gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of laboratory based implementations of edge illumination X-ray phase-contrast imaging (2013)

We present a theoretical and experimental analysis of the angular sensitivity of edge illumination X-ray phase-contrast imaging in its implementation with conventional X-ray sources (sometimes referred to as the “coded-aperture” method). We study how the polychromaticity and finite source dimensions encountered in laboratory-based setups affect the detected signal. We also show that the sensitivity is independent of the period of the masks. Experimental images are presented and analyzed, proving that, despite the simple setup, high angular resolutions of a few hundred nanoradians can be obtained.
Functional replacement of the endogenous tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase–tRNATyr pair by the archaeal tyrosine pair in Escherichia coli for genetic code expansion (2010)

Non-natural amino acids have been genetically encoded in living cells, using aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-tRNA pairs orthogonal to the host translation system. In the present study, we engineered Escherichia coli cells with a translation system orthogonal to the E. coli tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS)-tRNA(Tyr) pair, to use E. coli TyrRS variants for non-natural amino acids in the cells without interfering with tyrosine incorporation. We showed that the E. coli TyrRS-tRNA(Tyr) pair can be functionally replaced by the Methanocaldococcus jannaschii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae tyrosine pairs, which do not cross-react with E. coli TyrRS or tRNA(Tyr). The endogenous TyrRS and tRNA(Tyr) genes were then removed from the chromosome of the E. coli cells expressing the archaeal TyrRS-tRNA(Tyr) pair. In this engineered strain, 3-iodo-L-tyrosine and 3-azido-L-tyrosine were each successfully encoded with the amber codon, using the E. coli amber suppressor tRNATyr and a TyrRS variant, which was previously developed for 3-iodo-L-tyrosine and was also found to recognize 3-azido-L-tyrosine. The structural basis for the 3-azido-L-tyrosine recognition was revealed by X-ray crystallography. The present engineering allows E. coli TyrRS variants for non-natural amino acids to be developed in E. coli, for use in both eukaryotic and bacterial cells for genetic code expansion.
Influence of Anode Configuration on Flow Distribution and Performance in Tubular Microbial Fuel Cells (2016)

A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a device that utilizes bacteria to oxidize organic and inorganic matter, and through the process of extracellular electron transfer, generate electricity. When the electron transfer at the bacteria-electrode interface is rapid, the efficiency of a MFC is dependent on the flow distribution and mass transport in the anode, which controls the delivery of reactants and removal of waste products. It has been predicted that diffusion of soluble substrates is fast over the length scale of bacterium, but gets significantly slower over millimeter-scale distances and at the scale of centimeters, advection is required. Electrolyte advection along with optimal flow distribution will bring substrates to anode respiring bacteria and enable substrate utilization at high rates. Therefore, in this study we explored the influence of the anode configuration on flow distribution and MFC performance. The efficiency of the system was determined on the basis of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and Columbic Efficiency (CE). The MFC used for these studies was a membrane based tubular MFC with a submerged oxygen-reducing cathode. Three anode configurations were explored and included: 1) packed graphite granules (MFC 1); 2) bundles of stacked graphite granules (MFC 2); and 3) a small polypropylene mesh cylinder filled with packed graphite granules, wrapped with pleated carbon cloth (MFC 3). The volume of the anode compartment of each reactor was 1L. The reactors were operated under MFC, semi-batch mode with a downstream flow. The reactors were first inoculated with swine waste and lagoon sediment and subsequently fed with swine waste only 1,300 mg-COD/L. Key parameters were measured on a weekly basis including COD, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and turbidity. Samples for 16S rRNA analysis were also collected on a weekly basis from the effluents of each reactor for the classification and identification of bacterial species present. Voltage data was recorded continuously and polarization curves and cyclic voltammetry were periodically performed to monitor biofilm development and MFCs operation. The preliminary results indicate that due to the advanced flow distribution, MFC 3 demonstrated the highest performance. It showed a startup time of approximately 4 days and achieved a voltage of 0.40 V. MFC 2 also had a startup time of approximately 4 days and achieved a voltage of 0.15 V. MFC 1 had the slowest startup time of about 11 days with a voltage of ≈ 0.10 V. All MFCs were operated under 560 Ω resistors. Future work will include a comprehensive analysis of microbial dynamics and system performance to determine which anode structure was most correlated to improved wastewater treatment and energy recovery activities.
Development of a nonisotopic capillary electrophoresis‐based method for measuring glomerular filtration rate (1997)

