gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nanoscale Metal–Organic Layers for Radiotherapy–Radiodynamic Therapy (2018)

Nanoscale metal-organic layers (nMOLs) are an emerging class of 2D crystalline materials formed by reducing the dimensionality of nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs). nMOLs hold significant potential in biomedical applications by combining the structural and compositional tunability of nMOFs and anisotropic properties of 2D nanomaterials. Here we report two novel nMOLs, Hf<sub>12</sub>-Ir and Hf<sub>6</sub>-Ir, based on Hf<sub>12</sub> and Hf<sub>6</sub> secondary building units (SBUs) and photosensitizing Ir(bpy)[dF(CF<sub>3</sub>)ppy]<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> derived ligands [bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; dF(CF<sub>3</sub>)ppy = 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine] for radiotherapy (RT) and radiodynamic therapy (RDT). Upon X-ray irradiation, the Hf<sub>12</sub> or Hf<sub>6</sub> SBUs in the nMOLs efficiently absorb X-rays to enhance RT by producing hydroxyl radicals and to elicit RDT through the excitation of Ir(bpy)[dF(CF<sub>3</sub>)ppy]<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> derived ligands to generate singlet oxygen and superoxide anions. Hf<sub>12</sub>-Ir and Hf<sub>6</sub>-Ir promoted effective cell instant death through RDT and cell reproductive death through RT to elicit superb anticancer efficacy, resulting in >99% tumor regression at low X-ray doses of 0.5 × 5 Gy.
Enriching Automated Essay Scoring Using Discourse Marking. (1998)

Electronic Essay Rater (e-rater) is a prototype automated essay scoring system built at Educational Testing Service (ETS) that uses discourse marking, in addition to syntactic information and topical content vector analyses to automatically assign essay scores. This paper gives a general description ore-rater as a whole, but its emphasis is on the importance of discourse marking and argument partitioning for annotating the argument structure of an essay. We show comparisons between two content vector analysis programs used to predict s c o r e s . EsscQ/'Content and ArgContent. EsscnContent assigns scores to essays by using a standard cosine correlation that treats the essay like a 'bag of words. in that it does not consider word order. Ark, Content employs a novel content vector analysis approach for score assignment based on the individual arguments in an essay. The average agreement between ArgContent scores and human rater scores is 82%. as compared to 69% agreement between EssavContent and the human raters. These results suggest that discourse marking enriches e-rater's scoring capability. When e-rater uses its whole set of predictive features, agreement with human rater scores ranges from 87°,/o 94% across the 15 sets of essa5 responses used in this study
<title>Optical lithography technique with dummy diffraction mask for 0.20 um T-shaped gate formation</title> (1995)

An optical lithography technique for the formation of T-shaped gate metal with narrow (sub 0.25 micrometers ) channel length, was studied. A special photomask known as the dummy diffraction mask was used to form a T-shaped resist profile by single exposure and development process steps. The sub 0.25 micrometers T-shaped gate metal could be easily obtained with i-line stepper (N.A. 0.4) under ordinary lithographic process conditions and the process margins were found to be enough for the application of device fabrication.
Lithium Borate Cluster Salts as Redox Shuttles for Overcharge Protection of Lithium-Ion Cells (2010)

Redox shuttle is a promising mechanism for intrinsic overcharge protection in lithium-ion cells and batteries. Two lithium borate cluster salts are reported to function as both the main salt for a nonaqueous electrolyte and the redox shuttle for overcharge protection. Lithium borate cluster salts with a tunable redox potential are promising candidates for overcharge protection for most positive electrodes in state-of-the-art lithium-ion cells.
Effects of Alloying in Near-Eutectic Tin-Silver-Copper Solder Joints (2002)

