gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Distribution of ‘<i>Candidatus</i> Liberibacter asiaticus’ in Citrus Plants with Citrus Huanglongbing (2009)

Citrus huanglongbing (HLB), or greening disease, is strongly associated with any of three nonculturable gram-negative bacteria belonging to 'Candidatus Liberibacter spp.' 'Ca. Liberibacter spp.' are transmitted by citrus psyllids to all commercial cultivars of citrus. The diseases can be lethal to citrus and have recently become widespread in both São Paulo, Brazil, and Florida, United States, the locations of the largest citrus industries in the world. Asiatic HLB, the form of the disease found in Florida, is associated with 'Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus' and is the subject of this report. The nonculturable nature of the pathogen has hampered research and little is known about the distribution of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' in infected trees. In this study, we have used a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to systematically quantify the distribution of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' genomes in tissues of six species of citrus either identified in the field during survey efforts in Florida or propagated in a greenhouse in Beltsville, MD. The populations of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' inferred from the distribution of 16S rDNA sequences specific for 'Ca. L. asiaticus' in leaf midribs, leaf blades, and bark samples varied by a factor of 1,000 among samples prepared from the six citrus species tested and by a factor of 100 between two sweet orange trees tested. In naturally infected trees, above-ground portions of the tree averaged 10(10) 'Ca. L. asiaticus' genomes per gram of tissue. Similar levels of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' genomes were observed in some but not all root samples from the same plants. In samples taken from greenhouse-inoculated trees, levels of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' genomes varied systematically from 10(4) genomes/g at the graft inoculation site to 10(10) genomes/g in some leaf petioles. Root samples from these trees also contained 'Ca. L. asiaticus' at 10(7) genomes/g. In symptomatic fruit tissues, 'Ca. L. asiaticus' genomes were also readily detected and quantified. The highest levels of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' in fruit tissues were found in the locular membranes and septa (10(8) genomes/g), with 100-fold lower levels of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' in the meso and pericarp of such fruit. Our results demonstrate both the ubiquitous presence of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' in symptomatic citrus trees as well as great variation between individual trees and among samples of different tissues from the same trees. Our methods will be useful in both the management and scientific study of citrus HLB, also known as citrus greening disease.
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone: Enhancement of Dopa Activity by a Hypothalamic Hormone (1972)

Thyrotropin releasing hormone potentiates the behaviorial effects of dopa plus pargyline in mice. Because the potentiation occurs in hypophysectomized mice, as well as in normal mice, the phenomenon is independent of the release of thyroid stimulating hormone from the pituitary. Possible mechanisms and clinical implications are discussed.
E‐commerce: the medium is the mart (2000)

Defines and lists the technologies as Electronic Data Interchange, e‐mail, bulletin board systems, electronic catalogues and forms, smart cards, etc. used for the e‐commerce. Discusses the benefits of buying over the Internet and new business ecosystem that resulted as an outcome of informed buying. Highlights the trading over the Internet with predictions and select examples from various sectors. Presents the survey results for security issues and legislation from international organizations and governments, and solutions with the use of cryptography and digital certification. Also, discusses e‐commerce scenarios in the Indian context, with a three step evolutionary process and the trends that dictate the future course of retailing. Concludes that organizations need to orient their businesses to this new market paradigm to tap potential customers. It is only a matter of time before the waves of this change wash on Indian shores.
Mechanical design of optics bench for UV-LED based liquid chromatography detector (2015)

Thesis: M. Eng. in Manufacturing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2015.
Max-min Utility Fairness in Link Aggregated Systems (2007)

We consider utility max-min fairness of application traffic of a next generation Internet (NGI) service model contending for network bandwidth. The physical infrastructure that offers the bandwidth is a link-aggregated system where the links can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Traffic can broadly be categorized into a few distinct classes and the containing flows in each class utilize the available bandwidth in the same way. The basis of this categorization is the realization that different applications derive different utility even when alloted the same bandwidth. The goal is to allocate bandwidth so as to equalize the utilities to each class is in a maximal and fair way. Once the required rates are computed these are utilized by the scheduler for scheduling packets over the links.
Altered Distribution of Cell Cycle Transcriptional Regulators during Alzheimer Disease (2002)

