gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tracking three-dimensional rigid objects with direct image alignment and local appearance based feature matching (2008)

We present a new model based method for 3D tracking of a rigid object. The proposed method consists of the pose initialization module and the pose refinement module. These two modules work cooperatively to accomplish the task of tracking a 3D rigid object. Our approach for pose initialization is based on the notion of local appearance based feature matching and is similar to the work of Gordon and Lowe, Rothganger et al., and Lepetit and Fua. For pose refinement, we present a new method based on direct image alignment that extends the work of Cobzas et al. by using the image alignment framework as proposed by Baker et al. In our new method, an object model is represented by a set of 3D planar patches located on the object surface. Associated with each patch is its appearance model that consists of a collection of eigenimage sets. Each eigenimage set is obtained from a keyframe image and images recorded from nearby viewpoints. A keyframe is the image corresponding to a viewpoint that is significantly different from the viewpoints used for the other keyframes. (Our work includes an automated procedure for keyframe extraction from a training video sequence.) Using such an object model, the problem of 3D pose estimation is recast as the direct image alignment based minimization problem. Given an initial 3D pose, the inverse compositional method is applied to solve the minimization by iteratively refining the 3D pose until convergence is achieved. This contribution also presents two methods for semi-automatically constructing the object models for pose initialization and the pose refinement.
Spontaneously Imbibed Fluids for Increasing Contact Area Between Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids and Formation Matrix in Liquids-Rich Shale Plays (2015)

Abstract For liquids-rich shale plays, a primary completion strategy is to enhance flow conductivity near the wellbore region by placing large-mesh proppant inside the fractures. One potential drawback of doing so is that the created fractures could be more planar in nature because of softer and more ductile rocks and therefore less contact could occur between fractures and the matrix during pumping. In addition, no external hydraulic force exists to drive fracturing fluids farther into the matrix after pumping is stopped at the surface. As a result, wells completed using this method could potentially suffer from a low fluid penetration rate into the reservoirs because of the resistance of capillary forces imparted by oil-wet or mixed-wet pores, which could result in lower-than-expected liquid production. In this study, a new mechanism is proposed for increasing the contact area between fracturing fluids and the matrix. The working hypothesis is that a surfactant, when properly tailored to treatment fluids, can help achieve this objective by spontaneously spreading in the matrix, thereby accessing additional hydrocarbon reserves. To investigate this hypothesis, two primary experimental techniques were used. Fluid penetration depth into mixed-wet formation core plugs was monitored using computer-assisted tomography imaging. Scans indicated that the fluid containing surfactants tends to penetrate almost twice as deep as that without surfactant. This observation is consistent with the finding of an earlier microfluidic study [1] that the use of surfactant significantly improved the rate of penetration of the non-wetting phase (water and surfactant solution) and the displacement efficiency of the wetting phase (oil). The addition of surfactant reduced the interfacial surface tension, both elastic and viscous moduli (by means of the pulsating pendant drop method) of the oil-water interface to close to zero, making it deformable in the emulsion, which significantly aids oil mobilization. The study results imply that the shut-in time immediately after fracturing could be crucial for enhanced well productivity. An extended shut-in time could result in farther penetration of fracturing fluids into the matrix and lead to greater oil recovery in liquids-rich shale plays.
Spark Plasma Sintering Effect on the Decomposition of MgH <sub>2</sub> (2005)

Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is one of the advanced consolidation techniques developed in the last few decades. We have studied the decomposition behavior of MgH 2 and MgH 2 /graphite 1:1 mixtures in the SPS process. The standard SPS setup chosen was modified by including the temperature measurement inside the sample, so that the data can be compared with findings from thermal analysis. The results show clearly the reduction of the decomposition temperature measured in the SPS process if the necessary conditions (sufficient current density by applying the insulation) are realized.
Designing a multivariate–multistage quality control system using artificial neural networks (2008)

