gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Attaché: Towards Ideal Memory Compression by Mitigating Metadata Bandwidth Overheads (2018)

Memory systems are becoming bandwidth constrained and data compression is seen as a simple technique to increase their effective bandwidth. However, data compressionrequires accessing Metadata which incurs additional bandwidth overheads. Even after using a Metadata-Cache, the bandwidth overheads of Metadata can reduce the benefits of compression. This paper proposes Attaché, a framework that reduces the overheads of Metadata accesses. The Attaché framework consists of two components. The first component, called the Blended Metadata Engine (BLEM), enables data and its Metadata to be accessed together. BLEM incurs additional Metadata accesses only 0.003% times and removes almost all Metadata bandwidth overheads. The second component, called theCompression Pre-dictor(COPR), predicts if the memory block is compressed. TheCOPR predictor uses a fine-grained line-level predictor, a coarse-grained page-level predictor, and a global indicator. This enables Attaché to predict the compressibility of the memory block before sending a memory read request. We implement Attaché on a memory system that uses Sub-Ranking. On average, Attaché achieves 15.3% speedup (ideal 17%) and saves 22% energy consumption (ideal 23%) when compared to a baseline system that does not employ data compression. Attaché is completely hardware-based and uses only 368KB of SRAM.
Analytic-DPM: an Analytic Estimate of the Optimal Reverse Variance in Diffusion Probabilistic Models (2022)

Diffusion probabilistic models (DPMs) represent a class of powerful generative models. Despite their success, the inference of DPMs is expensive since it generally needs to iterate over thousands of timesteps. A key problem in the inference is to estimate the variance in each timestep of the reverse process. In this work, we present a surprising result that both the optimal reverse variance and the corresponding optimal KL divergence of a DPM have analytic forms w.r.t. its score function. Building upon it, we propose Analytic-DPM, a training-free inference framework that estimates the analytic forms of the variance and KL divergence using the Monte Carlo method and a pretrained score-based model. Further, to correct the potential bias caused by the score-based model, we derive both lower and upper bounds of the optimal variance and clip the estimate for a better result. Empirically, our analytic-DPM improves the log-likelihood of various DPMs, produces high-quality samples, and meanwhile enjoys a 20x to 80x speed up.
Optimal geographic caching in cellular networks (2015)

In this work we consider the problem of an optimal geographic placement of content in wireless cellular networks modelled by Poisson point processes. Specifically, for the typical user requesting some particular content and whose popularity follows a given law (e.g. Zipf), we calculate the probability of finding the content cached in one of the base stations. Wireless coverage follows the usual signal-to-interference-and noise ratio (SINR) model, or some variants of it. We formulate and solve the problem of an optimal randomized content placement policy, to maximize the user's hit probability. The result dictates that it is not always optimal to follow the standard policy “cache the most popular content, everywhere”. In fact, our numerical results regarding three different coverage scenarios, show that the optimal policy significantly increases the chances of hit under high-coverage regime, i.e., when the probabilities of coverage by more than just one station are high enough.
T Cell Plasticity (2009)

Immunology
CD4+ T helper cells are important mediators of humoral immunity. Different types of infection induce distinct helper lineages with characteristic profiles of cytokine expression. During an infection, CD4+ T cells interact with B cells in lymph node follicles where, through cell-cell interaction and cytokine secretion, they determine the classes of antibodies that B cells produce. CD4+ T cells that induce B cell class switching, termed T follicular helper cells, express distinct phenotypic markers regardless of infection type and were thus thought to be a distinct lineage of helper cells; however, one lineage of cells can induce the different classes of antibodies associated with immune response to distinct classes of pathogens.

