gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Special Considerations in the Design Optimization of the Production Casing in High-Rate, Multistage-Fractured Shale Wells (2012)

Summary Typical shale well completions involve massive, multistage fracturing in horizontal wells. Aggressive trajectories (with up to 20°/ 100 ft doglegs), multistage high-rate fracturing (up to 20 stages, 100 bbl/min), and increasing temperature and pressure of shale reservoirs result in large thermal and bending stresses that are critical in the design of production casing. In addition, when cement voids are present and the production casing is not restrained during fracturing, thermal effects can result in magnified load conditions. The resulting loads can be well in excess of those deemed allowable by regular casing design techniques. These loads are often ignored in standard well design, exposing casing to the risk of failure during multistage fracturing. In this work, the major factors influencing normal and special loads on production casing in shale wells are discussed. A method for optimization of shale well production casing design is then introduced. The constraints on the applicability of different design options are discussed. Load-magnification effects of cement voids are described, and a method for their evaluation is developed. Thermal effects during cooling are shown to create both bending stress magnification and annular pressure reduction caused by fluid contraction in trapped cement voids. This can result in significant loads and new modes of failure that must be considered in design. The performance of connections under these loads is also discussed. Examples are provided to illustrate the key concepts described. Finally, acceptable design options for shale well production casing are discussed. The results presented here are expected to improve the reliability of shale well designs. They provide operators with insight into load effects that must be considered in the design of production casing for such wells. By understanding the causes and magnitude of load-augmentation effects, operators can manage their design and practices to ensure well integrity.
Resistance Spot Welding between Steel and Aluminum Alloy (2015)

Aluminum alloy A6061 and mild steel Q235 sheets were welded by resistance spot welding. The interfacial microstructure was observed and the feature and distribution of the interfacial reactant were analyzed and the effects of welding current on the nugget size and tensile shear strength of the joint were investigated. The results indicate that both the tensile shear strength and nugget diameter of the joint increase with the increasing of welding current in some degree. When welding current exceeds a certain range, the nugget diameter of the joint tends towards stability and the tensile shear strength decreases. The joint with the maximum tensile shear load of 1.5 kN is obtained at the condition of 12 kA welding current. The interfacial reaction layer thickness decreased from central joints region to surrounding area.
ChemInform Abstract: C‐Acylation of Diazomethane with Diethoxyphosphorylacetyl Chloride. (1988)

Abstract The phosphorylated diazoketone (III) is prepared by reaction of the phosphorylacetyl chloride (I) with diazomethane (II) using the Arndt‐ Eistert method.
Effects of Methylphenidate on Sleep in Children With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (1993)

These results support the notion that ADHD is a centrally generated disorder attributable to hypoarousal, which subsequently stimulates motor overactivity. Methylphenidate does not appear to affect sleep patterns adversely and possibly normalizes them in patients with ADHD.
Juspurpurin, an Unusual Secolignan Glycoside from <i>Justicia </i><i>p</i><i>urpurea</i> (2003)

An unusual secolignan glycoside, juspurpurin (1), and a new arylnaphthalene glycoside, justalakonin (2), together with eight known lignans were isolated from the whole plants of Justicia purpurea. Compound 1 is the first glycoside of a rare group of secolignans. The structures of the new compounds 1 and 2 were established using 1D and 2D NMR ((1)H-(1)H COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) spectral data and by chemical transformations.
Differential loss of E-cadherin expression in infiltrating ductal and lobular breast carcinomas. (1993)

