gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lidar attitude estimation for vehicle safety systems (2010)

This paper presents two techniques for determining vehicle pitch and roll with a 3-D lidar which will first auto-calibrate itself to the vehicle's axes. The first method presented is based on Euler angles and the second on Gaussian Processes. A 3-antenna Septentrio GPS receiver is used to asses system performance.
Dynamic electromagnetic metamaterials (2014)

Electromagnetic metamaterials are designer materials made from ‘artificial atoms’ which provide unprecedented control over light matter interactions. Metamaterials are fashioned to yield a specific response to the electric and magnetic components of light and have realized a multitude of exotic properties difficult to achieve with natural materials. Having matured over the last decade and a half, researchers now look toward realizing applications of metamaterials. The ability to dynamically control novel responses exhibited by electromagnetic metamaterials would bolster this quest thus ushering in the next revolution in materials.
Mechanistic consideration of formation of polymer-protected nanoscopic bimetallic clusters (1995)

Three types of polymer-protected bimetallic clusters of noble-metals, prepared by simultaneous alcohol reduction, have been totally shown to have special ‘core-shell’ structures, on the basis of X-ray diffraction and quantitative X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurements. In situ UV–VIS spectral changes during the formation of clusters indicated that the redox potentials of metal ions can control the order of the reduction and that redox reactions between two kinds of metal elements occur during the reduction. Thus, specific effects of the second element were observed. The special structures of these bimetallic clusters are concluded to be controlled by the orders of the reduction of the metal ions and the aggregation property of metal atoms which is attributed to the formation of a ‘polymer–metal’ complex with the protective polymer.
Model Checking Java Using Pushdown Systems (2002)

In recent years, model checking algorithms for the veri cation of in nite-state systems were introduced. We evaluate the possibility of using the algorithms for pushdown systems and various modal logics of [3] for veri cation of Java programs. It turns out that pushdown systems are particularly suitable for modeling the control ow of sequential Java programs, including exceptions (which are too often not supported by model checking tools). The process of mechanical abstract model generation is described, with emphasis on supporting Java exception handling mechanism, which is the major new contribution of this paper. We also show some possible uses of our approach and present a survey of the related work.
THE CHOLESTEROL-RAISING FACTOR FROM COFFEE BEANS (1997)

Some coffee brewing techniques raise the serum concentration of total and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in humans, whereas others do not. The responsible factors are the diterpene lipids cafestol and kahweol, which make up about 1% (wt:wt) of coffee beans. Diterpenes are extracted by hot water but are retained by a paper filter. This explains why filtered coffee does not affect cholesterol, whereas Scandinavian "boiled," cafetiere, and Turkish coffees do. We describe the identification of the cholesterol-raising factors, their effects on blood levels of lipids and liver function enzymes, and their impact on public health, based on papers published up to December 1996.
ACHT4-driven oxidation of APS1 attenuates starch synthesis under low light intensity in <i>Arabidopsis</i> plants (2015)

The regulatory mechanisms that use signals of low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) could be obscured by ROS produced under stress and thus are better investigated under homeostatic conditions. Previous studies showed that the chloroplastic atypical thioredoxin ACHT1 is oxidized by 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (2-Cys Prx) in Arabidopsis plants illuminated with growth light and in turn transmits a disulfide-based signal via yet unknown target proteins in a feedback regulation of photosynthesis. Here, we studied the role of a second chloroplastic paralog, ACHT4, in plants subjected to low light conditions. Likewise, ACHT4 reacted in planta with 2-Cys Prx, indicating that it is oxidized by a similar disulfide exchange reaction. ACHT4 further reacted uniquely with the small subunit (APS1) of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), the first committed enzyme of the starch synthesis pathway, suggesting that it transfers the disulfides it receives from 2-Cys Prx to APS1 and turns off AGPase. In accordance, ACHT4 participated in an oxidative signal that quenched AGPase activity during the diurnal transition from day to night, and also in an attenuating oxidative signal of AGPase in a dynamic response to small fluctuations in light intensity during the day. Increasing the level of expressed ACHT4 or of ACHT4ΔC, a C terminus-deleted form that does not react with APS1, correspondingly decreased or increased the level of reduced APS1 and decreased or increased transitory starch content. These findings imply that oxidative control mechanisms act in concert with reductive signals to fine tune starch synthesis during daily homeostatic conditions.
Current Status and Major Challenges to the Safety and Efficacy Presented by Chinese Herbal Medicine (2019)

