gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel High-Efficiency Boron Crosslinkers for Low-Polymer-Loading Fracturing Fluids (2013)

Abstract Boron based crosslinkers are commonly used to increase viscosity, and improve fluid loss control and proppant transportability of guar and its derivative fluids. Boron crosslinkers are usually preferred because of their ability to reheal after shearing and their favorable environmental properties. More efficient crosslinkers capable of cross-linking fluids with reduced polymer loading have always been of great interest to reduce formation and proppant pack damage from polymer residues, and to reduce overall fluid cost, especially with reduced availability and higher cost of guar. We recently reported in SPE 140817 the synthesis of poly-aminoboronates, bulky compounds containing multiple boron sites and capable of interacting with multiple polysaccharide strands to form more complex crosslinking networks at lower polymer loadings than conventional guar fluids. However, to improve the marketability and acceptance of the product, a lower-cost combination of raw materials is sought. In addition, a delaying mechanism to improve the control of the fluid viscosity buildup can make the product fit into broader applications. A readily available polyamine was used as the base scaffold, and boron incorporated via intermediate borate formed in the condensation reaction between boric acid and ethylene glycol to replace volatile and highly flammable trimethylborate. New chemistry was developed to produce more controlled crosslinking. The resulting compound exhibited desired adjustable delay characteristics. This paper will show effect of a series of new crosslinkers in terms of delay properties. Testing results of fluids with 20% lower polymer loading, crosslinked with the new crosslinker will be reported and compared to conventional fluids. Analysis and discussion of the chemistry, crosslinker performance, and economics will be presented.
Decreasing Water Invasion into Atoka Shale Using Non-modified Silica Nanoparticles (2011)

Abstract Fluid penetration from water-based muds into shale formations results in swelling and subsequent wellbore instability. Particles in conventional drilling fluids are too large to seal the nano-sized pore throats of shales and to build an effective mud cake on shale surface and reduce fluid invasion. This paper presents laboratory data showing the positive impact of adding commercially available, inexpensive, non-modified silica nanoparticles (particle sizes vary from 5 nm to 22 nm) to water-based drilling muds and their effect on water invasion into shale. Six brands of commercial and non-modified nanoparticles (NP) were tested and screened by running a three-step pressure penetration test (brine - base mud - NP mud). Two types of common water-based muds (a bentonite mud and a low solids mud, or LSM) in contact with Atoka shale were studied with and without the addition of 10 wt% nanoparticles. We found that a large reduction in shale permeability was observed when using the muds to which the non-modified NPs had been added. For the bentonite muds, the permeability of Atoka shale decreased from 57.7% to 99.3% and for the low solid muds, the permeability of Atoka shale decreased from 45.67% to 87.63%. Higher plastic viscosity (PV), lower yield point (YP) and fluid loss (FL) of the NP muds compared with base muds were also observed by the addition of NPs. We also found that nanoparticles with size varying from 7 nm to 15 nm are more effective plugging agents than larger nanoparticles for the Atoka shale. This study shows for the first time that it is possible to formulate water based muds using inexpensive non-modified and commercially available silica nanoparticles and that these muds significantly reduce the invasion of water into the shale. The addition of silica nanoparticles to water based muds may offer a powerful and economical solution when dealing with wellbore stability problems in troublesome shale formations.
New improved laser dye for the blue-green spectral region (1973)

7-diethylamino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin was synthesized and observed to lase at 481 nm in <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</tex> -dioxane. Under repetitive flashlamp excitation, it was found that the photochemical stability of this dye solution showed a significant improvement over other dye solutions reported for the blue-green spectral region.
Development of High Power Anode Material for Automotive Li-ion Batteries (2009)

ConocoPhillips has engaged in research and development of carbonaceous materials as anode material for lithium ion batteries for the past 10 years and developed a technology platform for producing graphite anode materials for Li-ion batteries (Li-B). The CPreme® graphite powders were developed as anode material for Li-ion batteries, specifically addressing the challenging needs of Li-B in automotive and other high-power applications. The CPreme® graphite powders provide excellent combination of power, energy density, long cycle life and safety. This presentation provides details behind the technology platform used in making CPreme® graphites. Examples of how CPreme® graphites can help the LiB manufacturers meet the difficult requirements of future automobiles are discussed.
Fluorescence detection in integrated intersecting ARROW waveguides with liquid and solid cores (2005)

We present detection of molecular fluorescence from 2-dimensional interconnected solid and liquid-core ARROW waveguides. Cross-coupling efficiencies between waveguides in excess of 99% are feasible. The fully planar geometry is ideal for single-molecule studies on chip.
Cytochrome c Stabilization and Immobilization in Aerogels (2010)