The conditions for quantitative measurement of nonisotopic iothalamate meglumine (Conray) in urine and plasma by capillary zone electrophoresis (CE) have been developed. The impetus for developing this methodology was to replace the traditional [125I]iothalamate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) marker assay, a routine tool in the measurement of kidney function. This new approach for measuring kidney function is attractive since it avoids the cost of administration of radioisotopic compounds to patients, as well as the cost associated with purchase and disposal of isotopic compounds and contaminated samples. The concentration of iothalamate in urine and plasma determined by CE can be used directly to calculate GFR. The GFR in patients injected with [125I]iothalamate and nonisotopic iothalamate simultaneously showed an excellent correlation (0.998) with between-day coefficient of variation of 2.30% and a recovery of 102% and 98%, respectively, when added to urine and plasma. Interference from drugs and other urinary compounds is eliminated with this method. Collectively, this study has shown that CE is a cost-effective alternative to the current methodology for measuring GFR.
EXTERNAL MECHANICAL CARDIAC STIMULATION (1976)

TEMPORARY cardiac stimulation in the emergency resuscitation from cardiac arrest and in other less urgent conditions is generally applied by way of a pervenous endocardial electrode and an external...
Use of dispersant in high K polymer-ceramic nano-composite to improve manufacturability and performance of integral capacitors (2003)

Integral or embedded capacitor technology could increase packaging density, improve electrical performance and reduce assembly cost compared with traditional discrete capacitor technology. Developing a successful dielectric material that satisfies electrical, reliability and processing requirements is one of the major challenges for incorporating capacitors into the large-area substrates. Polymer-ceramic nano-composites have been of great interest as the high dielectric constant (K) material because they combine the processability of polymers with the desired electrical properties of ceramics. Nevertheless, there are some technical barriers for the polymer-ceramic composites to be used in the organic substrates. Most significantly, for a very high dielectric constant of about 150 as reported so far by our group, a necessary rather high ceramic filler loading (85% by volume) gave problems in well dispersion of the ceramic fillers within the organic matrix, and there was almost no adhesion towards other layers in the printed circuit board structure. In order to develop polymer-ceramic nano-composites with a dielectric constant as high as possible together with compatibility toward manufacturing process of organic printed circuit boards, we have introduced dispersants into the formulations. Comprehensive formulation techniques have resulted in a much higher dielectric constant (e.g., typically over 65 at a ceramic loading of 40% by volume) as well as excellent adhesion performance.
Gate voltage modulation of spin-Hall-torque-driven magnetic switching (2012)

Two promising strategies for achieving efficient control of magnetization in future magnetic memory and non-volatile spin logic devices are spin transfer torque from spin polarized currents and voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA). Spin transfer torque is in widespread development as the write mechanism for next-generation magnetic memory, while VCMA offers the potential of even better energy performance due to smaller Ohmic losses. Here we introduce a 3-terminal magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) device that combines both of these mechanisms to achieve new functionality: gate-voltage-modulated spin torque switching. This gating makes possible both more energy-efficient switching and also improved architectures for memory and logic applications, including a simple approach for making magnetic memories with a maximum-density cross-point geometry that does not require a control transistor for every MTJ.
X-pinch soft x-ray source for microlithography (1992)

