gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Energy Dispersive, X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis (2010)

Abstract Energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) is an analytical method for qualitative as well as quantitative determination of elements in a sample, independent of their chemical form. It is built on the fact that elements that are irradiated with high‐energetic X‐rays have a certain probability of emitting characteristic X‐rays, the energies of which are unique for each element. In the energy‐dispersive (ED) systems, the emitted X‐rays are detected via their energies. The use of the EDXRF technique has accelerated since the 1960s as a result of the development of liquid nitrogen cooled solid‐state detectors, nuclear electronics, and small computers. Nowadays compact light‐weight electrically cooled detectors are available, which, together with air‐cooled low‐power X‐ray tubes, are perfectly suited for handheld spectrometers. EDXRF is multielemental and nondestructive and can be applied to large as well as small samples of different composition and character. If conditions are optimized, minimum detection limits can be below the nanogram absolute or micrograms per gram concentration level for small laboratory instruments and into the femtogram or nanograms per milliliter region for more advanced instrumentation (total reflection X‐ray fluorescence (TXRF), synchrotron radiation). EDXRF spectrometers exist at many degrees of sophistication, ranging from advanced laboratory instruments to small portable instruments for field observations. They can be designed for analysis of bulk material or for scanning and elemental mapping of small areas. The use of X‐ray optics like single or polycapillaries and curved mirrors in Kirkpatrick–Baez geometry lead to X‐ray spot sizes of micrometers and below ideally suited for micro‐XRF. Mapping with high spatial resolution is thus possible opening investigations down to cell dimension. Typical applications for EDXRF are analysis of agricultural material, medical samples, archaeological and historical objects, painting and fine art objects, and environmental samples such as soil, ores, water, and aerosol particles.
<title>Microwave-source time-resolved infrared radiometry for monitoring of curing and deposition processes</title> (1995)

Thermal wave methods employing optical heating sources have been used successfully in the past to determine layer thicknesses or thermal diffusivities. However, monitoring of curing or deposition processes can be difficult with such techniques due to changes in the sample surface properties such as optical absorption during processing. The method introduced in this paper, microwave-source time-resolved infrared radiometry (TRIR) in conjunction with intentionally embedded carbon or metal fibers allows the determination of surface layer thickness and thermal diffusivity almost independently of the surface properties of the layer. This suggests the use of fibers as embedded sensors in applications where layer thickness or thermal properties need to be controlled during processing.
The Epigenetic Drug 5-Azacytidine Interferes with Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism (2014)

DNA methylation and histone acetylation inhibitors are widely used to study the role of epigenetic marks in the regulation of gene expression. In addition, several of these molecules are being tested in clinical trials or already in use in the clinic. Antimetabolites, such as the DNA-hypomethylating agent 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC), have been shown to lower malignant progression to acute myeloid leukemia and to prolong survival in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Here we examined the effects of DNA methylation inhibitors on the expression of lipid biosynthetic and uptake genes. Our data demonstrate that, independently of DNA methylation, 5-AzaC selectively and very potently reduces expression of key genes involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism (e.g. PCSK9, HMGCR, and FASN) in all tested cell lines and in vivo in mouse liver. Treatment with 5-AzaC disturbed subcellular cholesterol homeostasis, thereby impeding activation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (key regulators of lipid metabolism). Through inhibition of UMP synthase, 5-AzaC also strongly induced expression of 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 9 (AGPAT9) and promoted triacylglycerol synthesis and cytosolic lipid droplet formation. Remarkably, complete reversal was obtained by the co-addition of either UMP or cytidine. Therefore, this study provides the first evidence that inhibition of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis by 5-AzaC disturbs cholesterol and lipid homeostasis, probably through the glycerolipid biosynthesis pathway, which may contribute mechanistically to its beneficial cytostatic properties.
Anti-CTLA-4 Immunotherapy Does Not Deplete FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) in Human Cancers (2018)

Anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy does not deplete FOXP3<sup>+</sup> cells in human tumors, which suggests that their efficacy could be enhanced by modifying the Fc portions of the mAbs to enhance Fc-mediated depletion of intratumoral regulatory T cells.See related commentary by Quezada and Peggs, p. 1130.
A single-path-oriented fault-effect propagation in digital circuits considering multiple-path sensitization (1995)

Various satisfiability problems in combinational logic blocks as, for example, test pattern generation, verification, and netlist optimization, can be solved efficiently by exploiting the fundamental concepts of propagation and justification. Therefore, fault effect propagation gains further importance. For the first time, we provide the theoretical background for a single path oriented fault effect propagation considering both single and multiple path sensitization. We call this approach SPOP. Furthermore, we formulate necessary and sufficient sensitization conditions for SPOP. From these conditions the best suited algebra for propagation can be derived. Experimental results for stuck--at test pattern generation demonstrate that the new approach is orthogonal to D--frontier based methods. We achieve substantial improvements with respect to test pattern generation time and quality.
On the Use of Integer Programming versus Evolutionary Solver in Spreadsheet Optimization (2005)

The introduction of the evolutionary solver in Frontline Systems' Premium Solver for Education allows students to use any functions in Excel for modeling optimization problems. As a result, instructors teaching optimization now face a dilemma of how much emphasis to place on “traditional” integer programming versus the unrestricted but heuristic approach of the evolutionary solver. Our goal in this work is to shed some light on the tradeoffs in these two modeling approaches. We discuss some experimental results comparing the two approaches for a number of well-known problem types. We also report some observations of student performance with these two different approaches.
Use of GaSb films as residual gas pressure monitors (1981)

Thermally treated polycrystalline GaSb films with suitable geometries have been used as 'Pirani resistance gauges, to monitor the residual air pressure in a conventional demountable vacuum system. High sensitivity over a wide range of measurements (1.33 kPa-1.33 mPa (10-10-5 Torr)) has been obtained. The devices using CaF2 film protective covering showed considerable improvement in time stability over the unprotected devices. However, extensive studies on chemical passivation and electrostatic screening are necessary to eradicate the problem of long term stability, common to most thin film devices.
A Bilayer Construct Controls Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Differentiation into Endothelial Cells and Pericytes Without Growth Factor Stimulation (2010)

This work describes the differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASC) in a composite hydrogel for use as a vascularized dermal matrix. Our intent is that such a construct could be utilized following large-surface-area burn wounds that require extensive skin grafting and that are limited by the availability of uninjured sites. To develop engineered skin replacement constructs, we are pursuing the use of ASC. We have established that a PEGylated fibrin gel can provide a suitable environment for the proliferation of ASC over a 7 day time course. Further, we have demonstrated that PEGylated fibrin can be used to control ASC differentiation toward vascular cell types, including cells characteristic of both endothelial cells and pericytes. Gene expression analysis revealed strong upregulation of endothelial markers, CD31, and von Willebrand factor, up to day 11 in culture with corresponding evidence of protein expression demonstrated by immunocytochemical staining. ASC were not only shown to express endothelial cell phenotype, but a subset of the ASC expressed pericyte markers. The NG2 gene was upregulated over 11 days with corresponding evidence for the cell surface marker. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta gene expression decreased as the multipotent ASC differentiated up to day 7. Increased receptor expression at day 11 was likely due to the enhanced pericyte gene expression profile, including increased NG2 expression. We have also demonstrated that when cells are loaded onto chitosan microspheres and sandwiched between the PEGylated fibrin gel and a type I collagen gel, the cells can migrate and proliferate within the two different gel types. The matrix composition dictates the lineage specification and is not driven by soluble factors. Utilizing an insoluble bilayer matrix to direct ASC differentiation will allow for the development of both vasculature as well as dermal connective tissue from a single population of ASC. This work underscores the importance of the extracellular matrix in controlling stem cell phenotype. It is our goal to develop layered composites as wound dressings or vascularized dermal equivalents that are not limited by nutrient diffusion.
Movie-maps (1980)

