gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
COHRA: hardware-software cosynthesis of hierarchical heterogeneous distributed embedded systems (1998)

Hardware-software cosynthesis of an embedded system architecture entails partitioning of its specification into hardware and software modules such that its real-time and other constraints are met. Embedded systems are generally specified in terms of a set of acyclic task graphs. For medium- to large-scale embedded systems, the task graphs are usually hierarchical in nature. The embedded system architecture, which is the output of the cosynthesis system, may itself be nonhierarchical or hierarchical. Traditional nonhierarchical architectures create communication and processing bottlenecks and are impractical for large embedded systems. Such systems require a large number of processing elements and communication links connected in a hierarchical manner, thus forming a hierarchical distributed architecture, to meet performance and cost objectives. In this paper, we address the problem of hardware-software cosynthesis of hierarchical heterogeneous distributed embedded system architectures from hierarchical or nonhierarchical task graphs. Our cosynthesis algorithm has the following features: 1) it supports periodic task graphs with real-time constraints, 2) it supports pipelining of task graphs, 3) it supports a heterogeneous set of processing elements and communication links, 4) it allows both sequential and concurrent modes of communication and computation, 5) it employs a combination of preemptive and nonpreemptive static scheduling, 6) it employs a new task-clustering technique suitable for hierarchical task graphs, and 7) it uses the concept of association arrays to tackle the problem of multirate tasks encountered in multimedia systems. We show how our cosynthesis algorithm can be easily extended to consider fault tolerance or low-power objectives or both. Although hierarchical architectures have been proposed before, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the notion of hierarchical task graphs and hierarchical architectures has been supported in a cosynthesis algorithm.
Efficient progressive JPEG decoder using JPEG baseline hardware (2013)

The Widespread usage of social media for picture sharing led resulting popularity of JPEG progressive format due to refinement of image over time on slow internet connection. Typically, these pictures are decoded by means of software and takes large decoding time as resolution in terms of Mpixels increase. In case of embedded devices, typically have Baseline JPEG hardware support due to traditional camera capture and local playback. The paper proposes a novel decoding of Progressive JPEG images using existing hardware solution which natively supports Baseline JPEG. The solution used enhancing native baseline JPEG hardware by means of local CPU to enable Huffman decoding for Progressive format. The second part of part proposed memory optimization for Progressive JPEG to reduce DDR storage requirement for low cost embedded system. This uses concept of sign and zero map with non-bit exact decoding without visual quality impact. The solution runs faster by large factor (factor of HW and CPU speed) with 88% lesser memory storage for any resolution.
Experimental melanoma vaccines. (2002)

There are several immunological implications for the feasibility of melanoma vaccines. Vaccines such as melanoma cell and cell-lysate preparations, chemically characterized and pure melanoma associated antigens (MAA), anti-idiotypic antibodies mimicking MAA, and vectors encoding the genes of MAA have been tested in early and advanced clinical trials. Some of these experimental vaccines have increased overall survival rate and increased disease-free interval rate in patients with melanoma. Some of these vaccines are currently being tested in randomized, controlled, phase III trials to confirm clinical efficacy, and it is possible that they will be used later in the standard care for melanoma.
NEW LOW-TEMPERATURE ADMIXTURES (2000)

Recent interest by the U.S. government has renewed discussions about the development of low-temperature concrete admixtures. This article reviews research dealing with and examines the future of low-temperature admixtures capable of allowing fresh concrete to gain strength at below-freezing temperatures without causing detrimental effects to the final product.
On-chip integration of droplet microfluidics and nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry for enzyme screening (2016)

