gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unlocking the Potential of CO2 Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals as an Economically Viable Route to CCR (2014)

CO2 conversion to fuels and chemicals has the potential to treat hundreds of millions of tons of CO2 annually, but so far, the process has never been economic. This paper will consider a new process for carbon capture and recycling in which CO2 is captured, and is subsequently converted to fuels and chemicals using a low temperature, low pressure, electrochemical process running on renewable energy. The key advantage of the process is that it offers a potential economic route for CO2 conversion to high value chemicals. Preliminary cost modelling indicates that the process is likely to be economic at current CO2 separation costs ($60/MT) even in the absence of carbon credits.
Cellular Delivery of RNA Nanoparticles (2016)

RNA nanostructures can be programmed to exhibit defined sizes, shapes and stoichiometries from naturally occurring or de novo designed RNA motifs. These constructs can be used as scaffolds to attach functional moieties, such as ligand binding motifs or gene expression regulators, for nanobiology applications. This review is focused on four areas of importance to RNA nanotechnology: the types of RNAs of particular interest for nanobiology, the assembly of RNA nanoconstructs, the challenges of cellular delivery of RNAs in vivo, and the delivery carriers that aid in the matter. The available strategies for the design of nucleic acid nanostructures, as well as for formulation of their carriers, make RNA nanotechnology an important tool in both basic research and applied biomedical science.
Fe Nanoparticles Enhanced Surfactin Production in <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> (2020)

Surfactin, as one of the most powerful biosurfactants, can be widely applied in agriculture, food, and pharmaceutics. However, low biosynthesis efficiency is the major obstacle in its commercialization. Here, we used nanoparticles to increase the surfactin production in <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> MT45 through enhancing the secretion (the key step of surfactin biosynthesis). The results showed that the surfactin titer increased from 4.93 to 7.15 g/L in the flask and from 5.94 to 9.18 g/L in a 7 L bioreactor by adding 5 g/L Fe nanoparticles. They were the highest titers in the reported wild-type strain. Our results indicated that Fe nanoparticles enhanced the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of surfactin. Moreover, Fe nanoparticles increased the permeability of cell membranes, resulting in a more efficient secretion of surfactin. This study provides an efficient strategy for increasing the biosynthesis of microbial metabolites and provides new insights into the nanoparticles' impacts on microbes.
The effect of dietary L-carnitine on growth performance and tissue accretion rates in the early-weaned pig (1994)

A total of 216 pigs (initially 11.7 Ib and 21 d of age) was used in a 35-<1 growth trial to determine the effect of dietary L-carnitine on growth performance and tissue accretion rates for the early-weaned pig when fed a porcine plasma-based diet. Pigs were blocked by>weight, ancestry, and sex in a randomized complete block design, resulting in six pigs per pen (three barrows and three gilts) and six pens per treatment. Experimental diets were fed in two phases from d 0 to 35 postweaning. During Phase I (d 0 to 14 postweaning), the control diet was corn-soybean meal based; included 7.5% spray-dried porcine plasma, 25% dried whey, and 1.75% spray-dried blood meal; and was formulated to contain 1.6% lysine; and .44% methionine. On d 14, all pigs were switched to a Phase II (d 14 to 35 postweaning) diet that contained 10% dried whey and 2.5% spray-dried blood meal and was formulated to contain 1.25% lysine and .36% methionine. L-carnitine replaced corn in the Phase I and II control diets to provide dietary L-carnitine levels of 250, 500, 750, 1,000, and 1,250 ppm. On d 35, three barrows and three gilts per treatment (one pig per block) were slaughtered to determine carcass composition. From d 0 to 14 postweaning, increasing L-carnitine had no effect on growth performance. From d 14 to 35 and d 0 to 35, no differences occurred in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI); however, pigs fed 1,000 ppm L-carnitine were more efficient (F/G) over the entire trial and were 1.94 lb heavier on d 35 than pigs on the positive control treatment. Plasma carnitine levels taken on day 14 increased as dietary carnitine increased. Percentage carcass CP, lipid, and daily protein accretion were not influenced by dietary L-carnitine on d 35. However, daily fat accretion was reduced, with pigs on the 750 ppm L-carnitine having the lowest daily fat accretion. Based on these results, L-carnitine addition reduces daily fat accretion and improves F/G when fed during the nursery phase.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 1994
MicroRNAs 206 and 21 Cooperate To Promote RAS–Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling by Suppressing the Translation of <i>RASA1</i> and <i>SPRED1</i> (2014)

