gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using Artificial Intelligence to Detect COVID-19 and Community-acquired Pneumonia Based on Pulmonary CT: Evaluation of the Diagnostic Accuracy (2020)

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has widely spread all over the world since the beginning of 2020. It is desirable to develop automatic and accurate detection of COVID-19 using chest CT. Purpose To develop a fully automatic framework to detect COVID-19 using chest CT and evaluate its performance. Materials and Methods In this retrospective and multicenter study, a deep learning model, the COVID-19 detection neural network (COVNet), was developed to extract visual features from volumetric chest CT scans for the detection of COVID-19. CT scans of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and other non-pneumonia abnormalities were included to test the robustness of the model. The datasets were collected from six hospitals between August 2016 and February 2020. Diagnostic performance was assessed with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity. Results The collected dataset consisted of 4352 chest CT scans from 3322 patients. The average patient age (±standard deviation) was 49 years ± 15, and there were slightly more men than women (1838 vs 1484, respectively; <i>P</i> = .29). The per-scan sensitivity and specificity for detecting COVID-19 in the independent test set was 90% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 83%, 94%; 114 of 127 scans) and 96% (95% CI: 93%, 98%; 294 of 307 scans), respectively, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.96 (<i>P</i> < .001). The per-scan sensitivity and specificity for detecting CAP in the independent test set was 87% (152 of 175 scans) and 92% (239 of 259 scans), respectively, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.93, 0.97). Conclusion A deep learning model can accurately detect coronavirus 2019 and differentiate it from community-acquired pneumonia and other lung conditions. © RSNA, 2020 <i>Online supplemental material is available for this article.</i>
Remote sensing of a low pressure plasma in the radio near field (2017)

A novel approach to remotely monitor low pressure non-equilibrium plasmas is reported. A magnetic field antenna is positioned in the near field of a capacitively coupled plasma. Magnetic flux from plasma currents, present near the viewport, is intercepted by a calibrated loop antenna placed outside the chamber. The induced signal current is correlated to bulk plasma currents. The comparison of relative harmonic amplitudes shows resonance features for lower operating pressures. The geometric resonance and electron–neutral collision frequencies are evaluated from resonant harmonic features. This approach advances remote, noninvasive, and installation-free plasma monitoring, which is of particular interest to industrial scenarios.
Metal-enhanced chemiluminescence: advanced chemiluminescence concepts for the 21st century (2009)

Chemiluminescent-based detection is entrenched throughout the biosciences today, such as in blotting, analyte and protein quantification and detection. While the biological applications of chemiluminescence are forever growing, the underlying principles of using a probe, an oxidizer and a catalyst (biological, organic or inorganic) have remained mostly unchanged for decades. Subsequently, chemiluminescence-based detection is fundamentally limited by the classical photochemical properties of reaction yield, quantum yield, etc. However, over the last 5 years, a new technology has emerged which looks set to fundamentally change the way we both think about and use chemiluminescence today. Metal surface plasmons can amplify chemiluminescence signatures, while low-power microwaves can complete reactions within seconds. In addition, thin metal films can convert spatially isotopic chemiluminescence into directional emission. In this forward looking tutorial review, we survey what could well be the next-generation chemiluminescent-based technologies.
Oligomeric plasticizers from crambe oil‐derived dicarboxylic acids for poly(vinyl chloride) (1975)

Abstract Seventeen oligomeric plasticizers were prepared by polyesterification of long chain dicarboxylic acids with propylene glycol and terminator acid or alcohol. All, except one terminated by dodecyl alcohol, were compatible with poly(vinyl chloride). Films plasticizied with these polyesters were similar in transparency and flexibility to films plasticized with bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate. Poly(vinyl chloride) sheets containing brassylic acid polyesters with of 2200–2300 or a crambe mixed dicarboxylic acids polyester with of 2100 exhibited superior permanence with overall performance comparable to sheets plasticized with bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate commercial polymeric plasticizer.
Synthesis, ligand binding, QSAR, and CoMFA study of 3.beta.-(p-substituted phenyl)tropane-2.beta.-carboxylic acid methyl esters (1991)

A series of 3 beta-(p-substituted phenyl)tropane-2 beta-carboxylic acid methyl esters (2) were synthesized and found to possess high affinity for the cocaine binding site in rat striatum. The p-chloro (2c) and p-iodo (2n) compounds, which were the most potent analogues prepared, were found to be 85 and 78 times more potent than (-)-cocaine. The p-bromo (2m) and p-methyl (2d) were also 56 and 60 times more potent than cocaine. QSAR and CoMFA studies were conducted to correlate binding affinity of the cocaine analogues with their structural features. Whereas the QSAR study gave relatively low correlations, the CoMFA study gave a correlation with high predictive value.
Connectivity‐based parcellation of normal and anatomically distorted human cerebral cortex (2021)

