gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymeric Ion-Exchange Fibers (2002)

This work explores the design of new ion-exchange materials in the form of fibers that yield a number of important advantages over conventional ion-exchange beads. In this approach, ion-exchange fibers are prepared by (1) coating low-cost glass fiber substrates with an appropriate oligomer, (2) cross-linking, and (3) functionalizing the coating to produce either anionic or cationic capability. As a result of the thin coatings, the use of solvents prior to both functionalization and preswelling of the finished product prior to end-use was eliminated, representing a significant simplification of current synthesis methods. Kinetic experiments showed that the contact efficiencies of these systems were greatly improved over the traditional beads because of the higher surface-to-volume ratio and shorter diffusion path lengths. This improvement translated into an order of magnitude increase in both ion-exchange and regeneration rates. Another advantage is the excellent resistance of the fibers to osmotic shock even after multiple regenerations. Finally, these systems were shown to remove heavy metal contaminants effectively to well below part per billion concentrations.
A Read–Write Circuit for STT-MRAM With Stochastic Switchings (2018)

Spin-transfer torque magnetic random memory (STT-MRAM) is a promising candidate for universal memory due to its non-volatility, fast access speed, high density, and low power consumption. In this paper, we propose a read-and-write circuit for STT-MRAMs, which decreases energy consumption and improves the endurance of STT-MRAM cells. The proposed circuit is capable of terminating write operations when the state of the cell has been switched to the desired one. In the circuit, the read and write operations share a single current driver. The proposed circuit including all the digital logic parts has been implemented using a CMOS process and validated using SPICE-level simulations.
Optical Control of Microwave Phase (2007)

The detected phase of a microwave signal modulated on an optical carrier can be modified by driving the photodetector into saturation. We demonstrate a phase change of ~60 degrees at 20 GHz.
Advances in interactive, holographic 3D displays (2003)

Reconfigurable computer generated holography - sometimes known as electroholography - is the only technique capable of using computer held data to generate interactive, high quality, 3D images containing all the depth cues used by the human visual system. Practical applications of electroholography require computer generated hologram (CGH) patterns of between 10/sup 9/ to 10/sup 10/ pixels to be calculated and displayed at interactive rates. These pixel counts are necessary in order to generate images which are both big enough (upwards of 300 mm width) and possess a large enough field of view (FOV) to permit simultaneous, multiuser viewing. Advances in several key areas may now make such high performance electroholographic systems practical in the near future. We describe CGH design algorithms, computer architectures and CGH display engines, including the Active Tiling/spl trade/ system.
Patient-specific glenoid guides provide accuracy and reproducibility in total shoulder arthroplasty (2016)

Pre-operative planning with automatic software and the use of PSGs provides accurate and reproducible positioning and orientation of the glenoid component in anatomical TSA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1080-5.
Arrays of focused beams generated by the integration of Fresnel microlenses with vertical cavity surface-emitting laser arrays (1990)

The advent of vertical cavity surface emitting laser arrays (VC-SELAs) creates new possibilities of integration and miniaturization in a host of optical information processing and interconnection applications. 1 , 2 Beams of individual lasers in a VC-SELA exit through the substrate while diverging due to diffraction causing beam overlap after short distances. Here, we present results of integrating an easy to fabricate binary phase Fresnel microlens array (BP-FMA) on the substrate of a VC-SELA to focus individual beams making them suitable for above applications. A VC-SELA with 10 m aperture laser on 100 m pitch was first fabricated detail of which is given elsewhere. 2 By the selective ion beam milling of the substrate, the BP- FMA pattern was fabricated in the exit interface. The generated step height was 0.19 m (to induce 180 phase shift between neighboring zones of Fresnel microlenses). Each microlens in the array has an aperture of 80 m situated 100 m apart. In one case, we used such microlenses to reduce the beam divergence of 10 m aperture lasers (situated 200 m away) from 11 (diffraction without the lens) to 4 (with the lens). In this paper, we will present the quality of beams generated in addition to the diffraction and the throughput efficiencies of the fabricated microlenses. The effect of back reflection on the performance of laser resonators will also be examined.
Further Developments and Application of a Real-Time Directional Drilling Digital Interface (2010)

