gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface-plasmon optomagnetic field enhancement for all-optical magnetization switching (Conference Presentation) (2018)

The demand for faster magnetization switching speeds and lower energy consumption has driven the field of spintronics in recent years. Whereas spin-transfer-torque and spin-orbit-torque interactions exemplify the potential of electron-spin-based devices and memory, the switching speed is limited to the ns regime by the precessional motion of the magnetization. All-optical magnetization switching, based on the inverse Faraday effect, has been shown to be an attractive method for achieving magnetization switching at ps speeds. Successful magnetization reversal in thin films has been demonstrated by using circularly polarized light. However, a method for all-optical switching of on-chip nanomagnets in high density memory modules has not been described. In this work we propose to use plasmonics, with CMOS compatible plasmonic materials, to achieve on-chip magnetization reversal in nanomagnets. Plasmonics allows light to be confined in dimensions much smaller than the diffraction limit of light. This in turn, yields higher localized electromagnetic field intensities. In this work, through simulations, we show that using surface plasmon resonances, it is possible to couple light to nanomagnets and achieve significantly higher opto-magnetic field values in comparison to free space light excitation for the same incident intensity. We use two well-known magnetic materials Bismuth Iron Garnet (BIG) and Gadolinium Iron Cobalt (GdFECo) and couple these nanomagnets to a plasmonic resonator made of Titanium Nitride. Our simulation results show 10 times enhancement in the opto-magnetic field for BIG and about 3 times for GdFeCo in the coupled structure compared to free-space excitation. Our simulations also show the possibility of having in-plane components of the opto-magnetic field in the coupled structure which might prove beneficial for switching in nanomagnets with canted magnetization.
Knudsen pump driven by a thermoelectric material (2010)

The first use of a thermoelectric material in the bidirectional operation of a gas pump using thermal transpiration has been demonstrated. The thermoelectric material maintains a higher temperature difference which favors thermal transpiration and thus increases the efficiency of gas pumping. Since the hot and cold sides of the thermoelectric material are reversible, the direction of the pump may be changed by reversing the electrical current direction. Two different pump designs are presented that illustrate some of the design tradeoffs. The pumps are characterized by measuring the pressure difference that may be generated and by measuring the flow rate in the forward and reverse directions. For a pump composed of a porous material with a pore size of 100 nm, a maximum flow rate of 0.74 cm3 min−1 and a maximum pressure of 1.69 kPa are achieved.
Field and Numerical Study on Deformation and Failure Characteristics of Deep High-Stress Main Roadway in Dongpang Coal Mine (2021)

Deep horizontal high stress and high permeability geological factors appear when coal mines are converted to deep horizontal mining. When the roadway is damaged by the mining face, and the supporting components are mismatched, the deep roadways necessitate extensive repair work, which has a negative impact on the coal mining economy and sustainability. This paper carried out a series of field tests on the roadways deformation, crack distribution, and loose rock zone of the deep roadways. Furthermore, a numerical calculation model was established using the discrete element method (DEM) and calibrated with laboratory tests and RQD methods. Both the stress and crack distribution in the surrounding rock of the deep roadway were simulated. The field test and the corrected numerical model showed consistency. A FISH function was used to document the propagation of shear and tensile cracks around the roadway in three periods, and a damage parameter was adopted to evaluate the failure mechanism of the deep roadways under the dynamic stress disturbance. The matching of specifications of anchor cables, rock bolts, and anchoring agent is the primary point in the control of deep roadways, and revealing the stress evolution, crack propagation, and damage distribution caused by mining effects is another key point in deep roadway controlling. The field test and DEM in this paper provide a reference for the design of surrounding rock control of deep roadways and the sustainable development of coal mines.
High-molecular-weight Polymers Containing Biodegradable Disulfide Bonds: Synthesis and <i>In Vitro</i> Verification of Intracellular Degradation (2010)

The synthesis, physico-chemical behavior, and in vitro intracellular degradation of new biodegradable graft, diblock or multiblock polymer carriers that were designed to deliver bioactive compounds by passive tumor targeting were investigated. The graft polymer carriers consisted of the N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer backbone grafted with a semitelechelic HPMA copolymer. The diblock polymer carriers were prepared by condensation of two semitelechelic HPMA copolymers. The multiblock polymer drug carrier was prepared by oxidative polycondensation of PEG-bis-cysteine. In all three carrier systems, the single polymers were linked via biodegradable disulfide bonds forming the graft, diblock or multiblock polymers. These polymers are potential polymer carriers for solid tumor-specific drug delivery with subsequent intracellular degradation to short polymer fragments that can be excreted by glomerular filtration. Prolonged blood circulation, accumulation in solid tumors, and drug release from these carriers have been reported. Here, degradation of the polymers in model buffer solutions mimicking intracellular environment as well as after incubation with EL4 T-cell lymphoma cancer cells were investigated. In both cases, degradation resulted in polymer fragments of molecular weight below the renal threshold.
Studies on the solvent exchange technique for making dry cellulose acetate membranes for the separation of gaseous mixtures (1988)

