gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-speed low-voltage electro-optic modulator with a polymer-infiltrated silicon photonic crystal waveguide (2008)

A novel electro-optic silicon-based modulator with a bandwidth of 78GHz, a drive voltage amplitude of 1V and a length of only 80 microm is proposed. Such record data allow 100Gbit/s transmission and can be achieved by exploiting a combination of several physical effects. First, we rely on the fast and strong nonlinearities of polymers infiltrated into silicon, rather than on the slower free-carrier effect in silicon. Second, we use a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with slotted slow-light waveguides for minimizing the modulator length, but nonetheless providing a long interaction time for modulation field and optical mode. Third, with this short modulator length we avoid bandwidth limitations by RC time constants. The slow-light waveguides are based on a photonic crystal. A polymer-filled narrow slot in the waveguide center forms the interaction region, where both the optical mode and the microwave modulation field are strongly confined to. The waveguides are designed to have a low optical group velocity and negligible dispersion over a 1THz bandwidth. With an adiabatic taper we significantly enhance the coupling to the slow light mode. The feasibility of broadband slow-light transmission and efficient taper coupling has been previously demonstrated by us with calculations and microwave model experiments, where fabrication-induced disorder of the photonic crystal was taken into account.
Singling out the tip cell of the Malpighian tubules ‐ lessons from neurogenesis (1995)

The development of each of the four Malpighian tubules of Drosophila during embryogenesis requires a special cell, the tip cell, to achieve full growth. A central question concerns how the tip cell acquires its unique properties within the tubule primordium. In a recent report, a sequence of key gene expression events in both the tip cell and its cellular neighbours is described. The results show that there are some significant parallels between tip cell selection and the mechanisms that help select neuroblasts within the developing neuroectoderm. Beyond these similarities between neural development and tip cell selection, the later differentiation of the tip cell shows some intriguing elements of neural cell differentiation.
Luminescence Saturation via Mn<sup>2+</sup>–Exciton Cross Relaxation in Colloidal Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals (2012)

Colloidal Mn2+-doped semiconductor nanocrystals such as Mn2+:ZnSe have attracted broad attention for potential applications in phosphor and imaging technologies. Here, we report saturation of the sensitized Mn2+ photoluminescence intensity at very low continuous-wave (CW) and quasi-CW photoexcitation powers under conditions that are relevant to many of the proposed applications. Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements and kinetic modeling indicate that this saturation arises from an Auger-type nonradiative cross relaxation between an excited Mn2+ ion and an exciton within the same nanocrystal. A lower limit of k = 2 × 1010 s–1 is established for the fundamental rate constant of the Mn2+(4T1)-exciton cross relaxation.
Structure−Activity Relationships of <i>N</i> <sup>2</sup>-Aryl-3-(isoxazolylsulfamoyl)-2-thiophenecarboxamides as Selective Endothelin Receptor-A Antagonists (1997)

We report here that N2-aryl-3-(isoxazolylsulfamoyl)-2-thiophenecarboxamides are potent and selective small molecule ETA receptor antagonists. The aryl group was subjected to extensive structural modification. With monosubstitution, the para position was most useful in increasing potency, with methyl being preferred. With disubstitution, 2,4-disubstitution further enhanced activity with methyl or cyano groups being preferred at the 2-position. In this series, a benzo-[d][1,3]dioxole group is equivalent to a 4-methyl group in in vitro activity and afforded the compounds with both in vivo activity and moderate half-lives.
Development of a high-power neutron-producing lithium target for boron neutron capture therapy (2000)

A neutron producing lithium target for a novel, accelerator based cancer treatment requires the removal of up to 6kW of heat produced by 1-2mA beam of 2.3-3.0MeV protons. This paper presents the results form computer simulations which show that, using submerged jet cooling, a solid lithium target can be maintained up to 1.6mA, and a liquid target up to 2.6mA, assuming a 3.0MeV proton beam. The predictions from the simulations are verified through the use of an experimental heat transfer test-rig and the result form a number of metallurgical studies made to select a compatible substrate material for the lithium are reported.
Contribution of the N-terminal region of hirudin to its interaction with thrombin (1989)

