gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning on 18F-FDG PET Imaging for Differential Diagnosis of Parkinsonian Syndromes (2018)

624 Objectives: Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (IPD) and atypical parkinsonian syndromes may have similar symptoms at the early disease stage. Positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-FDG was shown to be be able to assess early neuronal dysfunction of taupathies. In the past decades, machine learning on metabolic patterns has been established for the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism [1]. Recent advancement of deep learning has brought record-breaking performance in many applications. This study examined whether this artificial intelligence tool is of value in an early differential diagnosis of parkinsonism. Methods: 257 patients with clinical features suspected for parkinsonism were subjected to an 18F-FDG PET imaging. After the imaging, these patients were followed up at least 1 year by blinded movement disorders specialists before a final clinical diagnosis of IPD (n=136), multiple system atrophy (MSA, n=91), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP, n=30) were made. To enable the fast establishment of deep neural network with limited computational power, a tensor factorization method [2] was employed to compress 3D brain imaging data to 2D images (supplemental figure). Then, A 4-layer convolutional neural network (CNN) was established to differentiate IPD, MSA and PSP based on the tensor-factorized 2D images. To enhance the performance, the CNN network was pretrained with a large database of brain FDG PET images. To this end, 1077 subjects of 41 various neurological diseases were included. Five fold cross validation was applied for the training and test of the pretrained CNN on the 257 parkinsonian patients. The classification CNN was implemented using python on Google9s TensorFlow platform and accelerated using NVIDIA Titan X graphics card. Results: After 85 iterations, all the folds for the test of the 2D CNN on tensor factorized images converges. The training took 3204 seconds. The test network has achieved 98.9% sensitivity, 90.0% specificity, 98.4% PPV and 95.0% NPV for the differentiation of PD, 98.8% sensitivity, 82.5% specificity, 96.1% PPV and 96.0% NPV for the classification of MSA and 87.1% sensitivity, 97.8% specificity, 96.1% PPV and 94.1% NPV for the classification of PSP. Conclusions: The preliminary test of deep learning on tensor factorized FDG PET images has demonstrated its ability to reach a cpmparable accuracy of state-of-the-art. Enlarging the database and further optimizing the deep neural network may enhance its potential in an early differential diagnosis of Parkinsonism. Physiological interpretation of the performance of the deep learning method needs to be investigated further.. Blind test on a separate group of parkinsonian patients is currently ongoing for in-depth assessment of the deep learning Methods: References: [1] Tang et al. Lancet Neuro 2010 [2] Li et al. MICCAI 2017 Research support: The study was supported by grants (No.81771483, No. 81671239, No. 81401135 and No. 81361120393) from the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
<scp>I</scp> slam in Prisons (2017)

Abstract Departments of correction in the United States offer a variety of programs and opportunities for inmates aimed to help in rehabilitation and/or reducing prison time. Most of these can be classified into one of four areas: work, education, counseling/therapy, and religion. Of these religion is typically the most controversial. Islam in prison is one of these programs. In a post‐ 9/11 environment, the introduction of Islam in prisons has been controversial. Given that many inmates may lack close ties with family members or others in their communities, Islam may provide structure and a sense of belonging. The conversion of inmates to Islam in US prisons is widespread. While offering a structured future for inmates, it has also led to the radicalization of some prison inmates.
An AI Based Super Nodes Selection Algorithm in BlockChain Networks (2018)

In blockchain systems, especially cryptographic currencies such as Bitcoin, the double-spending and Byzantine-general-like problem are solved by reaching consensus protocols among all nodes. The state-of-the-art protocols include Proof-of-Work, Proof-of-Stake and Delegated-Proof-of-Stake. Proof-of-Work urges nodes to prove their computing power measured in hash rate in a crypto-puzzle solving competition. The other two take into account the amount of stake of each nodes and even design a vote in Delegated-Proof-of-Stake. However, these frameworks have several drawbacks, such as consuming a large number of electricity, leading the whole blockchain to a centralized system and so on. In this paper, we propose the conceptual framework, fundamental theory and research methodology, based on artificial intelligence technology that exploits nearly complementary information of each nodes. And we designed a particular convolutional neural network and a dynamic threshold, which obtained the super nodes and the random nodes, to reach the consensus. Experimental results demonstrate that our framework combines the advantages of Proof-of-Work, Proof-of-Stake and Delegated-Proof-of-Stake by avoiding complicated hash operation and monopoly. Furthermore, it compares favorably to the three state-of-the-art consensus frameworks, in terms of security and the speed of transaction confirmation.
The tropical African latrine blowfly, Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann) (1988)

