gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Erectile Dysfunction in Men With and Without Diabetes Mellitus: a Comparative Study (1996)

The aetiology of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes remains unclear and is likely to be multifactorial. To explore clinical factors of possible aetiological relevance, 59 men with diabetes and erectile dysfunction (ED), referred to a sexual problem clinic, were compared with an age-matched group of non-diabetic clinic attenders with ED. Sexual interest was both higher and correlated negatively with age in the diabetic groups. There were differences in the sexual problems experienced by partners in the two groups. Both groups had received nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) monitoring and the majority had received intracavernosal injections of PGE1 to assess capacity for erectile response. Twenty-nine percent of the diabetic men had satisfactory NPT, and most of these had other evidence of psychogenic causation. The men with diabetes were more likely to have a satisfactory response to intracavernosal injections of PGE1, and this was particularly the case among those with impaired NPTs. This difference requires explanation and may be of aetiological relevance.
Antiviral Properties of Prodelphinidin B-2 3′-<i>O</i>-Gallate from Green Tea Leaf (2002)

Prodelphinidin B-2 3-O-gallate, a proanthocyanidin gallate isolated from green tea leaf, was investigated for its anti-herpes simplex virus type 2 properties in vitro. Prodelphinidin B-2 3'-O-gallate exhibited antiviral activity with IC50 of 5.0 +/-1.0 microM and 1.6 +/-0.3 pM for XTT and plaque reduction (PRA) assays, respectively. Cytotoxicity assay had shown that prodelphinidin B-2 3'-O-gallate possessed cytotoxic effect toward Vero cell at concentration higher than its IC50. The 50% cytotoxic concentration for cell growth (CC50) was 33.3 +/- 3.7 microM. Thus, the selectivity index (SI) (ratio of IC50 to CC50) for XTT assay and PRA was 6.7 and 20.8, respectively. Prodelphinidin B-2 3'-O-gallate significantly reduced viral infectivity at concentrations 10 microM or more. Result of time-of-addition studies suggested that prodelphinidin B-2 3'-O-gallate affected the late stage of HSV-2 infection. In addition, it was also shown to inhibit the virus from attaching and penetrating into the cell. Thus, prodelphinidin B-2 3'-O-gallate was concluded to possess antiviral activity with mechanism of inhibiting viral attachment and penetration, and disturbing the late stage of viral infection.
ECHO: A Tool for Empirical Evaluation Cloud Chatbots (2020)

A chatbot is a software that interacts with humans by conducting conversations via textual or auditory methods. Chatbots have recently been used for plethora of applications including travel, medical, education, retail etc. Several cloud-based platforms (e.g. IBM, Amazon, Google, Microsoft) are available for developing and deploying chatbots. However, there is a lack of an evaluation methodology and a tool for evaluating chatbots comprehensively. Current approaches for comparing cloud-based chatbots are manual and rely on expert's judgement. In this short paper, we propose, devise, implement and demonstrate a tool namely ECHO for empirical evaluation of cloud-based chatbots. ECHO is capable of automatically evaluating multiple cloud-based chatbots and report the outcomes of the comparative evaluation. We validate the efficacy of ECHO by conducting comparative evaluation of 3 popular cloud-based chatbots in 2 different question-answering application scenarios with 3 levels of complexities.
Low-Load Prolonged Stretch vs. High-Load Brief Stretch in Treating Knee Contractures (1984)

This study was designed to compare the results of a traditional method of stretching knee flexion contractures by high-load brief stretch (HLBS) with the results of an experimental method of prolonged knee extension by skin traction, low-load prolonged stretch (LLPS). End range of passive knee extension was measured by standard goniometry. Subjects were 11 nonambulatory residents of a nursing home who had demonstrated gradually progressive bilateral knee contractures. Each subject served as his or her own control with one lower limb receiving LLPS and the other limb receiving HLBS and passive range of motion (PROM). Sequential medical trials were used as the clinical research design. Whether comparing the LLPS limb PROM measurements pretreatment and posttreatment (p less than or equal to .05) or the HLBS to the LLPS limb PROM recordings posttreatment (p less than or equal to .05), the results demonstrated a preference for LLPS in the treatment of knee contractures in the immobile nursing home resident.
Classification and cost estimation of WIP bubbles in a fab (2005)

