gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sliding Friction on Wet and Dry Sand (2014)

We show experimentally that the sliding friction on sand is greatly reduced by the addition of some-but not too much-water. The formation of capillary water bridges increases the shear modulus of the sand, which facilitates the sliding. Too much water, on the other hand, makes the capillary bridges coalesce, resulting in a decrease of the modulus; in this case, we observe that the friction coefficient increases again. Our results, therefore, show that the friction coefficient is directly related to the shear modulus; this has important repercussions for the transport of granular materials. In addition, the polydispersity of the sand is shown to also have a large effect on the friction coefficient.
Analysis of the in vitro antitumor activity of novel purine-6-sulfenamide, -sulfinamide, and -sulfonamide nucleosides and certain related compounds using a computer-aided receptor modeling procedure (1991)

The comparative antileukemic activities of 21 novel nucleosides were determined in vitro by using cultured L1210 cells and analyzed for structure-related efficacy by a computer-aided receptor modeling method (REMOTEDISC) as recently described (Ghose, A. K.; et al. J. Med. Chem. 1989, 32, 746). The algorithm can be classified as a 3D-QSAR method and consists of the following steps: selection of a reference structure from the low-energy conformations of the active compounds; an automated superposition of the low-energy conformations of the other compounds so that there is maximum matching (or overlapping) of the atom-based physicochemical properties; construction of the binding-site cavity from the location of the atoms of the superimposed molecules; and determinations of the relative importance of the various physicochemical properties at different regions of the site cavity using reverse stepwise regression analysis. The model was based on the minimum energy conformation of (R,S)-2-amino-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine-6-sulfinamide (sulfinosine, 5), an effective antileukemic agent in vivo, in the data set. The model fit the biological data with a standard deviation of 0.363, a correlation coefficient of 0.933 and a explained variance of 0.815. The method targeted a syn conformation as the probable active form and the 2'-OH, 5'-OH as well as C2-NH2 group of the purine ring as favoring the stability of the syn conformation, thereby establishing the major contributions of these three molecular entities to overall antitumor activity.
Laser Induced Non-linearMultiphoton Processes (2014)

The electromagnetic field−matter interactions are studied using both perturbative as well as non-perturbative methods. Both these methodologies have their advantages. Perturbative methods are suitable and are very efficient in electromagnetic field−matter interaction in the regime where the interaction term is negligibly small as compared to the unperturbed Hamiltonian of the system. Prturbative techniques fail when the interaction term (perturbation) becomes comparable to the Hamiltonian of the system[1] like in the case of laser−matter interaction. Further, Cohen- Tannoudji et al.[2] have shown that perturbative methods are valid only when the energy difference between initial and final states is very large as compared to the corresponding transition matrix element. In the present day scenario, very high intensity lasers are available, made possible by the advances in short pulse laser technology. We have the prerogative to study high intensity laser interactions with matter, bulk and nanostructures as well as atoms and molecules. In this high intensity regime of laser, the interactions are best studied using non-perturbative methods. Floquet theory is one of the most accurate non-perturbative methods. It relates the solution of the Schrödinger equation involving a periodic Hamiltonian to the solution of another equation with a time-independent Hamiltonian represented by an infinite dimensional matrix (called the Floquet matrix). It also has the advantage of reducing the problem into a time-independent one. This approach has earlier been applied in various atomic systems[3−6], and has the distinct advantage of handling both discrete and continuum states in a single treatment.
Using gene knockouts to investigate plant metabolism (2001)

Arabidopsis functional genomics resources now make the isolation of knockout mutants in any gene of choice both realistic and increasingly straightforward. Coupled with the completion of the genome sequence, this reverse genetics approach provides a platform facilitating dramatic progress in our understanding of fundamental aspects of plant metabolism. Recent experience shows that knockouts of genes encoding enzymes of primary metabolism can produce mutants with clear and sometimes unexpected phenotypes. They can provide new information about old pathways. Specific functions for individual members of multigene families can be revealed. Knockouts of enzymes of undefined function can lead to the discovery of those functions, and the analysis of enzymes which have previously never been studied at the biochemical level offers the potential to reveal new pathways of plant metabolism. Furthermore, the mutants isolated provide the starting point for genetic modification experiments to determine exactly how metabolism fuels growth and development, so providing a rational basis for the future modification of plant productivity.
Food and Drug Administration Drug Approval Summary: Sunitinib Malate for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor and Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma (2007)

