gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Attenuating nicotine’s effects with high affinity human anti-nicotine monoclonal antibodies (2021)

Use of nicotine-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to sequester and reduce nicotine distribution to brain has been proposed as a therapeutic approach to treat nicotine addiction (the basis of tobacco use disorder). A series of monoclonal antibodies with high affinity for nicotine (nic•mAbs) was isolated from B-cells of vaccinated smokers. Genes encoding 32 unique nicotine binding antibodies were cloned, and the mAbs expressed and tested by surface plasmon resonance to determine their affinity for S-(-)-nicotine. The highest affinity nic•mAbs had binding affinity constants (KD) between 5 and 67 nM. The 4 highest affinity nic•mAbs were selected to undergo additional secondary screening for antigen-specificity, protein properties (including aggregation and stability), and functional in vivo studies to evaluate their capacity for reducing nicotine distribution to brain in rats. The 2 most potent nic•mAbs in single-dose nicotine pharmacokinetic experiments were further tested in a dose-response in vivo study. The most potent lead, ATI-1013, was selected as the lead candidate based on the results of these studies. Pretreatment with 40 and 80 mg/kg ATI-1013 reduced brain nicotine levels by 56 and 95%, respectively, in a repeated nicotine dosing experiment simulating very heavy smoking. Nicotine self-administration was also significantly reduced in rats treated with ATI-1013. A pilot rat 30-day repeat-dose toxicology study (4x200mg/kg ATI-1013) in the presence of nicotine indicated no drug-related safety concerns. These data provide evidence that ATI-1013 could be a potential therapy for the treatment of nicotine addiction.
SrI 2 scintillator for gamma ray spectroscopy (2009)

We are working to perfect the growth of divalent Eu-doped strontium iodide single crystals and to optimize the design of SrI<sub>2</sub>(Eu)-based gamma ray spectrometers. SrI<sub>2</sub>(Eu) offers a light yield in excess of 100,000 photons/MeV and light yield proportionality surpassing that of Ce-doped lanthanum bromide. Thermal and x-ray diffraction analyses of SrI<sub>2</sub> and EuI<sub>2</sub> indicate an excellent match in melting and crystallographic parameters, and very modest thermal expansion anisotropy. We have demonstrated energy resolution with SrI<sub>2</sub>(4-6%Eu) of 2.6% at 662 keV and 7.6% at 60 keV with small crystals, while the resolution degrades somewhat for larger sizes. Our experiments suggest that digital techniques may be useful in improving the energy resolution in large crystals impaired by light-trapping, in which scintillation light is re-absorbed and re-emitted in large and/or highly Eu<sup>2+</sup> -doped crystals. The light yield proportionality of SrI<sub>2</sub>(Eu) is found to be superior to that of other known scintillator materials, such as LaBr<sub>3</sub>(Ce) and NaI(Tl).
Creating orbiting vorticity vectors in magnetic particle suspensions through field symmetry transitions—a route to multi-axis mixing (2015)

It has recently been reported that two types of triaxial electric or magnetic fields can drive vorticity in dielectric or magnetic particle suspensions, respectively. The first type-symmetry-breaking rational fields-consists of three mutually orthogonal fields, two alternating and one dc, and the second type-rational triads-consists of three mutually orthogonal alternating fields. In each case it can be shown through experiment and theory that the fluid vorticity vector is parallel to one of the three field components. For any given set of field frequencies this axis is invariant, but the sign and magnitude of the vorticity (at constant field strength) can be controlled by the phase angles of the alternating components and, at least for some symmetry-breaking rational fields, the direction of the dc field. In short, the locus of possible vorticity vectors is a 1-d set that is symmetric about zero and is along a field direction. In this paper we show that continuous, 3-d control of the vorticity vector is possible by progressively transitioning the field symmetry by applying a dc bias along one of the principal axes. Such biased rational triads are a combination of symmetry-breaking rational fields and rational triads. A surprising aspect of these transitions is that the locus of possible vorticity vectors for any given field bias is extremely complex, encompassing all three spatial dimensions. As a result, the evolution of a vorticity vector as the dc bias is increased is complex, with large components occurring along unexpected directions. More remarkable are the elaborate vorticity vector orbits that occur when one or more of the field frequencies are detuned. These orbits provide the basis for highly effective mixing strategies wherein the vorticity axis periodically explores a range of orientations and magnitudes.
Wireless monitoring of the height of condensed water in steam pipes (2014)

