gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxide Dual Damascene Trench Etch Profile Control (2001)

A systematic study of trench profile evolution in a medium-density oxide etch reactor is presented. A Langmuir site balance model is developed in the limit of unity sticking coefficient which exhibits a flat etch front as is frequently required for dual damascene applications. The model indicates that it is desirable to operate in a neutral-limited ion-assisted etch regime. Physical sputtering is also shown to be necessary, but this etch contribution must be kept small with respect to the ion-assisted etch rate. The model also indicates how either microtrenching or bottom rounding may be controlled or avoided altogether. Model predictions are compared with experimental data obtained from a Lam Research 4520XLE medium density reactor. This work includes a study of the trench bottom rounding dependencies upon pressure, etch time, aspect ratio, and process gas flow for a fluorocarbon-based etch process. The model is shown to qualitatively capture experimentally observed process trends. In some regimes, good quantitative agreement with observed measurement is seen. It can thus serve as a useful guide for trench etch process development. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Demonstration of Interferometric Waveguide Optical Isolator with a Unidirectional Magnetic Field (2007)

A waveguide optical isolator employing a nonreciprocal phase shift is composed of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer incorporating a nonreciprocal phase shifter together with a reciprocal phase shifter. A conventional nonreciprocal phase shift isolator requires antiparallel magnetic fields. In this study, an optical isolator that operates with a unidirectional magnetic field is fabricated and its performance is demonstrated with an isolation ratio of 15.3 dB at a wavelength of 1559 nm. The isolator has two different waveguides in interferometer arms for obtaining different nonreciprocal phase shifts between two waveguides.
Tonpilz type piezoelectric transducer capable of operating alternately as wideband receiver and emitter (1989)

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Ternary Stimulus for Fully Digital Dynamic Testing of SC S? ADCs (2012)

In this paper, a ternary stimulus is proposed for testing ΣΔ Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs). The ternary stimulus is composed of three logic levels {-1,0,1} and is obtained by adding a binary stream with a delayed version of itself. Only four switches are added to the input stage of the modulator of the ΣΔ ADC for facilitating the injection of the ternary stimulus. Compared to a binary stimulus, the ternary stimulus contains less quantization noise and allows measuring the SNDR of the ΣΔ ADC for the whole input dynamic range. We discuss the optimization of the ternary stimulus and we demonstrate its efficiency using behavioral simulations of a second-order switched-capacitor (SC) ΣΔ modulator.
Well Testing by Sinusoidal Stimulation (2015)

Summary A new approach to testing of oil and gas wells by means of sinusoidal oscillations in flow and pressure instead of the traditional buildup test is proposed in this article. This approach allows faster testing and simultaneous testing of several wells, with no need for a dedicated test header; it can also be adjusted to strike an appropriate compromise between measurement precision and production loss. This study details various operating issues such as generation of input signals, choice of test frequencies, applicability, and interpretation of results. To demonstrate the method, both a synthetic test and several field tests are presented.
Miniature surface-acoustic-wave filters (1979)

An introduction to Surface-Acoustic-Wave (SAW) devices-their operation, advantages, and applications--is presented. The process of design and realization of high-performance SAW filters is examined from initial specifications to final device operation. Several techniques drawn from a variety of disciplines illustrate the implementation of finite impulse response SAW frequency functions. Material properties, transducer weighting, and computer-aided design are treated. An example of the design and testing of a 321-MHz 0.35-percent bandwidth, 65-dB sidelobe, 15-dB insertion loss filter is presented.
Lightweight and strong cellulose materials made from aqueous foams stabilized by nano fibrillated cellulose (NFC) (2013)

Lightweight and strong cellulose materials made from aqueous foams stabilized by nano fibrillated cellulose (NFC)
XML screamer (2006)

