gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Topical delivery of a preformed photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of cutaneous lesions (2012)

Photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) are most commonly delivered to patients or experimental animals via intravenous injection. After initial distribution throughout the body, there can be some preferential accumulation within tumors or other abnormal tissue in comparison to the surrounding normal tissue. In contrast, the photosensitizer precursor, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or one of its esters, is routinely administered topically, and more specifically, to target skin lesions. Following metabolic conversion to protoporphyrin IX, the target area is photoilluminated, limiting peripheral damage and targeting the effective agent to the desired region. However, not all skin lesions are responsive to ALA-PDT. Topical administration of fully formed photosensitizers is less common but is receiving increased attention, and some notable advances with selected approved and experimental photosensitizers have been published. Our team has examined topical administration of the phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4 to mammalian (human, mouse, pig) skin. Pc 4 in a desired formulation and concentration was applied to the skin surface at a rate of 5-10 μL/cm<sup>2</sup> and kept under occlusion. After various times, skin biopsies were examined by confocal microscopy, and fluorescence within regions of interest was quantified. Early after application, images show the majority of the Pc 4 fluorescence within the stratum corneum and upper epidermis. As a function of time and concentration, penetration of Pc 4 across the stratum corneum and into the epidermis and dermis was observed. The data indicate that Pc 4 can be delivered to skin for photodynamic activation and treatment of skin pathologies.
Analysis of Asphaltene Instability Using Diffusive and Thermodynamic Models during Gas Charges into Oil Reservoirs (2017)

Reservoir fluid analysis can be used to better understand a hydrocarbon reservoir. Reservoir fluids are not always equilibrated in particular because of dynamic processes such as late gas charges occurring in the recent geologic past. It is of great importance to delineate how a late gas charge affects fluid distributions and when asphaltenes become unstable in oil. In this work, we modify the simplified moving boundary one-dimensional diffusive model of Zuo et al. (Energy 2016, 100, 199) for gas charges into oil reservoirs considering the Maxwell–Stefan diffusivity and thermodynamic nonideality. Live oil is simply treated as three pseudocomponents: gas, maltene, and asphaltene. The parameters of the three components in the Flory–Huggins regular solution model are calibrated by the Peng–Robinson equation of state. The modified diffusive model is then used to simulate gas charges into oil reservoirs. The simulation results have indicated that fluid density inversion is created by competing effects of asphaltene diffusion and expulsion owing to late gas charges. The density inversion induces gravity currents which cause asphaltene migration from near the top to the base of the oil column fairly rapidly in geological time. In addition, the same thermodynamic model as in the diffusive model is also used to generate vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE), liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE), and vapor–liquid–liquid equilibrium (VLLE) spinodal and binodal phase boundaries. Furthermore, the fluid compositional variation paths simulated by the modified diffusive model and the calculated phase boundaries are plotted in the same phase diagrams for comparison. The results show that asphaltenes can precipitate locally near the gas/oil contact (GOC) for fluids with high asphaltene content because rapid gas addition to an oil reservoir at the GOC easily makes fluids near the GOC metastable and/or unstable (high gas solution oil decreases its solvency capacity to dissolve asphaltenes). Moreover, with asphaltene-enriched advective flow, asphaltene buildup at the base (oil/water contact, OWC) can give rise to asphaltene phase instability and tar mat formation when the asphaltene content surpasses the maximum asphaltene solubility allowable in the oil. This is consistent with the frequent field observations of asphaltene deposition at the upstructure with shale breaks and the OWC. Additionally, the sensitivity of the thermodynamic model parameters to phase envelopes is analyzed. The sensitivity analysis indicates that decreasing gas and maltene solubility parameters, temperature, and maltene molar mass, and increasing asphaltene solubility parameters and asphaltene molar mass, result in increasing asphaltene phase instability.
Biodegradation of Bisphenol-A in aerobic membrane bioreactor sludge (2013)

