gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Barley seed germination/root elongation toxicity test for evaluation of sludge pre-treatment (2013)

Application of sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on agricultural land is an approach for nutrient recycling that rise challenges due to recalcitrant and harmful pollutants. In this study we assessed the feasibility of a seed germination test to evaluate sludge ecotoxicity and compared germination responses from two test parameters, root elongation and seed germination (sprouts elongation) of the barley (Hordeum vulgare). 2nd objective was to evaluate sewage sludge pre-treatments at batch-scale of sludge samples from two WWTPs using anaerobic digestion, and thermal and ozonation pre-treatments. Glyphosate and eco-labelled soil were used as references. Inhibition of germination of seeds exposed to the glyphosate and sludge was registered and thus germination was successfully applied for sludge ecotoxicity assessment, and using the root elongation as the end-point was both faster and more precise than the sprout elongation. In comparison of pre-treated raw samples and pre-treaded and subsequently digested sludge the effects of the pre-treatments were limited and hence, the anaerobic digestion in it-self gave the foremost detoxification.
Hydrophilicity Modification of MCM-41 With Zirconia and Supported Ruthenium-Lanthanum for Benzene Hydrogenation to Cyclohexene (2013)

Zirconia modified mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41 supports were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis method, in situ synthesis method and precipitation method. Ruthenium and lanthanum supported on MCM-41 and zirconia modified MCM-41 catalysts were prepared via two solvents impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, and water/benzene static adsorptions techniques. It has been found that Ru-La supported on MCM-41 modified with zirconia by hydrothermal synthesis method (Ru-La/ZrO2-MCM-41-HS) leads to the biggest increase of the hydrophilicity. Ru-La/ZrO2-MCM-41-HS catalyst with the highest hydrophilicity shows the best performance in liquid phase hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene.
2016 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure (2016)

he ESC Guidelines represent the views of the ESC and were produced after careful consideration of the scientific and medical knowledge and the evidence available at the time of their publication. The ESC is not responsible in the event of any contradiction, discrepancy and/or ambiguity between the ESC Guidelines and any other official recommendations or guidelines issued by the relevant public health authorities, in particular in relation to good use of healthcare or therapeutic strategies. Health professionals are encouraged to take the ESC Guidelines fully into account when exercising their clinical judgment, as well as in the determination and the implementation of preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic medical strategies; however, the ESC Guidelines do not override, in any way whatsoever, the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate and\naccurate decisions in consideration of each patient’s health condition and in consultation with that patient and, where appropriate and/or necessary, the patient’s caregiver. Nor do the ESC Guidelines exempt health professionals from taking into full and careful consideration the relevant official updated recommendations or guidelines issued by the competent public health authorities, in order to manage each patient’s case in light of the scientifically accepted data pursuant to their respective ethical and professional obligations. It is also the health professional’s responsibility to verify the applicable rules and regulations relating to drugs and medical devices at the time of prescription.
The obesity epidemic and its cardiovascular consequences (2006)

Obesity is associated with significant increase in cardiovascular risk. Lifestyle modification remains the cornerstone of management although anti-obesity medications may be indicated in high risk individuals with comorbid disease.
Oxidatively Truncated Docosahexaenoate Phospholipids:  Total Synthesis, Generation, and Peptide Adduction Chemistry (2003)

