gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Soins des patients atteints d’une mucoviscidose (2006)

La mucoviscidose, la maladie pédiatrique autosomique héréditaire la plus fréquente, n’atteint plus uniquement des enfants, car son traitement moderne a permis aux patients de vivre plus longtemps avec une meilleure qualité de vie. Voici plus de 16 ans, l’identification du gène responsable et de la mutation la plus fréquente, ΔF508, a suscité l’espoir général d’une guérison rapide de cette maladie. Ces découvertes ont motivé une forte intensification des recherches sur la physiopathologie, mais, à ce jour, les améliorations de la prise en charge clinique ont été totalement dues au développement des traitements traditionnels. L’amélioration de la situation des patients est liée à une meilleure supplémentation en enzymes pancréatiques et à un traitement nutritionnel plus intensif, en prêtant une attention particulière aux anomalies du métabolisme des lipides. Le traitement respiratoire a permis de mieux préserver la fonction respiratoire des patients adultes, grâce à l’accès à un ensemble d’antibiotiques efficaces et au développement de nouvelles strategies, à des mucolytiques ainsi que des incitations à l’activité physique dès le plus jeune âge en association à des modifications de la kinésithérapie et à l’amélioration des résultats de la transplantation pulmonaire en tant que traitement de dernier recours. Une atteinte hépatique est plus souvent reconnue et plus fréquemment traitée à long terme par l’acide ursodésoxycholique, bien que l’effet préventif de ce produit vis-à-vis de la progression de l’hépatopathie n’ait pas été totalement évalué. Le dépistage néonatal est de plus en plus fréquent, ce qui suscite de nouveaux problèmes à court terme, tels ceux de nature psychologique liés à la détection de porteurs ou de sujets atteints d’une forme très peu sévère, et tels que l’évaluation des résultats à long terme afin de démontrer que le statut clinique s’améliore et que la survie augmente encore. Les limitations de survie encore observées semblent principalement dues au mystère sous-tendant la colonisation chronique des voies aériennes par des micro-organismes.
“Natural” and “induced” regulatory T cells — purpose and problems associated with an emerging distinction (2005)

is grounded in a fundamental insightinto the nature of the vertebrate immune system that is about as old as the scienceof modern immunology: immune responses, which are characterized by dynamicalterations of the physiological steady state, have to be balanced, curtailed, regulat-ed or suppressed in order to preserve organismal homeostasis [1, 2]. This processinvolves an array of immune cell subtypes, effector molecules and tissue environ-ments that control in concert the extent of protective immune responses, autoim-munity and transplantation immunity. Thus, immune regulation is not merely theproperty of isolated and committed “regulatory cells” but an integral part of theactivity and functionality of the immune system. Nevertheless, the particularities ofdefined model systems have allowed the identification of several parameters that arepreferentially associated with ability of immune regulation. In light of these consid-erations, we prefer the notion that regulatory cells are best defined as cells capableof suppressing other immune responses
High Pressure and High Temperature Wells Cementation using Calcium Oxide Additives: Review (2021)

The challenges created by HPHT conditions make drilling and cementing difficult. The overwhelming challenge stands for materials used for wells operated at higher temperature and pressures in the face of producing downhole. There is need for better choice of cement for cementing operations during development and production of wells. The review method is adopted in this article considering Calcium Oxide which poses as good cement expander. In this paper, a broad overview of the fundamental understanding and use of calcium oxide as additive is considered for cementation of HPHT production wells will be discussed.
SALDI-MS Signal enhancement using oxidized graphitized carbon black nanoparticles (2009)

The signal intensity of low-molecular-weight compounds analyzed using surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SALDI-TOF-MS) was significantly enhanced when oxidized graphitized carbon black (GCB) particles were used as the desorption/ionization surface. The surface of oxidized GCB contains more carboxylic acid groups than non-oxidized GCB. Carboxylic acid groups enhance the efficiency of the ionization process and the desorption of more hydrophobic compounds. A common pharmaceutical compound, propranolol, was successfully extracted from Baltic Sea blue mussels and quantified using oxidized GCB as the SALDI surface, whereas deuterated propranolol was used as the internal standard. The calibration curve showed a wide linear dynamic range of response (0.1-20 microg/mL) and good reproducibility (RSD < 10%). It was not possible to detect propranolol in Baltic Sea blue mussels when non-oxidized GCB was used as the SALDI surface.
Lineage-Specific Differences between Human and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Regulation of gp120 Trimer Association and CD4 Binding (2012)

