gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GIS-based Procedural Modeling in Contemporary Urban Planning Practice (2018)

The cities keep developing rapidly all over the world. Urban-related disciplines are striving to enhance new theoretical concepts to keep up with these changes. Various researchers commonly claim that the outcomes that are generated with the traditional planning techniques fall short in providing the livability of urban space and the design quality. Unstable structure of the planning regulations causes frequent changes in the tools and rules applied in spatial planning. These changes make it harder to investigate the indirect consequences in the spatial changes that would take place in the cities on the long term. On the other hand, the new information-based techniques are increasingly offering remarkable tools for spatial planning practices. Especially novel techniques in semantic 3D modelling field are offering workflows for aiding the design phase. Procedural modelling steps forward, as quite remarkable outcomes can be produced by means of the operations that identify the small data entries with procedural codes. In this study, the codes and tools identified in the current urban planning legislation in Turkey are converted into procedural modelling parameters. Then, the current implementation plan of the selected field is transformed into an interactive framework. Plan is interpreted in two different design alternatives within this parametric system. After these alternative designs are modelled in compliance with the criteria specified in the plan and regulations, the quantitative evaluation of these models is conducted. Consequently, the response capacity of produced three-dimensional GIS based procedural modelling system on urbanization and planning policies is investigated. Additionally, opinions on the utilization of this system within the framework of sustainable planning practices are expressed.
Recent advancements in boron nitride nanotubes (2010)

This article provides a concise review of the recent research advancements in boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) with a comprehensive list of references. As the motivation of the field, we first summarize some of the attractive properties and potential applications of BNNTs. Then, latest discoveries on the properties, applications, and synthesis of BNNTs are discussed. In particular, we focus on low-temperature and patterned growth, and mass production of BNNTs, since these are the major challenges that have hindered investigation of the properties and application of BNNTs for the past decade. Finally, perspectives of future research on BNNTs are discussed.
Role of betaine:CoA ligase (CaiC) in the activation of betaines and the transfer of coenzyme A in<i>Escherichia coli</i> (2008)

A bacterial betaine:CoA ligase has been characterized for the first time, underlining its important role for the production of l-carnitine with Escherichia coli.
Integrated Model to Plan Advanced Public Transportation Systems (1998)

The primary objective of this study is to develop an integrated public transportation planning framework to evaluate and plan Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS). With this purpose, a systems approach point of view is adopted to study the influence of new APTS technology in supply and demand transit variables. In this project the Systems Dynamics methodology is adopted to track the dynamic behavior of model variables and feedback loops forming among them. The proposed framework is illustrated in a case study involving automated vehicle location systems (AVL) applied to a small transit community. The proposed approach follows the same steps of the Systems Dynamics method; First, identify some key variables which are not only susceptive to AVL technology but also affect the supply-demand relationship of a bus transit environment. Second, trace and simplify the causal relationships of the variables considering impacts of facility supply changes to passenger demand responses and vice versa. To accomplish this, four detailed sub-models representing parts of the transit system are developed and combined under the Systems Dynamics methodology point of view. Theses Sub-models are: 1) demography, 2) urban transportation planning, 3) bus operations, and 4) evaluation. Finally, to validate the model procedure, the model is applied to a case study. This study attempts to encompass as many as possible factors around a bus transit system environment which can be impacted by new APTS technology to illustrate the use of the proposed framework. Some of these factors include: 1) Demographic characteristics; 2) urban or social activity of the study area and 3) changes to transportation facilities. The case study illustrates how the physical characteristics of the transit systems such as traffic demand, traffic conditions along the transit route, route layout, and bus performance can be affected by the new technology. Since APTS impacts are time dependent a continuous multi-loop simulation technique is adopted to track dynamic changes of all model variables. The analysis of the transit system is carried over a 20-year life cycle to illustrate the long term dynamics of the feedback structures inherent in the model. <i>[Vita removed Aug. 2, 2010. GMc]</i>
Inhibitors of permeability transition interfere with the disruption of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential during apoptosis (1996)

