gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
브라질 좌파의 집권은 어떻게 가능하였는가?: 노동자당(PT) 룰라의 대선승리요인을 중심으로 (2007)

With the question of “How did the Brazilian leftist party win the 2002 presidential election?: Reasons for the victory of PT`s Lula”, this article analyzes the process of 2002 presidential election in Brazil, considering three principal elements. First, the deception to the Cardoso`s government for the economic reasons, not ideological reasons, which had started to adopt positively the neoliberalism since Brazil`s redemocritization and it strongly affected Brazilian society especially regarding to the problems of distribution and unemployment; second, PT`s strategic change to win in the elections since its formation, maintaining its position criticizing severely the neoliberalism, gaining its popularity for governability through the experience of participatory democracy in Porto Alegre. The PT`s strategic move to the center continuously transformed its internal institutions was regarded as credible by voters, in which the ordinary members could influence the party`s direction; third, disillusion and discredit to the conservative elite politicians because of political corruptions and scandals through the process of privatization. And as other elements, electoral advertising campaign on TV and the results of public opinion polls after candidates` debate on TV had affected the indecisive electorate, especially women and old people with little regular schooling, to vote for the victory of Labor`s Party candidate, Luis Inacio Lula da Silva, besides his charismatic popularity under the circumstance of Brazil`s fragile political party system.
ESR Estimation Method for DC/DC Converters Through Simplified Regression Models (2007)

In this paper, simplified regression models useful for parameter extraction are obtained from the hybrid models of Buck and Boost DC/DC converters. These models are used in the ESR estimation of output filter capacitors present in the same circuits for diagnostic purposes. Advantages obtained through the simplified models are outlined regarding the original complete regression models obtained from the respective hybrid models. The simplified and the original parameter estimation methods are both applied and compared between them regarding accuracy, data processing time and reliability of the implemented algorithms. Results obtained from simulations and experimental results are presented.
Nanoparticle factories: Biofilms hold the key to gold dispersion and nugget formation (2010)

Biofilms living on gold (Au) grains play a key role in the biogeochemical cycle of Au by promoting the dispersion of Au via the formation of Au nanoparticles as well as the formation of secondary biomorphic Au. Gold grains from Queensland, Australia, are covered by a polymorphic, organic-inorganic layer that is up to 40 μm thick. It consists of a bacterial biofilm containing Au nanoparticles associated with extracellular polymeric substances as well as bacterioform Au. Focused ion beam (FIB) sectioning through the biofilm revealed that aggregates of nanoparticulate Au line open spaces beneath the active biofilm layer. These aggregates (bacterioform Au type 1) resulted from the reprecipitation of dissolved Au, and their internal growth structures provide direct evidence for coarsening of the Au grains. At the contact between the polymorphic layer and the primary Au, bacterioform Au type 2 is present. It consists of solid rounded forms into which crystal boundaries of underlying primary Au extend, and is the result of dealloying and Ag dissolution from the primary Au. This study demonstrates that (1) microbially driven dissolution, precipitation, and aggregation lead to the formation of bacterioform Au and contribute to the growth of Au grains under supergene conditions, and (2) the microbially driven mobilization of coarse Au into nanoparticles plays a key role in mediating the mobility of Au in surface environments, because the release of nanoparticulate Au upon biofilm disintegration greatly enhances environmental mobility compared to Au complexes only.
Expression of T-Antigen on Polyagglutinable Erythrocytes andCarcinoma Cells: Preparation of T-Activated Erythrocytes,Anti-T Lectin, Anti-T Absorbed Human Serum andPurified Anti-T Antibody (1979)

Recent interest has been revived in the human MN blood group system due to the discovery of the MN precursor substance (T-antigen) on certain malignant, but not benign or normal tissues. Methods for preparing T-activated erythrocytes, anti-T lectin, anti-T absorbed human serum and purified anti-T antibody are described and should be useful not only to the researcher involved in this new line of investigation, but also to the routine blood bank faced with the occasional problem of erythrocyte polyagglitinability.
Synthesis of [1-11C]-2-octynoic acid, [1-11C]-2-decynoic acid and [1-11C]-3-(R,S)-methylocatanoic acid as potential markers for PET studies of fatty acid metabolism (1997)

