gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical features of ovarian cancer in Japanese women with germ-line mutations of BRCA1. (1998)

We analyzed the clinical features of 25 ovarian cancer patients who were associated with germ-line mutations of BRCA1 from four site-specific ovarian cancer families and seven breast-ovarian cancer families in Japan. The average age at diagnosis was 51.1 years (range, 38-77 years). Histological examination revealed 24 serous cyst adenocarcinomas in 25 patients. In 23 patients with clear clinical records, 3 patients had stage I disease, 17 had stage III disease, and 3 had stage IV disease. Thirteen patients with stage III disease who were treated with cisplatin-containing chemotherapy following tumor reduction surgery showed more favorable outcomes in both the survival rate and disease-free intervals, compared with age- and treatment course-matched controls (5-year survival rate, 0.786 versus 0.303; median disease-free interval, 91.43 versus 40.92 months; P < 0.05 for both, by logarithmic rank test). Our statistical model for the inheritance of susceptibility to ovarian cancer was derived from the analysis of 26 patients and 19 healthy carriers of 12 families. The expected lifetime risk of ovarian cancer is about 80% for women with mutations of BRCA1. These results suggest that the clinical outcome of ovarian cancer with germ-line mutations of BRCA1 appears to be more favorable than that with sporadic cases and that the disease penetrance among pedigrees with germ-line mutations of the BRCA1 gene is substantially high.
Easily fabricated, robust fiber-optic probe for weak fluorescence detection: modeling and initial experimental evaluation (2012)

Detection of fluorescence from a low quantum yield fluorophore is challenging for a fiber-optic probe, especially when an inexpensive and robust construction is desired. We propose a conceptually straightforward theoretical model to optimize the factors affecting the fluorescence-capture capability of a bifurcated/coaxial fiber-optic probe. Experimentally we verify that such a probe, if optimized, can detect the fluorescence of a polymer fluorophore with a low quantum yield of 0.0065.
Mobile robot localization using landmarks (2002)

We describe an efficient algorithm for localizing a mobile robot in an environment with landmarks. We assume that the robot has a camera and maybe other sensors that enable it to both identify landmarks and measure the angles subtended by these landmarks. We show how to estimate the robot's position using a new technique that involves a complex number representation of the landmarks. Our algorithm runs in time linear in the number of landmarks. We present results of our simulations and propose how to use our method for robot navigation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A 0.18μm 102dB-SNR mixed CT SC audio-band ΔΣ ADC (2005)

A second-order mixed CT SC /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator uses multi-bit feedback to reduce clock-jitter sensitivity. The chip is implemented in 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS using 3.3V I/O devices and achieves 102dB SNR in a 20kHz bandwidth by using chopper stabilization to reduce flicker noise. The ADC core draws 11.3mA from a 3.3V supply and occupies 0.65mm/sup 2/.
Integer DCT-based reversible watermarking for images using companding technique (2004)

We present a high capacity reversible watermarking scheme using companding technique over integer DCT coefficients of image blocks. This scheme takes advantage of integer DCT coefficients' Laplacian-shape-like distribution, which permits low distortion between the watermarked image and the original one caused by the bit-shift operations of the companding technique in the embedding process. In our scheme, we choose AC coefficients in the integer DCT domain for the bit-shift operation, and therefore the capacity and the quality of the watermarked image can be adjusted by selecting different numbers of coefficients of different frequencies. To prevent overflows and underflows in the spatial domain caused by modification of the DCT coefficients, we design a block discrimination structure to find suitable blocks that can be used for embedding without overflow or underflow problems. We can also use this block discrimination structure to embed an overhead of location information of all blocks suitable for embedding. With this scheme, watermark bits can be embedded in the saved LSBs of coefficient blocks, and retrieved correctly during extraction, while the original image can be restored perfectly.
High Level Production of Monoclonal Antibodies Using an Optimized Plant Expression System (2020)

