gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electroplating with Dielectric Bridges (2015)

The electroplating of underlying metal redistribution layers, under-bump metallization (UBM) layers, WLCSP, Cu pillar and other flip chip applications is well established in the semiconductor industry. The use of semi-additive plating can sometimes be adversely affected by the absence of plating occurring in all targeted locations or with plating non-uniformity as a result of front-end fab related structural anomalies. Subsequent analysis has routinely determined that the previously deposited metal seed layer had been discontinuous due to the topography of wafer features. The most predominant types of topographical issues causing discontinuity in the seed layer are related to adverse sidewall profiles of an underlying dielectric layer or an edge of die feature. Typically die streets are kept clear of certain dielectric layers to avoid complications from saw tool wear and residual defects. As such, these particular dielectric layers are usually terminated at or near each die edge on a semiconductor wafer during processing. Introducing dielectric bridges over the dicing streets provides additional assurances an alternative means to significantly improve the ability to uniformly plate on all targeted die by creating an electrically continuous seed layer pathway while still allowing for subsequent wafer dicing with minimal blade wear, die chipping or residual dielectric issues. FCI has developed and successfully uses this patent pending method to insure the uniform electroplating of metallization layers for a wide variety of applications. This paper will highlight the advantages of this wafer level processing strategy in a high volume, high mix wafer bump fabrication facility including improvements in processing quality and consistency. The transparency on deploying this front-end process change on back-end assembly operations and device reliability will also be addressed.
High-performance electro-optic polymers for high-frequency modulators (1997)

New thermally stable, spin-castable, electro-optic (EO) polymers designed for high frequency optical modulators are reported (the third generation accordion polymers). The softening temperature (the glass transition temperature) is about 240 degrees Celsius, and the upper limit on short term thermal baking stability is about 320 degrees Celsius. The refractive index at 1.3 microns is about 1.73 and fairly birefringent. The second-order nonlinear optic coefficient, d<SUB>33</SUB>, of a second generation accordion polymer containing essentially the same chromophore, measured by second- harmonic generation at 1.06 microns, is 120 pm/V (resonance enhanced by the 495 nm absorption). Measurement of the electro-optic coefficient, r<SUB>33</SUB>, is in progress. The added thermal stability in these polymers is due to the all- aryl amine electron donor. The molecular topology of the polymer backbone makes it possible for over 85 weight percent of the bulk material to be comprised of EO-active chromophore. The chromophores are configured in a head-to- head mainchain topology. The films are completely amorphous (no microcrystalline scattering sites).
Development of the Selective Hydrophobic Coagulation process. Fifth quarterly technical progress report, October 1, 1992--December 30, 1992 (1992)

A novel technique for selectively coagulating and separating coal from dispersed mineral matter has been developed at Virginia Tech. The process, Selective Hydrophobic Coagulation (SHC), has been studied since 1986 under the sponsorship of the US Department of Energy (Contracts AC22-86PC91221 and AC22-90PC90174). The SHC process differs from oil agglomeration, shear or polymer flocculation, and electrolytic coagulation processes in that it does not require reagents or additives to induce the formation of coagula. In most cases, simple pH control is all that is required to (1) induce the coagulation of coal particles and (2) effectively disperse particles of mineral matter. If the coal is oxidized, a small dosage of reagents can be used to enhance the process. During the quarter, the Anutech Mark IV surface force apparatus was used to generate surface force-distance data for the mica/dodecylamine hydrochloride system (Task 2.1.1). Work to characterize the hydrophobicity of this system and the mica/DDOA{sup {minus}} system was also initiated (Task 2.1.2). In Task 3, the mixing/coagulation characteristics of a small Kenics static mixer/agitation system have been investigated (Task 3.2.1), a lamella thickener for the recovery of coagula has been built (Task 3.3.1), and the test program for the recovery of coagula by column flotation has been initiated (Task 3.3.4).
Clinical Assessment and Mathematical Modeling of the Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Sensors (CGS) (2006)

