gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biphasic Modulation of Spinal Visceral Nociceptive Transmission From the Rostroventral Medial Medulla in the Rat (2002)

Descending inhibitory and facilitatory influences from the rostroventral medulla (RVM) on responses of lumbosacral spinal neurons to noxious colorectal distension (CRD, 80 mmHg, 20 s) were studied. At 25 sites in the RVM, electrical stimulation produced biphasic effects, facilitating responses of spinal neurons to CRD at lesser intensities of stimulation (5-25 microA) and inhibiting responses of the same neurons at greater intensities of stimulation (50-100 microA). At 38 other sites in the RVM, electrical stimulation produced only intensity-dependent inhibition of neuron responses to CRD. At another 13 sites in the RVM, electrical stimulation (5-100 microA) produced only facilitatory effects on responses to CRD. Descending modulatory effects were selective for distension-evoked activity; spontaneous activities of the same spinal neurons were not significantly affected by electrical stimulation that either facilitated or inhibited neuron responses to CRD. Neuron responses to graded CRD (20-100 mmHg) were positively accelerating functions that were shifted leftward or rightward, respectively, by lesser, facilitatory intensities or greater, inhibitory intensities of RVM stimulation. L-glutamate microinjection into the RVM replicated the effects of electrical stimulation, producing similar biphasic modulatory effects as produced by electrical stimulation. Microinjection of glutamate into the RVM at a low dose (5 nmoles) facilitated responses of spinal neurons to CRD and inhibited responses of the same neurons at a greater dose (50 nmoles). In some experiments, microinjection of lidocaine (0.5 microl of 4% solution) or the neurotoxin ibotenic acid (0.5 microl, 10 microg) into the RVM produced reversible or long-lasting, respectively, decreases in spontaneous activity and responses of spinal neurons to CRD. These results reveal that spinal visceral nociceptive transmission is subject to a tonic descending excitatory influence from the RVM and that descending modulatory effects from the RVM on visceral nociceptive transmission are qualitatively similar to modulation of cutaneous nociceptive transmission.
Catecholamines in myocardial ischemia. Systemic and cardiac release. (1990)

During myocardial ischemia, malignant arrhythmias and acceleration of cell damage may be induced by sympathetic overstimulation of the heart. This stimulation is due to excessive concentrations of catecholamines within the underperfused myocardium, in combination with enhanced myocyte sensitivity to adrenergic stimuli. Various mechanisms may account for local accumulation of catecholamines in the extracellular space of the ischemic but still viable myocardium. In early myocardial infarction, plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations are enhanced, reflecting increased activity of the whole sympathetic nervous system, rather than local activity in the heart. In uncomplicated infarction, these concentrations are only five times the normal levels at rest, and there are no convincing data that these mildly increased levels of plasma catecholamines directly induce a major deterioration of myocardial function during the ischemic process. Of more importance is the reflex increase in cardiac sympathetic nerve activity that is induced by pain, anxiety, and a fall in cardiac output or arterial blood pressure and that is accompanied by local exocytotic release of noradrenaline from sympathetic nerve endings of the heart. Excessive accumulation of the neurotransmitter, however, is prevented by at least three mechanisms: 1) Released noradrenaline is rapidly removed so long as neuronal catecholamine reuptake is functional. 2) Adenosine accumulating in the ischemic myocardium effectively suppresses exocytotic noradrenaline release by stimulating presynaptic A1-adenosine receptors. 3) Exocytotic catecholamine release ceases when the sympathetic neurons become depleted of adenosine triphosphate since this release mechanism requires high-energy phosphates. However, with progression of ischemia (i.e., greater than 10 minutes), the myocardium is no longer protected against excess adrenergic stimulation since local metabolic release mechanisms become increasingly important. This release, which is independent of both central sympathetic activation and extracellular calcium, occurs in two steps. First, catecholamines escape from their storage vesicles and accumulate in the cytoplasm of the neuron. In the second, rate-limiting step, noradrenaline is transported across the axolemma from the cytoplasm to the interstitial space via the neuronal uptake carrier in reverse of its normal transport direction. As a consequence of this nonexocytotic local metabolic release, extracellular noradrenaline reaches 100-1,000 times its normal plasma concentrations within 30 minutes of ischemia. Concentrations of this magnitude are capable of producing myocardial necrosis, even in the nonischemic heart, and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of ventricular fibrillation in early ischemia.
A review of recent developments in graphene-enabled membranes for water treatment (2016)