The purpose of this article is to define and quantify the bubble phenomenon in a semiconductors fab. A "local bubble" is a relatively acute local and temporal WIP congestion. The local bubble is empirically identified and its impact on the local cycle time distribution is assessed. We then estimate its marginal impact on the overall line cycle time and cost. Finally, a novel visualization of the bubble progression is proposed
On the Challenges and Solutions for Migrating Legacy Distributed Applications into Cloud (2014)

As the adoption of cloud continues to grow, organizations are faced with the challenge of migrating legacy applications into the cloud, or at least evaluating whether a migration is worthwhile. The simple solution of a fresh application reinstallation in the cloud is often labor intensive and has a high risk of running into unknown problems. On the other hand, importing already-installed images requires intimate application knowledge to perform reconfiguration, e.g., pointing one component to the new IP address of another component. The purpose of the paper is to present the migration problem to the research community. We devise a methodology for defining the migration solution space, and propose two techniques, AppCloak and PseudoApp, that hopefully can help advance the state-of-the-art of migration.
Mechanisms of Immunological Tolerance (1989)

Article de synthese sur les mecanismes de la tolerance immune aux antigenes du soi. La deletion clonale des cellules T autoreactives necessite le thymus et resulte des interactions de forte avidite entre ces cellules T autoreactives et des composants hematopoietiques du thymus. Des resultats recents revelent que les cellules T qui ont echappe a la selection clonale ont un comportement complexe in vivo et in vitro, allant de l'anergie a l'autoimmunite; la comprehension de cette complexite necessite une meilleure connaissance de la nature moleculaire des antigenes du soi et de leur presentation dans les conditions physiologiques ou pathologiques
Planar configuration for image projection (2006)

A flat panel, compact virtual image projection display is presented. It is based on a light- guided optical configuration that includes three linear holographic gratings recorded on one planar transparent substrate so as to obtain a magnified virtual image for a small input display. The principles of the projection display, unique design, and procedures for experimentally recording an actual planar configuration are presented, along with evaluation results. The results reveal that a field of view of +/-8 degrees can be readily achieved at a distance of 36 cm, making such planar configurations attractive for head-up displays.
New Loan System Based on Smart Contract (2019)

The traditional lending system has problems such as the need to establish a trust foundation, the third-party trust media to participate in transactions, and the inevitable breach of contract behavior. The combination of smart contracts and blockchain technology has become a breakthrough point in solving the problem of lending systems. Taking the application of smart contract in the loan system as an example, this paper uses the blockchain as the storage characteristic of the distributed database, decentralizes and stably stores the smart contract on the blockchain for the purpose of directly controlling the transaction assets and their transfer. Through the rational design and application of intelligent contracts, the coded enforcement of the transaction process in the lending system is promoted, and the problems of insufficient supervision ability and low loan efficiency in the transaction process are improved. It also shows that there is a great space for innovation and practical prospects for the reasonable combination of smart contracts and blockchains.
A Pilot Plant Study Using a Contact Oxidation Filtration Separation Integrated Bioreactor to Treat Municipal Wastewater (2010)

The pilot plant study comprised the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) operational mode of a contact oxidation filtration separation integrated bioreactor (CFBR) for treating municipal wastewater. The CFBR was made up of an upper biofilm reactor and a lower gravitational filtration bed. Polyacrylonitrile balls (50mm diameter, 237 m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> specific surface, 90% porosity, and 50.2% packing rate) were filled into the upper biofilm reactor as biofilm attaching materials and anthracite coal (particle size 1-2 mm) was placed into the lower layer as filter media. Experimental results showed that the CFBR had a capability to accept Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and turbidity fluctuations in the receiving wastewater, and at the condition of aeration time 60 min, dissolved oxygen 2-3 mg/L, organic volumetric loading rates of upper packing 2.4 kg COD/ (m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ·d) and initial filtration velocity 5m/h, the average removal efficiencies of COD, ammonia nitrogen and turbidity reached 90.6%, 81.4% and 96.7% respectively, but the treatment process seemed not to be available in phosphorus removal. The average removal efficiency of total phosphorus was 60.1%.
Code Injection, Process Hollowing, and API Hooking (2020)

