gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A comparison of normalization effects on three whole-body cylindrical 3D PET systems (2000)

Normalization coefficients in three-dimensional positron emission tomography (3D PET) are affected by parameters such as camera geometry and the design and arrangement of the block detectors. In this work, normalization components for three whole-body 3D-capable tomographs (the GE Advance, the Siemens/CTI962/HR+ and the Siemens/CTI951R) are compared by means of a series of scans using uniform cylindrical and rotating line sources. Where applicable, the manufacturers' normalization methods are validated, and it is shown that these methods can be improved upon by using previously published normalization protocols. Those architectural differences between the three tomographs that affect normalization are discussed with a view to drawing more general conclusions about the effect of machine architecture on normalization. The data presented suggest that uniformity of system response becomes easier to achieve as the uniformity of crystal response within the detector block is improved.
State-of-the-Art in the Architecture, Methods and Applications of StyleGAN (2022)

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have established themselves as a prevalent approach to image synthesis. Of these, StyleGAN offers a fascinating case study, owing to its remarkable visual quality and an ability to support a large array of downstream tasks. This state-of-the-art report covers the StyleGAN architecture, and the ways it has been employed since its conception, while also analyzing its severe limitations. It aims to be of use for both newcomers, who wish to get a grasp of the field, and for more experienced readers that might benefit from seeing current research trends and existing tools laid out. Among StyleGAN's most interesting aspects is its learned latent space. Despite being learned with no supervision, it is surprisingly well-behaved and remarkably disentangled. Combined with StyleGAN's visual quality, these properties gave rise to unparalleled editing capabilities. However, the control offered by StyleGAN is inherently limited to the generator's learned distribution, and can only be applied to images generated by StyleGAN itself. Seeking to bring StyleGAN's latent control to real-world scenarios, the study of GAN inversion and latent space embedding has quickly gained in popularity. Meanwhile, this same study has helped shed light on the inner workings and limitations of StyleGAN. We map out StyleGAN's impressive story through these investigations, and discuss the details that have made StyleGAN the go-to generator. We further elaborate on the visual priors StyleGAN constructs, and discuss their use in downstream discriminative tasks. Looking forward, we point out StyleGAN's limitations and speculate on current trends and promising directions for future research, such as task and target specific fine-tuning.
Sample selection in credit-scoring models (1998)

We examine three models for sample selection that are relevant for modeling credit scoring by commercial banks. A binary choice model is used to examine the decision of whether or not to extend credit. The selectivity aspect enters because such models are based on samples of individuals to whom credit has already been given. A regression model with sample selection is suggested for predicting expenditures, or the amount of credit. The same considerations as in the binary choice case apply here. Finally, a model for counts of occurrences is described which could, in some settings also be treated as a model of sample selection.
Reversible Photoisomerization of Self-Organized Cylindrical Peptide Assemblies at Air−Water and Solid Interfaces (1999)

A new photoswitchable peptide system composed of two flat, ring-shaped cyclic octapeptides with the sequence cyclo-[(l-Phe-d-MeN-Ala)3-l-Cys-d-MeN-Ala] tethered via an azobenzene moiety was investigated at the air−water interface, on mica, germanium, and quartz glass supports. Surprisingly, both the E- and Z-forms of the peptide system form very stable layers at the air−water interface. The surface pressure−area isotherms of each isomer are readily distinguished by plateau regions at 12.5 mN/m (E-isomer) and 14.0 mN/m (Z-isomer). Scanning force microscopy (SFM) was employed to scrutinize the structure of transferred Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) films on mica. The SFM and film balance measurements as well as the results from ATR-FT-IR spectroscopy indicate that the peptide cylinders are oriented predominantly perpendicular to the surface normal. SFM images demonstrate that at higher surface pressure a second peptide layer atop the first one is formed. The proposed model was further supported by temperature-depen...
Utility of the Nitroblue Tetrazolium Reduction Test for Assessment of Reactive Oxygen Species Production by Seminal Leukocytes and Spermatozoa (2003)

