gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relaxation effects of ferucarbotran‐labeled mesenchymal stem cells at 1.5T and 3T: Discrimination of viable from lysed cells (2009)

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were labeled with Ferucarbotran by simple incubation and cultured for up to 14 d. Iron content was determined by spectrometry and the intracellular localization of the contrast agent uptake was studied by electron and confocal microscopy. At various time points after labeling, ranging from 1 to 14 d, samples with viable or lysed labeled hMSCs, as well as nonlabeled controls, underwent MRI. Spin-echo (SE) and gradient-echo (GE) sequences with multiple TRs and TEs were used at 1.5T and 3T on a clinical scanner. Spectrometry showed an initial iron oxide uptake of 7.08 pg per cell. Microscopy studies revealed lysosomal compartmentalization. Contrast agent effects of hMSCs were persistent for up to 14 d after labeling. A marked difference in the T(2) effect of compartmentalized iron oxides compared to free iron oxides was found on T(2)-weighted sequences, but not on T(2)*-weighted sequences. The observed differences may be explained by the loss of compartmentalization of iron oxide particles, the uniformity of distribution, and the subsequent increase in dephasing of protons on SE images. These results show that viable cells with compartmentalized iron oxides may-in principle-be distinguished from lysed cells or released iron oxides.
Hybrid Nanomaterial Complexes for Advanced Phage-guided Gene Delivery (2014)

Developing nanomaterials that are effective, safe, and selective for gene transfer applications is challenging. Bacteriophages (phage), viruses that infect bacteria only, have shown promise for targeted gene transfer applications. Unfortunately, limited progress has been achieved in improving their potential to overcome mammalian cellular barriers. We hypothesized that chemical modification of the bacteriophage capsid could be applied to improve targeted gene delivery by phage vectors into mammalian cells. Here, we introduce a novel hybrid system consisting of two classes of nanomaterial systems, cationic polymers and M13 bacteriophage virus particles genetically engineered to display a tumor-targeting ligand and carry a transgene cassette. We demonstrate that the phage complex with cationic polymers generates positively charged phage and large aggregates that show enhanced cell surface attachment, buffering capacity, and improved transgene expression while retaining cell type specificity. Moreover, phage/polymer complexes carrying a therapeutic gene achieve greater cancer cell killing than phage alone. This new class of hybrid nanomaterial platform can advance targeted gene delivery applications by bacteriophage.
Stereophonic acoustic echo cancellation and two‐channel adaptive filtering: an overview (2000)

Stereophonic acoustic echo cancellation (SAEC), has been studied since the early 1990s. Because of spatial realism, two-channel audio is now becoming more interesting in a number of hands-free applications such as teleconferencing, multi-participant desktop conferencing, and televideo gaming. From a theoretical point of view, SAEC differs considerably from traditional mono echo cancellation since the normal equation to be solved by the adaptive algorithm is singular. Of course, this also affects the practical considerations that have to be made when designing a SAEC system, e.g. choice of adaptive algorithm. This paper reviews the basic theory behind SAEC, solutions to the singularity problem, and a number of classical two-channel adaptive algorithms suited to the problem. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testable path delay fault cover for sequential circuits (1996)

We present an algorithm for identifying a set of faults that do not have to be targeted by a sequential delay test generator. These faults either cannot independently affect the performance of the circuit or no test can be generated for them. To find such faults, our methodology takes advantage of the sequential behavior of the circuit as well as of the information about uncontrollable signals in the sequential circuit. It can handle sequential circuits described as two- or multi-level netlists. The outcome of applying our methodology is reduced delay test generation effort and smaller test set. We present experimental results on several ISCAS 89 benchmark circuits demonstrating that a large number of path delay faults in these circuits either cannot or does not have to be examined for delay defects.
Diode and fibre pumped Cr2+:ZnS mid-infrared external cavity and microchip lasers (2003)

