gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Insight into skywave theory and breakthrough applications in resource exploration (2021)

Skywave refers to the electromagnetic wave reflected or refracted from the ionosphere and propagated in the form of a guided wave between the ionosphere and the Earth's surface. Since the skywave can propagate over large distances, it has been widely used in long-distance communication. This paper explores and demonstrates the feasibility of skywave for deep resource and energy exploration at depths of up to 10 km. Theoretical and technical advancements were accomplished in furthering skywave applications. A new solution method based on Green's function has been developed to study skywave propagation in a fully coupled lithosphere-air-ionosphere full space model. For the first time, the model allows one to study skywave distribution characteristics in the lithosphere containing inhomogeneity such as ore deposits or oil and gas reservoirs. This model also lays a foundation for skywave data processing and interpretation. On a parallel line, we have developed a multi-channel, broadband, low-noise, portable data acquisition system suitable for receiving skywave signals. Using the skywave field excited by a high-power fixed source located in central China, actual field surveys have been carried out in some areas in China including the Biyang depression of Henan Province. The initial results appear encouraging-the interpreted resistivity models prove to be consistent with those of seismic exploration and known geological information, and the exploration cost is only ∼1/4 to 1/10 that of seismic surveys. These initial successful applications of the skywave theory lay a solid foundation for further verification of the new method.
Catalytic multi-stage liquefaction of coal. Final eighth quarterly report, 1 July 1994--30 September 1994 (1994)

This quarterly report covers the activities of Catalytic Multi-Stage Liquefaction of Coal during the Period July 1--September 30, 1994, at Hydrocarbon Research, Inc. in Lawrenceville and Princeton, New Jersey. This DOE Contract Period is from December 8, 1992 to December 7, 1994. The overall objective of this program is to produce liquid fuels from coal by direct liquefaction at a cost that is competitive with conventional fuels. Specifically, this continuous bench-scale program contains provisions to examine new ideas in areas such as: low temperature pretreatments, more effective catalysts, on-line hydrotreating, new coal feedstocks, other hydrogen sources, more concentrated coal feeds and other highly responsive process improvements while assessing the design and economics of the bench-scale results. This quarterly report covers work on Laboratory Scale Studies, Continuous Bench-Scale Operations, Technical Assessment and Project Management.
Dynamic detection and removal of inactive clauses in SAT with application in image computation (2001)

In this paper, we present a new technique for the efficient dynamic detection and removal of inactive clauses, i.e. clauses that do not affect the solutions of interest of a Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem. The algorithm is based on the extraction of gate connectivity information during generation of the Boolean formula from the circuit, and its use in the inner loop of a branch-and-bound SAT algorithm. The motivation for this optimization is to exploit the circuit structure information, which can be used to find unobservable gates at circuit outputs under dynamic conditions. It has the potential to speed up all applications of SAT in which the SAT formula is derived from a logic circuit. In particular, we find that it has considerable impact on an image computation algorithm based on SAT. We present practical results for benchmark circuits which show that the use of this optimization consistently improves the performance for reachability analysis, in some cases enabling the prototype tool to reach more states than otherwise possible.
Synthesis of 3,3‐Dimethyl‐4‐chromanones: Improved Procedures Without Ring Opening (2006)

Abstract A procedure for the 3,3‐dimethylation of 4‐chromanones under basic conditions was improved; the by‐product from chromanone ring opening was isolated and its structure was determined.
Inter-comb synchronization by mode-to-mode locking (2016)

Two combs of fiber femtosecond lasers are synchronized through the optical frequency reference created by injection-locking of a diode laser to a single comb mode. Maintaining a mHz-level narrow linewidth, the optical frequency reference permits two combs to be stabilized by mode-to-mode locking with a relative stability of 1.52 × 10−16 at 10 s with a frequency slip of 2.46 mHz. This inter-comb synchronization can be utilized for applications such as dual-comb spectroscopy or ultra-short pulse synthesis without extra narrow-linewidth lasers.
Extended PLS approach for enhanced condition monitoring of industrial processes (2001)

