gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tracking of Left Ventricular Long Axis From Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Using Optical Flow Techniques (2006)

Two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) is routinely used in clinical practice to measure left ventricular (LV) mass, dimensions, and function. The reliability of these measurements is highly dependent on the ability to obtain nonforeshortened long axis (LA) images of the left ventricle from transthoracic apical acoustic windows. Real time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) is a novel imaging technique that allows the acquisition of dynamic pyramidal data structures encompassing the entire ventricle and could potentially overcome the effects of LA foreshortening. Accordingly, the aim of this paper was to develop a nearly automated method based on optical flow techniques for the measurement of the left ventricular (LV) LA throughout the cardiac cycle from RT3DE data. The LV LA measurements obtained with the automated technique has been compared with LA measurements derived from manual selection of the LA from a volumetric display of RT3DE data. High correlation (r = .99, SEE = 1.8%, y = .94x + 5.3), no significant bias (-0.18 mm), and narrow limits of agreement (SD: 1.91 mm) were found. The comparison between the LA length derived from 2DE and RT3DE data showed significant underestimation of the 2DE based measurements. In conclusion, this study proves that RT3DE data overcome the effects of foreshortening and indicates that the method we propose allows fast and accurate quantification of LA length throughout the cardiac cycle.
A First Look at the Issues (1996)

Abstract This chapter takes a first look at the issues. It asks whether redistribution is possible. It illustrates the role of different branches of public economics in illuminating the key issues.
Second‐Order Nonlinear Optical Activity Induced by Ordered Dipolar Chromophores Confined in the Pores of an Anionic Metal–Organic Framework (2012)

Frequency doubling: A strategy for incorporating dipolar organic chromophores into the one-dimensional channels of an anionic metal-organic framework (MOF) has been developed to generate highly active nonlinear optical materials (see picture). The resulting MOF material shows a second-harmonic generation intensity of 18.3 versus α quartz.
Top‐down proteomics in health and disease: Challenges and opportunities (2014)

Proteomics is essential for deciphering how molecules interact as a system and for understanding the functions of cellular systems in human disease; however, the unique characteristics of the human proteome, which include a high dynamic range of protein expression and extreme complexity due to a plethora of PTMs and sequence variations, make such analyses challenging. An emerging “top‐down” MS‐based proteomics approach, which provides a “bird's eye” view of all proteoforms, has unique advantages for the assessment of PTMs and sequence variations. Recently, a number of studies have showcased the potential of top‐down proteomics for the unraveling of disease mechanisms and discovery of new biomarkers. Nevertheless, the top‐down approach still faces significant challenges in terms of protein solubility, separation, and the detection of large intact proteins, as well as underdeveloped data analysis tools. Consequently, new technological developments are urgently needed to advance the field of top‐down proteomics. Herein, we intend to provide an overview of the recent applications of top‐down proteomics in biomedical research. Moreover, we will outline the challenges and opportunities facing top‐down proteomics strategies aimed at understanding and diagnosing human diseases.
An investigation into FOXE1 polyalanine tract length in premature ovarian failure (2006)

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a common condition affecting 1% of women worldwide. There is strong evidence for genetic involvement in POF as many cases are familial, and mutations in several genes have been associated with POF. We investigated variation in FOXE1 polyalanine tract length, following the observation that polyalanine tract deletions are seen in the closely related FOXL2 in patients with POF. In addition, polyalanine tract expansions in FOXL2 are often seen in patients with blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES), a rare eyelid disorder often associated with POF. The FOXE1 polyalanine tract shows marked variation in its length between POF patients and normal controls, existing as an allele of 12, 14, 16, 17 or 19 alanine residues. We found evidence to suggest that variation in FOXE1 polyalanine tract length predisposes to POF.
Hi-DRA: Intrusion Detection for Internet Security (2005)