Malware can drop new files on the system, create new registry keys and values, initiate network connections, create new processes, insert new kernel modules, and so forth. Malware can also force/inject/insert itself into and modify existing running processes, including OS processes and the underlying kernel. But most of these techniques used by the malware for this are not the ones discovered or invented by malware attackers but are techniques used by many of the legitimate software, especially antimalware products.
Fibroblast anchorage to microtextured surfaces (1993)

The contact between tissue and the implanted biomaterial is influenced by the micromorphology of the implant surface as well as biomechanical reactions. This effect is mediated by subcellular morphological structures and can affect the anchorage of the material inside the body of the host. The aim of the present study was to ascertain by transmission electron microscopy how human gingival fibroblasts interact with surface events. A special replica technique was used to produce a line pattern of 1 micron pitch with a depth of 1 micron. It was demonstrated, by transmission electron microscopy, that cells seeded on this surface extended cellular processes into the grooves, leading to an intensive contact and probably to mechanical interlocking. The typical morphological structures at several points indicated the presence of focal adhesion sites.
Biopharmaceutical Characterization, Metabolism, and Brain Penetration of the Triple Reuptake Inhibitor Amitifadine (2013)

Amitifadine (EB-1010, formerly DOV 21,947) is a serotonin-preferring triple reuptake inhibitor that is a drug candidate for major depressive disorder. We investigated several relevant biopharmaceutic and drug-like characteristics of amitifadine using in vitro methodology and additionally determined the in vivo brain to plasma ratio of the drug in rats. Amitifadine was highly plasma protein bound with over 99% of drug bound to human plasma proteins. Using Caco-2 cell lines, amitifadine was bidirectionally highly permeable and showed no evidence of active secretion. Amitifadine was metabolized slowly by human hepatocytes and the major metabolite was the lactam EB-10101. In vitro studies using human liver microsomes demonstrated that EB-10101 was formed by monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and a NADPHdependent enzyme, possibly a cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform. Amitifadine was a moderate inhibitor of the human isoforms of the major drug metabolizing enzymes CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 (IC50 = 9 - 100 μM), but was a potent inhibitor of human CYP2B6 (IC50 = 1.8 μM). The brain to plasma ratio for amitifadine varied from 3.7 - 6.5 at various time points, indicating preferential partitioning into rat brain versus plasma. The low affinity for the major drug metabolizing CYP enzymes and metabolism by multiple pathways may reduce pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions and effects of enzyme polymorphisms. Overall, these studies suggest that amitifadine has drug-like characteristics favorable for drug development.
Identification of superconducting phases in the Ba-Ca-Cu-O system: an unstable phase with Tc≈126 K and its derivative with Tc≈90 K (1999)