The x-pinch soft x-ray source is described for application in submicron resolution lithography. Experiments have been performed to characterize the radiation emitted from magnesium wire x-pinch plasmas using an 80 ns, ≤500 kA pulse. Yields of 14.2 J averaged over three independent calibrated diagnostics at 445 kA have been measured in magnesium K-shell radiation (predominantly 8.4 A to 9.4 A or 1.5 keV to 1.3 keV) from a submillimeter source, with as little as 5–10% of the yield below the 6.74 Â silicon absorption edge. A new ≤700 kA, 100 ns puiser being used for x-pinch physics experiments is described. The design of a 40 pulse per second pulsed power system and wire loading mechanism for exposing a resist in 1 second at a distance of 40 cm is presented.
Development and application of composite ionic liquid catalyzed isobutane alkylation technology (2018)

<p indent="0mm">Alkylate from isobutane alkylation is an ideal blending component of motor gasoline. In China its blending ratio in gasoline is continuously increased with upgrading the gasoline quality standards. A series of studies on ionic liquid catalyzed isobutane alkylation were carried out around a new industrial process of alkylate production. The composition, structure and catalytic performance of chloroaluminate ionic liquids were studied, and a composite ionic liquid (CIL) with high catalytic activity and high selectivity was designed and synthesized. The deactivation mechanism of CIL during isobutane alkylation was studied and a feasible regeneration scheme was developed, including a Lewis acid activity monitoring method of chloroaluminate ionic liquids. A long period <sc>(2 months)</sc> operation test was carried out in a pilot plant, and then the initial process development of CIL catalyzed isobutane alkylation technology (CILA) was completed. A new type static mixing reactor and a hydrocyclone were developed. The first industrial plant of CILA was designed and constructed. The plant includes feed pretreatment, alkylation reaction, catalyst regeneration, product separation and clean-up systems. The industrial operation results were excellent. Butene conversion reached 100%, research octane number of alkylate maintained stably at above 95 and could reached up to above 98 at optimal operating conditions, end boiling point of alkylate was below <sc>198 °C,</sc> and Cl content in alkylate was below <sc>5 mg/L.</sc> CILA can produce clean alkylate with clean process, having a good application prospect and promotion value.
Annihilation of Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> via Photobleaching of Staphyloxanthin (2017)

Given that the dearth of new antibiotic development loads an existential burden on successful infectious disease therapy 1 , health organizations are calling for alternative approaches to combat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Here, we report a drug-free photonic approach to eliminate MRSA through photobleaching of staphyloxanthin, an indispensable membrane-bound antioxidant of S. aureus 2-5 . The photobleaching process, uncovered through a transient absorption imaging study and quantitated by absorption spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, decomposes staphyloxanthin and sensitizes MRSA to reactive oxygen species attack. Consequently, staphyloxanthin bleaching by low-level blue light eradicates MRSA synergistically with external or internal reactive oxygen species. The effectiveness of this synergistic therapy is validated in MRSA culture, MRSA-infected macrophage cells, S. aureus biofilms, and a mouse wound infection model. Collectively, these findings highlight broad applications of staphyloxanthin photobleaching for treatment of MRSA infections.
ATM network design and optimization: a multirate loss network framework (1996)

Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network design and optimization at the call-level may be formulated in the framework of multirate, circuit-switched, loss networks with effective bandwidth encapsulating cell-level behavior. Each service supported on the (wide area, broadband) ATM network is characterized by a rate or bandwidth requirement. Future networks will be characterized by links with very large capacities in circuits and by many rates. Various asymptotic results are given to reduce the attendant complexity of numerical calculations. A central element is a uniform asymptotic approximation (UAA) for link analyses. Moreover, a unified hybrid approach is given which allows asymptotic and nonasymptotic methods of calculations to be used cooperatively. Network loss probabilities are obtained by solving fixed-point equations. A canonical problem of route and logical network design is considered. An optimization procedure is proposed, which is guided by gradients obtained by solving a system of equations for implied costs. A novel application of the EM algorithm gives an efficient technique for calculating implied costs with changing traffic conditions. Finally, we report numerical results obtained by the software package TALISMAN, which incorporates the theoretical results. The network considered has eight nodes, 20 links, six services, and as many as 160 routes.
Modular wall climbing robots with transition capability (2005)