Hirudin is a 65-residue polypeptide that specifically inhibits thrombin by forming a tight, noncovalent complex with the enzyme. The role of the two amino-terminal valine residues and the N-terminal alpha-amino group of hirudin in the formation of the complex has been investigated by site-directed mutagenesis and chemical modification. Replacement of the two N-terminal valyl residues of recombinant hirudin by polar amino acids resulted in an increase in the inhibition constant (KI). In contrast, replacement of these residues by hydrophobic amino acids had little effect on the value for KI. These results demonstrated that the hydrophobic nature of the N-terminal residues of hirudin was important for its interaction with thrombin. Addition of a single amino acid to the N-terminus of hirudin resulted in a marked increase in the value of KI. A similar effect was observed when the positive charge of the alpha-amino group was removed by acetylation. In contrast, amidination of this group, which preserves the positive charge, resulted in a less pronounced increase in the value of KI. Thus, it appears that a positive charge immediately adjacent to the N-terminal hydrophobic residue is required for optimal binding to thrombin.
Benchmarking of Pattern Recognition Techniques for Online Tool Wear Detection (2018)

Abstract Pattern recognition techniques have been implemented in real-time tool condition monitoring (TCM) systems to improve their robustness and reliability. The performance and accuracy of these techniques vary depending on their algorithm and the dataset properties. This research benchmarks six pattern recognition techniques to optimize the learning effort, classification accuracy and calculation time for TCM in milling of Al-Alloys using spindle-drive feedback. The techniques were tested using a generalized dataset where the tool condition has a dominant effect over the cutting conditions. The analysis demonstrated the high capability of the linear discriminant analysis technique compared to other techniques.
The Tox21 10K Compound Library: Collaborative Chemistry Advancing Toxicology (2020)

Since 2009, the Tox21 project has screened ∼8500 chemicals in more than 70 high-throughput assays, generating upward of 100 million data points, with all data publicly available through partner websites at the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), and National Toxicology Program (NTP). Underpinning this public effort is the largest compound library ever constructed specifically for improving understanding of the chemical basis of toxicity across research and regulatory domains. Each Tox21 federal partner brought specialized resources and capabilities to the partnership, including three approximately equal-sized compound libraries. All Tox21 data generated to date have resulted from a confluence of ideas, technologies, and expertise used to design, screen, and analyze the Tox21 10K library. The different programmatic objectives of the partners led to three distinct, overlapping compound libraries that, when combined, not only covered a diversity of chemical structures, use-categories, and properties but also incorporated many types of compound replicates. The history of development of the Tox21 "10K" chemical library and data workflows implemented to ensure quality chemical annotations and allow for various reproducibility assessments are described. Cheminformatics profiling demonstrates how the three partner libraries complement one another to expand the reach of each individual library, as reflected in coverage of regulatory lists, predicted toxicity end points, and physicochemical properties. ToxPrint chemotypes (CTs) and enrichment approaches further demonstrate how the combined partner libraries amplify structure-activity patterns that would otherwise not be detected. Finally, CT enrichments are used to probe global patterns of activity in combined ToxCast and Tox21 activity data sets relative to test-set size and chemical versus biological end point diversity, illustrating the power of CT approaches to discern patterns in chemical-activity data sets. These results support a central premise of the Tox21 program: A collaborative merging of programmatically distinct compound libraries would yield greater rewards than could be achieved separately.
A novel compliant-bump structure for ACA-bonded chip-on-flex (COF) interconnects with ultra-fine pitch (2009)

