gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DRACO: Robust Distributed Training via Redundant Gradients. (2018)

Distributed model training is vulnerable to worst-case system failures and adversarial compute nodes, i.e., nodes that use malicious updates to corrupt the global model stored at a parameter server (PS). To tolerate node failures and adversarial attacks, recent work suggests using variants of the geometric median to aggregate distributed updates at the PS, in place of bulk averaging. Although median-based update rules are robust to adversarial nodes, their computational cost can be prohibitive in large-scale settings and their convergence guarantees often require relatively strong assumptions. In this work, we present DRACO, a scalable framework for robust distributed training that uses ideas from coding theory. In DRACO, each compute node evaluates redundant gradients that are then used by the parameter server to eliminate the effects of adversarial updates. We present problem-independent robustness guarantees for DRACO and show that the model it produces is identical to the one trained in the adversary-free setup. We provide extensive experiments on real datasets and distributed setups across a variety of large-scale models, where we show that DRACO is several times to orders of magnitude faster than median-based approaches.
A Systematic Approach to Automatic Edit and Imputation (1976)

(1976). A Systematic Approach to Automatic Edit and Imputation. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 71, No. 353, pp. 17-35.
Current test methods in mixed signal circuits (2002)

The increase in importance of mixed mode ASICs has brought about a new interest in testing this kind of circuit. Nevertheless, these techniques have not yet reached the same level of development as that achieved in digital circuits. Recently a lot of work has been done applying current test methods to analogue and mixed circuits probing the capability that these techniques have to unify the test of the analogue and the digital parts of the mixed circuits. In this paper we review the most effective techniques proposed for test pattern generation and fault detection for power supply current testing in mixed circuits. The use of quiescent, transient and the spectral analysis of the power supply consumption current are analysed and compared. The consideration of catastrophic and parametric faults made it necessary to apply spectral analysis and multivariate statistics to the power supply current signal. Experimental results of these methods are given in some analogue-digital circuits, such as a digital-to-analogue converter circuits.
The Use of Oxygen Consumption and Delivery as Endpoints for Resuscitation in Critically III Patients (1996)

No difference was found in the incidence of OF or death in patients resuscitated based on oxygen transport parameters compared to conventional parameters. These data suggest that given adequate volume resuscitation, oxygen-based parameters are more useful as predictors of outcome than as endpoints for resuscitation.
Spread of AIDS Sparks New Health Concern (1983)

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Total ankle arthroplasty. A long-term review of the London Hospital experience (1985)

We report a retrospective study of 62 total ankle arthroplasties performed between 1972 and 1981. Forty-one of these have been reviewed clinically after an average follow-up of five and a half years; only 13 can be described as satisfactory. The complications encountered in all 62 arthroplasties are detailed, the most significant being superficial wound healing problems, talar collapse, and loosening of the components; 13 prosthetic joints have already been removed and arthrodesis attempted. The management of the complications is discussed. In view of the high complication rate and the generally poor long-term clinical results, we recommend arthrodesis as the treatment of choice for the painful stiff arthritic ankle, regardless of the underlying pathological process.
Estimation of mixed venous oxygen saturation (1983)

Pulmonary artery oxygen saturation (PA) was measured directly and estimated from venal cavae samples in 175 adults without intracardiac shunts to ascertain which of four formulas (MV1, MV2, MV3, or MV4) best estimated mixed venous oxygen saturation. Because the formula MV1, which favored IVC samples, most closely approximated pulmonary artery saturation, we recommend its use to estimate systemic flow in patients with left-to-right shunts. In addition, a difference between directly measured PA and calculated MV1 of 6% or greater indicates the presence of a left-to-right shunt in 97% of cases.
English Vowed Women at the End of the Middle Ages (1995)

