gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Azulene on Granulation Tissue Formation and Epithelialization during Skin Wound Healing in BALB/c Mice (2019)

Background and purpose: Azulene is a non-alternating hydrocarbon with various biological activities including anti-inflammatory activity. This study investigated the effects of azulene on granulation tissue formation and epithelialization in skin wound healing in mice. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 60 adult male BALB/c mice were divided into 5 groups (n=12): experimental groups I and II were treated with 1% and 2% azulene, respectively and groups III and IV were treated with nitrofurazone and ucerin cream, respectively. Group V did not receive any treatment. After deep anesthesia, a linear wound (2 cm length) was made on dorsal thoracic skin of the mice. Then, wound samples were taken at days 4, 7, 10, and 14 after treatments and processed for histological and microscopic examinations using Hematoxiline-Eosin (H&E) and Masson Trichrome staining methods. Data analysis was done in SPSS V24 applying One-way ANOVA and Tukey test. Results: The means of granulation formation, angiogenesis, fibroblast cells, and collagen formation increased significantly in groups I and II at days 7, 10, and 14 compared to those of the negative control and sham groups (P<0.01). Also, the rate of epithelialization was higher in these groups compared with that of other groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: In current study, azulene could accelerate skin wound healing in BALB/c mice.
Bacterial Contamination in Banked Blood (2015)

AbstractSudden death following infusion of contaminated blood is a dramatic catastrophe. It can be avoided only by culturing each unit of blood prior to infusion. A simple technic is illustrated for sampling the blood to be administered without entering the container. This eliminates the hazards of bacterial contamination resulting from the aliquotting process. By using this technic it was demonstrated that 1 % of bloods collected and processed in plastic equipment with an integral tube were contaminated. The corresponding figure for glass containers stoppered with a pierceable rubber diaphragm was 6%.
Hypothalamic input is required for development of normal numbers of thyrotrophs and gonadotrophs, but not other anterior pituitary cells in late gestation sheep (2007)

To evaluate the hypothalamic contribution to the development of anterior pituitary (AP) cells we surgically disconnected the hypothalamus from the pituitary (hypothalamo-pituitary disconnection, HPD) in fetal sheep and collected pituitaries 31 days later. Pituitaries (n = 6 per group) were obtained from fetal sheep (term = 147 +/- 3 days) at 110 days (unoperated group) of gestation and at 141 days from animals that had undergone HPD or sham surgery at 110 days. Cells were identified by labelling pituitary sections with antisera against the six AP hormones. Additionally, we investigated the colocalization of glycoprotein hormones. The proportions of somatotrophs and corticotrophs were unchanged by age or HPD. Lactotrophs increased 80% over time, but the proportion was unaffected by HPD. Thyrotrophs, which were unaffected by age, increased 70% following HPD. Gonadotrophs increased with gestational age (LH+ cells 55%; FSH+ cells 19-fold), but this was severely attenuated by HPD. We investigated the possible existence of a reciprocal effect of HPD on multipotential glycoprotein-expressing cells. Co-expression of LH and TSH was extremely rare (< 1%) and unchanged over the last month of gestation or HPD. The increase of gonadotrophs expressing FSH only or LH and FSH was attenuated by HPD. Therefore, the proportions of somatotrophs, lactotrophs and corticotrophs are regulated independently of hypothalamic input in the late gestation fetal pituitary. In marked contrast, the determination of the thyrotroph and gonadotroph lineages over the same time period is subject to complex mechanisms involving hypothalamic factors, which inhibit differentiation and/or proliferation of thyrotrophs, but stimulate gonadotrophs down the FSH lineage. Development of a distinct population of gonadotrophs, expressing only LH, appears to be subject to alternative mechanisms.
A Simulation-Based Approach to Decision Making with Partial Information (2012)