A wireless health monitoring system has been developed for determining the height of water condensation in steam pipes. The data acquisition in this system is done remotely using a wireless network system. The developed system is designed to operate in the harsh manhole environment and the pipe temperature of over 200 °C. The test method is an ultrasonic pulse-echo and the hardware that includes a pulser, receiver, a data processor and wireless modem for communication. Data acquisition and signal processing software were developed to determine the water height using adaptive signal processing and data communication that can be controlled while the hardware is installed in a manhole. A statistical decision-making tool is being developed based on the field test data to determine the height of the condensed water height under high noise conditions and other environmental factors.
Dual hollow-core anti-resonant fibres (2016)

While hollow core-photonic crystal fibres are now a well-established fibre technology, the majority of work on these speciality fibres has been on designs with a single core for optical guidance. In this paper we present the first dual hollow-core anti-resonant fibres (DHC-ARFs). The fibres have high structural uniformity and low loss (minimum loss of 0.5 dB/m in the low loss guidance window) and demonstrate regimes of both inter-core coupling and zero coupling, dependent on the wavelength of operation, input polarisation, core separation and bend radius. In a DHC-ARF with a core separation of 4.3 μm, we find that with an optimised input polarisation up to 65% of the light guided in the launch core can be coupled into the second core, opening up applications in power delivery, gas sensing and quantum optics.
Reference sequence design for zero-tail DFT-spread-OFDM (2016)

Zero-tail Discrete Fourier Transform-spread OFDM (ZT DFT-s-OFDM) modulation replaces the Cyclic Prefix (CP) with a low power tail whose length can be dynamically configured to cope with the instantaneous delay spread of the channel. In this paper, we discuss the reference sequence design for ZT DFT-s-OFDM. Our proposed approach is based on a deliberate distortion of the known Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequences aiming at adapting them to the ZT DFT-s-OFDM waveform while preserving their attractive properties. A numerical analysis confirms the validity of our design in generating ZT DFT-s-OFDM reference sequences with zero autocorrelation, limited cross-correlation, flat frequency response and low Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR).
A Novel Implementation of Digital Phase Shifters (1975)

A novel technique is presented for implementing a variable digital phase shifter which is capable of realizing noninteger delays. The theory behind the technique is based on the idea of first interpolating the signal to a high sampling rate, then using an integer delay, and finally decimating the signal back to the original sampling rate. Efficient methods for performing these processes are discussed in this paper. In particular, it is shown that the digital phase shifter can be implemented by means of a simple convolution at the sampling rate of the original signal.
COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MODELING OF THREE-PHASE SLURRY-BUBBLE COLUMN REACTOR (1999)

Considerable progress has been achieved in understanding three-phase reactors from the point of view of kinetic theory. In a paper in press for publication in Chemical Engineering Science (Wu and Gidaspow, 1999) we have obtained a complete numerical solution of bubble column reactors. In view of the complexity of the simulation a better understanding of the processes using simplified analytical solutions is required. Such analytical solutions are presented in the attached paper, Large Scale Oscillations or Gravity Waves in Risers and Bubbling Beds. This paper presents analytical solutions for bubbling frequencies and standing wave flow patterns. The flow patterns in operating slurry bubble column reactors are not optimum. They involve upflow in the center and downflow at the walls. It may be possible to control flow patterns by proper redistribution of heat exchangers in slurry bubble column reactors. We also believe that the catalyst size in operating slurry bubble column reactors is not optimum. To obtain an optimum size we are following up on the observation of George Cody of Exxon who reported a maximum granular temperature (random particle kinetic energy) for a particle size of 90 microns. The attached paper, Turbulence of Particles in a CFB and Slurry Bubble Columns Using Kinetic Theory, supports George Cody's observations. However, our explanation for the existence of the maximum in granular temperature differs from that proposed by George Cody. Further computer simulations and experiments involving measurements of granular temperature are needed to obtain a sound theoretical explanation for the possible existence of an optimum catalyst size.
An Inverted-Microstrip Resonator for Human Head Proton MR Imaging at 7 Tesla (2005)

