gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and antifolate properties of 9-alkyl-10-deazaminopterins (1990)

Reformatski condensation of benzyl 2-bromopropionate with 4-carbomethoxybenzaldehyde, followed by dehydration afforded benzyl 2-methyl-p-carbomethoxycinnamate (4a). Hydrogenation over a Pd catalyst gave the hydrocinnamic acid 5a. Conversion to the chloromethyl (6a) and azidomethyl ketone (7a) was followed by hydrogenation to the aminomethyl ketone (8a). Direct N-alkylation by 2,4-diamino-5-nitro-6-chloropyrimidine followed by reductive ring closure in Zn-HOAc and subsequent saponification of the benzoate ester yielded 4-amino-4-deoxy-9-methyl-10-deazapteroic acid (11a). Coupling with diethyl L-glutamate and saponification afforded 9-methyl-10-deazaminopterin (13a). The 9-ethyl analogue (13b) was similarly prepared from benzyl 2-bromobutyrate. The 9-methyl analogue (13a) was 21 times more potent than MTX as an inhibitor of cell growth in L1210 cells. The reason for this enhanced cytotoxicity in L1210 is unclear, since enzyme inhibition and transport parameters were similar to those of MTX. In human Manca leukemia cells growth inhibition was not dramatic and paralleled MTX.
A New Reduced-Complexity Decoding Algorithm for LDPC Codes (2007)

This letter proposes a new algorithm for the check node update in the decoding of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. The proposed algorithm is based on a new approximation formula of standard sum-product algorithm (SPA) which can reduce the approximation error of min-sum algorithm (MSA) and has almost the same performance as sum-product algorithm (SPA) under both floating precision operation and fixed-point operation. Besides, the new approximation formula can be implemented in simple structures competitive with MSA.
Curls gone wild (2012)

In Brave, Merida's hair is an important extension of her character. Like Merida, it is fierce, tempestuous, and unpredictable. We were tasked with the challenge of creating hair that possesses its own dramatic and expressive personality, but still appears realistic and physically convincing. To accomplish this, we engineered a hair system that produces believable, natural movement while providing simulation artists with tools to direct the hair's motion as the story demanded. In this talk, we will discuss the techniques we developed in production to utilize a novel hair model described in [1].
Synthesis of perdeuterio‐N‐(1‐oxyl‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐4‐piperidinyl)maleimide, a highly sensitive spin probe (1981)

Abstract Perdeuterio‐N‐(1‐oxyl‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐4‐piperidinyl)‐maleimide has been prepared to improve sensitivity and resolution in its ESR spectrum. The synthesis involved modifications of procedures known for the corresponding protonated analog. Spectral data are presented for the product to establish isotopic purity. A five‐fold enhancement of the ESR signal for the title compound relative to the proton counterpart has been observed.
Conformational analysis of a potent SSTR3‐selective somatostatin analogue by NMR in water solution (2005)

The three-dimensional structure of a potent SSTR3-selective analogue of somatostatin, cyclo(3-14)H-Cys(3)-Phe(6)-Tyr(7)-D-Agl(8)(N(beta) Me, 2-naphthoyl)-Lys(9)-Thr(10)-Phe(11)-Cys(14)-OH (des-AA(1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 13)[Tyr(7), D-Agl(8)(N(beta) Me, 2-naphthoyl)]-SRIF) (peptide 1) has been determined by (1)H NMR in water and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The peptide exists in two conformational isomers differing mainly by the cis/trans isomerization of the side chain in residue 8. The structure of 1 is compared with the consensus structural motifs of other somatostatin analogues that bind predominantly to SSTR1, SSTR2/SSTR5 and SSTR4 receptors, and to the 3D structure of a non-selective SRIF analogue, cyclo(3-14)H-Cys(3)-Phe(6)-Tyr(7)-D-2Nal(8)-Lys(9)-Thr(10)-Phe(11)-Cys(14)-OH (des-AA(1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 13)[Tyr(7), D-2Nal(8)]-SRIF) (peptide 2). The structural determinant factors that could explain selectivity of peptide 1 for SSTR3 receptors are discussed.
Measuring regional cardiac function using harmonic phase magnetic resonance imaging (2000)

