gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extended cardiac reconstruction with large area detectors: a simulation study (2005)

Recently, three-dimensional cardiac cone beam reconstruction has been introduced for retrospectively gated volume CT imaging. In order to investigate the resulting image quality for large area detectors (LAD), a simulation study has been carried out: The FORBILD thorax phantom has been extended with a dynamic heart insert forming a 4D cardiac CT phantom. Cone beam projection data for 256. 128, 64 and 40-row systems at three different relative pitches (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) have been simulated at a constant heart rate of 64 bpm. Images have been reconstructed employing the Extended Cardiac Reconstruction (ECR) algorithm. The temporal resolution has been calculated for 256, 128.64 and 40-row systems with different rotation times (0.33 s, 0.42 s, 0.50 s), relative pitches (0.05 up to 0.35) and heart rates (40 up to 120 bpm). With the increased volume coverage of LAD systems, scans with a low to intermediate relative pitch (0.1-0.2) become feasible without resulting in extensive scan times, inhibiting single breath hold acquisitions. With ECR, the image quality is excellent for systems with an increased cone-angle. Alternative reconstruction approaches such as iterative or exact schemes may further improve the image quality for detectors above 128 rows. The study shows that an intermediate relative pitch, e.g. 0.2, is feasible for cardiac data acquisition. It results in good temporal resolution at fast volume coverage.
Fragment Based Tracking for Scale and Orientation Adaptation (2008)

In this work, we propose a simple yet highly effective algorithm for tracking a target through significant scale and orientation change. We divide the target into a number of fragments and tracking of the whole target is achieved by coordinated tracking of the individual fragments. We use the mean shift algorithm to move the individual fragments to the nearest minima, though any other method like integral histograms could also be used. In contrast to the other fragment based approaches, which fix the relative positions of fragments within the target, we permit the fragments to move freely within certain bounds. Furthermore, we use a constant velocity Kalman filter for two purposes. Firstly, Kalman filter achieves robust tracking because of usage of a motion model. Secondly, to maintain coherence amongst the fragments, we use a coupled state transition model for the Kalman filter. Using the proposed tracking algorithm, we have experimented on several videos consisting of several hundred frames length each and obtained excellent results.
Evaluation of Podophyllum peltatum Accessions for Podophyllotoxin Production (2002)

In an effort to develop a sustainable source of podophyllotoxin for the production of anticancer drugs such as etoposide, teniposide and etopophos, Podophyllum peltatum accessions with podophyllotoxin-rich leaf biomass were identified and transplanted to different growing conditions by vegetative cuttings. Results indicate that the lignan profile in leaves does not change over time or due to environment conditions. Podophyllotoxin and alpha-peltatin content in the blades seems to be stable with an inverse relationship of concentration between these compounds. A podophyllotoxin-rich leaf accession showed low biosynthetic capability to synthesize alpha- and beta-peltatin and the converse was also true, indicating that selection and cultivation of high-yielding podophyllotoxin leaf biomass may reduce production costs.
2'-and/or 3Y-Deoxy-β-L-pentofuranosyl Nucleoside Derivatives: Stereospecific Synthesis and Antiviral Activities (1995)

Abstract Several L-enantiomers of nucleoside analogues were stereospecifically synthesized by a multi-step reaction from L-xylose and their antiviral properties were examined in vitro. Two of them, namely β-L-2′,3,′-dideoxycytidine (β-L-ddC) and its 5-fluoro derivative (β-L-FddC) were found to have potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and significant anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activities in cell cultures.
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed Quantum Key Distribution Using Entangled Photons (2011)

