gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Study on Determinants of Non-Tariff Measures(NTMs): focusing on Official Development Assistance(ODA) (2020)

본 연구는 한국에 대한 주요 비관세 조치, 즉 반덤핑 및 상계관세 조치를 결정하는 요인에 대해 분석한다. 패널 자료를 활용한 합동(Pooled) OLS, 고정효과모형(Fixed Effect Model), 확률효과모형(Random Effect Model)을 통해 결과를 도출한다. 독립변수로는 대내거시경제 변수로서 제재시행국의 실업률과 GDP 성장률을 활용하고, 대외 거시경제 변수로서 제재시행국의 수입침투율과 한국 간의 무역수지를 활용한다. 더불어 공적개발원조 규모를 독립변수에 포함하여 비관세조치에 유의한 영향을 주는지 분석한다. 고정효과모형 분석결과, 한국에 대한 비관세 조치 결정요인으로 실업률과 수입침투율이 유의미한 영향을 주고 있음을 확인하였다. 또한, 한국의 공적개발원조 공여 비율과 한국에 대한 반덤핑 및 상계관세 조치건수의 상관관계 분석을 수행한 결과 음의 상관관계가 있음을 확인하였다. 한국에 대한 비관세 조치 결정요인을 분석하였음에도 한국과 유관한 변수가 아닌 제재시행국의 실업률과 총수입침투율의 영향이 유의하다는 점은 의미 있는 연구 결과라 할 수 있다. 또한, 공적개발원조와 비관세 조치 간의 상관관계를 도출한 점에서 기존 연구와는 차별화된 시도를 하였다.This study analyzes the factors that determine the major non-tariff measures in Korea, namely anti-dumping and countervailing. Results are derived through pooled OLS, Fixed Effect model, and Random Effect model using panel data. As an independent variable, the unemployment rate and GDP growth rate of the sanctioning country are used as the macroeconomic variables inside, and the import penetration rate of the sanctioning country and the trade balance between Korea are used as the external macroeconomic variables. In addition, the amount of official development assistance is included as an independent variable and analyzed for significant influence on non-tariff measures. The analysis of the fixed-effects model showed that the unemployment rate and import penetration rate had significant effects on the determinants of non-tariff measures in Korea. In addition, the correlation analysis of the rate of official development assistance in Korea and the number of anti-dumping and countervailing duty measures in Korea showed a negative correlation. Despite the analysis of the determinants of non-tariff measures in Korea, it is significant that the effects of the unemployment rate and total import penetration rate of the sanctioning countries are not significant variables. In addition, it attempted to differentiate itself from previous researches in that the correlation between official development assistance and non-tariff measures was derived.
Novel Riboswitch-Binding Flavin Analog That Protects Mice against Clostridium difficile Infection without Inhibiting Cecal Flora (2015)

Novel mechanisms of action and new chemical scaffolds are needed to rejuvenate antibacterial drug discovery, and riboswitch regulators of bacterial gene expression are a promising class of targets for the discovery of new leads. Herein, we report the characterization of 5-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)butyl)-7,8-dimethylpyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione (5FDQD)-an analog of riboflavin that was designed to bind riboswitches that naturally recognize the essential coenzyme flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and regulate FMN and riboflavin homeostasis. In vitro, 5FDQD and FMN bind to and trigger the function of an FMN riboswitch with equipotent activity. MIC and time-kill studies demonstrated that 5FDQD has potent and rapidly bactericidal activity against Clostridium difficile. In C57BL/6 mice, 5FDQD completely prevented the onset of lethal antibiotic-induced C. difficile infection (CDI). Against a panel of bacteria representative of healthy bowel flora, the antibacterial selectivity of 5FDQD was superior to currently marketed CDI therapeutics, with very little activity against representative strains from the Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Actinomyces, and Prevotella genera. Accordingly, a single oral dose of 5FDQD caused less alteration of culturable cecal flora in mice than the comparators. Collectively, these data suggest that 5FDQD or closely related analogs could potentially provide a high rate of CDI cure with a low likelihood of infection recurrence. Future studies will seek to assess the role of FMN riboswitch binding to the mechanism of 5FDQD antibacterial action. In aggregate, our results indicate that riboswitch-binding antibacterial compounds can be discovered and optimized to exhibit activity profiles that merit preclinical and clinical development as potential antibacterial therapeutic agents.
Pharmacological Prevention of Ocular Inflammation Induced by Lens Proteins (1984)

