gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Herbicide Seed Treatments for Controlling <i>Striga</i> Infestation of Sorghum (2009)

Witchweed ( Striga spp.) infestations are the greatest obstacle to sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grain production in many areas in Africa. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of herbicide seed treatments for controlling Striga infestation of sorghum. Seeds of an acetolactate synthase (ALS) herbicide–tolerant sorghum hybrid were treated with two ALS‐inhibiting herbicides. Treatments included three rates of imazapyr (IMI), three rates of metsulfuron‐methyl (MET), and an untreated control group. In greenhouse trials, observations at 32, 46, and 60 d after planting showed that seeds treated with the highest herbicide rates had the fewest Striga attachments and the greatest delay in attachment. All plants in the untreated group died at or before sorghum flowering; however, herbicide seed treatments, particularly metsulfuron, reduced Striga emergence and significantly increased sorghum grain yield and dry matter production. Field studies comparing seed treatments produced similar results with delayed Striga emergence and fewer emerged Striga plants in herbicide‐treated plots. These studies indicate that herbicide seed treatments may provide a highly effective tool for managing Striga in sorghum.
A vaccine manufacturer’s approach to address medical needs related to seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses (2008)

Vaccination is considered to be one of the most effective tools to decrease morbidity as well as mortality caused by influenza viruses. For the prevention of seasonal influenza, Fluarix and FluLaval have been marketed since 1987 and 1992, respectively. Both vaccines have consistently been shown to meet or exceed the regulatory criteria for immunogenicity against the three strains H1N1, H3N2 and B, have a good safety profile, and are recommended for vaccinating children and adults of all ages. For the prevention of pandemic influenza, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) has obtained licensure of a pre-pandemic vaccine, Prepandrix. This split-virus H5N1 adjuvanted with AS03, a proprietary oil-in-water emulsion-based adjuvant system, has demonstrated broad immunity against drifted H5N1 strains and has been shown to be effective in preventing mortality and viral shedding in animal studies. The influenza vaccine portfolio of GSK addresses specific medical needs related to seasonal or pandemic influenza viruses, which remain an important public health threat worldwide.
Acoustic elastography under dynamic compression using one-dimensional track motion (2007)

This work provides an detailed analysis of a method for ultrasound-based elasticity image formation using dynamic compression technique. Radiofrequency (RF) data acquired from a homogenous phantom, where both mechanical and acoustic proprieties were set equivalent to biologic tissues, were used to validate our results. Local strains were obtained by speckle tracking of the acoustic scatterers motion between a pair of RF echo fields acquired when the phantom was dynamically deformed at low frequency (approximately 1 Hz). In this work we investigated the dynamic compression technique as an alternate to the conventional quasi-static compression. In particular, we studied the improvement on strain estimation by varying the size of 1-D kernel during the tracking between the pre- and pos-deformed RF fields.
Optical Cavity Design For Wavelength-Resonant Surface-Emitting Semiconductor Lasers (1989)

Recently, we have demonstrated a novel surface-emitting semiconductor laser with a wavelength-resonant periodic gain medium, which has performed significantly better than conventional double-heterostructure and multiple-quantum-well vertical-cavity devices. The gain medium consists of a series of half-wave-spaced quantum wells which provides enhanced longitudinal gain at a selected wavelength in the vertical direction, reducing transverse amplified spontaneous emission, lowering the threshold and raising the quantum efficiency. However, because the antinodes of the standing-wave optical field must coincide with the quantum wells, considerable attention must be devoted to designing the vertical cavity. Here we examine various cavity configurations in which the wavelength-resonant periodic gain medium has been incorporated. Multilayer epitaxial reflectors are particularly attractive for fabricating monolithic vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers.
Aromatic Poly(ether ketone)s with Pendant Sulfonic Acid Phenyl Groups Prepared by a Mild Sulfonation Method for Proton Exchange Membranes (2007)

