gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Phase-shifting mask fabrication</title> (1994)

The choice of a fabrication technique for phase-shifting masks is described by comparing approaches in which the shifter patterns are defined by etching the substrate (subtractive approach) or by adding a layer to the substrate (additive approach). By reviewing the various fabrication alternatives, a subtractive methodology that allows the fabrication of any type of phase-shift pattern (alternating aperture, assist-slot, rime, chromeless) on the same mask with only three lithographic steps was adopted. This process was extended to the fabrication of attenuated phase-shifting masks. The current processing capabilities are reviewed.
CHARMM Additive All-Atom Force Field for Glycosidic Linkages between Hexopyranoses (2009)

We present an extension of the CHARMM hexopyranose monosaccharide additive all-atom force field to enable modeling of glycosidic-linked hexopyranose polysaccharides. The new force field parameters encompass 1→1, 1→2, 1→3, 1→4, and 1→6 hexopyranose glycosidic linkages, as well as O-methylation at the C(1) anomeric carbon, and are developed to be consistent with the CHARMM all-atom biomolecular force fields for proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. The parameters are developed in a hierarchical fashion using model compounds containing the key atoms in the full carbohydrates, in particular O-methyl-tetrahydropyran and glycosidic-linked dimers consisting of two molecules of tetrahyropyran or one of tetrahydropyran and one of cyclohexane. Target data for parameter optimization include full two-dimensional energy surfaces defined by the Φ/Ψ glycosidic dihedral angles in the disaccharide analogs as determined by quantum mechanical MP2/cc-pVTZ single point energies on MP2/6-31G(d) optimized structures (MP2/cc-pVTZ//MP2/6-31G(d)). In order to achieve balanced, transferable dihedral parameters for the Φ/Ψ glycosidic dihedral angles, surfaces for all possible chiralities at the ring carbon atoms involved in the glycosidic linkages are considered, resulting in over 5000 MP2/cc-pVTZ//MP2/6-31G(d) conformational energies. Also included as target data are vibrational frequencies, pair interaction energies and distances with water molecules, and intramolecular geometries including distortion of the glycosidic valence angle as a function of the glycosidic dihedral angles. The model-compound optimized force field parameters are validated on full disaccharides through comparison of molecular dynamics results to available experimental data. Good agreement is achieved with experiment for a variety of properties including crystal cell parameters and intramolecular geometries, aqueous densities, and aqueous NMR coupling constants associated with the glycosidic linkage. The newly-developed parameters allow for the modeling of linear, branched, and cyclic hexopyranose glycosides both alone and in heterogenous systems including proteins, nucleic acids and/or lipids when combined with existing CHARMM biomolecular force fields.
Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Patients With Heart Failure (2017)

The benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure may be mediated by the inhibition of sodium-hydrogen exchange rather than the effect on glucose reabsorption. This hypothesis has important implications for the design and analysis of large-scale outcomes trials involving diabetic or nondiabetic patients with chronic heart failure.
Stress-relaxing composite ligature wires: formulations and characteristics. (1999)

A stress-relaxing composite ligature was developed that has both mechanical and esthetic characteristics that make it attractive for use in orthodontics. The neutrally-colored polymer-polymer composite was created by encasing ultra-high molecular weight poly(ethylene) fibers in a poly(n-butyl methacrylate) polymer, which was formulated from a polysol and an optimal benzoin ethyl-ether concentration. The resulting composite ligature exhibited a tensile strength more than twice that of dead-soft stainless steel ligature, and a stress-relaxation decay significantly greater than stainless steel ligature. With these characteristics, the material could be used as an orthodontic ligature when tooth movement with negligible friction due to ligation is desired. A Maxwell-Weichert model predicted the load-decay profiles that ultimately resulted in the general loss of frictional forces with time.
Coexistence of Wi-Fi and Cellular With Listen-Before-Talk in Unlicensed Spectrum (2015)

In this letter, we analyze the coexistence performance of Wi-Fi and cellular networks with different listen-before-talk (LBT) procedures in the unlicensed spectrum. For this analysis, the behavior of a cellular base station is modeled as a Markov chain that is combined with Bianchi's Markov model depicting the behavior of a Wi-Fi access point. The proposed mathematical framework finds the optimal contention window size of cellular base stations, which maximizes the total throughput of both networks while satisfying the required throughput of each network. Numerical results show the validity of adjustment in the parameter of LBT.
Mast cell proteases in immunology and biology (1995)