Sol-gel-derived aerogels are three-dimensional, nanoscale materials that combine large surface area with high porosity. These traits make them useful for any rate-critical chemical process, particularly sensing or electrochemical applications, once physical or chemical moieties are incorporated into the gels to add their functionality to the ultraporous scaffold. Incorporating biomolecules into aerogels, other than such rugged species as lipases or cellulose, has been challenging due to the inability of most biomolecules to remain structurally intact within the gels during the necessary supercritical fluid (SCF) processing. However, the heme protein cytochrome c (cyt.c) forms self-organized superstructures around gold (or silver) nanoparticles in buffer that can be encapsulated into wet gels as the sol undergoes gelation. The guest-host wet gel can then be processed to form composite aerogels in which cyt.c retains its characteristic visible absorption. The gold (or silver) nanoparticle-nucleated superstructures protect the majority of the protein from the harsh physicochemical conditions necessary to form an aerogel. The Au~cyt.c superstructures exhibit rapid gas-phase recognition of nitric oxide (NO) within the bioaerogel matrix, as facilitated by the high-quality pore structure of the aerogel, while remaining viable for weeks at room temperature. More recently, careful control of synthetic parameters (e.g., buffer concentration, protein concentration, SCF extraction rate) have allowed for the preparation of cyt.c-silica aerogels, sans nucleating nanoparticles; these bioaerogels also exhibit rapid gas-phase sensing while retaining protein structural stability.
A high-frequency beamformer design based on variable PMN-PT SAW delays (2009)

A high-frequency ultrasound beamformer based on 70Pb(Mg <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/3</sub> Nb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2/3</sub> )O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> -0.30PbTiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> (PMN-30%PT) single crystal has been designed. The beamformer delays are created using surface acoustic wave (SAW) delay lines, which can be dynamically tuned using the elongation and compression of the bulk PMN-PT substrate between the send and receive SAW electrodes. The change in SAW delay due to the elongation has been measured experimentally and good agreement with the theoretical predictions was found.
Large-scale purification of hepatitis B surface antigen (1976)

Hepatitis B surface antigen was concentrated and purified from plasma by two simple steps of purification. In the first step the antigen was purified 24-fold by polyethylene glycol precipitation. An additional 10-fold purification was achieved by batchwise adsorption to hydroxylapatite and subsequent elution with 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer.
The <scp>POSH</scp>/<scp>JIP</scp>‐1 scaffold network regulates <scp>TCR</scp>‐mediated <scp>JNK</scp>1 signals and effector function in <scp>CD</scp>8<sup>+</sup><scp>T</scp> cells (2013)

Signals from the T-cell recognition of antigen program effector functions are necessary to clear infections and tumors. The JNK pathway is critically important in regulating this process. In T lymphocytes, JNK1 and JNK2 have distinct functions depending on their maturation state and cell-type. However, the mechanisms that regulate their isoform-specific activity and function are still unclear. Here, we identify plenty of SH3 (POSH) and JNK-interacting protein 1 (JIP-1) as a multiprotein scaffold network for TCR-mediated JNK1 activation in CD8(+) T cells. Disruption of the POSH/JIP-1 complex led to profound defects in the activation of JNK1, as well as deficient activation or induction of the transcription factors c-Jun, T-bet, and Eomesodermin. Furthermore, disruption of the POSH/JIP complex in CD8(+) T cells resulted in impaired proliferation, decreased cytokine expression, and the inability to control tumors. Collectively, these data identify a mechanism for the specific regulation of TCR-dependent JNK1 activation and function that is key for CD8(+) T-cell responses.
Genomic Basis of a Polyagglutinating Isolate of Neisseria meningitidis (2012)

Containment strategies for outbreaks of invasive Neisseria meningitidis disease are informed by serogroup assays that characterize the polysaccharide capsule. We sought to uncover the genomic basis of conflicting serogroup assay results for an isolate (M16917) from a patient with acute meningococcal disease. To this end, we characterized the complete genome sequence of the M16917 isolate and performed a variety of comparative sequence analyses against N. meningitidis reference genome sequences of known serogroups. Multilocus sequence typing and whole-genome sequence comparison revealed that M16917 is a member of the ST-11 sequence group, which is most often associated with serogroup C. However, sequence similarity comparisons and phylogenetic analysis showed that the serogroup diagnostic capsule polymerase gene (synD) of M16917 belongs to serogroup B. These results suggest that a capsule-switching event occurred based on homologous recombination at or around the capsule locus of M16917. Detailed analysis of this locus uncovered the locations of recombination breakpoints in the M16917 genome sequence, which led to the introduction of an ∼2-kb serogroup B sequence cassette into the serogroup C genomic background. Since there is no currently available vaccine for serogroup B strains of N. meningitidis, this kind capsule-switching event could have public health relevance as a vaccine escape mutant.
Metal Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon (2000)

