gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lightweight instrument mirrors from single-crystal silicon (2006)

We describe a process for fabricating lightweight mirrors from single crystal silicon. We also report ambient and cryogenic test results on a variety of mirrors made by this process. Each mirror is a monolithic structure from a single crystal of silicon. Masses are typically 1/3rd to 1/4th that of an equal diameter solid quartz mirror. We avoid print through of the supporting structure by lightweighting after the optical surface has been formed. Because of the extraordinary homogeneity of single crystal silicon, distortion of the optical surface by the lightweighting process is negligible for most applications (<1/40th wave RMS @ 633nm). This homogeneity also accounts for the near zero distortion at cryogenic temperatures.
Renewable hydrogen generation from a dual-circuit redox flow battery (2014)

From junk electricity to hydrogen.
Herpes simplex virus 1 induces and blocks apoptosis at multiple steps during infection and protects cells from exogenous inducers in a cell-type-dependent manner (1998)

Several publications have attested to the ability of herpes simplex viruses to protect cells against apoptosis. We investigated the ability of the virus to protect cells in continuous cultivation from apoptosis induced by the virus itself, and by other known inducers such as exposure to the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), antibody to Fas, C2-ceramide, osmotic shock (sorbitol), and thermal shock. The salient features of the results were that the virus was able to protect cells against apoptosis by all of the agents tested, and that apoptosis induced by the virus was a very early event that did not require de novo expression of viral genes. However, these events were cell-type specific. Thus: (i) The cell lines tested exhibited fragmented chromosomal DNA following infection with a virus lacking functional alpha4 and US3 genes encoding the major regulatory protein and a viral protein kinase, respectively, but not by wild-type virus. (ii) Wild-type virus protected subconfluent SK-N-SH but not HeLa cells against induction of apoptosis by anti-Fas antibody, TNFalpha, C2-ceramide, and thermal shock. Confluent SK-N-SH cells were not protected from osmotic shock-induced apoptosis by wild-type infection. (iii) Wild-type virus protected SK-N-SH but not HeLa cells against induction of apoptosis by sorbitol, anti-Fas antibody, or TNFalpha and C2-ceramide. (iv) Mutant HSV-1(HFEM)tsB7 at the nonpermissive temperature infects cells but the DNA is not released from capsids, and therefore viral gene expression is restricted to the function of viral proteins introduced into the cell along with the capsid containing the viral DNA. HSV-1(HFEM)tsB7 induced apoptosis in Vero cells but not in SK-N-SH cells infected and maintained at 39.5 degrees C. (v) Tests of two caspase inhibitors showed that they blocked apoptosis induced by C2-ceramide and sorbitol, but were not able to block apoptosis induced by the virus lacking functional alpha4 and US3 genes. We conclude that HSV-1 triggers apoptosis at multiple metabolic checkpoints and in turn has evolved mechanisms to block apoptosis at each point and that some of the pathways of induction are shared with exogenous inducers tested in this study whereas others are not.
Feasibility assessment of the interactive use of a Monte Carlo algorithm in treatment planning for intraoperative electron radiation therapy (2014)

This work analysed the feasibility of using a fast, customized Monte Carlo (MC) method to perform accurate computation of dose distributions during pre- and intraplanning of intraoperative electron radiation therapy (IOERT) procedures. The MC method that was implemented, which has been integrated into a specific innovative simulation and planning tool, is able to simulate the fate of thousands of particles per second, and it was the aim of this work to determine the level of interactivity that could be achieved. The planning workflow enabled calibration of the imaging and treatment equipment, as well as manipulation of the surgical frame and insertion of the protection shields around the organs at risk and other beam modifiers. In this way, the multidisciplinary team involved in IOERT has all the tools necessary to perform complex MC dosage simulations adapted to their equipment in an efficient and transparent way. To assess the accuracy and reliability of this MC technique, dose distributions for a monoenergetic source were compared with those obtained using a general-purpose software package used widely in medical physics applications. Once accuracy of the underlying simulator was confirmed, a clinical accelerator was modelled and experimental measurements in water were conducted. A comparison was made with the output from the simulator to identify the conditions under which accurate dose estimations could be obtained in less than 3 min, which is the threshold imposed to allow for interactive use of the tool in treatment planning. Finally, a clinically relevant scenario, namely early-stage breast cancer treatment, was simulated with pre- and intraoperative volumes to verify that it was feasible to use the MC tool intraoperatively and to adjust dose delivery based on the simulation output, without compromising accuracy. The workflow provided a satisfactory model of the treatment head and the imaging system, enabling proper configuration of the treatment planning system and providing good accuracy in the dosage simulation.
Rydberg atoms for precision measurement in science and technology (2023)

