gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parametric Waveform Synthesis: a scalable approach to generate sub-cycle optical transients (2022)

The availability of electromagnetic pulses with controllable field waveform and extremely short duration, even below a single optical cycle, is imperative to fully harness strong-field processes and to gain insight into ultrafast light-driven mechanisms occurring in the attosecond time-domain. The recently demonstrated parametric waveform synthesis (PWS) introduces an energy-, power- and spectrum-scalable method to generate non-sinusoidal sub-cycle optical waveforms by coherently combining different phase-stable pulses attained via optical parametric amplifiers. Significant technological developments have been addressed to overcome the stability issues related to PWS and to obtain an effective and reliable waveform control system. Here we present the main ingredients enabling PWS technology. The design choices concerning the optical, mechanical and electronic setups are justified by analytical/numerical modeling and benchmarked by experimental observations. In its present incarnation, the PWS technology enables the generation of field-controllable mJ-level few-femtosecond pulses spanning the visible to infrared range.
Energy-Aware Memory Mapping for Hybrid FRAM-SRAM MCUs in IoT Edge Devices (2016)

Forecasts project that by 2020, there will be around 50 billion devices connected to the Internet of Things (IoT), most of which will operate untethered and unplugged. While environmental energy harvesting is a promising solution to power these IoT edge devices, it introduces new complexities due to the unreliable nature of ambient energy sources. In the presence of an unreliable power supply, frequent check pointing of system state becomes imperative and recent research proposed the concept of in-situ check pointing by employing ferroelectric RAM (FRAM), an emerging non-volatile memory, as unified memory. Even though an entirely FRAM-based solution provides reliability, it is energy-inefficient compared to SRAM due to a higher access latency. On the other hand, an entirely SRAM-based solution is highly energy efficient, but is unreliable in the face of power loss. This paper advocates an intermediate approach in hybrid FRAM-SRAM MCUs that involves judicious memory mapping of program sections to retain the reliability benefits provided by FRAM while performing almost as efficiently as an SRAM-based system. We propose an energy-aware memory mapping technique that maps different sections to the hybrid FRAM-SRAM MCU such that energy consumption is optimized without sacrificing reliability. Our technique consists of eM-map, which performs a one-time characterization to find the optimal memory map for the functions that constitute a program (this makes our solution portable across platforms) and energy-align, a novel HW/SW technique that aligns the system's powered-on time intervals to function execution boundaries, which results in further improvements in energy efficiency and performance. Our experiments using the MSP430FR5739 microcontroller demonstrate a significant performance improvement of up to 2x and energy reduction of up to 20% over a state-of-the-art FRAM-based solution.
An early respiratory distress detection method with Markov models (2014)

A method for early detection of respiratory distress in hospitalized patients which is based on a multi-parametric analysis of respiration rate (RR) and pulse oximetry (SpO2) data trends to ascertain patterns of patient instability pertaining to respiratory distress is described. Current practices of triggering caregiver alerts are based on simple numeric threshold breaches of SpO2. The pathophysiological patterns of respiratory distress leading to in-hospital deaths are much more complex to be detected by numeric thresholds. Our pattern detection algorithm is based on a Markov model framework based on multi-parameter pathophysiological patterns of respiratory distress, and triggers in a timely manner and prior to the violation of SpO2 85-90% threshold, providing additional lead time to attempt to reverse the deteriorating state of the patient. We present the performance of the algorithm on MIMIC II dataset resulting in true positive rate of 92% and false positive rate of 6%.
Synthesis and biological properties of 5-azido-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate, a photoactive nucleotide suitable for making light-sensitive DNA (1987)