The status of the tropical African latrine blowfly Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann, 1830) is recognized as distinct from the sub-tropical African blowfly C.chloropyga (Wiedemann, 1818) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). The biology of C.putoria in laboratory culture is described briefly with emphasis on the differences in development found in three strains of this species from Tanzania, Liberia and Brazil. All three strains were reproductively compatible and there was no evidence of F1 hybrid sterility or hybrid breakdown in subsequent generations. Larval development was significantly faster in the Brazilian strain than in the strain from Tanzania. Sexual maturity was significantly faster in adults of the Liberian and Brazilian strains compared to that found in the strain from Tanzania. This latter strain was affected by the source of protein available as adult food. These differences between strains did not appear to be due to selection in laboratory culture, but rather evidence of the evolution of physiological divergence within a species occupying different geographical regions.
Resistance of primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to neutralization by soluble CD4 is not due to lower affinity with the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120. (1992)

Recombinant soluble CD4 (rsCD4) has potent antiviral activity against cell line-adapted isolates of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) but low activity toward HIV-1 primary isolates from patients. A simple hypothesis proposed to explain this discrepancy, which questions the therapeutic utility of soluble CD4-based approaches, is that the major envelope glycoprotein, gp120, of patient virus has lower affinity for CD4 than does gp120 from laboratory viruses. To test this hypothesis, we have produced pairs of low- and high-passage HIV-1 isolates which, depending on culture passage history, display dramatically different sensitivities to neutralization by rsCD4. Here, we present evidence that the HIV-1 major envelope glycoprotein cDNAs cloned from one such isolate pair show only minor differences in their deduced gp120 primary structures, and these occur outside regions previously shown to be involved in CD4 interactions. In addition, recombinant gp120 from a low-passage rsCD4-resistant patient virus binds rsCD4 with high affinity, equal to that previously measured for recombinant gp120 from high-passage cell line-adapted virus isolates. These data indicate that differences in CD4-gp120 affinity do not account for rsCD4 resistance in HIV-1 recently isolated from patients.
3D-integrated all-solid-state batteries (2011)

This article has no abstract.
The Wheat Germ Cell‐Free Protein Synthesis System (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Overview Development of a Highly Efficient Eukaryotic Cell-free Protein Synthesis System Completion of Protocols for the Wheat Cell-free System Application to High-throughput Biochemical Annotation of Genetic Information Conclusion References
Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Possibilities and Challenges. (2019)

The design of Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) as efficient targeting agents for tumor cell is still in its infancy for clinical applications. This approach incorporates the antibody specificity and cell killing activity of chemically conjugated cytotoxic agents. Antibody in ADC structure acts as a targeting agent and a nanoscale carrier to deliver a therapeutic dose of cytotoxic cargo into desired tumor cells. Early ADCs encountered major obstacles including, low blood residency time, low penetration capacity to tumor microenvironment, low payload potency, immunogenicity, unusual off-target toxicity, drug resistance, and the lack of stable linkage in blood circulation. Although extensive studies have been conducted to overcome these issues, the ADCs based therapies are still far from having high-efficient clinical outcomes. This review outlines the key characteristics of ADCs including tumor marker, antibody, cytotoxic payload, and linkage strategy with a focus on technical improvement and some future trends in the pipeline.
Classification of ambiguous patterns (2003)

A statistical analysis on the classification of ambiguous characters as accomplished by humans recognizers is presented. For this purpose some statistical measurements to evaluate ambiguity are proposed. The experimental results carried out taking into account handwritten numerals, make evident some important aspects of human behaviour in pattern classification.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Y Alu polymorphism in southern African populations and its relationship to other Y-specific polymorphisms. (1994)

Y-linked polymorphisms were studied in a number of African populations. The frequency of the alleles of a Y-specific Alu insertion polymorphism, termed the "Y Alu polymorphism," was determined in 889 individuals from 23 different African population groups. A trend in frequency was observed, with the insert largely absent in Caucasoid populations, at intermediate frequency in the Khoisan, and at high frequency in Negroids. The insert predates diversification of Homo sapiens, since it occurs in all groups. The Alu insertion is believed to result from a unique mutation event, and comparisons between this and several other Y-linked polymorphisms were carried out in an attempt to validate their usefulness in population and evolutionary studies. The p21A1/TaqI and pDP31/EcoRI polymorphisms and 49a/TaqI alleles were all shown to have arisen on more than one occasion, and evidence exists for a preraciation crossover event between the Y-linked pseudoautosomal XY275 locus and the Y chromosome pseudoautosomal boundary.
High tolerance of wild Lactobacillus plantarum and Oenococcus oeni strains to lyophilisation and stress environmental conditions of acid pH and ethanol (2003)

