gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bio-inspired metal-coordinate hydrogels with programmable viscoelastic material functions controlled by longwave UV light (2017)

Control over the viscoelastic mechanical properties of hydrogels intended for use as biomedical materials has long been a goal of soft matter scientists. Recent research has shown that materials made from polymers with reversibly associating transient crosslinks are a promising strategy for controlling viscoelasticity in hydrogels, for example leading to systems with precisely tunable mechanical energy-dissipation. We and others have shown that bio-inspired histidine:transition metal ion complexes allow highly precise and tunable control over the viscoelastic properties of transient network hydrogels. In this paper, we extend the design of these hydrogels such that their viscoelastic properties respond to longwave UV radiation. We show that careful selection of the histidine:transition metal ion crosslink mixtures allows unique control over pre- and post-UV viscoelastic properties. We anticipate that our strategy for controlling stimuli-responsive viscoelastic properties will aid biomedical materials scientists in the development of soft materials with specific stress-relaxing or energy-dissipating properties.
Liquid crystal flat display (1978)

We present here a new principle of flat panel using a smectic A liquid crystal. It is a "passive" matrix working in a thermoelectric mode : at rest, the liquid crystal is transparent while is strongly scatters the light when it is heated by mean of one set of electrodes ; but if an electric field is applied on the liquid crystal, the intensity of the scattered light, decreases. We showed on a prototype that the addressing time of a line can be 60/us or less ; the relaxation times of the liquid crystal for both transitions transparent → scattering and the reverse is less than 2ms. So the frame change time can be adjust from 30ms to several seconds depending on the application. This smectic A matrix display which is simple to realize -as the "passive" matrices- presents characteristics for the contrast ratio, the resolution and the response times which, were only obtained with active matrices.
Effect of trifluoromethyl and other substituents on activity of xanthines at adenosine receptors (1993)

An aryl p-(trifluoromethyl) substituent increases the affinity of 1,3-disubstituted 8-phenylxanthines at A2a-adenosine receptors, while having little effect on affinity at A1-adenosine receptors. In contrast, an aryl p-(trifluoromethyl) substituent has little effect on affinity of 3,7-disubstituted and 1,3,7-trisubstituted 8-phenylxanthines. An aryl p-sulfo substituent reduces affinity of all 8-phenylxanthines at A1- and A2a-adenosine receptors. An 8-(trifluoromethyl) substituent markedly reduces affinity of 1,3-dialkylxanthines at both A1- and A2a-adenosine receptors. In contrast, 8-(trifluoromethyl)caffeine retains affinity for A2a-adenosine receptors, but does lose affinity for A1-adenosine receptors. 8-Bromo-, 8-acryl-, and 8-pent-1-enylcaffeines are also selective for A2-adenosine receptors, while 8-cyclobutylcaffeine is nonselective. 8-[trans-2-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)vinylcaffeine is 20-fold selective for Aza vs A1 receptors.
EFFECT OF A FORMULA WITH ADAPTED PROTEIN PROFILE ON INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA AND GROWTH OF INFANTS (2005)

The protective effect of the breast-milk may be partly attributed to the characteristics of the intestinal microbiota provided by this mode of nutrition. The microbiota of formula-fed infants differs from that of breast-fed infants. Although the main bifidogenic effect of breast-milk has been attributed to the non-protein fraction, it is now recognized that it is due to a complex set of inter-acting factors, among which the type and level of protein (standard formula 2.5 g; human milk 1.8 g/100 Kcal). Aims: To evaluate if a formula with an adapted protein profile, enabling an amino acid profile more similar to human milk (consistent with the international recommendations) may provide similar growth and intestinal microbiota compared to human milk. Subjects and Methods: Non-randomized parallel study in healthy newborn infants less than 28 d of age (21 breast-fed, 27 bottle-fed). The bottle-fed infants received ad libitum a NAN formula with adapted protein profile (1.8 g/100 kcal), and were followed until the age of 120 d. The breast-fed infants were exclusively breast-fed from birth to 60 ± 3 d of age. Anthropometric data and fecal bacteria counts (Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli and Enterobacteria; evaluated by FISH and/or by plating techniques) were measured. Results: The test formula with adapted protein profile provided satisfactory growth up to 120 d compared to the Euro-Growth data, and favored the bifidobacteria population to reach a level similar to that of the breast-fed infants at 60d. Fecal bifidobacteria counts in bottled-fed vs. breast-fed infants obtained by FISH and culture plates were 8.6 ± 0.6 vs. 8.8 ± 0.8 (p = 0.33) and 7.2 ± 3.3 vs. 7.8 ± 3.2 log cfu/g of feces (p = 0.53), respectively. Likewise, the other bacterial populations were not affected by the mode of feeding. Conclusion: Infants fed a starter formula with adapted protein profile had normal growth and intestinal microbiota similar to that of breast-fed infants.
Interfacing an Ion Mobility Spectrometry Based Explosive Trace Detector to a Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (2011)

