gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Temperature Dependence of Strengthening by Whisker Reinforcement: SiC Whisker-Reinforced Alumina in Air (1988)

The high fracture toughness of alumina reinforced with 20 vol% SiC whiskers is maintained at temperatures up to {approx} 1,100{degree}C in air. The fracture strength values ({sigma}{sub f}) decrease slowly with increasing temperature to 1,100{degree}C; however, when subjected to an applied stress (= 2/3 {sigma}{sub f}) for periods of up to 1,000 h in air at 800{degree}, 1,000{degree}, or 1,100{degree}C, the subsequent fracture strength values (retained strengths) at these temperatures increase with increasing exposure times. On the other hand, above 1,100{degree}C, the fracture strength values decrease while the apparent toughness value increases. At 1,200{degree}C, samples first subjected to applied stresses of {le} 310 MPa for up to {approx} 240 h exhibit a loss in retained strengths with increasing exposure time. The temperature dependence of the mechanical behavior is shown to be related to oxidation reactions in these composites with creep phenomena contributing to the loss in strength and increased toughness above 1,100{degree}C.
Multi-Cycle High Temperature Rapid Thermal Annealing for Dislocation Elimination in 4H-SiC Epitaxy (2014)

High temperature annealing of carbon capped SiC epilayers was performed using multi-cycle rapid thermal annealing technique to eliminate basal plane dislocations (BPD) and preserve the surface morphology. Annealing was performed in temperature range of 1750 o C – 1875 o C at N 2 overpressure of 0.55MPa and 0.7MPa. BPDs in the epilayers were found to be eliminated for annealing at 1875 o C for 5 mins with 20 multiple heating cycles under 0.55MPa N 2 overpressure. Under high temperature annealing, the BPDs convert to threading edge dislocations, which glides in the epilayers as the BPD retracts towards the substrate.
Modulation of Luminescence Intensity of Lanthanide Complexes by Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Its Application to a Long-Lived Protease Probe (2006)

Luminescent lanthanide complexes (Tb(3+), Eu(3+), etc.) have excellent properties for biological applications, including extraordinarily long lifetimes and large Stokes shifts. However, there have been few reports of lanthanide-based functional probes, because of the difficulty in designing suitable complexes with a luminescent on/off switch. Here, we have synthesized a series of complexes which consist of three moieties: a lanthanide chelate, an antenna, and a luminescence off/on switch. The antenna is an aromatic ring which absorbs light and transmits its energy to the metal, and the switch is a benzene derivative with a different HOMO level. If the HOMO level is higher than a certain threshold, the complex emits no luminescence at all, which indicates that the lanthanide luminescence can be modulated by photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) from the switch to the sensitizer. This approach to control lanthanide luminescence makes possible the rational design of functional lanthanide complexes, in which the luminescence property is altered by a biological reaction. To exemplify the utility of our approach to the design of lanthanide complexes with a switch, we have developed a novel protease probe, which undergoes a significant change in luminescence intensity upon enzymatic cleavage of the substrate peptide. This probe, combined with time-resolved measurements, was confirmed in model experiments to be useful for the screening of inhibitors, as well as for clinical diagnosis.
Discharge Characteristics of Poly(Carbon Monofluoride) Prepared from the Residual Carbon Obtained by Thermal Decomposition of Poly(Dicarbon Monofluoride) and Graphite Oxide (1986)

The discharge performances have been investigated of poly(carbon monofluorides), , prepared from the residual carbons obtained by the thermal decomposition of poly(dicarbon monofluoride), and graphite oxide. The residual carbons were composed of such crystallites having a smaller size along c‐axis than the dimension of ab‐axis. They were easily fluorinated, giving at a relatively low temperature in a short time. prepared with the present method had higher discharge potentials than the graphite fluorides prepared by direct fluorination in a nonaqueous lithium cell. The maximum increase of energy density achieved at the current density of 0.5 mAcm−2 was about 30%. The utility of fluorine was almost 100%, and the flatness of discharge potential was also quite good.
A highly integrated 65-nm SoC process with enhanced power/performance of digital and analog circuits (2012)

