gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Environmental Influences on the Frequency and Viability of Meiotic and Apomeiotic Cells of a Diploid Mutant of Alfalfa (1997)

Apomixis involves the parthenogenetic development of apomeiotic eggs. It has the potential of cloning plants through seed, and thus furnishes a unique opportunity in alfalfa breeding for developing superior cultivars with permanently fixed heterosis. Megasporogenesis of a meiotic mutant of alfalfa Medicago sativa subsp, falcata (L.) Arcang. (2 n = 2 x = 16), named PG‐F9, that produced 2 n second division restitution (SDR) and apomeiotic eggs at high frequencies, was cytologically analyzed by both stain‐clearing and sectioning techniques. The restitutional 2 n egg formation was mainly due to the omission of the second meiotic division. The absence of cytokinesis was also documented after a normal second meiotic division. The concurrent examination of integument growth, cell appearance, and nucleoins size associated with either the absence of degenerating meiotic products or aposporic initials in the ovules allowed the production of apomeiotic 2 n megaspores to be ascribed to a diplosporic pathway. The mutant PG‐F9 was grown in the field and in a growth chamber and the frequencies of normal, restitutional, and diplosporic cells were recorded under both environments. Restitutional 2 n megaspore formation (dyads and triads with 2 n chalazal megaspores) and the suppression or modification of meiosis leading to apomeiotic 2 n megaspore production were influenced by environmental conditions. The frequency of normal tetrads was three times higher in the field (23.08%) than in the growth chamber (7.91%). The same trend was found for functional reduced chalazal megaspores. The frequency of restitutional cells was largely preserved in the two environments (51.92% in the field versus 50.31% in the growth chamber). The omission of normal meiosis resulting in diplosporic cells increased from 16.35% in the field to 26.27% in the growth chamber. The fertility of seed set and seeds per pod values of PG‐F9 in controlled matings carried out in the field and in the growth chamber using different diploid and tetraploid pollen sources furnished information on 2 n egg viability and partially supported the cytological results. The discrepancy observed indicated that some 2 n megaspores were unable to develop into a functional embryo sac.
Preparation of Samples (2003)

This chapter contains sections titled: Receipt and storage Preparation of sample suspension Preparation of decimal dilutions Preliminary examination of cans and flexible long-life packs pH measuremen Direct microscopic examination Water activity Good laboratory practice Laboratory accreditation
Understanding Edge Computing: Engineering Evolution With Artificial Intelligence (2019)

The key to the explosion of the Internet of Things and the ability to collect, analyze, and provide big data in the cloud is edge computing, which is a new computing paradigm in which data is processed from edges. Edge Computing has been attracting attention as one of the top 10 strategic technology trends in the past two years and has innovative potential. It provides shorter response times, lower bandwidth costs, and more robust data safety and privacy protection than cloud computing. In particular, artificial intelligence technologies are rapidly incorporating edge computing. In this paper, we introduce the concepts, backgrounds, and pros and cons of edge computing, explain how it operates and its structure hierarchically with artificial intelligence concepts, list examples of its applications in various fields, and finally suggest some improvements and discuss the challenges of its application in three representative technological fields. We intend to clarify various analyses and opinions regarding edge computing and artificial intelligence.
Broad-band absolute frequency synthesis of pulsed coherent lightwaves by use of a phase-modulation amplified optical ring (1997)

Broad-band absolute frequency synthesis of over 1.4 THz with a 10-GHz spacing is demonstrated for pulsed lightwaves. It is based on the recirculation of a rectangular pulse around an amplified fiber-optic ring containing a phase modulator, an acoustooptic (AO) frequency shifter, and a high-finesse Fabry-Perot etalon (FPE). The modulation frequency F/sub M/ and the AO frequency shift F/sub AO/ are designed so that F/sub M//spl plusmn/F/sub A/O is the same as the peak interval of the FPE. If one of the peak frequencies is tuned to the frequency of the initial pulse from a master laser, the frequency of the recirculating pulse jumps to the next peak for each round trip while the unwanted frequency components are eliminated by the FPE. We confirmed 70 circulations both for plus and minus frequency shift directions and a covering span was 1.4 THz (140/spl times/10 GHz).
A Structured Document Model for Authoring Video-Based Hypermedia (2005)

