gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Strictly Proper Scoring Rules, Prediction, and Estimation (2007)

Scoring rules assess the quality of probabilistic forecasts, by assigning a numerical score based on the predictive distribution and on the event or value that materializes. A scoring rule is proper if the forecaster maximizes the expected score for an observation drawn from the distributionF if he or she issues the probabilistic forecast F, rather than G ≠ F. It is strictly proper if the maximum is unique. In prediction problems, proper scoring rules encourage the forecaster to make careful assessments and to be honest. In estimation problems, strictly proper scoring rules provide attractive loss and utility functions that can be tailored to the problem at hand. This article reviews and develops the theory of proper scoring rules on general probability spaces, and proposes and discusses examples thereof. Proper scoring rules derive from convex functions and relate to information measures, entropy functions, and Bregman divergences. In the case of categorical variables, we prove a rigorous version of the Savage representation. Examples of scoring rules for probabilistic forecasts in the form of predictive densities include the logarithmic, spherical, pseudospherical, and quadratic scores. The continuous ranked probability score applies to probabilistic forecasts that take the form of predictive cumulative distribution functions. It generalizes the absolute error and forms a special case of a new and very general type of score, the energy score. Like many other scoring rules, the energy score admits a kernel representation in terms of negative definite functions, with links to inequalities of Hoeffding type, in both univariate and multivariate settings. Proper scoring rules for quantile and interval forecasts are also discussed. We relate proper scoring rules to Bayes factors and to cross-validation, and propose a novel form of cross-validation known as random-fold cross-validation. A case study on probabilistic weather forecasts in the North American Pacific Northwest illustrates the importance of propriety. We note optimum score approaches to point and quantile estimation, and propose the intuitively appealing interval score as a utility function in interval estimation that addresses width as well as coverage.
An Efficient Hardware-Based Multi-hash Scheme for High Speed IP Lookup (2008)

The increasingly more stringent performance and power requirements of Internet routers call for scalable IP lookup strategies that go beyond the currently viable TCAM- and trie-based solutions. This paper describes a new hash-based IP lookup scheme that is both storage efficient and high performance. In order to achieve high storage efficiency, we take a multi-hashing approach and employ an advanced hashing technique that effectively resolves hashing collisions by dynamically migrating IP prefixes that are already in the lookup table as new prefixes are inserted. To obtain high lookup throughput, the multiple hash tables are accessed in parallel (using different hash functions) or in a pipelined manner. We evaluate the proposed scheme using up-to-date core routing tables and discuss how its key design parameters can be determined. When compared with state-of-the-art TCAM designs, our scheme reduces area and power requirements by 60% and 80% respectively, while achieving competitive lookup rates. We expect that the proposed scheme scales well with the anticipated routing table sizes and technologies in the future.
The Lollipop with Strawberry Aroma May Be Promising in Reduction of Infusion-Related Nausea and Vomiting during the Infusion of Cryopreserved Peripheral Blood Stem Cells (2008)

Nausea and vomiting during the infusion of cryopreserved peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) are common. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of lollipop with strawberry aroma on the infusion-related nausea and vomiting of cryopreserved autologous PBSCs. We compared 2 groups of adult patients receiving lollipop with strawberry aroma during cryopreserved PBSC infusions or not to assess the incidences of nausea and vomiting occurring during infusions. All patients received granisetron 3 mg i.v. twice a day, and lorazepam 1 mg every 4 hours orally for prophylaxis of the nausea and vomiting during conditioning phase and infusion day. Before infusion, all patients were premedicated with pheniramine maleate 45.5 mg i.v. and paracetamol 500 mg orally. The patients had no evidence of nausea or vomiting prior to cryopreserved PBSC infusions. The patients with ongoing nausea or vomiting owing to conditioning regimens and/or receiving additional antiemetics were excluded from the study. One hundred fifty-eight patients who consecutively underwent autologous stem cell transplantation for malignancy were included in the study. The first 110 patients (median age: 42.5, range: 17-75) were observed for the infusion related adverse effects only. The consecutive 48 patients (median age: 48, range: 18-80) were given a lollipop with strawberry aroma during cryopreserved PBSC infusions and observed for the infusion-related adverse effects. The 2 groups were comparable with respect to age, sex, diagnosis, stem cell collection methods, conditioning regimens administered, total mononuclear cell dose infused, number of total nucleated cells (TNCs) infused, number of CD34+ cells infused, number of bags infused, total volume infused, amount of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and infusion rate. Patients who received a lollipop with a strawberry aroma during infusions had significantly less nausea (6.3%, n = 3 versus 21.8%, n = 24, P = .02) and vomiting (2%, n = 1 versus 13.6%, n = 15, P = .04) than the ones who did not (observation only group). Other infusion-related adverse events were as follows; hypoxia, cough, dyspnea, abdominal cramping, tachycardia, hiccup, fever, chills, chest pain, hypotension, hypertension, agitation, sore throat, and arrhythmia. Incidences of each of these adverse events were <5% in both groups and were comparable. The use of a lollipop with a strawberry aroma during infusion of cryopreserved autologous PBSCs may be promising in reduction of infusion-related nausea and vomiting, with an easy administration at a very cheap cost.
Electrochemical Analysis of Lithiated Graphite Anodes (2003)

