gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hypoperfusion of Peritubular Capillaries Induces Chronic Hypoxia before Progression of Tubulointerstitial Injury in a Progressive Model of Rat Glomerulonephritis (2004)

Chronic hypoxia likely plays a pivotal role in chronic renal disease, but the specifics of its involvement remain unclear. To elucidate how chronic hypoxia occurs and whether hypoxia participates in the progression of renal disease, the authors established an irreversible glomerulonephritis model induced by uninephrectomy and repeated anti-Thy-1 antibody injections. Glomerulosclerosis with microvascular obliteration was complete at 2 wk after antibody injection and was not restored until 11 wk. Tubulointerstitial injury was mild at 2 wk and was gradually exacerbated until 11 wk, a pattern that was in accordance with the loss of peritubular capillaries. Immunohistochemical analysis using pimonidazole revealed the augmentation of hypoxia in the cortex before the aggravation of tubulointerstitial injury and subsequent peritubular capillary loss. The preexistence of hypoxia implies that it had substantial participation in the progression of tubulointerstitial injury. To test whether blood flow was inhibited in diseased kidneys, capillaries with intact blood flow were identified by tail vein injection of biotinylated lectin specific to endothelial cells. The renal microvasculature was well recognized by lectin in the controls, whereas lectin binding to peritubular capillaries was strikingly decreased in diseased kidneys, suggesting a disturbance of blood flow. Intravital microscopy analysis confirmed that blood flow in peritubular capillaries was decreased by approximately 40% in the disease group compared with the controls. In conclusion, stagnation of blood flow in peritubular capillaries induced chronic hypoxia at an early stage in this model, which was followed by progressive tubulointerstitial injury and a loss of peritubular capillaries.
<title>Audio-guided audiovisual data segmentation, indexing, and retrieval</title> (1998)

While current approaches for video segmentation and indexing are mostly focused on visual information, audio signals may actually play a primary role in video content parsing. In this paper, we present an approach for automatic segmentation, indexing, and retrieval of audiovisual data, based on audio content analysis. The accompanying audio signal of audiovisual data is first segmented and classified into basic types, i.e., speech, music, environmental sound, and silence. This coarse-level segmentation and indexing step is based upon morphological and statistical analysis of several short-term features of the audio signals. Then, environmental sounds are classified into finer classes, such as applause, explosions, bird sounds, etc. This fine-level classification and indexing step is based upon time- frequency analysis of audio signals and the use of the hidden Markov model as the classifier. On top of this archiving scheme, an audiovisual data retrieval system is proposed. Experimental results show that the proposed approach has an accuracy rate higher than 90 percent for the coarse-level classification, and higher than 85 percent for the fine-level classification. Examples of audiovisual data segmentation and retrieval are also provided.
Analysis of the Cathode Spot of Metal Vapor Arcs (1983)

This paper presents an analysis on the statics and dynamics of a current carrying plasma channel under the influence of an applied magnetic field and under very general flow conditions. Based on this analysis a stability criterion for a discharge channel which emanates from a crater of a low-pressure arc cathode attachment wil be derived. As a consequence of this stability theory one may explain arc spot motion by a kink instability of the discharge channel causing the channel to bend more and more and eventually contacting the cathode surface at a nearby site thereby creating a new emitting spot. By means of this criterion, the dissipation mechanisms during a spot lifetime are determined for pure copper and molybdenum cathodes under the assumption of least possible voltage requirement.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY APPLIED TO MEDICAL IMAGING SYSTEMS IN PRESENT CONTEXT (2023)

The present work discusses the imaging technologies used in the past and present, with utility in neurosurgery. It represents a brief overview of conventional (equipment that use X-rays) and unconventional (equipment that used electromagnetic radiation and ultrasound) technologies, used in current practice. Radiology as a stand-alone specialty has undergone remarkable development in recent years, helping neurosurgery as a specialty to develop, having the devices necessary for a better diagnosis of lesions of the central and peripheral nervous system, helping to a more efficient surgical planning and an adapted surgical treatment. Both conventional and unconventional radiological techniques represent an essential pillar in the application of basic surgical techniques in neurosurgery. As imaging techniques have undergone exponential development, so has the equipment used undergone improvement and upgrading. At the same time, the accumulation and storage of medical data represents an increasingly greater challenge in recent years. With technological evolution, intellectual property applied to databases containing patient information is becoming increasingly important. The need for centralization and maintaining the security of such information is a field of research.
Dakin−West Synthesis of β-Aryl Ketones (2006)

