gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accurate Method To Quantify Binding in Supramolecular Chemistry (2013)

An approach for accurate and comparable measurement of host-guest binding affinities is introduced whereby differences in binding strength (ΔlogKass values) are measured between two host molecules toward a particular guest under identical solvent conditions. Measuring differences instead of absolute values enables obtaining highly accurate results, because many of the uncertainty sources (the solvation/association state of the guest in solution, deviations in solvent composition, etc.) cancel out. As a proof of concept, this method was applied to the measurement of the binding strength of 28 synthetic anion receptors toward acetate in acetonitrile containing 0.5% water. The receptors included differently substituted indolocarbazoles, ureas, thioureas, and some others. Possible deprotonation of more acidic receptors of each compound class by acetate was checked by measuring their acidities (ΔpKa values) relative to acetic acid in the same solvent. A self-consistent (consistency standard deviation 0.04 log units) binding affinity scale ranging for around 2.7 log units was constructed from the results. Absolute logKass values were found by anchoring the scale to the absolute logKass values of two receptor molecules, determined independently by direct measurements. This new approach is expected to find use in accurate quantification of a wide range of binding processes relevant to supramolecular chemistry.
A Noise Reduction Method Based on a Statistical Test of High Dimensional Pixel Vectors for Dynamic and Volumetric Images (2005)

A noise reduction method applicable for dynamic and three-dimensional imaging modalities was evaluated. We applied our method to images obtained by CT, MRI, SPECT, angiography, and numerical phantom data, and measured the reduction of image noise. The standard deviation of the noise was reduced to 12–13% in a numerical dynamic phantom, 35–46% in dynamic CT, 19%-23% in a dynamic scintigram, 6–8% in dynamic SPECT, 13–15% in volumetric MRI of PVA resolution phantom, 12–17% in volumetric MRI of a PVA head phantom, and 50–53% in angiography of a moving phantom. The method reduced noise effectively, while spatial and temporal resolution remained satisfactory.
Concise encyclopedia of wood & wood-based materials (1989)

The Concise Encyclopedias draw relevant articles from Encyclopedia of Materials Science and Engineering, the only complete reference work in this rapidly developing field. Where necessary, articles have been revised and new articles have been commissioned to provide current accounts of most recent developments in each area. Copublished with Pergamon Press.All aspects of wood as a material are covered extensively in this concise encyclopedia, including descriptions of major commercial wood species of world, availability and economics of timber resources, fundamental properties and behavior, factors causing deterioration and their control, and principal methods of processing. The encyclopedia also discusses wood based materials, such as particleboard, plywood, hardboard, and paper, and woody materials, such as bamboo and rattan.
Simplified Model Reference-Based Autotuningfor Digitally Controlled SMPS (2008)

This paper presents a closed-loop self-tuning technique for digitally controlled dc-dc switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) based on proportional-integral-derivative (PID) regulators, which derives from the more general model reference autotuning techniques. After briefly discussing an open loop, model-reference based tuning technique, a closed-loop solution is presented in which a perturbation frequency generated digitally is injected into the control loop and superimposed to the duty cycle command. The tuning is performed elaborating the signals right before and right after the injection point, and adjusting the PID parameters until predefined bandwidth and phase margin targets are obtained. The proposed approach allows for a robust and repeatable tuning, mainly because of the high resolution and dynamics available at the signal injection point. Moreover, the tuning is performed maintaining the closed-loop configuration, thus ensuring voltage regulation even during the PID adjustment, this being a fundamental constraint for most electronic equipments. The proposed technique is simple from the signal processing point of view, since it requires a few integrations, multiplications and phase-shift; further simplified implementations by employing nonsinusoidal perturbation waveforms like square-wave or triangular signals are also proposed. The approach is first discussed for two-parameters PI and PD regulators, and successively extended to PID structures, for which two possible implementations are proposed. The effectiveness of the tuning approach is verified by means of computer simulations and experimental tests carried out on a digital signal processor platform interfaced with a prototype point-of-load converter. The complexity of an HDL-implementation of the tuning hardware for field programmable gate array platforms is also discussed.
Second-harmonic generation in Langmuir–Blodgett monolayers of stilbazium salt and phenylhydrazone dyes (1988)