Graphene based materials, including graphene and derivatives such as graphene oxide, have considerable potential as key components in next-generation membrane technologies.
Simulation-based debugging of active databases (2002)

Active databases allow the rule-based specification of activities using languages like ADL (Activity Description Language) for the definition of complex, application specific events and reactions thereof. Although a number of such languages for active databases have been published, there is an obvious lack of suitable mechanisms to examine whether the described active behaviour designed for an application corresponds to the intended one. As a possible solution for this problem we suggest the concept of debugging active databases with simulated event schedules. In particular, we map the events of the activity description into different event schedules for an asynchronous simulator. We briefly introduce the AIDE architecture, the activity description language ADL and motivate the necessity of a simulation tool. Then we focus on the description of extended debugging with simulation especially on a mapping algorithm and a simulation execution mechanism supported by user interactions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Interactions between environmental variables determine immunity in the Indian meal moth <i>Plodia interpunctella</i> (2011)

1. Animals raised in good environmental conditions are expected to have more resources to invest in immunity than those raised in poor conditions. Variation in immune activity and parasite resistance in response to changes in environmental temperature, population density and food quality have been shown in many invertebrate species. 2. Almost all studies to date have examined the effects of individual variables in isolation. The aim of this study was to address whether environmental factors interact to produce synergistic effects on phenoloxidase (PO) activity and haemocyte count, both indicators of immune system activity. Temperature, food quality and density were varied in a fully factorial design for a total of eight treatment combinations. 3. Strong interactions between the three environmental variables led to the magnitude and in some cases the direction of the effect of most variables changing as the other environmental factors were altered. Overall, food quality had the most important and consistent influence, larvae raised on a good-quality diet having substantially higher PO activity in every case and substantially higher haemocyte counts in all treatments except unheated/low density. 4. When food quality was good, the larvae showed 'density-dependent prophylaxis': raising their investment in immunity when population density is high. When food quality was poor and the temperature low, however, those larvae raised at high densities invested less in immunity. 5. Increased temperature is often thought to lead to increased immune reactivity in ectotherms, but we found that the effect of temperature was strongly dependent on the values of other environmental variables. PO activity increased with temperature when larvae were raised on good food or when density was high, but when food was poor and density low, a higher temperature led to reduced PO activity. A higher temperature led to higher haemocyte counts when density was high and food quality was poor, but in all other cases, the effect of increased temperature was either close to zero or somewhat negative. 6. Although PO activity and haemocyte count were weakly correlated across the whole data set, there were a number of treatments where the two measures responded in different ways to environmental change. Overall, effect sizes for PO activity were substantially higher than those for haemocyte count, indicating that the different components of the immune system vary in their sensitivity to environmental change. 7. Predictions of the effect of environmental or population change on immunity and disease dynamics based on laboratory experiments that only investigate the effects of single variable are likely to be inaccurate or even entirely wrong.
How Long can we Store Blood Samples: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2017)

Specimens stored >12h. for CMP may generate unreliable results. For CBC, samples could reliably be stored for 24h. For longer storage, refrigeration (at 4°C) would be a better choice.
Temporal indexing of medical entity in Chinese clinical notes (2019)

Neural network methods perform much better than the traditional rule-based and SVM-based method, which can capture more semantic information from the context of medical entities and temporal expressions. Besides, all our methods perform much better for the accurate time indexing than the time interval indexing, so how to improve the performance for time interval indexing will be the main focus in our future work.
Employment (1985)

