gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Considering Temporal Variations of Spatial Visual Distortions in Video Quality Assessment (2009)

The temporal distortions such as flickering, jerkiness, and mosquito noise play a fundamental part in video quality assessment. A temporal distortion is commonly defined as the temporal evolution, or fluctuation, of the spatial distortion on a particular area which corresponds to the image of a specific object in the scene. Perception of spatial distortions over time can be largely modified by their temporal changes, such as increase or decrease in the distortions, or as periodic changes in the distortions. In this paper, we have designed a perceptual full reference video quality assessment metric by focusing on the temporal evolutions of the spatial distortions. As the perception of the temporal distortions is closely linked to the visual attention mechanisms, we have chosen to first evaluate the temporal distortion at eye fixation level. In this short-term temporal pooling, the video sequence is divided into spatio-temporal segments in which the spatio-temporal distortions are evaluated, resulting in spatio-temporal distortion maps. Afterwards, the global quality score of the whole video sequence is obtained by the long-term temporal pooling in which the spatio-temporal maps are spatially and temporally pooled. Consistent improvement over objective existing video quality assessment methods is observed. Our validation has been realized with a dataset built from video sequences of various contents.
Verified Security for Browser Extensions (2011)

Popup blocking, form filling, and many other features of modern web browsers were first introduced as third-party extensions. New extensions continue to enrich browsers in unanticipated ways. However, powerful extensions require capabilities, such as cross-domain network access and local storage, which, if used improperly, pose a security risk. Several browsers try to limit extension capabilities, but an empirical survey we conducted shows that many extensions are over-privileged under existing mechanisms. This paper presents \ibex, a new framework for authoring, analyzing, verifying, and deploying secure browser extensions. Our approach is based on using type-safe, high-level languages to program extensions against an API providing access to a variety of browser features. We propose using Data log to specify fine-grained access control and dataflow policies to limit the ways in which an extension can use this API, thus restricting its privilege over security-sensitive web content and browser resources. We formalize the semantics of policies in terms of a safety property on the execution of extensions and develop a verification methodology that allows us to statically check extensions for policy compliance. Additionally, we provide visualization tools to assist with policy analysis, and compilers to translate extension source code to either. NET byte code or JavaScript, facilitating cross-browser deployment of extensions. We evaluate our work by implementing and verifying~\NumExt extensions with a diverse set of features and security policies. We deploy our extensions in Internet Explorer, Chrome, Fire fox, and a new experimental HTML5 platform called C3. In so doing, we demonstrate the versatility and effectiveness of our approach.
Thermal Radiation Anomalies Associated with Major Earthquakes (2018)

Recent developments of remote sensing methods for Earth satellite data analysis contributes to our understanding of earthquake-related thermal anomalies. It was realized that the thermal heat fluxes over areas of earthquake preparation are a result of air ionization by radon (and other gases) and consequent water vapor condensation on newly formed ions. Latent heat (LH) is released as a result of this process and leads to the formation of local thermal radiation anomalies (TRA) known as outgoing longwave radiation. We compare the LH energy, obtained by integrating surface latent heat flux over the area and time with released energies associated with these events. Extended studies of the TRA using the data from the most recent major earthquakes allowed us to establish the main morphological features. It was also established that the TRA are part of a more complex chain of the short-term pre-earthquake generation, which is explained within the framework of a lithosphere–atmosphere coupling processes.
RNA Interference-directed Knockdown of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator and Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor Inhibits Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion, Survival, and Tumorigenicity in Vivo (2005)

