gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Ionic Liquids (2017)

Ionic liquids (ILs) are normally defined as compounds completely composed of ions with melting point below 100 °C. The first IL (ethylammonium nitrate) was reported by Paul Walden in 1914, who at that time never realized that ILs would become a major scientific area after almost one century. Actually, ILs as innovative fluids have received wide attention only during the past two decades. The number of SCI papers published on ILs has exponentially increased from a few in 1996 to >5000 in 2016, exceeding the annual growth rates of other popular scientific areas. This indicates that more and more researchers are engaged in studying this exciting area, with the outcomes being plentiful. A multidisciplinary study on ILs is emerging, including chemistry, materials science, chemical engineering, and environmental science. More specifically, some important fundamental viewpoints are now different from the original concepts, as insights into the nature of ILs become deeper. For example, the physicochemical properties of ILs are now recognized as ranging broadly from the oft quoted “nonvolatile, non-flammable, and air and water stable” to those that are distinctly volatile, flammable, and unstable. This is attributed to numerous combinations of cations and anions that meet the definition of ILs, leading to a diverse suite of behaviors. Regardless, ILs remain more desirable than conventional volatile solvents and/or catalysts in many physical and chemical processes, often exhibiting “green” and “designer” properties to a useful degree.
Viewing direction estimation based on 3D eyeball construction for HRI (2010)

Natural human-robot interaction requires leveraging viewing direction information in order to recognize, respond to, and even emulate human behavior. Knowledge of the eye gaze and point of regard gives us insight into what the subject is interested in and/or who the subject is addressing. In this paper, we present a novel eye gaze estimation approach for point-of-regard (PoG) tracking. To allow for greater head pose freedom, we introduce a new calibration approach to find the 3D eyeball location, eyeball radius, and fovea position. To estimate gaze direction, we map both the iris center and iris contour points to the eyeball sphere (creating a 3D iris disk), giving us the optical axis. We then rotate the fovea accordingly and compute our final, visual axis gaze direction. Our intention is to integrate this eye gaze approach with a dual-camera system we have developed that detects the face and eyes from a fixed, wide-angle camera and directs another active pan-tilt-zoom camera to focus in on this eye region. The final system will permit natural, non-intrusive, pose-invariant PoG estimation in distance and allow user translational freedom without resorting to infrared equipment or complex hardware setups.
Methods for labeling .beta.-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (2023)

A method for labeling .beta.-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in vivo and in vitro, comprises contacting a compound of formula (I): ##STR1## with mammalian tissue. In formula (I), R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of --C(O)-alkyl, --C(O)-alkylenyl-R.sub.4, --C(O)O-alkyl, --C(O)O-alkylenyl-R.sub.4, --C.dbd.C(CN).sub.2 -alkyl, --C.dbd.C(CN).sub.2 -alkylenyl-R.sub.4, ##STR2## R.sub.4 is a radical selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl and substituted aryl; R.sub.5 is a radical selected from the group consisting of --NH.sub.2, --OH, --SH, --NH-alkyl, --NHR.sub.4, --NH-alkylenyl-R.sub.4, --O-alkyl, --O-alkylenyl-R.sub.4, --S-alkyl, and --S-alkylenyl-R.sub.4 ; R.sub.6 is a radical selected from the group consisting of --CN, --COOH, --C(O)O-alkyl, --C(O)O-alkylenyl-R.sub.4, --C(O)-alkyl, --C(O)-alkylenyl-R.sub.4, --C(O)-halogen, --C(O)NH, --C(O)NH-alkyl, --C(O)NH-alkylenyl-R.sub.4 ; R.sub.7 is a radical selected from the group consisting of O, NH, and S; and R.sub.8 is N, O or S. R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and alkylenyl-R.sub.10, wherein R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of --OH, --OTs, halogen, spiperone, spiperone ketal and spiperone-3-yl. Alternatively, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 together form a heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with at least one radical selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, OH, OTs, halogen, alkylenyl-R.sub.10, carbonyl, spiperone, spiperone ketal and spiperone-3-yl. In the compounds of formula (I), one or more of the hydrogen, halogen or carbon atoms can, optionally, be replaced with a radiolabel.
Hardwired Paeth codec for portable network graphics (PNG) (1999)

