gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of a coded aperture Compton telescope imaging system (CACTIS) (2010)

We have developed a prototype of a scalable high-resolution direction and energy sensitive gamma-ray detection system that operates in both coded aperture (CA) and Compton scatter (CS) modes to obtain optimal efficiency and angular resolution over a wide energy range. The design consists of an active coded aperture constructed from 52 individual CZT planar detectors each measuring 3×3×6 mm<sup>3</sup> arranged in a MURA pattern on a 10×10 grid, with a monolithic 20×20×5 mm<sup>3</sup> pixelated (8×8) CZT array serving as the focal plane. The combined mode is achieved by using the aperture plane array for both Compton scattering of high-energy photons and as a coded mask for low-energy radiation. The prototype instrument was built using two RENA-3 test systems, one each for the aperture and the focal plane, stacked on top of each other at a distance of 130 mm. The test systems were modified to coordinate (synchronize) readout and provide coincidence information of events within a user-adjustable 40-1,280 ns window. The measured angular resolution of the device is <1 deg (17 mrad) in CA mode and is predicted to be approximately 3 deg (54 mrad) in CS mode. The energy resolution of the CZT detectors is approximately 5% FWHM at 120 keV. We will present details of the system design and initial results for the calibration and performance of the prototype.
Performance of all high-<i>T<sub>c</sub></i>superconducting magnets generating 4 T and 7 T at 20 K (2000)

Refrigerator-cooled all high-Tc superconducting magnets, i.e. coils and current leads, 4 T and 7 T types, have been developed. The 4 T type successfully produced a central magnetic field of 4.0 T over 30 min and 3.5 T for 48 h. High ramp rate excitation up to 0.35 T s-1was achieved. The 7 T type magnet stably generated 7.1 T over 24 h and was excited at a rate of 7 T min-1 . These ramp rates were 20-100 times faster than that of the refrigerator-cooled magnets using metallic superconductors. A new cooling scheme and stability criterion for conduction-cooled magnets are proposed.
DNA Immunization with HIV-1 <i>tat</i> Mutated in the <i>trans</i> Activation Domain Induces Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Against Wild-Type Tat (1999)

Intramuscular immunization of mice with plasmids encoding two transdominant negative mutants of the HIV-1 Tat protein (Tat22 and Tat22/37) elicited a humoral response to wild-type Tat that is comparable to that induced by inoculation of wild-type tat DNA or Tat protein. The percentage of the responders and the Ab titers continued to increase after three additional DNA boosts and pretreatment with bupivacaine at the site of inoculation, without a significant difference (p > 0.05) among the three groups of mice immunized with mutant and wild-type tat genes. By utilizing synthetic peptides representing the amino acid sequence of Tat, one major B cell epitope was defined within the cysteine-rich domain of Tat. Anti-Tat IgG Abs directed against this epitope were found in mice immunized with all tat DNA constructs, whereas different Tat epitopes were detected in mice immunized with the Tat protein. Similarly, IgG2a was the predominant isotype in DNA-immunized mice, with both mutants and wild-type tat genes, as compared with protein immunization, which induced mostly IgG1 and IgG3. Sera from most immunized mice neutralized the effect of extracellular Tat in activating HIV-1 replication. A cellular response was also elicited as indicated by the proliferation of splenocytes when stimulated with wild-type Tat. These results indicate that the wild-type Tat Ag is recognized by Abs and T cells induced by DNA immunization with mutated tat genes, suggesting the possible use of these Tat transdominant mutants, lacking viral trans activation activity and capable of blocking wild-type Tat activity, in the development of an anti-HIV-1 vaccine.
Short-focal-length compound refractive lenses for x-rays (2004)

We have fabricated and tested short focal-length compound refractive lenses (CRLs) composed of micro-bubbles embedded in epoxy. The bubbles were formed in epoxy inside glass capillaries. The interface between the bubbles formed 90 to 196 spherical bi-concave microlenses reducing the overall focal length inversely by the number of lenses. When compared with CRLs manufactured using other methods, the micro-bubble lenses have shorter focal lengths, better imaging, and focusing qualities with higher transmissions and gains for moderate energy x-rays (e.g. 7 - 12 keV). We used beamline 2-3 at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) to measure focal lengths between 100-150 mm and absorption apertures between 90 to 120 μm. Transmission profiles were measured giving, for example, a peak transmission of 27 % for a 130-mm focal length CRL at 8 keV. The focal-spot sizes were also measured yielding, for example, an elliptical spot of 5 x 14-μm<sup>2</sup> resulting from an approximate 80-fold demagnification of the 0.44 x 1.7 mm<sup>2</sup> source. The measured gains in intensity over that of unfocused beam were between 9 and 26. Theoretical gain calculations that include spherical aberrations show that these values are reasonable. The micro-bubble technique opens a new opportunity for designing lenses in the 8-9 keV range with focal lengths less than 30-40 mm.
Circuit breaker type disconnector for overvoltage protector (2010)

