gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tau PET in autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease: relationship with cognition, dementia and other biomarkers (2019)

Tauopathy is a hallmark pathology of Alzheimer's disease with a strong relationship with cognitive impairment. As such, understanding tau may be a key to clinical interventions. In vivo tauopathy has been measured using cerebrospinal fluid assays, but these do not provide information about where pathology is in the brain. The introduction of PET ligands that bind to paired helical filaments provides the ability to measure the amount and distribution of tau pathology. The heritability of the age of dementia onset tied to the specific mutations found in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease families provides an elegant model to study the spread of tau across the course of the disease as well as the cross-modal relationship between tau and other biomarkers. To better understand the pathobiology of Alzheimer's disease we measured levels of tau PET binding in individuals with dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease using data from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN). We examined cross-sectional measures of amyloid-β, tau, glucose metabolism, and grey matter degeneration in 15 cognitively normal mutation non-carriers, 20 asymptomatic carriers, and 15 symptomatic mutation carriers. Linear models examined the association of pathology with group, estimated years to symptom onset, as well as cross-modal relationships. For comparison, tau PET was acquired on 17 older adults with sporadic, late onset Alzheimer disease. Tau PET binding was starkly elevated in symptomatic DIAN individuals throughout the cortex. The brain areas demonstrating elevated tau PET binding overlapped with those seen in sporadic Alzheimer's disease, but with a greater cortical involvement and greater levels of binding despite similar cognitive impairment. Tau PET binding was elevated in the temporal lobe, but the most prominent loci of pathology were in the precuneus and lateral parietal regions. Symptomatic mutation carriers also demonstrated elevated tau PET binding in the basal ganglia, consistent with prior work with amyloid-β. The degree of tau tracer binding in symptomatic individuals was correlated to other biomarkers, particularly markers of neurodegeneration. In addition to the differences seen with tau, amyloid-β was increased in both asymptomatic and symptomatic groups relative to non-carriers. Glucose metabolism showed decline primarily in the symptomatic group. MRI indicated structural degeneration in both asymptomatic and symptomatic cohorts. We demonstrate that tau PET binding is elevated in symptomatic individuals with dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease. Tau PET uptake was tied to the onset of cognitive dysfunction, and there was a higher amount, and different regional pattern of binding compared to late onset, non-familial Alzheimer's disease.
Three layers of battlefield gunfire protection: soldier, vehicle, and area protection sensors (2008)

The ShotSpotter Gunshot Location System® has a flexible architecture that employs a wireless network of sensors mounted on buildings, vehicles, or soldiers. These distributed arrays with redundant acoustic paths combine audio time of arrival and/or angle of arrival from multiple sensors to calculate locations in challenging environments with obstructions or reflections. Muzzle and bullet sounds can be used depending on the proximity of the sensors to the bullet trajectory. Large array geometries allow not only close-range sniper detection but also wide-area situational awareness of enemy weapon activity. Examples of acoustic detections are presented in this paper using data from a combination of fixed and mobile sensors.
Microstrip Antennas for Direct Human Skin Placement for Biomedical Applications (2010)

Microwave breast imaging (MBI) uses low power and longer wavelength signals (compared to X-ray mammography) to obtain information about breast tissues, and promises a safer and more accurate modality for regular breast scanning. One of the major impediments of this technology has been a large signal re∞ection from the breast skin. In this paper, we present a method to reducing the efiect of signal re∞ection from the breast skin by placing the antenna in-contact with the breast skin. In the reported method, the skin is considered a layer of the antenna substrate, and the efiect of having the antenna in contact with the skin is included in the antenna design itself. Thus, the design allows placing the antenna on the breast skin. This reduces the signal scattering from the skin and more transmitted signal is irradiated on the tumor, thus, increasing the tumor detection sensitivity. Design and simulation in Ansoft High Frequency Simulation Software (HFSS) is presented. The simulation results show that the current density in the breast skin is much less while the current density in the tumor is much higher when the antenna is placed directly on the breast skin, compared to when the antenna is placed away from the skin. While, in this paper, the antenna is discussed in the context of microwave breast imaging, the concept of placing an antenna directly on human skin has a wide range of biomedical applications.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Efficient Synthesis of 3‐(Hydroxymethyl)‐4H‐chromen‐4‐ones. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Neural network technology for strata strength characterization (2003)

The process of drilling and bolting the roof is currently one of the most dangerous jobs in underground mining, resulting in about 1,000 accidents with injuries each year in the United States. To increase the safety of underground miners, researchers from the Spokane Research Laboratory of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health are applying neural network technology to the classification of mine roof strata in terms of relative strength. In this project, the feasibility of using a monitoring system on a roof drill to assess the integrity of a mine roof and warn a roof drill operator when a weak layer is encountered is being studied. Using measurements taken while a layer is being drilled, one can convert the data to suitably scaled features and classify the strength of the layer with a neural network. The feasibility of using a drill monitoring system to estimate the strength of successive layers of rock was demonstrated in the laboratory.
The Enhanced Modular Multilevel Converter With DC Fault Blocking Capability (2023)