Ocular inflammation was induced by lens protein to mimic the traumatic injury of the eyes. Pretreatment of the eyes with indomethacin resulted in marked reduction of this ocular inflammation in the early phase. Pretreatment of the eyes with phenidone and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) on the other hand reduced ocular inflammation during both early and late phases. These results indicate that prostaglandins are involved in early phase of the inflammation which can be reduced with cyclooxygenase inhibitors such as indomethacin and leukotrienes are responsible primarily in the later phase because they are suppressed by lipoxygenase inhibitors such as phenidone and NDGA. Although histamine is implicated in the process of inflammation, the H1-antagonist, pyrilamine, had very little effect on ocular inflammation, whereas the H2-antagonist, cimetidine, exhibited no effect but rather enhanced the ocular inflammatory responses at the peak of inflammation. These results are not in accord with published findings.
Comparative removal of toxic pollutants by six wastewater treatment processes (1986)

Five pilot-scale wastewater treatment processes that provided less than secondary treatment - primary clarification plus filtration, chemical clarification, high-rate trickling filter, aerated lagoon, and facultative lagoon - were evaluated for removal of priority pollutants from municipal wastewater. A conventional activated sludge system was operated in parallel as a control. Wastewater feed was spiked with 21 organics dissolved in toluene. Removal of ambient concentrations of live metals was also evaluated. The control typically removed 80 to 90% of volatiles and 85 to 95% of semivolatiles. The facultative lagoon was the best alternative process, followed by the aerated lagoon. Removals of a specific toxic pollutant depended on the properties of the chemical and its interactions with removal mechanisms used in each treatment process. 9 references, 2 tables.
.eta.3-Cyclopropenyl is isolobal with nitrosyl, but not with .eta.3-propenyl (allyl): evidence from conformational preferences and rotational barriers in alkene and alkyne complexes of iridium (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT.eta.3-Cyclopropenyl is isolobal with nitrosyl, but not with .eta.3-propenyl (allyl): evidence from conformational preferences and rotational barriers in alkene and alkyne complexes of iridiumRussell P. Hughes and David S. TuckerCite this: Organometallics 1993, 12, 12, 4736–4738Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00036a009https://doi.org/10.1021/om00036a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views75Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Autonomous UAV forced graffiti detection and removal system based on machine learning (2017)

This paper proposes a smart graffiti clean-up system based on an autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platform. This smart clean system is based on edge detection and machine learning algorithms to realize the detection and tracking of graffiti image in real time. In Graffiti detection, we aim to build a model to detect graffiti on walls which can help navigate the UAV to the correct coordinate and estimate the area of the graffiti. The data set which contain graffiti images are trained using machine learning techniques which will be used for the detections of the graffiti patterns. This will automate the process of detecting the location of the graffiti based on the edge detection technique and the model will be able to estimate the area of the graffiti. To achieve obstacle detection, and collision, a smart navigation approach is also proposed with the help of LiDAR and external camera. The overall graffiti cleanup system contains hardware and software that allow the user to use spray enamel with the reach and scale of an autonomous UAV.
MPC-Based Voltage/Var Optimization for Distribution Circuits With Distributed Generators and Exponential Load Models (2014)

