gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A More Sustainable Process for Preparation of the Muscarinic Acetylcholine Antagonist Umeclidinium Bromide (2018)

A more sustainable process for the synthesis of the long-acting muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist umeclidinium bromide is described. Specifically, we report the synthesis of ethyl 1-(2-chloroethyl)-4-piperidinecarboxylate, a key intermediate in the preparation of umeclidinium bromide, in good yields using triethylamine, as well as the identification and characterization of the by-product formed in this reaction. This new method of synthesis leads to an improvement in yield over that of previously reported protocols using potassium carbonate as base (65.6 % versus 38.6 %). Moreover, in the final synthetic step of the process to obtain umeclidinium bromide, we were able to replace the use of toxic solvents (acetonitrile/chloroform) with water. The use of this green solvent allowed precipitation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) from the reaction medium with high purity and in high yield. Overall, we have developed a more efficient and environmentally friendly process for the synthesis of the umeclidinium bromide API with a higher overall yield (37.8 % versus previously reported overall yield of 9.7 %).
Image feature analysis and computer‐aided diagnosis in digital radiography: Detection and characterization of interstitial lung disease in digital chest radiographs (1988)

We are developing an automated method for determining physical measures of lung textures in digital chest radiographs in order to detect and characterize interstitial lung disease. With this method, the underlying background density variations caused by the gross lung and chest wall anatomy are corrected for in order to isolate the fluctuating patterns of the underlying lung texture for subsequent computer analysis. The power spectrum of lung texture, which is obtained from the two-dimensional Fourier transform, is filtered by the visual system response of the human observer. The magnitude and coarseness (or fineness) of the lung textures are then quantified by the root-mean-square (rms) variation and the first moment of the power spectrum, respectively. Preliminary results indicate that the rms variations and/or the first moments of the texture of abnormal lungs with various interstitial diseases are clearly different from those of normal lungs. Our results suggest strongly that quantitative texture measures calculated from digital chest images may be useful to radiologists in their assessment of interstitial disease.
Silicon carbide neural implants: In vivo neural tissue reaction (2013)

Novel materials are needed for intracortical neural implants (INI) to extend their reliability and functionality beyond a few years. Cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) is a chemically inert, physically robust semiconductor that has shown, through extensive in vitro testing, a high biocompatibility with neural cells. Recently we have shown that 3C-SiC does not attract a negative immune response from microglia in vivo, but the implants size did not allow adequate investigation of tissue response [1]. We produced a passive implant to test the in vivo tissue reaction of C57BL/6J mice to 3C-SiC and compare to our positive control of silicon (Si). Dual, triangular shanks were fabricated from each material and combined into a single device which was then implanted simultaneously into three C57BL/6J mouse brains for 35 days. The mice were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and the brains treated using immunohistochemistry. Fluorescence microscopy indicated that Si produced the expected increased inflammatory response from both microglia/ macrophage and astrocyte cells, whereas 3C-SiC shows minimal inflammatory reaction from these glial cells. Si also created tissue voids larger than the implants themselves whereas 3C-SiC showed minimal voids and even still had neuronal processes in contact with the implant. Our conclusion is that 3C-SiC shows great potential for use within the neural environment and should be fashioned into active INI to evaluate signal quality over time.
Multiple pathogenic proteins implicated in neuronopathic Gaucher disease mice (2014)

