gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pulse-width-modulating control of a nonlinear electromagnetic actuator (1990)

The performance of a fast, nonlinear, clapper-type electromagnetic actuator used in impact printing is controlled by real-time measurement and feedback. The objective is to regulate flight time, which is the time from start to actuation to impact. Toward this end, control is applied digitally via pulse-width modulation of a series of coil-driving pulses, which together propel the armature through its trajectory. Each pulse is modulated individually based on state-variable errors measured on its rising edge. The functional relationships between the measured state-variable errors and the required pulse-width modulations are derived systematically, using a computer-controlled method involving trial-and-error experimentation followed by statistical regression. The resulting control law accounts for both mechanical and electrical perturbations and is expressed in an analytic format that can be applied either by look-up tables or by direct computation. Using look-up tables, typical closed-loop operation is shown to achieve dramatic reductions in flight-time error when compared with open-loop operation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
TU‐C‐AUD‐04: Laser‐Proton Acceleration for Radiation Therapy (2007)

Purpose: Rapid developments in laser technology have facilitated proton (light ion) acceleration using laser‐induced plasmas. In this work, we investigate an experimental system for laser‐accelerated proton therapy. Method and Materials: Our system consists of a commercial 150 TW laser, custom‐made laser‐pulse compression and target chambers, particle selection and beam collimating devices, dosimetry monitoring systems and shielding constructions. We have performed initial laser‐proton acceleration experiments with thin aluminum foils as target materials. The maximum proton energy was measured using CR‐39 film and a Thomson parabola ion analyzer. We have performed particle‐in‐cell simulations to investigate the optimal laser parameters and target configurations to facilitate laser‐proton acceleration and dosimetric studies. Results: The primary particles resulting from the laser‐target interaction are protons and electrons. Our particle in cell simulation predicted protons of up to 300 MeV and electrons of 20 MeV for a laser intensity of 10 21 W/cm 2 . The maximum number was 10 11 and 10 12 per pulse for protons and electron, respectively. Our initial testing with a 10 18 W/cm 2 laser intensity (at 10 TW) produced up to 1 MeV protons with a broad energy spectrum. Conclusion: We have developed an experimental laser‐proton accelerator for radiation therapy applications. Initial experimental studies have demonstrated proton acceleration at low laser power levels. Further studies with laser intensities up to 2 × 10 20 W/cm 2 are being conducted with different target materials and configurations.
Salivary analysis of oral cancer biomarkers (2009)

The significance of each salivary alteration is discussed. As all alterations correlated with each other, they may belong to a single carcinogenetic network. Cancer-related changes in salivary tumour markers may be used as a diagnostic tool for diagnosis, prognosis and post-operative monitoring.
<title>Printable, scannable biometric templates for secure documents and materials</title> (2000)

Biometric technology has been widely acknowledged as an effective means for enhancing private and public security through applications in physical access control, computer and computer network access control, medical records protection, banking security, public identification programs, and others. Nearly all of these applications involve use of a biometric token to control access to a physical entity or private information. There are also unique benefits to be derived from attaching a biometric template to a physical entity such as a document, package, laboratory sample, etc. Such an association allows fast, reliable, and highly accurate association of an individual person's identity to the physical entity, and can be used to enhance security, convenience, and privacy in many types of transactions. Examples include authentication of documents, tracking of laboratory samples in a testing environment, monitoring the movement of physical evidence within the criminal justice system, and authenticating the identity of both sending and receiving parties in shipment of high value parcels. A system is described which combines a biometric technology based on iris recognition with a printing and scanning technology for high-density bar codes.
Material and regenerative properties of an osteon-mimetic cortical bone-like scaffold (2019)

