gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fringe Field Superconducting Switch (1997)

Abstract : The instant invention is a switch, comprising: (1) a pathway of a superconductive material; 5 and (2) a ferromagnet, where the ferromagnet is adapted for having at least a first magnetization state and a second magnetization state, where fringe fields from the ferromagnet in the first magnetization state do not exceed a predetermined magnetic field in the superconductive pathway to convert at least a portion of the superconductive pathway to the normal state; where fringe fields from the ferromagnet in the second magnetization state exceed the predetermined magnetic field in the superconductive pathway to convert at least a portion of the superconductive pathway to the normal state.
Design of Goldschmidt Dividers with Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (2013)

A Goldschmidt divider implemented with semiconductor quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is described. Most Goldschmidt dividers use a state machine for control, but state machines are difficult to implement in QCAs due to the long delays between the state machines and the computational circuits to be controlled. To resolve this problem, a data tag method is used. The data tags travel with the data and local tag decoders generate control signals. Since each datum has a tag, pipelining can be employed to increase the throughput. Using the new architecture, fixed-point Goldschmidt dividers are implemented with QCA technology.
Weighted Similarity Estimation in Data Streams (2015)

Similarity computation between pairs of objects is often a bottleneck in many applications that have to deal with massive volumes of data. Motivated by applications such as collaborative filtering in large-scale recommender systems, and influence probabilities learning in social networks, we present new randomized algorithms for the estimation of weighted similarity in data streams.
Enhanced Production of Extracellular Enzymes by Mutants of Bacillus That Have Acquired Resistance to Vancomycin and Ristocetin. (1991)

A new mutagenic method for increasing the productivity of extracellular enzymes, such as cellulases, proteases, and amylases, has been developed, using vancomycin-and ristocetin-resistance as indicators. Amongthe mutants of Bacillus that were resistant to these atibiotics, strains with improved productivity of the extracellular enzymes were found at high frequency. The use of these antibiotics seems to provide a very effective method for the improvement of industrially important strains of Bacillus, regardless of the specific strains used and the particular extracellular enzymes data), and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ATCC 23845, which produces an amylase,13) were also included in this study. The test bacilli were all obtained from the stock culture
Analysis of 4.3 Kilobases of Divergent Locus B of Macaque Retroperitoneal Fibromatosis-Associated Herpesvirus Reveals a Close Similarity in Gene Sequence and Genome Organization to Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (2003)

We previously identified retroperitoneal fibromatosis-associated herpesvirus (RFHV) as a simian homolog of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in a fibroproliferative malignancy of macaques that has similarities to Kaposi's sarcoma. In this report, we cloned 4.3 kb of divergent locus B (DL-B) flanking the DNA polymerase gene from two variants of RFHV from different species of macaque with a consensus degenerate hybrid oligonucleotide primer approach. Within the DL-B region of RFHV, viral homologs of the cellular interleukin-6, dihydrofolate reductase, and thymidylate synthase genes were identified, along with a homolog of the gammaherpesvirus open reading frame (ORF) 10. In addition, a homolog of the KSHV ORF K3, the modulator of immune recognition-1, was identified. Our data show a close similarity in sequence conservation, gene content, and genomic structure between RFHV and KSHV which strongly supports the grouping of these viral species within the same RV-1 rhadinovirus lineage and the hypothesis that RFHV is the macaque homolog of KSHV.
Breaking abstractions and unstructuring data structures (2002)

To ensure platform independence, mobile programs are distributed in forms that are isomorphic to the original source code. Such codes are easy to decompile, and hence they increase the risk of malicious reverse engineering attacks. Code obfuscation is one of several techniques which has been proposed to alleviate this situation. An obfuscator is a tool which-through the application of code transformations-converts a program into an equivalent one that is more difficult to reverse engineer. In a previous paper (Collberg et al., 1998) we have described the design of a control flow obfuscator for Java. In this paper we extend the design with transformations that obfuscate data structures and abstractions. In particular we show how to obfuscate classes, arrays, procedural abstractions and built-in data types like strings, integers and booleans.
Effect of W coating on microengine performance (2002)

