gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reactivity Differences of Octenes over Solid Phosphoric Acid (2006)

Reactivity differences between 1-octene and 2,4,4-trimethylpentene have been studied over solid phosphoric acid in the temperature range 75−220 °C. No 1-octene oligomerization occurred unless it was preceded by skeletal isomerization, while 2,4,4-trimethylpentene readily oligomerized even at 100 °C. The stability of the carbocation intermediate could explain the reactivity difference between linear and branched olefins, but not why 1-octene was almost impervious to oligomerization. This could be explained in terms of the stability of the phosphoric acid ester and the time period it is able to polarize the olefin, which implied that solid phosphoric acid followed a nonclassic carbocation mechanism. This could also account for the limited carbon number distribution of the product and the cis-favoring double-bond isomerization that was observed. Comparative classic carbocation data was obtained in the temperature range 75−125 °C over Amberlyst 15 to illustrate the difference.
Morvan syndrome: Clinical and serological observations in 29 cases (2012)

MoS is clinically distinct from other VGKC-complex antibody-associated conditions, and usually is associated with high-titer CASPR2 antibodies, often accompanied by lower-titer LGI1 antibodies. CASPR2 and LGI1 antibodies bind to multiple brain regions, which helps to explain the multifocal clinical features of this disease, but other antibodies are likely to play a role in some patients and need to be characterized in future studies.
Chrysanthemum expressing a linalool synthase gene ‘smells good’, but ‘tastes bad’ to western flower thrips (2013)

Herbivore-induced plant volatiles are often involved in direct and indirect plant defence against herbivores. Linalool is a common floral scent and found to be released from leaves by many plants after herbivore attack. In this study, a linalool/nerolidol synthase, FaNES1, was overexpressed in the plastids of chrysanthemum plants (Chrysanthemum morifolium). The volatiles of FaNES1 chrysanthemum leaves were strongly dominated by linalool, but they also emitted small amount of the C11-homoterpene, (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, a derivative of nerolidol. Four nonvolatile linalool glycosides in methanolic extracts were found to be significantly increased in the leaves of FaNES1 plants compared to wild-type plants. They were putatively identified by LC-MS-MS as two linalool-malonyl-hexoses, a linalool-pentose-hexose and a glycoside of hydroxy-linalool. A leaf-disc dual-choice assay with western flower thrips (WFT, Frankliniella occidentalis) showed, initially during the first 15 min of WFT release, that FaNES1 plants were significantly preferred. This gradually reversed into significant preference for the control, however, at 20-28 h after WFT release. The initial preference was shown to be based on the linalool odour of FaNES1 plants by olfactory dual-choice assays using paper discs emitting pure linalool at similar rates as leaf discs. The reversal of preference into deterrence could be explained by the initial nonvolatile composition of the FaNES1 plants, as methanolic extracts were less preferred by WFT. Considering the common occurrence of linalool and its glycosides in plant tissues, it suggests that plants may balance attractive fragrance with 'poor taste' using the same precursor compound.
Finding business information by visualizing enterprise document activity (2010)

In an enterprise environment, business information, such as project proposals and product discussions, is dynamic and often embedded in documents and document activities (e.g, emails, Web pages and office documents). Because this information is essential to business processes, corporate employees need an effective means to retrieve it. Some commercial products, including Google Desktop, provide keyword searches for finding some of this information. However, this approach is not always effective as successful keyword searches can be difficult to construct, and even the best queries may fail to find some important materials. In this paper, we present Taste (Temporal Activities and Story TElling), an interactive visual analytics system that enhances the enterprise employee's capabilities in searching and sharing diverse and dynamic business information. Taste was designed, after interviews with corporate employees, to follow their information retrieval cues and help them manage, review and share the business information embedded in their document activities. Results of our lab and field studies validate that Taste provides employees the confidence and necessary features to more efficiently and effectively retrieve business information from their documents and activities.
Phylogenetic probes for analyzing abundance and spatial organization of nitrifying bacteria (1997)

Volume 62, no. 6, p. 2157, Table 1: the sequence for probe Nso1225, 5(prm1)-CGCGATTGTATTACGTGTGA-3(prm1), should read 5(prm1)-CGCCATTGTATTACGTGTGA-3(prm1). [This corrects the article on p. 2156 in vol. 62.].
Quinoa - composition, nutritional value, food applications. (1990)

Quinoa has been an important grain crop in the Andes for many centuries, and now it is gaining popularity elsewhere in the world. In comparison with common cereals, quinoa is generally higher in protein, fat and fiber. Protein quality was shown to be high. Of equal importance is the hardiness of the plant. Unlike most other food crops, quinoa is drought resistant, grows at high altitudes and on poor sandy soil. Quinoa has one major shortcoming, however. It contains saponins, which are bitter and have antinutritional effects. To be edible, the grain must have the saponins removed. Quinoa has been used in many different food products. It has potential as an alternate crop for various areas of the world
Survivor: An Approach for Adding Dependability to Legacy Workflow Systems (2005)

