gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Landmark-Based Speech Recognition: Report of the 2004 Johns Hopkins Summer Workshop (2006)

Three research prototype speech recognition systems are described, all of which use recently developed methods from artificial intelligence (specifically support vector machines, dynamic Bayesian networks, and maximum entropy classification) in order to implement, in the form of an automatic speech recognizer, current theories of human speech perception and phonology (specifically landmark-based speech perception, nonlinear phonology, and articulatory phonology). All three systems begin with a high-dimensional multiframe acoustic-to-distinctive feature transformation, implemented using support vector machines trained to detect and classify acoustic phonetic landmarks. Distinctive feature probabilities estimated by the support vector machines are then integrated using one of three pronunciation models: a dynamic programming algorithm that assumes canonical pronunciation of each word, a dynamic Bayesian network implementation of articulatory phonology, or a discriminative pronunciation model trained using the methods of maximum entropy classification. Log probability scores computed by these models are then combined, using log-linear combination, with other word scores available in the lattice output of a first-pass recognizer, and the resulting combination score is used to compute a second-pass speech recognition output.
Formation of boron nitride and boron carbide composite by nitrogen implantation at elevated temperature (1993)

Boron carbide (B4C) is a wear resistant material with hardness slightly less than that of diamond. It has an excellent strength to weight ratio and relatively high toughness under controlled processing. These essential mechanical properties make B4C an ideal candidate for cutting tool and bearing applications. We will demonstrate that hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), a good solid lubricant, can be formed on B4C surfaces through high temperature (850 °C) nitrogen ion implantation. The formation of composite B4C and h-BN on the B4C surface can potentially reduce surface friction coefficients, making the material more attractive for tribological applications.
Organic Transistors Based on Octamethylenetetrathiafulvalenes (2010)

Abstract Organic field-effect transistors (OFET) based on octamethylenetetrathiafulvalene (OMTTF) and the t-butyl derivative are investigated. The parent OMTTF shows poor transistor performance owing to the flat molecular arrangement, but the t-butyl substitution realizes standing molecular arrangement and high OFET performance. The tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) complex of OMTTF exhibits n-channel properties despite the strong donor ability of OMTTF.
Hierarchical Representations for Learning and Inferring Office Activity from Multiple Sensory Channels (2002)

We present the use of hierarchical probabalistic representations for sensing, learning, and doing inference from multiple sensory streams at multiple levels of temporal granularity and abstraction. The methods show robustness to subtle changes in the environment and enable adaptation with minimal retraining. The approach centers on the use of a Hierarchy of Hidden Markov Models (HHMMs), whose parameters are learned from data. We have found that HHMMs are a promising means for making inferences about context and activity from perceptual signals. After presenting key properties of the representation, we review experiments with HHMMs applied in an office-awareness real-time multimodal prototype.
Design and testing of a high pressure, rep-rate, liquid dielectric switch for directed energy applications (2004)

A high power, rep-rate, liquid dielectric switch has been designed to meet future requirements for a variety of directed energy applications. A flowing, high-pressure liquid dielectric was chosen for the design of a megavolt class switch intended to operate continuously at pulse repetition rates in excess of 100 pps. This paper reports on the design efforts and initial testing of a full size prototype, 250 kV switch. The design capitalizes on lessons learned from experiments with a single shot concept validation high pressure liquid dielectric switch. Design efforts include extensive electric field modeling, circuit model simulations, and fluid flow simulations. The design facilitates fast rise times, quick switch recovery, and long electrode life. Rep-rate testing of the high pressure dielectric switch includes testing at rep-rates up to 100 pps and voltages up to 250 kV. The design of the pulser used to test the rep-rate switch is described in a separate conference paper. Switch diagnostics include D-dot probes and a Rogowski current probe. Results from the experimental switch tests will be compared to circuit models and the data presented showing the operating characteristics of the switch for various pressure ranges
The rye-grass pollen allergen, Lol p I (1989)

Grass pollen is the principal outdoor airborne allergen in spring and early summer. Rye-grass pollen is the major single source of allergenic pollen in cool temperate climates. The most abundant allergenic protein in rye-grass is Lol p I, a glycoprotein of molecular weight 34,000. The gene Lol p I, which encodes the major allergenic protein from the pollen of rye-grass, has been isolated and cloned. The clones are selected from a lambda-gt11 cDNA library using a combination of specific monoclonal antibodies and specific IgE antibodies from allergenic patients. The tissue and organ specificity of Lol p I is exclusive to pollen as shown by slot blotting and Northern analyses. A partial nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence has been obtained, and no homology is apparent with other known proteins. The cDNA clones have several potential applications in biotechnology. © 1989.
Abstract 281: Sensitivity to splicing modulation of BCL2 family genes reveals cancer therapeutic strategies for splicing modulators (2019)

