gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Technique for background elimination in infrared measurements (1975)

A technique has been devised for electronically eliminating background signals in chopped infrared measuring systems by subtracting a reference signal of proper frequency, phase, and amplitude from the background signal. Subsequently acquired point-source or distant-small-source signals are converted to dc voltage levels which are directly related to incident flux. The system, based on operational amplifier principles, permits measurements of weak radiant emissions in the far ir under signal-to-noise conditions beyond the capabilities of previous field portable instruments.
Advances and Challenges in Flip-Chip Packaging (2006)

The role of semiconductor packaging has evolved from space transformation and environmental protection, to becoming an important enabler for silicon and system performance. This paper examines some of the advances in flip-chip packaging as an enabler of power delivery and power removal using a microprocessor as an example. In addition, the role of the package as an enabler of system I/O performance and silicon back-end reliability will be examined
Small Intestinal Submucosa: A Tissue-Derived Extracellular Matrix That Promotes Tissue-Specific Growth and Differentiation of Cells <i>in Vitro</i> (1998)

The importance of understanding cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction is now evident as scientists, engineers, and physicians search for novel scaffolds that support and maintain tissue-specific cellular growth and function both in vivo and in vitro. Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) represents an ECM that has been derived from porcine intestine while preserving its natural composition and architecture. More recently, an extract of this physiologic ECM, which forms a three-dimensional gel in vitro, has been developed. When compared to routinely used culture substrata (e.g., plastic, Vitrogen, and Matrigel), intact SIS and SIS-derived gel possess unique compositional and architectural features. Simple squamous epithelial (pulmonary artery), fibroblastic (Swiss 3T3), glandular epithelial (adenocarcinoma), and smooth muscle-like (urinary bladder) cells were seeded upon intact SIS and SIS-derived gel and their morphologic response evaluated. For each of the four cell types studied, intact SIS and SIS-derived gel were equivalent or superior in their ability to support and maintain expression of tissue-specific phenotype when compared to the routinely used substrata, plastic, Vitrogen, and Matrigel. Therefore, SIS may provide a novel biologically derived scaffold for the growth and study of a variety of cell types in vitro. Such information regarding the influence of substrate structure and function on cell behavior will be useful in the development of successful tissue engineering strategies.
Quantitative measurement of the "feel" of fabric (1977)

Device handle of fabric is a property related to flexibility, pliability, or compressibility. Technique requires extraction of flat circular sample of fabric through convergent nozzle.
Three-Dimensional Structure of Escherichia coli Dihydrodipicolinate Reductase (1995)

Dihydrodipicolinate reductase is an enzyme found in bacteria and higher plants involved in the biosynthesis of diaminopimelic acid and lysine. Because these pathways are unique to bacteria and plants, they may represent attractive targets for new antimicrobial or herbicidal compounds. The three-dimensional structure of Escherichia coli dihydrodipicolinate reductase, complexed with NADPH, has been determined and refined to a crystallographic R-factor of 18.6% with diffraction data to 2.2 A resolution. The refined model contains the complete protein chain, the cofactor NADPH, and 55 water molecules. The enzyme is composed of two domains. The dinucleotide binding domain has a central seven-stranded parallel beta-sheet surrounded by four alpha-helices, with the cofactor binding site located at the carboxy-terminal edge of the sheet. The second domain contains four beta-strands and two alpha-helices that form an open mixed beta-sandwich. A possible binding site for dihydrodipicolinate has been identified in this second domain, about 12 A away from the dinucleotide binding site. This would imply that the protein must undergo some conformational change in order to perform catalysis. In the crystal, the native enzyme is a homotetramer generated by a 222 crystallographic axis. Implications of the tetrameric structure for the enzyme function are presented. Dihydrodipicolinate reductase uses both NADH and NADPH as cofactors, and analysis of its cofactor binding site allows for a molecular understanding of the enzyme's dual specificity.
Electrical and Optical Tunability in All-Inorganic Halide Perovskite Alloy Nanowires (2018)

