gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design, Fabrication and Modeling of Clocked Nanomagnet Logic Circuit Elements (2022)

Nanomagnet Logic (NML) devices hold great promises for low power, non-volatile logic. Magnetic Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (MQCA) based NML has been implemented for data paths and majority logic gates. However, the experimental demonstrations of NML circuits used large external magnetic fields. On-chip implementation of NML circuits will require a way of generating the magnetic fields inside the chip as well as selective control of the logic gates with local magnetic fields. Although current carrying wires can generate magnetic fields, it is not trivial to generate strong enough magnetic fields required for the excitation of prototype NML devices and gates. In this dissertation, a scheme of on-chip clocking of nanomagnets is presented with simulation studies that use Cu lines wrapped with magnetic materials from three sides. Cu lines that incorporate permalloy yokes and are capable of handling high current were designed and fabricated. Two different fabrication methods have been used to implement the clock lines. With proper design and material selection, magnetic fields were obtained that are strong enough to switch individual nanomagnets as well as NML gates and data paths, without using excessive current. A magnetic annealing furnace that can modify the magnetic characteristics of the clock lines in a way that facilitates nanomagnet switching was designed and built. The CMOS circuit necessary for driving the clock lines was designed, and the equivalent circuit model of the clock lines along with nanomagnets was developed, which helps to calculate the power dissipation and the frequency response of the overall NML circuit. Analytical models and a numerical simulator that can help to investigate nanomagnet switching dynamics under the influence of several physical effects, as well as facilitate the NML circuit design process were developed.
Thin film optical coatings 7: Two-layer coatings close to antireflection (1979)

This paper examines the residual reflection of two-layer coatings close to antireflection. Residual reflection can be induced either by fluctuations or errors in the thickness of the layers. Fluctuations in thickness, resulting from insufficiently accurate measuring equipment, lead to the notions of stability and tolerances. When reflection is substantial, a method of calculation is proposed for determining thicknesses effectively deposited.
Conformational Flexibility of the Dengue Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Revealed by a Complex with an Inhibitor (2013)

We report a highly reproducible method to crystallize the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domain of dengue virus serotype 3 (DENV-3), allowing structure refinement to a 1.79-Å resolution and revealing amino acids not seen previously. We also present a DENV-3 polymerase/inhibitor cocrystal structure at a 2.1-Å resolution. The inhibitor binds to the RdRp as a dimer and causes conformational changes in the protein. The improved crystallization conditions and new structural information should accelerate structure-based drug discovery.
Heavenly mathematics: the forgotten art of spherical trigonometry (2013)

Preface vii 1 Heavenly Mathematics 1 2 Exploring the Sphere 23 3 The Ancient Approach 42 4 The Medieval Approach 59 5 The Modern Approach: Right- Angled Triangles 73 6 The Modern Approach: Oblique Triangles 94 7 Areas, Angles, and Polyhedra 110 8 Stereographic Projection 129 9 Navigating by the Stars 151 Appendix A. Ptolemy's Determination of the Sun's Position 173 Appendix B. Textbooks 179 Appendix C. Further Reading 182 Index 189
Catheter-based left atrial appendage occlusion procedure: role of echocardiography (2011)

Atrial fibrillation is a common, clinically significant arrhythmic disorder that results in increased risk of morbidity and mortality in affected patients. Atrial fibrillation is more prevalent among men compared with women and the risk for developing atrial fibrillation increases with advancing age. Ischaemic stroke is the most common clinical manifestation of embolic events from atrial fibrillation. While anticoagulation treatment is the preferred treatment, unfortunately, many patients have contraindications for anticoagulation treatment making this option unavailable to them. Previous data have shown that most thrombi that form in association with non-valvular atrial fibrillation occur in the left atrial appendage (LAA). It has been suggested that isolating the LAA from the body of the left atrium might reduce the risk of embolic events and that LAA obliteration may be a treatment option for patients with atrial fibrillation who are not candidates for anticoagulation treatment. Several procedures have been developed for isolation of the LAA, including surgical procedures as well as catheter-based ones. In this paper, we will review the currently available techniques, emphasizing the catheter-based ones. We will examine the increasing role of real-time three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography for appropriate screening and patient selection for these procedures, intra-procedural guidance, and follow-up care.
Toxicities of topical ophthalmic anesthetics (2007)

