gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
'Bioluminescent' Reporter Phage for the Detection of Category A Bacterial Pathogens (2011)

Yersinia pestis and Bacillus anthracis are Category A bacterial pathogens that are the causative agents of the plague and anthrax, respectively. Although the natural occurrence of both diseases' is now relatively rare, the possibility of terrorist groups using these pathogens as a bioweapon is real. Because of the disease's inherent communicability, rapid clinical course, and high mortality rate, it is critical that an outbreak be detected quickly. Therefore methodologies that provide rapid detection and diagnosis are essential to ensure immediate implementation of public health measures and activation of crisis management. Recombinant reporter phage may provide a rapid and specific approach for the detection of Y. pestis and B. anthracis. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention currently use the classical phage lysis assays for the confirmed identification of these bacterial pathogens. These assays take advantage of naturally occurring phage which are specific and lytic for their bacterial hosts. After overnight growth of the cultivated bacterium in the presence of the specific phage, the formation of plaques (bacterial lysis) provides a positive identification of the bacterial target. Although these assays are robust, they suffer from three shortcomings: 1) they are laboratory based; 2) they require bacterial isolation and cultivation from the suspected sample, and 3) they take 24-36 h to complete. To address these issues, recombinant "light-tagged" reporter phage were genetically engineered by integrating the Vibrio harveyi luxAB genes into the genome of Y. pestis and B. anthracis specific phage. The resulting luxAB reporter phage were able to detect their specific target by rapidly (within minutes) and sensitively conferring a bioluminescent phenotype to recipient cells. Importantly, detection was obtained either with cultivated recipient cells or with mock-infected clinical specimens. For demonstration purposes, here we describe the method for the phage-mediated detection of a known Y. pestis isolate using a luxAB reporter phage constructed from the CDC plague diagnostic phage ΦA1122 (Figure 1). A similar method, with minor modifications (e.g. change in growth temperature and media), may be used for the detection of B. anthracis isolates using the B. anthracis reporter phage Wβ::luxAB. The method describes the phage-mediated transduction of a biolumescent phenotype to cultivated Y. pestis cells which are subsequently measured using a microplate luminometer. The major advantages of this method over the traditional phage lysis assays is the ease of use, the rapid results, and the ability to test multiple samples simultaneously in a 96-well microtiter plate format. Figure 1. Detection schematic. The phage are mixed with the sample, the phage infects the cell, luxAB are expressed, and the cell bioluminesces. Sample processing is not necessary; the phage and cells are mixed and subsequently measured for light.
Minute doping with deleterious rare earths in YBa2Cu3O7−δ films for flux pinning enhancements (2006)

To enhance the critical current density of YBa2Cu3O7−δ films, flux pinning centers are intentionally added to inhibit flux flow in applied magnetic fields. Here we provide an initial demonstration that the incorporation of very minor additions (⩽1% of Y as opposed to the 10%–40% in standard substitutions) of typically deleterious rare earths into high quality YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films provides significant improvement of the film’s in-field current density. This is accomplished without reoptimization of the deposition parameters. Instead of site substitution for Y as might be expected, the deleterious rare earths potentially result in the formation of nanoparticulates.
Speech recognition with cochlear implants as a function of the number of channels: Effects of electrode placement (2020)

This study investigated the effects of cochlear implant (CI) electrode array type and scalar location on the number of channels available to CI recipients for maximum speech understanding and sound quality. Eighteen post-lingually deafened adult CI recipients participated, including 11 recipients with straight electrode arrays entirely in scala tympani and 7 recipients with translocated precurved electrode arrays. Computerized tomography was used to determine electrode placement and scalar location. In each condition, the number of channels varied from 4 to 22 with equal spatial distribution across the array. Speech recognition (monosyllables, sentences in quiet and in noise), subjective speech sound quality, and closed-set auditory tasks (vowels, consonants, and spectral modulation detection) were measured acutely. Recipients with well-placed straight electrode arrays and translocated precurved electrode arrays performed similarly, demonstrating asymptotic speech recognition scores with 8-10 channels, consistent with the classic literature. This finding contrasts with recent work [Berg, Noble, Dawant, Dwyer, Labadie, and Gifford. (2019). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 145, 1556-1564] that found precurved electrode arrays well-placed in scala tympani demonstrate continuous performance gains beyond 8-10 channels. Given these results, straight and translocated precurved electrode arrays are theorized to have less channel independence secondary to their placement farther away from neural targets.
Ionic liquids as novel solvents for ionic polymer transducers (2004)

