gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Tandem Column Ensemble with an Atmospheric Pressure Junction-Point Vent for High-Speed GC with Selective Control of Peak-Pair Separation (2001)

A series-coupled (tandem) ensemble of two capillary GC columns using different stationary phases and a pneumatically actuated low-volume valve connecting the column junction point to an atmospheric-pressure vent line is used to adjust the ensemble separation of selected pairs of target compounds. The valve is normally closed, and the pressure at the column junction point assumes the value that would occur in the absence of any other connections. The valve can be opened for brief periods of time, thus producing pulses of atmospheric pressure at the column junction point. If a component pair is separated by the first column but coelutes from the column ensemble, the ensemble separation can be increased if a pulse occurs when one of the components has migrated across the column junction but the second component is still on the first column. All of the mixture components that are on the same column during the time that the valve is open (pulse duration) will be shifted to either larger or smaller retention times, but the pattern of peaks (elution order) for these components from the column ensemble will be relatively unaffected by the pressure pulse. Multiple pulses can be used to enhance the separation of different component pairs, which sequentially reach the column junction point. Performance of the valve-operated system is described. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry with time-array detection is used to examine the effects of pulse duration on the separation achieved for different component pairs.
Development of targeted therapies for Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies (2014)

Therapeutic efforts in neurodegenerative diseases have been very challenging, particularly due to a lack of validated and mechanism-based therapeutic targets and biomarkers. The basic idea underlying the novel therapeutic approaches reviewed here is that by exploring the molecular basis of neurodegeneration in a rare lysosomal disease such as Gaucher's disease (GD), new molecular targets will be identified for therapeutic development in common synucleinopathies. Accumulation of α-synuclein plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies, suggesting that improved clearance of α-synuclein may be of therapeutic benefit. To achieve this goal, it is important to identify specific mechanisms and targets involved in the clearance of α-synuclein. Recent discovery of clinical, genetic, and pathological linkage between GD and PD offers a unique opportunity to examine lysosomal glucocerebrosidase, an enzyme mutated in GD, for development of targeted therapies in synucleinopathies. While modulation of glucocerebrosidase and glycolipid metabolism offers a viable approach to treating disorders associated with synuclein accumulation, the compounds described to date either lack the ability to penetrate the CNS or have off-target effects that may counteract or limit their capabilities to mediate the desired pharmacological action. However, recent emergence of selective inhibitors of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis and noninhibitory pharmacological chaperones of glycosphingolipid processing enzymes that gain access to the CNS provide a novel approach that may overcome some of the limitations of compounds reported to date. These new strategies may allow for development of targeted treatments for synucleinopathies that affect both children and adults.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Substrate Temperature on the Selectivity in Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition of Aluminum. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Overwintering potential of the stripe rust pathogen (<i>Puccinia striiformis</i>) in central Alberta (2013)

Abstract In central Alberta, stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) of wheat and barley has become more prevalent and this disease is generally more severe on winter wheat than spring wheat. This study was carried out to determine the potential role of winter wheat in overwintering and transmission of inoculum to subsequent spring crops. Field plants of winter wheat, infected in the autumn, were sampled during January to May from 2008 to 2011 in central Alberta. The pathogen's viability was established using in vivo growth parameters and pathogen detection was determined using PCR. Approximately 4–20% of urediniospores sampled from pustules on winter wheat during January to March–April of each year were viable. Latent mycelia were intermittently observed on winter wheat sampled from January to May in each of 2008 and 2010. The fungus was detected using PCR intermittently from winter to early spring. Persistent snow cover was found to be critical for the survival of overwintering inoculum, as viable pustules and urediniospores rarely survived after snow melt. There was higher stripe rust severity in spring wheat or barley seeded near winter wheat compared with the same crops seeded near spring wheat, for all years of field testing. The epidemiological significance of overwintering inoculum is discussed in relation to stripe rust management in central Alberta.
NEUROPEPTIDE Y RADIO‐IMMUNOASSAY: CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION (1991)

1. A sensitive and specific neuropeptide Y (NPY) radio-immunoassay has been developed. This radio-immunoassay does not detect the NPY-related peptides pancreatic polypeptide or peptide YY. NPY extracted from rat plasma using sequential C18 sorbent and affinity chromatography co-eluted with synthetic rat NPY when applied to high pressure liquid chromatography. 2. The procedure of stabilization of platelets followed by high speed centrifugation reduced basal values of NPY by 60%, and this may be consistent with removal of platelets that release NPY. Administration of the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine (0.3 mg/kg), intravenously, produced a small but significant increase (39%) from basal concentrations of NPY. 3. NPY concentrations in young (2-3-month-old) Sprague-Dawley and Fisher 944 rats were similar; however, NPY concentrations were significantly increased (55%) in 2-year-old Fisher 944 rats. Similar to plasma concentrations of noradrenaline, NPY levels increase with age.
Taxonomy of tomatoes in the Galápagos Islands: Native and introduced species of<i>Solanum</i>section<i>Lycopersicon</i>(Solanaceae) (2003)