L'A. propose une breve histoire de la vocation religieuse feminine a la fin du Moyen Age; elle degage les traits principaux des ceremonies liturgiques qui accompagnent ces vocations. Son analyse s'interesse au nombre, a la localisation et au niveau social des femmes. La question cruciale de la spiritualite de ces femmes est ensuite examinee a la lumiere des textes qui concernent les veuves. Pour conclure, l'A. s'interroge sur le sens de ces vocations. L'appendice reprend une liste de noms. Cet engagement religieux des laics s'inscrit dans le mouvement de la spiritualite medievale marquee par l'essor des beguinages
Mutation Detection with Next-Generation Resequencing through a Mediator Genome (2010)

The affordability of next generation sequencing (NGS) is transforming the field of mutation analysis in bacteria. The genetic basis for phenotype alteration can be identified directly by sequencing the entire genome of the mutant and comparing it to the wild-type (WT) genome, thus identifying acquired mutations. A major limitation for this approach is the need for an a-priori sequenced reference genome for the WT organism, as the short reads of most current NGS approaches usually prohibit de-novo genome assembly. To overcome this limitation we propose a general framework that utilizes the genome of relative organisms as mediators for comparing WT and mutant bacteria. Under this framework, both mutant and WT genomes are sequenced with NGS, and the short sequencing reads are mapped to the mediator genome. Variations between the mutant and the mediator that recur in the WT are ignored, thus pinpointing the differences between the mutant and the WT. To validate this approach we sequenced the genome of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J, an obligatory bacterial predator, and its prey-independent mutant, and compared both to the mediator species Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100. Although the mutant and the mediator sequences differed in more than 28,000 nucleotide positions, our approach enabled pinpointing the single causative mutation. Experimental validation in 53 additional mutants further established the implicated gene. Our approach extends the applicability of NGS-based mutant analyses beyond the domain of available reference genomes.
Structure of adsorbed fibrinogen obtained by scanning force microscopy (1991)

It is shown that scanning force microscopy (SFM), operated in the attractive mode, can be used to obtain high resolution pictures of adsorbed fibrinogen molecules on solid surfaces, without the need for staining or special microscope grids. SFM also reveals the three-dimensional structure of the adsorbed molecules. Two forms of adsorbed fibrinogen are demonstrated on hydrophobic silicone dioxide surfaces: a trinodular about 60 nm long and a globular with about a 40 nm diameter. Polymeric networks formed after storage of the surface with adsorbed fibrinogen in PBS for 11 days are also shown. The SFM-results for the trinodular structure suggest the existence of loops or peptide chains extending outside the basic structure of the fibrinogen molecule.
Mid-ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Profiling of HIV/AIDS Sera for Novel Systems Diagnostics in Global Health (2014)

Abstract Global health, whether in developed or developing countries, is in need of robust systems diagnostics for major diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, impacting the world populations. Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of serum is a quick and reagent-free methodology with which to analyze metabolic alterations such as those caused by disease or treatment. In this study, Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy was investigated as a means of distinguishing HIV-infected treatment-experienced (HIV pos ART pos , n =39) and HIV-infected-treatment-naïve (HIV pos ART neg , n =16) subjects from uninfected control subjects ( n =30). Multivariate pattern recognition techniques, including partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), successfully distinguished sample classes, while univariate approaches identified significant differences ( p <0.05) after Benjamini-Hochberg corrections. OPLS-DA discriminated between all groups with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of >90%. Compared to uninfected controls, HIV pos ART pos and HIV pos ART neg subjects displayed significant differences in spectral regions linked to lipids/fatty acids (3010 cm −1 ), carbohydrates (1299 cm −1 ; 1498 cm −1 ), glucose (1035 cm −1 ), and proteins (1600 cm −1 ; 1652 cm −1 ). These are all molecules shown by conventional biochemical analysis to be affected by HIV/ART interference. The biofluid metabolomics approach applied here successfully differentiated global metabolic profiles of HIV-infected patients and uninfected controls and detected potential biomarkers for development into indicators of host response to treatment and/or disease progression. Our findings therefore contribute to ongoing efforts for capacity-building in global health for robust omics science and systems diagnostics towards major diseases impacting population health.
4.8 A 28nm x86 APU optimized for power and area efficiency (2015)