The recent immunological detection of extraordinarily high levels of carboxyethylpyrrole (CEP) modifications of proteins from the retinas of individuals with age-related macular degeneration provided presumptive evidence for the involvement of docosahexaenoate-derived oxidatively truncated phospholipids in retinal pathology. To facilitate the in vivo detection and characterization of the chemistry and biological activities of these postulated naturally occurring molecules, a family of oxidatively truncated phospholipids was prepared by total syntheses. Their formation in oxidation reactions of a docosahexaenoate ester of 2-lysophosphatidylcholine (DHA-PC) was also demonstrated. Free radical-induced oxidative cleavage of DHA-PC promoted by myeloperoxidase or copper ions generates similar mixtures of these phospholipids. The most abundant products were 1-palmitoyl-2-succinoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (4.7%) and 2-(6-carboxy-4-oxohex-5-enoyl)-1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (1.7%). Both of these oxidatively truncated phospholipids are homologues of biologically active arachidonate-derived phospholipids. A minor product from DHA-PC, 2-(4-hydroxy-7-oxohept-5-enoyl)-1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (0.4% yield), reacted with the epsilon-amino group of a peptide lysyl residue to produce a CEP derivative in 0.7% yield. These observations support the previous conclusion, based on immunological evidence, that CEPs are generated by the reaction of an oxidatively truncated phospholipid with proteins in the retina and further indicate that CEP protein modifications probably represent only a tiny fraction of the products generated upon oxidative damage of DHA-PC in photoreceptor disk membranes.
Analysis of the user queries of an e-commerce bookstore in terms of the Library of Congress classification and key publishers (2013)

Introduction. A key aspect of data mining and its success in extracting useful knowledge is the way in which the data is represented. In this paper we propose representing the relations inherent in an e-commerce bookstore search log as a graph, which allows us to apply and customize graph metrics and algorithms to identify structures and key elements. This approach complements traditional transactional mining by facilitating the identification of underlying structural relationships.\nMethod. The data are pre-processed and represented as a graph which permits the calculation of the descriptive metrics: hubs, bridges and community modularity. These metrics are then interpreted in terms of the book topics (Library of Congress Classification) and publishers.\nAnalysis. The relations between users, books and publishers are studied. We calculate statistics based on the graph metrics and visualize the communities and structure of the graphs. Then we identify the top publishers and categories in terms of the community, hub and bridge structures of the graph.\nResults. We have successfully represented the Web activity data log as a graph, defining the relations between books and users based on activity; analysed the graphs based on the specific graph metrics of communities, hubs and bridges; and evaluated the utility of the analysis by using the graph structure to identify the key information of interest in terms of top publishers and book categories.\nConclusion. We have defined a graph-based method for analysing transactional data which complements traditional transactional mining techniques in order to obtain business knowledge that can be used immediately for cross-selling and recommendation, or, in the medium term, for book catalogue organization.
UBAP2L arginine methylation by PRMT1 modulates stress granule assembly (2019)

Stress granules (SGs) are discrete assemblies of stalled messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes (mRNPs) that form when eukaryotic cells encounter environmental stress. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) mediate their condensation by recruiting populations of mRNPs. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the role of ubiquitin-associated protein 2-like (UBAP2L) in the regulation of SG dynamics remain elusive. Here, we show that UBAP2L is required for both SG assembly and disassembly. UBAP2L overexpression nucleated SGs under stress-null conditions. The UBAP2L Arg-Gly-Gly (RGG) motif was required for SG competence, and mediated the recruitment of SG components, including mRNPs, RBPs, and ribosomal subunits. The domain of unknown function (DUF) of UBAP2L-mediated interaction with ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein (G3BP)1/2, and its deletion caused the cytoplasmic-nuclear transport of UBAP2L and G3BP1/2, thereby compromising SG formation. The protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT1 asymmetrically dimethylated UBAP2L by targeting the RGG motif. Increased arginine methylation blocked, whereas its decrease enhanced UBAP2L interactions with SG components, ablating and promoting SG assembly, respectively. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms by which UBAP2L regulates SG dynamics and RNA metabolism.
Face Search at Scale (2016)