Alloying different semiconductors is a powerful approach to tuning the optical and electronic properties of semiconductor materials. In halide perovskites (ABX<sub>3</sub>), alloys with different anions have been widely studied, and great band gap tunability in the visible range has been achieved. However, perovskite alloys with different cations at the "B" site are less understood due to the synthetic challenges. Herein, we first have developed the synthesis of single-crystalline CsPb <sub>x</sub>Sn<sub>1- x</sub>I<sub>3</sub> nanowires (NWs). The electronic band gaps of CsPb <sub>x</sub>Sn<sub>1- x</sub>I<sub>3</sub> NWs can be tuned from 1.3 to 1.78 eV by varying the Pb/Sn ratio, which leads to the tunable photoluminescence (PL) in the near-infrared range. More importantly, we found that the electrical conductivity increases as more Sn<sup>2+</sup> is alloyed with Pb<sup>2+</sup>, possibly due to the increase of charge carrier concentration when more Sn<sup>2+</sup> is introduced. The wide tunability of the optical and electronic properties makes CsPb <sub>x</sub>Sn<sub>1- x</sub>I<sub>3</sub> alloy NWs promising candidates for future optoelectronic device applications.
Crystal structure of recombinant human interleukin-4. (1992)

The crystal structure of recombinant human interleukin-4 (rhuIL-4) was initially determined at 3.5-A resolution by multiple isomorphous replacement techniques and subsequently refined to a resolution of 2.35 A by simulated annealing. The final crystallographic R-factor, based on all data in the range 6.0-2.35 A (7470 reflections), is 0.232. Bond lengths and bond angles in the molecule have root mean square deviations from ideal values of 0.016 A and 2.4 degrees, respectively. The overall structure is highly compact and globular with a predominantly hydrophobic core. The main structural feature of rhuIL-4 is a four alpha-helix bundle, which composes approximately 58% of the structure. The helices are arranged in a left-handed antiparallel bundle with two overhand connections. Within these connections is a two-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet. Both the tertiary and secondary structures of rhuIL-4 are similar to those of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Critical regions for receptor binding are proposed.
<title>Design Concept For An Optical Numerical Computer Based On The Residue Number System</title> (1980)

The concept of computation modules for an optical residue computer is introduced. The application of the computation modules in mathematical computation, coding and decod-ing is demonstrated. An optimization technique for the module circuit design is also presented. Very high throughput rate is achieved with the use of parallel computation structures and the pipelining of sequential operations.
Phenytoin Cream for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain: Case Series (2018)

In this case series, the phenytoin cream had reduced neuropathic pain considerably, with a fast onset of analgesic effect.
Surface-Anchored Poly(4-vinylpyridine)–Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube–Metal Composites for Gas Detection (2016)

A platform for chemiresistive gas detectors based upon single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) dispersions stabilized by poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) covalently immobilized onto a glass substrate was developed. To fabricate these devices, a glass substrate with gold electrodes is treated with 3-bromopropyltrichlorosilane. The resulting alkyl bromide coating presents groups that can react with the P4VP to covalently bond (anchor) the polymer–SWCNT composite to the substrate. Residual pyridyl groups in P4VP not consumed in this quaternization reaction are available to coordinate metal nanoparticles or ions chosen to confer selectivity and sensitivity to target gas analytes. Generation of P4VP coordinated to silver nanoparticles produces an enhanced response to ammonia gas. The incorporation of soft Lewis acidic Pd2+ cations by binding PdCl2 to P4VP yields a selective and highly sensitive device that changes resistance upon exposure to vapors of thioethers. The latter materials have utility for odorized fuel leak detection, microbial activity, and breath diagnostics. A third demonstration makes use of permanganate incorporation to produce devices with large responses to vapors of volatile organic compounds that are susceptible to oxidation.
Flight test results for autonomous icing protection solution for small unmanned aircraft (2017)

The primary focus of the work presented in this paper is a proof-of-concept study of a novel electro-thermal-based autonomous icing protection solution (IPS) for small unmanned aircraft. The solution includes a central control unit, where several control algorithms, ensure temperature control of electro-thermal sources, applied to exposed aircraft surfaces. The solution includes three different control procedures (icing detection, anti-icing, and de-icing) that are validated through test flights conducted in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, Norway.
Tallysomycin, a new antitumor antibiotic complex related to bleomycin. I. Production, isolation and properties. (1977)

