gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Case Study in Refactoring Functional Programs (2003)

Abstract. Refactoring is the process of redesigning existing code without changing its functionality. Refactoring has recently come to prominence in the OO community. In this paper we explore the prospects for refactoring functional programs. Our paper centres on the case study of refactoring a 400 line Haskell program written by one of our students. The case study illustrates the type and variety of program manipulations involved in refactoring. Similarly to other program transformations, refactorings are based on program equivalences, and thus ultimately on language semantics. In the context of functional languages, refactorings can be based on existing theory and program analyses. However, the use of program transformations for program restructuring emphasises a different kind of transformation from the more traditional derivation or optimisation: characteristically, they often require wholesale changes to a collection of modules, and although they are best controlled by programmers, their application may require nontrivial semantic analyses. The paper also explores the background to refactoring, provides a taxonomy for describing refactorings and draws some conclusions about refactoring for functional programs. 1.
Tritiation of Semiconductor Materials for Micropower Application (2008)

We report on a simple and versatile method for the integration of tritium in semiconductor materials. A variety of semiconductor materials are exposed to tritium (T2) gas at pressures of up to 120 bar and temperatures of up to 250 °C. Tritiated materials include hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), crystalline silicon (c-Si), silica and carbon nanotubes (CNT). Deep ultra-violet laser irradiation was used to lock tritium in silica films. Effusion measurements show the presence of stable tritium in silicon, silica and CNTs up to 400 °C. IR absorption spectra show a Si-T stretching mode at 1200 cm-1 indicating the formation of stable Si-T bonds in a-Si:H. SIMS measurements show that the penetration depth of tritium in a-Si:H and c-Si is 150 and 10 nm, respectively; the concentration of tritium locked in a-Si:H and c-Si is 20 and 4 at.%, respectively. In tritiated silica, 248-nm UV laser irradiation locks the permeated tritium at stable chemical bonding sites in the silica lattice. Thermal effusion measurement shows that 0.5 wt.% tritium can be stably immobilized in CNTs. The application of tritiated silicon as a cold electron source is demonstrated.
Overweight and obesity prevalence among adult Pacific peoples and Europeans in the Diabetes Heart and Health Study (DHAHS) 2002-2003, Auckland New Zealand. (2010)

The continued rise in overweight and obesity in older Pacific adults means that almost all are now overweight or obese. This raises concerns about interventions focussed on overweight and obesity, and will require the adoption of a total Pacific population 'environmental change' approach rather than dietary or physical activity interventions targeted to overweight individuals.
Application of Olefin Metathesis to Organic Synthesis (1999)

Abstract: The design and execution of complex molecule synthesis centers upon those reactions that are truly versatile and reliable, especially those that form carbon-carbon bonds. For many decades, alkene metathesis reactions have found great application in polymer synthesis, but it has only been recently that this reaction is finding a place in the arsenal of the synthetic chemist. This new role for the olefin metathesis reaction is directly related to the recent development of stable, well-defined catalysts for this reaction. Ruthenium and molybdenum catalysts, among others, are finding wide spread use in organic synthesis. These catalysts are able to promote the exchange of two independent alkenes and result in the formation of a new olefin. The most common use for this reaction involves an intermolecular variation whereby a tethered diene is metathesized to form a cycloalkene. This ring-closing metathesis (RCM) process has been shown to be remarkably versatile and is tolerant to a wide range of accompanying functionality. RCM reactions are now widely used for the preparation of carbocyclic, azacyclic, and oxacyclic systems. This review focuses on the versatility offered by these well-defined catalyst systems and focuses on their use in the synthesis of natural and non-natural products.
El permiso de lactancia tras las últimas reformas (2014)

Analisis de los puntos mas significativos del permiso de lactancia: fundamento, naturaleza juridica, titularidad (aspecto criticado por conllevar una discriminacion hacia la mujer trabajadora), requisitos formales y materiales para poder disfrutar del mismo, las diferentes formas en que se puede ejercer este permiso; y por ultimo, la proteccion que tiene en el ambito del contrato de trabajo como instrumento para garantizar la conciliacion de la vida laboral y familiar
Graph Anomaly Detection with Graph Convolutional Networks (2023)