Abstract An extended partial‐least squares (EPLS) algorithm is introduced to correct a deficiency of conventional partial least squares (PLS) when used as a tool to detect abnormal operating conditions in industrial processes. In the absence of feedback control, an abnormal operating condition that affects only process response variables will not be propagated back to the process predictor (or input) variables. Thus monitoring tools developed under the conventional PLS framework and based only on the predictor matrix will fail to detect the abnormal condition. The EPLS algorithm described removes this deficiency by defining new scores that are based on both predictor and response variables. The EPLS approach provides two monitoring charts to detect abnormal process behavior, as well as contribution charts to diagnose this behavior. To demonstrate the utility of the new approach, the extended algorithm and monitoring tools are applied to a realistic simulation of a fluid catalytic cracking unit and to a real industrial process that involves a complex chemical reaction.
Identification of two additives, locust bean gum (E-410) and guar gum (E-412), in food products by DNA-based methods (2004)

Locust bean gum (E-410) and guar gum (E-412) are high molecular weight galactomannans used by the food industry as versatile food additives. The compounds, although chemically closely related, do not have the same functional properties when used in foods, and the substitution or unadvertised addition of either could change the desired qualities of the product. Analytical discrimination between E-410 and E-412 is technically difficult since they only differ in their galactose: mannose ratios, being 1 : 4 and 1 : 2 for locust bean gum and guar gum, respectively. A qualitative DNA-based method is reported for the authentication of additives E-410 and E-412 in finished food products (ice cream, dehydrated desserts, milk derivatives, dehydrated soups, salad dressing, marmalade and meat) from small quantities of food. DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal spacers of Ceratonia siliqua and Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, the plant sources of E-410 and E-412, respectively, were used to design polymerase chain reaction primers specific for each additive (PA23/PA21 and PG22/PG21). Twenty-two foods were analysed for the presence of E-410 and E-412 additives by this single-step polymerase chain reaction-based method. Positive DNA amplifications with the E-410 and/or E-412 primers were obtained in all 19 samples reported to contain either additive.
Comparison of the Roche LightCycler <i>vanA</i> / <i>vanB</i> Detection Assay and Culture for Detection of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci from Perianal Swabs (2004)

ABSTRACT We compared the performance characteristics of a real-time PCR method, the LightCycler vanA / vanB detection assay (Roche Diagnostics Corporation, Indianapolis, Ind.) to that of Enterococcosel agar (BBL, Sparks, Md.) for direct detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) from 894 perianal stool swabs. For 421 of 894 swabs, the result for LightCycler PCR was compared to an Enterococcosel plate containing vancomycin at 6 μg/ml; for the remaining 473 swabs, the result for LightCycler PCR was compared to an Enterococcosel plate containing 8 μg/ml vancomycin. The LightCycler method produced considerably more positive results than either the Enterococcosel plate containing vancomycin at 6 μg/ml ( n = 25 versus n = 11; sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 97%; positive predictive value [PPV], 42%; negative predictive value [NPV], 100%) or the Enterococcosel plate containing vancomycin at 8 μg/ml ( n = 31 versus n = 10; sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 95%; PPV, 32%; NPV, 100%). When possible, additional testing, including culture, LightCycler PCR, and/or a conventional PCR method (PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay), were performed on either the original specimens or original cultures or subsequent specimens for cases in which the original specimen was positive by LightCycler PCR but the Enterococcosel plate was negative. This additional testing demonstrated positive results for 7 of 14 (50%) evaluable discordant specimens which initially tested as LightCycler PCR positive but culture negative using the Enterococcosel plate containing vancomycin at 6 μg/ml and 12 of 17 (71%) evaluable discordant specimens which initially tested as LightCycler positive but culture negative using the Enterococcosel plate containing vancomycin at (8 μg/ml). These results demonstrate that the LightCycler VRE detection assay is considerably more sensitive than the standard culture method for detecting VRE directly from perianal swab specimens. The LightCycler assay also provides results much faster than culture (∼3.5 versus ≥72 h). The use of this test could have important implications for the effective control and prevention of nosocomial outbreaks of VRE.
Probiotics for Human and Poultry Use in the Control of Gastrointestinal Disease: A Review of Real-World Experiences (2013)