Rydberg atoms are highly excited atoms that have large sensitivities to external fields, lending these atoms extraordinary characteristics for fundamental high-precision spectroscopy as well as for electromagnetic-field sensing applications. Recent results on high-precision spectroscopy with cold Rydberg atoms in modulated optical lattices are presented. The discussed approach can serve as a platform for fundamental-physics studies, which include a model-insensitive measurement of the Rydberg constant and a search for wave-like dark matter. As an example for the utility of Rydberg atoms in field sensing applications, an experiment is presented in which the linear Stark effect of cold Rydberg atoms is employed to measure electric fields in cold ion clouds, demonstrating that Rydberg laser spectroscopy allows electrode-free, non-invasive plasma diagnostics.
100-kHz high-power femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser based on downchirped regenerative amplification (2006)

We have generated femtosecond pulses with a peak power as high as 0.7 GW at the repetition rate of 100 kHz from a downchirped-pulse amplification (DPA) Ti:sapphire laser. For the high-energy amplification with high repetition rate, we employ a regenerative amplifier, acousto-optically switched and pumped by a Q-switched green laser. The DPA-based dispersion control is achieved up to the third-order term by use of a prism-grating stretcher and a glass compressor. We have obtained 28 muJ, 39 fs laser pulses with a compression efficiency of 95 %. Temporal and spatial characteristics of the laser pulses are investigated.
An <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Bis(benzimidazolylpicolinoyl)piperazine (BT-11): A Novel Lanthionine Synthetase C-Like 2-Based Therapeutic for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2016)

Lanthionine synthetase C-like 2 (LANCL2), a novel therapeutic target for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and diabetes, exerts anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects. This study reports the first LANCL2-based therapeutics for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Analogues of 1 (ABA) and 2 (NSC61610) were screened by molecular docking, then synthesized and analyzed for binding to LANCL2 by surface plasmon resonance. Piperazine-1,4-diylbis(6-benzo[d]imidazole-2-yl)pyridine-2-yl)methanone, 7, was identified as the lead LANCL2-binding compound for treating IBD. The oral treatment with 7 (8 mg/kg/d) in a mouse model of IBD resulted in lowering the disease activity index, decreasing colonic inflammatory lesions by 4-fold, and suppressing inflammatory markers (e.g., TNF-α, and interferon-γ) in the gut. Furthermore, studies in LANCL2-/- mice demonstrated that loss of LANCL2 abrogated beneficial actions of 7, suggesting high selectivity for the target. In conclusion, 7 merits continued development as a LANCL2-based, first-in-class orally active therapeutic for IBD.
Influence of residual fiber birefringence and temperature on the high-current performance of an interferometric fiber-optic current sensor (2009)

A highly accurate reflective interferometric fiber-optic current sensor for alternating and direct currents up to 500 kA is investigated. The magnetic field of the current introduces a differential phase shift between right and left essentially circularly polarized light waves in a fiber coil wound around the conductor. Technology adopted from fiber gyroscopes is used to measure the current-induced phase shift. The sensor achieves accuracy to within ±0.1% over at least two orders of magnitude of current and for temperatures from -40 to 80°C with inherent temperature compensation by means of a non-90°-retarder. The paper analyzes the influence of key parameters on the sensor accuracy as well as linearity as a function of magneto-optic phase shift. Particularly, we consider residual birefringence in the sensing fiber and its effect on the high-current performance of the sensor as well as optimum parameters for the temperature compensation scheme. Applications of the sensor are in high-voltage substations and in the electrolytic production of metals such as aluminum.
Ultrasound for bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2016)