65nm Deeply Depleted Channel (DDC <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TM</sup> ) transistors have been fabricated with a halo-free, un-doped epitaxial channel and enable reduced threshold voltage (V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</inf> ) variation, lower supply voltage (V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CC</inf> ), enhanced body effect and I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">EFF</inf> . Digital circuits made using this technology show benefits ranging from 47% power reduction to 38% frequency increase. Analog circuits exhibit 4x greater amplifier gain despite lower V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</inf> , and current mirror mismatch (both global and local) shows 40% and 30% reduction for NMOS and PMOS, respectively.
Anti-Evisceration Rings: Proof of Concept (2012)

Domed suction entrapment covers (grates) are generally mounted on cylindrical sumps or frames (mud rings) that are permanently installed in the bottoms or sidewalls of swimming or wading pools. These covers constitute a first-line-of-defense against the danger of evisceration by preventing children from sealing the sumps and drains with their buttock. When the covers are missing, loose, or broken, sealing a sump with their backsides exposes their bowels to dangerous levels of suction that cause disembowelment in a fraction of a second. There is an emerging paradigm shift in the aquatic’s industry that calls for equivalent protection for covered and uncovered sumps and frames. Using a simple concept patented by Barnett (2001) [1], the planar circle formed by the inside edge of a sump is replaced by a non-planar edge, e.g., scalloped or castellated. Edge geometry is chosen that will not conform to human body parts to preclude sealing. Testing inexpensive prototypes demonstrated that the proposed anti-evisceration rings reduce the body removal force from 324 lb. to 10 to 17 lb. Further, they lower the maximum pump vacuum from −14.3 psi to −1 to −2 psi.
Surface Chemistry Features in the Hot Water Processing of Utah Tar Sand (1981)

Abstract The hot water processing of Utah tar sand involves two important steps in the process sequence, phase disengagement (digestion) and phase separation (flotation). Inasmuch as phase separation is accomplished by flotation, the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance at the surface of the bitumen droplets was studied in conjunction with the system's solution chemistry and the results correlated with the flotation response. Contact angle measurements of solvent extracted bitumen revealed a moderate hydrophobic character; however, air bubble attachment at the surface of bitumen obtained from a hot water concentrate was difficult and required long induction times. These results suggest that the phase separation by flotation is dependent on air bubble entrapment by bitumen droplets rather than attachment due to surface hydrophobicity. In addition, identification of surface functional groups and components solubilized during hot water digestion was attempted using IR and NMR spectra. Strong absorption peaks at 1708 cm−1, 2920 cm−1, and 2855 cm−1 for the solubilized components together with NMR spectra indicate the presence of dissolved paraffinic carboxylates, the amount of which increased as the digestion pH was increased. Potentiometric titration of the water soluble constituents indicated an acid dissociation constant of pKa = 5 which would be expected for such carboxylate species. This phenomenon appears to account, in part, for the polar bitumen surface and the hydrophilic character of the digested bitumen. These and other results indicate that phase disengagement during digestion and bitumen hydrophobicity may be mutually exclusive effects and reinforce the notion that flotation separation is achieved by entrapment of air bubbles in the viscous bitumen droplets. Finally, the surface chemistry associated with phase disengagementhas been considered to alimited extent. It appears from preliminary experiments that phase disengagement by digestion involves the actual chemical attack of the silica surface layers by the hot alkaline solution which allows the release of the quartz particles from the bitumen phase.
Enhancing the Tissue‐Biomaterial Interface: Tissue‐Initiated Integration of Biomaterials (2004)

