gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
.alpha.-Mannosidase-catalyzed trimming of high-mannose glycans in noninfected and baculovirus-infected Spodoptera frugiperda cells (IPLB-SF-21AE). A possible contributing regulatory mechanism for assembly of complex-type oligosaccharides in infected cells (1991)

Incubation of a Spodoptera frugiperda (IPLB-SF-21AE) cell extract with the oligosaccharide Man9GlcNAc2, the aglucosyl derivative of the glycan that is normally transferred from the dolichol carrier to the relevant Asn residue in the nascent protein, results in its trimming to Man6GlcNAc2, an intermediate that is relatively stable to further alpha-D-mannosidase action in these cells. On the other hand, incubation of a similar extract from cells that had been infected for various times with a wild-type baculovirus (Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus) or a recombinant baculovirus (r-BAC)/human plasminogen (HPg) construct employed for expression of HPg led to rapid trimming of Man6GlcNAc2 to Man5GlcNAc2 and Man3GlcNAc2. These latter reactions displayed temporal effects, in that an enhancement of this latter trimming process occurred as a function of the time of infection of the cells with the wild-type and recombinant viral constructs. We have previously demonstrated that the nature of the oligosaccharide assembled on Asn289 of HPg expressed in several lepidopteran insect cell lines was dependent on the time of infection of the cells with r-BAC/HPg and that the amount of complex glycan found on this recombinant protein increased with an increase in infection times [Davidson, D. J., & Castellino, F. J. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 6167-6174].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Regioselective Substitution Reactions of Sulfur(VI)−Nitrogen−Phosphorus Rings:  Reactions of the Halogenated Cyclic Thionylphosphazenes [NSOX(NPCl<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>] (X = Cl or F) with Oxygen-Based Nucleophiles (1996)

The reactions of the cyclic thionylphosphazenes [NSOX(NPCl(2))(2)] (1, X = Cl; 2, X = F) with three oxygen-based nucleophiles of increasing basicity, sodium phenoxide (NaOPh), sodium trifluoroethoxide (NaOCH(2)CF(3)), and sodium butoxide (NaOBu) have been studied. The reaction of 1 and 2 with 4 equiv of NaOPh at 25 degrees C yielded the regioselectively tetrasubstituted species [NSOX{NP(OPh)(2)}(2)] (5d, X = Cl; 6d, X = F). Further reaction of 5d with an additional 2 equiv of NaOPh over several days or at elevated temperatures gave the fully substituted compound [NSO(OPh){NP(OPh)(2)}(2)] (5e), whereas 6d did not react further. The reaction of 1 and 2 with 5 equiv of NaOCH(2)CF(3) yielded in both cases [NSO(OCH(2)CF(3)){NP(OCH(2)CF(3))(2)}(2)] (7e), and similarly reaction with 5 equiv of NaOBu yielded [NSO(OBu){NP(OBu)(2)}(2)] (9e). In all cases, the reactions were monitored by (31)P NMR and (where applicable) (19)F NMR and were found to involve complete substitution at phosphorus via a predominantly vicinal pathway, followed by substitution at sulfur. Substitutional control of the reactions of NaOPh, NaOBu, with 1 and 2 was found to conform to the following general order of reactivity, PCl(2) > PCl(OR) > SOX (X = Cl, F). Although the reaction with NaOCH(2)CF(3) followed the same order of reactivity, a significant enhancement of reaction rate was detected with each equivalent of trifluoroethoxide added. Reaction of 7e with excess NaOCH(2)CF(3) led to elimination of (CF(3)CH(2))(2)O and the formation of the salts Na[NSO(OCH(2)CF(3))NP(OCH(2)CF(3))(2)NP(OCH(2)CF(3))O] (11) and Na[NS(O)O{NP(OCH(2)CF(3))(2)}(2)] (12). Crystals of 6d are triclinic, space group P&onemacr;, with a = 9.789(3) Å, b = 11.393(4) Å, c = 12.079(5) Å, alpha = 107.40(3) degrees, beta = 91.23(3) degrees, gamma = 93.18(3), V = 1283.6(8) Å(3), and Z = 2. Crystals of 5e are monoclinic, space group C2/c, with a = 32.457(3) Å, b = 10.747(1) Å, c = 18.294(2) Å, beta = 110.37(1) degrees, V = 5982.4(9) Å(3), and Z = 8.
The BBN TransTalk Speech-to-Speech Translation System (2011)

