gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scale-Up of a Chemo-Biocatalytic Route to (2<i>R</i>,4<i>R</i>)- and (2<i>S</i>,4<i>S</i>)-Monatin (2010)

Monatin, a natural sweetener, refers to a collection of four isomers of 2-((1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)-4-amino-2-hydroxypentanedioic acid. A chemo-biocatalytic approach to kilogram quantities of enantiopure 2S,4S-monatin and 2R,4R-monatin from indole is described. Key steps in the process include a (2 + 3) cycloaddition reaction followed by nickel-catalysed reduction to construct the monatin backbone, and a highly selective enzyme resolution of the 2S,4S- and 2R,4R-monatin diastereomeric pair to afford each enantiomer in 99% ee.
Active Compressor Stability Management and Impact on Engine Operability (2004)

A new, innovative compressor stability management system is described. The system combines surge precursor detection using a single pressure sensor with a control scheme utilizing existing actuators. A digital simulation of a small turbo-shaft engine is used to demonstrate the benefits of this system towards engine operability. Three dierent actuators are evaluated. Both fuel and bleed actuation are found to be suitable for surge avoidance. In contrast, guide vanes, which could be used for anticipatory surge margin enhancement, are found to be ineective when used actively.
The effect ofin vitro modeling conditions on the surface reactions of bioactive glass (1997)

Using one parametric variation in solution composition, this paper documents that the surface reactions on bioactive glass (BG) 45S5 are exquisitely dependent upon the modeling conditions. The solutions used were 0.05 M tris hydroxymethyl aminomethane/HCl (tris buffer), tris buffer complemented with plasma electrolyte and/or serum, and serum. The reacted surfaces were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA), and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). Post-immersion solutions were analyzed for changes in Ca and PO4 concentrations. After a short immersion (3 h), a crystalline, carbonated hydroxyapatite (c-HA) layer formed only in tris. Reaction surfaces of different structure, morphology, and composition were observed after various short and longer term immersions in all other solutions. They comprised two layers with the layer in contact with the bulk consisting mainly of Si; the outer layer, composed of Si, Ca, and P, was amorphous, and had a Ca/P ratio of about 1. Serum proteins adsorbed on the BG surfaces at the early stages of the solution-mediated BG reactions. Formation of a crystalline c-HA layer was delayed up to three or more days in solution with plasma ions. In the presence of serum, only amorphous surfaces composed of Si, Ca, and P were observed for any time up to seven days of immersion. The present data suggest that serum proteins adsorb in tandem with the occurrence of solution-mediated reactions leading to formation of a silica-gel. Amorphous Ca-P phases accumulate in the Si-rich matrix. Furthermore, the present data, in conjunction with the data published before, suggest that physicochemical and cell-mediated reactions occur in parallel to form the glass-tissue interfacial layer.
Trioxane dimers have potent antimalarial, antiproliferative and antitumor activities in vitro (1997)

A series of tetracyclic and tricyclic trioxane dimers has been prepared with ether and ester tethers of varying length and flexibility. Several of these trioxane dimers have been found to have potent and potentially therapeutically valuable antimalarial, antiproliferative, and antitumor activities in vitro.
Computer‐Assisted Keyword and Document Set Discovery from Unstructured Text (2017)

Abstract The (unheralded) first step in many applications of automated text analysis involves selecting keywords to choose documents from a large text corpus for further study. Although all substantive results depend on this choice, researchers usually pick keywords in ad hoc ways that are far from optimal and usually biased. Most seem to think that keyword selection is easy, since they do Google searches every day, but we demonstrate that humans perform exceedingly poorly at this basic task. We offer a better approach, one that also can help with following conversations where participants rapidly innovate language to evade authorities, seek political advantage, or express creativity; generic web searching; eDiscovery; look‐alike modeling; industry and intelligence analysis; and sentiment and topic analysis. We develop a computer‐assisted (as opposed to fully automated or human‐only) statistical approach that suggests keywords from available text without needing structured data as inputs. This framing poses the statistical problem in a new way, which leads to a widely applicable algorithm. Our specific approach is based on training classifiers, extracting information from (rather than correcting) their mistakes, and summarizing results with easy‐to‐understand Boolean search strings. We illustrate how the technique works with analyses of English texts about the Boston Marathon bombings, Chinese social media posts designed to evade censorship, and others.
A Deterministic Method for Gas Reservoir Evaluation Using Dual Wait-Time NMR and Density Log Data (1999)

