gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Histometrical parameters in third eyelid (Harderian) gland of the common pheasant (Phasianus Colchicus Colchicus) (2014)

Forty Harderian glands obtained from 20 clinically healthy and sexually mature common pheasants (10 birds of each gender) were investigated. Permanent histological preparations were made from previously fixed glands using routine histological techniques. Morphometric studies were performed by means of a light microscope with a built-in eyepiece micrometer. Data was statistically processed by a computer program (StatMost for Windows). The histometric analysis showed that the average size of pheasant Harderian gland lobules was 399.02 μm and 555.69 μm in female and male common pheasants, respectively. The average outer diameter of the acini was 39.64 μm in the female pheasants and 43.65 μm in the males. The average height of the covering glandular epithelium of the ducts was 18.67 μm in females and 21.41 μm in males. On the basis of our results, it could be concluded that the Harderian gland of the common pheasant by the time of the commercial realization presents a clear sexual dimorphism.
THE PROGRESS AND PERFORMANCE OF LONG WAVELENGTH OEIC PHOTORECEIVERS INCORPORATING HETEROJUNCTION BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS (1994)

Long wavelength optoelectronic integrated circuits have made impressive progress in the last decade and their performance has become attractive enough to be considered as part of lightwave communication systems. This paper reviews these aspects of OEICs, with emphasis on monolithic photoreceivers which incorporate heterojunction bipolar transistors for electronic functions. We cover applications covering both direct detection as well as coherent detection, discuss implementation methodologies, compare performances with hybrid receivers, briefly look into noise issues, and speculate on future directions.
Analysis of General Network Coding Conditions and Design of a Free-Ride-Oriented Routing Metric (2011)

Coding-aware routing is an effective approach for incorporating network coding into practical network protocols. The main challenge in exploiting the network coding is how coding opportunities can accurately be identified and utilized. In this paper, we formally establish coding conditions for a very general scenario: Multiple coding nodes may exist along a path, and multiple flows may intersect at one node. Specifically, we systematically analyze possible coding scenarios and develop generalized coding conditions to ensure the decoding ability at the destinations. In particular, we develop an extended coding graph to make the conditions implementable. With the help of the extended coding graph, we examine the coding relationship between flows. Our coding conditions also include a coding flow selection procedure to guarantee the coding capability of each coding node, in which not only a native packet, but an encoded packet as well, could be involved. Furthermore we propose a novel coding-aware routing metric, the free-ride-oriented routing metric (FORM), with the objective of exploiting the coding opportunities so that a new flow can free ride on the existing traffic and can be supported with a smaller number of transmissions. NS-2 simulations are conducted to demonstrate the advantage of FORM and the proposed coding conditions over well-known COPE scheme in terms of throughput.
The increased level of PDGF‐A contributes to the increased proliferation induced by mechanical stimulation in osteoblastic cells (1997)

Mechanical stimulation can prompt healing of bone fractures. However, it is largely unknown how osteogenesis is promoted by mechanical stimulation. In this study, we found that mechanical strain-induced proliferation of osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) accompanied increased levels of platelet-derived growth factor-A (PDGF-A) mRNA, determined by quantitative reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction. In addition, neomycin and W-7, which blocked mechanical strain-induced proliferation of the osteoblast cells, also blocked mechanical stimulation-induced elevation of PDGF-A mRNA. Finally, an antibody against PDGF can inhibit physical stimulation-induced proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells, suggesting that the increased MC3T3-E1 cells produced by mechanical stimulation at least partially depends on the increased activity of PDGF.
OMIP‐064: A 27‐Color Flow Cytometry Panel to Detect and Characterize Human <scp>NK</scp> Cells and Other Innate Lymphoid Cell Subsets, <scp>MAIT</scp> Cells, and γδ T Cells (2020)

