gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Both Th1 and Th17 Are Immunopathogenic but Differ in Other Key Biological Activities (2008)

The role of Th17 lymphocytes in immunopathogenic processes has been well established, but little is known about their basic cell features. In this study, we compared polarized Th1 and Th17 for key biological activities related to pathogenicity and trafficking. Th1 and Th17 lineages were derived from TCR-transgenic CD4 murine cells specific against hen egg lysozyme. When adoptively transferred into mice expressing hen egg lysozyme in their eyes, both Th1 and Th17 induced ocular inflammation but with slight differences in histological pathology. PCR analysis revealed selective expression of IFN-gamma or IL-17 in eyes of Th1 or Th17 recipients, respectively. Additionally, Th1 and Th17 were found to differ in three other key activities: 1) Th17 cells were inferior to Th1 cells in their capacity to trigger massive lymphoid expansion and splenomegaly; 2) the proportion of Th1 cells among infiltrating cells in inflamed recipient eyes declined rapidly, becoming a minority by day 7, whereas Th17 cells remained in the majority throughout this period; and 3) remarkable differences were noted between Th1 and Th17 cells in their expression of certain surface markers. In particular, reactivated Th1 expressed higher levels of CD49d and alpha(4)beta(7) (mucosal homing) in vitro and higher levels of CXCR3 (Th1 trafficking) in vivo. Reactivated Th17, however, expressed higher levels of alpha(E)beta(7) (epithelial tissue homing) and CD38 (activation, maturation and trafficking) in vitro, but in vivo Th17 expressed higher levels of alpha(4)beta(7) and CCR6 (lymphocyte trafficking). These data reveal that Th1 and Th17 cells differ in several key biological activities influencing migration and pathogenic behavior during inflammatory disease.
Possible use of alcohol vapors by inhalation in the treatment of COVID-19 in clinical ill patients (2020)

Ethyl alcohol or ethanol is an effective chemical in denaturing enveloped viruses in vitro, including SARS-CoV-2. It is found that exposure of only 30 seconds is sufficient to deactivate the virus. Alcohol has never been used for the treatment of viral lung infection. However, alcohol vapors by inhalation are used for acute respiratory distress syndrome and alcohol withdrawals. This article aims to discuss the possibility of using the alcohol vapors by inhalation in the treatment of COVID-19 and other viral lung infection. So far, alcohol vapors by inhalation have never been used before to treat viral infection in the lungs. Therefore, there is no data, or clinical trials are available to report the finding, but theoretically, it seems a possibility.
Physical principles and technology of clinical PET imaging. (2004)

Molecular imaging with positron-emitting radionuclides is playing an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and staging of malignant disease and in monitoring response to therapy. To meet this challenge, significant improvements in the performance of the imaging technology have been achieved in recent years. Such developments are subject to the constraints imposed by the physics of positron emission tomography (PET) and the main objectives in designing or improving PET scanners are to achieve high spatial resolution and sensitivity while maximising the true coincidence count rate relative to contributions from noise processes. Noise contributions in PET include not only statistical effects associated with photon counting but also background processes such as scatter and random coincidences. The recent developments of new, faster scintillators and electronics for PET detectors, as well as statistically-based algorithms that reconstruct fully three-dimensional (3D) PET images in minutes, have dramatically reduced clinical imaging times while improving image quality. A recent advance, the combination of functional imaging and computed tomography (CT) in the PET/CT scanner has further reduced the study duration by eliminating the lengthy PET transmission scan and providing accurate anatomical localisation of functional abnormalities. PET imaging technology has now improved to where a combined anatomical and functional clinical study can be completed in less than 10 minutes--although taking advantage of such high throughput potential will challenge patient management in diagnostic imaging departments. This paper reviews the physical principles underlying PET and summarises the recent developments in PET scanner technology, from the introduction of new PET detectors to the development of the combined PET/CT scanner.
Analysis of a Pressure-Compensated Flow Control Valve (2004)