Gaucher disease, a prevalent lysosomal storage disease (LSD), is caused by insufficient activity of acid β-glucosidase (GCase) and the resultant glucosylceramide (GC)/glucosylsphingosine (GS) accumulation in visceral organs (Type 1) and the central nervous system (Types 2 and 3). Recent clinical and genetic studies implicate a pathogenic link between Gaucher and neurodegenerative diseases. The aggregation and inclusion bodies of α-synuclein with ubiquitin are present in the brains of Gaucher disease patients and mouse models. Indirect evidence of β-amyloid pathology promoting α-synuclein fibrillation supports these pathogenic proteins as a common feature in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, multiple proteins are implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic neuronopathic Gaucher disease (nGD). Immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses showed significant amounts of β-amyloid and amyloid precursor protein (APP) aggregates in the cortex, hippocampus, stratum and substantia nigra of the nGD mice. APP aggregates were in neuronal cells and colocalized with α-synuclein signals. A majority of APP co-localized with the mitochondrial markers TOM40 and Cox IV; a small portion co-localized with the autophagy proteins, P62/LC3, and the lysosomal marker, LAMP1. In cultured wild-type brain cortical neural cells, the GCase-irreversible inhibitor, conduritol B epoxide (CBE), reproduced the APP/α-synuclein aggregation and the accumulation of GC/GS. Ultrastructural studies showed numerous larger-sized and electron-dense mitochondria in nGD cerebral cortical neural cells. Significant reductions of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production and oxygen consumption (28-40%) were detected in nGD brains and in CBE-treated neural cells. These studies implicate defective GCase function and GC/GS accumulation as risk factors for mitochondrial dysfunction and the multi-proteinopathies (α-synuclein-, APP- and Aβ-aggregates) in nGD.
2P2-A15 Tactile-Biofeedback System for Locomotion Rehabilitation : Design of Tactile Interfaces for Detecting and Displaying Foot Pressures (2006)

We newly propose a locomotion rehabilitation system for stroke patients based on tactile-biofeedback that provides foot contact pressures on the paralytic side onto the body of their non-paralytic side. The proposed system is composed of two tactile interfaces: one of which enables to detect foot contact pressures on the paralytic side during locomotion and the other provides pushing contact senses onto a non-paralytic body surface, based on the contact pressures detected on the paralytic foot. Clinical testing for three stroke patients indicates this system allows the paralytics to improve the adjusting capability of weight and balance at a balancing training with the interfaces after a short training on its usage. The result confirms that our proposed locomotion rehabilitation system has a high potential to enable paralytics to regain the sense of earthing on the paralytic foot and to promote motor recovery after stroke.
Concentric coil arrays for parallel MRI (2005)

A new type of coil array is proposed that consists of concentrically placed coil elements, each of which is characterized by symmetrically arranged lobes that have alternating current directions. Symmetries in the coil elements' conductor paths allow for the minimization of mutual inductance and noise correlations. In addition, the concentric arrangement of the coil elements provides spatial encoding capabilities in multiple directions, which is valuable when arrays are used with parallel MRI. Simulations are presented that describe the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) properties of individual concentric array elements, and a four-element prototype concentric array is constructed. This prototype array is compared experimentally with three alternative four-element array designs. The overall SNR of the concentric array is comparable to the SNR of the competing arrays. Reconstruction of twofold undersampled data using the concentric array yields an average g-factor of less than 1.3 in all directions parallel to the plane of the array. There is some degradation in performance when threefold undersampled data are reconstructed, but the array still shows substantial directional invariance compared to alternative designs. Both fully-sampled and undersampled cardiac images acquired using the concentric array are shown. These results suggest that concentric structures can be useful tools for designing specialized coil arrays for parallel MRI.
HyPer-sonic combined transaction and query processing (2011)