The use of ionic liquids as solvents for ionic polymer (specifically, Nafion) transducers is demonstrated. Ionic liquids are attractive for this application because of their high inherent stability. Ionic liquids are salts that exist as liquids at room temperature and have no measureable vapor pressure. Therefore, the use of ionic liquids as solvents for ionic polymer transducers can eliminate the traditional problem of water evaporation in these devices. Another benefit of the use of ionic liquids in this way is the reduction or elimination of the characteristic back-relaxation common in water-solvated ionic polymer actuators. The results demonstrate that the viscosity of the ionic liquid and the degree to which the ionic liquid swells the membrane are the important physical parameters to consider. Five ionic liquids were studied, based on substituted pyrrolidinium, phosphonium, or imidazolium cations and fluoroanions. Of these five ionic liquids, transduction is demonstrated in three of them and the best results are obtained with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ionic liquid. This substance has an electrochemical stability window of 4.1 V, a melting point of -10 °C, and a viscosity of 35-45 cP [19]. Results demonstrate that platinum-plated Nafion transducers solvated with this ionic liquid exhibit sensing and actuation responses and that these transducers are stable in air. Endurance testing of this sample reveals a decrease in the free strain of only 25 % after 250,000 actuation cycles in air.
A Simple Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Salinosporamide A (2004)

A simple and effective stereocontrolled synthesis of salinosporamide A has been developed. This process, the first synthesis of salinosporamide A, is capable of providing the compound in substantial quantities for further biological studies. Salinosporamide A was of special interest as a synthetic target because of its potent in vitro cytotoxic activity against many tumor cell lines (IC(50) values of 10 nM or less).
Quantitative Assessment of Early Diabetic Retinopathy Using Fractal Analysis (2008)

Greater retinal fractal dimension, representing increased geometric complexity of the retinal vasculature, is independently associated with early diabetic retinopathy signs in type 1 diabetes. Fractal analysis of fundus photographs may allow quantitative measurement of early diabetic microvascular damage.
Ultra-shallow p+/n junction formed by plasma source ion implantation and solid boron source (1997)

Summary form only given. Using plasma source ion implantation (PSII), a novel technique has been developed to fabricate ultrashallow p/sup +//n junctions for the application of sub-micron CMOS source/drain formation. This process avoids the hazards and costs of handling highly toxic and reactive gases. In this method, a thin boron layer is first sputter deposited onto the wafer from a solid boron target. Then PSII with Ar plasma is used to knock boron atoms into the Si substrate by means of ion beam mixing. Ultrashallow p/sup +//n junctions with junction depths ranging from 27 to 85 nm have been fabricated with this technique. In addition to Ar PSII, Ne PSII has been investigated for forming shallow p/sup +//n junctions with the same technique, because Ar implantation was reported to form defects which are difficult to remove during the annealing steps. Preliminary results show that neon PSII results in more shallow boron profile, lower boron dose and higher sheet resistance.
Development of a heat-driven pulse pump for spacecraft applications (2002)

