gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Playing Cards with the Octopus (2004)

19 part time chaplains were parish ministers perhaps these things were not such an issue. Now we have a number of very able part time chaplains whose chaplaincy is their only work, therefore these issues are necessarily of importance. Furthermore, is it not simply wrong to have people doing work for which they do not receive appropriate entitlements? There is an established mechanism within the NHS for the employment of all of these people, so to transfer to direct employment seems to me the most appropriate way to go.
The dynamic analysis of a spoke-type permanent magnet generator with large overhang (2005)

The purpose of this paper is characteristic analysis of a permanent magnet generator (PMG) for automatic voltage regulator (AVR) power of a brushless synchronous generator. However, this PMG has a spoke-type permanent magnet rotor with a large overhang for high power density; characteristic analysis considering the concentration effect of the air-gap flux density due to the overhang should be performed. Three-dimensional (3-D) transient finite element method (FEM) analysis is a good solution for the overhang parameter, but this method needs too much calculation time. In this paper, we examined the overhang effects based on overhang length and material of rotor core by using two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D static FEM analysis, and proposed a 2-D dynamic FEM model considering the overhang parameter, which gives good and rapid results. The proposed method is verified by the test results of no-load, load, and short-circuit test.
Transient Simulation of Silicon Devices and Circuits (1985)

In this paper, we present an overview of the physical principles and numerical methods used to solve the coupled system of nonlinear partial differential equations that model the transient behavior of silicon VLSI device structures. We also describe how the same techniques are applicable to circuit simulation. A composite linear multistep formula is introduced as the time-integration scheme. Newton-iterative methods are exploited to solve the nonlinear equations that arise at each time step. We also present a simple data structure for nonsymmetric matrices with symmetric nonzero structures that facilitates iterative or direct methods with substantial efficiency gains over other storage schemes. Several computational examples, including a CMOS latchup problem, are presented and discussed.
Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. Introduction. (2008)

The current edition of the Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine features an overview of surgery as both an art and a science. This is a timely theme as surgery has undergone a rapid transition in the treatment of old diseases with new and minimally invasive techniques. The series of essays, scientific reviews, and original contributions reflects this transition.

Charles B. Drucker describes the life and times of Ambroise Pare, the French barber-surgeon who replaced pedagogy with empirical observation. Application of his tenets resulted in humane treatment employing the intrinsic healing capacity of the body to repair injured tissues. Kwan, Irwin, and Leuver present a photo essay of surgical instruments in the collection of the Cushing-Whitney Medical Historical Library at Yale University. Daniel E. Hall describes the transition and maturation of the surgeon in training. He emphasizes the responsibility imparted to the surgeon who, through acquired knowledge and skill, is granted the privilege of exposing and repairing the tissues of another human being. The author, an ordained priest, presents a unique and parallel analogy of the operating theater and religious altar as holy places.

Three sequential reviews in cardiac surgery emphasize the continuous refinements employed by the surgeon to treat diseases that have plagued humans throughout the course of recorded history. Sabet W. Hashim, a master of mitral valve repair, and colleagues describe the techniques employed to repair chronic mitral valve regurgitation. They emphasize the necessity of understanding and treating the underlying muscle pathology, including the papillary muscle and left ventricle. John A. Elefteriades presents an overview of thoracic aorta aneurysm repair by employing the analogy of reading the enemy’s playbook. There is perhaps no other individual in the world who has the depth of Dr. Elefteriades’s insights and experience. The third in the series by Toshiharu Shinoka and Christopher Breuer review groundbreaking tissue-engineering research being performed at the Yale University School of Medicine. This research is anticipated to result in the creation and implantation of the first tissue-engineered blood vessel replacements in the United States.

Walter Longo and his colleagues in the Yale University Department of Surgery present original data on early specialization in surgery. This timely article has special significance as surgery is undergoing a transformation designed to address societal demands and the length and complexity of training the next generation of surgeons. Julie A. Freischlag presents a personal reflection of female surgeons in a male-dominated world.

