gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HIV-1 Tat Promotes Integrin-Mediated HIV Transmission to Dendritic Cells by Binding Env Spikes and Competes Neutralization by Anti-HIV Antibodies (2012)

Use of Env in HIV vaccine development has been disappointing. Here we show that, in the presence of a biologically active Tat subunit vaccine, a trimeric Env protein prevents in monkeys virus spread from the portal of entry to regional lymph nodes. This appears to be due to specific interactions between Tat and Env spikes that form a novel virus entry complex favoring R5 or X4 virus entry and productive infection of dendritic cells (DCs) via an integrin-mediated pathway. These Tat effects do not require Tat-transactivation activity and are blocked by anti-integrin antibodies (Abs). Productive DC infection promoted by Tat is associated with a highly efficient virus transmission to T cells. In the Tat/Env complex the cysteine-rich region of Tat engages the Env V3 loop, whereas the Tat RGD sequence remains free and directs the virus to integrins present on DCs. V2 loop deletion, which unshields the CCR5 binding region of Env, increases Tat/Env complex stability. Of note, binding of Tat to Env abolishes neutralization of Env entry or infection of DCs by anti-HIV sera lacking anti-Tat Abs, which are seldom present in natural infection. This is reversed, and neutralization further enhanced, by HIV sera containing anti-Tat Abs such as those from asymptomatic or Tat-vaccinated patients, or by sera from the Tat/Env vaccinated monkeys. Thus, both anti-Tat and anti-Env Abs are required for efficient HIV neutralization. These data suggest that the Tat/Env interaction increases HIV acquisition and spreading, as a mechanism evolved by the virus to escape anti-Env neutralizing Abs. This may explain the low effectiveness of Env-based vaccines, which are also unlikely to elicit Abs against new Env epitopes exposed by the Tat/Env interaction. As Tat also binds Envs from different clades, new vaccine strategies should exploit the Tat/Env interaction for both preventative and therapeutic interventions.
Development of a Spherically Focused Capacitive-film Air-coupled Ultrasonic Transducer (2005)

We have built a spherically focused, not using acoustic mirrors, capacitive micromachined air-coupled ultrasonic transducer. A flexible backplate of a copper/polyimide backplate is used, permitting it to conform to a spherically shaped substrate. The backplate is patterned with depressions having center-to-center spacing. A thick aluminized Mylar film completing the transducer is deformed to allow it to conform to the spherical backplate. The device's frequency spectrum is centered at 805kHz with -6dB points at 440 and 1210kHz.
Use of Incoherence to Produce Smooth and Controllable Irradiation Profiles with KrF Fusion Lasers (1987)

A technique called echelon-free induced spatial incoherence is proposed for producing smooth, controllable target beam profiles with large KrF fusion lasers. The idea is basically an image projection technique that projects the desired time-averaged spatial profile F(x) onto the target via the laser system, using partially coherent broadband light. The information needed to reproduce F(x) is transported through the system by a multitude of independent coherence zones, whose diameters are small compared to scalelengths of linear aberration and gain nonuniformities; as a result, F(x) remains relatively insensitive to these effects. This concept is closely related to the induced spatial incoherence technique used with glass lasers, except that it does not require echelons at the output of the system. An analysis is carried out to evaluate the perturbations of F(x) due to linear aberration, self-focusing, gain saturation, and diffraction. It shows that under conditions applicable to large KrF lasers, the perturbations will result in a small broadening and smoothing of F(x), whose functional form should be controllable to within a few percent. The ability of this technique to generate smooth focal profiles is demonstrated using a small KrF discharge oscillator-preamplifier system.
Server network scalability and TCP offload (2005)