The unusual actinomycetes strain No. E465-94 produced a complex of new glycopeptide antibiotics tallysomycin, which was separated by CM-Sephadex chromatography into two major components, A (C68H107N21O27S2) and B (C62H95N19O26S2). They were isolated first in a copper-chelated form and showed physico-chemical properties similar to those of the bleomycin-group of antibiotics. Tallysomycin exhibited broad antibacterial and antifungal activity, and was highly active in vivo against bacterial infections in mice. Tallysomycins A and B demonstrated potent activity in the prophage induction of lysogenic bacteria.
<i>p</i>-SCN-Bn-HOPO: A Superior Bifunctional Chelator for <sup>89</sup>Zr ImmunoPET (2015)

Zirconium-89 has an ideal half-life for use in antibody-based PET imaging; however, when used with the chelator DFO, there is an accumulation of radioactivity in the bone, suggesting that the (89)Zr(4+) cation is being released in vivo. Therefore, a more robust chelator for (89)Zr could reduce the in vivo release and the dose to nontarget tissues. Evaluation of the ligand 3,4,3-(LI-1,2-HOPO) demonstrated efficient binding of (89)Zr(4+) and high stability; therefore, we developed a bifunctional derivative, p-SCN-Bn-HOPO, for conjugation to an antibody. A Zr-HOPO crystal structure was obtained showing that the Zr is fully coordinated by the octadentate HOPO ligand, as expected, forming a stable complex. p-SCN-Bn-HOPO was synthesized through a novel pathway. Both p-SCN-Bn-HOPO and p-SCN-Bn-DFO were conjugated to trastuzumab and radiolabeled with (89)Zr. Both complexes labeled efficiently and achieved specific activities of approximately 2 mCi/mg. PET imaging studies in nude mice with BT474 tumors (n = 4) showed good tumor uptake for both compounds, but with a marked decrease in bone uptake for the (89)Zr-HOPO-trastuzumab images. Biodistribution data confirmed the lower bone activity, measuring 17.0%ID/g in the bone at 336 h for (89)Zr-DFO-trastuzumab while (89)Zr-HOPO-trastuzumab only had 2.4%ID/g. We successfully synthesized p-SCN-Bn-HOPO, a bifunctional derivative of 3,4,3-(LI-1,2-HOPO) as a potential chelator for (89)Zr. In vivo studies demonstrate the successful use of (89)Zr-HOPO-trastuzumab to image BT474 breast cancer with low background, good tumor to organ contrast, and, importantly, very low bone uptake. The reduced bone uptake seen with (89)Zr-HOPO-trastuzumab suggests superior stability of the (89)Zr-HOPO complex.
Macro-to-Micro Interface for the Control of Cellular Organization (2014)

Abstract — The spatial organization of cellular communities plays a fundamental role in determining intercellular communi-cation and emergent behavior. Few tools, however, exist to modu-late tissue organization at the scale of individual cells, particularly in the case of dynamic manipulation. Micromechanical reconfig-urable culture achieves dynamic control of tissue organization by culturing adherent cells on microfabricated plates that can be shifted to reorganize the arrangement of the cells. Although biological studies using this approach have been previously reported, this paper focuses on the engineering of the device, including the mechanism for translating manual manipulation to precise microscale position control, fault-tolerant design for manufacture, and the synthetic-to-living interface. [2012-0374] Index Terms — Biological cells, micromechanical devices, tissue engineering.
High-Strength Bainitic Steels (2004)

With careful design, mixed microstructures consisting of fine plates of upper bainitic ferrite separated by thin films of stable retained austenite have exhibited impressive combinations of strength and toughness in highsilicon bainitic steels. The silicon suppresses the precipitation of brittle cementite leading to an improvement in toughness. The essential principles governing the optimisation of such microstructures are well established, particularly that large regions of unstable high-carbon retained austenite must be avoided. The aim of the present work was to see how far these concepts can be extended to achieve the highest ever combination of strength and toughness in bulk-samples, consistent with certain hardenability and processing requirements. Keyword: Bainite, High-silicon steel, Precipitation, Strength, Steel.
Current Status of Renal Radiopharmaceuticals (1984)

