gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Thermostable α-Glucosidase on the Production of Fermentable Sugars during Mashing (2003)

α-Glucosidase is one of the four carbohydrases present in malted barley that degrade starch. The thermostability of these carbohydrases is important because the industrial processes that convert starch to fermentable sugars typically take place at temperatures of 65–73°C. After exposures as short as 10 min to these temperatures, α-glucosidase has less than 5% of the activity it had at 30°C. We hypothesized that a more thermostable α-glucosidase could result in the increased production of fermentable sugars during mashing at high temperatures. To test this hypothesis, experimental mashes were supplemented with either nonmutated recombinant α-glucosidase (control) or recombinant α-glucosidase that had been mutated to have increased thermostability. The real degree of fermentation and the identity and quantity of maltodextrins produced were compared between these two mashes. The amounts of glucose, maltose, and maltotriose and the real degree of fermentation were significantly increased in the mashes containing thermostable α-glucosidase. Hence, we conclude that the presence of a thermostable α-glucosidase during mashing does increase the efficiency of the mashing process since more fermentable sugars are produced with no increase in the amount of raw materials added to the mash.
A new designed ultra-high precision profiler (2005)

A new ultra-precision profiler was developed to measure X-ray and EUV optics such as asymmetric and aspheric profiles. In the present study, the normal vectors at each point on the surface are determined by a reflected light beam that follows exactly the same path as the incident beam. The surface gradients at each point are calculated from the normal vector and the surface profile is obtained by integrating the gradient. The measuring instrument was designed according to the above principles. In the design, four goniometers and three-axis movers were applied to adjust the light axis to search for the normal vector at each point on the surface. The angle-positioning resolution and accuracy of each goniometer are respectively 1.8 x 10<sup>-8</sup> radian and 2 x 10<sup>-7</sup> radian. A SiC flat mirror 25.4 mm in diameter and an elliptical profile mirror for nanometer hard X-ray focusing were measured using the present instrument and compared to the measured profile using a Zygo Mark IVxp phase-measuring interferometer.
Silicon-wafer-surface damage revealed by surface photovoltage measurements (1982)

Anomalous results of surface photovoltage (SPV) measurements on Si wafers are shown to be associated with a damaged region beneath the illuminated surface of the wafer being measured. The anomaly is a concave-upward curvature of the I0(α−1) plot with an r2 value, derived from linear regression analysis, less than the normally observed minimum value (∼0.98). Removal of the damaged region by an appropriate etching procedure allows subsequent SPV measurements whose results are substantially free of the previously observed anomaly. The qualitative character of the anomaly can be reproduced by a simple theoretical model in which only one effect of the damage is considered; this effect is a diminished quantum efficiency for hole-electron pair generation by photon absorption in the damaged region. The results suggest the use of SPV measurements as a test procedure for revealing the presence of surface damage in Si wafers.
Sustainable Concepts in Olefin Metathesis. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Functional site of endogenous phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> inhibitor from python serum (2002)

The functional site of 'phospholipase A2 inhibitor from python' (PIP) was predicted based on the hypothesis of proline brackets. Using different sources of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2s) as enzyme, and [3H]arachidonate-labelled Escherichia coli as substrate, short synthetic peptides representing the proposed site were examined for their secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) inhibitory activity. A decapeptide P-PB.III proved to be the most potent of the tested peptides in inhibiting sPLA2 enzymatic activity in vitro, and exhibited striking anti-inflammatory effects in vivo in a mouse paw oedema model. P-PB.III inhibited the enzymatic activity of class I, II and III PLA2s, including that of human synovial fluid from arthritis patients. When tested by ELISA, biotinylated P-PB.III interacted positively with various PLA2s, suggesting that the specific region of PIP corresponding to P-PB.III, is likely to be involved in the PLA2-PLI interaction. The effect of P-PB.III on the peritoneal inflammatory response after surgical trauma in rats was also examined. P-PB.III effectively reduced the extent of postsurgical peritoneal adhesions as compared to controls. sPLA2 levels at seventh postoperative day in the peritoneal tissue of P-PB.III-treated rats were also significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in comparison to those of the untreated controls. The present results shed additional insight on the essential structural elements for PLA2 binding, and may be useful as a basis for the design of novel therapeutic agents.
Tomographic Imaging of Oxygen in Tissue by Phosphorescence Lifetime: A Computational Study (2006)

