gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive continuous optoacoustic monitor of total hemoglobin concentration (2002)

During surgery associated with rapid blood loss, rapid fluid administration and transfusion of packed red blood cells, measurement of total hemoglobin concentration provides necessary information to direct decisions regarding transfusion. However, measurement of total hemoglobin concentration currently requires collection of a blood sample and either transport to a laboratory or centrifugation at the bedside. Recently we proposed to use optoacoustic technique for noninvasive and continuous monitoring of total hemoglobin concentration. High resolution of the optoacoustic technique may provide accurate measurement of total hemoglobin concentration by detecting and analyzing optoacoustic signals induced by short optical pulses in blood circulating in arteries or veins. We designed, built, and tested in vitro and in preliminary in vivo experiments a portable optoacoustic system for monitoring of total hemoglobin concentration in the radial artery. The system includes a nanosecond laser operating in the near-IR spectral range and a sensitive optoacoustic probe designed for irradiating the radial artery through the skin and detecting optoacoustic signals induced in blood. Results of our studies indicate that parameters of optoacoustic waves induced in blood are dependent on total hemoglobin concentration. The data suggest that the optoacoustic system may be used for accurate, noninvasive, and continuous monitoring of total hemoglobin concentration.
Proof-of-concept demonstration of the PEGASES plasma thruster (2015)

International audience
Substituent Effects on the Photochromism of Bichromophoric Oxazines (2009)

We synthesized a series of photochromic [1,3]oxazines and investigated their photochemical properties in solution and within rigid polymer matrices. These compounds share a common molecular skeleton, consisting of fused 3H-indole and nitrobenzooxazine heterocycles. They differ in the groups in the para (R1) and/or ortho (R2) positions, relative to the nitrogen atom, of the 3H-indole fragment and/or that (R3) attached to the chiral center of the [1,3]oxazine ring. Specifically, R1 can be a hydrogen atom, a methoxy group, a nitro group, or a fluorine atom, R2 can be a hydrogen or fluorine atom, and R3 can be a phenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-dimethylaminophenyl, or 2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)ethylene group. When R1 and R2 are hydrogen atoms, the excitation of the photochrome opens the [1,3]oxazine ring in less than 6 ns, with quantum yields of 0.01−0.11 in acetonitrile at 20 °C. This process generates a zwitterionic isomer, incorporating a 3H-indolium cation and a 4-nitrophenolate anion. Consistently, the characteristic ground-state absorption of the a 4-nitrophenolate appears at 440 nm in the transient spectrum. When R3 is a 2-(4-dimethylamminophenyl)ethylene group, the spectrum reveals also an additional band at 550 nm for the extended π-system associated with the photogenerated 3H-indolium cation. When R3 is a hydrogen atom, the nature of R1 controls the photochemical behavior of these compounds. In particular, the presence of a methoxy group at R1 prevents the photoinduced ring-opening, while the introduction of a fluorine atom increases the quantum yield of the photochemical transformation to 0.29. In all instances, the transient absorptions decay monoexponentially with the reisomerization of the zwitterionic species back to the original state. Interestingly, R1 and R2 have negligible influence on the lifetime of the photogenerated isomer, which instead changes from 21 ns to 10 μs with the nature of R3. Indeed, this group dictates the stability of the 3H-indolium cation of the zwitterionic isomer and, hence, the reisomerization kinetics. Furthermore, our photochromic compounds tolerate hundreds of switching cycles with no sign of decomposition, even in the presence of molecular oxygen, and can be operated effectively within rigid poly(methyl methacrylate) matrices. In summary, our investigations demonstrate that the color, efficiency, and speed of our photochromic [1,3]oxazines can be manipulated with the careful selection of their substituents without compromising their excellent fatigue resistances. Thus, photoresponsive materials with tunable properties can eventually emerge from our insights on the stereoelectronic factors regulating the photochromism of this particular family of heterocyclic compounds.
Floating-Point DSP Block Architecture for FPGAs (2015)

This work describes the architecture of a new FPGA DSP block supporting both fixed and floating point arithmetic. Each DSP block can be configured to provide one single precision IEEE-754 floating multiplier and one IEEE-754 floating point adder, or when configured in fixed point mode, the block is completely backwards compatible with current FPGA DSP blocks. The DSP block operating frequency is similar in both modes, in the region of 500MHz, offering up to 2 GMACs fixed point and 1 GFLOPs performance per block. In floating point mode, support for multi-block vector modes are provided, where multiple blocks can be seamlessly assembled into any size real or complex dot products. By efficient reuse of the fixed point arithmetic modules, as well as the fixed point routing, the floating point features have only minimal power and area impact. We show how these blocks are implemented in a modern Arria 10 FPGA family, offering over 1 TFLOPs using only embedded structures, and how scaling to multiple TFLOPs densities is possible for planned devices.
Transparent athermal glass-ceramics in Li 2 O-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 system (2005)