In most real-world manufacturing systems, the production of goods comprises several autocorrelated stages and the quality characteristics of the goods at each stage are correlated random variables. This paper addresses the problem of monitoring a multivariate–multistage manufacturing process and diagnoses the possible causes of out-of-control signals. To achieve this purpose using multivariate time series models, first a model for the autocorrelated data coming from multivariate–multistage processes is developed. Then, a single neural network is designed, trained and employed to control and classify mean shifts in quality characteristics of all stages. In-control and out-of-control average run lengths and correct classification ratio indices have been chosen to investigate the performance of the designed network. The results of a simulation study show that the network is capable of detecting both in-control and out-of-control signals appropriately.
Dramatically changing rates and reasons for hospitalization in multiple sclerosis (2014)

Although hospitalization rates have declined dramatically in the MS population over the last quarter century, they remain higher than in the general population. Admissions for MS-related reasons now constitute only a small proportion of the reasons for hospitalization.
Photochemistry of Lignocellulosic Materials (1993)

Fifty years of research has shown that light-induced yellowing of mechanical and ultra-high yield pulps proceeds through a photooxidative discolouration of lignin in the fibre wall. At least four reaction pathways were identified: (1) direct absorption of uv light by conjugated phenolic groups to form the phenoxyl free-radical, (2) abstraction of phenolic hydroxyl hydrogen as a result of aromatic carbonyl triplet excitation to produce a ketyl and phenoxyl free-radical, (3) cleavage of non-phenolic phenacyl-α-O-arylethers to phenacyl-phenoxyl free radical pairs, and (4) abstraction of the benzylic hydrogen of the guaiacylglycerol-β-arylether group to form the ketyl free-radical which in turn undergoes cleavage of the β-O-4 aryl ether bond to produce an enol and phenoxy free radical. Alkoxyl and peroxyl free-radicals produced from the reaction of oxygen and lignin free-radicals react with the phenoxy free-radical formed to produce the quinonoid coloured chromophore.
Lab-on-a-chip technologies for single-molecule studies (2013)

Recent developments on various lab-on-a-chip techniques allow miniaturized and integrated devices to perform on-chip single-molecule studies. Fluidic-based platforms that utilize unique microscale fluidic behavior are capable of conducting single-molecule experiments with high sensitivities and throughputs, while biomolecular systems can be studied on-chip using techniques such as DNA curtains, magnetic tweezers, and solid-state nanopores. The advances of these on-chip single-molecule techniques lead to next-generation lab-on-a-chip devices, such as DNA transistors, and single-molecule real-time (SMRT) technology for rapid and low-cost whole genome DNA sequencing. In this Focus article, we will discuss some recent successes in the development of lab-on-a-chip techniques for single-molecule studies and expound our thoughts on the near future of on-chip single-molecule studies.
Nucleic Acid‐Templated Synthesis of Sequence‐Defined Synthetic Polymers (2017)

Nature uses nucleic acid-templated synthesis to generate functional biomolecules in a heritable manner. Inspired by Nature, researchers have used polymerases and ribosomes to synthesize many analogs of biopolymers with altered backbones and expanded chemical functionalities. In addition, novel polymerase-free, ribosome-free, nucleic acid-templated strategies have been recently used to generate a variety of polymers outside the scope of Nature's biosynthetic machinery. In addition to being an attractive method for the production of sequence-defined polymers, nucleic acid-templated synthesis has enabled the laboratory evolution of non-natural polymers and has corroborated the potential of diverse chemical systems to serve as genetic material. Here we review the progress in this rapidly expanding research area.
Individual patient oesophageal cancer 3D models for tailored treatment (2016)