The construction of a probabilistic model is a key step in most decision and risk analyses. Typically this is done by defining a single joint distribution in terms of marginal and conditional distributions. The difficulty of this approach is that often the joint distribution is underspecified. For example, we may lack knowledge of the marginal distributions or the underlying dependence structure. In this paper, we suggest an approach to analyzing decisions with partial information. Specifically, we propose a simulation procedure to create a collection of joint distributions that match the known information. This collection of distributions can then be used to analyze the decision problem. We demonstrate our method by applying it to the Eagle Airlines case study used in previous studies.
Influence of Osteopontin in Bovine Uterine Tube Fluid on Sperm Binding and Fertilization in RCA‐1 Lectin‐treated Oocytes (2008)

This study was conducted to determine the effect of pre-exposure of oocytes to Ricinus communis (RCA-1) lectin and osteopontin (OPN) in uterine tube fluid (UTF) on in vitro sperm-egg binding and fertilization. In vitro-matured bovine oocytes were incubated (39 degrees C, 5% CO(2) in air) for 2 h in the following treatments: (i) 500 microl of fertilization medium (FM); (ii) 250 microl of FM with 0.25 ml of non-luteal ampullary uterine tube fluid (NLAUTF); (iii) 250 microl of FM with 250 microl of NLAUTF and 4 microl of RCA-1 lectin; (iv) 250 microl of FM with 250 microl of NLAUTF, a rabbit polyclonal antibody (1:200) against purified bovine milk OPN, and RCA-1 lectin; (v) 500 microl of FM and RCA-1 lectin. Following incubation, oocytes were washed, placed in FM with 2 microg heparin, and incubated with 1 x 10(5) frozen-thawed spermatozoa per 10 oocytes. Oocytes used to assess sperm binding were stained with Hoescht 33342, and the number of sperm bound per zona pellucida counted. The remaining oocytes were fixed in acid alcohol, stained with 1% acetate-orcein and observed to determine the presence of pronuclei. More sperm bound to the zona pellucida (mean +/- SEM) when oocytes were incubated in treatment 3 (59.0 +/- 5.5) than in treatments 2 (46.4 +/- 5.6), 4 (18.1 +/- 5.4), 5 (33.4 +/- 5.6) or 1 (32.5 +/- 5.6). More oocytes were fertilized when incubated in treatment 3 (91% +/- 3.0) than in 2 (84% +/- 3.0), 4 (40% +/- 3.0), 5 (77% +/- 3.0) or 1 (76% +/- 3.0). As in previous studies, this study suggests that RCA-1 lectin enhances binding of UTF-derived OPN to bovine oocytes, resulting in increased sperm-egg binding and fertilization in vitro and a possible role in fertilization.
Processing Terrain Point Cloud Data (2013)

Terrain point cloud data are typically acquired through some form of Light Detection And Ranging sensing. They form a rich resource that is important in a variety of applications including navigation, line of sight, and terrain visualization. Processing terrain data has not received the attention of other forms of surface reconstruction or of image processing. The goal of terrain data processing is to convert the point cloud into a succinct representation system that is amenable to the various application demands. The present paper presents a platform for terrain processing built on the following principles: (i) measuring distortion in the Hausdorff metric, which we argue is a good match for the application demands, (ii) a multiscale representation based on tree approximation using local polynomial fitting. The basic elements held in the nodes of the tree can be efficiently encoded, transmitted, visualized, and utilized for the various target applications. Several challenges emerge because of the variable resolution of the data, missing data, occlusions, and noise. Techniques for identifying and handling these challenges are developed.
The Pricing of Options on Assets with Stochastic Volatilities (1987)

ABSTRACT One option‐pricing problem that has hitherto been unsolved is the pricing of a European call on an asset that has a stochastic volatility. This paper examines this problem. The option price is determined in series form for the case in which the stochastic volatility is independent of the stock price. Numerical solutions are also produced for the case in which the volatility is correlated with the stock price. It is found that the Black‐Scholes price frequently overprices options and that the degree of overpricing increases with the time to maturity.
TiO2-Mediated Photocatalytic Mineralization of a Non-Ionic Detergent: Comparison and Combination with Other Advanced Oxidation Procedures (2015)