This paper describes an execution unit capable of computing the Paeth predictor, as used in the portable network graphics (PNG) standard. PNG is a rather new, lossless compression method for real-world pictures. It features five prediction schemes, of which the modified Paeth predictor is the most computational intensive. This paper focuses on a hardware implementation of the Paeth predictor and a hardware Paeth codec capable of computing three different quantities: the Paeth predictor of three inputs, the difference of the current pixel and the Paeth predictor of the other inputs (coding), and the sum of the coded input and the Paeth predictor of the other three inputs (decoding). The proposed Paeth codec takes two cycles, where a cycle is comparable to an general purpose ALU cycle. Depending on the mode of operation, the proposed mechanism produces the predictor or the (de/en)-coded pixel value.
Bilateral Primary Adrenal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Primary Adrenocortical Carcinoma - Review of the Literature Preoperative Differentiation of Adrenal Tumors (2008)

Most of the adrenal tumors that are incidentally detected are benign adenomas. The incidence of malignant adrenal tumors including adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) and primary adrenal lymphoma (PAL) is rather low. As many patients with ACC and PAL are diagnosed at an advanced stage of disease, the overall survival time of both entities remains poor. The therapeutic strategies for both entities differ. Thus an early differentiation between ACC and PAL is necessary. Unfortunately hitherto preoperative diagnosis of potentially malignant adrenal masses is still a main problem in the treatment of adrenal tumors. We present the case of a 57-year-old male patient with ACC and the case of an 87-year-old male patient with PAL and provide a systematic comparison of the clinical and pathological features of both entities. In both cases clinical and radiological features resulted in an initially false diagnosis. Primary surgical therapy was performed in both patients. The patient with PAL died five months after initial surgery. The patient with ACC showed tumor progression with local and systemic recurrence despite adjuvant therapy with mitotane and additional surgical therapy. Prognosis of patients with ACC and PAL seems to be dependant on the ability to start accurate treatment without any time delay. We propose some guidelines for diagnosis and surgical management of adrenal tumors.
Behandlung der Umlaute bei der Verarbeitung deutscher Texte unter UNIX / How to Handle German Umlauts when Processing Documents under UNIX (1988)

Article Behandlung der Umlaute bei der Verarbeitung deutscher Texte unter UNIX / How to Handle German Umlauts when Processing Documents under UNIX was published on January 1, 1988 in the journal it - Information Technology (volume 30, issue 1).
Caching in Base Station with Recommendation via Q-Learning (2017)

Proactive caching in base station (BS) is a promising way to leverage the human-behavior related information to boost the system throughput and improve user experience with low cost. Yet existing caching policies are "blind" to users, i.e., the users are unaware about whether the files to be requested are locally cached at the BS around them, whose performance will degrade in mobile systems due to the randomness of user behavior. For example, when a user stays in a cell where the BS caches the file to be requested later, the user may not initiate the request. When the user sends the request, it may have entered another cell where the BS does not cache the requested file. In this paper, we introduce a simple idea of informing the users about what the BS has cached to make local caching efficient, which can be regarded as a form of recommendation. Since the probabilities that the users request the files are unknown, we resort to Q-learning to perceive the request probability and the statistics of random arrival and departure of mobile users. Then, a cache replacement policy is optimized. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed policy with recommendation can provide higher long-term system reward than existing policies without recommendation.
Uso de riboflavina y radiación ultravioleta como adyuvante en el manejo de queratitis por Acanthamoeba. Caso clínico y revisión (2012)

Caso clinico: La queratitis por acanthamoeba se considera una de las patologias infecciosas mas severas de la cornea. La refractariedad terapeutica que presenta, la severa inflamacion asociada y el dano anatomico y funcional que ocasiona, conlleva una importante repercusion �en la mayoria de los casos� en la calidad de vida de los pacientes que la presentan.

