gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Iontophoretic killing of Escherichia coli in static fluid and in a model catheter system (1982)

A static iontophoretic model system was used to determine the effects of various metals, microamperage (microamperemeter) levels, and voltage levels on Escherichia coli and several other bacterial genera. Only gold iontophoresis at 400 microamperemeter and approximately 3.2 V was found to kill all bacterial genera tested when the inoculum dose was 1 x 10(3) cells per ml. E. coli was killed at all inocula doses to 1 x 10(7), whereas other genera were inhibited. Other metals, such as silver or copper, were not effective in killing bacteria. A model catheter system, which contained a gold iontophoresis device, was used to kill E. coli in a flowing system at sites as far as 10 cm downstream from the iontophoretic device. The experiments suggest gold iontophoresis can be a potential tool in controlling catheter-related infections.
Molecular and Genetic Characterization of a Novel Pleiotropic Tomato-Ripening Mutant1 (1999)

In this paper we describe a novel, dominant pleiotropic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)-ripening mutation, Cnr (colorless nonripening). This mutant occurred spontaneously in a commercial population. Cnr has a phenotype that is quite distinct from that of the other pleiotropic tomato-ripening mutants and is characterized by fruit that show greatly reduced ethylene production, an inhibition of softening, a yellow skin, and a nonpigmented pericarp. The ripening-related biosynthesis of carotenoid pigments was abolished in the pericarp tissue. The pericarp also showed a significant reduction in cell-to-cell adhesion, with cell separation occurring when blocks of tissue were incubated in water alone. The mutant phenotype was not reversed by exposure to exogenous ethylene. Crosses with other mutant lines and the use of a restriction fragment length polymorphism marker demonstrated that Cnr was not allelic with the pleiotropic ripening mutants nor, alc, rin, Nr, Gr, and Nr-2. The gene has been mapped to the top of chromosome 2, also indicating that it is distinct from the other pleiotropic ripening mutants. We undertook the molecular characterization of Cnr by examining the expression of a panel of ripening-related genes in the presence and absence of exogenous ethylene. The pattern of gene expression in Cnr was related to, but differed from, that of several of the other well-characterized mutants. We discuss here the possible relationships among nor, Cnr, and rin in a putative ripening signal cascade.
Evaluation of Surface‐NMR Spin Echo Measurements of T <sub>2</sub> (2011)

In order to improve estimation of hydrogeologic properties from NMR relaxation measurements, we must improve our ability to measure the NMR relaxation parameters that are most directly sensitive to the underlying properties of interest. While standard surface‐NMR measurements of the free induction decay can yield accurate estimates of the relaxation time parameter T2*, it has been shown that this parameter exhibits limited sensitivity to pore‐size and permeability. In this study, we evaluate a modified surface‐NMR acquisition scheme that uses spin echo measurements to estimate the more robust and readily utilizable relaxation parameter T2. We present a series of field experiments from the Central United States in which we have used surface‐NMR to measure spin echo signals and estimate T2 with variable echo times ranging from 100 ms to 400 ms. NMR logging measurements in a nearby borehole provide a unique opportunity to compare the T2‐values estimated by surface‐NMR to ground‐truth T2‐values determined from the logging data. We find very close agreement between these two forms of measurement; we note, however, that we cannot detect spin echo signals from depth intervals where T2 is much shorter than the shortest echo time (100ms). Comparing the surface‐NMR measurements of T2 to measurements of T2* acquired at the same time, we find that T2 is generally much longer than T2*. We explain the observed differences between these relaxation parameters by considering the effects of inhomogeneity in the background magnetic field. We find that T2 exhibits greater variation and sensitivity to pore size than T2* in coarse‐grained materials; however, T2* provides greater sensitivity in fine‐grained materials where no echo signal is detected. Given these distinct advantages of the T2 and T2* measurement, we propose a general framework for using both of these measurement types to enable more detailed characterization of groundwater aquifers.
Production Workflow: Concepts and Techniques (1999)