In the treatment of diabetes, CGS calibration, time lag, and random errors influence the clinical glucose control decisions based on CGS output. These inaccuracies are determined by three main factors: quality of calibration, physiology, and sensor engineering. Simulated re-calibration and a diffusion model of blood-to-interstitial glucose transport allow the separation of these sources of inaccuracy. The methods are illustrated by data for 39 subjects with Type 1 diabetes collected during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic/hypoglycemic clamp by Minimed CGMS (Medtronic, Northridge, CA). The continuous glucose error-grid analysis (CG-EGA) was used to evaluate sensor inaccuracy from a clinical point of view.
Measuring jitter and phase error in microprocessor phase-locked loops (2000)

The use of phase-locked loops (PLLs) for clock generation in modern microprocessors has been proliferating in recent years. This is because PLLs have the advantages of allowing multiplication of the reference clock frequency and allowing phase alignment between chips. The PLL locks to a reference clock but can generate output clocks that are a multiple of the reference. It is argued that excessive "jitter", caused primarily by power supply noise, can detract from the advantages of phase-locked loops. Moreover, in a multichip system, the accumulated phase error must be measured-not just the jitter.
<title>Processing and characterization of functionally gradient ceramic materials</title> (1994)

Tape casting of ceramic materials offers the flexibility of gradually altering the electronic or structural properties of two dissimilar systems in order to improve their compatibility. This research outlines the processing and fabrication of two systems of functionally gradient materials. The systems are both electronic ceramic composites consisting of Ba<SUB>1-x</SUB>Sr<SUB>x</SUB>TiO<SUB>3</SUB> (BSTO) and alumina or a second oxide additive. These composites would be used in phased array antenna systems, therefore, the electronic properties of the material have specific requirements in the microwave frequency regions. The composition of the tapes are varied to provide a graded dielectric constant, which gradually increases from that of air (dielectric constant equals 1) to that of the ceramic (dielectric constant equals 1500). This allows maximum penetration of incident microwave radiation as well as minimum energy dissipation and insertion loss into the entire phase shifting device.
Proposal and demonstration of a spectrometer using a diffractive optical element with dual dispersion and focusing functionality (2011)

We propose an optical spectrometer using a hybrid grating-Fresnel (G-Fresnel) diffractive optical element. Theoretical simulation shows that a spectral resolution of approximately 1 nm can be potentially achieved with a millimeter-sized G-Fresnel. A proof-of-concept G-Fresnel-based spectrometer with subnanometer spectral resolution is experimentally demonstrated. The proposed method provides a promising new way for realizing compact optical spectrometers.
Measurement of absolute flow rate in vessels using a stereoscopic DSA system (1989)

We used a stereoscopic digital subtraction angiography (DSA) system to measure absolute blood flow rates in vessels. The magnification factor and the three-dimensional orientation of a selected vessel are obtained from automated analysis of stereoscopic DSA images. The cross-sectional area of the vessel is determined from the vessel diameter, which is measured with an iterative deconvolution technique. The time required for fluid to flow through a selected segment of a vessel is determined from the automated analysis of contrast medium 'time-density' curves. The effectiveness of these combined techniques was demonstrated in measurement of rates of both continuous and pulsatile flow in a vessel phantom, with the actual flow rate calibrated volumetrically or by an electromagnetic flowmeter. We have obtained accuracies in measured flow rates of approximately 5% and 18% for continuous and pulsatile flow respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: The Electrochemical Behaviour of Manganese(II) Hydroxide/ Magnesium Hydroxide and Manganese(II) Hydroxide/Calcium Hydroxide. (1986)

Abstract Mn(OH)2/Mg(OH)2 and Mn(OH)2/Ca(OH)2 double hydroxides, precipitated by Computer control, have been investigated as positive electrode materials for secondary cells in aqueous KOH solutions.
X-ray Crystallographic Structures of a Trimer, Dodecamer, and Annular Pore Formed by an Aβ<sub>17–36</sub> β-Hairpin (2016)

