gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Boolean circuit design using emerging tunneling devices (2014)

Novel device technologies are exceedingly under investigation for the sub-10-nm era. Some tunneling devices employing 2-D materials have shown the potential for low-voltage operation, promising energy efficient digital circuits and systems. Interestingly, certain emerging tunneling devices such as SymFETs and BiSFETs exhibit an I-V characteristic different from that of MOSFETs. In this paper, the design of Boolean gates with SymFETs is studied. We show that the negative differential resistance (NDR) behavior of the transistors leads to hysteresis in inverters and buffers, and can be used to build simple Schmitttriggers. It can also by used in designing new pseudo-SymFET loads for circuits similar to all-n-type or dynamic logic. We demonstrate the feasibility of building NAND, NOR, IMPLY, and MAJORITY gates with fewer transistors when compared with static CMOS designs. Benchmarking efforts show that SymFETs are an attractive choice for applications that demand low power and have moderate speed requirements, and demonstrate better dynamic energy efficiency than CMOS circuits; but one challenge for SymFET circuits is relatively larger leakage currents.
Hydrosilylation of functionalised olefins catalysed by rhodium siloxide complexes in ionic liquids (2009)

The use of ionic liquids for the immobilization of rhodium siloxide complexes has permitted development of highly effective catalysts for the hydrosilylation processes. Herein, we report the synthesis of organosilicon compounds in a biphasic reaction setup, allowing separation of the product, recovery and reuse of the catalyst, which is fundamental from the point of view of “green chemistry”.
35% drive current improvement from recessed-SiGe drain extensions on 37 nm gate length PMOS (2004)

Results from the best reported PMOS transistor at a 37 nm gate length (Lg) built on a process with a recessed SiGe epitaxial layer are discussed. The process details include successful integration of SiGe at the drain extension (DE) location. A highly compressive SiGe layer, in close proximity to the channel, results in large hole mobility improvements. HRTEM based lattice parameter extractions confirm the compressive strain in the channel. In situ doped B in SiGe can be activated to a higher degree than implanted B in bulk Si resulting in further improvements from the lower DE resistance. Both changes combine to give an unprecedented 35% PMOS performance improvement. Process and device simulations that predict the observed parametric behavior quantitatively isolate the improvements to be /spl sim/ 28% from stress and 7% from DE resistance improvement.
Sleep and Its Modulation by Drugs That Affect GABAA Receptor Function (1999)

Most sleeping pills are made up of chemical compounds that are ligands for allosteric modulatory binding sites on the GABA(A) receptor. Polysomnographic studies demonstrate that these hypnotics effectively increase the ability to fall and to stay asleep, but disrupt the physiological sleep profile (typical electroencephalograms (EEG) for the awake state and the different states of sleep are shown). Hence, there is an urgent need for sleep-promoting substances with a different mechanism of action. GABA analogues are one class of promising molecules.
An on-chip self-test architecture with test patterns recorded in scan chains (2016)

This work proposes a novel test architecture that combines the advantages of both scan-based and built-in self-test (BIST) designs. The main idea is to record (store) all required compressed test data in a novel scan chain structure such that the stored data can be extracted, reconstructed and decompressed into required deterministic patterns using an on-chip test controller with a test pattern decompressor. The recording of test data is achieved by modifying the connections between scan cells. Techniques to extract test data from the modified scan cells and to deliver decompressed test patterns to the modified scan cells are presented. The on-chip test controller can automatically generate all required control signals for the whole test procedure. This significantly reduces the requirements on external ATE. Experimental results on OpenSPARC T2, a publicly accessible 8-core processor containing 5.7M gates, show that all required test data for 100% testable stuck-at fault coverage can be stored in the scan chains of the processor with less than 3% total area overhead for the whole test architecture.
Coherent Super-Resolution Structured Illumination Microscopy of Non-Fluorescent Samples (2012)

