gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amperometric Detection of Morphine at Preheated Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (2005)

Abstract A highly sensitive and fast responding sensor for the determination of morphine is described. The multiwall carbon nanotubes immobilize on preheated glassy carbon electrode (5 min at 50 °C) by gently rubbing of electrode surface on a filter paper supporting the carbon nanotubes.The results indicated that carbon nanotubes(CNTs) modified glassy carbon electrode exhibited efficiently electrocatalytic oxidation for morphine with relatively high sensitivity, stability and long life. Under conditions of cyclic voltammetry, the potential for oxidation of morphine is lowered by approximately 100 mV and the current is enhanced significantly (10 times) in comparison to the bare glassy carbon electrode at wide pH range (2–9). The electrocatalytic behavior is further exploited as a sensitive detection scheme for morphine determination by hydrodynamic amperometry. Under the optimized conditions the calibration plots are linear in the concentration range 0.5–150 μM with the calculated detection limit ( S/N =3) of 0.2 μM and sensitivity of 10 nA/μM and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.5% ( n =10). The amperometric response is extremely stable, with no loss in sensitivity over a continual 30 min operation. Such attractive ability of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified GC electrode, suggests great promise for a morphine amperometric sensor. Finally the ability of the modified electrode was evaluated for simultaneous determination of morphine and codeine.
The Augmented Anti-Tumor Effects of <i>Antrodia camphorata</i> Co-Fermented with Chinese Medicinal Herb in Human Hepatoma Cells (2009)

Antrodia camphorata, unique fungal specie, has been used as a folk medicine in Taiwan for many years. The purpose of this study was to compare the extracts from the solid-state culture of A. camphorata co-fermented with Chinese medicinal herb (AC-CF) with two other extracts from fruiting bodies (AC-FB) or solid-state culture (AC-SS), for their anti-tumor effects in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. We measured in vitro cell proliferation, percentage of apoptosis, population distribution of cell cycles, Western blot analysis of multiple drugs resistance-1 (MDR-1), and apoptosis-related proteins in HepG2 cells treated with three different preparations of A. camphorate extracts. Our results showed that AC-CF had better anti-proliferation effect on human hepatoma HepG2 cells than AC-FB or AC-SS dose-dependently. In addition, AC-CF in combination with anti-tumor agents (mitomycin C or methotrexate) showed better adjuvant anti-tumor effects than AC-FB or AC-SS. We further demonstrated the augmented adjuvant anti-tumor effects of AC-CF not only through down regulation of MDR-1 expression but also through a COX-2 dependent apoptosis pathway, involving down-regulation of COX-2 and p-AKT and up-regulation of PARP-1. In conclusion, in this study, we have demonstrated a novel strategy of fermenting A. camphorata with Chinese medicinal herb (AC-CF), which augmented their anti-tumor effects in human hepatoma HepG2 cells as compared to the traditional ones (AC-FB or AC-SS).
New regulations on railroad bridge safety: opportunities and challenges for railroad bridge monitoring (2012)

New federal regulations now mandate North American railroad bridge owners to closely assess the structural capacity of their bridges. Consequently, railroad companies are currently looking into developing and exploring monitoring systems for specific bridges, to help them improve and develop bridge safety in order to help comply with this new rule. The first part of this paper explains the significance of the new federal law. The new rule comes from the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), Department of Transportation (DOT), and it falls under the 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 213 and 237<sup>1</sup>. It requires railroad track owners to know the safe capacity of their bridges and to additionally conduct special inspections if either weather or other exceptional conditions make them necessary to ensure safe railroad bridge operations. The second part of this paper will cover past and current studies about the viability of bridge health monitoring, and actual structural monitoring experiences for railroad bridges. Finally, lessons learned from these monitoring examples, as well as recommendations for future applications, are suggested, including wireless monitoring strategies for railroad bridges such as: campaign sensing inspections (periodic monitoring); bridge replacement observations (short term monitoring); and permanent bridge instrumentation (long term monitoring).
Ion-sieving of electrosynthesized polypyrrole films (1986)

