gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Light Field Microscopy for In Vivo Ca2+ Imaging (2020)

Light Field Microscopy is an emerging technique for neuroimaging with a high potential for dissemination in the neuroscience community. The general idea of recording and manipulating light fields is far-reaching and continues to inspire a wealth of new developments and variations. The concept of fully capturing the direction and position of all light rays propagating in a volume is known as plenoptic imaging, and the quantity containing all the captured information is the plenoptic function. For many applications, including Ca2+ imaging, it is necessary to reconstruct the 3D distribution of light sources in order to find the positions of the individual cells and to demix their signals from each other and any background. Light scattering in larval zebrafish brain is much weaker than, e.g., in the mammalian cortex, but severe enough to lead to noticeable blurring when imaging structures across the brain.
Large-strain, rigid-to-rigid deformation of bistable electroactive polymers (2009)

Thermoplastic poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PTBA) is reported as an electroactive polymer that is rigid at ambient conditions and turns into a dielectric elastomer above a transition temperature. In the rubbery state, a PTBA thin film can be electrically actuated to strains up to 335% in area expansion. The calculated actuation pressure is 3.2 MPa. The actuation is made bistable by cooling to below glass transition temperature. The PTBA represents the bistable electroactive polymer (BSEP) that can be actuated to various largely strained, rigid shapes. The application of the BSEP for refreshable Braille display, an active tactile display, is also demonstrated.
Association of an Isomeric Species of Carcinoembryonic Antigen with Neoplasia of the Gastrointestinal Tract (1975)

We studied the association between serum levels of an isomeric species of carcinoembryonic antigen and neoplasia of the gastrointestinal tract in 993 patients. With use of an empirically determined threshold, the antigen was found to be elevated in 80.4 per cent of 138 patients with neof other tumors, predominantly lung and breast tumors. Serum levels were elevated in 0.23 per cent of random patients and 0.41 per cent of 725 patients without neoplasia, including those with liver diseases, inflammatory bowel disease and chronic renal disease. The results of this study suggest that this species of carcinoembryonic antigen, and that assay for it offers an improved approach to the diagnosis and management of neoplasia of the gastroinetestinal tract.
P5-01-13: High Levels of Nuclear Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1) Are Associated with Poor Prognosis in Breast Cancer: Results from the Nurses' Health Study. (2011)

Abstract Purpose: Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is the master transcriptional regulator of the cellular response to heat and a wide variety of other stressors. We previously reported that HSF1 promotes the survival and proliferation of malignant cells. At this time, however, the clinical and prognostic significance of HSF1 in cancer is unknown. Patients and methods: Breast cancer samples from 1,841 participants in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) were scored for levels of nuclear HSF1. Associations of HSF1 status with clinical parameters and survival outcomes were investigated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard models. The associations were further delineated by Kaplan-Meier analysis using publicly available mRNA expression data. Results: Nuclear HSF1 levels were elevated in ∼80% of in situ and invasive breast carcinomas. In invasive carcinomas, HSF1 expression was associated with high histologic grade, larger tumor size, and nodal involvement at diagnosis (P&lt;0.0001). Overall, in multivariate analysis, high-HSF1 levels were associated with increased breast cancer-specific mortality (HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.21−2.17). This association was seen in the ER-positive population (HR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.25−2.47), even in early-stage lymph node negative cases (HR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.17−3.33). In public expression profiling data, high-HSF1 mRNA levels were also associated with an increase in ER-positive breast cancer-specific mortality. Conclusions: Increased HSF1 is associated with reduced survival in breast cancer. The findings indicate that HSF1 should be evaluated prospectively as an independent prognostic indicator in ER-positive breast cancer and that HSF1 may provide a useful therapeutic target. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-01-13.
Delegatable Pseudorandom Functions and Applications. (2013)

We put forth the problem of delegating the evaluation of a pseudorandom function (PRF) to an untrusted proxy. A delegatable PRF, or DPRF for short, is a new primitive that enables a proxy to evaluate a PRF on a strict subset of its domain using a trapdoor derived from the DPRF secret-key. PRF delegation is policy-based: the trapdoor is constructed with respect to a certain policy that determines the subset of input values which the proxy is allowed to compute. Interesting DPRFs should achieve low-bandwidth delegation: Enabling the proxy to compute the PRF values that conform to the policy should be more efficient than simply providing the proxy with the sequence of all such values precomputed. The main challenge in constructing DPRFs is in maintaining the pseudorandomness of unknown values in the face of an attacker that adaptively controls proxy servers. A DPRF may be optionally equipped with an additional property we call policy privacy, where any two delegation predicates remain indistinguishable in the view of a DPRF-querying proxy: achieving this raises new design challenges as policy privacy and efficiency are seemingly conflicting goals. For the important class of policies described as (1-dimensional) ranges, we devise two DPRF constructions and rigorously prove their security. Built upon the well-known tree-based GGM PRF family [15], our constructions are generic and feature only logarithmic delegation size in the number of values conforming to the policy predicate. At only a constant-factor efficiency reduction, we show that our second construction is also policy private. As we finally describe, their new security and efficiency properties render our delegated PRF schemes particularly useful in numerous security applications, including RFID, symmetric searchable encryption, and broadcast encryption. 1
A cluster-based resource provisioning model in virtual private networks (2006)

