gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highlighted depth-of-field photography (2011)

We present a photographic method to enhance intensity differences between objects at varying distances from the focal plane. By combining a unique capture procedure with simple image processing techniques, the detected brightness of an object is decreased proportional to its degree of defocus. A camera-projector system casts distinct grid patterns onto a scene to generate a spatial distribution of point reflections. These point reflections relay a relative measure of defocus that is utilized in postprocessing to generate a highlighted DOF photograph. Trade-offs between three different projector-processing pairs are analyzed, and a model is developed to help describe a new intensity-dependent depth of field that is controlled by the pattern of illumination. Results are presented for a primary single snapshot design as well as a scanning method and a comparison method. As an application, automatic matting results are presented.
Thermal simulation for the packaging structures of Radio frequency power amplifier chamber (2012)

Rf power amplifier (Radio frequency power amplifier) has an important role in the military field due to its unique advantage. However,the Rf power amplifier devices will produce a large quantity of heat when they are working. The heat for the influence of the device is bigger, so the strict thermal design needs to be used on its Rf Power amplifier packages. There are 15 chips in body cavity of Rf Power amplifier, and lts total heat consumption is 14.254W. Six CHA1077 (0.465 W) chips, two CHU2277 (1.192 W) chips, two CHX1094 (0.54 W) chips and one CGY2137 (1.6 W) chip are packaged in Radio frequency body cavities. Its total heat consumption is 7.854 W. In power amplifier, there are four CGY2137 (1.6W) chips and its total heat consumption is 6.4 W. Preliminary design proved: only rely on heat transfer can't meet the requirement, so forced air cooling must be adopted to. Refer to the design space and air volume requirements, the type of EBMPAPST 618NN fan has been chosen for module cooling. The heat dissipation way of the fan is air blow. The 3D models of Rf power amplifier has been established. It is working continuously not less than 24 hours, and after 1 hour, it has been basically working in a stable state. So only the steady temperature field distribution needs to be calculated in order to catch the internaI chips temperature distribution of the modules cavity body. Rf power amplifier cavities work environment temperature is 55 °C. The simulation results show that the maximum temperature in the Rf power amplifier is 71.2 °C. Only 16.2 °C maximum temperature raised in the module, and the maximum temperature field regional happened in radio frequency cavity around the CGY2137 chip. Due to the demand of the maximum temperature of the module no more than 90 °C, so this design completely meet the requirements.
M7.9 THREE DIMENSIONAL SUB-BAND CODING OF VIDEO (1988)

A novel coding scheme has been developed which is based on multi-dimensional sub-band coding. In our method the digital video signal is filtered and sub-sampled in all three dimensions (temporally, horizontally and vertically) to yield the sub-bands, from which the input signal can be losslessly reconstructed in the absence of coding loss. The subbands can be more efficiently coded than the input signal in terms of compression and quality, because the restricted information in rach band allows well-tailored encoding. The computational complexity of this coding scheme compares favorably to DCT with interframe prediction and inter/intra frame DPCM. The scheme has an architectural structure suitable for parallel implementation, and it yields high coinpression with sustained good quality.
Slip Interface Imaging Predicts Tumor-Brain Adhesion in Vestibular Schwannomas (2015)

SII can be used to predict the degree of tumor-brain adhesion of vestibular schwannomas and may provide a method to improve preoperative planning and determination of surgical risk in these patients.
3′-Deoxy-3′-<i>C</i>-trifluoromethyl Nucleosides: Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation (1998)

Abstract 2′,3′-Dideoxy-3′-C-trifluoromethylthymidine 9a and -uridine 9b and 3′-C-trifluoromethyl-d4T 11 were prepared in a few steps from 3′-deoxy-3′-C-trifluoromethyl-D-ribose, which synthesis was recently reported. The biological assessment of these nucleoside analogues did not reveal interesting antiviral properties against HIV-1, HSV-1, CMV, Vaccine, and Cox B4.
Crossmodal reorganization in the early deaf switches sensory, but not behavioral roles of auditory cortex (2011)

It is well known that early disruption of sensory input from one modality can induce crossmodal reorganization of a deprived cortical area, resulting in compensatory abilities in the remaining senses. Compensatory effects, however, occur in selected cortical regions and it is not known whether such compensatory phenomena have any relation to the original function of the reorganized area. In the cortex of hearing cats, the auditory field of the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (FAES) is largely responsive to acoustic stimulation and its unilateral deactivation results in profound contralateral acoustic orienting deficits. Given these functional and behavioral roles, the FAES was studied in early-deafened cats to examine its crossmodal sensory properties as well as to assess the behavioral role of that reorganization. Recordings in the FAES of early-deafened adults revealed robust responses to visual stimulation as well as receptive fields that collectively represented the contralateral visual field. A second group of early-deafened cats was trained to localize visual targets in a perimetry array. In these animals, cooling loops were surgically placed on the FAES to reversibly deactivate the region, which resulted in substantial contralateral visual orienting deficits. These results demonstrate that crossmodal plasticity can substitute one sensory modality for another while maintaining the functional repertoire of the reorganized region.
A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Comparing the Efficacy and Tolerability of Levocabastine-Oxymetazoline Nasal Spray with Levocabastine and Oxymetazoline Alone in the Symptomatic Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis (1996)

