gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative activity of 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine and related compounds against transplanted mouse leukemias in vivo and in vitro. (1966)

1-β-d-Arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine (5-fluorocytosine arabinoside; ara-FC)[2][1] possesses a high degree of chemotherapeutic activity against transplanted mouse leukemia. It is more active on a molar basis than 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (cytosine arabinoside; ara-C), 5-fluorouracil (FU), or 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUDR) against leukemia P815. Ara-FC is somewhat more active than ara-C against leukemia P388. In leukemia L1210, ara-FC is approximately equal to ara-C, but more effective than FU or FUDR. It is less effective than either FU or FUDR, however, against leukemia B82. Both ara-FC and ara-C are highly effective against a line of leukemia P815 made resistant to FU.

Ara-FC and ara-C are equally inhibitory against cells of leukemias P815Y and P388SK in tissue culture. The inhibitory effects of both are blocked by deoxycytidine (CDR) but not by thymidine (TDR). It is concluded that ara-FC is a somewhat more active derivative of ara-C that merits clinical trials.

 [1]: #fn-2
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis: a model of cutaneous infection and immunity in fishes (1998)

The parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis offers a useful system for the study of cutaneous immunity against an infectious microorganism. Naive fish usually die following infection, but animals surviving sublethal parasite exposure become resistant to subsequent challenge. This resistance correlates with the presence of humoral antibodies in the sera and cutaneous mucus of immune fish. A mechanism of immunity has recently been elucidated that involves antibody binding to surface proteins (referred to as immobilization antigens or i-antigens) located on the parasite cell and ciliary membranes. Antibody-mediated cross-linking of i-antigens triggers a response by the parasite resulting in its exit from the host. These effects can be observed directly on the surface of live fish. In addition to allowing the observation of effector responses in vivo, Ichthyophthirius also provides a means to study the ontogeny of the mucosal immune response. The sites of antigen capture and presentation, and the sites of antibody production, are unknown with regard to cutaneous immunity. Because the external epithelial surfaces of fish are often the points of pathogen entry, a basic understanding of the inductive immune mechanisms and immune cell interactions in the skin and gills is extremely important with regard to vaccine development. The development of Ichthyophthirius as an experimental system and how it might be used to address these issues are discussed in this review.
Some recent developments in circular overmoded waveguide (1993)

Progress is described in the theoretical modelling, design and testing of overmoded circular TE01 mode waveguide applicable to high power, low loss transmission in the microwave and lower millimetre wave bands. Theoretical techniques, originally developed to model low loss millimetre band waveguide for commercial telecommunications, have been adapted to overmoded sheathed-helix waveguide (with continuous unwanted-mode suppression) subject to new constraints of tighter bend radius relative to the wavelength, high power and significantly less overmoding. Numerical design analysis using coupled mode theory has yielded helix waveguide designs which have been experimentally verified.
Cellulose-Based Porous Membrane for Suppressing Li Dendrite Formation in Lithium–Sulfur Battery (2016)

Dendrite-free, reversible plating and stripping of Li into and from a metallic-lithium anode from an organic-liquid electrolyte is demonstrated. A porous cellulose-based membrane used for skin care absorbs the electrolyte and is wet by metallic lithium. The membrane separator was tested in symmetric lithium cells and in Li(S) rechargeable coin cells assembled in the charged state.
Effect of modified graphene and microwave irradiation on the mechanical and thermal properties of poly(styrene‐co‐methyl methacrylate)/graphene nanocomposites (2014)

