gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a new ultrasonic technique for bone and biomaterials <i>in vitro</i> characterization (2002)

Classical techniques based on bone imaging allow visual examination or provide quantitative parameters like bone mineral density, which is a mass per unit of surface. Unfortunately, these techniques are generally expensive. A new method of bone characterization that uses ultrasound techniques is presented in this article. This method is able to evaluate mechanical properties like Young's modulus E and cortical bone thickness with low-frequency transducers and does not require the use of a coupling medium. Some results of Young's modulus measurements are presented and compared to the literature values and the pulse echo method.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Copper from (hfac)CuL (L = VTMS and 2-Butyne) in the Presence of Water, Methanol, and Dimethyl Ether (1996)

The CVD of Cu using (hfac)Cu(VTMS) (hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate, VTMS = vinyltrimethylsilane) and (hfac)Cu(2-butyne) in the presence of water and other reagents has been studied. The overall CVD reaction involving disproportionation of these copper(I) compounds in the presence of water is similar to the overall reaction in the absence of water. The Cu films deposited at low water vapor flow rate (0.2 sccm) exhibited near bulk resistivities (∼2.0 μΩ cm) and dense surface morphologies while the Cu films deposited at higher water vapor flow rate (2.4 sccm) showed significantly higher resistivities (∼12 μΩ cm) and porous morphologies. At higher water flow rates the deposition rate and conductivity of the films were reduced as a result of Cu2O incorporation. The presence of water during CVD is believed to introduce a reaction parallel to the main CVD disproportionation reaction via reaction of water with surface-bound [Cu(hfac)] and results in the incorporation of copper(I) oxide (Cu2O) in the Cu films. Labeling experiments using H2O18 showed that the oxygen incorporated into the films (SIMS) at high water flow rates was derived from reaction with H2O.18 The deposition rate enhancements with methanol and dimethyl ether showed similar trends as a function of flow rate but lower overall rate enhancements compared to water. The presence of water is believed to aid the dissociation of the L from the (hfac)CuL by hydrogen bonding with the hfac ligand and/or oxygen donation to the copper(I) center. The incorporation of Cu2O was completely suppressed by introduction of hfacH vapor along with the precursor and water vapor during CVD of Cu.
Arrayed waveguide grating interrogator for fiber Bragg grating sensors: measurement and simulation (2012)

A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogation system based on an intensity demodulation and demultiplexing of an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) module is examined in detail. The influence of the spectral line shape of the FBG on the signal obtained from the AWG device is discussed by accomplishing the measurement and simulation of the system. The simulation of the system helps to create quickly and precisely calibration functions for nonsymmetric, tilted, or nonapodized FBGs. Experiments show that even small sidebands of nonapodized FBGs have strong influences on the signal resulted by an AWG device with a Gaussian profile.
Patellar Tendinopathy: Histopathological Examination and Follow-up of Surgical Treatment (2010)

The clinical results and histopathological examination in our series justified our operative method. In the chronic stage these lesions are irreversible and constitute permanent intratendinous lesions. It thus seems logical to excise these lesions from their origin at the apex of the patella and entry into the adjacent tendon. It is also recommended on the basis of our and other authors' research that the term patellar tendinopathy should be used instead of tendonitis/tendinitis.
Endothelium and acute coronary syndromes (1998)

The vascular endothelium is a dynamic endocrine organ that regulates contractile, secretory, and mitogenic activities in the vessel wall and hemostatic processes within the vascular lumen. Risk factors for atherosclerosis such as cigarette smoking, hypertension, and increased serum lipid concentrations impair endothelial function and lead to the development of atherosclerotic vessels, which cause acute coronary syndromes. Atherosclerotic vessels progress from scattered foam cells to complex lesions with a lipid core and fibrous cap. Factors that weaken and cause the rupture of the fibrous cap will expose circulating blood products to the procoagulant materials in the lipid core. Thrombosis and subsequent remodeling of the unstable plaque may be catastrophic or clinically silent depending on the degree of vascular occlusion and availability of collateral blood flow. Evidence is presented that supports the view that endothelial dysfunction is an early marker of atherosclerosis and an important contributor to the atherogenic process.
Formation of Metal Nano‐ and Micropatterns on Self‐Assembled Monolayers by Pulsed Laser Deposition Through Nanostencils and Electroless Deposition (2006)

