gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Respiratory Guidelines—Which Real World? (2014)

Clinical practice guidelines are usually developed by a group of experts coming together to review the evidence in a field to make evidence-based recommendations on how to integrate new evidence into practice. The development process often draws on strict methodological rules to assess and assign quality grades to the evidence used to underpin the recommendations. Yet the goal of clinical practice guidelines--to help guide clinicians to understand, translate, and apply new evidence into everyday practice--can be thwarted by a lack of diversity and plurality of committee members, by limitations in the published evidence base, and by the design of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that largely underpin their pronouncements. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) RCTs often represent only a minority (5 to 10%) of the routine care population in whom licensed interventions will be applied. Thus, the implications of extrapolating RCT efficacy (based on idealized patients and management settings) to real-life treatment effectiveness (achieved in broad patient populations being managed in routine care) is unclear. Although RCTs can adequately demonstrate efficacy of a specific treatment, pragmatic trials and postmarketing observational studies are usually required to evaluate the long-term safety of therapeutic interventions. The practical usefulness of clinical practice guidelines may be enhanced by ensuring representation of a broad stakeholder group within guideline committees (e.g., patients, primary and secondary care clinicians, policy makers, and health insurers) and by integrating effectiveness as well as efficacy data. Only in this way can clinical practice guidelines achieve their goal of guiding the meaningful implementation of new research into practice, for the benefit of all stakeholders.
Purification and characterization of multiple isoforms of tropomyosin from rat cultured cells. (1985)

We have previously shown that rat cultured cells contain five isoforms of tropomyosin (Matsumura, F., Yamashiro-Matsumura, S., and Lin, J. J.-C. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 6636-6644) and that these tropomyosins are differentially expressed upon cell transformation (Matsumura, F., Lin, J. J.-C., Yamashiro-Matsumura, S., Thomas, G. P., and Topp, W. C. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 13954-13964). To examine functions of tropomyosin in microfilament organization, we have purified and partially separated the multiple isoforms of tropomyosin by chromatography on hydroxylapatite. Analyses of cross-linked dimers produced by air oxidation have revealed that all isoforms except the tropomyosin isoform with apparent Mr of 35,000 form homodimers. Although these tropomyosins share many properties characteristic of tropomyosin, structural analyses at a peptide level and immunological analyses have shown that the five isoforms can be classified into two groups, i.e. tropomyosins with higher apparent Mr (Mr = 40,000, 36,500, and 35,000) and tropomyosins with lower apparent Mr (Mr = 32,400 and 32,000). The low Mr tropomyosins show less ability for head-to-tail polymerization and lower affinity to actin than the high Mr tropomyosins. We suggest that these differences in properties may be related to the changes in microfilament organization observed in transformed cells.
Pre-Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Experimental Vaccines Based on Non-Replicating Vaccinia Vectors against Yellow Fever (2011)

The non-replicating recombinant YF candidate live vaccines induced a broad immune response after single dose administration, were effective even in the presence of a pre-existing immunity against vaccinia virus and demonstrated an excellent safety profile in mice.
Effects of symmetry, shape, and structural parameters of two-dimensional SiNx photonic crystal on the extracted light from Y2O3:Eu3+ film (2009)

This study examined the effects of the triangular- and square-lattice symmetries as well as the nanorod and airhole shapes of two-dimensional (2D) SiNx photonic crystal layers (PCLs) on the light extraction efficiency of thin-film phosphors (TFPs) in an attempt to improve the light extraction efficiency from the phosphor side of an Y2O3:Eu3+ thin film. Triangular-lattice and square-lattice 2D SiNx nanorods/airholes were fabricated as PCLs on sol-gel derived Y2O3:Eu3+ TFPs using different combinations of the following processes: nanosphere lithography or laser interfering lithography, mask fabrication, and reactive ion etching. The integrated light efficiency of the triangular lattice was approximately 1.33 and 1.64 times as high as that of the square lattice for the nanorods and airholes. The greatest improvement in the phosphor-side extraction efficiency of the Y2O3:Eu3+ TFPs was obtained by adding triangular-lattice 2D SiNx airhole PCL arrays. The angular distribution of the light emitted from the various types of 2D SiNx PCL-coated Y2O3:Eu3+ TFPs was also investigated to better understand the effects of the symmetry and shape of the 2D PCLs on the viewing angle of the light emitted from the Y2O3:Eu3+ thin films. Moreover, the effects of structural parameters, including the dielectric-areal fill factor and lattice parameter (below cutoff size and above 1.0 μm size, as well as the optimum size of triangular lattice) of the 2D SiNx PC arrays, on the extraction efficiency of the Y2O3:Eu3+ TFPs were investigated to improve the scattering capability of the leaky modes as a function of the structural parameters. This enhanced extraction efficiency was attributed to the scattering of the forward emission excited directly by inward UV and the scattering of re-excited forward emission by backscattered UV through the leaky and/or Bragg scattering produced by the 2D periodic array.
A Comparative Study of Hollywood Movie Successfulness Prediction Model (2019)