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging is an active field of research aimed at using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study the anatomy and function of the heart and the vascular system in vivo. A special capability of MRI that no other imaging modality possesses is tagging. MR tagging non-invasively introduces features inside the heart wall muscle that move with its motion. MR images show these features, which can be identified and used to measure the motion. Tagging has enhanced our understanding of cardiac motion, and is currently a gold standard for measuring the regional function of the heart. Unfortunately, automated analysis of tagged MR images using existing algorithms is not reliable and requires human intervention. This increases the time between imaging and the presentation of results for diagnosis, and makes the use of tagged MRI impractical and expensive. 
We present here a new method called harmonic phase magnetic resonance imaging (HARP-MRI) which facilitates the clinical application of tagging. The fundamental idea is that tagging generates multiple clusters of energy concentrated in the Fourier spectrum of a tagged image. Extracting a specific region in Fourier space using a filter produces a complex image (harmonic image) that can be decomposed into a harmonic magnitude image and a harmonic phase (HARP) image. The harmonic magnitude image resembles an untagged image showing the anatomy, while the harmonic phase image carries information about the motion of the tissue. HARP-MRI uses the harmonic phase to compute velocity fields, track the motion of points, and compute dense strain maps. The computations are reliable and require little manual interaction. The mathematical operations are simple and their implementations are fast, producing results in a fraction of the scanning time. Moreover, we present other HARP-based methods for: acquiring the necessary data in a fraction of a second—which might lead to real-time imaging—and computing the actual 3D motion on a 2D imaging plane.
Identification of Broad-Genotype HPV L2 Neutralization Site for Pan-HPV Vaccine Development by a Cross-Neutralizing Antibody (2015)

Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus, is responsible for 5% of human cancers. The HPV capsid consists of major and minor structural proteins, L1 and L2. L1 proteins form an icosahedral shell with building blocks of the pentameric capsomere, and one L2 molecule extends outward from the central hole of the capsid. Thus, L2 is concealed within L1 and only becomes exposed when the capsid interacts with host cells. The low antigenic variation of L2 means that this protein could offer a target for the development of a pan-HPV vaccine. Toward this goal, here we describe an anti-L2 monoclonal antibody, 14H6, which broadly neutralizes at least 11 types of HPV, covering types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, 58 and 59, in pseudovirion--based cell neutralization assay. The mAb 14H6 recognizes a minimal linear epitope located on amino acids 21 to 30 of the L2 protein. Alanine scanning mutagenesis and sequence alignment identified several conserved residues (Cys22, Lys23, Thr27, Cys28 and Pro29) that are involved in the 14H6 binding with L2. The epitope was grafted to several scaffolding proteins, including HPV16 L1 virus-like particles, HBV 149 core antigen and CRM197. The resultant chimeric constructs were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified with high efficiency. Immunization with these pan-HPV vaccine candidates elicited high titers of the L2-specific antibody in mice and conferred robust (3-log) titers of cross-genotype neutralization, including against HPV11, 16, 18, 45, 52, 58 and 59. These findings will help in the development of an L2-based, pan-HPV vaccine.
View-Invariant Action Recognition from Point Triplets (2009)

We propose a new view-invariant measure for action recognition. For this purpose, we introduce the idea that the motion of an articulated body can be decomposed into rigid motions of planes defined by triplets of body points. Using the fact that the homography induced by the motion of a triplet of body points in two identical pose transitions reduces to the special case of a homology, we use the equality of two of its eigenvalues as a measure of the similarity of the pose transitions between two subjects, observed by different perspective cameras and from different viewpoints. Experimental results show that our method can accurately identify human pose transitions and actions even when they include dynamic timeline maps, and are obtained from totally different viewpoints with different unknown camera parameters.
Ultra-thin high-efficiency mid-infrared transmissive Huygens meta-optics (2018)

