gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Micro-Raman Spectroscopy Study of 32 Kinds of Chinese Coals: Second-Order Raman Spectrum and Its Correlations with Coal Properties (2017)

Coal property and structures of 32 kinds of Chinese coals were investigated from the insights of second-order Raman spectrum using micro-Raman spectroscopy. A new deconvolution method for the second-order Raman spectrum of coal has been established, and the spectrum from 2100 to 3400 cm–1 was curve-fitted by eight Gaussian bands successfully. The results indicate that the bands at 3060 and 2810 cm–1 are sensitive to the volatiles content in coal and the bands at 2925, 2670, and 2480 cm–1 are related to the more ordered structures of coal. Reasonable correlations between the second-order Raman bands area ratios and coal property parameters have been found, and an effectively comprehensive method for evaluating the coal property based on a second-order Raman spectrum has been built. The results reveal that the C–H and amorphous carbon structures increase with the increase of volatile content in the coal but have no obvious relationship with the fixed carbon content. Besides, the order degree of coal structure has a good positive correlation with the ratio of fixed carbon to volatiles content in the coal. This study demonstrates that the second-order Raman spectrum can reveal useful structure information on coal and provide a new approach for evaluating coal properties.
A wide-band wavelength-tunable terahertz detector using a graphene transistor (2010)

We report on a novel type of wavelength-tunable terahertz (THz) detector based on a graphene transistor. We have demonstrated that the graphene under a magnetic field has the ability to detect THz waves in a wide range of 1.6-33THz. Further enhancement of the detection performance will be discussed.
First- and second-generation total synthesis of ciguatoxin CTX3C (2004)

More than 20,000 people suffer annually from ciguatera seafood poisoning in subtropical and tropical regions. The extremely low content of the causative neurotoxins, designated as ciguatoxins, in fish has hampered isolation, detailed biological studies, and preparation of anti-ciguatoxin antibodies for detecting these toxins. Furthermore, the large (3 nm in length) and complex molecular structure of ciguatoxins has impeded chemists from completing their total synthesis. In this article, the full details of studies leading to the total synthesis of ciguatoxin CTX3C are provided. The key elements of the first-generation approach include O,O-acetal formation from the right and left wing fragments, conversion from O,O-acetal to O,S-acetal, a radical reaction to cyclize the G ring, a ring-closing metathesis reaction to close the F ring, and final removal of the 2-naphtylmethyl protective groups. Subsequent studies provided a second-generation total synthesis, which is more concise and results in a higher yield. Second-generation synthesis was accomplished by using a direct method of constructing the key intermediate O,S-acetal from alpha-chlorosulfide and a secondary alcohol. These syntheses ensure a practical supply of ciguatoxin for biological applications.
System Model and Performance Evaluation of Spectrally Coded Plenoptic Camera (2012)

We introduce an end-to-end imaging system model for a spectrally coded plenoptic camera. The model includes a system-dependent spectral demultiplexing algorithm and is used to evaluate spectral quality and classification performance of a spectrally coded plenoptic camera.
A naphthyridine carboxamide provides evidence for discordant resistance between mechanistically identical inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase (2004)

The increasing incidence of resistance to current HIV-1 therapy underscores the need to develop antiretroviral agents with new mechanisms of action. Integrase, one of three viral enzymes essential for HIV-1 replication, presents an important yet unexploited opportunity for drug development. We describe here the identification and characterization of L-870,810, a small-molecule inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase with potent antiviral activity in cell culture and good pharmacokinetic properties. L-870,810 is an inhibitor with an 8-hydroxy-(1,6)-naphthyridine-7-carboxamide pharmacophore. The compound inhibits HIV-1 integrase-mediated strand transfer, and its antiviral activity in vitro is a direct consequence of this ascribed effect on integration. L-870,810 is mechanistically identical to previously described inhibitors from the diketo acid series; however, viruses selected for resistance to L-870,810 contain mutations (integrase residues 72, 121, and 125) that uniquely confer resistance to the naphthyridine. Conversely, mutations associated with resistance to the diketo acid do not engender naphthyridine resistance. Importantly, the mutations associated with resistance to each of these inhibitors map to distinct regions within the integrase active site. Therefore, we propose a model of the two inhibitors that is consistent with this observation and suggests specific interactions with discrete binding sites for each ligand. These studies provide a structural basis and rationale for developing integrase inhibitors with the potential for unique and nonoverlapping resistance profiles.
Methane production. [use of carbon-alkali metal catalyst] (1974)