This paper describes a new method for authoring video-based hypermedia. It defines an XML-based (Extensible Markup Language) data modeling language called HyperVideo Authoring Language (HyVAL) for constructing structured documents in which the composition of internal video objects (segments, scenes, shots, frames and visual objects in frames) and external media objects (text, audio, images, html pages, etc.) is specified. The model allows an author to interactively specify various internal objects and relationship among internal and external objects. Through the language, a flexible presentation of video-based hypermedia is achieved and comprehensive viewer interactions with video objects are carried out. The experiment of structuring video-based hypermedia using HyVAL in our authoring and presentation environment is also described in this paper.
Secure voice over Internet Protocol (voIP) using virtual private networks (VPN) and Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) (2006)

The transmission of voice information over the Internet Protocol (VoIP) offers many security challenges. After identification of the security risks, it becomes clear that most of the vulnerabilities occur in the way that voice information is handled in the IP layer [1]. This study proposes a solution using dedicated VPN-based local area firewalls. These firewalls provide more security than a border router by making the voice information less susceptible to attacks from an insider to the network. Plus, they can easily and reliably handle and protect several types of clients in small office environments, control access restricting traffic coming into the inside network and encrypt IP voice packets using IPSec tunneling before the voice packets reach the access switch.
Discovery of Dependency Tree Patterns for Relation Extraction (2009)

Abstract. Relation extraction is to identify the relations between pairs of named entities. In this paper, we try to solve the problem of relation extraction by discovering dependency tree patterns (a pattern is an embedded sub dependency tree indicating a relation instance). Our approach is to find an optimal rule (pattern) set automatically based on the proposed dependency tree pattern mining algorithm. The experimental results show that the extracted patterns can achieve a high precision and a reasonable recall rate when used as rules to extract relation instances. Furthermore, an additional experiment shows that other machine learning based relation extraction methods can also benefit from the extracted patterns by using them as features. 1
Formation and Removal of Hydrocarbon Residual in Porous Media:  Effects of Attached Bacteria and Biosurfactants (1997)

Column studies were used to investigate the fate of a representative nonaqeous-phase liquid (NAPL), hexadecane, with specific regard to (1) the effect of attached bacteria on the formation of residual saturation and (2) the role of biodegradation and biosurfactants on the removal of residual NAPL. Residual saturation of hexadecane was determined using sterile sand (40/50 mesh) columns and was found to be 19.0 ± 4.8% of the pore volume. Columns loaded with bacterial biomass (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, 109 cells g-1) showed no difference in residual hexadecane formation as compared to sterile sand columns. In further column studies examining the effect of ATCC 15442 and biosurfactants on the removal of hexadecane residual, results showed that biodegradation alone removed approximately 50% of the [14C]hexadecane, in the form of 14CO2 and undefined cellular metabolites, during elution with at least 200 pore volumes of mineral salts medium. The columns were then eluted with 1 mM rhamnolipid biosurfactant, which increased total removal to 65%. Rhamnolipid addition resulted in (1) the mobilization of hexadecane free product and (2) a transitory 3−12-fold increase in the rate of hexadecane mineralization. In a separate study, the column was eluted from the beginning with a low (0.1 mM) concentration of rhamnolipid. This lower concentration of biosurfactant enhanced the removal of hexadecane by mobilization, but had no effect on the rate of biodegradation of residual hexadecane. Analysis of residual radioactivity within two columns revealed only 2% remaining as intact hexadecane. These results suggest that a combination of biodegradation and rhamnolipid treatment could be used to maximize the removal of residual NAPL from porous media.
Luminescence properties of m-terphenyl-based Eu3+ and Nd3+ complexes: visible and near-infrared emission (1997)

