gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding fast macroscale fracture from microcrack post mortem patterns (2011)

Dynamic crack propagation drives catastrophic solid failures. In many amorphous brittle materials, sufficiently fast crack growth involves small-scale, high-frequency microcracking damage localized near the crack tip. The ultrafast dynamics of microcrack nucleation, growth, and coalescence is inaccessible experimentally and fast crack propagation was therefore studied only as a macroscale average. Here, we overcome this limitation in polymethylmethacrylate, the archetype of brittle amorphous materials: We reconstruct the complete spatiotemporal microcracking dynamics, with micrometer/nanosecond resolution, through post mortem analysis of the fracture surfaces. We find that all individual microcracks propagate at the same low, load-independent velocity. Collectively, the main effect of microcracks is not to slow down fracture by increasing the energy required for crack propagation, as commonly believed, but on the contrary to boost the macroscale velocity through an acceleration factor selected on geometric grounds. Our results emphasize the key role of damage-related internal variables in the selection of macroscale fracture dynamics.
Evaluating instruction set extensions for fast arithmetic on binary finite fields (2004)

Binary finite fields GF(2/sup n/) are very commonly used in cryptography, particularly in public-key algorithms such as elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). On word-oriented programmable processors, field elements are generally represented as polynomials with coefficients from [0, 1]. Key arithmetic operations on these polynomials, such as squaring and multiplication, are not supported by integer-oriented processor architectures. Instead, these are implemented in software, causing a very large fraction of the cryptography execution time to be dominated by a few elementary operations. For example, more than 90% of the execution time of 163-bit ECC may be consumed by two simple field operations: squaring and multiplication. A few processor architectures have been proposed recently that include instructions for binary field arithmetic. However, these have only considered processors with small wordsizes and in-order, single-issue execution. The first contribution of this paper is to validate these new arithmetic instructions for processors with wider wordsizes and multiple-issue (e.g. superscalar) execution. We also consider the effects of varying the number of functional units and load/store pipes. We demonstrate that the combination of microarchitecture and new instructions provides speedups up to 22.4x for ECC point multiplication. Second, we show that if a bit-level reverse instruction is included in the instruction set, the size of the multiplier can be reduced by half without significant performance degradation. Third, we compare the benefits of superscalar execution with wordsize scaling. The latter has been used in recent processor architectures such as PLX and PAX as a new way to extract parallelism. We show that 2x wordsize scaling provides 70% better performance than 2-way superscalar execution. Finally, we suggest a low-cost method, which we call multi-word result execution, to realize some of the benefits of wordsize scaling in existing processors with fixed wordsizes.
Comparative Toxicity of Methyl Bromide Against Ten Nearctic Termite Species (Isoptera: Termopsidae, Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae) (1992)

The toxicity of methyl bromide at 27°C was assessed against pseudergates, nymphs, or alates of Zootennopsis angusticollis (Hagen), Tennopsidae; Neotennes castaneus (Bunneister), N. jouteli (Banks), incisitennes snyderi (Light), I. minor (Hagen), and Cryptotennes cavifrons Banks, Kalotennitidae; and Reticulitennes jlavipes (Kollar), R. Hesperus Banks, Prorhinotennes simplex (Hagen), and Coptotennes fonnosanus Shiraki, Rhinotennitidae. Estimates of lethal accumulated doses for 50 and 99% mortality ranged, respectively, from 11.4 and 16.5 for R. hesperus pseudergates to 45.9 and 75.0 mg·h/liter for C. cavifrons pseudergates and nymphs. Alates were more susceptible to methyl bromide than pseudergates or nymphs. These results suggest that current label rate recommendations for methyl bromide are considerably higher than required.
The Bone‐Anchored Hearing Aid in Children: A Surgical and Questionnaire Follow‐Up Study (2005)

BAHA is a good alternative in children despite limited thickness of the temporal bone.
Lateralized abnormality of high energy phosphate metabolism in the frontal lobes of patients with bipolar disorder detected by phase-encoded<sup>31</sup>P-MRS (1995)

High energy phosphate metabolites were measured using phase-encoded in vivo phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) in both the left and right frontal lobes of 25 patients with bipolar disorder. Eleven patients were examined in the depressive state, 12 in the manic state, and 21 in the euthymic state. Twenty-one age-matched normal volunteers were also examined. The phosphocreatine (PCr) peak area percentage in the left frontal lobe in the patients in the depressive state was decreased compared with that in the normal controls. It was significantly negatively correlated with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score evaluated at the time of 31P-MRS examination. The PCr peak area percentage in the right frontal lobe in the patients in the manic and the euthymic states was decreased compared with that in the controls. These results are compatible with previous reports describing reduction of glucose metabolism in the left frontal lobe in depressive patients with bipolar disorder and trait-dependent right hemisphere dysfunction in bipolar disorder.
Mass Flow Sensor Using Dual SAW Device (2007)