[1-11C]-2-Octynoic acid, [1-11C)-2-decynoic acid and 1-11C]-3-(R,S)-methyloctanoic acid have been synthesized in order to evaluate these compounds as PET (Positron Emission Tomography) tracers for imaging in vivo medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and medium-chain fatty acid utilization. The synthesis was performed by the Grignard reaction between alkylmagnesium bromides and [11C]CO2. The radiochemical yields of [1-11C]-2-octynoic acid, [1-11C]-2-decynoic acid, and [1-11C]-3-(R,S)-methyloctanoic acid were 10, 7 and 1% based on the [11C]CO2 used, respectively. Radiochemical purity was >99% in all cases. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Notes from the Underground (1999)

When we changed the typeface and the layout of The Pom last issue, we expected that we’d receive compliments or complaints.But we weren’t expecting nothing at all—which is what we got. We can either assume that everyone is completely happy with the magazine’s new look or that nobody cares. If you do care, or (better yet) if you have suggestions or comments, please let us hear from you.
Accuracy and interlaboratory reliability of human papillomavirus DNA testing by hybrid capture (1995)

Epidemiologists and clinicians wishing to introduce human papillomavirus (HPV) testing into cervical cancer prevention programs need standardized, reliable, and accurate HPV DNA tests that can detect the full spectrum of pathogenic HPV types. The Hybrid Capture System assay from Digene (hybrid capture assay) is a nonradioactive kit designed to detect 14 HPV types in two groups: a mix of 9 high-risk types associated with anogenital cancer (HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 51, 52, and 56) and another group of 5 low-risk types associated with condyloma acuminatum (HPV types 6, 11, 42, 43, and 44). The assay yields quantitative data meant to reflect viral concentration. In a study of 199 cervical specimens from women with concurrent Pap smears, we assessed the reliability of the new assay by comparing the hybrid capture assay results from three laboratories. We assessed the accuracy of the hybrid capture assay in comparison with a reference standard of HPV DNA content (multiple testing by several methods in two reference laboratories). We also compared the hybrid capture assay results with the concurrent cytologic diagnoses on the basis of an independent review of each smear by five pathologists. Pairwise interlaboratory agreement rates on HPV positivity for either high-risk or low-risk types ranged from 87 to 94%, and kappa values ranged from 0.61 to 0.83. Among specimens positive for high-risk types (the most important clinical outcome), the interlaboratory correlations of the quantitative data ranged from 0.60 to 0.90. Test results from all three laboratories were strongly associated with those of the HPV DNA reference standard and with the concurrent cytopathologic diagnoses. The most common errors were sporadic, apparently false-positive results.
Study on the Methods of InSAR Baseline Estimation (2008)

Baseline is an important parameter of the process of InSAR (interferometric synthetic aperture radar), which directly influences the accuracy of the ultimate DEM generated. In this paper, firstly, the relationship between positioning and deformation measure accuracy and baseline error was analyzed. Secondly, three classical baseline estimation methods, which are the method based on precise orbit data, the method based on fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the method based on control points, were compared. Meanwhile, three combination projects of baseline estimation methods with higher accuracy were also studied. Finally, an experiment was done with the ERS1/2 image pairs located in Shandong province, and the DEM generated by three combination methods and SRTM DEM were compared. According to that, the conclusions can be obtained as follows: The baseline between two images isn't a constant value, which is changed with the variation of coordinates of the images; The accuracy of DEM generated by the last combination project is improved about 50 m than that obtained by the method based on precise orbit data. Therefore, it is proved that the combination projects of baseline estimation methods proposed in this paper are available.
Geographic and breed distribution of an <i>Msp</i> I PCR‐RFLP in the bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene (2000)

