gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Video redaction: a survey and comparison of enabling technologies (2017)

With the prevalence of video recordings from smart phones, dash cams, body cams, and conventional surveillance cameras, privacy protection has become a major concern, especially in light of legislation such as the Freedom of Information Act. Video redaction is used to obfuscate sensitive and personally identifiable information. Today's typical workflow involves simple detection, tracking, and manual intervention. Automated methods rely on accurate detection mechanisms being paired with robust tracking methods across the video sequence to ensure the redaction of all sensitive information while minimizing spurious obfuscations. Recent studies have explored the use of convolution neural networks and recurrent neural networks for object detection and tracking. The present paper reviews the redaction problem and compares a few state-of-the-art detection, tracking, and obfuscation methods as they relate to redaction. The comparison introduces an evaluation metric that is specific to video redaction performance. The metric can be evaluated in a manner that allows balancing the penalty for false negatives and false positives according to the needs of particular application, thereby assisting in the selection of component methods and their associated hyperparameters such that the redacted video has fewer frames that require manual review.
Augmented shock wave fracture/severance of materials (1995)

The present invention related generally to severing materials, and more particularly to severing or weakening materials through explosively induced, augmented shock waves. Explosive cords are placed in grooves on the upper surface of the material to be severed or weakened. The explosive cords are initiated simultaneously to introduce explosive shock waves into the material. These shock waves progress toward the centerline between the explosive cords and the lower surface of the material. Intersecting and reflected waves produce a rarefaction zone on the centerline to fail the material in tension. A groove may also be cut in the lower surface of the material to aid in severing or weakening the material.
Standing wave high gradient accelerator structure (1977)

A novel type of standing wave linear accelerator structure has been developed at Varian Associates, Inc. This accelerator is an interlaced combination of two side-cavity-coupled standing wave substructures. An S-band prototype accelerator guide with two identical substructures and total accelerating length of 10 cm has been built and successfully tested with a 2-MW magnetron. Significant improvement in maximum permissible accelerating gradient was achieved. Output electron beam energy of 4 MeV and corresponding accelerating gradient of 40 MeV/m were experimentally demonstrated. The stunt impedance of the structure corresponds to 83 MΩ/m.
Assessing the Application of Cloud–Shadow Atmospheric Correction Algorithm on HICO (2013)

Several ocean color earth observation satellite sensors are presently collecting daily imagery, including the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO). HICO has been operating aboard the International Space Station since its installation on September 24, 2009. It provides high spatial resolution hyperspectral imagery optimized for the coastal ocean. Atmospheric correction, however, still remains a challenge for this sensor, particularly in optically complex coastal waters. In this paper, we assess the application of the cloud–shadow atmospheric correction approach on HICO data and validate the results with the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in situ</i> data. We also use multiple sets of cloud, shadow, and sunlit pixels to correct a single image multiple times and intercompare the results to assess variability in the retrieved reflectance spectra. Retrieved chlorophyll values from this intercomparison are similar and also agree well with the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in situ</i> chlorophyll measurements.
All-solid photonic bandgap fibers for fiber laser applications (2013)

Core size scaling in all-solid photonic bandgap fibers (AS-PBGFs) is discussed. It is shown that the effectively single-mode AS-PBGF with 100-μm core diameter can be achievable with 40-cm bending radius operating in the 3rd PBG.
Size measurements of droplets and bubbles by advanced interferometric laser imaging technique (2002)

This paper describes an advanced size and spatial distribution measurement technique for small spherical droplets and bubbles in two-phase flows. In the field of spray analysis, various kinds of measurement techniques have been proposed. Interferometric laser imaging for droplet sizing (ILIDS) is the method that can provide an instantaneous spatial distribution of droplet size. The number of fringes on the projected images by the ILIDS technique is correlated to their individual particle sizes. The measurement accuracy depends upon the image processing technique for estimating the size of the circular image and the fringe spacing. The relation between the fringe number and the particle diameter was derived by noting the angular phase difference of the external reflection and the direct refraction. Conventional ILIDS techniques, which observed the circular image with fringes on a film, have difficulties in discriminating the fringe images due to the overlap between them. Moreover, enlargement of the defocused image for measuring the larger particle caused the complicated overlapping. The objective of the present study is to describe the advanced ILIDS image acquisition optics and the accelerated data processing by employing a high resolution CCD camera and automated computing system. In the technique presented, the circular fringes are optically compressed into linear images that are horizontally defocused and vertically focused. The present partial compression technique, which is the integration of the vertical information of the image, reduced the noise involved and consequently the signal to noise ratio of the interference signals become much better than that of the conventional technique. The linear interferograms were easily detected by scanning the horizontal pixels of the recorded image. The signal processing procedure to determine the particle diameter needs only one-dimensional information for calculating the fringe spacing by discrete Fourier transforms. The present ILIDS technique was examined for the planar measurement of size and location of spray droplets, and the size transition of CO2 bubbles by absorption in water.
A class of end-to-end congestion control algorithms for the Internet (2002)