Three studies by Reinhardt et al. , Zaretsky et al. , and King and Mohrs address this issue in the context of a helminth infection, which generates a classical T helper cell 2 (TH2) immune response associated with interleukin-4 (IL-4) production. Using IL-4 reporter mice, the authors demonstrate that in the lymph node, most IL-4–producing T cells localize to B cell follicles. These cells are similar in phenotype to T follicular helper cells and are required for B cell class switching, but they also express TH2-associated genes such as GATA-3. In contrast, IL-4–producing cells outside of lymph nodes express TH2-associated markers, but not T follicular helper cell-associated markers. These studies suggest that T follicular helper cells may not represent a distinct lineage, but rather differentiate from other T helper cell lineages and help to channel B cell responses via the secretion of lineage-specific cytokines. These studies also provide insight into how humoral and cellular immunity are coordinated because the same helper cytokines that induce humoral responses in the lymph node also drive cell-mediated immunity in the periphery.

Nat. Immunol. 10 , 385 (2009); J. Exp. Med. 206 , 10.1084/jem.20090303; 10.1084/jem.20090313 (2009).
At the Nexus of Blockchain Technology, the Circular Economy, and Product Deletion (2019)

The circular economy (CE) is an emergent concept to rethink and redesign how our economy works. The concept recognizes effective and efficient economic functioning at multiple scales—governments and individuals, globally and locally; for businesses, large and small. CE represents a systemic shift that builds long-term resilience at multiple levels (macro, meso and micro); generating new business and economic opportunities while providing environmental and societal benefits. Blockchain, an emergent and critical technology, is introduced to the circular economy environment as a potential enabler for many circular economic principles. Blockchain technology supported information systems can improve circular economy performance at multiple levels. Product deletion, a neglected but critical effort in product management and product portfolio management, is utilized as an illustrative business scenario as to blockchain’s application in a circular economy research context. Product deletion, unlike product proliferation, has received minimal attention from both academics and practitioners. Product deletion decisions need to be evaluated and analyzed in the circular economy context. CE helps address risk aversion issues in product deletions such as inventory, waste and information management. This paper is the first to conceptualize the relationships amongst blockchain technology, product deletion and the circular economy. Many nuances of relationships are introduced in this study. Future evaluation and critical reflections are also presented with a need for a rigorous and robust research agenda to evaluate the multiple and complex relationships and interplay amongst technology, policy, commerce and the natural environment.
Absence of hepcidin gene mutations in 10 Italian patients with primary iron overload. (2002)

We analyzed the hepcidin gene in 10 Italian patients with hemochromatosis not related to C282Y, H63D or other less frequent HFE mutations, nor to Y250X in TFR2. The sequencing of the whole hepcidin coding region, intron-exon junctions, 5' and partially 3'UTRs, did not reveal any alteration in the studied patients.
Real-time large-scale big data networks analytics and visualization architecture (2015)

Big data analytics and visualization emerged as socio-technical needs in this current century as well as will be main dominant workforces in next generation technologies. Today's social and technological operations are centered around massive data transfer. These activities are more predominant for dynamic real-time data handling and operations. Better visualization techniques will help for clear and effective understanding in any real-time dynamic systems. Existing data analytics and visualization environment lacks functional features while operating over wide range real-time dynamic systems. Considering the drawbacks of existing data visualization systems in this paper we put forward 'Large-Scale System Data Visualization' architecture i.e. X-SimViz. This XSimViz framework will allow users for interactive real-time i.e. dynamic data analytics and visualization.
Proposal of 1-cell reuse OFDM/TDMA using subcarrier adaptive modulation and multilevel transmit power control for broadband wireless communication systems (2003)

This paper proposes a 1-cell reuse OFDM/TDMA system that employs subcarrier adaptive modulation scheme (AMS), total-and multilevel (subcarrier) transmit power control (TPC, MTPC) schemes to achieve broadband wireless communication systems. In the proposed system, because AMS and MTPC are operated according to the predicted signal to interference plus noise power ratio (SINR), suppression of rapid change of both the desired and interference signal level is a key for higher throughput. Hence, we employ diversity reception and discuss its impact on suppression of dynamic range and variation speed of interference signal level in addition to the desired signal level. Moreover, in order to avoid stepwise changes in interference level due to the modulation level change in AMS process, we optimize averaging period of interference level used in AMS and MTPC processes, and the update rate for subcarrier TPC and modulation level control. Computer simulation confirms the proposed system with optimized parameters achieves equivalent cell reuse factor of 1.57 under 3-sector cell configuration.
Optimizing throughput of power- and thermal-constrained multicore processors using DVFS and per-core power-gating (2009)

