gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
RANK-BASED METHODS AS A NON-PARAMETRIC ALTERNATIVE OF THE T-STATISTIC FOR THE ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL MICROARRAY DATA (2005)

We have recently introduced a rank-based test statistic, RankProducts (RP), as a new non-parametric method for detecting differentially expressed genes in microarray experiments. It has been shown to generate surprisingly good results with biological datasets. The basis for this performance and the limits of the method are, however, little understood. Here we explore the performance of such rank-based approaches under a variety of conditions using simulated microarray data, and compare it with classical Wilcoxon rank sums and t-statistics, which form the basis of most alternative differential gene expression detection techniques. We show that for realistic simulated microarray datasets, RP is more powerful and accurate for sorting genes by differential expression than t-statistics or Wilcoxon rank sums - in particular for replicate numbers below 10, which are most commonly used in biological experiments. Its relative performance is particularly strong when the data are contaminated by non-normal random noise or when the samples are very inhomogenous, e.g. because they come from different time points or contain a mixture of affected and unaffected cells. However, RP assumes equal measurement variance for all genes and tends to give overly optimistic p-values when this assumption is violated. It is therefore essential that proper variance stabilizing normalization is performed on the data before calculating the RP values. Where this is impossible, another rank-based variant of RP (average ranks) provides a useful alternative with very similar overall performance. The Perl scripts implementing the simulation and evaluation are available upon request. Implementations of the RP method are available for download from the authors website (http://www.brc.dcs.gla.ac.uk/glama).
Polymérisation induite sous irradiation laser visible, 5. Le système éosine/amine/sel de iodonium (1991)

Abstract A study was conducted of the excited states of the combination eosine/amine/iodonium salt through time‐resolved laser spectroscopy, of the photolysis products formed under light exposure, and of the rates of polymerization. It allows the process to be precised and discussed. It is apparent that the iodonium salt has no effect on the initiation step of the polymerization reaction but sharply decreases the termination reactions. The formation of a complex between eosine and the iodonium salt is suggested; this complex is destroyed in the presence of amine.
Enhancing data analysis with noise removal (2006)

Removing objects that are noisy is an important goal of data cleaning as noise hinders most types of data analysis. Most existing data cleaning methods focus on removing noise that is the product of low-level data errors that result from an imperfect data collection process, but data objects that are irrelevant or only weakly relevant can also significantly hinder data analysis. Thus, if the goal is to enhance the data analysis as much as possible, these objects should also be considered as noise, at least with respect to the underlying analysis. Consequently, there is a need for data cleaning techniques that remove both types of noise. Because data sets can contain large amounts of noise, these techniques also need to be able to discard a potentially large fraction of the data. This paper explores four techniques intended for noise removal to enhance data analysis in the presence of high noise levels. Three of these methods are based on traditional outlier detection techniques: distance-based, clustering-based, and an approach based on the local outlier factor (LOF) of an object. The other technique, which is a new method that we are proposing, is a hyperclique-based data cleaner (HCleaner). These techniques are evaluated in terms of their impact on the subsequent data analysis, specifically, clustering and association analysis. Our experimental results show that all of these methods can provide better clustering performance and higher quality association patterns as the amount of noise being removed increases, although HCleaner generally leads to better clustering performance and higher quality associations than the other three methods for binary data.
In vivo reaction of affinity-tag-labelled epidermin precursor peptide with flavoenzyme EpiD (1997)