Biopharmaceuticals are a large and fast-growing sector of the total pharmaceutical market with antibody-based therapeutics accounting for over 100 billion USD in sales yearly. Mammalian cells are traditionally used for monoclonal antibody production, however plant-based expression systems have significant advantages. In this work, we showcase recent advances made in plant transient expression systems using optimized geminiviral vectors that can efficiently produce heteromultimeric proteins. Two, three, or four fluorescent proteins were coexpressed simultaneously, reaching high yields of 3-5 g/kg leaf fresh weight or ~50% total soluble protein. As a proof-of-concept for this system, various antibodies were produced using the optimized vectors with special focus given to the creation and production of a chimeric broadly neutralizing anti-flavivirus antibody. The variable regions of this murine antibody, 2A10G6, were codon optimized and fused to a human IgG1. Analysis of the chimeric antibody showed that it was efficiently expressed in plants at 1.5 g of antibody/kilogram of leaf tissue, can be purified to near homogeneity by a simple one-step purification process, retains its ability to recognize the Zika virus envelope protein, and potently neutralizes Zika virus. Two other monoclonal antibodies were produced at similar levels (1.2-1.4 g/kg). This technology will be a versatile tool for the production of a wide spectrum of pharmaceutical multi-protein complexes in a fast, powerful, and cost-effective way.
Nitrergic and cholinergic vagal pathways involved in the regulation of canine proximal gastric tone: an <i>in vivo</i> study (2000)

To better understand the relationship between cholinergic and nitrergic (NO) innervation in the regulation of proximal gastric (fundic) tone in vivo, the effects of nitric oxide synthase blockade on fundic tone were studied in conscious dogs using vagal cooling and an electronic barostat. Vagal cooling, atropine (0.05 mg kg-1 i. v. bolus) and hexamethonium (1 mg kg-1 i.v. bolus) all markedly decreased fundic tone as reflected by increased intragastric volume, indicating a significant contribution of vagal and enteric cholinergic pathways to the maintenance of canine fundic tone. Administration of L-NNA (10 mg kg-1 i.v. bolus) increased fundic tone and the effects of L-NNA were completely prevented by prior vagal cooling or atropine administration, but not by pretreatment with hexamethonium. The relaxation effects of neurally derived NO appear primarily related to inhibition of ongoing vagal cholinergic activity. The data are consistent with the primary site of action of nitrergic mechanisms on gastric fundic tone in conscious dogs being at a presynaptic site on vagal cholinergic efferent nerves.
Restorative Justice, Responsive Regulation, and Democratic Governance (2004)

Restorative justice has been a central tradition of justice in most, perhaps all societies prior to the emergence of the modern, central state power with its bureaucratic-professional systems and its emphasis on retribution, deterrence, and, sometimes, re- habilitation. Its revival as a new social movement in modern states offers a new paradigm for addressing the key questions in social work and social welfare of the relation of formal to informal systems of care and control, and of empowerment to coercion. Restorative justice may be defined in terms of process- one whereby all stakeholders come together to resolve how to deal with the aftermath of an offense and its implications for the future-or in terms of its core values-healing rather than hurting, moral learning, community participation and caring, respectful dialogue, forgiveness, responsibility, apology, and setting things right or making amends.
Electron beam lithography with monolayers of alkylthiols and alkylsiloxanes (1994)

Self-assembled monolayers have been modified with focused electron beams of energy 1–50 keV and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) based lithography with energies of ∼10 eV. Modifications ∼15 nm in size have been formed by STM and ∼25 nm in size by 50 keV beams. The fact that these materials work as self-developing electron beam resists is demonstrated by both atomic force microscopy imaging and pattern transfer using conventional wet etchants. Patterns have been transferred to silicon substrates to a depth of ≳120 nm with a multistep wet etching process. The mechanism of electron beam modification has also been explored to better design future monolayer processes.
Native casein micelles as nanocarriers for β‐carotene: <scp>pH</scp>‐and temperature‐induced opening of the micellar structure (2017)

