gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structured microlens arrays for beam shaping (2003)

We propose the use of structured microlens arrays to achieve beam shaping, diffusion, and homogenization. Practical results are presented that elucidate the capabilities of structured microlens arrays to perform complex beam shaping tasks, both intensity control and spatial energy distribution, with high efficiency (mostly limited by surface losses) and without the presence of image artifacts. In addition, the refractive nature of the array naturally yields broadband operation with no zero order. The concept of a structured microlens array incorporates both deterministic and random components so that each microlens is individually designed to perform at least some portion of the beam-shaping task. At the same time, the design process ensures that any statistically significant ensemble of microlenses represents a random process described by select probability density functions. As a result, the structured microlens array incorporates the ability of deterministic diffusers to attain optimal scatter properties and the desirable robustness and homogenizing capabilities of random diffusers. These attributes make structured microlens arrays suitable for a wide variety of applications, from excimer laser beam shaping to display screens. We have designed and fabricated structured microlens arrays using a laser writing system that exposes low-contrast photoresist to a modulated beam on a point-by-point basis to produce a continuous surface-relief profile. The method allows the fabrication of arbitrary surface-relief profiles and depths greater than 100 microns. Experimental results include small-angle (less than 1 degree) and large-angle (up to 180-degree span) diffusion, beam shaping into singly- and multiply-connected domains, flat and controlled intensity profiles.
Band-width performances of antennas based on leaky lens radiation (2005)

Leaky lens antennas are linearly polarised antennas constituted by long slots etched on a ground plane that separates a dense dielectric, shaped as a lens, from free space. Three different versions of the same antenna concept exist: multi-frequency, wide band, ultra-wide band. In all cases these antennas are characterized by significant directivity and very low dispersion. Another important characteristic is that the feeding network is typically realized via coplanar wave-guide lines or micro-strip lines, thus these antennas can be easily integrated with transmit receive circuits. The general properties of these antennas as well first prototypes that have been built and measured at TNO-FEL are discussed in this paper.
A functional approach to integrating database and expert systems (1988)

A new system architecture shares certain characteristics with database systems, expert systems, functional programming languages, and spreadsheet systems, but is very different from any of these.
Analyses of Cdna and Recombinant Protein for A Potent Vasoactive Protein In Saliva of A Blood-Feeding Black Fly, <i>Simulium Vittatum</i> (1998)

A cDNA was cloned from the salivary glands of a blood-feeding black fly Simulium vittatum. The encoded protein has been given the name Simulium vittatum erythema protein or SVEP, because of its ability to increase blood perfusion in skin capillaries, resulting in the well-characterized erythema of black fly bites. The full-length cDNA contains 548 base pairs which encode 152 amino acid residues of the nascent protein. Post-translational processing produces a mature, secreted protein of 133 residues with a molecular mass of 15.4 kDa. Recombinant SVEP (rSVEP) was produced in a baculovirus expression system and purified by a one-step reversed-phase HPLC procedure. Analyses of physical properties and biological potency demonstrated fidelity of rSVEP to the native protein. Recombinant SVEP relaxed rabbit aorta preparations when preconstricted with 2 micromol l-1 phenylephrine or 25 mmol l-1 K+ but not with 60 mmol l-1 K+. Further, the rSVEP-induced relaxation response of phenylephrine-constricted aorta was inhibited by glibenclamide (10 micromol l-1), suggesting that at least part of its action to relax smooth muscle may result from the opening of ATP-dependent K+ channels. SVEP is a novel salivary-gland-derived vasoactive protein that may be essential for blood feeding by black flies and could potentially enhance transmission of filarial parasites.
A novel approach to laser tomography (1993)

By combining near-infrared intensity-modulated illumination with frequency domain detection methods, we have obtained the first detailed optical images of thick tissues (1–3 cm). The raw data of these images are characterized by millimetre resolution and high contrast. The method employs a pulsed laser coupled to a cross-correlation frequency domain detection scheme. The near-infrared imaging method is non-invasive and inexpensive, uses non-ionizing radiation and is potentially fast enough for real-time imaging in the seconds time range. In the frequency domain, diffusional wave optics provides the framework for a description of the light propagation in tissues. Our approach results in a theoretically and experimentally simple way to exploit the advantages of time resolution in optical imaging of inhomogeneous highly scattering materials. At any given modulation frequency, the light wavefront advances at constant velocity in a spherical wave. Objects with scattering or absorption coefficients that are different from the surrounding medium cause a deformation of the propagating wavefront that can be accurately measured using frequency domain detection methods. The visualization (on a computer screen) of these wavefront deformations provides a projection of the interior's image.
Peripheral Blood-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells Enhance Vertical Bone Formation (2013)

