gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flame‐retardant epoxy resin compounds containing novolac derivatives with aromatic compounds (2001)

Abstract New flame‐retardant epoxy resin compounds containing novolac derivatives with specific aromatic compounds have been developed. After crosslinking reactions between epoxy resin and hardener, the epoxy resin compounds formed highly flame‐retardant network structures that were obtained by including biphenylene and phenylene moieties in the main chains of novolac‐type epoxy resin and phenol novolac resin hardener. The high flame retardancy is due mainly to the stable foam layers that form during combustion because of the low elasticity at high temperatures and the high pyrolysis resistance of the compounds. Furthermore, the addition of excess phenol derivative hardener not only facilitates the formation of the foam layers by decreasing the crosslink densities but also reduces the amount of flammable substances generated from the epoxy resin compounds during combustion. The use of a multifunctional epoxy resin containing four glycidyloxy groups in the compounds improved characteristics such as heat resistance and strength at high temperatures, while maintaining excellent flame retardancy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of Transgenic Papaya with Double Resistance to <i>Papaya ringspot virus</i> and <i>Papaya leaf-distortion mosaic virus</i> (2009)

During the field tests of coat protein (CP)-transgenic papaya lines resistant to Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), another Potyvirus sp., Papaya leaf-distortion mosaic virus (PLDMV), appeared as an emerging threat to the transgenic papaya. In this investigation, an untranslatable chimeric construct containing the truncated CP coding region of the PLDMV P-TW-WF isolate and the truncated CP coding region with the complete 3' untranslated region of PRSV YK isolate was transferred into papaya (Carica papaya cv. Thailand) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to generate transgenic plants with resistance to PLDMV and PRSV. Seventy-five transgenic lines were obtained and challenged with PRSV YK or PLDMV P-TW-WF by mechanical inoculation under greenhouse conditions. Thirty-eight transgenic lines showing no symptoms 1 month after inoculation were regarded as highly resistant lines. Southern and Northern analyses revealed that four weakly resistant lines have one or two inserts of the construct and accumulate detectable amounts of transgene transcript, whereas nine resistant lines contain two or three inserts without significant accumulation of transgene transcript. The results indicated that double virus resistance in transgenic lines resulted from double or more copies of the insert through the mechanism of RNA-mediated posttranscriptional gene silencing. Furthermore, three of nine resistant lines showed high levels of resistance to heterologous PRSV strains originating from Hawaii, Thailand, and Mexico. Our transgenic lines have great potential for controlling a number of PRSV strains and PLDMV in Taiwan and elsewhere.
A Hexavalent Human Rotavirus–Bovine Rotavirus (UK) Reassortant Vaccine Designed for Use in Developing Countries and Delivered in a Schedule with the Potential to Eliminate the Risk of Intussusception (2005)

There is an urgent need for a rotavirus vaccine, because up to 592,000 infants and young children <5 years old die each year from rotavirus diarrhea, predominantly in the developing countries. We have developed a tetravalent human-bovine rotavirus (UK) reassortant vaccine with VP7 (G) specificity for serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4, which has been shown to be safe, immunogenic, and effective in preventing severe rotavirus diarrhea. However, because of the emergence of VP7 (G) serotype 9 as an epidemiologically important serotype and the importance of VP7 (G) serotype 8 in focal areas, we are planning to add human-bovine (UK) reassortants with G8 and G9 specificity to the tetravalent vaccine, thereby formulating a "designed" hexavalent vaccine for universal use. In addition, we propose that the vaccine be administered orally in a 2-dose schedule, with the first dose given at 0-4 weeks of age and the second dose given at 4-8 weeks of age, when infants are relatively refractory to developing intussusception, thereby avoiding the age period when naturally occurring intussusception is most prevalent (i.e., ages 3-4 months through age 9 months). In this way, there may be the potential to eliminate or at least significantly decrease the risk of intussusception associated with rotavirus vaccination.
Brain Repair by Hematopoietic Growth Factors in a Rat Model of Stroke (2007)

SCF and G-CSF are neuroprotective and beneficial to functional restoration when administered during the acute phase after brain ischemia, indicating hematopoietic growth factors play a role in brain repair.
Self-interference fluorescence microscopy: three dimensional fluorescence imaging without depth scanning (2012)

We present a new method for high-resolution, three-dimensional fluorescence imaging. In contrast to beam-scanning confocal microscopy, where the laser focus must be scanned both laterally and axially to collect a volume, we obtain depth information without the necessity of depth scanning. In this method, the emitted fluorescence is collected in the backward direction and is sent through a phase plate that encodes the depth information into the phase of a spectrally resolved interference pattern. We demonstrate that decoding this phase information allows for depth localization accuracy better than 4 µm over a 500 µm depth-of-field. In a high numerical aperture configuration with a much smaller depth of field, a localization accuracy of tens of nanometers can be achieved. This approach is ideally suited for miniature endoscopes, where space limitations at the endoscope tip render depth scanning difficult. We illustrate the potential for 3D visualization of complex biological samples by constructing a three-dimensional volume of the microvasculature of ex vivo murine heart tissue from a single 2D scan.
Sparse-Coded Ambient Backscatter Communication for Massive OFDM-Induced IoT Networks (2018)

Ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) is a promising solution for Internet of Things (IoT) network in terms of installation cost and energy efficiency. However, it is challenging to achieve massive connectivity in typical AmBC system due to lack of coordination among RF sources, tags and the reader. Such uncoordinated interferences can seriously degrade the system performance, limiting the data rate and communication range essential for numerous IoT applications. To tackle the challenging issues, we propose a novel sparse-coded AmBC (SC-AmBC) system using sparse codes and utilizing the structure of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. The system utilizes the inherent characteristics in ambient sources and RF tags to enhance connectivity for massive IoT applications including smart city and factory. Numerical results demonstrate the potential of sparse codes for AmBC in terms of energy efficiency and receiver sensitivity at the reader.
Neural Network Training-Data Selection Using Memory-Reduced Cluster Analysis for Field Model Development (2003)

Abstract This paper is related to neural network processing of near well bore geological logging data. The paper has been prepared to address the increased use and interest in artificial intelligence technologies in the interpretation of open-hole and/or casedhole formation evaluation data. A typical neural network model is developed from a training well or wells where measurements are available. The model is tested on a validation well or wells before it is applied to a specific field /reservoir. Quite often models are developed with limited data: for example single well data should be retrained with multi well data to improve its scope and applicability. Unfortunately, some efforts to upgrade can result in choosing to use sub-optimal training algorithms because of the need to deal with an extensively increased data size. The consequence is a reduction in predictive accuracy. To improve accuracy, it is wise to have ways (1) remove faulty, redundant and insignificant data, (2) detect inconsistent data, (3) have the ability to "add", i.e., duplicate samples in key target zones. This paper discusses how cluster analysis can be integrated with graphic visualization and fuzzy decision making to support training-data selection in field model development based on multiple well data. A case study using cased hole logging data from a pulsed neutron tool demonstrates the method and its application in predicting the response of open hole triple-combo logs (neutron porosity, formation density and deep resistivity).
NMR-Based Modification of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors with Improved Bioavailability (2002)

The NMR-based discovery of biaryl hydroxamate inhibitors of the matrix metalloproteinase stromelysin (MMP-3) has been previously described (Hajduk et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 5818-5827). While potent in vitro, these inhibitors exhibited no in vivo activity due, at least in part, to the poor pharmacokinetic properties of the alkylhydroxamate moiety. To circumvent this liability, NMR-based screening was implemented to identify alternative zinc-chelating groups. Using this technique, 1-naphthyl hydroxamate was found to bind tightly to the protein (K(D) = 50 microM) and was identified as a candidate for incorporation into the lead series. On the basis of NMR-derived structural information, the naphthyl hydroxamate and biaryl fragments were linked together to yield inhibitors of this enzyme that exhibited improved bioavailability. These studies demonstrate that the NMR-based screening of fragments can be effectively applied to improve the physicochemical or pharmacokinetic profile of lead compounds.
Sparse Maximum A Posteriori adaptation (2011)

Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) adaptation is a powerful tool for building speaker specific acoustic models. Modern speech applications utilize acoustic models with millions of parameters, and serve millions of users. Storing an acoustic model for each user in such settings is costly. However, speaker specific acoustic models are generally similar to the acoustic model being adapted. By imposing sparseness constraints, we can save significantly on storage, and even improve the quality of the resulting speaker-dependent model. In this paper we utilize the ℓ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> or ℓ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> norm as a regularizer to induce sparsity. We show that we can obtain up to 95% sparsity with negligible loss in recognition accuracy, with both penalties. By removing small differences, which constitute “adaptation noise”, sparse MAP is actually able to improve upon MAP adaptation. Sparse MAP reduces the MAP word error rate by 2% relative at 89% sparsity.
Improved Liquid Crystal Mixtures for STN Displays (2004)

Supertwisted nematic (STN) liquid crystal displays remain a leading technology for mobile communications applications, personal digital assistants (PDA) and personal convergence devices. Higher demands on display information content place ever increasing demands on the physical parameters of the liquid crystal mixture. To satisfy current and future display requirements, it is necessary to develop mixtures showing: ? Fast response times achieved by rotational viscosity reduction and birefringence increase. ? Small temperature dependence of the operating voltage (dV/dT), especially at low temperatures. ? Small frequency dependence of the operating voltage (dV/df), necessary for multi-level greyscale operation. ? Improved steepness (V90/V10) of the electro-optical curve to enable higher duty multiplexing of the display. In order to fulfil these requirements, liquid crystal mixtures with improved physical properties were developed. Examples of these mixtures are presented.
Structure-activity relationships of saframycins. (1984)

