gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonlinearities for parametric pumping of quartz UHF oscillators (2011)

The feasibility of a parametric amplification method for improving the Q of UHF quartz oscillators is considered. A fundamental thickness shear resonator operating at about 500 MHz was studied for estimating the magnitude of fractional change in stiffness, Δk/k that could be obtained at resonance and off-resonance. The Δk/k is employed in a parametric pumping of the thickness shear mode of vibration. A relationship between the Δk/k at resonance and Δk/k at off-resonance was derived. For a 532 MHz fundamental thickness shear resonator, a Δk/k = 3.8×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> /V at resonance, and a Δk/k = 1.6×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-7</sup> /V at off-resonance was found. The off-resonance data compares well with measured data of Δk/k = 1.7×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-7</sup> /V. Our off-resonance study of Δk/k established that it is independent of the sign of electric potential drive that is Δk/k is a rectified excitation and therefore appears at twice the excitation frequency. The parametric amplification phenomenon is governed by the Mathieu equation. MATLAB Simulink models of the Mathieu equation were developed to establish the baseline criteria for parametric amplification to improve the resonator Q. The resonator model was excited at a frequency ω <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A</sub> over a range that included the natural frequency ω <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> and the third overtone ω <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> . The parametric drive frequency ω <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P</sub> was set equal to 2ω <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A</sub> /n (n=1, 2, 3, ....). The model results showed that for parametric drive frequencies of ω <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P</sub> = ω <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A</sub> (for fundamental mode operation), and ω <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P</sub> = ω <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A</sub> /3 (for third overtone operation), the Δk/k needed for parametric amplification is in the range of 0.001 to 0.003 for a resonator Q of 9,000 to 15,000. It was observed that there was shift of the resonance frequency with the parametric amplification resulting from the change in dc stiffness Δk/k of the thickness shear mode.
Pseudo Two-Dimensional Hidden Markov Models for Document Recognition (1993)

Hidden Markov models (HMM) have become the most popular technique for automatic speech recognition. Extending this technique to the two-dimensional domain is a promising approach to solving difficult problems in optical character recognition (OCR), such as recognizing poorly printed text. Hidden Markov models are robust for OCR applications due to: — Their inherent tolerance to noise and distortion, — Their ability to segment blurred and connected text into words and characters as an integral part of the recognition process, — Their invariance to size, slant, and other transformations of the basic characters, and — The ease with which contextual information and language models can be incorporated into the recognition algorithms. We give a brief overview of OCR algorithms based on two-dimensional hidden Markov models, and we present three case studies that show their remarkable strengths.
Complex FIR block adaptive algorithm employing optimal time-varying convergence factors (2008)

The Complex Least Mean Square algorithm (Complex LMS) has been widely used in various adaptive filtering applications, e.g. in the wireless communications and biomedical fields, due to its computational simplicity. However, the main drawback of the Complex LMS algorithm is its slow convergence. In addition, the performance is dependent on the choice of the convergence factor or learning rate. In this paper, a novel complex block adaptive algorithm is presented that overcomes the performance limitation of the Complex LMS. The proposed algorithm (Complex OBA-LMS) derives independent time-varying convergence factors for the real and imaginary components of the FIR complex adaptive filter coefficients. Furthermore, the convergence factors are updated at each block iteration. The convergence speed and accuracy of the Complex OBA-LMS algorithm are investigated and compared with the Complex LMS algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed technique exhibits superior performance at the expense of a modest increase in computational complexity for different training inputs.
Algorithmic Aspects of Cyclic Combinational Circuit Synthesis (2003)

Digital circuits are called combinational if they are memoryless: if they have outputs that depend only on the current values of the inputs. Combinational circuits are generally thought of as acyclic (i.e., feed-forward) structures. And yet, cyclic circuits can be combinational. Cycles sometimes occur in designs synthesized from high-level descriptions, as well as in bus-based designs [16]. Feedback in such cases is carefully contrived, typically occurring when functional units are connected in a cyclic topology. Although the premise of cycles in combinational circuits has been accepted, and analysis techniques have been proposed [7], no one has attempted the synthesis of circuits with feedback at the logic level.

We have argued the case for a paradigm shift in combinational circuit design [10]. We should no longer think of combinational logic as acyclic in theory or in practice, since most combinational circuits are best designed with cycles. We have proposed a general methodology for the synthesis of multilevel networks with cyclic topologies and incorporated it in a general logic synthesis environment. In trials, benchmark circuits were optimized significantly, with improvements of up to 30%I n the area. In this paper, we discuss algorithmic aspects of cyclic circuit design. We formulate a symbolic framework for analysis based on a divide-and-conquer strategy. Unlike previous approaches, our method does not require ternary-valued simulation. Our analysis for combinationality is tightly coupled with the synthesis phase, in which we assemble a combinational network from smaller combinational components. We discuss the underpinnings of the heuristic search methods and present examples as well as synthesis results for benchmark circuits.