A polypyrrole film which was electrochemically synthesized in the presence of NaCl showed permeability in electrochemical doping to Cl– and anions of comparable diameter and prevented anions of larger diameter such as EtSO3– from penetrating the matrix.
Thermoreflectance imaging of superlattice micro refrigerators (2002)

High resolution thermal images of semiconductor micro refrigerators are presented. Using the thermoreflectance method and a high dynamic range PIN array camera, thermal images with 50 mK temperature resolution and high spatial resolution are presented. This general method can be applied to any integrated circuit, and can be used as a tool for identifying fabrication failures. With further optimization of the experimental set-up, we expect to obtain thermal images with sub-micron spatial resolution.
<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>and colorectal neoplasia: Is there a causal link? (2016)

Ever since Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) was recognized as an infectious cause of gastric cancer, there has been increasing interest in examining its potential role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Data from case-control and cross-sectional studies, mostly relying on hospital-based samples, and several meta-analyses have shown a positive statistical relationship between H. pylori infection and colorectal neoplasia. However, the possibility exists that the results have been influenced by bias, including the improper selection of patients and disparities with respect to potential confounders. While the evidence falls short of a definitive causal link, it appears that infection with H. pylori/H. pylori-related gastritis is associated with an increased, although modest, risk of colorectal adenoma and cancer. The pathogenic mechanisms responsible for this association remain uncertain. H. pylori has been detected in colorectal malignant tissues; however, the possibility that H. pylori is a direct activator of colonic carcinogenesis remains purely hypothetical. On the other hand, experimental data have indicated a series of potential oncogenic interactions between these bacteria and colorectal mucosa, including induction and perpetuation of inflammatory responses, alteration of gut microflora and release of toxins and/or hormonal mediators, such as gastrin, which may contribute to tumor formation.
Long-distance electron transport in individual, living cable bacteria (2018)

Electron transport within living cells is essential for energy conservation in all respiring and photosynthetic organisms. While a few bacteria transport electrons over micrometer distances to their surroundings, filaments of cable bacteria are hypothesized to conduct electric currents over centimeter distances. We used resonance Raman microscopy to analyze cytochrome redox states in living cable bacteria. Cable-bacteria filaments were placed in microscope chambers with sulfide as electron source and oxygen as electron sink at opposite ends. Along individual filaments a gradient in cytochrome redox potential was detected, which immediately broke down upon removal of oxygen or laser cutting of the filaments. Without access to oxygen, a rapid shift toward more reduced cytochromes was observed, as electrons were no longer drained from the filament but accumulated in the cellular cytochromes. These results provide direct evidence for long-distance electron transport in living multicellular bacteria.
PDGF-B-mediated downregulation of miR-21: new insights into PDGF signaling in glioblastoma (2012)

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly heterogeneous type of tumor characterized by genomic and signaling abnormalities affecting pathways involved in control of cell fate, including tumor-suppressor- and growth factor-regulated pathways. An aberrant miRNA expression has been observed in GBM, being associated with impaired cellular functions resulting in malignant transformation, proliferation and invasion. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B), a potent angiogenic growth factor involved in GBM development and progression, promotes downregulation of pro-oncogenic (miR-21) and anti-oncogenic (miR-128) miRNAs, as well as upregulation/downregulation of several miRNAs involved in GBM pathology. Retrovirally mediated overexpression of PDGF-B in U87 human GBM cells or their prolonged exposure, as well as that of F98 rat glioma cells to this ligand, resulted in decreased miR-21 and miR-128 levels, which was associated with increased cell proliferation. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated PDGF-B silencing led to increased levels of miR-21 and miR-128, while miRNA modulation through overexpression of miR-21 did not alter the levels of PDGF-B. Finally, we demonstrate that modulation of tumor suppressors PTEN and p53 in U87 cells does not affect the decrease in miR-21 levels associated with PDGF-B overexpression. Overall, our findings suggest that, besides its role in inducing GBM tumorigenesis, PDGF-B may enhance tumor proliferation by modulating the expression of oncomiRs and tumor suppressor miRNAs in U87 human GBM cells.
Relevance thresholds in system evaluations (2008)

