gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Hafnium Carbide Based Ceramics (2014)

Hafnium carbide powder was synthesized by sol-gel polycondensation of hafnium chloride with citric acid. The starting materials were dissolved in water and mixed homogeneously on a hot plate until a precomposite gel was formed. Pyrolysis of the obtained gel resulted in formation of monoclinic hafnia and amorphous carbon, which after subsequent heat treatment transformed into hafnium carbide. Materials were analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy investigations. The results showed that the obtained carbide powder was composed of nearly equiaxed particles of narrow size distribution. The obtained hafnium carbide powder was densified via spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 1950 oC using molybdenun silicide as sintering additive. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the obtained hafnium carbide ceramics were investigated.
BIO5192, a small molecule inhibitor of VLA-4, mobilizes hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (2009)

Here we show that interruption of the VCAM-1/VLA-4 axis with a small molecule inhibitor of VLA-4, BIO5192, results in a 30-fold increase in mobilization of murine hematopoietic stem and progenitors (HSPCs) over basal levels. An additive affect on HSPC mobilization (3-fold) was observed when plerixafor (AMD3100), a small molecule inhibitor of the CXCR-4/SDF-1 axis, was combined with BIO5192. Furthermore, the combination of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), BIO5192, and plerixafor enhanced mobilization by 17-fold compared with G-CSF alone. HSPCs mobilized by BIO5192 or the combination of BIO5192 and plerixafor mobilized long-term repopulating cells, which successfully engraft and expand in a multilineage fashion in secondary transplantation recipients. Splenectomy resulted in a dramatic enhancement of G-CSF-induced mobilization while decreasing both plerixafor- and BIO5192-induced mobilization of HSPCs. These data provide evidence for the utility of small molecule inhibitors of VLA-4 either alone or in combination with G-CSF or AMD3100 for mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
Pulsed Galvanostatic Deposition of Pt Particles on Microcrystalline and Nanocrystalline Diamond Thin-Film Electrodes (2005)

The pulsed galvanostatic deposition of nanometer-sized Pt particles on electrically conducting microcrystalline and nanocrystalline diamond thin-film electrodes is reported. The deposition was studied as a function of pulse number (10-50) and current density at the two morphologically different forms of diamond. The deposition of catalyst particles using ten pulses (duty cycle 50%) at a current density of (geometric area) produced the smallest nominal particle size and the highest particle coverage on both diamond surfaces. Secondary electron micrographs revealed metal particle deposition over much of the diamond surface, a nominal particle size of [relative standard deviation ] for microcrystalline and for nanocrystalline diamond, and a nominal particle coverage of for microcrystalline and for nanocrystalline diamond. Deposition under these conditions resulted in the most efficient utilization of the metal catalyst for adsorption, based on the electrochemically active Pt area normalized to the estimated metal loading. Typical specific surface areas of Pt were calculated, which compare favorably to values obtained at electrodes, like carbon and graphite. The influence of the diamond electrode microstructural and electronic properties on the formation of dimensionally uniform metal adlayers is discussed.
Regulation of assimilate import into sink organs: update on molecular drivers of sink strength (2013)

Recent developments have altered our view of molecular mechanisms that determine sink strength, defined here as the capacity of non-photosynthetic structures to compete for import of photoassimilates. We review new findings from diverse systems, including stems, seeds, flowers, and fruits. An important advance has been the identification of new transporters and facilitators with major roles in the accumulation and equilibration of sugars at a cellular level. Exactly where each exerts its effect varies among systems. Sugarcane and sweet sorghum stems, for example, both accumulate high levels of sucrose, but may do so via different paths. The distinction is central to strategies for targeted manipulation of sink strength using transporter genes, and shows the importance of system-specific analyses. Another major advance has been the identification of deep hypoxia as a feature of normal grain development. This means that molecular drivers of sink strength in endosperm operate in very low oxygen levels, and under metabolic conditions quite different than previously assumed. Successful enhancement of sink strength has nonetheless been achieved in grains by up-regulating genes for starch biosynthesis. Additionally, our understanding of sink strength is enhanced by awareness of the dual roles played by invertases (INVs), not only in sucrose metabolism, but also in production of the hexose sugar signals that regulate cell cycle and cell division programs. These contributions of INV to cell expansion and division prove to be vital for establishment of young sinks ranging from flowers to fruit. Since INV genes are themselves sugar-responsive "feast genes," they can mediate a feed-forward enhancement of sink strength when assimilates are abundant. Greater overall productivity and yield have thus been attained in key instances, indicating that even broader enhancements may be achievable as we discover the detailed molecular mechanisms that drive sink strength in diverse systems.
Electropolymerization of Polypyrrole and Polyaniline−Polypyrrole from Organic Acidic Medium (1999)