Two novel m-terphenyl-based organic ligands (2 and 3) have been synthesized. Photophysical studies show that the ligands form stable complexes with Eu3+, since typical Eu3+ luminescence is observed upon excitation of the ligand. The acyclic complex 2·Eu3+ shows relatively long lifetimes in methanol (e.g.τ = 0.72 ms in CH3OH). The acylic ligand 2 allows the additional coordination of two solvent molecules and their high-energy vibrational modes form the main quenching pathway for the Eu3+ luminescence. In comparison with 1·Eu3+, the more rigid dioxolane-containing complex 3·Eu3+ provides an additional donor atom, which reduces the solvent coordination of 3·Eu3+ (τ3·Eu3+ = 1.42 ms compared to τ1·Eu3+ = 0.75 ms in CH3OH). The high-energy vibrational modes of the organic ligand 3 are the most important quenchers. Typical near-infrared Nd3+ emission at 1060 and 1350 nm resulting from 3·Nd3+ has been observed. Quenching by the solvent is still operative for 3·Nd3+, because of the larger ionic radius of the Nd3+ ion.
Field test of two high-pressure, direct-contact downhole steam generators. Volume I. Air/diesel system (1983)

As a part of the Project DEEP STEAM to develop technology to more efficiently utilize steam for the recovery of heavy oil from deep reservoirs, a field test of a downhole steam generator (DSG) was performed. The DSG burned No. 2 diesel fuel in air and was a direct-contact, high pressure device which mixed the steam with the combustion products and injected the resulting mixture directly into the oil reservoir. The objectives of the test program included demonstration of long-term operation of a DSG, development of operational methods, assessment of the effects of the steam/combustion gases on the reservoir and comparison of this air/diesel DSG with an adjacent oxygen/diesel direct contact generator. Downhole operation of the air/diesel DSG was started in June 1981 and was terminated in late February 1982. During this period two units were placed downhole with the first operating for about 20 days. It was removed, the support systems were slightly modified, and the second one was operated for 106 days. During this latter interval the generator operated for 70% of the time with surface air compressor problems the primary source of the down time. Thermal contact, as evidenced by a temperature increase in the production well casing gases, and an oil production increase were measured in one of the four wells in the air/diesel pattern. Reservoir scrubbing of carbon monoxide was observed, but no conclusive data on scrubbing of SO/sub x/ and NO/sub x/ were obtained. Corrosion of the DSG combustor walls and some other parts of the downhole package were noted. Metallurgical studies have been completed and recommendations made for other materials that are expected to better withstand the downhole combustion environment. 39 figures, 8 tables.
PrP protein is associated with follicular dendritic cells of spleens and lymph nodes in uninfected and scrapie‐infected mice (1992)

Abnormal forms of a host protein, PrP, accumulate in the central nervous system in scrapie-affected animals. Here, PrP protein was detected immunocytochemically in tissue sections of spleen, lymph node, Peyer's patches, thymus, and pancreas from uninfected mice and from mice infected with a range of mouse-passaged scrapie strains and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). In the spleen, lymph node and Peyer's patches, PrP-positive cells were identified as follicular dendritic cells (FDC) by their location, appearance, and immune complex trapping function, whereas in the thymus they appeared to be two types of stromal cells: interdigitating cells (IDC) and cortical epithelial cells. In pancreas, PrP-containing cells were confined to the islets of Langerhans. Although the distribution of PrP immunolabelling was the same in tissues from scrapie-affected and uninfected mice, there was evidence that PrP accumulated in abnormal forms in FDC of infected mice. If, as is likely, PrP is essential for agent replication, our results suggest that FDC are the site of scrapie and BSE replication in the spleen and lymph node.
Recent Advances in Transition-Metal-Mediated Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction: From Homogeneous to Heterogeneous Systems (2017)