Abstract The effect of the pore size on the surface of the water‐wet reverse osmosis membrane and the solvents used in the solvent exchange process on the pore size of the resulting dry cellulose acetate membrane was studied with respect to the separation of a CO 2 /CH 4 mixture. It has been found that there is a critical pore size on the surface of wet membrane that results in the smallest pore size on the dry membrane and, consequently, in the highest separation factor. Such critical pore sizes become greater when the boiling point of the second solvent is increased.
Graphene Foam Reinforced Shape Memory Polymer Epoxy Composites (2019)

Shape memory polymer (SMP) epoxy has received growing interest due to its facile processing, low density, and high recoverable strain. Despite these positive attributes, SMP epoxy has drawbacks such as slow recovery rate, and inferior mechanical properties. The slow recovery rate restricts the use of SMP epoxy as a functional structure. The aim of the present work is to explore the capabilities of three-dimensional (3D) graphene foam (GrF) and graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) as reinforcements in SMP epoxy to overcome their slow recovery and improve the mechanical properties. GrF and GNP based SMP epoxy composites are fabricated by mold-casting approach and 3D printing techniques, respectively. They are investigated for their thermal, shape recovery, and mechanical behaviors. 0.13 wt.% GrF addition results in 19% increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of mold-cast SMP epoxy. GrF-based SMP epoxy composite displays thermal conductivity of 0.296 W mk-1 at 70oC, which is 57% greater than that of SMP epoxy. The addition of GrF results in excellent thermal and electrical conductivity of SMP epoxy by providing a continuous network of graphene for phonon and electron flow, respectively. Thus, thermal and electrical stimulation are employed to actuate shape recovery in GrF-reinforced SMP epoxy composite. Maximum shape recovery ratio is achieved for thermally actuated GrF-based SMP epoxy composite with a 23% improvement in the recovery rate. GrF addition transforms a non-electrically conductive SMP epoxy to an electrically conductive polymer. Moreover, 0.5 wt.% GrF integration enhances tensile strength and elastic modulus of SMP epoxy by 6% and 20%, respectively which is attributed to excellent stress transfer from matrix to GrF reinforcement. Damping behavior of of SMP epoxy -0.5 wt.% GrF is also improved by 180%, respectively. SMP epoxy-GNP composite is successfully 3D printed using a slurry-based extrusion technique. 3D printed composites exhibit complete shape recovery. A mere 0.1 wt.% GNP addition resulted in enhanced tensile strength (30%) and elastic modulus (17%). Damping behavior of 3D printed of SMP epoxy-GNP composite is also improved by 50% (below its Tg) as compared to 3D printed SMP epoxy. This study demonstrates that graphene-based reinforcement endow SMP epoxy with multifunctional capabilities; thereby paving the way for a new generation of advanced shape memory polymer composite, finding potential applications in electro-mechanical systems, micro-robots and morphing wing of an aircraft.
Toward a Common Event Model for Multimedia Applications (2007)

Although events are ubiquitous in multimedia, no common notion of events has emerged. Events appear in multimedia presentation formats, programming frameworks, and databases, as well as in next-generation multimedia applications such as eChronicles, life logs, or the Event Web. A common event model for multimedia could serve as a unifying foundation for all of these applications
System integration for producing microalgae as biofuel feedstock (2010)

Although a promising technology, using microalgae as feedstock for biofuel production faces a broad range of grand challenges to become technologically and economically viable. Growing algae for fuel production involves altering the culture conditions and processes toward maximum accumulation of biomass, especially lipid. Commercial success of such targeted use requires optimal combination of processes and culture environments so that maximum value from algae biomass will be achieved with high productivity, minimal inputs, sustainable resources and lowest possible costs. A systematic approach and process integration are critical factors in a successful future for algal biorefineries. This article presents opinions and supporting literature on: employing physiological characteristics of algae for increasing biomass productivity and lipid accumulation, opportunities for producing co-products, water resource conservation, nutrient recycling, CO2 capture and delivery and process integration with downstream processing. While various information gaps still need to be filled, the available knowledge base clearly demonstrates the need for system integration.
Experiments in multidocument summarization (2002)

