gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microwave plasma assisted reactor design for high deposition rate diamond synthesis (2011)

Summary form only given. In view of the important, recent, opportunity to commercially synthesize high quality single crystal diamond (SCD) there is a need to continue to improve existing microwave plasma assisted reactor designs that enable high quality and high deposition rate SCD synthesis. It is now widely recognized that both the quality and growth rates of microwave plasma assisted CVD (MPACVD) synthesized diamond are improved by using high power density microwave discharges operating at pressures above 160 Torr [1]. Thus we are developing microwave plasma reactor designs and associated process methods that are both robust and are optimized for high pressure and high power density operation [2], and thereby take advantage of the improved deposition chemistry and physics that exist at high pressures. These reactors operate in the 160-320 Torr pressure regime. Here we describe our the design methodologies, and then we present the specific design details of a 2.45 GHz MPACVD reactor design that enables optimized reactor performance and high growth rate diamond synthesis in the high pressure regime. Reactor design methodologies are described by presenting: (1) a number of visual, numerically calculated, spatial plots of the EM fields inside the cavity applicator as the rector dimensions are varied, and (2) the results from low power (without a discharge) and high power (with discharge) experimental evaluations. From these experimental/numerical investigations a new reactor design evolves that utilizes a hybrid EM cavity applicator mode for discharge excitation. Final reactor designs are determined by observing the reactor performance over the multivariable experimental variable space and performing polycrystalline and single crystal diamond synthesis using CH <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> /H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> input chemistries over the 180-320 pressure regime. High power density discharges are produced with absorbed power densities 150-600 W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . SCD growth rates of 80 microns/hr are achieved and optical quality, type IIa diamond is synthesized.
Silver Ion-Exchanged Zeolites Y, X, and Low-Silica X:  Observations of Thermally Induced Cation/Cluster Migration and the Resulting Effects on the Equilibrium Adsorption of Nitrogen (2000)

Silver is known to strongly affect the adsorptive properties of some zeolites. It is also known that thermal vacuum dehydration of some argentiferous zeolites leads to the formation of charged silver clusters within the zeolite. In this work we have synthesized silver zeolites of the types Y, X, and low-silica X. The zeolites were treated in such a way as to promote the formation of intracrystalline charged silver clusters. Equilibrium room-temperature isotherms were measured for adsorption of nitrogen for each of the zeolites after various heat treatments and dehydration. These materials were structurally characterized via Rietveld refinement using neutron powder diffraction data. Color changes upon heat treatment and subsequent X-ray photoemission spectroscopy confirmed some reduction of Ag+ → Ag0. The effects of various dehydration conditions, including the time, temperature, and atmosphere, on the room-temperature adsorption of nitrogen are discussed. Structural characterization, along with valence bond calculations, revealed the presence of cations in site II*, which are more active in Ag−LSX samples that were vacuum dehydrated at 450 °C as compared to those that were vacuum dehydrated at 350 °C.
Development of the BIPI ligands for asymmetric hydrogenation (2012)

The detailed development of unique BIPI ligands suitable for asymmetric hydrogenation is described, and the process research leading to their kilogram-scale manufacture is discussed. Full optimization of each ligand region is shown, and the complete design features for these ligands are explained. Application of the best members of this ligand class to asymmetric hydrogenations of ureaesters, BOC- and CBZ-enecarbamates, and a variety of enamides are described. A novel resolution of P-chiral ligand precursors via their zinc complexes is described, and the research leading to the discovery of catalysts capable of carrying out asymmetric hydrogenations in >99% ee at multi-kilogram scale are presented.
Chloroplast Maintenance and Partial Differentiation <i>in Vitro</i> (1973)

Tissue homogenates, etioplasts, and developing chloroplasts were prepared from cucumber (Cumucis sativus L.) cotyledons in tris-sucrose. They were incubated aerobically in the dark or in the light at pH 7.7 in the presence or absence of a cofactor mixture containing coenzyme A, glutathione, potassium phosphate, methyl alcohol, magnesium, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and adenosine triphosphate. These cofactors were previously shown to be essential for protochlorophyll and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Ultrastructural changes were monitored by electron microscopy. The following observations were made. (a) Crude homogenates contained agents which degraded etioplasts and developing chloroplasts. (b) Added cofactors were essential for the maintenance of the membrane structure; they were also implicated in the transformation of the prolamellar body in the absence and presence of light. (c) Light pretreatment of the cotyledons improved the maintenance of the developing chloroplast membranes during subsequent in vitro incubation. (d) In the presence of the cofactors, grana formation appeared to take place in the absence of nuclear-cytoplasmic control.
A coagulation method for the preparation of pellet particles from polymer latex. (1987)

