gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
True Random Number Generation Based on Environmental Noise Measurements for Military Applications (2009)

True random number generators can significantly contribute to the development of high security cryptographic schemes, such as those required for use in military applications. This article presents some the results of an innovative method for the generation of truly random number sequences, based on environmental noise measurements. The statistical properties of different noise types have been studied. Based on this study, an efficient random number generator has been developed that uses signals from the built in microphone that is ubiquitous most current personal computers and other personal information processing systems. Statistical measures have been determined that measure the randomness qualities of the output sequence. These measures have been studied for different input noise properties. The merit of the proposed generator in terms of the rate at which random numbers are produced has also been assessed.
Boundary Conditions for Displacement Experiments through Short Laboratory Soil Columns (1984)

Abstract This paper presents a discussion of the physical and mathematical significance of various boundary conditions applicable to one‐dimensional solute transport through relatively short laboratory soil columns. Based on mass balance considerations, it is shown that a first‐type or concentration‐type condition at the inlet boundary incorrectly predicts the volume‐averaged or resident concentration inside both semi‐infinite and finite systems. A third‐type or flux‐type inlet boundary condition preserves mass in semi‐infinite systems, but underpredicts effluent concentrations from finite columns unless a local transformation is used to convert volume‐averaged concentrations into flux‐averaged concentrations. This transformation leads to an expression for the effluent concentration that is identical to the solution for the semi‐infinite system using a concentration‐type boundary condition. For column Peclet numbers greater than about five, the resulting analytical expression for the effluent curve is shown to be nearly identical to the analytical solution for a finite system based on a flux‐type inlet boundary condition and a zero‐concentration gradient at the exit boundary. Both solutions correctly preserve mass in the system; other solutions of the convective‐dispersive transport equation are shown to be inappropriate for analyzing column effluent data.
High-resolution structure of human<scp>D</scp>-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (2006)

GAPDH (D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) is a multifunctional protein that is a target for the design of antitrypanosomatid and anti-apoptosis drugs. Here, the first high-resolution (1.75 Angstroms) structure of a human GAPDH is reported. The structure shows that the intersubunit selectivity cleft that has been leveraged in the design of antitrypanosomatid compounds is closed in human GAPDH. Modeling of an anti-trypanosomatid GAPDH inhibitor in the human GAPDH active site provides insights into the basis for the observed selectivity of this class of inhibitor. Moreover, the high-resolution data reveal a new feature of the cleft: water-mediated intersubunit hydrogen bonds that assist closure of the cleft in the human enzyme. The structure is used in a computational ligand-docking study of the small-molecule compound CGP-3466, which inhibits apoptosis by preventing nuclear accumulation of GAPDH. Plausible binding sites are identified in the adenosine pocket of the NAD(+)-binding site and in a hydrophobic channel located in the center of the tetramer near the intersection of the three molecular twofold axes. The structure is also used to build a qualitative model of the complex between GAPDH and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Siah1. The model suggests that the convex surface near GAPDH Lys227 interacts with a large shallow groove of the Siah1 dimer. These results are discussed in the context of the recently discovered NO-S-nitrosylation-GAPDH-Siah1 apoptosis cascade.
Optimizing communications for parallel ML-EM image reconstruction on large clusters of processors (2002)

The ML-EM reconstruction algorithm is an iterative computation of tomographic images by maximization of a likelihood function of the Poisson emission rates. The method being time consuming, a parallel version can easily be implemented to distribute the reconstruction task on multiple processors. Since general-purpose supercomputers are costly and their parallel programming are platform-dependent, distributed ML-EM processing on a network of workstations is an attractive alternative. However, communications of the computed partial projections among processors are time consuming on typical networks such that there is a relatively low limit on the number of processors which can participate in the computation and still reduce reconstruction time. Optimizing the communication process by using efficient hardware and message passing interface, and by transferring sums of partial projections instead of the partial projections themselves over the network permits the distribution of the reconstruction task over a larger number of processors while reducing the overall reconstruction time.
Luminance noise as a novel approach for measuring contrast sensitivity within the magnocellular and parvocellular pathways (2017)