Metastable conformations of the gp120 and gp41 envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) must be maintained in the unliganded state of the envelope glycoprotein trimer. Binding of gp120 to the primary receptor, CD4, triggers the transition to an open conformation of the trimer, promoting interaction with the CCR5 chemokine receptor and ultimately leading to gp41-mediated virus-cell membrane fusion and entry. Topological layers in the gp120 inner domain contribute to gp120-trimer association in the unliganded state and to CD4 binding. Here we describe similarities and differences between HIV-1 and SIVmac gp120. In both viruses, the gp120 N/C termini and the inner domain β-sandwich and layer 2 support the noncovalent association of gp120 with the envelope glycoprotein trimer. Layer 1 of the SIVmac gp120 inner domain contributes more to trimer association than the corresponding region of HIV-1 gp120. On the other hand, layer 1 plays an important role in stabilizing the CD4-bound conformation of HIV-1 but not SIVmac gp120 and thus contributes to HIV-1 binding to CD4. In SIVmac, CD4 binding is instead enhanced by tryptophan 375, which fills the Phe 43 cavity of gp120. Activation of SIVmac by soluble CD4 is dependent on tryptophan 375 and on layer 1 residues that determine a tight association of gp120 with the trimer. Distinct biological requirements for CD4 usage have resulted in lineage-specific differences in the HIV-1 and SIV gp120 structures that modulate trimer association and CD4 binding.
CALM-AF10 is a common fusion transcript in T-ALL and is specific to the TCR   lineage (2003)

The t(10;11)(p13-14;q14-21) associated with CALM-AF10 is considered to be rare and associated with a variety of acute lymphoid and myeloid leukemias. Twelve (9%) of 131 unselected T-cell acute lymphoid leukemias (T-ALLs) expressed CALM-AF10 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or fluorescence in situ hybridization (or both), including 8% of children and 10% of adults, of whom only half demonstrated a t(10;11) by classical cytogenetics. CALM-AF10 was not found in T-cell-receptor alphabeta (TCRalphabeta) lineage T-ALLs, as defined by expression of TCRalphabeta, cytoplasmic TCRbeta, or TCRbetaVDJ rearrangement in immature cytoplasmic TCRbeta- cases, compared with 19% of TCRgammadelta T-ALLs and 33% of immature delta/gamma T-ALLs. The latter differed from their CALM-AF10- immature counterparts by a CD5+/CD2-phenotype, as found in TCRgammadelta but not TCRalphabeta T-ALLs and in their TCRgamma and TCRdelta configurations, altogether suggesting that CALM-AF10+ immature delta/gammaT-ALLs are TCRgammadelta precursors and that, within T-ALL, CALM-AF10 is specific for this lineage. Nine of 12 immature CALM-AF10 T-ALLs demonstrated 3' fusion transcripts, whereas 6 of 7 TCRgammadelta T-ALLs demonstrated 5' fusion transcripts. The latter retain the AF10 extended LAP/PHD domain necessary for homo-oligomerization. All 8 patients with CALM-AF10+TCRgammadelta T-ALLs are alive, compared with only 3 of 12 with immature CALM-AF10+ T-ALLs. Six CALM-AF10+ non-T acute leukemias all expressed CD7 and demonstrated T-restricted TCRdelta rearrangements, suggesting that they may also be related to the TCRgammadelta lineage. CALM-AF10 is therefore the most common fusion protein in T-ALL. It requires molecular and immunophenotypic characterization for appropriate prognostic evaluation and should be included in diagnostic screening panels of T-ALL and immature acute leukemias. Analysis of immature CALM-AF10+ leukemias will also facilitate analysis of the early stages of development of the TCRgammadelta lineage.
Morphing Wings Using Macro Fiber Composites (2014)