The second-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities χ(2) of several phenylhydrazone and stilbazium salt dyes in Langmuir–Blodgett monolayers have been determined from second-harmonic-generation measurements. Three of the substances demonstrated χ(2) values greater than 10−6 electrostatic units, although two of the three did not absorb light significantly at the second-harmonic wavelength.
Comparison of clinical, virologic and pathologic features in patients with acute hepatitis B and C (2001)

The manifestations of mild clinical symptoms, lower mean serum transaminases and bilirubin levels, a lesser degree of histological periportal necroinflammation, and more patients with a high circulatory viral load among the acute hepatitis C patients, may lead to more of that group developing chronicity than patients with acute hepatitis B.
Titrated extract of<i>Centella asiatica</i>increases hair inductive property through inhibition of STAT signaling pathway in three-dimensional spheroid cultured human dermal papilla cells (2017)

Dermal papilla (DP) is a pivotal part of hair follicle, and the smaller size of the DP is related with the hair loss. In this study, we investigated the effect of titrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) on hair growth inductive property on 3D spheroid cultured human DP cells (HDP cells). Significantly increased effect of TECA on cell viability was only shown in 3D sphered HPD cells, not in 2D cultured HDP cells. Also, TECA treatment increased the sphere size of HDP cells. The luciferase activity of STAT reporter genes and the expression of STAT-targeted genes, SOCS1 and SOCS3, were significantly decreased. Also, TECA treatment increased the expression of the hair growth-related signature genes in 3D sphered HDP cells. Furthermore, TECA led to downregulation of the level of phosphorylated STAT proteins in 3D sphered HDP cells. Overall, TECA activates the potential of hair inductive capacity in HDP cells.
A 1 V multi-gigahertz RF mixer core in 0.5 μm CMOS (2002)

This RF down conversion mixer core uses a mechanism different from those used in mixer designs. Here, mixing is in a single MOS transistor by applying RF and local oscillator (LO) signals to the front-gate and the back-gate of the device, respectively. Problems normally associated with integrated active mixers are avoided. No explicit signal conversion takes place at RF in this circuit and there is no internal node or path (other than ports directly driven by RF or LO) where desired signal is at RF. The effect of parasitics is minimized. Consequently, the conversion gain can be increased significantly. With no stack-up circuit components, supply voltage is reduced, enabling operation at 1 V with a standard threshold voltage process. By reducing circuit complexity along the RF signal path, effects of noise, loss, and leakage are minimized.
Enantiodivergent Total Syntheses of (+)- and (−)-Scopadulcic Acid A (1999)

The first enantioselective total synthesis of scopadulcic acid A is described. The key step is a cascade intramolecular Heck reaction of a methylenecycloheptene iodide, which generates the B, C, and D rings of the scopadulan ring system in 90% yield as a single stereoisomer. A distinctive feature of these syntheses is the use of stereoselective enolization to dictate which enantiomer of the natural product is produced.
The immunosuppressive activity of<i>Ascaris suum</i>is due to high molecular weight components (1998)

The role of isolated components obtained by gel filtration chromatography of Ascaris suum body extract (Asc) on the modulation of the immune response to ovalbumin (OvA) was evaluated and correlated with the immunogenic properties of such components. We showed that high (PI), but not low (PIII), molecular weight components have the ability to inhibit OvA-induced immediate and DTH reactions, lymph node (LN) cell proliferation, cytokine (IL-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-4 and IL-10) and antibody (IgG1, IgG2a, IgM and IgE) production in mice concomitantly immunized with OvA and these high mol. wt components. The pattern of cytokines synthesized in response to PI or PIII was totally different: the former induced more IL-4 and IL-10 and the latter more IL-2 and IFN-gamma. The levels of Asc-specific IgG1 antibodies were higher in mice immunized with OvA plus PI and IgG2a anti-Asc antibodies predominated in those immunized with PIII. IgE antibody production, however, was low in the former group of mice. These results indicate that the high mol. wt components present in the body extract from the helminth A. suum are responsible for its suppressive effect upon Th1- and Th2-dependent immune responses to an unrelated antigen. The suppression of the Th1-dependent parameters could be related to high-level expression of IL-4 and IL-10 induced by such components.
Ocular Hypotensive Effects of an Intratracheally Delivered Liposomal Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Preparation in Rats (2006)

