gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient, high-bandwidth organic multilayer photodetectors (2000)

Organic photodetectors incorporating an ultrathin (⩾5 Å) donor–acceptor alternating multilayer stack as the optically active region exhibit external quantum efficiencies of 75% across the visible spectrum, and have subnanosecond response times. Photogenerated excitons efficiently dissociate into free electrons and holes by rapid charge-transfer across the several closely spaced organic-layer interfaces. The dependence of the quantum efficiency on applied voltage and layer thickness suggests that escape of photogenerated carriers from potential wells formed by the multilayers due to tunneling prior to recombination leads to the high efficiencies observed. The impulse response of the highest-bandwidth devices is characterized by a full width at half maximum of (720±70) ps. The performance of these devices makes them a useful building block for molecular organic photonic integrated circuits.
There is more to tomato fruit colour than candidate carotenoid genes (2003)

Determining gene sequences responsible for complex phenotypes has remained a major objective in modern biology. The candidate gene approach is attempting to link, through mapping analysis, sequences that have a known functional role in the measured phenotype with quantitative trait loci (QTL) that are responsible for the studied variation. To explore the potential of the candidate approach for complex traits we conducted a mapping analysis of QTL for the intensity of the red colour of the tomato fruit (mainly lycopene) and for probes associated with the well-characterized carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Seventy-five tomato introgression lines (ILs), each containing a single homozygous RFLP-defined chromosome segment from the green-fruited species Lycopersicon pennellii delimited 107 marker-defined mapping bins. Three of the bins resolved known qualitative colour mutations for yellow (r) and orange (B and Del) fruits resulting from variation in specific carotenoid biosynthesis genes. Based on trials in different environments, 16 QTL that modified the intensity of the red colour of ripe fruit were assigned to bins. Candidate sequences associated with the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway were mapped to 23 loci. Only five of the QTL co-segregated with the same bins that contained candidate genes - a number that is expected by chance alone. Furthermore, similar map location of a QTL and a candidate is far from a direct causative relationship between a gene and a phenotype. This study highlights the wealth and complexity of the variation present in the genus Lycopersicon that could be employed for basic research and genetic improvement of fruit colour in tomato.
Outer Surface Protein C Peptide Derived from Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto as a Target for Serodiagnosis of Early Lyme Disease (2013)

Current serodiagnostic assays for Lyme disease are inadequate at detecting early infection due to poor sensitivity and nonspecificity that arise from the use of whole bacteria or bacterial proteins as assay targets; both targets contain epitopes that are cross-reactive with epitopes found in antigens of other bacterial species. Tests utilizing peptides that contain individual epitopes highly specific for Borrelia burgdorferi as diagnostic targets are an attractive alternative to current assays. Using an overlapping peptide library, we mapped linear epitopes in OspC, a critical virulence factor of B. burgdorferi required for mammalian infection, and confirmed the results by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We identified a highly conserved 20-amino-acid peptide epitope, OspC1. Via ELISA, OspC1 detected specific IgM and/or IgG in 60 of 98 serum samples (62.1%) obtained from patients with erythema migrans (early Lyme disease) at the time of their initial presentation. By comparison, the commercially available OspC peptide PepC10 detected antibody in only 48 of 98 serum samples (49.0%). In addition, OspC1 generated fewer false-positive results among negative healthy and diseased (rheumatoid arthritis and positive Rapid Plasma Reagin [RPR+] test result) control populations than did PepC10. Both highly specific and more sensitive than currently available OspC peptides, OspC1 could have value as a component of a multipeptide Lyme disease serological assay with significantly improved capabilities for the diagnosis of early infection.
A Framework of Scalable Layered Access Control for Multimedia (2005)