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables two parties to establish a secret key over a potentially hostile channel by exchanging photonic quantum states, relying on the fact that it is impossible for an eavesdropper to tap the quantum channel without disturbing these photons in a way that can be detected [1]. Here we introduce a large-alphabet QKD protocol that makes optimal use of temporal and spectral correlations of entangled photons, reaching the maximum number of inde- pendent basis states (the Schmidt number) and enabling extremely high information content per photon together with an optimal rate of secret key generation. This protocol, which we call 'Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed Quantum Key Distribution' (DWDM-QKD), derives its security by the conjugate nature of the temporal and spectral entanglement of photon pairs generated by spontaneous parametric down conversion. By using a combination of spectral and temporal bases, we can adjust the protocol to be resource efficient. We show that DWDM-QKD is well suited to approach the optimal key generation rate using present-day sources, detectors, and DWDM opti- cal networks from classical communications, as well as emerging optical interconnect and photonic integrated chip (PIC) systems.
New (Co)polymers by atom transfer radical polymerization (1999)

Abstract The fundamentals of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) are presented. This includes the mechanistic considerations including structure of active and dormant species and structural features of the catalyst and reaction conditions as well as the nature of initiation and propagation steps. Extension of homogeneous polymerization to heterogeneous systems including emulsion polymerization is presented. Synthesis of (co)polymers with predefined molecular weights and low polydispersites as well as with controlled compositions, functionalities and architectures is reviewed.
An improved synthesis of 3,6‐diamino‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine. <b>I</b> (1990)

Abstract Treatment of 1,3‐diaminoguanidine monohydrochloride ( 1 ) with 2,4‐pentanedione ( 2 ) in alcohols under carefully controlled conditions gave 3,6‐diamino‐1,2‐dihydro‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine monohydrochloride ( 3 ) in 45‐50% yields along with 3,5‐dimethyl‐1 H ‐pyrazole ( 4 ) and its hydrochloride 5 . Oxidation of 3 with sodium perborate produced 3,6‐diamino‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine ( 6 ) in quantitative yield.
P‐011: A novel vitamin/nutraceutical formulation that delays cognitive decline and improves mood in early‐stage Alzheimer's disease (2007)

Preclinical studies with mouse models of age-related neurodegeneration led us to develop a formulation (patent pending), consisting of 6 over-the-counter vitamins and nutriceuticals, that buffers multiple facets of Alzheimer's disease, including reducing presenilin expression, gamma-secretase activity and Abeta generation, reducing tau phosphorylation, buffering homocysteine and Abeta-induced oxidative damage, reducing aggression, increasing acetylcholine production, and improving or maintaining cognitive performance in maze trials. We conducted an open-label Phase I clinical trial with 18 early-stage Alzheimer patients. After 9 months, caregiver reports indicate that the SmartPill maintains daily performance and improves mood (ADCS-Activities of Daily Living and NeuroPsychiatric Inventory, respectively), and improves patient cognitive performance (Dementia Rating Scale-II and Clox II). Double-blind, placebo-controlled trials with 77 individuals aged 45–73 without dementia indicated that the SmartPill improved executive function (Trails B-A) within 3 months, which was maintained at 6 months. The initial placebo group demonstrated identical improvement in a 3-month open-label extension. These data indicate that the SmartPill may provide a low-cost, over-the-counter neuroprotectant that may maintain neuronal health prior to dementia, and delay the decline associated with Alzheimer's disease. Since the SmartPill boosts acetylcholine production, it may be an effective supplement for current pharmaceutical approaches for Alzheimer's disease. Additional trials with demented and non-demented groups are in progress. We seek partners (individuals, senior centers, dementia clinics) for Phase II multi-site clinical trials.
A proposed internal model principle-based Kalman filter for fault detection (2011)

In this paper, we propose an internal model principle-based Kalman filter (IMP-KF) structure for use in fault detection. We show that the closed-loop structure of the IMP-KF is a necessary and sufficient condition for generating residuals upon which the fault detection process hinges. We advocate a residual generator structure similar to that used in standard Kalman filtering (KF), and judiciously exploit the non-robustness to model mismatch of the proposed IMP-KF scheme to detect faults in the presence of noise and disturbances. With no model mismatch, the KF residual's whiteness is exploited to derive a composite hypothesis testing that accounts for a low probability of false alarm and a high probability of correct decision for various reference inputs. The proposed scheme was successfully evaluated on both simulated and lab-scale physical systems.
Quantitative vessel tortuosity: A potential CT imaging biomarker for distinguishing lung granulomas from adenocarcinomas (2018)

