gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Factual Error Correction for Abstractive Summaries Using Entity Retrieval (2022)

Despite the recent advancements in abstractive summarization systems leveraged from large-scale datasets and pre-trained language models, the factual correctness of the summary is still insufficient. One line of trials to mitigate this problem is to include a post-editing process that can detect and correct factual errors in the summary. In building such a post-editing system, it is strongly required that 1) the process has a high success rate and interpretability and 2) has a fast running time. Previous approaches focus on regeneration of the summary using the autoregressive models, which lack interpretability and require high computing resources. In this paper, we propose an efficient factual error correction system RFEC based on entities retrieval post-editing process. RFEC first retrieves the evidence sentences from the original document by comparing the sentences with the target summary. This approach greatly reduces the length of text for a system to analyze. Next, RFEC detects the entity-level errors in the summaries by considering the evidence sentences and substitutes the wrong entities with the accurate entities from the evidence sentences. Experimental results show that our proposed error correction system shows more competitive performance than baseline methods in correcting the factual errors with a much faster speed.
On the reaction of bis(phosphothioyl)disul‐fanes with hydroxamic acids, part I: Ionic versus radical reaction pathways (2008)

Abstract Among sodium N ‐alkyl‐4‐chlorobenzo‐hydroxamates treated with bis(phosphothioyl)disul‐fanes >P(S)SSP(S)< (where >P(S) is phosphorothioyl, phosphonothioyl, and phosphinothioyl), only the N ‐methyl one yields quantitatively the respective O ‐phosphothioyl derivatives exhibiting complete inversion of configuration at phosphorus in a reaction whose products are inert toward dithiophosphate arising in the reaction. For branched N ‐alkyl benzohydroxamates, products of a SET process predominated. The mechanism of the title reaction is discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:271–282, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/hc.20423
Tribological Case Studies at Elcom Collieries (1990)

Case studies associated with tribology at Elcom Collieries Pty Ltd (mainly in the field of lubrication) are reviewed and discussed and it is shown how the application of proven tribological principles are of value to the mechanical maintenance engineer. Subject matter includes lubricant contamination, application of fire resistant hydraulic fluids and gear lubricant viscosity selection.
Evaluating methods for controlling depth perception in stereoscopic cinematography (2009)

Existing stereoscopic imaging algorithms can create static stereoscopic images with perceived depth control function to ensure a compelling 3D viewing experience without visual discomfort. However, current algorithms do not normally support standard Cinematic Storytelling techniques. These techniques, such as object movement, camera motion, and zooming, can result in dynamic scene depth change within and between a series of frames (shots) in stereoscopic cinematography. In this study, we empirically evaluate the following three types of stereoscopic imaging approaches that aim to address this problem. (1) Real-Eye Configuration: set camera separation equal to the nominal human eye interpupillary distance. The perceived depth on the display is identical to the scene depth without any distortion. (2) Mapping Algorithm: map the scene depth to a predefined range on the display to avoid excessive perceived depth. A new method that dynamically adjusts the depth mapping from scene space to display space is presented in addition to an existing fixed depth mapping method. (3) Depth of Field Simulation: apply Depth of Field (DOF) blur effect to stereoscopic images. Only objects that are inside the DOF are viewed in full sharpness. Objects that are far away from the focus plane are blurred. We performed a human-based trial using the ITU-R BT.500-11 Recommendation to compare the depth quality of stereoscopic video sequences generated by the above-mentioned imaging methods. Our results indicate that viewers' practical 3D viewing volumes are different for individual stereoscopic displays and viewers can cope with much larger perceived depth range in viewing stereoscopic cinematography in comparison to static stereoscopic images. Our new dynamic depth mapping method does have an advantage over the fixed depth mapping method in controlling stereo depth perception. The DOF blur effect does not provide the expected improvement for perceived depth quality control in 3D cinematography. We anticipate the results will be of particular interest to 3D filmmaking and real time computer games.
Ring-Closing Metathesis in Pharmaceutical Development: Fundamentals, Applications, and Future Directions (2018)

