gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Backlight Output Enhancement Using Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Films (1997)

Abstract Dichroic polarizers are used to produce linearly polarized light in direct view displays; however, these elements introduce an inordinate amount of loss. Alternatively, a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) film and a quarter-wave plate (QWP) combination can be utilized in a display backlight to both polarize and enhance backlight output. A 45% increase in forward propagating light intensity from a notebook computer backlight outfitted with a broadband CLC film and a QWP is demonstrated here. Polarized backlight output is studied for two types of CLC films: one, a single layer broadband CLC, and the other, a stack of red-, green- and blue-reflecting CLC films. In addition, light output was measured at different positions on the backlight and for different types of rear reflectors.
Burkholderia mallei CLH001 Attenuated Vaccine Strain Is Immunogenic and Protects against Acute Respiratory Glanders (2016)

Burkholderia mallei is the causative agent of glanders, an incapacitating disease with high mortality rates in respiratory cases. Its endemicity and ineffective treatment options emphasize its public health threat and highlight the need for a vaccine. Live attenuated vaccines are considered the most viable vaccine strategy for Burkholderia, but single-gene-deletion mutants have not provided complete protection. In this study, we constructed the select-agent-excluded B. mallei ΔtonB Δhcp1 (CLH001) vaccine strain and investigated its ability to protect against acute respiratory glanders. Here we show that CLH001 is attenuated, safe, and effective at protecting against lethal B. mallei challenge. Intranasal administration of CLH001 to BALB/c and NOD SCID gamma (NSG) mice resulted in complete survival without detectable colonization or abnormal organ histopathology. Additionally, BALB/c mice intranasally immunized with CLH001 in a prime/boost regimen were fully protected against lethal challenge with the B. mallei lux (CSM001) wild-type strain.
Process for pyrdyzing oil-shale (1984)

Disclosed is a process for converting solid carbonaceous material, such as oil-shale, to a discriminate range of liquid and gaseous products, which process includes treating the carbonaceous material with an inert gas, at relatively short gas and long solids residence times in two or more temperature zones.
StreamSage: indexing and retrieval of audio and video (2004)

StreamSage's audio/video indexing and retrieval system finds relevant content and displays it in a prioritized list of search results. The system automatically identifies the precise intervals of content that are relevant for every topic addressed in the media file. The resulting index of Relevance Intervals allows users to quickly find the information in audio/video content they need.
Field Evaluation of Two Colorimetric Coliphage Detection Methods (1994)

Two new methods for coliphage detection, a colorimetric agar-based (CAB) method and a liquid colorimetric presence-absence (LCPA) method, were compared to the coliphage method proposed by the American Public Health Association (APHA; Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th ed., American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., 1992). Both new methods are based on the induction of beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli and the release of the enzyme through a lytic cell infection. The released enzyme then cleaves a chromogenic substrate which produces a colored reaction product. Ninety split water samples from four different sources were tested. A total of 52 samples were positive by the CAB method, 52 were positive by the LCPA method, and 53 were positive by the APHA method. Results indicated that (i) the CAB and LCPA methods were as sensitive in coliphage detection as the APHA method, (ii) both the CAB and LCPA methods were easier to read and interpret than the APHA method, and (iii) the CAB method detected more coliphages in a positive sample than the APHA method in two of the four types of water sources. Importantly, the rapid and simple LCPA method was as reliable and sensitive as either of the two agar-based methods in coliphage detection.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fluorosugar Analogues of 2,5,6‐Trichloro‐1‐(β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole as Antivirals with Potentially Increased Glycosidic Bond Stability. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Novel Assays for Detection of Urinary KIM-1 in Mouse Models of Kidney Injury (2012)

Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) has been qualified by the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency as a urinary biomarker to monitor preclinical nephrotoxicity in rats and on a case-by-case basis for the translation of potentially nephrotoxic drugs into first-in human studies. Although mouse models are widely employed in preclinical studies, few urinary biomarker studies have been performed in mice due to limited urine availability and lack of sensitive assays. Here, we report the development and validation of two different assays for quantitative assessment of mouse urinary KIM-1 (uKIM-1) and compare the sensitivity of KIM-1 relative to other standard markers in ischemia reperfusion and aristolochic acid (AA)-induced kidney injury in mice. A sensitive, reproducible, and quantitative microbead-based KIM-1 ELISA was established, which requires only 10 μl urine for triplicate determination with an assay range of 12.21 pg/ml to 50 ng/ml. The second assay is a laminar flow dipstick assay, which has an assay range of 195 pg/ml to 50 ng/ml and provides quantitative assessment of KIM-1 in 15 min. uKIM-1 levels increased with increasing time of ischemia or time after AA administration. After only 10-min ischemia followed by 24-h reperfusion, uKIM-1 was significantly elevated by 13-fold, whereas serum creatinine (sCr), blood urea nitrogen, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG), and proteinuria levels did not change. After AA administration, uKIM-1 levels were significantly upregulated by greater than threefold within 12 h, whereas sCr and NAG levels were unchanged. Mouse KIM-1 was stable for multiple freeze-thaw cycles, for up to 5 days at room temperature and up to at least an year when stored at -80°C.
Label-free cellular manipulation and sorting via biocompatible ferrofluids (2009)

