gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MRI Reveals Connectivity of Cortical Lesions to White Matter Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis. (P6.107) (2015)

Background: The relationship between cortical (CLs) and white matter lesions (WMLs) in MS is poorly understood, Pathological studies support a topographical association between CLs and underlying subcortical WMLs, and suggest CLs may play a role in both disease initiation and progression. Objective: We hypothesized that CLs may determine the location of WMLs via pathways originating from CLs, We assessed this connectivity by MRI combining double inversion recovery (DIR) with diffusion tensor imaging. Methods: Relapsing-remitting MS patients and controls were scanned at 3 Tesla. Two raters identified CLs on DIR according to current consensus criteria. WMLs and CLs were used as individual seeds for tractography. Connectivity between WML and CLs was characterized in each patient. By using WMLs as seeding points, cortical area maps were created, designating “connected” and “non-connected” cortical areas. In controls, WML seeds were derived from matched MS patients. Using automated cluster analysis we identified non-specific cortical DIR-hyperintensities in all subjects, creating a comparator dataset to the rater selected CLs. The fraction of CLs in connected and non-connected cortex was compared between groups. Results: 28 MS patients and 25 controls (mean age 35.9 and 38.9) were included. On average 50[percnt] of CLs per MS patient were connected to WMLs for either rater and 79[percnt] of WMLs were connected to at least one other WML. Significantly elevated ratios of CLs (connected vs. non-connected cortex) were found (median 2.3 [IQR 1.4-5.0] and 2.7 [IQR 1.8-3.3]), compared to nonspecific cortical areas in MS (median 1.2 [IQR 0.9-1.3]; p<0.001) and controls (median 1.0 [IQR 0.8-1.2]; p<0.001). Conclusion: CLs on DIR are approximately 2.5 times as likely to be found in cortex that is connected to WMLs, providing evidence that CLs and WMLs are topographically related. There is also significant connectivity between WMLs. These findings are consistent with our hypothesis of CL-WML connectivity.
Vaccine protection of chickens against antigenically diverse H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza isolates with a live HVT vector vaccine expressing the influenza hemagglutinin gene derived from a clade 2.2 avian influenza virus (2015)

Vaccination is an important tool in the protection of poultry against avian influenza (AI). For field use, the overwhelming majority of AI vaccines produced are inactivated whole virus formulated into an oil emulsion. However, recombinant vectored vaccines are gaining use for their ability to induce protection against heterologous isolates and ability to overcome maternal antibody interference. In these studies, we compared protection of chickens provided by a turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vector vaccine expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene from a clade 2.2 H5N1 strain (A/swan/Hungary/4999/2006) against homologous H5N1 as well as heterologous H5N1 and H5N2 highly pathogenic (HP) AI challenge. The results demonstrated all vaccinated birds were protected from clinical signs of disease and mortality following homologous challenge. In addition, oral and cloacal swabs taken from challenged birds demonstrated that vaccinated birds had lower incidence and titers of viral shedding compared to sham-vaccinated birds. Following heterologous H5N1 or H5N2 HPAI challenge, 80-95% of birds receiving the HVT vector AI vaccine at day of age survived challenge with fewer birds shedding virus after challenge than sham vaccinated birds. In vitro cytotoxicity analysis demonstrated that splenic T lymphocytes from HVT-vector-AI vaccinated chickens recognized MHC-matched target cells infected with H5, as well as H6, H7, or H9 AI virus. Taken together, these studies provide support for the use of HVT vector vaccines expressing HA to protect poultry against multiple lineages of HPAI, and that both humoral and cellular immunity induced by live vaccines likely contributes to protection.
CD4+CD25+Regulatory T Cells in Transplantation: Progress, Challenges and Prospects (2007)

The involvement of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) in general immune homeostasis and protection from autoimmune syndromes is now well established. Similarly, there has been increasing evidence for Treg involvement in allograft rejection and current immunotherapies. However, despite significant advances in understanding the development, function, and therapeutic efficacy of Treg in certain well-defined rodent models, the relevance of Treg to clinical transplantation remains unclear. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the role of Treg in immunity and organ transplantation in experimental and clinical settings. In addition, we review advances in using Treg as a form of immune therapy. The goal is to highlight the complexities and opportunities in the field and to provide evidence to support the use of antigen-specific Tregs in the context of transplantation to facilitate a robust and selective state of immune tolerance.
Hardware Support for Prescient Instruction Prefetch (2004)