We introduce and explore the concept of an individual's relevance threshold as a way of reconciling differences in outcomes between batch and user experiments.
Benznidazole Treatment following Acute<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>Infection Triggers CD8<sup>+</sup>T-Cell Expansion and Promotes Resistance to Reinfection (2002)

Many studies have shed light on the mechanisms underlying both immunoprotection and immune dysregulation arising after Trypanosoma cruzi infection. However, little is known about the impact of benznidazole (N-benzyl-2-nitroimidazole acetamide), the drug available for clinical treatment of the infection, on the immune system in the infected host. In the present study we investigated the effect of benznidazole therapy on the lymphoid compartment during the course of experimental T. cruzi infection. Although amelioration of a variety of clinical and parasitological signs was observed in treated mice, amelioration of splenocyte expansion was not detected. Interestingly, this sustained splenomegaly observed in benznidazole-treated mice showed a preferential expansion of CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Moreover, although benznidazole treatment blocked the expansion of recently activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells seen in infected hosts, benznidazole treatment led to a selective expansion of effector and memory CD8(+) T lymphocytes in association with a lower rate of apoptosis. In addition, the surviving treated animals were protected from reinfection. Together, these data suggest that, in addition to its well-known direct role in blocking parasite replication in vivo, benznidazole appears to directly affect immune regulation in T. cruzi-infected hosts.
The mysterious multi-modal repellency of DEET (2015)

DEET is the most effective insect repellent available and has been widely used for more than half a century. Here, I review what is known about the olfactory and contact mechanisms of DEET repellency. For mosquitoes, DEET has at least two molecular targets: Odorant Receptors (ORs) mediate the effect of DEET at a distance, while unknown chemoreceptors mediate repellency upon contact. Additionally, the ionotropic receptor Ir40a has recently been identified as a putative DEET chemosensor in Drosophila. The mechanism of how DEET manipulates these molecular targets to induce insect avoidance in the vapor phase is also contested. Two hypotheses are the most likely: DEET activates an innate olfactory neural circuit leading to avoidance of hosts (smell and avoid hypothesis) or DEET has no behavioral effect on its own, but instead acts cooperatively with host odors to drive repellency (confusant hypothesis). Resolving this mystery will inform the search for a new generation of insect repellents.
Recent advances in transition metal-mediated functionalization of o-carboranes (2015)

Icosahedral carboranes constitute a class of structurally unique molecules with exceptionally thermal and chemical stabilities, which limits the derivatization of these clusters. In view of the spectacular role of transition metals in synthetic chemistry, novel o-carborane functionalization methods for both cage carbon and boron vertices have been developed by using transition metal-promoted reactions. These methods offer a series of exceptionally efficient synthetic routes to a wide range of functionalized carboranes from readily available starting materials. An overview of recent advances in this field is presented in this digest.
Great Enhancement of Photocatalytic Activity of Nitrogen-Doped Titania by Coupling with Tungsten Oxide (2006)

The TiO2-N-x%WO3 composite photocatalysts were prepared by introducing WO3 into nitrogen-doped TiO2. The composite catalysts present much higher photocatalytic activity than TiO2 and nitrogen-doped TiO2 under both ultraviolet and visible light irradiation. Diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectra, XPS analysis, and IR spectra show that the coordinated nitrogen species (or N-metal-O linkages) may contribute to the visible light photocatalytic activity. WO3 coupling increases the active nitrogen species and thus enhances the visible light activity of the composite photocatalysts. The superior activity of TiO2-N-x%WO3 composite photocatalysts upon UV light irradiation can be rationalized in terms of efficient charge separation and high adsorption affinity of WO3.
Succinic acid production on xylose-enriched biorefinery streams by Actinobacillus succinogenes in batch fermentation (2016)