Although they often provide critical services, most workflow systems are not dependable. There has been much literature on dependable/survivable distributed systems; most is concerned with developing new architectures, not adapting pre-existing ones. Additionally, the literature is focused on hardening, security-based defense, as opposed to recovery. For deployed systems, it is often infeasible to completely replace existing infrastructures; what is more pragmatic are ways in which existing distributed systems can be adapted to offer better dependability. In this paper, we outline a general architecture that can easily be retrofitted to legacy workflow systems in order to improve dependability and fault tolerance. We do this by monitoring enactment and replicating partial workflow states as tools for detection, analysis and recovery. We discuss some policies that can guide these mechanisms. Finally, we describe and evaluate our implementation, Survivor, which modified an existing workflow system provided by the Naval Research Lab.
Stimulation of Intestinal Mucosal Growth with Intracolonic Infusion of Short‐Chain Fatty Acids (1989)

Dietary fiber, which stimulates intestinal mucosal growth, is fermented by anaerobic bacteria in the rat hindgut to the short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Butyrate is the preferred oxidative fuel of the colonocyte in vitro, and the provision of preferred intestinal fuels has been shown to stimulate mucosal proliferation in vivo. This study determined whether chronic colonic infusion of butyrate or a combination of SCFA would stimulate intestinal mucosal growth in an animal deprived of its normal source of SCFA, fiber fermentation in the cecum. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a fat- and fiber-free elemental liquid diet and underwent cecectomy, ileocolic anastomosis, and insertion of a proximal colonic infusion catheter. Rats were then assigned to receive either a continuous infusion of butyrate (20 mM, 40 mM, or 150 mM), SCFA (70 mM acetate + 35 mM propionate + 20 mM butyrate), or saline, or to receive no infusion. A seventh group underwent proximal colonic transection and reanastomosis. After 7 days, jejunal, ileal, and proximal colonic segments were analyzed for mucosal weight, protein, RNA, and DNA. In the colon, the 40-mM butyrate infusion resulted in significant elevations in all mucosal parameters relative to all three control groups, saline infusion, no infusion, and transection. Both the 20-mM butyrate and the SCFA groups showed increased colonic mucosal DNA compared to controls. In the jejunum and ileum, mucosal DNA content was significantly greater in the SCFA group than in the control groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Method for culture of the neural stem cells isolated from the hippocampus in human embryo (2004)

The aim was to establish a method for culture of neural stem cells (NSCs) isolated from the hippocampus in human embryo, to prevent differentiation of them and to explore a suitable time and technique for passaging. NSCs were isolated from the hippocampus of 16-weeks old human embryo by using serum-free mediums with different conditions. The numbers of neurospheres in different mediums were counted and compared. The suitable culture conditions and passage intervals were found for the culture of NSCs. The results show that the NSCs can be remained in an indifferentiated situation under the anti-differentiation condition in vitro and also can be passaged continuously.
An Entropy Analysis Based Intrusion Detection System for Controller Area Network in Vehicles (2018)

Dozens of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) can be found on modern vehicles for safety and driving assistance. These ECUs also introduce new security vulnerabilities as recent attacks have been reported by plugging the in-vehicle system or through wireless access. In this paper, we focus on the security of the Controller Area Network (CAN), which is a standard for communication among ECUs. CAN bus by design does not have sufficient security features to protect it from insider or outsider attacks. Intrusion detection system (IDS) is one of the most effective ways to enhance vehicle security on the insecure CAN bus protocol. We propose a new IDS based on the entropy of the identifier bits in CAN messages. The key observation is that all the known CAN message injection attacks need to alter the CAN ID bits and analyzing the entropy of such bits can be an effective way to detect those attacks. We collected real CAN messages from a vehicle (2016 Ford Fusion) and performed simulated message injection attacks. The experimental results showed that our entropy based IDS can successfully detect all the injection attacks without disrupting the communication on CAN.
18µM THICK HIGH FREQUENCY CAPACITIVE HARPSS RESONATORS WITH REDUCED MOTIONAL RESISTANCE (2004)