We will review the role of ultrasound in bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, for enhancement of fracture healing and reactivation of a failed healing process. These approaches rely typically either on the direct stimulation of the healing process or in the delivery at the injury site of scaffold-embedded biologics such as cells, signaling molecules, and genetic material. Different options are available for ultrasound enhancement of fracture healing such as low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) and shock waves, for the delivery of regenerative factors and encoding genes, and for the assembly and patterning of scaffolds. A main emphasis will be put on LIPUS-related bioeffects, the most widespread and studied technique. Pronounced bioeffects on tissue regeneration have been reported employing intensities within a diagnostic range. We will describe the current knowledge of the biological response to LIPUS, involving numerous cell types and molecular pathways, hypothesis about LIPUS biophysics, and our recent findings on mechanosensitive transcriptional response of cells after LIPUS. We will also present the use of focused ultrasound to spatiotemporally control the delivery of growth factors, either by induction of transgene expression controlled by a heat-activated and ligand-dependent gene-switch, or by triggered release using acoustic droplets vaporization within biopolymer scaffolds.
Joint scheduling and power control for wireless ad-hoc networks (2003)

In this paper we introduce power control as a solution to the multiple access problem in contention-based wireless ad-hoc networks. The motivation for this study is two fold, limiting multi-user interference to increase single-hop throughput, and reducing power consumption to increase battery life. We focus on next neighbor transmissions where nodes are required to send information packets to their respective receivers subject to a constraint on the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio. The multiple access problem is solved via two alternating phases, namely scheduling and power control. The scheduling algorithm is essential to coordinate the transmissions of independent users in order to eliminate strong interference (e.g. self-interference) that can not be overcome by power control. On the other hand, power control is executed in a distributed fashion to determine the admissible power vector, if one exists, that can be used by the scheduled users to satisfy their single-hop transmission requirements. This is done for two types of networks, namely TDMA and TDMA/CDMA wireless ad-hoc networks.
Hockey STAR: A Methodology for Assessing the Biomechanical Performance of Hockey Helmets (2015)

Optimizing the protective capabilities of helmets is one of several methods of reducing brain injury risk in sports. This paper presents the experimental and analytical development of a hockey helmet evaluation methodology. The Summation of Tests for the Analysis of Risk (STAR) formula combines head impact exposure with brain injury probability over the broad range of 227 head impacts that a hockey player is likely to experience during one season. These impact exposure data are mapped to laboratory testing parameters using a series of 12 impact conditions comprised of three energy levels and four head impact locations, which include centric and non-centric directions of force. Injury risk is determined using a multivariate injury risk function that incorporates both linear and rotational head acceleration measurements. All testing parameters are presented along with exemplar helmet test data. The Hockey STAR methodology provides a scientific framework for manufacturers to optimize hockey helmet design for injury risk reduction, as well as providing consumers with a meaningful metric to assess the relative performance of hockey helmets.
Culpin, a novel hydroquinone antibiotic of fungal origin. (1989)

Culpin, 1, is a novel antibiotic found during the course of screening for new antifungal agents. It is produced by a species of Preussia isolated from a soil sample collected in Culpeper, Virginia. In this note, wedescribe the taxonomyof the producing organism and the production, isolation, physicochemical properties and structure elucidation of this
Abstract 16636: Superior Vena Caval Occlusion: A Novel Approach to Improve Cardiac Function in Heart Failure (2015)