A pressure-compensated valve (PC valve) is a type of flow control device that is a combination of a control orifice and a compensator (often called a hydrostat). The compensator orifice modulates its opening to maintain a constant pressure drop across the control orifice. In other words, the PC valve is so designed that the flow rate through the valve is governed only by the opening of the control orifice and is independent of the total pressure drop across the valve. Because of the high nonlinearities associated with this type of valve, it is impossible, in practice, to design such a valve where the flow rate is completely unaffected by the pressure drop across the valve. In this paper, the effect of the nonlinearities on the performance of the PC valve is investigated. First, a generic nonlinear model of a PC valve is developed. Using this model, all possible operating conditions can be determined. Then a linearized model is developed and used to analyze the dynamic behavior of the PC valve. The model can then be used to evaluate and improve the design and operation of the valve for specific applications.
Isodityrosine, a new cross-linking amino acid from plant cell-wall glycoprotein (1982)

1. Cell-wall hydrolysates from calli of all higher plants tested contained a new phenolic amino acid for which the trivial name isodityrosine is proposed. Isodityrosine was shown to be an oxidatively coupled dimer of tyrosine with the two tyrosine units linked by a diphenyl ether bridge. 2. The amount of isodityrosine in sodium dodecyl sulphate-insoluble cell-wall preparations was proportional to the amount of hydroxyproline. 3. Acidified chlorite split the diphenyl ether bridge of isodityrosine, and concomitantly solubilized the cell-wall glycoprotein. 4. Dithiothreitol inhibited isodityrosine synthesis in vivo, and suppressed in parallel the covalent binding of newly synthesized protein in the cell wall. 5. It is suggested that isodityrosine is an inter-polypeptide cross-link responsible for the insolubility of plant cell-wall glycoprotein.
Photoconductivity of a Low‐Bandgap Conjugated Polymer (2007)

Abstract The photoconductive properties of a novel low‐bandgap conjugated polymer, poly[2,6‐(4,4‐bis‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4 H ‐cyclopenta[2,1‐ b ;3,4‐ b ′]dithiophene)‐ alt ‐4,7‐(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)], PCPDTBT, with an optical energy gap of E g ∼ 1.5 eV, have been studied. The results of photoluminescence and photoconductivity measurements indicate efficient electron transfer from PCPDTBT to PCBM ([6,6]‐phenyl‐C61 butyric acid methyl ester, a fullerene derivative), where PCPDTBT acts as the electron donor and PCBM as the electron acceptor. Electron‐transfer facilitates charge separation and results in prolonged carrier lifetime, as observed by fast ( t > 100 ps) transient photoconductivity measurements. The photoresponsivities of PCPDTBT and PCPDTBT:PCBM are comparable to those of poly(3‐hexylthiophene), P3HT, and P3HT:PCBM, respectively. Moreover, the spectral sensitivity of PCPDTBT:PCBM extends significantly deeper into the infrared, to 900 nm, than that of P3HT. The potential of PCPDTBT as a material for high‐efficiency polymer solar cells is discussed.
Postoperative Radiotherapy in High-Risk Premenopausal Women with Breast Cancer Who Receive Adjuvant Chemotherapy (1997)

The addition of postoperative irradiation to mastectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy reduces locoregional recurrences and prolongs survival in high-risk premenopausal women with breast cancer.
Clinical evaluation of the LeukoGuard (LG-6) arterial line filter for routine open-heart surgery (1993)

Research has demonstrated that leucocyte depletion diminishes the deleterious effects that activated neutrophils have on the body following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). A clinical evaluation involving 36 patients (18 in each group) was conducted to compare the use of the Pall LG-6 (leucocyte-depleting) arterial line filter with the Pall EC PLUS filter for postoperative complications and lung function on routine open-heart cases. No differences were found between the groups for postoperative chest tube drainage, urine output, on bypass platelet drop, chest X-rays, blood usage and circulating elastase levels. Statistically significant differences were observed between immediately post-CPB pO 2 values and ventilator hours (EC PLUS = 13.3, LG-6 = 9.2). Many of the advantages of using leucocyte depletion that have been illustrated through experimental investigations were comparable to our clinical observations. We conclude that using the LG-6 leucocyte-depleting arterial line filter is a cost-effective method to reduce the complications known as 'postperfusion' syndrome.
MySurgeryRisk: Development and Validation of a Machine-learning Risk Algorithm for Major Complications and Death After Surgery (2018)

