gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A CdS nanodipole solar cell (2013)

Abstract In this work, we report significant characteristics of nanodipole solar cells that would facilitate the understanding of the mechanism underlying the nanodipole photovoltaic effect. A CdS–CdTe pseudobinary system underwent phase segregation during high‐temperature CdCl 2 treatment in a N 2 atmosphere, giving convincing evidence to prove the existence of wurtzite CdS 0.956 Te 0.044 nanodipoles embedded in zinc blende CdS 0.04 Te 0.96 . On the microscale, a strong synchronous in‐plane piezoresponse by wurtzite CdS 0.956 Te 0.044 was observed using piezoelectric force microscopy in the vertical and lateral modes. Further, it was observed that a piezoresponse and analogous electric hysteresis existing at the grain boundaries varied with an external direct current electrical field; this phenomenon is considered to contribute significantly to the hysteresis behavior of photovoltage. In addition, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated the formation of hexagonal CdS 0.956 Te 0.044 particles in the film. On the macroscale, the photovoltage of a CdS nanodipole device with a symmetric structure was found to be tunable and became stable after the application of a direct current field. This feature of tunable photovoltage cannot be explained by the classical theory of junction devices. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Density dependence of noise in thin metallic longitudinal media (1988)

The dependence of noise in thin metallic longitudinal disks on the transition density is investigated. The medium noise is modeled in the time domain by assuming that the recorded transitions are subject to random variations in width as well as in position. A time domain measurement technique is developed to estimate the second order statistics of transition width and transition position as a function of recording density. The results indicate that the noise due to the transition width variations predominates over the noise resulting from the position jitter of the written transitions at high densities where the transition spacing approaches the transition width.
Mapping soil-transmitted helminths in Southeast Asia and implications for parasite control. (2003)

Establishing the current status and distribution of soil-transmitted helminths is essential for developing and implementing parasite control. Although Southeast Asia is known to have a high prevalence of infection, a precise estimate of the total disease burden has not been fully described. Here, we use Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to collate and map recent published surveys on soil-transmitted helminth epidemiology and distribution for this region. Distinct geographical variation was observed, which is suggested to reflect climatic variation, as well as behavioral differences. However, for much of the region few data are available, and therefore it proved necessary to generate predictions of the distribution of soil-transmitted helminths using remotely sensed (RS) satellite sensor environmental variables. A significant finding was the importance of land surface temperature in influencing the distribution of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. Spatial analyses using RS satellite sensor data were then used to generate predictive maps of infection risk. This information provided the basis for an estimate of the population at risk of infection and the numbers requiring treatment. These applications of GIS and remote sensing provide a good basis for developing control of soil-transmitted helminths in the region.
Resistance to <i>Leishmania major</i> infection correlates with the induction of nitric oxide synthase in murine macrophages (1991)

Inbred strains of mice differ considerably in their innate resistance to leishmanial infection. BALB/c mice are highly susceptible to cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major, whereas CBA mice are resistant. We now show that this resistance correlates with the ability of macrophages to synthesize nitric oxide (NO) following activation with interferon-gamma or tumor necrosis factor alpha. Furthermore, the larger amounts of NO generated by resistant macrophages are related to higher levels of NO synthase activity, a difference which is not attributable to the number or the affinity of the receptors for interferon-gamma on these cells. The level of NO synthesis by activated macrophages was also correlated to the resistance in a number of other inbred mouse strains tested; macrophages from the resistant B10.S, C57BL and C3H mice produced significantly higher levels of NO than the macrophages from the susceptible BALB.b and DBA/2 mice.
Instruction level power model of microcontrollers (2003)

In the design of low power systems, it is important to analyze and optimize both the hardware and the software component of the system. To evaluate the software component of the system, a good instruction-level energy model is essential. In this paper we present a methodology for instruction level modelling of microcontrollers using gate level power estimation tools. We use the microcontroller, M68HC11, to illustrate this method. We study two different implementations of the microcontroller and show that the energy consumption of each instruction is quite different. Our study reveals that data correlation does not significantly affect the energy consumption of most instructions. Finally, we show the correctness of this model by running some sample programs and showing that the predicted energy estimates are quite close to the actual estimates.
Reliability study of 3D-WLP through silicon via with innovative polymer filling integration (2011)

