gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silicon grating couplers for low loss coupling between optical fiber and silicon nanowires (2011)

The promise of silicon nanophotonic devices is constrained by the large inherent size difference between comparatively large optical fibers and much smaller photonic waveguides, which causes an unacceptable amount of loss without a mode size conversion solution. One such solution is the vertical grating coupler, which allows light to be efficiently coupled in from the top of a device. However, for standard 250nm crystalline silicon top layers of silicon-on-insulator wafers, no such published designs existed. The initial focus of this research was to design and test a grating coupler for operation at 1550nm in the near infrared which could be used for coupling to photonic devices on these wafers. Coupling quasi-TE mode polarized light at less than 10dB fiber-to-fiber loss with a 3dB bandwidth across the C-band was required. Grating layouts were designed and simulated, and a maximally efficient solution was found. This design was then fabricated in both straight grating and curved grating varieties. Testing showed a fiber-to-fiber loss as low as 9.5dB, with 43nm of 1dB bandwidth and 76nm of 3dB bandwidth. Therefore, coupler performance exceeded the required efficiency and far surpassed the bandwidth target. Further expanding the design to other silicon structure types, amorphous versions of the same couplers were also fabricated. Performance was slightly less but comparable to crystalline couplers. Both material types were incorporated into devices and demonstrated as effective coupling solutions. Future work will focus on increasing efficiency, utilization of the couplers' Fabry-Perot properties, and developing amorphous couplers for use on flexible substrates.
In Sickness and in Health—What Does the Oral Microbiome Mean to Us? An Ecological Perspective (2018)

The oral microbiome is natural and has a symbiotic relationship with the host by delivering important benefits. In oral health, a dynamic balance is reached between the host, the environment, and the microbiome. However, the frequent intake of sugar and/or reductions in saliva flow results in extended periods of low pH in the biofilm, which disrupts this symbiotic relationship. Such conditions inhibit the growth of beneficial species and drive the selection of bacteria with an acid-producing/acid-tolerating phenotype, thereby increasing the risk of caries (dysbiosis). A more detailed understanding of the interdependencies and interactions that exist among the resident microbiota in dental biofilms, and an increased awareness of the relationship between the host and the oral microbiome, is providing new insights and fresh opportunities to promote symbiosis and prevent dysbiosis. These include modifying the oral microbiome (e.g., with prebiotics and probiotics), manipulating the oral environment to selectively favor the growth of beneficial species, and moderating the growth and metabolism of the biofilm to reduce the likelihood of dysbiosis. Evidence is provided to suggest that the regular provision of interventions that deliver small but relevant benefits, consistently over a prolonged period, can support the maintenance of a symbiotic oral microbiome.
Coincident myelodysplastic syndrome and T‐cell large granular lymphocytic disease: clinical and pathophysiological features (2001)

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and T-cell large granular lymphocytic disease (T-LGL) are bone marrow failure disorders. Successful use of immunosuppressive agents to treat cytopenia in MDS and LGL suggests a common pathophysiology for the two conditions. Of 100 patients with initial diagnoses of either MDS or T-LGL referred to the National Institutes of Health for immunosuppressive treatment of cytopenia, nine had characteristics of both T-LGL and MDS (T-LGL/MDS). Fifteen patients with T-LGL received cyclosporin (CSA) (10 responses). Eight out of nine patients with T-LGL/MDS received CSA (two responses) and one patient received ATG (one response). Of 76 patients with MDS, eight received CSA (one response) and 68 received ATG (21 responses). The response to immunosuppression was significantly lower in patients with T-LGL/MDS and MDS than in patients with T-LGL disease alone (28% vs. 66%, P = 0.01). The proportion of T-helper cells and T-suppressor cells with an activated phenotype (HLA-DR(+)) was increased in patients with T-LGL, T-LGL/MDS and MDS, but the increase in activated T-suppressor cells in patients with T-LGL/MDS was not statistically significant. Autoreactive T cells may suppress haematopoiesis and contribute to the cytopenia in T-LGL and some patients with MDS, leading to T-LGL/MDS. The lower response rate of MDS or T-LGL/MDS to immunosuppression, compared with T-LGL alone, may reflect the older age and intrinsic stem cell abnormalities in MDS and T-LGL/MDS patients.
Thru silicon via stacking &amp; numerical characterization for multi-die interconnections using full array &amp; very fine pitch micro C4 bumps (2011)