Ring-closing metathesis (RCM) has become indispensable in organic synthesis for both academic investigations and industrial applications. This review provides an overview of RCM reactions, focusing on the practical aspects that researchers in an industrial environment may find of interest. Key elements of reaction design and lessons learned from these applications are discussed to help those considering implementing RCM reactions on scale, particularly in manufacturing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Advances in the development of more effective catalysts and new methodologies, such as enantioselective RCM and stereoselective macrocyclic RCM, are also briefly discussed.
Aprotinin, a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, stimulates skeletal muscle differentiation (1994)

Aprotinin, a Kunitz-type inhibitor of serine proteases, stimulates myotube formation by mouse G8-1 and C2C12 skeletal muscle myoblasts. This stimulation of morphological differentiation is accompanied by accumulation of myogenin transcripts and production of muscle-specific proteins. In contrast, active TGF beta prevents differentiation of G8-1 and C2C12 myoblasts. When active TGF beta and aprotinin are both added to myoblast cultures, differentiation is inhibited, suggesting the active growth factor acts downstream of the protease inhibitor. TGF beta is found in serum as a latent, dimeric propolypeptide that is cleaved by limited proteolysis to release the biologically active carboxy-terminal dimer. To address the possibility that aprotinin may effect myogenesis by inhibiting proteolytic activation of latent TGF beta, levels of the endogenous growth factor were measured in differentiating myoblast cultures. Latent TGF beta is rapidly depleted from control cultures within 24 hours of plating, but remains relatively stable in aprotinin-treated cultures. Consistent with this, aprotinin-treated cultures have reduced levels of active TGF beta. These data indicate that Kunitz-domain containing protease inhibitors may help orchestrate the onset of myogenesis, possibly by regulating the activity of TGF beta-like molecules.
ZnO Buffer Layers and Nanowires Electrodeposition for Extremely Thin Absorber Solar Cells (2011)

In this manuscript we are reporting on the electrodeposition of ZnO nanowires on potentiostatically and galvanostatically prepared ZnO 2D layers (called buffer layers) on glass substrates covered with transparent conductive oxide (TCO). It is shown that the buffer layer morphology and thickness could be used as parameters to control the ZnO nanowires dimensions. From the other side the supporting electrolyte concentration and the passed charge density during the electrodeposition are also playing role on tailoring their dimensions. The obtained nanowires exhibit interesting optical and structural properties and therefore they could be further used as nanostructured transparent n-type semiconductor for the extremely thin absorber (eta) solar cells, dye sensitised solar cells or hybrid polymer solar cells.
Converting solar-photovoltaic power into exportable products (2002)

Nations, states, and even communities must generate exportable products that earn money for buying needed imports. Exports ranged from tourist services to hardwood logs. Fertile land, with irrigation water and fertilizer, grows exportable food. On the other hand a hot dry desert with no mineral resources presents a challenge to its occupants. Solar power could be generated and exported, but that requires construction of expensive transmission lines which are in service only when the sun shines. Among new options is a solar-powered plant that recovers zinc from the zinc oxide produced during discharge of zinc-air electric-vehicle batteries. A hectare-size solar-power plant with 30-percent efficient solar cells can in eight hours recover enough zinc to power 36000 km (22000 miles) of travel in lightweight 4-passenger electric vehicles. A by-product could be renewable fuel for use by local residents in electric bicycles. One oriented solar panel, 10 meters by 10 meters in size, with 30-percent efficient solar cells, could in one day deliver enough energy for travelling 14700 km (9176 miles) on bicycles. This by far exceeds the travel distance that could be obtained in one day by riding on an animal that is pastured on a 10-by-10 meter area.
Error Measurements in Studio Digital Video Systems (1993)