The Staphylococcus epidermidis genes encoding the His-tag-labelled epidermin precursor peptide EpiA and the flavoenzyme EpiD or the mutant protein EpiD-G93D, which lacks the coenzyme, were co-expressed and the proteins were synthesized in vivo in Escherichia coli. Only in the presence of EpiD was the precursor peptide converted to a reaction product with a decrease in mass of 44–46 Da. This result confirms the in vitro experiments carried out with purified EpiA and purified EpiD from Staphylococcus epidermidis [Kupke et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 5653–5659]. EpiD catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of the C-terminal cysteine residue of EpiA to a [Z]-enethiol structure. In the presence of EpiD, the amount of purified (modified) peptide EpiA was several-fold higher than in the presence of EpiD-G93D, indicating that the stabilization of EpiA against proteolysis is due to an interaction with EpiD or to the presence of the C-terminal modification. The presented experimental approach will be valuable for the analysis of enzymes that catalyze posttranslational modification reactions of peptides and proteins.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Smoking among University Students of Allied Health Sciences in Japan (2000)

A study was conducted to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of cigarette smoking among freshman students of Tokyo Metropolitan University of Health Sciences. Students were categorized as 'ever-smoker' or 'nonsmoker'. 18.3% of the 356 subjects were categorized as 'ever-smoker'. The two categories were then compared to determine significant differences in health knowledge, attitudes towards health and smoking, smoking perceptions and preferences, knowledge on the economic impact of tobacco and attitudes towards tobacco control measures. In most cases, significant differences were found between the two groups. However, concerning knowledge on the economic impact of tobacco, the majority of both ever-smokers and nonsmokers had poor knowledge. Increased tobacco control education and related efforts are needed as is further research in determining the factors or influences that shape the significant differences found. Such information will be invaluable in formulating appropriate tobacco control measures for the future.
Resource Sharing and Coevolution in Evolving Cellular Automata (1999)

Evolving one-dimensional cellular automata (CAs) with genetic algorithms has provided insight into how improved performance on a task requiring global coordination emerges when only local interactions are possible. Two approaches that can affect the search efficiency of the genetic algorithm are coevolution, in which a population of problems---in our case, initial configurations of the CA lattice---evolves along with the population of CAs; and resource sharing, in which a greater proportion of a limited fitness resource is assigned to those CAs which correctly solve problems that fewer other CAs in the population can solve. Here we present evidence that, in contrast to what has been suggested elsewhere, the improvements observed when both techniques are used together depend largely on resource sharing alone.
Aligned Growth of Single-Walled and Double-Walled Carbon Nanotube Films by Control of Catalyst Preparation (2011)

When using plasma-enhanced CVD to synthesize CNTs on a substrate, conventionally a catalytic metal thin film is formed on the substrate by sputtering or evaporation methods, www.intechopen.com
The kinetic aspects of intracellular fluorescence labeling with TMA-DPH support the maturation model for endocytosis in L929 cells. (1994)

TMA-DPH (1-(4-trimethylammonium)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene), a hydrophobic fluorescent membrane probe, interacts with living cells by instantaneous incorporation into the plasma membrane, where it becomes fluorescent. It then follows the intracellular constitutive membrane traffic and acts as a bulk membrane marker of the endocytic pathway (Illinger, D., P. Poindron, P. Fonteneau, M. Modolell, and J. G. Kuhry. 1990. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1030:73-81; Illinger, D., P. Poindron, and J. G. Kuhry. 1991. Biol. Cell. 73:131-138). As such, TMA-DPH displays particular properties mainly due to partition between membranes and aqueous media. From these properties, original arguments can be inferred in favor of the maturation model for the endocytic pathway, against that of pre-existing compartments, in L929 cultured mouse fibroblasts. (a) TMA-DPH labeling is seen to progress from the cell periphery to perinuclear regions during endocytosis without any noticeable loss in fluorescence intensity; with a vesicle shuttle model this evolution would be accompanied by probe dilution with a decrease in the overall intracellular fluorescence intensity, and the labeling of the inner (late) compartments could in no way become more intense than that of the peripheral (early) ones. (b) From TMA-DPH fluorescence anisotropy assays, it is concluded that membrane fluidity is the same in the successive endocytic compartments as in the plasma membrane, which probably denotes a similar phospholipidic membrane composition, as might be expected in the maturation model. (c) TMA-DPH internalization and release kinetics are more easily described with the maturation model.
Use of a Novel Arg-Gly-Asp Radioligand,<sup>18</sup>F-AH111585, to Determine Changes in Tumor Vascularity After Antitumor Therapy (2008)

