gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mapping the world's topography using radar interferometry: the TOPSAT mission (1994)

Global-scale topographic data are of fundamental importance to many Earth science studies, and obtaining these data is a priority for the Earth science community. Several groups have considered the requirements for such a data set, and a consensus assessment is that many critical studies would be enabled by the availability of a digital global topographic model with accuracies of 2 and 30 m in the vertical and horizontal directions, respectively. Radar interferometric techniques have been used to produce digital elevation models at these accuracies and are technologically feasible as the centerpiece of a spaceborne satellite mission designed to map the world's land masses, which we denote TOPSAT. A radar interferometer is formed by combining the radar echoes received at a pair of antennas displaced across-track, and specialized data processing results in the elevation data. Two alternative implementations, one using a 2 cm-/spl lambda/ radar, and one using a 24 cm-/spl lambda/ radar, are technologically feasible. The former requires an interferometer baseline length of about 15 m to achieve the required accuracy, and this could be built on a single spacecraft with a long extendible boom. The latter necessitates a kilometers long baseline, and would thus be best implemented using two spacecraft flying in formation. Measurement errors are dominated by phase noise, due largely to signal-to-noise ratio considerations, and attitude errors in determining the baseline orientation. For the 2-m accuracy required by TOPSAT, the orientation must be known to 1 arc-second. For the single-spacecraft approach, where attitude would be determined by star tracking systems, this performance is just beyond the several arc-second range of existing instruments. For the dual-spacecraft systems, though, differential global positioning satellite measurements possess sufficient accuracy. Studies indicate that similar performance can be realized with either system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Analysis of the factors that stabilize a designed two‐stranded antiparallel β‐sheet (2002)

Autonomously folding beta-hairpins (two-strand antiparallel beta-sheets) have become increasingly valuable tools for probing the forces that control peptide and protein conformational preferences. We examine the effects of variations in sequence and solvent on the stability of a previously designed 12-residue peptide (1). This peptide adopts a beta-hairpin conformation containing a two-residue loop (D-Pro-Gly) and a four-residue interstrand sidechain cluster that is observed in the natural protein GB1. We show that the conformational propensity of the loop segment plays an important role in beta-hairpin stability by comparing 1 with (D)P--> N mutant 2. In addition, we show that the sidechain cluster contributes both to conformational stability and to folding cooperativity by comparing 1 with mutant 3, in which two of the four cluster residues have been changed to serine. Thermodynamic analysis suggests that the high loop-forming propensity of the (D)PG segment decreases the entropic cost of beta-hairpin formation relative to the more flexible NG segment, but that the conformational rigidity of (D)PG may prevent optimal contacts between the sidechains of the GB1-derived cluster. The enthalpic favorability of folding in these designed beta-hairpins suggests that they are excellent scaffolds for studying the fundamental mechanisms by which amino acid sidechains interact with one another in folded proteins.
Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization of ε-Thionocaprolactone (1999)

Anionic ring-opening polymerization of ε-thionocaprolactone was examined. When organolithiums, Grignard reagents, and lithium tert-butoxide were used as the initiators, the corresponding polythiocarboxylic-O-ester was selectively formed. When potassium tert-butoxide and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) were used, the corresponding polythiocarboxylic-S-ester was predominantly formed. The monomer conversion and Mn of the obtained polymer increased with the polymerization temperature. Elongation of polymerization time resulted in decrease of the polymer yield and Mn. The polymerization in tetrahydrofuran (THF) proceeded faster compared with the polymerization in toluene. Formation of a cyclic dimer was observed in the polymerization in THF.
Daily Nighttime Melatonin Reduces Blood Pressure in Male Patients With Essential Hypertension (2004)

Patients with essential hypertension have disturbed autonomic cardiovascular regulation and circadian pacemaker function. Recently, the biological clock was shown to be involved in autonomic cardiovascular regulation. Our objective was to determine whether enhancement of the functioning of the biological clock by repeated nighttime melatonin intake might reduce ambulatory blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in 16 men with untreated essential hypertension to investigate the influence of acute (single) and repeated (daily for 3 weeks) oral melatonin (2.5 mg) intake 1 hour before sleep on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and actigraphic estimates of sleep quality. Repeated melatonin intake reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure during sleep by 6 and 4 mm Hg, respectively. The treatment did not affect heart rate. The day-night amplitudes of the rhythms in systolic and diastolic blood pressures were increased by 15% and 25%, respectively. A single dose of melatonin had no effect on blood pressure. Repeated (but not acute) melatonin also improved sleep. Improvements in blood pressure and sleep were statistically unrelated. In patients with essential hypertension, repeated bedtime melatonin intake significantly reduced nocturnal blood pressure. Future studies in larger patient group should be performed to define the characteristics of the patients who would benefit most from melatonin intake. The present study suggests that support of circadian pacemaker function may provide a new strategy in the treatment of essential hypertension.
Reflection Enhanced Compensation of Lossy Traces for Best Eye-Diagram Improvement Using High-Impedance Mismatch (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> As the signal rates increase toward the multigigabit range, the lossy effect of typical transmission lines on the signal quality of printed circuit boards has become a more and more significant issue. This paper introduces the concept of reflection gain resulted from the high-impedance mismatch to improve the eye diagram at the receiving end by inserting the inductance or high-impedance line between the signal trace and matched termination. A systematic design methodology is also proposed here to tell how to resolve the optimal high-impedance elements for the finest compensation efficiency. Moreover, with the optimal inductance, a design formula based on the circuit theory is derived accordingly to estimate the approximate length of high-impedance line and after that, the ultimate performance of this compensation method is also evaluated. Eventually, some experiments are implemented to validate the design technique. </para>
Metal∕organic∕metal bistable memory devices (2004)

