gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multitip-Localized Enhanced Raman Scattering from a Nanostructured Optical Fiber Array (2008)

An optical fiber bundle composed of ∼6000 individual 3 μm core diameter fibers has been chemically etched to form a regular array of sharp tips, resulting in the confinement of the light reaching the tip apexes of the fibers as demonstrated by near-field optical microscopy. After coating this nanostructure with a gold thin film (30 nm thick), spatially resolved Raman experiments have been performed to detect a benzenethiol monolayer adsorbed on the covering gold film. High intensity Raman spectra were observed and localized at the extremities of the tips, demonstrating a surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect induced by the strong curvature of the metallized tip apexes. The Raman enhancement factor of the nanostructure has been investigated and an average enhancement factor of 2.7 × 104 was measured. This opens new avenues for the use of such optical fibers for in situ and endoscopic Raman measurements on complex systems.
Metal-Ion Adsorption on Carboxyl-Bearing Self-Assembled Monolayers Covalently Bound to Magnetic Nanoparticles (2005)

Hematite nanoparticles have been functionalized with a self-assembled monolayer of undecanoic acid (UA) by covalent attachment via siloxane groups. The number density of carboxylic/carboxylate groups on the surface was determined by titration, yielding values on the order of 10(14) UA molecules/cm(2) and thus consistent with a closed-packed monolayer. The ability of these functionalized particles to adsorb Cd(2+) in the ppm range was demonstrated using in situ anodic stripping voltammetry.
Structure of Fermionic Density Matrices: Complete<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:math>-Representability Conditions (2012)

We present a constructive solution to the N-representability problem: a full characterization of the conditions for constraining the two-electron reduced density matrix to represent an N-electron density matrix. Previously known conditions, while rigorous, were incomplete. Here, we derive a hierarchy of constraints built upon (i) the bipolar theorem and (ii) tensor decompositions of model Hamiltonians. Existing conditions D, Q, G, T1, and T2, known classical conditions, and new conditions appear naturally. Subsets of the conditions are amenable to polynomial-time computations of strongly correlated systems.
Automatic Dynamic Web Service Composition: A Survey and Problem Formalization (2011)

Abstract. The aim of Web service composition is to arrange multiple services into workflows supplying complex user needs. Due to the huge amount of Web services and the need to supply dynamically varying user goals, it is necessary to perform the composition automatically. The objective of this article is to overview the issues of automatic dynamic Web service composition. We discuss the issues related to the semantics of services, which is important for automatic Web service composition. We propose a problem formalization contributing to the formal definition of the pre-/post-conditions, with possible value restrictions, and their relation to the semantics of services. We also provide an overview of several existing approaches dealing with the problem of Web service composition and discuss the current achievements in the field and depict some open research areas.
Gefitinib for the first-line treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (2010)

This paper presents a summary of the evidence review group (ERG) report into the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of gefitinib for the first-line treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, in accordance with the licensed indication, based upon the manufacturer’s submission to the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) as part of the single technology appraisal process. The submitted clinical evidence consisted of the IRESSA Pan-ASian Study (IPASS); a phase III open-label randomised controlled trial conducted in 87 centres in East Asia which compared the use of gefitinib with paclitaxel/carboplatin in 1217 chemotherapy (CTX)-naive patients with stage IIIB/IV pulmonary adenocarcinoma. The manufacturer’s submission focused on a subgroup of patients in IPASS who were epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation-positive (M+) ( n = 261; 21% of the total IPASS population). The primary clinical outcome was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary outcomes included overall survival, clinically relevant improvement in quality of life and adverse events (AEs). Cost-effectiveness was measured in terms of incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). In the overall population, PFS was significantly longer in patients treated with gefitinib than in those treated with paclitaxel/carboplatin (hazard ratio 0.74, 95% confidence interval 0.65 to 0.85; p < 0.0001). The manufacturer reported an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of £20,744 per QALY gained for the target population. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis illustrated that for patients who are EGFR M+, gefitinib compared with doublet CTX was not likely to be cost-effective at what would usually be considered standard levels of willingness to pay for an additional QALY; the mean ICER for gefitinib EGFR M+ versus doublet CTX EGFR M+ was reported as £35,700 per QALY. Additional analysis by the ERG included amendments to the base-case analysis, including an alternative approach to projecting survival, inclusion of two important additional comparators, sensitivity to EGFR M+ prevalence, and AE costs and disutilities. The manufacturer’s submission provides clinical evidence to support the use of gefitinib in EGFR M+ patients with adenocarcinoma histology only. Before patients can be offered first-line treatment with gefitinib they must undergo EGFR mutation status testing which is currently not routinely available in the NHS. At the time of writing, the guidance document issued by NICE on 28 July 2010 states that ‘Gefitinib is recommended as an option for the first-line treatment of people with locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) if they test positive for the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) mutation and the manufacturer provides gefitinib at the fixed price agreed under the patient access scheme’.
Graphene-based surface heater for de-icing applications (2018)

