gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solvent Effects on the Permeability of Membrane-Supported Gels (2001)

The hydrodynamic (solvent) permeability of porous membranes filled with cross-linked polyacrylamide (PA) was measured as a function of pore size, surface chemistry, and solvent quality. The gel was formed by first soaking the membrane in the solution containing the acrylamide monomer, cross-linking agent, and initiator, and then polymerizing in situ using thermal activation. The water permeability of the gel-filled membranes at a fixed polymer volume fraction within the pores was insensitive to the pore diameter over the range 0.09−0.48 μm. There was no measurable effect of two different surface chemistries, indicating that the gel was trapped inside the porous matrix rather than covalently bonded to the internal membrane surfaces. The most important result was that there were large variations of the permeability when the quality of the solvent was made poorer by adding different alcohols to water. Going from a good solvent for PA (water) to poorer solvents (increasing alcohol concentration), the permeability increased. For example, the hydrodynamic permeability of the membrane-supported gels increased 100 times at alcohol concentrations for which bulk gel collapsed by a factor of 7 in volume. The large changes in permeability of the membrane-supported gels were reversible when the alcohol content of the solvent was reduced; the gel's permeability in pure water was always recovered to within ±15% after exposing the gel to alcohol-rich solutions. These results, along with results of partitioning and filtration experiments using colloidal particles, support the conjecture that a membrane-supported gel undergoes microsyneresis (coarsening of the microstructure) when exposed to a poor solvent but does not collapse as a bulk gel would.
Distinguishing the Forest from the Trees: Synthesizing IHRMP Research (1991)

Abstract: A conceptual model of hardwood rangelands as multi- output resource system is developed and used to achieve a synthesis of Integrated Hardwood Range Management Pro-gram (IHRMP) research. The model requires the definition of state variables which characterize the system at any time, processes that move the system to different states, outputs (at the site and the landscape level) which are produced by pro cesses as the system changes state and values which are derived from outputs or directly from the system&apos;s state. Processes can be further categorized as intensive (i.e. involving function within the hardwood system) or extensive (involving reduction in the extent of the hardwood system). The incidence of pro cesses sets the model in motion. Research projects are evaluated by the extent to which they contribute to the measurement of model components and the elucidation of the relationships between them. All natural resources management employs models of vary ing degrees of elaboration to predict the natural system&apos;s re sponse to management. This paper proposes a &quot;state-transition&quot; model of hardwood rangelands as a framework for integrating IHRMP research results in support of program goals. Integrated
Instruction issue logic for pipelined supercomputers (1984)

Basic principles and design tradeoffs for control of pipelined processors are first discussed. We concentrate on register-register architectures like the CRAY-1 where pipeline control logic is localized to one or two pipeline stages and is referred to as “instruction issue logic”. Design tradeoffs are explored by giving designs for a variety of instruction issue methods that represent a range of complexity and sophistication. These vary from the original CRAY-1 issue logic to a version of Tomasulo's algorithm, first used in the IBM 360/91 floating point unit. Also studied are Thornton's “scoreboard” algorithm used on the CDC 6600 and an algorithm we have devised. To provide a standard for comparison, all the issue methods are used to implement the CRAY-1 scalar architecture. Then, using a simulation model and the Lawrence Livermore Loops compiled with the CRAY FORTRAN compiler, performance results for the various issue methods are given and discussed.
Ventricular ectopic beats and their relation to sudden and nonsudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction. (1979)

The role of ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs) in identifying patients who die of cardiac cause in the posthospital phase of myocardial infarction was evaluated in 940 patients who survived an acute coronary event. Six-hour Holter ECG recordings were obtained before hospital discharge, and VEBs were classified as complex (bigeminal, multiform, repetitive or R on T), simple (one or more VEBs that did not have complex patterns), or not present. Patients were followed 1-60 months (average 36 months) and cardiac mortality was categorized as sudden (less than or equal to 1 hour) or nonsudden (greater than 1 hour) among 98 witnessed cardiac deaths. Complex VEBs were associated with a significantly increased cardiac death rate, but did not discriminate between sudden and nonsudden death. Simple VEBs were associated with a 3-year cardiac mortality rate intermediate between those with complex and those with no VEBs. The relationship between complex VEBs and cardiac mortality was independent of 10 relevant clinical variables.
Nomally-closed valve integration for pneumatic actuators (2013)

Air-operated actuators have its merits that are safety, lightweight, high torque, robustness, and low cost comparing to electrical or magnetic actuators. However, the pneumatic actuator requires own control valve for introducing and releasing compressed air to drive the actuators. We designed and fabricated an integrated microvalve system for pneumatic actuators, which uses normally closed valve. Miniaturizing pneumatic control system enables robotics drive system that is combined lightweight and high power. Employing normally closed valves low power consumption. The system can control (m*n) outputs with (m+n) solenoid valves. The prototype device that is regulated by 8 solenoid valves controls independent 16 outputs.
Geometry Guided Adversarial Facial Expression Synthesis (2017)