This study evaluated the extent to which different types of luminance noise can be used to target selectively the inferred magnocellular (MC) and parvocellular (PC) visual pathways. Letter contrast sensitivity (CS) was measured for three visually normal subjects for letters of different size (0.8°-5.3°) under established paradigms intended to target the MC pathway (steady-pedestal paradigm) and PC pathway (pulsed-pedestal paradigm). Results obtained under these paradigms were compared to those obtained in asynchronous static noise (a field of unchanging luminance noise) and asynchronous dynamic noise (a field of randomly changing luminance noise). CS was measured for letters that were high- and low-pass filtered using a range of filter cutoffs to quantify the object frequency information (cycles per letter) mediating letter identification, which was used as an index of the pathway mediating CS. A follow-up experiment was performed to determine the range of letter duration over which MC and PC pathway CS can be targeted. Analysis of variance indicated that the object frequencies measured under the static noise and steady-pedestal paradigms did not differ significantly (p ≥ 0.065), but differed considerably from those measured under the dynamic noise (both p < 0.001) and pulsed-pedestal (both p < 0.001) paradigms. The object frequencies mediating letter identification increased as duration increased under the steady-pedestal paradigm, but were independent of target duration (50-800 ms) under the pulsed-pedestal paradigm, in static noise, and in dynamic noise. These data suggest that the spatiotemporal characteristics of noise can be manipulated to target the inferred MC (static noise) and PC (dynamic noise) pathways. The results also suggest that CS within these pathways can be measured at long stimulus durations, which has potential importance in the design of future clinical CS tests.
A model based on context discussions for locationing mobile user (2011)

In this paper, we demonstrate the capability of locating mobile nodes using tower identity codes which translate to lat-long using Google's MyLocation API. Full capability can be downloaded as an app by any user and results could be verified. We believe that this capability can provide a cost-effective base to build next generation location based services for consumer purposes derived from existing tower infra. Through this paper, while discussing the concept of context reading and analyzing information by usage environment of mobile devices, we look for key application domains for exploitation of context awareness. Location Based Services (LBS) are such services which can help in tracking mobile users by taking the current position of the user into account when performing their tasks. For Location based services, map information, GIS services, GPS and infrastructures (tower identity codes) are crucial helper services. The key challenges when implementing any kind of context-aware ubiquitous services is to make a efficient mixture of descriptions, context information, user preferences, and in last, how to define new adaptation policy model so as to fit them tight as focusing on different aspects of Location based computing can be better called context analysis and services.
Mouse <i>Brca1</i>: localization, sequence analysis and identification of evolutionarily conserved domains (1995)

The human genes BRCA1, conferring susceptibility to early-onset breast and ovarian cancer, has recently been isolated. Here we describe isolation of cDNAs, sequence analysis, and genomic localization of the murine homolog, Brac1. The mouse cDNA sequence predicts a protein of 1812 amino acids; a number of small gaps account for the 51 fewer residues in the mouse protein relative to human BRCA1. While the predicted mouse and human proteins display on the whole a high level of homology (58% identity, 73% similarity), the regions of greatest homology are at the respective amino and carboxyl termini. Most reported disease-associated missense mutations in human BCRA1 occurred within these more highly conserved terminal regions. A predicted zinc-building RING finger domain near the amino terminus lies within a 50 amino acid stretch that is perfectly conserved in both species. The strong conservation during mammalian evolution argues for the importance of this domain, perhaps mediating a role for BRCA1 in DNA and/or protein binding. We have also identified a conserved highly acidic domain in the carboxyl terminal half of the BCRA1 protein resembling acidic transactivation domains of certain transcription factors. Using an interspecific backcross panel, Brca1 was mapped to a region of mouse chromosome 11 that exhibits conserved linkage with 17q21. The sequence and isolated cDNAs will provide useful reagents for studying the expression of Brca1 in the mouse, and for testing the importance of the evolutionarily conserved domains.
Scanning ion conductance microscopy: a nanotechnology for biological studies in live cells (2013)

