gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Algorithm of Automated Ground Truth Generation and Validation for Lane Detection System by $\text{M}^{2}\text{BMT}$ (2016)

Automotive imaging is a recent trend in research to assist drivers and is finally moving forward to achieve the goal of designing a driverless car. Along with a state-of-the-art algorithm, a state-of-the-art validation framework is also a requirement to ensure the quality of the system. This paper proposes an enhancement of the ground truth determination for automated lane detection system. The approach of time slicing has been built up on the binary framework. However, the classical binarization algorithms are not found to be good enough to address the particular domain of lane detection in an unconstrained environment and varied scenarios of lane structures, including curvy and dashed lane marks. This paper proposes a novel binarization algorithm based on min-between-max thresholding (MBMT). The adaptive binarization addresses the issue of outlier rejection in an efficient way and handles the effect of shadow, illumination variation, and other factors in time-sliced images in an automated manner. Additionally, this paper identifies the limitation of the classical time-slice-based approach even with time MBMT for ground truth determination and addresses the same through the second level of adaptation by spatial MBMT. Finally, a complete mathematical model is presented to validate any arbitrary lane detection algorithm with respect to the ground truth determined through the said method of hybrid or modified MBMT or <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{M}^{2}\text{BMT}$</tex-math></inline-formula> .
Discodermolide/Dictyostatin Hybrids:  Synthesis and Biological Evaluation (2002)

[structure: see text] Two hybrid analogues of discodermolide and dictyostatin (3, 26) have been designed and synthesized. These are the first macrocyclic analogues of discodermolide and biological activities were evaluated and compared with linear discodermolide analogues.
Effect of Quaternary Phosphonium Salts in Organic Electrolyte for Lithium Secondary Batteries (2011)

Additive behaviors of several bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide-based phosphonium salts in an organic electrolyte used for lithium secondary batteries are reported. Electrolytic properties of a lithium hexafluorophosphatebased organic electrolyte mixed with the phosphonium salts were examined. It was found that the mixed electrolytes containing the phosphonium salts showed lower conductivities and higher viscosities than the organic electrolyte. However, in the case of the mixed phosphonium electrolytes based on asymmetrical cations, the charge-discharge cyclabilities of the lithium battery cells were superior to that of the cell containing the organic electrolyte. Furthermore, the thermal stability of LiCoO2 cathodes charged in the mixed phosphonium electrolytes was considerably improved. These results suggest that the phosphonium salts are regarded as effective electrolyte additives for lithium secondary batteries.
Monitoring of weld joint penetration based on weld pool geometrical appearance (1996)

Weld joint penetration monitoring and control are fundamental issues in automated welding. A skilled human operator can determine the weld penetration from the geometrical appearance of the weld pool. To emulate this using machine vision, a high-shutter-speed camera assisted with pulsed laser illumination is used to capture the clear image of the weld pool.d The pool boundary is extracted by the developed real-time image processing algorithm. In order to emphasize the emulation of the human operator, general terms, i.e., size, shape and geometrical appearance, are used for the conceptual discussion, whereas more specific terms such as length, width, and rear angles are used in the detailed analysis. In particular, the size will be specified by the pool width and length, and the shape will be defined using the proposed rear angle of the weld pool. The geometrical appearance is described by a combination of the size and shape parameters. To investigate the relationships, which could be complicated, between the weld penetration and different parameters, neural networks are used because of their capability for modeling complicated nonlinear functions. Extensive experiments have been developed to measure the weld penetration from the captured image in 200 ms using the neural network and real-timemore » image processing.« less
Fiber-coupled transceiver for terahertz reflection measurements with a 45  THz bandwidth (2016)

We present a fiber-coupled transceiver for THz time-domain spectroscopy, which combines an emitter and a receiver on a single photoconductive chip. With a bandwidth of 4.5 THz and a peak dynamic range larger than 70 dB, it allows for THz reflection measurements under normal incidence. This THz reflection head is a promising device for applications in such fields as material inspection and nondestructive testing.
Satellite Phase and Code Bias Estimation with Cascaded Kalman Filter (2011)

