gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sphingosine prevents binding of SARS–CoV-2 spike to its cellular receptor ACE2 (2020)

Sphingosine has been shown to prevent and eliminate bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, but it is unknown whether sphingosine can be also employed to prevent viral infections. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed whether sphingosine regulates the infection of cultured and freshly isolated <i>ex vivo</i> human epithelial cells with pseudoviral particles expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike (pp-VSV-SARS-CoV-2 spike) that served as a <i>bona fide</i> system mimicking SARS-CoV-2 infection. We demonstrate that exogenously applied sphingosine suspended in 0.9% NaCl prevents cellular infection with pp-SARS-CoV-2 spike. Pretreatment of cultured Vero epithelial cells or freshly isolated human nasal epithelial cells with low concentrations of sphingosine prevented adhesion of and infection with pp-VSV-SARS-CoV-2 spike. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that sphingosine binds to ACE2, the cellular receptor of SARS-CoV-2, and prevents the interaction of the receptor-binding domain of the viral spike protein with ACE2. These data indicate that sphingosine prevents at least some viral infections by interfering with the interaction of the virus with its receptor. Our data also suggest that further preclinical and finally clinical examination of sphingosine is warranted for potential use as a prophylactic or early treatment for coronavirus disease-19.
Generalized internal multiple imaging (2014)

ABSTRACT Internal multiples deteriorate the image when the imaging procedure assumes only single scattering, especially if the velocity model does not have sharp contrasts to reproduce such scattering in the Green’s function through forward modeling. If properly imaged, internal multiples (internally scattered energy) can enhance the seismic image. Conventionally, to image internal multiples, accurate, sharp contrasts in the velocity model are required to construct a Green’s function with all the scattered energy. As an alternative, we have developed a generalized internal multiple imaging procedure that images any order internal scattering using the background Green’s function (from the surface to each image point), constructed from a smooth velocity model, usually used for conventional imaging. For the first-order internal multiples, the approach consisted of three steps, in which we first back propagated the recorded surface seismic data using the background Green’s function, then crosscorrelated the back-propagated data with the recorded data, and finally crosscorrelated the result with the original background Green’s function. This procedure images the contribution of the recorded first-order internal multiples, and it is almost free of the single-scattering recorded energy. The cost includes one additional crosscorrelation over the conventional single-scattering imaging application. We generalized this method to image internal multiples of any order separately. The resulting images can be added to the conventional single-scattering image, obtained, e.g., from Kirchhoff or reverse-time migration, to enhance the image. Application to synthetic data with reflectors illuminated by multiple scattering (double scattering) demonstrated the effectiveness of the approach.
Atomic Vector Operations on Chip Multiprocessors (2008)

The current trend is for processors to deliver dramatic improvements in parallel performance while only modestly improving serial performance. Parallel performance is harvested through vector/SIMD instructions as well as multithreading (through both multithreaded cores and chip multiprocessors). Vector parallelism can be more efficiently supported than multithreading, but is often harder for software to exploit. In particular, code with sparse data access patterns cannot easily utilize the vector/SIMD instructions of mainstream processors. Hardware to scatter and gather sparse data has previously been proposed to enable vector execution for these codes. However, on multithreaded architectures, a number of applications spend significant time on atomic operations (e.g., parallel reductions), which cannot be vectorized using previously proposed schemes. This paper proposes architectural support for atomic vector operations (referred to as GLSC) that addresses this limitation. GLSC extends scatter-gather hardware to support atomic memory operations. Our experiments show that the GLSC provides an average performance improvement on a set of important RMS kernels of 54% for 4-wide SIMD.
Separation of azeotropic organic liquid mixtures by pervaporation (1991)

Abstract We have shown that ionomeric membranes of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymer allow selective pervaporation of polar organic compounds from their azeotropic mixtures with less polar compounds. A composite membrane of a thin PFSA polymer film, cast on a porous Teflon support, provided desirable permeant fluxes with good selectivity. Model binary azeotropes, composed of alcohols and hydrocarbons, were separated with total pervaporation fluxes of up to 9.5 kg/h·m 2 using a stirred membrane permeation cell, the product side of which was exposed to vacuum. Fluxes increased with increasing alcohol content of the feed and with temperature. But the selectivity of the more permeating component remained reasonably constant around the azeotropic point and also over the range of temperature used in the study (25–55°C). Total pervaporation fluxes depended little on downstream pressure up to 6.66 kPa (50 torr). These separation data were explained by a mathematical model based on a solution‐diffusion mechanism.
Cloning animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer – biological factors (2003)