Cardiac preload is a primary target of drug therapy for heart failure. No device based approaches to limit preload in heart failure exist. The inferior (IVC) and superior vena cava (SVC) provide two-thirds and one-third of venous return, respectively. We hypothesized that mechanical occlusion of the SVC improves biventricular function in heart failure by reducing ventricular preload. Methods and Results: To test this hypothesis, 4 adult swine underwent 60 minutes of left anterior descending artery occlusion followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. 1 animal expired due to ventricular fibrillation after reperfusion. The acute hemodynamic effects of transient sequential percutaneous balloon occlusion of the SVC or IVC (n=4) were studied using conductance catheters before the onset of left ventricular (LV) injury. Transient IVC occlusion significantly reduced biventricular volumes, reduced LV stroke volume, and reduced LV peak-systolic pressure (Figure). In contrast, transient SVC occlusion reduced biventricular volumes but increased LV stroke volume, without decreasing LV peak-systolic pressure (Figure). IVC occlusion increased renal vein pressure from 10 to 24 mmHg, whereas SVC occlusion did not alter renal vein pressure. One week after LV injury, the hemodynamics of prolonged SVC occlusion were studied (n=3). Full SVC occlusion for 2 hours reduced biventricular volumes, and increased LV stroke volume, without decreasing LV peak-systolic or systemic blood pressure. Conclusions: SVC occlusion represents a novel device based approach that targets cardiac preload. In contrast to IVC occlusion, transient and prolonged full SVC occlusion was well tolerated. SVC occlusion reduces biventricular volume, while increasing cardiac output and sustaining systemic blood pressure, without adversely affecting renal hemodynamics. Future studies will test the clinical utility of continuous and intermittent SVC occlusion in acute and chronic heart failure.
Selenoprotein P Promotes the Development of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (2018)

These results indicate that SeP promotes the development of PH, suggesting that it is a novel biomarker and therapeutic target of the disorder.
Cost-efficient multiplex PCR for routine genotyping of up to nine classical HLA loci in a single analytical run of multiple samples by next generation sequencing (2015)

In this study, we have demonstrated that the multiplex PCR approach for NGS-based HLA genotyping could serve as an alternative routine HLA genotyping method, possibly replacing the conventional methods by providing an accelerated yet robust amplification step. The method also could provide significant merits for clinical applications with its ability to amplify lower quantity of samples and the cost-saving factors.
Deep View Morphing (2017)

Recently, convolutional neural networks (CNN) have been successfully applied to view synthesis problems. However, such CNN-based methods can suffer from lack of texture details, shape distortions, or high computational complexity. In this paper, we propose a novel CNN architecture for view synthesis called "Deep View Morphing" that does not suffer from these issues. To synthesize a middle view of two input images, a rectification network first rectifies the two input images. An encoder-decoder network then generates dense correspondences between the rectified images and blending masks to predict the visibility of pixels of the rectified images in the middle view. A view morphing network finally synthesizes the middle view using the dense correspondences and blending masks. We experimentally show the proposed method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art CNN-based view synthesis method.
A transparent metal: Nb-doped anatase TiO2 (2005)

This Letter focuses on the discovery of a transparent conducting oxide (TCO), anatase Ti1−xNbxO2 films with x=0.002–0.2. The resistivity of films with x⩾0.03 is 2–3×10−4Ωcm at room temperature. The carrier density of Ti1−xNbxO2 can be controlled in a range of 1×1019to2×1021cm−3. The internal transmittance for films with x⩽0.03 (40nm thickness) is about 97% in the visible light region. The transport and optical parameters are comparable to those of typical TCOs, such as In2−xSnxO3 and ZnO.
<title>High-performance damping based on a combination of conventional damping methods and the confinement approach</title> (1998)

