gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of Biofilm-Associated Protein Bap in the Pathogenesis of Bovine <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2004)

Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of intramammary infections, which frequently become chronic, associated with the ability of the bacteria to produce biofilm. Here, we report a relationship between the ability to produce chronic bovine mastitis and biofilm formation. We have classified bovine mastitis S. aureus isolates into three groups based on the presence of particular genetic elements required for biofilm formation: group 1 (ica(+) bap(+)), group 2 (ica(+), bap negative), and group 3 (ica negative, bap negative). Overall, animals naturally infected with group 1 and 2 isolates had a lower milk somatic cell count than those infected with isolates of group 3. In addition, Bap-positive isolates were significantly more able to colonize and persist in the bovine mammary gland in vivo and were less susceptible to antibiotic treatments when forming biofilms in vitro. Analysis of the structural bap gene revealed the existence of alternate forms of expression of the Bap protein in S. aureus isolates obtained under field conditions throughout the animal's life. The presence of anti-Bap antibodies in serum samples taken from animals with confirmed S. aureus infections indicated the production of Bap during infection. Furthermore, disruption of the ica operon in a bap-positive strain had no effect on in vitro biofilm formation, a finding which strongly suggested that Bap could compensate for the deficiency of the PIA/PNAG product (a biofilm matrix polysaccharide). Altogether, these results demonstrate that, in the bovine intramammary gland, the presence of Bap may facilitate a biofilm formation connected with the persistence of S. aureus.
Wideband Phase Shifter in Groove Gap Waveguide Technology Implemented With Glide-Symmetric Holey EBG (2018)

A wideband phase shifter in U-band realized in groove gap waveguide (GGWG) technology is presented as a good solution to be integrated in antenna feed structures. The GGWG is implemented by glide-symmetric holes to reduce manufacturing complexity. The design is also proposed to be mechanically variable by changing the height of the dielectric slab used to change the phase. Experimental results evidence the potential of this solution.
Treatment of posttraumatic and focal osteoarthritic cartilage defects of the knee with autologous polymer-based three-dimensional chondrocyte grafts: 2-year clinical results (2007)

Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is an effective clinical procedure for the regeneration of articular cartilage defects. BioSeed-C is a second-generation ACI tissue engineering cartilage graft that is based on autologous chondrocytes embedded in a three-dimensional bioresorbable two-component gel-polymer scaffold. In the present prospective study, we evaluated the short-term to mid-term efficacy of BioSeed-C for the arthrotomic and arthroscopic treatment of posttraumatic and degenerative cartilage defects in a group of patients suffering from chronic posttraumatic and/or degenerative cartilage lesions of the knee. Clinical outcome was assessed in 40 patients with a 2-year clinical follow-up before implantation and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after implantation by using the modified Cincinnati Knee Rating System, the Lysholm score, the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, and the current health assessment form (SF-36) of the International Knee Documentation Committee, as well as histological analysis of second-look biopsies. Significant improvement (p < 0.05) in the evaluated scores was observed at 1 and/or 2 years after implantation of BioSeed-C, and histological staining of the biopsies showed good integration of the graft and formation of a cartilaginous repair tissue. The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score showed significant improvement in the subclasses pain, other symptoms, and knee-related quality of life 2 years after implantation of BioSeed-C in focal osteoarthritic defects. The results suggest that implanting BioSeed-C is an effective treatment option for the regeneration of posttraumatic and/or osteoarthritic defects of the knee.
Leaching of Bromacil and Norflurazon as Affected by Herbicide Mixture (1995)