The large energy-storage requirement and lack of dc fault-tolerant capability are the major drawbacks of modular multilevel converters (MMC). To address these issues, alternate hybrid topologies have been developed, but these are all non-modular, and hence, MMC remains the most preferred topology for high-power applications. In this article, a new submodule (SM) structure is proposed that consists of five switches and a capacitor. Based on this SM, a novel enhanced modular multilevel converter (EMMC) is developed, which is fully modular, scalable, and requires fewer switches and capacitors. It also possesses the features of reduced energy-storage requirement and dc fault-tolerant capability. The structures and operating principles of proposed SM and EMMC topology are presented. The proposed topology is compared with state-of-the-art topologies in terms of the switch counts, SM capacitors, and isolated power-supplies requirements to highlight the main features of EMMC. The proposed EMMC is an effective and more efficient converter solution compared with the major existing high-power hybrid converters. Moreover, it has a fully modular structure. A 21-level, grid-connected EMMC simulation model is developed to validate its working principles and dc fault-tolerant capability. The working principles and dc fault-tolerant capability are further validated using a scaled-down five-level EMMC experimental prototype.
On the design of coplanar bond wires as transmission lines (1999)

Bond wires are typically thought of as lumped electrical parasitic elements, and the usual design methodology is to make them as short as possible. Here, another scenario is shown where the bond wires may be thought of as transmission lines. Specifically, the practical system of "coplanar waveguide wires" is analyzed. If parameters are chosen carefully, especially with regard to wire height above substrate, they may impedance match the microstrip connector.
<title>Fiber optic IR reflectance sensor for the cone penetrometer</title> (1995)

A compact, ruggedized fiber optic IR reflectance probe for remote, in-situ screening of underground waste sites has been developed. Using cabled chalcogenide optical fibers and a FTIR system, remote spectroscopy has been performed over distances of 20 meters. This paper discusses the design and performance of this system.
Human lysosomal cathepsin G and granzyme B share a functionally conserved broad spectrum antibacterial peptide. (1991)

Human neutrophil lysosomal cathepsin G (cat G) exerts broad-spectrum antibacterial action in vitro against Gram-negative and -positive bacteria independent of its serine protease activity. We recently determined that an internal peptide of cat G (HPQYNQR), obtained after digestion of cat G with clostripain, possessed broad-spectrum antibacterial action in vitro, displaying an ED50 of 5 x 10(-5) M. In order to evaluate the structure-antibacterial properties of this peptide, synthetic variants with single alanine substitutions at each position were prepared and tested for antibacterial action. We found that alanine substitution for His-1 or Tyr-4, or certain modifications of the His-1 side chain, produced nonbactericidal peptides. A hexapeptide lacking the COOH-terminal Arg-7 but not a pentapeptide lacking both Gln-6 and Arg-7 possessed in vitro bactericidal activity. Interestingly, the cat G bactericidal peptide displays similarity to sequences within other serine proteases, notably the proposed cytotoxic granzymes present in the cytolytic granules of human and mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes. We now report that an internal peptide of one human granzyme (granzyme B) with the sequence of HPAYNPK also displays bactericidal action in vitro. Our results suggest that an internal antibacterial domain among human serine proteases cat G and granzyme B has been functionally conserved through evolution perhaps for the purpose of host defense against microbial pathogens and targets of cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing.
Development of a Multilane Channel System for Nongel-Based Two-Dimensional Protein Separations Using Isoelectric Focusing and Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (2009)

A dual purpose multilane channel system to carry out isoelectric focusing (IEF) and asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (IEF-AFlFFF or IEF-AF4) was developed for the high-speed fractionation of a proteome in two dimensions (2D): isoelectric point (pI) and hydrodynamic diameter (d(s)). Separation of proteins is initially achieved by differences in pI using IEF in an open thin segment, which is formed by interconnecting the beginning part of six parallel flow FFF channels in the lateral direction. After IEF, each protein pool of a different pI interval is simultaneously separated in an orthogonal direction by d(s) in six individual AF4 channels. The developed IEF-AF4 multilane channel system provides ultimate nongel, elution based, and 2D protein separation at an improved separation speed; the entire separation can be processed within 30 min, compared to approximately 3 h with the previously developed capillary isoelectric focusing-hollow fiber FlFFF (CIEF-HFFlFFF or CIEF-HF5) (Kang, D.; Moon, M. H. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 5789-5798) or approximately 36 h with 2D-polyacryamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). An initial evaluation of IEF-AF4 was performed to investigate the influence of ampholyte concentration and IEF voltage on the separation of standard protein mixtures.
Interactions of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus with Soluble Bovine α <sub>V</sub> β <sub>3</sub> and α <sub>V</sub> β <sub>6</sub> Integrins (2004)