Two major problems associated with Si-based MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) devices are stiction and wear. Surface modifications are needed to reduce both adhesion and friction in micromechanical structures to solve these problems. In this paper, we will present a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) process that selectively coats MEMS devices with tungsten and significantly enhances device durability. Tungsten CVD is used in the integrated-circuit industry, which makes this approach manufacturable. This selective deposition process results in a very conformal coating and can potentially address both stiction and wear problems confronting MEMS processing. The selective deposition of tungsten is accomplished through the silicon reduction of WF/sub 6/. The self-limiting nature of the process ensures consistent process control. The tungsten is deposited after the removal of the sacrificial oxides to minimize stress and process integration problems. The tungsten coating adheres well and is hard and conducting, which enhances performance for numerous devices. Furthermore, since the deposited tungsten infiltrates under adhered silicon parts and the volume of W deposited is less than the amount of Si consumed, it appears to be possible to release adhered parts that are contacted over small areas such as dimples. The wear resistance of tungsten coated parts has been shown to be significantly improved by microengine test structures.
A STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES FOLLOWING IMPLANTATION OF A TOTAL DISTAL RADIOULNAR JOINT PROSTHESIS (2008)

This paper reports a long-term follow-up measuring pain, range of motion and weight-bearing ability, following implantation of a total distal radioulnar joint prosthesis. This prosthesis differs from excision arthroplasties and ulnar head replacements by replacing all three components of the distal radioulnar joint, viz. the sigmoid notch, the ulnar head and the triangular fibrocartilage. The design allows longitudinal migration of the radius throughout pronation and supination, as well as load bearing of the wrist. Thirty-one patients receiving the prosthesis returned or were interviewed by telephone at a mean of 5.9 (range 4-9) years. Pronation increased from a mean of 65.5 degrees (range 5-90 degrees ) to 74 degrees (range 20-90 degrees ) and supination from 53 degrees (range 5-90 degrees ) to 70 degrees (range 20-90 degrees ) while greatly diminishing and/or eliminating pain. Grip increased from a mean of 10 kg (22 lbs) to 24 kg (52 lbs). Weight bearing was restored or increased in 29 of 31 patients.
Single-sided projection welding of aluminum sheet : Welding aluminium (2002)

Advantages of a new process for welding aluminum sheet include speed, elimination of inductive curing equipment, and the ability to weld through lubricants.
Comparative virulence of isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus type II in experimentally inoculated six- to nine-month-old calves (2002)

Relative severity of experimentally induced infections corresponded to severity of clinical signs of naturally occurring infections with respective BVDV isolates.
ChemInform Abstract: Multiple Metal ‐ Carbon Bonds. Part 43. A Well‐Characterized, Highly Active, Lewis Acid Free Olefin Metathesis Catalyst. (1986)

Abstract Alkylidene complexes of the type W(CH ‐ tBu)(NR)(OR)2 are good candidates for metathesis of olefins via TBP tungstenacyclobutane intermediates if the substituents Rare chosen carefully.
Efficient photochemical formation of 1 alpha-hydroxyprevitamin D3. (1982)

Control of the band width of the irradiating light between 280 and 310 nm and of the temperature of the reaction permits formation of 1 alpha-hydroxyprevitamin D3 in yields of over 80%, at 40-60% conversion of the 1 alpha-hydroxyprovitamin D3. The procedures developed permit doubling the photochemical yield of the 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 compounds which are the major circulatory forms of vitamin D3.
A self-stabilizing hybrid fault-tolerant synchronization protocol (2015)