Scalable coders offer various scalabilities with a single codestream. In this paper, we extend our previous work to propose a general framework to enable a single encrypted scalable multimedia stream to support different access types and different access layers for each access type. Access types are protected orthogonally such that access to one type does not deduce the secret to access to other types. Layers are protected one-directionally such that a higher layer accesses and reuses the data of all the lower layers of the same type but not vice versa. An efficient key scheme is proposed to minimize complexity of key management for the framework. With an appropriate encryption scheme, an encrypted stream generated by our proposed framework enables fine granularity of scalability to achieve "encrypting once and decrypting multiways", which is very desirable in many DRM applications. The proposed framework works with all scalable coders. This paper describes the detail to work with JPEG 2000 and MPEG-4 FGS.
Building Blocks for n-Type Molecular and Polymeric Electronics. Perfluoroalkyl- versus Alkyl-Functionalized Oligothiophenes (nT; <i>n</i> = 2−6). Systematics of Thin Film Microstructure, Semiconductor Performance, and Modeling of Majority Charge Injection in Field-Effect Transistors (2004)

The solid-state properties and FET electrical behavior of several series of alpha,omega- and beta,beta'-fluorocarbon- and alkyl-substituted and unsubstituted oligothiophenes nTs (n = 2-6) are compared and contrasted. The thin films were grown by slow vacuum deposition over a range of substrate temperatures and/or by casting from solution and were investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Our results indicate that vacuum deposition at 60-80 degrees C affords films with remarkably similar microstructures despite the extensive H --> F substitution. Trends in observed d spacing versus molecular core extension provide quantitative information on molecular orientation. Field-effect transistor measurements performed for all systems and having the same device structure, components, and fabrication conditions demonstrate that all nTs functionalized with fluorocarbon chains at the thiophene termini are n-type semiconductors, in contrast to the p-type activity of the remaining systems. One of these systems, alpha,omega-diperfluorohexyl-4T, exhibits a mobility of 0.22 cm2/(V s) and an Ion:Ioff ratio of 10(6), one of the highest so far reported for an n-type organic semiconductor. The effect of substitution regiochemistry on FET majority charge carrier was additionally studied, in the case of a 6T core, by shifting the fluorocarbon substituents from the terminal to the central thiophene units. Finally, we propose a simple theoretical model for electrode/organic interfacial carrier injection. The results suggest why modest substituent-induced changes in the injection barrier can produce working n-type materials.
Estimation-reconstruction approach for image reconstruction in halfscan computed tomography (2000)

The fan-beam filtered backprojection (FFBP) algorithm has been widely used for image reconstruction in fan-beam computed tomography (CT). We have also developed fullscan-hybrid algorithms for image reconstruction in fan-beam CT. Numerical evaluation indicates that such fullscan-hybrid algorithms possess computational and noise properties superior to those of the FFBP algorithm. However, because these fullscan-hybrid algorithms involve the calculation of the Fourier series expansion of the fan-beam data, they require fullscan data acquired over an angular range of 2(pi) . Therefore, these fullscan-hybrid algorithms cannot be applied directly to a halfscan fan-beam data that are acquired only over an angular range of (pi) plus the fan angle. In this work, we present new reconstruction algorithms -- the halfscan-hybrid algorithms -- for image reconstruction in halfscan CT. These halfscan-hybrid algorithms have properties that are similar to those of the full-scan hybrid algorithms and that are superior to those of the widely used halfscan-FFBP algorithm. Such properties of the halfscan-hybrid algorithms may have significant implications to the accuracy and precision of lesion detection and parameter estimation in noisy CT images without increasing the radiation dose to the patient.
Non-invasive characterization of mineralized silk films using light scattering (2008)

Light scattering spectroscopy is used as a non-invasive technique to characterize mineralization of silk films. Acquired scattering data is analyzed to provide information about the overall content as well as the organization of mineral deposits.
<i>miR-146a</i> is a significant brake on autoimmunity, myeloproliferation, and cancer in mice (2011)

Excessive or inappropriate activation of the immune system can be deleterious to the organism, warranting multiple molecular mechanisms to control and properly terminate immune responses. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), ∼22-nt-long noncoding RNAs, have recently emerged as key posttranscriptional regulators, controlling diverse biological processes, including responses to non-self. In this study, we examine the biological role of miR-146a using genetically engineered mice and show that targeted deletion of this gene, whose expression is strongly up-regulated after immune cell maturation and/or activation, results in several immune defects. Collectively, our findings suggest that miR-146a plays a key role as a molecular brake on inflammation, myeloid cell proliferation, and oncogenic transformation.
Two-Dimensional Multilabel Active Learning with an Efficient Online Adaptation Model for Image Classification (2008)

