gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Achieving uniform efficient illumination with multiple asymmetric compound parabolic luminaires</title> (1993)

Luminaire designs based on multiple asymmetric nonimaging compound parabolic reflectors are proposed for 2-D illumination applications that require highly uniform far-field illuminance, while insuring maximal lighting efficiency and sharp angular cutoffs. The new designs derive from recent advances in nonimaging secondary concentrators for line-focus solar collectors. The light source is not treated as a single entity, but rather is divided into two or more separate adjoining sources. An asymmetric Compound Parabolic Luminaire is then designed around each half-source. Attaining sharp cutoffs requires relatively large reflectors. However, severe truncation of the reflectors renders these devices as compact as many conventional luminaires, at the penalty of a small fraction of the radiation being emitted outside the nominal cutoff. The configurations that maximize the uniformity of far-field illumination offer significant improvements in flux homogeneity relative to alternative designs to date.
Optimizing the Collections Process in Consumer Credit (2010)

This paper builds a dynamic programming model to optimize the collections process in consumer credit. It determines which collections actions should be undertaken and how long they should be performed, including theoretical results about the form of the optimal policy under certain conditions. Finally, a case study is described based on data from the collections department of a European bank.
RealToxicityPrompts: Evaluating Neural Toxic Degeneration in Language Models (2020)

Pretrained neural language models (LMs) are prone to generating racist, sexist, or otherwise toxic language which hinders their safe deployment. We investigate the extent to which pretrained LMs can be prompted to generate toxic language, and the effectiveness of controllable text generation algorithms at preventing such toxic degeneration. We create and release RE-ALTOXICITYPROMPTS, a dataset of 100K naturally occurring, sentence-level prompts derived from a large corpus of English web text, paired with toxicity scores from a widelyused toxicity classifier. Using REALTOXICI-TYPROMPTS, we find that pretrained LMs can degenerate into toxic text even from seemingly innocuous prompts. We empirically assess several controllable generation methods, and find that while data-or compute-intensive methods (e.g., adaptive pretraining on non-toxic data) are more effective at steering away from toxicity than simpler solutions (e.g., banning "bad" words), no current method is failsafe against neural toxic degeneration. To pinpoint the potential cause of such persistent toxic degeneration, we analyze two web text corpora used to pretrain several LMs (including GPT-2; Our work provides a test bed for evaluating toxic generations by LMs and stresses the need for better data selection processes for pretraining.
Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (2015)

Prenatal examination plays an important role in present medical diagnosis. It provides information on fetal health status as well as the diagnosis of fetal treatment feasibility. The diagnosis can provide peace of mind for the perspective mother. Timely pregnancy termination diagnosis can also be determined if required. Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are two widely used invasive prenatal diagnostic procedures. To obtain complete fetal genetic information and avoid endangering the fetus, noninvasive prenatal diagnosis has become the vital goal of prenatal diagnosis. However, the development of a high-efficiency separation technology is required to obtain the scarce fetal cells from maternal circulation. In recent years, the rapid development of microfluidic systems has provided an effective method for fetal cell separation. Advantages such as rapid analysis of small samples, low cost, and various designs, greatly enhance the efficiency and convenience of using microfluidic systems for cell separation. In addition, microfluidic disks can be fully automated for high throughput of rare cell selection from blood samples. Therefore, the development of microfluidic applications in noninvasive prenatal diagnosis is unlimited.
Physical and chemical microstructure of spider dragline: A study by analytical transmission electron microscopy (1994)

Abstract We report the first direct observations of the physical and chemical microstructure of spider dragline, revealed by analytical transmission electron microscopy. Individual crystallites were imaged within the amorphous matrix. They are irregularly shaped, approximately 70–100 nm in diameter, and uniformly distributed throughout the matrix. Electron diffraction determined their space group to be P2 1 . The corresponding orthogonal cell has lattice parameters of a = 13.31 Å (β‐sheet repeat), b = 9.44 Å (interchain repeat within β‐sheets), and c = 20.88 Å (repeat along polypeptide chain). Electron energy loss spectroscopy indicated compositional variations within the matrix, and between the crystallites and matrix. Most notably, calcium was found exclusively in the crystallites. Attempts to produce synthetic analogues of dragline, which exhibits an unparalleled combination of strength, stiffness, and toughness, cannot depend solely on duplicating the constituent proteins. The complex hierarchical microstructure of the natural material must be taken into account. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bone mineral density directly correlates with elevated serum leptin in haemodialysis patients (2003)