Overall, these results demonstrate that biomass-derived, xylose-enriched hydrolysates result in similar yields and titers but lower productivities compared to clean sugar streams, which can likely be improved via fermentation process developments and metabolic engineering. Overall, this study comprehensively examines the behavior of A. succinogenes on xylose-enriched hydrolysates on an industrially relevant, lignocellulosic feedstock, which will pave the way for future work toward eventual SA production in an integrated biorefinery.
Synthesis, Thermal Stability, and Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Hyperbranched Polyarylenes Containing Carbazole and/or Fluorene Moieties (2007)

New diyne monomers containing carbazolyl and/or fluorenyl chromophores, namely, 3,6-diethynyl-9-phenylcarbazole (1), 3,6-diethynyl-9-[6-(9-carbazolyl)hexyl]carbazole (2), and 2,7-diethynyl-9,9-bis[6-(9-carbazoyl)hexyl]fluorene (3), are synthesized. Alkyne polycyclotrimerizations are effected by TaX5−Ph4Sn (X = Cl, Br) and CpCo(CO)2−hν catalysts, yielding soluble hyperbranched polyarylenes (hb-PAs) with high molecular weights (Mw up to ∼1.6 × 105) in high yields (up to ∼100%). The structures and properties of the hb-PAs are characterized and evaluated by IR, NMR, UV, PL, TGA, and optical limiting analyses. Most of the hb-PAs show outstanding thermal stability (Td up to 560 °C) with high weight residues (Wr up to ∼86%) after pyrolysis at 800 °C. Upon photoexcitation, solutions of the hb-PAs emit strong blue light of ∼400 nm with fluorescence quantum yields ΦF up to 90%. The hb-PAs show excellent optical limiting performance and strongly attenuate the powder of 8 ns pulses of 532 nm laser light.
Myriocin, a serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor, suppresses tumor growth in a murine melanoma model by inhibiting de novo sphingolipid synthesis (2012)

Advanced melanoma is the most virulent form of cancer and has a poor prognosis. In a previous study, myriocin, an inhibitor of serine palmitoyltransferase, was found to suppress melanoma cell proliferation by cell cycle arrest at the G 2/M phase through decreased sphingolipid levels and increased p53 and p21 (waf1/cip1) expression. ( 1) In the present study, myriocin (1 mg/kg, every other day for 3 weeks) was administered intradermally or intraperitoneally to melanoma mice. Tumor formation was significantly inhibited by intradermal and intraperitoneal administration of myriocin. The expression of Cdc25C, Cdc2 and cyclin B1 was decreased in tumor tissues from myriocin-treated mice, while the expression of p53 and p21 (waf1/cip1) was increased compared with that of the controls. The levels of sphingolipids in serum, liver and tumor tissue from myriocin-treated mice were decreased compared with those of controls. The decreased levels of sphingolipids in serum and liver of melanoma mice treated with myriocin suggests that myriocin may be accessible to tumor tissues of advanced melanoma. Taken together, the suppression of sphingolipid synthesis by myriocin inhibits the expression of Cdc25C or activates the expression of p53 and p21 (waf1/cip1) . This is followed by Cdc2 and cyclin B1 inhibition which results in the suppression of tumor growth.
<p>Characteristics and outcome of high-cost ICU patients</p> (2019)

High-cost patients utilized almost 40% of the ICU cost although they were only 10% of the ICU patients. The chances of admission to the ICU increased with older age and severity level of the disease. Central nervous system diseases were the major problem of patients aged 46-69 years old. In addition to cost reduction strategies at the treatment level, detailed analysis of these cases was needed to explore and identify pre-event stage prevention strategies.
Adaptive Sub-Carrier Level Power Allocation in OFDMA Networks (2014)