Mast Cell Proteases: A Historical Perspective, David Lagunoff Mast Cell Tryptase: Properties and Roles in Human Allergic Responses, Lawrence B. Schwartz Skin Tryptase: Features and Expression in Human Dermatological Disorders, Ilkka T. Harvima, Rauno J. Harvima, Anita Naukkarinen, and Maija Horsmanheimo Chymotrypsin-like Proteinases of Human Skin Mast Cells, Norman M. Schechter Mast Cell Neuropeptidases, Elizabeth K. Tam Mast Cell Carboxypeptidase: Structure and Regulation of Gene Expression, Sanford M. Goldstein Tissue and Development Variation of Protease Expression in Human Mast Cells, Anne-Marie A. Irani Dog Mast Cell Proteinases in Models of Airway Secretion, Bronchoconstriction, Cutaneous Vascular Permeability, and Tissue Fibrosis, Christian P. Sommerhoff Secretory Endo- and Exopeptidases of Mouse Mast Cells: Structure, Genetics, and Regulation of Expression, Eric B. Springman and William E. Serafin Mast Cell Chymases in Helminthosis and Hypersensitivity, Hugh R.P. Miller, John F. Huntley, and George F.J. Newlands Control of Tryptase and Chymase Activity by Protease Inhibitors, Hiroshi Kido and Nobuhiko Katunuma Role of Mast Cell Proteases and Proteoglycans in Lipoprotein Metabolism, Jorma O. Kokkonen, Ken A. Lindstedt, and Petri T. Kovanen Physiological Regulation of C3a Anaphylatoxin Activity by Mast Cell Chymase, Tony E. Hugli Mast Cell Chymases and Tryptases: Phylogeny, Family Relations, and Biogenesis, George H. Caughey Appendix: Mast Cell Protease Nomenclature and Abbreviations
I-WAY, intelligent co-operative system for road safety (2007)

Fatalities and injuries connected with road accidents and its social and economic implications are dramatic issues nowadays. In this paper we present a strategy to improve road and mobility safety addressed by the I-WAY system. I-WAY is an innovative system able to improve road safety based on a cooperative driving platform which will ubiquitously monitor and recognize the road environment and the driver's state in real time using data obtained from three types of sources: the in-vehicle sensing system, the road infrastructure and neighbouring cars. It supports both, road-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-vehicle communication in order to enhance drivers' perception on road environment and improve responses in critical scenarios. This work addresses the I-WAY technical solution and its overall architecture.
A single chip laser radar receiver with a 9&#x00D7;9 SPAD detector array and a 10-channel TDC (2015)

A single chip receiver for pulsed laser time-of-flight rangefinding applications has been realized in a standard 0.35um HV CMOS technology. It includes a 9×9 SPAD array and a 10-channel time-to-digital converter with 10ps single shot precision. Any of the 3×3 sub-arrays can be selected for simultaneous measurement. The selected SPAD array can be gated to be operative only within a selected time window in order to suppress dark and background light induced counts. Functional tests in a laser radar environment indicate full functionality over a range of nearly 80 metres.
Influence of Type of Initiation on Thiol–Ene “Click” Chemistry (2009)

Abstract Thermally and photochemically initiated thiol–ene click reactions using thiol‐ and allyl‐ end functionalized linear polystyrenes with various enes (allyl bromide, methyl acrylate, and methyl methacrylate) and thiol (3‐mercaptopropionic acid) have been investigated. Allyl‐ and thiol‐end‐capped polystyrenes with controlled molecular weight and low polydispersity were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene using functional initiator and end group modification approaches, respectively. Thiol–ene reactions can be initiated by both cleavage type photoinitiators such as (2,4,6‐trimethylbenzoyl)diphenylphosphine oxide (TMDPO) and 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenyl acetophenone (DMPA) and H‐abstraction type photoinitiators such as benzophenone (BP), thioxanthone (TX), camphorquinone (CQ), and classical thermal initiator, 2,2′‐azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) at 80 °C. The kinetics of the reactions was monitored online with a real time ATR‐FTIR monitoring system and the conversions were determined by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. A comparison of click efficiencies of the studied initiator systems was performed. Compare to the thermal initiators and H‐abstraction type photoinitiators, cleavage type photoinitiators were found to induce thiol–ene click reactions with higher efficiency. magnified image
Comparing ion‐pairing reagents and sample dissolution solvents for ion‐pairing reversed‐phase liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of oligonucleotides (2013)

The impact of dissolution solvent on the MS signal of oligonucleotides depends on the type of ion-pairing reagent. Buffer combining 15 mM hexylamine and 50 mM hexafluoro-2-propanol produced the highest overall performance for oligonucleotides (10mer to 40mer) with respect to chromatographic resolution and mass detection.
Present Status and Future Plan of RIKEN RI Beam Factory (2016)

