gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Closed-loop optimal control-enabled piezoelectric microforce sensors (2006)

This paper presents a closed-loop optimally controlled force-sensing technology with applications in both micromanipulation and microassembly. The microforce-sensing technology in this paper is based on a cantilevered composite beam structure with embedded piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) actuating and sensing layers. In this type of sensor, the application of an external load causes deformation within the PVDF sensing layer. This generates a signal that is fed through a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) optimal servoed controller to the PVDF actuating layer. This in turn generates a balancing force to counteract the externally applied load. As a result, a closed feedback loop is formed, which causes the tip of this highly sensitive sensor to remain in its equilibrium position, even in the presence of dynamically applied external loads. The sensor's stiffness is virtually improved as a result of the equilibrium position whenever the control loop is active, thereby enabling accurate motion control of the sensor tip for fine micromanipulation and microassembly. Furthermore, the applied force can be determined in real time through measurement of the balance force.
Combining spatial and navigational structure in the hyper-hitchcock hypervideo editor (2003)

Existing hypertext systems have emphasized either the navigational or spatial expression of relationships between objects. We are exploring the combination of these modes of expression in Hyper-Hitchcock, a hypervideo editor. Hyper-Hitchcock supports a form of hypervideo called "detail-on-demand video" due to its applicability to situations where viewers need to take a link to view more details on the content currently being presented. Authors of detail-on-demand video select, group, and spatially arrange video clips into linear sequences in a two-dimensional workspace. Hyper-Hitchcock uses a simple spatial parser to determine the temporal order of selected video clips. Authors add navigational links between the elements in those sequences. This combination of navigational and spatial hypertext modes of expression separates the clip sequence from the navigational structure of the hypervideo. Such a combination can be useful in cases where multiple forms of inter-object relationships must be expressed on the same content.
Structural basis for the glucan phosphatase activity of Starch Excess4 (2010)

Living organisms utilize carbohydrates as essential energy storage molecules. Starch is the predominant carbohydrate storage molecule in plants while glycogen is utilized in animals. Starch is a water-insoluble polymer that requires the concerted activity of kinases and phosphatases to solubilize the outer surface of the glucan and mediate starch catabolism. All known plant genomes encode the glucan phosphatase Starch Excess4 (SEX4). SEX4 can dephosphorylate both the starch granule surface and soluble phosphoglucans and is necessary for processive starch metabolism. The physical basis for the function of SEX4 as a glucan phosphatase is currently unclear. Herein, we report the crystal structure of SEX4, containing phosphatase, carbohydrate-binding, and C-terminal domains. The three domains of SEX4 fold into a compact structure with extensive interdomain interactions. The C-terminal domain of SEX4 integrally folds into the core of the phosphatase domain and is essential for its stability. The phosphatase and carbohydrate-binding domains directly interact and position the phosphatase active site toward the carbohydrate-binding site in a single continuous pocket. Mutagenesis of the phosphatase domain residue F167, which forms the base of this pocket and bridges the two domains, selectively affects the ability of SEX4 to function as a glucan phosphatase. Together, these results reveal the unique tertiary architecture of SEX4 that provides the physical basis for its function as a glucan phosphatase.
Phosphorus recycling potential assessment by a biological test applied to wastewater sludge (2016)

Phosphorus (P) recycling as mineral fertilizer from wastewater activated sludge (WAS) depends on the amount that can be dissolved and separated from the organic matter before the final crystallization step. The aim of the biological phosphorus dissolution potential (BPDP) test developed here was to assess the maximum amount of P that could be biologically released from WAS prior that the liquid phase enters the recovery process. It was first developed for sludge combining enhanced biological phosphorus removal and iron chloride. Because carbohydrates are known to induce acidification during the first stage of anaerobic digestion, sucrose was used as a co-substrate. Best results were obtained after 24-48 h, without inoculum, with a sugar/sludge ratio of 0.5 gCOD/gVS and under strict anaerobic conditions. Up to 75% of the total phosphorus in sludge from a wastewater treatment plant combining enhanced biological phosphorus removal and iron chloride phosphorus removal could be dissolved. Finally, the test was applied to assess BPDP from different sludge using alum compounds for P removal. No dissolution was observed when alum polychloride was used and less than 20% when alum sulphate was used. In all the cases, comparison to chemical acidification showed that the biological process was a major contributor to P dissolution. The possibility to crystallize struvite was discussed from the composition of the liquids obtained. The BPDP will be used not only to assess the potential for phosphorus recycling from sludge, but also to study the influence of the co-substrates available for anaerobic digestion of sludge.
Autogenic-Feedback Training (AFT) as a preventive method for space motion sickness: Background and experimental design (1993)