Hardware from a commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) based explosive trace detector (ETD) has been interfaced to an AB/SCIEX API 2000 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. To interface the COTS IMS based ETD to the API 2000, the faraday plate of the IMS instrument and the curtain plate of the mass spectrometer were removed from their respective systems and replaced by a custom faraday plate, which was fabricated with a hole for passing the ion beam to the mass spectrometer, and a custom interface flange, which was designed to attach the IMS instrument onto the mass spectrometer. Additionally, the mass spectrometer was modified to increase the electric field strength and decrease the pressure in the differentially pumped interface, causing a decrease in the effect of collisional focusing and permitting a mobility spectrum to be measured using the mass spectrometer. The utility of the COTS-ETD/API 2000 configuration for the characterization of the gas phase ion chemistry of COTS-ETD equipment was established by obtaining mass and tandem mass spectra in the continuous ion flow and selected mobility monitoring operating modes and by obtaining mass-selected ion mobility spectra for the explosive standard 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene (TNT). This analysis confirmed that the product ion for TNT is [TNT - H](-), the predominant collision-induced dissociation pathway for [TNT- H](-) is the loss of NO and NO(2), and the reduced mobility value for [TNT - H](-) is 1.54 cm(2)V(-1) s(-1). Moreover, this analysis was attained for sample amounts of 1 ng and with a resolving power of 37. The objective of the research is to advance the operational effectiveness of COTS IMS based ETD equipment by developing a platform that can facilitate the understanding of the ion chemistry intrinsic to the equipment.
Design and Performance of EUV Resist Containing Photoacid Generator for Sub-100 nm Lithography (2005)

To fulfill the SIA roadmap requirements for EUV resists, the development of entirely new polymer platforms is necessary. In order to address issues like Line Edge Roughness (LER) and photospeed, we have developed a novel chemically amplified photoresist containing a photoacid generator (PAG) in the main chain of the polymer. The incorporation of a cationic PAG unit, phenyl methacrylate dimethylsulfonium nonaflate (PAG), in the resist backbone showed increased sensitivity, when compared with analogous blend PAG resist samples. In addition, the overall lithographic performance improved by using the counter anion (nonaflate) in the PAG units. The newly synthesized polymer bound PAG resist, poly (4-hydroxystyrene-co-2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-PAG) showed sub-50 nm features using EUV Lithography.
Carbon Based Prosthetic Devices (1997)

Abstract The medical profession has a need for improved orthopedic devices and biomaterials. The replacement of knee and hip joints with metallic prosthetic devices has provided mobility to many elderly patients suffering from bone diseases. Unfortunately, metal prostheses, anchored with methyl methacrylate cement, have a useful life of 7 to 10 years. Bond failure and wear necessitates an entire replacement of the prosthesis. Bone resorption due to the presence of the implant limits the number of implant operations to two per patient. As a consequence joint replacement is restricted to patients over age 55. A definite need exists for a new material system for extending the expected life of these prosthetic devices for younger patients. The long term objective of this research is to greatly extend the service life of prosthetic devices, specifically artificial joints. A materials system approach is being employed to accomplish this objective. The two specific materials technologies being integrated in this proposed study are carbon/carbon composites and diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings.
Efficient and ultrafast optical modulation of on-chip thermionic emission using resonant cavity coupled electron emitters (2016)