The application of SAW devices to a thermometric mass flow rate meter with a reference channel for temperature compensation is presented. The sensor is composed of a delay line device with two channels, namely a reference channel that does not come in contact with the fluid and a sensing channel that makes contact with the fluid. The mass flow rate of gases can be obtained by measuring the temperature change of the device caused by drawing heat from the surface with constant temperature due to the fluid. The results obtained from flow rate measurements of several gases demonstrate that the proposed device is effective as a flow rate meter. Moreover, it is also shown that the response characteristics to mass flow rate changes and the response stability for fluids were improved by taking the phase difference between the signals of the reference channel and the sensing channel as the gas flow rate.
Smad3 phosphoisoform-mediated signaling during sporadic human colorectal carcinogenesis. (2006)

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling occurring during human colorectal carcinogenesis involves a shift in TGF-beta function, reducing the cytokine's antiproliferative effect, while increasing actions that promote invasion and metastasis. TGF-beta signaling involves phosphorylation of Smad3 at serine residues 208 and 213 in the linker region and serine residues 423 and 425 in the C-terminal region. Exogenous TGF-beta activates not only TGF-beta type I receptor (TbetaRI) but also c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), changing unphosphorylated Smad3 to its phosphoisoforms: C-terminally phosphorylated Smad3 (pSmad3C) and linker phosphorylated Smad3 (pSmad3L). Either pSmad3C or pSmad3L oligomerizes with Smad4, and translocates into nuclei. While the TbetaRI/pSmad3C pathway inhibits growth of normal epithelial cells in vivo, JNK/pSmad3L-mediated signaling promotes tumor cell invasion and extracellular matrix synthesis by activated mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, hepatocyte growth factor signaling interacts with TGF-beta to activate the JNK/pSmad3L pathway, accelerating nuclear transport of cytoplasmic pSmad3L. This reduces accessibility of unphosphorylated Smad3 to membrane-anchored TbetaRI, preventing Smad3C phosphorylation, pSmad3C-mediated transcription, and antiproliferative effects of TGF-beta on epithelial cells. As neoplasia progresses from normal colorectal epithelium through adenoma to invasive adenocarcinoma with distant metastasis, nuclear pSmad3L gradually increases while pSmad3C decreases. The shift from TbetaRI/pSmad3C-mediated to JNK/pSmad3L-mediated signaling is a major mechanism orchestrating a complex transition of TGF-beta signaling during sporadic human colorectal carcinogenesis. This review summarizes the recent understanding of Smad3 phosphoisoform-mediated signaling, particularly 'cross-talk' between Smad3 and JNK pathways that cooperatively promote oncogenic activities. Understanding of these actions should help to develop more effective therapy against human colorectal cancer, involving inhibition of JNK/pSmad3L pathway.
55nm CMOS Technology for Low Standby Power/Generic Applications Deploying the Combination of Gate Work Function Control by HfSiON and Stress-Induced Mobility Enhancement (2006)

A 55nm node low standby power/generic CMOS technology is demonstrated. The transistor deploys the combination of high-k gate dielectric film and process-induced stress technologies. It features high drive currents with low leakage, wide coverage of transistor performance and process simplicity. I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> of 525/295 μA/μm at I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> of 20 μA/μm and I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> of 780/400 μA/μm at I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> of 3 nA/μm with supply voltage of 1.2 V have been achieved. A leading-edge ArF immersion lithography has been utilized for fine-pitch design rules such as L/S of 160 nm for metal 1 layer. A 0.432 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> SRAM cell shows a sufficient SNM of 130 mV at supply voltage of 0.8 V
Fending off decay: A combinatorial approach in intact cells for identifying mRNA stability elements (2001)

