gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Organic gas emissions from a stoichiometric direct injection spark ignition engine operating on ethanol/gasoline blends (2010)

The organic gas emissions from a stoichiometric direct injection spark ignition engine operating on ethanol/gasoline blends have been assessed under warmed-up and cold idle conditions. The speciated emissions show that the total organic gas emissions (in ppm C1) decrease with increase in ethanol content. The mole fraction of ethanol in the exhaust is proportional to the volume fraction of ethanol in the fuel: a 10 per cent increase in the latter would yield a 5.5 per cent increase in the former. The ethanol–acetaldehyde ratio (by mol) in the exhaust is 6. These results hold for both the warmed-up and the cold idle conditions, with the exception of E85 at cold idle because of the difficulty in fuel evaporation. The dependence of the organic gas emissions on injection timing may be divided into three regimes. With early injection, the fuel bounce from the piston results in high emissions. With injection in mid-stroke, the emissions are low and not sensitive to the fuel pressure. With injection close to the bottom of the stroke, the interaction of the fuel deposit on the wall and the piston (which comes up shortly) results in higher emissions. The behaviour is similar for all the ethanol/gasoline blends with the exception of E85 under cold idle condition.
The Manumeter: A Wearable Device for Monitoring Daily Use of the Wrist and Fingers (2014)

Nonobtrusive options for monitoring the wrist and hand movement are needed for stroke rehabilitation and other applications. This paper describes the "manumeter," a device that logs total angular distance travelled by wrist and finger joints using a magnetic ring worn on the index finger and two triaxial magnetometers mounted in a watch-like unit. We describe an approach to estimate the wrist and finger joint angles using a radial basis function network that maps differential magnetometer readings to joint angles. We tested this approach by comparing manumeter estimates of total angular excursion with those from a passive goniometric exoskeleton worn simultaneously as seven participants completed a set of 12 manual tasks at low-, medium-, and high-intensity conditions on a first testing day, 1-2 days later, and 6-8 days later, using only the original calibration from the first testing day. Manumeter estimates scaled proportionally to the intensity of hand activity. Estimates of angular excursion made with the manumeter were 92.5% ± 28.4 (SD), 98.3% ± 23.3, and 94.7% ± 19.3 of the goniometric exoskeleton across the three testing days, respectively. Magnetic sensing of wrist and finger movement is nonobtrusive and can quantify the amount of use of the hand across days.
Characterizing radio resource allocation for 3G networks (2010)

3G cellular data networks have recently witnessed explosive growth. In this work, we focus on UMTS, one of the most popular 3G mobile communication technologies. Our work is the first to accurately infer, for any UMTS network, the state machine (both transitions and timer values) that guides the radio resource allocation policy through a light-weight probing scheme. We systematically characterize the impact of operational state machine settings by analyzing traces collected from a commercial UMTS network, and pinpoint the inefficiencies caused by the interplay between smartphone applications and the state machine behavior. Besides basic characterizations, we explore the optimal state machine settings in terms of several critical timer values evaluated using real network traces. Our findings suggest that the fundamental limitation of the current state machine design is its static nature of treating all traffic according to the same inactivity timers, making it difficult to balance tradeoffs among radio resource usage efficiency, network management overhead, device radio energy consumption, and performance. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first empirical study that employs real cellular traces to investigate the optimality of UMTS state machine configurations. Our analysis also demonstrates that traffic patterns impose significant impact on radio resource and energy consumption. In particular, We propose a simple improvement that reduces YouTube streaming energy by 80% by leveraging an existing feature called fast dormancy supported by the 3GPP specifications.
Abstract 2511: New inhibitors the tyrosine kinase ACK1/TNK2 active in prostate, breast and pancreatic cancer (2014)

