gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Age Differences in Cognitive Performance in Later Life: Relationships to Self-Reported Health and Activity Life Style (1993)

The predictive relationships among individual differences in self-reported physical health and activity life style and performance on an array of information processing and intellectual ability measures were examined. A sample of 484 men and women aged 55 to 86 years completed a battery of cognitive tasks measuring verbal processing time, working memory, vocabulary, verbal fluency, world knowledge, word recall, and text recall. Hierarchical regression was used to predict performance on these tasks from measures of self-reported physical health, alcohol and tobacco use, and level of participation in everyday activities. The results indicated: (a) individual differences in self-reported health and activity predicted performance on multiple cognitive measures; (b) self-reported health was more predictive of processing resource variables than knowledge-based abilities; (c) interaction effects indicated that participation in cognitively demanding activities was more highly related to performance on some measures for older adults than for middle-aged adults; and (d) age-related differences in performance on multiple measures were attenuated by partialing individual differences in self-reported health and activity.
Nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity in the nonhuman primate (<i>Cebus apella</i>): Distribution, morphology, and colocalization with cholinergic enzymes (1988)

A monoclonal antibody raised against the receptor for nerve growth factor (NGF) was used to examine the distribution and morphology of NGF receptor-containing neurons within the central nervous system of Cebus apella monkeys. Most somata demonstrating positive immunoreactivity were localized within the Ch1-4 regions of the basal forebrain. Neurons in the Ch1 region displayed morphological features typical of cholinergic medial septal neurons. These perikarya were primarily vertically oriented (40-50 micron along the vertical axis) with both apical and basal neuritic processes. Magnocellular (40-50 micron) neurons within the Ch2 (vertical limb of the diagonal band), Ch3 (horizontal limb of the diagonal band) and Ch4 (nucleus basalis of Meynert) regions were multipolar and had rounded perikarya that often displayed an eccentric nucleus. Fibers presumably originating from the Ch1-2 regions were observed throughout the fimbria-fornix system and were found to terminate preferentially within the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampal formation and within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. An intense fiber network was also observed in the olfactory tubercle and other rhinencephalic structures, presumably originating from the Ch3 region of the basal forebrain. Beaded processes emanating from the Ch4 region primarily coursed within the external capsule and terminated preferentially within layers I, II, and IV of the cerebral cortex. In a pattern similar to that of cortical acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining, NGF receptor immunopositive fibers were oriented in a tangential plane within the molecular layer of the cortex and in both a radial and tangential fashion within the cortical granular cell layers. In addition to neural innervation, there was an extensive vascular apposition by NGF receptor-containing neurites on both large caliber vessels and microcapillaries. NGF receptor immunoreactivity was extensively, but not exclusively, colocalized with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and AChE in the basal forebrain. A small population of cholinergic neurons were observed that were not NGF receptor-immunoreactive. Conversely, a few NGF receptor-containing neurons that were noncholinergic were also observed in this brain region. NGF receptor-containing somata were also identified in the putamen. The number of immunoreactive neurons observed in this structure, however, would not appear to be sufficient to account for the homologous NGF receptor binding densities described in rodents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Modeling of a large‐scale magneto‐rheological damper for seismic hazard mitigation. Part I: Passive mode (2012)

SUMMARY Magneto‐rheological (MR) dampers are a promising device for seismic hazard mitigation because their damping characteristics can be varied adaptively using an appropriate control law. During the last few decades researchers have investigated the behavior of MR dampers and semi‐active control laws associated with these types of dampers for earthquake hazard mitigation. A majority of this research has involved small‐scale MR dampers. To investigate the dynamic behavior of a large‐scale MR damper, characterization tests were conducted at the Lehigh Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation equipment site on large‐scale MR dampers. A new MR damper model, called the Maxwell Nonlinear Slider (MNS) model, is developed based on the characterization tests and is reported in this paper. The MNS model can independently describe the pre‐yield and post‐yield behavior of an MR damper, which makes it easy to identify the model parameters. The MNS model utilizes Hershel–Bulkley visco‐plasticity to describe the post‐yield non‐Newtonian fluid behavior, that is, shear thinning and thickening behavior, of the MR fluid that occurs in the dampers. The predicted response of a large‐scale damper from the MNS model along with that from existing Bouc–Wen and hyperbolic tangent models, are compared with measured response from various experiments. The comparisons show that the MNS model achieves better accuracy than the existing models in predicting damper response under cyclic loading. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative Study of SiC Planar MOSFETs With Different p-Body Designs (2020)

