gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationship between gross motor function classification system and gestational week as well as low birth weight in children with cerebral palsy (2015)

Objective
To investigate the relationship between gross motor function classification and gestational week as well as low birth weight in children with cerebral palsy.


Methods
From March to April 2013, a total of 333 children with cerebral palsy aged 2-12 years old in Chengdu were selected into this study, and their gross motor function classification were measured by gross motor function classification system (GMFCS, Chinese edition). Data about children's gestational age and birth weight were collected. Relationship of gross motor function classfication between gestational age and birth weight were analyzed by statistical method. The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Board of Investigation in Human Being of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University. Informed consent was obtained from the parent of each participating child.


Results
Among 333 cases with cerebral palsy, mild cerebral palsy (GMFCS Ⅰ-Ⅱ grade), moderate cerebral palsy (GMFCS Ⅲ grade) and severe cerebral palsy (GMFCS Ⅲ-Ⅴ grade) were 149 cases, 82 cases and 102 cases, respectively. There were no significant differences among the gross motor function classifications of children with cerebral palsy in different ages (χ2= 4.906, P>0.50). Among the 185 cases (55%) of preterm children (gestational age <36 weeks) with cerebral palsy, 74 cases were mild cerebral palsy (GMFCS Ⅰ-Ⅱ grade), 111 cases were moderate and severe cerebral palsy (GMFCS Ⅲ-Ⅴ grade); and among the 150 cases (46%) of low birth weight (<2 500 g)children with cerebral palsy, 58 cases were mild cerebral palsy (GMFCS Ⅰ-Ⅱ grade), 92 cases were moderate and severe cerebral palsy (GMFCS Ⅲ-Ⅴ grade). The shorter the gestational weeks is, and the lower the birth weight is, the more GMFCS Ⅲ-Ⅴ grade were, and there were significant differences (χ2=13.833, 16.276; P=0.032, <0.05).


Conclusions
There is correlation between gross motor function classfication and gestational week as well as low birth weight in children with cerebral palsy. The gestational week and low birth weight can be used to predict the damage severity of the gross motor function of children with cerebral palsy.


Key words: 
Cerebral palsy; Gross motor function classification system; Gestational age; Birth weight; Child
JLK isocoumarin inhibitors: Selective γ‐secretase inhibitors that do not interfere with notch pathway in vitro or in vivo (2003)

gamma-Secretase activity is involved in the generation of Abeta and therefore likely contributes to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Blocking this activity was seen as a major therapeutic target to slow down or arrest Abeta-related AD progression. This strategy seemed more doubtful when it was established that gamma-secretase also targets other substrates including Notch, a particularly important transmembrane protein involved in vital functions, at both embryonic and adulthood stages. We have described previously new non-peptidic inhibitors able to selectively inhibit Abeta cellular production in vitro without altering Notch pathway. We show here that in vivo, these inhibitors do not alter the Notch pathway responsible for somitogenesis in the zebrafish embryo. In addition, we document further the selectivity of JLK inhibitors by showing that, unlike other described gamma-secretase inhibitors, these agents do not affect E-cadherin processing. Finally, we establish that JLKs do not inhibit beta-site APP cleaving enzymes (BACE) 1 and BACE2, alpha-secretase, the proteasome, and GSK3beta kinase. Altogether, JLK inhibitors are the sole agents to date that are able to prevent Abeta production without triggering unwanted cleavages of other proteins.
Ion-neutral complexes resulting from dissociative protonation: Fragmentation of <i>α</i>-furanylmethyl benzyl ethers and 4-<i>N,N</i>-dimethylbenzyl benzyl ethers (2009)