Abstract ACK1, is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is aberrantly activated, over expressed or mutated in many cancer cell types. It interacts with several important ligand-activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), for example, EGFR, MerTK, HER2, PDGFR and insulin receptor to initiate intracellular signaling cascades. ACK1 activation has been reported in various cancers including prostate, breast and pancreatic tumors. We have shown that the androgen receptor (AR) and AKT are two major downstream effectors of ACK1. ACK1 directly phosphorylates AKT at Tyr176 resulting in AKT membrane localization and activation. We have also found that in prostate cancer cells ACK1 phosphorylates AR at Tyr-267 in an androgen-independent manner. Tyr284-phosphorylated-ACK1, Tyr176-phosphorylated-AKT and Tyr267-phosphorylated-AR levels are positively correlated with the severity of disease progression, and inversely correlated with the survival of patients with prostate cancer. Similarly, ACK1 mediated AKT tyrosine phosphorylation was found to correlate positively with breast cancer progression. Further, we have shown that a 5,6-biaryl-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine inhibitor of ACK1 (AIM-100) inhibits ACK1 activation and suppresses pTyr267-AR phosphorylation and AKT Tyr176-phosphorylation, inhibiting AR and AKT activity. These findings indicate that Ack1 is prognostic of progression of prostate, breast and pancreatic cancer and inhibitors of ACK1 activity have potential as novel cancer therapeutic agents. We will discuss the development of new potent ACK1 inhibitors by fragment-recombination and structure-based design by incorporating fragments of key ACK1 inhibitors. Focused chemical libraries were developed and structure activity relationships will be described. The work described has produced compounds capable of inhibiting ACK1 in vitro at low nanomolar concentrations. We have used an ELISA based assay that measures the ability of ACK1 to phosphorylate a peptide derived from AKT, as a primary screening assay. ACK1 inhibition of hits was confirmed in the 33P ATP “Hotspot” assay platform. Selected compounds from the library have been shown to inhibit ACK1 autophosphorylation and the phosphorylation of AR at Tyr267, a surrogate for ACK1 inhibition in vivo. Furthermore we will show that ACK1 is a promising drug target for cancer therapy. Citation Format: Harshani R. Lawrence, Yunting Luo, Daniel Zhang, Nathan Tindall, Sevil Ozcan, Miles Huseyin, Sakib Kazi, Sayantani Bandyopadhyay, Kiran Mahajan, Nupam P. Mahajan, Nicholas J. Lawrence. New inhibitors the tyrosine kinase ACK1/TNK2 active in prostate, breast and pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2511. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2511
Thermal and rheological properties of miscible polyethersulfone/polyimide blends (1992)

Abstract Blends of an aromatic polyethersulfone (commercial name Victrex) and a polyimide (commercial name Matrimid 5218), the condensation product of 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride and 5(6)‐amino‐1‐(4′‐aminophenyl)‐1,3,3′‐trimethylindane, were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and rheological techniques. The blends appeared to be miscible over the whole range of compositions when cast as films or precipitated from solution in a number of solvents. After annealing above the apparent phase boundary, located above T g , the blends were irreversibly phase separated indicating that the observed phase boundary does not represent a true state of equilibrium. Only a narrow “processing window” was found for blends containing up to 20 wt % polyimide. Rheological measurements in this range of compositions indicated that blending polyethersulfone with polyimide increases the complex viscosity and the elastic modulus of the blends. For blends containing more than 10 wt % polyimide, abrupt changes in the rheological properties were observed at temperatures above the phase boundary. These changes may be consistent with the formation of a network structure (due to phase separation and/or crosslinking). Blends containing less than 10 wt % polyimide exhibited stable rheological properties after heating at 320°C for 20 min, indicating the existence of thermodynamic equilibrium.
Mapping of the linear site on the Fas/APO-1 molecule targeted by the prototypic anti-Fas mAb (1995)

Fas/APO-1 is a member of the nerve growth factor/tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of receptors and has been shown to mediate apoptotic cell death upon binding of specific mAb. We report here that the prototypic anti-human Fas mAb (clone CH-11) induces apoptosis by binding to a linear epitope present on the extracellular domain of the Fas/APO-1 protein. Synthetic peptides corresponding to this epitope blocked the apoptotic effect of the antibody in a susceptible Jurkat T cell line. Based upon the similarity between the Fas/APO-1 protein and the recently crystallized soluble TNF receptor type I, we generated a molecular model of Fas/APO-1, Our computer modeling indicates that the antibody binding region forms a hairpin loop on the surface of the Fas/ APO-1 protein. These findings further our understanding of the Fas/APO-1-mediated apoptotic signal and may provide a useful tool in future investigations of programmed cell death.
Optimistic parallelism benefits from data partitioning (2008)

Recent studies of irregular applications such as finite-element mesh generators and data-clustering codes have shown that these applications have a generalized data parallelism arising from the use of iterative algorithms that perform computations on elements of worklists. In some irregular applications, the computations on different elements are independent. In other applications, there may be complex patterns of dependences between these computations.
Characterization of autoantibodies in pemphigus using antigen-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with baculovirus-expressed recombinant desmogleins (1997)