In this paper, an innovative vibration control method based on a combination of Vibration Control by Confinement and conventional isolation, absorption, and damping techniques is presented. First, the vibration energy is confined to selected parts of a structure resulting in low- and high-energy regions. Second, isolation, absorption, and damping techniques are utilized to control or dissipate the trapped energy within the high-energy areas. The effectiveness of the combined approach is examined by considering the vibration suppression of a system composed of a critical component resting on its supporting structure. The commonly used vibration control methods are combined with the confinement approach and compared to a set of baseline results. Our preliminary results show that the combination of the confinement technique and conventional vibration suppression methods is effective over the frequency range of interest. It is pointed out that the proposed approach is a practical method to overcome some of the challenges of the current passive and active vibration control techniques.
Safe maritime navigation with COLREGS using velocity obstacles (2011)

This paper presents a motion planning algorithm for Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) to navigate safely in dynamic, cluttered environments. The proposed algorithm not only addresses Hazard Avoidance (HA) for stationary and moving hazards but also applies the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (known as COLREGS). The COLREGS rules specify, for example, which vessel is responsible for giving way to the other and to which side of the “stand-on” vessel to maneuver. The three primary COLREGS rules were considered in this paper: crossing, overtaking, and head-on situations. For USVs to be safely deployed in environments with other traffic boats, it is imperative that the USV's navigation algorithm obey COLREGS. Note also that if other boats disregard their responsibility under COLREGS, the USV will still apply its HA algorithms to avoid a collision. The proposed approach is based on Velocity Obstacles, which generates a cone-shaped obstacle in the velocity space. Because Velocity Obstacles also specify which side of the obstacle the vehicle will pass during the avoidance maneuver, COLREGS are encoded in the velocity space very naturally. The algorithm is demonstrated via both simulation and on-water tests.
Interband cascade laser operating cw to 257K at λ=3.7μm (2006)

A five-stage interband cascade laser with 12μm ridge width and Au electroplating for improved epitaxial-side-up heat sinking operates cw to a maximum temperature of 257K, where the emission wavelength is 3.7μm. The device emits 100mW̸facet for cw operation at 80K, 54mW at 200K, and 10mW at 250K. The beam quality is within twice the diffraction limit for injection currents up to 14 times the lasing threshold at 120K.
Design and Integration of Novel SCR-Based Devices for ESD Protection in CMOS/BiCMOS Technologies (2005)

Robust and novel devices called high-holding low-voltage trigger silicon controlled rectifiers (HH-LVTSCRs) for electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection of integrated circuits (ICs) are designed, fabricated and characterized. The S-type current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the HH-LVTSCRs are adjustable to different operating conditions by changing the device dimensions and terminal interconnections. Comparison between complementary n- and p-type HH-LVTSCR devices shows that n-type devices perform better than p-type devices when a low holding voltage (V/sub H/) is allowed during the on-state of the ESD protection structure, but when a relatively high holding voltage is required, p-type devices perform better. Results further demonstrate that HH-LVTSCRs with a multiple-finger layout render high levels of ESD protection per unit area, applicable in the design of ICs with stringent ESD protection requirements of over 15 kV IEC.
Quantum computing for accelerating cross-correlations intensive applications in signal processing (2019)

Despite their importance as subfields of mathematics and engineering, signal and image processing have not received much attention in the field of quantum computation. Cross-correlations are instrumental to all the aforementioned fields. In this article we help fill this void by providing two quantum algorithms, one for computing and storing cross-correlations, and one for implementing the expectation maximization maximum likelihood algorithm. In addition we show that the quantum expectation maximization maximum likelihood algorithm has a quadratic speed-up compared to the classical analog.
Real-time PCR melting analysis with fiber optic SPR enables multiplex DNA identification of bacteria (2016)

A fiber optic surface plasmon resonance (FO-SPR) technology was developed that enables simultaneous quantification and identification of multiple DNA targets on the same platform. The bioassay was based on the hybridization/melting of DNA-coated Au nanoparticles on the FO-SPR sensor when targets are present. The multiplex concept was successfully demonstrated on two related bacteria and for detection of multiple mutations in sequences. In conclusion, FO-SPR technology shows a great potential as a next generation in vitro diagnostics tool.