In a number of experimental systems, the early stage of the apoptotic process, i.e. the stage which precedes nuclear disintegration, is characterized by the breakdown of the inner mitochondrial transmembrane potential (delta psi m). Here we address the question as to whether mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) pores may account for the delta psi m dissipation in lymphocyte apoptosis. Drugs known for their PT-inhibitory potential (bongkrekic acid, cyclosporin A, and the non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin A analogue N-methyl-Val-4-cyclosporin A) are capable of preventing the apoptotic delta psi m disruption. Moreover, pharmacological modulation of PT-mediated delta psi m dissipation can prevent apoptosis. Thus, while suppressing the delta psi m disruption, bongkrekic acid also inhibits the apoptotic chromatinolysis. In conclusion, these data are compatible with the hypothesis that apoptotic delta psi m disruption is mediated by the formation of PT pores and that PT-mediated delta psi m disruption is a critical event of the apoptotic cascade.
Face to face (1994)

The interview is still the most popular method of staff selection within the NHS, yet many interviewers just aren't very good at it. Nicola Andrew thinks more training would make the whole system a lot fairer - and safer
MAP Kinase Pathway Alterations in <i>BRAF</i> -Mutant Melanoma Patients with Acquired Resistance to Combined RAF/MEK Inhibition (2013)

Treatment of BRAF-mutant melanoma with combined dabrafenib and trametinib, which target RAF and the downstream MAP-ERK kinase (MEK)1 and MEK2 kinases, respectively, improves progression-free survival and response rates compared with dabrafenib monotherapy. Mechanisms of clinical resistance to combined RAF/MEK inhibition are unknown. We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) and whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) on pretreatment and drug-resistant tumors from five patients with acquired resistance to dabrafenib/trametinib. In three of these patients, we identified additional mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway alterations in the resistant tumor that were not detected in the pretreatment tumor, including a novel activating mutation in MEK2 (MEK2(Q60P)). MEK2(Q60P) conferred resistance to combined RAF/MEK inhibition in vitro, but remained sensitive to inhibition of the downstream kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). The continued MAPK signaling-based resistance identified in these patients suggests that alternative dosing of current agents, more potent RAF/MEK inhibitors, and/or inhibition of the downstream kinase ERK may be needed for durable control of BRAF-mutant melanoma.
Band gap structure modification of amorphous anodic Al oxide film by Ti-alloying (2014)

The band structure of pure and Ti-alloyed anodic aluminum oxide has been examined as a function of Ti concentration varying from 2 to 20 at. %. The band gap energy of Ti-alloyed anodic Al oxide decreases with increasing Ti concentration. X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals that Ti atoms are not located in a TiO2 unit in the oxide layer, but rather in a mixed Ti-Al oxide layer. The optical band gap energy of the anodic oxide layers was determined by vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy in the energy range from 4.1 to 9.2 eV (300–135 nm). The results indicate that amorphous anodic Al2O3 has a direct band gap of 7.3 eV, which is about ∼1.4 eV lower than its crystalline counterpart (single-crystal Al2O3). Upon Ti-alloying, extra bands appear within the band gap of amorphous Al2O3, mainly caused by Ti 3d orbitals localized at the Ti site.
Natural Balancing of Flying Capacitor Voltages in Multicell Inverter Under PD Carrier-Based PWM (2010)

The flying capacitor multicell inverter (FCMI) possesses natural balancing property. With the phase-shifted carrier-based scheme, natural balancing can be achieved in a straightforward manner. However, to achieve natural balancing with the harmonically optimal phase-disposition (PD) carrier-based scheme, the conventional approaches require (n - 1) × (n - 1) trapezoidal carrier signals for an n-level inverter, which is ( n - 1) × (n - 2) times more than that in the standard PD scheme. This paper proposes two improved natural balancing strategies for FCMI under PD scheme, which use the same (n - 1) carrier signals as used in the standard PD scheme. In the first scheme, the on-line detections are performed of (i) the band in which the modulation signal is located, (ii) corresponding period number of the carrier, and (iii) rising or falling half cycle of the carrier waveform to generate the switching signals based on certain rules. In the second strategy, the output voltage level selection is first processed and the switching signals are then generated according to a rule based on preferential cell selection algorithm. These methods are easy to use and can be simply implemented as compared to the other available methods. Simulation and experimental results are presented for a five-level inverter to verify these proposed schemes.
Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis (1994)