In this area, the overall fiscal policy stance is planned to remain restrictive. The case for maintaining such a stance remains essentially an act of faith rather than being based on any firm evidence of success to date, especially in terms of achieving a reduction in the level of unemployment. Without doubt the direct effects on employment of the government's plans will be negative; job losses from cuts in public-sector establishments are expected to be 70 000 and 76 000 in supplying industries. A major problem is that while expenditure cuts have an immediate and direct effect on the level of public-sector employment (as well as in those sectors supplying the public sector with goods and services), any stimulus to the private sector is at best likely to provide alternative employment only after a considerable lag. This problem is exacerbated since the present institutional framework cannot meet a significant transfer of demand from public to private sectors in areas such as education and health. A major section of the chapter is devoted to the various special employment and training measures (SEMs). While a strong case can be made for their expansion, there are numerous other expenditure programmes which also act in support of employment. Ideally these should be considered on a par with the SEMs.
Spectrophotometric Determination of pKa's of 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole and Oxime Derivatives in 95% Acetonitrile-Water (2011)

Summary: 1-hydroxybenzotriazole derivatives are used with carbodiimide as additives to generate active esters during peptide bond formation. They are also used as additives during the peptide bond formation. Dissociation constants of the 1-hdroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) and its derivatives, 1hydroxy-6-chlorobenzotriazole, 1-hydroxy-6-trifluoromethylbenzotriazole, 1-hydroxy-6-nitrobenzotriazole were determined spectrophotometrically in 95% acetonitrile-water. In addition, 7-aza-1hydroxybenzotriazole (7-HOAt) and 4-aza-1-hydroxybenzotriazole (4-HOAt) were also studied. Recently, oxyma was reported as a good replacement for the benzotriazole derivatives. As alcoholic components of active esters, the oximes seem to be good leaving groups. Therefore it was expected, that the strongly acidic and nucleophilic oximes, which possess electron-withdrawing groups in the molecule, are suitable as additives during the peptide bond formation. The dissociation constant of some oximes, such as diethyl 2-(hydroxyimino)malonate, ethyl 2-cyano-2-(hydroxyimino)acetate (oxyma), hydroxycarbonimidoyl dicyanide and N-hydroxypicolinimidoyl cyanide in 95% acetonitrile-water are reported.
Towards large scale technology impact analyses (2010)

Studies to understand the impact that demographic and socio-economic factors have in the use of cell phones have been traditionally carried out by social and technical researchers through the use of questionnaires and personal interviews. In recent years, and due to the pervasiveness of cell phones in emerging and developing economies, large datasets with millions of interactions are generated, anonymized and stored in real time by telecommunication and internet companies. However, these datasets do not typically contain any socio-economic information that characterizes the users. As a result, in order to understand the impact of socio-economic parameters on the use of mobile phones at larger scales, researchers have typically correlated the behavioral analyses drawn from the anonymous cell phone usage datasets to aggregated demographic or socio-economic parameters compiled by institutions like the National Statistical Institutes (NSI) or the World Bank (WB). In order to compute these correlations, the approximate residential location of the anonymized users is required. In general, carriers only have such information for users with a contract, which in emerging economies accounts for less than a 5%. In this paper, we propose a new technique to automatically predict the approximate residential location of anonymized cell phone users based on their calling behavior, assuming that we have a small set of users for whom their approximate residential location is known (the subscribers with a contract). Our results indicate that we can correctly predict the residential location of up to 70% of users with a coverage of 50%. By automatically associating cell phone users to geographical areas, we aim to provide a tool that facilitates the analysis -- at a national or global scale -- of the impact that socio-economic factors might have in the use of cell phones.
WP-1034, a Novel Jak-Stat Inhibitor, Has Proapoptotic and Antileukemic Activity in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Cell Lines and AML Patient Samples. (2004)