Abstract The Galápagos Islands are of great conservation interest due to their high proportion of endemic species. The endemic tomatoes (Solanum section Lycopersicon) of the islands have long been of interest to plant breeders. We analyse the morphology of all the Galápagos tomatoes: two endemic species, Solanum cheesmaniae and S. galapagense (the latter described here as new) and two introduced species, S. lycopersicum and S. pimpinellifolium. Morphological characters were measured on greenhouse‐grown plants raised from seeds obtained from the wild and seed‐bank accessions. Species boundaries were examined by cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Although the four taxa are distinct and therefore regarded as bona fide species they exhibit considerable intraspecific variation. A taxonomic treatment of the tomatoes in the Galápagos is provided, with keys to all solanums in the islands, descriptions, listings of representative specimens examined and full exsiccatae. Field observations of plants in the wild in the Galápagos are also included in the species descriptions. We highlight the potential for genetic contamination of the endemic tomatoes by hybridization and introgression with the two introduced species.
Development of a prosaposin-derived therapeutic cyclic peptide that targets ovarian cancer via the tumor microenvironment (2016)

The vast majority of ovarian cancer-related deaths are caused by metastatic dissemination of tumor cells, resulting in subsequent organ failure. However, despite our increased understanding of the physiological processes involved in tumor metastasis, there are no clinically approved drugs that have made a major impact in increasing the overall survival of patients with advanced, metastatic ovarian cancer. We identified prosaposin (psap) as a potent inhibitor of tumor metastasis, which acts via stimulation of p53 and the antitumorigenic protein thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in bone marrow-derived cells that are recruited to metastatic sites. We report that more than 97% of human serous ovarian tumors tested express CD36, the receptor that mediates the proapoptotic activity of TSP-1. Accordingly, we sought to determine whether a peptide derived from psap would be effective in treating this form of ovarian cancer. To that end, we developed a cyclic peptide with drug-like properties derived from the active sequence in psap. The cyclic psap peptide promoted tumor regression in a patient-derived tumor xenograft model of metastatic ovarian cancer. Thus, we hypothesize that a therapeutic agent based on this psap peptide would have efficacy in treating patients with metastatic ovarian cancer.
A Large-scale Drug Repositioning Survey for SARS-CoV-2 Antivirals (2020)

The emergence of novel SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 has triggered an ongoing global pandemic of severe pneumonia-like disease designated as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To date, more than 2.1 million confirmed cases and 139,500 deaths have been reported worldwide, and there are currently no medical countermeasures available to prevent or treat the disease. As the development of a vaccine could require at least 12-18 months, and the typical timeline from hit finding to drug registration of an antiviral is >10 years, repositioning of known drugs can significantly accelerate the development and deployment of therapies for COVID-19. To identify therapeutics that can be repurposed as SARS-CoV-2 antivirals, we profiled a library of known drugs encompassing approximately 12,000 clinical-stage or FDA-approved small molecules. Here, we report the identification of 30 known drugs that inhibit viral replication. Of these, six were characterized for cellular dose-activity relationships, and showed effective concentrations likely to be commensurate with therapeutic doses in patients. These include the PIKfyve kinase inhibitor Apilimod, cysteine protease inhibitors MDL-28170, Z LVG CHN2, VBY-825, and ONO 5334, and the CCR1 antagonist MLN-3897. Since many of these molecules have advanced into the clinic, the known pharmacological and human safety profiles of these compounds will accelerate their preclinical and clinical evaluation for COVID-19 treatment.
Alzheimer's Disease: Many Failed Trials, So Where Do We Go from Here? (2020)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative brain disorder associated with relentlessly progressive cognitive impairment and memory loss. AD pathology proceeds for decades before cognitive deficits become clinically apparent, opening a window for preventative therapy. Imbalance of clearance and buildup of amyloid β and phosphorylated tau proteins in the central nervous system is believed to contribute to AD pathogenesis. However, multiple clinical trials of treatments aimed at averting accumulation of these proteins have yielded little success, and there is still no disease-modifying intervention. Here, we discuss current knowledge of AD pathology and treatment with an emphasis on emerging biomarkers and treatment strategies.
The role of neural networks in the study of the posterior parietal cortex (2002)

