gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
8.3: Operation of FEAs in Hydrogen and the Development of Thin Film Metal Hydrides for Integration into FEDs (2001)

Abstract We demonstrate that having hydrogen inside the operational ambient of field emission displays results in significantly improved display life. However, improving device performance by incorporation of gas phase hydrogen into thin glass packages is a difficult task. In this paper, we report on the development of solid state hydrogen sources utilizing thin film metal hydrides, which can be easily integrated into field emission displays. We show that these metal hydride thin films provide a practical means to incorporate solid state hydrogen sources into field emission displays. Using stainless steel anodes coated with TiH 2 thin films, we demonstrate the successful operation of molybdenum field emitter arrays without emission current loss for 400 hours of continuous operation. Comparable arrays operated in the absence of hydrogen, but in an ultrahigh vacuum had emission current degradation of over 50% in less than 100 hours of operation.
BALLAST TANK COATINGS: EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING THEIR CONDITION WITH A REMOTE MONITORING SYSTEM (2001)

This article provides results of ongoing work on the development of corrosion sensor technology and portable shipboard inspection instrumentation. Corrosion sensor results and discussion are presented concerning data collected from sensors in several test ships and multiple ballast tanks. The remote visual inspection technique is discussed in terms of instrumentation requirements and capabilities for analyzing coating degradation in small and large confined spaces. The discussion is limited to seawater ballast tanks and compensated fuel tanks.
Intermetal dielectric deposition by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (1988)

Plasma-enhanced deposition of a high-quality dielectric film for use as an intermetal dielectric in multilevel metal devices was demonstrated. Low-stress silicon dioxide films up to 2 mu m thick were deposited using tetraethylorthosilicate as a precursor. The films exhibit excellent step coverage, and the relatively low deposition temperature avoids hillock formation. Analysis of the films shows physical and electrical characteristics suitable for device applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evaluation of the antigenicity and reactogenicity of varying formulations of the rhesus rotavirus‐based quadrivalent and the M37 rotavirus vaccine candidates (1994)

Three phase I trials of the rhesus rotavirus (RRV)-based quadrivalent vaccine [composed of serotype 3 (RRV), and serotypes 1 (D x RRV), 2 (DS1 x RRV), and 4 (ST3 x RRV) human rotavirus x RRV reassortants] and the M37 (nursery strain) rotavirus vaccine candidates were conducted in an attempt to find a safe and optimally antigenic formulation. Infants 10-20 weeks old received, in trial I, 1) the quadrivalent vaccine as two separate bivalent doses (1 x 10(4) PFU each of D x RRV and RRV, followed 4 weeks later by 1 x 10(4) PFU each of DS1 x RRV and ST3 x RRV) or 2) placebo; in trial II, 1) one dose of quadrivalent vaccine (10(4) PFU of each component), or 2) two doses of quadrivalent vaccine, or 3) a 10(4) PFU dose of M37 vaccine, or 4) M37 vaccine followed by the quadrivalent vaccine, or 5) placebo; in trial III, 1) a dose of a higher-titered quadrivalent vaccine (10(5) PFU of each component), or 2) two doses of higher titered quadrivalent vaccine, or 3) a dose of higher titered M37 vaccine (10(5) PFU) or 4) two doses of M37 vaccine (10(5) PFU), or 5) M37 vaccine (10(5) PFU) followed by the higher titered quadrivalent vaccine, or 6) placebo. A mild, transient fever during the first week postvaccination was associated with the bivalent or quadrivalent vaccines but not with the M37 vaccine. Fourfold or greater serum IgA ELISA responses to rotavirus were observed in 48-92% of the infants receiving quadrivalent vaccine and in 32-50% of those receiving M37 vaccine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Controlled Multiple Growth Factor Delivery from Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds via Designed Affinity (2013)