This paper describes an experimental system in which customized high performance XML parsers are prepared using parser generation and compilation techniques. Parsing is integrated with Schema-based validation and deserialization, and the resulting validating processors are shown to be as fast as or in many cases significantly faster than traditional nonvalidating parsers. High performance is achieved by integration across layers of software that are traditionally separate, by avoiding unnecessary data copying and transformation, and by careful attention to detail in the generated code. The effect of API design on XML performance is also briefly discussed..
Learning protein sequence embeddings using information from structure (2019)

Inferring the structural properties of a protein from its amino acid sequence is a challenging yet important problem in biology. Structures are not known for the vast majority of protein sequences, but structure is critical for understanding function. Existing approaches for detecting structural similarity between proteins from sequence are unable to recognize and exploit structural patterns when sequences have diverged too far, limiting our ability to transfer knowledge between structurally related proteins. We newly approach this problem through the lens of representation learning. We introduce a framework that maps any protein sequence to a sequence of vector embeddings --- one per amino acid position --- that encode structural information. We train bidirectional long short-term memory (LSTM) models on protein sequences with a two-part feedback mechanism that incorporates information from (i) global structural similarity between proteins and (ii) pairwise residue contact maps for individual proteins. To enable learning from structural similarity information, we define a novel similarity measure between arbitrary-length sequences of vector embeddings based on a soft symmetric alignment (SSA) between them. Our method is able to learn useful position-specific embeddings despite lacking direct observations of position-level correspondence between sequences. We show empirically that our multi-task framework outperforms other sequence-based methods and even a top-performing structure-based alignment method when predicting structural similarity, our goal. Finally, we demonstrate that our learned embeddings can be transferred to other protein sequence problems, improving the state-of-the-art in transmembrane domain prediction.
Permanent grayscales in bistable twisted nematic liquid-crystal displays (2002)

Permanent grayscales in a π bistable twisted nematic-liquid-crystal display have been demonstrated. This display can be switched between the −22.5° and 157.5° twist states by a combination of a strong in-plane electric field and a vertical electric field for creating both planar anchoring breaking and an electrohydrodynamic backflow. The switching of the twist states during the Frederiks transition is sufficiently inhomogeneous such that domains of −22.5° and 157.5° twisted states can coexist permanently. The ratio of these domains can be controlled by the vertical electric field.
Molecular Determinants of Subtype-selective Efficacies of Cytisine and the Novel Compound NS3861 at Heteromeric Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (2012)

Deciphering which specific agonist-receptor interactions affect efficacy levels is of high importance, because this will ultimately aid in designing selective drugs. The novel compound NS3861 and cytisine are agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and both bind with high affinity to heteromeric α3β4 and α4β2 nAChRs. However, initial data revealed that the activation patterns of the two compounds show very distinct maximal efficacy readouts at various heteromeric nAChRs. To investigate the molecular determinants behind these observations, we performed in-depth patch clamp electrophysiological measurements of efficacy levels at heteromeric combinations of α3- and α4-, with β2- and β4-subunits, and various chimeric constructs thereof. Compared with cytisine, which selectively activates receptors containing β4- but not β2-subunits, NS3861 displays the opposite β-subunit preference and a complete lack of activation at α4-containing receptors. The maximal efficacy of NS3861 appeared solely dependent on the nature of the ligand-binding domain, whereas efficacy of cytisine was additionally affected by the nature of the β-subunit transmembrane domain. Molecular docking to nAChR subtype homology models suggests agonist specific interactions to two different residues on the complementary subunits as responsible for the β-subunit preference of both compounds. Furthermore, a principal subunit serine to threonine substitution may explain the lack of NS3861 activation at α4-containing receptors. In conclusion, our results are consistent with a hypothesis where agonist interactions with the principal subunit (α) primarily determine binding affinity, whereas interactions with key amino acids at the complementary subunit (β) affect agonist efficacy.
The Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors in Stress and Anxiety (2002)