High performance, multi functional and package miniaturization will be the main driving forces that propel the future trend and development of fully integrated multi silicon dies stack using through silicon via (TSV) packaging technology. This paper serves as an extension of the foregoing paper, where TSV-micro C4 solder interconnect were used and stack up to 4-die compared to the 2-die stack previously demonstrated at ECTC 2010[3]. This study is driven by future requirement for memory dies stacking or multiple devices stacking on a thru silicon interposer (TSI). A TSI enables interconnect pitch matching between a high I/Os top chip and a low cost organic substrate however, extension to 4 die stack reveals many daunting assembly challenges for all backend assembly processes. This paper demonstrates with assistance from finite element analysis, actual process verification and reliability test, the required fundamental changes to material properties, bill of material (BOM) and assembly process manufacturability modification in order to achieve feasible assembly process and reliable performance for 4 thin die stacking to an organic substrate using a 1× solder re-flow process and standard flip chip machine in a mass production scenario. This achievement will further strengthen low cost high volume production capability for thru silicon stacking (TSS).
A Saturable Reactor Assisted Soft-Switching PWM DC-DC Converter. (1992)

In the demand for increasing power density of switched mode power converters, resonant topol ogies have attracted much attention because of their low switching losses and low EMI. However, they require relatively large resonant components, and high current or high voltage ratings for semiconductor devices.
Image Deblurring and Super-resolution by Adaptive Sparse Domain Selection and Adaptive Regularization (2013)

Abstract: As a powerful statistical image modeling technique, sparse representation has been successfully used in various image restoration applications. The success of sparse representation owes to the development of l1-norm optimization techniques, and the fact that natural images are intrinsically sparse in some domain. The image restoration quality largely depends on whether the employed sparse domain can represent well the underlying image. Considering that the contents can vary significantly across different images or different patches in a single image, we propose to learn various sets of bases from a pre-collected dataset of example image patches, and then for a given patch to be processed, one set of bases are adaptively selected to characterize the local sparse domain. We further introduce two adaptive regularization terms into the sparse representation framework. First, a set of autoregressive (AR) models are learned from the dataset of example image patches. The best fitted AR models to a given patch are adaptively selected to regularize the image local structures. Second, the image non-local self-similarity is introduced as another regularization term. In addition, the sparsity regularization parameter is adaptively estimated for better image restoration performance. Extensive experiments on image deblurring and super-resolution validate that by using adaptive sparse domain selection and adaptive regularization, the proposed method achieves much better results than many state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of both PSNR and visual perception.
Pipobroman therapy of essential thrombocythemia (1986)

We report our results with pipobroman (PB) therapy in patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET). 21 consecutive untreated patients were treated with PB from 1975 to 1984. PB was given at a dose of 1 mg/kg/d until platelet count dropped below 600 X 10(9)/l. In 18 patients (86%) a hematological remission was obtained. Median duration of induction phase was 49 d. In all cases a maintenance regimen was required at a dose ranging from 0.2 mg/kg/d to 0.5 mg/kg/d, according to platelet number. Follow-up of responder patients ranged from 6 to 108 months (median 17 months). Treatment was well tolerated and we observed only a very moderate and transient hematological toxicity. No patient had relapsed or developed secondary neoplasms at the time of writing. Median survival time of all patients was 24 months (range 10-115).
Atomic spectrometry update–X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (2010)

