gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 1‐alkyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐2‐(4‐pyridinyl)‐1<i>H</i>‐isoindoles as potential selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (1997)

Abstract Two 2,3‐dihydro‐2‐(4‐pyridinyl)‐1 H ‐isoindoles 2a,b have been synthesized by the reaction of isoindoline with 4‐chloropyridines. In addition, a number of 1‐alkyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐2‐(4‐pyridinyl)‐1 H ‐isoindoles 2c‐h were obtained from 2‐(4‐pyridinyl)phthalimide (5). The addition of alkyl Grignard reagents to 5 gave 1‐alkylhydroxyisoindolones 6a‐f which, in two cases 6a,b , were dehydrated and subjected to three separate reductions to give targets 2c,d . In three cases, the intermediate hydroxyisoindolones 6c‐e were reduced in one step to the target compounds 2c‐g with lithium aluminum hydride‐aluminum chloride. When 6f , the product of the addition of phenyl Grignard to 5 , was subjected to these conditions, a hydroxyisoindoline 7 was obtained which was further reduced to 2h with triethylsilane‐trifluoroacetic acid. The lithium aluminum hydride‐aluminum chloride conditions were successfully applied to the synthesis of a 1‐benzyl‐4‐piperidine derivative 21.
Progression of Sealed Initial Bovine Enamel Lesions under Demineralizing Conditions in vitro (2006)

The use of sealants for the infiltration of proximal enamel lesions could be a promising alternative to the common strategies of remineralization and operative treatment. The aim of the present study was to compare the progression of sealed initial enamel lesions after exposure to a demineralizing solution in vitro. In each of 54 bovine enamel specimens three subsurface lesions were created. Two of the lesions were etched with phosphoric acid and sealed with either a fissure sealant or with various adhesives (1-5) for 15 s or 30 s, respectively, whereas one lesion remained as the untreated control. Subsequently, half of each specimen was covered with nail varnish (baseline) and the other half was reexposed to a demineralizing solution for 14 days (experimental). The specimens were cut perpendicularly to the surface, infiltrated with a low-viscosity fluorescent resin and observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). For lesions sealed with the fissure sealant and adhesives 1-3, the progression of lesion depth (0-31 microm) was significantly decreased (p<0.01; paired t test) compared with the untreated control (57 microm). For the fissure sealant and adhesives 1 and 3 extended penetration times (30 s) resulted in significantly reduced lesion progression compared to 15 s. It can be concluded that filling of the pores in initial enamel lesions with the fissure sealant and adhesives 1-3 can inhibit further demineralization in vitro.
Functional vector generation for sequential HDL models under an observability-based code coverage metric (2002)

Design validation and verification is the process of ensuring correctness of a design described at different levels of abstraction during the design process. Design validation is the main bottleneck in improving design turnaround time. Currently, simulation is the primary methodology for validation of the first description of a design. In this paper we integrate directed search methods and observability-based code coverage metric (OCCOM) computation into an algorithm for generating test vectors under OCCOM for sequential HDL models. A prototype system for design validation under OCCOM has been built. The system uses repeated coverage computation to minimize the number of vectors generated. Experimental results using the test vector generation system are presented.
Inhalation cyclosporine: a new use in lung transplantation? (2003)