Abstract The mid-infrared (mid-IR) is a strategically important band for numerous applications ranging from night vision to biochemical sensing. Here we theoretically analyzed and experimentally realized a Huygens metasurface platform capable of fulfilling a diverse cross-section of optical functions in the mid-IR. The meta-optical elements were constructed using high-index chalcogenide films deposited on fluoride substrates: the choices of wide-band transparent materials allow the design to be scaled across a broad infrared spectrum. Capitalizing on a two-component Huygens’ meta-atom design, the meta-optical devices feature an ultra-thin profile (λ0/8 in thickness) and measured optical efficiencies up to 75% in transmissive mode for linearly polarized light, representing major improvements over state-of-the-art. We have also demonstrated mid-IR transmissive meta-lenses with diffraction-limited focusing and imaging performance. The projected size, weight and power advantages, coupled with the manufacturing scalability leveraging standard microfabrication technologies, make the Huygens meta-optical devices promising for next-generation mid-IR system applications.
Protection against Dengue Virus Infection in Mice by Administration of Antibodies against Modified Nonstructural Protein 1 (2014)

These results support the idea that modified NS1 proteins may represent an improved strategy for safe and effective vaccine development against DENV infection.
Nanocrystalline Diamond for near Junction Heat Spreading in GaN Power HEMTs (2013)

Reduced performance in Gallium Nitride (GaN)-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) as a result of self-heating has been well-documented. A new approach, termed "gate after diamond," is shown to improve the thermal budget of the deposition process and enable large-area diamond without degrading the gate metal. Nanocrystalline (NCD)-capped devices had 20% lower channel temperature at equivalent power dissipation. Improved electrical characteristics were observed, notably improved on-resistance and breakdown voltage, and reduced gate leakage. Further refinements to the NCD growth process have enabled deposition directly on the GaN surface. Pulsed I-V measurements indicate a comparable passivation effect to conventional SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> -capped devices.
Development of an Energy-Efficient Burner for Heat Treatment Furnaces with a Reducing Gas Atmosphere* (2017)

Abstract One of the main reasons for metal loss of semi-finished metal products during heating in reheating and heat treatment furnaces is scale formation. In the presented project a burner is developed which produces a low oxidizing / reducing atmosphere in the furnace. The concept is realized by a recuperative burner, which generates a reducing furnace atmosphere due to fuel rich combustion of natural gas and air. The complete combustion of the furnace atmosphere is ensured by the injection of additional air and takes places in an open radiant tube resulting in a high energy efficiency. In this paper numerical and experimental results are presented and discussed. The numerical results showed the huge impact of the secondary air swirl on the post-combustion in the annular gap which is formed between the open radiant tube and the burner. Mixing phenomena in the annular gap results in a nearly complete post-combustion at low and high swirl angles of the additional combustion air (ω = 0°, ω = 90°). Instead of that, at a swirl angle of ω = 45° the entire reaction from CO to CO 2 was not ensured within the boundaries of the numerical model. The quality of the post-combustion was experimentally evaluated by measuring the CO-emissions in the off-gas channel. These were lower than 50 mg/m 3 in a wide range of operation. The NO x -emissions are lower than 121 mg/m 3 at all tested cases.
<title>Measurement of biological tissue metabolism using phase modulation spectroscopic technology</title> (1991)

Optical path lengths of photon migration in tissue can be determined directly by pulse-time measurement. This makes it possible to quantify tissue hemoglobin concentrations. However, the bulky and expensive solid state/liquid dye laser system is unsuitable for clinical studies. Thus, the design of an efficient phase modulation technology simplifies the methodology and offers continuous reading of tissue photon propagation in tissue. This report describes a 200 MHz time shared Dual Wavelength Phase modulation system, which measures the essential characteristic of light propagation in the body tissues. This system has slow drift over the 7.5 hour period has maximum of 0.04 degree(s)/hr. The noise peak to peak corresponds to 0.9 mm. Noise is maximum when the separation between transmitter and detector is 5 cm in Intralipid solution, with high voltage at 850 v. Applications of the noninvasive devices include measurement of hemoglobin deoxygenation in brain and hemoglobin and myoglobin deoxygenation in human skeletal muscle and animal models. Numerous applications to medical and biological problems now become available.
Improved Cs<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>Promoted O-Alkylation of Acids (2000)

Abstract Cesium carbonate mediated O-alkylation of carboxylic acids was efficiently carried out under mild in situ conditions to give the corresponding esters exclusively. Chiral templates including α-hydroxy and α-alkoxy acids were also converted to their corresponding esters with no observed racemization.
Identifying sources of Operating System Jitter through fine-grained kernel instrumentation (2007)

