gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flight Deck Interval Management Delegated Separation Using Equivalent Visual Operations (2012)

The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) concept termed, “Equivalent Visual Operations” (EVO) represents a fundamentally different operational approach to current issues confronting commercial aviation. Synthetic and enhanced flight vision system (S/EVS) technologies are critical enabling technologies to EVO. Research was conducted that evaluated concepts for flight-deck-based interval management operations, integrated with S/EVS. One of the concepts tested involves delegated flight-deck-based separation, in which the flight crews were paired with another aircraft and responsible for spacing and maintaining separation from the paired aircraft termed “equivalent visual separation.” The operation required the flight crews to acquire and maintain an “equivalent visual contact” as well as to conduct manual landings in low-visibility conditions utilizing S/EVS and other flight deck technologies. The article describes results that evaluated the concept of EVO delegated separation, including an off-nominal scenario in which the lead aircraft was not able to conform to the assigned spacing resulting in a loss of separation. The results demonstrated that delegated separation improved flight deck situation awareness without an increase in mental workload. Implications for NextGen and future research directions are described.
GaAs pillar array-based light emitting diodes fabricated by metal-assisted chemical etching (2013)

We demonstrate GaAs pillar array-based light emitting diodes (LEDs) with axial p-i-n junctions fabricated using a room-temperature metal-assisted chemical etching (MacEtch) method. Variations in vertical etch rates for all three doping types of GaAs are investigated as a function of etching temperature, oxidant/acid concentration ratio, and dilution of the etching solution. Control over nanopillar morphologies is demonstrated, simply through modification of the etching conditions. Optical emission enhancement from the MacEtched p-i-n GaAs nanopillar LED is observed, relative to the non-etched planar counterpart, through room-temperature photoluminescence and electroluminescence characterization.
Reducing Breakdown Pressure of Tight Reservoirs Via in-Situ Pulses: Impact of Mineralogy (2019)

Abstract Industrial growth increases the demand for natural gas worldwide, which is considered as one of the cleanest types of fossil fuels and most reliable energy source (BP, 2013). Unconventional gas represent a giant resource of natural gas, however, requires massive fracturing. One of the challenging problem that operators face is the high breakdown pressure for deep and tight reservoirs. Several lost potentials are recorded worldwide due to high breakdown pressure that exceeds pumping limitations or completion rating. Several attempts were tried to reduce the breakdown pressure by cyclic fracturing, low viscosity fracturing fluid, perforations and high pressurization rate. However, even with the existing techniques, still high breakdown pressure present a persistent challenge. Increasing the injection rate of the fluid into the rock corresponded to a lowering of the breakdown pressure. The higher injection rate allows more fluid to enter the shale porosity thus transmitting the injection pressure to more points within the shale formation, which reduces the breakdown pressure. The developed methodology reduces breakdown pressure and enables fracking high stress rocks by increasing the injectivity prior to fracturing. Thermochemical will be injected to create microfractures, improve permeability, and reduce young's modulus of tight reservoirs prior to fracking. By creating microfractures and improving injectivity, the required breakdown pressure will be reduced, and fracturing will be enabled. Moreover, experimental results showed that thermochemical treatment reduces young's modulus of the rock, thus reducing rock stiffness.
Prognosis in post-infective irritable bowel syndrome: a six year follow up study (2002)

PI-IBS differs from non-infective IBS by having more diarrhoeal features. Less than half of both PI-IBS and non-infective IBS cases recover over six years. A history of anxiety and depression severe enough to warrant treatment may impair recovery but larger numbers are needed to prove this.
Dendritic Cell-Based Adjuvant Vaccination Targeting Wilms’ Tumor 1 in Patients with Advanced Colorectal Cancer (2015)

