gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved Perception of Music With a Harmonic Based Algorithm for Cochlear Implants (2013)

The lack of fine structure information in conventional cochlear implant (CI) encoding strategies presumably contributes to the generally poor music perception with CIs. To improve CI users' music perception, a harmonic-single-sideband-encoder (HSSE) strategy was developed , which explicitly tracks the harmonics of a single musical source and transforms them into modulators conveying both amplitude and temporal fine structure cues to electrodes. To investigate its effectiveness, vocoder simulations of HSSE and the conventional continuous-interleaved-sampling (CIS) strategy were implemented. Using these vocoders, five normal-hearing subjects' melody and timbre recognition performance were evaluated: a significant benefit of HSSE to both melody (p < 0.002) and timbre (p < 0.026) recognition was found. Additionally, HSSE was acutely tested in eight CI subjects. On timbre recognition, a significant advantage of HSSE over the subjects' clinical strategy was demonstrated: the largest improvement was 35% and the mean 17% (p < 0.013). On melody recognition, two subjects showed 20% improvement with HSSE; however, the mean improvement of 7% across subjects was not significant (p > 0.090). To quantify the temporal cues delivered to the auditory nerve, the neural spike patterns evoked by HSSE and CIS for one melody stimulus were simulated using an auditory nerve model. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that HSSE can convey temporal pitch cues better than CIS. The results suggest that HSSE is a promising strategy to enhance music perception with CIs.
Design and construction of a cascading pressure reactor prototype for solar-thermochemical hydrogen production (2016)

Recent work regarding the efficiency maximization for solar thermochemical fuel production in two step cycles has led to the design of a new type of reactor—the cascading pressure reactor—in which the thermal reduction step of the cycle is completed in multiple stages, at successively lower pressures. This approach enables lower thermal reduction pressures than in single-staged reactors, and decreases required pump work, leading to increased solar to fuel efficiencies. Here we report on the design and construction of a prototype cascading pressure reactor and testing of some of the key components. We especially focus on the technical challenges particular to the design, and their solutions.
Purification of human leukotriene C4 synthase. (1992)

Leukotriene (LT) C4 synthase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conjugation of LTA4 with reduced glutathione to form LTC4, was purified to homogeneity from the KG-1 myeloid cell line after solubilization of the microsomes utilizing a combination of 0.4% sodium deoxycholate and 0.4% Triton X-102. The solubilized enzyme was then applied to an S-hexyl-glutathione-agarose column that was eluted by the use of 7.5 mM probenecid. After removal of the probenecid by sequential concentration and dilution in an Amicon concentrator, the enzyme was additionally purified and concentrated by binding to and elution from approximately 75 mg of S-hexyl-glutathione-agarose. The enzyme was further resolved by electrophoresis with a nondenaturing Tris-glycine gel, and the LTC4 synthase activity was localized to slices 3 and 4. When the remainder of the eluate from the nondenaturing gel was precipitated by acetone and analyzed by 14% SDS/PAGE with silver staining, a single protein band of 18 kDa was associated with LTC4 synthase activity and was not present in the eluates of slices lacking activity. The overall recovery was 12.5%. In a separate preliminary purification, in which the yield was only approximately 1%, the eluates of the nondenaturing gel had also revealed a single protein of 18 kDa by SDS/PAGE, which was present only in the eluates with LTC4 synthase activity. These data identify LTC4 synthase as a protein of 18 kDa, a size consistent with its membership in the microsomal glutathione S-transferase family.
RAMSY: Ratio Analysis of Mass Spectrometry to Improve Compound Identification (2013)