This study included a comparison of the baseline Sn–3.5Ag eutectic to one near-eutectic ternary alloy, Sn–3.6Ag–1.0Cu and two quaternary alloys, Sn–3.6Ag–1.0Cu–0.15Co and Sn–3.6Ag–1.0Cu–0.45Co, to increase understanding of the effects of Co on Sn–Ag–Cu solder joints cooled at 1–3°C/s., typical of reflow assembly practice. The results revealed joint microstructure refinement due to Co-enhanced nucleation of the Cu6Sn5 phase in the solder matrix, as suggested by Auger elemental mapping and calorimetric measurements. The Co also reduced intermetallic interface faceting and improved the ability of the solder joint samples to maintain their shear strength after aging for 72 h at 150°C. Some recent additional results with Co and Fe additions are consistent with this catalysis effect, where a reduced total solute level was tested. The baseline Sn–3.5Ag joints exhibited significantly reduced strength retention and coarser microstructures.
Substituted 1,3-Bis(imino)isoindole Diols: A New Class of Proton Transfer Dyes (2011)

A new class of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) dyes based on a 1,3-bis(imino)isoindole diol motif has been prepared. These molecules exhibit orange emission (∼600 nm) with a large apparent Stokes shift (>6000 cm(-1)) and quantum efficiencies up to 45%. Selective modification of the substituents can be used to shift the equilibrium between the enol and keto forms of the molecule in both the ground and excited states.
Real-Time Multiple Speaker Doa Estimation In A Circular Microphone Array Based On Matching Pursuit (2012)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Bucharest, Romania, 2012
Probabilistic key distribution in vehicular networks with infrastructure support (2012)

We propose a probabilistic key distribution protocol for vehicular network that alleviates the burden of traditional public-key infrastructures. Roadside units act as trusted nodes and are used for secret-sharing among vehicles in their vicinity. Secure communication is immediately possible between these vehicles with high probability. Our performance evaluation, which uses both analysis and simulation, shows that high reliability and short dissemination time can be achieved with low complexity.
A new soft-switched DC-DC front-end converter for applications with wide-range input voltage from battery power sources (2003)

A technique which improves the performance of the two-inductor boost converter using a new active snubber circuit is described. The proposed snubber circuit consists of a small transformer, two diodes, and an auxiliary switch. This technique reduces reverse-recovery-related losses by controlling the di/dt rate of the rectifier current using a leakage inductance of the transformer. In addition, the energy stored in the leakage inductance is used to discharge the output capacitances of boost switches to zero voltage before they are turned on, thus eliminating their capacitive turn-on switching losses. Moreover, the reflected output voltage across the primary winding of the transformer resets the current in the leakage inductance and makes the auxiliary switch turn off using zero current switching. The performance of the proposed converter was evaluated on a 1.6-kW prototype circuit.
Fabrication and optimization for waveguides in sub-micron scale hyperuniform disordered photonic bandgap materials (2014)

We report experimental and simulation results for low-loss wave-guiding in Si-based hyperuniform disordered photonic bandgap materials at infrared wavelengths. These results pave the way for deploying disordered photonic solids in integrated photonic circuits.
14.4 A 21.5M-query-vectors/s 3.37nJ/vector reconfigurable k-nearest-neighbor accelerator with adaptive precision in 14nm tri-gate CMOS (2016)

Energy-efficient k-nearest-neighbor (kNN) computations are key building blocks for computer vision, classification, and machine-learning workloads [1-3]. Determining distances to high-dimensional vectors within a large vector database results in high compute cost. Adaptive precision improves energy efficiency by eliminating a majority of vectors without costly full-precision computation, with as-needed precision refinement to guarantee kNN accuracy of closely matched vectors. A special-purpose on-die kNN accelerator with 128-dimensions by 128 parallel reference vectors, targeted across mobile SoCs to multi-core microprocessors, and reconfigurable for either Manhattan or Euclidean distance, is fabricated in 14nm tri-gate CMOS [6]. Partial distance compute circuits, 2b window-based sort, MSB-to-LSB-based selective distance refinement, robust ultra-low voltage circuits, and state tracking control to selectively resume next-nearest candidates enable nominal energy efficiency of 3.37nJ/query vector or 9.7TOPS/W (measured for 21.5M vectors/s, 16 cycles/vector at 750mV, 25°C) with a dense layout occupying 0.333mm2 (Fig. 14.4.7) while achieving: i) scalable performance up to 26.4M vectors/s, 114mW measured at 850mV, ii) 2-cycle latency and 43pJ energy to find each subsequent nearest neighbor, iii) up to 5.2× higher throughput while maintaining full-precision kNN accuracy, iv) 16× search-space reduction for next-nearest neighbor, v) ultra-low voltage operation measured at 360mV, 1.1M vectors/s, 1.44mW, and vi) peak energy efficiency of 1.23nJ/vector at 390mV (near-threshold), 25°C.
An Enhanced System for Construction of Adenoviral Vectors by the Two-Plasmid Rescue Method (2000)