Cloning by nuclear transfer using mammalian somatic cells has enormous potential application. However, somatic cloning has been inefficient in all species in which live clones have been produced. High abortion and fetal mortality rates are commonly observed. These developmental defects have been attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the somatic nuclei by the cloning process. Various strategies have been used to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer, however, significant breakthroughs are yet to happen. In this review we will discuss studies conducted, in our laboratories and those of others, to gain a better understanding of nuclear reprogramming. Because cattle are a species widely used for nuclear transfer studies, and more laboratories have succeeded in cloning cattle than any other species, this review will be focused on somatic cell cloning of cattle.
Looking around the corner using transient imaging (2009)

We show that multi-path analysis using images from a timeof-flight (ToF) camera provides a tantalizing opportunity to infer about 3D geometry of not only visible but hidden parts of a scene. We provide a novel framework for reconstructing scene geometry from a single viewpoint using a camera that captures a 3D time-image I(x, y, t) for each pixel. We propose a framework that uses the time-image and transient reasoning to expose scene properties that may be beyond the reach of traditional computer vision. We corroborate our theory with free space hardware experiments using a femtosecond laser and an ultrafast photo detector array. The ability to compute the geometry of hidden elements, unobservable by both the camera and illumination source, will create a range of new computer vision opportunities.
CRISPR/Cas systems versus plant viruses: engineering plant immunity and beyond (2021)

Molecular engineering of plant immunity to confer resistance against plant viruses holds great promise for mitigating crop losses and improving plant productivity and yields, thereby enhancing food security. Several approaches have been employed to boost immunity in plants by interfering with the transmission or lifecycles of viruses. In this review, we discuss the successful application of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) (CRISPR/Cas) systems to engineer plant immunity, increase plant resistance to viruses, and develop viral diagnostic tools. Furthermore, we examine the use of plant viruses as delivery systems to engineer virus resistance in plants and provide insight into the limitations of current CRISPR/Cas approaches and the potential of newly discovered CRISPR/Cas systems to engineer better immunity and develop better diagnostics tools for plant viruses. Finally, we outline potential solutions to key challenges in the field to enable the practical use of these systems for crop protection and viral diagnostics.
The implicit fan cursor (2014)

We present the Implicit Fan Cursor (IFC) - a novel target pointing technique using a cursor with a fan-shape activation area. The IFC couples the cursor's activation area with its velocity, i.e., the speed and direction of the mouse motion, behaving like a 2D spotlight cursor at low speed and a circular area cursor at high speed. Thus, it enables the user to precisely acquire distant targets at low speed and easily acquire nearest targets at high speed, without explicit mode switching. This technique minimizes cursor movement, while taking into consideration of the precision of cursor movement at different speeds. It also ensures that only one target is captured at any time. The results of our controlled experiments show that the IFC outperforms the point cursor and the area cursor techniques, particularly in terms of cursor moving distance, and that its performance can be accurately modeled using the Fitts' law.
Advanced development of fine coal desulfurization and recovery technology. Quarterly technical progress report, October 1, 1977--December 30, 1977 (1978)

Several tromising methods for the desulfurization and recovery of fine coal were subjected to further improvement and development. The methods include froth flotation, selective oil agglomeration, pelletization, and a chemical desulfurization process based on leaching coal with a hot, dilute solution of sodium carbonate containing dissolved oxygen under pressure (oxydesulfurization.) Numerous experiments with chemical leaching in an autoclave showed the effect of leaching time, oxygen partial pressure, temperature, and concentration of alkali on the reduction of sulfur in coal. Increased oxygen partial pressure and leaching time improved the removal of sulfur. An optimum temperature range was observed for maximum sulfur reduction. Coal-derived pyrite was leached in a tubular, flow-through reactor. The conversion of sulfur as a function of the length of the packed bed was studied. Chemical treatments of the surface of coal and pyrite were studied to effect a better separation by froth flotation and oil agglomeration.Treatment of acid-cleaned pyrite by an aerated alkaline solution decreased its floatability, whereas the floatability of coal was unaffected. Oil agglomeration was also effective in the reduction of sulfur content in coal when a mixture of No. 200 LLS and No. 6 fuel oils was used after a pretreatment with a hot, aerated solution of dilute sodium carbonate. The construction of a bench-scale flow system for demonstrating various methods of cleaning and recovering fine-size coal was continued and is nearing completion. The determination of sulfur in coal by the ASTM procedure was examined to assess the effect of the maceral type and coal rank on the dissolution of pyrite by nitric acid. The study was based on data obtained by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis.
A Curl-Based Approach to Ultrasound Elastography (2010)

