gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of unique hollow silicate nanoparticles with hierarchically micro/mesoporous shell structure by a simple double template approach (2012)

An innovative type of hollow silicate nanoparticle with a micro/mesoporous shell wall (NSHPMS) was synthesized at room temperature via an eco-friendly double template approach, followed by simple acid reflux. TEM observations of NSHPMSs showed hollow interior nanoparticles (<100 nm) with a wormhole-like shell structure. The nitrogen gas (N(2)) adsorption/desorption isotherm exhibited a unique two-step pattern: the first step (0.2 < P/P(o) < 0.35) signifies the presence of the micro/mesoporous shell wall while the second step (0.85 < P/P(o) < 0.99) represents the void space in between the NSHPMSs. This resulted to an improved specific surface area up to ~2055.5 m(2) g(-1) and a total pore volume as high as ~6.59 cm(3) g(-1) which is better compared with the usual reported data for hollow particles with a mesoporous shell wall. The stable wormhole mesoporous shell wall provided sufficient spaces that contribute to high adsorption capacities and faster adsorption rates. One can envision that larger quantities of framework composition can be obtained using our NSHPMSs.
In vitro detection of haematogenous prions in white-tailed deer orally dosed with low concentrations of chronic wasting disease (2019)

Infectivity associated with prion disease has been demonstrated in blood throughout the course of disease, yet the ability to detect blood-borne prions by <i>in vitro</i> methods remains challenging. We capitalized on longitudinal pathogenesis studies of chronic wasting disease (CWD) conducted in the native host to examine haematogenous prion load by real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) and protein misfolding cyclic amplification. Our study demonstrated <i>in vitro</i> detection of amyloid seeding activity (prions) in buffy-coat cells harvested from deer orally dosed with low concentrations of CWD positive (+) brain (1 gr and 300 ng) or saliva (300 ng RT-QuIC equivalent). These findings make possible the longitudinal assessment of prion disease and deeper investigation of the role haematogenous prions play in prion pathogenesis.
Design of Cancer-Specific Antitumor Agents Based on Aziridinylcyclopent[<i>b</i>]indoloquinones (2000)

The merits of N-unsubstituted indoles and cyclopent[b]indoles as DNA-directed reductive alkylating agents are described. These systems represent a departure from N-substituted and pyrrolo[1, 2-a]-fused systems such as the mitomycins and mitosenes. The cyclopent[b]indole-based aziridinylquinone system, when bearing an acetate leaving group with or without an N-acetyl group, was cytotoxic and displayed significant in vivo activity against syngeneic tumor implants. These analogues were superior to the others studied in terms of both high specificity for the activating enzyme DT-diaphorase and high percent DNA alkylation. Alkylation by a quinone methide intermediate as well as by the aziridinyl group could lead to cross-linking. The possible metabolites of the most active indole species were prepared and found to retain cytotoxicity, suggesting that in vivo activity could be sustained. The indole systems in the present study display selectivity for melanoma and, depending on the substituents present, selectivity for non-small-cell lung, colon, renal, and prostate cancers. The cancer specificities observed are believed to pertain to differential substrate specificities for DT-diaphorase.
Solvent-refining of coal. [30 claims] (1977)

Fluoride is retained in bone tissues of animals and its availability in the environment varies between regions according to natural and anthropogenic sources. These properties suggest this element as a suitable tracer of origin, distribution or movements of animals. In marine environments, krill builds-up fluoride concentrations that are transferred to its predators. In this study we examine the ability of bone fluoride concentrations to discriminate two separate populations of a krill consumer, the fin whale. Background levels of the sampling areas (Western Iceland and North-Western Spain) were determined through the analysis of krill samples. As expected, due to the high load of volcanic-derived fluoride in Icelandic waters, krill from W Iceland showed much higher fluoride concentrations than that from NW Spain. Concentrations in whales' bone were correlated with sex and age, increasing linearly with age in females and showing significantly lower values and a different age-related pattern of accumulation in males. Fluoride concentrations in whales' bone were much higher than in krill, indicating accumulation of the element but, rather unexpectedly, the area of origin had no influence on concentrations. This apparent contradiction may be explained either by the integration in bone of food consumed in other areas, or by the activation of homeostatic responses at very high levels of fluoride exposure. It is concluded that fluoride can be a useful tracer only if age and sex data are integrated into the analysis, year-round information on diet is available and/or the investigated population is exposed to mild levels of this element.
Antiproliferative Factor-Induced Changes in Phosphorylation and Palmitoylation of Cytoskeleton-Associated Protein-4 Regulate Its Nuclear Translocation and DNA Binding (2012)

Cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4) is a reversibly palmitoylated and phosphorylated transmembrane protein that functions as a high-affinity receptor for antiproliferative factor (APF)-a sialoglycopeptide secreted from bladder epithelial cells of patients with interstitial cystitis (IC). Palmitoylation of CKAP4 by the palmitoyl acyltransferase, DHHC2, is required for its cell surface localization and subsequent APF signal transduction; however, the mechanism for APF signal transduction by CKAP4 is unknown. In this paper, we demonstrate that APF treatment induces serine phosphorylation of residues S3, S17, and S19 of CKAP4 and nuclear translocation of CKAP4. Additionally, we demonstrate that CKAP4 binds gDNA in a phosphorylation-dependent manner in response to APF treatment, and that a phosphomimicking, constitutively nonpalmitoylated form of CKAP4 localizes to the nucleus, binds DNA, and mimics the inhibitory effects of APF on cellular proliferation. These results reveal a novel role for CKAP4 as a downstream effecter for APF signal transduction.
A Novel Laser-Induced Photothermal Displacement Spectroscopy (LIPDS) for Detection and Speciation of a Metal Ion in Aqueous Solution. (1997)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKEYWORDS: laser-induced photothermal displacement spectroscopyoptical heterodyne interferometersdetectionspeciationchemical state metal ionsaqueous solutionsactinideslanthanidessensitivityremote handling
Upward Max-Min Fairness (2017)

Often one would like to allocate shared resources in a fair way. A common and well-studied notion of fairness is Max-Min Fairness , where we first maximize the smallest allocation, and subject to that the second smallest, and so on. We consider a networking application where multiple commodities compete over the capacity of a network. In our setting, each commodity has multiple possible paths to route its demand (for example, a network using Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) tunneling). In this setting, the only known way of finding a max-min fair allocation requires an iterative solution of multiple linear programs. Such an approach, although polynomial time, scales badly with the size of the network, the number of demands, and the number of paths, and is hard to implement in a distributed environment. More importantly, a network operator has limited control and understanding of the inner working of the algorithm. In this article we introduce Upward Max-Min Fairness, a novel relaxation of Max-Min Fairness, and present a family of simple dynamics that converge to it. These dynamics can be implemented in a distributed manner. Moreover, we present an efficient combinatorial algorithm for finding an upward max-min fair allocation. This algorithm is a natural extension of the well-known Water Filling Algorithm for a multiple path setting. We test the expected behavior of this new algorithm and show that on realistic networks upward max-min fair allocations are comparable to the max-min fair allocations both in fairness and in network utilization.
Intrinsic Raman spectroscopy for quantitative biological spectroscopy Part I: Theory and simulations (2008)

We present a novel technique, intrinsic Raman spectroscopy (IRS), to correct turbidity-induced Raman spectral distortions, resulting in the intrinsic Raman spectrum that would be observed in the absence of scattering and absorption. We develop an expression relating the observed and intrinsic Raman spectra through diffuse reflectance using the photon migration depiction of light transport. Numerical simulations are employed to validate the theoretical results and study the dependence of this expression on sample size and elastic scattering anisotropy.
Novel magnetic hydrogen sensing: a case study using antiferromagnetic haematite nanoparticles (2007)

