gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Long-term safety and efficacy of a unique fixed-dose combination gel of adapalene 0.1% and benzoyl peroxide 2.5% for the treatment of acne vulgaris. (2007)

These findings are consistent with previous clinical findings and support the use of a once-daily adapalene/BP fixed-dose combination as a safe and effective treatment in the long-term management of acne.
Selection of influenza virus variants based on sialyloligosaccharide receptor specificity (1984)

Abstract
All-Normal-Dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser (2006)

A modelocked Yb-doped fiber laser without an anomalous dispersive segment is demonstrated. Pulse-shaping is based on spectral filtering of a highly-chirped pulse in the cavity. The laser generated 170-fs pulses with 3-nJ pulse energy. Article not available.
An approach to topology management in directional networks (2008)

Narrow-beam directional antennas can provide enormous gains in data rate, range, power expenditure, and spatial re-use. When ranges extend to hundreds of kilometers, there can be thousands of nodes in communications range. Since directional networks tend to incur an overhead cost per link, some process must select the potential neighbors to which a node actually links and are therefore reported as neighbors to the routing protocol. This process is known as topology management. If the purpose is to reduce the number of links, the key question is what criteria are used to select them. In this paper, we propose a matrix model that allows network managers to define pairwise standards for throughput, delay, and path redundancy. In the context of a time division multiple access system, our proposed objective is to meet the specified standards with the minimum number of links and time slot utilization, in order to meet second-order design objectives. If these standards matrices are periodically (but rarely) distributed, the network can work towards a common set of precisely defined performance objectives. We provide an example of an algorithm that can exploit this information to rapidly and scalably converge on a solution with minimal additional messaging overhead.
Dual‐echo MRI segmentation using vector decomposition and probability techniques: A two‐tissue model (1994)

We combined a vector decomposition technique with Gaussian probability thresholding in feature space to segment normal brain tissues, tumors, or other abnormalities on dual-echo MR images. The vector decomposition technique assigns to each voxel a fractional volume for each of two tissues. A probability threshold, based on an assumed Gaussian probability density function describing random noise, isolates a region in feature space for fractional volume calculation that minimizes contamination from other tissues. The calculated fractional volumes are unbiased estimates of the true fractional volumes. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between tissues on the segmented images is the same as the Euclidean norm of CNRs in the original images. The method is capable of segmenting more than two tissues from a set of dual-echo images by sequentially analyzing different pairs of tissues. The model is analyzed mathematically and in experiments with a phantom. Two clinical examples are presented.
New fuzzy-based anti-swing controller for helicopter slung-load system near hover (2009)

In this paper, a new fuzzy based anti-swing controller for helicopter slung load system near hover flight is proposed. The output from this controller is additional displacements that are added to the helicopter trajectory in the longitudinal and lateral directions. Hence, its implementation is simple and it just needs small modification to the software of helicopter position controller. The rules of the anti-swing controller are derived based on the time-delayed feedback of the load swing angles. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed controller in suppressing the swing of the suspended load and stabilizing the system.
Optimal design of fine magnetic pole pitch fabricated on printed circuit board (2005)

Using traditional methods, a permanent magnet multipole component magnetized with a magnetic pole pitch of less than 1mm is very difficult to achieve and a costly, complicated magnetization system is required. In this paper, the optimal design of a fine magnetic pole pitch of less than 1mm fabricated on a printed circuit board has been successfully investigated and demonstrated. An optimal magnetic pole pitch having large variation and strength in magnetic-flux density was obtained. The characteristics of the optimal magnetic pole pitch are good for signal detection and processing. The measured values of the magnetic-flux density in the z component are in agreement with the calculated values.
Entanglement loss and recovery due to arbitrarily oriented polarization dependent loss for telecom band photon pairs (2018)

