gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ESD protection for output pad with well-coupled field-oxide device in 0.5-μm CMOS technology (1997)

A well-coupled field-oxide device (WCFOD) is first proposed to effectively improve Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) robustness of the output pad in a 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS process. ESD-transient voltage is coupled to the bulk of field-oxide device through a parasitic capacitor to trigger on the lateral bipolar action of the field-oxide device. This WCFOD has been practically implemented in a 256-K high-speed SRAM product to sustain HBM ESD stress up to 6500 V.
Characterization of a halobacterial gene affecting bacterio-opsin gene expression (1984)

A substantial number of spontaneous bacterio-opsin mutants of Halobacterium halobium are the result of insertion elements up to 1400 bp upstream of the bacterio-opsin (bop) gene. The nucleotide sequence of 1800 bp upstream of the bop gene has been determined. There is a 1118 bp open reading frame (ORF) located within this region which is transcribed and which coincides with the distribution of insertion elements upstream of the bop gene in Bop mutants. Therefore, we propose that there is a gene (brp gene) 526 bp upstream of the bop gene. This putative gene is transcribed in the opposite direction as the bop gene and could encode a protein of 37,500 D (359 amino acids) with a codon usage similar to bacterio-opsin. The 5' terminus of the brp transcript has been determined. The brp transcript and the bop mRNA are complementary for 13 residues near their 5' termini and both transcripts start at or near the initiating codon of the gene. Both transcripts could form similar hairpin loop structures at their 5' termini which contain possible ribosomal binding sites. The DNA sequences immediately upstream of the bop and the brp genes have significant homologies and there is a short complementary sequence. The role of the brp gene in bacterio-opsin gene expression is unclear.
The Immunogenetic Architecture of Autoimmune Disease (2012)

The development of most autoimmune diseases includes a strong heritable component. This genetic contribution to disease ranges from simple Mendelian inheritance of causative alleles to the complex interactions of multiple weak loci influencing risk. The genetic variants responsible for disease are being discovered through a range of strategies from linkage studies to genome-wide association studies. Despite the rapid advances in genetic analysis, substantial components of the heritable risk remain unexplained, either owing to the contribution of an as-yet unidentified, "hidden," component of risk, or through the underappreciated effects of known risk loci. Surprisingly, despite the variation in genetic control, a great deal of conservation appears in the biological processes influenced by risk alleles, with several key immunological pathways being modified in autoimmune diseases covering a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. The primary translational potential of this knowledge is in the rational design of new therapeutics to exploit the role of these key pathways in influencing disease. With significant further advances in understanding the genetic risk factors and their biological mechanisms, the possibility of genetically tailored (or "personalized") therapy may be realized.
Cellular force measurement for force reflected biomanipulation (2004)

In biological cell manipulations, manual thrust or a skilled operator, relying only on the visual feedback information only, usually performs penetration of injection pipette into single cells. Accurately measuring cellular force is a requirement for minimally invasive cell injection and it is essential in investigating biomechanical properties of cell membranes. We have fabricated an end effector with microforce sensing capability for biocell injections using PVDF piezoelectric polymer and measured several mN level injection force for zebrafish egg cell. Experimental results show that the cellular force level is changed as the injection pipette penetrates yolk and chorion sequentially. As well, the experimental setup with haptic interface suggests that a more reliable biomanipulation can be achieved by supplying real-time cellular force feedback to the operator.
The catalytic role of Cys124 in the dual specificity phosphatase VHR. (1994)

The recombinant human Vaccinia virus H1-related protein tyrosine phosphatase, (VHR PTPase) possesses intrinsic Tyr and Thr/Ser phosphatase activities. Both activities were abolished by a single amino acid substitution, C124S. When VHR was incubated with a 32P-labeled phosphotyrosine-containing substrate and then rapidly denatured, enzyme-associated 32P was evident following SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The formation of 32P-labeled protein could be blocked in the presence of an unlabeled substrate. VHR-associated 32P was sensitive to iodine but insensitive to pyridine and hydroxylamine. The catalytically inactive C124S mutant would not form a 32P-labeled enzyme. Furthermore, VHR phosphatase could be selectively inactivated by the alkylating agent iodoacetate. The inactivation resulted from the specific covalent modification of Cys124. Collectively these results suggest that a thiol-phosphate enzyme intermediate is formed when Cys124 of VHR accepts a phosphate from the substrate. Our results also demonstrate that the dual specificity phosphatases and the tyrosine-specific PTPases employ similar catalytic mechanisms.
Embedded flexible and transparent double-layer nickel-mesh for high shielding efficiency (2020)

