gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Methods of determining the contact between a probe and a surface under scanning electron microscopy (2006)

Based on the charging effect common to various kinds of electron microscopy, we have developed novel methods of determining “when” and “where” a probe starts to contact an electrically isolated surface. The touchdown of an electrically grounded probe leads to an acute change in the imaging contrast of the contacted surface, which also causes a rapid jump (ranging from a few to tens of picoamperes) of the grounding current. Thus, the detection of contact can be carried out in both qualitative and quantitative manners, providing a basis for establishing relevant standard procedures. In addition, we have achieved the spatial mapping of the contact point(s) using a specially designed lithographical pattern with two mutually vertical sets of parallel conductive lines. The precision of this mapping technique is simply determined by the pitch of parallel lines, which can be as small as the capability achievable in e-beam lithography. A possible “one-probe” version of the electrical characterization is also discussed with the same underlying principle, which may turn out to be indispensable for various studies and applications of nanostructures. Further development along this track is promising to realize an instrumentally simple version of “scanning electron spectroscopy” with various modes.
Coexistence for unlicensed spectrum users in white spaces (2010)

Cognitive radio devices dynamically share unused sections of the radio spectrum. Under current spectrum regulations different secondary users accessing these unused sections have equal access rights, and they will interfere when operating on the same spectrum resources at the same time instance. A coexistence solution between secondary users is needed to resolve this. We propose a coexistence solution for fair and efficient sharing of white space spectrum between secondary networks for various use cases. The solution is based on collecting local information and making dynamical decisions. In our proposed solution neighboring network discovery is based on storing each network's information on a server and communication with it and other networks' management entities over Internet.
SDN based Scalable MTD solution in Cloud Network (2016)

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has emerged as a framework for centralized command and control in cloud data centric environments. SDN separates data and control plane, which provides network administrator better visibility and policy enforcement capability compared to traditional networks. The SDN controller can assess reachability information of all the hosts in a network. There are many critical assets in a network which can be compromised by a malicious attacker through a multistage attack. Thus we make use of centralized controller to assess the security state of the entire network and pro-actively perform attack analysis and countermeasure selection. This approach is also known as Moving Target Defense (MTD). We use the SDN controller to assess the attack scenarios through scalable Attack Graphs (AG) and select necessary countermeasures to perform network reconfiguration to counter network attacks. Moreover, our framework has a comprehensive conflict detection and resolution module that ensures that no two flow rules in a distributed SDN-based cloud environment have conflicts at any layer; thereby assuring consistent conflict-free policy implementation and preventing information leakage.
<i><scp>DRO</scp>1</i> influences root system architecture in Arabidopsis and Prunus species (2016)

Roots provide essential uptake of water and nutrients from the soil, as well as anchorage and stability for the whole plant. Root orientation, or angle, is an important component of the overall architecture and depth of the root system; however, little is known about the genetic control of this trait. Recent reports in Oryza sativa (rice) identified a role for DEEPER ROOTING 1 (DRO1) in influencing the orientation of the root system, leading to positive changes in grain yields under water-limited conditions. Here we found that DRO1 and DRO1-related genes are present across diverse plant phyla, and fall within the IGT gene family. The IGT family also includes TAC1 and LAZY1, which are known to affect the orientation of lateral shoots. Consistent with a potential role in root development, DRO1 homologs in Arabidopsis and peach showed root-specific expression. Promoter-reporter constructs revealed that AtDRO1 is predominantly expressed in both the root vasculature and root tips, in a distinct developmental pattern. Mutation of AtDRO1 led to more horizontal lateral root angles. Overexpression of AtDRO1 under a constitutive promoter resulted in steeper lateral root angles, as well as shoot phenotypes including upward leaf curling, shortened siliques and narrow lateral branch angles. A conserved C-terminal EAR-like motif found in IGT genes was required for these ectopic phenotypes. Overexpression of PpeDRO1 in Prunus domestica (plum) led to deeper-rooting phenotypes. Collectively, these data indicate a potential application for DRO1-related genes to alter root architecture for drought avoidance and improved resource use.
Reduced power selective excitation radio frequency pulses (1994)

A pulse synthesis algorithm is described that allows for the synthesis of selective radio frequency pulses requiring less peak power. The pulses thus synthesized have the same duration, total energy, and frequency response as those synthesized by the standard algorithm. Their phase function is, however, different. The power reduction is typically on the order of 60-70%. This modification will increase the utility of optimized selective pulses.
The horizontal reactive media treatment well (HRX Well<sup>®</sup>) for passive in situ remediation: Design, implementation, and sustainability considerations (2018)