The two-plasmid rescue method of constructing Ad vectors, which relies on either homologous or Cre-mediated recombination between two plasmids cotransfected into 293 or 293Cre4 cells, respectively, offers advantages over other approaches because of its simplicity. We have improved the efficiency of vector construction by both homologous and Cre-mediated recombination by replacing the single ITR in the shuttle plasmid with a head-to-head ITR junction. We have also expanded the versatility of this method by incorporating a Cre expression cassette into the plasmids to permit high-efficiency Cre-mediated vector rescue using 293 cells, abrogating the need for Cre-expressing cell lines. This new system retains the simplicity of the original but results in an approximately 100-fold increase in the number of recombinant viruses produced, all of which contain the foreign DNA insert, and allows high-efficiency Cre-mediated vector isolation using any E1-complementing cell line.
Automatic detection of prosodic boundaries in spontaneous speech (2021)

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) and natural language processing (NLP) are expected to benefit from an effective, simple, and reliable method to automatically parse conversational speech. The ability to parse conversational speech depends crucially on the ability to identify boundaries between prosodic phrases. This is done naturally by the human ear, yet has proved surprisingly difficult to achieve reliably and simply in an automatic manner. Efforts to date have focused on detecting phrase boundaries using a variety of linguistic and acoustic cues. We propose a method which does not require model training and utilizes two prosodic cues that are based on ASR output. Boundaries are identified using discontinuities in speech rate (pre-boundary lengthening and phrase-initial acceleration) and silent pauses. The resulting phrases preserve syntactic validity, exhibit pitch reset, and compare well with manual tagging of prosodic boundaries. Collectively, our findings support the notion of prosodic phrases that represent coherent patterns across textual and acoustic parameters.
A common 3-finger grasp search algorithm for a set of planar objects (2012)

This work proposes an algorithm for designing a simple End Effector configuration for a robotic arm which is able to grasp a given set of objects. The algorithm searches for a common 3-finger grasp over a set of objects. The search algorithm maps all possible grasps for each object which satisfy a quality criterion and takes into account an external wrench (force and torque) applied to the object. The mapped grasps are represented by feature vectors in a high-dimensional space. This feature vector describes the shape of the gripper. We then generate a database of all possible grasps for each object represented as points in the feature vector space. Then we use another search algorithm for intersecting all points over the entire sets and finding common points suitable for all objects. Each point (feature vector) is the grasp configuration for a group of objects, which implies for the end-effector design. The final step classifies the grasps found to subsets of the objects, according to the common points found, this with preference to find one grasp to all the objects. The algorithm will be useful for assembly line robots in reducing end-effector design time, end-effector manufacturing time and final product cost.
Enhancing Performance Stability of Electrochemically Active Polymers by Vapor‐Deposited Organic Networks (2018)

Abstract Performance stability of electrochemically active polymers (EAPs) remains one of the greatest and long‐standing challenges with regard to EAP‐based technologies for a myriad of energy, biomedical, and environmental applications. The performance instability of EAPs originates from their structural alteration under repeated charge–discharge cycling and/or flexing. In this work, a conceptually new “soft confinement” strategy to enhance EAP performance stability, including cyclic and mechanical, by using rationally designed, vapor‐deposited organic networks is presented. These chemically cross‐linked networks, when in contact with an electrolyte solution, turn into ultrathin, elastic hydrogel coatings that encapsulate conformally the EAP micro‐/nanostructures. Such hydrogel coatings allow easy passage of ions that intercalate with EAPs, while simultaneously mitigating the structural pulverization of the EAPs and/or their detachment from substrates. Fundamentally distinct from extensively studied “scaffolding” or “synthetic” approaches to stabilizing EAPs, this soft confinement strategy relies on a postmodification step completely decoupled from the EAP synthesis/fabrication, and enjoys the unique advantage of substrate‐independency. Hence, this strategy is broadly applicable to various types of EAPs. The proposed stability enhancement strategy is demonstrated to be effective for a range of EAP systems with differing chemical and morphological characteristics under various testing conditions (repeated charging/discharging, bending, and twisting).
Crystalline Polyester for Chemically Prepared Toner Having Low Energy Fusing (2012)

