gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective Reduction of Alkyl Halides with Borohydride Exchange Resin-Nickel Acetate in Methanol (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSelective Reduction of Alkyl Halides with Borohydride Exchange Resin-Nickel Acetate in MethanolNung Min Yoon, Hyun Ju Lee, Jin Hee Ahn, and Jaesung ChoiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 16, 4687–4688Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1994https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00095a054RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views670Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (288 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
20.8% efficient PERC solar cell on 156 mm×156 mm p-type multi-crystalline silicon substrate (2015)

P-type multi-crystalline passivated emitter and rear solar cells (PERC) become the focus of recent laboratory and industrial base research due to its promising mass production perspective. This paper presents the most recent works on PERC solar cells and reveals the realization of a world record efficiency of 20.8% PERC solar cell fabricated with screen printing technology on 156 mm × 156 mm multi-crystalline substrates. To further increase the cell efficiency, an optical loss analysis was conducted, which shows that the current loss due to the poor light trapping dominates the overall optical loss. Based on the analysis, an efficiency of 21.3% is achievable in the near future with further optimization.
Highly enantioselective solvolyses of L- and D-phenylalanine p-nitrophenyl esters by an L-histidyl dipeptide in surfactant coaggregates formed by cholesterol-containing amphiphiles (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHighly enantioselective solvolyses of L- and D-phenylalanine p-nitrophenyl esters by an L-histidyl dipeptide in surfactant coaggregates formed by cholesterol-containing amphiphilesIwhan Cho and Gi Chae KimCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 21, 5187–5189Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00256a064https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00256a064research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views172Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter (SLC26A2) mutant mouse: morphological and biochemical characterization of the resulting chondrodysplasia phenotype (2005)

Mutations in the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter (DTDST or SLC26A2) cause a family of recessively inherited chondrodysplasias including, in order of decreasing severity, achondrogenesis 1B, atelosteogenesis 2, diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) and recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. The gene encodes a widely distributed sulfate/chloride antiporter of the cell membrane whose function is crucial for the uptake of inorganic sulfate, which is needed for proteoglycan sulfation. To provide new insights in the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to skeletal and connective tissue dysplasia and to obtain an in vivo model for therapeutic approaches to DTD, we generated a Dtdst knock-in mouse with a partial loss of function of the sulfate transporter. In addition, the intronic neomycine cassette in the mutant allele contributed to the hypomorphic phenotype by inducing abnormal splicing. Homozygous mutant mice were characterized by growth retardation, skeletal dysplasia and joint contractures, thereby recapitulating essential aspects of the DTD phenotype in man. The skeletal phenotype included reduced toluidine blue staining of cartilage, chondrocytes of irregular size, delay in the formation of the secondary ossification center and osteoporosis of long bones. Impaired sulfate uptake was demonstrated in chondrocytes, osteoblasts and fibroblasts. In spite of the generalized nature of the sulfate uptake defect, significant proteoglycan undersulfation was detected only in cartilage. Chondrocyte proliferation and apoptosis studies suggested that reduced proliferation and/or lack of terminal chondrocyte differentiation might contribute to reduced bone growth. The similarity with human DTD makes this mouse strain a useful model to explore pathogenetic and therapeutic aspects of DTDST-related disorders.
On the comparison of interpolation methods (1988)

A study of different cubic interpolation kernels in the frequency domain is presented that reveals novel aspects of both cubic spline and cubic convolution interpolation. The kernel used in cubic convolution is of finite support and depends on a parameter to be chosen at will. At the Nyquist frequency, the spectrum attains a value that is independent of this parameter. Exactly the same value is found at the Nyquist frequency in the cubic spline interpolation. If a strictly positive interpolation kernel is of importance in applications, cubic convolution with the parameter value zero is recommended.
A micro-payment architecture for P2P networks (2007)

An important goal in P2P networks is that all peers provide resources. However, free riding and tragedy of common are real issues in P2P networks. To resolve these problems, most of the existing work is concerning probabilistic estimation to evaluate the trustworthiness or mechanism design to provide incentive. Instead of design a protocol to solve free riding, we build a micro-payment architecture for these existing protocols using virtual currency which can be more precisely measured and easily be replaced by reputation or other tokens. Our system can avoid from long-term trust learning interactions and high cost of collecting and analyzing reputation information. It can also provide peers incentive to truly report their connection type and security to malicious attacks.
Detection of Climatic Change in the Western North American Arctic Using a Synoptic Climatological Approach (1990)