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) are autoimmune skin diseases caused by autoantibodies against desmoglein (Dsg) 3 and Dsg1, respectively. Routine immunofluorescence testing of skin and serum from patients cannot distinguish between these two severe diseases since both have IgG Abs directed against keratinocyte cell surfaces. In this study, recombinant Dsg3 and Dsg1, produced as secreted proteins by baculovirus expression, have been utilized to develop ELISAs for the specific characterization of their autoantibodies. Of 49 PV sera, 46 were positive in the Dsg3 ELISA and 44 of 46 PF sera were positive in the Dsg1 ELISA, compared with only 3 of 23 sera of bullous pemphigoid, and none of 53 normal control sera in both ELISAs. Both the Dsg3 and Dsg1 ELISAs were more specific and sensitive than conventional immunofluorescence staining. These Ag-specific ELISAs revealed that more than one-half of PV sera (26 of 49) had anti-Dsg1 Abs in addition to anti-Dsg3 Abs. PV patients who had not only oral mucous lesions but also significant skin involvement tended to have higher titers of anti-Dsg1 Abs. Furthermore, the ELISA reactivity correlated well with clinical disease activity in 5 of 6 PV and 5 of 5 PF patients. This ELISA provides a sensitive and highly specific assay for the diagnosis of patients with PV and PF, the correlation of disease activity with serum Ab levels, and a novel tool for investigating the immunopathogenesis of pemphigus.
Large coverage black‐bright blood interleaved imaging sequence (LaBBI) for 3D dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI of vessel wall (2017)

The proposed LaBBI sequence, with high spatial and temporal resolution, and large coverage blood suppression, was promising to probe the perfusion properties of vessel wall lesions. Magn Reson Med 79:1334-1344, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Smart Elasto-Magneto-Electric (EME) Sensors for Stress Monitoring of Steel Cables: Design Theory and Experimental Validation (2014)

An elasto-magnetic (EM) and magneto-electric (ME) effect based elasto-magneto-electric (EME) sensor has been proposed recently by the authors for stress monitoring of steel cables with obvious superiorities over traditional elasto-magnetic sensors. For design optimization and engineering application of the EME sensor, the design theory is interpreted with a developed model taking into account the EM coupling effect and ME coupling effect. This model is able to approximate the magnetization changes that a steel structural component undergoes when subjected to excitation magnetic field and external stress, and to simulate the induced ME voltages of the ME sensing unit located in the magnetization area. A full-scale experiment is then carried out to verify the model and to calibrate the EME sensor as a non-destructive evaluation (NDE) tool to monitor the cable stress. The experimental results agree well with the simulation results using the developed model. The proposed EME sensor proves to be feasible for stress monitoring of steel cables with high sensitivity, fast response, and ease of installation.
Biomass conversion to mixed alcohols (1996)

This paper discusses the MixAlco Process which converts a wide variety of biomass materials (e.g. municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, agricultural residues) to mixed alcohols. First, the biomass is treated with lime to enhance its digestibility. Then, a mixed culture of acid-forming microorganisms converts the lime-treated biomass to volatile fatty acids (VFA) such as acetic, propionic, and butyric acids. To maintain fermentor pH, a neutralizing agent (e.g. calcium carbonate or lime) is added, so the fermentation actually produces VFA salts such as calcium acetate, propionate, and butyrate. The VFA salts are recovered and thermally converted to ketones (e.g. acetone, methylethyl ketone, diethyl ketone) which are subsequently hydrogenated to mixed alcohols (e.g. isopropanol, isobutanol, isopentanol). Processing costs are estimated at $0.72/gallon of mixed alcohols making it potentially attractive for transportation fuels.
Rolling mask nanolithography: the pathway to large area and low cost nanofabrication (2012)

The demand for large area and low cost nanopatterning techniques for optical coatings and photonic devices has increased at a tremendous rate. At present, it is clear that currently available nanopatterning technologies are unable to meet the required performance, fabrication-speed, or cost criteria for many applications requiring large area and low cost nanopatterning. Rolith Inc proposes to use a new nanolithography method - "Rolling mask" lithography - that combines the best features of photolithography, soft lithography and roll-to-plate printing technologies. We will report on the first results achieved on a recently built prototype tool and cylindrical mask, which was designed to pattern 300 mm wide substrate areas.
Hydrocarbon and Electrical Requirements in the Plasma During Treatment of NOx in Light-Duty Diesel Engine Exhaust (1999)

This paper examines the hydrocarbon (C{sub 1}/NO{sub x} ratio) and electrical energy density (ratio of power to exhaust flow rate) requirements in the plasma during plasma-assisted catalytic reduction of NO{sub x}. The requirements for treatment of NO{sub x} in heavy-duty and light-duty diesel engines are compared. It is shown that, for light-duty applications, the plasma can significantly enhance the catalytic reduction of NO{sub x} with little fuel penalty incurred in the plasma process.
($k$,$\epsilon$)-Anonymity: $k$-Anonymity with $\epsilon$-Differential Privacy (2017)