Hydrogen sensing is a critical component of safety to address widespread public perceptions of the hazards of production, storage, transportation and use of hydrogen in proposed future automobiles and in various other applications. A nanoscale magnetic hydrogen sensor is proposed based on the experimental observation of systematically varying the saturation magnetization and remanence of nanoscale antiferromagnetic haematite with hydrogen flow. The saturation magnetization and remanence of the nanoscale haematite sample showed an increase of one to two orders of magnitude in the presence of flowing hydrogen gas at concentrations in the 1–10% range and at 575 K, suggesting that a practical magnetic hydrogen sensor could be developed using this material and the novel magnetic sensing method. Thermogravimetric analysis of the haematite sample shows significant mass loss when hydrogen gas is introduced. X-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies ruled out any impurity phase formation as a result of gas–sample interaction. This work thus facilitates the use of the magnetic properties of an antiferromagnetic material as gas sensing parameters, thus exploring the concept of 'magnetic gas sensing'.
5[prime] to 3[prime] nucleic acid synthesis using 3[prime]-photoremovable protecting group (1999)

The focus of this paper is on the synchronous activity of a system of two intrinsically noisy Hodgkin-Huxley neurons coupled by a diffusive interaction. It is shown that conductance noise allows the relative phase of the neurons to display several different dynamical regimes ranging from phase and antiphase locking to random switching between two or more states. A synchronization diagram displaying the structure of the distribution function of the cyclic relative phase of the two neurons is presented. The addition of sinusoidal forcing terms to the equations governing the membrane voltage of both neurons gives rise to the statistical locking of those random switchings to the phase of the external signal.
Hepatitis G Virus Encodes Protease Activities Which Can Effect Processing of the Virus Putative Nonstructural Proteins (1998)

The genome of a recently identified virus, hepatitis G virus (HGV), shows considerable homology to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Two HGV proteases similar to nonstructural proteins NS2 and NS3 of HCV were identified, and their cleavage site specificity was investigated. Amino acids essential for the protease activities were determined by mutation analysis. NS4A of HGV was demonstrated to be a cofactor for NS3-mediated proteolysis, with a region critical for activity residing between Leu1561, and Ala1598.
Direct liquefaction of low-rank coal. Final technical report, July 13, 1994--November 30, 1995 (1996)

A multistep direct liquefaction process specifically aimed at low- rank coals has been developed at the Energy & Environmental Research Center. The process consists of a preconversion treatment to prepare the coal for solubilization, solubilization of the coal in the solvent, and polishing using a phenolic solvent or solvent blend to complete solubilization of the remaining material. The product of these three steps can then be upgraded during a traditional hydrogenation step. This project addresses two research questions necessary for the further development and scaleup of this process: 1) determination of the recyclability of the solvent used during solubilization and 2) determination of the minimum severity required for effective hydrotreatment of the liquid product. The project was performed during two tasks: the first consisting of ten recycle tests and the second consisting of twelve hydrotreatment tests performed at various conditions. This project showed that the solvent could be recycled during the preconversion, solubilization and polishing steps of the multistep process and that lower-severity conditions can be used to successfully hydrotreat the product of the multistep process. The success of this project indicates that additional studies should be performed to evaluate the liquid-phase reactions taking place during batch tests in which the gas flow is continuous (i.e., the gas effects would be negligible). In addition, the entire multistep process (including hydrotreatment) should be evaluated during continuous unit operations. 2 refs., 11 figs., 27 tabs.
Spray-On Polymer-Clay Multilayers as a Superior Anticorrosion Metal Pretreatment (2017)

Pretreatment coatings applied to metals are essential in the overall performance of anticorrosion coating systems. Hexavalent chromium, a widely used pretreatment for aluminum is now considered harmful. Therefore, a need for environment-friendly yet efficient and scalable pretreatment coatings has emerged. Here, the authors present the spray-assisted layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly and anticorrosion performance of a highly ordered polymer–clay nanocomposite coating. This approach is an entirely water-based process, allowing for application over large surface areas. This novel pretreatment coating (25 wt% clay) presents a brick-and-mortar multilayered structure, where the montmorillonite clay (MMT) acts as a physical oxygen barrier, while preventing the dissolution of corrosion products—thus delaying corrosion. The branched polyethylenimine polymer (BPEI) mortar provides surface buffering once the corrosion process initiates. The anticorrosion properties of the LbL coating are evaluated using electrochemical measurements and salt-spray testing. This BPEI/MMT system presents good anticorrosion properties, making it a potential alternative pretreatment.
A multiplexible bistable nematic liquid crystal display using thermal erasure (1982)