The movie industry is a highly competitive industry with a lot of new movies are queued to be released each year. Movie making is subject to potential profits or loss in the magnitude of billion of dollars making this industry very risky. Predicting the successfulness of movie based on its financial performance prior to the release date is valuable in order to reduce number of uncertainties faced by decision makers such as producers, distributors, and exhibitors. Using the concept of machine learning, we suggest a classification model to predict the successfulness of a Hollywood Movie using Artificial Neural Network, Naïve Bayes and Support Vector Machine. The objective of this research is to compare classification algorithms performance for predicting the successfulness of Hollywood movies before they are being released. Artificial Neural Network produces the best model in terms of performance in predicting a movie successfulness. Reaching 80% of accuracy and having above 80% of F-measure, precision, and recall suggests that Artificial Neural Network is a good model to assist producers, distributors and exhibitors assess risks.
Distributed design-space exploration for high-level synthesis systems (1992)

A parallel algorithm for design-space exploration and trade-off analysis is presented. Coarse-grained parallelism is introduced by generating multiple module bags and performing scheduling and performance analysis of the data flow graph for each module bag in parallel. This algorithm was implemented on a multiple processor machine as part of a distributed high-level synthesis system. Experimental results showed reduction in search time, improvement in design quality, and close-to-linear speedup. >
Treatment of advanced and recurrent ovarian carcinoma with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (1984)

Forty-seven patients with primary advanced (N = 37) or recurrent ovarian carcinoma (N = 10) completed a 12-month course of CAP chemotherapy or developed progressive disease while on therapy and were evaluated. All patients were treated between August 1, 1977 and August 1, 1982. Cyclophosphamide 400 mg/m2, Adriamycin (doxorubicin) 40 mg/m2, and cisplatin 60 mg/m2, were administered every 4 weeks intravenously. After 8 courses the cisplatin was stopped. The patients then received 500 mg/m2 of cyclophosphamide and 50 mg/m2 of Adriamycin. At the cumulative dose of 450 mg/m2, the Adriamycin was stopped and cyclophosphamide was given at 1 g/m2 alone until the patient had received a total of 12-13 courses from the initiation of the chemotherapy protocol. The cardiac, renal, and hematopoetic toxicity of the regimen was mild to moderate. The median survival of the entire study population was 32 months. The median survival of the patients with primary disease was 36 months. The median survival of patients with recurrent disease was 20 months. There was a significant difference in median survival based on size of the largest lesion prior to initiation of chemotherapy. There was no difference in median survival based on tumor grade or comparing Stage III to Stage IV tumors. The most important aspects of the study appeared to be the length of the median survival of the patients, the fact that all patients who were complete responders and who were considered to have no evidence of disease, have been documented by second look, and the success of secondary treatment after second-look procedures revealed persistent tumor. The authors additionally report the use of weight change as an indicator of tumor response, and the importance of the pelvic examination complimented by fine-needle aspiration in following the course of these patients.
Novel EP4 Receptor Agonist-Bisphosphonate Conjugate Drug (C1) Promotes Bone Formation and Improves Vertebral Mechanical Properties in the Ovariectomized Rat Model of Postmenopausal Bone Loss (2014)

Current treatments for postmenopausal osteoporosis aim to either promote bone formation or inhibit bone resorption. The C1 conjugate drug represents a new treatment approach by chemically linking the antiresorptive compound alendronate (ALN) with the anabolic agent prostanoid EP4 receptor agonist (EP4a) through a linker molecule (LK) to form a conjugate compound. This enables the bone-targeting ability of ALN to deliver EP4a to bone sites and mitigate the systemic side effects of EP4a, while also facilitating dual antiresorptive and anabolic effects. In vivo hydrolysis is required to release the EP4a and ALN components for pharmacological activity. Our study investigated the in vivo efficacy of this drug in treating established bone loss using an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of postmenopausal osteopenia. In a curative experiment, 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were OVX, allowed to lose bone for 7 weeks, then treated for 6 weeks. Treatment groups consisted of C1 conjugate at low and high doses, vehicle-treated OVX and sham, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), and mixture of unconjugated ALN-LK and EP4a to assess the effect of conjugation. Results showed that weekly administration of C1 conjugate dose-dependently increased bone volume in trabecular bone, which partially or completely reversed OVX-induced bone loss in the lumbar vertebra and improved vertebral mechanical strength. The conjugate also dose-dependently stimulated endocortical woven bone formation and intracortical resorption in cortical bone, with high-dose treatment increasing the mechanical strength but compromising the material properties. Conjugation between the EP4a and ALN-LK components was crucial to the drug's anabolic efficacy. To our knowledge, the C1 conjugate represents the first time that a combined therapy using an anabolic agent and the antiresorptive compound ALN has shown significant anabolic effects which reversed established osteopenia.
Patient-Centered Perspective on Treatment Outcomes in Chronic Pain (2009)

