gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
26-Hydroxycholesterol: synthesis, metabolism, and biologic activities (1990)

Cholest-5-ene-3 beta,26-diol (26-hydroxycholesterol) is synthesized by a mitochondrial P-450 enzyme that appears to be widely distributed in tissues. Together with other C-27 steroid intermediates it is transported to the liver and metabolized to bile acids. Although 26-hydroxycholesterol is transported in plasma lipoproteins mostly as the fatty acid ester, neither its assembly and orientation within lipoproteins nor its mechanism of transport across the sinusoidal liver membrane is known. Cell culture studies indicate that 26-hydroxycholesterol can inhibit both cholesterol synthesis and low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity. Inhibition of DNA synthesis also occurs and may not be related to the reduction in HMG-CoA reductase activity. The relationship of these in vitro activities to the physiologic role(s) of 26-hydroxycholesterol remains to be clarified. A clue to its biologic role is the knowledge that markedly decreased 26-hydroxylase activity appears to be the molecular basis of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, an inborn error of metabolism characterized by a significant decrease in 26-hydroxycholesterol and bile acid synthesis and an increase in cholesterol synthesis.
Reversibly tuning hydrogel stiffness through photocontrolled dynamic covalent crosslinks (2018)

Controlling the physical properties of soft materials with external stimuli enables researchers to mimic and study dynamic systems. Of particular interest are hydrogels, polymer networks swollen by water with broad applicability to biomedicine. To control hydrogel mechanics with light, researchers have relied on a limited number of photochemical reactions. Here we introduce an approach to reversibly tune hydrogel mechanics with light by manipulating the stability of dynamic covalent crosslinks at the molecular level. The equilibrium between a boronic acid and diol to form a boronic ester can be altered by the configuration of an adjacent azobenzene photoswitch. By irradiating branched polymers bearing azobenzene-boronic acid and diol end groups with two different wavelengths of light, we can stiffen or soften the resulting hydrogel. Alternating irradiation induces reversible mechanical changes. Rheological characterization reveals that the hydrogels are viscoelastic, exhibiting stress relaxation on the order of seconds, and the stiffness is tuned independently of the crossover frequency. We have also demonstrated that this approach can be extended to use visible light for both softening and stiffening. These photocontrolled dynamic covalent crosslinks provide a versatile platform for tunable dynamic materials.
Soft Magnetic Properties of Ring Shape Bulk Glassy Fe&ndash;Al&ndash;Ga&ndash;P&ndash;C&ndash;B&ndash;Si Alloy Prepared by Copper Mold Casting (1999)

Structural and soft magnetic properties were investigated for a bulk glassy Fe70Al5Ga2P9.65C5.75B4.6Si3 alloy in a ring shape form with an outer diameter of 10 mm, an inner diameter of 6 mm and a thickness of 1 mm prepared by copper mold casting. The bulk sample composes of an amorphous single phase. The supercooled liquid region (ΔTx) defined by the difference between the crystallization temperature (Tx) and glass transition temperature (Tg) for the bulk glassy alloy is about 60 K, being in agreement with that of the corresponding amorphous alloy ribbon. Saturation magnetization (σs) and Curie temperature (Tc) for the bulk sample are about 1.2 T and 620 K, respectively, both of which agree with those of the melt-spun ribbon. Furthermore, the maximum permeability (μmax) and the coercivity (Hc) for the bulk glassy sample in as cast state are about 110000 and 2.2 A/m, respectively. These excellent soft magnetic properties are presumably due to a higher degree of structural homogeneity resulting from its high glass-forming ability. It is concluded that the good soft magnetic properties combined with high glass-forming-ability and castability of the Fe–Al–Ga–P–C–B–Si glassy alloy hold promise for its development as a future engineering magnetic material.
A novel fast-neutron detector concept for energy-selective imaging and imaging spectroscopy (2014)

