gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High speed fiber grating sensors for structural monitoring (2014)

This paper provides an overview of selected applications of high speed structural monitoring using fiber grating sensors. Rapid and effective diagnostic capabilities are necessary to respond to changes in structural integrity that may affect safety. In the case of aerospace structures operating at high velocity rapid response has the potential to mitigate catastrophic failure. Similar safety issues apply to civil structures where timely decisions are critical to operations of bridges, dams and buildings. Rapid responses for oil and gas, medical and environmental monitoring applications are also highly important. A great deal of progress has been made in improving the quality and capabilities of high speed fiber grating sensor systems. Some of these systems will be discussed.
Online stack monitoring tool for dynamically and stationary operated fuel cell systems (2006)

The motivation for this development of a new fuel cell stack monitoring system is to establish a much simpler, low-cost stack diagnosis unit feasible for large production volumes. In comparison to conventional cell voltage monitoring (CVM) technology, where up to several hundreds of voltage channels have to be measured, Total Harmonic Distortion Analysis (AVL THDA) significantly reduces the required wiring, contacting and instrumentation. This new approach derives information about critical cell and stack status from only the stack sum voltage. A real-time output signal then indicates whether the stack – in fact every single cell – is operating under safe and reliable conditions. The new technique also detects critical stack operating conditions during load changes, where other monitoring systems usually have difficulty in distinguishing between a change in the voltage of a single cell as a result of load changes or resulting from the occurrence of a critical cell operating status.
Characterization of Major Surface Glycoprotein Genes of Human<i>Pneumocystis carinii</i>and High-Level Expression of a Conserved Region (1998)

To facilitate studies of Pneumocystis carinii infection in humans, we undertook to better characterize and to express the major surface glycoprotein (MSG) of human P. carinii, an important protein in host-pathogen interactions. Seven MSG genes were cloned from a single isolate by PCR or genomic library screening and were sequenced. The predicted proteins, like rat MSGs, were closely related but unique variants, with a high level of conservation among cysteine residues. A conserved immunodominant region (of approximately 100 amino acids) near the carboxy terminus was expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli and used in Western blot studies. All 49 of the serum samples, which were taken from healthy controls as well as from patients with and without P. carinii pneumonia, were reactive with this peptide by Western blotting, supporting the hypothesis that most adult humans have been infected with P. carinii at some point. This recombinant MSG fragment, which is the first human P. carinii antigen available in large quantities, may be a useful reagent for investigating the epidemiology of P. carinii infection in humans.
Pyrrolothieno[1,4]diazepines part III: Synthesis of amino, hydrazino and mercapto derivatives (1996)

Abstract Treatment of 2‐(2‐formyl‐1 H ‐pyrrol‐1‐yl)‐3‐thiophenecarbonitrile by sodium percarbonate afforded, in a one‐pot sequence and on a multigram scale, 5,6‐dihydro‐6‐hydroxy‐4 H ‐pyrrolo[1,2‐ a ]thieno‐[3,2‐ f ][1,4]diazepin‐4‐one whose reactivity towards various nucleophiles like amines, hydrazines and thiols was evaluated.
Fabry–Perot Sensor Using Cascaded Chirped Fiber Bragg Gratings With Opposite Chirp Directions (2018)

We report a fiber-optic strain sensor that can simultaneously achieve high resolution and large dynamic range. The sensor is a fiber-optic Fabry-Perot cavity formed by cascaded high-reflection chirped fiber Bragg gratings with opposite chirp directions. The reflection spectrum of the sensor features a series of narrow spectral notches with unequal spacings. The sensor is demodulated by the wavelength scanning of a distributed feedback laser diode through the current-injection modulation. The narrow spectral notch leads to high measurement resolution; while the unambiguous identification of the spectral notches through their unique spectral spacings results in large measurement range without the need for fringe counting. We have demonstrated a linear axial strain response of the sensor with strain resolution of 0.033 με over a range of 1000 με.
Mesoporous TiO2 with high packing density for superior lithium storage (2010)