Process variability from a range of sources is growing as technology scales below 65nm, resulting in increasingly nonuniform transistor delay and leakage power both within a die and across dies. As a result, the negative impact of process variations on the maximum operating frequency and the total power consumption of a processor is expected to worsen. Meanwhile, manufacturers have integrated more cores in a single die, substantially improving the throughput of a processor running highly-parallel applications. However, many existing applications do not have high enough parallelism to exploit multiple cores in a die. In this paper, first, we analyze the throughput impact of applying per-core power gating and dynamic voltage and frequency scaling to power- and thermal-constrained multicore processors. To optimize the throughput of the multicore processors running applications with limited parallelism, we exploit power- and thermal-headroom resulted from power-gated idle cores, allowing active cores to increase operating frequency through supply voltage scaling. Our analysis using a 32nm predictive technology model shows that optimizing the number of active cores and operating frequency within power, thermal, and supply voltage scaling limits improves the throughput of a 16-core processor by ~16%. Furthermore, we extend our throughput analysis and optimization to consider the impact of within-die process variations leading to core-to-core frequency (and leakage power) variations in a multicore processor. Our analysis shows that exploiting core-to-core frequency variations improves the throughput of a 16-core processor by ~75%.
Information Mining Based on Multi-Granularity News Fusion (2013)

In response to the Internet users are about the same theme of mass information effectively filter and extraction, this paper proposes a document based on particle size of the news MGNF fusion algorithm, particle size document means that face now the newest microblog and short documents and traditional news dissemination documents, both document length although different, but as based on the calculation of grassroots journalism and communication mode. Through mining the different particle size of the document different views, we can find out the potential to be found for the information. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Improving WFST-based G2p conversion with alignment constraints and RNNLM n-best rescoring (2012)

This work introduces a modified WFST-based multiple to multiple EM-driven alignment algorithm for Graphemeto-Phoneme (G2P) conversion, and preliminary experimental results applying a Recurrent Neural Network Language Model (RNNLM) as an N-best rescoring mechanism for G2P conversion.The alignment algorithm leverages the WFST framework and introduces several simple structural constraints which yield a small but consistent improvement in Word Accuracy (WA) on a selection of standard baselines.The RNNLM rescoring further extends these gains and achieves state-of-the-art performance on four standard G2P datasets.The system is also shown to be significantly faster than existing solutions.Finally, the complete WFST-based G2P framework is provided as an open-source toolkit.
Conjunctivitis outbreak among divers. (2008)

In March 2006, an outbreak of conjunctivitis that occurred over a six day period among twenty-nine individuals who partook in recreational scuba diving trips on two boats off Vitu Levu Island, Fiji. We investigated the likelihood that a communal container used to store diving masks facilitated the spread of conjunctivitis among individuals. The diagnosis of conjunctivitis was based on clinical assessment by a physician. Transmission of conjunctivitis from person to person was documented with eventual identification of the index case, the dive master, a Fijian resident. Topical antibiotics were dispensed accordingly and detergent and bleach were used as mask cleaning agents in an effort to control the outbreak. Follow up surveys were mailed to all twenty-nine participants. Ultimately, fourteen cases of conjunctivitis were documented (46.7%). Eleven cases were verified during the six days in Fiji, two upon arrival back in the U.S., and one case of familial transmission in the U.S. All but two cases resolved within one week. Unknown to these divers was a coincidental, generalized outbreak of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis among the Fijian Residents. The communal container used to store diving masks was the likely vector for the spread of infectious conjunctivitis, the first such documented outbreak involving communal diving equipment.
The potential of using refractory metals and barrier layers to generate high temperature interconnects (2003)

