gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An introduction to R : notes on R: a programming environment for data analysis and graphics, version 1.4.1 (2002)

1. Preface 2. Introduction and preliminaries 3. Simple manipulations numbers and vectors 4. Objects 5. Factors 6. Arrays and matrices 7. Lists and data frames 8. Reading data from files 9. Probability distributions 10. Loops and conditional execution 11. Writing your own functions 12. Statistical models in R 13. Graphics 14. A sample session 15. Invoking R 16. The command line editor 17. Function and variable index 18. Concept index 19. References
MHP Oriented Interactive Augmented Reality System for Sports Broadcasting Environments (2024)

Television and movie images have been altered ever since it was technically possible. Nowadays embedding advertisements, or incorporating text and graphics in TV scenes, are common practice, but they can not be considered as integrated part of the scene. The introduction of new services for interactive augmented television is discussed in this paper. We analyse the main aspects related with the whole chain of augmented reality production. Interactivity is one of the most important added values of the digital television: This paper aims to break the model where all TV viewers receive the same final image. Thus, we introduce and discuss the new concept of interactive augmented television, i. e. real time composition of video and computer graphics - e.g. a real scene and freely selectable images or spatial rendered objects - edited and customized by the end user within the context of the user's set top box and TV receiver.
Vascular invasion routes and systemic accumulation patterns of tobacco mosaic virus in <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i> (2000)

Plant viruses must enter the host vascular system in order to invade the young growing parts of the plant rapidly. Functional entry sites into the leaf vascular system for rapid systemic infection have not been determined for any plant/virus system. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) entry into minor, major and transport veins from non-vascular cells of Nicotiana benthamiana in source tissue and its exit from veins in sink tissue was studied using a modified virus expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Using a surgical procedure that isolated specific leaf and stem tissues from complicating vascular tissues, we determined that TMV could enter minor, major or transport veins directly from non-vascular cells to produce a systemic infection. TMV first accumulated in abaxial or external phloem-associated cells in major veins and petioles of the inoculated leaf and stems below the inoculated leaf. It also initially accumulated exclusively in internal or adaxial phloem-associated cells in stems above the inoculated leaf and petioles or major veins of sink leaves. This work shows the functional equivalence of vein classes in source leaves for entry of TMV, and the lack of equivalence of vein classes in sink leaves for exit of TMV. Thus, the specialization of major veins for transport rather than loading of photoassimilates in source tissue does not preclude virus entry. During transport, the virus initially accumulates in specific vascular-associated cells, indicating that virus accumulation in this tissue is highly regulated. These findings have important implications for studies on the identification of symplasmic domains and host macromolecule vascular transport.
Revisiting Linear Discriminant Techniques in Gender Recognition (2010)

Emerging applications of computer vision and pattern recognition in mobile devices and networked computing require the development of resource-limited algorithms. Linear classification techniques have an important role to play in this context, given their simplicity and low computational requirements. The paper reviews the state-of-the-art in gender classification, giving special attention to linear techniques and their relations. It discusses why linear techniques are not achieving competitive results and shows how to obtain state-of-the-art performances. Our work confirms previous results reporting very close classification accuracies for Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and boosting algorithms on single-database experiments. We have proven that Linear Discriminant Analysis on a linearly selected set of features also achieves similar accuracies. We perform cross-database experiments and prove that single database experiments were optimistically biased. If enough training data and computational resources are available, SVM's gender classifiers are superior to the rest. When computational resources are scarce but there is enough data, boosting or linear approaches are adequate. Finally, if training data and computational resources are very scarce, then the linear approach is the best choice.
Small molecule DNA and RNA binders : from synthesis to nucleic acid complexes (2003)

