gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Complex decorrelation averaging in optical coherence tomography: a way to reduce the effect of multiple scattering and improve image contrast (Conference Presentation) (2017)

The extensive development of frequency-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) for more than a decade has enabled A-scan rates in the MHz range. Furthermore, frequency-domain OCT gives access to the amplitude and phase of the OCT signal. These characteristics have opened the possibilities of doing different kinds of averaging in order to improve OCT imaging. It is well known that multiple scattering in OCT reduces image contrast and resolution especially at greater depths within the tissue. Here, we demonstrate that complex averaging can decrease the effect of multiple scattering and improve OCT imaging contrast, in addition to increasing the dynamic range due to reducing the noise floor as previously demonstrated. We take advantage of the fact that complex averaging, in contrast to conventional magnitude averaging, is sensitive to phase changes, as one averages the complex-valued Fourier-transformed spectral fringe signals before calculating the magnitude. Any motion that leads to higher phase variance will lead to lower magnitude when performing complex averaging. Also, motion preferentially increases the phase variance of multiply scattered photons when compared to singly scattered photons with each scattering event spreading the phase. This indicates that we may reduce multiple scattering by implementing complex averaging to preferentially reduce the magnitude of the multiply scattered light signal in OCT images. We have performed several experiments on liquid phantoms that give experimental evidence for this hypothesis.
GENETICS OF PRIONS (1997)

Prions are unprecedented infectious pathogens that cause a group of invariably fatal, neurodegenerative diseases by an entirely novel mechanism. Prion diseases may present as genetic, infectious, or sporadic disorders, all of which involve modification of the prion protein (PrP). The human prion disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) generally presents as a progressive dementia, whereas scrapie of sheep and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) are manifest as ataxic illnesses. Prions are devoid of nucleic acid and seem to be composed exclusively of a modified isoform of PrP designated PrPSc. The normal, cellular PrP designated PrPC is converted into PrPSc through a process whereby some of its alpha-helical structure is converted into beta-sheet. The species of a particular prion is encoded by the sequence of the chromosomal PrP gene of the mammals in which it last replicated. In contrast to pathogens with a nucleic acid genome, prions encipher strain-specific properties in the tertiary structure of PrPSc. Transgenetic studies argue that PrPSc acts as a template upon which PrPC is refolded into a nascent PrPSc molecule through a process facilitated by another protein.
Pinpointed control of muscles by using power-assisting device (2007)

The aim of this paper is to arbitrarily modify the load force of any selected muscle by using an exoskeleton, thus enabling "pinpointed" motion support, rehabilitation, and training. An advanced dynamic model, called a musculoskeletal-exoskeletal integrated human model, is developed. The driving-forces of the pneumatic actuators are designated by a muscle force control algorithm using the integrated model. A prototype power-assisting system is developed using pneumatic rubber actuators. The feasibility of the muscle force control is analyzed from a view point of nonlinear programming. The validity of the method is confirmed by measuring surface electromyographic signals of related muscles.
The Role of N-Glycosylation for Functional Expression of the Human Platelet-activating Factor Receptor (1995)

Streptococcus pneumoniae has been shown to utilize the platelet activating factor receptor for binding and invasion of host cells (Cundell, D. R., Gerard, N. P., Gerard, C., Idanpaan-Heikkila, I., and Tuomanen, E. I. (1995) Nature, in press). Because bacterial binding is in part carbohydrate dependent, and the human platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor bears a single N-linked glycosylation sequence in the second extracellular loop, we undertook studies to determine the role of this epitope in PAF receptor function. Binding of pneumococci to COS cells transfected with the human PAF receptor is greatly reduced for a receptor mutant that bears no N-linked glycosylation site. Immunohistochemical and binding analyses show decreased expression of the non-glycosylated molecule on the cell membrane relative to the wild type receptor; however, metabolic labeling and immunopurification indicate it is synthesized intracellularly at a level similar to the native molecule. A mutant receptor encoding a functional glycosylation site at the NH2 terminus is better expressed at the cell surface compared with the non-glycosylated form, indicating that trafficking to the cell surface is facilitated by glycosylation, but its location is relatively unimportant. The binding affinity for PAF is not significantly effected by the presence or location of the carbohydrate, and variations in cell surface expression have little influence on signal transduction, as the non-glycosylated PAF receptor is equally effective for activation of phospholipase C as the native molecule. These data are supportive of pneumococcal binding on protein moiety(ies) of the PAF receptor and indicate that N-glycosylation facilitates expression of the protein on the cell membrane.
Germanium‐Modified Cordierite Ceramics with Low Thermal Expansion (1986)