A new coagulation method which consists of two stages the generation of seed particles and the growth of particles, was developed for the preparation of pellet-like particles from polymer latex.In this report, first the mechanism of this coagulation was studied through an examination of the coagulating velocity during each stage. Then the pellet-like particles were characterized by a SEM observation of the inside of a particle and a measurement of particle properties.As a result, experimental equations on the amount of generated seed particles and rate of growth of the particles were obtained. The phenomena in which the latex particles inside the coagulated particle are packed closely by drying and are fused homogeneously by sintering, was confirmed.
Organic Thiophosphate WR-151327 Suppresses Expression of HIV in Chronically Infected Cells (1994)

Reducing agents such as glutathione (GSH), glutathione ester (GSE), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) have been shown to suppress the induction of HIV expression in chronically infected cells stimulated by cytokines. We present data which show the effects of the organic thiophosphate WR-151327 on the expression of latent HIV in U1 cells. The chronically infected promonocytic cell line U1 constitutively expresses low levels of HIV that can be increased by 13-phorbol 12-myristate acetate (PMA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and granulocyte/monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). WR-151327 suppressed, in dose-dependent fashion, the reverse transcriptase (RT) activity induced by TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and PMA. The maximal decrease in RT activity was 70, 80, and 50%, respectively. Pretreatment with WR-151327 also suppressed the induction of total HIV protein synthesis, as shown by Western blot analysis. In addition, WR-151327 suppressed HIV-LTR-CAT activity in transfected human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD). Suppression of HIV expression by WR-151327 was observed in the absence of a cytotoxic or cytostatic effect. Incubation of WR-151327 with human recombinant TNF-alpha for 6 hr at 37 degrees C did not alter the capacity of TNF-alpha to induce the expression of HIV. Our observations further support the hypothesis that reducing agents are important in the control of HIV replication and that the clinical evaluation of WR-151327 may be indicated.
Complete Human and Rat Ex Vivo Spermatogenesis from Fresh or Frozen Testicular Tissue (2016)

Until now, complete ex vivo spermatogenesis has been reported only in the mouse. In this species, the duration of spermatogenesis is 35 days, whereas it is 54 days in the rat and 74 days in humans. We performed long-term (until 60 days) cultures of fresh or frozen rat or human seminiferous tubule segments in a bioreactor made of a hollow cylinder of chitosan hydrogel. Testicular tissues were obtained from 8- or 20-day-old male rats or from adult human subjects who had undergone hormone treatments leading to a nearly complete regression of their spermatogenesis before bilateral orchiectomy for gender reassignment. The progression of spermatogenesis was assessed by cytological analyses of the cultures; it was related to a dramatic increase in the levels of the mRNAs specifically expressed by round spermatids, Transition protein 1, Transition protein 2, and Protamine 3 in rat cultures. From 2% to 3.8% of cells were found to be haploid cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of human cultures. In this bioreactor, long-term cultures of seminiferous tubule segments from prepubertal rats or from adult men allowed completion of the spermatogenic process leading to morphologically mature spermatozoa. Further studies will need to address the way of optimizing the yield of every step of spermatogenesis by adjusting the composition of the culture medium, the geometry, and the material properties of the chitosan hydrogel bioreactors. Another essential requirement is to assess the quality of the gametes produced ex vivo by showing their ability to produce normal offspring (rat) or their biochemical normality (human).
Usage of SDP Relaxation in Some GNSS Navigation Problems (2019)

In this paper, we propose an approach to the solution of two optimization problems that arise when solving problems of satellite navigation. The first problem consists in attitude determination using carrier phase and code range observables measured by multiple GNSS antennas. In general, the attitude determination is the non-convex optimization problem. The second problem consists in the optimization of the set of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals chosen for processing when solving the positioning problem. It is the binary optimization problem which is hard for a solution in real time. We show how these problems can be reduced to the convex semidefinite programming problem (SDP) and, therefore, efficiently solved.
A first-principles generic methodology for representing the knowledge base of a process diagnostic expert system (1990)

In this paper we present a methodology for identifying faulty component candidates of process malfunctions through basic physical principles of conservation, functional classification of components and information from the process schematics. The basic principles of macroscopic balance of mass, momentum and energy in thermal hydraulic control volumes are applied in a novel approach to incorporate deep knowledge into the knowledge base. Additional deep knowledge is incorporated through the functional classification of process components according to their influence in disturbing the macroscopic balance equations. Information from the process schematics is applied to identify the faulty component candidates after the type of imbalance in the control volumes is matched against the functional classification of the components. Except for the information from the process schematics, this approach is completely general and independent of the process under consideration. The use of basic first-principles, which are physically correct, and the process-independent architecture of the diagnosis procedure allow for the verification and validation of the system. A prototype process diagnosis expert system is developed and a test problem is presented to identify faulty component candidates in the presence of a single failure in a hypothetical balance of plant of a liquid metal nuclear reactor plant.
A new FFT concept for efficient VLSI implementation: Part I - Butterfly processing element (2009)

