gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi by DNA amplification using the polymerase chain reaction (1989)

The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a 188-base pair (bp) segment of the repetitive 195-bp nuclear DNA sequence of Trypanosoma cruzi that is the most abundant sequence in this organism. The reaction amplified this repetitive element in four T. cruzi isolates from widely separated geographic regions. No amplification of the 188-bp fragment occurred when DNAs extracted from Leishmania spp., African trypanosomes, or blood samples from mice and humans were used. Amplification of one-half of the DNA from a single T. cruzi parasite produced an amount of the 188-bp element that was readily visible in a gel stained with ethidium bromide. Hybridization of a radiolabeled probe to membrane-bound amplification products increased the sensitivity to a level at which 1/200 of the DNA in a single parasite could be detected. T. cruzi DNA was readily detected in DNA extracted from the abdominal contents of infected insect vectors reared in the laboratory. No parasite DNA was detected in the blood samples of two individuals known to be infected with T. cruzi, possibly because in such patients the number of circulating parasites are extremely low or because parasitemias are intermittent. These results represent a considerable increase in sensitivity over previously reported methods for the detection of T. cruzi infections. Polymerase chain reaction amplification can be used to evaluate large numbers of samples in a single day and thus should be useful in large-scale studies of the prevalence of T. cruzi in both insect vectors and mammalian hosts.
Mobility & Connectivity: Shifts in Teaching, Learning, and Providing Live News (2013)

Acknowledging and incorporating ways to develop novel ideas and methods is a core skill for students. An interdisciplinary course was developed using a didactic approach that combined emerging digital technology, social media, and traditional media into an interactive learning environment to produce and disseminate live, public, regional election coverage. Questions facing the course: Can a high quality, election news program be produced despite limited resources using emerging and traditional media and successfully delivered in real time to a diverse audience? How well will students of various interdisciplinary majors work together under the stress of a high stakes project and will (their civic understanding and engagement be increased? Unsolicited feedback during and shortly after the live broadcast, student written course evaluations, live audience attendance, and student grades suggest positive results. Challenged with limited resources and facilities, within the context of a live news production class of 30 undergraduates, a technological mash-up maximized experiential learning and produced a valuable public service to a potential audience of 60,000. Studio anchors, six remote field teams, a virtual set with polling data and social media were employed. Using smartphones for cameras, Skype, digital switching equipment, and cable access television, four hours of live election coverage successfully broadcast November 6, 2012 and simultaneously aired over TV, FM radio, and the Internet. The program won two media awards.
Recent progress and challenges in fundamental combustion research (2014)

More than 80% of world energy is converted by combustion. Development of efficient next generation advanced engines by using alternative fuels and operating at extreme conditions is one of the most important solutions to increase energy sustainability. To realize the advanced engine design, the challenges in combustion research are therefore to advance fundamental understanding of combustion chemistry and dynamics from molecule scales to engine scales and to develop quantitatively predictive tools and innovative combustion technologies. This review will present the recent progresses and technical challenges in fundamental combustion research in seven areas including advanced engine concepts using low temperature fuel chemistry, new combustion phenomena in extreme conditions, alternative and surrogate fuels, multi-scale modeling, high pressure combustion kinetics, experimental methods and advanced combustion diagnostics Firstly, new engine concepts such as the Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI), Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI), and pressure gain combustion will be introduced. The impact of low temperature combustion chemistry of fuels on combustion in advanced engines will be demonstrated. This is followed by the discussions of the needs of fundamental combustion research for new engine technologies. Secondly, combustion phenomena and flame regimes involving new combustion concepts such as fuel and thermal stratifications, plasma assisted combustion, and cool flames at extreme conditions will be analyzed. Thirdly, alternative fuels and methodologies to formulate surrogate fuel mixtures to model the target combustion properties of real fuels will be presented. A new concept of radical index and transport weighted enthalpy will be introduced to rank the fuel reactivity and to assess the impact of molecular structure on combustion properties The success and limitations of the current surrogate fuel models will be discussed by using jet fuels and biodiesels as examples. Fourthly, the difficulty of modeling large kinetic mechanism of real fuel will be discussed The multi-time scale (MTS) method and the correlated dynamic adaptive chemistry (CO-DAC) method for kinetic model reduction and computationally efficient modeling will be compared and analyzed. Fifthly, the progress and challenges of high pressure combustion kinetics for hydrogen and larger hydrocarbons will be discussed. The important pressuredependent reaction pathways and key intermediate species at high pressure will be analyzed. Fundamental experimental methods for combustion and their uncertainties in acquiring combustion properties for the validation of kinetic mechanism will be discussed. Finally, recent progress in diagnostics of HO2, H2O2, RO2, ketohydroperoxide, and other key intermediate species for high pressure kinetic mechanism development will be summarized. Conclusions and opportunities of future combustion research will be made.
Recent progress on ceria doping and shaping strategies for solar thermochemical water and CO<sub>2</sub> splitting cycles (2019)

