gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis by deletion and site-directed mutagenesis of promoters of the cell wall protein gene operon in Bacillus brevis 47. (1991)

The cell wall protein gene operon of Bacillus brevis 47 has multiple and tandem promoters. The precise locations of the two major promoters (P2 and P3) of the operon were determined by deletion analysis. This together with results of oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of the promoter regions confirmed that the -35 and -10 sequences of the two promoters proposed previously are essential for their promoter activity. A G + C-rich sequence upstream of the -35 region of P2 and an A-rich sequence upstream of the -35 region of P3 facilitate the transcription from P2 and P3, respectively.
A compact frequency-domain photon migration system for integration into commercial hybrid small animal imaging scanners for fluorescence tomography (2012)

The work presented herein describes the system design and performance evaluation of a miniaturized near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) frequency-domain photon migration (FDPM) system with non-contact excitation and homodyne detection capability for small animal fluorescence tomography. The FDPM system was developed specifically for incorporation into a Siemens micro positron emission tomography/computed tomography (microPET/CT) commercial scanner for hybrid small animal imaging, but could be adapted to other systems. Operating at 100 MHz, the system noise was minimized and the associated amplitude and phase errors were characterized to be ±0.7% and ±0.3°, respectively. To demonstrate the tomographic ability, a commercial mouse-shaped phantom with 50 µM IRDye800CW and ⁶⁸Ga containing inclusion was used to associate PET and NIRF tomography. Three-dimensional mesh generation and anatomical referencing was accomplished through CT. A third-order simplified spherical harmonics approximation (SP₃) algorithm, for efficient prediction of light propagation in small animals, was tailored to incorporate the FDPM approach. Finally, the PET-NIRF target co-localization accuracy was analyzed in vivo with a dual-labeled imaging agent targeting orthotopic growth of human prostate cancer. The obtained results validate the integration of time-dependent fluorescence tomography system within a commercial microPET/CT scanner for multimodality small animal imaging.
Applying Side Impact Cushion Technology to Child Restraint Systems (2011)

Side impact was and is still a challenge in automotive safety. In the real world 1 out of 4 crashes are side impacts. According to an NHTSA investigation involving accidents with 28 children, direct contacts with vehicle interior are responsible for 45 % of injuries. The majority of the observed injuries were to the head. Therefore when considering children restrained in child seats, the key safety objective is: Provide energy absorption for the whole body and avoid head contact, with for instance the intruding door. To reach this objective countermeasures have to be developed in terms of child restraint construction. A project aiming at developing side impact countermeasures was launched at Britax some years ago. System basic requirements were: 1) Anticipate child seat to door contact, and 2) Absorb as much as energy possible “outside” the occupant zone. Another aspect of the specification was to ensure it is transposable to different testing environments or regulations. This paper deals with applications aiming at implementing side air cushion technology to child restraint systems. The first part summarizes some development efforts to improve head containment on a booster seat. The second part deals with the technology basics as well as its application to a US-type convertible seat and to an EU-type booster seat. In the absence of established regulatory test procedure, internal methods were developed. These methods are described in the paper; they are based on deceleration sled system and a fixed door. Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATDs) used were the 3year old Hybrid III and Q3. An additional method corresponding to the EU Draft Regulation –moving sled, fixed door - was also used. The third part of the paper discusses the performance of the side air cushion. Performance was judged utilizing measurements of head, chest and pelvic accelerations and neck loads in the case of the Q3. In both test configurations the side air cushion allowed to reduce significantly dummy responses. The findings, as detailed in the paper, allow considering the side air cushion approach as a viable and tangible countermeasure to address the challenges posed by side impact.
Removal of<i>Burkholderia cepacia</i>biofilms with oxidants (1995)