We formulate end-to-end congestion control as a global optimization problem. Based on this formulation, a class of minimum cost flow control (MCFC) algorithms for adjusting session rates or window sizes is proposed. Significantly, we show that these algorithms can be implemented at the transport layer of an IP network and can provide certain fairness properties and user priority options without requiring non-FIFO switches. Two algorithm versions are discussed. A coarse version is geared towards implementation in the current Internet, relying on the end-to-end packet loss observations as an indication of congestion. A more complete version anticipates an Internet where sessions can solicit explicit congestion information through a concise probing mechanism. We show that TCP congestion control, after some modification, may be treated as a special case of the MCFC algorithms.
Adipose-Derived Adult Stem Cells for Cartilage Repair (2007)

Adipose-derived adult stem cells (ASCs) exhibit significant potential for differentiation into a chondrocytic phenotype, providing an abundant and readily accessible source of progenitor cells for use in cartilage repair. Here we present the use of a novel 3D scaffold for the complete resurfacing of articular joint surfaces. PURPOSE: Our work has focused on generating a cartilage replacement by weaving biomimetic 3D scaffolds that match the anatomy and mechanical properties of native cartilage. With the addition of ASCs, and novel chondrogenesis techniques, we hypothesize that the 3D scaffold/ASC combination will function in the demanding mechanical environment of the joint immediately after implantation due to the robust mechanical properties of the scaffold and will also ultimately function as native hyaline cartilage in vivo due to the ability of the ASCs to produce cartilage matrix molecules. METHODS: ASCs were obtained from liposuction waste and expanded through 4 passages, at which time the cells were either seeded into spherical 1.2% alginate beads or seeded on to a 3D woven polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix and chondrogenically induced. For chondrogenic induction of the alginate constructs, different combinations of growth factors (e.g., TGF-β, IGF-1, and BMP-6) were used. Quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical analyses were used to determine the efficacy of promoting chondrogenesis in the cell-alginate and 3D scaffold cultures. In addition, both tensile and compressive mechanical properties of the 3D PCL scaffold matrices were determined. RESULTS: BMP-6 increased the expression of aggrecan, a principle proteoglycan found in cartilage, by approximately 300-fold as compared to all other conditions across all donors (p<0.0001) while also significantly upregulating collagen 2 expression. 3D PCL scaffolds displayed an ultimate tensile stress of 23.43±0.56 MPa and a tangent modulus of 49.91±0.89 MPa (compared to 15–35 MPa and 5–25 MPa for native cartilage, respectively), with a compressive Young's modulus of 0.27±0.01 MPa (compared to 0.04-0.08 MPa for native cartilage). CONCLUSIONS: Notably, and in contrast to the osteogenic effects of BMP-6 on many cell types, the effects of BMP-6 on ASCs in 3D culture are highly chondrogenic. BMP-6 enhanced collagen II and aggrecan expression levels while decreasing or minimally affecting collagen I and X transcripts. Combining these cells with the biomimetic 3D woven scaffold could potentially form a construct suitable for immediate implantation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Supported by NIH Grants AR49294, AG15768, AR50245, AR48182, GM08555, and the NCBC.
<title>Geometrical image transformation to compensate for MRI distortions</title> (1990)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) being one of the most promising neuro-imaging modalities in medical diagnosis suffers from spatial inaccuracy when it comes to high precision processes such as neuro-stereotactic surgery. Spatial distortions of several millimeters are possible. The distortion originates from the fact that highly controllable magnetic fields are used to encode the positions of the spins. When the fields are perturbed by unknown interferences such as the para- and/or dia-magnetism of the patient or inhomogeneity in the main field the spatial encoding becomes inaccurate. However the distortions are not without helpful characteristics. For instance using an SE pulse sequence one may observe that 1) the distortion vectors are collinear 2) they are along an axis which is determined by the gradients and 3) the integral of image intensity between homologous coaxial points is unaffected by the inhomogeneity. With such an observation we propose a method that uses a pair of images from the same object that are acquired using a set of gradients having a prescribed relationship. While these two images are both distorted a set of independent first order ordinary differential equations have been derived to relate the two images. Based upon this relation we show that a distortion-compensated image can be derived. We also show some preliminary phantom study results as well as computer simulation results. The objective of this study is to arrive at spatially accurate MRI
Hypothesis Stitcher for End-to-End Speaker-Attributed ASR on Long-Form Multi-Talker Recordings (2021)