Conventional active learning dynamically constructs the training set only along the sample dimension. While this is the right strategy in binary classification, it is suboptimal for multilabel image classification. We argue that for each selected sample, only some effective labels need to be annotated while others can be inferred by exploring the label correlations. The reason is that the contributions of different labels to minimizing the classification error are different due to the inherent label correlations. To this end, we propose to select sample-label pairs, rather than only samples, to minimize a multilabel Bayesian classification error bound. We call it two-dimensional active learning because it considers both the sample dimension and the label dimension. Furthermore, as the number of training samples increases rapidly over time due to active learning, it becomes intractable for the offline learner to retrain a new model on the whole training set. So we develop an efficient online learner to adapt the existing model with the new one by minimizing their model distance under a set of multilabel constraints. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method are evaluated on two benchmark data sets and a realistic image collection from a real-world image sharing Web site-Corbis.
Preoperative Serum Caveolin-1 as a Prognostic Marker for Recurrence in a Radical Prostatectomy Cohort (2006)

Overall, elevated preoperative levels of serum cav-1 predict decreased time to cancer recurrence. In the subset of patients with serum PSA of >/=10 ng/mL, the combination of serum cav-1 and biopsy Gleason score has the capacity to predict time to biochemical recurrence.
Synthesis and evaluation of novel amide amino-β-lactam derivatives as cholesterol absorption inhibitors (2015)

The β-lactam cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe is so far the only representative of this class of compounds on the market today. The goal of this work was to synthesize new amide ezetimibe analogs from trans-3-amino-(3R,4R)-β-lactam and to test their cytotoxicity and activity as cholesterol absorption inhibitors. We synthesized six new amide ezetimibe analogs. All new compounds exhibited low toxicity in MDCKIIwt, hNPC1L1/MDCKII and HepG2 cell lines and showed significant inhibition of cholesterol uptake in hNPC1L1/MDCKII cells. In addition, we determined the activity of the three compounds to inhibit cholesterol absorption in vivo. Our results demonstrate that these compounds considerably reduce cholesterol concentrations in liver and small intestine of mice. Thus, our newly synthesized amide ezetimibe analogs are cholesterol absorption inhibitors in vitro and in vivo.
A computer-aided diagnosis system to screen for osteoporosis using dental panoramic radiographs (2008)

Our results suggest that a CAD system applied to dental panoramic radiographs may be useful for identifying post-menopausal women with low skeletal BMD or osteoporosis.
A Thermophilic Ionic Liquid-Tolerant Cellulase Cocktail for the Production of Cellulosic Biofuels (2012)

Generation of biofuels from sugars in lignocellulosic biomass is a promising alternative to liquid fossil fuels, but efficient and inexpensive bioprocessing configurations must be developed to make this technology commercially viable. One of the major barriers to commercialization is the recalcitrance of plant cell wall polysaccharides to enzymatic hydrolysis. Biomass pretreatment with ionic liquids (ILs) enables efficient saccharification of biomass, but residual ILs inhibit both saccharification and microbial fuel production, requiring extensive washing after IL pretreatment. Pretreatment itself can also produce biomass-derived inhibitory compounds that reduce microbial fuel production. Therefore, there are multiple points in the process from biomass to biofuel production that must be interrogated and optimized to maximize fuel production. Here, we report the development of an IL-tolerant cellulase cocktail by combining thermophilic bacterial glycoside hydrolases produced by a mixed consortia with recombinant glycoside hydrolases. This enzymatic cocktail saccharifies IL-pretreated biomass at higher temperatures and in the presence of much higher IL concentrations than commercial fungal cocktails. Sugars obtained from saccharification of IL-pretreated switchgrass using this cocktail can be converted into biodiesel (fatty acid ethyl-esters or FAEEs) by a metabolically engineered strain of E. coli. During these studies, we found that this biodiesel-producing E. coli strain was sensitive to ILs and inhibitors released by saccharification. This cocktail will enable the development of novel biomass to biofuel bioprocessing configurations that may overcome some of the barriers to production of inexpensive cellulosic biofuels.
Targeting Generation of Antibodies Specific to Conformational Epitopes of Amyloid &#946;-Derived Neurotoxins (2009)