In this paper, we discuss algorithmic aspects of cyclic circuit design. We formulate a symbolic framework for analysis based on a divide-and-conquer strategy. Unlike previous approaches, our method does not require ternary-valued simulation. Our analysis for combinationality is tightly coupled with the synthesis phase, in which we assemble a combinational network from smaller combinational components. We discuss the underpinnings of the heuristic search methods and present examples as well as synthesis results for benchmark circuits.
Corneal temperature in patients with dry eye evaluated by infrared radiation thermometry. (1996)

Findings demonstrate the usefulness of this thermometer for measuring corneal temperature in the evaluation of dry eye. Decrease in corneal temperature with each blink in patients with dry eye was smaller than in normal subjects.
Low-frequency excess noise in YBa2Cu3O7−<i>x</i> dc superconducting quantum interference devices cooled in static magnetic fields (1994)

We have investigated the performance of YBa2Cu3O7−x dc superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) cooled in static magnetic fields, B0, of 0.01–1 mT. For fields less than the earth’s ambient field, about 0.05 mT, the white noise of the devices at 77 K is not materially affected. However, at a frequency f of 1 Hz the spectral density of the 1/f noise, SΦ (1 Hz), at 0.05 mT increases by an order of magnitude over that for zero field. Furthermore, SΦ (1 Hz) scales approximately linearly with B0, suggesting strongly that the noise originates in the motion of vortices in the YBCO film. This increase in noise is likely to be an issue for SQUIDs operated in the earth’s field.
Growth and Collapse of a Vapor Bubble Under Impulsive Heating (2001)

Abstract In the first part of the paper a micropump based on the periodic growth and collapse of a single vapor bubble in a small channel is described. An explanation of the pumping principle and some preliminary experimental results are presented. In the implementation described the liquid is electrically conductive and is heated by passing a current through it; the same principle would be applicable to the case of non-conducting liquids by using heaters embedded in the channel walls. In the second part of the paper a model for the growth of a bubble onto a heater in a liquid is presented and some numerical results are discussed.
Matrix quantization with vector quantization error compensation for robust speech recognition (2002)

This paper proposes a robust, speaker-independent IWSR system which combines dual fuzzy matrix quantization (FMQ) and fuzzy vector quantization (FVQ) pairs, or dual MQ/VQ quantization pair with a discrete HMM to efficiently utilize processing resources and improve speech recognition performance. This system exploits the "evolution" of the speech short-term spectral envelopes with error compensation from FVQ/HMM, or VQ/HMM processes to target noise-affected input signal parameters and minimize noise influence. The enhanced processing technology employs a weighted LSP distance measure in the LBG algorithm. Computer simulation using gender-dependent HMMs clearly indicates the superiority over conventional FVQ/HMM and FMQ/HMM systems with 96.48% and 92.8% recognition accuracy at 20 dB and 5 dB SNR levels, respectively in a car noise environment, based on database TIDIGITS.
Objective method for measuring the macular pigment optical density in the eye (2019)

Macular pigment is a yellowish pigment of purely dietary origin, which is thought to have a protective role in the retina. Recently, it was linked to age-related macular degeneration and improved visual function. In this work, we present a method and a corresponding optical instrument for the rapid measurement of its optical density. The method is based on fundus reflectometry and features a photodetector for the measurement of reflectance at different wavelengths and retinal locations. The method has been tested against a commercially available instrument on a group of healthy volunteers and has shown good correlation. The proposed instrument can serve as a rapid, non-midriatic, low-cost tool for the measurement of macular pigment optical density.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 2‐AZAESTRATRIENES (1976)

Abstract Synthesis of 2‐Azaestratrienes.
Control Scheme for Sensorless Operation and Detection of CCM and DCM Operation Modes in Synchronous Switching Power Converters (2010)

Switching power converters with synchronous rectification utilize transitioning between inductor's current continuous and discontinuous conduction operation modes (CCM and DCM) in order to achieve improved power efficiency across wide load and input voltage ranges. The inductor current zero crossing is sensed in order to detect the operation modes transition point between CCM and DCM. The challenges associated with this include inductor current zero crossing point sensing accuracy, noise effect near the zero crossing point, and the sensing circuitry speed and power loss. Moreover, additional hardware such as analog-to-digital converter is required if the controller used is a fully digital controller. In this letter, a control scheme for sensorless operation and detection of CCM and DCM in a switching power converter is presented. The presented controller utilizes dual control loops and does not require sensing the inductor current or any current in the converter, which eliminates or reduces challenges associated with inductor current sensing for the zero point detection. The presented controller is discussed, and proof-of-concept experimental prototype results are presented.
Properties and processing of corn oils obtained by extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide (1984)

