gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A TREE‐BASED APPROACH TO PROFICIENCY SCALING (1997)

ABSTRACT The process of translating examinees' observed test results into probabilistic statements about the patterns of skill mastery associated with performance at successive points on a test's reported score scale has been termed proficiency scaling . This paper introduces a new approach to proficiency scaling which was specifically developed to provide accurate, instructionally‐relevant score interpretations, even when the test under consideration is a non‐diagnostic, broad‐based ability test such as the SAT. The approach employs techniques derived from the realm of tree‐based regression to classify test items into nonoverlapping clusters such that all of the items in each cluster have similar values of item difficulty and require similar combinations of skills. A nonparametric smoothing procedure is then used to summarize cluster performance conditional on underlying test score. The resulting cluster characteristic curves provide the probability of responding correctly to items with specified skill requirements, expressed as a function of the underlying test score. This new approach is described in the context of a specific application: developing proficiency interpretations for the reading comprehension subsection of the SAT I Verbal Reasoning Test. It is shown that the generated proficiency interpretations account for 91% of the variation which would be accounted for by an optimal clustering solution. These results suggest that the approach is capable of extracting useful information about the specific combinations of skills needed to perform at increasingly higher levels on a test's reported score scale.
Exploiting Hybrid Channel Information for Downlink Multi-User MIMO\n Scheduling (2013)

We investigate the downlink multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) scheduling problem in\nthe presence of imperfect Channel State Information at the transmitter (CSIT)\nthat comprises of coarse and current CSIT as well as finer but delayed CSIT.\nThis scheduling problem is characterized by an intricate `exploitation -\nexploration tradeoff' between scheduling the users based on current CSIT for\nimmediate gains, and scheduling them to obtain finer albeit delayed CSIT and\npotentially larger future gains. We solve this scheduling problem by\nformulating a frame based joint scheduling and feedback approach, where in each\nframe a policy is obtained as the solution to a Markov Decision Process. We\nprove that our proposed approach can be made arbitrarily close to the optimal\nand then demonstrate its significant gains over conventional MU-MIMO\nscheduling.\n
Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence (1999)

We describe the performance of an organic light-emitting device employing the green electrophosphorescent material, fac tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium [Ir(ppy)3] doped into a 4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazole-biphenyl host. These devices exhibit peak external quantum and power efficiencies of 8.0% (28 cd/A) and 31 lm/W, respectively. At 100 cd/m2, the external quantum and power efficiencies are 7.5% (26 cd/A) and 19 lm/W at an operating voltage of 4.3 V. This performance can be explained by efficient transfer of both singlet and triplet excited states in the host to Ir(ppy)3, leading to a high internal efficiency. In addition, the short phosphorescent decay time of Ir(ppy)3 (&lt;1 μs) reduces saturation of the phosphor at high drive currents, yielding a peak luminance of 100 000 cd/m2.
Histological Evaluation of the Course of Healing of Canine Articular Cartilage Defects Treated with Cultured Autologous Chondrocytes (1998)

The orthopedic problem of restoring damaged articular joint surfaces remains unsolved. One technique aimed at cartilage regeneration, which has been introduced clinically, uses autologous chondrocytes grown in culture and periosteum to treat defects made to the depth of the calcified cartilage. In this study we applied a similar treatment to 34 adult dogs and analyzed the course of healing at five time points up to 18 months. Two sets of controls were included: (1) periosteum without cells and (2) empty defects. Histology showed healing generally to occur in three phases: (1) a proliferative phase (established by 1.5 months) in which reparative tissue was formed, (2) a phase of remodeling (found at 3 and 6 months) in which hyaline and articular cartilage were regenerated, and (3) a phase of degradation (observed predominantly at 12 and 18 months) in which the reparative tissue and surrounding cartilage appeared to become progressively damaged. Treated groups at 3 and 6 months contained more hyaline cartilage than untreated controls, but there was no evidence of a positive effect of periosteum or cultured autologous chondrocytes at 1 year and longer.
Development of Portable Color Discrimination for the Visually Impaired and Color Blindness (2004)

