gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rate-constrained optimal block-adaptive coding for digital tape recording of HDTV (1991)

An image coding algorithm for digital video tape recorders (DVTR) must satisfy several requirements which do not arise in other applications of video compression. A key constraint on the data format is satisfied if every frame (or field) of video is partitioned into a small number of subimages, each independently coded with a fixed number of bits. This requirement excludes the use of interframe coding and most variable-rate image coding algorithms. We propose to use a new algorithm that codes a subimage efficiently under this data format constraint and allows virtually lossless reproduction at reasonable low bit rates. Each subimage is partitioned into non-overlapping blocks and each block is coded by one of a finite set of predesigned block quantizers covering a range of bit rates. For the ith block in the subimage, a rate function R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</sub> (L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</sub> ) and a distortion function D <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</sub> (L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</sub> ) is tabulated for each block quantizer L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</sub> . A near-optimal quantizer allocation algorithm based on the Lagrange Multiplier method is used to select a particular quantizer for each block. The objective is to minimize the distortion of the entire subimage under the constraint on the total number of bits for the subimage. A system for the compression of HDTV for DVTR's based on this rate-constrained optimal block-adaptive technique is designed using the DCT and vector quantization with a multistage structure. Simulation results demonstrate that this algorithm has the potential of achieving virtually lossless compression for digital tape recording of HDTV.
Overview of Compaction Data Analysis Techniques (1992)

In this review article, the techniques that have been utilized to assess the compactional behaviour of pharmaceutical materials were presented, and the advantages, limitations and modifications of some of these methods were discussed. It was concluded that despite some of these techniques, such as Heckel equation, F-D curves, energy of compaction, tensile strength and hardness measurements, have received considerable attention, none of them was found to be satisfactory for the comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms involved in the compaction of the solid particulate matter.
A Branch-and-Cut Algorithm for the Undirected Traveling Purchaser Problem (2003)

The purpose of this paper is to present a branch-and-cut algorithm for the undirected Traveling Purchaser Problem which consists of determining a minimum-cost route through a subset of markets, where the cost is the sum of travel and purchase costs. The problem is formulated as an integer linear program, and several families of valid inequalities are derived to strengthen the linear relaxation. The polyhedral structure of the formulation is analyzed and several classes of valid inequalities are proved to be facet defining. A branch-and-cut procedure is developed and tested over four classes of randomly generated instances. Results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms all previous approaches and can optimally solve instances containing up to 200 markets.
Failure analysis of power modules: a look at the packaging and reliability of large IGBTs (1993)

Power cycling tests on power modules consisting of insulated-gate bipolar transistors chips connected in parallel are reported. The following problems were found to degrade the properties of the modules: (1) Thick wire connections debonded after a low number of cycles because of mechanical strain. (2) Substrate assemblies deformed due to bimetallic effects, leading to poor thermal contact to the heatsink, and in some cases, to a cracking of electrical interconnects. (3) Soldering of substrates to large copper plates was of poor quality. The high number of large voids created intolerable differences in thermal resistance between the paralleled chips. It appears that the packaging technologies used are insufficient for power modules with paralleled chips when a high number of load cycles is expected.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characterization of a high molecular weight antigen of Cryptosporidium parvum micronemes possessing epitopes that are cross-reactive with all parasitic life cycle stages. (1994)

Crossreacting antigens between life cycle stages of Cryptosporidium parvum (Protozoa, Apicomplexa) were detected using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Shared epitopes were demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy, at the level of micronemes of the sporozoite and merozoite stages; some dense granules were also labelled but not so intensively. The parasitophorous vacuole membranes of all intracellular stages, the wall-forming bodies of macrogametes and the outer oocyst walls all shared these epitopes. The antigens that bear these epitopes were characterized using the whole oocyst and sporozoite stages as sources of antigenic material. Complex labelling patterns were observed on Western blots. However, all the mAbs used in this study recognized an antigen of more than 500 kDa. The glycoproteinic nature of this antigen was demonstrated by its sensitivity to pronase and periodate treatments. The expression of this high molecular weight immunoreactive antigen in the intracellular stages of C parvum was not investigated and remains to be found.
Selective MOVPE of III-nitrides and device fabrication on an Si substrate (2008)

Growth of III-nitrides on silicon is investigated to realize optical devices on silicon substrate. The emphasis is focused on
the growth of highly qualified GaN micro-crystals on patterned Si substrate so that we may achieve GaN-Si integration.
Because of the differences in the crystal structure and the thermal expansion coefficient, the epitaxial layer is subject to
defects/cracks, which are overcome by selective area growth (SAG) on patterned Si substrate. By using the anisotropy
etching of the Si, we can make {111} facet of Si on the substrate surface. The SAG of the GaN is achieved on the thus
prepared {111} facet. As a result, growth of non-polar or semi-polar GaN has been achieved in self-organizing manner.
The growth of (1-101), (11-22) and (11-20)GaN are demonstrated on (001), (113) and (110) Si substrate, respectively.
Fabrication of an optical waveguide and light emitting diode are demonstrated on Si substrate.
Toward 300 mm Wafer-Scalable High-Performance Polycrystalline Chemical Vapor Deposited Graphene Transistors (2014)

