gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EUV multilayer mirrors with enhanced stability (2006)

The application of multilayer optics in EUV lithography requires not only the highest possible normal-incidence reflectivity but also a long-term thermal and radiation stability at operating temperatures. This requirement is most important in the case of the collector mirror of the illumination system close to the EUV source where a short-time decrease in reflectivity is most likely. Mo/Si multilayer mirrors, designed for high normal reflectivity at the wavelength of 13.5 nm and deposited by dc magnetron sputtering, were directly exposed to EUV radiation without mitigation system. They presented a loss of reflectivity of more than 18% after only 8 hours of irradiation by a Xe-discharge source. Another problem of Mo/Si multilayers is the instability of reflectivity and peak wavelength under high heat load. It becomes especially critical at temperatures above 200°C, where interdiffusion between the molybdenum and the silicon layers is observed. The development of high-temperature multilayers was focused on two alternative Si-based systems: MoSi<sub>2</sub>/Si and interface engineered Mo/C/Si/C multilayer mirrors. The multilayer designs as well as the deposition parameters of all systems were optimized in terms of high peak reflectivity (≥ 60 %) at a wavelength of 13.5 nm and high thermal stability. Small thermally induced changes of the MoSi<sub>2</sub>/Si multilayer properties were found but they were independent of the annealing time at all temperatures examined. A wavelength shift of -1.7% and a reflectivity drop of 1.0% have been found after annealing at 500°C for 100 hours. The total degradation of optical properties above 650°C can be explained by a recrystallization process of MoSi<sub>2</sub> layers.
Establishment of monoclonal anti-human CD26 antibodies suitable for immunostaining of formalin-fixed tissue (2014)

The virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/5987140221097729.
Development of multielemental imaging on semiconductor Compton telescope (2008)

Abstract The feasibility of using a Compton camera for multitracer imaging has been demonstrated with the results of two biological sample imaging experiments. The distribution of the multitracer administered to a soybean sample and a tumor-bearing mouse has been visualized for each nuclide simultaneously. 3D images of the multitracer have been obtained even though the samples were measured from a fixed direction.
Inheritance and Biochemical Analysis of a Carrot Carotenoid Mutant (1996)

Pigments in orange carrot tissue, such alpha and beta carotene, are important vitamins in the human diet. Previously identified white or nonpigmented carrot roots, such as those from wild carrot and white derivatives of yellow or orange types, are dominant to the production of pigment, which is recessive. A nonpigmented carrot root was discovered during routine propagation of the inbred line W266 in 1992. Subsequent segregation analysis in the F 2 and BC 1 generations in three genetic backgrounds demonstrated the lack of pigmentation is due to a single recessive gene (reduced-pigment: rp ). Total carotenoid content was reduced 92% in the roots of rprp genotypes compared to RPRP genotypes, however there were no differences in carotenoid content in leaves. Plants carrying rprp also exhibit white-speckled leaves during early stages of development, suggesting rp has an effect on leaf chlorophyll content. This character may prove useful in dissecting the complex inheritance of carotenoids in carrot.
Process of use of an electroacoustical vibrator device and plant for carrying out this process (1989)

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<title>Picosecond Optical Sampling</title> (1981)

A high speed optical sampler is proposed that is driven by cw microwaves. The sampler is composed of waveguide interferometers of the type originally proposed by Martin. A voltage applied to one (or both) arms of the interferometer modulates the interference of the optical radiation at the output. Such an interferometer can be driven at high frequencies if synchronism is maintained between the optical radiation and the applied voltage pattern. Spatially periodic exciting structures can serve this purpose. Deviations from synchronism can be compensated (within limits) by adjustment of the peak amplitude of the microwave voltage. A cascade of four interferometers on LiMb03, driven at 10 GHz, at multiples of (appr.) 3V (3, 6, 12, 24) have a predicted sampling-function width of 2 ps at 20 GHz repetition rate. Experiments on single section and double-section interferometers will be reported.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Diffraction efficiency analysis of a parallel-aligned nematic-liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (1994)

