gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Controlling Phase Noise in Oscillatory Interference Models of Grid Cell Firing (2014)

Oscillatory interference models account for the spatial firing properties of grid cells in terms of neuronal oscillators with frequencies modulated by the animal's movement velocity. The phase of such a "velocity-controlled oscillator" (VCO) relative to a baseline (theta-band) oscillation tracks displacement along a preferred direction. Input from multiple VCOs with appropriate preferred directions causes a grid cell's grid-like firing pattern. However, accumulating phase noise causes the firing pattern to drift and become corrupted. Here we show how multiple redundant VCOs can automatically compensate for phase noise. By entraining the baseline frequency to the mean VCO frequency, VCO phases remain consistent, ensuring a coherent grid pattern and reducing its spatial drift. We show how the spatial stability of grid firing depends on the variability in VCO phases, e.g., a phase SD of 3 ms per 125 ms cycle results in stable grids for 1 min. Finally, coupling N VCOs with similar preferred directions as a ring attractor, so that their relative phases remain constant, produces grid cells with consistently offset grids, and reduces VCO phase variability of the order square root of N. The results suggest a viable functional organization of the grid cell network, and highlight the benefit of integrating displacement along multiple redundant directions for the purpose of path integration.
Singular Solutions, Integral Transport Theory, and the<i>S<sub>n</sub></i>Method (2004)

The integral transport equation clearly indicates that the angular flux in a void is constant along each characteristic. Yet, simple arguments can be used to demonstrate that there exist angular flux solutions in voids that have a delta-function angular dependence and a nonconstant spatial dependence. Such solutions can appear to be nonconstant along a characteristic. Using a simple example problem, we demonstrate that such solutions represent the limit of a continuous sequence of nonsingular solutions, each of which is constant along every characteristic. We also show that care must be taken in applying the integral transport equation to singular problems of this type because erroneous solutions are easily obtained. Two reliable approaches for obtaining proper solutions are presented. We also show that the differential form of the transport equation in one-dimensional spherical geometry requires less care than the integral form of the transport equation for problems of this type. Finally, we discuss the applicability of the Sn method to problems in curvilinear geometries with singular solutions of this type.
Design and Implementation of a Virtualized Home Network Education Environment (2015)

This project aimed to present and implement the virtual technology that would allow a me-dia engineering student to access the individual PCs in the virtual environment to perform their lab exercises. The project was planned to be done in two parts.\n \nThe working of the project in the first part was to create and test the virtual network in a small scale environment. A simple virtual network was created and tested with the help of a single virtual router, virtual switches and two virtual computers as hosts in VMware Workstation 10. The second part was focused on implementing and scaling the virtual network in large number using VMware vSphere Hypervisor (ESXi). In this part, virtual network was created on a large scale with multiple switches and a router and installed in the server environment. The project was scaled and implemented to support a maximum number of students at the same time. The router and switches erased previous configura-tion automatically. This part was also focused for students to gain access to individual PCs in the virtual environment in a convenient way.\n\nSuccessful design and implementation of the project eased the media engineering students to perform their lab exercises. This project was designed for basic networking lab exercises; therefore the student cannot work for advanced networking exercises in this virtual network environment.
Long‐Term Deterrents (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Moral Development: Of Individuals and Institutions Institutionalizing Academic Integrity: Toward a New Conceptualization Conclusions
Does stereotactic body radiation improve outcomes compared to conventional radiation for liver cancer patients? (2022)

When compared to conventional radiation fractionation, liver SBRT tends to be associated with a significant overall survival benefit, justifying a randomized trial to confirm. The concern that the trend to higher dose per fraction may result in increased toxicity, specifically in the treatment of high-risk liver patients, appears to be unfounded. The hypofractionated component of SBRT may be the critical dosimetric factor impacting on survival.
Progress in the Development of Nucleic Acids Therapeutics for Cancer (2004)