Abstract A new in situ remediation concept termed a Horizontal Reactive Media Treatment Well (HRX Well ® ) is presented that utilizes a horizontal well filled with reactive media to passively treat contaminated groundwater in situ. The approach involves the use of a large‐diameter directionally drilled horizontal well filled with solid reactive media installed parallel to the direction of groundwater flow. The engineered contrast in hydraulic conductivity between the high in‐well reactive media and the ambient aquifer hydraulic conductivity results in the passive capture, treatment, and discharge back to the aquifer of proportionally large volumes of groundwater. Capture and treatment widths of up to tens of feet can be achieved for many aquifer settings, and reductions in downgradient concentrations and contaminant mass flux are nearly immediate. Many different types of solid‐phase reactive treatment media are already available (zero valent iron, granular activated carbon, biodegradable particulate organic matter, slow‐release oxidants, ion exchange resins, zeolite, apatite, etc.). Therefore, this concept could be used to address a wide range of contaminants. Laboratory and pilot‐scale test results and numerical flow and transport model simulations are presented that validate the concept. The HRX Well can access contaminants not accessible by conventional vertical drilling and requires no aboveground treatment or footprint and requires limited ongoing maintenance. A focused feasibility evaluation and alternatives analysis highlights the potential cost and sustainability advantages of the HRX Well compared to groundwater extraction and treatment systems or funnel and gate permeable reactive barrier technologies for long‐term plume treatment. This paper also presents considerations for design and implementation for a planned upcoming field installation.
A Calibration Standard for Two-Dimensional Angle-Resolved Low-Coherence Interferometry (2013)

We have developed phantoms for use with two-dimensional angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry. Here we demonstrate standardized multi-scale structural information for light scattering measurements.
Lateral <i>n</i> – <i>p</i> – <i>n</i> avalanche photodiode with an AlInAs multiplication layer (2008)

A quasi-planar AlInAs avalanche photodiode (APD) with a lateral n–p–n structure for optical fibre communications is reported. Although both the anode and the cathode contact the n-type regions, it is demonstrated that the n–p–n APD has the same performance as a normal p–n APD. The n–p–n structure enables the p-type conversion process of thermal Zn diffusion to be omitted, and AlInAs with a large gain bandwidth product and low noise to be utilised for a multiplication region. The n–p–n AlInAs APDs can provide better receiver sensitivity at 10 Gbit/s than commercially available InP APDs.
Flexible Inspection Imaging System Based on MM-Wave SFCW Radar (2018)

This paper presents an imaging inspection system based on MM-wave stepped frequency continuous radar. The system structure is explained. The RF side of the system is tested successfully, and the experimental result is presented.
Calmer: a robot for managing acute pain effectively in preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (2019)

Calmer provided similar treatment efficacy to a human touch-based treatment. More research is needed to determine effects of Calmer for stress reduction in preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit over longer periods.
Infrared Waveguide Modulators at Microwave Frequencies (1975)

Abstract : The long-range objective of this program is to develop an efficient and reliable ultra-wideband waveguide modulator for CO2 lasers that will be useful for high resolution, imaging optical radars and high-data-rate optical communication systems. Efficiency and reliability are obtainable by using integrated optics technology. During the reporting period (April 1975 to September 1975), major objectives are: (1) to develop techniques that will improve the quality and strength of the infrared waveguide structure, (2) to establish the relative advantages of grating and prism couplers, and (3) to establish the micro wave characteristics of microstrip modulator configuration. These developments are essential for the generation of the predictable level of sideband power at 16 GHz.
Melanin type and concentration determination using inverse model (2011)

Abnormality of melanin production causes skin pigmentation disorders. Currently, assessment of treatment efficacy (under Physician's Global Assessment framework) only refers to visual conditions of skin surface and not the condition of the underlying skin layers and pigments. Albeit researches on models and simulations of light interaction with human skin have been reported, none has been specifically developed for pigmentation analysis of melanin types - eumelanin and pheomelanin. Therefore, our research objectives are to develop image analysis of skin pigmentation for classification and quantification of eumelanin and pheomelanin pigment types in human skin. In this research, the model is developed using data collected from clinical study. It is hypothesised that the multispectral approach will provide an accurate characterisation of skin layers to determine melanin types namely eumelanin and pheomelanin. Monte Carlo method is then used to determine skin model parameters such as concentration of eumelanin and pheomelanin.
Water/Methanol‐Soluble Conjugated Copolymer as an Electron‐Transport Layer in Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes (2005)

