gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photonic band gaps of porous solids (2000)

Colloidal inverse photonic crystals composed of ordered lattices of air spheres in a high dielectric background are found to have three-dimensional photonic gaps for face-centered cubic, hexgaonal close-packed, and double hexagonal close-packed stacking sequences. Conditions for the occurrence of the complete gap are a sufficient dielectric contrast and a geometry near close packed. Although the lower pseudogaps of these stacking sequences differ, the lowest stop band in the stacking direction is insensitive to the stacking sequence; hence their experimental reflection should be similar. Transmission calculations with structural disorder show the lower pseudogap is relatively unaffected but the higher gap is very difficult to observe with moderate disorder.
Novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors: 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl]methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid (zopolrestat) and congeners (1991)

A new working hypothesis that there is a hitherto unrecognized binding site on the aldose reductase (AR) enzyme with strong affinity for benzothiazoles was pursued for the design of novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs). The first application of this hypothesis led to a novel series of 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-(benzothiazolylmethyl)-1-phthalazineacetic+ + + acids. The parent of this series (207) was a potent inhibitor of AR from human placenta (IC50 = 1.9 x 10(-8) M) and was orally active in preventing sorbitol accumulation in rat sciatic nerve, in an acute test of diabetic complications (ED50 = 18.5 mg/kg). Optimization of this lead through medicinal chemical rationale, including analogy from other drug series, led to more potent congeners of 207 and culminated in the design of 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl] methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid (216, CP-73,850, zopolrestat). Zopolrestat was found to be more potent than 207, both in vitro and in vivo. Its IC50 against AR and ED50 in the acute test were 3.1 x 10(-9)M and 3.6 mg/kg, respectively. Its ED50s in reversing already elevated sorbitol accumulation in rat sciatic nerve, retina, and lens in a chronic test were 1.9, 17.6, and 18.4 mg/kg, respectively. It was well absorbed in diabetic patients, resulting in high blood level, showed a highly favorable plasma half-life (27.5 h), and is undergoing further clinical evaluation. An assortment of synthetic methods used for the construction of benzothiazoles, including an efficient synthesis of zopolrestat, is described. Structure-activity relationships in the new series are discussed.
Self‐Assembled Multifunctional 3D Microdevices (2016)

Multifunctional 3D microstructures have been extensively investigated for the development of new classes of electronic and optical devices. Here, functionalized, free‐standing, hollow, 3D, dielectric (150 nm thick aluminum oxide) microcontainers with metal patterning on their surfaces are realized by an evolved self‐assembly approach. To functionalize the 3D structure and use it as a device, metal patterns, arrays of split‐ring resonators (SRRs) acting as metamaterials, are defined on the surface of the 3D dielectric microcontainers. The SRRs on all six facets of a given microcube show a resonant behavior in terahertz regimes. Since desired metal and semiconductor patterns can be incorporated onto surfaces of 3D dielectric microstructures, this self‐assembly process can be harnessed in developing next‐generation microdevices utilizing the numerous advantages of 3D configurations.
Artificially-engineered InGaN-based digital alloy for optoelectronics (2015)

An artificially-engineered InGaN-based digital alloy is investigated based on GaN/InN superlattice, and the findings indicate the capability of this material system to achieve tunable bandgap and absorption properties for optoelectronic applications.
Localized error detection for targeted clarification in a virtual assistant (2015)

We propose a novel approach for addressing automatic speech recognition (ASR) and natural language understanding (NLU) errors in an interactive spoken dialog system using targeted clarification (TC). TC applies when a spoken utterance is partially recognized by focusing a clarification question on the misrecognized part of the utterance. A key component of TC is accurate detection of localized ASR and NLU errors in an utterance. In this work, we develop statistical models of presence and correctness for domain concepts within an ASR/NLU result and use these to drive a targeted clarification (TC) strategy. We evaluate the accuracy of the models and their effect on the dialog strategy in an interactive multimodal assistant.
Synthesis of imide/arylene ether copolymers for adhesives and composite matrices (1991)

