gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploration of CMOS-Memristive Neuromorphic Circuits (2011)

As conventional CMOS technology approaches fundamental scaling limits novel nanotechnologies offer great promise for VLSI integration at nanometer scales. The memristor, or memory resistor, is a novel nanoelectronic device that holds great promise for continued scaling for emerging applications. Memristor behavior is very similar to that of the synapses necessary for realizing a neural network. In this research, we have considered circuits that leverage memristance in the realization of an artificial synapse that can be used to implement neuromorphic computing hardware. A charge sharing based neural network is described which consists of a hybrid of conventional CMOS technology and novel memristors. Results demonstrate that the circuit can be implemented with energy consumption on the order of tens of femto-joules. Furthermore, a training circuit is presented for implementing supervised learning in hardware with low area overhead.
Transform-Limited, Narrow-Linewidth Lasing Action in Organic Semiconductor Microcavities (1998)

Lasing action in organic vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (OVCSEL) structures is demonstrated. Optically pumped OVCSELs with an active layer composed of a thin-film organic semiconductor tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) doped with DCM laser dye produced very narrow linewidth (0.2 +/- 0.1 angstrom), high-power (3 watts) emission that could be varied in different devices from orange to red. The efficient energy transfer from Alq3 to DCM results in a threshold input energy of 300 microjoules per square centimeter. An operational lifetime >10(6) laser pulses was achieved for a device operated well above threshold in atmosphere. The linewidths above threshold are Fourier transform-limited and could potentially be narrowed further.
A 1-V 0.25- $\mu \text{W}$ Inverter Stacking Amplifier With 1.07 Noise Efficiency Factor (2018)

This paper presents a highly power-efficient amplifier. By stacking inverters and splitting the capacitor feedback network, the proposed amplifier achieves six-time current reuse, thereby significantly boosting the transconductance and lowering noise but without increasing the current consumption. A novel biasing scheme is devised to ensure robust operation under 1-V supply. A prototype in 180-nm CMOS has 5.5-μV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rms</sub> noise within 10-kHz BW while consuming only 0.25-μW power, leading to a noise efficiency factor of 1.07, which is the best among reported amplifiers.
The gentamicin antibiotics. VI. Gentamicin C2b, an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Micromonospora purpurea mutant JI-33. (1975)

A mutant strain of Micromonospora purpurea, designated var. JI-33, produced an antibiotic complex consisting primarily of gentamicin C1a. A further product of this fermentation was identical to a very minor component isolated from the fermentation of the parent organism and named gentamicin C2b. Physical measurements indicated its structure to be 6'-N-methylgentamicin C1a and this was confirmed by synthesis from gentamicin C1a. The in vitro antibacterial activity of gentamicin C2b was very similar to that of the gentamicin C complex. Antibiotic XK-62-2, produced by Micromonospora sagamiensis, appears to be identical to gentamicin C1b.
Effect of cocultures on the production of butanol by Clostridium sp. [C. butyricum, C. pasteurianum, C. butylicum, and C. acetobutylicum] (1983)

One of the problems with the production of butanol by fermentation is that a mixture of other solvents, primarily acetone and ethanol, are also produced. The ratio of butanol to acetone to ethanol is approximately 6:3:1. If the metabolism of the Clostridium can be shifted away from acetone and ethanol, then a higher percentage of the sugar carbon can be converted to butanol. This study examines the effects that cocultures of Clostridium have on the yield of butanol from glucose. C. butyricum and C. pasteurianum produced high concentrations of butyric acid from these sugars. C. butylicum and C. acetobutylicum are capable of utilizing this butyric acid for energy, resulting in butanol production. By using combinations of these strains in coculture a higher initial conversion to butyric acid would be expected followed by a higher overall yield of butanol. This coculture would not be expected to have an increased tolerance for butanol in the fermentation broth. 6 references, 1 figure, 3 tables.
A 1-MHZ Bandwidth 3.6-GHz 0.18-&lt;tex&gt;$muhbox m$&lt;/tex&gt;CMOS Fractional-N Synthesizer Utilizing a Hybrid PFD/DAC Structure for Reduced Broadband Phase Noise (2006)