The epithelial-specific cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin was analyzed immunohistochemically on tissue sections of 89 human primary infiltrating breast carcinomas, using monoclonal antibodies 6F9 (for cryostat sections) and 5H9 (for cryostat and paraffin sections). The tumors included 41 well and moderately differentiated infiltrating ductal carcinomas (IDCs) most of which (78%) showed strong linear staining at the cell borders at a level, as high as luminal cells of normal mammary glands. The 26 poorly differentiated, more highly malignant IDCs examined also were all positive for E-cadherin, although a higher proportion of them (54%) showed reduced staining, which was heterogeneous and dotted over the cell borders. In contrast, 19 of 22 infiltrating lobular carcinomas (ILCs), which were either of the dispersed (classical), solid, or the mixed type, did not express E-cadherin, whereas three cases showed weak staining. In situ lesions of ILCs and pure lobular carcinoma in situ (four cases) were all E-cadherin negative, whereas intraductal carcinomas (11 cases) exhibited mostly strong staining. The results were confirmed by Western blotting. The data indicate that loss of E-cadherin expression is an early event in the formation of the lobular type of breast carcinomas. The absence of E-cadherin signifies a partial loss of epithelial differentiation and may account for the extended spread of lobular carcinoma in situ and the peculiar diffuse invasion mode of ILC. The generation of dedifferentiated IDCs can only in part be correlated with reduced expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule E-cadherin. Other factors are obviously also involved during invasion of this carcinoma type.
Virtual resource ring: Technique for decentralised resource management in fault-tolerant distributed computer systems (1984)

The paper first identifies design objectives for resource management in distributed computer systems. A resource-management mechanism that meets these objectives, the virtual resource ring (VRR), is then proposed and an implementation of the VRR on an actual distributed multiprocessor computer system is described. Finally, the proposed scheme is evaluated against the previously defined design objectives.
Jointly Aligning and Segmenting Multiple Web Photo Streams for the Inference of Collective Photo Storylines (2013)

With an explosion of popularity of online photo sharing, we can trivially collect a huge number of photo streams for any interesting topics such as scuba diving as an outdoor recreational activity class. Obviously, the retrieved photo streams are neither aligned nor calibrated since they are taken in different temporal, spatial, and personal perspectives. However, at the same time, they are likely to share common storylines that consist of sequences of events and activities frequently recurred within the topic. In this paper, as a first technical step to detect such collective storylines, we propose an approach to jointly aligning and segmenting uncalibrated multiple photo streams. The alignment task discovers the matched images between different photo streams, and the image segmentation task parses each image into multiple meaningful regions to facilitate the image understanding. We close a loop between the two tasks so that solving one task helps enhance the performance of the other in a mutually rewarding way. To this end, we design a scalable message-passing based optimization framework to jointly achieve both tasks for the whole input image set at once. With evaluation on the new Flickr dataset of 15 outdoor activities that consist of 1.5 millions of images of 13 thousands of photo streams, our empirical results show that the proposed algorithms are more successful than other candidate methods for both tasks.
Highly Efficient White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Ultrathin Emissive Layers and a Spacer-Free Structure (2016)

Ultrathin emissive layers (UEMLs) of phosphorescent materials with a layer thickness of less than 0.3 nm were introduced for high-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). All the UEMLs for white OLEDs can be prepared without the use of interlayers or spacers. Compared with devices fabricated with interlayers inserted in-between the UEMLs, our spacer-free structure not only significantly improves device efficiency, but also simplifies the fabrication process, thus it has a great potential in lowering the cost of OLED panels. In addition, its spacer-free structure decreases the number of interfaces which often introduce unnecessary energy barriers in these devices. In the present work, UEMLs of red, green and blue-emitting phosphorescent materials and yellow and blue phosphorescent emitters are utilized for the demonstration of spacer-free white OLEDs. Upon optimization of the device structure, we demonstrated spacer-free and simple-structured white-emitting OLEDs with a good device performance. The current and power efficiencies of our white-emitting devices are as high as 56.0 cd/A and 55.5 lm/W, respectively. These efficiencies are the highest ever reported for OLEDs fabricated with the UEML approach.
MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF ALCOHOL METABOLISM: Transcription Factors Involved in Early Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury (2004)