The basic concept for the heat driven pulse pump (HDPP) is to use the fluid itself to create the pumping pressure head. The pump consists of a grooved cylinder, two check valves (one on the inlet and one on the outlet), a wick, and strip heaters. Three pumps are installed in parallel to provide continuous operation. For specified time, power is applied to a pump, and the liquid in the pump vaporizes, creating a pressure head exceeding the pressure drop in the system. This pressure head forces the liquid in the cylinder to be pushed out through the wick past the outlet check valve. As the liquid in the cylinder is displaced, the liquid in the grooves is wicked towards the heater and sustains vaporization until the heater is turned off. As the next pump in the series is heated, it forces the displaced liquid into the other previously emptied pump(s). A series of tests were made with heater powers from 30 to 70 Watts and with a timing sequence of 20 seconds. Each pump would be on for 20 seconds and off for 40 seconds with no overlapping. As one pump would empty, the other two would be filling. The flow rate generated by the three pumps in parallel would cycle up and down with the magnitude depending on heater power. For test periods of 30 minutes, the average flow rate varied from 5 grams/minute at 30 W to 71 g/m at 70 W. There are still a number of tests that need to be made to determine how well it will operate to meet actual spacecraft applications.
GaAsSb-based heterojunction tunnel diodes for tandem solar cell interconnects (2002)

We report a new approach to tunnel junctions that employs a pseudomorphic GaAsSb layer to obtain a band alignment at a InGaAs or InAlAs p-n junction favorable for forward bias tunneling. Since the majority of the band offset between GaAsSb and InGaAs or InAlAs is in the valence band, when an GaAsSb layer is placed at an InGaAs or InAlAs p-n junction the tunneling distance is reduced and the tunneling current is increased. For all doping levels studied, the presence of the GaAsSb-layer enhanced the forward tunneling characteristics. In fact, in a InGaAs/GaAsSb tunnel diode with p=1.5/spl times/10/sup 18/ cm/sup -3/ a peak tunneling current sufficient for a 1000 sun InP/InGaAs tandem solar cell interconnect was achieved while a similarly doped all-InGaAs diode was rectifying. This approach affords a new degree of freedom in designing tunnel junctions for tandem solar cell interconnects. Previously only doping levels could be varied to control the tunneling properties. Our approach relaxes the doping requirements by employing a GaAsSb-based heterojunction.
Designing Quantum Rods for Optimized Energy Transfer with Firefly Luciferase Enzymes (2012)

The bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) between firefly luciferase from Photinus pyralis (Ppy) with core/shell semiconductive quantum rods (QRs) has been studied as a function of QR aspect ratio and internal microstructure. The QRs were found to be ideal energy acceptors, and Ppy-to-core distances were optimized using rod-in-rod microstructures that were achieved by the synthetic control of rod morphology, surface chemistry, and Ppy:QR loading. The BRET ratios of >44 measured are the highest efficiencies to date.
Detection of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome by Incorporation of Label Uncertainty and Partially Available Privileged Information (2019)

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a fulminant inflammatory lung injury that develops in patients with critical illnesses including sepsis, pneumonia, and trauma. However, many patients with ARDS are not recognized when they develop this syndrome nor given outcome-improving treatments. Because ARDS is a clinical syndrome, physicians may not be certain about a patient's diagnosis (label uncertainty). In addition, the diagnosis requires a chest x-ray, which may not be always be available in a clinical setting (privileged information). For this paper, we implemented the Learning Using Label Uncertainty and Partially Available Privileged Information (LULUPAPI) paradigm, built on classical SVM, to detect ARDS using Electronic Health Record (EHR) data and chest radiography. In comparison to SVM, this resulted in a 3.55 percent improvement of test AUC.
A frequency translation technique for SAW-Less 3G receivers (2009)

A frequency translation technique exploiting properties of the current-driven passive mixers is presented to implement built-in out-of-band blocker filtering, intended for FDD applications such as 3G. The mathematical findings enable us to optimally size the components for maximal RF front-end gain and minimal noise figure. A prototype zero-IF receiver is fabricated in 65nm CMOS, and achieves a NF of 2.6dB, a maximum gain of 84 dB, out-of-band IIP3 of +2 dBm, and consumes 32mA from a single 1.2-V supply.
Hydroprinted Electronics: Ultrathin Stretchable Ag–In–Ga E-Skin for Bioelectronics and Human–Machine Interaction (2018)