The loss of CH(2)O during mass spectrometry in two series of alpha-aromaticmethyl benzyl ether compounds, namely, alpha-furanylmethyl p-substituted-benzyl ethers and 4-N,N-dimethylbenzyl p-substituted-benzyl ethers, is particularly interesting. The fragmentation mechanism is proposed to involve an ion-neutral complex-mediated pathway. Specifically, before the formation of an ion-neutral intermediate, the proton is transferred from the thermodynamically favored site at either the ether oxygen atom or the nitrogen atom to the dissociative protonation site at C(alpha) position in either the furyl group or the 4-N,N-dimethylphenyl group. This transfer has been clarified via computational studies and isotopically labeled experiments. In addition, the decomposition of the intermediate may be affected by the substituent groups on the phenyl ring. This conclusion is indicated by the reasonably good correlation between ln[([M + H - CH(2)O](+))/([M + H - CH(2)O - C(6)H(5)R](+))] and the substituent constants.
Distinct Functional Domains of TGF-β Bind Receptors on Endothelial Cells (1999)

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a multi-functional regulator of cell growth and differentiation. Three distinct isoforms of TGF-β exist having similar, but not identical actions. TGF-β1, but not TGF-β2, binds to TβRII and also to endoglin, a cell surface protein abundant on endothelial cells. In contrast, the affinity constant of TGF-β2 for α2-macro-globulin is 10-fold greater than that of TGF-β1. TGF-β2 also binds better than TGF-01 to a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked binding protein expressed on vascular endothelial cells. Using chimeric TGF-β molecules, in which selected regions of TGF-β1 have been exchanged for the corresponding region of TGF-β2, we demonstrate here that amino acids 92–95 or 94–98 of TGF-β determine isoform specific binding to endoglin. In contrast, exchange of only amino acids 95 and 98 did not alter TGF-β specificity. Isoform specific binding to a GPI-linked protein on EJG endothelial cells was modulated by a region containing amino acids 40-68, although exchange of only amino acids 40-47 did not confer isoform specific binding. Significantly, the 92-98 region also modulates binding of TGF-β to the type II receptor whereas isoform specific binding to α2-macroglobulin requires concerted exchange of amino acids 45 and 47. Taken together, these results show that at least three different functional domains are important modulators of TGF-β interaction with binding proteins and receptors.
Mixed-membership of experts stochastic blockmodel (2015)

Abstract Social network analysis is the study of how links between a set of actors are formed. Typically, it is believed that links are formed in a structured manner, which may be due to, for example, political or material incentives, and which often may not be directly observable. The stochastic blockmodel represents this structure using latent groups which exhibit different connective properties, so that conditional on the group membership of two actors, the probability of a link being formed between them is represented by a connectivity matrix. The mixed membership stochastic blockmodel extends this model to allow actors membership to different groups, depending on the interaction in question, providing further flexibility. Attribute information can also play an important role in explaining network formation. Network models which do not explicitly incorporate covariate information require the analyst to compare fitted network models to additional attributes in a post-hoc manner. We introduce the mixed membership of experts stochastic blockmodel, an extension to the mixed membership stochastic blockmodel which incorporates covariate actor information into the existing model. The method is illustrated with application to the Lazega Lawyers dataset. Model and variable selection methods are also discussed.
A Unidirectional Cylindrical Conformal Monopole Antenna Designed for Impulse Radar System (2011)

A compact unidirectional cylindrical conformal monopole antenna with 40 mm diameter and 25 mm height is designed for an impulse radar system. The antenna is employed for radiating Gaussian monocycle with peak-peak width of 300 ps. Impedance loaded is adopted to achieve ultrawideband (UWB) impedance matching and unidirectional radiation. Simulations with CST Microwave Studio (CST MWS) and experiments have been conducted to assist with the characterization of the antenna. Simulation results and experimental data showed to be in good agreement. The impedance bandwidth is 0.67-2.15 GHz for <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> ≤ -10 dB and covers the main range of the pulse spectrum. The front-to-back ratio of the amplitude of the received signal reaches about 3.5:1.
Nonlinear Carrier Interactions in Lead Halide Perovskites and the Role of Defects (2016)