This issue of the Yale Journal of Biology of Medicine is both timely and informative. Adam Kaufman, a second-year medical student at the Yale University School of Medicine, is credited for his tireless organization and contributions.
The influence of anaerobic fungi on rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations<i>in vivo</i> (1987)

Summary Elimination of the rumen anaerobic fungi from sheep fed chemically-treated barley straw diets resulted in elevated proportions of propionic acid in rumen liquor (from ca . 0·15 to 0·30). Subsequent inoculation of these sheep with a pure culture of fungus decreased propionate concentrations within 3 days to the levels observed in control animals that possessed abundant fungal populations throughout the experiment. Confirmation that propionate itself was not responsible for the elimination of the fungi was provided by the results of a second experiment in which intraruminal infusions of propionic acid failed to reduce fungal growth or prevent recolonization in sheep previously rendered fungi-free. In a third experiment with sheep fed untreated barley straw, monensin supplementation produced the well known elevation of propionate concentrations. However, this treatment also resulted in the elimination of rumen anaerobic fungi from the animals. The magnitude of the increased concentration of rumen propionic acid, resulting from the elimination of the anaerobic fungal flora, indicates an important role for the fungi in the fermentation of high-fibre diets. In addition, these findings indicate that the well known elevation of propionate levels produced by monensin may likewise be effected directly by removal of the rumen anaerobic fungi.
Calcium‐Responsive Liposomes via a Synthetic Lipid Switch (2018)

Liposomal drug delivery would benefit from enhanced control over content release. Here, we report a novel avenue for triggering release driven by chemical composition using liposomes sensitized to calcium-a target chosen due to its key roles in biology and disease. To demonstrate this principle, we synthesized calcium-responsive lipid switch 1, designed to undergo conformational changes upon calcium binding. The conformational change perturbs membrane integrity, thereby promoting cargo release. This was shown through fluorescence-based release assays via dose-dependent response depending on the percentage of 1 in liposomes, with minimal background leakage in controls. DLS experiments indicated dramatic changes in particle size upon treatment of liposomes containing 1 with calcium. In a comparison of ten naturally occurring metal cations, calcium provided the greatest release. Finally, STEM images showed significant changes in liposome morphology upon treatment of liposomes containing 1 with calcium. These results showcase lipid switches driven by molecular recognition principles as an exciting avenue for controlling membrane properties.
Expression of NFAT-Family Proteins in Normal Human T Cells (1997)

NFAT proteins constitute a family of transcription factors involved in mediating signal transduction. Using a panel of specific antisera in immunoprecipitation assays, we found that NFATp (135 kDa) is constitutively expressed in normal human T cells, while synthesis of NFATc (predominant form of 86 kDa) is induced by ionomycin treatment. NFAT4/x was very weakly expressed in unstimulated cells, and its level did not increase upon treatment with activating agents. NFAT3 protein was not observed under any conditions. Higher-molecular-weight species of NFATc (of 110 and 140 kDa) were also detected. In addition, translation of NFATc mRNA apparently initiates at two different AUG codons, giving rise to proteins that differ in size by 36 amino acids. Additional size heterogeneity of both NFATc and NFATp results from phosphorylation. In contrast to ionomycin treatment, exposure of cells to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus anti-CD28 did not induce NFATc, indicating that under these conditions, interleukin-2 synthesis by these cells is apparently independent of NFATc. In DNA binding assays, both PMA plus anti-CD28 and PMA plus ionomycin resulted in nuclear NFAT. Surprisingly, the PMA-ionomycin-induced synthesis of NFATc that was detected by immunoprecipitation was not mirrored in the DNA binding assays: nearly all of the activity was due to NFATp. This is the first study of expression of all family members at the protein level in normal human T cells.
Altered cellular and humoral immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis on anti-CD20 therapy (2021)

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in healthy individuals generates effective immune protection against COVID-19. Little is known, however, about the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine-induced responses in immunosuppressed patients. We investigated induction of antigen-specific antibody, B cell and T cell responses in patients with multiple sclerosis on anti-CD20 (MS-aCD20) monotherapy following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Treatment with aCD20 significantly reduced Spike and RBD specific antibody and memory B cell responses in most patients, an effect that was ameliorated with longer duration from last aCD20 treatment and extent of B cell reconstitution. In contrast, all MS-aCD20 patients generated antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses following vaccination. However, treatment with aCD20 skewed these responses compromising circulating Tfh responses and augmenting CD8 T cell induction, while largely preserving Th1 priming. These data also revealed underlying features of coordinated immune responses following mRNA vaccination. Specifically, the MS-aCD20 patients who failed to generate anti-RBD IgG had the most severe defect in cTfh cell responses and more robust CD8 T cell responses compared to those who generated anti-RBD IgG, whose T cell responses were more similar to healthy controls. These data define the nature of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced immune landscape in aCD20-treated patients, and provide insights into coordinated mRNA vaccine-induced immune responses in humans. Our findings have implications for clinical decision-making, patient education and public health policy for patients treated with aCD20 and other immunosuppressed patients.
Complex equilibrium of laterally curved wakes (1999)