An efficient approach to obtain high shielding effectiveness (SE) in transparent shielding in an optical window field is proposed and demonstrated by fabricating an embedded double-layer metallic mesh (DLMM) comprised of randomly structured Ni meshes on both sides of a flexible substrate, employing a facile and low-cost double-sided nanoimprinting method. The unique nonperiodic random structure contributes to uniform diffraction and eliminates the Moiré fringe generated by double-layer periodic meshes, ensuring high imaging quality for optical applications. The designed DLMM films simultaneously achieve strong shielding in the X-band and high transmittance in the visible spectrum, demonstrating a high transmittance of 88.7% at the 550-nm wavelength and a SE of 46.9 dB at a frequency of 8.2 GHz. An ultra-high SE of 80 dB is achieved at 64.2% transmittance, which reveals the highest reported SE over a metallic mesh for transparent shielding, indicating the high potential for this transparent electromagnetic interference shielding material for practical optical applications.
Leukocyte Count as an Independent Predictor of Recurrent Ischemic Events (2004)

Leukocyte counts and mainly neutrophil counts are independently associated with ischemic events in these high-risk populations. An increase of leukocyte counts over baseline levels heralds a period of increased risk lasting about one week.
Accounting for global value chains: rising global inequality in the wake of COVID-19? (2021)

Production processes depend on fragmented and interdependent value chains; nowadays, a single product often includes components produced in dozens of countries. Many public health measures being implemented to prevent the spread of COVID-19 have dampened economic activity of ‘non-essential’ sectors. The decreased production affects other industries and countries that supply parts, machinery, and services via global value chains. Using the World Input-Output Database, we show how a hypothetical decline in the worldwide consumption of a set of non-essential sectors affects the global distribution of GDP and employment. While richer countries consume relatively more non-essential goods and services, we find, by considering the interdependencies among developed and developing economies, that low-income countries are likely to suffer steeper declines in their GDP and employment. Specifically, for each 1% decline in the demand for non-essential products, the GINI index across nations is expected to rise by 0.3%. That is, global inequality is likely to rise, contradicting some earlier findings. Finally, we show that economies with less-diverse sets of industries are more vulnerable to such global shocks. This study highlights the role of value chains in analyzing the spatial spread of the impacts and their contribution to amplifying world imbalances.
HARD TO SWALLOW (1994)

British battery maker Ever Ready is patenting an idea for making small batteries child-proof. Batteries no bigger than buttons are just the right size for children to swallow but contain poisonous chemicals such as zinc and mercury. Ever Ready plans to douse these batteries in a solution of denatonium benzoate, an intensely bitter chemical that is sold under the trade name Bitrex. The batteries are then heated in air to 120°C for four or five minutes. The chemical hardens as a surface coating, like sugar round a sweet.
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV--subcellular localization, activity and kinetics in lymphocytes from control subjects, immunodeficient patients and cord blood. (1988)

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPIV), a T cell enzyme, has been implicated in the regulation of lymphocyte proliferation in response to lectins and allogeneic cells. A sensitive fluorimetric assay has been established for the enzyme and used to investigate DPIV activity, kinetics and the subcellular localization in lymphocytes from control subjects, cord blood and patients with common variable hypogammaglobulinaemia (CVH) and chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL). Using sucrose density gradient centrifugation and organelle marker enzyme assays, in conjunction with digitonin as a selective plasma membrane perturbant and diazotized sulphanilic acid as a non-permeant enzyme inhibitor, DPIV was shown to be a plasma membrane ecto-enzyme. A significant decrease in lymphocyte DPIV activity was observed in cord blood and in patients with CVH and CLL compared to controls. Kinetic analysis showed a marked decrease in the Vmax of lymphocyte DPIV from cord blood and patients with CVH and CLL compared to controls. The apparent Km for the substrate was unaffected in cord blood and patients with CLL. However, in patients with CVH the Km was significantly reduced. Various enzyme inhibitors showed no differences between control subjects and CVH lymphocyte activities. The decreased Km for DPIV provides further evidence for a stem cell defect rather than cell immaturity in CVH.
The activated anaplastic lymphoma kinase increases cellular proliferation and oncogene up‐regulation in rat la fibroblasts (1997)

More than 60% of anaplastic large-cell lymphomas (Ki-1 lymphoma) are associated with a t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation that produces an 80 kDa hyperphosphorylated chimeric protein (p80) derived from the fusion of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) with nucleophosmin (NPM). The NPM-ALK chimeric gene is an activated tyrosine kinase that has been shown to be a potent oncogene. We have developed a cellular model for the study of p80 action in rat 1a fibroblasts. Expression of cDNA's encoding NPM-ALK (p80) in rat 1a fibroblasts induces anchorage-independent growth in soft agar and promotes foci formation in culture. Cells expressing exogenous p80 showed significantly increased proliferation characterized by accelerated cell cycle entry into S-phase. Consistent with increased G0/G1 to S-phase transition, there is also marked up-regulation of cyclin A and cyclin D1 expression. In addition, p80 transformed cells showed elevated expression of several immediate early genes involved in cellular proliferation, including fos, jun, and c-myc. DNA binding analysis of nuclear extracts prepared from p80 transformed cells reveal marked up-regulation of AP-1 DNA binding activity. Functional AP-1-specific transfection assays also show up-regulation of AP-1-dependent transcriptional activation. These finding demonstrate that p80 transformed rat 1a fibroblast can be a highly useful model system for the molecular and biochemical characterization of the mechanisms of action of this interesting new oncogene.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) in Gut Inflammation (2006)