Over a century ago Eli Metchnikoff proposed the revolutionary idea to consume viable bacteria to promote health by modulating the intestinal microflora. The idea is more applicable now than ever, since bacterial antimicrobial resistance has become a serious worldwide problem both in medical and agricultural fields. The interest in digestive physiology and the microbiome has generated data whereby well being of all living organisms with a digestive tract can be enhanced and the risk of disease reduced. Given the recent international legislation and domestic consumer pressures to withdraw growth-promoting antibiotics and limit antibiotics available for treatment of bacterial infections, probiotics can offer alternative options. Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Current indications are that mechanism of action involves a number of possibilities like rapid activation of innate host immune responses, assisting in the digestion of food materials etc. In this review, we focused on applying probiotic concept to alleviate chronic constipation and idiopathic diarrhea in humans or for specific pathogen reduction and improvement of GIT diseases in poultry. Based on this review, it is clear that the probiotic concept can be further explored to impact various areas of health and well being in both humans and animals.
New Chiral Bidentate Secondary Phosphine Oxide Ligands for Hydrogenation (2010)

Bidentate phosphine ligands are exceptionally useful for enantioselective catalysis. The use of chiral secondary phosphine oxides (SPOs) is a much less well-developed field. The authors explore the use of mixed ligands containing both an SPO and a phosphine moiety. The ­resulting ligands - named JoSPOphos for those with a Josiphos-like backbond, and TerSPOphos for those based on chiral terpenes - demonstrate high activity and enantioselectivity in asymmetric hydrogenations of alkenes.
Cube-3: A Real-Time Architecture for High-Resolution Volume Visualization. (1995)

This paper describes a high-performance special-purpose system, Cube-3, for displaying and manipulating highresolution volumetric datasets in real-time. A primary goal of Cube-3 is to render 512 3 , 16-bit per voxel, datasets at about 30 frames per second. Cube-3 implements a ray-casting algorithm in a highly-parallel and pipelined architecture, using a 3D skewed volume memory, a modular fast bus, 2D skewed buffers, 3D interpolation and shading units, and a ray projection cone. Cube-3 will allow users to interactively visualize and investigate in real-time static (3D) and dynamic (4D) high-resolution volumetric datasets. 1. Introduction A volumetric dataset is typically represented as a 3D regular grid of voxels (volume elements) representing some uniform or piecewise property of an object or phenomenon. This 3D dataset is commonly stored in a regular cubic frame buffer (CFB), which is a large 3D array of voxels (e.g., 128M voxels for a 512 3 dataset) and is displayed on a raster...
Macrophage-Derived Matrix Vesicles (2013)

Our results support the novel concept that macrophages release calcifying MVs enriched in S100A9 and annexin V, which contribute to accelerated microcalcification in chronic renal disease.
100k Cycles and Beyond: Extraordinary Cycle Stability for MnO<sub>2</sub> Nanowires Imparted by a Gel Electrolyte (2016)

We demonstrate reversible cycle stability for up to 200 000 cycles with 94–96% average Coulombic efficiency for symmetrical δ-MnO2 nanowire capacitors operating across a 1.2 V voltage window in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) gel electrolyte. The nanowires investigated here have a Au@δ-MnO2 core@shell architecture in which a central gold nanowire current collector is surrounded by an electrodeposited layer of δ-MnO2 that has a thickness of between 143 and 300 nm. Identical capacitors operating in the absence of PMMA (propylene carbonate (PC), 1.0 M LiClO4) show dramatically reduced cycle stabilities ranging from 2000 to 8000 cycles. In the liquid PC electrolyte, the δ-MnO2 shell fractures, delaminates, and separates from the gold nanowire current collector. These deleterious processes are not observed in the PMMA electrolyte.
A new bifunctional catalyst for tandem Heck–asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefinsElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: TEM image of 3, experimental procedures, characterization data of products and heterogeneity tests. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b1/b110681n/ (2002)