Summary To apply native casein micelles ( CM ) as nanocarriers for lipophilic substances in non‐ or low‐fat food products, they have to be conditioned before loading. In this study, an experimental set‐up for the production and loading of CM was developed. Microfiltration was used to separate CM from skimmed milk. To identify optimal loading conditions temperatures (2, 20, 40 °C), pH values (6.8 and 5.5) and holding times (5, 15, 30, 60 min) were varied. The release of calcium, phosphate and protein from the micellar phase as well as static light scattering and transmission electron microscopy showed that CM were optimally primed at 2 °C and a pH of 5.5 for 5 min. Therefore, loading with β‐carotene was performed under those conditions. After the back‐extraction of β‐carotene, the photometrical analyses revealed total recovery rates of >79% whereby 94% of it was associated with the native CM .
The generation of triggered shock-waves in shock-tubes with exploding wires (2011)

The University of Missouri-Columbia Center for Physical and Power Electronics has implemented the use of exploding wires to trigger the diaphragm in a 20.3 cm diameter PVC shock tube. The shock tube is partitioned into two segments: the driver side and the driven side. The high pressure driver side is partitioned from the low pressure side by a 0.127 mm thick Mylar sheet with an exploding wire attached to it. The shock wave is generated in the tube by pressurizing the driver side of the shock tube to 30.5 psig and discharging the energy from an 11uF capacitor bank into a 30 AWG copper wire. The 9.8 cm long wire vaporizes as 4.95 kJ of stored energy is discharged into it at a peak current of 3 kA. The wire, which is attached to the Mylar, behaves like a fuse; puncturing the Mylar diaphragm as it vaporizes. This catastrophic failure results in the low jitter generation of a shock wave whereby experiments can be timed to the arrival of the shock wave. The key benefit to minimizing the jitter of shock-wave generation allows for better timing for shock-wave diagnostics and functionality. Through experimentation, shock-wave jitter times of approximately 32 μs have been observed. This jitter provides sufficient timing capabilities to efficiently capture data, as well as synchronize external events designed to interact with the shock wave. The diagnostic suite used to analyze the characteristics of the shock wave and the exploding wire includes: a schlieren setup, a phantom V7.3 high speed camera, Kistler 603B1 pressure transducers, a Tektronix TDS2024C oscilloscope, a Northstar PVM-6 high voltage probe, and a Stangenes SI-5009 current probe. The characteristics of the shock tube, as well as the exploding wire for these experiments, are reported.
MRIG frequency mismatch and quadrature control (2014)

The output variables of an MRIG (Microscale Rate Integrating Gyroscope), x, y, satisfy the equations of motion of a two-dimensional oscillator. (Ref. [1]) To examine the role of a mismatch of the two principal frequencies, ω <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> and ω <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , we look at the response to a constant rate input, Ω, for times short compared to the damping time constants. Eqs. (7) of Ref. [1], when specialized to principal-axis coordinates, reduce to x - 2kΩy + ω <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> x = 0 (1) ÿ + 2kΩx + ω <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> y = 0 when the damping and external-force terms are omitted. k is the angular gain factor. The solution for x(t), y(t) in terms of the initial values x(0), y(0), x(0), y(0) is readily obtained using Laplace transforms. To reduce the writing, we introduce the definitions (Eq. (8) of Ref. [1]).
Raman Spectroscopy: A Noninvasive Analysis Tool for the Discrimination of Human Skin Cells (2011)

Noninvasive monitoring of tissue-engineered (TE) constructs during their in vitro maturation or postimplantation in vivo is highly relevant for graft evaluation. However, traditional methods for studying cell and matrix components in engineered tissues such as histology, immunohistochemistry, or biochemistry require invasive tissue processing, resulting in the need to sacrifice of TE constructs. Raman spectroscopy offers the unique possibility to analyze living cells label-free in situ and in vivo solely based on their phenotype-specific biochemical fingerprint. In this study, we aimed to determine the applicability of Raman spectroscopy for the noninvasive identification and spectral separation of primary human skin fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and melanocytes, as well as immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). Multivariate analysis of cell-type-specific Raman spectra enabled the discrimination between living primary and immortalized keratinocytes. We further noninvasively distinguished between fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and melanocytes. Our findings are especially relevant for the engineering of in vitro skin models and for the production of artificial skin, where both the biopsy and the transplant consist of several cell types. To realize a reproducible quality of TE skin, the determination of the purity of the cell populations as well as the detection of potential molecular changes are important. We conclude therefore that Raman spectroscopy is a suitable tool for the noninvasive in situ quality control of cells used in skin tissue engineering applications.
A Block Copolymer from Polystyrene and Columnar Liquid-Crystalline Poly(diethylsiloxane) (1996)