We present a simple microfluidic platform that uses biocompatible ferrofluids for the controlled manipulation and rapid separation of both microparticles and live cells. This low-cost platform exploits differences in particle size, shape, and elasticity to achieve rapid and efficient separation. Using microspheres, we demonstrate size-based separation with 99% separation efficiency and sub-10-microm resolution in <45 s. We also show continuous manipulation and shape-based separation of live red blood cells from sickle cells and bacteria. These initial demonstrations reveal the potential of ferromicrofluidics in significantly reducing incubation times and increasing diagnostic sensitivity in cellular assays through rapid separation and delivery of target cells to sensor arrays.
Polar codes for data storage applications (2013)

Polar codes are a new class of error-correcting codes that provably achieve the capacity of memoryless channels with low complexity encoding and decoding algorithms. In this work, we survey the literature and investigate the suitability of polar codes to data storage applications focusing on error-correction performance and throughput. We show that polar codes meet the criteria for such applications and highlight the work required before practical data storage systems can utilize these codes.
Inhibition of Homologous Recombination in Human Cells by Targeting RAD51 Recombinase (2012)

The homologous recombination (HR) pathway plays a crucial role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and interstrand cross-links (ICLs). RAD51, a key protein of HR, possesses a unique activity: DNA strand exchange between homologous DNA sequences. Recently, using a high-throughput screening (HTS), we identified compound 1 (B02), which specifically inhibits the DNA strand exchange activity of human RAD51. Here, we analyzed the mechanism of inhibition and found that 1 disrupts RAD51 binding to DNA. We then examined the effect of 1 on HR and DNA repair in the cell. The results show that 1 inhibits HR and increases cell sensitivity to DNA damage. We propose to use 1 for analysis of cellular functions of RAD51. Because DSB- and ICL-inducing agents are commonly used in anticancer therapy, specific inhibitors of RAD51 may also help to increase killing of cancer cells.
Effects of Temperature on Magnetorheological Fluid Elastomeric Lag Dampers for Helicopter Rotors (2009)

A snubber type magnetorheological fluid elastomeric (MRFE) lag damper was developed as a retrofit to a fluid-elastomeric (FE) lag damper to provide adaptive lead-lag damping augmentation for a hingeless helicopter rotor. This MRFE damper consists of a flexible cylindrical snubber body, a flexible elastomeric center wall fitted with two MR flow valves, through which MR fluid enclosed in the snubber body can pass through and be activated by a magnetic field in the MR valve. During normal operation, the MRFE damper is exposed to temperature variations due to ambient temperatures and in-service self-heating. To characterize performance at different operating temperatures, the MRFE damper was tested in the fixed frame under a helicopter rotor in-plane bending frequency (lag/rev) at temperatures varying from 20°C to 50°C. Complex modulus and equivalent viscous damping were used to compare the MRFE damper characteristics at varying temperatures with a baseline passive FE damper. The field-off MRFE damping was comparable to the baseline damping at all test temperatures. A significant controllable damping range was also observed as current was applied to magnetic valves in the MRFE damper at all temperature conditions. To account for the non-linear hysteresis behavior of the MRFE damper, a hydromechanical model was formulated based on lumped parameters. In the current study, the hydromechanical model accounts for performance variations due to damper operating temperatures. Model Parameters were established at each test temperature based on valve geometry, material property and measured data. The model was then applied to accurately simulate the force time history of the MRFE damper at lag/rev frequency.
Design and Synthesis of a Novel Series of Bicyclic Heterocycles As Potent γ-Secretase Modulators (2012)

The design and the synthesis of several chemical subclasses of imidazole containing γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) is described. Conformational restriction of pyridone 4 into bicyclic pyridone isosteres has led to compounds with high in vitro and in vivo potency. This has resulted in the identification of benzimidazole 44a as a GSM with low nanomolar potency in vitro. In mouse, rat, and dog, this compound displayed the typical γ-secretase modulatory profile by lowering Aβ42 and Aβ40 levels combined with an especially pronounced increase in Aβ38 and Aβ37 levels while leaving the total levels of amyloid peptides unchanged.
RESEARCH: Development of a mature fungal technology and production platform for industrial enzymes based on a <i>Myceliophthora thermophila</i> isolate, previously known as <i>Chrysosporium lucknowense</i> C1 (2011)