A method is described to generate high-temperature interconnects that consist of a barrier metallization and refractory metals. These systems have a number of attractive features over metal disilicides in terms of their electrical resistivity and their ability to form metallurgically stable contacts that inhibit silicon and dopant transport through them. It is shown that a specific system of W and TaN is stable and can be used at temperatures approaching 1000 degrees C in direct electrical contact with silicon for long process times. This barrier can also be placed between doped Si layers and high-temperature silicides to inhibit dopant outdiffusion during high-temperature processing. The utility of such systems for future applications in integrated circuit and sensor technology is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Automatic monitoring of denitrification rates and capacities in activated sludge processes using fluorescence or redox potential (1998)

A novel method is described to automatically estimate several key parameters affecting denitrification in activated sludge processes: the nitrate concentration, the denitrification capacity, and the maximum (substrate unlimited) and actual denitrification rates. From these, the concentration of active denitrifying microorganisms and the quality of available organic substrate pool can be estimated. Additionally, a modification of the method allows the determination of the efficacy of various carbon substrates to enhance denitrification, and this can be used to determine optimal dosing rates of an external carbon source. The method is based on measurements of either fluorescence or redox potential (ORP) in an isolated mini-reactor, the Biological Activity Meter (BAM), situated in the anoxic zone of the wastewater treatment plant. Advantages of the method are that it is in situ, operating at the same temperature as in the measured anoxic zone, requires no pumps or pipes for mixed liquor sampling, consumes little or no reagents, and uses measurement signals which are instantaneous and low maintenance, one of which provides a direct measure of biological activity.
A Study on Whether ovarian resection corresponds to surgery for ‘direct treatment of cancer’ (2022)

암보험을 둘러싸고 보험사와 보험가입자 간 분쟁이 끊이지 않고 발생하고 있다. 암보험 약관의 해석상 보험금 지급이 가장 큰 갈등 요인이 된다. 대상사건에서는 보험약관의 내용을 근거로 보험회사가 보험금 지급을 거절한 사안을 다루고 있다. 신청인은 유방암 4기 환자로 암 치료 중 여성호르몬 억제주사의 부작용이 발생하여, 여성호르몬을 억제하기 위해 난소절제술을 시행 받았는데, 피신청인 보험회사는 난소절제술이 암의 직접적인 치료 목적의 수술이 아니라는 이유로 암 수술 보험금 지급을 거절하였다. 금융분쟁조정위원회는 신청인이 받은 난소절제술이 비록 예방적 목적을 겸하고 있다고 하더라도, 암보험약관상 암의 직접 치료목적으로 시행되었다고 인정하였다. 그러나 신청인의 경우 암 진단이 확정되지 않은 기관인 난소를 절제하였는바, 해당 수술이 암보험 약관의 보험금 지급요건인 ‘암의 직접 치료목적’의 수술에 해당되는 것인지에 대해서는 다소 의문이 든다.
<i>Citrus</i> Genus Plants Contain N-Methylated Tryptamine Derivatives and Their 5-Hydroxylated Forms (2013)

The occurrence and distribution in Citrus genus plants of N-methylated derivatives of tryptamine and their 5-hydroxylated forms are reported. Tryptamine, N-methyltryptamine, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), 5-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, 5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (bufotenine), and 5-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine (bufotenidine) were quantitated by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Leaves of all citrus plants examined contained N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine, a compound that we first discovered in the bergamot plant. Interestingly, we also found out that all plants examined contained 5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine and 5-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine, compounds never described so far in the Citrus genus. As N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine and 5-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine possess nicotine-like activity by exerting their action on acetylcholine receptors, it is conceivable that both represent the arrival point of a biosynthetic pathway aimed to provide Citrus plants with chemical defense against aggressors. This hypothesis is supported by our finding that leaves and seeds, which are more frequently attacked by biotic agents, are the parts of the plant where the highest levels of those compounds were found.
Molecular targeted therapy of malignant glioma. (2010)

