gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rotate-and-Slant Projector for Fast LOR-Based Fully-3-D Iterative PET Reconstruction (2008)

One of the greatest challenges facing iterative fully-3-D positron emission tomography (PET) reconstruction is the issue of long reconstruction times due to the large number of measurements for 3-D mode as compared to 2-D mode. A rotate-and-slant projector has been developed that takes advantage of symmetries in the geometry to compute volumetric projections to multiple oblique sinograms in a computationally efficient manner. It is based upon the 2-D rotation-based projector using the three-pass method of shears, and it conserves the 2-D rotator computations for multiple projections to each oblique sinogram set. The projector is equally applicable to both conventional evenly-spaced projections and unevenly-spaced line-of-response (LOR) data. The LOR-based version models the location and orientation of the individual LORs (i.e., the arc-correction), providing an ordinary Poisson reconstruction framework. The projector was implemented in C with several optimizations for speed, exploiting the vertical symmetry of the oblique projection process, depth compression, and array indexing schemes which maximize serial memory access. The new projector was evaluated and compared to ray-driven and distance-driven projectors using both analytical and experimental phantoms, and fully-3-D iterative reconstructions with each projector were also compared to Fourier rebinning with 2-D iterative reconstruction. In terms of spatial resolution, contrast, and background noise measures, 3-D LOR-based iterative reconstruction with the rotate-and-slant projector performed as well as or better than the other methods. Total processing times, measured on a single cpu Linux workstation, were approximately 10x faster for the rotate-and-slant projector than for the other 3-D projectors studied. The new projector provided four iterations fully-3-D ordered-subsets reconstruction in as little as 15 s--approximately the same time as FORE + 2-D reconstruction. We conclude that the rotate-and-slant projector is a viable option for fully-3-D PET, offering quality statistical reconstruction in times only marginally slower than 2-D or rebinning methods.
Axial inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry using direct liquid sample introduction (2002)

This report is concerned with the first investigation of a direct injection high efficiency nebulizer (DIHEN) as a microliter-solution introduction system for axial inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ICP-TOFMS). The effect of rf generator frequency on analytical performance indices is investigated at both 27 and 40 MHz at operating conditions suitable for the DIHEN: a solution uptake rate of 100 µL min−1, nebulizer gas flow rate of 0.2 L min−1, and rf power from 800 to 1700 W. Four observations indicate an increased secondary discharge at 27 MHz compared to 40 MHz for the DIHEN compared to conventional solution introduction: (1) higher background count rates, (2) faster and wider ion deflection pulse times, (3) increased doubly-to-singly charged ion ratios (Ba2+/Ba+ = 0.03 vs. 0.02), and (4) reduced oxide-to-metal ion ratios (CeO+/Ce+ = 8.5 vs. 51) at 27 MHz in comparison with 40 MHz. Analytical figures of merit achieved, including detection limits, sensitivity, and precision using DIHEN-ICP-TOFMS are superior in both normal and cool plasma conditions to those obtained with a conventional nebulizer-spray chamber arrangement operated at a solution uptake rate of 1 mL min−1. For example, typical precision (percent relative standard deviation, %RSD) for the DIHEN at 27 MHz is less than 0.6% for an integration time of 10 s. The signal intensity is nearly a factor of 2 higher with the DIHEN compared to the conventional nebulizer-spray chamber arrangement. Isotope ratio precision acquired by the DIHEN-ICP-TOFMS system closely approximates values predicted by Poisson counting statistics for both steady-state and transient signals. Finally, fast transient analysis (ca. 12.75 ms) is demonstrated for Sn and Cr isotopes in human lung fibroblast cells.
Adaptive control technique for accelerators using digital signal processing (1990)

The use of present Digital Signal Processing (DSP) techniques can drastically reduce the residual rf amplitude and phase error in an accelerating rf cavity. Accelerator beam loading contributes greatly to this residual error, and the low-level rf field control loops cannot completely absorb the fast transient of the error. A feedforward technique using DSP is required to maintain the very stringent rf field amplitude and phase specifications. 7 refs.
The effect of flow rate on small solar chimney performance (2020)

