gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Active Neck Brace Controlled by a Joystick to Assist Head Motion (2017)

Dropped head syndrome is often seen in patients with neurological disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Static collars are often prescribed to these patients to support their head. These collars support the head in one position but do not allow motion to the head. In this letter, we present a novel active neck brace to address this issue and provide assistance to the patients to improve their neck range of motion. This brace has three degrees-of-freedom and allows improved range of motion to the head and neck. We have developed a joystick interface for this brace to allow the user to carry out their intended head rotation with assistance of the brace. In order to assess the feasibility of the use of this brace, we present a study that recruited eight healthy subjects. We simultaneously recorded the motion of the head, electromyography of the neck muscles, and force/torque applied through the brace to the head. The results show that the brace provides support to the head and subjects activate their muscles less when assisted by the brace using the joystick.
Definition of Two Angiogenic Pathways by Distinct α <sub>v</sub> Integrins (1995)

Angiogenesis depends on cytokines and vascular cell adhesion events. Two cytokine-dependent pathways of angiogenesis were shown to exist and were defined by their dependency on distinct vascular cell integrins. In vivo angiogenesis in corneal or chorioallantoic membrane models induced by basic fibroblast growth factor or by tumor necrosis factor-alpha depended on alpha v beta 3, whereas angiogenesis initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, or phorbol ester depended on alpha v beta 5. Antibody to each integrin selectively blocked one of these pathways, and a cyclic peptide antagonist of both integrins blocked angiogenesis stimulated by each cytokine tested. These pathways are further distinguished by their sensitivity to calphostin C, an inhibitor of protein kinase C that blocked angiogenesis potentiated by alpha v beta 5 but not by alpha v beta 3.
The Doppler Aerosol Wind (DAWN) Airborne, Wind-Profiling Coherent-Detection Lidar System: Overview and Preliminary Flight Results (2013)

Abstract The first airborne wind measurements of a pulsed, 2-μm solid-state, high-energy, wind-profiling lidar system for airborne measurements are presented. The laser pulse energy is the highest to date in an eye-safe airborne wind lidar system. This energy, the 10-Hz laser pulse rate, the 15-cm receiver diameter, and dual-balanced coherent detection together have the potential to provide much-improved lidar sensitivity to low aerosol backscatter levels compared to earlier airborne-pulsed coherent lidar wind systems. Problems with a laser-burned telescope secondary mirror prevented a full demonstration of the lidar’s capability, but the hardware, algorithms, and software were nevertheless all validated. A lidar description, relevant theory, and preliminary results of flight measurements are presented.
Energy transfer properties of non-linear systems in the frequency domain (2005)

In this paper, an analysis of the energy transfer properties of non-linear systems in the frequency domain is studied based on a new concept known as non-linear output frequency response functions (NOFRFs). The new concept allows the analysis to be implemented in a manner similar to the analysis of linear systems in the frequency domain, and provides great insight into the mechanisms which dominate the non-linear behaviour. The new analysis is also helpful for the design of non-linear systems in the frequency domain.
A 2-to-2.48GHz Voltage-Interpolator-Based Fractional-N Type-I Sampling PLL in 22nm FinFET Assisting Fast Crystal Startup (2022)

