gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical integration of Pancharatnam-Berry phase lens and dynamical phase lens (2016)

In the optical system, most elements such as lens, prism, and optical fiber are made of silica glass. Therefore, integrating Pancharatnam-Berry phase elements into silica glass has potential applications in the optical system. In this paper, we take a lens, for example, which integrates a Pancharatnam-Berry phase lens into a conventional plano-convex lens. The spin states and positions of focal points can be modulated by controlling the polarization states of the incident beam. The proposed lens has a high transmission efficiency, and thereby acts as a simple and powerful tool to manipulate spin photons. Furthermore, the method can be conveniently extended to the optical fiber and laser cavity, and may provide a route to the design of the spin-photonic devices.
Mutual grooming in cucujoid beetles (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) (2007)

Valentine, Barry D. (2007): Mutual grooming in cucujoid beetles (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Insecta Mundi 2007 (2): 1-3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532557
Selective Access to Secondary Amines by a Highly Controlled Reductive Mono-N-Alkylation of Primary Amines (2003)

A selective and direct access to secondary amines is reported by reductive mono-N-alkylation of primary amines in the presence of Ti(i-PrO)4 and NaBH4. Secondary amines are obtained exclusively from a set of carbonyl compounds and primary amines, demonstrating high chemoselectivity toward reductive mono-N-alkylation.
Mast cell degranulation and increased vascular permeability induced by 'therapeutic' ultrasound in the rat ankle joint. (1984)

Ultrasound at frequencies between 0.75 and 3.0 MHz is widely used in the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries in human and veterinary patients. The mechanisms by which ultrasound affects clinical recovery are, however, incompletely understood. At present no clear rationale has been evolved to guide the selection and use of all the factors comprising the dosage of ultrasound in treatment designed to encourage tissue healing. In the present study applications of ultrasound considered to be therapeutic caused a small but significant increase in vascular permeability in the hindpaw ankles of rats in vivo which was abolished by pre-treatment of the rats with a combination of a histamine H1-receptor antagonist and a serotonin antagonist. Histological sections from rat ankles showed that ultrasound also caused a significant increase in the number of degranulated mast cells above control values. Since mast cells contain histamine, low concentrations of which have been associated with healing, the finding that ultrasound produces mast cell degranulation and evidence of histamine release provides a new direction for investigation of the mechanism of its therapeutic action, and for determination of appropriate regimens of treatment.
Quickly detecting relevant program invariants (2000)

Explicitly stated program invariants can help programmers by characterizing certain aspects of program execution and identifying program properties that must be preserved when modifying code. Unfortunately, these invariants are usually absent from code. Previous work showed how to dynamically detect invariants from program traces by looking for patterns in and relationships among variable values. A prototype implementation, Daikon, accurately recovered invariants from formally-specified programs, and the invariants it detected in other programs assisted programmers in a software evolution task. However, Daikon suffered from reporting too many invariants, many of which were not useful, and also failed to report some desired invariants.
Quantifying Impact of Chromosome Copy Number on Recombination in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2015)

The ability to precisely and efficiently recombineer synthetic DNA into organisms of interest in a quantitative manner is a key requirement in genome engineering. Even though considerable effort has gone into the characterization of recombination in Escherichia coli, there is still substantial variability in reported recombination efficiencies. We hypothesized that this observed variability could, in part, be explained by the variability in chromosome copy number as well as the location of the replication forks relative to the recombination site. During rapid growth, E. coli cells may contain several pairs of open replication forks. While recombineered forks are resolving and segregating within the population, changes in apparent recombineering efficiency should be observed. In the case of dominant phenotypes, we predicted and then experimentally confirmed that the apparent recombination efficiency declined during recovery until complete segregation of recombineered and wild-type genomes had occurred. We observed the reverse trend for recessive phenotypes. The observed changes in apparent recombination efficiency were found to be in agreement with mathematical calculations based on our proposed mechanism. We also provide a model that can be used to estimate the total segregated recombination efficiency based on an initial efficiency and growth rate. These results emphasize the importance of employing quantitative strategies in the design of genome-scale engineering efforts.
Advances in applied Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (1988)