Dysregulation of RNA splicing by spliceosome mutations or in cancer genes is increasingly recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Small molecule splicing modulators have been introduced into clinical trials to treat solid tumors or leukemia bearing recurrent spliceosome mutations. Nevertheless, further investigation of the molecular mechanisms that may enlighten therapeutic strategies for splicing modulators is highly desired. Here, using unbiased functional approaches, we report that the sensitivity to splicing modulation of the anti-apoptotic BCL2 family genes is a key mechanism underlying preferential cytotoxicity induced by the SF3b-targeting splicing modulator E7107. While BCL2A1, BCL2L2 and MCL1 are prone to splicing perturbation, BCL2L1 exhibits resistance to E7107-induced splicing modulation. Consequently, E7107 selectively induces apoptosis in BCL2A1-dependent melanoma cells and MCL1-dependent NSCLC cells. Furthermore, combination of BCLxL (BCL2L1-encoded) inhibitors and E7107 remarkably enhances cytotoxicity in cancer cells. These findings inform mechanism-based approaches to the future clinical development of splicing modulators in cancer treatment.Citation Format: Daniel Aird, Teng Teng, Chia-Ling Huang, Ermira Pazolli, Deepti Banka, Kahlin Cheung-Ong, Cheryl Eifert, Craig Furman, Jeremy Wu, Michael Seiler, Silvia Buonamici, Peter Fekkes, Craig Karr, James Palacino, Eunice Park, Peter Smith, Lihua Yu, Yoshiharu Mizui, Markus Warmuth, Agustin Chicas, Laura Corson, Ping Zhu. Sensitivity to splicing modulation of BCL2 family genes reveals cancer therapeutic strategies for splicing modulators [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 281.
Abstract 3658: Structure-guided <i>de novo</i> design of selective Mcl-1 Inhibitors: Synthesis, structural and biochemical characterization (2015)

Abstract Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) is a potent anti-apoptotic protein, member of the prosurvival Bcl-2 family. Amplification of the gene encoding the Mcl-1 protein is a common genetic aberration in human cancer. Overexpression of Mcl-1 is associated with high tumor grade, resistance to chemotherapy and poor prognosis in many types of cancers. Thus Mcl-1 is emerging as a critical survival factor in a broad range of human cancers and represents an attractive molecular target for development of a new class of cancer therapy. There is still need for developing BH3 mimetics that can efficiently and selectively target Mcl-1 protein. Employing de-novo structure-based drug-design, we have designed a new class of potent small-molecule Mcl-1 inhibitors based on the initial lead compound discovered by high-throughput screening. Analyzing the binding model of this compound with Mcl-1 through computational docking supported by HSQC NMR studies, and using the structural information, we have designed and optimized a class of small-molecule inhibitors of Mcl-1 using a 2-(phenylsulfonamido) benzoic acid as a scaffold to reproduce the key interactions with Mcl-1 such as the conserved hydrogen bond between the aspartate in pro-apoptotic proteins and Arg263 in Mcl-1. Several co-crystal structures of this class inhibitors in complex with Mcl-1 have provided a basis for their further optimization which ultimately led to the discovery of ligands with low-nanomolar potency (Ki = 8 nM) and selectivity for Mcl-1. These compounds bind in the canonical BH3 binding groove. Interestingly, depending on the particular substitution pattern in the core scaffold, a “flip’ binding mode was observed where the substituents bind in a reverse orientation. These findings were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The most potent compounds were further biologically characterized with a series of complementary biochemical and functional assays. Citation Format: Ahmed Mady, Lei Miao, Andrej Perdih, Chenzhong Liao, Naval Bajwa, Jeanne Stuckey, Zaneta Nikolovska-Coleska. Structure-guided de novo design of selective Mcl-1 Inhibitors: Synthesis, structural and biochemical characterization. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3658. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3658
Multi‐wavelength excitation method for measuring FWA‐treated paper (2017)

Abstract Colorimetric properties of fluorescent materials depend on the SPD of the illumination. That is why most standards for evaluating them specify the illuminations, which are often hard‐to‐realize daylight illuminants. The presented method using commercially available LEDs enables accurate enough colorimetric measurements of FWA‐treated papers or prints on them illuminated by the specified illuminant. The total spectral radiance factor of a fluorescent specimen, from which most colorimetric values are derived, consists of the luminescent spectral radiance factor and the spectral reflectance factor. This method separately estimates those of FWA‐treated paper to add up to the total spectral radiance factor. The luminescent spectral radiance factor is obtained by estimating the SPD of luminescence excited by the specified illuminant as the weighted sum of the multiple SPDs of luminescence excited by the respective narrow band LED emissions at different wavelengths. The LEDs and their weights are determined optimally for generally used papers. The spectral reflectance factor is derived from the estimated SPD of the radiation with fluorescence excluded from the paper illuminated by visible illumination. The method was applied with five different illumination systems each using two or three narrow band LEDs in the excitation range. They were evaluated by measuring the total spectral radiance factors by D50 of seven FWA‐treated papers and CMYK prints on four papers. The derived colorimetric values were compared to the respective references by the ideal D50.
Shape memory polymers based on uniform aliphatic urethane networks (2007)