Given the prevalence of social media websites, one challenge facing computer vision researchers is to devise methods to search for persons of interest among the billions of shared photos on these websites. Despite significant progress in face recognition, searching a large collection of unconstrained face images remains a difficult problem. To address this challenge, we propose a face search system which combines a fast search procedure, coupled with a state-of-the-art commercial off the shelf (COTS) matcher, in a cascaded framework. Given a probe face, we first filter the large gallery of photos to find the top- k most similar faces using features learned by a convolutional neural network. The k retrieved candidates are re-ranked by combining similarities based on deep features and those output by the COTS matcher. We evaluate the proposed face search system on a gallery containing 80 million web-downloaded face images. Experimental results demonstrate that while the deep features perform worse than the COTS matcher on a mugshot dataset (93.7 percent versus 98.6 percent TAR@FAR of 0.01 percent), fusing the deep features with the COTS matcher improves the overall performance ( 99.5 percent TAR@FAR of 0.01 percent). This shows that the learned deep features provide complementary information over representations used in state-of-the-art face matchers. On the unconstrained face image benchmarks, the performance of the learned deep features is competitive with reported accuracies. LFW database: 98.20 percent accuracy under the standard protocol and 88.03 percent TAR@FAR of 0.1 percent under the BLUFR protocol; IJB-A benchmark: 51.0 percent TAR@FAR of 0.1 percent (verification), rank 1 retrieval of 82.2 percent (closed-set search), 61.5 percent FNIR@FAR of 1 percent (open-set search). The proposed face search system offers an excellent trade-off between accuracy and scalability on galleries with millions of images. Additionally, in a face search experiment involving photos of the Tsarnaev brothers, convicted of the Boston Marathon bombing, the proposed cascade face search system could find the younger brother's (Dzhokhar Tsarnaev) photo at rank 1 in 1 second on a 5 M gallery and at rank 8 in 7 seconds on an 80 M gallery.
Fragment-Based Discovery of 6-Arylindazole JAK Inhibitors (2016)

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are emerging as novel and efficacious drugs for treating psoriasis and other inflammatory skin disorders, but their full potential is hampered by systemic side effects. To overcome this limitation, we set out to discover soft drug JAK inhibitors for topical use. A fragment screen yielded an indazole hit that was elaborated into a potent JAK inhibitor using structure-based design. Growing the fragment by installing a phenol moiety in the 6-position afforded a greatly improved potency. Fine-tuning the substituents on the phenol and sulfonamide moieties afforded a set of compounds with lead-like properties, but they were found to be phototoxic and unstable in the presence of light.
Derived-Term Automata of Multitape Rational Expressions (Long version) (2016)

We introduce (weighted) rational expressions to denote series over Cartesian products of monoids. To this end, we propose the operator $|$ to build multitape expressions such as $(a^+|x + b^+|y)^*$. We define expansions, which generalize the concept of derivative of a rational expression, but relieved from the need of a free monoid. We propose an algorithm based on expansions to build multitape automata from multitape expressions.
Soft x-ray scattering facility at the Advanced Light Source with real-time data processing and analysis (2012)

We present the development and characterization of a dedicated resonant soft x-ray scattering facility. Capable of operation over a wide energy range, the beamline and endstation are primarily used for scattering from soft matter systems around the carbon K-edge (∼285 eV). We describe the specialized design of the instrument and characteristics of the beamline. Operational characteristics of immediate interest to users such as polarization control, degree of higher harmonic spectral contamination, and detector noise are delineated. Of special interest is the development of a higher harmonic rejection system that improves the spectral purity of the x-ray beam. Special software and a user-friendly interface have been implemented to allow real-time data processing and preliminary data analysis simultaneous with data acquisition.
How to use expert advice (1997)

We analyze algorithms that predict a binary value by combining the predictions of several prediction strategies, called experts . Our analysis is for worst-case situations, i.e., we make no assumptions about the way the sequence of bits to be predicted is generated. We measure the performance of the algorithm by the difference between the expected number of mistakes it makes on the bit sequence and the expected number of mistakes made by the best expert on this sequence, where the expectation is taken with respect to the randomization in the predictins. We show that the minimum achievable difference is on the order of the square root of the number of mistakes of the best expert, and we give efficient algorithms that achieve this. Our upper and lower bounds have matching leading constants in most cases. We then show how this leads to certain kinds of pattern recognition/learning algorithms with performance bounds that improve on the best results currently know in this context. We also compare our analysis to the case in which log loss is used instead of the expected number of mistakes.
Detecting source code similarity using code abstraction (2013)