Purpose of review Outcomes after lung transplantation are poor, largely because of chronic rejection. Increasing immunosuppression to control rejection frequently results in toxicity and opportunistic infection. Aerosol cyclosporine was developed with the rationale that high concentrations of cyclosporine delivered to the lung by aerosol inhalation would result in improved rejection control with limited systemic cyclosporine exposure. Here we describe the developmental history of inhaled cyclosporine and review our ongoing trials to evaluate its use as a promising new therapy for lung transplant recipients. Recent findings After demonstrating safety and efficacy in animal transplant models, clinical trials using rescue open-label, inhaled cyclosporine in human lung transplant recipients with bronchiolitis obliterans and refractory acute rejection demonstrated improvement in pulmonary function and survival. A therapeutic response was dependent on the absolute quantity of cyclosporine measured within the allograft. In 1998, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial was initiated using inhaled cyclosporine in addition to oral immunosuppression. An interim analysis showed that lung function was superior in patients randomized to inhaled cyclosporine who deposited at least 5 mg in the allograft compared with placebo aerosol. Summary Inhaled cyclosporine was safe and improved outcomes in lung transplant recipients with refractory acute and chronic rejection. An interim analysis of a placebo-controlled, randomized trial showed that inhaled cyclosporine improves lung function compared with placebo aerosol. Inhaled cyclosporine should become a standard treatment after lung transplantation if a final analysis of this recently completed trial demonstrates a reduction in the incidence of chronic rejection.
Combined Blood/Tissue Analysis for Cancer Biomarker Discovery: Application to Renal Cell Carcinoma (2010)

A method that relies on subtractive tissue-directed shot-gun proteomics to identify tumor proteins in the blood of a patient newly diagnosed with cancer is described. To avoid analytical and statistical biases caused by physiologic variability of protein expression in the human population, this method was applied on clinical specimens obtained from a single patient diagnosed with nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The proteomes extracted from tumor, normal adjacent tissue and preoperative plasma were analyzed using 2D-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The lists of identified proteins were filtered to discover proteins that (i) were found in the tumor but not normal tissue, (ii) were identified in matching plasma, and (iii) whose spectral count was higher in tumor tissue than plasma. These filtering criteria resulted in identification of eight tumor proteins in the blood. Subsequent Western-blot analysis confirmed the presence of cadherin-5, cadherin-11, DEAD-box protein-23, and pyruvate kinase in the blood of the patient in the study as well as in the blood of four other patients diagnosed with RCC. These results demonstrate the utility of a combined blood/tissue analysis strategy that permits the detection of tumor proteins in the blood of a patient diagnosed with RCC.
Is split manufacturing secure (2013)

Split manufacturing of integrated circuits (IC) is being investigated as a way to simultaneously alleviate the cost of owning a trusted foundry and eliminate the security risks associated with outsourcing IC fabrication. In split manufacturing, a design house (with a low-end, in-house, trusted foundry) fabricates the Front End Of Line (FEOL) layers (transistors and lower metal layers) in advanced technology nodes at an untrusted high-end foundry. The Back End Of Line (BEOL) layers (higher metal layers) are then fabricated at the design house's trusted low-end foundry. Split manufacturing is considered secure (prevents reverse engineering and IC piracy) as it hides the BEOL connections from an attacker in the FEOL foundry. We show that an attacker in the FEOL foundry can exploit the heuristics used in typical floorplanning, placement, and routing tools to bypass the security afforded by straightforward split manufacturing. We developed an attack where an attacker in the FEOL foundry can connect 96% of the missing BEOL connections correctly. To overcome this security vulnerability in split manufacturing, we developed a fault analysis-based defense. This defense improves the security of split manufacturing by deceiving the FEOL attacker into making wrong connections.
Extraction of via and trace model from PCB channel S-parameter data by stochastic optimization (2009)

A new method to extract via and trace model from given S-parameter data of PCB channels with symmetrical ends is presented. By applying stochastic optimization to two channels of different channel lengths, the two-port s-matrix of via and trace can be accurately determined by searching the multi-dimensional parameter space.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐ and Copper‐Catalyzed Arylation of Carbon—Hydrogen Bonds (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Geneve encapsulation for In-situ OAM Data (2019)

In-situ Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) records
operational and telemetry information in the packet while the packet
traverses a path between two points in the network. This document
outlines how IOAM data fields are encapsulated in the Network Service
Header (NSH).
Fast High Resolution Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Displays (2014)