This paper proposes and evaluates hardware mechanisms for supporting prescient instruction prefetch — an approach to improving single-threaded application performance by using helper threads to perform instruction prefetch. We demonstrate the need for enabling store-to-load communication and selective instruction execution when directly pre-executing future regions of an application that suffer I-cache misses. Two novel hardware mechanisms, safe-store and YAT-bits, are introduced that help satisfy these requirements. This paper also proposes and evaluates .nite state machine recall, a technique for limiting pre-execution to branches that are hard to predict by leveraging a counted I-prefetch mechanism. On a research Itanium®SMT processor with next line and streaming I-prefetch mechanisms that incurs latencies representative of next generation processors, prescient instruction prefetch can improve performance by an average of 10.0% to 22% on a set of SPEC 2000 benchmarks that suffer significant I-cache misses. Prescient instruction prefetch is found to be competitive against even the most aggressive research hardware instruction prefetch technique: fetch directed instruction prefetch.
Increased x-ray production efficiency from transition radiators utilizing a multiple-pass electron beam (1998)

We have observed x-ray emission from transition radiators placed inside an electron storage ring. The radiators were thin (0.18–9 μm) and the electrons were of sufficient energy (118–252 MeV) so that the electrons passed through the radiators many times. This effectively increased the efficiency of the radiators (photons/electron). The electron-beam lifetime in the storage ring was measured, and used to determine the number of passes through each radiator. Multiple passes between 5 and 385 were observed, thus giving a corresponding increase in radiator efficiency. Five electron-beam energies (118, 151, 181, 213, and 252 MeV) were used on a variety of radiators consisting of both single and multiple foils and different materials (C, Al, Cu, Ta). The total output power and the spatial distribution of the x rays were measured. The emission pattern was the typical annular cone of transition radiation. Single-foil transition radiation was observed whose total output power was comparable to that of multiple-foil radiators composed of the same material. Thus, for this range of parameters, the product of the number of foils times the number of passes was a constant.
Biomimetic sliding mode control of a prosthetic hand (2010)

Two methods of control for a prosthetic hand are presented. A fairly typical force feedback controller is compared to a novel biomimetic application of sliding mode control. The two controllers are evaluated analytically and subjectively by six human test subjects. The analytical experiments show that the human operators, on average, were more capable of effectively using the prosthetic hand with the biomimetic slding mode controller. The averaged results from the subjective evaluations indicated that the biomimetic sliding mode controller was more similar to operation of the human hand than the force controller.
Stress Signal Regulation by Na/K-ATPase As a New Approach to Promote Physiological Revascularization in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Retinopathy (2020)

Targeting α1 NKA represents a novel strategy to develop therapeutics that not only inhibit neovascularization but also promote physiological revascularization in ischemic eye diseases.
Semiconductor with protective surface coating and method of manufacture thereof. [Patent application] (1980)

Passivation of predominantly crystalline semiconductor devices is provided for by a surface coating of sputtered hydrogenated amorphous semiconductor material. Passivation of a radiation detector germanium diode, for example, is realized by sputtering a coating of amorphous germanium onto the etched and quenched diode surface in a low pressure atmosphere of hydrogen and argon. Unlike prior germanium diode semiconductor devices, which must be maintained in vacuum at cryogenic temperatures to avoid deterioration, a diode processed in the described manner may be stored in air at room temperature or otherwise exposed to a variety of environmental conditions. The coating compensates for pre-existing undesirable surface states as well as protecting the semiconductor device against future impregnation with impurities.
Enzymatic mono-pegylation of glucagon-like peptide 1 towards long lasting treatment of type 2 diabetes (2012)