Peer reviewed: Yes
Keratin 17 identifies the most lethal molecular subtype of pancreatic cancer (2019)

Although the overall five-year survival of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is dismal, there are survival differences between cases with clinically and pathologically indistinguishable characteristics, suggesting that there are uncharacterized properties that drive tumor progression. Recent mRNA sequencing studies reported gene-expression signatures that define PDAC molecular subtypes that correlate with differences in survival. We previously identified Keratin 17 (K17) as a negative prognostic biomarker in other cancer types. Here, we set out to determine if K17 is as accurate as molecular subtyping of PDAC to identify patients with the shortest survival. K17 mRNA was analyzed in two independent PDAC cohorts for discovery (n = 124) and validation (n = 145). Immunohistochemical localization and scoring of K17 immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed in a third independent cohort (n = 74). Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional-hazard regression models were analyzed to determine cancer specific survival differences in low vs. high mRNA K17 expressing cases. We established that K17 expression in PDACs defines the most aggressive form of the disease. By using Cox proportional hazard ratio, we found that increased expression of K17 at the IHC level is also associated with decreased survival of PDAC patients. Additionally, within PDACs of advanced stage and negative surgical margins, K17 at both mRNA and IHC level is sufficient to identify the subgroup with the shortest survival. These results identify K17 as a novel negative prognostic biomarker that could inform patient management decisions.
Fast Illumination-Invariant Background Subtraction Using Two Views: Error Analysis, Sensor Placement and Applications (2005)

Background modeling and subtraction to detect new or moving objects in a scene is an important component of many intelligent video applications. Compared to a single camera, the use of multiple cameras leads to better handling of shadows, specularities and illumination changes due to the utilization of geometric information. Although the result of stereo matching can be used as the feature for detection, it has been shown that the detection process can be made much faster by a simple subtraction of the intensities observed at stereo-generated conjugate pairs in the two views. The methodology however, suffers from false and missed detections due to some geometric considerations. In this paper, we perform a detailed analysis of such errors. Then, we propose a sensor configuration that eliminates false detections. Algorithms are also proposed that effectively eliminate most detection errors due to missed detections, specular reflections and objects being geometrically close to the background. Experiments on several scenes illustrate the utility and enhanced performance of the proposed approach compared to existing techniques.
Waveguide loss optimization in hollow-core ARROW waveguides (2005)

We discuss optimization of the optical properties of hollow-core antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs). We demonstrate significant reduction of waveguide loss to 2.6/cm for a 10.4microm(2) mode area after adding an initial etching step of the substrate material. The effect of differences in confinement layer thickness is quantified and an optimized design is presented. The polarization dependence of the waveguide loss is measured and the implications for applications are discussed.
A microbial endocrinology-based simulated small intestinal medium for the evaluation of neurochemical production by gut microbiota (2018)

Microbial endocrinology represents the union of microbiology and neurobiology and is concerned with the ability of neurochemicals to serve as an evolutionary-based language between host and microbiota in health and disease. The recognition that microorganisms produce, modify and respond to the same neurochemicals utilized in the various signaling pathways of their mammalian hosts is increasingly being recognized as a mechanism by which the host and microbiota may interact to influence the progression of infectious disease as well as influence behavior through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. While the capacity for bacteria to produce neurochemicals has been recognized for decades, the degree to which this occurs in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract is still poorly understood. By combining techniques used in analytic chemistry, food science and environmental microbiology, a novel culture-based method was developed which generates a medium utilizing animal feed which resembles the contents of the small intestine. The usage of this medium allows for the in vitro growth of bacteria native to the gastrointestinal tract in an environment that is reflective of the small-intestinal host-based milieu. We describe a detailed protocol for the preparation of this medium and the quantification of neurochemicals by microorganisms grown therein. Catecholamines including dopamine and its precursor L-3,4-dihydroxyphenalanine (L-DOPA) as well as biogenic amines including tyramine and its precursor tyrosine, serve as prototypical examples of neurochemicals that are quantifiable with the methods described herein.
Stability of Soybean Aphid Resistance in Soybean Across Different Temperatures (2014)