A total of 76 Lactobacillus plantarum and Oenococcus oeni wild strains were recovered from traditionally elaborated Spanish red wines and were investigated with respect to their response to acid pH, lyophilisation, temperature and ethanol concentrations which are normally lethal to lactic acid bacteria. Both L. plantarum and O. oeni strains were able to grow at pH 3.2, were highly resistant to lyophilisation treatment and proliferated in the presence of up to 13% ethanol at 18 degrees C. Therefore, it is shown that both species are highly tolerant to stress conditions and that similarly to O. oeni strains, L. plantarum strains are of interest in beverage biotechnology.
Viability assessment of bacteria in mixed populations using flow cytometry* (1995)

SUMMARY In microbiology cells are called viable when they can be shown to proliferate. Due to long lag phases and the cells' sensitivity to the conditions around them, this definition presents problems when investigating stressed or injured cells. Colony counts only show reproduction, whilst direct single‐cell investigation can divide the status of cells into four stages: (i) reproductive viable cells, (ii) vital cells, (iii) intact cells and (iv) dead cells. Multicolour staining flow cytometry has been found to provide a powerful method for investigating these various states of viability. This is illustrated with examples with some emphasis on mixed bacterial populations.
Nd-Fe-B magnet, its idea and reality. (1987)

The research of the Nd-Fe-B magnet was started from an expectation that B and/or C might expand Fe-Fe interatomic distances in rare-earth iron alloys, leading to increase the Curie temperature of them. After the success in developing the powerful Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets with record high energy products, however, a crystal structure analysis revealed that Fe-Fe pairs having small interatomic distances existed also in the Nd-Fe-B alloy. It is emphasized that the success in this work is a result of many fortunate matters which were not expected in the beginning.
A New Target for an Old Drug: Identifying Mitoxantrone as a Nanomolar Inhibitor of PIM1 Kinase via Kinome-Wide Selectivity Modeling (2013)

The rational design of selective kinase inhibitors remains a great challenge. Here we describe a physics-based approach to computationally modeling the kinase inhibitor selectivity profile. We retrospectively assessed this protocol by computing the binding profiles of 17 well-known kinase inhibitors against 143 kinases. Next, we predicted the binding profile of the chemotherapy drug mitoxantrone, and chose the predicted top five kinase targets for in vitro kinase assays. Remarkably, mitoxantrone was shown to possess low nanomolar inhibitory activity against PIM1 kinase and to inhibit the PIM1-mediated phosphorylation in cancer cells. We further determined the crystal complex structure of PIM1 bound with mitoxantrone, which reveals the structural and mechanistic basis for a novel mode of PIM1 inhibition. Although mitoxantrone's mechanism of action had been originally thought to act through DNA intercalation and type II topoisomerase inhibition, we hypothesize that PIM1 kinase inhibition might also contribute to mitoxantrone's therapeutic efficacy and specificity.
Decreased IRS2 and TIMP3 Expression in Monocytes From Offspring of Type 2 Diabetic Patients Is Correlated With Insulin Resistance and Increased Intima-Media Thickness (2011)

Systemic insulin resistance and subclinical atherosclerosis are associated with decreased IRS2 and TIMP3 expression in circulating monocytes.
Preparation and Application Analysis of MXene (2023)

As an emerging two-dimensional transition metal carbide and/or nitride in recent years, MXene has become a research hotspot in many fields such as energy storage, catalysis, and adsorption with its unique two-dimensional layered structure, large specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical stability and magnetic properties. In this paper, the preparation method of two-dimensional material MXenes is briefly described, and its application progress in various fields in recent years is reviewed and summarized. Finally, the existing problems at this stage and the future research direction and development prospects are analyzed.
Computer analysis and biomedical interpretation of microscopic images: Current problems and future directions (1977)

Automated analysis and recognition of microscopic images of cells and tissue sections is undergoing active development. With regard to cells, the problems posed by samples of white and red blood cells presented in a monocellular layer are well under control, and automated laboratory devices are in the clinical testing stage. The analysis of white blood cell populations offers good promise in immunologic, radiation biologic, and experimental chemotherapeutic research. The situation encountered in prescreening for cervical cancer in Papanicolaou-stained gynecologic samples calls for significantly more stringent cell recognition and sample size requirements. Methods based on high-resolution digitized imagery appear currently to be the only approach with the required discriminatory power; they may evolve as practical devices, however, only when special computers with fully parallel processing capabilities are available. As applied to tissue sections, the complexity of the scene-segmentation, analysis, and classification problems has generally restricted research work to the area of feature extraction and to the determination of descriptive stereologic parameters. Processors are needed with an architecture more compatible with the two-dimensional information of pictorial data and with suitable operating systems. The field of microscopic image analysis demands competence in a wide range of disciplines, from the practical clinical situation to optics, electrooptical devices, digital logic design, computer architecture, software engineering, multivariate statistics, and decision theory. A truly interdisciplinary research team is difficult to form and maintain, but is rewarding: It is only in such close cooperation that one discovers such research needs as the fact that most of the basic applied mathematical tools for what the clinician really wants to know have not yet been developed.
High Recording Density Tape Using Fine Barium-Ferrite Particles With Improved Thermal Stability (2010)

