gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Novel Approach to the Identification of Compromised Pulmonary Systems in Smokers by Exploiting Tidal Breathing Patterns (2018)

Smoking causes unalterable physiological abnormalities in the pulmonary system. This is emerging as a serious threat worldwide. Unlike spirometry, tidal breathing does not require subjects to undergo forceful breathing maneuvers and is progressing as a new direction towards pulmonary health assessment. The aim of the paper is to evaluate whether tidal breathing signatures can indicate deteriorating adult lung condition in an otherwise healthy person. If successful, such a system can be used as a pre-screening tool for all people before some of them need to undergo a thorough clinical checkup. This work presents a novel systematic approach to identify compromised pulmonary systems in smokers from acquired tidal breathing patterns. Tidal breathing patterns are acquired during restful breathing of adult participants. Thereafter, physiological attributes are extracted from the acquired tidal breathing signals. Finally, a unique classification approach of locally weighted learning with ridge regression (LWL-ridge) is implemented, which handles the subjective variations in tidal breathing data without performing feature normalization. The LWL-ridge classifier recognized compromised pulmonary systems in smokers with an average classification accuracy of 86.17% along with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 92%. The implemented approach outperformed other variants of LWL as well as other standard classifiers and generated comparable results when applied on an external cohort. This end-to-end automated system is suitable for pre-screening people routinely for early detection of lung ailments as a preventive measure in an infrastructure-agnostic way.
Constrained optimization for noninvasive estimation of work of breathing (2015)

This paper presents a technique for noninvasive estimation of respiratory muscle effort (also known as work of breathing, WOB) in mechanically ventilated patients. Continual and real-time assessment of the patient WOB is desirable, as it helps the clinician make decisions about increasing or decreasing mechanical respiratory support. The technique presented is based on a physiological model of the respiratory system, from which a cost function is constructed as the sum of squared errors between model-based airway pressure predictions and actual measurements. Quadratic programming methods are used to minimize this cost function. An experimental example on animal data shows the effectiveness of the technique.
Free-space optical communications using encoding of data on different orbital-angular-momentum modes (2016)

Free-space optical communications can play a significant role in line-of-sight links. In general, data can be encoded on the amplitude, phase, or temporal position of the optical wave. Importantly, there are environments for which ever-more information is desired for a given amount of optical energy. This can be accomplished if there are more degrees-of-freedom that the wave can occupy to provide higher energy efficiency for a given capacity (i.e., bits/photon). Traditionally, free-space optical links have used only a single beam, such that there was little opportunity for a wave to occupy more than one spatial location, thereby not allowing the spatial domain to be used for data encoding. Recently, space- and mode-multiplexing has been demonstrated to simultaneously transmit multiple data-carrying free-space beams. Each spatially overlapping mode was orthogonal to other modes and carried a unique amount of orbital-angular-momentum (OAM). In this paper, we consider that OAM modes could be a data-encoding domain, such that a beam could uniquely occupy one of many modes, i.e., 4 modes would provide 4 possible states and double the bits of information for the same amount of energy. In the past, such OAM-based encoding was shown at kHz data rates. We will present the architecture and experimental results for OAM-based data encoding for a free-space 1.55-μm data link under different system parameters. Key features of the results include: (a) encoding on several modes is accomplished using a fast switch, and (b) low bit-error-rates are achieved at >Gbit/s, which is orders-of-magnitude faster than previous results.
Local Geometric Indexing of High Resolution Data for Facial Reconstruction from Sparse Markers (2019)

When considering sparse motion capture marker data, one typically struggles to balance its overfitting via a high dimensional blendshape system versus underfitting caused by smoothness constraints. With the current trend towards using more and more data, our aim is not to fit the motion capture markers with a parameterized (blendshape) model or to smoothly interpolate a surface through the marker positions, but rather to find an instance in the high resolution dataset that contains local geometry to fit each marker. Just as is true for typical machine learning applications, this approach benefits from a plethora of data, and thus we also consider augmenting the dataset via specially designed physical simulations that target the high resolution dataset such that the simulation output lies on the same so-called manifold as the data targeted.
Development of self-maintenance photocopiers (1995)