Here, the authors explore microscale optical cavities coupled to thermionic emitters as a means to enable a class of efficient and ultrafast optically modulated, on-chip, thermionic electron emitters. They term this class of devices optical cavity thermionic emitters (OCTET). The devices consist of a microfabricated optical cavity, such as Fabry–Perot or ring resonator, and a heterostructured thermionic emitter with a small bandgap or metallic thermionic emitter (e.g., LaB6) deposited on a wider bandgap electrical and thermal conductor (e.g., doped Si). By tuning the resonant wavelength of the optical cavity, the authors can ensure photons are efficiently and selectively absorbed by the small bandgap/metallic emitter, enabling design of gigahertz–terahertz regime on-chip electron emission sources. The work here focuses on elucidating the properties of single cavity-single emitter OCTETs, but may be applied to more complex cavity-tip structures. First, the authors establish fundamental design rules based solely on the cavity optical properties and emitter optical and thermal properties. Next, detailed device simulations are carried out using optical and thermal three dimensional numerical simulations that accurately account for both geometry as well as temperature and wavelength dependent materials properties. The authors illustrate that devices with highly efficient photon to thermal conversion efficiencies &gt;60% can be achieved despite small emitter active absorption volumes &lt;0.01 μm3 and moderate Q optical cavities. Critically, OCTETs may be designed with ultrafast subnanosecond thermal response time, and sub-10 ps current response times, or efficient steady state excitation—with &lt;10 μW of power required to achieve nanoampere level current emission per tip. Importantly, due to the recent advances in integrated photonics and electronics, the structures explored here may be fabricated using standard microfabrication techniques.
Block based video alignment with linear time and space complexity (2016)

Video retrieval and video copy detection are well studied problems. The goal is to find the matching video in a database from a given query video. Typically, these query videos are short and aligning the query video is of secondary importance. Short sequences can be aligned using dynamic time warping. But, since time and memory usage increases quadratically with the length of the sequences, such process is not suitable for the alignment of two full length movies. A typical feature film is between 70 and 210 minutes long. Our goal is to find an accurate frame-by-frame alignment of a full length original film and a copy that has inserted and deleted sequences (e.g., commercial breaks or censorship), as well as differences in quality, format and framerate. We propose a fast, robust and memory efficient video sequence alignment algorithm which has linear space and time complexity.
In Vitro Growth of Oocytes: From Primordial to Maturation. (2011)

The ability to develop human oocytes from the earliest follicular stages through to maturation and fertilisation in vitro would revolutionise fertility preservation practice. This has been achieved in mouse where in vitro grown (IVG) oocytes from primordial follicles have resulted in the production of live offspring. However, developing IVG systems to support complete development of human oocytes has been more difficult because of differences in scale of timing and size. Successes in growing human oocytes in vitro are being made in a step wise manner and the challenge now is to bridge the gaps between IVG steps and IVM. Our lab has been working on a multi step culture system to support growth and development of bovine and human oocytes from primordial through to fully grown using fresh and cryopreserved ovarian cortical tissue. Our recent work has shown that human and bovine primordial follicles can be activated in vitro within ovarian cortical pieces and grow to multilaminar preantral (secondary) stages within 6 days (Step 1). These preantral follicles can be isolated and have the potential to grow to the antral stage (Step 2) within a total culture period of 10 days. Further 18 days in vitro results in fully grown oocytes in the bovine model. This time scale makes the complete in vitro development of oocytes from human tissue a practical and viable prospect. This presentation will focus on the approaches being taken to obtain complete in vitro development of human oocytes and strategies for assessment of subsequent growth rate and health of IVG oocytes will be discussed. (platform)
End‐labeled free‐solution electrophoresis of DNA (2005)

