gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Probing the unknowns of sonoluminescence (1994)

The mechanism whereby a bubble transduces sound into a clocklike stream of picosecond flashes of ultraviolet light is robust, complex, and unknown. A theoretical understanding of the key bubble parameter, its ambient radius, is lacking. An explanation as to why this phenomenon has so far only been seen in water is elusive. In addition, we do not understand why cooling the water dramatically increases the light output or why sonoluminescence is so sensitive to doping with a noble gas. Experimentally, the spectrum has been unable to be followed past 7 electron volts and so the limits of energy concentration which can be achieved with sonoluminescence from a single bubble are not yet measured. In addition to yielding clues experiments in progress will most likely serve to deepen the mystery! [Work supported by the US DOE Division of Advanced Energy Projects; RL is an AT&T Fellow.]
Spatially controlled atomic layer deposition in porous materials (2007)

We describe a technique for depositing materials at controlled depths within porous substrates based upon the passivating effect produced by one precursor to prevent the adsorption of a second precursor. For example, a surface exposed to trimethyl aluminum is not reactive toward diethyl zinc. This effect, combined with Knudsen diffusion in which the precursor exposure times dictate the depth of penetration of the deposited layer, enables spatially controlled “stripe coating” within porous supports. We demonstrate ZnO stripes in anodic alumina and model the results using Monte Carlo simulations. Etching is identified as a potential problem for certain precursor combinations.
Underlying Hydrophobic Sequence Periodicity of Protein Tertiary Structure (2005)

Hydropathy plots or window averages over local stretches of the sequence of residue hydrophobicity have revealed patterns related to various protein tertiary structural features. This has enabled identification of regions of the sequence that are at the surface or within the interior of globular soluble proteins, regions located within the lipid bilayer of transmembrane proteins, portions of the sequence that characterize repeating motifs, as well as motifs that usefully characterize different protein structural families. This, therefore, provides one example of the generally expressed maxim that "sequence determines structure". On the other hand, a number of previous investigations have shown the rapidly varying values of residue hydrophobicity along the sequence to be distributed approximately randomly. So one might question just how much of the sequence actually determines structure. It is, therefore, of interest to extract that part of this rapidly varying distribution of residue hydrophobicity that is responsible for the longer wavelength variations that correlate with protein tertiary structural features and to determine their prevalence within the entire distribution. This is accomplished by a finite Fourier analysis of the sequence of residue hydrophobicity and of a new measure of residue distance from the protein interior. Calculations are performed on a number of globins, immunoglobulins, cuprodoxins, and papain-like structures. The spectral power of the Fourier amplitudes of the frequencies extracted, whose inverse transforms underlie the windowed values of residue hydrophobicity is shown to be a small fraction of the total power of the hydrophobicity distribution and thereby consistent with a distribution that might appear to be predominantly random. The wide range of sequence identity between proteins having the same fold, all exhibiting similar small fractions of power amplitude that correlate with the longer wavelength inside-to-outside excursions of the amino acid residues, supports the general contention that close sequence identity is an expression of a close evolutionary relationship rather than an expression of structural similarity. Practical implications of the present analysis for protein structure prediction and engineering are also described.
Coal Desulfurization by Low—Temperature Chlorinolysis (1977)

Since most of the coals in this country, particularly the eastern and mid-western coals, have a high sulfur content (>2%), there is a need for an economical process of converting high-sulfur coals to clean fuel (<1.2 lbs of SO2 emission per million Btu by EPA standards) so that coal can be used as a source of energy without causing serious air pollution. Among the three principal methods for precombustion desulfurization of coal - physical depyriting, chemical desulfurization (1,2,3,4), and coal conversion to low-sulfur liquid and gaseous fuels, the potential of chemical methods looks promising in terms of both total sulfur removal and processing cost. The principal chemical methods for coal desulfurization involve treatment with either oxidizing agents (1,2,3) or basic media (4)at elevated temperature and pressure. For example, the method of oxidation (1) by contacting an aqueous slurry of coal with air at pressures up to 1000 psi and temperatures
Separating organic materials from tar sands or oil shale. [agglomeration] (1977)