Introduction to data processing and sources of error, R.W.Hannah GC/IR - a technique come of age, D.W.Vildrine polarization modulation FTIR spectroscopy, L.A.Nafie solid sampling techniques, J.M.Chalmers and M.W.Mackenzie rheo-optical FTIR spectroscopy of macromolecules, H.W.Siesler new perspectives of vibrational spectroscopy in material science, G.Zerbi FTIR studies of catalyst systems under realistic processing conditions, P.C.M. van Woerkom.
Time course of chemotactic factor generation and the corresponding macrophage response to asbestos inhalation. (1986)

Inhalation of asbestos fibers causes a progressive fibrotic lung disease in humans and animals. Pulmonary macrophages are associated with asbestos exposure and have been implicated as significant mediators of the pathogenic process. In previous studies, we showed that macrophages are attracted to sites of asbestos fiber deposition, i.e., alveolar duct bifurcations. We also showed that macrophages accumulated at these sites as the result of asbestos-induced activation of complement proteins on alveolar surfaces, consequently producing C5a, a chemotactic factor for macrophages. In the present study, we have demonstrated the time course of chemotactic factor generation and the corresponding macrophage response in vivo. A complement-dependent chemotactic factor for macrophages was activated during a 3-h exposure to asbestos and reached maximal activity by 3 h postexposure. Macrophage accumulation followed and reached a maximal amount by 24 h postexposure. Rats decomplemented with cobra venom factor exhibited a significant reduction in macrophage accumulation, but the macrophage response ensued when serum complement returned to normal. Approximately 30% of the macrophages lavaged from complement-normal, asbestos-exposed animals contained fibers, whereas only half as many macrophages from decomplemented rats contained asbestos. A small but significant increase in lavaged lung protein was measured in asbestos-exposed animals. Evidence supports the concept that complement proteins on alveolar surfaces are derived from normal transudation of serum components from the pulmonary vasculature. Increased serum transudation could provide a source of alveolar complement that sustains the generation of a chemotactic factor for macrophages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
High fracture toughness and high modules silicone resins (2000)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2000.
Role of Disorder and Anharmonicity in the Thermal Conductivity of Silicon-Germanium Alloys: A First-Principles Study (2011)

The thermal conductivity of disordered silicon-germanium alloys is computed from density-functional perturbation theory and with relaxation times that include both harmonic and anharmonic scattering terms. We show that this approach yields an excellent agreement at all compositions with experimental results and provides clear design rules for the engineering of nanostructured thermoelectrics. For Si(x)Ge(1-x), more than 50% of the heat is carried at room temperature by phonons of mean free path greater than 1 μm, and an addition of as little as 12% Ge is sufficient to reduce the thermal conductivity to the minimum value achievable through alloying. Intriguingly, mass disorder is found to increase the anharmonic scattering of phonons through a modification of their vibration eigenmodes, resulting in an increase of 15% in thermal resistivity.
A general protocol for creating high-throughput screening assays for reaction yield and enantiomeric excess applied to hydrobenzoin (2009)

A general approach to high-throughput screening of enantiomeric excess (ee) and concentration was developed by using indicator displacement assays (IDAs), and the protocol was then applied to the vicinal diol hydrobenzoin. The method involves the sequential utilization of what we define herein as screening, training, and analysis plates. Several enantioselective boronic acid-based receptors were screened by using 96-well plates, both for their ability to discriminate the enantiomers of hydrobenzoin and to find their optimal pairing with indicators resulting in the largest optical responses. The best receptor/indicator combination was then used to train an artificial neural network to determine concentration and ee. To prove the practicality of the developed protocol, analysis plates were created containing true unknown samples of hydrobenzoin generated by established Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation reactions, and the best ligand was correctly identified.
Leukemia inhibitory factor enhances mast cell growth in a mast cell/fibroblast co‐culture system through Stat3 signaling pathway of fibroblasts (2000)

