gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Sensor Simulation Framework for Training and Testing Robots and Autonomous Vehicles (2021)

Abstract Computer simulation can be a useful tool when designing robots expected to operate independently in unstructured environments. In this context, one needs to simulate the dynamics of the robot’s mechanical system, the environment in which the robot operates, and the sensors which facilitate the robot’s perception of the environment. Herein, we focus on the sensing simulation task by presenting a virtual sensing framework built alongside an open-source, multi-physics simulation platform called Chrono. This framework supports camera, lidar, GPS, and IMU simulation. We discuss their modeling as well as the noise and distortion implemented to increase the realism of the synthetic sensor data. We close with two examples that show the sensing simulation framework at work: one pertains to a reduced scale autonomous vehicle and the second is related to a vehicle driven in a digital replica of a Madison neighborhood.
Estrogens and breast cancer (1997)

In this review, we summarize the epidemiologic evidence for the associations of oral contraceptives and postmenopausal hormones with risk of breast cancer. We also describe the biologic plausibility of these relationships. Overall, there appears to be little, if any, increase in risk with oral contraceptive use in general, even among users for 10 or more years. However, compared to never users, current oral contraceptive users appear to have a modest elevation in risk that subsides within about 10 years after cessation of use. For postmenopausal hormones, the weight of the evidence suggests little or no increase in risk among users of short duration, or for use in the past. However, current longer term use is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer that increases with duration. This increase in risk is large enough, and well enough supported, to be considered along with the other risks and benefits of postmenopausal hormone therapy.
Chemical genetic algorithms - coevolutionary genotype-phenotype mapping by modelling of metabolism in cell (2003)

A chemical genetic algorithm (CGA) in which several types of molecules (information units) react with each other in a cell is proposed. Translation from codons (short substrings of bits) in DNA to amino acids (real value units) is specified by a particular set of translation molecules created by the reaction between RNA units and amino acid units. This adaptively changes and optimizes the fundamental genotype-phenotype mapping during evolution. Through the struggle between cells containing a DNA unit and a small molecular units, the codes in DNA and the translation table described by the small molecular coevolve, and a specific output function (protein), which is used to evaluate the cells' fitness, is optimized. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the CGA, the algorithm is applied to a set of deceptive problems and the Shekel's foxholes problem with epistasis, and the results by using the CGA are compared to those by using a simple GA. It is shown that the CGA becomes a powerful strategy for optimizing functions that are hard to solve with the conventional GA.
Vascular endothelial growth factor activates nuclear factor-kappaB and induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in bovine retinal endothelial cells. (1999)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. In the present study, we investigated whether expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a chemokine that has been proposed to recruit leukocytes to sites of inflammation, neovascularization, and vascular injury, can be modulated by VEGF in bovine retinal microvascular endothelial cells (BRECs). VEGF induced expression of MCP-1 mRNA in BRECs in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Secretion of MCP-1 into the culture medium of BRECs treated with VEGF for 24 h was increased by 2.2-fold compared with the control. Inhibitors of transcription factor NF-kappaB, N-alpha-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethylketone (TLCK) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), as well as an inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, PD 98059, attenuated VEGF-induced expression of MCP-1 mRNA. Using electrophoretic gel mobility shift assay, we observed that VEGF stimulated binding activity of NF-kappaB. VEGF-induced NF-kappaB activation was inhibited by TLCK and NAC, but not by PD 98059. Binding activity of transcription factor AP-1, which is suggested to regulate induction of the MCP-1 gene together with NF-kappaB, was also stimulated by VEGF. PD 98059 inhibited the VEGF-induced activation of AP-1. These results indicate that VEGF induces MCP-1 expression in BRECs most likely by activating NF-kappaB and AP-1 via ERK-independent and -dependent pathways. Activation of NF-kappaB and induction of MCP-1 by VEGF in microvascular endothelial cells may contribute to the development of diabetic vascular complications.
Strongly transverse-electric-polarized emission from deep ultraviolet AlGaN quantum well light emitting diodes (2015)

The optical polarization of emission from ultraviolet (UV) light emitting diodes (LEDs) based on (0001)-oriented AlxGa1−xN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) has been studied by simulations and electroluminescence measurements. With increasing aluminum mole fraction in the quantum well x, the in-plane intensity of transverse-electric (TE) polarized light decreases relative to that of the transverse-magnetic polarized light, attributed to a reordering of the valence bands in AlxGa1−xN. Using k ⋅ p theoretical model calculations, the AlGaN MQW active region design has been optimized, yielding increased TE polarization and thus higher extraction efficiency for bottom-emitting LEDs in the deep UV spectral range. Using (i) narrow quantum wells, (ii) barriers with high aluminum mole fractions, and (iii) compressive growth on patterned aluminum nitride sapphire templates, strongly TE-polarized emission was observed at wavelengths as short as 239 nm.
Repositories and object oriented databases (1998)