Iodine is used to disinfect the water system aboard US space shuttles and is the anticipated biocide for the international space station. Water quality on spacecraft must be maintained at the highest possible levels for the safety of the crew. Furthermore, the treatment process used to maintain the quality of water on research must be robust and operate for long periods with minimal crew intervention. Biofilms are recalcitrant and pose a major threat with regard to chronic contamination of spacecraft water systems. We measured the effectiveness of oxidizing biocides on the removal and regrowth of Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia biofilms. B. cepacia, isolated from the water distribution system of the space shuttle Discovery, was grown in continuous culture to produce a bacterial contamination source for biofilm formation and removal studies. A 10(7) CFU ml-1 B. cepacia suspension, in distilled water, was used to form biofilms on 3000 micrometers2 glass surfaces. Rates of attachment were measured directly with image analysis and were found to be 7.8, 15.2, and 22.8 attachment events h-1 for flow rates of 20.7, 15.2, and 9.8 ml min-1, respectively. After 18 h of formation, the B. cepacia biofilms were challenged with oxidants (ozone, chlorine, and iodine) and the rates of biofilm removal determined by image analysis. Fifty percent of the biofilm material was removed in the first hour of continous treatment with 24 mg l-1 chlorine or 2 mg l-1 ozone. Iodine (48 mg l-1) did not remove any measurable cellular material after 6 h continuous contact. After this first removal of biofilms by the oxidants, the surface was allowed to refoul and was again treated with the biocide. Iodine was the only compound that was unable to remove cellular debris from either primary or secondary biofilms. Moreover, treating primary biofilms with iodine increased the rate of formation of secondary biofilms, from 4.4 to 5.8 attachment events h-1. All the oxidants tested inactivated the B. cepacia associated with both primary and secondary biofilms. The amount of biocide needed to inactivate 50% of planktonic B. cepacia in 10 min at 25 degrees C was 8.4, 0.5, and 0.2 mg l-1 for iodine, chlorine, and ozone, respectively. The data suggest that iodine maynot be the best chemical for treating of biofilms when removal of cellular material is required.
Crystal Chemistry of Copper-Based Oxide Superconductors and Related Compounds (1991)

The crystal structure of copper oxide superconductors and their related compounds is described in terms of three basic structural blocks. The main block is the perovskite (ACuO3-δ), and the others are the rock salt block (AO) and the fluorite block (AO2). The perovskite block has four types, full perovskite structure (ACuO3) and three types of oxygen deficient perovskite structure of ACuO2.5, ACuO2 and ACuO1+z⋅Ba2YCu3O6+z consists of two types of perovskite blocks and the series of superconducting compounds such as La2Can-1CunO2n+2 and MmA2Can-1CunO2n+m+2 (M=TI or Bi and A=Ba or Sr) consist of perovskite blocks and rock salt blocks. The copper oxide series such as (Pb, Cu)A2(R, Ce)nCu2O2n+5 and A2(R, Ce)nCu3O2n+4+z (R: rare earth element, A=Sr or Ba) consist of perovskite blocks, rock salt blocks and fluorite blocks. The electroneutrality condition in the crystal was taken into account. The characteristic charge for each structural block was calculated using an ionic model. In La2CuO4, the perovskite block [La3+Cu2+(O2-)3] has a negative charge and the rock salt block [La3+O2-] a positive charge. Therefore, the negative perovskite block is considered to be a hole acceptor. On the other hand, in Nd2CuO4, the oxygen deficient perovskite block [Nd3+Cu2+(O2-)2] is positively charged and the fluorite block [Nd3+(O2-)2] is negatively charged. Consequently, the perovskite block readily accepts an electron. The rock salt block usually has a positive charge and works as a hole donor for the CuO2 planes in the perovskite block. The fluorite block has usually a negative charge and so works as a hole acceptor. A variety of new layered copper oxides which may turn into new high-Tc superconductors can be designed by employing the basic principles of the present block model and taking into account the lattice constant matching and the electroneutrality condition between the blocks. Thus the block model provides a guiding principle for the preparation of new layered copper compounds.
Measurement of intrinsic photobleaching rate by fluorescence microsampling of tissue (2001)