Abstract Proliferation and growth of AML cells result from stimulation by cytokines and high levels of cytokines are associated with poor prognosis in AML. Cytokines act through cellular receptors that are associated with members of the Jak family of protein tyrosine kinases. Upon phosphorylation and activation of Jak, proteins bound to Jak initiate signaling pathways including those regulated by Stat proteins. Since constitutive activation of Jak-Stat has been associated with leukemogenesis, we hypothesize that inhibition of Jak-Stat inhibits proliferation of AML cells. To do this, we studied the effects of WP-1034, a novel and potent inhibitor of Jak-Stat, in the OCIM2 AML cell line and fresh samples from AML patients. OCIM2 cells were deprived of serum for 2 hours and then incubated with 1 to 5 μM WP-1034 to investigate its effect on OCIM2 cell proliferation. After incubation of the cells without and with 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 μM WP-1034 for 1 hour, and at 5 μM for 0, 20 min, 40 min, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours, we determined expression of Stat 1, 3, and 5, as well as Phospho-stat 1, 3, and 5 in the cells by Western Immunoblotting. In addition, we analyzed cell cycle status by PI staining and flow cytometry. We further evaluated induction of apoptosis of OCIM2 cells following incubation with WP-1034 at 3, 5, and 6 μM using the annexin V-CY5 assay and analyzed caspase 3 and PARP cleavage using Western Immunoblotting. To demonstrate the effect of WP-1034 on marrow cells from AML patients and healthy volunteers we incubated marrow cells with WP-1034 at increasing concentrations and used the blast colony assay to measure inhibition of proliferation. Our results show that: i) WP-1034 effectively inhibits proliferation of OCIM2 cells and AML blast proliferation from patient samples; ii) WP-1034 blocks activation of Stat 3 and 5 by decreasing the amount of Phospho-stat 3 and 5 in OCIM2 cells; iii) WP-1034 causes cell cycle arrest in sub-G0 phase and is able to induce apoptosis in OCIM2 cells; and iv) WP-1034 induces apoptosis involving cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP. Our data suggest that WP-1034, a potent inhibitor of Jak-Stat, inhibits proliferation of AML cells by inhibition of Stat 3 and 5 and induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis.
Rapid Direct Susceptibility Testing from Positive Blood Cultures by the Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry-Based Direct-on-Target Microdroplet Growth Assay (2018)

The recently developed direct-on-target microdroplet growth assay (DOT-MGA) allows rapid universal antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Here, we investigated a direct application of this method on positive blood cultures (BCs) for the acceleration of sepsis diagnostics. Blood samples spiked with meropenem-nonsusceptible and meropenem-susceptible <i>Enterobacterales</i> isolates were inoculated into Bactec Plus Aerobic/F bottles and incubated in the Bactec automated system. Positive-BC broth was processed using four different methods, filtration/dilution, dilution, lysis/centrifugation, and differential centrifugation. For both dilution-based methods, AST was performed from 1:100, 1:1,000, and 1:10,000 dilutions of positive-BC broth in cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (CA-MHB). For both centrifugation-based methods, a 0.5 McFarland standard turbidity suspension was prepared from a bacterial pellet and adjusted to a final inoculum of 5 × 10<sup>5</sup> CFU/ml in CA-MHB. Six-microliter microdroplets with or without meropenem at the breakpoint concentration were spotted in triplicate onto a MALDI-TOF MS target, followed by incubation in a humidity chamber for 3 or 4 h and subsequent broth removal. Spectra were evaluated by MALDI Biotyper software. The test was considered valid if the growth control without antibiotic achieved an identification score of ≥1.7. For samples with meropenem, successful identification (score, ≥1.7) was interpreted as a nonsusceptible result, whereas failed identification (score, <1.7) defined susceptibility. The best test performance was achieved with the lysis/centrifugation method after a 4-h incubation. At this time point, 96.3% validity, 91.7% sensitivity, and 100% specificity were reached. This study demonstrated the feasibility and accuracy of a rapid DOT-MGA from positive BCs. Parallel to susceptibility determination, this method provides simultaneous species identification.
Fluorescent nanomaterial-derived white light-emitting diodes: what's going on (2014)