For over a century, neuroscientists have been working toward parcellating the human cortex into distinct neurobiological regions. Modern technologies offer many parcellation methods for healthy cortices acquired through magnetic resonance imaging. However, these methods are suboptimal for personalized neurosurgical application given that pathology and resection distort the cerebrum. We sought to overcome this problem by developing a novel connectivity-based parcellation approach that can be applied at the single-subject level. Utilizing normative diffusion data, we first developed a machine-learning (ML) classifier to learn the typical structural connectivity patterns of healthy subjects. Specifically, the Glasser HCP atlas was utilized as a prior to calculate the streamline connectivity between each voxel and each parcel of the atlas. Using the resultant feature vector, we determined the parcel identity of each voxel in neurosurgical patients (n = 40) and thereby iteratively adjusted the prior. This approach enabled us to create patient-specific maps independent of brain shape and pathological distortion. The supervised ML classifier re-parcellated an average of 2.65% of cortical voxels across a healthy dataset (n = 178) and an average of 5.5% in neurosurgical patients. Our patient dataset consisted of subjects with supratentorial infiltrating gliomas operated on by the senior author who then assessed the validity and practical utility of the re-parcellated diffusion data. We demonstrate a rapid and effective ML parcellation approach to parcellation of the human cortex during anatomical distortion. Our approach overcomes limitations of indiscriminately applying atlas-based registration from healthy subjects by employing a voxel-wise connectivity approach based on individual data.
Privacy-Preserving Auditing for Attribute-Based Credentials (2014)

Privacy-enhancing attribute-based credentials (PABCs) allow users to authenticate to verifiers in a data-minimizing way, in the sense that users are unlinkable between authentications and only disclose those attributes from their credentials that are relevant to the verifier. We propose a practical scheme to apply the same data minimization principle when the verifiers’ authentication logs are subjected to external audits. Namely, we propose an extended PABC scheme where the verifier can further remove attributes from presentation tokens before handing them to an auditor, while preserving the verifiability of the audited tokens. We present a generic construction based on a signature, a signature of knowledge and a trapdoor commitment scheme, prove it secure in the universal composability framework, and give efficient instantiations based on the strong RSA and Decision Composite Residuosity (DCR) assumptions in the random-oracle model.
Study on Conditioning of SO<sub>2</sub>–Ethanol–Water Spent Liquor from Spruce Chips/Softwood Biomass for ABE Fermentation (2013)

The focus of this study is to develop a process for conditioning spent liquor produced by SO2–ethanol–water (SEW) fractionation of spruce chips/softwood biomass for fermentation to butanol, ethanol, and acetone/2-propanol (so-called ABE process) by Clostridia bacteria. This study is an integral part of a project which aims at creating an economic process that can utilize cheap forestry residues such as twigs, cones, treetops, branches, and bark to produce renewable chemicals and liquid fuels. The results of this study suggest that the proposed scheme for conditioning of SEW spent liquor from spruce/softwood biomass can be successfully applied to produce chemicals and biofuels by ABE fermentation. Butanol, acetone, and ethanol are produced at a total yield of around 0.25 g/g sugars.
Graded functional diffusion map-defined characteristics of apparent diffusion coefficients predict overall survival in recurrent glioblastoma treated with bevacizumab (2011)

Diffusion imaging has shown promise as a predictive and prognostic biomarker in glioma. We assessed the ability of graded functional diffusion maps (fDMs) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) characteristics to predict overall survival (OS) in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients treated with bevacizumab. Seventy-seven patients with recurrent GBMs were retrospectively examined. MRI scans were obtained before and approximately 6 weeks after treatment with bevacizumab. Graded fDMs were created by registering datasets to each patient's pretreatment scan and then performing voxel-wise subtraction between post- and pretreatment ADC maps. Voxels were categorized according to the degree of change in ADC within pretreatment fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and contrast-enhancing regions of interest (ROIs). We found that the volume of tissue showing decreased ADC within both FLAIR and contrast-enhancing regions stratified OS (log-rank, P < .05). fDMs applied to contrast-enhancing ROIs more accurately predicted OS compared with fDMs applied to FLAIR ROIs. Graded fDMs (showing voxels with decreased ADC between 0.25 and 0.4 µm(2)/ms) were more predictive of OS than traditional (single threshold) fDMs, and the predictive ability of graded fDMs could be enhanced even further by adding the ADC characteristics from the fDM-classified voxels to the analysis (log-rank, P < .001). These results demonstrate that spatially resolved diffusion-based tumor metrics are a powerful imaging biomarker of survival in patients with recurrent GBM treated with bevacizumab.
Functional Lung Imaging in Thoracic Cancer Radiotherapy (2008)

