gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Postantifungal Effects of Echinocandin, Azole, and Polyene Antifungal Agents against <i>Candida albicans</i> and <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> (2000)

The postantifungal effect (PAFE) of fluconazole, MK-0991, LY303366, and amphotericin B was determined against isolates of Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Concentrations ranging from 0. 125 to 4 times the MIC were tested following exposure to the antifungal for 0.25 to 1 h. Combinations of azole and echinocandin antifungals (MK-0991 and LY303366) were tested against C. neoformans. Fluconazole displayed no measurable PAFE against Candida albicans or Cryptococcus neoformans, either alone or in combination with either echinocandin antifungal. MK-0991, LY303366, and amphotericin B displayed a prolonged PAFE of greater than 12 h against Candida spp. when tested at concentrations above the MIC for the organism and 0 to 2 h when tested at concentrations below the MIC for the organism.
Antibody to Dengue 1 Detected More Than 60 Years after Infection (2007)

We investigated the duration of humoral responses to dengue virus infection in individuals who recalled experiencing dengue fever-like illnesses at the time of the Second World War, when dengue fever epidemics occurred throughout the Pacific and Southeast Asia. In July 1943 dengue fever reappeared in Hawaii following an interval of 31 years. Over the next 12 months a total of 1498 locally transmitted cases were reported, and at least 46 imported cases were identified, most of which were among members of the military returning from the Pacific Theatre of the war. Serum samples collected in 2005, more than 60 years after onset of symptoms, were tested for the presence of dengue-specific antibodies using a rapid ELISA test, and by plaque reduction neutralization test. Four of seven samples were positive for dengue-specific IgG and demonstrated neutralization titers >or=160 to dengue 1. We describe the existence of dengue-specific antibodies in the serum of people infected more than 60 years earlier.
Convergent and Modular Synthesis of Candidate Precolibactins. Structural Revision of Precolibactin A (2016)

The colibactins are hybrid polyketide-nonribosomal peptide natural products produced by certain strains of commensal and extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. The metabolites are encoded by the clb gene cluster as prodrugs termed precolibactins. clb(+) E. coli induce DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo and are found in 55-67% of colorectal cancer patients, suggesting that mature colibactins could initiate tumorigenesis. However, elucidation of their structures has been an arduous task as the metabolites are obtained in vanishingly small quantities (μg/L) from bacterial cultures and are believed to be unstable. Herein we describe a flexible and convergent synthetic route to prepare advanced precolibactins and derivatives. The synthesis proceeds by late-stage union of two complex precursors (e.g., 28 + 17 → 29a, 90%) followed by a base-induced double dehydrative cascade reaction to form two rings of the targets (e.g., 29a → 30a, 79%). The sequence has provided quantities of advanced candidate precolibactins that exceed those obtained by fermentation, and is envisioned to be readily scaled. These studies have guided a structural revision of the predicted metabolite precolibactin A (from 5a or 5b to 7) and have confirmed the structures of the isolated metabolites precolibactins B (3) and C (6). Synthetic precolibactin C (6) was converted to N-myristoyl-d-asparagine and its corresponding colibactin by colibactin peptidase ClbP. The synthetic strategy outlined herein will facilitate mechanism of action and structure-function studies of these fascinating metabolites, and is envisioned to accommodate the synthesis of additional (pre)colibactins as they are isolated.
Ultraviolet-light-imprinted sol-gel silica glass channel waveguides on silicon (1996)

We describe a new simplified process for inexpensive fabrication of low-loss (0.1 dB/cm) glass waveguides on silicon by ultraviolet light imprinting in photosensitive, organically modified sol-gel silica glass films prepared by one-step dip-coating process. The fabrication process is appealing because the buffer layer between waveguide and substrate is eliminated, and waveguides can be made in a few steps using low-cost equipment.
The effect of molluscan glue proteins on gel mechanics (2004)

