gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
3D profiling of a transparent film using white-light interferometry (2004)

In the vertical scanning white-light interferometry, two peaks appear in the interference waveform if a transparent exists on the surface to be measured. An algorithm has been developed that can detect the position of those peaks quickly and accurately, and a film profiler has been put into practical use, which is able to measure both the profiles of front and back surfaces and the thickness distribution of a transparent simultaneously. This technique is applicable to transparent films with the optical thickness of approximately 1 /spl mu/m or greater, and it is used effectively in semiconductor and LCD manufacturing processes.
Upregulation of miR-181c contributes to chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer by inactivating the Hippo signaling pathway (2015)

The Hippo signaling pathway plays a crucial role in regulating tissue homeostasis, organ size, tumorigenesis and cancer chemoresistance when deregulated. Physiologically, the Hippo core kinase cassette that consists of mamma-lian STE20-like protein kinase 1/2 (MST1/2), and large tumour suppressor 1/2 (LATS1/2), together with the adaptor proteins Salvador homologue 1 (SAV1) and MOB kinase activator 1 (MOB1), tightly restricts the activities of homologous oncoproteins Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) to low levels. However, how the Hippo kinase cassette core components are simultaneously inhibited, to exhibit constitutively inactivated Hippo signaling and activated YAP/TAZ in cancer remains puzzling. Herein, we reported that miR-181c directly repressed MST1, LATS2, MOB1 and SAV1 expression in human pancreatic cancer cells. Overexpression of miR-181c induced hyperactivation of the YAP/TAZ and enhanced expression of the Hippo signaling downstream genes CTGF, BIRC5 and BLC2L1, leading to pancreatic cancer cell survival and chemoresistance in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, high miR-181c levels were significantly correlated with Hippo signaling inactivation in pancreatic cancer samples, and predicted a poor patient overall survival. These findings provide a novel mechanism for Hippo signaling inactivation in cancer, indicating not only a potentially pivotal role for miR-181c in the progression of pancreatic cancer, but also may represent a new therapeutic target and prognostic marker.
Enzymology of cheese ripening (1991)

Summary Enzymes either from milk itself or added in the form of rennet or microorganisms play the dominant role in the conversion of milk in cheese. Of the enzymic reactions the breakdown of caseins is by far the most important reaction. Five main systems contribute to the hydrolysis of caseins: Rennet, indigenous milk proteinase, proteinases and peptidases produced by the starter cultures, enzymes of the secondary starters, enzymes of non‐starter cultures. The relative contributions of these systems in the ripening of various types of cheese will be discussed in detail. Some attention will be paid to secondary reactions like amine formation and the action of lipases during cheese ripening.
Management of Lactose Intolerance (1994)

The management of lactose intolerance comprises two parts: (1) the basic principles of treatment in persons intolerant to a dietary dose of lactose, and (2) main manoeuvres to reduce the lactose content in food, and/or consumption of special products of milk or exogenous lactase enzyme. The tactics of management depend on the type of hypolactasia, the severity of intolerance, and on the age of the patient. Special attention is paid to the development of lactose intolerance in some patients via iatrogenic mechanisms such as certain drugs, gastric surgery and ionizing radiation.
Nanoscale Plasmonic Interferometers for Multispectral, High-Throughput Biochemical Sensing (2011)

In this work, we report the design, fabrication, and characterization of novel biochemical sensors consisting of nanoscale grooves and slits milled in a metal film to form two-arm, three-beam, planar plasmonic interferometers. By integrating thousands of plasmonic interferometers per square millimeter with a microfluidic system, we demonstrate a sensor able to detect physiological concentrations of glucose in water over a broad wavelength range (400-800 nm). A wavelength sensitivity between 370 and 630 nm/RIU (RIU, refractive index units), a relative intensity change between ~10(3) and 10(6) %/RIU, and a resolution of ~3 × 10(-7) in refractive index change were experimentally measured using typical sensing volumes as low as 20 fL. These results show that multispectral plasmonic interferometry is a promising approach for the development of high-throughput, real-time, and extremely compact biochemical sensors.
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against specific serotypes of Mycobacterium avium and the Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare-Mycobacterium scrofulaceum complex (1989)

