gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Total synthesis of the<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>serotype O2 O-antigen α-(1 → 2)- and α-(1 → 3)-linked oligoglucosides (2019)

Exploiting synergistic remote participation effects of acyl groups at the O3 and O6 positions was key to the complete α-selectivity during the total synthesis of the unique (1 → 2)- and (1 → 3)-linked α-oligoglucosides from the Helicobacter pylori O2 O-antigen. Acyl remote participation and solvent effects were found to counteract during α-stereoselective glucosylations for the first time. The resulting antigen is a lead for the development of a carbohydrate-conjugate vaccine.
496. Recombinant Sendai Virus Vector to Evaluate Vector Distribution in a Large Animal Model of Lung Gene Transfer (2004)

Although airways are important targets for gene therapy for diseases such as cystic fibrosis or asthma, few vectors can transduce these organs. Recombinant Sendai virus (SeV) vectors can easily penetrate the mucus layer and efficiently transduce airway epithelial cells from apical side. However, the expression of transgene by the vectors of present design is transient and generally lasts only for several days. To improve lentivirus entry into airway epithelial cells, we have attempted to make the novel pseudotyped Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) vector with SeV envelope proteins, F and HN. The SIV vector could not be pseudotyped with the intact F and HN, but could be successfully pseudotyped after modification of the cytoplasmic portion of both proteins (Kobayashi et al. ASGT 2002). The new F and HN pseudotyped SIV vector was produced to the titers of more than 106 TU/ml and could be easily concentrated by centrifugation. When 108TU of SIV pseudotyped with F and HN was administered to mouse lungs through sniffing, distinct transgene (GFP) expression was detected in the alveolar epithelium (Figure 1) and bronchiolar epithelial cells (Figure 2) ten days after the transduction. In contrast, VSV-G pseudotyped SIV vectors did not transduce the lung. These results suggest that our novel pseudotyped SIV vector with F and HN may be of great value as a tool for gene therapy of respiratory diseases.
Microstructural mechanisms that enhance electromigration resistance in Al-Cu thin films (1993)

Evolution of the microstructure of Al-2wt.%Cu thin films is examined with respect to how the presence of copper can influence electromigration behavior. After an anneal that simulates a thin film sintering step, the microstructure of the Al-Cu films consisted of 1 [mu]m aluminum grains with [theta]-phase A1[sub 2]Cu precipitates at grain boundaries and triple points. The grain size and precipitation distribution did not change with subsequent heat treatments. Upon cooling to room temperature the heat treatment of the films near the Al/Al+[theta] solvus temperature results in depletion of copper at the aluminum grain boundaries. Heat treatments lower in the two phase region (200 to 300C) result in enrichment of copper at the aluminum grain boundaries. Here, it is proposed that electromigration behavior of aluminum is improved by adding copper because the copper enrichment in the form of A1[sub 2]Cu phase may hinder aluminum diffusion along the grain boundaries.
A New General Method for the Preparation of Metal Carbene Complexes (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTA New General Method for the Preparation of Metal Carbene ComplexesMark Gandelman, Boris Rybtchinski, Nissan Ashkenazi, Régis M. Gauvin, and David MilsteinView Author Information Department of Organic Chemistry The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100, Israel Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 22, 5372–5373Publication Date (Web):May 11, 2001Publication History Received1 March 2001Revised19 April 2001Published online11 May 2001Published inissue 1 June 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja0157393https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0157393rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2945Altmetric-Citations89LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Carbene complexes,Carbene compounds,Metals,Precursors,Sulfur Get e-Alerts
Detecting bogus BGP route information: Going beyond prefix hijacking (2007)

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the de facto inter-domain routing protocol of the Internet. However, the BGP system has been built based on the implicit trust among individual administrative domains and no countermeasure prevents bogus routes from being injected and propagated through the system. Attackers might exploit bogus routes to gain control of arbitrary address spaces (i.e. prefixes), to either hijack the relevant traffic or launch stealthy attacks. Attackers can directly originate the bogus routes of the prefixes, or even stealthier, further spoof the AS paths of the routes to make them appear to be originated by others. We propose a real-time detection system for ISPs to provide protection against bogus routes. The system learns from the historical BGP routing data the basic routing information objects that assemble BGP routes, and detect the suspicious routes comprised of unseen objects. In particular, we leverage a directed AS-link topology model to detect path spoofing routes that violate import/export routing policies. Moreover, we explore various heuristics to infer the potentially legitimate routing information objects to reduce false alarms. The experiments based on several documented incidents show that our system can yield a nearly 100% detection rate while bounding the false positive rate to as low as 0.02%.
A probabilistic graphical model for microphone array source separation using rich pre-trained source models (2006)