Results highlight the importance of assessing the patient's view of successful outcome. Both fibromyalgia and back pain patients appear to have stringent criteria for success that existing treatments are often unlikely to meet. Comparison across groups indicated fibromyalgia patients have higher usual levels of pain, fatigue, distress, and interference. Interestingly, fibromyalgia patients also require greater changes across domains in order to consider treatment successful, despite rating higher levels of pain, fatigue, distress, and interference as successful. Recognizing patients' success criteria and treatment expectations encourages discussion and development of individualized treatment goals, and wider implementation of individualized treatment for chronic-pain populations is encouraged.
Solvents and Supporting Electrolytes in the Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 (2019)

Different electrolytes applied in the aqueous electrocatalytic CO<sub>2</sub> reduction reaction (CO<sub>2</sub>RR) considerably influence the catalyst performance. Their concentration, species, buffer capacity, and pH value influence the local reaction conditions and impact the product distribution of the electrocatalyst. Relevant properties of prospective solvents include their basicity, CO<sub>2</sub> solubility, conductivity, and toxicity, which affect the CO<sub>2</sub>RR and the applicability of the solvents. The complexity of an electrochemical system impedes the direct correlation between a single parameter and cell performance indicators such as the Faradaic efficiency; thus the effects of different electrolytes are often not fully comprehended. For an industrial application, a deeper understanding of the effects described in this review can help with the prediction of performance, as well as the development of scalable electrolyzers. In this review, the application of supporting electrolytes and different solvents in the CO<sub>2</sub>RR reported in the literature are summarized and discussed.
When subjects behave like objects (2000)

This paper is concerned with the cross-linguistic expression of a universal information-structure category called the ‘thetic’ or ‘sentence-focus’ (SF) category. The SF category differs from the unmarked ‘predicate-focus’ (PF) or ‘categorical’ category by the absence of a topic-comment relation between the subject and the predicate and it differs from the marked ‘argument-focus’ (AF) category by the absence of a focus-presupposition relation between an argument and an open proposition. The theoretical issue explored here is the question of the relationship between the form and the function of SF constructions, i.e. the question of motivation in grammar. I argue that the form of SF constructions is motivated by the need to distinguish them minimally from corresponding PF constructions. The form and interpretation of a given SF sentence is thus determined not only by the syntagmatic relations among its constituents but also by the paradigmatic relation between the SF sentence as a whole and the corresponding PF sentence, i.e. in terms of a systemic opposition. Since the distinctive property of SF sentences is the absence of a topic-comment relation between the subject and the predicate, SF marking entails the marking of the subject as a non-topic. I show that across languages this non-topic marking of SF subjects tends to be done via those morphosyntactic, prosodic, or behavioral features which are normally associated with the focal objects of PF constructions. The analysis confirms the necessity to treat the pragmatic relations topic and focus on a par with the grammatical relations subject and object and the semantic roles agent and patient. In seeking to explain the form-function fit in SF constructions in terms of the structuralist notion of paradigmatic opposition the analysis challenges both functional and formal generative approaches to grammar.
Efficient H/D Exchange Reactions of Alkyl‐Substituted Benzene Derivatives by Means of the Pd/C–H<sub>2</sub>–D<sub>2</sub>O System (2007)

A method for efficient and extensive H/D exchange of substituted benzene derivatives which is catalyzed by heterogeneous Pd/C in D(2)O as a deuterium source under hydrogen atmosphere is described. Multi-deuterium incorporation into unactivated linear or branched alkyl chains that bear a carboxyl, hydroxyl, ether, ester, or amide moiety and are connected with a benzene ring was achieved by using the Pd/C-H(2)-D(2)O system. The present method does not require expensive deuterium gas or any special equipment.
Efficacy of Codelivery of Dual AAV2/5 Vectors in the Murine Retina and Hippocampus (2012)

