gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
First steps towards SAT-based formal analog verification (2009)

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) based methods have traditionally been popular for formally verifying properties for digital circuits. We present a novel methodology for formulating a SPICE-type circuit simulation problem as a satisfiability problem. We start with a circuit level netlist, capture the non-linear behavior of the circuits at the transistor level via conservative approximations and transform the simulation problem into a search problem that can be exhaustively explored via a SAT solver. Thus, for DC as well as fixed time-step based transient and periodic steady state (PSS) simulation formulations, the solutions produced by the solver are formal in nature. We also present algorithms for abstraction refinement and smart interval generation to improve the computational efficiency of our proposed solution scheme. We have implemented our ideas into a tool called fSpice which is the first attempt at building a formal SPICE engine. We demonstrate the applicability of our ideas by showing experimental results using pruned versions of real designs that faced challenges during chip tape-out. Categories and Subject Descriptors I.6.5 [Simulation and Modeling]: Model Development General Terms Algorithms, Design
Generation of a Chiral Mesophase by Achiral Molecules:  Absolute Chiral Induction in the Smectic C Phase of 4-Octyloxyphenyl 4-Octyloxybenzoate (2005)

Achiral rodlike molecules possessing an ester group generated a chiral smectic liquid crystal phase.
Superhydrophobic Metallic Surfaces and Their Wetting Properties (2008)

Two-scaled polymer patterns possessing high roughness are produced using the hot-embossing technique and coating with chromium. After covering the rough polymer surface with this metal, the resulting surface demonstrates pronounced hydrophobic properties, with water drops having apparent contact angles as high as 150°. As revealed by SEM, the surface is patterned on two scales which is known to be an important condition for superhydrophobicity of inherently wettable surfaces. The modified Cassie–Baxter approach has been used for the present relief. The calculated values of the apparent contact angles agree with the observed ones. It is important to note that the apparent contact angles almost do not depend on the local contact angles.
PointPose demo (2013)

We present PointPose, a prototype that allows finger pose information (tilt and rotation) to be obtained at the point of touch on touch-based mobile device, thus adding to the expressiveness of touch input. PointPose uses a short-range depth sensor viewing the touch screen that provides a point cloud that is used to infer finger pose information. Our prototype is lightweight, does not require any additional tracking, and can be adapted to work with most touch-based mobile devices, making it ideal for prototyping touch-based applications that make use of finger pose information.
Controlled Decoration of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Pd Nanocubes (2007)

Although there have been many reports of nanoparticle-decorated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), the morphology of the resulting nanoparticles has lacked consistency and control. The present work demonstrates a process for decorating SWCNTs with Pd nanoparticles that have a tendency toward a selective and distinct cubic shape. SWCNTs were synthesized from an embedded catalyst in a porous anodic alumina (PAA) template. A single galvanostatic electrodeposition created Pd nanowires that contacted the SWCNTs within the pores and Pd nanoparticles that decorated the SWCNTs above the surface of the PAA. A distinct change in potential was observed as nanoparticles nucleated on the SWCNTs. The effects of current density and deposition time on the morphology of the nanoparticles were studied. Optimal deposition parameters yielded Pd nanocubes with smooth and flat facets. The electrochemical response and resulting nanocubic deposits provide insights into the difference in electrochemistry between metallic and semiconducting SWCNTs that are consistent with a disparity in the electron-transfer kinetics. Obtaining Pd nanoparticles of consistent shape that are electrically addressed by SWCNTs provides an improved structure for a variety of nanoparticle applications.
In vitro derivation of germ cells from embryonic stem cells (2009)

