gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formation and Sintering Characteristics of Aluminum Borate Whiskers (1992)

A boric acid‐stabilized aluminum acetate powder was decomposed to aluminum borate (Al 18 B 4 O 33 ) by calcining at 1000°C. The powder was then ball‐milled, compacted, and fired to temperatures of 1500°, 1600°, and 1700°C for a period of 1 h. The resulting aluminum borate ceramic had a whiskerlike grain morphology, with the whisker length approaching 20 μm and a diameter of 2–3 μm. The sintered compact showed no shrinkage upon firing, had a porosity of ∼50%, a narrow pore size distribution, and an average pore size of 1–3 μm.
Enhancing ATM Network Performance by Optimizing the Virtual Network Configuration. (1995)

Virtual or logical subnetworks are expected to play an important role in large B-ISDN configurations. This gives an additional degree of freedom to ATM network architectures, since even for a fixed physical network the logical configuration can still vary depending on particular demands and conditions. This new degree of freedom calls for new solutions to utilize the opportunity for the potential enhancement of network performance by optimizing the logical configuration, as part of optimizing the distributed network architecture. In this paper a framework and model, along with efficient solution algorithms, are presented to dimension virtual ATM networks on top of the same physical infrastructure network, such that the virtual networks share the infrastructure, while the total network revenue is optimized. The algorithms are tried on various network scenarios and a trade-off between the quality of the result and running time is exhibited.
Raman spectroscopy for noninvasive glucose measurements (2005)

We report the first successful study of the use of Raman spectroscopy for quantitative, noninvasive ("transcutaneous") measurement of blood analytes, using glucose as an example. As an initial evaluation of the ability of Raman spectroscopy to measure glucose transcutaneously, we studied 17 healthy human subjects whose blood glucose levels were elevated over a period of 2-3 h using a standard glucose tolerance test protocol. During the test, 461 Raman spectra were collected transcutaneously along with glucose reference values provided by standard capillary blood analysis. A partial least squares calibration was created from the data from each subject and validated using leave-one-out cross validation. The mean absolute errors for each subject were 7.8% +/- 61.8% (mean +/- std) with R-2 values of 0.83 +/- 0.10. We provide spectral evidence that the glucose spectrum is an important part of the calibrations by analysis of the calibration regression vectors. (c) 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Characterization of Monellin, a Protein That Tastes Sweet (1973)

Monellin, an intensely sweet substance from the fruit of the tropical plant Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii, has been clearly established to be a protein. The molecular weight of monellin was estimated by two independent physical methods. The values were 10,000 and 10,500 and agreed with minimal molecular weights based on chemical analyses. The molecular weight calculated from amino acid analysis is 10,700, and the protein consists of a single polypeptide chain of approximately 91 amino acids. The protein contains no histidine, and only 1 residue each of tryptophan, cysteine, and methionine are present. It contains no mono- or dimethyl derivatives of lysine or arginine. Fifteen basic residues (Lys + Arg) and 22 acidic residues (Asp + Glu) are present, but up to 6 of the latter may be in the amide form. Isoelectric focusing established the isoelectric point of monellin to be 9.3.
Differential phase-shift quantum key distribution (2002)

This paper presents novel quantum key distribution (QKD) schemes that use differential phases of sequential pulses as an information carrier. Alice sends a photon in a linear superposition state of three temporal slots, in which each amplitude is phase-modulated by {0,π}. Bob measures the phase difference of an asymmetric interferometer, and tells Alice time-instance at which the photon was counted. From this time information and her modulation data, Alice knows which detector counted the photon in Bob s site. Then, the two parties create a secret key. The scheme is suitable for fiber transmission systems and offers key creation efficiency higher than conventional phase-encoding QKD. The above scheme utilizes fully non-orthogonal four states. Differential phase shift QKD utilizing two non-orthogonal states is also presented. Alice sends a coherent pulse train with less than one photon per pulse, which is phase modulated by {0,π} for each pulse, and Bob measures the pulse train by a one-bit delay circuit. The system has a simple configuration such that Alice has no interferometer and sends no intense reference pulse, unlike to conventional QKD scheme using two non-orthogonal states, and also has an advantage of high key creation efficiency.
Synthesis, structure elucidation and antibacterial activity of 6‐ethyl‐6,9‐dihydro‐9‐oxopyrazolo[3,4‐<i>f</i>]quinoline‐8‐carboxylic acid (1983)