On January 26, 2006, sunitinib (Sutent) received regular approval as monotherapy for the treatment of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor after disease progression on or intolerance to imatinib mesylate (Gleevec). Time-to-tumor progression (TTP) of sunitinib-treated patients was superior to that of placebo-treated patients. Median TTP of sunitinib-treated patients was 27.3 weeks, compared with 6.4 weeks for placebo-treated patients (p < .0001). Partial responses were observed in 6.8% of sunitinib-treated patients and no placebo-treated patients. Sunitinib also received accelerated approval on January 26, 2006, as monotherapy for treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In two single-arm trials of sunitinib in patients with metastatic RCC, partial responses were observed in 25.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.5, 34.9) and 36.5% (95% CI, 24.7, 49.6) of patients. Median response durations in the two trials were 27.1 weeks (95% CI, 24.4, incalculable) and 54 weeks (95% CI, 34.3, 70.1). Treatment-emergent adverse events in sunitinib-treated patients included diarrhea, mucositis, skin abnormalities, altered taste, electrolyte abnormalities, hypertension, and diminution in left ventricular ejection fraction. Cardiac safety of sunitinib in patients with preexisting cardiac abnormalities remains unknown. Based on nonclinical findings, physicians prescribing sunitinib should monitor for adrenal insufficiency in patients who undergo stressors such as surgery, trauma, or severe infection. Caution should be exercised when administering sunitinib in combination with known CYP3A4 inducers or inhibitors.
Calibration of detailed building energy simulation models to measured data using uncertainty analysis (2014)

Over the past few decades, advances in technology, most notably the industrial revolution of the late 18th-century, has brought about dramatic improvements in the socioeconomic circumstances of developed nations. This has also brought with it rapid change in terms of human population, environmental impacts as well as energy consumption. Growth in energy consumption has been largely associated with increased use of finite fossil fuels (oil, coal, gas) in industrialized nations. However, this growth is unsustainable due to the depletion of these natural resources as well as the impact their consumption has on the environment, in terms of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. A shift towards renewable fuels (wind, hydro, solar, geothermal, tidal) is currently underway, but progress remains slow, and the current reliance on fossil fuels for many existing essential technologies (e.g. transport) remains a major barrier to the large-scale transition that is required. Energy efficiency has the potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and provide additional scope for the transition to a sustainable renewables-based energy future. Buildings account for approximately 40% of global energy consumption. Approximately half of this energy requirement stems from space heating and cooling. Studies have shown that savings of up to 40% are possible through the implementation of energy conservation measures (ECM's) and continuous commissioning (CC). Whole building energy simulation tools have the potential to play a significant role in achieving this goal. However, their widespread adoption in the AEC (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) industry depends on their perceived reliability and the accuracy of their outputs. Currently, simulation tools are used primarily in building design with little integration or comparison to real building operation. It is often found that the actual buildings perform far worse than the design simulation initially predicted. This gap between measured and simulated data needs to be carefully addressed. This thesis proposes a new methodology for calibrating building energy simulation (BES) models to measured data including the incorporation of parameter uncertainty into final model predictions and recommendations.
Postprocessing method for suppressing musical noise generated by spectral subtraction (1998)

We investigate whether musical noise, which often exists in speech enhanced using spectral subtraction, can be suppressed. Via exploiting some specific characteristics of human speech, we propose a method that can effectively suppress musical noise without a noticeable effect on speech intelligibility. Performance assessments confirm that our method is effective.
Efficacy of a rehabilitation program using minor muscles in colorectal cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced neuropathy: preliminary study (2022)