This paper presents a novel resource provisioning method for virtual private networks. Trunk and hose models are well known bandwidth provisioning models for VPNs but both have significant disadvantages if applied to large scale networks. The management complexity of the trunk model highly increases with the size of the network, while bandwidth efficiency of the hose model is often excessively low. The authors proposed an intermediate solution between hose and trunk models. By dividing the network into clusters and using cluster-based traffic description an appropriate equilibrium between management complexity and over provisioning could be found. A method for computing the necessary links capacities for a traffic given by cluster-based description is also presented, which makes it possible to design congestion free networks. Routing strategies were also suggested to further improve the performance of the new provisioning method. The applicability and limitations of the method and the effect of different routing strategies and fault tolerance are examined by simulating several test scenarios.
Neural Models for Key Phrase Detection and Question Generation (2017)

We propose a two-stage neural model to tackle question generation from documents. Our model first estimates the probability that word sequences in a document compose “interesting” answers using a neural model trained on a question-answering corpus. We thus take a data-driven approach to interestingness. Predicted key phrases then act as target answers that condition a sequence-to-sequence question generation model with a copy mechanism. Empirically, our neural key phrase detection model significantly outperforms an entity-tagging baseline system and existing rule-based approaches. We demonstrate that the question generator formulates good quality natural language questions from extracted key phrases, and a human study indicates that our system’s generated question-answer pairs are competitive with those of an earlier approach. We foresee our system being used in an educational setting to assess reading comprehension and also as a data augmentation technique for semi-supervised learning.
Restricted Infectivity of a Human-Lineage H3N2 Influenza A Virus in Pigs Is Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Gene Dependent (2006)

Influenza A viruses cause pandemics at sporadic intervals. Pandemic viruses can potentially be introduced into the human population through in toto transfer of an avian influenza virus or through reassortment between avian and human strains. Pigs are believed to play a central role in the creation of pandemic viruses through reassortment because of their susceptibility to infection with both avian and human influenza viruses. However, we recently found that a human-lineage H3N2 influenza virus was highly restricted in its ability to infect pigs after intranasal inoculation. We hypothesized that this restricted infectivity phenotype was controlled by the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). To test this, we infected pigs with reverse genetics-created HA plus NA reassortant viruses. Specifically, introduction of the HA and NA genes of a contemporary H3N2 swine virus into the genetic background of the wholly human virus resulted in a significant increase in virus shedding and pathogenicity. These data indicate that the HA/NA can play important roles in controlling human influenza virus infectivity in pigs. The results further support the premise that a barrier exists to human influenza virus infection in pigs, which may limit the role of pigs in pandemic virus creation through reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses.
Estimate of indicated torque from crankshaft speed fluctuations: a model for the dynamics of the IC engine (1989)

A contribution is made to the task of constructing a global model for the IC (internal combustion) engine. A robust submodel is formulated for the dynamics of the IC engine, where-in the engine is viewed as a system with input given by cylinder pressure and output corresponding to crankshaft angular acceleration and crankshaft torque. The formulation is well suited to closed-loop engine control and transmission control applications. In the model, cylinder pressure is deterministically related to net engine torque through the geometry and dynamics of the reciprocating assembly. The relationship between net engine torque and crankshaft angular acceleration is explain in terms of a passive second-order electrical circuit model with constant parameters. Experimental results confirm the validity of the model over a wide range of engine operating conditions, including transient conditions. It is concluded that the model provides a powerful tool for estimating average and instantaneous net engine torque based on an inexpensive noncontacting measurement of crankshaft acceleration, thus providing access to one of the primary engine performance variables.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Switched Modular Multilevel Converter: A Compact VSC for High and Medium Voltage Applications (2022)