In vitro antitumor activities of 13 saframycins, including the potent antitumor component, saframycin A, were determined with the highly sensitive established cell line of L1210 mouse leukemia to investigate structure-activity relationships. Saframycins which lack the alpha-cyanoamine group or the alpha-carbinolamine group exhibited much lower cytotoxic activity than saframycin A. The modification of active saframycins either at the C-14 position on the basic skeleton or at the C-25 position on the side chain with bulky substituents resulted in a decrease in cytotoxic activity. These structure-activity relationships corroborated the proposed major mechanism of action for the antitumor activity of saframycin A and supported our proposed model for the saframycin A-DNA adduct.
PaintBot: A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Natural Media Painting (2019)

We propose a new automated digital painting framework, based on a painting agent trained through reinforcement learning. To synthesize an image, the agent selects a sequence of continuous-valued actions representing primitive painting strokes, which are accumulated on a digital canvas. Action selection is guided by a given reference image, which the agent attempts to replicate subject to the limitations of the action space and the agent's learned policy. The painting agent policy is determined using a variant of proximal policy optimization reinforcement learning. During training, our agent is presented with patches sampled from an ensemble of reference images. To accelerate training convergence, we adopt a curriculum learning strategy, whereby reference patches are sampled according to how challenging they are using the current policy. We experiment with differing loss functions, including pixel-wise and perceptual loss, which have consequent differing effects on the learned policy. We demonstrate that our painting agent can learn an effective policy with a high dimensional continuous action space comprising pen pressure, width, tilt, and color, for a variety of painting styles. Through a coarse-to-fine refinement process our agent can paint arbitrarily complex images in the desired style.
Development of an Energy-efficient Adaptive IoT Gateway Model for Precision Agriculture (2018)

Monitoring micro-climatic conditions of a farm is key to achieving Precision Agricultureas it helps in making accurate disease forecasts for better crop protection and improves yieldefficiency towards higher production. This fine-grained costeffective pervasive sensing of thefarm is enabled with Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) that have evolved into the modern realm ofInternet of Things (IoT). Sensor nodes installed as part of a WSN installation regularly send their measurements to a gateway that aggregates this information before sending it to the cloud. Open fields require energy and bandwidth efficient protocols for transmission and reportingof data as the power source is mostly restricted to solar. We propose an approach to achieve energy-efficient adaptive data collection from the network that involves development of an adaptive model for the gateway. The model uses crop-specific parameters to optimally configure itself to collect data from nodes in the network thereby maximizing energy-efficiency for the deployment. The optimization offered by our adaptive model is shown to achieve significant savings in energy (over 30%) in terms of number of messages exchanged at the gateway. This helps reduce unnecessary traffic to the cloud while extending the network lifetime.
Arc Plasma Gun With Coaxial Powder Feed (1988)

Redesigned plasma gun provides improved metallic and ceramic coatings. Particles injected directly through coaxial bore in cathode into central region of plasma jet. Introduced into hotter and faster region of plasma jet.
Biologically-Validated HIV Integrase Inhibitors with Nucleobase Scaffolds: Structure, Synthesis, Chemical Biology, Molecular Modeling, and Antiviral Activity (2007)

Integrase, an enzyme of the pol gene of HIV, is a significant viral target for the discovery of anti-HIV agents. In this presentation, we report on the continuation of our work on the discovery of diketo acids, constructed on nucleobase scaffolds, that are inhibitors of HIV integrase. An example of our synthetic approach to inhibitors with purine nucleobase scaffolds is given. Comparison is made between integrase inhibition data arising from compounds with pyrimidine versus purine nucleobase scaffold. Antiviral results are cited.
Flexible batching and consistency mechanisms for building interactive groupware applications (2002)

The paper presents our state sharing support for building object oriented interactive groupware in wide area distributed environments. We motivate and present an asynchronous model for updating replicated state, which supports atomicity of updates across multiple shared objects. Coupled with our flexible marshalling framework, this model allows existing application data structure classes to be easily extended and made shareable. To solve the problem of replica consistency we use a novel combination of three mechanisms: (1) global locks, (2) detection of incorrect update ordering, and (3) cloning a subset of the shared objects and state reinitialization. Finally, to reduce network load due to fine grain user interaction, we provide a framework for application specified event batching called Late Event Modification.
Sites within the complement C3b/C4b receptor important for the specificity of ligand binding. (1991)