Magnesium cordierite ceramics modified by ionic substitution of Ge for Si were synthesized, fabricated, and characterized. The effect of the amount of ionic substitution on thermal expansion was investigated. Ionic substitution of ∼20% germanium for silicon reduces thermal expansion to zero at room temperature. A processing schedule to achieve nearly theoretical densities in germanium cordierite specimens was developed, and the microstructures of sintered samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Other thermal properties such as specific heat and thermal conductivity were also measured for the germanium‐modified cordierites.
In vivo EPR dosimetry to quantify exposures to clinically significant doses of ionising radiation (2006)

As a result of terrorism, accident or war, populations potentially can be exposed to doses of ionising radiation that could cause direct clinical effects within days or weeks. There is a critical need to determine the magnitude of the exposure to individuals so that those with significant risk can have appropriate procedures initiated immediately, while those without a significant probability of acute effects can be reassured and removed from the need for further consideration in the medical/emergency system. It is extremely unlikely that adequate dosemeters will be worn by the potential victims, and it also will be unlikely that prompt and accurate dose reconstruction at the level of individuals will be possible. Therefore, there is a critical need for a method to measure the dose from radiation-induced effects that occur within the individual. In vivo EPR measurements of radiation-induced changes in the enamel of teeth is a method, perhaps the only such method, which can differentiate among doses sufficiently to classify individuals into categories for treatment with sufficient accuracy to facilitate decisions on medical treatment. In its current state, the in vivo EPR dosemeter can provide estimates of absorbed dose of +/- 0.5 Gy in the range from 1 to >10 Gy. The lower limit and the precision are expected to improve, with improvements in the resonator and the algorithm for acquiring and calculating the dose. In its current state of development, the method is already sufficient for decision-making action for individuals with regard to acute effects from exposure to ionising radiation for most applications related to terrorism, accidents or nuclear warfare.
Channel-Wise Autoregressive Entropy Models for Learned Image Compression (2020)

In learning-based approaches to image compression, codecs are developed by optimizing a computational model to minimize a rate-distortion objective. Currently, the most effective learned image codecs take the form of an entropy-constrained autoencoder with an entropy model that uses both forward and backward adaptation. Forward adaptation makes use of side information and can be efficiently integrated into a deep neural network. In contrast, backward adaptation typically makes predictions based on the causal context of each symbol, which requires serial processing that prevents efficient GPU / TPU utilization. We introduce two enhancements, channel-conditioning and latent residual prediction, that lead to network architectures with better rate-distortion performance than existing context-adaptive models while minimizing serial processing. Empirically, we see an average rate savings of 6.7% on the Kodak image set and 11.4% on the Tecnick image set compared to a context-adaptive baseline model. At low bit rates, where the improvements are most effective, our model saves up to 18% over the baseline and outperforms hand-engineered codecs like BPG by up to 25%.
RabGEF1, a Negative Regulator of Ras Signalling, Mast Cell Activation and Skin Inflammation (2005)

Mast cell activation induced by the aggregation of FcepsilonRI with IgE and antigen is mediated through the activation of multiple protein kinase cascades. This process induces mast cells to undergo degranulation, to synthesize and release lipid mediators, and to secrete multiple cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. We found that RabGEF1 (Rabex-5) binds to Ras and negatively regulates Ras activation and downstream effector pathways during FcepsilonRI-dependent mouse mast cell activation. Mast cells derived from RabGEF1-deficient mice exhibit significantly enhanced levels of degranulation, release of lipid mediators and secretion of cytokines in response to FcepsilonRI aggregation. RabGEF1 knockout mice have increased perinatal mortality and the mice that do survive develop severe skin inflammation and increased numbers of mast cells in the dermis, some of which exhibit morphological evidence of degranulation. These mice also show elevated concentrations of serum histamine and IgE. Thus, RabGEF1 is a negative regulator of Ras signalling and FcepsilonRI-dependent mast cell activation in vitro, and a lack of RabGEF1 results in the development of elevated numbers of mast cells in the skin and severe skin inflammation in vivo.
Sr<sup>2+</sup>–SAPO-34 Prepared via Coupled Partial Detemplation and Solid State Ion Exchange: Effect on Textural Properties and Carbon Dioxide Adsorption (2011)