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) enhanced mast cell growth in a mast cell/3T3 fibroblast co-culture system, however the precise mechanisms have not been defined. Western blot analysis showed that bone marrow-derived mast cells failed to express both LIF receptor (LIFR) and gp130, whereas 3T3 fibroblasts expressed both LIFR and gp130. This result indicates that the activity of LIF for mast cell growth is mediated by 3T3 fibroblasts. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 3-transfected 3T3 fibroblasts enhanced mast cell growth. In addition, dominant-negative Stat3-transfected fibroblasts blocked LIF-mediated mast cell growth in the co-culture system. In conclusion, LIF-induced mast cell growth in the co-culture system is mediated by an indirect pathway via 3T3 fibroblasts through activating Stat3 signaling pathway in 3T3 fibroblasts.
<title>Transdermal delivery of photosensitizer by laser-induced stress wave</title> (2002)

The skin permeability of most of drugs is low, because the stratum corneum works as a solid barrier. It is required, therefore, to enhance the skin permeability for transdermal delivery of drug. To investigate the effects of heating skin and exposing skin to a laser-induced stress wave (LISW) on the drug permeability, we tried to deliver porfimer sodium into rat’s skin. The experiment was performed under the four different skin conditions; exposing to a LISW (case 1); heating (case 2); exposing to a LISW and heating (case 3); control (case 4). It was observed in all cases except the case 4 (control), the drug permeated into the dermis through the epidermis. The deepest penetration was obtained in the case 3 (a LISW plus heating). It was suggested that heating increased the fluidity of the lipid bilayers in the stratum corneum, and therefore the drug permeability might be enhanced.
A mouse model of weight-drop closed head injury: emphasis on cognitive and neurological deficiency (2016)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in individuals worldwide. Producing a clinically relevant TBI model in small-sized animals remains fairly challenging. For good screening of potential therapeutics, which are effective in the treatment of TBI, animal models of TBI should be established and standardized. In this study, we established mouse models of closed head injury using the Shohami weight-drop method with some modifications concerning cognitive deficiency assessment and provided a detailed description of the severe TBI animal model. We found that 250 g falling weight from 2 cm height produced severe closed head injury in C57BL/6 male mice. Cognitive disorders in mice with severe closed head injury could be detected using passive avoidance test on day 7 after injury. Findings from this study indicate that weight-drop injury animal models are suitable for further screening of brain neuroprotectants and potentially are similar to those seen in human TBI.
Enzymatic synthesis of polyuridylic acid containing modified bases (1980)

5'Mercaptouridine-5'-diphosphate (hs5UDP) has been synthesized and investigated as a substrate of the polynucleotide phosphorylase of Micrococcus luteus. While hs5UDP is not utilized alone, it can be copolymerized with UDP; however, unusually for this enzyme, the ratio of 5'mercaptouridylate vs. uridylate residues in the polynucleotide product (MPU) is always lower than the ratio of hs5UDP v. UDP in the substrate mixture. Furthermore, hs5UDP decreases the rate of the enzymic polymerization reaction. The MPU product forms two-stranded and three-stranded complexes with poly(A). The circular dichroic spectra of these complexes are similar to those formed between poly(U) and poly(A), but their melting profiles indicate somewhat lower stability. The physicochemical and biochemical properties of the enzymic product are qualitatively similar to those of MPU prepared by chemical modification; both are potent inhibitors of a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Self-supported branched poly(ethyleneimine) materials for CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption from simulated flue gas (2019)

A family of self-supported, cross-linked PEI materials is demonstrated as promising CO<sub>2</sub> adsorbents, displaying (i) good CO<sub>2</sub> capacity (ii) rapid uptake kinetics, and (iii) good stability relative to conventional supported amine adsorbents.
Posttranscriptional regulation of a class of human cytomegalovirus phosphoproteins encoded by an early transcription unit (1989)

