gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Elucidation of Reaction Scheme Describing Malondialdehyde−Acetaldehyde−Protein Adduct Formation (2001)

Malondialdehyde and acetaldehyde react together with proteins and form hybrid protein conjugates designated as MAA adducts, which have been detected in livers of ethanol-fed animals. Our previous studies have shown that MAA adducts are comprised of two distinct products. One adduct is composed of two molecules of malondialdehyde and one molecule of acetaldehyde and was identified as the 4-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbaldehyde derivative of an amino group (MDHDC adduct). The other adduct is a 1:1 adduct of malondialdehyde and acetaldehyde and was identified as the 2-formyl-3-(alkylamino)butanal derivative of an amino group (FAAB adduct). In this study, information on the mechanism of MAA adduct formation was obtained, focusing on whether the FAAB adduct serves as a precursor for the MDHDC adduct. Upon the basis of chemical analysis and NMR spectroscopy, two initial reaction steps appear to be a prerequisite for MDHDC formation. One step involves the reaction of one molecule of malondialdehyde and one of acetaldehyde with an amino group of a protein to form the FAAB product, while the other step involves the generation of a malondialdehyde-enamine. It appears that generation of the MDHDC adduct requires the FAAB moiety to be transferred to the nitrogen of the MDA-enamine. For efficient reaction of FAAB with the enamine to take place, additional experiments indicated that these two intermediates likely must be in positions on the protein of close proximity to each other. Further studies showed that the incubation of liver proteins from ethanol-fed rats with MDA resulted in a marked generation of MDHDC adducts, indicating the presence of a pool of FAAB adducts in the liver of ethanol-fed animals. Overall, these findings show that MDHDC-protein adduct formation occurs via the reaction of the FAAB moiety with a malondialdehyde-enamine, and further suggest that a similar mechanism may be operative in vivo in the liver during prolonged ethanol consumption.
Process for Treating Spent Liquor of the TMP Process with Biomass-Based Fly Ash (2015)

The spent liquor (SL) of the thermomechanical pulping (TMP) process has a high effluent load. In this work, biomass-based fly ash was used for adsorbing lignin of SL and thus for reducing the COD and turbidity of SL prior to sending SL to a wastewater treatment system. By treating SL with fly ash in a one-stage adsorption process under the conditions of a fly ash/SL ratio of 55 mg/g and 3 h at 30 °C, 67 mg/g of lignin was adsorbed on fly ash at room temperature. Adjusting the pH of SL had an insignificant influence on the lignin isolation from the system but affected the turbidity of SL. The lignin removal was 68% in a two-stage fly ash adsorption process, while the COD and turbidity removal were 70% and 94%, respectively. On the basis of the results, a process for reducing the effluent load of SL using fly ash was proposed.
The Critical Shear Stress for Slip Generation due to Scratches in Silicon Wafers (2020)

The relationship between slip dislocations generation due to scratches on silicon wafers and oxygen concentration has been investigated by three-point bending tests at high temperatures from 973 to 1123 K. We have measured the critical shear stresses for slip initiation caused by surface scratches as the onset of dislocation motions. In addition to the locking effect by oxygen atoms of dislocations, it was found that strain rate also has an important role on the value of the critical stress for slip generation caused by scratch. In order to take into account the effect of the strain rate, a new empirical equation as a function of strain rate for the estimation of critical shear stress was developed using the results with the three-point bending in this study. The equation obtained in this work indicates that ramp rates in the thermal process of wafer have a crucial effect on the slip dislocation generation. The estimation of critical shear stress of slip dislocation using this equation shows a good agreement with the experimental results of a heat treatment process.
Gas Separation: Metal–Organic Covalent Network Chemical Vapor Deposition for Gas Separation (Adv. Mater. 34/2016) (2016)

The chemical vapor deposition polymerization of metalloporphyrin building units provides an easily up-scalable one-step method toward the deposition of a new class of dense and defect-free metal–organic covalent network (MOCN) layers. The resulting hyper-thin and flexible MOCN layers, supported on poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne], exhibit outstanding gas-separation performances for multiple gas pairs, as described on page 7479 by K. K. Gleason and co-workers.
Nanoscale Impedance Microscopy—A Characterization Tool for Nanoelectronic Devices and Circuits (2005)