We present and discuss the operational principle of a new fast-neutron detector concept suitable for either energy-selective imaging or for imaging spectroscopy. The detector is comprised of a series of energy-selective stacks of converter foils immersed in a noble-gas based mixture, coupled to a position-sensitive charge readout. Each foil in the various stacks is made of two layers of different thicknesses, fastened together: a hydrogen-rich (plastic) layer for neutron-to-proton conversion, and a hydrogen-free coating to selectively stop/absorb the recoil protons below a certain energy cut-off. The neutron-induced recoil protons, that escape the converter foils, release ionization electrons in the gas gaps between consecutive foils. The electrons are then drifted towards and localized by a position-sensitive charge amplification and readout stage. Comparison of the images detected by stacks with different energy cut-offs allows energy-selective imaging. Neutron energy spectrometry is realized by analyzing the responses of a sufficient large number of stacks of different energy response and unfolding techniques. In this paper, we present the results of computer simulation studies and discuss the expected performance of the new detector concept. Potential applications in various fields are also briefly discussed, in particularly, the application of energy-selective fast-neutron imaging for nuclear safeguards application, with the aim of determining the plutonium content in Mixed Oxide (MOX) fuels.
Anticancer and Antimalarial Efficacy and Safety of Artemisinin-Derived Trioxane Dimers in Rodents (2004)

In only four chemical steps from naturally occurring artemisinin (1), trioxane dimers 6 and 7 were prepared on a multigram scale in overall 32-44% yields. In mice, both isonicotinate N-oxide dimer 6 and isobutyric acid dimer 7 were considerably more antimalarially efficacious than clinically used sodium artesunate (2) via both oral and intravenous administration. In the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate model, some of the trioxane dimers had potent anticancer activity.
Quadrature phase shift interferometer (QPSI) decoding algorithms and error analysis (2003)

A He-Ne laser based Quadrature Phase Shift Interferometer (QPSI) has been developed for the topographic measurement of ultra-smooth surfaces, such as those used as magnetic recording disks. The design uses the polarization property of the light to create two independent interference signals, which are phase shifted by 90 degrees with respect to one another. Because the phase angle is the argument of a sine and cosine function, wrapping of the phase occurs, i.e., the interference amplitude is a periodic function of the phase. An unwrapping or decoding algorithm has been developed using the maximum/minimum intensity method. Finding accurate maximum and minimum values of the intensity signals is the key to minimizing the decoding error. An approach we have developed and describe here provides a more reliable method for finding the values of maximum and minimum intensity of the interference signals in order to create accurate intensity envelopes, which are required for the phase unwrapping algorithm. The decoding error of the algorithms has been evaluated with the synthetic waveforms, which are computer generated to simulate the interference signals from a disk surface with introduced amplitude modulation and phase angle error.
Applications of metamaterials in the GHz frequency domain (2007)

This paper describes the applications of metamaterials to lenses with a negative index of refraction. A negative index of refraction, n, allows lenses with reduced primary (Seidel) aberrations then the ones with an equivalent positive index lens. This is demonstrated both for cylindrical lenses and spherical lenses, as well as for the gradient index lenses. Detailed maps of the focal region of the metamaterials lenses are made and compared to a comparable positive index of refraction lens.
Expansion of the Application of Chalcogenide Glasses for Establishment of Radiation Doses through Electrical Measurements (2013)

Chalcogenide glasses are a long term material of interest due to their excellent properties like fast phase crystalline/amorphous change, which gave rise of their application for non-volatile memory and optical recording, or formation of electron hole pairs by irradiation with light from visible to very short wavelengths like x-rays, which is applied for environmental monitoring and radiology. One newly emerging field of their application is usage of these glasses for radiation sensing of  rays. In this presentation I will show the principles on which this sensing relays, based on combination of the carriers’ generation and silver diffusion in the active area of the devices. Data will be presented from our studies related to structural and compositional changes occurring in the chalcogenide glasses as a result of ray irradiation, as well as silver diffusion in them. The device structure modeling with Comsol software and devices process flow will illustrate the different device structures. The device performance will be demonstrated with electrical testing data. In conclusion different modes of application of the sensing devices will be suggested related to materials’ composition/structure – electrical performance data. Thursday, March 21, 2013 3:30-4:20 Engineering-Physics 214 ________________________________
An Automated, Objective, Multiple-Satellite-Platform Tropical Cyclone Surface Wind Analysis (2011)