Abstract Accurate estimates of porosity and fluid saturations are critical for the proper evaluation of a gas reservoir. These properties are determined by combining data from a dual wait-time (DTW) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) log and a density log. The novel deterministic method additionally yields several in-situ gas properties. The density and dual wait-time (DDTW) technique is applicable to reservoirs where the pore-filling fluid consists of one liquid phase and one gas phase. The low proton density of the gas phase causes a reduction in the NMR signal strength resulting in underestimation of the apparent porosity. The amount of polarization for different wait-times depends on the specific spin-lattice relaxation time of each fluid and may cause additional NMR porosity underestimation. The density log, however, delivers a porosity that is overestimated because of the presence of a gas phase. Published correlations for gas properties are used to establish the new deterministic method. DDTW primarily yields the total porosity ϕ, and the flushed zone gas saturation, Sg,xo. Other derived properties are the in-situ gas density, ρg, as well as the two NMR-related properties hydrogen index, HIg, and spin-lattice relaxation time, T1g. Two field examples illustrate the method and an error propagation study supports its stability.
Fermionic Bell-State Analyzer for Spin Qubits (2005)

We propose a protocol and physical implementation for partial Bell-state measurements of Fermionic qubits, allowing for deterministic quantum computing in solid-state systems without the need for two-qubit gates. Our scheme consists of two spin qubits in a double quantum dot where the two dots have different Zeeman splittings and resonant tunneling between the dots is only allowed when the spins are antiparallel. This converts spin parity into charge information by means of a projective measurement and can be implemented with established technologies. This measurement-based qubit scheme greatly simplifies the experimental realization of scalable quantum computers in electronic nanostructures.
A Method of Increasing the Anterior Layer Thickness in Rotational Panoramic Radiography (1983)

A technique for increasing the thickness of the layer in the anterior region of rotational panoramic radiographs is discussed. The method has been evaluated by means of theoretical calculations and experimental tests.
Metal–organic frameworks to satisfy gas upgrading demands: fine-tuning the<b>soc</b>-MOF platform for the operative removal of H<sub>2</sub>S (2017)

Structure/properties relationships for a series of isostructural (MOFs) with the<bold>soc</bold>topology were explored for various gas separation applications.
HiCOPS: High Performance Computing Framework for Tera-Scale Database Search of Mass Spectrometry based Omics Data (2021)

Database-search algorithms, that deduce peptides from Mass Spectrometry (MS) data, have tried to improve the computational efficiency to accomplish larger, and more complex systems biology studies. Existing serial, and high-performance computing (HPC) search engines, otherwise highly successful, are known to exhibit poor-scalability with increasing size of theoretical search-space needed for increased complexity of modern non-model, multi-species MS-based omics analysis. Consequently, the bottleneck for computational techniques is the communication costs of moving the data between hierarchy of memory, or processing units, and not the arithmetic operations. This post-Moore change in architecture, and demands of modern systems biology experiments have dampened the overall effectiveness of the existing HPC workflows. We present a novel efficient parallel computational method, and its implementation on memory-distributed architectures for peptide identification tool called HiCOPS, that enables more than 100-fold improvement in speed over most existing HPC proteome database search tools. HiCOPS empowers the supercomputing database search concept for comprehensive identification of peptides, and all their modified forms within a reasonable time-frame. We demonstrate this by searching Gigabytes of experimental MS data against Terabytes of databases where HiCOPS completes peptide identification in few minutes using 72 parallel nodes (1728 cores) compared to several weeks required by existing state-of-the-art tools using 1 node (24 cores); 100 minutes vs 5 weeks; 500x speedup. Finally, we formulate a theoretical framework for our overhead-avoiding strategy, and report superior performance evaluation results for key metrics including execution time, CPU utilization, speedups, and I/O efficiency. The software will be made available at: hicops.github.io
Identification, cloning, and regulation of a novel endothelial cell protein C/activated protein C receptor (1994)

Human protein C and activated protein C are shown to bind to endothelium specifically, selectively and saturably (Kd = 30 nM, 7000 sites per cell) in a Ca(2+)-dependent fashion. Expression cloning revealed a 1.3-kilobase pair cDNA that coded for a novel type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein capable of binding protein C. This protein appears to be a member of the CD1/major histocompatibility complex superfamily. Like thrombomodulin, the receptor involved in protein C activation, the endothelial cell protein C receptor function and message are both down-regulated by exposure of endothelium to tumor necrosis factor. Identification of endothelial cell protein C receptor as a member of the CD1/major histocompatibility complex superfamily provides insights into the role of protein C in regulating the inflammatory response.
Automation and High- Throughput Flow Cytometry (2005)

