gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Infrared spectroscopic imaging. Looking for diagnostic chemical markers (2002)

Infrared (IR) spectroscopic imaging is growing in popularity as a technique for distinguishing tissue types and diagnosing disease states, including breast cancer. The combination of an IR focal-plane array detector and a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microscope provides the researcher with chemical information in each pixel of the image detected. IR spectroscopic images are collected in reflectance from tissue biopsies mounted on inexpensive IR-reflective glass microscope slides that are still transparent in visible light. These slides allow us to perform FT-IR microspectroscopic imaging studies on samples that can be evaluated by conventional pathology. A chemical marker in stroma near epithelial cells has been discovered based on its IR spectroscopic signature. This marker may be useful for classifying a tissue as cancerous or non-cancerous.
Expression of GDNF Family Receptor Components during Development: Implications in the Mechanisms of Interaction (1998)

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and a related factor, neurturin, promote survival of diverse groups of neurons. Both GDNF and neurturin signal via a two-component receptor complex that consists of a ligand-binding GDNF family receptor (GFRalpha-1 or GFRalpha-2) and the receptor protein tyrosine kinase Ret. Recently, a third receptor related to GFRalpha-1 and GFRalpha-2 has also been isolated and designated GFRalpha-3. Although much is known about the interaction among GDNF family factors, Ret, and the alpha-receptors in vitro, it remains unclear about their interactions in vivo. We show here by in situ hybridization that Ret and the alpha-receptors may be colocalized in the same tissues or expressed separately in projecting and target tissues, respectively, indicating that two distinct modes of interaction between Ret and the alpha-receptors exist in vivo. First, Ret may interact with the alpha-receptors expressed in the same cells (termed interaction "in cis") in many tissues and cell populations that respond to GDNF and/or neurturin, such as the substantia nigra, dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord motoneurons, kidney, and intestine. Second, Ret may interact with the alpha-receptors localized in the target neurons (termed interaction "in trans"). In addition, we present evidence in vitro that GFRalpha-1 mediates Ret activation by GDNF in trans. These observations suggest that there are multiple mechanisms regulating the interaction between Ret and the alpha-receptors that mediates the effects of GDNF family trophic factors on the survival and differentiation of cells and on neuron-target interactions in the nervous system.
Cell bound complement activation products alone and in combination with low serum complement C3 or C4 have superior diagnostic performance in systemic lupus erythematosus (2019)

Abstract BACKGROUND Cell-bound complement activation products (CB-CAPs) are sensitive and specific diagnostic markers of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We compared the performance of CB-CAPs to low serum complement C3 or C4 in distinguishing SLE from other rheumatic diseases and healthy individuals. METHODS Adult subjects (n=1200) were enrolled from multiple academic centers, including SLE (498), healthy individuals (252) and subjects with other rheumatic diseases (450). Erythrocyte bound C4d [EC4d] and B-Lymphocyte bound C4d [BC4d] were quantitated using flow cytometry. Serum C3 and C4 levels were determined using immunoturbidimetry. Measurements included sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and Youden Index, for each marker as well as combinations. RESULTS Abnormal CB-CAPs status yielded 62% sensitivity with 88% specificity in distinguishing SLE from the group with other diseases compared to low C3/C4 status − 38% sensitivity, 93% specificity. Youden index was 0.492±0.03 for CB-CAPs compared to 0.313±0.03 for low C3/C4 (p&lt;0.01). AUC was higher with BC4d (0.72) than with EC4d (0.68; p&lt;0.01), low C3 (0.62; p&lt;0.01), low C4 (0.62; p&lt;0.01) and low C3 and/or C4 levels (0.66; p&lt;0.01). The cumulative complement scoring system yielded higher AUC (0.81). A score with greater than 1 complement abnormality yielded 45% sensitivity and 98% specificity. CONCLUSION Our data suggests that CB-CAPs have greater diagnostic performance than low serum complement C3/C4. The combination of these complement abnormalities in a composite complement score is superior in distinguishing SLE from other rheumatic diseases and healthy individuals.
DeMiLTE (2019)