A repository is a shared database of information about engineered artifacts. An object-oriented repository has many of the same features as an object-oriented database: properties, relationships, and versioning. However, the two technologies are different for two reasons. First, a repository system has built-in information models, which are database schemas or object models that cover both generic and tool-specific kinds of information. Second, the features of a repository are often more functional than similar features supported by object-oriented databases. This paper is primarily a survey of the latter features, drawing attention to capabilities that distinguish repositories from object-oriented databases.
Fibrinogen Concentrate Improves Survival During Limited Resuscitation of Uncontrolled Hemorrhagic Shock in a Swine Model (2014)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of fibrinogen concentrate, as a hemostatic agent, on limited resuscitation of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. We use a swine model of hemorrhagic shock with free bleeding from a 4-mm aortic tear to test the effect of adding a one-time dose of fibrinogen concentrate given at the onset of limited fluid resuscitation. Immature female swine were anesthetized and subjected to catheter hemorrhage and aortic tear to induce uniform hemorrhagic shock. Animals (n = 7 per group) were then randomized to receive (i) no fluid resuscitation (neg control) or (ii) limited resuscitation in the form of two boluses of 10 mL/kg of 6% hydroxyethyl starch solution given 30 min apart (HEX group), or (iii) the same fluid regimen with one dose of 120-mg/kg fibrinogen concentrate given with the first hydroxyethyl starch bolus (FBG). Animals were then observed for a total of 6 h with aortic repair and aggressive resuscitation with shed blood taking place at 3 h. Survival to 6 h was significantly increased with FBG (7/8, 86%) versus HEX (2/7, 29%) and neg control (0/7, 0%) (FBG vs. HEX, Kaplan-Meier log-rank P = 0.035). Intraperitoneal blood loss adjusted for survival time was increased in HEX (0.4 mL/kg per minute) when compared with FBG (0.1 mg/kg per minute, P = 0.047) and neg control (0.1 mL/kg per minute, P = 0.041). Systemic and cerebral hemodynamics also showed improvement with FBG versus HEX. Fibrinogen concentrate may be a useful adjunct to decrease blood loss, improve hemodynamics, and prolong survival during limited resuscitation of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock.
Surfactant Effects on Decarboxylation of Alkoxynitrobenzisoxazole-3-carboxylate Ions. Acceleration by Premicelles (1999)

Decarboxylation of 6-nitro-5-alkoxybenzisoxazole-3-carboxylate ion (1,OMe and 1,OTD, alkoxy = MeO, n-C14H29O, respectively) is accelerated by cationic micelles of cetyltrialkylammonium bromide (CTABr, CTEABr, CTPABr, CTBABr, alkyl = Me, Et, n-Pr, n-Bu respectively). The first-order rate constants kobs for reaction of 1,OMe increase monotonically with [surfactant] and become constant when the substrate is fully bound and kobs = k‘M. The values of kobs for 1,OTD increase sharply with increasing [surfactant] and reach well-defined maxima at [surfactant] at or below the cmc, before decreasing to values corresponding to kobs = k‘M. The magnitude of the rate maxima and the increase in k‘M are in the sequence CTABr < CTEABr < CTPABr < CTBABr. The rate maxima are due to formation of premicellar complexes of substrate with one or a few surfactant monomers, but they “dissolve” in micelles at higher [surfactant]. A rationalization is provided for acceleration by very dilute surfactants.
3D prediction of surface-related and interbed multiples (2005)

Abstract Multiple attenuation during data processing does not guarantee a multiple-free final section. Multiple identification plays an important role in seismic interpretation. A target-oriented method for predicting 3D multiples on stacked or migrated cubes in the time domain is presented. The method does not require detailed knowledge of the subsurface geological model or access to prestack data and is valid for both surface-related and interbed multiples. The computational procedure is based on kinematic properties of the data and uses Fermat's principle to define the multiples. Since no prestack data are required, the method can calculate 3D multiples even when only multi-2D survey data are available. The accuracy and possible use of the method are demonstrated on synthetic and real data examples.
Elucidating anionic oxygen activity in lithium-rich layered oxides (2018)

Recent research has explored combining conventional transition-metal redox with anionic lattice oxygen redox as a new and exciting direction to search for high-capacity lithium-ion cathodes. Here, we probe the poorly understood electrochemical activity of anionic oxygen from a material perspective by elucidating the effect of the transition metal on oxygen redox activity. We study two lithium-rich layered oxides, specifically lithium nickel metal oxides where metal is either manganese or ruthenium, which possess a similar structure and discharge characteristics, but exhibit distinctly different charge profiles. By combining X-ray spectroscopy with operando differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, we reveal completely different oxygen redox activity in each material, likely resulting from the different interaction between the lattice oxygen and transition metals. This work provides additional insights into the complex mechanism of oxygen redox and development of advanced high-capacity lithium-ion cathodes.
Generative Neural Networks for Anomaly Detection in Crowded Scenes (2018)

