gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automation and integration of components for generalized semantic markup of electronic medical texts. (1999)

Our group has built an information retrieval system based on a complex semantic markup of medical textbooks. We describe the construction of a set of web-based knowledge-acquisition tools that expedites the collection and maintenance of the concepts required for text markup and the search interface required for information retrieval from the marked text. In the text markup system, domain experts (DEs) identify sections of text that contain one or more elements from a finite set of concepts. End users can then query the text using a predefined set of questions, each of which identifies a subset of complementary concepts. The search process matches that subset of concepts to relevant points in the text. The current process requires that the DE invest significant time to generate the required concepts and questions. We propose a new system--called ACQUIRE (Acquisition of Concepts and Queries in an Integrated Retrieval Environment)--that assists a DE in two essential tasks in the text-markup process. First, it helps her to develop, edit, and maintain the concept model: the set of concepts with which she marks the text. Second, ACQUIRE helps her to develop a query model: the set of specific questions that end users can later use to search the marked text. The DE incorporates concepts from the concept model when she creates the questions in the query model. The major benefit of the ACQUIRE system is a reduction in the time and effort required for the text-markup process. We compared the process of concept- and query-model creation using ACQUIRE to the process used in previous work by rebuilding two existing models that we previously constructed manually. We observed a significant decrease in the time required to build and maintain the concept and query models.
Automatic pre- to intra-operative CT registration for image-guided cochlear implant surgery (2012)

Percutaneous cochlear implantation (PCI) is a minimally invasive image-guided cochlear implant approach, where access to the cochlea is achieved by drilling a linear channel from the outer skull to the cochlea. The PCI approach requires pre- and intra-operative planning. Segmentation of critical ear anatomy and computation of a safe drilling trajectory are performed in a pre-operative CT. The computed safe drilling trajectory must then be mapped to the intraoperative space. The mapping can be done using the transformation matrix that registers the pre- and intra-operative CTs. However, the difference in orientation between the pre- and intra-operative CTs is too extreme to be recovered by standard, gradient descent-based registration methods. Thus, we have so far relied on an expert to manually initialize the registration. In this work we present a method that aligns the scans automatically. We compared the performance of the automatic approach to the registration approach when an expert does the manual initialization on ten pairs of scans. There is a maximum difference of 0.19 mm between the entry and target points resulting from the automatic and manually initialized registration processes. This suggests that the automatic registration method is accurate enough to be used in a PCI surgery.
Influencing Factors of Heat Transfer Coefficient in Air and Gas Quenching (2011)

Abstract Cooling rates of work pieces in heat treating processes heavily depend on the interfacial heat transfer coefficient (HTC) between work pieces and quenchants. Because the HTC plays an important role in the resulted distortion, residual stress, and mechanical property distributions, understanding how the HTC varies with respect to various influencing factors is of importance for an optimal quenching process. In this paper, the influencing factors such as air/gas velocity, pressure, temperature, gas mixture and part orientation, air/gas temperature, air humidity, surface roughness, oxide, and material to the variation of HTC are studied experimentally by using the Center for Heat Treating Excellence quenching system and theoretically by using empirical equations.
Feedback Control of Saw Blade Temperature With Induction Heating (1978)

Control of the axisymmetric temperature distribution in a circular saw has been shown to be an effective means of reducing blade vibrations. Theoretical and supporting experimental analyses of a basic induction heating coil design are presented here. An IR thermometer was designed to measure the blade temperature. Transient heating, transient cooling and steady state temperature experiments on circular saws were conducted both in the laboratory and in production. The true set point temperature was maintained to within 2 C.
Green light sensitive diketopyrrolopyrrole derivatives used in versatile photoinitiating systems for photopolymerizations (2013)

The monomeric (DPPDT) and polymeric (PDQT) diketopyrrolopyrrole–thiophene derivatives combined with an iodonium salt or an amine (and optionally an additive) are used as photoinitiating systems to initiate the cationic polymerization of epoxides or divinyl ethers, radical polymerization of acrylates and thiol–ene polymerization under different irradiation sources (i.e. very soft halogen lamp, laser diodes at 473 nm, 532 nm and 808 nm). The DPPDT based systems are very efficient upon the green light exposure. Remarkably, these systems are characterized by a higher efficiency than references based on camphorquinone, a well known photosensitizer for visible light. The photochemical mechanisms are studied by steady state photolysis, fluorescence, cyclic voltammetry, laser flash photolysis and electron spin resonance spin trapping techniques.
Novel radio-frequency induction plasma processing techniques (1993)