Patients often suffered from CIPN symptoms like throbbing or aching pain and numbness during their adjuvant chemotherapy. A rehabilitation program using minor muscles for CIPN is expected to be effective.
On Lewis' simulation method for point processes (1981)

A simple and efficient method of simulation is discussed for point processes that are specified by their conditional intensities. The method is based on the thinning algorithm which was introduced recently by Lewis and Shedler for the simulation of nonhomogeneous Poisson processes. Algorithms are given for past dependent point processes containing multivariate processes. The simulations are performed for some parametric conditional intensity functions, and the accuracy of the simulated data is demonstrated by the likelihood ratio test and the minimum Akaike information criterion (AIC) procedure.
Chemistry of C84: Separation of Three Constitutional Isomers and Optical Resolution ofD2-C84 by Using the “Bingel-Retro-Bingel” Strategy (1999)

The pure enantiomers of D<sub>2</sub> -C<sub>84</sub> as well as a third constitutional isomer of this higher fullerene were produced by a retro-Bingel reaction on the first organic derivatives of C<sub>84</sub> (see scheme). These derivatives were synthesized by Bingel cyclopropenation of C<sub>84</sub> , separated, and unambiguously structurally characterized.
Mode Transfer Matrix of Multimode Fibers (2014)

In this paper, methods for measuring the mode transfer matrix will be explained in addition to techniques for optically inverting the transfer matrix.
Epidemiology, Patterns of Care, and Mortality for Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries (2016)

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02010073.
Dynamic Leadership: Toolbox for the Values-Based Entrepreneur (2008)

Four entrepreneurship models are proposed which lend guidance in the development of a business, from birth to exit, each examining ways to maintain the business founder’s initial vision and to continue to infuse values and ethical decision-making at each stage of development.
Minimally Competent <i>Lewis</i> Acid Catalysts: Indium(III) and Bismuth(III) Salts Produce Rhamnosides (=6‐Deoxymannosides) in High Yield and Purity (2012)

Abstract Glycosylation of decan‐1‐ol ( 2 ), (±)‐decan‐2‐ol ( 3 ), and (±)‐methyl 3‐hydroxydecanoate ( 4 ) with L ‐ rhamnose peracetate 5 to produce rhamnosides (=6‐deoxymannosides) 6, 7 , and 8 in the presence of Lewis acids BF 3 ⋅Et 2 O, Sc(OTf) 3 , InBr 3 , and Bi(OTf) 3 was studied ( Table 1 ). While the strong Lewis acids BF 3 ⋅Et 2 O and Sc(OTf) 3 were effective as glycosylation promoters, they had to be used in excess; however, glycosylation required careful control of reaction times and temperatures, and these Lewis acids produced impurities in addition to the desired glycosides. Enantiomerically pure rhamnosides ( R )‐ 1 and ( S )‐ 1 ( Fig. ) were obtained from L ‐ rhamnose peracetate 5 and (±)‐benzyl 3‐hydroxydecanoate ( 9 ) via the diastereoisomeric rhamnosides 10 ( Table 2 ; Scheme 3 ). The much weaker Lewis acids InBr 3 and Bi(OTfl) 3 produced purer products in high yield under a wider range of conditions (higher temperatures), and were effective glycosylation promoters even when used catalytically (<10% catalyst; Table 2 ). We refer to these Lewis acids as ‘minimally competent Lewis acids’ ( cf. Scheme 4 ).
A VLSI median filter for impulse noise elimination in composite or component TV signals (1988)

A VLSI median filter with novel masking modes and adaptive threshold control is described. The 16 masking modes select 1, 3, 5 or 9 pixels of a 5*3 pixel field for filtering. This feature makes it possible to median-filter NTSC composite video (baseband) or component R, G, and B signals. The input threshold value and the SWAP signal (indicating substitution of the median value) can be used together to adapt transmission path conditions. The circuit removes impulsive noise caused by FM-carrier-to-noise degradation, common in cable and satellite TV systems. The filter is applicable to other impulse noise sources created by auto engines and household appliances, and is also generally useful in image and signal processing tasks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Kalman Filtering for Attitude and Parameter Estimation of Nanosatellites Without Gyroscopes (2017)