A number of mechanisms have been proposed to contribute to the selective neuronal cell loss observed during Alzheimer disease (AD). These include the formation and accumulation of amyloid-beta (Abeta)-containing plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and inflammatory processes mediated by astrocytes and microglia. Neuronal responses to such insults in AD brain include increased protein levels and immunoreactivity for kinases known to regulate cell cycle progression. One down-stream target of these cell cycle regulatory proteins, the Retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product (pRb), has been shown to exhibit altered expression patterns in AD. Furthermore, in vitro studies have implicated pRb and one of the transcription factors it regulates, E2F1, in Abeta-induced cell death. To further explore the role of these proteins in AD, we examined the distribution of the E2F1 transcription factor and the hyperphosphorylated form of pRb (ppRb), which is unable to bind and regulate E2F activity, in the cortex of patients with AD and in non-demented controls. We observed increased ppRb and E2FI immunoreactivity in AD brain, with ppRb predominately located in the nucleus and E2F1 in the cytoplasm. Although neither of these proteins significantly co-localized with NFTs, both ppRb and E2F1 were found in cells surrounding a subset of Abeta-containing plaques. These results support a role for G1 to S phase cell cycle regulators in AD.
Seed lipases: sources, applications and properties - a review (2010)

This paper provides an overview regarding the main aspects of seed lipases, such as the reactions catalyzed, physiological functions, specificities, sources and applications. Lipases are ubiquitous in nature and are produced by several plants, animals and microorganisms. These enzymes exhibit several very interesting features, such as low cost and easy purification, which make their commercial exploitation as industrial enzymes a potentially attractive alternative. The applications of lipases in food, detergents, oils and fats, medicines and fine chemistry, effluent treatment, biodiesel production and in the cellulose pulp industry, as well as the main sources of oilseed and cereal seed lipases, are reviewed.
Photophysical Studies of α,ω-Dicyano-oligothiophenes NC(C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>2</sub>S)<i><sub>n</sub></i>CN (<i>n</i>= 1−6) (2006)

The photophysics of six oligothiophenes end-capped with cyano groups (CNalphan) was investigated in solution at room and low temperature. The study comprises singlet-singlet and triplet-triplet absorption and emission spectra together with lifetimes and quantum yields for all the radiative and nonradiative processes. From the lifetimes and quantum yields, it was possible to extract the rate constants for all the processes. Singlet oxygen yields were also determined, revealing an efficient sensitization (SDelta approximately 1) of its formation by the triplet state of the CNalphan. The introduction of the cyano groups is found to decrease the energetic separation between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, leading to a red shift of the absorption and the emission when compared with the unsubstituted counterparts, the alpha-oligothiophenes. Phosphorescence is only observed for the first member of the series, CNalpha1.
Project Bhashitha - Mobile Based Optical Character Recognition and Text-to-Speech System (2018)

In the modern era when computers play a vital role in people's day today activities, visually impaired people face numerous problems when accessing printed text using existing technologies. This will rise to the need for the improvement of devices that could bring relief to this tasks that the blind people have to go beginning to end. Due to digitization of books there are many excellent attempts at building a vigorous document analysis system in industries and research labs, but this is only for those who are able to visible aided. “Bhashitha” is an android based mobile application contains OCR and TTS for Sinhala, Tamil and English languages as single product by resolving problems in existing systems. In order to make the proposed system, user needs to acquire printed document as optical image using a camera of the mobile phone. The image skew will reduce the OCR accuracy drastically due to the angle view of the document. Therefore after doing the image skew detection optical image is passing to the OCR engine to convert the image to character streams representing letters of recognized words. Finally, the converted text output is access by TTS system to convert the textual content into a voice output. Additionally, it consists audio assist system to navigate through the pages in the diligence for differently abled users. This is easier, portable and faster solution comparing to the existing systems which are made for visually impaired.
Antithrombin reduces shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx following ischaemia/reperfusion (2009)

Antithrombin preserves the endothelial glycocalyx, sustaining the vascular barrier function and reducing interstitial oedema. The potentiated effect of colloid in these hearts suggests that the prevention of shedding should be of functional benefit also in vivo.
Review: molecular biology of transgenic animals (1993)

The amazing pace of discovery within the field of molecular biology has expanded the understanding of as well as the potential for genetic engineering in laboratory and domestic animals. Recently, specific techniques have been perfected, including recombinant DNA, genetic cloning, analysis of gene expression, and the sequencing of nucleic acids and proteins. These molecular techniques combined with methods allowing transfer of the recombinant genes into living cells and fertilized eggs advent the production of transgenic mice and other animals, the application of which is unlimited.
Application of a Modified Disk for Testing Orally Disintegrating Tablets by USP <701> (2018)

The USP <701> basket-rack assembly with disks is applied to the disintegration testing of orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs). Although <701> is generally suitable for testing ODTs as described, interference arising from the physical interaction of the tablet and disk is observed for many ODTs. Described herein is an innovative yet simple modification to the commercially available disk, developed to circumvent this interference and allow for testing a wider range of tablets. The 'footed disk' modification is practical in that it uses materials that are readily available, maintains correct density, and produces no interference during execution of the test procedure. These characteristics support a favorable status for the application of a modified disk for testing ODTs in individual regulatory filings.
Plant Antitumor Agents, 21. Flavones, Coumarins, and an Alkaloid from Sargentia greggii (1985)