The traditional reliability design methods are imperfect because the designed systems aim at fewer faults, but once a fault happens, the systems might hard fail. To solve this problem, we present a self-maintenance machine (SMM), one that can maintain its functions flexibly even though faults occur. To achieve the capabilities of diagnosing and repair planning, a model-based approach that uses qualitative physics was proposed. Regarding the repair-executing capability, control-type repair strategy was followed. A prototype of the SMM was developed, and it succeeded in maintaining its functions if the structure did not change. However, the prototype revealed the following problems when its reasoning system was used with a commercial product as embedded software: (1) poor performance of the reasoning system, (2) system size that was too large, (3) low adaptability to environmental changes, and (4) roughness of qualitative repair operations. To solve these problems, we proposed new reasoning method based on virtual cases and fuzzy qualitative values. This methodology is one of knowledge compilation, which gives better reasoning performance and can deal with real-world applications such as the SMM. By using this method, we finally developed a commercial photocopier that has self-maintainability and is more robust against faults. The commercial version has been supplied worldwide as a product of Mita Industrial Co., Ltd., since April 1994.
Improvements in EMI performance of inverter-fed motor drives (2002)

Measurements of conducted radio-noise emissions from a commercial PWM inverter with an induction motor are presented. It is determined that the common mode emissions predominate the noise level and the spectrum components in this type of system, which result from the derivative of the line to ground voltages at the main circuit (dv/dt) and the circuit parameters, consisting of the physical stray inductance of the main circuit conductors and distributed capacitance formed between the circuit conductors and the grounded chassis/frame, most of which concentrate in motor windings and power-semiconductor devices in this system. Modeling and simulations of the system for purpose of evaluation of EMI are presented. Several strategies suppressing conducted radio-noise emissions are proposed, which are practically feasible for cost-effective EMC designs. Both the simulation and experimental results demonstrate that high level radio-noise were significantly suppressed and the EMI performance of the system are able to meet the CISPR and FCC limits on conducted emissions for digital devices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An Efficient Intelligent System for the Classification of\n Electroencephalography (EEG) Brain Signals using Nuclear Features for Human\n Cognitive Tasks (2019)

Representation and classification of Electroencephalography (EEG) brain\nsignals are critical processes for their analysis in cognitive tasks.\nParticularly, extraction of discriminative features from raw EEG signals,\nwithout any pre-processing, is a challenging task. Motivated by nuclear norm,\nwe observed that there is a significant difference between the variances of EEG\nsignals captured from the same brain region when a subject performs different\ntasks. This observation lead us to use singular value decomposition for\ncomputing dominant variances of EEG signals captured from a certain brain\nregion while performing a certain task and use them as features (nuclear\nfeatures). A simple and efficient class means based minimum distance classifier\n(CMMDC) is enough to predict brain states. This approach results in the feature\nspace of significantly small dimension and gives equally good classification\nresults on clean as well as raw data. We validated the effectiveness and\nrobustness of the technique using four datasets of different tasks: fluid\nintelligence clean data (FICD), fluid intelligence raw data (FIRD), memory\nrecall task (MRT), and eyes open / eyes closed task (EOEC). For each task, we\nanalyzed EEG signals over six (06) different brain regions with 8, 16, 20, 18,\n18 and 100 electrodes. The nuclear features from frontal brain region gave the\n100% prediction accuracy. The discriminant analysis of the nuclear features has\nbeen conducted using intra-class and inter-class variations. Comparisons with\nthe state-of-the-art techniques showed the superiority of the proposed system.\n
Microcrystalline Piezoresistive Polysilicon Film Obtained by Aluminum Induced Crystallization (2008)

