gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF β‐LACTAMS FROM AZETIDINE‐2‐CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND ESTERS (1981)

Abstract Aus Butyrolacton (I) werden die Ester (II) durch Spaltung mit Brom und Veresterung hergestellt und dann mit Aminen zu den Azetidinen (III) cyclisiert.
Development of a zero-emissions sulfur-recovery process. 1. Thermochemistry and reaction kinetics of mixtures of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide at high temperature (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDevelopment of a zero-emissions sulfur-recovery process. 1. Thermochemistry and reaction kinetics of mixtures of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide at high temperatureGavin P. Towler and Scott LynnCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1993, 32, 11, 2800–2811Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00023a050https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00023a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views420Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Comparison of Methods for Identifying Transcription Units and Transcription Map of the Werner Syndrome Gene Region (1998)

To isolate a human disease gene by positional cloning, a critical step is the identification of candidate genes from a targeted genomic region. We used cDNA selection, exon trapping, and genomic sequencing to identify 12 transcription units from a 1.4-Mb genomic region containing the Werner syndrome gene (WRN). This included sequencing of 650 kb in the region of the WRN gene, to date, the most DNA sequenced as part of a positional cloning effort. The result of this combined method was significant overlap among the transcription units identified by each method; yet, no one method identified all of the transcription units. We present here a comparison of the effectiveness and efficiency of these methods and present a transcription map of the Werner syndrome gene region.
<title>Colorimetric blood-gas monitoring sensors</title> (1993)

Colorimetric fiber optic sensors have been developed for measuring the pH and pCO<SUB>2</SUB> of blood. These sensors are fabricated using a single 125 micrometers diameter optical fiber. Located at the distal end of the fiber is a capsule that contains a pH sensitive dye. The pCO<SUB>2</SUB> sensor is fabricated from a pH sensor with the addition of a salt, bicarbonate, and the encapsulation with an ion impermeable gas permeable membrane. The distal end of the capsule is terminated with a reflective surface. The reflective surface can either be a polished metallic surface or, in this case, a TiO<SUB>2</SUB> impregnated epoxy. The disposable sensor mates with an optical connector that contains two optical fibers of the same size as the disposable sensor. The two fibers within the optical cable provide a light path for both the antegrade and retrograde optical signals. These fibers are terminated at either the LED source or the detector. A prototype sensor assembly that incorporates the measurement of three physiological parameters (pH, pCO<SUB>2</SUB>, and sO<SUB>2</SUB>) has been demonstrated to fit within a standard 20 gauge arterial catheter, typically used for radial artery blood pressure monitoring, without significant damping of the blood pressure waveform. The pH sensor has a range of 6.9 - 7.8 with a precision of 0.01 pH units and the pCO<SUB>2</SUB> sensor has a range of 15 - 95 mm Hg with a precision of 3 mm Hg. The long term drift pH drift is less than 0.01 pH unit per 8 hours and the pCO<SUB>2</SUB> drift is less than 1 mm Hg per 8 hours. Sensor performance in the canine has demonstrated that the pH sensor is accurate to within +/- 0.03 pH units and the pCO<SUB>2</SUB> sensor is accurate to within +/- 3 mm Hg when compared to a typical blood gas analyzer.
Measurement of regional pulmonary oxygen uptake—a novel approach using electrical impedance tomography (2011)

Pulmonary oxygen (O(2)) uptake during apnoea results in a fall in lung volume. Given that electrical impedance tomography (EIT) provides reliable data on regional lung volume changes we hypothesized that EIT could be used to measure regional O(2) uptake. A total of 12 lung healthy supine patients were studied. EIT measurements were performed during volume-controlled mechanical ventilation followed by apnoea with the endotracheal tube clamped at end-expiration. Lung function parameters were assessed by spirometry. A device for breath-by-breath monitoring metabolic gas exchange was used to measure global O(2) uptake. Relative impedance changes during ventilation and apnoea were related to the corresponding tidal volumes. Regional O(2) uptake was analysed as absolute values and as a ratio to regional ventilation in two regions of interest (ventral and dorsal). The global O(2) uptake measured by EIT was 208 ± 79 ml min(-1) corresponding to the values obtained by metabolic gas exchange (259 ± 73 ml min(-1); Spearman correlation coefficient: 0.81, p = 0.02). Regional O(2) uptake was significantly higher in the ventral lung region, while the regional O(2) uptake/ventilation ratio showed no significant difference between the regions. In conclusion, our pilot study indicates that EIT holds substantial potential to detect global and regional pulmonary O(2) uptake concordant with a linear lung volume decrease during apnoea.
Blur-Aware Disparity Estimation from Defocus Stereo Images (2015)

