gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cylinder Deactivation for Increased Engine Efficiency and Aftertreatment Thermal Management in Diesel Engines (2018)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Diesel engine cylinder deactivation (CDA) can be used to reduce petroleum consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the global freight transportation system. Heavy duty trucks require complex exhaust aftertreatment (A/T) in order to meet stringent emission regulations. Efficient reduction of engine-out emissions require a certain A/T system temperature range, which is achieved by thermal management via control of engine exhaust flow and temperature. Fuel efficient thermal management is a significant challenge, particularly during cold start, extended idle, urban driving, and vehicle operation in cold ambient conditions. CDA results in airflow reductions at low loads. Airflow reductions generally result in higher exhaust gas temperatures and lower exhaust flow rates, which are beneficial for maintaining already elevated component temperatures. Airflow reductions also reduce pumping work, which improves fuel efficiency. The fuel economy and thermal management benefits of one-third engine CDA, half-engine CDA and two-third engine CDA have been studied at key operating conditions. CDA improves the fuel efficiency at steady state loaded idle operation by 40% with similar engine out temperatures and lower exhaust flow rates compared to conventional thermal management strategies as demonstrated with an inline six (I6) cylinder medium duty diesel engine used in this study. The lower exhaust flow rates due to CDA help maintain elevated A/T temperatures via reduced heat transfer losses. At elevated engine speeds, CDA provides a 5% - 32% BTE improvement in fuel economy, increased rate of A/T warm-up, higher temperatures steady state temperatures, and allow for active diesel particulate filter regeneration without hydrocarbon dosing of the diesel oxidation catalyst. During highway cruise, half-engine CDA and two-third engine CDA can be used to reach engine outlet temperatures of 520 to 570<sup>°</sup> C, a 170 to 220<sup>°</sup> C increase compared to normal operation. Full engine CDA enables 78% reduction in motoring torque at an engine speed of 2100 rpm and thus could help save fuel and keep the A/T warm during vehicle coast.</div></div>
Conformation Analyses, Dynamic Behavior and Amide Bond Distortions of Medium-sized Heterocycles. 1. Partially and Fully Reduced 1-Benzazepines (2005)

Five 1-benzazepine heterocycles were synthesized by utilizing transition-metal-catalyzed processes in key bond-forming steps. exo-Methylene and methyl substituents were introduced at position 5, as well as a unit of unsaturation between positions 3 and 4, with benzoyl or benzyl N-substituents. Solution- and solid-state structures were examined, using dynamic NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography, corroborated by molecular mechanics calculations. Greater amide distortion is associated with a more stable ground-state structure, which is in turn more reluctant to undergo conformational changes.
Corrosion Studies and Interfacial Bonding of Urea/Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Sol/Gel Hydrophobic Coatings on AA 2024 Aluminum Alloy (2007)

Bis[(ureapropyl)triethoxysilane] bis(propyl)-terminated-polydimethylsiloxane 1000 (PDMSU), an organic-inorganic hybrid, diluted in either EtOH or a mixture of EtOH-PrOH, was used in thin film form (<200 nm) to inhibit the corrosion of AA 2024 alloy. Potentiodynamic, time-dependent cyclovoltammetric measurements and salt spray tests showed that the corrosion inhibition of the latter was 10 times higher than that of the former films. This was correlated with the higher degree of hydrolysis and the formation of more open polyhedral silsesquioxane species (T2) in the bulk heat-treated PDMSU/EtOH-PrOH xerogels (29Si NMR spectra). The structure of the coatings deposited on AA 2024 Al alloy was deduced from the infrared reflection-absorption (IR RA) spectra, which revealed more extensive urea-urea interactions and more efficient silane-Al interface bonding for the PDMSU/EtOH-PrOH coatings with higher corrosion inhibition. Ex situ IR RA potentiodynamic spectroelectrochemical measurements of PDMSU coatings revealed that their degradation did not proceed via the formation of silanol groups and consequent hydration of the coatings but that they decomposed above E(corr) by forming fragments composed of -CH2- segments in an all-trans conformation.
Development of PACS Digital Pump and implications for other industries (2007)

