gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Practical Model for a Dense- Bed Countercurrent FCC Regenerator (2011)

In this study, a new practical countercurrent regenerator model for in-situ FCC operation optimization was proposed. A three-zone-and-two-phase gas model and a new two-CSTR-with-interchange model were used to give better descriptions on the gas and solids flow patterns, addressing the region-dependent mass transfer rates and the freeboard effect on catalyst regeneration. The model coupled mass and heat balances, hydrodynamics and reaction kinetics. The modeled results are in reasonable agreement with the commercial data from an industrial FCC regenerator under both partial and full CO combustion modes. INTRODUCTION A regenerator is an indispensable part of a FCC unit, acting as a fluidized-bed reactor to burn the coke deposited in the spent catalyst and recover its cracking activity. An ideal FCC regenerator requires very low levels of carbon content in regenerated catalyst (CCR) (0.05~0.1 wt%) with minimized air consumption and maximized coke burning intensity (CBI) (usually defined as weight of coke burned for a given catalyst inventory and a given period). A practical regenerator model based on sound understanding of its intrinsic hydrodynamics, mixing and reaction kinetics is undoubtedly valuable to optimization of its design and operation. There have been several published studies on modeling dense-bed FCC regenerators (1-7). However, they all failed to describe the gas and solids flow patterns properly in the three zones (grid zone, dense-bed zone and freeboard zone) of a regenerator simultaneously, resulting in modeled results divergent largely from experimental facts and low reliability and predictability. Some of them (1-5) used the simple Orcutt fluidized-bed model (8) to model gas flow in the dense bed, which falsely modeled the reactant gas concentration in the emulsion phase to be a constant level. Otherwise, only Lu (5) and De Lasa et al. (7) considered the large amount of particles entrained in the freeboard and the associated reactions. However, Lu (5) improperly modeled the solid flow in the freeboard with a multiple-CSTR-in-series model, which over-predicted the freeboard reaction. The freeboard model of De Lasa et al. (7) was a particle-trajectory based model, which was too complex to use in engineering practice. The goal of this study is to establish a modified model for a countercurrent regenerator. This model has a modified hydrodynamic model that provides better
Investigation of maxout networks for speech recognition (2014)

We explore the use of maxout neuron in various aspects of acoustic modelling for large vocabulary speech recognition systems; including low-resource scenario and multilingual knowledge transfers. Through the experiments on voice search and short message dictation datasets, we found that maxout networks are around three times faster to train and offer lower or comparable word error rates on several tasks, when compared to the networks with logistic nonlinearity. We also present a detailed study of the maxout unit internal behaviour suggesting the use of different nonlinearities in different layers.
Deep Learning and Channel Estimation (2020)

Deep Learning has rendered overwhelming potential to support the rising interest of high dependability and maximum capacity wireless communication systems. Channel estimation is a crucial step in a wireless communication system. An increase in the number of channel coefficients can make channel estimation fairly complex. After reading this paper, one can realize Deep Learning's ability in revolutionizing channel estimation for next-generation wireless communication systems. After the inception of Deep Learning in communication system, Channel estimation can be divided into two parts: Implicit and Explicit Channel estimation. A comprehensive view of various ongoing research in the Deep Learning aided channel estimation is provided along with a brief explanation of the deep neural network model utilized. Amidst all the advantages of Deep Learning, the paper discusses existing open challenges needed to make Deep Learning a practical reality.
Passwordless login system for mobile phones using CAPTCHA (2007)

In last 20 years, the Internet and mobile communication growth in parallel. There are many sites specially designed for mobile phones that users must enter username and password to enter them. In this paper we introduce a new method based on CAPTCHA which does not require entering any password. Instead of entering the password, an image of a number is shown to the user and he/she must type it. The user response is coded with his/her mobile phone IMEI and sent to the server. The server checks user's response according to user's IMEI and if it was correct, let the user to enter the site, so there is no need to enter any password. This method has been implemented in PHP and J2ME languages and tested with a Nokia N71 phone.
Polarization dependence of optoelectronic properties in quantum dots and quantum wires-consequences of valence-band mixing (1994)

The electronic bandstructure in quantum dots and quantum wires is studied, including the valence-band mixing effects. Based on the bandstructure, results for the polarization dependence of absorption and gain (at room temperature) are examined. The related differential gain and the /spl alpha/-parameter is also studied. Our results show that it is extremely important to include valence-band mixing effects in predicting the laser performance of such structures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Exposure Equalization Technique in Mammography (1989)

From the Kurt Rossmann Laboratories for Radiologic Image Research, Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Superimposed training based estimation of sparse MIMO channels for emerging wireless networks (2016)