Interplay of residual fiber birefringence and modal loss impairs propagation of polarization entangled photons in fibers. We introduce an illustrative Stokes space model of the effect, verify it experimentally, and demonstrate a simple compensating scheme.
Improvement in Olefin Metathesis Using a New Generation of Ruthenium Catalyst Bearing an Imidazolylidene Ligand:  Synthesis of Heterocycles (2000)

A number of heterocycles have been prepared in very good yields using 1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene ruthenium benzylidene 1. This catalyst displays increased activity for ring-closing metathesis of some hindered heterodienes which did not cyclize using the Grubbs catalyst 2. The scope of the olefin metathesis has been expanded.
Extraction of the Normal Component of the Particle Velocity for Arbitrarly Shaped Surfaces (2014)

The normal component of the particle velocity (or the normal derivative of the pressure field) at the recording surface is an indispensable information when deghosting or extrapolating marine seismic data. However, the pressure field at the recording surface is related to the normal component of the particle velocity based on Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral equation. Nevertheless, extracting the normal component of the particle velocity from the recorded pressure is not a trivial task. This is because; first, the Green’s function containing the scattering information from a spatio-temporally varying sea surface must be known; and second, the signal-to-noise ratio of the pressure measurement at the notch frequencies are notoriously poor. We present a method based on Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral equation for extracting the normal component of the particle velocity(away from the pressure notch locations for any arbitrarily shaped sea surfaces. The validity of the method is demonstrated using both synthetic and field datasets obtained using a dual-sensor streamer.
Fast Semi-Analytical Model-Based Acoustic Inversion for Quantitative Optoacoustic Tomography (2010)

We present a fast model-based inversion algorithm for quantitative 2-D and 3-D optoacoustic tomography. The algorithm is based on an accurate and efficient forward model, which eliminates the need for regularization in the inversion process while providing modeling flexibility essential for quantitative image formation. The resulting image-reconstruction method eliminates stability problems encountered in previously published model-based techniques and, thus, enables performing image reconstruction in real time. Our model-based framework offers a generalization of the forward solution to more comprehensive optoacoustic propagation models, such as including detector frequency response, without changing the inversion procedure. The reconstruction speed and other algorithmic performances are demonstrated using numerical simulation studies and experimentally on tissue-mimicking optically heterogeneous phantoms and small animals. In the experimental examples, the model-based reconstructions manifested correctly the effect of light attenuation through the objects and did not suffer from the artifacts which usually afflict the commonly used filtered backprojection algorithms, such as negative absorption values.
Development of a graphite probe calorimeter for absolute clinical dosimetry (2013)

The aim of this work is to present the numerical design optimization, construction, and experimental proof of concept of a graphite probe calorimeter (GPC) conceived for dose measurement in the clinical environment (U.S. provisional patent 61∕652,540). A finite element method (FEM) based numerical heat transfer study was conducted using a commercial software package to explore the feasibility of the GPC and to optimize the shape, dimensions, and materials used in its design. A functioning prototype was constructed inhouse and used to perform dose to water measurements under a 6 MV photon beam at 400 and 1000 MU∕min, in a thermally insulated water phantom. Heat loss correction factors were determined using FEM analysis while the radiation field perturbation and the graphite to water absorbed dose conversion factors were calculated using Monte Carlo simulations. The difference in the average measured dose to water for the 400 and 1000 MU∕min runs using the TG-51 protocol and the GPC was 0.2% and 1.2%, respectively. Heat loss correction factors ranged from 1.001 to 1.002, while the product of the perturbation and dose conversion factors was calculated to be 1.130. The combined relative uncertainty was estimated to be 1.4%, with the largest contributors being the specific heat capacity of the graphite (type B, 0.8%) and the reproducibility, defined as the standard deviation of the mean measured dose (type A, 0.6%). By establishing the feasibility of using the GPC as a practical clinical absolute photon dosimeter, this work lays the foundation for further device enhancements, including the development of an isothermal mode of operation and an overall miniaturization, making it potentially suitable for use in small and composite radiation fields. It is anticipated that, through the incorporation of isothermal stabilization provided by temperature controllers, a subpercent overall uncertainty will be achieved.
Mechanism of compensation of aberrations in the human eye (2007)