An attempt has been conducted to develop multicomponent transparent glass-ceramics which have athermal property better than silica glass. Transparent Li<sub>2</sub>O-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub> (LAS) glass-ceramics with small thermal expansion coefficient was chosen as a candidate. Athermal property of the glass-ceramics was improved by the independent control of temperature coefficients of electronic polarizability and thermal expansion coefficient, both of which govern the temperature coefficient of optical path length. It was found that temperature coefficient of electronic polarizability and thermal expansion coefficient of the LAS glass-ceramics were controllable by the additives and crystallization conditions. The doping of B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and the crystallization under a hydrostatic pressure of 196 MPa were very effective to reduce temperature coefficient of electronic polarizability without a remarkable increase in thermal expansion coefficient. It was deduced that the reduction in temperature coefficient of electronic polarizability by the crystallization under 196 MPa resulted from the inhibition of the precipitation of beta-spodumene solid solution. The relative temperature coefficients of optical path length of B2O3-doped glass-ceramic crystallized under 196 MPa was 11.7 x 10<sup>-6</sup>/°C, which was slightly larger than that of silica glass. Nevertheless, the thermal expansion coefficient of this glass-ceramic was smaller than that of silica glass.
Recognition of Classical Arabic Poems (2013)

This work presents a novel method for recognizing and extracting classical Arabic poems found in textual sources. The method utilizes the basic classical Arabic poem features such as structure, rhyme, writing style, and word usage. The proposed method achieves a precision of 96.94 % while keeping a high recall value at 92.24%. The method was also used to build a prototype search engine for classical Arabic poems. 1
Spatial resolution improvement based on intensity modulation in measurement of Brillouin dynamic grating localized by correlation domain technique (2012)

We demonstrated that intensity modulation synchronized with laser frequency modulation enhances the spatial resolution in the measurement of Brillouin dynamic grating (BDG) spectrum localized by the correlation domain technique. Following the correlation domain principle, the stimulated Brillouin scattering is localized in so-called correlation peak, but the peak actually has side lobes which excite the BDG out of the peak region. To overcome this, we applied intensity modulation and apodize the optical spectrum of the participating waves to suppress the side lobes. We confirmed spatial resolution improvement from 75 cm to 17 cm in a measurement fiber of 500 m.
Affinity-Based Inhibition of β-Amyloid Toxicity (2002)

Strategies for interfering with protein aggregation are important for elucidating and controlling the pathologies of amyloid diseases. We have previously identified compounds that block the cellular toxicity of the beta-amyloid peptide, but the relationship between their ability to inhibit toxicity and their affinity for A beta is unknown. To elucidate this relationship, we have developed an assay capable of measuring the affinities of small molecules for beta-amyloid peptide. Our approach employs immobilized beta-amyloid peptide at low density to minimize the problems that arise from variability in the beta-amyloid aggregation state. We found that low-molecular weight (MW of 700-1700) ligands for beta-amyloid can be identified readily by using surface plasmon resonance. The best of these bound effectively (K(d) approximately 40 microM) to beta-amyloid. The affinities measured for peptides in the SPR assay correspond to results from A beta cell toxicity assays. The most potent ligands for immobilized beta-amyloid are the most potent inhibitors of the neuronal cell toxicity of beta-amyloid. Compounds with dissociation constants above approximately 100 microM did not show significant activity in the cell toxicity assays. Our data support the hypothesis that ligands exhibiting greater affinity for the beta-amyloid peptide are effective at altering its aggregation and inhibiting cell toxicity.
Inactivation of C5a Anaphylatoxin by a Peptide That Is Complementary to a Region of C5a (2004)

PL37 (RAARISLGPRCIKAFTE) is an antisense homology box peptide composed of aa 37-53 of C5a-anaphylatoxin and is considered to be the region essential for C5a function. Using a computer program, we designed the complementary peptides ASGAPAPGPAGPLRPMF (Pep-A) and ASTAPARAGLPRLPKFF (Pep-B). Pep-A bound to PL37 and to C5a with very slow dissociation as determined by analysis using surface plasmon resonance, whereas Pep-B failed to bind at all. C5a was inactivated by concentrations of 7 nM or more of Pep-A, and this concentration of Pep-A inhibited induction of intracellular Ca(2+) influx in neutrophils. Patch clamp electrophysiology experiments also showed the effectiveness of Pep-A in C5aR-expressing neuroblastoma cells. Furthermore, Pep-A administration prevented rats from C5a-mediated rapid lethal shock induced by an Ab to a membrane inhibitor of complement after LPS sensitization.
Monoclonal antibody MB19 detects genetic polymorphism in human apolipoprotein B. (1986)