Defocus blur usually causes performance degradation in establishing the visual correspondence between stereo images. We propose a blur-aware disparity estimation method that is robust to the mismatch of focus in stereo images. The relative blur resulting from the mismatch of focus between stereo images is approximated as the difference of the square diameters of the blur kernels. Based on the defocus and stereo model, we propose the relative blur versus disparity (RBD) model that characterizes the relative blur as a second-order polynomial function of disparity. Our method alternates between RBD model update and disparity update in each iteration. The RBD model in return refines the disparity estimation by updating the matching cost and aggregation weight to compensate the mismatch of focus. Experiments using both synthesized and real datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm.
Insight into Novel Treatment for Cognitive Dysfunctions across Disorders (2019)

Cognitive dysfunctions, including impaired attention, learning, memory, and problem solving, occur in psychiatric diseases, such as depression, and are a hallmark of aging. Altered GABAergic signaling is similarly reported across these conditions, but therapeutic approaches are limited by pan-receptor activities of benzodiazepine-like ligands. α5-GABA-A receptor-preferring ligands uncover novel therapeutics for cognitive dysfunctions.
Cross-Presentation by Osteoclasts Induces FoxP3 in CD8+ T Cells (2009)

Bone is remodeled throughout the life of an animal by the action of osteoclasts, which resorb bone, and osteoblasts, which form new bone. It has recently been recognized that T cells regulate osteoclasts by secreting a number of cytokines including type I and II IFNs and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand. In this study, we show that osteoclasts produce chemokines that recruit CD8(+) T cells. Using transgenic OT-I mice, we found that in the presence of OVA, osteoclasts induced the secretion of IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-gamma as well as the proliferation of CD8(+) T cells. CD8(+) T cells activated by osteoclasts expressed FoxP3, CTLA4, and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand. The FoxP3(+)CD8(+) T cells were anergic and suppressed dendritic cell priming of naive responder CD8(+) T cells. These results provide two novel observations for osteoimmunology: first, we demonstrate that osteoclasts can cross-present Ags to CD8(+) T cells. Second, these data show that osteoclasts are not only regulated by T cells, but they also can regulate T cells forming a feedback control loop. The induction of FoxP3 in T cells through a MHC class I-dependent manner provides a new mechanism to peripherally produce a regulatory T cell. These observations open a new avenue of investigation for the pathogenesis of autoimmune-mediated inflammatory bone diseases.
Structure and Morphology of Fluorocarbon Films Grown by Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition (2000)

Hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO) flow rate and filament preconditioning time were found to strongly influence the structure and morphology of fluorocarbon films grown by hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD). The four films discussed in this work all exhibited the vibrational frequencies of linear CF2 chains, which are also characteristic of bulk poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), as shown through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The films also incorporated hydroxyl (OH) and carbonyl/carboxyl (CO/COO) groups to varying degrees. Analogous to the behavior of irradiated PTFE, the OH and CO/COO groups may have formed when unterminated chain end radicals reacted with oxygen and water. The surface morphology of the four films, as revealed through atomic force microscopy (AFM), ranged from spherical nodules to anisotropic rodlike grains. An increased aspect ratio of the grains and lower OH incorporation both correlated with the decreased film deposition rate. The hypothesis that long CF2 chains with a preferred direction of growth are favored by slow deposition would account for both the anisotropy in morphology and the reduction in OH chain ends. An analysis of the chamber effluent supports the proposed mechanism for thermal decomposition of HFPO during HFCVD.
Fe(III)-Salen and Salphen Complexes Induce Caspase Activation and Apoptosis in Human Cells (2010)

To explore the apoptotic and antitumor activities of metallo-salens, the authors have synthesized several Fe(III)-salen and salphen complexes and analyzed their effects on human cancer and noncancer cells. Their results demonstrated that Fe(III)-salen and salphen complexes affect cell viability and induce nuclear fragmentation and apoptosis in breast cancer (MCF7) cells. The IC(50) values for the active metallo-salen complexes ranged between 0.3 and 22 µM in MCF7 cells. Biochemically active Fe(III)-salen and salphen complexes induced caspase-3/7 activation and release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to cytosol, suggesting the involvement of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Comparison of IC(50) values toward 3 different cell lines demonstrated that selected Fe(III)-salen complexes induce tumor cell-selective apoptosis in cultured cells. Overall, the studies demonstrated that Fe(III)-salen and salphen complexes induced efficient apoptosis in cultured human cells. The nature of the substituents and the bridging spacer between diamino groups play critical roles in determining the apoptotic activities of Fe(III)-salen and salphen complexes.
Quasi-quantum dot-induced stabilization of α-CsPbI<sub>3</sub>perovskite for high-efficiency solar cells (2020)

Quasi-quantum dots α-CsPbI<sub>3</sub>films are<italic>in situ</italic>prepared by using a new ligand with ultralow contents. By increasing the film hydrophobicity and surface Gibbs energy, the device with efficiency of 13.5% keeps stable under ambient condition for 30 days.
Estimation of code ionospheric biases using Kriging method (2015)