Understanding the behavior and impact of various sources of Operating System Jitter (OS Jitter) is important not only for tuning a system for HPC applications, but also for the ongoing efforts to create light-weight versions of commercial operating systems such as Linux, that can be used on compute nodes of large scale HPC systems. In this paper, we present a tool that helps in identifying sources of OS Jitter in a commodity operating system such as Linux and measures the impact of OS Jitter through fine grained kernel instrumentation. Our methodology comprises of running a user-level micro-benchmark and measuring the latencies experienced by the benchmark. We then associate each latency to operating system daemons and interrupts using data obtained from kernel instrumentation. We present experimental results that help identify the biggest contributors to the total OS Jitter perceived by an application on a commodity operating system such as Linux. Our results revealed that while 63% of the total jitter comes from timer interrupts, the rest comes from various system daemons and interrupts, most of which can be easily eliminated. The tool presented in this paper can also be used to tune “out of the box” commodity operating systems as well as to detect new sources of operating system jitter that get introduced as software get installed and upgraded on a tuned system.
Highly Reversible Mg Insertion in Nanostructured Bi for Mg Ion Batteries (2013)

Rechargeable magnesium batteries have attracted wide attention for energy storage. Currently, most studies focus on Mg metal as the anode, but this approach is still limited by the properties of the electrolyte and poor control of the Mg plating/stripping processes. This paper reports the synthesis and application of Bi nanotubes as a high-performance anode material for rechargeable Mg ion batteries. The nanostructured Bi anode delivers a high reversible specific capacity (350 mAh/gBi or 3430 mAh/cm(3)Bi), excellent stability, and high Coulombic efficiency (95% initial and very close to 100% afterward). The good performance is attributed to the unique properties of in situ formed, interconnected nanoporous bismuth. Such nanostructures can effectively accommodate the large volume change without losing electric contact and significantly reduce diffusion length for Mg(2+). Significantly, the nanostructured Bi anode can be used with conventional electrolytes which will open new opportunities to study Mg ion battery chemistry and further improve its properties.
Tailorable Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Nanoscale Silicon Waveguides (2013)

While nanoscale modal confinement radically enhances a variety of nonlinear light-matter interactions within silicon waveguides, traveling-wave stimulated Brillouin scattering nonlinearities have never been observed in silicon nanophotonics. Through a new class of hybrid photonic-phononic waveguides, we demonstrate tailorable traveling-wave forward stimulated Brillouin scattering in nanophotonic silicon waveguides for the first time, yielding 3000 times stronger forward SBS responses than any previous waveguide system. Simulations reveal that a coherent combination of electrostrictive forces and radiation pressures are responsible for greatly enhanced photon-phonon coupling at nano-scales. Highly tailorable Brillouin nonlinearities are produced by engineering the structure of a membrane-suspended waveguide to yield Brillouin resonances from 1 to 18 GHz through high quality-factor (>1000) phonon modes. Such wideband and tailorable stimulated Brillouin scattering in silicon photonics could enable practical realization of on-chip slow-light devices, RF-photonic filtering and sensing, and ultra-narrow-band laser sources by using standard semiconductor fabrication and CMOS technologies.
Cross-linked self-assembling peptide scaffolds (2017)

Self-assembling peptides (SAPs) are synthetic bioinspired biomaterials that can be feasibly multi-functionalized for cell transplantation and/or drug delivery therapies. Despite their superior biocompatibility and ease of scaling-up for production, they are unfortunately hampered by weak mechanical properties due to transient non-covalent interactions among and within the self-assembled peptide chains, thus limiting their potential applications as fillers, hemostat solutions, and fragile scaffolds for soft tissues. Here, we have developed and characterized a cross-linking strategy that increases both the stiffness and the tailorability of SAP hydrogels, enabling the preparation of transparent flexible threads, discs, channels, and hemispherical constructs. Empirical and computational results, in close agreement with each other, confirmed that the cross-linking reaction does not affect the previously self-assembled secondary structures. In vitro tests also provided a first hint of satisfactory biocompatibility by favoring viability and differentiation of human neural stem cells. This work could bring self-assembling peptide technology to many applications that have been precluded so far, especially in regenerative medicine.
Abnormal messenger RNA expression and a missense mutation in patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (1993)

