gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High sensitivity hexagonal boron nitride lateral neutron detectors (2019)

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) thermal neutron detectors have demonstrated the highest detection efficiency among all solid-state detectors (at 58% for a detection area of 1 mm2 and 53% for a detection area of 9 mm2). However, scaling up the detector size of vertical h-BN detectors is challenging due to increased dark current, capacitance, and surface recombination with the increasing detection area. Here, we report the demonstration of a 29 mm2 thermal neutron detector fabricated from a freestanding 10B enriched h-BN epilayer of 90 μm in thickness with a detection efficiency of 50% by employing a lateral device geometry. The lateral detector geometry takes advantage of the unique layered structure of h-BN which naturally provides higher in-plane carrier mobilities than those in the vertical direction. Moreover, due to the reduced area of metals in contact with the h-BN material, the detrimental effects associated with the surface recombination at the metal contacts and device capacitance were reduced, which resulted in improved charge collection efficiency and signal to noise ratios. This work laid the ground work for scaling up to large size neutron detectors based on h-BN.
Pre-clinical dose-ranging efficacy, pharmacokinetics, tissue biodistribution, and toxicity of a targeted contrast agent for MRI of amyloid deposition in Alzheimer’s disease (2020)

In these preclinical studies, we describe ADx-001, an Aβ-targeted liposomal macrocyclic gadolinium (Gd) imaging agent, for MRI of amyloid plaques. The targeting moiety is a novel lipid-PEG conjugated styryl-pyrimidine. An MRI-based contrast agent such as ADx-001 is attractive because of the lack of radioactivity, ease of distribution, long shelf life, and the prevalence of MRI scanners. Dose-ranging efficacy studies were performed on a 1 T MRI scanner using a transgenic APP/PSEN1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. ADx-001 was tested at 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mmol Gd/kg. Gold standard post-mortem amyloid immunostaining was used for the determination of sensitivity and specificity. ADx-001 toxicity was evaluated in rats and monkeys at doses up to 0.30 mmol Gd/kg. ADx-001 pharmacokinetics were determined in monkeys and its tissue distribution was evaluated in rats. ADx-001-enhanced MRI demonstrated significantly higher (p < 0.05) brain signal enhancement in transgenic mice relative to wild type mice at all dose levels. ADx-001 demonstrated high sensitivity at 0.20 and 0.15 mmol Gd/kg and excellent specificity at all dose levels for in vivo imaging of β amyloid plaques. ADx-001 was well tolerated in rats and monkeys and exhibited the slow clearance from circulation and tissue biodistribution typical of PEGylated nanoparticles.
Moderate-Level Resistance to Glycopeptide LY333328 Mediated by Genes of the <i>vanA</i> and <i>vanB</i> Clusters in Enterococci (1999)

Three of five natural plasmids carrying a wild-type vanA gene cluster did not confer LY333328 glycopeptide resistance on Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 (MIC = 2 microg/ml). The two remaining plasmids conferred resistance to the drug (MIC, 8 microg/ml). The vanB gene cluster did not confer resistance to LY333328, since this antibiotic was not an inducer. Mutations in the vanS(B) sensor gene that allowed induction by teicoplanin or constitutive expression of the vanB cluster led to LY333328 resistance (MIC, 8 to 16 microg/ml). Overproduction of the VanH, VanA, and VanX proteins for D-alanyl-D-lactate (D-Ala-D-Lac) synthesis and D-Ala-D-Ala hydrolysis was sufficient for resistance to LY333328 (MIC, 16 microg/ml). Mutations in the host D-Ala:D-Ala ligase contributed to LY333328 resistance in certain VanA- and VanB-type strains, but the MICs of the antibiotic did not exceed 16 microg/ml. Addition of D-2-hydroxybutyrate in the culture medium of mutants that did not produce the VanH D-lactate dehydrogenase led to incorporation of this D-2-hydroxy acid at the C-terminal ends of the peptidoglycan precursors and to LY333328 resistance (MIC, 64 microg/ml). The vanZ gene of the vanA cluster conferred resistance to LY333328 (MIC, 8 microg/ml) by an unknown mechanism. These data indicate that VanA- and VanB-type enterococci may acquire moderate-level resistance to LY333328 (MIC </= 16 microg/ml) in a single step by various mechanisms.
Aerosol Measurement by Induced Currents (2013)