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is not only used prevalently in Asian countries but has also gained a stable market globally. As a principal form of TCM, Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is comprised of treatments using multiple Chinese herbs which have complex chemical profiles. Due to a lack of understanding of its modality and a lack of standardization, there are significant challenges associated with regulating CHM's safety for practice and understanding its mechanisms of efficacy. Currently, there are many issues that need to be overcome in regard to the safety and efficacy of CHM for the further development of evidence-based practices. There is a need to better understand the mechanisms behind the efficacy of CHM, and develop proper quality standards and regulations to ensure a similar safety standard as Western drugs. This paper outlines the status of CHM in terms of its safety and efficacy and attempts to provide approaches to address these issues.
Myristoylation and Differential Palmitoylation of the <i>HCK</i> Protein-Tyrosine Kinases Govern Their Attachment to Membranes and Association with Caveolae (1995)

The human proto-oncogene HCK encodes two versions of a protein-tyrosine kinase, with molecular weights of 59,000 (p59hck) and 61,000 (p61hck). The two proteins arise from a single mRNA by alternative initiations of translation. In this study, we explored the functions of these proteins by determining their locations within cells and by characterizing lipid modifications required for the proteins to reach those locations. We found that p59hck is entirely associated with cellular membranes, including the organelles known as caveolae; in contrast, only a portion of p61hck is situated on membranes, and none is detectable in preparations of caveolae. These distinctions can be attributed to differential modification of the two HCK proteins with fatty acids. Both proteins are at least in part myristoylated, p59hck more so than p61hck. In addition, however, p59hck is palmitoylated on cysteine 3 in the protein. Palmitoylation of the protein requires prior myristoylation and, in turn, is required for targeting to caveolae. These findings are in accord with recent reports for other members of the SRC family of protein-tyrosine kinases. Taken together, the results suggest that HCK and several of its relatives may participate in the functions of caveolae, which apparently include the transduction of signals across the plasma membrane to the interior of the cell.
A Captcha Mechanism By Exchange Image Blocks (2006)

The need to tell human and machines apart has surged due to abuse of automated `bots'. However, several textual-image-based CAPTCHAs have been defeated recently, calling for the development of new anti-automation schemes. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective visual CAPTCHA test by exchanging the content of non-overlapping regions in an image. We give in-depth analysis regarding the choice of parameter and image database during the test generation phase. We also contemplate possible ways, including: 1) random guess, 2) collect and match, and 3) image segmentation, to defeat the proposed test and provide counter-measures when necessary. Preliminary experimental results have validated the efficacy of the proposed CAPTCHA, although we expect that a large-scale experiment to collect and analyze user responses contribute to optimal parameter settings
On the Complexity of the Regenerator Placement Problem in Optical Networks (2010)

Placement of regenerators in optical networks has attracted the attention of recent research works in optical networks. In this problem, we are given a network with an underlying topology of a graph <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</i> and with a set of requests that correspond to paths in <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</i> . There is a need to put a regenerator every certain distance, because of a decrease in the power of the signal. In this paper, we investigate the problem of minimizing the number of locations to place the regenerators. We present analytical results regarding the complexity of this problem, in four cases, depending on whether or not there is a bound on the number of regenerators at each node, and depending on whether or not the routing is given or only the requests are given (and part of the solution is also to determine the actual routing). These results include polynomial time algorithms, NP-completeness results, approximation algorithms, and inapproximability results.
Photodynamic Therapy Alone Or In Conjunction With Near-Infrared Light-Induced Hyperthermia In Human Malignant Tumors. A Methodological Case Study (1988)

Several relevant physical parameters, such as superficial blood perfusion, temperature rise and tumor fluorescence characteristics, were monitored in an attempt to perform well-controlled photodynamic thera-py (PDT) on several human malignant tumors. DHE (Photofrin TT) was used as a photosensitizer at a concentration of 2 mg/kg b.w. administered i.v. 48-120 hours before treatment. 630 nm radiation from a CW dye laser, normally at an energy dose of 60 J/c10, at a dose rate well below the hyper-thermal region was delivered to seven 1-4 mm thick basal cell carcinoma lesions. PDT and near-infrared light-induced hyperthermia were performed simultaneously on six 5- 10 mm thick lesions of recurrent breast cancer in another patient. A filtered slide projector running at a power of about 200 mW/c1.0 with radiation above 665 nm was used for the light-induced hyperthermia. All the tumors were eradicated. PDT parameters and tissue temperature recordings were used as input data for an analytical PDT/hyperthermia model. The measured parameters have to be supplemented with assumed values for several other parameters. Although highly qualitative the model provides some interesting insight into the relative importance of PDT and hyperthermia.
Anti-CD3 Antibody for the Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes: A Story of Perseverance (2019)