This study investigated the effect of an intratracheal (i.t.) administration of a liposome-entrapped Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (LTHC) preparation on intraocular pressure (IOP) in nonanaesthetized Brown Norway rats. The ocular hypotensive effects of i.t. LTHC were compared to that of intraperitoneal (i.p.) LTHC administration. All i.t. LTHC doses >0.05 mg/kg significantly decreased IOP (P < 0.05) within 30 min of administration, and doses of i.t. LTHC >0.1 mg/kg decreased IOP within 15 min of administration. A maximal reduction in IOP of 2.32 +/- 0.27 mmHg (n = 4) was seen with 1.0 mg/kg of i.t. LTHC. In comparison, no significant IOP drop was apparent prior to 30 min with all doses (0.01-1.0 mg/kg) of i.p. LTHC tested, although a similar maximum drop in IOP (2.15 +/- 0.12 mmHg; n = 8) was obtained with 1.0 mg/kg of LTHC. The ED(50) for i.t. and i.p. LTHC was 0.08 mg/kg and 0.12 mg/kg, respectively. The IOP-lowering effects of i.p. LTHC (0.2 mg/kg) were reduced by 14% and 80% by 0.25 mg/kg (n = 6) and 2.5 mg/kg (n = 6), respectively, of the CB1R antagonist, SR141716A. In conclusion, i.t. LTHC was superior to i.p. LTHC in producing a more rapid and potent decrease in IOP. The IOP-lowering effect of LTHC was blocked by the CB1R-selective antagonist, SR141716A, suggesting that CB1Rs contribute to the ocular hypotensive effect of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol.
Inhibition of autophagy enhances the effects of the <scp>AKT</scp> inhibitor <scp>MK</scp>‐2206 when combined with paclitaxel and carboplatin in <i><scp>BRAF</scp></i> wild‐type melanoma (2014)

This study investigates the mechanism of action behind the long-term responses (12-16 months) of two BRAF WT melanoma patients to the AKT inhibitor MK-2206 in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin. Although single agent MK-2206 inhibited phospho-AKT signaling, it did not impact in vitro melanoma growth or survival. The combination of MK-2206 with paclitaxel and carboplatin was cytotoxic in long-term colony formation and 3D spheroid assays, and induced autophagy. Autophagy was initially protective with autophagy inhibitors and deletion of ATG5 found to enhance cytotoxicity. Although prolonged autophagy induction (>6 days) led to caspase-dependent apoptosis, drug resistant clones still emerged. Autophagy inhibition enhanced the cell death response through reactive oxygen species and could be reversed by anti-oxidants. We demonstrate for the first time that AKT inhibition in combination with chemotherapy may have clinical activity in BRAF WT melanoma and show that an autophagy inhibitor may prevent resistance to these drugs.
Electrical characteristics of GaN implanted with Si+ at elevated temperatures (2005)