We have further characterized and determined the origins of a family of nuclear phosphoproteins of 84, 50, 43, and 34 kilodaltons (kDa) encoded by a class of early transcripts arising from the adjacent EcoRI fragments R and d (map units 0.682 to 0.713) of the strain AD169 human cytomegalovirus genome. These RNAs have a complex spliced structure with common 5' and internal exons and alternative 3' exons with coterminal 3' ends. At early times, two fully processed species of 2.1 and 2.2 kilobases (kb) predominated. As the infection progressed to late times, there was a decrease in splicing of the RNA, generating larger transcripts 2.5 to 2.65 kb in size, which corresponded to the species which had spliced out only the first intron, as well as the completely unspliced transcript. We previously reported that the 34-kDa protein could be derived from a transcript which had failed to splice out the first intron (D. A. Wright, S. I. Staprans, and D. H. Spector, J. Virol. 62:331-340, 1988), but the origin of the other proteins was unclear. cDNA cloning has shown that the 2.1-, 2.2-, and 2.5-kb RNAs encode the 50-, 43-, and 84-kDa proteins, respectively. The shift in the splicing pattern of these RNAs with time revealed a posttranscriptional control mechanism which results in the differential accumulation of individual proteins within this family of nuclear phosphoproteins. Expression of the 84-, 43-, and 34-kDa proteins correlated well with the steady-state concentrations of their respective mRNAs. The 50-kDa protein, however, was not expressed in abundance until late times, despite the presence of the 2.1-kb mRNA in the cytoplasm at early times, suggesting a secondary level of posttranscriptional regulation for this protein. Full expression of the RNAs and proteins was dependent on continuing viral DNA synthesis. Accumulation of the 50-kDa protein was found to be particularly sensitive to the state of viral DNA replication and could not be detected after inhibition of replication. Further analysis of these proteins revealed that each one had a unique pattern of serine phosphorylation. Although there was one common site of phosphorylation, most likely located within the amino-terminal shared region, even this site showed quantitative differences in the level of phosphorylation for each of the proteins. Analysis of the Towne strain and two recent independent clinical isolates of human cytomegalovirus has shown that this family of proteins is highly conserved among human cytomegaloviruses.
Total Synthesis of (−)-Heptemerone B and (−)-Guanacastepene E (2006)

A concise, stereoselective, and convergent total synthesis of the unnatural enantiomer of the neodolastane diterpenoid heptemerone B has been completed. Saponification of (-)-heptemerone afforded (-)-guanacastepene E. The absolute stereochemistry of (-)-heptemerone B was thus established as 5-(S), the same as (-)-guanacastepene E. The longest linear sequence of the synthesis comprises 17 (18) steps from simple known starting materials. Our general synthetic approach integrates a diverse set of reactions, including an intramolecular Heck reaction to create one quaternary stereocenter and a cuprate conjugate addition for the establishment of the other. The central seven-membered ring was closed with an uncommon electrochemical oxidation, whereas the five-membered ring was formed through ring-closing metathesis. The absolute configuration of the two key building blocks was established through an asymmetric reduction and an asymmetric ene reaction.
Thermally Assisted Magnetic Tunneling Junction for Biosensing Applications (2007)