This paper proposes a model predictive control (MPC)-based voltage/var optimization (VVO) technique considering the integration of distributed generators and load-to-voltage sensitivities. The paper schedules optimal tap positions of on-load tap changer and switch statuses of capacitor banks based on predictive outputs of wind turbines and photovoltaic generators. Compared with previous efforts on VVO which used constant-power load model, the exponential load model is used to capture the various load behaviors in this paper. Different customer types such as industrial, residential, and commercial loads are also considered. The uncertainties of model prediction errors are taken into account in the proposed model. A scenario reduction technique is applied to enhance a tradeoff between the accuracy of the solution and the computational burden. The MPC-based VVO problem is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear program with reduced scenarios. Case studies show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Electromyogram (EMG) signal detection, classification of EMG signals and diagnosis of neuropathy muscle disease (2017)

Electromyography (EMG) signals is usable in order to applications of biomedical, clinical, modern human computer interaction and Evolvable Hardware Chip (EHW) improvement. Advanced methods are needed for perception, disassembly, classification and processing of EMG signals acquired from the muscles. Objective of this article is to show various methods and algorithms in order to analyze an electromyogram signal to ensure effective and efficient ways of understanding signal and its nature. Early diagnosis was indispensable and very important in medical health practice. For this reason, it is important to design accurate diagnostic methods. Today, diagnostic methods include evaluating the patient's story, blood tests, and muscle biopsies. In this article, analysis and Electromyogram signals classification and electromyography are mostly used. System has been successfully implemented utilizing MATLAB software that can distinguish EMG signals from different patients. This article also provides the researcher with a well understanding of electromyogram signalling and analysis processes. This information will auxiliary to improve stronger, more resilient and effective implementations.
Human Uridine Monophosphate Synthase: Baculovirus Expression, Immunoaffinity Column Purification and Characterization of the Acetylated Amino Terminus (1995)

Human uridine monophosphate (UMP) synthase, a bifunctional protein containing orotate phsophoribosyltransferase (OPRTase, EC 2.4.2.10) and orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (ODCase, EC 4.1.1.23) activities, has been overproduced by construction and use of a recombinant baculovirus containing the cDNA for this protein. Expression of the virus in cabbage looper larvae produces a crude larval homogenate having UMP synthase enriched about 180-fold over human placental homogenates and allows larger quantities of this human protein as well as analog proteins to be prepared for structure/function studies. A vastly improved purification procedure using a monoclonal immunoaffinity column was developed. Human UMP synthase purified from larval extracts yielded a product which comigrates in SDS gel electrophoresis with UMP synthase purified from human placenta; pure proteins prepared from these two tissue sources have the same specific activities. We found that OPRTase requires Pi ions in the assay buffers for optimal OPRTase activity; BSA in the assay vessel increases to a lesser degree both OPRTase and ODCase activities. These changes in the assay are essential to observe a parallel enrichment of the two enzyme activities. The baculovirus system was used to express human UMP synthase because it usually yields a product with posttranslational modifications that reflect those of the organism that provided the cDNA. We report data to show that human UMP synthase derived from either human placenta or larval extracts both have a sequence in which the N-terminal methionine has been removed and the formerly penultimate alanine has been acetylated.
Remembering the impossible possibility: Kierkegaard and human capital (2015)

Kierkegaard is classified as an existentialist. The irony is of course is if he were authentically existential then he would escape any categorisation. Rather than reading Kierkegaard as yet one more item on the shelves of the history of philosophy, why not read him as though he were relevant to our lives? Our argument is that modern capitalism has taken a subjective turn, and therefore reading Kierkegaard is as timely as ever. This isn't a matter of constructing a politics out his texts but applying it to our lives. The modern subjective form of capital is human capital as was already diagnosed by Foucault in his prophetic lectures on bio-politics. At the heart of human capital is the ideology of the subject as a form of investment. We want to show how Kierkegaard's own account of subjectivity resists this appropriation of the self by capital through a new ontology of subjectivity. At the heart of this ontology is a reversal of Aristotle. It is not the actual that determines the possible, but the possible the actual.
Adjusting Synchronverter Dynamic Response Speed via Damping Correction Loop (2016)