La potente accion tisular oxidante del uso en cornea de la asociacion riboflavina y radiacion ultravioleta-A (B2/UVA), propuesta actual para el tratamiento del queratocono en estadios iniciales, ha demostrado ser de utilidad como tratamiento coadyuvante en queratitis bacterianas, y recientemente se ha propuesto su uso en las queratitis por acanthamoeba.

Presentamos el caso clinico de un paciente de 31 anos con queratitis por acanthamoeba refractaria al tratamiento, en el que se ha utilizado B2/UVA como terapia adyuvante previa a la realizacion de un trasplante de cornea. Tras un seguimiento de 18 meses el trasplante conserva la transparencia inicial, sin recidiva infecciosa y/o presencia de fenomenos inflamatorios.

Discusion: Creemos que el uso adyuvante de la asociacion B2/UVA ha contribuido al buen curso evolutivo del trasplante corneal realizado (18 meses de seguimiento). El uso de la microscopia confocal se muestra como una tecnica util tanto en el diagnostico como en el seguimiento de este tipo de patologia. Los estudios histopatologicos son indispensables para la confirmacion de la presencia de acanthamoebas en alguna de sus formas, asi como para cuantificar la eficacia del tratamiento propuesto valorando la cornea extraida.
Representing Urban Development Plans and Regulations as Data: A Planning Data Model (2005)

Using plans and regulations when making decisions about urban development requires access to the many plans and regulations of many different organizations, both private and public. Current information technologies, the Internet and the World Wide Web in particular, make access to data from such disparate sources feasible. Using these technologies to implement a ‘system of plans’ approach to urban development planning will, however, require a widely shared data model for structuring the content and meanings of plans and regulations and a widely shared language, based on this data model. This paper presents an initial version of a planning data model (PDM), several use cases that set the scope of such a data model, and illustrations of how the current version of the PDM supports these use cases. Further work can build on this data model, including an XML (extensible Markup Language) implementation for sharing the information. These tools will enable urban development decisionmakers to conceive of planning as involving many actors whose many plans can provide useful and usable information.
FAST Is a Survival Protein That Senses Mitochondrial Stress and Modulates TIA-1-Regulated Changes in Protein Expression (2004)

The Fas-activated serine/threonine phosphoprotein (FAST) is tethered to the outer mitochondrial membrane, where it interacts with BCL-X(L) (17). Here we show that RNA interference-mediated knockdown of endogenous FAST results in apoptosis, whereas overexpressed recombinant FAST inhibits Fas- and UV-induced apoptosis, indicating that FAST is a survival protein. The antiapoptotic effects of FAST are regulated by interactions with the translational silencer TIA-1: a FAST mutant lacking its TIA-1-binding domain does not inhibit apoptosis, and overexpressed recombinant TIA-1 inhibits the antiapoptotic effects of FAST. Because the antiapoptotic effects of FAST require ongoing protein synthesis, we hypothesized that FAST might function by preventing TIA-1-mediated silencing of mRNAs encoding inhibitors of apoptosis. Consistent with this hypothesis, FAST promotes the expression of cotransfected reporter proteins, a process that requires its TIA-1-binding domain and is inhibited by overexpressed recombinant TIA-1. More compellingly, recombinant FAST increases the expression of endogenous cIAP-1 and XIAP, but not GAPDH, in transfected HeLa cells. Because FAST is released from mitochondria in cells undergoing Fas- or UV-induced apoptosis, we propose that FAST serves as a sensor of mitochondrial stress that modulates a TIA-1-regulated posttranscriptional stress response program.
Inhibition of myeloperoxidase by benzoic acid hydrazides (1995)