This paper deals with an innovative via-last TSV polymer filling process dedicated to straight (non-slopped), high aspect ratio (2:1 to 5:1) TSV, partially filled with copper. New polymers were investigated for this purpose. Firstly, the need for a polymer filling process is pointed out. Potential reliability issues added by this new process are developed through finite element modelling. Secondly, the filling process and the optimization phase in order to obtain a void free polymer inside the TSV are presented. A complete integration of polymer filling on electrical test vehicle is then performed. Finally, the impact of polymer filling on the TSV electrical performances is presented. Electrical tests are performed on chains of 10 and 100 TSV in order to check critical parameters such as electrical resistance. A reliability study of TSV polymer filling through JEDEC standard harsh temperature cycling is presented. First results of a comparison of the stack behaviour between a standard RDL polymer insulation and our innovative TSV polymer filling process is performed by means of morphological and electrical characterizations of the TSV before and after cycling.
A Multiplex Ligase Detection Reaction-Fluorescent Microsphere Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Drug Resistance (2006)

Incomplete malaria control efforts have resulted in a worldwide increase in resistance to drugs used to treat the disease. A complex array of mutations underlying antimalarial drug resistance complicates efficient monitoring of parasite populations and limits the success of malaria control efforts in regions of endemicity. To improve the surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance, we developed a multiplex ligase detection reaction-fluorescent-microsphere-based assay (LDR-FMA) that identifies single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the P. falciparum dhfr (9 alleles), dhps (10 alleles), and pfcrt (3 alleles) genes associated with resistance to Fansidar and chloroquine. We evaluated 1,121 blood samples from study participants in the Wosera region of Papua New Guinea, where malaria is endemic. Results showed that 468 samples were P. falciparum negative and 453 samples were P. falciparum positive by a Plasmodium species assay and all three gene assays (concordance, 82.2%). For P. falciparum infections where the assay for each gene was positive, 2 samples carried resistance alleles for all three genes, 299 carried resistance alleles for dhfr and pfcrt, 131 carried resistance alleles for only one gene (dhfr [n = 40], dhps [n = 1], or pfcrt [n = 90]), and 21 carried only sensitive alleles at all three genes. Mixed-strain infections characterized 100 samples. Overall, 95.4% (432/453) of P. falciparum-infected samples carried at least one allele associated with resistance to Fansidar or chloroquine. In view of the fact that 86.3% (391/453) of P. falciparum-infected samples carried pfcrt mutations, chloroquine is largely ineffective against P. falciparum in Papua New Guinea. Surveillance of additional dhfr and dhps polymorphisms in order to monitor the continued effectiveness of Fansidar is recommended.
Granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) recruits immune cells to the pancreas and delays STZ‐induced diabetes (2001)

Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is one of the most widely used growth factors for enhancing immune responses and is known to recruit and activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This study hypothesized that overexpression of this cytokine within the pancreatic beta-cells would recruit, expand, and activate APCs. The question was whether this would lead to tolerance or autoimmunity to pancreatic antigens. This possibility was tested by preparing transgenic mice (ins-GM-CSF) whose islets expressed murine GM-CSF. By 6-8 weeks of age, these mice developed a profound mononuclear cell infiltration that often overwhelmed the exocrine pancreas, although no changes in enzyme or hormone function were apparent. The majority of the mononuclear infiltrate within the pancreas was identified as F4/80+ macrophages. Transgenic ins-GM-CSF mice had splenomegaly due to a massive increase in the macrophage population. Additionally, mononuclear cells were found within the livers of transgenic mice, with F4/80+ cells also identified within the infiltrate, indicating that GM-CSF-activated mononuclear cells circulated to organs other than the pancreas. To assess the disease potential, this study tested whether macrophage recruitment to the pancreas might accelerate or protect the islets from diabetes. It was found that the induction of diabetes by low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) was delayed and reduced within ins-GM-CSF transgenic mice, in comparison with negative littermates. Together, these data highlight the role of GM-CSF in recruiting APCs such as macrophages. Advanced cellular infiltration does not overtly harm, and may even protect, pancreatic function, as seen with the delay in chemically induced diabetes.
Adverse effect analysis of high-intensity focused ultrasound in the treatment of benign uterine diseases (2018)

Based on the results with low rate of major adverse effects from multiple centers, we concluded that HIFU is safe in treating patients with benign uterine diseases. With development of this technique and more experience on the part of the physicians, the rates of the major adverse effects will be further lowered.
Infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (1993)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 2 is prevalent in West Africa and is now recognized on several other continents, including North America. Its epidemiology, biology, and clinical course differ from HIV-1. Therapeutic studies are needed.
Adipose Tissue Growth and Cellularity: Changes in Bovine Adipocyte Size and Number (1985)