Studies which utilize a long-term temperature record in determining the possibility of a global warming have led to conflicting results. We suggest that a time-series evaluation of mean annual temperatures is not sufficiently robust to determine the existence of a long-term warming. We propose the utilization of an air mass-based synoptic climatological approach, as it is possible that local changes within particular air masses have been obscured by the gross scale of temperature time-series evaluations used in previous studies of this type. An automated synoptic index was constructed for the winter months in four western North American Arctic locations to determine if the frequency of occurrence of the coldest and mildest air masses has changed and if the physical character of these air masses has shown signs of modification over the past 40 years. It appears that the frequencies of the majority of the coldest air masses have tended to decrease, while those of the warmest air masses have increased. In addition, the very coldest air masses at each site have warmed between 1°C to almost 4°C over the same time interval. A technique is suggested to determine whether these changes are possibly attributable to anthropogenic influences.
Plant-based Expression of Biopharmaceuticals (2006)

Biopharmaceuticals are currently the mainstay products of the biotechnology market and represent the fastest growing and, in many ways, the most exciting sector within the pharmaceutical industry. The term “biopharmaceutical” was originated in the 1980s, when a general consensus evolved that it represented a class of therapeutics produced by means of modern biotechnologies. Already a quarter of a century ago, “humulin” (recombinant human insulin, produced in E. coli and developed by Genentech in collaboration with Eli Lilly) was approved and received marketing authorization in the United States of America in 1982. Since then the market for biopharmaceuticals has been steadily growing and currently nearly 150 biopharmaceuticals have gained approval for general human use (EU and USA). Over this period it became obvious that production capacities for biopharmaceuticals with “conventional” bioreactors would be a bottleneck and that worldwide fermentation capacities are limited. One exciting solution to these “capacity crunches” is the use of transgenic plants to produce biopharmaceuticals. This article describes different plant expression systems, their advantages and limitations, and concludes by considering some of the innovations and trends likely to influence the future of plant-based biopharmaceuticals.
Indirect addressing and load balancing for faster solution to Mandelbrot set on SIMD architectures (2002)

The authors present a method for using local indirect addressing to achieve faster solutions for some problems with data-dependent convergence rates on SIMD (single-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream) architectures. A class of problems characterized by computations on data points where the computation is identical but the convergence rate is data dependent is examined. In the absence of indirect addressing, algorithm time is governed by the maximum number of iterations. An algorithm using indirect addressing allows a processor to proceed to the next data point upon convergence. Thus the overall number of iterations will approach the mean convergence rate for a sufficiently large problem. Load-balancing techniques can be applied for additional performance improvement. These techniques are used for solving Mandelbrot sets on the MP-1 massively parallel computer.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
N-Heterocyclic Carbene and Chiral Brønsted Acid Cooperative Catalysis for a Highly Enantioselective [4+2] Annulation (2016)

A chiral NHC/Brønsted acid cooperative catalysis system has been developed for asymmetric annulation of functionalized benzaldehydes and activated ketones through dearomative generation of dienolate.
Targeting the Jak-Stat Pathway in the Treatment of ‘Th2-High’ Severe Asthma (2016)

Severe asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction, chronic inflammation and airway remodeling. Phenotyping and/or endotyping can lead to a more personalized treatment strategy, improving the efficacy of novel drugs. Atopic asthma is associated with high levels of Th2 cells, implicated in a number of inflammatory responses. Differentiation of these cells from naive T cells occurs primarily via the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Targeting this pathway through inhibition of activating cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) and their receptors, the JAKs or the STATs, has been shown to have a therapeutic effect on asthma pathology. There are a number of novel drugs currently in development, which target various pathway components; these include both biologics and small molecules at various stages of development.
The combination of the specific endothelin A receptor antagonist ZD4054 and submaximal bisphosphonate pamidronate prevents soft-tissue metastasis (2007)