The filamentous fungus C1 was developed into an expression platform for screening and production of diverse industrial enzymes. C1 shows a lowviscosity morphology in submerged culture, enabling the use of complex growth and production media. This morphology furthermore allowed C1 to be used as a host for high-throughput robotic screening of gene libraries. A C1-genetic toolbox was developed, which enabled the generation of a large collection of dedicated C1 host strains and gene-expression strategies. The 38 Mbp genome was sequenced and found to be rich in biomass-hydrolyzing-enzyme-encoding genes. C1 production strains have been developed that produce large quantities of these enzyme mixtures (up to 100 g/L total protein). Recombinant C1 strains were constructed that produce single enzymes in a relatively pure form, facilitating enzyme purification and characterization, as well as for commercial applications. Molecular phylogenetic studies revealed that C1, previously classified as Chrysosporium lucknowense based on morphological characteristics, is actually a Myceliophthora thermophila isolate. In addition, C1 has proven to be a source of novel industrial enzymes, and the C1-technology platform developed has been applied as a tool for research on and production of industrial enzymes for various industrial applications, such as biofuels and biorefineries.
Self diagnostic accelerometer ground testing on a C-17 aircraft engine (2013)

The self diagnostic accelerometer (SDA) developed by the NASA Glenn Research Center was tested for the first time in an aircraft engine environment as part of the Vehicle Integrated Propulsion Research (VIPR) program. The VIPR program includes testing multiple critical flight sensor technologies. One such sensor, the accelerometer, measures vibrations to detect faults in the engine. In order to rely upon the accelerometer, the health of the accelerometer must be ensured. Sensor system malfunction is a significant contributor to propulsion in flight shutdowns (IFSD) which can lead to aircraft accidents when the issue is compounded with an inappropriate crew response. The development of the SDA is important for both reducing the IFSD rate, and hence reducing the rate at which this component failure type can put an aircraft in jeopardy, and also as a critical enabling technology for future automated malfunction diagnostic systems. The SDA is a sensor system designed to actively determine the accelerometer structural health and attachment condition, in addition to making vibration measurements. The SDA uses a signal conditioning unit that sends an electrical chirp to the accelerometer and recognizes changes in the response due to changes in the accelerometer health and attachment condition. In an effort toward demonstrating the SDA's flight worthiness and robustness, multiple SDAs were mounted and tested on a C-17 aircraft engine. The engine test conditions varied from engine off, to idle, to maximum power. The two SDA attachment conditions used were fully tight and loose. The newly developed SDA health algorithm described herein uses cross correlation pattern recognition to discriminate a healthy from a faulty SDA. The VIPR test results demonstrate for the first time the robustness of the SDA in an engine environment characterized by high vibration levels.
<i>In vitro</i>scanning saturation mutagenesis of an antibody binding pocket (1997)

We have combined PCR mutagenesis with in vitro transcription/translation and ELISA for the rapid generation and characterization of antibody mutants. The PCR products are used directly as the template for the in vitro transcription/translation reactions and because no cloning steps are required, the in vitro saturation mutagenesis of one residue can be completed in duplicate within a week by a single investigator. In vitro scanning saturation mutagenesis was used to analyze the role and plasticity of six key contact residues (H:Tyr-33, H:Asn-35, H:Tyr-50, H:Trp-100, L:Val-94, and L:Pro-96) in the binding pocket of a single chain Fv antibody derived from the 26-10 monoclonal antibody. A total of 114 mutant antibodies were produced; all 19 substitutions at each of the 6 chosen positions. The mutants were analyzed for binding to digoxin, digitoxin, digoxigenin, and ouabain resulting in the generation of a comprehensive data base of 456 relative affinity values. Excellent agreement between the relative affinity values obtained with in vitro synthesized mutant antibodies and equilibrium affinity data obtained with previously reported purified mutant monoclonal antibodies was observed. Approximately 75% of the single amino acid mutants exhibited significant binding to one or more of the digoxin analogs. Mutations that alter and, in some cases, reverse specificity for the different digoxin analogs were identified. In vitro scanning saturation mutagenesis represents a new tool for protein structure-function and engineering studies and can be interfaced with laboratory automation so that an even higher throughput of protein mutants can be constructed and analyzed.
Quantum switching based on the dark resonance (2005)