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of spermatozoa and leukocytes in semen to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) by using nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) staining and to examine the association between NBT staining and levels of ROS as measured by chemiluminescence. Twenty‐one infertility patients (leukocytospermia; n = 8; nonleukocytospermia, n = 13) and 9 healthy donors were included. Standard semen analysis and density gradient centrifugation were performed to test NBT staining, ROS, and total antioxidant capacity. A ROS‐total antioxidant capacity (ROS‐TAC) score was calculated by using principal component analysis. In the leukocytospermic group, after separation on a density gradient, the percentage of NBT‐positive staining was significantly higher in sperm suspensions contaminated with leukocytes (median [25th, 75th percentiles]; 70% [61%, 79%]) compared to the nonleukocytospermic group (14.5% [9%, 25.5%]; P = .03) and donors (7% [3%, 11%]; P = .02), respectively. A strong positive correlation was seen between levels of ROS in whole ejaculates and NBT‐positive staining in leukocytes (r = 0.59; P < .0006) and in leukocyte fractions (r = 0.72; P < .0001) after density gradient separation. Similarly, ROS was positively correlated with excessive cytoplasmic retention in spermatozoa from whole ejaculates and abnormal spermatozoa after separation on density gradients (r = 0.72; P < .0001). The ROS‐TAC score was inversely correlated with NBT staining in leukocytes in whole ejaculates (r = −0.960, P < .0007) and in both leukocyte fractions (r = −0.39; P < .04) and spermatozoa with cytoplasmic retention (r = −0.38; P < .04). Our results indicate that the NBT reduction test can be used to assess the contribution of seminal leukocytes and defective spermatozoa towards ROS generation in semen. Levels of ROS assessed by chemiluminescence assay are strongly correlated with the results of NBT staining.
Fast Classification of Electrocardiograph Signals via Instance Selection (2011)

In clinical practice, electrocardiographs (ECG)are used in various ways. In the most simple case, directly after the ECG has been recorded, the doctor analyses it and makes the diagnosis. In other cases, e.g. when the abnormality can only be observed occasionally, at a previously unknown time, the ECG is being recorded continuously. Fast automatic recognition of abnormalities of ECG signals may substantially support doctors' work in both cases: either by immediately displaying a warning or calling the emergency service in case of danger or by pointing to the abnormal parts of a long ECG-signal in order to support analysis and diagnosis. In this paper, we focus on the (semi-)automated recognition of abnormal ECG signals. We formulate the task as a time-series classification problem, point out that state-of-the-art solutions are capable to solve this problem with a high accuracy. The recognition time is, however, crucial in our case. Therefore, as major contribution, we aim at speeding up the recognition by a new instance selection technique. We describe this technique and discuss its theoretical background. In our experiments on publicly available real ECG-data, we empirically evaluate our approach and show that it outperforms a state-of-the-art instance selection technique.
Investigating GAN and VAE to train DCNN (2019)

The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a class of deep artificial neural network and has recently gained special attention after demonstrating breakthrough accuracies in various classification tasks. CNNs have shown remarkable performance in machine vision tasks such as image classification, natural language processing and speech recognition. There is evidence that the depth of a CNN plays an important role in performance of CNNs. However, we investigated the feasibility of improving the performance of shallow networks via fusion of the features computed by a homogenous and heterogeneous set of pre-trained networks. We also explored a recently developed framework called the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), in which we simultaneously train two models, a Generator and a Discriminator. The Generator attempts to produce data that mirrors the probability distribution of the "true" dataset. The Discriminator is trained to distinguish between the true dataset and the counterfeit data produced by the Generator. Our work involves the application of a GAN for generation and fine tuning of synthetic data to be used to train a deep CNN. Specifically, we investigate the use of a synthetic data generator along with a GAN to create an unlimited quantity of labeled training data, without the need for hand-labeling images. We apply this technique to the detection and localization of various vehicles. We attempt to distinguish between military trucks and other types of vehicles. A successful outcome could lead to improvements in addressing security threats rapidly, and cost-effectively. We also investigate an alternative method for generating synthetic data, the Variational Auto-Encoder (VAE). Variational auto-encoders are trained to encode then decode input vectors and can also be useful for generating new training data. VAEs are capable of dimensionality reduction and synthesizing data. Finally, we evaluate our multiplicative fusion method compared to the fusion methods that we investigated previously.
Identifying commented passages of documents using implicit hyperlinks (2006)

This paper addresses the issue of automatically selecting passages of blog posts using readers' comments. The problem is difficult because: (i) the textual content of blogs is often noisy, (ii) comments do not always target passages of the posts and, (iii) comments are not equally useful for identifying important passages. We have developed a system for selecting commented passages which takes as input blog posts and their comments and delivers, for each post, the sentences of the post which are the most commented and/or the most discussed. Our approach combines three steps to identify commented passages of a post. The first step is to remove the complexity of processing the contents of posts and comments using heuristics adapted to the language of the blog. The second step is to find useful comments and assigns them a degree of relevance using a model automatically built and validated by an expert. The third step is to identify important passages using relevant comments. We conducted two experiments to evaluate the usefulness and the effectiveness of our approach. The first study show that in only 50% of the posts, the most commented sentence elicited by our approach corresponds to the post extract generated using generic summarization. In the second study, human participants confirmed that, in practice, selected passages are frequently commented passages.
Current-Controlled Wavelength-Tunable Fiber Comb Filter based on Polarization-Diversity Loop Configuration (2010)