The effect of modified graphene (MG) and microwave irradiation on the interaction between graphene (G) and poly(styrene‐co‐methyl meth acrylate) [P(S‐co‐MMA)] polymer matrix has been studied in this article. Modification of graphene was performed using nitric acid. P(S‐co‐MMA) polymer was blended via melt blending with pristine and MG. The resultant nanocomposites were irradiated under microwave at three different time intervals (5, 10, and 20 min). Compared to pristine graphene, MG showed improved interaction with P(S‐co‐MMA) polymer (P) after melt mixing and microwave irradiation. The mechanism of improved dispersion and interaction of modified graphene with P(S‐co‐MMA) polymer matrix during melt mixing and microwave irradiation is due to the presence of oxygen functionalities on the surface of MG as confirmed from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The formation of defects on modified graphene and free radicals on P(S‐co‐MMA) polymer chains after irradiation as explained by Raman spectroscopy and X‐Ray diffraction studies. The nanocomposites with 0.1 wt% G and MG have shown a 26% and 38% increase in storage modulus. After irradiation (10 min), the storage modulus further improved to 11.9% and 27.6% of nanocomposites. The glass transition temperature of nanocomposites also improved considerably after melt mixing and microwave irradiation (but only for polymer MG nanocomposite). However, at higher irradiation time (20 min), degradation of polymer nanocomposites occurred. State of creation of crosslink network after 10 min of irradiation and degradation after 20 min of irradiation of nanocomposites was confirmed from SEM studies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silver Nanoparticles on Zinc Oxide: An Approach to Plasmonic PV Solar Cell (2014)

Efficient light management in solar cells can be achieved by incorporating plasmonic nanoscatterers that support surface plasmons: excitations of conduction electrons at the interface/surface. As known, light trapping increases the amount of light absorbed by bouncing the light within the cell, giving it a chance to be absorbed thereby increasing the absorption and scattering cross-section. The challenge is to fabricate these plasmonic nanoparticles in cost-effective method as well as without hampering optical, electrical and topographical properties of underneath layers. Here in this report a simple two step method was adopted to fabricate silver nanoparticles on zinc oxide followed by topographic and elemental analysis thereof. Numerical calculation was carried out to elucidate optical scattering of silver nanoparticles of various sizes as well as that of dimer. Near-electric field distribution of single silver nanoparticles and dimer along with the individual component of electric field was simulated by finite different time domain analysis. Using the benefit of increased scattering cross-section and ease of such nanoparticles fabrication, a cell configure is proposed herewith.
Lignin Conversion Using Catalytic Ionic Liquids: Understanding the Role of Cations, Anions, and Hammett Acidity Functions (2019)

Because it is undisputable that lignin depolymerization is a must to make the biorefinery concept economically feasible, several efforts are put toward it; however, a lot of catalyst designing is required to achieve efficient depolymerization activities. In this work, we show a systematic approach in the synthesis and characterization of ionic liquids (ILs) with varying combinations of cations (imidazole, benzimidazole, phosphonium, and ammonium) and anions (HSO4, PTS (p-toluenesulfonate), Cl, H2PO4, SnCl3, FeCl4, and CuCl3) for the depolymerization of lignin into low-molecular weight aromatic fractions (<220 g/mol) under mild reaction conditions (120 °C, 1 h, ambient pressure). In a methodical approach, effects of various reaction parameters such as temperature (70–170 °C), time (15–360 min), pressure (N2, 0.5–3 MPa), solvents and substrate, and so forth were studied to achieve best activity. Among all the catalysts, IL with the imidazolium cation and HSO4 as the anion showed best activity (78% yield). Subsequent to depolymerization, three aromatic monomers (5 wt % pure vanillin) were isolated using flash column chromatography. These aromatic monomers were characterized using gas chromatography (GC), GC–mass spectrometry, and NMR techniques for their purity. Hammett acidity functions (H0) of ILs were measured using UV–vis photo-spectroscopy, and values are correlated with lignin depolymerization results. Lignin and tetrahydrofuran-soluble products were thoroughly characterized using assorted physicochemical techniques such as NMR (1H and 13C), gel permittivity chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, and so forth. The catalyst was recycled up to six runs and showed similar results in consecutive reactions.
Characteristics of Reflected Bulk Acoustic Waves in Rotated Y-Cut Quartz (1986)