Recently there is some interest in using photobleaching rates in vivo to correctly interpret dose deposition, and even to predict the dose deposited within tissue. There are many factors causing photobleaching rate changes related to localization, transport and oxygen availability which can confound the interpretation of a bleaching rate measured in vivo, and perhaps the most problematic issue is that the fluorescence signal can come from multiple depths within the tissue and this depth can change during the course of treatment. In this study we examine the use of a micro-fiber bundle designed to sample fluorescence from superficial depths, and use this device to illustrate that spatially localized measurements can be used to extract the intrinsic photobleaching rate of a photosensitizer within a scattering medium. At the same time, while the depth from which the tissue signal originates can be confined, in vivo measurements illustrate that multiple bleaching rates exist in vivo in addition to the spatial problem. This latter observation, suggests that bleaching in tissue is complicated enough, that spatially localized measures of intrinsic fluorescence photobleaching are needed to allow mechanistic interpretation from in vivo measurements.
Design and operation of a passive neutron monitor for assaying the TRU content of solid wastes (1984)

A passive neutron monitor has been designed and built for determining the residual transuranic (TRU) and plutonium content of chopped leached fuel hulls and other solid wastes from spent Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) fuel. The system was designed to measure as little as 8 g of plutonium or 88 mg of TRU in a waste package as large as a 208-l drum which could be emitting up to 220,000 R/hr of gamma radiation. For practical purposes, maximum assay times were chosen to be 10,000 sec. The monitor consists of 96 /sup 10/BF/sub 3/ neutron sensitive proportional counting tubes each 5.08 cm in diameter and 183 cm in active length. Tables of neutron emission rates from both spontaneous fission and (..cap alpha..,n) reactions on oxygen are given for all contributing isotopes expected to be present in spent FFTF fuel. Tables of neutron yeilds from isotopic compositions predicted for various exposures and cooling times are also given. Methods of data reduction and sources, magnitude, and control of errors are discussed. Backgrounds and efficiencies have been measured and are reported. A section describing step-by-step operational procedures is included. Guidelines and procedures for quality control and troubleshooting are also given. 13 references, 15 figures, 4 tables.
pH Sensing Properties of Flexible, Bias‐Free Graphene Microelectrodes in Complex Fluids: From Phosphate Buffer Solution to Human Serum (2017)

Advances in techniques for monitoring pH in complex fluids can have a significant impact on analytical and biomedical applications. This study develops flexible graphene microelectrodes (GEs) for rapid (<5 s), very-low-power (femtowatt) detection of the pH of complex biofluids by measuring real-time Faradaic charge transfer between the GE and a solution at zero electrical bias. For an idealized sample of phosphate buffer solution (PBS), the Faradaic current is varied monotonically and systematically with the pH, with a resolution of ≈0.2 pH unit. The current-pH dependence is well described by a hybrid analytical-computational model, where the electric double layer derives from an intrinsic, pH-independent (positive) charge associated with the graphene-water interface and ionizable (negative) charged groups. For ferritin solution, the relative Faradaic current, defined as the difference between the measured current response and a baseline response due to PBS, shows a strong signal associated with ferritin disassembly and the release of ferric ions at pH ≈2.0. For samples of human serum, the Faradaic current shows a reproducible rapid (<20 s) response to pH. By combining the Faradaic current and real-time current variation, the methodology is potentially suitable for use to detect tumor-induced changes in extracellular pH.
Structure of rosamicin, a new macrolide from Micromonospora rosaria (1972)

H. Rfimann and R. S. Jaret, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1972, 1270a DOI: 10.1039/C3972001270A
Optimal leaf sequencing with elimination of tongue-and-groove underdosage (2004)