As the growing demand for high-density electronic applications, a novel COF package with sidewall-insulated Au-coated polyimide (PI) compliant-bumps using a double- layer ACA that can meet the assembly requirement is thus developed for ultra-fine pitch interconnects in this work. The reliability of the ACA-bonded COF package with 20 mum pitch using both Au-bumps and compliant-bumps is examined, respectively. The double-layer ACA consists of an ACA layer with 2.8 mum conductive particles in diameter and a NCA layer selected as an interlayer to bind the silicon chip and the flexible substrate together. Bonding accuracy for ultra-fine pitch is inspected through X-ray works after bonding. To evaluate the bonding quality, both the electrical insulation test and the contact resistance measurement of daisy chain with 606 I/Os around the peripheral of chip are performed. Three types of single-layer ACA with 3 mum, 3.5 mum and 5 mum conductive particles in diameter and a single-layer NCA are also adopted to compare their electrical insulation resistance with those by the double-layer ACA, respectively. The compliant-bump bonded samples using the double-layer ACA show their excellent electrical insulation performance even at 5 mum joint space whereas the Au-bump bonded ones present more than 50% short-circuiting rate no matter what ACA used. It is worthwhile to mention that the compliant- bump assembled with 20 mum pitch COF also passes its reliability evaluation by both the 85degC/85% RH thermal humidity storage test (THST) for 1,000 hours and -55degC ~125degC thermal cycling test (TCT) for 1,000 cycles. The interfaces between silicon chip and substrate for failed samples from the reliability tests are then inspected through the cross-section SEM images. From the results presented, reliable bonding quality and stable contact resistance of the COF package bonded with the compliant-bump structure using the double-layer ACA demonstrate its high potentiality for ultra-fine pitch applications.
Nitroxyl Improves Cellular Heart Function by Directly Enhancing Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca <sup>2+</sup> Cycling (2006)

Heart failure remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although depressed pump function is common, development of effective therapies to stimulate contraction has proven difficult. This is thought to be attributable to their frequent reliance on cAMP stimulation to increase activator Ca(2+). A potential alternative is nitroxyl (HNO), the 1-electron reduction product of nitric oxide (NO) that improves contraction and relaxation in normal and failing hearts in vivo. The mechanism for myocyte effects remains unknown. Here, we show that this activity results from a direct interaction of HNO with the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pump and the ryanodine receptor 2, leading to increased Ca(2+) uptake and release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. HNO increases the open probability of isolated ryanodine-sensitive Ca(2+)-release channels and accelerates Ca(2+) reuptake into isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum by stimulating ATP-dependent Ca(2+) transport. Contraction improves with no net rise in diastolic calcium. These changes are not induced by NO, are fully reversible by addition of reducing agents (redox sensitive), and independent of both cAMP/protein kinase A and cGMP/protein kinase G signaling. Rather, the data support HNO/thiolate interactions that enhance the activity of intracellular Ca(2+) cycling proteins. These findings suggest HNO donors are attractive candidates for the pharmacological treatment of heart failure.
Genomic Imprinting of IGF2 Is Maintained in Infantile Hemangioma despite its High Level of Expression (2004)

Hemangioma, the most common tumor of infancy, is characterized by rapid growth and slow regression. Increased mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) has been detected in the proliferating phase by cDNA microarray analysis, but the underlying mechanism causing the increase remains unknown. Here, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry, we show that IGF2 is highly expressed in both proliferating and involuting phase hemangioma, but is not detectable in other vascular lesions such as pyogenic granuloma, venous malformation, lymphatic malformation, or in normal infant skin. Loss of imprinting of the Igf2 gene has been associated with IGF2 overexpression in a variety of childhood tumors. To determine if loss of imprinting and consequent bi-allelic expression might contribute to the increased expression of IGF2, we examined the genomic imprinting status of Igf2 in 48 individual hemangiomas. We determined allele-specific Igf2 expression using reverse transcriptase-PCR combined with analysis of an Apa I-sensitive restriction fragment length polymorphism. Similar to heterozygous normal skin controls, all 15 informative hemangiomas showed uniform mono-allelic expression of Igf2. Therefore, loss of imprinting is not involved in the increased expression of IGF2 in infantile hemangioma.
Effects of fluorine dimer excimer laser radiation on the optical transmission and defect formation of various types of synthetic SiO2 glasses (1999)