Macro Fiber Composites (MFC) are smart materials that have one or more properties that can be altered by an external stimulus such as magnetic and electric fields, temperature and pH, in order to meet specific requirements or conditions. Today, smart materials are used in a variety of applications in the aerospace industry, locomotives, and in the medical field to generate better performance for its devices. The objective of this paper is to describe an experiment on morphing a wing using MFCs. The materials needed to achieve this project are illustrated in the experimental setup of this paper. Additionally, the author expects to be able to morph the wing of the aircraft and compare its acquired data to that of a general aircraft to determine which one has the best performance.
Retargetable multi-level debugging in HW/SW codesign (2011)

Debugging is a standard part of an embedded system design process. The debugger is used for a target application debugging and for a testing of the designed system. The target application debugging can be performed either on a statement-accurate level (i.e. source-language level debugging) or on an instruction-accurate level (i.e. assembly-language level debugging). The architecture design debugging is done on a cycle-accurate level. Nowadays embedded systems are often parallel-based. Therefore, it is important to allow debugging of systems with more than one application-specific instruction set processors (ASIP). Since the current trend of ASIP design is focused on automatic tool-chain generation, the debugger must be retargetable to arbitrary architecture. In this paper, we present the concept of an automatically generated multi-level retargetable debugger. This debugger can operate on each of the previously mentioned levels and it allows debugging of multiprocessor systems. The experimental results can be found at the end of the paper.
Genetic Basis for Biosynthesis of the(α1→4)-Linked <i>N</i> -Acetyl- <scp>d</scp> -Glucosamine 1-Phosphate Capsuleof <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> SerogroupX (2003)

The genetic basis for biosynthesis of the (alpha1-->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate capsule of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup X was defined. The biosynthesis gene cassette was a approximately 4.2-kb region located between ctrA of the capsule transport operon and galE, which encodes the UDP-glucose-4-epimerase. This location was identical to the locations of the biosynthesis cassettes in other meningococcal serogroups. Three open reading frames unique to meningococcus serogroup X were identified. Deletion-insertion mutation and colony immunoblotting confirmed that these three genes were essential for serogroup X capsule expression, and the genes were designated xcbA, xcbB, and xcbC (serogroup X capsule biosynthesis). Reverse transcriptase PCR indicated that the xcbABC genes form an operon and are cotranscribed divergently from ctrA. XcbA exhibited 52% amino acid similarity to SacB, the putative capsule polymerase of meningococcus serogroup A, suggesting that it plays a role as the serogroup X capsule polymerase. An IS1016 element was found within the intergenic region separating ctrA and xcbA in multiple strains, and this element did not interfere with capsule expression.
Cytolytic T Lymphocytes (1983)

observations and their interpretation becomes blurred with time. A re-evaluation of the data on CTL may become important at a time when the emphasis of the questions asked about these cells changes. We think the discovery of T-cell growth factor and the design of methods that have allowed the maintenance of CTL clones in permanent culture have ushered in a period in which the established conceptual and experimental framework of cellular immunology is rapidly ceding to a much more cell­ biologically oriented approach to CTL. Therefore, in the second part, we identify some of the questions that arise from the work with CTL clones and that represent this new outlook. Our references are quite eclectic, and for some areas-e.g. lytic mecha­ nisms-we refer mainly to some of the comprehensive reviews that have appeared recently.
Carbon−Gold Bond Formation through [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Gold(I) Azides and Terminal Alkynes (2006)

Carbon−gold bond formation propels a growing number of homogeneous catalyses, but the C−Au bond formation itself is comparatively underinvestigated. Reported here are C−Au bond-forming reactions that result from [3 + 2] cycloaddition of (triphenylphosphine)gold(I) azide to terminal alkynes. The reaction proceeds with the preformed azide complex or, in situ, by reaction of the corresponding gold(I) alkynyl with trimethylsilyl azide in the presence of protic solvents. This metal-mediated cycloaddition is analogous to the Huisgen dipolar addition of azides and alkynes and provides access to new classes of gold-bearing compounds and materials.
Mitochondrial DNA replication during differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells (2007)

Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the intracellular process that generates the majority of the ATP of a cell through the electron-transfer chain, is highly dependent on proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). MtDNA replication is regulated by the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and the mitochondrial-specific DNA polymerase gamma, which consists of a catalytic (POLG) and an accessory (POLG2) subunit. Differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into specific cell types requires expansion of discrete populations of mitochondria and mtDNA replication to meet the specific metabolic requirements of the cell. We determined by real-time PCR that expression of pluripotent markers is reduced before the upregulation of Polg, Polg2 and Tfam in spontaneously differentiating R1 murine (m)ESCs, along with transient increases in mtDNA copy number. In D3 mESCs, the initial transient increase did not take place. However, precursors of neuronal and cardiomyocyte differentiation were positive for both POLG and TFAM. Similar-stage ESCs also showed active mtDNA replication, identified by 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine labelling, as mtDNA copy number increased. Retinoic-acid-induced differentiation resulted in more consistent patterns of replication and upregulation of Polg, Polg2 and Tfam, whereas siRNA knockdown demonstrated that steady-state expression of POLG is essential for maintaining pluripotency.
High-Speed MALDI-TOF Imaging Mass Spectrometry: Rapid Ion Image Acquisition and Considerations for Next Generation Instrumentation (2011)

A prototype matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer has been used for high-speed ion image acquisition. The instrument incorporates a Nd:YLF solid state laser capable of pulse repetition rates up to 5 kHz and continuous laser raster sampling for high-throughput data collection. Lipid ion images of a sagittal rat brain tissue section were collected in 10 min with an effective acquisition rate of roughly 30 pixels/s. These results represent more than a 10-fold increase in throughput compared with current commercially available instrumentation. Experiments aimed at improving conditions for continuous laser raster sampling for imaging are reported, highlighting proper laser repetition rates and stage velocities to avoid signal degradation from significant oversampling. As new high spatial resolution and large sample area applications present themselves, the development of high-speed microprobe MALDI imaging mass spectrometry is essential to meet the needs of those seeking new technologies for rapid molecular imaging.
Nutritional Supplementation and Anabolic Steroid Use in Adolescents (2008)

This study demonstrates that reliance on nutritional supplements increases as adolescents mature. The apparent willingness of adolescents to use a supplement that may harm their health or shorten their life highlights the need for greater involvement of teachers, coaches, and physicians to provide continued education on the risks and benefits associated with nutritional supplementation and AS use.
Staphylococcal Alpha-Toxin Is a Strong Inducer of Interleukin-17 in Humans (2011)

Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) are frequently colonized with Staphylococcus aureus, with one-third of isolates producing alpha-toxin. Moreover, S. aureus colonization is positively correlated with the severity of eczema. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) has gained attention in diseases associated with chronic skin infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sublytic alpha-toxin concentrations on IL-17A production. Sublytic alpha-toxin concentrations strongly induced IL-17A in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), isolated CD4(+) T cells, polarized Th17 cells, and Th17 clones from reactive atopy patch test lesions and blood from AD patients. Alpha-toxin induced IL-17A directly in T cells. The effect of alpha-toxin was further amplified by upregulation of IL-1 in monocytes. In conclusion, higher levels of IL-17A secretion induced by alpha-toxin in the skin partially explain how colonization with S. aureus can contribute to chronic skin inflammation.
Deletion of the copper transporter Ca<i>CCC2</i> reveals two distinct pathways for iron acquisition in <i>Candida albicans</i> (2002)

Efficient iron acquisition is an essential requirement for growth of pathogenic organisms in the iron-poor host environment. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, high-affinity iron import depends on the multicopper ferroxidase ScFet3. ScFet3 biogenesis in the trans-Golgi compartment requires a copper-transporting P-type ATPase, ScCcc2. Here, we describe the isolation by functional complementation of a Ccc2 homologue from the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. CaCcc2 is functionally distinct from a previously described C. albicans copper-transporting P-type ATPase, CaCrp1, which appears to be specifically involved in copper detoxification. Regulation of CaCCC2 and the phenotype of the homozygous CaCCC2 deletion indicate that it is required for high-affinity iron import, making it the bona fide CCC2 homologue of C. albicans. Remarkably, in a mouse model of systemic infection, the Caccc2Delta strain displayed robust proliferation and no significant reduction in pathogenicity, suggesting the existence of alternative mechanisms of iron uptake from host tissues. We identify haemin and haemoglobin as potential iron sources that can be used by C. albicans in a CaCcc2-independent manner.
Basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors regulate the neuroendocrine differentiation of fetal mouse pulmonary epithelium (2000)