An analysis of the reflection of hulk acoustic waves from the hottom surface in a 90-propagating rotated Y-cut quartz reflected bulk wave (KBW) device is presented. It is shown that the reflected waves from the bottom surface consist of a shear bulk acoustic wave and an inhomogeneous electric surface wave. It is demonstrated that the inhomogeneous electric surface wave radiates energy away from the region where the hulk wave is incident. This energy is then radiated into another set of shear hulk acoustic waves. As a result, the totally reflected beam is smeared and becomes wider than the receiving trans- ducer. The actual energy loss associated with the inhomogeneous elec- tric surface wave is calculated using power balance equations. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical device insertion loss is demonstrated. HE REFLECTION and refraction of elastic waves from a piezoelectric crystal-vacuum boundary is a problem of recurring interest. Very recently, there has been a renewed interest ( l)-(5) in utilizing reflected bulk acoustic waves (RBW) to transmit energy in quartz mi- crowave acoustic devices. RBW's are excited by an in- terdigital transducer (IDT), beamed into the substrate re- flected off the crystal's bottom surface. Since they are redirected to the upper surface they can be intercepted by an output IDT. In crystal orientations that support the sur- face skimming bulk wave (SSBW), RBW's are considered (5) to be a higher frequency extension of SSBW's. They are obtained by exciting the IDT at a frequency higher than that required for SSBW operation and therefore rep- resent a simple series of the complex plate mode spectrum (2). 131. Studies (l), 141, (5) show that RBW's offer the possibility of creating a new class of planar bulk wave devices which have some distinct advantages over SAW or SSBW devices, or both. These advantages include a higher frequency of operation, a broader bandwidth, and the capability of tailoring the device frequency-tempera- ture characteristics by changing transducer separation and crystal thickness.
Real time detection of cell cycle regulator cyclin A on living tumor cells with europium emission (2013)

Six water-soluble europium complexes (Eu-L1-P(n) and Eu-L2-P(n), n = 1, 2 and 3) with one antenna chromophore, two different linkers (L1 and L2) and three proposed cyclin A specific peptides (P1: -GAKRRLIF-NH2; P2: -GGAKRRLIF-NH2; P3: -Hex- GAKRRLIF-NH2) have been synthesized. With structural information available, comparisons of the cyclin grooves of cyclin A and the six europium complexes have been made, and insights have been gained into the determinants for peptide binding and the foundation of differential binding. Experiment-wise, the linear and two-photon induced photophysical properties of these conjugates were monitored in aqueous solution. Numerous in situ/in vitro biological assays have been carried out, such as responsive emission changes in situ/in vitro, Western blot and cellular uptake. As imaging agents, complexes with peptides P3: -Hex-GAKRRLIF-NH2 showed high selectivity to cyclin A in numerous cancer cells. When it comes to responsive optical signal changes, complex Eu-L2-P3 exhibited a threefold emission enhancement upon binding with cyclin A (100 nM cyclin A, ϕ = 8% to 21%, log KB = 5.83, detection limit = 5 nM), and this could be initiated by the shortened distance between the antenna and the lanthanide after they bind/get into cyclin A. It is promising that our compounds (especially compound Eu-L2-P3) could serve as the template for structure-guided efforts to develop potential imaging therapeutics on the basis of selective imaging of CDK2/cyclin A activity.
Purified Guar Galactomannan as an Improved Pharmaceutical Excipient (1998)