Facial expression synthesis has drawn much attention in the field of computer graphics and pattern recognition. It has been widely used in face animation and recognition. However, it is still challenging due to the high-level semantic presence of large and non-linear face geometry variations. This paper proposes a Geometry-Guided Generative Adversarial Network (G2-GAN) for photo-realistic and identity-preserving facial expression synthesis. We employ facial geometry (fiducial points) as a controllable condition to guide facial texture synthesis with specific expression. A pair of generative adversarial subnetworks are jointly trained towards opposite tasks: expression removal and expression synthesis. The paired networks form a mapping cycle between neutral expression and arbitrary expressions, which also facilitate other applications such as face transfer and expression invariant face recognition. Experimental results show that our method can generate compelling perceptual results on various facial expression synthesis databases. An expression invariant face recognition experiment is also performed to further show the advantages of our proposed method.
Removal of barium and radium from groundwater. Environmental research brief (1987)

A research project was undertaken to investigate processes for removing barium and radium from drinking water. Special emphasis was placed on ion exchange processes that can be used without adding large concentrations of sodium to the water. The wastes from radium and barium removal processes were also characterized, and processes suitable for treatment of ion-exchange brines were evaluated. The report discusses two ion-exchange processes that can be used for barium and radium removal accompanied by either partial or no hardness removal. The calcium-form, strong-acid ion-exchange resin can be used for barium and radium removal without significant change in hardness or the concentration of other salts. This resin can be regenerated with CaC1/sub 2/ brine. The radium-selective complexer (RSC) will remove radium without altering hardness or other salt concentration. The capacity of this resin for waters with low total dissolved solids (TDS) (<1000 to 2000 mg/L TDS) is in excess of 30,000 pCi/dry g; however, if the TDS is increased to about 40,000 mg/L, the capacity drops to 200 to 300 pCi/dry g. Thus using this resin to remove radium from spent brine does not appear feasible.
Modeling Ligand−Receptor Interaction for Some MHC Class II HLA-DR4 Peptide Mimetic Inhibitors Using Several Molecular Docking and 3D QSAR Techniques (2005)

The ligand-receptor interaction between some peptidomimetic inhibitors and a class II MHC peptide presenting molecule, the HLA-DR4 receptor, was modeled using some three-dimensional (3D) quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methods such as the Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA), Comparative Molecular Similarity Indices Analysis (CoMSIA), and a pharmacophore building method, the Catalyst program. The structures of these peptidomimetic inhibitors were generated theoretically, and the conformations used in the 3D QSAR studies were defined by docking them into the known structure of HLA-DR4 receptor through the GOLD, GLIDE Rigidly, GLIDE Flexible, and Xscore programs. Some of the parameters used in these docking programs were selected by docking an X-ray ligand into the receptor and comparing the root-means-square difference (RMSD) computed between the coordinates of the X-ray and docked structure. However, the goodness of a docking result for docking a series of peptidomimetic inhibitors into the HLA-DR4 receptor was judged by comparing the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient computed between each docking result and the activity data taken from the literature. The best CoMFA and CoMSIA models were constructed using the aligned structures of the best docking result. The CoMSIA was conducted in a stepwise manner to identify some important molecular features that were further employed in a pharmacophore building process by the Catalyst program. It was found that most inhibitors of the training set were accurately predicted by the best pharmacophore model, the Hypo1 hypothesis constructed. The deviation or conflict found between the actual and predicted activities of some inhibitors of both the training and the test sets were also investigated by mapping the Hypo1 hypothesis onto the corresponding structures of the inhibitors.
Tai Chi versus routine exercise in patients with early- or mild-stage Parkinson's disease: a retrospective cohort analysis (2020)

Parkinson's disease cannot be cured but symptoms can be improved by making use of physical therapy. The objective of the study was to compare the effect of routine exercises and Tai Chi on physical and clinical performance in elderly people suffering from Parkinson's disease. Data from interviews, physical and clinical performance, and levodopa consumption of 500 patients with confirmed Parkinson's disease (severity level I to III) were collected and analyzed. Participants who received 80 min/day Tai Chi 3 times/week for 2 months were included in the Tai Chi (TC) group (n=250) and those who received 90 min/day routine exercise 3 times/week for 2 months were included in routine exercise (RE) group (n=250). Timed up-and-go, 50-foot speed walk, and functional reach were improved by Tai Chi and routine exercise (P<0.05 for all) but intensities of Tai Chi for improvement of such parameters was higher than routine exercise. Incidence of falls was decreased by both physical therapies (P<0.05 for all) but more for the TC group (P<0.0001, q=38.512). In the TC group, at the end of follow-up, 22 (9%) patients were successful in withdrawal of levodopa treatment. Also, the dose of levodopa was decreased in patients of the TC group who had to continue levodopa. Tai Chi had the potential to slow down the progression of symptoms of Parkinson's disease and delayed the introduction of levodopa (level of evidence: III).
Copper(I)-Assisted Mild and Convenient Synthesis of New Se−N Heterocycles:  Access to a Promising Class of GPx Mimics (2000)