Bisphenol-A (BPA) biodegradation was studied in a membrane bioreactor under aerobic conditions. The effects of the initial BPA concentration and initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration on BPA biodegradation were investigated. The degradation process followed a first-order kinetic (more than 98% of BPA was removed) with a kinetic rate constant of 1.134 h(-1) using an initial BPA concentration of 1.0 mg L(-1). The kinetic rate constant decreased to 0.611 h(-1) when the initial BPA concentration increased to 5.0 mg L(-1). The initial COD concentration (400 and 2,000 mg L(-1)) did not affect the biodegradation kinetic of BPA.
Pentacene-based organic superlattice transistors using organic heterostructure (2008)

Pentacene-based organic superlattice transistors (OSLFETs) using the monolayer (ML) thickness of organic pentacene and amorphous organic material have been studied. By changing the unit number of pentacene (2 ML) and amorphous organic layers, transistor characteristics, namely, mobility, threshold voltage and on-off ratio, were markedly changed. Under optimum stacked layer conditions, the mobility was determined to be 1.35 cm<sup>2</sup>/Vs, and the on-off ratio, 10<sup>6</sup>. By changing the unit number of pentacene and amorphous organic layers, the sheet charge was determined to be 6.2×10<sup>11</sup> cm<sup>-2</sup>. This superlattice configuration concept is expected to improve carrier transport and control the threshold voltage for an integrated circuit configuration.
Formation of Hepatocyte Spheroids with Structural Polarity and Functional Bile Canaliculi Using Nanopillar Sheets (2010)

We developed a method for controlling the spheroid formation of adult rat primary hepatocytes simply by optimizing the pillar diameters and patterns of nanopillar sheets. To investigate the effects of the pillar parameters on the spheroid formation, rat primary hepatocytes were cultured on nanopillar sheets with pillars that had one of five different diameters and that had been precoated with a solution containing one of two different concentrations of type I collagen. Spheroids with a compact morphology that were adhesive to the substratum and had an optimal size (50 to 100 microm) were obtained using a sheet with a pillar diameter of 2.0 microm that was precoated with 100 ng/mL of type I collagen solution. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the spheroids had a structure similar to that of native liver tissue. We then assessed the effect of overlaying reconstituted spheroids with Matrigel with the aim of achieving a simulated in vivo environment. The mRNA expression levels of MRP2, albumin, and P450-3A3 for spheroids determined by semiquantitative real-time PCR were significantly higher than those for spheroids cultured without the Matrigel overlay or for hepatocytes cultured using a conventional two-dimensional method. The spheroids obtained exhibited higher structural polarity and functional bile canaliculi compared with hepatocytes cultured using a conventional two-dimensional method.
Multifiber Optically-Shielded Catheter For Laser Angiosurgery (1987)

This paper reviews our development of a multifiber optically shielded laser catheter for use in laser angiosurgery (LAS). The catheters under development allow both the spectral diagnosis of tissue type and the controlled delivery of therapeutic levels of laser energy within the arterial system. We describe the multifiber catheter device, in-vitro and in-vivo catheter testing and argon ion laser dosimetry. We also discuss the use of the LAS catheter in conjunction with spectral diagnostics.
Fully engineered coherent multichannel transmitters and receivers with low-cost potential (1992)

Coherent optical multichannel FSK transmitters and receivers using data-induced polarisation switching have been developed. The transmitter powers range from −0.6 to +5.2dBm, and the receiver sensitivities are −52.0 to −51.6dBm at 140 Mbit/s. The common tuning range is 148GHz.
Fine-Grained Visual Dribbling Style Analysis for Soccer Videos With Augmented Dribble Energy Image (2019)

Recent advances in interpretations of soccer are predominantly made through analyzing high-level contents of soccer videos. This work targets on these highlight actions and movements in soccer games and it focuses on dribbling skills performed by the top players. Our work leverages understanding of complex dribbling video clips by representing a video sequence with a single Dribble Energy Image(DEI) that is informative for dribbling styles recognition. To overcome the shortage of labelled data, this paper introduces a dataset of soccer video clips from Youtube, employs Mask-RCNN to segment out dribbling players and OpenPose to obtain joints information of dribbling players. Besides, to solve issues caused by camera motions in highlight soccer videos, our work proposes to register a video sequence to generate a single image representation DEI and dribbling styles classification. Our approach can achieve an accuracy of 87.65% on dribbling styles classification and it is observed that data augmentation using joints-reasoned GAN can improve the classification performance.
Comprehensive Assessment of Cytokines and Chemokines In Patients with Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia Reveals a Distinct Profile with Pathobiological and Clinical Relevance (2010)