Many cancers are characterized by abnormal gene expression. Silencing these aberrantly expressed genes could therefore have therapeutic utility and by virtue of specific targeting, prove less toxic than conventional cancer therapies. A number of strategies for inhibiting gene expression have been developed. Some, such as triple helix forming, or decoy transcription factor binding, oligodeoxynucleotides seek to disrupt gene expression at the level of transcription. Others, such as antisense oligonucleotides (ODN) and short interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules attempt to disrupt expression at the level of mRNA translation. In this review, we provide an overview of gene silencing agents and their development for use as cancer therapeutics. We will focus on mRNA targeting methodologies and discuss issues core to the clinical success of these molecules including cellular delivery, and successful targeting. The potential utility of nucleic acid based therapeutics in the clinic will also be addressed.
Exciton Features in 0-, 2-, and 3-Dimensional Networks of [PbI<sub>6</sub>]<sup>4-</sup>Octahedra (1994)

We have investigated reflection spectra at 4 K for single crystals of (CH 3 NH 3 ) 4 PbI 6 ·2H 2 O which consists of isolated [PbI 6 ] 4- octahedra, (C 10 H 21 NH 3 ) 2 PbI 4 and (CH 3 NH 3 )PbI 3 , which consist 2- and 3-dimensional networks of [PbI 6 ] 4- , respectively. The formation energy of the lowest exciton state increases from 1.633 eV to 3.4 eV with decreasing the dimensionality in the crystal structure, from the transfer energy between the adjacent octahedra is estimated to be about 0.5 eV. The on-site Coulomb energy in the octahedron is estimated to be 2.3 eV. We suggest that the large on-site Coulomb energy enhances the exciton binding energy, especially in the 2-dimensional system.
Upconversion-pumped luminescence efficiency of rare-earth-doped hosts sensitized with trivalent ytterbium (1997)

We discuss the upconversion luminescence efficiencies of phosphors that generate red, green, and blue light. The phosphors studied are single crystals and powders co-doped with Er{sup 3+} and Yb{sup 3+}, and with Tm{sup 3+} and Yb{sup 3+}. The Yb ions are pumped near 980 nm; transfers of two or three quanta to the co-doped rare earth ion generate visible luminescence. The main contribution embodied in this work is the quantitative measurement of this upconversion efficiency, based on the use of a calibrated integrating sphere, determination of the fraction of pump light absorbed, and careful control of the pump laser beam profile. The green phosphors are the most efficient, yielding efficiency values as high as 4 %, with the red and blue materials giving 1 - 2 %. Saturation was observed in all cases, suggesting that populations of upconversion steps of the ions are maximized at higher power. Quasi-CW modeling of the intensity- dependent upconversion efficiency was attempted; input data included level lifetimes, transition cross sections, and cross-relaxation rate coefficients. The saturation of the Yb,Er:fluoride media is explained as the pumping of Er{sup 3+} ions into a bottleneck (long-lived state)- the {sup 4}I{sub 13/2} metastable level, making them unavailable for further excitation transfer. 32 refs., 5 figs., 3 tabs.
Nosocomial tracheobronchitis (2009)

Antibiotic treatment is beneficial in VAT patients. Future studies should confirm these promising results and determine the best duration of antimicrobial therapy in these patients.
Sequential functionalization of janus‐type dendrimer‐like poly(ethylene oxide)s with camptothecin and folic acid (2011)

