gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of dietary energy density and porcine somatotropin on apparent digestibility and retention of nutrients in finishing swine (1989)

Sixteen barrows were used in a metabolism study (avg wt of 101.2 lb) to evaluate the effect of dietary energy density and porcine somatotropin (pST) on apparent digestibility and retention of nutrients in finishing pigs. This study was designed as a split-plot with 4 mg pST/d or placebo injection as whole plot treatments and four dietary energy densities (1.37, 1.48, 1.60, and 1.71 Meal ME/lb) and period as the subplot treatments. Increasing dietary energy density increased apparent digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, and nitrogen, but had no effect on nitrogen retention. Porcine somatotropin administration had no effect on apparent digestibility of nutrients; however, percentage nitrogen retention was increased 42% compared to control pigs.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 16, 1989
Electron field emission from ion-implanted diamond (1995)

Diamond films and islands grown by chemical vapor deposition were implanted with boron, sodium, and carbon ions at doses of 1014–1015/cm2. This structural modification at the subsurface resulted in a significant reduction of the electric field required for electron emission. The threshold field for producing a current density of 10 mA/cm2 can be as low as 42 V/μm for the as-implanted diamond compared to 164 V/μm for the high quality p-type diamond. When the ion-implanted samples were annealed at high temperatures in order to anneal out the implantation-induced defects, the low-field electron emission capability of diamond disappeared. These results further confirm our earlier findings about the role of defects in the electron emission from undoped or p-type doped diamond and indicate that the improved emission characteristics of as-implanted diamond is due to the defects created by the ion implantation process.
Lead iron phosphate glass containment medium for disposal of high-level nuclear waste (1989)

This patent describes a nuclear containment composition resulting from the solidification of a melt of a lead phosphate glass consisting essentially of, in weight percent, 45--66% PbO, 34--55 P{sub 2}O{sub 5}, a radioactive metal oxide mixture incorporated in the glass, and an effective corrosion-inhibiting concentration up to 9% Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} incorporated in the glass, based on the total weight of the composition.
A thoracic cage coordinate system for recording pathologies in lung CT volume data (2004)

We present in this paper a thoracic cage coordinate system for recording pathology locations in lung CT volume data. The current recording schemes in a computer aided diagnosis (CAD) system are either only valid for a particular data set or very coarse. We need a coordinate system that is independent of pose and translation, and is relatively stable over deformation and inhalation. The thoracic cage is composed of several pairs of ribs, the spine and the sternum. These features are very stable and prominent in CT data and cover the complete lung area. The rib structures are highly ordered and symmetrical, and each pair of ribs roughly forms a plane. The centerlines of each individual rib are extracted and labeled from top to bottom. For each pair of ribs, a 3D orthogonal basis is computed by eigen-analysis of the rib centerline points, which are taken as the x, y, and z axes. The rib pairs form a set of reference planes and therefore there are a set of coordinate systems (x, y, z), each of them is locally valid between two adjacent planes. To define a location globally, a fourth parameter n is added to identify the serial number of the reference plane. The complete coordinate is recorded as (n, x, y, z). This system is robust against deformations due to bending and twist, and is relatively stable over inhalation. We see this system readily adapted in other 3D modalities, such as MRI volume data.
Molecular Basis for Substrate Specificity of Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (1998)

Protein-tyrosine phosphatases can exhibit stringent substrate specificity in vivo, although the molecular basis for this is not well understood. The three-dimensional structure of the catalytically inactive protein-tyrosine phosphate 1B (PTP1B)/C215S complexed with an optimal substrate, DADEpYL-NH2, reveals specific interactions between amino acid residues in the substrate and PTP1B. The goal of this work is to rigorously evaluate the functional significance of Tyr46, Arg47, Asp48, Phe182, and Gln262 in substrate binding and catalysis, using site-directed mutagenesis. Combined with structural information, kinetic analysis of the wild type and mutant PTP1B using p-nitrophenyl phosphate and phosphotyrosine-containing peptides has yielded further insight into PTP1B residues, which recognize general features, as well as specific properties, in peptide substrates. In addition, the kinetic results suggest roles of these residues in E-P hydrolysis, which are not obvious from the structure of PTP1B/peptide complex. Thus, Tyr46 and Asp48 recognize common features of peptide substrates and are important for peptide substrate binding and/or E-P formation. Arg47 acts as a determinant of substrate specificity and is responsible for the modest preference of PTP1B for acidic residues NH2-terminal to phosphotyrosine. Phe182 and the invariant Gln262 are not only important for substrate binding and/or E-P formation but also important for the E-P hydrolysis step.
5-HT7 receptor-dependent intestinal neurite outgrowth contributes to visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome (2022)