This paper describes a multidocument summarizer built upon research into the detection of new information. The summarizer uses several new strategies to select interesting and informative sentences, including an innovative measure of importance derived from the analysis of a large corpus. The system also computes concept frequencies rather than word frequencies as an additional measure of importance. It merges these strategies with a number of familiar summarization heuristics to rank sentences. The initial version of the summarizer performed successfully in the evaluation reported at the Document Understanding Conference last year, although the system addressed only the content of the summary and not the presentation. We also discuss here the procedures we are developing to improve the presentation and readability of the summaries.
Photorefractive effects in organic glass (2002)

Summary form only given.In most organic photorefractive systems discrete components are assigned for each function, i.e., a photochemical charge generating species, a transport media, a nonlinear chromophore and, in some cases, even trapping species. All these components are mixed with, attached to, or otherwise constitute some kind of polymer binder that may also contain plasticizers to control the glass transition temperature. These systems are obviously complex mixtures that may sometimes suffer from heterogeneity, phase separation, and resulting poor linear optical properties due to scattering and other fluctuations. A general goal then is to design compositions that contain a minimum number of discrete components and this can be accomplished by designing molecules which are multifunctional and perform more than one of the requisite tasks. It is even possible to eliminate the polymer altogether and form high optical quality monomeric molecular glasses from specially modified chromophores. It turns out that glass formation in organic monomers is really not that uncommon. However, the optimization of monomer glasses to enhance the temperature range and stability of the glass phase entails understanding and control of the appropriate structure features such as hydrogen bonding and conformational flexibility. For photorefractive applications highly birefringent chromophores in the pyridone and methylenedihydropyridine families were identified and by appropriate structure modifications were converted to highly stable glasses. The characterization of the electronic and structural properties of these of these materials and other related chromophores to provide useful photorefractive media is being actively pursued.
Controlled pulse shape cooling in planar TAS-STT-MRAM for improved writeability (2015)

In field written thermally assisted (TAS) MRAM, the storage layer is pinned with an antiferromag-netic layer. The writing of TAS-MRAM consists of heating the storage layer above the blocking temperature of the antiferromagnet using an injected current pulse through the tunnel barrier. This pulse can be used to assist the writing either combined to an external magnetic field or to a spin transfer torque (STT) [1] effect coming from the spin polarized current flow. After setting the storage layer direction during the write step, the current pulse is removed, pinning the storage layer in the set direction. The actual temperature decay occurs in a timescale of few tens of nanoseconds [2]. STT is efficient while the current is flowing through the junction but disappears during cooling, once the heating pulse is removed. This assumption is valid if the temperature gradients across the barrier, giving rise to spin accumulation of thermal origin are negligible. In these conditions, when the temperature is above or close to the blocking temperature of the antiferromagnetic layer pinning the storage layer, the written state might be thermally unstable. In this paper, we have investigated the possibility of controlling the temperature decay, so that the spin polarized current and temperature decay at the same rate. We show that there is an improvement in writing reproducibility using a linear transition at the end of the current pulse during the cooling phase. This is especially evident in cases where STT influence on the field writing is more significant. The write error rate dependence with the voltage transition duration was measured, and we find an optimum value for a 70ns transition, corresponding to a linear pulse amplitude decay of 18mV/ns.
Harnessing machine learning to improve the success rate of stimuli generation (2006)

The initial state of a design under verification has a major impact on the ability of stimuli generators to successfully generate the requested stimuli. For complexity reasons, most stimuli generators use sequential solutions without planning ahead. Therefore, in many cases they fail to produce consistent stimuli due to an inadequate selection of the initial state. We propose a method, based on machine learning techniques, to improve generation success by learning the relationship between the initial state vector and generation success. We applied the proposed method in two different settings, with the objective of improving generation success and coverage in processor and system level generation. In both settings, the proposed method significantly reduced generation failures and enabled faster coverage.
Analgesic Synergy Between Topical Morphine and Butamben in Mice (2003)

Topical administration of the opioid micro -agonist morphine and the sodium channel inhibitors butamben and benzocaine results in a synergistic interaction for antinociception in radiant heat tail-flick assay in mice, suggesting that the combination of these drugs will enhance rather than detract from the analgesia of either alone.
Azide Solid Support for 3′-Conjugation of Oligonucleotides and Their Circularization by Click Chemistry (2009)

A solid support bearing an azido linker was used to synthesize a 3'-azido-alkyl-oligonucleotide by phosphoramidite chemistry. The resulting oligonucleotide was either conjugated by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition on solid support or in solution with mannose-propargyl derivative and in solution with dansyl propargyl. Besides, after introduction of an alkyne function at the 5'-end, the resulting oligonucleotide bearing both 3'-azide and 5'-alkyne functions was circularized.
A self-sustained electrical soliton oscillator (2005)