We constructed an automated predictive analytics framework for machine-learning algorithm with high discriminatory ability for assessing the risk of surgical complications and death using readily available preoperative electronic health records data. The feasibility of this novel algorithm implemented in real time clinical workflow requires further testing.
Intracellular interference of tick-borne flavivirus infection by using a single-chain antibody fragment delivered by recombinant Sindbis virus (1995)

A single-chain antibody fragment that identifies a neutralizing epitope on the envelope protein of louping ill and some other tick-borne flaviviruses was previously expressed in soluble form from bacteria and shown to be functionally active in vitro. To see whether or not the single-chain antibody could bind and inactivate infectious virus in vivo, we have used recombinant Sindbis virus as a delivery vehicle for intracellular expression of the antibody fragment. The variable genes and interchain linker encoding the single-chain antibody were cloned into a double subgenomic Sindbis virus expression vector to generate recombinant Sindbis virus. Infection with this recombinant Sindbis virus provided high-level cytoplasmic expression of the antibody fragment in mammalian cells. We demonstrate (i) that the antibody fragment was antigen binding and (ii) that louping ill virus infectivity was significantly reduced in the presence of intracellular antibody expressed by the superinfecting recombinant Sindbis virus.
Volatile Flavor Components of Cooked Kaorimai (Scented Rice,<i>O. sativa japonica</i>) (1979)

Head space vapors containing the volatiles of cooked Kaorimai (Scented rice, O. sativa japonica) were drawn off into cold traps under reduced pressure. The resulting condensate was extracted with ethyl ether and the extract was then separated into acidic, basic, and neutral fractions. The neutral fraction was further separated into hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds by column chromatography. All fractions were examined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; 114 compounds were identified. Among them was α-pyrrolidone which was identified for the first time as a volatile flavor compound of any cooked rice. We also made a comparison of volatile flavor compounds in cooked Koshihikari rice (O. sative japonica var. Koshihikari) and Kaorimai.
Pilot study of a novel mandibular advancement device for the control of snoring (2004)

We conclude that immediate intraoral adaptation of a low-cost fabricated "one-size-only" MAD is a feasible and well-tolerated treatment for snoring and mild OSA. Further research is needed to evaluate this thermoplastic appliance as a strategy to "screen" the efficacy of MAD treatment in the individual patient with a less expensive appliance before constructing a more expensive custom-made MAD.
Structure of an Amino Acid-Decorated Exopolysaccharide Secreted by a Vibrio alginolyticus Strain (2015)

Vibrio alginolyticus (CNCM I-4994) secretes an exopolysaccharide that can be used as an ingredient in cosmetic applications. The structure was resolved using chromatography and one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy experiments. The results show that the carbohydrate backbone is made of two residues: d-galacturonic acid and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNac), which together constitute a tetrasaccharide repetition unit: [→3)-α-d-GalA-(1→4)-α-d-GalA-(1→3)-α-d-GalA-(1→3)-β-GlcNAc(1→]. Two amino acids, alanine and serine, are linked to GalA residues via amido linkages. The position and the distribution of the amino acids were characterized by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a structure for a marine exopolysaccharide decorated with an amino acid.
Is pH a biochemical marker of IQ? (1996)

We have measured intracellular brain pH in vivo in 42 boys and found a significant correlation between this biochemical parameter and samples of intelligent behaviour. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported relation between a biochemical marker which is within normal physiological values and intellectual ability. pH is one of the most accurate parameters that can be measured by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy and it reflects sensitively cellular ionic status and metabolic activity. The observed correlation, although not implying a causal relation, raises the possibility that intelligent behaviour may be influenced by the ionic status of brain tissue, or vice versa.
Tuning the Steric Properties of a Metathesis Catalyst for Copolymerization of Norbornene and Cyclooctene toward Complete Alternation (2010)

