gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic fluorescence microphotometer using an image dissector tube (1979)

An automatic fluorescence microphotometer using an image dissector tube as the fluorescence detector is described. The image dissector tube is used in the photon-counting mode of operation to allow precise intensity measurements of weak fluorescent spots. With the support of a laboratory-built microcomputer system, the instrument can automatically search for cells stained with fluorescent dye in the microscope field; then the detected cells are individually put in the measuring probe region to have their fluorescence intensities measured. Finally a fluorescence distribution histogram of stained cells is automatically generated and graphically presented. The instrument also allows a fluorescence intensity mapping operation utilizing the conventional raster scanning technique. To demonstrate the system's performance, DNA in rat liver nuclei stained with Feulgen dye was measured.
Selective detection of sulfur-containing compounds by gas chromatography/chemical reaction interface mass spectrometry (1991)

Addition of a reactant gas to a low pressure microwave-induced plasma creates a reaction interface in which complex molecules are converted into small polyatomic neutral species. For a given reactant gas the array of these small molecules reflect s the elemental composition of the original analyte. In this study HCI has been found highly effective as a reactant gas for selective detection of sulfur-eontaining compounds using capillary gas chromatography/ chernical reaction interface mass spectrometry. Detection limits as low as 30 pg of a sulfur-containing compound and a dynamic range of two orders of magnitude were achieved.
Modifying Sodium Bicarbonate for Foaming Polymers (2014)

Sodium bicarbonate was modified with citric acid by solution coating method, and used to increase the foaming temperature and narrow the range of decomposition temperature. The thermodynamic parameters of sodium bicarbonate and modified sodium bicarbonate were studied by DSC and TG. After the modification, the initial decomposition temperature of sodium bicarbonate raised from 112.6 o C to 146.9 o C, endothermic peak temperature from 150.5 o C to 165.9 o C, the range of decomposition temperature narrows from 56.2 o C to 31.5 o C. After modification, sodium bicarbonate shows faster rate of decomposition.
Brefeldin A blocks the response of cultured cells to cholera toxin. Implications for intracellular trafficking in toxin action (1993)

Cholera toxin (CT) consists of a pentameric B subunit which binds to ganglioside GM1 on the cell surface and an A subunit which activates adenylylcyclase. The latter process involves the reduction of A to the A1 peptide which ADP-ribosylates the stimulatory G protein, Gs of adenylylcyclase. There is a distinct lag phase between toxin binding and activation of adenylylcyclase. Little is known about the events during this lag including where A1 is generated and how it gains access to Gs on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. We explored the effects of several inhibitors of intracellular trafficking on the response of human SK-N-MC neurotumor and Caco-2 intestinal tumor cells to CT. Whereas chloroquine or monensin had little or no effect on CT stimulation of cyclic AMP accumulation, brefeldin A (BFA) totally inhibited the response to CT in a time- and dose-dependent and reversible manner. BFA was effective when added at the same time as CT and had an IC50 of 30 ng/ml. BFA did not alter cell surface GM1 as cells treated with BFA for 30 min bound as much 125I-CT as control cells. Furthermore, BFA inhibited CT stimulation of GM1-treated rat glioma C6 cells. BFA treatment did not affect beta-adrenergic agonist stimulation of cyclic AMP. In addition, adenylylcyclase was activated by A1 peptide and NAD+ to the same extent in membranes from control and BFA-treated cells, or when BFA was added directly to the assay. Whereas control cells generated small amounts of A1 from bound CT with time, no A1 was detected in BFA-treated cells. BFA treatment did not prevent the internalization of CT but did inhibit its degradation. BFA is known to disrupt the organization of the Golgi complex, resulting in inhibition of protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum and redistribution of Golgi enzymes to the endoplasmic reticulum. BFA also prevents the formation of non-clathrin-coated vesicles from Golgi membranes and thus vesicular transport between Golgi cisternae. We confirmed that BFA caused the morphological disruption of the Golgi apparatus in Caco-2 cells. The data support a role for a functional Golgi apparatus with its associated vesicular routing in CT action.
A More Flexible Approach of Dynamic Local Grid Refinement for Reservoir Modeling (1987)