This paper discusses the development and system integration of the Pulse Activated Cell System (PACS) Digital Pump technology using 2 types of electro-activated polymer (EAP) actuators. This is a platform specifically developed for the integration of sensor feedback loops to create an autonomous fluidic monitoring, reaction and delivery system. Initial, proof of concept, performance testing results are discussed as well as development for a medical drug delivery device and higher volume infusion therapy device. Uses and applications of the technology in other industries is considered as the PAC System provides a new ability to pump single or multiple fluid flows in a single pump that is programmable with the ability to vary direction, pressure and flow rates. The result is digital control of fluidic delivery, testing and mixing in application scaleable product packages. This technology will lead to new low cost yet sophisticated fluidic processing products and devices for many industries.
Transport Network Function Virtualization (2015)

In this paper, we present a network function virtualization (NFV) architecture to deploy different virtualized network functions (VNF) on an optical transport network. NFV concepts do not only apply to data plane functions (i.e., packet processing or forwarding), but also to control plane functions, such as path computation. First, we focus on the IT and network resources that are virtualized to provide the required VNFs. Second, we provide an example of VNF on top of the virtualized infrastructure, by proposing a path computation element (PCE) architecture to deploy a PCE by means of NFV. The instances of the virtualized PCE are deployed on demand, but they are perceived as a single-network element. We present the benefits of such approach by providing experimental validation.
Responsive Supramolecular Gels Constructed by Crown Ether Based Molecular Recognition (2009)

Responsive supramolecular gels were constructed from crown ether terminated four-arm star poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL-DB24C8) and dibenzylammonium-terminated two-arm PCL-DBAS (see scheme), exploiting the formation of pseudorotaxane linkages between crown ether and ammonium moieties. The resultant supramolecular gels exhibit thermo- and pH-induced reversible gel-sol transition.
A new approach for FEC decoding based on the BP algorithm in LTE and WiMAX systems (2011)

Many wireless communication systems such as IS-54, enhanced data rates for the GSM evolution (EDGE), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and long term evolution (LTE) have adopted low-density parity-check (LDPC), tail-biting convolutional, and turbo codes as the forward error correcting codes (FEC) scheme for data and overhead channels. Therefore, many efficient algorithms have been proposed for decoding these codes. However, the different decoding approaches for these two families of codes usually lead to different hardware architectures. Since these codes work side by side in these new wireless systems, it is a good idea to introduce a universal decoder to handle these two families of codes. The present work exploits the parity-check matrix (H) representation of tail-biting convolutional and turbo codes, thus enabling decoding via a unified belief propagation (BP) algorithm. Indeed, the BP algorithm provides a highly effective general methodology for devising low-complexity iterative decoding algorithms for all convolutional code classes as well as turbo codes. While a small performance loss is observed when decoding turbo codes with BP instead of MAP, this is offset by the lower complexity of the BP algorithm and the inherent advantage of a unified decoding architecture.
Mining complex activities in the wild via a single smartphone accelerometer (2012)

Complex activities are activities that are a combination of many simple ones. Typically, activities of daily living (ADLs) fall in this category. Complex activity recognition is an active area of interest amongst sensing and knowledge mining community today. A majority of investigations along this vein has happened in controlled experimental settings, with multiple wearable and object-interaction sensors. This provides rich observation data for mining. Recently, a new and challenging problem is to investigate recognition accuracy of complex activities in the wild using the smartphone.
Laser-Synthesis of Optical Structures in Silicon Carbide (2006)

Abstract not Available.
Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as port of Central Nervous System entry in COVID-19 patients (2020)