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is a critical integrator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to stress. CRF and its related molecule urocortin (UCN) bind CRF receptor 1 (CRFR1) and CRFR2 with distinct affinities. Mice deficient for CRFR1 or CRFR2 were generated in order to determine the physiological role of these receptors. While CRFR1-mutant mice show a depleted stress response and display anxiolytic-like behavior, CRFR2-mutant mice are hypersensitive to stress and display anxiogenic-like behavior. Both CRFR1- and CRFR2-mutant mice show normal basal feeding and weight gain, but CRFR2-mutant mice exhibit decreased food intake following a stress of food deprivation. While CRFR2-mutant mice display increased levels of CRF mRNA in the central nucleus of the amygdala (cAmyg) but not in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), the CRFR1-mutant mice express high levels of CRF in the PVN but normal levels in the cAmyg. CRFR2-mutant mice also display increased levels of Ucn mRNA and protein in the edinger westphal nucleus (EW) as well as an increased number of cells expressing Ucn. The levels of these CRF-receptor ligands reflect the state of the receptor-deficient mice. These results demonstrate a possible modulatory function of CRFR2 in response to CRFR1 stimulation of the HPA axis or anxiety.
Immune responses and association with clinical outcome of advanced colorectal cancer patients treated with the multi-peptide vaccine IMA910. (2012)

2522 Background: IMA910 is a novel multi-peptide cancer vaccine consisting of 10 HLA class I and 3class II tumor-associated peptides (TUMAPs), which were selected based on natural presentation on colorectal tumors by the XPRESIDENT antigen discovery platform. Methods: 92 HLA-A*02+ advanced colorectal cancer (aCRC) patients (pts) with stable or responding disease after 12 weeks of first-line oxaliplatin-based therapy were enrolled in this phase I/II trial. After pre-treatment with cyclophosphamide (300 mg/m 2 ), patients were immunized intradermally with IMA910 plus the immune modulator GM-CSF without (cohort 1; n=66) or with (cohort 2; n=26) topically applied imiquimod, another immune modulator acting via toll-like receptor 7 on antigen presenting cells. T-cell responses to individual IMA910 peptides were analyzed by HLA multimer and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assays. Results: IMA910 elicited immune responses towards multiple class I (43%) and class II TUMAPs (65%). 34% of pts responded to multiple class I and class II TUMAPs. Pts that received imiquimod were more often multi-peptide class I responders in the ICS assay (p=0.016) and showed an approx. 2x higher frequency of T-cell response (p=0.12). Responses to multiple class I and class II TUMAPs were associated with higher disease control rate at all time points (all p<0.02), increased time to progression (p=0.006), progression-free survival (p=0.009) and OS (p=0.088, HR=0.53). Baseline characteristics of multi vs. non-multi responders were overall well comparable. In a prospectively defined, blinded matched-pair analysis with patients in arm C of the COIN trial, multi-peptide responder patients showed a prolonged survival vs. corresponding COIN patients (p=0.04), while the non-multi responder patients had comparable survival. Conclusions: IMA910 is immunogenic. Imiquimod increases the quality of immune responses. Responses to multiple TUMAPs are associated with better clinical outcome. Several observations indicate that this association is not a reflection of better prognosis of the immunologically responding subset of patients. These results suggest further development of IMA910.
Bionic-EyE<sup>TM</sup>: (2021)

An artificial eye model which novice doctors can train a glaucoma surgery has not been enough developed yet. A realistic simulation system for medical education is required. However, although we have been got a sensory evaluation with any trial artificial eyeballs by experienced doctors, material measurement of only an elastic modulus was lack to understand the relationship between design of the eye model and doctor’s feelings. Therefore, in order to create a bionic eyeball for glaucoma surgery practice, it is necessary to extract the characteristics when a sclera, white part of the eye, is incised with a knife. In this study, we aim to clarify a characteristic these relationship through a simplified incision test with an artificial sclera. As the results, we were able to measure the reaction force when a sclera is incised with a knife.
Development and application of audio-integrated ANC system for infant incubators (2010)

