gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxyluciferin, a Luminescence Product of Firefly Luciferase, Is Enzymatically Regenerated into Luciferin (2001)

The activity regenerating luciferin from the luminescent product oxyluciferin was found in the protein fraction of a lantern extract from Photinus pyralis. The protein, luciferin-regenerating enzyme (LRE), was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by successive column chromatography on Ultrogel AcA34, S-Sepharose FF, Q-Sepharose FF, TSKgel super Q 5pw and TSKgel G3000 SW(XL). This enzyme was a single polypeptide with a molecular mass of 38 kDa. LRE converted oxyluciferin to 2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole and thioglycolic acid. In the presence of d-cysteine, 2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole was turned over into luciferin. The same activities were detected in the extracts from two Japanese fireflies, Luciola cruciata and Luciola lateralis. We have cloned a cDNA encoding LRE from poly(A)+ RNA of the lantern of P. pyralis using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, 5'-RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) and 3'-RACE. The primary structure of LRE from P. pyralis deduced from the nucleotide sequence was shown to consist of 308 amino acids with a molecular weight of 33,619. The cDNA was successfully expressed under the control of the tac promoter in Escherichia coli.
LP‐J: <i>Late‐News Poster:</i> Designing Concepts of the Discotic Negative Birefringence Compensation Films (1998)

Abstract The optical compensation mechanisms and the designing concepts of the discotic negative birefringence film, which realized the wide viewing angle for TN‐LCDS, are clarified. Two factors, the relative direction of the slow axes and the retardation values, are important for understanding the optical effects of the discotic film. The cause of the color‐shift in the horizontal directions is also explained. The combination of the discotic film with the π cell drastically improves the color‐shift problem. The viewing angle problem of polarizers is also discussed.
Semiconductor biased superlattices as electron wave interference filter/emitters (1989)

Starting from fundamental principles, quantitative analogies between quantum electron waves in semiconductors and electromagnetic optical waves in dielectrics have been developed. 1 Due to those analogies optical design techniques can be adapted for the design of narrowband superlattice electron filter/emitters. A voltage-biased semiconductor superlattice structure can serve simultaneously as an electron filter and as a continuously tunable emitter. The thickness of each superlattice layer is restricted to be an integer multiple of the monolayer thickness. Furthermore, for practical materials (Ga 1− x Al x As), there is a usable composition range and a range of usable electron energies to avoid intervalley and phonon scattering that degrade the electron coherence. Under these constraints, an optimum design procedure has been developed that specifies the layer compositions and thicknesses for a given bias voltage and input kinetic energy. Examples of Ga 1− x Al x As filter/emitters are presented. Sensitivity of the device to fabrication variations is investigated. These superlattice electron filter/emitters can exhibit very narrow electron kinetic energy passbands and can be integrated into solid state devices for potential use as monoenergetic emitters for electroluminescent devices, photodetectors, and fast ballistic transistors.
Optical-Fiber Sensor Using Tailored Porous Sol-Gel Fiber Core (2004)

A new concept in optical-fiber chemical sensors, the active fiber core optical sensor (AFCOS), is presented. In this sensor, the fiber core acts as a transducer. The sensitivity of an AFCOS sensor is compared with that of an active coating [evanescent wave (EW)] based optical-fiber sensor. Requirements for a fiber core to act as a chemical sensor are discussed. Novel techniques for making a porous sol-gel silica fiber, doping chemical reagents into the fiber, and constructing a chemical sensor using the porous fiber as a transducer have been developed. The microstructure of the fabricated sol-gel silica fiber and the effect of the fiber's microstructure on the capability of the porous sol-gel silica fiber for guiding light are discussed. A humidity sensor employing a CoCl/sub 2/-doped porous sol-gel fiber as a transducer has been constructed as an example. The test results for the humidity sensor verified a theoretical analysis indicating that an optical-fiber chemical sensor using an active fiber core as a transducer has a much higher sensitivity than that of an EW-based sensor.
Laser capillary spectrophotometry for drop‐size concentration measurements (1989)