Abstract A method to estimate objectively the surface wind fields associated with tropical cyclones using only data from multiple satellite platforms and satellite-based wind retrieval techniques is described. The analyses are computed on a polar grid using a variational data-fitting method that allows for the application of variable data weights to input data. The combination of gross quality control and the weighted variational analysis also produces wind estimates that have generally smaller errors than do the raw input data. The resulting surface winds compare well to the NOAA Hurricane Research Division H*Wind aircraft reconnaissance–based surface wind analyses, and operationally important wind radii estimated from these wind fields are shown to be generally more accurate than those based on climatological data. Most important, the analysis system produces global tropical cyclone surface wind analyses and related products every 6 h—without aircraft reconnaissance data. Also, the analysis and products are available in time for consideration by forecasters at the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, the Central Pacific Hurricane Center, and the National Hurricane Center in preparing their forecasts and advisories. This Multiplatform Tropical Cyclone Surface Wind Analysis (MTCSWA) product is slated to become an operationally supported product at the National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS). The input data, analysis method, products, and verification statistics associated with the MTCSWA are discussed within.
Drones' Cryptanalysis - Smashing Cryptography with a Flicker (2019)

In an "open skies" era in which drones fly among us, a new question arises: how can we tell whether a passing drone is being used by its operator for a legitimate purpose (e.g., delivering pizza) or an illegitimate purpose (e.g., taking a peek at a person showering in his/her own house)? Over the years, many methods have been suggested to detect the presence of a drone in a specific location, however since populated areas are no longer off limits for drone flights, the previously suggested methods for detecting a privacy invasion attack are irrelevant. In this paper, we present a new method that can detect whether a specific POI (point of interest) is being video streamed by a drone. We show that applying a periodic physical stimulus on a target/victim being video streamed by a drone causes a watermark to be added to the encrypted video traffic that is sent from the drone to its operator and how this watermark can be detected using interception. Based on this method, we present an algorithm for detecting a privacy invasion attack. We analyze the performance of our algorithm using four commercial drones (DJI Mavic Air, Parrot Bebop 2, DJI Spark, and DJI Mavic Pro). We show how our method can be used to (1) determine whether a detected FPV (first-person view) channel is being used to video stream a POI by a drone, and (2) locate a spying drone in space; we also demonstrate how the physical stimulus can be applied covertly. In addition, we present a classification algorithm that differentiates FPV transmissions from other suspicious radio transmissions. We implement this algorithm in a new invasion attack detection system which we evaluate in two use cases (when the victim is inside his/her house and when the victim is being tracked by a drone while driving his/her car); our evaluation shows that a privacy invasion attack can be detected by our system in about 2-3 seconds.
Modeling the error of factory-calibrated continuous glucose monitoring sensors: application to Dexcom G6 sensor data (2019)

Minimally-invasive continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors are used in diabetes therapy to monitor interstitial glucose (IG) concentration almost continuously (e.g. every 5 min) and detect/predict dangerous hypo/hyperglycemic episodes. When compared with frequent blood glucose (BG) concentration references, CGM measurements are unavoidably affected by error. Models of the CGM error can be important in several applications, e.g. for testing in simulation the safety and effectiveness of CGM-based artificial pancreas algorithms. In this work, we model the error of the Dexcom G6, a CGM sensor that recently entered the market and does not require in vivo calibrations. The dataset includes CGM and BG data collected in 11 subjects wearing two Dexcom G6 sensors in parallel. The model is derived applying a methodology to dissect and model 3 main CGM error components: BG-to-IG kinetics, calibration error and measurement noise. An aspect of novelty of the method is its capability of handling factory-calibrated CGM sensor data. Results of model identification show that the time-variability of sensor calibration error during the sensor lifetime (10 days) can be well represented by a regression model with time-variant parameters described by 2<sup>nd</sup>-order polynomials in time.
Oxidation of Elemental Sulfur in Granular Fertilizers Depends on the Soil-Exposed Surface Area (2016)