An interactive, dynamic map has been built using videodisc technology to engage the user in a simulated “drive” through an unfamiliar space. The driver, or map reader, is presented with either sparsely sampled sequences of images taken by single frame cameras that replicate actual imagery from a space, or with computer synthesized replicas of those images. The reader may control the speed, route, angle of view and mode of presentation of this information and may thus tour the area. In addition, he may access spatially stored ancillary data stored in the buildings or in locales in the environment. This basic map is being enhanced to provide topographic views, and to incorporate optical and electronic image processing to provide a more responsive, visually complete representation of an environment.
Small molecular modulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the hyperoxia-induced mouse model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (2013)

These data point to the careful regulatory balance exerted by MIF in the developing lung and response to hyperoxia and support the potential therapeutic value of small molecule MIF modulation in BPD.
Clinical Protocols for Hearing Instrument Fitting in the Desired Sensation Level Method (2005)

A discussion of the protocols used particularly in the clinical application of the Desired Sensation Level (DSL) Method is presented in this chapter. In the first section, the measurement and application of acoustic transforms is described in terms of their importance in the assessment phase of the amplification fitting process. Specifically, the implications of individual ear canal acoustics and their impact on accurately defining hearing thresholds are discussed. Detailed information about the statistical strength of the real-ear-to-coupler difference (RECD) measurement and how to obtain the measure in young infants is also provided. In addition, the findings of a study that examined the relationship between behavioral and electrophysiologic thresholds in real-ear SPL is described. The second section presents information related to the electroacoustic verification of hearing instruments. The RECD is discussed in relation to its application in simulated measurements of real-ear hearing instrument performance. In particular, the effects of the transducer and coupling method during the RECD measurement are described in terms of their impact on verification measures. The topics of insertion gain, test signals, and venting are also considered. The third section presents three summary tables that outline the hearing instrument fitting process for infants, children, and adults. Overall, this chapter provides both clinical and scientific information about procedures used in the assessment and verification stages of the DSL Method.
Antiferroelectric Chiral Smectic C Materials Having a 2-Alkyl Alkanoyl Group in the Chiral Part (1989)

Novel antiferroelectric chiral smectic C (SmC A * ) materials are presented. Four homologous compounds having a 2-alkyl alkanoyl group in the chiral part are investigated. Three of them have SmC A * and show very short helical pitch in SmC * . In contrast, the other one has no SmC A * and exhibits rather long pitch in SmC * . This result suggests that the length of the pitch relates closely to occurrence of SmC A * . The introduction of an ethyl group into the chiral carbon instead of a methyl group increases the stability of SmC A * in contrast with decreasing that of SmA and SmC * . All four compounds show the third state even in SmC * by application of an AC field. Microscope observation indicates that the third state in SmC * is different from that in SmC A * .
Household investment-consumption-insurance policies under the age-dependent risk preferences (2022)

In this paper, we examine the optimal investment-consumption-insurance policies for a wage earner with time-varying risk preferences. The wage earner's objective is to find the optimal investment-consumption-insurance strategies that maximise the expected discounted utilities from intertemporal consumption, legacy and terminal wealth over the uncertain lifetime horizon. Similar to Lichtenstern et al. [Optimal life-cycle consumption and investment decisions under age-dependent risk preferences. Mathematics and Financial Economics, 15, 275–313], by using a separation approach, the problem is divided into two sub-problems, including the consumption-legacy problem and the terminal wealth-only problem. For each sub-problem, the analytical expressions for the optimal strategies and value functions are derived by using the martingale method. In such a way, we obtain the optimal strategies for the original problem by merging the solutions of the two individual problems. Finally, we conduct some numerical experiments to illustrate the effects of some parameters on the optimal strategies and obtain some economic insights.
Measurement of OSNR in the presence of partially polarized ASE (2005)