Recent efforts concerning the accelerators of the RIKEN RI Beam Factory (RIBF) have been directed towards achieving higher heavy-ion beam intensities. As shown at the IPAC2014 conference, the intensities of these ion beams have improved significantly following the construction of the new injector, RILAC2, which is equipped with a 28-GHz superconducting ECR ion source, development of the helium gas stripper, and upgrading of the bending power of the fRC. In this respect, this paper presents the subsequent upgrade programs conducted in the past two years, such as the development of a new charge stripper for uranium beam and a new acceleration scheme of krypton beam. The current performance level of the RIBF accelerator complex, as well as a future plan to further increase the beam intensities, are also presented.
Observations of seismo-electromagnetic earthquake precursor radiation signatures along Southern Californian fault zones: Evidence of long-distance precursor ultra-low frequency signals observed before a moderate Southern California earthquake episode (1991)

Although questioned for a long time, there is accumulating growing evidence for the existence of detectable seismo-electromagnetic phenomena worldwide. California is geologically as well as seismically a unique region for studying these phenomena in depth; and, in particular, the southern California geologic province with a multitude of offshore and inland fault zones with San Diego in its center. At the Naval Ocean Systems Center Low Frequency Noise Laboratory, San Diego CA., we monitor 0.1–10 Hz ultra-low frequency (ULF) and 10–40 Hz extremely low-frequency (ELF) signals using mu-metal loaded multitum search coil sensors, as well as 10–100 kHz very low-frequency signals using large 1 m diameter loop antennas. We have observed precursor seismo-electromagnetic emissions of several earthquake events. In this paper, we report on observations of broadband ULF signals before and during the Upland quake of April 17, 1990 (M s = 4.6), centered 200 km N of San Diego. The signals were detected with the vertically oriented search coil sensor and not with the horizontally oriented sensors, which suggests a disturbed ionosphere as the most likely source of these signals. The large prequake ULF activity, the rapid decay of ULF activity after the quake, and the absence of any geomagnetic storms indicate a good correlation of the ULF activity with the Upland quake. Although the exact mechanisms for coupling geologic activity to the ionosphere is not known, we cite a number of hypotheses concerning these mechanisms. Based on this succinct overview, an interpretation of our radio observations of seismic activity is presented and extended to earthquake precursor or predictor studies. We are in the process of expanding this research with the building of more monitoring stations and the improvement of our measurement, data collection, formatting, and data processing capabilities.
Stimulated focusing and deflection of an atomic beam using picosecond laser pulses (1997)

Using the stimulated force exerted by counterpropagating \ensuremath{\pi} pulses from a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser we have focused a beam of laser-cooled cesium atoms along one dimension to about 57% of its original width in the detection zone. We determined the force profile outside and inside the overlap region of the pulses and found agreement with an earlier theoretical prediction. The scheme does not require an effective two-level system and is therefore suitable for a large variety of elements.
Ultra-high-resolution daughter ion tandem mass spectra using a differentially pumped dual cell Fourier transform mass spectrometer (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUltra-high-resolution daughter ion tandem mass spectra using a differentially pumped dual cell Fourier transform mass spectrometerMarcus B. WiseCite this: Anal. Chem. 1987, 59, 18, 2289–2293Publication Date (Print):September 15, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 September 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00145a017https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00145a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views69Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Experiences gained in implementing an economical, universal motorist information system (1993)

The background and experiences gained in designing, developing and implementing an economical Advanced Traveller Information System (ATIS) for the Toronto area is described. The system has been extended and enhanced to form a universal motorist information system providing information on about 1000 kilometers of provincial highways. The system is infrastructure free and operates in conjunction with an Advanced Traveller Management System (ATMS), COMPASS. The service makes effective use of third party distributors, who receive traffic and road information, principally via fax, and retransmit it to their customers. The resulting system offers the ability to integrate with a very large range of output technologies, thereby serving a wide range of user needs.
Pharmacological Characterisation of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Expressed in Human iPSC-Derived Neurons (2015)

Neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a potentially valuable tool for the characterisation of neuronal receptors and ion channels. Previous studies on iPSC-derived neuronal cells have reported the functional characterisation of a variety of receptors and ion channels, including glutamate receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and several voltage-gated ion channels. In the present study we have examined the expression and functional properties of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in human iPSC-derived neurons. Gene expression analysis indicated the presence of transcripts encoding several nAChR subunits, with highest levels detected for α3-α7, β1, β2 and β4 subunits (encoded by CHRNA3-CHRNA7, CHRNB1, CHRNB2 and CHRNB4 genes). In addition, similarly high transcript levels were detected for the truncated dupα7 subunit transcript, encoded by the partially duplicated gene CHRFAM7A, which has been associated with psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. The functional properties of these nAChRs have been examined by calcium fluorescence and by patch-clamp recordings. The data obtained suggest that the majority of functional nAChRs expressed in these cells have pharmacological properties typical of α7 receptors. Large responses were induced by a selective α7 agonist (compound B), in the presence of the α7-selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) PNU-120596, which were blocked by the α7-selective antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA). In addition, a small proportion of the neurons express nAChRs with properties typical of heteromeric (non-α7 containing) nAChR subtypes. These cells therefore represent a great tool to advance our understanding of the properties of native human nAChRs, α7 in particular.
Fluorescence Quenching of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Transition-Metal Ions (2009)