ABSTRACT The soybean aphid ( Aphis glycines Matsumura) is the most important insect pest posing a threat to soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grain production in the United States. Soybean cultivars with resistance are currently being deployed to aid in management of the pest. Temperature has been reported to influence the expression of host plant resistance against crop pests. The objective of this study was to determine if temperatures, 14, 21, and 28°C, altered resistance expression in four aphid‐resistant soybean genotypes, LD05‐16611 (with the Rag1 resistance gene), PI 200538 ( Rag2 ), PI 567541B ( rag1c, rag4 ), and PI 567597C (antixenosis) compared to a susceptible soybean genotype (Williams 82) when challenged with soybean aphid. A replicated no‐choice experiment was conducted and aphid populations of the three soybean aphid biotypes, 1, 2, and 3, were enumerated 14 d after inoculating the five soybean genotypes. Significant interactions were found in the analysis of the effects of temperature, soybean genotype, and aphid biotype on aphid populations. Responses between soybean genotypes and aphid biotypes were consistent with previous reports with the exception of PI 567541B, which had lower resistance against aphid biotype 1 than found in an earlier study. At 14°C, there was limited aphid population growth on all soybean genotypes, including Williams 82. At 21 and 28°C, resistance expression was stable in LD05‐16611 ( Rag1 ), PI 567541B ( rag1c, rag4 ), and PI 567597C (antixenosis), relative to susceptible Williams 82; however, resistance expressed in PI 200538 ( Rag2 ) was significantly stronger at 28°C than at 21°C, as indicated by differences in aphid population size that were found. Results of this study indicated that soybean aphid virulence variability had a stronger influence on the effectiveness of soybean aphid resistance than did temperature, and that the aphid resistance tested in this study would remain stable or be stronger in temperatures ranging between 21 and 28°C.
Multiple‐Interaction Ligands Inspired by Mussel Adhesive Protein: Synthesis of Highly Stable and Biocompatible Nanoparticles (2011)

All bound up: A poly(L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine)-based ligand converts hydrophobic nanoparticles into hydrophilic and biocompatible species through several binding modes. Nanoparticles functionalized with this ligand (see picture) are highly stable in various aqueous solutions. A successful in vivo MRI application using functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles confirmed their suitability for various biomedical applications. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Improving estimates of buried pipe diameter and infilling material from ground-penetrating radar profiles with full-waveform inversion (2018)

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a widely used tool for the detection and location of buried utilities. Buried pipes generate characteristic diffraction hyperbolas in raw GPR data. Current methods for analyzing the shapes and timing of the diffraction hyperbolas are very effective for locating pipes, but they are less effective for determining the diameter of the pipes, particularly when the pipes are smaller than the radar wavelengths, typically a few tens of centimeters. A full-waveform inversion (FWI) method is described for improving estimates of the diameter of a pipe and confirming the infilling material (air/water/etc.) for the simple case of an isolated diffraction hyperbola on a profile run perpendicular to a pipe with antennas in broadside mode (parallel to the pipe). The technique described here can improve a good initial guess of the pipe diameter (within 30%–50% of the true value) to a better estimate (less than approximately 8% misfit). This method is developed by combining two freely available software packages with a deconvolution method for GPR effective source wavelet estimation. The FWI process is run with the PEST algorithm (model-independent parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis). PEST iteratively calls the gprMax software package for forward modeling of the GPR signal as the model for the pipe and surrounding soil is refined.
An ILP formulation for low power based on minimizing switched capacitance during data path allocation (2002)

