gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Properties and Applications of Cyclodextrins (1996)

Abstract Cyclodextrins are enzymatically modified starches consisting of 6, 7, or 8 α-1,4-linked glucose monomers. The interior of the cyclodextrin is apolar and can associate with various organic molecules to form inclusion complexes. The cyclodextrins are chemically and physically stable, and they undergo the same reactions as other carbohydrates. The hydroxyl groups of the cyclodextrin can be substituted to change the solubility of cyclodextrin in water and in other solvents, and to change the binding strength between the cyclodextrin and the guest compound. Cyclodextrins and their derivatives have a wide variety of applications. Solubility of guest compounds can be altered to make them more soluble or less soluble. Cyclodextrins can be used to protect compounds against the effects of light, heat, and oxygen. Volatility of compounds can be reduced to give increased shelf life and reduced release of compounds into the environment. Cyclodextrins can be used as process aids to remove or isolate specific compounds from a mixture.
Double Moving Average Methodology for Smoothing of Solar Power Fluctuations with Battery Energy Storage (2020)

Recently, there has been a dramatic increase in the need to meet the excessive energy demand with environmentally friendly renewable energy resources. Large scale penetration of variable Photovoltaic (PV) power leads to multiple instabilities such as voltage fluctuations, frequency deviations, and reduced overall output power quality. In order to counteract these erratic behaviors, storage systems such as a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is included into the electrical grid. However, these storage systems are expensive and so power smoothing filters are coupled with BESS for optimal operation and cost reduction. Traditional smoothing filters, namely Low Pass Filters (LPFs) and Moving Average (MA) filters have issues related with power lagging, high charging/discharging power and battery State of Charge mismanagement. This research introduces the Double Moving Average filter for smoothing of PV power fluctuations and assesses its efficiency with respect to the LPF and the MA filter. Smoothed power output facilitates the greater infiltration of solar PV power in the grid.
Development of Amidine-Based Sphingosine Kinase 1 Nanomolar Inhibitors and Reduction of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate in Human Leukemia Cells (2011)

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that has been identified as an accelerant of cancer progression. The sphingosine kinases (SphKs) are the sole producers of S1P, and thus, SphK inhibitors may prove effective in cancer mitigation and chemosensitization. Of the two SphKs, SphK1 overexpression has been observed in a myriad of cancer cell lines and tissues and has been recognized as the presumptive target over that of the poorly characterized SphK2. Herein, we present the design and synthesis of amidine-based nanomolar SphK1 subtype-selective inhibitors. A homology model of SphK1, trained with this library of amidine inhibitors, was then used to predict the activity of additional, more potent, inhibitors. Lastly, select amidine inhibitors were validated in human leukemia U937 cells, where they significantly reduced endogenous S1P levels at nanomolar concentrations.
Fluoride Glass Fiber for Infrared Transmission (1980)

Fluoride glass fibers were drawn from the GdF 3 -BaF 2 -ZrF 4 glass rod by a conventional fiber fabrication technique. The homogeneous glass rods were prepared with the composition 2≦GdF 3 ≦7, 28≦BaF 2 ≦38 and 58≦ZrF 4 ≦69 (mol%) by casting in a brass mold. The transmission loss of the best fiber was as low as 0.48 dB/m, measured at 3.39 µm for a fiber several meters long ; further purification of starting materials should yield significant decreases in the transmission loss, approaching the intrinsic value.
Simulating the Effects of Spread of Electric Excitation on Musical Tuning and Melody Identification With a Cochlear Implant (2008)

Purpose To determine why, in a pilot study, only 1 of 11 cochlear implant listeners was able to reliably identify a frequency-to-electrode map where the intervals of a familiar melody were played on the correct musical scale. The authors sought to validate their method and to assess the effect of pitch strength on musical scale recognition in normal-hearing listeners. Method Musical notes were generated as either sine waves or spectrally shaped noise bands, with a center frequency equal to that of a desired note and symmetrical (log-scale) reduction in amplitude away from the center frequency. The rate of amplitude reduction was manipulated to vary pitch strength of the notes and to simulate different degrees of current spread. The effect of the simulated degree of current spread was assessed on tasks of musical tuning/scaling, melody recognition, and frequency discrimination. Results Normal-hearing listeners could accurately and reliably identify the appropriate musical scale when stimuli were sine waves or steeply sloping noise bands. Simulating greater current spread degraded performance on all tasks. Conclusions Cochlear implant listeners with an auditory memory of a familiar melody could likely identify an appropriate frequency-to-electrode map but only in cases where the pitch strength of the electrically produced notes is very high.
Spin-valve transistor with an Fe/Au/Fe(001) base (2001)