In this paper using numerical simulations we demonstrate feasibility of oxygen near infared imaging in tissue by phosphorescence lifetime in time-domain and show reconstructions of hypoxic phantoms in cylindrical model.
Nonpeptidic Lysosomal Modulators Derived from Z-Phe-Ala-Diazomethylketone for Treating Protein Accumulation Diseases (2012)

Lysosomes are involved in protein turnover and removing misfolded species, and their enzymes have the potential to offset the defect in proteolytic clearance that contributes to the age-related dementia Alzheimer's disease (AD). The weak cathepsin B and L inhibitor Z-Phe-Ala-diazomethylketone (PADK) enhances lysosomal cathepsin levels at low concentrations, thereby eliciting protective clearance of PHF-τ and Aβ42 in the hippocampus and other brain regions. Here, a class of positive modulators is established with compounds decoupled from the cathepsin inhibitory properties. We utilized PADK as a departure point to develop nonpeptidic structures with the hydroxyethyl isostere. The first-in-class modulators SD1002 and SD1003 exhibit improved levels of cathepsin up-regulation but almost complete removal of cathepsin inhibitory properties as compared to PADK. Isomers of the lead compound SD1002 were synthesized, and the modulatory activity was determined to be stereoselective. In addition, the lead compound was tested in transgenic mice with results indicating protection against AD-type protein accumulation pathology.
Synthesis and Stabilization of Blue-Black TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotube Arrays for Electrochemical Oxidant Generation and Wastewater Treatment (2016)

Efficient, inexpensive, and stable electrode materials are key components of commercially viable electrochemical wastewater treatment system. In this study, blue-black TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotube array (BNTA) electrodes are prepared by electrochemical self-doping. The 1-D structure, donor state density, and Fermi energy level position are critical for maintaining the semimetallic functionality of the BNTA. The structural strength of the BNTA is enhanced by surface crack minimization, reinforcement of the BNTA-Ti metal interface, and stabilized by a protective overcoating with nanoparticulate TiO<sub>2</sub> (Ti/EBNTA). Ti/EBNTA electrodes are employed as both anodes and cathodes with polarity switching at a set frequency. Oxidants are generated at the anode, while the doping levels are regenerated along with byproduct reduction at the cathode. The estimated maximum electrode lifetime is 16 895 h. Ti/EBNTA has comparable hydroxyl radical production activity (6.6 × 10<sup>-14</sup> M) with boron-doped diamond (BDD, 7.4 × 10<sup>-14</sup> M) electrodes. The chlorine production rate follows a trend with respective to electrode type of Ti/EBNTA > BDD > IrO<sub>2</sub>. Ti/EBNTA electrodes operated in a bipolar mode have a minimum energy consumption of 62 kWh/kg COD, reduced foam formation due to less gas bubble production, minimum scale formation, and lower chlorate production levels (6 mM vs 18 mM for BDD) during electrolytic wastewater treatment.
Protective roles of adenosine A<sub>1</sub>, A<sub>2A</sub>, and A<sub>3</sub>receptors in skeletal muscle ischemia and reperfusion injury (2007)