Information is presented on the frequency of the Msp I (-) allele in the third intron of the bovine growth hormone gene in a large number of cattle breeds. Consideration of the breed frequencies in relation to their geographic origin shows a low frequency for breeds originating in Northern Europe, moderate frequencies for breeds originating in Eastern Europe or the countries surrounding the Mediterranean basin, and very high frequencies for breeds originating in the Indian subcontinent. Consideration of breed frequencies in relation to breed type, shows low to moderate frequencies for the humpless breeds, high frequencies for the humped breeds. Various explanations for this distribution are discussed, among them the possibility that the Msp I (-) allele originated in the Bos indicus breeds of the Indian subcontinent, from which it diffused through the humpless Bos taurus breeds of Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean basin, eventually reaching Western, Northern Europe, Western Africa in low frequencies.
Ligation-free isothermal nucleic acid amplification (2022)

In this study, we uncover a ligation-free DNA extension method in two adjacent fragmented probes, which are hybridized to target RNA, for developing a ligation-free nucleic acid amplification reaction. In this reaction, DNA elongation occurs from a forward probe to a phosphorothioated-hairpin probe in the presence of target RNA regardless of ligation. The second DNA elongation then occurs simultaneously at the nick site of the phosphorothioated probe and the self-priming region. Therefore, the binding site of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) 12a is repeatedly amplified, inducing a fluorescence signal in the presence of CRISPR-Cas12a. This ligation-free isothermal gene amplification method enables the detection of target RNA with 49.2 fM sensitivity. Moreover, two types of mRNA detection are feasible, thus, demonstrating the potential of this method for cancer companion diagnostics. Notably, the proposed method also demonstrates efficacy when applied for the detection of mRNA extracted from human cells and tumor-bearing mouse tissue and urine samples. Hence, this newly developed ligation-free isothermal nucleic acid amplification system is expected to be widely used in a variety of gene detection platforms.
A Spatial Interpolation Method for Radio Frequency Maps Based on the Discrete Cosine Transform (2013)

Estimating radio frequency (RF) power in a geographic area is almost as old as wireless technology itself. It is crucial to anyone who is working or doing business with wireless technologies: wireless operators, the military, regulators, etc. Under a cognitive radio paradigm, spectrum usage is no longer static and is migrating towards dynamic and shared access paradigms. Enabling this evolution requires the estimation of the Radio Frequency map (RF map) of a given area. A variety of methods have already been proposed and tested to accomplish this estimation by leveraging decades of work on spatial interpolation methods. In this work, we justify, through analysis and simulation, using the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) as a more dynamic and accurate interpolation technique through comparison to other deterministic methods such as the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method.
MEMS Reliability Assurance Guidelines for Space Applications (1999)

This guide is a reference for understanding the various aspects of microelectromechanical systems, or MEMS, with an emphasis on device reliability. Material properties, failure mechanisms, processing techniques, device structures, and packaging techniques common to MEMS are addressed in detail. Design and qualification methodologies provide the reader with the means to develop suitable qualification plans for the insertion of MEMS into the space environment.
Patch testing with preservatives, antimicrobials and industrial biocides. Results from a multicentre study (1998)