The invasive ability of tumor cells plays a key role in prostate cancer metastasis and is a major cause of treatment failure. Urokinase plasminogen activator-(uPA) and its receptor (uPAR)-mediated signaling have been implicated in tumor cell invasion, survival, and metastasis in a variety of cancers. This study was undertaken to investigate the biological roles of uPA and uPAR in prostate cancer cell invasion and survival, and the potential of uPA and uPAR as targets for prostate cancer therapy. uPA and uPAR expression correlates with the metastatic potential of prostate cancer cells. Thus, therapies designed to inhibit uPA and uPAR expression would be beneficial. LNCaP, DU145, and PC3 are prostate cancer cell lines with low, moderate, and high metastatic potential, respectively, as demonstrated by their capacity to invade the extracellular matrix. In this study we utilized small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), also referred to as small interfering RNAs, to target human uPA and uPAR. These small interfering RNA constructs significantly inhibited uPA and uPAR expression at both the mRNA and protein levels in the highly metastatic prostate cancer cell line PC3. Our data demonstrated that uPA-uPAR knockdown in PC3 cells resulted in a dramatic reduction of tumor cell invasion as indicated by a Matrigel invasion assay. Furthermore, simultaneous silencing of the genes for uPA and uPAR using a single plasmid construct expressing shRNAs for both uPA and uPAR significantly reduced cell viability and ultimately resulted in the induction of apoptotic cell death. RNA interference for uPA and uPAR also abrogated uPA-uPAR signaling to downstream target molecules such as ERK1/2 and Stat 3. In addition, our results demonstrated that intratumoral injection with the plasmid construct expressing shRNAs for uPA and uPAR almost completely inhibited established tumor growth and survival in an orthotopic mouse prostate cancer model. These findings uncovered evidence of a complex signaling network operating downstream of uPA-uPAR that actively advances tumor cell invasion, proliferation, and survival of prostate cancer cells. Thus, RNA interference-directed targeting of uPA and uPAR is a convenient and novel tool for studying the biological role of the uPA-uPAR system and raises the potential of its application for prostate cancer therapy.
Rapid Detection of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Infection by Enumeration of Antigen-specific T Cells (2001)

There is no reliable means of detecting latent M. tuberculosis infection, and even in patients with active tuberculosis, infection is often unconfirmed. We hypothesized that M. tuberculosis antigen-specific T cells might reliably indicate infection. We enumerated peripheral blood-derived interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)-secreting T cells responding to epitopes from ESAT-6, an antigen that is highly specific for M. tuberculosis complex but absent from BCG, in four groups of individuals. Forty-five of 47 patients with bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis had ESAT-6-specific IFN-gamma-secreting T cells, compared with four of 47 patients with nontuberculous illnesses, indicating that these T cells are an accurate marker of M. tuberculosis infection. This assay thus has a sensitivity of 96% (95% confidence interval [CI] 92-100) for detecting M. tuberculosis infection in this patient population. By comparison, of the 26 patients with tuberculosis who had a diagnostic tuberculin skin test (TST), only 18 (69%) were positive (p = 0.003). In addition, 22 of 26 (85%) TST-positive exposed household contacts had ESAT-6-specific T cells, whereas zero of 26 unexposed BCG-vaccinated subjects responded. This approach enables rapid detection of M. tuberculosis infection in patients with active tuberculosis and in exposed asymptomatic individuals at high risk of latent infection; it also successfully distinguishes between M. tuberculosis infection and BCG vaccination. This capability may facilitate tuberculosis control in nonendemic regions.
Frequency-converted Fiber Laser Tunable from 600 to 4600nm (2012)

A continuous wave optical parametric oscillator pumped by a fiber laser has been developed, producing up to 3 Watts tunable visible output around 610nm. The same device emits in the 1400nm to 4600nm infrared range.
Availability &#x201C;weak point&#x201D; analysis over an SOA deployment framework (2008)

Availability is one of the important factors to be considered for business-driven IT service management. This paper addresses the issue of analyzing what we call availability weak-points in an SOA deployment framework, leveraging workflow definitions to specify the high availability requirement at the business process level. In our weak-point analysis framework, we present an effective analysis methodology to calculate the optimal high availability solution with minimum cost, while meeting the business level availability requirements. We evaluate the weakpoint analysis methodology, and show that our methodology can identify a near-optimal solution for availability enhancement over the SOA deployment framework.
Bit Serial Optical Computer Design (1989)