Triethylamine and 1-methylimidazole were found to be selective catalysts for the Dakin-West synthesis of diaryl ketones and aryl methyl ketones, respectively. In the 1-methylimidazole-catalyzed reaction, catalysis is due to the simultaneous formation of both an effective acylating agent, 1-acyl-3-methylimidazolium, and a base, carboxylate anion. Hydrocinnamic acid, a compound previously reported to be unreactive under Dakin-West conditions, forms 4-phenyl-2-butanone when the reaction is catalyzed by 1-methylimidazole.
A Novel Two-Stage Rate Control Scheme for H.264 (2006)

A new rate control algorithm for the H.264 encoder is developed in this work. There are several unique features in the proposed rate control scheme. First, a two-stage encoding mechanism is used to resolve the problem of inter-dependency between R-D optimization (RDO) and rate control (RC) in H.264. Second, it is emphasized that the bits of the header information may occupy a larger portion of the total bit budget especially when encoding at low bit rates in H.264. To address this issue, a rate model for the header information is established so as to estimate header bits more accurately. Third, a new source rate model is proposed to estimate the quantization parameter (QP) from the residual signal. Built upon the above ideas, a rate control algorithm is developed for the H.264 baseline-profile encoder under the constant-bit-rate (CBR) constraint. It is shown by experimental results that the proposed scheme can control bit rates accurately with the R-D performance better than that of the rate control algorithm implemented in H.264 JM8.1a
Polymer based Membrane Electrospun Fiber in Fuel Cell Application: A Short Review (2014)

usage which contributes to the environmental issues. Among the type of existing renewable energy, fuel cells is the most promising renewable energy sources since the energy can be directly converted from combustible of fuel. The proton exchange membrane (PEM) is the heart of the fuel cells system. The research and development on proton electrolyte membrane is keep burgeoned. Even though the studies of the electrolyte nanocomposite membrane for fuel cell application are quite various but only a few studies focused on the effect of electrospun nanocomposite membrane on the performance of proton electrolyte membrane. This review is focusing on the electrospinning process for the preparation of electrospun fiber membrane. This review is concentrates on polymer based membrane electrospun nanofiber and their influence on proton conductivity as well as on fuel crossover barrier properties. The proton conductivity and fuel crossover can be improved by fully exfoliated structure of nanocomposite electrolyte membrane via electropinning process and thus the membrane can be an alternative PEM for DMFC applications.
A Demonstration of a HT-Detection Method Based on Impedance Measurements of the Wiring Around ICs (2018)

Threats that cause malicious function such as information leakage and denial of service by adding hardware trojan (HT) to a device constructed using inexpensive elements at component level after shipment have been reported. The detection method after shipment, which is different from HT detection inside IC is required because of the easiness adding component-level HT to products. The testing method to detect modification on board will achieve the detection of component-level HT. In this brief, we focus on the HT implemented in the wiring connected to integrated circuits. Since the component connection constantly affects the impedance of the wiring, we propose a detection method for such HT implemented outside the IC by measuring the change in the impedance of the wiring. For the detection of malicious modification after shipment it is necessary to excite a pulse signal from the IC that achieves high security, such as a secure microcomputer, and observe the signal reflected inside the secure IC by the discontinuous portion of the impedance on the board. If the reflected signal is different from the shipping test, it can be judged that HT is mounted. We adopted time domain reflectometry (TDR) to realize the above method, and we demonstrate experimental result of component-level HT detection using TDR with measuring instrument and TDR from secure IC. As a result, a significant change in the amplitude due to the impedance change was obtained from the reflected wave measured inside the IC with and without the MOSFET used as the HT using this method.
<title>Resonant cavity light-emitting diodes</title> (1997)

LEDs are important devices in communications and optical displays. One of the most promising methods of improving the LED comes in the form of Resonant Cavity Light Emitting Diode, or RCLED. A planar microcavity changes the fundamental emission properties of the light emitting material between two planar mirrors. The intensity and spectral purity of emission can be considerably increased over that of a normal LED. We present results for InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs optical fiber communications RCLEDs operating at 910nm to 950nm wavelength. These substrate- emitting devices consist of a silver back mirror and contact and a strained layer InGaAs multiple quantum well active region. The output mirror consists of an AlGaAs.GaAs distributed Bragg reflector.These devices exhibit higher intensities on axis at low input current than a perfect internal efficiency conventional LED. The narrower spectral emission coupled into a fiber results in less chromatic dispersion over longer fiber distances. Such devices are also attractive in optical interconnect applications where high efficiency, low power consumption, and high speed are important. We demonstrate that with simple speed up electronics, our RCLEDs can easily communicate at over 622 Mbit/second over short interconnects, and work best at only 5 to 10 mA of input current. Long term measurements indicate no degradation after 14000 hours of room-temperature operation. Mention will be made of the requirements of performance, reliability, and cost for RCLEDs to become viable commercial products.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Energy Savings from Wet Ethanol Production and Utilization (2014)