Abstract Patterns of noble‐metal structures on top of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au and SiO 2 substrates have been prepared following two approaches. The first approach consists of pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of Pt, Pd, Au, or Cu through nano‐ and microstencils. In the second approach, noble‐metal cluster patterns deposited through nano‐ and microstencils are used as catalysts for selective electroless deposition (ELD) of Cu. Cu structures are grown on SAMs on both Au and SiO 2 substrates and are subsequently analyzed using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy element mapping, atomic force microscopy, and optical microscopy. The combination of PLD through stencils on SAMs followed by ELD is a new method for the creation of (sub)‐micrometer‐sized metal structures on top of SAMs. This method minimizes the gas‐phase deposition step, which is often responsible for damage to, or electrical shorts through, the SAM.
Nondestructive Approach for Additive Nanomanufacturing of Metallic Nanostructures in the Air (2018)

In this article, a mechanism for quick release and transfer of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) from a soft substrate to another substrate under laser illumination is investigated. The heating of GNPs on a soft substrate with a continuous-wave laser causes a rapid thermal expansion of the substrate, which can be used to selectively release and place GNPs onto another surface. In-plane and out-of-plane nanostructures are successfully fabricated using this method. This rapid release-and-place process can be used for additive nonmanufacturing of metallic nanostructures under ambient conditions, which paves a way for affordable nanomanufacturing and enables a wide variety of applications in nanophotonics, ultrasensitive sensing, and nonlinear plasmonics.
What is the proper way to apply the multiple comparison test? (2018)

Multiple comparisons tests (MCTs) are performed several times on the mean of experimental conditions. When the null hypothesis is rejected in a validation, MCTs are performed when certain experimental conditions have a statistically significant mean difference or there is a specific aspect between the group means. A problem occurs if the error rate increases while multiple hypothesis tests are performed simultaneously. Consequently, in an MCT, it is necessary to control the error rate to an appropriate level. In this paper, we discuss how to test multiple hypotheses simultaneously while limiting type I error rate, which is caused by α inflation. To choose the appropriate test, we must maintain the balance between statistical power and type I error rate. If the test is too conservative, a type I error is not likely to occur. However, concurrently, the test may have insufficient power resulted in increased probability of type II error occurrence. Most researchers may hope to find the best way of adjusting the type I error rate to discriminate the real differences between observed data without wasting too much statistical power. It is expected that this paper will help researchers understand the differences between MCTs and apply them appropriately.
Next Generation Wi-Fi and 5G NR-U in the 6 GHz Bands: Opportunities & Challenges (2020)

The ever-increasing demand for unlicensed spectrum has prompted regulators in the US and Europe to consider opening up the 6 GHz bands for unlicensed access. These bands will open up 1.2 GHz of additional spectrum for unlicensed radio access technologies (RATs), such as Wi-Fi and 5G New Radio Unlicensed (NR-U), in the US and if permitted, 500 MHz of additional spectrum in Europe. The abundance of spectrum in these bands creates new opportunities for the design of mechanisms and features that can support the emerging bandwidth-intensive and latency-sensitive applications. However, coexistence of unlicensed devices both with the bands' incumbent users and across different unlicensed RATs present significant challenges. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of the existing literature on various issues surrounding the operations of unlicensed RATs in the 6 GHz bands. In particular, we discuss how key features in next-generation Wi-Fi are being designed to leverage these additional unlicensed bands. We also shed light on the foreseeable challenges that designers of unlicensed RATs might face in the near future. Our survey encompasses key research papers, contributions submitted to standardization bodies and regulatory agencies, and documents presented at various other venues. Finally, we highlight a few key research problems that are likely to arise due to unlicensed operations in the 6 GHz bands. Tackling these research challenges effectively will be critical in ensuring that the new unlicensed bands are efficiently utilized while guaranteeing the interference-free operation of the bands' incumbent users.
Ceramic greensheet technology for glass-ceramic/copper multilevel substrates (ES9000 system) (2003)

IBM's high end computers, models 820 and 900 of the ES9000 systems, use one of the most advanced substrates to achieve their high ultimate performance. These substrates are fabricated using a multilayer ceramic (MLC) process based on a specially developed ceramic green sheet. The author discusses the development of the green sheet, emphasizing the importance of the polymeric binder system that provides a very stable sheet insuring the alignment of millions of vias and internal interconnections. Green sheet binder formulations are reviewed, illustrating the contribution of the solvents in controlling sheet microporosity. The continuous casting process used in sheet preparation, slurry rheology, and green sheet properties is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis and Morphology of Polystyrene Macromonomer-4-Vinylpyridine Graft Copolymers. (1992)

4-ビニルピリジン (4VP) と種々の分子量のポリスチレン (PSt) マクロモノマーとのラジカル共重合を行い, 組成比及び枝の分子量の異なるグラフト共重合体を合成した. 得られたグラフト共重合体を1, 1, 2-トリクロロエタン溶液から製膜し, 透過型電子顕微鏡により観察した. ミクロ相分離構造は組成比によって異なり, PSt分率が30-44mol%ではラメラ状, 20mol%ではPStが球, ポリ4VPがマトリックスの構造となった.
Targeting mRNA for the treatment of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (2016)

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is an inherited autosomal dominant disorder characterized clinically by progressive muscle degeneration. Currently, no curative treatment for this disorder exists. FSHD patients are managed through physiotherapy to improve function and quality of life. Over the last two decades, FSHD has been better understood as a disease genetically characterized by a pathogenic contraction of a subset of macrosatellite repeats on chromosome 4. Specifically, several studies support an FSHD pathogenesis model involving the aberrant expression of the double homeobox protein 4 (DUX4) gene. Hence, potential therapies revolving around inhibition of DUX4 have been explored. One of the potential treatment options is the use of effective antisense oligonucleotides (AOs) to knockdown expression of the myopathic DUX4 gene and its downstream molecules including paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1 (PITX1). Success in the suppression of PITX1 expression has already been demonstrated systemically in vivo in recent studies. In this article, we will review the pathogenesis of FSHD and the latest research involving the use of antisense knockdown therapy.
An Approach for Developing an Optimal Discount Pricing Policy (1984)

This paper addresses the problem of why and how a seller should develop a discount pricing structure even if such a pricing structure does not alter ultimate demand. The situation modeled is most appropriate where the seller's product does not represent a major component of the buyer's final product, where the demand for the product is derived, or where the price is only one of many factors considered in making a purchase decision. A model of buyer reaction to any given pricing scheme is developed to show that there exists a unified pricing policy which motivates the buyer to increase its ordering quantity per order, thereby reducing the joint (buyer and seller) ordering and holding costs. As a result, the seller is able to reduce its costs while leaving the buyer no worse off and often better off. The model is extended to handle variable ordering and shipping costs and situations where the seller faces numerous groups of buyers, each having different ordering policies. Finally a case study is presented explicitly showing how the proposed pricing policy can be applied to the situation of a large seller selling to a number of different buyer groups.
The Clinical Significance of Thymidine Kinase 1 Measurement in Serum of Breast Cancer Patients Using Anti-TK1 Antibody (2000)

The activity of total thymidine kinase in serum (S-TK) has been used as a tumor maker for decades. To date such activity has been determined using [125]I-iodo-deoxyuridine as a substrate. The aim of this study was to develop a new, antibody-based technique for the measurement of cytoplasmic thymidine kinase (TK1) in serum. Both mono- and polyclonal antibodies against S-TK1 were used in dot blot assay. S-TK1 was characterized by SDS and IEF techniques. Sixty-five breast cancer patients were studied, including 17 preoperative and 38 postoperative tumor-free patients and 10 patients with metastases to the lymph nodes (N1-2). They were compared to patients with benign tumors (n=21) and healthy volunteers (n=11). S-TK1 was low (0-1.0 pM) in healthy volunteers, while in preoperative patients the level was increased 6-110-fold. Significant differences were observed between preoperative patients and healthy volunteers (p=0.005), preoperative patients and patients with benign tumors (p<0.001), and preoperative patients and postoperative patients without metastases (p<0.001). No significant difference was observed between preoperative patients and postoperative patients with metastases (p=0.191). The S-TK activity in preoperative patients was also high in serum, but no decrease was observed following surgery. In conclusion, the anti-TK1 antibody could be a good marker for monitoring the response of breast cancer patients to therapy.
An efficient synthesis of both enantiomers of trans-1,2-cyclopentanediol and their conversion to two novel bidentate phosphite and fluorophosphinite ligands (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAn efficient synthesis of both enantiomers of trans-1,2-cyclopentanediol and their conversion to two novel bidentate phosphite and fluorophosphinite ligandsAllan F. Cunningham Jr. and E. Peter KuendigCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 8, 1823–1825Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00243a048https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00243a048research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views844Altmetric-Citations54LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Suppression of Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Rats by Continuous Administration of Dae-Bang-Poong-Tang (Da-Fang-Feng-Tang) (2001)

Although dae-bang-poong-tang (an herbal formula of 15 herbs)-treated rats exhibited a mild inflammation, the significant histological changes including a marked infiltration of inflammatory cells in the synovium and damaged articular cartilages were not observed. The staining abilities of the cartilage such as periodic acid Schiff s reaction in the interterritorial matrix of hyaline cartilage, alcian blue and aldehyde fuchsin staining in the capsule of chondrocytes and in the interterritorial matrix of articular cartilage and Con A, sWGA and BSL-1 affinities of chondrocytes tended to decrease in the rats with collagen-induced arthritis compared with normal rats. Decreased stainabilities and affinities were almost recovered in the dae-bang-poong-tang-treated rats. In the collagen-induced rats, iNOS expression in the synovial lining cells and subsynovial tissue were significantly increased and numerous strong immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in the subsynovial tissue. Somewhat decreased immunoreaction of iNOS was shown in the synovial lining cells and subsynovial tissue of dae-bang-poong-tang-treated rats. It was concluded that dae-bang-poong-tang showed a notable protection against histological changes and histochemical staining, and it acted as an inhibitor of iNOS expression. Dae-bang-poong-tang may be used as a complementary therapeutic agent to alleviate the rheumatoid arthritis.
Characterization of cortical neuron outgrowth in two‐ and three‐dimensional culture systems (2005)

To improve the ability of regeneration by grafting living cells or by adding growth factor to a lesion site, it is important to find good biomaterials for neuron survival and regeneration. This study focused on two- and three-dimensional cultures in a matrix using biomaterials such as agarose, collagen, fibrin, and their mixtures, because these are considered to be suitable biomaterials for neuron outgrowth. Cortical neurons were dissected from E17 rat embryos and cultured in agarose gel, collagen gel, fibrin glue, and mixtures of collagen and fibrin. Results showed that neurons cultured in collagen gel and fibrin glue had longer periods of survival (more than 3 weeks) and better neurite extension than those observed in agarose gels. As to the survival rate according to the MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays, fibrin glue was the most suitable biomaterial for neuron survival among the biomaterials examined. With two-dimensional fibrin plating, neuron cells exhibited cell aggregation and stress fibers, but the same results were not observed with collagen gel. There were no differences in neurite extension and survival in the mixtures of collagen and fibrin. The results suggest that collagen and fibrin can provide a suitable substrate for a three-dimensional culture matrix for neuronal survival and differentiation.
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells from sources other than bone marrow: biological and technical aspects. (1997)

It should be remembered that despite the growing interest, these procedures must be still considered as advanced clinical research and should be included in formal clinical trials aimed at demonstrating their definitive role in stem cell transplantation. In this regard, a large European randomized study is currently comparing PB and BM allografts. However, the possibility of collecting large quantities of hematopoietic progenitor-stem cells, perhaps with reduced allo-reactivity, offers an exciting perspective for widening the number of potential stem cell donors and greater leeway for graft manipulation than is possible with BM.
Effects of pulse width on erbium: YAG laser photothermal trabecular ablation (LTA) (1993)

An erbium (Er):YAG laser can remove trabecular meshwork (TM) by photothermal ablation with minimal contiguous thermal damage. A variable pulse width Er:YAG laser was used to investigate the effect of varying pulse width on ablation of human TM. Trabecular photothermal ablation was performed on tissue obtained from eye bank eyes at pulse widths of 50, 150, and 250 microseconds, with energy held constant at 4 mJ. At this energy, a single laser pulse was sufficient for full-thickness ablation of TM. Laser energy was delivered through a 200-microns diameter optical fiber held in apposition to the tissue sample, which was immersed in physiologic saline. High-speed photography of the resultant steam bubbles also was performed. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of TM ablated at 50 microseconds revealed the greatest variability in size (0-140 microns) of the full-thickness ablated areas and demonstrated blast effects, tissue shredding and < or = 10 microns thermal damage. At 150 microseconds, the full-thickness ablated areas were more consistent size (115-120 microns), showed no blast effects and 10 to 20 microns thermal damage. At 250 microseconds, the largest ablations were found (180-220 microns) and showed no blast damage; however, a significant amount of thermal damage (< or = 50 microns) was evident. The steam bubbles produced by the laser energy were largest at 50 microseconds and did not begin to collapse until well over twice the original pulse interval. At 150 and 250 microseconds, the steam bubbles were successively smaller and dissipated at the end of the laser pulse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fast Multiqubit Gates by Adiabatic Evolution in Interacting Excited-State Manifolds of Rydberg Atoms and Superconducting Circuits (2020)

Quantum computing and quantum simulation can be implemented by concatenation of one-and twoqubit gates and interactions. For most physical implementations, however, it may be advantageous to explore state components and interactions that depart from this universal paradigm and offer faster or more robust access to more advanced operations on the system. In this article, we show that adiabatic passage along the dark eigenstate of excitation exchange interactions can be used to implement fast multiqubit Toffoli (C k -NOT) and fan-out (C-NOT k ) gates. This mechanism can be realized by simultaneous excitation of atoms to Rydberg levels, featuring resonant exchange interaction. Our theoretical estimates and numerical simulations show that these multiqubit Rydberg gates are possible with errors below 1% for up to 20 qubits. The excitation exchange mechanism is ubiquitous across experimental platforms, and we show that similar multiqubit gates can be implemented in superconducting circuits.