Si + implantation at multiple ion energies (30–360keV) into GaN for n-type doping was carried out at substrate temperatures from 27 to 700°C, followed by annealing at 1150–1400°C for 5min. At total doses of 2.0×1014cm−2 (corresponding to an approximately uniform Si concentration of ∼4×1018cm−3), the use of elevated implant temperature does not produce improved electrical characteristics. For anneal temperatures below ∼1300°C, the resulting sheet resistance of the GaN implanted at 700°C was approximately a factor of 2 higher than for room-temperature implantation, mainly through a lower sheet carrier density. At the higher annealing temperatures (&gt;1300°C), elevated implant temperature produced similar sheet resistances to implantation carried out at room temperature. For annealing at 1300°C, the lowest sheet resistances (&lt;700Ω∕◻) and highest activation efficiencies (∼65%) were obtained for implant temperatures &lt;400°C. The most plausible explanation is that at these doses, SiGa (i.e., donor state) site occupation is not a strong function of the initial amount of damage created by the implantation.
A Diagnostic and Therapeutic N-of-1 Randomized Trial (1993)

The objective of this paper is to study the effect of amitriptyline on a young woman with symptoms of lightheadedness, palpitations, somnolence and fatigue. We conducted a single case (N-of-1) randomized trial including three pairs of treatment periods. Each pair included one four-week period when the patient was receiving amitriptyline and one four-week period when the patient was receiving placebo. The clinical setting was a secondary care internal medicine practice. During active treatment periods, amitriptyline was given in a dose of 100 mg each evening. Efficacy symptoms included lightheadedness, headaches and somnolence/fatigue. Side-effects of dry mouth and constipation were also monitored. Each symptom was rated on a seven point scale in which higher numbers denoted fewer symptoms. For the combined efficacy score, the mean difference in scores and the associated standard error was in favour of amitriptyline. The most profound effect was on sleepiness. These differences represent clinically important treatment effects. Dry mouth and constipation were worse on the active drug, but differences did not reach statistical significance. Our experience suggests the usefulness of N-of-1 randomized trials in outpatient medical practice, including psychiatric practice.
Scratch formation and its mechanism in chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) (2013)

Abstract Chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) has become one of the most critical processes in semiconductor device fabrication to achieve global planarization. To achieve an efficient global planarization for device node dimensions of less than 32 nm, a comprehensive understanding of the physical, chemical, and tribo-mechanical/chemical action at the interface between the pad and wafer in the presence of a slurry medium is essential. During the CMP process, some issues such as film delamination, scratching, dishing, erosion, and corrosion can generate defects which can adversely affect the yield and reliability. In this article, an overview of material removal mechanism of CMP process, investigation of the scratch formation behavior based on polishing process conditions and consumables, scratch formation mechanism and the scratch inspection tools were extensively reviewed. The advantages of adopting the filtration unit and the jet spraying of water to reduce the scratch formation have been reviewed. The current research trends in the scratch formation, based on modeling perspective were also discussed.
On the stereochemistry of the oxidation of 5-phenyl-2-thiaadamantane (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOn the stereochemistry of the oxidation of 5-phenyl-2-thiaadamantaneAshis K. Mukherjee and William J. le NobleCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 27, 7955–7957Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00079a056https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00079a056research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views104Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Crystal structure of <i>Escherichia coli</i> RNase HI in complex with Mg<sup>2+</sup> at 2.8 Å resolution: Proof for a single Mg<sup>2+</sup>‐binding site (1993)

To obtain more precise insight into the Mg(2+)-binding site essential for RNase HI catalytic activity, we have determined the crystal structure of E. coli RNase HI in complex with Mg2+. The analyzed cocrystal, which is not isomorphous with the Mg(2+)-free crystal previously refined at 1.48 A resolution, was grown at a high MgSO4 concentration more than 100 mM so that even weakly bound Mg2+ sites could be identified. The structure was solved by the molecular replacement method, using the Mg(2+)-free crystal structure as a search model, and was refined to give a final R-value of 0.190 for intensity data from 10 to 2.8 A, using the XPLOR and PROLSQ programs. The backbone structures are in their entirety very similar to each other between the Mg(2+)-bound and the metal-free crystals, except for minor regions in the enzyme interface with the DNA/RNA hybrid. The active center clearly revealed a single Mg2+ atom located at a position almost identical to that previously found by the soaking method. Although the two metal-ion mechanism had been suggested by another group (Yang, W., Hendrickson, W.A., Crouch, R.J., Satow, Y. Science 249:1398-1405, 1990) and partially supported by the crystallographic study of inactive HIV-1 RT RNase H fragment (Davies, J.F., II, Hostomska, Z., Hostomsky, Z., Jordan, S.R., Matthews, D. Science 252:88-95, 1991), the present result excludes the possibility that RNase HI requires two metal-binding sites for activity. In contrast to the features in the metal-free enzyme, the side chains of Asn-44 and Glu-48 are found to form coordinate bonds with Mg2+ in the metal-bound crystal.
Alternative Construction: Contemporary Natural Building Methods (2000)

