gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen-Bonding-Assisted Self-Doping in Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) Conductor (2009)

The synthesis, characterization, and carrier generation mechanism of self-doping in a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) conductor, ammonium tetrathiafulvalene-2-carboxylate (TTFCOO(-)NH(4)(+)), are described together with molecular orbital characteristics. Insulating TTFCOOH changes into a hole-doped conductor TTFCOO(-)NH(4)(+) with a conductivity of sigma = 2.0 x 10(-4) S/cm (300 K), upon salt formation with NH(3). A radical species, TTF(*+)COO(-)NH(4)(+), is generated via protonation of the TTF moiety as demonstrated by UV-vis, ESR, and (1)H NMR spectra. The X-ray crystallographic structure of TTFCOO(-)NH(4)(+) reveals supramolecular arrays of TTFCOO(-) moieties with short S...S contact, assisted by the one-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network composed of the ammonium and carboxylate ions. Molecular orbital calculations of cluster models show that the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) of TTF(*+)COO(-)NH(4)(+) in the supramolecular array is not at the highest energy level, which is characterized as a quasi-closed-shell state. The ab initio periodic calculation with a one-dimensional boundary condition reveals that TTF(*+)COO(-)NH(4)(+) behaves as a dopant leading to the semiconducting behavior of the stacked TTF moieties assembled by the hydrogen-bonding network. Namely, TTFCOO(-)NH(4)(+) can be described as a "hydrogen-bonding-assisted self-doped conductor". The contribution of the hydrogen-bonding interaction to the electron conduction is experimentally supported by a large isotope effect in the ac conductivity of TTFCOO(-)NH(4)(+) at low temperature.
On speech enhancement under signal presence uncertainty (2002)

In this paper, we present an optimally-modified log-spectral amplitude estimator, which minimizes the mean-square error of the log-spectra for speech signals under signal presence uncertainty. The spectral gain function is obtained as a weighted geometric mean of the hypothetical gains associated with signal presence and absence. The exponential weight of each hypothetical gain is its corresponding probability, conditioned on the observed signal. We introduce an efficient estimation approach for the a priori signal absence probability in each frequency bin, which exploits the strong correlation of speech presence in neighboring frequency bins of consecutive frames. Objective and subjective evaluation confirm superiority in noise suppression and quality of the enhanced speech.
Xenografted Islet Cell Clusters From <i>INS</i>LEA29Y Transgenic Pigs Rescue Diabetes and Prevent Immune Rejection in Humanized Mice (2012)

Islet transplantation is a potential treatment for type 1 diabetes, but the shortage of donor organs limits its routine application. As potential donor animals, we generated transgenic pigs expressing LEA29Y, a high-affinity variant of the T-cell costimulation inhibitor CTLA-4Ig, under the control of the porcine insulin gene promoter. Neonatal islet cell clusters (ICCs) from INSLEA29Y transgenic (LEA-tg) pigs and wild-type controls were transplanted into streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic NOD-scid IL2Rγ(null) mice. Cloned LEA-tg pigs are healthy and exhibit a strong β-cell-specific transgene expression. LEA-tg ICCs displayed the same potential to normalize glucose homeostasis as wild-type ICCs after transplantation. After adoptive transfer of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, transplanted LEA-tg ICCs were completely protected from rejection, whereas reoccurrence of hyperglycemia was observed in 80% of mice transplanted with wild-type ICCs. In the current study, we provide the first proof-of-principle report on transgenic pigs with β-cell-specific expression of LEA29Y and their successful application as donors in a xenotransplantation model. This approach may represent a major step toward the development of a novel strategy for pig-to-human islet transplantation without side effects of systemic immunosuppression.
Freeze-Etching and Vapor Matrix Deposition for ToF-SIMS Imaging of Single Cells (2008)