A block copolymer from polystyrene (PS) and poly(diethylsiloxane) (PDES) has been synthesized by sequential anionic polymerization. By DSC, the PDES block was shown to exist in the columnar mesophase at ambient temperatures. By transmission electron microscopy and scanning force microscopy on thin films, the block copolymer was shown to build regular structures, showing a large periodicity, which is unusual for relatively low molecular weight block copolymers and must be ascribed to the fact that the PDES block exists in the mesophase.
Construction of cost-effective bimetallic nanoparticles on titanium carbides as a superb catalyst for promoting hydrolysis of ammonia borane (2018)

Bimetallic cost-effective CoNi nanoparticles (NPs) are conveniently supported on titanium carbides (MXene) by a simple one-step wet-chemical method. The synthesized CoNi/MXene catalysts are characterized by XPS, TEM, STEM-HAADF and ICP-AES. The as-prepared CoNi NPs with a size of 2.8 nm are well dispersed on the MXene surface. It is found that among the CoNi bimetallic system, Co<sub>0.7</sub>Ni<sub>0.3</sub> shows the best performance toward catalyzing ammonia borane (AB) decomposition with a turnover frequency value of 87.6 mol<sub>H<sub>2</sub></sub> mol<sub>cat</sub> <sup>-1</sup> min<sup>-1</sup> at 50 °C. The remarkable catalytic performance is attributed to the mild affiliation of MXene to NPs, which not only stabilizes NPs to maintain a good dispersion but also leaves sufficient surface active sites to facilitate the catalytic reaction.
HERBIVORY AND PLANT DEFENSES IN TROPICAL FORESTS (1996)

▪ Abstract In this review, we discuss the ecological and evolutionary consequences of plant-herbivore interactions in tropical forests. We note first that herbivory rates are higher in tropical forests than in temperate ones and that, in contrast to leaves in temperate forests, most of the damage to tropical leaves occurs when they are young and expanding. Leaves in dry tropical forests also suffer higher rates of damage than in wet forests, and damage is greater in the understory than in the canopy. Insect herbivores, which typically have a narrow host range in the tropics, cause most of the damage to leaves and have selected for a wide variety of chemical, developmental, and phenological defenses in plants. Pathogens are less studied but cause considerable damage and, along with insect herbivores, may contribute to the maintenance of tree diversity. Folivorous mammals do less damage than insects or pathogens but have evolved to cope with the high levels of plant defenses. Leaves in tropical forests are defended by having low nutritional quality, greater toughness, and a wide variety of secondary metabolites, many of which are more common in tropical than temperate forests. Tannins, toughness, and low nutritional quality lengthen insect developmental times, making them more vulnerable to predators and parasitoids. The widespread occurrence of these defenses suggests that natural enemies are key participants in plant defenses and may have influenced the evolution of these traits. To escape damage, leaves may expand rapidly, be flushed synchronously, or be produced during the dry season when herbivores are rare. One strategy virtually limited to tropical forests is for plants to flush leaves but delay “greening” them until the leaves are mature. Many of these defensive traits are correlated within species, due to physiological constraints and tradeoffs. In general, shade-tolerant species invest more in defenses than do gap-requiring ones, and species with long-lived leaves are better defended than those with short-lived leaves.
Wavelet packet analysis applied in detection of low-voltage DC arc fault (2009)