Abstract A laser capillary spectrophotometric technique (LCS), based on the method of Verhoff et al. (1969, 1977), is developed for the rapid and accurate determination of the bivariate drop size‐concentration distribution for reactive liquid‐liquid dispersions. The method employs a precision bore capillary, through which a sample is drawn from the mixing vessel by a vacuum pump. An appropriate light source is used to distinguish between the slugs of dispersed phase and continuous phase as the sample passes by two detection points in the capillary. The optical device is designed to measure drop size by the difference of light refraction between the two phases and drop concentration by the light absorbance of the organic phase in the drop. The new technique can automatically measure drop‐size and drop‐concentration distributions of thousands of drops within a few minutes. This technique can provide important information on the state of a reactive dispersion in situ and can provide information on the influence of dispersed‐phase mixing effects on mass transfer and/or reactions in liquid‐liquid dispersions. Further, the LCS technique provides the capability for on‐line monitoring and control of units processing liquid dispersions.
High-peak power from optically-pumped mid-IR semiconductor lasers (2012)

We describe high peak-power, broad area mid-infrared semiconductor lasers. The laser structures incorporated 14 type-II quantum wells imbedded in thick waveguide/absorber regions composed of InGaAsSb. The Fabry-Perot lasers were optically pumped with the output from a passively-Q-switched Ho:YAG laser capable of delivering 100 kW at 2.09 um. The emission from the optically pumped semiconductor laser (OPSL) was near 4.1 um. The emission was spectrally and temporally resolved and showed evidence for the creation of a hot-carrier population at the higher pump powers. A roll-over in the OPSL output power curve was observed at pump-powers greater than ~20 kW. The maximum single-ended OPSL power was near 470W.
Pumpless platform for high-throughput dynamic multicellular culture and chemosensitivity evaluation (2018)

We report here a novel pumpless, 96-well plate-based platform for high-throughput dynamic multicellular culture and chemosensitivity evaluation. A gravity-driven flow strategy was developed to generate and sustain the flow rate of culture medium within 10% in the platform's 20 culture chambers. The ability of the platform to generate and sustain the medium flow was demonstrated by computational simulation, flow visualization, and ascertaining the previously known effect of flow-induced shear stress on the stimulated osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts. The high-throughput utility of the platform was demonstrated by in situ cell staining and high content screening of chemosensitivity assays of multiple myeloma and osteoblast co-cultures. Endpoint characterization and data analyses for all 20 culture chambers required less than 1 hour.
Hearing Aid Fitting with Genetic Algorithms (2011)

Hearing aids are controlled by numerous parameters, presenting the audiologist with a difficult fitting task. While many of these parameters can be set near their optimal values using prescriptive formulas based on simple measurements of the patient’s hearing loss, others are a matter of comfort and other qualities that the patient must evaluate subjectively. Thus, there is much interest in including the patient’s preferences as a key element of the fitting process. To accomplish this, various researchers have looked to mathematical optimization theory. As the number and complexity of hearing aid parameters increase, the shortcomings of these methods become burdensome. To overcome these shortcomings, we investigate the genetic algorithm (GA). The GA is a search procedure that borrows many concepts from biology, including natural selection and genetic crossover and mutation. The GA maintains a population of solutions (hearing aid parameter sets) and repeatedly replaces the least fit solutions with the offspring of better performing solutions. In this thesis, methods are developed for applying the GA to hearing aid fitting. These include an efficient procedure to determine the relative quality of solutions
Self-Assembling Peptide Nanoscaffold That Activates Human Mast Cells (2018)