Abstract Abstract 1911 Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM) is a B-cell lymphoplasmacytic disorder characterized by elevated clonal IgM secretion and bone marrow infiltration. Dysregulation of plasma cytokines and chemokines have been described in related malignancies, though large scale comparative efforts to WM have been limited. We therefore evaluated the levels of 20 cytokines, 27 chemokines, and soluble CD27 (sCD27) given the putative memory B-cell origin of WM in peripheral blood derived plasma obtained from 54 patients with WM, 31 patients with Multiple Myeloma (MM), and 37 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) using the Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine 27-plex Assay and the Bender instant soluble CD27 ELISA. Twenty-six age-matched normal donors (ND) were used as controls. Among WM patients, we detected significantly higher levels of the cytokines IL-1Rα (p<0.001), IL-5 (p=0.009), IL-6 (p=0.017), IL-8 (p<0.001), IL-10 (p<0.001), IL-17 (p<0.001), INFg (p=0.022) and GM-CSF (p<0.001), as well as the chemokines CCL2 (p<0.001), CCL3 (p<0.001), and CXCL8 (p<0.001). IL-2 (p<0.001), IL-9 (p< 0.001), IL-15 (p < 0.001), FGF2 (p<0.001), and sCD27 (p<0.001) levels were also significantly increased, while IL-7 levels were decreased (p<0.001). The same pattern of up and down-regulation was also detected in MM and MGUS, suggesting these diseases share some pathophysiological characteristics. In distinction, we observed decreased levels of CCL11 (p<0.02) and RANTES <0.02) only among WM patients in comparison to MM, MGUS, and NDs. Taken together, these data highlight similarities and differences in cytokine and chemokine profile for WM patients, which may be relevant to WM pathogenesis (Figure 1). In addition, sCD27 was associated with several clinical markers, notably correlating negatively with B2M (rho = -0.42, p = 0.016) and positively with CD8+ T-cell percentage (rho = 0.44, p < 0.001). sCD27 was also increased 1.9 fold in WM patients with a familial history of psoriasis (p = 0.021, n = 6). Among the cytokines and chemokines, GM-CSF was decreased 1.7 fold in the presence of lymphadenopathy (p = 0.003, n = 15), and IL-7 and CXCL10 were both increased in the four previously treated patients (fold = 5.5, p = 0.005; fold = 3.4, p = 0.003). In conclusion, there is significant cytokine, chemokine, and soluble CD27 dysregulation in WM, MM, and MGUS corresponding to important clinical correlations in WM. In addition to B-cell regulation, several of these dysregulations are also involved in T-cell regulation, signifying a need for further understanding of T-cell involvement in WM. These data demonstrate that further investigation of cytokine involvement in the pathogenesis and prognosis of these diseases is warranted. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Measuring the Spherical-harmonic Representation of a Sound Field Using a Cylindrical Array (2019)

This paper describes how to encode into a spherical-harmonic representation of a 3-D sound field using a cylindrical microphone array. The standard way to represent a sound field is to use higher order Ambisonics specified over a spherical region. If the sound field is instead measured using a cylindrical array, it is more naturally expressed in terms of cylindrical harmonics. In this paper, the transforms for conversion between cylindrical and spherical-harmonic representations are derived. Simulations then compare the performance of cylindrical and spherical array processing in estimating the spherical-harmonic coefficients of a sound field.
Porous carbon nanofiber–sulfur composite electrodes for lithium/sulfur cells (2011)

