gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Array of virtual Frisch-grid CZT detectors with common cathode readout and pulse-height correction (2010)

We present our new results from testing 15-mm-long virtual Frisch-grid CdZnTe detectors with a common-cathode readout for correcting pulse-height distortions. The array employs parallelepiped-shaped CdZnTe (CZT) detectors of a large geometrical aspect ratio, with two planar contacts on the top and bottom surfaces (anode and cathode) and an additional shielding electrode on the crystal's sides to create the virtual Frisch-grid effect. We optimized the geometry of the device and improved its spectral response. We found that reducing to 5 mm the length of the shielding electrode placed next to the anode had no adverse effects on the device's performance. At the same time, this allowed corrections for electron loss by reading the cathode signals to obtain depth information.
Design and fabrication of a multilayer micro-/nanofluidic device with an electrically driven nanovalve (2008)

A device containing microfluidic and nanofluidic channels was designed and fabricated to study the performance of an electrically driven nanovalve controlled by induced polarization of a ferroelectric substrate. The microfluidic component was fabricated in polydimethylsiloxane and designed to provide adequate driving pressure and flow rate for fluid flow in the nanofluidic component using only a common syringe pump. The nanofluidic component was fabricated on a glass substrate, coated with a thin film of lead-zirconium-titanate (PZT) substrate, and integrated with nanoelectrodes to induce surface polarization. The experimental concept is to use the polarizable surface of the PZT layers to control the motion of a nanovalve made of charged nanowires or biological molecules. The function of the nanovalve would be demonstrated by observing the fluid mixing behavior variation in the nanofluidic channels before and after the polarization of the PZT substrate. A successful device will prove useful for many applications including laboratory on a chip and release-on-demand drug delivery systems. This device can also be used to study the basic science of fluid flow and heat transfer at the nanoscale with the purpose of improvement in flow and heat transfer efficiency in nanoscale devices.
Proof of Principle for Electronic Collimation of a Gamma Ray Detector (2016)

Abstract : This note describes the initial development of an electronic collimation technique that uses the characteristics of the detector waveforms to infer the directionality of gamma rays. This note documents some of the key points in achieving the proof of principle of the technique, which is intended to be further developed. A gamma ray detector system utilizing electronic collimation should be far more portable and/or deployable than previous systems using conventional collimation with heavy shielding materials.
Studies of a wideband stereophonic acoustic echo canceler (2003)

In this paper a wideband stereophonic acoustic echo canceler is presented. The fundamental difficulty of stereophonic acoustic echo cancellation (SAEC) is described and an echo canceler based on a fast recursive least squares algorithm in a subband structure is proposed. This structure have been used in a real-time implementation, on which experiments have been performed. In the paper, simulation results of this implementation on real life recordings, with 8 kHz bandwidth, are studied. The results clearly verify that the theoretic fundamental problem of SAEC also applies in real-life situations. They also show that more sophisticated adaptive algorithms are needed in the lower frequency regions than in the higher regions.
An innovative approach to treatment of chronic migraine, and craniofacial neuralgia (2018)

Importance nbsp Migraine is a worldwide distributed problem New approach to chronic migraine and craniofacial neuralgia may simplify long term and curative treatment in contest to current multi drug and short term abortive measures Objective nbsp To measure the efficacy and safety of simultaneous administration of Dexamethasone Lidocaine and Thiamine to the trigeminal nerve branches as well as greater and lesser occipital nerve in chronic migraine craniofacial neuralgia Design setting and participants A single center randomized patient centered pilot study by diagnosing chronic craniofacial and migraine patients Patients with previous diagnostic medical interventions and treatment modalities age selected Patients recruited by their approach to our clinic Main outcome and measures nbsp Efficacy and safety in relief of migraine and craniofacial neuralgia by De Novo algorithm in short term and long term workforce individuals Results nbsp Our data showed that nearly Patientsresponded with complete relief after being treated with combined Dexamethasone Lidocaine and Thiamine mixture DE NOVO experienced major relief in frequency and intensity of their migraine attacks From patients treated revealed loss of work hours or went through disability for their chronic migraine headaches Conclusion and relevance nbsp Among the patients with chronic craniofacial neuralgia and migraine headaches simultaneous bilateral administration of Dexamethasone lidocaine and thiamine pat showed more effective and superior results than to the most current abortive and surgical modalities In our trial children age and adult all ages tolerated the treatment well without incident of major adverse event De Novo treatment is cost effective safe and does reduce need for multi pharmacy treatment for complicated episodic chronic migraine headache and craniofacial pain
Characteristics of a Current-Fed Inverter with Commutation Applied Through Load Neutral Point (1979)