The flow cytometer is unique among biomedical analysis instruments in its ability to make multiple correlated optical measurements on individual cells or particles at high rates. Moreover, an ever-expanding arsenal of fluorescent probes enables the modern flow cytometer to quantify a large and growing diversity of cell-associated macromolecules and physiological processes. Modern flow cytometers have achieved such a level of sophistication and reliability that unattended operation by automated systems is a practical reality. From its inception, flow cytometry has been in the vanguard of automation in cytological analysis. One of the most powerful automated features is cell sorting, an operation in which highly purified subsets of cells or particles are isolated from heterogeneous source populations on the basis of a targeted, multiparameter phenotype. The method most widely used for sorting today, which is based on electrostatic deflection of charged droplets, was developed over 30 years ago and led to commercial flow cytometers that were capable of sorting cells at rates of hundreds of cells per second. Influenced by the need of the Human Genome Project for efficient isolation of purified chromosomes, a high-speed chromosome flow sorter was developed and patented in 1982 that increased sort rates to tens of thousands of events per second (13). Commercial systems subsequently became available in the 1990s that permitted sorting of cells at such high rates (www.bdbiosciences.com; www.dakocytomation. com). Thus, since the initial development of the technology, the throughput of automated cell sorting has increased by nearly two orders of magnitude. In single cell analysis and sorting, throughput is determined by the rate at which the flow cytometer can process individual cells as they pass single file through the point of detection. Another aspect of flow cytometer throughput concerns the rate at which the flow cytometer can sequentially process multiple discreet collections of cells. This component of throughput will be important, for example, in the screening of collections of test compounds for their effects on bulk populations of cells. This is of particular relevance for modern drug discovery, in which there is a need to test cellular targets against millions of potentially valuable compounds that may bind cellular receptors to effect clinically therapeutic cellular responses.
Electron Emission from Diamond Films (1998)

Abstract Recent studies on electron emission from diamond and related materials are reviewed. The properties of the diamond surface have been carefully investigated with well‐defined treatments and it has been confirmed that the hydrogenated diamond surface has a negative electron affinity (NEA). The field electron emission properties of a variety of carbon materials were investigated and remarkable results of high emissivity at low fields were documented. The mechanism for the low field emission was partly attributed to an NEA nature although the emission surface was not always confirmed to have NEA properties. Electron emission devices with NEA diamond surfaces have been developed. An emission device of metal‐insulator‐semiconductor structure was designed and built and its performance was investigated.
Detecting Spam Zombies by Monitoring Outgoing Messages (2009)

Compromised machines are one of the key security threats on the Internet; they are often used to launch various security attacks such as DDoS, spamming, and identity theft. In this paper we address this issue by investigating effective solutions to automatically identify compromised machines in a network. Given that spamming provides a key economic incentive for attackers to recruit the large number of compromised machines, we focus on the subset of compromised machines that are involved in the spamming activities, commonly known as spam zombies. We develop an effective spam zombie detection system named SPOT by monitoring outgoing messages of a network. SPOT is designed based on a powerful statistical tool called Sequential Probability Ratio Test, which has bounded false positive and false negative error rates. Our evaluation studies based on a two- month email trace collected in a large U.S. campus network show that SPOT is an effective and efficient system in automatically detecting compromised machines in a network. For example, among the 440 internal IP addresses observed in the email trace, SPOT identifies 132 of them as being associated with compromised machines. Out of the 132 IP addresses identified by SPOT, 126 can be either independently confirmed (110) or highly likely (16) to be compromised. Moreover, only 7 internal IP addresses associated with compromised machines in the trace are missed by SPOT.
Condition monitoring of machinery using motor current signature analysis (1989)

Motor current signature analysis (MCSA) is a powerful monitoring tool for motor-driven equipment that provides a nonintrusive means for detecting the presence of mechanical and electrical abnormalities in the motor and the driven equipment, including altered conditions in the process ''downstream'' of the motor-driven equipment. It was developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory as a means for determining the effects of aging and service wear systems, but it is applicable to a broad range of machinery. MCSA is based on the recognition that an electric motor (ac or dc) driving a mechanical load acts as an efficient and permanently available transducer by sensing mechanical load variations, large and small, long-term and rapid, and converting them into variations in the induced current generated in the motor windings. These motor current variations are carried by the electrical cables processes as desired. Motor current signatures, obtained in both time and over time to provide early indication of degradation. Successful applications of MCSA technology (patent applied for) include not only motor-operated valves but also pumps of various designs, blowers, and air conditioning systems. Examples are presented briefly, and speculation regarding the applicability of MCSA to a broader range of equipment monitoring and production line testing is also given. 1 ref., 13 figs.
<title>Buried-glass waveguides by ion exchange through ionic barrier</title> (1991)

Fabrication of buried single-mode glass waveguides by ion exchange through the ionic barrier is studied. In this process, an unmasked potassium ion exchange is first performed to form an ionic barrier. The purpose here is to reduce sodium concentration near the surface (not to make a waveguide). The waveguides are formed in the second step of the process by masked silver ion exchange through this leaky ionic barrier. The calculated waveguide index profiles and both calculated and measured mode profiles are presented.
Biomarkers to Monitor Gluten-Free Diet Compliance in Celiac Patients (2017)

Gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only treatment for celiac disease (CD). There is a general consensus that strict GFD adherence in CD patients leads to full clinical and histological remission accompanied by improvement in quality of life and reduced long-term complications. Despite the importance of monitoring the GFD, there are no clear guidelines for assessing the outcome or for exploring its adherence. Available methods are insufficiently accurate to identify occasional gluten exposure that may cause intestinal mucosal damage. Serological tests are highly sensitive and specific for diagnosis, but do not predict recovery and are not useful for follow-up. The use of serial endoscopies, it is invasive and impractical for frequent monitoring, and dietary interview can be subjective. Therefore, the detection of gluten immunogenic peptides (GIP) in feces and urine have been proposed as new non-invasive biomarkers to detect gluten intake and verify GFD compliance in CD patients. These simple immunoassays in human samples could overcome some key unresolved scientific and clinical problems in CD management. It is a significant advance that opens up new possibilities for the clinicians to evaluate the CD treatment, GFD compliance, and improvement in the quality of life of CD patients.
Measuring Thermal Conductivity of a Small Insulation Sample (2009)

A multiple-throat venturi system has been invented for measuring laminar flow of air or other gas at low speed (1 to 30 cm/s) in a duct while preserving the laminar nature of the flow and keeping the velocity profile across the duct as nearly flat as possible. While means for measuring flows at higher speeds are well established, heretofore, there have been no reliable means for making consistent, accurate measurements in this speed range. In the original application for which this system was invented, the duct leads into the test section of a low-speed wind tunnel wherein uniform, low-speed, laminar flow is required for scientific experiments. The system could also be used to monitor a slow flow of gas in an industrial process like chemical vapor deposition. In the original application, the multiple- throat venturi system is mounted at the inlet end of the duct having a rectangular cross section of 19 by 14 cm, just upstream of an assembly of inlet screens and flow straighteners that help to suppress undesired flow fluctuations (see Figure 1). The basic venturi measurement principle is well established: One measures the difference in pressure between (1) a point just outside the inlet, where the pressure is highest and the kinetic energy lowest; and (2) the narrowest part (the throat) of the venturi passage, where the kinetic energy is highest and the pressure is lowest. Then by use of Bernoulli s equation for the relationship between pressure and kinetic energy, the volumetric flow speed in the duct can be calculated from the pressure difference and the inlet and throat widths. The design of this system represents a compromise among length, pressure recovery, uniformity of flow, and complexity of assembly. Traditionally, venturis are used to measure faster flows in narrower cross sections, with longer upstream and downstream passages to maintain accuracy. The dimensions of the passages of the present venturi system are sized to provide a readily measurable pressure drop. Multiple throats are used to minimize the length needed to recover internal energy and enable the velocity profile to recover to near flatness.
Design and performance considerations for benthic microbial fuel cells (2014)

Benthic Microbial Fuel Cells (BMFCs) ability to provide long-lasting power is an attractive trait for powering oceanographic equipment requiring long duration deployments. Recent work to scale up BMFC power output with large surface areas (greater than 1 meter squared) has revealed a need to improve power output to make BMFCs viable power sources for a wider breadth of undersea equipment. To improve power output of large surface area BMFCs, experiments were conducted to (1) evaluate different carbon based electrodes; (2) examine alternative materials as current collectors; and (3) determine effects of sediment chemistry and grain size on BMFC power production by testing various mixtures of sand and silt laden sediments. Experiments showed that (1) despite more specific surface area, carbon felt did not generate more power; (2) gold plated copper and titanium current collectors were most capable of reliable connections; and (3) achieving the highest power appears to be a balanced mixture of both fine and coarse sediment. This research provides several important design considerations that demonstrating the importance of the sediment quality at deployment sites for sustaining power output levels capable of powering oceanographic instruments.
The synthesis of some 7‐ and 7,8‐substituted 2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1<i>H</i>‐3‐benzazepines (1971)

Abstract The nitration of 2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1 H ‐3‐benzazepine and its 3‐methyl and 3‐acetyl derivatives yields the corresponding 7‐nitro derivatives which can be further transformed by classical procedures. The preparation of the ether cleavage products of the known 2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐7,8‐dimethoxy‐1 H ‐3‐benzazepine is also reported.
Convex joint emitter localization and passive sensor network synchronization (2012)

PATENT PENDING. Time-of-arrival (TOA) localization is tightly coupled with sensor time synchronization. Synchronization can be obtained by GPS, atomic clocks or message exchange protocols. All methods affect the energy sources and the synchronization protocols use valuable bandwidth. We present self-synchronized localization algorithms that rely exclusively on TOA measurements performed by the sensor network on passing sources rendering it completely passive. Localization performance is close to that provided by a perfectly synchronized network. Such algorithms can also be used for sensor network synchronization and communication networks in general.