Alcohol metabolism takes place primarily in the liver. Initial exposures to ethanol have a major impact on the hepatic redox state and intermediary metabolism as a consequence of ethanol metabolism via alcohol dehydrogenase. However, upon continued exposure to ethanol, the progression of liver injury involves ethanol metabolism via CYP2E1 and consequent oxidant stress, as well as potential direct effects of ethanol on membrane proteins that are independent of ethanol metabolism. Multiple organ systems contribute to liver injury, including the innate immune system and adipose tissue. In response to ethanol exposure, specific signal transduction pathways, including NFkappaB and the mitogen-activated protein kinase family members ERK1/2, JNK, and p38, are activated. These complex responses to ethanol exposure translate into activation of nuclear transcription factors and altered gene expression within the liver, leading to the development of steatosis and inflammation in the early stages of alcohol-induced liver injury.
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor enhances chimeric antibody Nd2 dependent cytotoxicity against pancreatic cancer mediated by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (2002)

Nd2 is a monoclonal antibody against pancreatic cancer. We have previously reported that human/mouse chimeric antibody Nd2 (c-Nd2) can induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMs) as effectors. In this study, we investigated whether c-Nd2 can induce ADCC with poly-morphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) as effector cells and the effects of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in enhancing this cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicities for pancreatic cancer cell line, SW1990 were dose-dependently increased by c-Nd2 during co-culture with PMNs and these cytotoxicities were significantly suppressed by the addition of neutralizing antibodies against CD16, which is Fcgamma receptor expressed on PMN membranes. PMNs treated with G-CSF significantly enhanced in vitro ADCC activity against SW1990 induced by c-Nd2. The in vivo growth of subcutaneously transplanted SW1990 tumor in nude mouse was significantly inhibited by i.p. administration of c-Nd2 compared to control (non-specific IgG1). In addition, this inhibitory effect was enhanced by the combination of c-Nd2 and G-CSF. Immunohistochemical study with anti-mouse neutrophil elastase antibody demonstrated strong infiltrations of PMNs into and around the transplanted tumor, treated with c-Nd2 and G-CSF. These results suggest that PMNs play an important role in c-Nd2 inducing ADCC and that combination immunotherapy of c-Nd2 with G-CSF may have clinical applications in the treatment of patients with pancreatic cancer by enhancing ADCC.
Nutritional adaptations of caper shrub<i>(Capparis Ovata</i>Desf.) to environmental stress (1991)

Abstract Capparis ovata, a prostrate shrub found in most arid zones of Mediterranean countries, has been cultivated extensively for the last ten years, although its physiology is unknown. To test the effect of fertilization on Capparis, two year old seedlings were grown in pots, and doses of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were added in a factorial design. Total bio‐mass production, nutrient concentration and uptake, and allocation patterns were studied. Fertilization induced an increase in productivity and nutrient tissue concentrations of both N and P. Capparis showed characteristics of a plant adapted to poor soils, where water and nutrients are strongly limiting. Increased K and Ca uptake to maintain the hydric balance, thorny stems and a heavy investment in chemical defences to prevent grazing, and a deep mycorrhizal root system allow Capparis to grow successfully in very infertile soils and to endure environmental stress.
Vim thalamotomy for Holmes' tremor secondary to midbrain tumour (2002)

Holmes' (rubral or midbrain) tremor is an unusual combination of 2 Hz to 5 Hz rest, postural, and kinetic tremors of an upper extremity. This tremor has been considered to result from the lesions in the vicinity of the red nucleus in the midbrain. There has been no systematic analysis of the surgical target in the Holmes' tremor so far of nucleus ventrointermedius (Vim) or globus pallidus interna. This 26 year old man gradually developed a disabling midbrain tremor involving both the distal and proximal parts of the left upper arm. Additional neurological findings included oculomotor palsy and ataxia of the left arm. On the radiological studies, a mass lesion (germinoma) was found on the midbrain tegmentum, which was treated by conventional radiation therapy. Although there was improvement in the radiological imaging, his midbrain tremor became intolerable despite medical treatment. The authors performed MR guided stereotactic Vim thalamotomy. With radiofrequency lesioning in the right Vim, his resting, postural, and action tremors were much alleviated in both the distal and proximal parts of the left upper extremity. The authors consider that Vim thalamotomy is still an effective means of controlling midbrain tremors involving the proximal upper limb.
Copy number variation related disease genes (2018)