The modular multilevel converter (MMC), owing to the presence of a large number of submodules (SMs) and energy storing elements, requires a large footprint and initial investment. To address these issues, this paper proposes the switched modular multilevel converter (SMMC). It consists of two major elements; the chain-links (CLs), consisting of cascade connection of SMs as in MMC, and the single-pole-triple-throw (SPTT) switches, which can be realized using either the T-type or NPC-type switch strings. The SMMC works on the principle of connecting all the phase-legs in series and their respective positions are mutually interchanged. It offers a compact structure as the SMs count is reduced to 33% of MMC, which results in a much lower energy storage requirement. Furthermore, it does not have inter-phase circulating current problem and hence the CL inductors can also be avoided. The SMMC structure, operating principles, control, and modulation schemes are explained in detail. A detailed comparison of SMMC with the other major existing converters is carried out to highlight the important features of SMMC. The efficacy of SMMC is validated using PSCAD simulation studies with a 19-level grid-connected SMMC model. A 3-phase 19-level SMMC laboratory prototype is developed to further validate its feasibility.
A Retargeting Approach for Mesopic Vision: Simulation and Compensation (2016)

Retargeting approaches aim at providing a unified framework for image rendering in which both the intended scene luminance and the actual luminance of the display are taken into account. At the core of any color retargeting method, a color vision model and its inverse are employed. Such a color appearance model should be invertible and cover the entire luminance range of the human visual system. There are not many available models that meet these two conditions. Moreover, most of these models are developed based on psychophysical experiments over color patches, and many have never been used for complex images due to their complexity. In this article, a color retargeting approach based on the mesopic model of Shin et al. [“A color appearance model applicable in mesopic vision,” Opt. Rev. 11, 272‐278 (2004)] is developed to work with complex images. The authors propose an inverse model for complex images to compensate for color appearance changes on dimmed displays viewed in a dark environment. Their experimental results using both quantitative and qualitative evaluations show a discriminative improvement in the perceived color quality for mesopic vision. The proposed method can be incorporated into image retargeting techniques and display rendering mechanisms.
Depressed index substrate tubes to eliminate leaky-mode losses in single-mode fibers (1985)

Silica tubing to be used as substrate tubes for MCVD has was demonstrated for a fiber having only one-fourth the deposited clad-merical tubing in that it is both dehydrated and fluorinated during processing to yield a silica which is dry and whose refractive index is lower than that of silica. These tubes are advantageously used to prepare single-mode fibers having fluorinated-silica cladding which controls dispersion and reduces scattering losses. In this case, the refractive index of the deposited cladding can be matched to that of the outer tube thus avoiding leaky-mode losses commonly encountered in depressed-index clad fibers. Using such an approach, low loss (0.28 dB/km at 1.55 μm) was demonstrated for a fiber having only one-fourth the deposited cladding required when a commercial silica tube is used. Such tubes could provide ecomomies to the processing of and the performance of complex cladding single-mode structures and impact multimode fiber designs.
Finite-difference time-domain simulation of two-dimensional photonic crystal surface-emitting laser (2005)

Using the three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, we have investigated in detail the optical properties of a two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal (PC) surface-emitting laser having a square-lattice structure. In this study we perform the 3D-FDTD calculation for the structure of an actual fabricated device. The device is based on bandedge resonance, and four band edges are present at the corresponding band edge point. For these band edges, we calculate the quality (Q) factor. The results show that the Q factor of a resonant mode labeled A1 is larger than that of other resonant modes; that is, lasing occurs easily in mode A1. The device can thus achieve single-mode lasing oscillation. To increase the Q factor, we also consider the optimization of device parameters. The results provide important guidelines for device fabrication.
Integrated Circuit Compatible Surface Acoustic Wave Devices On Gallium Arsenide (1981)

Improvements in gallium arsenide materials technology have led to the rapid development of GaAs MIC, CCD, and digital IC technologies in the last several years. In this paper we consider the additional capabilities afforded by the inherent piezoelectric properties of GaAs. The primary emphasis of the work is on surface acoustic wave (SAW) device configurations using MESFET and Schottky-barrier diode fabrication techniques which are compatible with the eventual monolithic integration of electronic devices on the same substrate. The GaAs SAW technology described here provides a means for achieving electronically variable delay, high-Q resonator structures for VHF/UHF oscillator frequency control, and real-time signal processing operations such as convolution and correlation. Prototype device designs and performance are described, includlng two-port GaAs SAW resonators with Q's as large as 13 000 at 118 MHz and a programmable GaAs SAW PSK correlator capable of signal correlation at 10-MHz chip rates. Further GaAs SAW device development required for increasing the operating frequency range to 500 MHz and processing bandwidth to 100 MHz is indicated.
Exploiting the structure of space-time codes (2003)

We describe key receiver signal processing algorithms for space-time-coded transmissions over broadband wireless channels. These include channel estimation, equalization, and interference cancellation. Our main theme is exploiting the rich structure of space-time codes to enhance the performance and reduce the complexity of receiver signal processing. The third generation TDMA system EDGE is taken as a case study.
Nonaqueous Spray‐Drying as a Route to Ultrafine Ceramic Powders (1988)