ABSTRACT This paper describes a new and more flexible approach of dynamic local grid refinement, which can also be used to subdivide the grid block fixedly in any desired parts of reservoir. The amount of fundamental blocks and subblocks can be minimized by using a step-by-step scheme of subdivision almost without any restriction. Moreover, it is shown that the specially developed system of ordering scheme and data management of this method is very simple and effective. Especially in dynamic grid refinement, no inactive grid block is produced in the process of ordering, and just a little of additional running time is needed to execute this system in computer. This paper reports that the results produced by using the dynamic grid refinement is very close to those obtained with the conventional fine grid system, and the running time are much lower.
Functional and pharmacological properties of canine ERG potassium channels (2003)

We established HEK-293 cell lines that stably express functional canine ether-à-go-go-related gene (cERG) K(+) channels and examined their biophysical and pharmacological properties with whole cell patch clamp and (35)S-labeled MK-499 ([(35)S]MK-499) binding displacement. Functionally, cERG current had the hallmarks of cardiac delayed rectifier K(+) current (I(Kr)). Channel opening was time- and voltage dependent with threshold near -40 mV. The half-maximum activation voltage was -7.8 +/- 2.4 mV at 23 degrees C, shifting to -31.9 +/- 1.2 mV at 36 degrees C. Channels activated with a time constant of 13 +/- 1 ms at +20 mV, showed prominent inward rectification at depolarized potentials, were highly K(+) selective (Na(+)-to-K(+) permeability ratio = 0.007), and were potently inhibited by I(Kr) blockers. Astemizole, terfenadine, cisapride, and MK-499 inhibited cERG and human ERG (hERG) currents with IC(50) values of 1.3, 13, 19, and 15 nM and 1.2, 9, 14, and 21 nM, respectively, and competitively displaced [(35)S]MK-499 binding from cERG and hERG with IC(50) values of 0.4, 12, 35, and 0.6 nM and 0.8, 5, 47, and 0.7 nM, respectively. cERG channels had biophysical properties appropriate for canine action potential repolarization and were pharmacologically sensitive to agents known to prolong QT. A novel MK-499 binding assay provides a new tool to detect agents affecting ERG channels.
Stimulation of TRPV1 by Green Laser Light (2012)

Low-level laser irradiation of visible light had been introduced as a medical treatment already more than 40 years ago, but its medical application still remains controversial. Laser stimulation of acupuncture points has also been introduced, and mast-cells degranulation has been suggested. Activation of TRPV ion channels may be involved in the degranulation. Here, we investigated whether TRPV1 could serve as candidate for laser-induced mast cell activation. Activation of TRPV1 by capsaicin resulted in degranulation. To investigate the effect of laser irradiation on TRPV1, we used the Xenopus oocyte as expression and model system. We show that TRPV1 can functionally be expressed in the oocyte by (a) activation by capsaicin (K(1/2) = 1.1 μM), (b) activation by temperatures exceeding 42°C, (c) activation by reduced pH (from 7.4 to 6.2), and (d) inhibition by ruthenium red. Red (637 nm) as well as blue (406 nm) light neither affected membrane currents in oocytes nor did it modulate capsaicin-induced current. In contrast, green laser light (532 nm) produced power-dependent activation of TRPV1. In conclusion, we could show that green light is effective at the cellular level to activate TRPV1. To which extend green light is of medical relevance needs further investigation.
Highly efficient blue-light generation from a compact, diode-pumped femtosecond laser by use of a periodically poled KTP waveguide crystal (2003)

