gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two forms of the DNA polymerase of bacteriophage T7. (1983)

The DNA polymerase induced by bacteriophage T7 can be isolated in two different forms. The distinguishing properties are: 1) the specific activities of the associated 3' to 5' single- and double-stranded DNA exonuclease activities, 2) the ability to catalyze DNA synthesis and strand displacement at nicks, and 3) the degree of stimulation of DNA synthesis on nicked, duplex DNAs by the gene 4 protein of phage T7. Form I is obtained when purification is carried out in the absence of EDTA while Form II is obtained if all purification steps are carried out in the presence of 0.1 mM EDTA. Form I has low levels of both exonuclease activities, less than 5% of those of Form II. Form I can initiate DNA synthesis at nicks leading to strand displacement, a consequence of which is its ability to be stimulated manyfold by the helicase activity of gene 4 protein on nicked, duplex templates. On the other hand, Form II cannot initiate synthesis at nicks even in the presence of gene 4 protein. In keeping with its higher exonuclease activities, Form II of T7 DNA polymerase has higher turnover of nucleotides activity (5-fold higher than Form I) and exhibits greater fidelity of nucleotide incorporation, as indicated by the rate of incorporation of 2-aminopurine deoxynucleoside monophosphate. Both forms of T7 DNA polymerase exhibit higher fidelity of nucleotide incorporation than bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase. In the absence of EDTA or in the presence of FeSO4 or CaCl2, Form II irreversibly converts to Form I. The physical difference between the two forms is not known. No difference in molecular weight can be detected between the corresponding subunits of each form of T7 DNA polymerase as measured by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.
A 3-in-1 Polymeric Micelle Nanocontainer for Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs (2011)

Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PEG-b-PLA) micelles have a proven capacity for drug solubilization and have entered phase III clinical trials as a substitute for Cremophor EL in the delivery of paclitaxel in cancer therapy. PEG-b-PLA is less toxic than Cremophor EL, enabling a doubling of paclitaxel dose in clinical trials. We show that PEG-b-PLA micelles act as a 3-in-1 nanocontainer for paclitaxel, 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), and rapamycin for multiple drug solubilization. 3-in-1 PEG-b-PLA micelles were ca. 40 nm in diameter; dissolved paclitaxel, 17-AAG, and rapamycin in water at 9.0 mg/mL; and were stable for 24 h at 25 °C. The half-life for in vitro drug release (t(1/2)) for 3-in-1 PEG-b-PLA micelles was 1-15 h under sink conditions and increased in the order of 17-AAG, paclitaxel, and rapamycin. The t(1/2) values correlated with log P(o/w) values, implicating a diffusion-controlled mechanism for drug release. The IC(50) value of 3-in-1 PEG-b-PLA micelles for MCF-7 and 4T1 breast cancer cell lines was 114 ± 10 and 25 ± 1 nM, respectively; combination index (CI) analysis showed that 3-in-1 PEG-b-PLA micelles exert strong synergy in MCF-7 and 4T1 breast cancer cell lines. Notably, concurrent intravenous (iv) injection of paclitaxel, 17-AAG, and rapamycin using 3-in-1 PEG-b-PLA micelles was well-tolerated by FVB albino mice. Collectively, these results suggest that PEG-b-PLA micelles carrying paclitaxel, 17-AAG, and rapamycin will provide a simple yet safe and efficacious 3-in-1 nanomedicine for cancer therapy.
Treating psychological and phsyical disorders with VR (2001)

We present some applications that therapists have used with patients. Treating psychological disorders is one aspect of a larger application area of VR that we refer to as clinical virtual reality-the direct use of VR as a tool in treating or assessing psychological and physical disorders. Examples of clinical applications that use VR include treatment of phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam War veterans, eating disorders, pain distraction; and physical (stroke and orthopedic) rehabilitation. This article offers some general ideas on how clinical VR applications fundamentally differ from many other VR applications and presents three detailed examples of current clinical VR applications that have moved from the demonstration phase to actual use with patients in a clinical setting.
Current-mode integrator for voltage-controllable low frequency continuous-time filters (2003)