Several molluscs have been shown to alternate between a non-adhesive trail mucus and a similar gel that forms a strong glue. The major structural difference between the two secretions is the presence of specific proteins in the adhesive mucus. The present study identifies similar proteins from the glue of the slug Arion subfuscus and the land snail Helix aspersa. To investigate the role played by these proteins in adhesion, the proteins were isolated from the adhesive mucus of different molluscs and added to commercial polymer solutions. The effect was observed qualitatively, and quantified using a dynamic rheometer. The isolated proteins triggered gelling or visible stiffening of agar, pectin and polygalacturonic acid. The effect was stronger on more negatively charged polymers. The effect of the proteins was concentration dependent with an optimal concentration of 1-1.5 mg ml(-1), and was weakened when their structure changed. Other proteins and carbohydrates found in the adhesive mucus had no clear mechanical effect on gels. These findings show that the addition of these proteins to large, anionic polymers plays a central role in the formation of a glue from a mucus-like secretion. Such a mechanism may be common among invertebrates, and it may guide biomimetic approaches in the development of glues and gels.
Wacky Weights in Learned Sparse Representations and the Revenge of Score-at-a-Time Query Evaluation (2021)

Recent advances in retrieval models based on learned sparse representations generated by transformers have led us to, once again, consider score-at-a-time query evaluation techniques for the top-k retrieval problem. Previous studies comparing document-at-a-time and score-at-a-time approaches have consistently found that the former approach yields lower mean query latency, although the latter approach has more predictable query latency. In our experiments with four different retrieval models that exploit representational learning with bags of words, we find that transformers generate "wacky weights" that appear to greatly reduce the opportunities for skipping and early exiting optimizations that lie at the core of standard document-at-a-time techniques. As a result, score-at-a-time approaches appear to be more competitive in terms of query evaluation latency than in previous studies. We find that, if an effectiveness loss of up to three percent can be tolerated, a score-at-a-time approach can yield substantial gains in mean query latency while at the same time dramatically reducing tail latency.
An Approach to Reliability Assessment Under Degradation and Shock Process (2011)

Product performance usually degrades with time. When shocks exist, the degradation could be more rapid. This research investigates the reliability analysis when typical degradation and shocks are involved. Three failure modes are considered: catastrophic (binary state) failure, degradation (continuous processes), and failure due to shocks (impulse processes). The overall reliability equation with three failure modes is derived. The effects of shocks on performance are classified into two types: a sudden increase in the failure rate after a shock, and a direct random change in the degradation after the occurrence of a shock. Two shock scenarios are considered. In the first scenario, shocks occur with a fixed time period; while in the second scenario, shocks occur with varying time periods. An engineering example is given to demonstrate the proposed methods.
Driving allotolerance: CAR-expressing Tregs for tolerance induction in organ and stem cell transplantation (2016)

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) modulate the function of a variety of immune cells and are critical for maintaining self-tolerance and preventing the development of autoimmune disease. Due to their ability to suppress effector T cells, Tregs have been increasingly explored for clinical use to suppress alloresponses. While this approach has been promising in preclinical models and early clinical trials, widespread clinical use of Tregs has been limited by the low number of these cells in the periphery and the unknown frequency of allo-responsive Tregs. In this issue of the JCI, MacDonald and colleagues transduced human Tregs with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that targets the HLA class I molecule A2. These CAR-expressing T cells were readily activated via CAR stimulation and exerted potent immunosuppressive effects when stimulated in vitro. In a murine model of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, CAR-modified Tregs were more effective in preventing the development of graft-versus-host disease compared with polyclonal Tregs. The results of this study lay the groundwork for the further evaluation of CAR-expressing Tregs in the prevention or treatment of transplant complications.
Architectures and functional aspects of radio relay systems for SDH networks (2002)