LTE in unlicensed 5 GHz bands is being deployed by mobile operators for increased capacity. In this paper, we conduct an extensive measurement study with commodity LTE and Wi-Fi hardware to identify key coexistence challenges. Our study -- the first to include a commercial LAA base station -- confirms that LTE interference causes WiFi performance to degrade, harming 802.11ac high-throughput features. We then present DeMiLTE -- a system for commodity enterprise WiFi APs that detects, quantifies, and reacts to LTE interference. To our best knowledge, our solution is the first that achieves fair coexistence without modifying the LTE PHY/MAC, while still being fully-compliant to the 802.11ac standard. DeMiLTE's architecture is based on lightweight per-link interference detection and enables WiFi APs to mitigate LTE-induced performance degradation with minimal overhead. Our evaluation results show that DeMiLTE can provide up to 110% throughput gains and alleviate client disruption caused by LTE interference.
Novel and Potent 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitors (2005)

Structure-based drug design using the crystal structure of human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17beta-HSD1) led to the discovery of novel, selective, and the most potent inhibitors of 17beta-HSD1 reported to date. Compounds 1 and 2 contain a side chain with an m-pyridylmethyl-amide functionality extended from the 16beta position of a steroid scaffold. A mode of binding is proposed for these inhibitors, and 2 is a steroid-based 17beta-HSD1 inhibitor with the potential for further development.
Enzymatic Process for the Synthesis of Cellobiose (2019)

Cellobiose, a naturally occurring disaccharide consisting of two β-1-4-linked glucose monomers, can be produced in an enzymatic cascade reaction using two phosphorylases, a sucrose phosphorylase and a cellobiose phosphorylase. The authors show how limitations of the multienzyme reaction can be overcome by application-focused enzyme engineering and process development leading to an efficient and industrially viable production process. Additionally, this chapter gives a comprehensive overview of new applications of cellobiose in the food and feed industry.
Nitride microlens arrays for blue and ultraviolet wavelength applications (2003)

Nitride microlens arrays with sizes as small as 10 μm in diameter have been fabricated on GaN and AlN epilayers using the method of photoresist reflow and inductively coupled plasma dry etching. The focal lengths of the microlenses varied from 7–30 μm as determined by theoretical fitting as well as by the near-field scanning optical microscopy measurement. Scanning electron and atomic force microscopies were used to obtain the surface profile of the microlenses which were found to match very well with hemispherical fitting and a surface roughness value around 1 nm was obtained. Nitride microlens arrays would be naturally chosen for green/blue to deep ultraviolet wavelength applications. In addition, nitride microlenses offer the possibility of integrating nitride-based microsize photonic devices as well as of coupling light into, out of, and between arrays of III-nitride emitters for other applications, such as spatially resolved fluorescence spectroscopy studies of biological and medical systems and optical links, thereby further expanding the applications of III nitrides.
An effective approach for tolerating simultaneous failures in wireless sensor and actor networks (2012)

Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks (WSANs) engage mobile nodes with actuators to respond to certain events in inhospitable environments. The harsh surroundings make actors susceptible to failure. Tolerating occasional actor failure is very important to avoid degrading the performance. In some cases, multiple actors simultaneously fail which makes the recovery very challenging. In this paper, we propose a new recovery approach which can handle simultaneous failures in WSANs. The approach is based on ranking network nodes relevant to a pre-assigned root actor. Ranking creates a tree to be used for coordinating the recovery among nodes. To minimize the recovery overhead, the nodes are virtually grouped to clusters and each node is assigned a recovery weight as well as a nearby cluster member which serves as a gateway to lost nodes. Designation of cluster heads is based on the number of children in the recovery tree. The simulation results confirm the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed approach in restoring network connectivity and also show that on the average the incurred overhead is low compared to contemporary single-failure recovery approaches.
Laser perfusion imaging system for acquiring flow-related images of object for medical diagnosis comprises coherent light source and image sensor(s) made by randomly addressed two-dimensional array of integrating photodetectors (2006)