Human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a physiological gastrointestinal peptide with glucose-dependent insulinotropic effects which is therefore considered an interesting antidiabetic agent. However, after in vivo administration, exogenous GLP-1 does not exert its physiological action due to the combination of rapid proteolytic degradation by ubiquitous dipeptidyldipeptidase IV (DPP IV) enzyme and renal clearance resulting in an extremely short circulating half-life. In this work we describe the conjugation of GLP-1-(7-36)-amide derivatives with polyethylene glycol (PEG) by enzymatic site-specific transglutamination reaction as an approach to reduce both the proteolysis and the renal clearance rates. The compound GLP-1-(7-36)-amide-Q(23)-PEG 20 kDa monopegylated on the single glutamine residue naturally present in position 23 maintained the ability to activate the GLP-1 receptor expressed in the rat β-cell line RIN-m5F with nanomolar potency along with an increased in vitro resistance to DDP IV and a circulating half-life of about 12 h after subcutaneous administration in rats. These properties enabled GLP-(7-36)-amide-Q(23)-PEG 20 kDa to exert a glucose-stabilizing effect for a period as long as 8 h, as demonstrated by a single subcutaneous injection to diabetic mice concomitantly challenged with an oral glucose load. The results reported in this work indicate that GLP-(7-36)-amide-Q(23)-PEG 20 kDa could be a lead compound for the development of long-lasting anti-diabetic agents useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes affected patients.
A Recombinant Rift Valley Fever Virus Glycoprotein Subunit Vaccine Confers Full Protection against Rift Valley Fever Challenge in Sheep (2016)

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen causing disease outbreaks in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The virus has great potential for transboundary spread due to the presence of competent vectors in non-endemic areas. There is currently no fully licensed vaccine suitable for use in livestock or humans outside endemic areas. Here we report the evaluation of the efficacy of a recombinant subunit vaccine based on the RVFV Gn and Gc glycoproteins. In a previous study, the vaccine elicited strong virus neutralizing antibody responses in sheep and was DIVA (differentiating naturally infected from vaccinated animals) compatible. In the current efficacy study, a group of sheep (n = 5) was vaccinated subcutaneously with the glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine candidate and then subjected to heterologous challenge with the virulent Kenya-128B-15 RVFV strain. The vaccine elicited high virus neutralizing antibody titers and conferred complete protection in all vaccinated sheep, as evidenced by prevention of viremia, fever and absence of RVFV-associated histopathological lesions. We conclude that the subunit vaccine platform represents a promising strategy for the prevention and control of RVFV infections in susceptible hosts.
Large-area NbN superconducting nanowire avalanche photon detectors with saturated detection efficiency (2015)

Superconducting circuits comprising SNSPDs placed in parallel—superconducting nanowire avalanche photodetectors, or SNAPs—have previously been demonstrated to improve the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by increasing the critical current. In this work, we employ a 2-SNAP superconducting circuit with narrow (40 nm) niobium nitride (NbN) nanowires to improve the system detection efficiency to near-IR photons while maintaining high SNR. Additionally, while previous 2-SNAP demonstrations have added external choke inductance to stabilize the avalanching photocurrent, we show that the external inductance can be entirely folded into the active area by cascading 2-SNAP devices in series to produce a greatly increased active area. We fabricated series-2-SNAP (s2-SNAP) circuits with a nanowire length of 20 μm with cascades of 2-SNAPs providing the choke inductance necessary for SNAP operation. We observed that (1) the detection efficiency saturated at high bias currents, and (2) the 40 nm 2-SNAP circuit critical current was approximately twice that for a 40 nm non-SNAP configuration.
Conditional calcineurin knockout mice exhibit multiple abnormal behaviors related to schizophrenia (2003)

Calcineurin (CN), a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, plays a significant role in the central nervous system. Previously, we reported that forebrain-specific CN knockout mice (CN mutant mice) have impaired working memory. To further analyze the behavioral effects of CN deficiency, we subjected CN mutant mice to a comprehensive behavioral test battery. Mutant mice showed increased locomotor activity, decreased social interaction, and impairments in prepulse inhibition and latent inhibition. In addition, CN mutant mice displayed an increased response to the locomotor stimulating effects of MK-801. Collectively, the abnormalities of CN mutant mice are strikingly similar to those described for schizophrenia. We propose that alterations affecting CN signaling could comprise a contributing factor in schizophrenia pathogenesis.
Differential polarization-phase-shift keying without using polarization control (2005)