Polypyrrole (PPy) grown from organic media and polymeric material produced by coelectropolymerization of pyrrole and aniline in organic acidic media were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The cyclic voltammogram of the polypyrrole grown from non aqueous media containing an organic acid (CF3COOH) is not significantly affected up to a 0.5 M CF3COOH concentration in the deposition solution. At higher CF3COOH concentration a shift of the redox waves to more positive potential is observed but the voltammetric charge of the cyclic voltammogram of the polymer and the stabilization potential during the galvanostatic growth of the polymer are barely affected. The coelectropolymerization of pyrrole and aniline was carried out in acetonitrile in the presence of an organic acid (CF3COOH) and an appropriate supporting electrolyte (tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate or tetramethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate). The resulting polymer, named thereafter PANIPY, is electroactive over a potential range of ca. 1.5 V. The thermal properties of the films were studied by DSC, and the thermograms suggest the presence of a mixture of polypyrrole, polyaniline, and a random polyaniline−polypyrrole copolymer. This is also confirmed by the FTIR spectra of the polymer grown from a mixture of aniline and pyrrole which are not the sum of the spectra of each individual polymers. SEM photomicrographs of the PANIPY polymer deposited onto carbon paper electrode show a smooth and even surface. Low-frequency capacitance (CLF) as high as 100 mF/cm2 (60 F/g) is evaluated from the EIS data. Galvanostatic charge−discharge cycling between a cell voltage of 0 and 1.5 V shows energy and power densities of 5 Wh/kg and 1.5 kW/kg of composite polymer, respectively, for a discharge time of about 13 s.
Fluorescent nanodiamonds enable quantitative tracking of human mesenchymal stem cells in miniature pigs (2017)

Cell therapy is a promising strategy for the treatment of human diseases. While the first use of cells for therapeutic purposes can be traced to the 19th century, there has been a lack of general and reliable methods to study the biodistribution and associated pharmacokinetics of transplanted cells in various animal models for preclinical evaluation. Here, we present a new platform using albumin-conjugated fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) as biocompatible and photostable labels for quantitative tracking of human placenta choriodecidual membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells (pcMSCs) in miniature pigs by magnetic modulation. With this background-free detection technique and time-gated fluorescence imaging, we have been able to precisely determine the numbers as well as positions of the transplanted FND-labeled pcMSCs in organs and tissues of the miniature pigs after intravenous administration. The method is applicable to single-cell imaging and quantitative tracking of human stem/progenitor cells in rodents and other animal models as well.
Intelligent tutoring systems for language learning (2015)

Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) are able to provide a personalized approach to learning by assuming the role of a real teacher/expert who adapts and steers the learning process according to the specific needs of each learner. This is done by taking into account a number of learner features and deciding on the best action to follow at any point in the learning process. Within the field of computer assisted language learning (CALL), the “computer-as-a-tutor” modality has been widely accepted for some time now, although it has long been overshadowed by the “computer-as-a-tool” modality. This was mainly due to the observable lack of interactivity of language learning systems and the inability of technology to show “intelligence”. However, the development of artificial intelligence in general, and natural language processing, user modeling and ITSs in particular, gave impetus for the development of the field referred to as intelligent CALL (ICALL). The paper at hand outlines and briefly discusses the issues surrounding the development and use of ITSs for language learning, taking also into account the broader context of (I)CALL, and gives an overview of such systems already in use.
Presenilin/γ-secretase and α-secretase-like peptidases cleave human MHC Class I proteins (2006)