A candidate gene for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) has been identified via positional cloning strategies. We now report messenger RNA expression in fibroblasts from 6 unrelated ALD patients. Four patients lacked the normal 4.2 kb transcript, three of them having deletions of the ALD gene. A fifth patient with a deletion of 1.6 kb had a smaller 4.0 kb transcript. The last patient had a normal sized transcript and a missense mutation at base 1258 leading to Glu-291-Lys substitution in a region of the candidate gene protein which is conserved in the 70 kD peroxisomal membrane protein. These results provide further evidence that this candidate gene is indeed the ALD gene.
Weighted priority-based optimal energy distribution scheme (2016)

This paper proposes a weighted priority-based optimal energy distribution scheme among microgrids. Since this scheme intend to allocate the weighted priority to the neighboring energy provider in microgrid, the energy requesting-consumer can be receive the optimal energy. Using the optimal energy distribution modeling, this scheme provides the optimal energy solution to the energy needed-consumer. As a result, solving the weighted priority-based optimization problem maximizes the user satisfaction.
Use of stereolithography to manufacture critical‐sized 3D biodegradable scaffolds for bone ingrowth (2002)

A novel approach to the manufacture of biodegradable polymeric scaffolds for tissue-engineering utilizing stereolithography (SLA) is presented. SLA is a three-dimensional (3D) printing method that uses an ultraviolet laser to photo-crosslink a liquid polymer substrate. The current generation of SLA devices provide a 3D printing resolution of 0.1 mm. The experiments utilized a biodegradable resin mixture of diethyl fumarate (DEF), poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF), and a photoinitiator, bisacylphosphine oxide (BAPO). The PPF is crosslinked with the use of the SLA's UV laser (325-nm wavelength). An SLA device was retrofitted with a custom fixture build tank enclosing an elevator-driven build table. A 3D prototype model testing the manufacturing control this device provides was created in a computer-aided-design package. The resulting geometric data were used to drive the SLA process, and a DEF/PPF prototype part was successfully manufactured. These scaffolds have application in the tissue engineering of bony substrates.
Adaptive radio parameter control considering QoS for forward link OFCDM wireless access (2003)

This paper proposes an adaptive radio parameter control scheme that utilizes the maximum number of retransmissions in hybrid automatic repeat request (ARQ) in addition to the data modulation and channel coding scheme (MCS) according to quality of service (QoS) requirements and propagation conditions such as the delay spread in the forward link of orthogonal frequency and code division multiplexing (OFCDM) broadband wireless access. We elucidate that for non-real time (NRT) class data transmission, it is appropriate to employ three MCSs, QPSK with the coding rate of R = 1/2, 16QAM with R = 1/2 and 3/4. Application of a much higher MCS set. 16QAM with R = 5/6 and 64QAM with R = 3/4, in addition to the three MCSs improves the throughput under much higher average received E/sub s//N/sub 0/ conditions in a short-delay spread environment. Meanwhile, for real time (RT) data transmission assuming the number of retransmissions of M = 2, it is appropriate to use five MCSs, QPSK with R = 1/3, 1/2 and 16QAM with R = 1/3, 1/2, and 3/4. Thus, we elucidate that the appropriate MCS associated with the maximum number of retransmissions, i.e., major radio parameters should be controlled according to the QoS requirements and the propagation channel conditions. Furthermore, the proposed adaptive radio parameter control scheme that considers the QoS requirements is unified by controlling the threshold value for selecting the appropriate MCS associated with the maximum number of retransmissions in the hybrid ARQ.
The ring-network circulator for integrated circuits: theory and experiments (1995)

The theoretical model of a ring network junction circulator introduced in 1965 is reexamined and further elaborated, in view of its prospects for compatibility with accomplished and anticipated advances in microcircuit technology. Following a brief review of the theory, solutions are presented to illustrate the potential for novel, efficient designs with options including miniature, self-magnetized, reversible, broadband, superconducting, or other advantageous characteristics. New experimental models are showing good conformance to theoretical predictions for this promising alternative circulator design concept.