gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single-mode quantum cascade lasers based on a folded Fabry-Perot cavity (2011)

We demonstrate single-mode quantum cascade lasers employing a folded Fabry-Perot cavity consisting of two straight sections connected by a semicircular section in a “hairpin” shape. These folded cavity lasers emitting at ∼4.5 μm are fabricated with identical processes as those for plain Fabry-Perot ridge lasers, and show a strong suppression of the comb of Fabry-Perot cavity modes, leading to tunable single-mode emission with up to 27 dB side mode suppression ratio and a single-mode operating current range of up to 60% above the threshold current when operated in pulsed mode; single-mode emission is achieved from 80 to ∼240 K.
Total synthesis of indole and dihydroindole alkaloids. XVI. Derivatives of vinblastine and vincristine: change of functionality in the vindoline unit (1978)

Studies describing the preparation of various derivatives of vinblastine and vincristine are presented. Vindoline (3) is transformed into a series of derivatives and the latter via Polonovski-type coupling with catharanthine (2) provide the bisindole alkaloid derivatives of the vinblastine series. Selective Jones' oxidation transforms the vinblastine family into the corresponding vincristine derivatives.
Studies on the bromination of pyrimidine. A facile synthesis of 5‐bromopyrimidine (1973)

Abstract Three methods for hromination of pyrimidine were investigated: ( a ) the bromination of pyrimidine hydrochloride in aromatic solvents, ( b ) the vapor phase bromination of pyrimidine, and ( c ) the pyrolysis of pyrimidine hydrochloride perbromide. The addition of bromine to a slurry of pyrimidine hydrochloride in nitrobenzene proved to be superior and afforded excellent yields of 5‐bromopyrimidine.
Efficient Control of False Negative and False Positive Errors with Separate Adaptive Thresholds (2011)

Component level performance thresholds are widely used as a basic means for performance management. As the complexity of managed applications increases, manual threshold maintenance becomes a difficult task. Complexity arises from having a large number of application components and their operational metrics, dynamically changing workloads, and compound relationships between application components. To alleviate this problem, we advocate that component level thresholds should be computed, managed and optimized automatically and autonomously. To this end, we have designed and implemented a performance threshold management application that automatically and dynamically computes two separate component level thresholds: one for controlling Type I errors and another for controlling Type II errors. Our solution additionally facilitates metric selection thus minimizing management overheads. We present the theoretical foundation for this autonomic threshold management application, describe a specific algorithm and its implementation, and evaluate it using real-life scenarios and production data sets. As our present study shows, with proper parameter tuning, our on-line dynamic solution is capable of nearly optimal performance thresholds calculation.
Robust Imaging-Free Object Recognition Through Anderson Localizing Optical Fiber (2020)

Recognizing objects directly from optical fiber output images is useful in endoscopic applications when forming a clear image of the object is unnecessary or rather difficult. Conventional fiber-optic systems, such as multicore-fiber-based and multimode-fiber-based systems, suffer from the sensitivity of the fiber to external perturbations. For example, a slight movement of the fiber (a-few-millimeters translation of the tip for meter-long multicore fibers or multimode fibers) can greatly change the output images of the system. In this work, we utilize the light guidance stability of recently proposed glass-air Anderson localizing optical fiber (GALOF) to achieve robust imaging-free objection recognition. We transport five classes of cell images through an 80-cm straight GALOF. A deep convolutional neural network is trained to classify the output images and tested on images never seen, namely, images collected when the fiber is bent or when the fiber facet is placed several millimeters away from the object without any distal optics. Bending-invariant high classification accuracy (86.8% on average) is observed all the way to the maximum bending offset distance of 45 cm (~74thinsp;° bending angle). High classification accuracy (91.2%) is also preserved when the fiber facet is 0.5 mm away from the object.
Development of optical devices based on rare-earth-doped fluoride fibers (2002)

Optical devices made by using rare-earth doped fluoride fibers are now commercially available, and have been widely used, for example, as test sources to evaluate WDM components. We will review these fiber-based devices, which include ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission) light sources and optical fiber amplifiers in the S, C, and L bands and fiber lasers in the near infrared region.
Quantitative Analysis of Metabolic Mixtures by Two-Dimensional <sup>13</sup>C Constant-Time TOCSY NMR Spectroscopy (2013)