We have recently published a mechanistic concept for the olefin metathesis reaction with ruthenium catalysts that explains the independent control of chemo- and stereoselectivity by substitution in two orthogonal planes. The basic structure from which we started the structural modifications for improved stereoselectivity had been optimized substantially for chemoselectivity, as compared to the prototype that had been published. We designed the catalyst according to a concept in which the factor that governs alternation is directly related to the size difference of the substituents on the bidentate phosphine/phenolate ligand 2a−e and in which the origin of chemoselectivity arises from diastereomeric site control. The most selective catalyst (11d) outperforms our prototype (3) in selectivity as well as reactivity. Synthetic problems, i.e., the undesired formation of 2:1-complexes (bidentate ligand-to-ruthenium ratio) (8) by reaction of the bidentate phosphine/phenolate ligands 2a and 2b with the first-generation Hoveyda−Grubbs catalyst 4, were solved by introduction of a larger carbene unit, which not only favors the formation of 1:1-complexes but also results in increased initiation rates. The work is supported by NMR data and X-ray crystallography, which give insights into the steric properties of the investigated system.
High-speed GaAs MESFET digital IC design for optical communication systems (2002)

This paper describes a high-speed GaAs MESFET digital IC design for optical communication systems. We propose novel circuit configurations of a selector and a static delayed flip-flop which are key elements to perform high-speed digital functions. Employing these new design, the selector IC and static decision IC fabricated with 0.12-/spl mu/m GaAs MESFET operated up to 44 Gbit./s and 22 Gbit/s, respectively. These performances are record speed for GaAs MESFETs.
On the usability of deep networks for object-based image analysis (2016)

As computer vision before, remote sensing has been radically changed by the introduction of Convolution Neural Networks. Land cover use, object detection and scene understanding in aerial images rely more and more on deep learning to achieve new state-of-theart results. Recent architectures such as Fully Convolutional Networks In this work, we show how to use such deep networks to detect, segment and classify different varieties of wheeled vehicles in aerial images from the ISPRS Potsdam dataset. This allows us to tackle object detection and classification on a complex dataset made up of visually similar classes, and to demonstrate the relevance of such a subclass modeling approach. Especially, we want to show that deep learning is also suitable for object-oriented analysis of Earth Observation data. First, we train a FCN variant on the ISPRS Potsdam dataset and show how the learnt semantic maps can be used to extract precise segmentation of vehicles, which allow us studying the repartition of vehicles in the city. Second, we train a CNN to perform vehicle classification on the VEDAI (Razakarivony and Jurie, 2016) dataset, and transfer its knowledge to classify candidate segmented vehicles on the Potsdam dataset.
Real-time illumination estimation from faces for coherent rendering (2014)

We present a method for estimating the real-world lighting conditions within a scene in real-time. The estimation is based on the visual appearance of a human face in the real scene captured in a single image of a monocular camera. In hardware setups featuring a user-facing camera, an image of the user's face can be acquired at any time. The limited range in variations between different human faces makes it possible to analyze their appearance offline, and to apply the results to new faces. Our approach uses radiance transfer functions - learned offline from a dataset of images of faces under different known illuminations - for particular points on the human face. Based on these functions, we recover the most plausible real-world lighting conditions for measured reflections in a face, represented by a function depending on incident light angle using Spherical Harmonics. The pose of the camera relative to the face is determined by means of optical tracking, and virtual 3D content is rendered and overlaid onto the real scene with a fixed spatial relationship to the face. By applying the estimated lighting conditions to the rendering of the virtual content, the augmented scene is shaded coherently with regard to the real and virtual parts of the scene. We show with different examples under a variety of lighting conditions, that our approach provides plausible results, which considerably enhance the visual realism in real-time Augmented Reality applications.
Meta-Learning With Differentiable Convex Optimization (2019)