In this paper, we have demonstrated absolute wavelength tuning in an optical fiber comb filter based on a polarization-diversity loop configuration by controlling the current injected into enameled wires wound on polarization-maintaining fibers (PMF's), that is, adjusting Joule heat generated from enameled wires. The proposed fiber comb filter consists of a polarization beam splitter, a half-wave plate, a quarter-wave plate, and PMF's. And we observed wavelength change of spectral dips in transmission spectra of the fabricated filter by varying an input current applied to enameled wires. The absolute wavelength of the filter could be controlled in proportional to the square of the input current with good linearity, and the rate of the wavelength shift with respect to the input current was measured as 36.79[㎚/A²].
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Stimulates Adenylate Cyclase Activation via a Guanine Nucleotide-Dependent Process in Rat Liver Plasma Membranes (1988)

To evaluate the functional relationship between the liver calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor and guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, we investigated the effects of nucleotides not only on adenylate cyclase activation by CGRP, but also on 125I-[Tyr0]rat CGRP binding to rat liver plasma membranes. In the presence of GTP, rat CGRP stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in a dose-dependent manner in rat liver plasma membranes, and this effect was reduced in the absence of GTP. Salmon calcitonin also enhanced adenylate cyclase activation in the presence of GTP, but only in higher concentrations. On the other hand, guanine nucleotides not only decreased 125I-[Tyr0]rat CGRP binding to rat liver plasma membranes, but also accelerated the dissociation of label binding, and the removal of Mg2+ from incubation medium attenuated this inhibitory action of GTP on 125I-[Tyr0]rat CGRP binding to membranes. Scatchard analysis of the data revealed that the reduction of 125I-[Tyr0]rat CGRP binding by GTP was due to the decrease in binding affinity without a significant change in binding capacity. These findings lead us to conclude that binding of CGRP to its receptors activates adenylate cyclase in rat liver plasma membranes via a guanine nucleotide-dependent process, suggesting the involvement of guanine nucleotide-binding stimulatory protein in the action of CGRP.
Analysis of dimensional tolerance for an optical demultiplexer of a highly alignment tolerant 4 × 25 Gb/s ROSA module (2014)

We have developed a 4 × 25 Gb/s ROSA (receiver optical sub-assembly) module for 100G Ethernet optical transceiver. This ROSA module has very large alignment tolerance of more than ± 250 µm between the optical DMUX (demultiplexer) and four photodiodes, for the reason it has the advantage of being easily assembled. The large alignment tolerance can be attributed to the dimensional tolerant optical DMUX, which is composed of four thin film filters attached to a parallelogram-shaped optic block. Since it is important to define the fabrication specifications for the dimension of the optic block, we analyze dimensional tolerance for the optic block using three-dimensional simulation. This parallelogram-shaped optical DMUX permits length tolerance of ± 300 µm and angular tolerance of ± 0.1°. The fabricated optical DMUX is estimated to have the angular error of less than 0.09°.
Sorginak Hondarribian? J. Caro Barojaren oroitzapenez (1996)

It is suggested that the substitution of food with high MCFAs and AA content by a SCFAs- and EPA-rich diet may contribute to reduced risk of colorectal cancer.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Monomeric Titanocene Sulfido and Disulfide Complexes. Reaction of H<sub>2</sub> with a Terminal MS Bond (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTSynthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Monomeric Titanocene Sulfido and Disulfide Complexes. Reaction of H2 with a Terminal MS BondZachary K. Sweeney, Jennifer L. Polse, Richard A. Andersen, Robert G. Bergman, and Mark G. KubinecView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, California 94720 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 19, 4543–4544Publication Date (Web):May 14, 1997Publication History Received21 January 1997Published online14 May 1997Published inissue 1 May 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja970168thttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja970168trapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views828Altmetric-Citations101LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Anions,Chemical reactions,Group 14 compounds,Inorganic compounds,Sandwich compounds Get e-Alerts
The human sucrase-isomaltase gene directs complex patterns of gene expression in transgenic mice (1993)