The relationships between temperature rise, flow rate, and power output of turbine are presented for a small solar chimney unit. An experimental solar chimney system was constructed at Engineering Faculty of Trakya University in Turkey. Solar radiation, temperature rise, chimney inlet velocity, air flow rate, and power output were monitored. Solar chimney power output can be controlled by air flow management and maximum power point can be achieved for different operating conditions. Results showed that it is possible to obtain up to 50% more power output by using an air flow controller in solar chimney systems. Typical temperature rises for 400–600 W/m2 solar radiation is found to be in the range of 12–15°C. Power is changed in the range of 30–60 W according to different flow rates.
Realizing Clinical Trials with Astatine-211: The Chemistry Infrastructure (2020)

Despite the consensus around the clinical potential of the α-emitting radionuclide astatine-211 (<sup>211</sup>At), there are only a limited number of research facilities that work with this nuclide. There are three main reasons for this: (1) Scarce availability of the nuclide. Despite a relatively large number of globally existing cyclotrons capable of producing <sup>211</sup>At, few cyclotron facilities produce the nuclide on a regular basis. (2) Lack of a chemical infrastructure, that is, isolation of <sup>211</sup>At from irradiated targets and the subsequent synthesis of an astatinated product. At present, the research groups that work with <sup>211</sup>At depend on custom systems for recovering <sup>211</sup>At from the irradiated targets. Setting up and implementing such custom units require long lead times to provide a proper working system. (3) The chemistry of <sup>211</sup>At. Compared with radiometals there are no well-established and generally accepted synthesis methods for forming sufficiently stable bonds between <sup>211</sup>At and the tumor-specific vector to allow for systemic applications. Herein we present an overview of the infrastructure of producing <sup>211</sup>At radiopharmaceuticals, from target to radiolabeled product including chemical strategies to overcome hurdles for advancement into clinical trials with <sup>211</sup>At.
Isolation and Characterization of a Monoclonal Anti-Quadruplex DNA Antibody from Autoimmune “Viable Motheaten” Mice<sup>,</sup> (1998)

A cell line that produces an autoantibody specific for DNA quadruplex structures has been isolated and cloned from a hybridoma library derived from 3-month-old nonimmunized autoimmune, immunodeficient "viable motheaten" mice. This antibody has been tested extensively in vitro and found to bind specifically to DNA quadruplex structures formed by two biologically relevant sequence motifs. Scatchard and nonlinear regression analyses using both one- and two-site models were used to derive association constants for the antibody-DNA binding reactions. In both cases, quadruplexes had higher association constants than triplex and duplex molecules. The anti-quadruplex antibody binds to the quadruplex formed by the promoter-region-derived oligonucleotide d(CGCG4GCG) (Ka = 3.3 x 10(6) M-1), and has enhanced affinity for telomere-derived quadruplexes formed by the oligonucleotides d(TG4) and d(T2G4T2G4T2G4T2G4) (Ka = 5.38 x 10(6) and 1.66 x 10(7) M-1, respectively). The antibody binds both types of quadruplexes but has preferential affinity for the parallel four-stranded structure. In vitro radioimmunofilter binding experiments demonstrated that purified anti-DNA quadruplex antibodies from anti-quadruplex antibody-producing tissue culture supernatants have at least 10-fold higher affinity for quadruplexes than for triplex and duplex DNA structures of similar base composition and length. The antibody binds intramolecular DNA triplexes formed by d(G4T3G4T3C4) and d(C4T3G4T3G4), and the duplex d(CGCGCGCGCG)2 with an affinities of 6. 76 x 10(5), 5.59 x 10(5), and 8.26 x 10(5) M-1, respectively. Competition experiments showed that melted quadruplexes are not effective competitors for antibody binding when compared to native structures, confirming that the quadruplex is bound structure-specifically. To our knowledge, this is the first immunological reagent known to specifically recognize quadruplex structures. Subsequent sequence analysis demonstrates homologies between the antibody complementarity determining regions and sequences from Myb family telomere binding proteins, which are hypothesized to control cell aging via telomeric DNA interactions. The presence of this antibody in the autoimmune repertoire suggests a possible linkage between autoimmunity, telomeric DNA binding proteins, and aging.
Synthesis of Ag Nanoplates on GaAs Wafers: Evidence for Growth Mechanism (2009)

