gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of Novel Potent Orally Bioavailable Oseltamivir Derivatives Active against Resistant Influenza A (2014)

With the emergence of oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses and in view of a highly pathogenic flu pandemic, it is important to develop new anti-influenza agents. Here, the development of neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors that were designed to overcome resistance mechanisms along with unfavorable pharmacokinetic (PK) properties is described. Several 5-guanidino- and 5-amidino-based oseltamivir derivatives were synthesized and profiled for their anti-influenza activity and in vitro and in vivo PK properties. Amidine 6 and guanidine 7 were comparably effective against a panel of different A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 strains and also inhibited mutant A/H1N1 neuraminidase. Among different prodrug strategies pursued, a simple amidoxime ethyl ester (9) exhibited a superior PK profile with an oral bioavailability of 31% (rats), which is comparable to oseltamivir (36%). Thus, bioisosteric replacement of the 5-guanidine with an acetamidine-in the form of its N-hydroxy prodrug-successfully tackled the two key limitations of currently used NA inhibitors, as exemplified with oseltamivir.
Active feedback control of broadband noise from a small axial fan. (2009)

In the past, significant progress has been made in actively controlling the tonal noise of axial cooling fans. Current work focuses on the control of broadband fan noise, which presents different challenges. Because the broadband noise is not deterministic, a feedback system will be used, and the total system delay must be reduced as much as possible. To ensure stability of the closed-loop control system, the phase and magnitude characteristics of the filter must be chosen to produce attenuation in the target frequency band without augmenting the noise outside the band. A practical analog feedback controller will be presented, and results will be shown for a single input single output control system, as well as a configuration using multiple independent control systems.
Detection and Localization of Load Coils from One-Port Measurements (2009)

This paper deals with detection and localization of load coils in the copper access network. The load coil is a legacy device that must be removed before deploying broadband services on twisted-pair transmission lines. The proposed methods do not require dedicated hardware but utilize the already installed transceivers for one-port measurements of the line input impedance. The number of load coils is detected by counting the number of resonance peaks in the line impedance spectrum. An approximative model of the symmetric loaded line is presented, from which a low-complexity load coil locator is derived. For nonsymmetric lines, a load coil locator using model-based optimization is proposed. The two methods are compared and evaluated by computer simulations and by laboratory measurements on real transmission lines. The estimation results indicate that up to five load coils can be robustly detected and located with the proposed methods.
Rats Harboring S284L<i>Chrna4</i>Mutation Show Attenuation of Synaptic and Extrasynaptic GABAergic Transmission and Exhibit the Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy Phenotype (2008)

Mutations of genes encoding alpha4, beta2, or alpha2 subunits (CHRNA4, CHRNB2, or CHRNA2, respectively) of nAChR [neuronal nicotinic ACh (acetylcholine) receptor] cause nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE) in human. NFLE-related seizures are seen exclusively during sleep and are characterized by three distinct seizure phenotypes: "paroxysmal arousals," "paroxysmal dystonia," and "episodic wandering." We generated transgenic rat strains that harbor a missense mutation S284L, which had been identified in CHRNA4 in NFLE. The transgenic rats were free of biological abnormalities, such as dysmorphology in the CNS, and behavioral abnormalities. The mRNA level of the transgene (mutant Chrna4) was similar to the wild type, and no distorted expression was detected in the brain. However, the transgenic rats showed epileptic seizure phenotypes during slow-wave sleep (SWS) similar to those in NFLE exhibiting three characteristic seizure phenotypes and thus fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of human NFLE. The therapeutic response of these rats to conventional antiepileptic drugs also resembled that of NFLE patients with the S284L mutation. The rats exhibited two major abnormalities in neurotransmission: (1) attenuation of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAergic transmission and (2) abnormal glutamate release during SWS. The currently available genetically engineered animal models of epilepsy are limited to mice; thus, our transgenic rats offer another dimension to the epilepsy research field.
Resolution improvement of low-voltage scanning electron microscope by bright and monochromatic electron gun using negative electron affinity photocathode (2020)