Benzisoselenazolines 15 and benzisoselenazines 21, designed as low molecular weight mimics of glutathione peroxidases, were synthesized for the first time. Starting from amines 13 and 14, a smooth introduction of selenium in nonactivated aryl bromides using KSeCN in the presence of CuI was developed. An equimolar quantity of CuI and the presence of Et(3)N as a base are necessary to achieve a complete conversion of the starting material. The reaction is feasible in various solvents such as DMF, acetonitrile, and THF. The desired new Se-N heterocycles 15 and 21 were isolated under optimized conditions in yields of 82 and 68%, respectively. Experiments have been conducted with various copper(I) and copper(II) salts, a chloroamine 17, an aryl bromide 18, and an N-acylated amine 19 to show the scope and the limitations of this method. The previously unknown sulfur analogues 20 and 22 have been synthesized in moderate yields using a slightly modified procedure. Finally, a mechanistic scheme has been proposed to discuss some interesting findings, which were obtained during the optimization process of this new introduction of selenium.
RNA Aptamer Evolution: Two Decades of SELEction (2011)

Aptamers are small non-coding RNAs capable of recognizing, with high specificity and affinity, a wide variety of molecules in a manner that resembles antibodies. This class of nucleic acids is the resulting product of applying a well-established screening method known as SELEX. First developed in 1990, the SELEX process has become a powerful tool to select structured oligonucleotides for the recognition of targets, starting with small molecules, going through protein complexes until whole cells. SELEX has also evolved along with new technologies positioning itself as an alternative in the design of a new class of therapeutic agents in modern molecular medicine. This review is an historical follow-up of SELEX method over the two decades since its first appearance.
Reinforcement learning in continuous time: advantage updating (1994)

A new algorithm for reinforcement learning, advantage updating, is described. Advantage updating is a direct learning technique; it does not require a model to be given or learned. It is incremental, requiring only a constant amount of calculation per time step, independent of the number of possible actions, possible outcomes from a given action, or number of states. Analysis and simulation indicate that advantage updating is applicable to reinforcement learning systems working in continuous time (or discrete time with small time steps) for which standard algorithms such as Q-learning are not applicable. Simulation results are presented indicating that for a simple linear quadratic regulator (LQR) problem, advantage updating learns more quickly than Q-learning by a factor of 100,000 when the time step is small. Even for large time steps, advantage updating is never slower than Q-learning, and advantage updating is more resistant to noise than is Q-learning. Convergence properties are discussed. It is proved that the learning rule for advantage updating converges to the optimal policy with probability one.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
General Health Care (1990)

Since the start of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1947, there have been huge increases in the numbers attending hospitals, and in the hospital ‘bed turnover’ rate. Between 1955 and 1976, hospital out-patient attendances had increased by 21 per cent to almost 48 million. In this time new attendances at accident and emergency departments doubled to ten million.
A Fast Response MEMS Piezoelectric Microlens Actuator with Large Stroke and Low Driving Voltage (2018)

The design, fabrication, and testing of a novel piezoelectrically driven microlens actuator with large stroke and low driving voltage is presented. The device is fabricated on a 6 μm thick ultra-high vacuum e-beam evaporated polysilicon film as the structural platform, which enables cost reduction and design flexibility in comparison to devices fabricated on SOI wafers. The annulus microlens platform is actuated by six independently driven d31 unimorph PZT-based actuator beams. The microlens actuator has a measured out-of-plane displacement of 145 μm at 100 kV/cm (22 V) with a resonant frequencies of 2 kHz and 0.83 kHz for unloaded and unload lens, respectively. The total footprint of the device is 35 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Differences in sensitivity to NADH of purified pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes of<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>,<i>Lactococcus lactis</i>,<i>Azotobacter vinelandii</i>and<i>Escherichia coli</i>: Implications for their activity in vivo (1993)