Three component velocity, turbulence and spectral measurements were made in the far wake of a two-dimensional circular cylinder and a circular cylinder of the same cross section bent so as to form a circular ring. The plane wake generated by the two-dimensional cylinder was used as a control case so that the effects of lateral curvature on the wake of the ring could be observed. The mean velocity and turbulence stress profiles of the plane wake rapidly reach a self-preserving state similar to that observed by previous researchers. Despite the extra length scale in the ring wake the mean velocity profile in this flow also achieves approximate selfsimilarity. However, the effects of lateral curvature are apparent in the growth rate of the ring wake and the slight asymmetry of its turbulence stress profiles. Approximate selfsimilarity is not achieved in the axial turbulence normal or shear stress profiles.
An overview of size reduction technologies in the field of pharmaceutical manufacturing (2008)

Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses into small unit masses, coarse particles or fine particles. Size reduction process is also termed as comminution or diminution or pulverizations. In addition to the standard adjustments of the milling process (i.e., speed, screen size, design of rotor, load), special techniques of milling may be useful including special atmosphere, temperature control, sonocrystallization, supercritical fluid process. etc. Moreover, some advance technologies of size reduction including Micron Technologies, Gran-U-LizerTM Technology, Jet-O-MizerTM and Microfluidics® have been popular. Various application of size reduction concept covers oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs, micronization, nanotechnology (micro- and nano suspensions), etc.This systemic review highlights advantages and disadvantages, mechanisms, theories, techniques, advances, and pharmaceutical applications of size reduction technology.
Watermarking technique based on wavelet transform for color images (2012)

Watermarking techniques have been proposed as an effective method to protecting the copyright of multimedia data. At present, a large proportion of the watermarking algorithms embed the grey image into the carrier image. In this paper, a watermarking algorithm for color images based on wavelet analysis is proposed. The algorithm scrambled the original watermark image in pretreatment, and used the wavelet transform to process the carrier image and the scrambled watermark image. Then the color watermarked image was embedded into the low-frequency discrete wavelet coefficient of the color carrier image. The experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm can assure the security of the watermark image, and the watermark image has good invisibility and strong robustness for common signal processing and attack.
Using fiber optics with analog RF signals (1989)

The use of a laser diode transmitter and a photodiode receiver allows radio signals, as high as 1 GHz in frequency, to be directly modulated onto fiber cable. The amplitude-modulated signal can then be transmitted along the fiber cable and coupled to a photodiode receiver. The receiver down-converts the optical modulated signal to the original radio frequency (RF) signal which can be amplified to a usable level. This concept can be used to carry low-level land mobile radio frequencies over long distances with little distortion and with relatively little loss. Typical applications for the system include tunnels, subways, large buildings, ships, and simulcast systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Quantum conductance in silver nanowires: Correlation between atomic structure and transport properties (2002)

We have analyzed the atomic arrangements and quantum conductance of silver nanowires generated by mechanical elongation. The surface properties of Ag induce unexpected structural properties, such as, for example, predominance of high aspect-ratio rodlike wires. The structural behavior was used to understand the Ag quantum conductance data and the proposed correlation was confirmed by means of theoretical calculations. These results emphasize that the conductance of metal point contacts is determined by the preferred atomic structures, and that atomistic descriptions are essential to interpret the quantum transport behavior of metal nanostructures.
Design of potent 9‐mer antimicrobial peptide analogs of protaetiamycine and investigation of mechanism of antimicrobial action (2009)

Protaetiamycine is an insect defensin, a naturally occurring 43-amino-acid-residue antimicrobial peptide derived from the larvae of the beetle Protaetia brevitarsis. In a previous work that aimed at developing short antibiotic peptides, we designed 9-mer peptide analogs of protaetiamycine. Among them, RLWLAIGRG-NH2 showed good antifungal activity against Candida albicans. In this study, we designed four 9-mer peptide analogs based on the sequence of RLWLAIGRG-NH2, in which Gly or Ile was substituted with Arg, Lys, or Trp to optimize the balance between the hydrophobicity and cationicity of the peptides and to increase bacterial cell selectivity. We measured their toxicity to bacteria and mammalian cells as well as their ability to permeabilize model phospholipid membranes. Substitution of Arg for Gly9 at the C-terminus (9Pbw1) resulted in two- to fourfold improvement in antibacterial activity. Further substitution of Gly7 with Lys (9Pbw2 and 9Pbw4) caused four- to eightfold improvement in the antibacterial activity without increase in cytotoxocity, while substitution of Gly7 with Trp (9Pbw3) increased cytotoxicity as well as antibacterial activity. The peptides 9Pbw2 and 9Pbw4 with the highest bacterial cell selectivity were not effective in depolarizing the membrane of Staphylococcus aureus cytoplasmic membranes and showed almost no leakage of a fluorescent dye entrapped within the vesicles. Gel-retardation experiments indicated that 9Pbw2 and 9Pbw4 inhibited the migration of DNA at concentrations >20 microM. Three positively charged residues at the C-terminus in 9Pbw2 and 9Pbw4 may facilitate effective penetration into the negatively charged phospholipid membrane of bacteria. The results obtained in this study suggest that the bactericidal action of our potent antibacterial peptides, namely 9Pbw2 and 9Pbw4, may be attributed to the inhibition of the functions of intracellular components after penetration of the bacterial cell membrane.
Reversible and Permanent Wafer Bonding for GaAs Processing (2001)