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems constitute an important part of todays wireless communication standards and these systems are expected to take a fundamental role in both the access and backhaul sides of the emerging wireless cellular networks. Recently, reported measurement campaigns have established that various outdoor radio propagation environments exhibit sparsely structured channel impulse response (CIR). We propose a novel superimposed training (SiT) based up-link channels' estimation technique for multi-path sparse MIMO communication channels using a matching pursuit (MP) algorithm; the proposed technique is herein named as superimposed matching pursuit (SI-MP). Subsequently, we evaluate the performance of the proposed technique in terms of mean-square error (MSE) and bit-error-rate (BER), and provide its comparison with that of the notable first order statistics based superimposed least squares (SI-LS) estimation. It is established that the proposed SI-MP provides an improvement of about 2dB in the MSE at signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 12dB as compared to SI-LS, for channel sparsity level of 21.5%. For BER = 10−2, the proposed SI-MP compared to SI-LS offers a gain of about 3dB in the SNR. Moreover, our results demonstrate that an increase in the channel sparsity further enhances the performance gain.
Spatial Heterogeneity and Oxygen Dependence of Glucose Consumption in R3230Ac and Fibrosarcomas of the Fischer 344 Rat (2005)

To examine the oxygen-dependence of glucose consumption in solid tumors, we monitored gradients of glucose, lactate, and hypoxia in R3230Ac and FSA tumors growing in Fischer 344 rats. Bioluminescence imaging, detection of Hoechst 33342, and immunostaining of the hypoxia marker EF5 [2-8-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide] were done in serial tumor slices. Glucose and lactate levels were also determined in liver and blood. Cells were further tested for glucose consumption and lactate production in vitro. In both tumor types, EF5 staining indicated similar maximum levels of hypoxia; the most intense staining occurred in perinecrotic regions. Glucose concentrations were highest in liver, declined from blood to tumor edge, further into vital tumor regions, and were lowest close to necrosis. Glucose was significantly lower in FSA than in R3230Ac tumors. Glucose concentrations in R3230Ac tumors were consistently higher in nonhypoxic than in hypoxic areas, with maximum values equal to systemic blood levels. Glucose in FSA tumors was close to zero, regardless of the presence or absence of hypoxia. Lactate did not differ significantly between the tumor types. FSA cells in culture showed a trend towards higher aerobic glucose consumption versus R3230Ac. Both cell lines increased their lactate production to similar levels under hypoxia. We conclude that both R3230Ac and FSA tumors retain the Pasteur effect, i.e., hypoxia triggers increased glycolysis. However, our results imply that increased aerobic glucose utilization leads to low glucose levels in FSA and a situation where supply limits uptake. This explains the repeatedly observed correlation between tumor blood flow and 18F-deoxyglucose uptake.
Validation and Physical Interpretation of the Power-Amplifier Polar Volterra Model (2010)

Although the Cartesian signal decomposition has been the preferred representation in baseband polynomial power-amplifier (PA) behavioral models, this is not the only 2-D reference frame that could be considered for representing the input complex envelope signal. Indeed, in this paper, we demonstrate that, if the alternative polar representation is considered, the resulting Volterra series model is much more adequate to model the physical behavior of PA devices. This is the feature that supports the design of an innovative PA model, denominated the Polar Volterra model, which is more flexible and general than the traditional Volterra series commonly used in PA baseband modeling. The closeness of the new model formulation with the PA physical operation enabled, for the first time in PA low-pass equivalent behavioral modeling, the theoretical derivation of a Volterra series model directly from the PA circuit analysis. In fact, as the proposed model directly isolates such PA physical characteristics, a significant reduction of the number of model coefficients is achieved when compared with the traditional Cartesian Volterra model. Finally, validation results that highlight the advantages of the Polar Volterra model are presented. These were based on the laboratory measurements performed on two PAs with distinct architectures: a conventional class-AB amplifier and a polar transmitter.
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTIVE CLEAVAGE OF STRAINED RING COMPOUNDS (1975)

Abstract Bei der Verwendung einer Kombination aus Zink und Zinkchlorid in Äthanol werden die Dibenzoyl‐cyclopropane (Ia) und ‐butane (Ib) zu den Diketonen (IIa) und (IIb) gespalten.
A Calibration-Free Time-Interleaved Fourth-Order Noise-Shaping SAR ADC (2019)