Abstract The preparation, structure elucidation and antibacterial activity of 6‐ethyl‐6,9‐dihydro‐9‐oxopyrazolo‐[3,4‐ f ]quinoline‐8‐carboxylic acid are reported.
Enhanced sialylation of recombinant erythropoietin in genetically engineered Chinese‐hamster ovary cells (2008)

Sialic acid, the terminal sugar in N-linked complex glycans, is usually found in glycoproteins and plays a major role in determining the circulatory lifespan of glycoproteins. In the present study we attempted to enhance the sialylation of recombinant EPO (erythropoietin) in CHO (Chinese-hamster ovary) cells. To enhance EPO sialylation, we introduced human alpha2,3-ST (alpha2,3-sialyltransferase) and CMP-SAS (CMP-sialic acid synthase) into recombinant human EPO-producing CHO cells. The sialylation of EPO was increased by the expression of alpha2,3-ST alone. Although the co-expression of alpha2,3-ST and CMP-SAS did not further increase sialylation, an increase in the intracellular pool of CMP-sialic acid was noted. On the basis of these observations, it was postulated that the transport capacity of CMP-sialic acid into the Golgi lumen was limited, thereby causing the reduced availability of CMP-sialic acid substrate for sialylation. Therefore, we co-expressed human alpha2,3-ST and CMP-SAS, as well as overexpress Chinese hamster CMP-sialic acid transporter (CMP-SAT) in CHO cells, which produced recombinant human EPO. When alpha2,3-ST, CMP-SAS, and CMP-SAT were overexpressed in CHO cells, there was a corresponding increase in sialylation compared with the co-expression of alpha2,3-ST and CMP-SAS. The present study provides a useful strategy for enhancing the sialylation of therapeutic glycoproteins produced in CHO cells.
Comprehensive Evaluation of Statistical Speech Waveform Synthesis (2018)

Statistical TTS systems that directly predict the speech waveform have recently reported improvements in synthesis quality. This investigation evaluates Amazon's statistical speech waveform synthesis (SSWS) system. An in-depth evaluation of SSWS is conducted across a number of domains to better understand the consistency in quality. The results of this evaluation are validated by repeating the procedure on a separate group of testers. Finally, an analysis of the nature of speech errors of SSWS compared to hybrid unit selection synthesis is conducted to identify the strengths and weaknesses of SSWS. Having a deeper insight into SSWS allows us to better define the focus of future work to improve this new technology.
A list-based detection technique for long intersymbol interference channels (2009)

A list based data detection algorithm is presented for long intersymbol interference channels. The algorithm first extracts bit reliabilities using a low complexity equalizer and then uses these reliabilities to generate lists of possible data vectors before making final bit decisions. It is shown through analysis that the detector can be designed to ensure a specific bit error rate performance with respect to a maximum likelihood sequence detector. The complexity advantage of the detector is described through analysis and simulation.
Picking a bone with heterotopic ossification: translational progress current and future. (2015)

Heterotopic ossification (HO) represents a serious clinical and basic science conundrum. It is a frequent complication of some of the most common orthopaedic procedures including joint replacement, fracture repair, and amputations. Furthermore it causes costly debilitation following trauma, burns, brain and spinal injuries, and is one of the defining injuries of modern military conflicts (1). However, despite the commonality and burden of HO, relatively little is known about its mechanism. This leads to a dearth of effective clinical prophylactic and therapeutic strategies.
Recent advances in the study of electrochemical micromachining (1996)

The present paper reviews some fundamental aspects related to the understanding of the high rate anodic dissolution processes and their influence on thin film patterning by electrochemical micromachining. The role of convective mass transport and current distribution on the surface finish and shape evolution is discussed. Several examples of the applications of maskless and through-mask electrochemical micromachining are presented.
Purification, molecular cloning and ethylene‐inducible expression of a soluble‐type epoxide hydrolase from soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>[L.] Merr.) (2000)