An optically addressed parallel-aligned nematic-liquid-crystal spatial light modulator is developed for applications in optical information processing and interferometry. Its performance, including diffraction efficiency, is measured, and a theoretical analysis of diffraction efficiency is performed. A comparison between the experimental results and the theoretical analysis shows good agreement. The diffraction efficiency of near-sinusoidal gratings written on the device is of the order of 30%, which is close to theoretical maximum.
Differential detection of rat islet and brain glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) isoforms with sequence-specific peptide antibodies. (1995)

We studied the distribution of the M(r) 65,000 and M(r) 67,000 isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase, GAD65 and GAD67, in rat islets and brain by immunocytochemistry. Synthetic peptides representing selected GAD65 or GAD67 sequences were used to produce sequence-specific antibodies, allowing differential immunocytochemical detection of the two isoforms. GAD-specific reactivity of each peptide antiserum was confirmed by ELISA, immunoblotting, and immunoprecipitation. Immunostaining specificity was verified by displacement with either immunizing or irrelevant peptide. Dual immunostaining with GAD isoform-specific antibodies and polyclonal antibodies to glucagon showed that GAD65 was primarily detected in rat pancreatic islet beta-cells, whereas alpha-cells had weak GAD65 staining. In contrast, GAD67 was detected primarily in alpha-cells. In rat brain, GAD65 and GAD67 were present in neuron cell bodies and processes. These data demonstrate that antibodies raised against the N-terminus of GAD allow differential immunocytochemical identification of GAD67 and GAD65. Differential expression of GAD isoforms within islet alpha- and beta-cells supports the role of GAD65 in autoimmune diabetes and stiff-man syndrome.
Minimizing Concentration Effects in Water-Based, Laminar-Flow Condensation Particle Counters (2013)

Concentration effects in water condensation systems, such as used in the water-based condensation particle counter, are explored through numeric modeling and direct measurements. Modeling shows that the condensation heat release and vapor depletion associated with particle activation and growth lowers the peak supersaturation. At higher number concentrations, the diameter of the droplets formed is smaller, and the threshold particle size for activation is higher. This occurs in both cylindrical and parallel plate geometries. For water-based systems we find that condensational heat release is more important than is vapor depletion. We also find that concentration effects can be minimized through use of smaller tube diameters, or more closely spaced parallel plates. Experimental measurements of droplet diameter confirm modeling results.
Chiral donor–acceptor azetines as powerful reactants for synthesis of amino acid derivatives (2019)

Coupling reactions of amines and alcohols are of central importance for applications in chemistry and biology. These transformations typically involve the use of a reagent, activated as an electrophile, onto which nucleophile coupling results in the formation of a carbon-nitrogen or a carbon-oxygen bond. Several promising reagents and procedures have been developed to achieve these bond forming processes in high yields with excellent stereocontrol, but few offer direct coupling without the intervention of a catalyst. Herein, we report the synthesis of chiral donor-acceptor azetines by highly enantioselective [3 + 1]-cycloaddition of enoldiazoacetates with aza-ylides and their selective coupling with nitrogen and oxygen nucleophiles via 3-azetidinones to form amino acid derivatives, including those of peptides and natural products. The overall process is general for a broad spectrum of nucleophiles, has a high degree of electronic and steric selectivity, and retains the enantiopurity of the original azetine.
Visualization and characterization of transmural gradients in high resolution first pass perfusion images (2010)

Introduction High spatial resolution imaging enables detailed assessments of the spatial variation of myocardial perfusion. Transmural gradients in myocardial perfusion are of particular interest, as the endocardium is more sensitive to ischaemia from a coronary stenosis than the epicardium. Gradients in myocardial perfusion are also seen in left ventricular hypertrophy and microvascular disease.
Active neutral network control of wafer attributes in a plasma etch process (1993)