Portable translation devices which enable people who speak different languages to communicate with each another in voice are likely to have a far-reaching impact in both the civilian and military worlds. While long a staple of science fiction, a la the Star Trek universal translator, devices that actually translate between languages have not been fully realized. In the last decade, however, under the sponsorship of the Babylon and TRANSTAC (Translation for Tactical use) programs of the US Defense Advance Research Program Agency (DARPA), several research sites, including BBN (Stallard et al., 2007), CMU (Waibel et al., 2003), IBM (Gao et al., 2006), SRI (Akbacak et al., 2009) and USC (Belvin et al. 2005), have made significant progress in developing a real two-way speech-to-speech (S2S) translation systems. These systems are not “universal translators” in the sciencefiction sense, in that must be configured for the language and conversational domain of interest, rather than spontaneously understanding them. However, the technology is language-independent, and under the auspices of the TRANSTAC program, systems have been configured for several different foreign languages of interest to the US Government, including Iraqi Arabic, Malay, Farsi, Dari, and Pashto. Though the technology is also domain-independent, most of these systems support conversations in the so-called force protection military domain, which is broadly construed to include not only conversations relevant to checkpoints, searches, and other military operations, but also rapport building, civil affairs, and basic medical conversations. In this article, we describe BBN’s S2S system, TransTalk, which runs not only on laptops and ultra-mobile PCs, but also on mobile Android Smartphones, running locally on the device itself and not a server. In common with other TRANTSTAC systems, TransTalk’s technology is language-independent, and has been configured to translate between English and numerous other languages, including Iraqi Arabic, Dari, Pashto, Farsi, and Malay. TransTalk also has a uniquely simple user interface which does not require the user to view a screen. TransTalk integrates automatic speech recognition (ASR), machine translation (MT), and text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis engines for converting speech in one language into a different language. In particular, TransTalk uses the BBN Byblos ASR engine for converting speech to text. BBN Byblos is a multi-pass, speaker-independent large
Soil Moisture Determinations Using Capacitance Probe Methodology (1998)

Abstract : Determining soil moisture content by measuring the dielectric constant of the soil is not a new concept. However, determining the dielectric constant by measuring capacitance directly rather than through the use of time domain reflectometry (TDR) systems is a relatively new approach to soil moisture measurements. A unique probe assembly and a readout device that measures voltage drop and phase shift were developed and used for direct capacitance measurements. The capacitance measurement was calibrated using known capacitors and resistors. Soil moisture measurements were calibrated by adding known amounts of distilled water to dry soil enclosed in a known volume. The effect of salinity on the measurement technique was evaluated. Once calibration had been accomplished, actual soil moisture measurements at three test depths through an entire winter's freeze-thaw cycle demonstrated the feasibility of using this capacitance measurement system. The dielectric constants measured using this fixed-frequency capacitance measurement system fall within the same general range as the values obtained using TDR equipment with the Topp or Roth general calibration equations, and they could probably be used directly in these equations after minor corrections. The conclusions drawn from these tests are that this measurement technique could and should be developed as an easier, more economical, and more easily automated and calibrated system for soil moisture measurement.
The ultrastructure of cultures from the swarm rat chondrosarcoma (1981)

When chondrocytes from the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma are isolated by trypsin and collagenase digestion and cultured in Petri dishes, they form a new extracellular matrix within 24 hours, with proteoglycan matrix granules and collagen fibrils. This rapid synthesis of new matrix, together with the biochemical and morphological characterization of the proteoglycans as typical of cartilage, demonstrates the value of these cultures as a model system for studies of synthesis, secretion, and organization of extracellular matrix.
Redox-Sensitive Kinases of the Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathway (2006)