Graphene-based de-icing composites are of great interest due to incredible thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of graphene. Moreover, current technologies possess a number of challenges such as expensive, high power consumption, limited life time and adding extra weight to the composites. Here, we report a scalable process of making highly conductive graphene-based glass fibre rovings for de-icing applications. We also use a scalable process of making graphene-based conductive ink by microfluidic exfoliation technique. The glass fibre roving is then coated with graphene-based conductive inks using a dip-dry-cure technique which could potentially be scaled up into an industrial manufacturing unit. The graphene-coated glass roving demonstrates lower electrical resistances (∼1.7 Ω cm<sup>-1</sup>) and can heat up rapidly to a required temperature. We integrate these graphene-coated glass rovings into a vacuum-infused epoxy-glass fabric composite and also demonstrate the potential use of as prepared graphene-based composites for de-icing applications.
IgG reactivity against non‐conformational NH<sub>2</sub>‐terminal epitopes of the desmoglein 3 ectodomain relates to clinical activity and phenotype of pemphigus vulgaris (2006)

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune disease caused by immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies against the desmosomal adhesion molecules, desmoglein (Dsg)3 and Dsg1. The aim of the study was to relate IgG reactivity of 123 PV sera and 40 control sera against NH(2)-terminal non-conformational epitopes of Dsg3 and Dsg1 with disease activity and clinical phenotype by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results show that (i) the overall reactivity and the titres of IgG reactive with the Dsg3 ectodomain, Dsg3(1-566), significantly correlated with the disease activity of the PV patients; (ii) IgG reactivity against the NH(2)-terminus of Dsg3, Dsg3(1-161), was associated with active PV while there was no direct correlation between the IgG titres and the disease activity; (iii) IgG reactivity against the NH(2)-terminus of Dsg3, Dsg3(1-161), was associated with mucosal and mucocutaneous PV; (iv) IgG titres against a small stretch of the NH(2)-terminus of Dsg3, Dsg3(25-88), were associated with active PV; and (v) IgG in the PV sera detected non-conformational epitopes in addition to the previously identified conformation-dependent epitopes of the Dsg3 and Dsg1 ectodomains.
Cytomegalovirus and AIDS. (1992)

The widespread use of penicillin after the second world war resulted in the dramatic decrease in the incidence of syphilis throughout the world. However, the prevalence of syphilis is rising again in western countries owing to an increased use of drugs.' In Korea, evaluation of VDRL-positive rates has been carried out in various population groups since the 1960s by various authors. The results ranged from 7.4% in 19622 to 2.0% in 1974.3 However, because of the variability in the population groups, areas and periods of research, it has been difficult to compare and analyse the findings. We began to evaluate VDRL-positive rates in the late 1970s in similar areas with similar population groups and methods in order to standardise the results for accurate analysis of syphilis prevalence in Korea.
New Horizons in the Genetic Etiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Lupus-Like Disease: Monogenic Lupus and Beyond (2020)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous autoimmune disease. The etiology of lupus and the contribution of genetic, environmental, infectious and hormonal factors to this phenotype have yet to be elucidated. The most straightforward approach to unravel the molecular pathogenesis of lupus may rely on studies of patients who present with early-onset severe phenotypes. Typically, they have at least one of the following clinical features: childhood onset of severe disease (<5 years), parental consanguinity, and presence of family history for autoimmune diseases in a first-degree relative. These patients account for a small proportion of patients with lupus but they inform considerable knowledge about cellular pathways contributing to this inflammatory phenotype. In recent years with the aid of new sequencing technologies, novel or rare pathogenic variants have been reported in over 30 genes predisposing to SLE and SLE-like diseases. Future studies will likely discover many more genes with private variants associated to lupus-like phenotypes. In addition, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a number of common alleles (SNPs), which increase the risk of developing lupus in adult age. Discovery of a possible shared immune pathway in SLE patients, either with rare or common variants, can provide important clues to better understand this complex disorder, it's prognosis and can help guide new therapeutic approaches. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the clinical presentation, genetic diagnosis and mechanisms of disease in patents with lupus and lupus-related phenotypes.
Distributed Ledger (2018)