Security surveillance is critical to social harmony and people's peaceful life. It has a great impact on strengthening social stability and life safeguarding. Detecting anomaly timely, effectively and efficiently in video surveillance remains challenging. This paper proposes a new approach, called S <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> -VAE, for anomaly detection from video data. The S <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> -VAE consists of two proposed neural networks: a Stacked Fully Connected Variational AutoEncoder (S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</sub> -VAE) and a Skip Convolutional VAE (S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C</sub> -VAE). The S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</sub> -VAE is a shallow generative network to obtain a model like Gaussian mixture to fit the distribution of the actual data. The S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C</sub> -VAE, as a key component of S <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> -VAE, is a deep generative network to take advantages of CNN, VAE and skip connections. Both S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</sub> -VAE and S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C</sub> -VAE are efficient and effective generative networks and they can achieve better performance for detecting both local abnormal events and global abnormal events. The proposed S <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> -VAE is evaluated using four public datasets. The experimental results show that the S <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> -VAE outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithms. The code is available publicly at https://github.com/tianwangbuaa/.
Smoothing methods in maximum entropy language modeling (1999)

This paper discusses various aspects of smoothing techniques in maximum entropy language modeling, a topic not sufficiently covered by previous publications. We show: (1) that straightforward maximum entropy models with nested features, e.g. tri-, bi-, and unigrams, result in unsmoothed relative frequencies models; (2) that maximum entropy models with nested features and discounted feature counts approximate backing-off smoothed relative frequencies models with Kneser's (see IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Detroit, MI, vol. I, p.181-84, 1995) advanced marginal backoff distribution; this explains some of the reported success of maximum entropy models in the past; and (3) perplexity results for nested and non-nested features, e.g, trigrams and distance-trigrams, on a 4-million word subset of the Wall Street Journal corpus, showing that the smoothing method has more effect on the perplexity than the method used to combine information.
WRIST ARTHRODESIS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (1996)

Arthrodesis of the wrist is a standard operation which is indicated for severe rheumatoid arthritis in which destruction is too advanced for more conservative procedures, or after failure of previous surgery. We have developed an L-shaped plate designed for this purpose. It provides rigid internal fixation with the wrist in the neutral position and utilises bone grafts obtained from the distal ulna and the carpal bones. We have carried out 29 successful fusions between 1992 and 1995. In all 29 patients synovectomy and resection of the head of the ulna were performed; 11 also had reconstruction of ruptured extensor tendons. All the patients obtained bony union, pain relief and improved function.
1,2-diiminophosphoranes et 2-'2-pyridyl)phospholes : : nouveaux ligands N,N et P,N pour la catalyse homogène (2001)

Nous décrivons la synthèse de nouveaux ligands N,N chiraux : les 1,2-diiminophosphoranes. La chimie de coordination de ces ligands dépend de la nature du squelette carboné. Leur utilisation pour la réaction de substitution allylique catalysée par le palladium a permis d'obtenir de bons excès énantiomériques. Ils ont été utilisés pour la préparation de complexes de nickel qui s'avèrent être des catalyseurs très actifs pour la réaction d'oligomérisation de l'éthylène. Nous avons également préparé de nouveaux ligands mixte P,N : les 2-(2-pyridyl)phospholes. Ces composés se comportent comme des chélates vis à vis du palladium et du ruthénium. Les complexes cationiques du palladium sont actifs pour la copolymérisation éthylène-monoxyde de carbone. Les 2,5-di(2-pyridyl)phospholes possèdent une chimie de coordination très originale et conduisent à la formation de systèmes bimétalliques possédant une phosphine pontante symétrique.
E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1 regulates the stability and functions of MTA1 (2009)

Metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1), a component of the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation (NuRD) complex, is widely upregulated in human cancers. However, the mechanism for regulating its protein stability remains unknown. Here we report that MTA1 is an ubiquitinated protein and targeted by the RING-finger E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase constitutive photomorphogenesis protein 1 (COP1) for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Induced expression of wild-type COP1 but not its RING motif mutants promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of MTA1, indicating that the ligase activity is required for the COP1-mediated proteolysis of MTA1. Conversely, depletion of endogenous COP1 resulted in a marked decrease in MTA1 ubiquitination, accompanied by a pronounced accumulation of MTA1 protein. MTA1, in turn, destabilizes COP1 by promoting its autoubiquitination, thus creating a tight feedback loop that regulates both MTA1 and COP1 protein stability. Accordingly, disruption of the COP1-mediated proteolysis by ionizing radiation leads to MTA1 stabilization, accompanied by an increased coregulatory function of MTA1 on its target. Furthermore, we discovered that MTA1 is required for optimum DNA double-strand break repair after ionizing radiation. These findings provide novel insights into the regulation of MTA1 protein and reveal a novel function of MTA1 in DNA damage response.
A Self-Organized Knowledge Base for Recall, Design, and Discovery in Organic Chemistry (1986)