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a powerful tool for analyzing the surface of various specimens. SEM observation at low voltage, which is typically lower than the 1 kV range, is very effective for obtaining surface information of specimens. However, at the low voltage range, resolution is restricted by the brightness and energy spread of electron sources. Therefore, to improve the resolution, a bright and monochromatic electron source is indispensable. In this work, we focused on an electron gun with a negative electron affinity photocathode using p-type GaAs and Cs–O adsorbates. The resolution of a prototype SEM was improved by approximately 16% compared with a SEM using a conventional Schottky emission (SE)-type emitter at the acceleration voltage of 1 kV. In addition, results showed that the measured brightness was as high as an SE-type emitter (∼107 A/m2/sr/V) and the estimated energy spread was less than 0.2 eV, which was narrower than that of a cold field emission-type emitter.
Speaker recognition using orthogonal linear prediction (1975)

The effectiveness of a set of speaker recognition features is usually characterized in terms of the ratio of the interspeaker variability of the feature to its intraspeaker variability (F-ratio). A recent experiment in speech synthesis [M.R. Sambur, “An Efficient LPC Vocoder,” Bell Syst. Tech. J. (to be published)] has shown that by an appropriate eigenvector analysis, a set of orthogonal parameters can be obtained that is essentially constant across an utterance for a given speaker (i.e., zero intraspeaker variability). If the same eigenvector analysis is applied to the same utterance spoken by another speaker, the resulting values of the orthogonal parameters are, however, different. These orthogonal parameters were therefore examined for their ability to differentiate different speakers. They were formally tested in a speaker recognition experiment involving 21 speakers. The speech data consisted of six repetitions of the same sentence spoken by each speaker on six separate occasions. The identification and verification accuracy of the orthogonal parameters exceeded 99%.
Reply to “Inconclusive Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay Comparison for Dengue Virus Detection and Serotyping” (2014)

With great interest, we read the letter entitled [“Inconclusive Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay Comparison for Dengue Virus Detection and Serotyping”][1] written by Drs. Munoz-Jordan and Santiago ([1][2]), and we appreciate the opportunity to respond in print. These authors voice their
On the Reverse Concatenated Coded-Modulation for Ultra-High-Speed Optical Transport (2011)

We propose reverse concatenated code with inner BCH code and outer LDPC code. BCH decoder is based on MAP-decoding that provides high-accuracy-reliabilities for suboptimum-LDPC-decoder, leading to performance comparable to long-girth-12-LDPC codes, but with lower decoder-complexity.
Encoded reaction cassette for the highly sensitive detection of the making and breaking of chemical bonds. (1995)

A reaction cassette has been designed for the highly sensitive detection of the making and breaking of chemical bonds. The system is envisioned as a companion device to be used in the search for antibody and other novel catalysts. The cassette also may have important clinical applications in the design of diagnostic reagents. In its fully encoded format, this methodology is capable of both detecting and decoding chemical events.
High-Tc super conducting quantum interference devices with slots or holes: Low 1/f noise in ambient magnetic fields (1997)

High-transition temperature dc superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) have been fabricated with arrays of slots or holes patterned in the 186×204 μm2 washers. In two designs, with seven slots or 248 holes, the linewidth of the remaining YBa2Cu3O7−x film was 4 μm. These devices exhibited virtually no increase in their low-frequency noise when they were cooled in static magnetic fields up to a certain threshold, above 100 μT in the best case. Furthermore, the mutual inductance between these devices and a seven-turn, spiral coil was at least 85% of that for a solid SQUID with the same outer dimensions.
3D printing of novel osteochondral scaffolds with graded microstructure (2016)