This study suggests a bone-sparing effect of serum leptin in haemodialysis patients only when the serum levels of leptin were higher than the presumed threshold of blood-brain transport saturation. Higher leptin levels in post-menopausal female haemodialysis patients than in male patients may account for their slower bone loss with ageing.
2012년도 동계 학술대회 외국인(外國人)을 위한 한국어교육(韓國語敎育)에서 한자어휘교육(漢字語彙敎育)의 문제(問題) (2012)

본 논문은 外國人을 위한 韓國語敎育에 있어서 漢字語彙敎育의 問題에 관한 연구이다. 韓國語의 語彙에서 漢字語彙占有率은 매우 높다. 漢字語彙의 比率이 높은것은 韓國의 漢字文化圈의 傳統때문이다. 語彙의 內容에 있어서도 實辭의 大部分을 차지하고 있다. 近代의 韓國은 自國語言語中心政策을 지향해왔다. 이결과로 5元體制의 語彙를 갖게 된다. 固有語, 漢字語彙, 北方民族語, 日本語,西歐語등이 그것이다. 이 가운데 實辭로서 가장 言語의 中心役割을 하는 것은 漢字語彙이다. 따라서 韓國語敎育에서 語彙의 敎育은 必須的이다. 韓國語의 漢字語彙는 東아시아의 漢字文化圈의 歷史的인 普遍言語로 쓰여 왔다. 때문에 外國人을 위한 韓國語敎育에서 漢字語語彙敎育은 漢字文化圈과 非漢字文化圈外國人에게 달리 適用되어야 한다. 漢字文化圈의 學習者들 은 漢字語彙에 대한 先行學習이 되어 있는 상태와 같으며, 非漢字文化圈의 學習者들은 漢字語彙에 대한 先行學習이 전혀 되어 있지 않은 상태이다. 따라서 여기서 발생하는 경우와 상황이 매우 달라질 수 밖에 없다. 漢字文化圈의 學習者들은 漢字語彙에 대해 先行學習이 되어 있으므로 自身의 母國語의 漢字語彙와 韓國의 漢字語彙의 同異를 중심으로 해서 學習해야 한다. 특히 漢字文化圈國家들의 漢字語彙에 대한 發音方式의 差異로 因해韓國의 漢字語彙와 同一하거나 類似한 發音일 때에는 混同이 없이 빠른 學習效果를 볼 수 있지만, 發音의 差異가 클 때에는 語彙學習에서 留意하여야 할 것이다. 또한 漢字의 表記方法의 差異도 考慮가 되어야 한다. 우리나라나 대만, 홍콩 등은 漢字의 正字(繁體字)를 사용하고, 中國, 北韓은 簡化字(簡體字)를 사용하며, 日本은 略字의 漢字를 사용하고 있다. 簡化字나 略字를 쓰고 있는 中國,北韓, 日本의 경우도 전체의 漢字가 아니라 일부만 適用하고 있다. 簡化字나 略字는 正字의 草書體또는 일부 字形을 省略해서 사용하므로, 形態素에서는 正字와 一定한 聯關性을 갖는다. 따라서 漢字文化圈의 漢字語彙의 學習은 이러한 差異를 克復해주는 學習體系를 세워 주어야 한다. 그러나 非漢字文化圈의 學習者들은 漢字語彙에 대해 先行學習이 없는 것과 같으므로 生疎한 漢字語彙를 學習할 때에 漢字文化圈의 學習者와는 전혀 다른 內容과 方法으로 接近해야 한다. 漢字語彙를 한글 形態素로 表記할 때에는 ``同音形態素``의 範圍가 넓어진다. 語彙辨別力이 낮아진다. 따라서 ``한글 同音形態素``의 範圍가 많은 單語일수록 學習難易度가 높아진다. 게다가 發音은 더욱 複雜해서 難易度가 높아진다. 따라서 이러한 ``한글 同音形態素``의 語彙를 漢字를 倂記하면서 漢字의 學習을 竝行하면 한글 同音形態素學習이 쉬워진다. 따라서 外國人을 위한 韓國語敎育의 語彙學習에서는 漢字文化圈學習者와 非漢字文化圈學習者를 나누어서 敎授·學習하여야 한다. 漢字文化圈의 學習者에게는 正字(繁體字), 簡化字(簡體字), 略字등과 같은 ``漢字形態素`` 差異와 漢字語彙의 음과 뜻의 同異를 위주로 學習하여야 한다. 非漢字文化圈學習者 에게는 반드시 初步的인 ``漢字形態素`` 學習을 竝行하되, ``한글 同音形態素``의 範圍가 넓은 語彙의 경우 ``漢字形態素``로 區分하는 學習을 하도록 해야 한다.
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Series of Thioamides as Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (2007)