The design and operation of a system which forms generalizations about organic chemical reactions and structures and uses these generalizations to organize the reactions and structures for efficient retrieval and to generate precursors to a given target molecule is presented. Approaches to computer based classificatory concept formation and organization are discussed. A new linear notation for organic reactions is described.
Refined instrumental variable methods of recursive time-series analysis Part II. Multivariable systems (1979)

Abstract This paper describes the refined IVAML algorithm for estimating the parameters in the multivariable analogue of the single input,. single output model considered in Part I. It also shows that similar refined algorithms can be constructed for other multivariable model forms, including the ARMAX, dynamic adjustment (DA) with autoregressive errors and the multivariable transfer function (MTF). The performance of the algorithm is evaluated by Monte Carlo analysis applied to four simulation models with between 25 and 39 parameters and it is carried out for various sample sizes and signal/noise ratios. As in the SISO model version, the analysis indicates that the algorithm yields asymptotically efficient estimation results, whilst providing low variance estimates of the basic system parameters for medium sample sizes.
Algorithms for Detecting M-Dimensional Objects in N-Dimensional Spaces (1981)

Exact and approximate algorithms for detecting lines in a two-dimensional image space are discussed. For the case of uniformly distributed noise within an image space, transform methods and different notions of probability measures governing the parameters of the transforms are described. It is shown that different quantization schemes of the transformed space are desirable for different probabilistic assumptions. The quantization schemes are evaluated and compared. For one of the procedures that uses a generalized Duda-Hart procedure and a mixed quantization scheme, the time complexity to find all m-flats in n-space is shown to be bounded by O(ptm(n-m)2), where p is the number of points and t is a user parameter. For this procedure more true flats in a given orientation have been found and the number of spurious flats is small.
Fast Identification of Robust Dependent Path Delay Faults (1995)

Recently, it has been shown in In this paper, a theory is developed which puts the work of these papers into a common framework, thus allowing for a better understanding of their relation. In addition, we consider the computational problem of identifying large sets of such not-necessary-to-test paths. Since the approach of [1] can only be applied for small scale circuits, we develop a new algorithm which trades quality o f the result against computation time, and allows handling of large circuits with tens of millions of paths. Experimental results show that enormous improvements in running time are only paid for by a small decrease in quality.
A REVIEW ON THE QUANTUM DRIFT DIFFUSION MODEL (2002)

ABSTRACT We consider the quantum drift diffusion model for semiconductor devices and collect recent results on the stationary and transient equations. The stationary model including generation–recombination terms is studied for bipolar devices and the transient equations are considered in the unipolar case. We cover several topics, such as existence and uniqueness of solutions, asymptotic limits and convergence of a nonlinear iteration scheme in the stationary case as well convergence of a positivity preserving semidiscretization of the transient equations and the linear stability of stationary states.
Rapid Catalyst Capture Enables Metal-Free <i>para</i> -Hydrogen-Based Hyperpolarized Contrast Agents (2018)

Hyperpolarization techniques based on the use of para-hydrogen provide orders of magnitude signal enhancement for magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. The main drawback limiting widespread applicability of para-hydrogen-based techniques in biomedicine is the presence of organometallic compounds (the polarization transfer catalysts) in solution with hyperpolarized contrast agents. These catalysts are typically complexes of platinum-group metals, and their administration in vivo should be avoided. Herein, we show how extraction of a hyperpolarized compound from an organic phase to an aqueous phase combined with a rapid (less than 10 s) Ir-based catalyst capture by metal scavenging agents can produce pure para-hydrogen-based hyperpolarized contrast agents, as demonstrated by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The presented methodology enables fast and efficient means of producing pure hyperpolarized aqueous solutions for biomedical and other uses.
Physical Prototyping Plans for High Performance (2005)

Unlike the traditional floorplanning approaches that are blind to the underlying complex DSM physical effects, physical prototyping provides a playground where any design trade-off and constraints can be constantly monitored and verified. Moreover, this prototype can be refined using a detail implementation tool without losing consistency of design quality. Therefore, design closure can be achieved with high efficiency and predictability. Physical prototyping tools also help to find better partitioning into manageable blocks, resulting in a hierarchical design methodology. Because the partitioning is based on the physically feasible prototype, the block-level timing budgets created are realistic and lead to a much easier task for traditional logic synthesis. The prototyping tool thus can become the hub of the design environment, covering partitioning, generation of block-level constraints, top-level design closure, clock tree synthesis, and power grid design.