Changes in the optical absorption and the formation of point defects in three types of synthetic SiO2 glasses, wet (OH content; 120 ppm), dry (OH content &lt;1 ppm), and fluorine (F)-doped (∼1 mol %) SiO2 glasses, by irradiation with fluorine dimer (F2) excimer laser light pulses (∼8 mJ/cm2/pulse×3.6×105 pulses) were examined by various spectroscopic methods. Intense optical absorptions were induced in the wet and dry silicas in the range of 4–8 eV, whereas the intensity of absorptions induced in the F-doped silica was smaller by an order of magnitude than that in the F-free glasses. The optical transmission at the wavelength of 157 nm after the irradiation was F-doped silica≫wet silica&gt;dry silica. The dominant electron spin resonance-active defect in the irradiated specimens was the nonbridging oxygen-hole center (NBOHC) for the wet silica, or the E′ center in the dry silica. The concentration of NBOHCs or E′ centers in the F-doped silica was lower by an order of magnitude than that in the wet or dry silica. The present results suggest the possibility of using F-doped silica glasses as photomask materials for F2 laser lithography.
Arsenic trioxide is effective in the treatment of multiple myeloma in SCID mice (2004)

Present study confirms in vivo the in vitro effects of ATO on myeloma cells. Delayed relapses were observed suggesting that prolonged or maintenance therapy has to be considered in future clinical trials. Whether or not this will translate into clinically relevant effect of the drug in myeloma patients deserves further consideration.
Interfacial properties of lignite, graphite, kaolin, and pyrite (1988)

This project consists of four major experiments, in which the surface/interfacial and adsorption properties, particle size, and specific surface area of Lignite (35-, 200-, and 400-mesh), Graphite Powder, Kaolin, and Pyrite, are measured. The first two experiments involve measuring the external specific surface area of the six powdered samples using the BET volumetric adsorption apparatus with N/sub 2/ as the adsorbate, and measuring five average characteristic particle diameters and the particle size distribution of these samples with the Omnicon Alpha Particle Field Image Analyzer. The third experiment involves obtaining the adsorption and desorption isotherms of the samples and determining the effect of pressure, temperature, particle size, and intrinsic nature of the coal mineral on these isotherms. Finally, the fourth experiment consists of two parts: (1) The pendant drop method, involving a water pendant drop in the presence of a CO/sub 2/(g) or CO/sub 2/(1) medium, in which the liquid-vapor and liquid-liquid interfacial tensions are measured as functions of CO/sub 2/ pressure, temperature, and CO/sub 2/ phase used, based on the drop's physical dimensions at equilibrium; (2) the sessile drop method, involving a water sessile drop in equilibrium on a pelletized sample of the coal mineral in a CO/sub 2/(g) ormore » CO/sub 2/(1) environment. The ultimate objective of this project is to determine the effect of the system parameters (i.e. CO/sub 2/ pressure, temperature, CO/sub 2/ phase) and nature of the coal minerals (i.e. intrinsic and particle size/surface area) on the relative wettability of the three-phase system of coal mineral-water-CO/sub 2/ through an analysis of the interfacial and adsorption properties of the coal minerals.« less
Experimental Study on Performance Parameters of Power Cable Conduits of Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (2020)

Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) pipes are used more and more widely as protective conduits in the field of power cables. According to the application characteristics in the field of cables, there are special requirements for the performance parameters of CPVC pipes. In this paper, several key performance parameters such as CPVC pipe size inspection, ring stiffness, longitudinal retraction rate, vicat softening temperature, density and flattening test are selected, and the theoretical research of the test method is carried out. On the basis of theoretical research, the difference between the dimensional inspection, the ring stiffness, the longitudinal retraction rate, the density and the vicat softening temperature parameters of the unqualified sample and the qualified sample are compared. It is found that the unqualified samples of the flattening test have relatively poor compressive performance, and the longitudinal plasticity stability under the influence of the heat source is also relatively poor. Moreover, when the sample size is unqualified, it directly affects the compressive performance of the sample. Through the research results, it provides the necessary reference for the application of CPVC pipes in the field of power cables.
Vertical-cavity laser diode polarization switching and control (1993)

