gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive theory of volumetric radiance estimation using photon points and beams (2011)

We present two contributions to the area of volumetric rendering. We develop a novel, comprehensive theory of volumetric radiance estimation that leads to several new insights and includes all previously published estimates as special cases. This theory allows for estimating in-scattered radiance at a point, or accumulated radiance along a camera ray, with the standard photon particle representation used in previous work. Furthermore, we generalize these operations to include a more compact, and more expressive intermediate representation of lighting in participating media, which we call “photon beams.” The combination of these representations and their respective query operations results in a collection of nine distinct volumetric radiance estimates. Our second contribution is a more efficient rendering method for participating media based on photon beams. Even when shooting and storing less photons and using less computation time, our method significantly reduces both bias (blur) and variance in volumetric radiance estimation. This enables us to render sharp lighting details (e.g., volume caustics) using just tens of thousands of photon beams, instead of the millions to billions of photon points required with previous methods.
Novel dental dynamic depth profilometric imaging using simultaneous frequency-domain infrared photothermal radiometry and laser luminescence (2000)

A high-spatial-resolution dynamic experimental imaging setup, which can provide simultaneous measurements of laser-induced frequency-domain infrared photothermal radiometric and luminescence signals from defects in teeth, has been developed for the first time. The major findings of this work are (i) radiometric images are complementary to (anticorrelated with) luminescence images, as a result of the nature of the two physical signal generation processes; (ii) the radiometric amplitude exhibits much superior dynamic (signal resolution) range to luminescence in distinguishing between intact and cracked sub-surface structures in the enamel; (iii) the radiometric signal (amplitude and phase) produces dental images with much better defect localization, delineation, and resolution; (iv) radiometric images (amplitude and phase) at a fixed modulation frequency are depth profilometric, whereas luminescence images are not; and (v) luminescence frequency responses from enamel and hydroxyapatite exhibit two relaxation lifetimes, the longer of which (approximately ms) is common to all and is not sensitive to the defect state and overall quality of the enamel. Simultaneous radiometric and luminescence frequency scans for the purpose of depth profiling were performed and a quantitative theoretical two-lifetime rate model of dental luminescence was advanced.
CD24 enrichment protects while its loss increases susceptibility of juvenile chondrocytes towards inflammation (2016)

We have identified CD24 as a novel regulator of inflammatory response in cartilage that is altered during development and aging and could potentially be therapeutic in RA and OA.
Synthesis and Evaluation of &beta;-Carbolinium Cations as New Antimalarial Agents Based on &pi;-Delocalized Lipophilic Cation (DLC) Hypothesis (2005)

Several beta-carbolines including naturally occurring substances and their corresponding cationic derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for antimalarial (antiplasmodial) activity in vitro and in vivo. A tetracyclic carbolinium salt was elucidated for antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activities in vitro as well as antiplasmodial activity. Quarternary carbolinium cations showed much higher potencies in vitro than electronically neutral beta-carbolines and a good correlation was observed between pi-delocalized lipophilic cationic (DLC) structure and antimalarial efficacy. beta-Carbolinium compounds exhibit medium suppressive activity in vivo against rodent malaria.
Development of a New, Compact Electrostatic Coalescer Concept (2001)

Summary The demand for more cost-effective field developments has led to a substantial focus on separation equipment that reduces weight and deck space. Of particular concern are field developments with subsea production templates and multiphase transportation to existing field installations. Additionally, environmental aspects concerning the use of large amounts of chemical demulsifiers are crucial these days. This paper presents a new compact electrostatic coalescer (CEC) that has the capability to reduce both weight and size, and to eliminate the use of chemical demulsifiers, in some cases. The basic principle of Performance of the laboratory version of the CEC is discussed with respect to emulsion properties, flow rate, applied voltage, and residence time in the electric field. Performance is quantified using both a laser-particle and droplet-size analyzer and a Hamamatsu image-analysis system. Some results from a prototype test on live crude are also given.
Interference-tolerant multi-user radar system using one-coincidence frequency hopping code with 1GHz bandwidth at 24GHz (2016)

