gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Holographic photoelectrochemical etching of diffraction gratings in <i>n</i>-InP and <i>n</i>-GaInAsP for distributed feedback lasers (1985)

Direct photoelectrochemical (PEC) etching of diffraction gratings on n-InP and n-GaInAsP in a 2-M HF/0.5-M KOH solution has been demonstrated using laser interference holography. Development of a maskless technique for producing gratings has potential application in the fabrication of distributed feedback lasers which are currently made by a multistep photoresist process. Submicron diffraction gratings having a period of 0.5 μm, corresponding to second-order feedback in GaInAsP at λ=1.55 μm, have been achieved. Measurements were obtained on the exposure characteristics, diffraction efficiency, and PEC etching sensitivity of gratings produced in InP and GaInAsP as a function of the writing beam intensity, laser wavelength, material doping level, and grating spatial frequency. For grating frequencies greater than 100 mm−1 the sensitivity was observed to decrease approximately as the inverse square of the spatial frequency. In addition, undoped InP and GaInAsP exhibited significantly lower sensitivities than n-doped material.
Controlled switching for energizing 3-phase transformers in isolated neutral system (2009)

When an unloaded transformer is being energized, a large inrush current may flow depending upon the residual flux in the core of the transformer and the closing phase of the circuit breaker. A large inrush current may cause voltage fluctuations in the transmission system. One method of suppressing the inrush current is to perform controlled switching of the circuit breaker. In this paper, a new method of controlled switching of a 3-phase transformer in an isolated neutral system was examined. A method employing 3-phase circuit breakers with one operating mechanism and also single phase circuit breakers was used to devise a method of control switching for suppressing inrush current when the transformer is energized. In experiment using a 3 kV transformer, actual inrush currents were greatly suppressed.
Design and Recording Simulation of 1 Tbit/in2 Patterned Media (2006)

Perpendicular magnetic recording will dominate over the storage technology in the near future. However, a high areal density will be achieved only with introducing additional technologies to perpendicular recording. Among the candidates, patterned media would be the most promising because it is highly consistent with conventional magnetic recording. Design and recording properties were studied for 1 Tbit/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> patterned media using a micromagnetic simulation.
State‐of‐the‐art in two‐dimensional ultrasonic transducer array technology (1976)

Attention is given to means of sensing ultrasonic energy distributions over an area. Under the restraints appropiate to real-time imaging of deep body organs, piezoelectric arrays offer the most promising method. Adaptation of integrated circuit techniques to array assembly permits very large arrays of small elements to be batch fabricated. Further, special semiconductor switching devices specifically designed for addressing the array have been produced and applied. These permit both the passage of weak received signals and the application of voltage and current levels sufficient for transmission without significant disturbance of the basic piezoelectric element properties. Emphasis is placed on the complete data acquisition, processing, and display flexibility that arises from an array capability. Operation becomes possible in any of the presently used A or time motion (TM), in real time B or C scan, or in novel scan patterns adapted to specific organs. Further development with acoustic and electronic focusing, taking advantage of the unique possibilities obtained with the bidirectional array structure, is discussed.
Far-Field Optical Microscopy with a Nanometer-Scale Resolution Based on the In-Plane Image Magnification by Surface Plasmon Polaritons (2005)

A new far-field optical microscopy capable of reaching nanometer-scale resolution is developed using the in-plane image magnification by surface plasmon polaritons. This approach is based on the optical properties of a metal-dielectric interface that may provide extremely large values of the effective refractive index neff up to 10(3) as seen by surface polaritons, and thus the diffraction limited resolution can reach nanometer-scale values of lambda/2neff. The experimental realization of the microscope has demonstrated the optical resolution better than 60 nm at 515 nm illumination wavelength.
Service Demand Modeling and Prediction with Single-user Performance Tests (2016)

Performance load tests of online transaction processing (OLTP) applications are expensive in terms of manpower, time and costs. Alternative performance modeling and prediction tools are required to generate accurate outputs with minimal input sample points. Service Demands (time needed to serve 1 request at queuing stations) are typically needed as inputs by most performance models. However, as service demands vary as a function of workload, models that input singular service demands produce erroneous predictions. The alternative, which is to collect service demands at varying workloads, require time and resource intensive load tests to estimate multiple sample points -- this defeats the purpose of performance modeling for industrial use. In this paper, we propose a service demand model as a function of concurrency that can be estimated with a single-user performance test. Further, we analyze multiple CPU performance metrics (cache hits/misses, branch prediction, context switches and so on) using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to extract a regression function of service demand with increasing workloads. We use the service demand models as input to performance prediction algorithms such as Mean Value Analysis (MVA), to accurately predict throughput at varying workloads. This service demand prediction model uses CPU hardware counters, which is used in conjunction with a modified version of MVA with single-user service demand inputs. The predicted throughput values are within 9% deviation with measurements procured for a variety of application/hardware configurations. Such a service demand model is a step towards reducing reliance on conventional load testing for performance assurance.
Post-silicon conformance checking with virtual prototypes (2013)