Multilayer polymer light-emitting diodes are made using semiconducting polymers. An emissive polymer layer is cast from solution in an organic solvent, and a water-soluble (or methanol- soluble) conjugated copolymer is used for the electron transport layer (ETL) in the following device configuration: (indium tin oxide)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/emissive polymer/ETL/Ba/Al. Devices with an ETL have significantly lower turn-on voltages, higher brightness values, and improved luminous efficiencies.
Switched‐capacitor‐based boost multilevel inverter topology with higher voltage gain (2020)

This study proposes a new switched‐capacitor‐based multilevel inverter topology with a single dc voltage source. The proposed topology finds its suitability for renewable energy applications with low voltage. Seven‐level (7L) output voltage is achieved across the load with triple‐voltage gain employing 2 capacitors and 12 switches. Self‐voltage balancing of capacitor voltages, parallel operation of capacitors during discharging mode, reduced voltage stress, and bipolar output voltage generation without using backend H‐bridge are the major features of the proposed topology. Furthermore, a generalised structure of the proposed topology has also been discussed here. A comparison with other similar topologies with single‐source 7L configuration has been carried out to show the advantages of the proposed topology with reduced switch count. Experimental results have been provided to verify the performance of the proposed topology with different operating conditions.
Andrology: Classification of male factor infertility relevant to in-vitro fertilization insemination strategies using mannose ligands, acrosome status and anti-cytoskeletal antibodies (1996)

Polyvalent mannose ligands in the presence of free mannose act as zona pellucida agonists which rapidly induce acrosome exocytosis in competent motile human sperm from fertile donors following in-vitro capacitation. Quantification of the binding patterns of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled mannosylated albumins and of specific antisera which recognize mannose receptors and other related integral sperm membrane proteins as well as the incidence of induced acrosome exocytosis after capacitation has allowed us to identify three categories of male infertility. Category 1 males have normozoospermic semen parameters, their spermatozoa have elevated sperm cholesterol values and fail to fertilize oocytes in vitro after standard short-term incubations. These spermatozoa do not bind mannose ligands and do not show spontaneous or induced acrosome reactions, but treatments to remove cholesterol from the spermatozoa (e.g. prolonged incubation in the presence of sterol acceptors) confer the ability to fertilize. Cholesterol loading and unloading experiments have demonstrated the reversible character of sperm membrane properties in category 1 male infertility. Category 2 males have normal-appearing spermatozoa in semen which express mannose ligand receptors on incubation, but fail to undergo acrosome reactions in response to mannose treatment. Interestingly, all category 2 males identified in this study have clinical varicocele. Category 3 males have semen which may be normozoospermic or teratozoospermic with, in some cases, high percentages of tapering spermatozoa in the absence of clinical varicocele. Spermatozoa from category 3 men are deficient in a superfamily of integral membrane proteins whose cytoplasmic tails have myosin motors as identified by amino acid sequence analysis and anti-myosin antibody reactivity. Their spermatozoa do not express mannose ligand receptors or undergo induced acrosome reactions. Fertilization with category 2 and 3 semen is only achieved by micromanipulation procedures. These findings illustrate the practical application of basic research for infertility classification.
Ultrasound standing wave fields control the spatial distribution of cells and protein in three-dimensional engineered tissue. (2009)

The application of ultrasound standing wave fields (USWFs) to cell suspensions results in the radiation force-mediated movement of cells to areas of the field separated by half-wavelength intervals. In this study, USWF-induced cellular arrangements were maintained after removal of the sound field by polymerization of a collagen type-I solution around the organized cell bands. Using a water tank setup, cell suspensions of varying concentrations were exposed to a 1-MHz, continuous wave USWF for 15 min, during which time collagen polymerization occurred. An acoustic pressure amplitude of 0.2 MPa was used to achieve the USWF-induced cell organization. Compared to sham samples with a random cell distribution, cell viability was not adversely affected by USWF exposure. The organization of cells into a banded pattern within the collagen gels resulted in a significant two-fold increase in cell-mediated gel contraction, suggesting that USWF-induced cell organization leads to differential extracellular matrix remodeling. Protein organization within the tissue constructs was further controlled by USWF-mediated collocalization of soluble fibronectin to cell bands. These technologies have applications to the fabrication of tissue analogs with desired tissue characteristics for the repair or replacement of diseased or injured tissues and organs in the field of tissue engineering.
Prediction of mortality in an intensive care unit using logistic regression and a hidden Markov model (2012)