Despite significant recent advances in the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer involving metastasis to distant organs remains challenging. We conducted a phase I study to investigate the safety and immunogenicity of Wilms' tumor (WT1) class I/II peptides-pulsed dendritic cell DC vaccination for patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Standard treatment comprising surgical resection and chemotherapy was followed by one course of seven biweekly administrations of 1-2 × 10⁷ DCs with 1-2 KE of OK-432 (streptococcal preparation) in three patients. Clinical efficacy was confirmed based on WT1 expression using immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded tissues and immune monitoring using tetramer analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assays. WT1 expression with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-class I molecules was detected in surgical resected tissues. Adverse reactions to DC vaccinations were tolerable under an adjuvant setting. WT1-specific cytotoxic T cells were detected by both modified WT1-peptide/HLA-A*24:02 tetramer analysis and/or interferon-γ-producing cells through the use of ELISPOT assays after the first DC vaccination. Immunity acquired from DC vaccination persisted for two years with prolonged disease-free and overall survival. The present study indicated that DC vaccination targeting WT1 demonstrated the safety and immunogenicity as an adjuvant therapy in patients with resectable advanced colorectal cancer.
Efficient Implementation of Hyperspectral Anomaly Detection Techniques on GPUs and Multicore Processors (2014)

Anomaly detection is an important task for hyperspectral data exploitation. Although many algorithms have been developed for this purpose in recent years, due to the large dimensionality of hyperspectral image data, fast anomaly detection remains a challenging task. In this work, we exploit the computational power of commodity graphics processing units (GPUs) and multicore processors to obtain implementations of a well-known anomaly detection algorithm developed by Reed and Xiaoli (RX algorithm), and a local (LRX) variant, which basically consists in applying the same concept to a local sliding window centered around each image pixel. LRX has been shown to be more accurate to detect small anomalies but computationally more expensive than RX. Our interest is focused on improving the computational aspects, not only through efficient parallel implementations, but also by analyzing the mathematical issues of the method and adopting computationally inexpensive solvers. Futhermore, we also assess the energy consumption of the newly developed parallel implementations, which is very important in practice. Our optimizations (based on software and hardware techniques) result in a significant reduction of execution time and energy consumption, which are keys to increase the practical interest of the considered algorithms. Indeed, for RX, the runtime obtained is less than the data acquisition time when real hyperspectral images are used. Our experimental results also indicate that the proposed optimizations and the parallelization techniques can significantly improve the general performance of the RX and LRX algorithms while retaining their anomaly detection accuracy.
Air Traffic Control Interface for Creating 4D Inbound Trajectories (2011)

It is to be expected that the task of an air traffic controller will change with the introduction of 4D (space and time) trajectories for aircraft. To support this new work, an interface for the manipulation of 4D trajectories has been created. The interface uses a time-space diagram – which shows progress of the aircraft along its planned track, in which conflict zones for conflict with other aircraft are presented, and a vertical path display, which presents the altitude along the planned track. In combination with a traditional plan-view display, and additional elements and tools in the displays to create a visual link between the paths displayed in the three displays, the interface enables the modification of a 4D planned trajectory for inbound aircraft. An experiment has been performed with a PC-based simulation. Two variants were tested, one in which the aircraft could only be controlled in the current sector, and one in which the speed (but not the path) of aircraft could be modified some time before these aircraft entered the sector; a practice expected to produce improvement of efficiency in small sectors. The results validate that the enhanced interface can be used to manage the air traffic safely and efficiently. It was also shown that the ability to manipulate the speed of an aircraft in the adjacent sector can significantly increase situation awareness and reduce controller workload.
Simplifying Western Water Rights to Facilitate Water Marketing (2003)

