gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Geographic Differences in Genetic Susceptibility to IgA Nephropathy: GWAS Replication Study and Geospatial Risk Analysis (2012)

IgA nephropathy (IgAN), major cause of kidney failure worldwide, is common in Asians, moderately prevalent in Europeans, and rare in Africans. It is not known if these differences represent variation in genes, environment, or ascertainment. In a recent GWAS, we localized five IgAN susceptibility loci on Chr.6p21 (HLA-DQB1/DRB1, PSMB9/TAP1, and DPA1/DPB2 loci), Chr.1q32 (CFHR3/R1 locus), and Chr.22q12 (HORMAD2 locus). These IgAN loci are associated with risk of other immune-mediated disorders such as type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, or inflammatory bowel disease. We tested association of these loci in eight new independent cohorts of Asian, European, and African-American ancestry (N = 4,789), followed by meta-analysis with risk-score modeling in 12 cohorts (N = 10,755) and geospatial analysis in 85 world populations. Four susceptibility loci robustly replicated and all five loci were genome-wide significant in the combined cohort (P = 5x10\(^{-32}\) 3x10\(^{-10}\), with heterogeneity detected only at the PSMB9/TAP1 locus (I\(^{-2}\) = 0.60). Conditional analyses identified two new independent risk alleles within the HLA-DQB1/DRB1 locus, defining multiple risk and protective haplotypes within this interval. We also detected a significant genetic interaction, whereby the odds ratio for the HORMAD2 protective allele was reversed in homozygotes for a CFHR3/R1 deletion (P = 2.5x10\(^{-4}\)). A seven-SNP genetic risk score, which explained 4.7% of overall IgAN risk, increased sharply with Eastward and Northward distance from Africa (r = 0.30, P = 3x10\(^{-128}\)). This model paralleled the known East-West gradient in disease risk. Moreover, the prediction of a South-North axis was confirmed by registry data showing that the prevalence of IgAN-attributable kidney failure is increased in Northern Europe, similar to multiple sclerosis and type I diabetes. Variation at IgAN susceptibility loci correlates with differences in disease prevalence among world populations. These findings inform genetic, biological, and epidemiological investigations of IgAN and permit cross-comparison with other complex traits that share genetic risk loci and geographic patterns with IgAN.
Holographic recording of fast phenomena (2002)

We report on a holographic method for recording fast events whose speed is limited by the laser pulse duration if the recording material has sufficient sensitivity to reliably record a frame of the fast event with a single pulse. The method we describe uses the angular selectivity of thick holograms to resolve frames that are recorded with adjacent pulses. Two specially designed cavities are used to generate the signal and reference pulse trains. We experimentally demonstrate the system by recording laser induced shock waves with a temporal resolution of 5.9 ns, limited by the pulse width of the Q-switched Nd:yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser used in the experiments.
Efficient network QoS provisioning based on per node traffic shaping (2002)

This paper addresses the problem of providing per-connection end-to-end delay guarantees in a high-speed network. We assume that the network is connection oriented and enforces some admission control which ensures that the source traffic conforms to specified traffic characteristics. We concentrate on the class of rate-controlled service (RCS) disciplines, in which traffic from each connection is reshaped at every hop, and develop end-to-end delay bounds for the general case where different reshapers are used at each hop. In addition, we establish that these bounds can also be achieved when the shapers at each hop have the same "minimal" envelope. The main disadvantage of this class of service disciplines is that the end-to-end delay guarantees are obtained as the sum of the worst case delays at each node, but we show that this problem can be alleviated through "proper" reshaping of the traffic. We illustrate the impact of this reshaping by demonstrating its use in designing RCS disciplines that outperform generalized processor sharing-based service disciplines.
Iridium-Catalyzed Diastereo-, Enantio-, and Regioselective Allylic Alkylation with Prochiral Enolates (2016)