We propose a novel modulation format whereby the polarization and phase of lightwaves can be differentially detected without using polarization control at the receiver. 20 Gbit/s transmission through 25 spans of 100 km SMF is possible.
Long-term safety of ivermectin 1% cream vs azelaic acid 15% gel in treating inflammatory lesions of rosacea: results of two 40-week controlled, investigator-blinded trials. (2014)

Papulopustular rosacea (PPR) is characterized by facial erythema and inflammatory lesions believed to be primarily caused by dysregulation of the innate immune system. More recent evidence also suggests that Demodex folliculorum mites may contribute to the etiology of PPR. Ivermectin (IVM) 1% cream is a novel topical treatment developed to treat PPR. Two phase 3 trials have demonstrated that IVM 1% cream was significantly better than vehicle at investigator global assessment (IGA) success rate and lesion reductions and that it was safe and well tolerated. Two 40-week extension studies of those trials were conducted to assess the long-term safety of IVM 1% cream vs azelaic acid (AzA) 15% gel. Subjects originally treated with IVM 1% continued on IVM 1% and those originally treated with vehicle switched to AzA 15% gel. IVM 1% cream was safe throughout the study with a lower incidence of related adverse events (AEs) compared to AzA 15% gel. No subjects in the IVM 1% cream group discontinued either study due to a related AE. IVM 1% also continued to be efficacious during the 40-week extension studies as the percentage of subjects with IGA scores of clear or almost clear was higher at the end of the study compared to baseline. The results of these 40-week extension studies support the use of IVM 1% cream as a long-term therapy for PPR as IVM 1% cream was shown to be safe and effective for up to 52 weeks of total treatment.
Dynamic word embeddings (2017)

We present a probabilistic language model for time-stamped text data which tracks the semantic evolution of individual words over time. The model represents words and contexts by latent trajectories in an embedding space. At each moment in time, the embedding vectors are inferred from a probabilistic version of word2vec (Mikolov et al., 2013b). These embedding vectors are connected in time through a latent diffusion process. We describe two scalable variational inference algorithms—skip-gram smoothing and skip-gram filtering—that allow us to train the model jointly over all times; thus learning on all data while simultaneously allowing word and context vectors to drift. Experimental results on three different corpora demonstrate that our dynamic model infers word embedding trajectories that are more interpretable and lead to higher predictive likelihoods than competing methods that are based on static models trained separately on time slices.
Dynamic searchable symmetric encryption (2012)

Searchable symmetric encryption (SSE) allows a client to encrypt its data in such a way that this data can still be searched. The most immediate application of SSE is to cloud storage, where it enables a client to securely outsource its data to an untrusted cloud provider without sacrificing the ability to search over it.
Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Materials with Ionic Liquids. 1. Effect of Mechanical Treatment (2011)

The selective precipitation of wood dissolved in 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([amim]Cl) with a nonsolvent is a straightforward method for fractionating lignocellulosic components. In this study we have solvated and precipitated fractions of pulverized Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Eucalyptus grandis wood. This was achieved by agitating and heating the lignocellulosic materials in [amim]Cl followed by precipitation using nonsolvents, such as acetonitrile (MeCN) and water. Water was also used to extract material, which was determined to be high molecular weight galactoglucomannan. Products were analyzed by benzoylation followed by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and IR. It was found that the selectivity of precipitation was not significantly dependent upon the chemical composition of the precipitating components. The efficiency of precipitation was found to be dependent upon molecular weight, with the dissolved higher molecular weight and partially soluble wood components precipitating first. Moreover, when coarse sawdust samples were fractionated, the selective dissolution of cellulose from the fiber was observed, which allowed for the regeneration of a fraction of delignified and bleachable cellulose. Additionally, finely milled softwood samples, with demonstrated narrowly distributed low molecular weights, did not efficiently fractionate most likely due to the presence of an extensive lignin–carbohydrate complex (LCC) network.
Construction and Validation of Improved Triple Fusion Reporter Gene Vectors for Molecular Imaging of Living Subjects (2007)

