gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theoretical and experimental characterization of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy (2002)

We present a systematic characterization of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. CARS signal generation in a heterogeneous sample under a tight-focusing condition is formulated by the Green’s function method. The CARS radiation pattern and the forward- and backward-detected CARS signals from a three-dimensional Raman scatterer are calculated. The coherent nature of CARS image formation and its consequences for image contrast and spatial resolution are investigated. Experimental implementations of CARS microscopy with collinearly copropagating and counterpropagating excitation beams, forward and backward data collection, and polarization-sensitive detection are described. Finally, CARS images of unstained live cells with forward detection, epidetection, and polarization-sensitive detection are presented and compared.
Ultrabright source of polarization-entangled photons (1999)

Using the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a two-crystal geometry, we have generated a source of polarization-entangled photon pairs that is more than ten times brighter, per unit of pump power, than previous sources, with another factor of 30 to 75 expected to be readily achievable. We have measured a high level of entanglement between photons emitted over a relatively large collection angle, and over a 10-nm bandwidth. As a demonstration of the source capabilities, we obtained a 242-\ensuremath{\sigma} violation of Bell's inequalities in less than three minutes, and observed near-perfect photon correlations when the collection efficiency was reduced. In addition, both the degree of entanglement and the state purity should be readily tunable.
Exploiting topological and geometric properties for selective subdivision (1985)

This paper presents a theorem relating the geometry of two smooth surfaces with the topology of their intersection. Algorithms for computing intersections of surfaces are very basic to those solid-modeling systems that allow Boolean operations such as Union, Intersection, and Subtraction on solids. Recently, such an algorithm based on recursive subdivision of the surfaces has attracted a lot of attention because of its simplicity and wide applicability. However, this algorithm for intersection of surfaces fails to find all intersections for certain relative orientations of surfaces. Finer subdivision of the surfaces may result in the correct intersections but also results in many unnecessary computations. The mathematical result established in this paper is significant in that it provides a check to determine when finer subdivision will yield no new topological information for an intersection. It is shown how the check may be incorporated into the existing subdivision algorithm to compute intersections reliably and efficiently.
Geochemical Method for Identifying Alkali-Silica-Reaction Gel (1999)

A geochemical method for staining various products of the alkali-silica reaction is presented. The method is based on both the composition of alkali-silica-reaction (ASR) gel and one of its properties (the ability to exchange cations with a fluid). Specifically, one stain (sodium cobalt-initrite) reacts with exchangeable potassium in the gel to form a bright-yellow precipitate on the gel surface. The other class of stains (a variety of rhodamine compounds) reacts with calcium-rich portions of the gel (and, for some compounds, with other calcium-rich components of the concrete) to form a pink-stained gel. The significance of the pink staining is twofold. First, it can provide a high contrast to the yellow-stained gels, making them easier to observe. Second, some rhodamine compounds react predominantly with Ca-rich ASR gels. Some aspects of staining by rhodamine remain the subject of continued study and may be useful for a more detailed understanding of ASR progression and other deterioration mechanisms. However, a positive diagnosis of ASR is indicated by the presence of yellow-stained gel within aggregate, at the aggregate-paste interface, along fractures, or in air voids. The technique can be used as a rapid field screening method or as a useful aid for detailed petrographic examinations.
The digital silicon photomultiplier &#x2014; System architecture and performance evaluation (2010)

In this paper we present the first fully digital implementation of the Silicon Photomultiplier. The chip design is based on the technology demonstrator chip presented in. The new sensor represents a self-contained detector including a JTAG controller for configuration and test, single-ended and differential clock and test input signals, an integrated acquisition controller and two serial data outputs. The sensor is based on a single photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD) technology integrated in a standard CMOS process flow. Photons are detected directly by sensing the voltage at the SPAD terminal using a dedicated cell electronics block next to each diode. This block also contains active quenching and recharge circuits as well as a one bit memory for the selective activation of individual detector cells. A balanced trigger network is used to propagate the trigger signal from all cells to the two integrated time-to-digital converters. Photons are detected and counted as digital signals, thus making the sensor less susceptible to temperature variations and electronic noise. The resulting data packets are transferred to the readout system through a serial data interface. In this paper, we discuss the new sensor architecture and evaluate its performance.
Trend analysis techniques for incipient fault prediction (2009)