Intensive care medicine is a large share of the health care budget, and in the last decade there has been an increasing focus on making intensive care medicine more cost-effective by the efficient use of resources while still providing the best outcome for critically-ill patients. One important set of tools to perform this are critical illness severity assessment scores such as Simplified Acute Physiology score (SAPS-I) which help clinicians prioritize resources and determine the appropriate diagnostic/therapeutic plan for each patient. These scores are also used for assessing how medications, care guidelines, surgery, and other interventions impact mortality in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients. In an attempt to develop an improved patient-specific prediction of in-hospital mortality, we propose an algorithm based on logistic regression and Hidden-Markov model using vital signs (vitals), laboratory values (labs) and fluid measurements that are commonly available in ICUs. The algorithm was trained on 4000 ICU patient records and was validated on two sets of unseen test data of 4000 ICU patients each. These datasets were obtained as a part of PhysionNet/CinC Challenge 2012 (prediction of the mortality in ICU). Two different metrics, namely, (Event1) the minimum of sensitivity and positive predictive value and (Event2) a goodness of fit measure (range-normalized Hosmer-Lemeshow (H) statistic) was used to assess the algorithm's performance. The proposed algorithm achieved an Event 1 score of 0.50, 0.50 and an Event 2 score of 15.18, 78.9 compared to SAPS-I (Event 1: 0.3170, 0.312 and Event 2: 66.03, 68.58) in the two different validation dataset respectively. Furthermore, since the proposed algorithm uses instantaneous values of vitals and labs, it could be used as a continuous, realtime patient specific indicator of mortality risk.
Determination of 11 Cannabinoids in Biomass and Extracts of Different Varieties of Cannabis Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (2015)

An HPLC single-laboratory validation was performed for the detection and quantification of the 11 major cannabinoids in most cannabis varieties, namely, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabinol (CBN), Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), Δ8-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabichromene (CBC), and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-A (THCAA). The analysis was carried out on the biomass and extracts of these varieties. Methanol-chloroform (9:1, v/v) was used for extraction, 4-androstene-3,17-dione was used as the internal standard, and separation was achieved in 22.2 min on a C18 column using a two- step gradient elution. The method was validated for the 11 cannabinoids. The concentration-response relationship of the method indicated a linear relationship between the concentration and peak area with r2 values of >0.99 for all 11 cannabinoids. Method accuracy was determined through a spike study, and recovery ranged from 89.7 to 105.5% with an RSD of 0.19 to 6.32% for CBDA, CBD, THCV, CBN, Δ9-THC, CBL, CBC, and THCAA; recovery was 84.7, 84.2, and 67.7% for the minor constituents, CBGA, CBG, and Δ8-THC, respectively, with an RSD of 2.58 to 4.96%. The validated method is simple, sensitive, and reproducible and is therefore suitable for the detection and quantification of these cannabinoids in different types of cannabis plant materials.
Generalized Jones matrix optical coherence tomography: performance and local birefringence imaging (2010)

Phase retardation imaging including local birefringence imaging of biological tissues is described by generalized Jones-matrix optical coherence tomography. The polarization properties of a local tissue can be obtained from two Jones matrices that are measured by backscattered lights from the front and back boundaries of the local tissue. The error in the phase retardation measurement due to background noise is analyzed theoretically, numerically, and experimentally. The minimum detectable phase retardation is estimated from numerical simulations. The theoretical analysis suggests that the measurements with two orthogonal input polarization states have the lowest retardation error. Local birefringence imaging is applied to the human anterior eye chamber and skin in vivo.
Controlled-Rate Freezing of Human ES Cells (2005)

A significant obstacle to using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) arises from extremely poor survival associated with freezing, typically in the range of 1%. This report describes a slow controlled-rate freezing technique commonly used for mammalian embryo cryopreservation. Using a combination of surviving colony number and colony diameter; survival was determined relative to untreated hESCs. Using a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) cryoprotectant and either a homemade controlled-rate freezing device or a commercial freezing device, survival rates of 20%-80% were obtained. To achieve the highest levels of survival, the critical factors were an ice crystal seed (at -7 degrees to -10 degrees C), a freeze rate between 0.3 degrees and 1.8 degrees C/min, and a rapid thaw rate using room temperature water. Slow controlled-rate cooling allows a rapid, simple, and reproducible means of cryopreserving hESCs.
Tibial plateau fracture following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (2004)

A case is presented of a tibial plateau fracture after previous anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon autograft. The tibial plateau fracture occurred through the transosseous tibial tunnel and followed a torsional injury to the involved extremity. The stress riser effect of the transosseous tibial tunnel and the anatomic location of the cortical defect probably facilitated development of the fracture. Minimally invasive fixation of the fracture was effective in preserving knee stability without need for revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.