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the potential to differentiate into cells of all tissue types, as demonstrated by their capability to contribute to the development of all germ layers in chimeras and to form teratomas. Of interest, however, is the lack of evidence of gametogenic gonadal tissues within teratomas, such as testicular tubules or follicles. Although this may reflect the fact that in vivo germ cell development and subsequent gametogenesis are complex biological processes, the generation of putative primordial germ cells (PGCs) has been reported during the differentiation of mouse and human ESCs in in vitro systems. In addition, mouse ESCs can even lead to the development of putative gametes, but the efficiency of this process needs to be improved and the functionality of the gametes remains to be proven. Interest in the generation of fully functional gametes from ESCs lies in an experimental model fundamental to the study of reproductive biology, a potential unlimited source of oocytes as a reprogramming bioreactor, and perhaps even in therapeutic applications to overcome human reproductive problems.
A Gated, Wideband Magnetic Direction Finder for Lightning Return Strokes (1976)

A magnetic direction finder has been developed which utilizes only the initial few microseconds of wide-band return stroke waveforms to provide accurate directions to the channel bases of lightning discharges to ground. Bearing errors are minimized because, near the ground, most channels tend to be straight and vertical with no large branches or horizontal sections. Tests on a number of lightning storms at distances of 10 to 100 km indicate the angular resolution is in the range from 1° to 2°, with little or no systematic dependence on azimuth or distance.
Material separation in CT reconstruction based on data-domain dual energy decomposition (2008)

We propose a method of material separation based on data-domain dual energy decomposition. Our method is not limited to a number of materials to be separated, i.e., suitable to separation of three or more materials using image processing techniques. We describe our method and show results of numerical simulation and with real data of a head phantom.
Spectroscopy of Tm3+-doped tellurite glasses for 1470 nm fiber amplifier (2002)

Three thulium doped tellurite glass compositions have been investigated. The 1470 nm transition is radiative in these tellurite glasses and the radiative lifetimes are in the range of 350 to 470 μs. The 1470 nm fluorescence is broad with a full width at half maximum of 105 nm. Fibers have been drawn from these glasses with a loss of 0.7 dB/m at 1300 nm. A fiber with an OH fundamental absorption of 200 dB/m at 2.99 μm has an OH first overtone absorption of 0.3 dB/m at 1480 nm. The overlap between the thulium ion 1470 nm emission and the hydroxyl absorption depends on glass composition. Tellurite glasses can accept large concentrations of Tm3+ ions and, as long as the hydroxyl level can be kept low, the effect of concentration quenching can be minimized. Tm3+-doped tellurite glasses represent a viable alternative for the next generation of active components for S-band optical amplifiers. It can be pumped at 795 nm with an absorption of ∼38 dB/km/ppm and codoped with Ho3+ to avoid self-termination of the 1470 nm transition. It can also be pumped at 1212 nm as efficiently as at 795 nm, but diodes are not yet available at this wavelength. Using available pump wavelengths of 1064 nm and 1047 nm will require fiber lengths 15 times longer than pumping at 1212 nm.
Ion-Conducting Organic/Inorganic Polymers (2007)

Ion-conducting polymers that are hybrids of organic and inorganic moieties and that are suitable for forming into solid-electrolyte membranes have been invented in an effort to improve upon the polymeric materials that have been used previously for such membranes. Examples of the prior materials include perfluorosulfonic acid-based formulations, polybenzimidazoles, sulfonated polyetherketone, sulfonated naphthalenic polyimides, and polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based formulations. Relative to the prior materials, the polymers of the present invention offer greater dimensional stability, greater ease of formation into mechanically resilient films, and acceptably high ionic conductivities over wider temperature ranges. Devices in which films made of these ion-conducting organic/inorganic polymers could be used include fuel cells, lithium batteries, chemical sensors, electrochemical capacitors, electrochromic windows and display devices, and analog memory devices. The synthesis of a polymer of this type (see Figure 1) starts with a reaction between an epoxide-functionalized alkoxysilane and a diamine. The product of this reaction is polymerized by hydrolysis and condensation of the alkoxysilane group, producing a molecular network that contains both organic and inorganic (silica) links. The silica in the network contributes to the ionic conductivity and to the desired thermal and mechanical properties. Examples of other diamines that have been used in the reaction sequence of Figure 1 are shown in Figure 2. One can use any of these diamines or any combination of them in proportions chosen to impart desired properties to the finished product. Alternatively or in addition, one could similarly vary the functionality of the alkoxysilane to obtain desired properties. The variety of available alkoxysilanes and diamines thus affords flexibility to optimize the organic/inorganic polymer for a given application.
Bacteriophage-encoded lytic enzymes control growth of contaminating Lactobacillus found in fuel ethanol fermentations (2013)