NF-kappaB is an inducible transcription factor that plays a role in the expression of over one hundred genes involved in immunity, inflammation, proliferation, and in defense against apoptosis. NF-kappaB has been known to be redox regulated for some time and is a direct target for oxidation that can affect its ability to bind to DNA. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been identified as second messengers in cells, and play a role in receptor signaling and posttranslation modification of signaling molecules. These posttranslation modifications include oxidations of critical cysteines to sulfenic acids or mixed disulfides, which can affect the activity of proteins. Many kinases involved in direct or indirect activation of NF-kappaB are affected by oxidants and therefore, have the potential to alter NF-kappaB activity. This review will provide a summary of the NF-kappaB family, their activation and regulation, followed by a summary of cytoplasmic and nuclear kinases in this pathway whose activity is affected by oxidants. Additionally, recent investigations have revealed that the JNK signaling pathway, which is known to be redox regulated, and pro-apoptotic, is inhibited by NF-kappaB signaling. The crosstalk of NF-kappaB with other signaling pathways is therefore critical for cellular fate, notably survival or cell death under oxidative conditions, and will also be reviewed.
Covalent Functionalization of Graphene with Polysaccharides (2011)

Stable aqueous suspension of graphenes was fabricated from chemical reduction of graphene oxide with the assistance of hydroxypropyl cellulose or chitosan covalently grafted on the graphenes. First, pristine graphite was oxidized using a two-step method (H2SO4 + HNO3 followed by KMnO4). The oxidation-introduced carboxyl groups in graphene oxide were then converted into acyl chloride with thionyl chloride. Subsequently, hydroxypropyl cellulose or chitosan was covalently grafted onto the activated graphene oxide through esterification reactions. Finally, the functionalized graphene oxide was chemically reduced to graphene nanosheets with hydrazine.
Voltage tunable bandpass filter (2015)

A voltage tunable bandpass filter is presented. The filter is realized in microstrip technology using two stepped-impedance resonators. The voltage tuning is provided by means of varactor diodes. The filter has fixed absolute bandwidth of 30 MHz in the frequency range from 375 MHz to 915 MHz. The insertion loss is lower than 5 dB and return loss better than 17 dB in the full tuning range. The out of band attenuation is better than 40 dB at frequencies below the passband and better than 50 dB at frequencies above the passband. The first spurious modes are observed at 6 GHz. Moreover the time delay in the full tuning range changes by 30% only. The filter is thermally stable. It has 1 dB compression point of 10 dBm and third-order intercept point of 21 dBm.
Rapid Lentiviral Vector Producer Cell Line Generation Using a Single DNA Construct (2020)

Stable suspension producer cell lines for the production of vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein (VSVg)-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors represent an attractive alternative to current widely used production methods based on transient transfection of adherent 293T cells with multiple plasmids. We report here a method to rapidly generate such producer cell lines from 293T cells by stable transfection of a single DNA construct encoding all lentiviral vector components. The resulting suspension cell lines yield titers as high as can be achieved with transient transfection, can be readily scaled up in single-use stirred-tank bioreactors, and are genetically and functionally stable in extended cell culture. By removing the requirement for efficient transient transfection during upstream processing of lentiviral vectors and switching to an inherently scalable suspension cell culture format, we believe that this approach will result in significantly higher batch yields than are possible with current manufacturing processes and enable better patient access to medicines based on lentiviral vectors.
Antiedema Therapy in Ischemic Stroke (2007)

Life-threatening, space-occupying brain edema occurs in up to 10% of patients with supratentorial infarcts and is traditionally associated with a high mortality rate of up to 80%. Management of these patients is currently being changed to an earlier and more aggressive treatment regimen. Early surgical decompression has recently been proven effective to reduce mortality and increase the number of patients with a favorable outcome in randomized controlled trials and is now the "antiedema" therapy of first choice for patients with large middle cerebral artery infarction aged 60 years or younger. Several medical treatment strategies have been proposed to control brain edema and reduce intracranial pressure, including different osmotherapeutics, hyperventilation, tromethamine, hypothermia, and barbiturate coma. None of these treatments is supported by level 1 evidence of efficacy in clinical trials, and some of them may even be detrimental. Preliminary results on hypothermia for space-occupying hemispheric infarction are encouraging, but far from definitive.
A novel reliable and compact inverter for wireless power transfer (2015)

