gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fully integrated SiGe VCOs with powerful output buffer for 77-GHz automotive Radar systems and applications around 100 GHz (2004)

It is demonstrated that SiGe bipolar technologies are well suited for voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) in 77-GHz automotive radar systems. For this, the design of a VCO with powerful output buffer (with good decoupling capability and high output power), comparatively wide tuning range, and reasonably low phase noise is described. To achieve the required high output power, the potential operating range of the output transistors, limited by high-current effects and avalanche breakdown, respectively, had to be exploited using adequate transistor models. The VCOs need a single supply voltage only and have been fully integrated (including resonant circuit and output buffer) on a single small (1 mm/sup 2/) chip, demonstrating their low-cost potential. Experimental results showed, at a center frequency of around 77 GHz, a usable tuning range of 6.7 GHz and a phase noise of -97 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset frequency averaged over this range. In addition, the center oscillation frequency can be coarsely adjusted within a wide range by cutting links in the upper metallization layer. The total signal power delivered by both buffer outputs together is as high as 18.5 dBm at a power consumption of 1.2 W. Simulations let us expect a potential doubling of the output power (for two or four outputs) by extension of the output buffer. To get an impression of the maximum frequency achievable with the circuit concept and technology used, a second VCO (again with buffered output) has been developed. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the measured maximum oscillation frequency of about 100 GHz, at 12.4-dBm total output power (14.3 dBm at 99 GHz), is a record value for SiGe VCOs with buffered output operating at their fundamental frequency. The usable tuning range is still 6.2 GHz.
A Test of the Relative Pricing Effects of Dividends and Earnings: Evidence from Simultaneous Announcements in Japan (2000)

We study the pricing effects of dividend and earnings announcements by taking advantage of the unique setting in Japan where managers simultaneously announce the current year's dividends and earnings as well as forecasts of next year's dividends and earnings. Defining surprises as deviations from analysts' forecasts, we find that share price reactions are significantly affected by earnings surprises, especially management forecasts of next year's earnings. The information content of dividends is marginal and is restricted to announcements of next year's dividends. Consistent with Modigliani and Miller's dividend irrelevance proposition, current dividend surprises have no material impact on stock prices in Japan.
Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling circuits with two supply voltages (2008)

This paper presents circuits that enable dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) for fine-grained chip multi-processors to reduce both dynamic and leakage power dissipation. Each processor can run on either a high voltage or low voltage power supply, or disconnect from both. Switching between power supplies is performed dynamically, where scaling decisions are based on each processor's workload, allowing for reduced power consumption without a significant impact on performance. Tradeoffs in performance versus circuit area and supply noise are examined. The DVFS circuits are designed in a wrapper around each individual processor, resulting in a 12% area overhead. DVFS operation utilizing supply voltages of 1.3 V and 0.8 V on a nine-processor JPEG application reduces average energy consumption by 48% while reducing performance by only 8%.
Optical switching of azophenol derivatives in solution and in polymer thin films: The role of chemical substitution and environment (2014)