Transition-metal-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation of\nenolates is a powerful method for the formation of carbon−\ncarbon bonds. Within this field, palladium-catalyzed allylic\nalkylation reactions have undoubtedly been the most studied.\nAside from limited cases, palladium catalysts preferentially\nform the linear substitution product through alkylation at the\nless-substituted terminus of the allylic electrophile (Scheme 1).\nHowever, in contrast to palladium, most other transition metals\n(e.g., Mo, W, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, Pt, and Ir) have been shown\nto favor the construction of the branched product, with iridium\ncatalysts being some of the most efficient and selective. The\npotential application of these chiral, branched products to the\nsynthesis of natural products and biologically active compounds\nhas motivated the development of practical and reliable\ntransition-metal-catalyzed methods for their construction.
Radial Imaging With Multipolar Magnetic (2011)

We present reconstruction methods for radial mag- netic resonance imaging (MRI) data which were spatially encoded using a pair of orthogonal multipolar magnetic fields for in-plane encoding and parallel imaging. It is shown that a direct method exists in addition to iterative reconstruction. Standard direct projection reconstruction algorithms can be combined with a previously developed direct reconstruction for multipolar en- coding fields acquired with Cartesian trajectories. The algorithm is simplified by recasting the reconstruction problem into polar coordinates. In this formulation distortion and aliasing become separate effects. Distortion occurs only along the radial direction and aliasing along the azimuthal direction. Moreover, aliased points are equidistantly distributed in this representation, and, consequently, Cartesian SENSE is directly applicable with highly effective unfolding properties for radio-frequency coils arranged with a radial symmetry. The direct and iterative methods are applied to simulated data to analyze basic properties of the al- gorithms and for the first time also measured in vivo data are presented. The results are compared to linear spatial encoding using a radial trajectory and quadrupolar encoding using a Cartesian trajectory. The direct reconstruction gives good results for fully sampled datasets. Undersampled datasets, however, show star-shaped artifacts, which are significantly reduced with the iterative reconstruction.
Document image decoding using Markov source models (1993)

The authors describe a communication theory approach to document image reconstruction, patterned after the use of hidden Markov models in speech recognition. A document recognition problem is viewed as consisting of three elements-an image generator, a noisy channel, and an image decoder. A document image generator is a Markov source which combines a message source with an imager. The message source produces a string of symbols which contains the information to be transmitted. The imager is modeled as a finite-state transducer, which converts the message into an ideal bitmap. The channel transforms the ideal image into a noisy observed image. The decoder estimates the message from the observed image by finding the a posteriori most probable path through the combined source and channel models using a Viterbi-like algorithm. Application of the proposed method to decoding telephone yellow pages is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Abberations in Phospholipase D Activity‐A Pharmacological Target for Cancer Detection (2006)

Understanding molecular targets and developing novel molecular imaging agents can improve early cancer detection. Radioiodinated NM404, a phospholipid ether analog in clinical trials, displays selective and prolonged retention in 28/28 xenograft and spontaneous tumor models. This specificity for malignant tumors is apparently due to prolonged and selective retention of NM404 in cancer cells having reduced ability to metabolize NM404. Prior in vitro studies implicate phospholipase D (PLD) in NM404 metabolism. PLD is a critical regulator of cell proliferation, survival signaling, cell transformation and tumor progression. Decreased expression of PLD in numerous tumors has been reported, and thus, reduced PLD levels in malignant cells may result in prolonged retention of NM404. PLD activity and expression were evaluated to assess the mechanism of action of NM404 and possibly identify novel drug development targets. Fluorescent enzyme assay and RT‐PCR were used to quantify PLD in mouse and human malignant cell lines and solid tumors compared to normal host tissue. PLD activity and mRNA levels were significantly lower (p<0.05, T‐test) in malignant cells compared to the respective normal host tissues. The data strongly suggest decreased PLD activity in malignant cells may result in selective retention of NM404 and that malignancy maybe associated with aberrations in PLD activity. Supported by NCI grant CA95240
Plastid‐localised seed acyl‐carrier protein of <i>Brassica napus</i> is encoded by a distinct, nuclear multigene family (1988)