Water reallocation is one of the more contentious issues in the West today. Even though many people resist change, reallocation is a reality that must be faced. Increased urban water demands and environmental requirements have created a need to re-examine the ways we currently use water. To accommodate this need, Western water law has been in transition (Wilkinson 1985). However, the transition has not always been smooth, and reallocation has not always been the focus of reform. As a result, finding an equitable and efficient means for reallocation has become a critical issue. If they can be improved, water markets may offer a solution. Much of the current water use in the West has been static for the past century. With over 80 percent of all water being used for agricultural purposes, irrigation dominates. Nevertheless, reallocation will substantially change the location and manner of water use, thus altering the West’s water use map. In addition, the simplification of the reallocation process via improvements in water market will likely facilitate similar changes. Clearly, the geographic consequences of reallocation will be substantial. A few years ago a project was funded to examine reallocating water in response to global climate change. Water markets were the study’s focus. The project’s premise was that water markets could be improved if better scientific models were made available. Currently, water markets are constrained by uncertain user and environmental impacts resulting from market transactions that require changing the place and nature of water use. According to the premise, better scientific models (i.e. those based on geographic information systems) would provide a more accurate quantification of the impacts and therefore reduce this uncertainty (Matthews et al. 2001). This premise still has merit, but another perhaps better way to reduce market constraints exists. In short, the property rights that define the limits of water use need to be simplified so that better scientific models will not be needed. Accordingly, this article initially examines the nature of water rights, the need for water markets, and the nature of the market constraints. It then makes recommendations on how those constraints can be removed and examines the feasibility of doing so.
Human Monoclonal Antibodies (2013)

The introduction of monoclonal antibodies revolutionized immunology. The development of human monoclonal antibodies was inspired primarily by the enormous clinical benefits promised by these reagents
Reducing Non-Productive Time Through the Use of Solid Expandable Tubulars: How to Beat the Curve Through Pre-Planning (2004)

Abstract Solid expandable tubular technology was commercially introduced to the oil and gas industry over four years ago. With more than 250 wells having been completed using solid expandable tubulars, this technology has made the transition from novel concept to accepted downhole application. As the oil and gas industry continues to push into deeper water, and the cost of wells increases, it is imperative that every effort be made to drill wells to depth as quickly and efficiently as possible. An obvious challenge for all operators to overcome is to reduce or eliminate flat time on the drilling curve. This paper will explore how the application of solid expandable tubulars enables drillers to reduce both the flat time on a drilling curve and steepen the angle of the curve. The result of this synthesis will enable the operator to reach total depth (TD) in less time. A probabilistic approach will be used to demonstrate the value of expandables. This paper presents case studies where solid expandable tubulars have reduced or eliminated flat time on the drilling curve and show how the technology has enabled faster drilling of wells. Decision analysis will be used to demonstrate how solid expandable tubular technology can be deployed to reduce costs significantly when an operator faces a myriad of well problems. Through the use of expandables, operators have shown that many technical challenges can be overcome in a cost effective manner. Solid expandable tubulars have enabled a step change in how wells are drilled. This paper addresses several ways in which those changes have occurred and how the technology continues to move forward. Introduction Operators are all too familiar with the flat time on the drilling curve that occurs on drilling projects due to changing bits, setting casing strings, fighting lost returns, and so on. A certain amount of flat time can be expected, of course, but non-productive time can be controlled and reduced if an operator does a thorough job of pre-planning, especially in instances where unfavorable formations are likely to be encountered. Based on the experience of various operators in different drilling environments, planning in the use of solid expandable tubulars can be a key to reducing flat time. The Drilling Curve The drilling curve has been around for years. When wells are in the Authority for Expenditure (AFE) generation stage, the curve is in its ideal form, steep with few horizontal lines, all of which are necessary products of the drilling process; rigging up, installing blowout preventers, running casing, cementing, etc. As the actual drilling of the well progresses, in many cases the actual curve starts to diverge from the ideal, with the slope of the curve flattening. As the curve flattens, actual cost of the well versus the AFE starts to diverge as well. In many cases this flattening of the curve is a direct result of fighting mud losses, stuck pipe, or any of a myriad of other issues that prevent rigs from making hole.
Targeted deletion of CX3CR1 reveals a role for fractalkine in cardiac allograft rejection (2001)