This 27-color flow cytometry panel was developed in order to assess immunological changes over the course of an immunization and challenge regimen in two experimental malaria vaccine trials. The aim of the study was to find correlates of vaccine-induced protection. Several studies have indicated that protection against malaria appears to involve immune responses at various immunological sites, with liver-resident responses playing an essential role. As it is not feasible to monitor the immune responses within the liver in humans, this panel is developed with the aim to thoroughly characterize the immune responses over time in blood in addition to detecting changes that might reflect what happens in other immunological sites like the liver. The focus of this panel is to detect several innate lymphoid cell populations, including NK cells and their activation status. Moreover, unconventional T cells like mucosal associated invariant T cells and γδ T cells are assessed in the panel. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Back to Basics – The Influence of DNA Extraction and Primer Choice on Phylogenetic Analysis of Activated Sludge Communities (2015)

DNA extraction and primer choice have a large effect on the observed community structure in all microbial amplicon sequencing analyses. Although the biases are well known, no comprehensive analysis has been conducted in activated sludge communities. In this study we systematically explored the impact of a number of parameters on the observed microbial community: bead beating intensity, primer choice, extracellular DNA removal, and various PCR settings. In total, 176 samples were subjected to 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, and selected samples were investigated through metagenomics and metatranscriptomics. Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization was used as a DNA extraction-independent method for qualitative comparison. In general, an effect on the observed community was found on all parameters tested, although bead beating and primer choice had the largest effect. The effect of bead beating intensity correlated with cell-wall strength as seen by a large increase in DNA from Gram-positive bacteria (up to 400%). However, significant differences were present at lower phylogenetic levels within the same phylum, suggesting that additional factors are at play. The best primer set based on in silico analysis was found to underestimate a number of important bacterial groups. For 16S rRNA gene analysis in activated sludge we recommend using the FastDNA SPIN Kit for Soil with four times the normal bead beating and V1-3 primers.
Application Areas of Positioning (2017)

This chapter begins by presenting the Location Stack, a framework created by Jeffrey Hightower, which offers an overview of an exemplary localization system with all its elements and interrelations, similar to the seven-layer ISO/OSI model used in the field of communication systems. It introduces the first application area of positioning and thereby the formal definitions of a location-based service (LBS), which is basically considered as the intersection of new information and communication technologies (NICTs), the Internet and geographic information systems (GISs). The chapter illustrates the "LBS ecosystem", which is an efficient parallel taken from biology, to show the many actors rotating around this business; in particular, these actors will be split into operational and non-operational actors. It then presents taxonomies of LBSs, which are divided into the service model, application, market segment and content. The chapter focuses on the second of these classes and explains some application categories within LBSs.
Preparation of Band Gap Tunable SnO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes and Their Ethanol Sensing Properties (2011)

SnO(2) nanotubes have been prepared via a facile hydrothermal method at low temperatures using polycarbonate (PC) membrane as a hard template. The walls of as-prepared SnO(2) nanotubes are composed of fine nanocrysalline particles and the size of SnO(2) nanocrystals could be modified by changing reaction temperature. Formation mechanism of SnO(2) nanotubes is also discussed according to the experimental results. Cathodoluminescence properties of the SnO(2) product indicated that the band gap of the nanostructures increase from 3.75 eV with a particle size 5.6 nm to 3.99 eV with a particle size 3.3 nm. The as-prepared SnO(2) nanotubes were found to show enhanced gas-sensing activity and may be used as a candidate for the fabrication of gas sensors.
Mini-UAV altitude estimation using an inertially stabilized payload (1999)