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) represents an efficient system for neuronal transduction. However, a potential drawback of AAV is its restricted packaging capacity of approximately 5 kb. To bypass this limitation, a number of dual- and triple-vector strategies divide the transgene(s) between two or three AAVs. The success of these approaches relies directly on efficient cotransduction of the component AAVs. Although proof of concept for these stratagems has been demonstrated, the underlying cotransduction rate has not been analyzed quantitatively. In this study, cotransduction efficiencies in both retina and hippocampus have been investigated, using two reporter AAVs expressing either a green (GFP) or red (DsR) fluorescent protein. Transduction efficiencies were monitored via microscopy, flow cytometry, and quantitative PCR. After viral transduction with 1.5×10(9) viral particles of each of the reporter AAVs, approximately one-third of the retinal cells expressed one or both transgenes at levels detectable by native fluorescence. Notably, the majority of the remaining retinal cells were also transduced and expressed the reporters at lower levels, which were detectable only by immunolabeling. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated cotransduction rates of up to 55% with the two reporter AAVs in retinal cells. Modifying the ratio of the two coadministered AAVs resulted in altered mRNA expression levels of the two reporter genes in cotransduced cell populations. The study suggests that codelivery of AAV is an efficient means of expanding the therapeutic application of AAV in neurons.
Enhancement of the performance of a fiber-based frequency comb by referencing to an acetylene-stabilized fiber laser (2017)

We demonstrate a significant improvement in the performance of a fiber-based frequency comb when a GPS-disciplined Rb clock is replaced with an acetylene-stabilized laser as the frequency reference. We have developed a compact, maintenance-free acetylene-stabilized fiber laser with a sub-kHz short-term linewidth and an Allan deviation below 3×10<sup>-13</sup> for integration times above 1 s. Switching the comb reference from the Rb clock to the acetylene-stabilized laser improves both comb tooth linewidth and Allan deviation by about two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, long-term measurements of the acetylene-stabilized laser frequency with reference to the GPS-disciplined clock indicate a potential relative frequency uncertainty of 2 × 10<sup>-12</sup>.
Even harmonic type direct conversion receiver ICs for mobile handsets: design challenges and solutions (1999)

This paper presents novel direct conversion receiver ICs for miniaturized mobile handsets. The configuration of a proposed even harmonic mixing technique, developed ICs and evaluation results of overall digital receivers for PHS, GSM and CDMA are described in following discussions. With the proposed technique, developed ICs achieve high dynamic range with low second order mixing products that degrade sensitivity. This proposed technique contributes to the "receiver on chip".
Surface reconstruction with anisotropic density-scaled alpha shapes (1998)

Generation of a three-dimensional model from an unorganized set of points is an active area of research in computer graphics. Alpha shapes can be employed to construct a surface which most closely reflects the object described by the points. However, no /spl alpha/-shape, for any value of /spl alpha/, can properly detail discontinuous regions of a model. We introduce herein two methods of improving the results of reconstruction using /spl alpha/-shapes: density-scaling, which modulates the value of a depending on the density of points in a region; and anisotropic shaping, which modulates the form of the /spl alpha/-ball based on point normals. We give experimental results that show the successes and limitations of our method.
Synthesis and characterization of a fluorescence probe of the transition and dynamic properties of membranes (1983)

We describe the synthesis and characterization of a new fluorescence probe whose emission spectra, anisotropies, and wavelength-dependent decay times are highly sensitive to the phase state of phospholipid vesicles. This probe is 6-palmitoyl-2-[[2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl]methylamino] naphthalene chloride (Patman). The emission maximum of Patman shifts from 425 to 470 nm at the bilayer transition temperatures. The spectral properties of Patman reveal nanosecond time-dependent spectral shifts, which are the result of membrane relaxation around the excited state of Patman. The apparent fluorescence lifetimes of Patman are strongly dependent upon the emission wavelength, and the fluorescence phase and modulation data prove that the spectral shifts are due to an excited-state process, and not ground-state heterogeneity. As expected, the fluorescence anisotropies reflect the phase transitions of the bilayers. In addition, the anisotropies are dependent upon the emission wavelength because the duration of the excited state varies across the emission spectrum. The different apparent lifetimes across the emission spectrum allow the relaxed and unrelaxed emission spectra to be resolved by phase-sensitive detection of fluorescence. Also, the emission spectra of Patman show marked shifts to longer wavelengths as the excitation wavelength is increased. These red-edge excitation shifts are sensitive to the temperature and phase state of the bilayers.