An increasing number of organisms can be fully (13)C-labeled, which has the advantage that their metabolomes can be studied by high-resolution two-dimensional (2D) NMR (13)C-(13)C constant-time (CT) total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY) experiments. Individual metabolites can be identified via database searching or, in the case of novel compounds, through the reconstruction of their backbone-carbon topology. Determination of quantitative metabolite concentrations is another key task. Because strong peak overlaps in one-dimensional (1D) NMR spectra prevent straightforward quantification through 1D peak integrals, we demonstrate here the direct use of (13)C-(13)C CT-TOCSY spectra for metabolite quantification. This is accomplished through the quantum mechanical treatment of the TOCSY magnetization transfer at short and long-mixing times or by the use of analytical approximations, which are solely based on the knowledge of the carbon-backbone topologies. The methods are demonstrated for carbohydrate and amino acid mixtures.
Novel N-Substituted 3α-[Bis(4‘-fluorophenyl)methoxy]tropane Analogues:  Selective Ligands for the Dopamine Transporter (1997)

A series of N-substituted 3 alpha-[bis(4'-fluorophenyl)methoxy]tropane analogues has been prepared that function as dopamine uptake inhibitors. The N-methylated analogue of this series had a significantly higher affinity for the dopamine transporter than the parent compound, N-methyl-3 alpha- (diphenylmethoxy)tropane (benztropine, Cogentin). Yet like the parent compound, it retained high affinity for muscarinic receptors. A series of N-substituted compounds were prepared from nor-3 alpha-[bis(4'-fluorophenyl)methoxy]tropane via acylation followed by hydride reduction of the amide or by direct alkylation. All compounds containing a basic tropane nitrogen displaced [3H]WIN 35,428 at the dopamine transporter (Ki range = 8.5-634 nM) and blocked dopamine uptake (IC50 range = 10-371 nM) in rat caudate putamen, whereas ligands with a nonbasic nitrogen were virtually inactive. None of the compounds demonstrated high binding affinity at norepinephrine or serotonin transporters. Importantly, a separation of binding affinities for the dopamine transporter versus muscarinic m1 receptors was achieved by substitution of the N-methyl group with other N-alkyl or arylalkyl substituents (eg. n-butyl, allyl, benzyl, 3-phenylpropyl, etc.). Additionally, the most potent and selective analogue in this series at the dopamine transporter, N-(4"-phenyl-n-butyl)-3 alpha-[bis(4'-fluorophenyl)methoxy]tropane analogue failed to substitute for cocaine in rats trained to discriminate cocaine from saline. Potentially, new leads toward the development of a pharmacotherapeutic for cocaine abuse and other disorders affecting the dopamine transporter may be discovered.
<i>Citrus Tristeza Virus</i> : Survival at the Edge of the Movement Continuum (2008)

Systemic invasion of plants by viruses is thought to involve two processes: cell-to-cell movement between adjacent cells and long-distance movement that allows the virus to rapidly move through sieve elements and unload at the growing parts of the plant. There is a continuum of proportions of these processes that determines the degrees of systemic infection of different plants by different viruses. We examined the systemic distribution of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in citrus species with a range of susceptibilities. By using a "pure" culture of CTV from a cDNA clone and green fluorescent protein-labeled virus we show that both cell-to-cell and long-distance movement are unusually limited, and the degree of limitation varies depending on the citrus host. In the more-susceptible hosts CTV infected only a small portion of phloem-associated cells, and moreover, the number of infection sites in less-susceptible citrus species was substantially decreased further, indicating that long-distance movement was reduced in those hosts. Analysis of infection foci in the two most differential citrus species, Citrus macrophylla and sour orange, revealed that in the more-susceptible host the infection foci were composed of a cluster of multiple cells, while in the less-susceptible host infection foci were usually single cells, suggesting that essentially no cell-to-cell movement occurred in the latter host. Thus, CTV in sour orange represents a pattern of systemic infection in which the virus appears to function with only the long-distance movement mechanism, yet is able to survive in nature.
Bidirectional ring laser as a scatterometer (2003)

We present a bidirectional pulsed ring laser working as differential spectrometer to measure absolute scattering coefficient. The threshold for locking the beat note is used and a scattering amplitude, R, of 10/sup -12/ was measured.
High energy x-ray phase-contrast imaging using glancing angle grating interferometers (2013)

The Talbot-Lau grating interferometer enables refraction based imaging with conventional X-ray tubes, offering the promise of a new medical imaging modality. The fringe contrast of the normal incidence interferometer is however insufficient at the >40 keV photon energies needed to penetrate thick body parts, because the thin absorption gratings used in the interferometer become transparent. To solve this problem we developed a new interferometer design using gratings at glancing incidence. For instance, using 120 μm thick Au gratings at 10° incidence we increased several fold the interferometer contrast for a spectrum with ~58 keV mean energy. Tests of DPC-CT at 60-80kVp using glancing angle interferometers and medically relevant samples indicate high potential for clinical applications. A practical design for a slot-scan DPC-CT system for the knee is proposed, using glancing angle gratings tiled on a single substrate.
A successive state splitting algorithm for efficient allophone modeling (1992)