1. Introduction. Business Processes. Business Processes as Enterprise Resource. Virtual Enterprises. Processes and Workflows. Dimensions of Workflow. User Support. Categories of Workflows. Application Structure. Workflow and Objects. Application Operating System. Software Stack. Document/Image Processing. Groupware and Workflow. Different Views of Applications. Transactional Workflow. Advanced Usage. System Requirements. Relation to Other Technologies. 2. Business Engineering. Business Modeling. Business Logic. Enterprise Structure. Information Technology Infrastructure. Business Modeling Example. Business Process Reengineering. Process Discovery. Process Optimization. Process Analysis. Business Engineering and Workflow. Monitoring. 3. Workflow Management System Basics. Main Components. Types of Users. Buildtime. Metamodel Overview. Runtime. Audit Trail. Process Management. Authorization. Application Programming Interface. System Structure. Workflow Standards. 4. Metamodel. The Notion of a Metamodel. Process Data. Activities. Control Flow. Data Flow. Summary: PM-Graphs. Navigation. Summary: G-Instances. 5. Advanced Functions. Events. Dynamic Modification of Workflows. Advanced Join Conditions. Container Materialization. Object Staging. Context Management. Performance Spheres. Compile Spheres. 6. Workflows and Objects. Component-based Software Construction. Scripts in Object-Oriented Analysis and Design. The Object Request Broker. The OMG Workflow Management Facility. 7. Workflows and Transactions. Basic Transaction Concepts. Advanced Transaction Concepts. Streams. Atomic Spheres. Compensation Spheres. Phoenix Behavior. 8. Advanced Usage. Monitoring Dynamic Integrity Rules. Software Distribution. Security Management. Business-Process-Oriented Systems Management. 9. Application Topologies. Dependent Applications. Client/Server Structures. TP Monitors. Communication Paradigms. Message Monitors. Message Broker. Object Brokers. Distributed Applications. Web Applications. Workflow-based Applications. 10. Architecture and System Structure. Architectural Principles. System Structure. Servers. Client. Program Execution. System Group. Domains. System Tuning. Workload Management. Systems Management. Exploiting Parallel Databases. Server Implementation Aspects. Navigation. Message Queuing Usage. Process Compiler. 11. Development of Workflow-based Applications. Development Environment Blueprint. Component Generation. Testing. Animation. Debugging Activity Implementations. Application Database Design. Application Tuning. Optimization. A Travel Reservation Example. B List of Symbols. Bibliography. Index.
Common Mode Noise Reduction for Power Converters with Parasitic Capacitance Cancellation (2007)

In this paper, a method using negative capacitance to cancel the CM parasitic capacitance of power converters is proposed. Both the theoretical analysis and experiments show that the proposed method is easy to implement and efficient to reduce CM noise.
Distributed IP mobility in a real vehicular network (2015)

Current IP mobility management is based on a centralized and static mobility anchor that brings several limitations, such as a single point of failure, traffic delays and high signaling loads. IP mobility management needs to cope with the evolution of mobile network architectures towards flatten architectural models. Thus, novel distributed mobility models have been proposed to distribute the mobility anchors closer to the end-user. One example of flat architectures is the one required to deploy vehicular networks. While vehicles move, they will change their connections between road side units without disturbing the active sessions of the user inside the vehicles. However, this requires a mobility management approach that is able to deal with the flat architecture of the vehicular network and its fixed road side units. This paper extends, develops and evaluates a distributed IP mobility protocol, denoted as Dynamic Mobile IP Anchoring (DMIPA), in real vehicular networks. It presents the changes and enhancements to DMIPA to make it suitable for vehicular networks, and evaluates it in a real vehicular environment. The results show that DMIPA is able to dynamically distribute the sessions anchoring and tunnels while providing a small handover latency, packet loss and high throughput.
Wavelength-selective waveguide photodetectors in silicon-on-insulator (1996)

