gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Best-Effort FPGA Programming: A Few Steps Can Go a Long Way (2018)

FPGA-based heterogeneous architectures provide programmers with the ability to customize their hardware accelerators for flexible acceleration of many workloads. Nonetheless, such advantages come at the cost of sacrificing programmability. FPGA vendors and researchers attempt to improve the programmability through high-level synthesis (HLS) technologies that can directly generate hardware circuits from high-level language descriptions. However, reading through recent publications on FPGA designs using HLS, one often gets the impression that FPGA programming is still hard in that it leaves programmers to explore a very large design space with many possible combinations of HLS optimization strategies. In this paper we make two important observations and contributions. First, we demonstrate a rather surprising result: FPGA programming can be made easy by following a simple best-effort guideline of five refinement steps using HLS. We show that for a broad class of accelerator benchmarks from MachSuite, the proposed best-effort guideline improves the FPGA accelerator performance by 42-29,030x. Compared to the baseline CPU performance, the FPGA accelerator performance is improved from an average 292.5x slowdown to an average 34.4x speedup. Moreover, we show that the refinement steps in the best-effort guideline, consisting of explicit data caching, customized pipelining, processing element duplication, computation/communication overlapping and scratchpad reorganization, correspond well to the best practice guidelines for multicore CPU programming. Although our best-effort guideline may not always lead to the optimal solution, it substantially simplifies the FPGA programming effort, and will greatly support the wide adoption of FPGA-based acceleration by the software programming community.
The <i>NPH4</i> Locus Encodes the Auxin Response Factor ARF7, a Conditional Regulator of Differential Growth in Aerial Arabidopsis Tissue (2000)

Organ bending through differential growth represents a major mechanism by which plants are able to adaptively alter their morphology in response to local changes in the environment. Two plant hormones, auxin and ethylene, have been implicated as regulators of differential growth responses; however, the mechanisms by which they elicit their effects remain largely unknown. Here, we describe isolation of the NPH4 gene of Arabidopsis, which is conditionally required for differential growth responses of aerial tissues, and we report that NPH4 encodes the auxin-regulated transcriptional activator ARF7. The phenotypes of nph4 mutants, which include multiple differential growth defects associated with reduced auxin responsiveness, including impaired auxin-induced gene expression, are consistent with the predicted loss of function of a transcriptional activator, and these phenotypes indicate that auxin-dependent changes in gene transcription are prerequisite for proper organ bending responses. Although NPH4/ARF7 appears to be a major regulator of differential growth, it is not the sole regulator because phenotypes of nph4 null mutants were suppressed by application of ethylene. This latter finding illustrates the intimate connection between auxin and ethylene in the control of growth in higher plants.
Variation in Diosgenin Levels among 10 Accessions of Fenugreek Seeds Produced in Western Canada (2002)

A collection of 10 accessions of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), an annual legume, was grown during two summers at three plot locations in western Canada to assess whether genetic (accession) and environmental factors (site and year of production) influenced levels of diosgenin, a steroidal sapogenin. The 60 harvested seed samples, each analyzed by single determinations on three subsamples of defatted and dried seed material, were hydrolyzed by a microscale procedure in water containing 2-propanol (70%) and sulfuric acid (1 M). The extracts were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with 6-methyldiosgenin as internal standard. Diosgenin levels from mature seeds ranged from 0.28 to 0.92% (28-92 microg/10 mg). Analysis of variance on combined diosgenin levels from the three sites and two years revealed that accession, accession x year, and site x year effects were significant for diosgenin content, whereas site, year, and site x accession effects were not. Four accessions, CN 19062, CN 19067, CN 19070, and CN 19071, were identified with high levels of diosgenin on the basis of the 2-year data set. In these accessions, mean levels of diosgenin plus yamogenin from seven site years were estimated at 0.70, 0.98, 0.84, and 0.87%, respectively.
Dynamic sensitivity and thermal noise analysis of a magnetoelastic amorphous metal low-frequency magnetometer (1987)

The ferromagnetic susceptibility of a magnetoelastic amorphous metal ribbon is determined from the coupled equations of motion for the magnetization and strain modes. This analysis is used to calculate the dynamic sensitivity and field equivalent noise floor of a metallic glass low-frequency magnetometer. Two principal noise sources are considered: the thermally induced magnetization fluctuations and the Johnson noise of the pick-up coil. The magnetometer exhibits a calculated minimum detectable field of ∼0.1 pT/(Hz)1/2 for room temperature operation at a resonance frequency of 22 kHz and 103 turn pick-up coil having a 200-Ω resistance. The fundamental material limit is estimated to be ∼5 fT/(Hz)1/2.
Actin in the endocytic pathway: From yeast to mammals (2008)