A photoactive nucleotide analogue of dUTP, 5-azido-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate (5-N3dUTP), was synthesized from dUMP in five steps. The key reaction in the synthesis of 5-N3dUTP is the nitration of dUMP in 98% yield in 5 min at 25 degrees C using an excess of nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate in anhydrous dimethylformamide. Reduction of the resulting 5-nitro compound with zinc and 20 mM HCl gave 5-aminodeoxyuridine monophosphate (5-NH2dUMP). Diazotization of 5-NH2dUMP with HNO2 followed by the addition of NaN3 to the acidic diazonium salt solution gave a photoactive nucleotide derivative in 80-90% yield. The monophosphate product was identified as 5-N3dUMP by proton NMR, UV, IR, and chromatographic analysis as well as by the mode of synthesis and its photosensitivity. After formation of 5-N3dUTP through a chemical coupling of pyrophosphate to 5-N3dUMP, the triphosphate form of the nucleotide was found to support DNA synthesis by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I at a rate indistinguishable from that supported by dTTP. When UMP was used as the starting compound, 5-N3UTP was formed in an analogous fashion with similar yields and produced a photoactive nucleotide which is a substrate for E. coli RNA polymerase. To prepare [gamma-32P]-5-N3dUTP for use as an active-site-directed photoaffinity labeling reagent, a simple method of preparing gamma-32P-labeled pyrimidine nucleotides was developed. [gamma-32P]-5-N3dUTP is an effective photoaffinity labeling reagent for DNA polymerase I and was found to bind to the active site with a 2-fold higher affinity than dTTP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Metakaolin as a reagent for the assembly of mesoporous aluminosilicates with hexagonal, cubic and wormhole framework structures from proto-faujasitic nanoclusters (2004)

Metakaolin, formed through the thermal de-hydroxylation of kaolin clay, has been shown to be an effective reagent for the preparation of faujasitic zeolite nanoclusters for framework incorporation into hexagonal, cubic and wormhole aluminosilicate mesophases with Si/Al ratios in the range 5.6–1.6. Single tetrahedral aluminum sites with 27Al NMR chemical shift of 60 ppm are observed for each mesostructure, which is indicative of the incorporation of the protozeolitic nanoclusters into the framework walls. Unlike aluminosilicate mesostructures assembled from conventional precursors, no framework de-alumination was observed for the mesostructures upon calcination at 550 °C. The results suggest that metakaolin is a promising low-cost precursor for the industrial scale production of high quality aluminosilicate mesophases.
A Peptide Domain on Gingipain R Which Confers Immunity against <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> Infection in Mice (1998)

The cysteine proteinases referred to as gingipains R (gingipain R1 and gingipain R2) and gingipain K produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis are virulence factors of this periodontal pathogen which likely act by interrupting host defense mechanisms and by participating in the penetration and destruction of host connective tissue. To examine the effect of immunization with gingipains R on the ability of P. gingivalis to colonize and invade in the mouse chamber model, BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with the 95-kDa gingipain R1, the 50-kDa gingipain R2, or multiple antigenic peptide (MAP)-conjugated gingipain R-derived peptides and then challenged with P. gingivalis. Immunization of mice with the 95-kDa gingipain R1, the 50-kDa gingipain R2, or a peptide derived from the N-terminal sequence of the catalytic domain of gingipains R (peptide A) followed by challenge with P. gingivalis A7436 resulted in protection from P. gingivalis invasion. In contrast, immunization with peptides corresponding to either a sequence encompassing the catalytic cysteine residue of gingipains R (peptide B) or an identical sequence within the catalytic domains of gingipain R1 and gingipain K (peptide C), followed by challenge with P. gingivalis, did not protect animals, nor did immunization with a peptide corresponding to sequences within the adhesion/hemagglutinin domain of gingipain R1 (peptide D) which have been shown to be directly involved in the hemagglutinin activity of gingipain R1. However, the immunoglobulin G (IgG) titer obtained following immunization with peptide D was comparable to that obtained following immunization with the N-terminal peptide (peptide A). Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, using either the 95-kDa gingipain R1 or gingipain K as the competing soluble antigen, indicated that 42 and 53% of the antibodies induced by immunization with heat-killed bacteria recognize gingipain R1 and gingipain K, respectively; however, even at very high concentrations, the 50-kDa gingipain R2 did not hinder IgG binding to P. gingivalis. These results indicate that antibodies directed to the amino-terminal region of the catalytic domain of gingipains R are capable of inducing a protective immune response against P. gingivalis infection in the mouse chamber model.
Integrated Reservoir Modeling and Simulation with Unstructured Grids (2012)