A spin-valve transistor with an epitaxial Fe/Au/Fe(001) base was formed on n-GaAs, the characteristics of which were examined under a magnetic field for emitter voltages up to 3 V. The transfer ratio of the transistor, i.e., the ratio of collector-to-emitter current exceeded 10−3 at 3 V, preserving the magnet current ratio, i.e., the ratio of collector current in the parallel-to-antiparallel magnetic configuration well above 100%. It was suggested that the transfer ratio would be further enhanced by improving the flatness of the tunnel junction for injecting electrons from the emitter into the base, as well as by increasing the electron transmittance at the base/collector interface.
Spray Vaccination : A Method for the Immunization of Fish (1978)

An economical, efficacious vaccine delivery system for immunizing fish has been developed which employs a liquid spray apparatus operated at pressures up to 7.0 kg/cm2 (0 to 100 lb/in2). A bacterin consisting of formalin-killed Vibrio anguillarum culture was both antigenic and immunogenic when sprayed on coho salmon(Oncorhynchus kisutch)and rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri). The technique, referred to as spray(shower)vaccination, was found to confer higher levels of immunity against virulent V. anguillarum than oral vaccination.
Near Infrared Imaging of Human Prostate Cancerous and Normal Tissues Based on Water Absorption (2004)

Near-infrared imaging measurements were performed on human prostate cancerous and normal tissues. The absorption of water fingerprints in cancerous and normal tissues were studied, and used to distinguish prostate cancerous tissue from the surrounding normal tissues.
Self‐association of <i>streptococcus pyogenes</i> collagen‐like constructs into higher order structures (2009)

A number of bacterial collagen-like proteins with Gly as every third residue and a high Pro content have been observed to form stable triple-helical structures despite the absence of hydroxyproline (Hyp). Here, the high yield cold-shock expression system is used to obtain purified recombinant collagen-like protein (V-CL) from Streptococcus pyogenes containing an N-terminal globular domain V followed by the collagen triple-helix domain CL and the modified construct with two tandem collagen domains V-CL-CL. Both constructs and their isolated collagenous domains form stable triple-helices characterized by very sharp thermal transitions at 35-37 degrees C and by high values of calorimetric enthalpy. Procedures for the formation of collagen SLS crystallites lead to parallel arrays of in register V-CL-CL molecules, as well as centrosymmetric arrays of dimers joined at their globular domains. At neutral pH and high concentrations, the bacterial constructs all show a tendency towards aggregation. The isolated collagen domains, CL and CL-CL, form units of diameter 4-5 nm which bundle together and twist to make larger fibrillar structures. Thus, although this S. pyogenes collagen-like protein is a cell surface protein with no indication of participation in higher order structure, the triple-helix domain has the potential of forming fibrillar structures even in the absence of hydroxyproline. The formation of fibrils suggests bacterial collagen proteins may be useful for biomaterials and tissue engineering applications.
The <i>Streptomyces peucetius dpsY</i> and <i>dnrX</i> Genes Govern Early and Late Steps of Daunorubicin and Doxorubicin Biosynthesis (1998)

The Streptomyces peucetius dpsY and dnrX genes govern early and late steps in the biosynthesis of the clinically valuable antitumor drugs daunorubicin (DNR) and doxorubicin (DXR). Although their deduced products resemble those of genes thought to be involved in antibiotic production in several other bacteria, this information could not be used to identify the functions of dpsY and dnrX. Replacement of dpsY with a mutant form disrupted by insertion of the aphII neomycin-kanamycin resistance gene resulted in the accumulation of UWM5, the C-19 ethyl homolog of SEK43, a known shunt product of iterative polyketide synthases involved in the biosynthesis of aromatic polyketides. Hence, DpsY must act along with the other components of the DNR-DXR polyketide synthase to form 12-deoxyaklanonic acid, the earliest known intermediate of the DXR pathway. Mutation of dnrX in the same way resulted in a threefold increase in DXR production and the disappearance of two acid-sensitive, unknown compounds from culture extracts. These results suggest that dnrX, analogous to the role of the S. peucetius dnrH gene (C. Scotti and C. R. Hutchinson, J. Bacteriol. 178:73167321, 1996), may be involved in the metabolism of DNR and/or DXR to acid-sensitive compounds, possibly related to the baumycins found in many DNR-producing bacteria.
Behavioral alterations associated with apoptosis and down-regulation of presenilin 1 in the brains of p53-deficient mice (2000)

Presenilin 1 (PS1) expression is repressed by the p53 tumor suppressor. As shown herein, wild-type PS1 is an effective antiapoptotic molecule capable of significantly inhibiting p53-dependent and p53-independent cell death. We analyzed, at the functional and molecular levels, the brains of p53 knockout mice. Surprisingly, we found that lack of p53 expression induces apoptotic brain lesions, accompanied by learning deficiency and behavioral alterations. p53-deficient mice show an unexpected overexpression of p21(waf1) with subsequent down-regulation of PS1 in their brains. This process is progressive and age-dependent. These data indicate that the p53 pathway, besides affecting tumor suppression, may play a major role in regulating neurobehavioral function and cell survival in the brain.
VBTC: GPU‐Friendly Variable Block Size Texture Encoding (2016)

