gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Engine Performance and Emissions near the Dilute Limit with Hydrogen Enrichment using an On-Board Reforming Strategy (2003)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes engine research - which supports our program to develop a gasoline engine management system (EMS) with an on-board reformer to provide near-zero tailpipe emissions. With this approach, the reformer converts gasoline (or another hydrocarbon-containing fuel) into reformate, containing hydrogen and CO. Reformate has very wide combustion limits to enable SI engine operation under very dilute conditions (either ultra-lean or with heavy EGR concentrations). In previous publications, we have presented engine dynamometer results showing very low emissions with bottled reformate. This paper shows the sensitivity of engine emissions and performance to operating near the dilute limit with H<sub>2</sub> enrichment using both bottled reformate and an actual reformer prototype. It discusses the additional advantages of the system for supplemental heating to the passenger compartment and the vision of substantially increasing powertrain efficiency - by using a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) APU as the source of reformate.</div>
Characterizing laboratory colonies of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) selected for survival on maize containing event DAS‐59122‐7 (2008)

Abstract Event DAS‐59122‐7 is a novel transgenic trait designed to protect the roots and yield potential of maize from the insect pest corn rootworm Diabrotica spp . (Col.: Chrysomelidae). The increased pest status of corn rootworm, exceptional efficacy of this trait, and anticipated increases in farm efficiency and grower and environmental safety will drive adoption of this trait. Strong grower acceptance of this trait highlights the importance of science‐based and practical resistance management strategies. A non‐diapause trait was introgressed into two laboratory colonies of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera collected from geographically distinct locations: Rochelle, IL and York, NE. Both colonies were divided and each reared on maize containing event DAS‐59122‐7 or its near isoline. Selected and unselected colonies were evaluated for phenotypic change in larval development, injury potential and survival to adulthood during 10 and 11 generations. The F1 generation of both selected colonies displayed increased larval development, survivorship and measurable, but economically insignificant increases in injury potential on DAS‐59122‐7 maize. Survival rates of 0.4 and 1.3% in F1 generations of both selected colonies corroborate field estimates of survival on DAS‐59122‐7 maize. Over later generations, total phenotypic variation declined gradually and irregularly. Despite the absence of random mating, the tolerance trait could not be fixed in either population after 10 or 11 generations of selection. An allele conferring major resistance to DAS‐59122‐7 was not identified in either selected colony. The assessment also concluded that major resistance gene(s) are rare in populations of D. v. virgifera in the United States, and that a minor trait(s) conferring a low level of survival on DAS‐59122‐7 maize was present. The tolerance trait identified in this study was considered minor with respect to its impact on DAS‐59122‐7 maize efficacy, and the role this trait may play in total effective refuge for major resistance genes with recessive inheritance is the basis of future work.
High-breakdown-voltage MESFET with a low-temperature-grown GaAs passivation layer and overlapping gate structure (1992)

GaAs MESFETs were fabricated using a low-temperature-grown (LTG) high-resistivity GaAs layer to passivate the doped channel between the gate and source and between the gate and the drain. The gate was fabricated such that the source and drain edges of the metal gate overlapped the LTG GaAs passivation layer. The electric fields at the edges of the gate were reduced by this special combination of LTG GaAs passivation and gate geometry, resulting in a gate-drain breakdown voltage of 42 V. This value is over 60% higher than that of similar MESFETs fabricated without the gate overlap.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<title>Automatic localization and feature extraction of white blood cells</title> (1995)