Various approaches have been proposed to develop effective methods to measure program similarity. Even commercial tools and freeware tools are available for measuring program similarity based on source code comparison. These tools are quite useful to handle small to middle scale software products, but limited for large scale software products. In addition, these tools may report similarity measures with less credentials for the source code either obfuscated by malicious users or generated by automatic program template generation tools. To handle large scale software, more drastic measures should be provided. In this paper, we propose an automatic abstraction method to summarize source code. We eliminate a large portion of source code which is less relevant to similarity comparison. With this abstraction, our similarity comparison method can provide more robust measures for obfuscation and automatic code generation. We evaluate our abstraction method by running through source comparison tool --- MOSS, a web-based similarity detection tool. According to our experiment with multiple versions of Apache HTTP server, Putty SSH client, and Lighttpd server, our abstraction method reports quite reliable results with abstracted source code, which are only 23--35% of original source code. As the execution time for pattern match is linearly proportional to the length of the source code, our method can reduce the execution time as much as the percentage of source code reduction.
Plasmonic IQ modulators with attojoule per bit electrical energy consumption (2019)

Coherent optical communications provides the largest data transmission capacity with the highest spectral efficiency and therefore has a remarkable potential to satisfy today's ever-growing bandwidth demands. It relies on so-called in-phase/quadrature (IQ) electro-optic modulators that encode information on both the amplitude and the phase of light. Ideally, such IQ modulators should offer energy-efficient operation and a most compact footprint, which would allow high-density integration and high spatial parallelism. Here, we present compact IQ modulators with an active section occupying a footprint of 4 × 25 µm × 3 µm, fabricated on the silicon platform and operated with sub-1-V driving electronics. The devices exhibit low electrical energy consumptions of only 0.07 fJ bit<sup>-1</sup> at 50 Gbit s<sup>-1</sup>, 0.3 fJ bit<sup>-1</sup> at 200 Gbit s<sup>-1</sup>, and 2 fJ bit<sup>-1</sup> at 400 Gbit s<sup>-1</sup>. Such IQ modulators may pave the way for application of IQ modulators in long-haul and short-haul communications alike.
Purification of a surface-specific soluble antigen from Listeria monocytogenes (1979)

A complex antigenic preparation obtained from Listeria monocytogenes serovariant 4b by freeze-pressing, centrifugation, and gel filtration treatment was studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, with the aim of preparing an antigenic fraction that could be used to investigate the serological response to listeric infection. Of 17 immunoprecipitates revealed in the soluble extract, one of three major antigens (designated antigen 2) was shown to be a strong antigen in humans or rabbits infected with L. monocytogenes serovariant 4b. A monospecific antiantigen 2 serum was obtained and used to prepare a serologically homogeneous antigen by immunoadsorption. Antigen 2, most probably located on the bacterial surface, is common to all serovariants of L. monocytogenes and to Listeria grayi and is not shared by the main bacterial species known to have common antigens with L. monocytogenes.
Closed-Loop Control Simulations on a Morphing Wing (2008)

steps for the deflection but adds a sinusoidal component for the angle of attack; this simulation is closer to the cruise flight regime. During the third simulation, both the angle of attack and the deflection are modeled as a sinusoidal wave. The outputs (the deflection and the transition point position) are well controlled and the results are very good. Hence, it is concluded that this original method of control is suitable for the control of the transition point position from the laminar to turbulent region on a morphing wing airfoil.
Three-Dimensional Electrically Interconnected Nanowire Networks Formed by Diffusion Bonding (2006)

We demonstrate a new strategy to bond nanowires (NWs) using diffusion bonding of gold (Au). The strategy was used to form very large scale, electrically interconnected 3D NW networks composed of both homogeneous and heterogeneous (multisegmented) NWs. The size of the networks ranged from tens of micrometers to millimeters. We have measured the electrical characteristics of the networks and explored one application of the networks in 3D spatial chemical sensing.
The mechanism of penile erection in the monkey. (1986)