A frequency synthesizer architecture capable of simultaneously achieving high closed-loop bandwidth and low output phase noise is presented. The proposed topology uses a mismatch compensated, hybrid phase/frequency detector and digital-to-analog converter (PFD/DAC) circuit to perform active cancellation of fractional-N quantization noise. When compared to a classical second-order /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ synthesizer, the prototype PFD/DAC synthesizer demonstrates >29 dB quantization noise suppression, without calibration, resulting in a fractional-N synthesizer with 1-MHz closed-loop bandwidth and -155 dBc/Hz phase noise at 20-MHz offset for a 3.6-GHz output. An on-chip band select divider allows the synthesizer to be configured as a dual-band (900 MHz/1.8 GHz) direct modulated transmitter capable of transmitting 271-kb/s GMSK data with less than 3 degrees of rms phase error.
Low Expression of the Apolipoprotein B mRNA–Editing Transgene in Mice Reduces LDL Levels but Does Not Cause Liver Dysplasia or Tumors (1998)

Hepatic expression of apolipoprotein (apo) B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 1 (APOBEC-1) has been proposed as a gene therapy approach for lowering plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. However, high-level expression of APOBEC-1 in transgenic mouse and rabbit livers causes liver dysplasia and hepatocellular carcinoma. To determine the physiological and pathological effects of low-level hepatic expression of APOBEC-1, we used a 52-kb rat APOBEC-1 genomic clone (RE4) to generate transgenic mice expressing low levels of APOBEC-1 (2 to 5 times those in nontransgenic mice). Liver function, liver histology, editing of apoB mRNA at the normal editing site (C6666), and abnormal editing at multiple sites (hyperediting) in these mice were compared with those in transgenic mice expressing intermediate (I-20) or high (I-28) levels of APOBEC-1 in the liver. Hyperediting of mRNA coding for the novel APOBEC-1 target 1 (NAT1) was also examined. In the high-expressing I-28 line, 50% of the mice had palpable tumors at 15 weeks of age, whereas in the intermediate-expressing I-20 line, 50% of the mice had evidence of liver tumors after 1 year. In contrast, low-expressing RE4 mice had normal liver function and histology and did not develop liver tumors when examined at 3 to 17 months of age. Moreover, hyperediting of apoB and NAT1 mRNA in the liver was robust in the I-20 mice but barely detectable in the RE4 mice. The low-level expression resulted in sufficient APOBEC-1 to edit essentially all apoB mRNA at the normal editing site, virtually eliminating apoB-100 and LDL in the plasma of RE4 mice. When RE4 mice were crossed with human apoB transgenic mice, which possess high plasma LDL concentrations, plasma LDL levels in the offspring were reduced to very low levels. These results indicates that long-term hepatic expression of APOBEC-1 at low levels sufficient to eliminate LDL does not cause apparent liver damage or liver tumors in transgenic mice. RE4 APOBEC-1 transgenic mice should prove valuable for studying the roles of apoB-containing lipoproteins in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis.
Site-specific integration of the temperate bacteriophage phi adh into the Lactobacillus gasseri chromosome and molecular characterization of the phage (attP) and bacterial (attB) attachment sites (1992)

The temperate bacteriophage phi adh integrates its genome into the chromosomal DNA of Lactobacillus gasseri ADH by a site-specific recombination process. Southern hybridization analysis of BclI-digested genomic DNA from six relysogenized derivatives of the prophage-cured strain NCK102 displayed phage-chromosomal junction fragments identical to those of the lysogenic parent. The phi adh attachment site sequence, attP, was located within a 365-bp EcoRI-HindIII fragment of phage phi adh. This fragment was cloned and sequenced. DNA sequence analysis revealed striking features common to the attachment sites of other site-specific recombination systems: five direct repeats of the sequence TGTCCCTTTT(C/T) and a 14-bp inverted repeat. Oligonucleotides derived from the sequence of the attP-containing fragment enabled us to amplify predicted junction fragment sequences and thus to identify attL, attR, and attB. The core region was defined as the 16-bp sequence TACACTTCTTAGGAGG. Phage-encoded functions essential for site-specific insertion of phage phi adh were located in a 4.5-kb BclI fragment. This fragment was cloned in plasmid pSA34 to generate the insertional vector pTRK182. Plasmid pTRK182 was introduced into L. gasseri NCK102 by electroporation. Hybridization analysis showed that a single copy of pTRK182 had integrated at the attB site of the NCK102 erythromycin-resistant transformants. This is the first site-specific recombination system described in lactobacilli, as well as the first attP-based site-specific integration vector constructed for L. gasseri ADH.
Comonomer effects with high‐activity titanium‐ and vanadium‐based catalysts for ethylene polymerization (1993)