A high-performance clock generator with extremely low jitter, area, and power consumption is the key building block in the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) to connect billions of devices. Recently, digital phase-locked loops (DPLL) [1,2] have been developed to eliminate the bulky loop filter (LF) in type-II charge-pump PLLs. However, they suffer from quantization noise and spurs, requiring complex calibration techniques. Therefore, type-I reference-sampling PLLs are gaining popularity [3, 4] to achieve wider bandwidths in smaller areas. A passive sampling phase detector (SPD) has a much lower noise contribution than a charge pump. But, a fractional-N implementation requires a digital-to-time converter (DTC) to align the input clocks of the SPD for spur mitigation [3]. Precise gain and nonlinearity calibrations are needed as the DTC delay can vary significantly with process-voltage-temperature (PVT) variations. This increases the complexity and loop convergence time, which are not preferable for IoT applications. A capacitive digital-to-analog-converter (CDAC)-based approach proposed in [4] relies on an accurate voltage reference provided externally, which also requires a calibration across PVT in practical implementations. This work presents a voltage-interpolation (VI) technique based on the capacitor charge sharing in a type-I sampling PLL to achieve the fractional-N operation and, therefore, eliminate a DTC or voltage reference and the associated complex calibration logic, providing fast phase locking. Furthermore, noise is minimized using a passive switch-capacitor-based VI (SC-VI), and the fractional frequency-synthesis resolution is enhanced utilizing a AZ-VI. Moreover, for edge-compute platforms, fast shutdown and restart of the clocking subsystem are necessary for efficient power management by transitioning among different power states. To enable such a requirement, the PLL is reconfigured to inject energy into the crystal for quick startup. Prior energy injection techniques in crystal oscillators for fast startup [5] used a dedicated ring voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), which exhibited startup time uncertainty due to high jitter and frequency drift across PVT, requiring an additional frequency calibration step. In contrast, reusing the LC VCO inside a PLL that follows the crystal oscillator to perform frequency synthesis introduces less noise and frequency drift for robust startup while eliminating the VCO frequency calibration step. In addition, the chirp mechanism, which is similar to [5], sets the VCO frequency very close to the desired steady-state value, providing faster PLL locking.
Enhancement of Microstructural Homogeneity of W-Cu Pseudo-Alloy by Adding W-Cu Composite Powder in Infiltration Process (2007)

An infiltration technique using W-Cu composite powder has been developed to enhance microstructural uniformity of W-Cu pseudo-alloy. W-Cu composite powder, manufactured by reduction from WO3 and CuO powder mixtures, were blended with W powder and then cold isostatically pressed into a cylindrical bar under 150 MPa. The pressed samples were pre-sintered at 1300 oC for 1 hour under hydrogen to make a skeleton structure. This skeleton structure was more homogeneous than that formed by using W and Cu powder mixtures. The skeleton structures were infiltrated with Cu under hydrogen atmosphere. The infiltrated W-Cu pseudo-alloy showed homogeneous microstructure without Cu rich region.
Future ATC automation aids based upon AI technology (1989)

The authors discuss two knowledge-based systems that are currently under development by the US Federal Aviation Administration, namely a simulation system for air traffic controller training and an automated problem resolution capability that is the central feature of the Automated En Route Air Traffic Control System (AERA 2). For each of these systems, the manner in which knowledge-based system technology is applied is discussed, along with the knowledge bases. The process for building, refining, and evaluating the knowledge bases is also presented. In the air traffic controller training system, ATCoach, the representation of ATC knowledge has been shown to be highly beneficial for both ATC training and airspace modeling. In AERA 2 automated problem resolution (APR) evaluations, the AI/knowledge-based system technology has proven to be indispensable in the representation of the experts' knowledge and the effective factoring of the knowledge into APR. It is concluded that these applications offer great potential for success and, consequently, represent only the first step in applying AI principles to ATC.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Production and extraction of sugars from switchgrass hydrolyzed in ionic liquids (2013)

This biphasic system may enable the facile recycling of IL and rapid recovery of the sugars, and provides an alternative route to the production of monomeric sugars from biomass that eliminates the need for enzymatic saccharification and also reduces the amount of water required.
Large area thermal target board: A new design (1994)

A large area (1.8 m by 1.8 m), uniform temperature, thermal target was used for characterization of phenomena that impact target contrast. The target board is equipped with several bar patterns. It has a unique design that uses a tilted oven surface making it lightweight with near perfect transition between the hot and cold portions of the bar patterns. The oven surface maintains a ±1 °C uniformity when heated to 10–20 °C above ambient temperature.
Quasi-Block Copolymers: Design, Synthesis, and Evidence for Their Formation in Solution and in the Melt (2011)