We introduce a new electrical measurement technique for aerosol detection, based on pulsed unipolar charging followed by a non-contact measurement of the rate of change of the aerosol space charge in a Faraday cage. This technique, which we call “aerosol measurement with induced currents,” has some advantages compared to the traditional method of collecting the charged particles on either an electrode or with a particle filter. We describe the method and illustrate it with a simple and miniature (shirt-pocket-sized) instrument to measure lung-deposited surface area. Aerosol measurement by induced currents can also be applied to more complex devices. Copyright 2014 American Association for Aerosol Research
Negative refraction and plano-concave lens focusing in one-dimensional photonic crystals (2006)

Negative refraction is demonstrated in one-dimensional (1D) dielectric photonic crystals (PCs) at microwave frequencies. Focusing by plano-concave lens made of 1D PCs due to negative refraction is also demonstrated. The frequency-dependent negative refractive indices, calculated from the experimental data, match very well with those determined from band structure calculations. The easy fabrication of one-dimensional photonic crystals may open the door for future applications.
Wafer bonding with low-temperature-grown (Ga,P) as an adhesive material (2004)

Amorphous and polycrystalline (Ga,P) grown with the molecular beam epitaxy technique at low temperatures were developed as adhesive materials for wafer bonding technology. The microstructure and V/III incorporation ratio in (Ga,P) were studied with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Auger electron spectroscopy. The crystallinity of the low-temperature-grown (LTG) (Ga,P), amorphous or polycrystalline, is controlled by the phosphorus overpressure during growth. The n-type GaP substrates, each with LTG (Ga,P) material on top, were strongly bonded face-to-face at 600 ?C for several hours. TEM shows that along the bonded interface recrystallization of the (Ga,P) layer has taken place during high-temperature annealing and hence helped the two wafers bond together. In comparison, direct wafer bonding of GaP substrates without LTG (Ga,P) requires high bonding temperatures above 750 ?C. The current?voltage (I?V) characteristics of the bonded samples were also investigated. Samples bonded with Ga-rich polycrystalline (Ga,P) exhibit linear I?V dependence across the bonded interface. In contrast, samples bonded with P-rich amorphous (Ga,P) show back-to-back Schottky I?V characteristics with a breakdown of about 11?13 V. The two bonded interfaces show great similarity in microstructure except that gallium clusters are present only at the interface of the sample bonded with Ga-rich polycrystalline (Ga,P). We attribute the linear ohmic I?V dependence to the presence of Ga-clusters.
First oxygen from lunar basalt (1993)

The Carbotek/Shimizu process to produce oxygen from lunar soils has been successfully demonstrated on actual lunar samples in laboratory facilities at Carbotek with Shimizu funding and support. Apollo sample 70035 containing approximately 25 percent ilmenite (FeTiO3) was used in seven separate reactions with hydrogen varying temperature and pressure: FeTiO3 + H2 yields Fe + TiO2 + H2O. The experiments gave extremely encouraging results as all ilmenite was reduced in every experiment. The lunar ilmenite was found to be about twice as reactive as terrestrial ilmenite samples. Analytical techniques of the lunar and terrestrial ilmenite experiments performed by NASA Johnson Space Center include iron Mossbauer spectroscopy (FeMS), optical microscopy, SEM, TEM, and XRD. The Energy and Environmental Research Center at the University of North Dakota performed three SEM techniques (point count method, morphology determination, elemental mapping), XRD, and optical microscopy.
Modulators of the Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (2013)

The Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1P-R) signaling system has proven to be of biological and medical importance in autoimmune settings. S1P1-R is a validated drug target for multiple sclerosis (MS) for which FTY720 (Fingolimod), a S1P1,3-5-R pan-agonist, was recently approved as the first orally active drug for the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS. Transient bradycardia and long half-life are the FTY720 critical pitfalls. This review provides the latest advances on next-generation S1P1-R modulators from 2012 up to date, with an overview of the chemical structures, structure-activity relationships, and relevant biological and clinical properties.
Soybean rust: Genomics and Gene Expression in Phakopsora pachyrhizi (2005)

Phakopsora pachyrhizi causes soybean rust, which is the most devastating foliar disease responsible for significant losses of soybean crop in Africa, Asia, Australia and South America. The pathogen was recently found for the first time in the continental U.S.A., becoming a major threat to U.S. soybean production. Here, we present an update on the P. pachyrhizi Genome Sequencing Project and a preliminary report of the comparative analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) generated from four specific-stages of P. pachyrhizi using unidirectional cDNA libraries.
Evolving Background Subtraction for Dynamic Lighting Scenarios (2018)

This paper presents a novel approach to background subtraction based on the concepts of typicality and eccentricity data analytics and self-evolving cloud-based classification. The proposed approach creates local (i.e. specific region of an image, up to pixel level) models of normality that can be recursively updated as new data are acquired. Each normality model can represent different normal scenarios, often significantly different from each other due to dynamic lighting (e.g. moving shadows, sunspots). Such a normality model is used to describe the background for the image stream. Each pixel or image region is then classificated as background or foreground based on its calculated eccentricity level, an aggregated measurement of the intensities of the RGB channels based on previous image samples. The proposed technique is compared with nine well-known background subtraction algorithms on a set of images of a moving vehicle interior. The results obtained are very promising, especially under challenging lighting scenarios.
Mitochondrial Defects Confer Tolerance against Cellulose Deficiency (2016)

Because the plant cell wall provides the first line of defense against biotic and abiotic assaults, its functional integrity needs to be maintained under stress conditions. Through a phenotype-based compound screening approach, we identified a novel cellulose synthase inhibitor, designated C17. C17 administration depletes cellulose synthase complexes from the plasma membrane in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, resulting in anisotropic cell elongation and a weak cell wall. Surprisingly, in addition to mutations in <i>CELLULOSE SYNTHASE1</i> (<i>CESA1</i>) and <i>CESA3</i>, a forward genetic screen identified two independent defective genes encoding pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR)-like proteins (<i>CELL WALL MAINTAINER1</i> [<i>CWM1</i>] and <i>CWM2</i>) as conferring tolerance to C17. Functional analysis revealed that mutations in these PPR proteins resulted in defective cytochrome c maturation and activation of mitochondrial retrograde signaling, as evidenced by the induction of an alternative oxidase. These mitochondrial perturbations increased tolerance to cell wall damage induced by cellulose deficiency. Likewise, administration of antimycin A, an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex III, resulted in tolerance toward C17. The C17 tolerance of <i>cwm2</i> was partially lost upon depletion of the mitochondrial retrograde regulator ANAC017, demonstrating that ANAC017 links mitochondrial dysfunction with the cell wall. In view of mitochondria being a major target of a variety of stresses, our data indicate that plant cells might modulate mitochondrial activity to maintain a functional cell wall when subjected to stresses.
Design, testing and evaluation of angle-adjustable backrest hardware (2014)

The prototype had a positive impression from participants, however, improvements on the operation method and usability were suggested. Implications for Rehabilitation The adjustable backrest is in need of development to provide function, comfort and support for manual wheelchair users. Manual wheelchair users will benefit by using the angle adjustment as they maintain their active lifestyles. Balance control while performing pressure relief in a wheelchair would be increased.
Logic design with unipolar memristors (2016)