Abstract High‐activity titanium‐ and vanadium‐based catalysts for ethylene polymerization frequently show an increase in reaction rate in the presence of an α‐olefin. The magnitude of this increase depends on the specific α‐olefin. The results show propylene > 1‐butene > 1‐hexene in increasing initial reaction rates. Addition of certain electron‐donor compounds to these catalysts can lower the magnitude of the comonomer effect and, in some cases, totally eliminate such an effect. Among the classes of electron‐donor compounds examined were ether‐alcohols, ether‐esters, amino‐alcohols, alkoxysilanes, siloxanes, and phosphine oxides. Reaction kinetics show that the presence of a comonomer can influence the kinetic order of the reaction. These results can be interpreted using a mechanistic model involving two vacant coordination positions at the active sites. In this model electron donors and comonomers are viewed as Lewis‐base ligands which influence features of chain propagation and chain termination. As Lewis‐base ligands, the comonomers can also increase the number of active sites available for polymerization. Catalyst deactivation following the initial comonomer rate increase is believed to be caused by reaction with the Lewis bases (α‐olefin included) in the system and by possible reduction in the oxidation state of the metal centers. The most acidic metal centers activated by the comonomer are most reactive to Lewis bases and deactivate most rapidly. Veratrole (1,2‐dimethoxybenzene) can be employed as a probe for estimating the number of bis‐vacant coordination sites in vanadium‐based catalysts. Addition of low levels of veratrole led to significant deactivation of the vanadium‐based catalyst. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fast model-free deconvolution of fluorescence decay for analysis of biological systems (2004)

For complex biological systems, conventional analysis of fluorescence intensity decay in terms of discrete exponential components cannot readily provide a true representation of the underlying fluorescence dynamics. We investigate an alternative nonparametric method for the analysis of time-resolved fluorescence data from biochemical and biological systems based on the expansion of fluorescence decay in a discrete Laguerre basis. We report that a unique Laguerre expansion can be found for fluorescence intensity decays of arbitrary form with convergence to a correct solution significantly faster than conventional multiexponential approximation methods. The Laguerre expansion coefficients are shown to be highly correlated with intrinsic fluorescence lifetimes and allow direct characterization of the fluorescence dynamics. A novel method for prediction of concentrations in mixtures of biochemical components using these coefficients is developed and successfully tested (prediction error <2%) using data from different mixtures of fluorescence lifetime standards. These findings suggest that the use of Laguerre expansion coefficients is a fast approach for the characterization and discrimination of complex biological systems such as tissues and cells, and that the method has potential for applications of fluorescence lifetime techniques to tissue diagnostics and imaging microscopy of living cells.
Stationary digital breast tomosynthesis with distributed field emission x-ray tube (2011)

Tomosynthesis requires projection images from different viewing angles. Using a distributed x-ray source this can be achieved without mechanical motion of the source with the potential for faster image acquisition speed. A distributed x-ray tube has been designed and manufactured specifically for breast tomosynthesis. The x-ray tube consists of 31 field emission x-ray sources with an angular range of 30°. The total dose is up to 100mAs with an energy range between 27 and 45 kVp. We discuss the source geometry and results from the characterization of the first prototype. The x-ray tube uses field emission cathodes based on carbon nanotubes (CNT) as electron source. Prior to the manufacturing of the sealed x-ray tube extensive testing on the field emission cathodes has been performed to verify the requirements for commercial tomosynthesis systems in terms of emission current, focal spot size and tube lifetime.
Enzymatic Fragment Condensation of Side Chain‐Protected Peptides using Subtilisin A in Anhydrous Organic Solvents: A General Strategy for Industrial Peptide Synthesis (2013)