Biological assays often require expensive reagents and tedious manipulations. These shortcomings can be overcome using digitally operated microfluidic devices that require reduced sample volumes to automate assays. One particular challenge is integrating bioassays with mass spectrometry based analysis. Towards this goal we have developed μNIMS, a highly sensitive and high throughput technique that integrates droplet microfluidics with nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS). Enzyme reactions are carried out in droplets that can be arrayed on discrete NIMS elements at defined time intervals for subsequent mass spectrometry analysis, enabling time resolved enzyme activity assay. We apply the μNIMS platform for kinetic characterization of a glycoside hydrolase enzyme (CelE-CMB3A), a chimeric enzyme capable of deconstructing plant hemicellulose into monosaccharides for subsequent conversion to biofuel. This study reveals NIMS nanostructures can be fabricated into arrays for microfluidic droplet deposition, NIMS is compatible with droplet and digital microfluidics, and can be used on-chip to assay glycoside hydrolase enzyme in vitro.
Space-time codes over PN sequences for DS/CDMA systems (2004)

This paper considers the application of space-time coding techniques in DS/CDMA communication systems with multiple transmit antennas. Space-time codes are constructed over the set of possible pseudo noise (PN) sequences rather than standard 2-D signals. Several design examples of these codes with different sequences and slates are presented and possible methods of implementation are suggested. Simulation results indicate that the proposed space-time coded systems provide a significant performance improvement over the reference transmit diversity system. The performance improvement is more pronounced when two receive antennas are employed and grows as the data alphabet M grows.
siRNAzos: A New Class of Azobenzene‐Containing siRNAs that Can Photochemically Regulate Gene Expression (2017)

Abstract Fine‐tuning the activity of short‐interfering RNAs (siRNAs) with light could help overcome several obstacles related to potency, delivery, and off‐target effects. In this study, we chemically modify siRNAs that contain azobenzene derivative spacers within the sense strand. These molecules are called siRNAzos and they are successfully accommodated within the RNAi pathway as measured by gene‐silencing dose‐dependent knockdown. In addition to its RNAi biocompatibility, we are able to photochemically control the activity of the siRNAzos that contain the azobenzene within the central region of the sense strand. We demonstrate it is possible to both inactivate and reactivate several siRNAzos with ultraviolet and visible light, respectively.
First human study of a chimeric anti-methamphetamine monoclonal antibody in healthy volunteers (2014)

This first-in-human study examined the safety and pharmacokinetics of ch-mAb7F9, an anti-methamphetamine monoclonal antibody, in healthy volunteers. Single, escalating doses of ch-mAb7F9 over the range of 0.2 to 20 mg/kg were administered to 42 subjects who were followed for 147 d. Safety was measured by physical examinations, adverse events, vital signs, electrocardiograms, and clinical laboratory testing. Serum ch-mAb7F9 concentration and immunogenicity analyses were performed. There were no serious adverse reactions or discontinuations from the study due to adverse events. No trends emerged in the frequency, relatedness, or severity of adverse events with increased dose or between active and placebo treated subjects. Ch-mAb7F9 displayed expected IgG pharmacokinetic parameters, including a half-life of 17-19 d in the 3 highest dose groups and volume of distribution of 5-6 L, suggesting the antibody is confined primarily to the vascular compartment. Four (12.5%) of the 32 subjects receiving ch-mAb7F9 were confirmed to have developed a human anti-chimeric antibody response by the end of the study; however, this response did not appear to be dose related. Overall, no apparent safety or tolerability concerns were identified; a maximum tolerated dose was not reached in this Phase 1 study. Ch-mAb7F9 therefore appears safe for human administration.
A New Approach for Establishing Electrical Contacts to a Nanowire Array as Applied to Gas Sensing (2006)

We report on the design of a novel nanowire gas sensing device utilizing vertically oriented zinc oxide nanowires grown on a gold catalyst layer through a direct thermal evaporation process at 550 °C. Electrical contact to the top of the nanowire assembly was established through a novel approach of electrostatic attachment of conductive nanoparticles exclusively to the tip of the nanowires, non-destructively. A gas-sensing device was constructed using this arrangement and found to be sensitive to methanol and nitrous oxide at 325 °C.
A Signal Processing of Intracranial Pressure using an Ultrasonic Probe (1990)