A soybean protein was purified from mature dry seeds. Amino-acid sequencing of the nine internal peptides derived from this N-terminally blocked protein showed that it has a significant similarity to the soluble epoxide hydrolases known to date. A degenerate series of 23-mer oligonucleotides with sequences corresponding to an internal region of eight amino-acid residues was synthesized as a probe mixture for detection of a putative epoxide hydrolase cDNA in a developing cotyledon cDNA library. The 1332-bp cDNA obtained was found to have an open-reading frame encoding the seed epoxide hydrolase-like precursor consisting of 341 amino-acid residues, suggesting that 25 amino-acid residues upstream from the second methionine correspond to a transit peptide. Employing an Escherichia coli expression system, the putative mature epoxide hydrolase-like protein was overexpressed and purified to homogeneity. This recombinant protein was confirmed to exhibit its epoxide-diol converting activity using styrene oxide as substrate. The Vmax and Km values for styrene oxide are 1.36 micromol x min-1 x mg-1 and 1500 microM, respectively. Sedimentation equilibrium experiments showed that the active form of this epoxide hydrolase is monomeric in solution. Using the above cDNA as a probe, a 12-kb genomic clone was selected and the sequence of a 1933-bp fragment from this clone was found to cover the entire coding region together with 5'- and 3'-flanking regions of the soybean epoxide hydrolase gene. The coding region of the gene, interrupted by two short introns, was identical to the corresponding regions of the cDNA. Northern blot analyses showed that this epoxide hydrolase gene was expressed strongly at a very early stage (13 days after flowering) and then the level of expression gradually decreased and almost ceased at a very late stage (58 days after flowering) of seed development, whereas its expression was markedly up-regulated by ethylene treatment. In stems (hypocotyl portion), the epoxide hydrolase transcript was detected at significant levels and was also up-regulated in response to ethylene. On the other hand, it is hardly expressed in leaves, even though they were treated with the phytohormone. Overall, the results obtained may indicate that soluble-type epoxide hydrolase mRNA is expressed at the maximum level in an early stage of seed development. Later, oil bodies are formed and subsequently epoxy fatty acids, naturally occurring metabolites, accumulate within those bodies. The temporal induction of this epoxide hydrolase transcript in some tissues in response to ethylene also indicates that this epoxide hydrolase may play a crucial role in self-defense systems of plant.
Impact of Inter-Vehicular Interference on the Performance of Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (2007)

In this paper, we present a system simulator that can evaluate the performance of direct measurement Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS) in various operational scenarios. We also discuss the following capabilities of the simulator: (1) modeling the wireless channel characteristics experienced by the signal between various transmitters and the receiver of a given vehicle, (2) modeling collisions among wireless signals of a given vehicle and those of the nearby vehicles, and (3) quantifying the impact of wireless channel characteristics and collisions among wireless signals on the performance of the TPMS. Using results for hypothetical simulation scenarios, we demonstrate the impact of wireless channel characteristics, receiver sensitivity level, and inter-vehicular interference on the performance of the TPMS.
A Generalized View on Multicarrier CDMA Mobile Radio Systems with Joint Detection (Part II) (1997)

This communication presents a generalized view on multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) concepts for mobile radio applications. A comprehensive introduction to CDMA and the arising multiple access interference (MAI) will be presented. It will be explained why joint detection (JD) is a mandatory prerequisite for hybrid frequency and time divided code division multiple access (F/T/CDMA) which is a viable basis for third generation mobile radio systems. The benefits of MC-CDMA over other CDMA concepts will be discussed in an illustrative manner and a flexible MC-CDMA concept will be introduced and explained in detail. The signal generation in MC-CDMA will be described in continuous-time and discrete-time form revealing the close relationship between the presented flexible MC-CDMA and the well known joint detection CDMA (JD-CDMA) concept. The discrete-time transmission model which results from the continuous-time representation will be introduced to facilitate digital signal processing. This transmission model takes coherent receiver antenna diversity (CRAD) explicitly into account. Four viable JD techniques suitable for the discussed flexible MC-CDMA concept will be presented. Their structure and mode of operation will be explained in detail and their uplink performance will be studied in a variety of transmission conditions.
Serum miR-21 as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer (2013)