Direct synthesis of Ag nanoplates on GaAs wafers has been developed in our group through a simple solution/solid interfacial reaction (SSIR) strategy, in which aqueous solutions of pure AgNO3 react with the GaAs wafers at room temperature [J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 6061; 2008, 112, 8928; Chem. Mater. 2007, 19, 5845]. However, a number of questions are still not clear yet regarding the roles of different possible pathways for reducing Ag+ ions in the growth of Ag nanoplates. In this article, we try to answer these remaining questions by specifically designing experiments and extracting direct evidence from systematic characterizations of different samples. It is conclusive that growth of high-quality Ag nanoplates on GaAs wafers is ascribed to the good separation between nucleation and growth steps, which are driven by two different reduction pathways. At the nucleation step, fast reduction of Ag+ ions with a high concentration of surface electrons is crucial for the formation of Ag nuclei with multiple (111) twin planes parallel to each other, and remaining the environment of a high concentration of surface electrons for a period long enough is also important to develop the Ag nuclei into stable seeds. At the growth step, a hole injection process is mainly responsible for reduction of Ag+ ions to enlarge the stable seeds into Ag nanoplates with controlled sizes by tuning the growth time. The paralleled multiple (111) twin planes provide a crystalline confinement to guide the growth of the seeds into nanoplates.
Efficient Architectures for 1-D and 2-D Lifting-Based Wavelet Transforms (2004)

The lifting scheme reduces the computational complexity of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) by factoring the wavelet filters into cascades of simple lifting steps that process the input samples in pairs. We propose four compact and efficient hardware architectures for implementing lifting-based DWTs, namely, one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) versions of what we call recursive and dual scan architectures. The 1-D recursive architecture exploits interdependencies among the wavelet coefficients by interleaving, on alternate clock cycles using the same datapath hardware, the calculation of higher order coefficients along with that of the first-stage coefficients. The resulting hardware utilization exceeds 90% in the typical case of a five-stage 1-D DWT operating on 1024 samples. The 1-D dual scan architecture achieves 100% datapath hardware utilization by processing two independent data streams together using shared functional blocks. The recursive and dual scan architectures can be readily extended to the 2-D case. The 2-D recursive architecture is roughly 25% faster than conventional implementations, and it requires a buffer that stores only a few rows of the data array instead of a fixed fraction (typically 25% or more) of the entire array. The 2-D dual scan architecture processes the column and row transforms simultaneously, and the memory buffer size is comparable to existing architectures.
Printed tunable miniaturized Frequency Selective Surface with BST/polymer composite filled interdigital capacitors (2014)