The inability to discriminate color is an ongoing problem for the visually impaired and those with color blindness. We propose a portable color discrimination unit that communicates color information to users in verbal messages and sound. The unit states what color the target is and, by scanning its surface, transmits a continuous musical tone corresponding to color variations in the scanned area. The targetive is to make color patterns and the target layout recognizable, requiring 1) colorimetric stability, 2) translation of colorimetric information into an appropriate color name, and 3) setting of a relationship between color and sound. We propose using automated calibration and developed a colorimetric unit with high environmental robustness. Colorimetric data consists of RGB data, which does not lend itself readily to color discrimination, so we developed a way to convert RGB data to 220 color names. To develop easy-to-remember color-sound correspondence, we propose using the Shepard Tone Method, in which Shepard tones are mapped onto color hues. These are combined so users scan a target and hear a continuous sound and, if necessary, a color name, to recognize the target’s overall color pattern, somewhat akin to how a visually impaired person recognizes a sculpture by touching its surface.
Gastric intestinal metaplasia as detected by a monoclonal antibody is highly associated with gastric adenocarcinoma (2003)

Reactivity of mAb Das-1 is clinically useful to simplify and differentiate the phenotypes of GIM. The colonic phenotype of GIM, as identified by mAb Das-1, is strongly associated with gastric carcinoma.
An Online Classification Approach Based on Universal Inter-arrival Time (2008)

In this paper we present an approach for online traffic classification based on the statistical analysis of protocol behaviour at IP level. Then we use the statistics of protocol attribute and Bayesian network method to build a classifier,which can classify unknown flows dynamically as packets pass through the classifier, deciding if a flow belongs to a given application. Distinct from other methods, we use the ldquouniverse inter-arrival timerdquo to overcome the influence of RTT variance so that the statistic of universe inter-arrival time is site-independent and time-independent. At last, the experimental results show that our approach performs better than other methods using tradition inter-arrival time.
Using dialog and context in a speech-based interface for an information visualization environment (2000)

We describe a speech-based interface to an information visualization (infoVis) system. Users ask natural-language questions about a given data domain. Our interface then maps the questions into infoVis operations, which result in the display of data visualizations that address the questions. Users can interact with these views via speech or direct manipulation. If users give incomplete information, our interface guides them in clarifying their questions. The intelligence behind our interface is encapsulated in a service logic that embodies domain knowledge about both the data being explored and the infoVis system. This allows users to focus on answering questions, rather than on the mechanics of accessing data and creating views.
Laser-plasma lens for laser-wakefield accelerators (2014)

Thanks to their compactness and unique properties, laser-wakefield accelerators are currently considered for several innovative applications. However, many of these applications---and especially those that require beam transport---are hindered by the large divergence of laser-accelerated beams. Here we propose a collimating concept that relies on the strong radial electric field of the laser-wakefield to reduce this divergence. This concept utilizes an additional gas jet, placed after the laser-wakefield accelerator. When the laser pulse propagates through this additional gas jet, it drives a wakefield which can refocus the trailing electron bunch. Particle-in-cell simulations demonstrate that this approach can reduce the divergence by at least a factor of 3 for realistic electron bunches.
A new type of argon ionisation detector (1987)

A new type of argon ionisation detector is described that is constructed completely of glass and Teflon, and consequently is extremely inert. The production of metastable argon atoms appears to arise from the thermionic emission of electrons from the glass surface. The volume of the detecting cell is less than 5 µl and the applied voltage lies between 1000 and 2000 V, depending on the geometry. The detector can also function with helium as the carrier gas, without the need to subject the helium to excessive purification procedures. The detector in its experimental form appears to have a potential sensitivity at least equivalent to that of the flame-ionisation detector and a linearity of at least three orders of magnitude. Preliminary experiments indicate that the argon detector will detect all substances that the original model will sense and it appears to be extremeley inexpensive to fabricate. As a result of its low dead volume, this detector should be very useful for multi-dimensional separations employing capillary columns.
Superconducting helically wound magnet for the free-electron laser (1979)