A novel plasma source combining rf inductive drive and multipole plasma confinement has been constructed to process advanced semiconductor materials. Measurements show a linear dependence of density with input power. Ion current efficiencies of 1 A per 150–300 W of input power can be achieved in argon, with lower efficiencies in electronegative gases. Applying an rf bias to a substrate immersed in the plasma allows the sheath voltage to be controlled between 8 and 300 V. Insight into the rf induction process can be gained by a simple circuit model, which represents the induction process with a transformer. The physical quantities describing the transformer can be obtained from numerical calculation of the fields of the induction coil. This plasma source can etch thin films at rates exceeding 1 μm/min.
Focused beam scatterometry for deep subwavelength metrology (2014)

It is known that far-field scattered light requires <i>a priori</i> sample information in order to reconstruct nm-scale information such as is required in semiconductor metrology. We describe an approach to scatterometry that uses unconventional polarization states in the pupil of a high NA objective lens. We call this focused beam scatterometry; we will discuss the sensitivity limits to this approach and how it relates to micro-ellipsometry as well as low-NA scatterometry.
Rapid polishing of thick polycrystalline {open_quotes}white{close_quotes} CVD diamond by liquid metal films (1995)

Liquid metal films are selectively formed at the contact points between a solid metal surface and the peaks of diamond grains on a rough CVD diamond because of the lower melting point of the metal carbide than the metal. Diamond grains that form the rough diamond surface dissolve rapidly in the liquid films leading to a smooth surface of the same shape as the solid metal. A flat metal such as iron and stainless steel is used to rapidly planarize a rough CVD diamond.
Biointervention Makes Leather Processing Greener:  An Integrated Cleansing and Tanning System (2003)

The do-undo methods adopted in conventional leather processing generate huge amounts of pollutants. In other words, conventional methods employed in leather processing subject the skin/hide to wide variations in pH. Pretanning and tanning processes alone contribute more than 90% of the total pollution from leather processing. Included in this is a great deal of solid wastes such as lime and chrome sludge. In the approach described here, the hair and flesh removal as well as fiber opening have been achieved using biocatalysts at pH 8.0 for cow hides. This was followed by a pickle-free chrome tanning, which does not require a basification step. Hence, this tanning technique involves primarily three steps, namely, dehairing, fiber opening, and tanning. It has been found that the extent of hair removal, opening up of fiber bundles, and penetration and distribution of chromium are comparable to that produced by traditional methods. This has been substantiated through scanning electron microscopic, stratigraphic chrome distribution analysis, and softness measurements. Performance of the leathers is shown to be on par with conventionally processed leathers through physical and hand evaluation. Importantly, softness of the leathers is numerically proven to be comparable with that of control. The process also demonstrates reduction in chemical oxygen demand load by 80%, total solids load by 85%, and chromium load by 80% as compared to the conventional process, thereby leading toward zero discharge. The input-output audit shows that the biocatalytic three-step tanning process employs a very low amount of chemicals, thereby reducing the discharge by 90% as compared to the conventional multistep processing. Furthermore, it is also demonstrated that the process is technoeconomically viable.
Fault location using digital relay data (1995)

The most accurate and reliable fault location results are obtained using new algorithms that consider the fault data from both ends of the line together. Obviously, the data from the two ends must be brought together via data communications, either from one substation to the other or to a computer at a third site to which both substations can send the data. This might be a control center, relay engineer's office, or maintenance depot, which are ideal locations for really accurate fault location displays to be presented. Some two-ended location algorithms require time synchronization of the data from the two ends, which is not widely available. This article presents new calculations that do not require any such synchronization of the records to achieve excellent accuracy. Following an overview of the technical problems in computing fault location from fault voltage and current signals, a sampling of the newest and most accurate techniques that are easily implemented in existing digital devices for calculating location from one-ended or two ended line fault data records is given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Amphiphilic Nanoparticles Repress Macrophage Atherogenesis: Novel Core/Shell Designs for Scavenger Receptor Targeting and Down-Regulation (2014)