Distributed Ledger (DL) has gained huge attention in the last years and will shift the conduction of business in the future. Until today, because of the great dynamics in the field a systematic approach to structure and define the field of DL does not exist. This led to a heterogeneous landscape of DL definitions and thus, misleading discussions. This paper gives a systematic overview of principles relevant to understand and structure the DL field. Furthermore, based on this it describes DL concepts and shows examples of protocols. The result can then be used for further research but also as a basis for successful collaborations in the field of DL.
Immunohistochemical Detection of VEGF in the Bone Marrow of Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Correlation Between VEGF Expression and the FAB Category (2003)

We studied vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in bone marrow sections obtained from 3 healthy donors and 41 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) of various French-American-British (FAB) subtypes by immunohistochemical analysis using an anti-VEGF antibody. In normal bone marrow, the anti-VEGF antibody reacted with myeloid progenitor cells and megakaryocytes but not with erythroid cells or mature granulocytic cells. High levels of VEGF were found in the bone marrow in patients with AML-M1, -M2, -M3, -M4, -M4Eo, and -M5. In these leukemias, the vast majority of myeloblasts (> 90%) expressed VEGF. By contrast, in AML-M0, the percentage of VEGF-positive blasts was lower in most cases (median, 42%), and if at all detectable, these blast cells contained only trace amounts of VEGF. In AML-M3 and -M4Eo, maturing granulocytes failed to express VEGF similar to granulocytes in normal bone marrow. In AML-M6, myeloblasts exhibited VEGF, whereas erythroid cells did not. In AML-M7, blast cells and megakaryocytes were identified as major sources of VEGF. In summary, VEGF expression in the bone marrow is restricted to certain stages of differentiation and maturation of myeloid cells and correlates with the FAB category.
Wrist-based Phonocardiogram Diagnosis Leveraging Machine Learning (2019)

With the tremendous growth of technology and the fast pace of life, the need for instant information has become an everyday necessity, more so in emergency cases when every minute counts towards saving lives. mHealth has been the adopted approach for quick diagnosis using mobile devices. However, it has been challenging due to the required high quality of data, high computation load, and high-power consumption. The aim of this research is to diagnose the heart condition based on phonocardiogram (PCG) analysis using Machine Learning techniques assuming limited processing power, in order to be encapsulated later in a mobile device. The diagnosis of PCG is performed using two techniques; 1. parametric estimation with multivariate classification, particularly discriminant function. Which will be explored at length using different number of descriptive features. The feature extraction will be performed using Wavelet Transform (Filter Bank). 2. Artificial Neural Networks, and specifically Pattern Recognition. This will also use decomposed version of PCG using Wavelet Transform (Filter Bank). The results showed 97.33% successful diagnosis using the first technique using PCG with a 19 dB Signal-to-Noise-Ratio. When the signal was decomposed into four sub-bands using a Filter Bank of the second order. Each sub-band was described using two features; the signal’s mean and covariance. Additionally, different Filter Bank orders and number of features are explored and compared. Using the second technique the diagnosis resulted in a 100% successful classification with 83.3% trust level. The results are assessed, and new improvements are recommended and discussed as part of future work.
Antibody Specificities and Effect of Meningococcal Carriage in Icelandic Teenagers Receiving the Norwegian Serogroup B Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccine (2003)