Demonstrations of CW and pulsed microchip lasing in Cr2+:ZnS and Cr2+:ZnSe crystals are reported. Slope efficiencies up to 53% with output power up to 150 mW for CW and energy up to 1 mJ for pulsed pumping were achieved. Two compact diode and Er fibre laser directly pumped external cavity Cr2+:ZnS lasers are also described.
Ultralow-threshold sapphire substrate-bonded top-emitting 850-nm VCSEL array (2002)

Oxide-confined top-emitting vertical-cavity surface-emitting-laser (VCSEL) 8 × 8 arrays were designed and fabricated with ultralow thresholds. The arrays were flip-chip bonded onto sapphire substrates and mounted in pin-grid-array packages as optical transmitter arrays. By using the offset-contact bonding process, we were able to obtain very high yield for hybridized devices without damaging the VCSEL mesas. Room-temperature lasing thresholds below 70 μA were found from some of these packaged VCSELs with measured oxide apertures 2.6 μm in diameter. The emission spectrum at an injection current of 70 μA showed a full-width at half-maximum linewidth of less than 2.5 A. Polarization properties were also confirmed from the output of the device. The superior performance was attributed to the optimized size and placement of the confinement aperture and the precise alignment of the gain profile of the active region to the mode of the resonant cavity.
Distribution and characterization of immunoreactive adrenomedullin in human tissue and plasma (1994)

A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for human adrenomedullin has been developed and distribution and characterization of immunoreactive adrenomedullin in human tissue were investigated. The radioimmunoassay specifically recognizes its carboxyterminal region and half maximal inhibition of binding of radioiodinated adrenomedullin(40-52)NH2 was observed at 11 fmol/tube. Immunoreactive adrenomedullin was abundant in adrenal medulla (47.7 +/- 26.1 fmol/mg, mean +/- S.D.) and was ubiquitously found in all tissue examined. The mean plasma concentration of adrenomedullin in three normal individuals was 17.2 +/- 6.4 pg/ml (mean +/- S.D.). By analysis with reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with the radioimmunoassay, most immunoreactive adrenomedullin in the adrenal medulla, atrium and lung was found to be adrenomedullin(1-52)NH2.
A Novel Moment Based Framework for Accurate and Efficient Static Timing Analysis (2011)

A novel methodology for accurate and efficient static timing analysis is presented in this paper. Our methodology uses the traditional cell library table structure with one modification. The cell library tables are filled with the gate output signal moments instead of the gate output 50% delay and output slew. Using only few moments gives much better accuracy and visibility for the gate output waveform than using the time domain information. Simple convolution of the gate output moments with the interconnect moments yields the signal moments at the stage output. The parameters of the gate input signal, which are used for the table access of the successive stage, are directly computed from the predecessor stage output moments using the closed form expressions without having to explicitly transform the frequency domain moments to time domain. Thus, the interconnects and the gates are treated in a unified moment-based homogeneous framework. The proposed approach inherits the classical cell library tables approach efficiency with even reduced computation complexities. As compared to the classical cell library table approach, the proposed approach accounts for the increasingly nonlinear and non-monotonic waveform shapes which are prohibitively difficult to represent in the classical approaches. In contrary to the classical approaches, increasing the accuracy in the novel approach is made flexible and can be achieved by simply using more moments. To illustrate the concept and prove its merits, multiple examples are presented with 2-3 moments which maintain accuracy within 1%-3% as compared to SPICE.
Generalized Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanosheets and Their Application as Li‐Ion Battery Anodes (2017)

Metal oxide nanosheets have attracted great attention in various fields, such as energy storage, catalysis, and sensors. Current synthesis methods of metal oxide nanosheets are laborious and not scalable. Herein, a facile and scalable method for the synthesis of metal oxide nanosheets is presented, which requires neither hydro-/solvothermal conditions nor postsynthesis template removal. The synthesis is versatile, as evidenced by the wide variety of metal oxide nanosheets derived. Nanosheet properties such as crystallinity, crystallite size, and carbon content can be controlled by tuning the synthesis conditions. The metal oxide nanosheets demonstrate promising performance as Li-ion battery anodes.
SPECTROSCOPIC SENSING OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT (1991)