The past two decades have witnessed the development of a new medical imaging modality: tissue elastography. The contrast in the images produced by an elastography system is based on the tissue elasticity, hence these images are called elastograms. Tissue elasticity is of clinical interest, because it is often correlated with pathology [1]. Different approaches to tissue elastography have emerged [2, 3]. In this article we report a tissue elastography system and its implementation on an ultrasound machine which provides consistent elastograms of a commercial quality assurance elastography phantom. The system uses our previously developed high frame rate sequencing and phase compensation techniques to measure axial and lateral motions at a typical frame rate of 1.25 kHz [4]. The system uses the curl of the displacements in a direct inversion algorithm to reconstruct elasticity. The most important benefit of this method is that the obtained elastograms are not dependent on the boundary conditions or the shape, size or position of the exciter, and as a result, the elastograms have fewer artifacts originating from these factors. The curl of the displacement has been used in magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) before, together with the direct inversion of the wave equation [5] and promising results have been obtained.
Detection of Human Papillomavirus Type 18 E7 Oncoprotein in Cervical Smears: a Feasibility Study (2011)

Persistent infections by high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the main etiological factor for cervical cancer, and expression of HPV E7 oncoproteins was suggested to be a potential marker for tumor progression. The objective of this study was to generate new reagents for the detection of the HPV18 E7 oncoprotein in cervical smears. Rabbit monoclonal antibodies against recombinant E7 protein of HPV type 18 (HPV18) were generated and characterized using Western blotting, epitope mapping, indirect immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. One clone specifically recognizing HPV18 E7 was used for the development of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The assay was validated using recombinant E7 proteins of various HPV types and lysates from E7-positive cervical carcinoma cells. A total of 14 HPV18 DNA-positive cervical swab specimens and 24 HPV DNA-negative-control specimens were used for the determination of E7 protein levels by the newly established sandwich ELISA. On the basis of the average absorbance values obtained from all 24 negative controls, a cutoff above which a clinical sample can be judged E7 positive was established. Significant E7 signals 6- to 30-fold over background were found in 7 out of 14 abnormal HPV18 DNA-positive cervical smear specimens. This feasibility study demonstrates for the first time that HPV18 E7 oncoprotein can be detected in cervical smears.
Silicon nitride grating based planar spectral splitting concentrator for NIR light harvesting (2020)

We design a multi-layered solar spectral splitting planar concentrator for near infrared (NIR) light energy harvesting application. Each layer includes a silicon nitride based subwavelength diffraction grating on top of a glass substrate that is optimized to diffract the incoming solar radiation in a specific band from a broad spectral band (700-1400 nm in the NIR region) into guided modes propagating inside the glass substrate. The steep diffraction angle due to subwavelength grating results in concentrated light at the edge of each layer where it is then converted to electricity using a photovoltaic cell. The spectral splitting planar concentrator shows an overall NIR guiding efficiency of ∼18%, and power conversion efficiency of ∼11%. The design can be potentially used for building integrated photovoltaics application.
Investigation of GaN-on-GaN vertical <i>p</i>-<i>n</i> diode with regrown <i>p</i>-GaN by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (2018)

To mimic selective-area doping, p-GaN was regrown on an etched GaN surface on GaN substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Vertical GaN-on-GaN p-n diodes were fabricated to investigate the effects of the etch-then-regrowth process on device performance. The crystal quality of the sample after each epitaxial step was characterized by X-ray diffraction, where the etch-then-regrowth process led to a very slight increase in edge dislocations. A regrowth interfacial layer was clearly shown by transmission electron microscopy. Strong electroluminescence was observed with three emission peaks at 2.2 eV, 2.8 eV, and 3.0 eV. The forward current density increased slightly with increasing temperature, while the reverse current density was almost temperature independent indicating tunneling as the reverse transport mechanism. This result is very similar to the reported Zener tunnel diode comprising a high doping profile at the junction interface. High levels of silicon and oxygen concentrations were observed at the regrowth interface with a distribution width of ∼100 nm. This work provides valuable information on p-GaN regrowth and regrown GaN p-n diodes, which can serve as an important reference for developing selective doping for advanced GaN power electronics for high voltage and high power applications.
Independent Zone Routing: An Adaptive Hybrid Routing Framework for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks (2004)

To effectively support communication in such a dynamic networking environment as the ad hoc networks, the routing framework has to be adaptable to the spatial and temporal changes in the characteristics of the network, such as traffic and mobility patterns. Multiscoping, as is provided through the concept of the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for example, can serve as a basis for such an adaptive behavior. The Zone Routing framework implements hybrid routing by every network node proactively maintaining routing information about its local neighborhood called the routing zone, while reactively acquiring routes to destinations beyond the routing zone. In this paper, we propose the Independent Zone Routing (IZR) framework, an enhancement of the Zone Routing framework, which allows adaptive and distributed configuration for the optimal size of each node's routing zone, on the per-node basis. We demonstrate that the performance of IZR is significantly improved by its ability to automatically and dynamically tune the network routing operation, so as to flexibly and robustly support changes in the network characteristics and operational conditions. As a point of reference, through this form of adaptation, we show that the volume of routing control traffic overhead in the network can be reduced by an order of magnitude, under some set of parameter values. Furthermore, the adaptive nature of IZR enhances the scalability of these networks as well.
Separation of Triacylglycerol Species from Interesterified Oils by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography (2007)