Acyl-carrier protein (ACP) is a key component involved in the regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis in plants. cDNA clones encoding ACP from Brassica napus (oil seed rape) embryos have been isolated using oligonucleotide probes derived from heterologous ACPs. Analysis of the DNA sequence data, in conjunction with N-terminal amino acid sequence data, revealed ACP to be synthesized from nuclear DNA as a precursor containing a 51-amino-acid N-terminal extension. Immunocytochemical studies showed ACP to be localised solely within the plastids of B. napus seed tissue and it would therefore appear that the N-terminal extension functions as a transit peptide to direct ACP into these organelles. Analysis of several cDNA clones revealed sequence heterogeneity and thus evidence for an ACP multigene family. From ten cDNA clones, six unique genes, encoding five different mature ACP polypeptides, were identified. Northern blot hybridisation studies provide evidence that the seed and leaf forms of rape ACP are encoded by structurally distinct gene sets.
High-speed fiber grating pressure sensors (2014)

Fiber grating pressure sensors have been used to support pressure measurements associated with burn, deflagration and detonation of energetic materials. This paper provides an overview of this technology and serves as a companion paper to the application of this technology to measuring pressure during high speed impacts.
Antineoplastic agents. 251. Isolation and structure of stylostatin 1 from the Papua New Guinea marine sponge Stylotella aurantium (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAntineoplastic agents. 251. Isolation and structure of stylostatin 1 from the Papua New Guinea marine sponge Stylotella aurantiumGeorge R. Pettit, Jayaram K. Srirangam, Delbert L. Herald, Karen L. Erickson, Dennis L. Doubek, Jean M. Schmidt, Larry P. Tackett, and Gerald J. BakusCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 26, 7217–7220Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00052a041https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00052a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views258Altmetric-Citations52LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: NEW SYNTHESES OF RACEMIC TRYPTOPHANS (1980)

Abstract Aus den o‐Nitrotoluolen (I) erhält man mit Dimethylformamiddimethylaeetal (DMF‐DMA) die Enamine (II), die bei der Hydrierung zu Indolen (III) cyclisiert werden.
Direct Shape Recovery from Photometric Stereo with Shadows (2013)

Reconstruction of 3D objects Based on images is useful in many applications. One of the methods Based on multi-image data is the Photometric Stereo technique relying on several photographs of the observed object from the same point of view, each one taken under a different illumination condition. The common approach is to estimate the gradient field of the surface by minimizing a functional, integrating the distance from the camera and thereby obtaining the geometry of the observed object. We propose an alternative method that consists of a novel differential approach for multi-image Photometric Stereo and permits a direct solution of a novel PDE Based model without going through the gradient field while naturally dealing with shadowed regions. The mathematical well-posed ness of the problem in terms of numerical stability yields a fast algorithm that efficiently converges, even for pictures of sizes in the order of several mega pixels affected by noise.
Automated cell identification with 3D optical imaging (2019)

In this keynote address paper, we overview recently published works on the current techniques and methods for automated cell identification with 3D optical imaging using compact and field portable systems. 3D imaging systems including digital holographic microscopy systems as well as lensless pseudorandom phase encoding systems are capable of capturing 3D information of microscopic objects such as biological cells which allows for highly accurate automated cell identification. Systems based on digital holography enable reconstruction of the cell’s 3D optical path length profile. The reconstructed 3D profiles can be used to extract morphological and spatio-temporal cell features from biological samples for classification and cell identification. Similarly, pseudorandom encoding techniques such as single random phase encoding (SRPE) and double random phase encoding (DRPE) can be used to encode 3D cell information into opto-biological signatures which can be used for cell identification tasks. Recent advancements in these areas are presented including compact and field-portable 3D-printed shearing digital holographic microscopy systems, integration of digital holographic microscopy with head mounted augmented reality devices, and the use of spatio-temporal features extracted from cell membrane fluctuations for sickle cell disease diagnosis.
Nitric-Oxide-Mediated Vasodilation of Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Hypericum revolutum in Rat Aorta (2021)