We have investigated the use of a neural network to compute plasma etch end point times based on in situ monitoring of the optical-emission trace. The network was trained using data from a complementary metal–oxide semiconductor production facility. In some cases, even though an end-point system is used, the overetch that follows has to be adjusted continuously to reflect machine conditions as it ages after a clean. This can be done manually by measuring wafers after the etch and adjusting the overetch time for the next run. At its present level of training, the neural network shows equivalent performance without the need for such intervention. As the network’s learning database grows, we can expect its performance to improve.
Principles of Tissue Engineering With Nonthermal Irreversible Electroporation (2010)

Nonthermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) is an emerging tissue ablation modality that may be ideally suited in developing a decellularized tissue graft. NTIRE utilizes short electric pulses that produce nanoscale defects in the cell membrane lipid bilayer. The electric parameters can be chosen in such a way that Joule heating to the tissue is minimized and cell death occurs solely due to loss in cell homeostasis. By coupling NTIRE with the body’s response, the cells can be selectively ablated and removed, leaving behind a tissue scaffold. Here, we introduce two different methods for developing a decellularized arterial scaffold. The first uses an electrode clamp that is applied to the outside of a rodent carotid artery and the second applies an endovascular minimally invasive approach to apply electric fields from the inner surface of the blood vessels. Both methods are first modeled using a transient finite element analysis of electric and thermal fields to ensure that the electric parameters used in this study will result in minimal thermal damage. Experimental work demonstrates that both techniques result in not only a decellularized arterial construct but an endothelial regrowth is evident along the lumen 7 days after treatment, indicating that the extracellular matrix was not damaged by electric and thermal fields and is still able to support cell growth.
Supplemental Figure 4 from Tumor Radiosensitization by Monomethyl Auristatin E: Mechanism of Action and Targeted Delivery (2023)

<p>Tumor xenografts show cleavage dependent tumor contrast with radiometric ACPP.</p>
Linearised Remote Sensing Using A Monomode Fibre Polarimetric Sensor (1984)

A remote polarimetric sensor configuration is described, and two signal detection schemes which can be utilised in conjunction with the sensor to provide a linearised output are demonstrated.
Dynamical evolution in gate-tunable graphene frequency combs (2019)

Optical frequency combs are cornerstones in modern day frequency metrology, precision spectroscopy, astronomical observations, ultrafast optics, and quantum information. Based on the Kerr and Raman nonlinearities in monolithic ultrahigh- Q microresonators, chip-scale frequency combs have recently been examined, advancing studies in optical clockwork and observations of temporal cavity solitons. The intracavity dispersion, which determines the comb formation, is however hardly amenable to electric-field tunability - whether in microcavities or fiber cavities. Arising from its exceptional Fermi-Dirac tunability and ultrafast carrier mobility, graphene has a complex dispersion determined by its gate-tunable optical conductivity. It has brought about a variety of optoelectronic advances, ranging from modulators, photodetectors to controllable plasmonics. Here, combining the cross-disciplinary field of Dirac fermions in two-dimensional graphene, we show for the first time the gated intracavity-tunability of graphene-based optical frequency combs, by coupling the gate-tunable optical conductivity onto a photonic microresonator, thus modulating its second- and higher-order dispersions through the Fermi level. Preserving cavity quality factors up to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> in the graphene-based comb, we implement a dual-layer ion-gel-gated transistor to tune the Fermi level of graphene up to 0.65 eV, under single-volt-level control. We uncover the formation of charge-tunable primary comb lines from 2.3 THz to 7.2 THz, coherent Kerr frequency combs, controllable Cherenkov radiation, and controllable soliton states - all in a single microcavity. We further demonstrate the voltage-tunable transitions from periodic soliton crystals to crystals with defects, mapped by our ultrafast second-harmonic optical autocorrelation. This heterogeneous graphene-microcavity provides a new fundamental platform for the understanding of dynamical frequency combs and ultrafast optics at the interface of single atomic layer nanoscience and ultrafast optoelectronics.
Real-time shader rendering of holographic stereograms (2008)