Voice based computing applications, such as phone communication and speech recognition, use microphone arrays to capture voice from a human speaker. In many environments of interest, however, sounds from other sources interfere with the speaker's voice, posing severe problems for subsequent processing. This paper describes a new framework for treating this problem, and presents and demonstrates a new algorithm for the cancellation of interfering sounds. Our framework combines techniques from statistical machine learning with ideas from speech and audio processing. An important feature involves training rich probabilistic models on data from different types of relevant sound sources. Those source models are then incorporated into a larger probabilistic model of the observed microphone data. Using that model we derive our algorithm, which is of the expectation-maximization type and infers from data the clean sound of separate individual sources. We report very good results on data recorded in different environments
Structure–Activity Relationships in Human Toll-like Receptor 2-Specific Monoacyl Lipopeptides (2012)

Toll-like receptor 2-agonistic lipopeptides typified by S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-R-cysteinyl-S-serine (PAM(2)CS) compounds are potential vaccine adjuvants. We had previously determined that at least one acyl group of optimal length (C(16)) and an appropriately orientated ester carbonyl group is essential for TLR2-agonistic activity. We now show that these structurally simpler analogues display agonistic activities with human, but not murine, TLR2. SAR studies on the monoacyl derivatives show that the optimal acyl chain length is C(16), and aryl substituents are not tolerated. A variety of alkyl and acyl substituents on the cysteine amine were examined. All N-alkyl derivatives were inactive. In contradistinction, short-chain N-acyl analogues were found to be highly active, with a clear dependence on the chain length. A cysteine N-acetyl analogue was found to be the most potent (EC(50): 1 nM), followed by the N-butyryl analogue. The N-acetyl analogue is human TLR2-specific, with its potency comparable to that of PAM(2)CS.
Serial concatenated codes for broadband satellite communications (2002)

The performance of several high rate serial concatenated convolutional codes are analyzed far a broadband packet-based satellite communication system. Using the iterative decoding algorithm, simulation results for bit error rate and frame error rate performance are presented for various codes of interest. Improved performance bounds are given that are computed using a set of recursion relations. These bounds are used to investigate the performance at the "error floor". Furthermore, the difference between the bound and iterative decoding simulation are compared for a short packet size.
<i>Chlamydia muridarum</i>-Specific CD4 T-Cell Clones Recognize Infected Reproductive Tract Epithelial Cells in an Interferon-Dependent Fashion (2009)

During natural infections Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital serovars replicate predominantly in the epithelial cells lining the reproductive tract. This tissue tropism poses a unique challenge to host cellar immunity and future vaccine development. In the experimental mouse model, CD4 T cells are necessary and sufficient to clear Chlamydia muridarum genital tract infections. This implies that resolution of genital tract infection depends on CD4 T-cell interactions with infected epithelial cells. However, no laboratory has shown that Chlamydia-specific CD4 T cells can recognize Chlamydia antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-I) molecules on epithelial cells. In this report we show that MHC-II-restricted Chlamydia-specific CD4 T-cell clones recognize infected upper reproductive tract epithelial cells as early as 12 h postinfection. The timing of recognition and degree of T-cell activation are dependent on the interferon (IFN) milieu. Beta IFN (IFN-beta) and IFN-gamma have different effects on T-cell activation, with IFN-beta blunting IFN-gamma-induced upregulation of epithelial cell surface MHC-II and T-cell activation. Individual CD4 T-cell clones differed in their degrees of dependence on IFN-gamma-regulated MHC-II for controlling Chlamydia replication in epithelial cells in vitro. We discuss our data as they relate to published studies with IFN knockout mice, proposing a straightforward interpretation of the existing literature based on CD4 T-cell interactions with the infected reproductive tract epithelium.
Vessel detection by mean shift based ray propagation (2002)

A robust and efficient method for the segmentation of vessel cross-sections in contrast enhanced CT and MR images is presented. The primary innovation of the technique is the boundary propagation by mean shift analysis combined with a smoothness constraint. Consequently, the robustness of the mean shift to noise is enhanced by the use of a priori information on boundary smoothness. This processing is integrated into our computationally efficient framework based on ray propagation. The new algorithm allows real time segmentation of medical structures found in multi-modality images (CT, MR) and various examples are shown to illustrate its effectiveness.
A New Method for the Production of Tetranitroglycoluril From Imidazo-[4,5-d]-Imidazoles With the Loss of Dinitrogen Oxide (2014)