This paper introduces two wall climbing robots based on different adhesive mechanisms: vortex attraction technique and the vacuum rotor package. The robots adopt modular design with each module can move on various smooth/rough surfaces independently while a combination of two modules can achieve wall-to-wall transition. Detailed description of the novel mechanical and electrical design is presented. Simulation is conducted to reveal aerodynamic behavior of the adhesive mechanism. Several robot prototypes are built to verify the design concepts. Future directions to improve the climbing robots are elaborated
Improvement in electrical properties of buried SiO2 layers by high-temperature oxidation (1995)

The density of defects in the buried oxide of implanted oxide silicon-on-insulator material which cause low resistance paths between the substrate and top silicon layer has been greatly reduced by high temperature oxidation. The mechanism for this is the diffusion of oxygen through the top silicon layer to the buried oxide, where it oxidizes chains of silicon atoms.
Distributed concurrency control based on limited wait-depth (1993)

The performance of high-volume transaction processing systems for business applications is determined by the degree of contention for hardware resources as well as for data. Hardware resource requirements may be met cost-effectively with a data-partitioned or shared-nothing architecture. However, the two-phase locking (2PL) concurrency control method may restrict the performance of a shared-nothing system more severely than that of a centralized system due to increased lock holding times. Deadlock detection and resolution are an added complicating factor in shared-nothing systems. The authors describe distributed Wait-Depth Limited (WDL) concurrency control (CC), a locking-based distributed CC method that limits the wait-depth of blocked transactions to one, thus preventing the occurrence of deadlocks. Several implementations of distributed WDL which vary in the number of messages and the amount of information available for decision making are discussed. The performance of a generic implementation of distributed WDL is compared with distributed 2PL (with general-waiting policy) and the Wound-Wait CC method through a detailed simulation. It is shown that distributed WDL behaves similarly to 2PL for low lock contention levels, but for substantial lock contention levels (caused by higher degrees of transaction concurrency), distributed WDL outperforms the other methods to a significant degree.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Herpesvirus saimiri open reading frame 14, a protein encoded by T lymphotropic herpesvirus, binds to MHC class II molecules and stimulates T cell proliferation (1996)

Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) is an oncogenic, lymphotropic, gamma-herpesvirus that transforms human and simian T cells in vitro and causes lymphomas and leukemias in various species of New World primates. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the HVS genome revealed an open reading frame with 22% amino acid identity to the mouse mammary tumor virus 7 superantigen. In this study, we demonstrate that this open reading frame, HVS14, encodes a heavily glycosylated protein that is secreted. Both the HVS14 present in the supernatant of transfected cells and a chimeric HVS14.Fc fusion protein were found to bind to heterodimeric MHC class II HLA-DR molecules. The supernatant from HVS14-transfected cells induced the proliferation of human PBMC, which could be specifically inhibited by HVS14-specific mAbs. Purified peripheral blood T cells were induced to proliferate in the presence of accessory cells and HVS14-containing supernatant. Whereas the HVS14 protein stimulated T cell proliferation, the HVS14.Fc fusion protein blocked proliferative responses to soluble Ags in vitro. Collectively, these data indicate that HVS14 can function as an immunomodulator that may contribute to the immunopathology of HVS infection.
The Chevron Coal Liquefaction Process (1982)