Despite the low prevalence of activating point mutation of RAS or RAF genes, the RAS-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is implicated in breast cancer pathogenesis. Indeed, in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), there is recurrent genetic alteration of pathway components. Using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) methods, we observed that the zinc finger transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) can promote RAS-ERK signaling in TNBC cells. Endogenous KLF4 bound to the promoter regions and promoted the expression of two microRNAs (miRs), miR-206 and miR-21 (i.e., miR-206/21). Antisense-mediated knockdown (anti-miR) revealed that miR-206/21 coordinately promote RAS-ERK signaling and the corresponding cell phenotypes by inhibiting translation of the pathway suppressors RASA1 and SPRED1. In TNBC cells, including cells with mutation of RAS, the suppression of either RASA1 or SPRED1 increased the levels of GTP-bound, wild-type RAS and activated ERK 1/2. Unlike the control cells, treatment of RASA1- or SPRED1-suppressed cells with anti-miR-206/21 had little or no impact on the level of activated ERK 1/2 or on cell proliferation and failed to suppress tumor initiation. These results identify RASA1 and SPRED1 mRNAs as latent RAS-ERK pathway suppressors that can be upregulated in tumor cells by anti-miR treatment. Consequently, KLF4-regulated miRs are important for the maintenance of RAS-ERK pathway activity in TNBC cells.
Minimizing capacitor bank outage time through fault location (2014)

Capacitor banks are critical substation assets that play a vital role in providing reactive power support, thereby increasing the power system capacity. High-voltage capacitor banks are constructed as single-wye, double-wye, or H-bridge configurations and can be grounded or ungrounded. Capacitor banks consist of a number of single-phase capacitor units connected in series and parallel to achieve the desired voltage and VAR rating. The capacitor units can be externally or internally fused, fuseless, or unfused. When the unbalance resulting from unit or element failures becomes too high, the capacitor bank needs to be taken out of service by the protection system before the resulting unit overvoltages lead to a cascading failure and the faulty units must be replaced. If the bank is externally fused, then the unit with the blown fuse is usually the faulty unit, making identification obvious. If the bank is internally fused, fuseless, or unfused, then fault location is difficult because usually there is no visual indication of the problem. The result of a prolonged inspection is an extended outage of the capacitor bank. Although it might not be possible to identify the faulty unit in an internally fused, fuseless, or unfused bank, identifying the faulted phase and section narrows the search area and helps minimize the outage time. This paper analyzes various capacitor bank configurations and proposes an economical method to help locate the faulty elements or units for each configuration. The paper also provides results that verify the proposed methods using a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">®</sup> ).
Building Support Vector Machines with Reduced Classifier Complexity (2006)

Support vector machines (SVMs), though accurate, are not preferred in applications requiring great classification speed, due to the number of support vectors being large. To overcome this problem we devise a primal method with the following properties: (1) it decouples the idea of basis functions from the concept of support vectors; (2) it greedily finds a set of kernel basis functions of a specified maximum size (dmax) to approximate the SVM primal cost function well; (3) it is efficient and roughly scales as O(ndmax2) where n is the number of training examples; and, (4) the number of basis functions it requires to achieve an accuracy close to the SVM accuracy is usually far less than the number of SVM support vectors.
Radiation force imparted on a kidney stone by a Doppler-mode diagnostic pulse (2006)

