gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Rate Nitrification by Co<SUB>2</SUB>-Sensitive Nitrifying Bacteria (2006)

High-Rate Nitrification by Co2-Sensitive Nitrifying BacteriaHigh-rate nitrification has been observed in a lab-scale activated sludge reactor using synthetic wastewater under increased (1%) pCO2. The populations found in the reactors were challenged by drastically reducing the solids retention time to cause washout of slow growing bacteria. Under conditions of increased pCO2 the experimental reactor maintained a nitrification rate that was 5 times higher...Author(s)Samuel J. DuPontBrent D. FinkleaLina M. PossoPeter G. StrootSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 21: Leading Edge Research: Nitrogen Removal and Side Stream StrategiesDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2006ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20060101)2006:11L.1627;1-DOI10.2175/193864706783750385Volume / Issue2006 / 11Content sourceWEFTECFirst / last page(s)1627 - 1637Copyright2006Word count181
Quantitative Multiprobe PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection and Identification to Species Level of Bacterial Pathogens (2002)

We describe a novel adaptation of the TaqMan PCR assay which potentially allows for highly sensitive detection of any eubacterial species with simultaneous species identification. Our system relies on a unique multiprobe design in which a single set of highly conserved sequences encoded by the 16S rRNA gene serves as the primer pair and is used in combination with both an internal highly conserved sequence, the universal probe, and an internal variable region, the species-specific probe. A pre-PCR ultrafiltration step effectively decontaminates or removes background DNA. The TaqMan system described reliabAly detected 14 common bacterial species with a detection limit of 50 fg. Further, highly sensitive and specific pathogen detection was demonstrated with a prototype species-specific probe designed to detect Staphylococcus aureus. This assay has broad potential in the clinical arena for rapid and specific diagnosis of infectious diseases.
An End-to-End Framework to Identify Pathogenic Social Media Accounts on Twitter (2019)

Pathogenic Social Media (PSM) accounts such as terrorist supporter accounts and fake news writers have the capability of spreading disinformation to viral proportions. Early detection of PSM accounts is crucial as they are likely to be key users to make malicious information "viral". In this paper, we adopt the causal inference framework along with graph-based metrics in order to distinguish PSMs from normal users within a short time of their activities. We propose both supervised and semi-supervised approaches without taking the network information and content into account. Results on a real-world the dataset from Twitter accentuates the advantage of our proposed frameworks. We show our approach achieves 0.28 improvement in F1 score over existing approaches with the precision of 0.90 and F1 score of 0.63.
Micromachined accelerometer with no proof mass (2002)

This paper describes a revolutionary micromachined accelerometer which is simple, reliable, and inexpensive to make. The operating principle of this accelerometer is based on free-convection heat transfer of a tiny hot air bubble in an enclosed chamber. An experimental device has demonstrated a 0.6 milli-g sensitivity which can theoretically be extended to sub-micro-g level.
Molecular basis for the inhibition of human alpha-thrombin by the macrocyclic peptide cyclotheonamide A. (1993)

The macrocyclic peptide cyclotheonamide A (CtA), isolated from the marine sponge Theonella sp., represents an unusual class of serine protease inhibitor. A complex of this inhibitor with human alpha-thrombin, a protease central to the bioregulation of thrombosis and hemostasis, was studied by x-ray crystallography. This work (2.3-A resolution) confirms the structure of CtA and reveals intimate details about its molecular recognition within the enzyme active site. Interactions due to the "Pro-Arg motif" (Arg occupancy of the S1 specificity pocket; formation of a hydrogen-bonded two-strand antiparallel beta-sheet with Ser214-Gly216) and the alpha-keto amide group of CtA are primarily responsible for binding to thrombin, with the alpha-keto amide serving as a transition-state analogue. A special interaction with the "insertion loop" of thrombin (Tyr60A-Thr60I) is manifested through engagement of the hydroxyphenyl group of CtA with Trp60D as part of an "aromatic stacking chain." Biochemical inhibition data (Ki values at 37 degrees C) were obtained for CtA with thrombin and a diverse collection of serine proteases. Thus, CtA is just a moderate inhibitor of human alpha-thrombin (Ki = 0.18 microM) but a potent inhibitor of trypsin (Ki = 0.023 microM) and streptokinase (Ki = 0.035 microM). The relative lack of potency of CtA as a thrombin inhibitor is discussed with respect to certain structural features of the enzyme complex. We also report the total synthesis of CtA, by a convergent [2 + 3] fragment-condensation approach, to serve the preparation of cyclotheonamide analogues for structure-function studies.
Routine Screening Method for Microparticles in Platelet Transfusions (2018)