This paper presents an interference-tolerant radar which can endure multiple signals transmitted from adjacent vehicles for autonomous driving applications. The interference-tolerant property has been realized by applying a specific code-division multiplexing method, involved with one-coincidence frequency hopping code, to the continuous-wave radar. We have implemented such a radar prototype in 65-nm CMOS operating at 24 GHz with 1 GHz bandwidth (equivalently with 15 cm range resolution). Measurements indicate that the prototype can support up to 22 adjacent vehicles simultaneously by using the optimal Hamming correlation property of the extended hyperbolic congruential code.
Diffusion barrier cladding in Si/SiGe resonant interband tunneling diodes and their patterned growth on PMOS source/drain regions (2003)

Si/SiGe resonant interband tunnel diodes (RITDs) employing /spl delta/-doping spikes that demonstrate negative differential resistance (NDR) at room temperature are presented. Efforts have focused on improving the tunnel diode peak-to-valley current ratio (PVCR) figure-of-merit, as well as addressing issues of manufacturability and CMOS integration. Thin SiGe layers sandwiching the B /spl delta/-doping spike used to suppress B out-diffusion are discussed. A room-temperature PVCR of 3.6 was measured with a peak current density of 0.3 kA/cm/sup 2/. Results clearly show that by introducing SiGe layers to clad the B /spl delta/-doping layer, B diffusion is suppressed during post-growth annealing, which raises the thermal budget. A higher RTA temperature appears to be more effective in reducing defects and results in a lower valley current and higher PVCR. RITDs grown by selective area molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) have been realized inside of low-temperature oxide openings, with performance comparable with RITDs grown on bulk substrates.
A gain compensation method for the long-range distributed fiber disturbance sensor (2016)

We proposed a gain compensation method to overcome the amplitude fading induced by the gain-bandwidth product (GBP) of the detector, which will seriously deteriorate the positioning accuracy of the distributed disturbance sensor at a long sensing range. To guarantee the performance of this method, we used the time-frequency distribution of the interference signal to distinguish the normal signal and the one need to compensate. A positioning measurement experiment using an asymmetric dual Mach-Zehnder interferometer (ADMZI) was carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The experiment result showed that the sensing range can reach 121km, which was improved by over 40% compared to the traditional positioning method without gain compensation.
Fluorescently Labeled Adenovirus with pIX-EGFP for Vector Detection (2004)

Adenoviruses are extensively studied in terms of their use as gene therapy vectors and pathogenesis. These vectors have been targeted on both transcriptional and transductional levels to achieve cell-specific gene delivery. Current detection strategies, including reporter gene expression, viral component detection, and vector labeling with fluorophores, have been applied to analyze adenoviral vectors; however, these methods are inadequate for assessing transductional targeting. As an alternative to conventional vector detection techniques, we developed a specific genetic labeling system whereby an adenoviral vector incorporates a fusion between capsid protein IX and EGFP. DNA packaging and thermostability were marginally hampered by the modification while DNA replication, cytopathic effect, and CAR-dependent binding were not affected. The fluorescent label was associated with the virus capsid and conferred a fluorescent property useful in detecting adenoviral particles in flow cytometry, tracking, and tissue sections. We believe our genetic adenovirus labeling system has important implications for vector development, detecting adenovirus vectors in targeting schemes, and studying adenovirus biology. In addition, this technique has potential utility for dynamic monitoring of adenovirus replication and spread.
Development of Stable Phosphohistidine Analogues (2010)

Protein phosphorylation is one of the most common and extensively studied posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Compared to the O-phosphorylation of Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues, our understanding of histidine phosphorylation is relatively limited, particularly in higher eukaryotes, due to technical difficulties stemming from the intrinsic instability and isomerism of phosphohistidine (pHis). We report the design and synthesis of stable and nonisomerizable pHis analogues. These pHis analogues were successfully utilized in solid-phase peptide synthesis and semi-synthesis of histone H4. Significantly, the first antibody that specifically recognizes pHis was obtained using the synthetic peptide as the immunogen.
Molecular contrast in optical coherence tomography using a pump-probe technique and a optical switch suppression technique (2003)