The purpose of this study was to assess certain pharmaceutical attributes of guar galactomannan, a hydrocolloid polysaccharide obtained from the endosperm of the leguminous plant Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (L.), following purification using both literature procedures and new processes. Experiments were performed to measure viscosity, hydration rate, tablet hardness, and dissolution profiles of guar galactomannan both before and after purification. The viscosity of an aqueous 1% purified galactomannan solution is typically 40-50% higher than its unpurified guar galactomannan precursor. The hydration rate of an aqueous 1% purified galactomannan solution increases by 100% after purification. These physicochemical changes resulted in improvements in pharmaceutical properties such as better stir speed independence in both tablet and capsule dissolution profiles and improved tablet hardness. For instance, time to 50% dissolution of ranitidine HCl from capsules containing unpurified guar gum was 0.4 and 1.8 hr at 20 and 40 rpm, respectively, using USP Apparatus II. Using the same amount of purified guar gum and the same conditions (20 and 40 rpm), these values were increased to 2.9 and 3.8 hr, respectively. These data demonstrate a reduced effect of changing agitation conditions and the need for less guar gum to sustain the release of a water-soluble drug. Tablet hardness of purified guar gum (particle size < 75 microns) was about 7 kP and the same unpurified guar gum of equal particle size and hydration gave a hardness of less than 1 kP.
Making one object look like another: controlling appearance using a projector-camera system (2004)

We present a method for controlling the appearance of an arbitrary 3D object using a projector and a camera. Our goal is to make one object look like another by projecting a carefully determined compensation image onto the object. The determination of the appropriate compensation image requires accounting for spatial variation in the object's reflectance, the effects of environmental lighting, and the spectral responses, spatially varying fall-offs, and non-linear responses in the projector-camera system. Addressing each of these effects, we present a compensation method which calls for the estimation of only a small number of parameters, as part of a novel off-line radiometric calibration. This calibration is accomplished by projecting and acquiring a minimal set of 6 images, irrespective of the object. Results of the calibration are then used on-line to compensate each input image prior to projection. Several experimental results are shown that demonstrate the ability of this method to control the appearance of everyday objects. Our method has direct applications in several areas including smart environments, product design and presentation, adaptive camouflages, interactive education and entertainment.
Data stream warehousing (2014)

Data stream warehousing is a data management technology designed to simultaneously handle big-data and fast-data. Conceptually, a data stream warehouse can be thought of as a data warehouse system that is updated in nearly-real time rather than during downtimes, or as a data stream management system that stores a very long history. In this tutorial, we 1) motivate the need for data stream warehouse systems using real-life examples drawn from our experiences in network and data center monitoring, 2) describe several possible system architectures for data stream warehousing, 3) discuss various issues in query languages, performance optimizations and data stream quality, and 4) conclude with a discussion of open problems.
Development of an improved XRD sample holder (1993)

A new and improved sample holder suited for small samples has been developed for X-ray diffractometry. This holder is made from a commercial semiconductor grade of silicon wafer grown and cut along the [100]-axis, i.e., Si(100). This new holder not only meets almost all basic requirements of an ideal holder, namely, flat and damage free surface, low background noise, few interference peaks, and desired shape with different cavity sizes, but also provides additional advantages for measuring crystallite sizes and mass absorption coefficients. Furthermore, this holder is easy to clean and has good appearance because of its polished surface. A U.S. patent has been issued and a commercialization effort is underway.
Protamine Nanocapsules for the Development of Thermostable Adjuvanted Nanovaccines (2018)

One of the main challenges in the development of vaccine has been to improve their stability at room temperature and eliminate the limitations associated with the cold chain storage. In this paper, we describe the development and optimization of thermostable nanocarriers consisting of an oily core with immunostimulating activity, containing squalene or α tocopherol surrounded by a protamine shell. The results showed that these nanocapsules can efficiently associate the recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (rHBsAg) without compromising its antigenicity. Furthermore, the freeze-dried protamine nanocapsules were able to preserve the integrity and bioactivity of the associated antigen upon storage for at least 12 months at room temperature. In vitro studies evidenced the high internalization of the nanocapsules by immunocompetent cells, followed by cytokine secretion and complement activation. In vivo studies showed the capacity of rHBsAg-loaded nanocapsules to elicit protective levels upon intramuscular or intranasal administration to mice. Overall, our data indicate that protamine nanocapsules are an innovative thermostable nanovaccine platform for improved antigen delivery.
Cyclophanes and Ladderanes: Molecular Targets for Supramolecular Chemists (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Conformation transitions of adsorbed proteins by interfacial forces at an air–liquid interface and their effect on the catalytic activity of proteins (2013)