Horizontal-parallax-only holographic stereograms of nearly SDTV resolution (336 pixels by 440 lines by 96 views) of textured and normal-mapped models (500 polygons) are rendered at interactive rates (10 frames/second) on a single dual-head commodity graphics processor for use on MIT's third-generation electro-holographic display. The holographic fringe pattern is computed by a diffraction specific holographic stereogram algorithm designed for efficient parallelized vector implementation using OpenGL and Cg vertex/fragment shaders. The algorithm concentrates on lightfield reconstruction by holographic fringes rather than the computation of the interferometric process of creating the holographic fringes.
Transcriptional inhibition of Notch signaling using cell penetrating fusion proteins. (2012)

e13525 Background: Notch signalling is deregulated in a number of cancers and is possibly involved in cancer stem cell development. It is postulated that cancers such as breast can become addicted to Notch signalling presenting opportunities for tumour-specific intervention. Due to the presence of at least 4 cell surface receptors that mediate Notch signalling, conventional targeting agents such as monoclonal antibodies cannot inhibit them all. As all the signalling cascades converge on the Notch transcriptional complex (NTC) in the nucleus, inhibition of gene expression by disrupting this machinery is an attractive strategy to overcome this redundancy. Methods: Towards this, we have developed a fusion protein based on the potent cell penetrating protein (CPP) antennapedia (Antp) recombinantly fused to a dominant-negative truncated mastermind-like protein (DN-MAML) called TR4. We have also developed a method of incorporating CPP to deliver intracellular antibody fragments against nuclear targets such as Notch and mastermind. Results: The Antp-DN-MAML protein (TR4) has similar potency to many of the gamma-secretase inhibitors being developed against this pathway but more specific for the NTC.TR4 can inhibit tumour cells in vitro and in vivo and provide some insight into the mechanism of action. Also such intracellular targets are accessible to antibodies, provided they are delivered using CPP such as antennapedia. Conclusions: .As a model system, scFvs have been raised to key epitopes in the NTC which can lead to complex inhibition and the same downstream effects as TR4.In addition, we further demonstrate that there is a more general approach to trascription factor inhibition using single-chain Fvs fused to Antp
Nondegenerate four-wave mixing in a semiconductor microcavity (1997)

We report the observation of highly nondegenerate four-wave mixing from a semiconductor microcavity. The phase mismatch originating from the unique relationship between a beam incidence angle and its cavity resonance frequency was minimized by using a new method where both of pump and probe beams are obliquely incident. External efficiency of 1.6% was measured at 10 K for 1.5 THz frequency conversion of probe pulses by using 1 ps pump pulses of 55 pJ incident pulse energy.
Performance Evaluation of Caching Policies in NDN - an ICN Architecture (2016)

Information Centric Networking (ICN) advocates the philosophy of accessing the content independent of its location. Owing to this location independence in ICN, the routers en-route can be enabled to cache the content to serve the future requests for the same content locally. Several ICN architectures have been proposed in the literature along with various caching algorithms for caching and cache replacement at the routers en-route. The aim of this paper is to critically evaluate various caching policies using Named Data Networking (NDN), an ICN architecture proposed in literature. We have presented the performance comparison of different caching policies naming First In First Out (FIFO), Least Recently Used (LRU), and Universal Caching (UC) in two network models; Watts-Strogatz (WS) model (suitable for dense short link networks such as sensor networks) and Sprint topology (better suited for large Internet Service Provider (ISP) networks) using ndnSIM, an ns3 based discrete event simulator for NDN architecture. Our results indicate that UC outperforms other caching policies such as LRU and FIFO and makes UC a better alternative for both sensor networks and ISP networks.
Static and dynamic power system load emulation in a converter-based reconfigurable power grid emulator (2015)