The functionality of SDH radio and possible architectures for employing SDH radio in SDH networks are discussed based on the International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) recommendations for synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), SDH radio equipment is described in terms of functional blocks. The authors review radio relay systems to transport STM-1 frame structures, their functional block diagrams and radio protection switching. Radio relay systems to transport sub-STM-1 signals are also considered. Operations, administration and maintenance issues are also covered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Redefining extended-spectrum  -lactamases: balancing science and clinical need (2008)

The current beta-lactamase classifications have reached a high level of complexity, making them less accessible to clinicians, infection control professionals, hospital management and politicians. From the clinical perspective, a revised comprehensible nomenclature scheme is therefore needed. The term extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) has reached a broader audience over time, but is currently restricted to functional class 2be/molecular class A, clavulanic acid inhibited enzymes with activity against extended-spectrum cephalosporins. The proposed new classification expands the definition of ESBL to other clinically important acquired beta-lactamases with activity against extended-spectrum cephalosporins and/or carbapenems. The classical class A ESBLs have been designated ESBLA in this classification, whereas plasmid-mediated AmpC and OXA-ESBLs are classed as miscellaneous ESBLs (ESBLM). Lastly, the carbapenemases have been designated ESBLCARBA, ESBLs with hydrolytic activity against carbapenems. We believe that this simplified classification may encourage new groups of healthcare professionals to engage in the effort to prevent the spread of acquired beta-lactamases.
Direct Determination of Grain Boundary Atomic Structure in SrTiO <sub>3</sub> (1994)

An atomic structure model for a 25 degrees [001] symmetric tilt grain boundary in SrTiO(3) has been determined directly from experimental data with the use of high-resolution Z-contrast imaging coupled with electron energy loss spectroscopy. The derived model of the grain boundary was refined by bond-valence sum calculations and reveals candidate sites for dopant atoms in the boundary plane. These results show how the combined techniques can be used to deduce the atomic structure of defects and interfaces without recourse to preconceived structural models or image simulations.
A survey of the distribution of UV‐absorbing substances in tropical macroalgae (1998)

SUMMARY UV‐absorbing mycosporine‐like amino acid compounds (MAA) were identified and quantified in 13 macroalgal Chlorophyceae, six Phaeophyceae and 28 Rhodophy‐ceae collected in the intertidal zone from the tropical island Hainan, People's Republic of China, as well as from tropical mangrove locations in America, Africa, Australia and Japan. All of these habitats receive naturally high solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiances. The study revealed that all Rhodophyceae contained several MAA, which are assumed to function as natural UV sunscreens. Within all species investigated eight distinct compounds were found, seven of which were identified as mycosporine‐glycine, shinorine, porphyra‐334, pal‐ythine, asterina‐330, palythinol and palythene. The unknown substance had an absorption spectrum with a maximum at 357 nm. This compound was restricted to two red algal species from Hainan. In contrast, the Chlorophyceae and Phaeophyceae did not contain MAA or exhibited only trace concentrations. Compared with data from the literature, the amount of all MAA in the tropical Rhodophyceae seemed to be higher than in temperate organisms, probably reflecting acclimation to the stronger solar radiation which is typical for lower latitudes. The data suggest that accumulation of MAA may represent a natural defence system against exposure to biologically harmful UV radiation.
Direct and Non-Direct Measurement Techniques for Analysis of Skin Surface Topography (1999)

Estimation of skin smoothness is of ever-increasing interest especially in the field of cosmetic research. There are some established methods for assessing skin smoothness, e.g. optical and mechanical profilometry, but the presentation of recently developed new methods reflects the demand for alternatives which are more precise and practical. For fundamental research on ultrastructure of the stratum corneum surface scanning electron microscopy is a suitable method. A direct method is the surface evaluation of living skin, which is based on an optical system in a CCD camera measuring four parameters of roughness, scaling, smoothing and wrinkling. A similar but non-direct method is optical profilometry using skin replicas. Laser profilometry produces a variety of data which can be analysed using complex mathematical functions. A promising new method is transparency profilometry (skin visiometer) using a very thin skin print which allows parallel light to pass through and is analysed immediately after production. The different methods can be used for characterization of the skin microrelief in dermatoses or for dynamic measurements of time-dependent changes in skin surface topography after application of cosmetic or medical products.
Algorithm Research on the Cloud Data Process of 3D Printing Collecting-Distribution Manufacturing (2016)