Engineering biomaterials to manipulate the immune response to elicit specific therapeutic outcomes is a burgeoning field of research. Mast cells play a distinct and central role in the innate immune response, and are characterized by their rapid release of a myriad of proinflammatory mediators in response to stimulation. These mediators are central to protective actions such as wound healing, angiogenesis, and host defense against pathogens and animal venoms. Considering that mast cells are widely distributed in tissues that interface with the external environment, and are loaded with large amounts of preformed protective compounds, they are ideal targets for novel immunotherapies. Here we report that, by using an engineered nanoscaffold, human mast cells can be contact activated in cell and primary human skin tissue culture using a specific receptor-ligand mechanism. The IgE independent PAMP-12 peptide activates human mast cells through the recently identified Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2 (MRGPRX<sub>2</sub>) receptor. The PAMP-12 motif was conjugated, via a glycine spacer, with the self-assembling peptide (RADA)<sub>4</sub> and mixed with unmodified (RADA)<sub>4</sub> to form a nanofiber matrix; mast cell activation was influenced directly by this ratio. Moreover, conjugating the PAMP-12 motif within the matrix was shown to only activate local, tissue-resident mast cells. The result of ex vivo human skin tissue tests confirmed that the engineered nanoscaffold successfully activated skin-resident mast cells by contact. Thus, this nanoscaffold design may provide a new platform to modulate localized mast cell functions thereby facilitating their protective role in the skin.
High Quality Magneto-Optical Disk (1987)

The effect of the groove profile on the characteristic properties of a magneto-optical (MO) disk with a quadrilayer structure (A1N/GdTbFe/A1N/A1) prepared on a glass substrate was investigated, using a micro Kerr-effect measuring apparatus. Taking a diffraction effect into account, we have calculated the dependence of signal quality on the groove profile, being in agreement with experiments. The carrier to noise ratio reaches to 51 dB at high recording density where the bit length is 1.0 μm. In order to obtain a better understanding of the reliability of the MO disk, the MO disks were exposed to various environments with respect to temperatures and humidities. Though the readout signals of recorded bits do not change after the aging tests, the recording sensitivity is reduced slightly after exposing at high temperatures. Therefore, the lifetime of the MO disk depends upon the stability of recording sensitivity and was evaluated as about 18 years using the Arrhenious equation.
Constructions of skew-tolerant and skew-detecting codes (1993)

The paradigm of skew-tolerant parallel asynchronous communication was introduced by Blaum and Bruck (see ibid., vol. 39, 1993) along with constructions for codes that can tolerate or detect skew. Some of these constructions were improved by Khachatrian (1991). In this paper these constructions are improved upon further, and the authors prove that the new constructions are, in a certain sense, optimal.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Understanding High Diastereomeric Discrimination in Formation of Oligoribonucleotide Phosphorothioate Linkages: The First Study of pKa-Dependent Activation in Solid-Supported Coupling of 2′-<i>O</i>-Substituted Ribonucleoside Phosphoramidites (2003)

Activation of 2'-O-substituted ribonucleoside phosphoramidites with various activators during solid-supported synthesis of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides was studied. The Rp:Sp diastereomeric composition of resulting phosphorothioate linkage dependent on pKa of activator utilized for coupling.
Use of a fluorometric immunoassay to determine antibody response to Pasteurella haemolytica in vaccinated and nonvaccinated feedlot cattle (1983)

A retrospective study of the antibody response to Pasteurella haemolytica was conducted by using sera from 368 feedlot cattle divided among five experiments. In three experiments, live vaccines or a bacterin were administered to some of the cattle and others were left as nonvaccinated controls. In two experiments, cattle were not vaccinated. Clinical signs of disease with subsequent recovery developed in 48.0% of the cattle, and 10.3% of the cattle died. Vaccination had no apparent effect on morbidity or mortality. At the time of purchase, 78% of the cattle had low antibody titers (less than 25) as measured by a quantitative fluorometric immunoassay. In most groups of cattle (both vaccinated and nonvaccinated), there was a significant rise in mean antibody titers between the time of purchase and days 28 to 32 in the feedlot. The antibody titers at the time of shipment and health status of cattle. The antibody ratios were significantly greater for cattle that became sick and then recovered compared with those of cattle that remained healthy. Although significance could not be established, antibody titers at the time of shipment were higher for cattle that remained healthy compared with cattle that became sick and then recovered.
Glycan repositioning of influenza hemagglutinin stem facilitates the elicitation of protective cross-group antibody responses (2020)