As an extension of the previously developed microstrip transmission line (MTL) RF coil design, a high-frequency RF volume coil using multiple inverted MTL (iMTL) resonators for human head imaging at high magnetic field strength of 7 tesla (T) is reported. Compared to conventional MTL resonators, iMTL resonators can operate at higher frequency with lower losses and, thus, are suitable for designs of high-frequency RF volume coils with large coil size for human MR imaging and spectroscopy at high fields. An approach using capacitive terminations was analyzed and applied to the design of the iMTL volume coil for improving RF field homogeneity and broadening frequency-tuning range. A performance-comparison study was conducted between the prototype iMTL volume coil and a custom-built TEM volume coil at 7 T. The iMTL volume coil presents a comparable SNR and intrinsic B1 homogeneity to the TEM volume coil. Phantom and the human head images acquired using the iMTL volume coil are also presented. The proposed iMTL volume coil provides an efficient and alternative solution to design high-frequency and large-size volume coils for human MR applications at very high fields.
Effective free space management for cut-based placement via analytical constraint generation (2003)

IP blocks and large macro cells are becoming more prevalent in the physical layout of a design, actually causing an increase in the available free space. We observe that top-down placement based on recursive bisection with multilevel partitioning performs poorly on these porous designs since it lacks a global view of the ideal placement. However, the strength of analytic placement methods lies in their ability to ascertain this global view. Consequently, we propose an enhancement to cut-based placement called analytic constraint generation (ACG). ACG utilizes an analytic engine to distribute available free space appropriately by determining balance constraints for each partitioning step. For one-dimensional placements, our experiments illustrate the large gap between analytic engines, traditional cut-based placement, and ACG as a design becomes increasingly sparse. We also show that for real industry designs, ACG significantly improves the performance of cut-based placement, particularly timing perspective, as implemented within a state-of-the-art industrial placer.
<i>In vitro</i>screening for the tumoricidal properties of international medicinal herbs (2008)

There is growing use of anticancer complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) worldwide. The purpose of the current study is to assess a sizeable variety of natural and plant sources of diverse origin, to ascertain prospective research directives for cancer treatment and potential new chemotherapy drug sources. In this study, 374 natural extracts (10 microg/mL-5 mg/mL) were evaluated for dose-dependent tumoricidal effects using immortal neuroblastoma of spontaneous malignant origin. The findings indicate no pattern of tumoricidal effects by diverse plants with similar families/genus under the classes Pinopsida, Equisetopsida, Lycopodiosida, Filicosida, Liliopsida Monocotyledons or Magnoliopsida Dicotyledons. The results indicate that many of the most commonly used CAMs exhibited relatively weak tumoricidal effects including cats claw, astragalus, ginseng, echinacea, mistletoe, milk thistle, slippery elm, cayenne, chamomile, don quai, meadowsweet, motherwort and shepherd's purse. The data demonstrate that the most potent plant extracts were randomly dispersed within the plantae kingdom (LC(50) = 31-490 microg/mL) in order of the lowest LC(50) Dioscorea villosa (Dioscoreaceae) > Sanguinaria canadensis (Papaveraceae) > Dipsacus asper (Dipsacaceae) > Populus balsamifera (Salicaceae) > Boswellia carteri (Burseraceae) > Cyamopsis psoralioides (Fabaceae) > Rhamnus cathartica (Rhamnaceae) > Larrea tridentate (Zygophyllaceae) > Dichroa febrifuga (Hydrangeaceae) > Batschia canescens (Boraginaceae) > Kochia scoparia (Chenopodiaceae) > Solanum xanthocarpum (Solanaceae) > Opoponax chironium (Umbelliferae) > Caulophyllum thalictroides (Berberidaceae) > Dryopteris crassirhizoma (Dryopteridaceae) > Garcinia cambogia (Clusiaceae) > Vitex agnus-castus (Verbenaceae) > Calamus draco (Arecaceae). These findings show tumoricidal effect by extracts of wild yam root, bloodroot, teasel root, bakuchi seed, dichroa root, kanta kari, garcinia fruit, mace, dragons blood and the biblically referenced herbs: balm of gilead bud, frankincense and myrrh gum.
Effect of inflammatory cytokines on hypoxia-induced erythropoietin production (1992)