By analyzing the network development trend of 3D printing, the basic framework of 3D printing collecting distribution manufacturing platform has been put forward and a distributed manufacturing cloud data algorithm has been created. The optimal workflow is determined by the algorithm and the customers' personal demand should be satisfied with the optimal comprehensive cost. The workflow is employed by this algorithm for manufacturing requirements matching, manufacturing tasks distribution and service internet of affairs management realizing. Experiment results demonstrated that the optimal workflow algorithm could not only meet customers' requirements of price, quality and time, and effectively decrease the cost of printing and make the best of the whole collecting-distribution manufacturing platform at the same time and quality.
Seamless handover in terrestrial radio access networks: a case study (2003)

Next-generation networks will overlay heterogeneous networking technologies. In order to enable seamless communications in such an environment, providing support for efficient handover between the various access technologies will play a crucial role. The present article provides a quantitative analysis of it Mobile IPv4-based WLAN-GPRS handover prototype, identifies a number of side effects related to the link layer and routing mechanisms, and presents the impact of handover on UDP and TCP data traffic as well as on Mobile IP signaling itself.
Innovative focal plane design for large space telescope using freeform mirrors (2017)

International audience
Metadata for multimedia documents (1994)

In this article metadata for mulimedia documents are classified in conformity with their nature, and the different kinds of metadata are brought into relation with the different purposes intended. We describe how metadata may be organized in accordance with the ISO standards SGML, which facilitates the handling of structured documents, and DFR, which supports the storage of collections of documents. Finally, we outline the impact of our observations on future developments.
Arylamine N-acetyltransferase polymorphisms in Han Chinese patients with ankylosing spondylitis and their correlation to the adverse drug reactions to sulfasalazine (2014)

The prevalence of co-occurring NAT2 fast acetylator genotype and NAT1*10/NAT1*10 genotype was lower in AS patients than in controls. The NAT2 slow acetylator genotype and co-existing NAT1 and NAT2 slow acetylator genotypes appear to be associated with higher risks of SSZ-induced ADRs.
Wireless Backhaul in Small Cell Networks: Modelling and Analysis (2014)

Consumer demand for data traffic has increased tremendously, and small cell networks are increasingly being considered as one of the key technology drivers to cope with the so-called mobile date tsunami. The deployment of small cell networks within the conventional macro cellular networks creates a significant amount of heterogeneity compared to conventional cellular networks, and in this context, backhaul- related issues have important implications in terms of both cost and system performance. In this paper, we consider a hierarchical network structure to model the wireless backhaul in small cell networks. We derive the total expected delay by taking into account retransmission over the wireless links, as well as the backhaul delay in the wireless backhaul link. As for the total expected deployment cost, we take into account infrastructure cost as well as the construction cost of laying backhaul links. Specifically, we are able to characterize the behavior of delay and deployment cost using our simple and tractable model. In summary, our analysis provides a fundamental understanding of the wireless backhaul and its effect on the deployment cost and the system performance in heterogeneous cellular networks.
The reliability and accuracy of measuring anteversion of the acetabular component on plain anteroposterior and lateral radiographs after total hip arthroplasty (2015)