Abstract : A new method for the preparation of tetranitroglycoluril (TNGU) (also known as Sorguyl), is described in which imidazo-[4,5- d]-imidazoles are nitrated with the elimination of dinitrogen oxide (N2O) to generate TNGU. This method of TNGU synthesis results in material that is less sensitive than material produced via alternative routes.
Odorant-binding protein and its mRNA are localized to lateral nasal gland implying a carrier function. (1988)

Odorant-binding protein selectively binds various odorants and is discretely concentrated in nasal mucosa and secretions. We have localized rat odorant-binding protein mRNA to the lateral nasal gland by in situ hybridization histochemistry and have also localized the protein to this gland by immunohistochemistry and by tritiated-odorant autoradiography. The lateral nasal gland extends a long duct toward the external nares. Odorant-binding protein, released from this duct, may transport odorants to olfactory receptor neurons.
Atomic-based stabilization for laser-pumped atomic clocks (2006)

We describe a novel technique for stabilizing frequency shifts in laser-interrogated vapor-cell atomic clocks. The method suppresses frequency shifts due to changes in the laser frequency, intensity, and modulation index as well as atomic vapor density. The clock operating parameters are monitored by using the atoms themselves, rather than by using conventional schemes for laser frequency and cell temperature control. The experiment is realized using a chip-scale atomic clock. The novel atomic-based stabilization approach results in a simpler setup and improved long-term performance.
A METHOD FOR SEVERELY CONSTRAINED ITEM SELECTION IN ADAPTIVE TESTING (1992)

ABSTRACT This paper examines the current state of attempts to incorporate expert test construction practices into a computerized adaptive testing paradigm. A new methodology for incorporating large numbers of constraints on adaptive test item selection is described. This methodology builds on the conventional, that is, linear, test construction practices employed by expert test specialists. The incorporation of such practices is necessary if computerized adaptive testing is to become a serious competitor to conventional paper‐and‐pencil testing in the future. The successful application of this new methodology to the design of an adaptive test in a real‐life setting is demonstrated by an example.
Towards a point-of-care SERS sensor for biomedical and agri-food analysis applications: a review of recent advancements (2020)

The growing demand for reliable and robust methodology in bio-chemical sensing calls for the continuous advancement of sensor technologies. Over the last two decades, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as one of the most promising analytical techniques for sensitive and trace analysis or detection in biomedical and agri-food applications. SERS overcomes the inherent sensitivity limitation associated with Raman spectroscopy, which provides vibrational "fingerprint" spectra of molecules that makes it unique and versatile among other spectroscopy techniques. This paper comprehensively reviews the recent advancements of SERS for biomedical, food and agricultural applications over the last 6 years, and we envision that, in the near future, some of these platforms have the potential to be translated as a point-of-care and rapid sensor for real-life end-user applications. The merits and limitations of various SERS sensor designs are analysed and discussed based on critical features such as sensitivity, specificity, usability, repeatability and reproducibility. We conclude by highlighting the opportunities and challenges in the field while stressing the technological gaps to be addressed in realizing commercially viable point-of-care SERS sensors for practical biomedical and agri-food technological applications.
Photon-directed colloidal crystallization (2004)

We have recently shown that electric fields can be used to induce rapid three-dimensional colloidal crystallization from isotropic colloidal dispersions through a combination of dielectrophoretic and electro-osmotic mechanisms. In this letter we demonstrate that light itself can be used to drive colloidal crystallization in a local and directed fashion under applied electric fields, allowing one to effectively write colloidal crystals in arbitrary and reversible patterns. This ability will provide great flexibility in the construction of colloid-based devices and allow their reversible operation as a function of an applied optical or electric field.
A Novel Surface-associated β-galactosidase of Streptococcus pneumoniae with Galβ1-3GlcNAc Moiety Specific Hydrolysis Activity (2009)