Fractalkine (Fk) is a structurally unusual member of the chemokine family. To determine its role in vivo, we generated mice with a targeted disruption of CX3CR1, the receptor for Fk. CX3CR1–/– mice were phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type mice in a pathogen-free environment. In response to antibody-induced glomerulonephritis, CX3CR1–/– and CX3CR1+/+ mice had similar levels of proteinuria and injury. CX3CR1–/– and CX3CR1+/+ mice also developed similar levels of disease in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We performed heterotopic MHC class I/II cardiac transplants from BALB/c mice into C57BL/6 mice. In the absence of cyclosporin A (CsA), there was no difference in graft survival time between CX3CR1–/– and CX3CR1+/+ recipient mice. However, in the presence of subtherapeutic levels of CsA, graft survival time was significantly increased in the CX3CR1–/– mice. Characterization of cells infiltrating the grafts revealed a selective reduction in natural killer cells in the CX3CR1–/– recipients in the absence of CsA and a reduction in macrophages, natural killer cells, and other leukocytes in the presence of CsA. We conclude that Fk plays an important role in graft rejection. The development of CX3CR1 antagonists may allow reductions in the doses of immunosuppressive drugs used in transplantation.
Expression and Function of Chemokine Receptors on Human Thymocytes: Implications for Infection by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (2001)

The presence or absence of the receptor CD4 and the coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 restrict the cell tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Despite the importance of thymic infection by HIV-1, conflicting reports regarding the expression of HIV-1 coreceptors on human thymocytes have not been resolved. We assayed the expression and function of the major HIV-1 coreceptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, as well as CCR4 and CCR7 as controls, on human thymocytes. We detected CCR5 on 2.5% of thymocytes, CXCR4 on 53% of the cells, and CCR4 on 16% and CCR7 on 11% of human thymocytes. Moreover, infection by R5 HIV-1 did not significantly induce expression of CCR5. We found that two widely used anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibodies cross-reacted with CCR8, which may account for discrepancies among published reports of CCR5 expression on primary cells. This cross-reactivity could be eliminated by deletion of amino acids 2 through 4 of CCR8. Chemotaxis assays showed that SDF-1, which binds CXCR4; MDC, which binds CCR4; and ELC, which binds CCR7, mediated significant chemotaxis of thymocytes. In contrast, MIP-1beta, whose receptor is CCR5, did not induce significant chemotaxis. Our results indicate that CXCR4, CCR4, CCR7, and their chemokine ligands may be involved in thymocyte migration during development in the thymus. CCR5 and its ligands, however, are likely not involved in these processes. Furthermore, the pattern of CCR5 and CXCR4 expression that we found may explain the greater susceptibility of human thymocytes to infection by HIV-1 isolates capable of using CXCR4 in cell entry compared to those that use only CCR5.
A reconfigurable low-noise dynamic comparator with offset calibration in 90nm CMOS (2011)

This paper presents a reconfigurable, low offset, low noise and high speed dynamic clocked-comparator for medium to high resolution Analog to Digital Converters (ADCs). The proposed comparator reduces the input referred noise by half and shows a better output driving capability when compared with the previous work. The offset, noise and power consumption can be controlled by a clock delay which allows simple reconfiguration. Moreover, the proposed offset calibration technique improves the offset voltage from 11.6mV to 533μV at 1 sigma. A prototype of the comparator is implemented in 90nm 1P8M CMOS with experimental results showing 320μV input referred noise at 1.5GHz with 1.2V supply.
Carnoy's solution fixation with compression significantly increases the number of lymph nodes yielded from colorectal cancer specimens (2019)

This study demonstrated that Carnoy's fixation with compression can significantly increase lymph node yields in colorectal cancer specimens and allow for a higher rate of adequate lymph node sampling.
A 5.6Gb/s 2.4mW/Gb/s bidirectional link with 8ns power-on (2011)