Forty crossbred steers of similar birth date and fed the same growing-finishing diet were used to study adipocyte changes in six fat depots during growth from 11 to 19 mo of age. Steers were slaughtered at 2-mo intervals. Adipose tissue samples were obtained from kidney, mesenteric and brisket fat and subcutaneous, intermuscular and intramuscular fat from the 10th to 12th rib section. The osmium tetroxide fixation technique was used for determination of cell size and number. Except for three brisket fat samples, distributions of adipocyte diameters from six different fat depots were monophasic during the age range considered in this study. At 17 mo of age, the mean adipocyte diameter, in decreasing order, was: kidney fat greater than mesenteric greater than subcutaneous greater than intermuscular greater than intramuscular greater than brisket fat. Fat deposition during growth to 19 mo of age occurred mainly by hypertrophy of adipocytes. An apparent cell hyperplasia occurred in the intramuscular fat depot from 11 to 15 mo and in the brisket fat depot after 15 mo of age. Based on cellularity characteristics, evidence exists to classify intramuscular and brisket fat depots as late-developing ones. Cell number/gram of intramuscular adipose tissue was a better predictor of marbling score than was fat cell diameter.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Insecticidal and Antifeedant Activities of a New Type of Pyrethroid Esters. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Optimizing TNFR2 antagonism for immunotherapy with tumor microenvironment specificity (2020)

Most approved cancer immunotherapies lack T-regulatory (Treg) or tumor specificity. TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) antibody antagonism is emerging as an attractive immunotherapy due to its tumor microenvironment (TME) specificity. Here we show that the human TNFR2 receptor is overexpressed on both human tumor cells and on human tumor-residing Tregs, but negligibly expressed on beneficial T effectors (Teffs). Further, we found widespread, if variable, TNFR2 expression on 788 human tumor cell lines from diverse cancer tissues. These findings provided strong rationale for developing a targeted immunotherapy using a TNFR2 antibody antagonist. We designed a novel, human-directed TNFR2 antibody antagonist and tested it for function using three cell-based TME assays. The antagonist showed TME specificity by killing of TNFR2-expressing tumor cells and Tregs, but sparing Teffs, which proliferated. However, the antagonist shuffled between five isoforms, only one of which showed the desirable function. We designed and tested several new chimeric human versions of the antagonist, finding that the IgG2 isotype functioned better than the IgG1 isotype. To further improve function, we introduced targeted mutations to its amino acid sequence to stabilize the natural variability of the IgG2 isotype's hinge. Altogether, our findings suggest that optimal TNFR2 antagonists are of the human IgG2 isotype, have hinge stabilization, and have wide separation of antibody arms to bind to newly synthesized TNFR2 on rapidly growing tumor cells. Antagonistic antibodies with these characteristics, when bound to TNFR2, can form a nonsignaling cell surface dimer that functions with high TME specificity.
Conductivity photoquenching effect in polymer–ferrocene composites (2011)

Based on a nonpolar polymer—i.e., high-density polyethylene, polar polyvinylidene fluoride, and di-π-cyclopentadienyl iron (π-(C5H5)2Fe, ferrocene)—matrix composites are obtained that exhibit the conductivity photoquenching effect. Charge states and photoelectret and photoconductive properties of films of these composites are studied. In the visible region, the degree of conductivity photoquenching of matrix composites depends heavily on charge transport features in the heterogeneous polymer-ferrocene system and on reversible changes in electrical and chemical properties of ferrocene structures upon exposure to the electric field and light. A possible mechanism of the conductivity photoquenching effect in polymer-ferrocene composites is proposed that adequately accounts for experimental results. As light is turned off, the dark current is restored, which indicates the reversibility of the observed effect. The negative photoconductivity does not appear when CdS is used instead of ferrocene in composites of polymers under study. The negative photoconductivity effect increases when the third component, i.e., CdS photosensitive semiconductor, is introduced into the polymer-ferrocene composite.
Highly Sequence-Dependent Formation of Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters in Hybridized DNA Duplexes for Single Nucleotide Mutation Identification (2009)

Fluorescent silver nanoclusters were successfully synthesized using hybridized DNA duplexes as capping scaffolds. The formation of these emitters was highly sequence-dependent and could specifically identify a single nucleotide mutation, the sickle cell anemia gene mutation. Furthermore, the identification of single-nucleotide differences using this strategy was extended to more general types of single-nucleotide mismatches.
A Resonant Electron Capture Time-of-Flight MS with Trochoidal Electron Monochromator (2003)