Finding an effective treatment for the motion sickness-like symptoms that occur in space has become a high priority for NASA. The background research is reviewed and the experimental design of a formal life sciences shuttle flight experiment designed to prevent space motion sickness in shuttle crew members is presented. This experiment utilizes a behavioral medicine approach to solving this problem. This method, Autogenic-Feedback Training (AFT), involves training subjects to voluntarily control several of their own physiological responses to environmental stressors. AFT has been used reliably to increase tolerance to motion sickness during ground-based tests in over 200 men and women under a variety of conditions that induce motion sickness, and preliminary evidence from space suggests that AFT may be an effective treatment for space motion sickness as well. Proposed changes to this experiment for future manifests are included.
Identification and Evaluation of High-Performance EOR Surfactants (2009)

Summary We report results for a number of promising enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) surfactants based upon a fast, low-cost laboratory screening process that is highly effective in selecting the best surfactants to use with different crude oils. Initial selection of surfactants is based upon desirable surfactant structure. Phase-behavior screening helps to quickly identify favorable surfactant formulations. Salinity scans are conducted to observe equilibration times, microemulsion viscosity, oil- and water-solubilization ratios, and interfacial tension (IFT). Cosurfactants and cosolvents are included to minimize gels, liquid crystals, and macroemulsions and to promote rapid equilibration to low-viscosity micro-emulsions. Branched alcohol propoxy sulfates (APS), internal olefin sulfonates, and branched alpha olefin sulfonates (AOS) have been identified as good EOR surfactants using this screening process. These surfactants are available at a low cost and are compatible with both polymers and alkali, such as sodium carbonate and, thus, are good candidates for both surfactant-polymer and alkali-surfactant-polymer EOR processes. One of the best formulations was tested in both sandstone and dolomite cores and found to give excellent oil recovery and low surfactant retention with a west Texas (WT) crude oil.
High-Throughput Screening Using Raman Spectroscopy With Multi-Focal Spots (2020)

High-throughput screening gained widespread popularity. However, it works generally with fluorescent label. Raman spectroscopy provides vibrational information of molecule which is specific to molecule. With multi-focal spots Raman spectrometer, we achieved label-free high-throughput screening.
Local Cyclosporine Therapy for Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis in Rats (1985)

The use of locally applied cyclosporine was investigated in the retinal S-antigen-induced experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) model in Lewis rats. A 2% cyclosporine solution applied topically four times a day for 14 days effectively prevented the expression of EAU. This treatment, however, produced circulating cyclosporine levels in the therapeutic range. Lower concentrations of cyclosporine applied topically did not produce therapeutic levels and were not capable of reliably preventing disease. Intraocular levels of cyclosporine, measured by radioimmunoassay, were extremely low and outside the accepted therapeutic range. Intravitreal cyclosporine therapy appeared to protect eyes from EAU, without producing significant circulating cyclosporine levels. These findings show that, in its present form, cyclosporine in oil is not an efficacious topical therapy. Therefore, a local cyclosporine preparation with enhanced penetration into the globe may be a practical approach to therapy in the future.
E<scp>NGINEERING</scp>P<scp>LANTS FOR</scp>N<scp>EMATODE</scp>R<scp>ESISTANCE</scp> (2003)

Biotechnology offers sustainable solutions to the problem of plant parasitic nematode control. There are several possible approaches for developing transgenic plants with improved nematode resistance; these include anti-invasion and migration strategies, feeding-cell attenuation, and antinematode feeding and development strategies. The essential elements of an effective control strategy are (a) genes that encode an antinematode effector protein, peptide or interfering RNA and (b) promoters that direct a specific pattern of expression for that effector. This review summarizes information on effectors that act directly against the nematode as well as those aimed at disrupting the nematode feeding site. We discuss patterns of promoter activity that could deliver expression of these effectors in a restricted and directed manner. Societal opposition to the technology of GM-nematode control is also discussed.
Mode coupling and output beam quality of 100–400 μm core silica fibers (2011)

Propagation and mode coupling within relatively short (∼1-10 m) large core, nominally multimode, fibers are of interest in a number of applications. In this research, we have studied the output beam quality and mode coupling in various fibers with core diameters of 100-400 μm and lengths of 2 m. Output beam quality (M2) and mode-coupling coefficients (D) have been studied for different clad dimensions, numerical apertures, and wavelengths. The mode-coupling coefficients have been determined based on modal power diffusion considerations. The results show that D scales approximately as the inverse square of the clad dimension and inverse square root of the wavelength. Output from a 2 m length fiber of 100 μm core and 660 μm clad fiber is close to single mode (M2=1.6), while output from a 200 μm core and 745 μm clad fiber also has high beam quality.
Abstract PL08-01: Differential splicing of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes between African and Caucasian Americans: Contributing factor in prostate cancer health disparities? (2011)