Core Ideas Judicious use of elemental S fertilizers requires knowledge of their oxidation rate. Little is known about the oxidation rate of commercial granular ES fertilizers. The oxidation rate of granular fertilizers was determined. Oxidation was four times slower for ES-fortified N–P fertilizer than for powdered ES. Oxidation was 30 times slower for ES pastilles than for powdered ES. Elemental S (ES) is the most concentrated S source and does not leach readily in soils but only becomes available to plants after oxidation to SO4–S. Commercial ES fertilizers are usually in granular form (e.g., as ES prills or ES-fortified N–P–K fertilizer), but studies on ES oxidation have mostly focused on ES powder mixed through soil. We studied the oxidation of commercial granular ES fertilizers and powdered ES in a column incubation experiment at 25°C with three soils (two Mollisols and an Oxisol). The columns were leached at periodic intervals, and ES oxidation was evaluated by measuring S in the leachates and by analyzing ES remaining in the soil at the end of the experiment (56 or 36 wk). Sulfate immobilization in organic matter was taken into account in the derivation of the ES oxidation rate. For all three soils, the oxidation rate was around 0.02 d−1 for ES particles (diameter <100 μm) mixed with soil, around 0.005 d−1 for ES-fortified monoammonium phosphate granules with up to 7.5% (<100 μm) ES, and around 0.0006 d−1 for ES–bentonite pastilles (90% ES). The slower oxidation of granular than of powdered ES was attributed to the reduced surface area in contact with the soil. Knowledge of the oxidation rate of fertilizer ES is important for improving fertilizer management. This study shows that the oxidation rate of granular ES fertilizers differs greatly depending on their composition and provides the first quantitative assessment of the oxidation rate of ES in S-fortified N–P fertilizers.
Ultranarrow bandwidth moiré reflecting Bragg gratings recorded in photo-thermo-refractive glass (2010)

An experimental demonstration of a moiré reflecting Bragg grating in photo-thermo-refractive glass is carried out. This narrowband filter is obtained by the recording of two reflecting Bragg gratings with different periods. Filters with central wavelength at 1550 nm, bandwidth of 50 pm, and transmission higher than 95% are demonstrated. The methods to decrease bandwidth to 1 pm are finally investigated.
LINC, An Inkable Digital Family Calendar: The Video (2006)

LINC is an inkable tablet-based digital family calendar designed to overcome coordination challenges within existing family routines. We illustrate its use in this video. As an awareness appliance, LINC can be placed in any home location to provide at-a-glance family calendar awareness which in turn can enable family coordination. LINC can also run on multiple desktop PCs at home or work; LINC Mobile runs on a cell phone enabling calendar access when not at a computer, while LINC Web provides calendar access from a web browser. This allows families to coordinate activities wherever they may be located. Categories and Subject Descriptors
Measurement of the lidar ratio for atmospheric aerosols with a 180° backscatter nephelometer (1999)

Laser radar (lidar) can be used to estimate atmospheric extinction coefficients that are due to aerosols if the ratio between optical extinction and 180 degrees backscatter (the lidar ratio) at the laser wavelength is known or if Raman or high spectral resolution data are available. Most lidar instruments, however, do not have Raman or high spectral resolution capability, which makes knowledge of the lidar ratio essential. We have modified an integrating nephelometer, which measures the scattering component of light extinction, by addition of a backward-pointing laser light source such that the detected light corresponds to integrated scattering over 176-178 degrees at a common lidar wavelength of 532 nm. Mie calculations indicate that the detected quantity is an excellent proxy for 180 degrees backscatter. When combined with existing techniques for measuring total scattering and absorption by particles, the new device permits a direct determination of the lidar ratio. A four-point calibration, run by filling the enclosed sample volume with particle-free gases of a known scattering coefficient, indicates a linear response and calibration reproducibility to within 4%. The instrument has a detection limit of 1.5 x 10(-7) m(-1) sr(-1) (approximately 10% of Rayleigh scattering by air at STP) for a 5-min average and is suitable for ground and mobile/airborne surveys. Initial field measurements yielded a lidar ratio of approximately 20 for marine aerosols and approximately 60-70 for continental aerosols, with an uncertainty of approximately 20%.
Susceptibility of Bovine Antigen-Presenting Cells to Infection by Bovine Herpesvirus 1 and In Vitro Presentation to T Cells: Two Independent Events (1999)

