gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transferring State-of-the-Art Immutability Analyses: Experimentation Toolbox and Accuracy Benchmark (2017)

Immutability analysis is important to software testing, verification and validation (V&V) because it can be used to identify independently testable functions without side-effects. Existing tools for immutability analysis are largely academic prototypes that have not been rigorously tested for accuracy or have not been maintained and are unable to analyze programs written in later versions of Java. In this paper, we re-implement two prominent approaches to inferring the immutability of an object: one that leverages a points-to analysis and another that uses a type-system. In addition to supporting Java 8 source programs, our re-implementations support the analysis of compiled Java bytecode. In order to evaluate the relative accuracy, we create a benchmark that rigorously tests the accuracy boundaries of the respective approaches. We report results of experiments on analyzing the benchmark with the two approaches and compare their scalability to real world applications. Our results from the benchmark reveal that points-to based approach is more accurate than the type inference based approach in certain cases. However, experiments with real world applications show that the points-to based approach does not scale well to very large applications and a type inference based approach may offer a scalable alternative.
Large area fine line patterning by scanning projection lithography (1995)

A new type of photolithography tool has been developed, addressing the specific needs of MCM manufacture. It is based on scanning projection exposure. It can expose panels at variable sizes up to 500 mm by 600 mm (typical laminate size), with an optical resolution of less than 5 /spl mu/m and an overlay accuracy of 2 /spl mu/m (typical thin film design rules). With the exposure being a mask projection, mask damage and subsequent yield problems are generally avoided.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Oxidation-induced biquadratic coupling in Co/Fe/MgO/Fe(001) (2009)

We investigate the interlayer exchange coupling in Co/Fe/MgO/Fe(001) via molecular-beam epitaxy synthesis and magneto-optic Kerr effect measurements across wedged samples. By independently varying the oxygen contents of the MgO film and the Fe/MgO interface, the biquadratic coupling is found to be correlated with the interfacial oxidation. Furthermore, the temperature dependence indicates that the biquadratic coupling originates from indirect exchange interactions with magnetic impurities in the MgO spacer.
Preisach modeling of piezoceramic and shape memory alloy hysteresis (1997)

Smart materials such as piezoceramics, magnetostrictive materials, and shape memory alloys exhibit hysteresis, and the larger the input signal the larger the effect. Hysteresis can lead to unwanted harmonics, inaccuracy in open loop control, and instability in closed loop control. The Preisach independent domain hysteresis model has been shown to capture the major features of hysteresis arising in ferromagnetic materials. Noting the similarity between the microscopic domain kinematics that generate static hysteresis effects in ferromagnetics, piezoceramics, and shape memory alloys (SMAs), we apply the Preisach model for the hysteresis in piezoceramic and shape memory alloy materials. This paper reviews the basic properties of the Preisach model, discusses control-theoretic issues such as identification, simulation, and inversion, and presents experimental results for piezoceramic sheet actuators bonded to a flexible aluminum beam, and a Nitinol SMA wire muscle that applies a bending force to the end of a beam.
A Review of Cavity Design for Kerr Lens Mode-Locked Solid-State Lasers (2013)

We provide a critical review of the fundamental concepts of Kerr lens mode-locking (KLM), along with a detailed description of the experimental considerations involved in the realization of a mode-locked oscillator. In addition, we review recent developments that overcome inherent limitations and disadvantages in standard KLM lasers. Our review is aimed mainly at readers who wish to realize/maintain such an oscillator or for those who wish to better understand this major experimental tool.
Cryptographic algorithms and protocols for personal communication systems security (1994)

This paper deals with matters pertaining to the application of cryptographic techniques to the security of personal communication systems, with particular emphasis on smart card implementations of cryptographic schemes for subscriber authentication and network facility attribution. An overview of the applicable operational and security requirements of personal communication systems and smart cards is presented, with reference to the specification of current smart cards. The ETSI DECT standard is used as a basic example to show how a personal communication system may employ cryptographic techniques for authentication based upon a smart card used as an intelligent token, and how such a system may be developed. The generic aspects of such systems that are considered in particular are the security level, the card processing requirements, the processing overheads and the card storage requirements. >
M-creatine kinase gene expression in mechanically overloaded skeletal muscle of transgenic mice (1995)