We present a simplified, potentially portable, and highly efficient blue-light source from a periodically poled KTP waveguide crystal with a compact femtosecond Cr:LiSAF laser. This light source generates 5.6 mW of blue average output power at 424 nm with 27 mW of incident fundamental in a single-pass extracavity arrangement at room temperature. The overall system efficiency of electrical power to blue light is 0.5%, and the internal second-harmonic generation conversion efficiency is as high as 37%. The slope efficiency of 5.5% pJ(-1) at low pulse energies is, to our knowledge, the highest slope efficiency yet reported for frequency conversion into the blue spectral region.
Identification, Recombinant Expression, Immunolocalization in Macrophages, and T-Cell Responsiveness of the Major Extracellular Proteins of <i>Francisella tularensis</i> (2006)

A safer and more effective vaccine than the previously developed live attenuated vaccine is needed for combating Francisella tularensis, a highly infectious bacterial pathogen. To search for potential candidates for inclusion in a new vaccine, we characterized the proteins present in the culture filtrates of a virulent recent clinical isolate and the attenuated live vaccine strain of F. tularensis using a proteomic approach. We identified a total of 12 proteins; among these, catalase-peroxidase was much more abundant in the culture filtrate of the virulent clinical isolate, whereas bacterioferritin was more abundant in the culture filtrate of the live vaccine strain. Streptolysin O treatment of infected human macrophages indicated that catalase-peroxidase and the heat shock protein GroEL are released intracellularly by actively growing F. tularensis. Mice immunized with F. tularensis developed significant cell-mediated immune responses to catalase-peroxidase, the heat shock protein GroEL, and bacterioferritin as measured by splenic lymphocyte proliferation and gamma interferon production. Finally, we expressed the major culture filtrate proteins that are promising vaccine candidates in Escherichia coli at high levels in soluble form to facilitate study of their immunobiology and potential role in vaccines.
Automated Design of Probes for rRNA-Targeted Fluorescence <i>In Situ</i> Hybridization Reveals the Advantages of Using Dual Probes for Accurate Identification (2014)

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a common technique for identifying cells in their natural environment and is often used to complement next-generation sequencing approaches as an integral part of the full-cycle rRNA approach. A major challenge in FISH is the design of oligonucleotide probes with high sensitivity and specificity to their target group. The rapidly expanding number of rRNA sequences has increased awareness of the number of potential nontargets for every FISH probe, making the design of new FISH probes challenging using traditional methods. In this study, we conducted a systematic analysis of published probes that revealed that many have insufficient coverage or specificity for their intended target group. Therefore, we developed an improved thermodynamic model of FISH that can be applied at any taxonomic level, used the model to systematically design probes for all recognized genera of bacteria and archaea, and identified potential cross-hybridizations for the selected probes. This analysis resulted in high-specificity probes for 35.6% of the genera when a single probe was used in the absence of competitor probes and for 60.9% when up to two competitor probes were used. Requiring the hybridization of two independent probes for positive identification further increased specificity. In this case, we could design highly specific probe sets for up to 68.5% of the genera without the use of competitor probes and 87.7% when up to two competitor probes were used. The probes designed in this study, as well as tools for designing new probes, are available online (http://DECIPHER.cee.wisc.edu).
The A and B Isoforms of the Human Progesterone Receptor Operate through Distinct Signaling Pathways within Target Cells (1994)