In this paper a highly reliable and compact inverter is proposed. This inverter is capable of both stepping up and stepping down the voltage and can be used for inductive wireless power transfer. The proposed inverter is an extension of the dc-dc Ćuk converter; therefore, a capacitor that forms the link is responsible for transferring the power from the input towards the output. The converter is designed and controlled such that the required link capacitance is very low; therefore, film capacitors can be used instead of electrolytic capacitors that are unreliable. The proposed inverter can offer soft-switching by adding a small inductor to the link. In this paper, the principles of the operation of the proposed inverter will be studied, and its performance will be evaluated. The application that is considered in this paper is wireless charging.
Polymorphic nucleotides within the human IL-4 promoter that mediate overexpression of the gene (1996)

Atopy, which predisposes individuals to develop asthma, severe systemic anaphylaxis, and atopic dermatitis, is usually associated with dramatically elevated total serum IgE levels and is thought to be controlled by a major susceptibility gene and multiple minor susceptibility genes. A recent sib-pair analysis revealed a tight linkage between markers on 5q31.1 and a major susceptibility gene controlling total serum IgE levels. Due to its location within this cluster and its biologic role in Ig class switching and Th2 cell differentiation, the IL-4 gene has emerged as one major candidate for the atopy gene. In one model, polymorphisms within IL-4 regulatory elements might result in overexpression of the gene, amplifying Th2 cell differentiation and class switching to IgE. In support of this model, we report that the human IL-4 promoter exists in multiple allelic forms that exhibit distinct transcriptional activities in IL-4-positive T cells. A particular allele has an unusually high transcriptional activity. A nucleotide substitution within a recently described OAP40 element located just upstream of an NF-AT site (P sequence) appears to be largely responsible for the increased promotor strength of this particular allelic form of the IL-4 promoter. In EMSAs, this substitution results in a markedly enhanced affinity for sequence-specific complexes exhibiting an AP-1 specificity. The identification of allelic nucleotides, which results in overexpression of the IL-4 gene, provides specific targets for a comprehensive screening of atopic and nonatopic individuals and may provide a clue for genetic predisposition for atopy.
Over the Fence (1999)

In an effort to improve early math, science, and reading instruction, the U.S. government proposes to spend up to $75 million annually on education research, according to Jeffrey Mervis's article “Agencies launch effort to improve U.S. schools” (News of the Week, 26 Mar. p. [1995][1]). A simple analogy shows the folly of this approach. Suppose that your flower garden is doing poorly, while your next-door neighbor is growing prize-winning blooms. One approach might be to fund a multiyear research program, involving soil chemists, agronomists, and phytopathologists, hoping that their research findings may be useful in 10 years. A simpler and less expensive approach might be to lean over the fence and ask your neighbor how he does it.

If other nations are outstripping the United States in math and science education, it would cost far less than $75 million per year to find out what they are doing right. Even if our research program made some astounding breakthroughs, it would take 10 years for the findings to make it into teacher training programs and 12 additional years for our first-graders to reach college age. If the Europeans, Japanese, and Chinese are ahead of us now, how much further ahead will they be in 22 years?

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.283.5410.1995
A comparative efficiency study of silicon-based solid state transformers (2010)

Solid state transformers (SSTs) have lower physical profiles than traditional 60 Hz transformers and provide active control of power flow. However, they are not as efficient as traditional 60 Hz transformers because of the presence of power electronic converters. This work presents an analytical loss calculation model of an SST. It evaluates conduction loss, switching loss and transformer loss in four candidate SST topologies. Loss breakdown under both rated-load and light-load conditions are compared for all four configurations.
The DNA sequence of the gene rspA of Escberichia coli coding for ribosomal protein S1 (1982)

The DNA sequence of the gene rpsA as well as of its neighboring regions has been determined using the dideoxyribonucleotide method. It was found that there is an "open-reading-frame" of 350 bp which precedes the gene rpsA. Furthermore, an extensive internal repeats of nucleotide sequence have been found in this gene.
Handling Exposure Time in Multi-Frame Image Restoration (2006)