Atherosclerosis, an inflammatory lipid-rich plaque disease is perpetuated by the unregulated scavenger-receptor-mediated uptake of oxidized lipoproteins (oxLDL) in macrophages. Current treatments lack the ability to directly inhibit oxLDL accumulation and foam cell conversion within diseased arteries. In this work, we harness nanotechnology to design and fabricate a new class of nanoparticles (NPs) based on hydrophobic mucic acid cores and amphiphilic shells with the ability to inhibit the uncontrolled uptake of modified lipids in human macrophages. Our results indicate that tailored NP core and shell formulations repress oxLDL internalization via dual complementary mechanisms. Specifically, the most atheroprotective molecules in the NP cores competitively reduced NP-mediated uptake to scavenger receptor A (SRA) and also down-regulated the surface expression of SRA and CD36. Thus, nanoparticles can be designed to switch activated, lipid-scavenging macrophages to antiatherogenic phenotypes, which could be the basis for future antiatherosclerotic therapeutics.
Resolution enhancement of two-photon microscopy via intensity-modulated laser scanning structured illumination (2015)

Conventional structured illumination microscopy (SIM) with wide-field illumination is an applicable tool to provide resolution enhancement. And yet its applications in thick specimens are still full of challenges. By combing the structured illumination concept with two-photon excitation, a laser scanning two-photon structured illumination microscope (LSTP-SIM) was constructed to gain ∼1.42-fold lateral resolution enhancement in contrast to two-photon fluorescence microscopy. With a point-scanning geometry, an acoustic-optical modulator was used to modulate temporally the excitation intensity in order to produce the structured illumination pattern. The theoretical models of image formation and image reconstruction were clearly established. Simulation and experiments were both performed to show the capability of this system to enhance the lateral resolution. Combined with the inherent optical sectioning power of the two-photon excitation, LSTP-SIM would have the potential for applications in optically-thick specimens.
Liquid crystal dynamic flow control by bidirectional alignment surface (2009)

We investigate the behavior of liquid crystal dynamic flow in a cell with a bidirectional alignment (BDA) surface. Numerical simulations show that with a BDA surface having a pitch comparable to the cell gap d, the liquid crystal dynamic flow direction can be controlled by the driving voltage. Such an effect can be applied to bistable twisted nematic displays without the need for anchoring breaking.
Synthesis and SAR of 2,4-diaminopyrimidines as potent c-jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors (2011)

The design and synthesis of a potent series of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK2) inhibitors is described. The development and optimization of the 2,4-diaminopyrimidines series was carried out from an earlier in-house kinase inhibitor program. Through the optimization of the scaffold 2, several cell potent compounds with good in vivo profiles were discovered.
Materials investigation for thermally-assisted magnetic random access memory robust against 400 °C temperatures (2015)

Magnetic materials are investigated in order to enable a new type of Thermally Assisted Magnetic Random Access Memory (TAS-MRAM). A TAS-MRAM materials stack that is robust against the 400 °C process temperatures required for embedded integration with complementary metal oxide silicon processes is demonstrated. In unpatterned sheet film stacks, a stable resistance-area product, tunneling magnetoresistance (MR) &gt; 100%, and temperature-dependent exchange bias of 1500 Oe after 400 °C anneal are shown for this stack. It is further shown that by doping the sense and storage layers with Ta using thin laminations of Ta/CoFeB, the moment of each layer can be reduced by more than 40% without a major reduction in MR. In patterned nanopillar devices, it is shown that by reducing the moment of the sense and storage layers with laminations of Ta, and by adding a second MgO barrier, the resistance versus applied field loop quality is maintained, while the read field is reduced by more than 40% and devices survive 108 write cycles without breakdown or significant degradation.
The Miniaturization of a Partially 3-D Printed Quadrifilar Helix Antenna (2017)

In this paper, the design and implementation of a quadrifilar helix antenna are presented where the four arms are 3-D printed. The antenna structure is miniaturized by resorting to a combination of two approaches. The first approach is based on loading the tips of the four helical arms with circular conductive disks. The size and location of these elements directly affect the antenna's operating frequency. The second miniaturization approach is based on incorporating an FR-4 dielectric material into the vacant space between the four arms of the quadrifilar helix. As a result, the length of the antenna is reduced by a ratio of 43%. The quadrifilar helix antenna is also designed on top of a ground plane with an optimized conical shape and topology. The antenna is partially fabricated using 3-D printing additive technology, where measurements show great agreement with simulated results.
Nonlinear optics in photonic crystal fibre: opportunities and challenges (2003)

In recent years we have pioneered the development of a new kind of optical fibre - photonic crystal (or "holey") fibre (PCF). In place of the usual cylindrically symmetric refractive index profile, peaking in the centre, PCF is formed from pure silica glass which is riddled with a regular lattice of air-holes typically sub-micron in diameter, spaced apart by a few microns.
Coal desulfurization in a fluidized bed reactor (1986)

