gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An 11-bit High-Resolution and Adjustable-Range CMOS Time-to-Digital Converter for Space Science Instruments (2004)

An 11-bit time-to-digital converter (TDC) with high time resolution implemented in CMOS VLSI is presented. The TDC operates with a wide and clock-adjustable resolution of LSB = 50 ps to 1 ns, and with good power supply, temperature, and environmental effects compensation. The dead time of the measurement is as low as 0.5 /spl mu/s and the event rate can be as high as 1 MEvents/s. The power dissipation is a function of event rate and clock frequency; the TDC dissipates <10 mW at an event rate of 100 kEvents/s and LSB=100 ps. The TDC was incorporated in a complete time-of-flight (TOF) system on a chip that in addition included front-end analog signal processing. The TOF chip is already flying onboard the HENA (High Energy Neutral Atoms) instrument of the IMAGE NASA mission, launched in 2000, and is part of many other instruments such as particles, X-ray, and the laser altimeter of the Messenger spacecraft.
Mise en œuvre de deux méthodes interférométriques pour la caractérisation mécanique des films minces par l'essai de gonflement. Applications au cas du silicium monocristallin (1995)

Deux méthodes optiques sont présentées, interférométrie holographique en temps réel et méthode par projection de franges, appliquées à la caractérisation mécanique des films minces. Ces deux méthodes sont couplées à l'interférométrie par mesure de phase, ce qui permet d'accéder au champ des déplacements en tous points de la membrane. Les solutions retenues sont discutées en termes de précision et de sensibilité. Nous proposons l'application de ces méthodes à l'essai de gonflement de membrane, essai largement répandu dans les études de micro-mécaniques. Les mesures sont effectuées sur du silicium monocristallin et les résultats sont comparés aux solutions calculées par éléments finis. Le bon accord entre théorie et expériences valide les méthodes et les dispositifs développés.
Stereochemical Control in Microbial Reduction. XXI. Effect of Organic Solvents on Reduction of <i>α</i>-Keto Esters Mediated by Bakers’ Yeast (1993)

Abstract Reduction of α-keto esters mediated by bakers’ yeast takes place in an organic solvent without immobilization of the microbe. Several factors such as water content, pH of the solution, amount of bakers’ yeast, and the property of the organic solvent affect to enantioselectivity of the reduction. In benzene, stereochemistry of the reduction shifts markedly toward preferential production of the (R)-α-hydroxy ester. The stereochemical consequence of the present reaction is accounted for by two factors; 1) the inhibition of enzymatic decomposition of the produced (R)-α-hydroxy ester in benzene and 2) the enhancement of relative activities of dehydrogenases or reductases in producing the (R)-α-hydroxy ester under dilute concentrations of the substrate at the vicinity of enzymes.
Optimal employee retention when inferring unknown learning curves (2010)

This paper formulates an employer's hiring and retention decisions as an infinite-armed bandit problem and characterizes the structure of optimal hiring and retention policies. We develop approximations that allow us to explicitly calculate these policies and to evaluate their benefit. The solution involves a balance of two types of learning: the learning that reflects the improvement in performance of employees as they gain experience, and the Bayesian learning of employers as they infer properties of employees' abilities to inform the decision of whether to retain or replace employees. Numerical experiments with Monte Carlo simulation suggest that the gains to active screening and monitoring of employees can be substantial.
Version Control by Example (2011)

This book uses practical examples to explain version control with both centralized and decentralized systems. Topics covered include: - Basic version control commands and concepts - Introduction to Distributed Version Control Systems (DVCS) - Advanced branching workflows - Strengths and weaknesses of DVCS vs. centralized tools - Best practices - How distributed version control works under the hoodFeaturing these open source version control tools: - Apache Subversion - Mercurial - Git - VeracityYou can download a free electronic version of this book at ericsink.com/vcbe/index.html.We will occasionally give away free printed versions at ericsink.com/entries/vcbe_print_edition_free.html when we have copies available.
Cloning and sequencing of a sheep metallothionein cDNA (1984)

