gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clavulanic Acid: a Beta-Lactamase-Inhibiting Beta-Lactam from <i>Streptomyces clavuligerus</i> (1977)

A novel beta-lactamase inhibitor has been isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus ATCC 27064 and given the name clavulanic acid. Conditions for the cultivation of the organism and detection and isolation of clavulanic acid are described. This compound resembles the nucleus of a penicillin but differs in having no acylamino side chain, having oxygen instead of sulfur, and containing a beta-hydroxyethylidine substituent in the oxazolidine ring. Clavulanic acid is a potent inhibitor of many beta-lactamases, including those found in Escherichia coli (plasmid mediated), Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, the inhibition being of a progressive type. The cephalosporinase type of beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae P99 and the chromosomally mediated beta-lactamase of E. coli are less well inhibited. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin and cephaloridine against beta-lactamase-producing, penicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus, K. aerogenes, P. mirabilis, and E. coli have been shown to be considerably reduced by the addition of low concentrations of clavulanic acid.
InGaAs/InP negative-feedback avalanche diodes (NFADs) and solid state photomultipliers (SSPMs) (2012)

Due to the inherent positive feedback mechanism involved in the impact ionization avalanche process, InGaAs/InP single photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs) have historically exhibited certain shortcomings such as low counting rate and inability to resolve photon number. To overcome some of the performance limitations of regular SPADs, we have developed negative feedback avalanche diodes (NFADs) which employ a negative feedback mechanism to regulate the avalanche process. The fabrication process of NFADs is flexible and is based on our design platform used to provide industry-leading SPAD performance. The operation of NFAD devices is also very simple, with only a DC bias is required. Various discrete devices and matrices composed of different elements have been designed, fabricated and characterized. For discrete devices, ~10% photon detection efficiency has been realized consistent with acceptable afterpulsing probability, providing a convenient photon-counting solution for certain applications. The negative feedback mechanism significantly improves the uniformity of the output pulse heights and avalanche charge per detection event, resulting in a low "charge excess noise" factor. We demonstrate that when NFAD devices are configured in a matrix format, they have the ability to resolve photon number and work effectively as solid state photomultipliers (SSPMs) in the short wave infrared (SWIR) region. The InGaAs/InP NFAD SSPMs will have the potential to replace photomultiplier tubes and silicon photomultiplier (SiPMs) in applications where single photon sensitivity in the SWIR region beyond ~0.9 μm is critical.
Establishing fairness and minimizing blackout periods in broadcast based vehicle to vehicle communication using application-level phase adjustments (2013)

A method for a station to periodically broadcast messages over a wireless channel to communicate to multiple other stations who transmit on the same channel, the station becomes ready to broadcast at successive message activation times, at a message activation time the station performing a Multiple Access mechanism (930) to resolve channel access competition and the station subsequently starting transmission of a message, wherein at least two successive message activation times differ a random time interval.
Enzymatic alcoholysis of triolein to produce wax ester (2001)

Abstract An alcoholysis reaction between triolein and oleyl alcohol catalyzed by Lipozyme and Novozyme was carried out to produce oleyl oleate, a wax ester. The effects of various reaction parameters such as time, reaction temperature, amount of enzyme, molar ratio of substrates (oleyl alcohol/triolein), various organic solvents used and the initial water activity, a w of the reaction system were studied. The best conditions tested to produce wax ester were respectively, incubation time, 5 h; temperature, 50 °C for Lipozyme and 60 °C for Novozyme; weight of enzyme, 0.30 g and molar ratio of oleyl alcohol to triolein, 6:1. The use of organic solvents greatly influenced the activity of lipase. Generally, the activity of lipase was high in nonpolar solvents with log P values greater than 2.50. Heptane and hexane were the best solvents tested. The enzymatic synthesis of oleyl oleate was best carried out at a w 0.32. Analysis of the yield of the products of the reaction at optimized reaction condition using Lipozyme showed that 75.66% oleyl oleate was produced. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Commercial Production of Lactoferrin, a Multifunctional Iron-binding Glycoprotein (1997)

(1997). Commercial Production of Lactoferrin, a Multifunctional Iron-binding Glycoprotein. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 303-320.
Robust multipoint water‐fat separation using fat likelihood analysis (2011)