Detection of kidney stones and estimation of their sizes is an important part of the lithotripsy treatment. Fluoroscopy is often used to target stones, but not every stone is radio-opaque and, in addition, fluoroscopy produces ionizing radiation. Acoustic waves offer an alternative way to visualize stones. The acoustic impedance of kidney stones typically differs significantly from that of surrounding tissue. A useful consequence of the impedance mismatch is the possibility to target stones with diagnostic mode ultrasound. Another consequence is that radiation force pushes the stone. Stone displacement may be responsible for the twinkling artifact that has been observed by several authors in color Doppler mode of ultrasound imaging. This effect can be used to detect not only renal and ureteral stones, but also calcifications in other organs (e.g., breast). In this paper we model the radiation force associated with the Doppler diagnostic pulse. The problem is divided into three parts: (1) acoustic scattering; it is solved in finite differences; (2) radiation force calculation; (3) stone velocity estimation supposing the stone sits in soft tissue. [Work supported by NIH DK43881, DK55674, NSBRI SMS00402, and RFBR.]
Unique <b><i>Francisella</i></b> Phosphatidylethanolamine Acts as a Potent Anti-Inflammatory Lipid (2018)

Virulent Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis (Ftt) is a dynamic, intracellular, bacterial pathogen. Its ability to evade and rapidly suppress host inflammatory responses is considered a key element for its profound virulence. We previously established that Ftt lipids play a role in inhibiting inflammation, but we did not determine the lipid species mediating this process. Here, we show that a unique, abundant, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), present in Francisella, contributes to driving the suppression of inflammatory responses in human and mouse cells. Acyl chain lengths of this PE, C24: 0 and C10: 0, were key to the suppressive capabilities of Francisella PE. Addition of synthetic PE 24: 0-10: 0 resulted in the accumulation of PE in host cells for up to 24 h of incubation, and recapitulated the inhibition of inflammatory responses observed with native Ftt PE. Importantly, this novel PE significantly inhibited inflammatory responses driven by a medically and globally important flavivirus, dengue fever virus. Thus, targeting these lipids and/or the pathways that they manipulate represents a new strategy to combat immunosuppression engendered by Ftt, but they also show promise as a novel therapeutic intervention for significant viral infections.
Synthesis of functional materials using olefin metathesis catalysts and initiators (2010)

Ruthenium based olefin metathesis catalysts have provided new routes to olefins that appear in a variety of structures. Their functional group tolerance and ease of use allow their application in the synthesis of multifunctional bioactive molecules. The same systems are also useful for the synthesis of an array of new materials from multifunctional polymers to supramolecular systems. Underlying these developments has been the discovery of active catalysts with controlled selectivity through the synthesis of new ligands that control the geometry of the intermediate carbene and metallacycle complexes.
Garnet scintillator-based devices for gamma-ray spectroscopy (2009)

We are developing scintillator based gamma-ray spectrometers for homeland security and safeguards applications. Improving the energy resolution of such scintillator detectors enables the development of more accurate and effective instruments. We have characterized the response of several Ce doped garnet scintillators using radioactive sources. These garnet scintillators have multiple decay components. We have acquired pulse height spectra using conventional analog electronics as well as digital electronics with additional postprocessing. By making use of the long decay components, energy resolution can be improved. We are working to implement the inclusion of the long decay times into real-time processing algorithms.
Hot Carrier Relief of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor by Using Work-Function Engineering (1990)

A detailed analysis of hot-carrier-degraded NMOS and PROS devices with either n + or p + gates is presented. For this analysis, we utilized a new simulation tool which allows direct monitoring of the buildup of charge and interface states during the DC stress experiments. The impact of the work-function difference of the n + and p + gate material on the injection conditions of hot carriers into the gate oxide will also be considered. Our results indicate that both NMOS and PMOS FETs with p + gates are superior regarding hot-carrier stability.
HVS-Aware Dynamic Backlight Scaling in TFT-LCDs (2006)