A novel differential current-mode integrator (CMI) for voltage-controllable low frequency continuous-time filters is presented. An example fifth-order lowpass filter using the proposed CMI and on-chip capacitors was implemented in an AMI 1.2 µm CMOS process, and it achieved −3 dB cutoff frequencies ranging from 160 Hz to 5.6 kHz, by changing a single control voltage.
AC/DC Ratio Enhancement in Photoplethysmography Using a Pinned Photodiode (2019)

Photoplethysmography (PPG) enables non-invasive vitals monitoring. Nevertheless, it is intrinsically limited by the extremely small AC/DC ratio, also called perfusion-index (PI). This increases the dynamic-range requirements to reliably process the PPG wave, particularly for applications requiring stricter specifications and lower noise. We present a PI-enhancement technique exploiting a double transfer gate (TG) pinned-photodiode (PPD) structure. The process takes place at the device level by optimizing the TG control voltage and transfer time. Measurement results show that the PPG PI can be enhanced by a factor 5 by choosing the optimal parameters and without any circuit overhead.
Anti‐Inflammatory Potential of Melanocortin Receptor‐Directed Drugs (2003)

Melanocortin receptor-based drug discovery is particularly active in the field of neuroendocrine systems and is mostly related to food intake and novel obesity therapies. The immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of nonpeptidic, low molecular weight compounds activating the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) provide a new principle for treating various types of inflammation, such as dermal, joint, and gastrointestinal, probably by virtue of the effects acting through modulation of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several reports demonstrate that alpha-MSH, for example, has anti-inflammatory effects in different models. The aim of our study was to design, synthesize, and characterize compounds that bind to and activate the MC1R in vitro. The binding affinities are submicromolar to this receptor, and activation of the receptor (cAMP assay) varies from full agonists to partial agonists as well as antagonists. In vivo, the compounds exert prominent anti-inflammatory effects, with efficacy in the same range as that of dexamethasone, for example. The potential advantages of MC1R-based anti-inflammatory effects versus glucocorticosteroids, for example, are that the latter, albeit exerting prominent anti-inflammatory effects, also have many side effects that most likely will not characterize an MC1R-based anti-inflammatory drug.
An Analog Of Thiazole Which Has Potential Antithrombotic Activity With Low Toxicity (1981)

Chemical modification of a compound found active in preventing death in mice following intravenous administration of collagen led to the development of an inhibitor of collagen-induced platelet aggregation which was active at 1 ng/ml in human PRP, namely 4,5-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-2- (trifluoromethyl)-thiazole (TFT). It did not inhibit ADP, thrombin or PGH2-induced aggregation but inhibited the collagen-induced release of radioactivity from platelets labelled with radioactive serotonin. It was active in many animal species and in the rabbit it had a duration of activity of about 8 hours at 1 mg/kg (p.o.). TFT has cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity, but unlike aspirin (A) or flurbiprofen (F), it showed no incidence of ulcers at 500 mg/kg p.o. in rats. However, again unlike A or F, it had very little anti-inflammatory activity as measured by the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema assay in rats. Its LD50 in mice (i.p.) was greater than 1 gm/kg. Thus TFT appears to be a potential antithrombotic agent with high antiplatelet specificity and a wide therapeutic margin as compared with A or F. The anti platelet action of TFT may be due to its inhibition of cyclooxygenase.
White Electroluminescence from a Single‐Polymer System with Simultaneous Two‐Color Emission: Polyfluorene Blue Host and Side‐Chain‐Located Orange Dopant (2007)