Intrusion detection systems monitor computer networks looking for evidence of malicious actions. Networks are complex systems, and a comprehensive intrusion detection solution has to be able to manage event streams with different content,speed, level of abstraction, and accessibility. Therefore, it is necessary to distribute intrusion detection sensors across multiple protected networks, manage their configuration as the security posture of the networks changes, and process the results of their analysis so that a high-level picture of the security state of the network can be provided to the administrators. This paper presents Hi-DRA, a network surveillance, analysis, and response system for high-speed WANs. The system provides a framework for the modular development of intrusion detection sensors in heterogeneous, high-speed environments. In addition, the system provides an infrastructure that supports the dynamic configuration of the sensors and the collection and interpretation of their results. The system, as a whole,is able to provide fine-grained monitoring across WANs and, at the same time,is able to correlate the results of the analysis of the different sensors into a high-level expressive description of security violations.
Influence of GaN cap on robustness of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs (2009)

DC-Step-Stress-Tests of GaN HEMTs have been performed on wafers with and without GaN-cap. The tests consist of a step ramping of drain-source voltage V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> by 5 V every two hours at off-state. The irreversible evolution of leakage current starting at a certain drain voltage has been taken as a criterion for the onset of device degradation. It has been stated that there is a stability limit for V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> depending on the epitaxial design. It has been found that wafers with GaN cap show much higher critical voltages as compared to non-capped epitaxial designs. Electroluminescence measurements have been performed to localize defects after DC-Step-Stress-Tests up to 80 V for wafer without GaN cap and 120 V for wafer with GaN cap.
Network resilience: a systematic approach (2011)

The cost of failures within communication networks is significant and will only increase as their reach further extends into the way our society functions. Some aspects of network resilience, such as the application of fault-tolerant systems techniques to optical switching, have been studied and applied to great effect. However, networks - and the Internet in particular - are still vulnerable to malicious attacks, human mistakes such as misconfigurations, and a range of environmental challenges. We argue that this is, in part, due to a lack of a holistic view of the resilience problem, leading to inappropriate and difficult-to-manage solutions. In this article, we present a systematic approach to building resilient networked systems. We first study fundamental elements at the framework level such as metrics, policies, and information sensing mechanisms. Their understanding drives the design of a distributed multilevel architecture that lets the network defend itself against, detect, and dynamically respond to challenges. We then use a concrete case study to show how the framework and mechanisms we have developed can be applied to enhance resilience.
The development of surface-plasmon-based sensors using arrays of sub-wavelength holes (2005)

The transmission of normally incident light through arrays of subwavelength holes (nanoholes) in gold thin films is enhanced at the wavelengths that satisfy the surface plasmon (SP) resonance condition. The enhanced transmission is accompanied by strong field localization and has potential for applications in several fields, ranging from quantum information processing to nanolithography. In this work, arrays of nanoholes were used as chemical sensors to monitor the binding of organic and biological molecules to metallic surfaces. In a first approach, the interaction between the adsorbate with the metallic nanostructure modified the SP resonance conditions, leading to a shift in the wavelength of maximum transmission. The sensitivity of this substrate was found to be 400 nm RIU<sup>-1</sup> (refractive index units), which is comparable to other grating-based surface plasmon resonance devices. The array of nanoholes was also integrated into a microfluidic system and the characteristics of the solution flow and detection systems were evaluated. The second approach to sensor development using this class of substrate involved the observation of enhanced spectroscopic signal from species located within the SP field. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering and surface- enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy were observed from adsorbed dyes. The enhanced spectroscopic signal was dependent on the fabrication parameters of the array. The largest enhancement was observed when the periodicity of the nanoholes matched the energy of the laser excitation. Among the main advantages of this substrate for chemical sensing is the collinear optical geometry. This simplifies the alignment with respect to the traditional reflection arrangement used in SPR sensing.
ARH Is a Modular Adaptor Protein That Interacts with the LDL Receptor, Clathrin, and AP-2 (2002)