Carrizo (CZ, Fig. 4.8.7) is AMD's next-generation mobile performance accelerated processing unit (APU), which includes four Excavator (XV) processor cores and eight Radeon™ graphics core next (GCN) cores, implemented in a 28nm HKMG planar dual-oxide FET technology featuring 3 V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> s of thin-oxide devices and 12 layers of Cu-based metallization. This 28nm technology is a density-focused version of the 28nm technology used by Steamroller (SR) [1] featuring eight 1× metals for dense routing, one 2× and one 4× for low-RC routing and two 16x metals for power distribution.
How T Cells Count (1996)

The rules by which the T cells of the immune system are activated by foreign peptides have seemed inconsistent and counterintuitive. In this week's issue, Viola et al . ( p. 104 ) report that the T cells actually count how many T cell receptors are engaged. When the number 8000 is reached, the T cell becomes activated. In her Perspective, Rothenberg describes the many questions this discovery resolves.
An efficient hybrid search algorithm for fast block matching in video coding (2003)

Many suboptimal motion vector search algorithms have been proposed because the full search algorithm, which is an optimal method, requires huge computational requirements. These block matching algorithms find motion vectors simply from the center of the search window. But the motion vector of the current block is highly related to those of its neighboring blocks. In this paper we propose an efficient hybrid search algorithm (HBS) that exploits the motion vectors of the neighboring blocks to predict the initial search point. HBS searches for a motion vector from the initial search point using the diamond search algorithm(DS). DS is chosen because it is one of the fastest motion vector search algorithms. Experimental results show that HBS is a faster and more accurate motion vector search method than other suboptimal methods for most test sequences.
Evidence for the “Dock, Lock, and Latch” Ligand Binding Mechanism of the Staphylococcal Microbial Surface Component Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules (MSCRAMM) SdrG (2007)

Staphylococcus epidermidis is an opportunistic pathogen and a major cause of foreign body infections. The S. epidermidis fibrinogen (Fg)-binding adhesin SdrG is necessary and sufficient for the attachment of this pathogen to Fg-coated materials. Based largely on structural analyses of the ligand binding domain of SdrG as an apo-protein and in complex with a Fg-like peptide, we proposed that SdrG follows a "dock, lock, and latch" mechanism to bind to Fg. This binding mechanism involves the docking of the ligand in a pocket formed between two SdrG subdomains followed by the movement of a C-terminal extension of one subdomain to cover the ligand and to insert and complement a beta-sheet in a neighboring subdomain. These proposed events result in a greatly stabilized closed conformation of the MSCRAMM-ligand complex. In this report, we describe a biochemical analysis of the proposed conformational changes that SdrG undergoes upon binding to its ligand. We have introduced disulfide bonds into SdrG to stabilize the open and closed forms of the apo-form of the MSCRAMM. We show that the stabilized closed form does not bind to the ligand and that binding can be restored in the presence of reducing agents such as dithiothreitol. We have also used Förster resonance energy transfer to dynamically show the conformational changes of SdrG upon binding to its ligand. Finally, we have used isothermic calorimetry to determine that hydrophobic interactions between the ligand and the protein are responsible for re-directing the C-terminal extension of the second subdomain required for triggering the beta-strand complementation event.
Field programmable analog arrays: past, present and future perspectives (2002)

The development of accurate, low-cost, rapid prototyping techniques for analog circuits has been attempted at various times using variety of implementation formats over the past several decades with varying degrees of success. Commercial products introduced recently, along with progress made at University research labs, indicates renewed interest and further accomplishment in achieving this goal. This paper reviews past work in the area from both universities and industry, provides a status report on the state of activities world-wide, and attempts to forecast developments in prototyping analog and mixed-signal systems one can expect in the near future.
Review of SrBi<sub>2</sub>Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>9</sub> thin films capacitor processing (1999)