Noise-shaping SAR (NS-SAR) is an emerging analog to digital converter (ADC) architecture that offers both high-resolution and high-energy efficiency. Despite these advantages, oversampling limits the useful bandwidth of NS-SAR ADCs. This article introduces a robust and practical interleaving architecture that overcomes this bandwidth limitation. Midway feedback to multiple successive-approximation conversion phases enables a realizable time-interleaved noise-shaped (TINS) system. The inherent delay between channels is harnessed to generate a high-order noise-transfer function (NTF). Redundancy and optimization of the NTF coefficients eliminate the risk of quantization overload, ensuring robust operation. Error feedback (EF) is realized with a summing pre-amplifier and a shared feedback bus, keeping the architecture simple. Thanks to the low required gain, the pre-amplifier is simply implemented as a single-stage open-loop amplifier. A prototype 40-nm CMOS TINS-SAR ADC has a measured SNDR of 70.4 dB for a 50-MHz bandwidth. It consumes only 13 mW and occupies 0.06 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Testing of several devices and evaluation over temperature and supply variations demonstrate robust performance without calibration.
Detailed experimental analysis of the structural fluorescence in the butterfly <italic>Morpho sulkowskyi</italic> (Nymphalidae) (2011)

The Morpho sulkowskyi concentrates on its dorsal wings complementary features contributing to its visual attraction: predominantly translucent, their wings display a blue coloration due to light interference. Fluorescent molecules, producing a violet-blue coloration when irradiated by ultraviolet light, are embedded in the scales which present a two-dimensional photonic structure. We investigate i. the effects of the fluorophores confinement in the structure on the variation of the emission intensity and coloration with the observation direction and ii. the correlation between the reflection and emission processes that control the surface optical response. Three types of measurements have been carried out. The morphology of the butterfly was examined with a scanning electron microscope. Then, the spatial distribution of the reflected light was measured with a viewing angle instrument, providing bidirectional reflectance distribution function data. Finally, an automatic method coupling an ultraviolet source to a gonio-spectrophotometer allowed for an extensive fluorescent emission characterization and provided angular emission maps. We find a spatial variation of the emission intensity and coloration and also an exhaustion behavior of the fluorophores. Moreover, we reveal that the spatial distribution of the emitted and reflected light is mainly governed by the photonic structure.
Male Hypogonadism and Osteoporosis: The Effects, Clinical Consequences, and Treatment of Testosterone Deficiency in Bone Health (2017)

It is well recognized that bone loss accelerates in hypogonadal states, with female menopause being the classic example of sex hormones affecting the regulation of bone metabolism. Underrepresented is our knowledge of the clinical and metabolic consequences of overt male hypogonadism, as well as the more subtle age-related decline in testosterone on bone quality. While menopause and estrogen deficiency are well-known risk factors for osteoporosis in women, the effects of age-related testosterone decline in men on bone health are less well known. Much of our knowledge comes from observational studies and retrospective analysis on small groups of men with variable causes of primary or secondary hypogonadism and mild to overt testosterone deficiencies. This review aims to present the current knowledge of the consequences of adult male hypogonadism on bone metabolism. The direct and indirect effects of testosterone on bone cells will be explored as well as the important differences in male osteoporosis and assessment as compared to that in females. The clinical consequence of both primary and secondary hypogonadism, as well as testosterone decline in older males, on bone density and fracture risk in men will be summarized. Finally, the therapeutic options and their efficacy in male osteoporosis and hypogonadism will be discussed.
Low-intensity radiolysis study of free-radical reactions in cloudwater: hydrogen peroxide production and destruction (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleLow-intensity radiolysis study of free-radical reactions in cloudwater: hydrogen peroxide production and destructionJudith Weinstein-Lloyd and Stephen E. SchwartzCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1991, 25, 4, 791–800Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00016a027https://doi.org/10.1021/es00016a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views109Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Rasch analysis for classification of systemic lupus erythematosus and mixed connective tissue disease. (2008)

The classification of rheumatic diseases is challenging because these diseases have protean and frequently overlapping clinical and laboratory manifestations. This problem is typified by the difficulty of classification and differentiation of two prototypic multi-system autoimmune diseases, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD). The researchers submitted medical risk factor data represented by instrument or laboratory measures and physician judgments (12 key features for SLE) from 43 patients diagnosed with SLE and 12 key features for MCTD from 51 patients diagnosed with MCTD to the WINSTEPS Rasch analysis program. Using Rasch model parameterization, and fit and residuals analyses, the researchers identified separate dimensions for MCTD and SLE, thereby lending support to the position that MCTD is its own separate disease, distinct from SLE.
Advancing the in-situ characterization of light elements via X-ray absorption spectroscopy using superconducting detectors (2021)

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Study of the epitope structure of purified Dac G I and Lol p I, the major allergens of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne pollens, using monoclonal antibodies. (1988)