18F-AH111585 is a promising 18F-labeled RGD tracer that offers a new approach to noninvasively image tumor vasculature. This tracer may reveal important information in the assessment of the impact of antitumor therapies, in particular those that predominantly target tumor blood vessels.
Investigation of Copper Plating and Additive Interactions in the Presence of Fe3+/Fe2+ Redox Couple (2011)

The impact of the ferric/ferrous (Fe3+/Fe2+) redox couple on the behavior of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and bis-(3-sulfopropyl) disulfide (SPS) during copper electrodeposition is investigated. The Fe3+/Fe2+ couple is used in plating of copper onto printed circuit boards and may have advantages when implemented for on-chip metallization of copper. Experiments show that in the presence of Fe3+/Fe2+ the suppressing behavior of PEG does not change; in contrast, the accelerating activity of SPS increases when Fe3+/Fe2+ is present in a copper-plating bath. Furthermore, potentiostatic experiments suggest that SPS interacts with Fe2+ ions in the bulk electrolyte, probably to produce 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonic acid (MPS) at low ppb levels.
The risks associated with Artificial General Intelligence: A systematic review (2021)

Artificial General intelligence (AGI) offers enormous benefits for humanity, yet it also poses great risk. The aim of this systematic review was to summarise the peer reviewed literature on the risks associated with AGI. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Sixteen articles were deemed eligible for inclusion. Article types included in the review were classified as philosophical discussions, applications of modelling techniques, and assessment of current frameworks and processes in relation to AGI. The review identified a range of risks associated with AGI, including AGI removing itself from the control of human owners/managers, being given or developing unsafe goals, development of unsafe AGI, AGIs with poor ethics, morals and values; inadequate management of AGI, and existential risks. Several limitations of the AGI literature base were also identified, including a limited number of peer reviewed articles and modelling techniques focused on AGI risk, a lack of specific risk research in which domains that AGI may be implemented, a lack of specific definitions of the AGI functionality, and a lack of standardised AGI terminology. Recommendations to address the identified issues with AGI risk research are required to guide AGI design, implementation, and management.
Improved Spelling Error Detection and Correction for Arabic (2012)

A spelling error detection and correction application is based on three main components: a dictionary (or reference word list), an error model and a language model. While most of the attention in the literature has been directed to the language model, we show how improvements in any of the three components can lead to significant cumulative improvements in the overall performance of the system. We semi-automatically develop a dictionary of 9.3 million fully inflected Arabic words using a morphological transducer and a large corpus. We improve the error model by analysing error types and creating an edit distance based re-ranker. We also improve the language model by analysing the level of noise in different sources of data and
Nocturnal Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes: An Assessment of Preventive Bedtime Treatments (2006)

Nocturnal hypoglycemia is common in aggressively treated type 1 diabetes. Bedtime administration of a conventional snack or of uncooked cornstarch does not prevent it. That of terbutaline prevents nocturnal hypoglycemia but causes hyperglycemia the following morning. The efficacy of a lower dose of terbutaline remains to be determined.
Antimalarial Bromophycolides J−Q from the Fijian Red Alga <i>Callophycus serratus</i> (2009)

Bromophycolides J-Q (1-8) were isolated from extracts of the Fijian red alga Callophycus serratus and identified with 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectral analyses. These diterpene-benzoate macrolides represent two novel carbon skeletons and add to the 10 previously reported bromophycolides (9-18) from this alga. Among these 18 bromophycolides, several exhibited activities in the low micromolar range against the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
CuIn(Ga)Se<inf>2</inf> based thin film solar cells with electrodeposited absorber on flexible steel foils (2011)