Virtual prototypes are increasingly used in device/driver co-development and co-validation to enable early driver development and reduce product time-to-market. However, drivers developed over virtual prototypes often do not work readily on silicon devices, since silicon devices often do not conform to virtual prototypes. Therefore, it is important to detect the inconsistences between silicon devices and virtual prototypes.
Ferroelectric liquid crystal device using the τ-V<sub>MIN</sub>mode (1993)

Abstract Ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) devices using the -Vmin mode were developed, combining FLC materials with negative dielectric anisotropy, the C2-uniform (C2U) orientational state and the “Malvern” drive schemes. The developed FLC materials in these devices showed the Vmin value under 35V, which is adequate to the drive voltage of ±40V. The C2U orientational state was found to be the preferred state for the -Vmin mode, and was obtained in FLC cells with medium pretilt aligning film. The FLC cells were driven by the Malvern drive schemes, achieving fast line address time (faster than 50μ sec/line), wide temperature range of driving (0∼40°C), high contrast (higher than 50:1) and drive voltage of ±40V.
Analysis of dual-channel ICA-based blocking matrix for improved noise estimation (2014)

For speech enhancement or blind signal extraction (BSE), estimating interference and noise characteristics is decisive for its performance. For multichannel approaches using multiple microphone signals, a BSE scheme combining a blocking matrix (BM) and spectral enhancement filters was proposed in numerous publications. For such schemes, the BM provides a noise estimate by suppressing the target signal only. The estimated noise reference is then used to design spectral enhancement filters for the purpose of noise reduction. For designing the BM, 'Directional Blind Source Separation (BSS)' was already proposed earlier. This method combines a generic BSS algorithm with a geometric constraint derived from prior information on the target source position to obtain an estimate for all interfering point sources and diffuse background noise. In this paper, we provide a theoretical analysis to show that Directional BSS converges to a relative transfer function (RTF)-based BM. The behavior of this informed signal separation scheme is analyzed and the blocking performance of Directional BSS under various acoustical conditions is evaluated. The robustness of Directional BSS regarding the localization error for the target source position is verified by experiments. Finally, a BSE scheme combining Directional BSS and Wiener-type spectral enhancement filters is described and evaluated.
Trajectory compensation in an autoresonant trap mass spectrometer (2011)

The auto-resonant trap mass spectrometer, ART-MS, utilizes electrostatic ion trapping within an anharmonic potential well. Ions are detected after mass selective trap ejection with auto-resonant driving employing only low-power rf electronics. We identify the major limiting factor in the mass resolution of these instruments. Whilst keeping in the spirit of maintaining a rapid scan rate, low cost, lightweight instrument, with minimal required machining tolerances, we introduce a method for much improving the mass resolutions of an ART-MS. The addition of two electrodes has enabled an improvement in the mass resolution by a factor of ∼4. The scheme significantly reduces the effects of a finite sized trap and compensates for the influence of radial variation in natural oscillating frequencies within the trap. Compensation can be implemented with a wide range of designs and is not limited by the size of the trap.
Laser produced plasma EUV sources for device development and HVM (2012)

Laser produced plasma (LPP) systems have been developed as the primary approach for the EUV scanner light source for optical imaging of circuit features at sub-22nm and beyond nodes on the ITRS roadmap. This paper provides a review of development progress and productization status for LPP extreme-ultra-violet (EUV) sources with performance goals targeted to meet specific requirements from leading scanner manufacturers. We present the latest results on exposure power generation, collection, and clean transmission of EUV through the intermediate focus. Semiconductor industry standards for reliability and source availability data are provided. We report on measurements taken using a 5sr normal incidence collector on a production system. The lifetime of the collector mirror is a critical parameter in the development of extreme ultra-violet LPP lithography sources. Deposition of target material as well as sputtering or implantation of incident particles can reduce the reflectivity of the mirror coating during exposure. Debris mitigation techniques are used to inhibit damage from occuring, the protection results of these techniques will be shown over multi-100's of hours.
Practical Application of Objective Picture Quality Measurements (1999)