A recently developed conductive atomic force microscopy (cAFM) technique, nanoscale impedance microscopy (NIM), is presented as a characterization strategy for nanoelectronic devices and circuits. NIM concurrently monitors the amplitude and phase response of the current through a cAFM tip in response to a temporally periodic applied bias. By varying the frequency of the driving potential, the resistance and reactance of conductive pathways can be quantitatively determined. Proof-of-principle experiments show 10-nm spatial resolution and ideal frequency-dependent impedance spectroscopy behavior for test circuits connected to electron beam lithographically patterned electrode arrays. Possible applications of NIM include defect detection and failure analysis testing for nanoscale integrated circuits.
Investigation of sandwich material surface created by abrasive water jet (AWJ) via vibration emission (2014)

The paper presents research a of abrasive waterjet cutting of heterogeneous "sandwich" material with diff erent Young modulus of elasticity of the cutted surface geometry by means of vibration emission.In order to confi rm hypothetical assumptions about direct relation between vibration emission and surface quality an experiment in heterogeneous material consisting of stainless steel (DIN 1.4006 / AISI 410) and alloy AlCuMg2 has been provided.
Developing Caenorhabditis elegans neurons may contain both cell-death protective and killer activities. (1996)

We developed a method for examining the effects of overexpressing cell-death-related genes in specific Caenorhabditis elegans neurons that normally live. Using this method, we demonstrated that the cell-death genes ced-3, ced-4, and ced-9 all can act cell autonomously to control programmed cell death. Our observations indicate further that not only the protective activity of ced-9 but also the killer activities of ced-3 and ced-4 are likely to be present in cells that normally live. We propose that both in C. elegans and in other organisms a competition between antagonistic protective and killer activities determines whether specific cells will live or die. Our results suggest a genetic pathway for programmed cell death in C. elegans in which ced-4 acts upstream of or in parallel to ced-3 and ced-9 negatively regulates the activity of ced-4.
A New Low-Light Image Enhancement Algorithm Using Camera Response Model (2017)

Low-light images are not conducive to human observation and computer vision algorithms due to their low visibility. To solve this problem, many image enhancement techniques have been proposed. However, existing techniques inevitably introduce color and lightness distortion when increasing visibility. To lower the distortion, we propose a novel enhancement method using the response characteristics of cameras. First, we investigate the relationship between two images with different exposures to obtain an accurate camera response model. Then we borrow the illumination estimation techniques to estimate the exposure ratio map. Finally, we use our camera response model to adjust each pixel to its desired exposure according to the estimated exposure ratio map. Experiments show that our method can obtain enhancement results with less color and lightness distortion compared to several state-of-the-art methods.
Extreme Hardness Achievements in Binderless Cubic Boron Nitride Tools (2013)

Binderless cubic boron nitride tools are available in two forms: single phase cBN and dual phase wBN/cBN (w is wurtzite phase). In this work, a novel heat treatment process involving surface heating using a continuous wave CO2 laser followed by tandem waterjet quenching of the laser beam path was applied to increase the hardness of both forms of boron nitride. Stress-induced phase transitions and nanometric grain sizes accompanying the rapid quench heat treatment enabled a hardness increase of 20% in single phase cBN (nominal 60 GPa) and 100% in dual phase wBN/cBN (nominal 75 GPa) that attest the ability of cBN to reach the hardness of polycrystalline diamond (65-80 GPa). The effects of laser heat treatment are identified by an examination of the changes in phase and microstructure by Raman spectroscopy, high resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.
ChemInform Abstract: CONVENIENT AND REGIOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF SUBSTITUTED 2,3,4,5‐TETRAHYDRO‐1H‐1,4‐DIAZEPINO(1,7‐A)BENZIMIDAZOLES (1982)

Abstract Aus dem Z‐Aminoethyl‐bexizimidazol (Ia) erhält man mit Chlorncetylchlorid ein Amid (Ib), das mit tert‐Butylut zum Tricyclus (II) kondensiert wird.
Characterization of Functional Oligosaccharide Mimics of the <i>Shigella flexneri</i> Serotype 2a O-Antigen: Implications for the Development of a Chemically Defined Glycoconjugate Vaccine (2006)