This comprehensive review covers the latest published activities using XRF techniques. X-ray analytical equipment continues to be integrated with X-ray emission/diffraction/absorption techniques with the growing use of synchrotron radiation (SR) sources reflected in the literature. This integration trend was also prevalent in the development of small-scale laboratory equipment. X-ray detectors have advanced with pixellated systems, micro-calorimeter types and the now established silicon drift detectors being readily used by many authors. Matrix correction and calibration procedures have developed to accommodate instrumental developments related to micro-beam and bulk analysis. SR-based micro-techniques for two and three dimensional imaging were reported in research activities in applications for clinical, biological, environmental and cultural heritage studies as well as investigations of extraterrestrial material. Sample preparation developments continue, especially for TXRF. The extension of TXRF to measure the angle dependence fluorescence signal (GI-XRF, XSW) showed increased interest with several groups applying the technique to depth profiling and thin layer analysis of nano-particles. More applications were reported this year for the reversed technique (GE-XRF) combining micro-beam analysis with surface sensitivity. Geochemical mapping of the moon is reported after space flight measurements used the Sun as a radiation source. The literature reflects increasing quantitative analysis using portable XRF with a welcomed growth in acceptance by the Food and Drug authorities and other applied users. This year's Update offers dietary delights for those who enjoy crab meat and an insight into the eating habits of elephants. Advice for gardeners contemplating a green roof is reported along with analysis of the wood treatments used in the manufacture of Stradivari and Guarneri violins. XRF has also played its part in the development of self-cleaning fabrics.
1A1-F04 ChildrenWatching System Using a Small UAV : Position Estimation And Following Control of a Target Person(Aerial Robot and Mechatronics (1)) (2013)

In this study, we are aiming to develop a children watching system using a small UAV. As necessary functions, we discuss detection of a targeted person, position estimation of the person and following control of the UAV, in this report. The target person wearing a colored helmet is detected from the image taken on the UAV. Distance and direction to the person are calculated from the position and size of the helmet in the image. Some experimental results are also shown.
Vers des soins de sante durables en Afrique-Subsaharienne : le partage des couts (1997)

In 1987, the World Bank recommended that the principle of cost recovery be incorporated into an agenda for financing publicly provided health services in developing countries. Concern remains widespread, however, that the introduction of user fees in government operated facilities or costly membership in insurance plans could deny the poorest people access to modern health services. The World Bank study better heath in Africa (1994) proposed several reforms for health care systems. These included increasing spending by governments on health care from $8 per capita to $13 per capita. This level is considered necessary to provide a cost-effective package of basic preventative and curative services, including safe drinking water and improved sanitation in low-income African countries. These countries represent 60 percent of the continent's population.
Lensless Surface Plasmon Head with 1 Tbit/in.<sup>2</sup> Recording Density (2008)

In order to achieve magneto-optical hybrid recording, a new surface plasmon head was proposed, and the intensity distribution of the optical near-field was calculated using a finite-difference time-domain method. It was confirmed that the head has sufficient resolution and efficiency for 1 Tbit/in.2 recording. Simulation confirmed that the head has very high efficiency, so the feasibility of direct coupling the head with a laser diode was investigated. As a result, the practicality of the lensless head was confirmed, and all parts for reading and recording could be placed on a pico-slider.
(<i>E</i>)-Enolbutyryl-UDP-<i>N</i>-acetylglucosamine as a Mechanistic Probe of UDP-<i>N</i>-acetylenolpyruvylglucosamine Reductase (MurB)<sup>,</sup> (1996)

UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvylglucosamine reductase (MurB), a peptidoglycan biosynthetic enzyme from Escherichia coli, reduces both (E)- and (Z)-isomers of enolbutyryl-UDP-GlcNAc, C4 analogs of the physiological C3 enolpyruvyl substrate, to UDP-methyl-N-acetylmuramic acid in the presence of NADPH. The X-ray crystal structure of the (E)-enolbutyryl-UDP-GlcNAc-MurB complex is similar to that of the enolpyruvyl-UDP-GlcNAc-MurB complex. In both structures the groups thought to be involved in hydride transfer to C3 and protonation at C2 of the enol ether substrate are arranged anti relative to the enol double bond. The stereochemical outcome of reduction of (E)-enolbutyryl-UDP-GlcNAc by NADPD in D2O is thus predicted to yield a (2R,3R)-dideuterio product. This was validated by conversion of the 2,3-dideuterio-UDP-methyl-N-acetylmuramic acid product to 2,3-dideuterio-2-hydroxybutyrate, which was shown to be (2R) by enzymatic analysis and (3R) by NMR comparison to authentic (2R,3R)- and (2R,3S)-2,3-dideuterio-2-hydroxybutyrate. Remarkably, the (E)-enolbutyryl-UDP-GlcNAc was found to partition between reduction to UDP-methyl-N-acetylmuramic and isomerization to the (Z)-substrate isomer in the MurB active site, indicative of a C2 carbanion/enol species that is sufficiently long-lived to rotate around the C2-C3 single bond during catalysis.
Correlation and Prognostic Utility of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide and Its Amino-Terminal Fragment in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (2006)

