gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Explain Yourself! Leveraging Language Models for Commonsense Reasoning (2019)

Deep learning models perform poorly on tasks that require commonsense reasoning, which often necessitates some form of worldknowledge or reasoning over information not immediately present in the input. We collect human explanations for commonsense reasoning in the form of natural language sequences and highlighted annotations in a new dataset called Common Sense Explanations (CoS-E). We use CoS-E to train language models to automatically generate explanations that can be used during training and inference in a novel Commonsense Auto-Generated Explanation (CAGE) framework. CAGE improves the state-of-the-art by 10% on the challenging CommonsenseQA task. We further study commonsense reasoning in DNNs using both human and auto-generated explanations including transfer to out-of-domain tasks. Empirical results indicate that we can effectively leverage language models for commonsense reasoning. 1 https://github.com/nazneenrajani/CoS-E Question: While eating a hamburger with friends, what are people trying to do? Choices: have fun, tasty, or indigestion CoS-E: Usually a hamburger with friends indicates a good time. Question: After getting drunk people couldn't understand him,it was because of his what? Choices: lower standards,slurred speech, or falling down CoS-E: People who are drunk have difficulty speaking.
Q-switched laser prelase detection circuit (1991)

A compact electronic circuit was developed to detect prelasing in Q-swithed pulsed laser systems and once detected to shut down the laser before the next laser pulse occurs. The circuit is small, compact, and uses a minimum of components which makes it quite economical, thus readily lending itself to commercial applications. It can easily be incorporated into virtually any Q-switched laser system or reliability of a laser system by reducing a source of possible costly optical damage. The circuit operation and instrument requirements necessary to incorporate the circuit into a laser system are discussed.
Simplification of surface annotations (2000)

Geometric models are often annotated to provide additional information during visualization. Maps may be marked with rivers, roads or topographical information, and CAD data models may highlight the underlying mesh structure. While this additional information may be extremely useful, there is a rendering cost associated with it. Texture maps have often been used to convey this information at relatively low cost, but they suffer from blurring and pixelization at high magnification. We present a technique for simplifying surface annotations based on directed, asymmetric tolerance. By maintaining the annotations as geometry, as opposed to textures, we are able to simplify them while still maintaining the overall appearance of the model over a wide range of magnifications. Texture maps may still be used to provide low-resolution surface detail, such as color. We demonstrate a significant gain in rendering performance while retaining the original appearance of objects from many application domains.
Nano-Filamented Textile Sensor Platform with High Structure Sensitivity (2022)

A key challenge to the creation of chemically responsive electro-functionality of nonconductive, hydrophobic, and free-contacted textile or fibrous network materials is how to impart the 3D structure with functional filaments to enable responsive structure sensitivity, which is critical in establishing the fibrous platform technology for sensor applications. We demonstrate this capability using an electrospun polymeric fibrous substrate embedded with nano-filaments defined by size-tunable gold nanoparticles and structurally sensitive dendrons as crosslinkers. The resulting interparticle properties strongly depend on the assembly of the nano-filaments, enabling an interface with high structure sensitivity to molecular interactions. This is demonstrated with chemiresistive responses to vaporous alcohol molecules with different chain lengths and isomers, which is critical in breath and sweat sensing involving a high-moisture or -humidity background. The sensitivity scales with the chain length and varies with their isomers. This approach harnesses the multifunctional tunability of the nano-filaments in a sensor array format, showing high structure sensitivity to the alcohol molecules with different chain lengths and isomers. The high structure sensitivity and its implications for a paradigm shift in the design of textile sensor arrays for multiplexing human performance monitoring via breath or sweat sensing and environmental monitoring of air quality are also discussed.
Thermal-defocusing/scattering optical limiter (1994)

Operation of an f/5 thermal-defocusing/scattering optical limiter is described. Thermal-defocusing limiting of 6-ns-duration, 532-nm laser pulses occurs by use of the broadband-absorbing dye Nigrosin dissolved in carbon disulfide. Additional limiting due to thermally induced scattering occurs at high incident fluences (above a threshold fluence) when either surface-roughened BASF-1 glass windows are in contact with the dye solution or microscopic glass fibers are added to the liquid cell. Limiter figures of merit are improved by factors of 2 and 4, respectively, over that of a purely thermal-defocusing limiter.
Dendrite Suppression by Shock Electrodeposition in Charged Porous Media (2016)