The randomness and instantaneity of low-voltage DC arc fault make it difficult to be detected by methods in time or frequency domain. This paper proposed a method based on Wavelet Packet analysis which has the localization characteristics to detect low-voltage DC arc fault. And the effectiveness of this method has been proved by the simulation analysis with the MATALAB software and the arc simulation experiments.
The electron velocity-field characteristic for n-In<sub>0.53</sub>Ga<sub>0.47</sub>As at 300 K (1982)

Electron drift velocities in n-type In <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.53</inf> Ga <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.47</inf> As have been measured at 300 K using a microwave time-of-flight technique at electric field strengths from about 10 kV/cm to 104 kV/cm. The electron velocity-field characteristic for n-type In <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.53</inf> Ga <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.47</inf> As exhibits a larger negative differential mobility and a lower high field velocity than is obtained with GaAs.
Antimicrobial activity of Vitamin C demonstrated on uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (2017)

Purpose: Studies have demonstrated the ability of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) to inhibit pathogenic bacteria and inhibit biofilms. The effect of varying concentrations of ascorbic acid on bacterial growth was studied on uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The concentration at which maximal inhibition occurred was determined.Methods: All uropathogenic strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolated from patients over a 3-month period were incubated in varying concentrations (5, 10 and 20 mg/ml) of Vitamin C-supplemented Trypticase Soy Broth. Effect on bacterial growth was quantified as a change in absorbance measured by spectrophotometry (450 nm), as compared to controls. Independent samples t-test was used to calculate P value.Results: Bacterial growth was inhibited at all Vitamin C concentrations. Mean absorbances of E. coli and K. pneumoniae broths containing 5, 10, and 20 mg/ml Vitamin C were significantly less than absorbances of growth control broths without Vitamin C (P < 0.005). This inhibition was independent of antimicrobial resistance profiles of isolates. Differences between mean absorbance at 10 and 20 mg/ml Vitamin C for both species were not significant (P > 0.005). Thus, the inhibitory activity of Vitamin C appears to be dose-dependent, with 10 mg/ml being the optimum concentration of ascorbic acid.Conclusions: Ascorbic acid's ability to inhibit bacterial growth may find novel clinical applications. Vitamin C may find potential use in topical antibacterial applications, or urinary bladder irrigation fluid for catheterized patients with urinary tract infections or during bladder instrumentation. There is a need to further explore the possibility of using Vitamin C safely as an effective antimicrobial agent.
Unified POF Programming for Diversified SDN Data Plane (2014)

In many real-world OpenFlow-based SDN deployments, the ability to program heterogeneous forwarding elements built with different forwarding architectures is a desirable capability. In this paper, we discuss a data plane programming framework suitable for a flexible and protocol-oblivious data plane and show how OpenFlow can evolve to provide a generic interface for platform-independent programming and platform-specific compiling. We also show how an abstract instruction set can play a pivotal role to support different programming styles mapping to different forwarding chip architectures. As an example, we compare the compiler-mode and interpreter-mode implementations for an NPU-based forwarding element and conclude that the compiler-mode implementation can achieve a performance similar to that of a conventional non-SDN implementation. Built upon our protocol-oblivious forwarding (POF) vision, this work presents our continuous efforts to complete the ecosystem and pave the SDN evolving path. The programming framework could be considered as a proposal for the OpenFlow 2.0 standard.
Hereditary breast cancer: a brief overview. (2000)

In this brief overview, some of the advances in the aetiology of breast cancer will be highlighted. This overview is divided into the following categories: cancer genes, inherited genetic predisposition to breast cancer, BRCA1 and BRCA2.
Oxidative trifluoromethylation and fluoroolefination of unactivated olefins (2016)

Fluorine-containing organic compounds are gaining increasing importance in medicinal chemistry. Described herein is a mild and efficient method for the radical addition of olefins with TMSCF<sub>3</sub> and TMSCF<sub>2</sub>R (R = COOEt or CF<sub>3</sub>) to deliver various α-trifluoromethylated ketones and α-fluoroolefinated ketones.