Serum miR-21 is a promising biomarker for the early detection and prognosis of CRC.
Synthesis of Galactose-Terminated Oligosaccharides by Use of Galactosyltransferase (1992)

Galactosyltransferase catalyzes the galactosylation of oligosaccharides terminated by glucose and by 2-acetamido-2-deoxy glucopyranose, respectively. Variations concerning the acceptor substrate as well as the donor substrate are described.
Low-Shot Learning From Imaginary 3D Model (2019)

Since the advent of deep learning, neural networks have demonstrated remarkable results in many visual recognition tasks, constantly pushing the limits. However, the state-of-the-art approaches are largely unsuitable in scarce data regimes. To address this shortcoming, this paper proposes employing a 3D model, which is derived from training images. Such a model can then be used to hallucinate novel viewpoints and poses for the scarce samples of the few-shot learning scenario. A self-paced learning approach allows for the selection of a diverse set of high-quality images, which facilitates the training of a classifier. The performance of the proposed approach is showcased on the fine-grained CUB-200-2011 dataset in a few-shot setting and significantly improves our baseline accuracy.
Poly(aniline) in corrosion resistant coatings (1996)

During the past two decades, one of the most active fields of solid-state science has been electrically conductive polymers. These are polymers which are insulators as prepared, but which can be converted to polymers having many or all the properties of a metal, by virtue of appropriate chemical/electrochemical oxidation or reduction. Typically, applications examined for electrically conductive polymers have been in areas such as rechargeable batteries and charge dissipative coatings. Recently it has been reported that poly(aniline), in its electrically conductive, protonated form, shows excellent performance as a coating for preventing the corrosion of carbon steel. The present research has shown that in fact, the non-conductive, unprotonated form of poly(aniline) shows even better performance in corrosion prevention than the conductive form. Moreover, it has been shown that poly(aniline) can be blended with other polymers to improve their corrosion resistance performance (e.g., polyimides), or used as a hardener for epoxides or diisocyanates, to give very good corrosion resistant coatings. Poly(aniline) performance is explained in terms of its ability to form dense, adherent films, and create a basic surface on carbon steel surfaces.
A Planar Integration Process for E/D-mode AlGaN/GaN HEMT DCFL Integrated Circuits (2006)

We demonstrate a new planar fabrication technology for integrating enhancement/depletion (E/D) mode AlGaN/GaN HEMTs using fluoride-based plasma treatment techniques. The CF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> plasma treatment is used in two separate steps to achieve two objectives: 1) active device isolation; and 2) threshold voltage control for the E-mode HEMT formation. By using the planar process, the E/D-mode HEMTs are integrated on the same chip, and a direct-coupled FET logic inverter and a 17-stage ring oscillator are fabricated. Compared with the devices formed by standard mesa etching, the HEMTs by planar process have comparable DC and RF characteristics, with no obvious difference in device isolation. At a supply voltage of 3.3 V, the E/D-mode inverter shows an output swing of 2.85 V, with the logic low and logic high noise margins at 0.34 and 1.47 V. The fabricated ring oscillator yields an oscillating frequency of 159 MHz at a supply voltage of 4.5 V. After a 44 hrs thermal stress at 350degC, the devices show negligible change in DC and RF characteristics, indicating excellent thermal stability of the planar process
Calcium and Potassium Cyclotron Resonance Curves and Harmonics in Diatoms (A.<i>Coeffeaformis</i>) (1987)