A series of thioamides were designed as bio-isosteres to the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor trovirdine by replacement of the thiourea NH groups with methylene groups. Eight thioamides were synthesized and in vitro tested for inhibitory effects on the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase wild and mutant types. Three of the 8-thioamides exhibited enzyme inhibitory activities with IC(50) values below 100 microM. While compound (2) exhibited activity against the mutant strain L100I with IC(50) of 70.1 microM, compound (4) showed activity against the mutant strain K103N with IC(50) of 92.7 microM, and compound (8) with activity against the wild type enzyme with IC(50) of 8.9 microM. Each of the three thioamides could serve as a lead compound for further activity optimization.
Catalytic Hydrosilylation of Diarylalkynes by Layer-Segregated Platinum−Ruthenium Cluster Complexes Pt<sub>3</sub>Ru<sub>6</sub>(CO)<sub>20</sub>(μ<sub>3</sub>-RC<sub>2</sub>R)(μ<sub>3</sub>-H)(μ-H) (1998)

It has been found that the layer-segregated platinum−ruthenium cluster complex Pt3Ru6(CO)20(μ3-PhC2Ph)(μ3-H)(μ-H), 2a, is an effective catalyst for the hydrosilylation of diphenylacetylene by triethylsilane to yield (E)-[(1,2-diphenyl)ethenyl]triethylsilane at a turnover frequency, TOF (TON/h), of 29 h-1. The activation parameters, ΔH ⧧ = 17(2) kcal/mol and ΔS ⧧ = −18(5) eu, were established. Small amounts of cis-stilbene were also formed. A kinetic analysis showed the reaction is first order in cluster and silane concentrations but zero order in alkyne concentration. The reaction is strongly inhibited by CO but is unaffected by mercury. A mechanism involving CO dissociation, silane oxidative addition, alkyne addition, a Si−C bond-forming step, and silylolefin dissociation is proposed with all transformations occurring at a ruthenium triangle. Pt3Ru6(CO)20(μ3-TolC2Tol)(μ3-H)(μ-H), 2b, was also found to be an effective catalyst for the hydrosilylation of TolC2Tol to (E)-Tol(H)C2(SiEt3)Tol, TOF of 32 h-1. Ru3(CO)9(μ3-PhC2Ph)(μ-H)2 and PtRu2(CO)8(μ3-PhC2Ph)(dppe) are relatively poor catalysts, TOF = 3.9 and 2.3 h-1, respectively. [NBu4][Pt3Ru6(CO)20(μ3-PhC2Ph)(μ-H)], 3, formed by deprotonation of 2a, also exhibits good catalytic activity, but its catalysis is inhibited by mercury, which may be indicative of heterogeneous catalysis.
Multi-Person Pose Estimation with Local Joint-to-Person Associations (2016)

Despite of the recent success of neural networks for human pose estimation, current approaches are limited to pose estimation of a single person and cannot handle humans in groups or crowds. In this work, we propose a method that estimates the poses of multiple persons in an image in which a person can be occluded by another person or might be truncated. To this end, we consider multi-person pose estimation as a joint-to-person association problem. We construct a fully connected graph from a set of detected joint candidates in an image and resolve the joint-to-person association and outlier detection using integer linear programming. Since solving joint-to-person association jointly for all persons in an image is an NP-hard problem and even approximations are expensive, we solve the problem locally for each person. On the challenging MPII Human Pose Dataset for multiple persons, our approach achieves the accuracy of a state-of-the-art method, but it is 6,000 to 19,000 times faster.
Preface to the Special Issue:  Sol−Gel Derived Materials (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEEditorialNEXTPreface to the Special Issue: Sol−Gel Derived MaterialsJackie Y. YingView Author Information Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering Cambridge, MassachusettsCite this: Chem. Mater. 1997, 9, 11, 2247–2248Publication Date (Web):November 18, 1997Publication History Published online18 November 1997Published inissue 1 November 1997https://doi.org/10.1021/cm970999yCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views855Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (26 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Catalysts,Materials,Porosity,Porous materials,Precursors Get e-Alerts
EVALUATION OF WINE QUALITY USING A SMALL‐PANEL HEDONIC SCALING METHOD (1997)