Mutations in the phosphotyrosine binding domain protein ARH cause autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia, a disorder caused by defective internalization of low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) in the liver. To examine the function of ARH, we used pull-down experiments to test for interactions between ARH, the LDLR, and proteins involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The phosphotyrosine binding domain of ARH interacted with the internalization sequence (NPVY) in the cytoplasmic tail of LDLR in a sequence-specific manner. Mutations in the NPVY sequence that were previously shown to decrease LDLR internalization abolished in vitro binding to ARH. Recombinant ARH bound purified bovine clathrin with high affinity (K(D), approximately 44 nm). The interaction between ARH and clathrin was mapped to a canonical clathrin box sequence (LLDLE) in ARH and to the N-terminal domain of the clathrin heavy chain. A highly conserved 20-amino acid sequence in the C-terminal region of ARH bound the beta(2)-adaptin subunit of AP-2. Mutation of a glutamic acid residue in the appendage domain of beta(2)-adaptin that is required for interaction with the adapter protein beta-arrestin markedly reduced binding to ARH. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that ARH functions as an adaptor protein that couples LDLR to the endocytic machinery.
Repellency of essential oils and their components to the human body louse, <i>Pediculus humanus humanus</i> (1996)

Abstract Five essential oils and nine of their components were compared to diethyl toluamide (DEET) for their repellent activity against the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus. The absolute or intrinsic repellency of the compounds was tested by applying the repellent to corduroy patches and comparing them with untreated patches. It was found that the most effective repellents were DEET and citronella, whose activity lasted at least 29 days. The activity of rosemary lasted at least 18 days and that of eucalyptus more than 8 days. The repellent activity of the oil components such as citronellal and geraniol lasted more than 15 and 8 days, respectively. DEET remained effective at a dilution of 1:32, geraniol at 1:8, citronella at 1:4 and rosemary and citronellal at 1:1. The comparative or standard repellency of the candidate repellents was examined with the aid of a new screening technique using hairs treated with ammonium bicarbonate which is attractive to lice. Using this technique it could be shown that the repellent activity of citronella and geraniol lasted 2 days and that of rosemary and citronellal for only one day. DEET was active for less than one day. Serial dilutions of these substances also revealed that citronella was the most potent repellent for lice, followed by citronellal, rosemary, geraniol and DEET. The differences however, were not significant.
Artificial Protein Block Polymer Libraries Bearing Two SADs: Effects of Elastin Domain Repeats (2011)

We have generated protein block polymer E(n)C and CE(n) libraries composed of two different self-assembling domains (SADs) derived from elastin (E) and the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein coiled-coil (C). As the E domain is shortened, the polymers exhibit an increase in inverse transition temperature (T(t)); however, the range of temperature change differs dramatically between the E(n)C and CE(n) library. Whereas all polymers assemble into nanoparticles, the bulk mechanical properties of the E(n)C are very different from CE(n). The E(n)C members demonstrate viscolelastic behavior under ambient conditions and assemble into elastic soft gels above their T(t) values. By contrast, the CE(n) members are predominantly viscous at all temperatures. All library members demonstrate binding to curcumin. The differential thermoresponsive behaviors of the E(n)C and CE(n) libraries in addition to their small molecule recognition abilities make them suitable for potential use in tissue engineering and drug delivery.
Insights into the IgG heavy chain engineering patent landscape as applied to IgG4 antibody development (2019)

Despite being the least abundant immunoglobulin G in human plasma, IgG4 are used therapeutically when weak effector functions are needed. The increase in engineered IgG4-based antibodies on the market led us to study the patent landscape of IgG4 Fc engineering, <i>i.e</i>., patents claiming modifications in the heavy chain. Thirty-seven relevant patent families were identified, comprising hundreds of IgG4 Fc variants focusing on removal of residual effector functions (since IgG4s bind to FcγRI and weakly to other FcγRs), half-life enhancement and IgG4 stability. Given the number of expired or soon to expire major patents in those 3 areas, companies developing blocking antibodies now have, or will in the near future, access to free tools to design silenced, half-life extended and stable IgG4 antibodies.
Recrystallization Study of High-Energy Electron-Irradiated P(VDF−TrFE) 65/35 Copolymer (2003)