The largest applications of high-performance graphene will likely be realized when combined with ubiquitous Si very large scale integrated (VLSI) technology, affording a new portfolio of "back end of the line" devices including graphene radio frequency transistors, heat and transparent conductors, interconnects, mechanical actuators, sensors, and optical devices. To this end, we investigate the scalable growth of polycrystalline graphene through chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and its integration with Si VLSI technology. The large-area Raman mapping on CVD polycrystalline graphene on 150 and 300 mm wafers reveals >95% monolayer uniformity with negligible defects. About 26,000 graphene field-effect transistors were realized, and statistical evaluation indicates a device yield of ∼ 74% is achieved, 20% higher than previous reports. About 18% of devices show mobility of >3000 cm(2)/(V s), more than 3 times higher than prior results obtained over the same range from CVD polycrystalline graphene. The peak mobility observed here is ∼ 40% higher than the peak mobility values reported for single-crystalline graphene, a major advancement for polycrystalline graphene that can be readily manufactured. Intrinsic graphene features such as soft current saturation and three-region output characteristics at high field have also been observed on wafer-scale CVD graphene on which frequency doubler and amplifiers are demonstrated as well. Our growth and transport results on scalable CVD graphene have enabled 300 mm synthesis instrumentation that is now commercially available.
Modulation of Small Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium (SK) Channels: A New Challenge in Medicinal Chemistry (2003)

Small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels are found in many types of neurons as well as in some other cell types. These channels are selective for K(+) and open when intracellular Ca(2+) rises to omega 500 nM. In neurons, this occurs during and after an action potential. Activation of SK channels hyperpolarizes the membrane, thus reducing cell excitability for several tens or hundreds of milliseconds. This phenomenon is called a afterhyperpolarization (AHP). Three subtypes of SK channels (SK1, SK2, SK3) have been cloned and exhibit a differential localization in the brain. SK channels may play a role in physiological and pathological conditions. They may be involved in the control of memory and cognition. Moreover, they are heavily expressed in the basal ganglia (in particular in the substantia nigra, pars compacta) and in the limbic system, suggesting that they may modulate motricity and emotional behaviour. Based on these facts, SK channel subtypes may be a suitable target for developing novel therapeutic agents, but more work is needed to validate these targets. Hence, there is a great need for selective ligands. Moreover, although the risk of peripheral side-effects for SK channel modulators appears to be low, some questions remain to be investigated. Currently, different molecules are known as SK channel modulators. Apamin is a very potent peptidic agent; it produces a strong blockade of these targets which is only very slowly reversible and it has limited selectivity. Dequalinium was found to be an effective blocker. Different chemical modulations on the dequalinium structure led to the discovery of highly potent bis-quinolinium derivatives such as UCL 1684. Other bis-(2-amino-benzimidazole) derivatives are in development. On the other hand, quaternary salts of bicuculline were reported to be effective in inhibiting AHPs. More recent developments on structurally-related molecules revealed that methyl-laudanosine is a new interesting tool for exploring SK channel pharmacology. Finally, a family of compounds has been shown to facilitate SK channel opening. Such compounds may be useful in treating disorders involving neuronal hyperexcitability.
Computing with Hybrid CMOS/STO Circuits (2014)

Recent research in spin torque nano-oscillators (STNO) have opened the possibility of using electron spin to generate sustained microwave oscillations. Furthermore, the experimental verification of synchronization of STNOs could allow communication and computation with nanoscaled oscillators. In this paper, we propose a hybrid MOSFET/STNO array which can be used for pattern recognition applications. First, we show that an array of electrically coupled STNOs obey the dynamics of Kuramoto's weakly coupled oscillators [1]. This behavior allows us to use the STNO array to implement the oscillatory neurocomputer proposed by Hoppensteadt et. al. [2].
Whole-genome analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and 5-methylcytosine at base resolution in the human brain (2014)

We provide single-base resolution hmC and mC maps in the human brain and our data imply novel roles of hmC in regulating splicing and gene expression. Hydroxymethylation is the main modification status for a large portion of CpGs situated at poised enhancers and actively transcribed regions, suggesting its roles in epigenetic tuning at these regions.
Renal anaemia and EPO hyporesponsiveness associated with vitamin D deficiency: the potential role of inflammation (2013)