Freeze-etching, the practice of removing excess surface water from a sample through sublimation into the vacuum of the analysis environment, has been extensively used in conjunction with electron microscopy. Here, we apply this technique to time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) imaging of cryogenically preserved single cells. By removing the excess water which condenses onto the sample in vacuo, a uniform surface is produced that is ideal for imaging by static SIMS. We demonstrate that the conditions employed to remove deposited water do not adversely affect cell morphology and do not redistribute molecules in the topmost surface layers. In addition, we found water can be controllably redeposited onto the sample at temperatures below -100 degrees C in vacuum. The redeposited water increases the ionization of characteristic fragments of biologically interesting molecules 2-fold without loss of spatial resolution. The utilization of freeze-etch methodology will increase the reliability of cryogenic sample preparations for SIMS analysis by providing greater control of the surface environment. Using these procedures, we have obtained high quality spectra with both atomic bombardment as well as C 60 (+) cluster ion bombardment.
A Rule-Based Pattern Matching System for the Recognition of Three-Dimensional Line Drawn Objects: A Foundation for Video Tracking, (1986)

Object recognition is an important subtask in image understanding, moving object tracking, and scene analysis. When identifying an object in a scene, it is essential that the same object is recognized as being so from different view angles. Also, in cases where the object is occluded or the image is noisy, the recognition is expected to function under the existence of uncertainty. In this report, a system for object recognition, with emphasis on view angle independence, is studied. The system uses simple line drawn objects as the input image. An algorithm to extract important information from the image is developed. A rule-based pattern matching scheme is used to recognize the object in the image. In each decision made, a confidence factor is associated to indicate the system's certainty in making this decision. This study shows that the rule-based pattern matching system is a useful and flexible framework for object recognition and scene analysis. (Author)
Influence of a pulsed CO<sub>2</sub> laser operating at 9.4    μ m on the surface morphology, reflectivity, and acid resistance of dental enamel below the threshold for melting (2017)

Below the threshold for laser ablation, the mineral phase of enamel is converted into a purer phase hydroxyapatite with increased acid resistance. Studies suggest the possibility of achieving the conversion without visible surface alteration. In this study, changes in the surface morphology, reflectivity, and acid resistance were monitored with varying irradiation intensity. Bovine enamel specimens were irradiated using a CO 2 laser operating at 9.4 ?? ? m with a Gaussian spatial beam profile—1.6 to 3.1 mm in diameter. After laser treatment, samples were subjected to demineralization to simulate the acidic intraoral conditions of dental decay. The resulting demineralization and erosion were assessed using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography, three-dimensional digital microscopy, and polarized light microscopy. Distinct changes in the surface morphology and the degree of inhibition were found within the laser-treated area in accordance with the laser intensity profile. Subtle visual changes were noted below the melting point for enamel that appear to correspond to thresholds for denaturation of the organic phase and thermal decomposition of the mineral phase. There was significant protection from laser irradiation in areas in which the reflectivity was not increased significantly, suggesting that aesthetically sensitive areas of the tooth can be treated for caries prevention.
The Development of Automatic Module for Formwork Layout using the BIM (2009)

Formwork layout is perceived as important due to its strong tie to site works. But, most formwork is done manually and influenced by worker’s skill and thus, a lot of construction errors occur. The introduction of BIM (Building Information Modeling) enables acquiring more precise information on the building shape, dimension, structure, etc. than 2D-based drawings and thus, the increased productivity, such as reduction of workload and work times, and the economic efficiency, such as reduction of formwork types and form dimensions with the consideration of constructability, are expected. This study reviewed the previous studies and formwork layout systems to derive this study’s differentiations and factors to be first considered for formwork planning were derived by analyzing priorities against consideration factors. Last, a flow chart and algorithm were developed to apply the derived factors to the formwork layout module.
Diagnostic significance of soluble c-kit in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with germ cell tumors (2002)

These results indicate that the concentration of s-kit in CSF may be a useful clinical marker for germinomas, especially for detecting recurrence or subarachnoid dissemination of these lesions.
Endothelial cell seeding of small-caliber synthetic grafts in the baboon. (1986)