A disconnector for an overvoltage protector is equipment that disconnects a circuit when the overvoltage protector may fail in a short circuit mode. The disconnector and the overvoltage protector are connected in series. A fuse or a circuit breaker is normally used as a disconnector. However there are problems with both methods. A fuse is not recyclable once it goes out. Even a circuit breaker is resettable, a lightning surge current causes a switchgear of circuit breaker to open unnecessary. This malfunction spoils the overvoltage protective function which eliminates a lightning surge current into an instrument. If the problem which a switchgear of circuit breaker comes floating can be solved, even when a lightning surge current flows through it, an instrument can be protected by the overvoltage protector. This paper presents several approaches preventing circuit breaker type disconnectors from the malfunction.
Performance Analysis and Experimental Validation of the Direct Strain Imaging Method (2013)

Direct Strain Imaging accomplishes full field measurement of the strain tensor on the surface of a deforming body, by utilizing arbitrarily oriented engineering strain measurements originating from digital imaging. In this paper an evaluation of the method’s performance with respect to its operating parameter space is presented along with a preliminary validation based on actual experiments on composite material specimens under tension. It has been shown that the method exhibits excellent accuracy characteristics and outperforms methods based on displacement differentiation.
Fabricating vector vortex waveplates for coronagraphy (2012)

Vector vortex waveplates (VVWs) have a potential of revolutionizing coronagraphy and other space imaging and communication systems. Extensive experimentation identified the role of factors that determined the properties of VVWs. Using photoalignment materials with high photosensitivity and reversible response proved key to minimizing the defect area and reducing the scattered light. Decreasing the exposure energy allowed decreasing the singularity area, and using VVWs for redistribution of light intensity from the axial regions of the beam to its periphery allowed large substrate areas to have similar exposure to the light, and production of large area VVWs. Using VVWs as linear to axial polarization converters allowed printing VVWs with higher topological charge while reducing the photoaligning time from an hour to minutes. Thus we were able to fabricate VVWs with high topological charge tuned to near infrared spectral range while keeping the singularity size to below 5 /am. Achromatic VVWs in IR spectral range were demonstrated with the aid of multilayer coating with twisted orientation.
Robustness metrics for relational query execution plans (2018)

The quality of query execution plans in database systems determines how fast a query can be executed. It has been shown that conventional query optimization still selects sub-optimal or even bad execution plans, due to errors in the cardinality estimation. Although cardinality estimation errors are an evident problem, they are in general not considered in the selection of query execution plans. In this paper, we present three novel metrics for the robustness of relational query execution plans w.r.t. cardinality estimation errors. We also present a novel plan selection strategy that takes both, estimated cost and estimated robustness into account, when choosing a plan for execution. Finally, we share the results of our experimental comparison between robust and conventional plan selection on real world and synthetic benchmarks, showing a speedup of at most factor 3.49.
Recent developments in the chemistry and biology of epothilones (2006)

are bacterial natural products which are potent inhibitors of human cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Tumor growth inhibition is based on the stabilization of cellular microtubules and at least seven epothilone-derived agents are presently undergoing clinical evaluation in humans. While all of these compounds are closely related structurally to the natural product leads Epo A and B, our own work involves the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of analogs with significantly altered structural features. The ultimate goal of these efforts is the stepwise creation of new (and simplified) scaffolds for microtubule inhibition, bearing little or no obvious resemblance with the original epothilone structure. Such compounds would constitute new lead structures for anticancer drug discovery. In this paper we discuss the synthesis and biological properties of such hypermodified epothilone analogs, whose biological activity is within the same potency range as that of Epo A or B.
UV Laser Induced Fluorescence portable system for the detection of plastic and organic compounds in water (2002)

A 266 nm Laser Induced Fluorescence system that is 1000 times more sensitive than existing in situ fluorescence sensors has been developed and tested for the detection of plastics and organics in water.
Homology‐guided mutational analysis reveals the functional requirements for antinociceptive specificity of collapsin response mediator protein 2‐derived peptides (2017)

This article is part of a themed section on Recent Advances in Targeting Ion Channels to Treat Chronic Pain. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.12/issuetoc.
Genetic Basis for Nongroupable<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> (2003)