Abstract Adenocarcinomas and active granulomas can both have a spiculated appearance on computed tomography (CT) and both are often fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) avid on positron emission tomography (PET) scan, making them difficult to distinguish. Consequently, patients with benign granulomas are often subjected to invasive surgical biopsies or resections. In this study, quantitative vessel tortuosity (QVT), a novel CT imaging biomarker to distinguish between benign granulomas and adenocarcinomas on routine non-contrast lung CT scans is introduced. Our study comprised of CT scans of 290 patients from two different institutions, one cohort for training (N = 145) and the other (N = 145) for independent validation. In conjunction with a machine learning classifier, the top informative and stable QVT features yielded an area under receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC AUC) of 0.85 in the independent validation set. On the same cohort, the corresponding AUCs for two human experts including a radiologist and a pulmonologist were found to be 0.61 and 0.60, respectively. QVT features also outperformed well known shape and textural radiomic features which had a maximum AUC of 0.73 (p-value = 0.002), as well as features learned using a convolutional neural network AUC = 0.76 (p-value = 0.028). Our results suggest that QVT features could potentially serve as a non-invasive imaging biomarker to distinguish granulomas from adenocarcinomas on non-contrast CT scans.
Differential modulation of oxidative stress in normal and cancer cells by mangafodipir improves the therapeutic index of anticancer drugs (2005)

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005

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Intracellular H2O2 accumulation is a determining event for the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents independently of their molecular targets. Compounds that increase H2O2 levels enhance both the efficacy and toxicity of anticancer agents. Mangafodipir, a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging, increases both H2O2 synthesis through superoxide dismutase activity and H2O2 catabolism through catalase and glutathione-reductase activities. Therefore, we explored the ability of mangafodipir to modulate paclitaxel (PCX), 5FU and oxaliplatin (OXA) cytotoxicity in cancer and normal cells. Human leucocytes were exposed to either PCX, OXA or 5FU for 24h at IC50. Concomitant exposure to 400 μM mangafopidir decreased PCX, OXA and 5FU cytotoxicity by 50, 30 and 15%, respectively, as evaluated by MTT assay. The protective effect of mangafodipir on the hematologic toxicity of PCX was studied in BALB/c mice. Severe neutropenia and bone marrow hypoplasia observed in all animals at day 10 of PCX treatment (20 mg/kg ip x3/w) were abrogated by concomitant treatment with mangafodipir (10 mg/kg ip x3/w). Sublethal intraperitoneal administration of pathogen Staphyloccus aureus induced the early death of 14/17 mice with PCX-induced neutropenia and of 3/17 mangafodipir + PCX-treated mice. In contrast, mangafodipir enhanced the efficacy of anticancer agents in cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo . Indeed, in CT26 mouse colon cancer cells, mangafodipir increased the cytotoxicity of PCX, OXA and 5FU by 5, 40 and 6%, respectively. Similar results were observed using Hepa1.6 mouse hepatoma and A549 human lung cancer cells. In mice with implanted syngenics CT26 cells, mangafodipir, PCX or their combination induced 40, 40 and 55% tumor reduction, respectively. To determine whether the differential effect of mangafodpir in normal and cancer cells was related to oxidative stress modulation, intracellular H2O2 levels were monitored in vitro by oxidation of the fluorescent probe H2DCFDA. Co-exposure of mangafodipir resulted in a 10 to 30% reduction of H2O2 accumulation induced by anticancer agents in leucocytes, but in a 4-fold increase in CT26 cells. Hence, mangafodipir protects against the toxicity of anticancer agents in normal cells, and increases their efficacy in cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo . The resulting increased therapeutic index seems related to a differential modulation of H2O2 levels in normal and cancer cells and will be explored in an ongoing clinical trial.
Agonistic Autoantibodies to the α<sub>1</sub>‐Adrenergic Receptor and the β<sub>2</sub>‐Adrenergic Receptor in Alzheimer’s and Vascular Dementia (2012)