Design of polymer materials whose properties can be reversibly changed by illumination with light is a technology of particular scientific interest. Such materials contain molecular chromophors, which change their geometry and/or polarity upon absorption of light of a specific wavelength. The most prominent chromophores are azobenzene derivatives. Here, we present a systematic study on azobenzene derivatives in order to quantify the impact of chemical substitution and chemical environment on the dynamics of light-induced trans-cis isomerization (at 368 nm and 355 nm), thermal cis-trans relaxation, and light-induced cis-trans isomerization (at 434 nm). Systems under investigation were 4-hydroxyazobenzene (4-HAB) in acetonitrile (MeCN) solution and in a poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. These two systems are compared to systems in which 4-HAB is esterified, namely 4-hydroxyazobenzene covalently bound (esterified) to PMMA matrix, and N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)glycine-4- hydroxyazobenzene (Boc-Gly-4-HAB) in MeCN and in PMMA. Photoisomerization and thermal relaxation kinetics are monitored with UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and accompanied by quantum chemical calculations to shed light into the molecular origin of observed differences in switching properties. We find that the chemical environment (MeCN vs. PMMA) only has minor impacts (~10%) on trans to cis photoisomerization rates. Also, the impact of chemical environment on thermal cis to trans relaxation is small; with relaxation rates in PMMA beeing 400) than the rates of esterified systems. This difference is a clear result of the different substituents on the azobenzene moiety. Quantum chemical calculations suggest that the cis-configuration in the esterified systems is stabilized by an intramolecular H-bond between a carbonyl oxygen on the substituent and an H atom on the phenyl ring. In all systems, the cis to trans isomerization can be significantly accelerated by illumination with 434 nm light. For esterified systems, accelerations by factors of about 5700 – 15500 are observed. In the case of 4-hydroxyazobenzene covalently bound (esterified) to the PMMA matrix, complete light induced transfer from cis to trans is possible. In addition, it features a low thermal cis to trans isomerization rate and acceptable photoinduced trans to cis isomerization properties. With this, the material fulfills the basic requirements of a functional polymer material whose properties can be reversibly changed by illumination with light.
“At Face Value”: age progression software provides personalised demonstration of the effects of smoking on appearance: Figure 1 (2003)

The Task Force for Tobacco-Free Women and Girls in New York State is utilising a computer software program that provides personalised, science based illustrations of how smoking can affect facial appearance. The task force developed this program at the urging of young people who entered a 1998 essay contest in which middle and high school students were asked to submit their ideas for strategies to help girls reject tobacco. Twenty four per cent of the 2000 entrants from across the state advised that knowledge of the unattractive effects of tobacco use would deter girls from smoking. Their idea is supported by studies suggesting that self image and perception of smoker stereotype can play a role in the decision to initiate smoking.1–3 Several of the students specifically recommended the use of computer imaging.

Task force members reviewed available literature on the association between smoking and premature facial wrinkling4–8 and provided parameters for customisation of the APRIL (age progression image …
Use of quantitative ultrasound to detect temperature variations in biological phantoms due to heating (2009)

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a noninvasive technique that has great potential for improving thermal therapies. To target specified regions accurately for treatment, a robust imaging technique is required to monitor HIFU application. Therefore, the development of an ultrasonic imaging technique for monitoring HIFU treatment is highly medically significant. Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is a novel imaging technique that may improve monitoring of HIFU treatment by quantifying tissue changes. Ultrasonic backscatter experiments were performed on two types of phantoms to understand the variations in QUS parameters with increases in temperature from 36 to 50°C. The phantoms were biological phantoms made of agar and containing either mouse mammary carcinoma cells (4T1) or chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) as scatterers. All scatterers were uniformly distributed spatially at random throughout the phantoms. Sound speed and attenuation were estimated in the phantoms versus temperature using insertion loss methods. Two parameters were estimated from the backscatter coefficient (effective scatterer diameter (ESD) and effective acoustic concentration (EAC)) and two parameters were estimated from the envelope statistics (k parameter and ¿ parameter) of the backscattered echoes versus temperature. The results of this study suggest that QUS has the potential to be used for noninvasive monitoring of temperature changes in tissues.
Metal Detecting Sensor Based on Linear Hall Effect Elements (2014)

This paper presents a new type metal detector measurement system based on linear Hall-effect elements. This system adopts a low voltage DC power supply, which drives a U type (or C type) core coil to generate a magnetic field space. Two linear Hall-effect elements are placed at the center of core coil measurement section. With the differential operational testing method, the sensing signal is collected and displayed with SCM system. In the paper, we analyze the feasibility of the measurement system in theory. Further a practical measurement device is designed and produced to verify the theoretical analysis. Experiments data shows that, within a sensing gap between 0.5mm and 3mm, this new Hall-effect element metal detection equipment could effectively resolute nondestructive metal and the damage metal with small cracks, especially sensitive to the longitudinal crack. As a conclusion, this metal detector has several advantages such as simple structure, small volume, low cost, no radiation, so that it would be convenient for production, carrying and application. The new type metal detector measurement system proposed in this paper has important significance for industrial and manufacturing production testing and maintenance of equipment.
Infrared spectroscopic study of hydrogenated and deuterated silicon nitride films prepared from plasma-enhanced deposition (1984)