Genetic analysis of endocytosis in yeast early pointed to the essential role of actin in the uptake step. Efforts to identify the machinery involved demonstrated the important contribution of Arp2/3 and the myosins-I. Analysis of the process using live-cell fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy have recently contributed to refine molecular models explaining clathrin and actin-dependent endocytic uptake. Increasing evidence now also indicates that actin plays important roles in post-internalization events along the endocytic pathway in yeast, including transport of vesicles, motility of endosomes and vacuole fusion. This review describes the present knowledge state on the roles of actin in endocytosis in yeast and points to similarities and differences with analogous processes in mammals.
Comparison and Analysis of Flexibility for Cutlery Made from Biobased/ Biodegradable and Petrochemical Materials (2017)

Biorenewable plastics can have the potential to reduce pollution, demand on landfills, and dependence on foreign petroleum caused by petroleum-based plastics. To determine the performance of biobased utensils compared to petrochemical based utensils, this study investigated 13 bio-based/biorenewable utensils and six petrochemical utensils in terms of weight, stiffness, and specific stiffness (stiffness/weight ratio). The Commercial Item Description (CID), which was created by the U.S. Government via the General Services Administration (GSA), is the current standard for testing utensils. The biobased products selected for this study were “commercial or industrial products (other than food or feed) that are composed, in whole, or in significant part, of biological products, renewable agricultural materials (including plant, animal, and marine materials), or forestry materials.” (USDA Bio Preferred Program, 2012). The results of this study show that the majority of biobased products exhibited similar strength and deflection under a given load as petrochemical products. This is the first comparison of this kind and it will allow designers and manufacturers to further optimize their products.
Salt weathering: influence of evaporation rate, supersaturation and crystallization pattern (1999)

Micro- and macroscale experiments which document the dynamics of salt damage to porous stone have yielded data which expose weaknesses in earlier interpretations. Previously unexplained differences are found in crystal morphology, crystallization patterns, kinetics and substrate damage when comparing the growth of mirabilite (Na2SO4. 10H2O) and thenardite (Na2SO4) versus halite (NaCl). The crystallization pattern of sodium sulphate was strongly affected by relative humidity (RH), while a lesser RH effect was observed for sodium chloride. Macroscale experiments confirmed that mirabilite (crystallizing at RH > 50 per cent) and thenardite (crystallizing at RH < 50 per cent) tend to form subflorescence in highly localized areas under conditions of constant RH and temperature. This crystallization pattern was more damaging than that of halite, since halite tended to grow as efflorescence or by filling the smallest pores of the stone in a homogeneous fashion, a result which contradicts Wellman and Wilson's theoretical model of salt damage. Low RH promoted rapid evaporation of saline solutions and higher supersaturation levels, resulting in the greatest damage to the stone in the case of both sodium sulphate and sodium chloride crystallization. At any particular crystallization condition, sodium chloride tended to reach lower supersaturation levels (resulting in the crystallization of isometric crystals) and created negligible damage, while sodium sulphate reached higher supersaturation ratios (resulting in non-equilibrium crystal shapes), resulting in significant damage. ESEM showed no damage from sodium sulphate due to hydration. Instead, after water condensation on thenardite crystals, rapid dissolution followed by precipitation of mirabilite took place, resulting in stone damage by means of crystallization pressure generation. It is concluded that salt damage due to crystallization pressure appears to be largely a function of solution supersaturation ratio and location of crystallization. These key factors are related to solution properties and evaporation rates, which are constrained by solution composition, environmental conditions, substrate properties, and salt crystallization growth patterns. When combined with a critical review of salt damage literature, these experiments allow the development of a model which explains variations in damage related to combinations of different salts, substrates and environmental conditions. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (2015)

Electrophilic aromatic substitution (SEAr) is one of the most important synthetic organic reactions, providing a wide variety of functionalized arenes. As such, the mechanisms of these transformations have been studied in great detail. This chapter examines the basic mechanism common to most of the SEAr conversions. The role of the electrophiles is considered, including the means of generating these species, efforts to quantify their strength, and the use of chiral electrophiles. Aspects of the aromatic nucleophile are also described. This includes important substituent effects in the SEAr reactions. Evidence for the proposed mechanism is also presented. This includes the studies of the π-complex and σ-complex intermediates. Experimental and theoretical results are described.
Use of a Fluoroscopic Overlay to Assist Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (2013)

Intraoperative fluoroscopy can be an effective, easy, and safe method for improving tunnel positioning during ACL reconstruction.
Characterization of resistivity and work function of sputtered-TaN film for gate electrode applications (2003)