This paper presents a strategy for solving the Byzantine general problem for self-stabilizing a fully connected network from an arbitrary state and in the presence of any number of faults with various severities including any number of arbitrary (Byzantine) faulty nodes. The strategy consists of two parts: first, converting Byzantine faults into symmetric faults, and second, using a proven symmetric-fault tolerant algorithm to solve the general case of the problem. A protocol (algorithm) is also present that tolerates symmetric faults, provided that there are more good nodes than faulty ones. The solution applies to realizable systems, while allowing for differences in the network elements, provided that the number of arbitrary faults is not more than a third of the network size. The only constraint on the behavior of a node is that the interactions with other nodes are restricted to defined links and interfaces. The solution does not rely on assumptions about the initial state of the system and no central clock nor centrally generated signal, pulse, or message is used. Nodes are anonymous, i.e., they do not have unique identities. A mechanical verification of a proposed protocol is also present. A bounded model of the protocol is verified using the Symbolic Model Verifier (SMV). The model checking effort is focused on verifying correctness of the bounded model of the protocol as well as confirming claims of determinism and linear convergence with respect to the self-stabilization period.
A field test for molecular sieve zeolites (1973)

A simple field test for molecular sieve zeolites is described. The test utilizes the temperature rise (12C to 23C for natural zeolites) from the heat of immersion in water of an activated sample. A rugged, portable kit was designed for practical field trse and maintenance. fntroduction Since the discovery in the 1950's of large deposits of zeolites occurring as small (<25 pm) crystals in altered siliceous pyroclastics and flows, it has been recognized that a simple field test for determining the presence and percent of zeolite content would be useful for exploration and mining. It has been difficult in the field to differentiate diatomite, vitric ash, or bentonite-bearing beds from zeolitl.u,ed pyro. clastics in some deposits. A test to detect the presence of zeolite was reported by Helfferich (1964) using a combination of ion exchange and pH measurement, but the test is qualitative and highexchange-capacity interfere. Molecular sieve zeolites have several unique properties which make it possible to distinguish them from other fine-grained minerals and even other zeolites such as analcime. The molecular sieve zeolites contain intracrystalline pores which are interconnected to the crystal surfaces by ports of 8-, 10-, or 12-membered rings of oxygens. Their porous crystal structure gives them high sorptive capacities to 50 percent pore volume or to 30 wt percent water sorbed (with accompanying high heats of sorption or immersion up to 100 cal/gm) and selective sorption of smaller molecules, such as water and COz, with exclusion of larger molecules. Being network aluminosilicates, the Al3. for Sia* substitutions provide active sites for exchangeable cations located in the crystal pores. As with other minerals the zeolites are best identified by X-ray diffraction analysis, but the instrument is too expensive and bulky for general field use. The optical
Fused vertical couplers (1998)

A vertical directional coupler fabricated using wafer fusion is demonstrated with a very short coupling length of 62 μm. The optical propagation loss introduced by the fused layer is investigated. An excess loss of 1.1 dB/cm at 1.55 μm was measured for waveguides which incorporate a fused junction near the core region. Fused vertical couplers make it possible to realize three-dimensional waveguide structures and compact switching arrays and they solve some of the topology problems of large switch arrays.
A New Electromagnetic Powder Deposition System (1997)

Abstract Existing state of the art thermal spray processes (HVOF, D-Gun, Plasma Spraying) are limited to powder velocities of about 1 km/sec because they rely on the thermodynamic expansion of gases. A new thermal spray process using electromagnetic forces can accelerate powder particles to a final velocity of up to 2 km/sec. At this velocity powder particles have sufficient kinetic energy to melt their own mass and an equivalent substrate mass on impact. The process is based on railgun technology developed by the Department of Defense. A railgun is filled with argon gas and a high energy electrical pulse, provided by a capacitor bank, drives the gas down the railgun to a final velocity of up to 4 km/sec. This gas passes over a powder cloud and accelerates the powder through drag forces. The electrical and powder discharge frequency can be adjusted so that the deposition rate and thermal input to the substrate can be controlled.
Highly accurate, noncoherent technique for spacecraft Doppler tracking (1999)

A two-way, noncoherent spacecraft navigation technique has been developed to provide velocity accuracy comparable to that available from a deep space coherent transponder (0.1 mm/s). The technique is compatible with the normal tracking procedures of the Deep Space Network (DSN) ground stations and does not require the use of a highly stable oscillator on-board the spacecraft. The measurement technique, potential error sources, and test results obtained with prototype hardware are described.
Immunochemical studies of infectious mononucleosis. III. Isolation and characterization of heterophile antibodies. (1974)