Abstract It is a common practice to apply herbicides as mixtures of two or more products; however, no information is available about the effect of the mixture on leaching of each herbicide in soils. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of tank mixed herbicide combinations on the leaching potential of bromacil (5‐Bromo‐3‐sec‐butyl‐6‐methyluracil) and norflurazon [4‐chloro‐5‐(methylamino)‐2‐(a,a,a‐trifluoro‐m‐tolyl)‐3(2H)‐pyridazinone]. Leaching bromacil or norflurazon in soil columns under different increments of water application was measured using a radioactive tracer method. Metolachlor [2‐chloro‐ N ‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl)‐ N ‐(2‐methoxy‐1‐methylethyl)acetamide] and terbacil (3‐tert‐Butyl‐5‐chloro‐6‐methyluracil) significantly decreased the leaching of norflurazon when the amount of water application was equivalent to two or more pore volumes. Oxadiazon [2‐tert‐butyl‐4‐(2,4‐dichloro‐5‐isopropoxyphenyl)‐Δ 2 ‐1,3,4‐oxadiazolin‐5‐one] and simazine [2‐chloro‐4,6‐bis(ethylamino)‐ s ‐triazine] significantly reduced the leaching of norflurazon when three and four pore volumes of water were applied. Trifluralin (α,α,α‐Trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine) significantly decreased the leaching of norflurazon when two or three pore volumes of water were applied. The combining herbicides with bromacil had no effect on bromacil leaching except for diuron 4L formulation and napropamide, which decreased bromacil leaching under certain levels of water application. None of the herbicides tested significantly increased the leaching of bromacil or norflurazon.
Synthetic and Natural Noise Both Break Neural Machine Translation (2018)

Character-based neural machine translation (NMT) models alleviate out-of-vocabulary issues, learn morphology, and move us closer to completely end-to-end translation systems. Unfortunately, they are also very brittle and easily falter when presented with noisy data. In this paper, we confront NMT models with synthetic and natural sources of noise. We find that state-of-the-art models fail to translate even moderately noisy texts that humans have no trouble comprehending. We explore two approaches to increase model robustness: structure-invariant word representations and robust training on noisy texts. We find that a model based on a character convolutional neural network is able to simultaneously learn representations robust to multiple kinds of noise.
Site specific variability in spinal motor output (2003)

In several vertebrates spinal neural networks are capable of generating motor output. In studies on isolated brain-spinal cord preparations of a lower vertebrate, the lamprey, we show that dynamic brain-spinal cord interactions alter the locomotor rhythm that is generated by the distributed spinal pattern generators. Our analyses, which utilize wavelet and novel time-varying covariance methods, indicate that brain-spinal cord interactions have an inhibitory influence on the frequency of the rhythm. However, they contribute to higher variability in motor output. Variability is assessed from the coefficient of variance (CV) and decay in autocovariance. We find that neural activity recorded from rostral segments closer to the brain shows higher variability, i.e. variability is site specific. Since the rostral to caudal gradient persists after suppression of brain-spinal cord communication, it may reflect asymmetries within the spinal neural organization.
Machine Learning Supervised Analysis for Enhancing Incident Management Process (2020)

This paper presents the descriptions of the attributes which are composed of an enriched incident management process event log. The degree of accuracy of the models for prediction depends on the usefulness of the log attributes utilized in building such models are and by using a machine learning algorithm approaches to the attributes gives a better comprehension of the background (underlying) process. This paper studies the classification method that applies for deciding which best feature among the features in an enriched event log dataset for the incident management process. The classification method compared to other methods used in related work. The result will state which one algorithm is the highest and the best one to be selected. The selection of an attribute is vital to building or creating a model with completion time prediction capability by determining concept description features to be learned and ways of feature combination. In this paper, a classification method was applied. Depending on the feature-target feature association (correlation), every attribute is separately analyzed. The outcomes indicate that the technique used outperformed human expert's decision making. We conducted predictions over different periods and achieved satisfactory performance in terms of accuracy, whereas, the best performance for classifying is achieved by the Bayes Net algorithm of 85.2760% accuracy.
Reactivity of monoclonal antibodies to Rickettsia rickettsii with spotted fever and typhus group rickettsiae (1987)

