gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved anticancer efficacy of epirubicin by magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles:<i>in vitro</i>and<i>in vivo</i>studies (2018)

The development of magnetic nanoparticles as delivery carriers to magnetically accumulate anticancer drug in cancer tissue has attracted immense interest. In the present study, magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MMSNs) with magnetite core and silica shell were synthesized. The obtained MMSNs were characterized by DLS, XRD, FT-IR, TEM and VSM in order to investigate the nanoparticle characteristics. With the focus on in vivo validation of such magnetic drug delivery systems, we selected epirubicin (EPI) as the drug. The anticancer properties of EPI-loaded MMSNs were evaluated in a C-26 colon carcinoma model. Alongside monitoring of drug in the tissues with animal imaging system, the tissue distribution was also determined quantitavely. The average size of MMSNs determined with TEM images was about 18.68 ± 2.31 nm. The cellular uptake test indicated that geometric mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of cells treated with MMSN + EPI in presence of external magnetic field was increasing 27% compared with free EPI. In addition, treatment with drug-loaded MMSNs with the aid of external magnetic gradient had significantly higher inhibition efficacy towards tumor growth than the free EPI treated mice. The targeted drug delivery through external magnet-attraction using EPI-loaded MMSNs resulted in high tumor cell uptake, which leads to elimination of cancer cells effectively.
Coverage control for mobile networks with limited-range anisotropic sensors (2008)

In this paper the coverage control for mobile sensor networks is studied. The novelty is to consider an anisotropic sensor model where the performance of the sensor depends not only on the distance but also on the orientation from the sensor to the target. Moreover we consider sensors with limited-range sensing defined by a probabilistic model and we assume that each robot is equipped with omni-directional communication capability. A gradient-based distributed algorithm is designed to maximize the joint detection probabilities of the events in the region of interest by the sensors. Simulations illustrate the results.
Morphology of Carbon Supported Pt−Ru Electrocatalyst and the CO Tolerance of Anodes for PEM Fuel Cells (1998)

Two Pt−Ru/C catalysts, a commercial 20% Pt−10% Ru/C and a 10% Pt−5% Ru/C synthesized in house (YZU catalyst), were examined for the CO tolerance in polymer-electrolyte-membrane fuel cells (PEFCs). Both half-cell tests under 250 ppm of CO/H2 and single-cell tests under 100 ppm of CO/H2 showed that the YZU catalyst had smaller increase in the overvoltage at a given current. The platinum−ruthenium microstructures of these two electrocatalysts in the fabricated electrodes were characterized by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS). EXAFS indicated that there was no Pt−Ru metal−metal interaction in the commercial catalyst; instead, only ruthenium oxide signals were observed. On the other hand, the YZU catalyst contains a Pt−Ru bimetallic interaction as indicated by the X-ray absorption spectra. It was considered that the Pt−Ru alloy structure has better CO tolerance than nonalloy Pt−Ru structure.
Permission-Based Android Malware Detection (2013)

Abstract:- Mobile devices have become popular in our lives since they offer almost the same functionality as personal computers. Among them, Android-based mobile devices had appeared lately and, they were now an ideal target for attackers. Android-based smartphone users can get free applications from Android Application Market. But, these applications were not certified by legitimate organizations and they may contain malware applications that can steal privacy information for users. In this paper, a framework that can detect android malware applications is propos ed to help organizing Android Market. The proposed framework intends to develop a machine learning-based malware detection system on Android to detect malware applications and to enhance security and privacy of smartphone users. This system monitors various permissionbased features and events obtained from the android applications, and analyses these features by using machine learning classifiers to classify whether the application is goodware or malware.
Estimation of the Corneal Young’s Modulus<i>In Vivo</i>Based on a Fluid-Filled Spherical-Shell Model with Scheimpflug Imaging (2017)