This article describes a new approach for higher radix butterflies suitable for pipeline implementation. Based on the butterfly computation introduced by Cooley-Tukey [1], we introduce a novel approach for the factorization of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), by redefining the butterfly computation, which is more suitable for efficient VLSI implementation. This proposed factorization motivated us to present a new concept of a radix-r Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), in which the radix-r butterfly computation concept was formulated as composite engines to implement each of the butterfly computations. This concept enables the radix r butterfly-processing element (BPE) to be designed by maintaining only one complex value multiplier in the butterfly critical path for any given r. Algorithmic description and performance of low complexity FFT method are considered in this paper and parallel pipelined FFT in a companion paper [15], Part II Parallel Pipelined FFT Processing.
Continuous Transforming Growth Factor β <sub>1</sub> Secretion by Cell-Mediated Gene Therapy Maintains Chondrocyte Redifferentiation (2005)

One of the most important factors in the production of cartilage is transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1). To obtain sustained release of TGF-beta1, a cell-mediated gene therapy technique was introduced. We infected chondrocytes with a retroviral vector carrying the TGF-beta1 gene. The single clone derivative showed sustained TGF-beta1 secretion. It also showed constitutive type II collagen expression. Whereas the TGF-beta1 protein itself is unable to induce formation of cartilage in vivo, human chondrocytes engineered to express a retroviral vector encoding TGF-beta1 showed cartilage formation in vivo when cells were injected into nude mice intradermally. These data suggest that cell-mediated gene therapy using TGF-beta1 as a transgene would be a promising treatment for osteoarthritis.
Layer-by-layer self-assembly of plexcitonic nanoparticles (2013)

Colloidal suspensions of multilayer nanoparticles composed of a silver core, a polyelectrolyte spacer layer (inner shell), and a J-aggregate cyanine dye outer shell have been prepared for the first time. Absorption properties of the colloid were measured in the visible region. This multilayer architecture served as a framework for examining the coupling of the localized surface plasmon resonance exhibited by the silver core with the molecular exciton exhibited by the J-aggregate outer shell. The polyelectrolyte spacer layer promotes the formation of an excitonic J-aggregate while serving as a means of controlling the plasmon-exciton (i.e. plexciton) coupling strength through changing the distance between the core and the shell. An analytical expression based on Mie Theory and the Transfer Matrix Method was obtained for describing the optical response of these multilayered nanostructures. Computational and experimental results indicate that the absorption wavelength of the J-aggregate form of the dye is dependent on both the distance of the dye layer from the silver core and the degree of dye aggregation.
Guaranteed Performance Routing of Unpredictable Traffic With Fast Path Restoration (2009)

Two-phase routing, where traffic is first distributed to intermediate nodes before being routed to the final destination, has been recently proposed for handling widely fluctuating traffic without the need to adapt network routing to changing traffic. Preconfiguring the network in a traffic-independent manner using two-phase routing simplifies network operation considerably. In this paper, we extend this routing scheme by providing resiliency against link failures through fast path restoration along disjoint end-to-end backup paths. We view this as important progress toward adding carrier-class reliability to the robustness of the scheme so as to facilitate its future deployment in Internet service provider (ISP) networks. On the theoretical side, the main contribution of the paper is the development of linear-programming-based and fast combinatorial algorithms for two-phase routing with fast path restoration so as to minimize the maximum utilization of any link in the network, or equivalently, maximize the throughput. The algorithms developed are fully polynomial time approximation schemes (FPTAS)-for any given epsiv > 0, an FPTAS guarantees a solution that is within a (1+epsiv)-factor of the optimum and runs in time polynomial in the input size and [ 1/(\relax epsiv)]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work in the literature that considers making the scheme resilient to link failures through preprovisioned fast restoration mechanisms. We evaluate the performance of fast path restoration (in terms of throughput) and compare it to that of unprotected routing. For our experiments, we use actual ISP network topologies collected for the Rocketfuel project and three research network topologies.
A basic hand gesture control system for PC applications (2002)

We discuss the issues involved in controlling computer applications via gestures composed of both static symbols and dynamic motions. Each gesture is modeled from either static model information or a linear-in-parameters dynamic system. Recognition occurs in a real-time environment using a small amount of processing time and memory. We examine which gestures are appropriate, how the gestures can be recognized, and which commands the gestures should control. The tracking method is detailed, along with its use in providing coordinates for the gesture control a PowerPoint presentation.
Engineering of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> for Efficient Anaerobic Alcoholic Fermentation of <scp>l</scp> -Arabinose (2007)