A partially purified metallothionein mRNA fraction from copper-injected sheep liver was used to synthesize double-stranded cDNA, which was dC-tailed, annealed to dG-tailed pBR322 and used to transform Escherichia coli MC1061. Of the 1500 recombinant clones only one gave a positive signal when screened with a mouse metallothionein 1 probe. This clone (pSMT-1) contained an insert which included the entire coding region of a sheep metallothionein, the whole 3'-untranslated region, part of the poly(A)-tail and 25 bases of the 5'-untranslated region. DNA sequence analysis showed that this sheep metallothionein was very similar to other mammalian metallothioneins except for a threonine to proline change at amino acid 27. The clone also contained a different polyadenylation signal d(A-G-T-A-A-A) from that usually found d(A-A-T-A-A-A). Comparison of the DNA sequence of the sheep metallothionein with those of other species revealed an interesting region of homology close to the poly(A) addition signal in the 3'-untranslated region of the mRNA.
The CM cell line derived from liver metastasis of malignant human insulinoma is not a valid beta cell model for in vitro studies (2008)

The CM cell line is derived from the ascitic fluid of a patient with liver metastasis of a malignant insulinoma. Insulin levels potentially derived from the insulinoma were detected only once in vivo in the subject with the malignant pancreatic tumor and hypoglycemia. After multiple unsuccessful attempts to detect insulin in the culture medium, insulin levels were again detected only once in vitro. In our repeated experiments, we extensively exposed early-passages of the CM cell line to 0.91 mM glucose and acutely to increasingly higher glucose concentrations (2.75, 5.5, 11, and 22 mM) and did not detect any insulin secretion as well as any significant insulin cell content. The electronic microscopic examinations of several vials containing early-passages of the CM cell lines showed a polyclonal nature of the cells mostly resembling fibroblasts. The karyotype detected severe and consistent chromosomal aberrations of the CM cell line, including the chromosome 11 tetraploidy and the genetic material translocation in three out of four chromosomes 11 at the insulin gene locus 11p15.1. These data, unfortunately, exclude the possibility of considering the CM cell line as a valid beta cell model in vitro.
In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity of a naturally occurring cross-linking reagent for biological tissue fixation (1999)

A recognized drawback of the currently available chemical cross-linking reagents used to fix bioprostheses is the potential toxic effects a recipient may be exposed to from the fixed tissues and/or the residues. It is, therefore, desirable to provide a cross-linking reagent which is of low cytotoxicity and may form stable and biocompatible cross-linked products. To achieve this goal, a naturally occurring cross-linking reagent -- genipin -- which has been used in herbal medicine and in the fabrication of food dyes, was used by our group to fix biological tissues. The study was to assess the cytotoxicity of genipin in vitro using 3T3 fibroblasts (BALB/3T3 C1A31-1-1). Glutaraldehyde, the most commonly used cross-linking reagent for tissue fixation, was used as a control. The cytotoxicity of the glutaraldehyde- and genipin-fixed tissues and their residues was also evaluated and compared. The observation in the light microscopic examination revealed that the cytotoxicity of genipin was significantly lower than that of glutaraldehyde. Additionally, the results obtained in the MTT assay implied that genipin was about 10000 times less cytotoxic than glutaraldehyde. Moreover, the colony forming assay suggested that the proliferative capacity of cells after exposure to genipin was approximately 5000 times greater than that after exposure to glutaraldehyde. It was noted that the cells seeded on the surface of the glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue were not able to survive. In contrast, the surface of the genipin-fixed tissue was found to be filled with 3T3 fibroblasts. Additionally, neocollagen fibrils made by these fibroblasts were observed on the genipin-fixed tissue. This fact suggested that the cellular compatibility of the genipin-fixed tissue was superior to its glutaraldehyde-fixed counterpart. Also, the residues from the glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue markedly reduced the population of the cultured cells, while those released from the genipin-fixed tissue had no toxic effect on the seeded cells. In conclusion, as far as cytotoxicity is concerned, genipin is a promising cross-linking reagent for biological tissue fixation.
Role of serotonin in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic pulmonary hypertension (1999)