The complexity of biological samples poses a major challenge for reliable compound identification in mass spectrometry (MS). The presence of interfering compounds that cause additional peaks in the spectrum can make interpretation and assignment difficult. To overcome this issue, new approaches are needed to reduce complexity and simplify spectral interpretation. Recently, focused on unknown metabolite identification, we presented a new approach, RANSY (ratio analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Anal. Chem. 2011, 83, 7616-7623), which extracts the (1)H signals related to the same metabolite based on peak intensity ratios. On the basis of this concept, we present the ratio analysis of mass spectrometry (RAMSY) method, which facilitates improved compound identification in complex MS spectra. RAMSY works on the principle that, under a given set of experimental conditions, the abundance/intensity ratios between the mass fragments from the same metabolite are relatively constant. Therefore, the quotients of average peak ratios and their standard deviations, generated using a small set of MS spectra from the same ion chromatogram, efficiently allow the statistical recovery of the metabolite peaks and facilitate reliable identification. RAMSY was applied to both gas chromatography/MS and liquid chromatography tandem MS (LC-MS/MS) data to demonstrate its utility. The performance of RAMSY is typically better than the results from correlation methods. RAMSY promises to improve unknown metabolite identification for MS users in metabolomics or other fields.
Magnetically induced pulser-sustainer laser excitation (1984)

The successful development of high-output-energy self-sustained discharge-pumped excimer lasers has largely been due to the use of a low-inductance rail-spark-gap switch to provide a highly overvolted laser breakdown and a rapid transfer of energy stored in a pulse forming line (PFL) into the laser head.1 Efficient operation of a high-output-energy XeCl laser has recently been demonstrated by researchers at Northrop using a rail-gap transfer switch together with an auxiliary spiker circuit.2 The transfer gaps in all these lasers are required to hold off high voltages (50-100 kV) and transfer large PFL energies (100-300 J) making it very difficult to operate them repetitively. A new electrical excitation scheme is described which solves this problem without sacrificing the key features provided by the transfer gap.
Applying a Combined Hydraulic Fracturing, Reservoir, and Wellbore Simulator: Staged Field Experiment #3, Cluster Spacing, and Stacked Parent/Child Frac Hits (2018)

Abstract This paper describes three applications of a fully integrated hydraulic fracturing, reservoir, and wellbore simulator. The simulator describes hydraulic fracturing, shut-in, and production in a single continuous simulation. It describes multiphase effects (using either the black oil model or a compositional fluid model), thermal effects, transport of tracers and/or non-Newtonian fluid additives, stress shadowing from fracture propagation, and poroelastic stress effects from depletion, and uses a detailed proppant transport algorithm. It uses constitutive relations that smoothly transition from equations for flow through an open crack to equations for flow through a closed crack (with or without proppant). In the first example, we build a simulation model of Staged Field Experiment #3, a well-known historical dataset. Our result is compared with other published simulations and is matched to 15 years of production data. The simulation shows how the transport and settling of proppant in the fracture during injection and shut-in are impacted by processes such as clustered and hindered settling. Gel crosslinking and breaking are described with first-order reaction rate constants. In the second example, we perform a sensitivity analysis on cluster spacing in a generic slickwater fracturing treatment in a horizontal well. The simulations show complex interactions between stress shadowing, fracture propagation, proppant transport, and multiphase flow. The sensitivity analysis indicates that minimizing near-wellbore pressure drop is critical for improving production. Closer cluster spacing decreases near-wellbore pressure drop by providing more conduits for flow. In the third example, we simulate a vertically stacked parent/child scenario. Depletion of the overlying parent well leads to upward propagation from the child well and direct frac hits. The frac hits remobilize proppant as water sweeps into the parent well fractures, displacing gas. In the appendix, we summarize a suite of validation simulations that confirm the numerical accuracy of the simulator.
Structural Analysis of Specific Metal Chelating Inhibitor Binding to the Endonuclease Domain of Influenza pH1N1 (2009) Polymerase (2012)