The design of a bit-serial optical computer is described. The central components are LiNb0<sub>3</sub> directional couplers as logic elements, and fiber optic delay lines as memory elements. The key device characteristics are discussed, including the special properties and limitations that are important when designing with them. Following this the key design issues are addressed. These include computation in a realm where propagation delays are much greater than logic delays, and implementation of circuits without flip-flops. Design principles are exemplified by the design of a n-bit counter. Following this, the design for a simple bit-serial computer is described.
4-Fluoropyrrolidine-2-carbonyl Fluorides: Useful Synthons and Their Facile Preparation with 4-<i>tert</i>-Butyl-2,6-dimethylphenylsulfur Trifluoride (2011)

4-Fluoropyrrolidine derivatives are useful in medicinal chemistry applications such as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. As attractive synthons for these, N-protected (2S,4S)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carbonyl fluorides were synthesized in high yield by double fluorination of N-protected (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyproline with 4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylphenylsulfur trifluoride (Fluolead). The 4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carbonyl fluorides were converted to useful intermediates such as 4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamides, -N-methoxy-N-methylcarboxamide (Weinreb amide), -carboxylate methyl esters, and -carbonitriles in excellent yields. The crystalline N-Fmoc-cis-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carbonyl fluoride 2a is a particularly useful synthon due to its high yield of preparation and easy isolation as an enantiomerically pure compound by crystallization. Thus, the methodology using the synthons prepared by the stereospecific double fluorination has enabled a significant decrease in the synthetic steps needed for the preparation of the 4-fluoropyrrolidine derivatives useful for medicinal applications.
Experimental antiulcer drugs. 4. 1,3-Disubstituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4,6,6-trimethyl-2-phenylcyclopenta[c]pyrrole-4-carboxamides (1980)

The synthesis of 1,3-disubstituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4,6,6-trimethyl-2-phenylcyclopenta[c]pyrrole-4-carboxamides is reported. The derivatives included R1 = R3 = H, R1 = CH2OH with R3 = H (16) or CH3, R1 = CH3 with R3 = CH2OH (17), and R1 = R3 = CH2OH. The monohydroxymethyl derivatives were as active as the parent cyclopentapyrrole, where R1 = R3 = CH3 (1), when administered orally in the pyloric ligated rat. The compounds lacking one or both CH3 groups at C-1 or C-3 were much less active. Compounds 16 and 17 inhibited histamine-induced gastric acid secretion in the dog.
InAs/InP quantum dot laser devices around 1550 nm for fiber communications (2011)

We report on our most recent results on quantum dot (QD) laser devices around 1550 nm based on InAs/InP QD gain materials. These devices include monolithic QD multi-wavelength lasers (MWLs), mode-locked lasers (MLLs) and distributed feedback (DFB) lasers. The performance and potential applications of fiber communications will be discussed.
Full-color InGaN/GaN dot-in-a-wire light emitting diodes on silicon (2011)

We report on the achievement of a new class of nanowire light emitting diodes (LEDs), incorporating InGaN/GaN dot-in-a-wire nanoscale heterostructures grown directly on Si(111) substrates. Strong emission across nearly the entire visible wavelength range can be realized by varying the dot composition. Moreover, we have demonstrated phosphor-free white LEDs by controlling the indium content in the dots in a single epitaxial growth step. Such devices can exhibit relatively high internal quantum efficiency (>20%) and no apparent efficiency droop for current densities up to ~ 200 A cm(-2).
Electrokinetic Stacking Injection of Neutral Analytes under Continuous Conductivity Conditions (2002)