High-resolution structures of oligomers formed by the β-amyloid peptide Aβ are needed to understand the molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease and develop therapies. This paper presents the X-ray crystallographic structures of oligomers formed by a 20-residue peptide segment derived from Aβ. The development of a peptide in which Aβ17-36 is stabilized as a β-hairpin is described, and the X-ray crystallographic structures of oligomers it forms are reported. Two covalent constraints act in tandem to stabilize the Aβ17-36 peptide in a hairpin conformation: a δ-linked ornithine turn connecting positions 17 and 36 to create a macrocycle and an intramolecular disulfide linkage between positions 24 and 29. An N-methyl group at position 33 blocks uncontrolled aggregation. The peptide readily crystallizes as a folded β-hairpin, which assembles hierarchically in the crystal lattice. Three β-hairpin monomers assemble to form a triangular trimer, four trimers assemble in a tetrahedral arrangement to form a dodecamer, and five dodecamers pack together to form an annular pore. This hierarchical assembly provides a model, in which full-length Aβ transitions from an unfolded monomer to a folded β-hairpin, which assembles to form oligomers that further pack to form an annular pore. This model may provide a better understanding of the molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease at atomic resolution.
Low complexity algorithms for network coding based on singular value decomposition (2016)

In this paper, we propose a low complexity algorithm for decoding where network coding is deployed in client-server networks. We consider battery powered clients, so that minimizing their power consumptions is essential. Our focus is thus on developing a decoding algorithm that can reduce the computational complexity. Unlike general decoding algorithms that are based on Gaussian elimination, we propose a decoding algorithm based on the singular value decomposition, as it enables to easily compute an inverse matrix, leading to lower decoding complexity. Our simulation results confirm that proposed algorithm can reduce not only the decoding complexity but also the overall network complexity. While the network efficiency of the proposed strategy is degraded as the network dimension increases, we show that the efficiency converges into a lower bound as the network dimension increases. These are confirmed by the simulation results.
Analysis of rabies virus glycoprotein sequences in relation to the proposed use of monoclonal antibodies for post-exposure prophylaxis (2012)

The demand for rabies immune globulin (RIG) for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is significant. Unfortunately, the cost of RIG is prohibitive for many patients in developing countries. Several monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) which neutralize rabies virus (RABV) have been proposed as a replacement for conventional RIG due to the ability of their large-scale production at a reduced cost. In the present study, we generated 487 RABV glycoprotein (G) sequences from a variety of viral lineages, and supplemented the dataset with 154 complete and 115 partial G sequences available in GenBank. The objective was to evaluate variability of known MAb-binding epitopes on the G, which may preclude virus neutralization. The analysis demonstrated that binding site of MAb CR57 (amino acids 226-231 of the G ectodomain) is very conservative. The substitutions detected (such as K226R in several raccoon and African dog RABV isolates; L231P/S in several skunk, raccoon, and various bat RABV lineages; etc.) did not preclude virus neutralization from previously published studies. No substitutions that abolished binding of MAb CR57 in escape mutant studies were detected in naturally occurring field RABV isolates. In contrast, numerous substitutions were detected in the binding site of MAb CR4098 (AA 330-338 of the G ectodomain). Examples include a K330N substitution in a bat isolate from Brazil; V332I/F substitutions in several RABV lineages, associated with big brown bats; N336D in several viruses associated with big brown bats in North America, in South-African mongoose RABV, in one African and one Korean dog RABV isolate; N336G/S in several raccoon isolates; E337D in several canine RABV from Serbia and in the southcentral skunk RABV isolates; I338T in the canyon bat and Arctic RABV isolates. Substitutions in position 336, particularly the N336D, were detected earlier in escape virus studies and precluded neutralization of such viruses by MAb CR4098. Nevertheless, no isolates had substitutions in binding sites for MAbs CR57 and CR4098 simultaneously. There is no reason to expect that any of the viruses from our study would escape neutralization by a combination of these MAbs in vivo. The situation is different for HuMAb RAB1 (also referred to as 17C7). We confirmed numerous substitutions, particularly in position 336, which may abolish binding of MAb RAB1 as was shown previously by escape virus generation. The RAB1 was proposed as a single MAb for use in human rabies PEP, claiming that there are no natural RABV isolates which harbor critical substitutions in its binding site (the combination 336D-346K in the G ectodomain). We encountered this combination in the majority of viruses from one of the lineages associated with big brown bats distributed broadly in North America. Our findings clearly demonstrate that the proposed use of a single MAb for rabies PEP is inappropriate, in line with international recommendations.
Microholographic multilayer optical disk data storage (2005)