Platelet inventory management based on screening microparticle content in platelet concentrates is a new quality improvement initiative for hospital blood banks. Cells fragment off microparticles (MP) when they are stressed. Blood and blood components may contain cellular fragments from a variety of cells, most notably from activated platelets. When performing their roles as innate immune cells and major players in coagulation and hemostasis, platelets change shape and generate microparticles. With dynamic light scattering (DLS)-based microparticle detection, it is possible to differentiate activated (high microparticle) from non-activated (low microparticle) platelets in transfusions, and optimize the use of this scarce blood product. Previous research suggests that providing non-activated platelets for prophylactic use in hematology-oncology patients could reduce their risk of becoming refractory and improve patient care. The goal of this screening method is to routinely differentiate activated from non-activated platelets. The method described here outlines the steps to be performed for routine platelet inventory management in a hospital blood bank: obtaining a sample from a platelet transfusion, loading the sample into the capillary for DLS measurement, performing the DLS test to identify microparticles, and using the reported microparticle content to identify activated platelets.
Motion-invariant photography (2008)

Object motion during camera exposure often leads to noticeable blurring artifacts. Proper elimination of this blur is challenging because the blur kernel is unknown, varies over the image as a function of object velocity, and destroys high frequencies. In the case of motions along a 1D direction (e.g. horizontal) we show that these challenges can be addressed using a camera that moves during the exposure. Through the analysis of motion blur as space-time integration, we show that a parabolic integration (corresponding to constant sensor acceleration) leads to motion blur that is invariant to object velocity. Thus, a single deconvolution kernel can be used to remove blur and create sharp images of scenes with objects moving at different speeds, without requiring any segmentation and without knowledge of the object speeds. Apart from motion invariance, we prove that the derived parabolic motion preserves image frequency content nearly optimally. That is, while static objects are degraded relative to their image from a static camera, a reliable reconstruction of all moving objects within a given velocities range is made possible. We have built a prototype camera and present successful deblurring results over a wide variety of human motions.
Laser Assisted Frit Sealing for High Thermal Expansion Glasses (2012)

Analysis of laser assisted frit sealing processes for high CTE > 5x10 -6 /C (coefficient of thermal expansion) glasses was done. The method is based on the thermal fusion of two glasses with a low melting point glass frit. This method is used when thermal sensitive materials such as OLED (organic light emissive device) are present in the glass package. The frit is selected to be highly absorbent at the sealing laser wavelength, while the glasses are transparent at the sealing wavelength. It was found that laser sealing of a high CTE glass with sealing conditions optimized for a low CTE (< 5x10 -6 /C) glass, such as glass suitable for display devices, produces very poor results. The issue with sealing glasses with high CTE is high transient stress formed during heating and cooling the glass to the sealing temperatures. The sealing yield of high CTE glasses could be significantly improved by increasing "residential heating time" by reducing sealing speed or increasing laser spot size. This results in lower cooling rate of the glass and helps to reduce the residual stress. This was confirmed by stress analysis showing a reduction of the stress for soda lime glass with increasing residential heating time.
Mathematical Language Processing (2015)

While computer and communication technologies have provided effective means to scale up many aspects of education, the submission and grading of assessments such as homework assignments and tests remains a weak link. In this paper, we study the problem of automatically grading the kinds of open response mathematical questions that figure prominently in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) courses. Our data-driven framework for mathematical language processing (MLP) leverages solution data from a large number of learners to evaluate the correctness of their solutions, assign partial-credit scores, and provide feedback to each learner on the likely locations of any errors. MLP takes inspiration from the success of natural language processing for text data and comprises three main steps. First, we convert each solution to an open response mathematical question into a series of numerical features. Second, we cluster the features from several solutions to uncover the structures of correct, partially correct, and incorrect solutions. We develop two different clustering approaches, one that leverages generic clustering algorithms and one based on Bayesian nonparametrics. Third, we automatically grade the remaining (potentially large number of) solutions based on their assigned cluster and one instructor-provided grade per cluster. As a bonus, we can track the cluster assignment of each step of a multistep solution and determine when it departs from a cluster of correct solutions, which enables us to indicate the likely locations of errors to learners. We test and validate MLP on real-world MOOC data to demonstrate how it can substantially reduce the human effort required in large-scale educational platforms.
An improved method for the molecular identification of single dinoflagellate cysts (2017)

The technically simple but robust method improved on in this study is expected to serve as a powerful tool in deep understanding of population dynamics of dinocysts and the causes and consequences of potential negative effects caused by dinocysts.
Superposition Coded-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (2018)