This paper suggests a new method for the estimation of satellite phase and code biases with undifferenced, uncombined phase and pseudorange measurements from a global network of reference stations. The method is based on a generalized measurement model with individual phase and pseudorange biases for each satellite, and uses a generalized Kalman filter for coloured measurement noise. The estimation of phase and code biases is performed with a cascade of two Kalman filters: First, the nondispersive parameters of each receiver-satellite link are combined into a single geometry term, and a conventional Kalman filter is used to estimate the geometry term, ionospheric delays, and individual ambiguities. The mapping of all non-dispersive parameters to single geometry terms improves the conditioning of the system of equations and, thereby, enables a faster ambiguity fixing. A second filter is then used to refine the geometry term, i.e. to estimate orbital errors, code biases and tropospheric delays. As the a posteriori estimates of the first Kalman filter are correlated over time and correspond to the measurement of the second filter, the generalized Kalman filter of Bryson and Henrikson is used to whiten the measurement noise and to keep the measurement and process noises independent. One of the largest challenges for reliable precise point positioning with integer ambiguity resolution is code multipath, which has to be considered carefully at both the reference stations and mobile receiver. For the reference station, a sidereal filtering can be applied to the pseudorange residuals to efficiently obtain multipath corrections. It is shown that these corrections whiten the measurement noise and result in substantially improved stability of the bias estimates.
Qubit Allocation for Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum Computers (2018)

In the era of noisy-intermediate-scale quantum computers, we expect to see quantum devices with increasing numbers of qubits emerge in the foreseeable future. To practically run quantum programs, logical qubits have to be mapped to the physical qubits by a qubit allocation algorithm. However, on present day devices, qubits differ by their error rate and connectivity. Here, we establish and demonstrate on current experimental devices a new allocation algorithm that combines the simulated annealing method with local search of the solution space using Dijkstra's algorithm. Our algorithm takes into account the weighted connectivity constraints of both the quantum hardware and the quantum program being compiled. New quantum programs will enable unprecedented developments in physics, chemistry, and materials science and our work offers an important new pathway toward optimizing compilers for quantum programs.
Construction of a Nontoxigenic <i>Clostridium botulinum</i> Strain for Food Challenge Studies (2009)

Clostridium botulinum produces the most poisonous natural toxin known and is a perennial concern to the food industry and to regulatory agencies due to the potential threat of food-borne botulism. To ensure the botulinal safety of foods, rigorous food challenge testing to validate food-processing conditions and food formulations has been routinely performed. Detection of the botulinum neurotoxin is performed by using a mouse bioassay and/or in vitro assays. There has been considerable interest by the food industry and regulatory agencies in minimizing or even replacing the use of animals in these challenge studies. In addition, due to stringent select-agent regulations, the testing of various foods using toxigenic C. botulinum strains requires facilities and personnel that are certified for work with this organism. For this purpose we propose to generate sets of nontoxigenic C. botulinum strains from proteolytic and nonproteolytic groups that differ from the wild-type strains only by their inability to produce botulinum neurotoxin. In this initial study we describe the generation of a nontoxigenic mutant of C. botulinum strain 62A using the ClosTron mutagenesis system by inserting a group II intron into the botulinum neurotoxin type A gene (bont/A). The mutant clones were nontoxigenic as determined by Western blots and mouse bioassays but showed physiological characteristics, including growth properties and sporulation, that were similar to those of the parent strain in laboratory media. Additional studies will be required to evaluate comparable characteristics in various food matrices. The availability of suitable nontoxigenic C. botulinum strains for food challenge studies will be beneficial for enhancing the botulinal safety of foods as well as increasing the biosafety of workers and may eliminate the use of laboratory animals.
Revisiting Fe/MgO/Fe(001): Giant tunnel magnetoresistance up to ~420% at room temperature (2021)

After the demonstration of the giant tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) ratios at room temperature (RT) using a crystalline MgO barrier based magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) in 2004 [1] , [2] , an application range of spintronic devices, including read-heads of hard disk drives (HDDs) and cells of magnetoresistive random access memories (MRAMs), has been significantly boosted. Use of MgO barriers enabled to obtain large electric output from MTJ structures since a large TMR ratio over 100% can be easily achieved due to the ∆ 1 band preferential coherent tunneling mechanism [3] . Fe/MgO/Fe(001) is known as one of the most basic structures exhibiting the giant TMR effect [2] . The structure is very simple, and thus many theoretical calculations have been demonstrated so far [3] , [4] . However, experimental TMR ratios (180~220% at RT and 290-370% at low temperature) are much smaller than those of the predictions like >1,000%. In order to create novel MTJ-based applications, such as high-capacity MRAMs, magnetic logics, and brain-morphic devices, further improvement in an experimental TMR ratio is needed. Especially, it should be essential to understand the origin of the TMR gap between experiments and theories. In this study, we revisited the simplest "Fe/MgO/Fe(001)" MTJ to obtain much larger TMR ratios by careful tuning of growth conditions for all the layers, combining sputtering and electron-beam evaporation, and MgO barrier interface modifications [5] .
Swift (2020)