In this demo we will prove that it is - against common belief - indeed possible to build a main-memory database system that achieves world-record transaction processing throughput and best-of-breed OLAP query response times in one system in parallel on the same database state. The two workloads of online transaction processing (OLTP) and online analytical processing (OLAP) present different challenges for database architectures. Currently, users with high rates of mission-critical transactions have split their data into two separate systems, one database for OLTP and one so-called data warehouse for OLAP. While allowing for decent transaction rates, this separation has many disadvantages including data freshness issues due to the delay caused by only periodically initiating the Extract Transform Load -data staging and excessive resource consumption due to maintaining two separate information systems. We present an efficient hybrid system, called HyPer , that can handle both OLTP and OLAP simultaneously by using hardware-assisted replication mechanisms to maintain consistent snapshots of the transactional data. HyPer is a main-memory database system that guarantees the full ACID properties for OLTP transactions and executes OLAP query sessions (multiple queries) on arbitrarily current and consistent snapshots. The utilization of the processor-inherent support for virtual memory management (address translation, caching, copy-on-write) yields both at the same time: unprecedentedly high transaction rates as high as 100,000+ transactions per second and very fast OLAP query response times on a single system executing both workloads in parallel. The performance analysis is based on a combined TPC-C and TPC-H benchmark.
Joint Prostate Cancer Detection and Gleason Score Prediction in mp-MRI via FocalNet (2019)

Multi-parametric MRI (mp-MRI) is considered the best non-invasive imaging modality for diagnosing prostate cancer (PCa). However, mp-MRI for PCa diagnosis is currently limited by the qualitative or semi-quantitative interpretation criteria, leading to inter-reader variability and a suboptimal ability to assess lesion aggressiveness. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are a powerful method to automatically learn the discriminative features for various tasks, including cancer detection. We propose a novel multi-class CNN, FocalNet, to jointly detect PCa lesions and predict their aggressiveness using Gleason score (GS). FocalNet characterizes lesion aggressiveness and fully utilizes distinctive knowledge from mp-MRI. We collected a prostate mp-MRI dataset from 417 patients who underwent 3T mp-MRI exams prior to robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. FocalNet was trained and evaluated in this large study cohort with fivefold cross validation. In the free-response receiver operating characteristics (FROC) analysis for lesion detection, FocalNet achieved 89.7% and 87.9% sensitivity for index lesions and clinically significant lesions at one false positive per patient, respectively. For the GS classification, evaluated by the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis, FocalNet received the area under the curve of 0.81 and 0.79 for the classifications of clinically significant PCa (GS ≥ 3 + 4) and PCa with GS ≥ 4 + 3, respectively. With the comparison to the prospective performance of radiologists using the current diagnostic guideline, FocalNet demonstrated comparable detection sensitivity for index lesions and clinically significant lesions, only 3.4% and 1.5% lower than highly experienced radiologists without statistical significance.
<title>Inversion formulas for diffusion imaging</title> (1995)

We consider the problem of imaging the optical absorption of a highly-scattering medium probed by diffusing waves. We present a path integral formulation of this inverse scattering problem that is used to obtain explicit inversion formulas for diffusion imaging.
Self-Assembly and Field-Responsive Optical Diffractions of Superparamagnetic Colloids (2008)

Superparamagnetic Fe(3)O(4) colloids with highly charged surfaces have been assembled into ordered structures in water in response to external magnetic fields. The colloids form chainlike structures with regular interparticle spacings of a few hundred nanometers along the direction of the external field so that the system strongly diffracts visible light. The balance between attractive (in this case, magnetic) and repulsive (electrostatic) forces dictates interparticle spacing and therefore optical properties. By changing the relative strength of these two forces, one can tune the peak diffraction wavelength over the entire visible spectrum. We were able to optimize the diffraction intensity and the tuning range through studying their dependence on variables such as the size distribution and concentration of the Fe(3)O(4) colloids or ionic strength of the solutions. The fast, reversible response and the feasibility for miniaturization impart these photonic materials great potential in applications such as optoelectronic devices, sensors, and color displays.
Development of a persistent superconducting joint between Bi-2212/Ag-alloy multifilamentary round wires (2016)