Abstract Herein, the enzymatic condensation of side chain‐protected peptide fragments using subtilisin A in anhydrous organic solvents is described. A screening with dipeptide Cbz‐Val‐Xxx carboxamidomethyl esters with H‐Xxx‐Val‐NH 2 nucleophiles was performed, wherein Xxx stands for every (side chain‐protected) amino acid residue. Finally, it was demonstrated that it is feasible to enzymatically condense larger peptide fragments (up to the 10‐mer level) bearing multiple side chain‐protecting groups with very high conversion.
Characterization of five evolutionary conserved regions of the human tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter: Implications for the engineering of a human TH minimal promoter assembled in a self‐inactivating lentiviral vector system (2005)

A DNA fragment of about 13 kb containing the human tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter was previously isolated from a genomic DNA library and sequenced. The 11 kb from the transcription start of the human TH promoter was successively joined to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to generate a transgenic mouse model. High levels of GFP expression could be observed in TH-positive cells of the Substantia nigra of embryonic and adult mice. Intriguingly, the sequence of the human TH promoter showed a low degree of homology with the mouse and rat TH promoters. In fact, comparative analysis of the sequences of human, rat, and mouse TH promoters revealed only five small regions of high homology. These five evolutionarily conserved regions were numbered in numeric progression from the 5' end of human TH promoter. In the present study, a panel of minimal human TH promoters was generated to analyze the transcriptional activity and specificity of gene expression conferred by the five conserved regions (CRs). The series of constructs was termed 250 bp and contained the first -194 bp of the human TH promoter immediately upstream of the transcription start, the first 35 bp the human TH messenger RNA leader, plus one or more of the five CRs. All the constructs were assembled in a self-inactivating form of the latest series of lentiviral vector system based on the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Lentiviral-mediated gene transfer was highly efficient for the in vitro transduction of human neuronal progenitor cells (hNPCs). Since a subset of hNPCs express TH following in vitro treatment with a mixture of differentiating agents, it was possible to assess specificity of expression for all the minimal human TH promoters. Overall, the successive addition of the five conserved regions produced a greater degree of specificity in induced TH-positive hNPCs, in particular after the addition of CRI (-8,917, -8,876). However, the human TH minimal promoters did not show any specificity for TH-positive differentiated mouse primary striatal and S. nigra cells, indicating a difference of TH gene regulation between the human and mouse systems. The human TH minimal promoters may provide the opportunity for the selection of TH-positive human embryonic and adult stem cells for brain transplantation experiments in animal models for Parkinson's disease.
Segmentation of heart sound recordings from an electronic stethoscope by a duration dependent Hidden-Markov Model (2008)

Digital stethoscopes offer new opportunities for computerized analysis of heart sounds. Segmentation of hearts sounds is a fundamental step in the analyzing process. However segmentation of heart sounds recorded with handheld stethoscopes in clinical environments is often complicated by recording and background noise. A duration-dependent hidden Markov model (DHMM) is proposed for robust segmentation of heart sounds. The DHMM model was developed and tested with heart sounds recorded at bedside with a commercially available handheld stethoscope. In a population of 60 patients, the DHMM identified 739 S1 and S2 sounds out of 744 which corresponded to a 99.3% sensitivity. There were seven incorrectly classified sounds which corresponded to a 99.1% positive predictive value. Our results suggest that DHMM could be a suitable method for segmentation of clinically recorded heart sounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of 1α,25‐Dihydroxyergocalciferol. (1986)

Abstract Astereocontrolled total synthesis of the vitamin D2 metabolite (XI), which involves a coupling of the previously described Aring synthon (X) with the appropriately functionalized C‐ Dmoiety (IX), is described.
Heavy Gauge UOE Pipe With Improved Compressive Strength for Offshore Pipeline (2012)