It is known that angiogenesis plays an important role in bone regeneration and that release of angiogenic and osteogenic growth factors can enhance bone formation. Multiple growth factors play key roles in processes that lead to tissue formation/regeneration during natural tissue development and repair. Therefore, treatments aiming to mimic tissue regeneration can benefit from multiple growth factor release, and there remains a need for simple clinically relevant approaches for dual growth factor release. We hypothesized that mineral coatings could be used as a platform for controlled incorporation and release of multiple growth factors. Specifically, mineral-coated scaffolds were "dip coated" in multiple growth factor solutions, and growth factor binding and release were dictated by the growth factor-mineral binding affinity. Beta tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds were fabricated using indirect solid-free form fabrication techniques and coated with a thin conformal mineral layer. Mineral-coated β-TCP scaffolds were sequentially dipped in recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF) and a modular bone morphogenetic peptide, a mineral-binding version of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), solutions to allow for the incorporation of each growth factor. The dual release profile showed sustained release of both growth factors for over more than 60 days. Scaffolds releasing either rhVEGF alone or the combination of growth factors showed an increase in blood vessel ingrowth in a dose-dependent manner in a sheep intramuscular implantation model. This approach demonstrates a "modular design" approach, in which a controllable biologics carrier is integrated into a structural scaffold as a thin surface coating.
Adaptive threshold scheme to operate long on-chip buses at the limit of signal integrity (2004)

As the technology scales, on-chip interconnects are becoming more and more narrow while their height is not scaling linearly with their width. This leads to an increase in coupling capacitance with neighbouring wires, resulting in higher crosstalk. It also leads to poor performance due to a sluggish RC response at the receiving end of the wire, which may even result in failure in (very) noisy environments. We propose an adaptive threshold scheme in which the receiver switching thresholds are adjusted according to the detected noise in the bus lines. These noise levels are dependent on both the front-end processing (transistor performance) as well as on the backend processing (metal resistance, capacitance, width and spacing). The circuit technique presented in this paper therefore automatically compensates for the process variations. This technique offers a 29% decrease of the propagation delay for a 10 mm long bus in Metal 2 in a 0.13 /spl mu/m CMOS technology in low noise conditions. The total range of control spans 75% of the bus delay.
High temperature performance of three-quantum-well vertical-cavity top-emitting lasers (1991)

Vertical-cavity top-emitting quantum well lasers are grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The active region consists of three 100 Å GaAs quantum wells separated by 80 Å Al0.3Ga0.7As barriers. Continuous wave lasing by current injection is maintained at temperatures up to 80°C. At room temperature, light output power more than 1 mW is obtained, and threshold currents are as low as 2.0 mA for 10 μm devices. External differential quantum efficiencies are 50% averaged up to 0.4 mW. The single longitudinal and transverse modes are preserved up to ~0.8 mW. The temperature dependence of the threshold current gives T0 as high as 330°C.
Performance of Low Temperature Electrolytes in Experimental and Prototype Li-ion Cells (2007)

Due to their attractive properties and proven success, Li-ion batteries have become identified as the battery chemistry of choice for a number of future NASA missions. A number of these applications would be greatly benefited by improved performance of Li-ion technology over a wider operating temperature range, especially at low temperatures, such as future ESMD missions. In many cases, these technology improvements may be mission enabling, and at the very least mission enhancing. In addition to aerospace applications, the DoE has interest in developing advanced Li-ion batteries that can operate over a wide temperature range to enable terrestrial HEV applications. Thus, our focus at JPL in recent years has been to extend the operating temperature range of Li-ion batteries, especially at low temperatures. To accomplish this, the main focus of the research has been devoted to developing improved lithium-ion conducting electrolytes. In the present paper, we would like to present some of the results we have obtained with ethylene carbonate-based electrolytes optimized for low temperature in experimental MCMB-LiNixCo1_x0 2 cells. In addition to obtaining discharge and charge rate performance data at various temperatures, electrochemical measurements were performed on individual electrodes (made possible by the incorporation of Li reference electrodes), including EIS, linear polarization and Tafel polarization measurements. The combination of techniques enables the elucidation of various trends associated with electrolyte composition. In addition to investigating the behavior in experimental cells, the performance of many promising low temperature electrolytes was demonstrated in large capacity, aerospace quality Li-ion prototype cells. These cells were subjected to a number of performance tests, including discharge rate characterization, charge rate characterization, cycle life performance at various temperatures, and power characterization tests.
P‐9: Bridged Grain MIC Poly‐Si Thin‐Film Transistors with Sputtered AlO <sub>x</sub> as Gate Dielectrics (2012)