Abstract This paper describes the further development of a real-time directional drilling digital interface (DDDI) that dynamically illustrates many aspects of the directional drilling process, specifically those that apply to positive displacement downhole drilling motors (PDM), rotary steerable systems (RSS), and motor driven rotary steerable systems (MD-RSS) while operating downhole. The ongoing development of advanced drilling engineering packages and intelligent downhole drilling tools provides increasing amounts of available drilling-related data. The DDDI uses data supplied by means of an existing real-time, rigsitebased drilling information acquisition and database system to help to address many of the challenges encountered during directional drilling. The interface processes data based on engineering models, empirical knowledge, and technical data; it presents dynamic operating parameter information and graphical representations of functioning downhole drilling equipment. Subject matter experts located in diverse global areas can remotely access the interface to observe and to contribute to multiple drilling applications. This paper provides details about the further development of the existing interface and its application to better optimize the real-time directional drilling process and to promote a balanced downhole system approach. The results have included reduced drilling equipment wear and damage, greater reliability, and reduced drilling costs. In addition to downhole motor and rotary steerable system applications, the DDDI was used during downhole motor-driven rotary steerable system (MD-RSS) operations; benefits were realized through the simultaneous monitoring of both rotary steerable tools and PDMs. After achieving real-time benefits in diverse global locations through the additional technical capabilities of the enhanced version of the DDDI, the potential benefits of a Russian language version were identified. The Russian language version enhanced the collaboration between English- and Russian-speaking personnel. The most recent DDDI version aids in the comprehensive conceptualization, reporting, and control of directional drilling operations. It has a positive effect on the overall drilling process and expands the technical knowledge base, which provides additional support of the directional drilling expert system objective.
Targeting single-walled carbon nanotubes for the treatment of breast cancer using photothermal therapy (2013)

This paper focuses on the targeting of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) for the treatment of breast cancer with minimal side effects using photothermal therapy. The human protein annexin V (AV) binds specifically to anionic phospholipids expressed externally on the surface of tumour cells and endothelial cells that line the tumour vasculature. A 2 h incubation of the SWNT-AV conjugate with proliferating endothelial cells followed by washing and near-infrared (NIR) irradiation at a wavelength of 980 nm was enough to induce significant cell death; there was no significant cell death with irradiation or the conjugate alone. Administration of the same conjugate i.v. in BALB/c female mice with implanted 4T1 murine mammary at a dose of 0.8 mg SWNT kg(-1) and followed one day later by NIR irradiation of the tumour at a wavelength of 980 nm led to complete disappearance of implanted 4T1 mouse mammary tumours for the majority of the animals by 11 days since the irradiation. The combination of the photothermal therapy with the immunoadjuvant cyclophosphamide resulted in increased survival. The in vivo results suggest the SWNT-AV/NIR treatment is a promising approach to treat breast cancer.
Avian astroviruses (2002)

As poultry becomes more important in the world economy, it is increasingly important to fully understand the mechanisms of disease and poor production that affect the industry. To more accurately and reasonably treat these diseases, a more sophisticated understanding of interrelatedness is required. This review focuses on avian astroviruses (AAstVs), in particular the recent advances in our understanding of AAstV molecular biology, and also history, diagnosis, treatment and control. The known AastVs comprise duck astrovirus 1, turkey astrovirus 1 and 2, and avian nephritis virus of chickens. Nucleotide and amino acid identities between the avian and mammalian (human, ovine, bovine) astroviruses is very low (e.g. 20 to 25% and 12 to 15%, respectively) in open reading frame (ORF) 1a. There is also variation among the avian astroviruses, including between the two known types of turkey astrovirus. The ORF 1b sequence contains a number of conserved amino acid motifs; these could be the basis of degnerate oligonucleotide primers. A nomenclature for astroviruses is also proposed, based on: host species-astrovirus-type number/country(state)/reference number/year of isolation. For example, turkey astrovirus 2/North Carolina/034/1999.
Core-Melt Source Reduction System (COMSORS) to terminate LWR core-melt accidents (1992)

One of the design, safety, and licensing issues for the next generation of light-water reactors is this: What approach should be used to terminate a reactor core-melt accident and ensure no reactor containment failure in the unlikely event of an accident that results in core debris upon the containment floor The safety concerns are that the debris will (1) melt through the concrete floor (thereby penetrating the containment) and (2) generate noncondensable/burnable gases (thus pressurizing the containment and threatening its integrity). Noncondensable gases include burnable hydrogen and carbon monoxide, generated primarily from the reaction of zirconium with concrete decomposition products (water and carbon dioxide). A new approach to eliminate these concerns is being developed. The basic concept of the Core-Melt Source Reduction System (COMSORS) involves placing glass under the reactor vessel. If molten care material is released onto COMSORS. the following happens: (1) the glass absorbs decay heat for hours as its temperature increases and the glass softens; (2) the uranium and fission-product oxides dissolve in the molten glass, thus creating a uniform'' high-level waste (HLW) glass: (3) the molten HLW glass spreads into a wide pool, uniformly distributing the heat for removal by radiation to the reactor cavity abovemore » or transfer to water on top of COMSORS: (4) the pool materials will be molten and convective at temperatures near 1000[degrees]C, a sufficiently low temperature that surrounding concrete can be practically protected; and (5) the HLW glass solidifies as increased surface cooling allows heat removal to exceed heat generation. This process converts core debris of uncertain composition and geometry that may be uncoolable into a relatively uniform glass composition with known properties in a coolable geometry.« less
Correlation Trust Authentication Model for Peer-to-Peer Networks (2012)