Individuals with early Alzheimer's disease (AD) suffer from a selective and profound failure to form new memories. A novel molecular mechanism with implications for therapeutics and diagnostics is now emerging in which the specificity of AD for memory derives from disruption of plasticity at synapses targeted by toxic Abeta oligomers (also known as ADDLs). ADDLs accumulate in AD brain and constitute long-lived alternatives to the disease-defining Abeta fibrils deposited in amyloid plaques. The AD-like cellular pathologies induced by ADDLs suggest their impact could provide a unifying mechanism for AD pathogenesis, explaining why early stage disease is specific for memory and accounting for major facets of AD neuropathology. Discovery of these new toxins has provided an appealing target for disease-modifying immunotherapy. For optimal protection against these toxins, antibodies should bind to the pathological oligomers without being depleted by their monomeric subunits, which are rapidly generated by membrane protein turnover. A solution to this problem is likely to come from the continued development of conformation-specific antibodies, as described here. Prototype conformation-specific antibodies, not yet in the clinic, have been introduced and utilized in multiple applications for their ability to bind with high specificity and affinity to ADDLs. It can be anticipated that further development of such antibodies for use in clinical trials will come in the near future.
Porphyromonas gingivalis proteinases as virulence factors in the development of periodontitis (1997)

Porphyromonas gingivalis contains exceedingly high concentrations of cysteine proteinases with trypsin-like activity which have been implicated as virulence factors in adult-onset periodontitis. These enzymes, referred to as gingipains, cleave protein and peptide substrates after arginine (gingipain R) and lysine residues (gingipain K), and it has been found that neither is easily inhibited by host proteinase inhibitors. Examination of the properties of each proteinase clearly indicates a role(s) for both in the dysregulation of a number of normally tightly controlled pathways. The effects of such uncontrolled proteolysis are the development of edema (kallikrein/kinin pathway activation by gingipain R), neutrophil infiltration (complement pathway activation by gingipain R), and bleeding (degradation of fibrinogen by gingipain K). Since three of the major hallmarks of periodontitis involve increased crevicular flow, neutrophil accumulation at infected sites and bleeding on probing, it seems likely that both P. gingivalis-derived proteinases are important virulence factors in the development of periodontal disease.
Ribosomal Synthesis of Macrocyclic Peptides <i>in Vitro</i> and <i>in Vivo</i> Mediated by Genetically Encoded Aminothiol Unnatural Amino Acids (2015)

A versatile method for orchestrating the formation of side chain-to-tail cyclic peptides from ribosomally derived polypeptide precursors is reported. Upon ribosomal incorporation into intein-containing precursor proteins, designer unnatural amino acids bearing side chain 1,3- or 1,2-aminothiol functionalities are able to promote the cyclization of a downstream target peptide sequence via a C-terminal ligation/ring contraction mechanism. Using this approach, peptide macrocycles of variable size and composition could be generated in a pH-triggered manner in vitro or directly in living bacterial cells. This methodology furnishes a new platform for the creation and screening of genetically encoded libraries of conformationally constrained peptides. This strategy was applied to identify and isolate a low-micromolar streptavidin binder (KD = 1.1 μM) from a library of cyclic peptides produced in Escherichia coli, thereby illustrating its potential toward aiding the discovery of functional peptide macrocycles.
Characterization of Viral Enhancing Activity from Trichoplusia ni Granulosis Virus (1995)

