gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Subcutaneous Capillary Filtrate Collector for Measurement of Blood Chemistries (1993)

The capillary filtrate collector (CFC) contains 30,000 molecular weight cut-off, hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes that are placed below the skin. A transcutaneous tube leads to an evacuated glass tube that provides a vacuum to pull ultrafiltrate at 40-60 microliters/hr from blood, through the fibers, and past a sampling port to the glass tube. Long-term (1-6 months) animal and clinical studies have shown that the ultrafiltrate concentration of chemicals such as glucose and a variety of drugs is exactly the same as that of the blood plasma water when the ultrafiltrate is created. In this study, the device was placed in six home monitored diabetics and four in-center hemodialysis diabetic patients. Over the following month, blood glucose concentrations were compared to CFC glucose concentrations. In spite of difficulties in diluting and assaying small samples of filtrate, there was a good correlation between blood and CFC glucose levels. A flow-through enzymatic glucose sensor has been tested and shown to accurately measure glucose in CFC filtrate. When placed in the transcutaneous tubing near the skin, this should allow a small external device to continuously monitor glucose levels in brittle or out of control diabetes with high accuracy and little risk, discomfort, or cost.
High Resolution Digital Duty Cycle Modulation Schemes for Voltage Regulators (2007)

High switching frequency, high resolution digital pulse-width modulator (DPWM) is one of major challenges in the implementation of digital-controlled power converters, especially in the voltage regulator (VR) application. This paper proposes three different digital duty cycle modulation schemes to improve the resolution. Almost 10 times improvement on resolution can be achieved in the voltage regulator (VR) apparition. Design difficulty of the DPWM can be greatly reduced by proposed modulation schemes. Experimental results verify those modulation concepts.
Objective Method for Presumptive Field-Testing of Illicit Drug Possession Using Centrifugal Microdevices and Smartphone Analysis (2016)

Current colorimetric presumptive identification of illicit drugs for determining illegal possession of controlled substances by law enforcement relies solely on the subjective interpretation of color change using drug- or class-specific reactions. Here, we describe the use of inexpensive polyester-toner, rotation-driven microfluidic devices with a smartphone as a potential alternative for current presumptive colorimetric field-testing of illicit drugs, allowing for an objective and user-friendly image analysis technique for detection. The centrifugal microfluidic platform accommodates simultaneous presumptive testing of material from a single input to multiple reaction chambers, enabling rapid screening. Hue and saturation image analysis parameters are used to define threshold values for the detection of cocaine and methamphetamine as proof-of-principle with 0.25 and 0.75 mg/mL limits of detection, respectively, with nonvolatile reagents stored on-board and smartphone for detection. Reported LODs are lower than those concentrations used in the field. Additionally, the developed objective detection method addresses the testing of drugs with various common cutting agents, including those known to produce false negative and positive results. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by successfully identifying the composition of 30 unknown samples.
Chemical Conditions of Synthesis of Th<sub>4</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>. Preparation of Thorium Phosphate−Hydrogenphosphate as Precursor (1998)

Thorium phosphate−diphosphate, Th4(PO4)4P2O7, is obtained, at high temperature (800−1250 °C), for a given ratio r = PO4/Th equal to 3/2 from a thorium compound and a phosphating reactant whatever the chemical conditions. This compound, whose solubility is very low, can be loaded in situ and used as a host matrix for radwaste storage. One of the methods for its synthesis involves the precipitation of a precursor, thorium phosphate−hydrogenphosphate. This precursor is used as an adsorber for low concentrations of radionuclides and, after heating in air in the range 800−1200 °C, it is transformed into doped Th4(PO4)4P2O7. The optimum conditions for the precipitation process have been determined. Starting from 0.5−2 M solutions of thorium nitrate or chloride and (NH4)2HPO4 at pH = 9−9.5 at the ratio r = 3/2, a compound of general formula Th2(PO4)2HPO4·nH2O (n = 3−7) is synthesized. Its physicochemical properties have also been studied.
High efficiency polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se2-based solar cells (1994)

Thin films of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 were formed from precursor films of (In,Ga)2Se3. The films are smooth, with large, tightly packed grains. Photovoltaic devices made from these films show great tolerance in the efficiency to variations in film composition, and scalability of the process appears promising. A device made from one of these films resulted in the highest total‐area efficiency measured for any non‐single‐crystal, thin‐film solar cell, at 15.9%.
Interference cancellation using the Gibbs sampler (2002)