Silicon carbide MOSFET has been commercialized for many years. Its performance is still improving especially for high-frequency application. High-frequency figure-of-merit (HF-FOM) R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> * C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">GD</sub> and R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> * Q <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">GD</sub> were used for a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of MOSFET. In this article, SiC planar MOSFETs with different p-body designs were comparatively studied. A new planar MOSFET with buffered gate and thick central oxide gate structure (TCOX-MOS) was proposed to further improve the gate oxide electric field in OFF-state and HF-FOM. Compare to the conventional planar MOSFET (C-MOS), the maximum gate oxide electric field, gate-drain charge, and HF-FOM (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> * Q <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">GD</sub> ) of TCOX-MOS are 32%, 83%, and 84% lower, respectively. Furthermore, TCOX-MOS shows less short-channel effects by better channel shielding structure. The results show that TCOX-MOS is a more attractive device structure.
Sequentially rotated arrays with reduced sidelobe levels (1994)

A companion paper by Smith and Hall (see ibid. vol.141, no.4, p.313-320, 1994) has described the effect of sequential rotation on radiation pattern performance of circularly polarised arrays. Distribution errors result in significant grating lobes that limit bandwidth if resonant elements such as microstrip patches are used. This paper describes the performance of new sequential rotation configurations that reduce grating lobes. Two techniques, rotation of subarrays and large spiral subarrays are discussed. Grating lobe reduction of up to 10 dBs is obtained together with reduction of the pattern frequency dependence.
Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle Using In Situ Tissue Engineering on an Acellular Collagen Sponge Scaffold in a Rabbit Model (2007)

Because of the limited ability of skeletal muscle to regenerate, resection of a large amount of muscle mass often results in incomplete recovery due to nonfunctional scar tissue. The aim of this study was to regenerate skeletal muscle using in situ tissue engineering in a rabbit model. In 18 male rabbits, a muscle defect (1.0 x ~1.0 x ~0.5 cm) was created in the vastus lateralis of both legs. A piece of cross-linked atelocollagen sponge was then inserted into the defect in one leg, whereas the defect in the other leg was left untreated. Both defects were finally covered with fascia. Twenty-four weeks after surgery, the defect that had been filled with the cross-linked atelocollagen sponge scaffold showed mild concavity and slight adhesion to the fascia, while the control side showed severe scar formation and shrinkage. Histologically, the regenerating myofibers at the site containing the collagen sponge were greater in number, diameter, and length than those at the control site. These results indicate that cross-linked atelocollagen sponge has the potential to act as a scaffold for muscle tissue regeneration.
SDMA techniques for wireless ATM (1999)

The introduction of space-division multiple access techniques into wireless ATM systems is presented. The concepts are embedded in the framework of the HIPERLAN/2 system, which is currently under standardization by the ETSI Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN) project. HIPERLAN/2 aims at the provision of broadband services with guaranteed QoS. Originally started as a WATM standardization initiative, its scope has been broadened and now aims at core network independence. Essential system functions, such as scheduling algorithms and random access, are reviewed in light of the spatial dimension. To give an impression of their performance, some key results are discussed. Although adopted for HIPERLAN/2, the ideas are generally applicable and can be transferred to various systems.
Effect of the Thiol−Thiolate Equilibrium on the Photophysical Properties of Aqueous CdSe/ZnS Nanocrystal Quantum Dots (2005)

We study the effect of thiols on the emission efficiency of aqueous CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanocrystal quantum dots (NQDs). We observe that the impact of thiol addition on emission quantum yields (QYs) is time-, concentration-, and pH-dependent. Further, we use a combination of time-resolved spectroscopic methods to determine the mechanism by which thiol addition can cause either increases or decreases in QYs. Specifically, through transient absorption measurements, we show that thiol addition can improve passivation of electron traps, increasing QYs at low thiol concentrations. Further, using nanosecond photoluminescence (PL), we observe that at higher thiol concentrations, hole traps are introduced that reduce PL QYs. Last, through a combination of pH-dependence and control studies (e.g., addition of 2-methyl thioethanol to an aqueous NQD solution and addition of dodecanethiol to a hexane NQD solution), we demonstrate that it is the ability of thiols in aqueous solution to generate thiolate that is the source of both favorable and adverse QY changes. Our results contribute to the understanding of the role of surface ligands, which is critical to the design of stable, high-quantum-yield, nonblinking NQDs.
Sequential Ring-Closing Metathesis and Silicon-Assisted Cross-Coupling Reactions:  Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Highly Substituted Unsaturated Alcohols (2001)

A sequential ring-closing metathesis/silicon-assisted cross-coupling sequence has been developed. Alkenyldimethylsilyl ethers of omega-unsaturated alcohols undergo facile ring closure with Schrock's catalyst to afford five-, six-, and seven-membered cycloalkenylsiloxanes bearing substituents on both alkenyl carbons. These siloxanes were highly effective coupling partners with various aryl and alkenyl halides and in the presence of Pd(0) afforded styrenes and dienes in high yield and specificity and with good functional group compatibility.
Uptake of <sup>36</sup>Cl and <sup>22</sup>Na by the Brain‐Cerebrospinal Fluid System: Comparison of the Permeability of the Blood‐Brain and Blood‐Cerebrospinal Fluid Barriers (1981)