A total of 1015 patients participated in three 1-week, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials undertaken to assess the therapeutic efficacy and tolerability of twice daily administration of a nasal spray containing a combination of levocabastine (0.5 mg/mL) and oxymetazoline (0.5 mg/mL) (levocabastine-D) versus that of either agent alone in the treatment of ragweed-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis. As these studies shared a common protocol, the data have been pooled. Patient assessments revealed that the mean change in area under the curve (AUC) from baseline over the entire treatment period was significantly greater in patients treated with levocabastine or levocabastine-D than in those receiving placebo for all symptoms evaluated (nasal congestion; P < 0.05 and sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal itching, ocular symptoms, total key symptoms, total all symptoms; P < 0.001). Corresponding changes in patients treated with oxymetazoline alone did not attain statistical significance. Day-by-day analysis demonstrated that the beneficial effects seen with levocabastine and levocabastine-D were maintained throughout the treatment period for all symptoms except nasal congestion (Days 1 and 2 only); oxymetazoline provided significant relief from nasal congestion only and only on the first day of treatment. Investigator assessments revealed similar trends. Global evaluations of therapeutic efficacy revealed that 44% of levocabastine-treated patients and 52% of patients treated with levocabastine-D considered therapeutic efficacy to be excellent or good compared with 39% of those on oxymetazoline and 26% on placebo (P < 0.01 versus placebo). Adverse experiences were reported by 30% of levocabastine-treated patients, 40% of patients treated with levocabastine-D and oxymetazoline, and 32% of placebo controls, with no statistically significant intergroup differences in incidence or type. In conclusion, twice daily levocabastine nasal spray is effective and well-tolerated for the treatment of ragweed-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis with an adverse effect profile comparable with that of placebo. Addition of oxymetazoline to the topical antihistamine does not appear to provide significant additional clinical benefit compared to that observed with levocabastine alone, and tachyphylaxis to the decongestant effect of the topical vasoconstrictor occurs within days of treatment initiation.
Preparation and Characterization of Gold Nanostructures of Controlled Dimension by Electrochemical Techniques (2007)

Gold sponges consisting of bicontinuous, 3D networks of branched nanowires and tortuous pores are prepared by anodic dissolution of silver from Ag75Au25 alloy sheets in 1 mol L-1 HClO4, an electrochemical process occurring under mixed charge transfer and mass transport control. Samples resulting from dissolution are characterized by SEM, which reveals different surface and bulk morphologies, and EIS that allows an estimate of the Au sponge surface area through the measurement of its double layer capacity. This capacity depends linearly on the dissolution charge and attains values of 3−10 F g-1 of gold, increasing for increasing dissolution potentials in the explored range. The relation between typical size of the nanostructures and measured capacity is discussed by reference to a simple geometrical model of the internal wire-like structure. Aging causes some capacity decay, to be attributed to slow coarsening processes.
The HTM Spatial Pooler—A Neocortical Algorithm for Online Sparse Distributed Coding (2017)

Hierarchical temporal memory (HTM) provides a theoretical framework that models several key computational principles of the neocortex. In this paper, we analyze an important component of HTM, the HTM spatial pooler (SP). The SP models how neurons learn feedforward connections and form efficient representations of the input. It converts arbitrary binary input patterns into sparse distributed representations (SDRs) using a combination of competitive Hebbian learning rules and homeostatic excitability control. We describe a number of key properties of the SP, including fast adaptation to changing input statistics, improved noise robustness through learning, efficient use of cells, and robustness to cell death. In order to quantify these properties we develop a set of metrics that can be directly computed from the SP outputs. We show how the properties are met using these metrics and targeted artificial simulations. We then demonstrate the value of the SP in a complete end-to-end real-world HTM system. We discuss the relationship with neuroscience and previous studies of sparse coding. The HTM spatial pooler represents a neurally inspired algorithm for learning sparse representations from noisy data streams in an online fashion.
Consumable Spacecraft Structure with 3-D Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Hybrid Rocket Thrusters (2017)