The ability of cobalt, copper, and nickel salts to quench SDBS surfacted single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with a concentration between 0.5 and 5 mM per 15 mg·L−1 of SWNT has been investigated. The following metal salts show a decrease in fluorescence of the SWNTs: CuSO4, Cu(OAc)2, CuCl2, CoSO4, Co(OAc)2, CoCl2, NiSO4, Ni(OAc)2, and NiCl2. The Stern−Volmer quenching constants are found to depend on the identity of the metal ion and the anion but not on the chirality (similar to other ions of the same size) of the SWNT. As with Group 2 and 12 metal ions, the SWNT exciton formed from light absorption is sensitive to its local environment, and the field around the metal ions has a significant effect on the exciton facilitating nonradiative decay paths. Increased quenching is observed with transition-metal ions as compared to their Group 2 and 12 analogs, and this differs from the established charge versus ionic-volume trend observed with the latter. Some of this apparent increase is due to absorption by aggregates formed between the metal ions and the surfactant; however, these effects can be mitigated by centrifugation. Despite the removal of any aggregates, the transition metals still show greater quenching efficiency than their main group homologues. This observed effect is proposed to be due to a strong M2+···SDBS attractive interaction causing a large concentration of ions near the nanotube surface compared to those of their Group 2 and 12 counterparts. With regard to the counterion, the quenching efficiency follows the trend of Cl− ≈ SO42− > OAc−. The nondissociating transition-metal acetate complexes are less efficient in an environment where charge interactions dominate over the ionic volume-based quenching found in Group 2 and 12 salts.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Alzheimer's Pathology in the Brains of Living Transgenic Mice: A New Tool in Alzheimer's Disease Research (2007)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Cardinal pathologic features of AD are amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, and most in the field believe that the initiating events ultimately leading to clinical AD center on disordered metabolism of amyloid beta protein. Mouse models of AD have been created by inserting one or more human mutations associated with disordered amyloid metabolism and that cause early onset familial AD into the mouse genome. Human-like amyloid plaque formation increases dramatically with age in these transgenic mice. Amyloid reduction in humans is a major therapeutic objective, and AD transgenic mice allow controlled study of this biology. Recent work has shown that amyloid plaques as small as 35 microm can be detected using in vivo magnetic resonance microimaging (MRMI) at high magnetic field (9.4 T). In addition, age-dependent changes in metabolite concentration analogous to those that have been identified in human AD patients can be detected in these transgenic mice using single-voxel (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) at high magnetic field. These MR-based techniques provide a new set of tools to the scientific community engaged in studying the biology of AD in transgenic models of the disease. For example, an obvious application is evaluating therapeutic modification of disease progression. Toward the end of this review, the authors include results from a pilot study demonstrating feasibility of using MRMI to detect therapeutic modification of plaque progression in AD transgenic mice.
A 190-$\mu\hbox{W}$ zero-IF GFSK Demodulator With a 4-b Phase-Domain ADC (2012)

This paper presents a zero-IF Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK) demodulator based on a phase-domain analog-to-digital converter (Ph-ADC) which directly quantizes the phase information of the received complex baseband signal. The Ph-ADC linearly combines the in-phase and quadrature parts of the incoming signal, and the generated phase-shifted versions are fed to comparators to detect the zero-crossings and build a 4-b digital representation of the signal phase. Seeking for a low-area and low-power consumption realization, our proposal employs a resistor-less scheme which performs phase rotations in current domain. Together with the Ph-ADC, the fully integrated GFSK demodulator also includes a channel-filtering programmable gain amplifier and a symbol decision block. Altogether, the demodulator occupies 0.14 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in a 0.13- μm CMOS technology with a total power consumption of 190 μW from a 1-V supply. For a data rate of 1 Mbps and 0.5 modulation depth, the GFSK demodulator requires an <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">E</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</sub> / <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> of 14.8 dB for a bit error rate of 0.1% considering a flicker noise corner of 150 kHz, obtains a dynamic range of 74 dB, and is able to tolerate carrier frequency offsets of ±170 kHz. This performance safely complies with the requirements of the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) standard.
Morphine Synthesis and Biosynthesis-An Update (2000)

This review covers recent developments in the area of morphine synthesis and biosynthesis. Literature is reviewed since the publication of the last major review. The first part of the chapter discusses recent advancements in biosynthesis of morphine alkaloids. Total syntheses published since 1996 are reviewed next and the third section discusses all published approaches to morphine skeleton. At the end of the of the chapter, an additional reference list is provided for synthesis of medicinally important derivatives, improvements in alkoloid interconversion, as well as a list of all dissertations dealing with morphine synthesis.