We report on experiences with Swift congestion control in Google datacenters. Swift targets an end-to-end delay by using AIMD control, with pacing under extreme congestion. With accurate RTT measurement and care in reasoning about delay targets, we find this design is a foundation for excellent performance when network distances are well-known. Importantly, its simplicity helps us to meet operational challenges. Delay is easy to decompose into fabric and host components to separate concerns, and effortless to deploy and maintain as a congestion signal while the datacenter evolves. In large-scale testbed experiments, Swift delivers a tail latency of <50μs for short RPCs, with near-zero packet drops, while sustaining ~100Gbps throughput per server. This is a tail of <3x the minimal latency at a load close to 100%. In production use in many different clusters, Swift achieves consistently low tail completion times for short RPCs, while providing high throughput for long RPCs. It has loss rates that are at least 10x lower than a DCTCP protocol, and handles O(10k) incasts that sharply degrade with DCTCP.
Highly Enantioselective Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Dehydroamino Acids with New Chiral Bisphosphinites (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTHighly Enantioselective Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Dehydroamino Acids with New Chiral BisphosphinitesGuoxin Zhu and Xumu ZhangView Author Information Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 9, 3133–3136Publication Date (Web):April 1, 1998Publication History Received23 December 1997Published online1 April 1998Published inissue 1 May 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo972268nhttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo972268nbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views451Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Absolute configuration,Catalysts,Hydrogenation,Ligands,Stereoselectivity Get e-Alerts
Novel Scintillation Proximity Assay for Measuring Membrane-Associated Steps of Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2001)

We have developed a novel, high-throughput scintillation proximity assay to measure the membrane-associated steps (stages 2 and 3) of peptidoglycan synthesis in Escherichia coli. At least five enzymes are involved in these two stages, all of which are thought to be essential for the survival of the cell. The individual enzymes are difficult to assay since the substrates are lipidic and difficult to isolate in large quantities and analysis is done by paper chromatography. We have assayed all five enzymes in a single mixture by monitoring synthesis of cross-linked peptidoglycan, which is the final product of the pathway. E. coli membranes are incubated with the two sugar precursors, UDP-N-acetyl muramylpentapeptide and UDP-[(3)H]-N-acetylglucosamine. The radiolabel is incorporated into peptidoglycan, which is captured using wheat germ agglutinin-coated scintillation proximity assay beads. The assay monitors the activity of the translocase (MraY), the transferase (MurG), the lipid pyrophosphorylase, and the transglycosylase and transpeptidase activities of the penicillin-binding proteins. Vancomyin, tunicamycin, nisin, moenomycin, bacitracin, and penicillin inhibit the assay, and these inhibitors have been used to validate the assay. The search for new antimicrobial agents that act via the late stages of peptidoglycan biosynthesis can now be performed in high throughput in a microtiter plate.
Accurate ion abundance measurements in ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry by linear prediction (1990)

Abstract In standard pulsed ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ICRMS) mass spectra are generated by converting the time domain signal to the frequency or mass domain by fast Fourier transform (FFT). The FFT requires long acquisition times to acquire high resolution mass spectra. In ICRMS, long acquisition times introduce distortions in the peak intensities of the transformed spectrum that lead to errors in ion abundance. We report here the use of linear prediction methods on data sets collected during much shorter acquisition times to determine actual ion abundances more accurately.
The wheat <i>wcs120</i> promoter is cold‐inducible in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species (1998)

The wcs120 gene is specifically induced by low temperature (LT) and encodes a protein that is thought to play an important role in the cold acclimation process in wheat. To identify the regulatory elements involved in its LT responsiveness, the transient expression activity of different promoter regions was determined using the luciferase reporter gene. The data indicate the involvement of putative enhancer elements, negative and positive regulatory regions in the transcriptional regulation of this gene. The promoter was found to be cold-inducible in different freezing-tolerant and -sensitive monocot and dicot species, suggesting that universal transcription factors responsive to LT may be present in all plants. This promoter could be used to drive the genes needed for LT tolerance in sensitive species.
Improved baculovirus expression vectors (2007)