To clarify the mechanisms that regulate neuroendocrine differentiation of fetal lung epithelia, we have studied the expression of the mammalian homologs of achaete-scute complex (Mash1) (Ascl1 - Mouse Genome Informatics); hairy and enhancer of split1 (Hes1); and the expression of Notch/Notch-ligand system in the fetal and adult mouse lungs, and in the lungs of Mash1- or Hes1-deficient mice. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that Mash1-positive cells seemed to belong to pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNEC) and their precursors. In mice deficient for Mash1, no PNEC were detected. Hes1-positive cells belong to non-neuroendocrine cells. In the mice deficient in Hes1, in which Mash1 mRNA was upregulated, PNEC appeared precociously, and the number of PNEC was markedly increased. NeuroD (Neurod1 - Mouse Genome Informatics) expression in the lung was detected in the adult, and was enhanced in the fetal lungs of Hes1-null mice. Expression of Notch1, Notch2, Notch3 and Notch4 mRNAs in the mouse lung increased with age, and Notch1 mRNA was expressed in a Hes1-dependent manner. Notch1, Notch2 and Notch3 were immunohistochemically detected in non-neuroendocrine cells. Moreover, analyses of the lungs from the gene-targeted mice suggested that expression of Delta-like 1 (Dll1 - Mouse Genome Informatics) mRNA depends on Mash1. Thus, the neuroendocrine differentiation depends on basic helix-loop-helix factors, and Notch/Notch-ligand pathways may be involved in determining the cell differentiation fate in fetal airway epithelium.
Current status and perspectives on vaccine development against dengue virus infection (2022)

Dengue virus (DENV) consists of four serotypes in the family Flaviviridae and is a causative agent of dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome. DENV is transmitted by mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus, and is mainly observed in areas where vector mosquitoes live. The number of dengue cases reported by the World Health Organization increased more than 8-fold over the last two decades from 505,430 in 2000 to over 2.4 million in 2010 to 5.2 million in 2019. Although vaccine is the most effective method against DENV, only one commercialized vaccine exists, and it cannot be administered to children under 9 years of age. Currently, many researchers are working to resolve the various problems hindering the development of effective dengue vaccines; understanding of the viral antigen configuration would provide insight into the development of effective vaccines against DENV infection. In this review, the current status and perspectives on effective vaccine development for DENV are examined. In addition, a plausible direction for effective vaccine development against DENV is suggested.
Using speech analysis in voice communication: A new approach to improve air traffic management security (2016)

This document describes the concept of an air traffic management security system and current validation activities. This system uses on one hand speech analysis techniques to verify the speaker authorization and measure the stress level within the air-ground voice communication between pilots and air traffic controllers; on the other hand it monitors the current air traffic situation. The purpose of this system is to close an existing security gap by using this multi-modal approach. First validation results are discussed at the end of this paper.
Review of Cathodic Arc Deposition for Preparing Droplet-Free Thin Films (2006)

Cathodic arc plasma is one of the potential ion plating PVD methods to prepare protective coatings on cutting tools, metal mold, etc. Especially, TiN, CrN, and TiAlN films are coated on industrial cutting tools using cathodic arc plasma. However, the cathode spot of the vacuum arc generates macrodroplets as co-products of cathodic arc plasma containing high energy ions. These macrodroplets may pose problems with smooth-surface films used for advanced high-precision applications. This paper reviews the techniques for reduction of macrodroplet generation and their removal of macrodroplets from the processing plasma. The reduction technique includes steered arc, pulsed arcs, etc. The removal technique includes shielded arcs and filtered arcs. Recent filtered arc deposition systems are referred