The paper presents a method for automatic localization and feature extraction of white blood cells (WBCs) with color images to develop an efficient automated WBC counting system based on image analysis and recognition. Nucleus blobs extraction consists of five steps: (1) nucleus pixel labeling; (2) filtration of nucleus pixel template; (3) segmentation and extraction of nucleus blobs by region growing; (4) removal of uninterested blobs; and (5) marking of external and internal blob border, and holes pixels. The detection of nucleus pixels is based on the intensity of the G image plane and the balance between G and B intensity. Localized nucleus segments are grouped into a cell nucleus by a hierarchic merging procedure in accordance with their area, shapes and conditions of their spatial occurrence. Cytoplasm segmentation based on the pixel intensity and color parameters is found to be unreliable. We overcome this problem by using an edge improving technique. WBC templates are then calculated and additional cell feature sets are constructed for the recognition. Cell feature sets include description of principal geometric and color properties for each type of WBCs. Finally we evaluate the recognition accuracy of the developed algorithm that is proved to be highly reliable and fast.
ON THE CHARACTERIZATION OF SPRAYS PRODUCED BY WATER-MIST INJECTORS (2009)

The present work is aimed at providing a thorough characterization of the spray produced by a water-mist injector. An experimental investigation on drop-size and flux distribution, initial velocity and spray-cone angle is proposed. These parameters appear to be the most suitable to provide a quantification of atomization and dispersion phenomena in any generic spray. In addition, some numerical simulations of the sprayed flow have been run employing FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator): its capability of predicting the fluid-dynamics behavior of the spray has been challenged through a comparison with experimental outcomes. An experimental facility has been built to serve as the set for the entire experimental campaign. A typical water-mist nozzle has been inserted and the activity has been focused on one of the available injectors. Laser-based diagnostics has been employed to measure drop size and initial velocity. Most notably, a Fraunhofer-diffraction-based device (Malvern Spraytec) has been used to investigate the former, while the latter has been evaluated through PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) technique. FDS code has been employed to carry out some simulations of the behavior of the water-mist spray. The implemented settings and initial conditions resulted from the experimental study, while the computational domain has been set to reproduce the test room. Then, numerical predictions have been validated through a comparison with experimental outcomes. In addition, a classic correlation to predict characteristic drop size has been proposed for the present case and validated.
In-place fabrication of nanowire electrode arrays for vertical nanoelectronics on Si substrates (2007)

Vertical arrays of Pd nanowire electrodes with controllable and reproducible diameters and lengths are fabricated using a porous anodic alumina (PAA) template supported on a metallized Si substrate. The process described here employs a hydrogen plasma to penetrate the alumina pore barrier oxide prior to electrodeposition, enabling direct electrical contact with the back electrode metallization, thereby eliminating the need for electrochemical processing with high current or voltage pulsing that can lead to delamination or voiding. Electrical characteristics reveal Ohmic contact between the Pd nanowires and the underlying Ti conductive layer for samples with a range of pore diameters from 30to130nm. This process enables both the fabrication of vertical nanowire arrays on prefunctionalized substrates, as well as the in situ fabrication of contacts to semiconductor nanodevices using a thin-film nanowire array. The hydrogen plasma step is particularly well suited to the fabrication of carbon nanotube arrays in PAA by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition.
P-GaN/AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (2003)

Despite the considerable improvement in GaN-technology and material quality, RF-dispersion is still one of the main issues hampering device progress. RF-dispersion affects device output power and device power added efficiency (PAE) due to a reduction in saturation current and an increase in knee voltage at high frequencies and high biases. Surface passivation, using silicon nitride, has been found to mitigate RF-dispersion and microwave power degradation (B.M. Green et al, IEEE Electron Dev. Lett., vol. 21, pp. 268-270, 2000; S.C. Binari et al, IEEE Trans Electron. Dev., vol. 48, pp. 465-471, 2001; R. Vetury et al, ibid., vol. 48, pp. 560-566, 2001). This paper discusses a novel AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) device structure which has been developed to reduce RF-dispersion prior to silicon nitride passivation. The device structure uses a p-doped GaN cap layer to screen surface potential changes (regardless of origin) from affecting the gate-drain access region resistance, reducing the amount of RF-dispersion in the device. The epilayers of AlGaN/GaN devices were grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on a c-plane sapphire substrate. Sheet electron concentration and electron Hall mobility of the as-grown wafer were /spl sim/1.35/spl times/10/sup 13/ cm/sup 2/ and 1,475 cm/sup 2//V-s at room temperature.
Jointly Optimal Routing and Caching for Arbitrary Network Topologies (2017)