A series of imide/arylene ether copolymers were prepared from the reaction of an amorphous arylene ether oligomer and a semi-crystalline imide oligomer. These copolymers were thermally characterized and mechanical properties were measured. One block copolymer was endcapped and the molecular weight was controlled to provide a material that displayed good compression moldability and attractive adhesion and composite properties.
Effects of Selected Synergists on Insecticide Toxicity Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Laboratory and Field Studies (1997)

Synergism of insecticide toxicity by piperonyl butoxide (PBO), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and diethyl maleate (DEM) was examined in field-collected strains of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), from Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas in 1992 and 1993. Pretreatment with PBO significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased the toxicities of cypermethrin (9 of 18 strains), methomyl (3 of 9 strains), profenofos (2 of 12 strains), and thiodicarb (2 of 5 strains). However, PBO pretreatment significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased (i.e., antagonized) the toxicity of thiodicarb in 2 of the 5 strains tested. Similarly, significant (P ≤ 0.05) antagonism of toxicity following TPP pretreatment was measured in bioassays with cypermethrin (2 of 5 strains) and profenofos (1 of 3 strains). Neither synergism nor antagonism was apparent in tests with DEM. In a replicated small-plot field test, 2 applications of cypermethrin (0.09 kg [AI]/ha) plus PBO (1.12 kg [AI]/ha) significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced numbers of tobacco budworm larvae and damaged squares compared to treatments with cypermethrin alone. Demonstration of synergism of cypermethrin toxicity by PBO in both laboratory and field studies suggests that metabolic resistance to pyrethroids is an increasingly important consideration in the management of midsouth populations of the tobacco budworm. However, penetration of radiolabeled cypermethrin into 5th instars was decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) following pretreatment with PBO, suggesting that some of the effects measured in tests with this compound were not related to inhibition of metabolism.
Active control and digital rights management of integrated circuit IP cores (2008)

We introduce the first approach that can actively control multiple hardware intellectual property (IP) cores used in an integrated circuit (IC). The IP rights owner(s) can remotely monitor, control, enable, or disable each individual IP on each chip. The approach introduces a paradigm shift in the microelectronic business model, nurturing smaller businesses, and supporting the design-reuse paradigm. The IPs can be controlled by the original designer or by the designers who reuse them. Each IP has a built-in functional lock that pertains to the unique unclonable ID of the chip. A control structure that coordinates the locking and unlocking of the IPs is embedded within the IC. We introduce a trusted third party approach for issuing certificates of authenticity, in case it is required for the applications. We present methods for safeguarding the approach against two attack sources: the foundry (fab), and the reuser. Experimental results show that our approach can be implemented with low area, power, and delay overheads making it suitable for embedded systems. The introduced control method is also low overhead in terms of the added steps to the current design and manufacturing flow.
Minimizing distortions in the time-domain measurement of microwave communications signals (2004)

We present a new method to minimize inaccuracies in time-domain measurements of microwave communications signals. The signal measurements are accomplished by converting the signal to baseband where accurate instrumentation is available. The baseband signal is composed of in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components. The I and Q waveform measurements differ by a π/2 phase shift in the local oscillator used in the downconversion. Any I/Q imbalances may be detected and reduced by requiring the complex baseband signal to be invariant (apart from a rotation in the complex plane) with respect to the local oscillator phase. The complex baseband signal is measured twice, where the local oscillator (LO) phase is 0, and π/2 for the first signal measurement, and θ, and θ + π/2 for the second. Any I/Q imbalances and baseband nonlinearities are indicated by differences between the two measured signals. An LO phase shift of θ = π/4 + mπ/2, where m is an integer, is optimum for error detection. The errors may be reduced by averaging the measurements and by optimization of the measurement system. Errors caused by I/Q imbalances have been reduced to an error-to-signal power ratio of less than -56 dB. This accuracy is sufficient for essentially any communications system modeling applications.
Large-signal modeling of a single-switch power factor correction converter (2002)