Background One of the most important and challenging issues in biomedicine and genomics is how to identify disease related genes. Datasets from high‐throughput biotechnologies have been widely used to overcome this issue from various perspectives, e.g. , epigenomics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics. At the genomic level, copy number variations (CNVs) have been recognized as critical genetic variations, which contribute significantly to genomic diversity. They have been associated with both common and complex diseases, and thus have a large influence on a variety of Mendelian and somatic genetic disorders. Results In this review, based on a variety of complex diseases, we give an overview about the critical role of using CNVs for identifying disease related genes, and discuss on details the different high‐throughput and sequencing methods applied for CNV detection. Some limitations and challenges concerning CNV are also highlighted. Conclusions Reliable detection of CNVs will not only allow discriminating driver mutations for various diseases, but also helps to develop personalized medicine when integrating it with other genomic features.
Timing analysis for extended burst-mode circuits (2002)

We describe an efficient timing analysis technique for extended burst-mode circuits implemented according to the 3D design style. Gate-level 3D circuits with uncertain component delays are analyzed, and safe bounds on timing constraints for correct circuit operation are computed. We employ two passes of multi-valued logic simulation to precisely identify gates where timing constraint violations manifest themselves. Signal propagation delay bounds from the primary inputs to these gates are then used to compute global timing constraints for correct circuit operation. Timing constraints identified by our tool represent conservative approximations to the true timing requirements in the worst-case. In practice, our results are accurate on almost all of the 3D benchmarks we have experimented with.
Novel applications based on freeform technologies (2018)

Metal mirrors have different advantages in comparison to mirrors made of glassy ceramics and glass elements as they are inexpensive, easy to manufacture and it is possible to integrate reference structures directly into the mirror material. During the last years diamond turning manufacturing of multi mirror freeform substrates became state of the art to reduce the alignment and integration effort of freeform mirror systems. The article gives an overview over the process chain, data analysis, and results from a mirror system for the visual spectral band and provides some theoretical insights necessary for achieving appropriate surface form and roughness values.
Cross-Platform Comparison of Methods for Quantitative Metabolomics of Primary Metabolism (2009)

Quantitative metabolomics is under intense development, and no commonly accepted standard analytical technique has emerged, yet. The employed analytical methods were mostly chosen based on educated guesses. So far, there has been no systematic cross-platform comparison of different separation and detection methods for quantitative metabolomics. Generally, the chromatographic separation of metabolites followed by their selective detection in a mass spectrometer (MS) is the most promising approach in terms of sensitivity and separation power. Using a defined mixture of 91 metabolites (covering glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, redox metabolism, amino acids, and nucleotides), we compared six separation methods designed for the analysis of these mostly very polar primary metabolites, two methods each for gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). For analyses on a single platform, LC provides the best combination of both versatility and robustness. If a second platform can be used, it is best complemented by GC. Only liquid-phase separation systems can handle large polar metabolites, such as those containing multiple phosphate groups. As assessed by supplementing the defined mixture with (13)C-labeled yeast extracts, matrix effects are a common phenomenon on all platforms. Therefore, suitable internal standards, such as (13)C-labeled biomass extracts, are mandatory for quantitative metabolomics with any methods.
Event-based and time-triggered energy consumption data acquisition in building automation (2015)