We introduce a framework for coherent structured illumination, which may extend advantages of far-field super-resolution microscopy to non-fluorescent samples. Experimental confirmation is obtained with a target at moderate numerical aperture.
Effect of Surface Treatments on the Electrical Properties of Fluorinated Silicon Oxides (2000)

In this study, different surface treatments of HF‐based etching solutions are investigated for the predeposition of liquid‐phase deposited fluorinated silicon oxides (LPD‐SiOF). The effects of each etching solution on the interface trap density and breakdown field are examined with Al/LPD‐SiOF/Si structure. From the experimental results, there appears significant growth delay time for different surface treatments during the initial oxide deposition, which is defined as the surface modification time to reach an OH‐rich surface promoting the growth of LPD‐SiOF film. However, the subsequent deposition rate remains unchanged for all etching processes, indicating a surface‐independent deposition process. It is found that a two‐step treatment in dilute with 1:200 v/v ratio reveals an average breakdown field of 9.7 MV/cm and an extremely low average interface trap density , which are comparable to that of thermal oxides. Moreover, the rapid thermal annealing process is suggested to clearly improve the oxide quality for this two‐step etching process, where early breakdown is eliminated (18% raising for ) and interface properties are substantially improved (33% reduction for DH). The improvements for device performances are believed to be due to the oxide‐free Si surface passivated with hydrogen and reduced surface microroughness (Ra = 0.1 nm). It is evident from our experiments that this new two‐step surface treatment is an effective method for interface improvement with oxide deposited by LPD or chemical vapor deposition. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Local field of view imaging for alias‐free undersampling with nonlinear spatial encoding magnetic fields (2013)

A new effect of nonlinear spatial encoding magnetic fields was found, which allows more efficient data sampling and at the same time counterbalancing the natural variation in image resolution.
Targeted Fluorination with the Fluoride Ion by Manganese‐Catalyzed Decarboxylation (2015)

Abstract We describe the first catalytic decarboxylative fluorination reaction based on the nucleophilic fluoride ion. The reported method allows the facile replacement of various aliphatic carboxylic acid groups with fluorine. Moreover, the potential of this method for PET imaging has been demonstrated by the successful 18 F labeling of a variety of carboxylic acids with radiochemical conversions up to 50 %, representing a targeted decarboxylative 18 F labeling method with no‐carrier‐added [ 18 F]fluoride. Mechanistic probes suggest that the reaction proceeds through the interaction of the manganese catalyst with iodine(III) carboxylates formed in situ from iodosylbenzene and the carboxylic acid substrates.
Isolation and structure of the powerful human cancer cell growth inhibitors spongistatins 4 and 5 from an African Spirastrella spinispirulifera(porifera) (1993)

The Southwest Indian Ocean marine sponge Spirastrella spinispirulifera has been found to contain (in 10–7% yields) two extraordinarily potent (Gl50ca. 10–8µg ml–1) human cancer cell line inhibitors designated spongistatins 4 1d and 5 2.
Fmoc-POAC: [(9-Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-N-oxyl-3-amino-4-carboxylic Acid]: A Novel Protected Spin Labeled .BETA.-Amino Acid for Peptide and Protein Chemistry. (2001)