Server network performance is increasingly dominated by poorly scaling operations such as I/O bus crossings, cache misses and interrupts. Their overhead prevents performance from scaling even with increased CPU, link or I/O bus bandwidths. These operations can be reduced by redesigning the host/adapter interface to exploit additional processing on the adapter. Offloading processing to the adapter is beneficial not only because it allows more cycles to be applied but also of the changes it enables in the host/adapter interface. As opposed to other approaches such as RDMA, TCP offload provides benefits without requiring changes to either the transport protocol or API. We have designed a new host/adapter interface that exploits offloaded processing to reduce poorly scaling operations. We have implemented a prototype of the design including both host and adapter software components. Experimental evaluation with simple network benchmarks indicates our design significantly reduces I/O bus crossings and holds promise to reduce other poorly scaling operations as well. 1
Isolation and Characterization of Allomelanin from Pathogenic Black Knot Fungus─a Sustainable Source of Melanin (2021)

Melanin, a widespread pigment found in many taxa, is widely recognized for its high refractive index, ultraviolet (UV) protection, radical quenching ability, metal binding, and many other unique properties. The aforementioned characteristic traits make melanin a potential candidate for biomedical, separation, structural coloration, and space applications. However, the commercially available natural (sepia) and synthetic melanin are very expensive, limiting their use in various applications. Additionally, eumelanin has been the primary focus in most of these studies. In the present study, we demonstrate that melanin can be extracted from the pathogenic black knot fungus <i>Apiosporina morbosa</i> with a yield of ∼10% using the acid-base extraction method. The extracted melanin shows irregular morphology. Chemical characterization using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals that the melanin derived from black knots is the less explored nitrogen-free allomelanin. Additionally, the extracted melanin shows broadband UV absorption typical of other types of melanin. Because of the wide availability and low cost of black knots and the invasive nature of the fungus, black knots can serve as an alternative green source for obtaining allomelanin at a low cost, which could stimulate its use as an UV light absorber and antioxidant in cosmetics and packaging industries.
Tracking rootkit footprints with a practical memory analysis system (2012)

In this paper, we present MAS, a practical memory analysis system for identifying a kernel rootkit’s memory footprint in an infected system. We also present two large-scale studies of applying MAS to 848 real-world Windows kernel crash dumps and 154,768 potential malware samples. Error propagation and invalid pointers are two key challenges that stop previous pointer-based memory traversal solutions from effectively and efficiently analyzing real-world systems. MAS uses a new memory traversal algorithm to support error correction and stop error propagation. Our enhanced static analysis allows the MAS memory traversal to avoid error-prone operations and provides it with a reliable partial type assignment. Our experiments show that MAS was able to analyze all memory snapshots quickly with typical running times between 30 and 160 seconds per snapshot and with near perfect accuracy. Our kernel malware study observes that the malware samples we tested hooked 191 different function pointers in 31 different data structures. With MAS, we were able to determine quickly that 95 out of the 848 crash dumps contained kernel rootkits.
Correspondence with cumulative similarity transforms (2001)

A local image transform based on cumulative similarity measures is defined and is shown to enable efficient correspondence and tracking near occluding boundaries. Unlike traditional methods, this transform allows correspondences to be found when the only contrast present is the occluding boundary itself and when the sign of contrast along the boundary is possibly reversed. The transform is based on the idea of a cumulative similarity measure which characterizes the shape of local image homogeneity; both the value of an image at a particular point and the shape of the region with locally similar and connected values is captured. This representation is insensitive to structure beyond an occluding boundary but is sensitive to the shape of the boundary itself, which is often an important cue. We show results comparing this method to traditional least-squares and robust correspondence matching.
Study of Solid Electrolyte Interface Formation and Lithium Intercalation in Li-Ion Batteries by Acoustic Emission (2011)

International audience
Mode-free radiating electromagnetic bandgap materials as phased array antenna elements (2017)

This paper presents a new class of electromagnetic bandgap material, which is mode-free along the all lateral directions while radiating as an antenna element towards the broadside direction at the bandgap frequency region. It is an ideal antenna element to eliminate substrate wave effects, i.e. mutual coupling and scan blindness, from microstrip phased arrays.
Role of extracellular vesicles in stem cell biology (2019)

The extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles carrying proteins, nucleic acids, and bioactive lipids of the cell of origin. These vesicles released within the extracellular space and entering into the circulation may transfer their cargo to neighboring or distant cells and induce phenotypical and functional changes that may be relevant in several physiopathological conditions. In an attempt to define the biological properties of EVs, several investigations have focused on their cargo and on the effects elicited in recipient cells. EVs have been involved in modulation of tumor microenvironment and behavior, as well as in the immune and inflammatory response. In the present review, we address the paracrine action of EVs released by stem cells and their potential involvement in the activation of regenerative programs in injured cells.
<title>Piezoelectric direct drive servovalve</title> (2002)

A single-stage servovalve using direct piezoelectric actuator drive is described. The single-stage servovalve design offers higher bandwidth than conventional two-stage valves. It takes advantage of the high energy density in piezoelectric materials while addressing the need for internal amplification of stroke. When used alone, the valve can regulate pressure, and when used in combination with a hydraulic output device it forms part of an effective servohydraulic actuator. Development of a direct drive prototype valve is described. Discussion includes design issues related to low stroke smart material actuators such as piezoelectrics. Component and subsystem testing and results are reviewed. Electronic drive and control of the piezoelectric and overall device along with performance in the control of fluid flow is discussed. The value of the new servovalve is shown in the combination of the valve with a hydraulic output device. Data are supplied for this servohydraulic actuator. The new actuator shows promise for a motion simulator application and more generally for motion control at higher bandwidth than is possible with currently available servohydraulics.
Recent results from broadly tunable external cavity quantum cascade lasers (2011)

Broad tunability in the mid-IR (~3-12 μm) is desirable for a number of applications. We have built a number of External Cavity quantum cascade Lasers (ECqcL<sup>TM</sup>) that maximize tuning range from the quantum cascade chip. As much as 525 cm<sup>-1</sup> of pulsed and 121 cm<sup>-1</sup> of cw, mode hop-free tuning has been obtained. Various mechanisms for the broadening of the gain of the QC chip are considered.
Digital protection method for power transformers based on an equivalent circuit composed of inverse inductance (1988)

An algorithm for the protection of power transformers is described in which transformers are represented by a universal equivalent circuit composed of inverse inductance, without reference to an internal fault. The circuit is derived from multiterminal network analysis of the windings. The intrinsic characteristics of the equivalent circuit elements are clarified by calculations for actual power transformers. The characteristics of the inverse inductance obtained by sampling voltage and current at each terminal are used to discriminate between internal faults and magnetizing inrush. Computer simulations for large power transformers and experimental studies on actual model transformers have confirmed that the algorithm can distinguish internal faults from a magnetizing inrush at very high speed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthassist: Querying An Audio Synthesizer By Vocal Imitation (2014)

Programming an audio synthesizer can be a difficult task for many. However, if a user has a general idea of the sound they are trying to program, they may be able to imitate it with their voice. This paper presents SynthAssist, a system for interactively searching the synthesis space of an audio synthesizer. In this work, we present how to use the system for querying a database of audio synthesizer patches (i.e. settings/parameters) by vocal imitation and user feedback. To account for the limitations of the human voice, it uses both absolute and relative time series representations of features and relevance feedback on both the feature weights and time series to refine the query. The method presented in this paper can be used to search through large databases of previously existing ``factory presets" or program a synthesizer using the data-driven approach to automatic synthesizer programming.
Study of Winding Method to Reduce Stray Loss and Stator Core Vibration of Synchronous Machine (2013)

The fractional slot windings are widely used in rotating machine in order to increase the flexibility of design and improve the voltage waveform. However, the MMF wave of fractional-slot windings are found to contain unique harmonic component, which are designated as even order space flux harmonics, fractional number flux harmonics, or both. They may cause stray loss and stator core vibration. This paper proposes new winding methods "novel interspersed windings" and "expanded group windings" to reduce these harmonics. The advantages of two proposed windings are verified by using numerical analysis and measurement test of winding model.
Ultratrace and Isotope Analysis of Long-Lived Radionuclides by Inductively Coupled Plasma Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry Using a Direct Injection High Efficiency Nebulizer (1999)