Topical ocular anesthesia has been part of ophthalmology for more than a century. The most commonly used drugs today are proparacaine, tetracaine, benoxinate (oxybuprocaine) cocaine and lidocaine. Although generally well tolerated, all these can be toxic, particularly when abused. The most common toxicities are to the ocular surface, but abuse can cause deep corneal infiltrates, ulceration and even perforation. Fortunately, systemic side effects are rare. Cocaine is unique for its higher incidence of systemic side effects and high abuse potential, both of which impede its clinical use. When used appropriately, all these drugs are remarkably safe. They are generally not prescribed for home use, as prolonged abuse of these drugs can be expected to result in serious complications.
Direct Micropatterning of Extracellular Matrix Proteins on Functionalized Polyacrylamide Hydrogels Shows Geometric Regulation of Cell–Cell Junctions (2018)

Microcontact printing of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in defined regions of a substrate allows spatial control over cell attachment and enables the study of cellular response to irregular ECM geometries. Over the past decade, numerous micropatterning techniques have emerged that conjugate ECM proteins on hydrogel substrates of tunable stiffness, which have revealed a range of cellular responses to varying matrix stiffness and geometry. However, micropatterning of ECM proteins on polyacrylamide (PA) hydrogel remains inconsistent due to its unreliable conjugation with the commonly used protein cross-linkers, particularly at low stiffness. To address these problems, we developed a micropatterning technique in which the PA gel is functionalized by incorporating oxidized <i>N</i>-hydroxyethylacrylamide, which allows direct protein binding through reactive aldehyde groups without any exogenous cross-linkers. As a result, a uniform and consistent protein transfer onto the hydrogel substrates of defined geometries is achieved, even for soft PA gels. We formed square, rectangular, and triangular patterns of two constant areas on soft and stiff PA gels that provide large and small adhesive areas for the MCF10A human mammary epithelial cell pairs. We measured intercellular E-cadherin (E-cad) expression and found that cell-cell junctions could be deteriorated independently by either the stiff ECM of any shape or the elongated cell morphology, accompanied by increased cell-generated tractions, on rectangular soft ECM patterns. Inhibition of nonmuscle myosin II reduced the E-cad junctional localization in cell pairs. When the cell spreading was restricted by reducing the adhesive area of the patterns, we observed an overall rise in E-cad expression at cell-cell junctions. Our findings present an improved micropatterning technique which reveals a geometric regulation of cell-cell junctions in epithelial cell pairs.
Safety of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB in Augment<sup>®</sup> Bone Graft (2012)

This article discusses nonclinical and clinical data regarding the safety of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB as a component of the Augment(®) Bone Graft (Augment). Augment is a bone graft substitute intended to be used as an alternative to autologous bone graft in the fusion of hindfoot and ankle joints. Nonclinical studies included assessment of the pharmacokinetic profile of intravenously administered recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB in rat and dog, effects of intravenous administration of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB in a reproductive and development toxicity study in rats, and chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of Augment in a 12-month implantation model. These studies showed that systemic exposure was brief and clearance was rapid. No signs of toxicity, carcinogenicity, or tumor promotion were observed even with doses far exceeding the maximum clinical dose. Results of clinical trials (605 participants) and commercial use of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB containing products indicate that these products are not associated with increased incidence of adverse events or cancer. The safety data presented provide evidence that recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB is a safe therapeutic when used in combination products as a single administration during surgical procedures for bone repair and fusion. There is no evidence associating use of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB in Augment with chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, or tumor promotion.
A common analysis framework for smart distribution networks applied to survivability analysis of distribution automation (2012)

Smart distribution networks shall improve the efficiency and reliability of power distribution by intelligently managing the available power and requested load. Such intelligent power networks pose challenges for information and communication technology (ICT). Their design requires a holistic assessment of traditional power system topology and ICT architecture. Existing analysis approaches focus on analyzing the power networks components separately. For example, communication simulation provides failure data for communication links, while power analysis makes predictions about the stability of the traditional power grid. However, these insights are not combined to provide a basis for design decisions for future smart distribution networks. In this paper, we describe a common model-driven analysis framework for smart distribution networks based on the Common Information Model (CIM). This framework provides scalable analysis of large smart distribution networks by supporting analyses on different levels of abstraction. Furthermore, we apply our framework to holistic survivability analysis. We map the CIM on a survivability model to enable assessing design options with respect to the achieved survivability improvement. We demonstrate our approach by applying the mapping transformation in a case study based on a real distribution circuit. We conclude by evaluating the survivability impact of three investment options.
<title>Compactly encoded optical-flow fields for bidirectional prediction and video coding</title> (1997)