An instrument for high-speed laser perfusion imaging comprises a laser source, a detector, a signal-processing unit, data memory, and a screen to display the results. A section of the sample surface is illuminated with laser light; the reemitted light from the irradiated surface is collected by the focusing optics on a 2D array of integrating photo detectors. The elements of the 2D array can be accessed individually or in a pre-defined selection of pixels at high speed. This 2D array of random-pixel-access integrating photo detectors (for example an integrating CMOS image senor) is utilized to measure the intensity variations at each individual pixel. The average amplitude and the mean frequency of the measured signal contain information about concentration and speed of moving blood cells. For real-time imaging, the exposure time is used as a parameter to measure relative perfusion changes. These data are stored in a memory and processed with a signal-processing unit. The instrument delivers 2D flow maps of the illuminated sample section. In parallel a conventional image of the sample can be obtained with the same 2D array of photo detectors allowing a simple overlay between a conventional image and processed flow maps. The instrument enables objective high-speed tissue perfusion imaging and real-time perfusion monitoring.
Peptide conjugation to an in vitro-selected DNA ligand improves enzyme inhibition. (1995)

An in vitro selection technique was used to identify a specific high-affinity DNA ligand targeted to human neutrophil elastase (HNE). 1H NMR data and a comparative analysis of the selected sequences suggest that the DNA folds into a G-quartet structure with duplexed ends. The high-affinity binding DNA alone did not inhibit the enzymatic activity of HNE. The DNA was covalently attached to a tetrapeptide, N-methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val, that is a weak competitive inhibitor of HNE. HNE was inhibited by this DNA-peptide conjugate nearly five orders of magnitude more effectively than by the peptide alone. These results demonstrate that in vitro-selected nucleic acids can be used as a vehicle for molecular delivery.
Induction of HIV Type 1 Neutralizing and <i>env</i> -CD4 Blocking Antibodies by Immunization with Genetically Engineered HIV Type 1-Like Particles Containing Unprocessed gp160 Glycoproteins (1995)

Genetically engineered, noninfectious HIV-1-like particles containing processed envelope glycoproteins represent potential candidate immunogens for a vaccine against HIV-1. However, since the gp120 glycoprotein is known to be rapidly lost from the surface of infected cells and purified virions as a result of its low-affinity interaction with gp41, shedding of this extracellular subunit could compromise the immunogenic potential of particle-based HIV-1 vaccine candidates. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of producing fully assembled HIV-1-like particles containing only unprocessed gp160 glycoproteins. Monkey kidney Vero cells were transfected with an inducible, human metallothionein-based expression vector containing most of the HIV-1LAI coding sequences that were genetically modified to introduce safety mutations and destroy the major cleavage site of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. A stably-transfected cell line was isolated and shown to secrete HIV-1-like particles containing unprocessed gp160. Immunization with these particles induced HIV-1 cross-neutralizing, syncytium-inhibiting and env-CD4 blocking antibodies. Thus, these novel HIV-1-like particles represent alternative candidate immunogens for the development of a particle-based AIDS vaccine.
A BIST scheme for RTL circuits based on symbolic testability analysis (2000)