A current-fed inverter which is commutated by an auxiliary commutating circuit acting through the load neutral point is investigated. The auxiliary commutation circuit consists of a single commutating capacitor and two auxiliary thyristors which are used to sequentially commutate the main thyristors. The properties of the inverter are considered for the case of an ac machine load, although the results are general and can be easily applied to cases where the inverter is interconnected with an ac power system. A ``voltage behind subtransient reactance'' model results in a good prediction of the inverter operating modes for either a synchronous or an induction machine. It is shown that if conventional simple-sequential gating is used, the inverter can only operate in the motoring region, while a commutation failure will result in the generating region. This negative feature is overcome by introducing a ``delayed gating'' scheme for the thyristor, which allows the peak commutating capacitor voltage to be actively controlled; thus, commutation for various inverter conditions is maintained. A scheme of parallel commutation circuits is introduced which allows the value of commutating capacitance to be actively selected as a function of load condition. While the main thyristors are subjected to approximately 50 percent more applied voltage compared to the more conventional auto-sequential type of inverter in present use, the thyristors may be rectifier grade since a substantial di/dt inductance is naturally provided by the motor leakage inductance: a fact which means that negligible snubber components are needed compared to the auto-sequential circuit.
Thermoelectric Generation Based on Spin Seebeck Effects (2016)

The spin Seebeck effect (SSE) refers to the generation of a spin current as a result of a temperature gradient in magnetic materials including insulators. The SSE is applicable to thermoelectric generation because the thermally generated spin current can be converted into a charge current via spin-orbit interaction in conductive materials adjacent to the magnets. The insulator-based SSE device exhibits unconventional characteristics potentially useful for thermoelectric applications, such as simple structure, device-design flexibility, and convenient scaling capability. In this article, we review recent studies on the SSE from the viewpoint of thermoelectric applications. Firstly, we introduce the thermoelectric generation process and measurement configuration of the SSE, followed by showing fundamental characteristics of the SSE device. Secondly, a theory of the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the SSE device is presented, which clarifies the difference between the SSE and conventional thermoelectric effects and the efficiency limit of the SSE device. Finally, we show preliminary demonstrations of the SSE in various device structures for future thermoelectric applications and discuss prospects of the SSE-based thermoelectric technologies.
Surface motion reconstruction for a DIET system (2007)

A Digital Image-based Elasto-Tomography (DIET) system for breast cancer screening has been proposed in which the elastic properties of breast tissue are recovered by solving an inverse problem on the surface motion of a breast under low frequency (50-100 Hz) mechanical actuation. The proposed means for capturing the surface motion\nof the breast in 3D is to use a stroboscope to capture images from multiple digital cameras at preselected phase angles. Photogrammetric techniques are then used to reconstruct matched point features in 3D. Since human skin lacks high contrast visual features, it is necessary to introduce artificial fiducials which can be easily extracted from digital images. The chosen fiducials are points in three different colours in differing proportions randomly applied to the skin surface. A three-dimensional signature which is invariant to locally Euclidean transformations between\nimages is defined on the points of the lowest proportion colour. The approximate local Euclidean invariance between adjacent frames enables these points to be matched using this signature. The remaining points are matched by interpolating the transformation of the matched points. The points between the two cameras are matched by\nmatching ellipses in image space. Successful results are presented for simulated image sequences and for images of a mechanically actuated viscoelastic gel phantom showing that the overall procedure is suitable for a DIET system.
Microwave Photonic Delay Line With Separate Tuning of the Optical Carrier (2009)