Theoretical calculations are compared with well-controlled experiments conducted on a porous, graphite-based, lithiated-carbon electrode. The interpretation of the electrode behavior is facilitated by the use of a reference electrode in a cell that maintains a substantially uniform current distribution. A solvent-casting procedure for constructing graphite anodes, employing a hydrocarbon binder is implemented. Nonlinear diffusion of lithium intercalate within the host carbon particles is considered; previously published concentration-dependent diffusion-coefficient data are employed for the lithium intercalate species. Other important resistances result from ionic diffusion and migration within the solvent phase, interfacial reaction at the surface of the carbon particles, and electron transport within the solid phase. Calculations are used to assess the impact of particle shape and the nature of the carbon precursor. The overall analysis indicates that interfacial resistance plays a dominant role in limiting the available capacity at high rates of current passage. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
<scp>Meta‐Analysis</scp>: Efficacy and Tolerability of Vesicular Monoamine Transporter Type 2 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Tic Disorders (2022)

Vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) inhibitors may be an effective therapy for chronic tic disorders (CTD), including Tourette syndrome (TS), but there has not been a meta-analysis compiling available evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of VMAT2 inhibitors for CTD/TS. PubMed, CENTRAL, and Embase were searched for double-blinded RCTs of VMAT2 inhibitors versus placebo for the treatment of CTD/TS. Change in tic severity measured by the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (efficacy) and rates of discontinuation attributed to adverse effects (tolerability) or all causes (acceptability) were extracted closest to 12 weeks. Mean difference (MD) and odds ratio (OR) were the effect size indexes for efficacy and acceptability/tolerability, respectively. Data were pooled through random-effects meta-analysis weighted by inverse variance. Five RCTs involving eight comparisons were included. Meta-analysis found a nonsignificant effect on efficacy (k = 8; N = 583; MD = -0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.93 to 0.50; P = 0.24), and there was certainty that the true effect is nonclinically meaningful (high quality of evidence). Meta-analysis found decreased tolerability (k = 7; N = 626; OR = 2.67; 95% CI, 1.21-5.92; P = 0.01) and decreased acceptability (k = 8; N = 626; OR = 1.90; 95% CI, 1.14-3.18; P = 0.01), although those comparisons were limited because of the relatively small number of events across trials. Meta-analyses did not support the efficacy of VMAT2 inhibitors in the short-term treatment of tic disorders and suggested no clinically meaningful effect of these agents on tic symptoms. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Image phase compensation and real-time holography by four-wave mixing in optical fibers (1978)

It is proposed that real-time holography can be performed inside multimode fibers (or optical waveguides) using four-wave optical mixing. Of particular interest is the generation of complex-conjugate replicas of input fields for image transmission and compensation of propagation distortion. A theoretical analysis and a numerical estimate are presented.
Opinion Fraud Detection in Online Reviews by Network Effects (2021)

User-generated online reviews can play a significant role in the success of retail products, hotels, restaurants, etc. However,review systems are often targeted by opinion spammers who seek to distort the perceived quality of a product by creating fraudulent reviews. We propose a fast and effective framework, FRAUDEAGLE, for spotting fraudsters and fake reviews in online review datasets. Our method has several advantages: (1) it exploits the network effect among reviewers and products, unlike the vast majority of existing methods that focus on review text or behavioral analysis, (2) it consists of two complementary steps; scoring users and reviews for fraud detection, and grouping for visualization and sensemaking, (3) it operates in a completely unsupervised fashion requiring no labeled data, while still incorporating side information if available, and (4) it is scalable to large datasets as its run time grows linearly with network size. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework on syntheticand real datasets; where FRAUDEAGLE successfully reveals fraud-bots in a large online app review database.
IS-2000 enhanced closed loop power control for turbo coding (2002)