Although adenosine exerts cardio-and vasculoprotective effects, the roles and signaling mechanisms of different adenosine receptors in mediating skeletal muscle protection are not well understood. We used a mouse hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion model to delineate the function of three adenosine receptor subtypes. Adenosine A(3) receptor-selective agonist 2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (Cl-IBMECA; 0.07 mg/kg ip) reduced skeletal muscle injury with a significant decrease in both Evans blue dye staining (5.4 +/- 2.6%, n = 8 mice vs. vehicle-treated 28 +/- 6%, n = 7 mice, P < 0.05) and serum creatine kinase level (1,840 +/- 910 U/l, n = 13 vs. vehicle-treated 12,600 +/- 3,300 U/l, n = 14, P < 0.05), an effect that was selectively blocked by an A(3) receptor antagonist 3-ethyl-5-benzyl-2-methyl-6-phenyl-4-phenylethynyl-1,4-(+/-)-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (MRS-1191; 0.05 mg/kg). The adenosine A(1) receptor agonist 2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA; 0.05 mg/kg) also exerted a cytoprotective effect, which was selectively blocked by the A(1) antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX; 0.2 mg/kg). The adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS-21680; 0.07 mg/kg)-induced decrease in skeletal muscle injury was selectively blocked by the A(2A) antagonist 2-(2-furanyl)-7-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-7H-pyrazolo[4,3-e] [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-C]pyrimidin-5-amine (SCH-442416; 0.017 mg/kg). The protection induced by the A(3) receptor was abrogated in phospholipase C-beta2/beta3 null mice, but the protection mediated by the A(1) or A(2A) receptor remained unaffected in these animals. The adenosine A(3) receptor is a novel cytoprotective receptor that signals selectively via phospholipase C-beta and represents a new target for ameliorating skeletal muscle injury.
Improved and Practical Synthesis of 6-Methoxy-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinoline Hydrochloride (2007)

6-Methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1) or its hydrochloride salt (4) is an expensive chemical with limited commercial availability. We report an improved and practical synthesis of 4 from inexpensive 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethylamine (2) using a Pictet−Spengler condensation via a novel aminal intermediate. The synthesis significantly lowers the cost and provides easy access to 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline or its HCl salt on a large scale.
Current Measurement Gain Tuning Using High-Frequency Signal Injection (2008)

Accurate measurement of phase currents in electric machines is a requirement for most high-performance drives. Incorrect current measurement gain estimates, caused by device tolerances, temperature drift, age, and noise, reduce the accuracy of the current measurements and degrade the drive's performance. This paper presents a method for compensating current measurement gain errors using a periodically injected high- frequency voltage. The positive and negative sequence components of the resulting high-frequency current are measured and used for balancing and scaling the phase current measurement gains. The method can be used either as part of an initial commissioning, or start-up sequence, or periodically during the regular operation of the machine.
Identification, Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of the Extracellular Acarbose-Modifying Glycosyltransferase, AcbD, from<i>Actinoplanes</i>sp. Strain SE50 (2001)

An extracellular enzyme activity in the culture supernatant of the acarbose producer Actinoplanes sp. strain SE50 catalyzes the transfer of the acarviosyl moiety of acarbose to malto-oligosaccharides. This acarviosyl transferase (ATase) is encoded by a gene, acbD, in the putative biosynthetic gene cluster for the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose. The acbD gene was cloned and heterologously produced in Streptomyces lividans TK23. The recombinant protein was analyzed by enzyme assays. The AcbD protein (724 amino acids) displays all of the features of extracellular alpha-glucosidases and/or transglycosylases of the alpha-amylase family and exhibits the highest similarities to several cyclodextrin glucanotransferases (CGTases). However, AcbD had neither alpha-amylase nor CGTase activity. The AcbD protein was purified to homogeneity, and it was identified by partial protein sequencing of tryptic peptides. AcbD had an apparent molecular mass of 76 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.0 and required Ca(2+) ions for activity. The enzyme displayed maximal activity at 30 degrees C and between pH 6.2 and 6.9. The K(m) values of the ATase for acarbose (donor substrate) and maltose (acceptor substrate) are 0.65 and 0.96 mM, respectively. A wide range of additional donor and acceptor substrates were determined for the enzyme. Acceptors revealed a structural requirement for glucose-analogous structures conserving only the overall stereochemistry, except for the anomeric C atom, and the hydroxyl groups at positions 2, 3, and 4 of D-glucose. We discuss here the function of the enzyme in the extracellular formation of the series of acarbose-homologous compounds produced by Actinoplanes sp. strain SE50.
A torsional mode guided wave probe for long range, in bore testing of heat exchanger tubing (2005)