Micrometre-sized mesoporous materials have characteristic grains as well as pores nearly in the same scale. Electrodes of mesoporous materials for lithium batteries have short transport lengths for Li+ ions due to their nano-sized grains (10–20 nm), and easy access for electrolytes due to their nanopores (5–10 nm). Such mesoporous materials have high packing densities unlike nanopowders, nanowires, nanorods and nanotubes. Despite such advantages, electronic conduction over micrometre-sized particles limits the rate performance of mesporous materials. Occasionally counductive thin layers (2–5 nm) of carbon or RuO2 have been used to overcome such kinetic limitations and to achieve high storage performances. In this manuscript, we present a simple approach for the synthesis of mesoporous TiO2 anatase using a soft-template method, which shows superior storage performance without such conductive surface layers. Various cationic surfactants with different chain lengths have been selected for this investigation to assist the formation of the mesoporous TiO2 structure. Among these, cetyl trimethylammoniumbromide templated C16-TiO2 has the highest surface area of 135 m2 g−1 and reversible capacity of 288, 220, 138,134 and 107 mAh g−1 at 0.2, 1, 5, 10 and 30C respectively. The storage performance of the as-synthesized mesoporous TiO2 is nearly five times better than the commercially available TiO2 nanopowder. The packing density of meso-TiO2 is found to be 6.6 times higher than the TiO2 nanopowder. In addition, battery testing using mesoporous TiO2 electrodes without the 15% carbon additive exhibits nearly the same performance at low rate as the meso-TiO2 with carbon additives. These exciting results suggest a facile conduction path for electrons, a unique character of micrometre-sized mesoporous TiO2 with highly interconnected nanograins of 15–20 nm.
Time-dependent optical spectroscopy and imaging for biomedical applications (1992)

The application of optical spectroscopy and imaging in living tissue is complicated by multiple scattering of light. In spectroscopy, this scattering causes uncertainty in the pathlength traveled by photons in the tissue, while images suffer reduced resolution and contrast. Picosecond light sources and fast detectors have made it possible to address these problems by direct measurement of the photon time-of-flight. Diffusion models of light propagation can be used to relate the measured distribution of photon transit times to the scattering and absorption coefficients of the tissue. The advantages of absolute absorption measurement are demonstrated for two problems: determination of hemoglobin oxygenation in tissue and in vivo measurement of the uptake of an exogenous chromosphere such as photosensitizer. Optical imaging may also be improved by the elimination of multiply scattered photons or by selective detection of photons arriving from a given region of the tissue. The potential advantages of these techniques are discussed and illustrated with experimental data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Coordinated train control in a fully automatic operation system for reducing energy consumption (2012)

Energy efficient train operation includes four levels for energy saving: energy efficient driving, real-time multi-train coordination and rescheduling, energysaving timetabling, and energy-saving planning.For a fully automatic operation system, it provides a flexible way to coordinate trains.The coordination of trains can improve some system performances, such as the efficient use of regenerative energy.The efficient use of energy regenerated by other trains which are during braking phase can contribute to reducing energy consumption.In general, the approaches of coordinated train control for using regenerative energy can be divided into two types: train dwell time control and train running time control.This paper proposes an approach for coordinating trains in fully automatic operation system by modifying running time between adjacent stations.Simulation studies are performed and the usage of regenerative energy and average passenger waiting time is analysed by using the proposed method.It is shown that improvements in the usage of regenerative energy can be achieved by using the proposed method.
Fully Automated Detection of Paramagnetic Rims in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions on 3T Susceptibility-Based MR Imaging (2020)