Triton X-100 is one of the most widely-applied man-made non-ionic surfactants. This detergent can hardly be degraded by biological treatment. Hence, a more efficient degradation method is indispensable for the total mineralization of this pollutant. Application of heterogeneous photocatalysis based on a TiO₂ suspension is a possible solution. Its efficiency may be improved by the addition of various reagents. We have thoroughly examined the photocatalytic degradation of Triton X-100 under various circumstances. For comparison, the efficiencies of ozonation and treatment with peroxydisulfate were also determined under the same conditions. Besides, the combination of these advanced oxidation procedures (AOPs) were also studied. The mineralization of this surfactant was monitored by following the TOC and pH values, as well as the absorption and emission spectra of the reaction mixture. An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method was developed and optimized for monitoring the degradation of Triton X-100. Intermediates were also detected by GC-MS analysis and followed during the photocatalysis, contributing to the elucidation of the degradation mechanism. This non-ionic surfactant could be efficiently degraded by TiO₂-mediated heterogeneous photocatalysis. However, surprisingly, its combination with the AOPs applied in this study did not enhance the rate of the mineralization. Moreover, the presence of persulfate hindered the photocatalytic degradation.
Bonded Composite Patch Design for Aircraft Structures Exhibiting Cracking and Corrosion (2005)

Many military and civilian aircraft are expected to operate beyond their designed life expectancy. As a result, the development of reliable and cost-effective repair techniques for deteriorating components in aging aircraft is of great interest. The application of bonded composite material patches to restore cracked and corroded metallic airframes has been shown to be an effective repair technique for increasing the durability and damage tolerance of the repaired structure. Composite Repair of Aircraft Structures (CRAS) is a computer program that is currently being used to design bonded patches for damaged metallic structures. The results are presented for a study whose objective was to extend the applicability of the CRAS program to include bonded patch design for aircraft structures that have sustained adjacent cracking and corrosion damage. Patch designs were developed for three different cracking and corrosion configurations. Composite patches were manufactured according to the designs developed and applied to damaged aluminum panels using a hot-bonding device. Patched and unpatched panels were loaded to failure using a material testing system (MTS) 880 machine. In all cases the failure loads of the patched panels exceeded those of corresponding unpatched panels. These results validated the patch design procedure developed herein for the configurations considered.
A Fully Integrated RF CMOS Front-End IC for Connectivity Applications (2016)

A fully integrated RF CMOS front-end (FE) IC (FEIC), which is fabricated with a 0.13-μm bulk RF CMOS process for wireless local area network/Bluetooth (WLAN/BT) applications, is presented. The proposed FEIC includes a dual-mode power amplifier (PA), integrated switches, and a shared low-noise amplifier (LNA) without external matching networks. The proposed compact reconfigurable matching network satisfies the optimum matchings for a multimode PA and a shared LNA. Measurements showed a 16.2-dBm P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OUT</sub> , with a 6.7% power-added efficiency (PAE), at -34-dB error vector magnitude, with an 802.11ac signal source, with a high-power-mode WLAN PA. With a low-power-mode BT PA, it showed a 13.7-dBm P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OUT</sub> , with a 10.9% PAE, with a 2.1+EDR signal. The shared LNA has a 14.8-dB gain and a 3.6-dB noise figure. All the measurements were carried out, including integrated mode-change switches for time-division duplex operation without any digital predistortion.
Self-correcting LRU replacement policies (2004)

L1 caches must be fast and have a good hit rate at the same time. To be fast, they must remain small. To have a good hit rate, they must be set-associative. With wider associativity the replacement algorithm becomes critical. The wide performance gap between OPT, the optimum off-line algorithm, and LRU suggests that LRU still makes too many mistakes. One way to improve L1 cache behavior is to manage actively the replacement policy to correct these mistakes on the fly.We introduce Self-correcting LRU (SCLRU) which is based on LRU augmented with a feedback loop to constantly monitor and correct replacement mistakes. It relies on several mechanisms to detect, predict, and correct bad replacement decisions. We identify three types of mistakes made by LRU and associate them with memory-access instructions. Our goal is to prevent a mistake to occur more than once. Based on evaluations using a set of seven SPEC95 benchmarks, we show that our approach achieves significant and reliable miss rate improvements, sometimes close to that of OPT, for 2-way and 4-way L1 caches and can do this at a low implementation cost and without affecting the hit cycle time.
The New Antimicrobial Peptide SpHyastatin from the Mud Crab Scylla paramamosain with Multiple Antimicrobial Mechanisms and High Effect on Bacterial Infection (2016)