Rheumatoid arthritis remains the most important form of arthritis seen in rheumatological practice in the developed world. It presents some tantalizing epidemiological features. It is a relatively rare disease particularly in young life. It has a marked female excess in all populations studied. There are suggestions that it might be declining in incidence, though the reasons for this are unexplained. The geographical distribution of the disease is remarkably homogeneous. There is evidence of a genetic factor as witnessed by familial aggregation particularly by increased disease occurrence in identical twins; though the large majority of such twins remain disease discordant throughout life. Whilst undoubtedly one of the most important genetic factors in explaining disease occurrence is located in HLA class II, genes encoded in this region are neither necessary nor sufficient on their own for disease development. The female excess remains unexplained but it suggests a hormonal basis for disease development. Factors supporting this hypothesis include the observed protective effect of the oral contraceptive pill, the increased risk in women who are nulliparous and the increased susceptibility to disease during the first three months postpartum. This latter finding may be linked with breast feeding: women who have breast fed, particularly after their first pregnancy, have an increased risk for disease development. It is possible that this is explained by a massive increase in circulating prolactin levels.
Video Anomaly Detection in Confined Areas (2017)

This paper proposes a new supervised algorithm for detecting abnormal events in confined areas like ATM room, server room etc. In the training phase, algorithm learns the motion path and speed of objects in the video. In the testing phase, if any motion happens other than in the learned motion path or the speed of object has large variation from the learned speed then the algorithm alert it as abnormal event. The proposed method process video in groups of frames. The algorithm uses statistical functions to learn the motion path and speed of objects in a video.
Consumer acceptance of dairy products with a saturated fatty acid–reduced, monounsaturated fatty acid–enriched content (2017)

Agriculture-based reformulation initiatives, including oleic acid-rich lipid supplementation of the dairy cow diet, provide a novel means for reducing intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) at a population level. In a blinded manner, this study evaluated the consumer acceptance of SFA-reduced, monounsaturated fatty acid-enriched (modified) milk, Cheddar cheese, and butter when compared with control and commercially available comparative samples. The effect of providing nutritional information about the modified cheese was also evaluated. Consumers (n = 115) rated samples for overall liking (appearance, flavor, and texture) using 9-point hedonic scales. Although no significant differences were found between the milk samples, the modified cheese was liked significantly less than a regular-fat commercial alternative for overall liking and liking of specific modalities and had a lower liking of texture score compared with the control cheese. The provision of health information significantly increased the overall liking of the modified cheese compared with tasting the same sample in a blinded manner. Significant differences were evident between the butter samples for overall liking and modalities of liking; all of the samples were significantly more liked than the commercial butter and sunflower oil spread. In conclusion, this study illustrated that consumer acceptance of SFA-reduced, monounsaturated fatty acid-enriched dairy products was dependent on product type. Future research should consider how optimization of the textural properties of fatty acid-modified (and fat-reduced) cheese might enhance consumer acceptance of this product.
Infrared Spectral Search for Mixtures in Medium-Size Libraries (1991)

A new algorithm is presented for searching medium-size infrared spectral libraries for the components in spectra of mixtures. The algorithm treats the spectra in the library as an m-component quantitative analysis problem in which each of the library spectra represents a standard mixture having a concentration of 1.0 for that component. Principal component regression (PCR) is used to reduce the dimensionality of the problem and to provide the regression coefficients for determining pseudo-concentrations or composition indices (CI) in mixtures. The PCR analysis is followed by the application of an adaptive filter to remove all similarity of the first target component from the mixture and from a selected subgroup of the library. This is followed by a second PCR analysis on the modified spectral data to identify the next target compound. If the correct target components are selected with successive applications of the adaptive filter, the residuals will approach zero. All components in five two- and three-component mixtures were correctly identified by this new Mix-Match algorithm, whereas only two of the five mixtures were completely identified by a typical dot-product search routine.
Antitrypanosomal Activities of Tryptanthrins (2002)