Current intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement using air puff could be erroneous without applying proper corrections. Although noncontact tonometry is not considered to be accurate, it is still popularly used by eye clinics. It is thus necessary to extract the correct information from their results. This study proposes a practical approach to correctly measure IOP <i>in vivo</i>. By embedding a new model-based correction to the Corvis® ST, we can extract the corneal Young's modulus from the patient data. This Young's modulus can be used to correct the IOP readings. The tests were applied to 536 right eyes of 536 healthy subjects (228 male and 308 female) between March of 2012 and April of 2016. The tests were applied to patients at the Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital and the Hung-Chuo Eye Clinics. The statistical analysis showed that the value for the Young's modulus was independent of all the other parameters collected from the Corvis ST, including the corneal thickness and the intraocular pressure. Therefore, it is important to independently measure the Young's modulus instead of depending on the correlation with the other parameters. This study adds the methodology of measuring corneal stiffness <i>in vivo</i> for ophthalmologists' reference in diagnosis.
Increased thermal stability of proteins in the presence of amino acids (1994)

This study is a systematic attempt to understand the roles of osmolytes in protecting proteins against denaturing stress. Thermal denaturation of cytochrome c has been studied in the presence of various concentrations of all L-amino acids that are more hydrophobic than glycine and have a solubility of 0.1 M or higher in water at 25 degrees C. The basic observations are as follows. (1) Arginine and histidine destabilize the native protein; both Tm (the midpoint of thermal transition) and delta GDH2O (25 degrees C) (the Gibbs energy of stabilization) decrease with increasing amino acid concentration. (2) Isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine have no effect on Tm and deltaGDH2O (25 degrees C). (3) Valine and less hydrophobic amino acids stabilize the protein in terms of Tm but deltaGDH2O (25 degrees C) is unchanged. This observation was confirmed by the study of isothermal denaturation of cytochrome c by guanidinium chloride which suggested that delta GDH2O is independent of osmolyte concentration, but Cm (the midpoint of transition) is increased in their presence. (4) In the case of stabilizers, change in Tm/mol of amino acid decreases with increasing hydrophobicity of these osmolytes.
A Survey of Traffic Issues in Machine-to-Machine Communications Over LTE (2016)

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, also referred to as Internet of Things (IoT), is a global network of devices such as sensors, actuators, and smart appliances which collect information, and can be controlled and managed in real time over the Internet. Due to their universal coverage, cellular networks and the Internet together offer the most promising foundation for the implementation of M2M communication. With the worldwide deployment of the fourth generation (4G) of cellular networks, the long-term evolution (LTE) and LTE-advanced standards have defined several quality-of-service classes to accommodate the M2M traffic. However, cellular networks are mainly optimized for human-to-human (H2H) communication. The characteristics of M2M traffic are different from the human-generated traffic and consequently create sever problems in both radio access and the core networks (CNs). This survey on M2M communication in LTE/LTE-A explores the issues, solutions, and the remaining challenges to enable and improve M2M communication over cellular networks. We first present an overview of the LTE networks and discuss the issues related to M2M applications on LTE. We investigate the traffic issues of M2M communications and the challenges they impose on both access channel and traffic channel of a radio access network and the congestion problems they create in the CN. We present a comprehensive review of the solutions for these problems which have been proposed in the literature in recent years and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The remaining challenges are also discussed in detail.
Protective Effects of Viscous Solutions in Phacoemulsification and Traumatic Lens Implantation (1989)

We compared the endothelial protection offered by 1% hyaluronate sodium (Healon), 3% hyaluronate sodium and 4% chondroitin sulfate (Viscoat), and a nonviscous irrigating solution (BSS Plus) during phacoemulsification with and without traumatic intraocular lens implantation. Vital-dye staining and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine acute damage to rabbit corneal endothelium. Cell damage during phacoemulsification alone was not significantly different from that in unoperated controls (12.5%). Cell damage after traumatic lens insertion was significantly greater in the groups treated with BSS Plus (76.2%) and Healon (41.4%) than in either paired Viscoat-treated group (21.1% and 17.4%, respectively). Viscoat (but not Healon) was noted to be adherent to the cornea at the end of the procedure in one third of the cases, indicating that Viscoat remains in the anterior chamber during surgery. We attribute this to chondroitin sulfate's newtonian characteristics, allowing it to maintain viscosity in the face of high flow rates.
A review of artificial intelligence techniques as applied to adaptive autoreclosure, with particular reference to deployment with wind generation (2009)