This paper proposes to augment the conventional synchronverter control scheme with an auxiliary loop to freely adjust the dynamic response speed. This loop is dubbed as a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">damping correction loop</i> since its form and function are reminiscent of the damping component in the classical synchronous generator model. Central to the proposed auxiliary loop is the creation of an additional tuneable parameter that allows for unrestricted adjustment of the system damping ratio without affecting the steady-state frequency droop characteristic, which is an improvement over the conventional synchronverter design. In the proposed method, relevant parameters are analytically tuned and active- and reactive-power coupling effects are reduced when operating with increased response speed. The dynamic response and robustness of the approach are verified via extensive small-signal analysis. Furthermore, time-domain simulations highlight the advantages of the proposed method over existing ones.
Ultra-Fast Microwave Heating for Large Bandgap Semiconductor Processing (2011)

The concept of using microwaves for fast semiconductor processing is known for the last three decades (Spinter et al., 1981; Scovell, 1984; Amada, 1987; Fukano et al., 1985; Zhang et al., 1994; Thompson et al., 2007). Conventional heating methods are slow because in these methods the heat is applied to the surface of the object to be heated, which needs to be transferred from the surface to the interior of the object by thermal conduction, requiring time for heating the whole object. In addition, in conventional heating methods we not only heat the object, but also the surrounding ambient, which slows down both heating and cooling rates. In contrast, microwave heating is fast because microwaves can permeate into objects heating both interior and exterior simultaneously. In addition, the ambient surrounding the object is not heated resulting in ultra-fast heating and cooling rates (Y. Tian & M.Y. Tian, 2009). It is this feature, which makes microwave heating attractive in semiconductor processing. This chapter focuses on the use of microwaves for large bandgap semiconductor material and device processing. More specifically, heating of semiconductors in a microwave cavity resonator and coupling of microwaves to a semiconductor using a microwave head are discussed. There are many applications of using microwave energy for ultra-fast thermal processing of semiconductors, such as impurity diffusion, annealing of ion-implantation generated lattice damage, ohmic contact alloying, nanowire growth etc. However, the primary focus of this chapter is on using microwave heating for annealing lattice damage in ion-implanted SiC and GaN and for growing SiC nanowires. Though microwave annealing can be used for processing any semiconductors, it is much more attractive in case of SiC, where ultra-fast heating (>1000 oC/s) to temperatures as high as 2100 oC is needed for achieving desirable electrical characteristics in ion-implantation doped material. Devices made of hexagonal polytypes of SiC and GaN are highly attractive for high-power, high-frequency and high-temperature electronic and also for optoelectronic applications.
Fiber optic in-line polarimeter: system design and computer-aided analysis (1994)

This paper describes a polarization analyzer for the determination of the polarization state inside a single-mode fiber. Four different detection points formed by grinding off the cladding on one side of the fiber are used for measurement. A small part of the light is coupled out at these points and is measured by a standard photodetector placed just on top of the polished areas. At each of the detection points, a polarization dependent signal can be obtained. Hence, a relationship between these signals and the polarization at the end of the fiber can be found by calibrating this measurement instrument with a classical off-line polarization analyzer. Concluding we realized a measurement instrument which not only determines the polarization but also can adjust any wanted polarization state at the fiber output of the instrument.
Probiotic characteristics of Bacillus coagulans and associated implications for human health and diseases (2019)

As a spore-forming probiotic bacterium, Bacillus coagulans has become a focus of research due to its high tolerance of extreme environments and probiotic characteristics. Several beneficial effects of B. coagulans have been reported. Firstly, B. coagulans can promote intestinal digestion. For example, B. coagulans strains can produce various enzymes that facilitate excretion and digestion. Secondly, B. coagulans can regulate host symbiotic microbiota and inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Lastly, due to its ability to normalize both the quantitative parameters of the immune system and immune cells’ functional activity, B. coagulans can significantly benefit the host immune system. Due to the evidence supporting various probiotic effects of B. coagulans, many B. coagulans strains have been studied in the management and alleviation of several human diseases. Therefore, the administration of B. coagulans may be an attractive preventive and/or therapeutic approach for human diseases.
HER-2/neu-targeting cancer therapy via adenovirus-mediated E1A delivery in an animal model. (1995)