Using a specific monoclonal antibody (MB19) against human apolipoprotein B (apo B), we have detected a genetic polymorphism in human low density lipoprotein (LDL). MB19 bound to LDL from different individuals in one of three distinct patterns of immunoreactivity: strong, weak, and intermediate. Scatchard analysis revealed that LDLs with strong and with weak binding patterns differed 10-fold in their affinity for MB19, but both bound the same total amount of antibody (about one mole of MB19 per mole of apo B). LDL showing the intermediate binding pattern yielded a curvilinear Scatchard plot that could be resolved into two distinct components with affinities similar to those of LDLs exhibiting only the high- or only the low-affinity binding of MB19. LDL chemical composition was similar for all three MB19 binding patterns, and the polymorphism remained after removal of LDL lipid or carbohydrate. Analysis of plasmas from 77 unrelated individuals indicated that 40% of them bound MB19 with low affinity, 23% with high affinity, and 36% with intermediate or "hybrid" affinity. Family studies showed that the three MB19 binding patterns result from codominant transmission of two common apo B alleles, each coding for an allotype with different affinity for MB19, conditionally designated here MB19(1) (high affinity) and MB19(2) (low affinity).
Controlled Homoepitaxial Growth of Hybrid Perovskites (2018)

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have demonstrated tremendous potential for the next-generation electronic and optoelectronic devices due to their remarkable carrier dynamics. Current studies are focusing on polycrystals, since controlled growth of device compatible single crystals is extremely challenging. Here, the first chemical epitaxial growth of single crystal CH<sub>3</sub> NH<sub>3</sub> PbBr<sub>3</sub> with controlled locations, morphologies, and orientations, using combined strategies of advanced microfabrication, homoepitaxy, and low temperature solution method is reported. The growth is found to follow a layer-by-layer model. A light emitting diode array, with each CH<sub>3</sub> NH<sub>3</sub> PbBr<sub>3</sub> crystal as a single pixel, with enhanced quantum efficiencies than its polycrystalline counterparts is demonstrated.
Development and Long‐Term In Vivo Evaluation of a Biodegradable Urethane‐Doped Polyester Elastomer (2011)

We have recently reported upon the development of crosslinked urethane-doped polyester (CUPE) network elastomers, which was motivated by the desire to overcome the drawbacks presented by crosslinked network polyesters and biodegradable polyurethanes for soft tissue engineering applications. Although the effect of the isocyanate content and post-polymerization conditions on the material structure-property relationship was examined in detail, the ability of the diol component to modulate the material properties was only studied briefly. Herein, we present a detailed report on the development of CUPE polymers synthesized using diols 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 methylene units in length in order to investigate what role the diol component plays on the resulting material's physical properties, and assess their long-term biological performance in vivo. An increase in the diol length was shown to affect the physical properties of the CUPE polymers primarily through lowered polymeric crosslinking densities and elevated material hydrophobicity. The use of longer chain diols resulted in CUPE polymers with increased molecular weights resulting in higher tensile strength and elasticity, while also increasing the material hydrophobicity to lower bulk swelling and prolong the polymer degradation rates. Although the number of methylene units largely affected the physical properties of CUPE, the choice of diol did not affect the overall polymer cell/tissue-compatibility both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, we have established the diol component as an important parameter in controlling the structure-property relationship of the polymer in addition to diisocyanate concentration and post-polymerization conditions. Expanding the family of CUPE polymers increases the choices of biodegradable elastomers for tissue engineering applications.
Noninvasive Electrocardiographic Imaging (1999)

Background: Cardiac arrhythmias continue to be a leading cause of death and disability. Despite this alarming fact, a noninvasive imaging modality for cardiac electrophysiology (EP) has not been developed. Standard electrocardiographic techniques attempt to infer electrophysiological processes in the heart from a limited number of recordings on the body surface. This traditional approach is limited in its ability to provide information on regional electrocardiac activity and to localize electrophysiological events in the heart (e.g., arrhythmogenic foci; regions of elevated dispersion of myocardial repolarization). This article reviews the development of a novel imaging modality (electrocardiographic imaging [ECGI]) for the reconstruction of cardiac electrical activity from potentials measured away from the heart (i.e., on the torso surface). The results presented demonstrate that ECGI can noninvasively reconstruct epicardial potentials, electrograms, and isochrones with good accuracy and resolution. Results: The locations of ectopic pacing sites are reconstructed within 10 mm of their actual positions. Dual epicardial pacing sites separated by 52 mm, 35 mm, and 17 mm can be resolved. The depth of intramural ectopic activity can be estimated and the direction of intramural activation spread can be determined from the reconstructed epicardial potential pattern and its evolution in time. Results from infarcted hearts demonstrate that ECGI can detect and reconstruct the abnormal electrophysiological substrate associated with the infarct. The figure‐of‐eight pattern of reentrant activation in the epicardial border zone during ventricular tachycardia is also reconstructed by ECGI noninvasively. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the potential of ECGI as a clinical noninvasive imaging modality for identifying patients at risk of cardiac arrhythmias and for guiding and evaluating antiarrhythmic interventions in such patients. A.N.E. 1999;4(3):340–359
Diversity of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Effects on Early Life Immune Development (2018)