Global climate change and increasing demands for clean energy have brought intensive interest in the search for proper electrocatalysts in order to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) to higher value carbon products such as hydrocarbons. Recently, transition-metal-centered molecules or organic frameworks have been reported to show outstanding electrocatalytic activity in the liquid phase. Their d-orbital electrons are believed to be one of the key factors to capture and convert CO2 molecules to value-added low-carbon fuels. In this review, recent advances in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction have been summarized based on the targeted products, ranging from homogeneous reactions to heterogeneous ones. Their advantages and fallbacks have been pointed out and the existing challenges, especially with respect to the practical and industrial application are addressed.
From Luther to Hitler (2003)

This chapter traces the anti-Semitic practices of Martin Luther all the way to Hitler. It states that Luther has justified the anti-Jewish stance by arguing that all Jews are enemies of the church, as their disobedience in killing Jesus Christ has broken their covenant with God and it was replaced by the Christian Church and the new covenant. It argues that the Nazis themselves did not draw their anti-Semitic stance from Luther, but perhaps from Austria, which is a publicly anti-Jewish country. Since the Nazi's rise to power, there has been a considerable increase in their acts of repression. They used anti-Semitism as a pretense to establish order and security. But as the Second World War rages, they lifted any form of pretense and started a reign of terror among the Jews. The Germans did not mind it, and they even accepted this reality and became Nazi's willing executioners.
Conclusion (2020)

Abstract As soldiers returned from the battlefield with horrific injuries, the cultural formation of citizen-soldiers came to orient itself around the disability of veterans whose “impaired state” (in Henry James’s evocative phrase) called forth new relations of physical substitution around an ethics of care, but also became the site for the cultural reconstruction of the state. Claiming the injured veteran as a figure of whiteness, racialized biopower reoriented itself around the abandonment of metaphoric equality and came to embrace metonymic suture as the fraught conjunction of reconstructed bodies and the reconstructed nation. Drawing on categories of exemption inaugurated by the draft, the injured veteran was able to offer a unifying figure for all whites to claim a privileged relation to the nation.
THE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BACTEROIDES SPP. FROM THE NORMAL HUMAN FAECAL FLORA (1980)

Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli of the Bacteroides group were isolated on an enriched selective medium from specimens of faeces from 20 normal healthy adults and identified by conventional bacteriological methods. A heavy growth of Bacteroides spp. was obtained from all specimens and 10 representative colonies from each subject were identified. Most isolates (84%) belonged to the B. fragilis group. The commonest species identified in this group were B vulgatus and B. thetaiotaomicron (22% each), B. distasonis (18%) and the B. eggerthii/variabilis complex (14%), and only 9% were B. fragilis. B. vulgatus was isolated from 80% of subjects, B. thetaiotaomicron and B. distasonis from 70% each and the B. eggerthii/variabilis complex from 65%, but B. fragilis was detected in only 45% of specimens. Asaccharolytic species were isolated in smaller numbers from 14 (70%) subjects, but only five strains of the B. melaninogenicus/oralis group were isolated and fusobacteria were not detected.
Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in elderly patients (2003)

Performance status was identified as the major prognostic determinant for elderly patients with aggressive NHL. In addition, it was found that an anthracycline-containing treatment regimen may be especially beneficial for patients in the high-intermediate-risk category as determined by IPI score.
Justifying War: Security and Humanitarianism in the Case for Iraq (2010)

Before the 2003 Iraq war, the political leadership of the United States and United Kingdom had to sell the case for war to their people and the world. This was attempted through a number of key speeches that employed rhetorical justifications for the war. Two prominent justifications used during this period involved the employment of security and humanitarian narratives. The security narrative focused on claims regarding Iraq’s undermining of international law, their possession of weapons of mass destruction and their threat to the world. The humanitarian narrative revolved around claims about human suffering in Iraq and the need to liberate its people. While it is widely assumed that security is the dominant casus belli in the post 9/11 world, there is much evidence to suggest that the humanitarian justifications that played a critical role in the military interventions of the 1990s were still important after 9/11. Based on an extensive content analysis of speeches by the US and UK political leadership during the year leading up to war, this research project will quantify the relative importance of each narrative and identify the main frames that were employed in their construction. It will then analyse what these results mean in the context of ongoing debates within the ‘responsibility to protect (R2P)’ movement over the extent of pre-war humanitarian justifications for the 2003 Iraq invasion.
VARIABILITY IN SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR BRACHIORADIALIS TENDON TRANSFER (2006)