The objective of this work was to fabricate a rigid, resorbable and osteoconductive scaffold by mimicking the hierarchical structure of the cortical bone. Aligned peptide-functionalize nanofiber microsheets were generated with calcium phosphate (CaP) content similar to that of the natural cortical bone. Next, the CaP-rich fibrous microsheets were wrapped around a microneedle to form a laminated microtube mimicking the structure of an osteon. Then, a set of the osteon-mimetic microtubes were assembled around a solid rod and the assembly was annealed to fuse the microtubes and form a shell. Next, an array of circular microholes were drilled on the outer surface of the shell to generate a cortical bone-like scaffold with an interconnected network of Haversian- and Volkmann-like microcanals. The CaP content, porosity and density of the bone-mimetic microsheets were 240 wt%, 8% and 1.9 g/ml, respectively, which were close to that of natural cortical bone. The interconnected network of microcanals in the fused microtubes increased permeability of a model protein in the scaffold. The cortical scaffold induced osteogenesis and vasculogenesis in the absence of bone morphogenetic proteins upon seeding with human mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial colony-forming cells. The localized and timed-release of morphogenetic factors significantly increased the extent of osteogenic and vasculogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial colony-forming cells in the cortical scaffold. The cortical bone-mimetic nature of the cellular construct provided balanced rigidity, resorption rate, osteoconductivity and nutrient diffusivity to support vascularization and osteogenesis.
Long-range alpha detection applied to soil contamination and waste monitoring (1992)

Alpha contamination monitoring has been traditionally limited by the short range of alpha particles in air and through detector windows. The long-range alpha detector (LRAD) described in this paper circumvents that limitation by detecting alpha-produced ions, rather than alpha particles directly. Since the LRAD is sensitive to all ions, it can monitor all contamination present on a large surface at one time. Because air is the detector gas,'' the LRAD can detect contamination on any surface to which air can penetrate. We present data showing the sensitivity of LRAD detectors, as well as documenting their ability to detect alpha sources in previously unmonitorable locations, and verifying the ion lifetime. Specific designs and results for soil contamination and waste monitors are also included.
Simulations and developments of Si-integrated photoacoustic cells for the optical sensing of the atmosphere (2014)

In the framework of research program “MIRIADE”, GSMA and CEA-LETI report simulations and developments of Si-integrated resonant photoacoustic cells developed for the optical sensing of the atmosphere when associated with mid-infrared sources such as QCLs.
Integrating Micro-Photonic Systems and MOEMS into Standard Silicon CMOS Integrated Circuitry (2011)

. The realization of sufficiently efficient light-emitters have, been a major technological challenge. A research area, known as "Silicon Photonics", has emerged in recent years (Kubby and Reed , 2005-2010; This technology offers the advanced processing of data at ultra high speeds and provides advanced optical signal processing. It can analyse diverse optical data directly on chip, and may even contribute towards solving the interconnect density problem, associated with current microprocessor systems. Until now, this technology has been primarily established at 1550 nm. The reason is to conform with the main long haul and low loss telecommunication bands. The realization of waveguides, modulators, resonators, filters etc. on silicon platforms has been achieved until now with relative ease by using mainly Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) technology. Two main application fields have been developed, namely (1) high speed optical communication with modulation speeds and bandwidths reaching up to THz , utilizing Si-Ge technology , and (2) the so-called "Lab on chip" approach, where the main goal is the realization of an optical micro-system, which can perform certain analysis of the environment or attached media. In the absence of an efficient light source at 1550 nm on a chip, these systems operate currently with external light sources. They also incorporate Si-Ge detectors, which are not compatible with mainstream silicon technology The integration of germanium into silicon structures requires the addition of complex and very expensive processing procedures. Recently, a Ge-on-Si laser source was announced by Lui et al. in 2010. This technology provides coherent optical emission on a chip, but utilizes quite complex strained Si-Ge layer technology. Making use of adequately emitting Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) optical sources, together with good silicon detectors, shows good potential to manufacture diverse new optical communication and integrated systems directly onto CMOS silicon www.intechopen.com Optoelectronics -Devices and Applications www.intechopen.com
Scan-control apparatus for pulse-echo ultrasonic imaging system incorporating oscillated transducer (1982)