Memristors are novel devices that could naturally be designed as memory elements. Recently, several methods of designing memristors for logic operations have been proposed. These methods, mostly, make use of bipolar memristors. In this paper, we propose a method for performing logic with unipolar memristors based on OR and NOT logic gates. An integration of the basic building blocks into more complicated logic functions is described and demonstrated. Our results indicate that any logic function could be performed using an external controller. Thus, adding the capability of performing logic computations to numerous types of unipolar memristive materials in addition to their memory capability.
Curing of epoxy resins with metal(II)4,4′,4″,4‴‐tetraamino phthalocyanines‐modification with elastomers (1985)

Abstract The use of metal phthalocyanine tetraamines in curing epoxy resins to form high‐temperature‐resistant matrix polymers for composites has been reported earlier. The effect of adding carboxy‐terminated butadiene‐acrylonitrile (CTBN) elastomer is now described; preliminary measurements of tensile, flexural, and short‐beam shear strengths, dynamic moduli, resin content, and moisture absorption are presented, and the results of dynamic thermogravimetric analyses are given. In addition to their high char yield (86–87.5% at 800°C in a nitrogen atmosphere) and limiting oxygen index (48.3–50.3), the laminates showed good mechanical properties.
Population structure of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans: A framework for studies of disease-associated properties (1994)

The Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans population consists of a large number of clones among which the ubiquitous leukotoxin gene operon appears very homogeneous. Population genetic analyses performed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis together with DNA fingerprinting and analyses of genomic DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) on 97 strains isolated over a period of 45 years revealed that each of the serotypes a, b, c, d and e comprise genetically isolated subpopulations and that successful horizontal transfer of genomic DNA between strains of different serotypes appears to be extremely rare in vivo. In contrast, recombination between strains of the same serotype in general appears to take place in nature. The results provide evidence that non-serotypeable strains are serotype antigen-deficient variants originating from strains of the known serotypes. Serotype b and c strains may contain transmittable DNA sequences not found in strains of the other serotypes.
Prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia during androgen deprivation (ADT) for prostate cancer: Baseline data from a large randomized controlled trial (2007)

5116 Background: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard treatment for men with advanced prostate cancer. ADT decreases bone mineral density (BMD) and increases fracture risk although there is limited information about the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis during ADT. We evaluated the baseline data from a large fracture prevention study to better characterize the prevalence of ostepenia and osteoporosis in men receiving ADT for prostate cancer. Methods: In an ongoing phase 3 fracture prevention study, 1,392 men = 50 years old with histologically documented prostate cancer and receiving ADT were randomized to placebo or toremifene 80 mg, a selective estrogen receptor modulator. The phase 3 study included men at increased risk of fracture based on age = 70 years or low baseline BMD of the hip or spine as assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Subjects with metabolic bone disease or receiving treatment for osteoporosis were excluded. In the current analyses, we report the baseline BMD and prevalence of osteopenia (T score -1.0 to -2.5 total hip, femoral neck or spine) and osteoporosis (T score = -2.5 total hip, femoral neck or spine) for the 1,139 subjects older than 70 years. The analyses were restricted to subjects =70 years because these subjects were included in the study regardless of baseline BMD. Results: Mean (± standard deviation) age was 76 ± 7 years. Mean duration on ADT was 39 ± 36 months. For men 70 years of age or older, mean T scores for the total hip, femoral neck, and spine are -1.01 ± 1.14, -1.50 ± 1.06 and 0.37 ± 1.88 respectively. A total of 73% of subjects 70 years of age or older were classified with osteopenia (55%) or osteoporosis (18%). Conclusions: In this large cross- sectional analysis, the vast majority of older men receiving ADT for prostate cancer have either osteopenia or osteoporosis. These observations provide further evidence that close attention to skeletal health is warranted during ADT for prostate cancer. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Broadband Phase Correction of FT-ICR Mass Spectra via Simultaneous Excitation and Detection (2004)