Offshore gas pipeline development has been expanding toward deeper water region that requires pipes to have strong resistance against collapse by external pressure. Collapse pressure is mainly dominated by pipe roundness and compressive strength. In order to improve compressive strength, it is quite important to understand the Bauschinger effect caused by cyclic deformation during pipe forming. Compressive strength is reduced by the Bauschinger effect since compression in the circumferential direction is applied after the pipe expansion. Therefore, prevention of Bauschinger effect is an important issue for improving compressive strength of pipes. In this paper, the effect of microstructure on the Bauschinger effect was investigated. It was proved that microstructure that consists of a hard second phase shows a large strength reduction in reverse loading, since a mixed microstructure with soft phase and hard phase enhances the Bauschinger effect. In order to obtain homogeneous bainitic microstructure, advanced plate production technology, where heat treatment on-line process (HOP) is applied after accelerated cooling, was developed. The steel produced by HOP process exhibits a fine bainitic microstructure with very low amount of hard second phase such as MA constituent. It was demonstrated that the trial produced pipe with HOP process has a higher compressive strength than conventional pipes. In addition to the fundamental study on compressive strength, further investigations were conducted to optimize other material properties for offshore linepipe, such as DWTT property, resistance to hydrogen induced cracking and HAZ toughness to comply with DNV requirements. Production tests of Grade X65 linepipe with the 38mm WT and 876mm OD was carried out. Material and mechanical properties of these heavy gauge linepipes were introduced.
INACTIVATION OF PULMONARY SURFACTANT AND THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE LUNG INJURIES (2001)

Inactivation of pulmonary surfactant may be important in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Treatment of surfactant dysfunction by instilling exogenous surfactants may improve gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics. Surfactants used for treatment vary in their attributes and effects, so when various surfactants are considered for therapy, resistance to inactivation is an important consideration. Animal models of acute lung injury exist in which the relative merits of surfactants can be compared. We hypothesize that the surfactants most resistant to inactivation in vitro will be the ones that are most effective in treatment of animal models of acute lung injury. Surfactants with higher concentrations of surfactant proteins specificallly A, B, and C) are more resistant to inactivation. Nonionic polymers mimic surfactant proteins in preventing surfactant inactivation under some conditions. Adding nonionic polymers to surfactant containing minimal amounts of SP-B and SP-C markedly improves lung function of animals with lung injury. Making surfactants more "inactivation-proof" may improve surfactant therapy of acute lung injuries.
Fracture Measurement Using Hydraulic Impedance Testing (1992)

ABSTRACT Hydraulic Impedance Testing (HIT) is a technique which has been developed to measure formation fractures intersecting wellbores. Fracture dimensions are determined by introducing a pressure pulse into a well and interpreting the resulting pressure trace. The method only involves the use of wellhead equipment and is therefore a very cost effective method for obtaining information about fractures in the formation. This paper describes a method for interpreting HIT data and demonstrates its validity through laboratory and field measurements. Direct comparisons between HIT field measurements and independent evidence for fracture dimensions are presented for a number of water injection wells. The most striking results are that HIT estimates of fracture height correlate well with the flowing intervals obtained from spinner logs, and HIT estimates of fracture length tend to agree with those obtained from PFO’s. HIT derived fracture dimensions are also comparable to those obtained from computer simulation of thermal fracturing. More than 50 water injection wells have been tested with HIT and found to be intersected by formation fractures. Determination of fracture geometries in water injectors can be used for the optimisation of both areal and vertical waterflood sweep and increase understanding of the processes controlling injectivity. HIT may also provide a useful tool in hydraulic fracturing work.
Cochlear implantation in an animal model documents cochlear damage at the tip of the implant (2020)

The main electrophysiological changes observed during surgical procedures occurred during implantation of the electrode, especially the deepest insertions, whereas the cochleostomy disturbed the potentials to a lesser extent. While hearing loss was often observed apical to the cochlear implant, it was possible to preserve low frequencies after insertion.