The molecular pathways and regulatory molecules that underlie changes in gene transcription during mechanical overload of skeletal muscle remain obscure. To better understand this process, we have examined mouse muscle creatine kinase (MCK) gene expression in mechanically overloaded plantaris (OP) muscle of transgenic and nontransgenic mice. Northern blot analysis revealed that endogenous MCK-specific mRNA transcripts were decreased 150% in the OP muscles after 6 wk. To identify the MCK gene regions involved in the response to mechanical overload, three different mouse MCKCAT transgenes were studied by measuring chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT assays) activity in OP and sham-operated (control plantaris) muscles. Mouse lines carrying (+enh206)117MCKCAT and -1256MCKCAT transgenes exhibited 30 and 40% lower CAT levels, whereas two mouse lines carrying -3300MCKCAT transgenes exhibited average decreases of 430%. Nearly identical results, including measurements of exogenous CAT mRNA, were obtained 2 days postoverload. Six weeks or 2 days of mechanical overload led to an average decrease in MM-CK isoprotein of 140%. These data provide evidence that mechanical overload induces changes in MCK gene expression that appear to be regulated by at least two portions of the MCK gene: the 206 base pair 5' enhancer and the -3,300 to -1,257 region.
A Novel β Subunit Increases Rate of Inactivation of Specific Voltage-gated Potassium Channel α Subunits (1995)

Voltage-gated potassium channel beta subunits are cytoplasmic proteins that co-purify with the pore-forming alpha subunits. One of these subunits, Kv beta 1 from rat brain, was previously demonstrated to increase the rate of inactivation of Kv1.1 and Kv1.4 when co-expressed in Xenopus oocytes. We have cloned and characterized a novel voltage-gated K+ channel beta subunit. The cDNA, designated Kv beta 3, has a 408-amino acid open reading frame. It possesses a unique 79-amino acid N-terminal leader, but is identical with rat Kv beta 1 over the 329 C-terminal amino acids. The Kv beta 3 transcript was found in many tissues, but was most abundant in aorta and left ventricle of the heart. Co-expression of Kv beta 3 with K+ channel alpha subunits shows that this beta subunit can increase the rate of inactivation from 4- to 7-fold in a Kv1.4 or Shaker B channel. Kv beta 3 had no effect on Kv1.1, unlike Kv beta 1 which can increase rate of inactivation of this alpha subunit more than 100-fold. Other kinetic parameters were unaffected. This study shows that voltage-gated K+ channel beta subunits are present outside the central nervous system, and that at least one member of this family selectively modulates inactivation of K+ channel alpha subunits.
Poloxamine hydrogels with a quaternary ammonium modification to improve cell attachment (2005)

Four-arm poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide) (PEO-PPO) block copolymer (poloxamine, Tetronic 1107) hydrogels were modified with positively charged groups with the aim of overcoming the low cell adhesion properties of these PEO-rich systems. Different matrices containing poloxamine-methacrylate (6-12%) and a quaternary ammonium methacrylate ([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]-trimethylammonium chloride [MAETAC], 0-0.48 M) were produced by a photo-initiated free radical copolymerization. A sharp increase in water content for MAETAC-containing gels was seen during the first 2 days of incubation in distilled water; some of the gels showed water uptakes as high as 12 times the initial wet weight. In phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), this effect was less pronounced because of the decrease in the osmotic gradient. In addition, a gradual increase of both the storage and the loss modulus of the gels resulted from increasing the MAETAC content [e.g., G' values increased from 13,500 Pa for 12% poloxamine-methacrylate gels without MAETAC to 151,000 Pa for 0.48M MAETAC contents (at 1 Hz, 100 Pa of oscillatory stress)]. Although on pure poloxamine-methacrylate gels HepG2 and HUVEC cells attached poorly, on MAETAC-containing specimens a well-spread morphology and confluent monolayers were obtained, at least after preincubation in serum containing medium. Although not having all the cell compatibility of collagen, these fully synthetic quaternary ammonium-modified PEO-rich gels may have some utility in tissue-engineering applications where stiff gels and cell attachment after gelation are desired.
Morphology and tensile properties of model thermoplastic polyurethanes with <scp>MDI</scp>/butanediol based monodisperse hard segments (2016)

ABSTRACT Morphology and tensile properties of model thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) containing polyisobutylene (PIB) or poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) based soft segment and 4,4‐methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) and 1,4‐butanediol (BDO) based monodisperse hard segments (HSs), consisting of exactly two to four MDI units extended by BDO, were investigated. Using FT‐IR spectroscopy, increased hydrogen bonded CO fraction was observed in model TPUs as the HS size increased. The hydrogen bonded CO fraction was higher in PIB based TPUs compared with PTMO based TPUs, indicating higher phase separation in PIB based TPUs. The morphology of TPUs was investigated using AFM phase imaging, which showed ribbon‐like or interconnected hard domains in PTMO based model TPUs and randomly dispersed hard domains in PIB based model TPUs. SAXS revealed that the degree of phase separation in the model TPUs was higher than in their polydisperse analogues. Domain spacing as well as interfacial thickness increased with the increasing HS size, and both values were higher in PTMO based TPUs. The tensile analysis indicated that model TPUs exhibited higher modulus and slightly higher elongation compared with their polydisperse analogues. Only in PTMO based model TPUs, strain induced crystallization was observed above 300% elongation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016 , 54 , 2485–2493
Derivation of nearest-neighbor properties from data on nucleic acid oligomers. II. Thermodynamic parameters of DNA · RNA hybrids and DNA duplexes (1997)