Abstract Bridged grain (BG) technology was applied to fabricate MIC poly‐Si TFTs with AlOx gate dielectrics. The threshold voltage (Vth) and subthreshold swing (SS) of MIC TFTs are greatly improved. Meanwhile, the drawback of using high‐k dielectrics, such as large off‐state leakage current and early kink effect was effectively suppressed by using BG structure. Combination of BG and high‐k gate insulators makes the resulting device a promising candidate for system on panel applications.
Intra Prediction in the Emerging VVC Video Coding Standard (2020)

The focus of this work is on intra-prediction tools that distinguish Versatile Video Coding (VVC) [1] from its predecessors and do not add RD-checks on the encoder side, i.e. their coding efficiency is achieved due to their inherent properties but not by additional encoder-side complexity increase.
Combining metabolic engineering and metabolic evolution to develop nonrecombinant strains of <i>Escherichia coli</i> C that produce succinate and malate (2007)

Derivatives of Escherichia coli C were engineered to produce primarily succinate or malate in mineral salts media using simple fermentations (anaerobic stirred batch with pH control) without the addition of plasmids or foreign genes. This was done by a combination of gene deletions (genetic engineering) and metabolic evolution with over 2,000 generations of growth-based selection. After deletion of the central anaerobic fermentation genes (ldhA, adhE, ackA), the pathway for malate and succinate production remained as the primary route for the regeneration of NAD+. Under anaerobic conditions, ATP production for growth was obligately coupled to malate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase by the requirement for NADH oxidation. Selecting strains for improved growth co-selected increased production of these dicarboxylic acids. Additional deletions were introduced as further improvements (focA, pflB, poxB, mgsA). The best succinate biocatalysts, strains KJ060(ldhA, adhE, ackA, focA, pflB) and KJ073(ldhA, adhE, ackA, focA, pflB, mgsA, poxB), produce 622-733 mM of succinate with molar yields of 1.2-1.6 per mole of metabolized glucose. The best malate biocatalyst, strain KJ071(ldhA, adhE, ackA, focA, pflB, mgsA), produced 516 mM malate with molar yields of 1.4 per mole of glucose metabolized.
Purification and characterization of the human stromelysin catalytic domain expressed in Escherichia coli (1992)

Human stromelysin is a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family involved in connective tissue degradation. The stromelysin catalytic domain (SCD) lacking both propeptide and C-terminal fragment was expressed in Escherichia coli in soluble and insoluble forms. The insoluble SCD was refolded to the active form in high yield. The protein showed remarkable thermal stability and was able to cleave a thiopeptolide substrate and its natural substrate proteoglycan. The stable and active 20-kDa protein provides an opportunity to elucidate the structure as well as the mechanism of catalysis and inhibition for matrix metalloproteinases.
PPMexe (2007)

With the emergence of software delivery platforms, code compression has become an important system component that strongly affects performance. This article presents PPMexe, a compression mechanism for program binaries that analyzes their syntax and semantics to achieve superior compression ratios. We use the generic paradigm of prediction by partial matching (PPM) as the foundation of our compression codec. PPMexe combines PPM with two preprocessing steps: ( i ) instruction rescheduling to improve prediction rates and ( ii ) heuristic partitioning of a program binary into streams with high autocorrelation. We improve the traditional PPM algorithm by ( iii ) using an additional alphabet of frequent variable-length supersymbols extracted from the input stream of fixed-length symbols. In addition, PPMexe features ( iv ) a low-overhead mechanism that enables decompression starting from an arbitrary instruction of the executable, a property pivotal for runtime software delivery. We implemented PPMexe for x86 binaries and tested it on several large applications. Binaries compressed using PPMexe were 18--24% smaller than files created using off-the-shelf PPMD, one of the best available compressors
Three-Dimensional Single-Track-Location Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging (2017)