At least four members of the integrin family of receptors, alphaVbeta1, alphaVbeta3, alphaVbeta6, and alphaVbeta8, have been identified as receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in vitro. Our investigators have recently shown that the efficiency of receptor usage appears to be related to the viral serotype and may be influenced by structural differences on the viral surface (H. Duque and B. Baxt, J. Virol. 77:2500-2511, 2003). To further examine these differences, we generated soluble alphaVbeta3 and alphaVbeta6 integrins. cDNA plasmids encoding the individual complete integrin alphaV, beta3, and beta6 subunits were used to amplify sequences encoding the subunits' signal peptide and ectodomain, resulting in subunits lacking transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. COS-1 cells were transfected with plasmids encoding the soluble alphaV subunit and either the soluble beta3 or beta6 subunit and labeled with [35S]methionine-cysteine. Complete subunit heterodimeric integrins were secreted into the medium, as determined by radioimmunoprecipitation with specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. For the examination of the integrins' biological activities, stable cell lines producing the soluble integrins were generated in HEK 293A cells. In the presence of divalent cations, soluble alphaVbeta6 bound to representatives of type A or O viruses, immobilized on plastic dishes, and significantly inhibited viral replication, as determined by plaque reduction assays. In contrast, soluble alphaVbeta3 was unable to bind to immobilized virus of either serotype; however, virus bound to the immobilized integrin, suggesting that FMDV binding to alphaVbeta3 is a low-affinity interaction. In addition, soluble alphaVbeta3 did not neutralize virus infectivity. Incubation of soluble alphaVbeta6 with labeled type A12 or O1 resulted in a significant inhibition of virus adsorption to BHK cells, while soluble alphaVbeta3 caused a low (20 to 30%), but consistent, inhibition of virus adsorption. Virus incubated with soluble alphaVbeta6 had a lower sedimentation rate than native virus on sucrose density gradients, but the particles retained all of their structural proteins and still contained bound integrin and, therefore, were not exhibiting characteristics of a picornavirus A particle.
Computer simulation of pixelated optical correlators (1989)

Electronically addressed spatial light modulators (SLMs) are generally pixelated structures. Each pixel consists of a phase-or amplitude-modulating active area within an inactive (or dead) zone. Computer simulations of correlation have been made for optical correlators having an input SLM with gray level input and a filter SLM with either a classical matched filter, a phase-only filter, or a binary phase-only filter written on it. The correlation peak, energy throughput, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) have been studied as a function of dead zone area in both the input and filter SLMs. Input plane sampling is carefully chosen to give accurate discrete Fourier transform results. Calculations using multiple point/pixel sampling are compared with those for single point/pixel sampling. In general, it is found that as dead zone area increases, SNR changes at most by 10%, whereas peak intensity and energy throughput decrease substantially.
Improving Application Performance by Dynamically Balancing Speed and Complexity in a GALS Microprocessor (2003)

Microprocessors are traditionally designed to provide âbest overallâ performance across a wide range of applications and operating environments. Several groups have proposed hardware techniques that save energy by âdownsizingâ hardware resources that are underutilized by particular applications. We explore the converse: âupsizingâ hardware resources in order to improve performance relative to an aggressively clocked baseline processor. Our proposal depends critically on the ability to change frequencies independently in separate domains of a globally asynchronous, locally synchronous (GALS) microprocessor. <BR><BR> We use a variant of our multiple clock domain (MCD) processor, with four independently clocked domains. Each domain is streamlined with modest hardware structures for very high clock frequency. Key structures can then be upsized on demand to exploit more distant parallelism, improve branch prediction, or increase cache capacity. Although doing so requires decreasing the associated domain frequency, other domain frequencies are unaffected. Measuring across a broad suite of application benchmarks, we find that configuring just once per application increases performance by an average of 17.6% compared to the best fully synchronous design. When adapting to application phases, performance improves by over 20%.
Optical fiber connectors using flexible fine ferrules (1986)

A new, flexible ferrule only 0.8 mm in diameter is proposed for optical fiber connectors. Fiber-connector misalignment can be compensated for by bending the ferrule, thus making it possible to realize a short fiber pitch on the same order as electrical multiterminal connectors. New connector models are proposed which exploit the flexibility of this ferrule and are suitable for application to aggregated multiple connectors. A prototype connector employing retention springs and a V-groove make it possible to realize a zero-insertion-force mechanism. Connector insertion loss is 0.57 dB. Additional loss following 1000 connect-disconnect cycles is 0.01 dB.
Fully programmable high speed polarization multiplexed optical scanner (2003)