The effect of NADH on the activity of the purified pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes (PDHc) of Enterococcus (Ec.) faecalis, Lactococcus lactis, Azotobacter vinelandii and Escherichia coli was determined in vitro. It was found that the PDHc of E. coli and L. lactis was active only at relatively low NADH/NAD ratios, whereas the PDHc of Ec. faecalis was inhibited only at high NADH/NAD ratios. The PDHc of Azotobacter vinelandii showed an intermediate sensitivity. The organisms were grown in chemostat culture under conditions that led to different intracellular NADH/NAD ratios and the PDHc activities in vivo could be calculated from the specific rates of product formation. Under anaerobic growth conditions, only Ec. faecalis expressed PDHc activity in vivo. The activities in vivo of the complexes of the different organisms were in good agreement with their properties determined in vitro. The physiological consequences of these results are discussed.
Animal Vocal Communication (1998)

This book will be a landmark text for all those interested in animal communication. Animal Vocal Communication explicitly avoids human-centred concepts and approaches and links communication to fundamental biological processes instead. It offers a conceptual framework - assessment/management - that allows us to integrate detailed studies of communication with an understanding of evolutionary perspectives. Self-interested assessment is placed on par with the signal production (management) side of communication, and communication is viewed as reflecting regulatory processes. Signals are used to manage the behaviour of others by exploiting their active assessment. The authors contend that it is this interplay between management and assessment that results in the functioning and evolution of animal communication; it is what communicative behaviour accomplishes that is important, not what information is conveyed.
Least Squares Adjustment: Linear and Nonlinear Weighted Regression Analysis (2007)

This note primarily describes the mathematics of least squares regression analysis as it is often used in geodesy including land surveying and satellite based positioning applications. In these fields regression is often termed adjustment1. The note also contains a couple of typical land surveying and satellite positioning application examples. In these application areas we are typically interested in the parameters of the model (often 2- or 3-D positions) and their uncertainties and not in predictive modelling which is often the main concern in other regression analysis applications. Adjustment is often used to obtain estimates of relevant parameters in an over-determined system of equations which may arise from deliberately carrying out more measurements than actually needed to determine the set of desired parameters. An example may be the determination of a geographical position based on information from a number of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites also known as space vehicles (SV). It takes at least four SVs to determine the position (and the clock error) of a GNSS receiver. Often more than four SVs are used and we use adjustment to obtain a better estimate of the geographical position (and the clock error) and to obtain estimates of the uncertainty with which the position is determined. Regression analysis is used in many other fields of application both in the natural, the technical and the social sciences. Examples may be curve fitting, calibration, establishing relationships between different variables in an experiment or in a survey, etc. Regression analysis is probably one the most used statistical techniques around. Dr. Anna B. O. Jensen provided insight and data for the Global Positioning System (GPS) example. Matlab code and sections that are considered as either traditional land surveying material or as advanced material are typeset with smaller fonts. Comments in general or on for example unavoidable typos, shortcomings and errors are most welcome.
A linearized, low-phase-noise VCO-based 25-GHz PLL with autonomic biasing (2013)

This paper describes a new approach to low-phasenoise LC VCO design based on transconductance linearization of the active devices. A prototype 25 GHz VCO based on this linearization approach is integrated in a dual-path PLL and achieves superior performance compared to the state of the art. The design is implemented in 32 nm SOI CMOS technology and achieves a phase noise of - 130 dBc/Hz at a 10 MHz offset from a 22 GHz carrier. Additionally, the paper introduces a new layout approach for switched capacitor arrays that enables a wide tuning range of 23%. More than 1500 measurements of the PLL across PVT variations were taken, further validating the proposed design. Phase noise variation across 55 dies for four different frequencies is σ < 0.6 dB. Also, phase noise variation across supply voltages of 0.7-1.5 V is 2 dB and across 60 °C temperature variation is 3 dB. At the 25 GHz center frequency, the VCO FOM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> is 188 dBc/Hz. Additionally, a digitally assisted autonomic biasing technique is implemented in the PLL to provide a phase noise and power optimized VCO bias across frequency and process. Measurement results indicate the efficacy of the autonomic biasing scheme.
Testosterone Improves Antidepressant-Emergent Loss of Libido in Women: Findings from a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial (2014)

TT therapy resulted in a significant increase in the number of SSEs compared with Pl therapy in women with SSRI/SNRI-emergent loss of libido. The lack of improvement in the SSS total score may reflect lack of sensitivity of this instrument for the measurement of change in sexual function. This provides the first evidence that TT therapy may be a treatment option for women with SSRI/SNRI-emergent loss of libido who need to remain on their antidepressant therapy.
An investigation on the influence of support type for Ni catalysed vapour phase hydrogenation of aqueous levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone (2016)

Product distribution is dependent on the nature and strength of the acid site in the vapour phase hydrogenation of levulinic acid.