The causes of pulmonary hypertension fall into four broad categories: (1) passive increases in pulmonary artery pressure secondary to increased left atrial pressure and left ventricular dysfunction, (2) veno-occlusive disorders, (3) conditions in which the blood flow through the pulmonary arteries is increased beyond the ability of the pulmonary circulation to compensate, and (4) conditions associated with vasospasm or occlusion, resulting in a diminished effective cross sectional area of the pulmonary vascular bed.1 2 In many cases several factors are present simultaneously. Regardless of the initiating cause, severe prolonged pulmonary hypertension appears to result in largely irreversible changes which involve vascular remodelling and often thrombosis.3-5 

Because the signs and symptoms of pulmonary hypertension are often very non-specific, patients commonly present late and, until recently, invasive tests were required to establish the diagnosis. Consequently pulmonary hypertension was frequently an important but unrecognised component of other disease states, many of which will be the subject of this discussion.

The main importance of severe pulmonary hypertension is that it may cause right ventricular dysfunction and ultimately death from right heart failure. Pulmonary heart disease, usually associated with pulmonary hypertension, has been estimated to account for at least 10% of all cases of heart disease in the USA.6 The significance of milder pulmonary hypertension is less clear, but it is probably important. A study in Chicago of 1118 subjects who were undergoing coronary angiography for suspected heart disease showed that the finding of pulmonary hypertension, independent of left ventricular dysfunction, was the single most important predictor of the likelihood of death over the subsequent two years.7 Pulmonary hypertension also has important prognostic implications in critically ill surgical patients8 and in those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).9 

The changes which take place in pulmonary arteries as a result …
Design and Synthesis of Aminostilbene–Arylpropenones as Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors (2014)

A series of aminostilbene-arylpropenones were designed and synthesized by Michael addition and were investigated for their cytotoxic activity against various human cancer cell lines. Some of the investigated compounds exhibited significant antiproliferative activity against a panel of 60 human cancer cell lines of the US National Cancer Institute, with 50 % growth inhibition (GI50) values in the range from < 0.01 to 19.9 μM. One of the compounds showed a broad spectrum of antiproliferative efficacy on most of the cell lines, with a GI50 value of < 0.01 μM. All of the synthesized compounds displayed cytotoxicity against A549 (non-small-cell lung cancer), HeLa (cervical carcinoma), MCF-7 (breast cancer), and HCT116 (colon carcinoma) with 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging from 0.011 to 8.56 μM. A cell cycle assay revealed that these compounds arrested the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Two compounds exhibited strong inhibitory effects on tubulin assembly with IC50 values of 0.71 and 0.79 μM. Moreover, dot-blot analysis of cyclin B1 demonstrated that some of the congeners strongly induced cyclin B1 protein levels. Molecular docking studies indicated that these compounds occupy the colchicine binding site of tubulin.
Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Crosslinked with Complementary DNAs (2020)

Hyaluronic acid (HA), a polysaccharide presents widely in the extracellular matrix of various animals, is used as an injectable gel material for regenerative medicine due to its biocompatibility. HA hydrogel can be produced from HA molecules via crosslinking. Physical crosslinking by noncovalent bonds is preferable rather than chemical crosslinking using a crosslinking agent to prevent unintended interactions in a biological environment and reduce inflammation caused by reaction by-products. In this study, HA was modified with two types of complementary single-stranded DNA obtained by digestion of pUC118 vector with the restriction enzyme Bsp1286I. When both of HA-DNAs were mixed, hybridized complementary strands acted as crosslinking points to form hydrogels. Shearing stress was applied to mix these DNA-conjugated HA solutions. As a result, a stiff hydrogel with an elastic modulus of about 100 Pa was obtained. The gel thus obtained would be facile to handle as an injectable gel that gains its structural properties from the shear stress applied through injection with a needle. In addition, DNA crosslinking points can be used for hybridization of the hydrogels with other biopolymers, cleavage with restriction enzymes and dissociation by thermal denaturation.
How Sensitive Is a Prostate-Specific Antigen Measurement?: How Sensitive Does It Need to Be? (2004)

