gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxidation Kinetics and Magnetic Properties of Elemental Iron Nanoparticles (2013)

Highly monodisperse elemental iron nanoparticles with varying sizes are analyzed for their oxidation and magnetic properties. Magnetic measurements show that the Fe-cores assumed magnetization values comparable to those of bulk material. The oxidation rate displays a universal logarithmic growth, which establishes electron tunneling as the main oxidation mechanism. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Fabrication and Characterization of BSTO and Nonferroelectric Oxide Composites for Use in Phased Array Antennas and Other Electronic Devices (1994)

A ceramic ferroelectric phase shifting device has been demonstrated using Ba(1-x)Sr(x)TiO3 (BSTO) ceramics. As a part of an effort to optimize the electronic device performance in the phase shifter, various composites of BSTO combined with other nonelectrically active oxide ceramics have been formulated. In general, the composites have reduced dielectric constants, epsilon`, where epsilon = epsilon` = i(epsilon)`, and loss tangents, tan delta. The low dielectric constant and low loss tangent reduce the overall impedance mismatch and the insertion loss of the device, In addition, the overall tunability, change in the dielectric constant with applied voltage, is maintained at a relatively high level. The combination of electronic properties of these materials offer substantially higher operating frequencies, 10 GHz and above. Another application for one of the composites is for use as a capacitor-varistor surge protector. The microstructures including grain size and phase analysis have been examined using SEM and X-ray diffraction. The analysis of the phase formation, compositional variations, and grain size will be related to the electronic properties of the materials.
Re-exploration of the PHCCC Scaffold: Discovery of Improved Positive Allosteric Modulators of mGluR4 (2010)

This Letter describes a detailed SAR analysis of the mGluR4 positive allosteric modulator, PHCCC. We have now developed compounds with improved potency and efficacy; in addition, compounds are presented that show selectivity for mGluR4 versus the other mGluR subtypes.
Noninvasive in vivo monitoring of methemoglobin formation and reduction with broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (2005)

We present noninvasive, quantitative in vivo measurements of methemoglobin formation and reduction in a rabbit model using broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS). Broadband DOS combines multifrequency frequency-domain photon migration (FDPM) with time-independent near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to quantitatively measure bulk tissue absorption and scattering spectra between 600 nm and 1,000 nm. Tissue concentrations (denoted by brackets) of methemoglobin ([MetHb]), deoxyhemoglobin ([Hb-R]), and oxyhemoglobin ([HbO2]) were determined from absorption spectra acquired in "real time" during nitrite infusions in nine pathogen-free New Zealand White rabbits. As little as 30 nM [MetHb] changes were detected for levels of [MetHb] that ranged from 0.80 to 5.72 microM, representing 2.2 to 14.9% of the total hemoglobin content (%MetHb). These values agreed well with on-site ex vivo cooximetry data (r2= 0.902, P < 0.0001, n = 4). The reduction of MetHb to functional hemoglobins was also carried out with intravenous injections of methylene blue (MB). As little as 10 nM changes in [MB] were detectable at levels of up to 150 nM in tissue. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, the ability of broadband DOS to noninvasively quantify real-time changes in [MetHb] and four additional chromophore concentrations ([Hb-R], [HbO2], [H2O], and [MB]) despite significant overlapping spectral features. These techniques are expected to be useful in evaluating dynamics of drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy in blood chemistry, human, and preclinical animal models.
Rapid Detection of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and Rifampin Resistance by Use of On-Demand, Near-Patient Technology (2009)

Current nucleic acid amplification methods to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis are complex, labor-intensive, and technically challenging. We developed and performed the first analysis of the Cepheid Gene Xpert System's MTB/RIF assay, an integrated hands-free sputum-processing and real-time PCR system with rapid on-demand, near-patient technology, to simultaneously detect M. tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. Analytic tests of M. tuberculosis DNA demonstrated a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.5 genomes per reaction. Studies using sputum spiked with known numbers of M. tuberculosis CFU predicted a clinical LOD of 131 CFU/ml. Killing studies showed that the assay's buffer decreased M. tuberculosis viability by at least 8 logs, substantially reducing biohazards. Tests of 23 different commonly occurring rifampin resistance mutations demonstrated that all 23 (100%) would be identified as rifampin resistant. An analysis of 20 nontuberculosis mycobacteria species confirmed high assay specificity. A small clinical validation study of 107 clinical sputum samples from suspected tuberculosis cases in Vietnam detected 29/29 (100%) smear-positive culture-positive cases and 33/39 (84.6%) or 38/53 (71.7%) smear-negative culture-positive cases, as determined by growth on solid medium or on both solid and liquid media, respectively. M. tuberculosis was not detected in 25/25 (100%) of the culture-negative samples. A study of 64 smear-positive culture-positive sputa from retreatment tuberculosis cases in Uganda detected 63/64 (98.4%) culture-positive cases and 9/9 (100%) cases of rifampin resistance. Rifampin resistance was excluded in 54/55 (98.2%) susceptible cases. Specificity rose to 100% after correcting for a conventional susceptibility test error. In conclusion, this highly sensitive and simple-to-use system can detect M. tuberculosis directly from sputum in less than 2 h.
Crude oil refinery scheduling (2018)

This study presents the crude oil scheduling problem with four objectives divided in two different levels of importance. It comes from a real refinery where the scheduling starts on the offloading of ships, encompasses terminal and refinery tanks, a crude pipeline, and finishes on the output streams of the crude distillation units. We propose a new approach for the Quantum-Inspired Grammar-based Linear Genetic Programming (QIGLGP) evolutionary algorithm to handle the multiple objectives of the problem using the non-dominance concept. The modifications are concentrated on the population updating and sorting steps of QIGLGP. We tackle difference of importance among the objectives using the principle of violation of constraints. The problem constraints define if an instruction will or not be executed but do not affect the violation equation of the objectives. The individuals which have objective values under a pre-defined upper limit are better ranked. Results from five scenarios showed that the proposed model was able to significantly increase the percentage of runs with acceptable solutions, achieving success ratio of 100% in 3 cases and over 70% in 2 other ones. They also show that the Pareto front of these accepted runs contains a set of non-dominated solutions that could be analyzed by the decision maker for his a posteriori decision.
Planar optical configurations for crossover interconnects (1995)

Two planar optics configurations for crossover interconnects are described, and the interconnection capacity of each configuration is derived on the basis of Gaussian beams' being relayed by microlens arrays. To reduce the optical path differences between bypass- and exchange-connection routes in the crossover configurations, we propose the use of two different substrates.
A dictionary-based en/decoding scheme for low-power data buses (2003)

As bus lengths on multihundred-million transistor systems-on-a-chip (SoC) grow, and as interwire capacitances of sub-0.10 /spl mu/m technologies advance, the resulting high-switching capacitances of buses (and interconnects in general) have a nonnegligible impact on the power consumption of a whole SoC. This trend has been recognized and recently addressed by various research groups. We address this problem by introducing our bus encoding technique, adaptive dictionary-encoding scheme "ADES" that minimizes the power consumption of data buses through a dictionary-based encoding technique. Based on exploration of data properties on buses, our technique saves on average more than 25% of bus energy compared to the nonencoded cases using a large set of real-world applications for both address and data buses. Furthermore, we compare our technique to the best-known data bus encoding techniques to date and we find that it exceeds all of them in terms of energy savings for the same set of applications.
3D frequency-domain ultrasound waveform tomography breast imaging (2017)

Frequency-domain ultrasound waveform tomography is a promising method for the visualization and characterization of breast disease. It has previously been shown to accurately reconstruct the sound speed distributions of breasts of varying densities. The reconstructed images show detailed morphological and quantitative information that can help differentiate different types of breast disease including benign and malignant lesions. The attenuation properties of an ex vivo phantom have also been assessed. However, the reconstruction algorithms assumed a 2D geometry while the actual data acquisition process was not. Although clinically useful sound speed images can be reconstructed assuming this mismatched geometry, artifacts from the reconstruction process exist within the reconstructed images. This is especially true for registration across different modalities and when the 2D assumption is violated. For example, this happens when a patient’s breast is rapidly sloping. It is also true for attenuation imaging where energy lost or gained out of the plane gets transformed into artifacts within the image space. In this paper, we will briefly review ultrasound waveform tomography techniques, give motivation for pursuing the 3D method, discuss the 3D reconstruction algorithm, present the results of 3D forward modeling, show the mismatch that is induced by the violation of 3D modeling via numerical simulations, and present a 3D inversion of a numerical phantom.
The Effects of Some Polyamine Biosynthetic Inhibitors on Growth and Morphology of Phytopathogenic Fungi1 (1985)

We have studied the effects of two polyamine biosynthetic inhibitors, alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) and alpha-difluoromethylarginine (DFMA), and of polyamines (PAs), alone and in combination, on mycelial growth and morphology of four phytopathogenic fungi: Botrytis sp, B. cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani and Monilinia fructicola. The inhibitors were added to a Czapek agar medium to get final concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mM. DFMO and DFMA, suicide inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and arginine decarboxylase (ADC) respectively, inhibited mycelial growth strongly; the effect was generally more pronounced with DFMA than with DFMO, but each fungus had its own response pattern. The addition of the PAs putrescine (Put) and spermidine (Spd) to the culture medium resulted in a promotion of growth. In Botrytis sp and Monilinia fructicola exposed to inhibitors plus PAs, mycelial growth was actually increased above control values. Mycelial morphology was altered and cell size dramatically reduced in plates containing inhibitors alone, whereas with PAs alone, or in combination with inhibitors, morphology was normal, but cell length and diameters increased considerably. These results suggest that PAs are essential for growth in fungal mycelia. The inhibition caused by DFMA may be due to its arginase-mediated conversion to DFMO.
Electromagnetic cloaking in the visible frequency range (2007)

Electromagnetic metamaterials provide unprecedented freedom and flexibility to introduce new devices, which control electromagnetic wave propagation in very unusual ways. Very recently theoretical design of an "invisibility cloak" has been suggested, which has been realized at microwave frequencies in a two-dimensional cylindrical geometry. In this communication we report on the experimental realization of the dielectric permittivity distribution required for non-magnetic cloaking in the visible frequency range.
Native-oxide coupled-cavity Al<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As-GaAs quantum well heterostructure laser diodes (1991)

Data are presented demonstrating AlxGa1−xAs-GaAs quantum well heterostructure laser diodes consisting of an array of coupled cavities (19 μm long on 22 μm centers, ∼250 μm total length) arranged lengthwise in single 10-μm-wide laser stripes. The cavities are defined by a native oxide formed from a significant portion of the high-gap AlxGa1−xAs upper confining layer. The native oxide (grown at 425 °C in H2O vapor+N2 carrier gas) confines the injected carriers and optical field within the cavities, resulting in reflection and optical feedback distributed periodically along the laser stripe. These diodes exhibit single-longitudinal-mode operation over an extended range (relative to similar diodes fabricated without multiple cavities). At high current injection levels, longitudinal-mode spectra demonstrate unambiguously oscillation from the internal coupled cavities.
Biochemische und immunchemische Charakterisierung eines besonderen Pyruvatkinase-Subtypes M2 in malignen Tumoren (1987)

Pyruvatkinase (PK) ist eines der drei Schlüsselenzyme der Glykolysekette. Von ihr sind drei Isoenzyme bekannt: Typ M1 findet sich in Muskulatur und Gehirn, Typ L in Leber und Nierenrinde und Typ M2 in fast allen übrigen Geweben. Ein besonders hoher Gehalt an Pyruvatkinase Typ M2 tritt in der Lunge und in den meisten Tumoren auf.
A Fast-Lock, Jitter Filtering All-Digital DLL Based Burst-Mode Memory Interface (2014)

A 800 Mb/s to 3.2 Gb/s memory interface is designed that achieves 30% improved energy efficiency by eliminating idle mode power completely. The link is similar to a standard DDR architecture with the addition of a fast-lock DLL on the memory side that wakes up from 0 mW and locks within 3 clock cycles consuming 24 mW with residual timing error less than 33 mUI. Following initial lock, the DLL operates in a closed loop to compensate for V,T drift consuming 6 mW @ 1.6 GHz including a replica buffer. By incorporating an injection locked oscillator inside the loop, the DLL provides PLL like high frequency input jitter filtering, and corrects ±10% DCD without an additional duty cycle correction loop.
Geodesic Lenses for Guided Optical Waves (1973)

Two-dimensional lenses are essential elements in integrated optics. As an alternative to the techniques already suggested and tested to obtain such optical systems, a different method is reported that consists of extending to thin film optics the principle of configuration lenses already studied for application to microwave antennas. The working principle of such lenses is that the propagation occurs along a curved surface in a two-dimensional Riemann space. The rays are the geodesics of the surface. Two optical geodesic lenses having planar input and output have been constructed and tested. They can be easily inserted in planar film circuits. The advantage of these optical systems is that the substrate can be prepared in advance with the accuracy of glass optics. Then the dielectric film can be deposited with the same method used for planar components.
G-protein-coupled receptor regulation: role of G-protein-coupled receptor kinases and arrestins (1996)

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a large family of proteins that transduce extracellular signals to the interior of cells. Signalling through these receptors rapidly desensitized primarily as the consequence of receptor phosphorylation, but receptor sequestration and downregulation can also contribute to this process. Two families of serine/threonine kinases, second messenger dependent protein kinases and receptor-specific G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), phosphorylate GPCRs and thereby contribute to receptor desensitization. Receptor-specific phosphorylation of GPCRs promotes the binding of cytosolic proteins referred to as arrestins, which function to further uncouple GPCRs from their heterotrimeric G-proteins. To date, the GRK protein family consists of six members, which can be further classified into subgroups according to sequence homology and functional similarities. The arrestin protein family also comprises six members, which are subgrouped on the basis of sequence homology and tissue distribution. While the molecular mechanisms contributing to GPCR desensitization are fairly well characterized, little is known about the mechanism(s) by which GPCR responsiveness is reestablished, other than that receptor sequestration (internalization) might be involved. The goal of the present review is to overview current understanding of the regulation of GPCR responsiveness. In particular, we will review new evidence suggesting a pleiotropic role for GRKs and arrestins in the regulation of GPCR responsiveness. GRK-mediated phosphorylation and arrestin binding are not only involved in the functional uncoupling of GPCRs but they are also intimately involved in promoting GPCR sequestration and as such likely play an important role in mediating the subsequent resensitization of GPCRs.
Tuberculosis DNA Vaccine Encoding Ag85A Is Immunogenic and Protective When Administered by Intramuscular Needle Injection but Not by Epidermal Gene Gun Bombardment (2000)

Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding Ag85A from Mycobacterium tuberculosis were compared in BALB/c and C57BL (B6 and B10) mice immunized by intramuscular (i.m.) needle injection or epidermal gene gun (gg) bombardment. In BALB/c mice, gg immunization could induce elevated antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses with plasmid doses 50-fold lower than those required for i.m. immunization. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) secretion, however, was much lower in gg-immunized than in i.m.-immunized BALB/c mice. On the other hand, C57BL mice reacted only very weakly to gg immunization, whereas elevated Ag85A-specific antibody, IL-2, and IFN-gamma responses (significantly higher than in BALB/c mice) were detected following vaccination by the i.m. route. Antibody isotypes were indicative of Th2 activation following gg injection of BALB/c and of Th1 activation following i.m. injection of C57BL mice. Finally, C57BL but not BALB/c mice were protected by i.m. Ag85A DNA immunization against intravenous M. tuberculosis challenge, as measured by reduced numbers of CFU in spleen and lungs, compared to animals vaccinated with control DNA. Gene gun immunization was not effective in either BALB/c or C57BL mice. These results indicate that i.m. DNA vaccination is the method of choice for the induction of protective Th1 type immune responses with the Ag85A tuberculosis DNA vaccine.
Kramers–Kronig receivers: erratum (2019)

We present in this erratum a supplement to the review of experimental implementations of the Kramers–Kronig receiver in Section 20 of our paper [Adv. Opt. Photon.11, 480 (2019)AOPAC71943-820610.1364/AOP.11.000480] describing the work performed at Nokia Bell Labs, Germany. This addition does not affect to any extent the conclusions presented in the original paper.
<title>Fast and accurate skew detection algorithm for a text document or a document with straight lines</title> (1994)

Bit-mapped images are becoming more popular in offices. Skew is a major problem for many otherwise promising applications. To remove the skew, we propose a new algorithm that makes use of both printed characters and straight line(s). Lines on a document are decomposed into small segments of black runs. By checking their connectivities, we can easily tell whether those runs are from the same line or not. To remove any bad effect from variation in line width, we sample a number of different x-y coordinates along the black runs, adjacent to white pixels. Those coordinates determine a correlation function which is used to find the correlation value. If the value is close to 1.0, we compute the higher-probability regression coefficient using the same parameters. The algorithm is effective both for horizontal and vertical lines. The coefficients can also be used to align character lines. The rectangles formed by connected black pixel are extracted using two or three different compression ratios. We can tell whether those characters are from the same character line or not, by checking the coordinates of rectangles in multiple compression images.
Processable stabilizer-free polyaniline nanofiber aqueous colloids (2005)

Aqueous polyaniline colloids can be readily prepared by purifying polyaniline nanofibers and controlling the pH and self-stabilized via electrostatic repulsions without the need for any chemical modification or steric stabilizer, thus providing a simple and environmentally friendly way to process the conducting polymer in its conductive state both in bulk and at the nanometre level.
Cross-layer analysis of wireless TCP/ARQ systems over correlated channels (2005)

We provide the cross-layer analysis of wireless TCP systems. The effect of error correlation on the behavior of link retransmission strategy and the end-to-end throughput of TCP layer are investigated. Based on the cross-layer analysis, a refinement of link layer protocol is proposed by consciously utilizing the information of channel correlations, which leads to the performance improvement of wireless TCP systems.
Digital predistorter architecture with small signal gain control for highly nonlinear RF power amplifiers (2007)

In this paper, a digital predistorter (DPD) architecture is proposed for the linearization of highly nonlinear RF power amplifiers. This digital predistorter architecture uses a complexity reduced and a computationally efficient procedure to synthesis the predistortion function. Unlike conventional digital predistortion architectures that require more than one characterization to get a perfect match between the PA's nonlinearity and that of the DPD, the proposed architecture uses a single characterization and iteratively optimizes the predistortion function performance by controlling the predistorter's small signal gain. Experimental validation carried on a highly nonlinear RF power amplifier demonstrates the ability of the predistorter's small signal gain control to improve the linearity performance.
Using speech recognition to enhance the Tongue Drive System functionality in computer access (2011)

Tongue Drive System (TDS) is a wireless tongue operated assistive technology (AT), which can enable people with severe physical disabilities to access computers and drive powered wheelchairs using their volitional tongue movements. TDS offers six discrete commands, simultaneously available to the users, for pointing and typing as a substitute for mouse and keyboard in computer access, respectively. To enhance the TDS performance in typing, we have added a microphone, an audio codec, and a wireless audio link to its readily available 3-axial magnetic sensor array, and combined it with a commercially available speech recognition software, the Dragon Naturally Speaking, which is regarded as one of the most efficient ways for text entry. Our preliminary evaluations indicate that the combined TDS and speech recognition technologies can provide end users with significantly higher performance than using each technology alone, particularly in completing tasks that require both pointing and text entry, such as web surfing.