gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mixed Linkage (1→3),(1→4)‐β‐<scp>d</scp>‐Glucans of Grasses (2004)

ABSTRACT The mixed‐linkage (1→3),(1→4)‐β‐ d ‐glucans are unique to the Poales, the taxonomic order that includes the cereal grasses. (1→3), (1→4)‐β‐Glucans are the principal molecules associated with cellulose microfibrils during cell growth, and they are enzymatically hydrolyzed to a large extent once growth has ceased. They appear again during the developmental of the endosperm cell wall and maternal tissues surrounding them. The roles of (1→3),(1→4)‐β‐glucans in cell wall architecture and in cell growth are beginning to be understood. From biochemical experiments with active synthases in isolated Golgi membranes, the biochemical features and topology of synthesis are found to more closely parallel those of cellulose than those of all other noncellulosic β‐linked polysaccharides. The genes that encode part of the (1→3),(1→4)‐β‐glucan synthases are likely to be among those of the CESA/CSL gene superfamily, but a distinct glycosyl transferase also appears to be integral in the synthetic machinery. Several genes involved in the hydrolysis of (1→3),(1→4)‐β‐glucan have been cloned and sequenced, and the pattern of expression is starting to unveil their function in mobilization of β‐glucan reserve material and in cell growth.
EFFECTS OF ARGININOSUCCINIC ACID ON NITRIC OXIDE‐MEDIATED RELAXATIONS IN RAT AORTA AND ANOCOCCYGEUS MUSCLE (1992)

1. Argininosuccinic acid (ASA), a naturally occurring NG derivative of arginine, and the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) were compared for their ability to reduce responses to nitric oxide (NO) derived from endothelial cells (aorta) and nitrergic nerves (anococcygeus muscle). 2. In isolated rings of rat aorta, endothelium-dependent relaxation responses to acetylcholine were abolished by L-NAME (0.1 mmol/L) and were reduced by ASA (0.1 and 0.3 mmol/L). Relaxations induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were not affected by L-NAME but were reduced by ASA. 3. In rat isolated anococcygeus muscles, relaxations elicited by nitrergic nerve stimulation at 1 Hz were abolished by L-NAME (0.1 mmol/L) but were only slightly reduced by ASA (1 mmol/L). The effect of ASA was not sustained. L-Arginine (1 mmol/L) prevented the effect of L-NAME but not that of ASA. Neither ASA or L-NAME inhibited SNP-induced relaxation in the anococcygeus muscle. 4. The results suggest that ASA inhibits NOS but this does not totally account for its effects in reducing NO-mediated relaxations produced by the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine in rat aortic rings and stimulation of nitrergic nerves in the rat anococcygeus muscle.
Ca<sup>2+</sup>‐dependent inactivation of the class C L‐type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel is a property of the <i>α</i><sub>1</sub> subunit (1996)

The stably expressed Ca2+ channel alpha 1C-a and alpha 1C-b subunit were used to investigate the molecular basis for Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation of the L-type current. The Ba2+ current (IBa) of both channels had similar kinetics and inactivated with one time constant of about 400 ms at +20 mV, whereas the Ca2+ current (ICa) could be fitted only with a bi-exponential function. The fast (tau f) and the slow (tau s) time constant were about 20 ms and 400 ms, respectively. The inactivation of ICa strongly depended on the entry of Ca2+ as shown by prepulses and variation of the intracellular Ca2+ chelator. Coexpression of the alpha 1C subunits with the auxiliary alpha 2/delta and beta subunits accelerated the voltage-dependent but not the Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation of the channels. These results suggest that the alpha 1C subunit of L-type Ca2+ channels itself mediates the Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation of the current.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Quinazoline‐2,4‐dione and Naphthalimide Derivatives as New 5‐HT3 Receptor Antagonists. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Adaptive Reversion of a Frameshift Mutation in <i>Escherichia coli</i> by Simple Base Deletions in Homopolymeric Runs (1994)