The direct injection high efficiency nebulizer (DIHEN) was explored for the ultrasensitive determination of long-lived radionuclides ((226)Ra, (230)Th, (237)Np, (238)U, (239)Pu, and (241)Am) and for precise isotope analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The DIHEN was used at low solution uptake rates (1-100 μL/min) without a spray chamber. Optimal sensitivity (e.g., (238)U, 230 MHz/ppm; (230)Th, 190 MHz/ppm; and (239)Pu, 184 MHz/ppm) was achieved at low nebulizer gas flow rates (0.16 L/min), high rf power (1450 W), and low solution uptake rates (100 μL/min). The optimum parameters varied slightly for the two DIHENs tested. The detection limits of long-lived radionuclides in aqueous solutions varied from 0.012 to 0.11 ng/L. The sensitivity of the DIHEN was improved by a factor of 3 to 5 compared with that of a microconcentric nebulizer (MicroMist used with a minicyclonic spray chamber at a solution uptake rate of 85 μL/min) and a factor of 1.5 to 4 compared with that of a conventional nebulizer (cross-flow used with a Scott type spray chamber at a solution uptake rate of 1 mL/min). The precision of the DIHEN ranged from 0.5 to 1.7% RSD (N = 3) for all measurements at the 10 ng/L concentration level (∼3 pg sample size). The sensitivity decreased to 10 MHz/ppm at a solution uptake rate of 1 μL/min. The precision was about 5% RSD at a sample size of 30 fg for each long-lived radionuclide by the DIHEN-ICPMS method. The oxide to atom ratios were less than 0.05 (except ThO(+)/Th(+) ) and decreased under the optimum conditions in the following sequence: ThO(+)/Th(+) > UO(+)/U(+) > NpO(+)/Np(+) > PuO(+)/Pu(+) > AmO(+)/Am(+) > RaO(+)/Ra(+). Atomic and oxide ions were used as analyte ions for ultratrace and isotope analyses of long-lived radionuclides in environmental and radioactive waste samples. The analytical methods developed were applied to the determination of long-lived radionuclides and isotope ratio measurements in different radioactive waste and environmental samples using the DIHEN in combination with quadrupole ICPMS. For instance, the (240)Pu/(239)Pu isotope ratio was measured in a radioactive waste sample at a plutonium concentration of 12 ng/L. This demonstrates a main advantage of DIHEN-ICPMS compared with α-spectrometry, which cannot be used to selectively determine (239)Pu and (240)Pu because of similar α energies (5.244 and 5.255 MeV, respectively).
Pilot neonatal screening program for lysosomal storage disorders, using lamp-1. (1999)

We have demonstrated that the lysosome associated membrane protein (LAMP-1) is elevated in plasma from approximately 70% of lysosomal storage disorder patients. As part of the development of a newborn screening program for lysosomal storage disorders we have developed a first tier screening assay based upon the level of LAMP-I in blood spots taken from newborn Guthrie cards. To determine the effectiveness of the first-tier marker a prospective pilot Guthrie neonatal screening program for the identification of LSD was commenced in April 1998. Prior to commencement of the pilot program ethical approval was obtained and information leaflets regarding the neonatal screening of LSD were distributed to parents at the time of their infant's Guthrie collection. The LAMP-1 assay utilizes a chicken polyclonal and a mouse monoclonal in a sandwich time resolved fluorescent immunoassay. LAMP-1 blood-spot calibrators and quality control specimens were developed and shown to be stable and reproducible. To date 11,183 infants have been screened using LAMP-1. The population distribution is described with a median and 98th percentile of 220pg/l whole blood and 483microg/l whole blood respectively. Acceptable CV% for intra and inter assay of 8.9% and 10% respectively were obtained.
Minimum Word Error Rate Training for Attention-based\n Sequence-to-Sequence Models (2017)