Fast response time, high contrast ratio various FLC electrooptical modes, are achieved through the application of photoaligning layers in FLC cells. Fast FLCD with a high resolution can be used in the screens field sequential color (FSC) FLC microdisplays, which are now one of the most advanced technologies for pico-projectors. The switchable goggles and lenses based on new FLC prototypes can be efficiently applied in the new generation of switchable 2D/3D LCD TVs.
Experimental demonstration of interferometric imaging using photonic integrated circuits (2017)

This paper reports design, fabrication, and demonstration of a silica photonic integrated circuit (PIC) capable of conducting interferometric imaging with multiple baselines around λ = 1550 nm. The PIC consists of four sets of five waveguides (total of twenty waveguides), each leading to a three-band spectrometer (total of sixty waveguides), after which a tunable Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) constructs interferograms from each pair of the waveguides. A total of thirty sets of interferograms (ten pairs of three spectral bands) is collected by the detector array at the output of the PIC. The optical path difference (OPD) of each interferometer baseline is kept to within 1 µm to maximize the visibility of the interference measurement. We constructed an experiment to utilize the two baselines for complex visibility measurement on a point source and a variable width slit. We used the point source to demonstrate near unity value of the PIC instrumental visibility, and used the variable slit to demonstrate visibility measurement for a simple extended object. The experimental result demonstrates the visibility of baseline 5 and 20 mm for a slit width of 0 to 500 µm in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Video Coding Without Motion Compensation Using a 3-D Dual-Tree Wavelet Transform (2004)

This paper explores the use of a recently introduced 3-D dual-tree discrete wavelet transform (DDWT) for video coding. The 3-D DDWT is an attractive video representation because it isolates motion along different directions in separate subbands. However, it is an overcomplete transform with 8:1 or 4:1 redundancy. Based on the effectiveness of the iterative projectionbased noise shaping scheme proposed by Kingsbury on reducing the number of coefficients, and the investigation about the correlation between subbands at the same spatial/temporal location, both in the significance map and in actual coefficient values, a new video coding scheme using 3D DDWT is proposed. The proposed video codec does not require motion compensation and provides better performance than 3D SPIHT, both objectively and subjectively, despite the fact that the raw number of coefficients resulting from the 3-D DDWT is much more than that of the conventional 3-D DWT. The proposed coder allows full scalability in spatial, temporal and quality dimensions.
Dither-free, accurate, and robust phase offset monitor and control method for optical DQPSK demodulator (2007)

A dither-free phase offset monitor and control method for an optical DQPSK demodulator is proposed. The phase offset is controlled with better than 1 degree accuracy and Q-penalty below 0.1 dB for 43 Gb/s. (2 pages)
High-precision calibration of a scanning-probe microscope (SPM) for manufacturing applications (1996)

Introduction. For ordinary SPM (Scanning Probe Microscope) work, accuracy of XYZ length measurements of about 5% is acceptable. This is accomplished by periodic calibration checks (and adjustments, if required). Measurement of critical dimensions such as feature width and spacing on integrated circuits or compact discs requires much higher accuracy. For example, the new DVD (digital video disc) standard calls for a mean track pitch of 740 nm with a maximum allowable jitter (range) of 30 nm. To achieve a range of 30 nm, the standard deviation should be 10 nm or less. According to the gage-maker's rule, the measurement tool should be 4x more precise than the object being measured, so we need a standard deviation of 2.5 nm. This report describes the combined use of a new type of calibration standard and new software to meet these requirements. Materials. Recently, MOXTEK has produced 1- and 2-dimensional holographic gratings as calibration standards for use with SEMs (Scanning Electron Microscopes).
High-Strength, Superelastic Compounds (2013)