Sucrase-isomaltase (SI) is an enterocyte-specific gene that is expressed in complex developmental and spatial patterns. In this study, we examine the ability of regulatory elements within the human SI (hSI) gene to direct appropriate cell lineage and spatial patterns of expression in transgenic mice. Transgenic mouse lines were established using a construct containing bases -3424 to +54 of the hSI gene linked to the human growth hormone (hGH) structural gene. In each transgenic line, hGH mRNA and protein were expressed only in the small intestine and colon. In contrast to the endogenous mouse SI (mSI) gene, which was expressed along the entire length of the small intestine, hGH mRNA expression was predominantly found in the distal jejunum and ileum, with very low levels in more proximal portions of the small intestine. However, the pattern of transgene expression along the small intestinal crypt-villus axis was identical to the pattern of the endogenous mSI gene. These results suggest that regulatory elements necessary for intestine-specific transcription and differential expression along the intestinal crypt-villus axis are included in the 5'-flanking region of the hSI gene. Furthermore, these data suggest that different DNA regulatory regions regulate transcription along the horizontal intestinal axis. In the colon, there was aberrant expression of hGH in a subpopulation of enteroendocrine cells that contained peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY). This suggests that there are DNA regulatory elements, missing in the transgene construct, which normally suppress expression of the endogenous mSI gene in these cells. Taken together, these findings define the SI gene as a useful model for studies of differentiation, cell lineage determination, and mechanisms of complex spatial gene expression in the intestine.
123I-labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine for diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors (2009)

Abstract: Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is an analog of the catecholamine norepinephrine. Through a type I energy-dependent active amine transport mechanism, it is taken up in presynaptic cytoplasmic storage vesicles of adrenergic nerves. Many normal tissues that have rich adrenergic innervation accumulate MIBG, including the heart and salivary glands. Additionally, MIBG is accumulated in benign and malignant tissues derived from the neural crest, such as the adrenal medulla and neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), where it is stored within neurosecretory granules. This provides the molecular basis for highly specific imaging and therapy with radiolabeled MIBG. Both 123 I-MIBG and 131 I-MIBG are available for diagnostic purposes. Considering the physical characteristics of 123 I (159 keV photon energy, 13.2 hours half-life) and clinical experience, 123 I-MIBG is the agent of choice for diagnostic imaging. It shows high sensitivity and specificity in detecting NETs. NETs include a wide range of neoplasms arising from tissues derived from the neural crest, such as neuroblastomas (NBs), pheochromocytomas, paragangliomas, NETs of the gastroenteropancreatic tract (GEP tumors), as well as medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs). The purpose of this review is to summarize the diagnostic application of 123 I-MIBG in detecting diverse NETs and in guiding the subsequent clinical management and treatment protocols. Keywords: 123 I-MIBG, diagnosis, neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic tract, medullary thyroid carcinoma, multiple endocrine neoplasm syndromes
Intracellular Signaling by Akt: Bound to Be Specific (2008)

Over the past decade, the serine/threonine kinase Akt (also known as protein kinase B) has emerged as a critical signaling molecule within eukaryotic cells. In addition to the research required for the clarification of its regulation by upstream kinases and phosphatases, progress has been made in the identification of Akt-binding partners that modulate its activation, regulate its kinase activity, and define its impact on downstream biological responses. Studies of Akt-binding molecules have highlighted novel mechanisms involved in the regulation of signaling downstream of activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Akt-interacting molecules may have important roles in Akt signal transduction both under physiological and pathological conditions.
Freeze, Flight, Fight, Fright, Faint: Adaptationist Perspectives on the Acute Stress Response Spectrum (2004)

This article reviews the existing evolutionary perspectives on the acute stress response habitual faintness and blood-injection-injury type-specific phobia (BIITS phobia). In this article, an alternative evolutionary perspective, based on recent advances in evolutionary psychology, is proposed. Specifically, that fear-induced faintness (eg, fainting following the sight of a syringe, blood, or following a trivial skin injury) is a distinct Homo sapiens-specific extreme-stress survival response to an inescapable threat. The article suggests that faintness evolved in response to middle paleolithic intra-group and inter-group violence (of con-specifics) rather than as a pan-mammalian defense response, as is presently assumed. Based on recent literature, freeze, flight, fight, fright, faint provides a more complete description of the human acute stress response sequence than current descriptions. Faintness, one of three primary physiological reactions involved in BIITS phobia, is extremely rare in other phobias. Since heritability estimates are higher for faintness than for fears or phobias, the author suggests that trait-faintness may be a useful complement to trait-anxiety as an endophenotype in research on the human fear circuitry. Some implications for the forthcoming Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition as well as for clinical, health services, and transcriptomic research are briefly discussed.