ABSTRACT A hedonic scoring method for evaluating wines with a small panel was examined for reliability, effects of training level and agreement with a traditional 20‐point scoring technique. The method was found to differentiate among qualities of 14 domestic Sauvignon Blanc wines with good reliability. Four panels were tested, three with a high degree of experience in wine judging and a fourth consisting of fine wine consumers with no special training. The three experienced panels agreed well about the wines’ quality scores. Mean panel scores were less highly correlated (although still positive) with the untrained panel, which showed higher variability and lower reliability. Mean scores from the hedonic method were correlated at r =+0.94 with mean scores from a 20‐point quality judging procedure. The small panel hedonic method is suitable for generating quality scores for consumer guidance in large scale wine surveys, as are commonly found in popular wine periodicals.
Role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in colonic distension-induced hyperalgesia in distal colon of neonatal maternal separated male rats (2011)

Neonatal maternal separation increased the NO generation by nNOS upregulation that interact with reactive oxygen species contributing to the visceral hypersensitivity in IBS.
Output and Inflation in the Long Run (2000)

Cross-country regressions explaining output growth often obtain a negative effect from inflation. However, that result is not robust, due to the selection of countries in sample, temporal aggregation, and omission of consequential variables in levels. This paper demonstrates some implications of these mis-specifications, both analytically and empirically. In particular, for most G-7 countries, annual time series of inflation and the log-level of output are cointegrated, thus rejecting the existence of a long-run relation between output growth and inflation. Typically, output and inflation are positively related in these cointegrating relationships: a price markup model helps interpret this surprising feature.
Molecular Modeling Investigation of Free Volume Distributions in Stiff Chain Polymers with Conventional and Ultrahigh Free Volume:  Comparison between Molecular Modeling and Positron Lifetime Studies (2003)

The present paper deals with a molecular modeling-based characterization of the distribution of free volume in a number of different stiff chain glassy polymers including ultrahigh free volume and conventional materials. The free volume distribution was analyzed for the validated packing models and compared with respective positron annihilation data (if available). It will be shown that the molecular modeling approach permits a more detailed insight into free volume distributions. There the observed distributions reach from more or less symmetric monomodal (with maximum probability at free volume element radii of about 3 Å) via monomodal distributions with extended tails toward larger radii up to distinctly bimodal distributions with a tendency toward a continuous nanoporous free volume phase besides “conventional”, free volume organized in isolated holes of radii up to a few angstroms. The described sequence roughly corresponds to the trend of measured permeabilities for small molecules in the investigated materials.
Social Stratification, Genealogical Distance, and State Formation in Early Hawaii and the Central Andes: Steps, Slopes, and Off-Ramps in Social Evolution (2023)

Henri J. M. Claessen proposed that the early state came into being by a process of social stratification that led to the creation of genealogical distance between a ruler and the ruled. This article evaluates Claessen's proposition by comparing the development of early large-scale polities in Hawaii and the central Andes. The process of state formation in Hawaii largely followed Claessen's proposed ‘slope’ of political development – by the end of the sequence, kings were seen as gods in the protohistoric Hawaiian state. The central Andean Wari polity, in contrast, took an ‘off-ramp’ from Claessen's slope to a more heterarchical political structure of competing elite-led corporate groups. We explain some of the possible reasons for the differences between our case studies and emphasize that there are many branching pathways to greater political complexity in the ancient world.
Magnetic Electrochemical Sensing Platform for Biomonitoring of Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides and Nerve Agents Based on Simultaneous Measurement of Total Enzyme Amount and Enzyme Activity (2011)