Regulations for the energy consumption of printers and copiers are getting more severe year by year. And with increasingly faster machine systems, the fusing of toner on the paper gets more difficult, so the toner which can be fused with lower energy is needed. Crystalline polyester (C-PES) is known as a very effective agent for toner fusing. C-PES dispersion size in toner is very important for fusing, and nano size CPES which shows very good fusing was reported by Fukuri et al. On the other hand, chemically prepared toner (CPT,) especially emulsion aggregation toner (EA), was studied a lot in recent years. Toner from EA method can allow toner with coreshell structure, for example a low-Tg resin core that is covered with high-Tg resin shell. Therefore EA method is expected to provide both low energy fusing and good storage stability. In this report, the study of CPT toner containing C-PES is done. The effect of conventional C-PES for CPT was very poor, so we studied the melting point of C-PES for improved performance in CPT. While studying the EA toner containing C-PES, it was observed that the particle size of C-PES emulsion is very sensitive to neutralization level. We evaluated several ways to prepare better C-PES emulsions by controlling the hydrogen bonding of C-PES during emulsification.
Polarization‐independent modulation for projection displays using small‐period LC polarization gratings (2007)

Abstract— Progress in the use of liquid‐crystal polarization grating (LCPG) to modulate unpolarized (and polarized) light with a grating period as small as 6.3 μm is reported. Similar to LCPGs formed at larger periods (11 μm) reported previously, polarization‐independent switching, predominantly three diffraction orders, maximum contrast ratios of ∼100:1 for unpolarized broadband light, very low scattering, and diffraction efficiencies >98% continue to be observed. The smaller period led to an expected lower threshold voltage, even though the thickness was greater. Because the smaller grating period enables a brighter result from a Schlieren projection scheme for a microdisplay using the LCPG light valve, the inherent tradeoffs involved with both material and design parameters are discussed, and prospects for a polarization‐independent projection display are commented upon.
High-speed electrical modulator in high-index-contrast (HIC) Si-waveguides (2005)

A CMOS-compatible Mach-Zehnder modulator based on strongly forward biased PIN-diodes is proposed, resulting in small signal modulation bandwidths beyond 20 GHz, a figure of merit of V/sub /spl pi/L/=0.5 V/spl middot/cm and an insertion loss of about 4 dB.
Reaction of Nitric Oxide at the β-Carbon of Enamines. A New Method of Preparing Compounds Containing the Diazeniumdiolate Functional Group (2000)

The reaction of nitric oxide (NO) with enamines has been investigated. Unlike previously reported reactions of NO as a free radical with alkenes, the electrophilic addition of NO to the beta-carbon of enamines results in the formation of compounds containing the diazeniumdiolate functional group (-[N(O)NO](-)). This reaction between NO and enamines has been shown to be quite general and a variety of enamine-derived diazeniumdiolates have been isolated and characterized. While enamines derived from aldehydes and ketones whose structures allow for sequential multiple electrophilic additions tended to undergo overreaction leading to unstable products, it has been shown that this complication may be overcome by suitable choice of reaction solvent. The products obtained may exist as zwitterionic iminium salts or as neutral species depending upon the structure of the parent enamine. The diazeniumdiolate derived from 1-(N-morpholino)cyclohexene is unique among the new compounds in that it spontaneously releases NO upon dissolution in buffered aqueous solution at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. While the total quantity of NO released by this material (ca. 7% of the theoretical 2 moles) is apparently limited by a competing reaction in which it hydrolyzes to an alpha-diazeniumdiolated carbonyl compound and the parent amine, this feature may prove to be of great value in the development of multiaction pharmaceuticals based upon this new type of NO-releasing compound. Reports of enzymatic (oxidative) release of NO from previously known carbon-bound diazeniumdiolates also suggest that analogues of these compounds may be useful as pharmaceutical agents. This new method of introducing the relatively rarely studied diazeniumdiolate functional group into organic compounds should lead to further research into its chemical and biological properties.
Intelligent control of auxiliary ship systems (2002)