A family of block copolymers featuring dynamically controlled compositions is presented. These copolymers, termed “quasi-block copolymers” (q-BCP), consist of a supramolecular polymer as one of the blocks. A conventional polymer end-capped with a functionality that is complementary to the supramolecular monomer is used to terminate the supramolecular block, giving rise to a block copolymer architecture. In this work we have utilized N,N′-2,4-bis((2-ethylhexyl)ureido)toluene (EHUT) as the supramolecular monomer and employed two types of modified 2,4-bis(ureido)toluene polystyrenes as the end-functionalized conventional polymer. Solution viscosity measurements with different solvent compositions and DSC analysis of poly(EHUT)/functionalized-PS blends provide compelling evidence for the formation of self-assembled q-BCP structures both in solution and in the melt. The qualitative role of chain stoppers on the molecular weight distribution is studied by simulations.
Two families of acyl-CoA thioesterases in <i>Arabidopsis</i> (2000)

We have identified two families of acyl-CoA thioesterase (ACHs) in Arabidopsis thaliana. One family, consisting of AtACH1 and AtACH2, appears to be peroxisomal, as they have type-1 peroxisomal targeting sequences. The other family, consisting of AtACH4 and AtACH5, resides in the endoplasmic reticulum, as shown by green fluorescent protein studies. AtACH2 has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli and shows high levels of acyl-CoA thioesterase activity against both 16:0-CoA and 18:1-CoA. AtACH5 has also been overexpressed in E. coli, and shows thioesterase activity as well. ACHs have been characterized in other many other organisms and in various subcellular locations, but their true physiological role is not yet understood. Indeed, atach5 gene knockout mutants have no observable phenotype.
A wheat gene encoding an aluminum‐activated malate transporter (2004)

The major constraint to plant growth in acid soils is the presence of toxic aluminum (Al) cations, which inhibit root elongation. The enhanced Al tolerance exhibited by some cultivars of wheat is associated with the Al-dependent efflux of malate from root apices. Malate forms a stable complex with Al that is harmless to plants and, therefore, this efflux of malate forms the basis of a hypothesis to explain Al tolerance in wheat. Here, we report on the cloning of a wheat gene, ALMT1 (aluminum-activated malate transporter), that co-segregates with Al tolerance in F2 and F3 populations derived from crosses between near-isogenic wheat lines that differ in Al tolerance. The ALMT1 gene encodes a membrane protein, which is constitutively expressed in the root apices of the Al-tolerant line at greater levels than in the near-isogenic but Al-sensitive line. Heterologous expression of ALMT1 in Xenopus oocytes, rice and cultured tobacco cells conferred an Al-activated malate efflux. Additionally, ALMT1 increased the tolerance of tobacco cells to Al treatment. These findings demonstrate that ALMT1 encodes an Al-activated malate transporter that is capable of conferring Al tolerance to plant cells.
A New Hybrid Multilevel Nested Neutral Point Clamped (NNPC) Converter (2018)

This paper presents a new hybrid multilevel inverter topology which combines a four-level nested neutral point clamped (NNPC) converter with a half-bridge inverter. The converter has less components compared to that of other multilevel converters and features a modular structure for cascading multiple H-bridges to produce higher voltage levels. A sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) scheme is presented which utilizes redundant switching states to control capacitor voltage levels. A three-phase, seven-level converter is simulated and analyzed.
SpaseLoc: An Adaptive Subproblem Algorithm for Scalable Wireless Sensor Network Localization (2006)

An adaptive rule‐based algorithm, SpaseLoc, is described to solve localization problems for ad hoc wireless sensor networks. A large problem is solved as a sequence of very small subproblems, each of which is solved by semidefinite programming relaxation of a geometric optimization model. The subproblems are generated according to a set of sensor/anchor selection rules. Computational results compared with existing approaches show that the SpaseLoc algorithm scales well and provides excellent localization accuracy.
Transition edge sensor array development (2001)

NIST is fabricating multi-pixel arrays of transition edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter detectors for use in microanalysis and X-ray astrophysics. We have developed both room temperature digital feedback electronics and a successful SQUID multiplexing technology that will be applied to form a practical, expandable system. We are also exploring surface micromachining techniques to enable the fabrication of large-scale, close-packed arrays of TES microcalorimeters.
Heat Shock Proteins in Fungal Infections (1995)