Micrometer-sized reflection holograms can be written into a rapidly rotating homogeneous photopolymer disk at the focus of a high-numerical-aperture beam and its retroreflection to implement high-capacity multilayer digital data storage. This retroreflection is generated by an optical system with positive unity magnification to ensure passive alignment of the counterpropagating beam. Analysis reveals that the storage capacity and transfer rate of this bit-based holographic storage system compare favorably with traditional page-based systems but at a fraction of the system complexity and cost. The analysis is experimentally validated at 532 nm by writing and reading 12 layers of microholograms in a 125-microm photopolymer disk continuously rotating at 3600 rpm. The experimental results predict a capacity limit of 140 Gbytes in a millimeter-thick disk or over 1 Tbyte with the wavelength and numerical aperture of Blu-Ray.
Progress of novel electromagnetic cloaking research (2020)

With the development of science and technology, the invisibility has gradually moved from a simple and plain visual deception trick to a precise and systematic modern technology system. By designing appropriate electromagnetic parameters, the novel electromagnetic wave cloaking technology is able to control the propagation and scattering of electromagnetic wave, thereby reducing the detectability of the cloaked object. The electromagnetic parameters of these novel cloaking devices can be realized by using the artificially designed nanostructures, or by combining the medium that already exists in nature. In this review, according to a detailed introduction of the research progress of novel electromagnetic wave cloaking, we discuss the difficulties and challenges in this field, and give an outlook on the future development.
High Temperature Transfer Molding Resins: Status of PETI-298 and PETI-330 (2003)

Two phenylethynyl terminated oligomers designated PETI-298 and PETI-330 were developed at the NASA Langley Research Center and have emerged as leading candidates for composite applications requiring high temperature performance (i.e. greater than or equal to 288 C for 1000 hours) combined with the ability to be readily processed into composites without the use of an autoclave or complex/lengthy cure or post-cure cycle. These high performance/high temperature composites are potentially useful on advanced aerospace vehicles in structural applications and as aircraft engine components such as inlet frames and compressor vanes. The number designation (i.e. 298, 330) refers to the glass transition temperature in degrees Celsius as determined on neat resin cured for 1 hour at 371 C. The resins are processable by non-autoclave techniques such as resin transfer molding (RTM), vacuum assisted RTM (VARTM) and resin infusion (RI). Both resins exhibit low complex melt viscosities (0.1-10 poise) at 280 C and are stable for greater than or equal to 2 hours at this temperature. Typically, the resins are melted, de-gassed and infused or injected at 280 C and subsequently cured at 371 C for 1-2 hours. Virtually no volatiles are evolved during the cure process. The resin synthesis is straightforward and has been scaled-up to 25 kg batches. The chemistry of PETI-298 and PETI-330 and the RTM AS-4 and T-650 carbon fabric laminate properties, and those of BMI-5270 for comparison, are presented.
Chance-Constrained Optimization for Refinery Blend Planning under Uncertainty (2017)

A near-global optimization approach is proposed to design blending recipes for refinery products under uncertainties. In the refining industry, the most valuable products, such as gasoline and diesel, are produced by blending several intermediate feedstocks to maximize profit and ensure that all qualities are on specification. Because of the presence of property uncertainties, optimal blending recipes under linear mixing laws should be designed by solving a linear program with joint chance constraints. However, joint chance-constrained programming is generally intractable even with Gaussian distributions, and thereby, it is usually converted to an individual chance-constrained (ICC) program to achieve a conservative approximation. To reduce this conservatism, we find a global optimal solution for the ICC program. In case studies, a multiproduct blending problem with 12 chance constraints and a crude oil procurement example with 14 chance constraints are studied to test and compare the proposed scheme with state-of-the-art optimization software to demonstrate its superior performance in terms of computational time.
A Panel of Monoclonal Antibodies Recognizing the <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> Fibrinogen-Binding <b>MSCRAMM SdrG</b> (2007)