Bacteriophage lytic enzymes are strong candidates for application as antimicrobials to control lactic acid bacterial contamination in fuel ethanol fermentations.
Novel wavelength-modulatable and continuously tunable narrow-linewidth fiber lasers for trace gas spectroscopy (2003)

Summary form only given. For trace gas monitoring, compact tunable (20-30 GHz), wavelength modulatable sources with output powers in the order of /spl sim/100 /spl mu/W and linewidths better than 100 MHz are in great demand for wavelength modulation spectroscopy. Tunable fiber laser sources, with their intrinsic long cavities and narrow linewidth outputs, are attractive alternatives. In this paper we report on the design and implementation of novel continuously tunable 1.5 /spl mu/m fiber lasers based on the combination of fiber Bragg gratings and the transmissive filtering, properties of high finesse fiber Fabry-Perot (FFP) filters. Built from off-the-shelf components, the concept is simple and easily adaptable to many wavelength ranges depending on the choice of fiber Bragg grating and/or doped glass medium.
Study of Metal Etching Using Ozone Water (2015)

SUMMARY We have proposed and experimentally demonstrated an environmental friendly, simple, and inexpensive etching method for metal using ozone water. We experimentally measured the dependencies of ozone water etching on the temperature and ozone concentration for several metals (Cr, Ni, Al, Au, and Ti), and also evaluated the surface roughness of the etched surface. The etching mechanism using ozone water can be explained by the activation energy obtained using an Arrhenius plot and a pH‐potential diagram. As a result, it was found that the etching rate was proportional to the dissolved ozone concentration and temperature, and that an atomically flat surface was obtained after etching with ozone water, although it was also found that the etching rate was very low at a few tens of nanometers per hour. It is therefore difficult to use this method for performing conventional macro‐ and microscale etching, whereas the rate is sufficiently high to use it for nanoscale (i.e., a few tens of nanometers) metal etching in nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Binaural Cue Coding: Rendering of sources mixed into a mono signal (2003)

This paper reviews Binaural Cue Coding (BCC). BCC is a lossy technique for either reducing either a number of source signals or a multichannel audio signal to one audio channel plus side information. In the case when a number of source signals (e.g. separately recorded instruments) are reduced to one audio channel plus side information, the BCC synthesis allows rendering of each source as if the separate source signals were given. The same side information supports different playback setups (e.g. binaural headphone playback, stereo loudspeaker playback, multi-channel loudspeaker playback). In the case when a stereo or multi-channel audio signal is reduced to one audio channel plus side information, the BCC synthesis renders a stereo or multi-channel audio signal with a spatial image similar to the original signal. The BCC representation of audio signals requires only the bitrate for one audio channel, which can be coded with conventional audio or speech coders, plus a few kb/s for the BCC side information. Existing mono broadcasting or communications systems can be upgraded with BCC for spatial audio by transmitting the BCC side information in addition to the existing mono audio transmission. 1.
Sensor-driven, human-in-the-loop lighting control (2017)