Abstract The newly identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, a pandemic respiratory disease presenting with fever, cough, and often pneumonia. Moreover, thromboembolic events throughout the body including the central nervous system (CNS) have been described. Given first indication for viral RNA presence in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid and in light of neurological symptoms in a large majority of COVID-19 patients, SARS-CoV-2-penetrance of the CNS is likely. By precisely investigating and anatomically mapping oro- and pharyngeal regions and brains of 32 patients dying from COVID-19, we not only describe CNS infarction due to cerebral thromboembolism, but also demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism. SARS-CoV-2 enters the nervous system via trespassing the neuro-mucosal interface in the olfactory mucosa by exploiting the close vicinity of olfactory mucosal and nervous tissue including delicate olfactory and sensitive nerve endings. Subsequently, SARS-CoV-2 follows defined neuroanatomical structures, penetrating defined neuroanatomical areas, including the primary respiratory and cardiovascular control center in the medulla oblongata.
Efficient ROS-Compliant CPU-iGPU Communication on Embedded Platforms (2021)

Many modern programmable embedded devices contain CPUs and a GPU that share the same system memory on a single die. Such a unified memory architecture (UMA) allows programmers to implement different communication models between CPU and the integrated GPU (iGPU). Although the simpler model guarantees implicit synchronization at the cost of performance, the more advanced model allows, through the zero-copy paradigm, the explicit data copying between CPU and iGPU to be eliminated with the benefit of significantly improving performance and energy savings. On the other hand, the robot operating system (ROS) has become a de-facto reference standard for developing robotic applications. It allows for application re-use and the easy integration of software blocks in complex cyber-physical systems. Although ROS compliance is strongly required for SW portability and reuse, it can lead to performance loss and elude the benefits of the zero-copy communication. In this article we present efficient techniques to implement CPU–iGPU communication by guaranteeing compliance to the ROS standard. We show how key features of each communication model are maintained and the corresponding overhead involved by the ROS compliancy.
A case study on implementing future human-machine interfaces (2013)

In the scope of the Diesel Reloaded project, we conducted a study on future automotive human-machine interfaces (HMI) with an overview of their relationship to driver assistance systems (DAS). Furthermore, we implemented a series of HMI and DAS concepts in our prototype vehicle and in a modified driving simulator. Emphasis was placed on the following goals: Pushing the complexity away from the driver and inside the intelligent vehicle, developing unified and extendable descriptions of interaction context, defining transitional steps to the long-term goal of user interfaces which augment the driver, leveraging cross-domain technology transfer and addressing relevant societal trends. In this work, we provide a top-level overview of our results and conclusions we drew based upon our two-year research and prototype construction and deployment in the area of human-machine interfaces and driver assistance.
Four‐dimensional computed tomography: Image formation and clinical protocol (2005)

Respiratory motion can introduce significant errors in radiotherapy. Conventional CT scans as commonly used for treatment planning can include severe motion artifacts that result from interplay effects between the advancing scan plane and object motion. To explicitly include organ/target motion in treatment planning and delivery, time-resolved CT data acquisition (4D Computed Tomography) is needed. 4DCT can be accomplished by oversampled CT data acquisition at each slice. During several CT tube rotations projection data are collected in axial cine mode for the duration of the patient's respiratory cycle (plus the time needed for a full CT gantry rotation). Multiple images are then reconstructed per slice that are evenly distributed over the acquisition time. Each of these images represents a different anatomical state during a respiratory cycle. After data acquisition at one couch position is completed, x rays are turned off and the couch advances to begin data acquisition again until full coverage of the scan length has been obtained. Concurrent to CT data acquisition the patient's abdominal surface motion is recorded in precise temporal correlation. To obtain CT volumes at different respiratory states, reconstructed images are sorted into different spatio-temporally coherent volumes based on respiratory phase as obtained from the patient's surface motion. During binning, phase tolerances are chosen to obtain complete volumetric information since images at different couch positions are reconstructed at different respiratory phases. We describe 4DCT image formation and associated experiments that characterize the properties of 4DCT. Residual motion artifacts remain due to partial projection effects. Temporal coherence within resorted 4DCT volumes is dominated by the number of reconstructed images per slice. The more images are reconstructed, the smaller phase tolerances can be for retrospective sorting. From phantom studies a precision of about 2.5 mm for quasiregular motion and typical respiratory periods could be concluded. A protocol for 4DCT scanning was evaluated and clinically implemented at the MGH. Patient data are presented to elucidate how additional patient specific parameters can impact 4DCT imaging.
A quantitative study of the neurofibrillary tangles and the choline acetyltransferase activity in the cerebral cortex and the amygdala in Alzheimer's disease. (1990)