A method is reported for the production of a methane-rich gas which comprises introducing a gaseous mixture of hydrogen and at least one carbon oxide into a reaction zone containing a carbon-alkali metal catalyst at a temperature between about 800/sup 0/F and about 1500/sup 0/F and at a pressure between about atmospheric and about 2000 psig, said catalyst being prepared by heating an intimate mixture consisting essentially of a carbonaceous solid and an alkali metal constituent to an elevated temperature sufficient to produce a reaction between the carbon and alkali metal in said mixture and form a carbon-alkali metal reaction product, and recovering a methane-rich gas from said reaction zone.
Watching the Watchers: Nonce-based Inverse Surveillance to Remotely\n Detect Monitoring (2020)

Internet users and service providers do not often know when traffic is being\nwatched but desire a way to determine when, where, and by whom. We present\nNOISE, the Nonce Observatory for Inverse Surveillance of Eavesdroppers, a\nmethod and system that detects monitoring by disseminating nonces - unique,\npseudorandom values - in traffic and seeing if they are acted upon\nunexpectedly, indicating that the nonce-laden traffic is being monitored.\nSpecifically, we embed 64-bit nonces innocuously into IPv6 addresses and\ndisseminate these nonces Internet-wide using a modified traceroute-like tool\nthat makes each outbound probe's source address unique. We continually monitor\nfor subsequent nonce propagation, i.e., activity or interest involving these\nnonces, e.g., via packet capture on our system's infrastructure. Across three\nexperiments and four months, NOISE detects monitoring more than 200k times,\nostensibly in 268 networks, for probes destined for 437 networks. Our results\nreveal: (a) data collection for security incident handling, (b) traffic\ninformation being shared with third parties, and (c) eavesdropping in or near a\nlarge commercial peering exchange.\n
Certification of computational results (1993)

A conceptually novel and powerful technique to achieve fault detection and fault tolerance in hardware and software systems is described. When used for software fault detection, this new technique uses time and software redundancy and can be outlined as follows. In the initial phase, a program is run to solve a problem and store the result. In addition, this program leaves behind a trail of data called a certification trail. In the second phase, another program is run which solves the original problem again. This program, however, has access to the certification trail left by the first program. Because of the availability of the certification trail, the second phase can be performed by a less complex program and can execute more quickly. In the final phase, the two results are compared and if they agree the results are accepted as correct; otherwise an error is indicated. An essential aspect of this approach is that the second program must always generate either an error indication or a correct output even when the certification trail it receives from the first program is incorrect. The certification trail approach to fault tolerance is formalized and realizations of it are illustrated by considering algorithms for the following problems: convex hull, sorting, and shortest path. Cases in which the second phase can be run concurrently with the first and act as a monitor are discussed. The certification trail approach are compared to other approaches to fault tolerance.
C1q Assay for the Detection of Complement Fixing Antibody to HLA Antigens (2013)

Solid phase Luminex(®) and flow cytometric single antigen bead assays offer exquisite sensitivity and specificity for HLA antibody detection. Unlike the historical complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) method, these assays do not distinguish complement fixing from non-complement fixing antibody, the former of which are considered the most clinically relevant in the peri-transplant period. This chapter describes a novel solid phase C1q binding assay to distinguish HLA antibodies that can bind the first component of complement (C1q). These antibodies have the capacity to initiate the complement cascade irrespective of whether that actually occurs. The C1q assay detects many more complement fixing antibodies than are observed by the less sensitive and less specific CDC assay.
Resonant-antiresonant coupled cavity VCSELs (2019)