Abstract Protection against reinfection with noncapsulated Gram-negative bacteria, such as Shigella, an enteroinvasive bacterium responsible for bacillary dysentery, is mainly achieved by Abs specific for the O-Ag, the polysaccharide part of the LPS, the major bacterial surface Ag. The use of chemically defined glycoconjugates encompassing oligosaccharides mimicking the protective determinants carried by the O-Ag, thus expected to induce an efficient anti-LPS Ab response, has been considered an alternative to detoxified LPS-protein conjugate vaccines. The aim of this study was to identify such functional oligosaccharide mimics of the S. flexneri serotype 2a O-Ag. Using protective murine mAbs specific for S. flexneri serotype 2a and synthetic oligosaccharides designed to analyze the contribution of each sugar residue of the branched pentasaccharide repeating unit of the O-Ag, we demonstrated that the O-Ag exhibited an immunodominant serotype-specific determinant. We also showed that elongating the oligosaccharide sequence improved Ab recognition. From these antigenicity data, selected synthetic oligosaccharides were assessed for their potential to mimic the O-Ag by analyzing their immunogenicity in mice when coupled to tetanus toxoid via single point attachment. Our results demonstrated that induction of an efficient serotype 2a-specific anti-O-Ag Ab response was dependent on the length of the oligosaccharide sequence. A pentadecasaccharide representing three biological repeating units was identified as a potential candidate for further development of a chemically defined glycoconjugate vaccine against S. flexneri 2a infection.
Real-time photoacoustic data acquisition with Philips iU22 ultrasound scanner (2008)

A one of a kind photoacoustic system has been built around a Philips iU22 ultrasound scanner. The modified channel board architecture allows access to the raw per-channel photoacoustic data, while keeping all of the imaging capabilities of an actual commercial ultrasound scanner. A captured photoacoustic data frame is Fourier beamformed to generate a single laser shot photoacoustic image. In addition to the photoacoustic data, the system supplies the beamformed ultrasound data, providing a truly dual-modality imaging capability. A tunable OPO laser system (700-900nm), pumped by an Nd:YAG solid state laser, is used as an illumination source with 5ns long pulses. An FPGA-based electronic board synchronizes the iU22 start of frame with the laser firing, currently permitting photoacoustic imaging at a rate of 10 Hz (laser repetition rate limit). At that imaging frame rate the photoacoustic system, consisting of a PC modified with 32 Gbytes of acquisition memory and an FPGA array, is able to store several minutes of continuously captured data, enabling monitoring and off-line analysis of dynamic photoacoustic events and/or fast scanning for performing pseudo-3D imaging. The system can use all of the standard iU22 array transducers both for photoacoustic imaging, and in all of the ultrasound imaging modes.
Role of glutamate-199 in the aging of cholinesterase. (Reannouncement with new availability information) (1993)

Aging of organophosphate-conjugated acetylcholinesterase results from the loss of an alkoxy group with concomitant stabilization of the conjugate to spontaneous or nucleophile-induced deacylation. We have examined the kinetics of aging in a pinacolylmethylphosphonofluoridate (soman)-inhibited mutant enzyme in which the glutamate (E199) located at the amino-terminal to the active-site sense (S200) was converted to glutamine (Q). For wild type enzyme, the soman-acetylcholinesterase conjugate aged immediately, giving rise to a form of enzyme resistant to reactivation by oximes. In contrast, the E199Q mutant enzyme was largely resistant to aging and could be reactivated by oximes. Since the pH dependence for aging was not altered appreciably, the primary influence of the loss of charge appears to be on the intrinsic rate of aging. The negative charge on E199 likely imparts an inductive effect on the conjugated organophosphate to facilitate removal of the alkoxy group. Cholinesterases, Aging, Organophosphate.
Sexual Role Reversal in Mate-Finding Strategies of the Cabbage Looper Moth (1990)