Preservatives are biologically reactive substances, and their allergenic potential has been known for a long time. This study examined the role of different preservatives in a large number of patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis. Patch test data and data from the patients' history were collected from the 24 departments participating in the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 1994. Patch test data from 28,349 patients tested with preservatives of the standard series (SS), from 11,485 patients tested additionally with a preservative series (PS), and from 1787 patients tested with an industrial biocide tray (IB) were evaluated. Sensitization rates (standardized) of the SS preservatives were all > 1%, with thiomersal rating highest (5.3%), the parabens lowest (1.6%), and the remainder (chlormethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone, formaldehyde and methyldibromoglutaronitrile/phenoxyethanol (MDBGN/PE)) in the range of 2%. The most important allergens of the PS were, in women, alkylaminobenzoate (contained in milking fat) (2.5%), MDBGN/PE (2.2%), benzalkonium chloride (1.8%), chloracetamide (1.4%), diazolidinyl urea (1.3%), octylgallate (1.2%) and Bronopol (1.1%). In men rates differed only with regard to alkylaminobenzoate (0.9%). Patients tested with the IB series reacted most often to methylene-bis-thiocyanate (5%), but with a reaction index of -0.7, many reactions were most probably false positives. A further seven preservatives, mostly formaldehyde-releasers used in cutting fluids, gave sensitization rates of between 1% and 3%. Glutaraldehyde, not contained in the series but often tested additionally, showed a remarkable increase in sensitization during the study period. Health care personnel were frequently affected. Altogether, this study identified areas of concern within the different groups of preservatives. The overall impact of most of the preservatives on public health seems to be low, but for diagnostic reasons preservatives must be included in patch test series.
Microdialysis — a novel technique for clinical investigations (1990)

Microdialysis is a novel, non-traumatic technique which, when properly performed, allows continuous direct measurements of substances in the interstitial space of a tissue or organ. It also makes it possible to obtain protein-free fluid for analyses, while contaminating bacteria or viruses are excluded. The measurements provide us with an insight into metabolic and pharmacological events at the cellular level in a target organ. Apart from its usefulness for experimental work, it is likely to become an important tool for defined areas in clinical practice.
Color and Heat Denaturation of Myoglobin Forms in Ground Beef (1999)

ABSTRACT: To determine the effects of myoglobin forms on internal cooked color in ground beef, patties containing predominantly deoxy‐(DMb), oxy‐(OMb), or metmyoglobin (MMb) were cooked to 55, 65, or 75 °C. Only patties with DMb appeared red and undercooked at 55 °C, and their color became progressively more brown at 65 and 75 °C. Patties with OMb and MMb were brown at 55 °C and could be mistakenly perceived as being cooked enough to consume. Judging the doneness of ground beef using internal cooked color alone would be valid only if the pigment at time of cooking was predominantly DMb. In model studies, DMb had greater thermal stability than MMb especially at higher pH.
Selection of BoCD25 monoclonal antibodies by screening mouse L cells transfected with the bovine p55-interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor gene. (1992)

The bovine interleukin-2 receptor-alpha (IL-2R alpha) gene has been isolated and a rabbit antiserum against a fusion protein of the gene has been produced. However, the antiserum does not inhibit IL-2-dependent proliferation. Since a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to bovine activation antigens was available, we transfected the gene into mouse L fibroblasts, selected stable transfectants with the rabbit antiserum, and screened for antibodies that bound the transfected cells but not the untransfected cells. Three mAb were selected and all three precipitated a molecule of M(r) 55,000 (under reducing conditions) from activated cells, as expected from homology with mouse and human IL-2R alpha (CD25, Tac). One of the three mAb was a strong inhibitor of IL-2-dependent proliferation of bovine lymphocytes. Thus, the availability of transfected cells allowed us to establish quickly and unequivocally the antigenic specificity of a number of antibodies.
Specificity in Stress Response: Epidermal Keratinocytes Exhibit Specialized UV-Responsive Signal Transduction Pathways (2003)