Analysis of 15 spotted fever group (SFG) and 2 typhus group strains of rickettsiae with a panel of monoclonal antibodies revealed a number of shared and unique epitopes of the 120- and 155-kilodalton surface proteins. All of the SFG strains but neither of the typhus group strains reacted with antibody to the lipopolysaccharidelike antigen of Rickettsia rickettsii; possibly the lipopolysaccharidelike antigen is the common antigen which defines the SFG. North Carolina and Montana strains of R. rickettsii known to differ slightly in virulence for guinea pigs differed in at least one epitope of the 120-kilodalton protein.
Spectral imaging of the retina (2006)

Spectral imaging of the retina shows great promise for the early detection of retinal disease through retinal screening programs. Implementation of such a program will require instrumentation capable of efficiently recording the requisite spectral data cube. We report on the development of two candidate approaches: one employs a traditional liquid crystal tunable filter to filter the illumination source and enable the spectral data cube to be assembled from mutually coregistered narrow-band images recorded in time sequence: the second employs, IRIS, a novel image replicating imaging spectrometer to record a two-dimensional spectral data cube in a single snapshot.
Analytical evaluation of a dual micronebulizer sample introduction system for inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (2006)

The analytical performance of a dual nebulization system is evaluated for sample nebulization at lower solution uptake rates in inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The system is essentially a modified cyclonic spray chamber that allows the simultaneous operation of two micronebulizers. This work is focused on the optimization and evaluation of the main analytical figures of merit of this sample introduction system. The usefulness of this dual micro-nebulizer in practical ICP-OES studies is demonstrated by using a tandem calibration technique and by operating this system for hydride generation studies. Results showed that this system presents similar figures of merit to a conventional spray chamber but that the non-spectroscopic interferences, usually present at lower solution uptakes rates, can be compensated for by using the tandem calibration technique with this system. Additionally, the two micronebulizers coupled to the modified cyclonic spray chamber can be used for efficient volatile hydride generation from sub-mL amounts of samples. Interference effects by transition metals have been shown to be corrected by the addition of thiourea. The analytical applicability of the dual system was checked by analyzing two standard reference materials: NIST 1577b, Bovine Liver and NIST 1566a Oyster Tissue. The accuracy achieved when using different calibration techniques and hydride generation are within the certified values when applying the significance t-test at the 95% confidence level.
Effect of Multispecies Probiotic Supplements on Metabolic Profiles, hs-CRP, and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (2013)

In conclusion, multispecies probiotic supplementation, compared with placebo, for 8 weeks in diabetic patients prevented a rise in FPG and resulted in a decrease in serum hs-CRP and an increase in plasma total GSH.
Friction stir welding of copper and copper alloys (2005)

Abstract Abstract Copper, through having good thermal conductivity and a relatively high melting point, generally requires preheating treatment to maintain satisfactory penetration during arc welding, ranking as a hard-to-weld material. Like aluminium and magnesium, however, copper is basically a soft metal and can therefore be relatively easily joined by friction stir welding. Available FSW research has focused on fabrication of copper (oxygen-free copper) containment canisters for nuclear waste,1–6 fabrication of copper backing plates for sputtering devices by FSW seal welding,7, 8 and some other applications,9 whereas FSW research on copper alloys has thus far been little documented.10, 11 Related research topics include studies of Al alloy to Cu alloy dissimilar joints12, 13 as well as – although not quite the same as friction stir welding – friction stir processing of Ni–Al bronze for casting structure modification14–16 and friction stir processing of a Cu–Mn alloy for surface modification purposes.17
Syria: Why Rojava is different (2015)

The world has started looking at Kobane and the other two liberated cantons of what the Kurds call Rojava (Western, or Syrian, Kurdistan) since the resistance liberated the town from Islamic State (IS) forces.
Fast Skeletal Muscle Troponin Activator tirasemtiv Increases Muscle Function and Performance in the B6SJL-SOD1G93A ALS Mouse Model (2014)