In this talk, we present a new integrated approach to reservoir modeling and simulation by using unstructured grids and other novel modeling techniques. We give brief review of the application of unstructured grids and why existing modeling techniques can hinder the effective use of unstructured grids. New modeling approaches based on hierarchical functional form representation and novel unstructured gridding techniques developed to facilitate the creation of unified geologic and simulation models are presented.
Interleaving Channel Estimation and Limited Feedback for Point-to-Point\n Systems with a Large Number of Transmit Antennas (2018)

We introduce and investigate the opportunities of multi-antenna communication\nschemes whose training and feedback stages are interleaved and mutually\ninteracting. Specifically, unlike the traditional schemes where the transmitter\nfirst trains all of its antennas at once and then receives a single feedback\nmessage, we consider a scenario where the transmitter instead trains its\nantennas one by one and receives feedback information immediately after\ntraining each one of its antennas. The feedback message may ask the transmitter\nto train another antenna; or, it may terminate the feedback/training phase and\nprovide the quantized codeword (e.g., a beamforming vector) to be utilized for\ndata transmission. As a specific application, we consider a multiple-input\nsingle-output system with $t$ transmit antennas, a short-term power constraint\n$P$, and target data rate $\\rho$. We show that for any $t$, the same outage\nprobability as a system with perfect transmitter and receiver channel state\ninformation can be achieved with a feedback rate of $R_1$ bits per channel\nstate and via training $R_2$ transmit antennas on average, where $R_1$ and\n$R_2$ are independent of $t$, and depend only on $\\rho$ and $P$. In addition,\nwe design variable-rate quantizers for channel coefficients to further minimize\nthe feedback rate of our scheme.\n
Parameter Estimation and Line Width Control of Robot Guided Inkjet Deposition (2018)

In the field of inkjet deposition, there is a lack of specific knowledge to detect and change drop volume to regulate fluid placement. In this paper, we present a novel control scheme to regulate drop diameter on a surface with unknown properties. We derive a model for line width as a function of nozzle velocity, valve duty cycle, and physical properties of fluid and surface. As many of these variables are generally unknown, we present a nonlinear estimator to estimate their cumulative effects as a single variable. Next, benefiting from our estimation knowledge, a closed-loop control method is designed to track a time-varying line width. Stability of both the estimator and control are established using Lyapunov stability theory, and the control is shown to be robust to errors in the estimator. Simulations and experimental results confirm the stability and performance of the approach.
The parachute stopping-preliminary experiments. Research report (1975)

A parachute-type stopping intended for changing the course of mine ventilation air during mine emergencies has been designed and tested. Some production uses are also visualized for metal mines. Preliminary tests in the laboratory and underground indicate that the parachute stopping is a workable concept, but further developmental research is required. (GRA)
Accurate Dose Control with Pressure Compensation System on Single-Wafer Ion Implanters (2008)

On ion implanters, dosimetry is generally controlled by monitoring an electrical current detected with Faraday cup(s) instead of the actual number of dopants. In some cases, ions in a beam undergo charge exchange phenomenon, interacting with residual gas molecules in a beamline. This charge exchange of ions causes variations of the detected beam currents which result in inaccurate dosimetry of implanted dopants. We will introduce to you a system similar to Pressure Compensation of the batch‐type ion implanters to single‐wafer ion implanters, that is, the SHX high current ion implanter and the MC3‐II medium current ion implanter. The system converts the beam current detected with Faraday cups to an adequate value for dose control as a function of beamline pressure and brings accurate dosimetry also in these single‐wafer ion implanters.
Fabrication and testing of the planar magnetic micromotor (1991)

Planar micromotors have the potential for high-speed control applications. These systems require closed loop control and therefore involve not only the motor but also associated high-speed control circuitry. Electrostatic devices with submicron gaps and CMOS controllers offer one possible construction technique. Magnetic motors with bipolar microelectronics are an attractive alternative. Magnetic micromotors have been constructed by using deep X-ray lithography and metal plating with a modified LIGA process. The devices are designed as reluctance motors and consist of a stator that is rigidly attached to the substrate and a rotor that is fabricated as a fully released, free part. Both pieces are formed from nickel and are typically 100 mu m in thickness. The rotor is assembled onto the stator shaft with submicron tolerances. The structure is driven by an external rotating magnet or a fixed electromagnet. Rotational speeds of up to 8000 rpm have been obtained and maintained for several days.
Investigation of the Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Rate of Exopolysaccharide Synthesis in Azotobacter vinelandii (1978)