A hardware testbed platform emulating multiple-area power system scenario dynamics has been established aiming at multiple time-scale real-time emulations. In order to mimic real power flow situations in the utility system, the load emulators have to behave like real ones in both their static and dynamic characteristics. A constant-impedance, constant-current, and constant-power (ZIP) model has been used for static load types, while a three-phase induction motor model has been built to represent dynamic load types. In this paper, ways of modeling ZIP and induction motor loads and the performance of each load emulator are discussed. Comparisons between simulation and experimental results are shown as well for the validation of the emulator behaviors. A real-time composite power load emulator is then demonstrated with desired characteristics and detailed transients for representing a power system PQ bus dynamics.
Selectively formed high mobility strained Ge PMOSFETs for high performance CMOS (2005)

For the first time, we have integrated strained germanium (s-Ge) channel PMOSFETs with conventional CMOS processes including shallow trench isolation (STI) and scaled thin gate dielectrics. The selectively formed thin s-Ge channels are realized on pre-patterned SiGe on insulator (SGOI) regions by local thermal mixing (TM) or selective UHVCVD process. The thinnest SiO/sub 2/ on the s-Ge is achieved by low temperature remote plasma oxidation of a thin Si cap. As a result, 3X drive current enhancement is demonstrated on the fabricated s-Ge channel PMOSFETs over the Si controls. In addition, an appropriate threshold voltage (Vth) is demonstrated on the HfO/sub 2//P+ poly Si gate PMOSFETs when using an s-Ge channel.
Biological Control of Kudzu ( Pueraria lobata ) with an Isolate of Myrothecium verrucaria (2002)

An isolate of the fungus Myrothecium verrucaria ( MV ) was evaluated for biocontrol potential against kudzu ( Pueraria lobata ). In greenhouse tests, MV was highly virulent against kudzu in the absence of dew when conidia were formulated in 0.2% Silwet L-77 surfactant (SW). Inoculum concentrations S 2 2 10 7 conidia ml -1 were required to satisfactorily control plants in the third leaf stage and larger. In controlled environment experiments, kudzu mortality was greater at higher temperatures (25-40°C) than at lower temperatures (10-20°C), although pathogenesis and mortality occurred at all temperatures tested. In field tests, transplanted kudzu seedlings in the 2-3 leaf growth stage treated with MV at 2 2 10 7 conidia ml -1 in 0.2% SW, exhibited leaf and stem necrosis within 24 h following inoculation, with mortality occurring within 96 h. After 7 days, 100% of inoculated kudzu plants were killed in plots treated with the fungus/surfactant mixtures. Similar results were observed in a naturally occurring kudzu population, where 100% control occurred within 14 days after inoculation with 2 2 10 7 conidia ml -1 in 0.2% SW. In summary, MV effectively controlled kudzu in the absence of dew over a wide range of physical and environmental conditions and under field conditions. These results indicate that, when properly formulated, MV has potential as a valuable bioherbicide for controlling kudzu.
Solid-state-biased coherent detection of ultra-broadband terahertz pulses (2017)

Significant progress in nonlinear and ultrafast optics has recently opened new and exciting opportunities for terahertz (THz) science and technology, which require the development of reliable THz sources, detectors, and supporting devices. In this work, we demonstrate the first solid-state technique for the coherent detection of ultra-broadband THz pulses (0.1–10 THz), relying on the electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation in a thin layer of ultraviolet fused silica. The proposed CMOS-compatible devices, which can be realized with standard microfabrication techniques, allow us to perform ultra-broadband detection with a high dynamic range by employing probe laser powers and bias voltages much lower than those used in gas-based techniques. Eventually, this may pave the way for the use of high-repetition-rate ultrafast lasers and commercially available electronics for the coherent detection of ultrashort THz pulses.