This paper presents the application of audio-integrated active noise control (ANC) system for infant incubators. The integrated ANC algorithm is developed to reduce external harmful noises while playing healthy intrauterine sounds inside the incubators. Real-time experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of an integrated system using a Giraffe incubator from GE Healthcare. The noise reduction achieved by ANC systems at uniformly-distributed three-dimensional locations inside the incubator is presented in tables and graphically. The single-channel ANC system is integrated with intrauterine sounds to mask residual noise and create a prenatal environment for the infants, and also enhance the performance of the incubator ANC system with time-varying secondary paths.
Current-fed quadratic full-bridge converter for PV systems interfacing: Static operation (2011)

Interfacing a single photovoltaic (PV) module into either a single-phase or a three-phase inverter requires an interfacing converter with wide conversion range and sufficient dynamic headroom. In terms of avoiding issues with common-mode currents between the PV module and the inverter, a converter with galvanic isolation is preferred. This is especially important with the emerging thin-film modules that have larger cell-to-frame parasitic capacitances compared to traditional modules. This paper presents the current-fed quadratic full-bridge buck converter (CFQFB) for the first time and discusses its steady-state operation. The foundation for the proposed topology is based on the concept of true current-fed converters that differ fundamentally from the conventional voltage-fed converters as will be discussed. The relevant analytical steady-state equations and waveforms are presented first with the operational details of the proposed converter. The analytical claims are verified with extensive measurement results from a corresponding 190-W prototype. According to the measurements, the prototype reached an efficiency of 92% at the maximum power point (MPP) of the PV module.
Simultaneously Identifying All True Vessels From Segmented Retinal Images (2013)

Measurements of retinal blood vessel morphology have been shown to be related to the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The wrong identification of vessels may result in a large variation of these measurements, leading to a wrong clinical diagnosis. In this paper, we address the problem of automatically identifying true vessels as a postprocessing step to vascular structure segmentation. We model the segmented vascular structure as a vessel segment graph and formulate the problem of identifying vessels as one of finding the optimal forest in the graph given a set of constraints. We design a method to solve this optimization problem and evaluate it on a large real-world dataset of 2446 retinal images. Experiment results are analyzed with respect to actual measurements of vessel morphology. The results show that the proposed approach is able to achieve 98.9% pixel precision and 98.7% recall of the true vessels for clean segmented retinal images, and remains robust even when the segmented image is noisy.
MC-05 HARD DISK DRIVE GENERATED HIGH SPEED REAL RANDOM NUMBERS (2003)

Real random numbers produced by a physical process are important for many applications in cryptography. This report presents a mechanism for collecting random numbers based on physical noise sources in a standard hard disk drive. We apply and describe statistical tests to demonstrate that high quality random numbers can be produced at a speed of up to 835200 bits/sec. As this process can be implemented on any hard disk drive, no additional hardware is needed to obtain these numbers.
Rapid and Efficient Direct Conversion of Human Adult Somatic Cells into Neural Stem Cells by HMGA2/let-7b (2015)

A recent study has suggested that fibroblasts can be converted into mouse-induced neural stem cells (miNSCs) through the expression of defined factors. However, successful generation of human iNSCs (hiNSCs) has proven challenging to achieve. Here, using microRNA (miRNA) expression profile analyses, we showed that let-7 microRNA has critical roles for the formation of PAX6/NESTIN-positive colonies from human adult fibroblasts and the proliferation and self-renewal of hiNSCs. HMGA2, a let-7-targeting gene, enables induction of hiNSCs that displayed morphological/molecular features and in vitro/in vivo differentiation potential similar to H9-derived NSCs. Interestingly, HMGA2 facilitated the efficient conversion of senescent somatic cells or blood CD34+ cells into hiNSCs through an interaction with SOX2, whereas other combinations or SOX2 alone showed a limited conversion ability. Taken together, these findings suggest that HMGA2/let-7 facilitates direct reprogramming toward hiNSCs in minimal conditions and maintains hiNSC self-renewal, providing a strategy for the clinical treatment of neurological diseases.
Random-phase radar waveforms with shaped spectrum (2013)