For several years, work has been proceeding at Chevron Research Company directed at development of a new approach to coal liquefaction. The processing sequence employs two separate but closely coupled reaction zones. The first is used to contain and control dissolution reactions. The second contains and controls hydrofining reactions. Each is designed to maximize efficiency for achieving its particular function, as well as to allow control of product distribution and quality. The basic process, which can be considered second generation relative to other coal liquefaction processes under development today, is called the Chevron Coal Liquefaction Process (CCLP). This process and its variants have been studied in the laboratory. A 6-ton-per-day pilot plant is now under construction in Chevron U.S.A.'s Richmond, California, refinery to demonstrate largerscale process and mechanical performances.
Hand-held tool for optical-fibre end preparation (1977)

A hand-held fibre cleaving tool is described. The tool is simple to operate, produces good-quality ends and works well in the field environment.
A light‐emitting diode light standard for photo‐ and videomicroscopy (1993)

A light calibration system consisting of a compact light-emitting diode (LED) source with feedback control of intensity is described. The source is positioned in the focal plane of the microscope objective and produces flat-field illumination of up to 31 microW. The source can be easily used to determine the performance of microscope optics and camera response. It can also be used as a standard light source for calibration of experimental systems. Selectable light intensities are produced by controlling the LED input power via a feedback circuit consisting of a photodiode that detects output light intensity. Spectral coverage extends between 550 and 670 nm using green, yellow and red LEDs mounted side by side, which are selected individually. The LED chips are encapsulated in plastic diffusers which homogenize the light, and a flat field of illumination is obtained through a thin 1-mm-diameter aperture positioned directly over each chip. Provision is made for insertion of Ronchi rulings over the aperture to enable measurements of contrast modulation in a uniform field. The light may be pulse-modulated to assess camera response times and the device can be synchronized with video frames. Narrow bandpass interference filters can be placed between the objective lens and the LED source to produce monochromatic light without affecting the spacing of controlled light intensities since emission spectra do not shift appreciably over the range of LED powers chosen in this design. Results of tests using controlled light intensity and uniform illumination are presented.
Structural determination and serology of the native polysaccharide antigen of type-III group B <i>Streptococcus</i> (1980)

The native polysaccharide antigen isolated from type-III group B Streptococcus contains D-galactose (Gal), D-glucose (Glc), 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose (GlcNAc), and sialic acid (NeuNAc) in the molar ratio of 2:1:1:1 and its structure can be represented by the following repeating unit:[Formula: see text]By cleavage of all the labile sialic acid end groups the incomplete type-III antigen is obtained which is structurally identical to the S. pneumoniae type-14 polysaccharide. Thus, the native type-III polysaccharide is serologically distinct from the incomplete type-III antigen by virtue of the former having determinants terminating in sialic acid and the latter in β-D-galactopyranose units. None of these latter determinants could be detected in streptococcal organisms grown under pH-controlled conditions (pH 7.0) or in rabbit antiserum made to these pH-controlled organisms. However, in antisera produced in rabbits to the same organisms grown without pH control (Lancefield procedures), antibodies to both types of determinant could be detected. This can be attributed to the removal of some of the masking sialic acid residues from the cell-associated native polysaccharide by degradative procedures which occur during these latter conditions.
A rotifer-derived paralytic compound prevents transmission of schistosomiasis to a mammalian host (2018)

Abstract Schistosomes are parasitic flatworms that infect over 200 million people, causing the neglected tropical disease, schistosomiasis. A single drug, praziquantel, is used to treat schistosome infection. Limitations in mass drug administration programs and the emergence of schistosomiasis in non-tropical areas indicate the need for new strategies to prevent infection. It has been known for several decades that rotifers colonizing the schistosome’s snail intermediate host produce a water-soluble factor that paralyzes cercariae, the life-cycle stage infecting humans. In spite of its potential for preventing infection, the nature of this factor has remained obscure. Here, we report the purification and chemical characterization of Schistosome Paralysis Factor (SPF), a novel tetracyclic alkaloid produced by the rotifer Rotaria rotatoria . We show that this compound paralyzes schistosome cercariae and prevents infection, and does so more effectively than analogous compounds. This molecule provides new directions for understanding cercariae motility and new strategies for preventing schistosome infection.