We study a problem of minimizing routing costs by jointly optimizing caching and routing decisions over an arbitrary network topology. We cast this as an equivalent caching gain maximization problem, and consider both source routing and hop-by-hop routing settings. The respective offline problems are NP-hard. Nevertheless, we show that there exist polynomial time approximation algorithms producing solutions within a constant approximation from the optimal. We also produce distributed, adaptive algorithms with the same approximation guarantees. We simulate our adaptive algorithms over a broad array of different topologies. Our algorithms reduce routing costs by several orders of magnitude compared with prior art, including algorithms optimizing caching under fixed routing.
Antioxidant Properties and Safety Evaluation of Curcumin (CurcuWIN <sup>TM</sup> ) (2015)

Curcumin (CurcuWIN TM ) a polyphenolic compound isolated from Curcuma longa L. and has a long history of use in Indian medicine. The curcumin formulation(CurcuWIN TM ) is a combination of hydrophilic carrier, cellulosic derivatives and natural antioxidants significantly increases curcuminoid appearance in the blood (46 fold increase over other forms). CurcuWIN TM demonstrated antidepressant, antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. Twenty‐eight (28) male Wistar rats (age: 8 Wk, weight: 180 ± 20 g) were divided into four treatment groups (i) control [no Ex, Group I (C)] (ii) C + Cur [no Ex, Group II] (iii) C + Ex [Group III] and (iv) C + Ex+ Cur [Group IV]. Cur [100 mg/ kg, contains approximately 20 mg of curcuminoids] was administered daily as an oral supplement per d for 6 weeks. Safety end points including liver, heart and kidney functions were measured for curcumin (CurcuWIN TM ) treated groups and compared with control. Tissues such as lung, kidney, spleen, heart, pancreas, small and large intestines, stomach, testes, skeletal muscle and skin were observed for micro and macroscopic changes during the treatment period. No treatment related clinical signs and mortalities were observed. Similarly, no treatment related changes in liver and kidney functions, body weight, feed consumption; organ weights, no gross lesions and no changes in histopathology were observed. Muscle MDA was significantly decreased; SOD, GPx and GSH were significantly improved in curcumin treated groups. Therefore, it is concluded that curcumin (CurcuWIN TM ) is safe and has antioxidant properties.
Compact Apparatus Grows Protein Crystals (1989)

Laboratory apparatus provides delicately balanced combination of materials and chemical conditions for growth of protein crystals. Apparatus and technique for growth based on hanging-drop method for crystallization of macromolecules. Includes pair of syringes with ganged plungers. One syringe contains protein solution; other contains precipitating-agent solution. Syringes intrude into cavity lined with porous reservoir material saturated with 1 mL or more of similar precipitating-agent solution. Prior to activation, ends of syringes plugged to prevent transport of water vapor among three solutions.
Performance results of laser-produced plasma test and prototype light sources for EUV lithography (2009)

Improved performance and specific results are reported for several test and prototype extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light sources developed for next-generation lithography. High repetition rate and high-power CO2 laser-produced plasma sources operating on tin droplet targets are described. Details of laser architecture, source chambers and system operation are given. Stable output power, efficient light collection, and clean EUV transmission could be achieved for hours of operation. We review progress during integration of light sources with collector mirrors reaching EUV power levels at intermediate focus of 60 W and 45 W, respectively, with duty cycles of 25% and 40%. Far-field EUV images of the collected light were recorded to monitor the source output performance during extended tests of collector longevity and debris protection with system operation time exceeding 50 h. Development results on EUV spectra, out-of-band (OOB) radiation, and ion debris obtained with dedicated metrology setups are also described. Angle-resolved measurements with ion energy analyzer and Faraday cups reveal the contributions of individual ion charge states in related spectra. Our laser-produced EUV light source technology has now reached a level of maturity in full integration where prototype sources can be delivered and pilot line introduction can be prepared.
Conspecific pheromone extracts enhance entomopathogenic infectivity (2019)