A prototype electron monochromator (EM) reflectron time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer has been constructed and demonstrated to record resonant electron capture (REC) mass spectra of electron-capturing compounds. The electron energy is ramped from -1.7 to +25 eV at a preset frequency, and the energy spread of the electron beam at 15 nA is 100 meV or better. Ions are orthogonally extracted into the analyzer at a frequency of up to 80 kHz while maintaining an upper m/z-limit of at least 300 and a mass resolving power of approximately 1000. A complete REC mass spectrum, which includes an effective yield versus electron energy curve for each negative ion formed from the compound being analyzed, typically takes several days to produce with a quadrupole or magnetic sector mass spectrometer. With the EM TOF described in this work, three-dimensional negative ion electron capture spectra are recorded in an interval on the order of only 1 s and displayed in real time. This new analytical capability could make it possible to perform GC REC mass spectrometry as well as easier (a) to measure the temperature dependence of REC cross sections, (b) to determine enthalpies of negative ion formation (accurate determination of the enthalpy of ion formation requires knowledge of the translational energy released during a dissociative capture event), and (c) to provide complete thermochemical descriptions of dissociative electron attachment by measuring ion lifetimes.
COVID-19 serologic testing: FAQs and caveats (2020)

T here has been an immense amount of discussion regarding the potential usefulness of serologic testing for COVID-19. Serologic testing has never been routinely used for diagnosing infections with "respiratory viruses" such as infl uenzae, parainfl uenzae, respiratory syncytial viruses, adenoviruses, or metapneumovirus, nor was it used routinely for diagnosis during the global epidemics of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and H1N1 infl uenza. However, the pandemic status of COVID-19 and the shortage of nucleic acid detection kits and swabs in certain areas raise the prospect of resorting to serology as an alternative to direct testing for the virus, and it is relevant to ask how useful it may be. The Infectious Diseases Society of America has recently issued a clear statement on CO-VID-19 serology. he following addresses some common questions regarding serologic testing for CO-VID-19.
Supporting Reuse of Smart Contracts through Service Orientation and Assisted Development (2019)

This paper focuses on two of the key challenges a developer encounters when reusing smart contracts: finding actionable information about existing smart contracts (descriptors) and writing the necessary integration logic to invoke selected contracts and implement missing functions. As for the former issue, the paper proposes a smart contract description format that allows the developer to search for publicly available contracts, understand which features a contract exposes and how to invoke them, according to a service-oriented approach. For the latter, the paper implements a simple, model-driven development environment consisting in a visual programming editor that provides a set of modeling constructs encoding specific, reuse-oriented code patterns. The approach is implemented and demonstrated in the context of the blockchain platform Ethereum and its programming language Solidity. The results obtained show that the proposed approach can be beneficial in the development of composite smart contracts and generic blockchain applications.
Prevention of cerebral ischaemic reperfusion injury by intra-arterial administration of superoxide dismutase in the rat (1991)

An experimental test was performed to determine whether superoxide dismutase, an oxygen-free radical scavenger, reduces neurological dysfunction after transient global cerebral ischaemia. Three groups of 13 rats each were used. Group 1 served as normal controls. Groups 2 and 3 were subjected to transient global cerebral ischaemia. Before ischaemia, the right carotid bifurcation was isolated and the right external carotid artery was retrogradely cannulated, with the catheter tip positioned near the origin of the internal carotid artery. Once global cerebral ischaemia was complete, either isotonic saline (group 2) or superoxide dismutase solution (group 3) was injected through the above-mentioned catheter, before, during and after reperfusion. Consequently, the injected solutions were distributed through the circle of Willis to all of the ischaemic brain tissue. Somatosensory evoked potentials were registered in the three groups of animals and were used as a measure of neuronal function. In control animals (group 1) mean P1 latency was 8.1 msec and while the mean P1 latency was 11.9 msec in the isotonic saline treated animals (group 2), it was reduced to 8.8 msec in rats treated with the superoxide dismutase solution (group 3). P1 latency was significantly higher in group 2 than in groups 1 and 3 (P less than 0.001). As evaluated by somatosensory evoked potentials, we have concluded that the intra-arterial injection of superoxide dismutase to the ischaemic tissue improves neuronal function in rats subjected to transient global cerebral ischaemia.
Natural Language Inference with External Knowledge (2017)

Modeling informal inference in natural language is very challenging. With the recent availability of large annotated data, it has become feasible to train complex models such as neural networks to perform natural language inference (NLI), which have achieved state-of-the-art performance. Although there exist relatively large annotated data, can machines learn all knowledge needed to perform NLI from the data? If not, how can NLI models benefit from external knowledge and how to build NLI models to leverage it? In this paper, we aim to answer these questions by enriching the state-of-the-art neural natural language inference models with external knowledge. We demonstrate that the proposed models with external knowledge further improve the state of the art on the Stanford Natural Language Inference (SNLI) dataset.