This paper proposed an extended PWM switch modeling approach which does not rely on identifying a physical three-terminal switch in a converter. Such converters are very popular in power factor correction (PFC) applications. The modeling approach is illustrated by an example using a single-switch PFC converter. Verification of the derived model is provided, which demonstrates the validity of the proposed approach.
In Search of Novel Drug Target Sites on Estrogen Receptors Using RNA Aptamers (2014)

Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is a well-validated drug target for a majority of breast cancers. But the target sites on this receptor are far from exhaustively defined. Almost all ER antagonists in clinical use function by binding to the ligand-binding pocket to occlude agonist access. Resistance to this type of drugs may develop over time, not caused by the change of ERα itself, but by changes in ER associated proteins. This observation is fueling the development of reagents that downregulate ER activity through novel binding sites. However, it is challenging to find general ER antagonists that act independently from other known ER ligands. In this report, we describe the utility of RNA aptamers in the search for new drug target sites on ERα. We have identified three high affinity aptamers and characterized one of them in detail. This aptamer interacted with ERα in a way not affected by the presence or absence of either the steroidal ligands or the estrogen response DNA elements, and effectively inhibited ER-mediated transcriptional activation in a breast cancer cell line. Serving as a novel drug lead, it may also be used to guide the rational chemical synthesis of small molecule drugs or to perform screens of small molecule libraries for those that are able to displace the aptamer from its binding site.
Hybrid PET/MRI insert: B0 field optimization by applying active and passive shimming on PET detector level (2014)

Combining PET and MRI into a hybrid device is challenging since both systems might influence each other. A typical interference problem of such a combined device is the distortion of the MRI’s B0 field distribution due to the material brought inside the MRI’s FOV which is in particular challenging for small-bore PET-systems. High field homogeneity is needed for a good MRI acquisition in general as well as in certain applications. Typically, active shimming using dedicated coils is applied to improve the field homogeneity. However, these techniques are limited especially for localized distortion profiles with higher-order characteristics caused by PET/MRI inserts. As a consequence, we are exploring the potential application of shimming on PET detector level (for the Hyperion-IID PET/MRI insert), meaning that the distortion profile caused by PET modules is compensated using additional magnetic materials (passive shimming) and DC coils (active shimming). To explore the technique, B0 field measurements have been performed using a whole-body phantom in combination with the MRI body coil. An FFE sequence was used to measure distortion maps of DC loops and small magnetic objects (capacitors, ferrites). These distortion maps served as input for a software framework which has been written to perform the field optimization. The implementation was verified by measurements and fits were performed to extract characteristic parameters of the tested objects. Finally, the implemented software framework was used to homogenize a measured distortion map produced by a single PET module by superimposing distortion corrections from additional simulated materials. The resulting superimposed distortion map showed a significantly improved B0 field map quality (reduced spectral width and improved homogeneity). The simulated susceptibility distribution will be applied on PET module level and tested in experiments. Results and details about this study will be presented at the conference.
Abstract SY24-01: High-throughput CTC detection for noninvasive cancer monitoring (2017)