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by visceral hypersensitivity (VH) associated with abnormal serotonin/5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) metabolism and neurotrophin-dependent mucosal neurite outgrowth. The underlying mechanisms of VH remain poorly understood. We investigated the role of 5-HT<sub>7</sub> receptor in mucosal innervation and intestinal hyperalgesia. A high density of mucosal nerve fibres stained for 5-HT<sub>7</sub> was observed in colonoscopic biopsy specimens from IBS patients compared with those from healthy controls. Staining of 5-HT<sub>3</sub> and 5-HT<sub>4</sub> receptors was observed mainly in colonic epithelia with comparable levels between IBS and controls. Visceromotor responses to colorectal distension were evaluated in two mouse models, one postinfectious with Giardia and subjected to water avoidance stress (GW) and the other postinflammatory with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis (PT). Increased VH was associated with higher mucosal density of 5-HT<sub>7</sub>-expressing nerve fibres and elevated neurotrophin and neurotrophin receptor levels in the GW and PT mice. The increased VH was inhibited by intraperitoneal injection of SB-269970 (a selective 5-HT<sub>7</sub> antagonist). Peroral multiple doses of CYY1005 (a novel 5-HT<sub>7</sub> ligand) decreased VH and reduced mucosal density of 5-HT<sub>7</sub>-expressing nerve fibres in mouse colon. Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells incubated with bacteria-free mouse colonic supernatant, 5-HT, nerve growth factor, or brain-derived neurotrophic factor exhibited nerve fibre elongation, which was inhibited by 5-HT<sub>7</sub> antagonists. Gene silencing of HTR7 also reduced the nerve fibre length. Activation of 5-HT<sub>7</sub> upregulated NGF and BDNF gene expression, while stimulation with neurotrophins increased the levels of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 and 5-HT<sub>7</sub> in neurons. A positive-feedback loop was observed between serotonin and neurotrophin pathways via 5-HT<sub>7</sub> activation to aggravate fibre elongation, whereby 5-HT<sub>3</sub> and 5-HT<sub>4</sub> had no roles. In conclusion, 5-HT<sub>7</sub>-dependent mucosal neurite outgrowth contributed to VH. A novel 5-HT<sub>7</sub> antagonist could be used as peroral analgesics for IBS-related pain.
Over 20% <sup>15</sup>N Hyperpolarization in Under One Minute for Metronidazole, an Antibiotic and Hypoxia Probe (2016)

Direct NMR hyperpolarization of naturally abundant (15)N sites in metronidazole is demonstrated using SABRE-SHEATH (Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange in SHield Enables Alignment Transfer to Heteronuclei). In only a few tens of seconds, nuclear spin polarization P(15)N of up to ∼24% is achieved using parahydrogen with 80% para fraction corresponding to P(15)N ≈ 32% if ∼100% parahydrogen were employed (which would translate to a signal enhancement of ∼0.1-million-fold at 9.4 T). In addition to this demonstration on the directly binding (15)N site (using J(2)H-(15)N), we also hyperpolarized more distant (15)N sites in metronidazole using longer-range spin-spin couplings (J(4)H-(15)N and J(5)H-(15)N). Taken together, these results significantly expand the range of molecular structures and sites amenable to hyperpolarization via low-cost parahydrogen-based methods. In particular, hyperpolarized nitroimidazole and its derivatives have powerful potential applications such as direct in vivo imaging of mechanisms of action or hypoxia sensing.
Effect of different hydroxyapatite incorporation methods on the structural and biological properties of porous collagen scaffolds for bone repair (2014)