Tar sands and like mineral solids-plus petroleum deposits are separated into a petroleum fraction and a solids fraction by contacting with an organic solvent or diluent (in one or more stages) to give a liquid slurry, providing in the system a small amount of an aqueous agglomerating liquid, mixing and agitating until discrete compact agglomerates of hydrophilic solids form, separating the solid easily handled agglomerates and recovering the petroleum fraction and solvent or diluent. This process avoids the large volumes of aqueous effluent inherent in the ''hot water'' and other processes using large amounts of water. The solid agglomerates may be used as clean fill, sintered to aggregate, or modified to serve as soil amendments.
Power Allocation and Link Selection for Multicell Cooperative NOMA\n Hybrid VLC/RF Systems (2020)

This paper proposes and optimizes a cooperative non-orthogonal\nmultiple-access (Co-NOMA) scheme in the context of multicell visible light\ncommunications (VLC) networks, as a means to mitigate inter-cell interference\nin Co-NOMA-enabled systems. Consider a network with multiple VLC access points\n(APs), where each AP serves two users using light intensity. In each cell, the\nweak user (the cell edge user) can be served either directly by the VLC AP, or\nthrough the strong user that can decode the weak user's message and forward it\nthrough the radio-frequency (RF) link. The paper then considers the problem of\nmaximizing the network throughput under quality-of-service (QoS) constraints by\nallocating the powers of the users' messages and APs' transmit powers, and\ndetermining the serving links of each weak user (i.e., VLC or hybrid VLC/RF).\nThe paper solves such a non-convex problem by first finding closed form\nsolutions of the joint users' powers and link selection for a fixed AP power\nallocation. The APs' transmit powers are then iteratively solved in an outer\nloop using the golden section method. Simulation results show how the proposed\nsolution and scheme improve the system sum-rate and fairness as compared to\nconventional non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA) schemes.\n
A Mutation in the <i>TRPC6</i> Cation Channel Causes Familial Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (2005)

Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a kidney disorder of unknown etiology, and up to 20% of patients on dialysis have been diagnosed with it. Here we show that a large family with hereditary FSGS carries a missense mutation in the TRPC6 gene on chromosome 11q, encoding the ion-channel protein transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC6). The proline-to-glutamine substitution at position 112, which occurs in a highly conserved region of the protein, enhances TRPC6-mediated calcium signals in response to agonists such as angiotensin II and appears to alter the intracellular distribution of TRPC6 protein. Previous work has emphasized the importance of cytoskeletal and structural proteins in proteinuric kidney diseases. Our findings suggest an alternative mechanism for the pathogenesis of glomerular disease.
Hydrolytically stable fluorinated metal-organic frameworks for energy-efficient dehydration (2017)

Natural gas must be dehydrated before it can be transported and used, but conventional drying agents such as activated alumina or inorganic molecular sieves require an energy-intensive desiccant-regeneration step. We report a hydrolytically stable fluorinated metal-organic framework, AlFFIVE-1-Ni (KAUST-8), with a periodic array of open metal coordination sites and fluorine moieties within the contracted square-shaped one-dimensional channel. This material selectively removed water vapor from gas streams containing CO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and higher hydrocarbons typical of natural gas, as well as selectively removed both H<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub> in N<sub>2</sub>-containing streams. The complete desorption of the adsorbed water molecules contained by the AlFFIVE-1-Ni sorbent requires relatively moderate temperature (~105°C) and about half the energy input for commonly used desiccants.
Close to three-octave-spanning supercontinuum generated in ZBLAN photonic crystal fiber (2013)

We report the successful fabrication of a ZBLAN photonic crystal fiber with sub-micron features and large air-filling fraction and use it to generate a 10dB-flat supercontinuum (350 to 2500nm) from 140fs, 1nJ pulses at 1042nm.
Identification and remediation of biases in the activity of RNA ligases in small-RNA deep sequencing (2011)