The simple solution processability at room temperature exposes lead halide perovskite semiconductors to a non-negligible level of unintentional structural and chemical defects. Ascertained that their primary optoelectronic properties meet the requirement for high efficiency optoelectronic technologies, a lack of knowledge about the nature of defects and their role in the device operation currently is a major challenge for their market-scale application due to the issues with stability and reliability. Here, we use excitation correlation photoluminescence (ECPL) spectroscopy to investigate the recombination dynamics of the photogenerated carriers in lead bromide perovskites and quantitatively describe the carrier trapping dynamics within a generalization of the Shockley-Read-Hall formalism. The superior sensitivity of our spectroscopic tool to the many-body interactions enables us to identify the energetics of the defects. In fact, in the case of polycrystalline films, depending on the synthetic route, we demonstrate the presence of both deep and shallow carrier traps. The shallow defects, which are situated at about 20 meV below the conduction band, dope the semiconductor, leading to a substantial enhancement of the photoluminescence quantum yield despite carrier trapping. At excitation densities relevant for lasing, we observe breakdown of the rate-equation model, indicating a buildup of a highly correlated regime of the photocarrier population that suppresses the nonradiative Auger recombination. Furthermore, we demonstrate that colloidal nanocrystals represent virtually defect-free systems, suffering from nonradiative quenching only due to subpicosecond Auger-like interactions at high excitation density. By correlating the fabrication conditions to the nonradiative loss channels, this work provides guidelines for material engineering towards superior optoelectronic devices.
Pitch-based carbon foam heat sink with phase change material (2023)

A process for producing a carbon foam heat sink is disclosed which obviates the need for conventional oxidative stabilization. The process employs mesophase or isotropic pitch and a simplified process using a single mold. The foam has a relatively uniform distribution of pore sizes and a highly aligned graphic structure in the struts. The foam material can be made into a composite which is useful in high temperature sandwich panels for both thermal and structural applications. The foam is encased and filled with a phase change material to provide a very efficient heat sink device.
Detection of fetal cells in transcervical samples and prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities (1995)

Transcervical samples collected by lavage, aspiration, and cytobrush from women between 6 and 13 weeks of gestation were tested for the presence of fetal cells using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with probes for chromosomes X, Y, 1, and 21, and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of DNA sequences derived from chromosomes X, Y, and 21. With a few exceptions, a good correlation was observed between the results of sexing the fetuses using FISH or PCR on transcervical cell (TCC) samples retrieved by lavage and those obtained by testing fetal (placental) tissue. In a comparative study between TCC samples collected by lavage or cytobrush, the sex of the fetus was correctly diagnosed by PCR amplification of a Y-derived DNA sequence. Variable results were observed with samples obtained by aspiration, mainly because this procedure was found to be more prone to failure to remove thick mucus without previous injection of physiological saline. Chromosome 21-derived small tandem repeats (STRs) of fetal origin were successfully detected in about 40 per cent of TCC samples recovered by lavage. Two cases of chromosomal abnormalities, one of trisomy 21 and one of triploidy, were detected in TCC samples in the course of our investigations.
Revealing Optical Properties of Reduced‐Dimensionality Materials at Relevant Length Scales (2015)

Reduced-dimensionality materials for photonic and optoelectronic applications including energy conversion, solid-state lighting, sensing, and information technology are undergoing rapid development. The search for novel materials based on reduced-dimensionality is driven by new physics. Understanding and optimizing material properties requires characterization at the relevant length scale, which is often below the diffraction limit. Three important material systems are chosen for review here, all of which are under investigation at the Molecular Foundry, to illustrate the current state of the art in nanoscale optical characterization: 2D semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides; 1D semiconducting nanowires; and energy-transfer in assemblies of 0D semiconducting nanocrystals. For each system, the key optical properties, the principal experimental techniques, and important recent results are discussed. Applications and new developments in near-field optical microscopy and spectroscopy, scanning probe microscopy, and cathodoluminescence in the electron microscope are given detailed attention. Work done at the Molecular Foundry is placed in context within the fields under review. A discussion of emerging opportunities and directions for the future closes the review.
Techniques for Frequency Synthesizer-Based Transmitters. (2015)