We describe two novel techniques for contrast enhancement in optical coherence tomography (OCT) which enables molecular specific imaging. The first, a pump-probe technique, is employed in which a pulsed pump laser is tuned to ground-state absorption in a molecule of interest. The location of the target molecule population is derived from the resulting transient absorption of OCT sample arm light acting as probe light. Preliminary results exhibiting contrast enhancement in cross-sectional OCT images using methylene blue dye are presented. The second method is an optical switch suppression technique based on the use of a transmembrane protein called bacteriorhodopsin. Initial experiments indicate that biochemical optical switches, such as bacteriorhodopsin, are excellent contrast agent candidates for molecular contrast OCT.
A New Ion Optical System for High Resolution High Sensitivity Mass Spectrometer (1980)

A new type of double focusing mass spectrometer is proposed. The apparatus consists of a hybrid electric field, a Q-lens and a homogeneous magnetic field with curved boundaries. It has focusing nature of both second order and stigmatic, besides the image magnification is only 0.1. Therefore, very high sensitivity is expected at high resolution because 10 times wider source slit is possible to use comparing with the conventional mass spectrometer. The distinguishing feature of this ion optical system is that the electric field is divided into two parts, one is a diverging field with c>2 and the other a converging field with c<2. The first electric field makes a small virtual image and this virtual image is focused by the second electric field at the exit of the electric field. The image aberration due to the influence of the fringing field is reduced by the small beam size at the boundary. Several examples of the ion optical systems are described.
Synthesis of tritiated functionalized congeners of 1.3‐dipropylxanthine having high affinity at adenosine receptors (1986)

Abstract Two potent ligands for adenosine receptors have been synthesized with non‐exchangeable 3 H labeling to high specific activity. Both are adenosine antagonists. one a carboxylic acid congener, 1 , and the other an amino congener. 2 . and are structurally related to 1,3‐dipropyl‐8‐phenylxanthine. The label was introduced at four positions in the n‐propyl groups through catalytic reduction of 1,3‐diallyl precursors. Due to favorable aqueous solubility. high potency and selectivity. these ligands are expected to be suitable for competitive binding assays and autoradiography.
Numerical Investigation on Gas Emission from Three Landfill Soil Covers under Dry Weather Conditions (2015)

The design of existing soil landfill final covers, e.g., a single clay layer cover or a cover with capillary barrier effect (CCBE), aims at limiting water infiltration rather than minimizing landfill gas emissions. We propose an alternative three‐layer capillary barrier landfill cover with an added clay layer underneath a CCBE to improve the effectiveness of limiting gas emission. Finite element analyses of coupled water and gas flow were performed to investigate and compare the performance of these three types of soil covers regarding gas emission under a continuous duration of 34 dry d. Due to evaporation, suction in the single clay layer cover increased larger than its air‐entry value, causing a significant increase in the air coefficient of permeability. For the CCBE, evaporation also led to water loss in the silt layer, which cannot serve as a gas barrier. On the contrary, the bottom clay in the alternative three‐layer capillary barrier cover system was protected by a relatively dry sand layer, which acts as a barrier, minimizing water loss from the clay layer. This is because the dry sand layer has a very low water permeability. As a result, the gas emission rate through the alternative three‐layer capillary barrier cover was the lowest among the three types of covers. This rate was lower than the criterion set by the Carbon Farming Initiative, indicating that the alternative three‐layer capillary barrier cover is a possible barrier to minimize gas emission even under dry weather conditions.
Prognostic Significance of Head-and-Neck Cancer Biomarkers Previously Discovered and Identified Using iTRAQ-Labeling and Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2008)