This paper extends the application of the Laplace Test Statistic for trend analysis and prediction of incipient faults for power systems. The extensions proposed in this paper consider the situation where two parameters believed to contribute explicitly to the eventual failure are monitored. The developed extensions applied to actual incipient failure events provide promising results for prediction of the impending failure. It is demonstrated that by incorporating two parameters in the trend analysis, the robustness to outliers is increased and the flexibility is augmented by increasing the degrees of freedom in the generation of the alarm signal.
Enediynes via Sequential Acetylide Reductive Coupling and Alkyne Metathesis:  Easy Access to Well-Defined Molybdenum Initiators for Alkyne Metathesis (2003)

A new synthetic route utilizes the reductive coupling of molybdenum(IV) acetylides toward the construction of both enediyne molecules and trialkoxymolybdenum alkylidynes, the latter being useful as alkyne metathesis initiators. The molybdaziridine hydride complex Mo(H)(η2-Me2CNAr)(N[i-Pr]Ar)2, 1, readily prepared from MoCl3(thf)3, is elaborated in three generally high-yielding steps to enediynes and/or metathesis catalysts.
Induction of protective immunity against <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> by a non living vaccine. I. Partial characterization of antigens recognized by antibodies from mice immunized with soluble schistosome extracts. (1985)

A single intradermal injection of frozen and thawed schistosomula in conjunction with the bacterial adjuvant Mycobacterium bovis strain Bacille Calmette Guerin, Phipps substrain (BCG) induced significant levels of resistance to challenge Schistosoma mansoni infection in C57BL/6 mice. Immunization with the aqueous fraction remaining after 100,000 X G centrifugation of the larval lysate was also protective under these conditions, suggesting that some immunogenic determinants may not be membrane associated. Frozen-thawed cercariae and soluble components of adult worms also protected against challenge infection in these experiments. These observations indicate that soluble immunogens are present in both early and late developmental stages of the parasite, and therefore may be good candidate antigens for an immunochemically defined vaccine against schistosomiasis. Induction of humoral reactivity against soluble or membrane antigens was examined in mice protected against cercarial challenge by prior exposure to frozen-thawed larvae, soluble larval, or soluble adult antigens plus BCG. Animals that were immunized with frozen-thawed larvae produced low but significant levels of antibodies against larval surface antigens when examined by indirect immunofluorescence or by immunoprecipitation of surface-labeled schistosomula. Mice immunized with soluble antigens, however, showed negligible antibody reactivity against surface membrane antigens. Because mice immunized with soluble antigens were resistant to challenge infection, these results strongly suggest that anti-surface membrane reactivity is not required in the mechanism of protective immunity in this model. Sera from mice immunized with either total freeze-thaw larval lysate or soluble schistosome extracts all showed strong reactivity against soluble antigens, as detected by ELISA. Western blot analysis showed these antisera to react with a restricted number of high m.w. antigens that were present both in schistosomula and in adult worms. These antigens are therefore likely to play a major role in the development of resistance in this model as immunogens and/or as targets of protective immune response.
INTELLIGENT LIGHTING SYSTEMS : THEIR HISTORY, FUNCTION, AND DIRECTION OF DEVELOPMENT (1998)

This article gives an overview of intelligent lighting systems (ILS) that are designed to improve the safety and comfort of nighttime driving. It focuses on a system which controls headlamp beam patterns according to car speed, steering, weather conditions, and the presence of other vehicles.
Study of a Non-Circular Gear Infinitely Variable Transmission (2014)

Improving automobile fuel efficiency is an important research and development effort in the automotive industry. In the transmission area, it is generally understood that optimum fuel economy can be achieved via a combination of highly efficient power transfer (gears, for example) and an ability to transmit power at an infinite number of ratios (CVT, for example). In this paper, a geared infinitely variable transmission (IVT) is analyzed for efficiency through static analysis. This IVT is based on a non-circular gear concept described in [1, 2]. This IVT consists of multiple function generators with each function generator comprising two sets of non-circular gear sets whose outputs are combined with a summing planetary gear set. Each function generator provides the desired gear ratio for only a part of the driving rotation. So, multiple function generators are combined along with multiple one-way clutches to provide an infinitely variable transmission. This paper first explains the operating principle of the geared IVT. A static analysis of the IVT powerflow is derived and it is shown that this powerflow exhibits a torque recirculation phenomenon, which is not desired. This recirculation phenomenon is expected to be present in all similarly arranged IVTs where two inputs are combined using a planetary gear set to provide infinite gear ratio capability. The efficiency of the IVT is calculated based on assumed individual component efficiency and it is shown that, owing to torque recirculation, the efficiency of this transmission may not compare well with that of current automatic transmissions for a passenger car application.
Diffractive effect of a scraper mirror in an unstable resonator (1982)