The effects of reducing barium-ferrite magnetic particle volume have been studied. We optimized barium-ferrite substitution elements and their amount and demonstrated thermal stability for very fine particles of the size 1.5 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> nm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . Using a giant magnetoresistive (GMR) head with a 0.2 ¿m read track width, test tape containing these fine particles exhibited a bit error rate of 1.5 ×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> at a linear density of 360 kbpi using a noise predictive maximum likelihood (NPML) detection for nonstationary noise sources, i.e., data-dependent noise. This corresponds to a 15 Gb/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> areal recording density in linear tape application.
GaAs 850 nm modulators solder-bonded to silicon (1993)

GaAs/AlGaAs p-i-n multiple-quantum-well modulators solder-bonded to a silicon substrate are reported. The GaAs substrate is then chemically removed to allow operation at 850 nm. The gold contact to the modulator is used as the reflector. A change in reflectivity from 26% to 52% is achieved for a 0 to 10 V bias swing. The device has a modulation saturation intensity of 80 kW/cm/sup 2/, demonstrating superb heat-sinking and ohmic contact. The hybrid was cycled from 30 degrees C to 100 degrees C over a 100 times, and it showed no degradation, exhibiting the practicality of the technique.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Direct enrichment of tryptophan and its metabolites in plasma onto a pre-column followed by reverse phase HPLC analysis. (1982)

A reverse phase method combined with direct pre-column enrichment and HPLC is proposed for the analysis of tryptophan (Trp) and its metabolites in plasma. A pre-column of protein-coated ODS did not adsorb plasma proteins, but quantitatively adsorbed Trp and its metabolites with an indole ring from acidified plasma in the presence of trichloroacetate anion. After elution of plasma proteins with phosphate buffer, the enriched metabolites were separated by an ODS analytical column by stepwise elution method. The HPLC analysis with native fluorescent detection showed several peaks corresponding to Trp, 5-hydroxy tryptophol, serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxy indole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA). The peaks were identified by fluorescent and electrochemical characterization. The peak heights were proportional to the injected volume of plasma samples (50-500μl), and the recovery of the spiked metabolites (2 nmol each/ml plasma) was almost quantitative (99-102%) with good reproducibility (within-run c.v., less than 3%). The present method is simple and reproducible enough for routine analysis of total Trp and its metabolites in plasma.
Human++: From technology to emerging health monitoring concepts (2008)

This paper gives an overview of the recent results from the Human++ research program, which targets the realization of miniaturized, intelligent and autonomous wireless sensor nodes for body area networks. It combines expertise in micro-power harvesting techniques, ultra-low-power radio, ultra-low-power DSP and sensors and actuators. This paper illustrates how technological breakthroughs in these areas lead to the emergence of new health monitoring concepts.
Three-dimensional theory for interaction between atomic ensembles and free-space light (2002)

Atomic ensembles have shown to be a promising candidate for implementations of quantum information processing by many recently discovered schemes. All these schemes are based on the interaction between optical beams and atomic ensembles. For description of these interactions, one assumed either a cavity-QED model or a one-dimensional light propagation model, which is still inadequate for a full prediction and understanding of most of the current experimental efforts that are actually taken in the three-dimensional free space. Here, we propose a perturbative theory to describe the three-dimensional effects in interaction between atomic ensembles and free-space light with a level configuration important for several applications. The calculations reveal some significant effects that were not known before from the other approaches, such as the inherent mode-mismatching noise and the optimal mode-matching conditions. The three-dimensional theory confirms the collective enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio which is believed to be one of the main advantages of the ensemble-based quantum information processing schemes, however, it also shows that this enhancement needs to be understood in a more subtle way with an appropriate mode-matching method.
Squared Range Weighted Least Squares Source Localization Based on the Element-Wise and Vector-Wise Orthogonality Principles (2009)

Estimating a location of mobile phones or sound source is of considerable interest in wireless communications and signal processing. In this letter, we propose squared range weighted least squares (SRWLS) using the range estimate attained from the Taylor series-based maximum likelihood. The weight can be determined more accurately when using the proposed method, compared with the existing methods using the variance of noise. The simulation results show that the proposed method is superior to the existing methods in RMSE as the measurement noise amount of sensors increases.
Recent Development in the Synthesis of Natural Saponins and Their Derivatives (2014)

Naturally occurring saponins are attractive candidates or lead compounds for new drug design and development and thus have become important synthetic targets. This short account reviews the recent progress in the chemical synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of naturally occurring saponins and their derivatives.