Vasodilators are an important class in the management of hypertension and related cardiovascular disorders. In this regard, the chloroform fraction of <i>Hypericum revolutum</i> (HR) has been reported to produce vasodilating activity in phenylephrine-precontracted aortae. The current work aims to identify the active metabolites in the chloroform fraction of HR and illustrate the possible mechanism of action. The vasodilation activities were investigated using the isolated artery technique. NO vascular release was assessed by utilizing the NO-sensitive fluorescent probe DAF-FM. Free radical scavenging capacity was assessed utilizing DPPH. Chemical investigation of this fraction yielded two new compounds, revolutin (1) and hyperevolutin C (2), along with three known metabolites, β-sitosterol (3), euxanthone (4), and 2,3,4-tirmethoxy xanthone (5). Compounds <b>1</b>, <b>2</b>, <b>3</b>, and <b>5</b> showed significant vasodilation activities that were blocked by either endothelial denudation or L-NAME (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), pointing towards a role of endothelial nitric oxide in their activities. In confirmation of this role, compounds <b>1</b>-<b>3</b> showed a significant release of NO from isolated vessels, as indicated by DAF-FM. On the other hand, only compound <b>5</b> showed free radical scavenging activities, as indicated by DPPH. In conclusion, isolated compounds <b>1</b>, <b>2</b>, <b>3</b>, and <b>5</b> produce vasodilation activities that are dependent on endothelial nitric oxide release.
A Novel Approximation of NDA ML Estimation for UWB Channels (2010)

Novel non-data-aided near-maximum-likelihood estimators for the delays and the attenuations in an ultra-wide bandwidth channel are proposed by using an approximation to the maximum likelihood equation. Numerical results show that these new estimators outperform previous approximate non-data-aided maximum likelihood channel estimators reported in the literature. Moreover, in some cases, the performances of the new non-data-aided estimators approach those of the data-aided estimators, enabling a reduction in the overhead expense of pilot symbols.
A PTEN-Regulated Checkpoint Controls Surface Delivery of δ Opioid Receptors (2017)

The δ opioid receptor (δR) is a promising alternate target for pain management because δR agonists show decreased abuse potential compared with current opioid analgesics that target the μ opioid receptor. A critical limitation in developing δR as an analgesic target, however, is that δR agonists show relatively low efficacy in vivo , requiring the use of high doses that often cause adverse effects, such as convulsions. Here we tested whether intracellular retention of δR in sensory neurons contributes to this low δR agonist efficacy in vivo by limiting surface δR expression. Using direct visualization of δR trafficking and localization, we define a phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-regulated checkpoint that retains δR in the Golgi and decreases surface delivery in rat and mice sensory neurons. PTEN inhibition releases δR from this checkpoint and stimulates delivery of exogenous and endogenous δR to the neuronal surface both in vitro and in vivo . PTEN inhibition in vivo increases the percentage of TG neurons expressing δR on the surface and allows efficient δR-mediated antihyperalgesia in mice. Together, we define a critical role for PTEN in regulating the surface delivery and bioavailability of the δR, explain the low efficacy of δR agonists in vivo , and provide evidence that active δR relocation is a viable strategy to increase δR antinociception. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Opioid analgesics, such as morphine, which target the μ opioid receptor (μR), have been the mainstay of pain management, but their use is highly limited by adverse effects and their variable efficacy in chronic pain. Identifying alternate analgesic targets is therefore of great significance. Although the δ opioid receptor (δR) is an attractive option, a critical limiting factor in developing δR as a target has been the low efficacy of δR agonists. Why δR agonists show low efficacy is still under debate. This study provides mechanistic and functional data that intracellular localization of δR in neurons is a key factor that contributes to low agonist efficacy, and presents a proof of mechanism that relocating δR improves efficacy.
The caM kinase, Pnck, is spatially and temporally regulated during murine mammary gland development and may identify an epithelial cell subtype involved in breast cancer. (2000)