Abstract Integration of biomaterials within the body is a longstanding problem in medicine. The lack of proper biomaterial integration within the body sacrifices artificial implant longevity and function. Materials such as hydrogels may be able to integrate with soft tissue; however, a challenge remains to improve tissue–biomaterial interaction for hard tissues such as cartilage and bone. Cartilage poses a particularly difficult challenge for biomaterial integration since it has a dense extracellular matrix that impedes cellular migration, additionally, it has a smooth, lubricating surface. Collagen fibers, are abundant in the cartilage matrix and throughout the body, provide structural integrity and were chosen as the target for polymerization initiation, anchoring, and integration of hydrogel biomaterials. Principles of protein biochemistry and polymer science were applied to formulate a novel strategy to initiate and directly polymerize biomaterials to collagen. Initially, proteoglycans were removed from the cartilage surface by enzymatic digestion, followed by treatment with a mild oxidative reagent to create tyrosyl radicals on collagen. Afterwards, polymers containing acrylate groups were added and tyrosyl radicals, confirmed by electron spin resonance (ESR) were used to initiate polymerization with light. Chemical (Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy) and morphological (scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) analyses revealed the presence of polymer bound to the cartilage surface after tissue‐initiated photopolymerization. Mechanical analysis by the application of torsional stress demonstrated enhanced functional tissue integration of the tissue‐initiated polymerized material. Cells in the surrounding cartilage tissue and encapsulated in the hydrogel, remained viable during the bonding and polymerization processes.
Competitive algorithm blending for enhanced source separation of convolutive speech mixtures (2014)

This work investigates an adaptive filter network in which multiple blind source separation methods are run in parallel, and the individual outputs are combined to produce estimates of acoustic sources. Each individual algorithm makes assumptions about the environment (dimensions of enclosure, reflections, reverberation, etc.) and the sources (speech, interfering noise, position, etc.), which constitutes an individual hypothesis about the observed microphone outputs. The goal of this competitive algorithm blending (CAB) approach is to achieve the performance of the “true” method, i.e., the method that has full knowledge of the environment's and the sources’ characteristics a priori, without any prior information. Results are given for time-invariant, critically- and over- determined, convolutive mixtures of speech and interfering noise sources, and the performance of the CAB method is compared with the “true” method in both the transient adaptation phase and in steady state.
Concomitant gradient field effects in spiral scans (1999)

Maxwell's equations imply that imaging gradients are accompanied by higher order spatially varying fields (concomitant fields) that can cause artifacts in MR imaging. The lowest order concomitant fields depend quadratically on the imaging gradient amplitude and inversely on the static field strength. Time-varying concomitant fields that accompany the readout gradients of spiral scans cause unwanted phase accumulation during the readout, resulting in spatially dependent blurring. Concomitant field phase errors are independent of echo time and, therefore, cannot be detected using Dixon-type field map measurements that are normally used to deblur spiral scan images. Data acquisition methods that reduce concomitant field blurring increase off-resonant spin blurring, and vice versa. Blurring caused by concomitant fields can be removed by variations of image reconstruction methods developed to correct for spatially dependent resonance offsets with nonrectangular k-space trajectories. Magn Reson Med 41:103-112, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Directed Deposition of Nanoparticles Using Diblock Copolymer Templates (2003)

Nanoporous film generation from diblock copolymers has been used to direct the assembly of ligand‐stabilized CdSe nanoparticles (see Figure). The number of particles forced into each pore is dependent on the concentration of the nanoparticles in solution. Further, the photoluminescence of the particles is maintained in the assembly process.
Production of a Raw Starch Saccharifying Enzyme by<i>Corticium rolfsii</i> (1986)

Corticium rolfsii AHU 9627, which we isolated from a tomato stem, is one of the most promising producers of a raw starch saccharifying enzyme. The effects of the cultural conditions and medium components on the enzyme production were investigated. The enzyme production was improved by increasing both the concentrations of carbon sources and organic nutrients in the medium. Under the optimum cultural conditions, the enzyme activity of the culture supernatant against raw starch reached a maximum after 8-days incubation at 27°C and the activity reached 80 units per ml (when determined at 40°C and pH 4.0). The optimal pH and temperature for the enzyme reaction were 4.0 and 65°C, respectively. The saccharifying reaction was scarcely inhibited even with a high substrate concentration, and raw starch was rapidly hydrolyzed into glucose.
A plasmid-encoded regulatory gene, rns, required for expression of the CS1 and CS2 adhesins of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. (1989)