The process of reconstructing a high-resolution image from multiple low-resolution images is known as super-resolution reconstruction. One of the assumptions of current super-resolution reconstruction methods is that all images are captured with the same exposure time and aperture size. This is not necessarily true. In reality, cameras have limited dynamic range and a nonlinear response to the quantity of light received; also, camera settings might be adjusted automatically or manually to capture the desired portion of the scene's dynamic range. We propose a super-resolution algorithm based on an imaging model that includes a camera response function, exposure time, sensor noise and quantization error in addition to spatial blurring and sampling. The algorithm is based on Bayesian estimation. Initial experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
A Novel Approach to Assessing Family History in the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease (1997)

Family history serves as the most important risk factor in prevention of coronary heart disease from youth. Prevalent methods of assessing family history, however, have serious drawbacks: a sudden rise of risk when a family member develops the disease; insufficient control for age among family members. We propose a simple quantitative method overcoming such drawbacks. Data on family history were obtained by questionnaires sent to 2,393 male high school students and their cholesterol levels were measured. Family risk from each family member was calculated by (30/Risk age)4, where the risk age was age at onset expressed by decade; if absent, it was replaced by present age or age at death. A mean score in a family served as the family risk. A total of 1,584 students and 17,127 family members were analyzed. The proposed method yielded a statistically significant association (Odds ratio = 1.60; 95% confidence interval: 1.15-2.25) between the family risk (above or below the median) and the student's atherogenic index (above or below the 90th percentile) calculated from cholesterols. This association was stronger than those by conventional methods. The proposed method may be useful in prevention activities and its efficiency needs to be confirmed in other studies.
The microbiology of post-cesarean wound morbidity. (1993)

Genital mycoplasmas are the most prevalent bacterium in post-cesarean wound infections in this population. If genital mycoplasmas are pathogenic in this setting, then the Gram stain may be useful in predicting wound microbiology. More research is needed on the pathogenic role of genital mycoplasmas in wound infections.
Eye tracking system (2011)

This report is a summary of the project of designing and developing an eye tracking system as one of the research fields of human-computer interaction (HCI). This system tracks the human eye ball movement through a video camera by using a computer program written in C++ language with the utilization of CAMSHIFT algorithm and OpenCV library. \n\n\n\nThis eye tracking system was primarily designed for improving the life of disabled people or locked-in patients. For instance, disabled people could use their eye movement to control their wheel chairs, and locked-in patients could use eye movement to communicate with others or to carry out certain functions according to their wishes. \n\n\n\nCurrently, this eye tracking system is still under development, there is still huge space for improvement. The eye tracking system developed in this project is to track the eye ball movement and choose one of the nine target buttons displayed on a computer LCD screen. Through experiment and testing, an accuracy of 81.11% of choosing the correct target button was achieved.\n\n\n\nWith advance in technology and further development in this field, we have confidence that this system could not only help the disabled people and locked-in patients, but also to be implemented to improve daily life of normal people in the future.
PULSE: Optical Circuit Switched Data Center Architecture Operating at Nanosecond Timescales (2020)

We introduce PULSE, a sub-μs optical circuit switched data centre network architecture controlled by distributed hardware schedulers. PULSE is a flat architecture that uses parallel passive coupler-based broadcast and select networks. We employ a novel transceiver architecture, for dynamic wavelength-timeslot selection, to achieve a reconfiguration time down to O(100 ps), establishing timeslots of O(10 ns). A novel scheduling algorithm that has a clock period of 2.3 ns performs multiple iterations to maximize throughput, wavelength usage and reduce latency, enhancing the overall performance. In order to scale, the single-hop PULSE architecture uses sub-networks that are disjoint by using multiple transceivers for each node in 64 node racks. At the reconfiguration circuit duration (epoch = 120 ns), the scheduling algorithm is shown to achieve up to 93% throughput and 100% wavelength usage of 64 wavelengths, incurring an average latency that ranges from 0.7-1.2 μs with best-case 0.4 μs median and 5 μs tail latency, limited by the timeslot (20 ns) and epoch size (120 ns). We show how the 4096-node PULSE architecture allows up to 260 k optical channels to be re-used across sub-networks achieving a capacity of 25.6 Pbps with an energy consumption of 82 pJ/bit when using coherent receiver.