A new concept for matrix addressing a bistable nematic liquid crystal display with a potential writing capacity of several hundred lines per second is described. The bistability of two optically differentiable configurations provides permanent memory without refresh. The use of uniform electrodes provides a switching threshold that is very sharply defined and suitable for large scale multiplexing. Erasure is achieved by selectively heating any row to a temperature above the clearing point and allowing preferential relaxation to the lower energy configuration. The pulse switching characteristics of ’’writing’’ and the thermal properties of ’’erasure’’ are described. The physical processes involved and their implications for display applications are discussed.
Exceptional Points in Hybridized Plasmonic Systems (2017)

We present evidence of the existence of exceptional points (EPs) in three-dimensional (3D) plasmonic nanostructures. The systems are composed of coupled plasmonic nanoresonators and can be judiciously driven to EPs by controlling symmetry-compatible modes.
Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles into Chiral Superstructures Driven by Circularly Polarized Light (2019)

Photon-to-matter chirality transfer offers both simplicity and universality to chiral synthesis, but its efficiency is typically low for organic compounds. Besides the fundamental importance of this process relevant for understanding the origin of homochirality on Earth, new pathways for imposing chiral bias during chemical process are essential for a variety of technologies from medicine to informatics. The strong optical activity of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) affords photosynthetic routes to chiral superstructures using circularly polarized photons. Although plasmonic NPs are promising candidates for such synthetic routes due to the strong rotatory power of highly delocalized plasmonic states (Ma et al. <i>Chem. Rev.</i> <b>2017</b>, <i>117</i> (12), 8041), realization of light-driven synthesis of chiral nanostructures has been more challenging for plasmonic NPs than for the semiconductor due to the short lifetime of the plasmonic states. Here we show that illumination of gold salt solutions with circularly polarized light induces the formation of NPs and their subsequent assembly into chiral nanostructures 10-15 nm in diameter. Despite their seemingly irregular shape, the resulting nanocolloids showed circular dichroism (CD) spectra with opposite polarity after exposure to photons with left and right circular polarization. The sign and spectral position of the CD peaks of illuminated dispersions matched those calculated for nanostructures with complex geometry identified from electron tomography images. Quantification of the complex shapes of NP assemblies using chirality measures revealed a direct correlation with the experimental spectra. The light-driven assembly of chiral nanostructures originates from the asymmetric displacement of NPs in dynamic assemblies by plasmonic fields followed by particle-to-particle attachment. The ability of gold NPs to "lock" the chirality of the incident photons in assembled nanostructures can be used to create a variety of chiral nanomaterials with plasmonic resonances.
Analog visibility computer (1976)

A simple, inexpensive, all solid-state analog computer has been developed for calculating the visual range. Using an input signal from a transmissometer, the computer calculates the visual range by repeatedly solving the Allard and Koshmieder visibility laws. It is accurate to +/-2.0% for visual ranges of between 500 ft (150 m) and 5000 ft (1500 m).
Detection and encoding of occluded areas in very low bit rate video coding (2002)

One of the challenging problems that most existing video codecs face today is the encoding of the information pertaining to the occluded areas, i.e., the areas which are covered or uncovered by moving objects. The existing techniques necessitate the transmission of the position information of the occluded areas following the detection process, which can constitute a large overhead in bandwidth consumption. In addition, these detection techniques fail under noisy conditions. On the other hand, no effort was made to incorporate the spatio-temporal correlation that exists between motion fields of consecutive frames. A new method to detect the occluded areas is described. In this method, the decoder is given additional intelligence to extract the position information of the occluded areas, thus reducing the bandwidth needed to transmit the occlusion information significantly. According to the proposed method, the temporal correlation of the motion fields is exploited. The proposed method is robust under noisy conditions and provides a computationally simple solution.
Toward a wide-field retinal prosthesis (2009)