We report a bistable organic memory made of a single organic layer embedded between two electrodes, and compare to the organic∕metal nanoparticle∕organic tri-layers device [Ma, Liu, and Yang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 2997 (2002)]. We demonstrate that the two devices exhibit similar temperature-dependent behaviors, a thermally activated behavior in their low conductive state (off-state) and a slightly “metallic” behavior in their high conductive state (on-state). This feature emphasizes a similar origin for the memory effect. Owing to their similar behavior, the one layer memory is advantageous in terms of fabrication cost and simplicity.
The Regulation of Tight Junction Permeability During Nutrient Absorption Across the Intestinal Epithelium (1995)

Tight junctions are located at the luminal aspect of adjacent epithelial cells and form a barrier that limits the paracellular diffusion of hydrophilic solutes. In recent years, evidence has accumulated to indicate that tight-junction permeability is regulated by the absorption of various nutrients. In this review, we present the physiological basis and importance of tight-junction regulation in intestinal epithelium. The molecular structure of tight junctions and their interactions with the cell cytoskeleton as well as the physical and chemical forces that influence tight junction permeability are described. Much of this review addresses the controversial Pappenheimer hypothesis, which states that a major portion of intestinal glucose absorption occurs through tight junctions and not by saturable transcellular active transport. The absorption of a significant portion of glucose through tight junctions requires increased junctional permeability, a very high intralumenal glucose concentration, and a sufficient osmotic gradient to promote volume flow.
State-Sensitive X-Filling Scheme for Scan Capture Power Reduction (2008)

Based on the operation of a state machine, this paper elucidates a comprehensive frame for probability-based primary-input-dominated X-filling methods to minimize the total weighted switching activity (WSA) during the scan capture operation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly reduces both average and peak WSAs.
Automatic gain control ASIC for MEMS gyro applications (2001)

Vibratory gyroscopes exploit a coriolis force coupling between two degrees of freedom internal to the sensor for detection of the sensor's angular rotation rate. Vibratory gyroscopes provide ubiquitous opportunities for local feedback compensation to achieve harmonic excitation of selected modes, disturbance rejection, and tuning of the sensor's dynamics. This paper describes the design and preliminary testing of an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) that performs some of these control tasks in addition to the signal demodulation required for the detection of the rate-induced response.
Dynamic Function of the Spacer Region of Acetogenins in the Inhibition of Bovine Mitochondrial NADH-Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase (Complex I) (2008)

Studies of the action mechanism of acetogenins, the most potent and structurally unique inhibitors of bovine heart mitochondrial complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase), are valuable in characterizing the inhibitor binding site in this enzyme. Our previous study deepened our understanding of the dynamic function of the spacer region of bis-THF acetogenins [Abe, M., et al. (2005) Biochemistry 44, 14898-14906] but, at the same time, posed new important questions. First, while the two toxophores (i.e., the hydroxylated THF and the gamma-lactone rings) span a distance shorter than that of the extended 13 carbon atoms [-(CH 2) 13-], what is the apparent optimal length of the spacer for the inhibition of 13 carbon atoms? In other words, what is the functional role of the additional methylene groups? Second, why was the inhibitory potency of the mono-THF derivative, but not the bis-THF derivative, drastically reduced by hardening the spacer covering 10 carbon atoms into a rodlike shape [-CH 2-(C identical withC) 4-CH 2-]? This study was designed not only to answer these questions but also to further disclose the dynamic functions of the spacer. We here synthesized systematically designed acetogenins, including mono- and bis-THF derivatives, and evaluated their inhibitory effects on bovine complex I. With regard to the first question, we demonstrated that the additional methylenes enhance the hydrophobicity of the spacer region, which may be thermodynamically advantageous for bringing the polar gamma-lactone ring into the membrane-embedded segment of complex I. With regard to the second question, we observed that a decrease in the flexibility of the spacer region is more adverse to the action of the mono-THF series than that of the bis-THF series. As a cause of this difference, we suggest that for bis-THF derivatives, one of the two THF rings, being adjacent to the spacer, is capable of working as a pseudospacer to overcome the remarkable decrease in the conformational freedom and/or the length of the spacer. Moreover, using photoresponsive acetogenins that undergo drastic and reversible conformational changes with alternating UV-vis irradiation, we provided further evidence that the spacer region is free from steric congestion arising from the putative binding site probably because there is no receptor wall for the spacer region.
Methods to produce B–C, B–P, B–N and B–S bonds in boron clusters (2013)