Control systems in building automation influence achieved energy efficiency of the buildings. One of the measures that is used by control systems is electric energy usage. The paper deals with the subject of automatic data acquisition of electricity consumption not only for the purpose of accounting the energy consumers, but also for using these data in building control systems in order to achieve better building energy efficiency. Event-based and time-triggered energy consumption data acquisition was taken into account and compared. Accuracy, average data transmission load and possible delays were investigated. Three simple assessment factors (called influence and benefits factors): resolution change factor, average data rate change factor and data transmission density change factor were proposed for evaluation of above parameters. For the purpose of research, dedicated computing method of converting actual electricity meter readings data set to: (1) time triggered data sets with various periods (resampling) and (2) send-on delta data sets with various energy deltas, was also developed.
Equivalent recognition of a varicella-zoster virus immediate early protein (IE62) and glycoprotein I by cytotoxic T lymphocytes of either CD4+ or CD8+ phenotype (1991)

Immunity to varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a member of the alpha-herpes virus family, exemplifies the host response to an ubiquitous human viral pathogen. In this investigation of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to VZV, the depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes made it possible to demonstrate CD8(+)-mediated cytotoxic function against autologous VZV-infected lymphoblastoid cells targets. CTL recognition of two major VZV proteins, the immediate early protein (IE62) and gp I, was demonstrated in limiting dilution cultures of T lymphocytes obtained from immune donors, stimulated with inactivated VZV Ag, and tested against lymphoblastoid cells infected with vaccinia recombinants expressing these VZV proteins. Among 11 VZV donors tested at least 20 y after primary infection, the mean precursor frequency for T lymphocytes that recognized the IE62 protein was 1:105,000 +/- 85,000 SD, with a range of 1:13,000 to 1:231,000. The mean frequency of CTL precursors specific for gp I in 11 subjects was equivalent, with a mean of 1:121,000 +/- 86,000 SD (range 1:15,000 to 1:228,000) (p = 0.68). Limiting dilution cultures were also prepared using purified CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocyte populations recovered from PBMC by sterile fluorescence-activated cell sorting. CTL precursors that recognized the IE62 protein or gp I were derived from each of the major T lymphocyte populations by stimulation with inactivated VZV Ag; CD4+ and CD8+ CTL precursor frequencies for the IE62 protein and gp I were equivalent (p = 0.2). We conclude that antiviral CTL activity against targets expressing VZV proteins was mediated equally well by T lymphocytes of the CD4+ or CD8+ phenotype and that antiviral CTL function could be elicited in each subpopulation by exposure to non-infectious viral Ag.
Effectiveness of natural and synthetic complexes of porin and O polysaccharide as vaccines against Brucella abortus in mice (1988)

A single vaccination of mice with a complex of porin and smooth lipopolysaccharide (porin-S-LPS) extracted from virulent Brucella abortus 2308 provided significant protection (P less than 0.01 to P less than 0.001) against challenge with the same strain, equivalent to that achieved by vaccination with living attenuated B. abortus 19. The porin-S-LPS vaccine given without adjuvant or in several adjuvants (trehalose dimycolate and muramyl dipeptide; the pluronic polymer L-121 and muramyl dipeptide; or complexed with Quil A in immunostimulating complexes) provided equivalent protection. In contrast, one vaccination with porin complexed with rough LPS (porin-R-LPS) from a rough mutant of strain 2308 provided no protection with any adjuvant tested. In one experiment, two inoculations with the porin-R-LPS resulted in a low level of protection, probably owing to priming of the animals for production of O-polysaccharide-specific antibodies. However, one vaccination with rough-strain porin covalently bound to purified O polysaccharide conferred protection equal to that obtained with natural complexes of porin-S-LPS or with living strain 19. A synthetic vaccine containing long chains of O polysaccharide was more effective than one prepared with short chains. Protective vaccines caused the formation of increased concentrations of circulating O-polysaccharide-specific antibodies, although there were individual exceptions to the quantitative association between O-polysaccharide-specific antibodies and protection. Antibodies specific for porin or R-LPS were found in negligible quantities in vaccinated mice. These results provide additional evidence that the O polysaccharide will constitute an essential component of an effective subcellular vaccine against B. abortus and that O-polysaccharide-specific antibodies play an important role in protective immunity in brucellosis.