Although primary causes of Alzheimer's and vascular dementia are unknown, the importance of preceding vascular lesions is widely accepted. Furthermore, there is strong evidence for the involvement of autoimmune mechanisms. Here, we report the presence of agonistic autoantibodies directed at adrenergic receptors in the circulation of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's and vascular dementia. In 59% of these patients, agonistic autoantibodies against the α(1) -adrenergic receptor and the β(2) -adrenergic receptor were identified. The majority of positive patients (66%) contained both types of autoantibodies in combination. In a control group of patients with neurological impairments others than Alzheimer's and vascular dementia, only 17% were found to harbour these autoantibodies. The autoantibodies to the α(1) -adrenergic receptor interacted preferably with the extracellular loop1 of the receptor. They were further studied in IgG preparations from the column regenerate of a patient who underwent immunoadsorption. The α(1) -adrenergic receptor autoantibodies specifically bound to the extracellular loop1 peptide of the receptor with an apparent EC(50) value of 30 nm. They mobilized intracellular calcium in a clonal cell line expressing the human form of the α(1) -adrenergic receptor. Our data support the notion that autoimmune mechanisms play a significant role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's and vascular dementia. We suggest that agonistic autoantibodies to the α(1) -adrenergic and the β(2) -adrenergic receptor may contribute to vascular lesions and increased plaque formation.
Copper Materials for Low Temperature Sintering (2022)

In this review paper, recent studies on low-temperature sintering strategies of copper materials for conductive layer preparation have been summarized. Coinage metals, gold, silver, and copper have been used as materials for conductive inks and pastes for printed electronics. Copper is a highly electrically and thermally conductive material that can be used in electronic circuits and die-attach materials. Recently, copper-based inks/pastes have gained significant attention of researchers and industries as conductive materials. However, copper is readily oxidized under air, especially, at the nanoscale, and copper particles may catch fire because of the rapid oxidization. To overcome this issue, copper nanoparticles and fine particles are coated with organic molecules which act as insulators after sintering. Some interesting surface treatments or activation strategies have been investigated in this regard. In this paper, different perspectives on the applications of copper in conductive and die-attach materials have been presented.
Electrochemical Detection of H2, CO, and Hydrocarbons in Inert or Oxygen Atmospheres (1971)

A unique electrochemical sensor is described for quantitatively detecting hydrogen in gas mixtures containing electrochemically inert species. Limiting diffusion current measurements in the range of +0.25 to 0.65V vs. a platinum electrode in the same acid solution are proportional to the hydrogen content in the bulk phase. When active species, such as oxygen, are present in binary or ternary gas mixtures, the hydrogen content of the gas phase is determined by maintaining a working electrode potential of +1.06V (oxygen or air rest potential on Pt black in acid) at which hydrogen is immediately ionized even in the presence of oxygen on the electrode surface. The feasibility of detecting carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in oxygen‐containing atmospheres using the electrical biasing technique is demonstrated. The limitations and practical applications of the sensing devices are discussed.
Affordable Wideband Multifunction Phased Array Antenna Architectures Using Frequency Scaled Radiating Elements (2014)

Abstract : The existing Navy ships use a separate antenna for each function, resulting in proliferation of a large number of antennas on ships to meet the numerous functional requirements. Recently, wideband phased array antennas are being developed that can perform multiple functions simultaneously to reduce the number of antennas on ships. However, the number of radiating elements needed is prohibitively large, resulting in a complex and costly multifunction phased array antenna. This report discusses novel architectures that can consolidate many functions into a single wideband phased array antenna and at the same time reduce the total number of elements needed, thereby reducing the size, weight, power, and cost compared to a conventional wideband phased array architecture. Besides the number of elements, the number of simultaneous links and element bandwidth requirements are also optimized in an effort to optimize both cost and complexity
Speech recognition for DARPA Communicator (2002)