Anomaly detection in network data is a critical task in various domains, and graph-based approaches, particularly Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs), have gained significant attention in recent years. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of anomaly detection techniques, focusing on the importance and challenges of network anomaly detection. It introduces the fundamentals of GCNs, including graph representation, graph convolutional operations, and the graph convolutional layer. The paper explores the applications of GCNs in anomaly detection, discussing the graph convolutional layer, hierarchical representation learning, and the overall process of anomaly detection using GCNs. A thorough review of the literature is presented, with a comparative analysis of GCN-based approaches. The findings highlight the significance of graph-based techniques, deep learning, and various aspects of graph representation in anomaly detection. The paper concludes with a discussion on key insights, challenges, and potential advancements, such as the integration of deep learning models and dynamic graph analysis.
2009 개정 사회과 교육과정의 특징과 과제 -시수 편제 논의를 중심으로- (2011)

이 논문은 제7 차 교육과정 및 2007 개정 사회과 교육과정과의 비교를 통해 2009 개정 사회과 교육과정의 시수 편제상 특징을 분석하고, 새로운 시수 편제 구성 방식이 추후 2009 개정 사회과 교육과정이 성공적으로 정착되기 위해 시도교육청 및 학교 현장에서 어떠한 노력이 필요한지 제언하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 이를 위하여 이 논문에서는 우선 7차와 2007 개정 사회과 교육과정의 특징과 문제점을 시수 편제에 초점을 맞추어 분석한 다음, 2009 개정 사회과 교육과정의 시수 편제가 7차와 2007 개정 사회과 교육과정과 비교해 볼 때 어떤 특징과 차이점이 있는지에 대해 분석하고 있다. 끝으로 이러한 분석에 기초하여 추후 학교 현장에서 2009 사회과 교육과정을 실행하는 과정에서 어떤 지원과 노력이 필요한지를 제언하고 있다.
DEPOSITION OF THIN-FILM SILICON FOR PHOTOVOLTAICS: USE OF VHF-GD AND OES (2023)

Deposition rates over 10 A/s can be obtained for device-grade microcrystalline silicon with the VHF-GD (Very High Frequency - Glow Discharge) method, as applied to hydrogen-diluted silane plasmas. The morphological phase transition from amorphous to microcrystalline silicon can be controlled by varying e.g. the applied VHF-power or the dilution level. The glow of the plasma associated with this morphological phase transition is monitored by optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Thereby, we find that the decisive criteria for µc-Si:H growth is the OES-ratio between the Hα-line (atomic hydrogen line at 656nm) and the SiH<sup>*</sup> - line (at 414 nm); in our case, as soon as this ratio becomes lower than 1.7 one obtains microcrystalline growth.
Variable anisotropic FOV for 3D radial imaging with spiral phyllotaxis (VASP) (2020)

We have developed a new method (VASP), which enables variable anisotropic FOV for 3D radial trajectory with SP. For anisotropic objects within the excited imaging volumes, VASP can reduce scan times and/or reduce aliasing artifacts.
Transition-metal-mediated thiosulfinate ester synthesis (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTransition-metal-mediated thiosulfinate ester synthesisMarlene E. Raseta, Steven A. Cawood, Mark E. Welker, and Arnold L. RheingoldCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 21, 8268–8270Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00203a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00203a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views146Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Centralized Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Mesh Network Placement Scheme: A Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm Approach (2018)