The strategy of systematic evolution, whereby nucleic acid sequences or conformers can be selected and amplified from a randomized population, has been exploited by many research groups for numerous purposes. It is, however, a technique largely performed in vitro, under nonphysiological conditions. We have now modified this in vitro approach to accomplish selection in growing cells. Here, we report that this new methodology has been used in vivo to select RNA elements that confer increased transcript stability. A randomized cassette was embedded in a 3'-untranslated region (UTR), downstream from the luciferase reporter open reading frame. A heterogeneous population of capped luciferase mRNA was then generated by in vitro transcription. Human liver Hep G2 cells were electroporated with this population of luciferase mRNA and total cytoplasmic RNA was isolated after varying lengths of incubation. Following RT-PCR, the 3' UTR was used to reconstruct a new population of luciferase templates, permitting subsequent cycles of in vitro transcription, electroporation, RNA isolation, and RT-PCR. Increasing the incubation time at each cycle before RNA isolation imposed selection for stable transcripts. The functional half-life of the luciferase mRNA population increased from 55 to 140 min after four cycles. Subsequent sequencing of the selected 3' UTRs revealed G-U rich elements in clones with extended chemical and functional half-lives.
A COLLABORATIVE FILTERING APPROACH TO PERSONALIZED INTERACTIVE ENTERTAINMENT USING MPEG-21 (2007)

In this paper we present an integrated framework for personalized access to interactive entertainment content, using characteristics from the emerging MPEG-21 standard.Our research efforts focus on multimedia content presented within the framework set by today's movie content broadcasting over a variety of networks and terminals.This work contributes to the bridging of the gap between the content and the user, providing end-users with a wide range of real-time interactive services, ranging from plain personalized statistics and optional enhanced in-play visual enhancements to a fully user-and contentadaptive platform.The proposed approach implements and extends a well-known collaborative filtering approach; it applies a hierarchical clustering algorithm on the data towards the scope of group modelling implementation.It illustrates also the benefits from the MPEG-21 components utilization in the process and analyzes the importance of the Digital Item concept.Finally, a use case scenario is presented to illustrate the entire procedure.The core of this work is the novel group modelling approach, on top of the hybrid collaborative filtering algorithm, employing principles of taxonomic knowledge representation and hierarchical clustering theory.The outcome of this framework design is that end-users enhance their personalized viewing experience.
An 8K4K-resolution 60fps 450ke<sup>−</sup>-saturation-signal organic-photoconductive-film global-shutter CMOS image sensor with in-pixel noise canceller (2018)

There is a growing demand for high-resolution and high-reality cameras for use in broadcasting, surveillance, and various other systems. Conventional papers report on research and development of 8K ultra-high-definition television (UHDTV) systems, 8K full-resolution cameras [1], and 8K 240fps cameras that employ stacked sensors [2]. In these camera systems, a rolling-shutter method is used for scanning, since a global-shutter method has an area tradeoff between the photoelectric conversion region and the charge storage region [3-5]. However, this leads to a shutter distortion problem during the high-speed imaging and synchronization of multi-viewpoint imaging. To overcome this problem, a CMOS image sensor is developed that has an 8K4k resolution, a 60fps frame rate, and a 450ke <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> saturation signal, with an organic photoconductive film (OPF) laminated on the pixel circuits. Even with small (e.g., 3μσι) pixels, a global shutter can be realized without degradation of the saturation signal [6]. However, there still remains a requirement to achieve 8K4K resolution at 60fps readout speed. There are three potential strategies to achieve this: 1) high-speed cancellation of reset noise in single storage-type global shutter pixels, 2) high-speed readout with a long vertical signal line, and 3) high-saturation in global-shutter mode. For 1), in the conventional case, a feedback amplifier (FBAMP) is allocated to each column to affect noise cancellation, but there is a long noise suppression time due to the large time constant of the vertical signal line. An in-pixel noise canceller is developed to shorten the noise suppression time even when the length of the vertical signal line becomes four times longer than with a Full High Definition (FHD) sensor. Moreover, to utilize the advantages of the OPF image sensor's stacked structure, high-capacitance Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) capacitors are allocated in the metal interconnect area. For 2), since the photoelectric conversion film is present at the upper layer, the photoelectric conversion characteristics are not affected, even if the number of vertical signal lines is increased. Therefore, two pairs of quadruple vertical signal lines are used for each vertical 8 pixels, and 16 sample-and-hold (S/H) capacitors are provided in each column. For 3), a high saturation circuit is developed without increasing the pixel size.
Pour une anthropologie des formes contemporaines du christianisme africain (1995)

Mary André. Pour une anthropologie des formes contemporaines du christianisme africain. In: Journal des anthropologues, n°63, Hiver 1995-1996. Enjeux du religieux. pp. 21-36.
<title>New type of imaging x-ray detector using a capillary plate</title> (1997)