We introduce a soft ultrathin and stretchable electronic skin with surface-mounted components that can be transferred and wrapped around any three-dimensional (3D) surface or self-adhere to the human skin. The ∼5 μm thick circuit is fabricated by printing the pattern over a temporary tattoo paper using a desktop laser printer, which is then coated with a silver ink and eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) liquid metal alloy. The resulting "Ag-In-Ga" traces are highly conductive and maintain low electrical resistivity as the circuit is stretched to conform to nondevelopable 3D surfaces. We also address integration of surface-mounted microelectronic chips by introducing a novel z-axis conductive interface composed of magnetically aligned EGaIn-coated Ag-Ni microparticles embedded in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). This " zPVA conductive glue" allows for robust electrical contacts with microchips that have pins with dimensions as small as 300 μm. If printed on the temporary tattoo transfer paper, the populated circuit can be attached to a 3D surface using hydrographic transfer. Both printing and interfacing processes can be performed at the room temperature. We demonstrate examples of applications, including an electronic tattoo over the human epidermis for electromyography signal acquisition, an interactive circuit with touch buttons, and light-emitting diodes transferred over the 3D printed shell of a robotic prosthetic hand, and a proximity measurement skin transferred over a 3D surface.
Implementation issues on the interference cancellation over asynchronous multipath channels (2002)

Even though there are several interference cancellers that have been implemented, some issues should be considered so that they might be critical parameters in a certain environment. In this paper, we discuss a parallel interference cancellation (PIC) type technique in an asynchronous channel. Subtraction methods are also studied in detail from the viewpoint of bit-by-bit sequential processing for minimization of processing delay. Also we present the pipelined PIC structure (PLPIC) for an efficient implementation of PIC.
Progress in caustic dezincing of galvanized scrap (1997)

In response to the worldwide increase in consumption of galvanized steel for automobiles in the last fifteen years, and the cost of environmental compliance associated with remelting larger quantities of galvanized steel scrap, processes are being developed to separate and recover the steel and zinc from galvanized ferrous scrap. In the process discussed here, zinc is dissolved from the scrap in hot caustic and is recovered electrolytically as dendritic powder. The dezinced ferrous scrap is rinsed and used directly. The process is effective for zinc, lead, and aluminum removal on loose and baled scrap and on all types of galvanized steel. Pilot testing has been conducted in Hamilton, Ontario for batch treatment of 900 tonnes of mostly baled scrap. A pilot plant in East Chicago, Indiana, now in its second generation, has dezinced in a continuous process mode about 1,800 tonnes of loose clips and shredded stamping plant scrap; this scrap typically has residual zinc below 0.05% and sodium dragout below 0.001%. This paper reviews caustic dezincing pilot plant performance and economics.
Magnetostriction and surface-energy-induced selective grain growth in rolled Galfenol doped with sulfur (2005)

The surface-energy-induced selective grain growth with a specific surface plane can be governed in polycrystalline (Fe<sub>81.3</sub>Ga<sub>18.7</sub>) + 0.5at.%B alloys doped with sulfur by controlling the segregation of sulfur through conventional rolling and texture annealing, where boron improves ductility due to suppressing grain boundary fracture during rolling process. The textured sheet, which was annealed at 1200°C for 2h under flowing argon and then quenched in water, exhibits a maximum magnetostriction of about 200 ppm along the rolling direction. During an argon annealing process, a convex profile in magnetostriction as a function of annealing time is formed. As the annealing temperature increases, the observed peak in the convex profiles shifts to less annealing time and also narrows. As-rolled (Fe<sub>81.3</sub>Ga<sub>18.7</sub>) + 0.5 at.%B + 0.005 at.%S sheets with large amounts of sub-grain which most likely have been deformed by the rolling process have some {100} and {111} grains parallel to the rolling direction. While texture annealing appears to eliminate the majority of the sub-grains present to below 1% of sub-structured or deformed area in the sheet annealed at 1200°C for 2h. From a texture standpoint the some clustered {100} poles were found and ~25° away from the rolling direction. And the {100} poles are centered right on the rolling direction for the highly textured subset.
Adaptive antenna array with no phase calibration for CDMA reverse link (2002)