Mucosal inflammation is almost always mediated by one of two pathways (Bouma et al 2003): TH1cell response or TH2-cell response. The TH1cell response is associated with increased secretion of IL-12, IFN-γ and/or TNF-α and TH2-cell response is associated with increased secretion of IL-4, IL-5 and/or IL-13 (Strober et al 2002). This dual type of response is shown in the TNBS and oxazolone colitis. In the former the TNBS induces an IL-12mediated TH1 – cell response characterized by transmural cellular infiltration associated with granulomas, in some cases, and can be abrogated with n
Identification of Behaviour in Freely Moving Dogs (Canis familiaris) Using Inertial Sensors (2013)

Monitoring and describing the physical movements and body postures of animals is one of the most fundamental tasks of ethology. The more precise the observations are the more sophisticated the interpretations can be about the biology of a certain individual or species. Animal-borne data loggers have recently contributed much to the collection of motion-data from individuals, however, the problem of translating these measurements to distinct behavioural categories to create an ethogram is not overcome yet. The objective of the present study was to develop a "behaviour tracker": a system composed of a multiple sensor data-logger device (with a tri-axial accelerometer and a tri-axial gyroscope) and a supervised learning algorithm as means of automated identification of the behaviour of freely moving dogs. We collected parallel sensor measurements and video recordings of each of our subjects (Belgian Malinois, N=12; Labrador Retrievers, N=12) that were guided through a predetermined series of standard activities. Seven behavioural categories (lay, sit, stand, walk, trot, gallop, canter) were pre-defined and each video recording was tagged accordingly. Evaluation of the measurements was performed by support vector machine (SVM) classification. During the analysis we used different combinations of independent measurements for training and validation (belonging to the same or different individuals or using different training data size) to determine the robustness of the application. We reached an overall accuracy of above 90% perfect identification of all the defined seven categories of behaviour when both training and validation data belonged to the same individual, and over 80% perfect recognition rate using a generalized training data set of multiple subjects. Our results indicate that the present method provides a good model for an easily applicable, fast, automatic behaviour classification system that can be trained with arbitrary motion patterns and potentially be applied to a wide range of species and situations.
Dynamic variation of biaxial strain in optimally doped and underdoped YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films (2013)

Continuous and reversible biaxial strain was applied to optimally doped and underdoped YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO), using epitaxial thin films on (001)-oriented piezoelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.72Ti0.28O3 substrates. Biaxial strain of up to 0.1% was induced into the YBCO ab-plane by applying an electric field to the substrate, leading to a continuous and reversible shift of the superconducting transition temperature, the normal state resistance and the upper critical field. The shift of the superconducting transition temperature was determined to about 0.75 K per 1% compressive biaxial strain for optimally doped YBCO, whereas a significant higher strain sensitivity of 4.20 K per 1% strain was found for underdoped YBCO. These values were compared to strain sensitivity data calculated out of available data from pressure experiments, showing a rather good agreement.
Puede la obesidad alterar la potencia y fuerza muscular de mujeres adultas mayores (2019)

espanolObjetivo: conocer si un estado de obesidad puede conducir a disminuciones en la fuerza y potencia muscular de mujeres adultas mayores. Metodo: se agruparon veintiun mujeres mayores de sesenta anos con un peso normal, sobre peso y con obesidad. Se midio la fuerza muscular del tren superior mediante fuerza de agarre de mano y potencia muscular del tren superior mediante la prueba de lanzamiento de balon e inferior mediante salto en contra movimiento. Resultados: se detectaron diferencias significativas en las mujeres con peso normal con las obesas las cuales mostrando una altura de salto disminuida, de igual manera se detecto una correlacion negativa perfecta entre las variables de lanzamiento de balon con la altura de salto frente a un exceso de grasa corporal. Mientras que no se observaron diferencias significativas para la variable de fuerza de agarre con el estado nutricional junto a una escasa correlacion. Conclusion: la potencia muscular se vio afectada frente a un acumulo excesivo de grasa corporal en mujeres adultas mayores. EnglishObjective: know if a state of obesity can lead to decreases in muscle strength and power of older adult women. Method: twenty-one women over sixty years of age with a normal weight, overweight and obese were grouped. The muscular strength of the upper train was measured by hand grip strength and muscular power of the upper train by the ball throwing test and lower by jumping against movement. Results: significant differences were detected in women with normal weight and obese women showing a decreased jump height, in the same way a perfect negative correlation was detected between the ball throwing variables with the jump height versus an excess of body fat. While no significant differences were observed for the grip strength variable with nutritional status along with a low correlation. Conclusion: muscle power was affected against an excessive accumulation of body fat in older adult women.
Quality of Service Class Identifier (QCI) radio resource allocation algorithm for LTE downlink (2019)