Boranes, heteroboranes and metallacarboranes, all named as boron clusters, offer an alternative to typical organic molecules or organic molecular materials. Carbon and boron share the important property of self-catenation thus these elements can produce individually large and sophisticated molecules. Boron clusters and organic molecules display electronic, physical, chemical and geometrical characteristics manifestly different. These differences highlight the complementarity of organic molecules and boron clusters, and therefore the feasibility or necessity to produce hybrid molecules incorporating both types of fragments. To join these two types of fragments, or alternatively these two types of molecular compounds, tools are needed. In this review the current methods of producing boron clusters with carbon, B-C, nitrogen, B-N, phosphorus, B-P and sulphur bonds, B-S, are indicated. As there are many existing borane clusters of different sizes, heteroboranes and metallacarboranes, the revision of methods to generate the B-C, B-P, B-S, and B-N bonds has been restricted to the most widely used boron clusters; [B12H12](2-), dianionic and an example of a borane, 1,2-C2B10H12, neutral and an example of a heteroborane, and [Co(C2B9H11)2](-), monoanionic and an example of a metallacarborane.
Coagulation Facilitates Tumor Cell Spreading in the Pulmonary Vasculature during Early Metastatic Colony Formation (2004)

Coagulation has long been known to facilitate metastasis. To pinpoint the steps where coagulation might play a role in the metastasis, we used three-dimensional visualization of direct infusion of fluorescence labeled antibody to observe the interaction of tumor cells with platelets and fibrinogen in isolated lung preparations. Tumor cells arrested in the pulmonary vasculature were associated with a clot composed of both platelets and fibrin(ogen). Initially, the cells attached to the pulmonary vessels were rounded. Over the next 2 to 6 hours, they spread on the vessel surface. The associated clot was lysed coincident with tumor cell spreading. To assess the importance of clot formation, we inhibited coagulation with hirudin, a potent inhibitor of thrombin. The number of tumor cells initially arrested in the lung of hirudin-treated mice was essentially the same as in control mice. However, tumor cell spreading and subsequent retention of the tumor cells in the lung was markedly inhibited in the anticoagulated mice. These associations of the tumor cells with platelets were independent of tumor cell expression of P-selectin ligands. This work identifies tumor cell spreading onto the vascular surface as an important component of the metastatic cascade and implicates coagulation in this process.
New aspects on nonlinear power amplifier modeling in radio communication system simulations (2002)

A new semi-physical behavioral amplifier model to characterize the AM/AM conversion of a bipolar solid-state high power amplifier in a mobile phone is introduced. The functional model is able to copy the low-voltage features of a real amplifier causing crossover distortion. Hence it gives an improved description of the nonlinearity of Class AB amplifiers widely used in mobile phones employing a linear modulation scheme. The AM/AM conversion model is accompanied by an AM/PM conversion model function to complete the amplifier model. The model is utilized in mobile communication system studies to investigate the increase of common channel and adjacent channel interference due to the nonlinear behavior of the amplifier. The new model is compared to the existing widely used functional models, and it is found to give an excellent match to the two-tone performance of a measured amplifier.
Molecular oxygen observed by direct photoproduction from carbon dioxide (2017)

We report experiments on the direct observation of molecular oxygen formation from ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ in strong laser fields with a reaction microscope. Our accompanying simulations and pump-probe measurements suggest that ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ molecules undergo bending motion during strong-field ionization which supports the molecular oxygen formation process. The observation of molecular oxygen formation from ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ may trigger further experimental and theoretical studies on such processes with laser pulses, and provides hints in studies of the ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}{}^{+}$ abundance in ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$-dominated planetary atmospheres.
CSE Framework: A UIMA-based Distributed System for Configuration Space Exploration. (2013)