Staphylococcus epidermidis is an important opportunistic human pathogen that has recently emerged as a major cause of foreign-body infections. The most important stage contributing to the pathogenesis of this bacteria is the initial adherence to host tissue. SdrG is a cell-wall-anchored fibrinogen-binding adhesin of S. epidermidis that has been shown to be necessary for bacterial binding to fibrinogen-coated foreign bodies, such as catheters. Here we report the generation and characterization of a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against this S. epidermidis virulence factor. Through the use of multiple in vitro assays, surface plasmon resonance, and flow cytometry, we have characterized a diverse array of MAbs that may prove to be beneficial in studies that address the precise biologic role of SdrG.
The Role of Bim, a Proapoptotic BH3‐Only Member of the Bcl‐2 Family, in Cell‐Death Control (2000)

Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved process for killing unwanted cells. Genetic and biochemical experiments have indicated that three groups of proteins are necessary for activation of the cell-death effector machinery: cysteine proteases, their adaptors, and proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members. Antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members are needed for cell survival. We have cloned Bim, a proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member that shares with the family only a 9-16 aa region of homology [Bcl-3 homology region(BH3)], but is otherwise unique. Bim requires its BH3 region for binding to Bcl-2 and activation of apoptosis. Analysis of Bim-deficient mice has shown that Bim is essential for the execution of some but not all apoptotic stimuli that can be antagonized by Bcl-2. Bim-deficient mice have increased numbers of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and myeloid cells, and most develop fatal autoimmune glomerulonephritis. In healthy cells, Bim is bound to the microtubule-associated dynein motor complex, and is thereby sequestered from Bcl-2. Certain apoptotic signals unleash Bim and allow it to translocate to intracellular membranes, where it interacts with Bcl-2 or its homologues. These results indicate that BH3-only proteins are essential inducers of apoptosis that can be unleashed by certain death signals. Unleashed BH3-only proteins neutralize the prosurvival function of Bcl-2-like molecules, and this is thought to liberate Apaf-l-like adapters to activate caspase zymogens, which then initiate cell degradation.
Plasmon excitation by the Gaussian-like core mode of a photonic crystal waveguide (2006)

We describe resonant excitation of a plasmon by the Gaussian-like leaky mode of an effectively single mode photonic crystal (PC) waveguide. Plasmon is phase matched by design with a waveguide mode, and travels in a metallic layer on the top of a PC waveguide. We observe that small changes in the ambient refractive index just outside the metal film lead to strong variations in the losses of a waveguide core mode, making such a device a good candidate for compact sensor applications. Using low refractive index core PC waveguides makes phase matching between the plasmon and PC core mode relatively easy to enforce as modal effective index in such waveguides can be readily varied in a wide range.
Catalytic oxidation of niobium by rare earths (1986)

We have previously proposed a model for the catalytic formation of Nb2O5 from niobium covered by some monolayers of cerium, involving a change in the valence state of the cerium oxides on the surface. This model is further evaluated by studying the oxidation of Nb covered by some monolayers of erbium, praseodymium, or terbium under ultrahigh vacuum conditions using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The oxidation took place at room temperature in the 5×10−8 1 Torr pressure range. The experiments showed that Er, which has no other valence state than three, is not a catalyst, while Pr and Tb, which can be both tri- and tetravalent, are catalysts, but only at such high pressures of oxygen, where the tetravalent oxides form. Due to its very low dissociation pressure, CeO2 forms already at 5×10−8 Torr oxygen pressure, therefore, the catalytic action of cerium does not depend on pressure in this range.