It is generally recognised that novel antiviral drugs, less prone to resistance, would be a desirable alternative to current drug options in order to be able to treat potentially serious influenza infections. The viral polymerase, which performs transcription and replication of the RNA genome, is an attractive target for antiviral drugs since potent polymerase inhibitors could directly stop viral replication at an early stage. Recent structural studies on functional domains of the heterotrimeric polymerase, which comprises subunits PA, PB1 and PB2, open the way to a structure based approach to optimise inhibitors of viral replication. In particular, the unique cap-snatching mechanism of viral transcription can be inhibited by targeting either the PB2 cap-binding or PA endonuclease domains. Here we describe high resolution X-ray co-crystal structures of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) PA endonuclease domain with a series of specific inhibitors, including four diketo compounds and a green tea catechin, all of which chelate the two critical manganese ions in the active site of the enzyme. Comparison of the binding mode of the different compounds and that of a mononucleotide phosphate highlights, firstly, how different substituent groups on the basic metal binding scaffold can be orientated to bind in distinct sub-pockets within the active site cavity, and secondly, the plasticity of certain structural elements of the active site cavity, which result in induced fit binding. These results will be important in optimising the design of more potent inhibitors targeting the cap-snatching endonuclease activity of influenza virus polymerase.
MEMS-Based Tracking for an Indoor Optical Wireless Communication Bidirectional Link (2016)

We report on the development of a free space, line of sight bidirectional optical wireless communication system for personal area networking. The system includes several transmitters mounted at the ceilings and attached directly to the optical communications cable. Each transmitter contains up to eight outlets connected to eight receivers through an infrared laser beam. Using a transmitted power of 5 dBm, the system transmits at 1.25 and 10 Gb/s and bit-error rates better than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-12</sup> over the distance range of 2-12 m. To provide robustness against the environmental distortions, such as shock, vibration, and temperature fluctuations, an active repositioning is implemented by a closed-loop controlled steering of the laser beam by electrostatically actuated microelectromechanical system mirrors mounted within each of the outlets and allowing up to ±2° optical scanning angle. An algorithm based on the maximization of the transmitted optical power has been developed for automatic alignment between the central station and each of the user modules, enabling certain mobility of the system.
Apoptosis induction in cancer cells by a novel analogue of 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid lacking retinoid receptor transcriptional activation activity. (2001)

The retinoid 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid (AHPN) is reported to have anticancer activity in vivo. Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cell lines refractory to standard retinoids suggests a retinoid-independent mechanism of action for AHPN. Conformational studies suggested that binding of AHPN does not induce an unusual conformation in retinoic acid receptor (RAR) gamma. The 3-chloro AHPN analogue MM11453 inhibited the growth of both retinoid-resistant (HL-60R leukemia, MDA-MB-231 breast, and H292 lung) and retinoid-sensitive (MCF-7 breast, LNCaP prostate, and H460 lung) cancer cell lines by inducing apoptosis at similar concentrations. Before apoptosis, MM11453 induced transcription factor TR3 expression and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential characteristic of apoptosis. MM11453 lacked the ability to significantly activate RARs and retinoid X receptor alpha to initiate (TREpal)(2)-tk-CAT reporter transcription. These results, differential proteolysis-sensitivity assays, and glutathione S-transferase-pulldown experiments demonstrate that, unlike AHPN or the natural or standard synthetic retinoids, MM11453 does not behave as a RAR or retinoid X receptor alpha transcriptional agonist. These studies strongly suggest that AHPN exerts its cell cycle arrest and apoptotic activity by a signaling pathway independent of retinoid receptor activation.
Thin Bed Reservoirs Formation Evaluation without Bimodal Sand-shale Assumption (2012)

Thinly bedded reservoirs have been produced for many years, but their identification and quantitative evaluation remains a difficult challenge, since conventional deep induction resistivity lacks sensitivity to thin resistive pay sands. Introduction of vertical resistivity with triaxial induction tools overcame this, but analysis has been built on the simplification of a bimodal formation model because deep resistivity measurements have limited vertical resolution. This model assumes that formation consists of indiscernible thin sand and shale layers and all sand and all shale layers are identical. This assumption leads to significant overestimation of producible hydrocarbon volume if formation is not bimodal. Alternative model free of bimodal assumption is proposed which integrates textural measurements with resistivity via parameterization of the pore water volume. Flags to indicate applicability of bimodal approximation are constructed. Hydrocarbon volume estimates resolution matched to textural data are made. Proposed approach either used just as thin beds indicator in conjunction with known industry methods or used to incorporate higher resolution textural measurements is capable to deliver significantly better-quality estimates for producible hydrocarbons in thinly laminated siliciclastic reservoirs.
Effective nearest neighbor indexing with the euclidean metric (2001)