Abstract Crude oils were extracted from wet‐ and dry‐milled corn germs with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO 2 ) at 50–90 C and 8,000–12,000 psi and were characterized for color, free fatty acids, phosphorus, refining loss, unsaponifiable matter, tocopherol and iron content. They were compared with commercial products. Extraction of wetmilled germ with SC‐CO 2 has some advantages over the conventional prepress solvent method commonly used in the industry. For example, SC‐CO 2 extraction of wet‐milled germ at 50 C and 8,000 psi yields crude oil with a lower refining loss and a lighter color. After laboratory processing, a light‐colored, bland salad oil is obtained. Crude, refined, bleached and deodorized oils from SC‐CO 2 ‐extracted dry‐milled germ appear equivalent to those obtained by expeller pressing.
Constant-Cost Implementations of Clifford Operations and Multiply-Controlled Gates Using Global Interactions (2022)

We consider quantum circuits composed of single-qubit operations and global entangling gates generated by Ising-type Hamiltonians. It is shown that such circuits can implement a large class of unitary operators commonly used in quantum algorithms at a very low cost-using a constant or effectively constant number of global entangling gates. Specifically, we report constant-cost implementations of Clifford operations with and without ancillae, constant-cost implementation of the multiply-controlled gates with linearly many ancillae, and an O(log^{*}(n)) cost implementation of the n-controlled single-target gates using logarithmically many ancillae. This shows a significant asymptotic advantage of circuits enabled by the global entangling gates.
Mechanically tunable optofluidic distributed feedback dye laser (2006)

A continuously tunable optofluidic distributed feedback (DFB) dye laser was demonstrated on a monolithic replica molded poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) chip. The optical feedback was provided by a phase-shifted higher order Bragg grating embedded in the liquid core of a single mode buried channel waveguide. Due to the soft elastomeric nature of PDMS, the laser frequency could be tuned by mechanically stretching the grating period. In principle, the mechanical tuning range is only limited by the gain bandwidth. A tuning range of nearly 60 nm was demonstrated from a single dye laser chip by combining two common dye molecules Rhodamine 6G and Rhodamine 101. Single-mode operation was maintained with less than 0.1 nm linewidth. Because of the higher order grating, a single laser, when operated with different dye solutions, can provide tunable light output covering the entire spectrum from near UV to near IR in which efficient laser dyes are available. An array of five DFB dye lasers with different grating periods was also demonstrated on a chip. Such tunable integrated laser arrays are expected to become key components in inexpensive advanced spectroscopy chips.
Broad area phase-locked superlattice barrier quantum well laser diode (1989)

The lateral coherence of an extremely broad-area laser diode is examined. The device was fabricated using molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). For a 350- mu m-wide mesa laser, a single-lobed phase-locked narrow beam was obtained owing to the use of a high-uniformity quantum well graded-index waveguide separate confinement heterostructure (GRIN-SCH) with a short-period (AlGaAs)(GaAs) superlattice MBE-fabricated barrier layer.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Transparent Large-Strain Thermoplastic Polyurethane Magnetoactive Nanocomposites (2011)

Organically modified superparamagnetic MnFe(2)O(4)/thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) nanocomposites (0.1-8 wt %) were prepared by solvent mixing followed by solution casting. Linear aliphatic alkyl chain modification of spherical MnFe(2)O(4) provided compatibility with the TPU containing a butanediol extended polyester polyol-MDI. All MnFe(2)O(4)/TPU nanocomposite films were superparamagnetic and their saturation magnetization, σ(s), increased with increasing MnFe(2)O(4) content. All nanocomposite films exhibited large deformations (>10 mm) under a magneto-static field. This is the first report of large actuation of magnetic nanoparticle nanocomposites at low-loading levels of 0.1 wt % (0.025 vol %). The maximum actuation deformation of the MnFe(2)O(4)/TPU nanocomposite films increased exponentially with increasing nanoparticle concentration. An empirical correlation between the maximum displacement, saturation magnetization, and magnetic nanoparticle loading is proposed. The cyclic deformation actuation of a 6 wt % surface modified MnFe(2)O(4)/TPU, in a low magnetic field 151 < B(y) < 303 Oe, exhibited excellent reproducibility and controllability. MnFe(2)O(4)/TPU nanocomposite films (0.1-2 wt %) were transparent and semitransparent over the wavelengths from 350 to 700 nm.
Ultra-High Resolution 3D Imaging of Whole Cells (2016)