Abstract. To efficiently build data analysis and knowledge discovery pipelines, researchers and developers tend to leverage available services and existing components by plugging them into different phases of the pipelines, and then spend hours to days seeking the right components and configurations that optimize the system performance. In this paper, we introduce the CSE framework, a distributed system for a parallel experimentation test bed based on UIMA and uimaFIT, which is general and flexible to configure and powerful enough to sift through thousands option combinations to determine which represent the best system configuration. 1
siRNA mediated inhibition of MMP‐1 reduces invasive potential of a human chondrosarcoma cell line (2004)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a crucial role in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Expression of MMP-1 has been reported as a prognostic predictor of recurrence in human chondrosarcoma, and studies using human chondrosarcoma cell lines indicate that MMP-1 expression levels correlate with in vitro invasiveness. These observations suggest that MMP-1 activity has a central role in cell egress from the primary tumor at an early step in the metastatic cascade. In this study, siRNA was used to investigate whether knock down of the MMP-1 gene could be used to inhibit invasiveness in a human chondrosarcoma cell line. The inhibitory effect of siRNA on endogenous MMP-1 gene expression and protein synthesis was demonstrated via RT-PCR, Northern blotting, Western blotting, collagenase activity assay, and an in vitro cell migration assay. The siRNA inhibited MMP-1 expression specifically, since it did not affect the expression of endogenous glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) nor other collagenases. Most importantly, the siRNA mediated reduction in MMP-1 expression correlated with a decreased ability of chondrosarcoma cells to invade a Type I collagen matrix. The reduction of invasive behavior demonstrated by human chondrosarcoma cells transfected with MMP-1 siRNA and the specificity of this inhibition supports the hypothesis that this metalloproteinase molecule is involved in initiation of chondrosarcoma metastasis.
Supporting mobile applications with information centric networking (2013)

This paper briefly presents a P2P application for the live streaming of video contents encoded at multiple bit-rates, enabling neighboring cellular devices to increase the quality of video playback, by cooperatively using their cellular (e.g. HSDPA) and proximity (e.g. Wi-Fi Direct) wireless connections. The application is designed to exploit key functionalities of an Information Centric Network: routing-by-name, in-network caching and multicasting. We implemented a prototype of the application and assessed its performance in a test-bed based on Linux, the CCNx tool and real cellular connections.
Interpreting Change Scores of Tests and Measures Used in Physical Therapy (2006)

Over the past decade, the methods and science used to describe changes in outcomes of physical therapy services have become more refined. Recently, emphasis has been placed not only on changes beyond expected measurement error, but also on the identification of changes that make a real difference in the lives of patients and families. This article will highlight a case example of how to determine and interpret "clinically significant change" from both of these perspectives. The authors also examine how to use item maps within an item response theory model to enhance the interpretation of change at a content level. Recommendations are provided for physical therapists who are interpreting changes in the context of clinical practice, case reports, and intervention research. These recommendations include a greater application of indexes that help interpret the meaning of clinically significant change to multiple clinical, research, consumer, and payer communities.
Pattern division multiple access (PDMA) for cellular future radio access (2015)

This paper presents a pattern division multiple access (PDMA) concept for cellular future radio access (FRA) towards the 2020s information society. Different from the current LTE radio access scheme (until Release 11), PDMA is a novel non-orthogonal multiple access technology based on the total optimization of multiple user communication system. It considers joint design from both transmitter and receiver. At the receiver, multiple users are detected by successive interference cancellation (SIC) detection method. Numerical results show that the PDMA system based on SIC improve the average sum rate of users over the orthogonal system with affordable complexity.
Imaging of optically thick specimen using two‐photon excitation microscopy (1999)

The in-depth imaging properties of two-photon excitation microscopy were investigated and compared with those of confocal microscopy. Confocal imaging enabled the recording of images from dental biofilm down to a depth of 40 μm, while two-photon excitation images could be recorded at depths greater than 100 μm. Two-photon excitation point spread functions (PSFs) were recorded at depths ranging from 0 to 90 μm depth using 220-nm diameter fluorescent beads immersed in water. PSFs were measured using both a high numerical aperture oil immersion objective and a water immersion objective. The experiments carried out using the oil immersion objective showed a rapid degradation of both the axial and lateral resolution due to spherical aberrations. In addition, the detected fluorescence intensity rapidly decreased as a function of depth. The experiments carried out using the water immersion objective showed no significant degradation of both the axial and lateral resolution and the fluorescence intensity.Microsc. Res. Tech. 47:206–209, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A human visual model based image histogram modification technique (2005)

Histogram equalization is an important image enhancement technique widely used in image processing. It is good method of image enhancement indeed; but it doesn't consider about human visual response to light. We know that human visual response to light is non-linear, which is somewhat likes natural logarithmic function. So the gray levels of histogram equalized, image is not really equally distributed for human eyes. In fact, the ordinary histogram equalization is not visually equalized. According to the human visual model, this article puts forward a new algorithm or image histogram modification, with which modified image has visually equal gray level distribution. This algorithm is conducted while assuming exiting a visual image whose histogram can be counted and is equal distributed. Experiment proves that this algorithm is better than ordinary image histogram equalization technique in image enhancement. It fits human visual response well. It can be widely used in digital image processing.