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by an insulin deficiency. Ever since the discovery of insulin almost 100 years ago, patients with T1D have relied on multiple daily insulin injections to survive an otherwise deadly disease. Despite decades of research and clinical trials, no treatment exists yet to prevent or cure T1D. A recent prevention trial using the anti-CD3 antibody teplizumab in individuals at a high risk of developing T1D has provided the first piece of evidence that a safe and transient intervention may be able to delay disease. In this Perspective, we review the 40-year long history of anti-CD3 and discuss how this antibody became a candidate for the treatment of autoimmune diabetes. The path that leads to its use in this latest clinical trial for T1D has been winding and strewn with setbacks. The molecular actions of the anti-CD3 antibody that target T lymphocytes are well-understood, but its systemic effect on immune function has proven more difficult to unravel. Moreover, preclinical data suggested that the utility of anti-CD3 for the prevention of T1D may be limited. However, the latest clinical data are encouraging and exemplify how a basic discovery can, decades later and with much perseverance, become a promising therapeutic candidate.
Atomic Layer Deposition for Graphene Device Integration (2017)

Graphene is a two dimensional material with extraordinary properties, which make it an interesting material for many optical and electronic devices. The integration of graphene in these devices often requires the deposition of thin dielectric layers on top of graphene. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is the method of choice to deposit these layers due to its ability to deposit ultra‐thin, high quality films with sub‐monolayer thickness control. ALD on graphene however, is a challenge due to the lack of reactive surface sites on graphene. This leads to the selective growth on grain boundaries, wrinkles and defect sites present in the graphene. In this review an overview of the different methods to achieve uniform deposition of ALD on graphene is presented. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed from the perspective of ALD together with the opportunities for further research. Special emphasis is given to the recent advancements in the understanding of the ALD process conditions and their influence on the deposition uniformity on graphene. Particularly, improving the quality of the dielectric layers deposited by ALD while maintaining the pristine properties of graphene, will prove vital for the device integration of graphene.
Object segmentation in multi-view video via color, depth and motion cues (2009)

In the light of dense depth map estimation, motion estimation and object segmentation, the research on multi-view video (MVV) content has becoming increasingly popular due to its wide application areas in the near future. In this work, object segmentation problem is studied by additional cues due to depth and motion fields. Segmentation is achieved by modeling images as graphical models and performing popular Normalized Cuts method with some modifications. In the graphical models, each node is represented by a group of pixels, instead of individual pixels, which are obtained as a result of over-segmentation of the images. These over-segmented regions are also utilized in the dense depth map estimation step; in which 3D planar models are assigned for each of these sub-regions. Moreover, optical flow is estimated based on affine motion assumption for these regions. The links of the graphical models are weighted according to the depth, motion and color similarities of the pixel groups due to these regions. Once the links are obtained, segmentation is achieved by recursively bi-partitioning the graph via removing the weak links. Experiments indicate that the proposed framework achieves precise segmentation results for MVV sequences.
Altered microRNA expression in COVID-19 patients enables identification of SARS-CoV-2 infection (2021)

The host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection provide insights into both viral pathogenesis and patient management. The host-encoded microRNA (miRNA) response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, however, remains poorly defined. Here we profiled circulating miRNAs from ten COVID-19 patients sampled longitudinally and ten age and gender matched healthy donors. We observed 55 miRNAs that were altered in COVID-19 patients during early-stage disease, with the inflammatory miR-31-5p the most strongly upregulated. Supervised machine learning analysis revealed that a three-miRNA signature (miR-423-5p, miR-23a-3p and miR-195-5p) independently classified COVID-19 cases with an accuracy of 99.9%. In a ferret COVID-19 model, the three-miRNA signature again detected SARS-CoV-2 infection with 99.7% accuracy, and distinguished SARS-CoV-2 infection from influenza A (H1N1) infection and healthy controls with 95% accuracy. Distinct miRNA profiles were also observed in COVID-19 patients requiring oxygenation. This study demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces a robust host miRNA response that could improve COVID-19 detection and patient management.
Minor Alteration of Microtubule Dynamics Causes Loss of Tension across Kinetochore Pairs and Activates the Spindle Checkpoint (2002)