Nongroupable Neisseria meningitidis may constitute one-third or more of meningococcal isolates recovered from the nasopharynx of human carriers. The genetic basis for nongroupability was determined in isolates obtained from a population-based study in which 60 (30.9%) of 194 meningococcal isolates from asymptomatic carriers were not groupable. Forty-two percent of nongroupable isolates were related to serogroup Y ET-508/ST-23 clonal complex strains, the most common groupable carrier isolate from the study population. Nongroupable isolates were all rapidly killed by 10% normal human serum. The capsule loci of 6 of the ET-508/ST-23 complex strains and of 25 other genetically diverse nongroupable meningococci were studied in detail. Serogroup A or novel capsule biosynthesis genes were not found. Nongroupable isolates were genetically serogroup Y, B, or C isolates that did not express capsule but were related to groupable isolates found in the population (class I); capsule deficient because of insertion element-associated deletions of capsule biosynthesis genes (class II); or isolates that lacked all capsule genes and formed a distinct genetic cluster not associated with meningococcal disease (class III).
Optimal and Direct-Current Vector Control of Direct-Driven PMSG Wind Turbines (2011)

With the advances of power electronic technology, direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) have increasingly drawn the interest of wind turbine manufacturers. At the present time, a commercial PMSG wind turbine primarily makes use of a passive rectifier followed by an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) inverter. Although a PMSG wind turbine with two back-to-back voltage source IGBT converters is considered more efficient, it has not been widely adopted by the wind power industry. This paper investigates both the conventional and a novel vector control mechanism for a PMSG wind turbine that has two side-by-side voltage source pulsewidth modulation converters. The proposed approach is based on a direct-current vector control mechanism for control of both machine- and grid-side converters of a PMSG wind turbine. Then, an optimal control strategy is developed for integrated control of PMSG maximum power extraction, reactive power, and grid voltage support controls. A transient system simulation using SimPowerSystem is built to investigate the performance of the conventional and proposed control techniques for the PMSG wind turbine under steady and gusty wind conditions. This paper shows that when using the direct-current vector control structure, a PMSG system has excellent performance in various aspects.
818. Development of Packaging Cell Lines for the Large-Scale Production of High-Titer Clinical Grade Recombinant Retroviruses (2006)

The retroviral vector is widely used in gene therapy, and it has shown its efficacy in the treatment of several infants with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-X1. The current process for producing retroviral vectors with adherent packaging cell lines is costly, labor-intensive, and ineffective in producing high amount of vectors needed for clinical trials. The large-scale production of high- titer clinical grade retroviral vectors could benefit from retrovirus packaging cell lines that could grow in suspension and serum free media.
Impact of Amplitude and Demodulation Errors on the Nonlinear Frequency Modulated Gyroscope (2023)

This paper provides experimental results on the impact of amplitude stability and demodulation errors on the nonlinear frequency modulated gyroscope (NFMG). While non-linear operation can allow for larger displacements and reduce the impact of thermomechanical noise, nonlinearity with micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) devices is typically avoided to reduce noise aliasing. This work shows that with sufficient amplitude stability, nonlinear operation can be constructively employed. It is shown both theoretically and experimentally that demodulation errors can allow quadrature to impact the rate estimate. By addressing demodulation errors, it is conjectured that NFMG stability will be dictated by fundamental sources such as angular gain or asymmetric cross-axis damping.
Modeling and optimizing I/O throughput of multiple disks on a bus (1999)

In modern I/O architectures, multiple disk drives are attached to each I/O controller. A study of the performance of such architectures under I/O-intensive workloads has revealed a performance impairment that results from a previously unknown form of convoy behavior in disk I/O. In this paper, we describe measurements of the read performance of multiple disks that share a SCSI bus under a heavy workload, and develop and validate formulas that accurately characterize the observed performance (to within 12% on several platforms for I/O sizes in the range 16-128 KB). Two terms in the formula clearly characterize the lost performance seen in our experiments. We describe techniques to deal with the performance impairment, via user-level workarounds that achieve greater overlap of bus transfers with disk seeks, and that increase the percentage of transfers that occur at the full bus bandwidth rather than at the lower bandwidth of a disk head. Experiments show bandwidth improvements of lo-20% when using these user-level techniques, but only in the case of large I/OS.
Reliability as an interdomain service (2007)

Reliability is a critical requirement of the Internet. The availability and resilience of the Internet under failures can have significant global effects. However, in the current Internet routing architecture, achieving the high level of reliability demanded by many mission critical activities can be costly. In this paper, we first propose a novel solution framework called reliability as an interdomain service (REIN) that can be incrementally deployed in the Internet and may improve the redundancy of IP networks at low cost. We then present robust algorithms to efficiently utilize network redundancy to improve reliability. We use real IP network topologies and traffic traces to demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework and algorithms.
System for nondestructive, ultrasonic testing of test objects (1980)

First Page
Determination of optimal cryoprotectants and procedures for their addition and removal from human spermatozoa (1997)