Conventional multiple-track-location shear wave elasticity imaging (MTL-SWEI) is a powerful tool for noninvasively estimating tissue elasticity. The resolution and noise levels of MTL-SWEI systems, however, are limited by ultrasound speckle. Single-track-location SWEI (STL-SWEI) is a novel variant which fixes the position of the tracking beam and modulates the push location to effectively cancel out the effects of speckle-induced bias. We present here a 3-D STL-SWEI system, which provides full suppression of lateral and elevation speckle bias for high-resolution volumetric elasticity imaging, and requires no spatial smoothing to make accurate measurements of shear wave speed. We demonstrate and analyze the system's performance in homogeneous and layered elasticity phantoms.
Desaturases And Process For The Production Of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids In Transgenic Organisms (Patent US 2011/0277043 A1) (2011)

The present invention relates to polynucleotides from Cochliobolus heterostrophus C5, Cyanothece sp. CCY0110, Mycocentrospora acerin and Hyaloperonospora parasitica, which code for desaturases and which can be employed for the recombinant production of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The invention furthermore relates to vectors, host cells and transgenic nonhuman organisms which comprise the polynucleotides according to the invention, and to the polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotides. The invention furthermore relates to antibodies against the polypeptides according to the invention. Finally, the invention also relates to production processes for the polyunsaturated fatty acids and for oil, lipid and fatty acid compositions and to their use as drugs, cosmetics, foodstuffs, feedstuffs, preferably fish food, or food supplements.
Photon-counting x-ray detectors for CT (2020)

The introduction of photon-counting detectors is expected to be the next major breakthrough in clinical x-ray computed tomography (CT). During the last decade, there has been considerable research activity in the field of photon-counting CT, in terms of both hardware development and theoretical understanding of the factors affecting image quality. In this article, we review the recent progress in this field with the intent of highlighting the relationship between detector design considerations and the resulting image quality. We discuss detector design choices such as converter material, pixel size, and readout electronics design, and then elucidate their impact on detector performance in terms of dose efficiency, spatial resolution, and energy resolution. Furthermore, we give an overview of data processing, reconstruction methods and metrics of imaging performance; outline clinical applications; and discuss potential future developments.
Effect of <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i> LGG<sup>®</sup> and <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> ssp. <i>lactis</i> BB-12<sup>®</sup> on health-related quality of life in college students affected by upper respiratory infections (2012)

College students are susceptible to upper respiratory infections (URI) due to inadequate sleep, stress and close living quarters. Certain probiotic strains modulate immune function and may improve health-related quality of life (HRQL) during URI. The present study recruited apparently healthy college students and assessed the effect of probiotics on HRQL outcomes (i.e. self-reported duration, symptom severity and functional impairment of URI) in those who developed URI. Missed school and work days due to URI were also considered. Subjects (n 231) were apparently healthy college students living on campus in residence halls at the Framingham State University (Framingham, MA, USA), and were randomised to receive placebo (n 117) or probiotic-containing powder (daily dose of minimum 1 billion colony-forming units of each Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG® (LGG®) and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12® (BB-12®); n 114) for 12 weeks. Subjects completed The Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey-21 to assess HRQL during URI. The final analyses included 198 subjects (placebo, n 97 and probiotics, n 101). The median duration of URI was significantly shorter by 2 d and median severity score was significantly lower by 34% with probiotics v. placebo (P,0·001), indicating a higher HRQL during URI. Number of missed work days was not different between groups (P=0·429); however, the probiotics group missed significantly fewer school days (mean difference = 0·2 d) compared to the placebo group (P=0·002). LGG® and BB-12® may be beneficial among college students with URI for mitigating decrements in HRQL. More research is warranted regarding mechanisms of action associated with these findings and the cost-benefit of prophylactic supplementation.
Correlation spectroscopy measurements of particle size using an optical fiber probe (2009)