One of the well-known features of human milk, is the capacity to protect against the risk and impact of neonatal infections, as well as to influence the onset of allergic and metabolic disease manifestations. The major objective of this review is to provide a detailed overview regarding the role of human milk, more specifically the diversity in human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS), on early life immune development. Novel insights in immune modulatory effects of HMOS obtained by <i>in vitro</i> as well as <i>in vivo</i> studies, adds to the understanding on how early life nutrition may impact immune development. Extensive description and analysis of single HMOS contributing to the diversity within the composition provided during breastfeeding will be discussed with specific emphasis on immune development and the susceptibility to neonatal and childhood infections.
Computational experiments on super-resolution enhancement of flash lidar data (2010)

In this paper a new image processing technique for flash LIDAR data is presented as a potential tool to enable safe and precise spacecraft landings in future robotic or crewed lunar and planetary missions. Flash LIDARs can generate, in real-time, range data that can be interpreted as a 3-dimensional (3-D) image and transformed into a corresponding digital elevation map (DEM). The NASA Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance (ALHAT) project is capitalizing on this new technology by developing, testing and analyzing flash LIDARs to detect hazardous terrain features such as craters, rocks, and slopes during the descent phase of spacecraft landings. Using a flash LIDAR for this application looks very promising, however through theoretical and simulation analysis the ALHAT team has determined that a single frame, or mosaic, of flash LIDAR data may not be sufficient to build a landing site DEM with acceptable spatial resolution, precision, size, or for a mosaic, in time, to meet current system requirements. One way to overcome this potential limitation is by enhancing the flash LIDAR output images. We propose a new super-resolution algorithm applicable to flash LIDAR range data that will create a DEM with sufficient accuracy, precision and size to meet current ALHAT requirements. The performance of our super-resolution algorithm is analyzed by processing data generated during a series of simulation runs by a high fidelity model of a flash LIDAR imaging a high resolution synthetic lunar elevation map. The flash LIDAR model is attached to a simulated spacecraft by a gimbal that points the LIDAR to a target landing site. For each simulation run, a sequence of flash LIDAR frames is recorded and processed as the spacecraft descends toward the landing site. Each run has a different trajectory profile with varying LIDAR look angles of the terrain. We process the output LIDAR frames using our SR algorithm and the results show that the achieved level of accuracy and precision of the SR generated landing site DEM is more than adequate for detecting hazardous terrain features and identifying safe areas.
A Robust Server-Effort Policy for Fluid Processing Networks (2022)

Multi-Class Processing Networks describe a set of servers that perform multiple classes of jobs on different items. A useful and tractable way to find an optimal control for such a network is to approximate it by a fluid model, resulting in a Separated Continuous Linear Programming (SCLP) problem. Clearly, arrival and service rates in such systems suffer from inherent uncertainty. A recent study addressed this issue by formulating a Robust Counterpart for SCLP models with budgeted uncertainty which provides a solution in terms of processing rates. This solution is transformed into a sequencing policy. However, in cases where servers can process several jobs simultaneously, a sequencing policy cannot be implemented. In this paper, we propose to use in these cases a a resource allocation policy, namely, the proportion of server effort per class. We formulate Robust Counterparts of both processing rates and server-effort uncertain models for four types of uncertainty sets: box, budgeted, one-sided budgeted, and polyhedral. We prove that server-effort model provides a better robust solution than any algebraic transformation of the robust solution of the processing rates model. Finally, to get a grasp of how much our new model improves over the processing rates robust model, we provide results of some numerical experiments.
Automatic phonetic baseform determination (1990)

Phonetic baseforms are the basic recognition units in most large vocabulary speech recognition systems. These base-forms are usually determined by hand once a vocabulary is chosen and not modified thereafter. However, many applications of speech recognition, such as dictation transcription, are hampered by a fixed vocabulary and require the user be able to add new words to the vocabulary. At least one phonetic baseform must be assigned to each new word to properly integrate the word into the recognition system. Dictionary lookup is often unsuccessful in determining a phonetic baseform because new words are often names or task-specific jargon; also, talkers tend to have idiosyncratic pronunciations for a substantial fraction of words. This paper describes a series of experiments in which the phonetic baseform is deduced automatically for new words by utilizing actual utterances of the new word in conjunction with a set of automatically derived spelling-to-sound rules. We evaluated recognition performance on new words spoken by two different talkers when the phonetic baseforms were extracted via the above approach. The error rates on these new words were found to be comparable to or better than when the phonetic baseforms were derived by hand, thus validating the basic approach.