Summary form only given. We present an electrically tunable Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) at X-band utilizing a novel version of Interdigital Capacitors (IDCs), in which the space between fingers are filled with a ferroelectric composite of Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) suspended in a polymer. We also introduce a low temperature, printed fabrication process on flexible films. The literature suggests the use of varactors based on ferroelectric ceramics as the electrically tunable element in FSSs. These varactors have low Q factor and are expensive to fabricate. The ceramics are brittle in nature and require very high processing temperature (~1100°C). On the other hand, tunable ferroelectric polymers such as Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) are lossy and slow in switching at microwave frequencies. However, a BST-polymer composite promises both excellent ferroelectric characteristics of the BST in its paraelectric phase and flexible processing of the polymer. A composite by mixing micro and nano size particles of sintered Ba <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.55</sub> Sr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.45</sub> TiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> with a thermoplastic polymer, that has very low loss tangent at high frequencies, was prepared. It was found that when the key parameters - particle size and volume fraction - are tailored, high dielectric tunability up to 30% and low loss tangent are obtained for the composite, but the dielectric constant can be as low as 30 at microwave frequencies. To get around the low permittivity limitation, we introduced the filled IDC configuration that requires a dielectric constant as low as 20 for a frequency sweep range from 5.6 GHz to 12.8 GHz including full X-band (based on full-wave electromagnetic simulations), instead of the conventional IDCs with fingers on top of a BST ceramic layer that would require epsilon of few hundreds. Both computational and experimental results of the tunable filled IDC as well as the tunable FSS structure will be presented. Although, we demonstrate the implementation of this tunable filled IDC on FSS structures, this printable varactor can be utilized in various applications.
Directly optimizing evaluation measures in learning to rank (2008)

One of the central issues in learning to rank for information retrieval is to develop algorithms that construct ranking models by directly optimizing evaluation measures used in information retrieval such as Mean Average Precision (MAP) and Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (NDCG). Several such algorithms including SVMmap and AdaRank have been proposed and their effectiveness has been verified. However, the relationships between the algorithms are not clear, and furthermore no comparisons have been conducted between them. In this paper, we conduct a study on the approach of directly optimizing evaluation measures in learning to rank for Information Retrieval (IR). We focus on the methods that minimize loss functions upper bounding the basic loss function defined on the IR measures. We first provide a general framework for the study and analyze the existing algorithms of SVMmap and AdaRank within the framework. The framework is based on upper bound analysis and two types of upper bounds are discussed. Moreover, we show that we can derive new algorithms on the basis of this analysis and create one example algorithm called PermuRank. We have also conducted comparisons between SVMmap, AdaRank, PermuRank, and conventional methods of Ranking SVM and RankBoost, using benchmark datasets. Experimental results show that the methods based on direct optimization of evaluation measures can always outperform conventional methods of Ranking SVM and RankBoost. However, no significant difference exists among the performances of the direct optimization methods themselves.
Homogeneous catalysis of the water gas shift reaction using rhodium carbonyl iodide (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHomogeneous catalysis of the water gas shift reaction using rhodium carbonyl iodideChien-Hong Cheng, Dan E. Hendriksen, and Richard EisenbergCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 8, 2791–2792Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00450a062https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00450a062research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views542Altmetric-Citations95LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Characterization of <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> Major Surface Protein 5 and the Extent of Its Cross-Reactivity with <i>A. marginale</i> (2007)

Major surface protein 5 (Msp5) of Anaplasma marginale is highly conserved in the genus Anaplasma and the antigen used in a commercially available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for serologic identification of cattle with anaplasmosis. This study analyzes the degrees of conservation of Msp5 among various isolates of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and the extent of serologic cross-reactivity between recombinant Msp5 (rMsp5) of Anaplasma marginale and A. phagocytophilum. The msp5 genes from various isolates of A. phagocytophilum were sequenced and compared. rMsp5 proteins of A. phagocytophilum and A. marginale were used separately in an indirect ELISA to detect cross-reactivity in serum samples from humans and dogs infected with A. phagocytophilum and cattle infected with A. marginale. Serum samples were also tested with a commercially available competitive ELISA that uses monoclonal antibody ANAF16C1. There were 100% sequence identities in the msp5 genes among all of the A. phagocytophilum isolates from the United States and a horse isolate from Sweden. Sheep isolates from Norway and dog isolates from Sweden were 99% identical to one another but differed in 17 base pairs from the United States isolates and the horse isolate. Serologic cross-reactivity was identified when serum samples from cattle infected with A. marginale were reacted with rMsp5 of A. phagocytophilum and when serum samples from humans and dogs infected with A. phagocytophilum were reacted with rMsp5 of A. marginale in an indirect-ELISA format. Serum samples from dogs or humans infected with A. phagocytophilum did not cross-react with rMsp5 of A. marginale when tested with the commercially available cELISA. These results suggest that rMsp5 of A. phagocytophilum is highly conserved among United States and European isolates and that serologic distinction between A. phagocytophilum and A. marginale infections cannot be accomplished if rMsp5 from either organism is used in an indirect ELISA.
A Ranking Cleaning Policy for Embedded Flash File Systems (2002)