ABSTRACT A prototype real-time soil organic matter sensor has been developed. The sensor consists of compact transmitter and receiver modules which utilize light reflectance to measure percentage organic matter. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine optimal light wavelengths for use with typical landscapes in the midwestem United States. Preliminary field tests have proven successful for soils ranging from below 1% to over 6% organic matter. The sensor promises to be useful for prescription applications of soil applied chemicals.
Synthesis of a TRPV1 Receptor Antagonist (2009)

A five-step synthesis of a TRPV1 receptor antagonist 1 is described. The key step involves a novel palladium-catalyzed amidation reaction of 4-chloro-1-methylindazole 8 with the benzyl urea 9 to form the unsymmetrically substituted urea 1.
Extension of operation range of semiconductor optical add and drop multiplexer (2002)

The contra-directional coupling between waveguides with a large difference of effective refractive index, /spl Delta/n/sub eff/ was investigated in order to extend operation range of an optical add and drop multiplexer, which consists of vertically stacked semiconductor waveguides. Numerical calculations and experiments were performed, and the operating range of the device was successfully extended to more than 40 nm by using a dissimilar waveguides with a /spl Delta/n/sub eff/ of 3%.
Application of Fusion Algorithm to Human Lung Dynamics (2012)

This paper integrates computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and radiotherapy data for accurate simulation of spatio-temporal flow and deformation in real human lung. Specifically, it utilizes a mathematical formulation that fuses the CFD predictions of lung displacement with the corresponding radiotherapy data using the theory of Tikhonov regularization. The lung is assumed to behave as a poro-elastic medium with heterogeneous Young’s modulus. The CFD scheme utilizes a flow-structure interaction model to simultaneously solve the airflow equations and structural dynamics of the lung tissue, with allowance for interaction at the interface. The simulation is performed on a 3D lung geometry reconstructed from 4D CT scan dataset of real human patients. The predicted deformation is fused with inverse estimation data by means of the fusion algorithm to obtain the optimal results.
Controlled Self-Assembly of Monodisperse Niosomes by Microfluidic Hydrodynamic Focusing (2010)

Niosomes are synthetic membrane vesicles formed by self-assembly of nonionic surfactant, often in a mixture with cholesterol and dicetyl phosphate. Because of their inner aqueous core and bilayer membrane shell, niosomes are commonly used as carriers of treatment agents for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications or contrast agents for clinical imaging applications. In those applications, niosomes are considered as a more economical and stable alternative to their biological counterpart (i.e., liposomes). However, conventional bulk method of niosome preparation requires bulk mixing of two liquid phases, which is time-consuming and not well-controlled. Such mixing conditions often lead to large niosomes with high polydispersity in size and thus affect the consistency of niosome dosage or imaging quality. In this study, we present a new method of niosome self-assembly by microfluidic hydrodynamic focusing to improve on the size and size distributions of niosomes. By taking advantage of the rapid and controlled mixing of two miscible fluids (i.e., alcohol and water) in microchannels, we were able to obtain in seconds nanoscaled niosomes with approximately 40% narrower size distributions compared to the bulk method. We further investigated different parameters that might affect on-chip assembly of niosomes, such as (1) conditions for the microfluidic mixing, (2) chemical structures of the surfactant used (i.e., sorbitan esters Span 20, Span 60, and Span 80), and (3) device materials for the microchannel fabrication. This work suggests that microfluidics may facilitate the development and optimization of biomimetic colloidal systems for nanomedicine applications.
Modified embedding for multi-regime detection in nonstationary streaming data (2011)

Many practical data streams are typically composed of several states known as regimes. In this paper, we invoke phase space reconstruction methods from non-linear time series and dynamical systems for regime detection. But the data collected from sensors is normally noisy, does not have constant amplitude and is sometimes plagued by shifts in the mean. All these aspects make modeling even more difficult. We propose a representation of the time series in the phase space with a modified embedding, which is invariant to translation and scale. The features we use for regime detection are based on comparing trajectory segments in the modified embedding space with cross-correntropy, which is a generalized correlation function. We apply our algorithm to non-linear oscillations, and compare its performance with the standard time delay embedding.
Development of a monoclonal antibody to urinary degradation products from the C-terminal telopeptide α1 chain of type I collagen. Application in an enzyme immunoassay and comparison to CrossLaps™ ELISA (1997)