This paper reports on implementation and high-Q operation of thick bulk mode VHF capacitive disk resonators with reduced motional resistance. Single crystal silicon (SCS) disk resonators as thick as 18 m with capacitive gap size of 160nm (aspect ratio>110) are fabricated on SOI substrates using a three-mask version of the HARPSS on SOI process. The new resonator design with increased number of electrodes as well as larger device thickness results in over 20X lower motional resistance and larger signal to noise ratio comparing to the previously demonstrated thin VHF HARPSS resonators. Quality factor as high as 25,900 is measured for an 18 m thick side-supported disk resonator in air at the frequency of 149.3MHz. The same resonator exhibits a quality factor of 45,700 in vacuum. Q ~ 45,700 at 149.3MHz V p = 17V, R m = 43.3k Q ~ 25,900 at 149.3MHz in air V p = 15V, R m = 91.2k V p v o v i Q ~ 39,300 at 147.8MHz V p = 12V, R m = 883k Q ~ 8,200 at 147
Acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit according to RIFLE* (2007)

The RIFLE classification was suitable for the definition of acute kidney injury in intensive care units. There was an association between acute kidney injury and hospital outcome, but associated organ failure, nonsurgical admission, and admission after emergency surgery had a greater impact on prognosis than severity of acute kidney injury.
Empirical studies of discourse representations for natural language interfaces (1989)

We present the results from a series of experiments aimed at uncovering the discourse structure of man-machine communication in natural language (Wizard of Oz experiments). The results suggest the existence of different classes of dialogue situations, requiring computational discourse representations of various complexity. Important factors seem to be the number of different permissible tasks in the system and to what extent the system takes initiative in the dialogue. We also analyse indexical expressions and especially the use of pronouns, and suggest a psychological explanation of their restricted occurrence in these types of dialogues.
Investigation of acoustic fields for the Cassini spacecraft - Reverberant versus launch environments (1999)

The characterization and understanding of the acoustic field within a launch vehicle's payload fairing (PLF) is critical to the qualification of a spacecraft and ultimately to the success of its mission. Acoustic measurements taken recently for the Cassini mission have allowed unique opportunities to advance the aerospace industry's knowledge in this field. Prior to its launch, the expected liftoff acoustic environment of the spacecraft was investigated in a full-scale acoustic test of a Titan IV PLF and Cassini simulator in a reverberant test chamber. A major goal of this acoustic ground test was to quantify and verify the noise reduction performance of special barrier blankets that were designed especially to reduce the Cassirii acoustic environment. This paper will describe both the ground test and flight measurements, and compare the Cassini acoustic environment measured during launch with that measured earlier in the ground test. Special emphasis will be given to the noise reduction performance of the barrier blankets and to the acoustic coherence measured within the PLF.
The Function of Mixed Postbiotic PE0401 in Improving Intestinal Health via Elevating Anti-inflammation, Anti-oxidation, Epithelial Tight Junction Gene Expression and Promoting Beneficial Bacteria Growth (2022)

Dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota may cause irregular digestive function, and intestinal wall inflammation. Over the past few years, probiotics generate bioactive metabolites, named postbiotics, have been discovered its crucial roles in modulation of intestinal microbiota. Single-strain postbiotics have positive effect on health of host, but the functions of multi-strain postbiotics remain unclear. This study proposed a useful application of multi-strain postbiotics and thereby establish the developing foundation of multi-strain postbiotics. Initially, various probiotics and postbiotics were screened for anti-inflammatory activity through inducing the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Then, we detailed the synergistic effects of 4Mix postbiotics (named as Probiotic Extracts of 4 strains- number 1, PE0401) consisted of metabolites generated from Lactobacillus salivarius AP-32, Lactobacillus acidophilus TYCA06, Lactobacillus plantarum LPL28, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis BLI-02 on anti-inflammatory activity, anti-oxidative capacity, regulation of tight junction proteins. The results displayed that anti-inflammatory activity of 4Mix postbiotics PE0401 was stronger than other mixed postbiotic combinations. The anti-oxidative capacity, which correlated to anti-inflammation, also significantly increased as shown in DPPH and FRAP assays. The epithelial tight junction proteins expressed in mRNA levels (ZO-1, ZO-2, Occludin, JAM-A, and Claudin) were highly potent modulated by PE0401. In addition, PE0401 selectively promoted the growth of intestinal bacterial strains including Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium strains and other beneficial bacteria. Therefore, this study provides a fascinating insight into the strategy to the treatment of the intestinal disorders. PE0401 may deliver as health functional food ingredient.
Fluorescence enhancement by a SiO2-based monolithic waveguide structure for biomolecular detection (2013)

We have developed a fluorescence enhancement system for biomolecular detection using a monolithic waveguide sensing plate. The plate consists of a thermally grown amorphous SiO2 layer, a Si single-crystal layer, and bulk amorphous SiO2. Waveguide-mode excitation in this plate produces an enhanced electric field on the plate surface, and therefore, signals from analyte-labeling fluorescent dyes are enhanced. In the present paper, we elucidate the impact of the system from viewpoints of the electric field enhancement factor calculated numerically and the analysis of the limit of detection estimated from experimental results. Optimal layer thicknesses of the plates to achieve the highest sensitivity are also discussed. Further, an interesting phenomenon that accompanied the waveguide-mode excitation, namely, photoluminescence from the amorphous SiO2 layer itself, is also reported.
Interleukin-22 signaling attenuates necrotizing enterocolitis by promoting epithelial cell regeneration (2021)