Abstract Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) provide a noninvasive source of patient-derived material to repeatedly sample cancer cells during the course of therapy, assessing changes in tumor burden, genetic composition, and transcriptional and RNA-based abnormalities. While some CTCs are viable and tumorigenic ex vivo, the majority of these cells die in the circulation, and some localized cancers with vascular invasion appear to shed CTCs long before the initiation of metastatic lesions. CTC detection therefore also offers an opportunity for early cancer detection. Two major technologic hurdles have limited the broad clinical application of CTC analyses: 1) the capture of these rare cells, estimated at approximately one tumor cell per billion normal blood cells in the circulation; and 2) the complex imaging criteria required for scoring rare and heterogeneous tumor cells using antibody-dependent staining. To address the primary challenge of capturing rare CTCs admixed with large numbers of normal blood cells, we have previously described a microfluidic device, the CTC-iChip, capable of high throughput depletion of normal hematopoietic cells, producing an output that is highly enriched for CTCs. This negative-depletion strategy enables isolation of CTCs across most types of cancer, independent of cell surface markers, and it ensures the highest quality of cellular RNA for downstream molecular analyses. To address the secondary challenge of imaging CTCs using accurate and high throughput platforms, we took advantage of the intact cancer cell–derived transcriptome within microfluidically enriched cancer cells to establish digital PCR platforms, capable of highly sensitive, reliable, and robust detection of CTCs from different cancer types. As proof of principle, we tested the application of such a digital CTC detection in patients with hepatocellular cancer, prostate cancer, and melanoma, demonstrating accurate measurement of tumor burden and associated RNA-based alterations and genotypes, as well as cancer cell–derived predictive markers of drug response. Taken together, the digital scoring of CTCs from microfluidically enriched blood cell populations provides a high throughput and highly quantitative platform for serial noninvasive monitoring of cancer. For future early cancer detection applications, the use of intact cancer cells in the circulation as a source of molecular markers may help distinguish invasive from indolent cancers. Citation Format: Shyamala Maheswaran, Mark Kalinich, Irun Bhan, David Miyamoto, Yu Zheng, Xin Hong, Tanya Todorova Kwan, Ravi Kapur, Lecia Sequist, Ryan Sullivan, Aditya Bardia, Richard Lee, David Ting, Mehmet Toner, Daniel A. Haber. High-throughput CTC detection for noninvasive cancer monitoring [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr SY24-01. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-SY24-01
Novel membrane‐bound reporter molecule for sorting high producer cells by flow cytometry (2013)

We developed a membrane bound reporter and selection molecule for sorting by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of cells producing a protein of interest. This molecule is composed of a transmembrane (TM) domain, fused on its extracellular end to a biotin mimetic peptide (BMP) and on its intracellular side to puromycin N-acetyl transferase (PAC). In this format BMP is displayed on the cell membrane surface and PAC faces the cell cytoplasm. BMP was detected and quantified on the cell surface by fluorescently labelled streptavidin, allowing cell sorting by FACS, according to the reporter expression level. The reporter and a gene of interest (GOI) were connected on the same transcript via an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). The reporter expression level was found to correlate with that of the GOI, enabling sorting of high producer cells by FACS. Thus, the highest fluorescent cells sorted had also the highest protein of interest (POI) productivity level.
Background memory area estimation for multidimensional signal processing systems (1995)

Memory cost is responsible for a large amount of the chip and/or board area of customized video and image processing system realizations. In this paper, we present a novel technique-founded on data-flow analysis which allows one to address the problem of background memory size evaluation for a given nonprocedural algorithm specification, operating on multidimensional signals with affine indexes. Most of the target applications are characterized by a huge number of signals, so a new polyhedral data-flow model operating on groups of scalar signals is proposed. These groups are obtained by a novel analytical partitioning technique, allowing to select a desired granularity, depending on the application complexity. The method incorporates a way to tradeoff memory size with computational and controller complexity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Thermal barrier coating system. [NiCrAlY and ZrO/sub 2/--Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ or ZrO/sub 2/--MgO] (1977)

A coating system which contains a bond coating and a thermal barrier coating is applied to metal surfaces such as turbine blades and provides both low thermal conductivity and improved adherence when exposed to high-temperature gases or liquids. The bond coating contains NiCrAlY and the thermal barrier coating contains a reflective oxide. The reflective oxides ZrO/sub 2/--Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and ZrO/sub 2/--MgO have demonstrated significant utility in high-temperature turbine applications.
Wavelength channel accuracy of an external cavity wavelength tunable laser with intracavity wavelength reference etalon (2006)