VOLUME 1. Preface. Contributors. 1. Forty Years On (Michael J. Waring and L. P. G. Wakelin). 2. Targeting HIV RNA with Small Molecules (Nathan W. Luedtke and Yitzhak Tor). 3. RNA Targeting by Bleomycin (Sidney M. Hecht). 4. Inhibitors of the Tat TAR Interactions (Chimmanamada U. Dinesh and Tariq M. Rana). 5. DNA and RNA Recognition and Modification by Gly Gly His Derived Metallopeptides (Eric C. Long and Craig A. Claussen). 6. Salen Metal Complexes (S. E. Rokita and C. J. Burrows). 7. Charge Transport in DNA (Tashica T. Williams and Jacqueline K. Barton). 8. DNA Interactions of Novel Platinum Anticancer Drugs (Viktor Brabec and Jana Kasparkova). 9. Electrochemical Detection of DNA with Small Molecules (Shigeori Takenaka). 10. Design and Studies of Abasic Site Targeting Drugs: New Strategies for Cancer Chemotherapy (Jean Francois Constant and Martine Demeunynck). 11. Interactions of Macrocyclic Compounds with Nucleic Acids (Marie Paule Teulade Fichou and Jean Pierre Vigneron). 12. Triplex versus Quadruplex specific Ligands and Telomerase Inhibition ( Patrizia Alberti, et al.) VOLUME 2. 13. Design and Analysis of G4 Recognition Compounds (Shozeb Haider, et al.). 14. Triple Helix specific Ligands (Keith R. Fox and Richard A. J. Dardy). 15. Polyamide Dimer Stacking in the DNA Minor Groove and Recognition of T*G Mismatched Base Pairs in DNA (Eilyn R. Lacy, et al.). 16. Dicationic DNA Minor Groove Binders as Antimicrobial Agents (Richard R. Tidwell and David W. Boykin). 17. Energetics of Anthracycline DNA Interactions (Jonathan B. Chaires). 18. Acridine 4 carboxamides and the Concept of Minimal DNA Intercalators (William A. Denny). 19. DNA Topoisomerase targeted Drugs (M. Palumbo, et al.). 20. Targeting DNA and Topoisomerase 1 with Indolocarbazole Antitumor Agents (Christian Bailly). 21. Defining the Molecular Interactions that are Important for the Poisoning of Human Topoisomerase 1 by Benzimidazoles and Terbenzimidazoles (Daniel S. Pilch, et al.). 22. Binding and Reaction of Calicheamicin and Other Enediyne Antibiotics with DNA (Joseph P. Cosgrove and Peter C. Dedon). 23. Devising a Structural Basis for the Potent Cytotoxic Effects of Ecteinascidin 743 (Federico Gago and Laurence H. Hurley). 24. The Azinomycins Discovery, Synthesis, and DNA binding Studies (Maxwell Casely Hayford and Mark Searcey). 25. The Generation and DNA Interaction of PBD and CBI Libraries (Alison Hardy, et al.). Index.
DeepSOCIAL: Social Distancing Monitoring and Infection Risk Assessment in COVID-19 Pandemic (2020)

Social distancing is a recommended solution by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to minimise the spread of COVID-19 in public places. The majority of governments and national health authorities have set the 2-m physical distancing as a mandatory safety measure in shopping centres, schools and other covered areas. In this research, we develop a hybrid Computer Vision and YOLOv4-based Deep Neural Network (DNN) model for automated people detection in the crowd in indoor and outdoor environments using common CCTV security cameras. The proposed DNN model in combination with an adapted inverse perspective mapping (IPM) technique and SORT tracking algorithm leads to a robust people detection and social distancing monitoring. The model has been trained against two most comprehensive datasets by the time of the research—the Microsoft Common Objects in Context (MS COCO) and Google Open Image datasets. The system has been evaluated against the Oxford Town Centre dataset (including 150,000 instances of people detection) with superior performance compared to three state-of-the-art methods. The evaluation has been conducted in challenging conditions, including occlusion, partial visibility, and under lighting variations with the mean average precision of 99.8% and the real-time speed of 24.1 fps. We also provide an online infection risk assessment scheme by statistical analysis of the spatio-temporal data from people’s moving trajectories and the rate of social distancing violations. We identify high-risk zones with the highest possibility of virus spread and infection. This may help authorities to redesign the layout of a public place or to take precaution actions to mitigate high-risk zones. The developed model is a generic and accurate people detection and tracking solution that can be applied in many other fields such as autonomous vehicles, human action recognition, anomaly detection, sports, crowd analysis, or any other research areas where the human detection is in the centre of attention.
Understanding user experience in stereoscopic 3D games (2012)