Myeloperoxidase is the most abundant protein in neutrophils and catalyses the conversion of H2O2 and chloride into HOCl. To help clarify the role of this enzyme in bacterial killing and inflammation, a specific and potent inhibitor needs to be identified. We have studied a series of benzoic acid hydrazides and found that in general they inhibit the peroxidation activity of myeloperoxidase with an IC50 value of less than 10 microM. The IC50 values of derivatives with substituents containing oxygen or nitrogen were related to their Hammett substituent constants. This indicates that myeloperoxidase oxidizes the hydrazide group of these compounds, and the degree to which they inhibit the enzyme is dependent on the ease of their oxidation. Unsubstituted benzoic acid hydrazide and its 4-chloro derivative were poor inhibitors of peroxidation. Thus it is likely that hydrogen-bonding of the enzyme to substituents containing oxygen or nitrogen increases the binding affinity of the hydrazides and enhances their oxidation by myeloperoxidase. 4-Aminobenzoic acid hydrazide (ABAH) was the most potent inhibitor of peroxidation. It irreversibly inhibited HOCl production by the purified enzyme, having an IC50 value of 0.3 microM. With neutrophils stimulated with opsonized zymosan or phorbol myristate acetate, ABAH inhibited HOCl production by up to 90% and the IC50 values were 16 microM and 2.2 microM respectively. In the presence of superoxide dismutase, these values decreased to 6.4 microM and 0.6 microM respectively. ABAH had no effect on superoxide radical (O2-.) production and degranulation by neutrophils, nor did it inhibit catalase or glutathione peroxidase. Thus ABAH is an effective and selective inhibitor that should be useful for determining the contribution of myeloperoxidase to oxidant-mediated reactions of neutrophils.
Physiological data feedback for application in distance education (2001)

This paper describes initial experiments collecting physiological data from subjects performing computer tasks. A prototype realtime Emotion Mouse collected skin temperature, galvanic skin response (GSR), and heartbeat data. Possible applications to distance education, and a second-generation system are discussed.
A Fast Successive Cancellation List Decoder for Polar Codes With an Early Stopping Criterion (2018)

The successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding is the most powerful decoding algorithm for polar codes. However, the long latency makes it unsuitable for practical applications, and thus many algorithms have been presented to resolve the problem. While most of the previous algorithms have reduced the latency by pruning unnecessary operations in the middle of the process, this paper proposes an early stopping criterion. The proposed method can determine the minimum metric path without having to traverse the tree to the end if a special condition is satisfied at a certain point. The remaining bits located after the stopped bit position are decoded directly from the soft information. The simulation results show that the criterion reduces the decoding latency effectively for various code rates and list sizes without any performance loss. We also propose a hardware architecture that is efficient in realizing the proposed method. Compared to previous SCL decoding algorithms, the proposed decoder achieves 16% higher throughput and 12% improved area efficiency at an SNR of 5.0 dB when the list size is 4.
Validating the Interval to Biochemical Failure for the Identification of Potentially Lethal Prostate Cancer (2012)

IBF is the single most robust prognostic factor for PCM following RT without androgen deprivation therapy. This external validation demonstrates that patients and clinicians can use this information to make decisions about subsequent treatments.
Preferential Binding of Peptides to Graphene Edges and Planes (2011)

Peptides identified from combinatorial peptide libraries have been shown to bind to a variety of abiotic surfaces. Biotic-abiotic interactions can be exploited to create hybrid materials with interesting electronic, optical, or catalytic properties. Here we show that peptides identified from a combinatorial phage display peptide library assemble preferentially to the edge or planar surface of graphene and can affect the electronic properties of graphene. Molecular dynamics simulations and experiments provide insight into the mechanism of peptide binding to the graphene edge.
Toward a Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Origin of Replication (2019)

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is widespread throughout the human population. Many of the traits responsible for this ubiquity also make AAV an exceptional gene delivery vehicle. However, the widespread nature of AAV creates the risk that recombinant AAV vectors could be mobilized into unintended tissues or the general population by wild type (wt) AAV replication machinery. Alarmingly, the majority of characterized AAV serotypes are capable of rescuing and replicating the AAV2-based vectors currently used in AAV clinical trials. There are a number of potential methods to prevent AAV vector mobilization. The origin of replication from a less prevalent human AAV serotype or a non-human serotype would decrease, but not eliminate, the risk of mobilization. Ultimately, AAV vectors must utilize an origin of replication incompatible with the Replication (Rep) proteins of any naturally occurring AAV serotype. Unfortunately, the nature of the AAV origin, the inverted terminal repeat (ITR), has been a barrier to understanding the mechanisms of replicative specificity necessary to synthesize a novel origin. By generating a panel of chimeric and mutant ITRs and Rep proteins between two serotypes of AAV, we have mapped two independent DNA-protein interfaces required to generate replicative specificity. In vivo replication assays demonstrated that for AAV2, three residues in the Rep active site are required to make specific contacts with the nicking site of ITR2. AAV5 has a unique interaction between a 12 nucleotide extended Rep binding element and a 49 amino acid region of Rep5 containing two DNA binding interfaces. Structural models display significant differences between serotypes in these regions. Understanding the separation of these elements led to the creation of a recombinant origin of replication with properties independent of either parent serotype. This novel origin stands to prevent AAV vector mobilization and expand our understanding of the basic mechanisms of AAV replication.
Fully complex diffractive optics by means of patterned diffuser arrays: encoding concept and implications for fabrication (1997)