In the past, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) were mostly used in military operations to prevent pilot losses. Nowadays, the fast technological evolution has enabled the production of a class of cost-effective UAVs that can service a plethora of public and civilian applications, especially when configured to work cooperatively to accomplish a task. However, designing a communication network among the UAVs is a challenging task. In this article, we propose a centralized UAV placement strategy, where UAVs are used as flying access points forming a mesh network, providing connectivity to ground nodes deployed in a target area. The geographical placement of UAVs is optimized based on a Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA). The goal of the proposed scheme is to cover all ground nodes using a minimum number of UAVs, while maximizing the fulfillment of their data rate requirements. The UAVs can employ different data rates depending on the channel conditions, which are expressed by the Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR). In this work, the elitist Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is used to find a set of optimal positions to place UAVs, given the positions of the ground nodes. We evaluate the trade-off between the number of UAVs used to cover the target area and the data rate requirement of the ground nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can optimize the UAV placement given the requirement and the positions of the ground nodes in the geographical area.
Imaging lungs using inert fluorinated gases (1998)

Rat lungs were imaged by 19F projection MRI of hexafluoroethane, mixed with 20% oxygen to form the inhaled gas. The 3D image had 700 microm resolution, and the data took 4.3 h to acquire. Free induction decays were collected in the presence of steady magnetic field gradients in 686 different directions. To take advantage of fast relaxation (T1 = 5.9 +/- 0.2 ms), the repetition time was 5 ms. To eliminate signal loss from magnetic field inhomogeneities, data were collected within 2 ms of spin excitation (from 80 micros to 2 ms after the 42-micros pi/2 pulses). The singular value decomposition of the transform from frequency to time domain was used to obtain projections despite the absence of data during and immediately after the RF pulses. Inert fluorinated gas imaging may be less expensive than polarized noble gas imaging and is appropriate for imaging steady-state rather than transient gas concentrations.
Nona-Arginine Facilitates Delivery of Quantum Dots into Cells via Multiple Pathways (2010)

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have recently been used to deliver and monitor biomolecules, such as drugs and proteins. However, QDs alone have a low efficiency of transport across the plasma membrane. In order to increase the efficiency, we used synthetic nona-arginine (SR9), a cell-penetrating peptide, to facilitate uptake. We found that SR9 increased the cellular uptake of QDs in a noncovalent binding manner between QDs and SR9. Further, we investigated mechanisms of QD/SR9 cellular internalization. Low temperature and metabolic inhibitors markedly inhibited the uptake of QD/SR9, indicating that internalization is an energy-dependent process. Results from both the pathway inhibitors and the RNA interference (RNAi) technique suggest that cellular uptake of QD/SR9 is predominantly a lipid raft-dependent process mediated by macropinocytosis. However, involvement of clathrin and caveolin-1 proteins in transducing QD/SR9 across the membrane cannot be completely ruled out.
Circuit Design Advances for Wireless Sensing Applications (2010)

Miniature wireless sensors with long lifetimes enable new applications for medical diagnosis, infrastructure monitoring, military surveillance, and environmental sensing among many other applications in a growing field. Sensor miniaturization leads to decreased on-sensor energy capacity, and lifetime requirements further constrain the sensor's power budget. To enable millimeter-scale wireless sensors with lifetimes of months to years, a new class of low-power circuit techniques is required. Wireless sensors collect and digitize environmental data before processing and transmitting the data wirelessly to base stations or other sensor nodes. Recent low-power advances for each of these functions shed light on how ubiquitous sensing can become a reality.
Interactions of the Sweet Protein Brazzein with the Sweet Taste Receptor (2006)

Brazzein is a small, potently sweet protein. Homology modeling has been used to construct a model of the ligand-binding domain of the sweet taste receptor, and low-resolution docking has been used to identify potential modes of brazzein-receptor binding. Published brazzein mutation-taste data were then used to select one of these as the most likely brazzein-receptor binding orientation. This orientation places brazzein in contact primarily with the T1R2 subunit of the receptor, and it accounts for 21 of the 23 mutation results examined.
Frequency response identification with cascade relay feedback (2000)

(2000). Frequency response identification with cascade relay feedback. International Journal of Control: Vol. 73, No. 18, pp. 1647-1656.
Cellulose nanofibers/polyvinyl alcohol blends as an efficient coating to improve the hydrophobic and oleophobic properties of paper (2022)