Superconducting joints are one of the key components needed to make Ag-alloy clad Bi<sub>2</sub>Sr<sub>2</sub>CaCu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8+x</sub> (Bi-2212) superconducting round wire (RW) successful for high-field, high-homogeneity magnet applications, especially for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) magnets in which persistent current mode (PCM) operation is highly desired. In this study, a procedure for fabricating superconducting joints between Bi-2212 round wires during coil reaction was developed. Melting temperatures of Bi-2212 powder with different amounts of Ag addition were investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA) so as to provide information for selecting the proper joint matrix. Test joints of 1.3 mm dia. wires heat treated in 1 bar flowing oxygen using the typical partial melt Bi-2212 heat treatment (HT) had transport critical currents <i>I</i> <sub><i>c</i></sub> of ~900 A at 4.2 K and self-field, decreasing to ~480 A at 14 T evaluated at 0.1 μV/cm at 4.2 K. Compared to the <i>I</i> <sub><i>c</i></sub> of the open-ended short conductor samples with identical 1 bar HT, the <i>I</i> <sub><i>c</i></sub> values of the superconducting joint are ~20% smaller than that of conductor samples measured in parallel field but ~20% larger than conductor samples measured in perpendicular field. Microstructures examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) clearly showed the formation of a superconducting Bi-2212 interface between the two Bi-2212 round wires. Furthermore, a Bi-2212 RW closed-loop solenoid with a superconducting joint heat treated in 1 bar flowing oxygen showed an estimated joint resistance below 5×10<sup>-12</sup> Ω based on its field decay rate. This value is sufficiently low to demonstrate the potential for persistent operation of large inductance Bi-2212 coils.
Novel Oxygenation System Supports Multilayer Growth of HeLa Cells (1996)

We have developed a novel substratum in which gelatin is bonded to a reservoir of perfluorodecalin using a perfluoroalkylating technique. This forms a stable substratum supporting good adhesion for cells. HeLa cells cultured on this substratum continued to grow exponentially after the surface was covered with a monolayer forming a tissue-like structure of more than 19 layers of cells. Histological sectioning and staining of the block of tissue formed revealed the presence of mitotic figures deep within the structure. Every cell was surrounded by other cells, similar to growth of cells in vivo. This technique opens up a new approach to studying problems involved in cell-cell interaction and development of histotypic structures in vitro.
Colorless Crystals of Tautomeric Fluoran Indicator Dyes (2005)

Some indicator dyes can exist as either a colorless or a colored tautomer, depending upon the environment. We have found examples of fluoran dyes (fluorescein, rhodol, and rhodamine) for which there exist crystalline forms of the colorless tautomer, but which in other crystalline habits or in the glassy state exhibit substantial absorption in the visible. The melting of colorless particles of these dyes provides a mechanism for direct thermal imaging characterized by high sensitivity for a given level of stability. The optimization of these amorphochromic dyes for direct thermal imaging will be described.
KNADIA: Enterprise KNowledge Assisted DIAlogue Systems Using Deep Learning (2018)

In this paper we present the design, architecture and implementation of KNADIA, a conversational dialogue system for intra-enterprise use, providing knowledge-assisted question answering and transactional assistance to employees of a large organization. KNADIA has been deployed in production in TCS, a large organization with over 380,000 employees distributed globally; the system is currently supporting a few thousand active users making hundreds of queries per day. We identify, define and distinguish two distinct classes of use-cases: virtual assistance and knowledge synthesis, which we have found to cover a variety of enterprise needs. KNADIA supports both types of conversational agents, with multiple instances of each, while presenting a common digital persona. KNADIA disambiguates which agent should respond to each query. Further, since individual components use deep learning algorithms giving probabilistic outputs, the confidence with which different components answer is often required before answering or acting. The user's dialogue context also needs to be maintained judiciously. Due to these and many other challenges, the overall architecture of KNADIA is non-trivial. We present instances of HR-assistance and technical knowledge synthesis that are in production use in TCS along with accuracy figures and key performance metrics. Finally, we suggest that many elements of our architecture are also generally applicable to other complex deep learning systems.
Ion implantation of Be in In0.53Ga0.47As (1982)