A requester node requesting a service in a peer to peer network transmits a request to a service provider node. The request may include a communication history of the requester node identifying other nodes with which the requester node has previously communicated. The service provider node authenticates the requester node based on the communication history. The service provider node may ask other nodes with which the requester node has communicated for evaluation of the requester node. The other nodes may calculate a trust metric of the requester node and provide this metric to the service provider node. The service provider node may use this trust metric in combination with a similarity calculation of the requester node and the service provider node to make a determination whether the requester node is to be authenticated. The service provider node may evaluate the requester node and store the evaluation in its communication history.
Development of a solar-powered infrared injection laser microminiature transmitting system (1989)

A solar-powered infrared microminiature transmitting system is being developed to provide scientists with a tool to continuously track and study Africanized bees. Present tracking methods have limited ranges and lack the capability of continuously tracking individual insects. Preliminary field tests of a stationary prototypic transmitter have demonstrated a range of 1.1 km. The basic design consists of an array of nine 1-mm{sup 2} solar cells, which collect energy for storage in a 1.0-{mu}F tantalum chip capacitor. When the capacitor has been charged to a sufficient level, the circuitry that monitors the capacitor voltage level wakes up'' and fires a 5-{mu}s pulse through an 840-nm GaAlAs injection laser diode. The process is then repeated, making the signal frequency (which ranges from 50 to 300 Hz) dependent on solar luminance. The solar cells, capacitor, and laser diode are mounted in hybrid microcircuit fashion directly on the silicon substrate containing the CMOS control and driver circuitry. The transmitter measures {approximately}4 {times} 6 mm and weighs {approximately}65 mg. The receiving system is based on an 8-in. telescope and a Si PIN diode detector. 8 refs., 10 figs.
Highly selective iron-based Fischer–Tropsch catalysts activated by CO2-containing syngas (2014)

Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) was carried out over precipitated iron-based catalysts activated by syngas (H2 + CO) with different amounts of CO2 (0%, 20%, 33%, and 50%). The activation using CO2-containing syngas significantly suppressed the production of undesired products, CH4 and C2–C4 hydrocarbons, but facilitated the production of valuable products, C5+ hydrocarbons. In particular, in the case of C19+ hydrocarbons, the target products of low-temperature FTS (⩽280 °C), both selectivity and productivity showed a great increase with an increased inlet CO2 content during activation. We attribute the advantageous performance of the catalysts activated by CO2-containing syngas to the improvement in the effective performance of active iron carbides, possibly induced by an increased ratio of ε′-carbide (Fe2.2C) to χ-carbide (Fe2.5C) and a decreased fraction of inactive bulk carbons.
Optical coherence tomography algorithm failure to detect nerve fibre layer defects: report of two cases (2009)

Glaucomatous damage typically causes retinal ganglion cell and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) loss that can occur diffusely and focally. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive, non-contact technology that allows cross-sectional high-resolution in vivo imaging of intraretinal layers. Since structural abnormalities may precede functional abnormalities, it might be expected that an OCT RNFL abnormality would be observed when glaucomatous visual field (VF) loss is present. We report two patients who demonstrated clinically evident focal RNFL defects with corresponding VF loss that failed to be recognised as outside normal limits by OCT analysis.

The first subject had normal-tension glaucoma with a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/25 in the right eye and marked optic nerve head (ONH) cupping, inferior disc haemorrhage and inferotemporal RNFL wedge defect (fig 1A). VF showed a superior nasal step with an early arcuate scotoma (fig 1B). The OCT RNFL thickness profile (StratusOCT; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, California) revealed a narrow depression into the abnormal zone (red colour) in the inferotemporal region and borderline depression (yellow) in the superior and superonasal regions. The OCT demonstrated borderline thin superior sectors on clock-hour analysis when compared with the OCT normative database but failed to demonstrate thinner than normal RNFL in the inferotemporal sectors (fig 1C). The cross-sectional scans showed an overt narrowing of the RNFL that was markedly underestimated by the RNFL edge detection analysis by failing to follow the surface (fig 1D).