This novel method of establishing individual patient oesophageal cancers in the laboratory, from small endoscopic biopsies, enables clinically-relevant chemo-sensitivity testing, and reduces use of animals by providing more refined in vitro models for pre-screening of drugs. The 3D-TGA accurately predicted chemo-sensitivity in patients, and could be developed to guide tailored patient treatment. The incorporation of mesenchymal cells as the stromal cell component of the tumour micro-environment had a significant effect upon enhancing chemotherapy drug resistance in oesophageal cancer, and could prove a useful target for future drug development.
Chew, shake, and tear: Prey processing in Australian sea lions (<i>Neophoca cinerea</i>) (2016)

Abstract Pinnipeds generally target relatively small prey that can be swallowed whole, yet often include larger prey in their diet. To eat large prey, they must first process it into pieces small enough to swallow. In this study we explored the range of prey‐processing behaviors used by Australian sea lions ( Neophoca cinerea ) when presented with large prey during captive feeding trials. The most common methods were chewing using the teeth, shaking prey at the surface, and tearing prey held between the teeth and forelimbs. Although pinnipeds do not masticate their food, we found that sea lions used chewing to create weak points in large prey to aid further processing and to prepare secured pieces of prey for swallowing. Shake feeding matches the processing behaviors observed in fur seals, but use of forelimbs for “hold and tear” feeding has not been previously reported for other otariids. When performing this processing method, prey was torn by being stretched between the teeth and forelimbs, where it was secured by being squeezed between the palms of their flippers. These results show that Australian sea lions use a broad repertoire of behaviors for prey processing, which matches the wide range of prey species in their diet.
Electrical Bias Dependent Photochemical Functionalization of Diamond Surfaces (2006)

Diamond is an excellent substrate for many sensing and electronic applications because of its outstanding stability in biological and aqueous environments. When the diamond surface is H-terminated, it can be covalently modified with organic alkenes using wet photochemical methods that are surface-mediated and initiated by the ejection of electrons from the diamond. To develop a better understanding of the photochemical reaction mechanism, we examine the effect of applying an electrical bias to the diamond samples during the photochemical reaction. Applying a 1 V potential between two diamond electrodes significantly increases the rate of functionalization of the negative electrode. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance measurements show that the 1 V potential induces strong downward band-bending within the diamond film of the negative electrode. At higher voltages a Faradaic current is observed, with no further acceleration of the functionalization rate. We attribute the bias-dependent changes in rate to a field effect, in which the applied potential induces a strong downward band-bending on the negative electrode and facilitates the ejection of electrons into the adjacent fluid of reactant organic alkenes. We also demonstrate the ability to directly photopattern the surface with reactant molecules on length scales of <25 microm, the smallest we have measured, using simple photomasking techniques.
Polarimetric multi-mode tilted fiber grating sensors (2014)

The polarimetric sensing characteristics of multi-mode-fiber based tilted fiber Bragg gratings (MMF-TFBG) have been analyzed and experimentally demonstrated. The larger diameter fiber core and graded index core/cladding profile enable the tilted gratings to excite multiple high-order core modes with significantly different polarization dependence and to form a well-defined "comb" of spectrally separated resonances at different wavelengths. Orientation-recognized twist/rotation measurements (-90° to 90°) have been achieved with sensitivity of 0.075 dB/deg by using intensity monitoring of two orthogonally polarized odd core-modes (LP11 and LP12). The proposed sensor is compact, works in reflection (a short section of MMF-TFBG spliced with a leading-in single mode fiber without any offset or tapering), is insensitive to temperature (intensity detection instead of wavelength monitoring) and is immune to unwanted intensity fluctuations (differential intensity measurement). Other TFBG sensing modalities, such as lateral pressure and surrounding refractive index are demonstrated separately with the same device configuration and interrogation principles.
Reducing write amplification of flash storage through Cooperative Data Management with NVM (2016)