Significant performance improvement for photonic delay lines in microwave-photonics based on a new concept of separately tuning the optical carrier is proposed and analyzed. Optical microresonator delay lines using a balanced SCISSOR design with additional resonators to separately tune the carrier phase delay to provide a true-time-delay for the broadband microwave signal are presented. Significant improvements in broadband tunable delay and devices losses are predicted.
Abstract 3629: Theranostic imaging of metastatic prostate cancer (2011)

Abstract There is a compelling need to find effective treatments for metastatic prostate cancer. The ideal treatment would only target metastatic lesion while sparing normal tissue. Down-regulation of specific pathways using small interfering RNA (siRNA) provides unique opportunities to target cancer cells selectively while sparing normal tissue. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a type II integral membrane protein that has abundant expression on the surface of prostate carcinomas, particularly in androgen-independent, advanced and metastatic disease [1-2]. We are developing prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeted nanoplexes carrying multimodality imaging reporters together with small interfering RNA (siRNA) and a prodrug enzyme, bacterial cytosine deaminase (bCD), for theranostic imaging of metastatic prostate cancer. We have incorporated a low molecular weight PSMA binding agent in the nanoplex to target the nanoplex to prostate cancer cells [3]. Since choline kinase (Chk) is significantly upregulated in aggressive cancer cells we have used siRNA against Chk in the nanoplex. Our prototype nanoplexes are synthesized by conjugating: (i) a low molecular weight urea-based PSMA targeting moiety (2-(3-[1-carboxy-5-[7-(2,5-dioxo-pyrrolidin-1-yloxycarbonyl)-heptanoylamino]-pentyl]-ureido)-pentanedioic acid, (ii) the prodrug-activating enzyme bCD that converts nontoxic 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) to cytotoxic 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), (iii) the multimodal imaging reporter carrier poly-L-lysine (PLL) that carries [111In]DOTA for SPECT or [Gd3+]DOTA for MR, and a near-infrared fluorescent probe Cy5.5 for optical imaging, and (iv) the siRNA delivery vector: PEI (polyethyleneimine)-PEG (polythethyeneglycol) co-grafted-polymer. Imaging studies with PSMA targeted nanoplexes were performed with PC-3 human prostate cancer xenografts genetically engineered to overexpress PSMA (PC-3 PIP) in SCID mice. Non PSMA expressing PC-3 xenografts (PC-3 FLU) were used as controls. The addition of a low molecular weight PSMA targeting moiety allowed specific targeting of the nanoplex to PSMA expressing prostate cancer cells in vivo, which was further established with blocking studies. Initial studies established the ability of the nanoplex to effectively downregulate Chk and total choline and convert the nontoxic prodrug 5-FC to 5-FU. The strategies developed here can be extended, in the future, to down-regulate multi-drug resistance pathways, or repair enzymes to increase the efficiency of chemo- or radiation therapy. 1. Schulke, N., et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2003; 2. Huang, X., et al., Prostate, 2004; 3. Mease, R., et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 2008. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3629. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3629
Pass Gate Based Threshold Voltage Defined Logic Family with Resilience Against Hardware Attacks (2023)