To be virulent, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) must produce a toxin and a pilus-like structure that mediates specific attachment to host tissue. Expression of two of these specific adherence structures, CS1 and CS2, requires the presence of a plasmid in an ETEC strain of a particular serotype and biotype. We show here that this plasmid does not contain the structural gene for a pilin protein, as previously believed. Instead we have identified a plasmid-encoded gene called rns that is required for expression of CS1 or CS2 colonization factor antigens and for adhesion. The rns gene, defined by two separately isolated insertion mutations, produces a 26-kDa protein when transcribed and translated in vitro. At the protein level the rns gene product is homologous to AraC, a positive regulator of the arabinose operon of enteric bacteria, and to RhaR and RhaS, which regulate the rhamnose operon of E. coli. The homology of the Rns protein to AraC is localized to regions that are believed to bind to DNA. Moreover, the sequence of one of these homologous regions is consistent with a DNA binding helix-turn-helix motif. The average G + C content of E. coli DNA is 50%; yet the rns gene contains only 28% G + C, suggesting that it was acquired from some other organism.
Feasibility Studies of a New Event Selection Method to Improve Spatial Resolution of Compton Imaging for Medical Applications (2017)

A Compton imaging method for medical applications that includes new energy determination and data filtering techniques has been tested using several point sources with known emission lines. Using a prototype Compton camera, a distance-of-closest approach technique has been employed to determine the initial energy of the incoming <i>γ</i>s and to ensure the reconstructed source position is within an acceptable distance from the known <i>γ</i> source location. Further analysis is done by implementing a Compton line filtering technique, keeping only those interactions whose deposited energy in the first interaction matches the theoretical energy deposition predicted by the Compton equation. Using this new event filtering method, we see improvements in the full width at half maximum in the lateral profiles of <i>γ</i> point sources of up to 70% over standard Compton imaging methods, as well as achievable spatial resolutions in the reconstructed images of better than 2 mm. In addition, this new Compton imaging method was able to reconstruct an extended source of <i>γ</i> rays emitted during irradiation of a water tank with a clinical proton radiotherapy beam.
Small Molecule Inhibitors of the PCSK9·LDLR Interaction (2018)

The protein-protein interaction between proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is a relatively new, and extremely important, validated therapeutic target for treatment and prevention of heart disease. Experts in the area agree that the first small molecules to disrupt PCSK9·LDLR would represent a milestone in this field, yet few credible leads have been reported. This paper describes how side-chain orientations in preferred conformations of carefully designed chemotypes were compared with LDLR side chains at the PCSK9·LDLR interface to find molecules that would mimic interface regions of LDLR. This approach is an example of the procedure called EKO (Exploring Key Orientations). The guiding hypothesis on which EKO is based is that good matches indicate the chemotypes bearing the same side chains as the protein at the sites of overlay have the potential to disrupt the parent protein-protein interaction. In the event, the EKO procedure and one round of combinatorial fragment-based virtual docking led to the discovery of seven compounds that bound PCSK9 (SPR and ELISA) and had a favorable outcome in a cellular assay (hepatocyte uptake of fluorescently labeled low-density lipoprotein particles) and increased the expression LDLR on hepatocytes in culture. Three promising hit compounds in this series had dissociation constants for PCSK9 binding in the 20-40 μM range, and one of these was modified with a photoaffinity label and shown to form a covalent conjugate with PCSK9 on photolysis.
VESGEN Software for Mapping and Quantification of Vascular Regulators (2012)