Metal induced crystallization of amorphous silicon (a-Si) has been studied for a thin Ni layer on the a-Si. The NiSi2 precipitates, nuclei for the crystallization, can be formed at less than 400°C on the a-Si. The growth of the needlelike crystallites, as a result of the migration of NiSi2 precipitates through a-Si, proceeds to directions with normal to the film surface. The crystallization velocity of a-Si is greatly enhanced and thus the crystallization temperature is lowered by applying an electric field to the a-Si. High-quality polycrystalline silicon having needlelike crystallites can be formed at temperatures as low as 400°C.
Self-Supervised Real-to-Sim Scene Generation (2021)

Synthetic data is emerging as a promising solution to the scalability issue of supervised deep learning, especially when real data are difficult to acquire or hard to annotate. Synthetic data generation, however, can itself be prohibitively expensive when domain experts have to manually and painstakingly oversee the process. More-over, neural networks trained on synthetic data often do not perform well on real data because of the domain gap. To solve these challenges, we propose Sim2SG, a self-supervised automatic scene generation technique for matching the distribution of real data. Importantly, Sim2SG does not require supervision from the real-world dataset, thus making it applicable in situations for which such annotations are difficult to obtain. Sim2SG is designed to bridge both the content and appearance gaps, by matching the content of real data, and by matching the features in the source and target domains. We select scene graph (SG) generation as the downstream task, due to the limited availability of labeled datasets. Experiments demonstrate significant improvements over leading baselines in reducing the domain gap both qualitatively and quantitatively, on several synthetic datasets as well as the real-world KITTI dataset.
Synthesis of Nano-Crystalline Whiskers of Cheese and Their Efficacy against Cadmium Toxicity (2023)

Context and objective: A novel method of fabricating probiotic nanowhiskers—using pure cheese as a source of probiotics, sans metal/chemical surfactants—is reported in the present study. Materials and methods: This was followed by an extensive characterization; FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, particle size measurements, and transmission electron microscopy. Thermal analysis via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and n screening of the volatile compounds via gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was used to assess the purity of the nano-crystalline whiskers. Additionally, the anti-oxidant status and the metal-chelating effect of the nanowhiskers was evaluated in Wistar rats exposed to cadmium chloride hydrate (70 ppm) for 35 days. Group I was the positive control and groups II and III were exposed to Cd, with group III being treated with the cheese nanowhiskers (100 mL/L) in drinking water. Results: The nanoparticles were 112 nm in size (PDI 0.484) with the illustrated whisker/elongated shape being crystalline in nature. Lipid peroxidation was significantly enhanced followed by a marked bioaccumulation of Cd in the target organs. Discussion: Co-treatment with cheese nanowhiskers led to a marked reversal in the Cd-induced modulations in the endpoints evaluated. Conclusions: It is suggested that a dietary intervention in the form of a nano-probiotic supplement such as cheese is a prospective remedy for heavy metal toxicity/oxidative damage, being safe and efficacious.
Dynamic Range Extension Using Interleaved Gains (2009)

We present a methodology to sample signals in such a way so as to avoid the effects of signal clipping due to a limited dynamic range. We do so by attenuating a selective subset of the data before it gets sampled, so that if clipping is detected after the sampling process we can easily estimate the missing samples using the nonclipped samples that were attenuated. We show that under sparsity assumptions it is possible to reconstruct the clipped samples and recover a satisfactory representation of the original signal. We provide an analysis of the side effects of this process and show that on average when sampling signals with highly varying or unknown gain, we can guarantee a significantly lower potential for signal distortion and noise.
New nasal spray stimulates ciliary activity<i>in vitro</i> (2015)

<b>Introduction:</b> Nasal discharge is very common and has significant impact on quality of life. Several therapies are available, but none has the aim to increase nasal mucociliary clearance by enhancing ciliary activity. <b>Aim:</b> We aimed to study the influence of a new compound for nasal use, Ciliactive<b>®</b>, on ciliary activity <i>in vitro</i>. <b>Methods:</b> Human nasal epithelial cells expressing motile cilia were obtained from surgery specimens and cultured as a monolayer. We studied the influence of Ciliactive<b>®</b> (C), compared to saline (NaCl 0,9%, S). The compounds were diluted in cell culture medium and ciliary beat frequency (CBF) was followed during exposure (0, 1, 5, 24, 48 hours). CBF was measured with a high speed camera, mounted on an inverted microscope: each result was the mean of 5 measurements. All results were expressed as % of the starting value. C and S were used in concentrations of 50, 75 and 100 %, diluted in cell culture medium. Conditions were compared using paired t-tests. <b>Results:</b> Samples from 8 persons were included. C significantly increased CBF in all concentrations, compared to the paired controls with S (p<0.005 for 5h, p<0.002 for 24h, p<0.03 for 48h). C increased CBF with 15, 24 and 15% after 24h, compared to S for a concentration of 50%, 75% and 100 % respectively. <b>Conclusion:</b> Ciliactive<b>®</b> is a new compound, that enhances ciliary activity <i>in vitro</i>. It might be useful to treat nasal mucociliary clearance disorders.
Fast variable block-size motion estimation algorithm based on merge and slit procedures for H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (2004)