In typical Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectra, temporally dispersed excitation and the delay between excitation and detection result in continuous variation of signal phase with frequency in the detected time-domain ion signal. The complex frequency-domain spectrum of such a signal is a linear combination of absorption- and dispersion-mode spectral components with corresponding asymmetric peaks. For this reason, magnitude-mode spectral display is usually employed to yield a phase-independent uniform and symmetrical peak shape at the expense of spectral resolution. In this work, we implement simultaneous excitation and detection to enable Fourier deconvolution to recover absorption-mode spectra for both low- and high-field FT-ICR instruments. These spectra yield resolving power improvement factors approaching the maximum theoretical limit of 2.0, as well as reduction in frequency assignment errors relative to conventional magnitude-mode spectra. The Fourier deconvolution procedure has the additional benefit of correcting for spectral variation resulting from nonuniform power distribution over the excitation bandwidth and the potential benefit of providing useful diagnostic information for interpretation of experimental performance.
Whole blood gene expression profiling of neonates with confirmed bacterial sepsis (2014)

Neonatal infection remains a primary cause of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide and yet our understanding of how human neonates respond to infection remains incomplete. Changes in host gene expression in response to infection may occur in any part of the body, with the continuous interaction between blood and tissues allowing blood cells to act as biosensors for the changes. In this study we have used whole blood transcriptome profiling to systematically identify signatures and the pathway biology underlying the pathogenesis of neonatal infection. Blood samples were collected from neonates at the first clinical signs of suspected sepsis alongside age matched healthy control subjects. Here we report a detailed description of the study design, including clinical data collected, experimental methods used and data analysis workflows and which correspond with data in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data sets (GSE25504). Our data set has allowed identification of a patient invariant 52-gene classifier that predicts bacterial infection with high accuracy and lays the foundation for advancing diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies for neonatal sepsis.
SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) transducer with improved bus-bar design (1989)

Abstract : A surface acoustic wave (SAW) transducer comprises a piezoelectric substrate, a paid of metal bus bars positioned on the substrate parallel to and separated from each other a preselected distance and a plurality of interdigital electrode fingers extending from each of the metal bus bars. A plurality of slots are positioned along each metal bus bar so that the bus bar metallization is reduced and the acoustic wave velocity is increased in the metal bus bar region. Patent applications. (RRH)
Novel Traveling Wave Phase Component-based Fault Location of transmission lines (2020)

This paper presents a traveling wave phase component-based fault location method for the two-terminal line. Complex wavelet transform (CWT) is used for the extraction of the traveling wave from fault voltage and current signals at the relay end. The proposed technique uses the phase component of the traveling wave incident at the bus to calculate the fault distance. The method measured the phase component of the traveling wave, and then the phase component is formulated to calculate the fault distance. This is a novel approach to overcome the time synchronization issue. The proposed technique is evaluated for the protection of a two-terminal transmission line. Extensive simulation studies using PSCAD/EMTDC software imply that the proposed approach is reliable. The obtained results show that the calculated fault location is not affected by the fault type, fault resistance.
A 1-V CMOS switched-opamp switched-capacitor pseudo-2-path filter (2001)

A modified switched-opamp technique is proposed to enable switched-capacitor (SC) circuits to operate at 1 V with the opamp fully functional in all phases. A 1-V fully differential two-switchable-output-pair operational amplifier has been designed for the proposed technique, which is then employed in a 1-V fully differential SC pseudo-2-path filter. Implemented in a standard single-poly triple-metal 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS process, the filter achieves a sixth-order bandpass response centered at 75 kHz with a quality factor of 45. Capacitors formed with polysilicon and highly doped n-well (cap-well option) regions are used to achieve both good linearity and small chip area. At 1-V supply, the filter obtains an output swing of 1.2 V/sub pp/ and a dynamic range of 51 db while dissipating 310 /spl mu/W and occupying a chip area of 0.8 mm/sup 2/.