Sulfur (S) encapsulated in porous carbon nanofibers (CNFs) was synthesized viaelectrospinning, carbonization and solution-based chemical reaction–deposition method. The chemical reaction–deposition strategy provides intimate contact between the S and the CNFs. This would not necessarily be the case for other reported methods, such as ball milling and thermal treatment. These novel porous carbon nanofiber–sulfur (CNF–S) nanocomposites with various S loadings showed high reversible capacity, good discharge capacity retention and enhanced rate capability when they were used as cathodes in rechargeable Li/S cells. We demonstrated here that an electrode prepared from a porous CNF–S nanocomposite with 42 wt% S maintains a stable discharge capacity of about 1400 mA h g−1 at 0.05 C, 1100 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C and 900 mA h g−1 at 0.2 C. We attribute the good electrochemical performance to the high electrical conductivity and the extremely high surface area of the CNFs that homogeneously disperse and immobilize S on their porous structures, alleviating the polysulfide shuttle phenomenon. SEM measurements showed that the porous CNF structures remained nearly unchanged even after 30 cycles' discharging/charging at 0.05 C.
Terahertz Light Sources by Electronic-Oscillator-Driven Second Harmonic\n Generation in Extreme-Confinement Cavities (2020)

The majority of sources of coherent optical radiation rely on laser\noscillators driven by population inversion. Despite their technological\nimportance in communications, medicine, industry, and other fields, it remains\na challenge to access the spectral range of 0.1-10 THz (the "terahertz gap"), a\nfrequency band for applications ranging from spectroscopy to security and\nhigh-speed wireless communications. Here, we propose a way to produce coherent\nradiation spanning the THz gap by efficient second-harmonic generation (SHG) in\nlow-loss dielectric structures, starting from technologically mature electronic\noscillators (EOs) in the ~100 GHz range. To achieve this goal, we introduce\nhybrid THz-band dielectric cavity designs that combine (1) extreme field\nconcentration in high-quality-factor resonators with (2) nonlinear materials\nenhanced by phonon resonances. We theoretically predict conversion efficiencies\nof >$10^3$ %/W and the potential to bridge the THz gap with 1 W of input power.\nThis approach enables efficient, cascaded parametric frequency converters,\nrepresenting a new generation of light sources extensible into the mid-IR\nspectrum and beyond.\n
An alternative formulation for predicting sound radiation from a vibrating object (1997)

An alternative formulation is derived for predicting acoustic radiation from a vibrating object in an unbounded fluid medium. The radiated acoustic pressure is shown to be expressible as a surface integral of the particle velocity, which is determinable by using a nonintrusive laser velocimeter. This approach is in contrast with the Kirchhoff integral formulation which requires the knowledge of both the normal component of the surface velocity and the surface acoustic pressure prior to predicting of the radiated acoustic pressure. Solutions thus obtained are unique. Moreover, the efficiency of the numerical computations is high because the surface integration can be readily implemented numerically by using standard Gaussian quadratures. Such a formulation can be readily extended to acoustic scattering problems and acoustic radiation in an interior region. This alternative formulation may be desirable to analyze the acoustic and vibration responses of a lightweight, a flexible, or a structure under an adverse environment for which a nonintrusive laser measurement technique must be used. Validations of this alternative formulation are demonstrated both analytically and numerically for vibrating spheres and right circular cylinders. [Work supported by NSF.]
Using photoacoustic signals to localize small gas leaks (1997)

In the manufacture of devices that are to be filled with pressurized gases or liquids, efficient localization of leaks is a critical quality control process. Current assembly-line leak localization techniques such as bubble visualization, sniffing devices, or helium-mass spectrometers are either subjective or time consuming. Photoacoustics has already been used to detect small leaks but has not been extended to the localization of these leaks. This work presents a quick and objective leak localization method. Sulfur hexafluoride is used as the tracer gas. Photoacoustic sound is generated by rapidly scanning a carbon dioxide laser tuned to 10.6 μm over a suspected leak area. The sound is measured by multiple microphones. Using the microphone output and signal processing techniques, the location of the leak is determined. Leak location uncertainty due to microphone placement, laser scanning, and leak size is discussed. A signal-to-noise-ratio-dependent leak detection limit is established. Experimental results are presented. [Work supported by Ford Motor Company.]
GeoSim: Realistic Video Simulation via Geometry-Aware Composition for Self-Driving (2021)