Figure 1 
Red-free photograph …
CAPSULE (2012)

Data stream processing applications are often expressed as data flow graphs, composed of operators connected via streams. This structured representation provides a simple yet powerful paradigm for building large-scale, distributed, high-performance applications. However, there are many tasks that require sharing data across operators, and across operators and the runtime using a less structured mechanism than point-to-point data flows. Examples include updating control variables, sending notifications, collecting metrics, building collective models, etc. In this paper we describe CAPSULE, which fills this gap. CAPSULE is a code generation and runtime framework that offers an easy to use and highly flexible framework for developers to realize shared variables (CAPSULE term for shared state) by specifying a data structure (at the programming-language level), and a few associated configuration parameters that qualify the expected usage scenario. Besides the easy of use and flexibility, CAPSULE offers the following important benefits: (1) Custom Code Generation - CAPSULE makes use of user-specified configuration parameters and information from the runtime to generate shared variable servers that are tailored for the specific usage scenario, (2) Composability - CAPSULE supports deployment time composition of the shared variable servers to achieve desired levels of scalability, performance and fault-tolerance, and (3) Extensibility - CAPSULE provides simple interfaces for extending the CAPSULE framework with more protocols, transports, caching mechanisms, etc. We describe the motivation for CAPSULE and its design, report on its implementation status, and then present experimental results.
An asynchronous protocol for distributed computation of RSA inverses and its applications (2003)

This paper presents an efficient asynchronous protocol to compute RSA inverses with respect to a public RSA modulus N whose factorization is secret and shared among a group of parties. Given two numbers x and e, the protocol computes y such that ye≡x (mod N). A synchronous protocol for this task has been presented by Catalano, Gennaro, and Halevi (Eurocrypt 2000), but the standard approach for turning this into an asynchronous protocol would require a Byzantine-agreement sub-protocol. Our protocol adopts their approach, but exploits a feature of the problem in order to avoid the use of a Byzantine agreement primitive. Hence, it leads to efficient asynchronous protocols for threshold signatures and for Byzantine agreement based on the strong RSA assumption, without the use of random oracles.
A pipeline architecture for indoor location tracking (2016)

Indoor location tracking based on wireless sensors such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth has recently received increased public attention in the context of location-based services (e.g. location-based advertising) and indoor navigation. However, until now, no clear best practices for filters, algorithms and sensor fusion have emerged, and, in fact, different use cases may require different sets of techniques for optimal results. In this paper, we thus present a sensor fusion approach that can integrate results from heterogeneous tracking algorithms based on discrete, symbolic locations and a reference architecture based on a pipeline approach that offers the necessary flexibility to easily adapt location tracking applications or -services to both future discoveries in tracking techniques and varying use cases. We also report on a comprehensive evaluation of a tracking application we built using the named architecture and sensor fusion in a large (ca. 2600 square meters) open space office under day-to-day business conditions.
Assessment of degree of hydration in dialysis patients using whole body and calf bioimpedance analysis (2010)

Prescription of an appropriate post hemodialysis (HD) dialysis target weight requires accurate evaluation of the degree of hydration. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a state of normal hydration as defined by calf bioimpedance spectroscopy (cBIS) could be characterized in HD and normal subjects (NS). cBIS was performed in 62 NS (33 m/29 f) and 30 HD patients (16 m /14 f) pre- and post-dialysis to measure extracellular resistance. Normalized calf resistivity at 5 kHz (ρN,5) was defined as resistivity divided by body mass index. Measurements were made at baseline (BL) and at a state of normal hydration (NH) established following the progressive reduction of post-HD weight over successive dialysis treatments until the ρN,5 was in the range of NS. Blood pressures were measured pre- and post-HD treatment. ρN,5 in males and females differed significantly in NS (20.5±1.99 vs 21.7±2.6 10-2 Ωm3/kg, p>0.05). In patients, ρN,5 notably increased and reached NH range due to progressive decrease in body weight, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) significantly decreased pre- and post-HD between BL and NBH respectively. This establishes the use of ρN,5 as a new comparator allowing the clinician to incrementally monitor the effect of removal of extracellular fluid from patients over a course of dialysis treatments.
A synthetic peptide defines a serologic IgA response to a human papillomavirus-encoded nuclear antigen expressed in virus-carrying cervical neoplasia. (1989)

The growing awareness of the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical carcinoma has triggered a search for uncomplicated detection methods. To define a serologic response to HPV, we synthesized peptides based on sequences deduced from the genome of HPV type 16, the most common malignancy-associated type of HPV. One of these peptides reacted with IgA antibodies present in sera from 24 of 33 patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cervical carcinoma, whereas this peptide reacted with only 6 of 27 sera from individuals without cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Immunoaffinity-purified human antipeptide IgA antibodies detected HPV-specific 58- and 48-kDa proteins in cervical carcinoma cell extracts and also detected a nuclear antigen in HPV-carrying cervical cancer cell lines and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia biopsied tissue. These antigens were also detected with mouse monoclonal and rabbit polyclonal antibodies to the same peptide. The results indicate that screening for infection with malignancy-associated types of HPV may be possible by simple synthetic peptide-based serology.