gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An approach for automated multimodal analysis of infants' pain (2016)

Current practices of assessing infants' pain depends on the observer's subjective and potentially inconsistent judgment and requires continuous monitoring by care providers. Therefore, pain may be misinterpreted or totally missed leading to misdiagnosis and over/under treatment. To address these shortcomings, current practices can be augmented with a machine-based assessment system that monitors various pain cues and provides an objective and continuous assessment of pain. Although several machine-based pain assessment approaches have been introduced, the majority of these approaches assess pain based on analysis of a single pain indicator (i.e., unimodal). In this paper, we propose an automated multimodal approach that utilizes a combination of both behavioral and physiological pain indicators to assess infants' pain. We also present a unimodal approach that depends on a single pain indicator for assessment. Recogsnizing pain using a single indicator yielded 88%, 85%, and 82% overall accuracies for facial expression, body movement, and vital signs, respectively. Combining facial expression, body movement, and changes in vital signs (i.e., the multimodal approach) for assessment achieved 95% overall accuracy. These preliminarily results indicate that utilizing both behavioral and physiological pain indicators could provide a better and more reliable assessment of infants' pain.
Exploiting what phage have evolved to control gram-positive pathogens (2011)

In the billion years that bacteriophage (or phage) have existed together with bacteria the phage have evolved systems that may be exploited for our benefit. One of these is the lytic system used by the phage to release their progeny from an infected bacterium. Endolysins (or lysins) are highly evolved enzymes in the lytic system produced to cleave essential bonds in the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan for progeny release. Small quantities of purified recombinant lysin added externally to gram-positive bacteria results in immediate lysis causing log-fold death of the target bacterium. Lysins have now been used successfully in a variety of animal models to control pathogenic antibiotic resistant bacteria found on mucosal surfaces and in infected tissues. The advantages over antibiotics are their specificity for the pathogen without disturbing the normal flora, the low chance of bacterial resistance, and their ability to kill colonizing pathogens on mucosal surfaces, a capacity previously unavailable. Lysins therefore, may be a much-needed anti-infective (or enzybiotic) in an age of mounting antibiotic resistance.
Preventive and Reactive Based TNL Congestion Control Impact on the HSDPA Performance (2008)

High speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) is an extension of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) technology of 3GPP Rel-99, with the objective to increase the data rate and reduce the latency in the downlink. The main focus of the work presented is to analyse the effect of congestion at the Iub interface on the HSDPA performance. The data flows should be adequately controlled in order to avoid congestion in the transport network. The 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) Rel. 5 specifications highlight two congestion detection mechanisms which are based on the frame sequence number (FSN) and the delay reference time (DRT) fields of HSDPA data frame. In addition to these, a third congestion detection mechanism based of Checksum of HSDPA data frame is considered. This paper discusses a congestion control scheme deploying all three congestion detection methods. It is shown, that a congestion control algorithm can effectively work using these congestion detection triggers and can control the offered load to the transport network. The simulation results presented in this paper confirm that the congestion in the transport network can be avoided, and hence the performance of HSDPA network can be significantly improved in all aspects.
Beta-sensitive intraoperative probes utilizing dual, stacked ion-implanted-silicon detectors: proof of principle (1998)

Successful development of a beta-sensitive intraoperative probe requires that the device be capable of selectively rejecting or reducing signals from background sources of photons. To address this problem we have designed and tested a unique stacked, dual solid-state detector probe. The first ion-implanted-semiconductor wafer detects a combination of beta particles and background photons, and the second wafer detects just the photon flux, due to the beta shielding effects of the first wafer. Using the data acquired from a positron-emitting source (/sup 18/F), four methods of photon correction were tested. The scheme which incorporated a weighted subtraction of the data from the photon monitoring detector from the front detector was found to optimize performance. Sensitivity to beta particles was 4121.0/spl plusmn/52.3 cps//spl mu/Ci, and the selectivity index was 0.99. Monte Carlo simulations revealed that these values are close to the theoretically optimal values possible, given the probe and source geometries. Additionally, a simulated tumor search utilizing an anthropomorphic torso phantom demonstrated the excellent potential of this device to intraoperatively localize sources of radiotracer-avid disease, such as malignant tumors. In summary, a dual, stacked ion-implanted-silicon detector beta-sensitive probe system has been developed and successfully tested.
Using Noise to Speed up Markov Chain Monte Carlo Estimation (2015)