Abstract Janus‐type dendrimer‐like poly(ethylene oxide)s (PEOs) of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation carrying terminal hydroxyl functions on one side and cleavable ketal groups on the other were used as substrates to conjugate folic acid as a folate receptor and camptothecin (CPT) as a therapeutic drug in a sequential fashion. The conjugation of both FA and CPT was accomplished by “click chemistry” based on the 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition coupling reaction. First, the hydroxyl functions present at one face of Janus‐type dendrimer‐like PEOs were transformed into alkyne groups through a simple Williamson‐type etherification reaction. Next, the ketals carried by the other face of the dendrimer‐like PEOs were hydrolyzed, yielding twice as many hydroxyls which were subsequently subjected to an esterification reaction using 2‐bromopropionic bromide. Before substituting azides for the bromide of 2‐bromopropionate esters just generated in the presence of NaN 3 , an azido‐containing amidified FA derivative was reacted through click chemistry with alkyne functions introduced on the other face of the dendrimer‐like PEOs. A purposely designed alkyne‐functionalized biomolecule derived from CPT was conjugated to the azido functions carried by the dendritic PEOs by a second “click reaction.” In this case, twice as many CPT as FA moieties were finally conjugated to the two faces of the Janus‐type dendrimer‐like PEOs, the numbers of folate and CPT introduced being 2 and 4, 4 and 8, and 8 and 16 for samples of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation, respectively (route A). An alternate route for functionalizing the dendrimer‐like PEO of 1st generation consisted, first, in conjugating the azido‐containing CPT onto the alkyne groups present on one face of the dendritic PEO scaffold. The alkyne‐functionalized FA was further introduced by click chemistry after the bromides of 2‐bromopropionate esters were chemically transformed into azido groups. The corresponding prodrug thus contains 2 CPT and 4 FA external moieties (route B). Every reaction step product was thoroughly characterized by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. A preliminary investigation into the water solution properties of these functionalized dendritic PEOs is also presented. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Regulation of heme oxygenase-1 expression by demethoxy curcuminoids through Nrf2 by a PI3-kinase/Akt-mediated pathway in mouse β-cells (2007)

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a component of turmeric, has been shown to have therapeutic properties. Induction of phase 2 detoxifying enzymes is a potential mechanism through which some of the actions of curcumin could proceed. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an antioxidant phase 2 enzyme, has been reported to have cytoprotective effects in pancreatic beta-cells. Curcumin on further purification yields demethoxy curcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxy curcumin (BDMC). The objective of the present study was to determine the mechanism by which these purified curcuminoids induce HO-1 in MIN6 cells, a mouse beta-cell line. Demethoxy curcuminoids induced HO-1 promoter linked to the luciferase reporter gene more effectively than curcumin. The induction was dependent on the presence of antioxidant response element (ARE) sites containing enhancer regions (E1 and E2) in HO-1 promoter and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor (Nrf2), the transcription factor that binds to ARE. Curcuminoids stimulated multiple signaling pathways that are known to induce HO-1. Inhibition of specific signaling pathways with pharmacological inhibitors and cotransfection experiments suggested the involvement of phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed significant elevation in the mRNA levels of HO-1 and two other phase 2 enzymes, the regulatory subunit of glutamyl cysteine ligase, which is needed for the synthesis of glutathione, and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, which detoxifies quinones. DMC and BDMC induced the expression of HO-1 and translocated Nrf2 to nucleus in beta-cells of mouse islets. Our observations suggest that demethoxy curcuminoids could be used to induce a cellular defense mechanism in beta-cells under conditions of stress as seen in diabetes.
Studies on the Transfer of DNA into Cells Through Use of Avidin-Polylysine Conjugates Complexed to Biotinylated Transferrin and DNA (1993)

A simple procedure has been developed for studying the transfer of DNA into cells using the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Poly-L-lysine 460 was covalently attached to the carbohydrate chains of avidin via periodate oxidation and NaBH4 reduction to give avidin-pLys460. Following purification through Sephacryl S-300, the conjugate was reacted with biotinylated transferrin. The resulting avidin-pLys460-[bio-transferrin] could be either fractionated by Superose 12 gel chromatography or used directly in experiments with DNA. Determination of the interaction between avidin-pLys460-]bio-transferrin] and DNA was carried out by nitro cellulose filter binding and agarose gel retardation assays. The conjugate was shown to bind DNA strongly, giving stable complexes soluble in 0.15-0.2 M salt solutions. Gene transfer using avidin-pLys460-[bio-transferrin] and the luciferase plasmid pRSVL was accomplished with Hela cells, alpha T3 pituitary cells and a human melanoma cell line used in the present study. Transfection was dependent on bio-transferrin and stimulated by the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine. The results are consistent with a receptor-mediated endocytosis mechanism of DNA delivery for Hela cells and a combination of receptor and adsorptive endocytosis for the alpha T3 pituitary and melanoma T-5 cell lines.
From Convective Assembly to Landau−Levich Deposition of Multilayered Phospholipid Films of Controlled Thickness (2009)