Our previous findings provide strong evidence that transport of a given ionic species through a cell membrane can be precisely controlled by tuning externally applied magnetic fields to the ion cyclotron resonance (CR) gyrofrequency for the ion in question. Experiment and theory have shown that certain odd harmonics of the fundamental resonance frequency are also effective. In the present experiment we again used the model of Ca-dependent motility of benthic diatoms, extending our harmonic studies through N = 17, for both Ca2+ and K+ fundamentals. Eight separate Ca2+ fundamental frequencies: 8, 12, 16, 23, 31, 32, 46, 64 Hz were attempted and each was found to obey the CR condition. We also report two observations: (1) tuning to K+ results in inhibition of motility, directly opposite to the enhancement that occurs when tuning for Ca2+; (2) both the K+ inhibition and Ca2+ enhancement are independently observed at exactly the same harmonics: N = 1, 3, 5, 15. This strongly suggests that despite differences in ionic selectivity, K+ and Ca2+ channels may share fundamentally similar protein configurations.
Detonation detection method for internal combustion engines (Metodo di rilevamento di detonazione per motori a combustione interna, 1997-T87) (1999)

The method includes the steps of generating a detonation signal related to the intensity of the vibration on an engine block; wide-band filtering the detonation signal; rectifying the filtered detonation signal; integrating the rectified signal; calculating the logarithm of the integration result; calculating a mean value as a function of the calculated logarithm; calculating the values of a first and second standard-deviation-related quantity as a function of the logarithm value and the mean value; and calculating a detonation coefficient value as a function of the values of the standard-deviation-related quantities
Spinal phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> in inflammatory hyperalgesia: role of Group IVA cPLA<sub>2</sub> (2005)

Current work has shown the importance of spinal cyclooxygenase (COX) products in facilitatory processes leading to tissue injury induced hyperalgesia. This cascade must originate with free arachidonic acid (AA) released by the activity of spinal phospholipase A2s (PLA2). In the present work, we studied the role of PLA2s in spinal sensitization. We first demonstrate the presence of constitutive mRNA in the spinal cord for PLA2 Groups IB, IIA, IIC, IVA, V and VI by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing. Using quantitative-PCR, we found that Group IVA cPLA2 and Group VI iPLA2 are the predominant PLA2 messages in the spinal cord. Western blotting and activity assays specific for Group IVA cPLA2 and Group VI iPLA2 verified the presence of these enzymes. PLA2 activity in spinal cord homogenates was suppressed by methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP) and arachidonyl trifluoromethylketone (AACOCF3), mixed inhibitors of Group IVA cPLA2 and Group VI iPLA2 as well as by bromoenol lactone (BEL), a Group VI iPLA2 inhibitor. The spinal expression of PLA2 mRNA or protein was not altered in the face of peripheral inflammation. Secondly, we showed that intrathecal (i.t.) administration of MAFP and AACOCF3, but not BEL, dose-dependently prevented thermal hyperalgesia induced by intraplantar carrageenan as well as formalin-induced flinching. Finally, i.t. injection of AACOCF3, at antihyperalgesic doses, decreased the release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) into spinal dialysate evoked by i.t. NMDA, while i.t. injection of BEL had no effect. Taken together, this work points to a role for constitutive Group IVA cPLA2 in spinal nociceptive processing.
Development of a Focused-Beam Ellipsometer Based on a New Principle (2007)

Ellipsometers, in which an objective lens is placed in the normal direction to a sample surface, have been developed to obtain the ellipsometric data at a focusing point within a highly narrow region. In this paper, we will introduce a focused‐beam ellipsometer established with a new method for data acquisitions. By using a novel technique, we can measure the optical properties of thin films at the various angles of incidence.
Improved sensitivity of an acid sphingomyelinase activity assay using a C6:0 sphingomyelin substrate (2015)

Short-chain C6-sphingomyelin is an artificial substrate that was used in an acid sphingomyelinase activity assay for a pilot screening study of patients with Niemann-Pick disease types A and B. Using previously published multiplex and single assay conditions, normal acid sphingomyelinase activity levels (i.e. false negative results) were observed in two sisters with Niemann-Pick B who were compound heterozygotes for two missense mutations, p.C92W and p.P184L, in the SMPD1 gene. Increasing the sodium taurocholate detergent concentration in the assay buffer lowered the activity levels of these two patients into the range observed with other patients with clear separation from normal controls.