The use of a neural network model of a cerebral cortical area as an aid to understanding this area's function is reviewed. The basic model is a feedforward multilayer network that learns to transform the coordinates of a visual stimulus from a retinocentric to a craniocentric reference frame using backpropagation. An extension of the model to one that transforms retinal coordinates into body-centered ones predicts response properties that are confirmed by neurophysiological experiments. The simulation of electrical stimulation of the model predicts a pattern of effects similar to the one obtained by stimulation of a specific region of the parietal cortex. The study of the response properties of the model's units provides a simple explanation of how the parietal cortex might compute coordinate transformations and of why certain manipulations such as stimulation should produce the effects observed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Initial myocardial adjustments to brief periods of ischemia and reperfusion in the conscious dog. (1978)

The changes in left ventricular (LV) dynamics induced by brief periods of ischemia (100 seconds) and subsequent reperfusion were analyzed in conscious dogs. Global LV ischemia, induced by partially occluding the left main coronary artery, reduced LV flow homogeneously and impaired LV function as reflected by decreases in LV stroke "work" (89 +/- 4% M +/- SE), systolic shortening (72 +/- 4%), velocity of shortening (56 +/- 6%), LV systolic pressure (34 +/- 5%), and dP/dt (59 +/- 6%). Regional LV ischemia, induced by occluding either the left circumflex or anterior descending coronary artery completely, reduced flow to the ischemic segment (82 +/- 3%) while decreasing segment work (96 +/- 5%), shortening (82 +/- 3%), and velocity of shortening (70 +/- 5%), with minimal depression of overall LV function. In both groups the extent of shortening was reduced more rapidly and greater (P less than 0.01) than shortening velocity. Moreover, with localized ischemia, segment work was reduced more (P less than 0.01) than shortening. With reperfusion, a transient overshoot in function above preischemic control levels was observed in both groups (global work increased by 60 +/- 12% and regional work by 28 +/- 4% above control). This overshoot was not dependent on adrenergic mechanisms, but was prevented by inhibiting reactive hyperemia. Thus myocardial ischemia induces a dissociation between extent and rate of myocardial shortening. A further dissociation between shortening and work is apparent with regional ischemia. After reperfusion there is a transient overshoot in function which appears to be dependent upon the associated reactive hyperemia.
Effect of prostaglandin I2 on ovine placental vasculature. (1979)

The response of the placental circulations to prostaglandin I2 (maternal dose 20 microgram/kg, fetal dose 180 microgram/kg) was observed in 10 near-term sheep with chronically implanted vascular catheters. The blood flows before and 90 s after the injection of prostaglandin I2 were measured using radioactive microspheres. The injection of prostaglandin I2 to the mother decreased th blood pressure from 109 +/- 4 to 69 +/- 5 mmHg (P < 0.001) and increased the vascular resistance of the maternal cotyledons from 0.166 +/- 0.018 to 0.209 +/- 0.02 mmHg/(ml/min) (P < 0.001). The vascular bed of the non-cotyledonary uterus vasodilated as the resistance fell from 0.705 +/- 0.02 to 0.266 +/- 0.02 mmHg/(ml/min). (P < 0.001). Prostaglandin I2 caused the fetal arteriovenous pressure to fall from 37.6 +/- 1.35 to 26.0 +/- 1.6 mmHg. There was no significant change in the vascular resistance of the fetal cotyledons. We observed vasodilation in the fetal membranes as vascular resistance fell from 1.06 +/- 0.14 to 0.75 +/- 0.10 mmHg/(ml/min) (P < 0.001). The infusion of prostaglandin I2 significantly depressed the response of the placenta and uterus to norepinephrine. We have not proved that prostaglandin I2 plays a direct role in maintaining placental vascular homeostasis but it may modulate the response of this organ to exogenous vasoactive agents.
Load distribution for heterogeneous and non-dedicated clusters based on dynamic monitoring and differentiated services (2003)

This paper discusses a load distribution strategy for distributed object computing systems. Our strategy relies on dynamic monitoring and application profiling to manage workloads and improve the system performance of non-dedicated clusters of heterogeneous computers. Application profiling and the combined use of load balancing mechanisms have proven useful to deal with services with a differentiated demand for resources. The use of this strategy allows for load balancing and performance improvement with low overhead.
The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants (2021)