Power consumption has been established as an important factor in the synthesis of VLSI circuits. However, very little work has been done at the behavior level for power estimation and low power synthesis. We demonstrate how hardware sharing affects the capacitance and transition activity, and hence the power dissipation in the synthesized data paths, and that the power-optimal allocation varies with input characteristics. We present a simulation-based method that measures both intra- and inter-iteration effects of hardware sharing on switched capacitance. This method enables us to accurately capture sufficient information to evaluate allocation options from a switched capacitance point of view. Using the information thus obtained, we formulate allocation as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problem with the total switched capacitance in the data path as the objective function. Thus, the decisions of how much hardware sharing should be performed and what allocation is best from the power point of view, are performed optimally for the given model. Experimental results are presented including accurate power measurements made at the switch level.
<i>N</i>-(Cycloalkylamino)acyl-2-aminothiazole Inhibitors of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2. <i>N</i>-[5-[[[5-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-2-oxazolyl]methyl]thio]-2-thiazolyl]-4- piperidinecarboxamide (BMS-387032), a Highly Efficacious and Selective Antitumor Agent (2004)

N-Acyl-2-aminothiazoles with nonaromatic acyl side chains containing a basic amine were found to be potent, selective inhibitors of CDK2/cycE which exhibit antitumor activity in mice. In particular, compound 21 [N-[5-[[[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-oxazolyl]methyl]thio]-2-thiazolyl]-4-piperidinecarboxamide, BMS-387032], has been identified as an ATP-competitive and CDK2-selective inhibitor which has been selected to enter Phase 1 human clinical trials as an antitumor agent. In a cell-free enzyme assay, 21 showed a CDK2/cycE IC(50) = 48 nM and was 10- and 20-fold selective over CDK1/cycB and CDK4/cycD, respectively. It was also highly selective over a panel of 12 unrelated kinases. Antiproliferative activity was established in an A2780 cellular cytotoxicity assay in which 21 showed an IC(50) = 95 nM. Metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies showed that 21 exhibited a plasma half-life of 5-7 h in three species and moderately low protein binding in both mouse (69%) and human (63%) serum. Dosed orally to mouse, rat, and dog, 21 showed 100%, 31%, and 28% bioavailability, respectively. As an antitumor agent in mice, 21 administered at its maximum-tolerated dose exhibited a clearly superior efficacy profile when compared to flavopiridol in both an ip/ip P388 murine tumor model and in a s.c./i.p. A2780 human ovarian carcinoma xenograft model.
Assessment of Gingival Inflammation Using Ultrasound Imaging (2012)

Gingivitis is the most common gingival inflammation in the oral cavity, and the most prevalent periodontal disease affecting 90% of the population in all age groups. Recently, a few research groups have investigated the possibility of using ultrasound in dentistry, particularly in diagnosing bony destruction in the more severe form of periodontal disease called periodontitis. This work investigates the feasibility of using ultrasound imaging to quantitatively assess gingival tissue inflammation. Signal and image processing of ultrasound data have been performed to quantitatively assess gingival tissue. A number of gingival scans were conducted in vitro to render ultrasound images of high-spatial and contrast resolutions. For each sample the B-mode images were matched with almost the same slices in histology. Results show that ultrasound scans for tissues with gingivitis exhibited low intensity of reflections (hypo echoic) at the inflamed tissues, while healthy dense epithelium layers exhibited higher reflections (hyper echoic). Histological diagnosis revealed good agreement with the ultrasound results indicating the usefulness of such ultrasound imaging in diagnosing gingivitis. In addition, a new design for an intraoral linear array ultrasound probe is demonstrated and utilized in our clinic in vivo. Analysis of the echogenicity patterns of the resultant images demonstrates the potential of using such a new probe in gingival health assessment, which would be feasible and clinical relevant for patient evaluations clinically.
Rare-earth pentaphosphates for miniaturized laser applications. Research and development technical report (1977)