This paper introduces a novel scheme for testing register-transfer level (RTL) controller/data paths using built-in self-test (BIST). The scheme uses the controller netlist and the data path of a circuit to extract a test control/data flow (TCDF) graph. This TCDF is used to derive a set of symbolic justification and propagation paths (known as the test environment) to test some of the operations and variables present in it. If it becomes difficult to generate such test environments with the derived TCDF's, a few test multiplexers are added at suitable points in the circuit to increase its controllability and observability. The test environment of an operation (variable) guarantees the existence of a path from the primary inputs of the circuit to the inputs of the module (register) to which the operation (variable) is mapped, and a path from the output of the module (register) to a primary output of the circuit. Since the search for a test environment is done symbolically, it is very fast and needs to be done only once for each module or register,in the circuit. This test environment can then be used to exercise a module or register in the circuit with pseudorandom pattern generators which are placed only at the primary inputs of the circuit. The test responses can he analyzed with signature analyzers which are only placed at the primary outputs of the circuit. Unlike many RTL BIST schemes, an increase in the data path bit-width does not adversely impact the complexity of our testability analysis scheme since the analysis is symbolic. Every module in the module library is made random-pattern testable, whenever possible, using gate-level testability insertion techniques. This is a one-time cost. Finally, a BIST controller is synthesized to provide the necessary control signals to form the different test environments during testing, and a BIST architecture is superimposed on the circuit. Experimental results on a number of industrial and university benchmarks show that high fault coverage (>99%) can be obtained with our scheme. The average area overhead of the scheme is 6.9% which is much lower than many existing logic-level BIST schemes. The average delay overhead is only 2.5%. The test application time to achieve the high fault coverage for the whole circuit is also quite low.
Upgrading of Alberta's Heavy Oils by Superacid-Catalyzed Hydrocracking (1999)

The HF·BF3 superacid-catalyzed hydrocracking of tar sands bitumens and asphaltenes leads to deep-rooted chemical changes which affect both the aliphatic and aromatic constituents of the feedstocks even under mild experimental conditions, resulting in high yields of volatiles and liquid products. In contrast to conventional catalytic hydrocracking following free-radical mechanisms, the superacid-catalyzed reaction follows ionic mechanisms, yielding products very different from those following the free-radical reactions.When methylcyclohexane (MCH) is employed as a hydrogen-donor solvent, new products resulting from the oligomerization of MCH appear. MCH neat, without bitumen or asphaltene, does not oligomerize under identical conditions. These preliminary results point to the commercial potential of using the volatile HF·BF3 superacid in the upgrading of bitumen and the oligomerization of cycloalkanes.
Advanced process for high-speed-high-power laser welding (1996)

Improvement of the laser welding technology through an efficient laser-material interaction is detailed. The proposed laser welding method consists of a use of an oblong focused beam spot to decrease average power density to a desired minimum, and to increase exposure time to a desired maximum duration. During welding, the longitudinal axis of the oblong focused beam spot is preferably oriented generally tangent to the weld line, generally parallel to the weld direction. It is then possible to weld sheet metals, with a low average power density, high speed, high power, and low weld defects occurence frequency. Its intent is to enable keyhole mode laser welding at high-speed-high-power even though the laser-material interaction conditions are equivalent to low-speed-low-power laser welding.
Abstract 14825: Selenoprotein P Promotes the Development of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension -A Possible Novel Therapeutic Target- (2017)

Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by excessive proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Methods & Results: To explore a novel therapeutic tar...
Temporally Coded Illumination for Rolling Shutter Motion De-blurring (2017)

Rolling shutter image sensors are increasingly used over global shutter sensors due to their lower cost and reduced size. As is well known in the computer vision community, one drawback of rolling shutter sensors is that they introduce geometric distortions, such as skew or wobble, when either the sensor or objects in the scene move. This problem has received a great deal of attention, and robust solutions are now widely available. Less well known is the fact that, when used in conjunction with active illumination (i.e., a flash), rolling shutter images are often motion blurred due to timing issues between the sensor and illuminator. We address this in the context of barcode scanning, where blur significantly limits the motion tolerance of rolling shutter-based devices. Building on past work which uses temporally-coded illumination patterns to improve the invertibility of motion blur, we modulate the illuminator in a particular temporal pattern in order to ensure that the sharp image can be recovered despite spatially-varying blur. Experimentally, we modify a commercial, off-the-shelf scanner to demonstrate an ability to correctly decode a barcode moving faster than the stated motion tolerance.
On Count-to-Infinity Induced Forwarding Loops Ethernet Networks (2006)