Abstract There are striking population disparities in prostate cancer (PCa) risk and survival outcome borne out of current health statistics data. This is particularly evident between African Americans (AA) and their Caucasian American (CA) counterparts. Epidemiologic studies have shown that higher mortality and recurrence rates of PCa is still seen in AA men even after adjustment for socioeconomic status, environmental factors and health care access. To test whether differential mRNA splicing may play a role in PCa health disparities, RNA from PCa and patient-matched normal prostate needle biopsies from AAs and CAs was processed and hybridized onto the Affymetrix human Exon 1.0 ST arrays. A 4-way statistical design (10% FDR, &gt;1.5 fold-change) was employed in the following comparisons: AA normal vs. CA normal, AA cancer vs. CA cancer, AA cancer vs. AA normal, and CA cancer vs. CA normal. Our analysis identified &gt;800 genes undergoing differential mRNA splicing between AA and CA cancer specimens. Notably, many of these genes reside within canonical oncogenic signaling pathways. To further delineate the functional consequences of these splice variants, exon-specific and/or exon junction-specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were employed to suppress splice variants for 4 oncogenes (PIK3CD, FGFR3, MET and RASGRP2) in PCa cell lines derived from the AA and CA patient populations. The targeted knockdown of population-specific splice variants appears to have differential effects on cell proliferation and invasive. For example, the splice variant for phosphoinositide-3 kinase delta (PI3KCD) found in AA PCa specimens encodes a more aggressive version of the gene (i.e., leading to greater proliferation and invasion of cancer cells) compared to the variant counterpart found in CA PCa specimens. Taken together, our data suggest that differential mRNA splicing may be critical in PCa health disparities between the AA and CA populations. These findings should advance our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying PCa health disparities, and may facilitate the development of novel strategies for PCa detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy in the AA population. This work was supported by NCI grant 5U01-CA-116937, ACS-IRG-08-091-01 and the Affymetrix Collaborations in Cancer Research Program. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):PL08-01.
Topology Agnostic Virtual Channel Assignment and Protocol Level Deadlock Avoidance in a Network-on-Chip (2021)

A Virtual Channel (VC) is a Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) slice of a physical channel/link. A crucial step of interconnect synthesis is to assign VCs to traffic that avoids deadlocks while meeting Power, Performance and Area (PPA) objectives. For a Network on Chip (NoC), VC assignment is tightly coupled with topology generation and routing. Inefficient VC assignment can lead to NoCs which may be an order of magnitude inferior in terms of PPA. However, both VC assignment and topology generation are combinatorially hard problems. Thus, combining VC assignment with topology generation makes it difficult to efficiently solve either.In this paper, we present a topology agnostic VC assignment approach for statically routed NoCs. This segregation enables us to solve the VC assignment problem first and then subsequently generate topology. By solving VC assignment first, we reduce the problem space of topology generation leading to NoCs with tighter PPA. We model the VC assignment problem as a Traffic Conflict Graph (TCG), capturing a global view of Quality of Service (QoS), Head-of-Line (HoL) conflicts, burstiness and external protocol level dependencies (e.g. PCIe root-complex). We apply combinatorial optimization techniques on TCG to arrive at an efficient VC assignment, that ensures deadlock free designs. The algorithm has been implemented in production NoC Synthesis tool. Results obtained on more than a dozen multi-million gate System-on-Chip (SoC) demonstrate an average improvement of 30% across metrics such as routers, resizers, power/clock domain converters, latencies etc. while meeting the performance vis-à-vis hand-tuned NoCs. The hand-tuned designs have been manually optimized over several man-months by expert designers, while the tool achieves better results in a few minutes.
<title>Dynamics Of Laser Annealing</title> (1980)

The physical mechanisms responsible for the annealing of ion implanted semiconductors for a wide range of materials and annealing conditions have been identified through the use of in-situ dynamical measurements of optical properties. These measurements combined with post-anneal sample characterization, i.e., channeling, electrical measurements, etc., lead to the identification of two different annealing mechanisms. For the case of Q-switched lasers a liquid phase epitaxial regrowth of the damaged layer is indicated. For c.w. lasers solid phase epitaxial regrowth can occur.
Abstract Communication Model for Distributed Systems (2004)

