gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fecal microbiota transplantation beyond Clostridioides difficile infections (2019)

The importance of the commensal microbiota to human health and well-being has become increasingly evident over the past decades. From a therapeutic perspective, the popularity of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to restore a disrupted microbiota and amend imbalances has increased. To date, most clinical experience with FMT originates from the treatment of recurrent or refractory Clostridioides difficile infections (rCDI), with resolution rates up to 90%. In addition to CDI, a role for the intestinal microbiome has been implicated in several disorders. FMT has been tested in several randomized controlled trials for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel disease and constipation with mixed results. FMT has also been explored for extra-gastrointestinal disorders such as metabolic syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy and graft-versus-host disease. With the exception of recurrent CDI, FMT is currently used in experimental settings only and should not yet be offered as standard care. In addition, it is critical to further standardize and optimize procedures for FMT preparation. This includes determination of active components of FMT to develop (personalized) approaches to treat disease.
Fabrication of 32-nm contact/via hole by photolithographic-friendly method (2008)

As semiconductor design rules continue to shrink, studies have begun on the 32nm-node and 22nm-node generations in semiconductor lithography technology in conjunction with the development of various fine-processing technologies. Research has been especially active in the development of high-NA193nm immersion lithography and EUV lithography for 32nm processes and beyond, but at the present stage of development, many technical issues have been reported. For example, in the contact-hole and via-hole pattern formation process in 193nm immersion lithography, it is difficult to maintain good resolution performance and process margins compared to line and space patterns. Poor resolution and other defects in the lithography process are major factors behind reduced yields in semiconductor production lines, and to prevent such defects, studies have begun on double patterning technology and shrink technology applied after resist-hole-pattern formation. Here, however, the need for reducing production processes and production costs have become major issues. In response to these technical issues, we evaluated a variety of hole-shrink processes as candidates for a fine-hole-pattern formation technology, and as a result of this study, we succeeded in applying an original hole-shrink technology to the formation of 40nm hole patterns and beyond.
Regulatory Functions of Phospholipase D and Phosphatidic Acid in Plant Growth, Development, and Stress Responses (2005)

Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes membrane lipids to generate phosphatidic acid (PA) and a free-head group ([Fig. 1][1]), and this activity is widespread in plants. Recent results indicate that PLD plays multiple regulatory roles in diverse plant processes, including abscisic acid (ABA) signaling,
Brazeability and Solderability of Engineering Materials (1993)

Abstract This article describes the factors considered in the analysis of brazeability and solderability of engineering materials. These are the wetting and spreading behavior, joint mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, metallurgical considerations, and residual stress levels. It discusses the application of brazed and soldered joints in sophisticated mechanical assemblies, such as aerospace equipment, chemical reactors, electronic packaging, nuclear applications, and heat exchangers. The article also provides a detailed discussion on the joining process characteristics of different types of engineering materials considered in the selection of a brazing process. The engineering materials include low-carbon steels, low-alloy steels, and tool steels; cast irons; aluminum alloys; copper and copper alloys; nickel-base alloys; heat-resistant alloys; titanium and titanium alloys; refractory metals; cobalt-base alloys; and ceramic materials.
Stochastic Prediction of Voltage Sags by Considering the Probability of the Failure of the Protection System (2005)

This paper presents a comprehensive method for stochastic prediction of the number and characteristics of voltage sags in large distribution networks. The novelty of the proposed approach is in probabilistic modeling of the failure of the protection system. The probability of the failure of the protection system is determined using a straightforward, decision tree based method. The paper highlights the effects of the protection system failure on the number and characteristics of voltage sags. The method proposed and its capabilities are demonstrated on the realistic size generic distribution system. The results presented in the paper show that the proposed method is superior to the traditional techniques used for the assessment of voltage sags as it results in higher accuracy of the prediction of the number and characteristics of voltage sags.
Abnormal brain and muscle energy metabolism shown by <sup>31</sup> P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients affected by migraine with aura (1992)

We studied brain and muscle energy metabolism by phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) in 12 patients affected by migraine with aura (classic migraine) in interictal periods. Brain 31P-MRS disclosed a low phosphocreatine content in all patients, accompanied by high adenosine diphosphate concentration, a high percentage of V/Vmax (adenosine triphosphate), and a low phosphorylation potential--features showing an unstable state of metabolism in classic migraine. Abnormal muscle mitochondrial function, in the absence of clinical signs of muscle impairment, was present in nine of the 12 patients examined.
Synchronised data acquisition for sensor data fusion in airborne surveying (2022)