The effects of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-1 beta, IL-6, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on erythropoietin (Epo) production in Hep3B cells were examined. The addition of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, or TNF-alpha resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of hypoxia-induced Epo production by as much as 89%. IL-1 beta was the most effective cytokine tested, demonstrating half-maximal inhibition at 0.4 U/mL compared with 1.0 and 10.0 U/mL for IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha, respectively. TGF-beta also inhibited hypoxia-induced Epo production, but only by as much as 56%. In contrast to IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta, the addition of IL-6 to hypoxic Hep3B cells resulted in a dose-dependent stimulation of hypoxia-induced Epo production by as much as 81%. However, IL-6 did not stimulate Epo synthesis in the absence of hypoxia, and was thus synergistic with hypoxia in inducing Epo production. Combinations of IL-1 alpha, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 were found to be additive in their effects on hypoxia-induced Epo production. By Northern blot analysis, Epo messenger RNA levels in Hep3B cells grown in 1% O2 were decreased when concurrently exposed to either IL-1 alpha or TNF-alpha. The effects that IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 have on hypoxia-induced Epo production may provide new insights into the signal transduction pathway by which hypoxia leads to changes in gene expression. In addition, the effects of these inflammatory cytokines on hypoxia-induced Epo production in vitro suggest that in various inflammatory disorders these cytokines may affect Epo production in vivo and may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic disease.
Antiwear Additive Derived from Soybean Oil and Boron Utilized in a Gear Oil Formulation (2012)

The synthesis of lubricant additives based on boron and epoxidized soybean oil are presented. These additives are made from a simple patent pending method involving a ring-opening reaction of the epoxidized oil. A couple of these borates were tested in soybean oil, polyalpha olefin basestock, group III basestock, and hexadecane. An aromatic additive was able to increase the oxidation onset of the basestocks by 14, 52, 48, and 49 °C, respectively, when used at 2% wt. The other additive was shown to reduce the wear scar diameter in a friction test when used in soybean oil basestock, from 0.61 mm down to 0.41 mm. These additives were also tested in a gear oil blend, and shown to reduce both wear and oxidation. They were also compatible with a popular additive, additive zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate.
Lithium Ion-selective Electrodes Based on 1,10-Phenanthroline Derivatives (1987)

Abstract Polyvinyl chloride membrane electrodes based on 2,9-dialkyl-1,10-phenanthrolines exhibit excellent selectivity for Li+ relative to Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+.
In-droplet microparticle washing and enrichment using surface acoustic wave-driven acoustic radiation force (2018)

Washing and enrichment of particles and cells are crucial sample preparation procedures in biomedical and biochemical assays. On-chip in-droplet microparticle washing and enrichment have been pursued but remained problematic due to technical difficulties, especially simultaneous and precise control over the droplet interface and in-droplet samples. Here, we have achieved a breakthrough in label-free, continuous, on-demand, in-droplet microparticle washing and enrichment using surface acoustic waves. When exposed to the acoustic field, the droplet and suspended particles experience acoustic radiation force arising from inhomogeneous wave scattering at the liquid/liquid and liquid/solid interfaces. Based on these acoustophoretic phenomena, we have demonstrated in-droplet microparticle washing and enrichment in an acoustofluidic device. We expect that the proposed acoustic method will offer new perspectives to sample washing and enrichment by performing the operation in microscale droplets.
Establishment and characterization of a primary effusion (body cavity- based) lymphoma cell line (BC-3) harboring kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) in the absence of Epstein-Barr virus (1996)