Tantalum nitride (TaN) films were prepared by reactive sputtering in a gas Ar and N2 for gate electrode applications. Resistivity, crystallinity, and work function of the films were investigated as a function of nitrogen flow rate. As the nitrogen flow rate increased from 0 to 20 sccm, the resistivity of as-deposited TaN films increased from 132 to 1.4×105 μΩ cm. With a nitrogen flow rate of 8 and 10 sccm, the fcc TaN phase was obtained. The work function of the TaN films was investigated using TaN-gated nmetal–oxide–semiconductor capacitors with SiO2 gate dielectrics of various thicknesses. As the nitrogen flow rate increased from 4 to 12 sccm, the work function decreased from 4.1 to 3.4 eV for as-deposited films. After annealing at 950 °C for 1 min, the work function increased to 4.5–4.7 eV, with less dependency on the nitrogen flow rate.
Angiopoietin-Like Proteins Potential Therapeutic Targets for Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease (2009)

Recent major increases in obesity and related metabolic diseases (known as the metabolic syndrome (MetS)) because of sedentary lifestyles and overnutrition in developed and developing countries, are an exploding medical and social problem. These conditions are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death. Thus, it is necessary to understand the molecular basis underlying MetS and develop effective preventive and therapeutic approaches against CVD. To date, 7 angiopoietin-like proteins (Angptls) that are structurally similar to angiopoietins have been identified. However, none binds to the angiopoietin receptor, Tie2, or to the closely related Tie1 receptor, suggesting that these ligands function differently from angiopoietins. Some Angptls potently regulate angiogenesis, similar to angiopoietins, whereas others have pleiotropic activity other than angiogenesis and function in lipid and energy metabolism. In this review, we focus on the roles of Angptl2 and Angptl6/angiopoietin-like growth factor (AGF) in the development of MetS and CVD, and discuss the potential for Angptl2 and Angptl6/AGF to function as molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of both conditions.
Development and characterization of magnetorheological polymer gels (2002)

Abstract Magnetorheological materials have been used in many applications in recent years. To develop new materials, polyurethane and silicone polymer gels were investigated. Rheology is qualitatively controlled for each system by controlling the concentration of reactants and diluents. The resulting polymers have solid, gel, or liquid states, depending on the crosslinking and dilution. The gels were characterized through kinetic analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used with analysis methods to find the kinetic properties for diluted and undiluted polyurethane systems. Heat of reaction, order of reaction, preexponential constant, and activation energy were obtained from the experimental DSC data. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2733–2742, 2002
Monitoring Glycosylation Profile and Protein Titer in Cell Culture Samples Using ZipChip CE-MS (2017)

Rapid and sensitive product quality analysis is important for real-time monitoring during biopharmaceutical development and manufacturing. However, low level of protein concentration and complex cell culture matrix pose challenges for product quality characterization at early stages of cell line selection and process development. Here, we describe a fast and simple microfluidic ZipChip CE-MS method to measure quality attributes of monoclonal antibody protein directly from cell culture supernatant. Cell culture supernatant samples were characterized with charge-based separation using microfluidic capillary electrophoresis coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer. Under sample reducing conditions, multiple protein glycosylation attributes were determined on the heavy chain, whereas titer information was obtained from comparison of light chain signal intensity following sample spiking-in with heavy labeled mAb. Therefore, the protein expression and product quality can be monitored using the same method with a single microfluidic device. A total volume of ten to fifty microliter of cell culture supernatant is needed, whereas analysis time is within three minutes per sample. In addition, comparison of new method with traditional RP-LC-MS method using a set of time-course bioreactor cell culture samples has been performed. A good correlation of the levels of N-glycosylation attributes between ZipChip CE-MS of crude samples and RPLCMS analysis following Protein A (ProA) purification step has been demonstrated.
Long-term stability and performance characteristics of crystal quartz gauge at high pressures and temperatures (2003)

Good long-term stability of high precision quartz pressure sensors are necessary for various applications ranging from pressure transient analysis to permanent monitoring systems for optimal reservoir management in the petroleum industry. A crystal quartz gauge (CQG) is a dual-mode thickness-shear quartz pressure sensor that has been used in the oil-field services for the past eight years. High accuracy, resolution and fast response time of this sensor enable a reliable estimate of formation permeability and helps in reducing the overall cost of oil and gas production. Production statistics of manufactured CQGs show its yield exceeding 85% with excellent performance repeatability. The pressure reading errors of manufactured gauges are less than 6.89 kPa (1 psi) (plus 0.01% of the reading because of the uncertainty of the dead-weight tester). The pressure resolution is better than 20.7 Pa (0.003 psi) over 1 second gate time. An extremely effective dynamic compensation algorithm yields corrected pressure readings with a response time as short as a strain-gauge based pressure transducer while retaining high performance of a quartz gauge. Recent long-term stability tests of CQGs show a negligibly small drift on the order of a few-tenths of a psi (0.1 psi=689 Pa) at 103 MPa (15 kpsi) and 175/spl deg/C for a period of more than a year. These results confirm that the CQG characteristics exceed the demanding specifications for both the well-tests and permanent monitoring systems.
A METHOD OF CONTEXT-SENSITIVE HELP GENERATION USING A TASK PROJECT 1 (2008)