Exopolysaccharide was produced by Azotobacter vinelandii NCIB 9068 grown under a variety of environmental conditions. The rate of exopolysaccharide synthesis from sucrose in continuous culture remained within the range 5 to 14 mg-atom C (g cell)–1 h–1 for specific growth rates of 0·05 to 0·25 h–1, for rates of sucrose utilization of 16 to 105 mg-atom C (g cell)–1 h–1 and for a range of growth-limiting nutrients, including sucrose.
Somatostatin Receptor 1 Selective Analogues:  2. N<sup>α</sup>-Methylated Scan (2004)

Des-AA(1,2,5)-[d-Trp(8)/d-Nal(8),IAmp(9)]SRIF (AA = amino acid, Nal = 3-(2-naphthyl)-alanine, IAmp = 4-(N-isopropyl)-aminomethylphenylalanine, SRIF = somatostatin), with or without a tyrosine or monoiodotyrosine, were scanned with the introduction of a backbone N-methyl group and tested for binding affinity at the five human somatostatin receptors (sst(1)(-)(5)). N(alpha)-Methylation resulted in loss of sst affinity (2- to >5-fold) when introduced at residues Lys(4) (6), Phe(6) (7), Phe(7) (8), Thr(10) (11), and Phe(11) (12) of the parent compound Des-AA(1,2,5)-[d-Nal(8),IAmp(9)]SRIF (4). N(alpha)-Methylation was tolerated at residues Cys(3) (5), d-Nal(8) (9), Thr(12) (13), and Cys(14) (15) with retention of binding sst affinity and selectivity and resulted in an increase in sst binding affinity at positions IAmp(9) (10) and Ser(13) (14). In these series, the d-Trp(8) substitution versus d-Nal(8) is clearly superior. C-Terminally lysine-extended analogues (21-25) retained sst(1) selectivity and binding affinity when compared to their d-Nal(8)- (4) or d-Trp(8)- (3) containing parent. Des-AA(1,2,5)-[d-Trp(8), (N(alpha)Me)IAmp(9)]SRIF (17), Des-AA(1,2,5)-[d-Trp(8),IAmp(9),(N(alpha)Me)Ser(13)]SRIF (19), Des-AA(1,2,5)-[d-Trp(8),IAmp(9),(N(alpha)Me)Cys(14)]SRIF (20), Des-AA(1,2,5)-[d-Trp(8),(N(alpha)Me)IAmp(9),Tyr(11)]SRIF (34), and Des-AA(1,2,5)-[d-Agl(8)(N(beta)Me,2-naphthoyl),IAmp(9),Tyr(11)]SRIF (42) (Agl = aminoglycine) are sst(1) agonists in their ability to inhibit forskolin-induced cAMP production.
High capacity color barcodes using dot orientation and color separability (2009)

Barcodes are widely utilized for embedding data in printed format to provide automated identification and tracking capabilities in a number of applications. In these applications, it is desirable to maximize the number of bits embedded per unit print area in order to either reduce the area requirements of the barcodes or to offer an increased payload, which in turn enlarges the class of applications for these barcodes. In this paper, we present a new high capacity color barcode. Our method operates by embedding independent data in two different printer colorant channels via halftone-dot orientation modulation. In the print, the dots of the two colorants occupy the same spatial region. At the detector, however, by using the complementary sensor channels to estimate the colorant channels we can recover the data in each individual colorant channel. The method therefore (approximately) doubles the capacity of encoding methods based on a single colorant channel and provides an embedding rate that is higher than other known barcode alternatives. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated by experiments conducted on Xerographic printers. Data embedded at a high density by using the two cyan and yellow colorant channels for halftone dot orientation modulation is successfully recovered by using the red and blue channels for the detection, with an overall symbol error rate that is quite small.
Encapsulated cells producing retroviral vectors for in vivo gene transfer (2002)