Wafer bonding for Compound Semiconductor proc-essing is a new manufacturing technology, which is highly appreciated by the industry and supports successfully new ways of processing thin and large diameter GaAs wafers. GaAs wafers temporarily and reversibly bonded to a car-rier substrate are suited for reliable back thinning and backside lithography. Permanent wafer bonding allows the production of Si/GaAs wafer heterostructures for the integration of optoelectronic devices into Si integrated circuit (IC) technology. This paper will describe two state-of-the art methods and corresponding results of wafer bonding for manufacturing thin and therefore fragile GaAs wafers: (a) Aligned reversible wafer bonding to a rigid carrier substrate by wax for optimum handling during pro-duction; (b) Permanent bonding to a Si wafer via an epoxy or glass-like interlayer. 1.
Statistical background subtraction using spatial cues (2007)

Most statistical background subtraction techniques are based on the analysis of temporal color/intensity distribution. However, learning statistics on a series of time frames can be problematic, especially when no frame absent of moving objects is available or when the available memory is not sufficient to store the series of frames needed for learning. In this letter, we propose a spatial variation to the traditional temporal framework. The proposed framework allows statistical motion detection with methods trained on one background frame instead of a series of frames as is usually the case. Our framework includes two spatial background subtraction approaches suitable for different applications. The first approach is meant for scenes having a nonstatic background due to noise, camera jitter or animation in the scene (e.g.,waving trees, fluttering leaves). This approach models each pixel with two PDFs: one unimodal PDF and one multimodal PDF, both trained on one background frame. In this way, the method can handle backgrounds with static and nonstatic areas. The second spatial approach is designed to use as little processing time and memory as possible. Based on the assumption that neighboring pixels often share similar temporal distribution, this second approach models the background with one global mixture of Gaussians.
Detection of MPLW515L/K Mutations and Determination of Allele Frequencies with a Single-Tube PCR Assay (2014)

A gain-of-function mutation in the myeloproliferative leukemia virus (MPL) gene, which encodes the thrombopoietin receptor, has been identified in patients with essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis, subgroups of classic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). The presence of MPL gene mutations is a critical diagnostic criterion for these diseases. Here, we developed a rapid, simple, and cost-effective method of detecting two major MPL mutations, MPLW515L/K, in a single PCR assay; we termed this method DARMS (dual amplification refractory mutation system)-PCR. DARMS-PCR is designed to produce three different PCR products corresponding to MPLW515L, MPLW515K, and all MPL alleles. The amplicons are later detected and quantified using a capillary sequencer to determine the relative frequencies of the mutant and wild-type alleles. Applying DARMS-PCR to human specimens, we successfully identified MPL mutations in MPN patients, with the exception of patients bearing mutant allele frequencies below the detection limit (5%) of this method. The MPL mutant allele frequencies determined using DARMS-PCR correlated strongly with the values determined using deep sequencing. Thus, we demonstrated the potential of DARMS-PCR to detect MPL mutations and determine the allele frequencies in a timely and cost-effective manner.
Quantum Information with Continuous Variables of Atoms and Light (2007)

Quantum information describes the new field which bridges quantum physics and information science. The quantum world allows for completely new architectures and protocols. While originally formulated in continuous quantum variables, the field worked almost exclusively with discrete variables, such as single photons and photon pairs. The renaissance of continuous variables came with European research consortia such as ACQUIRE (Advanced Coherent Quantum Information Research) in the late 1990s, and QUICOV (Quantum Information with Continuous Variables) from 2000–2003. The encouraging research results of QUICOV and the new conference series CVQIP (Continuous Variable Quantum Information Processing) triggered the idea for this book.This book presents the state of the art of quantum information with continuous quantum variables. The individual chapters discuss results achieved in QUICOV and presented at the first five CVQIP conferences from 2002-2006. Many world-leading scientists working on continuous variables outside Europe also contribute to the book.