Polycrystalline silicon films with relatively large grain size were obtained by aluminum-induced crystallization (AIC) of amorphous silicon films. Unlike conventional deposition techniques which require high temperatures, crystallization was accomplished by annealing at temperatures ranging from 475degC to 550degC, for 90 minutes. Polysilicon films thus obtained exhibited piezoresistive properties. XRD characterization of the film verified good polycrystalline structure. Electrical characterization of the film verified high conductivity polysilicon film thus eliminating further doping steps. The fabrication technique described here would be suitable for attaining polycrystalline silicon films on substrates or structures with stringent thermal budget constraints.
Isolation and mutational analysis of a novel human cDNA,DEC1 (deleted in esophageal cancer 1), derived from the tumor suppressor locus in 9q32 (2000)

The long arm of chromosome 9 is thought to contain one or more putative tumor suppressor genes that are mutated in squamous cell carcinomas. This region shows frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in carcinomas arising in several developmentally related tissues, including the esophagus, head and neck, lung, and urinary bladder. We previously delineated the commonly deleted region in a panel of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas to a approximately 200 kb genomic segment at 9q32. Here we report the isolation of a novel gene, DEC1 (deleted in esophageal cancer 1), from the target region. Mutational analysis of this gene by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction disclosed significantly reduced expression of DEC1 in 8 of 13 (62%) esophageal cancer cell lines and in 16 of 30 (53%) primary squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus. However, no genetic alteration was detected in any of the cancers examined. Introduction of DEC1 cDNA into 3 cancer cell lines that lacked expression of DEC1 significantly suppressed cell growth, whereas antisense cDNA or the vector DNA alone did not. Given the reduced expression of the DEC1 gene in esophageal cancer, the high frequency of LOH at 9q32 in esophageal carcinomas, and the fact that the DEC1 cDNA can suppress growth of some cancer cells in vitro, we suggest that the DEC1 gene is a candidate tumor suppressor in 9q32. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 27:169-176, 2000.
In vivo characterization of combination antitumor chemotherapy with calcium channel blockers and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II). (1989)

We have examined nifedipine, a dihydropyridine class calcium channel blocker, for ability to overcome cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin) resistance in a murine tumor line variant, B16a-Pt, which we developed for resistance to cisplatin. Nifedipine significantly enhanced the antitumor actions of cisplatin against primary subcutaneous B16a-Pt tumors and their spontaneous pulmonary metastases. We have characterized, in vivo, the pharmacokinetics and dose-response interactions between nifedipine and cisplatin. We now report our studies designed to compare, in vivo, the efficacy of nifedipine and other calcium active compounds including: (a) structurally similar calcium channel blockers (nimodipine, nicardipine) from the dihydropyridine class, (b) structurally different calcium channel blockers from the benzothiazepine (diltiazem) and the phenylalkylamine (verapamil) classes, and (c) calmodulin antagonists (trifluoperazine and calmidazolium) for ability to enhance the antitumor action of cisplatin. Nifedipine was included as the standard or reference compound. In these studies verapamil and diltiazem failed to enhance the antitumor actions of cisplatin as did both calmodulin antagonists. Our findings suggest that nifedipine has a greater degree of specificity for B16a-Pt cells than structurally different calcium channel blockers from other chemical classes (i.e., diltiazem and verapamil), or the two calmodulin antagonists (i.e., trifluoperazine and calmidazolium). We concluded that nifedipine interacts with specific target site(s) which are not accessible by verapamil, by diltiazem, or by the calmodulin antagonists. Surprisingly, the two dihydropyridine class calcium channel blockers, nimodipine and nicardipine, also failed to enhance cisplatin's antitumor actions despite the fact that their specificity and kinetics for binding to the dihydropyridine receptor component of the calcium channel favors them (nimodipine and nicardipine) over nifedipine. Therefore, we postulate that the synergism between cisplatin and nifedipine is independent of the latter's effect on the voltage sensitive, slow inward calcium channel. We suggest that cisplatin cytotoxicity is enhanced by nifedipine's interaction with an as yet unidentified specific "target site," as opposed to nonspecific interactions with the tumor cell plasma membrane or specific interactions with calmodulin or the P-glycoprotein (which is responsible for pleiotropic resistance).
A Topology for Vehicle Stability and Handling Enhancement via Wheelslip Control (1999)