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique is the most used approach in various wireless communication technologies due to its implementation advantages. However, OFDM has also some significant drawbacks, such as the sensitivity against real-time impairments and the poor peakto-average power ratio (PAPR) performance. These drawbacks decrease the usage potential of OFDM in future networks. Recent OFDM alternatives, which have been proposed in 5G waveform research activities, can provide limited improvements and these mostly include modified filtering operations when compared to the OFDM. In this paper, as a novel and flexible approach, superposition coding is adopted to OFDM, and superposition coded-OFDM (SC-OFDM) is proposed. By exploiting superposition coding as a new transmission dimension, an adaptive waveform solution that solves the PAPR problem without creating any inefficiency is provided. At the same time, throughput or error performance, and sensitivity against realtime impairments can also be improved. Features for each problem are proposed within the SC-OFDM approach. Performances of each SC-OFDM features are measured with extensive computer simulations and real-time experiments. Real-time experiments are realized by using software defined radio nodes and these are compared with the computer simulation results. To the best of authors' knowledge, such a comprehensive waveform design is proposed for the first time in the literature. As observed with the results, SC-OFDM can meet the requirements of future communication technologies.
Amino acid sequence and function of the light subunit of rat kidney gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. (1993)

The heavy subunit (M(r), 72,614) of rat kidney gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of glutathione (GSH) synthesis, mediates the catalytic activity of this enzyme and its feedback inhibition by GSH. There is evidence that the light subunit has a regulatory function (Huang, C.-S., Chang, L.-S., Anderson, M.E., and Meister, A. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 19675-19680). In the present work the cDNA for the light subunit was isolated, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The cDNA was found to code for a protein of 274 amino acid residues (M(r) 30, 548). Recombinant holoenzyme was obtained by co-expression of the heavy and light subunits and by mixing of the separately expressed proteins. These recombinant holoenzyme preparations exhibit catalytic and GSH feedback inhibitory properties that are virtually identical to those of the isolated holoenzyme. These studies establish that the light subunit is an integral part of the enzyme and that the light and heavy subunits, are coded for separately. Possibly significant similarity of sequence of amino acids was found between the light subunit and E. coli gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, which is a single polypeptide.
The bow leg hopping robot (2002)

The bow leg hopper is a novel locomotion design with a highly resilient leg that resembles an archer's bow. During the flight a "thrust" actuator adds elastic energy to the leg, which is automatically released during stance to control hopping height. Lateral motion is controlled by directing the leg angle at touchdown, which determines the angle of takeoff or reflection. The leg pivots freely on a hip bearing, and is automatically decoupled from the leg-angle positioner during stance to preclude hip torques that would disturb body attitude. Upright attitude is maintained without active control by allowing the body to "hang" from the hip joint. Preliminary experiments with a planar prototype have demonstrated impressive performance, high efficiency, and low power requirements. Current experiments are focused on developing control and planning schemes to enable locomotion over discrete "stepping stones" and obstacles.
Insulating Blankets Withstand Higher Temperatures (1994)

Thermal-insulation blankets withstand repeated exposure to temperatures up to 2,000 degrees C. Thin, light in weight, and flexible. Developed to protect proposed aerospacecraft like Aeroassisted Space Transfer Vehicle and National Aerospace Plane, exposed to temperatures higher than those on surface of Space Shuttle during reentry into atmosphere of Earth. Also useful as furnace insulation and in firefighters' clothing. Sewing threads made of silicon carbide yarn essential components of blankets.
<title>Delta-doped CCDs for enhanced UV performance</title> (1994)

Thin, backside-illuminated CCDs are modified by growing a delta-doped silicon layer on the back surface using molecular beam epitaxy. Delta-doped CCDs exhibit stable and uniform 100% internal quantum efficiency. The process consists of growth of an epitaxial silicon layer on a fully processed commercial CCD die in which 30% of a monolayer of boron atoms are incorporated into the lattice nominally in a single atomic layer. Long term stability was tested and showed no degradation of the device quantum efficiency over sixteen months. Reduction of the reflectivity of the Si surface by deposition of HfO<SUB>2</SUB> on the CCD back surface further increased the QE, with measured QE over 80% in some regions of the spectrum. We discuss these results as well as the delta-doped CCD concept and process.
Five birds, one stone: Neutralization of α-hemolysin and 4 bi-component leukocidins of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> with a single human monoclonal antibody (2014)

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen associated with high mortality. The emergence of antibiotic resistance and the inability of antibiotics to counteract bacterial cytotoxins involved in the pathogenesis of S. aureus call for novel therapeutic approaches, such as passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The complexity of staphylococcal pathogenesis and past failures with single mAb products represent considerable barriers for antibody-based therapeutics. Over the past few years, efforts have focused on neutralizing α-hemolysin. Recent findings suggest that the concerted actions of several cytotoxins, including the bi-component leukocidins play important roles in staphylococcal pathogenesis. Therefore, we aimed to isolate mAbs that bind to multiple cytolysins by employing high diversity human IgG1 libraries presented on the surface of yeast cells. Here we describe cross-reactive antibodies with picomolar affinity for α-hemolysin and 4 different bi-component leukocidins that share only ∼26% overall amino acid sequence identity. The molecular basis of cross-reactivity is the recognition of a conformational epitope shared by α-hemolysin and F-components of gamma-hemolysin (HlgAB and HlgCB), LukED and LukSF (Panton-Valentine Leukocidin). The amino acids predicted to form the epitope are conserved and known to be important for cytotoxic activity. We found that a single cross-reactive antibody prevented lysis of human phagocytes, epithelial and red blood cells induced by α-hemolysin and leukocidins in vitro, and therefore had superior effectiveness compared to α-hemolysin specific antibodies to protect from the combined cytolytic effect of secreted S. aureus toxins. Such mAb afforded high levels of protection in murine models of pneumonia and sepsis.
Potential anti-AIDS drugs. 2',3'-Dideoxycytidine analogs (1987)