The increasing demand for network applications, such as teleconferencing, multimedia messaging and mobile TV, which have diverse requirements, has resulted in the introduction of Long Term Evolution (LTE) by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). LTE networks implement resource allocation algorithms to distribute radio resource to satisfy the bandwidth and delay requirements of users. However, the scheduling algorithm problem of distributing radio resources to users is not well defined in the LTE standard and thus considerably affects transmission order. Furthermore, the existing radio resource algorithm suffers from performance degradation under prioritised conditions because of the minimum data rate used to determine the transmission order. In this work, a novel downlink resource allocation algorithm that uses quality of service (QoS) requirements and channel conditions to address performance degradation is proposed. The new algorithm is formulated as an optimisation problem where network resources are allocated according to users' priority, whereas the scheduling algorithm decides on the basis of users' channel status to satisfy the demands of QoS. Simulation is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, and results demonstrate that it performs better than do all other algorithms according to the measured metrics.
Taming Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesis (2021)

Designed to learn long-range interactions on sequential data, transformers continue to show state-of-the-art results on a wide variety of tasks. In contrast to CNNs, they contain no inductive bias that prioritizes local interactions. This makes them expressive, but also computationally infeasible for long sequences, such as high-resolution images. We demonstrate how combining the effectiveness of the inductive bias of CNNs with the expressivity of transformers enables them to model and thereby synthesize high-resolution images. We show how to (i) use CNNs to learn a context-rich vocabulary of image constituents, and in turn (ii) utilize transformers to efficiently model their composition within high-resolution images. Our approach is readily applied to conditional synthesis tasks, where both non-spatial information, such as object classes, and spatial information, such as segmentations, can control the generated image. In particular, we present the first results on semantically-guided synthesis of megapixel images with transformers. Project page at https://git.io/JLlvY.
Inhibition of Growth of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and of Homoserine <i>O</i> -Transsuccinylase by α-Methylmethionine (1967)

The methionine analogue, alpha-methylmethionine, inhibits bacterial growth, but its action is overcome by methionine, homocysteine, and cystathionine. The effect of the analogue on growth is attributed to its ability to mimic methionine as a feed-back inhibitor of the first enzyme specific to methionine biosynthesis. This conclusion is based on the findings that (i) alpha-methylmethionine inhibits excretion of O-succinylhomoserine, the product of the first enzyme, by a methionine auxotroph unable to convert succinylhomoserine to cystahionine, and that (ii) the enzyme homoserine O-transsuccinylase is inhibited by alpha-methylmethionine in extracts of Escherichia coli. alpha-Methylmethionine also inhibits methionyl-ribonucleic acid synthetase in extracts, but this inhibition probably does not affect growth.
Tribological properties of metal matrix-graphite particle composites (1992)

The tribological behaviour of metal matrix composites containing graphite particles is reviewed. After outlining the processes for the synthesis of these composites, present theoretical understanding pertaining to the friction and wear; of composites in the presence of a thin lubricating film is described. The experimental results show that friction and wear rate in metal matrix—graphite particle composites are significantly reduced compared with those in matrix alloys, as a result of the incorporation of graphite particles. When the graphite content of metal matrix composites exceeds about 20 vol.-%, the friction coefficient approaches that of pure graphite and becomes independent of the matrix alloy. This is an indication of effective intervention of a thin film of graphite between the matrix and the counterface. Initially during sliding, the film of graphite is not present but it forms as a result of surface and subsurface deformation resulting in transfer of graphite to the tribosurface. A dynamical steady state of the film characterised by its friction and wear rate sets in. The influences of variables such as normal pressure, sliding velocity, and composition on the steady state friction and wear rate are discussed. The presence of graphite particles in the matrix of aluminium alloys increases their seizure resistance and enables them to run under boundary lubrication without galling. Copper—graphite and silver—graphite composites have found applications in electrical brushes and contact strips. Aluminium—graphite composites have been successfully tested as materials for bearings, pistons, and liners in engines and electromechanical machinery; their use resulted in improvements in performance and sometimes reduction in cost. These metal matrix composites are emerging as an important class of tribological materials and deserve a complete understanding of their friction, wear, and seizure behaviour. This article concludes by identifying various gaps in understanding where future investigations may be directed.