Soft-tissue metastasis resulting from primary muscle-invading bladder cancer is a significant cause of mortality (Kaufman 2006). The role of the endothelin axis in this process has been shown preclinically, where blockade of endothelin A receptors (ETARs) results in reduced metastasis in the lungs of animals injected intravenously with bladder cancer cells (Titus et al 2005). We have shown previously that, in SCID mice inoculated with the metastasis-selected B1 subline of TSU-Pr1 human bladder cancer cells, metastasis to bone is reduced by pre-treatment with the specific ETAR antagonist ZD4054 alone, and completely prevented by pre-treatment with the combination of ZD4054 and pamidronate (Williams et al 2006). The current study evaluates the impact of these treatments on the formation of soft-tissue metastases. Male SCID mice (n=7-10/group) were randomly allocated to four experimental arms: (i) vehicle (oral gavage, daily)/vehicle (sc, twice weekly); (ii) vehicle/pamidronate (4 mg/kg sc, twice weekly); (iii) ZD4054 (25 mg/kg, oral gavage, daily)/vehicle; and (iv) ZD4054/pamidronate. Treatment was initiated the day prior to intracardiac inoculation of TSU-Pr1-B1 cells. Tissues were collected for histological analysis and measurement of human DNA 6 weeks after inoculation of tumor cells. Tumor burden to lung, brain, and kidney were determined using Alu-PCR to amplify the human-specific Alu-repetitive sequence and expressed as mean (± SEM) percentage of human DNA values. Significance was set at P<0.05 and was determined using contingency tables (including all treatment groups) using the detection limits of the assay (lung: 5x10-5; brain: 8x10-5; kidney: 7x10-7) to define the presence/absence of measurable tumor as the categorical variable. Combination of ZD4054 and low-dose pamidronate significantly inhibited the formation of lung and brain metastases compared with the vehicle/vehicle group (lung: 0.10 ± 0.06 versus 5.97x10-4 ± 2.75x10-4, P=0.0478; brain: 4.78x10-4 ± 1.66x10-4 versus 3.19x10-5 ± 6.87x10-6, P=0.0405, respectively). No effects were observed on tumor burden in the kidney (vehicle/vehicle 9.93x10-7 ± 4.69x10-7 versus combination 2.86x10-7 ± 1.97x10-7, respectively, P>0.05), an infrequent site of bladder cancer metastasis. In contrast to their previously demonstrated effects on tumor burden in major bone sites (Williams et al 2006), neither agent, as monotherapy, caused any significant reduction in tumor burden in lung, brain, or kidney. The reduction of metastasis to soft tissue by the combination of ZD4054 with pamidronate is intriguing and may reveal a further, perhaps unanticipated, opportunity where such a combination may have potential benefit in the clinical setting when metastasis is not confined to bone.
Development of a Novel Slow-Releasing Iron−Manganese Fertilizer Compound (2007)

Development of a new slow-release micronutrient fertilizer of iron−manganese is described. Studies include formulation, synthesis, kinetics, characterization, and testing. The compound is a partially polymerized, iron−manganese−magnesium polyphosphate, which is produced at 200 °C by reaction of iron, manganese, and magnesium oxides with phosphoric acid, followed by neutralization to pH 5.6. Polymerization is optimal at 21.2% with an Fe/Mn/Mg/P molar ratio of 1:0.51:1.15:7.33. Condensation kinetics show multistage processes with plateau formation at the end of each stage. The compound is crystalline with new XRD patterns indicative of a regular arrangement of polyphosphate chains. ESR spectra reveal Mn predominantly in the IV state. The product has ideal slow-release characteristics of low water solubility but high citrate and DTPA solubility, indicating high bio-availability of the micronutrients. Plant trials with chilli show a 45.6% increase in yield, at Fe 2 kg/ha−Mn 1 kg/ha as the slow-release fertilizer. The compound appears to be a promising, environmentally friendly alternative for Fe−Mn fertilization.
Linear current-controlled oscillator for analog to digital conversion (2014)

Current-controlled oscillators (CCO) for analog to digital conversion need linear tuning-characteristics. A new CCO design in which the period of oscillation is defined by charging the timing capacitor to a reference voltage by the input current, is described. The sources of non-linearity in the tuning characteristics are identified and modeled. A method of compensating for these errors is presented. Process and temperature effects are minimized by trading speed for robustness in manufacturing. The design has been verified by simulations as well as fabricating a prototype in a typical 0.18μm process node. Simulation results indicate that 0.2% linearity can be obtained from 0-100 deg C for the frequency range upto 500MHz. The main idea is to improve linearity by design as much as possible before performing calibration.
Proinfo: uma crítica ao uso das tecnologias no ensino da geografia (2015)