The past several months have witnessed the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with novel spike protein mutations that are influencing the epidemiological and clinical aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic. These variants can increase rates of virus transmission and/or increase the risk of reinfection and reduce the protection afforded by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and vaccination. These variants can therefore enable SARS-CoV-2 to continue its spread in the face of rising population immunity while maintaining or increasing its replication fitness. The identification of four rapidly expanding virus lineages since December 2020, designated variants of concern, has ushered in a new stage of the pandemic. The four variants of concern, the Alpha variant (originally identified in the UK), the Beta variant (originally identified in South Africa), the Gamma variant (originally identified in Brazil) and the Delta variant (originally identified in India), share several mutations with one another as well as with an increasing number of other recently identified SARS-CoV-2 variants. Collectively, these SARS-CoV-2 variants complicate the COVID-19 research agenda and necessitate additional avenues of laboratory, epidemiological and clinical research.
Engineering Natural and Recombinant Silks for Sustainable Biodevices (2022)

Silk fibroin (SF) is a structural protein derived from natural silkworm silks. Materials fabricated based on SF usually inherit extraordinary physical and biological properties, including high mechanical strength, toughness, optical transparency, tailorable biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Therefore, SF has attracted interest in the development of sustainable biodevices, especially for emergent bio-electronic technologies. To expand the function of current silk devices, the SF characteristic sequence has been used to synthesize recombinant silk proteins that benefit from SF and other functional peptides, such as stimuli-responsive elastin peptides. In addition to genetic engineering methods, innovated chemistry modification approaches and improved material processing techniques have also been developed for fabricating advanced silk materials with tailored chemical features and nanostructures. Herein, this review summarizes various methods to synthesize functional silk-based materials from different perspectives. This review also highlights the recent advances in the applications of natural and recombinant silks in tissue regeneration, soft robotics, and biosensors, using <i>B. mori</i> SF and silk-elastin-like proteins (SELPs) as examples.
A promising combination of benzotriazole and quinoxaline units: A new acceptor moiety toward synthesis of multipurpose donor–acceptor type polymers (2012)

By combining benzotriazole and quinoxaline units in an acceptor unit, three novel monomers, 2-dodecyl-6,7-diphenyl-4,9-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-g]quinoxaline (M1), 2-dodecyl-4,6,7,9-tetra(thiophen-2-yl)-2H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-g]quinoxaline (M2) and 6,7-bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-dodecyl-4,9-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-g]quinoxaline (M3), were synthesized and polymerized electrochemically. All polymers revealed both p- and n-type doping properties under ambient conditions. As found by spectroelectrochemical studies they have small band gaps, ca. 1.00 eV. The polymers revealed two distinct absorption bands as all green coloured neutral state donor–acceptor–donor type polymers should have. Besides this, all have broad absorptions covering the region between 700 nm and 1000 nm which is rarely seen in electrochromic polymers. Due to these promising features, they are considered to be potential materials for optoelectronics.
Evaluation of the Screening Current in a 1.3 GHz NMR Magnet Using ReBCO (2010)

NMR magnets using high- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> superconductors (HTS) are currently by several organizations designed to generate high fields exceeding 25 T. In such designs, the HTS are used for the inner coils, and the outer coils consist of NbTi and Nb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Sn wires. A ReBCO wire with a Hastelloy substrate has excellent critical current performance over wide range of magnetic fields and tolerates high tensile stress up to 700 MPa. We have previously shown conceptual designs in which the main coils are assumed to use ReBCO wires. The designs suggest the potential to realize much more compact and lightweight magnets than conventional magnets with low- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> superconductors (LTS) and HTS. On the other hand, the problem of screening current induced by the perpendicular field remains to be solved. In this study, we evaluate numerically the amount of the magnetic field generated by the screening current in ReBCO coils. Compensation coils for improving field homogeneity were found to reduce the shielding current by several percentage points. The improved coil arrangement is reported considering the shielding current effect.
Fabrication and characterization of nanoscale, Er3+-doped, ultratransparent oxy-fluoride glass ceramics (2002)

We show that oxy-fluoride glass ceramics, with typical composition, 32(SiO2):9(AlO1.5):31.5(CdF2):18.5(PbF2):5.5(ZnF2): 3.5(ErF3) mol % have potential applications in telecommunications. Upon heat treatment, Er3+ nucleates the growth of the nanocrystalline β-PbF2, which acts as its host. Heat treatment at 440 °C for 5 h and at 390 °C for 3 h gave rise to ∼12 and ∼2.5 nm diameter crystals, respectively. The emission band of Er3+ in the 1.54 μm telecommunications window (4I13/2→4I15/2 transition, at the half-height width) was 75 nm in the former and 90 nm in the latter case, while I13/24↔I15/24 absorption and emission bands became wavelength divergent in both cases. Also in the latter case, the spectrum was flat from 1.53 to 1.56 μm. The evolution of spectral behavior is explained by changes in average site geometry of the Er3+ dopant, related to the α→β phase transition of PbF2, which is stimulated by heat treatment.