In capillary electrokinetic chromatography, neutral analytes can be injected by electroosmotic flow directly from a sample matrix into a separation buffer containing an electrokinetic vector with an opposite mobility. Analytes are injected at the velocity of electroosmotic flow but are retained at the interface of the sample matrix co-ion and separation buffer micelle zones as analyte/micelle complexes. A simple electrokinetic chromatography system containing sodium dodecyl sulfate as the micellar agent with borate as the buffering electrolyte included in the separation buffer and in the sample matrix to provide continuous conductivity was investigated. Concentrations of the micelle, methanol, and borate in the separation buffer were explored to increase maximum injection length of neutral analytes. Reducing the analyte velocity in the separation buffer without substantially decreasing the velocity of the analyte during injection from the sample vial allowed greatly extended sample plug injection lengths. It is presently possible to inject sample solvent volumes equivalent to approximately 7 effective capillary lengths (180 cm) with a 50-microm-i.d. capillary (24.5 cm effective capillary length), total volume of sample injection approximately 3.5 microL Equations describing the injection process and maximum injection lengths for this mode of stacking in electrokinetic capillary chromatography are introduced. The result of this work leads to a postulated generalization of electrokinetic stacking injection maximums for electrophoretic processes, and the concept of orthogonal analyte stacking/injection systems is discussed.
Primary cultured fibroblasts derived from patients with chronic wounds: a methodology to produce human cell lines and test putative growth factor therapy such as GMCSF (2008)

We conclude that primary cells from chronic ulcers can be established in culture and that they maintain their in vivo phenotype. These cells can be utilized for evaluating the effects of wound healing stimulators in vitro.
Diode laser-based cavity ring-down instrument for NO <sub>3</sub> , N <sub>2</sub> O <sub>5</sub> , NO, NO <sub>2</sub> and O <sub>3</sub> from aircraft (2011)

Abstract. This article presents a diode laser-based, cavity ring-down spectrometer for simultaneous in situ measurements of four nitrogen oxide species, NO3, N2O5, NO, NO2, as well as O3, designed for deployment on aircraft. The instrument measures NO3 and NO2 by optical extinction at 662 nm and 405 nm, respectively; N2O5 is measured by thermal conversion to NO3, while NO and O3 are measured by chemical conversion to NO2. The instrument has several advantages over previous instruments developed by our group for measurement of NO2, NO3 and N2O5 alone, based on a pulsed Nd:YAG and dye laser. First, the use of continuous wave diode lasers reduces the requirements for power and weight and eliminates hazardous materials. Second, detection of NO2 at 405 nm is more sensitive than our previously reported 532 nm instrument, and does not have a measurable interference from O3. Third, the instrument includes chemical conversion of NO and O3 to NO2 to provide measurements of total NOx (= NO + NO2) and Ox (= NO2 + O3) on two separate channels; mixing ratios of NO and O3 are determined by subtraction of NO2. Finally, all five species are calibrated against a single standard based on 254 nm O3 absorption to provide high accuracy. Disadvantages include an increased sensitivity to water vapor on the 662 nm NO3 and N2O5 channels and a modest reduction in sensitivity for these species compared to the pulsed laser instrument. The in-flight detection limit for both NO3 and N2O5 is 3 pptv (2 σ, 1 s) and for NO, NO2 and O3 is 140, 90, and 120 pptv (2 σ, 1 s) respectively. Demonstrated performance of the instrument in a laboratory/ground based environment is better by approximately a factor of 2–3. The NO and NO2 measurements are less precise than research-grade chemiluminescence instruments. However, the combination of these five species in a single instrument, calibrated to a single analytical standard, provides a complete and accurate picture of nighttime nitrogen oxide chemistry. The instrument performance is demonstrated using data acquired during a recent field campaign in California.
Magnetic recording in the printing mode (1987)

The playback process of magnetic recording is the correlation between the magnetization pattern in the medium and the sensitivity function (the fringing field) of the readback transducer. The correlation is the optimal detection method for signals buried in the noise. Therefore, the obvious way to improve the performance of digital magnetic recording is to realize the potential of the inherently present correlation. Unfortunately, in traditional longitudinal recording systems, the medium magnetization is formed in the trailing zone of a write head field, and the recorded transition bears no resemblance to the whole fringing field of the head. Using perpendicular or isotropic medium, it is possible to imprint encoded 1’s by switching off the current in the winding of a ring head. The imprinted 1’s are then (ideally) copies of a whole fringing field of a ring head and look like ‘‘horse-shoe’’ patterns of magnetization. During readback these patterns correlate almost ideally with the sensitivity function of a ring head. An essential element of the technique is the resumption of the current in the opposite polarity as the imprinted pattern moves downstream. This continues the perpendicular magnetization at the trailing edge of the previously formed ‘‘horse-shoe’’ pattern and fills voids in the magnetization. We present experimental data illustrating this method.
The Effect of Magnetic Field on the Performance of Low-Power Cylindrical Hall Thrusters (2005)