We show that silicon-on-insulator substrates, combined with a low index waveguide, can yield intrinsically wavelength-selective devices for multiwavelength applications. We demonstrate a simple wavelength-selective photodetector that resembles an asymmetric directional coupler with a polymer waveguide coupled to a silicon waveguide. Only certain wavelengths are phase-matched between the two guides and transfer from the polymer to the silicon. Operating the device at the band edge of silicon, the coupled radiation is absorbed and generates photocurrent. The 400 μm long detector exhibits a linewidth of a few nm, limited by the uniformity of the silicon-on-insulator material.
Finite-state multimodal integration and understanding (2005)

Multimodal interfaces are systems that allow input and/or output to be conveyed over multiple channels such as speech, graphics, and gesture. In addition to parsing and understanding separate utterances from different modes such as speech or gesture, multimodal interfaces also need to parse and understand composite multimodal utterances that are distributed over multiple input modes. We present an approach in which multimodal parsing and understanding are achieved using a weighted finite-state device which takes speech and gesture streams as inputs and outputs their joint interpretation. In comparison to previous approaches, this approach is significantly more efficient and provides a more general probabilistic framework for multimodal ambiguity resolution. The approach also enables tight-coupling of multimodal understanding with speech recognition. Since the finite-state approach is more lightweight in computational needs, it can be more readily deployed on a broader range of mobile platforms. We provide speech recognition results that demonstrate compensation effects of exploiting gesture information in a directory assistance and messaging task using a multimodal interface.
Spatial considerations during cryopreservation of a large volume sample (2016)

There have been relatively few studies on the implications of the physical conditions experienced by cells during large volume (litres) cryopreservation - most studies have focused on the problem of cryopreservation of smaller volumes, typically up to 2 ml. This study explores the effects of ice growth by progressive solidification, generally seen during larger scale cryopreservation, on encapsulated liver hepatocyte spheroids, and it develops a method to reliably sample different regions across the frozen cores of samples experiencing progressive solidification. These issues are examined in the context of a Bioartificial Liver Device which requires cryopreservation of a 2 L volume in a strict cylindrical geometry for optimal clinical delivery. Progressive solidification cannot be avoided in this arrangement. In such a system optimal cryoprotectant concentrations and cooling rates are known. However, applying these parameters to a large volume is challenging due to the thermal mass and subsequent thermal lag. The specific impact of this to the cryopreservation outcome is required. Under conditions of progressive solidification, the spatial location of Encapsulated Liver Spheroids had a strong impact on post-thaw recovery. Cells in areas first and last to solidify demonstrated significantly impaired post-thaw function, whereas areas solidifying through the majority of the process exhibited higher post-thaw outcome. It was also found that samples where the ice thawed more rapidly had greater post-thaw viability 24 h post-thaw (75.7 ± 3.9% and 62.0 ± 7.2% respectively). These findings have implications for the cryopreservation of large volumes with a rigid shape and for the cryopreservation of a Bioartificial Liver Device.
Extending applicability of cluster based pattern recognition with efficient approximation techniques (1997)

The fundamental goal of this research has been to improve computational efficiency of the Visually Empirical Region of Influence (VERI) based clustering and pattern recognition (PR) algorithms we developed in previous work. The original clustering algorithm, when applied to data sets with N points, ran in time proportional to N{sup 3} (denoted with the notation O (N{sup 3})), which limited the size of data sets it could find solutions for. Results generated from our original clustering algorithm were superior to commercial clustering packages. These results warranted our efforts to improve the runtimes of our algorithms. This report describes the new algorithms, advances and obstacles met in their development. The report gives qualitative and quantitative analysis of the improved algorithms performances. With the information in this report, an interested user can determine which algorithm is best for a given problem in clustering (2-D) or PR (K-D), and can estimate how long it will run using the runtime plots of the algorithms before using any software.
An analysis of heat removal during cryogen spray cooling and effects of simultaneous airflow application (2001)

"Film cooling" instead of "evaporative cooling" appears to be the dominant mode of CSC on skin. Estimated values of heat removed from the epidermis suggest that a cryogen spurt as long as 200 milliseconds is required to counteract heat generated by high laser fluences (e.g., in treatment of port wine stains) in patients with high concentration of epidermal melanin. Additional cooling beyond spurt termination can be avoided by simultaneous application of airflow, although it is unclear at the moment if avoiding the additional cooling would be beneficial in the actual clinical situation.
Antiulcer agents. 4-Substituted 2-guanidinothiazoles: reversible, competitive, and selective inhibitors of gastric H+,K+-ATPase (1990)