The authors present a noninvasive method of measurement of Intracranial pressure (ICP) . In this experiment, we aim to detect interference echoes originating from the dura including membranous structures of the subarachnoid space through the skulls of normal thickness. The result showed that interfering echoes could be received through a 2.4-5.0mm thickness of bone flap from the skull which was removed by craniotomy, when we used a probe with a diameter of 17-20mm. With our probes, we recorded ICP continuously by changing the head position, Valsalva's maneuver, and compressing the superficial temporal artery. This measurement was performed using two peak-detectors at from the same echo pattern. The changes in pulse waves of ICP were evaluated. From these results the authors confirm the usefulness in clinical applications of our noninvasive method for the ICP measurement.
High-resolution superconducting X-ray spectrometers with an active area of 282 μm×282 μm (1997)

Superconducting tunnel junctions coupled to superconducting absorbers may be used as high-resolution, high-efficiency X-ray spectrometers. We have tested devices with niobium X-ray absorbing layers coupled to aluminum layers that serve as quasiparticle traps. In this work we measure the current pulses from a large-area tunnel junction using an amplifier based on an array of 100 SQUIDs. Using this amplifier and a 282 /spl mu/m/spl times/282 /spl mu/m junction, we have measured an energy resolution of 19 eV FWHM for 1.5 keV X-rays and 21 eV for 2.6 keV X-rays. The area of this junction is eight times the area of any junction previously measured to have such high energy resolution.
Improving the Thermostability and Catalytic Efficiency of the Subunit‐Fused Nitrile Hydratase by Semi‐Rational Engineering (2017)

Abstract Nitrile hydratase (NHase, EC 4.2.1.84) is a key enzyme in the hydration of nitriles to their corresponding amides and is widely used in the industrial production of highly purified acrylamide and nicotinamide. However, the poor thermostability of NHase is the major factor preventing its extensive industrial application. Here, a semi‐rational design approach based on the pmut scan application of Rosetta 3.4 and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations was used to improve the thermostability of a subunit‐fused nitrile hydratase from Pseudomonas putida NRRL‐18668 ( Fus ‐NHase). A small mutant library was constructed, and three mutants, B‐M150C, B‐T173Y, and B‐S189E, with half‐life increases at 50 °C of 32 %, 7 %, and 107 %, respectively, were obtained. Additionally, the k cat / K m values of B‐M150C, B‐T173Y, and B‐S189E were 1.1‐, 1.5‐, and 2.2‐fold higher, respectively, than that of Fus ‐NHase. This study provides an effective strategy for improving protein thermostability and catalytic efficiency.
Naphthalimide based methacrylated photoinitiators in radical and cationic photopolymerization under visible light (2013)

The abilities of two naphthalimide derivatives with a methacryloyl group to initiate, when incorporated in multi-component systems, a ring-opening polymerization of epoxides and a radical polymerization of acrylates under different irradiation sources (e.g. very soft halogen lamp irradiation, laser diode at 457 nm, laser diode at 405 nm and blue LED bulb at 462 nm) have been investigated. One of them is particularly efficient for the cationic and radical photopolymerization of an epoxide/acrylate blend in a one-step hybrid cure and leads to the formation of an interpenetrated polymer network IPN (30 s for getting tack free coatings). The migration stability of one of these naphthalimide derivatives is found to be excellent in the cured polyacrylates and IPNs. The photochemical mechanisms are studied by steady state photolysis, fluorescence, cyclic voltammetry, electron spin resonance spin trapping and laser flash photolysis techniques.
Photochemical Studies on Bottom Anti-Reflective Coatings (2006)

The photochemical behavior of 193-nm photosensitive bottom anti-reflective coatings (BARCs) were studied. The effects of exposure dose, post-exposure bake (PEB) temperature, PAG size, and BARC thickness on contrast and the decrosslinking process was investigated. Using higher PEB temperatures improve the BARC contrast. Smaller photogenerated acids diffuse more freely throughout the crosslinked polymer. The decrosslinking process had an energy of activation associated with it and is controlled by the exposure dose and PEB temperature. An optimum BARC thickness for lithography was located at the first reflectivity maximum in the reflectivity curve. At this thickness, the best contrast and lower D50 values are obtained. Lithographic evaluations at these BARC thicknesses using a photoresist showed good performance on 150-nm L/S (1:1.5) on both silicon and silicon dioxide substrates.
Sleep stage estimation by learning classifier system towards care support for aged persons (2009)