It is shown that surface conduction can stabilize electrodeposition in random, charged porous media at high rates, above the diffusion-limited current. After linear sweep voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy, copper electrodeposits are visualized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy in two different porous separators (cellulose nitrate, polyethylene), whose surfaces are modified by layer-by-layer deposition of positive or negative charged polyelectrolytes. Above the limiting current, surface conduction inhibits growth in the positive separators and produces irregular dendrites, while it enhances growth and suppresses dendrites behind a deionization shock in the negative separators, also leading to improved cycle life. The discovery of stable uniform growth in the random media differs from the non-uniform growth observed in parallel nanopores and cannot be explained by classic quasi-steady "leaky membrane" models, which always predict instability and dendritic growth. Instead, the experimental results suggest that transient electro-diffusion in random porous media imparts the stability of a deionization shock to the growing metal interface behind it. Shock electrodeposition could be exploited to enhance the cycle life and recharging rate of metal batteries or to accelerate the fabrication of metal matrix composite coatings.
Motion correction for myocardial T1 mapping using image registration with synthetic image estimation (2011)

Quantification of myocardial T1 relaxation has potential value in the diagnosis of both ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathies. Image acquisition using the modified Look-Locker inversion recovery technique is clinically feasible for T1 mapping. However, respiratory motion limits its applicability and degrades the accuracy of T1 estimation. The robust registration of acquired inversion recovery images is particularly challenging due to the large changes in image contrast, especially for those images acquired near the signal null point of the inversion recovery and other inversion times for which there is little tissue contrast. In this article, we propose a novel motion correction algorithm. This approach is based on estimating synthetic images presenting contrast changes similar to the acquired images. The estimation of synthetic images is formulated as a variational energy minimization problem. Validation on a consecutive patient data cohort shows that this strategy can perform robust nonrigid registration to align inversion recovery images experiencing significant motion and lead to suppression of motion induced artifacts in the T1 map.
Plasmodesmata and the cell-to-cell transport of proteins and nucleoprotein complexes (1999)

Plasmodesmata serve an important role in establishing cytoplasmic continuity between neighbouring cells within plant tissues and organs. In this symplasmic system, the microchannels formed within the plasmodesmal cytoplasmic annulus function to allow the exchange of small metabolites and ions. Recent studies have demonstrated that plasmodesmata also have the capacity to mediate the cell-to-cell transport of proteins and nucleic acids. Initial insight into this unique function was gained through studies on plant viruses. Numerous viruses have been shown to encode a non-structural protein(s), termed the movement protein, that functions in the transport of viral infectious material through plasmodesmata. These findings led to the discovery that plant proteins, including transcription factors, are also able to use this plasmodesmal highway to traffic through cells of a particular tissue. Similar to viral movement proteins, a number of these endogenous proteins also have the capacity to mediate the cell-to-cell transport of their own mRNA. This special property of plasmodesmata provided the basis for the hypothesis that higher plants function as supracellular organisms, in contrast to the multicellular mode adopted by animals. Current experiments are aimed at identifying the cellular components involved in both mediating and regulating this cell-tocell transport of macromolecules. Such regulation may account, in part, for the division of the symplasm into developmental and physiological domains.
Progress Report: DE-FG03-97ER20274, ''Microbial Production of Isoprene'' (2002)

We have discovered that microorganisms produce and emit the hydrocarbon isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), and have suggested that if isoprene-producing enzymes and their genes can be harnessed, useful hydrocarbon-producing systems might be constructed. The main goal of the proposed work is to establish the biochemical mechanism and regulation of isoprene formation in the bacterial system, Bacillus subtilis. Specific objectives of the proposed work are the following: (A) to characterize the physiological regulation of isoprene formation in B. subtilis; (B) to characterize mutations in B. subtilis 168 that suppress isoprene formation, clone these genes, and determine how isoprene and isoprenoid carbon flow are regulated; and (C) to test ''overflow'' and ''signaling'' models for Bacillus isoprene formation. We are also pursuing the isolation and cloning of B. subtilis isoprene synthase, which we believe may be a regulatory enzyme.
Diffusible, nonfibrillar ligands derived from Aβ <sub>1–42</sub> are potent central nervous system neurotoxins (1998)

Abeta1-42 is a self-associating peptide whose neurotoxic derivatives are thought to play a role in Alzheimer's pathogenesis. Neurotoxicity of amyloid beta protein (Abeta) has been attributed to its fibrillar forms, but experiments presented here characterize neurotoxins that assemble when fibril formation is inhibited. These neurotoxins comprise small diffusible Abeta oligomers (referred to as ADDLs, for Abeta-derived diffusible ligands), which were found to kill mature neurons in organotypic central nervous system cultures at nanomolar concentrations. At cell surfaces, ADDLs bound to trypsin-sensitive sites and surface-derived tryptic peptides blocked binding and afforded neuroprotection. Germ-line knockout of Fyn, a protein tyrosine kinase linked to apoptosis and elevated in Alzheimer's disease, also was neuroprotective. Remarkably, neurological dysfunction evoked by ADDLs occurred well in advance of cellular degeneration. Without lag, and despite retention of evoked action potentials, ADDLs inhibited hippocampal long-term potentiation, indicating an immediate impact on signal transduction. We hypothesize that impaired synaptic plasticity and associated memory dysfunction during early stage Alzheimer's disease and severe cellular degeneration and dementia during end stage could be caused by the biphasic impact of Abeta-derived diffusible ligands acting upon particular neural signal transduction pathways.
Prospective, multi-centre, randomised evaluation of the safety and efficacy of five dosing regimens of viscosupplementation with hylan G-F 20 in patients with symptomatic tibio-femoral osteoarthritis: a pilot study (2008)

This study suggests that a single 6 mL injection of hylan G-F 20 may be as efficacious, and as well tolerated, as 3 x 2 mL one week apart. A double-blind, controlled trial is needed to confirm these data.
Seasonal Variation of Western White Pine (Pinus monticola D. Don) Foliage Proteins (1996)

Recently, a western white pine protein, Pin m III, was shown to be associated with overwintering and frost hardiness of western white pine foliage. To examine whether Pin m III is directly involved in frost hardiness by functioning as an antifreeze protein, work is underway to clone the gene encoding this protein and to assess the function of this gene in freezing tolerance by incorporating the gene in a test plant, such as tobacco. Here, we examined in more detail, by SDS-PAGE and also by two dimensional gel electrophoresis, the seasonal variation of additional proteins in western pine foliage. SDS-PAGE analysis of three seedlots showed that different proteins reached a maximum level in different months, although most proteins (5 to 11) reached a maximum level in winter months (December, January and February). The 2-D gel analysis of foliage sampled on three harvest dates (October, January and April) of one seedlot revealed a seasonal variation of a large number proteins (76 to 184). Of the seasonally varied proteins, the amino terminal sequence of several proteins including Pin m III was determined. One of the sequences was identified by homology to that of the small subunit of ribulose biphosphate carboxylase, whose level increased substantially from fall to spring. The amino terminal sequence of Pin m III had 89% homology to a sugar pine protein, Pin l I. The anti-photosystem II antibody was used to monitor the annual variation of the extrinsic 23-kDa photosystem II protein. The level of the extrinsic 23-kDa photosystem II protein decreased slowly as fall progressed and reached its lowest level in December and then increased in early spring indicating that this variation is due to photosynthetic activity of the foliage during the season.
Estimating Gas Turbine Internal Cycle Parameters Using a Neural Network (1996)

We show that a neural network can be successfully used in place of an actual model to estimate key unmeasured parameters in a gas turbine. As an example we study the combustion reference temperature, a parameter that is currently estimated via a nonlinear model inside the controller and is used in a number of critical mode-setting functions within the controller such as calculating the fuel-split between various manifolds. We show that a feedforward neural network using simple back propagation learning can be built for estimating combustion reference temperature. The neural network matches the accuracy of the current estimate; and it is more robust to errors in its internal parameters. This is advantageous from the point of view of implementation since a number of errors creep in when running the algorithm on a digital controller, and an estimator that is not robust with respect to such errors can degrade the performance of the whole system.
Cloud-ID-Screen: Secure fingerprint data in the cloud (2018)

Biometrie data plays an important role today as an identity authentication tool. However, designing an efficient and secure biometrics authentication scheme in the cloud environment remains a research challenge. To address the security issue ofbiometric data in the cloud, we propose Cloud-ID-Screen scheme. Cloud-ID-Screen utilizes low-cost cloud storage and scalable cloud computation to improve security and privacy, as well as process speed. Cloud-ID-Screen achieves this improvement by splitting fingerprint features into small subsets and distributing these small subsets into multiple clouds simultaneously, where no single cloud stores all subsets of a fingerprint. During the matching operation, Cloud-ID-Screen utilizes a parallel processing tool (e.g. Hadoop) to match each subset of the fingerprint features independent and in parallel to maintain security and improve process speed. Our experiments show that Cloud-ID-Screen achieves comparable accuracy in matching while being statistically significantly faster as compared to the baseline.
Assessing sleep architecture and continuity measures through the analysis of heart rate and wrist movement recordings in healthy subjects: comparison with results based on polysomnography (2016)

The automatic analysis of heart rate and body movement during sleep allows for the evaluation of sleep architecture and continuity that is equivalent to those obtained by manual scoring of polysomnography. The technique used here is simple and robust to allow for home sleep monitoring.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐(SUBSTITUTED PHENYL)OXAZOLO(4,5‐B)PYRIDINES AND 2‐(SUBSTITUTED PHENYL)OXAZOLO(5,4‐B)PYRIDINES AS NONACIDIC ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENTS (1979)