An existing facility for data acquisition in aerial surveys is presented. It contains a laser radar, an infrared camera and a video camera. The system supports synchronisation of sensor data, even when the sensor does not inherently offer that feature. This allows data from different sensors to be merged and processed together. The necessary temporal referencing is achieved by specialised hardware implemented in a Field Programmable Gate Array, which also serves to acquire data from the IR camera. The usefulness of FPGAs for this purpose is demonstrated. The possibilities FPGAs offer are shown up, and future extensions of the system are presented.
Linking β-Catenin to Androgen-signaling Pathway (2002)

The androgen-signaling pathway is important for the growth and progression of prostate cancer cells. The growth-promoting effects of androgen on prostate cells are mediated mostly through the androgen receptor (AR). There is increasing evidence that transcription activation by AR is mediated through interaction with other cofactors. beta-Catenin plays a critical role in embryonic development and tumorigenesis through its effects on E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and Wnt-dependent signal transduction. Here, we demonstrate that a specific protein-protein interaction occurs between beta-catenin and AR. Unlike the steroid hormone receptor coactivator 1 (SRC1), beta-catenin showed a strong interaction with AR but not with other steroid hormone receptors such as estrogen receptor alpha, progesterone receptor beta, and glucocorticoid receptor. The ligand binding domain of AR and the NH(2) terminus combined with the first six armadillo repeats of beta-catenin were shown to be necessary for the interaction. Through this specific interaction, beta-catenin augments the ligand-dependent activity of AR in prostate cancer cells. Moreover, expression of E-cadherin in E-cadherin-negative prostate cancer cells results in redistribution of the cytoplasmic beta-catenin to the cell membrane and reduction of AR-mediated transcription. These data suggest that loss of E-cadherin can elevate the cellular levels of beta-catenin in prostate cancer cells, which may directly contribute to invasiveness and a more malignant tumor phenotype by augmenting AR activity during prostate cancer progression.
Recording downhole formation data while drilling (1983)

An understanding of the formation is essential for effective drilling, casing and completion of oil and gas wells. Several methods and many tools are available to obtain information about the formation. Some of these tools collect or provide downhole data during the drilling process and are, therefore, termed measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tools. This paper describes a new MWD tool which records formation data during the drilling process.
Electrical characterization and material evaluation of zirconium oxynitride gate dielectric in TaN-gated NMOSFETs with high-temperature forming gas annealing (2003)

The electrical, material, and reliability characteristics of zirconium oxynitride (Zr-oxynitride) gate dielectrics were evaluated. The nitrogen (/spl sim/1.7%) in Zr-oxynitride was primarily located at the Zr-oxynitride/Si interface and helped to preserve the composition of the nitrogen-doped Zr-silicate interfacial layer (IL) during annealing as compared to the ZrO/sub 2/ IL - resulting in improved thermal stability of the Zr-oxynitride. In addition, the Zr-oxynitride demonstrated a higher crystallization temperature (/spl sim/600/spl deg/C) as compared to ZrO/sub 2/ (/spl sim/400/spl deg/C). Reliability characterization was performed after TaN-gated nMOSFET fabrication of Zr-oxynitride and ZrO/sub 2/ devices with equivalent oxide thickness (EOTs) of 10.3 /spl Aring/ and 13.8 /spl Aring/, respectively. Time-zero dielectric breakdown and time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) characteristics revealed higher dielectric strength and effective breakdown field for the Zr-oxynitride. High-temperature forming gas (HTFG) annealing on TaN/Zr-oxynitride nMOSFETs with an EOT of 11.6 /spl Aring/ demonstrated reduced D/sub it/, which resulted in reduced swing (69 mV/decade), reduced off-state leakage current, higher transconductance, and higher mobility. The peak mobility was increased by almost fourfold from 97 cm/sup 2//V/spl middot/s to 383 cm/sup 2//V/spl middot/s after 600/spl deg/C HTFG annealing.
Structured filtering (2017)

A major challenge facing existing sequential Monte-Carlo methods for parameter estimation in physics stems from the inability of existing approaches to robustly deal with experiments that have different mechanisms that yield the results with equivalent probability. We address this problem here by proposing a form of particle filtering that clusters the particles that comprise the sequential Monte-Carlo approximation to the posterior before applying a resampler. Through a new graphical approach to thinking about such models, we are able to devise an artificial-intelligence based strategy that automatically learns the shape and number of the clusters in the support of the posterior. We demonstrate the power of our approach by applying it to randomized gap estimation and a form of low circuit-depth phase estimation where existing methods from the physics literature either exhibit much worse performance or even fail completely.
Convolutional Neural Network for speaker change detection in telephone speaker diarization system (2017)