An end-to-end (E2E) speaker-attributed automatic speech recognition (SA-ASR) model was proposed recently to jointly perform speaker counting, speech recognition and speaker identification. The model achieved a low speaker-attributed word error rate (SA-WER) for monaural overlapped speech comprising an unknown number of speakers. However, the E2E modeling approach is susceptible to the mismatch between the training and testing conditions. It has yet to be investigated whether the E2E SA-ASR model works well for recordings that are much longer than samples seen during training. In this work, we first apply a known decoding technique that was developed to perform single-speaker ASR for long-form audio to our E2E SA-ASR task. Then, we propose a novel method using a sequence-to-sequence model, called hypothesis stitcher. The model takes multiple hypotheses obtained from short audio segments that are extracted from the original long-form input, and it then outputs a fused single hypothesis. We propose several architectural variations of the hypothesis stitcher model and compare them with the conventional decoding methods. Experiments using LibriSpeech and LibriCSS corpora show that the proposed method significantly improves SA-WER especially for long-form multi-talker recordings.
Preparation of Side-Chain 18-e Cobaltocenium-Containing Acrylate Monomers and Polymers (2010)

The synthesis and radical polymerization of an 18-e cobaltocenium vinyl monomer, 2-acryloyloxyethyl cobaltoceniumcarboxylate hexafluorophosphate (AECoPF6), are reported. The side-chain cobaltocenium-containing polymer, poly(acryloyloxyethyl cobaltoceniumcarboxylate hexafluorophosphate) (PAECoPF6), is a water-soluble hydrophilic polyelectrolyte. Through an effective ion-exchange process, this polymer was transformed into a hydrophobic poly(acryloyloxyethyl cobaltoceniumcarboxylate tetraphenylborate) (PAECoBPh4) polymer, soluble in strong polar solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide. Electrochemical studies showed that both polymers have reversible redox processes in dimethylformamide. These polymers exhibited high thermal stability.
Intracellular delivery of activated focal adhesion kinase ‐ a novel therapeutic strategy for acute lung injury (2011)

Lung microvascular barrier deterioration is a major cause of acute lung injury (ALI). Tyrosine phosphorylation of the protein, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), enhances the endothelial barrier in cultured lung endothelial monolayers (JBC, 278:13342–9). To determine whether phosphorylated FAK (FAKp) is barrier protective in vivo, we non-covalently conjugated purified, His-tagged FAKp to the cell-permeable peptide, TAT (TAT-FAKp). To quantify microvascular barrier properties in an ALI model, in anesthetized mice we intra-tracheally instilled 0.1N HCl (2 ml/kg). Controls received no instillation. After 2 hours, we isolated and blood-perfused lungs to quantify lung microvascular barrier properties in terms of the filtration coefficient (Kf). Kf was 0.3-±0.1 ml/(cmH2O.min.100g) for controls (mean±SD; n=3), but higher at 0.7±0.1 after acid instillation (n=3), indicating that acid deteriorated the barrier. In animals given tail vein infusion of TAT-FAKp (500 ug/kg) 4 hours prior to, or 0.5 hours following acid instillation (n=5 for each), the Kf increase was blunted by 80±4% (P<0.05). These results indicate that TAT-FAKp treatment abrogated acid induced deterioration of the lung microvascular barrier and that the protective effect lasted at least 4 hours. We propose that TAT-FAKp might be a novel therapeutic agent in ALI (HL36024).
Developments in the formulation and delivery of spray dried vaccines (2017)

Spray drying is a promising method for the stabilization of vaccines, which are usually formulated as liquids. Usually, vaccine stability is improved by spray drying in the presence of a range of excipients. Unlike freeze drying, there is no freezing step involved, thus the damage related to this step is avoided. The edge of spray drying resides in its ability for particles to be engineered to desired requirements, which can be used in various vaccine delivery methods and routes. Although several spray dried vaccines have shown encouraging preclinical results, the number of vaccines that have been tested in clinical trials is limited, indicating a relatively new area of vaccine stabilization and delivery. This article reviews the current status of spray dried vaccine formulations and delivery methods. In particular it discusses the impact of process stresses on vaccine integrity, the application of excipients in spray drying of vaccines, process and formulation optimization strategies based on Design of Experiment approaches as well as opportunities for future application of spray dried vaccine powders for vaccine delivery.
Combinatorial Drug Discovery in Nanoliter Droplets (2017)

Abstract Combinatorial drug treatment strategies perturb biological networks synergistically to achieve therapeutic effects and represent major opportunities to develop advanced treatments across a variety of human disease areas. However, the discovery of new combinatorial treatments is challenged by the sheer scale of combinatorial chemical space. Here we report a high-throughput system for nanoliter-scale phenotypic screening that stabilizes a chemical library in nanoliter droplet emulsions and automates the formulation of chemical combinations en mass using parallel droplet processing. We apply this system to predict synergy between more than 4,000 investigational and approved drugs and a panel of 10 antibiotics against E. coli , a model Gram-negative pathogen. We found a range of drugs not previously indicated for infectious disease that synergize with antibiotics. Our validated hits include drugs that synergize with the antibiotics vancomycin, erythromycin, and novobiocin, which are used against Gram-positive bacteria but are not effective by themselves to resolve Gram-negative infections.
A carrier frequency offset compensation algorithm with synchronization for digital communication receivers (2018)