We have previously identified the opium alkaloid noscapine as a microtubule interacting agent that binds stoichiometrically to tubulin and alters its conformation. Here we show that, unlike many other microtubule inhibitors, noscapine does not significantly promote or inhibit microtubule polymerization. Instead, it alters the steady-state dynamics of microtubule assembly, primarily by increasing the amount of time that the microtubules spend in an attenuated (pause) state. Further studies reveal that even at high concentrations, noscapine does not alter the tubulin polymer/monomer ratio in HeLa cells. Cells treated with noscapine arrest at mitosis with nearly normal bipolar spindles. Strikingly, although most of the chromosomes in these cells are aligned at the metaphase plate, the rest remain near the spindle poles, both of which exhibit loss of tension across kinetochore pairs. Furthermore, levels of the spindle checkpoint proteins Mad2, Bub1, and BubR1 decrease by 138-, 3.7-, and 3.9-fold, respectively, at the kinetochore region upon chromosome alignment. Our results thus suggest that an exquisite control of microtubule dynamics is required for kinetochore tension generation and chromosome alignment during mitosis. Our data also support the idea that Mad2 and Bub1/BubR1 respond to kinetochore-microtubule attachment and/or tension to different degrees.
Screening Ethiopian Mustard for Erucic Acid By Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (1996)

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has not been tested sufficiently for its capacity to estimate erucic acid in Brassica species. Our objective was to evaluate the potential of NIRS for screening whole‐seed samples of Ethiopian mustard ( Brassica carinata A. Braun) for erucic acid concentration. A total of 1440 samples previously analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) were scanned by NIRS. Samples for calibration and validation were selected according to their erucic acid concentration. A calibration equation was developed and its validation gave a coefficient of multiple determination ( r 2 ) of 0.96. A comparison between GLC values and NIRS estimation was performed with the remaining samples not included in the calibration and validation sets. We found that 90% of samples were classified by NIRS in the same or an adjacent class as those determined by GLC. It demonstrates that screening for erucic acid in this species can be performed with high reliability by means of NIRS.
Oxide-Free, Catalyst-Coated, Fuel-Soluble, Air-Stable Boron Nanopowder as Combined Combustion Catalyst and High Energy Density Fuel (2009)

Elemental boron has one of the highest volumetric heats of combustion known and is therefore of interest as a high energy density fuel. The fact that boron combustion is inherently a heterogeneous process makes rapid efficient combustion difficult. An obvious strategy is to increase the surface area/volume ratio by decreasing the particle size. This approach is limited by the fact that boron forms a ∼0.5 nm thick native oxide layer, which not only inhibits combustion, but also consumes an increasing fraction of the particle mass as the size is decreased. Another strategy might be to coat the boron particles with a material (e.g., catalyst) to enhance combustion of either the boron itself or of a hydrocarbon carrier fuel. We present a simple, scalable, one-step process for generating air-stable boron nanoparticles that are unoxidized, soluble in hydrocarbons, and coated with a combustion catalyst. Ball milling is used to produce ∼50 nm particles, protected against room temperature oxidation by oleic acid functionalization, and optionally coated with catalyst. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering were used to investigate size distributions, with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to probe the boron surface chemistry.
Lithium-based vs. Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries – A Comparison for Home Storage Systems (2016)

Since May 2013, more than 35,000 home storage systems have been installed in Germany. Due to superior performance and significant price degression, lithium ion batteries (LiBs) are the dominating technology in this market. However, in 2015, a new technology became available for this application. Several manufacturers are now offering flow batteries in the required scale. This technology has low variable costs (€/kWh) and uses a wider SoC range. On the other hand, efficiency is lower than for the LiB and fixed costs (€/kW) are rather high. In this work, we examine how those properties influence the cost effectiveness for the use case of home storage. Therefore, we compare the performance of LiBs and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) using a household simulation framework. A unique approach of combining a sophisticated multi-physical flow battery model to obtain efficiency and operational limits with an advanced method of evaluating the economic contribution of a PV home storage system is applied. The benefit of increased self-consumption by a battery system is determined over a period of 20 years using a temporal resolution of 15 minutes. Simulated households are characterized by their individual annual energy demand (1,000 to 10,000 kWh/a) and annual energy generation by rooftop PV plants (500 to 15,000 kWh/a). The study shows, that under the given assumptions, home storage for individual households is not an economically viable use case for any of the evaluated battery technologies. It has been found, that the batteries are not in operation and completely discharged for the better part of the year. This demonstrates the large potential for additional use cases, especially during winter time. In addition, it is shown that LiBs outperform VRFBs for every studied household. The efficiency gap between the two technologies is too large to become compensated by the larger useable SoC range. However, in terms of cost, especially for larger capacities, the VRFB can be competitive compared to the LiB. Therefore, further efforts should be undertaken to improve VRFB performance.