Smart indoor lighting systems use occupancy and light sensor data to adapt artificial lighting in accordance with changing occupancy and daylight conditions. Such systems can be designed to reduce lighting energy consumption significantly. However, these systems cannot account for individual user preferences at the workplace in real time. We propose a sensor-driven, human-in-the-loop lighting system that incorporates user feedback in addition to occupancy and light sensor inputs. In this system, luminaires transmit unique visible light communication identifier signals. By processing the image captured by a smartphone camera, a user obtains two pieces of information: visible light communication identifiers of luminaires in the vicinity and average image pixel value. A control algorithm is designed that incorporates these user inputs along with occupancy and light sensor inputs to determine the dimming levels of the luminaires to achieve illumination levels acceptable to users. We compare the performance of the proposed lighting control system with a sensor-driven lighting control system in an office test bed.
Massively Parallel Tree Search for High-Dimensional Sphere Decoders (2018)

The recent paradigm shift towards the transmission of large numbers of mutually interfering information streams, as in the case of aggressive spatial multiplexing, combined with requirements towards very low processing latency despite the frequency plateauing of traditional processors, initiates a need to revisit the fundamental maximum-likelihood (ML) and, consequently, the sphere-decoding (SD) detection problem. This work presents the design and VLSI architecture of MultiSphere; the first method to massively parallelize the tree search of large sphere decoders in a nearly-concurrent manner, without compromising their maximum-likelihood performance, and by keeping the overall processing complexity comparable to that of highly-optimized sequential sphere decoders. For a 10 × 10 MIMO spatially multiplexed system with 16-QAM modulation and 32 processing elements, our MultiSphere architecture can reduce latency by 29× against well-known sequential SDs, approaching the processing latency of linear detection methods, without compromising ML optimality. In MIMO multicarrier systems targeting exact ML decoding, MultiSphere achieves processing latency and hardware efficiency that are orders of magnitude improved compared to approaches employing one SD per subcarrier. In addition, for 16×16 both “hard”and “soft”-output MIMO systems, approximate MultiSphere versions are shown to achieve similar error rate performance with state-of-the art approximate SDs having akin parallelization properties, by using only one tenth of the processing elements, and to achieve up to approximately 9× increased energy efficiency.
Primary Structure and Characterization of the Precursor to Human Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (1992)

Human cDNAs encoding the precursor to pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) were cloned from human testis and cerebral cortex cDNA libraries. Nucleotide sequencing revealed that cDNA from the testis library encoded the entire precursor for PACAP, while cDNA from the brain library represented only the carboxy-terminal half of the precursor. The predicted human PACAP precursor consisted of 176 amino acid residues and was very similar to the ovine one (82%). Both human and ovine precursors contained both PACAP and another peptide, PACAP-related peptide (PRP), having 29 amino acids. PACAP and PRP were preceded and followed by paired basic amino acids, recognized as important for post-translational processing. The PACAP precursor resembles the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) precursor, which contains VIP and peptide histidine methionine/isoleucine amide (PHM/PHI). Structurally, PRP had some similarity to PHM/PHI, growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) and PACAP. Northern blot analysis indicated that a 3.0-kb transcript was expressed in the ovine hypothalamus. Tissue distribution of PACAP mRNA was also clarified in the rat. Southern blot analysis of human genomic DNA gives single bands with six restriction enzymes, indicating that a single copy of the PACAP gene is contained in a haploid genome. The cDNA for human PACAP precursor was expressed using COS-7 and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Immunoreactive PACAP was secreted into the culture media of both transfected cell lines.
A BCMAxCD3 bispecific T cell–engaging antibody demonstrates robust antitumor efficacy similar to that of anti-BCMA CAR T cells (2021)