The conserved hemagglutinin (HA) stem has been a focus of universal influenza vaccine efforts. Influenza A group 1 HA stem-nanoparticles have been demonstrated to confer heterosubtypic protection in animals; however, the protection does not extend to group 2 viruses, due in part to differences in glycosylation between group 1 and 2 stems. Here, we show that introducing the group 2 glycan at Asn38<sub>HA1</sub> to a group 1 stem-nanoparticle (gN38 variant) based on A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) broadens antibody responses to cross-react with group 2 HAs. Immunoglobulins elicited by the gN38 variant provide complete protection against group 2 H7N9 virus infection, while the variant loses protection against a group 1 H5N1 virus. The N38<sub>HA1</sub> glycan thus is pivotal in directing antibody responses by controlling access to group-determining stem epitopes. Precise targeting of stem-directed antibody responses to the site of vulnerability by glycan repositioning may be a step towards achieving cross-group influenza protection.
Noninterceptive beam diagnostics based on diffraction radiation (1997)

Diffraction radiation (DR) can be described as the scattering or diffraction of pseudo-photons associated with the transverse electromagnetic field of a relativistic charged particle, when the particle passes through an aperture or near an object. DR is closely related to transition radiation (TR) which is produced when a charged particle crosses a boundary between media with different dielectric constants. DR is also associated with “beam loading” which occurs when beams pass through discontinuties in their transport lines. DR is very similar in its properties to TR, so that much of what has been developed for TR beam diagnostics can readily be adapted to DR diagnostics. We will present concepts for using DR as a compact, nondestructive diagnostic that can measure the beam divergence, beam profile, and thus emittance in real time. These concepts, together with the previously demonstrated use of DR for longitudinal bunch length measurement, make an attractive suite of noninterceptive, time-resolved diagnostics which parallel those based on TR.
A CMOS Neural Interface for a Multichannel Vestibular Prosthesis (2015)

We present a high-voltage CMOS neural-interface chip for a multichannel vestibular prosthesis (MVP) that measures head motion and modulates vestibular nerve activity to restore vision- and posture-stabilizing reflexes. This application specific integrated circuit neural interface (ASIC-NI) chip was designed to work with a commercially available microcontroller, which controls the ASIC-NI via a fast parallel interface to deliver biphasic stimulation pulses with 9-bit programmable current amplitude via 16 stimulation channels. The chip was fabricated in the ONSemi C5 0.5 micron, high-voltage CMOS process and can accommodate compliance voltages up to 12 V, stimulating vestibular nerve branches using biphasic current pulses up to 1.45±0.06 mA with durations as short as 10 μs/phase. The ASIC-NI includes a dedicated digital-to-analog converter for each channel, enabling it to perform complex multipolar stimulation. The ASIC-NI replaces discrete components that cover nearly half of the 2nd generation MVP (MVP2) printed circuit board, reducing the MVP system size by 48% and power consumption by 17%. Physiological tests of the ASIC-based MVP system (MVP2A) in a rhesus monkey produced reflexive eye movement responses to prosthetic stimulation similar to those observed when using the MVP2. Sinusoidal modulation of stimulus pulse rate from 68-130 pulses per second at frequencies from 0.1 to 5 Hz elicited appropriately-directed slow phase eye velocities ranging in amplitude from 1.9-16.7 °/s for the MVP2 and 2.0-14.2 °/s for the MVP2A. The eye velocities evoked by MVP2 and MVP2A showed no significant difference ( t-test, p=0.34), suggesting that the MVP2A achieves performance at least as good as the larger MVP2.
Treatment of Poplar High-Yield Pulp with Fungal Peroxidases: From Laboratory to Pilot Scale Study (2001)