Deep sequencing of small RNAs (sRNA-seq) is now the gold standard for small RNA profiling and discovery. Biases in sRNA-seq have been reported, but their etiology remains unidentified. Through a comprehensive series of sRNA-seq experiments, we establish that the predominant cause of the bias is the RNA ligases. We further demonstrate that RNA ligases have strong sequence-specific biases which distort the small RNA profiles considerably. We have devised a pooled adapter strategy to overcome this bias, and validated the method through data derived from microarray and qPCR. In light of our findings, published small RNA profiles, as well as barcoding strategies using adapter-end modifications, may need to be revisited. Importantly, by providing a wide spectrum of substrate for the ligase, the pooled-adapter strategy developed here provides a means to overcome issues of bias, and generate more accurate small RNA profiles.
VATS: Virtualized-Aware Automated Test Service (2008)

It is anticipated that by 2015 more than 75% of Information Technology infrastructure will be purchased as a service from service providers. Services will be hosted in virtualized shared resource pools referred to as Clouds. Service providers will need to ensure that customer performance requirements are satisfied while consuming an acceptable quantity of resources. This paper describes a Virtualization-aware Automated Testing Service (VATS). VATS is a framework for automated test execution in Cloud computing environments. It executes tests, manipulates virtualized infrastructure, and collects performance information. VATS uses HP LoadRunner as a load generator and provides the foundation for an automatic performance evaluator for Cloud environments. A case study describes our use of VATS with an SAP R/3 system running in a Xen-based virtualized resource pool. The results from VATS are used to determine the impact of virtual machine configuration parameters on a SAP system.
Identification of Synthetic Diamond Grown Using Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) (2004)

Studies carried out at the DTC Research Centre have shown that single-crystal CVD synthetic diamond is clearly distinguishable from natural diamond. This article presents information about the CVD process, the history of its development, the different kinds of CVD synthetic diamond material that can be produced, and properties that differentiate them from natural diamond. The authors studied more than a thousand CVD synthetic diamond samples that were grown for research purposes using a range of different process conditions. Absorption, photoluminescence, and cathodoluminescence spectra of these CVD synthetic diamond samples showed a range of different impurity-related features not seen in natural diamond. Photoluminescence imaging is also useful in identifying CVD synthetic diamond, and X-ray topography may give supportive evidence. The effectiveness of the Diamond Trading Company Diamond Verification Instruments for identifying CVD synthetic diamond is also described.
Polymer-sustained-alignment liquid crystal cell produced from the monomer containing benzilketal-group and its image sticking property (2020)

As a model of polymer-sustained-alignment liquid crystal display (PSA-LCD), the LC cells having the polymer layers produced from mixed monomers of 4,4ʹ-dimethacryloyl-oxy-biphenyl (4,4ʹ-DMABiph) and 4,4ʹ-dimethacryloyl-oxy-benzilketal (4,4ʹ-DMABzk) were fabricated and investigated image sticking phenomenon with evaluations of residual direct current voltage (VrDC) and difference in pretilt angle before and after application of alternate current voltage (∆tilt). A rate constant of the polymerisation became remarkably large with an addition of a small amount of 4,4ʹ-DMABzk into 4,4ʹ-DMABiph. The VrDC was effectively improved with the addition of a small amount of 4,4ʹ-DMABzk because the concentrations of radicals and/or ions in the LC layer were decreased due to enlargement for the rate constant of the polymerisation. The Δtilt was small enough only below 10% of 4,4ʹ-DMABzk in the mixed monomers of 4,4ʹ-DMABiph and 4,4ʹ-DMABzk. We confirmed that the PSA-LC cell produced from the mixed monomers of 4,4ʹ-DMABiph and 4,4ʹ-DMABzk with the weight ratio of 4,4ʹ-DMABzk between 6% and 10% was useful for obtaining the small level of image sticking.
Wideband, High-Input-Impedance Buffer Amplifier (1996)

Improved buffer amplifier offers high input impedance to signal source. Input impedance remains high, relatively constant, and essentially resistive over wide range of frequencies.
Automatic registration and visualization of occluded targets using ladar data (2003)