Abstract Background and Purpose The presence of a paramagnetic rim around a white matter lesion has recently been shown to be a hallmark of a particular pathological type of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion. Increased prevalence of these paramagnetic rim lesions (PRLs) is associated with a more severe disease course in MS. The identification of these lesions is time-consuming to perform manually. We present a method to automatically detect PRLs on 3T T2*-phase images. Methods T1-weighted, T2-FLAIR, and T2*-phase MRI of the brain were collected at 3T for 19 subjects with MS. The images were then processed with lesion segmentation, lesion center detection, lesion labelling, and lesion-level radiomic feature extraction. A total of 877 lesions were identified, 118 (13%) of which contained a paramagnetic rim. We divided our data into a training set (15 patients, 673 lesions) and a testing set (4 patients, 204 lesions). We fit a random forest classification model on the training set and assessed our ability to classify lesions as PRL on the test set. Results The number of PRLs per subject identified via our automated lesion labelling method was highly correlated with the gold standard count of PRLs per subject, r = 0.91 (95% CI [0.79, 0.97]). The classification algorithm using radiomic features can classify a lesion as PRL or not with an area under the curve of 0.80 (95% CI [0.67, 0.86]). Conclusion This study develops a fully automated technique for the detection of paramagnetic rim lesions using standard T1 and FLAIR sequences and a T2*phase sequence obtained on 3T MR images. Highlights A fully automated method for both the identification and classification of paramagnetic rim lesions is proposed. Radiomic features in conjunction with machine learning algorithms can accurately classify paramagnetic rim lesions. Challenges for classification are largely driven by heterogeneity between lesions, including equivocal rim signatures and lesion location.
Susceptibility genes for gentamicin-induced vestibular dysfunction. (2008)

The results indicate that carriers of risk alleles at three oxidative stress-related genes have increased susceptibility to GM-induced vestibular dysfunction.
High Reliability Lead-free Alloys for Performance-Critical Applications (2018)

Increased complexity of interconnection metallurgies, and additional demand for higher functionality and performance have been driving novel designs and electronics miniaturization. Consequently, higher I/O's density, finer pitches and smaller package sizes are also changing the requirements of Pb-free solder alloys. Hence, there is a need for solder alloys with thermal and mechanical reliability better than SAC305, but with lower, similar or higher melting temperatures, depending on the application. In this paper, we characterize various high reliability solder alloys using uniaxial tensile tests (at different temperatures and strain rates) and creep tests. Alloying additions are used for controlling the growth of intermetallic compounds and microstructure strengthening. Major additions impact the melting behavior and the bulk mechanical properties, whereas minor alloying additions influence the diffusion kinetics and have significant impact on their thermal reliability. The uniform distribution of intermetallics minimizes dislocation motion and deformation, resulting in alloy strengthening.Compared to SAC305, the high and ultra-high reliability alloys presented here show superior mechanical properties. The effect of temperature and strain rate on the mechanical behavior of these alloys are investigated by uniaxial tensile tests at room temperature and 150°C, and strain rates from 10^-4 to 5/s. Deformation during thermal cycling up to 150°C is expected to be controlled by creep, due to the high homologous temperature. Thus, high temperature creep test is used for estimating thermomechanical properties and longer reliability of these alloys in actual usage. As the melting behavior of these alloys cover a wide range of melting temperatures, they can be used in various applications, such as assembly of heat sensitive packages, automotive under-the-hood, semiconductors, LEDs and power electronics.
Industrial communication intrusion detection algorithm based on improved one-class SVM (2015)

Anomaly detection based on communication behavior is one of difficult problems of industrial control systems for intrusion detection. A normal communication behavior control model is established by using improved one-class SVM and a PSO-OCSVM algorithm based on particle swarm algorithm is designed to optimize parameters in this paper. This method established an intrusion detection model to identify abnormal Modbus TCP traffic according to the normal Modbus function code sequence. And the efficiency, reliability and real-time of the proposed method met the industrial control system for anomaly detection are proved by simulation results.
Rapid End‐Group Modification of Polysaccharides for Biomaterial Applications in Regenerative Medicine (2014)