We present a concept of the thermally assisted magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ)-based biosensor. The sensor consists of an MTJ, an isolation layer, and a gold coating layer right underneath a biocoating layer. During the sensing phase, a current pulse heats the top free ferromagnet of the MTJ stack above its blocking temperature. The top magnet loses its magnetization at this point. During the cool down period, the top free magnet picks up its magnetization orientation based on the external magnetic field. A vertical excitation field is applied to excite the superparamagnetic biolabels during the sensing phase. If there is no magnetic biolabel captured by the sensing cell, the magnetization in MTJ top free magnetic layer will be programmed by the fringe field from the bottom pinned magnet and will be anti-parallel to the latter. If there are one or more magnetic labels captured by the sensing cell, the superparamagnetic nanoparticle(s) will generate fringe field. The top magnet follows the orientation of the in-plane fringe field component, which is parallel to the pinned bottom magnet. The sensing result can be read out by measuring the tunneling resistance of the MTJ cell. The proposed biosensor design can achieve high sensitivity in three different ways: 1) the magnetic sensing and electronic read-out operations are decoupled in time domain; 2) the binary readout increases the signal to noise ratio significantly; and 3) thermally assisted magnetic sensing decouples the sensor sensitivity from the magnetic stiffness of the sensing layer. Our simulation results demonstrate sensitivity sufficient for single nanoparticle detection. The thermal analysis indicates that the temperature on the top surface of gold layer can be maintained below 50 degC in order to avoid damage to the biocoating layer.
Osimertinib in the treatment of patients with epidermal growth factor receptor T790M mutation-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: clinical trial evidence and experience (2016)

Patients with advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are particularly sensitive to treatment with first- or second-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as gefitinib, erlotinib and afatinib, which block the cell-signaling pathways that drive the growth of tumor cells. Unfortunately, the majority of patients develop resistance to them after a median duration of response of around 10 months, and in over half of these patients the emergence of the EGFR T790M resistance mutation is detected. Osimertinib is an oral, highly selective, irreversible inhibitor of both EGFR-activating mutations and the T790M-resistance mutation, while sparing the activity of wild-type EGFR This article reviews clinical trial development of osimertinib in patients with NSCLC, presenting efficacy and safety evidence for its value in the EGFR T790M mutation-positive population and in different settings, including patients with metastatic disease. The preclinical background of clinically acquired resistance to osimertinib is presented and the combination tactics being investigated in an attempt to circumvent this are addressed.
Development and Elucidation of a Novel Fluorescent Boron-Sensor for the Analysis of Boronic Acid-Containing Compounds (2017)

Novel boron-containing drugs have recently been suggested as a new class of pharmaceuticals. However, the majority of current boron-detection techniques require expensive facilities and/or tedious pretreatment methods. Thus, to develop a novel and convenient detection method for boron-based pharmaceuticals, imine-type boron-chelating-ligands were previously synthesized for use in a fluorescent sensor for boronic acid containing compounds. However, the fluorescence quantum yield of the imine-type sensor was particularly low, and the sensor was easily decomposed in aqueous media. Thus, in this paper, we report the development of a novel, convenient, and stable fluorescent boron-sensor based on <i>O</i>- and <i>N</i>-chelation (i.e., 2-(pyridine-2yl)phenol), and a corresponding method for the quantitative and qualitative detection of boronic acid-containing compounds using this commercially available sensor is presented.
NEW AUSTRALIAN SCENOPINIDAE (DIPTERA) III* (1980)

Abstract Three new species from western New South Wales and eastern South Australia bring to 62 the number of known Scenopinidae from continental Australia: Scenopinus torrensianus (albicinctus group), Para‐monova fonsamniculi and P. hamata. Existing keys are modified to accommodate the new species.
Laser-Based Kinematic Calibration of Robot Manipulator Using Differential Kinematics (2011)

This paper proposes a novel systematic technique to estimate entire kinematic parameter errors of robot manipulator. Small errors always exist in link length and link twist for physical manipulators, which affect the precision in kinematic equations leading to calculate wrong joint angle values in inverse kinematic equations. In order to solve these problems, the proposed technique employs a structured laser module (SLM), a stationary camera, the Jacobian matrices, and an extended Kalman filter (EKF). The SLM is attached to the end-effector of the manipulator arm and the stationary camera is used to determine an accurate position where the laser comes out. Variances between actual and measured positions of laser beams are represented by the Jacobian matrices formulated from differential kinematics. Then, the EKF is used to estimate kinematic parameters. Effectiveness of the proposed technique is verified with 7 DOF humanoid manipulator arm by computer simulation and 4 DOF manipulator by actual experiment.