This paper introduces a new method of interference cancellation for the base station in a CDMA system that is based on the Gibbs sampler. This interference cancellation method greatly reduces the degradation caused by multiuser interference from other users in a cell. The performance of the Gibbs sampler interference canceller is compared to the performance of a three-stage partial parallel interference canceller and is shown to have a gain of 0.6 dB at a raw BER of 10% (vehicular environments) and a gain of 2.8 dB at a raw BER of 1% (pedestrian environments) in an AWGN channel. This will result in capacity gains of 15% and 90%, respectively. Using the Gibbs sampler interference canceller a performance within 0.5 dB of the single user bound can be achieved.
Effects of additional L-carnitine during lactation on sow and litter performance of first parity gilts (1997)

A total of 107 first parity gilts was used to determine the effects of 50 ppm of added L-carnitine during lactation on sow and litter performance. At farrowing, gilts were fed a milo-soybean meal diet with or without 50 ppm of added L-carnitine. No differences were observed in litter weaning weight or weight gain or changes in sow weight and last rib fat depth during lactation. Although sows fed additional L-carnitine had lower average daily feed intake the first week of lactation, no differences were observed during the second week or in overall average daily feed intake. These results suggest that feeding 50 ppm of added L-carnitine during lactation to first parity gilts did not improve sow or litter performance.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 20, 1997
First Gram-Scale Synthesis of a Heparin-Related Dodecasaccharide (2012)

The first example of a gram-scale synthesis of a structurally defined, heparin-related dodecasaccharide is reported. An iterative 14-step process using an iduronate donor disaccharide delivers >1g quantities of the dodecasaccharide sequence [GlcNS-IdoA2S](6)-OMe in 15% overall yield from the reducing terminal disaccharide, a 2 orders of magnitude increase in scale for access to synthetic heparanoid dodecasaccharide mimetics. The synthesis also delivers multigram amounts of the protected oligosaccharides from tetra- through to dodecasaccharide.
Detection and characterization of chitinases and other chitin-modifying enzymes (2003)

Multiple industrial and medical uses of chitin and its derivatives have been developed in recent years. The demand for enzymes with new or desirable properties continues to grow as additional uses of chitin, chitooligosaccharides, and chitosan become apparent. Microorganisms, the primary degraders of chitin in the environment, are a rich source of valuable chitin-modifying enzymes. This review summarizes many methods that can be used to isolate and characterize chitin-modifying enzymes including chitin depolymerases, chitodextrinases, chitin deacetylases, N-acetylglucosaminidases, chitin-binding proteins, and chitosanases. Chitin analogs, zymography, detection of reducing sugars, genomic library screening, chitooligosaccharide electrophoresis, degenerate PCR primer design, thin layer chromatography, and chitin-binding assays are discussed.
High-Q and wide dynamic range inertial MEMS for north-finding and tracking applications (2012)

We report high-Q and wide dynamic range MEMS gyroscopes and accelerometers for development of an IMU capable of north finding and tracking. The vacuum sealed SOI gyroscope utilizes symmetric quadruple mass architecture with measured quality factors of 1.2 million and proven sub-°/hr Allan deviation of bias. The true north detection was accomplished in conventional amplitude modulated (AM) rate mode and showed 3 milliradian measurement uncertainty. The north (azimuth) tracking necessitates a wide dynamic range, for which the same QMG transducer is switched to a frequency modulated (FM) modality. The test results for FM operation experimentally demonstrated a wide linear input rate range of 18,000 °/s and inherent self-calibration against temperature changes. Vertical alignment is possible using resonant accelerometers with a projected bias error of 5 μg and self-calibration against temperature variations, enabled by differential frequency measurements. We believe the developed low dissipation inertial MEMS with interchangeable AM/FM modalities may enable wide dynamic range IMUs for north-finding and inertial guidance applications previously limited to optical and quartz systems.
Switching cost minimization in the IEEE 802.16e mobile WiMAX sleep mode operation (2009)