We studied the mechanism of compensation of aberrations within the young human eye by using experimental data and advanced ray-tracing modeling. Corneal and ocular aberrations along with the alignment properties (angle kappa, lens tilt, and decentration) were measured in eyes with different refractive errors. Predictions from individualized ray-tracing optical models were compared with the actual measurements. Ocular spherical aberration was, in general, smaller than corneal spherical aberration without relation to refractive error. However, horizontal coma compensation was found to be significantly larger for hyperopic eyes where angle kappa tended to also be larger. We propose a simple analytical model of the relationship between the corneal coma compensation effect with the field angle and corneal and crystalline shape factors. The actual shape factors corresponded approximately to the optimum shapes that automatically provide this coma compensation. We showed that the eye behaves as an aplanatic optical system, an optimized design solution rendering stable retinal image quality for different ocular geometries.
Porous Fiber Optical Sensor For pH Measurement (1992)

Numerous fiber optic pH sensors have been proposed in the past decade. Most of these sensors utilize polymers as a substrate to immobilize optically active organic indicators1,2. However, these devices often exhibit significant degradation in the presence of organic solvents and are less stable at high temperatures or pressures typically encountered in many industrial and practical applications. Recently, the use of inorganic materials as the substrates for the immobilization of indicators has obtained more attention3,4. This report describes the development of a new fiber optic pH sensor based on the use of a porous silica glass fiber immobilized with pH indicators by sol-gel coating technique.
Interactions between Spider Silk and Cells – NIH/3T3 Fibroblasts Seeded on Miniature Weaving Frames (2010)

Native spider silk does not require any modification to its application as a biomaterial that can rival any artificial material in terms of cell growth promoting properties. We could show adhesion mechanics on intracellular level. Additionally, proliferation kinetics were higher than in enzymatically digested controls, indicating that spider silk does not require modification. Recent findings concerning reduction of cell proliferation after exposure could not be met. As biotechnological production of the hierarchical composition of native spider silk fibres is still a challenge, our study has a pioneer role in researching cellular mechanics on native spider silk fibres.
Space-time diversity multistage parallel interference cancellation (MPIC) for CDMA (2002)

The paper proposes to enhance CDMA MPIC by using spatial diversity to increase the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), resulting in a lower BER on every cancellation stage, through utilization of multiple antennas. The paper derives, for the proposed space-time MPIC (SPDMPIC), the recursive equations for both SIR and BER of each cancellation stage and their closed-form expressions as a function of space-time diversity order, the number of needed iterations, and initial SIR condition. It is found that there is an M ( of antennas) times reduction in the available time diversity order for MPIC in achieving the same BER and SIR with STDMPIC of M antennas, as expected, since basically the M antennas provide M times as many uncorrelated multi-paths. The paper also presents simulation results, which agree with the theoretical analysis.
The structure and functions of human lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (2001)

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and phosphatidic acid (PA) are two phospholipids involved in signal transduction and in lipid biosynthesis in cells. LPA acyltransferase (LPAAT), also known as 1-acyl sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (1-AGPAT) (EC 2.3.1.51), catalyzes the conversion of LPA to PA. Two human isoforms of LPAAT, designated as LPAAT-alpha (AGPAT1) and LPAAT-beta (AGPAT2), have been extensively characterized. These two proteins contain extensive sequence similarities to microbial, plant and animal LPAAT sequences. LPAAT-alpha mRNA is uniformly expressed throughout most tissues with the highest level found in skeletal muscle; whereas LPAAT-beta is differentially expressed, with the highest level found in heart and liver, and negligible level in brain and placenta. The LPAAT-alpha gene is located on chromosome 6p21.3, an area within the class III region of the major hiscompatibility complex (MHC) and the LPAAT-beta gene is mapped to chromosome 9q34.3. Enhanced transcription of LPAAT-beta is suggested for neoplasm of the female genital tract. Additionally, ectopic LPAAT expression in certain cytokine-responsive cell lines can effect amplification of cellular signaling processes, such as those leading to enhancement of synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 from cells following stimulation with interleukin-1beta; this suggests that the LPAAT genes represent candidates for affecting the development of certain cancers or inflammation-associated diseases.
Combined Differential Beamforming With Uniform Linear Microphone Arrays (2021)