No measurable error rate is acceptable in a studio digital television system due to the nature of the transmission method and the visibility of the errors. The definition and measurement of errors in serial digital television signals must take into consideration the specific attributes of television equipment and the digital interconnection system. This article compares the use of traditional bit error rate measurement techniques with a method designed to be part of the digital television signal. Theoretical calculations are presented that closely correspond with measured results and emphasize the need for built-in error detection.
SNVer: a statistical tool for variant calling in analysis of pooled or individual next-generation sequencing data (2011)

We develop a statistical tool SNVer for calling common and rare variants in analysis of pooled or individual next-generation sequencing (NGS) data. We formulate variant calling as a hypothesis testing problem and employ a binomial-binomial model to test the significance of observed allele frequency against sequencing error. SNVer reports one single overall P-value for evaluating the significance of a candidate locus being a variant based on which multiplicity control can be obtained. This is particularly desirable because tens of thousands loci are simultaneously examined in typical NGS experiments. Each user can choose the false-positive error rate threshold he or she considers appropriate, instead of just the dichotomous decisions of whether to 'accept or reject the candidates' provided by most existing methods. We use both simulated data and real data to demonstrate the superior performance of our program in comparison with existing methods. SNVer runs very fast and can complete testing 300 K loci within an hour. This excellent scalability makes it feasible for analysis of whole-exome sequencing data, or even whole-genome sequencing data using high performance computing cluster. SNVer is freely available at http://snver.sourceforge.net/.
Propagation of interior spruce by somatic embryogenesis (1990)

To apply somatic embryogenesis to clonal propagation of forest species, the technique must be applicable to a broad range of genotypes and allow efficient regeneration of phenotypically normal plants. Seventy-one lines (genotypes) of embryogenic cultures from six open-pollinated families were obtained by culturing immature embryos of interior spruce. Interior spruce represents a mixture of two closely related species, Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss and Piceaengelmannii Parry, from the interior of British Columbia where they hydridize with one another. The abscisic acid dependent developmental profile (the proportion of rooty embryos, shooty embryos, precociously germinating embryos, and mature embryos over a range of abscisic acid concentrations) differed among genotypes, but in general, production of mature somatic embryos was highest at 40 and 60 μM abscisic acid. Treatment of mature embryos with a high relative humidity treatment resulted in partial drying of the embryos and upon rehydration, markedly enhanced germination of the eight genotypes tested. Within 1 week of being placed under germination conditions, somatic embryos treated with the high relative humidity treatment showed 80–100% germination for 12 of the genotypes, and most genotypes had germination rates of greater than 40%. Survival of "emblings" (germinants from somatic embryos) following transfer to soil, acclimatization, and first season's growth in the nursery was 80% or greater for most genotypes. Over 1200 emblings were tested for nursery performance, representing the first large-scale evaluation of conifer somatic embryos under exvitro conditions. Growth rates, final height, shoot and root morphology, and frost hardiness were similar for emblings and seedlings following the first growing season. These results indicate that somatic embryogenesis can be used for the production of planting stock for a range of interior spruce genotypes.
Linearity of unshielded spin-valve sensors (1997)

Linearity of the magnetoresistive (MR) transfer curve for an unshielded spin-valve (SV) sensor was studied. When the NiFe free layer thickness is greater than 5.0 nm, the anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) effect in it may overlap the giant magnetoresistive effect of the SV structure and deteriorate the linearity of the sensor response. By using a bilayer of NiFe/NiFeTa as the free layer for suppressing the AMR effect, superior linearity was obtained without a loss of the MR ratio. This new SV structure shows 5.0% as the MR ratio and −32.1 dB as second harmonic distortion, compared to −19.5 dB for a conventional one.
Luminescent Porous Silica Fibers as Drug Carriers (2010)