A quantitative study has been made of the number of neurofibrillary tangles and of the choline acetyltransferase activity in several sites in the cerebral hemispheres of eight patients who had had Alzheimer's disease. The neurofibrillary tangles were maximal in structures in the medial temporal lobe (uncus, amygdala, hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus), severe in the neocortex on the lateral surface of the temporal lobe, moderate in the "association cortex" of the parietal and frontal lobes and minimal in primary somatic and visual sensory areas. There was a significant decrease in choline acetyltransferase activity in almost all areas, and the means of the percentage decreases for the different groups of areas correlate well with the counts of the neurofibrillary tangles. These results support the hypothesis that the pathological process in Alzheimer's disease may spread along a sequence of corticocortical connections between the main sensory areas and the hippocampal formation. The disease process may also spread along the reciprocal connections between the amygdala and the neocortex because the numbers of tangles in different areas of the neocortex closely parallel the density of their connections and the amygdala.
An update on safety and immunogenicity of vaccines containing emulsion-based adjuvants (2013)

With the exception of alum, emulsion-based vaccine adjuvants have been administered to far more people than any other adjuvant, especially since the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. The number of clinical safety and immunogenicity evaluations of vaccines containing emulsion adjuvants has correspondingly mushroomed. In this review, the authors introduce emulsion adjuvant composition and history before detailing the most recent findings from clinical and postmarketing data regarding the effects of emulsion adjuvants on vaccine immunogenicity and safety, with emphasis on the most widely distributed emulsion adjuvants, MF59® and AS03. The authors also present a summary of other emulsion adjuvants in clinical development and indicate promising avenues for future emulsion-based adjuvant development. Overall, emulsion adjuvants have demonstrated potent adjuvant activity across a number of disease indications along with acceptable safety profiles.
Effect of MgATP on pinacidil‐induced displacement of glibenclamide from the sulphonylurea receptor in a pancreatic β‐cell line and rat cerebral cortex (1992)

1. The effects of blockers and openers of K+ channels on binding of [3H]-glibenclamide to microsomes obtained from a pancreatic beta-cell line (HIT-T15) or rat cerebral cortex were examined. 2. The blockers quinine, chlorpromazine and thiopentone and the openers cromakalim [(+/- ) 6-cyano-3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-trans-4-(2-oxo-1- pyrrolidyl)-2H-benzo[b]pyran-3-ol] and minoxidil sulphate did not significantly interact with the sulphonylurea receptor of HIT-cells both at phosphorylating (presence of MgATP) and dephosphorylating (absence of MgATP) conditions. 3. In the absence of MgATP, pinacidil (200-500 microM) did not significantly displace [3H]-glibenclamide binding to microsomes from HIT-cells. The displacement of [3H]-glibenclamide binding was strongly enhanced by MgATP and was due to a decrease in the number of high affinity binding sites for glibenclamide. 4. MgATP enhanced pinacidil-induced inhibition of [3H]-glibenclamide binding to microsomes from rat cerebral cortex. 5. The effect of MgATP on pinacidil-induced inhibition of [3H]-glibenclamide binding was maintained after solubilization of the membranes from HIT-cells or rat cerebral cortex. 6. It is concluded that the sulphonylurea receptor is regulated not only by sulphonylureas but also by the K+ channel openers, diazoxide and pinacidil, and by protein phosphorylation. The binding sites for sulphonylureas and these K+ channel openers are not identical, but appear to be located at a single protein or at tightly associated proteins.
An expert systems based methodology for solving resource allocation problems (1990)