Abstract Assays are now available that can measure very low concentrations of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), but their analytic performance and clinical utility are not well defined. This brief article highlights some of the clinical issues related to the limited prognostic significance of small changes in PSA concentrations in men with prostate cancer who have been treated with prostate ablation therapy. College of American Pathologists proficiency survey data are presented, illustrating the performance of commercial PSA assays with low PSA concentration survey samples tested between 1998 and 2002. The performance of the assays appears to be improving, but many of the currently used assays have intralaboratory coefficients of variation greater than 20% for PSA concentrations less than 0.4 ng/mL. Also, there are major differences in the level of PSA reported by various assays in these low concentration samples. These level differences (if they are also seen in clinical samples) may cause clinical problems when fixed serum PSA thresholds (eg, 0.2 ng/mL) are used to make clinical decisions related to prostate tumor recurrence.
Errors of measurement for blood volume parameters: a meta-analysis (2005)

The volume of red blood cells (V(RBC)) is used routinely in the diagnostic workup of polycythemia, in assessing the efficacy of erythropoietin administration, and to study factors affecting oxygen transport. However, errors of various methods of measurement of V(RBC) and related parameters are not well characterized. We meta-analyzed 346 estimates of error of measurement of V(RBC) for techniques based on Evans blue (V(RBC,Evans)), 51chromium-labeled red blood cells (V(RBC,51Cr)), and carbon monoxide (CO) rebreathing (V(RBC,CO)), as well as hemoglobin mass with the carbon-monoxide method (M(Hb,CO)), in athletes and active and inactive subjects undergoing various experimental and control treatments lasting minutes to months. Subject characteristics and experimental treatments had little effect on error of measurement, but measures with the smallest error showed some increase in error with increasing time between trials. Adjusted to 1 day between trials and expressed as coefficients of variation, mean errors for M(Hb,CO) (2.2%; 90% confidence interval 1.4-3.5%) and V(RBC,51Cr) (2.8%; 2.4-3.2%) were much less than those for V(RBC,Evans) (6.7%; 4.9-9.4%) and V(RBC,CO) (6.7%; 3.4-14%). Most of the error of V(RBC,Evans) was due to error in measurement of volume of plasma via Evans blue dye (6.0%; 4.5-7.8%), which is the basis of V(RBC,Evans). Most of the error in V(RBC,CO) was due to estimates from laboratories with a relatively large error in M(Hb,CO), the basis of V(RBC,CO). V(RBC,51Cr) and M(Hb,CO) are the best measures for research on blood-related changes in oxygen transport. With care, V(RBC,Evans) is suitable for clinical applications of blood-volume measurement.
The structure of musical preferences: A five-factor model. (2011)

Music is a cross-cultural universal, a ubiquitous activity found in every known human culture. Individuals demonstrate manifestly different preferences in music, and yet relatively little is known about the underlying structure of those preferences. Here, we introduce a model of musical preferences based on listeners' affective reactions to excerpts of music from a wide variety of musical genres. The findings from 3 independent studies converged to suggest that there exists a latent 5-factor structure underlying music preferences that is genre free and reflects primarily emotional/affective responses to music. We have interpreted and labeled these factors as (a) a Mellow factor comprising smooth and relaxing styles; (b) an Unpretentious factor comprising a variety of different styles of sincere and rootsy music such as is often found in country and singer-songwriter genres; (c) a Sophisticated factor that includes classical, operatic, world, and jazz; (d) an Intense factor defined by loud, forceful, and energetic music; and (e) a Contemporary factor defined largely by rhythmic and percussive music, such as is found in rap, funk, and acid jazz. The findings from a fourth study suggest that preferences for the MUSIC factors are affected by both the social and the auditory characteristics of the music.
Development of a new polybutylene terephthalate material for laser sintering process (2018)