Abstract Aliphatic urethane polymers have been synthesized and characterized, using monomers with high molecular symmetry, to form amorphous networks with very uniform supermolecular structures, which can be used as photo‐thermally actuable shape memory polymers (SMPs). The monomers used include hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), trimethylhexamethylenediamine (TMHDI), N , N , N ′, N ′‐tetrakis(hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine (HPED), triethanolamine (TEA), and 1,3‐butanediol (BD). The new polymers were characterized by solvent extraction, NMR, XPS, UV/VIS, DSC, DMTA, and tensile testing. The resulting polymers were found to be single phase amorphous networks with very high gel fraction, excellent optical clarity, and extremely sharp single glass transitions in the range of 34–153°C. Thermomechanical testing of these materials confirms their excellent shape memory behavior, high recovery force, and low mechanical hysteresis (especially on multiple cycles), effectively behaving as ideal elastomers above T g . We believe these materials represent a new and potentially important class of SMPs, and should be especially useful in applications such as biomedical microdevices. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Isolation of the serotoninergic 5‐HT<sub>4(e)</sub> receptor from human heart and comparative analysis of its pharmacological profile in C6‐glial and CHO cell lines (2000)

RT - PCR technique was used to clone the human 5-HT(4(e)) receptor (h5-HT(4(e))) from heart atrium. We showed that this h5-HT(4(e)) receptor splice variant is restricted to brain and heart atrium. Recombinant h5-HT(4(e)) receptor was stably expressed in CHO and C6-glial cell lines at 347 and 88 fmol mg(-1) protein, respectively. Expression of h5-HT(4(e)) receptors at the cell membrane was confirmed by immunoblotting. The receptor binding profile, determined by competition with [(3)H]-GR113808 of a number of 5-HT(4) ligands, was consistent with that previously reported for other 5-HT(4) receptor isoforms. Surprisingly, we found that the rank order of potencies (EC(50)) of 5-HT(4) agonists obtained from adenylyl cyclase functional assays was inversely correlated to their rank order of affinities (K(i)) obtained from binding assays. Furthermore, EC(50) values for 5-HT, renzapride and cisapride were 2 fold lower in C6-glial cells than in CHO cells. ML10302 and renzapride behaved like partial agonists on the h5-HT(4(e)) receptor. These results are in agreement with the reported low efficacy of the these two compounds on L-type Ca(2+) currents and myocyte contractility in human atrium. A constitutive activity of the h5-HT(4(e)) receptor was observed in CHO cells in the absence of any 5-HT(4) ligand and two 5-HT(4) antagonists, GR113808 and ML10375, behaved as inverse agonists. These data show that the h5-HT(4(e)) receptor has a pharmacological profile which is close to the native h5-HT(4) receptor in human atrium with a functional potency which is dependent on the cellular context in which the receptor is expressed.
An Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge Optical Emission Source for the Direct Sampling of Liquid Media (2001)

A glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) source that operates at atmospheric pressure is described. This device utilizes an electrolytic solution containing the analyte specimen as one of the discharge electrodes. The passage of electrical current (either electrons or positive ions) across the solution/gas phase interface causes local heating and the volatilization of the analyte species. Collisions in the discharge region immediately above the solution surface result in optical emission that is characteristic of the analyte elements. Operation of this device with the analyte solution acting as either the cathode or anode is demonstrated. Current-voltage (i-V) plots reveal abnormal glow discharge characteristics, with operating parameters being dependent on the electrolyte concentration (i.e., solution conductivity) and the gap between the solution surface and the counterelectrode. Typical conditions include discharge currents of 30-60 mA, and potentials of 500-900 V. Electrolyte solutions having pH, pNa, or pLi values of 0.5-2 and interelectrode gaps of 0.5-3 mm produce stable plasmas in which the analyte solutions flow at rates of up to 3.0 mL/min. Preliminary limits of detection are determined for the elements Na, Fe, and Pb to be in the range of 11-14 ppm (approximately 60 ng) for 5-microL sample volumes.
Tunable Infrared Absorption and Visible Transparency of Colloidal Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanocrystals (2011)