Sr2+–SAPO-34 materials were prepared via solid-state ion exchange (SSIE) to improve their CO2 adsorptive properties, particularly at low partial pressure, and study the effect of the ion exchange treatments on the structural and textural properties of the materials. In the past, these materials have been prepared with traditional liquid-state ion exchange (LSIE) methods yielding a strontium(II) content of about one cation per unit cell, well below the theoretical maximum and probably due to aqueous phase equilibrium constraints. Characterization of the SSIE materials included coupled thermal gravimetric analyses/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA/FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive analysis by X-rays (EDAX), surface area, and pure component CO2 equilibrium adsorption. Coupled TGA/FT-IR studies were used for the selection of the SSIE temperature for both NH4+–SAPO-34 and as-synthesized Na+–SAPO-34 starting materials. In general, the results indicated that temperatures well above the Tammann point are necessary to achieve acceptable strontium(II) loadings via SSIE while minimizing the loss of effective surface area due to pore clogging with unexchanged SrCl2. Furthermore, in situ partial detemplation (PD) of the as-synthesized material during SSIE avoided the formation of excess proton (acid) sites and allowed further loading of strontium(II) onto sites suitable for interaction with CO2. In order to increase the strontium(II) loading per unit cell, a combined PD/SSIE/LSIE strategy was used to remove some of the remaining tenacious sodium(I) cations remaining after SSIE. This approach resulted in materials with a loading of nearly two strontium cations per unit cell and, as a result, improved the overall CO2 adsorption performance of the materials in a remarkable fashion.
Quantifying Position Accuracy of Multimodal Data from Global Positioning System–Enabled Cell Phones (2007)

The emergence of cell phones with embedded Global Positioning System (GPS) chips provides opportunities to push personalized real-time travel information subject to an individual's current location. One such application, a travel assistant device, notifies cognitively disabled public transportation users when it is time to request a stop and exit the vehicle. GPS-enabled cell phones must provide highly accurate real-time location data for this type of service. The components used in the data-collection process are identified, and a quantitative analysis of real-time GPS data obtained with a cell phone while walking, driving a vehicle, and riding public transportation is provided. The expectation was that position accuracy would suffer when the GPS signal was obstructed by a vehicle or the user's clothing. The obtained data demonstrate the results of location fix attempts over different transportation modes in an urban environment. The highest percentage of GPS fixes (79.0%) was obtained by users walking with the cell phone open and unobstructed; walking also produced valid GPS data (i.e., location data estimated to be accurate within 30 m of the true position) 66.2% of the time. For bus trips, GPS and valid fix percentages were 71.7% and 66.1%, respectively, when the phone was held near the window; when the phone was placed in the traveler's lap, these numbers fell to 51.3% and 27.8%, respectively. Car trips provided higher numbers: 77.7% and 71.6%, respectively. Location-based transportation applications are feasible using current technology, but predictive algorithms may be required to deliver highly accurate and timely location-aware services to cell phone users in highly obstructed environments.
Coherence gated wavefront sensorless adaptive optics for two photon excited fluorescence retinal imaging(Conference Presentation) (2016)

We present a novel system for adaptive optics two photon imaging. We utilize the bandwidth of the femtosecond excitation beam to perform coherence gated imaging (OCT) of the sample. The location of the focus is directly observable in the cross sectional OCT images, and adjusted to the desired depth plane. Next, using real time volumetric OCT, we perform Wavefront Sensorless Adaptive Optics (WSAO) aberration correction using a multi-element adaptive lens capable of correcting up to 4th order Zernike polynomials. The aberration correction is performed based on an image quality metric, for example intensity. The optimization time is limited only by the OCT acquisition rate, and takes ~30s. Following aberration correction, two photon fluorescence images are acquired, and compared to results without adaptive optics correction. This technique is promising for multiphoton imaging in multi-layered, scattering samples such as eye and brain, in which traditional wavefront sensing and guide-star sensorless adaptive optics approaches may not be suitable.
Solid-Phase Methods for the Preparation of Epoxysuccinate-Based Inhibitors of Cysteine Proteases (2006)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReportNEXTSolid-Phase Methods for the Preparation of Epoxysuccinate-Based Inhibitors of Cysteine ProteasesAmir M. Sadaghiani, Steven H. L. Verhelst, and Matthew BogyoView Author Information Departments of Pathology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305 Cite this: J. Comb. Chem. 2006, 8, 6, 802–804Publication Date (Web):September 22, 2006Publication History Received21 July 2006Published online22 September 2006Published inissue 1 November 2006https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cc0601027https://doi.org/10.1021/cc0601027brief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 2006 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views341Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Amines,Inhibitors,Monomers,Organic polymers,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
A new type of double-focusing mass spectrometer. (1982)