Abstract Using a 1,3‐regioselective lipase as a catalyst, soybean oil and olive oil were interesterified with the short‐chain triacylglycerol tributyrin (1,2,3‐tributyrylglycerol) to produce mixtures of structured triacylglycerols (SL‐TAG). The SL‐TAG were purified by column chromatography and analyzed by both normal‐phase (silica column; NP SIL ) and reversed‐phase [octadecyl silane (ODS) column] high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Individual SL‐TAG molecular species were detected by evaporative light‐scattering detection, and characterized by mass spectrometry. NP SIL HPLC successfully separated the newly synthesized SL‐TAG into two groups of TAG: one composed of one butyryl group and two long‐chain fatty acyl groups (from soybean or olive oil); the second was composed of two butyryl groups and one long‐chain fatty acyl group. The SL‐TAG species were further analyzed by reversed‐phase HPLC which gave a more detailed separation of the TAG species present in the two SL‐TAG.
Model-Based Edge Detector for Spectral Imagery Using Sparse Spatiospectral Masks (2014)

Two model-based algorithms for edge detection in spectral imagery are developed that specifically target capturing intrinsic features such as isoluminant edges that are characterized by a jump in color but not in intensity. Given prior knowledge of the classes of reflectance or emittance spectra associated with candidate objects in a scene, a small set of spectral-band ratios, which most profoundly identify the edge between each pair of materials, are selected to define a edge signature. The bands that form the edge signature are fed into a spatial mask, producing a sparse joint spatiospectral nonlinear operator. The first algorithm achieves edge detection for every material pair by matching the response of the operator at every pixel with the edge signature for the pair of materials. The second algorithm is a classifier-enhanced extension of the first algorithm that adaptively accentuates distinctive features before applying the spatiospectral operator. Both algorithms are extensively verified using spectral imagery from the airborne hyperspectral imager and from a dots-in-a-well midinfrared imager. In both cases, the multicolor gradient (MCG) and the hyperspectral/spatial detection of edges (HySPADE) edge detectors are used as a benchmark for comparison. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms outperform the MCG and HySPADE edge detectors in accuracy, especially when isoluminant edges are present. By requiring only a few bands as input to the spatiospectral operator, the algorithms enable significant levels of data compression in band selection. In the presented examples, the required operations per pixel are reduced by a factor of 71 with respect to those required by the MCG edge detector.
Timing Criticality for Timing Yield Optimization (2008)

Block-based SSTA analyzes the timing variation of a chip caused by process variations effectively. However, block-based SSTA cannot identify critical nodes, nodes that highly influence the timing yield of a chip, used as the effective guidance of timing yield optimization. In this paper, we propose a new timing criticality to identify those nodes, referred to as the timing yield criticality (TYC). The proposed TYC is defined as the change in the timing yield, which is induced by the change in the mean arrival time at a node. For efficiency, we estimate the TYC through linear approximation instead of propagating the changed arrival time at a node to its fanouts. In experiments using the ISCAS 85 benchmark circuits, the proposed method estimated TYCs with the expense of 9.8% of the runtime for the exact computation. The proposed method identified the node that gives the greatest effect on the timing yield in all benchmark circuits, except C6288, while existing methods did not identify that for any circuit. In addition, the proposed method identified 98.4% of the critical nodes in the top 1% in the effect on the timing yield, while existing methods identified only about 10%.
Optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic micro-resonator via the Kerr nonlinearity (2007)

It is shown that the cascaded optical sidebands generated via optical parametric oscillations in a monolithic microcavity are equidistant down to a resolution bandwidth limited level of 2 kHz, thus constituting an optical frequency comb [7].
Secondary recrystallized (110)[001] oriented low alloy iron (1982)

Strong (110)[001] secondary textures were obtained in 0.15 and 0.2m8m thick sheets of a nominal 1% Si-Fe alloy using a combination of MnS and A1N inhibition, but with a lSo wc ontent (< 0.01%), resulting in high-induction corleo sses comparable to commercial grain oriented steels. The 1% Si-Fe alloys had B10 values as high a1s9 .9 kG, and 60 Hz, 17 kG core losses as low as 1.56 W/kg. The addition of 0.6% Cr resulted in somewhat lower B10 values, and a minimum1 7 kG core loss value of 1.50 W/kg in a 0.15 mm thick samp