Electron-irradiated poly(vinylidene fluoride−trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF−TrFE)] copolymer exhibits a very high electromechanical performance that is attractive for many applications. A study of recrystallization of irradiated P(VDF−TrFE) 65/35 mol % copolymer is reported in this paper. The structure and morphology of the recrystallized samples were determined using DSC and X-ray diffraction, and the polarization behavior of the recrystallized samples was studied. The nonpolar phase content of the recrystallized samples was much lower than that of the irradiated samples. For irradiated samples that exhibited the best electromechanical performance, the corresponding recrystallized material had a high polar phase content, with a correspondingly high remanent polarization. For samples irradiated with higher doses, although the polarization level was low immediately after irradiation, after recrystallization the material exhibited a much higher polarization level with a very small remanent polarization, an attractive combination for many electromechanical applications.
ProMiner: Recognition of human gene and protein names using regularly updated dictionaries (2022)

S.149-151
MicroRNAs upregulated during HIV infection target peroxisome biogenesis factors: Implications for virus biology, disease mechanisms and neuropathology (2017)

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) represent a spectrum neurological syndrome that affects up to 25% of patients with HIV/AIDS. Multiple pathogenic mechanisms contribute to the development of HAND symptoms including chronic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Among the factors linked to development of HAND is altered expression of host cell microRNAs (miRNAs) in brain. Here, we examined brain miRNA profiles among HIV/AIDS patients with and without HAND. Our analyses revealed differential expression of 17 miRNAs in brain tissue from HAND patients. A subset of the upregulated miRNAs (miR-500a-5p, miR-34c-3p, miR-93-3p and miR-381-3p), are predicted to target peroxisome biogenesis factors (PEX2, PEX7, PEX11B and PEX13). Expression of these miRNAs in transfected cells significantly decreased levels of peroxisomal proteins and concomitantly decreased peroxisome numbers or affected their morphology. The levels of miR-500a-5p, miR-34c-3p, miR-93-3p and miR-381-3p were not only elevated in the brains of HAND patients, but were also upregulated during HIV infection of primary macrophages. Moreover, concomitant loss of peroxisomal proteins was observed in HIV-infected macrophages as well as in brain tissue from HIV-infected patients. HIV-induced loss of peroxisomes was abrogated by blocking the functions of the upregulated miRNAs. Overall, these findings point to previously unrecognized miRNA expression patterns in the brains of HIV patients. Targeting peroxisomes by up-regulating miRNAs that repress peroxisome biogenesis factors may represent a novel mechanism by which HIV-1 subverts innate immune responses and/or causes neurocognitive dysfunction.
Study of Hydration Inhibitors on Aluminum Oxide Using Tunneling Spectroscopy and Molecular Electrostatic Potential Calculations (1985)

Inelastic electron tunneling and ab initio molecular electrostatic potential calculations have been used to investigate the bonding of several phosphonate based hydration inhibitors adsorbed on aluminum oxide. Results are reported for phosphoric acid (PA), methylphosphonic acid (MPA), hydroxylmethylphosphonic acid (HMP), and nitrotrismethylphosphonic acid (NTMP). Tunneling spectra were taken for PA, HMP, and NTMP and the observed frequencies compared to values obtained from FTIR, IR, and Raman spectra of similar compounds. Upward shifts in the P=O and P‐O‐(H) stretch frequencies indicated that the phosphonates bond to the aluminum oxide surface through the phosphonate group. Ab initio quantum mechanical molecular electrostatic potentials (QMEP's) were calculated for PA, MPA, and HMP. Analysis of these results provided a means to understand on a molecular level the known variations in effectiveness for each of the inhibitors investigated.
Adhesives in larynx repair (1989)

