Tail Extensions (1999)

An experimental study was conducted in a two-dimensional linear cascade, focusing on the suction surface of a low pressure turbine blade. Flow Reynolds numbers, based on exit velocity and suction surface length were varied from 50,000 to 300,000. The axial chord of the blades was varied using tail extenders from 0% to 15% beyond design. The effects of Reynolds number on a low pressure turbine cascade blade with tail extensions was investigated. This study has shown that for certain cases, changing the axial chord of a low pressure turbine blade by utilizing tail extensions provided a clear improvement in boundary layer behavior which results in better overall performance. There was no additional advantage when the tail extensions were longer than 6.1 % of the axial chord. The shortest tail extension resulted in the greatest zone of performance ehancement. The longer tail extension resulted in a smaller region of performance enhancement.