The infrared spectroscopic studies were carried out for plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition amorphous silicon nitride films prepared from gas systems which contain deuterosilane (SiD4) or deuteroammonia (ND3). The stretch-mode frequencies of N–H, N–D, Si–H, and Si–D bonds were observed at 3340, 2480, 2180, and 1585 cm−1, respectively. The absorption cross section of Si–D bond has been determined considering ratios of reduced masses and dipole moment derivatives for Si–H and Si–D bonds. As a result of the calculation of Si–H and Si–D bond concentrations using the respective absorption cross sections, the isotope effect on introduction ratio of H and D atoms bonded to Si atoms was not observed. Assuming that the isotope effect does not also affect the introduction ratio between N–H and N–D bond concentrations, the absorption cross section of N–D bonds is determined. It is also found that 80–90% of the total hydrogen atoms in the films are introduced from ammonia gas.
Sphingolipidomics: An Important Mechanistic Tool for Studying Fungal Pathogens (2016)

Sphingolipids form of a unique and complex group of bioactive lipids in fungi. Structurally, sphingolipids of fungi are quite diverse with unique differences in the sphingoid backbone, amide linked fatty acyl chain and the polar head group. Two of the most studied and conserved sphingolipid classes in fungi are the glucosyl- or galactosyl-ceramides and the phosphorylinositol containing phytoceramides. Comprehensive structural characterization and quantification of these lipids is largely based on advanced analytical mass spectrometry based lipidomic methods. While separation of complex lipid mixtures is achieved through high performance liquid chromatography, the soft - electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry allows a high sensitivity and selectivity of detection. Herein, we present an overview of lipid extraction, chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry employed in qualitative and quantitative sphingolipidomics in fungi.
A New Parallel-Connected Diode-Clamped Modular Multilevel Converter With Voltage Self-Balancing (2017)

The modular multilevel converter (MMC or M2C) is an emerging attractive multilevel topology for medium-voltage high-power applications. The capacitor voltage balancing control and the improvement of output current rating are two challenging issues of MMC. This paper proposed a new parallel-connected diode-clamped M2C (DCM2C), in which each arm consists of two parallel-connected clusters. In this topology, the capacitor voltages can be balanced automatically without any balancing control algorithms. Theoretically, no voltage sensors are needed to measure the capacitor voltages theoretically. Thus, the control of the converter can be simplified greatly. With a simple current-sharing control, an equal current distribution can be achieved between the two clusters. Furthermore, an extended parallel-DCM2C is proposed for larger current applications, and the corresponding current-sharing control method is developed. Experimental results validated the voltage self-balancing capability of parallel-DCM2C and the effectiveness of the proposed current-sharing control.
A Design Strategy for AM/PM Compensation in GaN Doherty Power Amplifiers (2017)

This paper presents the theoretical analysis of phase distortion (AM/PM) mechanisms in Gallium Nitride (GaN) Doherty power amplifiers (DPAs) and a novel approach to optimize the tradeoff between linearity and efficiency. In particular, it is demonstrated how it is possible to mitigate the AM/PM by designing a suitable mismatch at the input of the active devices, based on the identification of constant AM/PM and gain contour circles. The proposed theory is experimentally confirmed by source- and load-pull measurements and further validated through the design and realization of a 7 GHz 10 W DPA based on GaN monolithic technology.
A Beyond-1-Tb/s Coherent Optical Transmitter Front-End Based on 110-GHz-Bandwidth 2:1 Analog Multiplexer in 250-nm InP DHBT (2020)