Neodymium pentaphosphate (DPPN) has recently emerged as a new laser compound offering a considerable improvement in operating efficiency over existing materials. Up to thirty times more Nd can be incorporated than in Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet without substantial fluorescence quenching, linewidth broadening, life-time reduction and optical degradation of the crystal. The evaluation and testing of NdPP lasers in prototype components using optical pumping has been hindered due to the limited size, availability and quality of the single crystals. Unique modifications of conventional solution growth techniques have been devised which have yielded the largest crystals (greater than 1 cm) of NdPP currently available. Ambient control, growth temperature, rare-earth oxide to phosphoric acid ratio, and seeding were found to greatly influence nucleation, growth rate and crystal quality. An as-grown crystal of NdPP containing 10 percent yttrium, 2.5 x 3.5 x2.2 mm thick, produced 0.24 watts of output power for 1.0 watt of absorbed power using longitudinal pumping with a repetitively pulsed argon laser; the conversion efficiency is approximately 24 percent.
Design, Characterization, and Mechanical Programming of Fabric-Reinforced Textile Actuators for a Soft Robotic Hand (2019)

In this paper, we present the design, fabrication, and evaluation of robust, fabric-reinforced textile actuators, which are capable of performing a variety and combination of motions, such as axial extension, radial expansion, bending, and twisting along its central axis. A simple fabrication procedure using a combination of lamination and sewing is described. The relationship between the fabric reinforcement characteristics and the actuator deformation is studied and experimentally verified. Multi-segment actuators can be created by tailoring different sections of fabric-reinforcements together in order to generate combination of motions to perform specific tasks. We demonstrate this by designing an anthropomorphic soft robotic hand and providing preliminary evaluations on grasping daily living objects of various size and shapes.
Impact of parameter estimation errors on feedforward current control of permanent magnet synchronous motors (2016)

Feedforward current control is a widely employed control technique for cost-sensitive permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive systems since it does not require current measurements. Feedforward compensation is usually static, but dynamic compensation can be also employed to improve the bandwidth of the current control loop. Typically, the feedforward current (or torque) control requires accurate knowledge of motor parameters to achieve robust steady-state and dynamic performance. However, in practice, the machine parameters vary highly nonlinearly as the operating condition of the PMSM changes. Therefore, it is important to analyze and understand the impact of machine parameter estimation errors on the steady-state as well as dynamic performance of the system. In this paper, the analytical expressions for the actual currents in a feedforward current controlled PMSM drive system under the presence of parameter estimation errors are developed. The presented analysis is verified by experimental results on a commercial PMSM.
Determination and use of haplotypes: ethnic comparison and association of the lipoprotein lipase gene and coronary artery disease in Mexican-Americans. (2004)

This study outlines the haplotype structure of the LPL gene, illustrates the utility of haplotype-based analysis in association studies, and demonstrates the importance of defining haplotype frequencies for different ethnic groups.
Few-Shot Natural Language Generation by Rewriting Templates (2020)

Virtual assistants such as Google Assistant, Alexa and Siri enable users to interact with a large number of services and APIs on the web using natural language. The response generation module converts the actions generated by a policy module into a natural language utterance. Traditionally, template based approaches have been used for response generation in virtual assistants. However, such approaches are not feasible for commercial assistants, which need to support a large number of services. Defining templates for a large number of slot combinations for each of the services supported by large scale assistants becomes tedious. In this work, we propose a template rewriting method for Natural Language Generation (NLG), where the number of templates scales only linearly with the number of slots. A set of simple templates is used to convert actions into utterances, which are concatenated to give a semantically correct, but possibly incoherent and ungrammatical utterance. A pre-trained language model is subsequently employed to rewrite it into coherent, natural sounding text. Through automatic metrics and human evaluation, we show that our method improves over strong baselines, while being much more sample efficient.
Supplemental Figure 2 from Tumor Radiosensitization by Monomethyl Auristatin E: Mechanism of Action and Targeted Delivery (2023)

<p>MMAE enhances γH2Ax foci formation following irradiation.</p>