EPC transplantation significantly improved bone formation especially in the areas that are remote from the original bone.
Scatter correction method for x‐ray CT using primary modulation: Phantom studies (2010)

On the three phantom studies, good scatter correction performance of the proposed method has been demonstrated using both image comparisons and quantitative analysis. The theory and experiments demonstrate that a strong primary modulation that possesses a low transmission factor and a high modulation frequency is preferred for high scatter correction accuracy.
High-power, high-temperature InGaAs-AlGaAs strained-layer quantum-well diode lasers (1994)

Output power of 2.26 W and maximum power conversion efficiency of 57% were obtained for InGaAs-AlGaAs strained-layer quantum-well lasers (25 °C, λ ≃ 1 µm). Output powers were 2.35 W (–55 °C) and 1.79 W (75 °C) with maximum power efficiencies of 51% (–55 °C) and 46% (75 °C).
Binary shape coding using baseline-based method (1999)

Here, we propose a new shape-coding algorithm called baseline-based binary shape coding (BBSC), where the outer or inner contours of an arbitrarily shaped object are represented by traced one-dimensional (l-D) data from the baseline with turning points (TP's). There are two coding modes, i.e., the intra and inter modes as in texture coding. In the intra mode, the differential values of the neighboring 1-D distance values and TP's corresponding to the given shape are encoded by the entropy coder. In the inter mode, object identification, global shape matching and local contour matching are employed for motion compensation/estimation. Lossy shape coding is enabled by variable sampling in each contour segment or by allowing some predefined error when performing motion compensation. We compare the proposed method with the bitmap-based method of context-based arithmetic encoding (CAE). Simulation results show that the proposed method is better than CAE in coding efficiency for intra mode and better in subjective quality for both intra and inter modes, although the CAE method has performed better than the proposed method in inter mode.
The Helical Turbine and Its Applications for Hydropower Without Dams (2002)

The objective of this paper is to introduce an environmentally friendly Helical Turbine that has been developed to operate in free or ultra low-head water currents without dams. The turbine is a cross flow unidirectional rotation machine that makes it particularly valuable for ocean applications, such as reversible tidal streams in ocean bays, estuaries and canals, streams in open ocean, underwater currents generated by wave fluctuations etc.
Early diagnostic biomarker for Alzheimer's disease in now and future (2009)

Alzheimer's disease is thought to be "common disease". It is expected that new biological diagnostic marker will be discovered for Alzheimer's disease. There are two roles in diagnostic biomarker for AD.: one is a screening and the other one is to help definite diagnosis for AD. Simple screening method using touch panel type computer (Forgetfulness consultation program) is most useful of screening tools and phosphorylated tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid is highly appreciated as a diagnostic biomarker to help definite diagnosis. Serum WGA binding transferrin in AD is significantly higher than that in controls and high levels of it proceed increased levels of amyloid beta protein. Serum WGA binding transferrin may be useful for early diagnostic biomarker in serum.
The Selective <i>N</i>-Acylation of Kanamycin A (1980)

1-N-(L-(-)-4-amino-2(S)-hydroxybutyryl) Kanamycin A (Amikacin) is a widely used antibacterial agent having greater activity than Kanamycin A against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Treatment of Kanamycin A with hexamethyldisilazane in refluxing acetonitrile affords polytrimethylsilylated Kanamycin A. Partial hydrolysis of this material followed by acylation with 4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2(S)-hydroxybutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide active ester has been found to proceed in a highly selective manner; acylation occurs primarily at the 1-N position rather than the usual 6'-N position.
An optimized, synthetic DNA vaccine encoding the toxin A and toxin B receptor binding domains of <i>Clostridium difficile</i> induces protective antibody responses in vivo (VAC7P.958) (2014)

Abstract Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) constitutes a large majority of nosocomial diarrhea cases within industrialized nations and is mediated by the effects of two secreted toxins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB). Key toxin-neutralizing epitopes have been discovered within the carboxy-terminal receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the toxins, which has generated interest in developing the RBD as a vaccine target. While numerous platforms have been studied, very few data describe the potential of DNA vaccination against CDAD. Therefore, we created highly optimized plasmids encoding the RBD from TcdA and TcdB and immunized C57BL/6 mice and rhesus macaques intramuscularly followed by in vivo electroporation. In these animal models, vaccination induced significant levels of anti-RBD antibodies within the serum and feces that could neutralize toxins in an in vitro cytotoxicity assay. Moreover, mice that were either immunized with plasmids or given non-human primate immune sera were protected from a lethal intraperitoneal challenge of purified C. difficile toxins. Finally, immunized mice were significantly protected when challenged with strains of C. difficile spores that were homologous (VPI 10463; n=10/10) and heterologous (UK1; n=4/8) to our vaccine antigens. These data demonstrate the robust immunogenicity and efficacy of a TcdA/B RBD-based DNA vaccine in preclinical models of acute toxin-associated disease.
Closed bipolar electrode-enabled dual-cell electrochromic detectors for chemical sensing (2016)