Abstract To prolong the battery lifetime, it is important to continue designing a better energy efficient mechanism for different mobile technologies. Most of the existing works on the IEEE 802.16e sleep mode operation focus on the decision making before a mobile station switching to sleep mode state. The correlation of the decision is mainly on when and how to sleep based on the traffic demands. After the mobile station is switched to sleep mode, the deactivation of it mainly depends on new incoming traffic regardless of the actual amount. Truly, frequent switching can increase the energy cost on the mobile station, which can significantly reduce the battery lifetime. To minimize the switching frequency, we propose a novel approach to resolve this issue by making a heuristic decision during the listening interval. With this aim, we propose a real‐time heuristic algorithm, WAKSLP_DECISION , to accommodate our target. Three main decision criteria are analyzed and designed, namely the probability of buffer overflow, expected delay violation, and battery lifetime expiry, to achieve our goal. We verify the energy consumption performance with simulation experiments to validate our proposed scheme. The result shows that our scheme performs 25–30% better compared with the original standard in terms of energy consumption. We believe this algorithm is practical and implementable without changing the original standard, which can contribute both in the research community and industrial development. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X-ray ablation of hyaluronan hydrogels: Fabrication of three-dimensional microchannel networks (2009)

We present a simple and highly versatile protocol for polymer ablation: hard x-ray irradiation makes it possible to rapidly depolymerize hyaluronan hydrogels and fabricate three-dimensional network of microchannels. Photodynamic and photochemical analyses show that x-ray irradiation directly cleaves the polymer backbone and the total dose controls the degradation kinetics. This nonthermal ablation protocol may offer opportunities for processing organic polymers and biological materials.
High-Frequency and Low-Dispersion Characteristics of Surface Acoustic Waves on AlN/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (1980)

We have investigated characteristics of surface acoustic waves (SAW) on AlN films grown by MO-CVD on the basal plane of sapphire (Al2O3). AlN films grown above 1180°C are single crystals and have larger electromechanical coupling coefficients k2, while films grown below 1180°C have hillock-like misoriented grains which result in degradation of piezoelectricity and smaller values of k2. It was found that a SAW device on (ZX)AlN/(ZY)Al2O3 shows lower dispersion than that previously reported on Al2O3 substrates.
Mixed genotype transmission bodies and virions contribute to the maintenance of diversity in an insect virus (2009)

An insect nucleopolyhedrovirus naturally survives as a mixture of at least nine genotypes. Infection by multiple genotypes results in the production of virus occlusion bodies (OBs) with greater pathogenicity than those of any genotype alone. We tested the hypothesis that each OB contains a genotypically diverse population of virions. Few insects died following inoculation with an experimental two-genotype mixture at a dose of one OB per insect, but a high proportion of multiple infections were observed (50%), which differed significantly from the frequencies predicted by a non-associated transmission model in which genotypes are segregated into distinct OBs. By contrast, insects that consumed multiple OBs experienced higher mortality and infection frequencies did not differ significantly from those of the non-associated model. Inoculation with genotypically complex wild-type OBs indicated that genotypes tend to be transmitted in association, rather than as independent entities, irrespective of dose. To examine the hypothesis that virions may themselves be genotypically heterogeneous, cell culture plaques derived from individual virions were analysed to reveal that one-third of virions was of mixed genotype, irrespective of the genotypic composition of the OBs. We conclude that co-occlusion of genotypically distinct virions in each OB is an adaptive mechanism that favours the maintenance of virus diversity during insect-to-insect transmission.
Scalable synthesis of bryostatin 1 and analogs, adjuvant leads against latent HIV (2017)

Bryostatin 1 is an exceedingly scarce marine-derived natural product that is in clinical development directed at HIV/AIDS eradication, cancer immunotherapy, and the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Despite this unique portfolio of indications, its availability has been limited and variable, thus impeding research and clinical studies. Here, we report a total synthesis of bryostatin 1 that proceeds in 29 total steps (19 in the longest linear sequence, >80% average yield per step), collectively produces grams of material, and can be scaled to meet clinical needs (~20 grams per year). This practical solution to the bryostatin supply problem also opens broad, facile, and efficient access to derivatives and potentially superior analogs.
Alkane Metathesis Catalyzed by a Well‐Defined Silica‐Supported Mo Imido Alkylidene Complex: [(SiO)Mo(NAr)(CH<i>t</i>Bu)(CH<sub>2</sub><i>t</i>Bu)] (2006)