Endothelial cell (EC) seeding has been proposed as a method to improve the performance of small-caliber synthetic vascular prostheses. Seeding experiments to date have all been carried out in the dog. This study investigates EC seeding of small-caliber Dacron carotid interposition grafts compared with contralateral control grafts in the baboon. Surface thrombogenicity was assessed at 24 hours, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after implantation with indium 111-labeled autologous platelets. Morphologic and immunohistochemical techniques were used to assess the identity and homogeneity of the EC inoculum before seeding and to identify cell types on the harvested grafts. There was no significant difference in patency rates between seeded and control grafts at 5 weeks. Platelet accumulation on seeded grafts was significantly less (p less than 0.05) than on paired controls at 2 and 4 weeks after implantation. The luminal lining of seeded grafts had more cellular ingrowth, less adherent thrombus, and more surface cells with the morphologic and histochemical characteristics of EC than did the lining of controls. EC seeding reduces the platelet reactivity and accelerates EC coverage of small-caliber grafts in the baboon.
Non-equilibrium dynamics of block copolymer micelles in solution: recent insights and open questions (2010)

The increasing variety and complexity of block copolymers leads to a large morphological diversity of self-assembled structures. This, in turn, opens the way for numerous new applications in fields spanning from drug delivery and templated synthesis of nanoporous materials to oil extraction. However, unlike low-molecular weight surfactants, the dynamics of block copolymer systems can be very slow, which has important consequences for carrying out reliable experiments and for their use in practical applications. This paper highlights the mechanism of non-equilibrium block copolymer dynamics, and discusses micellization and transition kinetics between spherical and rod-like micelles by examining the present knowledge and posing some open questions.
The Perils of Randomization Checks in the Analysis of Experiments (2012)

In the analysis of experimental data, randomization checks, also known as balance tests, are used to indicate whether a randomization has produced balance on various characteristics across experimental conditions. Randomization checks are popular in many fields although their merits have yet to be established. The grounds on which balance tests are generally justified include either 1) the credibility of experimental findings, and/or 2) the efficiency of the statistical model. We show that balance tests cannot improve either credibility or efficiency. The most common “remedy” resulting from a failed balance test is the inclusion as a covariate of a variable failing the test; this practice cannot improve the choice of statistical model. Other commonly suggested responses to failed balance tests such as post-stratification or re-randomization also fail to improve on methods that do not require balance tests. We advocate resisting reviewer requests for randomization checks in all but some narrowly defined circumstances
Synergistic Interaction of Rnf8 and p53 in the Protection against Genomic Instability and Tumorigenesis (2013)

Rnf8 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a key role in the DNA damage response as well as in the maintenance of telomeres and chromatin remodeling. Rnf8(-/-) mice exhibit developmental defects and increased susceptibility to tumorigenesis. We observed that levels of p53, a central regulator of the cellular response to DNA damage, increased in Rnf8(-/-) mice in a tissue- and cell type-specific manner. To investigate the role of the p53-pathway inactivation on the phenotype observed in Rnf8(-/-) mice, we have generated Rnf8(-/-)p53(-/-) mice. Double-knockout mice showed similar growth retardation defects and impaired class switch recombination compared to Rnf8(-/-) mice. In contrast, loss of p53 fully rescued the increased apoptosis and reduced number of thymocytes and splenocytes in Rnf8(-/-) mice. Similarly, the senescence phenotype of Rnf8(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts was rescued in p53 null background. Rnf8(-/-)p53(-/-) cells displayed defective cell cycle checkpoints and DNA double-strand break repair. In addition, Rnf8(-/-)p53(-/-) mice had increased levels of genomic instability and a remarkably elevated tumor incidence compared to either Rnf8(-/-) or p53(-/-) mice. Altogether, the data in this study highlight the importance of p53-pathway activation upon loss of Rnf8, suggesting that Rnf8 and p53 functionally interact to protect against genomic instability and tumorigenesis.
A Review of Resistance Exercise and Posture Realignment (2001)