The stable free radical 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl-4-amino-4-carboxylic acid (TOAC) is the only spin labeled amino acid that has been used to date to successfully label peptide sequences for structural studies. However, severe difficulty in coupling the subsequent amino acid has been the most serious shortcoming of this paramagnetic marker. This problem stems from the low nucleophilicity of TOAC's amine group towards the acylation reaction during peptide chain elongation. The present report introduces the alternative beta-amino acid 2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-N-oxyl-3-amino-4-carboxylic acid (POAC), potentially useful in peptide and protein chemistry. Investigations aimed at addressing the stereochemistry of this cyclic molecule through X-ray diffraction measurements of crystalline and bulk samples revealed that it consists only of the trans conformer. The 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl group (Fmoc) was chosen for temporary protection of the POAC amine function, allowing insertion of the probe at any position in a peptide sequence. The vasoactive octapeptide angiotensin II (All, DRVYIHPF) was synthesized by replacing Pro7 with POAC. The reaction of Fmoc-POAC with the peptidyl-resin occurred smoothly, and the coupling of the subsequent amino acid showed a much faster reaction when compared with TOAC. POAC7-AII was obtained in good yield, demonstrating that, in addition to TOAC, POAC is a convenient amino acid for the synthesis of spin labeled peptide analogues. The present findings open the possibility of a wide range of chemical and biological applications for this novel beta-amino acid derivative, including structural investigations involving its differentiated bend-inducing characteristics.
Frequency-doubling of a cladding-pumped Er3+/Yb3+ femtosecond fiber laser system using a periodically-poled LiNbO3 (1997)

As real-world ultra-fast optical devices proliferate, there is a growing need for highly reliable and compact sources of femtosecond pulses [1]. Currently most of these applications require moderate power sources operating around 800 nm, which is ideally compatible with frequency-doubling of femtosecond Er3+-fiber lasers. Previously integrated high-power fiber laser systems were developed based on chirped-pulse amplification schemes relying on chirped fiber gratings for pulse stretching and compression to minimize the nonlinearities of femtosecond fiber amplifiers [2]. The component count of such systems can be considerably reduced and the optical efficiency increased by implementing aperiodically poled lithium niobate [3] (APPLN), as APPLN allows a unique integration of chirped pulse amplification with frequency-doubling. Here we demonstrate the first system application of a APPLN frequency-doubler in conjunction with a high-power cladding-pumped Er3+/Yb3+ fiber laser. The experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The fiber seed system is based on an environmentally stable fiber soliton laser [1] and generates bandwidth-limited 250 fsec pulses with pulse energies of 300 pJ at a repetition rate of 40 MHz at a wavelength of 1.56µm. To operate the cladding pumped power amplifier in saturation the pre- amplifier is used, which boosts the average signal power to 35 mW. Prior to amplification in the cladding-pumped power amplifier the pulses are stretched to ~ 1.7 psec in a 2.9 m length of positive dispersion fiber. Using a coupled pump power of ~6 W at 980 nm into the power amplifier, we obtain a signal power of 600 mW. After frequency-doubling in a length of 2 cm of APPLN an average power of 180 mW is obtained at 780 nm. The frequency-doubled pulse energy is 4.5 nJ. Note that the crystal was not AR-coated and the internal SH power was ~210 mW. The internal SH conversion efficiency was 40 %. An autocorrelation trace and the corresponding pulse spectra at the frequency-doubled wavelength are shown in Fig, 2. The pulse width is 290 fsec and assuming a gaussian pulse shape the time bandwidth product is 0.51, i.e. the pulses were within 20% of the bandwidth limit. Since currently APPLN allows the recompression of pulses up to 15 psec in width [3], we can expect that this technology may be upscaled to producing femtosecond pulses at Watt-level powers at 780 nm. Fig. 1: High-power requency-doubled Er/Yb fiber laser. Fig. 2: Autocorrelation and spectrum of the pulses generated at 780 nm. The pulse width is 290 fsec and the time-bandwidth product is 0.51 assuming a Gaussian shape
Optical Frequency Comb Generation in Monolithic Microresonators (2009)

This thesis presents an entirely novel approach for frequency comb generation based on nonlinear frequency conversion in micrometer sized optical resonators. Here, the comb generation process can be directly described in frequency domain as energy conserving interactions between four photons (four-photon mixing). This process is a result of extremely high light intensities that build up in microresonators with long photon storage times. The thesis is composed of four main parts that answer fundamental questions in the context of microresonator-based frequency comb generation as well as providing insights in the control and possible applications of this type of comb generators.
Antineoplastic Agents. 450. Synthesis of (+)-Pancratistatin from (+)-Narciclasine as Relay<sup>1</sup><sup>a</sup> (2001)