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron disease characterized by progressive motor neuron loss resulting in muscle atrophy, declining muscle function, and eventual paralysis. Patients typically die from respiratory failure 3 to 5 years from the onset of symptoms. Tirasemtiv is a fast skeletal troponin activator that sensitizes the sarcomere to calcium; this mechanism of action amplifies the response of muscle to neuromuscular input producing greater force when nerve input is reduced. Here, we demonstrate that a single dose of tirasemtiv significantly increases submaximal isometric force, forelimb grip strength, grid hang time, and rotarod performance in a female transgenic mouse model (B6SJL-SOD1 G93A) of ALS with functional deficits. Additionally, diaphragm force and tidal volume are significantly higher in tirasemtiv-treated female B6SJL-SOD1 G93A mice. These results support the potential of fast skeletal troponin activators to improve muscle function in neuromuscular diseases.
The Coupling of Arylboronic Acids with Nitroarenes Catalyzed by Rhodium (2011)

The coupling of arylboronic acids with electron-deficient nitroarenes was realized for the first time by using a rhodium(I) catalyst under an air atmosphere, achieving unsymmetrical diaryl ethers with yields ranging from poor to good. From a deuterium labeling experiment, the oxygen atom is derived from ambient water. The efficiency of this reaction was demonstrated by its compatibility with fluoro, bromo, chloro, and trifluoromethyl groups.
<i>CDC</i> 45 is required in conjunction with <i>CDC</i> 7/ <i>DBF</i> 4 to trigger the initiation of DNA replication (1997)

The initiation of DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires the protein product of the CDC45 gene. We report that although Cdc45p is present at essentially constant levels throughout the cell cycle, it completes its initiation function in late G1, after START and prior to DNA synthesis. Shortly after mitosis, cells prepare for initiation by assembling prereplicative complexes at their replication origins. These complexes are then triggered at the onset of S phase to commence DNA replication. Cells defective for CDC45 are incapable of activating the complexes to initiate DNA replication. In addition, Cdc45p and Cdc7p/Dbf4p, a kinase implicated in the G1/S phase transition, are dependent on one another for function. These data indicate that CDC45 functions in late G1 phase in concert with CDC7/DBF4 to trigger initiation at replication origins after the assembly of the prereplicative complexes.
Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor<i>γ</i>in Ocular Diseases (2015)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR γ), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays an important role in the control of a variety of physiological processes. The last decade has witnessed an increasing interest for the role played by the agonists of PPAR γ in antiangiogenesis, antifibrosis, anti-inflammation effects and in controlling oxidative stress response in various organs. As the pathologic mechanisms of major blinding diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), keratitis, and optic neuropathy, often involve neoangiogenesis and inflammation- and oxidative stress-mediated cell death, evidences are accumulating on the potential benefits of PPAR γ to improve or prevent these vision threatening eye diseases. In this paper we describe what is known about the role of PPAR γ in the ocular pathophysiological processes and PPAR γ agonists as novel adjuvants in the treatment of eye diseases.
On Generating Soft Outputs for Lattice-Reduction-Aided MIMO Detection (2007)

Lattice reduction (LR) aided MIMO detection has been shown to provide near-optimal hard outputs. However soft outputs are required in practical systems to fully exploit gains from forward error correction. Due to the non-linear nature of LR aided MIMO detection, generating soft information on the estimates it provides is not trivial. Consequently this problem has not been treated much in the literature. In this paper we present two related algorithms for computing soft outputs on estimates of LR-aided MIMO detection. It is shown through computer simulations that the proposed soft output generation algorithms allow LR-aided MIMO detection to achieve near- optimal performance for coded systems.
Allele-Specific Silencing of Mutant Huntingtin in Rodent Brain and Human Stem Cells (2014)