This paper presents a survey of artificial intelligence techniques that have hitherto been applied to adaptive autoreclosure, namely artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms. The aim is to discern the most suitable techniques for applying adaptive autoreclosure to systems with high penetrations of wind power. Traditionally, adaptive autoreclosure schemes have been implemented using a combination of signal processing and artificial neural networks. A number of variations on this conventional approach are proposed in this paper. Qualitative discussion shows that in theory, a combination of the examined AI techniques will provide the most robust methodology, combining the strengths of each technique whilst minimizing weaknesses.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio Enhancement Based on Empirical Mode Decomposition in Phase-Sensitive Optical Time Domain Reflectometry Systems (2017)

We propose a novel denoising method based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for vibration sensing in phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR) systems. Raw Rayleigh backscattering traces are decomposed into a series of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and a residual component using an EMD algorithm. High frequency noise is eliminated by removing several IMFs at the position without vibration selected by the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC). When the pulse width is 50 ns, the SNR of location information for the vibration events of 100 Hz and 1.2 kHz is increased to as high as 42.52 dB and 39.58 dB, respectively, with a 2 km sensing fiber, which demonstrates the excellent performance of this new method.
Allele-specific methylated multiplex real-time quantitative PCR (ASMM RTQ-PCR), a powerful method for diagnosing loss of imprinting of the 11p15 region in Russell Silver and Beckwith Wiedemann syndromes (2010)

Many human syndromes involve a loss of imprinting (LOI) due to a loss (LOM) or a gain of DNA methylation (GOM). Most LOI occur as mosaics and can therefore be difficult to detect with conventional methods. The human imprinted 11p15 region is crucial for the control of fetal growth, and LOI at this locus is associated with two clinical disorders with opposite phenotypes: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), characterized by fetal overgrowth and a high risk of tumors, and Russell-Silver syndrome (RSS), characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth restriction. Until recently, we have been using Southern blotting for the diagnosis of RSS and BWS. We describe here a powerful quantitative technique, allele-specific methylated multiplex real-time quantitative PCR (ASMM RTQ-PCR), for the diagnosis of these two complex disorders. We first checked the specificity of the probes and primers used for ASMM RTQ-PCR. We then carried out statistical validation for this method, on both retrospective and prospective populations of patients. This analysis demonstrated that ASMM RTQ-PCR is more sensitive than Southern blotting for detecting low degree of LOI. Moreover, ASMM RTQ-PCR is a very rapid, reliable, simple, safe, and cost effective method.
Absorption coefficient measurements of nitrous oxide and methane at DF laser wavelengths (1975)

The absorption coefficients for methane and nitrous oxide have been measured at 17 DF laser wavelengths in the region of 3.8 μm using a spectrophone. Concentrations of the absorbing gases very near their atmospheric concentrations were used. The absorption coefficients for the two gases at standard sea level atmospheric conditions are presented. The spectrophone device developed for this work is a differential cell which produces an equivalent absorption background signal of only 3.3×10−7 m−1/W.
Measurement of Non‐Metallic Inclusions in the Size Range of 10‐20μm by LiMCA (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction LiMCA's resistive pulse/electric sensing zone (ESZ) principle Results and Discussions Procedure Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgements
Dermal sheath contraction powers stem cell niche relocation during hair cycle regression (2019)

Tissue homeostasis requires the balance of growth by cell production and regression through cell loss. In the hair cycle, during follicle regression, the niche traverses the skin through an unknown mechanism to reach the stem cell reservoir and trigger new growth. Here, we identify the dermal sheath that lines the follicle as the key driver of tissue regression and niche relocation through the smooth muscle contractile machinery that generates centripetal constriction force. We reveal that the calcium-calmodulin-myosin light chain kinase pathway controls sheath contraction. When this pathway is blocked, sheath contraction is inhibited, impeding follicle regression and niche relocation. Thus, our study identifies the dermal sheath as smooth muscle that drives follicle regression for reuniting niche and stem cells in order to regenerate tissue structure during homeostasis.
Room Temperature Dynamic Polymers Based on Diels–Alder Chemistry (2009)