We propose a novel enhanced closed loop power control scheme applicable to turbo coded packet data transmission. The scheme includes an adaptive outer loop and an outer-outer loop. The outer loop mechanism sets the target signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the inner loop so that iterative decoding of the turbo codes is completed after a target number of iterations. The target number of iterations is set by the outer-outer loop so that the desired frame error rate (FER) is achieved. The proposed scheme is directly applicable to code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile stations supporting the IS-2000 standard while operating a forward supplemental channel (F-SCH) with turbo codes.
Fast and live hypervisor replacement (2019)

Hypervisors are increasingly complex and must be often updated for applying security patches, bug fixes, and feature upgrades. However, in a virtualized cloud infrastructure, updates to an operational hypervisor can be highly disruptive. Before being updated, virtual machines (VMs) running on a hypervisor must be either migrated away or shut down, resulting in downtime, performance loss, and network overhead. We present a new technique, called HyperFresh, to transparently replace a hypervisor with a new updated instance without disrupting any running VMs. A thin shim layer, called the hyperplexor, performs live hypervisor replacement by remapping guest memory to a new updated hypervisor on the same machine. The hyperplexor leverages nested virtualization for hypervisor replacement while minimizing nesting overheads during normal execution. We present a prototype implementation of the hyperplexor on the KVM/QEMU platform that can perform live hypervisor replacement within 10ms. We also demonstrate how a hyperplexor-based approach can used for sub-second relocation of containers for live OS replacement.
Sorption of Viruses during Flow through Saturated Sand Columns (1997)

Viruses pathogenic to humans have been found in wells and drinking water due to the improper placement of wastewater disposal operations (e.g., septic tanks, wastewater infiltration basins) and inadequate removal of the organisms as the wastewater percolated through the soil. In order to develop well head protection criteria that are protective of public health, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms that control virus retention and removal in porous media. In this study, we report the results of a series of experiments on virus transport through sand columns (9.2 cm in diameter and 10.5 or 20 cm long) under saturated-flow conditions. Two bacteriophages, MS-2 and φX-174, were used in the experiments. Virus solution was applied to the lower end of the column as a constant input, and samples were collected at the effluent end. A virus transport and fate model, partially calibrated with the transport parameters obtained from Br- tracer experiments, was used to evaluate the retention and inactivation characteristics of the viruses. We found that, while MS-2 was not sorbed by the Ottawa sand, a significant amount of the applied φX-174 was retained but not inactivated in the columns. This was probably due to the difference in their isoelectric points. Retention of φX-174 exhibited trends consistent with first-order attenuation that increased with residence time; however, the sand was found to have a finite sorption capacity for φX-174. This study also demonstrates that virus sorption can be evaluated more effectively with a well-controlled column flow system than by the commonly used batch equilibration method.
Compressing continuous point cloud data using image compression methods (2016)

Continuous point cloud data has become very important recently as a key component in the development of autonomous driving technology, and has in fact become indispensable for some autonomous driving applications such as obstacle detection. However, such large amounts of data are very expensive to store and are difficult to share directly due to their volume. Previous studies have explored various methods of compressing point cloud data directly by converting it into 2D images or by using tree-based approaches. In this study, rather than compress point cloud data directly, we choose to compress packet data which is raw point cloud data, by converting it losslessly into range images, and then using various image/video compression algorithms to reduce the volume of the data. In this paper, four methods, which are based on MPEG, JPEG and two kinds of preprocessing approaches for each method, are evaluated for range images compression. PSNR V.S Bitrate and RMSE V.S Bitrate are used to compare and evaluate the performance of these four methods. As whether a lossy compression methods is good always depending on the application, a localization application to test point cloud data reconstruction performance is also conducted. By comparing these methods, some important conclusions can be got.
Transplantation of 3D Scaffolds Seeded with Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Biological Features of Surrogate Tissue and Teratoma-Forming Potential (2007)

Transplantation of 3D scaffolds seeded with hESCs between liver lobules resulted in the development of surrogate tissue containing cells that produced proteins representing the pancreatic, hepatic and neuronal lineages, the assembly of an extracellular matrix structure and the formation of a vasculature. hESCs seeded within 3D scaffolds and transplanted into SCID mice were capable of forming teratomas. However, the formation and progression of teratoma growth is shown to be dependant on both the site of transplantation and the treatment of cells prior to transplantation.
Exotica/FMDC: Handling Disconnected Clients in a Workflow Management System. (1995)