HLA (human leucocyte antigen)-A2 is an MHC Class I protein with primary functions in T-cell development and initi-ation of immune cell responses. MHC I proteins also play roles in intercellular adhesion, apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal plasticity. By utilizing a sequence comparison analysis, we recently identified HLA-A2 as a potential substrate for the Alzheimer's disease-associated PS1 (presenilin 1)/gamma-secretase. alpha-Secretase-like membrane metalloproteinases are responsible for an initial shedding event, partially mediated by ADAM (a disinteg-rin and metalloproteinase)-10. Accordingly, activation or inhibition of alpha-secretase-like membrane metalloproteinases directly modulated levels of a 14 kDa HLA-A2 CTF (C-terminal frag-ment) in CHO (Chinese-hamster ovary) cells. To show that the HLA-A2 CTF is subsequently cleaved by PS1/gamma-secretase, we re-duced its activity in cell lines stably expressing HLA-A2 and in Jurkat T-cells expressing endogenous MHC I. Treatment with specific PS1/gamma-secretase inhibitors or expression of a dominant-negative construct led to a significant accumulation of HLA-A2 CTFs. We also identified the PS1/gamma-secretase cleavage product of HLA-A2 CTF, termed HLA-A2 intracellular domain, in cell-free and cell-based experiments. In the absence of proteasome inhibitors, HLA-A2 intracellular domain underwent rapid degrad-ation. These data indicate that MHC I proteins undergo extra-cellular domain cleavage mediated by alpha-secretases and the cleavage product is subsequently cleaved by PS1/gamma-secretase.
The End of the PRI in Mexico? (1998)

The article examines the outcome of the 1997 mid-term elections in Mexico and the new political dynamics thereby generated, and asks to what extent they portend the end of the longest-surviving single-party government in the world, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Explanations for the PRI's dramatic decline in 1997 are explored, and an assessment is made of the strength of the principal opposition parties.
Evaluation of Heart-Rate Turbulence as a New Prognostic Marker in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure. (2002)

The significance of heart-rate turbulence (HRT) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) was evaluated to examine whether it is sensitive to the risk of ventricular tachycardia (VT). HRT is reported to predict the prognosis after myocardial infarction (MI), but its prognostic value in patients with CHF remains unknown. HRT was measured in 50 CHF patients (left ventricular ejection fraction <50% and/or left ventricular end-diastolic diameter >55 mm, 34 cardiomyopathy, 16 post-MI) and 21 patients without obvious heart diseases (control). HRT slope and HRT onset were measured by the original definitions using digitized Holter ECG recordings. Cardiac pump function was assessed by echocardiography. The value of the HRT slope was significantly lower in CHF than in control (3.7 +/- 1.7 vs 16.4 +/- 5.3, mean +/- SD, p < 0.01). The value of the HRT onset in patients with CHF was significantly higher than that in control patients (-1.1 +/- 1.9 vs -3.6 +/- 1.7, mean +/- SD, p < 0.05). The HRT slope and onset in CHF patients with VT were nearly identical to those without VT. The HRT slope appears to be a powerful prognostic marker that shows significant differences between CHF subgroups when divided by clinical events; that is, CHF death and CHF hospitalization. However, it has limited value for predicting fatal ventricular arrhythmias.
Cooperative caching: The case for P2P traffic (2008)