In conclusion, our studies in the monkey have settled some of the controversial issues surrounding penile physiology. We believe that, because of the monkey's anatomic similarity to man, results from simian studies can be extrapolated to human physiology.
Equilibrium Swelling Behavior of Solid Supported Poly(ethylene glycol) Lipid Monolayers. Effects of Short Chain Lengths (2000)

In this study phase transitions and thermodynamic properties of monolayers of short poly(ethylene glycol) chains (abbreviated as EG) covalently attached to lipids were determined by analyzing pressure−area isotherms at three different temperatures by using a film balance. The EG chain lengths were varied systematically between N = 3 and N = 15 repeating EG units. For the two longest EG chains (N = 12 and N = 15) a new synthesis is described. For short chains (N < 9) the monolayer phase transition is determined by the alkyl chain moiety of the headgroup, while for N ≥ 9 the typical behavior of lipopolymers is observed. For the fluid−gel phase transition the entropy and the corresponding latent heat were determined for 3, 6, and 9 EG lipids. In the second part the lipids were transferred to hydrophilic silicon oxide substrates by the Langmuir−Blodgett technique and characterized by their equilibrium swelling behavior under controlled humidity by using ellipsometry. In agreement with the monolayer experiments, we find a “polymer brush”-like behavior already at chain lengths of N ≥ 12 despite the fact that the “statistical” limit N ≫ 1 is hardly fulfilled. For degrees of polymerization of N = 3 and N = 6 EG units, relative small swelling ratios ρ are observed due to a “rigid rod”-like behavior. Between N = 6 and N = 9 repeating units an intermediate swelling behavior is found.
Privatization’s Shaky Theoretical Foundations (2008)

There can be little doubt that privatization was placed on the political, and hence economic and economics agenda, in the early 1980s by the meteoric rise of neo-liberalism.1 In particular, UK Prime Minister, Mrs Thatcher, was recognized to have taken the first path-breaking, if modest initiative by the selling off of local government-owned, ‘council’ housing to tenants at knockdown prices (Brittan 1986). The understandable popularity of this initiative to those who benefited in a booming housing market, with no immediately perceivable disadvantage to the future homeless or hard to house, spawned bolder initiatives. It gave rise to a major UK programme of denationalization, including British Airways, British Coal, and the electricity, gas and telecommunication public corporations.
Effects of dietary sulphur sources on concentrations of hydrogen sulphide in the rumen head-space gas of dairy cows (2007)

Three change-over design experiments investigated the origin of hydrogen sulphide in the rumen head-space gas of dairy cows, comparing the effects of single iso-S additions of methionine, cysteine and sodium sulphate, as well as the effects of single meals of fresh ryegrass or white clover. The concentration of hydrogen sulphide in rumen gas declined close to zero within 4 h after withdrawal of the previous feed. Sulphur sources were then given to cows and concentrations of hydrogen sulphide recorded in rumen head-space gas at 30-min intervals. Cysteine addition (8 g) led to a rapid (within 30 min) and a large (490 and 957 p.p.m. respectively in two experiments) increase in hydrogen sulphide concentration. Concentrations were significantly less following methionine addition. Increasing levels of cysteine addition led to significant increases in hydrogen sulphide concentrations ( P < 0.001 for the linear effect), although peak hydrogen sulphide was delayed and concentrations remained higher for longer with the highest (12 g) addition of cysteine ( P < 0.01 for the 'cysteine level' × 'time' interaction). The increase in concentration of hydrogen sulphide from sodium sulphate was smaller (230 p.p.m.) and slower (2 h) than for cysteine. Despite the much higher intake of cystine for white clover in comparison with perennial ryegrass ( P < 0.001), there was almost no increase in hydrogen sulphide concentration in rumen head-space gas from cows fed white clover. It seems likely that this is associated with the use of sulphur to produce thiocyanate to detoxify the hydrogen cyanide from cyanogenic white clover.