We present a 3-D optical beamformer called polarization multiplexed optical scanner or P-MOS that is made by cascading electrically driven pixel-free 90* polarization rotators and birefringent plates. Earlier, we proposed and demonstrated the use of a high impedance thin film intermeshed with the array electrode structure of an nematic liquid crystal (NLC) beamformer device to produce smooth optical phase modulation between electrodes.
Study of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Growth via the Catalyst Lifetime (2008)

The effect of catalyst composition, hydrocarbon flow rate, and synthesis temperature on the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) grown was studied through the evolution of the corresponding catalyst lifetime. Catalyst lifetime was estimated based on the analysis of Raman spectra of SWCNTs obtained by sequential introduction of 12CH4 and 13CH4 gases at different stages of the catalyst activity during bulk nanotube growth. We found that proper modification of the Fe catalyst composition with Mo increases the lifetime around 3 times, increasing the catalytic activity and yield of tubes grown. A 9 times increase in the hydrocarbon flow rate (from 6.4 × 10-4 to 3.8 × 10-2 CH4 mol/s g Fe) results in a decrease in the catalyst lifetime; however, the formed carbon atoms rate increases around 2 times (from 1.8 × 1021 to 3.5 × 1021 C atoms/s g Fe) increasing the nanotube growth rate (from 1.2 to 2.4 nm/s), along with improving the nanotube quality. An increase in the synthesis temperature of ΔT ∼ 140 °C shortened the lifetime around 9 times (from ∼90 to ∼10 min), increasing, however, the growth rate and resulting in a similar nanotube yield. The kinetics of nanotube formation in terms of carbon atoms diffusion ability and solubility is discussed.
Cystatin C: expression and activity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2010)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurologic disease characterized by progressive motor neuron degeneration. Disease diagnosis is hindered by a reliance on clinical criteria and reliable protein biomarkers are needed in order to accelerate the diagnostic process and aid in monitoring and predicting disease progression. We evaluated Cystatin C as an ALS biomarker by assessing its longitudinal expression in both CSF and plasma using a quantitative ELISA. Plasma levels were significantly elevated in ALS patients and disease controls but showed no biomarker utility. Cystatin C levels in CSF were slightly reduced in ALS patients relative to controls and may have some diagnostic utility, particularly within specific subgroups of patients. Despite conflicting preliminary observations, CSF Cystatin C was not found to possess surrogate utility. However, CSF Cystatin C levels were directly associated with survival time in ALS patients, indicating a potential prognostic application for this protein. Additionally, preliminary activity assays show a strong, direct relationship between Cystatin C concentration and activity in CSF. These data support the utility of Cystatin C as both a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in ALS and suggest that differences in its abundance could have functional consequences in disease pathogenesis. Funding: U. of Pittsburgh Center for ALS Research
On the Design of Square Differential Microphone Arrays with a Multistage Structure (2021)

This paper studies the problem of designing square differential microphone arrays (SDMAs). It presents a multistage approach, which first divides an SDMA composed of M <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> microphones into (M − 1) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> subarrays with each subarray being a 2 × 2 square array formed by four adjacent microphones. Then, differential beamforming is performed with each subarray in the first-stage. The first-stage differential beamformers’ outputs are subsequently used as the inputs of the second stage to form (M − 2) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> subarrays and a second-stage differential beamforming is then performed. Continuing this process till the (M −1)th stage, we obtain the final output of the SDMA. The SDMA designed in such a multistage structure has two important properties. First, the global weighting matrix is equal to the two dimensional convolution of weighting matrices from the first stage to the last one. Second, the global beampattern is equal to the product of beampatterns from all stages. Consequently, we can combine different kinds of beamformers in different stages and have better control of the performance metrics.
Expert Guided Rule Based Prioritization of Scientifically Relevant Images for Downlinking over Limited Bandwidth from Planetary Orbiters (2019)

Instruments onboard spacecraft acquire large amounts of data which is to be transmitted over a very low bandwidth. Consequently for some missions, the volume of data collected greatly exceeds the volume that can be downlinked before the next orbit. This necessitates the introduction of an intelligent autonomous decision making module that maximizes the return of the most scientifically relevant dataset over the low bandwidth for experts to analyze further. We propose an iterative rule based approach, guided by expert knowledge, to represent scientifically interesting geological landforms with respect to expert selected attributes. The rules are utilized to assign a priority based on how novel a test instance is with respect to its rule. High priority instances from the test set are used to iteratively update the learned rules. We then determine the effectiveness of the proposed approach on images acquired by a Mars orbiter and observe an expert-acceptable prioritization order generated by the rules that can potentially increase the return of scientifically relevant observations.
Apparatus for cross-correlating additional musical part to principal part through time (1994)

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