We report the results of investigations in acoustic modeling, language modeling and decoding techniques, for the DARPA Communicator, a speaker-independent, telephone-based dialog system. By a combination of methods, including enlarging the acoustic model, augmenting the recognizer vocabulary, conditioning the language model upon the dialog state, and applying a post-processing decoding method, we lowered the overall word error rate from 21.9% to 15.0%, a gain of 6.9% absolute and 31.5% relative.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclopentenylcytosine. A Carbocyclic Nucleoside with Antitumor and Antiviral Properties. (1989)

Abstract Coupling of the cyclopentenylamine (I) with the isocyanate (II) yields the intermediate (III) which undergoes cyclization, forming the protected uracil (IVa).
Comprehensive Proteomic and Metabolomic Signatures of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-Induced Acute Otitis Media Reveal Bacterial Aerobic Respiration in an Immunosuppressed Environment (2016)

A thorough understanding of the molecular details of the interactions between bacteria and host are critical to ultimately prevent disease. Recent technological advances allow simultaneous analysis of host and bacterial protein and metabolic profiles from a single small tissue sample to provide insight into pathogenesis. We used the chinchilla model of human otitis media to determine, for the first time, the most expansive delineation of global changes in protein and metabolite profiles during an experimentally induced disease. After 48 h of infection with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, middle ear tissue lysates were analyzed by high-resolution quantitative two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Dynamic changes in 105 chinchilla proteins and 66 metabolites define the early proteomic and metabolomic signature of otitis media. Our studies indicate that establishment of disease coincides with actin morphogenesis, suppression of inflammatory mediators, and bacterial aerobic respiration. We validated the observed increase in the actin-remodeling complex, Arp2/3, and experimentally showed a role for Arp2/3 in nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae invasion. Direct inhibition of actin branch morphology altered bacterial invasion into host epithelial cells, and is supportive of our efforts to use the information gathered to modify outcomes of disease. The twenty-eight nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae proteins identified participate in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, redox homeostasis, and include cell wall-associated metabolic proteins. Quantitative characterization of the molecular signatures of infection will redefine our understanding of host response driven developmental changes during pathogenesis. These data represent the first comprehensive study of host protein and metabolite profiles in vivo in response to infection and show the feasibility of extensive characterization of host protein profiles during disease. Identification of novel protein targets and metabolic biomarkers will advance development of therapeutic and diagnostic options for treatment of disease.
Coordinated linear beamforming in downlink multi-cell wireless networks (2010)

We consider a multi-cell wireless network with universal frequency reuse and treat the problem of co-channel interference mitigation in the downlink channel. Assuming that each base station serves multiple single-antenna mobiles via space-division multiple-access, we jointly optimize the linear beam-vectors across a set of coordinated cells and resource slots: the objective function to be maximized is the instantaneous weighted sum-rate subject to per-base-station power constraints. After deriving the general structure of the optimal beam-vectors, a novel iterative algorithm is presented which attempts to solve the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions of the non-convex problem at hand. The proposed algorithm admits a distributed implementation which we illustrate. Also, various approaches to choose the initial beam-vectors are considered, one of which maximizes the signal-to-leakage-plus-noise ratio. Finally, simulation results are provided to assess the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Fiber-optic voltage sensor using fiber gyro technology (2010)

The technique of non-reciprocal optical phase modulation known from fiber gyroscopes is adapted to interrogate a polarimetric optical voltage sensor. The piezoelectric deformation of a transducer by an applied ac voltage is transmitted to a birefringent fiber resulting in a periodic phase shift of the two orthogonal polarizations of the fundamental fiber mode. A modulator at the detector end of the sensor introduces a nonreciprocal phase modulation of the light waves. The voltage is recovered from the first and second harmonics of the modulator frequency and side bands in the detected signal.