Overexpression of HER-2/neu has been demonstrated in human ovarian cancer and correlated with poor prognosis. We previously found that the adenovirus type 5 early region 1A (E1A) gene product can repress overexpression and suppress the tumorigenic potential of the HER-2/neu-overexpressing cancer cells. To develop an efficient HER-2/neu-targeting gene therapy with E1A, a replication-deficient adenovirus containing the E1A gene, Ad.E1A(+), was used to transduce the HER-2/neu-overexpressing human ovarian cancer cell line SK-OV3.ip1. Tumor cell growth in vitro and colony formation in soft agarose were greatly inhibited by Ad.E1A(+) transduction. To test therapeutic efficacy in vivo, tumor-bearing mice were established by i.p. injection with ovarian cancer cells and treated by i.p. injection of 10(8) PFU viral solution containing either replication-deficient Ad.E1A(+); control virus Ad.E1A(-) which is the same adenovirus as Ad.E1A(+) except for E1A deletion, or just PBS. Ad.E1A(+) significantly prolonged survival in treated mice for 1 year (80%) whereas in control groups, all mice died of cancer within 4.5 months. Immunohistochemistry analysis indicated that Ad.E1A protein was expressed in tumor tissue and expression of HER-2/neu p185 protein was suppressed in vivo. As a control, another ovarian cancer cell line 2774, in which HER-2/neu is expressed at a basal level, was also inoculated i.p. following the same therapeutic procedure. Ad.E1A(+) could not prolong survival of 2774 cells, indicating that Ad.E1A(+) specifically targeted HER-2/neu-overexpressing tumor cells and functioned as an antitumor agent.
Poliovirus CRE-Dependent VPg Uridylylation Is Required for Positive-Strand RNA Synthesis but Not for Negative-Strand RNA Synthesis (2003)

The cis-acting replication element (CRE) is a 61-nucleotide stem-loop RNA structure found within the coding sequence of poliovirus protein 2C. Although the CRE is required for viral RNA replication, its precise role(s) in negative- and positive-strand RNA synthesis has not been defined. Adenosine in the loop of the CRE RNA structure functions as the template for the uridylylation of the viral protein VPg. VPgpUpU(OH), the predominant product of CRE-dependent VPg uridylylation, is a putative primer for the poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. By examining the sequential synthesis of negative- and positive-strand RNAs within preinitiation RNA replication complexes, we found that mutations that disrupt the structure of the CRE prevent VPg uridylylation and positive-strand RNA synthesis. The CRE mutations that inhibited the synthesis of VPgpUpU(OH), however, did not inhibit negative-strand RNA synthesis. A Y3F mutation in VPg inhibited both VPgpUpU(OH) synthesis and negative-strand RNA synthesis, confirming the critical role of the tyrosine hydroxyl of VPg in VPg uridylylation and negative-strand RNA synthesis. trans-replication experiments demonstrated that the CRE and VPgpUpU(OH) were not required in cis or in trans for poliovirus negative-strand RNA synthesis. Because these results are inconsistent with existing models of poliovirus RNA replication, we propose a new four-step model that explains the roles of VPg, the CRE, and VPgpUpU(OH) in the asymmetric replication of poliovirus RNA.
Etiology and Factors Contributing to the Severity and Mortality of Community-acquired Pneumonia (2013)

In addition to S. pneumoniae, the influenza virus was a frequent cause of CAP overall and a frequent causative pathogen in both severe cases of CAP and non-survivors. Legionella spp. infection and polymicrobial infection were found to be an independent factor for the severity of CAP along with advanced age and certain comorbidities. An advanced age, certain respiratory comorbidities and severe CAP were found to be important independent factors for the mortality of CAP.