Arbitrary complex-valued functions can be implemented as arrays of individually specified diffusers. For any diffuser, only average step height and vertical roughness are needed to control phase and amplitude. This modulation concept suggests potentially low-cost fabrication methods in which desired topographies are patterned by exposing photoresist with partially developed speckle patterns. Analyses and experimental demonstrations that illustrate the modulation concept and aspects of the fabrication method are presented, with particular emphasis on limitations of complex recording set by various photoresist and exposure properties. Applications of diffuser array concepts to spatial light modulators and to gray-scale lithographic printing of micro-optics are also mentioned.
Interplay Between the Toxic Effects of Anticancer Drugs and Host Antitumor Immunity in Cancer Therapy (1987)

The results accumulated thus far illustrate that the therapeutic efficacy of many anticancer drugs depends not only on the direct tumoricidal/tumoristatic activity of the drug but also on the contribution to tumor eradication of antitumor immunity which emerges after the chemotherapy. When a low dose of anticancer drug is employed, it reduces the tumor burden to a lesser extent than a high dose of drug. Consequently, in order for the low dose of drug to be as effective as a high dose of drug, antitumor immunity has to control a larger tumor burden than that controlled by the immune system following high-dose chemotherapy. This was shown to happen in several experimental tumor models wherein the low dose of drug greatly potentiated host antitumor immunity while the high dose of drug either potentiated host antitumor immunity to a lesser extent, did not potentiate it at all, or actually exerted a suppressive effect on host antitumor immunity. As a result of the immunopotentiating activity of the low dose of drug, tumor-bearing animals which did not exhibit concomitant antitumor immunity due to the inhibitory activity of suppressor cells, developed a very potent antitumor immunity shortly after the chemotherapy. The immunopotentiating effect of the low dose of drug was attributed in these situations to drug-mediated selective elimination of suppressor cell activity and possibly also to drug-mediated enhancement in the activity of T cells of the helper phenotype through elevation in IL-2 production. Antitumor immunity can also facilitate the therapeutic effectiveness of high-dose chemotherapy. Therefore, it is important to determine the conditions under which high-dose chemotherapy can also potentiate host antitumor immunity. From the rodent data available, the picture emerges that the maturity of antitumor immunity at the time of the chemotherapy is an important factor in determining if the high dose of drug leads to immunosuppression or immunopotentiation. When a high dose of drug is administered to tumor bearers with a fully developed antitumor immune response, it is more likely to lead to potentiation of host antitumor immunity than when the high dose of drug is administered to tumor bearers that have not yet achieved the full maturity of their antitumor immune response. In order to achieve the maximal enhancement of antitumor immunity in hitherto immunosuppressed tumor bearers, the suppressor-cell pool should be more sensitive to the toxic effects of the anticancer drugs than are cells involved in immune-tumor eradication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Damping of High-Frequency Oscillations in Power Devices Using Optimized Snubber Circuits (2018)

Attenuation of parasitic high-frequency oscillations within modern fast switching power devices is of great practically importance. Particularly, such resonances lead to electromagnetic interference as well as voltage and current overshoot. Therefore, integration of snubber circuits is well established. In this work an optimized damping method is presented by using snubbers with matched resonant frequency. Here, accurate and easy-to-use design rules are analytically derived for both resistor inductor and resistor capacitor snubber circuits. Pareto efficient snubber realizations are calculated for a specific example. The validity of the derived formulas is well confirmed by measurements.