While there are some technical challenges to overcome before pulmonary functional imaging can be routinely employed clinically in radiation oncology, there is the potential to preferentially spare better perfused/ventilated regions of normal lung, which promises to reduce pulmonary toxicity.
InfoGather+ (2013)

Users often need to gather information about "entities" of interest. Recent efforts try to automate this task by leveraging the vast corpus of HTML tables; this is referred to as "entity augmentation". The accuracy of entity augmentation critically depends on semantic relationships between web tables as well as semantic labels of those tables. Current techniques work well for string-valued and static attributes but perform poorly for numeric and time-varying attributes.
Modification of Radiator Pigments by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) (2018)

The optical and physical properties of spacecraft radiator coatings are dictated by orbital environmental conditions. For example, coatings must adequately dissipate charge buildup when orbital conditions, such as polar, geostationary or gravity neutral, result in surface charging. Current dissipation techniques include depositing a layer of ITO (indium tin oxide) on the radiator surface in a high temperature process. Other examples include the application of variable emittance coatings such as the use of VO2 to optimize radiator size, allowing for a decrease in heater power budget. The application of these enhanced coatings must be such that the properties in question are tailored to mission-specific requirements. Modification of these coatings can be accomplished during coating application preprocessing by using a deposition technique prevalent in the semiconductor micro processing industry called Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). The preprocessing is rendered directly on the coating dry pigment before binding. ALD is a cost effective nano-manufacturing technique that allows for the conformal coating of substrates with atomic-level thickness control in a benign temperature and pressure environment. Through the introduction of paired precursor gases, thin films can be deposited on a myriad of substrates ranging from glass, polymers, aerogels, metals, powders, and other high aspect-ratio micro- and nano-structures. By providing atomic-level control, where single layers of atoms can be deposited, the fabrication of metal transparent films, precise nano-laminates, and coatings of nano-channels and pores is achievable. We have demonstrated a method for the ALD of In2O3 and ITO films on a variety of substrates from Si(100) wafers, glass slides, and on Z93P pigments (patent pending). The results indicate excellent growth of 4-22 nm thick films demonstrating an order of magnitude decrease in resistivity on the pigments.
ChemInform Abstract: Intercalation of Sodium Ions into Hollow Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. (2013)

Abstract Cation vacancies in hollow γ‐Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles serve as hosts for sodium ions in the voltage range of 4.0—1.1 V.
Methanol conversion to olefins over ZSM-5. I. Effect of temperature and zeolite SiO/sub 2//Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ (1984)

The conversion of methanol to olefins over ZSM-5 zeolites is described. The interdependence of reaction parameters T, P, contact time, and catalyst Bronsted acidity in controlling olefin selectivity is characterized and interpreted. It is found that olefin formation can be decoupled from aromatization via a combination of high temperature and low catalyst acidity.
Autonomic Denervation With Magnetic Nanoparticles (2010)

intravascularly administered MNPs carrying NIPA-M can be magnetically targeted to the IRGP and reduce GP activity presumably by the subsequent release of NIPA-M. This novel targeted drug delivery system can be used intravascularly for targeted autonomic denervation.
Asynchronous group key exchange with failures (2004)

Group key exchange protocols allow a group of servers communicating over an asynchronous network of point-to-point links to establish a common key, such that an adversary which fully controls the network links (but not the group members) cannot learn the key. Currently known group key exchange protocols rely on the assumption that all group members participate in the protocol and if a single server crashes, then no server may terminate the protocol. In this paper, we propose the first purely asynchronous group key exchange protocol that tolerates a minority of servers to crash. Our solution uses a constant number of rounds, which makes it suitable for use in practice. Furthermore, we also investigate how to provide forward secrecy with respect to an adversary that may break into some servers and observe their internal state. We show that any group key exchange protocol among n servers that tolerates tc > 0 servers to crash can only provide forward secrecy if the adversary breaks into less than n - 2tc servers, and propose a group key exchange protocol that achieves this bound.
Imaging Transporters for Dopamine and Other Neurotransmitters in Brain (1997)

There has been substantial progress in the imaging of dopamine transporters. The earliest positron emission tomography (PET) experiments used carbon-11 labeled nominfensine (1,44); whereas recent investigations by both PET and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) utilize a variety of ligands with a variety of properties and address many biological questions (see below). The earliest ligands utilized, [11C]nomifensine and [11C]cocaine, were somewhat limited because of low signal-to-noise ratios. Nevertheless, [11C]cocaine as a ligand continues to be popular, because it is the same authentic substance that is abused around the world. The best, current 3-substituted phenyltropane ligands, such as RTI-55, have vastly improved signal-to-noise ratios. These successes are in no small part because of the development of the chemistry of cocaine analogs and other analogs of inhibitors for transporters (Fig. 1) (4,8). Despite this progress, several important things remain to be achieved. We need to develop methods to carry out rigorous calculations of Bmax instead of relying on more inexact but easier measures of relative occupancy and binding potential. We also need useful ligands for all transporters in brain.
Electronic circuit comprising a secret sub-module (2005)