Recent advances in digital game technology are making stereoscopic games more popular. Stereoscopic 3D graphics promise a better gaming experience but this potential has not yet been proven empirically. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study that evaluates player experience of three stereoscopic games in comparison with their monoscopic counterparts. We examined 60 participants, each playing one of the three games, using three self-reporting questionnaires and one psychophysiological instrument. Our main results are (1) stereoscopy in games increased experienced immersion, spatial presence, and simulator sickness; (2) the effects strongly differed across the three games and for both genders, indicating more affect on male users and with games involving depth animations; (3) results related to attention and cognitive involvement indicate more direct and less thoughtful interactions with stereoscopic games, pointing towards a more natural experience through stereoscopy.
Improved accuracy of quantitative XPS analysis using predetermined spectrometer transmission functions with UNIFIT 2004 (2005)

Abstract The accuracy of quantitative XPS analysis can be improved using predetermined transmission functions. Two different calibration methods are used for estimating the transmission function T ( E ) of a photoelectron spectrometer, applying a survey spectra approach (SSA) and a quantified peak‐area approach (QPA) to minimize the quantification error. For the SSA method, Au, Ag and Cu spectra measured with the Metrology Spectrometer II have been used. The new QPA method was built up from Au 4f, Au 4d, Au 4p 3/2 , Ag 3d, Ag 3p 3/2 , Cu 3p, Cu 2p 3/2 , Ge 3p and Ge 2p 3/2 standard peak areas, applying adequate ionization cross‐sections and mean free path lengths for different pass energies (10 and 50 eV), lens modes (large area, large area XL, small area 150) and x‐ray sources (Al/Mg Twin and Al Mono). In the energy range 200–1500 eV a transmission function T ( E ) = a 0 + b 1 E (where a 0 , b 1 and b 2 are variable parameters) was found to give an appropriate approximation for eight tested spectrometer settings, implementing the largest changes in the case of pass energy variations. Determination and application of the transmission functions were integrated in the XPS analysis software (UNIFIT 2004) and tested by means of an Ni90Cr10 alloy. The results demonstrate the practicability of the SSA and QPA methods, giving decreased errors of <8% in comparison with errors up to 38% obtained using Wagner's sensitivity factors. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non-suture methods of vascular anastomosis (2003)

The non-suture techniques can be categorized into five groups based on the materials used: rings, clips, adhesives, stents and laser welding. With all these techniques a faster and less traumatic anastomosis can be made compared with sutures. However, each device is associated with technique-related complications. As a consequence, suturing continues to be the standard approach. The disadvantages of the non-suture techniques include: rigidity and a non-compliant anastomosis with rings; toxicity, leakage and aneurysm formation with adhesives; early occlusion with stents; cost, reduced strength in larger-sized vessels and demand for surgical skills with laser welding. Further refinement is needed before widespread adoption of these techniques can occur. Clips, however, may be particularly promising but long-term evaluation is required.
Rhodopsin Forms a Dimer with Cytoplasmic Helix 8 Contacts in Native Membranes (2012)

G protein-coupled receptors form dimers and higher-order oligomers in membranes, but the precise mode of receptor-receptor interaction remains unknown. To probe the intradimeric proximity of helix 8 (H8), we conducted chemical cross-linking of endogenous cysteines in rhodopsin in disk membranes. We identified a Cys316-Cys316 cross-link using partial proteolysis and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. These results show that a symmetric dimer interface mediated by H1 and H8 contacts is present in native membranes.
Isolation, characterization, and DNA sequence of the rat somatostatin gene. (1984)

The gene encoding rat somatostatin has been isolated from a lambda phage gene library. Phage harboring the gene were identified by plaque hybridization using a nick-translated fragment derived from the cDNA for rat somatostatin. The transcriptional unit includes exons of 238 and 367 base pairs (bp) separated by one intron of 621 bp. The intron is located between the codons for Gln (-57) and Glu (-56) of prosomatostatin. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence 5' to the start of transcription reveals a number of sequences which may be involved in the expression of somatostatin. A variant of the "TATA" box, TTTAAA, lies 26 bp upstream from the start of transcription, and a sequence homologous to the "CAAT" box (GGCTAAT) is 92 bp upstream from the transcription start. A long alternating purine-pyrimidine stretch, (GT)25, which is similar to Z DNA-forming sequences in other genes, lies 628 bp 5' to the transcription start and is flanked by small repeats. Hybridization analysis shows that this region is highly repeated in the genome and that homologous sequences are located approximately 2 kilobase pairs downstream from the poly(A) addition site. Southern hybridization of the lambda clone with probes derived from brain or liver poly(A+) RNA demonstrates that another transcribed sequence lies about 7 kilobase pairs downstream from the poly(A) addition site of the rat somatostatin gene. Analysis of rat DNA suggests that there may be restriction-site polymorphisms in or near the gene or that additional somatostatin-hybridizing sequences may exist in the genome.
Enabling Efficient Slab-based Allocator on Fast NVMe SSD (2022)