The wavelength tuning range of a tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is strongly influenced by the design of the interface between the semiconductor cavity and the air cavity. A simplified model is used to investigate the origin of the dramatic differences in free spectral range (FSR) and tuning slope observed in semiconductor cavity dominant, extended cavity, and air cavity dominant VCSELs. The differences arise from the positioning of the resonant and antiresonant wavelengths of the semiconductor cavity with respect to the center wavelength. The air cavity dominant design is realized by designing an antiresonant semiconductor cavity, resulting in a larger tuning slope near the center of the tuning range and a wider FSR toward the edges of the tuning range. The findings from the simplified model are confirmed with the simulation of a full VCSEL structure. Using an air cavity dominant design, an electrically pumped laser with a tuning range of 68.38 nm centered at 1056.7 nm at a 550 kHz sweep rate is demonstrated with continuous wave emission at room temperature. This epitaxial design rule can be used to increase the tuning range of tunable VCSELs, making them more applicable in swept-source optical coherence tomography and frequency-modulated continuous-wave LIDAR systems.
A General and Efficient Cobalt(II)-Based Catalytic System for Highly Stereoselective Cyclopropanation of Alkenes with α-Cyanodiazoacetates (2010)

[Co(P1)], the cobalt(II) complex of the D(2)-symmetric chiral porphyrin 3,5-Di(t)Bu-ChenPhyrin, is an effective catalyst for catalyzing asymmetric olefin cyclopropanation with the acceptor/acceptor-type diazo reagent α-cyanodiazoacetates. The [Co(P1)]-catalyzed reaction is versatile and suitable for both aromatic and aliphatic olefins with varied electronic properties, including electron-rich and -poor olefins. The Co(II)-based catalytic system can be operated in a one-time protocol under mild conditions, affording the desired cyclopropane products in high yields with both high diastereo- and enantioselectivity. The resulting enantiomerically enriched 1,1-cyclopropanenitrile esters provide convenient access to a number of densely functionalized chiral cyclopropane derivatives, including α-cyclopropyl-β-amino acids.
IMMUNOASSAY OF MODIFIED FORMS OF HUMAN LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN IN ISOLATED CIRCULATING IMMUNE COMPLEXES (2013)

Modified lipoproteins are able to induce inflammatory reactions through innate immunity pathways and are immunogenic, leading to an autoimmune response that results in the formation of proinflammatory immune complexes. The measurement of circulating oxidized lipoproteins and corresponding antibodies has, therefore, been proposed as an approach to assess the risk for complications in patients with diabetes and for the risk of cardiovascular disease in the general population. However, the majority of modified low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the peripheral circulation exists in the form of immune complexes, and this is a significant obstacle for the measurement of modified LDL and the corresponding antibodies. In this manuscript, we describe in detail the methodology developed by our group for isolation and fractionation of circulating immune complexes (IC), allowing the accurate assay of different LDL modifications. This approach has resulted in several studies showing that the levels of modified LDL are risk factors with a stronger association to diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and macrovascular disease. Ongoing research is focused on evaluating the predictive power of modified LDL levels for the development or progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in other patient populations and on the simplification of the assay to make it more applicable to diagnostic laboratories.
Engineering of Class II Cellobiose Dehydrogenases for Improved Glucose Sensitivity and Reduced Maltose Affinity (2017)

Abstract The front cover artwork is provided by Prof. Lo Gorton from Lund University (Sweden) and his co‐workers. The image shows mutated cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) immobilized on a graphite electrode and how preferentially glucose is oxidized by this enzyme. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/celc.201600781 .
Effect of High‐Oleic Acid Soybean on Seed Oil, Protein Concentration, and Yield (2014)