SpHyastatin was first identified as a new cationic antimicrobial peptide in hemocytes of the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. Based on the amino acid sequences deduced, it was predicted that this peptide was composed of two different functional domains, a proline-rich domain (PRD) and a cysteine-rich domain (CRD). The recombinant product of SpHyastatin displayed potent antimicrobial activities against the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and the aquatic animal pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Compared with the CRD of SpHyastatin, the PRD presented better antimicrobial and chitin binding activities, but both regions were essential for allowing SpHyastatin complete antimicrobial activity. The binding properties of SpHyastatin to different microbial surface molecules suggested that this might be an initial and crucial step for performing its antimicrobial activities. Evaluated using propidium iodide uptake assays and scanning electron microscopy images, the antimicrobial mechanism of SpHyastatin was found to be prone to disrupt cell membrane integrity. Interestingly, SpHyastatin exerted its role specifically on the surface of S. aureus and Pichia pastoris whereas it directly killed P. fluorescens through simultaneous targeting the membrane and the cytoplasm, indicating that SpHyastatin could use different antimicrobial mechanisms to kill different species of microbes. As expected, the recombinant SpHyastatin increased the survival rate of crabs challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In addition, SpHyastatin could modulate some V. parahaemolyticus-responsive genes in S. paramamosain.
Human Fibroblast Commitment to a Senescence-Like State in Response to Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Is Cell Cycle Dependent (1996)

Human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) complete a limited number of cell divisions before entering a growth arrest state that is termed replicative senescence. Two histone deacetylase inhibitors, sodium butyrate and trichostatin A, dramatically reduce the HDF proliferative life span in a manner that is dependent on one or more cell doublings in the presence of these agents. Cells arrested and subsequently released from histone deacetylase inhibitors display markers of senescence and exhibit a persistent G1 block but remain competent to initiate a round of DNA synthesis in response to simian virus 40 T antigen. Average telomere length in prematurely arrested cells is greater than in senescent cells, reflecting a lower number of population doublings completed by the former. Taken together, these results support the view that one component of HDF senescence mimics a cell cycle-dependent drift in differentiation state and that propagation of HDF in histone deacetylase inhibitors accentuates this component.
Irreversible modification of Ge2Sb2Te5 phase change material by nanometer-thin Ti adhesion layers in a device-compatible stack (2007)

The authors report on an interaction between chalcogenide phase-change material Ge2Sb2Te5 and a thin Ti adhesion layer considered for integration into a structure of a memory cell. Segregation of Te atoms in the chalcogenide film to the interface drives an interaction between Ti and Te atoms and formation of Ti–Te binary phases. This reaction has distinct signatures in the film-stack stress even for a nanometer-thin Ti layer. The irreversible Te segregation and modification of Ge2Sb2Te5 change the crystallization process, completely suppressing the final transformation into an otherwise stable hcp phase, and thus impacts the ultimate life cycle of such a phase-change based memory cell.
Mechanical Initiation of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration (2000)

Minor damage to a vertebral body endplate leads to progressive structural changes in the adjacent intervertebral discs.
3D‐Printing: 3D‐Printed Autonomous Sensory Composites (Adv. Mater. Technol. 3/2017) (2017)

Sensorimotor pathways in nature integrate multiple materials and functions in three dimensions. One such pathway in golden tortoise beetles enables them to modulate their color in response to external disturbances. Inspired by this, Subramanian Sundaram and co-workers demonstrate in article number 1600257 a fully 3D-printed composite operating at 1.5 V that can sense strain, electrically amplify the signal, and respond optically.
Dynamic load shedding for an islanded microgrid with limited generation resources (2016)