Sequence-to-sequence models, such as attention-based models in automatic\nspeech recognition (ASR), are typically trained to optimize the cross-entropy\ncriterion which corresponds to improving the log-likelihood of the data.\nHowever, system performance is usually measured in terms of word error rate\n(WER), not log-likelihood. Traditional ASR systems benefit from discriminative\nsequence training which optimizes criteria such as the state-level minimum\nBayes risk (sMBR) which are more closely related to WER. In the present work,\nwe explore techniques to train attention-based models to directly minimize\nexpected word error rate. We consider two loss functions which approximate the\nexpected number of word errors: either by sampling from the model, or by using\nN-best lists of decoded hypotheses, which we find to be more effective than the\nsampling-based method. In experimental evaluations, we find that the proposed\ntraining procedure improves performance by up to 8.2% relative to the baseline\nsystem. This allows us to train grapheme-based, uni-directional attention-based\nmodels which match the performance of a traditional, state-of-the-art,\ndiscriminative sequence-trained system on a mobile voice-search task.\n
Acoustically Assisted Magnetic Recording: A New Paradigm in Magnetic Data Storage (2014)

A new paradigm in energy-assisted magnetic recording, acoustically assisted magnetic recording (AAMR), is investigated. In this approach, a surface acoustic wave (SAW) is applied to a magnetostrictive recording medium to temporarily lower its coercivity below the write field. Akin to other energy-assisted recording technologies, AAMR provides a strategy to enable writing on high-coercivity media required for thermal stability in high-density disk drives. Using a contact recording tester, it is demonstrated that the write current needed to record data on a galfenol film is reduced in the presence of SAWs. Further, it is shown that standing and focused acoustic waves can, respectively, be used to lower the coercivity in selected regions on the medium.
Effect of row spacing, growth stage, and nitrogen rate on spectral irradiance in winter wheat (2000)

Abstract Soil reflectance affects spectral irradiance measurements taken in winter wheat at early stages of growth when percent cover is low. The objective of this study was to determine the critical percent vegetation coverage needed for forage nitrogen (N) uptake calibration with indirect spectral irradiance measurements. Two field experiments were conducted at Tipton and Perkins, OK in October 1996. The effect of row spacing (15.2, 19.0, 25.4, and 30.5 cm) and growth stage (Feekes 4 and 5) under various N fertilizer rates (0, 56, 112, and 168 kg N ha‐1) on spectral irradiance measurements from wheat was evaluated. The normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) was used to characterize wheat canopy irradiance. In general, NDVI decreased with increasing row spacing and increased with N fertilizer rate at Feekes growth stage 4. Row spacing and N rate were independent of each other since no significant interaction was found. High correlation (r=0.81–0.98) was observed between NDVI and vegetation coverage. Percent vegetation coverage was a good predictor of the other dependent variables including forage dry matter, and total N uptake, which could indirectly be determined using NDVI. The coefficients of variation (CV's) from NDVI values decreased with increasing vegetation coverage suggesting that less variable NDVI values (CV less than 10%) might be obtained from plots where vegetation coverage exceeds 50%.
Long-Term Durability of Polyethylene for Encapsulation of Low-Level Radioactive, Hazardous, and Mixed Wastes (1993)

The durability of polyethylene waste forms for treatment of low-level radioactive, hazardous, and mixed wastes is examined. Specific potential failure mechanisms investigated include biodegradation, radiation, chemical attack, flammability, environmental stress cracking, and photodegradation. These data are supported by results from waste form performance testing including compressive yield strength, water immersion, thermal cycling, leachability of radioactive and hazardous species, irradiation, biodegradation, and flammability. Polyethylene was found to be extremely resistant to each of these potential failure modes under anticipated storage and disposal conditions.
Cochlear helix and duct length identification – Evaluation of different curve fitting techniques (2018)

Spline curve reconstructions appear to be the best option for anatomical diagnostics in clinical practice. Retrospective studies can be performed to further evaluate model-based evaluations.