An efficient method to monitor and control the secondary structures of globular proteins is developed by adsorption of proteins from a bulk solution onto an air–liquid interface. By controlling the concentration of a protein in the aqueous phase, as well as the attractive force exerted by the template layer, the adsorption of proteins can be classified into two stages according to the variation of surface pressure. In the first stage, the proteins adsorb as a single-molecular layer. The interface–molecule interactions induce a structural transition of the adsorbed proteins into a β-sheet conformation (α/β < 0.1). The second stage is initiated by further adsorption of proteins onto the interface, forming multilayer proteins, and triggering a conformational transition into α-helix (α/β > 10). The glucose sensing experiments demonstrate that GOx with α-helix conformation has a much higher sensitivity than β-sheet GOx, attributed to its lower charge transfer resistance at the GOx–electrolyte interface. The present study not only provides a new approach to monitor, control, and design protein conformations, but also raises the importance of adsorption states of proteins in performing bio-activities at bio-interfaces.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 2′(R)‐SUBSTITUTED NEPLANOCIN A′S (NUCLEOSIDES AND NUCLEOTIDES. XXXVII) (1981)

Abstract Das Antitumoraktivität aufweisende Neplanocin A (I) wird nach Einführung der Disiloxanschutzgruppe mit Trifluormethansulfonylchlorid/4‐Dimethylaminopyridin/Pyridin zum Sulfonat (IVa) und mit N,N′‐Thiocarbonyl‐diimidazol zum Thiocarbonyl‐imidazolyl‐Derivat (IVb) umgesetzt.
Continuous influenza virus production in a tubular bioreactor system provides stable titers and avoids the “von Magnus effect” (2019)

Continuous cell culture-based influenza vaccine production could significantly reduce footprint and manufacturing costs compared to current batch processing. However, yields of influenza virus in continuous mode can be affected by oscillations in virus titers caused by periodic accumulation of defective interfering particles. The generation of such particles has also been observed previously in cascades of continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) and is known as the "von Magnus effect". To improve virus yields and to avoid these oscillations, we have developed a novel continuous tubular bioreactor system for influenza A virus production. It was built using a 500 mL CSTR for cell growth linked to a 105 m long tubular plug-flow bioreactor (PFBR). Virus propagation took place only in the PFBR with a nominal residence time of 20 h and a production capacity of 0.2 mL/min. The bioreactor was first tested with suspension MDCK cells at different multiplicities of infection (MOI), and then with suspension avian AGE1.CR.pIX cells at a fixed nominal MOI of 0.02. Maximum hemagglutinin (HA) titers of 2.4 and 1.6 log10(HA units/100 μL) for suspension MDCK cells and AGE1.CR.pIX cells, respectively, were obtained. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that 100% infected cells with batch-like HA titers can be obtained at a MOI of at least 0.1. Stable HA and TCID50 titers over 18 days of production were confirmed using the AGE1.CR.pIX cell line, and PCR analysis demonstrated stable production of full-length genome. The contamination level of segments with deletions (potentially defective interfering particles), already present in the virus seed, was low and did not increase. Control experiments using batch and semi-continuous cultures confirmed these findings. A comparison showed that influenza virus production can be achieved with the tubular bioreactor system in about half the time with a space-time-yield up to two times higher than for typical batch cultures. In summary, a novel continuous tubular bioreactor system for cell culture-based influenza virus production was developed. One main advantage, an essentially single-passage amplification of viruses, should enable efficient production of vaccines as well as vectors for gene and cancer therapy.