Increasing use of compressed video methods in the generation and distribution of television programs has led to a requirement for objective picture quality measurement methods. Although traditional, indirect, signal quality measurements are still required for evaluation of the uncompressed part of the system, they are not adequate for evaluation of the compression-decompression process. Subjective testing methods are complex, time consuming, and only applicable for development purposes. They do not lend themselves to operational monitoring, production line testing, or trouble shooting. Considering the variety of video compression methods and growing ease of data interconnection, measurement of the resulting video quality must not be limited to a particular compression system. This paper describes the feature-extraction and picture-differencing objective picture quality measurement methods with reference to ongoing research developments. Emphasis is placed on application of the human visual system model to picture-differencing as the preferred objective method. System requirements for application of the model are described in conjunction with a practical implementation of a measurement set.
Mutation screening of theCDKN2A promoter in melanoma families (2000)

Germline mutations of CDKN2A, at 9p21, are responsible for predisposition to melanoma in some families. However, evidence of linkage to 9p21 has been demonstrated in a significant proportion of kindreds with no detectable mutations in CDKN2A. It is possible that mutations in noncoding regions may be responsible for predisposition to melanoma in these families. We have analyzed approximately 1 kb of the CDKN2A promoter upstream of the start codon in an attempt to identify causal mutations in 107 melanoma families. Four sequence variants were detected. Two of these (A-191G and A-493T) did not segregate with disease and were present in a control population at a comparable frequency, indicating that they are unlikely to predispose to melanoma. The A-493T variant appeared to be in linkage disequilibrium with the previously described CDKN2A polymorphism Ala148Thr. The variant G-735A was detected in the control population, but segregation of this variant with melanoma within families could not be discounted. The fourth variant (G-34T), located in the 5' UTR, creates an aberrant initiation codon. This variant appeared to segregate with melanoma and was not detected in a control population. G-34T has recently been identified in a subset of Canadian melanoma families and was concluded to be associated with predisposition to melanoma. The creation of an aberrant initiation site in the 5' UTR may have an important role in carcinogenesis in a small percentage of families; however, mutations in the CDKN2A promoter appear to have a limited role in predisposition to melanoma.
Metglas–Elgiloy bi-layer, stent cell resonators for wireless monitoring of viscosity and mass loading (2012)

This paper presents the design and evaluation of magnetoelastic sensors intended for wireless monitoring of tissue accumulation in peripheral artery stents. The sensors are fabricated from 28 μm thick foils of magnetoelastic 2826MB Metglas™, an amorphous Ni-Fe alloy. The sensor layer consists of a frame and an active resonator portion. The frame consists of 150 μm wide struts that are patterned in the same wishbone array pattern as a 12 mm × 1.46 mm Elgiloy stent cell. The active portion is a 10 mm long symmetric leaf shape and is anchored to the frame at mid length. The active portion nests within the stent cell, with a uniform gap separating the two. A gold-indium eutectic bonding process is used to bond Metglas™ and Elgiloy foils, which are subsequently patterned to form bi-layer resonators. The response of the sensor to viscosity changes and mass loading that precede and accompany artery occlusion is tested in vitro. The typical sensitivity to viscosity of the fundamental, longitudinal resonant frequency at 361 kHz is 427 ppm cP -1 over a 1.1-8.6 cP range. The sensitivity to mass loading is typically between 63000 and 65000 ppm mg-1 with the resonant frequency showing a reduction of 8.1% for an applied mass that is 15% of the unloaded mass of the sensor. This is in good agreement with the theoretical response. © 2013 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Field Application of Activated Carbon Amendment for In-Situ Stabilization of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Marine Sediment (2009)