5-Substituted 2',3'-dideoxycytidine analogues have been synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their capabilities to protect T4+ lymphocytes from the cytopathic effects of the HTLV-III/LAV (HIV) virus, the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). These analogues were designed to be more lipophilic than 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC) in order to enhance central nervous system penetration. Earlier reports had shown that ddC is a potent protective agent. When ddC is substituted at the 5-position with either methyl or bromo substituents, activity is completely abolished. However, when the substitution is fluoro (5-F-ddC), both activity and potency are retained. 2',3'-Dideoxy-5-azacytidine is also protective but more toxic than ddC or 5-F-ddC. In a different approach, an attempt was made to utilize ddCMP, ddTMP, and ddAMP as preformed nucleotides in order to circumvent the generally low level of phosphorylation achieved with dideoxynucleosides which function as relatively poor substrates for the cellular kinases. Only ddAMP is as active as its nucleoside precursor. Because ddAMP is not more active than ddA at low concentrations, it is possible that the active agent is ddA which is generated from ddAMP prior to cell entry.
FPGAs with Reconfigurable Threshold Logic Gates for Improved Performance, Power and Area (2018)

This paper proposes an alternative FPGA tile structure that consists of three traditional LUTs combined with a new reconfigurable threshold logic cell (TLC). The TLC requires only 7 SRAM cells and can be configured to implement one of several threshold functions. The proposed architecture is implemented in a 28nm FDSOI process, and is evaluated on standard benchmark circuits and several large complex function blocks. The results demonstrate an average reduction of 8.9% in register count, 15.4% in multiplexer count, 7% average reduction in Basic Logic Element (BLE) area, and 8.2% average reduction in BLE power, with a maximum decrease in register count up to 64%, BLE multiplexer count up to 68%, BLE Area up to 51.6% and BLE power up to 61.6% without loss in performance. We also show a reduction of 21% in the area of a tile.
Decimal Floating-Point Multiplication (2008)

Decimal multiplication is important in many commercial applications including financial analysis, banking, tax calculation, currency conversion, insurance, and accounting. This paper presents the design of two decimal floating-point multipliers: one whose partial product accumulation strategy employs decimal carry-save addition and one that employs binary carry-save addition. The multiplier based on decimal carry-save addition favors a nonpipelined iterative implementation. The multiplier utilizing binary carry-save addition allows for an efficient pipelined implementation when latency and throughput are considered more important than area. Both designs comply with specifications for decimal multiplication given in the IEEE 754 standard for floating-point arithmetic (IEEE 754-2008). The multipliers extend previously published decimal fixed-point multipliers by adding several features, including exponent generation, sticky bit generation, shifting of the intermediate product, rounding, and exception detection and handling. Novel features of the multipliers include support for decimal floating-point numbers, on-the-fly generation of the sticky bit in the iterative design, early estimation of the shift amount, and efficient decimal rounding. Iterative and parallel decimal fixed-point and floating-point multipliers are compared in terms of their area, delay, latency, and throughput based on verified Verilog register-transfer-level models.
Normalized–constraint algorithm for minimizing inter–parameter crosstalk in DC optical tomography (2001)

In this report, we present a method for reducing the inter-coefficient crosstalk problem in optical tomography. The method described is an extension of a previously reported normalized difference method that evaluates relative detector values, and employs a weight matrix scaling technique together with a constrained CGD method for image reconstruction. Results from numerical and experimental studies using DC measurement data demonstrate that the approach can effectively isolate absorption and scattering heterogeneities, even for complex combinations of perturbations in optical properties. The significance of these results in light of recent theoretical findings is discussed.
Fiber-optic laser scanning confocal microscope suitable for fluorescence imaging (1994)

A fiber-optic laser scanning confocal microscope that utilizes a single-mode optical fiber as both the source and the detection aperture is described. The design of a compact, portable scanning head that is robust in alignment and fits simply to standard light microscopes is presented. Resolution performance and imaging capability are demonstrated for several objective lenses in both reflectance and fluorescence modes of operation. This microscope achieves performance that is comparable with that of conventional bulk optical laser scanning confocal microscopes while offering flexibility in usage forbidden to such instruments.