The article presents a new method to automatic generation of help in software. Help generation is \nrealized in the framework of the tool for development and automatic generation of user interfaces based on \nontologies. The principal features of the approach are: support for context-sensitive help, automatic generation of \nhelp using a task project and an expandable system of help generation.
Plasma doping for S/D extensions: device integration, gate oxide reliability and dynamic behavior (2005)

We present in this paper electrical results where the ultra low energy (ULE) implantation is replaced by plasma doping (PLAD) process for the source/drain extensions (SDE) for both PMOS and NMOS devices. We show good I/sub on//I/sub off/ performances (730/spl mu/A//spl mu/m/320/spl mu/A//spl mu/m at Ioff -100nA//spl mu/m) on isolated transistors especially with a gain for NMOS devices and we discuss on the improvement of several "secondary" parameters like SDE resistance or junction leakage. Secondly, gate oxide reliability electrical tests show that PLAD does not damage gate oxide integrity. Finally we demonstrate the improvement of dynamic performance using PLAD through RO measurement.
Sherlock: Sparse Hierarchical Embeddings for Visually-aware One-class Collaborative Filtering (2016)

Building successful recommender systems requires uncovering the underlying dimensions that describe the properties of items as well as users' preferences toward them. In domains like clothing recommendation, explaining users' preferences requires modeling the visual appearance of the items in question. This makes recommendation especially challenging, due to both the complexity and subtlety of people's 'visual preferences,' as well as the scale and dimensionality of the data and features involved. Ultimately, a successful model should be capable of capturing considerable variance across different categories and styles, while still modeling the commonalities explained by `global' structures in order to combat the sparsity (e.g. cold-start), variability, and scale of real-world datasets. Here, we address these challenges by building such structures to model the visual dimensions across different product categories. With a novel hierarchical embedding architecture, our method accounts for both high-level (colorfulness, darkness, etc.) and subtle (e.g. casualness) visual characteristics simultaneously.
Design of vector quantization codebooks using a genetic algorithm (2002)

Data compression techniques recode data into more compact forms. One such technique is vector quantization, which maps groups of input symbols, called vectors, onto a small set of vectors, called the codebook. Each vector in the codebook is a codeword. The indexes of the codewords represent the original vectors, and writing the codewords that the indexes indicate restores a facsimile of the original data. The similarity of the restored data to the original under vector quantization depends on the codebook, and several algorithms have been proposed for designing it from a training set of typical vectors. This paper describes a genetic algorithm for the problem of codebook design. The genetic algorithm's chromosomes represent partitions of the training set; each vector maps to the codeword that is the centroid of its set in the partition. To speed up its operation, the genetic algorithm uses fitness inheritance to assign fitness values to most new chromosomes, rather than evaluating them. Tests using five standard digitized images compare the genetic algorithm to a popular non-genetic algorithm for codebook design. The genetic algorithm is found to be effective, but slow.
Computation on Sparse Neural Networks: an Inspiration for Future Hardware (2020)

Neural network models are widely used in solving many challenging problems, such as computer vision, personalized recommendation, and natural language processing. Those models are very computationally intensive and reach the hardware limit of the existing server and IoT devices. Thus, finding better model architectures with much less amount of computation while maximally preserving the accuracy is a popular research topic. Among various mechanisms that aim to reduce the computation complexity, identifying the zero values in the model weights and in the activations to avoid computing them is a promising direction. In this paper, we summarize the current status of the research on the computation of sparse neural networks, from the perspective of the sparse algorithms, the software frameworks, and the hardware accelerations. We observe that the search for the sparse structure can be a general methodology for high-quality model explorations, in addition to a strategy for high-efficiency model execution. We discuss the model accuracy influenced by the number of weight parameters and the structure of the model. The corresponding models are called to be located in the weight dominated and structure dominated regions, respectively. We show that for practically complicated problems, it is more beneficial to search large and sparse models in the weight dominated region. In order to achieve the goal, new approaches are required to search for proper sparse structures, and new sparse training hardware needs to be developed to facilitate fast iterations of sparse models.
Large Area Liquid Crystal Display for Automobile (1980)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">An instrument panel of a large area liquid crystal display (LCD), including a 50 segment bargraph speedometer, a six digit odo/trip/tacho meter, two gauges and several warning indicators, has been developed. The LCD cell evaluated for this instrument panel is operated in a reflective twisted nematic mode and dimensions of the cell are 260 × 110 × 3 mm. The liquid crystal material is capable of operating over a wider temperature range from −30°C to 80°C and the response time is less than 1 second at −20°C without heaters. The LCD instrument panel can display in multi-color by using high performance dichroic polarizers. Finally feasibility of the large area LCD instrument panel is investigated.</div>