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a deadly intestinal inflammatory disorder that primarily affects premature infants and lacks adequate therapeutics. Interleukin (IL)-22 plays a critical role in gut barrier maintenance, promoting epithelial regeneration, and controlling intestinal inflammation in adult animal models. However, the importance of IL-22 signaling in neonates during NEC remains unknown. We investigated the role of IL-22 in the neonatal intestine under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions by using a mouse model of NEC. Our data reveal that <i>Il22</i> expression in neonatal murine intestine is negligible until weaning, and both human and murine neonates lack IL-22 production during NEC. Mice deficient in IL-22 or lacking the IL-22 receptor in the intestine display a similar susceptibility to NEC, consistent with the lack of endogenous IL-22 during development. Strikingly, treatment with recombinant IL-22 during NEC substantially reduces inflammation and enhances epithelial regeneration. These findings may provide a new therapeutic strategy to attenuate NEC.
All‐<i>trans</i>‐retinoic acid alters Smads expression in embryonic neural tissue of mice (2008)

Retinoic acid can cause malformations of the developing nervous system. Smad signaling is involved in embryonic development. The current study investigated all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced alteration of Smad expression in the developing neural tubes of mice. Pregnant mice were treated with a single dose of 50 mg/kg ATRA by oral gavage on embryonic day E7. Western immunoblotting was used to examine Smads proteins, particularly phosphorylated (p-) Smad1, total Smad1 and Smad6 in the neural tissue of the embryos on E8-E11 following treatment. Results showed that ATRA treatment significantly increased expression of both p-Smad1 and total Smad1, while Smad6 was decreased in neural tissues of ATRA-exposed embryos in utero from E8 to E11, a critical period for neural tube formation. Data suggest that disruption of Smad signaling may be involved in ATRA-induced neural tube defects.
Validation of the Tracmor triaxial accelerometer system for walking (2001)

The Tracmor triaxial accelerometer provides reproducible and reliable data on the body motion associated with walking regardless of whether a subject walks on a treadmill or level ground. Tracmor units can be used to predict the energetic cost of walking provided that separate regression equations are derived for each subject to convert Tracmor output to energy expenditure.
Towards minimizing the annotation cost of certified text classification (2013)

The common practice of testing a sequence of text classifiers learned on a growing training set, and stopping when a target value of estimated effectiveness is first met, introduces a sequential testing bias. In settings where the effectiveness of a text classifier must be certified (perhaps to a court of law), this bias may be unacceptable. The choice of when to stop training is made even more complex when, as is common, the annotation of training and test data must be paid for from a common budget: each new labeled training example is a lost test example. Drawing on ideas from statistical power analysis, we present a framework for joint minimization of training and test annotation that maintains the statistical validity of effectiveness estimates, and yields a natural definition of an optimal allocation of annotations to training and test data. We identify the development of allocation policies that can approximate this optimum as a central question for research. We then develop simulation-based power analysis methods for van Rijsbergen's F-measure, and incorporate them in four baseline allocation policies which we study empirically. In support of our studies, we develop a new analytic approximation of confidence intervals for the F-measure that is of independent interest.
A preliminary evaluation of the absolute backscatter calibration of the ERS-1 altimeter using a passive technique (2002)

This paper focuses on the determination of receiver gain and offset of the ERS-1 radar altimeter, operated in listen-only mode over few orbits. The determination is carried out by examining the receiver response over different types of earth surfaces against concurrent measurements of other radiometers and an ocean emission model. The results are discussed, and it is shown how this technique can be refined to support the determination of the absolute backscattering coefficient, if the transmitted power and the antenna characteristics are known.
3-D Printing the History of Mechanisms (2004)

Physical models of machines have played an important role in the history of engineering for teaching, analyzing, and exploring mechanical concepts. Many of these models have been replaced today by computational representations, but new rapid-prototyping (RP) technologies are now allowing reintroduction of physical models as an intuitive way to demonstrate mechanical concepts. This paper reports on the use of RP to document, preserve, reproduce, and share in three dimensions, historic machines, and mechanisms. We have reproduced several preassembled, fully functional historic mechanisms from the Cornell Collection of Reuleaux Kinematic Models, and made these available as part of a new online museum of mechanism: Not only can visitors read descriptions, view pictures and videos, and interact with simulations of machines, but they can now also download and 3D-print their own physical functional replicas. We expect that this new form of “physical” preservation will become prevalent in future archives.