A fast power-on low-power signaling system was developed and fabricated in TSMC's 40nm LP process. The system uses matched source-synchronous clocking (MSSC), fast power-on bias, a rapid turn-on 4× multiplying ILO, and CML clock distribution to achieve 2.5-5.6Gb/s/lane and 8ns turn on at 2.4mW/Gb/s per link across a 6-lane parallel interface. First-edge clock jitter is minimized by using matching equalizers in the clock and data paths. PSN is reduced by using a staggered bias turn-on.
Recognition of Free-Form Objects in Complex Scenes Using DGI-BS Models (2006)

Object recognition in 3D scenes with occlusion means identifying an incomplete and unknown object, which is arbitrarily posed, in an object database. This hard computer vision problem is solved in this paper through a new 3D shape representation called depth gradient image based on silhouette (DGI-BS). DGI-BS can be used to obtain a complete model as well as a partial model of an object. This property allows us to use it in complex scenes where incomplete surfaces of objects are available. The complete DGI-BS version synthesizes surface information (through depth image) and shape information (through contour) of the whole object in a single image smaller than 1 mega pixel. Object recognition is carried out by means of a simple matching algorithm in the DGI-BS space which yields a correspondence point-to-point between scene and model. This method has been successfully tested in real scenes with no special restrictions using range sensors.
Selection of Transgenic Potato Plants Expressing Both CuZnSOD and APX in Chloroplasts with Enhanced Tolerance to Oxidative Stress (2004)

In order to develop transgenic potato plants with enhanced tolerance to multiple stress, we constructed the transformation vector expressing both superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase genes in chloroplasts under the control of a stress-inducible SWPA2 promoter. Transgenic potato plants (cv. Superior and Atlantic) were generated using an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. Transgenic potato plants were regenerated on MS medium containing 100mg/L kanamycin. Genomic Southern blot analysis confirmed the incorporation of foreign genes into the potato genome. When potato leaf discs were subjected to methyl viologen (MV) at 10 M, transgenic plants showed higher tolerance than non-transgenic or vector-transformed plants. To further study we selected the transgenic plant lines with enhanced tolerance against MV. These plants will be used for further analysis of stress-tolerance to multiple environmental stresses.
Skeletal muscle sodium current is reduced in hypokalemic periodic paralysis (2000)

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP), described a recent issue of PNAS by Jurkat-Rott and colleagues (1), has great scientific and clinical interest because its pathophysiology touches on several important properties of skeletal muscle. Besides providing the force for movement, skeletal muscle is an electrically excitable tissue and an important endocrine target organ as the largest protein store for humans (2). Jurkat-Rott et al. (1) defined some of the abnormalities in surface membrane ionic currents that are responsible for the phenotype of HypoPP. HypoPP is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by episodic attacks of muscle paralysis usually associated with hypokalemia. Paralysis is caused by membrane depolarization triggering sodium channel inactivation, which renders the membrane inexcitable (3–5). Membrane hyperexcitability, such as myotonia, is never associated with HypoPP. Insulin administration may trigger a paralytic attack without appreciable hypokalemia (3–5). The first recognized linkage of HypoPP was to chromosome 1Q31–32 (6–8). The defective gene (CACNA1S) encodes a skeletal muscle dihydropyridine-sensitive or L-type calcium channel. Two mutations have been described in segment 4 of domain 2 (D2/S4, Arg-528→His) and D4/S4 (Arg-1239→His) of the α-subunit of the skeletal muscle L-type calcium channel. A third less common mutation also involves D4/S4 (Arg-1239→Gly) (5, 7, 9, 10). Two recent studies demonstrated that point mutations in the SCN4A gene affecting D2/S4 of the α-subunit of the mature innervated and tetrodotoxin-sensitive isoform of the skeletal muscle sodium channel can produce the phenotype of HypoPP. Bulman et al. (11) described one family with an Arg-669→His mutation. In this issue, Jurkat-Rott et al. (1) described five families, each of which had one of two mutations Arg-672→His or Arg-672→Gly.