Abstract Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) provide economic control of various insect pests. However, field efficacy can be inconsistent. The ability of a nematode to find and infect (invade) a host insect is critical to successful pathogenesis. Thus, behaviors including dispersal and infectivity play important roles in improving efficacy. Previously, we discovered that EPN-infected host substances enhance nematode dispersal. Later we found that a mixture of pheromones in the infected host induced dispersal and improved EPN efficacy. In this study, we determined if dispersal-inducing pheromone extracts also increase nematode infectivity (the propensity to invade a host insect). Two nematode species, Steinernema carpocapsae and Steinernema feltiae , and two insect hosts, Galleria mellonella and Diaprepes abbreviatus , were tested. We discovered that conspecific dispersal pheromone extracts of each EPN species enhanced infectivity. These results indicate that the utility of dispersal pheromone extracts for enhancing EPN activity and biocontrol efficacy is improved not only due to increased nematode movement, but also due to increased host infection.
Ultrasonic depth page for liquids under high pressure (1985)

An ultrasonic depth gauge of novel design continuously measures the level of a liquid subjected to a high pressure (up to 6000 psi), as is sometimes required for effective transfer of the liquid. The gauge operates as a composite resonator, fabricated from a standard high-pressure plug. A flat-bottomed hole is machined into the plug along its center line. An ultrasonic transducer is bonded rigidly to the interior surface of the bottom wall, while the exterior surface is in contract with the liquid. Although the bottom wall is designed to satisfy the pressure code (ASME Code for Pressure Piping B31, 1980 edition), it is still sufficiently thin to permit ready excitation of the axisymmetric plate modes of vibration. The liquid depth is measured by a conventional pulse-echo technique. The external threads of the plug serve as the primary pressure seal. A prototype gauge, constructed with a 3/4-in. stainless steel plug and a 10-MHz piezoelectric transducer, was tested successfully in a 600-gallon water vessel at pressures up to 5200 psi.
Turbofan duct with noise suppression and boundary layer control (1989)

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Integration of optoelectronic array devices for cell transport and sorting (2001)

Current biochip technologies typically rely on electrostatic or mechanical forces for the transport and sorting of biological samples such as single cells. In this paper we have investigated how optical pressure forces can be effectively used for the manipulation of cells and switching in a microfluidic system. By projecting the optical beams externally non-contact between the control devices and the sample chip is possible thus allowing the sample chips to be disposable which reduces the chance of cross-contamination. In one implementation we have shown that vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) array devices used as parallel optical tweezer arrays can increase the parallelism of sample manipulation on a chip. We have demonstrated the use of a high-order Laguerre-Gaussian mode VCSEL for optical tweezing of polystyrene microspheres and live cells. We have also shown that optical pressure forces from higher- power sources can be used for the switching of particles within microfluidic channels. Both the attractive gradient force and the scattering force of a focused optical beam have been used to direct small particles flowing through junctions molded in PDMS. We believe that by integrating optical array devices for simultaneous detection and manipulation, highly parallel and low-cost analysis and sorting devices may be achieved.
Performance analysis of Spatial Modulation (2010)

In this paper, we propose a framework for analyzing the performance of multiple-antenna wireless systems using the recently proposed Spatial Modulation (SM). More specifically, we derive upper bounds for computing the Average Bit Error Probability (ABEP) of Multiple-Input-Single-Output (MISO) system
Coupling Apoptosis and Cell Division Control in Cancer (2007)

The interface between cell proliferation and cell death is thought to function as a pivotal crossroad essential to the preservation of normal homeostasis and to eliminate dangerous cells before they divide. Survivin is a prototype molecule at this crossroad, intercalated in protection against mitochondrial cell death and orchestrating various aspects of cell division. Dramatically exploited in cancer and an unfavorable gene signature for disease outcome, the survivin pathway provides tangible opportunities for targeted, rational cancer therapy.
Alkali Metal Silicides: A New Material for Heavy-Oil Production Processes (2015)