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are poised to be the largest market for the semiconductor industry. At the heart of a wireless IoT module is the radio and integral to any radio is the transmitter. Transmitters with low power consumption and small area are crucial to the ubiquity of IoT devices. The fairly simple modulation schemes used in IoT systems makes frequency synthesizer-based (also known as PLL-based) transmitters an ideal candidate for these devices. Because of the reduced number of analog blocks and the simple architecture, PLL-based transmitters lend themselves nicely to the highly integrated, low voltage nanometer digital CMOS processes of today. This thesis outlines techniques that not only reduce the power consumption and area, but also significantly improve the performance of PLL-based transmitters.
Lysozyme: A model enzyme in protein crystallography (1996)

The review concentrates on the crystal structure results from several protein crystallography laboratories on three different lysozymes, the type-c lysozymes such as hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL), the type-g lysozyme, such as goose egg-white lysozyme (GEWL), and the lysozyme from T4 bacteriophage (T4L). The crystallographic studies on HEWL in several different crystal forms have shown that the lysozyme molecule is relatively rigid with the residues of the active site Glu35 and Asp52 adopting almost identical conformations in all structures and species variants. The NMR results also confirm the presence of a similar conformation of HEWL in solution. All three enzymes, HEWL, GEWL and T4L are composed of two domains, one that is predominantly alpha-helical and a smaller domain that is mainly beta-sheet in nature. The general acid/general base residue in each lysozyme (Glu35 in HEWL, Glu73 in GEWL and Glu11 in T4L) is contributed by the larger alpha-helical domain. The beta-sheet domains of HEWL and T4L contribute an aspartate to their respective active sites, which is likely involved in electrostatic stabilization of the oxycarbonium ion intermediate of the site D sugar on the hydrolytic pathway of oligosaccharides. There is no analogous aspartate carboxylate group in GEWL although minor conformational changes could position one or other of Asp86 or Asp97 for such a stabilization role. The binding of substrate analogues, transition state mimics and oligosaccharide products of hydrolysis to HEWL, GEWL and T4L have contributed greatly to our understanding of sugar binding to proteins. The observed subtle conformational differences of the free vs bound forms of these enzymes are best described by a narrowing of the active site clefts in the presence of the inhibitors. Details of the binding interactions of those residues lining the oligosaccharide binding clefts of the three-enzymes HEWL, GEWL and T4L with the sugar residues in sites A, B, C and D are presented and discussed. Oligosaccharides of (GlcNAc)n and alternating MurNAc-GlcNAc-MurNAc have been bound to these three enzymes and the structures determined at high resolution. These binding studies have contributed greatly to our understanding of the catalytic mechanism of the lysozyme glycosidase activity. The currently accepted view of this mechanism is presented and discussed in this review.
Low Complex & High Accuracy Computation Approximations to Enable On-Device RNN Applications (2019)

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) have demonstrated excellent results for various Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, executing RNNs requires huge memory and computations which makes it difficult to achieve real time performance on low power devices like smartphones. Hence, currently ASR and NLP applications such as voice assistants are using cloud based solutions. In this paper, to enable on-device inference, we propose efficient approximations for weights of FC layers and activation functions to reduce the computational complexity. The proposed approximations eliminate multiplications, divisions and exponential operations by replacing them with simple arithmetic operations (shifts, additions) to significantly reduce the computation requirements without any perceivable loss of functional accuracy. The approximations also reduce the memory size and bandwidth requirements. We also present a lightweight VLIW based DSP architecture with these approximations to enable on-device inference. The approximations have been tested on the proposed DSP with various RNN applications like EESEN, LRCN and S2VT. The results with approximations show - accuracies similar to that of float (32-bit) reference, ~ 8x-12× performance gains, ~ 2x-4x gains in memory requirement and bandwidth. Moreover, the activation approximation results show better average and peak errors compared to the State of the Art.
Twin cities health care mergers, acquisitions, and affiliations. Implications for independent physician practices. (1992)