The annular design of the conventional Hall thruster does not naturally lend itself to scaling to low power. The efficiency tends to be lower, and the lifetime issues are more aggravated. Cylindrical geometry Hall thrusters have lower surface-to-volume ratio than conventional annular thrusters and, thus, seem to be more promising for scaling down. The effect of the magnetic field on the discharge characteristics and efficiency of the low- power cylindrical Hall thrusters with channel outer diameters of 2.6 cm and 3 cm was investigated. The thrust measurements were conducted at the Electric Propulsion and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory (EPPDyL, Princeton University). The thrust stand operation at low applied thrust and the accuracy of thrust measurements were studied in detail through the comparison of several calibration and measurement techniques. To achieve a sufficient accuracy of measurements, special calibration and measurement procedures were developed. The experimental results demonstrate that the enhancement of the axial component of the magnetic field in the cylindrical thruster leads to the increase of the thruster efficiency. A substantial flexibility in the magnetic field configuration of the cylindrical thruster is a key tool in achieving the high-efficiency operation. The electron confinement and ion acceleration can be optimized over a family of realizable magnetic field distributions.
Production of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors (2005)

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is a prototypical gene therapy vector characterized by excellent safety profiles, wide host range, and the ability to transduce differentiated cells. Numerous rAAV-based vectors providing efficient and sustained expression of transgenes in target tissues have been developed for preclinical studies. Interest in rAAV has been driven by advances in production methods originally developed for rAAV serotype 2 vectors and expanded to include alternative serotypes. The transition to clinical trials is dependent on the development of scalable production methods of Good Manufacturing Practice-grade vectors described in this review.
6‐ and 7‐aryl‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐<i>b</i>]‐1,2,4‐triazines. Synthesis and characterization (1979)

Abstract Synthetic methods for the preparation of 6‐aryl‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐ b ]‐1,2,4‐triazines ( 1 ) and the 7‐aryl isomers ( 2 ) are described. Compounds 1 were prepared from aryl glyoxaldoximes 76 via 6‐aryl‐1,2,4‐triazin‐3(2 H )ones ( 75 ). A simple procedure for the preparation of the 7‐aryl isomers was effected using arylglyoxals 11 and the triazoles ( 4, 12a and 12b ). However, complete regioselectivity was not realized in all cases, especially when the triazoles were substituted at the C‐5 position. A regiospecific synthesis of the 7‐aryl isomers 2 was developed via the 3‐methylthio‐5‐aryl‐1,2,4‐triazines ( 61 ). The structure of the parent 6‐phenyl derivative 5 was confirmed by x‐ray crystallography.
A Novel Multifactorial Approach to Developing Mild Laundry Detergents and Assessing Their Relative Mildness (2017)

INTRODUCTION: Dermatologists are becoming more aware of the irritant and allergic potential of laundry detergents that incorporate harsh surfactants and potentially sensitizing ingredients. It is difficult however for the physician to distinguish one laundry detergent from another because the only distinguishing feature advertised tends to be the lack of dyes and fragrances. DESIGN: A new objective method was developed for measuring the harshness of laundry detergents using a three-pronged laboratory testing approach consisting of zein, corneosurfametry, and cytokine testing. Combing these methods, a Detergent Mildness Index was created which conveniently provides a single value by which products can be compared. RESULTS: A new mild laundry detergent was formulated with ingredients carefully selected by dermatologists who are experts in con-tact dermatitis. The irritancy potential of the formula was measured using the Detergent mildness index score. Compared to 11 other commercial laundry detergents marketed for sensitive skin, the new formula is measurably the mildest formula. DISCUSSION: The Detergent Mildness Index provides dermatologists with an objective method to compare commercial laundry deter-gents. Currently the only method available is patch testing, this new test is able to more finely differentiate between products and thus enables more informed recommendations on laundry detergent choices for their patients with sensitive skin.