VESsel GENeration (VESGEN) Analysis is an automated software that maps and quantifies effects of vascular regulators on vascular morphology by analyzing important vessel parameters. Quantification parameters include vessel diameter, length, branch points, density, and fractal dimension. For vascular trees, measurements are reported as dependent functions of vessel branching generation. VESGEN maps and quantifies vascular morphological events according to fractal-based vascular branching generation. It also relies on careful imaging of branching and networked vascular form. It was developed as a plug-in for ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, USA). VESGEN uses image-processing concepts of 8-neighbor pixel connectivity, skeleton, and distance map to analyze 2D, black-and-white (binary) images of vascular trees, networks, and tree-network composites. VESGEN maps typically 5 to 12 (or more) generations of vascular branching, starting from a single parent vessel. These generations are tracked and measured for critical vascular parameters that include vessel diameter, length, density and number, and tortuosity per branching generation. The effects of vascular therapeutics and regulators on vascular morphology and branching tested in human clinical or laboratory animal experimental studies are quantified by comparing vascular parameters with control groups. VESGEN provides a user interface to both guide and allow control over the users vascular analysis process. An option is provided to select a morphological tissue type of vascular trees, network or tree-network composites, which determines the general collections of algorithms, intermediate images, and output images and measurements that will be produced.
Beyond MRAM, CMOS/MTJ Integration for Logic Components (2009)

Spintronics is a new discipline in which the spin of the electron is used as an additional degree of freedom besides its electrical charge to build innovative electronic components. Magnetic materials can be used as spin polarizer/analyzer in association with semiconductors or insulators, resulting in hybrid CMOS/magnetic architectures. Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJ) are the basic elements of a new kind of memory, called MRAM (Magnetic Random Access Memory). Besides MRAM, it has recently been shown that by combining MTJ and CMOS components, one can also develop new functionalities for logic devices. This paper aims at giving a general overview of these novel hybrid magnetic/CMOS architectures and the design tools required for their design.
Anti-human immunodeficiency virus-1 activity of MoMo30 protein isolated from the traditional African medicinal plant Momordica balsamina (2023)

CBAs like MoMo30 can bind to glycans on the surface of the enveloped glycoprotein of HIV (gp120) and block entry. Exposure to CBAs has two effects on the virus. First, it blocks infection of susceptible cells. Secondly, MoMo30 drives the selection of viruses with altered glycosylation patterns, potentially altering their immunogenicity. Such an agent could represent a change in the treatment strategy for HIV/AIDS that allows a rapid reduction in viral loads while selecting for an underglycosylated virus, potentially facilitating the host immune response.
Graphene Nanocomposites Prepared From Blends of Polymer Latex with Chemically Reduced Graphite Oxide Dispersions (2010)

Abstract Graphene nanocomposites are prepared by chemical reduction of graphite oxide (GO) dispersion with vitamin C in the presence of SAN latex followed by melt compounding. In this process, GO is well dispersed in an aqueous SAN emulsion before reduction. During reduction the SAN latex is adsorbed on the graphene sheets of the chemically reduced GO (CRGO). After melt compounding of such hybrid particles with SAN, the nanocomposites show uniform dispersion of CRGO in SAN resulting in improved stiffness with respect to SAN/graphite. The reduction of GO in the presence of polymer latex represents a versatile route to graphene masterbatches and does not require either drying of GO or thermal GO expansion at high temperatures. magnified image
Preparation of Nanosized Rutile TiO <sub>2</sub> from an Aqueous Peroxotitanate Solution (2006)

A new facile method for direct preparation of well‐crystallized rutile TiO 2 nanoparticles without any ionic impurities was reported. The nanosized TiO 2 was prepared by aging a peroxotitanate solution at 100°C for 0–12 h, formed by reaction of H 2 O 2 and titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP). The method involves hydrolysis of TTIP and simultaneous digestion of hydrolyzed precipitates, and hydrothermal treatment into crystalline phases. It was found that the TTIP/H 2 O 2 molar ratio in the preparation of peroxotitanate as a precursor for TiO 2 was crucial in the formation of a rutile phase. Transmission electron microscope observation for sols showed rod‐like shapes with average particle sizes of around 100 nm in the elongated direction.