Thermochemical redox cycling for either water or CO<sub>2</sub> splitting is a promising strategy to convert solar energy into clean fuels. Such splitting reaction can convert water and recycled CO<sub>2</sub> into H<sub>2</sub> and CO respectively, the building blocks for the preparation of various synthetic liquid fuels. Attractively, CO<sub>2</sub> is valorized in this way and can be used as a carbon-neutral fuel. However, the efficiency of the solar thermochemical process has to be improved to achieve an economically viable fuel production. For this purpose, an optimization of the reactive materials regarding both their chemical activity and long-term stability is a key requirement. To date, ceria is considered as the benchmark material for thermochemical redox cycles. Indeed, it is able to maintain a single cubic fluorite phase during thermal cycling over a large range of oxygen non-stoichiometry and also provides thermodynamically favorable oxidation. However, it suffers from a high reduction temperature and a low reduction extent. Several doping strategies of ceria have been developed to increase its redox activity and long-term performance stability. This paper provides an overview of the efforts made to enhance the thermochemical performance of ceria by investigation of dopant incorporation and material shaping for designed morphologies and microstructures.
Evaluation of layer decomposition for multiframe quantitative coronary angiography (2002)

Multiframe quantitative coronary angiography is typically performed by averaging measurements of artery diameter over multiple frames. This approach reduces errors attributable to random noise but may not reduce systematic errors caused by background structures, nonlinear system response, and motion blur. We attempt to reduce these sources of error by decomposing the image sequence into moving layers, one of which includes the artery. We embed simulated arteries into clinical angiographic sequences so that the true vessel dimensions are known accurately. The measurement tasks are minimum diameter, geometric percent stenosis, and densitometric percent stenosis. We compare measurements for single and multiple raw images, single images with fixed mask subtraction, single and multiple images with layered background subtraction, and time-averaged layer images. We find that both multiframe averaging and layer decomposition significantly improve geometric and densitometric accuracy compared with single-frame measurements. The best results were obtained by averaging measurements from multiple frames of layered background-subtracted images.
Improved contingency measures for operation and planning applications (1989)

Three new contingency measures are proposed and tested based on a large power system peak load base case. The Type II contingency measure is zero for all noncritical contingencies, has no misclassification or false alarm problems, and ranks contingencies according to their largest thermal limit violation. It should be used when operating conditions are known exactly. The Type III contingency measure has very small or zero contingency measure for noncritical contingencies, has no perceptible misclassification or false alarm problems, and appears to rank contingencies by their worst thermal limit violation. The Type III contingency measure is very useful for selecting contingencies where the precise operating conditions are unknown. A Type IV contingency measure sets branch weights to zero on all branches that do not experience thermal overloads for a set of contingencies. The Type IV contingency measure is useful for selecting single contingencies that when taken in combination could produce critical multiple contingencies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Reducing porosity in AlSi10Mg parts processed by selective laser melting (2014)

Selective laser melting (SLM) is widely gaining popularity as an alternative manufacturing technique for complex and customized parts. SLM is a near net shape process with minimal post processing machining required dependent upon final application. The fact that SLM produces little waste and enables more optimal designs also raises opportunities for environmental advantages. The use of aluminium (Al) alloys in SLM is still quite limited due to difficulties in processing that result in parts with high degrees of porosity. However, Al alloys are favoured in many high-end applications for their exceptional strength and stiffness to weight ratio meaning that they are extensively used in the automotive and aerospace industries. This study investigates the windows of parameters required to produce high density parts from AlSi10Mg alloy using selective laser melting. A compromise between the different parameters and scan strategies was achieved and used to produce parts achieving a density of 99.8%.
A language for describing behavior of and interaction with virtual worlds (1996)

Virtual environments are created by specifying their content, which comprises geometry, interaction, properties, and behavior of the objects. Interaction and behavior can be cumbersome to specify and create, if they have to be implemented through an API.
A new generation of power devices based on the concept of the "Floating Islands" (2002)

In this paper, a new concept called "Floating Islands Diode" (FLI-Diode) is proposed: the voltage handling capability of this new diode is assumed by the association of several PN junctions in series. This new concept can be applied to any power devices (lateral or vertical): for instance, the specific on-resistance of a 900 Volts Vertical DMOS Transistor is strongly improved (reduction of 70% when compared to the conventional structure).
The Reaction Mechanism for CD38. A Single Intermediate Is Responsible for Cyclization, Hydrolysis, and Base-Exchange Chemistries (1998)