The authors propose an algorithm, successive state splitting (SSS), for simultaneously finding an optimal set of phoneme context classes, an optimal topology, and optimal parameters for hidden Markov models (HMMs) commonly using a maximum likelihood criterion. With this algorithm, a hidden Markov network (HM-Net), which is an efficient representation of phoneme-context-dependent HMMs, can be generated automatically. The authors implemented this algorithm, and tested it on the recognition of six Japanese consonants ( mod b mod , mod d mod , mod g mod , mod m mod , mod n mod and mod N mod ). The HM-Net gave better recognition results with a lower number of total output probability density distributions than conventional phoneme-context-independent mixture Gaussian density HMMs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Self‐Assembled Monolayers of Phosphonic Acids with Enhanced Surface Energy for High‐Performance Solution‐Processed N‐Channel Organic Thin‐Film Transistors (2013)

Man füge ein O hinzu: Eine neue Strategie für die Herstellung organischer Dünnfilmtransistoren (OTFTs) nutzt die Erhöhung der Oberflächenenergie selbstorganisierter Monoschichten (SAMs) durch polare Sauerstoffatome in den langen Alkylketten von Phosphonsäuren. SAMs dieser Phosphonsäuren auf einem Hoch-k-Metalloxid ergeben lösungsprozessierte n-Kanal-OTFTs mit mittleren Feldeffektbeweglichkeiten bis zu 2.5 cm2 V−1 s−1 bei niedriger Betriebsspannung. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Threshold voltage for electrical tree inception in underground HV transmission cables (1992)

Experimental evidence is provided to show that irreversible aging which leads to electrical treeing in polymeric insulation such as low-density and crosslinked polyethylene used in HV transmission cables, does not start at local fields between 5 and 20 kV/mm. It is shown that a much higher stress is required for electrical tree inception and that the electroluminescence inception voltage is the threshold voltage at which the polymer starts to degrade.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Slow-binding inhibitors of prolyl oligopeptidase with different functional groups at the P1 site (2004)

POP (prolyl oligopeptidase) specifically hydrolyses a number of small proline-containing peptides at the carboxy end of the proline residue and POP inhibitors have been shown to have cognition-enhancing properties. It has been noted that certain functional groups at the P1 site of the inhibitor, which correspond to the substrate residue on the N-terminal side of the bond to be cleaved, increase the inhibitory potency. However, detailed mechanistic and kinetic analysis of the inhibition has not been studied. In the present study, we examined the effect of different functional groups at the P1 site of the parent inhibitor isophthalic acid bis-(L-prolylpyrrolidine) amide on the binding kinetics to POP. Addition of CHO, CN or COCH(2)OH groups to the P1 site increased the inhibitory potency by two orders of magnitude (K(i)=11.8-0.1 nM) and caused a clear slow-binding inhibition. The inhibitor containing a CHO group had the lowest association rate constant, k(on)=(2.43+/-0.12) x 10(5) M(-1) x s(-1), whereas the inhibitor with a CN group exhibited the fastest binding, k(on)=(12.0+/-0.08)x10(5) M(-1) x s(-1). In addition, the dissociation rate was found to be crucially dependent on the type of the functional group. Compounds with COCH(2)OH and CHO groups had much longer half-lives of dissociation (over 5 h) compared with the compound with the CN group (25 min), although the K(i) values of the compounds were relatively similar. A possibility to optimize the duration of inhibition by changing the functional group at the P1 site is important when planning therapeutically useful POP inhibitors.
Radiomics: a new application from established techniques (2016)

The increasing use of biomarkers in cancer have led to the concept of personalized medicine for patients. Personalized medicine provides better diagnosis and treatment options available to clinicians. Radiological imaging techniques provide an opportunity to deliver unique data on different types of tissue. However, obtaining useful information from all radiological data is challenging in the era of "big data". Recent advances in computational power and the use of genomics have generated a new area of research termed Radiomics. Radiomics is defined as the high throughput extraction of quantitative imaging features or texture (radiomics) from imaging to decode tissue pathology and creating a high dimensional data set for feature extraction. Radiomic features provide information about the gray-scale patterns, inter-pixel relationships. In addition, shape and spectral properties can be extracted within the same regions of interest on radiological images. Moreover, these features can be further used to develop computational models using advanced machine learning algorithms that may serve as a tool for personalized diagnosis and treatment guidance.
Data distribution algorithms for load balanced fault-tolerant Web access (2002)