DESIGN PRINCIPLES. A New Context for Building Codes and Regulation (D. Eisenberg). Natural Conditioning of Buildings (K. Haggard, et al.). Structural Properties of Alternative Building Materials (B. King). SYSTEMS AND MATERIALS. Adobe (M. Moquin). Cob (M. Smith). Rammed Earth (D. Easton). Modular Contained Earth (J. Kennedy, et al.). Light Clay (R. Laporte & F. Andresen). Straw-Bale (K. Lerner, et al.). Bamboo (D. DeBoer & K. Bareis). Earthen Finishes (C. Crews, et al.). APPLICATIONS. Integrated Systems with Rammed Earth (M. Webster-Mannison). Straw, Clay, and Carrizo (B. Steen & A. Steen). Light-Clay House Additions (L. Host-Jablonski). Variations on Earthbag (K. Hunter, et al.). The Value of Indigenous Ways (C. Nelson). Building Technology Transfer (K. Lerner, et al.). Epilogue: Finding the Soul of Natural Building (T. Bender). Appendices. About the Contributors. Index.
Co-assembled thin films of Ag nanowires and functional nanoparticles at the liquid–liquid interface by shaking (2013)

In this paper, we report the fabrication of co-assembled thin films composed of silver nanowires (NWs) and Au nanoparticles (NPs) at the liquid-liquid interface (water-chloroform) by vigorous shaking. The composition of co-assembled thin films can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of the nanosized building blocks. As a versatile interfacial assembly method, other nanoparticles such as Ag2S and Fe3O4 NPs can also be co-assembled with Ag NWs using the same procedure. Meanwhile, the co-assembly state of the obtained Au NPs and Ag NWs makes a significant contribution to the high sensitivity of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to model the molecule 3,3'-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DTTCI). The SERS intensities show high dependence on the molar ratio of Au NPs and Ag NWs and the layer number of the co-assembled thin films. This shaking-assisted liquid-liquid assembly system has been proved to be a facile way for co-assembling nanowires and nanoparticles, and will pave a way for further applications of the macroscopic co-assemblies with novel functionalities.
Diagnosis of human preimplantation embryo viability (2015)

New algorithms are being created for embryo selection based on their developmental kinetics in culture, and the impact of factors such as patient etiology and treatment are being clarified. Potential links between morphokinetic data and embryo karyotype are being elucidated. The introduction of new molecular methods of determining embryo chromosomal complement is proving to be accurate and reproducible, with the future trending toward CGH arrays or next generation sequencing as a rapid and reliable means of analysis, that should be suitable for each IVF clinic to adopt. A relationship between embryo metabolism and viability is established and is now being considered together with morphokinetic data to create more robust algorithms for embryo selection. Microfluidic devices have the capacity and potential to be used in human IVF clinics for the routine diagnosis of embryo biomarkers.
<i>E</i>‐plane waveguide filters with partially filled dielectrics for wide bandwidth (2001)

Abstract A partially dielectric‐filled waveguide bifurcation structure is proposed to realize wideband bandpass filters. By using modal expansion and matching the tangential fields at the discontinuity, a variational expression for the input admittance is obtained. The Ritz method is used to form a group of linear equations from which the actual admittance can be obtained; then the equivalent‐circuit parameters of the discontinuity are achieved. It is confirmed that the structure is capable of realizing wideband filters. A numerical analysis of a filter example is conducted to justify the validity. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 175–177, 2001.