The effect of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coating on the hydrophobic, oleophobic, and strength properties of paper were investigated. The results showed that the size of bamboo fibers (BFs) decreased significantly and the crystallinity increased significantly after biological enzyme treatment. The average length of CNFs obtained by high pressure homogenization was 2.4 µm, the diameter was 28.7 nm, and the crystallinity was 63.63%. When the coating weight of PVA/CNF was 2.0 g/m<sup>2</sup> and the CNF dosage was increased from 0.0% to 3.0%, the paper grease resistance grade was increased from 7 to 9, the Cobb value was decreased from 22.68 ± 0.29 g/m<sup>2</sup> to 18.37 ± 0.63 g/m<sup>2</sup>, the contact angle was increased from 67.82° to 93.56°, and the longitudinal and transverse tensile index were increased from 67.72 ± 0.21 N m/g and 37.63 ± 0.25 N m/g to 68.61 ± 0.55 N m/g and 40.71 ± 0.78 N m/g, respectively. When the CNF dosage was 3.0% and the coating weight of PVA/CNF was 4.0 g/m<sup>2</sup>, the grease resistance grade of the paper was 12, the Cobb value was 21.80 ± 0.39 g/m<sup>2</sup>, and the longitudinal and transverse tensile indices were 72.11 ± 0.43 N m/g and 42.58 ± 0.48 N m/g, respectively. In summary, the increase of CNFs can effectively improve the lipophobicity, hydrophobicity and tensile strength of the PVA coated paper.
Minor structural changes in nicotinoid insecticides confer differential subtype selectivity for mammalian nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (1999)

The major nitroimine insecticide imidacloprid (IMI) and the nicotinic analgesics epibatidine and ABT-594 contain the 6-chloro-3-pyridinyl moiety important for high activity and/or selectivity. ABT-594 has considerable nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subtype specificity which might carry over to the chloropyridinyl insecticides. This study considers nine IMI analogues for selectivity in binding to immuno-isolated alpha1, alpha3 and alpha7 containing nicotinic AChRs and to purported alpha4beta2 nicotinic AChRs. Alpha1- and alpha3-containing nicotinic AChRs (both immuno-isolated by mAb 35, from Torpedo and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, respectively) are between two and four times more sensitive to DN-IMI than to (-)-nicotine. With immuno-isolated alpha3 nicotinic AChRs, the tetrahydropyrimidine analogues of IMI with imine or nitromethylene substituents are 3-4 fold less active than (-)-nicotine. The structure-activity profile with alpha3 nicotinic AChRs from binding assays is faithfully reproduced in agonist potency as induction of 86rubidium ion efflux in intact cells. Alpha7-containing nicotinic AChRs of SH-SY5Y cells (immuno-isolated by mAb 306) and rat brain membranes show maximum sensitivity to the tetrahydropyrimidine analogue of IMI with the nitromethylene substituent. The purported alpha4beta2 nicotinic AChRs [mouse (Chao & Casida, 1997) and rat brain] are similar in sensitivity to DN-IMI, the tetrahydropyrimidine nitromethylene and nicotine. The commercial insecticides (IMI, acetamiprid and nitenpyram) have low to moderate potency at the alpha3 and purported alpha4beta2 nicotinic AChRs and are essentially inactive at alpha1 and alpha7 nicotinic AChRs. In conclusion, the toxicity of the analogues and metabolites of nicotinoid insecticides in mammals may involve action at multiple receptor subtypes with selectivity conferred by minor structural changes.
Genomic insights into an obligate epibiotic bacterial predator: Micavibrio aeruginosavorus ARL-13 (2011)

The findings from our phylogenomic and transcriptomic analyses shed new light on the biology and evolution of the epibiotic predatory lifestyle of M. aeruginosavorus. The analysis reported here and the availability of the complete genome sequence should catalyze future studies of this organism.
WHAT MAKES GREAT BASIN SAGEBRUSH ECOSYSTEMS INVASIBLE BY<i>BROMUS TECTORUM</i>? (2007)