Osteochondral tissue has a complex graded structure where biological, physiological, and mechanical properties vary significantly over the full thickness spanning from the subchondral bone region beneath the joint surface to the hyaline cartilage region at the joint surface. This presents a significant challenge for tissue-engineered structures addressing osteochondral defects. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D bioprinters present a unique solution to this problem. The objective of this study is to use FDM-based 3D bioprinting and nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite for improved bone marrow human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) adhesion, growth, and osteochondral differentiation. FDM printing parameters can be tuned through computer aided design and computer numerical control software to manipulate scaffold geometries in ways that are beneficial to mechanical performance without hindering cellular behavior. Additionally, the ability to fine-tune 3D printed scaffolds increases further through our investment casting procedure which facilitates the inclusion of nanoparticles with biochemical factors to further elicit desired hMSC differentiation. For this study, FDM was used to print investment-casting molds innovatively designed with varied pore distribution over the full thickness of the scaffold. The mechanical and biological impacts of the varied pore distributions were compared and evaluated to determine the benefits of this physical manipulation. The results indicate that both mechanical properties and cell performance improve in the graded pore structures when compared to homogeneously distributed porous and non-porous structures. Differentiation results indicated successful osteogenic and chondrogenic manipulation in engineered scaffolds.
P‐55: Reflective LCD with High Brightness and Wide Viewing Angle by Using Optically Compensated Twist‐LC Cell (OCT) (1999)

Abstract We studied the design rules of the reflective type liquid crystal display (LCD) and the retardation films in order to prevent the color shift and the change of the reflectance. By analyzing the polarized state of light after passing through the LCD, and excellent reflective LCD, which shows almost constant reflectance in wide viewing angle without color shift by using the twist liquid crystal cell.
Changes in Yield and Yield Components of Single‐Cross Maize Hybrids Released in China between 1964 and 2001 (2011)

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to (i) measure genetic gain using a set of maize ( Zea mays L.) single‐cross hybrids that were widely used in Chinese maize production from 1964 to 2001, (ii) determine if there were changes in morphological characteristics, and (iii) examine the germplasm backgrounds of these hybrids. Yield trials were conducted for 3 yr, using a split‐plot design. Each hybrid was planted at three different densities in four locations, two locations each representing summer and spring corn areas. Mean rates of genetic gain were 52 kg ha −1 yr −1 when measured at the spring locations, 69 kg ha −1 yr −1 when measured at the summer locations, and 60 kg ha −1 yr −1 when measured across all locations. There was no significant effect of planting density on genetic gain. Genetic gain has been largely contributed by increased yield per plant and this strategy was reflected in changes in ear and plant morphology. Analyses of pedigree backgrounds showed continuing dependence on U.S. germplasm backgrounds, notably C103, Oh43, Mo17, and Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS).
Measuring video quality degradation using face detection (2012)

Ensuring end-to-end video quality requires monitoring quality in real-time (in-service) and taking counter-measures in times of adverse network conditions. Such application-layer QoS assurance mechanisms require light-weight video quality metrics that can be implemented with low computational and communication overheads. In this paper, we propose a novel video quality metric for video conferencing-type applications that accurately reflects user opinion and is light-weight for realtime operations. Our motivation is to exploit the characteristics of the video content in such applications, i.e. few speakers with limited motion. Our metric, Simplified Perceptual Quality Region (SPQR), relies on detecting the location of a speaker's face in sent and received video frames and comparing the locations between the corresponding frames in the two streams to identify discrepancies as a sign of video quality degradation. Our experiments show that face locations can be determined in realtime by sampling few frames every second. SPQR is a reduced-reference metric that requires minimal transmission overhead between the sender and receiver through a separate channel to communicate the reduced features. In this paper, we present an empirical evaluation of the performance of SPQR using a video phone application. We first show that SPQR effectively detects video quality degradation. Second, we compare our proposed metric to two well-accepted full-reference techniques appropriate for offline analysis, namely PSNR and VQM, and show that SPQR tracks both metrics well. Finally, we show that low grade sampling yields SPQR values comparable to PSNR and VQM scores and thus enabling a light-weight implementation.
Micromachined capacitive transducer arrays for medical ultrasound imaging (2002)