A sub-module of a digital circuit contain secret elements such as keys and algorithms. These elements need to be kept secret all along the product life. In particular testing in a critical step, since conventional techniques include structural scan test, which allows downloading of all the internal registers of the circuit and functional application like tests in which the sub-module receives stimuli such as it receives during operation, and outputs respective signal which reveal information on the function of the sub-module by linking the expected output signals to the input signals. The sub-module assembly consist of a sub-module for performing a function and comprising at least one scan chain. A built-in self test circuit including a pattern generator was adapted in test mode.
MIKEY-IBAKE: Identity-Based Authenticated Key Exchange (IBAKE) Mode of Key Distribution in Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY) (2011)

This document describes a key management protocol variant for the
multimedia Internet keying (MIKEY) protocol which relies on trusted
key management service. In particular, this variant utilizes Identity
Based Authenticated Key Exchange framework which allows the
participating clients to perform mutual authentication and derive a
session key in an 'asymmetric identity based encryption'
framework. This framework, in addition to providing mutual
authentication, eliminates the key escrow problem that is common in
standard Identity Based Encryption while simultaneously providing
perfect forward and backwards secrecy.
Induction of Bilateral Transplantation Tolerance to Cellular and Perfused Allografts and Xenografts with Donor Hematopoietic Cells <sup>a</sup> (1998)

We have recently introduced a new approach for induction of transplantation tolerance to donor alloantigens using well-tolerated non-myeloablative conditioning across MHC and xenogeneic barriers in mice. Our regimen consists of no or very low doses of total lymphoid irradiation (TLI), previously shown to be tolerogenic because of profound yet non-myeloablative immunosuppression, followed by deletion of donor-reactive host lymphocytes activated in vivo with donor hematopoietic cells with a single dose of cyclophosphamide. Recipients of immunosuppressive regimen with lower intensity (e.g., no or one single dose of TLI) required a larger inoculum of donor bone marrow cells; the reverse was also true, both regimens resulting in stable mixed chimerism. A combination of low-dose TLI followed by depletion of donor-reactive host cells with cyclophosphamide resulted in consistent engraftment of even low numbers of T-cell-depleted donor-derived hematopoietic cells, known to be much more difficult to engraft, with consistent induction of permanent and donor-specific transplantation tolerance to donor skin allografts with signs of similar success across xenogeneic barriers.
Multisensory Control of Upper Extremity Function (2002)

The purpose of this paper is to develop a foundation for understanding potential intervention strategies for problems of fine motor control of the upper limb based on the integration of the physiological principles of voluntary motor movement, sensory processing, and neural adaptation. The paper concludes with a clinical example illustrating how the limits of plasticity of the nervous system and a loss of fine motor control can result in focal hand dystonia. The success of remediation of motor impairment through sensory training is proposed as a model to build dynamic, aggressive sensorimotor retraining programs for patients with motor movement dysfunction that has a sensory component.
Flux enhancement in TFC RO membranes (2001)

Abstract The effects of varying processing conditions during fabrication of TFC RO membranes were systematically investigated. It was found that the membrane flux is greatly dependent on the processing steps that follow the synthesis of the thin film coating, such as washing, treatment with glycerol, and drying of the membrane. Glycerol is not simply a passive flux ‐ p reserving agent, preventing loss of porosity during oven drying. In combination with a second oven drying step, glycerol actively enhances flux. Membrane flux can be similarly enhanced by treatment with solutions of organic salts, followed by oven drying. The effect of these treatments is quite large, increasing the flux by 30–70%, with no loss of salt rejection. Flux‐enhancing additives were also used in the aqueous polyamine solution used to prepare the thin film coating.
Multi‐level prime array for sparse sampling (2018)

Sensor array configurations such as coprime and nested arrays have attracted many researchers because they increase the degree of freedom (DOF). For example, in the direction of arrival estimation, the number of sources that can be estimated is greater than the total number of sensors. This study proposes a multi‐level prime array (MLPA) configuration for sparse sampling that can further increase the DOF. The proposed array uses multiple uniform linear subarrays where the number of sensors in the subarrays is pairwise coprime integers. The inter‐element spacing between the sensors is formulated as a scaled multiple of half‐wavelength where the subarrays share only their first element. For a fixed number of sensors, multiple MLPA configurations can be constructed by controlling the number of sensors in the subarrays or by adjusting the inter‐element spacing. For a given number of sensors, the proposed array has a smaller aperture and achieves more number of unique and consecutive lags compared with coprime arrays. The proposed configuration has limited holes in the difference coarray. The analytical expressions of both the difference coarray and the aperture size are derived. Simulation results confirm the advantage of the proposed configurations compared with the two level coprime arrays.