We investigate the effect of partially polarized amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) on the measurement and interpretation of the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) using the polarization-nulling method. OSNR measurement is widely used to estimate bit-error rate (BER) in transparent photonic networks, but we find that significant errors in OSNR and in estimated BER could occur if the degree of ASE polarization becomes high.
Roles for Auxin, Cytokinin, and Strigolactone in Regulating Shoot Branching       (2009)

Many processes have been described in the control of shoot branching. Apical dominance is defined as the control exerted by the shoot tip on the outgrowth of axillary buds, whereas correlative inhibition includes the suppression of growth by other growing buds or shoots. The level, signaling, and/or flow of the plant hormone auxin in stems and buds is thought to be involved in these processes. In addition, RAMOSUS (RMS) branching genes in pea (Pisum sativum) control the synthesis and perception of a long-distance inhibitory branching signal produced in the stem and roots, a strigolactone or product. Auxin treatment affects the expression of RMS genes, but it is unclear whether the RMS network can regulate branching independently of auxin. Here, we explore whether apical dominance and correlative inhibition show independent or additive effects in rms mutant plants. Bud outgrowth and branch lengths are enhanced in decapitated and stem-girdled rms mutants compared with intact control plants. This may relate to an RMS-independent induction of axillary bud outgrowth by these treatments. Correlative inhibition was also apparent in rms mutant plants, again indicating an RMS-independent component. Treatments giving reductions in RMS1 and RMS5 gene expression, auxin transport, and auxin level in the main stem were not always sufficient to promote bud outgrowth. We suggest that this may relate to a failure to induce the expression of cytokinin biosynthesis genes, which always correlated with bud outgrowth in our treatments. We present a new model that accounts for apical dominance, correlative inhibition, RMS gene action, and auxin and cytokinin and their interactions in controlling the progression of buds through different control points from dormancy to sustained growth.
Hoxa9 Immortalizes a Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor-Dependent Promyelocyte Capable of Biphenotypic Differentiation to Neutrophils or Macrophages, Independent of Enforced Meis Expression (2000)

The genes encoding Hoxa9 and Meis1 are transcriptionally coactivated in a subset of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in mice. In marrow reconstitution experiments, coexpression of both genes produces rapid AML, while neither gene alone generates overt leukemia. Although Hoxa9 and Meis1 can bind DNA as heterodimers, both can also heterodimerize with Pbx proteins. Thus, while their coactivation may result from the necessity to bind promoters as heterodimers, it may also result from the necessity of altering independent biochemical pathways that cooperate to generate AML, either as monomers or as heterodimers with Pbx proteins. Here we demonstrate that constitutive expression of Hoxa9 in primary murine marrow immortalizes a late myelomonocytic progenitor, preventing it from executing terminal differentiation to granulocytes or monocytes in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or interleukin-3. This immortalized phenotype is achieved in the absence of endogenous or exogenous Meis gene expression. The Hoxa9-immortalized progenitor exhibited a promyelocytic transcriptional profile, expressing PU.1, AML1, c-Myb, C/EBP alpha, and C/EBP epsilon as well as their target genes, the receptors for GM-CSF, G-CSF, and M-CSF and the primary granule proteins myeloperoxidase and neutrophil elastase. G-CSF obviated the differentiation block of Hoxa9, inducing neutrophilic differentiation with accompanying expression of neutrophil gelatinase B and upregulation of gp91phox. M-CSF also obviated the differentiation block, inducing monocytic differentiation with accompanying expression of the macrophage acetyl-low-density lipoprotein scavenger receptor and F4/80 antigen. Versions of Hoxa9 lacking the ANWL Pbx interaction motif (PIM) also immortalized a promyelocytic progenitor with intrinsic biphenotypic differentiation potential. Therefore, Hoxa9 evokes a cytokine-selective block in differentiation by a mechanism that does not require Meis gene expression or interaction with Pbx through the PIM.
Coupled ac photocurrent and photothermal reflectance response theory of semiconducting <i>p</i>-<i>n</i> junctions. I (1989)