The fabrication and characterization of micromachined capacitive ultrasonic transducers are discussed with emphasis on the array operation. Several micromachined capacitive transducer arrays have been fabricated using CMOS compatible micromachining technology. Pulse echo experiments show around 100% bandwidth and the potential for phased array imaging. Radiation pattern and cross-coupling measurements are performed on the 1-D and 2-D arrays. Cross-coupling mechanisms due to Lamb and Stoneley type waves are identified by experiments and verified by theoretical calculations. Deep trench etching between array elements and wafer thinning are proposed to reduce the effects of these spurious waves for certain applications. Initial results on array imaging with 64 element 1D micromachined capacitive transducer arrays are also presented.
Engineering the specificity of trehalose phosphorylase as a general strategy for the production of glycosyl phosphates (2014)

A two-step process is reported for the anomeric phosphorylation of galactose, using trehalose phosphorylase as biocatalyst. The monosaccharide enters this process as acceptor but can subsequently be released from the donor side, thanks to the non-reducing nature of the disaccharide intermediate. A key development was the creation of an optimized enzyme variant that displays a strict specificity (99%) for β-galactose 1-phosphate as product.
Developmental Control of Promoter Activity Is Not Responsible for Mature Onset of <i>Cf-9B</i>-Mediated Resistance to Leaf Mold in Tomato (2002)

Cf-9 confers resistance to tomato seedlings and mature plants against Cladosporium fulvum races expressing the Avr9 elicitor. It is the central member of a cluster of five paralogous genes in an introgressed segment of chromosome 1 derived from Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium. The other four genes have been named Hcr9-9A, Hcr9-9B, Hcr9-9D, and Hcr9-9E. Hcr9-9B, here designated Cf-9B, encodes weaker resistance than Cf-9, recognizes a different elicitor, and protects only mature plants from infection. The onset of Cf-9B-mediated resistance and the molecular basis for its developmental control were investigated in this study. Fungal inoculation of tomato plants containing reciprocal Cf-9/Cf-9B promoter-coding region swaps, analysis of tomato plants containing promoter-gusA fusions, and a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction study of Cf-9 and Cf-9B transcripts in tomato plants suggested that transcriptional control of Cf-9B did not account for the late onset of Cf-9B-mediated resistance. Alternative explanations for the onset of Cf-9B-mediated resistance in mature plants are discussed.
Pattern recognition of cardiac arrhythmias using two intracardiac channels (2002)

New techniques of arrhythmia detection using morphology of the waveform have shown promise in correctly detecting fatal arrhythmias. Morphologic analysis of two channels, atrial and ventricular, has the potential of improving the ability of the algorithm to distinguish arrhythmias. This study uses correlation waveform analysis of intracardiac electrograms from the right ventricular apex and the high right atrium to define a two dimensional feature space with linear decision boundaries created from a training set by a least squares minimum distance classifier. The total set represented 16 patients. This method correctly discriminated 48/48 cycles of sinus rhythm, 47/48 of ventricular tachycardia (VT), 39/48 of atrial tachycardia and 40/48 of VT with retrograde, and supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction. Performing this technique on two intracardiac electrograms appears to reliably differentiate various arrhythmias and warrants further study.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
1-Aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes, a new series of nonnarcotic analgesic agents (1981)