Superconducting samples with to line T c values as high as 126 K were obtained in the Ba-Ca-Cu-O system by means of high-pressure synthesis. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern obtained for the as-synthesized 126 K phase was indexed with a tetragonal unit cell and lattice parameters, a=3.85 Å and c=28.3 Å. When exposed to air, the 126 K phase changes to another superconducting phase with T c ≈90 K. The crystal structure of the 90 K derivative phase was successfully studied by electron and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. The unit cell has body-centered symmetry, space group I4/mmm, a=3.8486 Å, c=33.979 Å. The metal composition in the 90 K phase was estimated by EDX to be Ba:Ca:Cu=2.0:2.1:3, and from TG-MS and IR spectroscopy analyses the presence of H 2 O molecules (and possibly also carbonate groups) was revealed. A layered-cuprate M-m223 structure was concluded for each of the two phases. For the 90 K phase, two types of structural models, assuming either H or (H,C) composition for the charge-reservoir constituent M, were derived and tested. However, refinement of the synchrotron diffraction data could not differentiate between the two models, both giving reasonable agreement with experimental data. For the 126 K phase, a 0223 structure is proposed, and the location of the oxygen atom in the (BaO) 2 double layer is discussed. Finally, it is believed that, upon the phase change, besides H 2 O (CO 2 ) molecules, additional protons from a redox reaction involving copper and/or peroxide-type oxygen are incorporated into the 126 K phase.
Fate of human keratinocytes during reepithelialization in an organotypic culture model. (1994)

This is the first report of an organotypic model for reepithelialization, and we demonstrate that migration, proliferation, and differentiation occur during this process. The proliferative response which follows initial cell migration at the wound margins suggests that these events are temporally coordinated as phenotypically different populations of cells are sequentially activated. By following the distribution of genetically marked cells in the wound, it is evident that at least two types of cells repopulate a wound-proliferative and migratory cells.
Generic Automated Finger Design (2016)

Finger design automation for grippers is one of the areas of highest interest for robot industries. The few studies that have been carried out in the finger design automation research area are limited to objects with specific geometrical properties (e.g. polyhedral). This paper introduces the Generic Automated Finger Design (GAFD) method that contains the essential key processes for automatic design of reliable fingers. The proposed method is implemented on two geometrically complex workpieces and appropriate fingers are designed. The results are discussed in detail and benchmarked against existing approaches.
Modeling of a low-intensity electro-optical semiconductor switching device due to intrinsic photoconductivity (1994)

An electro-optical device consisting of a stack of undoped alternating layers of narrow- and wide-gap materials (e.g., GaAs/AlGaAs) together with a series resistor under constant voltage bias is analyzed theoretically. The GaAs heterolayers with a width in the order of a carrier mean free-path are a photo-active region of this vertical device. The device operates only in the presence of a low-intensity light beam due to the intrinsic photoconductivity of the active region. The Franz–Keldysh effect, the strong accumulation of the photocarriers in the photo-active layers due to the charge separation in the presence of the static electric field, and the ballistic component of the total current are responsible for the unusually large electro-optical nonlinearity of the device. Kirchhoff’s law for the electrical circuit of the device provides a sensitive feedback between the voltage drop over the layer and the photocurrent. In a Fabry–Perot cavity a room temperature electro-optical bistabitity is obtained at light intensities less than 10 mW/cm2 with a switching time of about 100 ns.
Biogenesis of the Hydrogenosome in the Anaerobic Protist Trichomonas vaginalis (1993)

Trichomonas vaginalis is a primitive protist that lacks mitochondria and peroxisomes. This aerotolerant anaerobe does, however, contain a specialized organelle involved in carbohydrate metabolism called the hydrogenosome. Hydrogenosomes are the site of fermentative oxidation of pyruvate, coupled to ATP production via substrate level phosphorylation. The organelle is surrounded by 2 membranes and appears to contain no genetic material. Hydrogenosomes are proposed to have arisen either through the conversion of mitochondria or via endosymbiosis with an anaerobic bacterium. Our studies show that hydrogenosomal proteins are synthesized on free polyribosomes and are, thus, posttranslationally translocated into the organelle. The 2 hydrogenosomal proteins we have examined in detail, ferredoxin and the beta subunit of succinyl CoA synthetase, appear to be synthesized as larger precursors that contain an 8- or 9-amino acid amino-terminal extension, respectively. These apparent leader sequences are absent from the mature proteins found in hydrogenosomes. The biochemical properties of the amino-terminal extensions are similar to one another and to mitochondrial presequences. These observations are consistent with the hypotheses that the specificity of protein translocation into hydrogenosomes is conferred by a short amino-terminal signal sequence and that the mechanisms underlying translocation are similar to that of mitochondria. Using in vitro import assays, we have shown that this short leader sequence is absolutely required for association of hydrogenosomal proteins with the organelle and that this association is dependent on ATP, temperature, and the presence of intact organelles.
Neutrophil extracellular traps, B cells, and type I interferons contribute to immune dysregulation in hidradenitis suppurativa (2019)