Fat suppression is an essential part of routine MRI scanning. Multiecho chemical-shift based water-fat separation methods estimate and correct for Bo field inhomogeneity. However, they must contend with the intrinsic challenge of water-fat ambiguity that can result in water-fat swapping. This problem arises because the signals from two chemical species, when both are modeled as a single discrete spectral peak, may appear indistinguishable in the presence of Bo off-resonance. In conventional methods, the water-fat ambiguity is typically removed by enforcing field map smoothness using region growing based algorithms. In reality, the fat spectrum has multiple spectral peaks. Using this spectral complexity, we introduce a novel concept that identifies water and fat for multiecho acquisitions by exploiting the spectral differences between water and fat. A fat likelihood map is produced to indicate if a pixel is likely to be water-dominant or fat-dominant by comparing the fitting residuals of two different signal models. The fat likelihood analysis and field map smoothness provide complementary information, and we designed an algorithm (Fat Likelihood Analysis for Multiecho Signals) to exploit both mechanisms. It is demonstrated in a wide variety of data that the Fat Likelihood Analysis for Multiecho Signals algorithm offers highly robust water-fat separation for 6-echo acquisitions, particularly in some previously challenging applications.
Speeding Up Evolution through Learning: LEM (2000)

This paper reports briefly on the development of a new approach to evolutionary computation, called the Learnable Evolution Model or LEM. In contrast to conventional Darwinian-type evolutionary algorithms that employ mutation and/or recombination, LEM employs machine learning to generate new populations. At each step of evolution, LEM determines hypotheses explaining why certain individuals in the population are superior to others in performing the designated class of tasks. These hypotheses are then instantiated to create a next generation. In the testing studies described here, we compared a program implementing LEM with selected evolutionary computation algorithms on a range optimization problems and a filter design problem. In these studies, LEM significantly outperformed the evolutionary computation algorithms, sometimes speeding up the evolution by two or more orders of magnitude in the number of evolutionary steps (births). LEM was also applied to a real-world problem of designing optimized heat exchangers. The resulting designs matched or — outperformed the best human designs.
Visual saliency on networks of neurosynaptic cores (2015)

Identifying interesting or salient regions in an image plays an important role for multimedia search, object tracking, active vision, segmentation, and classification. Existing saliency extraction algorithms are implemented using the conventional von Neumann computational model. We propose a bottom-up model of visual saliency, inspired by the primate visual cortex, which is compatible with TrueNorth-a low-power, brain-inspired neuromorphic substrate that runs large-scale spiking neural networks in real-time. Our model uses color, motion, luminance, and shape to identify salient regions in video sequences. For a three-color-channel video with 240 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\times$</tex-math></inline-formula> 136 pixels per frame and 30 frames per second, we demonstrate a model utilizing <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\sim$</tex-math></inline-formula> 3 million neurons, which achieves competitive detection performance on a publicly available dataset while consuming <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\sim$</tex-math></inline-formula> 200 mW.
Dual plane in-line digital holographic microscopy (2010)

We report a dual plane in-line digital holographic microscopy technique that exploits the method of subtraction of average intensity of the entire hologram to suppress the zero-order diffracted wave. Two interferograms are recorded at different planes to eliminate the conjugate image. The experimental results demonstrate successful reconstruction of phase objects as well as of amplitude objects. The two interferograms can be recorded simultaneously, using two CCD or CMOS sensors, in order to increase the acquisition rate. This enhanced acquisition rate, together with the improved reconstruction capability of the proposed method, may find applications in biomedical research for visualization of rapid dynamic processes at the cellular level.
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus contains G protein-coupled receptor and cyclin D homologs which are expressed in Kaposi's sarcoma and malignant lymphoma (1996)

A new human herpesvirus was recently identified in all forms of Kaposi's sarcoma (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus [KSHV] or human herpesvirus 8), as well as in primary effusion (body cavity-based) lymphomas (PELs). A 12.3-kb-long KSHV clone was obtained from a PEL genomic library. Sequencing of this clone revealed extensive homology and colinearity with the right end of the herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) genome and more limited homology to the left end of the Epstein-Barr virus genome. Four open reading frames (ORFs) were sequenced and characterized; these are homologous to the following viral and/or cellular genes: (i) Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen p140 and HVS p160, (ii) HVS and cellular type D cyclins, (iii) HVS and cellular G protein-coupled receptors, and (iv) HVS. Since there is considerable evidence that cyclin D1 and some G protein-coupled receptors contribute to the development of specific cancers, the presence of KSHV homologs of these genes provides support for a role for KSHV in malignant transformation. All ORFs identified are transcribed in PELs and Kaposi's sarcoma tissues, further suggesting an active role for KSHV in these diseases.
A novel permanent magnet motor with doubly salient structure (1995)

A new type of doubly salient machine is presented in which the field excitation is provided by nonrotating permanent magnets. This doubly salient permanent magnet (DSPM) motor is shown to be kindred to square waveform permanent magnet brushless DC motors. Linear and nonlinear analyses are made to investigate the characteristics of this new type of PM motor. A prototype DSPM motor is designed and comparisons made between this new type of motor and the induction motor. It is shown that by fully exploiting modern high energy PM material and the doubly salient structure, the DSPM motor can offer superior performance over existing motors in terms of efficiency, torque density, torque-to-current ratio, torque-to-inertia ratio etc., while retaining a simple structure amenable to automated manufacture.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Highly efficient near-infrared light-emitting diodes by using type-II CdTe/CdSe core/shell quantum dots as a phosphor (2013)