The explosion in volume and variety of data offers enormous potential for research and commercial use. Increased availability of personal data is of particular interest in enabling highly customised services tuned to individual needs. Preserving the privacy of individuals against reidentification attacks in this fast-moving ecosystem poses significant challenges for a one-size fits all approach to anonymisation. In this paper we present ($k$,$\epsilon$)-anonymisation, an approach that combines the $k$-anonymisation and $\epsilon$-differential privacy models into a single coherent framework, providing privacy guarantees at least as strong as those offered by the individual models. Linking risks of less than 5\% are observed in experimental results, even with modest values of $k$ and $\epsilon$. Our approach is shown to address well-known limitations of $k$-anonymity and $\epsilon$-differential privacy and is validated in an extensive experimental campaign using openly available datasets.
Phosphorus (2000)

Abstract The manufacture of elemental phosphorus by the electric furnace route, a mature and worldwide process, is reviewed. The principal product is white phosphorus although some red phosphorus is made from the white for specialty uses. Reduction in phosphorus production capacity has resulted from the detergent phosphate bans in the Western Hemisphere, the construction of wet‐acid purification plants, and increased electric power costs. Additional capacity is being built in China. Most phosphorus is converted into phosphoric acid or phosphates and is used for cleaning compounds, food and beverages, water and metal treatment, and electronics. The remainder is converted into other derivatives and is used for flame retardants, agricultural chemicals, lubricants, and plasticizers. By‐products of phosphorus manufacture are slag, ferrophos, precipitator dust, and carbon monoxide off‐gas.
Grid-Based Object Tracking With Nonlinear Dynamic State and Shape Estimation (2019)

Object tracking is crucial for planning safe maneuvers of mobile robots in dynamic environments, in particular for autonomous driving with surrounding traffic participants. Multi-stage processing of sensor measurement data is thereby required to obtain abstracted high-level objects, such as vehicles. This also includes sensor fusion, data association, and temporal filtering. Often, an early-stage object abstraction is performed, which, however, is critical, as it results in information loss regarding the subsequent processing steps. We present a new grid-based object tracking approach that, in contrast, is based on already fused measurement data. The input is thereby pre-processed, without abstracting objects, by the spatial grid cell discretization of a dynamic occupancy grid, which enables a generic multi-sensor detection of moving objects. On the basis of already associated occupied cells, presented in our previous work, this paper investigates the subsequent object state estimation. The object pose and shape estimation thereby benefit from the freespace information contained in the input grid, which is evaluated to determine the current visibility of extracted object parts. An integrated object classification concept further enhances the assumed object size. For a precise dynamic motion state estimation, radar Doppler velocity measurements are integrated into the input data and processed directly on the object-level. Our approach is evaluated with real sensor data in the context of autonomous driving in challenging urban scenarios.
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Facilitated Dispersion of Particulate TiO<sub>2</sub> on ZrO<sub>2</sub> Ceramic Membrane Filters (2008)

We report that SWCNTs substantially improve the uniformity and coverage of TiO2 coatings on porous ZrO2 ceramic membrane filters. The ZrO2 filters were dip coated with 100 nm anatase TiO2, TiO2/SWCNT composites, a TiO2+SWCNT mixture, and a TiO2/MWCNT composite at pH 3, 5, and 8. Whereas the TiO2+SWCNT mixture and the TiO2/MWCNT composite promote better coverage and less clumping than TiO2 alone, the TiO2/SWCNT composite forms a complete uniform coating without cracking at pH 5 ( approximately 100% coverage). A combination of chemical and electrostatic effects between TiO2 and SWCNTs forming the composite as well as between the composite and the ZrO2 surface explains these observations.
Interface Structures of Graphene-on-SiC Produced by the SiC Surface Decomposition Method (2009)

Atomic-scale structure of the interface between graphene and SiC(0001) has been investigated using high-resolution transmission electron microscope observation. Our analysis revealed the presence of two types of the interface structure ; one is formed by decomposition of three SiC bilayers, and the other is formed by that of one SiC bilayer. Formation process of graphene layers on SiC is also described.
Enantioselective Synthesis of .ALPHA.-Amino Acids by Chiral Phase-Transfer Catalysis (2003)

α-Amino acids are the most important naturally occurring amino acids assembling into polypeptides with a wide range of vital biological functions, and hence the development of an efficient and reliable method for the preparation of optically active α-amino acids and their derivatives with sufficient structural diversity has been a field of considerable interest. Main purpose of this review is to illustrate the range of asymmetric approaches available for the laboratory preparation of optically active α-amino acids by using chiral phase-transfer catalysts. The key process is revealed to be stereoselective functionalization (alkylation, Michael addition, aldol reaction) of the Schiff base of α-amino acid esters including glycine tert-butyl ester with either cinchona alkaloid-derived quaternary ammonium salts or purely synthetic chiral ammonium salts as catalyst, providing a practical route to a variety of optically active α-alkyl-α-amino acids, α, α-dialkyl-α-amino acids and β-hydroxy-α-amino acids. In addition, highly stereoselective N-terminal alkylation of Schiff base-activated peptides by chiral phase-transfer catalysis is also described.