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have appeared in applications ranging from medical equipment to automobiles, gas pumps, laptops, and handheld portable computers. These display components present a cascaded energy attenuator to the battery of the handheld device which is responsible for about half of the energy drain at maximum display intensity. As such, the display components become the main focus of every effort for maximization of embedded system's battery lifetime. This paper proposes an approach for pixel transformation of the displayed image to increase the potential energy saving of the backlight scaling method. The proposed approach takes advantage of human visual system (HVS) characteristics and tries to minimize distortion between the perceived brightness values of the individual pixels in the original image and those of the backlight-scaled image. This is in contrast to previous backlight scaling approaches which simply match the luminance values of the individual pixels in the original and backlight-scaled images. Furthermore, this paper proposes a temporally-aware backlight scaling technique for video streams. The goal is to maximize energy saving in the display system by means of dynamic backlight dimming subject to a video distortion tolerance. The video distortion comprises of: 1) an intra-frame (spatial) distortion component due to frame-sensitive backlight scaling and transmittance function tuning and 2) an inter-frame (temporal) distortion component due to large-step backlight dimming across frames modulated by the psychophysical characteristics of the human visual system. The proposed backlight scaling technique is capable of efficiently computing the flickering effect online and subsequently using a measure of the temporal distortion to appropriately adjust the slack on the intra-frame spatial distortion, thereby, achieving a good balance between the two sources of distortion while maximizing the backlight dimming-driven energy saving in the display system and meeting an overall video quality figure of merit. The proposed dynamic backlight scaling approach is amenable to highly efficient hardware realization and has been implemented on the Apollo Testbed II. Actual current measurements demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed technique compared to the previous backlight dimming techniques, which have ignored the temporal distortion effect
Novel Hyaluronic Acid Nanocomposite Hydrogel for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Utilizing Yield Stress for Ease of Implantation (2013)

Arthritis is the leading cause of disability among U.S. adults, and yet surprisingly, current therapies fail to effectively treat cartilage damage [1]. Instead, treatment primarily involves reducing symptoms, or in the case of osteoarthritis, a costly joint replacement. Thus, tissue engineering is aspiring to regenerate cartilage by providing a biocompatible and biodegradable construct that provides the structural integrity of the native cartilage and facilitates cartilage cell growth and tissue integration. Promising materials for these constructs are hydrogels, which are commonly comprised of materials such as collagen, agarose, poly(ethylene glycol), and hyaluronic acid (HA) [2].
<title>Properties and applications of commercial magnetorheological fluids</title> (1998)

The rheological and magnetic properties of several commercial magnetorheological (MR) fluids are presented and discussed. These fluids are compared using appropriate figures of merit based on conventional design paradigms. Some contemporary applications of MR fluids are discussed. These applications illustrate how various material properties may be balanced to provide optimal performance.
Magnesium Hydroxide Fluorides – New Materials with Adjustable Composition and Properties (2012)

Abstract Fluorolytic sol–gel synthesis with aqueous HF results in highly disordered, nanoscopic magnesium hydroxide fluorides with very large BET surface areas, low carbon contents, and adjustable stoichiometries. MgF x (OH) (2– x ) materials that can withstand high temperatures can be synthesized in a very wide stoichiometric range by fluorolytic sol–gel synthesis (0 ≤ x ≤ 2). Large surface areas and a very wide range of tunable acid–base properties are characteristic for these compounds, which opens an exciting possibility of their application not only as new catalysts but also as support materials.
Perpendicular Magnetized Magnetic Random-Access Memory Cells Utilizing the Precessional Spin-Current Structure: Benefits for Modern Memory Applications (2020)