Carefully injected noise can speed the average convergence of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation estimates. This includes the MCMC special cases of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm and Gibbs sampling and simulated annealing. MCMC equates the solution to a computational problem with the equilibrium probability density of a reversible Markov chain. The algorithm must cycle through a long burn-in phase until it reaches equilibrium because the Markov samples are statistically correlated. The injected noise reduces this burn-in period. Simulations showed that optimal noise gave a 42% speed-up in finding the minimum potential energy of diatomic argon using a Lennard-Jones 12-6 potential. We prove that the Noisy MCMC algorithm brings each Markov step closer on average to equilibrium if an inequality holds between two expectations. Gaussian or Cauchy jump probabilities reduce the inequality to a simple quadratic condition.
Isolation and characterization of a plasmid from phase I Coxiella burnetii (1983)

The DNA from the Nine Mile phase I strain of Coxiella burnetti, the etiological agent of Q fever, has been isolated and purified by cesium chloride-ethidium bromide density gradient centrifugation. A fraction of this DNA has a density characteristic of plasmid DNA. The plasmid DNA was cut with 20 different restriction endonucleases and shown to be a discrete entity. The plasmid, designated QpH1, is approximately 36 kilobases in size and has a molecular mass of 2.4 x 10(7) daltons. A partial restriction map of QpH1 has been constructed by using the restriction endonucleases SalI, KpnI, PstI, and XbaI. QpH1 DNA radioactively labeled by nick translation was used to show that sequences similar to the plasmid are also present in the phase II antigenic variant of C. burnetii.
Plasma Etching Endpointing by Monitoring Radio‐Frequency Power Systems with an Artificial Neural Network (1996)

We demonstrate that the endpoint of an etching process can be determined by monitoring only values in the plasma tool's radio‐frequency (RF) power system, the reflected power from the plasma source and wafer platen power supplies, capacitor values in the RF matchboxes, and the dc bias. This is a systems approach that views the wafer as part of the electrical circuit. As the films on the wafer etch away, the effective impedance of both the wafer and the plasma changes. The state of the RF system is fed into the endpointing system, and the impedance change marks the endpoint. The artificial neural network was trained using endpoints called by an operator monitoring the etching with an in situ ellipsometer. The neural network was trained and tested on 51 wafers, and proved to be as accurate as the operator in calling endpoint. The particular example discussed in this paper finds the TiN endpoint during the etching of 0.25 μm TiN‐polysilicon gate stacks in a Lucas Labs helicon high‐density plasma etcher. Problems encountered while developing the network are discussed, as are some of the limitations of neural networks.
Classification via semi-Riemannian spaces (2008)

In this paper, we develop a geometric framework for linear or nonlinear discriminant subspace learning and classification. In our framework, the structures of classes are conceptualized as a semi-Riemannian manifold which is considered as a submanifold embedded in an ambient semi-Riemannian space. The class structures of original samples can be characterized and deformed by local metrics of the semi-Riemannian space. Semi-Riemannian metrics are uniquely determined by the smoothing of discrete functions and the nullity of the semi-Riemannian space. Based on the geometrization of class structures, optimizing class structures in the feature space is equivalent to maximizing the quadratic quantities of metric tensors in the semi-Riemannian space. Thus supervised discriminant subspace learning reduces to unsupervised semi-Riemannian manifold learning. Based on the proposed framework, a novel algorithm, dubbed as Semi-Riemannian Discriminant Analysis (SRDA), is presented for subspace-based classification. The performance of SRDA is tested on face recognition (singular case) and handwritten capital letter classification (nonsingular case) against existing algorithms. The experimental results show that SRDA works well on recognition and classification, implying that semi-Riemannian geometry is a promising new tool for pattern recognition and machine learning.
Velocity Measurement of Surface Acoustic Wave by Measns of Impulsive Converging Beam (1983)

We have developed a new technique for velocity measurement of surface acoustic wave on a small area. It uses an impulsive converging beam generated with an acoustic lens. The reflected waves from samples were identified as the axial wave and the leaky surface wave. From the time interval between these waves, the velocity of leaky surface acoustic wave of the sample is calculated using an expression derived along with ray optics. Because the time interval measurements do not require a mechanical scanning, they can be done without special attention paid to the mechanical precision of the scanning system, enabling a rapid and simple measurement.
Liquid ventilation: clinical experiences. (1999)

Liquid breathing has been in the medical literature for nearly 80 years and has been proposed as a means of improving gas exchange in patients with acute respiratory failure since the 1970s. There are many potential clinical applications of perfluorochemical (PFC) liquids that span many specialties in medicine. The ability to lower surface tension directed the initial clinical focus on neonatal therapy in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome. The first clinical trial of PFC ventilation was performed in neonates in 1989. Additional trials using LiquiVent, a medical-grade PFC liquid, were initiated in 1993 in infants, children, and adults with severe respiratory distress. Based on the results of several studies during this time, it was concluded that the technique of liquid ventilation seemed to be safe, improve lung function, and recruit lung volume in patients from these various populations. More than 100 patients from preterm neonates to elderly patients with respiratory distress have been studied. In general, patients experience improvement in lung function and oxygenation, without adverse events. The results of such trials are encouraging and suggest the feasibility of this technique in the neonate with severe respiratory failure requiring respiratory support. Limitations of the technique include a limited understanding of how it works and its effectiveness in different patient populations. It has also become evident that there is a need for additional diagnostic and therapeutic instrumentation to expedite its implementation in the intensive care environment. This article discusses clinical experiences with liquid ventilation and highlights the technical needs to facilitate its implementation in respiratory care management.
Multiplicative Background-Foreground Estimation Under Uncontrolled Illumination using Intrinsic Images (2005)