In this work we studied the electrical properties of CuIn(Ga)Se <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> solar cells electrodeposited on steel substrate with chromium as diffusion barrier and molybdenum back electrode. The open circuit voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OC</sub> =435 mV) of the samples lies approx. 80 mV below the value commonly observed for devices based on neat CuInSe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> [1]. From current-voltage measurements (I-V) under variable temperature and light intensity we found that the activation energy E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</sub> of the recombination current J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> equals the absorber band gap E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> . Hence, interface recombination via defects at the heterojunction seems to be less likely to explain the V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OC</sub> loss. Another explanation for this performance limit could be the presence of deep recombination centers in the volume of the absorber layer caused, e.g., by iron diffusion from the substrate. Admittance (AS) and deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) revealed the presence of such deep states close to mid-gap position which may facilitate Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination. To verify or falsify that the observed recombination centers originate from iron diffusion we performed the same experiments on CuIn(Ga)Se <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> solar cells prepared on Ti substrates. In contrast to our expectations we found the same mid-gap states in both sample configurations which point towards an origin being independent of the substrate.
New Tetraphosphorus Ligands for Highly Linear Selective Hydroformylation of Allyl and Vinyl Derivatives (2012)

New tetraphosphorus ligands have been developed and applied in the rhodium-catalyzed regioselective hydroformylation of a variety of functionalized allyl and vinyl derivatives. Remarkably high linear selectivity was obtained by these tetraphosphorus ligands. The ligand that bears strong electron-withdrawing 2,4-difluorophenyl groups is the most effective one in affording linear aldehydes. The Rh/tetraphosphorus ligand catalyst is highly effective to produce linear aldehydes from functionalized allyl derivatives with heteroatoms or aromatic groups directly adjacent to the allyl group. For vinyl derivatives, the ligand is highly linear selective for acrylic derivatives, styrene, vinyl pyridine, and vinyl phthalimide. Linear to branch ratios of 26:1 and 10:1 were obtained for the hydroformylation of styrene and allyl cyanide, respectively.
Absorption and luminescence studies of free-standing porous silicon films (1994)

The result of a combined study of the absorption and photoluminescence (PL) from high-optical-quality free-standing porous Si films is presented. These films, which have a scattering loss less than 10%, allow unambiguous, detailed study of the system's absorption edge and, in addition enable us to correlate the absorption and emission behavior on the same sample. H-ion scattering and H forward recoil data are used to accurately determine the bulk equivalent thickness to allow extraction of the absorption coefficient. X-ray diffraction, in conjunction with transmission electron microscopy, are utilized to measure the lattice constant and to confirm the crystalline nature of the structure. The combined photoluminescence and absorption studies are used to examine the relative energy shift of the luminescence peak with respect to that of the absorption edge. It is shown that the absorption begins coincident in energy with the photoluminescence peak, rising smoothly over a range of 1--2 eV. More importantly, the absorption is very weak in the region of the PL in comparison to a direct-gap semiconductor, indicative of the intrinsically weak oscillator strength. An effective-mass-based model for an ensemble of Si nanocrystallites is compared to the experimental results. Phonon-assisted transitions dominate the optical processes. The results support the picture that the absorption derives primarily from the interior states of nanocrystalline Si particles of characteristic dimension below 100 \AA{}. The dynamics of the photoluminescence are reexamined and found to be consistent either with recombination between interior electron and hole states, of the Si nanocrystallites, or involving shallow trap states.
<i>Bacillus Subtilis</i> Delays Neurodegeneration and Behavioral Impairment in the Alzheimer’s Disease Model <i>Caenorhabditis Elegans</i> (2019)