This is the fourth and final CE article in the Radiopharmaceutical Series. After reading and studying this paper, the nuclear medicine technologist will be able to: (1) discuss principles of renal anatomy and physiology; and (2) compare and contrast various renal radiopharmaceuticals, including method of localization, primary usefulness, and associated pitfalls. Additionally, this article will familiarize technologists with research efforts to develop a Tc-99m tubular function agent.
A simple and reliable counting and display circuit for laser rangefinder (2021)

A digital counting and display circuit for long distance laser rangefinder is presented. The laser rangefinder uses a pulsed Nd:YAG laser emitting in the near-infrared spectral region at the wavelength of 1.06 micrometer to measure distances to targets with a resolution of 5 m, an accuracy of +/- 1.5 m, and a maximum range of 15 km based on a direct time-of-flight method. The detection is achieved with a probability of detection of 0.99 and a probability of false alarm of 1.5X10<sup>-7</sup>. The digital circuit is characterized by its simplicity, versatility and reliability. It is placed at the end of an optoelectronic detection chain formed by a silicon avalanche photodiode, a low-noise and fast multistage amplifier, and a fast analog-to-digital converter.
Development of a High-Flow Nasal Cannula and Pharmaceutical Aerosol Combination Device (2019)

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Aerosol drug delivery to the lungs is known to be very inefficient during all forms of noninvasive ventilation, especially when the aerosol is administered simultaneously with high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy. The objective of this study was to develop a new combination device based on vibrating mesh nebulizers that can provide continuously heated and humidified HFNC therapy as well as on-demand pharmaceutical aerosols with high efficiency. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The combination device implemented separate mesh nebulizers for generating humidity (humidity nebulizer) and delivering the medical aerosol (drug nebulizer). Nebulizers were actuated in an alternating manner with the drug nebulizer delivering the medication during a portion of an adult inhalation cycle. Aerosol entered a small-volume mixing region where it was combined with ventilation gas flow and then entered a heating channel to produce small particles that are desirable for nose-to-lung administration and potentially excipient enhanced growth delivery. Three assessment methods (analytical calculations, computational fluid dynamics [CFD] simulations, and <i>in vitro</i> experiments in three-dimensional [3D] printed devices) were used to improve the mixer-heater design to minimize depositional drug losses, maintain a small device volume, ensure sufficient droplet evaporation, and control the outlet thermodynamic conditions. <b><i>Results:</i></b> For an initial configuration (Design 1), good agreement in performance metrics was found using the three assessment methods. Based on insights gained from the CFD simulations of Design 1, two new designs were developed and produced with 3D printing. Experimental analysis indicated that the new designs both achieved <5% depositional loss in the mixer-heater even with cyclic operation and sufficiently dried the aerosol from an initial size of 5.3 μm to an outlet size of ∼1.0 μm. A combination of the applied methods indicated that the desired thermodynamic conditions of HFNC therapy were also met. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Multiple methodological approaches were used concurrently to develop a new combination device for administering HFNC therapy and simultaneous on-demand pharmaceutical aerosols to the lungs with high efficiency. The use of a small-volume mixer-heater (<100 mL), synchronization of the drug nebulizer with inhalation, and small outlet particle size should enable high efficiency lung delivery of the aerosol.
High-speed A/D converter monolithic techniques (1972)

A monolithic strobed comparator which provides the basic cell for a high-speed A/D converter will be described. Accuracies of 3 to 4 bits have been obtained at a conversion rate of 100 megasamples per second.
Structural Analysis of the L-Methionine γ-Lyase Gene from Pseudomonas putida1 (1995)