A novel method is introduced for autonomous attitude estimation of a mini unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) carrying an inertially stabilized payload. The method is based on utilizing the outputs of rate gyros normally used to inertially stabilize the payload, and other data that is normally available from conventional aircraft-mounted sensors. A decentralized estimation algorithm is developed, which uses the aircraft/payload mathematical models to bound the estimation errors. Exploiting modern multiprocessor computer technology, the new estimation algorithm comprises two parallel extended Kalman filters (EKFs) and a data fusion algorithm. Real-time experimental tests, incorporating a payload model with real rate gyros mounted on a three-axis flight table, have validated the feasibility of the concept. The theoretical and experimental investigation demonstrates that the estimation algorithm is capable of estimating the attitude angles with an estimation error not exceeding 1 deg, at output rates of 13 Hz, thus constituting a viable substitute for the conventional vertical gyroscope.
<i>N</i>-methyl-<scp>d</scp>-aspartate receptor activation in human cerebral endothelium promotes intracellular oxidant stress (2004)

Cerebral endothelial cells in the rat, pig, and, most recently, human have been shown to express several types of receptors specific for glutamate. High levels of glutamate disrupt the cerebral endothelial barrier via activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. We have previously suggested that this glutamate-induced barrier dysfunction was oxidant dependent. Here, we provide evidence that human cerebral endothelial cells respond to glutamate by generating an intracellular oxidant stress via NMDA receptor activation. Cerebral endothelial cells loaded with the oxidant-sensitive probe dihydrorhodamine were used to measure intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in response to glutamate receptor agonists, antagonists, and second message blockers. Glutamate (1 mM) significantly increased ROS formation compared with sham controls (30 min). This ROS response was significantly reduced by 1) MK-801, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist; 2) 8-(N,N-diethylamino)-n-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate, an intracellular Ca(2+) antagonist; 3) LaCl(3), an extracellular Ca(2+) channel blocker; 4) diphenyleiodonium, a heme-ferryl-containing protein inhibitor; 5) itraconazole, a cytochrome P-450 3A4 inhibitor; and 6) cyclosporine A, which prevents mitochondrial membrane pore transition required for mitochondrial-dependent ROS generation. Our results suggest that the cerebral endothelial barrier dysfunction seen in response to glutamate is Ca(2+) dependent and may require several intracellular signaling events mediated by oxidants derived from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase, cytochrome P-450, and the mitochondria.
Effects of Cell-Permeating Peptide Binding on the Distribution of <sup>125</sup>I-Labeled Fab Fragment in Rats (2006)

The peptides comprising the sequence of HIV-1 Tat protein (positions 48-60), Antennapedia (positions 43-58), and HIV-1 Rev protein (positions 34-50) are known to be cell-permeating. In this study, we examined how the distribution of Fab fragments in rats is affected by conjugation with these peptides. Fab fragment was iodinated by a chloramine-T method and then chemically conjugated with cell-permeating peptide. The complex of 125I-Fab and cell-permeating peptide was administered to male rats intravenously at a dose of 1 mg/kg, and whole-body autoradiography was performed at 4 and 24 h after administration. The patterns of distribution of 125I-Fab exhibited remarkable variation depending on the cell-permeating peptide used. In particular, at 4 h, high concentrations of radioactivity were observed in the spleen, adrenal gland, renal medulla, and liver with Rev peptide-Fab complex, in the liver and spleen with Tat peptide-Fab complex, and in the spleen, adrenal gland, and liver with Antennapedia peptide-Fab complex. Even at 24 h, high concentrations of radioactivity were still observed in the spleen and renal medulla of rat with Rev peptide-Fab complex, and in the spleen and renal cortex of rat with Antennapedia peptide-Fab complex. These findings demonstrate that the patterns of distribution of peptide-125I-Fab complexes can be modulated by selection of cell-penetrating peptides. Moreover, the patterns of retention of peptide-125I-Fab complexes in internal organs also differed at 24 h after administration. These findings provide valuable information for the development of novel antibody pharmaceuticals and therapeutic systems.
Mammary gland tumor promotion by chronic administration of IGF1 and the insulin analogue AspB10 in the p53R270H/+WAPCre mouse model (2015)