Resistance to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) has been observed in a considerable proportion of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and it is reportedly associated with adverse outcomes, such as increased cardiovascular morbidity, faster progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and all-cause mortality. The major causes of ESA resistance include chronic inflammation producing suppressive cytokines of early erythroid progenitor proliferation. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulate hepcidin synthesis thus reducing iron availability for late erythropoiesis. Recent studies showing an association in deficiencies of the vitamin D axis with low haemoglobin (Hb) levels and ESA resistance suggest a new pathophysiological co-factor of renal anaemia. The administration of either native or active vitamin D has been associated with an improvement of anaemia and reduction in ESA requirements. Notably, these effects are not related to parathyroid hormone (PTH) values and seem to be independent on PTH suppression. Another possible explanation may be that calcitriol directly stimulates erythroid progenitors; however, this proliferative effect by extra-renal activation of 1α-hydroxylase enzyme is only a hypothesis. The majority of studies concerning vitamin D deficiency or supplementation, and degree of renal anaemia, point out the prevalent role of inflammation in the mechanism underlying these associations. Immune cells express the vitamin D receptor (VDR) which in turn is involved in the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity. VDR activation inhibits the expression of inflammatory cytokines in stromal and accessory cells and up-regulates the lymphocytic release of interleukin-10 (IL-10) exerting both anti-inflammatory activity and proliferative effects on erythroid progenitors. In CKD patients, vitamin D deficiency may stimulate immune cells within the bone marrow micro-environment to produce cytokines, inducing impaired erythropoiesis. Immune activation involves the reticuloendothelial system, increasing hepcidin synthesis and functional iron deficiency. Consequences of this inflammatory cascade are erythropoietin (EPO) resistance and anaemia. Given the key role of inflammation in the response to EPO, the therapeutic use of agents with anti-cytokines properties, such as vitamin D and paricalcitol, may provide benefit in the prevention/treatment of ESA hyporesponsiveness.
Metabolic consequences of inflammatory disruption of the blood-brain barrier in an organ-on-chip model of the human neurovascular unit (2016)

Taken together, these findings present new data that allow us to study the initial effects of inflammatory stimulation on blood-brain barrier disruption, cytokine activation, and metabolic pathway changes that drive the response and recovery of the barrier during continued inflammatory exposure.
Low dielectric glass fibre development - new printed circuit board base materials (2013)

mechanical, and other material characterisations of InnoFIBER LD glass fibres relevant to printed circuit board fabrication processes, both glass and laminate forms, were performed. Reliability testing of circuit boards incorporating InnoFIBER LD glass fibre shows high conductive anodic filament resistance.
69.2: <i>Invited Paper</i> : Recent Improvements of Multidomain‐Vertically‐Aligned‐Mode LCD TV (2006)

Abstract LCD TV has become the mainstream in the larger size FPD (flat panel display) (FPD) market. The requirement of higher image quality on TV gives impetus to the LCD manufacturers. In this paper we will discuss the approaches to enhance the performance of MVA (Multi‐domain Vertical Alignment) (MVA) mode LCD including wide viewing angle, high transmittance, high contrast, vivid color, better motion image quality, and slim mechanical design.
Geographical patterns of allelic diversity in the Plasmodium falciparum malaria-vaccine candidate, merozoite surface protein-2 (2001)

The polymorphic merozoite surface protein-2 (MSP-2) of Plasmodium falciparum is a major malaria-vaccine candidate. In the present study, PCR and hybridization with allelic-specific probes were used to type the Msp-2 gene from isolates from hypo-endemic Brazil (N = 113), meso-endemic Vietnam (N = 208) and holo-endemic Tanzania (N = 67). The typing methods were designed to group isolates into the dimorphic allelic families FC27 and IC1 and to detect possible between-family recombination events. The analysis was complemented by a comparison of 156 Msp-2 sequences from the GenBank database with 12 additional sequences obtained during the present study. Statistically significant differences were detected in pair-wise comparisons of the distribution of Msp-2 allelic types in Brazil and Vietnam, and in Brazil and Tanzania, but not in Vietnam and Tanzania. The extent of allelic diversity in the Msp-2 gene, as estimated by the total number of different alleles found in a given parasite population and the mean multiplicity of infections, clearly paralleled the levels of malaria endemicity in the study areas. However, no correlation between age and multiplicity of infections was found in the subjects. The patterns of Msp-2 diversity in Brazil appeared to be temporally stable, since no significant difference was observed in the distribution of Msp-2 allelic types among isolates collected, 10--13 years apart, in the same area of Rondônia. Despite the extensive sequence diversity found in Msp-2 alleles, especially in the central repetitive region of the molecule, several instances of identical or nearly identical alleles were found among isolates from different countries and regions, possibly as a result of extensive homoplasy. No recombinant allele was detected by molecular typing in any of the study sites, and the GenBank database included only 12 recombinant sequences (representing 7% of all reported Msp-2 sequences), all of them with an IC1-type 5' end and an FC27-type 3' end. A single, putative, crossover site was characterised for all recombinant alleles. Most of the allelic diversity observed was therefore attributable to variation in the repetitive region of the gene, instead of recombination between alleles of dimorphic families (as commonly found, for example, in the Msp-1 gene). The implications of these findings for studies on the genetic and antigenic diversity of malarial parasites are discussed.
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (2010)