Background: Transfer of the tendon of the brachioradialis muscle to the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus restores lateral pinch function after cervical spinal cord injury. However, the outcomes of the procedure are unpredictable, and the reasons for this are not understood. The purpose of this study was to document the degree of variability observed in the performance of this tendon transfer. Methods: The surgical technique used for the brachioradialis tendon transfer was assessed in two ways. First, the surgical attachment length of the brachioradialis was quantified, after transfer to the flexor pollicis longus, with use of intraoperative laser diffraction to measure muscle sarcomere length in eleven individuals (twelve limbs) with tetraplegia. Second, ten surgeons who regularly performed this procedure were surveyed regarding their tensioning preferences. Using a biomechanical model of the upper extremity, we investigated theoretically the effect of different surgical approaches on the active muscle-force-generating capacity of the transferred brachioradialis in functionally relevant elbow, wrist, and hand postures. Results: The average sarcomere length (and standard deviation) of the transferred brachioradialis was 3.5 ± 0.3 μm. That length was significantly correlated to the in situ sarcomere length (r2 = 0.53, p < 0.05). Surgical tensioning preferences varied considerably; however, six of the ten surgeons positioned the patient's elbow between full extension (0° of elbow flexion) and 50° of flexion when selecting the attachment length, and six of the ten stated that their goal was to tension the transfer slightly tighter than its resting tension. The computer simulations suggested that a “tighter” brachioradialis transfer would produce its peak active force in an elbow position that is more flexed than the elbow position in which a “looser” transfer would produce its peak active force. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that experienced surgeons perform this tendon transfer differently from one another. Biomechanical simulations suggested that these differences could result in substantial variability in the active force that the transferred brachioradialis can produce in functionally relevant postures. Clinical Relevance: The surgical attachment length and the position of the patient's limb at the time of tendon transfer are both controllable and measurable parameters. Understanding the relationship between surgical technique and postoperative muscle function may provide surgeons with more control of clinical outcomes.
Three-Dimensional Optical Confinement in II-VI Pillar Microcavities (2002)

We have fabricated CdMgTe/CdMnTe based pillar microcavities with diameters down to 2 μm by optical lithography and reactive ion etching. Three-dimensional optical confinement is demonstrated by the occurrence of higher lateral modes. In the high excitation regime, the emission linewidth in pillar microcavities is found to be significantly reduced as compared to planar microcavities.
Synthesis of 4‐[<sup>18</sup>F]fluoroiodobenzene and its application in sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions (2003)

Abstract The first application of a Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction in 18 F chemistry has been developed. The reaction was exemplified by the cross‐coupling of terminal alkynes (ethynylcyclopentyl carbinol 6 , 17α‐ethynyl‐3,17β‐estradiol 7 and 17α‐ethynyl‐3‐methoxy‐3,17β‐estradiol 8 ) with 4‐[ 18 F]fluoroiodobenzene. 4,4′‐Diiododiaryliodonium salts were used as precursors for the synthesis of 4‐[ 18 F]fluoroiodobenzene, enabling the convenient access to 4‐[ 18 F]fluoroiodobenzene in 13–70% yield using conventional heating or microwave activation. The Sonogashira cross‐coupling of 4‐[ 18 F]fluoroiodobenzene with terminal alkynes gave the corresponding 4‐[ 18 F]fluorophenylethynyl‐substituted compounds [ 18 F]‐9 , [ 18 F]‐10 and [ 18 F]‐13 in yields up to 88% within 20 min of starting from 4‐[ 18 F]fluoroiodobenzene. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.