Abstract As a result of the energy crisis in recent decades, biofuels have gained importance as an option to diminish the oil dependence of automotive industry. Ethanol is one of these biofuels for which demand around the world has increased in recent years. However, to be used as a fuel, the ethanol must be dehydrated to avoid problems in actual engines, and this step has a high energy cost. To overcome this drawback, some studies have demonstrated the use of wet ethanol in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. In this work, the production of wet ethanol, using conventional distillation, was studied using rigorous simulation studies and experimental tests in a distillation column. The simulation analysis and experimental validation of the energy requirements to obtain wet ethanol were achieved. The results showed that wet ethanol can be produced by using a distillation column with a small number of stages and low reflux ratios, which results in energy savings. Also, the results indicated that for low purities of the distilled ethanol (wet ethanol), the ratios between the energy required during the distillation process and the energy produced by ethanol during the combustion were low. This result implies that the use of wet ethanol can be considered as realistic option in HCCI engines.
Towards continuous and passive authentication across mobile devices (2017)

Mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, have become prevalent given their ample functionality brought by a variety of applications. Unfortunately, these devices face security and privacy threats due to unauthorized access. Ordinary protection mechanisms such as passcode and fingerprint verification are widely employed to mitigate the threats. To achieve strong security without sacrificing usability, extensive research efforts have been devoted to continuous authentication through passive sensing and behavior modeling. Nowadays, more and more users own multiple devices. This trend presents opportunities for further optimization of authentication across devices. In this paper, we conduct an empirical study on how a behavioral model created on one device can be transferred to other devices to bootstrap continuous authentication. To pursue this goal, we collect 160 sets of usage data on multiple mobile devices and perform a proof-of-concept experiment. The results demonstrate that we can leverage the similarity between user behaviors on different devices to enable cross-device authentication and anomaly detection.
POLICRYPS-based electrically switchable Bragg reflector (2015)

The formation and characterization of a switchable volume reflective element fabricated from a polymer liquid crystal (LC) polymer slice (POLICRYPS) structure by holographic photopolymerization at high temperature (65 °C) using a photosensitive/nematic liquid crystal prepolymer mixture is reported. The submicron Bragg structure formed consists of periodic continuous polymeric walls separated by periodic LC channels. The phase separated NLC self-aligns in a homeotropic alignment between the polymer walls as indicated by polarizing optical microscopy analysis (Maltese cross). The resulting periodic grating structure results in a Bragg reflection notch upon illumination with white light due to the periodic variation in refractive index. Electro-optical experiments realized through in-plane electrodes and temperature experiments confirm that the multilayer structure acts as a Bragg mirror whose reflection efficiency can be controlled by either a small (~3V/µm) electric field or temperature.
Environmentally-Friendly Synthesis of Carbonate-Type Macrodiols and Preparation of Transparent Self-Healable Thermoplastic Polyurethanes (2017)

Carbonate-type macrodiols synthesized by base-catalyzed polycondensation of co-diols and dimethyl carbonate as an environmentally-friendly route were subsequently utilized for the preparation of transparent and self-healable thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) containing a carbonate-type soft segment. Three types of macrodiols, obtained from mono, dual and triple diol-monomers for target molecular weights of 1 and 1.5 kg mol<sup>-1</sup>, were analyzed by ¹H NMR integration and the OH titration value. Colorless transparent macrodiols in a liquid state at a room temperature of 20 °C were obtained, except the macrodiol from mono 1,6-hexanediol. Before TPU synthesis, macrodiols require pH neutralization to prevent gelation. TPUs synthesized by a solution pre-polymer method with 4,4'-methylene(bisphenyl isocyanate) and 1,4-butanediol as a chain extender exhibited moderate molecular weights, good transparencies and robust mechanical properties. Especially, the incorporation of 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol within carbonate-type macrodiols enhanced the transparency of the resultant TPUs by decreasing the degree of microphase separation evidenced by ATR-FTIR and DSC. Interestingly, packing density of hard segments and the degree of microphase separation determined the self-healing efficiency of TPUs, which showed good performances in the case of sourced macrodiols from triple diol-monomers.
Stress dependence of reactively sputtered aluminum nitride thin films on sputtering parameters (1989)

Aluminum nitride thin films (∼5000 Å) were deposited by reactively sputtering an aluminum target in a dc magnetron system. The stress and crystallographic orientation associated with these films were found to depend on the total sputtering pressure and the N2 partial flow rate in the sputtering mixture. A pressure range was found to exist between 3.00 and 3.75 mTorr where the film stress was in transition between compression and tension. At total sputtering pressures outside this transition range the pressure determined the type of film stress, while at total sputtering pressures within the transition range the N2 partial flow rate played an important role. Film stress was determined qualitatively by substrate curvature, while x-ray diffraction was used to observe changes in the crystallographic orientation of the films.
Unified support for heterogeneous security policies in distributed systems (1998)