The heterophile antibody of infectious mononucleosis was isolated using an immunoabsorbent containing highly purified glycoprotein from horse erythrocyte membrane. Only the IgM fraction of this antibody agglutinated sheep erythrocytes or precipitated with the heterophile antigens from sheep, ox or horse red cells. The IgM antibody contained both κ and λ light chain determinants. The only reactivity which could be attributed to the IgG fraction of infectious mononucleosis serum was a slight degree of antigen binding by indirect radioimmunoelectrophoresis using (131)I-labelled horse erythrocyte glycoprotein.
New Inhibitors of Human Renin Tested in vitro and in vivo in the Anaesthetized Baboon (1983)

A new inhibitor of human renin (H. 189) is described. It is a decapeptide analogue of human renin substrate with the amino acid, statine, substituted for leucine in the scissile bond. Its inhibitory potency as shown by IC50 is 1.0 X 10(-8) M with human plasma renin and 1.5 X 10(-8) M with baboon plasma renin. It is less effective with dog and rat renin, but its inhibitory potency with human renin is similar to that of another inhibitor of ours (H. 142) having a reduced isostere in the scissile bond. H. 189 has some inhibitory effect on cathepsin D (IC50 6.5 X 10(-5) M) but H. 142 has no discernible effect. Pepstatin, on the other hand, was highly effective against cathepsin D (IC50 1.2 X 10(-8) M). H. 142 and H. 189 were infused intravenously at 10 mg/kg/h in four anaesthetized salt-deplete baboons (Papio hamadryas). The activity of renin in plasma decreased markedly as did the circulating concentration of its products, angiotensin I and angiotensin II.
A new pressure sensor measured by heat transfer (2003)

This paper presents a newly developed pressure sensor. The principle of its pressure measurement is based on heat transfer from a heat source fabricated on a sensor element to a metal diaphragm, to which pressure is applied. The sensor element is fabricated by micromachining techniques in which four mask process steps are used that are compatible with IC processing. The measurement results show a good linearity (3.5 %FS) and quick response (100 Hz) due to the small thermal capacity of the sensor element.
Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane: A Chemical Looping Approach (2016)

Abstract The current study investigates a chemical‐looping‐based oxidative dehydrogenation (CL‐ODH) concept for ethane‐to‐ethylene conversion. In this cyclic redox scheme, an oxide‐based redox catalyst is used to selectively combust hydrogen from ethane dehydrogenation. As the hydrogen product limits ethane conversion, in situ oxidation of hydrogen enhances the ethane conversion and ethylene yield. Moreover, heat required in ODH is compensated by re‐oxidation of the oxygen‐deprived redox catalyst, enabling auto‐thermal operation for the overall process. Compared to steam cracking, CL‐ODH can potentially achieve higher efficiency with lower CO 2 and NO x emissions. Silica and magnesia‐supported manganese oxides are investigated. It is determined that unpromoted Mn/SiO 2 and Mn/MgO redox catalysts exhibit low selectivity towards ethylene. The addition of promoters such as sodium and tungsten renders effective redox catalysts with satisfactory activity, selectivity, oxygen carrying capacity, and redox stability.
Trabecular morphometry by fractal signature analysis is a novel marker of osteoarthritis progression (2009)

We identified a prognostic marker of OA that is readily extracted from a plain radiograph using FSA. Although the method needs to be validated in a second cohort, our results indicate that the global shape approach to analyzing these data is a potentially efficient means of identifying individuals at risk of knee OA progression.
Real-time fluid simulation in a dynamic virtual environment (1997)

Simulating physically realistic complex fluid behaviors in a distributed interactive simulation (DIS) presents a challenging problem for computer graphics researchers. The authors consider how solving the 2D Navier-Stokes equations via a computational fluid dynamics method lets us map surfaces into 3D and achieves realistic real-time fluid surface behaviours.
Real-Time Formation Analysis Can Help Drilling Decisions (1991)