First Page
Only Specific Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Chitinases and [beta]-1,3-Glucanases Exhibit Antifungal Activity (1993)

Different isoforms of chitinases and [beta]-1,3-glucanases of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Samsun NN) were tested for their antifungal activities. The class I, vacuolar chitinase and [beta]-1,3-glucanase isoforms were the most active against Fusarium solani germlings, resulting in lysis of the hyphal tips and in growth inhibition. In additon, we observed that the class I chitinase and [beta]-1,3-glucanase acted synergistically. The class II isoforms of the two hydrolases exhibited no antifungal activity. However, the class II chitinases showed limited growth inhibitory activity in combination with higher amounts of class I [beta]-1,3-glucanase. The class II [beta]-1,3-glucanases showed no inhibitory activity in any combination. In transgenic tobacco plants producing modified forms of either a class I chitinase or a class I [beta]-1,3-glucanase, or both, these proteins were targeted extracellularly. Both modified proteins lack their C-terminal propeptide, which functions as a vacuolar targeting signal. Extracellular targeting had no effect on the specific activities of the chitinase and [beta]-1,3-glucanase enzymes. Furthermore, the extracellular washing fluid (EF) from leaves of transgenic plants expressing either of the secreted class I enzymes exhibited antifungal activity on F. solani germlings in vitro comparable to that of the purified vacuolar class I proteins. Mixing EF fractions from these plants revealed synergism in inhibitory activity against F. solani; the mixed fractions exhibited inhibitory activity similar to that of EF from plants expressing both secreted enzymes.
A fully differential switched-current delta-sigma modulator using a single 3.3-V power-supply voltage (2002)

This paper presents the design of a fully differential second-order delta-sigma modulator using a single 3.3-V power supply voltage. At the system level, we tailor the modulator structure considering the similarity and difference of switched-capacitor and switched-current realizations. At the circuit level, we propose a new switched-current memory cell and integrator with improved common mode feedback, without which low power-supply-voltage operation would not be possible. Other building blocks such as 1-bit A/D and D/A converters are presented as well. The whole modulator has been implemented in AMS' 0.8-/spl mu/m double-metal digital CMOS process. It occupies an active area of 0.53/spl times/0.48 mm/sup 2/ and consumes a current of 0.6 mA.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Analytical approach to noncircular section birdcage coil design: Verification with a Cassinian oval coil (2004)

A general analytical framework is presented for the design of birdcage radiofrequency resonators on cylindrical formers having arbitrary cross-sectional shape. The primary objective of such shapes would be to improve the sensitivity of the NMR experiment to noncircular regions of the human anatomy while maintaining field homogeneity and quadrature polarization comparable to those of standard circular birdcage coils. The shape of the corresponding radiofrequency screen, which is required to decouple the coil from the rest of the NMR system and which is key to the performance, is also provided by this methodology. The theory was tested by constructing a 3-T, quadrature, proton coil on a shape conforming to the anthropomorphic mean of the human head, namely, the oval of Cassini. Both bench tests (Q) and in vivo spectral and imaging comparisons of the Cassinian coil with an equivalently dimensioned and constructed circular birdcage coil, respectively, predicted and demonstrated in vivo an improvement in SNR of approximately 24% over the circular section coil. The experimental RF field homogeneity and quadrature performance were comparable for both coil geometries, with the circular coil being marginally superior.
Probabilistic Methods for Location Estimation in Wireless Networks (2006)

Probabilistic modeling techniques offer a unifying theoretical framework for solving the problems encountered when developing location-aware and location-sensitive applications in wireless radio networks. In this paper we demonstrate the usefulness of the probabilistic modelling framework in solving not only the actual location estimation (positioning) problem, but also many related problems involving pragmatically important issues like calibration, active learning, error estimation and tracking with history. Some interesting links between positioning research done in the area of robotics and in the area of wireless radio networks are also discussed.
MWIR barrier infrared detectors with greater than 5μm cutoff using bulk InAsSb grown on GaSb substrates (2017)