Scanning ion-conductance microscope (SICM), which enables high-resolution imaging of cell surface topography, has been developed for over two decades. However, only recently, a unique scanning mode is increasingly used in biological studies to allow SICM to detect the surface of live cells. More recently, in combination with confocal microscopy and patch-clamp electrophysiological techniques, SICM allows investigators to localize proteins or ion channels in a specific nanostructure at the cell surface. This article will briefly review SICM nanotechnique and summarize the role of SICM in biological studies.
Mechanical loading activates mitogen-activated protein kinase and S6 peptide kinase in cultured rat cardiac myocytes (1993)

The molecular mechanisms by which overloaded cardiac myocytes increase the cell size (hypertrophy) remain unknown. We have previously shown that mechanical loading increased the protein synthesis and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA (Komuro, I., Kaida, T., Shibazaki, Y., Kurabayashi, M., Katoh, Y. Hoh, E., Takaku, F., and Yazaki, Y. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 3595-3598; Komuro, I., Katoh, Y., Kaida, T., Shibazaki, Y., Kurabayashi, M., Hoh, E., Takaku, F., and Yazaki, Y. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 1265-1268). It has been known that both mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and S6 kinase can be activated by many kinds of growth factors. To clarify whether MAP kinase(s) and S6 kinase(s) are associated with the intracellular signaling of cardiac hypertrophy induced by mechanical loading, we cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes in deformable dishes and imposed an in vitro mechanical loading by stretching the adherent myocytes. In this study, we demonstrated that 1) myocyte stretching maximally activated a kinase activity toward myelin basic protein (MBP) at 10 min after stretching, and the kinase activity returned to the control level at 30 min after stretching; 2) kinase assays in MBP-containing gel, after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, revealed that stretch-induced MBP kinase activity mainly migrated at 42 kDa in the immunoprecipitated fraction of anti-MAP kinase antibody, suggesting that the stretching mainly increased the 42-kDa MAP kinase activity in cardiac myocytes; 3) phosphorylation of MAP kinase was induced after stretching cardiac myocytes; 4) when protein kinase C was depleted by preincubating myocytes with 100 nM 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate for 24 h or 2 nM staurosporine for 30 min, stretch-induced MBP kinase activity was decreased by approximately 60-70% as compared with the kinase activity in myocytes without protein kinase C depletion; 5) although the receptor tyrosine kinases were depleted by preincubating myocytes with 50 microM tyrphostin or 20 microM genistein for 30 min, there was no change in the stretch-induced MBP kinase activity; 6) stretch-induced MBP kinase activity was partially dependent on transsarcolemmal influx of Ca2+; 7) myocyte stretching also increased S6 peptide (RRLSSLRA) kinase activity in the anti-S6 kinase II antibody immunoprecipitates. From these results, we conclude that myocyte stretching increases the activities of MAP kinase and S6 peptide kinase, which may play an important role in the induction of the specific genes and the increase in the protein synthesis.
Microfluidic processors for accurate single-cell genome sequencing (2016)

Accurate genome-scale identification of somatic mutations in single mammalian cells remains very challenging. Current single-cell genome sequencing approaches generate tens of thousands of false positive calls per genome. This is manageable for calling the millions of germline variants or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).However, the number of false positives could greatly outnumber that of true somatic mutations per genome, resulting in an unacceptable level of false discovery rate and limiting the clinical application of single-cell genome sequencing. In this dissertation, I describe a strategy called SISSOR (SIngle-Stranded Sequencing in micrOfluidic Reactors) to overcome this limitation. A microfluidic processor was designed to enable the separation of long single-stranded DNA strands in a single mammalian cell, random partitioning of megabase-size single-stranded molecules into multiple nanoliter-size micro-reactors for unbiased amplification, and sequencing library construction. By separating, amplifying and sequencing megabase-size Watson and Crick DNA strands of the homologous chromosome pairs in a single cell, potential errors due to amplification and sequencing can be removed using the consensus calls on the two complementary strands, and long-range haplotype assembly can also be obtained. Using the microfluidic processor, I implemented the strategy by actual amplification and sequencing of the genomes for three single cells. I demonstrated that sequencing accuracy can be improved by two orders of magnitude and the length of haplotype assembly can also be dramatically increased as compared to other currently available methods.
"Shit Happens: An American Studies Engagement" (1993)