A general paradigm for solving resource allocation, time-tabling and scheduling problems is presented. The paradigm is based on an expert system approach which looks for a feasible solution that satisfies the problem's real-life constraints, rather than on an analytic approach which looks for an optimal solution by using simplified constraints. The main feature of the new paradigm is a general control strategy which includes three parts that deal with allocation, with constraints checking and with changes to allocations, termed local changes.
A generalized multilevel inverter topology with self voltage balancing (2002)

Multilevel power converters that provide more than two levels of voltage to achieve smoother and less distorted AC-to-DC, DC-to-AC, and DC-to-DC power conversion, have attracted many contributors. This paper presents a generalized multilevel inverter (converter) topology with self voltage balancing. The existing multilevel inverters such as diode-clamped and capacitor-damped multilevel inverters can be derived from the generalized inverter topology. Moreover, the generalized multilevel inverter topology provides a true multilevel structure that can balance each DC voltage level automatically without any assistance from other circuits, thus in principle providing a complete and true multilevel topology that embraces the existing multilevel inverters. From this generalized multilevel inverter topology, several new multilevel inverter structures can be derived. Some application examples of the generalized multilevel converter are given.
A rapid entry into the dynemicin core structure: remarkable solvent effect on an η<sup>2</sup>-hexacarbonyldicobalt propargylic cation cyclization (1991)

3-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)quinoline 8 on treatment with the diynene 9 gave the diynene 10(64%), and deprotection of 10 gave 11(88%) which was converted into the η2-Co2(CO)6 adduct 12; treatment of 12 with (CF3SO2)2O in CH2Cl2–MeNO2 at –10°C gave the cyclized product 13(43%), and decomplexation of 13 using I2–THF produced the stable azabicyclo[7.3.1]tridecadiynene core structure 7 of the antitumour antibiotic dynemicin 1.
Growth of uterine leiomyomata among premenopausal black and white women (2008)

Uterine leiomyomata (fibroids) are the leading cause of hysterectomy in the United States. Black women have a greater fibroid burden than whites, yet no study has systematically evaluated the growth of fibroids in blacks and whites. We prospectively tracked growth for 262 fibroids (size range: 1-13 cm in diameter) from 72 premenopausal participants (38 blacks and 34 whites). Fibroid volume was measured by computerized analysis of up to four MRI scans over 12 months. We used mixed effects models to identify factors that are associated with growth, and results were converted to percent change per 6 months for clinical relevance. The median growth rate was 9% (range: -89% to +138%). Seven percent of fibroids regressed (>20% shrinkage). Tumors from the same woman grew at different rates (within-woman component of variation was twice the component among women; both were significant, P < 0.001). Black and white women less than 35 years of age had similar fibroid growth rates. However, growth rates declined with age for whites but not for blacks (P = 0.05). The odds of a tumor growing more than 20% in 6 months also decreased with age for whites but not for blacks (P < 0.01). Growth rates were not influenced by tumor size, location, body mass index, or parity. We conclude that (i) spontaneous regression of fibroids occurs; (ii) fibroids from the same woman grow at different rates, despite a uniform hormonal milieu; (iii) fibroid size does not predict growth rate; and (iv) age-related differences in fibroid growth between blacks and whites may contribute to the higher symptom burden for black women.
System identification, estimation and control for a cost effective open-source quadcopter (2012)

This paper describes system identification, estimation and control of translational motion and heading angle for a cost effective open-source quadcopter - the MikroKopter. The dynamics of its built-in sensors, roll and pitch attitude controller, and system latencies are determined and used to design a computationally inexpensive multi-rate velocity estimator that fuses data from the built-in inertial sensors and a low-rate onboard laser range finder. Control is performed using a nested loop structure that is also computationally inexpensive and incorporates different sensors. Experimental results for the estimator and closed-loop positioning are presented and compared with ground truth from a motion capture system.
Lactobacilli‐containing vaginal probiotics to cure or prevent bacterial or fungal vaginal dysbiosis: a systematic review and recommendations for future trial designs (2019)

Lactobacilli-containing vaginal probiotics hold promise for bacterial vaginosis cure and prevention, but not for vulvovaginal candidiasis.