This paper analyzes the potential of cooperative proxy caching for peer-to-peer (P2P) traffic as a means to ease the burden imposed by P2P traffic on Internet service providers (ISPs). In particular, we propose two models for cooperative caching of P2P traffic. The first model enables cooperation among caches that belong to different autonomous systems (ASes), while the second considers cooperation among caches deployed within the same AS.We analyze the potential gain of cooperative caching in these two models. To perform this analysis, we conduct an eight-month measurement study on a popular P2P system to collect actual traffic traces for multiple caches. Then, we perform an extensive trace-based simulation study to analyze different angles of cooperative caching schemes. Our results demonstrate that: (i) significant improvement in byte hit rate can be achieved using cooperative caching, (ii) simple object replacement policies are sufficient to achieve that gain, and (iii) the overhead imposed by cooperative caching is negligible.
A directed synthesis of alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl-ONN-azoxycyanides (1984)

R. Fruttero, G. Mulatero, R. Calvino and A. Gasco, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1984, 323 DOI: 10.1039/C39840000323
Susceptibility test methods which may be able to predict the emergence of resistance to newer beta- lactam antibiotics. (1985)

Several antimicrobial susceptibility test methods in current use including the agar dilution, broth microdilution, Kirby-Bauer, and rapid automated instrument test methods have been criticized for failing to detect resistance due to chromosomally mediated beta-lactamases of certain Gram-negative bacteria. The older broth macrodilution test may be the most reliable method for recognition of low numbers of drug resistant mutants. In vitro induction of beta-lactamases by drugs such as cefoxitin may serve only to reaffirm the presence of the chromosomal gene in those species known to possess this mechanism of drug resistance.
Na-ion batteries, recent advances and present challenges to become low cost energy storage systems (2012)

Energy production and storage have become key issues concerning our welfare in daily life. Present challenges for batteries are twofold. In the first place, the increasing demand for powering systems of portable electronic devices and zero-emission vehicles stimulates research towards high energy and high voltage systems. In the second place, low cost batteries are required in order to advance towards smart electric grids that integrate discontinuous energy flow from renewable sources, optimizing the performance of clean energy sources. Na-ion batteries can be the key for the second point, because of the huge availability of sodium, its low price and the similarity of both Li and Na insertion chemistries. In spite of the lower energy density and voltage of Na-ion based technologies, they can be focused on applications where the weight and footprint requirement is less drastic, such as electrical grid storage. Much work has to be done in the field of Na-ion in order to catch up with Li-ion technology. Cathodic and anodic materials must be optimized, and new electrolytes will be the key point for Na-ion success. This review will gather the up-to-date knowledge about Na-ion battery materials, with the aim of providing a wide view of the systems that have already been explored and a starting point for the new research on this battery technology.
Impact of Atomic Layer Etching on Process Tool Design (2015)

The different dry equipment approaches to atomic layer etching (ALEt) are reviewed. The requirements for laboratory equipment are met best by ion beam stimulated desorption of surface species, while production equipment is likely to be close to existing plasma etch tools, but with fast pulse cycling of gases, of RF excitation and bias power, or both.
From anomaly detection to rumour detection using data streams of social platforms (2019)

Social platforms became a major source of rumours. While rumours can have severe real-world implications, their detection is notoriously hard: Content on social platforms is short and lacks semantics; it spreads quickly through a dynamically evolving network; and without considering the context of content, it may be impossible to arrive at a truthful interpretation. Traditional approaches to rumour detection, however, exploit solely a single content modality, e.g., social media posts, which limits their detection accuracy. In this paper, we cope with the aforementioned challenges by means of a multi-modal approach to rumour detection that identifies anomalies in both, the entities (e.g., users, posts, and hashtags) of a social platform and their relations. Based on local anomalies, we show how to detect rumours at the network level, following a graph-based scan approach. In addition, we propose incremental methods, which enable us to detect rumours using streaming data of social platforms. We illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach with a real-world dataset of 4M tweets with more than 1000 rumours.
Evalutation of Eight Repellents in Deterring Eastern Cottontail Herbivory in Connecticut (2019)