Luminescent and porous silica fibers have been successfully prepared by using the electrospinning process. The obtained multifunctional silica fibers, which possess a porous structure and display blue luminescence, can serve as a drug delivery host carrier, using ibuprofen (IBU) as a model drug, allowing the investigation of storage/release properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), N(2) adsorption/desorption, photoluminescence (PL) spectra, and kinetic decay were used to characterize the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the as-obtained samples. The results reveal that the multifunctional silica materials exhibit an irregular porous structure, and display a fiberlike morphology with dimensions of several hundred nanometers in width and several millimeters in length. The obtained silica fibers exhibit an intense broad bluish emission, which might be attributed to impurities and/or defects in the silica fibers. The IBU-loaded silica fiber system shows blue luminescence under UV irradiation and controlled release behavior for IBU. In addition, the emission intensities of silica fibers in the drug carrier system vary with the released amount of IBU, thus allowing the drug release to be easily tracked and monitored by the change of the luminescence intensity.
Characterization of an inducible, epidermal-specific knockout system: Differential expression of lacZ in different Cre reporter mouse strains (2000)

To generate epidermal-specific knockout mice, vectors can be used to target expression of Cre recombinase to epidermal stem cells. Cre-mediated recombination is then used to delete gene sequences flanked by loxP sites ("floxed gene"). However, most keratin-based expression vectors (e.g., K14, which direct transgene expression to epidermal stem cells), are also expressed in other epithelial tissues. Furthermore, transgene expression can occur as early as embryonic day 9.5 Therefore,
Blushing Propensity and Psychological Distress in People with Rosacea (2011)

Blushing propensity scores are elevated in people with severe rosacea. Fear of blushing may contribute to social anxiety and avoidance in such cases. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for fear of blushing may help to reduce social anxiety in people with severe rosacea.
Impact of sleep disturbances on kidney function decline in the elderly (2015)

While sleep disturbances are frequent in renal disease patients, no studies have examined prospectively the associations between sleep disturbances and kidney function decline in community-dwelling elderly subjects.Glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) were estimated at baseline and at 11-year follow-up. A glomerular filtration decline over the follow-up period was defined as a percentage decline greater than or equal to the cut-off value of the highest tertile of kidney function decline (22%) in 1105 subjects. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and insomnia complaints were self-rated at baseline. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and its age at onset were assessed at study end-point. An ambulatory polysomnography recording was performed during the follow-up in 277 subjects. Apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI), periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS) and total sleep time were analysed.An increased risk of eGFR decline was associated with EDS (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.18-2.34) and RLS (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.18-3.30) independently of potential confounders including cardiovascular risk factors. Among insomnia complaints, a borderline association with eGFR decline was found for early morning awakening only. High AHI (≥30 events·h(-1)) and short total sleep time (<6 h), but not PLMS were linked to eGFR decline in crude associations, but only AHI remained significantly associated after multi-adjustments.EDS, RLS and AHI constitute independent risk factors for kidney glomerular function decline.
Isolation and characterization of two isomers of brain tetrasialogangliosides. (1979)

Two isomers of tetrasialogangliosides were isolated and purified to homogeneity from human, bovine, chicken, and cod fish brains by employing DEAE-Sephadex and Iatrobeads column chromatographies. The tetrasialogangliosides of human, bovine, and chicken brains appeared to be identical because they had identical mobilities on thin layer plates developed with six different solvent systems. The tetrasialoganglioside of cod fish brain moved slower on thin layer plates than the tetrasialoganglioside from the other species. The ganglioside preparations were subjected to mild acid hydrolysis, neuraminidase treatment, and periodate oxidation followed by borohydride reduction. The structures of the two isomers were differentiated from each other by controlled mild acid hydrolysis in both aqueous and organic solvents. The structure IV3(NeuAc)2,II3(NeuAc)2-GgOse4ceramide is assigned to the tetrasialoganglioside of human, bovine, and chicken brains; and the structure IV3NeuAc,II2(NeuAc)3-GgOse4ceramide is assigned to that of cod fish brain. The possible pathways for the synthesis of the two tetrasialogangliosides are discussed.
Understanding Sub-20 nm Breakdown Behavior of Liquid Dielectrics (2007)