We propose measuring the size of particles suspended in a liquid by light beating spectroscopy of scattered light using an optical fiber probe inserted into a medium and consisting of three multimode optical fibers. One of them is used to transmit light, the other two — to transmit scattered light to a unit providing its spatial coherence and further to a photodetector. In very turbid media, the multiple-to-single light-scattering spectral line width ratio is determined by the ratio of line widths in two collecting optical fibers. Then the particle size is determined by the spectrum of multiple rather than single scattering.
Holographic storage using shift multiplexing (1995)

We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally a new multiplexing method for volume holographic storage using a single reference beam that is composed of multiple plane waves or is a spherical wave. We multiplex the holograms by shifting the recording material or the recording/readout head. The volume properties of the recording medium allow selective readout of holograms stored in successive overlapping locations. High storage densities can be achieved with a relatively simple implementation by use of the new method.
Antibody Response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) Nonstructural Proteins and Implications for Diagnostic Detection and Differentiation of PRRSV Types I and II (2009)

To further characterize the humoral immune response of pigs to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to study the kinetics of antibody responses directed against PRRSV nonstructural proteins in pigs experimentally exposed to the virus. The highest immunoreactivities were against nsp1, nsp2, and nsp7. Using the recombinant nsp7 as an antigen, we validated a dual ELISA for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of serum antibodies against type I and type II PRRSV. Receiver operating characteristic analysis based on 1,334 known-positive and 1,357 known-negative samples showed good specificity (98.3% to type I and 99.3% to type II) and sensitivity (97.4% for type I and 99.8% for type II). To differentiate type I and type II PRRSV, 470 sera originating from experimentally inoculated pigs were tested, and positive sera were correctly differentiated in 469 of 470 samples. The capability of the nsp7 dual ELISA to detect serum antibody responses from pigs infected with various genetically different field strains was determined. The nsp7 dual ELISA possessed 97.6% agreement with the Idexx HerdChek PRRS 2XR ELISA. In further testing of Idexx ELISA suspected false-positive samples, the nsp7 dual ELISA resolved 98% of the samples as negative. Taken together, these results indicate that the nsp7 dual ELISA can be used as a differential test for PRRSV serology with high levels of sensitivity and specificity. This ELISA offers an additional tool for routine or follow-up diagnostics, as well as having substantial value in epidemiological surveys and outbreak investigations.
Minimum Arcing Interrupting Capability and Opening Velocity of Vacuum Interrupters: An Impact of Magnetic Field (2018)

Controlled switching technology operates circuit breakers at minimum arcing time for short-circuit current interruption. However, there is no report to reveal an impact of magnetic field on minimum arcing interrupting capability under various opening velocity. The objective of this paper is to determine the impact of magnetic field on minimum arcing interrupting capability under various opening velocities. Three types of contacts were investigated, which were butt-type contact, cup-type axial magnetic field (AMF) contact and spiral-type transverse magnetic field (TMF) contact, respectively. The diameters of all the contacts were 58 mm and the contact materials were CuCr50 (50% of Cr). The vacuum interrupters (VIs) were driven by an electromagnetic repulsion mechanism, whose average opening velocities ranged from 2.6 to 6.0 m/s. The short circuit interruption tests had a current of 31.5 kA (RMS) with a TRV peak value of 73 kV. Experiment results show that the minimum arcing time of butt-type contact and cup-type AMF contact decreases while the average opening velocity increases and it keeps a constant when the average opening velocity reaches a critical value. However, the minimum arcing time of spiral-type TMF contact has been decreasing without the critical value. Meanwhile, spiral-type TMF contact achieve a shorter minimum arcing time compared to the butt-type contact and cup-type AMF contact when the average opening velocity is lower than 4 m/s.