Investigation of the MeOH extracts of Sargentia greggii (Rutaceae) led to the isolation of two known flavones, zapotin and 5,6,2'-trimethoxyflavone, and a new flavone, 5,6,2',3',4',6'-hexamethoxyflavone (1), whose structure was established by spectral data and confirmed by total synthesis. In addition, two known coumarins, 3-(alpha,alpha-dimethylallyl) herniarin and seselin, and a new coumarin, O-geranylosthenol (3), have been isolated from this plant. The structure of 3 was deduced from spectral data. Although the crude extracts displayed KB activity, none of the crystalline compounds were significantly active.
Longitudinal Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 <i>nef</i> /Long Terminal Repeat Sequences in a Cohort of Long-Term Survivors Infected from a Single Source (2005)

We studied the evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in a cohort of long-term survivors infected with an attenuated strain of HIV-1 acquired from a single source. Although the cohort members experienced differing clinical courses, we demonstrate similar evolution of HIV-1 nef/long-terminal repeat (LTR) sequences, characterized by progressive sequence deletions tending toward a minimal nef/LTR structure that retains only sequence elements required for viral replication. The in vivo pathogenicity of attenuated HIV-1 is therefore dictated by viral and/or host factors other than those that impose a unidirectional selection pressure on the nef/LTR region of the HIV-1 genome.
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Pretreated Newspaper Having High Lignin Content for Bioethanol Production (2015)

Recovered papers are suitable biomass sources for conversion into sugars that can be used in bioethanol production. However, paper materials with a high lignin content have been found to be recalcitrant to enzymatic hydrolysis. To address this issue, several biomass pretreatment methods were employed to evaluate their efficiency on the conversion of newspaper with high lignin content to sugar. Autohydrolysis, a hot water treatment, was identified to adversely affect sugar conversion, presumably as a result of pore collapse under high-temperature pretreatment. Flexo ink, used in newspaper printing, had no effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis, with or without autohydrolysis. The ink was still detachable after autohydrolysis, as measured by hyperwashing. Compared to untreated newspaper, separate treatments of either mechanical refining or a non-ionic surfactant (sorbitan polyoxyethylene monooleate) improved the sugar conversion by 10% at enzyme dosages of 2 and 8 FPU/g substrate. The combination of both refining and surfactant resulted in the highest sugar conversions, i.e., 46.3%, 56.7%, and 64.1% at 2, 4, and 8 FPU/g enzyme dosages, respectively. Oxidative pretreatment (oxygen, 100 °C) marginally increased the sugar conversion, whereas alkaline and green liquor (NaCO3 and Na2S) pretreatments (at 160 °C) had either no effect or decreased the sugar conversion. Based on the results of the pretreatments, higher pretreatment temperatures of newsprint negatively impacted subsequent enzyme hydrolysis.
Brain overgrowth in autism during a critical time in development: implications for frontal pyramidal neuron and interneuron development and connectivity (2005)

While abnormalities in head circumference in autism have been observed for decades, it is only recently that scientists have begun to focus in on the developmental origins of such a phenomenon. In this article we review past and present literature on abnormalities in head circumference, as well as recent developmental MRI studies of brain growth in this disorder. We hypothesize that brain growth abnormalities are greatest in frontal lobes, particularly affecting large neurons such as pyramidal cells, and speculate how this abnormality might affect neurofunctional circuitry in autism. The relationship to clinical characteristics and other disorders of macrencephaly are discussed.
The classification of requirements engineering methods (2002)

A classification of requirements engineering methods based on the social assumptions made about organizations is presented. The scheme, based on a taxonomy of social theories after J. Lyotard (1984), provides a set of categories corresponding to metanarratives used within requirements engineering. A short description of each metanarrative is provided in terms of the assumptions made about the nature of society and the expected role of the requirements engineer. A decision aid for practitioners is included in the form of a table that classifies a representative sample of requirements engineering methods.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Statins, stem cells, and cancer (2009)

The statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors) were proven to be effective antilipid agents against cardiovascular disease. Recent reports demonstrate an anticancer effect induced by the statins through inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, or inhibition of angiogenesis. These effects are due to suppression of the mevalonate pathway leading to depletion of various downstream products that play an essential role in cell cycle progression, cell signaling, and membrane integrity. Recent evidence suggests a shared genomic fingerprint between embryonic stem cells, cancer cells, and cancer stem cells. Activation targets of NANOG, OCT4, SOX2, and c-MYC are more frequently overexpressed in certain tumors. In the absence of bona fide cancer stem cell lines, human embryonic stem cells, which have similar properties to cancer and cancer stem cells, have been an excellent model throwing light on the anticancer affects of various putative anticancer agents. It was shown that key cellular functions in karyotypically abnormal colorectal and ovarian cancer cells and human embryonic stem cells are inhibited by the statins and this is mediated via a suppression of this stemness pathway. The strategy for treatment of cancers may thus be the targeting of a putative cancer stem cell within the tumor with specific agents such as the statins with or without chemotherapy. The statins may thus play a dual prophylactic role as a lipid-lowering drug for the prevention of heart disease and as an anticancer agent to prevent certain cancers. This review examines the relationship between the statins, stem cells, and certain cancers.
Micro-processing in the ultraviolet: UV laser applications in manufacturing consumer electronics (Conference Presentation) (2019)