While screening for protein kinases expressed in the murine mammary gland, we identified previously a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase, Pnck, that is most closely related to CaMKI. In this report, we show that Pnck is temporally regulated during murine mammary development with highest levels of expression observed late in pregnancy, concomitant with the decreased cellular proliferation and terminal differentiation of the mammary epithelium. Consistent with this finding, Pnck is up-regulated in confluent mammary epithelial cells and is down-regulated as serum-starved cells are stimulated to reenter the cell cycle. In the mammary gland, Pnck is expressed in an epithelial-specific and markedly heterogeneous manner, suggesting that the expression of this kinase may be restricted to a particular mammary epithelial cell type. Potentially related to its heterogeneous in vivo expression pattern, Pnck expression is oncogene-associated in murine epithelial cell lines derived from mammary tumors arising in different transgenic mouse models of breast cancer; cell lines derived from mammary tumors initiated by c-myc or int-2/Fgf3 express Pnck, whereas cell lines initiated by neu or H-ras do not. In an analogous manner, expression of the human homologue of Pnck is restricted to a subset of human breast cancer cell lines. Moreover, PNCK was found to be highly overexpressed in a subset of human primary human breast cancers compared with benign mammary tissue. Together, our data suggest that Pnck may play a role in mammary development, and that expression of this kinase may be restricted to a mammary epithelial cell type that is transformed in a subset of human breast cancers.
Acquisition‐weighted stack of spirals for fast high‐resolution three‐dimensional ultra‐short echo time MR imaging (2008)

Ultra-short echo time (UTE) MRI requires both short excitation ( approximately 0.5 ms) and short acquisition delay (<0.2 ms) to minimize T(2)-induced signal decay. These requirements currently lead to low acquisition efficiency when high resolution (<1 mm) is pursued. A novel pulse sequence, acquisition-weighted stack of spirals (AWSOS), is proposed here to acquire high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) UTE images with short scan time ( approximately 72 s). The AWSOS sequence uses variable-duration slice encoding to minimize T(2) decay, separates slice thickness from in-plane resolution to reduce the number of slice encodings, and uses spiral trajectories to accelerate in-plane data collections. T(2)- and off-resonance induced slice widening and image blurring were calculated from 1.5 to 7 Tesla (T) through point spread function. Computer simulations were performed to optimize spiral interleaves and readout times. Phantom scans and in vivo experiments on human heads were implemented on a clinical 1.5T scanner (G(max) = 40 mT/m, S(max) = 150 T/m/s). Accounting for the limits on B(1) maximum, specific absorption rate (SAR), and the lowered amplitude of slab-select gradient, a sinc radiofrequency (RF) pulse of 0.8ms duration and 1.5 cycles was found to produce a flat slab profile. High in-plane resolution (0.86 mm) images were obtained for the human head using echo time (TE) = 0.608 ms and total shots = 720 (30 slice-encodings x 24 spirals). Compared with long-TE (10 ms) images, the ultrashort-TE AWSOS images provided clear visualization of short-T(2) tissues such as the nose cartilage, the eye optic nerve, and the brain meninges and parenchyma.
Dispersion properties of high-contrast grating hollow-core waveguides (2010)

We present unique dispersion characteristics of high-contrast grating (HCG) hollow-core waveguides and show that slow light can be facilitated using internal resonances developing inside the waveguide walls. In addition, we show a fast and precise method of inferring the dispersion information from the waveguide angular reflectivity spectrum.