Scaffolds which aim to provide an optimised environment to regenerate bone tissue require a balance between mechanical properties and architecture known to be conducive to enable tissue regeneration, such as a high porosity and a suitable pore size. Using freeze-dried collagen-based scaffolds as an analogue of native ECM, we sought to improve the mechanical properties by incorporating hydroxyapatite (HA) in different ways while maintaining a pore architecture sufficient to allow cell infiltration, vascularisation and effective bone regeneration. Specifically we sought to elucidate the effect of different hydroxyapatite incorporation methods on the mechanical, morphological, and cellular response of the resultant collagen-HA scaffolds. The results demonstrated that incorporating either micron-sized (CHA scaffolds) or nano-sized HA particles (CnHA scaffolds) prior to freeze-drying resulted in moderate increases in stiffness (2.2-fold and 6.2-fold, respectively, vs. collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds, P < 0.05, a scaffold known to support osteogenesis), while enabling good cell attachment, and moderate mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-mediated calcium production after 28 days' culture (2.1-fold, P < 0.05, and 1.3-fold, respectively, vs. CG scaffolds). However, coating of collagen scaffolds with a hydroxyapatite precipitate after freeze-drying (CpHA scaffolds) has been shown to be a highly effective method to increase the compressive modulus (26-fold vs. CG controls, P < 0.001) of scaffolds while maintaining a high porosity (~ 98%). The coating of the ligand-dense collagen structure results in a lower cell attachment level (P < 0.05), although it supported greater cell-mediated calcium production (P < 0.0001) compared with other scaffold variants after 28 days' culture. The comparatively good mechanical properties of these high porosity scaffolds is obtained partially through highly crosslinking the scaffolds with both a physical (DHT) and chemical (EDAC) crosslinking treatment. Control of scaffold microstructure was examined via alterations in freezing temperature. It was found that the addition of HA prior to freeze-drying generally reduced the pore size and so the CpHA scaffold fabrication method offered increased control over the resulting scaffolds microstructure. These findings will help guide future design considerations for composite biomaterials and demonstrate that the method of HA incorporation can have profound effects on the resulting scaffold structural and biological response.
Stationkeeping of geostationary satellites with simultaneous eccentricity and longitude control (1994)

Because of increasingly stringent deadband requirements (±0.05°) in conjunction with larger solar radiation perturbations caused by higher area-to-mass ratios on current and future satellites, east/west Stationkeeping has become significantly more complicated. An algorithm that simultaneously controls the mean eccentricity and longitudinal motion of a geostationary satellite placed at any station longitude is developed. Eccentricity control is achieved based upon an expanded version of the sun pointing perigee method to include the long-period luni-solar effects in the eccentricity vector targeting scheme. Simultaneous control of the longitudinal motion is achieved by apportioning the required AV for eccentricity control amongst N maneuvers to maintain longitude within a ±0.05° deadband. Upon completing the Mh maneuver, the satellite begins a period of free drift with starting conditions coinciding with the optimal free-drift cycle initial conditions. Modeling of the sun, Earth, and moon effects on the satellite's motion allows for an arbitrary station longitude (and in particular for longitudes at or near an equilibrium point). A detailed simulation of the spacecraft's operating environment incorporating the maneuver strategy was used to verify the feasibility of the algorithm and to illustrate its robustness in the presence of measurement and execution errors.
Cortical lesions, central vein sign, and paramagnetic rim lesions in multiple sclerosis: emerging machine learning techniques and future avenues (2022)