Abstract: Transport and permeability properties of the blood‐brain and blood‐CSF barriers were determined by kinetic analysis of radioisotope uptake from the plasma into the CNS of the adult rat. Cerebral cortex and cerebellum uptake curves for 36 Cl and 22 Na were resolved into two components. The fast component ( t ½ 0.02–0.05 h, fractional volume 0.04–0.08) is comprised of the vascular compartment and a small perivascular space whereas the slow component ( t ½ 1.06–1.69 h, fractional volume 0.92–0.96) represents isotope movement across the blood‐brain barrier into the brain extracellular and cellular compartments. Uptake curves of both 36 Cl and 22 Na into the CSF were also resolved into two components, a fast component ( t ½ 0.18 h, fractional volume 0.24) and a slow component ( t ½ 1.2 h, fractional volume 0.76). Evidence suggests that the fast component represents isotope movement across the blood‐CSF barrier, i.e., the choroid plexuses, whereas the CSF slow component probably reflects isotope penetration primarily from the brain extracellular fluid into the CSF. The extracellular fluid volume of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum was estimated as ˜13% from the initial slope of the curve of brain space versus CSF space curve for both 36 Cl and 22 Na. Like the choroid plexuses, the glial cell compartment of the brain appears to accumulate Cl from 2 to 6 times that predicted for passive distribution. The relative permeability of the blood‐CSF and blood‐brain barriers to 36 Cl, 22 Na, and [ 3 H]mannitol was determined by calculating permeability surface‐area products (PA). Analysis of the PA values for all three isotopes indicates that the effective permeability of the choroidal epithelium (blood/CSF barrier) is significantly greater than that of the capillary endothelium in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum (blood‐brain barrier).
Arrays of SiO2 substrate-free micromechanical uncooled infrared and terahertz detectors (2008)

We describe the design, fabrication, and characterization of arrays of uncooled infrared and terahertz micromechanical detectors that utilize SiO2 as a main structural material. Materials with highly dissimilar coefficients of thermal expansion, namely, Al and SiO2, were used to form folded bimaterial regions. This approach improved the detector sensitivity by 12 times compared to SiNx-based detectors of similar shape and size. Two types of structural SiO2 layers were investigated: thermally grown and plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor-deposited SiO2. Fabrication of the detector arrays relied on a straightforward process flow that involved three photolithography steps and no wet etching. The noise equivalent temperature difference intrinsic to the detectors fabricated during this work can reach 3.8 mK when excluding any contribution from the optical readout used to interrogate the arrays.
Security Framework for MPLS and GMPLS Networks (2010)

This document provides a security framework for Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Networks. This document addresses the security aspects that are relevant in the context of MPLS and GMPLS. It describes the security threats, the related defensive techniques, and the mechanisms for detection and reporting. This document emphasizes RSVP-TE and LDP security considerations, as well as inter-AS and inter-provider security considerations for building and maintaining MPLS and GMPLS networks across different domains or different Service Providers.
Myosin heavy chain isoform expression following reduced neuromuscular activity: Potential regulatory mechanisms (2000)

In this review, the adaptations in myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression induced by chronic reductions in neuromuscular activity (including electrical activation and load bearing) of the intact neuromuscular unit are summarized and evaluated. Several different animal models and human clinical conditions of reduced neuromuscular activity are categorized based on the manner and extent to which they alter the levels of electrical activation and load bearing, resulting in three main categories of reduced activity. These are: 1) reduced activation and load bearing (including spinal cord injury, spinal cord transection, and limb immobilization with the muscle in a shortened position); 2) reduced loading (including spaceflight, hindlimb unloading, bed rest, and unilateral limb unloading); and 3) inactivity (including spinal cord isolation and blockage of motoneuron action potential conduction by tetrodotoxin). All of the models discussed resulted in increased expression of fast MHC isoforms at the protein and/or mRNA levels in slow and fast muscles (with the possible exception of unilateral limb unloading in humans). However, the specific fast MHC isoforms that are induced (usually the MHC-IIx isoform in slow muscle and the MHC-IIb isoform in fast muscle) and the degree and rate of adaptation are dependent upon the animal species and the specific model or condition that is being studied. Recent studies designed to elucidate the mechanisms by which electrical activation and load bearing alter expression of MHC isoforms at the cellular and genetic levels are also reviewed. Two main mechanisms have been proposed, the myogenin:MyoD and calcineurin:NF-AT pathways. Collectively, the data suggest that the regulation of MHC isoform expression involves a complex interaction of multiple control mechanisms including the myogenin:MyoD and calcineurin:NF-AT pathways; however, other intracellular signaling pathways are likely to contribute.
Chicken Monoclonal IgY Antibody: A Novel Antibody Development Strategy (2010)