In an unstable optical resonator, a scraper mirror located in front of and displaced from the feedback mirror clips the feedback beam twice on each round trip through the resonator. The increased diffractive scattering produced by this double application of the scraper aperture enhances the peaking of the intracavity intensity and raises the feedback ratio. This increased diffractive scattering is proportional to the square root of the scraper displacement and to the equivalent Fresnel number of the resonator.
Temperature compensation of a quartz tuning-fork clock crystal via post-processing (2012)

The dependence of a tuning-fork quartz crystal oscillator's frequency f on temperature T is observed over the temperature range -5 to 20°C. From this, a parabolic f(T) function is fit to the crystal's data, and used to compensate for sampling period drift in an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) system based around this crystal at various temperatures. Resolution and uncertainty of this method are discussed.
Drug Discovery Targeting Bromodomain-Containing Protein 4 (2017)

BRD4, the most extensively studied member of the BET family, is an epigenetic regulator that localizes to DNA via binding to acetylated histones and controls the expression of therapeutically important gene regulatory networks through the recruitment of transcription factors to form mediator complexes, phosphorylating RNA polymerase II, and by its intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity. Disrupting the protein-protein interactions between BRD4 and acetyl-lysine has been shown to effectively block cell proliferation in cancer, cytokine production in acute inflammation, and so forth. To date, significant efforts have been devoted to the development of BRD4 inhibitors, and consequently, a dozen have progressed to human clinical trials. Herein, we summarize the advances in drug discovery and development of BRD4 inhibitors by focusing on their chemotypes, in vitro and in vivo activity, selectivity, relevant mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential. Opportunities and challenges to achieve selective and efficacious BRD4 inhibitors as a viable therapeutic strategy for human diseases are also highlighted.
Synthesis and evaluation of novel aldose reductase inhibitors: Effects on lens protein kinase Cgamma. (2001)

HAR-1 is a novel ARI which normalized losses of PKCgamma, changes in Cx46 phosphorylation, and gap junction activity.
Color and Pigment Stability of Red Radish and Red‐Fleshed Potato Anthocyanins in Juice Model Systems (1999)

ABSTRACT Color and pigment stability of model juices (pH 3.5) were evaluated during 65 wk of storage at 2°C and 25°C in the dark. Two acylated pelargonidin‐based anthocyanins, red‐fleshed potatoes ( Solanum tuberosum ) and red radishes ( Raphanus sativus ), and 2 extraction methods, C‐18 resin and juice processing, were used and compared to FD&C Red #40. Color (CIELch) and pigment degradation depended on storage temperature, anthocyanin structure and extraction method, with chemically extracted radish anthocyanins showing the best overall stability. At room temperature (25°C), higher stability was obtained with C‐18 purified radish anthocyanins (22 wk half‐life) and lowest with potatojuice concentrate (10 wk half‐life). Refrigeration increased the half‐life of pigments to over a year.
Ion Sensor for the Quantification of Sodium in Sweat Samples (2013)

We present the conception of an electrochemical sodium ion sensor for point-of-care sweat analysis. This flexible amperometric sensor was developed to quantify the amount of sodium ions in sweat (in real-time), alleviating the wait time, large sample size, possible contamination, and expensive analytical equipment associated with current diagnostic procedures requiring sweat analysis. This sensor is composed of a multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) functionalized nylon-6 mat, for a flexible yet conductive sensor. The MWNTs are then functionalized with a cyclo-oligomeric calixarene, which is shown to selectively form a supramolecular complex with sodium ions. Upon complex formation, the charge carriers are drawn away from the carbon layer, hence the current is impeded, and the sodium ion detection is prevalent at appropriate physiological ranges for healthy and ailing humans. In this paper, the optimization of MWNT and calixarene functionalization, as well as the selectivity and sensitivity of the sensor will be discussed.
Design and applications of a self-aligning liquid junction-electrospray interface for capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (1996)

A simple self-aligning liquid junction-electrospray interface for coupling a capillary electrophoresis (CE) system to an atmospheric pressure ionization (API) mass spectrometer (CE-MS) was developed. In contrast to previous liquid junction interfaces, the self-aligning liquid junction interface simplifies the precise alignment of the CE capillary and the sprayer needle and uses a positive make-up flow. Several capillary CE-MS applications were run using both the self-aligning liquid junction interface and the widely used sheath flow interface for comparison purposes. The electrospray stability of the self-aligning liquid junction interface is consistently better even when non-volatile electrolyte solutions are used. At first, some band broadening was obtained with the self-aligning liquid junction interface. Experiments with different CE buffer systems suggested that this band broadening was caused by the materials used in constructing the interface. By using a more inert material for the sprayer needle, the self-aligning liquid junction exhibits excellent electrophoretic resolution, comparable sensitivity, and higher signal-to-noise ratios when run under the same conditions as the sheath flow interface.
An SRAM cell with nonvolatile memory for programmable logic applications (1997)