This paper proposes and investigates fast variable block-size motion estimation algorithms based on merge and split procedure for H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video encoding. The algorithms take advantage of the correlation of the motion vectors (MVs) of the different block-size modes, to achieve good computation reduction. Experimental results show that the number of search point can be reduced to about 4% of that using full-search motion estimation, with negligible quality degradation.
Sub-Nyquist Sampling of Short Pulses (2010)

We develop sub-Nyquist sampling systems for analog signals comprised of several, possibly overlapping, finite duration pulses with unknown shapes and time positions. Efficient sampling schemes when either the pulse shape or the locations of the pulses are known have been previously developed. To the best of our knowledge, stable and low-rate sampling strategies for continuous signals that are superpositions of unknown pulses without knowledge of the pulse locations have not been derived. The goal in this paper is to fill this gap. We propose a multichannel scheme based on Gabor frames that exploits the sparsity of signals in time and enables sampling multipulse signals at sub-Nyquist rates. Moreover, if the signal is additionally essentially multiband, then the sampling scheme can be adapted to lower the sampling rate without knowing the band locations. We show that, with proper preprocessing, the necessary Gabor coefficients, can be recovered from the samples using standard methods of compressed sensing. In addition, we provide error estimates on the reconstruction and analyze the proposed architecture in the presence of noise.
<title>Fabrication of microcapillaries and waveguides for single-molecule detection</title> (1998)

We are investigating fabrication techniques that can be used to form arbitrarily shaped fluid capillaries at dimensions below 1 micrometers . We are also considering processes and materials for forming optical waveguides in the same devices with the same fabrication processes. The intent is to develop fabrication methods that can be used to make optical/fluid-flow systems for greater miniaturization, integration and parallelism of optical excitation and detection systems, for the sampling of small volumes. We have demonstrated fabrication processes that enable the creation of functional fluid channels and waveguide in a single step. The independent operation of capillary channels and waveguides has been demonstrated and a system is designed for future testing of in-plane optical excitation of fluorescence. Capillaries with widths below 1 micrometers dimensions have been fabricated using photolithography and reactive ion etching in glass and silicon substrates. We have driven dye labeled DNA molecules electrophoretically through the micrometer size channels and observed individual molecules fluorescence. Surface energy on the high relative surface area channels is significant in the filling of the channels with aqueous solutions and treatment of the liquid contacting surfaces has influence on the system behavior. Light is coupled into the waveguide through gratings fabricate by electron-beam lithography.
Site‐Selective, Late‐Stage C−H <sup>18</sup>F‐Fluorination on Unprotected Peptides for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging (2018)

Peptides are often ideal ligands for diagnostic molecular imaging due to their ease of synthesis and tuneable targeting properties. However, labelling unmodified peptides with <sup>18</sup> F for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging presents a number of challenges. Here we show the combination of photoactivated sodium decatungstate and [<sup>18</sup> F]-N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide effects site-selective <sup>18</sup> F-fluorination at the branched position in leucine residues in unprotected and unaltered peptides. This streamlined process provides a means to directly convert native peptides into PET imaging agents under mild aqueous conditions, enabling rapid discovery and development of peptide-based molecular imaging tools.
3D Echo Planar Time-resolved Imaging (3D-EPTI) for ultrafast multi-parametric quantitative MRI (2022)

Multi-parametric quantitative MRI has shown great potential to improve the sensitivity and specificity of clinical diagnosis and to enhance our understanding of complex brain processes, but suffers from long scan time especially at high spatial resolution. To address this longstanding challenge, we introduce a novel approach, termed 3D Echo Planar Time-resolved Imaging (3D-EPTI), which significantly increases the acceleration capacity of MRI sampling, and provides high acquisition efficiency for multi-parametric MRI. This is achieved by exploiting the spatiotemporal correlation of MRI data at multiple timescales through new encoding strategies within and between efficient continuous readouts. Specifically, an optimized spatiotemporal CAIPI encoding within the readouts combined with a radial-block sampling strategy across the readouts enables an acceleration rate of 800 fold in the k-t space. A subspace reconstruction was employed to resolve thousands of high-quality multi-contrast images. We have demonstrated the ability of 3D-EPTI to provide robust and repeatable whole-brain simultaneous T<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>2</sub>, T<sub>2</sub>*, PD and B<sub>1</sub><sup>+</sup> mapping at high isotropic resolution within minutes (e.g., 1-mm isotropic resolution in 3 minutes), and to enable submillimeter multi-parametric imaging to study detailed brain structures.