We report results on the first field-scale application of activated carbon (AC) amendment to contaminated sediment for in-situ stabilization of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The test was performed on a tidal mud flat at South Basin, adjacent to the former Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, San Francisco Bay, CA. The major goals of the field study were to (1) assess scale up of the AC mixing technology using two available, large-scale devices, (2) validate the effectiveness of the AC amendment at the field scale, and (3) identify possible adverse effects of the remediation technology. Also, the test allowed comparison among monitoring tools, evaluation of longer-term effectiveness of AC amendment, and identification of field-related factors that confound the performance of in-situ biological assessments. Following background pretreatment measurements, we successfully incorporated AC into sediment to a nominal 30 cm depth during a single mixing event, as confirmed by total organic carbon and black carbon contents in the designated test plots. The measured AC dose averaged 2.0-3.2 wt% and varied depending on sampling locations and mixing equipment. AC amendment did not impact sediment resuspension or PCB release into the water column over the treatment plots, nor adversely impactthe existing macro benthic community composition, richness, or diversity. The PCB bioaccumulation in marine clams was reduced when exposed to sediment treated with 2% AC in comparison to the control plot Field-deployed semi permeable membrane devices and polyethylene devices showed about 50% reduction in PCB uptake in AC-treated sediment and similar reduction in estimated pore-water PCB concentration. This reduction was evident even after 13-month post-treatment with then 7 months of continuous exposure, indicating AC treatment efficacy was retained for an extended period. Aqueous equilibrium PCB concentrations and PCB desorption showed an AC-dose response. Field-exposed AC after 18 months retained a strong stabilization capability to reduce aqueous equilibrium PCB concentrations by about 90%, which also supports the long-term effectiveness of AC in the field. Additional mixing during or after AC deployment, increasing AC dose, reducing AC-particle size, and sequential deployment of AC dose will likely improve AC-sediment contact and overall effectiveness. The reductions in PCB availability observed with slow mass transfer under field conditions calls for predictive models to assess the long-term trends in pore-water PCB concentrations and the benefits of alternative in-situ AC application and mixing strategies.
Bis‐Donor–Bis‐Acceptor Tribranched Organic Sensitizers for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells (2011)

Abstract A new class of tribranched dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSC) sensitizers carrying two conjugated donors and two acceptor/anchoring groups is introduced. The approach leads to significantly different optical properties and enhanced stability with respect to related di‐ and monobranched dyes and yields power conversion efficiencies of up to 5.05 %, which is possibly limited by the computed nonoptimal dye packing on the semiconductor surface.
Chemically bonded diamondlike films from ion-beam deposition (1988)

Low-energy mass-selected C+ ion beams are used to deposit thin carbon films on surfaces of Si(100) and Ni(111) in an UHV environment at room temperature. The films are characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy, x-ray and UV photoelectron spectroscopy, valence level electron energy-loss spectroscopy, K-shell ionization loss spectroscopy, and ellipsometry. The initial monolayer of the deposited film is in the form of a carbide layer which is chemically bonded to the substrate atoms. Over the next several layers deposited, the film evolves gradually through intermediate structures into a diamondlike structure. A phase diagram, prepared as C+ ion dose versus C+ kinetic energy Ek, shows the regions of the different structures. The optimum C+ energy range for formation of the diamondlike structure is 30–175 eV. Below 10 eV the final diamondlike structure has not been attained and above 180 eV there is a sharp increase in the dose required to attain this final structure. Properties of the film, measured in situ, are mentioned.
Cloning and analysis of the murine Fanconi anemia group C cDNA (1993)

Fanconi anemia (FA) is one of a group of disorders characterized at the cellular level by a combination of hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents, chromosomal instability, and defective DNA repair. Clinical features of FA include pancytopenia, often accompanied by specific congenital malformations, and a predisposition to leukemia. Since the hematological manifestations are the critical defect in terms of prognosis, FA is a candidate disease for gene replacement therapy, and the development of a mouse model system is essential for the initial stages of this work. Previously, we have cloned the gene defective in FA group C by complementation of the intrinsic sensitivity of FA cells to DNA cross-linking agents. We have now cloned the murine homologue of the human FACC cDNA. The mouse cDNA (Facc) shares 79% amino acid sequence similarity with the human gene product. The expression of the mouse cDNA in human FA(C) cells restores the cellular drug sensitivity to normal levels. Thus, the function of the protein has been conserved despite the significant sequence divergence. PCR analysis of mouse tissue RNA reveals that the gene is expressed in all adult tissues, while in situ RNA hybridization experiments show tissue specific expression at late stages of fetal development. Cross-hybridizing sequences exist in DNA from other mammals, chicken and Drosophila. These results support the hypothesis that the FACC gene product has a role in a basic aspect of cellular protection against DNA damaging agents and that this function has been conserved during evolution.
High performance gold(<scp>iii</scp>)-based white organic light-emitting devices with extremely small efficiency roll-off (2019)

WOLEDs based on <bold>Au-Y</bold> and FIrpic demonstrate high current efficiency with ∼4% efficiency roll-off and white emission with CIE coordinates of (0.33, 0.40).