Guinea pig laryngeal fractures were used as a model to compare the ease of application and effectiveness of the fibrinogen-adhesive system with the ease of application and effectiveness of cyanoacrylate glue and control fractures stinted with contralateral gelatin film. Seven fibrin adhesive-treated and two cyanoacrylate glue-treated guinea pigs were perfused after 60 and 35 days, respectively. The larynges were serial sectioned, and the wound sites were compared. The fibrinogen adhesive system was easier to dispense than cyanoacrylate glue, did not require a completely dry surface, and stabilized within 3 minutes. Cartilage segment alignment with focal, complete fracture healing and symmetrical chondrocyte proliferation were seen in fibrogen adhesive-stinted larynges. In the cyanoacrylate glue-treated larynges, there was no alignment and minimal, asymmetrical chondrocyte proliferation. Gelatin film-stinted controls exhibited similar features. Thus, fibrogen adhesive was easier to apply and more effectively bound laryngeal fractures than cyanoacrylate glue or gelatin film.
[Antibiotic resistance of Gardnerella vaginalis isolated from cases of bacterial vaginosis]. (2011)

Near future may bring the need to change the treatment regimen of bacterial vaginosis.
A Novel Electrochemical Micro Additive Manufacturing Method of Overhanging Metal Parts without Reliance on Support Structures (2016)

A simple case study of support structure-less, voxel-by-voxel electrochemical deposition of a 3D part at the micro scale is introduced. This method allows for the creation of overhanging parts without reliance on support structures, which are difficult if not impossible to remove at the micro/nano scale. Standard values and procedures are established in order to create design rules for the electrochemical deposition process. The voxel size, tool clearance values, raster path generation, approach and retract paths, and part segmentation rules are established. The algorithm was then executed on a sample part and successful performance was verified. This lays the foundation for future experimental verification and commercial adoption of the proposed method.
N-butylidenephthalide Attenuates Alzheimer's Disease-Like Cytopathy in Down Syndrome Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons (2015)

Down syndrome (DS) patients with early-onset dementia share similar neurodegenerative features with Alzheimer's disease (AD). To recapitulate the AD cell model, DS induced pluripotent stem cells (DS-iPSCs), reprogrammed from mesenchymal stem cells in amniotic fluid, were directed toward a neuronal lineage. Neuroepithelial precursor cells with high purity and forebrain characteristics were robustly generated on day 10 (D10) of differentiation. Accumulated amyloid deposits, Tau protein hyperphosphorylation and Tau intracellular redistribution emerged rapidly in DS neurons within 45 days but not in normal embryonic stem cell-derived neurons. N-butylidenephthalide (Bdph), a major phthalide ingredient of Angelica sinensis, was emulsified by pluronic F127 to reduce its cellular toxicity and promote canonical Wnt signaling. Interestingly, we found that F127-Bdph showed significant therapeutic effects in reducing secreted Aβ40 deposits, the total Tau level and the hyperphosphorylated status of Tau in DS neurons. Taken together, DS-iPSC derived neural cells can serve as an ideal cellular model of DS and AD and have potential for high-throughput screening of candidate drugs. We also suggest that Bdph may benefit DS or AD treatment by scavenging Aβ aggregates and neurofibrillary tangles.
Estimating centrifugal compressor performance (1982)

Reviews Estimating Centrifugal Compressor Performance by Ronald P. Lapina (details gas property calculations, inlet flow specifications and characteristics and use of compressor performance curves to help engineers calculate off-design performance and determine rerate potential) and The Skylighting Design Handbook from Wasco Products, Inc. (documents savings in daylight vs. electricity, dry ice testing, conductive heat loss testing, and design guidelines for optimum savings; shows how skylights designed for energy savings reduce heat loss while maintaining positive factors of free light and heat).