The objective was to test the hypothesis that the optimal cryoprotective agent for cryopreservation of human spermatozoa would be a solute for which cells have the highest plasma membrane permeability, resulting in the least amount of volume excursion during its addition and removal. To test this hypothesis, theoretical simulations were performed using membrane permeability coefficients to predict optimal procedures for the addition and removal of a cryoprotectant. Simulations were performed using data from four different cryoprotectants: (i) glycerol, (ii) dimethyl sulphoxide, (iii) propylene glycol and (iv) ethylene glycol. Thermodynamic formulations were applied to determine approaches for the addition and removal of 1 M and 2 M final concentrations of cryoprotectant, allowing the spermatozoa to maintain a cell volume within their osmotic tolerance limits. Based on these data, ethylene glycol was predicted to be optimal for minimizing volume excursions among the solutes evaluated. These predictions were then experimentally tested using glycerol as the control cryoprotectant and ethylene glycol as the experimental cryoprotectant. The results indicate that there was a higher (P < 0.05) recovery of motile spermatozoa after cryopreservation when using 1 M ethylene glycol than with 1 M glycerol, supporting the hypothesis that use of the cryoprotectant for which the cell has the highest permeability will result in higher cell survival.
Isolation and expression of the Pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase gene. (1989)

Pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR; 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate: NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.1.3) cDNA sequences have been isolated by their ability to confer trimethoprim resistance to Escherichia coli. Consistent with the recent conclusion that P. carinii is a member of the Fungi, sequence analysis and chromosomal localization show that DHFR is neither physically nor genetically linked to thymidylate synthase. Expression of recombinant P. carinii DHFR in heterologous hosts provides an abundant source of the enzyme that may form a basis for the development of new therapies for this enigmatic pathogen. Studies with the recombinant enzyme show that trimethoprim is a very poor inhibitor of P. carinii DHFR and, in fact, is a more potent inhibitor of human DHFR.
Large Scale Generation of Functional Megakaryocytes From Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) Under Stromal-Free Conditions. (2009)

Abstract Abstract 2540 Poster Board II-517 Platelets collected from donors have very limited shelf life and are increasingly needed for transfusions. In contrast to donor dependent cord blood or bone marrow CD34+ stem cells, hESCs are a promising alternative source for continuous in vitro production of platelets under controlled conditions. Current procedures for in vitro generation of megakaryocytes/platelets from hESCs are not efficient and require undefined animal stromal cells. We have developed a novel system to generate megakaryocytes (MKs) from human ES cells under serum and stromal-free conditions. In the current system, hESCs are directed towards megakaryocytes through distinct steps including embryoid body formation and hemangioblast development (Lu et al, Nature Methods, 4:501–509, 2007). A transient bi-potential cell population expressing both CD41a and CD235a markers has been identified at the end of hemangioblast culture. These cells are capable of generating both MKs and erythroid cells as demonstrated by FACS sorting and CFU assays. TPO, SCF and IL-11 are used to further direct MK differentiation of hemangioblasts derived from human ES cells in suspension culture. Currently, up to 2.5×107 MKs (CD41a+) can be generated from 1×106 hESCs, which is approximately 10 times more efficient than recently reported methods (Takayama et al Blood, 111(11):5298–5306, 2008). Without further purification, >90% of live cells from the suspension cultures are CD41a+ and the majority of these cells are also CD42b+ (>70%). These in vitro derived MK cells have morphological characteristics of mature, polyploid MKs as shown by Giemsa staining and immunofluorescent staining of vWF in cytoplasmic granules. Importantly, proplatelet forming cells are constantly observed at the late stage of MK culture indicating that MKs generated in this system are able to undergo terminal differentiation under feeder-free conditions. Platelet-like particles are also detected in culture media by FACS. When plated on OP9 cells, these MKs generate functional platelets that are responsive to thrombin stimulation. In summary, we have established a novel system for the generation of platelet-producing MKs from human ES cells that is suitable for scale up and future preclinical and clinical studies. Disclosures: Li: Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine International: Employment. Lu:Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine International: Employment. Feng:Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine International: Employment. Lanza:Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine International/Advanced Cell Technology, Inc: Employment.
An EMD-Based Spectrum Sensing Technique for Cognitive Radio Networks (2015)

Precise noise estimation is essential in enhancing spectrum sensing techniques as estimating the wrong noise power may result in increasing the missed detection or false alarm rates. In this paper, we have created a new technique based on Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD). Intrinsic Mode Functions (EMD output) of Gaussian noise were proven to follow a distinct characteristic, or behavior. This behavior is exploited to make an occupancy decision for a given bandwidth. Further, a non- parametric threshold is derived and used to determine how many occupied channels are presented. The proposed method exhibits a probability of detection of 96% at -12 dB. Further, a gain of 11 dB is achieved when comparing this method with other EMD-based spectrum sensing approaches.