Diagnostic oncoproteomics is an emerging field; at present, studies on evaluation of prognostic utility of potential biomarkers identified using proteomic techniques are limited. Analysis with isobaric mass tags (iTRAQ) by multidimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify proteins that are differentially expressed in human head-and-neck/oral squamous cell carcinomas (HNOSCCs) versus noncancerous head-and-neck tissues has led to the discovery, identification, and verification of consistently increased expression of a panel of proteins, including stratifin (14-3-3sigma) and YWHAZ (14-3-3zeta), that may serve as potential cancer biomarkers. Herein, we describe the prognostic utility of these two candidate biomarkers for head-and-neck/oral squamous cell carcinoma (HNOSCC). To determine the clinical significance of stratifin and YWHAZ in head-and-neck tumorigenesis, the expressions of these two proteins were analyzed in HNOSCCs (51 cases) and nonmalignant tissues (39 cases) using immunohistochemistry. Significant increase in stratifin expression was observed in the HNOSCCs as compared to the nonmalignant mucosa [p=0.003, Odd's Ratio (OR)=3.8, 95% CI=1.6-9.2]. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis reveals correlation of stratifin overexpression with reduced disease-free survival of HNOSCC patients (p=0.06). The most intriguing finding is the significant decrease in median disease-free survival (13 months) in HNOSCC patients showing overexpression of both stratifin and YWHAZ proteins, as compared to patients that did not show overexpression of these proteins (median disease-free survival=38 months, p=0.019), underscoring their utility as adverse prognosticators for HNOSCCs. Co-immunoprecipitation assays show the formation of stratifin-YWHAZ heterodimers in HNOSCC cells and tissue samples, and interactions with NFkappaB, beta-catenin, and Bcl-2 proteins. These results suggest the involvement of these proteins in the development of head-and-neck cancer and their association with adverse disease outcome.
<title>Advances in thermal ink-jet printing</title> (1998)

In recent years, ink jet has emerged as one of the mainstream printing technologies. Since its market inception in 1985, Hewlett-Packard's thermal ink jet technology (TIJ) has evolved progressively from a 12 nozzle 96 dpi print head to a 300 nozzle 600 dpi print head. TIJ has made rapid progress enabling it to print text output on plain paper that challenges laser printers, and realistic photographic images that rival silver halide, at a low consumer price. Thermal ink jet technology continues to enjoy a greater unit market share than any other digital printing technology and all other ink jet technologies combined. The driving forces for the advancement of TIJ have been better, faster, and cheaper printers for consumers. These goals involve key attributes such as ink performance (gamut, sharpness, fastness), minimum deliverable colorant (drop volume), rate of colorant delivery (firing frequency, nozzle integration, firing chamber volume), and print engine cost per unit throughput. In this paper, key technology challenges for TIJ will be outlined. New materials and new processes that are required for the advancement of thermal ink jet printing are discussed. Recently, competing ink jet methods have (re-)emerged, notably piezoelectric ink jet. References will be made to piezoelectric ink jet when appropriate.
Realization of Metamaterial-Based Devices: Mathematical Theory and Physical Demonstration (2010)

Abstract : The focus of this project was on dipole mode analysis and dispersion diagram characteristics of metamaterials constructed from array of dielectric and magnetic spheres in a unit-cell. A comprehensive study was provided and different metamaterials were established. It was demonstrated combining electric and magnetic dipole modes (different spheres particles in a unit-cell) can successfully engineer the dispersion diagrams. Effective metamaterials parameters were obtained. Bandwidth enhancement by increasing the coupling between the particles was also realized. The performance analysis of other shape structures (such as disks, easier for fabrication) was also explored. At the end, hemisphere magneto-dielectric, ENG, and MNG small antennas were developed and their physics were highlighted. Our theoretical model was successfully validated using a full-wave numerical approach through successful modeling of complex metamaterial structures.
Extending the Refrigerated Storage of Red Blood Cells (2004)

Abstract : Oxygen removal increases shelf-life and quality of refrigerated blood. The shelf life of our blood has been prolonged to a minimum of 12 weeks with survival equal to or greater than that of conventional 6 week storage. Increased quality is evident in increased ATP and DPG. This may result from increased binding of ATP and DPG to hemoglobin as a consequence of oxygen removal. The extent of quality improvement and prolonged shelf life are not yet maximal. Strong possibilities exist for further enhancing quality and prolonging shelf life. A self-regulating blood bag compatible with conventional storage facilities has been designed and awaits testing.
A Fibrin Specific Monoclonal Antibody which Interferes with the Fibrinolytic Effect of Tissue Plasminogen Activator (1988)