최근 정보 산업과 이동통신 기술이 발전함에 따라 PDA(personal digital assistant), HPC(hand-held PC), 세탑박스(set-top box), 정보가전 등의 임베디드 시스템(embedded system)이 개발되고 있으며, 이러한 시스템을 운영할 실시간 운영체제(RTOS)와파일시스템의 요구는 필수적이다. 휴대의 용이성과 빠른 접근시간, 저전력을 요구하는 임베드 시스템의 특성상 데이터를 저장하기 위한 저장 매체로 하드디스크(hard disk)를 이용하는 것은 비효율적이며, 플래시 메모리(flash memory)가 주로 사용되고 있다. 플래시 메모리는 비휘발성과 빠른 접근 시간을 갖는 장점이 있지만, 상대적으로 느린 지움 시간과 지움 회수의 한계 등은 극복해야 할 문제점이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위해 새로운 순위별 지움 정책을 제안하고 성능평가를 실시한다. 지움 정책의 일반적인 역할은 플래시 메모리 공간의 어디를 언제 지울 것인가를 결정한다. 제안된 순위별 지움 정책은 지우는 비용과 한정된 지움 회수를 고려하여 지우는 광간과 시간을 결정함으로써 플래시 메모리의 수명을 최대한 연장하고 플래시 메모리 접근 및 관리의 성능을 향상시킨다. 제안된 방법은 기존의 Greedy 및 Cost-benefit 방법에 비해 저장 연산 수행에서 10%~50%의 성능 향상을 보인다. Along the evolution of information and communication technologies, manufacturing embedded systems such as PDA (personal digital assistant), HPC (hand -held PC), settop box. and information appliance became realistic. And RTOS (real-time operating system) and filesystem have been played essential re]os within the embedded systems as well. For the filesystem of embedded systems, flash memory has been used extensively instead of traditional hard disk drives because of embedded system's requirements like portability, fast access time, and low power consumption. Other than these requirements, nonvolatile storage characteristic of flash memory is another reason for wide adoption in industry. However, there are some technical challenges to cope with to use the flash memory as an indispensable component of the embedded systems. These would be relatively slow cleaning time and the limited number of times to write-and-clean. In this paper, a new cleaning policy is proposed to overcome the problems mentioned above and relevant performance comparison results will be provided. Ranking cleaning policy(RCP) decides when and where to clean within the flash memory considering the cost of cleaning and the number of times of cleaning. This method will maximize not only the lifetime of flash memory but also the performance of access time and manageability. As a result of performance comparison, RCP has showed about 10 ~ 50% of performance evolution compared to traditional policies, Greedy and Cost-benefit methods, by write throughputs.
Prokaryotic Expression of Immunogenic Polypeptides of the Large Phosphoprotein (pp150) of Human Cytomegalovirus (1988)

The large phosphorylated matrix protein pp150 of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the polypeptide most frequently reactive in immunoblotting analyses with human antisera when compared with other viral proteins. Several defined regions of pp150 were expressed as beta-galactosidase fusion proteins and these were tested for their immunoreactivity with human sera and their immunogenicity. One antigenic region could be expressed in large amounts and was found to carry immunodominant epitopes, as shown by immunoblotting and ELISA. A rabbit antiserum raised against recombinant pp150 antigens produced in bacteria proved to be useful for immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry studies of HCMV-infected cells and tissues. The results suggest that this anti-pp150 serum will help to elucidate the process of virus assembly and antigen detection in infected cells.