Ecosystem susceptibility to invasion by nonnative species is poorly understood, but evidence is increasing that spatial and temporal variability in resources has large-scale effects. We conducted a study in Artemisia tridentata ecosystems at two Great Basin locations examining differences in resource availability and invasibility of Bromus tectorum over elevation gradients and in response to direct and interacting effects of removal of perennial herbaceous vegetation and fire. We monitored environmental conditions, soil variables, and B. tectorum establishment and reproduction over two years. Soil water (measured as the number of days soil matric potential was >−1.5 MPa) and nitrate availability (measured as micromoles of NO3− sorbed to resin capsules per day in the ground) decreased with decreasing elevation. Lower-elevation sites had greater annual variability in soil water availability than upper-elevation sites did. Soil nitrate levels were highest at all elevations when soils were wettest; nitrate availability was not more variable at lower elevations. Removal of herbaceous perennials increased soil water and nitrate availability, but burning without removal had only minor effects. Bromus tectorum had low establishment, biomass, and seed production on high-elevation sites and on a mid-elevation site during a cold, short, growing season probably due to ecophysiological limitations resulting from cold temperatures. Establishment, biomass, and seed production were variable at low elevations and best explained by soil characteristics and spatial and temporal variation in soil water. Removal and fire had minor effects on emergence and survival, but biomass and seed production increased two to three times following removal, two to six times after burning, and 10–30 times following removal and burning. Our data indicate that invasibility varies across elevation gradients and appears to be closely related to temperature at higher elevations and soil water availability at lower elevations. High variability in soil water and lower average perennial herbaceous cover may increase invasion potential at lower elevations. Soil water and nitrate availability increase following either fire or removal, but on intact sites native perennials typically increase following fire, limiting B. tectorum growth and reproduction. Following resource fluctuations, invasibility is lowest on sites with relatively high cover of perennial herbaceous species (i.e., sites in high ecological condition).
A Clinical Study or Flurazepam (1982)

Eleven patients suffering from chronic insomnia were given 30 mg flurazepam for 28 nights. While EEG measures of total sleep time and sleep efficiency were improved, changes in sleep latency and intermittent waking time were small and nonsignificant. Subjective benefits in sleep were confined to the first 2 nights. There was neither increased nor decreased daytime sleepiness. Cognitive functioning was significantly decreased during the first 2 days, and patients were unaware of these changes. Simple motor tasks were relatively unaffected. Desalkylflurazepam concentrations showed significant accumulation over time, but were not predictive of sleep measures or daytime performance in individual subjects. The withdrawal period was characterized by subjectively disturbed sleep and daytime dysphoria.
Apollo experience report: Crew provisions and equipment subsystem (1972)

A description of the construction and use of crew provisions and equipment subsystem items for the Apollo Program is presented. The subsystem is composed principally of survival equipment, bioinstrumentation devices, medical components and accessories, water- and waste-management equipment, personal-hygiene articles, docking aids, flight garments (excluding the pressure garment assembly), and various other crew-related accessories. Particular attention is given to items and assemblies that presented design, development, or performance problems: the crew optical alinement sight system, the metering water dispenser, and the waste-management system. Changes made in design and materials to improve the fire safety of the hardware are discussed.
Vehicle color classification using manifold learning methods from urban surveillance videos (2014)

Color identification of vehicles plays a significant role in crime detection. In this study, a novel scheme for the color identification of vehicles is proposed using the locating algorithm of regions of interest (ROIs) as well as the color histogram features from still images. A coarse-to-fine strategy was adopted to efficiently locate the ROIs for various vehicle types. Red patch labeling, geometrical-rule filtering, and a texture-based classifier were cascaded to locate the valid ROIs. A color space fusion together with a dimension reduction scheme was designed for color classification. Color histograms in ROIs were extracted and classified by a trained classifier. Seven different classes of color were identified in this work. Experiments were conducted to show the performance of the proposed method. The average rates of ROI location and color classification were 98.45% and 88.18%, respectively. Moreover, the classification efficiency of the proposed method was up to 18 frames per second.