Monoclonal antibodies to human fibrin have been prepared from stable hybridomas, obtained by fusion of a mouse myeloma cell line (NS-1) and spleen cells of Balb/c mice immunized with a suspension of human fibrin. One cell line, DG1, producing a monoclonal antibody of the IgG1, kappa subclass, reacted specifically with human fibrin (KD = 1.2 nM). Western blotting analysis indicates that DG1 crossreacts with the fibrin fragment D-dimer. Using both a chromogenic and an 125I-fibrin release assay it was illustrated that in the presence of the fibrin specific antibody the t-PA mediated generation of plasmin was significantly inhibited. An animal model system, developed to monitor thrombosis and induced reactive fibrinolysis, was used to investigate the interference of plasminogen activation, by the antibody, in vivo. This fibrin specific antibody prolonged the onset of reactive fibrinolysis in a dose dependent manner.
A Microfluidic Fuel Cell with Flow-Through Porous Electrodes (2008)

A microfluidic fuel cell architecture incorporating flow-through porous electrodes is demonstrated. The design is based on cross-flow of aqueous vanadium redox species through the electrodes into an orthogonally arranged co-laminar exit channel, where the waste solutions provide ionic charge transfer in a membraneless configuration. This flow-through architecture enables improved utilization of the three-dimensional active area inside the porous electrodes and provides enhanced rates of convective/diffusive transport without increasing the parasitic loss required to drive the flow. Prototype fuel cells are fabricated by rapid prototyping with total material cost estimated at 2 USD/unit. Improved performance as compared to previous microfluidic fuel cells is demonstrated, including power densities at room temperature up to 131 mW cm-2. In addition, high overall energy conversion efficiency is obtained through a combination of relatively high levels of fuel utilization and cell voltage. When operated at 1 microL min-1 flow rate, the fuel cell produced 20 mW cm-2 at 0.8 V combined with an active fuel utilization of 94%. Finally, we demonstrate in situ fuel and oxidant regeneration by running the flow-through architecture fuel cell in reverse.
Performance of the QPLEX™ Alz plus assay, a novel multiplex kit for screening cerebral amyloid deposition (2021)

Our QPLEX™ Alz plus assay kit provides preliminary evidence that it can be used as blood marker to predict cerebral amyloid deposition but independent validation is needed.
Preventing Raman Lasing in High-Q WGM Resonators (2007)

A generic design has been conceived to suppress the Raman effect in whispering- gallery-mode (WGM) optical resonators that have high values of the resonance quality factor (Q). Although it is possible to exploit the Raman effect (even striving to maximize the Raman gain to obtain Raman lasing), the present innovation is intended to satisfy a need that arises in applications in which the Raman effect inhibits the realization of the full potential of WGM resonators as frequency-selection components. Heretofore, in such applications, it has been necessary to operate high-Q WGM resonators at unattractively low power levels to prevent Raman lasing. (The Raman-lasing thresholds of WGM optical resonators are very low and are approximately proportional to Q(sup -2)). Heretofore, two ways of preventing Raman lasting at high power levels have been known, but both entail significant disadvantages: A resonator can be designed so that the optical field is spread over a relatively large mode volume to bring the power density below the threshold. For any given combination of Q and power level, there is certain mode volume wherein Raman lasing does not start. Unfortunately, a resonator that has a large mode volume also has a high spectral density, which is undesirable in a typical photonic application. A resonator can be cooled to the temperature of liquid helium, where the Raman spectrum is narrower and, therefore, the Raman gain is lower. However, liquid-helium cooling is inconvenient. The present design overcomes these disadvantages, making it possible to operate a low-spectral-density (even a single-mode) WGM resonator at a relatively high power level at room temperature, without risk of Raman lasing.