A torsional mode guided wave probe for long range testing of heat exchanger tubing from the bore side is described. The probe contains a hollow cylinder waveguide equipped with a magnetostrictive sensor that generates anddetects torsional waves in the waveguide. When in use, the waveguide of the probe is inserted at one end of a tube and the tip of the waveguide is expanded to make intimate contact with the inside surface of the tube and to mechanically couple the torsional waves from the waveguide to the tube and vice versa. Examples of data obtained from various tubes, including U-bend tubes, tubes of different materials and a finned tube, are given. Long range testing capabilities of the probe are discussed.
Advances in diffractive optical laser resonators (1995)

Diffractive optics are employed as cavity mirrors and intracavity elements in advanced laser resonator designs. The diffractive elements are used to produce custom fundamental mode shapes, discriminate against higher-order modes, and correct thermal aberrations in laser crystals.
Formation of thin-film high <i>T</i> <i>c</i> superconductors by metalorganic deposition (1987)

Metalorganic deposition (MOD) is a nonvacuum method of thin-film deposition which allows easy alteration of chemical components and is compatible with thin-film processing. We report the preparation of thin-film superconductors by MOD. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry was used to determine film compositions and thicknesses. Films, approximately 500 nm thick, of YBa2Cu4Oz (z undetermined) were deposited on 〈100〉 single-crystal SrTiO3. A superconducting onset temperature of 90 K was measured with 37 K the zero resistance temperature. Scanning electron microscopy revealed grain sizes approximately 250 nm in diameter.
Remote optical power and focus monitoring in pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding (1997)

The thermal radiation from the weld-pool is measured at two wavelengths through the laser delivery fiber between Nd:YAG laser pulses. The chromatic aberration of delivery optics has been optimized to detect the variation of weld bead width. The design of optics and the signal processing algorithm for optical monitoring is described. Furthermore, the applications of optical monitoring to the detection of power variation and focus shift are shown.
Data from Overcoming Taxane Resistance: Preclinical and Phase 1 Studies of Relacorilant, a Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulator, with Nab-Paclitaxel in Solid Tumors (2023)

<div>AbstractPurpose:<p>Chemotherapy resistance remains a major problem in many solid tumors, including breast, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer. Glucocorticoids are one potential driver of chemotherapy resistance as they can mediate tumor progression via induction of cell-survival pathways. We investigated whether combining the selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modulator relacorilant with taxanes can enhance antitumor activity.</p>Patients and Methods:<p>The effect of relacorilant on paclitaxel efficacy was assessed in OVCAR5 cells <i>in vitro</i> and in the MIA PaCa-2 xenograft. A phase 1 study of patients with advanced solid tumors was conducted to determine the recommended phase 2 dose of relacorilant + nab-paclitaxel.</p>Results:<p>In OVCAR5 cells, relacorilant reversed the deleterious effects of glucocorticoids on paclitaxel efficacy (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Compared with paclitaxel alone, relacorilant + paclitaxel reduced tumor growth and slowed time to progression in xenograft models (both <i>P</i> < 0.0001). In the heavily pretreated phase 1 population [median (range) of prior regimens: 3 (1–8), prior taxane in 75.3% (55/73)], 33% (19/57) of response-evaluable patients achieved durable disease control (≥16 weeks) with relacorilant + nab-paclitaxel and 28.6% (12/42) experienced longer duration of benefit than on prior taxane (up to 6.4×). The most common dose-limiting toxicity of the combination was neutropenia, which was manageable with prophylactic G-CSF. Clinical benefit with relacorilant + nab-paclitaxel was also associated with GR-regulated transcript-level changes in a panel of GR-controlled genes.</p>Conclusions:<p>The observed preclinical, clinical, and GR-specific pharmacodynamic responses demonstrate that selective GR modulation with relacorilant combined with nab-paclitaxel may promote chemotherapy response and is tolerable. Further evaluation of this combination in tumor types responsive to taxanes is ongoing.</p></div>
Multifield sub-5 nm overlay in imprint lithography (2016)