Modern distributed systems tend to be conglomerates of heterogeneous subsystems, which have been designed separately, by different people, with little, if any, knowledge of each other -- and which may be governed by different security policies. A single software agent operating within such a system may nd itself interacting with, or even belonging to, several subsystems, and thus be subject to several disparate policies. If every such policy is expressed by means of a different formalism and enforced with a di erent mechanism, the situation can get easily out of hand. To deal with this problem we propose in this paper a security mechanism that can support efficiently, and in a unified manner, a wide range of security models and policies, including: conventional discretionary models that use capabilities or access-control lists, mandatory lattice-based access control models, and the more sophisticated models and policies required for commercial applications. Moreover, under the proposed mechanism, a single agent maybeinvolved in several different modes of interactions that are subject to disparate security policies.
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A Induces Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Activates NLRP3 Inflammasome via NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathways in Mice (2022)

Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), the toxin protein secreted by <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, can cause staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks and seriously threaten global public health. However, little is known about the pathogenesis of SEA in staphylococcal foodborne diseases. In this study, the effect of SEA on intestinal barrier injury and NLRP3 inflammasome activation was investigated by exposing BALB/c mice to SEA with increasing doses and a potential toxic mechanism was elucidated. Our findings suggested that SEA exposure provoked villi injury and suppressed the expression of ZO-1 and occludin proteins, thereby inducing intestinal barrier dysfunction and small intestinal injury in mice. Concurrently, SEA significantly up-regulated the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated proteins and triggered the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathways in jejunum tissues. Notably, selective inhibitors of MAPKs and NF-κB p65 ameliorated the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome stimulated by SEA, which further indicated that SEA could activate NLRP3 inflammasome through NF-κB/MAPK pathways. In summary, SEA was first confirmed to induce intestinal barrier dysfunction and activate NLRP3 inflammasome via NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways. These findings will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of SEA and related drug-screening for the treatment and prevention of bacteriotoxin-caused foodborne diseases via targeting specific pathways.
Truncated Estrogen Receptor α 46-kDa Isoform in Human Endothelial Cells (2003)

These findings suggest that expression of an alternatively spliced, truncated ERalpha isoform in human endothelial cells confers a unique ability to mediate acute but not transcriptional responses to estrogen.
Contactless visible light probing for nanoscale ICs through 10 μm bulk silicon (2015)

This paper explains why only optical techniques will be able to provide debug and diagnosis of bulk silicon FinFET technologies. In order to apply optical techniques through a convenient thickness of silicon on the one hand, light is limited to NIR to minimize absorption. To match resolution requirements on the other hand, it becomes mandatory to use shorter wavelengths. Two key issues have to be addressed: First, the penetration depth of visible light is only a few μm. This challenges device preparation and integrity. Our approach makes use of confocal microscopy suppressing back surface reflection and thus relaxing the preparation requirements to around 10 μm. Second, only solid immersion lenses (SIL) enable nanoscale resolution. But instead of silicon, materials transparent to visible light and providing a high refractive index are necessary. Our concept is based on 658 nm/633 nm laser and supports GaP as SIL material. We demonstrate the power of confocal imaging and prove contactless probing through a device thickness of 10 μm. We discuss how confocal optics relax the thickness requirements for visible light imaging and probing and we layout the concept for a GaP SIL. This concept opens the path to the design of nanoscale visible light debug and diagnosis.
How the C−O Bond Breaks during Methanol Decomposition on Nanocrystallites of Palladium Catalysts (2008)

Experimental findings imply that edge sites (and other defects) on Pd nanocrystallites exposing mainly (111) facets in supported model catalysts are crucial for catalyst modification via deposition of CH(x) (x = 0-3) byproducts of methanol decomposition. To explore this problem computationally, we applied our recently developed approach to model realistically metal catalyst particles as moderately large three-dimensional crystallites. We present here the first results of this advanced approach where we comprehensively quantify the reactivity of a metal catalyst in an important chemical process. In particular, to unravel the mechanism of how CH(x) species are formed, we carried out density functional calculations of C-O bond scission in methanol and various dehydrogenated intermediates (CH3O, CH2OH, CH2O, CHO, CO), deposited on the cuboctahedron model particle Pd79. We calculated the lowest activation barriers, approximately 130 kJ mol(-1), of C-O bond breaking and the most favorable thermodynamics for the adsorbed species CH3O and CH2OH which feature a C-O single bond. In contrast, dissociation of adsorbed CO was characterized as negligibly slow. From the computational result that the decomposition products CH3 and CH2 preferentially adsorb at edge sites of nanoparticles, we rationalize experimental data on catalyst poisoning.