Spontaneous mutations are thought to occur primarily in growing cells. However, spontaneous mutations also arise in nutritionally deprived cells, and in some cases this process appears to be adaptive. Here it is reported that when a Lac- strain of Escherichia coli is under selection for lactose use, the spectrum of Lac+ mutations that arises is different, and simpler, than that arising without selection. Mutations appearing during selection were mainly one-base deletions in runs of iterated bases. Similar mutations occurring in repetitive DNA elements are associated with a variety of human hereditary diseases and are increased in cells that cannot correct heteroduplex DNA.
Compact ECDSA engine for IoT applications (2016)

Security problems introduced with rapid increase in deployment of Internet‐of‐Things devices can be overcome only with lightweight cryptographic schemes and modules. A compact prime field ( GF ( p )) elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA) engine suitable for use in such applications is presented. Generic architecture of the engine makes it suitable for other elliptic curve (EC) based schemes (EC Diffie–Hellman key exchange, EC integrated encryption, EC factoring etc.) with slight modifications. The presented engine is composed of a simple microcoded controller and application‐specific processing units. It can work with ECs of up to 256 bits, while 160‐bit ECDSA signature generation takes 490 K cycles. The engine is implemented as an intellectual property (IP) in a 180 nm process. However, its architecture allows it to be implemented on any application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or FPGA platform with dual‐port memory support. In view of its gate count of 11,366 gate equivalents, the presented work is the most compact ECDSA engine with capability for a wide range of curves and different applications.
Settlement of <i>Ulva</i> Zoospores on Patterned Fluorinated and PEGylated Monolayer Surfaces (2007)

Various designs for coatings that resist the attachment of marine organisms are based on the concept of "ambiguous" surfaces that present both hydrophobic and hydrophilic functionalities as surface domains. In order to facilitate the optimal design of such surfaces, information is needed on the scale of the domains that the settling stages of marine organisms are able to distinguish. Previous experiments showed that Ulva zoospores settle (attach) in high numbers onto fluorinated monolayers compared to PEGylated monolayers. The main aim of the present study was to determine, when zoospores of the green alga Ulva are presented with a choice of fluorinated or PEGylated surfaces, what the minimum dimensions of the two types of surface are that zoospores can detect and consequently settle on. Silicon wafers were chemically modified to produce a pattern of squares containing alternating fluorinated and PEGylated stripes of different widths on either a uniform fluorinated or PEGylated background. Each 1 cm x 1 cm square contained stripes with widths of 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 5, or 2 microm as well as an unpatterned square with a chemistry opposite that of the background. Spores were selective in choosing where to settle, settling at higher densities on fluorinated stripes compared to PEGylated stripes. However, the magnitude of response, and the consequences for settlement on patterned areas overall, was dependent on both the width of the stripes and the chemistry of the background. The data are discussed in relation to the ability of spores to "choose" favorable sites for settlement and the implications for the development of novel antifouling coatings.
Generalized Key Delegation for Wildcarded Identity-Based and Inner-Product Encryption (2012)

Inspired by the fact that many e-mail addresses correspond to groups of users, Abdalla introduced the notion of identity-based encryption with wildcards (WIBE), which allows a sender to simultaneously encrypt messages to a group of users matching a certain pattern, defined as a sequence of identity strings and wildcards. This notion was later generalized by Abdalla, Kiltz, and Neven, who considered more general delegation patterns during the key derivation process. Despite its many applications, current constructions have two significant limitations: 1) they are only known to be fully secure when the maximum hierarchy depth is a constant; and 2) they do not hide the pattern associated with the ciphertext. To overcome these, this paper offers two new constructions. First, we show how to convert a WIBE scheme of Abdalla into a (nonanonymous) WIBE scheme with generalized key delegation (WW-IBE) that is fully secure even for polynomially many levels. Then, to achieve anonymity, we initially consider hierarchical predicate encryption (HPE) schemes with more generalized forms of key delegation and use them to construct an anonymous WW-IBE scheme. Finally, to instantiate the former, we modify the HPE scheme of Lewko to allow for more general key delegation patterns. Our proofs are in the standard model and use existing complexity assumptions.
Vibratory Urticaria Associated with a Missense Variant in <i>ADGRE2</i> (2016)