Background Because gene therapy of the future will primarily take an in vivo approach, a number of problems associated with its current implementation exist. Currently, repeated delivery of a vector in vivo is necessary to ensure adequate transfer of the therapeutic gene. This may lead to the development of an immune response against the vector, thus interfering with gene delivery. To circumvent this problem, retroviral vector packaging cells that permanently produce recombinant retroviral vector particles have been encapsulated. Methods Vector (pBAG)-producing amphotropic cells were encapsulated in beads composed of polymerized cellulose sulphate. These capsules were analysed in vitro for expression of the vector construct using X-gal staining, as well as for the release of particles by performing RT-PCR from culture supernatant. Infectivity studies were performed in vitro and in vivo. The latter was assayed using histological sections of the microcapsule and the surrounding area stained for β-galactosidase activity and by RT-PCR. Results In culture, the virus-producing cells inside the capsules remained viable and released virus into the culture medium for at least 6 weeks. To test whether these capsules, upon implantation into mice, also release vector virions that infect the surrounding cells, two different models were used. In the first, capsules were implanted in the fat pad of the mammary gland of Balb/c mice. The capsules were well tolerated for at least 6 weeks and a self-limiting inflammatory reaction without any other gross immune response was observed during this period. Furthermore, the virus-producing cells remained viable. In the second model, SCID mice were immunologically reconstituted by subcutaneous implantation of thymus lobes from MHC-identical Balb/c newborn mice and gene transfer into lymphoid cells was achieved by retroviral vectors released by co-implanted capsules. Conclusion The implantation of such capsules containing cells that continually produce retroviral vector particles may be of use for in vivo gene therapy strategies. The data presented demonstrate the feasibility of the concept. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scaling up a "What you see is what you test" methodology to spreadsheet grids (1999)

Although there has been considerable research into ways to design visual programming environments to improve the processes of creating new programs and of understanding existing ones, little attention has been given to helping users of these environments test their programs. This feature would be particularly important for systems aimed at end users, since testing is the primary device they use to determine whether their programs are correct. To help address this need, we introduce two visual approaches to testing large grids in spreadsheet systems. This work scales up a visual testing methodology we previously developed for individual cells. The approaches are tightly integrated into Forms/3, a visual spreadsheet language, and communication with the user happens solely through the use of checkbox devices and coloring mechanisms. The intent of this work is to bring to end users at least some of the benefits of formalized notions of testing, without requiring knowledge of testing beyond a naive level.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: structure-activity profile of 1-benzazepin-2-one derivatives (1985)

The preparation of a series of 3-amino-2-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepine-1-acetic acid derivatives 5a-y by reductive amination of 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepine-2,3-dione (7) with L-amino acid derivatives is described. The compounds were tested for inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme. The structure-activity profile of the series is discussed. Compound 5a was especially potent when tested in dogs for inhibition of angiotensin I pressor response, having an ID50 = 0.07 mg/kg po.
Special Section Future Trendsin Vaccination: Rotavirus vaccines: development and use for the prevention of diarrhoeal disease (1999)

Rotavirus causes annually 600 000 deaths of young children worldwide, mainly in developing countries. The burden of rotavirus disease is significant also in developed countries and has not diminished with improved hygiene. Natural protective immunity against severe rotavirus disease is built up during the first 2-3 years of life. Likewise, studies with live attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines have shown that the majority of severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea are preventable by oral immunization. Candidate rotavirus vaccines were first developed by tissue culture adaptation and attenuation of bovine and rhesus rotaviruses, both of which share the inner core VP6 group antigen with human group A rotaviruses. Subsequently, such heterologous rotaviruses were improved for use as human vaccines by reassortment with human rotaviruses; the resulting reassortants express human rotavirus VP7 surface antigens. A rhesus-human reassortant tetravalent (RRV-TV) rotavirus vaccine was licensed in the USA in 1998, and is recommended for universal immunization of healthy children; licensure in Europe is also imminent. In Finland, this vaccine has prevented 90% of severe episodes of rotavirus gastroenteritis. Protective efficacy of RRV-TV vaccine in developing countries is lower and a more intensive immunization schedule may be needed. Several other candidate rotavirus vaccines, including bovine-human reassortants, are being investigated.