It is demonstrated that the polarization characteristics of VCSEL (vertical cavity surface emitting laser) diodes can be uniquely influenced by the geometric transverse cavity shape. The laser output polarization direction is controlled by intentionally introducing anisotropy in VCSEL diodes using novel transverse cavity shapes. Orthogonal polarization switching of the VCSEL fundamental transverse optical mode is demonstrated. Whereas circular VCSELs can have competing orthogonal polarizations in the fundamental mode, a single polarization in an arbitrary direction can be selected and maintained using a rhombus-shaped cavity. Cross-shaped VCSELs provide a means for modulating the fundamental mode between orthogonal polarizations.
The Effects of Chemical Degradation on Polymer Flooding (1985)

ABSTRACT Polymers are known to degrade chemically under reservoir conditions. In this paper we simulate the effect of chemical degradation on polymer flooding, using a modified chemical flooding code. We particularly investigate layered reservoirs, in which vertical crossflow is shown to be the leading oil recovery mechanism. The calculated effects of degradation are explained in terms of the effects of polymer on fluid flow patterns. Results are presented for different polymer and reservoir types, and the effect of non-uniform reservoir temperature on degradation rates is also studied. It is shown that there are a number of types of polymer flood in which the effects of chemical degradation are less severe than might initially be expected.
New vision for emergency care (2013)

Keith Willett asks nurses to become ambassadors for NHS England’s blueprint for change
Binding site on the murine IFN-gamma receptor for IFN-gamma has been identified using the synthetic peptide approach. (1993)

We have studied the structural parameters involved in the binding of murine IFN-gamma (MuIFN-gamma) to its receptor. Ten synthetic overlapping peptides corresponding to the extracellular domain of the MuIFN-gamma receptor (MuIFN-gamma R) were synthesized. In direct binding studies, biotinylated MuIFN-gamma bound specifically to receptor peptide (95-120). Further, the NH2-terminal IFN-gamma peptide, MuIFN-gamma (1-39), also specifically bound to receptor peptide (95-120). Binding of both labeled MuIFN-gamma and MuIFN-gamma (1-39) to MuIFN-gamma R peptide (95-120) was inhibited by either unlabeled molecule. The COOH-terminal receptor binding peptide, MuIFN-gamma (95-133), neither bound to any receptor peptides nor blocked the binding of intact MuIFN-gamma or MuIFN-gamma (1-39) to receptor peptide (95-120). Polyclonal antibodies to each of the peptides were then produced. Each of the anti-peptide antisera recognized its corresponding peptide and bound denatured cloned soluble receptor by Western blotting. Furthermore, the antisera to peptides representing the inner region of the extracellular domain of the receptor bound to nondenatured soluble MuIFN-gamma R. Specifically, antisera to the receptor peptides (73-97), (95-120), (118-143), (142-163), and (161-182) bound to soluble MuIFN-gamma R, whereas antisera to peptides (1-21), (20-49), (46-74), (178-203), and (202-227) did not bind. Most important, antisera to peptides (95-120) and (118-143) competed with [125I]MuIFN-gamma for binding to soluble receptor. These results show that the region of the MuIFN-gamma R encompassing amino acid residues (95-120) is a binding site on the receptor for the NH2-terminal of MuIFN-gamma by direct binding, and that the larger region (95-143) on the receptor may play a role in binding of intact MuIFN-gamma based on blocking of binding by site-specific antibodies.
Employing the promiscuity of lantibiotic biosynthetic machineries to produce novel antimicrobials (2016)

As the number of new antibiotics that reach the market is decreasing and the demand for them is rising, alternative sources of novel antimicrobials are needed. Lantibiotics are potent peptide antimicrobials that are ribosomally synthesized and stabilized by post-translationally introduced lanthionine rings. Their ribosomal synthesis and enzymatic modifications provide excellent opportunities to design and engineer a large variety of novel antimicrobial compounds. The research conducted in this area demonstrates that the modularity present in both the peptidic rings as well as in the combination of promiscuous modification enzymes can be exploited to further increase the diversity of lantibiotics. Various approaches, where the modifying enzymes and corresponding leader peptides are decoupled from their natural core peptide and integrated in designed plug-and-play production systems, enable the production of modified peptides that are either derived from vast genomic data or designed using functional parts from a wide diversity of core peptides. These approaches constitute a powerful discovery platform to develop novel antimicrobials with high therapeutic potential.