Theoretical and experimental studies conducted by the Stanford Free Electron Laser group have resulted in the first operation of a free-electron laser amplifier and free-electron laser oscillator. Two superconducting helically wound periodic magnetics have been constructed for use with the laser. In this paper we present a discussion of design considerations and test results for the two magnets. The tests included measurement of the magnitude and the variation of the transverse magnetic field with radius in the bore of the magnets, the critical current, and the intensity, angular distribution, and spectrum of the spontaneous radiation emitted by electrons moving through the field.
Reconfigurable Origami Antennas (2019)

Reconfigurable, tunable, multifunctional, deployable, and UWB high-performance antenna systems are expected to play a significant role in next generation communication, reconnaissance, sensing and energy harvesting airborne and spaceborne systems. Towards this goal, in recent years, significant advances have been made in: 1) antenna miniaturization, 2) ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas with as much as 10:1 bandwidth or larger, 3) antenna reconfiguration using MEMS and phase-change material (PCM) switches, 4) conductive textiles for flexible antennas, 5) conductive inks and flexible materials, and 7) smart materials for actuation and sensing. However, to date, adaptable, foldable and deployable electromagnetic structures that can physically self-morph to modify antenna and RF circuit performance for multifunctionality, have yet to be explored in a reliable manner. Recently, origami folding techniques have been used to develop new types of reconfigurable antennas, thereby creating a new class of EM structures The scope of this paper is to give a brief review analysis on the field of origami inspired EM radiating structures, by presenting the past the present and the future of this newly born field.
Homo-oligomerization Is Essential for Toll/Interleukin-1 Receptor Domain-containing Adaptor Molecule-1-mediated NF-κB and Interferon Regulatory Factor-3 Activation (2008)

Toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor molecule-1 (TICAM-1, also named TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon (IFN)-beta or TRIF)) is a signaling adaptor of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3/4 that activates the transcription factors, interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) and NF-kappaB leading to inducing IFN-beta production. The mechanisms by which TICAM-1 is activated by TLR3/4 to serve as a signaling platform are unknown. In this study, we show that homo-oligomerization of TICAM-1 is critical for TICAM-1-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and IRF-3. Both TIR and C-terminal domain of TICAM-1 mediated TICAM-1 oligomerization. Pro(434) located in the TIR domain and the C-terminal region, with the exception of the RIP homotypic-interacting motif, were determinants of TICAM-1 oligomerization. Mutation of TIR domain (P434H) or deletion of C-terminal domain greatly reduced TICAM-1-mediated NF-kappaB and IFN-beta promoter activation. TICAM-1 oligomerization at either the TIR domain or the C-terminal region resulted in recruitment of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3, a downstream signaling molecule essential for TICAM-1-mediated IRF-3 activation, but not recruitment of the IRF-3 kinase complex, NF-kappaB-activating kinase-associated protein 1 and TANK-binding kinase 1. In addition, RIP homotypic-interacting motif mutant, which possesses two oligomerization motifs but not the RIP1 binding motif, also failed to recruit NF-kappaB-activating kinase-associated protein 1 and TANK-binding kinase 1. Thus, full activation and formation of TICAM-1 signalosomes requires oligomerization induced at two different sites and RIP1 binding.
Abstract 238: Androgen insensitivity syndrome germline loss-of-function mutations in the androgen receptor that acquire somatic gain-of-function in prostate cancer (2016)