The storage community has been struggling to exploit modern fast NVMe SSD in the storage software stack. This paper presents a new storage software layer, called SNallo, to efficiently support the upper software stack, i.e., file systems or KV stores. The key idea of the software layer is to introduce traditional DRAM allocators into block-addressable NVMe SSD with the key observation that modern fast NVMe SSD performs nearly as a random access device. However, SSD and DRAM are naturally different in terms of I/O granularity and persistent requirement. SNallo proposes an optimized layout algorithm considering fragmentation and I/O granularity, a two-phase write to achieve fast persistence, a fast address map-ping strategy between memory and block address, and light-weight defragmentation to further reduce fragmentation. To deliver efficient I/Os, SNallo uses SPDK to enable asynchronous per-core I/O processing. We build a KV store on SNallo and the evaluation result of YCSB benchmark shows that the new KV(key-value) store significantly outperforms all baselines in terms of space utilization, throughput, and latency.
Genetic diversity, sensitivity to phenylamide fungicides and aggressiveness of <i>Phytophthora ramorum</i> on <i>Camellia</i> , <i>Rhododendron</i> and <i>Viburnum</i> plants in Spain (2011)

Phytophthora ramorum has been detected in official plant health surveys on Rhododendron , Viburnum and Camellia in ornamental nurseries in northern Spain since 2003. A collection of 94 isolates of P. ramorum was obtained from 2003 to 2008 from plants with symptoms at different geographical locations. Isolates were identified based on morphology and sequence of the rDNA ITS region. Mating type, genetic variation, sensitivity to phenylamide fungicides and aggressiveness of these isolates were determined. All isolates belonged to the A1 mating type, ruling out the possibility of genetic recombination. Seven microsatellite markers were used to study genetic diversity; three out of the seven microsatellite markers were polymorphic within the Spanish population of P. ramorum . This study confirms that all Spanish isolates of P. ramorum belonged to the EU1 lineage. Twelve intralineage genotypes were detected, five that are unique to Spain (EU1MG38, EU1MG41, EU1MG37, EU1MG39 and EU1MG40) and seven that are also present in at least one other European country (EU1MG1, EU1MG29, EU1MG22, EU1MG13, EU1MG2, EU1MG18 and EU1MG26). Genotypes EU1MG37, EU1MG39 and EU1MG40 were isolated from Rhododendron from one region; EU1MG38 and EU1MG41 were isolated from Camellia from two different regions. Isolates of genotype EU1MG38 were resistant to metalaxyl and mefenoxam. The level of genetic diversity within the Spanish population of P. ramorum is limited and indicates a relatively recent clonal expansion.
Boron and Selenium Removal in Boron‐Laden Soils by Four Sprinkler Irrigated Plant Species (1993)

Abstract High concentrations of B and Se found in some arid environments are detrimental to sustainable agriculture. Vegetation management may be a remediation strategy designed to reduce soil B and Se concentrations to nontoxic levels. Two separate field experiments were conducted to study B and Se uptake in four different plant species grown in soil containing high concentrations of B (water‐extractable B ranging from 1–10 mg kg −1 soil) and Se (total soil Se ranging from 0.1–1.2 mg kg −1 soil). The four species were Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss (Indian mustard), Festuca arundinacea Schreb cv. Fawn (tall fescue), Lotus corniculatus L. (birdsfoot trefoil), and Hibiscus cannibinus L. (kenaf). In the 1990 experiment, there were no differences in either tissue B or Se concentrations among the species. The mean tissue concentration was 105 mg B kg −1 dry matter (DM) and 0.75 mg Se kg −1 DM, respectively. In the 1991 experiment, mean shoot tissue concentrations of B ranged from a low of 96 mg kg −1 DM in tall fescue to a high of 684 mg B kg −1 DM in leaves from kenaf. Indian mustard accumulated the greatest amount of Se (>1 mg Se kg −1 DM), while the mean tissue concentration among the other three species was 0.36 mg Se kg −1 DM. For both experiments, soil samples were taken prior to planting and after harvest for each species to a depth of 0 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm, and analyzed for water‐extractable B and total Se. Summary data from all species indicated that extractable soil B and total Se concentrations were reduced between 0‐ to 60‐cm soil depth by 52 and 48% in 1990, and by 24 and 13% in 1991, respectively. Planting any of the four species tested in B‐laden soils may lead to a reduction in both B and Se concentrations in the soil.
A pre‐existing protease is a common effector of thymocyte apoptosis mediated by diverse stimuli (1995)