Abstract Ferroelectric memories (FeRAMs) are new types of memories especially suitable for mobile applications due to their unique properties like non-volatility, small DRAM-like cell size, fast read and write as well as low voltage/low power behavior. Although standard CMOS processes can be used for frontend and backend processes, FeRAM technology development has to overcome major challenges due to new materials used for capacitor formation. This work gives an overview of SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) thin films capacitor processing using Pt as electrode material. The study describes in detail SBT formation using metal organic deposition (MOD) as well as influence of electrode thickness and capacitor patterning on SBT electrical properties. Also, results for integration of the capacitor process into a 0.5μm CMOS process with 2-layer tungsten/aluminum metallization as well as stacked capacitor results are given.
Hybrid 3D Photonic Integrated Circuit for Optical Phased Array Beam Steering (2015)

We demonstrate a hybrid integrated optical phased array (OPA) based on a 2D photonic integrated circuit and 3D waveguides. The 4×4 OPA supports 4.93° horizontal and vertical beam steering near 1550 nm with 7.1-dB loss.
A graph theoretical approach for a multistep mapping software for the FACETS project (2008)

This paper discusses the mapping problem, i.e. the assignment of complex biological networks to a special hardware system. The problem is modeled as a map of two disjoint sets. Further a graph model is introduced to overcome the lack of adequate system representations for the mapping software framework, which controls the complex mapping process. The characteristics of the graph model are described and possible applications for both the biological networks and hardware systems are shown. Consequently the mapping is expanded to a graph relation. After a short consideration of implementation aspects the mapping process, i.e. the handling with the graph models during creation of the mapping itself is represented.
Enhancing Photorealism Enhancement (2021)

We present an approach to enhancing the realism of synthetic images. The images are enhanced by a convolutional network that leverages intermediate representations produced by conventional rendering pipelines. The network is trained via a novel adversarial objective, which provides strong supervision at multiple perceptual levels. We analyze scene layout distributions in commonly used datasets and find that they differ in important ways. We hypothesize that this is one of the causes of strong artifacts that can be observed in the results of many prior methods. To address this we propose a new strategy for sampling image patches during training. We also introduce multiple architectural improvements in the deep network modules used for photorealism enhancement. We confirm the benefits of our contributions in controlled experiments and report substantial gains in stability and realism in comparison to recent image-to-image translation methods and a variety of other baselines.
MRI brain tumor segmentation and necrosis detection using adaptive Sobolev snakes (2014)

Brain tumor segmentation in brain MRI volumes is used in neurosurgical planning and illness staging. It is important to explore the tumor shape and necrosis regions at different points of time to evaluate the disease progression. We propose an algorithm for semi-automatic tumor segmentation and necrosis detection. Our algorithm consists of three parts: conversion of MRI volume to a probability space based on the on-line learned model, tumor probability density estimation, and adaptive segmentation in the probability space. We use manually selected acceptance and rejection classes on a single MRI slice to learn the background and foreground statistical models. Then, we propagate this model to all MRI slices to compute the most probable regions of the tumor. Anisotropic 3D diffusion is used to estimate the probability density. Finally, the estimated density is segmented by the Sobolev active contour (snake) algorithm to select smoothed regions of the maximum tumor probability. The segmentation approach is robust to noise and not very sensitive to the manual initialization in the volumes tested. Also, it is appropriate for low contrast imagery. The irregular necrosis regions are detected by using the outliers of the probability distribution inside the segmented region. The necrosis regions of small width are removed due to a high probability of noisy measurements. The MRI volume segmentation results obtained by our algorithm are very similar to expert manual segmentation.
High Coulombic Efficiency Negative Electrode(SiO-Graphite) for Lithium Ion Secondary Battery (2008)