Abstract Four single polymers with two kinds of attachment of orange chromophore to blue polymer host for white electroluminescence (EL) were designed. The effect of the side‐chain attachment and main‐chain attachment on the EL efficiencies of the resulting polymers was compared. The side‐chain‐type single polymers are found to exhibit more efficient white EL than that of the main‐chain‐type single polymers. Based on the side‐chain‐type white single polymer with 4‐(4‐alkyloxy‐phenyl)‐7‐(4‐diphenylamino‐phenyl)‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazoles as the orange‐dopant unit and polyfluorene as the blue polymer host, white EL with simultaneous orange (λ max = 545 nm) and blue emission (λ max = 432 nm/460 nm) is realised. A single‐layer device (indium tin oxide/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/polymer/Ca/Al) made of these polymers emits white light with the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage coordinates of (0.30,0.40), possesses a turn‐on voltage of 3.5 V, luminous efficiency of 10.66 cd A –1 , power efficiency of 6.68 lm W –1 , and a maximum brightness of 21 240 cd m –2 .
Next Generation of Advanced Laser Fluorescence Technology for Characterization of Natural Aquatic Environments (2010)

Abstract : The project research addresses our long-term goal to develop an analytical suite of the Advanced Laser Fluorescence (ALF) methods and instruments to improve our capacity for characterization of aquatic environments. The ALF technique uniquely combines spectrally and temporally resolved measurements of the laser-stimulated emission (LSE) to provide assessments of key variables, including chlorophyll a (Chl a), chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and phycobiliprotein-containing phytoplankton and cyanobacteria. The pump-during-probe measurements of variable fluorescence, Fv/Fm, yield assessments of phytoplankton photophysiological status. An extensive series of ALF measurements in diverse water types has demonstrated ALF utility as an integrated tool for aquatic research and observations. The specific goal of the project is to develop the next generation, commercial ALF sensors for oceanographic research, validation of satellite ocean color data, and environmental monitoring. The objectives are: 1. To develop the Aquatic Laser Fluorescence Analyzer (ALFA) for laboratory and field applications, including discrete sample analysis and underway shipboard measurements. 2. To develop the ALF In Situ (ALFIS) fiber-probe sensor. 3. To integrate, test and deploy the ALFA and ALFIS sensors on the solar-powered AUVs and research cruises. 4. To initiate operational use of the new ALF instruments for ecological and biogeochemical measurements, and validation of ocean color remote sensing.
Bio-inspired silicon nanospikes fabricated by metal-assisted chemical etching for antibacterial surfaces (2017)

The recently discovered bactericidal properties of nanostructures on wings of insects such as cicadas and dragonflies have inspired the development of similar nanostructured surfaces for antibacterial applications. Since most antibacterial applications require nanostructures covering a considerable amount of area, a practical fabrication method needs to be cost-effective and scalable. However, most reported nanofabrication methods require either expensive equipment or a high temperature process, limiting cost efficiency and scalability. Here, we report a simple, fast, low-cost, and scalable antibacterial surface nanofabrication methodology. Our method is based on metal-assisted chemical etching that only requires etching a single crystal silicon substrate in a mixture of silver nitrate and hydrofluoric acid for several minutes. We experimentally studied the effects of etching time on the morphology of the silicon nanospikes and the bactericidal properties of the resulting surface. We discovered that 6 minutes of etching results in a surface containing silicon nanospikes with optimal geometry. The bactericidal properties of the silicon nanospikes were supported by bacterial plating results, fluorescence images, and scanning electron microscopy images.
Plant Cell Cultures as Source of Cosmetic Active Ingredients (2014)

The last decades witnessed a great demand of natural remedies. As a result, medicinal plants have been increasingly cultivated on a commercial scale, but the yield, the productive quality and the safety have not always been satisfactory. Plant cell cultures provide useful alternatives for the production of active ingredients for biomedical and cosmetic uses, since they represent standardized, contaminant-free and biosustainable systems, which allow the production of desired compounds on an industrial scale. Moreover, thanks to their totipotency, plant cells grown as liquid suspension cultures can be used as “biofactories” for the production of commercially interesting secondary metabolites, which are in many cases synthesized in low amounts in plant tissues and differentially distributed in the plant organs, such as roots, leaves, flowers or fruits. Although it is very widespread in the pharmaceutical industry, plant cell culture technology is not yet very common in the cosmetic field. The aim of the present review is to focus on the successful research accomplishments in the development of plant cell cultures for the production of active ingredients for cosmetic applications.
Low frequency intensity noise characterization of an all fiber single frequency erbium ring laser (1992)