Scalable sensor simulation is an important yet challenging open problem for safety-critical domains such as self-driving. Current works in image simulation either fail to be photorealistic or do not model the 3D environment and the dynamic objects within, losing high-level control and physical realism. In this paper, we present GeoSim, a geometry-aware image composition process which synthesizes novel urban driving scenarios by augmenting existing images with dynamic objects extracted from other scenes and rendered at novel poses. Towards this goal, we first build a diverse bank of 3D objects with both realistic geometry and appearance from sensor data. During simulation, we perform a novel geometry-aware simulation-by-composition procedure which 1) proposes plausible and realistic object placements into a given scene, 2) render novel views of dynamic objects from the asset bank, and 3) composes and blends the rendered image segments. The resulting synthetic images are realistic, traffic-aware, and geometrically consistent, allowing our approach to scale to complex use cases. We demonstrate two such important applications: long-range realistic video simulation across multiple camera sensors, and synthetic data generation for data augmentation on downstream segmentation tasks. Please check https://tmux.top/publication/geosim/ for high-resolution video results.
Preliminary investigation of optimization-based image reconstruction for TOF PET with sparse configurations (2019)

In this work, we investigate and characterize optimization-based image reconstruction from list-mode TOFPET data collected by using a digital TOF-PET scanner with reduced detectors, while seeking possibly to maintain the image quality and volume coverage. In particular, we focused on two patterns of sparse configurations, in both of which the total number of crystals is reduced to 50% of the corresponding clinical TOF-PET scanner. The reconstruction problem from data of the two sparse configurations is formulated as the solution to an image-TV-constrained, data-KLminimization optimization problem, and the image is reconstructed by use of an algorithm tailored from a Chambolle and Pock (CP) algorithm through solving the optimization problem. The characteristics of each sparse configuration was investigated by assessing the corresponding reconstructions visually and quantitatively. Results of the study suggest that certain sparse TOF-PET configurations may yield images with quality and volume coverage comparable to that obtained with current clinical TOF-PET scanner that has densely populated detectors.
Multi-geometry Spatial Acoustic Modeling for Distant Speech Recognition (2019)

The use of spatial information with multiple microphones can improve far-field automatic speech recognition (ASR) accuracy. However, conventional microphone array techniques degrade speech enhancement performance when there is an array geometry mismatch between design and test conditions. Moreover, such speech enhancement techniques do not always yield ASR accuracy improvement due to the difference between speech enhancement and ASR optimization objectives. In this work, we propose to unify an acoustic model framework by optimizing spatial filtering and long short-term memory (LSTM) layers from multi-channel (MC) input. Our acoustic model subsumes beamformers with multiple types of array geometry. In contrast to deep clustering methods that treat a neural network as a black box tool, the network encoding the spatial filters can process streaming audio data in real time without the accumulation of target signal statistics. We demonstrate the effectiveness of such MC neural networks through ASR experiments on the real-world far-field data. We show that our two-channel acoustic model can on average reduce word error rates (WERs) by 13.4 and 12.7% compared to a single channel ASR system with the log-mel filter bank energy (LFBE) feature under the matched and mismatched microphone placement conditions, respectively. Our result also shows that our two-channel network achieves a relative WER reduction of over 7.0% compared to conventional beamforming with seven microphones overall.
Electronic Referencing Techniques for Quantitative NMR: Pitfalls and How To Avoid Them Using Amplitude-Corrected Referencing through Signal Injection (2008)

NMR spectroscopy can be a superior analytical technique for quantification of compounds dissolved in solution. Traditionally a chemical reference standard of known concentration is added to the sample. The concentration of the solute can then be determined by comparing the signal integrals. However, it can be inconvenient or impossible to use internal references. Electronic referencing was developed to circumvent problems with internal standards and has been used successfully in well-controlled situations. However, it is not always possible or convenient to have samples where the dielectric sample properties do not change from one to the next. We propose a modification of the old electronic referencing technique that takes into account the electronic changes between dissimilar samples. We have called this new technique Amplitude-corrected Referencing Through Signal Injection or ARTSI.