Workflow Management Systems (WFMS) are a first generation of products that attempt to manage the execution of business processes by large numbers of users distributed over a wide area and using heterogeneous resources. They are a very promising venue for collaborative systems but, in most cases, the autonomy of the users is greatly restricted due to architectural and design considerations. This is a severe restriction, especially when considering the emergence of mobile computing, and the increase in use of laptops and small computers which are connected to a network only occasionally. In this paper, we discuss how disconnected workflow clients can be supported while preserving the correctness of the overall execution and allowing coordinated interactions between the different users. Disconnected client support provides a great deal of flexibility in the usability of a WFMS and enhances the system&apos;s resilience to failures. 1 Introduction The recent increase in the availability of pow...
Electrochemical Investigation of Cu Electroplating with Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> Emulsion Using a Rotating Disk Electrode under High Pressure (2020)

The electrochemical properties of Cu deposition by plating solution with supercritical CO 2 emulsion (Sc-CO 2 -E) were investigated using a specially constructed electrochemical measuring apparatus with a rotating disk electrode operable under high pressure. Polarization characteristics were examined with and without mixing Sc-CO 2 -E into the CuSO 4 -H 2 SO 4 electroplating solution. Further, the relationship between the limiting current density and the rotation speed of the rotating electrode, that is, Levich plot, was obtained. As a result, a significant increase in the limiting current was observed by mixing Sc-CO 2 -E. In addition, as a result of estimating the diffusion coefficient D 0 of Cu ion and kinematic viscosity coefficient ν of the plating solution when Sc-CO 2 -E was mixed from gradients of the Levich plot, it was clarified that D 0 increased more than twice and ν decreased less than 1/2 compared to before mixing Sc-CO 2 -E. Therefore, it was suggested that mixing to emulsify the supercritical CO 2 and the plating solution can greatly enhance the transfer of Cu ions by convection. Consequently, the use of Cu electrodeposition with Sc-CO 2 -E should enable plating in narrow spaces where convection cannot reach the level of supply of Cu ions, which was difficult with conventional plating.
Fiber optic catalytic probe for weakly ionized oxygen plasma characterization (2001)

Construction and operation of a novel fiber optic catalytic probe is presented. The probe is intended for measurements of atomic oxygen density in plasma postglows. The operation of the probe is based on a catalytic recombination of oxygen atoms and remote temperature sensing via optical fiber. Compared to the classical catalytic probes, the new approach results in smaller dimensions, better sensitivity, and higher immunity to the electromagnetic interference. Comparative measurements of atomic oxygen density performed simultaneously with both types of probes demonstrated a superior performance of the novel probes.
Disputing the ‘National Interest’: The Depoliticization and Repoliticization of the Belo Monte Dam, Brazil (2019)

The construction of a hydroelectric project transforms the watershed in which it is located, leading to a moment of contestation in which the scheme is challenged by opposition actors. This paper explores the interplay between pro- and anti-dam coalitions contesting the Belo Monte Dam in Brazil by discussing how each group inscribes the project with a particular resonance in policy. Drawing upon the work of Chantal Mouffe on agonism and Tania Murray Li on ‘rendering technical’, the subsequent discussion analyzes semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, and primary documents to explore how the storylines advanced by pro- and anti-dam actors contest the political character of Belo Monte. It is argued that within these storylines, Belo Monte’s positioning within the ‘national interest’ represents a key site of the project’s depoliticization and repoliticization—which are understood as the respective denial and illumination of the project’s location within a wider terrain of political antagonism and conflict. Whilst pro-dam actors assert the apolitical character of the project by foregrounding it within depoliticized questions of economic benefits, anti-dam actors reground the project within a context of political corruption and the circumvention of dissent. With this paper providing evidence of how contests over dam construction are linked to the concealing and/or illumination of the project’s political content, it is argued that the repoliticization of a project by a resistance movement can have consequences far beyond the immediate site of construction.
Incremental Mining Of Shocking Association Patterns (2009)

Association rules are an important problem in data mining. Massively increasing volume of data in real life databases has motivated researchers to design novel and incremental algorithms for association rules mining. In this paper, we propose an incremental association rules mining algorithm that integrates shocking interestingness criterion during the process of building the model. A new interesting measure called shocking measure is introduced. One of the main features of the proposed approach is to capture the user background knowledge, which is monotonically augmented. The incremental model that reflects the changing data and the user beliefs is attractive in order to make the over all KDD process more effective and efficient. We implemented the proposed approach and experiment it with some public datasets and found the results quite promising.
Evaluation of Nonlinear Frequency Compression for School-Age Children with Moderate to Moderately Severe Hearing Loss (2010)

These results indicate that NLFC improves audibility for and recognition of high-frequency speech sounds for children with moderate to moderately severe hearing loss in quiet listening situations.