A new bifunctional catalyst consisting of active palladium and osmium species anchored on silica gel through a mercaptopropyl spacer and a cinchona alkaloid respectively has been prepared for the first time and used in the heterogeneous tandem Heck-asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefins to afford diols with excellent yields and enantiomeric excesses (ee's) in presence of N-methylmorpholine N-oxide or K3Fe(CN)6 as cooxidants.
Chiral separation with dipeptide-terminated polymeric surfactants: The effect of an extra heteroatom on the polar head group (2000)

Chiral recognition of two binaphthyl derivatives and three benzodiazepines were studied by use of polymeric surfactants in electrokinetic chromatography. Four specific dipeptide terminated (multichiral) micelle polymers were synthesized for this study. These include poly (sodium-N-undecanoyl-L-alanyl-leucinate)-(poly L-SUAL), poly (sodium-N-undecanoyl-L-valyl-leucinate) (poly L-SUVL), poly (sodium-N-undecanoyl-Lseryl-leucinate) (poly L-SUSL), and poly(sodium-N-undecanoyl-L-threonyl-leucinate) (poly L-SUTL). In addition to the chiral separation study, the physicochemical properties (critical micelle concentration and specific rotation) of each polymer were investigated. The molecular weights of the various dipeptide-terminated micelle polymers were determined using analytical ultracentrifugation. These dipeptide-terminated micelle polymers were designed to study the effect of the extra heteroatom at the polar head group of the micelle polymer (i.e., poly L-SUSL compared to poly L-SUAL and poly L-SUTL compared to poly L-SUVL) on the enantiomeric separation of the binaphthyl derivatives and benzodiazepines. The synergistic effect of three chiral centers (poly L-SUTL) provided improved resolution over that of two chiral centered dipeptide-terminated micelle polymer in the case of (+/-)-temazepam, (+/-)-oxazepam, (+/-)-binaphthol, and (+/-)-binaphthol phosphate. The chiral recognition mechanisms in these cases were additionally controlled by the presence of the extra heteroatom located on the polar head group of the micelle polymers.
A comparison of control architectures for atomic force microscopes (2009)

Abstract We evaluate the performance of two control architectures applied to atomic force microscopes (AFM). Feedback‐only control is a natural solution and has been applied widely. Expanding on that, combining feedback controllers with plant‐injection feedforward filters has been shown to greatly improve tracking performance in AFMs. Alternatively, performance can also be improved by the use of a closed‐loop‐injection feedforward filter applied to the reference input before it enters the feedback loop. In this paper, we compare the plant‐injection architecture with the closed‐loop‐injection architecture when used in controlling AFMs. In particular, we provide experimental results demonstrating the closed‐loop‐injection architecture yields better tracking performance of a raster scan. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
The Challenges of Coronagraphic Astrometry (2006)

A coronagraph in conjunction with adaptive optics provides an effective means to image faint companions of nearby stars from the ground. The images from such a system are complex, however, and need to be fully characterized and understood before planets or disks can be detected against the glare from the host star. Using data from the Lyot Project coronagraph, we investigate the difficulties of astrometric measurements in diffraction-limited coronagraphic images and consider the principal problem of determining the precise location of the occulted star. We demonstrate how the image structure varies when the star is decentered from the optical axis and show how even small offsets (0.05λ/D or 5 mas) give rise to false sources in the image. We consider methods of determining the star position from centroiding, instrument feedback, and analysis of point-spread function symmetry and conclude that internal metrology is the most effective technique.
Packet aware transport for metro networks (2004)