Using nearest-neighbor models consisting of independent short sequence combinations of nearest neighbors (ISS models), values of thermodynamic parameters for sets of independent sequences are derived from published oligomer data for DNA.RNA hybrids [N. Sugimoto, S. Nakano, M. Katoh, A. Matsumura, H. Nakamuta, T. Ohmichi, M. Yoneyama, and M. Sasaki (1995) Biochemistry, Vol. 34, pp. 11211-11216] and dsDNA duplexes [J. SantaLucia, Jr., H. T. Allawi, and P. A. Seneviratne (1996) Biochemistry, Vol. 35, pp. 3555-3562]. The results are compared with those from models that assign values of thermodynamic parameters to individual nearest neighbors (INN models). Differences in the use of ISS and INN models are also illustrated in an appendix, which shows examples of analyses for values of a fictitious nearest-neighbor property. INN models that include an initiation parameter contain an implicit assumption that combinations of end neighbors have the same value of a property. It is found that combinations of end neighbors (e.g., base pairs neighboring solvent) in oligomers can have significant and different apparent values of thermodynamic properties, so that the assumption inherent in INN models is not always correct. Even though ISS models do not allow the assignment of values to individual nearest neighbors, except for the like neighbors [such as d(AA)/r(UU), etc., for hybrids and d(AA)/d(TT) and d(GG)/d(CC) for DNA duplexes], they do provide physically meaningful values for the like neighbors, for sequence combinations, and for specified combinations of end neighbors.
Nanoscale Lithography on Monolayer Graphene Using Hydrogenation and Oxidation (2011)

Monolayer graphene is one of the most interesting materials applicable to next-generation electronic devices due to its transport properties. However, realization of graphene devices requires suitable nanoscale lithography as well as a method to open a band gap in monolayer graphene. Nanoscale hydrogenation and oxidation are promising methods to open an energy band gap by modification of surface structures and to fabricate nanostructures such as graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). Until now it has been difficult to fabricate nanoscale devices consisting of both hydrogenated and oxidized graphene because the hydrogenation of graphene requires a complicated process composed of large-scale chemical modification, nanoscale patterning, and etching. We report on nanoscale hydrogenation and oxidation of graphene under normal atmospheric conditions and at room temperature without etching, wet process, or even any gas treatment by controlling just an external bias through atomic force microscope lithography. Both the lithographically defined nanoscale hydrogenation and oxidation have been confirmed by micro-Raman spectroscopy measurements. Patterned hydrogenated and oxidized graphene show insulating behaviors, and their friction values are several times larger than those of graphene. These differences can be used for fabricating electronic or electromechanical devices based on graphene.
Rhinogenic headache in pediatric and adolescent patients: an evidence‐based review (2019)

The majority of pediatric patients with sinus headache harbor a primary headache disorder, with migraine being most common. Physicians should suspect primary headache disorders in pediatric patients with chronic headaches and a normal exam. Although some case series are supportive of surgical management for mucosal contact point headaches in children, the level of evidence supporting these recommendations is insufficient. High-quality clinical trials are necessary for continuing to improve outcomes in patients with these clinical entities.
Electronic Meeting System Experience at IBM (1989)

:Electronic meeting systems (EMS) have been introduced inside IBM in a cooperative effort between IBM and the University of Arizona to address the demands of an increasingly competitive and turbulent business environment. This paper presents and integrates the results of two field studies intended to evaluate the implications of electronic meeting system use at IBM. The first study focused on session process and outcome effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction at a single IBM site. The second study collected data on EMS tool use and facilitation approach within sessions at four IBM sites. The two studies are complementary in reflecting the impact of computer-based support on group process and outcome. Effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction are generally enhanced independent of type of activity supported or perspective, e.g., participant, facilitator, or session initiator. Facilitation training is a critical requirement for successful integration and application of electronic meeting system software and procedures in the group processes this paper addresses.
Composition of the Heterogeneous Sex Attracting Secretion of the Dung Beetle, Kheper lamarcki (1983)

The white flocculent sex attracting secretion produced by the male dung beetle, Kheper lamarcki MacLeay, was found to consist of tubular polypeptide fibres containing hexadecanoic acid, 2,6-dimethyl-5-heptenoic acid and (E)-nerolidol as major components, while a trace of skatole is responsible for the unpleasant odour of the secretion.
Effects of Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Strengthening on Crouch Gait in Children With Spastic Diplegia (1995)

These findings suggest that resistance exercise is an effective treatment strategy and as such should be considered as one component in the habilitation of children with cerebral palsy.
The performance of runtime data cache prefetching in a dynamic optimization system (2004)