Ethernet's high performance, low cost and ubiquity have made it the dominant networking technology for many application domains. Unfortunately, its distributed forwarding topology computation protocol - the Rapid Spanning Tree Proto- col (RSTP) - can suffer from a classic count-to-infinity problem that may lead to a forwarding loop under certain network failures. The consequences are serious. During the period of count-to-infinity, which can last tens of seconds even in a small network, the network can become highly congested by packets that persist in cycles in the network, even packet forwarding can fail as the forwarding tables are polluted. In this paper, we explain the origin of this problem in detail and study its behavior. We find that simply tuning RSTP's parameter settings cannot adequately address the fundamental problem with count-to- infinity. We propose a simple and effective solution called RSTP with Epochs. This approach uses epochs of sequence numbers in protocol messages to eliminate stale protocol information in the network and allows the forwarding topology to recover in merely one round-trip time across the network.
A Fourth Genetic Element to Facilitate Hybrid Cereal Production—A Recessive Tall in Rice<sup>1</sup> (1981)

A recessive gene in rice ( Oryza saliva L.) for elongated uppermost internode ( eui ), which effectively results in a recessive tall plant type, is described. The gene produces a near‐doubling in length of the uppermost internode, a 12% increase in panicle length, and little or no effect on other internodes or plant characters. It is proposed that this gene would be a useful fourth element which would complement the other three genetic elements∔cytoplasmic male sterility, maintainers, and restorers—generally used in hybrid seed production. The eui gene would be incorporated in pollen fertility restoring parents in hybrid seed production in situations where a semidwarf F 1 generation is desired. The tall paternal plant type would be desirable for windblown pollen dispersal onto semidwarf female plants and the resulting hybrid plants would be semidwarf, unlike the usual case of tall hybrids from semidwarf by tall crosses. Additionally, its increased height would permit a co‐mingling of the hybrid parent seed stocks to maximize crossing and would facilitate mechanical removal of the paternal parent before mass harvest of the commercial hybrid seed.
Total Synthesis of Viridicatumtoxin B and Analogues Thereof: Strategy Evolution, Structural Revision, and Biological Evaluation (2014)

The details of the total synthesis of viridicatumtoxin B (1) are described. Initial synthetic strategies toward this intriguing tetracycline antibiotic resulted in the development of key alkylation and Lewis acid-mediated spirocyclization reactions to form the hindered EF spirojunction, as well as Michael-Dieckmann reactions to set the A and C rings. The use of an aromatic A-ring substrate, however, was found to be unsuitable for the introduction of the requisite hydroxyl groups at carbons 4a and 12a. Applying these previous tactics, we developed stepwise approaches to oxidize carbons 12a and 4a based on enol- and enolate-based oxidations, respectively, the latter of which was accomplished after systematic investigations that revealed critical reactivity patterns. The herein described synthetic strategy resulted in the total synthesis of viridicatumtoxin B (1), which, in turn, formed the basis for the revision of its originally assigned structure. The developed chemistry facilitated the synthesis of a series of viridicatumtoxin analogues, which were evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, including drug-resistant pathogens, revealing the first structure-activity relationships within this structural type.
Code division access and switching for multibeam satellite communications (2001)

A code division access and switching method is applied to multibeam satellite for fixed service communications. In this article we present the system architecture, which consists of the Common Air Interface (CAI) and the onboard code switching mechanism. The CAl provides information traffic and Signaling control channels. The traffic channel access and modulation is based on a spectrally efficient CDMA (SE‐CDMA) scheme for which we examined the bit error rate performance. The SE‐CDMA can offer very low bit error rates at low signal to noise ratio while the available spectrum is reused in every beam (frequency reuse one). The onboard code switching mechanism is based on a Code Division Switch (CDS) for which we have evaluated the capacity, speed, and complexity. The CDS is a non‐blocking switch with complexity linearly proportional to its size and can route calls from an uplink to a downlink beam without onboard demodulation and channel decoding. Finally, we present the satellite routing control and optimization mechanism. The system operates with demand assignment control. That is, channel bandwidth and switch connections are only assigned upon user request. The services provided are circuit switched calls for voice data and video and packet switched for data.