현재 상용화 되어있는 흑연의 저용량 문제를 해결하기 위해 실리콘이나 주석계 등 고용량 비탄소계 음극전극재료들이 연구되고 있다. 이 중 산화실리콘(SiO)은 초기 충전(환원)과정에서 Li이 삽입되면서 <TEX>$Li_2O$</TEX>생성으로 비가역 비용량이 발생하여 초기 싸이클에서 쿨롱효율이 낮고, 싸이클링에 따라 리튬 탈 삽입 과정의 비용량이 증가하는 특징으로 실제의 전지를 설계할 시 문제점을 가진다. 본 연구에서는 고용랑 특성을 나타내는 비탄소계 실리콘을 포함하는 리튬이차전지용 음극활물질과 흑연의 복합체를 제조하여 흑연으로 실리콘의 부피팽창을 완화시키고, 사이클 특성을 향상시키는 실리콘(SiO-Graphite) 재료를 개발하고, 산화실리콘과 흑연 복합체의 높은 비가역 용량의 해소와 싸이클에 따른 리튬 탈삽입 과정의 용량증가를 해소하기 위한 전처리를 통하여 초기 효율을 향상한 전극의 제조에 대하여 연구하였다. A new anode composition material comprising of SiO and Graphite has been prepared by adopting High energy ball milling (HEBM) technique. The anode material shows high initial charge and discharge capacity values of 1139 and 568 mAh/g, respectively. The electrode sustains reversible discharge capacity value of 719 mAh/g at 30th cycle with a high coulombic efficiency<TEX>${\sim}99%$</TEX>. Since the materials formed during initial charge process the nano silicon/<TEX>$Li_4SiO_3$</TEX> and <TEX>$Li_2O$</TEX> remains as interdependent, it may be expected that the composite exhibiting higher amount of irreversibility<TEX>$(Li_2O)$</TEX> will deliver higher reversible capacity. In this study, constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) charge method was employed in place of usual constant current (CC) method in order to convert efficiently all the SiO particles which resulted high initial discharge capacity at the first cycle. We improved considerably the initial discharge specific capacity of SiO/G composite by pretreatment(CC-CV).
Midwifery practice in Ontario, Canada (2016)

Last year I was fortunate to have the opportunity to spend six months in Ontario, Canada, hosted as a visiting academic at McMaster University. During my sabbatical, I was able to participate in the delivery of midwifery education, study the regulation of midwifery practice, and witness midwifery practice standards in action. These experiences were made possible by professional development funding provided by the University of the Sunshine Coast, the generosity of the host staff at McMaster University, and the primary care midwives working in Hamilton, Burlington, and Guelph. This article aims to share with readers what I learnt about midwifery practice in Canada and introduce readers to the funding of midwifery services and the regulation of midwifery practice in Ontario.
Determining the Water Sorption Monolayer of Lyophilized Pharmaceutical Proteins (1997)

The concept of monolayer water coverage is useful in the development of lyophilized protein formulations. Herein, we have explored three different methodologies to determine the water monolayer for pharmaceutical proteins: (1) theoretical prediction based on the amino acid composition and their relative propensities to sorb water; (2) a traditional adsorption isotherm measurement by Karl Fischer water titration of samples held at various relative humidities (created by saturated salt solutions); and (3) an adsorption isotherm measurement with a gravimetric sorption analyzer (GSA), which consists of a microbalance within a computer-controlled humidified environment. Data from the latter two methods were analyzed with the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) gas adsorption equation to yield experimental monolayers. In our study, we examined six different therapeutic proteins and found that for each case all three approaches yielded similar results for the water monolayer. We also attempted to use the BET equation to determine the water monolayer for a model sugar (trehalose) and polyol (mannitol), which are potential excipients in pharmaceutical protein formulations. We found that calculations from the data obtained by the traditional and GSA methods yielded consistent results for trehalose, which remained amorphous upon lyophilization. Mannitol tended to form anhydrous crystals upon freezedrying, and was thus not amenable to analysis. The utility of both traditional and GSA methods for determining the water monolayer was extended to colyophilized protein:sugar systems as well.