Serotype-specific and Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare-Mycobacterium scrofulaceum complex (MAIS complex)-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were prepared. A series of MAbs were obtained, five specific for serotype 2, three specific for serotype 4, eight against a strain of serotype 19, two specific for the MAIS complex, and two against a common glycolipid shared by all the mycobacteria tested so far. The serotype-specific and the MAIS complex-specific MAbs reacted in immunofluorescence with intact mycobacteria and in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immuno-thin-layer chromatography with lipid extracts of mycobacteria. The two MAbs against a common mycobacterial glycolipid reacted only in lipid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immuno-thin-layer chromatography. All MAbs were directed against glycopeptidolipids (GPLs), except for four MAbs against proteins of serotype 19. The serotype- and MAIS complex-specific epitopes on GPLs are exposed on the mycobacterial cell wall, in contrast with the common mycobacterial glycolipid, which is probably located inside the cell wall. The serotype-specific MAbs reacted with native as well as deacetylated GPLs, in contrast with the MAIS complex-specific MAbs, which reacted only with native GPLs. The MAbs will be useful for the identification of MAIS complex and M. avium serotypes 2 and 4 and a strain of serotype 19, GPL analyses with immuno-thin-layer chromatography, and the localization of GPL epitopes in mycobacteria.
DEMOS: state-of-the-art application software for design, evaluation, and modeling of optical systems (1992)

A new version of the DEMOS program is presented. DEMOS (design, evaluation, and modeling of optical systems) is integrated dialog software for automatic modeling to estimate and design optical systems with conventional and hologram optical elements. The theoretical principles and the current state of the primary possibilities and application principles of the DEMOS program for optical systems design and simulation on computers are discussed.
CARCINOMA OF PANCREAS (2008)

S Kern et al JHU (Ca Res 2001;61:4923-32). Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia: 1A mucinous cell hypertrophy and adenomatoid hyperplasia; 1B Ductal papillary hyperplasia; 2 Ductal papillary hyperplasia with dysplasia (mild to moderate); and 3 Severe ductal hyperplasia with dysplasia. Introduce concept of familial excess pancreatic cancer which include syndromic (p16, BRCA2, p53 Li-Fraumeni, Peutz Jeghers syndrome LKB1/STK11, HNPCC, cationic trypsinogen PRSS1-hereditary pancreatitis, and familial diabetes) and others considered idiopathic. Early detection is based in endoscopic ultrasound and ERCP in high risk groups (biologic markers might include k-ras, p53, telomerase, p16, TAG-72). Recommend study cachexia and insulin resistance associations with pancreatic cancer.
Channel assignment in cellular radio (2003)

Some heuristic channel-assignment algorithms for cellular systems are described. These algorithms have yielded optimal, or near-optimal assignments, in many cases. The channel-assignment problem can be viewed as a generalized graph-coloring problem, and these algorithms have been developed, in part, by suitably adapting some of the ideas previously introduced in heuristic graph-coloring algorithms. The channel-assignment problem is formulated as a minimum-span problem, i.e. a problem wherein the requirement is to find the minimum bandwidth necessary to satisfy a given demand. Examples are presented, and algorithm performance results are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Further Investigation of the Impact of Sulfur Oxides on Mercury Capture by Activated Carbon (2007)