Exercise has been promoted in an attempt to correct postural deviations, such as excessive lumbar lordosis, scoliosis, kyphosis, and abducted scapulae. One of the assumed causes of these conditions is a weak and lengthened agonist muscle group combined with a strong and tight antagonist muscle group. Strengthening and stretching exercises have been prescribed accordingly. It is implied that strengthening exercises will encourage adaptive shortening of the muscle-tendon length, reposition skeletal segments, and produce static posture realignment. A review of the literature has found a lack of reliable, valid data collected in controlled settings to support the contention that exercise will correct existing postural deviations. Likewise, objective data to indicate that exercise will lead to postural deviations are lacking. It is likely that exercise programs are of insufficient duration and frequency to induce adaptive changes in muscle-tendon length. Additionally, any adaptations from restricted range-of-movement exercise would likely be offset by daily living activities that frequently require the body segments to go through full ranges of motion.
Malaysian peak daily load forecasting (2009)

Time series analysis has been applied intensively and sophisticatedly to model and forecast many problems in the biological, physical and environmental phenomena of interest. This fact accounts for the basic engineering problem in forecasting the daily peak system load to use time series analysis. ARMA and Regression with ARMA errors models are among the times series models considered. ANFIS, a hybrid model from neural network is also discussed as for comparison purposes. The main interest of the forecasts consists of three days up to seven days ahead predictions for daily data. The objective is to find an appropriate model for forecasting the Malaysian peak daily demand of electricity. The pure autoregressive model with an order 2 or AR (2) has the minimum AIC statistic value compared with other ARMA models. AR (2) model recorded the value for the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) as 1.27% for the prediction of 3 days ahead from Jan 1 to 3, 2005. Besides AR(2) model, Regression model with ARMA errors and ANFIS were found to be among the best forecasting models for weekdays with MAPE value from 0.1% to 3%.
Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil as a Fuel from Waste Materials (2019)

Biofuels have become an integral part of everyday life in modern society. Bioethanol and fatty acid methyl esters are a common part of both the production of gasoline and diesel fuels. Also, pressure on replacing fossil fuels with bio-components is constantly growing. Waste vegetable fats can replace biodiesel. Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) seems to be a better alternative. This fuel has a higher oxidation stability for storage purposes, a lower temperature of loss of filterability for the winter time, a lower boiling point for cold starts, and more. Viscosity, density, cold filter plugging point of fuel blend, and flash point have been measured to confirm that a fuel from HVO is so close to a fuel standard that it is possible to use it in engines without modification. The objective of this article is to show the properties of different fuels with and without HVO admixtures and to prove the suitability of using HVO compared to FAME. HVO can also be prepared from waste materials, and no major modifications of existing refinery facilities are required. No technology in either investment or engine adaptation of fuel oils is needed in fuel processing.
Expression of the S-coded Genes of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenavirus Using a Baculovirus Vector (1986)

A DNA copy of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV, WE strain)S RNA species has been inserted in both orientations into plasmids containing a 7.1 kb DNA sequence of the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV). The inserts were placed behind the polyhedrin gene promoter of AcNPV and in the place of the nucleotide sequences including and flanking the polyhedrin gene translation initiation codon. The derived plasmids were used to obtain recombinant AcNPV viruses after transfection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells in the presence of infectious AcNPV DNA and the selection of polyhedrin-negative viruses. The expression of the two LCMV S-coded genes, the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein precursor, in S. frugiperda cells by the recombinant baculoviruses is described. Based on the results obtained with three different expression vectors, the site of insertion of the foreign genes in the 5' non-coding region of the polyhedrin gene appears to be an important determinant of the level of expression obtained.
Optical modeling of chalcopyrite-based tandems considering realistic layer properties (2009)

Previous models of chalcopyrite-based tandem solar cells have not taken into account the limited optical transmission of the top cell observed. We use a quantitative model derived from measured optical properties of the different layers of the top cell to re-evaluate the benefits and limitations of the tandems. Guidelines are provided for minimizing optical losses in the structure. Optimization of the bottom absorber band gap and top absorber thickness is carried out. In combination with straightforward assumptions concerning the electronic cell properties, we calculate tandem maximum efficiencies in the range of 26%–28% depending on the degree of nonideal optical absorption.
Cloning, overproduction, and purification of the B2 subunit of ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (1986)