A Presidential Address—this is a big deal for me. Stage directions may call for a self-satisfied Old Boy, but this one is nervous. I cannot shake the feeling that plagued my last presidential address, at Elizabeth Green Elementary School when I was chief executive of Mrs. Miller's second-grade science club. As best I can recall, there was the same mix of thrill and dread. Also as best I can recall, my presentation was on something like 'The Boreal Owl, I stole every dreary word from the World Book Encyclopedia, and no one noticed or (as far as I could tell) even listened. It was not the sort of experience to amplify the thrill or mute the dread. Of course, if you know much about this organization (or me), you would know that this confession better bespeaks my mishigias than any pressure of the position or the moment. I can summon angst for just about anything, and, realistically speaking, there should not be any pressure at all. In fact—no offense to past-Presidents or to you as constituents—it does not take much to become President of MAASA. If you tell anyone on the current Executive Board that you are willing to join the Board, you will almost assuredly be nominated, face no opposition, and be unanimously elected within a year. If you then volunteer to host an annual
Hypoxia induces pulmonary artery smooth muscle dysfunction through mitochondrial fragmentation-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress (2020)

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) dysfunction. However, the underlying mechanisms of PASMC dysfunction remain largely unknown. Here, we show that mitochondrial fragmentation contributes to PASMC dysfunction through enhancement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. PASMC dysfunction accompanied by mitochondrial fragmentation and ER stress was observed in the pulmonary arteries of hypoxia-induced rats with PAH, as well as isolated PASMCs under hypoxia. Treatment with Mdivi-1 inhibited mitochondrial fragmentation and ER stress and improved PASMC function in isolated PASMCs under hypoxia, while Drp1 overexpression increased mitochondrial fragmentation and ER stress, impairing PASMC function in isolated PASMCs under normoxia. However, inhibition of ER stress using ER stress inhibitors showed a negligible effect on mitochondrial morphology but improved PASMC function during hypoxia. Additionally, we found that mitochondrial fragmentation-promoted ER stress was dependent on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, inhibition of mitochondrial fragmentation using Mdivi-1 attenuated mitochondrial fragmentation and ER stress in hypoxic PASMCs and improved the pulmonary artery smooth muscle function in hypoxic rats. These results suggest that hypoxia induces pulmonary artery smooth muscle dysfunction through mitochondrial fragmentation-mediated ER stress and that mitochondrial morphology is a potential target for treatment of hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery smooth muscle dysfunction.
Reliable numerical methods for polynomial matrix triangularization (1999)

Numerical procedures are proposed for triangularizing polynomial matrices over the field of polynomial fractions and over the ring of polynomials. They are based on two standard polynomial techniques: Sylvester matrices and interpolation. In contrast to other triangularization methods, the algorithms described in this paper only rely on well-worked numerically reliable tools. They can also be used for greatest common divisor extraction, polynomial rank evaluation, or polynomial null-space computation.
The ELAM‐1 ligand sialosyl‐Le<sup>x</sup> is present on Langerhans cells isolated from stratified epithelium (1992)