Human recombinant CD38 catalyzes the formation of both cyclic ADP-ribose and ADP-ribose products from NAD+ and hydrolyzes cyclic ADP-ribose to ADP-ribose. The corresponding GDP products are formed from NGD+. The enzyme was characterized by substrate and inhibition kinetics, exchange studies, rapid-quench reactions, and stopped-flow-fluorescence spectroscopy to establish the reaction mechanism and energetics for individual steps. Noncyclizable substrates NMN+ and nicotinamide-7-deaza-hypoxanthine dinucleotide (7-deaza NHD+) were rapidly hydrolyzed by the enzyme. The kcat for NMN+ was 5-fold higher than that of NAD+ and has the greatest reported kcat of any substrate for CD38. 7-deaza-NHD+ was hydrolyzed at approximately one-third the rate of NHD+ but does not form a cyclic product. These results establish that a cyclic intermediate is not required for substrate hydrolysis. The ratio of methanolysis to hydrolysis for cADPR and NAD+ catalyzed by CD38 increases linearly with MeOH concentration. Both reactions produce predominantly the beta-methoxy riboside compound, with a relative nucleophilicity of MeOH to H2O of 11. These results indicate the existence of a stabilized cationic intermediate for all observed chemistries in the active site of CD38. The partitioning of this intermediate between cyclization, hydrolysis, and nicotinamide-exchange unites the mechanisms of CD38 chemistries. Steady-state and pre-steady-state parameters for the partition and exchange mechanisms allowed full characterization of the reaction coordinate. Stopped-flow methods indicate a burst of cGDPR formation followed by the steady-state reaction rate. A lag phase, which was NGD+ concentration dependent, was also observed. The burst size indicates that the dimeric enzyme has a single catalytic site formed by two subunits. Pre-steady-state quench experiments did not detect covalent intermediates. Nicotinamide hydrolysis of NGD+ precedes cyclization and the chemical quench decomposes the enzyme-bound species to a mixture of cyclic and hydrolysis products. The time dependence of this ratio indicated that nicotinamide bond-breakage occurs 4 times faster than the conversion of the intermediate to products. Product release is the overall rate-limiting step for enzyme reaction with NGD+.
Optic Atrophy 1 Controls Human Neuronal Development by Preventing Aberrant Nuclear DNA Methylation (2020)

Optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), a GTPase at the inner mitochondrial membrane involved in regulating mitochondrial fusion, stability, and energy output, is known to be crucial for neural development: Opa1 heterozygous mice show abnormal brain development, and inactivating mutations in OPA1 are linked to human neurological disorders. Here, we used genetically modified human embryonic and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and reveal that OPA1 haploinsufficiency leads to aberrant nuclear DNA methylation and significantly alters the transcriptional circuitry in neural progenitor cells (NPCs). For instance, expression of the forkhead box G1 transcription factor, which is needed for GABAergic neuronal development, is repressed in OPA1+/- NPCs. Supporting this finding, OPA1+/- NPCs cannot give rise to GABAergic interneurons, whereas formation of glutamatergic neurons is not affected. Taken together, our data reveal that OPA1 controls nuclear DNA methylation and expression of key transcription factors needed for proper neural cell specification.
Endogenous anticoagulation during extracorporeal perfusion: generation of a heparinlike inhibitor (1980)

Studies were done to define the coagulation defect that develops in hemodynamically stable anesthetized dogs perfused on our arteriovenous extracorporeal system without added heparin. After 45 min, the dogs developed whole blood clotting times (WBCT) greater than 24 h. There was an associated decrease in ADP-induced platelet aggregation and a drop in factor V, VIII, and X levels of 75.8, 33.5, and 46.8%, respectively. Despite an increase in fibrinogen degradation products, there was no significant change in fibrinogen level or platelet count. An inhibitor of thrombin and factor Xa clotting of plasma appeared that was "heparinlike", because it stimulated the inactivation of factor Xa by antithrombin III (ATIII) but not by O-methyl isoureamodified ATIII. Thrombin inhibition by ATIII was also stimulated. The inhibitor was heat stable, adsorbed by BaSO4, and neutralized by protamine. Infusion of protamine sulfate into two perfused dogs neutralized the inhibitor and brought the WBCT from greater than 24 h to less than control. Six dogs developed inhibitor levels equivalent to 0.98 to 6.15 U/ml heparin. Five eviscerated dogs in which the hepatic artery was ligated developed peak plasma inhibitor levels of 3.2 +/- 1.0 U/ml. Thus, the endogenous heparinlike inhibitor is a major contributor to the anticoagulated state induced with our perfusion system and may have an extrahepatic origin.
Aerobic oxidation of primary aliphatic alcohols over bismuth oxide supported platinum catalysts in water (2013)