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have the advantages of high specificity and stable expression, while avian IgY antibodies provide a series of advantages such as less interference with non-specific proteins in immunoassays, and stronger IgY production against highly conserved mammalian antigens. Monoclonal IgY (mIgY) is a new antibody development that combines advantages of IgY and mAbs. mIgY has great potential for immunological detection and diagnosis, for screening and validating biomarkers and drug targets, and for the production of Abs against conserved mammalian proteins. mIgY can be developed by hybridoma technology or phage display technology. However, the hybridoma technology is difficult in the chicken system due to the lack of a robust fusion partner. mIgY can be developed into Ab fragments, chimeric Abs and humanised Abs. The most successful examples are a series of anti-prion mIgY which demonstrate improved Ab titre and specificity.
A femtocell power control scheme to mitigate interference using listening TDD frame (2011)

Due to the rapid growth of indoor wireless communications, many of the telecommunication industries recently are interested in femtocell. Femtocell is low power and low cost indoor base-station to cover indoor traffics. Before using femtocell in current wireless environments, interference problem between macrocell and femtocell should be solved since the interference affects the performance of both macrocell and femtocell. In order to reduce the interference, in this paper, we suggest a new time-division-duplex (TDD) frame structure called listening-TDD frame (LTDDF) for femtocells. In LTDDF, femtocell has both downlink and uplink periods during downlink period in macrocell. The uplink period in macrocell is used as listening period in femtocell that is used to overhear signals from surrounding macrocell users to obtain their channel quality information (CQI). Based on the CQI of macrocell users, femtocell base-station adaptively adjusts its transmission power. Thus, LTDDF can effectively reduce interference on macrocell users. By simulations, we evaluate the performance of LTDDF in terms of capacity of macrocell and femtocell in both downlink and uplink.
Aerosol information content analysis of multi-angle high spectral resolution measurements and its benefit for high accuracy greenhouse gas retrievals (2012)

Abstract. New generations of space-borne spectrometers for the retrieval of atmospheric abundances of greenhouse gases require unprecedented accuracies as atmospheric variability of long-lived gases is very low. These instruments, such as GOSAT and OCO-2, typically use a high spectral resolution oxygen channel (O2 A-band) in addition to CO2 and CH4 channels to discriminate changes in the photon path-length distribution from actual trace gas amount changes. Inaccurate knowledge of the photon path-length distribution, determined by scatterers in the atmosphere, is the prime source of systematic biases in the retrieval. In this paper, we investigate the combined aerosol and greenhouse gas retrieval using multiple satellite viewing angles simultaneously. We find that this method, hitherto only applied in multi-angle imagery such as from POLDER or MISR, greatly enhances the ability to retrieve aerosol properties by 2–3 degrees of freedom. We find that the improved capability to retrieve aerosol parameters significantly reduces interference errors introduced into retrieved CO2 and CH4 total column averages. Instead of focussing solely on improvements in spectral and spatial resolution, signal-to-noise ratios or sampling frequency, multiple angles reduce uncertainty in space based greenhouse gas retrievals more effectively and provide a new potential for dedicated aerosols retrievals.
Structure and function of efflux pumps that confer resistance to drugs (2003)

Resistance to therapeutic drugs encompasses a diverse range of biological systems, which all have a human impact. From the relative simplicity of bacterial cells, fungi and protozoa to the complexity of human cancer cells, resistance has become problematic. Stated in its simplest terms, drug resistance decreases the chance of providing successful treatment against a plethora of diseases. Worryingly, it is a problem that is increasing, and consequently there is a pressing need to develop new and effective classes of drugs. This has provided a powerful stimulus in promoting research on drug resistance and, ultimately, it is hoped that this research will provide novel approaches that will allow the deliberate circumvention of well understood resistance mechanisms. A major mechanism of resistance in both microbes and cancer cells is the membrane protein-catalysed extrusion of drugs from the cell. Resistant cells exploit proton-driven antiporters and/or ATP-driven ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters to extrude cytotoxic drugs that usually enter the cell by passive diffusion. Although some of these drug efflux pumps transport specific substrates, many are transporters of multiple substrates. These multidrug pumps can often transport a variety of structurally unrelated hydrophobic compounds, ranging from dyes to lipids. If we are to nullify the effects of efflux-mediated drug resistance, we must first of all understand how these efflux pumps can accommodate a diverse range of compounds and, secondly, how conformational changes in these proteins are coupled to substrate translocation. These are key questions that must be addressed. In this review we report on the advances that have been made in understanding the structure and function of drug efflux pumps.