CD3-engaging bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are potent therapeutic approaches for redirecting patient T cells to recognize and kill tumors. Here we describe a fully human bsAb (REGN5458) that binds to B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) and CD3, and compare its antitumor activities vs those of anti-BCMA CAR T cells to identify differences in efficacy and mechanism of action. In vitro, BCMAxCD3 bsAb efficiently induced polyclonal T-cell killing of primary human plasma cells and multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines expressing a range of BCMA cell surface densities. In vivo, BCMAxCD3 bsAb suppressed the growth of human MM tumors in murine xenogeneic models and showed potent combinatorial efficacy with programmed cell death protein 1 blockade. BCMAxCD3 bsAb administration to cynomolgus monkeys was well tolerated, resulting in the depletion of BCMA+ cells and mild inflammatory responses characterized by transient increases in C-reactive protein and serum cytokines. The antitumor efficacy of BCMAxCD3 bsAb was compared with BCMA-specific CAR T cells containing a BCMA-binding single-chain variable fragment derived from REGN5458. Both BCMAxCD3 bsAb and anti-BCMA CAR T cells showed similar targeted cytotoxicity of MM cell lines and primary MM cells in vitro. In head-to-head in vivo studies, BCMAxCD3 bsAb rapidly cleared established systemic MM tumors, whereas CAR T cells cleared tumors with slower kinetics. Thus, using the same BCMA-binding domain, these results suggest that BCMAxCD3 bsAb rapidly exerts its therapeutic effects by engaging T cells already in place at the tumor site, whereas anti-BCMA CAR T cells require time to traffic to the tumor site, activate, and numerically expand before exerting antitumor effects.
A novel liposomal drug delivery system for PMMA bone cements (2015)

The population in developed countries is ageing and the number of people experiencing joint-related conditions, such as osteoarthritis, is expected to increase. Joint replacements are currently the most effective treatment for severe joint conditions and although many of these procedures are successful, infection developing after the procedure is still an issue, requiring complex and expensive revisions. Whilst incorporating a powdered antibiotic within the bone cement can reduce infection rates, the powder frequently agglomerates, resulting in poor antibiotic release characteristics and compromised mechanical performance of the cement. To overcome these issues, a novel delivery system consisting of antibiotic-loaded nano-sized liposomes was developed for inclusion into polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement. This system was tested in a commercial cement (Palacos R) and consistently delivered a higher percentage (22%) of the incorporated antibiotic when compared to the powdered antibiotic cement (9%), meaning less antibiotic needs to be incorporated than with conventional cement. The novel system resulted in a controlled and gradual release of antibiotic over a longer, 30-day period and enhanced the toughness, bending strength and Vickers hardness of the cement, without altering its polymerization or molecular structure. This new material has the potential to significantly reduce infections in cemented joint replacements leading to enhanced patient quality of life and reduced healthcare costs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1510-1524, 2016.
Development of Blade Profiles for Low-Pressure Turbine Applications (1997)

This paper describes a program of work, largely experimental, which was undertaken with the objective of developing an improved blade profile for the low-pressure turbine in aero-engine applications. Preliminary experiments were conducted using a novel technique. An existing cascade of datum blades was modified to enable the pressure distribution on the suction surface of one of the blades to be altered. Various means, such as shaped inserts, an adjustable flap at the trailing edge, and changing stagger were employed to change the geometry of the passage. These experiments provided boundary layer and lift data for a wide range of suction surface pressure distributions. The data were then used as a guide for the development of new blade profiles. The new blade profiles were then investigated in a low-speed cascade that included a set of moving bars upstream of the cascade of blades to simulate the effect of the incoming wakes from the previous blade row in a multistage turbine environment. Results are presented for two improved profiles that are compared with a datum representative of current practice. The experimental results include loss measurements by wake traverse, surface pressure distributions, and boundary layer measurements. The cascades were operated over a Reynolds number range from 0.7 × 105 to 4.0 × 105. The first profile is a “laminar flow” design that was intended to improve the efficiency at the same loading as the datum. The other is a more highly loaded blade profile intended to permit a reduction in blade numbers. The more highly loaded profile is the most promising candidate for inclusion in future designs. It enables blade numbers to be reduced by 20 percent, without incurring any efficiency penalty. The results also indicate that unsteady effects must be taken into consideration when selecting a blade profile for the low-pressure turbine.