A two-functions-in-one catalyst precursor allows an olefin metathesis catalyst to be turned into an alkane metathesis catalyst. A silica-supported alkyl alkylidene molybdenum complex containing an ancillary imido ligand is a highly active olefin metathesis catalyst and also acts as a catalyst precursor for alkane metathesis. This system involves a single metal with dual properties and shows that ancillary ligands are compatible with alkane metathesis reactions. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2006/z602171_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Tunable White-Light Emission in Single-Cation-Templated Three-Layered 2D Perovskites (CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>Pb<sub>3</sub>Br<sub>10–<i>x</i></sub>Cl<sub><i>x</i></sub> (2017)

Two-dimensional (2D) hybrid halide perovskites come as a family (B)<sub>2</sub>(A)<sub>n-1</sub>Pb<sub>n</sub>X<sub>3n+1</sub> (B and A= cations; X= halide). These perovskites are promising semiconductors for solar cells and optoelectronic applications. Among the fascinating properties of these materials is white-light emission, which has been mostly observed in single-layered 2D lead bromide or chloride systems (n = 1), where the broad emission comes from the transient photoexcited states generated by self-trapped excitons (STEs) from structural distortion. Here we report a multilayered 2D perovskite (n = 3) exhibiting a tunable white-light emission. Ethylammonium (EA<sup>+</sup>) can stabilize the 2D perovskite structure in EA<sub>4</sub>Pb<sub>3</sub>Br<sub>10-x</sub>Cl<sub>x</sub> (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9.5, and 10) with EA<sup>+</sup> being both the A and B cations in this system. Because of the larger size of EA, these materials show a high distortion level in their inorganic structures, with EA<sub>4</sub>Pb<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>10</sub> having a much larger distortion than that of EA<sub>4</sub>Pb<sub>3</sub>Br<sub>10</sub>, which results in broadband white-light emission of EA<sub>4</sub>Pb<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>10</sub> in contrast to narrow blue emission of EA<sub>4</sub>Pb<sub>3</sub>Br<sub>10</sub>. The average lifetime of the series decreases gradually from the Cl end to the Br end, indicating that the larger distortion also prolongs the lifetime (more STE states). The band gap of EA<sub>4</sub>Pb<sub>3</sub>Br<sub>10-x</sub>Cl<sub>x</sub> ranges from 3.45 eV (x = 10) to 2.75 eV (x = 0), following Vegard's law. First-principles density functional theory calculations (DFT) show that both EA<sub>4</sub>Pb<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>10</sub> and EA<sub>4</sub>Pb<sub>3</sub>Br<sub>10</sub> are direct band gap semiconductors. The color rendering index (CRI) of the series improves from 66 (EA<sub>4</sub>Pb<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>10</sub>) to 83 (EA<sub>4</sub>Pb<sub>3</sub>Br<sub>0.5</sub>Cl<sub>9.5</sub>), displaying high tunability and versatility of the title compounds.
Stereopecificity and Other Properties of a Novel Secondary‐Alcohol‐Specific Alcohol Dehydrogenase (1981)

NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from the methanol-grown Methylcoccus sp. CRL M1 (type I membrane), Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b (type II membrane), Methylobacterium organophillum CRL 26 (type II membrane, facultative methylotroph). Pseudomonas sp. ATCC 21439, and Pichia pastoris Y-55 are secondary-alcohol-specific and that from P. pastoris Y-7556 is not. This novel secondary-alcohol-specific alcohol dehydrogenase (secondary-alcohol dehydrogenase) has been purified from methanol-grown Pseudomonas sp. ATCC 21439. Secondary-alcohol dehydrogenase shows a single protein band on acrylamide gel electrophoresis and has a molecular weight of 95000. It consists of two subunits of Mr 48000 daltons and two atoms of zinc per molecule of enzyme protein. It oxidizes secondary alcohols, notably 2-propanol and 2-butanol. Primary alcohols are not oxidized. The pH and temperature optima for secondary-alcohol dehydrogenase are 8--9, and 30--35 degrees C, respectively. The activation energy calculated is 82.8 kJ. Secondary-alcohol dehydrogenase also catalyzes the reduction of methyl ketones to their corresponding 2-alcohols in the presence of NADH (a reverse reaction). The Km values at 25 degrees C in the forward reaction for 2-butanol, (2R)-(-)-butan-2-ol, and NAD, and in the reverse reaction for 2-butanone and NADH are 2.5 x 10(-4) M, 1.6 x 10(-4) M, 11 x 10(-5) M, 1.98 x 10(-4) M, and 2.1 x 10(-6) M, respectively. The secondary-alcohol dehydrogenase activity was inhibited by metal-chelating agents and by strong thio reagents such as p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The substrate specificity, and mobility on gel electrophoresis of secondary-alcohol dehydrogenase and primary-alcohol dehydrogenases are compared. Secondary-alcohol dehydrogenase oxidizes preferentially the (-)-2-butanol. This is different from primary-alcohol dehydrogenase from bakers' yeast which oxidizes only the (+)-2-butanol. This may be explained in terms of the structure of the enzymes.
Automatic circuit redesign for delay fault testability using constrained quadratic 0-1 programming (1994)