This study compared the correlation and prognostic utility of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and the N-terminal fragment of proBNP (NT-proBNP) in 171 outpatients with renal dysfunction. The NT-proBNP correlated well with BNP in all cases (r = 0.911; P ≤ .01), regardless of degree of renal impairment or type of left ventricular dysfunction. BNP and NT-proBNP concentrations (P < .005) and their ratios (P ≤ .01) increased as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) declined, indicating a greater effect of GFR on NT-proBNP levels. Both natriuretic peptide levels were higher in patients with systolic dysfunction (P < .05) compared with patients with normal echocardiograms. In contrast, BNP and NT-proBNP levels were below the diagnostic cutoffs for congestive heart failure exacerbations in patients with normal heart function or diastolic dysfunction, with no statistical difference between these groups (P = .99). Both peptides are useful prognostic tools for predicting mortality and cardiac hospitalization in renal patients.
Binding of Two Novel Bisdaunorubicins to DNA Studied by NMR Spectroscopy<sup>,</sup> (1997)

In the search for new generations of anthracycline drugs, lower cytotoxic side effects and higher activity against resistant cancer cells are two major goals. A new class of bis-intercalating anthracycline drugs has been designed, synthesized, and shown to have promising activity against multidrug-resistant cells. Two daunorubicins symmetrically linked together via a p-xylenyl group, either at their N3' (compound WP631) or N4' sites (compound WP652), exhibit extraordinary DNA binding affinities. We have used high-resolution NRM studies to understand the DNA binding mode of these two new bis-daunorubicin anticancer compounds. The structures of the WP631-d(ACGTACGT)2 and the WP652-d(TGTACA)2 complexes have been determined by NOE-restrained refinement. WP631 binds strongly to the 5'-CG(A/T)(A/T)CG hexanucleotide sequence, with the aglycons intercalated between the two CpG sites at both ends of the hexanucleotide sequence. The overall conformation of the WP631-d(CGTACG)2 part is remarkably similar to the crystal structure of the 2:1 complex of daunorubicin and d(CGTACG)2, as predicted previously [Gao, Y.-G., & Wang, A.H.H. (1996), J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 13, 103-117]. In contrast, the related bis-intercalator WP652 prefers the 5'-PyGTPu tetranucleotide sequence, with the aglycons intercalated between the PypG and TpPu sites. The binding of WP652 to DNA results in a severely distroted B-DNA duplex with the p-xylenyl tether moiety significantly protruded away from the bottom of the minor groove. While WP652 in some ways behaves similarly to other anticancer bis-intercalating antibiotics (e.g., triostine A and echinomycin), the detailed interactions between those two classes of bis-intercalators are quite different.
Successive iterative decoding of Reed Solomon codes using cryptographic hash codes as parity (2011)

Coding theory and Cryptography have common roots. Both the fields were introduced by Claude Shannon in his legendary work. The applications of both the fields are however quite different and therefore not significant research work has previously been done to investigate the connection between the both. In this work, those applications that require security in the form of cryptographic hash codes are considered and this cryptographic hash code is used as a means to improve the decoding results of concatenated Convolutional/Reed Solomon codes. Using the message digest, the results of concatenated decoding are enhanced and vice versa i.e. using the concatenated codes, the errors in the message digest are minimized. It is also demonstrated that a coding gain is achieved in both the cases.
Smartphone Capnography : Evaluation of the concept and the associated CO2 indicating sensor (2014)