A series of 4-substituted 2-guanidinothiazoles has been found to inhibit the gastric proton-pump enzyme H+,K(+)-ATPase. In general, these compounds were reversible inhibitors of canine gastric H+,K(+)-ATPase, competitive at the K+ site, and selective relative to canine renal Na+,K(+)-ATPase. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on this series revealed no general replacement for the guanidinothiazole. On the other hand, use of pyrrolyl, phenyl, and indolyl groups as the C-4 substituent yielded active compounds. Extensive studies of substitution patterns on these 4-aryl groups led to more active compounds, but no consistent SAR became apparent. Monosubstitution of the guanidine and substitution of the thiazole at C-5 both often led to increased activity, but combining these changes generated compounds less active than the parents. Despite 100-fold improvement in in vitro inhibitory potency, only a 3-fold increase in gastric antisecretory activity in rats was observed for these agents.
The cerebral function analysing monitor Initial clinical experience, application and further development (1984)

The cerebral function analysing monitor is a development of the cerebral function monitor. It produces a more detailed analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG) amplitude and analyses the frequency of the waveforms into standard beta, alpha, theta and delta bands. It can analyse the EEG from two input channels, produce traces of the standard EEG, and compute visual, auditory, somato sensory and brain stem evoked potentials.
Multiple MoS2 Transistors for Sensing Molecule Interaction Kinetics (2015)

Atomically layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) exhibit a significant potential to enable next-generation low-cost transistor biosensors that permit single-molecule-level quantification of biomolecules. To realize such potential biosensing capability, device-oriented research is needed for calibrating the sensor responses to enable the quantification of the affinities/kinetics of biomolecule interactions. In this work, we demonstrated MoS2-based transistor biosensors capable of detecting tumor necrosis factor--alpha (TNF-α) with a detection limit as low as 60 fM. Such a detection limit was achieved in both linear and subthreshold regimes of MoS2 transistors. In both regimes, all sets of transistors exhibited consistent calibrated responses with respect to TNF-α concentration, and they resulted in a standard curve, from which the equilibrium constant of the antibody-(TNF-α) pair was extracted to be KD = 369 ± 48 fM. Based on this calibrated sensor model, the time-dependent binding kinetics was also measured and the association/dissociation rates of the antibody-(TNF-α) pair were extracted to be (5.03 ± 0.16) × 10(8) M(-1) s(-1) and (1.97 ± 0.08) × 10(-4) s(-1), respectively. This work advanced the critical device physics for leveraging the excellent electronic/structural properties of TMDCs in biosensing applications as well as the research capability in analyzing the biomolecule interactions with fM-level sensitivities.
Substrate specificity and stereospecificity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked alcohol dehydrogenases from methanol-grown yeasts (1981)

Nicotine adenine dinucleotide-linked primary alcohol dehydrogenase and a newly discovered secondary alcohol dehydrogenase coexist in most strains of methanol-grown yeasts. Alcohol dehydrogenases from methanol-grown yeasts oxidize (--)-2-butanol preferentially over its (+) enantiomorph. This is substantially different from alcohol dehydrogenases from bakers' yeast and horse liver.
AUTOMATIC PASSIVE LOW LIGHT LEVEL TELEVISION GUN‐DIRECTOR RANGEFINDER (1976)