Abstract Wheelslip is a measure of the longitudinal slipage between the tire and the ground. Tire forces are a function of wheelslip, and by controlling wheelslip, tire forces can be modified, which in turn, allows the vehicle trajectory to be modified. A general approach is described for determining appropriate wheelslip commands, commands that will produce beneficial effects on the vehicle stability and handling.
Comparison of the binding properties of the mushroom <i>Marasmius oreades</i> lectin and <i>Griffonia simplicifolia</i> I‐B<sub>4</sub> isolectin to αgalactosyl carbohydrate antigens in the surface phase (2004)

The binding of two alpha-galactophilic lectins, Marasmius oreades agglutinin (MOA), and Griffonia simplicifolia I isolectin B(4) (GS I-B(4)) to neoglycoproteins and natural glycoproteins were compared in a surface phase assay. Neoglycoproteins carrying various alpha-galactosylated glycans and laminin from basement membrane of mouse sarcoma that contains the xenogenic Galalpha1-3Gal1-4GlcNAc epitope were immobilized in microtiter plate wells and lectin binding determined with an enzyme-linked assay. After 24 h of incubation, MOA had higher affinity for the xenogenic pentasaccharide (Galalpha1-3Gal1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc) than for the Galalpha-monosaccharide. The binding properties of MOA and GS I-B(4) to the xenogenic disaccharide (Galalpha1-3Galbeta1) were comparable while the binding of MOA to the xenogenic pentasaccharide was much stronger than the binding of GS I-B(4) to the same epitope. Non-xenogenic disaccharide-coupled neoglycoproteins having galactose end groups linked alpha1-2 or alpha1-4 to Gal or linked alpha1-3 to GalNAc bound very weakly to MOA, whereas GS I-B(4) recognized all of these disaccharides with similarly high affinity. MOA also showed high affinity for laminin. The results indicate that the Marasmius oreades lectin has nearly the same affinities as does GS I-B(4) for the simple xenogenic carbohydrate antigens, but MOA has greater affinity for the pentasaccharide and is far more specific in its binding preferences than the Griffonia lectin.
Direct Optical Visualization of Graphene and Its Nanoscale Defects on Transparent Substrates (2016)

The discovery and rise of graphene were historically enabled by its ∼10% optical contrast on specialized substrates like oxide-capped silicon. However, substantially lower contrast is obtained on transparent substrates. Moreover, it remains difficult to visualize nanoscale defects in graphene, including voids, cracks, wrinkles, and multilayers, on most device substrates. We report the use of interference reflection microscopy (IRM), a facile, label-free optical microscopy method originated in cell biology, to directly visualize graphene on transparent inorganic and polymer substrates at 30-40% image contrast per graphene layer. Our noninvasive approach overcomes typical challenges associated with transparent substrates, including insulating and rough surfaces, enables unambiguous identification of local graphene layer numbers and reveals nanoscale structures and defects with outstanding contrast and throughput. We thus demonstrate in situ monitoring of nanoscale defects in graphene, including the generation of nanocracks under uniaxial strain, at up to 4× video rate.
Fast determination and characterization of formation resistivity anisotropy, dip, and fracture using multicomponent induction data (2015)