Abstract Bei der Synthese der Oxazolopyridine (III) können anstelle der normalerweise verwendeten Carbonsäureanhydride direkt die Carbonsäuren (II) eingesetzt werden.
ATM network design and optimization: a multirate loss network framework (2002)

ATM network design and optimization at the call-level may be formulated in the framework of multirate, circuit-switched, loss networks with effective bandwidth encapsulating cell-level behavior. Each service supported on the ATM network is characterized by a rate or bandwidth requirement. Future networks will be characterized by links with very large capacities in circuits and by many rates. Various asymptotic results are given to reduce the attendant complexity of the numerical calculations. A central element is a uniform asymptotic approximation (UAA) for link analyses. Moreover, a unified hybrid approach is given which allows asymptotic and nonasymptotic (exact) methods of calculations to be used cooperatively. Network loss probabilities are obtained by solving fixed point equations. A canonical problem of route and logical network design is considered. An optimization procedure is proposed, which is guided by gradients obtained by solving a system of equations for implied costs. Finally, we report numerical results obtained by the software package TALISMAN, which incorporates the theoretical results. The network considered has 8 nodes, 20 links, 6 services and as many as 160 routes.
Performance evaluation of linear and circular arrays in wireless sensor network localization (2011)

Direction of Arrival (DOA) is one of the positioning techniques that can be used to localize the position of sensor nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). This paper presents a comparison between linear and circular array geometry in DOA estimation using MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC). A full analytical model for each geometry is developed and a comparative study of the performance of both array geometries is carried out. The numerical comparative study shows the advantages and drawbacks of each method under different sensor array and signal conditions. This comparison concentrates on several attributes which are noise level, beamwidth, and accuracy for localization in WSNs.
Evaluation of twelve-lead electrocardiography reconstruction quality from vector CardioBip system with integral electrodes based on individual matrix (2012)

Introduction Available systems for emergency telemetry of cardiology patients are equipped to record one or two ECG leads. This is usually sufficient in diagnosis of the rhythm disturbances, but in coronary artery disease emergency assessment requires complete 12-lead ECG. Method New CardioBip system that we present here uses portable pocket device able to record three leads which are computationally reconstructed into all 12 leads, using a method with individual matrix transform. The cordless pocket device uses integrated lead electrodes, thus enabling easy ECG recording made by patients at home or elsewhere. Graphic representation of complete 12-channel ECG is made using specially designed software. The 60 patients involved in the study were analyzed in the two leading cardiology centers in Belgrade, by three different cardiologists, to obtain unbiased results. We compared each of the 12 leads of the reconstructed ECG with its counterpart in the standard 12-lead ECG. The idea was to assess the reliability of such reconstruction, as well as the impact of possible differences on the final diagnosis. Results and conclusion The presented system for ECG reconstruction based on just three leads enables fast and exact reconstruction of 12-lead electrocardiogram, opening a possibility of further system development and transtelephonic transmission of such recording. Aim of this concept is to shorten the time to establishing a diagnosis and administration of adequate therapy, thus increasing the survival of CAD patients.
45 Gb/s low complexity optical front-end for soft-decision LDPC decoders (2012)

In this paper a low complexity and energy efficient 45 Gb/s soft-decision optical front-end to be used with soft-decision low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoders is demonstrated. The results show that the optical front-end exhibits a net coding gain of 7.06 and 9.62 dB for post forward error correction bit error rate of 10(-7) and 10(-12) for long block length LDPC(32768,26803) code. The performance over a hard decision front-end is 1.9 dB for this code. It is shown that the soft-decision circuit can also be used as a 2-bit flash type analog-to-digital converter (ADC), in conjunction with equalization schemes. At bit rate of 15 Gb/s using RS(255,239), LDPC(672,336), (672, 504), (672, 588), and (1440, 1344) used with a 6-tap finite impulse response (FIR) equalizer will result in optical power savings of 3, 5, 7, 9.5 and 10.5 dB, respectively. The 2-bit flash ADC consumes only 2.71 W at 32 GSamples/s. At 45 GSamples/s the power consumption is estimated to be 4.95 W.
Switchable ionic liquids based on di-carboxylic acids for one-pot conversion of biomass to an advanced biofuel (2016)

We describe a novel class of ionic liquids based on di-carboxylic acids that have high pretreatment efficiency and are compatible with both commercial enzyme mixtures and microbial fermentation host organisms.
Blood-Based Protein Biomarker Panel for the Detection of Colorectal Cancer (2015)

Due to the heterogeneous nature of CRC, a single biomarker is unlikely to have sufficient sensitivity or specificity for use as a stand-alone diagnostic screening test and a panel of markers may be more effective. We have identified a 3 biomarker panel that has higher sensitivity and specificity for early stage (Stage I and -II) disease than the faecal occult blood test, raising the possibility for its use as a non-invasive blood diagnostic or screening test.