The purpose of this paper is to present a wide field electrode array that may increase the field of vision in patients implanted with a retinal prosthesis. Mobility is often impaired in patients with low vision, particularly in those with peripheral visual loss. Studies on low vision patients as well as simulation studies on normally sighted individuals have indicated a strong correlation between the visual field and mobility. In addition, it has been shown that an increased visual field is associated with a significant improvement in visual acuity and object discrimination. Current electrode arrays implanted in animals or human vary in size; however, the retinal area covered by the electrodes has a maximum projected visual field of about 10 degrees. We have designed wide field electrode arrays that could potentially provide a visual field of 34 degrees, which may significantly improve the mobility. Tests performed on a mechanical eye model showed that it was possible to fix 10 mm wide flexible polyimide dummy electrode arrays onto the retina using a single retinal tack. They also showed that the arrays could conform to the inner curvature of the eye. Surgeries on an enucleated porcine eye model demonstrated feasibility of implantation of 10 mm wide arrays through a 5 mm eye wall incision.
Heat Conduction in High Thermal Conductivity Networked Composite Films for Thermal Interface Materials (2011)

Fast and efficient exchange of thermal energy plays a vital role in the thermal management of electronic and optoelectronic devices. A critical component for thermal management is a thermal interface material (TIM) that is used to minimize the contact thermal resistance between surfaces and to provide a low resistance pathway to spread and remove heat. Ideal TIMs must pass several key requirements: 1) high thermal conductivity κ and low thermal contact resistance with the mating surfaces; 2) easy to apply with controlled thickness; 3) low temperature processing; 4) able to accommodate thermally induced mechanical stresses during on-off cycling of the device1. Particle-based composites have reasonable slurry viscosities, however their thermal conductivity are usually very low (<10 Wm−1K−1), even when high κ nanofillers are employed, due to the thermal interface resistance between nanoparticles and the polymer matrix2 or the absence of high κ pathways.
Evaluation of<i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>as a Potential Bioherbicide for Sicklepod (<i>Cassia obtusifolia)</i>, Coffee Senna (<i>C. occidentalis</i>), and Hemp Sesbania (<i>Sesbania exaltata</i>) (1993)

A strain of Fusarium oxysporum was isolated from infected sicklepod stems in Stoneville, MS, in 1989. When formulated as granules either in a fungus-infested rice preparation or encapsulated in a wheat-gluten matrix called ‘Pesta’, biocontrol of sicklepod, coffee senna, and hemp sesbania was achieved with preemergence or preplant-incorporated treatments. Liquid conidial applications were less effective. Plants were killed by a preemergence damping-off. Applications made postemergence were significantly less effective. Results of these tests suggest that this fungus has potential as a mycoherbicide for controlling sicklepod, coffee senna, and hemp sesbania.
Fingerprint recognition using binary nonlinear joint transform correlators (1996)

The joint transform binarization routines of frame subtraction and Fourier plane windowing are reviewed. A binary joint transform correlator (BJTC) fingerprint verification system design based on constant false alarm rate (CFAR) processing is proposed. These techniques are used to show that a BJTC based recognition system can be designed to have very good system performance. The tradeoffs between using all or part of the joint power spectrum and between displaying one or several reference prints in the input plane are addressed through simulation. It is shown that both Fourier plane windowing and multiple reference inputs can be used to significantly improve throughput at a slight cost in system performance. A recognition system with a single reference is shown to operate with a CFAR of 1 percent and a probability of false pass of less than 1 percent through a rotation range of ±3.5 degrees. A three reference system with different rotations of the same print as references obtains the same CFAR and similar false pass performance through a range of ±6 degrees.