Abstract Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) bind the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, triggering the opening of a cation channel. AChRs are part of a gene superfamily of transmitter gated ion channels that include receptors for glycine and γ‐amino butyric acid which have anion channels. Muscarinic AChRs are part of a gene superfamily of metabotropic G protein‐linked receptors. AChRs are formed from five homologous subunits arranged like barrel staves to form the channel. Subtypes of AChRs are defined by their subunit composition. Studies of AChR subunits in knockout and transgenic mice reveal much about the normal physiological roles of AChR subtypes and their roles in disease. AChRs are the targets of nicotine in addiction to tobacco, of auto‐antibodies and disease‐causing mutations. They are also the targets of drug development for treatment of addiction and diseases of mood, cognition and neurodegeneration. Key Concepts: Nicotinic AChRs are the archetype for a superfamily of receptors which includes receptors for GABA and glycine. AChR are formed by five homologous subunits organised around a central cation channel. AChR subtypes are defined by their subunit composition. AChRs serve many roles in excitatory intercellular signalling: as pre‐, post‐ and extra‐synaptic neurotransmitter receptors and as autocrine AChRs in nonneuronal tissues. Nicotine acting on AChRs causes addiction to tobacco. AChRs are involved in several diseases and are the targets of drug development for treatment of addiction, alcoholism, depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases and others. The effects of nicotine and agonist drugs are complex because they can act on many AChR subtypes causing activation, desensitisation and upregulation. Antibody‐mediated autoimmune responses to α1 * AChRs cause myasthenia gravis and to α3 * AChRs cause autonomic neuropathy. These diseases are models for the pathological mechanisms of autoantibodies to other receptors. Mutations in α1 * AChRs cause congenital myasthenic syndromes, and mutations in α4β2 * AChRs cause autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy.
T cell gelatinases mediate basement membrane transmigration in vitro. (1995)

T cell homing into extravascular sites requires penetration across the subendothelial basal lamina, a specialized nonfibrillar connective tissue structure that anchors endothelial cells to parenchymal surfaces. Herein, we show that normal human T cells express gelatinases A and B, two matrix metalloproteinases active against the major basal lamina constituents, collagen types IV and V. Expression is confirmed at both the mRNA and protein levels. Gelatinase B is expressed constitutively, whereas gelatinases A and B expression is induced by T cell activation. In vitro migration of resting T cells across a basal lamina equivalent is mediated by gelatinase B, because it is specifically blocked by GM6001, a hydroxamic acid inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases. Inhibition of T cell homing by interference with gelatinase function may represent a useful approach to the treatment of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
Poststack migration of P-SV seismic data (1993)

Abstract The exploding-reflector model is only satisfied for zero-offset P-SV data when V P /V S is depth-invariant. P-SV diffractions in a vertically-inhomogeneous medium are approximately hyperbolic, and an expression for their migration velocity is derived. The resulting migration velocities are 6-11 percent less than the corresponding P-SV rms velocities. Migration of DMO-corrected synthetic P-SV stacked data, using a conventional phase-shift algorithm and the derived migration velocities, is found to adequately collapse diffractions, whereas migration using the rms velocity function gives significant overmigration.
Effect of bridging groups of precursors on modulus improvement in plasma co-polymerized low-k films (2004)

We have demonstrated that the mechanical strength of organic silica low-k films can be enhanced by introducing a reinforcement monomer in a matrix monomer under plasma excitation. The modulus improvement mechanism was investigated by analyzing the film structure. Pyrolysis gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) revealed incorporation of a reinforcement monomer in the matrix through co-polymerization reactions. Compositional analysis of the films showed that the extent of reinforcement is associated with co-polymerization ratio or the monomer content in the film. It is also indicated that the modulus enhancement depends on the content of 3D aromatic bridge structure, which is affected by the chemical structure of the reinforcement monomers.
Do we need hundreds of classifiers to solve real world classification problems (2014)

We evaluate 179 classifiers arising from 17 families (discriminant analysis, Bayesian, neural networks, support vector machines, decision trees, rule-based classifiers, boosting, bagging, stacking,...