In recent years, the baculovirus expression vector system has become a well-established and popular method for producing high yields of structurally, functionally and antigenically authentic foreign proteins in insect cells. Traditionally, when making a recombinant baculovirus, the foreign gene is cloned into a transfer vector, which contains sequences that flank the polyhedrin (polh) locus in the virus genome. The virus genome (generally, Autographa californica multinucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV)) and the transfer vector are introduced into the host insect cell, and homologous recombination between the flanking sequences common to both DNA molecules effects insertion of the foreign gene into the virus genome, resulting in a recombinant virus genome. The genome then replicates to produce recombinant budded virus (BV) that can be harvested from the culture medium. A major disadvantage of this method is that it generates a mixture of recombinant and original parental virus after the initial round of replication. Consequently, the recombinant virus has to be separated from the parental virus by plaque purification, a process that is labor-intensive, technically demanding and time-consuming. More recently, bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) have been incorporated into the baculovirus genome to allow recombinant virus construction in Escherichia coli. Several commercial bacmid-based systems are now available (e.g. Bac-to-Bac and BaculoDirect; Invitrogen), but all still produce a mixed pool of both parental and recombinant viruses, which then need to be separated from each other by antibiotic selection or nucleoside analogs.
Monomodal optical fiber hydrophone operating by the elastooptical effect (1982)

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Nanodroplet-Mediated Histotripsy for Image-guided Targeted Ultrasound Cell Ablation (2013)

This paper is an initial work towards developing an image-guided, targeted ultrasound ablation technique by combining histotripsy with nanodroplets that can be selectively delivered to tumor cells. Using extremely short, high-pressure pulses, histotripsy generates a dense cloud of cavitating microbubbles that fractionates tissue. We hypothesize that synthetic nanodroplets that encapsulate a perfluoropentane (PFP) core will transition upon exposure to ultrasound pulses into gas microbubbles, which will rapidly expand and collapse resulting in disruption of cells similar to the histotripsy process but at a significantly lower acoustic pressure. The significantly reduced cavitation threshold will allow histotripsy to be selectively delivered to the tumor tissue and greatly enhance the treatment efficiency while sparing neighboring healthy tissue. To test our hypothesis, we prepared nanodroplets with an average diameter of 204 ± 4.7 nm at 37°C by self-assembly of an amphiphilic triblock copolymer around a PFP core followed by cross-linkage of the polymer shell forming stable nanodroplets. The nanodroplets were embedded in agarose tissue phantoms containing a sheet of red blood cells (RBCs), which were exposed to 2-cycle pulses applied by a 500 kHz focused transducer. Using a high speed camera to monitor microbubble generation, the peak negative pressure threshold needed to generate bubbles >50 μm in agarose phantoms containing nanodroplets was measured to be 10.8 MPa, which is significantly lower than the 28.8 MPa observed using ultrasound pulses alone. High speed images also showed cavitation microbubbles produced from the nanodroplets displayed expansion and collapse similar to histotripsy alone at higher pressures. Nanodroplet-mediated histotripsy created consistent, well-defined fractionation of the RBCs in agarose tissue phantoms at 10 Hz pulse repetition frequency similar to the lesions generated by histotripsy alone but at a significantly lower pressure. These results support our hypothesis and demonstrate the potential of using nanodroplet-mediated histotripsy for targeted cell ablation.
Diverse Roles of Lung Collectins in Pulmonary Innate Immunity (2003)

The lung is constantly challenged by a wide variety of infectious agents, organic antigens, and other potentially toxic substances. The relative infrequency of serious or life-threatening infections and lung injury among otherwise normal individuals demonstrates the efficiency of the lung’s system of host defense and immune and inflammatory regulation. Consistent with the diversity of potential challenges, this defense system is complex and multilayered and includes anatomic and cellular components, as well as secreted molecules of the natural and acquired immune system. The airways and airspaces of the lung are lined by a biochemically and functionally heterogenous material that is ideally positioned to participate in the ongoing process of neutralization and clearance of inhaled microorganisms and the “detoxification” of other injurious substances. Two important components of this innate and natural defense system are surfactant protein A (SP-A) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) (1–5).