This paper proposes the sleep stage estimation method that can provide more accurate estimation than the conventional method and is robust to bad condition of humans without connecting any devices to human's body. Our proposed method can extract the specific wave pattern required to estimate the sleep stage from heart beat data. Through the intensive simulations by using the actual data of the human subjects, the following implications have been revealed: (1) the proposed method can provide more accurate sleep stage estimation than the conventional methods, and (2) he sleep stage estimation is robust to the bad physical conditions.
Non-invasive characterization of microstructured optical fibers using Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (2005)

Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FDOCT) is used to non-invasively measure properties of the hole pattern in microstructured fibers. Features in the FDOCT data are interpreted and related to the hole diameter and spacing. Measurement examples are demonstrated for three different fibers with one hole, three holes at the vertices of an equilateral triangle, and a full triangular lattice. These studies provide the first path to real time monitoring of microstructured fibers during their draw.
Unified Measure of Goodness and Optimal Design of Spectral Sensitivity Functions (2002)

To evaluate and optimally design spectral sensitivity functions for color input devices, a metric that incorporates practical, significant requirements is desired. The candidate metrics are Vora-Trussell's p-factor, a metric based on geometrical difference, and the proposed Unified Measure of Goodness, or UMG, which simultaneously considers the imaging noise and its propagation, colorimetric reproduction accuracy and multi-illuminant color correction. A systematic approach is presented to searching for an optimal set of spectral sensitivity functions from among the complete combinations of the given filter components. Comparative computation results show that μ-factor is not a competent metric for the optimal design of camera spectral sensitivity functions while UMG is able to pick out the optimum successfully. Furthermore, the ultimate optimal set has been obtained by selecting the set with highest μ-factor value from the sub-optimal collection obtained with UMG. This hierarchical approach comprehensively considers the advantages of both quality metrics. The candidates of the optimal sets based on the given filter components are experimentally tested and presented in the end of the article.
T-Vector Direction Differentiates Postpacing From Ischemic T-Wave Inversion in Precordial Leads (2005)

CM induced by right ventricular pacing results in a distinctive T-vector pattern that allows discrimination from ischemic precordial T-wave inversions regardless of the coronary artery involved.
Histogram-based Auto Segmentation: A Novel Approach to Segmenting Integrated Circuit Structures from SEM Images (2020)

In the Reverse Engineering and Hardware Assurance domain, a majority of the data acquisition is done through electron microscopy techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). However, unlike its counterparts in optical imaging, only a limited number of techniques are available to enhance and extract information from the raw SEM images. In this paper, we introduce an algorithm to segment out Integrated Circuit (IC) structures from the SEM image. Unlike existing algorithms discussed in this paper, this algorithm is unsupervised, parameter-free and does not require prior information on the noise model or features in the target image making it effective in low quality image acquisition scenarios as well. Furthermore, the results from the application of the algorithm on various structures and layers in the IC are reported and discussed.
High rate data hiding in ACELP speech codecs (2008)

A new method for hiding digital data in the bitstream of an ACELP speech codec is proposed in this paper. The key element of our method is an alternative search strategy for the ACELP codebook which allows for joint data hiding and speech coding. The concept has been examplarily applied to the AMR speech codec (12.2 kbit/s mode) and it is shown that steganographic data can be reliably transmitted at a rate of up to 2 kbit/s both with a negligible effect on the subjective quality of the coded speech and with reasonable computational complexity. Apart from data hiding, it is further pointed out that our method can also be exploited to reduce the codec bit rate.
Zinc-Sponge Battery Electrodes that Suppress Dendrites (2020)