While differential beamformers have been widely used in voice communication and human-machine speech interface systems to enhance speech signals of interest, how to design such beamformers that on the one hand can achieve the highest possible directivity factor (DF) and on the other hand are able to obtain a certain level of white noise gain (WNG), so that they are robust enough to sensors’ self noise and array imperfections is still a challenging issue. This paper studies the problem of robust differential beamforming with small-size arrays to achieve a high DF. It presents a method for the design of differential beamformers with uniform linear arrays. We first generate differential pressure signals by applying the recently developed forward spatial difference operator to the outputs of the array with pressure sensors. The pressure microphone observation signals and the differential pressure signals are then put together, and a combined beamformer is subsequently designed, which consists of two subbeamformers, one operates on the pressure microphone observations and the other on the differential pressure signals. A new class of combined differential beamformers are introduced, which can achieve different levels of compromises between DF and WNG using an adjustable parameter.
Distribution and functional properties of human KCNH8 (Elk1) potassium channels (2003)

The Elk subfamily of the Eag K+ channel gene family is represented in mammals by three genes that are highly conserved between humans and rodents. Here we report the distribution and functional properties of a member of the human Elk K+ channel gene family, KCNH8. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of mRNA expression patterns showed that KCNH8, along with the other Elk family genes, KCNH3 and KCNH4, are primarily expressed in the human nervous system. KCNH8 was expressed at high levels, and the distribution showed substantial overlap with KCNH3. In Xenopus oocytes, KCNH8 gives rise to slowly activating, voltage-dependent K+ currents that open at hyperpolarized potentials (half-maximal activation at -62 mV). Coexpression of KCNH8 with dominant-negative KCNH8, KCNH3, and KCNH4 subunits led to suppression of the KCNH8 currents, suggesting that Elk channels can form heteromultimers. Similar experiments imply that KCNH8 subunits are not able to form heteromultimers with Eag, Erg, or Kv family K+ channels.
A Game Theory Based Post-Processing Method to Enhance VLSI Global Routers (2017)

The increase in problem size and complexity of the global routing problems has made it harder for the global routers to produce good results. The global routers employ many different techniques to reach good solutions. However, the results on the recent benchmarks (ISPD 2008) reveal that existing global routers need more enhancements in their designs in-order to improve their solution quality. This work proposes a game theory based algorithm that can enhance the solutions of existing global routers. The proposed algorithm models the rip-up and re-route process as a sequential game in which nets act as players. The set of pure strategies of a net consists of different methods to rip-up and re-route its spanning tree. The nets use mixed strategies in which the probability of any pure strategy is based on the estimation of its likelihood to improve the solution. The performance of the proposed method has been evaluated by using it to enhance the solutions of two excellent global routers namely NCTU-GR 2.0 [1] & BFG-R [2]. The proposed method has been experimented using the ISPD 2008benchmarks and found to be successful in enhancing the total-overflow/wire-length of the existing global routers. On four hard-to-route problems, it has improved the total-overflow of three problems when used with NCTU-GR 2.0 and all four problems when used with BFG-R. It has improved the wire-lengths of all sixteen problems for both NCTU-GR 2.0 and BFG-R. The wire-length of NCTU-GR 2.0 was improved by a value ranging from 35-754 edges and that of BFG-R by a value ranging from 6462-15587 edges. While we demonstrated the potential of GT to enhance results of other heuristics, embedding the discussed technique can help produce better global routers as it will help better traversal of search space, and intelligent decision making.
A WAFER-BONDED, FLOATING ELEMENT SHEAR-STRESS SENSOR USING A GEOMETRIC MOIRÈ OPTICAL TRANSDUCTION TECHNIQUE (2004)