Nanoscale confinement of dielectric molecules is expected to influence their breakdown mechanism in applications such as nanoprobe based machining, molecular electronics, and other related technologies. This Letter presents the first experimental study of the breakdown of nonpolar, nonthiolated liquid dielectrics in the nanometer regime and develops a field emission assisted avalanche based approach to model such behavior. The studies show that dielectric breakdown in the sub-20 nm regime is independent of the cathode materials and is dominated by the electron emission and atomic cluster migration due to the "sub-20 nm scale confinement of the liquid dielectric."
Precision linear shaped charge analyses for severance of metals (1996)

The Precision Linear Shaped Charge (PLSC) design concept involves the independent fabrication and assembly of the liner (wedge of PLSC), the tamper/confinement, and explosive. The liner is the most important part of a linear shaped charge (LSC) and should be fabricated by a more quality controlled, precise process than the tamper material. Also, this concept allows the liner material to be different from the tamper material. The explosive can be loaded between the liner and tamper as the last step in the assembly process rather than the first step as in conventional LSC designs. PLSC designs have been shown to produce increased jet penetrations in given targets, more reproducible jet penetration, and more efficient explosive cross-section geometries using a minimum amount of explosive. The Linear Explosive Shaped Charge Analysis (LESCA) code developed at Sandia National Laboratories has been used to assist in the design of PLSCs. LESCA predictions for PLSC jet tip velocities, jet-target impact angles, and jet penetration in aluminum and steel targets are compared to measured data. The advantages of PLSC over conventional LSC are presented. As an example problem, the LESCA code was used to analytically develop a conceptual design for a PLSC component to sever a three-inch thick 1018 steel plate at a water depth of 500 feet (15 atmospheres).
Response, Survival, and Long-Term Toxicity After Therapy With the Radiolabeled Somatostatin Analogue [<sup>90</sup>Y-DOTA]-TOC in Metastasized Neuroendocrine Cancers (2011)

This study documents the long-term outcome of [(90)Y-DOTA]-TOC treatment in a large cohort. Response to [(90)Y-DOTA]-TOC is associated with longer survival. Somatostatin receptor imaging is predictive for both survival after [(90)Y-DOTA]-TOC treatment and occurrence of renal toxicity.
Identification of Formyl Peptides from <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> as Potent Chemoattractants for Mouse Neutrophils (2008)

The prototypic formyl peptide N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF) is a major chemoattractant found in Escherichia coli culture supernatants and a potent agonist at human formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 1. Consistent with this, fMLF induces bactericidal functions in human neutrophils at nanomolar concentrations. However, it is a much less potent agonist for mouse FPR (mFPR) 1 and mouse neutrophils, requiring micromolar concentrations for cell activation. To determine whether other bacteria produce more potent agonists for mFPR1, we examined formyl peptides from Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus for their abilities to activate mouse neutrophils. A pentapeptide (N-formyl-Met-Ile-Val-Ile-Leu (fMIVIL)) from L. monocytogenes and a tetrapeptide (N-formyl-Met-Ile-Phe-Leu (fMIFL)) from S. aureus were found to induce mouse neutrophil chemotaxis at 1-10 nM and superoxide production at 10-100 nM, similar to the potency of fMLF on human neutrophils. Using transfected cell lines expressing mFPR1 and mFPR2, which are major forms of FPRs in mouse neutrophils, we found that mFPR1 is responsible for the high potency of fMIVIL and fMIFL. In comparison, activation of mFPR2 requires micromolar concentrations of the two peptides. Genetic deletion of mfpr1 resulted in abrogation of neutrophil superoxide production and degranulation in response to fMIVIL and fMIFL, further demonstrating that mFPR1 is the primary receptor for detection of these formyl peptides. In conclusion, the formyl peptides from L. monocytogenes and S. aureus are approximately 100-fold more potent than fMLF in activating mouse neutrophils. The ability of mFPR1 to detect bacterially derived formyl peptides indicates that this important host defense mechanism is conserved in mice.