Smartphone capnography is a new concept for respiratory monitoring using a colorimetric sensor in combination with a smartphone and an Android application. Compared to using an infrared spectrophotometric carbon dioxide analyzer (IR-analyzer), the gold standard for respiratory carbon dioxide monitoring, smartphone capnography offers a cheaper and less bulky solution. This master thesis evaluates the performance of smartphone capnography and the colorimetric sensor engineered for this concept. Three different techniques (side stream, shunt stream and main stream) were tested. Additionally, an iPhone application was developed as a proof of concept when using an iPhone for smartphone capnography. An experimental set-up simulating human breathing was assembled and measurements, at different breathing rates (6-30 breaths/min) and carbon dioxide levels (2-7vol%), were performed with an IR-analyzer as reference. Results showed that capnograms from smartphone capnography was comparable to those from the IR-analyzer and that the approximate accuracy was ±0.25vol% for up to 6 days of use. Results strongly motivate further elaboration of the concept and the three different techniques for measuring.
Multi-Connectivity Management for 5G V2X Communication (2019)

With the advent of automated driving functions the need for cooperation among vehicles becomes increasingly necessary. The availability of high quality connectivity is an important factor for successful and uninterrupted cooperative and autonomous services. Flexible selection of available connectivity options, increases the probabilities to achieve and maintain the required Quality of Service (QoS). Future vehicles will support multiple 5G communication interfaces e.g., cellular (Uu), sidelink (PC5). A 5G RAN-based solution is proposed in this paper to dynamically select and change the communication interface that is suitable for a V2X service, considering radio and road conditions. The combination of different interfaces, for data packets duplication or splitting, increases the multi-connectivity capabilities and expected QoS benefits. The simulation results show the improvement that multi-connectivity could bring to V2X services and specifically to packet reception ratio (PRR) in an urban environment.
Potential Drug Resistance Polymorphisms in the Integrase Gene of HIV Type 1 Subtype A (2004)

Variation in HIV-1 genes within and between subtypes has been best defined in the env gene, however, other more conserved genes vary between subtypes. Integrase (IN) and other regions of the pol gene are highly conserved due to their integral role in HIV replication and therefore are targets for antiviral drugs. In this study 3 individuals, infected heterosexually with HIV-1 subtype A, were examined for IN polymorphisms. Two patients ' sequences clustered phylogenetically with other subtype A sequences and one patient's sequence was most similar to the circulating recombinant form CRF_02. No polymorphisms were observed in either of the motifs containing residues critical residues for IN activity. Polymorphisms were observed in a residue associated with resistance to anti-integrase drugs. In addition, a number of unique polymorphisms were observed in one individual (WM1666). IN can vary significantly within a subtype as well as between subtypes, and mutations associated with resistance to anti-integrase compounds can be present in drug naive individuals.
Monitoring simultaneously the growth of nanoparticles and aggregates by <i>in situ</i> ultra-small-angle x-ray scattering (2005)

Ultra-small-angle x-ray scattering can provide information about primary particles and aggregates from a single scattering experiment. This technique is applied in situ to flame aerosol reactors for monitoring simultaneously the primary particle and aggregate growth dynamics of oxide nanoparticles in a flame. This was enabled through the use of a third generation synchrotron source (Advanced Photon Source, Argonne IL, USA) using specialized scattering instrumentation at the UNICAT facility which is capable of simultaneously measuring nanoscales to microscales (1nmto1μm). More specifically, the evolution of primary-particle diameter, mass-fractal dimension, geometric standard deviation, silica volume fraction, number concentration, radius of gyration of the aggregate, and number of primary particles per aggregate are measured along the flame axis for two different premixed flames. All these particle characteristics were derived from a single and nonintrusive measurement technique. Flame temperature profiles were measured in the presence of particles by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermophoretic sampling was used to visualize particle growth with height above the burner as well as in the radial direction.