The recently identified Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), has been found to be consistently associated with an unusual subset of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphomas, the so-called body cavity-based lymphomas (BCBL) or primary effusion lymphomas (PEL). These lymphomas are characterized by a unique spectrum of morphologic and molecular characteristics, and grow as lymphomatous effusions without an identifiable contiguous tumor mass. Until now, efforts to delineate the role of KSHV in the pathogenesis of PELs have been hampered by the lack of appropriate model systems and the concomitant presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in nearly all cases examined, and in all previously established cell lines. We now report the establishment and characterization of a novel PEL cell line, BC-3, which is KSHV+ by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) but EBV- as assessed by a variety of methods including PCR for EBER, EBNA-2, and EBNA-3C. This cell line was established from a lymphomatous effusion obtained from an HIV- patient, and has immunophenotypic and molecular features consistent with the diagnosis of PEL, including an indeterminate immunophenotype with a B-cell immunogenotype and lack of c-myc proto-oncogene rearrangements. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis shows an intact KSHV genome of about 170 kb both in the cell line and in the viral isolate, whereas herpesvirus-like capsids are visible by electron microscopy. Consequently, the BC-3 cell line represents an invaluable tool as a source of KSHV, for both the evaluation of the pathogenic potential of this virus and the mechanistic characterization of its role in the development of Kaposi's sarcoma and malignant lymphoma.
Analysis of Candidate Genes for Prostate Cancer (2004)

Considerable evidence demonstrates that genetic factors are important in the development and aggressiveness of prostate cancer. To identify genetic variants that predispose to prostate cancer we tested candidate SNPs from genomic regions that show linkage to prostate cancer susceptibility and/or aggressiveness, as well as genes that show a significant difference in mRNA expression level between tumor and normal tissue. Cases had histologically verified prostate cancer. Controls were at least 65 years old, never registered a PSA above 2.5 ng/ml, always had digital rectal examinations that were not suspicious for cancer, and have no known family history of prostate cancer. Thirty-nine coding SNPs and nine non-coding SNPs were tested in up to 590 cases and 556 controls resulting in over 40,000 SNP genotypes. Significant differences in allele frequencies between cases and controls were observed for <i>ID3</i> (inhibitor of DNA binding), p = 0.05, <i>HPN</i> (hepsin), p = 0.009, <i>BCAS1</i> (breast carcinoma amplified sequence 1), p = 0.007, CAV2 (caveolin 2), p = 0.007, <i>EMP3</i> (epithelial membrane protein 3), p < 0.0001, and <i>MLH1</i> (mutL homolog 1), p < 0.0001. SNPs in three of these genes <i>(BCAS1, EMP3</i> and <i>MLH1)</i> remained significant in an age-matched subsample.
A Comparative In Vivo Study of Albumin‐Coated Paclitaxel Nanocrystals and Abraxane (2018)

Nanoparticulate drug carriers exploit the enhanced permeability of tumor vasculature to achieve selective delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. For this purpose, nanoparticles (NPs) need to circulate with a long half-life, enter tumors via the permeable vasculature and stay in tumors via favorable interactions with tumor cells. To fulfill these requirements, albumin-coated nanocrystal formulation of paclitaxel (PTX), Cim-F-alb, featuring high drug loading content, physical stability in serum, and surface-bound albumin in its native conformation is prepared. The pharmacokinetic and biodistribution (PK/BD) profiles of Cim-F-alb in a mouse model of B16F10 melanoma show that Cim-F-alb exhibits a longer plasma half-life and a greater PTX deposition in tumors than Abraxane by ≈1.5 and ≈4.6 fold, respectively. Biolayer interferometry analysis indicates that Cim-F-alb has less interaction with serum proteins than nanocrystals lacking albumin coating, indicating the protective effect of the surface-bound albumin against opsonization in the initial deposition phase. With the advantageous PK/BD profiles, Cim-F-alb shows greater and longer-lasting anticancer efficacy than Abraxane at the equivalent dose. This study demonstrates the significance of controlling circulation stability and surface property of NPs in efficient drug delivery to tumors and enhanced anticancer efficacy.