A theoretical and experimental study of the wavelength channel accuracy of an external cavity wavelength tunable laser (ECTL) with a wavelength reference etalon inside the laser cavity is presented. A feedback control scheme for wavelength locking is proposed based on monitoring of the forward output power. The cavity parameters with an impact on the channel accuracy, using the proposed scheme, are indicated, and guidelines toward optimization of the etalon are proposed. Experimental demonstration of a channel accuracy of less than 0.6 GHz for a full C-band ECTL with a channel spacing of 50 GHz confirms the high potential of this laser configuration
Robust Orthonormal Subspace Learning: Efficient Recovery of Corrupted Low-Rank Matrices (2014)

Low-rank matrix recovery from a corrupted observation has many applications in computer vision. Conventional methods address this problem by iterating between nuclear norm minimization and sparsity minimization. However, iterative nuclear norm minimization is computationally prohibitive for large-scale data (e.g., video) analysis. In this paper, we propose a Robust Orthogonal Subspace Learning (ROSL) method to achieve efficient low-rank recovery. Our intuition is a novel rank measure on the low-rank matrix that imposes the group sparsity of its coefficients under orthonormal subspace. We present an efficient sparse coding algorithm to minimize this rank measure and recover the low-rank matrix at quadratic complexity of the matrix size. We give theoretical proof to validate that this rank measure is lower bounded by nuclear norm and it has the same global minimum as the latter. To further accelerate ROSL to linear complexity, we also describe a faster version (ROSL+) empowered by random sampling. Our extensive experiments demonstrate that both ROSL and ROSL+ provide superior efficiency against the state-of-the-art methods at the same level of recovery accuracy.
Interference from Heterophilic Antibodies in Amyloid-β Oligomer ELISAs (2010)

Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers of different sizes and forms have recently been the focus formany Alzheimer's disease (AD) researchers. Various immunoassays have been used to detect low concentrations of these elusive Aβ species in different forms of human samples using little or no sample dilutions. However, the possibility that positive results may be caused by interference from heterophilic antibodies (HA) is often overlooked. HA, which recognize immunoglobulins from other species, are present in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and may cause interference in sandwich immunoassays like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) by cross-binding the capture and detection antibodies of the assay. They thus may generate a false positive signal. Here we show that when assessing the Aβ oligomer content in plasma samples from 44 individuals with a sandwich ELISA, none of the 21 positive signals remained when the assay was repeated in the presence of factors blocking HA. Similarly, in CSF samples from 104 individuals, the signals from the 22 positive samples were strongly reduced when analyzed after anti-HA treatment. Taken together, HA interference is a problem that needs to be addressed when measuring low levels of an antigen in human plasma and CSF samples.
A Solid-Phase Method for the Synthesis of Small to Medium-Sized Cyclic Oligonucleotides (1997)

Abstract Cyclic oligonucleotides (2- to 30-mer) are synthesized by a solid-phase method, for both chain elongation and cyclization, employing a new linker and standard phosphoramidite chemistry. Fairly pure crude products (>90% by HPLC) are obtained.
Dual-Function Vaccine for <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> : Characterization of Chimeric Exotoxin A-Pilin Protein (2001)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the major infectious agent of concern for cystic fibrosis patients. Strategies to prevent colonization by this bacterium and/or neutralize its virulence factors are clearly needed. Here we characterize a dual-function vaccine designed to generate antibodies to reduce bacterial adherence and to neutralize the cytotoxic activity of exotoxin A. To construct the vaccine, key sequences from type IV pilin were inserted into a vector encoding a nontoxic (active-site deletion) version of exotoxin A. The chimeric protein, termed PE64Delta553pil, was expressed in Escherichia coli, refolded to a near-native conformation, and then characterized by various biochemical and immunological assays. PE64Delta553pil bound specifically to asialo-GM1, and, when injected into rabbits, produced antibodies that reduced bacterial adherence and neutralized the cell-killing activity of exotoxin A. Results support further evaluation of this chimeric protein as a vaccine to prevent Pseudomonas colonization in susceptible individuals.