Write amplification is a critical factor that limits the stable performance of flash-based storage systems. To reduce write amplification, this paper presents a new technique that cooperatively manages data in flash storage and nonvolatile memory (NVM). Our scheme basically considers NVM as the cache of flash storage, but allows the original data in flash storage to be invalidated if there is a cached copy in NVM, which can temporarily serve as the original data. This scheme eliminates the copy-out operation for a substantial number of cached data, thereby enhancing garbage collection efficiency. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme reduces the copy-out overhead of garbage collection by 51.4% and decreases the standard deviation of response time by 35.4% on average.
Revisiting semiconductor band gaps through structural motifs: An Ising model perspective (2020)

We present an alternative perspective on semiconductor band-gap energies in terms of structural motifs, viewed through the lens of an Ising model as a means of quantifying the corresponding degree of lattice ordering. The validity of the model is demonstrated experimentally first through ${\mathrm{ZnSnN}}_{2}$ as an archetype ternary heterovalent semiconductor, in which variation of cation disorder enables the band gap to be tuned from above its equilibrium phase value, through zero, to negative values which correspond to inverted bands. The model is then applied to example binary compounds InN, GaN, and ZnO where anion-cation antisite defects form the basis for structural motifs, and we present experimental evidence that the same range of band-gap tuning is also possible for such materials. The case of alloys is treated by applying a three-spin Potts model to ${\mathrm{In}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{N}$. The Ising model also applies to elemental semiconductors, and is used to explain the wide range of reported values for silicon and nanoporous graphene in the context of vacancy-based structural motifs.
Postsynaptic Density-95 Mimics and Occludes Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation and Enhances Long-Term Depression (2003)

Previous studies have shown that overexpression of the protein PSD-95 (postsynaptic density-95) selectively enhances AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic responses in hippocampal pyramidal cells. To determine whether this effect is related to synaptic plasticity at these synapses, we examined whether PSD-95 expression mimics long-term potentiation (LTP), and also whether it influences LTP and long-term depression (LTD) in hippocampal slice cultures. Using simultaneous recording from transfected or infected cells and control pyramidal cells, we found that PSD-95, similar to LTP, increases the amplitude and frequency of miniature EPSCs. It also converts silent synapses to functional synapses, as does LTP. In addition, LTP is completely occluded in cells expressing PSD-95, whereas LTD is greatly enhanced. These results suggest that common mechanisms are involved in controlling synaptic AMPA receptors by PSD-95 and synaptic plasticity.
The charge-share modified precharge-level (CSM) architecture for high-speed and low-power ferroelectric memory (2002)

We have proposed the charge-share modified precharge-level architecture with self-timing precharge technique. It is a low-power dissipation architecture for achieving high-density, high-speed, and high-operating-margin simultaneously, making it a leading candidate for use in an Mb-scale ferroelectric memory.
Rapid Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Virus RNA Using Colorimetric LAMP (2020)

ABSTRACT The ability to detect an infectious agent in a widespread epidemic is crucial to the success of quarantine efforts in addition to sensitive and accurate screening of potential cases of infection from patients in a clinical setting. Enabling testing outside of sophisticated laboratories broadens the scope of control and surveillance efforts, but also requires robust and simple methods that can be used without expensive instrumentation. Here we report a method to identify SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus RNA from purified RNA or cell lysis using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) using a visual, colorimetric detection. This test was additionally verified using RNA samples purified from respiratory swabs collected from COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China with equivalent performance to a commercial RT-qPCR test while requiring only heating and visual inspection. This simple and sensitive method provides an opportunity to facilitate virus detection in the field without a requirement for complex diagnostic infrastructure.
Reducing Sodium in Foods: The Effect on Flavor (2011)

Sodium is an essential micronutrient and, via salt taste, appetitive. High consumption of sodium is, however, related to negative health effects such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and stroke. In industrialized countries, about 75% of sodium in the diet comes from manufactured foods and foods eaten away from home. Reducing sodium in processed foods will be, however, challenging due to sodium's specific functionality in terms of flavor and associated palatability of foods (i.e., increase of saltiness, reduction of bitterness, enhancement of sweetness and other congruent flavors). The current review discusses the sensory role of sodium in food, determinants of salt taste perception and a variety of strategies, such as sodium replacers (i.e., potassium salts) and gradual reduction of sodium, to decrease sodium in processed foods while maintaining palatability.
An overview of mycotoxin contamination in foods and its implications for human health (2010)