The nrdB gene, which encodes the B2 subunit of Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase (EC 1.17.4.1), was cloned into multicopy plasmid pSPS2. This vector, which contains the pL promoter of bacteriophage lambda and the tetracycline resistance gene of pBR322, was transformed into a lysogenic host with a thermolabile repressor. In the newly constructed strain, subunit B2 constituted approximately 25% of the soluble protein after heat induction, an overproduction of several hundredfold relative to the wild-type strain. Purification to homogeneity of the overproduced protein was accomplished by using DEAE and quaternary aminoethyl ion-exchange resins.
Characterization of the structural defects in the dendritic web-grown silicon ribbon (1994)

The dislocation configuration in web-grown silicon ribbon was investigated using chemical etching techniques. The presence of dislocation loops on twin planes is observed and acounted for by self-interstitial condensation. The interstitials were either quenched in, due to the rapid cooling of the ribbon from the solidification temperatures, or produced by oxide precipitation on the twin plane. Very large faulted loops of mm size were also observed.
Comparative Effectiveness of Treatments To Prevent Fractures in Men and Women With Low Bone Density or Osteoporosis (2007)

This Comparative Effectiveness Review (CER) compares the benefits in fracture reduction and the harms from adverse events (AE) among and within the various classes of treatment for low bone density. Our outcomes of interest for measuring benefits are vertebral, non-vertebral, hip, and radial fractures. The studies collect vertebral fracture outcomes in one of two ways. In some studies, all participants undergo radiography at pre-determined intervals. Other studies use clinical criteria, i.e. whether a fracture has been diagnosed by a clinician during the time interval. Trials that radiograph all participants will by nature detect more fractures. However the higher detection rate will apply to both treatment and placebo groups. Thus, the relative differences found should be similar that found in studies that use clinical criteria.
Problems of the Heat Exchanger for Vehicular Gas Turbines (1976)

It is well known that a vehicular gas turbine needs a heat exchanger to compete in fuel consumption with the piston engine, especially with the diesel. A short review of the theory of heat exchange shows that very small hydraulic diameters must be used to obtain a reasonable heat exchanger volume. This causes a number of problems for the fabrication, engine configuration, flow distribution, etc. These problems are discussed in conjunction with experience gained during the development of a number of heat exchangers (1).
Identification of phosphate starvation-inducible genes in Escherichia coli K-12 by DNA sequence analysis of psi::lacZ(Mu d1) transcriptional fusions (1990)

Twenty-four independent phosphate starvation-inducible (psi) transcriptional fusions made with Mu d1(lacZbla) were analyzed by sequencing the psi::lacZ(Mu d1) chromosomal junctions by using DNAs amplified with the polymerase chain reaction or mini-Mu cloning. Our DNA sequence analysis showed that the MuR DNA in Mu d1 has an unexpected structure that is comprised of 104 bases of MuR DNA in the form of a large inverted repeat, which we denoted Mu d1-R. Also, Mu d1s in the phoA and phn (psiD) loci of the phosphate regulon showed regional specificities for the insertion sites despite the randomness of Mu d1 insertions into the genome as a whole. Gene products or open reading frames were identified for seven unknown psi::lacZ(Mu d1) transcriptional fusions by searching DNA data bases with the sequences adjacent and upstream of the Mu d1s. One psiC::lacZ(Mu d1) lies in the ugpB gene of the ugpBAEC operon, which encodes a periplasmic sn-glycerol-3-phosphate-binding protein; two psiQ::lacZ(Mu d1)s lie in the gltB gene, and one psiQ::lacZ(Mu d1) lies in the gltD gene of the gltBDF operon, encoding the large and small subunits of glutamate synthase, respectively; and the psi-51::lacZ(Mu d1) lies in the glpB gene of the glpABC operon, which codes for the anaerobically regulated glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. psiE and psiF::lacZ(Mu d1)s lie in uncharacterized open reading frames near the xylE and phoA genes, respectively. Six other psi::lacZ(Mu d1)s lie in yet unreported Escherichia coli sequences.
Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Previous Myocardial Infarction (2019)

URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT01730534.