One significant advantage of imprint lithography (IL) over photolithography is that the field size is not limited optically, and so, throughput can be very high (&gt;100 cm2/s). But, in applications requiring precise (sub-5 nm) overlay, the field size is limited by the distortion (between template and wafer) to about the same field size (26 × 33 mm) as employed in current photolithographic tools for semiconductor integrated circuits. This reduces the throughput of current IL tools to less than that of current photolithographic tools. Here, the authors have, for the first time, created a multifield (dual and quad fields) nanoscale overlay capability by optimally combining (1) Precision mechanical actuators around the periphery of the fields which can correct for magnification and shear over the whole field, and (2) high resolution intrafield isotropic expansion and contraction using an array of local temperature control units. The authors have developed control algorithms for sub-5 nm overlay precision over up to four fields using thermomechanical simulations, and the authors have experimentally validated the approach. This research has the potential to significantly improve IL throughput without compromising nanoscale overlay.
A New Parallel Actuated Architecture for Exoskeleton Applications Involving Multiple Degree-of-Freedom Biological Joints (2018)

The purpose of this work is to introduce a new parallel actuated exoskeleton architecture that can be used for multiple degree-of-freedom (DoF) biological joints. This is done in an effort to provide a better alternative for the augmentation of these joints than serial actuation. The new design can be described as a type of spherical parallel manipulator (SPM) that utilizes three 4 bar substructures to decouple and control three rotational DoFs. Four variations of the 4 bar spherical parallel manipulator (4B-SPM) are presented in this work. These include a shoulder, hip, wrist, and ankle exoskeleton. Also discussed are three different methods of actuation for the 4B-SPM, which can be implemented depending on dynamic performance requirements. This work could assist in the advancement of a future generation of parallel actuated exoskeletons that are more effective than their contemporary serial actuated counterparts.
Novel Planar Meta-Structures with Anisotropic Left-Handed Properties (2006)

Two types of novel planar meta-structures with anisotropic left-handed properties are presented and behaviors of wave propagation in the structures are studied. Each of the structures consists of a two-dimensional periodic array of unit cells with metallic patterns on both sides of a dielectric substrate. The structures possess interesting anisotropic left-handed properties, which could be used in novel microwave device and antenna applications. Being a purely planar structure and not requiring any vertical metallic vias, the structures are advantageous in easy fabrication with high frequency scalability compared with bulky resonant type left-handed materials. Numerical simulations reveal that the proposed structures possesses anisotropic left-handed properties in which the phase and group velocities are anti-parallel in the orthogonal and diagonal directions of the Brillouin zone while they are not parallel in the other directions. The proposed two meta-structures have distinctive dispersion characteristics; one has dispersion characteristics of which the orthogonal left-handed frequency band is higher than the diagonal left-handed frequency bands, and the other has the opposite and more complex dispersion characteristics
Radioimmunotherapy of B-Cell Lymphoma with [<sup>131</sup>I]Anti-B1 (Anti-CD20) Antibody (1993)

Radioimmunotherapy with [131I]anti-B1 antibody is a promising new treatment for lymphoma.
Phase-locked arrays of semiconductor diode lasers (1986)

Semiconductor diode lasers can be combined into monolithic phase-locked arrays that operate to continuous-wave (CW) powers in excess of 1 W and exhibit well-defined output beams to hundreds of mW. Applications of arrays include high-speed optical recording, high-speed printing, free-space communications, and efficient pumping of solid-state lasers. The authors review the current state of phase-locked array design with emphasis on the means for achieving fundamental mode operation. Models for understanding and predicting the behavior of phase-locked arrays are discussed, and the potential of various array structures to operate in a single, diffraction-limited output beam is evaluated.