An additively manufactured hybrid rocket thruster system has been developed to provide CubeSats with safe and efficient in-space maneuverability. To date, over 650 CubeSats have been launched via rideshare to varying degrees of operational success, and the numbers are increasing yearly. No system is currently available that can support large, impulsive maneuvers that would expand CubeSat mission capabilities and mitigate the space debris generated by the small spacecraft. To provide a solution, hybrid rocket technology developed at Utah State University has been reworked into four Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene thrusters 3D printed into a 2U CubeSat form factor consumable structure. The system has restart capabilities, non-hazardous propellants, and a simple configuration. The ABS/GOX thruster system is expected to have a vacuum specific impulse greater than 280 seconds and be capable of producing over 90 m/s of ΔV for a 4 kg, 3U CubeSat. The provided amount of ΔV is estimated to be sufficient to deorbit the 3U CubeSat in less than 25 years from a maximum initial altitude of 700 km. Hydrostatic testing has been successfully completed on the additively manufactured motor case, and hot-fire testing is expected to confirm performance estimates.
Hydrogen absorption and desorption in Nd2Fe14B (1986)

Absorption and desorption of hydrogen by the permanent magnet material Nd2Fe14B have been studied using a microcomputer-controlled, thermomanometric analyzer with an initial hydrogen pressure of approximately 1 bar. Primary absorption occurs in the range 200–300 °C and results in the formation of a stable hydride with increased lattice parameters and Curie temperature. Subsequent hydrogen desorption, which is virtually complete by 650 °C, leaves the sample in an intermediate state. A second absorption step at about 720 °C corresponds to disproportionation of the Nd2Fe14B phase into α-Fe, Fe2B, and NdH2. Desorption of hydrogen from a hydrogenated sample heated in vacuum is maximum at 300 °C.
Robust Bessel-function-based method for determination of the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>indices of single-walled carbon nanotubes by electron diffraction (2006)

We report a calibration-free method for the determination of chiral indices $(n,m)$ of single-walled carbon nanotubes from their electron diffraction patterns based on Bessel function analysis of the diffracted layer lines. An approach has been developed for confident identification of the orders of the Bessel functions from the intensity modulations of the diffraction layer lines, to which $(n,m)$ are correlated. In particular, we critically evaluate the effect of nanotube inclination on the validity of the method and show that the layer lines governed by high-order Bessel functions tolerate higher tilt angles than those of low-order Bessel functions and thus are favored for $(n,m)$ evaluation. The method is of particular significance in that it considerably enhances the precision of chiral indexing and makes possible the analysis of high-order Bessel functions, especially when EDPs are of relatively low pixel resolution. The technique can be extended to structural analysis of double-walled carbon nanotubes.
Antioxidant activity of Tamarindus indica L. (2005)

Tamarindus indica L. e una pianta appartenente alla famiglia delle Leguminose (Cesalpinoideae) nota sin dall'antichita per le sue proprieta farmacologiche. Le virtu del tamarindo sono molteplici: si utilizzavano la polpa e i semi sotto forma di infuso o di decotto nelle febbri gastriche infiammatorie, nell'itterizia e nella dissenteria, come purgante, come dissetante. In questo studio preliminare e stato analizzato l'estratto in etile acetato della fase acquosa della polpa di tamarindo. Nella fase organica mediante analisi cromatografiche, sia TLC, sia HPLC , sono state evidenziate sostanze ad azione antiossidante quali l'acido ellagico, clorogenico, caffeico, alcuni flavoni. Dai semi, contenuti nella polpa, si ricava una gomma, nota appunto come gomma tamarindo, costituita da polisaccaridi eterogenei. Studi recenti hanno evidenziato attivita ipoglicemizzante dell'estratto acquoso di tamarindo, ma gli studi farmacologici non sono confortati da determinazioni chimiche riguardo la composizione degli estratti stessi
Design and implementation of PVFS-PM: a cluster file system on SCore (2003)

This paper discusses the design and implementation of a cluster file system, called PVFS-PM, on the SCore cluster system software. This is the first attempt to implement a cluster file system on the SCore system. It is based on the PVFS cluster file system but replaces TCP with the PMv2 communication library supported by SCore to provide a scalable, high-performance cluster file system. PVFS-PM improves the performance by factors of 1.07 and 1.93 for writing and reading, respectively, with 8 I/O nodes, compared with the original PVFS on TCP on a Gigabit Ethernet-connected SCore cluster.
A fast heuristics for optimal CMOS functional cell layout generation (2003)

The problem of generating minimal-area CMOS functional cell layout can be converted to that of decomposing the transistor connection graph into a minimum number of subgraphs, each having a pair of Euler paths, with the same sequence of input labels on the N-graph and P-graph, which are portions of the graph corresponding to NMOS and PMOS parts, respectively. The authors propose a heuristic algorithm which yields a nearly minimum number of Euler paths from the path representation formulation which represents the given logic function. Subpath merging is done through a list processing scheme where the pairs of paths that results in the lowest cost are successively merged from all candidate merge pairs until no further path merging and no further reduction of the number of subgraphs are possible.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ultrasound-Assisted Fusion of Preformed Gold Nanoparticles (2010)