We report two methods to create zinc-sponge electrodes that suppress dendrite formation and shape change for rechargeable zinc batteries. Both methods are characterized by creating a paste made of zinc particles, organic porogen, and viscosity-enhancing agent that is heated under an inert gas and then air. During heating under the inert gas, the zinc particles anneal together, and the porogen decomposes; under air, the zinc fuses and residual organic burns out, yielding an open-cell metal foam or sponge. We tune the mechanical and electrochemical properties of the zinc sponges by varying zinc-to-porogen mass ratio, heating time under inert gas and air, and size and shape of the zinc and porogen particles. An advantage of the reported methods is their ability to finely tune zinc-sponge architecture. The selected size and shape of the zinc and porogen particles influence the morphology of the pore structure. A limitation is that resulting sponges have disordered pore structures that result in low mechanical strength at low volume fractions of zinc (<30%). Applications for these zinc-sponge electrodes include batteries for grid-storage, personal electronics, electric vehicles, and electric aviation. Users can expect zinc-sponge electrodes to cycle up to 40% depth of discharge at technologically relevant rates and areal capacities without the formation of separator-piercing dendrites.
Clustering query refinements by user intent (2010)

We address the problem of clustering the refinements of a user search query. The clusters computed by our proposed algorithm can be used to improve the selection and placement of the query suggestions proposed by a search engine, and can also serve to summarize the different aspects of information relevant to the original user query. Our algorithm clusters refinements based on their likely underlying user intents by combining document click and session co-occurrence information. At its core, our algorithm operates by performing multiple random walks on a Markov graph that approximates user search behavior. A user study performed on top search engine queries shows that our clusters are rated better than corresponding clusters computed using approaches that use only document click or only sessions co-occurrence information.
193-nm resist shrinkage carryover effect to a post-etch layer due to CD-SEM measurement (2004)

193 nm resist shrinkage due to critical dimension scanning electron microscope (CD-SEM) measurements is a well-known but unresolved metrology issue in microlithography. Although there have been numerous studies on this subject, there are few publications on the 193 nm resist shrinkage finger-print carried over to etched features, i.e., the CD shrinkage carryover effect. This paper reports the results of our CD-SEM measurement study. We observed that the CD changes due to measurement were still present after etch and were often greater than 15% of the feature size. The shrinkage result implies that the action of CD-SEM measurement is destructive to the patterned circuitry. An improved CD-SEM measurement methodology is required to reduce circuitry damage. The study also revealed that minimal shrinkage carryover (less than 1%) could be obtained when the CD-SEM measurement condition was optimized. These results also indicate that measurement of CD shrinkage on post-etch patterns can offer a very effective method to characterize pre-etch resist shrinkage.
Human colon-on-a-chip enables continuous <i>in vitro</i> analysis of colon mucus layer accumulation and physiology (2019)

ABSTRACT Background & Aims The mucus layer in the human colon protects against commensal bacteria and pathogens, and defects in its unique bilayered structure contribute to intestinal disorders, such as ulcerative colitis. However, our understanding of colon physiology is limited by the lack of in vitro models that replicate human colonic mucus layer structure and function. Here, we investigated if combining organ-on-a-chip and organoid technologies can be leveraged to develop a human-relevant in vitro model of colon mucus physiology. Methods A human colon-on-a-chip (Colon Chip) microfluidic device lined by primary patient-derived colonic epithelial cells was used to recapitulate mucus bilayer formation, and to visualize mucus accumulation in living cultures non-invasively. Results The Colon Chip supports spontaneous goblet cell differentiation and accumulation of a mucus bilayer with impenetrable and penetrable layers, and a thickness similar to that observed in human colon, while maintaining a subpopulation of proliferative epithelial cells. Live imaging of the mucus layer formation on-chip revealed that stimulation of the colonic epithelium with prostaglandin E2, which is elevated during inflammation, causes rapid mucus volume expansion via an NKCC1 ion channel-dependent increase in its hydration state, but no increase in de novo mucus secretion. Conclusion This study is the first to demonstrate production of colonic mucus with a physiologically relevant bilayer structure in vitro , which can be analyzed in real-time non-invasively. The Colon Chip may offer a new preclinical tool to analyze the role of mucus in human intestinal homeostasis as well as diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and cancer.