In this paper, we present an innovative method for the synthesis of CdTe/CdSe type-II core/shell structure quantum dots (QDs) using 'greener' chemicals. The PL of CdTe/CdSe type-II core/shell structure QDs ranges from 600 to 820 nm, and the as-synthesized core/shell structures show narrow size distributions and stable and high quantum yields (50–75%). Highly efficient near-infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been demonstrated by employing the CdTe/CdSe type-II core/shell QDs as emitters. The devices fabricated based on these type-II core/shell QDs show color-saturated near-infrared emission from the QD layers, a low turn-on voltage of 1.55 V, an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 1.59%, and a current density and maximum radiant emittance of 2.1 × 10(3) mA cm−2 and 17.7 mW cm−2 at 8 V; it is the first report to use type-II core/shell QDs as near-infrared emitters and these results may offer a practicable platform for the realization of near-infrared QD-based light-emitting diodes, night-vision-readable displays, and friend/foe identification system.
Non-obvious correlations to disease management unraveled by Bayesian artificial intelligence analyses of CMS data (2016)

Potential clinical and molecular pathways defining the relationship between commonly used asthma medications and renal disease are discussed. The study underscores the need for further epidemiological research to validate this novel hypothesis. Validation will lead to advancement in clinical treatment of asthma & bronchitis, thereby, improving patient outcomes and leading to long term cost savings. In summary, this study demonstrates that application of advanced artificial intelligence methods in healthcare has the potential to enhance the quality of care by discovering non-obvious, clinically relevant relationships and enabling timely care intervention.
Measurement of Three-dimensional Orientation of Golf Club Head with One Camera (2015)

We developed a method to measure the three-dimensional orientation of a golf club head with one camera using the Newton-Raphson method which requires less calculation time. In this method, the orientation is calculated from the relation between the coordinates of markers on the head in the coordinate system of the club head and the coordinates of markers on the photo. Golfers hit balls with Irons whose club lie angles were 62° and 60° or 64°, and we took photos of the club head hitting balls. We calculated impact lie angles and face angles of the club head using this method and also measured the ball flight with a flight measuring machine. The results are as follows: (1) When the golfers used 64° (60°) clubs, all of them hit balls at larger (smaller) impact lie angles than when using 62° clubs. (2) Most of the landing points of the ball when the golfers used 64° (60°) clubs were more to the left (right) than 62° clubs. However, the reverse was the case with some golfers, because they changed face angles. In fitting, we need to find advanced methods to change lateral deviation adding on changing club lie angle.
Write Current Rise Time in Perpendicular Recording: An Experimental Study (2007)

Write current rise time effects in perpendicular recording are studied using a write driver with a variable rise time. The basic recording requirement that the write current steady state should be reached before the next transition can be written is verified experimentally. It is demonstrated that, as long as this requirement is met, the transition recording is surprisingly insensitive to the write current rise time. The experimental dependencies of magnetization switching time on write current rise time, amplitude, and shape are explained by the dynamics of write bubble expansion during recording process. The effects of media velocity and write current overshoot on switching time are also studied. Our results indicate that the intrinsic media switching time currently does not limit the recording process and is probably below 100 ps. The intrinsic head reversal time is the main factor limiting the achievable data rate. For a set of "healthy" recording components (well-saturated media, sufficient head field, high head field gradient), the recording process is virtually insensitive to the write current rise time as long as the write field waveform reaches its steady state before the next transition
In vivo autofluorescence lifetime imaging at the fundus of the human eye (2006)

Changes in cellular metabolism are considered first signs of fundus diseases, e.g. of age-related macular degeneration. Changes in the metabolism can potentially be detected by measuring the autofluorescence of the fundus. The fundus contains a wide variety of fluorophores in different binding and quenching states. The fluorescence signals cannot be clearly discriminated by commonly used steady state imaging techniques, even when these are combined with spectral resolution and excitation wavelength multiplexing. A considerable improvement is obtained by fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM). FLIM not only adds an additional discrimination parameter to distinguish different fluorophores but also resolves different quenching states of the same fluorophore. Due to its high sensitivity and high time resolution, its capability to resolve multi-exponential decay functions, and its easy combination with fast scanning we use multi-dimensional time-correlated single photon counting for fundus imaging. By analyzing the spectral properties of the expected fluorophores in the fundus, we show that improved discrimination of fluorophores is obtained by FLIM in combination with selected excitation wavelength and emission wavelength. As demonstrated in lifetime histograms of 40° fundus images, several fluorophores are excited at 446 nm, but predominantly lipofuscin at 468 nm excitation. Simultaneous detection of lifetime images in two emission ranges 500 nm to 560 nm and 560 nm to 700 nm improves further the discrimination of fluorophores.
Developments in the Understanding of the Ni-modified Sn-Cu Eutectic as the Basis for a Reliable Lead-free Solder (2005)