Mycotoxins are natural contaminants of cereals and other food commodities throughout the world and they significantly impact human and animal health. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by species of filamentous fungi growing on grains before harvest and in storage. When ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through skin, mycotoxins may reduce appetite and general performance, and cause sickness or death in humans. Mycotoxins subject to government regulation in most countries include aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and patulin, produced by species of Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Aflatoxins, fumonisins, and ochratoxins pose the most serious threats to human health worldwide. This review describes the prevalence of mycotoxins in foods and its implications on human health, which may help in establishing and carrying out proper management strategies. Data from detailed investigations of food mycotoxins worldwide help provide safer food for consumption and help prioritize future research programs.
Mutations in the E-Domain of RARα Portion of the PML/RARα Chimeric Gene May Confer Clinical Resistance to All-transRetinoic Acid in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (1998)

The binding of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to the ligand-binding region in the E-domain of retinoic acid receptor-alpha modifies the transcriptional activity of RARalpha protein. ATRA probably induces differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells by binding to the E-domain of the RARalpha portion (RARalpha /E-domain) of PML/RARalpha chimeric protein. Therefore, molecular alteration in the RARalpha /E-domain of the chimeric gene is one mechanism by which patients with APL may acquire resistance to ATRA therapy. In this study using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism, DNA segments amplified from the RARalpha /E-domain in fresh APL cells of 23 APL patients (8 males and 15 females from 4 to 76 years of age) were screened for mutations. Of those patients, 3 patients (1 with de novo and 2 with relapse) had clinical resistance to ATRA therapy. We found mutations in the RARalpha /E-domain of PML/RARalpha chimeric gene exclusively in the 2 patients who exhibited ATRA-resistance at relapse, whereas the mutations were not detected at their initial onset. Interestingly, these patients received a prolonged or intermittent administration of ATRA before relapse with ATRA-resistance. The mutations lead to the change of amino acid in the ligand-binding region of RARalpha /E-domain, Arg272Gln, or Met297Leu according to the amino acid sequence of RARalpha, respectively. Further study demonstrated that the in vitro ligand-dependent transcriptional activity of the mutant PML/RARalpha protein was significantly decreased as compared with that of wild-type PML/RARalpha. These findings suggest that mutations in the RARalpha /E-domain of the PML/RARalpha chimeric gene may confer clinical resistance to ATRA therapy in patients with APL.
In vitro Susceptibility of 245 Yeast Isolates to Amphotericin B, 5-Fluorocytosine, Ketoconazole, Fluconazole and Itraconazole (1992)

The in vitro activity of amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, ketoconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole was tested against 245 yeast strains isolated from clinical specimens (68 Candida albicans, 74 Candida tropicalis, 43 Candida krusei, 28 Candida glabrata, 19 Candida parapsilosis, 8 Candida lusitaniae and 5 Candida guilliermondii). An agar dilution method was employed to carry out testing. Minimal inhibitory concentrations to restrain 90% of isolate growth (MIC90) ranged from 0.12 to 2 mg/l for amphotericin B and for 5-fluorocytosine, from 0.03 to 8 mg/l for ketoconazole, from 0.05 to 50 mg/l for itraconazole and from 0.1 to > 100 mg/l for fluconazole. Among the azole derivatives, the most active was ketoconazole, followed by itraconazole. Only 1 strain of C. albicans was resistant to amphotericin B (MIC > 4 mg/l). Both C. tropicalis and C. krusei responded poorly to fluconazole and the former to itraconazole as well. The species most susceptible to the antifungal agents tested was C. glabrata and the most resistant were C. tropicalis and C. krusei.