<p>Electronic counterfeiting is a major source of concern from a security and reliability standpoint. For digital integrated circuits (ICs), reverse engineering can reveal the design and functionality of the circuit. A solution to this problem is to leverage different threshold voltage (VT) transistors which are indistinguishable in the layout. This allows for a single circuit that utilizes these transistors to be used for Boolean functions and thus makes the design not susceptible to reverse engineering. Side channel attacks derive the function of the IC while the device is in operation. This class of attacks measures and compares the variation in the performance parameters such as time delay and current consumption. The proposed pass gate-based threshold voltage defined (PG-TVD) logic family when compared to the enhanced threshold voltage defined logic families (E-TVD) reduces the average variation by almost an order of magnitude; from 7.06% down to 0.75%. The PG-TVD logic family when compared to the Threshold Voltage Defined (TVD) Logic Family reduces the area by 25%, current consumption by 24%, and time delay by 20%. </p>
Towards<i>in-vivo</i>K-edge imaging using a new semi-analytical calibration method (2014)

Flat field calibration methods are commonly used in computed tomography (CT) to correct for system imperfections. Unfortunately, they cannot be applied in energy-resolving CT when using bow-tie filters owing to spectral distortions imprinted by the filter. This work presents a novel semi-analytical calibration method for photon-counting spectral CT systems, which is applicable with a bow-tie filter in place and efficiently compensates pile-up effects at fourfold increased photon flux compared to a previously published method without degradation of image quality. The achieved reduction of the scan time enabled the first K-edge imaging in-vivo. The method employs a calibration measurement with a set of flat sheets of only a single absorber material and utilizes an analytical model to predict the expected photon counts, taking into account factors such as x-ray spectrum and detector response. From the ratios of the measured x-ray intensities and the corresponding simulated photon counts, a look-up table is generated. By use of this look-up table, measured photon-counts can be corrected yielding data in line with the analytical model. The corrected data show low pixel-to-pixel variations and pile-up effects are mitigated. Consequently, operations like material decomposition based on the same analytical model yield accurate results. The method was validated on a experimental spectral CT system equipped with a bow-tie filter in a phantom experiment and an in-vivo animal study. The level of artifacts in the resulting images is considerably lower than in images generated with a previously published method. First in-vivo K-edge images of a rabbit selectively depict vessel occlusion by an ytterbium-based thermoresponsive polymer.
Automatic detection of the optic cup using vessel kinking in digital retinal fundus images (2012)

Detection of the optic cup, which is an excavation in the optic disc, is an essential step in glaucoma assessment. In digital fundus photography, which captures 2D images of the retina, identification of the optic cup can be challenging. Kinks are bendings of vessels as they traverse the optic cup boundary, and are used clinically to determine the location of the optic cup. In this paper, we propose a method to automatically detect the optic cup boundary through the use of kinks. Patches are extracted within the optic disc, from which segment-based wavelet, edge and color features are generated for vessel candidates. A SVM technique is subsequently used to classify these candidates. To detect and localize kinking, a shifting multi-scale window interval is used to probe along the vessels. The obtained kinks are combined with pallor-based information to determine the optic cup. Experiments on a sample set of data show promising results for the proposed method, close to variability between the reference and a `second observer' segmentations.
Identification of a Disulfide Isomerase Protein of<i>Leishmania major</i>as a Putative Virulence Factor (2002)

Several approaches have been previously used to elucidate the genetic basis of Leishmania virulence. In general, they were based on laboratory Leishmania clones genetically modified or grown in the presence of selecting agents. In a previous study, we demonstrated that Leishmania major freshly isolated from human cutaneous lesions showed significant differences in the severity of the experimental disease induced in BALB/c mice. Here, using the mRNA differential display technique, we analyzed gene expression in L. major promastigotes showing different levels of virulence. We have identified a novel Leishmania gene encoding a 477-amino-acid protein exhibiting two distinct regions that are identical to the putative active-site sequence (CGHC) of the eukaryotic protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). The recombinant protein displayed a specific PDI enzymatic activity. This L. major disulfide isomerase protein (LmPDI) is predominantly expressed, at both the mRNA and protein levels, in highly virulent strains. Specific PDI inhibitors abolished the enzymatic activity of the recombinant protein and profoundly affected parasite growth. These findings suggest that LmPDI may play an important role in Leishmania natural pathogenicity and may constitute a new target for anti-Leishmania chemotherapy.
Distributed fibre optics polarimetric chemical sensor (2006)