Abstract Fluidized bed reactor technology was investigated as a means of developing a new simple and low cost process for coal desulfurization. Preliminary experimental results obtained in a 2.54 cm batch fluidized bed reactor have shown that over 80% total sulfur reductions can be achieved by sequential chlorination and dechlorination/hydrodesulfurization of high sulfur pulverized coals. Proximate and ultimate analyses of desulfurized coals have revealed enhanced carbon and fixed carbon levels and substantially reduced volatile, oxygen and hydrogen contents. While there was a minor increase in the ash content and heating value, nitrogen and chlorine contents were essentially unchanged. Compared to an earlier slurry phase process, the fluidized bed reactors process has specific advantages such as shorter reaction times, fewer processing steps and reduced reactant requirements. A fluidized bed reactor process may thus have a potential of being developed into a simple and economic means of converting high sulfur coals to environmentally acceptable fuels.
Effect of<i>Lactobacillus gasseri</i>BNR17 on Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial (2013)

Despite there being no change in behavior or diet, administration of only the supplement of BNR17 reduced weight and waist and hip circumference. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups. These findings warrant a subsequent longer-term prospective clinical investigation with a large population.
In Pursuit of Authenticity: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium for Clinical Applications (2016)

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is essential for maintaining visual function. RPE derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-RPE) offer a promising cell-based transplantation therapy for slowing or rescuing RPE-induced visual function loss. For effective treatment, iPSC-RPE must recapitulate the physiology of native human RPE. A set of physiologically relevant functional assays are provided that assess the polarized functional activity and maturation state of the intact RPE monolayer. The present data show that donor-to-donor variability exceeds the tissue-to-tissue variability for a given donor and provides, for the first time, criteria necessary to identify iPSC-RPE most suitable for clinical application.
Conjugation of vitamin E analog α-TOS to Pt(iv) complexes for dual-targeting anticancer therapy (2013)

We report two platinum(IV) complexes conjugated with a vitamin E analog, α-tocopherol succinate (α-TOS). One of the conjugates displays the activity of both cisplatin and α-TOS in cancer cells, causing damage to DNA and mitochondria simultaneously. Accordingly, it serves as a promising dual-targeting anticancer agent.
The influence of Matrigel or growth factor reduced Matrigel on human intervertebral disc cell growth and proliferation. (1999)

Matrigel (reconstituted basement membrane extract) is a potent inducer of cell growth and differentiation in vitro. This study examined phenotypic variation and proliferative responses of human annular intervertebral disc cells in vitro in Matrigel and Growth Factor Reduced Matrigel (GFR-Matrigel). Cells from age- and gender-matched control subjects and patients with degenerative disc disease were grown either on the surface of, or suspended within, either matrices. Disc cells grew well on top of both matrices with cells spontaneously forming cell projections. Cells grown within either matrix migrated within the gel to form colonies. Increased colony formation within the matrices was seen with young control and patient cells (p < 0.05). Old and young control and patient cells showed increased proliferation within GFR-Matrigel compared to Matrigel. When grown on the matrix surface, young patient and control donor cells showed increased proliferation on GFR-Matrigel compared to Matrigel. Cellular proliferation was significantly greater inside a 3-dimensional environment than a two-dimensional surface monolayer environment. Disc cells had increased proliferation when grown in or on GFR-Matrigel compared to Matrigel. These studies serve as a baseline for subsequent investigations regarding effects of cytokines on disc cells and increase our knowledge of the influence of extracellular matrices on disc cell proliferation.
Visualizing software systems (1994)

There are many graphical techniques for visualizing software. Unfortunately, the current techniques do not scale to display large software systems and are largely unused. We present a method for visualizing statistics associated with code that is divided hierarchically into subsystems, directories, and files. Using this technique, we can display the relative sizes of the components in the system, which components are stable and which are changing, where the new functionality is being added, and identify error-prone code with many bug fixes. Using animation, we can display the historical evolution of the code. >
The balance of reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity of lists of differentially expressed genes in microarray studies (2008)

We recommend the use of FC-ranking plus a non-stringent P cutoff as a straightforward and baseline practice in order to generate more reproducible DEG lists. Specifically, the P-value cutoff should not be stringent (too small) and FC should be as large as possible. Our results provide practical guidance to choose the appropriate FC and P-value cutoffs when selecting a given number of DEGs. The FC criterion enhances reproducibility, whereas the P criterion balances sensitivity and specificity.