ABSTRACT During drilling it is important for the driller to know the properties of the formation being penetrated. Mud weight, the necessity for wiper trips and gas sand detection are some of the routine drilling operations that depend on the type of rock being drilled. To properly perform these operations, an analysis of the formation lithology on a real-time basis can be very important. Recent developments is MWD technology coupled with sophisticated computer processing at the rig site now provide unprecedented real time analysis of the formation being drilled. This formation analysis greatly facilitates decisions about safe mud weights, correlation and marker identification, and safe and efficient drilling. Also, the formation analysis can allow the geologist to perform a preliminary evaluation in order to plan the wireline logging program. The term "formation analysis" as it is used here includes properties commonly estimated by oilfield geologists and petrophysicists. In addition to distinctions based on rock type (sandstone, shale, anhydrite…) and mineralogical composition, it incorporates porosity and fluid saturations since these properties influence drilling operations and are essential to computations of pore pressure. In this paper we present the process of formation analysis while drilling. Starting at bit depth the mechanical measurements of downhole weight and torque provide an indica-tion of lithology and early warning of possible pore pressure changes. The interpretation is refined as subsequent measurements of spectral gamma ray, resistivity, neutron porosity, bulk density and Pe become available as drilling proceeds and the various MWD subs pass a particular horizon. The interpretation of lithology is performed in a number of ways depending on which data are available at a particular depth. At bit depth the mechanical data allow distinction between major lithology types. Once the gamma ray and resistivity measurements are available a volumetric analysis is possible which provides information about sand and clay volumes as well as porosity. This volumetric analysis can subsequently incorporate the full suite of measurements. Combining gamma ray, neutron porosity and density also enables classification of lithology by reference to a prebuilt data base of lithologies. This analysis can be further refined by the inclusion of cuttings data. The analysis of lithology is extended to provide qualitative detection and description of thin beds through the supplemental use of curve shape analysis. Porosity and fluid types axe evaluated using a standard log analysis method. In this way an increasingly refined specification of formation properties becomes available as drilling progresses. We will describe the identification of different lithologies, including the identification of thin beds, the identification of hazardous gas sands and the estimation of pore pressure in real time, which enables us to substantially reduce the risk of kicks and differential sticking.
Index merging (1999)

Indexes play a vital role in decision support systems by reducing the cost of answering complex queries. A popular methodology for choosing indexes that is adopted by database administrators as well as by automatic tools is: (a) consider poorly performing queries in the workload; (b) for each query, propose a set of candidate indexes that potentially benefits the query; and (c) choose a subset from the candidate indexes in (b). Unfortunately, such a strategy can result in significant storage and index maintenance costs. In this paper, we present a novel technique, called index merging, to address the above shortcoming. Index merging can take an existing set of indexes (perhaps optimized for individual queries in the workload) and produce a new set of indexes with significantly lower storage and maintenance overheads, while retaining almost all the querying benefits of the initial set of indexes. We present an efficient algorithm for index merging and demonstrate significant savings in index storage and maintenance through experiments on Microsoft SQL Server 7.0.
Infeasibility detection in alternating direction method of multipliers for convex quadratic programs (2014)

We investigate the infeasibility detection in the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) when minimizing a convex quadratic objective subject to linear equalities and simple bounds. The ADMM formulation consists of alternating between an equality constrained quadratic program (QP) and a projection onto the bounds. We show that: (i) the sequence of iterates generated by ADMM diverges, (ii) the divergence is restricted to the component of the multipliers along the range space of the constraints and (iii) the primal iterates converge to a minimizer of the Euclidean distance between the subspace defined by equality constraints and the convex set defined by bounds. In addition, we derive the optimal value for the step size parameter in the ADMM algorithm that maximizes the rate of convergence of the primal iterates and dual iterates along the null space. In fact, the optimal step size parameter for the infeasible instances is identical to that for the feasible instances. The theoretical results allow us to specify a practical termination condition for infeasibility and the performance of such criterion is demonstrated in a model predictive control application.