These data indicate that insulin-like molecules with enhanced mitogenic signaling increase the risk of breast cancer development. Moreover, the use of a tissue specific cancer model, like the p53R270H/⁺WAPCre mouse model, is relevant to assess the intrinsic pro-carcinogenic potential of mitogenic and non-mitogenic biologicals such as insulin analogues.
Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas Containing Interconnected [Si(CH <sub>2</sub> )] <sub>3</sub> Rings (2003)

A periodic mesoporous organosilica composed of interconnected three-ring [Si(CH2)]3 units built of three SiO2(CH2)2 tetrahedral subunits is reported. It represents the archetype of a previously unknown class of nanocomposite materials in which two bridging organic groups are bound to each silicon atom. It can be obtained with powder and oriented film morphologies. The nanocomposite is self-assembled from the cyclic three-ring silsesquioxane [(EtO)2Si(CH2)]3 precursor and a surfactant mesophase to give a well-ordered mesoporous framework. Low dielectric constants and good mechanical stability of the films were measured, making this material interesting for microelectronic applications. Methylene group reactivity of the three-ring precursor provides entry to a family of nanocomposites, exemplified by the synthesis and self-assembly of [(EtO)2Si(CHR)][(EtO)2Si(CH2)]2 (where R indicates iodine, bromine, or an ethyl group).
Examples of categorification (1996)

We construct tensor and bitensor categories with given Grothedieck rig (fusion algebra) in simple cases. The results provide examples on which to test the conjectural construction of 4-D TQFT's proposed by Crane and Frenkel and shed light on several other constructions of TQFT's.
Synthesis of Novel 2-Amino-<i>N</i>-hydroxybenzamide Antimicrobials (2014)

New 2-amino-N-hydroxybenzamide derivatives (3a–j) have been synthesized in good to excellent yields from the reaction of isatoic anhydride with different hydroxamic acids. All the compounds of the series were screened against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, and some of them have antibacterial and antifungal activities compared to the standard drugs.
24.5 A Twin-8T SRAM Computation-In-Memory Macro for Multiple-Bit CNN-Based Machine Learning (2019)

Computation-in-memory (CIM) is a promising avenue to improve the energy efficiency of multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) operations in AI chips. Multi-bit CNNs are required for high-inference accuracy in many applications [1–5]. There are challenges and tradeoffs for SRAM-based CIM: (1) tradeoffs between signal margin, cell stability and area overhead; (2) the high-weighted bit process variation dominates the end-result error rate; (3) trade-off between input bandwidth, speed and area. Previous SRAM CIM macros were limited to binary MAC operations for fully connected networks [1], or they used CIM for multiplication [2] or weight-combination operations [3] with additional large-area near-memory computing (NMC) logic for summation or MAC operations.
Neural networks and conditional random fields based approach for effective question processing (2018)

Question processing is a natural language processing task which is more complex and requires proper understanding of the question. In this work, we aimed to carry out a deep analysis to determine what types of information can be extracted from various question types. The extracted information is of two types: directly available information like entity types and indirectly inferred information like question type, intent, and domain. Named Entity Recognition (NER) methods can be applied for extracting direct entities. There are predominantly two approaches for NER, one is based on Conditional Random Field (CRF) and other is based on Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) network. For identifying intent, domain and type, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based model and a Bi-LSTM based model were used. Global Vector Representation (GloVe) is uesd for word embedding. In addition, the initial GloVe embeddings are enriched with synonyms and antonyms by using the counter fitting method. Experiments were conducted over Quora question collection dataset which is annotated manually. Results are promising for both tasks and the word embedding enrichment using counter-fitting method indicate significant importance in capturing semantics.
Expression of Exposure in Negative Carcinogenicity Studies: Dose/Body Weight, Dose/Body Surface Area, or Plasma Concentrations? (1995)