Patients with autosomal dominant vibratory urticaria have localized hives and systemic manifestations in response to dermal vibration, with coincident degranulation of mast cells and increased histamine levels in serum. We identified a previously unknown missense substitution in ADGRE2 (also known as EMR2), which was predicted to result in the replacement of cysteine with tyrosine at amino acid position 492 (p.C492Y), as the only nonsynonymous variant cosegregating with vibratory urticaria in two large kindreds. The ADGRE2 receptor undergoes autocatalytic cleavage, producing an extracellular subunit that noncovalently binds a transmembrane subunit. We showed that the variant probably destabilizes an autoinhibitory subunit interaction, sensitizing mast cells to IgE-independent vibration-induced degranulation. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health.).
Smartphone-Based Measurement Systems for Road Vehicle Traffic Monitoring and Usage-Based Insurance (2014)

A framework is presented to deploy a smartphone-based measurement system for road vehicle traffic monitoring and usage-based insurance (UBI). Through the aid of a hierarchical model to modularize the description, the functionality is described as spanning from sensor-level functionality and technical specification to the topmost business model. The designer of a complex measurement system has to consider the full picture from low-level sensing, actuating, and wireless data transfer to the topmost level, including enticements for the individual smartphone owners, i.e., the end users who are the actual measurement probes. The measurement system provides two data streams: a primary stream to support road vehicle traffic monitoring and a secondary stream to support the UBI program. The former activity has a clear value for a society and its inhabitants, as it may reduce congestion and environmental impacts. The latter data stream drives the business model and parts of the revenue streams, which ensure the funding of the total measurement system and create value for the end users, the service provider, and the insurance company. In addition to the presented framework, outcome from a measurement campaign is presented, including road vehicle traffic monitoring (primary data stream) and a commercial pilot of UBI based on the driver profiles (secondary data stream). The measurement system is believed to be sustainable due to the incitements offered to the individual end users, in terms of favorable pricing for the insurance premium. The measurement campaign itself is believed to have an interest in its own right, as it includes smartphone probing of road traffic with a number of probes in the vicinity of the current state of the art, given by the Berkeley Mobile Millennium Project. During the ten-month run of the project, some 4500 driving h/250 000 km of road vehicle traffic data were collected.
Topographic mappings and feed-forward neural networks (1996)

This thesis is a study of the generation of topographic mappings - dimension reducing transformations of data that preserve some element of geometric structure - with feed-forward neural networks. As an alternative to established methods, a transformational variant of Sammon's method is proposed, where the projection is effected by a radial basis function neural network. This approach is related to the statistical field of multidimensional scaling, and from that the concept of a 'subjective metric' is defined, which permits the exploitation of additional prior knowledge concerning the data in the mapping process. This then enables the generation of more appropriate feature spaces for the purposes of enhanced visualisation or subsequent classification. A comparison with established methods for feature extraction is given for data taken from the 1992 Research Assessment Exercise for higher educational institutions in the United Kingdom. This is a difficult high-dimensional dataset, and illustrates well the benefit of the new topographic technique. A generalisation of the proposed model is considered for implementation of the classical multidimensional scaling (¸mds}) routine. This is related to Oja's principal subspace neural network, whose learning rule is shown to descend the error surface of the proposed ¸mds model. Some of the technical issues concerning the design and training of topographic neural networks are investigated. It is shown that neural network models can be less sensitive to entrapment in the sub-optimal global minima that badly affect the standard Sammon algorithm, and tend to exhibit good generalisation as a result of implicit weight decay in the training process. It is further argued that for ideal structure retention, the network transformation should be perfectly smooth for all inter-data directions in input space. Finally, there is a critique of optimisation techniques for topographic mappings, and a new training algorithm is proposed. A convergence proof is given, and the method is shown to produce lower-error mappings more rapidly than previous algorithms.
A Polymer Network Prepared by the Thiol‐yne Photocrosslinking of a Liquid Crystalline Dendrimer (2013)