Describes the design and analysis of RobustWeb, a scalable and fault-tolerant World Wide Web server cluster that is based on HTTP redirection. The system consists of a set of N back-end document servers and one or more redirection servers which receive the HTTP requests and redirect them to the document servers. A load distribution algorithm is used for initial distribution of the documents on the servers. Given a specific degree of replication k, the distribution algorithm guarantees that at least k replicas of each document are present after document distribution is complete. The redirection servers redirect requests to one of the replicas with a pre-computed redirection probability. When a server fails, the redirection probabilities are recomputed using a novel algorithm based on network flow. Theis enables the load to be approximately balanced among the remaining servers, allowing for graceful degradation of the service in the event of failures. A preliminary prototype of RobustWeb has been implemented.
Locating faults by the traveling waves they launch (2014)

Faults on overhead transmission lines cause transients that travel at the speed of light and propagate along the power line as traveling waves (TWs). This paper provides an overview of TWs and TW fault locators. It explains the physics, reviews the theory of TWs, explains the foundations of various types of TW fault locators, and provides an in-depth discussion on a number of TW fault locating implementation challenges. Finally, it discusses integration of TW fault locating in microprocessor-based relays and presents Bonneville Power Administration's (BPA's) field experience using these relays.
Automated rich presentation of a semantic topic (2005)

To have a rich presentation of a topic, it is not only expected that many relevant multimodal information, including images, text, audio and video, could be extracted; it is also important to organize and summarize the related information, and provide users a concise and informative storyboard about the target topic. It facilitates users to quickly grasp and better understand the content of a topic. In this paper, we present a novel approach to automatically generating a rich presentation of a given semantic topic. In our proposed approach, the related multimodal information of a given topic is first extracted from available multimedia databases or websites. Since each topic usually contains multiple events, a text-based event clustering algorithm is then performed with a generative model. Other media information, such as the representative images, possibly available video clips and flashes (interactive animates), are associated with each related event. A storyboard of the target topic is thus generated by integrating each event and its corresponding multimodal information. Finally, to make the storyboard more expressive and attractive, an incidental music is chosen as background and is aligned with the storyboard. A user study indicates that the presented system works quite well on our testing examples.
Pilgrims Tracking Using Wireless Sensor Network (2011)

This paper describes a prototype of a wireless sensor network developed for tracking pilgrims in the Holy areas during Hajj (Pilgrimage). A delay tolerant network principle is used. Energy efficiency, robustness, and reliability are the key factors for the developed system. Every pilgrim will be given a mobile sensor unit that includes a GPS unit, a Microcontroller, antennas and a battery. A network of fixed master units is installed in the Holy area. Upon request or periodically, the sensor unit sends its UID number, latitude, longitude, and time. The close by master unit receives this information and passes it to a server that maps the latitude and longitude information on a Google map or any geographical information system. The developed system can be used to track specific pilgrims. Alternatively any pilgrim can request emergency help using the same system. The location of the person needing help will be identified on the map to make it easy for the help to reach in the most efficient way. The developed system works in coordination with an RFID identification system that was proposed earlier. The developed system was tested successfully during the recent pilgrim season.
Liver cell transplantation -- novel animal model for human hepatic viral infections. (2001)

Tolerized rats with chimeric human livers can be infected with HBV and used as an animal model for HBV infection. Tolerized rats with chimeric human livers can also be used for generating models of other human hepatic viral diseases.
Pacemaker control of heart rate variability (2013)

Cardiac diseases, like those related to abnormal heart rate activity, have an enormous economic and psychological impact worldwide. The approaches used to control the behavior of modern pacemakers ignore the fractal nature of heart rate activity. The purpose of this article is to present a Cyber Physical System approach to pacemaker design that exploits precisely the fractal properties of heart rate activity in order to design the pacemaker controller. Towards this end, we solve a finite horizon optimal control problem based on the heartbeat time series and show that this control problem can be converted into a system of linear equations. We also compare and contrast the performance of the fractal optimal control problem under six different cost functions. Finally, to get an idea of hardware complexity, we implement the fractal optimal controller on a Virtex4 FPGA and report some preliminary results in terms of area overhead.
Optical implementation of inner-product neural associative memory (1990)

A liquid-crystal TV spatial light modulator (LCTV SLM) input device and LCTV nonlinear thresholding element are presently used to accomplish an all-optical implementation of an inner-product neural associative memory. This architecture represents an alternative to the vector-matrix multiplication method of the Hopfield model, which is most often employed by neural network associative memory models. LCTV SLM experimental results are presented and discussed.
Clinical utility of sequence-based genotype compared with that derivable from genotyping arrays (2012)

Our approach may be used to compare the ability of different platforms to probe known genetic risks disease by disease.