We have previously developed an optical-flow-based motion estimator that produces dense, spatially-coherent motion fields under bit-rate constraints. These motion estimates target video coding applications, including post-processing applications in which no additional motion estimation step at the decoder is required. In frame-interpolation applications, significant improvements have been obtained over methods that rely upon the standard block-matching algorithm for motion estimation. We now extend these ideas to the case of video coders that use bidirectionally predicted B frames; the use of B frames provides temporal scalability and good compression performance. We develop a novel scheme to handle the problems caused by the presence of covered/uncovered regions. The scheme uses a label field to optimally weight the contributions of the forward and backward predictions. The label field is dense, with label values in the range (0, 1); we introduce a multiscale algorithm for jointly estimating and compressing the label field. In coding experiments on the Susie sequence, the use of label fields resulted in substantial visual and PSNR gains, especially in the fast moving parts of the sequence.
Stereochemical effects in cyclopropane ring openings: biomimetic ring openings of all isomers of 22,23-methylenecholesterol acetate (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStereochemical effects in cyclopropane ring openings: biomimetic ring openings of all isomers of 22,23-methylenecholesterol acetateMary P. Zimmerman, Hui Ting Li, William L. Duax, Charles M. Weeks, and Carl DjerassiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 19, 5602–5612Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00331a034https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00331a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views189Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Adaptive damping of torque pulsation using a starter generator-opportunities and boundaries (2002)

In conventional combustion engines, the combustion process and oscillating masses produce torque pulsation which affects the power train life cycle and reduces the driver's comfort. It has been suggested to reduce this pulsation using a starter generator device to apply an inverse torque sequence to the crankshaft. Offering new opportunities, this concept also faces boundaries due to both limited power and additional losses of the starter generator. In this paper, an approach for adaptive damping employing a harmonic activation neural network (HANN) is presented. Furthermore, the restrictions mentioned above are discussed. Simulation results are added for illustration.
Coulomb drag of massless fermions in graphene (2011)

Using a structure consisting of two, independently contacted graphene single layers separated by an ultrathin dielectric, we experimentally measure the Coulomb drag of massless fermions in graphene. At temperatures higher than 50 K, the Coulomb drag follows a temperature and carrier density dependence consistent with the Fermi liquid regime. As the temperature is reduced, the Coulomb drag exhibits giant fluctuations with an increasing amplitude, thanks to the interplay between coherent transport in the graphene layer and interaction between the two layers.
Identification and characterization of core sludge and biofilm microbiota in anaerobic membrane bioreactors (2019)

An analysis of sludge (i.e., 63 samples) and biofilm (i.e., 79 samples) sampled from 13 anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBR) was conducted. Predominant microbial community identification and multivariate analysis indicate that these reactors showed different microbial community structure, but these differences had no impact on the overall AnMBR performance. Instead, core microbial genera which occurred in ≥90% of sludge (20 genera) and biofilm (12 genera) samples could potentially account for the AnMBR performance. A further calculation on net growth rate (NGR) of core genera in sludge suggested distribution into two main groups (i.e., I: low relative abundance and NGR, II: high relative abundance or high NGR). Consistent positive correlations between bacterial genera were observed among those that exhibited either high relative abundance or high NGR. The anaerobic microbial consortium in both sludge and biofilm were largely affected by stochastic dispersal and migration processes (i.e., neutral assembly). However, Acinetobacter spp. and Methanobacterium spp. occurred consistently in higher frequency in the biofilm but in lower occurrence frequency in the AnMBR permeate. Findings from this study suggest first, specific core microorganisms exist in the sludge regardless of the operating conditions of the AnMBRs, and second, prevention of biofoulant layer on anaerobic membranes can be devised by minimizing attachment of microbes on surfaces in a non-selective manner.
Folded emitters for nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (2010)

Electrospray ionization (ESI) has revolutionized mass spectrometry (MS), providing a facile method for the ionization of macromolecules for analysis by mass. The development of nanoESI-MS has further extended the utility of ESI-MS, permitting the analysis of small-volume samples with enhanced sensitivity over conventional ESI-MS. Traditional nanoESI-MS experiments use pulled-glass capillary emitters, which are expensive to purchase and require specialized instruments and training to fabricate in-house. Furthermore, these emitters suffer from problems including clogging, sample contamination, and irreproducible spray stability. Here, we report a new emitter for nanoESI-MS, made by folding small pieces of polyimide tape. In comparison with conventional pulled-glass capillary emitters, the new emitters are inexpensive and simple to make. Their low cost makes them disposable after a single use, such that sample contamination or clogging is never a problem. Emitter performance has been evaluated for diverse analytes encompassing a large mass range, including small molecules, peptides, proteins, and synthetic polymers. In all cases, the performance is similar to that of pulled-glass capillary emitters, with the advantages of low cost, ease of use, and disposability.
An RNA hairpin at the extreme 5' end of the poliovirus RNA genome modulates viral translation in human cells (1991)