A random phase signal will also have random phase differences between two independent random phases. A phase increment across a time increment is in fact a phase-rate, or frequency. A phase-rate change is in fact a frequency-hop. By controlling the phase-rate, that is the characteristics of the phase increments, we can control the spectrum of the random-phase waveform. Spectrum precision and sharpness is enhanced by holding a frequency for some ‘chip’ length. For digitally generated phase samples, this means that the chip length needs to be many samples. This is a time-bandwidth issue. The definition of ‘many’ will depend on the sharpness desired, but often several tens’ of samples will be adequate. To shape the Energy Spectral Density (ESD) of a random-phase signal, we need to control the average energy at various phase-rates. This can be done with either or a combination of 1) Controlling the likelihood of specific phase increments, and/or 2) Controlling the duration of a specific phase increment chip length. For range-Doppler images, it is the 2-dimensional Impulse Response (IPR) that is of principal concern. This will tend to average out the random effects of any single pulse.
A flexible graphene touch sensor in the general human touch range (2014)

We present a transparent touch sensor based on single layers of graphene that works under a gentle touch. Using the flexible characteristics of graphene, a touching event and a vertical force are measured by a change in the channel conductance. In contrast to the previous graphene gauge sensors, this is an alternative scheme that responds to a vertical force using the contacting properties of two isolated and patterned single graphene layers. This sensor responded to pressures ranging from 1 to 14 kPa, corresponding to the lowest human perception. In addition, we outline the processing methods for handling single layers of graphene for the integration of devices on transparent and flexible substrates.
Efficient Table Anonymization for Aggregate Query Answering (2009)

Privacy protection is a major concern when microdata is released for ad hoc analyses. Anonymization schemes have to guarantee privacy goals, as well as preserve sufficient information to support reasonably accurate answers to ad hoc queries. In this paper, we focus on the case when the sensitive attributes are numerical (e.g., salary) for which (k,e)-anonymity was shown to be an appropriate privacy goal. We develop efficient algorithms for two optimization criteria for (k,e)-anonymity schemes, significantly improving on previous results. We evaluate our methods on a large real dataset, and show that they are scalable and accurate.
Simple metal-vapor recombination lasers using segmented plasma excitation (1980)

A new type of electrically excited laser device has been developed using a new pumping scheme which involves segmented plasma excitation and recombination (SPER). SPER laser action is produced in a metal species when a series of small vaporized plasmas, formed in the gaps between a row of metal electrodes subjected to a high-voltage pulse, is allowed to expand and recombine. To date, laser action at 17 wavelengths between 0.94 and 1.84 μm in 8 metal vapors has been observed. This device is simple to construct, has a long operating life, and has the potential for high efficiency.
Novel polymeric alcohols by controlled catalytic polymer functionalization (1995)

Abstract Novel EPDM ( e thylene p ropylene d iene m onomer) and polybutadiene polyols can be synthesized by a two‐step process of controlled hydroformylation and then reduction of the formyl groups to place a desired amount of pendant alcohol groups along the polymer chain. The degree of functionalization can be controlled by measuring gas uptake from a calibrated reservoir during hydroformylation. Hydroformylation can be performed in solution or under simulated melt‐phase conditions using either HRh(CO)(PPh 3 ) 3 or Rh(acac) (CO) 2 as catalysts. Reduction of the polyaldehyde by NaBH 4 generates the polymeric alcohol without further reaction of the remaining double bonds. Polymer functionalization and further modifications were followed by H‐NMR and FTIR. These unique hydrophobic polyols can be reacted further to produce other polymer systems. As an example, urethanes have been made with these polyols by reaction with diisocyanates. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.