The influence of ultrasound waves (20 kHz) of high intensity (40 W·cm−2) on preformed citrate-protected gold nanoparticles (average diameter 25 ± 7 nm) is demonstrated in pure water and in the presence of surfactants. Ultrasonic treatment for 20 min is sufficient to fuse gold nanoparticles at the contact in a dumbbell-like structure. Gold nanoparticles acquire a worm-like or ring-like structure after 60 min of sonication in water. Fused nanoparticles with spherical or oval shapes are formed after ultrasonic treatment in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate or dodecyl amine solutions. Dispersion of nanoparticles is found as an additional process during sonication, which is the weakest in pure water. The crystalline face centered cubic structure of ultrasonically treated gold nanoparticles is defected by ultrasound. The reported results could be of interest for ultrasonic melting of inorganic materials at the nanoscale to produce metal structures with different morphologies and properties.
Efficient Small-Size Antenna for FM Radio Reception (1980)

Functions required for the FM radio receiving system including antenna are mainly interference rejection and sensitivity, and are now demanded to be more improved in the face of an increase of FM broadcasting stations.
Multizone Airflow Model in Modelica (2006)

We present the implementation of a library of multi-zone airflow models in Modelica and a comparative model validation with CONTAM. Our models have a similar level of detail as the models in CONTAM and COMIS. The multizone airflow models allow model-ing the flow between rooms through doors, staircases or construction cracks. The flow can be caused by buoyancy effects, such as stack effects in high rise buildings or air temperature imbalance between ad-joining rooms, by flow imbalance of a ventilation sys-tem, or by wind pressure on the building envelope. The here presented library can be used with a Mod-elica library for thermal building and HVAC system simulation to compute interzonal air flow rates. The combined use facilitates the integrated design of build-ing systems, which is typically required for analyzing the interaction of room control loops in variable air volume flow systems through open doors, the flow in naturally ventilated buildings and the pressure in ele-vator shafts caused by stack effects.
Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)-assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of Volatile Organic Compounds at ppb Level (2007)

Titanium dioxide (TiO2)-assisted photodegradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), especially malodorous substances at ppb level in closed air are reported. As target VOCs we selected acetaldehyde, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and methyl mercaptan, because of their toxicity and unpleasant odor at low concentration in closed air. The initial concentrations were fixed at 0.4-5.0 ppm for acetaldehyde, 0.03 ppm for DMDS and DMS and 0.02 ppm for methyl mercaptan respectively. A blacklight UV-lamp was employed as a light source and the intensity of UV-light was controlled at 1.0 mW/cm2 (351 nm). The half life of these odorous substances was from 20 min to 120 min and pseudo-first-order reaction rates were 1.1×10-2 min-1 (acetaldehyde), 1.4×10-2 min-1 (DMDS), 4.8×10-2 min-1 (DMS) and 8.0×10-3 min-1 (methyl mercaptan). One of the by-products of TiO2 photodegradation of acetaldehyde was identified as formaldehyde by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). These basic data of TiO2 photodegradation for odorous substances will be useful for the construction of an air purification system using TiO2 photodegradation in closed air, for example in living rooms, hospitals and care rooms.
What’s New in the Realm of Anion−π Binding Interactions? Putting the Anion−π Interaction in Perspective (2008)

Anion−π interactions are increasingly reported in the recent literature. Although many of these examples are described to be unique, a careful look in the Cambridge Structure Database reveals that many of these interactions are not uncommon but in fact have been overlooked in the past.
Oriented Clay Nanopaper from Biobased Components—Mechanisms for Superior Fire Protection Properties (2015)

The toxicity of the most efficient fire retardant additives is a major problem for polymeric materials. Cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/clay nanocomposites, with unique brick-and-mortar structure and prepared by simple filtration, are characterized from the morphological point of view by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. These nanocomposites have superior fire protection properties to other clay nanocomposites and fiber composites. The corresponding mechanisms are evaluated in terms of flammability (reaction to a flame) and cone calorimetry (exposure to heat flux). These two tests provide a wide spectrum characterization of fire protection properties in CNF/montmorrilonite (MTM) materials. The morphology of the collected residues after flammability testing is investigated. In addition, thermal and thermo-oxidative stability are evaluated by thermogravimetric analyses performed in inert (nitrogen) and oxidative (air) atmospheres. Physical and chemical mechanisms are identified and related to the unique nanostructure and its low thermal conductivity, high gas barrier properties and CNF/MTM interactions for char formation.