"The health care system in Minnesota, especially in the Twin Cities area, is currently undergoing change that can best be characterized as a consolidation of providers into larger and larger groups (multispecialty clinics, hospital/physician mergers, and expanded HMOs and PPOs). These changes are intended to produce economies of scale, less duplication of services, and better control of costs and quality of health care. Where does this leave the more traditional, smaller multispecialty or single-specialty practices often referred to as 'independents'?... How can independent groups respond to these trends in order to survive in the new health care marketplace?"
Emergence of neural encoding of auditory objects while listening to competing speakers (2012)

A visual scene is perceived in terms of visual objects. Similar ideas have been proposed for the analogous case of auditory scene analysis, although their hypothesized neural underpinnings have not yet been established. Here, we address this question by recording from subjects selectively listening to one of two competing speakers, either of different or the same sex, using magnetoencephalography. Individual neural representations are seen for the speech of the two speakers, with each being selectively phase locked to the rhythm of the corresponding speech stream and from which can be exclusively reconstructed the temporal envelope of that speech stream. The neural representation of the attended speech dominates responses (with latency near 100 ms) in posterior auditory cortex. Furthermore, when the intensity of the attended and background speakers is separately varied over an 8-dB range, the neural representation of the attended speech adapts only to the intensity of that speaker but not to the intensity of the background speaker, suggesting an object-level intensity gain control. In summary, these results indicate that concurrent auditory objects, even if spectrotemporally overlapping and not resolvable at the auditory periphery, are neurally encoded individually in auditory cortex and emerge as fundamental representational units for top-down attentional modulation and bottom-up neural adaptation.
Comparison of deep centers in semi-insulating liquid-encapsulated Czochralski and vertical-gradient freeze GaAs (1991)

Three-inch, semi-insulating (SI) GaAs, grown by the vertical gradient freeze (VGF) technique, has been studied by IR absorption, temperature-dependent dark current and Hall-effect, thermally stimulated current (TSC), and photoinduced current transient spectroscopy and has been compared with undoped, SI GaAs, both As-rich and Ga-rich, grown by the high-pressure liquid-encapsulated Czochralski method. The results clearly indicate that (1) the VGF GaAs contains less EL2, which suggests a less As-rich crystal stoichiometry; (2) in some VGF samples activation energies of 0.43 or 0.46 eV are deduced from temperature-dependent carrier concentration or resistivity measurements, respectively, and (3) VGF samples often show a thermal quenching behavior in the TSC peak T5. There is evidence to suggest that the 0.43 eV center is related to VAs, and T5 to VGa.
C1q/TNF-Related Proteins, A Family of Novel Adipokines, Induce Vascular Relaxation Through the Adiponectin Receptor-1/AMPK/eNOS/Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway (2011)

We have provided the first evidence that CTRP9 is a novel vasorelaxative adipocytokine that may exert vasculoprotective effects via the adiponectin receptor 1/AMPK/eNOS dependent/NO mediated signaling pathway.
Deposition behavior in a sudden pipe expansion mimicking a spray dryer (2011)

A sudden pipe expansion geometry was used to investigate the deposition of full cream milk powder mimicking a spray dryer. This rig allowed the deposition pattern to be observed and to produce experimental deposition fluxes. Using a single expansion ratio, the air inlet velocity was varied resulting in significantly contrasting flow structures. At high inlet velocity, particles only deposited in a clump like manner at the top section of the chamber. Low inlet velocity resulted in a more uniform deposition pattern. A validate CFD model was further used to elucidate this phenomenon. The contrasting deposition behavior was attributed to the difference in relative turbulent fluctuation field within the chamber. This study will form the basis for a more comprehensive study on a turbulent burst based deposition model for spray drying.