This article presents an optical transmitter front-end based on 2:1 analog multiplexer (AMUX) for beyond-1-Tb/s/carrier coherent optical communications systems. An AMUX is monolithically integrated with an optical modulator driver to realize an AMUX-Driver IC that can directly drive an optical modulator. The AMUX-Driver IC fabricated by using our in-house 250-nm InP double heterojunction bipolar transistors (DiBTs), which have a peak cutoff frequency (f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> ) and maximum oscillation frequency (f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> ) of 460 and 480 Giz, respectively, achieves a record bandwidth of 110 Giz and a 1.5-νppd linear differential output range with a <; 3% total harmonic distortion (TiD). A coherent optical transmitter front-end module compactly integrating two AMUX-Driver ICs and an InP-based optical in-phase quadrature (IQ) modulator achieves an electro-optic (EO) bandwidth higher than 80 Giz at the 6-dB point. Beyond-1-Tb/s/carrier optical modulation based on 168-GBaud polarization-division-multiplexed (PDM) 16-ary quadrature-amplitude-modulation (16QAM) was successfully demonstrated by using this integrated module.
P-element mutations affecting embryonic peripheral nervous system development in Drosophila melanogaster. (1995)

The Drosophila embryonic peripheral nervous system (PNS) is an excellent model system to study the molecular mechanisms governing neural development. To identify genes controlling PNS development, we screened 2000 lethal P-element insertion strains. The PNS of mutant embryos was examined using the neural specific marker MAb 22C10, and 92 mutant strains were retained for further analysis. Genetic and cytological analysis of these strains shows that 42 mutations affect previously isolated genes that are known to be required for PNS development: longitudinals lacking (19), mastermind (15), numb (4), big brain (2), and spitz (2). The remaining 50 mutations were classified into 29 complementation groups and the P-element insertions were cytologically mapped. The mutants were classified in five major classes on the basis of their phenotype: gain of neurons, loss of neurons, organizational defects, pathfinding defects and morphological defects. Herein we report the preliminary phenotypic characterization of each of these complementation groups as well as the embryonic lacZ expression pattern of each P-element strain. Our analysis indicates that in most of the P-element insertion strains, the lacZ reporter gene is not expressed in the developing PNS.
Self-Healing of Thermoplastic Poly(Ethylene-co-Methacrylic Acid) Copolymers Following Projectile Puncture (2004)

Poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) (EMAA) ionomer polymers carry great potential for use in a wide variety of unique applications due to their property of “self-healing” following projectile impact. Following puncture, certain films based on these materials are observed to “heal”, with the penetration opening recovering to an air-tight condition. Specifically, four polymers of this class were examined, including DuPont™ Surlyn® 8920, Surlyn® 8940, Nucrel® 925, and Nucrel® 960. Though these differ in their amount of ionic content, all expressed a certain degree of self-healing. Thin films were prepared by a compression molding process and punctured at temperatures ranging from room up to that of the melt using a pellet gun. Samples were then assessed for self-healing. A quantitative post-puncture burst-test method examined the strength or quality of the healed site in the four examples. A comparison of this data provided an understanding of the importance of ionic content and the mechanism of puncture healing. Additional damage modes were also examined to determine other cases where healing occurs and the requirements necessary to elicit the healing response. In addition, interesting composite materials consisting of carbon nanotube filled ionomers were fabricated by a melt-mixing process which produced potentially self-healing composites with superior mechanical properties. By comparing peel testing, projectile testing, the quantitative healed strength, and other characteristics, it was determined that healing is not a function of the ionic content of the materials involved. Further, healing was determined to occur due to a synergy of thermomechanical properties facilitated by the addition of the methacrylic acid groups to the polymer backbone.
Non-conformity to ENL norms: a perspective from Chinese English users (2013)