Mid-wavelength infrared photodetectors incorporated into a unipolar barrier architecture with a bulk InAs<sub>x</sub>Sb<sub>1-x</sub> absorber and an AlSb barrier layer are demonstrated. An extended cutoff was achieved by increasing the lattice constant from 6.09 Å of the GaSb substrate to 6.13 Å using a 1.5 μm thick AlSb buffer layer. This enabled the growth of bulk absorber material with a higher antimony content, InAs<sub>0.81</sub>Sb<sub>0.19</sub>, and a greater than 5 μm cutoff. Transitioning the lattice to 6.13 Å also enabled the implementation of a simple binary AlSb layer as a unipolar barrier to block majority carrier electrons and reduce dark current noise. Individual test devices with 4 μm thick absorbers displayed 150 K dark current density, cutoff wavelength, quantum efficiency, and specific detectivity of 3 x 10<sup>-5</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup>, 5.31 μm, 44 % at 3.4 μm, and 4.3 x 10<sup>11</sup> cmHz<sup>1/2</sup>/W at 5 μm, respectively. The instantaneous dark current activation energy at a given bias and temperature was determined via Arrhenius analysis from the dark current vs. temperature and bias data, and a discussion of valence band alignment between the InAs<sub>x</sub>Sb<sub>1-x</sub> absorber and AlSb barrier layers is presented. The carrier concentration, mobility, and lifetime of the bulk absorber material and the device performance will be presented and a discussed.
Learning Hierarchical Hidden Markov Models for Video Structure Discovery (2003)

Structure elements in a time sequence are repetitive segments that bear consistent deterministic or stochastic characteristics. While most existing work in detecting structures follow a supervised paradigm, we propose a fully unsupervised statistical solution in this paper. We present a unified approach to structure discovery from long video sequences as simultaneously finding the statistical descriptions of structure and locating segments that matches the descriptions. We model the multilevel statistical structure as hierarchical hidden Markov models, and present efficient algorithms for learning both the parameters, as well as the model structure including the complexity of each structure element and the number of elements in the stream. We have also proposed feature selection algorithms that iterate between a wrapper and a filter method to partition the large feature pool into consistent and compact subsets, upon which the hierarchical hidden Markov model is learned. When tested on a specific domain, soccer video, the unsupervised learning scheme achieves very promising results: the automatically selected feature set includes the manually identified intuitively most significant feature, and the system automatically discovers the statistical descriptions of high-level structures, and at the same time achieves even slightly better accuracy in detecting discovered structures in unlabelled videos than a supervised approach designed with domain knowledge and trained with comparable hidden Markov models. Keywords: video structure, statistical learning, unsupervised learning, feature selection, hierarchical hidden Markov model, hidden Markov model, model selection, MCMC Contents 1
Novel coupling agents for PVC/wood‐flour composites * (2005)

Abstract Effective interfacial adhesion between wood fibers and plastics is crucial for both the processing and ultimate performance of wood–plastic composites. Coupling agents are added to wood–plastic composites to promote adhesion between the hydrophilic wood surface and hydrophobic polymer matrix, but to date no coupling agent has been reported for PVC/wood‐fiber composites that significantly improved their performance and was also cost‐effective. This article presents the results of a study using chitin and chitosan, two natural polymers, as novel coupling agents for PVC/wood‐flour composites. Addition of chitin and chitosan coupling agents to PVC/wood‐flour composites increased their flexural strength by ∼20%, their flexural modulus by ∼16%, and their storage modulus by ∼33–74% compared to PVC/wood‐flour composite without the coupling agent. Significant improvement in composite performance was attained with 0.5 wt% of chitosan and when 6.67 wt% of chitin was used. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 11:160–165, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
An Infrared Photoretinoscope (1986)