The Open Autonomy Kernel (OAK) is an architecture for autonomous distributed control. OAK addresses control as a three-step process: diagnosis, planning and execution. OAK is specifically designed to support hard control problems in which the system is complex, sensor coverage is incomplete, and distribution of control is desired. A unique combination of model-based reasoning and autonomous agents are used. Model-based reasoning is used to perform diagnosis. Observations and execution are distributed using autonomous intelligent agents. Planning is performed with simple script or graph-spanning planners. A prototype OAK system designed to control the chilled water distribution system of a Navy surface ship has been developed and is described.
A deep learning‐ and partial least square regression‐based model observer for a low‐contrast lesion detection task in CT (2019)

The proposed DL-MO is highly correlated with HO in a low-contrast detection task that involves realistic patient liver background. This study demonstrated the potential of the proposed DL-MO to assess image quality directly based on patient images in realistic, clinically relevant CT tasks.
Assessment of Speech Discrimination Based on the Event-Related Potentials to the Visual Stimuli (2011)

Monitoring user states is one of the main applications in the e-Health field. This paper focuses on the assessment of speech discrimination for fitting the parameters of hearing aids using the electroencephalogram (EEG). The characteristic of our method is to utilize the event-related potentials (ERPs) to visual stimuli instead of the conventional auditory stimuli. A letter is played through a speaker as an initial auditory stimulus; then, the same letter is displayed on a screen as a following visual stimulus as a match condition (p = .50), and sometimes a different letter is displayed as a mismatch condition (p = .50). The participant then determines whether the two stimuli represent the same letter or not. The conventional evaluation focused on the evoked potentials just after the initial auditory stimuli. A larger component of late positive potential (LPP) is elicited when a participant detects the mismatch between the auditory and visual stimuli. These results suggest the possibility of assessing speech discrimination using EEG potentials.
<title>Development of an instrument for measuring yarn's structure parameters</title> (1997)

Yarn structure parameters such as twist, hairiness and diameter have an important influence on its mechanical, thermal and dyeing properties. Up to now not any instrument can efficiently measure all these parameters together without destruction of yarn structure. Traditional measuring method involve many problems. For these reasons we developed for the first time a diffraction-reflection method to measure yarn core superficial fiber orientations by electro-optical and computer visualization technologies. Furthermore we also used diffraction method and yarn core shadow to determine respectively hairiness and yarn core diameter in two orthogonal views.
Western Blot analysis of the antigens of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> recognized by human IgM and IgG antibodies. (1983)

Western Blot analysis revealed that both IgM and IgG antibodies present in the sera of humans infected with Toxoplasma gondii recognize three major antigens with apparent m.w. of 32,000, 22,000, and 6000, respectively. In addition, IgG antibodies recognized at least 17 other antigenic components. After subcellular fractionation, enrichment of the three major antigens recognized by IgM and IgG antibodies by the membrane fraction was observed. Solubilization of membrane-enriched preparations with a mixture of sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium deoxycholate did not reveal any new antigenic structures that reacted with IgM or IgG antibodies. Treatment of Toxoplasma lysate preparations and various fractions obtained after differential centrifugation with NaIO4 diminished the reactivity of the antigens with both IgM and IgG antibodies. Lipase treatment had no effect on the number or nature of antigens recognized by IgM antibody. Treatment with pronase and trypsin eliminated the 32,000 and 22,000 m.w. antigenic components detected by IgM antibodies, whereas such treatment had no effect on the 6000 m.w. component. Periodic acid-Schiff staining of polyacrylamide gels of Toxoplasma sonicates revealed the presence of three components corresponding to m.w. of 62,000, 45,000, and 6000, respectively. At least 15 components, including the 6000 m.w. component, directly bound concanavalin A.