Abstract Genomic alterations in the androgen receptor (AR) commonly occur in patients with advanced prostate cancer resistant to androgen deprivation therapies. While still retaining androgen sensitivity, recurring AR mutations become drivers of antiandrogen resistance by causing alterations in the ligand binding pocket that enables one specific antiandrogen to bind that particular mutant receptor in an agonist conformation, thereby aberrantly activating AR transcriptional activity. We chronically treated antiandrogen-sensitive preclinical prostate cancer models (LNCaP-AR and CWR22Pc) with antiandrogens followed by high-throughput sequencing of the AR exons 2-8 to search for novel mutations that may be associated with antiandrogen resistance. The mutation A597T in the DNA binding domain was found in four LNCaP-AR xenograft tumors from mice receiving enzalutamide or ARN-509, while the ligand binding domain mutation P893S was uncovered in CWR22Pc cells treated in vitro with combined androgen depletion and bicalutamide. Recent whole exome sequencing studies of clinical prostate cancer identified single patients with each of these mutations at high allele frequencies and without concurrent AR amplification (www.cBioPortal.org). A597T occurred in a Gleason 6 primary tumor, whereas P893S was found in a patient with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer who had received bicalutamide during the course of treatment. Remarkably, both A597T and P893S were earlier reported as germline loss-of-function mutations in patients with androgen insensitivity syndrome. Using an AR reporter assay in AR-null cells coupled with overexpression of these AR mutants, we confirmed that P893S is not activated by the androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT), but nevertheless is potently stimulated by bicalutamide. In silico modeling showed that in contrast to the wild-type AR, cofactor-recruiting helix 12 of the ligand binding domain of P893S substantially drifted away from an agonist conformation when bound to DHT but was able to adopt the active conformation when simulated with bicalutamide. Importantly, overexpression of AR-P893S in CWR22Pc cells conferred bicalutamide resistance in vivo. These findings highlight an unexpected contextual element to the function of AR mutants, and suggest that rare or private AR mutations may nonetheless act as drivers of clinical progression. Citation Format: Philip A. Watson, Minna D. Balbas, Zeda Zhang, Taslima F. Ishmael, Kayla E. Lawrence, John Wongvipat, Sophie D. Sawyers, Yi-Mi Wu, Dan Robinson, Yang Shen, Arul M. Chinnaiyan, Charles L. Sawyers. Androgen insensitivity syndrome germline loss-of-function mutations in the androgen receptor that acquire somatic gain-of-function in prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 238.
Supervised semantic indexing (2009)

In this article we propose Supervised Semantic Indexing (SSI), an algorithm that is trained on (query, document) pairs of text documents to predict the quality of their match. Like Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI), our models take account of correlations between words (synonymy, polysemy). However, unlike LSI our models are trained with a supervised signal directly on the ranking task of interest, which we argue is the reason for our superior results. As the query and target texts are modeled separately, our approach is easily generalized to different retrieval tasks, such as online advertising placement. Dealing with models on all pairs of words features is computationally challenging. We propose several improvements to our basic model for addressing this issue, including low rank (but diagonal preserving) representations, and correlated feature hashing (CFH). We provide an empirical study of all these methods on retrieval tasks based on Wikipedia documents as well as an Internet advertisement task. We obtain state-of-the-art performance while providing realistically scalable methods.
VideoClick: Video Object Segmentation with a Single Click (2021)

Annotating videos with object segmentation masks typically involves a two stage procedure of drawing polygons per object instance for all the frames and then linking them through time. While simple, this is a very tedious, time consuming and expensive process, making the creation of accurate annotations at scale only possible for well-funded labs. What if we were able to segment an object in the full video with only a single click? This will enable video segmentation at scale with a very low budget opening the door to many applications. Towards this goal, in this paper we propose a bottom up approach where given a single click for each object in a video, we obtain the segmentation masks of these objects in the full video. In particular, we construct a correlation volume that assigns each pixel in a target frame to either one of the objects in the reference frame or the background. We then refine this correlation volume via a recurrent attention module and decode the final segmentation. To evaluate the performance, we label the popular and challenging Cityscapes dataset with video object segmentations. Results on this new CityscapesVideo dataset show that our approach outperforms all the baselines in this challenging setting.
Electrochemical and Mechanical Behavior in Mechanically Robust Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Use in Multifunctional Structural Batteries (2007)