Several mutations were introduced into an infectious poliovirus cDNA clone by inserting different oligodeoxynucleotide linkers into preexisting DNA restriction endonuclease sites in the viral cDNA. Ten mutated DNAs were constructed whose lesions mapped in the 5' noncoding region or in the capsid coding region of the viral genome. Eight of these mutated cDNAs did not give rise to infectious virus upon transfection into human cells, one yielded virus with a wild-type phenotype, and one gave rise to a viral mutant with a small-plaque phenotype. This last mutant, designated 1-5NC-S21, bears a 6-nucleotide insertion in the loop of a stable RNA hairpin at the very 5' end of the viral genome. Detailed analysis of the biological properties of 1-5NC-S21 showed that the primary defect in mutant-infected cells is a fivefold decrease in translation relative to wild-type-infected cells. Transfection into HeLa cells of in vitro-synthesized RNA molecules bearing either the 5' noncoding region of 1-5NC-S21 or wild-type poliovirus upstream of a luciferase reporter gene showed that the mutated RNA hairpin was responsible for the observed decrease in viral translation in mutant-infected cells and conferred this defect to heterologous RNAs. These findings indicate that an RNA hairpin located at the extreme 5' end of the viral RNA and highly conserved among enteroviruses and rhinoviruses profoundly affects the translation efficiency of poliovirus RNA in infected cells.
Genome-wide CpG island methylation analysis implicates novel genes in the pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma (2012)

In order to identify novel candidate tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) implicated in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we performed genome-wide methylation profiling of RCC using the HumanMethylation27 BeadChips to assess methylation at > 14,000 genes. Two hundred and twenty hypermethylated probes representing 205 loci/genes were identified in genomic CpG islands. A subset of TSGs investigated in detail exhibited frequent tumor methylation, promoter methylation associated transcriptional silencing and reactivation after demethylation in RCC cell lines and down-regulation of expression in tumor tissue (e.g., SLC34A2 specifically methylated in 63% of RCC, OVOL1 in 40%, DLEC1 in 20%, TMPRSS2 in 26%, SST in 31% and BMP4 in 35%). As OVOL1, a putative regulator of c-Myc transcription, and SST (somatostatin) had not previously been linked to cancer and RCC, respectively, we (1) investigated their potential relevance to tumor growth by RNAi knockdown and found significantly increased anchorage-independent growth and (2) demonstrated that OVOL1 knockdown increased c-Myc mRNA levels.
Identification of a New Pyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]quinazoline Ligand Highly Affine to γ-Aminobutyric Type A (GABA<sub>A</sub>) Receptor Subtype with Anxiolytic-Like and Antihyperalgesic Activity (2017)

Compounds that can act on GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor subtype in a selective manner, without the side effects of classical benzodiazepine ligands, represent promising therapeutic tools in neurological disorder as well as for relief of pain or in comorbidity of anxiety states and depression. Continuing our research on GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor subtype ligands, here is reported the synthesis of a series of pyrazolo[1,5-a]quinazoline 3- and/or 8-substituted as 5-deaza analogues of previous reported pyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]benzotriazine, already identified as selective GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor subtype ligands endowed with anxiolytic-like and antihyperalgesic action or enhancer cognition. Between the new compounds stands out 12b for its high affinity value (K<sub>i</sub> = 0.27 nM) and for its anxiolytic-like and ability to relieve neuropathic painful conditions evaluated in CCI and STZ murine model.
Dipivefrin and Epinephrine Treatment of Elevated Intraocular Pressure (1979)

• Every 12 hours 0.1% dipivefrin was administered to one eye and 2% epinephrine hydrochloride was administered to the fellow eye of 42 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension in a randomized, double-masked study lasting three months. Dipivefrin produced similar percent reductions in intraocular pressure (18.6%) to epinephrine (21.0%), as well as similar increases in outflow facility and pupil diameter. A significantly lower incidence of burning and stinging after drug instillation was noted with dipivefrin therapy. This study supported the contention that dipivefrin is an effective and safe alternative to epinephrine therapy for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure.
SIMPLIFYING CELIAC DISEASE PREDISPOSING HLA-DQ ALLELES DETERMINATION BY THE REAL TIME PCR METHOD (2015)

Results obtained by qPCR technique were highly reliable with no discordant results when compared with those obtained using PCR-SSP.