Herbivory by eastern cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus) can be the source of significant agricultural, nursery, and managed landscape damage. Where cottontails cannot be managed by lethal means or where trap and release is infeasible, repellents may be a reasonable alternative. We tested 8 different repellent formulations (Bobbex Deer Repellent® Canadian formulation concentrate, Bobbex Deer Repellent® Canadian ready-to-use (RTU), Bobbex-R Animal Repellent® concentrate, Bonide Repels All® concentrate, Bonide Deer & Rabbit Repellent® concentrate, Liquid Fence® Deer & Rabbit Repellent concentrate, Plantskydd® soluble powder, and Rabbit Stopper® RTU) on Johnny jump-ups (Viola tricolor), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Three wild, eastern cottontails were trapped and translocated to a 107 m2 enclosure, resulting in a relative density of 280 cottontails/ha. After 2 weeks exposure to cottontails, remaining plant material was removed, dried, and weighed. Difference between dried plant mass of treated and untreated vegetation was determined. Repellent effectiveness was defined as the sum of the product of caloric demand rank and rank of dry mass difference for each repellent. Physical exclusion performed the best, followed by Plantskydd, Bobbex-R, Bobbex Deer Repellent Canada RTU, Bobbex Deer Repellent Canada Concentrate, Bonide Repels All, Rabbit Stopper, Liquid Fence Deer & Rabbit Repellent, and then Bonide Deer & Rabbit Repellent. Our results show that repellent usage can be a practical solution for deterring rabbit herbivory.
Validity of the heart rate deflection point as a predictor of lactate threshold during running (1999)

During an incremental run test, some researchers consistently observe a heart rate (HR) deflection at higher speeds, but others do not. The present study was designed to investigate whether differences in test protocols could explain the discrepancy. Additionally, we sought to determine whether the HR deflection point accurately predicts lactate threshold (LT). Eight trained runners performed four tests each: 1) a treadmill test for maximal O(2) uptake, 2) a Conconi test on a 400-m track with speeds increasing approximately 0.5 km/h every 200 m, 3) a continuous treadmill run with speeds increasing 0.5 km/h every minute, and 4) a continuous LT treadmill test in which 3-min stages were used. All subjects demonstrated an HR deflection on the track, but only one-half of the subjects showed an HR deflection on the treadmill. On the track the shortening of stages with increasing speeds contributed to a loss of linearity in the speed-HR relationship. Additionally, the HR deflection point overestimated the LT when a continuous treadmill LT protocol was used. In conclusion, the HR deflection point was not an accurate predictor of LT in the present study.
High-performance global routing with fast overflow reduction (2009)

Global routing is an important step for physical design. In this paper, we develop a new global router, NTUgr, that contains three major steps: prerouting, initial routing, and enhanced iterative negotiation-based rip-up/rerouting (INR). The prerouting employs a two-stage technique of congestion-hotspot historical cost pre-increment followed by small bounding-box area routing. The initial routing is based on efficient iterative monotonic routing. For traditional INR, it has evolved as the main stream for the state-of-the-art global routers, which reveals its great ability to reduce the congestion and overflow. As pointed out by recent works, however, traditional INR may get stuck at local optima as the number of iterations increases. To remedy this deficiency, we replace INR by enhanced iterative forbidden-region rip-up/rerouting (IFR) which features three new techniques of (1) multiple forbidden regions expansion, (2) critical subnet rerouting selection, and (3) look-ahead historical cost increment. Experimental results show that NTUgr achieves high-quality results for the ISPD'07 and ISPD'08 benchmarks for both overflow and runtime.
High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys (1999)

Several alloy systems can be selected for high-temperature shape memory alloys, defined as alloys with stable reverse transformation temperatures above 120°C. However, due to the lack of minimum quality standards for stability, ductility, functional behavior and reliability, no successful applications have been realized so far. Research on high temperature shape memory alloys (HTSMA) is, nevertheless, an important topic not only for scientific reasons but also due to the market pull. This paper reviews existing systems of HTSMA pointing out their weak and strong parts.