The biological response to progesterone is mediated by two distinct forms of the human progesterone receptor (hPR-A and hPR-B). In most cell contexts, hPR-B functions as a transcriptional activator of progesterone-responsive genes, whereas hPR-A functions as a transcriptional inhibitor of all steroid hormone receptors. We have created mutations within the carboxyl terminus of hPR which differentially effect the transcriptional activity of hPR-B in a cell- and promoter-specific manner. Analogous mutations, when introduced into hPR-A, have no effect on its ability to inhibit the transcriptional activity of other steroid hormone receptors. The observed differences in the structural requirements for hPR-B and hPR-A function suggest that transcriptional activation and repression by PR are mediated by two separate pathways within the cell. In support of this hypothesis, we have shown that hPR-A mediated repression of human estrogen receptor (hER) transcriptional activity is not dependent on hER expression level but depends largely on the absolute expression level of hPR-A. Thus, it appears that hPR-A inhibits hER transcriptional activity as a consequence of a noncompetitive interaction of hPR-A with either distinct cellular targets or different contact sites on the same target. We propose that hPR-A expression facilitates a ligand-dependent cross-talk among sex steroid receptor signaling pathways within the cell. It is likely, therefore, that alterations in the expression level of hPR-A or its cellular target can have profound effects on the physiological or pharmacological responses to sex steroid hormone receptor ligands.
Dynamic Nomadic Node Selection for Performance Enhancement in Composite Fading/Shadowing Environments (2014)

Next generation mobile and wireless communication systems beyond 2020, aka Fifth Generation (5G) systems, aim at providing ubiquitous user experience with the utmost in quality. One of the promising technologies targeted for 5G systems is the flexible network deployment based on nomadic nodes (NNs). An NN is a low-power movable access node that provides coverage extension and capacity improvement on demand. Yet, NNs require flexible backhaul. One possible cost-efficient realization for flexible backhaul is in-band relaying. In this context, the capacity of the wireless backhaul link between an NN and its serving base station (BS) has a crucial role in the achievable end-to-end performance. The flexible backhaul can be exploited by dynamic NN selection to overcome the limitations of the backhaul link and, thus, to enhance the system performance. To this end, dynamic NN selection is carried out via selecting the serving NN from a set of available candidates considering the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) on the backhaul link. In this regard, coarse NN selection takes into account only shadowing. Nevertheless, as NNs are stationary or slowly moving during operation, the wireless channels pertaining to NNs are usually subject to simultaneous impairments by both shadowing and multi-path fading, i.e., composite fading/shadowing. In this paper, we present the performance of coarse NN selection in composite fading/shadowing environments with co-channel interference. Further, we evaluate the performance in terms of backhaul link SINR, link rates, and end-to-end rate. Results show that coarse NN selection can yield high performance improvements.
Linear regression analysis of Hospital Episode Statistics predicts a large increase in demand for elective hand surgery in England (2014)

The prevalence of these diseases in the ageing population, and increasing prevalence of predisposing factors such as obesity and diabetes, may account for the predicted increase in workload. The most cost effective treatments must be sought, which requires high quality clinical trials. Our methodology can be applied to other sub-specialties to help anticipate the need for future service provision.
Kinetic Insights into Hydrogen Sulfide Delivery from Caged-Carbonyl Sulfide Isomeric Donor Platforms (2017)

Hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) is a biologically important small gaseous molecule that exhibits promising protective effects against a variety of physiological and pathological processes. To investigate the expanding roles of H<sub>2</sub>S in biology, researchers often use H<sub>2</sub>S donors to mimic enzymatic H<sub>2</sub>S synthesis or to provide increased H<sub>2</sub>S levels under specific circumstances. Aligned with the need for new broad and easily modifiable platforms for H<sub>2</sub>S donation, we report here the preparation and H<sub>2</sub>S release kinetics from a series of isomeric caged-carbonyl sulfide (COS) compounds, including thiocarbamates, thiocarbonates, and dithiocarbonates, all of which release COS that is quickly converted to H<sub>2</sub>S by the ubiquitous enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Each donor is designed to release COS/H<sub>2</sub>S after the activation of a trigger by activation by hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>). In addition to providing a broad palette of new, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-responsive donor motifs, we also demonstrate the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> dose-dependent COS/H<sub>2</sub>S release from each donor core, establish that release profiles can be modified by structural modifications, and compare COS/H<sub>2</sub>S release rates and efficiencies from isomeric core structures. Supporting our experimental investigations, we also provide computational insights into the potential energy surfaces for COS/H<sub>2</sub>S release from each platform. In addition, we also report initial investigations into dithiocarbamate cores, which release H<sub>2</sub>S directly upon H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-mediated activation. As a whole, the insights on COS/H<sub>2</sub>S release gained from these investigations provide a foundation for the expansion of the emerging area of responsive COS/H<sub>2</sub>S donor systems.
SON and Femtocell Technology for LTE-Advanced System (2010)