This text discusses the role of heat shock proteins (hsps) in candidiasis, aspergillosis and dimorphic fungal infections. It examines fundamental issues such as their role in pathogenicity and induction of an immune repsonse and clinical applications such as their value as diagnostic markers and targets for antifungal therapy. Topics covered include: the possibility of immunotherapy for systemic candidiasis in the form of human recombinant antibodies to candidal hsp90; a putative role of hsp90 in the Candida albicans steroid-responsive receptor complex; parallels between the hsp90 of Aspergillus fumigatus and the water mould Achlya ambisexualis; and the role of hsp in adapting dimorphic fungi from a saprobic to a parasitic state.
Optoelectronic associative recall using motionless-head parallel-readout optical disk (1990)

High data rates, low retrieval times, and simple implementation are presently shown to be obtainable by means of a motionless-head 2D parallel-readout system for optical disks. Since the optical disk obviates mechanical head motions for access, focusing, and tracking, addressing is performed exclusively through the disk''s rotation. Attention is given to a high-performance associative memory system configuration which employs a parallel readout disk.
High accuracy polarization measurements using binary polarization rotators (2010)

We report a novel system for the accurate measurement of all polarization related parameters, including polarization mode dispersion and polarization dependent loss, using binary magneto-optic polarization rotators. By taking advantage of the binary nature of the rotators, we achieved unprecedented DGD, SOPMD, and PDL accuracies of 2.6 fs, 1.39ps(2), and 0.06 dB respectively; repeatabilities of 0.022 fs, 0.28 ps(2), and 0.034dB respectively; and resolutions of 1 fs, 0.005 ps(2) and 0.01dB respectively, from 1480 to 1620 nm.
Surface Design for Controlled Crystallization: The Role of Surface Chemistry and Nanoscale Pores in Heterogeneous Nucleation (2011)

Current industrial practice for control of primary nucleation (nucleation from a system without pre-existing crystalline matter) during crystallization from solution involves control of supersaturation generation, impurity levels, and solvent composition. Nucleation behavior remains largely unpredictable, however, due to the presence of container surfaces, dust, dirt, and other impurities that can provide heterogeneous nucleation sites, thus making the control and scale-up of processes that depend on primary nucleation difficult. To develop a basis for the rational design of surfaces to control nucleation during crystallization from solution, we studied the role of surface chemistry and morphology of various polymeric substrates on heterogeneous nucleation using aspirin as a model compound. Nucleation induction time statistics were utilized to investigate and quantify systematically the effectiveness of polymer substrates in inducing nucleation. The nucleation induction time study revealed that poly(4-acryloylmorpholine) and poly(2-carboxyethyl acrylate), each cross-linked by divinylbenzene, significantly lowered the nucleation induction time of aspirin while the other polymers were essentially inactive. In addition, we found the presence of nanoscopic pores on certain polymer surfaces led to order-of-magnitude faster aspirin nucleation rates when compared with surfaces without pores. We studied the preferred orientation of aspirin crystals on polymer films and found the nucleation-active polymer surfaces preferentially nucleated the polar facets of aspirin, guided by hydrogen bonds. A model based on interfacial free energies was also developed which predicted the same trend of polymer surface nucleation activities as indicated by the nucleation induction times.
Towards a Miniature Implantable In Vivo Telemetry Monitoring System Dynamically Configurable as a Potentiostat or Galvanostat for Two- and Three-Electrode Biosensors (2005)

A miniature implantable and dynamically configurable potentiostat and galvanostat for two- and three-electrode biosensors with a telemetry electronics package was developed to provide remote monitoring of implantable amperometric and voltametric biosensors such as for glucose. Included are circuitry for sensor biasing, a transimpedance amplifier to produce the sensor proportional output signal, and a transceiver (transmitter and receiver) which can both receive setup parameter values and transmit the biosensor concentration data to a corresponding remote transceiver and computer for monitoring. Remotely configurable features included in the in vivo implanted unit include: sensor excitation changes; filter frequency cutoff values, amplifier gain; and transmission intervals utilizing 303.825-MHz UHF RF telemetry for end-to-end remote data monitoring. The developed mP/Gstat printed circuit board measures about 51/spl times/22/spl times/1mm thick, and is suitable for bench top or encapsulated use. Instrumentation developed in this paper will allow other researchers to develop implantable units. Evaluation in two- and three-electrode mPstat and two electrode mGstat modes with simulated biosensors showed overall average theoretical to actual recorded value differences of only 0.5859% reading (RDG) with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.5376% indicating excellent design performance. System testing in two-electrode mPstat mode with actual glucose sensors showed excellent stability and correlation to standard biosensor calibrations with an average difference of only 7.33% full scale (FS) with 3.65% SD, which is minimal considering two totally independent calibration instrument configurations.
Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Two Monoclonal Antibodies as Possible Immunoscintigraphy Agents for Pancreatic Cancer in Humans (1997)