Multimodality imaging using several reporter genes and imaging technologies has become an increasingly important tool in determining the location(s), magnitude, and time variation of reporter gene expression in small animals. We have reported construction and validation of several triple fusion genes composed of a bioluminescent, a fluorescent, and a positron emission tomography (PET) reporter gene in cell culture and in living subjects. However, the bioluminescent and fluorescent components of fusion reporter proteins encoded by these vectors possess lesser activities when compared with the bioluminescent and fluorescent components of the nonfusions. In this study, we first created a mutant (mtfl) of a thermostable firefly luciferase (tfl) bearing the peroxisome localization signal to have greater cytoplasmic localization and improved access for its substrate, d-luciferin. Comparison between the three luciferases [mtfl, tfl, and firefly luciferase (fl)] both in cell culture and in living mice revealed that mtfl possessed 6- to 10-fold (in vitro) and 2-fold (in vivo) higher activity than fl. The improved version of the triple fusion vector carrying mtfl as the bioluminescent reporter component showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher bioluminescence than the previous triple fusion vectors. Of the three different red fluorescent reporter genes (jred, hcred, and mrfp1, isolated from jellyfish chromophore, coral Heteractis crispa, and coral Discosoma, respectively) evaluated, mrfp1 was able to preserve highest expression as a component of the triple fusion reporter gene for in vivo fluorescence imaging. A truncated version of wild-type herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) thymidine kinase gene (wttk) retained a higher expression level than the truncated mutant HSV1-sr39 TK (ttk) as the third reporter component of this improved triple fusion vector. Multimodality imaging of tumor-bearing mice using bioluminescence and microPET showed higher luciferase activity [(2.7 +/- 0.1 versus 1.9 +/- 0.1) x (10(6) p/s/cm(2)/sr)] but similar level of fluorine-18-labeled 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyarabinofuranosyl-5-ethyluracil (18F-FEAU) uptake (1.37 +/- 0.15 versus 1.37 +/- 0.2) percentage injected dose per gram] by mtfl-mrfp1-wttk-expressing tumors compared with the fl-mrfp1-wttk-expressing tumors. Both tumors showed 4- to 5-fold higher accumulation (P < 0.05) of 18F-FEAU than fluorine-18-labeled 9-(4-fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine. This improved triple fusion reporter vector will enable high sensitivity detection of lower numbers of cells from living animals using the combined bioluminescence, fluorescence, and microPET imaging techniques.
Magnetic flux quanta in annular Josephson junctions in a barrier-parallel de magnetic field (1996)

Flux quanta (fluxons) trapped in an annular Josephson junction reside in a spatially periodic pinning potential when a uniform external magnetic field is applied parallel to the plane of the junction's tunnel barrier. We investigate the fluxon behavior by measuring the current versus voltage curves, the magnetic dependence of the junction critical current, and by means of spatially resolved measurements imaging the pinned fluxons. We derive the fluxon potential energy including fluxon-fluxon interaction. Fair agreement of this calculation with our experimental results is obtained.
Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism (2003)

Depuis six ans la comprehension des mecanismes moleculaires qui controlent l'homeostasie du fer a considerablement progresse grâce au clonage et a la caracterisation d'un grand nombre de proteines effectrices impliquees dans le metabolisme du fer. De plus, l'analyse de modeles animaux (porteurs de mutations naturelles ou de mutations experimentales) et l'etude de maladies chez l'homme liees a un dereglement du metabolisme du fer ont contribue a mieux apprehender le role fonctionnel des partenaires de ce metabolisme tels que les transporteurs membranaires du fer, les enzymes d'oxydo-reduction, les proteine de stockage du fer etc. Cette revue rappellera dans ses grands traits le metabolisme du fer, qui a fait dernierement l'objet d'excellentes revues, et presentera un des acteurs recemment caracterise jouant un role cle dans le maintien de l'homeostasie du fer dans l'organisme, l'hepcidine.