Polymer electrolytes were investigated for potential use in multifunctional structural batteries requiring both mechanical and electrochemical properties. Electrolytes were formulated with a broad range of multifunctional behaviors, spanning continuously from highly conductive and structurally weak materials to poorly conductive and highly structural materials. Solvent-free polymer scaffolds were synthesized from monomers containing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) oligomers and one to four vinyl ester groups. The electrolytes were formed by dissolving lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate in the monomers prior to thermal cure. Electrochemical, mechanical, and viscoelastic properties were studied with respect to salt concentration, polymer chemistry, and polymer architecture. The addition of salt was found to have minimal impact on compressive stiffness, whereas it increased Tg and significantly influenced ion conductivity, with a maximum conductivity at 9−12% salt w/w PEG. At a constant salt concentration, the homopolymer electrolytes exhibited close to a 1:1 inverse correlation between conductivity and stiffness as monomer composition was changed.
Structural Proteins of Bovine Coronavirus and Their Intracellular Processing (1987)

The Quebec isolate of bovine coronavirus (BCV) was found to contain four unique major structural proteins. These proteins consisted of the peplomeric protein (gp190/E2, gp100/E2), the nucleocapsid protein (p53/N) and its apparent trimer (p160/N), a family of small matrix glycoproteins (gp26/E1, gp25/E1 and p23/E1) and the putative haemagglutinin (gp124/E3). Pulse-chase experiments utilizing polyclonal antiserum and monoclonal antibodies indicated that the unique BCV E3 protein had its primary precursor an N-linked glycoprotein with an Mr of 59,000 (gp59) which underwent rapid dimerization by disulphide bond formation to yield gp118. Further glycosylation of gp118 produced gp124/E3 which incorporated fucose. Thus gp124/E3 was probably a homodimer. The processing of the E2 and E1 proteins of BCV was similar to that shown previously for mouse hepatitis virus. A large N-linked precursor glycoprotein, gp170, underwent further glycosylation to yield gp190/E2 before subsequent proteolytic cleavage to yield gp100/E2. The glycosylated E1 (gp26, gp25) proteins arose as a result of O-linked glycosylation of p23/E1 as indicated by the resistance of these species to tunicamycin.
Development of engineered antibodies specific for the Mullerian inhibiting substance type II receptor: a promising candidate for targeted therapy of ovarian cancer (2006)

The Müllerian inhibiting substance type II receptor (MISIIR) is involved in Müllerian duct regression as part of the development of the male reproductive system. In adult females, MISIIR is present on ovarian surface epithelium and is frequently expressed on human epithelial ovarian cancer cells. Müllerian inhibiting substance has been found to be capable of inhibiting the growth of primary human ovarian cancer cells derived from ascites and ovarian cancer cell lines. This suggested to us that MISIIR could be an attractive target for antibody-based tumor targeting and growth inhibition strategies. Here, we describe the production of recombinant human MISIIR extracellular domain-human immunoglobulin Fc domain fusion proteins and their use as targets for the selection of MISIIR-specific human single-chain variable fragments (scFv) molecules from a human nonimmune scFv phage display library. The binding kinetics of the resulting anti-MISIIR scFv clones were characterized and two were employed as the basis for the construction of bivalent scFv:Fc antibody-based molecules. Both bound specifically to human ovarian carcinoma cells in flow cytometry assays and cross-reacted with mouse MISIIR. These results indicate that antibody-based constructs may provide a highly specific means of targeting MISIIR on human ovarian carcinoma cells for the purpose of diagnosing and treating this disease.