To gain a more complete understanding of the impact of sulfur oxides on mercury capture by activated carbon, continuous mercury concentration measurements were made downstream of a packed sorbent bed. Previous research from this laboratory, which is presented in a companion study, indicated that the mercury capacity of activated carbon during a 6 h exposure to mercury-laden simulated flue gas was inversely proportional to the S6+ content of the carbon. The results presented here indicate that high S6+ content limits both the 6-h capacity of activated carbon and the initial mercury removal efficiency. The observed reduction in initial mercury removal efficiency verifies the assumption that the 6-h mercury capacity is indicative of in-flight mercury capture efficiency during activated carbon injection. The activated carbon sample with the highest sulfur content tested here captured a minimal amount of mercury; however, this sample oxidized ∼30% of the incident Hg0 at 100% breakthrough. This finding suggests that there are multiple available sites for mercury interaction with the sorbent surface, and that capture and oxidation occur at different surface sites.
Measurement and Evaluation of Tactile Sensations using a PVDF Sensor (2007)

This study focuses on the measurement and evaluation of tactile sensations of various fabrics. First, tactile data on six pieces of underwear and seven pieces of polo shirts are collected through a questionnaire and the dominant factors of feelings of wearability are determined through factor analysis. Next, a tactile sensor with a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film as the sensory receptor and a sensor apparatus are assembled. The base of the sensor is an aluminum cylinder, around which a rubber sponge layer, a PVDF film, a protective layer of acetate film, and lace are stacked in sequence. The sensor is set on the rotational axis of a motor and a measurement object is placed on the sensor. Then, the sensor is turned to collect tactile information on the object. Features of the collected data are extracted by calculating the average amplitude of low frequency signals, the variance of sensor output, and the power intensity in a medium frequency range. Comparison with the results shows that the PVDF sensor well describes the human tactile perception.
Broadcast Time Warp (2002)

In many distributed computations, it is necessary to ensure that the causal order in which events occur (a partial order) conforms to a total order that is derived from a correctness constraint on the computation. For example, the events of a distributed simulation must appear to be processed in simulation-time order. The Time Warp mechanism uses the notion of global virtual time to schedule the events of a computation to be executed in an appropriate partial order. Under Time Warp, executions are subject to two sources of inefficiency, which we call transitivity delay and incremental rollback. We describe a new virtual-time synchronization protocol called Broadcast Time Warp, which eliminates both of these undesirable phenomena, while retaining the synchronization semantics of Time Warp
Clinical findings with the oral contraceptive combinationethinylestradiol/dienogest in the Czech Republic (2002)

The efficacy and safety of the low dose monophasic oral contraceptive (OC) combination containing 30 micrograms of ethinylestradiol (EE) and 2.0 mg of dienogest (DNG) (EE/DNG) was evaluated in a prospective, open-label, multicenter, uncontrolled, phase III trial. The trial was carried out in six hospitals by 36 investigators in the Czech Republic, and included 557 healthy women (aged 18-35 years), over 12 cycles, with a total of 6051 cycles. EE/DNG provided a reliable ovulation inhibition. The contraceptive efficacy study showed an adjusted Pearl index of 0.198 on the basis of three pregnancies occurring during 6051 cycles. EE/DNG provided good cycle control, reduced the incidence of intermenstrual bleedings, the intensity of menstrual bleeding and frequency of dysmenorrhea. Due to the antiandrogenic properties of the progestogen component DNG, EE/DNG improved androgen-related conditions, such as skin blemishes, hair greasiness and acne vulgaris. From 108 women with acne, 62 (57%) improved after the 6th cycle, and 16 (15%) were healed. Similar changes were found after cycle 12. Breast tenderness and headache were the most frequent of the common complaints due to treatment with EE/DNG. The frequency of all complaints decreased steadily over time. Only 7.7% of subjects discontinued due to adverse reactions. No thrombophlebitic events were noticed.
Probabilistic defect occupancy model for NBTI (2011)

A new Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) model based on the probability of charge/discharge of defects in devices is presented. The model correctly describes the main experimental NBTI features, such as the threshold voltage shift (ΔV <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</inf> ) evolution under DC or AC stresses, its frequency and duty cycle dependence and the statistical ΔV <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</inf> distribution in small transistors. Finally, the model is used to explain the dependence of NBTI degradation on the stress/relaxation times, frequency and duty cycle in terms of defect occupancy.
HIV trans-activation and transcription control mechanisms. (1989)