Abstract Multicomponent induction (MCI) logging measurements have been widely used in the past decade for determining formation resistivity anisotropy (horizontal and vertical resistivities: Rh and Rv), dip, and azimuth. Currently, almost all MCI processing and interpretation algorithms of determining Rh, Rv, dip, and azimuth are based on simplified transversely isotropic (TI) formation models. In most geologic environments, formations are layered or laminated, making the TI model a reasonable assumption. Subsurface formations usually contain different types of fractures (natural or drilling-induced), and exhibit azimuthal resistivity anisotropy in the bedding plane, which leads to formation biaxial anisotropy (BA) in the same bedding plane. (This type of media is usually called orthorhombic or orthotropic in mechanical engineering and geomechanics.) Therefore, MCI data processing based on TI models may not be valid in complex BA formations caused by fractures. MCI processing and interpretation methods based on BA formation models are needed for more accurate descriptions of complex anisotropic formations. Fractures significantly affect fluid flow in formations, and therefore the fracture characterization with MCI logging can provide some useful information for oil/gas development and production, especially in unconventional reservoirs. We have developed a fast and practical integrated method of borehole multiarray MCI data processing for effective determination of formation BA anisotropy (or triaxial resistivities: Rx, Ry, and Rz), dip, and azimuth. The multiple MCI data sets were further applied to fracture evaluation, and they were tested with synthetic and field log data sets. The method has the following components: the inversion algorithm based on the multiple BA models, a fracture identification function for detection of the fracture, and the corresponding approach for estimation of the fracture relative azimuth and dip angle. The application results demonstrated that accurate triaxial formation anisotropy and dip can be obtained based on the BA models compared with the TI processed logs. Furthermore, fractures can be characterized by integrating measurements and processed log data, such as the recovered horizontal resistivities Rx and Ry, vertical resistivity Rz, and formation dips based on the BA and TI models.
Simultaneous Turbulence Compensation of Multiple Orbital-Angular-Momentum 100-Gbit/s Data Channels using a Gaussian Probe Beam for Wavefront Sensing (2013)

The simultaneous compensation of multiple orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes propagating through turbulent channel is experimentally demonstrated by using a Gaussian probe beam for wavefront sensing. The experimental results indicate that the turbulence-induced crosstalk and power penalty could be efficiently mitigated by ~12.5 dB and ~11 dB respectively.
Micromachined gyroscope design allowing for both robust wide-bandwidth and precision mode-matched operation (2008)

This paper presents a new z-axis gyroscope design with a 2-degree of freedom (DOF) sense mode allowing interchangeable operation in either precision (mode-matched) or robust (wide-bandwidth) modes. This is accomplished using a complete 2-DOF coupled system which, unlike the previous multi-DOF design, allows for the specification of the sense mode resonant frequencies and coupling independent of frequency. The robust mode corresponds to operation between the 2-DOF sense mode resonant frequencies providing a response gain and bandwidth controlled by frequency spacing. Precision mode of operation, however, relies on mode-matching the drive to the second, anti-phase sense mode resonant frequency which can be designed to provide a gain advantage over a similar 1-DOF system. Experimental rate characterization of an SOI prototype in air for both robust and precision modes revealed scale factors of 0.282 and 0.690 mV/deg/s respectively. The improvement due to precision mode operation is increased to 27 times for operation in 500 mTorr reduced pressure.
Identification of a New Class of Small Molecules That Efficiently Reactivate Latent Epstein–Barr Virus (2013)

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) persists as a latent infection in many lymphoid and epithelial malignancies, including Burkitt's lymphomas, nasopharyngeal carcinomas, and gastric carcinomas. Current chemotherapeutic treatments of EBV-positive cancers include broad-spectrum cytotoxic drugs that ignore the EBV-positive status of tumors. An alternative strategy, referred to as oncolytic therapy, utilizes drugs that stimulate reactivation of latent EBV to enhance the selective killing of EBV-positive tumors, especially in combination with existing inhibitors of herpesvirus lytic replication, like Ganciclovir (GCV). At present, no small molecule, including histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, have proven safe or effective in clinical trials for treatment of EBV-positive cancers. Aiming to identify new chemical entities that induce EBV lytic cycle, we have developed a robust high-throughput cell-based assay to screen 66,840 small molecule compounds. Five structurally related tetrahydrocarboline derivatives were identified, two of which had EC50 measurements in the range of 150-170 nM. We show that these compounds reactivate EBV lytic markers ZTA and EA-D in all EBV-positive cell lines we have tested independent of the type of latency. The compounds reactivate a higher percentage of latently infected cells than HDAC inhibitors or phorbol esters in many cell types. The most active compounds showed low toxicity to EBV-negative cells but were highly effective at selective cell killing of EBV-positive cells when combined with GCV. We conclude that we have identified a class of small molecule compounds that are highly effective at reactivating latent EBV infection in a variety of cell types and show promise for lytic therapy in combination with GCV.