This paper describes an inexpensive as well as efficient adaptive antenna array processor for a code division multiple access (CDMA) wireless communications system, e.g., 3/sup rd/ generation (3G) CDMA2000 or W-CDMA system. Separate channel estimation is not required in this paper while it has been used for a CDMA system with a conventional adaptive antenna array. In addition, the phase distortions due to the different radio frequency (RF) mixers can be compensated automatically in this paper. Thus, separate phase calibration is not necessary for an adaptive antenna array processor if the reverse link demodulation is concerned. Furthermore, bit error rate (BER) performance of a CDMA system with the adaptive algorithm in this paper can be smaller than that with a conventional algorithm under fading and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) environments.
An RF variable gain amplifier with linear-in-dB gain steps and automatic power consumption optimization (2009)

This paper describes a novel power optimized RF amplifier with linear in dB gain steps. Using basic P-N junction diode in 45 nm CMOS process the implemented VGA provides large dynamic range with accurate linear-in-dB gain steps. The gain steps of the VGA do not depend on process variation and has a predictable variation across temperature. The VGA also has an automatic power reduction mechanism which reduces power consumption at low VGA gain.
The IBM Submission to the 2006 Blizzard Text-to-Speech Challenge (2006)

In this paper, we present two concatenative text-to-speech systems built from the “Blizzard Challenge” speech databases. The two systems differ primarily in their segment selection cost function. One system has our baseline cost function, and the other has a cost function which has been altered to potentially better handle small datasets. Results indicate that both systems perform similarly in terms of MOS and intelligibility.
Exploring the Frequency Stability Limits of Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators for Metrological Applications (2012)

Whispering gallery mode resonators are attracting increasing interest as promising frequency reference cavities. Unlike commonly used Fabry-Perot cavities, however, they are filled with a bulk medium whose properties have a significant impact on the stability of its resonance frequencies. In this context that has to be reduced to a minimum. On the other hand, a small monolithic resonator provides opportunity for better stability against vibration and acceleration. this feature is essential when the cavity operates in a non-laboratory environment. In this paper, we report a case study for a crystalline resonator, and discuss the a pathway towards the inhibition of vibration-and acceleration-induced frequency fluctuations.
Chemo-Enzymatic Synthesis of <sup>13</sup>C Labeled Complex N-Glycans As Internal Standards for the Absolute Glycan Quantification by Mass Spectrometry (2015)

Methods for the absolute quantification of glycans are needed in glycoproteomics, during development and production of biopharmaceuticals and for the clinical analysis of glycan disease markers. Here we present a strategy for the chemo-enzymatic synthesis of (13)C labeled N-glycan libraries and provide an example for their use as internal standards in the profiling and absolute quantification of mAb glycans by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. A synthetic biantennary glycan precursor was (13)C-labeled on all four amino sugar residues and enzymatically derivatized to produce a library of 15 glycan isotopologues with a mass increment of 8 Da over the natural products. Asymmetrically elongated glycans were accessible by performing enzymatic reactions on partially protected UV-absorbing intermediates, subsequent fractionation by preparative HPLC, and final hydrogenation. Using a preformulated mixture of eight internal standards, we quantified the glycans in a monoclonal therapeutic antibody with excellent precision and speed.
Effect of molecular-beam epitaxy growth conditions on GaAs–AlGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor performance: Beryllium incorporation and device reliability (1992)

We have studied the effect of molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) growth conditions on the performance and reliability of npn GaAs–AlGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). Wafers grown under normal conditions yield devices with high current gain, but suffer premature failure due to interstitial beryllium diffusion from the base into the graded AlGaAs emitter. Wafers grown with high arsenic/gallium flux ratio and reduced substrate temperature during base deposition have high current gain, and are extremely reliable. Mean time to failure, as defined by a 10% reduction in original current gain, is ≳ 108 h at 125 °C junction temperature for devices grown using conditions optimized for device reliability. We believe the ability to produce high reliability HBTs by MBE is vital to future applications of this technology.