The nearest neighbor search is an important operation widely-used in multimedia databases. In higher dimensions, most of previous methods for nearest neighbor search become inefficient and require to compute nearest neighbor distances to a large fraction of points in the space. In this paper, we present a new approach for processing nearest neighbor search with the Euclidean metric, which searches over only a small subset of the original space. This approach effectively approximates clusters by encapsulating them into geometrically regular shapes and also computes better upper and lower bounds of the distances from the query point to the clusters. For showing the effectiveness of the proposed approach, we perform extensive experiments. The results reveal that the proposed approach significantly outperforms the X-tree as well as the sequential scan.
Local Isolation of High-Voltage Photovoltaic Cells Using Buried Layers of Oxidized Porous Silicon (2019)

In this paper, we have developed a simple method to isolate epitaxially grown thin silicon film using micrometer thick layers of buried porous silicon. The process is based on formation of trenches within epitaxial p-type Si layer that was grown on top of a p+ -type Si (100) wafer. Either electrochemical or galvanic etching in hydro-fluoric solutions procedures were employed to etch the p+ -type silicon under and around the trenches, at the interface of the substrate and the epi-layer, and to transform the etched material into buried PSi. Electrical characteristics of the formed isolation, called “local isolation by buried oxidized PSi”, have been measured. The isolation resistance of the subsequently oxidized PSi film was found to increase by 3-6 orders of magnitude up to the level of few GΩ (GigaOhms). Finally, this procedure has been exploited to demonstrate a miniature photovoltaic solar array where two photovoltaic cells were connected in series using the laser-induced forward transfer metallization process, as a model for high voltage photovoltaic solar cell.
Osteoporosis induced in mice by overproduction of interleukin 4. (1993)

Osteoporosis is a common disease in which loss of bone mass results in skeletal fragility. The development of therapies for this disorder has been hampered by the lack of a convenient animal model. Here we describe a disorder in bone homeostasis in transgenic mice that inappropriately express the cytokine interleukin 4 (IL-4) under the direction of the lymphocyte-specific proximal promoter for the lck gene. Bone disease in lck-IL-4 mice appeared to result from markedly decreased bone formation by osteoblasts, features strikingly similar to those observed in cases of severe low-turnover human involutional osteoporosis. By 2 months of age, female and male lck-IL-4 mice invariably developed severe osteoporosis of both cortical and trabecular bone. Osteoporosis was observed in two independently derived founder animals, indicating that this phenotype was directly mediated by the IL-4 transgene.
Premethylation of Foreign DNA Improves Integrative Transformation Efficiency in Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803 (2015)

Restriction digestion of foreign DNA is one of the key biological barriers against genetic transformation in microorganisms. To establish a high-efficiency transformation protocol in the model cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 (Synechocystis 6803), we investigated the effects of premethylation of foreign DNA on the integrative transformation of this strain. In this study, two type II methyltransferase-encoding genes, i.e., sll0729 (gene M) and slr0214 (gene C), were cloned from the chromosome of Synechocystis 6803 and expressed in Escherichia coli harboring an integration plasmid. After premethylation treatment in E. coli, the integration plasmid was extracted and used for transformation of Synechocystis 6803. The results showed that although expression of methyltransferase M had little impact on the transformation of Synechocystis 6803, expression of methyltransferase C resulted in 11- to 161-fold-higher efficiency in the subsequent integrative transformation of Synechocystis 6803. Effective expression of methyltransferase C, which could be achieved by optimizing the 5' untranslated region, was critical to efficient premethylation of the donor DNA and thus high transformation efficiency in Synechocystis 6803. Since premethylating foreign DNA prior to transforming Synechocystis avoids changing the host genetic background, the study thus provides an improved method for high-efficiency integrative transformation of Synechocystis 6803.
A Mobile-assisted Edge Computing Framework for Emerging IoT Applications (2021)