Polysaccharides have emerged as important functional materials because of their unique properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and availability of reactive sites for chemical modifications to optimize their properties. The overwhelming majority of the methods to modify polysaccharides employ random chemical modifications, which often improve certain properties while compromising others. On the other hand, the employed methods for selective modifications often require excess of coupling partners, long reaction times and are limited in their scope and wide applicability. To circumvent these drawbacks, aniline-catalyzed oxime formation is developed for selective modification of a variety of polysaccharides through their reducing end. Notably, it is found that for efficient oxime formation, different conditions are required depending on the composition of the specific polysaccharide. It is also shown how our strategy can be applied to improve the physical and functional properties of alginate hydrogels, which are widely used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. While the randomly and selectively modified alginate exhibits similar viscoelastic properties, the latter forms significantly more stable hydrogel and superior cell adhesive and functional properties. Our results show that the developed conjugation reaction is robust and should open new opportunities for preparing polysaccharide-based functional materials with unique properties.
Ultrasound Volume Projection Imaging for Assessment of Scoliosis (2015)

The standing radiograph is used as a gold standard to diagnose spinal deformity including scoliosis, a medical condition defined as lateral spine curvature > 10°. However, the health concern of X-ray and large inter-observer variation of measurements on X-ray images have significantly restricted its application, particularly for scoliosis screening and close follow-up for adolescent patients. In this study, a radiation-free freehand 3-D ultrasound system was developed for scoliosis assessment using a volume projection imaging method. Based on the obtained coronal view images, two measurement methods were proposed using transverse process and spinous profile as landmarks, respectively. As a reliability study, 36 subjects (age: 30.1 ±14.5; male: 12; female: 24) with different degrees of scoliosis were scanned using the system to test the inter- and intra-observer repeatability. The intra- and inter-observer tests indicated that the new assessment methods were repeatable, with ICC larger than 0.92. Small intra- and inter-observer variations of measuring spine curvature were observed for the two measurement methods (intra-: 1.4 ±1.0° and 1.4 ±1.1°; inter-: 2.2 ±1.6° and 2.5 ±1.6°). The results also showed that the spinal curvature obtained by the new method had good linear correlations with X-ray Cobb's method (R2 = 0.8, p < 0.001, 29 subjects). These results suggested that the ultrasound volume projection imaging method can be a promising approach for the assessment of scoliosis, and further research should be followed up to demonstrate its potential clinical applications for mass screening and curve progression and treatment outcome monitoring of scoliosis patients.
Parallel synthesis and biological evolution of quinic acid derivatives as immuno-suppressing agents against T-cell receptors (2015)

A parallel synthesis of quinic acid derivatives is explored and their biological evolution against T-cells is studied.
Tackling problem nonlinearities & delays via asymmetric, state-dependent objective costs in MPC of an artificial pancreas (2015)

The design of a Model Predictive Control (MPC) law for an Artificial Pancreas (AP) that automatically delivers insulin to people with type 1 diabetes mellitus is considered. An MPC law was recently proposed that exploits the simplicity of linear dynamical models, but is in two ways a 'nonlinear' departure of standard linear MPC, while circumnavigating the complexity of cumbersome, fully nonlinear MPC approaches. The first of two issues focused on is the nonlinearity of the control problem, and it is demonstrated how this can be tackled via asymmetric objective functions. The second issue is controller induced hypoglycemia resulting from the large delay in actuation and sensing. The proposed MPC strategy employs an asymmetric, state-dependent objective function that leads to a nonlinear optimization problem. The result is an AP controller with significantly elevated safety and comparable control performance. The contribution of this paper is a detailed in-silico analysis of the proposed control law, and a clinical demonstration of the benefits of asymmetric objective functions.
Molecular Analysis of Cellulose Biosynthesis in <i>Arabidopsis</i> (1998)

Cellulose, an abundant, crystalline polysaccharide, is central to plant morphogenesis and to many industries. Chemical and ultrastructural analyses together with map-based cloning indicate that the RSW1 locus of Arabidopsis encodes the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase. The cloned gene complements the rsw1 mutant whose temperature-sensitive allele is changed in one amino acid. The mutant allele causes a specific reduction in cellulose synthesis, accumulation of noncrystalline beta-1,4-glucan, disassembly of cellulose synthase, and widespread morphological abnormalities. Microfibril crystallization may require proper assembly of the RSW1 gene product into synthase complexes whereas glucan biosynthesis per se does not.
The Fanconi anemia genes (1998)