DNA is a free-draining polymer. This subtle but "unfortunate" property of highly charged polyelectrolytes makes it impossible to separate nucleic acids by free-flow electrophoresis. This is why one must typically use a sieving matrix, such as a gel or an entangled polymer solution, in order to obtain some electrophoretic size separation. An alternative approach consists of breaking the charge to friction balance of free-draining DNA molecules. This can be achieved by labeling the DNA with a large, uncharged molecule (essentially a hydrodynamic parachute, which we also call a drag-tag) prior to electrophoresis; the resulting methodology is called end-labeled free-solution electrophoresis (ELFSE). In this article, we review the development of ELFSE over the last decade. In particular, we examine the theoretical concepts used to predict the ultimate performance of ELFSE for single-stranded (ssDNA) sequencing, the experimental results showing that ELFSE can indeed overcome the free-draining issue raised above, and the technological advances that are needed to speed the development of competitive ELFSE-based sequencing and separation technologies. Finally, we also review the reverse process, called free-solution conjugate electrophoresis (FSCE), wherein uncharged polymers of different sizes can be analyzed using a short DNA molecule as an electrophoretic engine.
Synthesis of 3′,4′,6′-Trideoxy-6′-Fluorokanamycin C, 3′,4′-Dideoxy-6′-<i>C</i>-(fluoromethyl)kanamycin B, and Their 1-<i>N</i>-[(<i>S</i>)-4-Amino-2-hydroxybutanoyl] Derivatives (1990)

Abstract 3′,4′,6′-Trideoxy-6′-fluorokanamycin C (5) has been prepared by treatment of a protected kanamycin C derivative having the free 6-hydroxyl group with DAST, as the key step. Two 3′,4′-dideoxy-6′-C-(fluoromethyl)kanamycin B′s (17a and 17b) have been prepared from a 5′-C-aldehyde derivative of kanamycin C through a sequence of reactions involving nitromethane condensation and 6′,7′-(N-tosylepimino)-ring opening with KHF2, as the key steps. 1-N-[(S)-4-Amino-2-hydroxybutanoyl] derivatives of 5 and 17a were prepared by coupling of the [(S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutanoyl] residue to the 1-amino group of 5 and 17a by utilizing the zinc acetate-ethyl trifluoroacetate method. Biological effects caused by the introduction of the fluorine atom in these products were discussed based on the chemical character of fluorine.
Rewriting Codes for Flash Memories (2012)

Flash memory is a non-volatile computer memory comprising blocks of cells, wherein each cell can take on q different values or levels. While increasing the cell level is easy, reducing the level of a cell can be accomplished only by erasing an entire block. Since block erasures are highly undesirable, coding schemes - known as floating codes (or flash codes) and buffer codes - have been designed in order to maximize the number of times that information stored in a flash memory can be written (and re-written) prior to incurring a block erasure. An (n,k,t)q flash code C is a coding scheme for storing k information bits in $n$ cells in such a way that any sequence of up to t writes can be accommodated without a block erasure. The total number of available level transitions in n cells is n(q-1), and the write deficiency of C, defined as δ(C) = n(q-1)-t, is a measure of how close the code comes to perfectly utilizing all these transitions. In this paper, we show a construction of flash codes with write deficiency O(qk\log k) if q \geq \log_2k, and at most O(k\log^2 k) otherwise. An (n,r,\ell,t)q buffer code is a coding scheme for storing a buffer of r \ell-ary symbols such that for any sequence of t symbols it is possible to successfully decode the last r symbols that were written. We improve upon a previous upper bound on the maximum number of writes t in the case where there is a single cell to store the buffer. Then, we show how to improve a construction by Jiang et al. that uses multiple cells, where n\geq 2r.
Assessment of Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytotoxicity Using Flow Cytometry (2004)

Cytotoxic lymphocytes, including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells, kill target cells by releasing granules containing perforin and granzymes, and/or via Fas-Fas ligand interactions. Both pathways lead to prompt activation within target cells of caspase cascades responsible for apoptosis induction and cell death. We have utilized cell-permeable fluorogenic caspase substrates and multiparameter flow cytometry to detect caspase activation in target cells, and applied these tools to quantify and visualize cytotoxic lymphocyte activities. This novel assay, referred to as the flow cytometric cytotoxicity (FCC) assay, is a nonradioactive single-cell-based assay that provides a more rapid, biologically informative, and sensitive approach to measure cytotoxic lymphocyte activity when compared to other assays such as the 51chromium (51Cr) release assay. In addition, the FCC assay can be used to study CTL-mediated killing of primary target cells of different cell lineages that are frequently not amenable to study by the 51Cr release assay. Furthermore, the FCC assay enables evaluation of the phenotype and fate of both target and effector cells, and as such, provides a useful new approach to illuminate the biology of cytotoxic lymphocytes.
Hadamard-Coded, Stationary-Entrance-Mask, Photodiode-Array Spectrometer (1989)