For cost-effective and efficient ethanol production from lignocellulosic fractions of plant biomass, the conversion of not only major constituents, such as glucose and xylose, but also less predominant sugars, such as l-arabinose, is required. Wild-type strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the organism used in industrial ethanol production, cannot ferment xylose and arabinose. Although metabolic and evolutionary engineering has enabled the efficient alcoholic fermentation of xylose under anaerobic conditions, the conversion of l-arabinose into ethanol by engineered S. cerevisiae strains has previously been demonstrated only under oxygen-limited conditions. This study reports the first case of fast and efficient anaerobic alcoholic fermentation of l-arabinose by an engineered S. cerevisiae strain. This fermentation was achieved by combining the expression of the structural genes for the l-arabinose utilization pathway of Lactobacillus plantarum, the overexpression of the S. cerevisiae genes encoding the enzymes of the nonoxidative pentose phosphate pathway, and extensive evolutionary engineering. The resulting S. cerevisiae strain exhibited high rates of arabinose consumption (0.70 g h(-1) g [dry weight](-1)) and ethanol production (0.29 g h(-1) g [dry weight](-1)) and a high ethanol yield (0.43 g g(-1)) during anaerobic growth on l-arabinose as the sole carbon source. In addition, efficient ethanol production from sugar mixtures containing glucose and arabinose, which is crucial for application in industrial ethanol production, was achieved.
Phase I/IIa trial targeting p16<sup>INK4a</sup> by peptide vaccination in patients with human papillomavirus-associated cancer. (2015)

e14030 Background: Therapeutic vaccines for patients with HPV-associated neoplasia are considered interesting strategies to improve treatment outcomes. Classically the HPV oncogene products E6/E7 have been used as antigens in clinical studies; however so far the induction of successful treatment responses in cancer patients appears difficult. It is a hallmark of HPV-associated cancers that as a direct consequence of HPV oncogene activity the cellular protein p16INK4a is strongly overexpressed. With at the same time absent or very low expression in normal tissues this expression pattern renders p16INK4a an interesting novel vaccine target. We performed a phase I/IIa first-in-man trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of vaccination with p16INK4a. Methods: 26 patients with advanced p16INK4a-overexpressing, HPV DNA-positive cancer (anogenital region, head and neck) were included after completion of standard treatment. The protocolcomprised a total of 12 subcutaneous applications of a p16INK4peptide (P16_37-63) mixed with Montanide ISA-51 VG over a six months period. After an initial interim safety assessment after the first 10 patients the primary endpoint was the induction of a cellular and/or humoral immune response against peptide P16_37-63. Secondary endpoints were safety of immunization with P16_37-63 and tumor response according to RECIST. Results: 20 patients received at least 4 applications and were evaluable for induction of an immune response. CD4 T cells were induced in 11/20 patients, CD8 T cells in 4/20 and antibodies in 14/20 patients. No SUSAR or SAR was documented. All reported SAEs were expectable and not related to study therapy. No patients discontinued trial participation due to unacceptable toxicities and no dose limiting toxicities occurred. The best tumor response was classified as stable disease in 10 patients during the treatment and 3 remained stable until end of follow-up. Conclusions: Vaccination with P16_37-63 induces cellular and humoral immune responses and does not cause toxicities. Further trials will be designed to assess whether this approach may be an adjuvant therapeutic strategy for patients with HPV-associated cancers. Clinical trial information: NCT01462838.
Efficient synthesis of (22R,23R,24S)-22,23-isopropylidenedioxy-5.ALPHA.-ergost-2-en-6-one, a key intermediate in the preparation of brassinolide. (1986)

(22R, 23R, 24S)-22, 23-Isopropylidenedioxy-5α-ergost-2-en-6-one 2b is an important intermediate of brassinolide. We found that the enone 2b can be prepared by transformation of (22R, 23R, 24S)-3α, 5-cyclo-22, 23-isopropylidenedioxy-5α-ergostan-6-one 5b with catalytic amount of both p-TsOH and NaBr in DMF under reflux. 5b was prepared from (22R, 23R, 24S)-3α, 5-cyclo-22, 23-dihydroxy-6β-methoxy-5α-ergostane 9b or a 6β-benzyloxy compound 9c, which was obtained in a manner similar to Mori's brassinolide synthesis. The enone 2b was eventually prepared via a benzyl ether 9c from stigmasterol 3a in a 15.5% yield in 11 steps.