We discuss three methods of automatically redesigning Very Large Scale Integrated circuits so that they can test themselves for excessive delay. A delay fault occurs when a circuit signal arrives too late as it propagates through the circuit. A hazard is the occurrence of multiple circuit signal transitions in a very short time interval. For delay fault testing to be accurate, we must eliminate hazards in the circuit by adding hardware. Our three methods for determining where to place this additional hardware are: (1) Good machine simulation using a higher-order Boolean algebra, (2) A graph algorithm to bound the enumeration of paths and find points where hazards appear, and (3) Quadratic 0-1 Programming to balance all cycles in the circuit graph. We discuss the mathematics of these three methods, present results, and discuss the inadequacies of each method. We conclude by proposing a greedy algorithm that combines two of these methods to make added hardware.
Increasing the economic value of lignocellulosic stillage through medium-chain fatty acid production (2018)

The analysis predicts that production of MCFAs, ethanol, and electricity could reduce the minimum ethanol selling price from $2.15 to $1.76 gal<sup>-1</sup> ($2.68 gal<sup>-1</sup> gasoline equivalents) when compared to a lignocellulosic biorefinery that produces only ethanol and electricity.
<title>Development of a smooth-surface microroughness standard</title> (1997)

Currently, there are several techniques available for measuring microroughness. However, the results tend to be qualitative. Until recently, there was no metrology standard available to correlate the accuracy of various instruments at extremely low levels of surface texture. This paper describes a metrology standard that is useful for calibrating instruments for the levels of microroughness encountered in semiconductor, disk drive, and related industries today. In advanced applications, this level is about 5 angstroms rms in a 0.01 - 1.0 micrometer<SUP>-1</SUP> spatial bandwidth range. This standard uses a one-dimensional square wave to reduce the effects of instrument spatial bandwidth. The standard has a 20 micrometer pitch with feature depths as small as 10 angstroms. The overall theoretical design guidance for this standard has been describe previously.
Generation of human Th1‐like regulatory CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells by an intrinsic IFN‐γ‐ and T‐bet‐dependent pathway (2010)

Murine Foxp3(+) Treg have recently been shown to express T-bet, a transcription factor characteristic of Th1 effector cells. A human Treg phenotype equivalent has not been reported. Here, we show that naïve human CD4(+) T cells incubated with low numbers of CD40-activated allogeneic B cells preferentially differentiate into alloantigen-specific CD4(hi) CD25(hi) Treg. These differentiated cells potently suppress effector T-cell responses and express T-bet, IFN-γ, and CXCR3, the features of Th1 effector cells. In contrast, co-culture of naïve CD4(+) T cells with high numbers of allogeneic B cells results in CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells that promote, rather than inhibit, effector T-cell responses, demonstrating the plasticity of CD4(+) T-cell differentiation in response to alloantigen-presenting B cells. The optimal accumulation of CD4(hi) CD25(hi) Treg induced using higher T cell:B cell co-culture ratios was dependent on the expression of T-bet and endogenously produced IFN-γ. Induction of Treg-mediated suppression function in the Treg population was not. As CXCR3 confers the preferential trafficking of T cells to tissue sites of IFN-γ, these human Th1-like Treg might be useful for modulating pathological Th1 effector responses, such as that occurring during graft-versus-host disease or graft rejection.