The code ionospheric bias, also known as the Differential Code Bias (DCB), is an important correction term for single-frequency receiver. This paper proposes a new method to estimate the biases as well as the vertical ionospheric delays using Kriging estimator with a network of receivers. Kriging estimates an unknown variable based on a set of known parameters and a variogram describing the spatial correlation. It is the best estimator in the sense of minimizing the estimation variance. Kriging method is proposed, as it could reconstruct the vertical delays based on a subset to overcome the rank deficiency. A Kalman filter is introduced, and a sub-optimum solution has been obtained based on an iterative Greedy Algorithm. Simulation results have shown cm-level accuracy on the ionospheric bias estimates. The algorithm has also been applied with real GPS data for multiple days, which showed high bias repeatability. The bias estimates have been verified by comparison with published values.
A phase 1 dose-escalation trial of intratumoral TTI-621, a novel immune checkpoint inhibitor targeting CD47, in subjects with relapsed or refractory percutaneously-accessible solid tumors and mycosis fungoides. (2017)

TPS3101 Background: CD47 is an immune checkpoint that binds to signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) and delivers a "do not eat" signal to suppress macrophage phagocytosis. Tumor cells frequently overexpress CD47 and exploit this pathway to evade macrophage-mediated destruction. CD47 blockade promotes both innate (macrophage phagocytosis) and adaptive immunity (T cell responses). TTI-621 (SIRPαFc) is an immune checkpoint inhibitor designed to bind human CD47 and block the “do not eat” signal. The IgG1 region of TTI-621 engages Fcγ receptors on macrophages, converting the inhibitory signal to one that activates, thereby enhancing phagocytosis, and antitumor activity. A Phase 1 study is ongoing to evaluate the safety/tolerability and preliminary efficacy of IV administered TTI-621 in subjects with relapsed/refractory hematologic malignancies. It is hypothesized that employing direct intratumoral injections will result in very high local target engagement, promoting the development of innate and adaptive immune responses. Methods: A Phase 1 multicenter, open-label study was initiated to characterize the safety and tolerability of delivering TTI-621 directly into cancer lesions to achieve high local CD47 engagement to increase phagocytosis of tumor cells (NCT02890368). Subjects are being enrolled in sequential cohorts that gradually increase in dose and dosing frequency to characterize the feasibility of intratumoral TTI-621 injections and their safety, PK, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary antitumor activity. Eligible subjects are adults with relapsed or refractory percutaneously-accessible solid tumors or mycosis fungoides (MF), which have progressed on standard anticancer therapy or for which no other approved therapy exists. TTI-621 is delivered by intratumoral injection at protocol-defined doses and dosing regimens starting at 1 mg/injection. Serial biopsies are being collected to characterize local anti-tumor responses and assess the impact of TTI-621 on the tumor microenvironment. Clinical trial information: NCT02890368.
The retrieval of cloud base heights from MODIS and three-dimensional cloud fields from NASA's EOS Aqua mission (2002)

This paper introduces a methodology to retrieve cloud base heights from electro-optical (EO) imagery and demonstrates the approach with MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data collected by NASA's EOS Terra mission. In earlier investigations, the value of cloud top heights and total integrated water vapour was demonstrated as constraints in the retrieval of moisture profiles from microwave moisture sounder data. From the analyses of temporally and spatially coincident Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F-11 and NOAA-10 satellite sensor data, the existence of a cloud base signature appeared evident using external knowledge of cloud top temperatures. More recently, simulations were conducted to determine the sensitivity of observed brightness temperatures to variations in cloud base height and other cloud properties. These studies confirmed the presence of a cloud base spectral signature in microwave moisture sounder data for water clouds, when cloud top temperatures are known to an accuracy of about 3-6°C. However, sensitivity studies also demonstrated the impossibility of retrieving cloud base heights over land with the microwave algorithm; therefore, a second algorithm has been developed that relies exclusively upon the information content in EO sensors for retrievals of cloud base height over land surfaces. This paper introduces the new EO cloud base height retrieval methodology, discusses sensitivity analyses that predict the accuracy of retrievals for cases involving single-layered clouds of different types, and provides results for a case study where cloud base height was retrieved from MODIS data collected by the Terra mission. With the development of two complementary cloud base height retrieval methodologies, it is now postulated that useful three-dimensional (3D) cloud analyses of more complicated, multi-layered cloud bases might be retrieved exclusively from remotely sensed, meteorological satellite sensor data using the combined information obtained with both the EO and microwave algorithms. Therefore, an architecture is provided for the retrieval of 3D cloud fields using data collected by the NASA's EOS Aqua mission, the first system to collect all the sensor data required to retrieve 3D cloud fields solely from remotely sensed satellite sensor data.
Sphere Decoding With a Probabilistic Tree Pruning (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In this paper, we present a near ML-achieving sphere decoding algorithm that reduces the number of search operations in the sphere-constrained search. Specifically, by adding a probabilistic noise constraint on top of the sphere constraint, a more stringent necessary condition is provided, particularly at an early stage, and, hence, branches unlikely to be survived are removed in the early stage of sphere search. The tradeoff between the performance and complexity is easily controlled by a single parameter, so-called pruning probability. Through the analysis and simulations, we show that the complexity reduction is significant while maintaining the negligible performance degradation. </para>
Optical fibres using sol-gel silica overcladdingtubes (1997)