Multiple causes, apart from genetic inheritance, predispose to the production and aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and Alzheimer's disease (AD) development in the older population. There is currently no therapy or medicine to prevent or delay AD progression. One novel strategy against AD might involve the use of psychobiotics, probiotic gut bacteria with specific mental health benefits. Here, we report the neuronal and behavioral protective effects of the probiotic bacterium Bacillus subtilis in a Caenorhabditis elegans AD model. Aging and neuronal deterioration constitute important risk factors for AD development, and we showed that B. subtilis significantly delayed both detrimental processes in the wild-type C. elegans strain N2 compared with N2 worms colonized by the non-probiotic Escherichia coli OP50 strain. Importantly, B. subtilis alleviated the AD-related paralysis phenotype of the transgenic C. elegans strains CL2120 and GMC101 that express, in body wall muscle cells, the toxic peptides Aβ3-42 and Aβ1-42, respectively. B. subtilis-colonized CL2355 worms were protected from the behavioral deficits (e.g., poor chemotactic response and decreased body bends) produced by pan-neuronal Aβ1-42 expression. Notably, B. subtilis restored the lifespan level of C. elegans strains that express Aβ to values similar to the life expectancy of the wild-type strain N2 fed on E. coli OP50 cells. The B. subtilis proficiencies in quorum-sensing peptide (i.e., the Competence Sporulation Factor, CSF) synthesis and gut-associated biofilm formation (related to the anti-aging effect of the probiotic) play a crucial role in the anti-AD effects of B. subtilis. These novel results are discussed in the context of how B. subtilis might exert its beneficial effects from the gut to the brain of people with or at risk of developing AD.
BANKING 4.0: “THE INFLUENCE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON THE BANKING INDUSTRY & HOW AI IS CHANGING THE FACE OF MODERN DAY BANKS” (2020)

Artificial intelligence (AI), from time to time called machine intelligence is simulation of human intelligence in machines. It is the intellect exhibited by machines, in contrast to the natural knowledge demonstrated by humans. From Siri to selfdriving cars, AI is progressing at a rapid pace.
Sum capacity of a Gaussian vector broadcast channel (2003)

The sum capacity of a non-degraded Gaussian broadcast channel with multiple antennas at the transmitter and receivers is characterized under a certain condition. The sum capacity is achieved using a precoding technique for channels with transmitter side information. The optimal precoder has the structure of a decision-feedback equalizer.
An active edge detection approach (2002)

In this paper, an active edge detection approach is proposed. It at first locates the discontinuity neighborhoods in the image with a simple error analysis algorithm. To suppress the noise and interpolate the missing points included in the edge neighborhoods, an improved relaxation labeling algorithm is then applied. The sizes of the spatial extent of the discontinuity neighborhoods can be estimated from the resultant images. Based on these measures, the optimal difference operators are than applied to the corresponding neighborhoods in the original image to extract the edge points exactly. As the new method can concentrate the major calculation on where the edges may be and extract the edgepoints adaptively, it works with high precision and low computational cost. Experimental results show the good quality and high speed of the proposed method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Closed Circulating System for Air Drilling (1998)

This article is a synopsis of paper SPE 39302, "A Closed Circulating System for Air Drilling," by Jerry A. Rusnak, New Prospect Drilling, scheduled for presentation at the 1998 IADC/SPE Drilling Conference, Dallas, 3-6 March.
Tunable Optical Delay Line Based on a Racetrack Resonator with Tunable Coupling and Stable Wavelength (2019)

For optical sensing or biomedical sensing where the light source usually has a stable and narrow linewidth, the design rule of the tunable optical delay line (ODL) can be different from the ODLs for optical communications and buffering. We present here a novel way to tune a racetrack resonator-based ODL by push–pull operation to stabilize the resonant wavelength. Full device simulation that accounts for the thermal tuning effect and the photonic characteristics of the whole integrated device is conducted to verify the characteristics of the tunable ODLs. With the simple racetrack resonator, the group delay can simply be tuned by changing the coupling coefficient of the resonator while the wavelength is stabilized by tuning the racetrack loop. A tuning of hundreds of picoseconds is achievable with a very compact device and small power consumption.