The aim of the present study was to develop an in vitro system for presentation of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) antigens to bovine T lymphocytes and to characterize the antigen-presenting cells (APC) which efficiently activate CD4(+) T cells. Two approaches were used to monitor the infection of APC by BHV-1 as follows: (i) detection of viral glycoproteins at the cell surface by immunofluorescence staining and (ii) detection of UL26 transcripts by reverse transcription-PCR. The monocytes were infected, while dendritic cells (DC) did not demonstrate any detectable viral expression. These data suggest that monocytes are one site of replication, while DC are not. The capacities of monocytes and DC to present BHV-1 viral antigens in vitro were compared. T lymphocytes (CD2(+) or CD4(+)) from BHV-1 immune cattle were stimulated in the presence of APC previously incubated with live or inactivated wild-type BHV-1. DC stimulated strong proliferation of Ag-specific T cells, while monocytes were poor stimulators of T-cell proliferation. When viral attachment to the surface of the APC was inhibited by virus pretreatment with soluble heparin, T-cell proliferation was dramatically decreased. Unexpectedly, incubation of DC and monocytes with the deletion mutant BHV-1 gD-/-, which displays impaired fusion capacity, resulted in strong activation of T lymphocytes by both APC types. Collectively, these results indicate that presentation of BHV-1 antigens to immune T cells is effective in the absence of productive infection and suggest that BHV-1 gD-/- mutant virus could be used to induce virus-specific immune responses in cattle.
Optimal myocardial boundary estimation for MR cardio perfusion measurements using sensitivity analysis (2003)

Recent advances in Magnetic Resonance Imaging allow fast recording of contrast enhanced myocardial perfusion scans. MR perfusion scans are made by recording, during a period of 20-40 seconds a number of short-axis slices through the myocardium. For perfusion analysis, the myocardial boundaries must be traced, dividing the heart into the left and right ventricle blood volumes and the myocardium of the left ventricle. Extreme care must be taken not to include any part of the left or right ventricle blood volumes in the myocardium segment, because this has a significant effect on the perfusion analysis. On the other hand, for accurate estimation of the perfusion parameters, all available myocardium area in the image is required. In this paper a method is proposed to correct for any inclusion of left and right ventricle and optimally place the myocardial contours.
Characterization of plastic and boron carbide additive manufactured neutron collimators (2017)

Additive manufacturing techniques allow for the production of materials with complicated geometries with reduced costs and production time over traditional methods. We have applied this technique to the production of neutron collimators for use in thermal and cold neutron scattering instrumentation directly out of boron carbide. We discuss the design and generation of these collimators. We also provide measurements at neutron scattering beamlines which serve to characterize the performance of these collimators. Additive manufacturing of parts using neutron absorbing material may also find applications in radiography and neutron moderation.
Neural Feature Learning From Relational Database (2018)

Feature engineering is one of the most important but most tedious tasks in data science. This work studies automation of feature learning from relational database. We first prove theoretically that finding the optimal features from relational data for predictive tasks is NP-hard. We propose an efficient rule-based approach based on heuristics and a deep neural network to automatically learn appropriate features from relational data. We benchmark our approaches in ensembles in past Kaggle competitions. Our new approach wins late medals and beats the state-of-the-art solutions with significant margins. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time an automated data science system could win medals in Kaggle competitions with complex relational database.
Genomic Studies Indicate A Novel Combination Therapy For Follicular Lymphoma (2014)

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an incurable form of B-cell lymphoma. Genomic alterations that inactivate RB signaling are surprisingly common in indolent FL. We show that FLs that are positive for phosphorylated RB respond to dual CDK4/BCL2 inhibition. Our results imply that RB phosphorylation identifies patients likely to benefit from such dual intervention.