The objective of this European project (AIR3-CT94-2065) was to improve the quality of an industrial poplar high-yield pulp by introducing an treatment with a crude enzyme preparation enriched in the ligninolytic manganese peroxidases (MnP). The enzymes used in this study were produced from an hypersecretory strain of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Optimizing culture conditions and medium composition led to a production of 7200 Units/l MnP and 2100 Units/l lignin peroxidases (LiP) in a 100 liter bioreactor. Enzyme availability allowed pulp treatment from the laboratory scale up to a 100 kg pilot scale. After optimization, the treatment with crude MnP at the laboratory scale led to an energy saving of up to 25% during secondary refining with PFI mill with a slight improvement in some of the pulp properties such as tensile index, RBA index or breaking length. This effect could be attributed either to lignin modification and fibrillation of the microfibrils, as shown by chemical analysis and transmission electron microscopy. This enzymatic refining catalyzed by the crude MnP was further confirmed at a ~100 kg scale on industrial poplar alkaline-peroxide pulp.
Segment Routing with the MPLS Data Plane (2019)

Segment Routing (SR) leverages the source routing paradigm. A node
steers a packet through a controlled set of instructions, called
segments, by prepending the packet with an SR header. In the MPLS
dataplane, the SR header is instantiated through a label stack. This
document specifies the forwarding behavior to allow instantiating SR
over the MPLS dataplane.
Transfer of recombinant plasmids containing the gene for DpnII DNA methylase into strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae that produce DpnI or DpnII restriction endonucleases (1984)

Plasmid transfer via the transformation pathway of Streptococcus pneumoniae was weakly restricted by the DpnI or DpnII restriction endonuclease, either of which gave a reduction only to 0.4, compared with phage infection, which was restricted to 10(-5). The greater sensitivity of plasmid transfer compared with chromosomal transformation, which was not at all restricted, can be attributed to partially double-stranded intermediates formed from two complementary donor fragments. However, clustering of potential restriction sites in the plasmids increased the probability of escape from restriction. The recombinant plasmid pMP10 , in which the gene for the DpnII DNA methylase was cloned, can be transferred to strains that contain neither restriction enzyme or that contain DpnII as readily as can the vector pMP5 . Introduction of pMP10 raised the level of methylase by five times the level normally present in DpnII strains. Transfer of pMP10 to DpnI -containing strains was infrequent, presumably owing to the suicidal methylation of DNA which rendered it susceptible to the host endonuclease. The few clones in which pMP10 was established had lost DpnI . Loss of the plasmid after curing of the cell eliminated the methylase but did not restore DpnI . Although this loss of DpnI could result from spontaneous mutation, its relatively high frequency, 0.1% suggested that the loss was due to a regulatory shift.
Source Shape Estimation in Partially Coherent Phase Imaging with Defocused Intensity (2015)

We propose an optimization method to recover the 2D source shape for partially coherent phase recovery from intensity images taken through-focus with (Köhler) illumination. The partially coherent intensity images are modeled as a 2D convolution between the coherent intensity images and the scaled source shape. In this paper, we formulate and solve the arbitrary source shape recovery problem as an optimization procedure, discuss the efficiency of the measurements for source retrieval, and demonstrate the method in simulation.
Intelligent response system to mitigate the success likelihood of ongoing attacks (2010)

Intrusion response models and systems have been recently an active field in the security research. These systems rely on a fine diagnosis to perform and optimize their response. In particular, previous papers focus on balancing the cost of the response with the impact of the attack. In this paper, we present a novel attack response system, based on the assessment of the likelihood of success of attack objectives. First, the ongoing potential attacks are identified, and their success likelihood are calculated dynamically. The success likelihood depends mainly on the progress of the attack and the state of the monitored system. Second, candidate countermeasures are identified, and their effectiveness in reducing the pre-calculated success likelihood are assessed. Finally, the candidate countermeasures are prioritized.