The aim of this paper is to propose a speaker change detection technique based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and evaluate its contribution to the performance of a speaker diarization system for telephone conversations. For the comparison we used an i-vector based speaker diarization system. The baseline speaker change detection uses Generalized Likelihood Ratio (GLR) metric. Experiments were conducted on the English part of the CallHome corpus. Our proposed CNN speaker change detection outperformed the GLR approach, reducing the Equal Error Rate relatively by 46 %. The final results on speaker diarization system indicate that the use of speaker change detection based on CNN is beneficial with relative improvement of diarization error rate by 28 %.
Image Classification Based on Color Topic Model (2014)

This paper addresses semantic image classification with topic model, which focusing on discovering a hidden semantic to solve the semantic gap between low-level visual feature and high-level feature. In our approach, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model successfully reflect the high level features and the RGB SIFT features which integrating the Scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) features with color features on the assumption that pictures generated by mixture of latent semantic which we called topics. The proposed approach has a sufficient theoretical basis and the experimental evaluations the COREL database demonstrate its promise of the effectiveness.
Granulocyte–Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Autoantibodies (2013)

The expression of high GM-CSF Ab is a risk marker for aggressive CD behavior and complications including surgery. Modifying factors include environmental exposure to smoking and genetic risk markers.
An observational study to assess if automated diabetic retinopathy image assessment software can replace one or more steps of manual imaging grading and to determine their cost-effectiveness (2016)

The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme, a Fight for Sight Grant (Hirsch grant award) and the Department of Health's NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital and the University College London Institute of Ophthalmology.
Multi-task Multi-domain Representation Learning for Sequence Tagging. (2016)

Representation learning with deep models have demonstrated success in a range of NLP. In this paper we consider its use in a multi-task multi-domain setting for sequence tagging by proposing a unified framework for learning across tasks and domains. Our model learns robust representations that yield better performance in this setting. We use shared CRFs and domain projections to allow the model to learn domain specific representations that can feed a single task specific CRF. We evaluate our model on two tasks -- Chinese word segmentation and named entity recognition -- and two domains -- news and social media -- and achieve state-of-the-art results for both social media tasks.
Lateral diffusion of minority carriers in InAsSb-based nBn detectors (2010)

We report on the investigation of lateral diffusion of minority carriers in InAsSb based photodetectors with the nBn design. Diffusion lengths (DLs) were extracted from temperature dependent I-V measurements. The behavior of DL as a function of applied bias, temperature, and composition of the barrier layer was investigated. The obtained results suggest that lateral diffusion of minority carriers is not the limiting factor for InAsSb based nBn mid-wave infrared detector performance at high temperatures (&gt;200 K). The detector with an As mole fraction of 10% in the barrier layer has demonstrated values of DL as low as 7 μm (Vb=0.05 V) at 240 K.
Heat- and light-resistance characteristics of an MOS imaging device with monolithically integrated color filters (1985)

Reliability of an MOS-type color imaging device, fabricated by on-wafer color filter processing, was evaluated. The tests include impurity analysis, heat and light resistance, spectral response variation, and other characteristics. All the results obtained show that on-wafer processing can be applied to the production of the imager and assures a long operational life.
An integrated system for creating and presenting complex computer-based documents (1981)

An experimental system is described for the design, development, and presentation of computer-based documents that combine pictures and text on a high-resolution raster color display. Such documents can be used, for example, for maintenance and repair tasks or computer-aided instruction. Documents are directed graphs whose nodes we refer to as pages , in analogy to the pages of a paper book. A page includes a set of simultaneously displayed pictures, actions (procedures and processes) triggered when the page is accessed or when pickable picture elements on it are selected, and indexing information. Pages may be nested arbitrarily deeply in chapters that serve much the same organizing function as those of conventional books. The system is comprised of separate programs for laying out and drawing pictures, for graphically specifying the contents of pages, chapters, and their interconnections, and for displaying the document for user interaction. Examples are given from a prototype document for the maintenance and repair of computerized numerical control equipment. Emphasis was placed on designing actions for simple realtime animation (both by color table techniques and by transforming named primitives and manipulating their attributes), and for finding one's way around the document (displays include: a “timeline” of recently visited pages, immediate predecessor and successor pages, sibling pages and their interconnections, and those pages satisfying key-word retrieval requests).
Verification, Refinement, and Applicability of Long-Term Pavement Performance Vehicle Classification Rules (2014)

The Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) project has developed and deployed a set of rules for converting axle spacing and weight data into estimates of a vehicle’s classification. These rules are being used at Transportation Pooled Fund Study (TPF) weigh-in-motion (WIM) sites across the country. This report examines the performance of those rules and the implications of their use for the development and application of default values for use within the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide. The report is divided into three parts. In part I, the report examines 1) how the LTPP rules differ from classification rules used by many States, 2) the performance of the LTPP rules in terms of their accuracy across truck types and at different LTPP WIM sites across the country, and 3) the size of the error that can be introduced into the estimation of traffic loading inputs for pavement design when load spectra developed from the LTPP TPF sites using these rules are combined with truck volume data collected using State-specific classification rule sets. Part II of this report examines the sensitivity of the pavement design models to the errors introduced by the use of these traffic loading inputs.\nBased on the results of these sensitivity tests, recommendations are made about the use of load spectra computed using Specific Pavement Studies TPF WIM data. Part III of this report describes minor changes to the LTPP classification rules recommended to improve their performance. Finally, the results of field tests of the recommended revised classification rules are presented.\n
Synthesis, Chirality, and Magnetic Properties of Bimetallic Cyanide-Bridged Two-Dimensional Ferromagnets (2006)

The assembly of hexacyanoferrate(III) anions and nickel(II) bis-diamino complexes of the chiral ligand trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine (trans-chxn) yields cyanide-bridged two-dimensional ferromagnets of the general formula [Ni(trans-chxn)2]3[Fe(CN)6]2·2H2O. Their crystal structure is built from cyanide-bridged bimetallic planes separated by the bulky chxn ligands, giving rise to a large interlayer distance (d = 11.7 Å). These materials order ferromagnetically at the Curie temperature TC = 14 K. AC susceptibility measurements evidence an unusual magnetic behavior below TC, with a marked frequency dependence. A thorough magnetic analysis demonstrates that this complex behavior is due to the pinning of the domain walls which results from the coexistence of the layered structure and the strong magnetic anisotropy. An activation energy for domain wall movement Ea = 116 K has been determined. Ferromagnetic materials of this kind that incorporate structural chirality have been obtained by using the enantiopure ligands trans-(1S,2S)-chxn and trans-(1R,2R)-chxn, as evidenced by circular dichroism spectroscopy. The ligand cis-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine affords also a two-dimensional compound of formula [Ni(cis-chxn)2]3[Fe(CN)6]2·2H2O. This material orders ferromagnetically at TC = 11 K and also exhibits slow relaxation behavior.
Decrease of 5hmC in gastric cancers is associated with<i>TET1</i>silencing due to with DNA methylation and bivalent histone marks at<i>TET1</i>CpG island 3′-shore (2015)

Recent evidence has shown that the level of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC) in chromosomal DNA is aberrantly decreased in a variety of cancers, but whether this decrease is a cause or a consequence of tumorigenesis is unclear. Here we show that, in gastric cancers, the 5 hmC decrease correlates with a decrease in ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) expression, which is strongly associated with metastasis and poor survival in patients with gastric cancer. In gastric cancer cells, TET1-targeted siRNA induced a decrease in 5 hmC, whereas TET1 overexpression induced an increase in 5 hmC and reduced cell proliferation, thus correlating decreased 5 hmC with gastric carcinogenesis. We also report the epigenetic signatures responsible for regulating TET1 transcription. Methyl-CpG Binding Domain Sequencing and Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing identified unique CpG methylation signatures at the CpG island 3'-shore region located 1.3 kb from the transcription start site of TET1 in gastric tumor cells but not in normal mucosa. The luciferase activity of constructs with a methylated 3'-shore sequence was greatly decreased compared with that of an unmethylated sequence in transformed gastric cancer cells. In gastric cancer cells, dense CpG methylation in the 3'-shore was strongly associated with TET1 silencing and bivalent histone marks. Thus, a decrease in 5 hmC may be a cause of gastric tumorigenesis owing to a decrease in TET1 expression through DNA methylation coupled with bivalent marks in the 3'-shore of TET1.
Mechanism of growth delay induced in Escherichia coli by near ultraviolet radiation. (1976)

Continuously growing cultures of E. coli B/r were irradiated with a fluence of broad-band near-ultraviolet radiation (315-405 nm) sufficient to cause extensive growth delay and complete cessation of net RNA synthesis. Chloramphenicol treatment was found to stimulate resumption of RNA synthesis, similar to that observed with chloramphenicol treatment after amino-acid starvation. E. coli strains in which amino-acid starvation does not result in cessation of RNA synthesis ("relaxed" or rel- strains) show no cessation of growth and only a slight effect on the rate of growth or of RNA synthesis. These findings show that such near-UV fluences do not inactivate the RNA synthetic machinery but affect the regulation of RNA synthesis, in a manner similat to that produced by amino-acid starvation. Such regulation is believed to be mediated through alterations in concentration of guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), and our estimations of ppGpp after near-UV irradiation are consistent with such an interpretation. These data, combined with earlier published data, strongly suggest that the mechanism of near-UV-induced growth delay in E. coli involves partial inactivation of certain tRNA species, which is interpreted by the cell in a manner similar to that of amino-acid starvation, causing a rise in ppGpp levels, a shut-off of net RNA synthesis, and the induction of a growth delay.