Instead of the conventional background and foreground definition, we propose a novel method that decomposes a scene into time-varying background and foreground intrinsic images. The multiplication of these images reconstructs the scene. First, we form a set of previous images into a temporal scale and compute their spatial gradients. By taking advantage of the sparseness of the filter outputs, we estimate the background by median filtering the gradients, and compute the corresponding foreground using the background. We also propose a robust method to threshold foregrounds to obtain a change detection mask of the moving pixels. We show that a different set of filters can detect the static and moving lines. Computationally, the proposed method is comparable with the state of the art, and our simulations prove the effectiveness of the intrinsic background/foreground decomposition even under sudden and severe illumination changes.
FATIGUE OF SELF-HEALING ELASTOMERS (2007)

Self-healing functionality has been imparted to a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) elastomer. This material contains two microcapsule families, one containing a vinyl terminated PDMS resin and platinum catalyst compounds, the other containing a methylhydrosiloxane crosslinker. A new trouser tear test protocol is developed to evaluate the healing performance of this material. This testing demonstrates that the self-healing elastomer is capable of routinely recovering over 70% of the initial tear strength. A full recovery of original tear strength is possible under certain conditions. Torsional fatigue testing is also performed to assess the capability of this self-healing material to retard and repair fatigue crack growth. The elastomer is able to recover a significant portion of its original torsional stiffness during cyclic loading.
Development of a General and Practical Iron Nitrate/TEMPO‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes/Ketones: Catalysis with Table Salt (2011)

Abstract Oxidation of alcohols is a fundamental transformation related to our daily life. Traditional approaches with at least one stoichiometric amount of oxidants are expensive and cause serious environmental burdens. There are many reports on the aerobic oxidation of simple alcohols such as alkyl or phenyl carbinols and allylic alcohols, which used oxygen or air as the environmentally benign oxidant forming water as the only by‐product. However, no such protocol has been reported for allenols and propargylic alcohols. Thus, it still highly desirable to develop efficient room temperature oxidations of alcohols with a wide scope including allenols and propargylic alcohols. In this paper, an efficient and clean aerobic oxidation of so far the widest spectrum of alcohols using 1 atm of oxygen or air, producing aldehydes/ketones at room temperature in fairly high isolated yields mostly within a couple of hours is described. It is interesting to observe that the reaction has been efficiently expedited by a catalytic amount of sodium chloride in easily recoverable 1,2‐dichloroethane. A mechanism involving NO and NO 2 has been proposed based on the results of the control experiments and GC‐MS studies of the in‐situ formed gas phase of the reaction mixture.
Anion-exchange resin-based desulfurization process. Quarterly technical progress report, January 1, 1993--March 31, 1993 (1993)

Under DOE Grant No. FG22-90PC90309, the University of Tennessee Space Institute (UTSI) is contracted to further develop its anion-exchange, resin-based desulfurization concept to desulfurize alkali metal sulfates. From environmental as well as economic viewpoints, it is necessary to remove soluble sulfates from the wastes created by flue gas desulfurization systems. In order to do this economically, a low-cost desulfurization process for spent sorbents is necessary. UTSI`s anion-exchange resin-based desulfurization concept is believed to satisfy these requirements. UTSI has completed the batch mode experiments to locate the position of the CO{sub 3}{sup 2} and SO{sub 4}{sup 2} ions in the affinity chart. Also, the reviews of the ASPEN Code`s capabilities and EPRI-TAG document`s methodology are in progress for developing the Best Process Schematic and related economics. The fixed-bed experiments are also in progress to evaluate the cycle efficiency of the candidate resins. So far we have completed ten consecutive cycles of exhaustion/carbonation and regeneration for IRA-35 resin. Because of the past problems (now resolved) with the fixed-bed system, the addition of batch mode screening experiments, Christmas holidays and spring break, and the moving of UTSI`s Chemistry Laboratory to a new location, the program is about 6--8 weeks behind schedule, but well within the budget.
Efficient and fully scalable encryption for MPEG-4 FGS (2003)