The paper presents a carrier frequency offset(CFO) estimation algorithm with synchronization for digital communication receivers. The algorithm utilizes fractional time periods to arrive at a coarse CFO estimate. The reliability of the coarse CFO estimate is improved using information from the phase difference across the preamble period. The proposed algorithm is not specific to any standard and can estimate CFO of large magnitudes. This aspect is particularly useful in scenario wherein the preamble period falls short in capturing the phase information corresponding to CFO range specified by the standard. Simulation studies have been carried out to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Sequence characterization of the matrix protein genes of parainfluenza virus types 4A and 4B (1991)

The complete nucleotide sequences of the matrix protein (M) genes of parainfluenza virus types 4A and 4B (PIV-4A and -4B) were determined from cDNA of the mRNA, and found to be 1548 bases in length, exclusive of poly(A) sequences. The sequences contained a large open reading frame of 1146 nucleotides encoding 362 amino acids. A high degree of identity (96.1%) was observed between the amino acid sequences of PIV-4A and PIV-4B M. These M sequences were compared with those of 10 other paramyxoviruses and a phylogenetic tree was constructed.
Cripto Binds Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) and Inhibits TGF-β Signaling (2006)

Cripto is a developmental oncoprotein and a member of the epidermal growth factor-Cripto, FRL-1, Cryptic family of extracellular signaling molecules. In addition to having essential functions during embryogenesis, Cripto is highly expressed in tumors and promotes tumorigenesis. During development, Cripto acts as an obligate coreceptor for transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) ligands, including nodals, growth and differentiation factor 1 (GDF1), and GDF3. As an oncogene, Cripto is thought to promote tumor growth via mechanisms including activation of mitogenic signaling pathways and antagonism of activin signaling. Here, we provide evidence supporting a novel mechanism in which Cripto inhibits the tumor suppressor function of TGF-beta. Cripto bound TGF-beta and reduced the association of TGF-beta with its type I receptor, TbetaRI. Consistent with its ability to block receptor assembly, Cripto suppressed TGF-beta signaling in multiple cell types and diminished the cytostatic effects of TGF-beta in mammary epithelial cells. Furthermore, targeted disruption of Cripto expression by use of small inhibitory RNA enhanced TGF-beta signaling, indicating that endogenous Cripto plays a role in restraining TGF-beta responses.
Dynamic modeling and experimental results for a head tilt response (2010)

The estimation of the vertical in humans is important in everyday life although the mechanisms involved are not completely understood yet. This paper presents two sets of experiments with normal subjects, using the same virtual reality setup, aiming to help in this understanding. First, a steady state experiment is presented, which is used to determine the gravitational vertical precision while the second, a dynamical transient response experiment, is used to find dynamic models of each subject response. Results show that the dynamic models are able to reproduce the results of the steady state experiment while having the benefits that a dynamic model brings to evaluate subjects performance.
Identification of differentially expressed genes associated with HER- 2/neu overexpression in human breast cancer cells (1999)

Amplification and resulting overexpression of the HER-2/ neu proto-oncogene is found in approximately 30% of human breast and 20% of human ovarian cancers. To better understand the molecular events associated with overexpression of this gene in human breast cancer cells, differential hybridization was used to identify genes whose expression levels are altered in cells overexpressing this receptor. Of 16 000 clones screened from an overexpression cell cDNA library, a total of 19 non-redundant clones were isolated including seven whose expression decreases (C clones) and 12 which increase (H clones) in association with HER-2/ neu overexpression. Of these, five C clones and 11 H clones have been confirmed to be differentially expressed by northern blot analysis. This group includes nine genes of known function, three previously sequenced genes of relatively uncharacterized function and four novel genes without a match in GenBank. Examination of the previously characterized genes indicates that they represent sequences known to be frequently associated with the malignant phenotype, suggesting that the subtraction cloning strategy used identified appropriate target genes. In addition, differential expression of 12 of 16 (75%) cDNAs identified in the breast cancer cell lines are also seen in HER-2/ neu -overexpressing ovarian cancer cells, indicating that they represent generic associations with HER-2/ neu overexpression. Finally, up-regulation of two of the identified cDNAs, one novel and one identified but as yet uncharacterized gene, was confirmed in human breast cancer specimens in association with HER-2/ neu overexpression. Further characterization of these genes may yield insight into the fundamental biology and pathogenetic effects of HER-2/ neu overexpression in human breast and ovarian cancer cells.