Much attention has been paid to methods tor measuring the plane of focus of the eye with little or no cooperation of the subject (1,2). We present here a simple arrangement to do this using infrared light emitting diodes (LEDs). Long wavelength light (approx. 900 nm) does not induce a pupil response, thereby allowing measurement at large pupil sizes and increasing the sensitivity of the retinoscopy. The method is a modification of one popularized by Kaakinen (1). By contrast, however, in our method a) we use infra-red light rather than visible light and b) the light source is positioned at different distances (eccentricities) from the optical axis of the camera while the fundus reflex is observed. Whether or not a reflex can be detected depends on the defocus of the eye relative to the camera, D, the pupil size, P, the excentricity, E, of the light source from the optical axis, and the camera to subject distance, A. In a theoretical treatment of photoretinoscopy by Howland (3,4) the defocus of the eye relative to the camera is shown to be given by the equation: (1) where DF is the Dark Fraction or ratio of the portion of the diameter of the pupil which is dark to that which is illuminated by the fundus reflex.
Stopping light on a defect (2002)

Gap solitons are localized nonlinear coherent states that have been shown both theoretically and experimentally to propagate in periodic structures. Although theory allows for their propagation at any speed v,0⩽v⩽c, they have been observed in experiments at speeds of approximately 50% of c. It is of scientific and technological interest to trap gap solitons. We first introduce an explicit multiparameter family of periodic structures with localized defects, which support linear defect modes. These linear defect modes are shown to persist into the nonlinear regime, as nonlinear defect modes. Using mathematical analysis and numerical simulations, we then investigate the capture of an incident gap soliton by these defects. The mechanism of capture of a gap soliton is resonant transfer of its energy to nonlinear defect modes. We introduce a useful bifurcation diagram from which information on the parameter regimes of gap-soliton capture, reflection, and transmission can be obtained by simple conservation of energy and resonant energy transfer principles.
80-Gbit/s DQPSK Optical Tapped-Delay-Line Equalization using Finely Tunable Delays, Phases and Amplitudes (2011)

We experimentally demonstrate a tunable and reconfigurable optical tapped delay line using conversion dispersion based delays with optical multicasting and multiplexing. After equalization, at BER of 10-9 and 3 dB power penalty, dispersion tolerance is improved by >50% and 200% for 80-Gbit/s RZ-DQPSK and 40-Gbit/s RZ-DPSK signals, respectively.
Spectrum of chronic lung allograft pathology in a mouse minor-mismatched orthotopic lung transplant model (2018)

Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) is a fatal condition that limits survival after lung transplantation (LTx). The pathological hallmark of CLAD is obliterative bronchiolitis (OB). A subset of patients present with a more aggressive CLAD phenotype, called restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS), characterized by lung parenchymal fibrosis (PF). The mouse orthotopic single LTx model has proven relevant to the mechanistic study of allograft injury. The minor-alloantigen-mismatched strain combination using C57BL/10(B10) donors and C57BL/6(B6) recipients reportedly leads to OB. Recognizing that OB severity is a spectrum that may coexist with other pathologies, including PF, we aimed to characterize and quantify pathologic features of CLAD in this model. Left LTx was performed in the following combinations: B10→B6, B6→B10, B6→B6. Four weeks posttransplant, blinded pathologic semi-quantitative assessment showed that OB was present in 66% of B10→B6 and 30% of B6→B10 grafts. Most mice with OB also had PF with a pattern of pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis, reminiscent of human RAS-related pathology. Grading of pathologic changes demonstrated variable severity of airway fibrosis, PF, acute rejection, vascular fibrosis, and epithelial changes, similar to those seen in human CLAD. These assessments can make the murine LTx model a more useful tool for further mechanistic studies of CLAD pathogenesis.