The newly adopted MPEG-4 Fine Granularity Scalability (FGS) video coding standard offers full scalability to enable easy and flexible adaptation to changing constraints and different requirements. Encryption of an FGS stream should preserve the full scalability. In this paper, we propose a novel and low complexity scheme to encrypt MPEG-4 FGS streams which enables full FGS functionalities. The encrypted FGS stream can be processed by middle stages directly on the ciphertext without decryption. In addition, the proposed scheme has no degradation on either FGS compression efficiency or error resilient performance, and allows random access. Experimental results as well as a preliminary security analysis of the proposed scheme are also included in this paper.
Efficient organic light-emitting diodes using polycrystalline silicon thin films as semitransparent anode (2005)

Polycrystalline silicon (p-Si) is a good material for the construction of thin-film transistors (TFT). It is used for fabricating active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) displays. In this letter, we propose and demonstrate the application of boron-doped p-Si as a semi-transparent anode in making different color OLEDs. Without removing the ultrathin native oxide on the p-Si surface and employing p-doped hole transport layer to enhance holes injection, these OLEDs show comparable or even better performance to conventional OLEDs which use ITO as anodes. The present technique has the advantage of less masking steps in making AMOLED.
HIV-ASSOCIATED NEOPLASTIC DEMENTIA: A MODEL IMPLICATING A ROLE FOR CLONAL MACROPHAGES. (1998)

91 Objective: The clonality of HIV within a given tissue can be determined using an inverse PCR (IPCR) technique. Clonal HIV has been observed in a T-cell lymphoma, several polyclonal lymphomas, and in early Kaposi's sarcoma. Recent cell separation studies have identified tumor-associated macrophages that contain clonal HIV. Integration site mapping studies have identified a common integration region just 5′ to the c-fes oncogene in 6 HIV-associated tumors. One characteristic of this class of neoplasia is the presence of clonal macrophages that express high levels of HIV proteins. Another major HIV-associated disease process associated with these HIV expressing macrophages is AIDS-related dementia. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether HIV-infected macrophages associated with AIDS dementia were clonal, and if clonal, to map integration sites to determine whether a similar insertional mutagenesis process as that observed in the AIDS-related lymphomas might be operative in AIDS-related dementia. Methods: Brains from patients with AIDS dementia and controls were obtained at autopsy. Specimens from cortical and subcortical regions were obtained for analysis. IPCR, immunohistochemistry, Southern blot, and DNA sequencing were performed on each specimen as required. Results: Using IPCR, clonal forms of HIV were found in 8 of 10 AIDS dementia brain specimens, and 5 of 5 AIDS dementia CSF specimens analyzed. In 4 of 5 CSF specimens the only cellular components identified were macrophages. DNA sequencing and RFLP mapping studies identified the platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B) gene locus as the integration region in 4 specimens containing clonal IPCR products. Immunohistochemistry studies identified areas of astrogliosis that contained HIV-infected perivascular macrophages that expressed HIV, PDGF-B, and the proliferating cell marker, PCNA. Conclusions: We postulate that this macrophage population, with a clonal form of HIV integrated near the PDGF locus, may contribute to brain abnormalities through constitutive production of PDGF, causing secondary astrocyte proliferation. Because of the clonal nature of the HIV infected macrophage involved in these brain/CSF specimens, we term this process HIV-associated neoplastic dementia. This new category of disease could define certain forms of AIDS dementia as paraneoplastic processes.
New type surge arresters using high voltage gradient 300 V/mm, 400 V/mm ZnO elements for 66 kV-400 kV power systems (1999)

Zinc oxide surge arresters using zinc oxide (ZnO) elements have been widely used for insulation coordination in the world's power systems. These ZnO elements have basically reference voltage of about 200 V/mm. Recently, new ZnO elements having about 1.5, 2 times high voltage gradient zinc oxide element have been developed. This paper describes applications of high voltage gradient 300 V/mm ZnO elements to high performance porcelain type surge arresters, 300 V/mm and 400 V/mm ZnO elements to gas insulated tank type surge arresters for 66 kV-400 kV power systems. (4 pages)
Oxidation Hypothesis of Atherogenesis: HDL Inflammatory Index and Apolipoprotein A-I Mimetic Peptides (2007)

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the USA and worldwide. Optimizing the ratio and levels of low- and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) has been a major focus of treatments in preventing atherosclerosis. While these therapies have made significant contributions in reducing heart disease, many patients with normal lipid levels still continue to have significant coronary heart disease and crippling cardiac events. Recent research has brought to light the fact that HDL, widely touted to be protective against atherosclerosis, can actually promote atherogenesis in certain conditions. Disruption of anti-inflammatory properties of HDL may result in atherosclerosis in the presence of decreased, increased or unchanged serum HDL-cholesterol levels. The ability of HDL to prevent or promote atherogenesis can be assessed using a parameter termed the HDL inflammatory index. The next generation of emerging therapeutics, such as apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptides, will be aimed at improving the anti-inflammatory property of HDL and thus further reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease.