gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the Sulfur Mustard Vapor Induced Cutaneous Lesions on Hairless Guinea Pigs (1992)

The identification of antivesicant compounds has been hindered by the lack of a suitable in vivo model. Our laboratory has been evaluating the hairless guinea pig as a useful animal model to mimic the human cutaneous response to sulfur mustard (HD) exposure. The characterization of two cutaneous responses to HD, quantification of erythema using a reflectance color meter, and pathology by light microscopy, is described in this manuscript. Fifty-two hairless guinea pigs were exposed to saturated HD vapor using a vapor cup technique. The dose response of HD vapor was established by varying the duration (2–11 min) of skin exposure to an HD vapor concentration of 0.77 g/m3 under occluded caps. The degree of erythema was determined by measuring the increase in the reflectance meter's a (relative parameter measuring the degree of redness) response for each exposure site at 4, 5, 6, and 24-h postexposure. A linear increase in erythema was observed between the 2– and 4-min HD exposure doses for each post HD observation. The increase in erythema reached a maximum with the 5-min HD exposure dose. HD exposures between 5 and 11 min produced the same degree of erythema. The second method of evaluation—degree of lesion pathology—was determined by observing the percent incidence (percentage of exposure sites with positive response) of several parameters, including (in order of increasing dose dependence) intracellular edema, basal cell necrosis, pustular epidermitis, microblister formation, and follicular necrosis. All markers exhibited a linear dose-response curve with parallel slopes. The more extensive cellular damage occurred at longer exposure times. We have observed in the hairless guinea pig microblister formation at the dermal-epidermal junction similar to that reported in other animal models including humans. The linear dose-response curve for microblister formation correlated highly with available historical data for fluid-filled blisters in humans under similar exposure conditions.
Measured spacecraft dynamic effects on atmospheric science instruments (1998)

In September 1991, NASA launched the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). In addition to its atmospheric science mission, spacecraft dynamic effects on science measurements were analyzed. The investigation included two in-flight experiments to determine how each onboard instrument, subsystem, and environmental disturbance contributed to the spacecraft dynamic response and how these disturbances affected science measurements. Three case studies are presented that show the impact of spacecraft dynamic response on science measurements. The case studies have demonstrated that the influence of spacecraft dynamic response needs to be examined in most remote-sensing spacecraft that have attitude jitter levels commensurate to instrument pointing requirements. In the first case, correlation of independent atmospheric meridional wind measurements taken by two instruments with the spacecraft dynamic response demonstrated that excessive vibration (exceeding instrument pointing requirements) resulted in wind measurement disagreement. In the second case, solar array disturbances produced a spacecraft response signature on radiometer measurements. The signature explicitly demonstrated that if an instrument has sufficient spatial and temporal resolution, spacecraft dynamic response could impact measurements. In the final case, correlation of an instruments fine Sun-sensor data and CO/sub 2/ measurements demonstrated the effect of temporal and spatial sampling resolution and active pointing control on science measurements. The Sun sensor had a frequency modulated characteristic, due to spacecraft vibration and the periodic scanning of another instrument, which was not present on the CO/sub 2/ measurements.
H.G. Wells (1980)

I first met H.G. Wells in 1902 at a small discussion society created by Sidney Webb and by him christened 'The Co-efficients' in the hope that we should be jointly efficient. There were about a dozen of us.1 Some have escaped my memory. Among those whom I remember, the most distinguished was Sir Edward Grey. Then there was H.J. MacKinder (afterwards Sir) who was Reader in Geography at the University of Oxford and a great authority on the then new German subject of geopolitics. What I found most interesting about him was that he had climbed Kilimanjaro with a native guide who walked barefoot except in villages, where he wore dancing pumps. There was Amory. And there was Commander Bellairs, a breezy naval officer who was engaged in a perpetual ding-dong battle for the Parliamentary representation of Kings Lynn with an opponent universally known as Tommy Bowles, a gallant champion of the army. Commander Bellairs was a Liberal and Tommy Bowles a Conservative; but, after a while, Commander Bellairs became a Conservative, and Tommy Bowles became a Liberal. They were thus enabled to continue their duel at Kings Lynn. In 1902 Commander Bellairs was half-way on the journey from the old party to the new one. And there was W.A.S. Hewins, the Director of the School of Economics.KeywordsBook FormConstructive ThinkingSunday AfternoonGerman SubjectMoral DisapprovalThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Hardhat-Wearing Detection Based on a Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network with Multi-Scale Features and a Top-Down Module (2020)

Construction sites are dangerous due to the complex interaction of workers with equipment, building materials, vehicles, etc. As a kind of protective gear, hardhats are crucial for the safety of people on construction sites. Therefore, it is necessary for administrators to identify the people that do not wear hardhats and send out alarms to them. As manual inspection is labor-intensive and expensive, it is ideal to handle this issue by a real-time automatic detector. As such, in this paper, we present an end-to-end convolutional neural network to solve the problem of detecting if workers are wearing hardhats. The proposed method focuses on localizing a person's head and deciding whether they are wearing a hardhat. The MobileNet model is employed as the backbone network, which allows the detector to run in real time. A top-down module is leveraged to enhance the feature-extraction process. Finally, heads with and without hardhats are detected on multi-scale features using a residual-block-based prediction module. Experimental results on a dataset that we have established show that the proposed method could produce an average precision of 87.4%/89.4% at 62 frames per second for detecting people without/with a hardhat worn on the head.
Vaccines for the elderly: current use and future challenges (2018)

Age-related changes of the immune system contribute to increased incidence and severity of infections in the elderly. Vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent infections and vaccination recommendations in most countries include specific guidelines for the elderly. Vaccination against influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae is usually recommended for persons with underlying diseases and for the elderly with heterogeneous age limits between ≥ 50 years and ≥ 65 years. Some countries also recommend vaccination against herpes zoster. Several vaccines are recommended for all adults, such as regular booster shots against tetanus/diphtheria/pertussis/polio, or for specific groups, e.g. vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis in endemic areas or travel vaccines. These are also relevant for the elderly. Most currently used vaccines are less immunogenic and effective in the elderly compared to younger adults. Potential strategies to improve their immunogenicity include higher antigen dose, alternative routes of administration, and the use of adjuvants, which were all implemented for influenza vaccines, and induce moderately higher antibody concentrations. Research on universal vaccines against influenza and S. pneumoniae is ongoing in order to overcome the limitations of the current strain-specific vaccines. Respiratory syncytial virus causes significant morbidity in the elderly. Novel vaccines against this and other pathogens, for instance bacterial nosocomial infections, have tremendous potential impact on health in old age and are intensively studied by many academic and commercial organizations. In addition to novel vaccine developments, it is crucial to increase awareness for the importance of vaccination beyond the pediatric setting, as vaccination coverage is still far from optimal for the older population.
Visualization of High-Dimensional Data with Relational Perspective Map (2004)

This paper introduces a method called relational perspective map (RPM) to visualize distance information in high-dimensional spaces. Like conventional multidimensional scaling, the RPM algorithm aims to produce proximity preserving 2-dimensional (2-D) maps. The main idea of the RPM algorithm is to simulate a multiparticle system on a closed surface: whereas the repulsive forces between the particles reflect the distance information, the closed surface holds the whole system in balance and prevents the resulting map from degeneracy. A special feature of RPM algorithm is its ability to partition a complex dataset into pieces and map them onto a 2-D space without overlapping. Compared to other multidimensional scaling methods, RPM is able to reveal more local details of complex datasets. This paper demonstrates the properties of RPM maps with four examples and provides extensive comparison to other multidimensional scaling methods, such as Sammon Mapping and Curvilinear Principle Analysis.
Resistivity of a composite conducting polymer as a function of temperature, pressure, and environment: Applications as a pressure and gas concentration transducer (1986)

The resistivity of a commercial carbon-filled composite conducting polymer (ET-Semicon■) has been measured as a function of temperature between 80 and 400 K and under pressure up to 1.5 GPa (15 kbar). Large changes in resistivity were observed. The resistivity was also very sensitive to the presence of certain solvents and hydrocarbons. The results are explained as percolation effects caused by changes in volume due to pressure, thermal expansion, or dissolved solvents. The material studied is found to have a wide range of potential applications for pressure measurements and as a transducer for gas or liquid concentration.
Experimental and theoretical study of intramolecular exchange in Ir<sub>2</sub>Rh<sub>2</sub>(CO)<sub>12</sub>and Ir<sub>4</sub>(CO)<sub>11</sub>(µ-SO<sub>2</sub>) (2004)

As observed by variable-temperature and -pressure 13C NMR, intramolecular carbonyl scrambling in Ir2Rh2(CO)12 and Ir4(CO)11(micro-SO2) proceeds via a 'change of basal face' mechanism. In both cases the site exchange process has a positive activation volume suggesting that the transition states contain longer M-M distances compared to ground states of Cs symmetry. Transition state structures have been located by density functional calculations including relativistic effects. These structures contain a new symmetry plane which interchanges the indistinguishable starting and final geometries. Both transition state structures contain one significantly elongated M-M distance, bearing the bridging ligand unaffected by the site exchange. Differences in molecular volumes of ground and transition state geometries as calculated from Connolly surfaces and electron densities confirm the volume expansion in both cases. The sign of the activation volume is therefore a good criterion for distinguishing between the two main site exchange processes occurring in tetrahedral d9 carbonyl clusters, i.e. the 'change of basal face' process and the 'merry-go-round' process, as the latter presents a negative activation volume.
Indoxyl sulfate inhibits proliferation of human proximal tubular cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress (2010)

Uremic toxins can deteriorate renal function, but little is known about its mechanism. Because tubular injury is central to progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), we investigated the effects of a representative uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS) on tubular cells. IS induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cultured human proximal tubular cells, demonstrated by the increase in C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in the immunoblots. Moreover, administration of an oral adsorbent AST-120 reduced serum IS concentration and decreased tubular expression of CHOP in immunohistochemistry in 5/6-nephretomized, CKD model, rats. Furthermore, we disclosed that IS inhibited proliferation of tubular cells in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine assay, whereas the results of trypan blue exclusion and lactate dehydrogenase assay showed that IS did not promote cell death. This inhibition was mitigated by small interfering (si) RNA against CHOP. Furthermore, IS increased the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1) (p21). Surprisingly, this was mediated by the inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6, the expression of which was decreased by siRNA against activating transcription factor 4, another ER stress marker; however, the induction of IL-6 and p21 by IS was not suppressed by siRNA targeted to CHOP, suggesting that they were downstream of ER stress, but independent of CHOP. Moreover, we found that their upregulation was dependent on ERK, using the ERK pathway inhibitor U-0126. Collectively, we demonstrated that IS induced ER stress in tubular cells and inhibited cell proliferation via two pathways downstream of ER stress, namely CHOP and ERK-IL-6-p21. These are possible targets for suppressing progression of CKD.
A Tuning Strategy for Unconstrained SISO Model Predictive Control (1997)

This paper presents an easy-to-use and reliable tuning strategy for unconstrained SISO dynamic matrix control (DMC) and lays a foundation for extension to multivariable systems. The tuning strategy achieves set point tracking with minimal overshoot and modest manipulated input move sizes and is applicable to a broad class of open loop stable processes. The derivation of an analytical expression for the move suppression coefficient, λ, and its demonstration in a DMC tuning strategy is one of the significant contributions of this work. The compact form for the analytical expression for λ is achieved by employing a first order plus dead time (FOPDT) model approximation of the process dynamics. With tuning parameters computed, DMC is then implemented in the classical fashion using a dynamic matrix formulated from step response coefficients of the actual process. Just as the FOPDT model approximation has proved a valuable tool in tuning rules such as Cohen−Coon, ITAE, and IAE for PID implementations, the tuning strategy presented here is significant because it offers an analogous approach for DMC.
An Adversarial Approach to High-Quality, Sentiment-Controlled Neural Dialogue Generation (2019)

In this work, we propose a method for neural dialogue response generation that allows not only generating semantically reasonable responses according to the dialogue history, but also explicitly controlling the sentiment of the response via sentiment labels. Our proposed model is based on the paradigm of conditional adversarial learning; the training of a sentiment-controlled dialogue generator is assisted by an adversarial discriminator which assesses the fluency and feasibility of the response generating from the dialogue history and a given sentiment label. Because of the flexibility of our framework, the generator could be a standard sequence-to-sequence (SEQ2SEQ) model or a more complicated one such as a conditional variational autoencoder-based SEQ2SEQ model. Experimental results using automatic and human evaluation both demonstrate that our proposed framework is able to generate both semantically reasonable and sentiment-controlled dialogue responses.
Higher Order Neural Networks Learning by Extended Kalman Filter (2011)

The Extended Kalman filter (EKF) is well known as a state estimation method for a nonlinear system and has been used to train a multilayered neural network (MNN) by augmenting the state with unknown connecting weights. The EKF Neural networks training algorithm is superior to standard back-propagation algorithm, but it is also known that Higher Order Neural Networks (HONN) have better performance than a standard multilayer perceptron networks. In this paper, more robust new learning algorithm for a Higher Order Neural Networks (HONN) based on EKF is proposed. The algorithm is an EKF coupled with HONN model, and has a new algorithm used to approximate the uncertainty of the system extreme nonlinearities. HONN consists of Generalized mean Neuron model (GMN).The GMN consists of an aggregation function which is based on generalized mean of all the inputs applied to it. EKF-HONN model is used for non linear state estimation, and to determine the weights and error covariance, the one step ahead prediction. Simulation results show that the proposed new algorithm is quite effective and can be implemented in the field of adaptive filtering nonlinear state estimation and predictions in place of traditional methods.
Numerical simulation of the three-dimensional structure and dynamics of the non-magnetic solar chromosphere (2004)

Three-dimensional numerical simulations with COBOLD, a new radiation hydrodynamics code, result in a dynamic, thermally bifurcated model of the non-magnetic chromosphere of the quiet Sun. The 3D model includes the middle and low chromosphere, the photosphere, and the top of the convection zone, where acoustic waves are excited by convective motions. While the waves propagate upwards, they steepen into shocks, dissipate, and deposit their mechanical energy as heat in the chromosphere. Our numerical simulations show for the first time a complex 3D structure of the chromospheric layers, formed by the interaction of shock waves. Horizontal temperature cross-sections of the model chromosphere exhibit a network of hot filaments and enclosed cool regions. The horizontal pattern evolves on short time-scales of the order of typically 20-25 s, and has spatial scales comparable to those of the underlying granulation. The resulting thermal bifurcation, i.e., the co-existence of cold and hot regions, provides temperatures high enough to produce the observed chromospheric UV emission and – at the same time – temperatures cold enough to allow the formation of molecules (e.g., carbon monoxide). Our 3D model corroborates the finding by [CITE] that the chromospheric temperature rise of semi-empirical models does not necessarily imply an increase in the average gas temperature but can be explained by the presence of substantial spatial and temporal temperature inhomogeneities.
Terahertz continuous-wave large-area traveling-wave photomixers on high-energy low-dose ion-implanted GaAs (2007)

Nitrogen ion implantation at 3MeV and low doses into commercial semi-insulating GaAs (107Ωcm) is used to manufacture continuously operated metal-semiconductor-metal terahertz photomixer radiation sources based on a traveling-wave interdigitated-finger coplanar stripline structure. The authors systematically investigated the terahertz efficiency over the implantation dose range of 5.6×1011–1.8×1013ions∕cm2 and determined the optimum implantation dose range for operation in the frequency range 500–1000GHz, where a significant higher efficiency is obtained compared to low-temperature-grown GaAs.
Needle Echogenicity in Sonographically Guided Regional Anesthesia (2013)

This study shows that anesthesiologists prefer certain visual characteristics of needles used in sonographically guided regional anesthesia procedures. Specifically, needle tip clarity most closely predicted clinician needle preferences. These results support the idea that all echogenic needle designs do not uniformly enhance needle visualization. Further studies are needed to determine whether needles with superior tip clarity predict not only clinician preferences but also improved sonographically guided regional anesthetic outcomes.
The Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor System: G-Protein Mediated Pathways that Modulate Neuronal and Vascular Cellular Injury (2002)

During both cell differentiation and development, the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) system plays an important role in securing successful maturation of an organism. Yet, the mGluR system may hold a more crucial role that involves the prevention and reversal of cellular injury during acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. As G-protein related receptors, the mGluR system employs a host of signal transduction systems to regulate cell survival and injury. In most circumstances, it is activation of specific mGluR subtypes that prevent the induction of programmed cell death (PCD) along two distinct pathways that involve the degradation of genomic DNA and the exposure of membrane phosphatidylserine (PS) residues. To reach this end of cytoprotection, the mGluR system modulates a selective range of cellular pathways that include protein kinases, intracellular calcium, endonucleases, and cysteine proteases, but excludes more ”up-stream“ cellular mechanisms such as mitogen-activate d protein kinases. Cytoprotection through the mGluR system is directly clinically relevant, since immediate and delayed injury paradigms demonstrate the ability of this system to reverse PCD in both neuronal and vascular cell populations. Future investigations with the mGluR system will offer both a novel and robust foundation for the development of efficacious therapeutic regimens against cellular injury.
Influenza A virus-induced apoptosis in bronchiolar epithelial (NCI-H292) cells limits pro-inflammatory cytokine release (2003)

Infection of cells with influenza A virus results in cell death with apoptotic characteristics. Apoptosis is regarded as a non-inflammatory process. However, during influenza an inflammatory response occurs in the airway epithelium. An examination of this apparent paradox was made using influenza A virus infection of human nasal and bronchiolar epithelial cells. Some cytokine genes (IL-18, CCL2 and CCL5) were expressed constitutively in nasal cells but no cytokine was released. In bronchiolar cells, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and CXCL8 expression was constitutive, whilst CCL2 and CCL5 expression was upregulated following influenza virus infection. IL-6, CXCL8 and CCL5 were released but IL-1 beta and CCL2 were not. In bronchiolar cells, cell death was inhibited by the caspase-8 (Z-IETD-fmk) and pan-caspase (Z-VAD-fmk) inhibitors and these inhibitors enhanced expression of CCL5 and increased the levels of the three secreted cytokines significantly. Thus, the amount of each cytokine released from bronchiolar cells is reduced during cell death, implying that the observed inflammatory response in influenza would be greater if cell death did not occur. Reduced cytokine release is also associated with fragmentation of the Golgi body, as the caspase inhibitors also rescued influenza A virus-induced fragmentation of the Golgi ribbon.
Characterizing optical polishing pitch (2003)

Characterization data for five experimental optical polishing pitch products were compared to those for corresponding standard commercial optical polishing pitches. The experimental pitches were tested for three physical properties: hardness, viscosity at 90Ã‚Â°C, and softening point. A Shore A Durometerl test was used to measure hardness. Viscosity data were collected using a Stony Brook Scientific' falling needle viscometer. Softening point was determined using the ASTM D3104-97 method. Results demonstrate that the softest and the hardest batches of the experimental grades of optical pitch are comparable to the industry-accepted standards, while the other grades of pitch are not. The experimental methodology followed in this research may allow opticians to rapidly compare different brands of pitch to help identify batch- to- batch differences and control pitch quality before use.