Promoter-specific transcription factors, whose function was once thought to be limited to initiation, are now known to have more diverse roles in RNA metabolism, including the cellular localization of transcripts and the integration of RNA initiation with attenuation and RNA 3' end formation. The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) provide a useful system to study such proteins, since distinct DNA and RNA elements downstream of the site of transcription initiation act in conjunction with the promoter to regulate the induction and attenuation of RNA synthesis. Sequences corresponding to the 5' untranslated leader of HIV-1 and HIV-2 harbor at least three distinct elements: (i) a DNA domain that binds LBP-1, a cellular activator of initiation; (ii) a structured RNA element critical for the function of the HIV-1 trans-activating protein, Tat; and (iii) an RNA element required for the production of attenuated RNAs from the basal (uninduced) promoter. These attenuated leader RNAs seem to be created in vitro by stalled RNA polymerase II complexes that may be uniquely capable of rapidly processing RNA. Tat-mediated increases in steady-state levels of viral transcripts appear from nuclear run-on experiments to involve a control mechanism at both initiation and early post-initiation steps. Studies that implicate a role for Tat in post-transcriptional control suggest the existence of a mechanism for the coordination of eukaryotic transcription and translation, possibly through the assembly of nuclear regulatory factors at the 5' end of the RNA.
Lymphocyte‐expressed BILL‐cadherin/cadherin‐17 contributes to the development of B cells at two stages (2005)

The gene encoding BILL-cadherin/cadherin-17, a nonclassical cadherin expressed on B lymphocytes in a stage-and-site-specific manner, was inactivated by targeted disruption of its transmembrane/cytoplasmic portion-encoding parts. BILL-cadherin deficiency caused a threefold proB cell accumulation, as well as a reduction to half of the numbers of immature B cells in bone marrow. In spleen, CD21(hi)CD23(lo) marginal zone B cells were found reduced and the structure of the marginal zone was impaired. In addition, the size and number of germinal center as well as the number of PNA(+) cells were significantly reduced in BILL-cadherin-deficient mice. In the peritoneal cavity of mutant mice IgM(+)Mac-1(+)CD5(+) B1a cell, that express high BILL-cadherin in wild-type mice, was also reduced in number. The IgG1 and IgG3 antibody response to the T-independent antigen, TNP-Ficoll, was impaired in the mutant mice. These results indicate that BILL-cadherin participates in B lymphocyte development at least at two stages, first at the transition of pro/preB-I cells to preB-II cells possibly in association with surrogate light chain in bone marrow, and later at the point of development, accumulation and reactiveness of immature B cells in spleen.
BRDF/BTF measurement device (2002)

Capturing surface appearance is important for a large number of applications. Appearance of real world surfaces is difficult to model as it varies with the direction of illumination as well as the direction from which it is viewed. Consequently, measurements of the BRDF (bidirectional reflectance distribution function) have been important. In addition, many applications require measuring how the entire surface reflects light, i.e. spatially varying BRDF measurements are important as well. For compactness we refer to a spatially varying BRDF as a BTF (bidirectional texture function). Measurements of BRDF and/or BTF typically require significant resources in time and equipment. In this work, a device for BRDF/BTF measurement is presented that is compact, economical and convenient. The device uses the approach of curved mirrors to remove the need for hemispherical positioning of the camera and illumination source. Instead, simple planar translations of optical components are used to vary the illumination direction and to scan the surface. Furthermore, the measurement process is fast because the device enables simultaneous measurements of multiple viewing directions.
Automated design of hammerhead ribozymes and validation by targeting the PABPN1 gene transcript (2015)