Spray‐drying imparts unique powder handling features to a wide variety of dried products and is usually carried out in a heated airstream while feeding an aqueous suspension of some solid material. The present work, however, explores nonaqueous spray‐drying as a means of preparing fine powders of metal oxides. In this case an alcohol solvent was used in place of water and the slurry sprayed under an inert atmosphere. Using the nonaqueous technique, the product consists of distinct but loosely aggregated primary particles.
ChemInform Abstract: Enhancing Hydrogen Evolution Activity in Water Splitting by Tailoring Li<sup>+</sup>‐Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>‐Pt Interfaces. (2012)

Abstract Controlled arrangement of nanometer‐scale Ni(OH) 2 clusters on platinum electrode surfaces increases the catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction in KOH solution by a factor of eight relative to state‐of‐the‐art metal and metal oxide catalysts.
Microneedle Patches Loaded with Nanovesicles for Glucose Transporter-Mediated Insulin Delivery (2022)

Glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems that mimic insulin secretion activity in the pancreas show great potential to improve clinical therapeutic outcomes for people with type 1 and advanced type 2 diabetes. Here, we report a glucose-responsive insulin delivery microneedle (MN) array patch that is loaded with red blood cell (RBC) vesicles or liposome nanoparticles containing glucose transporters (GLUTs) bound with glucosamine-modified insulin (Glu-Insulin). In hyperglycemic conditions, high concentrations of glucose in interstitial fluid can replace Glu-Insulin <i>via</i> a competitive interaction with GLUT, leading to a quick release of Glu-Insulin and subsequent regulation of blood glucose (BG) levels <i>in vivo</i>. To prolong the effective glucose-responsive insulin release from MNs, additional free Glu-Insulin, which serves as "stored insulin", is loaded after RBC vesicles or liposome nanoparticles bound with Glu-Insulin. In the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic mouse model, this smart GLUT-based insulin patch can effectively control BG levels without causing hypoglycemia.
Birth of germline chimeras by transfer of chicken embryonic germ (EG) cells into recipient embryos (2003)

This study reports for the first time the production of chicken germline chimeras by transfer of embryonic germ (EG) cells into recipient embryos of different strain. EG cells were established by the subculture of gonadal tissue cells retrieved from stage 28 White Leghorn (WL) embryos with I/I gene. During primary culture (P(0)), gonadal primordial germ cells (gPGCs) in the stromal cells began to form colonies after 7 days in culture with significant (P < 0.0001) increase in cell population. Colonized gPGCs were then subcultured with chicken embryonic fibroblast monolayer for EG cell preparation. Prepared EG cells or gPGCs at P(0) were transferred to stage 17 Korean Ogol chicken (KOC) embryos with i/i gene. The recipient chickens were raised for 6 months to sexual maturity, then a testcross analysis by artificial insemination was conducted for evaluating germline chimerism. As results, transfer of EG cells and gPGCs yielded total 17 germline chimeras; 2 out of 15 (13.3%) and 15 of 176 sexually matured chickens (8.5%), respectively. The efficiency of germline transmission in the chimeras was 1.5-14.6% in EG cells, while 1.3-27.6% in gPGCs. In conclusion, chicken germline chimeras could be produced by the transfer of EG cells, as well as gPGCs, which might enormously contribute to establishing various innovative technologies in the field of avian transgenic research for bioreactor production.
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (2016)

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a noninvasive approach that can visualize blood vessels down to the capillary level. With the advent of high-speed OCT and efficient algorithms, practical OCTA of ocular circulation is now available to ophthalmologists. Clinical investigations that used OCTA have increased exponentially in the past few years. This review will cover the history of OCTA and survey its most important clinical applications. The salient problems in the interpretation and analysis of OCTA are described, and recent advances are highlighted.
Modular Embedded Multilevel Converter for MV/HVDC Applications (2018)

Many of the renewable energy resources, like offshore wind, utility PV farms, are located far away from the load centers, which requires dc power transmission system to efficiently deliver power. Voltage-source converter solution is required in many applications due to the stability and compensation requirement. This paper presents a new voltage source converter topology for medium to high voltage dc application, named modular embedded multilevel converter (MEMC). MEMC is based on a three-level topology structure and consists of series-connected insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) bridge stacks, like the popular modular multilevel converter (MMC) and series-connected thyristor or press-pack high voltage integrated gate-commutated thyristor or IGBT stacks. The basic operation principle, control solutions, and the methods to commutate the thyristors are explained in detail. Due to the three-level structure, the total number of IGBT stacks are reduced by half compared with MMC, leading to much lower energy storage, weight, volume, and system complexity. Also by replacing part of the IGBT stack in MMC with thyristor stack, both of the system conduction loss and switching loss can be further reduced. There are other topology variations of MEMC with a similar operational principle but different characteristics.