Dynamers based on reversible Diels-Alder chemistry have been obtained and shown to undergo dynamic exchange at room temperature. Their study in solution by small-angle neutron scattering indicated the formation of long and highly flexible chains. Polydispersed molecules gave T(g) values below room temperature, permitting the generation of a dynamic elastomer upon introduction of a dynamic cross-linking agent. The use of a system with a low equilibrium constant gives access to materials with interesting self-healing properties.
Crystal Structures and Binding Dynamics of Odorant-Binding Protein 3 from two aphid species Megoura viciae and Nasonovia ribisnigri (2016)

Aphids use chemical cues to locate hosts and find mates. The vetch aphid Megoura viciae feeds exclusively on the Fabaceae, whereas the currant-lettuce aphid Nasonovia ribisnigri alternates hosts between the Grossulariaceae and Asteraceae. Both species use alarm pheromones to warn of dangers. For N. ribisnigri this pheromone is a single component (E)-β-farnesene but M. viciae uses a mixture of (E)-β-farnesene, (-)-α-pinene, β-pinene, and limonene. Odorant-binding proteins (OBP) are believed to capture and transport such semiochemicals to their receptors. Here, we report the first aphid OBP crystal structures and examine their molecular interactions with the alarm pheromone components. Our study reveals some unique structural features: 1) the lack of an internal ligand binding site; 2) a striking groove in the surface of the proteins as a putative binding site; 3) the N-terminus rather than the C-terminus occupies the site closing off the conventional OBP pocket. The results from fluorescent binding assays, molecular docking and dynamics demonstrate that OBP3 from M. viciae can bind to all four alarm pheromone components and the differential ligand binding between these very similar OBP3s from the two aphid species is determined mainly by the direct π-π interactions between ligands and the aromatic residues of OBP3s in the binding pocket.
Endothelin-1 precursor peptides correlate with severity of disease and outcome in patients with community acquired pneumonia (2008)

ISRCTN04176397.
New insights on tensile plasticity of ultrafine-grained metallic materials (2018)

The tensile properties of TiNi43.5Fe6.5 alloy samples having different grain sizes (0.16, 0.35, 1.7, 2.3, and 3.9 μm) and fabricated by severe plastic deformation and annealing were investigated. It was observed that both the strength and the elongation of the alloy increase with a decrease in the grain size until the average size reaches 1.7 μm. However, for average grain sizes smaller than 1.7 μm, the elongation decreases continuously with further grain refinement. On the other hand, the strain-hardening rate does not decrease with the decrease in plasticity but instead increases slightly. The poor ductility of the ultrafine-grained TiNi43.5Fe6.5 alloy is accompanied by a high degree of strain hardening. This newly observed ductility behaviour of the ultrafine-grained TiNi43.5Fe6.5 alloy is elucidated by characterising the intragranular and grain boundaries.
Development of Penal Policy in British West Africa: Exploring the Colonial Dimension (1991)

This paper examines the development of penal policy in British West Africa. The primary focus is to assess the extent to which penal policies in West Africa have been influenced by external geo-political and economic factors. The study concludes that traditional pre-colonial West African society had developed a complex system of social control that used non-incarcerative and community-based sanctions and emphasized reparation over retributive justice. British colonization of West Africa changed the familial-based system of punishment with the introduction of a penal system based primarily on incarceration that was designed first, to protect the economic interests of local subsidiaries of British companies doing business in West Africa, and second, to affirm British political hegemony. The introduction of British legal systems was therefore not a direct outcome of rising crime rates in West Africa, but the expediency of trade and the protection of capital. The study noted that Western advances in prison reforms and administration during the 18th and 19th centuries have not greatly affected West African penal practices.
Identification of an allele of <i>CLA1</i> associated with variegation in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (2003)