This paper introduces a robust self-sustained electrical soliton oscillator that combines a nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) and unique amplifier. The amplifier uses a non-linear transfer function and an adaptive bias control to work in cooperation with the soliton dynamics of the NLTL. This system reproducibly self-generates stable soliton pulse trains. Experimental results are presented together with a description of the stability mechanisms.
Silicon photodiode self-calibration using white light for photometric standards (1992)

Photometric standards can be realized using silicon photodiodes whose absolute spectral responsivity is self-calibrated. However the conventional method required laborious measurements at many wavelengths over the visible region. To simplify such calibration procedures, a new method is investigated in which the responsivity [A/1m] for the photometric quantity of a silicon photodiode, which is combined with a V (λE)-correction filter having a known spectral transmittance, can be self-calibrated by measuring the surface reflectance and the recombination losses of the photodiode for white light. The derived equation for this method requires that the spectral responsivity of the reference detector for surface reflectance measurements be proportional to wavelength. This requirement is approximately fulfilled by using high quality silicon photodiodes, but this approximation causes a systematic error. To clarify this error, a computer analysis has been made using measured spectral data of commercially available silicon photodiodes both for the self-calibration sample and for the reference detector, and of V (λE)-correction filters. The analysis revealed that the systematic error was less than 0.2%, and that this method was promising for simple and accurate realization of the photometric scale.
Successful Treatment of Hyperuricosuric Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis With Potassium Citrate (1986)

Calcium stone (renal) formation in patients with hyperuricosuria has been ascribed to the urate-induced crystallization of calcium oxalate. Citrate (0.5mM), added to synthetic medium metastably supersaturated with respect to calcium oxalate, was shown to inhibit heterogeneous nucleation of calcium oxalate by monosodium urate (2 mg/mL). Long-term trial with potassium citrate (60 to 80 mEq/day) was therefore undertaken to determine whether induced hypercitraturia would prevent calcium oxalate stone formation in 19 patients with hyperuricosuria. The treatment produced a sustained rise in urinary pH by 0.55 to 0.85 to the high normal range (6.5 to 7.0). Urinary citrate levels rose by 249 to 402 mg/day to approximate the normal mean value of 643 mg/day. Commensurate with these changes, urinary saturation of calcium oxalate (relative saturation ratio) and the amount of undissociated uric acid declined significantly. However, the urinary uric acid and saturation of monosodium urate remained elevated. Stone formation declined from 1.55 +/- 2.70 per patient-year to 0.38 +/- 1.22 per patient-year during mean treatment period of 2.35 +/- 0.88 years. Stones ceased to form in 16 of 19 patients during treatment. The results provide physicochemical and clinical evidence for the utility of potassium citrate in the management of hyperuricosuric calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis.
Electrodynamic transducer of the isophase or ribbon type (1988)

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Ultrasonic enhancement of fiber-optic biosensors (1997)

An enhanced fluorescent fiber-optic biosensor system using ultrasonic concentration of particles and cells has been developed and applied in the detection of Salmonella typhimurium. A biosensor test chamber also serves as an ultrasonic standing-wave cell that allows microspheres or cells to be concentrated in parallel layers or in a column along the axis of the cell. A fiber probe along the axis of the cell delivers laser excitation to fluorescent dye molecules and collects the fluorescent signal. In a ‘‘sandwich’’ assay, the dye molecules are bonded to Salmonella antibodies that, in turn, attach themselves to Salmonella cells that have been captured by unlabeled antibodies that have been immobilized on the surface of polystyrene microspheres. This entire structure can be manipulated acoustically. The most effective procedure is a uniform stratification of the complexes in a plane-wave field followed by a concentration along the axis of the cell by a Gaussian-profile field. The increase in the fluorescent signal, which can be an order of magnitude, indicates the presence of Salmonella. [Work supported by USDA/NRICGP and by the URI Partnership for Sensors and Surface Technology.]
High-resolution mass spectrometry proteomics for the identification of candidate plasma protein biomarkers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2010)

Although cigarette smoking is recognized as the most important cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the lung function decline are not well understood. Using off-line strong cation exchange fractionation with RP-LC-ESI-MS/MS and robust database searching, 1758 tryptic peptides were identified in plasma samples from cigarette smokers. Using two statistical approaches, 30 peptides were identified to be associated with the annualized rate of lung function decline over 5 years among smokers with COPD characterized as having rapid (n = 18) or slow (n = 18) decline and 18 smokers without COPD. The identified peptides belong to proteins that are involved in the complement or coagulation systems or have antiprotease or metabolic functions. This research demonstrates the utility of proteomic profiling to improve the understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in cigarette smoking-related COPD by identifying plasma proteins that correlate with decline in lung function.