ABSTRACT Soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] with high‐oleic acid content are desired by oil processors because of their improved oxidative stability for broader use in food, fuel, and other products. However, non‐genetically modified organism (GMO), high‐oleic soybeans have tended to have low seed yield. The objective of this study was to test non‐GMO, high‐oleic soybean lines derived from new gene combinations for seed yield and seed composition traits. Soybean lines with ∼750 to 800 g kg –1 oleic acid concentration were generated by combining mutant allele S117N FAD2‐1A from 17D and mutant allele P137R FAD2‐1B from PI 283327. Also, lines were developed by crossing M23 with a different FAD2‐1A mutation ⋅ (Jake ⋅ PI 283327) and used for comparative purposes. Forty F 4:7 high‐oleic lines with these mutant FAD2‐1A and FAD2‐1B genes were compared with forty F 4:7 normal oleic acid lines (∼200–250 g kg –1 ) for seed yield, five fatty acids, total oil, and protein concentration from six crosses grown in six environments. The high‐oleic genotypes averaged >790 g kg –1 oleic acid and concentrations of palmitic and linolenic acids were significantly lower (∼30% lower) in high‐oleic acid lines than in their normal oleic acid counterparts in each environment. When averaged across all locations and populations, seed yield of the high‐oleic lines derived from 17D were within 2% of the normal oleic lines but yield between high and normal oleic lines varied among populations. The high‐oleic lines averaged significantly higher in protein than normal oleic lines in all six populations. Oil was also higher in the high‐oleic lines than normal oleic lines from the 17D populations but was lower in the high‐oleic lines derived from M23. Thus, high‐oleic soybeans derived by combining mutant allele S117N FAD2‐1A allele with mutant P137R FAD2‐1B allele can have comparable yields with the potential to generate more oil with greater functionality and a higher protein meal than soybeans with normal oleic acid content.
Stencil Printing Process Modeling and Control Using Statistical Neural Networks (2008)

This paper presents a neural network model for the stencil printing process (SPP) in surface-mount technology (SMT) manufacturing of printed circuit boards (PCBs). A practical model description that decomposes the overall steady-state process in independently modeled subspaces is provided. The neural network model can be updated in real-time procuring a method to control the process by dynamically searching the optimal set point of the control variables. The optimization is performed by minimizing the weighted mean squared error with respect to the desired solder brick height or volume; furthermore, in the case when multiple solutions exist, the set point that yields the lowest variance is used. The process simulator is mainly suitable for offline testing and debugging of more complex closed-loop control algorithms for the SPP optimization providing a common and realistic framework for algorithm performance evaluation. An important consideration in this paper is based on the fact that the estimation of the sampled moments of the probability distributions is made using a statistically significant number of data samples from each board, for each component type, for each printing direction, and for each pad orientation.
8-Substituted O6-Benzylguanine, Substituted 6(4)-(Benzyloxy)pyrimidine, and Related Derivatives as Inactivators of Human O6-Alkylguanine-DNA Alkyltransferase (1995)

Several 8-substituted O6-benzylguanines, 2- and/or 8-substituted 6-(benzyloxy)purines, substituted 6(4)-(benzyloxy)pyrimidines, and a 6-(benzyloxy)-s-triazine were tested for their ability to inactivate the human DNA repair protein, O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT, alkyltransferase). Two types of compounds were identified as being significantly more effective than O6-benzylguanine (the prototype low molecular weight inactivator) at inactivating AGT in human HT29 colon tumor cell extracts. These were 8-substituted O6-benzylguanines bearing electron-withdrawing groups at the 8-position (e.g. 8-aza-O6-benzylguanine and O6-benzyl-8-bromoguanine) and 5-substituted 2,4-diamino-6-(benzyloxy)pyrimidines bearing electron-withdrawing groups at the 5-position (e.g. 2,4-diamino-6-(benzyloxy)-5-nitroso- and 2,4-diamino-6-(benzyloxy)-5-nitropyrimidine). The latter derivatives were also more effective than O6-benzylguanine at inactivating AGT in intact HT29 colon tumor cells. Provided these types of purines and pyrimidines do not exhibit undesirable toxicity, they may be superior to O6-benzylguanine as chemotherapeutic adjuvants for enhancing the effectiveness of antitumor drugs for which the mechanism of action involves modification of the O6-position of DNA guanine residues.
Synthetic Muscle electroactive polymer (EAP) based actuation and sensing for prosthetic and robotic applications (2018)