Bipolar electrodes (BPE) are electrically floating metallic elements placed in electrified fluids that enable the coupling of anodic and cathodic redox reactions at the opposite ends by electron transfer through the electrode. One particularly compelling application allows electron transfer reactions at one end of a closed BPE to be read out optically by inducing a redox-initiated change in the optical response function of a reporter system at the other end. Here, a BPE-enabled method for electrochemical sensing based on the electrochromic response of a methyl viologen (MV) reporter is developed, characterized, and rendered in a field-deployable format. BPE-enabled devices based on two thin-layer-cells of ITO and Pt were fabricated to couple an analytical reaction in one cell with an MV reporter reaction, producing a color change in the complementary cell. Using Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub><sup>3/4-</sup> as a model analyte, the electrochemically induced color change of MV was determined initially by measuring its absorbance via a CCD camera coupled to a microscope. Then, smartphone-based detection and RGB analysis were employed to further simplify the sensing scheme. Both methods produced a linear relationship between the analyte concentration, the quantity of MV generated, and the colorimetric response, yielding a limit of detection of 1.0 μM. Similar responses were observed in the detection of dopamine and acetaminophen. Further evolution of the device replaced the potentiostat with batteries to control potential, demonstrating the simplicity and portability of the device. Finally, the physical separation of the reporter and analytical cells renders the device competent to detect analytes in different (e.g. non-aqueous) phases, as demonstrated by using the electrochromic behavior of aqueous MV to detect ferrocene in acetonitrile in the analytical cell.
Neoorganogenesis and Neohistogenesis by Desired Metaplasia of Autogenous Tissue Stem Cells In Vivo: A Critical and Scientific Evaluation with 125 Years of Review Literature (2003)

Organogenesis and histogenesis during embryogenesis is well known. In the adult, it is minimal or absent in higher animals-mammals and humans. Neoformation of tissues and organs in vivo in dogs, monkey, and humans has been demonstrated using autogenous pluripotent stem cells. This is possible with the body's own potential, and the phenomena has been described as "desired metaplasia." The stem cells are surgically colonized with the tissues and/or tissue system where the tissue or organ is to be regenerated. Neoformation of abdominal wall aponeurosis, ureter, etc. has been possible by this technique. The technology has also been used in the management of human diseases like large incisional hernias and complex genitourinary or rectal fistulae. Because desired metaplasia is a new concept, the literature of the past 125 years has been scrutinized, selected articles on experimental colonization of tissues and cells have been analytically studied, and relevant articles have been critically analyzed with a new found concept of desired metaplasia and the proposed hypothesis of the first author based on embryologic principles. The literature reviewed revealed no article with the concept of desired metaplasia being responsible for neoorganogenesis and neohistogenesis. New organ and tissue formation is possible with the help of autogenous pluripotent stem cells if exposed to the proper environment and functional need, provided the tissues are embryologic neighbors. The phenomenon of desired metaplasia is discussed on a scientific basis.
Production of food‐grade cottonseed protein by the liquid cyclone process (1974)

Abstract A brief background is presented on the development of the Liquid Cyclone Process as modified to process glanded cottonseed kernels from the Texas high plains into a gland‐free 65+% protein flour. Southern Regional Research Center's pilot plant process is described and related to the commercial process that will become operational in early 1974 at Plains Cooperative Oil Mill, Lubbock, Texas. Some of the functional properties of the flours and results of their evaluation in food application are discussed.
Successive coefficient refinement for embedded lossless image compression (2002)

We consider here a new approach to successive coefficient refinement which speeds up embedded image compression and decompression. Such speedups are especially useful when lossless or near lossless image compression is required because so many refinement bits must be transmitted. Rather than sending a binary refinement symbol typical of existing embedded coders, our algorithm uses a ternary refinement symbol, allowing the encoder to tell the decoder when its current approximation of a given wavelet coefficient is exact. Thus, both encoder and decoder operate faster because they process fewer refinement symbols, yet the fundamental structure of the refinement process remains unchanged-something that is not true if a non-binary refinement tree is used instead. To implement a complete encoder, we combine the proposed refinement process with Shapiro's embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW) algorithm. By optimizing this process, speed increases of between 13 and 16% can be realized on the set of test images.
Universal Fluid: A Drilling Fluid to Reduce Lost Circulation and Improve Cementing (1994)