A memory cell has been developed and fabricated that during normal operation acts as an SRAM cell. The state of the cell can be "saved," and at power up, the cell can be put back into that state.
A Dual-Reflectron Tandem Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (1993)

A compact, laser desorption tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer has been developed utilizing two electrically isolated flight tubes separated from each other by a collision cell. A pulsed valve produces a beam of argon gas to promote collision induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation of mass selected ions. Each flight tube has a 2-stage reflectron which can be used in the dual role of energy focusing and mass dispersing the product ions in the tandem mode. A second acceleration region has been inserted directly beyond the collision region to study the effects of mass dispersion by post-acceleration in conjunction with dispersion by the second ion mirror. Mass selective gating into the collision region is accomplished without slits by applying a low energy deflection pulse and subsequent loss of ions through the second reflection region and final leg of the drift region. Results are presented demonstrating the double reflectron mode for high resolution studies, and the tandem mode to induce fragmentation of several laser desorbed compounds.
System-on-Chip Photonic Integrated Circuits (2017)

Key advances which enabled the InP photonic integrated circuit (PIC) and the subsequent progression of InP PICs to fully integrated multichannel DWDM system-on-chip (SOC) PICs are described. Furthermore, the current state-of-the-art commercial multichannel SOC PICs are reviewed as well as key trends and technologies for the future of InP-based PICs in optical communications.
Rank-aware cache replacement and write buffering to improve DRAM energy efficiency (2010)

DRAM power and energy efficiency considerations are becoming increasingly important for low-power and mobile systems. Using lower power modes provided by commodity DRAM chips reduces power consumption but comes at a performance penalty to return to full power for servicing requests. We propose a novel cache replacement policy and write buffer that prevents cache blocks going to certain DRAM chips from being replaced, resulting in less requests going to these chips, and allowing them to remain idle for longer periods of time. Our proposed modifications improve DRAM energy efficiency by 10% on average (up to 30%) compared to a base case that utilizes low power modes, and by 76% compared to a base case that does not utilize power saving modes.
Simultaneous Exposure of Sites in von Willebrand Factor for Glycoprotein Ib Binding and ADAMTS13 Cleavage (2012)

These data indicate that exposure of the sites for glycoprotein Ibα and ADAMTS13 are coupled, explaining why platelet-bound VWF is a better ADAMTS13 substrate and why enhanced proteolysis is often observed in type 2B von Willebrand disease.
Reduction of collision-induced time jitters in dispersion-managed soliton transmission systems (1996)

Nonadiabatic effects caused by lumped amplifiers in fiber soliton transmission systems are reduced by the use of dispersion-decreasing fibers between amplifiers. As a practical application, we consider a stepwise dispersion-decreasing fiber with M steps and show that the increase in M is almost equivalent to the reduction of amplifier spacing, Z(a), to Z(a)/M in reducing collision-induced jitters in soliton-based wavelength-division multiplexing systems.
Recent Advances in Non-Competitive mGlu5 Receptor Antagonists and their Potential Therapeutic Applications (2005)

Extensive research into the functions of glutamate and glutamate receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) has shown an essential role of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors in normal brain functions, but also in neurological and psychiatric disorders. The precise functions of these receptors remain undefined, and progress toward understanding their functions has been hampered by the lack of selective ligands with appropriate pharmacokinetic properties. The Group I mGlu receptor, mGlu5, is well positioned to regulate and fine-tune neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission through its modulation of various signal transduction pathways and interactions with other transmitter systems. Therefore, the mGlu5 receptor may be an important therapeutic target for the treatment of disorders of the central nervous system. The discovery of MPEP 3, a non-competitive mGlu5 receptor antagonist, provided a potent, selective, systemically active tool compound for proof of concept studies in animal models of various disease states. These studies have led to greater understanding of possible therapeutic applications of mGlu5 receptor antagonists in recent years, suggesting their use in a number of disease states, including chronic pain, various psychiatric and neurological disorders, substance abuse and withdrawal, obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Together, these findings have intensified efforts to find other non-competitive mGlu5 receptor antagonists and have led to the discovery of several second-generation compounds, a few of which are in preclinical evaluations. There have been several recent reviews on mGlu receptor. This article highlights recent efforts on the design, synthesis and development of novel, non-competitive mGlu5 receptor antagonists and studies to understand their in vitro mechanisms of action and in vivo pharmacological profiles. Emphasis is also given to recent advances in the potential therapeutic applications of non-competitive mGlu5 receptor antagonists.