We present a new publicly accessible web-service, RiboSoft, which implements a comprehensive hammerhead ribozyme design procedure. It accepts as input a target sequence (and some design parameters) then generates a set of ranked hammerhead ribozymes, which target the input sequence. This paper describes the implemented procedure, which takes into consideration multiple objectives leading to a multi-objective ranking of the computer-generated ribozymes. Many ribozymes were assayed and validated, including four ribozymes targeting the transcript of a disease-causing gene (a mutant version of PABPN1). These four ribozymes were successfully tested in vitro and in vivo, for their ability to cleave the targeted transcript. The wet-lab positive results of the test are presented here demonstrating the real-world potential of both hammerhead ribozymes and RiboSoft. RiboSoft is freely available at the website http://ribosoft.fungalgenomics.ca/ribosoft/.
Applications of a new instrument, the potentiophotometer. (1978)

The Potentiophotometer is a new instrument for measuring the absorption characteristics of solutions. A brief description of its construction and theory of operation is presented, with illustrations of its use in the colorimetric quantitative analysis for inorganic phosphorus and total protein in serum. The potentiophotometric results correlate well (r = 0.97 to 0.98) with measurements made of the same solutions with either of two conventional spectrophotometers, the Gilford 300N and the Coleman Jr. II.
Functional Capacities of Transplanted Cell-Sorted Adult Oligodendrocytes (1992)

Previous work has shown that transplanted dissociated glial cells derived from neonatal rats can myelinate areas of the myelin deficient (md) rat spinal cord. In the present studies we have examined the ability of adult glial cells, either as suspension of mixed glial cells or as 01 positive oligodendrocytes purified by cell sorting, to myelinate md rat axons following transplantation. Mixed glial cell preparations from adult rats myelinated large areas of either, dorsal, lateral or ventral columns. These areas contained clumped, transplanted oligodendrocytes. In addition, preparations containing over 90% 01 positive oligodendrocytes were also capable of myelinating large numbers of axons upon transplantation. These results suggest that adult oligodendrocytes may play an important role in remyelination of the adult CNS.
Improving the efficiency of an acoustooptic modulator with a two-lobe directivity pattern by correcting the two-frequency electric signal (2006)

The feasibility of forming an efficient two-lobe directivity pattern at Bragg acoustooptic diffraction is theoretically substantiated for the first time. It is shown that the efficiency of diffraction into main beams can be increased by mixing the two-frequency signal with additional spectral components that correspond to the closest combination frequencies. Mixing is accomplished using an original electronic circuit designed for polynomial nonlinear correction of the control signal. Bragg diffraction by the corrected signal is studied experimentally in a high-efficiency paratellurite (TeO2) modulator. Satisfactory agreement with the theory is obtained, and results of applied interest are obtained. In particular, the maximal overall efficiency of diffraction into two main beams is increased from 68 to 79%.
Do Reaction Conditions Affect the Stereoselectivity in the Staudinger Reaction? (2006)

The stereochemistry is one of the critical issues in the Staudinger reaction. We have proposed the origin of the stereoselectivity recently. The effects of solvents, additives, and pathways of ketene generation on the stereoselectivity were investigated by using a clean Staudinger reaction, which is a sensitive reaction system to the stereoselectivity. The results indicate that the additives, usually existed and generated in the Staudinger reaction, and the pathways of the ketene generation do not generally affect the stereoselectivity. The solvent affects the stereoselectivity. The polar solvent is favorable to the formation of trans-beta-lactams. The addition orders of the reagents affect the stereoselectivity in the Staudinger reaction between acyl chlorides and imines. The addition of a tertiary amine into a solution of the acyl chloride and the imine generally decreases the stereoselectivity, which is affected by the interval between additions of the acyl chloride and the tertiary amine, and the imine substituents. Our current results provide further understanding on the stereochemistry of the Staudinger reaction between acyl chlorides and imines and on the factors affecting the stereochemistry and also provide a method to prepare beta-lactams with the desired relative configuration via rationally tuning the stereoselectivity-controlling factors in the Staudinger reaction.
What Is a Limit? (1998)

It is possible, though difficult, to understand calculus without a firm grasp on the meaning of a limit. A derivative, the fundamental concept of differential calculus, is a limit. An integral, the fundamental concept of integral calculus, is a limit.