Este artigo tem como propósito avaliar a implantação do ProInfo e suas contribuições (ou não) para o ensino de Geografia; ou seja, analisar possibilidades e limites que as novas tecnologias oferecem na produção de material didático-pedagógico para essa disciplina, no que tange ao seu papel no atual ensino-aprendizagem, associada ao desafio do uso de TIC’s. Foi desenvolvido com base em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, observações e levantamento de dados em três escolas públicas do Ensino Fundamental de Mascote e Porto Seguro, na Bahia. A implantação do ProInfo encontrou diversas barreiras, como: falta de infraestrutura e de monitores para a capacitação dos professores; instalação dos laboratórios de informática em condições inadequadas; ausência de acesso à internet; falta de compromisso dos órgãos gestores etc. Nota-se que o importante está na formação de professores para atuarem com essas tecnologias, pois ter domínio ou simplesmente conhecimento em informática não é suficiente; é preciso saber utilizar recursos com enfoque pedagógico. Muitos professores não sabem como inserir novas tecnologias em suas práticas, todavia, mesmo quando o fazem, ainda há mudanças que precisam ser realizadas no âmbito escolar. Principalmente, na forma de aprender e ensinar para a efetivação de um ensino de Geografia contextualizado e dinâmico.
Fluorescence from airborne microparticles: dependence on size, concentration of fluorophores, and illumination intensity (2001)

We measured fluorescence from spherical water droplets containing tryptophan and from aggregates of bacterial cells and compared these measurements with calculations of fluorescence of dielectric spheres. The measured dependence of fluorescence on size, from both droplets and dry-particle aggregates of bacteria, is proportional to the absorption cross section calculated for homogeneous spheres containing the appropriate percentage of tryptophan. However, as the tryptophan concentration of the water droplets is increased, the measured fluorescence from droplets increases less than predicted, probably because of concentration quenching. We model the dependence of the fluorescence on input intensity by assuming that the average time between fluorescence emission events is the sum of the fluorescence lifetime and the excitation lifetime (the average time it takes for an illuminated molecule to be excited), which we calculated assuming that the intensity inside the particle is uniform. Even though the intensity inside the particles spatially varies, this assumption of uniform intensity still leads to results consistent with the measured intensity dependence.
Systems Biology Approaches for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2014)

Although the prevalence of main idiopathic forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has risen considerably over the last decades, their clinical features do not allow accurate prediction of prognosis, likelihood of disease progression, or response to specific therapy. Through a better understanding of the molecular pathways involved in IBD and the promise of more targeted therapies, the personalized approach to the management of IBD shows potential. To achieve this, there remains a significant need to better understand the disease process at cellular and molecular levels for any given individual with IBD. The complexity of biological functional networks behind the etiology of IBD highlights the need for their comprehensive analysis. In this, omics technologies can generate a systemic view of IBD pathogenesis on which to base novel, multiple pathway-integrated therapies. Omics sciences have just started to contribute here by generating gene, protein expression, metabolite data at global level and large scale, and more recently by offering new opportunities to explore gut functional ecology. In particular, there is much expectation regarding the putative role of the gut microbiome in IBD. No doubt it will provide additional insights and lead to the development of alternative, hopefully better, diagnostic, prognostic, and monitoring tools in the management of IBD. This review discusses perspectives of relevance to clinical translation with emphasis on gut microbial metabolic activities.
High Chromaticity Aluminum Plasmonic Pixels for Active Liquid Crystal Displays (2015)

Chromatic devices such as flat panel displays could, in principle, be substantially improved by incorporating aluminum plasmonic nanostructures instead of conventional chromophores that are susceptible to photobleaching. In nanostructure form, aluminum is capable of producing colors that span the visible region of the spectrum while contributing exceptional robustness, low cost, and streamlined manufacturability compatible with semiconductor manufacturing technology. However, individual aluminum nanostructures alone lack the vivid chromaticity of currently available chromophores because of the strong damping of the aluminum plasmon resonance in the visible region of the spectrum. In recent work, we showed that pixels formed by periodic arrays of Al nanostructures yield far more vivid coloration than the individual nanostructures. This progress was achieved by exploiting far-field diffractive coupling, which significantly suppresses the scattering response on the long-wavelength side of plasmonic pixel resonances. In the present work, we show that by utilizing another collective coupling effect, Fano interference, it is possible to substantially narrow the short-wavelength side of the pixel spectral response. Together, these two complementary effects provide unprecedented control of plasmonic pixel spectral line shape, resulting in aluminum pixels with far more vivid, monochromatic coloration across the entire RGB color gamut than previously attainable. We further demonstrate that pixels designed in this manner can be used directly as switchable elements in liquid crystal displays and determine the minimum and optimal numbers of nanorods required in an array to achieve good color quality and intensity.