The world market for laser micro-processing has seen a tremendous increase within the last 24 months triggered predominantly by large scale projects in the electronics industry. By far the largest contribution to this growth came from UV nano- and picosecond lasers for various applications for manufacturing consumer electronics devices. The process chain of flexible OLED display used in smart devices (phones, watches, tablets) is heavily relying on ultraviolet lasers: Debonding of the large display foils (typically 1500 x 1850 mm²) from the carrier glass they are produced on is a critical process since it is one of the last steps in the process chain at the peak of the added value. UV nanosecond lasers enable reliable debonding (laser lift-off) without risking any damage to the displays. Subsequently, the display cells are singulated by laser cutting. Also this process step relies heavily on UV lasers, but in this case with ultrashort pulses. The combination of ultrashort pulse duration and short wavelength allows efficient and precise cutting of these multi-layer materials without unwanted heat affected zones or even thermal damage to the electronics in the display. Various additional parts that are integrated in smart devices like polarizer foils and flexible printed circuit boards are based on multi-material foils and are cut to their net shape with UV nanosecond or ultrashort pulsed lasers. In this contribution we present an overview of the different UV laser processes and compare the process results from ns, ps and fs lasers to give an outlook on future applications.
An integrative model of autism spectrum disorder: ASD as a neurobiological disorder of experienced environmental deprivation, early life stress and allostatic overload (2015)

A number of recent convergences within neurobiology, and between neurobiology and psychoanalysis, allow us to view autism through a new lens. This perspective highlights biological risk factors that might operate through final common pathways to produce the ASD syndrome. The goal of this article is to integrate and elaborate upon this confluence of findings, and to develop a working model of ASD that could parsimoniously account for central aspects of ASD, promote greater collaboration in research, and lead to more effective treatment. Converging evidence suggests that ASD is a potentially reversible neurodevelopmental disorder in which neurobiological factors – not poor parenting – interfere with the child–caregiver interaction. The infant then experiences deprivation of growth-promoting parental input even though it is available. The model proposed here adds what seems to have been largely unrecognized in the field of autism: the child's experience of social deprivation and isolation signals threat to the child and may result in overwhelming stress with significant psychological (traumatic or toxic stress) and biological (allostatic overload) components and consequences. Allostatic overload results when attempts to cope with threat impose too great a burden, resulting in a pathophysiological state or process that damages the body and predisposes one to the development of disease. Critically, this model proposes that allostatic overload plays a major role in the course of ASD by amplifying the neurobiological vulnerabilities generally considered to make primary contributions to the development of autism. Furthermore, through the process of allostatic overload, neurobiological and psychological factors interact in a nonlinear fashion and are both seen to underlie the symptoms of ASD which develop through maladaptive coping and neuroplasticity. Thus, this model might explain both the progression to, and the ongoing symptoms of, the ASD syndrome. In addition, the model could also account for successful intervention by promoting the reversal of this process via adaptive coping and neuroplasticity. Factors that may facilitate adaptive neuroplasticity include providing an enriched environment, increasing social and emotional connection, and decreasing anxiety, stress, and allostatic load. Personal descriptions of the experience of ASD, as well as psychoanalytic clinical work with children with ASD, are in accord with this model. Psychoanalysis may thus be considered a research tool that assists in uncovering the child's inner world of feelings and meanings, an under-appreciated element in autism. Making sense of the child's experience of isolation and threat helps the ASD child feel understood and less afraid. Clinical material will illustrate how, for some children on the higher end of the autism spectrum, recovery is made more likely by increasing the sense of connection and decreasing the experience of stress.
Chemical State Analysis with Soft-X-ray Emission Spectroscopy Based on SEM (2015)

Electron beam induced soft-X-ray emission spectroscopy (SXES) that uses a grating spectrometer has been introduced to a conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM) for characterizing desired specimen areas of bulk materials. The spectrometer has a grazing-incidence flat-field optics by using aberration corrected (varied-line-spacing) gratings, which has already been applied to transmission electron microscopes. The best resolution was confirmed as 0.13 eV at Mg L-emission (50 eV), which is comparable with that of recent dedicated electron energy-loss spectroscopy instruments. Apparent band structure effects have been observed in Mg-L, Si-L, B-K, and Ti-L emission spectra obtained from bulk materials using SEM-SXES instrument.