(+)-Narciclasine (2) available in quantity from certain Amaryllidaceae species or by total synthesis was employed as a precursor for a 10-step synthetic conversion (3.6% overall yield) to natural (+)-pancratistatin (1a). The key procedures involved epoxidation of natural (+)-narciclasine (2) to epoxide 6, reduction to diol 8, and formation of cyclic sulfate 12 and its ring opening with cesium benzoate followed by saponification of the benzoate to afford (+)-pancratistatin (1a).
IMPROVEMENT OF MICROBIAL STRAIN AND FERMENTATION PROCESS OF RAPAMYCIN BIOSYNTHESIS (2013)

The purpose of this investigation is to enhance the production of the immunosuppressant drug rapamycin by subjecting the strain CBS 773.23 to ultraviolet (UV) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso guanidine (NTG) mutations. Among all the mutants tested, MTCC 5681 (NRC-CM03/SH) obtained by NTG mutagenesis of strain CBS 773.72 showed the highest activity, 210 mg/L. The effect of different factors including medium composition, pH, temperature, and intensity of mixing on rapamycin production was studied. Based on the study, the optimal concentrations of soluble starch and dry yeast granules were found to be 50 g/L and 1.5 g/L, respectively. Furthermore, optimal values for pH, temperature, and shaking speed were found to be 6.0, 28°C, and 220 rpm, respectively. The production of rapamycin increased 1.6-fold, to 360 mg/L, in shake-flask culture using the optimal combination of factors observed compared with basal cultivation medium using MTCC 5681 mutant strain.
500 watt blue laser system for welding applications (2019)

This paper presents a 500 W continuous wave blue laser system for industrial applications, based on high power, high brightness laser diodes at 450 nm. The system builds upon the company’s 150W modules introduced recently. The modular system architecture allows efficient power scaling; a coupling efficiency of 90% into a 400 m 0.22 NA fiber was achieved. This paper will report on the architecture and integration of the laser and describe its key performance parameters. Test results will be presented for welding of copper with power levels and brightness accessible with this system.
Differential expression of <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> iron transport system genes during infection (2008)

Temporal expression patterns of the Bordetella pertussis alcaligin, enterobactin and haem iron acquisition systems were examined using alcA-, bfeA- and bhuR-tnpR recombinase fusion strains in a mouse respiratory infection model. The iron systems were differentially expressed in vivo, showing early induction of the alcaligin and enterobactin siderophore systems, and delayed induction of the haem system in a manner consistent with predicted changes in host iron source availability during infection. Previous mixed infection competition studies established the importance of alcaligin and haem utilization for B. pertussis in vivo growth and survival. In this study, the contribution of the enterobactin system to the fitness of B. pertussis was confirmed using wild-type and enterobactin receptor mutant strains in similar competition infection experiments. As a correlate to the in vivo expression studies of B. pertussis iron systems in mice, sera from uninfected and B. pertussis-infected human donors were screened for antibody reactivity with Bordetella iron-repressible cell envelope proteins. Pertussis patient sera recognized multiple iron-repressible proteins including the known outer membrane receptors for alcaligin, enterobactin and haem, supporting the hypothesis that B. pertussis is iron-starved and responds to the presence of diverse iron sources during natural infection.
2‐Piperidin‐4‐yl‐benzimidazoles with Broad Spectrum Antibacterial Activities. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
On the Capacity of the Precision-Resolution System (2010)