When an extreme weather event strikes a distribution system, the utility power may not be available for days or even weeks. As a result, a microgrid in the affected area will be operated in the islanded mode during that period. To continuously serve critical load with available generation resources, which are usually limited, load shedding actions can be performed to gradually disconnect load with low priority. This study proposes a method to obtain the dynamic load shedding strategy for an islanded microgrid with limited generation resources. First, dynamic load shedding is formulated as a stochastic optimisation problem, where the uncertainties induced by intermittent energy sources and load are incorporated. The objective is to maximise the economic performance of the microgrid. Limits on the generation resources and operational constraints are considered. Then, a model based on Markov decision process (MDP) is developed for the problem. A solution method for the MDP model is proposed to obtain the optimal load shedding strategy. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Impacts of available generation resources, uncertainties of wind power prediction, and load shedding time period on the load shedding strategy are discussed.
Virus-Encoded microRNAs: An Overview and a Look to the Future (2012)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that play important roles in the regulation of gene expression. First described as posttranscriptional gene regulators in eukaryotic hosts, virus-encoded miRNAs were later uncovered. It is now apparent that diverse virus families, most with DNA genomes, but at least some with RNA genomes, encode miRNAs. While deciphering the functions of viral miRNAs has lagged behind their discovery, recent functional studies are bringing into focus these roles. Some of the best characterized viral miRNA functions include subtle roles in prolonging the longevity of infected cells, evading the immune response, and regulating the switch to lytic infection. Notably, all of these functions are particularly important during persistent infections. Furthermore, an emerging view of viral miRNAs suggests two distinct groups exist. In the first group, viral miRNAs mimic host miRNAs and take advantage of conserved networks of host miRNA target sites. In the larger second group, viral miRNAs do not share common target sites conserved for host miRNAs, and it remains unclear what fraction of these targeted transcripts are beneficial to the virus. Recent insights from multiple virus families have revealed new ways of interacting with the host miRNA machinery including noncanonical miRNA biogenesis and new mechanisms of posttranscriptional cis gene regulation. Exciting challenges await the field, including determining the most relevant miRNA targets and parlaying our current understanding of viral miRNAs into new therapeutic strategies. To accomplish these goals and to better grasp miRNA function, new in vivo models that recapitulate persistent infections associated with viral pathogens are required.
A Preparative Route to Methyl 3-(Heteroaryl)acrylates Using Heck Methodology (2005)

Methyl 3-(heteroaryl)acrylates were prepared using Heck coupling of heteroarene halides with methyl acrylate mediated by Pd(OAc)2/P(OCH3)3. Reactions were highly efficient (reaction times between 60 and 120 min) and scalable to 100 g of heteroarene halide. The isolated yields are from 76 to 99%.
Glycolipids and transmembrane signaling: antibodies to galactocerebroside cause an influx of calcium in oligodendrocytes. (1990)

This is the first study to provide evidence that one function for the surface glycolipid galactocerebroside (GalC) is participation in the opening of Ca2+ channels in oligodendroglia in culture. This glycolipid is a unique differentiation marker for myelin-producing cells; antibodies to GalC have been shown to markedly alter oligodendroglial morphology via disruption of microtubules (Dyer, C. A., and J. A. Benjamins. 1988. J. Neurosci. 8:4307-4318). This study demonstrates that extracellular EGTA blocks anti-GalC-induced disassembly of microtubules in oligodendroglial membrane sheets, demonstrating that an influx of extracellular Ca2+ mediates the cytoskeletal changes. The Ca2+ influx was examined directly by loading oligodendroglia with the fluorescent dye Indo-1 in defined medium, and measuring changes in Ca2+ in individual cells with a laser cytometer. Upon addition of anti-GalC IgG, a marked sustained increase in intracellular Ca2+ occurred in 80% of the oligodendroglia observed. EGTA blocked the increase, indicating the increase is due to an influx of extracellular Ca2+, and not due to release from intracellular stores. The effect is specific, since Ca2+ levels remain normal in oligodendroglia treated with nonimmune IgG; astrocytes do not respond to the anti-GalC. The Ca2+ response in oligodendrocytes is dependent on concentration of antibody and GalC on the oligodendroglial membrane surface. The Ca2+ influx is not mediated by voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels: it is not blocked by cadmium, and depolarization with K+ does not mimic the response. The kinetics of the response suggest that second messenger-mediated opening of Ca2+ channels is involved.