Traditional software controlled data cache prefetching is often ineffective due to the lack of runtime cache miss and miss address information. To overcome this limitation, we implement runtime data cache prefetching in the dynamic optimization system ADORE (ADaptive Object code Reoptimization). Its performance has been compared with static software prefetching on the SPEC2000 benchmark suite. Runtime cache prefetching shows better performance. On an Itanium 2 based Linux workstation, it can increase performance by more than 20% over static prefetching on some benchmarks. For benchmarks that do not benefit from prefetching, the runtime optimization system adds only 1%-2% overhead. We have also collected cache miss profiles to guide static data cache prefetching in the ORC compiler. With that information the compiler can effectively avoid generating prefetches for loops that hit well in the data cache.
Manufacturing technique for embedding detachable fiber-optic connections in aircraft composite components (2000)

This paper describes a manufacturing technique for embedding standard fiber-optic connection hardware in aircraft composite components. The manufacturing technique is simple and robust and enables trimming of the composite parts. Three different concepts for edge connections are presented. The usual problem with trimming composite parts with edge connections is solved by using polytetra-fluoroethylene dummies during manufacture.
Sputum processing prior to Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection by culture or nucleic acid amplification testing: a narrative review (2015)

Sputum is a complex specimen consisting of a primary network comprised of linked mucin molecules and a secondary network composed of filamentous actin, cell debris and DNA. Other components of sputum are leukocytes, proteoglycans, inflammatory mediators and elastin fibres. Embedded within this matrix are bacteria which are targeted for clinical diagnosis. This is further complicated in tuberculosis as mycobacteria frequently clump within the specimen resulting in unequal distribution. Efficient release of bacteria from sputum specimens requires chemical and/or mechanical breakdown of both primary and secondary sputum networks. This review gives an overview of the composition of sputum and of various methods that have been used for digesting sputum prior to testing for tuberculosis.
A Smart Android Application with Machine Learning Extension to Operate Computer and IoT Devices (2021)

In the era of smartphones and the Internet of Things (IoT) we can possibly do everything on our handheld devices. There are so many applications of Android, IOS, and more that can interact and operate nearly to all types of electronic devices. There are unique types of applications, which can operate a computer's software/functionalities through mobile phones only. In this paper, we have highlighted other available applications and introduced and proposed a new application, which interacts and operates a computer through voice commands and has many other functionalities related to IoT. As compared to other existing applications, it uses AO* machine learning algorithms which can reduce the delay of communicating the actions to any computer hardware, that is why it works efficiently as compare to its peer applications, and also has the functionality of controlling the performance embedded devices and the hardware resources of a computer system.
Inline Emulation for Paravirtualization Environment on Embedded Systems (2011)

Virtualization has been widely adopted on servers for various purposes such as server consolidation, cloud computing, and so on. Recent years, the trend spreads on embedded systems, although it once seemed to be an impractical idea because of the limited capability of embedded processors. To further lower the overhead of adopting virtualization on embedded systems, we design an optimization technique, called inline emulation, to reduce the cost spending on paravirtualizing operating systems. Inline emulation can also be used in various virtualization environments to increase the performance of emulating privileged instructions. We implement inline emulation for ARMv5 architecture and evaluate in Android Emulator. The result shows it runs much faster, up to 7.4 times, than the common Para virtualization technique for cache-related operations and suggests that it not only lowers the development cost but also increases system responsiveness.
Photoluminescence of the Dehydrated Ag-type Zeolite A Packed under Air (2008)

The photoluminescence (PL) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements have been carried out for the dehydrated fully Ag + exchanged zeolite A powders packed with controlled amounts of the adsorbed H 2 O molecules. The powders are designated as “air-packed 12Ag-A” and have been prepared by packing the dehydrated 12Ag-A in the glass cell under air at different temperatures between 120 and 30 °C in the cooling process after the dehydration at 500 °C for 24 h under air. The PL spectra obtained by radiation of 400 nm light have main peaks around 2.15 eV and subpeaks around 2.70 eV. The PL spectra were fitted by four Gaussians. The peak around 2.15 eV consists of the band I ∼1.94 eV and band II ∼2.10 eV, while the subpeak around 2.70 eV of the band III ∼2.50 eV and band IV ∼2.80 eV. The temperature variations of the integral intensities for the bands II and IV show maxima between 50 and 80 °C where the interaction between the zeolite framework and the adsorbed H 2 O molecules is found to become dominant by the infrared measurements. The integral intensities of the band I increase below 90 °C. The analyses of the Ag K-edge EXAFS spectra obtained for the air-packed 12Ag-A reveal that there appears a silver cluster, Ag 5 m + ( m ≧3) which consists of two 6-ring Ag + ions and one 4-ring Ag + ion bonded to two 8-ring Ag atoms below 100 °C. We conclude that the PL of the air-packed 12Ag-A is attributed to the Ag 5 m + clusters.