A monoclonal antibody MAbA7 was raised against a synthetic peptide having a sequence (EKAHDGGR) specific for a part of the C-telopeptide alpha 1 chain of type I collagen. MAbA7 was labelled with horseradish peroxide and used in a competitive one-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measurement of urinary type I collagen degradation products. The assay was technically evaluated and preliminary clinical data are presented. The measuring range was 200-7000 micrograms l-1 with a detection limit of 25 micrograms l-1. Within-run and total CVs were 5.5 and 8.0%, respectively. Analytical recovery averaged 96.6% +/- 5.3 (mean +/- 1SD). Values obtained in the ELISA were highly correlated (r = 0.93) to values obtained by a commercially available assay (CrossLaps ELISA) known to measure urinary degradation products derived from the C-telopeptide of type I collagen reflecting the rate of bone resorption. Investigation of the urinary fragments responsible for the immunological response in the two assays revealed, however, that they are not identical. Values obtained in urine samples from postmenopausal women (n = 108) and patients with Paget's disease (n = 6) increased 43% (p < 0.01) and 28-fold (p < 0.001), respectively, when compared to a premenopausal level (n = 50). A decrease in the urinary concentrations of 67% (p < 0.01) was seen after 6 months in urine samples from postmenopausal women (n = 13) receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT) compared to a group receiving placebo (n = 9). Likewise, the urinary concentrations decreased 88% (p < 0.001) in early postmenopausal women receiving bisphosphonate therapy (n = 11) for a period of 9 months compared to a group receiving placebo (n = 12). These results suggest that the monoclonal antibody and the new assay may be useful for further investigations of the physiological and clinical importance of type I collagen degradation.
1,1-Dioxonaphtho[1,2-<i>b</i>]thiophene-2-methyloxycarbonyl (α-Nsmoc) and 3,3-Dioxonaphtho[2,1-<i>b</i>]thiophene-2-methyloxycarbonyl (β-Nsmoc) Amino-Protecting Groups (2007)

Of the three theoretically possible, Bsmoc-related, naphthothiophene sulfone-based amino-protecting groups, the two most readily available derivatives, the alpha- and beta-Nsmoc analogues, have been examined as substitutes for the Bsmoc residue in cases where the latter lead to oily protected amino acids or amino acid fluorides. All of the naphtho systems gave easily handled solid amino acid derivatives. The intermediate sulfone alcohol 11 used as the key reagent for introduction of the alpha-Nsmoc protecting group was readily made from alpha-tetralone (Scheme 1). The corresponding beta-analogue 17 was made similarly on a small scale, but due to the high cost of beta-tetralone, an alternate route involving reaction of rhodanine with alpha-naphthaldehyde was used for large-scale work (Scheme 2). All proteinogenic amino acids were converted to their alpha- and beta-Nsmoc derivatives. Deblocking studies showed that the reactivity toward deblocking by piperidine followed the order alpha-Nsmoc > Bsmoc > beta-Nsmoc. 1H NMR experiments showed that deblocking of the two new systems was mechanistically similar to that previously established for the Bsmoc derivative in that the reaction is initiated by Michael addition to the beta-carbon atom of the alpha,beta-unsaturated sulfone system. Application of alpha- and beta-Nsmoc amino acids to the solid-phase synthesis of two model peptides was examined. An advantage of the alpha-Nsmoc system over the long-known Bsmoc system proved to be the milder conditions needed for the deblocking step relative to the Bsmoc case, which is itself more readily deblocked than the classic Fmoc analogue.
ChemInform Abstract: Purification of Wet‐Process Phosphoric Acid. X‐Ray Data of a New Phase, MgAlF<sub>5</sub> . 1.5 H<sub>2</sub>O. (1986)

Abstract The novel title phase is obtained as a result of attempts to eliminate magnesium from wet‐process phosphoric acid.
Tissue-specific expression and dietary regulation of a chimeric phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase/bovine growth hormone gene in transgenic mice. (1988)