Laser sintering of polymers gets more and more importance for small series production. However, available materials do not always fulfil requirements of the intended applications. New developments on the market should close this gap. However, some of these new materials are difficult to process or do not have expected properties. Aim of the presented study was to develop a polybutylene terephthalate material for laser sintering process. Material properties, processing conditions as well as part properties of the different experimental grades are investigated. Fundamental knowledge on the processing of this new material type in laser sintering is established.
Weakly Supervised Phrase Localization with Multi-scale Anchored Transformer Network (2018)

In this paper, we propose a novel weakly supervised model, Multi-scale Anchored Transformer Network (MATN), to accurately localize free-form textual phrases with only image-level supervision. The proposed MATN takes region proposals as localization anchors, and learns a multiscale correspondence network to continuously search for phrase regions referring to the anchors. In this way, MATN can exploit useful cues from these anchors to reliably reason about locations of the regions described by the phrases given only image-level supervision. Through differentiable sampling on image spatial feature maps, MATN introduces a novel training objective to simultaneously minimize a contrastive reconstruction loss between different phrases from a single image and a set of triplet losses among multiple images with similar phrases. Superior to existing region proposal based methods, MATN searches for the optimal bounding box over the entire feature map instead of selecting a sub-optimal one from discrete region proposals. We evaluate MATN on the Flickr30K Entities and ReferItGame datasets. The experimental results show that MATN significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.
Expert Commentary (1990)

See also: Intrauterine Cleft Lip SurgerySemin Plast Surg 1990; 4(02): 1-11DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1080449
Water-Soluble Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with High Stability and Selective Surface Functionality (2011)

The water dispensability and stability of high quality iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized in organic solvents are major issues for biomedical and biological applications. In this paper, a versatile approach for preparing water-soluble iron oxide nanoparticles with great stability and selective surface functionality (-COOH, -NH(2), or -SH) was demonstrated. The hydrophobic nanoparticles were first synthesized by the thermal decomposition of an iron oleate complex in organic solvent. Subsequently, the hydrophobic coatings of nanoparticles were replaced with poly(acrylic acid) , polyethylenimine, or glutathione, yielding charged nanoparticles in aqueous solution. Two parameters were found to be critical for obtaining highly stable nanoparticle dispersions: the original coating and the surfactant-to-nanoparticle ratio. These charged nanoparticles exhibited different stabilities in biological buffers, which were directly influenced by the surface coatings. This report will provide significant practical value in exploring the biological or biomedical applications of iron oxide nanoparticles.
Biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles induce neuronal differentiation of SH‐SY5Y cells via modulation of reactive oxygen species, phosphatases, and kinase signaling pathways (2014)

Nano-scale materials are noted for unique properties, distinct from those of their bulk material equivalents. In this study, we prepared spherical silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with an average size of about 30 nm and tested their potency to induce neuronal differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells. Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells are considered an ideal in vitro model for studying neurogenesis, as they can be maintained in an undifferentiated state or be induced to differentiate into neuron-like phenotypes in vitro by several differentiation-inducing agents. Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells by biologically synthesized AgNPs led to cell morphological changes and significant increase in neurite length and enhanced the expression of neuronal differentiation markers such as Map-2, β-tubulin III, synaptophysin, neurogenin-1, Gap-43, and Drd-2. Furthermore, we observed an increase in generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of several kinases such as ERK and AKT, and downregulation of expression of dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) in AgNPs-exposed SH-SY5Y cells. Our results suggest that AgNPs modulate the intracellular signaling pathways, leading to neuronal differentiation, and could be applied as promising nanomaterials for stem cell research and therapy.