We constructed an optical imaging x-ray detector with a capillary gas proportional counter (CGPC), a focusing mirror system, and an image intensified CCD camera. The CGPC consists of an absorption region for x-rays, which also operates as a drift region of electron clouds, and a gas proportional scintillation region in a capillary plate. With a gas mixture of Xe plus 2% CH<SUB>4</SUB> at 1 atm and a gas gain 8000, the light output from the CGPC is several tens thousand times larger than that of a typical NaI(Tl) scintillator and it is enough to image electron clouds due to a few tens keV x rays. To investigate the imaging ability, images for tracks due to (alpha) particles (<SUP>241</SUP>Am) of 5.5 MeV were taken in the gas mixture of Xe plus CH<SUB>4</SUB>, for the several reduced fields in the drift region. We confirmed that the images were most clearly observed at around the reduced fields of 40 V/cm(DOT)atm.
High-T<sub>c</sub> Superconductivity of La-Ba-Cu Oxides. II. –Specification of the Superconducting Phase (1987)

Occurrence of high- T c superconductivity with T c near 30 K is observed for the single phase of (La·Ba) 2 CuO 4- y by both magnetic susceptibility and resistivity measurements. This indicates that high- T c superconductivity in La-Ba-Cu oxide is realized in the K 2 NiF 4 -type structure, (La·Ba) 2 CuO 4- y .
Evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification method (LAMP) for pathogenic <i>Leptospira</i> spp. detection with leptospires isolation and real-time PCR (2016)

Leptospirosis has been one of the worldwide zoonotic diseases caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. Many molecular techniques have consecutively been developed to detect such pathogen including loop-mediated isothermal amplification method (LAMP). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of LAMP assay and real-time PCR using bacterial culture as the gold standard and to assess the agreement among these three tests using Cohen's kappa statistics. In total, 533 urine samples were collected from 266 beef and 267 dairy cattle reared in central region of Thailand. Sensitivity and specificity of LAMP were 96.8% (95% CI 81.5-99.8) and 97.0% (95% CI 94.9-98.2), respectively. The accuracy of LAMP (97.0%) was significantly higher than that of real-time PCR (91.9%) at 95% CI. With Cohen's kappa statistics, culture method and LAMP were substantially agreed with each other (77.4%), whereas real-time PCR only moderately agreed with culture (47.7%) and LAMP (45.3%), respectively. Consequently, LAMP was more effective than real-time PCR in detecting Leptospira spp. in the urine of cattle. Besides, LAMP had less cost and was simpler than real-time PCR. Thus, LAMP was an excellent alternative for routine surveillance of leptospirosis in cattle.
Windup and central sensitization are not equivalent (1996)

Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WCIE 6BT, (UK) (Received 9 October 1995, accepted 14 February 1996)
The nature of the N-galaxy 3C 120. (1988)

Presentation de donnees photometriques et spectroscopiques de la galaxie a raies d'emission 3C 120. La nature stellaire de la nebulosite entourant le noyau est confirmee et la presence d'un disque est mise en evidence. Cette galaxie peut etre representee par un quasar de luminosite faible au centre d'une galaxie spirale de premier type. Elle est le siege d'une activite de formation stellaire generalisee et pourrait etre l'etat final d'un systeme en coalescence
Preparation and superconducting properties of Lithium Titanate (1977)

Several methods to prepare superconducting lithium titanate are described. Material characterization has been performed by optical metallography and powder x-ray diffraction technique. The critical temperature, T <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</inf> and critical current density, J <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</inf> , (as a function of the applied field H up to 7.0 T) have been measured. In our specimens T <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</inf> ≈ 11.4 K, H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c2</inf> (4.2 K) > 7.0 T and J <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</inf> < 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sup> Am <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> . Possible methods to increase J <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</inf> in this material are discussed.
Measurement of power loss during electric vehicle charging and discharging (2017)

When charging or discharging electric vehicles, power losses occur in the vehicle and the building systems supplying the vehicle. A new use case for electric vehicles, grid services, has recently begun commercial operation. Vehicles capable of such application, called Grid-Integrated Vehicles, may have use cases with charging and discharging summing up to much more energy transfer than the charging only use case, so measuring and reducing electrical losses is even more important. In this study, the authors experimentally measure and analyze the power losses of a Grid-Integrated Vehicle system, via detailed measurement of the building circuits, power feed components, and of sample electric vehicle components. Under the conditions studied, measured total one-way losses vary from 12% to 36%, so understanding loss factors is important to efficient design and use. Predominant losses occur in the power electronics used for AC-DC conversion. The electronics efficiency is lowest at low power transfer and low state-of-charge, and is lower during discharging than charging. Based on these findings, two engineering design approaches are proposed. First, optimal sizing of charging stations is analyzed. Second, a dispatch algorithm for grid services operating at highest efficiency is developed, showing 7.0% to 9.7% less losses than the simple equal dispatch algorithm.