A Hadamard transform spectrometer has been designed which uses a stationary Hadamard mask at the entrance plane of a holographic grating, photodiode array spectrometer. The mask contains 2N-1 slots where N is the number of resolution elements in the photodiode array. The instrument uses no moving parts and has the ability to capture the spectrum of a randomly occurring pulse source with significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio than a single-slit array spectrometer. It utilizes all-reflective optics and is a generic design suitable for use in the ultraviolet, visible and infrared when equipped with a detector array which is sensitive in the region of interest.
A Gated Electrostatic Ion Trap To Repetitiously Measure the Charge and <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> of Large Electrospray Ions (1997)

The design and operation of a new type of ion trap provides a way to measure mass, charge, and velocity of large individual electrospray ions (>1 MDa, >250 charges) repeatedly during the time the ion is trapped. The trap consists of an image charge detection tube mounted between two ion mirrors. The mirrors are sets of parallel electrodes drilled with holes aligned with the bore of the detector tube. The device relies on voltages applied to the electrodes to establish symmetrically opposing ion focusing mirrors for the purpose of cycling ions through the charge detection tube many times. This design does not use magnetic or radio frequency fields to trap ions. Gating one of the mirrors to 0 V while maintaining voltages appropriate for reflecting ions on the opposite mirror allows an ion to pass through the holes in the mirror and enter the detector tube. A low-noise charge-sensitive amplifier, connected to the tube, reproduces the image charge of individual ions as they pass through the detector tube. When a highly charged electrospray ion enters the detector tube, its image charge triggers a circuit that enables the entrance electrodes, thus closing the electrostatic gate to the trap. Ion mass is calculated from simultaneous measurements of ion charge and velocity every time an ion passes through the detector. Individual ions have been trapped for as long as about 10 ms, during which time they cycled 450 times through the detector tube. At this level of trapping time, a theoretical precision for charge measurement as small as about two electrons rms can be achieved for 200 eV/charge ions carrying more than 250 charges. The operation of the system is demonstrated by trapping 2.88 MDa ions of DNA.
Reconstruction Algorithm for Wide Cone Beam Helical CT (2006)

In practice cone beam CT reconstruction is often done using the approximate Feldkamp-type algorithms because of their flexibility and simplicity; however, when it comes to a 64- and higher detector row CT, they produce cone beam artifacts, and for 256+ detector-row CT image quality becomes unacceptable. The exact algorithms, on the other hand, produce artifact-free images but are much more computationally demanding and not very flexible in controlling noise/resolution trade-off. We propose a cone beam algorithm that can be easily adjusted depending on the cone angle. We tested it on 64-slice real data and 320-slice simulated data. For 64-slice CT it outperforms helical Feldkamp in both image quality and volume reconstruction speed; using the same redundancy weighting it reduces the cone beam artifact and improves noise uniformity. Because weighting is done after the convolution step, we can use the n-PI Tam-Danielson window, an exact cone beam weighting. We show that the weighting is more important than the filtering direction for image quality. The proposed method has good image quality without rebinning to tangential filtering lines. In evaluation we compare the proposed algorithm to helical Feldkamp and the 1-PI and 3-PI Katsevich algorithms.
Preclinical Experience Using a New Robotic System Created for Microsurgery (2018)

It is feasible to complete anastomotic microsurgery on silicone vessels using the MicroSure robotic system. In comparison with the conventional method, time to perform the anastomosis was longer and quality of microsurgical skills was lower in the robot-assisted group. However, the robot-assisted performance showed steeper learning curves for both surgical time and domains of microsurgical skills. The encouraging results indicate further development of the system and (pre)clinical trials.