ABSTRACT A universal fluid (UF) is typically a water-base fluid that has been treated with finely ground blast furnace slag and that still maintains the appropriate characteristics of a good drilling fluid. The slag becomes concentrated in the filter cake formed while drilling permeable formations and slowly sets to form a hard layer intimately bonded to the formation. True zonal isolation can be obtained by using a UF and subsequently cementing with slag-based mud solidification technology. Complete mud displacement and efforts to remove filter cake are not necessary prior to cementing since the solidified UF filter cake bonds strongly both to the formation and to the cement and since undisplaced portions of the UF set up as well. The universal fluid (UF) has been developed primarily out of the need to improve cementing in horizontal and extended-reach wells. To date UFs have been used to improve zonal isolation and to reduce or prevent lost circulation or cement fallback during drilling and cementing. Two Diatomite wells in the Belridge Field, California and the vertical portion of one horizontal well in the Midway Sunset Field, California were successfully drilled with a UF and cemented with slag mix cement slurries. Also, a well in the Midway Sunset Field, where losses are routinely experienced, was drilled with a UF specifically to control lost circulation, and no losses were experienced. Five wells in the Peace River area in Canada were successfully drilled with aUF to prevent cement fallback upon cementing.
Lubrication Properties of Phospholipid Liposome Coated Silk Microspheres (2013)

An aqueous liposome coated silk microsphere suspension is an effective lubricant, providing a low friction coefficient, minimizing surface wear, and avoiding degradation even over relatively prolonged cycling conditions. It is proposed that the lubricating properties of the silk microspheres are a result of an efficient rolling mechanism. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Efficient presentation of known HLA class II-restricted MAGE-A3 epitopes by dendritic cells electroporated with messenger RNA encoding an invariant chain with genetic exchange of class II-associated invariant chain peptide. (2003)

For the induction of an optimal immune response against cancer or infections not only CD8(+) CTLs but also CD4(+) T helper cells must be induced, in particular IFN-gamma-secreting type 1 T helper cells. Several strategies have been explored to target tumor-associated antigens to the HLA class II processing compartments. We engineered a genetic construct encoding an invariant chain (Ii) protein where the CLIP region has been replaced by sequences encoding HLA class II-restricted MAGE-A3 epitopes. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) were electroporated with in vitro transcribed mRNA encoding a modified Ii protein containing the HLA-DP4-restricted MAGE-A3 epitope. The capacity of these electroporated DCs to stimulate a MAGE-A3-specific T-cell clone was compared at different stages of DC maturation with the T-cell stimulatory capacity of DCs pulsed with the synthetic peptide. After electroporation, the T-cell stimulatory capacity was shown to be high and long lasting, whereas the stimulatory capacity of peptide-pulsed DCs decreased rapidly. Upon coculture with epitope-specific T cells, electroporated immature DCs expressed enhanced levels of costimulatory molecules, HLA class II molecules, and CD83, suggesting the induction of maturation. The electroporated DCs can be frozen and thawed without losing their capability to stimulate the specific T-cell clone in vitro, and they are able to stimulate unprimed CD4(+) T cells specific to the HLA-DP4-restricted MAGE-A3 epitope in vitro. Similar results were obtained with a recombinant Ii containing the MAGE-A3 epitope presented in the context of HLA-DR13.
<title>Optical tools for high-throughput screening of abrasion resistance of combinatorial libraries of organic coatings</title> (2002)

Design, validation, and implementation of an optical spectroscopic system for high-throughput analysis of combinatorially developed protective organic coatings are reported. Our approach replaces labor-intensive coating evaluation steps with an automated system that rapidly analyzes 8x6 arrays of coating elements that are deposited on a plastic substrate. Each coating element of the library is 10 mm in diameter and 2 to 5 micrometers thick. Performance of coatings is evaluated with respect to their resistance to wear abrasion because this parameter is one of the primary considerations in end-use applications. Upon testing, the organic coatings undergo changes that are impossible to quantitatively predict using existing knowledge. Coatings are abraded using industry-accepted abrasion test methods at single-or multiple-abrasion conditions, followed by high- throughput analysis of abrasion-induced light scatter. The developed automated system is optimized for the analysis of diffusively scattered light that corresponds to 0 to 30% haze. System precision of 0.1 to 2.5% relative standard deviation provides capability for the reliable ranking of coatings performance. While the system was implemented for high-throughput screening of combinatorially developed organic protective coatings for automotive applications, it can be applied to a variety of other applications where materials ranking can be achieved using optical spectroscopic tools.