Summary form only given. In a three-level system, two resonant optical fields can excite spin coherence on the ground states via two-photon resonance. One of the two-superposition states created by the atom-field interactions is decoupled from the excited state. Thus, the population can be trapped in that state showing non-absorption resonance. The essential feature of this decoupled state is dark resonance. Therefore, the existence of the dark resonance is a basis of non-absorption resonance, coherent population trapping, and electromagnetically induced transparency. In a four-level system, however, the two-laser induced spin coherence can be broken when a third laser is applied. At the same time, new coherence between the third laser and one of the pre-existed lasers is created. This phenomenon is useful for optical switching owing to annihilation and creation of the dark resonance in the four-level system. It is noted that the switching time depends on the dark resonance build-up time, which is inversely proportional to the applied Rabi frequency. Numerical simulations are shown for potentially ultrahigh-speed optical switches. Each diffracted four-wave mixing signal is proportional to the spin coherence strength. For a preliminary experiment, a spectral hole-burning crystal is used. The intensity of the diffracted signals is reversed at line center. This coherence switching effect is based on the dark resonance interactions.
Exploratory Development on a New Process to Produce Improved RDX crystals: Supercritical Fluid Anti-Solvent Recrystallization (1988)

Topic A86-142 of the FY 1986 DOD SBIR Solicitation sought investigation of methods which could produce improved intragranular cavity free RDX (cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine) crystals of 100-150 microns size. RDX produced by the current method, recrystallization from cyclohexanone-water solution by evaporative concentration, contains intragranular cavities; they can interfere with the performance of the explosive. Phasex Corporation proposed the use of supercritical fluids as anti-solvents to recrystallize RDX from organic solvent solutions. The concept is based upon the phenomenon of absorption of gas near its critical point by an organic solvent. The absorption of the gas lowers the dissolving power of the organic solvent for RDX resulting in nucleation of RDX. It was suggested that process parameters such as RDX concentration, organic solvent, gas pressure and temperature, rate of introduction of gas and similar factors could be controlled to form the desired particles. Keywords: Explosives, RDX, HMX, Recrystallization, Supercritical fluids, Fine particles. (MJM)
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1 / CD31): alternatively spliced, functionally distinct isoforms expressed during mammalian cardiovascular development (1994)

The establishment of the cardiovascular system represents an early, critical event essential for normal embryonic development. An important component of vascular ontogeny is the differentiation and development of the endothelial and endocardial cell populations. This involves, at least in part, the expression and function of specific cell surface receptors required to mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, CD31) may well serve such a function. It is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily expressed by the entire vascular endothelium in the adult. It is capable of mediating adhesion by a heterophilic mechanism requiring glycosaminoglycans, as well as by a homophilic, glycosaminoglycan independent, mechanism. It has been shown to regulate the expression of other adhesion molecules on naive T cells. This report documents by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis the expression of PECAM-1 during early post implantation mouse embryo development. PECAM-1 was expressed by early endothelial precursors first within the yolk sac and subsequently within the embryo itself. Interestingly, embryonic PECAM-1 was expressed as multiple isoforms in which one or more clusters of polypeptides were missing from the cytoplasmic domain. The sequence and location of the deleted polypeptides corresponded to exons found in the human PECAM-1 gene. The alternatively spliced isoforms were capable of mediating cell-cell adhesion when transfected into L-cells. The isoforms differed, however, in their sensitivity to a panel of anti-PECAM-1 monoclonal antibodies. These data suggest that changes in the cytoplasmic domain of PECAM-1 may affect its function during cardiovascular development, and are consistent with our earlier report that systematic truncation of the cytoplasmic domain of human PECAM-1 resulted in changes in its ligand specificity, divalent cation and glycosaminoglycan dependence, as well as its susceptibility to adhesion blocking monoclonal antibodies. This is the first report of naturally occurring alternatively spliced forms of PECAM-1 having possible functional implications.
Production of 225Ac and 223Ra by irradiation of Th with accelerated protons (2011)

The possibility of producing 225Ac and 223Ra by irradiation of natural 232Th with medium-energy protons was examined. Thorium foils were irradiated with 90-, 110-, and 135-MeV protons at the accelerator of the Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, in Troitsk (Moscow oblast). The cumulative production cross sections for 225Ac were 6.7 ± 0.9, 9.8 ± 1.9, and 13.9 ± 1.5 mb, and for 227Th (223Ra precursor), 43 ± 5, 37 ± 6, and 35 ± 4 mb, respectively. Based on the experimental data and theoretical calculations, the possible yields of 225Ac and 223Ra in irradiation of thick thorium targets at various accelerators were determined. An efficient procedure was suggested for isolating the products from the irradiated targets: 225Ac, by liquid extraction and extraction chromatography, and 223Ra, by sublimation from a thorium-lanthanum melt followed by thermochromatographic separation in metallic titanium columns and extraction-chromatographic isolation of radium. The procedure allows production of large (units of curies) amounts of radiochemically pure 225Ac and 223Ra, which is promising for wide use of these radionuclides in nuclear medicine.