In this work, a Kalman filtering algorithm is proposed that estimates the spacecraft attitude and attitude parameters without gyroscope measurements for nanosatellites. The attitude parameters include sensor and actuator alignment, spacecraft body moment of inertia, reaction wheel moment of inertia, reaction wheel speed, and the dipole moment of the spacecraft. The new filtering formulation is based on the differential form of the rigid-body rotational dynamics, and so the body rate and the other attitude parameters can be updated directly by attitude measurements such that the gyroscope reading is not required. The new filter is derived in a closed form for implementation, and physical and mathematical approaches toward achieving convergence and stability with this filter are discussed. A detailed simulation is presented that demonstrates the utility of the proposed algorithm for three different types of unmodeled disturbance torques.
A new view of performance analysis techniques in correlated Rayleigh fading (2003)

This paper provides a new formulation for the pair-wise error probability for any coherently demodulated system in flat Rayleigh fading. The novelty of the result is that the resulting error rate expression is a polynomial function of the eigenvalues of a 'signal' matrix. This view also enables a simple new asymptotically tight bound on the pair-wise error probability. Examples of single and multiple transmit antenna systems are considered.
Identification and characterization of a locus which regulates multiple functions in Pseudomonas tolaasii, the cause of brown blotch disease of Agaricus bisporus (1995)

Pseudomonas tolaasii, the causal agent of brown blotch disease of Agaricus bisporus, spontaneously gives rise to morphologically distinct stable sectors, referred to as the phenotypic variant form, at the margins of the wild-type colonies. The phenotypic variant form is nonpathogenic and differs from the wild type in a range of biochemical and physiological characteristics. A genomic cosmid clone (pSISG29) from a wild-type P. tolaasii library was shown to be capable of restoring a range of characteristics of the phenotypic variant to those of the wild-type form, when present in trans. Subcloning and saturation mutagenesis analysis with Tn5lacZ localized a 3.0-kb region from pSISG29, designated the pheN locus, required for complementation of the phenotypic variant to the wild-type form. Marker exchange of the Tn5lacZ-mutagenized copy of the pheN locus into the wild-type strain demonstrated that a functional copy of the pheN gene is required to maintain the wild-type pathogenic phenotype and that loss of the pheN gene or its function results in conversion of the wild-type form to the phenotypic variant form. The pheN locus contained a 2,727-bp open reading frame encoding an 83-kDa protein. The predicted amino acid sequence of the PheN protein showed homology to the sensor and regulator domains of the conserved family of two component bacterial sensor regulator proteins. Southern hybridization analysis of pheN genes from the wild type and the phenotypic variant form revealed that DNA rearrangement occurs within the pheN locus during phenotypic variation. Analysis of pheN expression with a pheN::lacZ fusion demonstrated that expression is regulated by environmental factors. These results are related to a model for control for phenotypic variation in P. tolaasii.
Synthesis, Radiolabeling, and Biological Evaluation of (<i>R</i>)- and (<i>S</i>)-2-Amino-5-[<sup>18</sup>F]fluoro-2-methylpentanoic Acid ((<i>R</i>)-, (<i>S</i>)-[<sup>18</sup>F]FAMPe) as Potential Positron Emission Tomography Tracers for Brain Tumors (2015)

A novel (18)F-labeled α,α-disubstituted amino acid-based tracer, 2-amino-5-[(18)F]fluoro-2-methylpentanoic acid ([(18)F]FAMPe), has been developed for brain tumor imaging with a longer alkyl side chain than previously reported compounds to increase brain availability via system L amino acid transport. Both enantiomers of [(18)F]FAMPe were obtained in good radiochemical yield (24-52% n = 8) and high radiochemical purity (>99%). In vitro uptake assays in mouse DBT gliomas cells revealed that (S)-[(18)F]FAMPe enters cells partly via sodium-independent system L transporters and also via other nonsystem A transport systems including transporters that recognize glutamine. Biodistribution and small animal PET/CT studies in the mouse DBT model of glioblastoma showed that both (R)- and (S)-[(18)F]FAMPe have good tumor imaging properties with the (S)-enantiomer providing higher tumor uptake and tumor to brain ratios. Comparison of the SUVs showed that (S)-[(18)F]FAMPe had higher tumor to brain ratios compared to (S)-[(18)F]FET, a well-established system L substrate.
Introduction (2021)