Arguably, the most prominent constrained system in storage applications is the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(d</i> , <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> )-run-length limited (RLL) system, where every binary sequence obeys the constraint that every two adjacent 1's are separated by at least <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</i> consecutive <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</i> 's and at most <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> consecutive <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</i> 's, namely, runs of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</i> 's are length limited. The motivation for the RLL constraint arises mainly from the physical limitations of the read and write technologies in magnetic and optical storage systems. We revisit the rationale for the RLL system, reevaluate its relationship to the constraints of the physical media and propose a new framework that we call the Precision-Resolution (PR) system. Specifically, in the PR system there is a <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">separation</i> between the encoder constraints (which relate to the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">precision</i> of writing information into the physical media) and the decoder constraints (which relate to its <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">resolution</i> , namely, the ability to distinguish between two different signals received by reading the physical media). We compute the capacity of a general PR system and compare it to the traditional RLL system.
A method of bit-rate control within macro-blocks using information of coded block pattern in a video codec (2011)

In this paper, we propose a novel bit-rate control using information of coded block pattern (CBP) based on statistical moments with respect to the amount of the bits from each macro-block, in an encoding of general video codec such as H.264/AVC and HEVC. Since the proposed bit-rate control is based on the simple computation using the quantization rules in the video codec, it is not necessary for an additional computation, such as a DCT or quantization, to estimate bits for a control of bit-rate. Based on the rate control using the statistical moments, to obtain a more finest video quality, it is necessary to rate control within macro-blocks. For the purpose of a rate control without a discrete cosine transform and quantization, the proposed algorithm employs a mean and a variance of each 4×4 block in a macro-block that is evaluated with the information of motion estimation. Since bit-rates generated by encoding is proportional to a mean and variance, it is possible to raise up or fall down the quantization parameter for a macroblock with a unit value. In addition, since an optimal rate-control is conducted by the Hamiltonian, it is unnecessary to evaluate an accurate bit-rate per 4×4 blocks. As a result, the proposed algorithm can be applied to a single pass encoding, and it can provide enough encoding speed with respect to various applications even requiring real-time without any serious degradation of video quality.
Matching Protein Interfaces for Improved Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Production (2018)

Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are key intermediates in the synthesis of medium-chain chemicals including α-olefins and dicarboxylic acids. In bacteria, microbial production of MCFAs is limited by the activity and product profile of fatty acyl-ACP thioesterases. Here, we engineer a heterologous bacterial medium-chain fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase for improved MCFA production in Escherichia coli. Electrostatically matching the interface between the heterologous medium-chain Acinetobacter baylyi fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase (AbTE) and the endogenous E. coli fatty acid ACP ( E. coli AcpP) by replacing small nonpolar amino acids on the AbTE surface for positively charged ones increased secreted MCFA titers more than 3-fold. Nuclear magnetic resonance titration of E. coli <sup>15</sup>N-octanoyl-AcpP with a single AbTE point mutant and the best double mutant showed a progressive and significant increase in the number of interactions when compared to AbTE wildtype. The best AbTE mutant produced 131 mg/L of MCFAs, with MCFAs being 80% of all secreted fatty acid chain lengths after 72 h. To enable the future screening of larger numbers of AbTE variants to further improve MCFA titers, we show that a previously developed G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-based MCFA sensor differentially detects MCFAs secreted by E. coli expressing different AbTE variants. This work demonstrates that engineering the interface of heterologous enzymes to better couple with endogenous host proteins is a useful strategy to increase the titers of microbially produced chemicals. Further, this work shows that GPCR-based sensors are producer microbe agnostic and can detect chemicals directly in the producer microbe supernatant, setting the stage for the sensor-guided engineering of MCFA producing microbes.
Kinetic Study of Discharge Reaction of Lithium‐Graphite Fluoride Cell (1988)

A kinetic study of the discharge reaction of graphite fluoride cathode in nonaqueous lithium cell was made by the aid of the analysis of polarization decay curve and chronoamperometry using the potential step method. Both confirmed that the relatively large overpotential of the graphite fluoride cathode was caused by the delay of lithium ion transfer in the thin diffusion layer of graphite intercalation compounds (GIC) produced on the surface of the graphite fluoride electrode by the discharge reaction. Activation energies of lithium ion diffusion were for and , respectively.