We have identified a mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (lvr111) that exhibits a variegated phenotype, reduced isoprenoid pigmentation, and dwarfism in comparison with wild-type plants. Segregation analysis indicated that this phenotype was caused by a single, semi-dominant mutation and PCR-based marker mapping placed the mutation near position 56 on the RI map of chromosome IV. The lvr111 lesion was identified by genomic PCR and sequence analysis as a missense mutation (D306N) in the CLA1 gene (AT4g15560) and complementation analysis confirmed the allelic relationship between lvr111 and CLA1. CLA1 encodes 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase, which catalyses the first step of the non-mevalonate isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. These observations demonstrate that, unlike the albinism caused by severe alleles of CLA1, weaker alleles are associated with leaf variegation.
Molecular basis of size and antigenic variation of a Mycoplasma hominis adhesin encoded by divergent vaa genes (1996)

The molecular basis for the size and antigenic diversity of the variable adherence-associated (Vaa) antigen, a major surface protein and a putative adhesin (of Mycoplasma hominis, is described. Size-variant alleles of the single-copy vaa gene encode abundant surface lipoproteins containing one to four nearly identical, tandem repetitive units of 121 amino acids in the central region of the mature Vaa product. Gain or loss of central repeats in vaa genes gives rise to distinct size-variant Vaa antigens in clonal populations of this organism. The N-terminal and repeat regions of Vaa contain highly conserved sequences, while the C-terminal region, implicated as the adherence-mediating module, is highly variable and divergent among different strains of this pathogen. Sequence variation in this region may underlie the strain-dependent binding of some monoclonal antibodies to Vaa products. The Vaa antigen is expressed in vivo during chronic, active arthritis associated with M. hominis infection and is highly immunogenic in the human host. Size variation and C-terminal antigenic divergence of Vaa could affect the adherence of M. hominis and evasion of antibody-mediated immunity, thereby contributing to the organism's adaptive capability in the human host. Variation in vaa genes reveals a distinct pattern of mutations generating mycoplasma surface variation.
Analgesic effect of intrathecal administration of orexin on neuropathic pain in rats. (2004)

Orexin-A, a hypothalamic peptide found in the neurons of the lateral hypothalamus, has been shown to modulate pain. We examined whether orexin could alleviate heat-evoked hyperalgesia in rats caused by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Orexin-A, orexin-B, the vehicle, or orexin-A-antiserum was intrathecally administered to CCI rats. Paw withdrawal latency (PWL) was measured from 30 to 300 minutes after injection, which was repeated for 2 days. Orexin-A administration normalized deltaPWL (PWL in the CCI side minus PWL in the control side) and inhibited heat-evoked hyperalgesia in CCI rats, while orexin-A antiserum inhibited the normalization of heat-evoked hyperalgesia caused by orexin-A two-fold. In contrast, orexin-B had no significant effect. These results suggest that orexin-A may be applicable for treatment of neuropathic pain.
Effect of Divalent Metals on Hg(II) Uptake and Methylation by Bacteria (2014)

The production of methylmercury by some bacteria is a key first step in the accumulation and biomagnification of this toxic substance in aquatic food webs, a major human health concern. By direct measurement of cellular Hg(II) uptake in model iron and sulfate reducing bacteria, we have observed that specific trace metals, such as Zn(II) and Cd(II), inhibit uptake and methylation in these organisms, whereas other metals, such as Ni(II), Co(II), or Fe(II), do not. The inhibition of Hg(II) methylation by Zn(II) was competitive in nature and related to the concentration of inorganically complexed Zn(II) (Zn'). The inhibition of Hg(II) methylation was alleviated by decreasing the free Zn' concentration through complexation with nitrilotriacetic acid without altering the speciation of Hg(II). The inhibitory effect by Zn(II) was observed when either Hg-cysteine complexes or neutral HgCl2 dominated the speciation of Hg(II), demonstrating that both charged and neutral species are transported into the cytosol by an active rather than passive process. We propose that Hg(II) uptake is the result of its accidental uptake by metal transporter(s), possibly one effecting the transport of Zn(II).