Cysteine-rich repeated units of 40-70 amino acids are building blocks of many mammalian proteins, including 12 proteins of the complement system. Human complement arranged motifs, designated short consensus repeats (SCRs), which constitute the entire extracellular portion of this protein. Klickstein et al. [Klickstein, L. B., Bartow, T. J., Miletic, V., Rabson, L. D., Smith, J. A. & Fearon, D. T. (1988) J. Exp. Med. 168, 1699-1717 (abstr.)] localized a C4b binding domain to SCR-1 and/or SCR-2 and a C3b binding domain to SCR-8 and/or SCR-9. These SCRs bind different ligands, although SCR-1 and SCR-8 are 55% homologous and SCR-2 and SCR-9 are 70% homologous. To examine if one or two SCRs are required for ligand binding and to define sites within the SCRs that determine specificity of binding, mutagenesis analysis of a truncated, secreted form of CR1, called CR1-4 by Hourcade et al. [Hourcade, D., Meisner, D. R., Atkinson, J. P. & Holers, V. M. (1988) J. Exp. Med. 168, 1255-1270], was undertaken. The latter, composed of the first eight and one-half amino-terminal SCRs of CR1, efficiently bound C4b but not iC3. SCR-1 and SCR-2 were necessary for this interaction. Analysis of the mutant CR1-4 proteins, in which amino acids in SCR-1 and SCR-2 were substituted a few at a time with the homologous amino acids of SCR-8 and SCR-9, led to the identification of one amino acid in SCR-1 and three amino acids in SCR-2 important for C4b binding. Furthermore, five amino acids at the end of SCR-9, if placed in the homologous positions of SCR-2, conferred iC3 binding and are likely essential for ligand binding activity of SCR-8 and SCR-9. This iC3 binding occurred only if SCR-1 was present, indicating that two contiguous SCRs are necessary for this interaction. These results provide identification of amino acids within SCRs that are important for ligand binding.
Sequential Ph-Driven Dimerization and Stabilization of the N-Terminal Domain Enables Rapid Spider Silk Formation (2014)

Abstract The mechanisms controlling the conversion of spider silk proteins into insoluble fibres, which happens in a fraction of a second and in a defined region of the silk glands, are still unresolved. The N-terminal domain changes conformation and forms a homodimer when pH is lowered from 7 to 6; however, the molecular details still remain to be determined. Here we investigate site-directed mutants of the N-terminal domain from Euprosthenops australis major ampullate spidroin 1 and find that the charged residues D40, R60 and K65 mediate intersubunit electrostatic interactions. Protonation of E79 and E119 is required for structural conversions of the subunits into a dimer conformation, and subsequent protonation of E84 around pH 5.7 leads to the formation of a fully stable dimer. These residues are highly conserved, indicating that the now proposed three-step mechanism prevents premature aggregation of spidroins and enables fast formation of spider silk fibres in general.
Mining association rules with item constraints (1997)

The problem of discovering association rules has received considerable research attention and several fast algorithms for mining association rules have been developed. In practice, users are often interested in a subset of association rules. For example, they may only want rules that contain a specific item or rules that contain children of a specific item in a hierarchy. While such constraints can be applied as a postprocessing step, integrating them into the mining algorithm can dramatically reduce the execution time. We consider the problem of integrating constraints that are boolean expressions over the presence or absence of items into the association discovery algorithm. We present three integrated algorithms for mining association rules with item constraints and discuss their tradeoffs. 1. Introduction The problem of discovering association rules was introduced in (Agrawal, Imielinski, &amp; Swami 1993). Given a set of transactions, where each transaction is a set of literals (call...
Detecting covert timing channels with time-deterministic replay (2014)

This paper presents a mechanism called time-deterministic replay (TDR) that can reproduce the execution of a program, including its precise timing. Without TDR, reproducing the timing of an execution is difficult because there are many sources of timing variability - such as preemptions, hardware interrupts, cache effects, scheduling decisions, etc. TDR uses a combination of techniques to either mitigate or eliminate most of these sources of variability. Using a prototype implementation of TDR in a Java Virtual Machine, we show that it is possible to reproduce the timing to within 1.85% of the original execution, even on commodity hardware.The paper discusses several potential applications of TDR, and studies one of them in detail: the detection of a covert timing channel. Timing channels can be used to exfiltrate information from a compromised machine; they work by subtly varying the timing of the machine's outputs, and it is this variation that can be detected with TDR. Unlike prior solutions, which generally look for a specific type of timing channel, our approach can detect a wide variety of channels with high accuracy.
A Low Power Asynchronous GPS Baseband Processor (2012)

We present the design and implementation of an asynchronous Global Positioning System (GPS) base band processor architecture designed with a combination of Quasi-Delay-Insensitive (QDI) and bundled-data techniques, with a focus on minimizing power consumption. All subsystems run at their natural frequency without clocking and all signal processing is done on-the-fly. Transistor-level simulations show that our system consumes only 1.4mW with position 3-D rms error below 4 meters, comparing favorably to other contemporary GPS base band processors.