Ras Labs Synthetic Muscle<sup>TM</sup> – a class of electroactive polymers (EAPs) that contract and expand at low voltages – mimic the unique gentle-yet-strong nature of human tissue. These EAPs also attenuate force and sense mechanical pressure, from gentle touch to high impact. This is a potential asset to prosthetics and robotics, including manned space travel through protective gear and human assist robotics and for unmanned space exploration through deep space. Fifth generation Synthetic Muscle<sup>TM</sup> is very robust and attenuates impact force through non-Newtonian mechanisms. Various electrolyte solutions and conductive additives were also explored to optimize these EAPs. In prosthetics, the interface between the residual limb and the hard socket of the prosthetic device is a pain point. EAP pads that gently contract and expand within the prosthetic socket using 1.5 V batteries will allow for extremely comfortable, adjustable, perfect fit throughout the day for amputees. For robot grippers, EAP linkages can be actuated and EAP sensors placed at the fingertips of the grippers for tactile feedback. Onset of actuation of these EAPs at the nano-level was determined to be within 48 milliseconds, with macro-scale actuation visible to the naked eye within seconds. Smart EAP based materials and actuators promise to transform prostheses and robots, allowing for the treatment, reduction, and prevention of debilitating injury and fatalities, and to further our exploration by land, sea, air, and space.
Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells (MAPC) Are Immunoprivileged and Demonstrate Immunosuppressive Properties on Activated T Cell Population. (2005)

Abstract Multipotent Adult Progenitor cells (MAPC) are rare progenitor cells present within the bone marrow that have the capacity to differentiate into mesodermal, endodermal and ectodermal lineage cells. The capacity to differentiate into these diverse cell types distinguishes MAPC from Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC), and suggests that MAPC may provide biological solutions for tissue repair or regeneration in multiple organ systems (Jiang Y et al. Nature.2002; 418:41–9). We have developed the technology for the large-scale expansion of MAPC with stable phenotype and biological properties. Cell surface marker analysis of MAPC revealed that these cells express low levels of MHC class I, CD44, CD90 and CD49c and are negative for MHC class II, CD45 and CD106 suggesting that MAPC do not express markers associated with the hematopoietic lineage. However, to optimize in vivo utilization, the identification of MAPC immunological properties is necessary. The objectives of the current studies were 1) to determine the immunogenicity of MAPC and 2) to assess the immunomodulatory properties of MAPC. First, MAPC from two different rat strains did not stimulate allogeneic T cells proliferation, while splenocytes of the same rat strains elicited strong proliferative responses in a mixed lymphocytic culture. Second, the immunosuppressive properties of MAPC were investigated using alloactivated T cells. Addition of MAPC at the initiation of a mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) suppressed T cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner. The inhibition was detectable at as low as 3,000 MAPC/well. Lymphocyte proliferation in MAPC-containing cultures was inhibited by up to 80% when compared to cultures without MAPC. The ability to inhibit T cell alloresponses was independent of the MHC, allowing the use of “third party” MAPC as inhibitory cells. MAPC also inhibited proliferative responses to the T cell mitogen Concanavalin A (50%), although inhibition required higher MAPC:responder cell ratios. Taken together, these data suggest that MAPC are progenitor cells that do not express markers of the hematopoietic lineage; they are non-immunogenic, suggesting that universal MAPC donors may be used for tissue repair or regeneration; and MAPC exhibit potent immunosuppressive properties, a result which suggests that these calls may be useful in the management and/or prevention of GVHD.