This paper presents a geometric Moir optical-based floating-element shear stress sensor for wind tunnel turbulence measurements. The sensor was fabricated using an aligned waferbond/thin-back process producing optical gratings on the backside of a floating element and on the top surface of the support wafer. Measured results indicate a static sensitivity of 0.26 m/Pa, a resonant frequency of 1.7 kHz, and a noise floor of 6.2 mPa/ Hz.
Software transactional memory (2008)

The promise of STM may likely be undermined by its overheads and workload applicabilities.
Wavelet decomposition of software entropy reveals symptoms of malicious code (2016)

Sophisticated malware authors can sneak hidden malicious code into portable executable files, and this code can be hard to detect, especially if encrypted or compressed. However, when an executable file switches between code regimes (e.g. native, encrypted, compressed, text, and padding), there are corresponding shifts in the file's representation as an entropy signal. In this paper, we develop a method for automatically quantifying the extent to which patterned variations in a file's entropy signal make it "suspicious." In Experiment 1, we use wavelet transforms to define a Suspiciously Structured Entropic Change Score (SSECS), a scalar feature that quantifies the suspiciousness of a file based on its distribution of entropic energy across multiple levels of spatial resolution. Based on this single feature, it was possible to raise predictive accuracy on a malware detection task from 50.0% to 68.7%, even though the single feature was applied to a heterogeneous corpus of malware discovered "in the wild." In Experiment 2, we describe how wavelet-based decompositions of software entropy can be applied to a parasitic malware detection task involving large numbers of samples and features. By extracting only string and entropy features (with wavelet decompositions) from software samples, we are able to obtain almost 99% detection of parasitic malware with fewer than 1% false positives on good files. Moreover, the addition of wavelet-based features uniformly improved detection performance across plausible false positive rates, both in a strings-only model (e.g., from 80.90% to 82.97%) and a strings-plus-entropy model (e.g. from 92.10% to 94.74%, and from 98.63% to 98.90%). Overall, wavelet decomposition of software entropy can be useful for machine learning models for detecting malware based on extracting millions of features from executable files.
Storage-efficient, deadlock-free packet routing algorithms for torus networks (1994)

We present two new packet routing algorithms for parallel computers with torus interconnection networks of arbitrary size and dimension. Both algorithms use only minimal length paths, are fully adaptive in the sense that all minimal length paths may be used to avoid congestion, and are free of deadlock, livelock and starvation. Algorithm 1 requires only three central queues per routing node. It is the first known minimal length packet routing algorithm for torus networks which requires a constant number of queues per node, regardless of the size and dimension of the torus. In fact, the requirement of three queues per node is optimal, as no such algorithm is possible when all nodes have two or fewer queues. Algorithm 2 requires only that each node have two input buffers per edge. It is the first known minimal-fully-adaptive packet routing algorithm for torus networks which does not require central queues and which does not require any node to have more than two input or two output buffers per edge. Both algorithms are simple and appear to be well-suited to VLSI implementation. They can be used with either store-and-forward or virtual cut-through routing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Rectenna developments for solar energy collection (2005)

The rectenna concept for solar energy collection rests on the dual wave/photon nature of light. The recent developments in nanotechnology and manufacturing led to the re-examination of the rectenna concept for solar energy collection. Two fundamental physical limitations, skin effect resistance and very low voltage per antenna element, were identified for the rectenna system. This paper reports on research efforts to identify the problems through experimentation at lower frequencies and simulation at the light frequencies and has identified possible design solutions to some of the problems.