We report a new approach for electrochemical quantification of enzymatic inhibition and phosphorylation for biomonitoring of exposure to organophosphorus (OP) pesticides and nerve agents based on a magnetic bead (MB) immunosensing platform. The principle of this approach is based on the combination of MB immunocapture-based enzyme activity assay and competitive immunoassay of the total amount of enzyme for simultaneous detection of enzyme inhibition and phosphorylation in biological fluids. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) was chosen as a model enzyme. In competitive immunoassay, the target BChE in a sample competes with the BChE immobilized on the MBs to bind to the limited sites of anti-BChE antibody labeled with quantum dots (QD-anti-BChE), followed by stripping voltammetric analysis of the bound QD conjugate on the MBs. This assay shows a linear response over the total BChE concentration range of 0.1-20 nM. Simultaneous real time BChE activity was measured on an electrochemical carbon nanotube-based sensor coupled with a microflow injection system after immunocapture by the MB-anti-BChE conjugate. Therefore, the formed phosphorylated BChE adduct (OP-BChE) can be estimated by the difference values of the total amount of BChE (including active and OP-inhibited) and active BChE from established calibration curves. This approach not only eliminates the difficulty in screening of low-dose OP exposure (less than 20% inhibition of BChE) because of individual variation of BChE values but also avoids the drawback of the scarce availability of OP-BChE antibody. It is sensitive enough to detect 0.5 nM OP-BChE, which is less than 2% BChE inhibition. This method offers a new method for rapid, accurate, selective, and inexpensive quantification of OP-BChE and enzyme inhibition for biomonitoring of OP and nerve agent exposures.
Dye encapsulation and release by a zinc–porphyrin pincer system through morphological transformations (2013)

A novel water soluble zinc–porphyrin pincer system exhibits vesicular structures in methanol and nanofibers in the aqueous medium. The vesicular structures encapsulate the guest molecules, which can be released on demand through morphological transformations induced by time and the solvent.
A survey of assistive technologies and applications for blind users on mobile platforms: a review and foundation for research (2015)

This paper summarizes recent developments in audio and tactile feedback based assistive technologies targeting the blind community. Current technology allows applications to be efficiently distributed and run on mobile and handheld devices, even in cases where computational requirements are significant. As a result, electronic travel aids, navigational assistance modules, text-to-speech applications, as well as virtual audio displays which combine audio with haptic channels are becoming integrated into standard mobile devices. This trend, combined with the appearance of increasingly user-friendly interfaces and modes of interaction has opened a variety of new perspectives for the rehabilitation and training of users with visual impairments. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of these developments based on recent advances in basic research and application development. Using this overview as a foundation, an agenda is outlined for future research in mobile interaction design with respect to users with special needs, as well as ultimately in relation to sensor-bridging applications in general.
Detection of electrophore-labeled DNA and albumin by gas chromatography: labile amide electrophoric release tags (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetection of electrophore-labeled DNA and albumin by gas chromatography: labile amide electrophoric release tagsSamy. Abdel-Baky, Kariman. Allam, and Roger W. GieseCite this: Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 4, 498–499Publication Date (Print):February 15, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 February 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00052a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00052a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views40Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Galactose-Deficient IgA1-Specific Antibody Recognizes GalNAc-Modified Unique Epitope on Hinge Region of IgA1 (2018)

Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) that exposes GalNAc or sialylated GalNAc has been shown to be associated with disease activity of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). In a previous report, we established an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that measures human Gd-IgA1 using a specific monoclonal antibody KM55 (KM55 mAb), and showed that patients with IgAN contain a higher level of serum Gd-IgA1 than other types of renal diseases. Recently, we also found that the KM55 mAb specifically recognized the glomerular-deposited Gd-IgA1 in renal biopsy. In this study, we aimed to analyze the epitope of KM55 mAb using synthesized peptides corresponding to the hinge region of IgA1 with GalNAc moiety on putative glycosylated Ser/Thr residues, which are Thr225, Thr228, Ser230, Ser232, and Thr236. Binding analysis to single GalNAc-modified hinge region peptide of IgA1 showed that Thr225 with GalNAc is required for recognition of KM55. PST(GalNAC)PP motif was required for KM55 mAb to recognize hinge region peptide of IgA1 which is shown by binding assay with deletion peptide. This result was confirmed by binding of KM55 mAb against peptide with GalNAc at Thr233, which resulted in containing another PST(GalNAC)PP motif. Taken together, we concluded that the epitope of Gd-IgA1-specific KM55 mAb is PST(GalNAc)PP motif.