The mate-finding behavior of the cabbage looper moth Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) includes both female- and male-produced sex pheromones used in distinct mate-finding strategies. Both sexes release multicomponent pheromones attractive to the opposite sex. Male pheromone is comprised of d-linalool, m-cresol, and p-cresol released from abdominal hair pencils. Males exposed to host plant odor or to the female sex pheromone (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate are more attractive to females, suggesting stimulation of male pheromone release.
U-56,407, a new antibiotic related to asukamycin: Isolation and characterization. (1983)

U-56,407, a bright yellow, crystalline antibiotic was isolated from fermentations of Streptomyces hagronensis (strain 360). This antibiotic was extracted from fermentation broths with halogenated hydrocarbons and purified by silica gel chromatography and crystallization. U-56,407 is active in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria but not Gram-negative organisms. It failed to demonstrate in vivo activity in experimentally infected mice. Physical-chemical characterization of U-56,407 supports a molecular formula of C29H32N2O7 and a structure related to the antibiotic asukamycin.
New method for making Al single crystal interconnections on amorphous insulators (1993)

The authors point out that Al thin films fill in the grooves on SiO/sub 2/ when no surface native oxide of Al exists. Analytical calculations have shown that the complete Al filling occurs because of the reduction of the total free energy for the Al/SiO/sub 2/ system. The filled Al lines in the grooves are single crystalline. The filled single crystal Al interconnections have excellent endurance against electromigration compared with the conventional polycrystalline interconnections.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
OREXIN 1 AND 2 RECEPTOR INVOLVEMENT IN CO2 -INDUCED PANIC-ASSOCIATED BEHAVIOR AND AUTONOMIC RESPONSES (2015)

Background
The neuropeptides orexin A and B play a role in reward and feeding and are critical for arousal. However, it was not initially appreciated that most prepro-orexin synthesizing neurons are almost exclusively concentrated in the perifornical hypothalamus, which when stimulated elicits panic-associated behavior and cardiovascular responses in rodents and self-reported “panic attacks” and “fear of dying” in humans. More recent studies support a role for the orexin system in coordinating an integrative stress response. For instance, orexin neurons are highly reactive to anxiogenic stimuli, are hyperactive in anxiety pathology, and have strong projections to anxiety and panic-associated circuitry. Although the two cognate orexin receptors are colocalized in many brain regions, the orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) most robustly maps to the histaminergic wake-promoting region, while the orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) distribution is more exclusive and dense in anxiety and panic circuitry regions, such as the locus ceruleus. Overall, this suggests that OX1Rs play a critical role in mobilizing anxiety and panic responses.

Methods
Here, we used a CO2-panic provocation model to screen a dual OX1/2R antagonist (DORA-12) to globally inhibit orexin activity, then a highly selective OX1R antagonist (SORA1, Compound 56) or OX2R antagonist (SORA2, JnJ10397049) to assess OX1R and OX2R involvement.

Results
All compounds except the SORA2 attenuated CO2-induced anxiety-like behaviors, and all but the SORA2 and DORA attenuated CO2-induced cardiovascular responses.

Conclusions
SORA1s may represent a novel method of treating anxiety disorders, with no apparent sedative effects that were present with a benzodiazepine.
Large-Area Nanoimprint Lithography and Applications (2018)

Large-area nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has been regarded as one of the most promising micro/nano-manufacturing technologies for mass production of large-area micro/nanoscale patterns and complex 3D structures and high aspect ratio features with low cost, high throughput, and high resolution. That opens the door and paves the way for many commercial applications not previously conceptualized or economically feasible. Great progresses in large-area nanoimprint lithography have been achieved in recent years. This chapter mainly presents a comprehensive review of recent advances in large-area NIL processes. Some promising solutions of large-area NIL and emerging methods, which can implement mass production of micro-and nanostructures over large areas on various substrates or surfaces, are described in detail. Moreover, numerous industrial-level applications and innovative products based on large-area NIL are also demonstrated. Finally, prospects, challenges, and future directions for industrial scale large-area NIL are addressed. An infrastructure of large-area nanoimprint lithography is proposed. In addition, some recent progresses and research activities in large-area NIL suitable for high volume manufacturing environments from our Labs are also introduced. This chapter may provide a reference and direction for the further explorations and studies of large-area micro/nanopatterning technologies.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a Potent, PKC Selective, B-Ring Analog of Bryostatin (2006)