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), also known as acne inversa, is an incapacitating skin disorder of unknown etiology manifested as abscess-like nodules and boils resulting in fistulas and tissue scarring as it progresses. Given that neutrophils are the predominant leukocyte infiltrate in HS lesions, the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the induction of local and systemic immune dysregulation in this disease was examined. Immunofluorescence microscopy was performed in HS lesions and detected the prominent presence of NETs. NET complexes correlated with disease severity, as measured by Hurley staging. Neutrophils from the peripheral blood of patients with HS peripheral also displayed enhanced spontaneous NET formation when compared to healthy control neutrophils. Sera from patients recognized antigens present in NETs and harbored increased antibodies reactive to citrullinated peptides. B cell dysregulation, as evidenced by elevated plasma cells and IgG, was observed in the circulation and skin from patients with HS. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) 1 to 4, enzymes involved in citrullination, were differentially expressed in HS skin, when compared to controls, in association with enhanced tissue citrullination. NETs in HS skin coexisted with plasmacytoid dendritic cells, in association with a type I interferon (IFN) gene signature. Enhanced NET formation and immune responses to neutrophil and NET-related antigens may promote immune dysregulation and contribute to inflammation. This, along with evidence of up-regulation of the type I IFN pathway in HS skin, suggests that the innate immune system may play important pathogenic roles in this disease.
Cholesterol Esterase: A Cholesterol Transfer Protein (1995)

Rat pancreatic cholesterol esterase was examined for its ability to effect sterol transfer between small unilamellar vesicle (SUV) preparations. Sterol exchange was determined using SUV composed of palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine/sterol (65:35) with or without 10 mol % phosphatidylserine or phosphatidic acid. This recently developed assay does not require separation of donor and acceptor vesicles (Butko et al., 1992). Cholesterol esterase stimulated cholesterol exchange when SUV contained phosphatidylserine and even more so in the presence of phosphatidic acid. Cholesterol esterase increased the initial rate of sterol transfer between phosphatidic acid-containing SUV by approximately 80%. The enzyme increased sterol exchange by significantly decreasing the half-times of sterol transfer and by significantly increasing the initial rates of sterol exchange. In the absence of negatively charged phospholipids, cholesterol esterase was ineffective at increasing sterol transfer. Monolayer studies showed that negatively charged phospholipids seem to play a key role in cholesterol esterase adsorption to lipid interfaces. Finally, a mutant cholesterol esterase lacking a histidine (435) residue essential for esterasic catalysis was found to be equally capable of increasing sterol transfer and binding to charged monolayers. In summary, cholesterol esterase enhances sterol transfer in SUV containing negatively charged phospholipids, independent of esterasic activity.
STATCOM control for power system voltage control applications (2000)

A static compensator (STATCOM) is a device that can provide reactive support to a bus. It consists of voltage sourced converters connected to an energy storage device on one side and to the power system on the other. In this paper the conventional method of PI control is compared and contrasted with various feedback control strategies. A linear optimal control based on LQR control is shown to be superior in terms of response profile and control effort required. These methodologies are applied to an example power system.
Tibial hemimelia: New classification and reconstructive options (2016)

Tibial hemimelia is a rare congenital lower limb deficiency presenting with a wide spectrum of associated congenital anomalies, deficiencies and duplications. Reconstructive options have been limited, and the gold standard for treatment has remained amputation with prosthetic fitting. There is now a better understanding of the genetics, etiology and pathoanatomy of tibial hemimelia. Armed with this knowledge, I present here a new classification to guide treatment and prognosis and then discuss new treatment strategies and techniques for limb reconstruction based on this new classification scheme.