In some distributed and mobile communication models, a message disappears in one place and miraculously appears in another. In reality, of course, there are no miracles. A message goes from one network to another; it can be lost or corrupted in the process. Here, we present a realistic but high-level communication model where abstract communicators represent various nets and subnets. The model was originally developed in the process of specifying a particular network architecture, namely, the Universal Plug and Play architecture. But, it is general. Our contention is that every message-based distributed system, properly abstracted, gives rise to a specialization of our abstract communication model. The purpose of the abstract communication model is not to design a new kind of network; rather, it is to discover the common part of all message-based communication networks. The generality of the model has been confirmed by its successful reuse for very different distributed architectures. The model is based on distributed abstract state machines. It is implemented in the specification language AsmL and is used for testing distributed systems.
A Graph-Based Approach to Multi-Cell OFDMA Downlink Resource Allocation (2008)

A novel, practical and low-complexity multi-cell OFDMA downlink channel assignment method using a graph- based approach is proposed in this work. The inter-cell interference (ICI) information is obtained through inference from the diversity set of mobile stations (MSs) and presented in the form of an interference graph. The proposed downlink channel assignment method consists of two phases. The task of ICI reduction is mapped to the MAX fe-CUT problem in graph theory and solved in the first phase. Then, channel assignment is conducted by taking into account instantaneous channel conditions in the second phase. State-of-the-art ICI management techniques such as ICI coordination (ICIC) and base station cooperation (BSC) are incorporated in our framework. Heuristic algorithms are proposed to solve both phases of the problem efficiently. Simulation is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution, where the SINR improvement can be as high as 4.5 dB. The proposed solution can be used in next generation cellular systems such as 3 GPP long term evolution (LTE) and IEEE 802.16 m.
Botulinum toxin therapy, immunologic resistance, and problems with available materials (1996)

Botulinum toxin is a valuable technology for the treatment of regional movement disease. High-dose applications ( > 100 LD50 units per injection cycle) have been associated with sensitization that renders further therapeutic injections ineffective. The true incidence of sensitization is probably underestimated by the mouse bioassay. Other immunotypes of botulinum toxin have been effective in producing some therapeutic benefit; however, duration of action (botulinum toxin type F) and lower potencies may make these less attractive alternatives than botulinum type A. Increased specific activity botulinum toxin may be a method to reduce antigen exposure and mitigate against immunoresistance associated with dystonia therapy. Limiting the dose to < or = 100 LD50 units per injection cycle may limit this complication in the interim.
Scales Tell a Story on the Stress History of Fish (2015)

Fish faced with stressful stimuli launch an endocrine stress response through activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI-) axis to release cortisol into the blood. Scientifically validated biomarkers to capture systemic cortisol exposure over longer periods of time are of utmost importance to assess chronic stress in governmental, wildlife, aquaculture and scientific settings. Here we demonstrate that cortisol in scales of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is the long-sought biomarker for chronic stress. Undisturbed (CTR) and daily stressed (STRESS) carp were compared. Dexamethasone (DEX) or cortisol (CORT) fed fish served as negative and positive controls, respectively. Scale cortisol was quantified with a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. An increase in scale cortisol content was found in STRESS and CORT but not in CTR and DEX fish. Scale cortisol content reflects its accumulation in a stressor and time dependent manner and validates the scale cortisol content as biomarker for chronic stress. Plasma analyses confirmed that (i) CTR, DEX and CORT treatments were effective, (ii) plasma cortisol of STRESS fish showed no signs of chronic HPI-axis activation, and (iii) plasma cortisol is a poor predictor for chronic stress. The expression of HPI key genes crf, pomc, and star were up-regulated in STRESS fish in the absence of a plasma cortisol response, as was the target gene of cortisol encoding subunit α1 of the Na+/K+-ATPase in gills. When lost, scales of fish regenerate fast. Regenerated scales corroborate our findings, offering (i) unsurpassed time resolution for cortisol incorporation and as such for stressful events, and (ii) the possibility to investigate stress in a well defined and controlled environment and time frame creating novel opportunities for bone physiological research. We conclude that the cortisol content in ontogenetic and regenerated scales is an innovative biomarker for chronic stress offering ample applications in science and industry.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKYLIDENEDIQUINOCYCLOPROPANES. SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES (1977)

Abstract Die mehrstündige Umsetzung des Ketons (I) mit aktiven Methylenverbindungen wie z.B. (II) in siedendem Acetanhydrid in Gegenwart von β‐Alanin ergibt Kondensationsprodukte wie (III).
Evaluation of sunscreen efficacy over time and re‐application using hybrid diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (2020)

Sunscreen efficacy is maintained over time in the absence of sweating or rub-off. After two hours of sweating, an 80 minutes water-resistant sunscreen does not need to be re-applied "at least every 2 hours."