The gene encoding L-methionine gamma-lyase from Pseudomonas putida was cloned and the primary structure of the enzyme was deduced from its nucleotide sequence. The L-methionine gamma-lyase gene was expressed in Escherichia coli. The amino acid sequences of BrCN-digested peptides agreed with the corresponding parts of the L-methionine gamma-lyase sequence determined from the gene structure. The polypeptide is composed of 398 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 42,626, corresponding to the subunit of the homotetrameric enzyme. The deduced amino acid sequence of L-methionine gamma-lyase only showed extensive homology with other well known alpha,gamma-elimination and/or gamma-replacement pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes, such as cystathionine gamma-lyase, cystathionine gamma-synthase, and O-acetylhomoserine O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase, that participate in the biosynthesis of sulfur amino acids. However, the deduced essential cysteine residue of L-methionine gamma-lyase was not conserved in these enzymes. We confirmed the presence of a part of an open reading frame in the 3'-flanking region of the L-methionine gamma-lyase gene, which showed high homology with the N-terminal region of pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) from E. coli, suggesting that it participates in the degradative pathway for L-methionine together with L-methionine gamma-lyase.
Reusable Single Cell for Iterative Epigenomic Analyses (2022)

Current single-cell epigenome analyses are designed for single use. The cell is discarded after a single use, preventing analysis of multiple epigenetic marks in a single cell and requiring data from other cells to distinguish signal from experimental background noise in a single cell. This paper describes a method to reuse the same single cell for iterative epigenomic analyses. In this experimental method, cellular proteins are first anchored to a polyacrylamide polymer instead of crosslinking them to protein and DNA, alleviating structural bias. This critical step allows repeated experiments with the same single cell. Next, a random primer with a scaffold sequence for proximity ligation is annealed to the genomic DNA, and the genomic sequence is added to the primer by extension using a DNA polymerase. Subsequently, an antibody against an epigenetic marker and control IgG, each labeled with different DNA probes, are bound to the respective targets in the same single cell. Proximity ligation is induced between the random primer and the antibody by adding a connector DNA with complementary sequences to the scaffold sequence of the random primer and the antibody-DNA probe. This approach integrates antibody information and nearby genome sequences in a single DNA product of proximity ligation. By enabling repeated experiments with the same single cell, this method allows an increase in data density from a rare cell and statistical analysis using only IgG and antibody data from the same cell. The reusable single cells prepared by this method can be stored for at least a few months and reused later to broaden epigenetic characterization and increase data density. This method provides flexibility to researchers and their projects.
Genetic influences on bone turnover, bone density and fracture (1995)

Fractures due to osteoporosis are an increasing healthcare problem in all ageing communities. A major determinant of fracture risk is bone density, independent of other contributory factors such as falls and ageing (1–4). Bone density in later life is contributed to by both peak bone mass achieved in early adulthood and subsequent bone loss. There is compelling evidence suggesting that both peak bone mass and its subsequent loss are determined by combinations of genetic and environmental factors. To identify the molecular genetic factors that underly the genetic determination of bone density remains a sizeable challenge with potential impact on both therapy and prevention of osteoporosis. This review will examine the evidence for genetic contributions to osteoporosis in light of recent advances in this area.
Real-time phase boundary detection in colonoscopy videos (2009)

Colonoscopy is the preferred screening modality for prevention of colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy has contributed to a marked decline in the number of colorectal cancer related deaths. However, recent data suggest that there is a significant miss-rate for the detection of even large polyps and cancers. There was no automated measurement method to evaluate the quality of a colonoscopic procedure. To address this critical need, we have been investigating automated post-procedure quality measurement system. The limitation of post-processing quality measurement, however, is that quality measurements are available long after the procedure was done and the patient was released. We aim to achieve real-time analysis and feedback to aid the endoscopist towards optimal inspection to improve overall quality of colonoscopy during the procedure. Colonoscopy consists of two phases: an insertion phase and a withdrawal phase. One of the most essential tasks for the real-time quality measurement is to find a phase boundary between insertion and withdrawal phases in real time. In this paper, we will discuss how to find the phase boundary in real time. Our experimental results are promising.
Silicon Photonic Modulator based on Coupled Bragg Grating Resonators used as Phase Shifters (2018)

Bragg gratings with phase-shifts are inserted in a Mach-Zehnder modulator to enhance\nphase modulation, reduce device length and improve efficiency (Vπ×L=0.28 Vcm). Simulations\nshow 3 nm optical bandwidth corresponding to 50 K operating temperature range.