New drugs and molecular targets are needed against Trypanosoma brucei, the protozoan that causes African sleeping sickness. Tryptanthrin (indolo[2,1-b]quinazoline-6,12-dione), a traditional antifungal agent, and 11 analogs were tested against T. brucei in vitro. The greatest activity was conferred by electron-withdrawing groups in the 8 position of the tryptanthrin ring system; the most potent compound had a 50% effective concentration of 0.40 microM.
Shear thickening of Laponite suspensions with poly(ethylene oxide) (2012)

We study the effect of addition of polyethylene oxide (PEO) on the rheological behavior of suspensions of Laponite. Experiments were performed on mixtures of PEO and Laponite at different concentrations. These mixtures can exhibit very strong shear thickening behavior: under shear, the suspension can become a yield stress material sufficiently strong to support its own weight. Depending on the polymer concentration, we observe continuous or discontinuous shear thickening mechanisms; it is the discontinuous shear thickening that leads to the formation of yield stress materials.
ICP-MS-based characterization of inorganic nanoparticles—sample preparation and off-line fractionation strategies (2013)

Validated and easily applicable analytical tools are required to develop and implement regulatory frameworks and an appropriate risk assessment for engineered nanoparticles (ENPs). Concerning metal-based ENPs, two main aspects are the quantification of the absolute mass concentration and of the “dissolved” fraction in, e.g., (eco)toxicity and environmental studies. To provide information on preparative aspects and on potential uncertainties, preferably simple off-line methods were compared to determine (1) the total concentration of suspensions of five metal-based ENP materials (Ag, TiO2, CeO2, ZnO, and Au; two sizes), and (2) six methods to quantify the “dissolved” fraction of an Ag ENP suspension. Focusing on inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, the total concentration of the ENP suspensions was determined by direct measurement, after acidification and after microwave-assisted digestion. Except for Au 10 nm, the total concentrations determined by direct measurements were clearly lower than those measured after digestion (between 61.1 % for Au 200 nm and 93.7 % for ZnO). In general, acidified suspensions delivered better recoveries from 89.3 % (ZnO) to 99.3 % (Ag). For the quantification of dissolved fractions two filtration methods (ultrafiltration and tangential flow filtration), centrifugation and ion selective electrode were mainly appropriate with certain limitations, while dialysis and cloud point extraction cannot be recommended. With respect to precision, time consumption, applicability, as well as to economic demands, ultrafiltration in combination with microwave digestion was identified as best practice.
Moving Current Filaments in Integrated DMOS Transistors Under Short-Duration Current Stress (2004)

Integrated vertical DMOS transistors of a 90-V smart power technology are studied under short-duration current pulses. Movement of current filaments and multiple hot spots observed by transient interferometric mapping under nondestructive snap-back conditions are reported. Device simulations show that the base push-out region associated with the filament can move from cell to cell along the drain buried layer due to the decrease of the avalanche generation rates by increasing temperature. The influence of the termination layout of the source field on the hot-spot dynamics is studied. Conditions for filament motion are discussed. The described mechanisms help homogenizing the time averaged current-density distribution and enhance the device robustness against electrostatic discharges.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF HETEROCYCLES WITH THIOPHOSGENE. V. 7‐CHLORO‐1,2‐DIHYDRO‐4‐METHOXY‐2‐THIOXOQUINOLINE‐3‐CARBOXALDEHYDE, A PRODUCT FROM 7‐CHLORO‐4‐METHOXYQUINOLINE (1976)