Erbium doped fiber ring lasers are drawing increasing interest because of their narrow linewidth, broad tunability, and inherent compatibility with optical fiber. We have recently developed such a laser that is broadly tunable (>30 nm) and stable from mode hopping for a period of time on the order of minutes in spite of having a cavity length on the order of 30 m. This is achieved through the use of tandem fiber Fabry-Perot filters. One broadband filter (30 GHz bandwidth, 30 nm free spectral range) provides tuning. The other narrowband filter (125 MHz bandwidth, 10 GHz free spectral range) provides sufficient loss difference between cavity modes to achieve a sidemode suppression greater than 50 dB. We report here on the low frequency intensity noise characteristics of this device. The relaxation oscillation frequency has been characterized as a function of laser power. It is found to vary as the square root of laser power, as expected. The relaxation oscillation frequency varies from 10 kHz to 30 kHz when the laser power is varied from 0.088 mW to 0.840 mW. Mode hopping amplitude instabilities were also investigated. When the broadband tuning element was tuned so as to give approximately equal loss to two competing modes one narrowband filter free spectral range apart, a sustained, large amplitude oscillation was observed. The oscillation has a power dependence similar to that of the relaxation oscillation frequency.
Enforcing Access Control in Virtual Organizations Using Hierarchical Attribute-Based Encryption (2012)

Virtual organizations are dynamic, interorganizational collaborations that involve systems and services belonging to different security domains. Several solutions have been proposed to guarantee the enforcement of the access control policies protecting the information exchanged in a distributed system, but none of them addresses the dynamicity characterizing virtual organizations. In this paper we propose a dynamic hierarchical attribute-based encryption (D-HABE)scheme that allows the institutions in a virtual organization to encrypt information according to a policy in such a way that only users with appropriate attributes can decrypt it. In addition, we introduce a key management scheme that determines which user is entitled to receive which attribute key from which domain authority.
Self-Paced Adversarial Training for Multimodal Few-Shot Learning (2019)

State-of-the-art deep learning algorithms yield remark-able results in many visual recognition tasks. However, they still fail to provide satisfactory results in scarce data regimes. To a certain extent this lack of data can be compensated by multimodal information. Missing information in one modality of a single data point (e.g. an image) can be made up for in another modality (e.g. a textual description). Therefore, we design a few-shot learning task that is multimodal during training (i.e. image and text) and single-modal during test time (i.e. image). In this regard, we pro-pose a self-paced class-discriminative generative adversarial network incorporating multimodality in the context off ew-shot learning. The proposed approach builds upon the idea of cross-modal data generation in order to alleviate the data sparsity problem. We improve few-shot learning accuracies on the fine grained CUB and Oxford-102 datasets.
Prediction of Learning Curves in Machine Translation (2012)

Parallel data in the domain of interest is the key resource when training a statistical machine translation (SMT) system for a specific purpose. Since ad-hoc manual translation can represent a significant investment in time and money, a prior assesment of the amount of training data required to achieve a satisfactory accuracy level can be very useful. In this work, we show how to predict what the learning curve would look like if we were to manually translate increasing amounts of data. We consider two scenarios, 1) Monolingual samples in the source and target languages are available and 2) An additional small amount of parallel corpus is also available. We propose methods for predicting learning curves in both these scenarios. 1
Access to Cyclic β‐Amino Acids by Amine‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Addition of the γ‐Carbon Atoms of α,β‐Unsaturated Imines to Enals (2019)

Disclosed herein is a new catalytic approach for an efficient access to cyclic β-amino acids widely found in bioactive small molecules and peptidic foldamers. Our method involves addition of the remote γ-carbon atoms of α,β-unsaturated imines to enals by iminium organic catalysis. This highly chemo- and stereo-selective reaction affords cyclic β-amino aldehydes that can be converted to amino acids bearing quaternary stereocenters with exceptional optical purities. Our study demonstrates the unique power of organic catalytic remote carbon reactions in rapid synthesis of functional molecules.
A novel high speed electron resist (1979)