Colloidal sol-gel processing is used to produce optical fibre. Fumed silica dispersed in water is cast, gelled, and dried. Tubes thus formed are heat treated to dehydrate, to purify and to vitrify. They exceed 4 kg and, when used to overclad conventional core-rods, yield optical fibre meeting exacting commercial standards.
Biosynthesis of Cryptic Lipopolysaccharide Glycoforms in <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> Involves a Mechanism Similar to That Required for O-Antigen Synthesis (2004)

It is generally thought that mucosal bacterial pathogens of the genera Haemophilus, Neisseria, and Moraxella elaborate lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is fundamentally different from that of enteric organisms that express O-specific polysaccharide side chains. Haemophilus influenzae elaborates short-chain LPS that has a role in the pathogenesis of H. influenzae infections. We show that the synthesis of LPS in this organism can no longer be as clearly distinguished from that in other gram-negative bacteria that express an O antigen. We provide evidence that a region of the H. influenzae genome, the hmg locus, is involved in the synthesis of glycoforms in which tetrasaccharide units are added en bloc, not stepwise, to the normal core glycoforms, similar to the biosynthesis of an O-antigen.
Dynamic Differential Thermal Measurements for Reliability and Failure Analysis (2013)

Abstract Differential thermal measurements have been extended beyond simple fault isolation to quasi and fully dynamic test conditions. A new technique of Dynamic Digital Modulation has been developed that allows highly sensitive differential thermal measurements during active device operations. A quadrature version of the modulation also produces a thermal time constant map that allows for direct visualization of heat flow within a device structure. A wide range of potential applications in failure analysis, reliability and reverse engineering are opened up. Examples include in situ identification of resistive bonds, internal heat flow in packaged devices and die, dynamic heat loading, and localization of structural elements for reverse engineering.
Distributed Mean Estimation with Limited Communication (2016)

Motivated by the need for distributed learning and optimization algorithms with low communication cost, we study communication efficient algorithms for distributed mean estimation. Unlike previous works, we make no probabilistic assumptions on the data. We first show that for $d$ dimensional data with $n$ clients, a naive stochastic binary rounding approach yields a mean squared error (MSE) of $Θ(d/n)$ and uses a constant number of bits per dimension per client. We then extend this naive algorithm in two ways: we show that applying a structured random rotation before quantization reduces the error to $\mathcal{O}((\log d)/n)$ and a better coding strategy further reduces the error to $\mathcal{O}(1/n)$ and uses a constant number of bits per dimension per client. We also show that the latter coding strategy is optimal up to a constant in the minimax sense i.e., it achieves the best MSE for a given communication cost. We finally demonstrate the practicality of our algorithms by applying them to distributed Lloyd's algorithm for k-means and power iteration for PCA.
Partial-Thickness Grooves In A VBL Memory Device (1994)

Bias magnetic fields tailored to match those needed elsewhere in device. Grooves through part of thickness of magnetic garnet storage layer of vertical-Bloch-line (VBL) memory device used to confine magnetic bubble and stripe domains in desired storage areas. VBL-memory concept described in Vertical-Bloch-Line Memory (NPO-18467).
Geometrically correct 3-D reconstruction of coronary wall and plaque: combining biplane angiography and intravascular ultrasound (2002)

The most common approach to 3-D reconstruction of coronary vessels from intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) pullback image sequences is to simply stack up ECG-gated segmented images. This approach fails in tortuous coronary arteries. In this paper a new automated method for 3-D reconstruction of tortuous vessels is reported that is based on data fusion between IVUS pullbacks and biplane angiograms. Prior to a constant-speed IVUS pullback, the heart is imaged with a biplane X-ray system. The 3-D lumen centerline of the examined vessel segment is reconstructed from a geometrically corrected biplane angiogram. Borders of vessel wall and plaque are automatically detected in the IVUS images. The segmented IVUS cross sections are mapped to and interpolated along the reconstructed 3-D centerline which is represented by a differentiable sequence of 3-D Bezier curves. The twist of the IVUS catheter during pullback is calculated from the previously reconstructed 3-D vessel centerline. First validations and results are presented from vessel phantoms and cadaveric pig hearts.