There is no single standardised method of measuring the orientation of the acetabular component on plain radiographs after total hip arthroplasty. We assessed the reliability and accuracy of three methods of assessing anteversion of the acetabular component for 551 THAs using the PolyWare software and the methods of Liaw et al, and of Woo and Morrey. All measurements of the three methods had excellent intra- and inter-observer reliability. The values of the PolyWare software, which determines version of the acetabular component by edge detection were regarded as the reference standard. Although the PolyWare software and the method of Liaw et al were similarly precise, the method of Woo and Morrey was significantly less accurate (p < 0.001). The method of Liaw et al seemed to be more accurate than that of Woo and Morrey when compared with the measurements using the PolyWare software. If the qualified lateral radiograph was selected, anteversion measured using the method of Woo and Morrey was considered to be relatively reliable.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2-dependent homeostasis of regulatory T cells as a player in TNF-induced experimental metastasis (2013)

The cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has pleiotropic functions both in normal physiology and disease. TNF signals by the virtue of two cell surface receptors, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2). Exogenous TNF promotes experimental metastasis in some models, yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To study the contribution of host TNFR1 and TNFR2 on tumor cell progression and metastasis, we employed a syngeneic B16F10 melanoma mouse model of lung metastasis combined with in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with recombinant human TNF resulted in a significant increase in tumor burden and metastatic foci. This correlated with an increase in pulmonary regulatory CD4(+)/Foxp3(+) T cells. TNF caused an expansion of regulatory T (Treg) cells in vitro in a TNFR2-dependent manner. To assess the contribution of immune cell expression of endogenous TNF and its two receptors on B16F10 metastasis, we generated bone marrow chimeras by reconstituting wild-type mice with bone marrow from different knockout mice. Loss of either TNF or TNFR2 on immune cells resulted in decreased B16F10 metastasis and lower numbers of Treg cells within the lungs of these animals. Selective depletion of Treg cells attenuated metastasis even in conjunction with TNF treatment. We propose a novel mechanism in which TNF activates TNFR2 on Treg cells and thereby expands this immunosuppressive immune cell population. Loss of either TNF or TNFR2 prevents the accumulation of Treg cells and results in a less tolerogenic environment, enabling the immune system to control B16F10 tumor metastasis and growth.
‘Snow Bunting’, ‘Teal’, ‘Purple Martin’, ‘Rosy-finch’, and ‘Tanager’ Cape Primroses (1984)

Abstract Five selections of cape primroses ( Streptocarpus Xhybridus Voss.) were developed for the commercial greenhouse industry as flowering potted plants and approved for release in April 1983. The new cultivars exhibit compact, vigorous growth, improved heat tolerance, and abundant flower production. The flower colors, shapes, and patterns offer novel combinations not previously available.
11.4 Gbit/s multiplexer IC employing submicron Si bipolar technology for use in future broadband telecommunications systems (1989)

This letter presents an 11.4 Gbit/s, 2:1 multiplexer using a 0.6 μm wide, nonpolysilicon emitter Si bipolar technology. The chip measures 0.9 × 0.8 mm2, dissipates 350 mW with a 5V supply and operates at the fastest data rate reported for a multiplexer in any IC technology.
Studies in the heterocyclic series. XVI. Open azaphenothiazines as new central nervous system depressants. (1982)

Acid-catalyzed condensation of 2-amino-3-mercapto-6-methylpyridine and 3-amino-pyridine-2 [1H]-thiones with 4-chloropyrimidines having free 5-carbon centers gave N-(3-mercapto-2-pyridyl)-6-pyrimidinylamines and N-(2-thioxo-3-pyridyl)-6-pyrimidinyl-amines, which we have described as open 1, 3, 9-triaza- and 1, 3, 6-triaza-phenothiazines, respectively. A newly developed method of reducing nitro groups was used for preparing the aminopyridine precursors. Eight new and five related compounds including an open 1, 9-diazaphenoxazine were tested in rats and mice and found to display central nervous system (CNS)-depressant activities. The most active compound in the series is N-(6-chloro-2 [1H]-thioxo-3-pyridyl)-2, 4-diamino-6-pyrimidinylamine, an open 1, 3, 6-triaza-phenothiazine derivative. Structure-activity correlations are discussed on the basis of the biological data.