A polymer network is prepared by the thiol-yne photopolymerization of multifunctional dendrimer with a tetrathiol crosslinker. The network obtained shows a liquid crystalline phase at room temperature, which has been characterized by optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction. Photoinduced deformation of uniaxially aligned free-standing films of the photocrosslinked material has been demonstrated.
Introduction (1995)

In 1968, shortly after Lyndon Johnson announced his decision to retire, a member of his staff prepared an assessment of Soviet– American relations during the Johnson presidency and called the president's tenure “the most productive period in the history of our relations, despite Vietnam.” A few months later, the Department of State in its internal history of the era described it as one of Soviet–American “coolness,” of conflict and cooperation, with conflict dominant. Of course, during the intervening months the Soviets had led their Warsaw pact allies in an invasion of Czechoslovakia, precluding the agreement on strategic arms control with which Johnson had intended to cap his career. But the conflicting estimates of the central relationship of the Cold War provide a useful framework for studying Lyndon Johnson's foreign policy – and its frustrations. It is against the background of the strategic competition between Moscow and Washington that the events analyzed in this book – in Asia, Europe, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East – come into focus.
6‐Ketocholestanol abolishes the effect of the most potent uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria (1994)

The effect of a keto-derivative of cholesterol, namely, 6-ketocholestanol (5 alpha-cholestan-3 beta-ol-6-one; kCh) on the uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation by various uncouplers was studied in rat heart mitochondria. kCh was found to completely abolish the uncoupling effect (the increase in the respiration rate under the respiratory control conditions and the decrease in the membrane potential) caused of FCCP, CCCP and SF6847 and partially by TTFB at low concentrations of uncouplers. It was without effect on the uncoupling by PCP, DNP and palmitate. Carboxyatractylate, a specific inhibitor of the ADP/ATP-antiporter, was shown to almost completely abolish the uncoupling induced by palmitate and partially by low concentration of TTFB, PCP and DNP. Effects of high concentrations of all these uncouplers as well as of any concentrations of gramicidin proved to be kCh- and carboxyatractilate-insensitive. The data are discussed in terms of the hypothesis on the protein-mediated mechanism of the protonophorous uncoupling.
Magnesium Induced Algal Flocculation in a Fluidized Bed (1991)

The effectiveness of the use of seawater and of magnesium in the removal of microalgae from oxidation pond effluents was investigated using the jar test procedure. The results indicated that the major flocculating reaction is the magnesium hydroxide precipitation at pH 11.5. The next step was to intensify the liquid-solids separation by use of a fluidized bed flocculator packed with 800 µm inert resin particles provided with an inclined multitubular settler. The total suspended solids abatement could reach 95 % with a superficial upflow velocity of 30 m/h corresponding to a residence time through the whole unit of 5 minutes only. The energy requirement quantified by the pressure drop through the bed is very low. Besides, the waste sludge extracted from the settler is easily thickened.
Spatial distribution of DNA ploidy in colorectal carcinoma. (1994)