A new type of double-focusing mass spectrometer (DF/MS) has been designed. The instrument is a reversed-geometry type DF/MS and makes use of toroidal electrodes and specifically shaped pole pieces of the magnet in order to improve the second-order aberration coefficients. The toroidal electrodes with a field index of 0.5 form the concave entrance and exit surfaces. The magnet supplies a homogeneous field and its pole pieces form concave entrance and oblique exit surfaces. The feature of the present ion optics system is in making the ion beam which emerges out of the ion source slit (Si) converge solidly onto the collector slit (Sc).The ion optics system has been designed by means of the newly developed computer program which takes into accunt the recent results of the theory on the ion beam. One can search for the resolutions by inputting the criterion values for the second-order aberration coefficients into the program.
Macromolecular Architectures Designed by Living Radical Polymerization with Organic Catalysts (2014)

Well-defined diblock and triblock copolymers, star polymers, and concentrated polymer brushes on solid surfaces were prepared using living radical polymerization with organic catalysts. Polymerizations of methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and selected functional methacrylates were performed with a monofunctional initiator, a difunctional initiator, a trifunctional initiator, and a surface-immobilized initiator.
Differential Privacy for Directional Data (2021)

Directional data is an important class of data where the magnitudes of the data points are negligible. It naturally occurs in many real-world scenarios: For instance, geographic locations (approximately) lie on a sphere, and periodic data such as time of day, or day of week can be interpreted as points on a circle. Massive amounts of directional data are collected by location-based service platforms such as Google Maps or Foursquare, who depend on mobility data from users' smartphones or wearable devices to enable their analytics and marketing businesses. However, such data is often highly privacy-sensitive and hence demands measures to protect the privacy of the individuals whose data is collected and processed. Starting with the von Mises-Fisher distribution, we therefore propose and analyze two novel privacy mechanisms for directional data by combining directional statistics with differential privacy, which presents the current state-of-the-art for quantifying and limiting information disclosure about individuals. As we will see, our specialized privacy mechanisms achieve a better privacy-utility trade-off than ex post adaptions of established mechanisms to directional data.
Experimental study of a novel adaptive controller for active vibration isolation (2004)

Adaptive control has drawn attention for active vibration isolation and vehicle suspensions because of its potential to perform in the presence of nonlinearities and unknown or time-varying parameters. Model-reference adaptive control has been used to force the plant to track the states or certain outputs of the ideal reference model. In this paper, we study the application of a new adaptive approach, "model-reaching" adaptive control, to achieve the ideal multi-DOF isolation effect of a skyhook target without using a model reference. We define a dynamic manifold in terms of the states of the plant, rather than the error of the plant tracking of the reference. Then we derive an adaptive control law based on Lyapunov analysis to make the isolation system reach the dynamic manifold while estimating the unknown parameters. Compared with the conventional model-reference adaptive algorithm for vibration isolation, the proposed adaptive control eliminates the need for measurement of base vibration and has the potential to guarantee the transient performance. The effects of geophone dynamics are also discussed. We carry out an experimental investigation based on a realistic plant with friction, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive control, and show that the target dynamics of the skyhook isolator are attained. The convergence of the parameter adaptation in the experiment is also examined.
Optical computing with thin films (1989)

An optical integration technique using thin film technology can be based on the topology of an interface with a diffusive Kerr‐like nonlinearity. Solid state multiplexing is implemented with thin film multilayer stacks resulting in polarizers and phase retarders matched to the interface. This effort is justified by the results of 2‐d simulations of the nonlinear interface carried out on the CRAY X‐MP/48 showing nearly whole‐beam switching with high contrast.
A methodology for design and documentation of persistent object bases of information systems (2002)

An object model and a methodology for designing a persistent object base with it are presented. The modeling constructs of the object model are object classes, class relationships, functions that relate objects (instances of classes), operations on classes and objects, and the dependency of operations. The methodology is iterative and assumes the existence of a set of predefined object classes. An information system is designed as having two object classes: user interface and persistent object base. Before the design process starts, all the operations on the user interface objects must have been defined. The goal of the design is to iteratively refine the persistent object base into a set of object classes so that it can support the operations defined in the user interface and be implemented using the predefined classes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
TRPV4 antagonists ameliorate ventriculomegaly in a rat model of hydrocephalus (2020)

Hydrocephalus is a serious condition that impacts patients of all ages. The standards of care are surgical options to divert, or inhibit production of, cerebrospinal fluid; to date, there are no effective pharmaceutical treatments, to our knowledge. The causes vary widely, but one commonality of this condition is aberrations in salt and fluid balance. We have used a genetic model of hydrocephalus to show that ventriculomegaly can be alleviated by inhibition of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4, a channel that is activated by changes in osmotic balance, temperature, pressure and inflammatory mediators. The TRPV4 antagonists do not appear to have adverse effects on the overall health of the WT or hydrocephalic animals.