Fluorescence nanoscopy, or super-resolution microscopy, has become an important tool in cell biological research. However, because of its usually inferior resolution in the depth direction (50-80 nm) and rapidly deteriorating resolution in thick samples, its practical biological application has been effectively limited to two dimensions and thin samples. Here, we present the development of whole-cell 4Pi single-molecule switching nanoscopy (W-4PiSMSN), an optical nanoscope that allows imaging of three-dimensional (3D) structures at 10- to 20-nm resolution throughout entire mammalian cells. We demonstrate the wide applicability of W-4PiSMSN across diverse research fields by imaging complex molecular architectures ranging from bacteriophages to nuclear pores, cilia, and synaptonemal complexes in large 3D cellular volumes.
100 Gbit/s multiple-channel output all-optical demultiplexingbased on TDM-WDM conversion in a nonlinear optical loop mirror (1996)

The authors propose an all-optical time-domain demultiplexer with a simultaneous multichannel output, using a nonlinear optical loop mirror with a linearly chirped clock pulse. Error-free, five-output, 100 Gbit/s demultiplexing is successfully demonstrated.
Antimycotic imidazoles. Part 4. Synthesis and antifungal activity of ketoconazole, a new potent orally active broad-spectrum antifungal agent (1979)

The preparation and antifungal properties of cis-1-acetyl-4-[4-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl-methyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]piperazine (I) are described. Ketoconazole has, at low oral doses, a high in vivi activity against vaginal candidosis in rats and against cutaneous candidosis in guinea pigs.
Machine Learning Based Symbol Probability Distribution Prediction For Entropy Coding In Av1 (2020)

Entropy coding is a lossless data compression technique that is widely applied in video codecs to encode syntax elements into bitstreams. Efficient entropy coding requires accurate prediction of the probability distribution of the encoded symbols. In AV1, multi-symbol arithmetic coding is adopted. The symbol probability is derived with handcrafted context models and lookup tables that store the predicted probabilities corresponding to different entropy contexts. The lookup table based scheme has some fundamental deficiencies. The entropy context features have to be discrete so that they can be used to index the lookup tables. To reduce the size of the lookup table, the number of contexts cannot be very large. Moreover, the probability distributions stored in the lookup tables are maintained separately without taking their correlations into consideration. In this paper, we propose a machine learning based scheme that achieves more accurate symbol probability prediction for entropy coding. The proposed approach is implemented in AV1 for the entropy coding of intra prediction modes. Experimental results demonstrate that it can improve the efficiency of entropy coding significantly.
Adjustable Work Station for Video Displays and Keyboards (1986)

Work station for video displays and keyboards adaptable to operational and anthropometric requirements of individual operators. Visual displays placed beyond keyboard and in line with inclination of keyboard to minimize operator's head movement. In addition, station arranged so operator's eyes and hands focus onto three primary control and display areas. Quickens operating response and decreases chance of error, since input devices and feedback to operator are collocated.
Using Deep Reinforcement Learning for Routing in IP Networks (2021)

This paper proposes Trailnet, a deep reinforcement learning approach to predict the output port (of a router) for an IP packet based on its destination IP address. Trailnet attempts to replace the forwarding table at an IP router with a computational model. To optimally learn each router’s forwarding decisions, we propose to train the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) of Trailnet with value iteration and stochastic gradient descent. Through the value iteration algorithm, Trailnet estimates the cost of IP packet forwarding along different ports of a router and eventually selects a port that optimizes a cost function. We evaluate the generalization capability of the ANN on two sufficiently large service provider’s network topologies containing millions of IP addresses. Our evaluations show that Trailnet achieves high accuracy and fast inference time for predicting the correct output ports for incoming IP packets. Our results support the claim of replacing forwarding tables and distributed protocols (for computing shortest paths) with a computation model while operating at a high line rate in IP routers.
Nanoceria Inhibit the Development and Promote the Regression of Pathologic Retinal Neovascularization in the Vldlr Knockout Mouse (2011)

Many neurodegenerative diseases are known to occur and progress because of oxidative stress, the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in excess of the cellular defensive capabilities. Age related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR) and inherited retinal degeneration share oxidative stress as a common node upstream of the blinding effects of these diseases. Knockout of the Vldlr gene results in a mouse that develops intraretinal and subretinal neovascular lesions within the first month of age and is an excellent model for a form of AMD called retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP). Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) catalytically scavenge ROS by mimicking the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. A single intravitreal injection of nanoceria into the Vldlr-/- eye was shown to inhibit: the rise in ROS in the Vldlr-/- retina, increases in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the photoreceptor layer, and the formation of intraretinal and subretinal neovascular lesions. Of more therapeutic interest, injection of nanoceria into older mice (postnatal day 28) resulted in the regression of existing vascular lesions indicating that the pathologic neovessels require the continual production of excessive ROS. Our data demonstrate the unique ability of nanoceria to prevent downstream effects of oxidative stress in vivo and support their therapeutic potential for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as AMD and DR.