Many meta-learning approaches for few-shot learning rely on simple base learners such as nearest-neighbor classifiers. However, even in the few-shot regime, discriminatively trained linear predictors can offer better generalization. We propose to use these predictors as base learners to learn representations for few-shot learning and show they offer better tradeoffs between feature size and performance across a range of few-shot recognition benchmarks. Our objective is to learn feature embeddings that generalize well under a linear classification rule for novel categories. To efficiently solve the objective, we exploit two properties of linear classifiers: implicit differentiation of the optimality conditions of the convex problem and the dual formulation of the optimization problem. This allows us to use high-dimensional embeddings with improved generalization at a modest increase in computational overhead. Our approach, named MetaOptNet, achieves state-of-the-art performance on miniImageNet, tieredImageNet, CIFAR-FS, and FC100 few-shot learning benchmarks.
Conformational States of Human Rat Sarcoma (Ras) Protein Complexed with Its Natural Ligand GTP and Their Role for Effector Interaction and GTP Hydrolysis (2010)

The guanine nucleotide-binding protein Ras exists in solution in two different conformational states when complexed with different GTP analogs such as GppNHp or GppCH(2)p. State 1 has only a very low affinity to effectors and seems to be recognized by guanine nucleotide exchange factors, whereas state 2 represents the high affinity effector binding state. In this work we investigate Ras in complex with the physiological nucleoside triphosphate GTP. By polarization transfer (31)P NMR experiments and effector binding studies we show that Ras(wt)·Mg(2+)·GTP also exists in a dynamical equilibrium between the weakly populated conformational state 1 and the dominant state 2. At 278 K the equilibrium constant between state 1 and state 2 of C-terminal truncated wild-type Ras(1-166) K(12) is 11.3. K(12) of full-length Ras is >20, suggesting that the C terminus may also have a regulatory effect on the conformational equilibrium. The exchange rate (k(ex)) for Ras(wt)·Mg(2+)·GTP is 7 s(-1) and thus 18-fold lower compared with that found for the Ras·GppNHp complex. The intrinsic GTPase activity substantially increases after effector binding for the switch I mutants Ras(Y32F), (Y32R), (Y32W), (Y32C/C118S), (T35S), and the switch II mutant Ras(G60A) by stabilizing state 2, with the largest effect on Ras(Y32R) with a 13-fold increase compared with wild-type. In contrast, no acceleration was observed in Ras(T35A). Thus Ras in conformational state 2 has a higher affinity to effectors as well as a higher GTPase activity. These observations can be used to explain why many mutants have a low GTPase activity but are not oncogenic.
Anti-vinculin Antibodies: Multicenter Validation of a Diagnostic Blood Test for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: ACG Governors Award for Excellence in Clinical Research (2013)

Purpose: Data have accumulated that a significant portion of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) cases begin after acute gastroenteritis. Human and animal work suggests that exposure to acute gastroenteritis leads to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) through neuropathic events. Cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB) from bacteria known to cause gastroenteritis is important in this process through molecular mimicry and auto-antibodies to vinculin (cell migration and adherence protein found predominantly on nerves and epithelium). In this multicenter study, we assess anti-vinculin antibodies as a predictor of IBS compared to healthy subjects and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: Subjects (18-65 years) with Rome-positive IBS were recruited from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Subjects were assessed for symptoms and demographics followed by collection of sera. Subjects were excluded if they had concomitant GI disease, previous GI surgery, adhesions, unstable thyroid disease, diabetes, or HIV. Healthy controls were recruited based on the completion of a GI symptom questionnaire. On this questionnaire, subjects had to have marked <10 for bloating, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and constipation, inclusive on a 0-100 VAS. Subjects with IBD were recruited from an expert tertiary care medical center. Subjects with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis were excluded if there was a history of biologic therapy and current prednisone use. Serum from all three groups was used to perform and ELISA to determine antibodies to human recombinant vinculin. Results: In total 165 IBS, 30 IBD, and 26 healthy control subjects were evaluated. Demographics were similar between groups. Overall, IBS had a significantly greater optical density in the ELISA for antivinculin antibodies compared to IBD and healthy subjects. Comparing the two major centers for IBS recruitment, results from both centers were similarly abnormal (P=NS). Interestingly, subjects with a history of acute gastroenteritis, even higher levels of antibodies were seen (p<0.05). Conclusion: Anti-vinculin antibodies are elevated in IBS compared to non-IBS. This is the first diagnostic test for IBS based on serum and a pathophysiologic mechanism of IBS through acute gastroenteritis precipitated molecular mimicry and autoimmunity.Figure