UV light, a paradigmatic initiator of cell stress, invokes responses that include signal transduction, activation of transcription factors, and changes in gene expression. Consequently, in epidermal keratinocytes, its principal and frequent natural target, UV regulates transcription of a distinctive set of genes. Hypothesizing that UV activates distinctive epidermal signal transduction pathways, we compared the UV-responsive activation of the JNK and NFkappaB pathways in keratinocytes, with the activation of the same pathways by other agents and in other cell types. Using of inhibitors and antisense oligonucleotides, we found that in keratinocytes only UVB/UVC activate JNK, while in other cell types UVA, heat shock, and oxidative stress do as well. Keratinocytes express JNK-1 and JNK-3, which is unexpected because JNK-3 expression is considered brain-specific. In keratinocytes, ERK1, ERK2, and p38 are activated by growth factors, but not by UV. UVB/UVC in keratinocytes activates Elk1 and AP1 exclusively through the JNK pathway. JNKK1 is essential for UVB/UVC activation of JNK in keratinocytes in vitro and in human skin in vivo. In contrast, in HeLa cells, used as a control, crosstalk among signal transduction pathways allows considerable laxity. In parallel, UVB/UVC and TNFalpha activate the NFkappaB pathway via distinct mechanisms, as shown using antisense oligonucleotides targeted against IKKbeta, the active subunit of IKK. This implies a specific UVB/UVC responsive signal transduction pathway independent from other pathways. Our results suggest that in epidermal keratinocytes specific signal transduction pathways respond to UV light. Based on these findings, we propose that the UV light is not a genetic stress response inducer in these cells, but a specific agent to which epidermis developed highly specialized responses.
New Electrooptic Switching in Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Cells (1988)

A new type of the director orientation structure was proposed and the associated new switching process was discussed in a homogeneously aligned ferroelectric liquid crystal cell. The cell had a helicoidal structure and the director on each surface aligned in the same direction. An apparent uniform state was obtained except around the disclination lines. The disclination behavior plays an important role in the switching process and provides several advantages such as a memory effect and nucleation control for a display application.
The concept of mixed organic ligands in metal–organic frameworks: design, tuning and functions (2015)

The research on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has been developing at an extraordinary pace in its two decades of existence, as judged by the exponential growth of novel structures and the constant expansion of its applicability and research scope. A major part of the research and its success are due to the vital role of the concept of mixed organic ligands in the design, tuning and functions. This perspective, therefore, reviews the recent advances in MOFs based on this concept, which is generally based on employing a small polydentate ligand (here labelled as "nodal ligand") to form either clusters, rods or layers, which are then connected by a second ditopic linker ligand to form the framework. The structures of the materials can be grouped into the following three categories: layer-spacer (usually known as pillared-layer), rod-spacer, and cluster-spacer based MOFs. Depending on the size and geometry of the spacer ligands, interpenetrations of frameworks are occasionally found. These MOFs show a wide range of properties such as (a) crystal-to-crystal transformations upon solvent modifications, post-synthetic metal exchange or ligand reactions, (b) gas sorption, solvent selectivity and purification, (c) specific catalysis, (d) optical properties including colour change, luminescence, non-linear optic, (e) short- and long range magnetic ordering, metamagnetism and reversible ground-state modifications and (f) drug and iodine carriers with controlled release. In the following, we will highlight the importance of the above concept in the design, tuning, and functions of a selection of existing MOFs having mixed organic ligands and their associated structures and properties. The results obtained so far using this concept look very promising for fine-tuning the pore size and shape for selective adsorption and specificity in catalytic reactions, which appears to be one way to propel the advances in the application and commercialization of MOFs.
Can We Correct for Azimuthal Variations of Residual Moveout in Land WAZ Context Using Depth Non-linear Slope Tomography? (2010)

High-density wide azimuth (WAZ) land surface acquisitions have demonstrated superior imaging capabilities. However, processing of such data exhibits several challenges related to the traditionally poor S/N ratio of land recording and the necessity of reconciling the kinematics of the various azimuths. We present an imaging case history involving WAZ non-linear slope tomography. Based on kinematic invariants, velocity model update is performed both in depth and time from the same picking. Our dense automated dip and residual move-out picking is done on an initial pre-stack time migrated (PreSTM) dataset after application of a structurally consistent filtering that greatly improves the S/N ratio. Our case study demonstrates that non-linear slope tomography in the depth domain greatly improves the imaging of the structures when compared to the initial PreSTM result. Even if tomography in the time domain significantly enhances imaging, it cannot successfully honour the kinematics of the various azimuths within the constraints of time imaging assumptions. On the contrary, WAZ non-linear slope tomography in the depth domain offers an efficient way to reconcile these kinematics, thus promoting the use of depth imaging when processing high-density WAZ data, even in the context of mild geological complexity.