In this study we evaluated the biodistribution and potential usefulness for tumor immunoscintigraphy of two recently developed monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), termed AR-3 and PAM4, in patients with pancreatic cancer. The two MoAbs were labeled with 131I, and their biodistribution and pharmacokinetics were assessed in 5 patients each. The plasma clearance curves of both MoAbs exhibited a biexponential pattern of decay, with average T1/2 values equal to 4–6 hours and 40–60 hours, respectively for the fast and the slow components. While imaging with 131I-AR-3 was dubious or weakly positive, immunoscintigraphy with 131I-PAM4 more clearly outlined tumor lesions, both the primary site and locoregional recurrences, particularly at late times after injection (starting usually at about 72–96 hours).
Development of a novel fluorapatite-forming calcium phosphate cement with calcium silicate: <i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> characteristics (2015)

Aim of this study was to develop a novel fluorapatite-forming calcium phosphate cement (FA-CPC) with tricalcium silicate (TCS) for endodontic applications and to examine its in vitro and in vivo characteristics. The FA-CPC powder consisted of 62.8% CaHPO4, 30.8% CaCO3, and 6.4% NaF. One part of TCS was combined with 9 parts of FA-CPC powder (FA-CPC with TCS). A 1.5 M phosphate solution was used as cement liquid. Setting time (ST), diametral tensile strength (DTS), phase composition by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and cement alkalinity were analyzed. Cement biocompatibility was assessed using rat subcutaneous model. Cement ST was 10.3±0.6 min and DTS was 3.89±0.76 MPa. XRD patterns showed that highly crystalline apatitic material was the only significant phase present and pH value was approximate 11.0. FA-CPC with TCS demonstrated similar biocompatibility as that of mineral trioxide aggregate control. These results suggest that FA-CPC with TCS may be useful for endodontic applications.
Analysis of Harmonic Energy Distribution Portfolio for Digital-to-Frequency Converters (2010)

A Digital-to-frequency converter (DFC) based on the concept of time-average frequency and a flying-adder frequency synthesizer is a novel circuit component that enables many system-level innovations. The clock output of the DFC has unique characteristics in both time and frequency domains. In this paper, a study on the energy distribution of the DFC output for a special case is presented. Mathematical analysis is performed, and closed-form expression is derived for this case.
One-way waveguides in photonic crystals and back-scattering suppression (2008)

A broadband one-way waveguide is numerically demonstrated at the surface of a 2D magneto-optical photonic crystal containing Yttrium-Iron-Garnet. The strong time-reversal breaking results in the absence of backward-propagating modes and scattering-immune transmission across strong scatters.
Solar coal-gasification reactor with pyrolysis-gas recycle. [Patent application] (1981)

Coal (or other carbonaceous matter, such as biomass) is converted into a product gas that is substantially free from hydrocarbons. The coal is fed into a solar reactor, and solar energy is directed into the reactor onto coal char, creating a gasification front and a pyrolysis front. A gasification zone is produced well above the coal level within the reactor. A pyrolysis zone is produced immediately above the coal level. Steam, injected into the reactor adjacent to the gasification zone, reacts with char to generate product gases. Solar energy supplies the energy for the endothermic steam-char reaction. The hot product gases flow from the gasification zone to the pyrolysis zone to generate hot char. Gases are withdrawn from the pyrolysis zone and reinjected into the region of the reactor adjacent the gasification zone. This eliminates hydrocarbons in the gas by steam reformation on the hot char. The product gas is withdrawn from a region of the reactor between the gasification zone and the pyrolysis zone. The product gas will be free of tar and other hydrocarbons, and thus be suitable for use in many processes.