In a previous disclosure, the use of 60- NiTiNOL, an ordered intermetallic compound composed of 60 weight percent nickel and 40 weight percent titanium, was investigated as a material for advanced aerospace bearings due to its unique combination of physical properties. Lessons learned during the development of applications for this material have led to the discovery that, with the addition of a ternary element, the resulting material can be thermally processed at a lower temperature to attain the same desirable hardness level as the original material. Processing at a lower temperature is beneficial, not only because it reduces processing costs from energy consumption, but because it also significantly reduces the possibility of quench cracking and thermal distortion, which have been problematic with the original material. A family of ternary substitutions has been identified, including Hf and Zr in various atomic percentages with varying concentrations of Ni and Ti. In the present innovation, a ternary intermetallic compound consisting of 57.6 weight percent Ni, 39.2 weight percent Ti, and 3.2 weight percent Hf (54Ni-45Ti-1Hf atomic percent) was prepared by casting. In this material, Hf substitutes for some of the Ti atoms in the material. In an alternate embodiment of the innovation, Zr, which is close in chemical behavior to Hf, is used as the substitutional element. With either substitution, the solvus temperature of the material is reduced, and lower temperatures can be used to obtain the necessary hardness values. The advantages of this innovation include the ability to solution-treat the material at a lower temperature and still achieve the required hardness for bearings (at least 50 Rockwell C) and superelastic behavior with recoverable strains greater than 2%. Most structural alloys will not return to their original shape after being deformed as little as 0.2% (a tenth of that possible with superelastic materials like 60 NiTiNOL). Because lower temperatures can be used in the heat treatment process, less energy will be consumed, and there will be less dimensional distortion and quench cracking. This results in fewer scrap parts, less material waste from large amounts of material removal, and fewer machining steps to rework parts that are out of specification. This material has a combination of properties that have been previously unobtainable. The material has a Young s modulus of approximately 95 GPa (about half that of conventional steels), moderate density (10 to 15% lower than conventional steels), excellent corrosion resistance, and high hardness (58 to 62 HRC). These properties make this material uniquely suited for advanced bearings.
Accurate cytogenetic biodosimetry through automation of dicentric chromosome curation and metaphase cell selection (2017)

ABSTRACT Software to automate digital pathology relies on image quality and the rates of false positive and negative objects in these images. Cytogenetic biodosimetry detects dicentric chromosomes (DCs) that arise from exposure to ionizing radiation, and determines radiation dose received from the frequency of DCs. We present image segmentation methods to rank high quality cytogenetic images and eliminate suboptimal metaphase cell data based on novel quality measures. Improvements in DC recognition increase the accuracy of dose estimates, by reducing false positive (FP) DC detection. A set of chromosome morphology segmentation methods selectively filtered out false DCs, arising primarily from extended prometaphase chromosomes, sister chromatid separation and chromosome fragmentation. This reduced FPs by 55% and was highly specific to the abnormal structures (≥97.7%). Additional procedures were then developed to fully automate image review, resulting in 6 image-level filters that, when combined, selectively remove images with consistently unparsable or incorrectly segmented chromosome morphologies. Overall, these filters can eliminate half of the FPs detected by manual image review. Optimal image selection and FP DCs are minimized by combining multiple feature based segmentation filters and a novel image sorting procedure based on the known distribution of chromosome lengths. Applying the same segmentation filtering procedures to both calibration and test sample image data reduced the average dose estimation error from 0.4Gy to <0.2Gy, obviating the need to first manually review these images. This reliable and scalable solution enables batch processing multiple samples of unknown dose, and meets current requirements for triage radiation biodosimetry of high quality metaphase cell preparations.
Stator Interturn Fault Detection of Synchronous Machines Using Field Current and Rotor Search-Coil Voltage Signature Analysis (2009)

Our recent observations suggested that harmonics in the field current are very promising to detect stator interturn faults in synchronous machines. So far, an increase in some of the even harmonics in the field current has been reported to detect such faults. However, no explanation has been provided for the cause of these harmonics. Moreover, the even harmonics can significantly increase with supply unbalance as well as time harmonics, which can lead to a serious confusion. Hence, in this study, an in-depth investigation was conducted to determine the origin of various harmonic components in the field current and their feasibility to detect stator faults. It was found that, owing to structural asymmetries of the field winding, some of these components clearly increased with stator interturn fault. The findings are helpful to detect faults involving few turns without ambiguity, in spite of the presence of supply unbalance and time harmonics. Both simulation and experimental results are presented in this paper. The diagnosis results have also been verified using a rotor-mounted search coil, which can also be used to detect even a one-turn stator fault very effectively.
Analgesic effects of receptin, a chemically modified cobratoxin from Thailand cobra venom. (2006)