The use of mAb allowed us to further analyze the cross-reactivity between purified Dac g I and Lol p I, the major allergens of Dactylis glomerata (cocksfoot) and Lolium perenne (Rye grass), respectively. It was first shown, using IEF, followed by immunoprinting, that serum IgE antibodies from most grass-sensitive patients recognize both Dac g I and Lol p I. Second, three different anti-Lol p I mAb, 290A-167, 348A-6, and 539A-6, and one anti-Dac g I mAb, P3B2 were all shown to react with Dac g I and Lol p I, indicating that the two molecules share common epitopes. Epitope specificity of the mAb was determined by competitive binding inhibition of a given labeled mAb to solid phase fixed Dac g I or Lol p I by the mAb. The results indicated that the four mAb are directed against four different and non-overlapping epitopes present on both allergens. Using double-binding RIA, our data strongly suggest that the common epitopes are not repetitive on both molecules. In addition to their similar physicochemical characteristics, such as isolectric points and m.w., Dac g I and Lol p I share four identical epitopes. Binding inhibition of human IgE to Lol p I and Dac g I by the mAb was also assessed. The results indicated that each mAb was able to inhibit such reactions to variable degree but no additive inhibition was observed when two mAb of different specificities were used in combination, suggesting that the human IgE binding site is partially shared by each epitope recognized by the four mAb.
Prediction of blood pressure level and need for antihypertensive medication: 10 years of follow-up (2001)

The 24 h mean blood pressure was an excellent predictor of the future blood pressure and the need for antihypertensive medication. Prediction of antihypertensive medication was further improved by also using blood pressure variability. Systolic blood pressure was more predictable than diastolic blood pressure.
Comparative studies on RNA-dependent RNA polymerases in cucumber mosaic virus infected cucumber and tobacco, and uninfected tobacco plants (1982)

RNA-dependent RNA polymerases have been isolated in almost pure form from cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infected cucumber cotyledons and from tobacco leaves and were compared with the less pure enzyme from uninfected tobacco. The purified polymerase from cucumber shows on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels two peptide chains of about 100 and 112 kdaltons. The enzyme from tobacco shows a close doublet of about 125 kdaltons, which is also present in the less pure preparation from healthy tobacco. While both the cucumber and tobacco enzymes can use many polynucleotides and RNAs as templates, considerable quantitative differences exist, poly(C) being by far the most effective template for the cucumber enzyme but of low activity with the tobacco enzyme and poly(UG) being highly active with the latter but not the former. Poly(A) and poly(G) are inactive. Different viral RNAs, including CMV RNA, show smaller differences. The sedimentation rates of the enzyme from both sources are the same as that of gamma-globulin. A uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) terminal transferase also present in both plants sediments much more slowly and can be completely removed from the RNA polymerases. However, slight nucleolytic activity remains associated with the purified polymerases and appears to be proportional to the polymerase activity. The conclusion derived from these data is that the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of different plants differ and are not detectably affected by virus infection in qualitative terms while being produced in greatly increased amounts upon some virus infections. Similar conclusions were previously reached with less purified enzyme preparations from tobacco as compared to cowpea, infected with different viruses, if any.
CD11b<sup>+</sup>Ly6G<sup>−</sup>myeloid cells mediate mechanical inflammatory pain hypersensitivity (2015)

Pain hypersensitivity at the site of inflammation as a result of chronic immune diseases, pathogenic infection, and tissue injury is a common medical condition. However, the specific contributions of the innate and adaptive immune system to the generation of pain during inflammation have not been systematically elucidated. We therefore set out to characterize the cellular and molecular immune response in two widely used preclinical models of inflammatory pain: (i) intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) as a model of adjuvant- and pathogen-based inflammation and (ii) a plantar incisional wound as a model of tissue injury-based inflammation. Our findings reveal differences in temporal patterns of immune cell recruitment and activation states, cytokine production, and pain in these two models, with CFA causing a nonresolving granulomatous inflammatory response whereas tissue incision induced resolving immune and pain responses. These findings highlight the significant differences and potential clinical relevance of the incisional wound model compared with the CFA model. By using various cell-depletion strategies, we find that, whereas lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G (Ly)6G(+)CD11b(+) neutrophils and T-cell receptor (TCR) β(+) T cells do not contribute to the development of thermal or mechanical pain hypersensitivity in either model, proliferating CD11b(+)Ly6G(-) myeloid cells were necessary for mechanical hypersensitivity during incisional pain, and, to a lesser extent, CFA-induced inflammation. However, inflammatory (CCR2(+)Ly6C(hi)) monocytes were not responsible for these effects. The finding that a population of proliferating CD11b(+)Ly6G(-) myeloid cells contribute to mechanical inflammatory pain provides a potential cellular target for its treatment in wound inflammation.