Malignant glioma is the most common malignant tumor of central nervous system . Advance in our congnition of the molecular mechanism of cancers has led to targeted molecular therapies that may permit the improvement of therapeutic efficacy and reduce the toxicity of drugs. Targeted molecular therapy belongs to biotherapy. Its theory is: aiming at the some critical molecular mechanism of the malignant glioma,in order to cure the glioma. This new treatment can raise patients' life quality and extend the survival time. We have reasons believe that the malignant glioma will be cured in the near future.
Phase III Studies of Quad Published (2012)

Earlier this year at CROI, researchers presented two phase III trials in which a fixed-dose once-daily coformulation of tenofovir/FTC/elvitegravir/cobicistat (known as “Quad”) was compared with a standard first-line regimen consisting of tenofovir/FTC/efavirenz (Atripla) or tenofovir/FTC + ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (JW AIDS Clin Care Apr 2 2012). Now, the 48-week results of these trials have been published.

Treatment-naive patients (approximately 700 in each trial; about 90% men) were randomized 1:1 to receive Quad or the comparator regimen. The trials were placebo-controlled, blinded, and sponsored by the maker of Quad. Patients were required to have an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >70 mL/minute/1.73 m2 — and, in fact, the median eGFR in both trials …
Ceria as a Thermochemical Reaction Medium for Selectively Generating Syngas or Methane from H<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub> (2009)

Doped CeO2 with a low specific surface area is thermochemically cycled between MO2 and MO2−δ using H2O and CO2 as oxidants. The system rapidly and selectively produces syngas in the absence of a metal catalyst, and CH4 in the presence of Ni. The Ni catalyst, which permits intermediate C to form on its surface, is proposed to shift the product from syngas to CH4. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Screening for breast cancer: the UK scene (1989)

Sir James McKenzie Davidson was born in 1856, 39 years before Röntgen discovered X rays. A graduate of the University of Aberdeen, his initial training was in surgery (and what better for a future radiologist!) and ophthalmology. It was following a visit to Wurzberg that he decided to devote his energies to the new specialty of radiology and was appointed to Charing Cross and the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospitals. There he was instrumental in pioneering many new developments, including the use of stereoscopy for localizing foreign bodies, a method of great benefit to the wounded of World War I. McKenzie Davidson continued to pioneer new developments up to his untimely death at the age of 63 years (Obituary, 1919; Burrows, 1986). Thirty of his colleagues, including Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin, set up a memorial fund, which was used to help purchase 32 Welbeck Street as a home for the Röntgen Society or, as it became in 1924, your British Institute of Radiology. Furthermore, his widow and family endowed this Memorial Lecture so that his name could be kept alive in radiological circles. And so it should be, for McKenzie Davidson was not only a pioneer and innovator but, from all accounts, a warm and generous man, bringing distinction to the field in which he was truly a founding father. It is a great honour to be invited to deliver this lecture in his memory.
Dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of plasticized poly(lactic acid) (2006)

Abstract The blends of low molecular weight triacetin (TAC) and oligomeric poly(1,3‐butylene glycol adipate) (PBGA) were used as multiple plasticizers to lubricate poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in this study. The thermal and mechanical properties of plasticized polymers were investigated by means of dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to analyze the morphologies of the blends. Multiple plasticizers were effective in lowering the glass transition temperature ( T g ) and the melting temperature ( T m ) of PLA. Moreover, crystallinity of PLA increased with increasing the content of multiple plasticizers. Tensile strength of the blends decreased following the increasing of the plasticizers, but increased in elongation at break. AFM topographic images showed that the multiple plasticizers dispersed between interfibrillar regions. Moreover, the fibrillar crystallite formed the quasicrosslinkings, which is another cause for the increase in elongation at break. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1583–1590, 2006