A factor present in the granules of Trichoplusia ni granulosis virus, when fed together with a nuclear polyhedrosis virus, can enhance viral infection and accelerate death in T. ni neonate larvae. Occlusion bodies of T. ni granulosis virus were dissolved in alkali and soluble proteins were separated by gel filtration chromatography. These fractions were assayed for enhancement of nuclear polyhedrosis infection in T. ni neonates. Denaturing gel electrophoresis of the fractions revealed that enhancin, a protein homologous to the synergistic factor of Pseudaletia unipuncta, eluted as a discrete peak. Viral enhancing activity eluted over a large volume covering this peak and a wide molecular weight range following this peak. Moreover, we show that the 98-kDa enhancin protein is released from a larger 150-kDa complex, by heating in the presence of detergent. Once released, the enhancin protein is subject to extensive proteolysis, yielding smaller protein fragments. These results suggest the possibility that fragments of the enhancin protein, or other components of the 150-kDa complex, may be active viral enhancing agents.
I know it's still you (2021)

The Photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor is found in most smart wearables and fitness trackers to support the physical wellness monitoring of it's user. The popularity of this sensor has encouraged the exploration of it's use in other domains particularly in the field of banking, education, training, wellness etc. as a form of biometric authentication. These studies are however limited in the evaluation of the sensor in the wild. We created several datasets of continuous in-the-wild PPG across multiple participants and devices and propose the use of different statistical, signal processing and machine learning based techniques to support zero re-authentications using in-situ PPG data.
All-Polymer Solar Cells with 3.3% Efficiency Based on Naphthalene Diimide-Selenophene Copolymer Acceptor (2013)

The lack of suitable acceptor (n-type) polymers has limited the photocurrent and efficiency of polymer/polymer bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. Here, we report an evaluation of three naphthalene diimide (NDI) copolymers as electron acceptors in BHJ solar cells which finds that all-polymer solar cells based on an NDI-selenophene copolymer (PNDIS-HD) acceptor and a thiazolothiazole copolymer (PSEHTT) donor exhibit a record 3.3% power conversion efficiency. The observed short circuit current density of 7.78 mA/cm(2) and external quantum efficiency of 47% are also the best such photovoltaic parameters seen in all-polymer solar cells so far. This efficiency is comparable to the performance of similarly evaluated [6,6]-Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM)/PSEHTT devices. The lamellar crystalline morphology of PNDIS-HD, leading to balanced electron and hole transport in the polymer/polymer blend solar cells accounts for its good photovoltaic properties.
Differences in Urinary Excretion Patterns of the hLH Beta Core Fragment in Premenopausal, Perimenopausal, and Postmenopausal Women (1999)

The pattern of excretion and concentrations of the hLH beta cf is significantly different between premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Perimenopausal women exhibited intermediate changes. The capability to measure this type of stable urinary metabolite as a reflection of changes in dynamics of its parent circulating hormone offers new possibilities in the development and application of large-scale testing that does not require blood sampling.
Differential Optical Dispersion Spectroscopy (2016)

By providing access to the optical phase information associated with the probed sample laser dispersion spectroscopy enables new strategies in spectroscopic sensing and has a potential to overcome some of the limitations of conventional, absorption-based molecular sensing methods. Here we demonstrate a differential optical dispersion spectroscopy, which offers a unique capability of direct, optical-domain processing of spectroscopic signatures and provides information inaccessible through conventional methods. The underlying physical principle and concepts of potential applications have been experimentally demonstrated.
Phospham—A stable phosphorus‐rich flame retardant (1994)

Abstract Phospham is an iminophosphazene polymer of unusually high thermal stability. We have found that phospham imparts a substantial level of flame retardancy to nylon‐4,6, a high‐melting crystalline engineering thermoplastic. It did not appear to produce degradation of the polyamide in the processing temperature range. The flame retardant efficacy of phospham in nylon‐4,6 was similar to that of stabilized red phosphorus, when compared on an equal phosphorus basis. In nylon‐4,6, it did not display nitrogen–phosphorus synergism. Limited evidence from TGA suggested a condensed phase mode of action in nylon‐4,6. Phospham showed orders‐of‐magnitude better hydrolytic stability than did ammonium polyphosphate, and did not produce detectable phosphine on processing as did red phosphorus.