In this review, we highlight recent progress of fluorescent nanomaterial-derived white LEDs, including semiconductor nanocrystals or colloidal QD-based LEDs, carbon-based LEDs, silicon QD-based LEDs, and organic–inorganic fluorescent nanocomposite derived white LEDs.
Immunosuppressive strategies in lung transplantation (2020)

Lung transplantation is a viable option for those with end-stage lung disease which is evidenced by the continued increase in the number of lung transplantations worldwide. However, patients and clinicians are constantly faced with acute and chronic rejection, infectious complications, drug toxicities, and malignancies throughout the lifetime of the lung transplant recipient. Conventional maintenance immunosuppression therapy consisting of a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), anti-metabolite, and corticosteroids have become the standard regimen but newer agents and modalities continue to be developed. Here we will review induction agents, maintenance immunosuppressives, adjunctive therapies and other strategies to improve long-term outcomes.
The Level of Knowledge and Nurse Attitude in the Application of Five Moments Hand Hygiene in a Private Hospital in the Western part of Indonesia (2022)

<p class="paragraph">Hand hygiene is very important for health workers to reduce infection rates in health services area. Five Moments Hand Hygiene is one of strategy for health workers to keep safe from infections. Knowledge and attitudes by nurses about hand hygiene can influence nurse behavior and have an impact to improving patient health for reducing the spread of infection. To describe the level of knowledge and attitudes of nurses in applying the Five Moments Hand Hygiene in a Private Hospital in Wester part of Indonesia. This study used descriptive quantitative with the population are all nurses and the sample in this study were 46 nurses with total sampling technique. The instrument in the study used a questionnaire with level of knowledge and nurse attitude as variables. The data analysis technique is univariate. This study used ethical principles and has received ethical approval from The Research Committee Ethic Faculty of Nursing. The study shows that nurses had a good (80,43%) knowledge of Five Moments Hand Hygiene but had a sufficient (54,35%) attitude in applying the Five Moments Hand Hygiene. Conclusion of this study is that most nurses have good knowledge but have sufficient attitude in applying Five Moments Hand Hygiene. For further researchers, it is recommended to find the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of nurses in applying the Five Moments Hand Hygiene.</p>
BER performance of chirp QPSK in multipath channel (2011)

Chirp signal can be modulated to transmit digital data. We investigated quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation for chirp signals and analyzed the bit error rate (BER) performance in multipath fading channel. In receiver, synchronous demodulation is used to demodulate received chirp signal, and the output of multipath signal in matched filter has two factors to interfere with the decision vector of direct signal. When the initial frequency equals to the frequency deviation during a half symbol duration, and the chirp rate is negative slope, the output of multipath signal in matched filter has the same phase or the reverse phase as that of direct signal, the impact of multipath signal on BER performance of demodulation is alleviated. Finally, numerical simulation results show the effectiveness of the scheme for mitigating multipath interference.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Genes Related to Chilling Tolerance in Rice (1992)

Polyadenylated RNA was isolated and a cDNA library constructed from seedlings of a chilling-tolerant rice cultivar (Oryza sativa L. subsp. Japonica cv Nipponbare). Four clones were isolated by differential screening. Northern blot hybridization using RNAs from chilling-tolerant (Nipponbare) and -sensitive (IR36) cultivars revealed higher steady-state levels of transcripts for the four genes in Nipponbare than in IR36 maintained at the same low temperatures. The accumulation of transcripts homologous to selected cDNA sequences during chilling were tissue-specific. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of three clones, pBC121, pBC442, and pBC591, were determined, and no homology was identified by comparison with the latest version of EMBL and LASL gene data bases. The deduced protein sequences from the longest open reading frame of the clones pBC121 and pBC442 are rich in leucine and serine, whereas that of the clone pBC591 contains arginine-rich basic domains.