Abstract Die Reaktion des Chinolins (I) mit Thiophosgen gibt unter Ringspaltung den o‐Isothiocyan‐zimtaldehyd (II), der sich beim Erhitzen in Benzol oder Toluol zu dem Titelchinolin (III) cyclisiert.
Inhibition of Osteoporosis Due to Restricted Food Intake by the Fish Oils DHA and EPA and Perilla Oil in the Rat (2004)

Seven-week old female rats fed restricted foods including the fish oils Docosahesaenoic Acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and perilla oil with food intake decreased by 50%, had increases of fracture force and bone mineral density (BMD) and decreases in levels of Deoxypiridinoline (Dpd) and Calcium (Ca) in the urine, compared with those of rats with osteoporosis due to restricted soy bean oil food intake. Therefore, the fish oils DHA and EPA and perilla oil depressed excretion of urinary Ca and inhibited osteoporosis due to restricted food intake.
S2-T6: Microchannel cooled, high power GaN-on-Diamond MMIC (2014)

In this work, we report on an innovative approach which integrates GaN-on-Diamond microstrip MMICs with a state-of-the-art microchannel cooler and provides a significant thermal advantage for high power GaN applications. Specifically, we describe efforts to develop a wide bandwidth, GaN-on-Diamond MMIC power amplifier that achieves greater than 3x RF power density compared to GaN on SiC while operating at a MMIC heat flux of >1kW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and maintaining junction temperatures below the estimated targets to achieve 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> hrs lifetime by employing a high performance, liquid phase, microchannel cooler capable of a volumetric heat dissipation rate of >10kW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . To date, no prior work has been reported for GaN-on-Diamond microstrip MMICs.
Solitary Fibrous Tumors of the Central Nervous System (2013)

Although SFT is a rare neoplasm in the CNS, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis. The most affected area is the cerebellopontine angle zone. Solitary fibrous tumor tends to have some imaging features, such as high attenuation on CT, isointense to hypointense signal intensity on MR images, and marked enhancement.
Three-Dimensional Relief Structures of CaCO<sub>3</sub> Crystal Assemblies Formed by Spontaneous Two-Step Crystal Growth on a Polymer Thin Film (2008)

Three-dimensional relief structures of CaCO3 are formed by spontaneous two-step crystal growth on a polymer matrix in the presence of an acidic polymer. The first step is self-organization of thin-film crystals with flat surface displaying periodically changing crystallographic orientations. In the second step, the relief structures consisting of needlelike crystals are spontaneously assembled on the thin-film crystals obtained in the first step. This approach may have great potentials to control the complex structures of inorganic/polymer composite materials.
A Two-Stage Microbial Fuel Cell and Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Membrane Bioreactor (MFC-AFMBR) System for Effective Domestic Wastewater Treatment (2014)

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a promising technology for energy-efficient domestic wastewater treatment, but the effluent quality has typically not been sufficient for discharge without further treatment. A two-stage laboratory-scale combined treatment process, consisting of microbial fuel cells and an anaerobic fluidized bed membrane bioreactor (MFC-AFMBR), was examined here to produce high quality effluent with minimal energy demands. The combined system was operated continuously for 50 days at room temperature (∼25 °C) with domestic wastewater having a total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD) of 210 ± 11 mg/L. At a combined hydraulic retention time (HRT) for both processes of 9 h, the effluent tCOD was reduced to 16 ± 3 mg/L (92.5% removal), and there was nearly complete removal of total suspended solids (TSS; from 45 ± 10 mg/L to <1 mg/L). The AFMBR was operated at a constant high permeate flux of 16 L/m(2)/h over 50 days, without the need or use of any membrane cleaning or backwashing. Total electrical energy required for the operation of the MFC-AFMBR system was 0.0186 kWh/m(3), which was slightly less than the electrical energy produced by the MFCs (0.0197 kWh/m(3)). The energy in the methane produced in the AFMBR was comparatively negligible (0.005 kWh/m(3)). These results show that a combined MFC-AFMBR system could be used to effectively treat domestic primary effluent at ambient temperatures, producing high effluent quality with low energy requirements.