The efficacy of disorder-specific cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment protocols for anxiety and depression is well established. This state-of-the-art compendium brings together, in one volume, a therapist guide to treating anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder (including six subtypes), and depression. Treatment protocols are based on the DSM-5 taxonomy diagnoses that address the nuances of specific clinical presentations. There is section on case formulation and treatment planning to assist therapists when working with clients presenting with complexity and comorbid disorders. Specific CBT approaches and treatment protocols for diverse populations with common mental health problems are also provided. Experts in their field from around the world have shared their protocols and wisdom to enable the reader (1) to develop their knowledge base of current research, (2) to understand the phenomenology of psychological disorders, (3) to learn idiosyncratic additions to the assessment process, (4) to follow a step-by-step guide to treatment, (5) to identify and overcome common problems in treatment, and (6) to effectively evaluate treatment progress. The compendium is written in an accessible style that lends the reader a sense of having an expert clinical supervisor educating and guiding, helping to build knowledge and skill.
Modafinil, d‐amphetamine and placebo during 64 hours of sustained mental work. I. Effects on mood, fatigue, cognitive performance and body temperature (1995)

Modafinil is an alerting substance that is considered safer than amphetamine with fewer side effects. Although modafinil has been used successfully to treat narcolepsy, relatively little is known about its ability to ameliorate fatigue and declines in mental performance due to sleep deprivation (SD) in a normal population. Forty-one military subjects received either 300 mg of modafinil, 20 mg of d-amphetamine, or placebo on 3 separate occasions during 64 hours of continuous cognitive work and sleep loss. Three drug treatments were given: at 23.30 hours and 05.30 hours during the first and second SD nights, respectively, and once at 15.30 hours during the third day of continuous work. Subjective estimates of mood, fatigue and sleepiness, as well as objective measures of reaction time, logical reasoning and short-term memory clearly showed better performance with both modafinil and amphetamine relative to placebo. Both modafinil and amphetamine maintained or increased body temperature compared to the natural circadian cycle observed in the placebo group. Also, from subject debriefs at the end of the study, modafinil elicited fewer side-effects than amphetamine, although more than the placebo group. Modafinil appears to be a good alternative to amphetamine for counteracting the debilitating mood and cognitive effects of sleep loss during sustained operations.
Sustainability assessment of organic solvent nanofiltration: from fabrication to application (2014)

Can Organic Solvent Nanofiltration (OSN) be considered green? Is OSN greener than other downstream processing technologies? These are the two main questions addressed critically in the present review. Further questions dealt with in the review are as follows: What is the carbon footprint associated with the fabrication and disposal of membrane modules? How much solvent has to be processed by OSN before the environmental burden of OSN is less than the environmental burden of alternative technologies? What are the main challenges for improving the sustainability of OSN? How can the concept of Quality by Design (QbD) improve and assist the progress of the OSN field? Does the scale have an effect on the sustainability of membrane processes? The green aspects of OSN membrane fabrication, processes development and scale-up as well as the supporting concept of QbD, and solvent recovery technologies are critically assessed and future research directions are given, in this review.
Viscous flow analysis of advanced particle separators (1992)

A fully viscous particulated flow analysis for inertial particle separators (IPS) is presented. It is based on three main elements 1) a full Navier-Stokes solver on generalized curvilinear coordinates to map the viscous compressible flow in the IPS; 2) a grid system that is ideally suitable for the IPS split flow; and 3) a particle trajectory scheme that accounts for wall boundaries and gas effects on the particle motion. This procedure was verified by comparing the predicted results with experimental data obtained from a 5-Ib/s inlet particle separator. The good agreement between data and predictions indicates that such a procedure is important in the development process of future high-performance inlet particle separators.