Evaluation of positive findings in a rodent carcinogenicity study and the subsequent extrapolation to humans is based on chemical structure, mutagenicity, pharmacology, hormone changes, chronic toxicity, and the nature of the tumors induced. For negative studies, adequacy of exposure may become an issue. The use of plasma concentrations as a metric for exposure assumes that each species responds in a similar manner to a given concentration; data are now available that demonstrate that this is not generally true for carcinogenicity. The use of the body surface area metric (i.e., mg/m2) is a special case of interspecies allometric scaling (i.e., W0.67). For a chemical to be amenable to such scaling in toxicology, it must satisfy 3 criteria: (a) the concentration-time profile of the putative toxicant at the site of action must be governed by a scalable pharmacokinetic process (e.g., glomerular filtration); (b) the mechanism of action and the susceptibility of each species to a given systemic exposure must be the same and, for example, be independent of lifespan, cellular repair mechanism/rate, and so forth; and (c) the biological response must depend only on size (e.g., not on race, strain, gender, age, or parity). Carcinogens rarely, if ever, meet these criteria. An empirical analysis of carcinogenic potency data in rodents and in humans shows that, in general, exposure is best expressed in terms of mg/kg body weight.
Lactate Transporter Defect: A New Disease of Muscle (1986)

New methods were used to identify the abnormality in a patient who showed evidence of neuromuscular dysfunction on extensive clinical examination. The methods revealed that the lactate content of the patient's skeletal muscle does not decline normally after exercise and that his red cells are defective in lactate transport. These results suggest that skeletal muscle and erythrocyte membranes share the same genetic lactate transporter (or a common subunit), which is deficient in this patient. This defect may be a common cause of elevated serum creatine kinase levels, as seen in the patient described here and of unexplained episodes of rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria.
Reproductive Toxicity of Triptolide in Male House Rat,<i>Rattus rattus</i> (2014)

The aim of study was to investigate the toxic effect of triptolide fed in bait on reproduction of male house rat, Rattus rattus. Feeding of cereal based bait containing 0.2% triptolide to male R. rattus for 5 days in no-choice feeding test, leading to mean daily ingestion of 20.45 mg/kg bw of triptolide, was found effective in significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reducing sperm motility and viability in cauda epididymal fluid by 80.65 and 75.14%, respectively, from that of untreated rats. Pregnancy rates were decreased by 100% in untreated cyclic female rats paired with male rats treated with 0.2% triptolide. Present studies suggest the potential of 0.2% triptolide bait in regulating reproductive output of R. rattus.
Highlight Separation Using Multiple Images with Intensities and Ranges (1996)

In this paper, a method for extracting influences of specular reflection and shade from multiple color images is described. As regards extraction, the di-chromatic reflection model is applied. First, the same point on an object is observed from multiple viewpoints, and the pixel values in a window in which the fixation point is being imaged are projected into RGB color space. The shape of each cluster is linear, and, when one of the images observed the specular reflection, the clusters intersect. By using this phenomenon a specular reflection is extracted. To register each color image, range images are measured. Each range image is measured from the same viewpoint with a color image. In this paper, using image extracted specular and shade as texture data, a color object is reconstructed by the use of computer graphics images. 1
Ligand Assisted Copper Catalyzed C-H Amination (2010)

The presence of nitrogen in amino functional groups found in many useful natural and synthetic products makes their preparation valuable to chemicals and materials production, biology and medicinal chemistry. Their importance has inspired chemists to design a variety of methodologies for C-H bond activation essential for building amino functional groups. Transition metal-mediated nitrenoid transfer reactions are important chemical processes in which hydrocarbons are transformed to nitrogen containing compounds via direct C-N bond formation. A variety of transition metal catalysts have been developed for the oxidative functionalization of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Although general methods for intramolecular C-H bond amination are relatively new, they have already found application in the preparation of a variety of natural product targets. The objectives of our project are to discover efficient nitrenoid sources for catalytic C-H amination with inexpensive copper complexes as catalysts, and to evaluate the scope and selectivity and mechanism in amination reactions.