Until recently, it had been thought that Fanconi anemia patients were distributed into five complementation groups. However, evidence now points to the existence of three new complementation groups, making the genetic basis of the disease more complicated than anticipated. Also, during the past year, the cloning of a second Fanconi anemia gene by both functional complementation and positional cloning has accelerated research of this disease. Although two genes of the eight characterized complementation groups have now been cloned, the function of their gene products still needs to be identified.
Dark-resonance-based quantum switching (2002)

Summary form only given. Dark-resonance-based ultra-high-speed optical switching is demonstrated. This demonstration shows a breakthrough in the limitations of current semiconductor-based optical technologies in fiber-optic communications. The proposed idea of the optical switching is based on the dark resonance interactions and nondegenerate four-wave mixing processes in a four-level system. To demonstrate quantum switching in time domain, 16-density matrix equations are numerically solved for consecutive square pulses. To implement the proposed quantum switch, quantum-well semiconductors having suitable intersubband transitions or other dipole transition solids may be used.
Ultrafast mode-locked frequency microcombs: fundamentals and precision metrology (Conference Presentation) (2020)

In this talk, first, we describe chip-scale coherent mode-locking in microresonator frequency combs, verified by interferometric femtosecond timing jitter measurements and phase-resolved ultrafast spectroscopy. Normal dispersion sub-100-fs mode-locking is also observed, supporting by nonlinear modeling and analytics. Second we describe the noise limits in full microcomb stabilization, locking down both repetition rate and one comb line against a reference. Active stabilization improves the long-term stability to an instrument-limited residual instability of 3.6 mHz per root tau and a tooth-to-tooth relative frequency uncertainty down to 50 mHz and 2.7×10−16. Third we describe graphene-silicon nitride hybrid microresonators for tunable frequency modes, variants of soliton mode-locked states and crystals, and controllable Cerenkov radiation. Our studies provide a platform towards precision spectroscopy, frequency metrology, timing clocks, and coherent communications.
Blue Luminescent Organoaluminum Compounds:  Al<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(7-azain)<sub>2</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(7-azain)<sub>4</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)(OCH(CF<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(7-azain)<sub>2</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>(μ-OCH(CF<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>)(CH<sub>3</sub>)(7-azain)<sub>2</sub>((OCH(CF<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, Al<sub>3</sub>(μ<sub>3</sub>-O)(CH<sub>3</sub>)(7-azain)<sub>4</sub>(OCH(CF<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, and Al<sub>4</sub>(μ<sub>3</sub>-O)<sub>2</sub>(7-azain)<sub>6</sub>(OCH(CF<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (7-azain = Deprotonated 7-Azaindole) (1998)

The reactions of 7-azaindole with Al(CH3)3 have been investigated. Two new 7-azaindole complexes, Al2(CH3)4(7-azain)2 (1) and Al2(CH3)2(7-azain)4 (2) have been isolated and structurally characterized. Both complexes display a blue luminescence upon irradiation by UV light. The introduction of alcohol and water into the reaction of 7-azaindole with Al(CH3)3 resulted in the formation of several dinuclear and polynuclear complexes which also emit in the blue region. The crystal structures of three new complexes from these reactions, Al2(μ-OCH(CF3)2)(CH3)(7-azain)2(OCH(CF3)2)2 (3), Al3(μ3-O)(CH3)(7-azain)4(OCH(CF3)2)2 (4), and Al4(μ3-O)2(7-azain)6(OCH(CF3)2)2 (5), have been determined by X-ray diffraction analyses. The 7-azaindole ligand in compounds 1−5 has the same bonding mode, i.e., bridging two aluminum ions. The quantum yields for compounds 2 and 4 were determined to be 0.54 and 0.31, respectively, relative to that of 9,10-diphenylanthracene in cyclohexane. The emission lifetime for these compounds is in the order of 10−100 ns. Molecular orbital calculations using Gaussian 94 methods on the neutral free ligand (7-azainH), the deprotonated ligand (7-azain-), and compound 1 were performed, which revealed that the aluminum ions in the complexes play a key role in stabilizing the ligand and promoting the blue luminescence.