The individual leaves of a multileaf collimator (MLC) have a tongue-and-groove or stepped-edge design to minimize leakage radiation between adjacent leaves. This design element has a drawback in that it creates areas of underdosages in intensity-modulated photon beams unless a leaf trajectory is specifically designed such that for any two adjacent leaf pairs, the direct exposure under the tongue-and-groove is equal to the lower of the direct exposures of the leaf pairs. In this work, we present a systematic study of the optimization of a leaf sequencing algorithm for segmental multileaf collimator beam delivery that completely eliminates areas of underdosages due to tongue-and-groove or stepped-edge design of the MLC. Simultaneous elimination of tongue-and-groove effect and leaf interdigitation is also studied. This is an extension of our previous work (Kamath et al 2003a Phys. Med. Biol. 48 307) in which we described a leaf sequencing algorithm that is optimal for monitor unit (MU) efficiency under most common leaf movement constraints that include minimum leaf separation. Compared to our previously published algorithm (without constraints), the new algorithms increase the number of sub-fields by approximately 21% and 25%, respectively, but are optimal in MU efficiency for unidirectional schedules.
Analysis of frequency characteristics for flexural‐mode tuning‐fork type quartz crystal resonator, taking into account thickness, rotary inertia and shear force (1990)

Abstract A study was conducted with a view to finding theoretically and experimentally the relationship between the resonant frequency and its temperature dependence of the thickness of the resonator. As the analytical means, the energy method was used for deriving the equation of motion in which the thickness and rotary inertia and shear force were taken into account. Since a tuning‐fork type flexural‐mode quartz crystal resonator is considered to have two cantilevers, the equation of motion was solved under the boundary condition of a clamped‐free end. The frequency equation was derived as a function of the thickness z O ' width x O and lenght y O . Next, from this equation, the following relationships are derived: the frequency constant ( f · y O ) versus the dimensional ratio R xy = x O / y O , the resonant frequency versus the dimensional ratio R zy = z O / y O , the turnover temperature point T p versus the dimensional ratio R xy and the relationship between the first‐ and second‐order frequency temperature coefficients and T p versus the dimensional ratio R zy . It is shown that the apex temperature T p changes significantly for the thickness. Further, these results were compared with the experimental data and good agreement between them is shown. Hence, it is concluded that the present analysis results are useful for the design of new frequency resonators.
High Tc superconductivity in the triple-perovskite La-rare earth or alkali metal-Ba-Ca-Mg or Cd-Cu-oxide system. Technical report, January-December 1996 (1997)

Bulk targets of compounds in the system La(3{minus}z)Me(z)Ba3Ca(1{minus}v)Nc{sub v}Cu7O(16+v) where Me=rare earth or Na and Nc=Mg or Cd were prepared by solid state reactions. They were employed to deposit by pulse laser deposition thin films of the superconductor on single crystal substrates of LaAlO3, LSAT, and GGG. Phase relationships and orientation relationships were obtained from diffractometer scans. All compounds exhibited a (001) relationship with all substrates. Lattice parameters, transition temperatures and widths are reported for each superconducting compound. All substituted compounds were superconducting but no increase in Tc was observed for any. All thin films heated to 750 deg C desorbed little oxygen compared to YBCO.
Technological Approach to Improve Beer Flavor Stability: Adjustments of Wort Aeration in Modern Fermentation Systems Using the Electron Spin Resonance Method (2000)

From the point of view of improving beer flavor stability, wort aeration methods used in modern fermentation technology, such as high-gravity brewing and large cylindroconical tank systems, were investigated in detail using a novel electron spin resonance method, which could determine the endogenous antioxidant activity (EA) value. The results showed that the optimization of wort aeration methods in the multifilling fermentation systems (“Drauflassen”) was essential for controlling the EA value of the finished beer as well as fermentation performance. The key point in the optimization of wort aeration methods was to consider the yeast growth phase at the time of wort aeration and the quantitative ratio of additional aeration to the first aeration depending on the fermentation conditions. Based on the extensive series of studies on improving the oxidative flavor stability of beer, the relationships between the EA value and sulfite level in beer are considered. A strategy for improving oxidative flavor stability of beer is also proposed.
A planar single-substrate AC plasma display with capacitive vias (1979)