Summary Alkali-metal silicides are a new class of materials that provide thermal, chemical, and immiscible gas-drive benefits in one treatment. Not previously known in oilfield applications, these materials are energy-dense chemicals that generate heat, hydrogen, and an alkali silicate after reaction with reservoir water. The reaction is only limited by the availability of water in any form; in a closed environment, one can generate pressures &gt;10,000 psi (&gt;68.9 MPa). One can disperse alkali-metal silicides in various hydrocarbon fluids to facilitate placement deep in the reservoir, or one can coat them to allow a time-delayed reaction. One can mill the powders to submicron size for optimum injectivity in high-permeability reservoirs or zones. This combination of reaction-product properties makes silicides particularly applicable for the recovery of heavier crude oils. Because the chemical reaction occurs in situ, silicides are not subject to the thermal-inefficiency limitations of conventional thermal-enhanced-oil-recovery processes at depth. Further, the resulting hydrogen and silicate reaction products represent a “green” chemistry approach that may reduce the environmental impact of oil-recovery operations. This paper discusses the potential impacts of heat, hydrogen, and alkali generated from alkali-metal silicide and presents bench-scale high-permeability unconsolidated-sandpack linear-flood results demonstrating recovery efficiencies up to 93% of original oil in place (residual oil saturation = 0.058). Results also show that alkali-metal silicides can provide accelerated oil production, as much as 20% faster than comparable chemical technologies.
Amino acid vinyl esters: a new monomer palette for degradable polycationic materials (2012)

Toward the goal of developing degradable polycationic materials with tunable backbone charge densities and hydrophilicities, we report the optimized syntheses and polymerization activities of a series of N-Boc-protected amino acidO-vinyl ester (BAAVE) monomers derived from Boc-protected glycine, alanine, valine, and proline. The homopolymerization and copolymerization behaviors of these monomers under thermally initiated conventional free radical polymerization conditions are studied. By conducting copolymerizations of (N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)glycine vinyl ester (BGVE) with vinyl acetate (VAc) at various feed ratios and by analyzing the compositions of the resulting polymers produced at 88 °C using 1,1′-azobis(cyclohexane-1-carbonitrile) (V-40) initiation, we find that the reactivity ratios are rBGVE = 1.61 ± 0.12 and rVAc = 0.82 ± 0.07. Treatment of poly(VAc-co-BAAVE) with neat CF3COOH selectively unmasks the Boc-protected amine functionalities to furnish cationic poly(VAc-co-AAVE·CF3COOH) copolymers. Alternatively, treatment of these random copolymers with methanolic HCl results in the complete hydrolysis of both the Boc-protecting groups as well as the acetate esters, enabling access to well-defined, hydrophilic, polycationic amino acid ester-functionalized poly(vinyl alcohol) materials.
The Inductrack concept: A new approach to magnetic levitation (1996)

This report describes theoretical and experimental investigations of a new approach to the problem of the magnetic levitation of a moving object. By contrast with previously studied levitation approaches, the Inductrack concept concept represents a simpler, potentially less expensive, and totally passive means of levitating a high-speed train. It may also be applicable to other areas where simpler magnetic levitation systems are needed, for example, high-speed test sleds for crash testing applications, or low-friction conveyer systems for industrial use.
Experimental Study of the Fundamental Mistuning Model for Probabilistic Analysis (2005)

FMM is a reduced order model for efficiently calculating the forced response of a mistuned bladed disk. FMM ID is a companion program that determines the mistuning in a particular rotor. Together, these methods provide a way to acquire data on the mistuning in a population of bladed disks and then simulate the forced response of the fleet. This process is tested experimentally, and the simulated results are compared with laboratory measurements of a “fleet” of test rotors. The method is shown to work quite well. It is found that accuracy of the results depends on two factors: the quality of the statistical model used to characterize mistuning, and the sensitivity of the system to errors in the statistical modeling.
Maxwell parallel imaging (2021)

The MPI framework provides a physics-inspired optimization method for the accurate and efficient image reconstruction from arbitrary accelerated scans.