High-resolution 3D imaging ladar systems can penetrate foliage and camouflage to sample fragments of concealed surfaces of interest. Samples collected while the ladar moves can be integrated into a coherent object shape, provided that sensor poses are known. We detail a system for automatic data-driven registration of ladar frames, consisting of a coarse search stage, a pairwise fine registration stage using an iterated closest points algorithm, and a multi-view registration strategy. We evaluate this approach using simulated and field-collected ladar imagery of foliage-occluded objects. Even after alignment and aggregation, it is often difficult for human observers to find, assess, and recognize objects from a point cloud display. We survey and demonstrate basic display manipulations, surface fitting techniques, and clutter suppression to enhance visual exploitation of 3D imaging ladar data.
Thermostable, Raw-Starch-Digesting Amylase from <i>Bacillus stearothermophilus</i> (1989)

An endospore-forming thermophilic bacterium, which produced amylase and was identified as Bacillus stearothermophilus, was isolated from soil. The amylase had an optimum temperature of 70 degrees C and strongly degraded wheat starch granules (93%) and potato starch granules (80%) at 60 degrees C.
Thin Fresnel zone plate lenses for underwater acoustics: Modeling and experiments (2015)

In situations where size, weight, and system complexity are important, Fresnel zone plate (FZP) lenses have potential advantages in acoustic systems. Numerical modeling and laboratory characterization of focusing by a Soret type FZP lens are presented in this study. Both rubber foam and resonant air cavity designs are considered for the opaque zones. This study extends previous work by examining a wider range of incident field angles. Measurements of a higher-order focus, more narrow than the primary focus but with reduced gain, are also presented that compare favorably with modeling predictions. Comparison is also made between standard diffraction theory predictions (Fourier acoustics) and finite-element, oblique wave scattering simulations for the axisymmetric FZP geometry. The latter accounts for edge effects and acoustic penetration through the lens material, and predicts a higher focal gain for oblique plane wave insonification. Finally, the directivity of an FZP lens and hydrophone combination is compared with that of an ideal pressure sensitive disk of equivalent diameter to assess gain vs. side-lobe tradeoffs. Calculations demonstrate 10 dB reduction of the first sidelobe level using the FZP with a 15% main lobe broadening.
Seven‐level boosting active neutral point clamped inverter using cross‐connected switched capacitor cells (2020)

In this study, an active neutral point clamped‐type boosting switched‐capacitor multilevel inverter (SCMLI) with self‐voltage balancing capability is proposed. In the proposed topology, a novel switched capacitor cell is used, which has eight switches and two diodes. The presented topology has reduced power component count with self‐boosting and balancing abilities. The distinctive features of the proposed topology are highlighted and benchmarked against other recent 7L‐SCMLI topologies. To validate the feasibility of the proposed topology, experimental tests are performed on a 1 kW prototype hardware setup.
MEMS chemical sensors using waveguide Fabry-Perot microcavities (2008)

We demonstrate waveguide Fabry-Perot microcavities coupled to in-plane microbeam resonators. The microcavities enable measurement of mechanical resonant frequency shifts resulting from mass loading due to analyte sorption. High selectivity sensor arrays are possible.
Herding "small" streaming queries (2015)

We study the problem of placing streaming queries into servers. Unlike previous work, we focus on queries that consume events of relative low rates, each computed in a single server (i.e. no scaling-out per query). However, we need to place a very large and dynamic number of queries in relatively few servers. Our focus is motivated by the need to support a platform for hosting end-user streaming queries that may come from a variety of applications, such as the Cortana personal assistant.
Photoinduced nucleation: A novel tool for detecting molecules in air at ultra-low concentrations (2000)

This work presents the development of a novel detection method named Photoinduced Nucleation Detection (PIND). PIND is capable of detecting substances at extremely low concentrations in ambient air. Methods of obtaining substance specificity including the substance’s UV light absorption spectrum, and gas chromatography are also presented.
Pt:Ti Diffusion Barrier, Interconnect, and Simultaneous Ohmic Contacts to n- and p-Type 4H-SiC (2018)