Antibody specificities of pre- and postvaccination serum samples from 40 (53%) teenagers who received three doses of the Norwegian Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B vaccine (B:15:P1.7,16) during a previous trial in Iceland (Perkins et al., J. Infect. Dis. 177:683-691, 1998) were analyzed with serum bactericidal activity (SBA) and immunoblotting assays with reference and isogenic meningococcal H44/76 vaccine strains. The H44/76 variants demonstrated significant vaccine-induced SBA to P1.7,16 PorA and Opc but not to PorB, Opa5.5, and a heterologous PorA protein. On blots, immunoglobulin G levels to all these proteins increased significantly after vaccination. Measurement of SBA to the two main variable regions (P1.7 and P1.16) on the P1.7,16 PorA with PorA deletion mutants revealed significantly higher activity to the P1.7,- and P1.-,16 mutants compared to the P1.7,16 strain, indicating exposure of new accessible epitopes. Only 12 (30%) serum samples showed distinct decreases with these or the P1.-,- mutant, with most samples containing SBA to the P1.7 and P1.16 combination. In contrast, P1.16-specific antibodies were mainly found on blots. Thirteen of the vaccinees (32.5%) were carriers of meningococci at the time of the third dose, of whom four (30.8%) harbored strains of the ET-5 complex. Carriage of P1.15 strains was generally reflected in > or =4-fold increases in SBA and distinct immunoglobulin G binding to the P1.19,15 PorA on blots. Although vaccination did not elicit bactericidal activity to the serotype 15 PorB, most carriers of serotype 15 strains showed > or =4-fold increases in SBA to this antigen.
COT: Contextual Operating Tensor for Context-Aware Recommender Systems (2015)

With rapid growth of information on the internet, recommender systems become fundamental for helping users alleviate the problem of information overload. Since contextual information can be used as a significant factor in modeling user behavior, various context-aware recommendation methods are proposed. However, the state-of-the-art context modeling methods treat contexts as other dimensions similar to the dimensions of users and items, and cannot capture the special semantic operation of contexts. On the other hand, some works on multi-domain relation prediction can be used for the context-aware recommendation, but they have problems in generating recommendation under a large amount of contextual information. In this work, we propose Contextual Operating Tensor (COT) model, which represents the common semantic effects of contexts as a contextual operating tensor and represents a context as a latent vector. Then, to model the semantic operation of a context combination, we generate contextual operating matrix from the contextual operating tensor and latent vectors of contexts. Thus latent vectors of users and items can be operated by the contextual operating matrices. Experimental results show that the proposed COT model yields significant improvements over the competitive compared methods on three typical datasets, i.e., Food, Adom and Movielens-1M datasets.
UV Assisted Chip-on-Wafer Direct Transfer Bonding (CoW DTB) (2018)

Chip-on-Wafer Direct Transfer Bonding (CoW DTB) technology employing a UV assisted chip transfer mechanism for the high-accuracy direct bonding application including III-V/Si, 2.5D/3D/Fan-Out integration was proposed. Basic experiments of the chip transfer process using the glass bond tool, which enables pressing the backside of the chips through the carrier sheet and UV irradiation to a UV peelingtype adhesive layer, were conducted. The experimental results show this novel process achieved stable chip transfer by optimizing the carrier sheet, glass bond tool design, and parameters such as UV irradiation intensity and time.
Acid-induced assembly of a reconstituted silk protein system (2017)

Silk cocoons are reconstituted into an aqueous suspension, and protein stability is investigated by comparing the protein's response to hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride. Aggregation occurs for systems mixed with hydrochloric acid, while sodium chloride over the same range of concentrations does not cause aggregation. We measure the structures present on the protein and aggregate length scales in these solutions using both optical and small-angle neutron scattering, while mass spectrometry techniques shed light on a possible mechanism for aggregate formation. We find that the introduction of acid modulates the aggregate size and pervaded volume of the protein, an effect that is not observed with salt.
A Data-Fusion Algorithm for Respiration Rate Extraction Based on UWB Transversal Propagation Method (2020)

This paper presents a data-fusion algorithm for respiration rate (RR) extraction by employing the ultra-wideband (UWB) transversal propagation measurement method. In the experimental scenario the UWB transmitter and receiver units were placed on the front and back sides of the thoracic wall. The measurement principle is based on the fact that periodic movements of lung affect the communication channel properties that can be measured. We measured the energy attenuation variations on the receiver side caused by tissue movements from which we extracted the information about the respiration rate. For testing purpose, a custom developed UWB platform suitable for on-body placement was used, with an integrated inertial motion unit (IMU) sensor. UWB and IMU signals were combined by means of a data fusion algorithm. Data fusion algorithms based on Extended Kalman filtering (EKF) and Naïve Bayes inference show better estimation performance than an estimation from individual signal sources. The obtained error rate of RR estimation by means of the proposed data fusion method is lower than 0.2 respiration per minute (rpm) in comparison to the reference respiration system. Our results show that the proposed method of UWB and IMU sensor fusion is a promising candidate for reliable RR monitoring by compact wearable units under relatively non-stationary body movement conditions.