A series of 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes was synthesized by hydride reduction of 1-arylcyclopropanedicarboximides. Hydroxyphenyl analogues 20, 22, and 24 were prepared by EtSNa--DMF ether cleavage of the corresponding methoxyphenyl analogues 2m, 2n, and 23, respectively, with the secondary amines 20 and 22 going through the N-formyl intermediate 19 and 21. The p-ethoxy analogue 26 was obtained by O-ethylation of 19, followed by base hydrolysis of the amide 25. The greatest analgesic potency in mouse writhing and rat paw-pain assays was observed for para-substituted compounds. Bicifadine, 1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane (2b), was the most potent member of the series and is presently undergoing clinical trials in man. Analgesic activity of 2b is limited to the (+) enantiomer 2v, which has the 1R,5S absolute configuration as determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The N-methyl analogue (27d) of 2b showed significant analgesic potency, whereas the N-allyl (27a), N-(cyclopropylmethyl) (27b), and N-(n-hexyl) (27c) analogues were inactive. Bicifadine (2b) showed a nonnarcotic profile different from analogous azabicycloalkane and 3-phenylpyrrolidine analgesics.
<title>SVG rendering by watershed decomposition</title> (2005)

This paper presents a novel raster-to-vector technique for digital images by advanced watershed decomposition coupled with some ad-hoc heuristics devoted to obtain high quality rendering of digital photography. The system is composed by two main steps: first, the image is partitioned into homogeneous and contiguous regions using Watershed decomposition. Then, a Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) representation of such areas is achieved by <i>ad-hoc</i> chain code building. The final result is an SVG file of the image that can be used for the transmission of pictures through Internet using different display systems (PC, PDA, Cellular Phones). Experimental results and comparisons provide the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Interactive soft pneumatic actuator skin (2017)

The interactive soft pneumatic actuator (SPA) skin is a soft wearable device with integrated actuation and sensing. The SPA skin is a flat flexible patch that can be worn on the body, consisting of a 2-D matrix with independent actuation and sensing elements at each node (a taxel). The SPA skin acts as a bidirectional communication interfacing device. Vibrotactile actuation is achieved using SPAs and the tactile sensing is done via piezo-electric sensors. It can take in input from the user, as well as actuate in various patterns, simulating various sensations such as touch, brush, move, etc. thus allowing a bidirectional communication.
Optical fiber probes for particle size/velocity measurements: a simulation model Part 2 (1988)

The ray tracing model developed previously was used to simulate the performance of an optical fiber-based sensor system for the measurement of particle size and velocity in two-phase flows. Results indicated that both the visibility and phase lag measurement techniques are sensitive to the particle’s shape and its trajectory through the measurement volume, particularly as the transmitting and sensing optics’ distance from the measurement volume decreases. The model was also shown to simulate the behavior of an existing probe quite accurately.
Exposure of Epitope Residues on the Outer Face of the Chikungunya Virus Envelope Trimer Determines Antibody Neutralizing Efficacy (2014)

CHIKV is the most important alphavirus affecting humans, resulting in a chronic arthritic condition that can persist for months or years. In recent years, millions of people have been infected globally, and the spread of CHIKV to the Americas is now beginning, with over 100,000 cases occurring in the Caribbean within 6 months of its arrival. Our study reports on seven human MAbs against the CHIKV envelope, including a highly protective MAb and rarely isolated fusion loop MAbs. Epitope mapping of these MAbs demonstrates how some E2/E1 epitopes are exposed or hidden from the human immune system and suggests a structural mechanism by which these MAbs protect (or fail to protect) against CHIKV infection. Our results suggest that the membrane-distal end of CHIKV E2/E1 is the primary target for the humoral immune response to CHIKV, and antibodies targeting the exposed topmost and outer surfaces of the E2/E1 trimer determine the neutralizing efficacy of this response.
Phase-Modulated Resonant Power Conversion Techniques for High-Frequency Link Inverters (1986)

Resonant power conversion techniques are examined and applied to high-frequency link inverters. A novel control principle using two high-frequency inverters modulated in phase to produce a dc isolated carrier containing wanted output on its sidebands is discussed. This power signal, when rectified, filtered, and inverted, results in sinusoidal outputs at utility frequencies. The method is analyzed for both dc and ac outputs and is demonstrated with a 3-kW high-frequency link inverter feeding both resistive and utility interactive loads. Typical waveforms are illustrated and performance is discussed.