Multiple energy Be+ ion implantation has been used to produce p-type regions in n-In0.53Ga0.47As (n≃1016 cm−3). A simple technique has been developed for capless annealing of InGaAs up to 700 °C. The activation efficiency of the implanted Be+ is dependent on the implant energy and dosage with a maximum activation of 40% for 50-keV implants. When the total implant dose exceeds 1014 cm−2, substantial diffusion of Be occurs resulting in a p+-n−-n structure. Planar diodes formed by Be+ implantation have a reverse breakdown voltage of 50 V and an ideality factor of 1.5 in the forward direction.
Using the holographic property of synthetic aperture sonar images to enable real aperture sonar navigation. (2008)

Synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) images contain broadband multiaspect information about a scene; this leads to several holographic properties. The most commonly understood property is that a complete image can be reconstructed at lower resolution from any subband of the Fourier transform; this effect is used for speckle reduction. A less commonly understood property is that a SAS image contains all possible real aperture images over some range of angles and frequencies. This allows real aperture images to be coherently correlated with SAS images. The ability to coherently correlate sonar images permits the use of a broad class of probabilistic feature-based navigation algorithms. This paper describes the method of coherently correlating SAS and real aperture images for navigation, and presents results from St. Andrew Bay and the Gulf of Mexico using the small synthetic aperture minehunter.
<title>Colon unraveling based on electrical field: recent progress and further work</title> (1999)

CT colonography (CTC) is a new technology, which permits endoscopic-like evaluation of the mucosal surface. Recently, an electrical field based approach was developed to unravel the colon in spiral CT image volumes, that is to digitally straighten then flatten the colon using curved cross-sections. In this paper, we report (1) an exact and computation- intensive algorithm for straightening the colon using curved cross-sections, and (2) an approximate but computationally efficient straightening algorithm. In the direct straightening algorithm, each curved cross-section of the colon is defined by electrical force lines due to charges distributed along the colon path, and constructed by directly tracing the force lines. In the fast straightening algorithm, only representative force lines are traced that originate equiangularly from the current colon path position, while other force lines are interpolated from the traced force lines. The experiments are performed with both phantom and patient data. It is demonstrated that straightening the colon with curved cross-sections facilitates visualization and analysis, has potential for use in CTC; and the speed of the interpolation based straightening algorithm is practically acceptable, which is about 40 times faster than that of the direct algorithm.
Processing of Sliding Spotlight and TOPS SAR Data Using Baseband Azimuth Scaling (2009)

This paper presents an efficient phase preserving processor for the focusing of data acquired in sliding spotlight and Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans (TOPS) imaging modes. They share in common a linear variation of the Doppler centroid along the azimuth dimension, which is due to a steering of the antenna (either mechanically or electronically) throughout the data take. Existing approaches for the azimuth processing can become inefficient due to the additional processing to overcome the folding in the focused domain. In this paper, a new azimuth scaling approach is presented to perform the azimuth processing, whose kernel is exactly the same for sliding spotlight and TOPS modes. The possibility to use the proposed approach to process data acquired in the ScanSAR mode, as well as a discussion concerning staring spotlight, is also included. Simulations with point targets and real data acquired by TerraSAR-X in sliding spotlight and TOPS modes are used to validate the developed algorithm.
A Multi-view Non-parametric Clustering Approach to Mobile Subscriber Segmentation (2016)

Marketers use segmentation as an important tool to better understand and effectively target customers by adopting marketing strategies catering to the needs and characteristics of each segment. Traditionally, customer segmentation using clustering algorithms is performed using a single attribute set. However, there may be multiple meaningful natural customer groupings possible if independent subsets of attributes were considered while discovering the clusters. Multi-view clustering provides a meaningful way to combine groupings in different feature subsets by assigning customers to multiple segments, representing different perspectives of customer behavior. In this paper we propose a novel method for performing multi-view clustering wherein multiple groupings are generated using a non-parametric clustering algorithm and are then combined and visualized using a cross-tab/sunburst based visualization scheme. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach by applying it to a variety of real-world problems related to mobile subscriber segmentation.