Plasmonic nanocrystals have been attracting a lot of attention both for fundamental studies and different applications, from sensing to imaging and optoelectronic devices. Transparent conductive oxides represent an interesting class of plasmonic materials in addition to metals and vacancy-doped semiconductor quantum dots. Herein, we report a rational synthetic strategy of high-quality colloidal aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanocrystals. The presence of substitutional aluminum in the zinc oxide lattice accompanied by the generation of free electrons is proved for the first time by tunable surface plasmon absorption in the infrared region both in solution and in thin films.
Metallographic Study On Alloying of Nickel-Tin Films From Stacked Single Layers Through Heating (2003)

SUMMARYAn alloying process for nickel-tin surface films from stacked single layers through heating was investigated from the metallographic viewpoint using X-ray analysis (XRD) and SEM-EDX. Nickel and tin films were produced separately on the steel surface in this order. The thickness of each layer was about 10 μm. The specimens were then heated in an ambient atmosphere or in vacuum using an electronic furnace. The treatment temperatures were 623, 723, 823 and 1123K and the treatment time was 10.8 ks. Once the tin phase on the top of the surface was melted by heating, nickel atoms began to diffuse into the liquid tin phase and various nickel-tin intermetallic compound phases, Ni3Sn4, Ni3Sn2, Ni3Sn were formed. At higher temperatures, tin oxides were formed and, due to the consumption of tin during the oxide formation, the tin content of the intermetallic compounds for tin and nickel was decreased. In vacuum, the oxide did not form.
Preprint: 'Improved State of Charge Estimation for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries' (2018)

This is a preprint of a manuscript submitted for publication.<br>Good state of charge estimation in lithium-sulfur batteries (Li-S) is vital, as the simplest convention methods commonly used in lithium-ion batteries - open-circuit voltage measurement and 'coulomb counting' - are often ineffective for Li-S. Since Li-S is a new battery chemistry, there are few published techniques. Existing techniques based on the extended Kalman filter and the unscented Kalman filter have shown some promise, existing work has explored only one of many possible estimator architectures: a single filter based on a pre-calibrated behavioural reparameterization of an equivalent circuit network whose parameters vary as a function of state of charge and temperature. Such filters have been shown to be reasonably effective in practical cases, but they can converge slowly if initial conditions are unknown, and they can become inaccurate with changes in current density. It is desirable to understand whether other possible estimator architectures offer improved performance. One such alternative architecture is the 'dual extended Kalman filter', which uses voltage and current measurements to estimate into a short-term dynamic circuit parameters then uses the outputs of this in a slower-acting state-of-charge estimator. This paper develops a `behavioural' form of the dual extended Kalman filter, and applies this to a lithium-sulfur battery. The estimator is adapted with a term to model circuit current dependence, and demonstrated using pulse-discharge tests and scaled automotive driving cycles and more for partially discharged batteries. Compared to the published state-of-the-art, the new estimators can be almost 30% for batteries that are initially partially discharged; the new estimators also converge faster. The resulting estimators have the potential to be extended to state-of-health measures, and the 'behavioural' circuit reparameterization is likely to be of use for other battery chemistries beside lithium-sulfur..
Extruded Plastic Scintillation Detectors (1999)

As a way to lower the cost of plastic scintillation detectors, commercially available polystyrene pellets have been used in the production of scintillating materials that can be extruded into different profiles. The selection of raw materials is discussed. Two techniques to add wavelength shifting dopants to polystyrene pellets and to extrude plastic scintillating strips are described. Data on light yield and transmittance measurements are presented.
Analysis of fractal electrodes for efficient neural stimulation (2013)

Planar electrodes are increasingly used in a variety of neural stimulation techniques such as epidural spinal cord stimulation, epidural cortical stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation and functional electric stimulation. Recently, optimized electrode geometries have been shown to increase the efficiency of neural stimulation by maximizing the variation of current density on the electrode surface. In the present work, a new family of modified fractal electrode geometries is developed to increase the neural activation function and enhance the efficiency of neural stimulation. It is hypothesized that the key factor in increasing the activation function in the tissue adjacent to the electrode is to increase the "edginess" of the electrode surface, a concept that is explained and quantified by fractal mathematics. Rigorous finite element simulations were performed to compute the distribution of electric potential produced by proposed geometries, demonstrating that the neural activation function was significantly enhanced in the tissue. The activation of 800 model axons positioned around the electrodes was also quantified, showing that modified fractal geometries yielded a 22% reduction in input power consumption while maintaining the same level of neural activation. The results demonstrate the feasibility of increasing stimulation efficiency using modified fractal geometries beyond the levels already reported in the literature.
Proximity effect for scrolling spatial light modulator applications of surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid-crystal switching (1990)

We demonstrate a ‘‘proximity effect’’ in a linear pixel array of bistable electro-optic surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid-crystal (SSFLC) light valves, in which the switching threshold for a given pixel depends on the states of neighboring pixels. This effect should allow operation of SSFLC spatial light modulators as electro-optic shift registers.