Today's metro networks have evolved from the need to support traditional voice and private line services and were optimized to support time division multiplexing (TDM) services. However, the growth of private line services is dominated by the access (also called "backhaul") to packet switches that provides frame relay, ATM, IP and Ethernet services. This paper provides a coherent architectural vision for metro access networks, which the author calls the packet-aware transport network (PATN). The PATN is designed to support the packet and TDM transport within metro areas in a scalable manner, and interfaces the inter-city packet and TDM transport backbone networks. Since the PATN supports the IETF pseudo-wire encapsulation (PWE) schemes for all packet access traffic, it is synergistic with the move towards a converged MPLS-based multi-service packet backbone network.
Development of the Brinell Sandwich Passive Soil Stress Gage (1977)

Abstract : The interior of the Brinell Sandwich soil stress gage consists of a layer of small hardened steel balls between softer materials. Indentations in the softer materials (their diameters are measured by a microscope) indicate the maximum compressive force that has been exerted at the location of each ball. A flat, disk-shaped gage body package seals off the space around the balls from external pressure and provides protection against shear in the plane of the sandwich. These gages combine high axial stiffness with good resolution over a range of more than a factor of 100. Sensing ranges of two versions tested are 4 MPa to 470 MPa, and 0.67 MPa to 100 MPa. Laboratory investigations have shown that with pulses ranging from static to approximate half-sines with rise times of 0.1 millisecond, gage performance is not influenced by rate effects.
An Improved Synthesis of Lamivudine and Emtricitabine (2017)

Abstract An improved method was developed to prepare cis (‐)nucleosides, such as lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC). A solvent free reaction and catalyst free reaction was developed, with reduced reaction times to afford high yields in the preparation of the key 5‐hydroxy oxathiolane intermediate. For the acetylation, we developed a greener procedure using NaHCO 3 as the base instead of pyridine. In addition, a new reagent namely pyridinium triflate, was used for the crucial N ‐glycosidation reaction for the first time towards the synthesis of bioactive oxathiolane nucleosides 3TC and FTC.
Characterization of beam splitter using Mueller matrix ellipsometry (2019)

Polarization distortion is a phenomenon which the polarization state of output light deviates from the theoretical expectation. Due to the design defects and process limitations, polarization distortion in beam splitter is inevitable, which results in the significant errors in the optical systems. A theoretical analysis method based on Mueller matrix is proposed for characterizing the beam splitter. In the propose approach, polarization distortion in the beam splitter including depolarization, linear and circular birefringence, and linear diattenuation, circular dichroism have been considered. With the proposed method, we can characterize the beam splitters and extract the related effective optical parameters of polarization distortion. The Mueller matrices of two different commonly used beam splitters measured by a commercial Mueller matrix ellipsometer (MME) are consistently fitted by the proposed method and the residual errors have shown the improvement compared to the conventional methods.
Calcium <scp>l</scp>-Lactate Frameworks as Naturally Degradable Carriers for Pesticides (2017)

Two porous, chiral metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), Ca<sub>14</sub>(l-lactate)<sub>20</sub>(acetate)<sub>8</sub>(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH)(H<sub>2</sub>O) (MOF-1201) and Ca<sub>6</sub>(l-lactate)<sub>3</sub>(acetate)<sub>9</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O) (MOF-1203), are constructed from Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions and l-lactate [CH<sub>3</sub>CH(OH)COO<sup>-</sup>], where Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions are bridged by the carboxylate and hydroxyl groups of lactate and the carboxylate group of acetate to give a three-dimensional arrangement of Ca(-COO, -OH) polyhedra supporting one-dimensional pores with apertures and internal diameters of 7.8 and 9.6 Å (MOF-1201) and 4.6 and 5.6 Å (MOF-1203), respectively. These MOFs represent the first examples of extended porous structures based on Ca<sup>2+</sup> and lactate. They show permanent porosity of 430 and 160 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, and can encapsulate an agriculturally important fumigant, cis-1,3-dichloropropene. MOF-1201 shows a 100 times lower release rate compared with liquid cis-1,3-dichloropropene under the same test conditions (25 °C, air flow rate of 1 cm<sup>3</sup> min<sup>-1</sup>). The hydrolysis of MOF-1201 in water makes it the first example of a degradable porous solid carrier for such fumigants.