Data from a number of model systems support a role for proteolysis in apoptotic cell death. Using immature rat thymocytes, we demonstrate that the inhibitors N-tosyl-L-lysyl chloromethylketone (TLCK) and N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethylketone (TPCK) have very different effects on apoptosis. TLCK inhibits apoptosis induced by diverse stimuli at an early stage prior to both DNA fragmentation and cytoplasmic changes. We show that the TLCK-sensitive target is pre-existing and not synthesized in response to apoptotic stimuli. The contrasting effects of TLCK and TPCK support the hypothesis that the TLCK target is a trypsin-like protease which is a common effector of thymocyte apoptosis.
Self‐Assembly of Poly(Amino Acid)s Mediated by Secondary Conformations (2023)

Abstract Self‐assembly of block copolymers has recently drawn great attention due to its remarkable performance and wide variety of applications in biomedicine, biomaterials, microelectronics, photoelectric materials, catalysts, etc. Poly(amino acid)s (PAAs), formed by introducing synthetic amino acids into copolymer backbones, are able to fold into different secondary conformations when compared with traditional amphiphilic copolymers. Apart from changing the chemical composition and degree of polymerization of copolymers, the self‐assembly behaviors of PAAs could be controlled by their secondary conformations, which are more flexible and adjustable for fine structure tailoring. In this article, we summarize the latest findings on the variables that influence secondary conformations, in particular the regulation of order‐to‐order conformational changes and the approaches used to manage the self‐assembly behaviors of PAAs. These strategies include controlling pH, redox reactions, coordination, light, temperature, and so on. Hopefully, we can provide valuable perspectives that will be useful for the future development and use of synthetic PAAs.
Solvent‐ and Achiral‐Guest‐Triggered Chiral Inversion in a Planar Chiral <i>pseudo</i>[1]Catenane (2013)

On the flipside: A planar chiral pseudo- [1]catenane based on pillar[5]arene, in which an alkyl chain is connected to one pillar[5]arene unit, has been synthesized. Capture and release of achiral guests and solvents trigger the inclusion and de-threading of the alkyl chain, which causes the inversion of planar chirality.
Simultaneous baseband and radio over fiber signal transmission over a 5 km MMF link (2008)

We have successfully demonstrated the simultaneous transmission of high-frequency subcarrier multiplexed CATV channels and 2.5 Gb/s error- free digital through a 5 km 62.5-mum core-diameter graded-index multimode silica fiber link. Successful transmission is achieved by a combination of a low-linewidth DFB laser and singlemode fiber central launching.
An overview of intermetallics research and application: Status of thermal spray coatings (2013)

The aim of this review is to update and to offer an overview of the investigations that have more recently been made on intermetallics, to highlight their importance for several applications in many areas and to examine topics for future research. The main subject is the application of intermetallics as thermal spray coatings. This will allow balancing the discussion of whether they are promising as a surface medium for materials that work at high temperatures. The general intermetallics classification includes iron, nickel, and titanium aluminides, as well as transition metal silicides. As nickel aluminides have been important in issues related to bonding coats, their research trajectory has been revised. Moreover, as the Fe-Al system has also been studied in terms of thermal spray processing, its good characteristics have also been assessed. The third intermetallic this article focuses on is NiTi, which appears not to be included in general classifications of intermetallic compounds, but it deserves to be mentioned mainly due to its shape memory effect and biocompatibility properties.