In this letter, we describe a method to control the organization and thickness of multilayered phospholipid films. The meniscus of an organic solution of phospholipid molecules was dragged at a speed v on a solid substrate under controlled temperature and forced convection, leading to the deposition of a dried multilayered phospholipid film with a thickness h in the range of 20-200 nm. We found two distinct regimes dominating the film deposition. At low speeds, phospholipid molecules accumulate near the contact line and form a dry film behind the meniscus (evaporation regime). At high speed, viscous forces become predominant and pull out a liquid film that will dry afterward (Landau-Levich regime). Both regimes show robust scaling h infinity v(alpha) with alpha = -1.1 and 0.76, respectively. Although these regimes have been observed separately in the past, they have not been demonstrated in the same material system. Moreover, we present models whose scalings (alpha = -1 and 2/3) are in close agreement with the observed values. The microscale organization of the resulting film is independent of v for a given regime but differs from one regime to another. In the Landau-Levich regime, h is very homogeneous on the microscale with discrete variations of +/- 5 nm, that is, the thickness of one bilayer.
Visual improvement following ozonetherapy in dry age related macular degeneration; a review. (2013)

The dry form of ARMD is becoming a serious problem because of the rise in the number of old individuals. No effective therapy is available in dry ARMD except for the illusory oral administration of antioxidant vitamins. Despite scepticism in the medical community, the therapeutic effect of ozonetherapy had been evaluated since 1996. This evaluation has been based on specific biochemical, molecular and pharmacological reactions. Nevertheless a number of visual scientists continue to ignore ozonetherapy conservatively and prescribe only antioxidant vitamins. Two small clinical studies involving 217 patients have been performed at the University of Siena showing that ozonetherapy can stop the progression of the disease while improving the visual acuity and the well-being of the patient. Moreover, it seems that ozonetherapy is a safe procedure and tends to have an excellent compliance.
Radiofrequency amplifier based on a dc superconducting quantum interference device (2023)

A low noise radiofrequency amplifier (10), using a dc SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) as the input amplifying element. The dc SQUID (11) and an input coil (12) are maintained at superconductivity temperatures in a superconducting shield (13), with the input coil (12) inductively coupled to the superconducting ring (17) of the dc SQUID (11). A radiofrequency signal from outside the shield (13) is applied to the input coil (12), and an amplified radiofrequency signal is developed across the dc SQUID ring (17) and transmitted to exteriorly of the shield (13). A power gain of 19.5.+-.0.5 dB has been achieved with a noise temperature of 1.0.+-.0.4 K. at a frequency of 100 MHz.
A novel synthesis of fused pyrazole systems as antimicrobial agents. (1998)

The pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives 3 could be prepared by condensing compounds 1 with the 3-aminopyrazolone derivative 2. The pyrazolo[5,2-b]-1,3-oxazine derivative 11 and polyfunctionally substituted 1,4-dihydropyridines 15, 18 were also synthesized. Some of the obtained compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity.
Moving Forward with Research on Adolescents and Political Violence (2009)

Abstract This chapter outlines a set of specific recommendations for future research that stem from the discussions and findings of this volume as a whole. The study of youth and political violence should focus on: (1) studying adolescence as a focal group more explicitly (i.e. both focusing research more precisely on adolescents, distinct from other age groups, and suggesting realms of development of most relevance to be studied); (2) refining the dominant trend in current studies of linking exposure to negative functioning (i.e. identifying key mediators and moderators of the effect of conflict exposure); and (3) expanding the scope of inquiry (i.e. broadening the assessment of experience with political violence and the consideration of the types of youth functioning that should be investigated). A final recommendation is for work that better synthesizes research and policy interests.
The ultrasonic scalpel in head and neck surgery. (1982)

The Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspiration system (CUSA) is a new surgical tool that has received little attention in head and neck surgery. The device fragments and aspirates tissues with mechanical energy delivered by direct contact with the tip of a transducer vibrating at 23,000 Hz. The potential of the CUSA system was evaluated in several laboratory exercises: superficial parotidectomies on fresh cadavers, subtotal sialadenectomies on cats, and direct application to the brachial plexus in cats to assess effects on peripheral nerves. The CUSA quickly etched away salivary gland parenchyma while grossly preserving nerve, vessel, and fibrous elements, allowing virtually bloodless dissection. Small vessels could be cauterized directly. Direct application of CUSA to peripheral nerves for limited periods produced no significant clinical deficits, although worrisome histologic findings were noted.
Synthetic multimeric peptides derived from the principal neutralization domain (V3 loop) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 bind to galactosylceramide and block HIV-1 infection in a human CD4-negative mucosal epithelial cell line (1995)

The glycosphingolipid galactosylceramide (GalCer), which binds gp120 with high affinity and specificity, is a potential alternative receptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in some CD4-negative neural and epithelial human cells, including the human colonic epithelial cell line HT-29. In the present study, we demonstrate that synthetic multibranched peptides derived from the consensus sequence of the HIV-1 V3 loop block HIV-1 infection in HT-29 cells. The most active peptide was an eight-branched multimer of the motif Gly-Pro-Gly-Arg-Ala-Phe which at a concentration of 1.8 microM induced a 50% inhibition of HIV-1 infection in competition experiments. This peptide was not toxic to HT-29 cells, and preincubation with HIV-1 did not affect viral infectivity, indicating that the antiviral activity was not due to a nonspecific virucidal effect. Using a high-performance thin-layer chromatography binding assay, we found that multibranched V3 peptides recognized GalCer and inhibited binding of recombinant gp120 to the glycosphingolipid. In addition, these peptides abolished the binding of an anti-GalCer monoclonal antibody to GalCer on the surface of live HT-29 cells. These data provide additional evidence that the V3 loop is involved in the binding of gp120 to the GalCer receptor and show that multibranched V3 peptides are potent inhibitors of the GalCer-dependent pathway of HIV-1 infection in CD4-negative mucosal epithelial cells.
Kinetics of quaternization of vinylbenzyl chloride copolymer latexes (1985)

The kinetics of the reaction of tertiary amines with vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) copolymer latexes have been investigated. In this reaction, benzyl chloride groups on the latex particles are converted in high yield to quaternary ammonium groups. The course of the reaction is determined by amine reactivity rather than solubility. The kinetics are complicated by a severe retardation effect developing at conversions in excess of 30%. The limiting conversion appears to be associated with the maximum charge density that can be tolerated on a hydrophobic particle. A surface reaction model is invoked to explain the results.
Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Reconstituted Tight Junctions Using Localization Microscopy (2012)

Tight Junctions (TJ) regulate paracellular permeability of tissue barriers. Claudins (Cld) form the backbone of TJ-strands. Pore-forming claudins determine the permeability for ions, whereas that for solutes and macromolecules is assumed to be crucially restricted by the strand morphology (i.e., density, branching and continuity). To investigate determinants of the morphology of TJ-strands we established a novel approach using localization microscopy.TJ-strands were reconstituted by stable transfection of HEK293 cells with the barrier-forming Cld3 or Cld5. Strands were investigated at cell-cell contacts by Spectral Position Determination Microscopy (SPDM), a method of localization microscopy using standard fluorophores. Extended TJ-networks of Cld3-YFP and Cld5-YFP were observed. For each network, 200,000 to 1,100,000 individual molecules were detected with a mean localization accuracy of ∼20 nm, yielding a mean structural resolution of ∼50 nm. Compared to conventional fluorescence microscopy, this strongly improved the visualization of strand networks and enabled quantitative morphometric analysis. Two populations of elliptic meshes (mean diameter <100 nm and 300-600 nm, respectively) were revealed. For Cld5 the two populations were more separated than for Cld3. Discrimination of non-polymeric molecules and molecules within polymeric strands was achieved. For both subtypes of claudins the mean density of detected molecules was similar and estimated to be ∼24 times higher within the strands than outside the strands.The morphometry and single molecule information provided advances the mechanistic analysis of paracellular barriers. Applying this novel method to different TJ-proteins is expected to significantly improve the understanding of TJ on the molecular level.