A series of transgenic mice was produced by microinjection of a segment of DNA, containing 460 base pairs of the phosphoenolpyruvate (P-enolpyruvate) carboxykinase promoter-regulatory region ligated to the bovine growth hormone structural gene, into the male pronucleus of fertilized mouse eggs. Founder animals which contained the gene were selected for further analysis and for breeding. The concentration of bovine growth hormone in the serum of animals which were shown to contain the gene ranged from a low of 5 ng/ml serum to approximately 2300 ng/ml serum. Mice with high levels of bovine growth hormone had growth rates double that of their litter mates which did not contain the transgene. The transgene was expressed only in the liver and kidney of the animals studied, and the level of specific mRNA for bovine growth hormone in these tissues could be regulated by diet in a manner similar to the endogenous P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase gene. Feeding the animals a diet high in carbohydrate for 1 week caused a 90% decrease in the concentration of bovine growth hormone in the blood, suggesting that the expression of the chimeric P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase/bovine growth hormone gene is sensitive to insulin. When the same animals were then refed a diet high in protein, but devoid of carbohydrate, the concentration of bovine growth hormone in their blood was induced 30-fold within a week. The administration of dibutyryl cyclic AMP to the transgenic mice caused a 2-fold induction in the level of bovine growth hormone in the serum within 90 min. Thus the region between -460/+73 in the P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase promoter-regulatory region contains sequences which can direct the tissue-specific expression, as well as hormonal and dietary responsiveness, of a linked structural gene.
Demonstration of improved passive UHF RFID coverage using optically-fed distributed multi-antenna system (2009)

Optically-fed distributed antenna system (DAS) technology is combined with passive ultra high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID). It is shown that RFID signals can be carried on directly modulated radio over fiber links without impacting their performance. It is also shown that a multi-antenna DAS can greatly reduce the number of nulls experienced by RFID in a complex radio environment, increasing the likelihood of successful tag detection. Consequently, optimization of the DAS reduces nulls further. We demonstrate RFID tag reading using a three antenna DAS system over a 20 m times 6 m area, limited by building constraints, where 100% of the test points can be successfully read. The detected signal strength from the tag is also observed to increase by an average of approximately 10 dB compared with a conventional switched multi-antenna RFID system. This improvement is achieved at +31 dBm equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) from all three antenna units (AUs).
Online Calibration of Glucose Sensors From the Measured Current by a Time-Varying Calibration Function and Bayesian Priors (2015)

The proposed algorithm provides a real-time improvement of CGM accuracy, which can be crucial in several CGM-based applications, including the artificial pancreas, thus providing a potential great impact in the diabetes technology research community.
New Ionization Processes for Ionizing Nonvolatile Compounds in Mass Spectrometry: The Road of Discovery to Current State-of-the-Art (2020)

This Perspective covers discovery and mechanistic aspects as well as initial applications of novel ioni-zation processes for use in mass spectrometry that guided us in a series of subsequent discoveries, in-strument developments, and commercialization. With all likelihood, vacuum matrix-assisted ionization on an intermediate pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization source without the use of a laser, high voltages, or any other added energy was the defining turning point from which key developments grew that were at the time unimaginable, and continue to surprise us in its simplistic preeminence, and is therefore a special focus here. We, and others, have demonstrated exceptional analytical utility with-out a complete understanding of the underlying mechanism. Our current research is focused on how best to understand, improve, and use these novel ionization processes through dedicated platform and source developments which convert volatile and nonvolatile compounds from solid or liquid matrices into gas-phase ions for analysis by mass spectrometry using e.g., mass-selected fragmentation and ion mobility spectrometry to provide reproducible, accurate, and sometimes improved mass and drift time resolution. The combination of research and discoveries demonstrated multiple advantages of the new ionization processes and established the basis of the successes that lead to the Biemann Medal and this Perspective. How the new ionization processes relate to traditional ionization is also presented, as well as how these technologies can be utilized in tandem through instrument modification and implementa-tion to increase coverage of complex materials through complementary strengths.