ABSTRACT On many Navy ships, gunnery is directed and controlled using radar and stereoscopic optical rangefinders. Radar is rapid, automatic, functional day and night, but is subject to limitations, especially at low angles of elevation. The stereoscopic optical rangefinder, because of its superior resolution, supplements radar with information on imagery and identification of target and gunnery accuracy through observation of the shell bursts relative to the target. Also, under Emission Control conditions, the passive rangefinder substitutes for radar. However, rangefinder usefulness is limited because 1) it requires sufficient daylight illumination and weather clarity, 2) there is a shortage of Fleet personnel with good stereoscopic perception, and 3) operator mechanical manipulation of the rangefinder optics makes it too slow for ranging on high‐speed aircraft. To improve the rangefinder utility, a passive day/night Low Light Level Television Rangefinder System has been proposed that will provide an image of the target and automatically display range in digital format on cathode ray tubes. Without modifying the stereoscopic range‐finder and with appropriate external optics, the range‐finder can be adapted to operate with the low light level television camera. Automatic ranging, which eliminates the operator, is obtained with new electronic TV time‐scanning circuitry which will provide rapid, continuous digital range. Ranging on high‐speed aircraft will be possible. The gun‐director rangefinder is, at times, used for general navigation, collision avoidance, stationkeeping, surveillance, etc. The Low Light Level Television Range‐finder System will provide night and automatic ranging capabilities for these applications.
Accurate analysis of multi-layered signal and power distributions using the fringe RLGC models (2005)

This work introduces the fringe RLGC (i.e., resistance, inductance, conductance, and capacitance) models to accurately compute the broadband S parameters for not only large power planes but also thin signal traces in multi-layered package and PCB environments. With comparable accuracy and 100/spl times/ faster than a 3D full-wave field solver, this technique enables ultra-fast design iterations to optimize the layouts for insertion and return losses, resonance frequencies, and placement of decoupling capacitors, etc.
Amide/Iminium Zwitterionic Catalysts for (Trans)esterification: Application in Biodiesel Synthesis (2019)

A class of zwitterionic organocatalysts based on an amide anion/iminium cation charge pair has been developed. The zwitterions are easily prepared by reacting aziridines with aminopyridines. They are catalytically applicable to transesterifications and dehydrative esterifications. Mechanistic studies reveal that the amide anion and iminium cation work synergistically in activating the reaction partners, with the iminium cationic moiety interacting with the carbonyl substrates through nonclassical hydrogen bonding. The reaction can be applied to large-scale synthesis of biodiesel under mild conditions.
Preliminary Patient Study of TV-Constrained Image Reconstruction from Low-Statistics List-Mode TOF-PET Data (2017)

Advanced clinical positron-emission tomography (PET) scanners exploit time-of-flight (TOF) information of annihilation photons for improving PET imaging performance, and image reconstruction from TOF-PET data remains an active research topic. In the study, we investigate optimization-based image reconstruction from list-mode TOF-PET data collected with a clinical PET system employing the digital silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) technology. The reconstruction problem is formulated as an image-TV-constrained data-fidelity-minimization problem, and a primal-dual algorithm is tailored for image reconstruction through solving the optimization problem. In an attempt to evaluate the reconstruction performance, we have carried out studies on images reconstructed from data of patient subjects. A focus of the work centers on investigating image reconstruction from data containing different amounts of photon accounts. Results of the study reveal that the proposed algorithm can yield image reconstruction with suppressed noise level and increased axial coverage over that obtained in conventional reconstructions.
Information-based Transfer Functions for Multimodal Visualization (2008)

Transfer functions are an essential part of volume visualization. In multimodal visualization at least two values exist at every sample point. Additionally, other parameters, such as gradient magnitude, are often retrieved for each sample point. To find a good transfer function for this high number of parameters is challenging because of the complexity of this task. In this paper we present a general information-based approach for transfer function design in multimodal visualization which is independent of the used modality types. Based on information theory, the complex multi-dimensional transfer function space is fused to allow utilization of a well-known 2D transfer function with a single value and gradient magnitude as parameters. Additionally, a quantity is introduced which enables better separation of regions with complementary information. The benefit of the new method in contrast to other techniques is a transfer function space which is easy to understand and which provides a better separation of different tissues. The usability of the new approach is shown on examples of different modalities.
Diels−Alder Reactions of Epoxybutene Derivatives and Subsequent Synthetic Manipulations of the Cycloadducts (2001)

Diels−Alder reactions between cyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene, and a number of epoxybutene derivatives are reported. The endo diastereomer from the Diels−Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene with 2,5-dihydrofuran was functionalized by additional oxidative transformations.