The various memory applications such as embedded nonvolatile memory, embedded static random-access memory, and standalone dynamic random-access memory have different requirements for the performance of the perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (pMTJ). However, in conventional pMTJ structures, the write current and stability of the free layer are directly coupled, leading to undesirable tradeoffs in performance specifications such as endurance and data retention. With the introduction of the precessional spin-current (PSC) structure, we demonstrate a significant gain in the spin transfer torque (STT) efficiency. The PSC structure shows similar critical current values as the conventional pMTJ structure. But we observe a significant increase in thermal stability, which is largely responsible for the enhancement in the STT efficiency. Smaller device dimensions show higher efficiency increase. We confirm the higher data retention time in a thermally activated switching experiment at 180 °C. The PSC structure exhibits more than two decades lower thermal decay rates within 100 h of wait over the conventional pMTJ. These results demonstrate that it is possible to achieve the necessary retention times at high-temperature operation without increasing the power consumption or higher current in normal operation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that even for short write pulsewidth, the switching currents of the PSC structure remain similar to the pMTJ structure while still having better retention.
Unconstrained automatic image matching using multiresolutional critical-point filters (1998)

This paper proposes a novel method for matching images. The results can be used for a variety of applications: fully automatic morphing, object recognition, stereo photogrammetry, and volume rendering. Optimal mappings between the given images are computed automatically using multiresolutional nonlinear filters that extract the critical points of the images of each resolution. Parameters are set completely automatically by dynamical computation analogous to human visual systems. No prior knowledge about the objects is necessary The matching results can be used to generate intermediate views when given two different views of objects. When used for morphing, our method automatically transforms the given images. There is no need for manually specifying the correspondence between the two images. When used for volume rendering, our method reconstructs the intermediate images between cross-sections accurately, even when the distance between them is long and the cross-sections vary widely in shape. A large number of experiments has been carried out to show the usefulness and capability of our method.
Ionic Liquid-Based Non-Aqueous Electrolytes for Nickel/Metal Hydride Batteries (2017)

The voltage of an alkaline electrolyte-based battery is often limited by the narrow electrochemical stability window of water (1.23 V). As an alternative to water, ionic liquid (IL)-based electrolyte has been shown to exhibit excellent proton conducting properties and a wide electrochemical stability window, and can be used in proton conducting batteries. In this study, we used IL/acid mixtures to replace the 30 wt % KOH aqueous electrolyte in nickel/metal hydride (Ni/MH) batteries, and verified the proton conducting character of these mixtures through electrochemical charge/discharge experiments. Dilution of ILs with acetic acid was found to effectively increase proton conductivity. By using 2 M acetic acid in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, stable charge/discharge characteristics were obtained, including low charge/discharge overpotentials, a discharge voltage plateau at ~1.2 V, a specific capacity of 161.9 mAh·g−1, and a stable cycling performance for an AB5 metal hydride anode with a (Ni,Co,Zn)(OH)2 cathode.
Time delay estimation in the presence of correlated noise and reverberation (2004)

We propose a new two-stage framework for time delay estimation in the presence of correlated noise and reverberation. The new framework allows us to develop a set of new approaches as well as to unify existing ones. We further develop the maximum likelihood estimation when reverberation is present. The corresponding weighting function is a more accurate form of the weighting function proposed by H. Wang and P. Chu (Proc. ICASSP, 1997), one of the best existing techniques. We compare our new algorithms with the existing ones and report superior performance.
The existence of dead cells in donor corneal endothelium preserved with storage media (2017)

Our findings showed the existence of dead cells in storage-media-preserved donor corneal endothelium and that they dropped off after incubation, thus suggesting that the decrease of CECs following keratoplasty may be related to the presence of dead cells.
In vitro and in vivo comparison of the abilities of purine and pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides to inhibit duck hepadnavirus (1989)

Four purine and two pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides were studied for their ability to inhibit duck hepadnavirus replication. The purine 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides were more potent antiviral agents than the pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides. The concentration for 50% inhibition of viral replication (IC50) was determined for each of the effective agents. Two drugs with low IC50s, 2,6-diaminopurine 2',3'-dideoxyriboside and 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine, were chosen for in vivo studies. Animals received 10 mg/kg intramuscularly twice daily. Rapid clearance of hepadnavirus DNA from the sera of the animals was seen as a result of treatment with 2,6-diaminopurine 2',3'-dideoxyriboside; however, treatment with 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine did not clear the virus.