To eliminate dead spots like home or office and let multiple users efficiently use limited frequency resources by providing a better wireless environment that enables highcapacity data transmission service, the demand for a small base station is increasing. Accordingly, when the new base station is installed adjacent to a base station or by its own, the research for automatically minimizing the interference and increasing the capacity of the base station by optimizing the cell coverage has become necessary. For this purpose, extremely reducing the cell radius and providing a wireless environment for small business are needed. The femtocell services actively respond to the user's needs for a better wireless environment, and expanding business opportunities for the operators. The most important aspect to consider is the qualitative and quantitative service improvement of the technology. In this paper, we study the main technical issues, the standardization status and technological trends currently in progress related to femtocell.
The physics of Langmuir-Blodgett films (1987)

Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films are formed by the successive deposition of a series of monolayers of one or more types of amphiphilic molecules initially spread at the interface between water and air. This review is mainly addressed to physicists and device engineers but, since the topic is of an interdisciplinary nature, it is hoped that it may also be of use to research workers in other disciplines. The early development and essential technology of the subject are discussed and key papers are referred to. However, the review is mainly devoted to the large amount of recent work in the field. A wide variety of different types of amphiphilic molecule are discussed ranging from simple carboxylic acids via complex heterocyclic compounds to polymers. The various physical techniques used to determine the crystallographic structure of the films together with the influence of deposition methods on this structure are discussed. The study of the electric and optical properties of various LB films is described both in relation to the physical information which may be gained from these studies and also in respect of possible technical applications. The difficulties inherent in attempting to obtain good three-dimensional crystallographic order in films are pointed out together with possible methods of overcoming these difficulties.
A Prototype Array-Element Localization Sonobuoy (1990)

Abstract : Sonobuoys are used in individually to sense underwater acoustic signals. A coherent processed, beamformed array of sonobuoy could result in a powerful, highly directional, large-aperture sensor. For the sonobuoy array concept to succeed, the relative locations of the individual array hydrophones must be determined and tracked. This report presents a design of an array- element localization (AEL) sonobuoy after considering sonobuoy array properties, environmental influences, candidate sonobuoy array elements, and AEL accuracy. This AEL sonobuoy design is validated using experimental results from a prototype implementation.
Effects of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals on the Kolbe–Schmitt Reaction (2002)

Abstract It was found that the carboxylations of magnesium, calcium, and barium phenoxides with carbon dioxide at 260 °C produced salicylic acid and dicarboxylic acids (4-hydroxyisophthalic acid and 2-hydroxyisophthalic acid) in very high yields (80–100%), exceeding that of the ordinary Kolbe–Schmitt reaction. The orientation (ortho/para ratio) was controlled not only by chelations of the intermediate with alkaline earth metal (Mg, Ca, Ba) ions, resulting in salicylic acid, but also by the sizes of metal ions (Rb, Cs), giving p-hydroxybenzoic acid in a much higher ratio than the widely used method with potassium or sodium phenoxide. These alkaline earth metals worked to produce 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid by the reaction of 2-naphthoxide with carbon dioxide, but the yield of 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid was comparable to that of 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid when cesium or rubidium 2-naphthoxide was employed. Considerably high yields (∼60%) of 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, a monomer of one of the best liquid-crystal polymers, was attained by the carboxylation of cesium or rubidium 2-naphthoxide in the presence of potassium or sodium carbonate, where the alkali metal ion was supposed to increase the reactivity of the substrate. The formation of “binol” was observed in the preparation of 2-naphthoxides with metal hydroxides, especially with copper(II) ion.