[structure: see text] The first member of a new class of five-membered B-ring analogs of bryostatin has been synthesized and tested for its ability to bind and translocate protein kinase C (PKC). This synthesis extends the utility of our previously introduced macrotransacetalization strategy to the formation of five-membered dioxolane B-ring analogs. This analog exhibits potent, single-digit nanomolar affinity to PKC and selectively translocates novel PKC isozymes.
Growth of Diamond by MPCVD Process (2013)

Diamond is a material with diverse use, ranging from jewelry, cutting tools to particle detectors in high energy physics. Diamond comes in naturally occurring and artificially produced varieties. The defects and impurities in naturally occurring diamond give its characteristics colors, but these defects are not desirable when the material is to be used for detector applications. The alternative is synthetic diamond, which can be grown in laboratory with less defects and less impurities. There are several methods of growing diamond in laboratory. Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapour Deposition (MPCVD) is one such method used today for growing high quality diamond films.
Large Fabrication Tolerance for VCSELs Using High-Contrast Grating (2008)

We report the experimental demonstration of a large fabrication tolerance for a single-layer, highly reflective high-index-contrast subwavelength grating (HCG) mirror. HCG vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are demonstrated with plusmn20% variation in the HCG critical dimension. Emission wavelength of the HCG-VCSEL shifts only 2 nm with 40% change in grating spacing and 8% change in grating period.
High-speed, self-acting shaft seal (circumferential type) (1972)

Shaft riding circumferential seal is used with turbine engines under high pressure conditions. Construction of seal is discussed and schematic diagram to show operations is provided.
Isolation and Characterization of Novel, Highly Proliferative Human CD34/CD73-Double-Positive Testis-Derived Stem Cells for Cell Therapy (2013)

Human adult stem cells are a readily available multipotent cell source that can be used in regenerative medicine. Despite many advantages, including low tumorigenicity, their rapid senescence and limited plasticity have curtailed their use in cell-based therapies. In this study, we isolated CD34/CD73-double-positive (CD34(+)/CD73(+)) testicular stromal cells (HTSCs) and found that the expression of CD34 was closely related to the cells' stemness and proliferation. The CD34(+)/CD73(+) cells grew in vitro for an extended period of time, yielding a multitude of cells (5.6×10(16) cells) without forming tumors in vivo. They also differentiated into all three germ layer lineages both in vitro and in vivo, produced cartilage more efficiently compared to bone marrow stem cells and, importantly, restored erectile function in a cavernous nerve crush injury rat model. Thus, these HTSCs may represent a promising new autologous cell source for clinical use.
Investigation of Phase Change Memory Confined Cell Endurance Using Transmission Electron Microscopy (2016)

Abstract The endurance performance of a novel confined phase change memory cell with metallic nitride liner is investigated using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Write endurance has been shown to be substantially improved by this new structure [1]. Memory cells that had been cycled up to 109 were cross-sectioned and studied using the TEM. A majority of the electrically observed endurance failure mechanisms were stuck-SET. Physical failure analysis showed the failed cell is always associated with large void formation and material segregation. In-situ TEM analysis was used to study the void formation, accumulation and movement, where the memory cell was simultaneously operated and imaged in the TEM. Also, an interesting self-healing process of the void was recorded during the set/reset operation.
Voltage Noise and Jitter Measurement Using Time-Resolved Emission (2006)

Abstract In this paper, we demonstrate two applications of time-resolved emission (TRE): measurement of dynamic, local power-supply (Vdd) variations, and synchronous timing jitter induced by Vdd variations. The first technique measures the height of many peaks within a TRE waveform; differences in peak height are correlated with inter- pulse differences in Vdd. The second technique measures the timing of all of the peaks and extracts the inter-pulse timing variations. The measurement was automated and was performed on long (multiple-μs) acquisition windows containing hundreds of emission peaks. Our work advances the state of the art by using the peak heights and positions to extract this information, and by performing the measurements in an automated fashion.