Streptococcus pneumoniae, the major causative agent for pneumonia, otitis media and meningitis, produces surface exoglycosidases such as neuraminidase (NanA), β-galactosidase (BgaA) and N-acetylglucosaminidase (StrH). These enzymes play critical roles for colonization and pathogenesis by sequentially hydrolyzing various glycoconjugates to penetrate host defense molecules, to expose binding sites on the surface of the epithelial cells or to obtain monosaccharides for growth. In this study, we characterized a novel β-galactosidase encoded by the bgaC gene of S. pneumoniae. The recombinant BgaC protein exhibited a highly regio- and sugar-specific hydrolysis activity for Galβ(1,3)GlcNAc moiety of oligosaccharides. Interestingly, the BgaC was shown to be expressed as a surface protein, even though it does not have a typical signal sequence or membrane anchorage motif. The bgaC mutant strains did not show detectable changes in growth or morphology compared to wild type stains when cultivated under normal laboratory conditions. However, the bgaC mutant showed higher colonization levels at 6 and 12 h post-infection in vivo than the wild type. Our data strongly indicate that S. pneumoniae BgaC is a surface-associated β-galactosidase with a specific hydrolysis activity that contributes significantly to the adherence and invasion of pneumococci in vivo and in vitro.
A two-scale method using a list of active sub-domains for a fully parallelized solution of wave equations (2015)

Wave form modeling is used in a vast number of applications. Therefore, different methods have been developed that exhibit different strengths and weaknesses in accuracy, stability and computational cost. The latter remains a problem for most applications. Parallel programming has had a large impact on wave field modeling since the solution of the wave equation can be divided into independent steps. The finite difference solution of the wave equation is particularly suitable for GPU acceleration; however, one problem is the rather limited global memory current GPUs are equipped with. For this reason, most large-scale applications require multiple GPUs to be employed. This paper proposes a method to optimally distribute the workload on different GPUs by avoiding devices that are running idle. This is done by using a list of active sub-domains so that a certain sub-domain is activated only if the amplitude inside the sub-domain exceeds a given threshold. During the computation, every GPU checks if the sub-domain needs to be active. If not, the GPU can be assigned to another sub-domain. The method was applied to synthetic examples to test the accuracy and the efficiency of the method. The results show that the method offers a more efficient utilization of multi-GPU computer architectures.
Tunable opto-electronic oscillator for ultra-wide-band transceivers (2013)

We study both theoretically and experimentally an RF photonic frequency source featuring low phase noise, low power consumption, compact size, and wideband tunability. Performance parameters of the oscillator are superior to existing tunable electronic oscillators and synthesizers operating in the 2-35 GHz band, with the close-in phase noise at least 20 dB lower than what is currently achieved with free running tunable RF oscillators.
Sparsity based super-resolution in optical measurements (2013)

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a method of exploiting prior knowledge of a signal's sparsity to perform super-resolution in various optical measurements, including: single-shot sub-wavelength Coherent Diffractive Imaging (CDI), i.e. algorithmic object reconstruction from Fourier amplitude measurements, and ultra-fast pulse measurement, i.e. exceeding the temporal resolution imposed by the rise time of the photodiode. The prior knowledge of the signal's sparsity compensates for the loss of phase information and the loss of high spatial frequencies in the case of CDI, and for the loss of temporal frequencies accompanying the photodiode measurement process.
Asymmetrical Design in Electrical Machines (2019)

This paper investigates asymmetrical designs for electrical machines, specifically focusing on permanent magnet motors. Three different asymmetrical design methods are introduced, including the stator asymmetry, the rotor asymmetry and the unity motor asymmetry. Three design examples based on the unity motor asymmetry concept are provided. Design examples highlight the benefits of the asymmetrical design in terms of reduced cost and torque ripple as well as improved sensorless control performance.
GJB2 Mutations in Hearing Impairment: Identification of a Broad Clinical Spectrum for Improved Genetic Counseling (2005)

Improved genetic counseling can be performed by screening for GJB2 alterations in patients with nonsyndromic hearing impairment including patients within groups for which a role for exogenetic factors cannot be excluded. Specific genetic counseling for GJB2-linked hearing impairment in heterozygotes will depend on future research.
High Frequency (HF) Radar Detection of the Weak 2012 Indonesian Tsunamis (2012)

We report here on the observation and offline detection of the weak tsunamis generated by earthquakes near Indonesia on 11 April 2012 using radar systems and tide gauges on the coasts of Sumatra and the Andaman Islands. This work extends the previous observations of the much stronger 2011 Japan tsunami. The distance offshore at which the tsunami can be detected, and hence the warning time provided, depends primarily on the bathymetry: the wider the shallow continental shelf, the greater this time. The weak Indonesia tsunamis were detected successfully in spite of the narrow shallow-water shelf offshore from the radar systems. Larger tsunamis could obviously be detected further from the coast. This paper provides further confirmation that radar is an important tool to aid in tsunami observation and warning.