The current multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnostic criteria lack specificity, and this may lead to misdiagnosis, which remains an issue in present-day clinical practice. In addition, conventional biomarkers only moderately correlate with MS disease progression. Recently, advanced MS lesional imaging biomarkers such as cortical lesions (CL), the central vein sign (CVS), and paramagnetic rim lesions (PRL), visible in specialized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences, have shown higher specificity in differential diagnosis. Moreover, studies have shown that CL and PRL are potential prognostic biomarkers, the former correlating with cognitive impairments and the latter with early disability progression. As machine learning-based methods have achieved extraordinary performance in the assessment of conventional imaging biomarkers, such as white matter lesion segmentation, several automated or semi-automated methods have been proposed for CL, CVS, and PRL as well. In the present review, we first introduce these advanced MS imaging biomarkers and their imaging methods. Subsequently, we describe the corresponding machine learning-based methods that were used to tackle these clinical questions, putting them into context with respect to the challenges they are still facing, including non-standardized MRI protocols, limited datasets, and moderate inter-rater variability. We conclude by presenting the current limitations that prevent their broader deployment and suggesting future research directions.
A Case for Temperature-Aware Scheduler for Millimeter-Wave Devices and Networks (2020)

Millimeter-wave is the core technology to enable multi-Gbps throughput and ultra-low latency wireless connectivity. But the devices need to operate at very high frequency and ultra-wide bandwidth; so, they consume more energy, dissipate more power, and subsequently heat up faster. Device overheating is a common concern of many users, and millimeter-wave (mmWave) would exacerbate the problem. In this work, we first study the thermal characterization of mmWave devices. Our measurements reveal that after only 10 s. of data transfer at 1.9 Gbps bit-rate, the mmWave antenna temperature reaches 68°C; it reduces the link throughput by 21%, increases the standard deviation of throughput by 6×, and takes 130 s. to dissipate the heat completely. Besides degrading the user experience, exposure to high device temperature also creates discomfort. Based on the measurement insights, we propose Aquilo, a temperature-aware multi-antenna scheduler; it maintains relatively high throughput performance, but cools down the devices substantially. Our testbed experiments in both static and mobile conditions show that Aquilo reaches a median peak temperature just 0.5 to 2°C above the optimal by sacrificing less than 10% of throughput.
Scanning monochromatic spatial low-coherence interferometer (2011)

A scanning spatial low-coherence interferometer (S-LCI), using an off-axis converging single wavelength laser beam as the probe, resembles a conventional or temporal low-coherence interferometer (T-LCI) in signal formation and data processing. However, the S-LCI is advantageous over a T-LCI with the combination of angle resolving and depth discrimination capabilities. The S-LCI is demonstrated by measuring the angle dependent phase shifts among the multiple reflections of a glass plate, with incident angles accurately scaled in the Fourier domain. The refractive index and geometric thickness of the glass plate are simultaneously produced in this one-step measurement.
2-Pyrazolyl-N<sup>6</sup>-Substituted Adenosine Derivatives as High Affinity and Selective Adenosine A<sub>3</sub>Receptor Agonists (2004)

We describe the synthesis of new high affinity and selective A(3)-adenosine receptor (A(3)-AdoR) agonists. Introduction of a methyl group at the N(6)-position of the A(2A)-AdoR selective 2-pyrazolyl-adenosine analogues (Figure 2) brought about a substantial increase in the A(3)-AdoR binding affinity and selectivity. While the N(6)-desmethyl analogues 3a and 4 were inactive at the A(3)-AdoR (K(i) > 10 microM), the corresponding N(6)-methyl analogues 5 and 22 showed good binding affinity at the A(3)-AdoR (K(i) = 73 and 97 nM, respectively). Replacement of the carboxamide group in 5 with different heteroaryl groups resulted in analogues with high affinities and selectivity for the A(3)-AdoR. (2R,3S,4R)-tetrahydro-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(6-(methylamino)-2-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-9H-purin-9-yl)furan-3,4-diol (15, K(i) = 2 nM) displayed high selectivity for the A(3)-AdoR versus A(1)- and A(2A)-AdoRs (selectivity ratios of 1900 and >2000, respectively).
FastPlace: efficient analytical placement using cell shifting, iterative local refinement,and a hybrid net model (2005)