In today's OFDMA networks, the transmission power is typically fixed and the same for all the sub-carriers that compose a channel. The sub-carriers though, experience different degrees of fading and thus, the received power is different for different sub-carriers; while some frequencies experience deep fades, others are relatively unaffected. In this paper, we make a case for redistributing the power across the sub-carriers (subject to a fixed power budget constraint) to better cope with this frequency selectivity. Specifically, we design a joint power and rate adaptation scheme (called JPRA for short) wherein power redistribution is combined with sub-carrier level rate adaptation to yield significant throughput benefits. We further consider three variants of JPRA: (a) JPRA-Basic where, the power is redistributed across sub-carriers so as to support a maximum common rate across all the sub-carriers (b) JPRA-Intermediate where, the power is redistributed across sub-carriers so as to support a maximum common rate across a “subset” of sub-carriers such that the aggregate rate is maximized. (c) JPRA-Adaptive where, the goal is to redistribute power such that the transmission time of a packet is minimized. While the first two variants decrease transceiver complexity and are simpler, the third is geared towards achieving the maximum throughput possible. We implement all three variants of JPRA on our WARP radio testbed. Our extensive experiments demonstrate that JPRA can provide a 35 percent improvement in total network throughput in testbed experiments compared to FARA, a scheme where only sub-carrier level rate adaptation is used. We also perform simulations to demonstrate the efficacy of JPRA in larger scale networks.
Colony stimulating factor-1 expression is developmentally regulated in the mouse (1996)

Colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) regulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes. To determine whether CSF-1 plays a role in the perinatal development of these cells, CSF-1 protein and mRNA expression in tissues and serum from fetal/neonatal mice and their mothers was analyzed. As fetal/neonatal age increased, CSF-1 concentrations rose in liver, kidney, and lung, declined in brain and serum, and did not change in intestine and heart. Concurrently, fetal/neonatal CSF-1 concentrations were higher in liver, kidney, and serum and lower in lung, brain, intestine, and heart than maternal tissue/serum concentrations, which showed no correlations with gestational or postpartum stage. CSF-1 mRNA was detected in all tissues examined and its expression increased in lung and heart and decreased in brain with increasing fetal/neonatal age. The developmental regulation of mouse CSF-1 expression appears to he important for mononuclear phagocyte development during this period.
Antisense RNA Structure and Function (1998)

Antisense RNAs are small, diffusible, regulatory RNAs that bind to complementary regions on specific target RNAs to control their biological function at a posttranscriptional level. Most have been identified in prokaryotic organisms, but a few putative eukaryotic cases have been described. The biological systems involved are varied and interesting in their own rights. Antisense and target RNAs are often, but not necessarily, transcribed in opposite directions from the same DNA template, yielding counter-transcripts that are completely complementary across a defined region. However, complementarity need not be complete, and antisense RNAs can be transcribed from regions unlinked to those of their target RNAs. Artificial antisense RNAs have been used for a variety of research purposes, and there is considerable interest in their development for therapeutic applications. Here, we are concerned with the structure of antisense and target RNAs, with special emphasis on how these structures determine the pathways of RNA/RNA pairing. Our discussion is primarily limited to the best-characterized natural examples, which derive from prokaryotic accessory elements (phage, plasmids, and transposons). In these cases, the RNAs are all expressed as counter-transcripts. The antisense RNAs are small (67–108 nucleotides) and contain one to three stem-loop secondary structural elements, which are essential for their function. The target RNAs are longer and may contain complementary secondary structures, in addition to others, which are equally important. Stable complexes between antisense and target RNAs are essentially irreversible under physiological conditions and are most easily detected as persistent bimolecular complexes on semi-denaturing gels. However, stable complexes...
Multipurpose Internet shopping basket (2002)

Electronic commerce on the Web is developing rapidly with more and more companies offering online shopping facilities, as Internet shopping baskets. But curiously, each server implements its own shopping basket, which makes impossible for a user to gather items from several sites into a single basket and then to commit atomically his whole purchase. This paper describes a Multipurpose Internet Shopping Basket, whose features include the gathering of items from several vendors sites, the atomicity of the purchase (all the items are bought, or none at all), the fault tolerance and the security of the process. The application is based on I-Transaction, which is a new transaction model, enhanced to cope with the Internet pitfalls. It integrates secure communications, authentication of users and non-repudiation of exchanges. In addition, it implements a secure distributed atomic commitment protocol to cope with failures. Thanks to the introduction of agencies in its architecture, the shopping basket application is scalable, with strong security features and efficient fault tolerance that make it attractive for large networks such as the Internet.