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder resulting from polyglutamine expansion in the huntingtin (HTT) protein and for which there is no cure. Although suppression of both wild type and mutant HTT expression by RNA interference is a promising therapeutic strategy, a selective silencing of mutant HTT represents the safest approach preserving WT HTT expression and functions. We developed small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) present in the HTT gene to selectively target the disease HTT isoform. Most of these shRNAs silenced, efficiently and selectively, mutant HTT in vitro. Lentiviral-mediated infection with the shRNAs led to selective degradation of mutant HTT mRNA and prevented the apparition of neuropathology in HD rat's striatum expressing mutant HTT containing the various SNPs. In transgenic BACHD mice, the mutant HTT allele was also silenced by this approach, further demonstrating the potential for allele-specific silencing. Finally, the allele-specific silencing of mutant HTT in human embryonic stem cells was accompanied by functional recovery of the vesicular transport of BDNF along microtubules. These findings provide evidence of the therapeutic potential of allele-specific RNA interference for HD.
Limits to Poisson’s ratio in isotropic materials (2009)

A long-standing question is why Poisson's ratio $\ensuremath{\nu}$ nearly always exceeds 0.2 for isotropic materials, whereas classical elasticity predicts $\ensuremath{\nu}$ to be between $\ensuremath{-}1$ to $\frac{1}{2}$. We show that the roots of quadratic relations from classical elasticity divide $\ensuremath{\nu}$ into three possible ranges: $\ensuremath{-}1<\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\le}0$, $0\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\le}\frac{1}{5}$, and $\frac{1}{5}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\nu}<\frac{1}{2}$. Since elastic properties are unique there can be only one valid set of roots, which must be $\frac{1}{5}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\nu}<\frac{1}{2}$ for consistency with the behavior of real materials. Materials with Poisson's ratio outside of this range are rare, and tend to be either very hard (e.g., diamond, beryllium etc.) or porous (e.g., auxetic foams); such substances have more complex behavior than can be described by classical elasticity. Thus, classical elasticity is inapplicable whenever $\ensuremath{\nu}<\frac{1}{5}$, and the use of the equations from classical elasticity for such materials is inappropriate.
Discovering important people and objects for egocentric video summarization (2012)

We present a video summarization approach for egocentric or “wearable” camera data. Given hours of video, the proposed method produces a compact storyboard summary of the camera wearer's day. In contrast to traditional keyframe selection techniques, the resulting summary focuses on the most important objects and people with which the camera wearer interacts. To accomplish this, we develop region cues indicative of high-level saliency in egocentric video — such as the nearness to hands, gaze, and frequency of occurrence — and learn a regressor to predict the relative importance of any new region based on these cues. Using these predictions and a simple form of temporal event detection, our method selects frames for the storyboard that reflect the key object-driven happenings. Critically, the approach is neither camera-wearer-specific nor object-specific; that means the learned importance metric need not be trained for a given user or context, and it can predict the importance of objects and people that have never been seen previously. Our results with 17 hours of egocentric data show the method's promise relative to existing techniques for saliency and summarization.
Oxidation contributes to low glutathione in the airways of children with cystic fibrosis (2014)

Glutathione is an important antioxidant in the lungs but its concentration is low in the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. Whether this deficit occurs from an early age or how oxidative stress contributes to lowering glutathione is unknown. We measured glutathione, its oxidation products, myeloperoxidase, and biomarkers of hypochlorous acid in bronchoalveolar lavage from children with cystic fibrosis and disease controls using mass spectrometry and immunological techniques. The concentration of glutathione was lower in bronchoalveolar lavage from children with cystic fibrosis, whereas glutathione sulfonamide, a specific oxidation product of hypochlorous acid, was higher. Oxidised glutathione and glutathione sulfonamide correlated with myeloperoxidase and a biomarker of hypochlorous acid. The percentage of glutathione attached to proteins was higher in children with cystic fibrosis than controls. Pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis resulted in lower levels of glutathione but higher levels of oxidised glutathione and glutathione sulfonamide in bronchoalveolar lavage. The concentration of glutathione is low in the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis from an early age. Increased oxidation of glutathione by hypochlorous acid and its attachment to proteins contribute to this deficiency. Therapies targeted against myeloperoxidase may boost antioxidant defence and slow the onset and progression of lung disease in cystic fibrosis.