A new distributed fibre optic chemical sensor based on evanescent wave polarimetric interferometry is proposed with the underlying objective to apply the technology to gas chromatography. It allows real-time monitoring of the displacement of a chemical substance along a capillary. Theoretical analysis, modelling and fabrication of a special fibre containing an off-axis capillary is presented. Proof of the principle is experimentally demonstrated with liquid droplets.
Polymerization of cyclic monomers, 3. Synthesis, radical and cationic polymerization of bicyclic 2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepanes (1997)

Abstract New bicyclic 2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepanes, were synthesized starting from 2‐bromomethyl‐5,6‐dihydroxy‐1,3‐dioxepanes. The structure of the 2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepanes was confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. Radical polymerization of 2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepanes in bulk with 2,2′‐azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and di‐ tert ‐butyl peroxide (DtBPO), respectively, gives highly viscous polymers. The polymerization of liquid monomers is accompanied by negative volume changes. The spectroscopic investigations of the formed polymers show that 2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepanes undergo primarily radical ring‐opening polymerization, whereas the cationic photopolymerization is mainly a vinyl polymerization.
Gangliosides and β1-Integrin Are Required for Caveolae and Membrane Domains (2009)

Caveolae are plasma membrane domains involved in the uptake of certain pathogens and toxins. Internalization of some cell surface integrins occurs via caveolae suggesting caveolae may play a crucial role in modulating integrin-mediated adhesion and cell migration. Here we demonstrate a critical role for gangliosides (sialo-glycosphingolipids) in regulating caveolar endocytosis in human skin fibroblasts. Pretreatment of cells with endoglycoceramidase (cleaves glycosphingolipids) or sialidase (modifies cell surface gangliosides and glycoproteins) selectively inhibited caveolar endocytosis by >70%, inhibited the formation of plasma membrane domains enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol ('lipid rafts'), reduced caveolae and caveolin-1 at the plasma membrane by approximately 80%, and blunted activation of beta1-integrin, a protein required for caveolar endocytosis in these cells. These effects could be reversed by a brief incubation with gangliosides (but not with asialo-gangliosides or other sphingolipids) at 10 degrees C, suggesting that sialo-lipids are critical in supporting caveolar endocytosis. Endoglycoceramidase treatment also caused a redistribution of focal adhesion kinase, paxillin, talin, and PIP Kinase Igamma away from focal adhesions. The effects of sialidase or endoglycoceramidase on membrane domains and the distribution of caveolin-1 could be recapitulated by beta1-integrin knockdown. These results suggest that both gangliosides and beta1-integrin are required for maintenance of caveolae and plasma membrane domains.
Transparent and Homogenous Cellulose Nanocrystal/Lignin UV-Protection Films (2018)

In the context of valorization of lignin produced from the pulp and paper industries, biodegradable UV-protection films were prepared using lignin and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Initially, CNC films were optimized for improving their transparency by studying the effect of various sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentrations. Maximum (%) transmittance of CNC film was obtained for NaOH addition between 3 and 4 wt %. The optimized CNC suspensions were used for incorporating alkaline lignin (AL) and softwood kraft lignin (SKL) in various concentrations (1-10 wt %). Morphological characterization showed homogeneity of the lignin distribution in CNC/lignin films. Complete UV blocking was achieved at 10 wt % lignin (AL or SKL) in CNC films. Cross-polarized optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopic images of films showed some degrees of global alignment of CNC rods upon addition of NaOH, which remained unaffected by lignin addition. Lignin modification through acetylation reduced the lignin color and improved visible light transmission of films without significantly affecting the UV-absorption properties. Presence of lignin also enhanced the thermal and contact angle stability of the films. This work shows for the first time that CNC aqueous suspensions with and without containing lignin could be tuned through the addition of NaOH to produce transparent and homogenous films, providing a simple and green approach in engineering CNC/lignin UV-protection films.