This paper reports on the phenomenon of heterogeneity of DNA distribution in colorectal carcinoma. The aim of this study was to find a new strategy in sampling methodology as a solution to the heterogeneity problem by studying ploidy topography. The study was carried out by using image analysis for densitometric measurements of tissue imprints of 19 colorectal specimens after Feulgen staining. Heterogeneity of ploidy in colorectal carcinoma is well known; therefore, we wished to determine whether this heterogeneity is random within different parts of a colorectal tumour. For each tumour, five systematic and reproducible samples were taken from the peripheral, intermediate and central tumoural areas. In addition two samples were taken from adjacent non-tumoural areas: one from the proximal and the other from the distal site with respect to the neoplastic lesion. By using image analysis three parameters were obtained. Mean DNA content was computed for each sample and expressed in arbitrary units (DNA-a.u.) from the measurement of integrated optical density according to the Beer Lambert law. Secondly mean DNA content expressed in relative units (DNA-r.u.) was computed according to an internal euploid control. Finally entropy was computed from each histogram of DNA content. Experimental design was based on a repeated measures analysis of variance with a priori orthogonal comparisons. We found that DNA content and particularly entropy are not randomly distributed. Furthermore, there was a significant difference between the two non-tumoural epithelia.
Atom lithography using MRI-type feature placement (2002)

We demonstrate the use of frequency-encoded light masks in neutral atom lithography. We demonstrate that multiple features can be patterned across a monotonic potential gradient. Features as narrow as 0.9 microns are fabricated on silicon substrates with a metastable argon beam. Internal state manipulation with such a mask enables continuously adjustable feature positions and feature densities not limited by the optical wavelength, unlike previous light masks.
GPU accelerated geometric multigrid method: Comparison with preconditioned conjugate gradient (2015)

Scientific applications are typically compute intensive, often due to the requirement of solving large sparse linear systems of equations. The geometric multigrid method (GMG) is one of the most efficient algorithms for solving these systems and is well suited for parallelization. Herein we focus on an in-depth analysis of a GPU-based GMG implementation and compare the results against an optimized preconditioned conjugate gradient method. The tests indicate that the smoothing step is the most time consuming operation, and the best performing GMG variant is the V-cycle scheme with 312 smoothing step configuration (3 iterations during restriction, 1 at the coarsest level, and 2 iterations during prolongation). The discretization stencil has a major effect on the runtime and its choice requires a trade-off between execution time performance and numerical accuracy. Overall, the GMG method offers a speed-up of 7.1x–9.2x over the PCG method on the same hardware configuration, while also leading to a smaller average residual.
American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine Consensus Report on Potential Bioeffects of Diagnostic Ultrasound (2008)

The continued examination of potential biological effects of ultrasound and their relationship to clinical practice is a key element in evaluating the safety of diagnostic ultrasound. Periodically, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) sponsors conferences bringing experts together to examine the literature on ultrasound bioeffects and to develop conclusions and recommendations related to diagnostic ultrasound. The most recent effort included the examination of effects whose origins were thermal or nonthermal, with separate evaluations for potential effects related to fetal ultrasound. In addition, potential effects due to the introduction of ultrasound contrast agents were summarized. This information can be used to assess risks in comparison to the benefits of diagnostic ultrasound. The conclusions and recommendations are organized into 5 broad categories, with a comprehensive background and evaluation of each topic provided in the corresponding articles in this issue. The following summary is not meant as a substitute for the detailed examination of issues presented in each of the articles but rather as a means to facilitate further study of this consensus report and implementation of its recommendations. The conclusions and recommendations are the result of several rounds of deliberations at the consensus conference, subsequent review by the Bioeffects Committee of the AIUM, and approval by the AIUM Board of Governors.
Sub-wavelength tunneling barrier in rib waveguide microring modulators with vanishing bending losses (2022)

Silicon photonics ring resonators in rib waveguide configuration are among the most important components for wavelength-division-multiplexed communication networks. While the rib waveguide enables simple electrical connectivity in microring modulators and add-drop multiplexers, it also results in unacceptable bending losses once the circumference is shrunk below a few micrometers, limiting achievable free spectral ranges and resonant enhancements. We introduce a sub-wavelength tunneling barrier at the critical radius at which the conformally mapped effective index of the slab exceeds that of the waveguide in order to suppress these bending losses, while increasing the resonator's resistance only slightly. The fundamental working principle is explained and illustrated with a design study based on the finite difference eigenmode method. Three-dimensional finite difference time domain simulations verify the design and a proof-of-concept microring modulator is modeled based on the novel geometry.