A formalism involving the ac photocurrent and photothermal reflectance (PTR) spectroscopic response of a semiconducting p-n junction device is presented. The differential equations for the photovoltaic and PTR signals are solved explicitly and special limits of use in experimental applications [J. Appl. Phys. 66, ⧠ ⧠ ⧠ ⧠ (1989), part II] are considered. The dependence of the photocurrent and PTR signal modulation frequency response on electronic transport parameters is identified and the suitability of ac PTR as a noncontact diagnostic technique is assessed in comparison with the more conventional ac photocurrent method.
Distinct Effects of Rotenone, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium and 6-hydroxydopamine on Cellular Bioenergetics and Cell Death (2012)

Parkinson's disease is characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration and is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. The bioenergetic susceptibility of dopaminergic neurons to toxins which induce Parkinson's like syndromes in animal models is then of particular interest. For example, rotenone, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and its active metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)), and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), have been shown to induce dopaminergic cell death in vivo and in vitro. Exposure of animals to these compounds induce a range of responses characteristics of Parkinson's disease, including dopaminergic cell death, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. Here we test the hypothesis that cellular bioenergetic dysfunction caused by these compounds correlates with induction of cell death in differentiated dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. At increasing doses, rotenone induced significant cell death accompanied with caspase 3 activation. At these concentrations, rotenone had an immediate inhibition of mitochondrial basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) concomitant with a decrease of ATP-linked OCR and reserve capacity, as well as a stimulation of glycolysis. MPP(+) exhibited a different behavior with less pronounced cell death at doses that nearly eliminated basal and ATP-linked OCR. Interestingly, MPP(+), unlike rotenone, stimulated bioenergetic reserve capacity. The effects of 6-OHDA on bioenergetic function was markedly less than the effects of rotenone or MPP(+) at cytotoxic doses, suggesting a mechanism largely independent of bioenergetic dysfunction. These studies suggest that these dopaminergic neurotoxins induce cell death through distinct mechanisms and differential effects on cellular bioenergetics.
Between necessity and compulsion: opium poppy cultivation and the exigencies of survival in Badakhshan, Afghanistan (2023)

Drawing on long-term fieldwork in Badakhshan, a borderland province in the northeast of Afghanistan, the paper explores the role that opium poppy cultivation has played in a marginal high-altitude economy. Framed by the analytic of ‘narco-frontiers’ and the puzzle of the persistence of small farmers in uneven agrarian transitions, the paper investigates the diversity of market and non-market institutions that operate across the means of production of opium. Rather than seeing opium poppy production as the vanguard of an agrarian transition, it is suggested that it is more of a rearguard action to ensure survival.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Pathobiology Studied in Humanized BALB/c-Rag2 <sup>−/−</sup> γ <sub>c</sub> <sup>−/−</sup> Mice (2006)

The specificity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) for human cells precludes virus infection in most mammalian species and limits the utility of small animal models for studies of disease pathogenesis, therapy, and vaccine development. One way to overcome this limitation is by human cell xenotransplantation in immune-deficient mice. However, this has proved inadequate, as engraftment of human immune cells is limited (both functionally and quantitatively) following transplantation of mature human lymphocytes or fetal thymus/liver. To this end, a human immune system was generated from umbilical cord blood-derived CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells in BALB/c-Rag2(-/-)gamma(c)(-/-) mice. Intrapartum busulfan administration followed by irradiation of newborn pups resulted in uniform engraftment characterized by human T-cell development in thymus, B-cell maturation in bone marrow, lymph node development, immunoglobulin M (IgM)/IgG production, and humoral immune responses following ActHIB vaccination. Infection of reconstituted mice by CCR5-coreceptor utilizing HIV-1(ADA) and subtype C 1157 viral strains elicited productive viral replication and lymphadenopathy in a dose-dependent fashion. We conclude that humanized BALB/c-Rag2(-/-)gamma(c)(-/-) mice represent a unique and valuable resource for HIV-1 pathobiology studies.