Edge computing (EC) is a promising paradigm for providing ultra-low latency experience for IoT applications at the network edge, through pre-caching required services in fixed edge nodes. However, the supply-demand mismatch can arise while meeting the peak period of some specific service requests. The mismatch between capacity provision and user demands can be fatal to the delay-sensitive user requests of emerging IoT applications and will be further exacerbated due to the long service provisioning cycle. To tackle this problem, we propose the mobile-assisted edge computing framework to improve the QoS of fixed edge nodes by exploiting mobile edge nodes. Furthermore, we devise a CRI (Credible, Reciprocal, and Incentive) auction mechanism to stimulate mobile edge nodes to participate in the services for user requests. The advantages of our mobile-assisted edge computing framework include higher task completion rate, profit maximization, and computational efficiency. Meanwhile, the theoretical analysis and experimental results guarantee the desirable economic properties of our CRI auction mechanism.
An Example of 3-D Printing for Expeditionary Medicine: The Air Force Retractor (2020)

This paper encourages further investigation of the use of AM/3D printing downrange to create surgical instruments and medical supplies in austere, A2/AD, and other logistically challenging environments. Not only would this support regeneration of supplies, but also modification and even creation of novel products to adapt to changing needs. If 3D files could be created of common surgical instruments for print on designated resins downrange, and FDA approval obtained, an online library of files could be created for easy access to DoD members across the globe to support our nation's commitment to provide the best possible care for service members any time, any place.
A regulatory B cell subset with a unique CD1dhiCD5+ phenotype controls T cell-dependent inflammatory responses (97.1) (2009)

Abstract B cells mediate multiple functions that influence immune and inflammatory responses. While B cells contribute to disease in most autoimmune mouse models, we have also found that B cells have regulatory functions and inhibit inflammation. Specifically, T cell-mediated inflammation in a mouse model of contact hypersensitivity was exaggerated in CD19-deficient (CD19-/-) mice and wild type mice depleted of CD20+ B cells, while inflammation was substantially reduced in mice with hyperactive B cells due to CD19 overexpression (hCD19Tg). These inflammatory responses were negatively regulated by a unique CD1dhiCD5+ B cell subset that was absent in CD19-/- mice, represented only 1-2% of spleen B220+ cells in wild type mice, but was expanded to ~10% of spleen B220+ cells in hCD19Tg mice. Adoptive transfer of these CD1dhiCD5+ B cells normalized inflammation in wild type mice depleted of CD20+ B cells and in CD19-/- mice. Remarkably, IL-10 production was restricted to this CD1dhiCD5+ B cell subset, with IL-10 production diminished in CD19-/- mice, yet increased in hCD19Tg mice. Thereby, CD1dhiCD5+ B cells represent a unique subset of potent regulatory B cells that we have labeled as "B10 cells" due to their unique production of IL-10 and the fact that other regulatory B cell subsets are likely to exist.
Mammaglobin, a mammary-specific member of the uteroglobin gene family, is overexpressed in human breast cancer. (1996)

In this report, we describe a novel cDNA isolated from a primary human breast adenocarcinoma and differentially expressed in several breast carcinoma cell lines. The protein encoded by this cDNA, which we have named mammaglobin, is homologous to a family of secreted proteins that includes rat prostatic steroid-binding protein subunit C3, human Clara cell 10-kilodalton protein, and rabbit uteroglobin. Expression of the mammaglobin gene is restricted to the adult mammary gland. More significantly, in an analysis of 35 breast tumor biopsies, mammaglobin mRNA levels were increased at least 10-fold relative to normal breast tissue in 23% of cases. The breast-specific expression of this potentially secreted protein and its frequent overexpression in primary human breast tumors suggest that mammaglobin may be a novel marker for the management of breast cancer.