In this study we show the expression of the newly identified carbohydrate ligand, sialosyl-Le(X) on Langerhans cells. The receptor for sialosyl-Le(X) is the endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) present on activated endothelial cells. Using flow cytometry, Langerhans cells were selected due to positivity for an antibody against CD1a and low orthogonal light scatter. The CD1a antigen stained by the OKT6 antibody is considered a maturational marker of Langerhans cells in agreement with the specific labeling of dendritic cells in the epithelium only. Double immunostaining (OKT6/anti-sialosyl-Le(X)) using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that almost all OKT6-positive cells in normal stratified epithelium expressed sialosyl-Le(X). Conversely, by immunohistochemistry of oral epithelium with acute inflammation, additional dendritic cells negative for OKT6 were found to express sialosyl-Le(X). In addition, sialosyl-Le(X)-positive but not OKT6-positive dendritic cells were found in the submucosa. These findings indicate that the carbohydrate antigen sialosyl-Le(X) is expressed earlier than the CD1a antigen in the maturation of the Langerhans cell lineage. Future studies should aim at investigating the importance of adhesion between sialosyl Le(X) and ELAM-1 in epithelial recruitment of Langerhans cells.
A Subthreshold to Above-Threshold Level Shifter Comprising a Wilson Current Mirror (2010)

In this brief, we propose a novel level shifter circuit that is capable of converting subthreshold to above-threshold signal levels. In contrast to other existing implementations, it does not require a static current flow and can therefore offer considerable static power savings. The circuit has been optimized and simulated in a 90-nm process technology. It operates correctly across process corners for supply voltages from 100 mV to 1 V on the low-voltage side. At the target design voltage of 200 mV, the level shifter has a propagation delay of 18.4 ns and a static power dissipation of 6.6 nW. For a 1-MHz input signal, the total energy per transition is 93.9 fJ. Simulation results are compared to an existing subthreshold to above-threshold level shifter implementation from the paper of Chen et al.
High Voltage and High Capacity Characteristics ofLiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Cathode for Lithium Battery Applications (2007)

Possibility of synthesizing LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode via., soft chemistry based Gelatin Assisted
Combustion [GAC] approach has been examined through the present study. GAC method with a
calcination temperature as high as 750°C for a period of 24h. was found to be essential to prepare
LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 powders with good hexagonal ordering and better cycling performance. The
intensity ratio of (003) and (104) bragg peaks is greater than unity, which is an indication for the
absence of cation mixing. The observed CV peaks confirm the presence of Ni, Co and Mn ions in their
+3 oxidation state. A maximum discharge capacity of ~180mAh/g has been exhibited by the
synthesized LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode, when charged up to 4.6V. Hence, it is demonstrated that the
LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode synthesized through the present study could be exploited both as a high
voltage and high capacity cathode material for use in rechargeable lithium battery applications.
Progress in field-emitter array development for high-frequency operation (2002)

A low-capacitance configuration of the Spindt-type field-emitter array has been integrated with a microstrip line for experiments on high-frequency operation. Emission modulation has been shown in a triode configuration up to 1.3 GHz with the emitters at ground and the microwave signal coupled into the gate. The total emission current at this frequency was 10 mA with a total transconductance of 660 /spl mu/S. S parameter measurements show a 3.5-dB gain in the forward transmission coefficient at 1 GHz and 5 mA. Other measurements show that devices in the tens-of-GHz range should be possible.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Temperature Dependence of the Absorption Coefficient in 4H- and 6H-Silicon Carbide at 355 nm Laser Pumping Wavelength (2002)

We report on the absorption coefficient at 355 nm laser wavelength for 4H- and 6H-SiC over a wide temperature range. The measurements were carried out using a depth- and time-resolved free-carrier-absorption technique. The values of the absorption coefficient for the fundamental E ⊥ ĉ and E ‖ ĉ light polarization were extracted from the instantaneous profiles of the excess carrier concentration. The absorption dependency in 4H epilayers is consistent with a model based on the indirect optical transitions and shift of the energy gap with temperature. A discrepancy in absorption observed in heavily-doped 4H-SiC substrates at elevated temperatures is associated with a doping-induced narrowing of the band gap.