Catalytic oxidation of non-activated aliphatic alcohols with molecular oxygen is rather challenging, especially in an aqueous medium in the absence of an additional base. Bismuth is usually used as a promoter of platinum-based catalysts. In this work, bismuth oxide was explored as a support, and Pt0 nanoparticles supported on bismuth oxide (Pt/Bi2O3) exhibited high activity for aerobic oxidation of n-butanol using water as a solvent in the absence of an additional base under optimized conditions. Besides n-butanol, liquid primary aliphatic alcohols with low solubility in water could also be smoothly oxidized into the corresponding carbonyl compounds with molecular oxygen. Pt/Bi2O3 reduced by H2 at about 200 °C showed the highest activity for aerobic oxidation of n-butanol. At this temperature, platinum oxide was reduced to Pt0 and bismuth oxide could be reduced partially which might change the surface property of bismuth oxide.
Variation of finger forces in maximal isometric grasp tests on a range of cylinder diameters (1987)

An investigation of maximal isometric cylindrical grasping actions of the hand is reported. A dynamometer is described which allows simultaneous measurement of both the normal forces and the tangential shear forces imposed by each of the three phalangeal segments of a finger during a test. Seventeen subjects were tested, grasping cylinders 31-116 mm in diameter. Normal grasp forces decreased significantly as cylinder size increased, while with large diameters, shear forces moved the skin towards the finger tip. In all cases the distal segments of the fingers imposed forces significantly larger than those of the middle and proximal segments. The mean contributions of fingers from index to little were: 30, 30, 22 and 18%, proportions that did not vary significantly for the range of grasp diameters. Forces acting during grasping activities are reported in greater detail, for a wider range of hand gripping postures, than previously available. These data are useful in the design of hand operated controls or in the prediction of tendon and joint forces in vivo for the design of implants.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Synthesis of N1‐Pyridylthiamine Pyrophosphate, a Coenzymatically Active Analog of Thiamine Pyrophosphate. (1990)

Abstract The known multi‐step synthesis of the title compound (VIII) is modified for the transformation of the acetylpyridine (II) into the nicotinate (VII).
Scaling Parallelism Under CPU - Intensive Loads in Node.js (2019)

An increasing number of applications are using Node.js, a framework for asynchronous I/O, event-driven, server-side JavaScript. The backbone of Node.js is the single-threaded event loop. Therefore, computationally intensive tasks are bound to the performance of a single core. Modules with different characteristics have been built to provide parallelism and scaling. We evaluate the performance of some representative Node.js multiprocess and multi-thread techniques focusing on their scaling behavior on different environments. We present computation metrics using a compute-intensive task as a constant. Finally, we use statistical analysis to identify similarities and differences in performance with the end goal of providing recommendations on deployment.
Differential immune cell densities in ductal carcinoma In-Situ and invasive breast cancer: Possible role of leukocytes in early stages of carcinogenesis (2015)

Leukocytes may play a role in early stages of breast carcinogenesis.
Focus on aripiprazole: a review of its use in child and adolescent psychiatry. (2009)

Aripiprazole may represent an important alternative for some children and adolescents who have experienced poor efficacy or significant metabolic adverse effects with their current antipsychotic treatment regimen.
Postinjury Coagulopathy Management (2010)

Progressive postinjury coagulopathy remains the fundamental rationale for damage control surgery, but the decision to abort operative intervention must occur before laboratory confirmation of coagulopathy. Current massive transfusion protocols have embraced pre-emptive resuscitation strategies emphasizing administration of packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, and platelets in ratios approximating 1:1:1 during the first 24 hours postinjury, based on US military retrospective experience and recent noncontrolled civilian data. This policy, termed "damage control resuscitation" assumes that patients presenting with life threatening hemorrhage at risk for postinjury coagulopathy should receive component therapy in rations approximating those found in whole blood during the first 24 hours. While we concur with the concept of pre-emptive coagulation factor replacement, and initially suggested this in 1982, we remain concerned for the continued unbridled administration of fresh frozen plasma and platelets without objective evidence of their specific requirement. A major limitation of current massive transfusion protocols is the lack of real time assessment of coagulation function to guide evolving blood component requirements. Existing laboratory coagulation testing was originally designed for evaluation of hemophilia and subsequently used for monitoring anticoagulation therapy. Consequently, the applicability of these tests in the trauma setting has never been proven and the time required to conduct these assays is incompatible with prompt correction of the coagulopathy in the trauma setting. This review examines the current approach to postinjury coagulopathy, including identification of patients at risk, resuscitation strategies, design and implementation of institutional massive transfusion protocols, and the potential benefits of goal-directed therapy by real time assessment of coagulation function via point of care rapid thromboelastography.