In this paper, we present FastPlace-a fast, iterative, flat placement algorithm for large-scale standard cell designs. FastPlace is based on the quadratic placement approach. The quadratic approach formulates the wirelength minimization problem as a convex quadratic program that can be solved efficiently by some analytical techniques. However it suffers from some drawbacks. First, the resulting placement has a lot of overlap among cells. Second, the resulting total wirelength may be long as the quadratic wirelength objective is only an indirect measure of the linear wirelength. Third, existing net models tend to create a lot of nonzero entries in the connectivity matrix that slows down the quadratic program solver. To handle the above problems we propose: 1) an efficient cell shifting technique to remove cell overlap from the quadratic program solution and also accelerate the convergence of the solver. This technique produces a global placement with even cell distribution in a very short time; 2) an iterative local refinement technique to reduce the wirelength according to the half-perimeter measure; and 3) a hybrid net model that is a combination of the traditional clique and star models. This net model greatly reduces the number of nonzero entries in the connectivity matrix and results in a significant speedup of the solver. Experimental results show that FastPlace is on average 13.4/spl times/,102/spl times/, and 19.9/spl times/ faster than state-of-the art academic placers Capo, Dragon, and Gordian-Domino, respectively, on a set of IBM benchmarks.
Window-based HSDPA Transport Network Congestion Control (2010)

In the High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HS-DPA) Iub Transport Network (TN) which connects the Radio Network Controller (RNC) with base stations (Node Bs), congestion control is needed. This paper reviews existing congestion control solutions and describes a novel, non-standardized, cross-layer, window-based HSDPA Transport Network Congestion Control which uses the standardized congestion detection and signalling framework. This solution is based on the idea of extending the Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol with congestion control functionality. This idea originates from the interesting duality between the TCP and the RLC protocols. TCP was originally designed for wired networks, therefore many extensions have been proposed to make TCP to be efficiently used over wireless networks. RLC was originally designed exclusively for handling radio link failures and no RLC extensions have been proposed to make RLC to be efficiently used over congested wired links. This paper proposes such an RLC extension where the RLC transmission window size is used to control the bitrate of the flow. Simulation analysis of this window-based solution is performed and it is shown that the proposed method is a possible solution for and efficient Iub Transport Network congestion control.
Toward zero-emission data centers through direct reuse of thermal energy (2009)

We have tested hot water data center cooling by directly reusing the generated thermal energy in neighborhood heating systems. First, we introduce high-performance liquid cooling devices with minimal thermal resistance in order to cool a computer system board. This cooling is performed with water at a temperature as high as 60°C, thereby eliminating the chillers and their electrical power consumption, and enabling direct reuse of the heat. We collect 85% of the board heat using microscale liquid coolers for CPUs (central processing units), interfaces, and dc (direct current) converters. With our concept, data centers can be cooled in all climate zones throughout the year without a pre-cooled heat carrier. Second, we analyze how the supply of heat and financial payback from customers reduce the total cost of ownership. With 5,000 district heating systems satisfying 9.7% of the thermal demand of Europe, ample opportunities exist for data centers to become heat providers, thereby reducing the associated carbon dioxide emission. Finally, we show how our concept can be developed within 5 years into a zero-emission data center and that such investments are economically viable and ecologically beneficial given increasing energy prices. With such data centers, the IT (information technology) industry can assume a key role in greatly reducing carbon dioxide emissions and global warming by replacing energy-intensive processes with more efficient, digitally assisted processes.
Real-Time Panoptic Segmentation From Dense Detections (2020)

Panoptic segmentation is a complex full scene parsing task requiring simultaneous instance and semantic segmentation at high resolution. Current state-of-the-art approaches cannot run in real-time, and simplifying these architectures to improve efficiency severely degrades their accuracy. In this paper, we propose a new single-shot panoptic segmentation network that leverages dense detections and a global self-attention mechanism to operate in real-time with performance approaching the state of the art. We introduce a novel parameter-free mask construction method that substantially reduces computational complexity by efficiently reusing information from the object detection and semantic segmentation sub-tasks. The resulting network has a simple data flow that requires no feature map re-sampling, enabling significant hardware acceleration. Our experiments on the Cityscapes and COCO benchmarks show that our network works at 30 FPS on 1024x2048 resolution, trading a 3% relative performance degradation from the current state of the art for up to 440% faster inference.