Objective To investigate the analgesia induced by receptin (REC), a chemically modified cobratoxin (CTX, a long-chain postsynaptic alpha -neurotoxin from Thailand cobra venom), and the effects of atropine and naloxone on antinociceptive activity of REC in rodent pain models. Methods REC was administered intraperitoneally (5 mg/kg, 7.07 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) or intra-cerebral venticularly (62.5 mu g/kg, i.c.v.). The antinociceptive action was determined using the hot-plate test, the acetic acid writhing test and tail flick assay in mice and rats. The involvement of cholinergic and the opioid peptidergic systems in REC-induced analgesia were examined by pretreatment of animals with atropine (Atr; 0.5 mg/kg, i.m. or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) or naloxone (Nal; 3 mg/kg, i.p.). The effect of REC on motor activity was tested using the Animex test in mice. Results REC (5 mg/kg, 7.07 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) exhibited a dose-dependent analgesic action in mice as determined with hot-plate test and acetic acid writhing test. The significant analgesia of REC was seen 2 h to 3 h after its administration. In the rat-tail flick assay, the administration of REC at 62.5 mu g/kg (1/160 of systemic dose; i.c.v.) produced marked analgesic effects. Atropine at 0.5 mg/kg (i.m.), 10 mg/kg (i.p.) or naloxone at 3 mg/kg (i.p.) failed to block the analgesic effects of REC. REC at the highest effective dose of 10 mg/kg did not change the spontaneous mobility of mice. Conclusion These results demonstrate that REC has analgesic effect. This activity appears to be mediated through the peripheral nervous system though central nervous system may contribute to REC' s analgesic effects. The central cholinergic system and opioid peptidergic system appear not to be involved in the antinociceptive action of REC.
Rectified Surface Mosaics (2007)

We approach mosaicing as a camera tracking problem within a known parameterized surface. From a video of a camera moving within a surface, we compute a mosaic representing the texture of that surface, flattened onto a planar image. Our approach works by defining a warp between images as a function of surface geometry and camera pose. Globally optimizing this warp to maximize alignment across all frames determines the camera trajectory, and the corresponding flattened mosaic image. In contrast to previous mosaicing methods which assume planar or distant scenes, or controlled camera motion, our approach enables mosaicing in cases where the camera moves unpredictably through proximal surfaces, such as in medical endoscopy applications.
Toward the Development of a Glucose Dehydrogenase-Based Saliva Glucose Sensor Without the Need for Sample Preparation (2017)

This is the first reported use of measuring SG with GDH-FAD without prior sample preparation. Upon optimization, the sensor has the potential to serve as a supplement to blood glucose monitoring.
The LCB2 gene of Saccharomyces and the related LCB1 gene encode subunits of serine palmitoyltransferase, the initial enzyme in sphingolipid synthesis. (1994)

The first and committed step in synthesis of the ceramide moiety of sphingolipids is catalyzed by serine palmitoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.50), which condenses palmitoyl-CoA and serine to form 3-ketosphinganine. This step is thought to be tightly regulated to control the synthesis of sphingolipids, but data supporting this hypothesis are lacking mainly because the enzyme has resisted purification and consequent characterization. Rather than attempting to purify the enzyme from normal cells, we have taken a different tack and opted to try and overproduce the enzyme to facilitate its purification. Here we demonstrate that overproduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires expression of LCB1, a previously isolated yeast gene, and LCB2, the isolation and characterization of which we describe. Several lines of evidence argue that both genes encode subunits of the enzyme; however, biochemical evidence will be needed to substantiate this hypothesis. Although overproduction was modest, 2- to 4-fold, it should now be possible to devise improved overproduction vectors for yeast or other host organisms.