We report the initial results of using co-sputtered Pt:Ti 80:20 at. % composition ratio metallization as a diffusion barrier against gold (Au) and oxygen (O), as an interconnect layer, as well as forming simultaneous ohmic contacts to n-and p-type 4H-SiC. Having a single conductor with such combined multi-functional attributes would appreciably reduce the fabrication costs, processing time and complexity that are inherent in the production of SiC based devices. Auger Electron Spectroscopy, Focused Ion Beam-assisted Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy analyses revealed no Au and O migration to the SiC contact surface and minimal diffusion through the Pt:Ti barrier layer after 15 minutes of exposure at 800 oC in atmosphere, thus offering potential long term stability of the ohmic contacts. Specific contact resistance values of 7 x 10 -5 and 7.4 x 10 -4 Ω-cm 2 were obtained on the n (N d =7 x 10 18 cm -3 ) and p (N a =2 x 10 20 cm -3 ) -type 4H-SiC, respectively. The resistivity of 75 μΩ-cm was obtained for the Pt:Ti layer that was sandwiched between two SiO 2 layers and annealed in pure O ambient up to 900 °C, which offers promise as a high temperature interconnect metallization.
Transition metal-doped zinc chalcogenides: spectroscopy and laser demonstration of a new class of gain media (1996)

The absorption and emission properties of transition metal (TM)-doped zinc chalcogenides have been investigated to understand their potential application as room-temperature, mid-infrared tunable laser media. Crystals of ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe, individually doped with Cr/sup 2+/, Co/sup 2+/, Ni/sup 2+/, or Fe/sup 2+/ have been evaluated. The absorption and emission properties are presented and discussed in terms of the energy levels from which they arise. The absorption spectra of the crystals studied exhibit strong bands between 1.4 and 2.0 /spl mu/m which overlap with the output of strained-layer InGaAs diodes. The room-temperature emission spectra reveal wide-band emissions from 2-3 /spl mu/m for Cr and from 2.8-4.0 /spl mu/m for Co, Cr luminesces strongly at room temperature; Co exhibits significant losses from nonradiative decay at temperatures above 200 K, and Ni and Fe only luminesce at low temperatures, Cr/sup 2+/ is estimated to have the highest quantum yield at room temperature among the media investigated with values of /spl sim/75-100%. Laser demonstrations of Cr:ZnS and Cr:ZnSe have been performed in a laser-pumped laser cavity with a Co:MgF/sub 2/ pump laser. The output of both lasers were determined to peak at wavelengths near 2.35 /spl mu/m, and both lasers demonstrated a maximum slope efficiency of approximately 20%. Based on these initial results, the Cr/sup 2+/ ion is predicted to be a highly favorable laser ion for the mid-IR when doped into the zinc chalcogenides; Co/sup 2+/ may also serve usefully, but laser demonstrations yet remain to be performed.
zk-AuthFeed: How to Feed Authenticated Data into Smart Contract with Zero Knowledge (2019)

The emerging blockchain technology, powered by the smart contract functionality, is expected to revolutionize traditional systems by decentralization and autonomy. When the blockchain technology is applied in real-life systems, a smart contract may need to take in sensitive data to execute its code. For example, a decentralized medical insurance smart contract needs access to personal health data. Therefore, it is crucial to guarantee both privacy and authenticity of data sent to the smart contract, so that everyone can verify data without leaking sensitive information. Currently, only few works have tried to achieve privacy and authenticity at the same time. In this work, we first propose zk-DASNARK, a zero-knowledge SNARK scheme for authenticated data. It is designed by combining the zk-SNARK technique with digital signature in an effective way. Based on zk-DASNARK, we design zk-AuthFeed, a zero-knowledge authenticated data feed scheme to achieve both data privacy and authenticity for smart contract. We implement zk-AuthFeed and conduct comprehensive experiments on Ethereum. The experiments show that zk-AuthFeed is highly efficient: key generation takes about 7 seconds only, proof generation takes less than 2 seconds, and proof verification takes less than 40 ms.
A large internal deletion converts yeast LEU3 to a constitutive transcriptional activator. (1989)

LEU3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes an 886-amino-acid polypeptide that activates transcription of at least five genes by binding to an upstream decanucleotide sequence. This activation is dependent on the inducer alpha-isopropylmalate, the synthesis of which is repressed by leucine. We created a 285-amino-acid LEU3 derivative by removing a large block of internal sequences, including a dense cluster of acidic residues. This deletion protein bound to the decanucleotide sequence in vitro and activated gene expression in vivo. In contrast to wild-type LEU3, the truncated LEU3 protein was an effective transcriptional activator when alpha-isopropylmalate synthesis was repressed by leucine.