A more easily fabricated, single-substrate, ac plasma display is described which uses capacitive coupling between metallic layers to produce field intensification at discharge sites. Structures are fabricated with all thick-film technology or with thin films except for a simple thick dielectric sheet. Glow localization is much greater than that achieved with metallic-via structures due to the limited charge transfer allowed by the buried, constant capacitance at each cell. The performance of laboratory panels of 32 × 32 lines on 0.025-in centers is discussed.
2F-1 Fabrication and Performance of a High-Frequency Geometrically Focussed Composite Transducer with Triangular Pillar Geometry (2007)

A single-element, 40 MHz, 3 mm diameter transducer was fabricated with a geometric focus at 9 mm. The transducer was based on a piezo-composite substrate with triangular-shaped composite pillars. The transducer produced pulses with a two-way bandwidth of 55 %. The bandwidth and impedance magnitude were in agreement with that predicted using finite element modeling. A one-way radiation pattern was collected using a needle hydrophone. The oneway -3 dB beamwidth at the geometric focus was measured to be 120 mum and the -3 dB depth-of-field was 2.5 mm This is in good agreement to the theoretical predictions of 112.5 mum and 2.4 mm The triangular-pillar composite transducer was then compared to a transducer with square composite pillars. A 12 dB reduction in the amplitude of the secondary resonance was found for the triangular- pillar composite.
Electron spectroscopy of conduction electrons excited by visible light utilizing NEA surface (2013)

In this paper we propose an angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to observe the conduction electrons emitted from a surface of negative electron affinity state. In actual, we have measured conduction electrons in a GaAs bulk crystal and obtained the electron dispersion around Γ point. In addition, we could also observe hot electrons excited by the light which energy was much larger than band gap energy. These results suggest that the method we proposed is one of the most powerful tools for the evaluation method of the conduction band.
Status and potential for phosphorescent OLED technology (2005)

As organic light emitting device (OLED) technology is building up momentum in the commercial marketplace, phosphorescent OLEDs (PHOLEDs<sup>TM</sup>) are proving themselves to be an ideal display medium for a wide range of product applications: from small mobile displays to large area TVs. As part of this work we continue to advance PHOLED technology by new materials design and device architectures. For example a green PHOLED with 4.3 V, 70 cd/A, 50 lm/W and > 10,000 hours lifetime at 1,000 cd/m<sup>2</sup> is reported. PHOLEDs enable very low power consumption displays with low display operating temperatures, and can be deposited by a range of different deposition techniques. Along with state-of-the-art device performance we report results on the ruggedness of PHOLED materials in high volume manufacturing environments.
Guided image upsampling using bitmap tracing (2013)

Traditional upsampling methods apply spatial-invariant filtering across the entire image for efficiency, but often produce unsatisfactory artifacts around the edges. We propose a novel image upsampling algorithm that preserves the image structure, particularly around the edges, better than previous techniques. Our method computes a spline approximation to the edges in the image via bitmap tracing. A scaled version of the traced image is then used as a guide for joint bilateral up-sampling to produce the final result. Our method is easy to implement and the visual fidelity and quality of our results compare favorably to state-of-the-art techniques.
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) in the Mechanism of Human Ovulation and its Clinical Usefulness (2008)

In 1980, Espey proposed a famous hypothesis that mammalian ovulation is comparable to an inflammatory reaction and many researches have proved the validity of his hypothesis in the last three decades. For example, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- alpha, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and other inflammatory cytokines presence was proven in the preovulatory follicle. Since granulocyte is the major leukocyte and it plays a very important role during inflammation, the importance of granulocyte and its related cytokine, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in the mechanism of human ovulation is easily predictable. G-CSF is one of the hemopoietic cytokines and it has strong positive effects on granulocytes. G-CSF increases the number of granulocytes and it improves the function of granulocytes. In this review, the participation of leukocytes in the ovulation mechanism is demonstrated first. Second, the participation of G-CSF is shown in comparison with the above mentioned cytokines. Finally, since G-CSF has been used for more than 20 years as a medicine without severe side effects in the field of oncology, the clinical application of G-CSF for the treatment of an ovulation disorder, luteinized unruptured follicle (LUF), will be discussed.