The combination of a gel-free silver halide deposit with a chalcogenide glass layer is being investigated for its potential as an ultra high speed electron-sensitive resist. A vacuum evaporated silver halide layer which, in 200 to 300 nm thickness, is capable of photographic speeds exceeding 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-10</sup> coulombs/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for 2 to 20 Kev electrons (or ions), is employed as the source of silver for photodoping into the chalcogenide. The optimum thickness of silver halide necessary to confer etch resistance to the thicker substratum of amorphous chalcogenide is determined from doping experiments with a pure silver/chalcogenide system and from SEM structural studies of silver halide films of diminishing thickness on various substrates. The system also possesses sensitivity to soft X-rays and ultraviolet light and can be made to operate in either a negative or positive resist mode with equal sensitivity to the exposing radiation.
Electrooptic switches using ferroelectric liquid crystals (1988)

Electrooptic switching in ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) produces large changes in their refractive index. This change, typically 0.15, is useful for optical switches that operate via total internal reflection (TIR) in contrast to most other electrooptic devices, both solid state and liquid crystal, that use variable retardance. We present experimental observations on both bulk optic and waveguide FLC devices that utilize TIR. Our devices are typically two state having one state where the incident light is below the critical angle and another state where the critical angle is decreased so that the same incident light is beyond critical. Application of 10 V/ μ m across an FLC film can accomplish switching between these two states in tens of microseconds. The advantages of the bulk optic device include its very high off-state extinction (~10 6 ) and the independence of its on-state transmittance on wavelength. The advantages of the wavelength device include the very short interaction length it requires enabling its integration into very dense optical switching arrays.
Complex field coded MIMO systems: performance, rate, and trade‐offs (2002)

Abstract The quest for reliable high‐rate wireless links motivates fading‐resilient and bandwidth‐efficient communication systems capable of capitalizing on available forms of diversity. This tutorial focuses on linear complex field (LCF) coding—a powerful tool that complements the traditional Galois field (GF) coding, in enabling diversity transmissions over single‐ and multi‐antenna fading channels. Performance and capacity analyses are provided, along with systematic guidelines for constructing LCF encoders, and options available to the designer for selecting LCF decoders. Emphasis is placed on high‐performance and high‐rate designs, and the emerging performance‐rate‐complexity trade‐offs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drive and protection methods for very high current lateral GaN power transistors (2015)

This paper shows that it is possible for lateral GaN power transistors to provide very high current switching capability suitable for automotive applications if the device electrodes are overplated to enhance their current capacity. This solves the electromigration concerns that have previously limited the current capability of lateral GaN transistors. This paper describes drive circuitry that greatly reduces loop inductance issues. Also described are suitable high speed current monitoring, and short circuit protection circuitry.
On robust Capon beamforming and diagonal loading (2003)

The Capon (1969) beamformer has better resolution and much better interference rejection capability than the standard (data-independent) beamformer, provided that the array steering vector corresponding to the signal of interest (SOI) is accurately known. However, whenever the knowledge of the SOI steering vector is imprecise (as is often the case in practice), the performance of the Capon beamformer may become worse than that of the standard beamformer. Diagonal loading (including its extended versions) has been a popular approach to improve the robustness of the Capon beamformer. We show that a natural extension of the Capon beamformer to the case of uncertain steering vectors also belongs to the class of diagonal loading approaches, but the amount of diagonal loading can be precisely calculated based on the uncertainty set of the steering vector. The proposed robust Capon beamformer can be efficiently computed at a comparable cost with that of the standard Capon beamformer. Its excellent performance for SOI power estimation is demonstrated via a number of numerical examples.
Antimonide type-II superlattice barrier infrared detectors (2017)

We provide a brief overview of recent progress in III-V semiconductor infrared photodetectors resulting from advances in infrared detector materials, including type-II superlattices (T2SL) and InAsSb alloy, and the unipolar detector architecture. We summarize T2SL unipolar barrier infrared detector and focal plane array development at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory in support of the Vital Infrared Sensor Technology Acceleration (VISTA) Program. We also comment on the connection of T2SL barrier infrared detector to MCT infrared detectors.