Abstract English as a lingua franca (ELF) research poses challenge to mainstream English language teaching (ELT) in terms of its exclusive reference to English as a native language (ENL). On the other hand, some studies have been conducted to show that non-native English speakers (NNESs) have an aspiration for ENL and, in turn, add emphasis to ELT practitioners' effort in helping NNESs to approximate native English speaker (NES) competence. In response to the debate, this paper focuses on Chinese English speakers' perceptions of (non-)conformity to ENL in order to offer insights into the extent to which NNESs are ENL-(in)dependent. This paper draws on the data contributed by 502 Chinese university students and 267 Chinese professionals through questionnaires and interviews. The questionnaire responses displayed a slightly positive orientation towards instances of non-conformity to ENL norms and revealed the respondents' choice between the formulaic conformity and the functions of non-conformity. The interviews unfolded the tension between exonormative and endonormative orientations to English. The participants' exonormative orientations reflect their belief in the centrality of NESs to norms of English use, their conceptualization of English as a fixed entity, and their aspiration for social advantages that they believe the conformity to ENL norms can bring to them. Their endonormative orientations relate to their acknowledgement of the communicative function of English that diverges from the norms of ENL and their concern for their cultural identity, which they believe conflicts with the conformity to ENL norms. This paper thus demonstrates that the preference for ENL is only one side of NNESs' attitudinal picture. Further, the reasons behind this preference point to the need for change from monolithic English to pluralistic Englishes in mainstream ELT.
Numerical studies of steady flow dispersion at low Dean number in a gently curving tube (1986)

Using both Monte Carlo and numerical techniques, Taylor dispersion in a curved tube at low Dean numbers has been evaluated and the results are in qualitative agreement with those found by Janssen (1976): Dn 2 Sc is the controlling parameter with D f falling to about 0.2 of its straight-tube value at high values of Dn 2 Sc . Agreement with available experimental data is generally good. Further, we find that for large Dn 2 Sc , the transition from convective to diffusive dispersion occurs earlier than in straight-tube flow, but only by a factor of two.
XML in practice: the groupware case (2003)

The Internet has more and more evolved from an information pool used by individuals for information gathering towards a medium that is being used by groups for information sharing and exchange. Today's Internet applications include local community networks as well as global business-to-business communication. The more the Internet is becoming a major part of our daily communication infrastructure, the more demands of effective tools for cooperation support arise. We have developed a Web-based groupware system-the BSCW shared workspace system-which aims to satisfy these demands. In this paper we describe a Java-based extension of the BSCW system that has been designed to improve usability of the system. As a consequence of limitations experienced from HTML-based user interfaces we have extended BSCW by a new JBrowser applet that uses XML as a data description language and provides a graphical representation of the user's shared workspaces. It can be seen as an example of how XML and Java can leverage from each other, how XML structures can be incorporated as objects in traditional applications, and how XML can be used to build a communication bridge between object repositories.
Effective modeling of high-energy laboratory-based x-ray phase contrast imaging utilizing absorption masks or gratings (2020)

Model refinements for the edge illumination x-ray phase contrast imaging method have been developed to improve simulation accuracy for high energy, polychromatic beams. High-energy x rays are desirable in imaging due to their penetrative power and, for biological samples, their lower dose deposition rate. Accurate models of such scenarios are required for designing appropriate imaging systems and to predict signal strength in complex settings such as clinical imaging or industrial quality assurance. When using optical components appropriate for high-energy x rays in a non-synchrotron setting, system performance was observed to deviate from that predicted by existing models. In this work, experimental data utilizing increasing thicknesses of a known filter material are used to illustrate the limitations of existing models and as validation for the new modeling features. Angular filtration of the cone beam was observed to be the most significant effect; however, specific features of the source and detector are also shown to affect system performance. We conclude by showing that a significantly improved agreement between experimental and simulated data is obtained with the refined model compared to previously existing ones.