As the move to lead-free soldering gathers pace the Ni-modified Sn-Cu eutectic has maintained a very strong position in the global electronics industry as the major alternative and complement to alloys based on the Sn-Ag-Cu system. In wave soldering the number of machines running the alloy in commercial production has increased to over 700 and the use of the alloy in the hot air solder levelling process for the application of a solderable lead-free finish for printed circuit boards is also growing. An unanticipated development has been its increasing use in reflow where peak temperatures in the range 245-255°C can be tolerated. As the same time the limitations of the unmodified Sn-Ag-Cu system as a basis for lead-free solders have become apparent. Fundamental research is starting to elucidate the mechanism by which the Ni addition affects the behaviour of Sn-0.7Cu as a practical solder. In this paper the current understanding of the effect of Ni on the Sn-Cu eutectic system will be reported and the implications for its performance as a lead-free solder discussed.
Syntheses and Properties of <i>N</i>-Fluoropyridinium Salts (1991)

Abstract Various stable N-fluoropyridinium salts with a non- or weakly nucleophilic counter anion such as TfO−, FSO3−, BF4−, SbF6−, ClO4−, CH3SO3− etc., or with an electron-donating or -withdrawing substituent(s) on the pyridine ring were synthesized and their properties investigated. N-Fluoropyridinium-2-sulfonates, N-fluoroquinolinium triflate, and highly hindered N-fluoro-2,6-di-t-butylpyridinium salts were also synthesized. They were synthesized by counter anion displacement reactions of unstable pyridine-F2 compounds, fluorination of salts of pyridines with protonic acids or silyl esters with F2, and/ or fluorination of Lewis acid complexes of pyridines. The scope of each method was examined in detail. Each of the N-fluoropyridinium salts was assigned as the first stable 1 : 1 salt structure of the pyridine nucleus and halogen atom on the basis of the spectral and elemental analyses. The stability depended on the nucleophilicity or basicity of the counter anions and electronic nature or position of the ring substituents. These results and NMR analyses clearly showed the unstable pyridine-F2 compounds to have N-fluoropyridinium fluoride salt structure. Some N-fluoropyridinium triflates were hydrolyzed and the products were examined, suggesting a unique hydrolysis mechanism.
Low-power pre-decoding based viterbi decoder for tail-biting convolutional codes (2009)

Low-power and high-throughput Viterbi decoder (VD) for tail-biting convolutional codes is presented in this paper. First, a low complexity radix-4 VD with enhanced decoding features such as end-state forcing and best-state trace back is presented. Second, simple predecoding is proposed to decrease the runtime of VD, resulting in significant power saving. The design is implemented in 0:9V TI 45-nm CMOS process at 100MHz for Long Term Evolution (LTE) [1] as application. More than 90% power saving is achieved with predecoding at a throughput of 120 Mbps and 0:2 dB SNR loss for 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−5</sup> frame error rate.
A Consistent Approach Toward Reservoir Simulation at Different Time Scales (2006)

Abstract Reservoir simulation has become the de facto design and analysis tool to plan, develop, and manage oil and gas assets. With increasing complexity of flow networks and advanced recovery mechanisms in the fields, the model description and features of the reservoir simulator have also been progressively advancing. The goal of a single, evolving, life-cycle model for oil and gas assets has many benefits for effective and efficient field development and exploitation. However, the size and complexity of the reservoir models often require characterization at several resolutions, thus ranging from full field strategic models to short range operational models. Full field strategic models can be used to evaluate various production scenarios and development strategies and to estimate future drilling and facilities requirements. Short range operational models concentrate on issues such as rate requirements, production decline analysis, etc. However, the approach to integrate and maintain these separate reservoir models while describing the same field is often ad hoc and many times, inconsistent. This paper describes a new methodology for enhanced and effective use of reservoir simulation. Specifically, the application of a new method is presented to consistently integrate the full field strategic models and the short range operational models using a parametric system identification approach. The measurements from the field are used to continuously update the short range operational models over a moving time horizon, while simultaneously preparing the data for a history match of the full-field, strategic model. This hierarchical model structure at different scales avoids frequent and costly history-match runs of the larger strategic models without compromising on short term accuracy, for example, those required by production optimization. In addition, the hierarchical model structure improves effectiveness and efficiency in carrying out the simulation objectives. A case study of a full-field performance is presented to highlight the benefits of the method.