Abstract Recent advances in computer graphics have relied on high‐quality textures in order to generate photorealistic real‐time images. Texture compression standards meet these growing demands for data, but current texture compression schemes use fixed‐rate methods where statically sized blocks of pixels are represented using the same numbers of bits irrespective of their data content. In order to account for the natural variation in detail, we present an alternative format that allows variable bit‐rate texture compression with minimal changes to texturing hardware. Our proposed scheme uses one additional level of indirection to allow the variation of the block size across the same texture. This single change is exploited to both vary the amount of bits allocated to certain parts of the texture and to duplicate redundant texture information across multiple pixels. To minimize hardware changes, the method picks combinations of block sizes and compression methods from existing fixed‐rate standards. With this approach, our method is able to demonstrate energy savings of up to 50%, as well as higher quality compressed textures over current state of the art techniques.
Paraxial full-field cloaking (2015)

We complete the 'paraxial' (small-angle) ray optics cloaking formalism presented previously [Opt. Express 22, 29465 (2014)], by extending it to the full-field of light. Omnidirectionality is then the only relaxed parameter of what may be considered an ideal, broadband, field cloak. We show that an isotropic plate of uniform thickness, with appropriately designed refractive index and dispersion, can match the phase over the whole visible spectrum. Our results support the fundamental limits on cloaking for broadband vs. omnidirectionality, and provide insights into when anisotropy may be required.
Printing-based fabrication method using sacrificial paper substrates for flexible and wearable microfluidic devices (2017)

We present a simple, fast, and inexpensive new printing-based fabrication process for flexible and wearable microfluidic channels and devices. Microfluidic devices are fabricated on textiles (fabric) for applications in clothing-based wearable microfluidic sensors and systems. The wearable and flexible microfluidic devices are comprised of water-insoluable screen-printable plastisol polymer. Sheets of paper are used as sacrificial substrates for multiple layers of polymer on the fabric's surface. Microfluidic devices can be made within a short time using simple processes and inexpensive equipment that includes a laser cutter and a thermal laminator. The fabrication process is characterized to demonstrate control of microfluidic channel thickness and width. Film thickness smaller than 100 micrometers and lateral dimensions smaller than 150 micrometers are demonstrated. A flexible microfluidic mixer is also developed on fabric and successfully tested on both flat and curved surfaces at volumetric flow rates ranging from 5.5–46 ml min−1.
Diagnostic Biodosimetry Response for Radiation Disasters: Current Research and Service Activities at AFRRI (2004)

Abstract : This paper addresses the importance of diagnostic radiation dose assessment to help develop a treatment strategy within days of a catastrophe. The long-range goals of the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI) Biological Dosimetry Team are to develop validated radiation biodosimeters and to equip medical personnel with diagnostic information (clinical signs and symptoms, physical dosimetry, etc.) germane to the medical management of human radiation casualties. Our specific objectives are (a) to establish definitive, rapid, high-throughput clinical bioassays for radiation dose assessments, (b) to develop complementary triage-type radiation dose assessment bioassays, and (c) to transition the Biodosimetry Assessment Tool (BAT) software program to facilitate the collection, integration, and arching of biodosimetry data to support medical treatment decisions of radiation-exposed individuals.
Overexpression of HGF Retards Disease Progression and Prolongs Life Span in a Transgenic Mouse Model of ALS (2002)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of motoneurons and degeneration of motor axons. We show that overexpression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in the nervous system attenuates motoneuron death and axonal degeneration and prolongs the life span of transgenic mice overexpressing mutated Cu2+/Zn2+ superoxide dismutase 1. HGF prevented induction of caspase-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in motoneurons and retained the levels of the glial-specific glutamate transporter (excitatory amino acid transporter 2/glutamate transporter 1) in reactive astrocytes. We propose that HGF may be the first example of an endogenous growth factor that can alleviate the symptoms of ALS by direct neurotrophic activities on motoneurons and indirect activities on glial cells, presumably favoring a reduction in glutamatergic neurotoxicity.
Method of acoustic emission testing of steel vessels or pipelines, especially for nuclear reactor installations (1984)

First Page
Stimuli-responsive plasmonic core–satellite hybrid nanostructures with tunable nanogaps (2023)

Incorporating stimuli-responsive block copolymers to hierarchical metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) is of particular interest due to their tunable plasmonic properties responding to environmental stimuli. We herein report thermo-responsive plasmonic core-satellite hybrid nanostructures with tunable nanogaps as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanotags. Two different diblock copolymers with opposite charges, poly(acrylic acid-<i>b-N</i>-isopropylacrylamide) (p(AAc-<i>b</i>-NIPAM)) and poly(<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-<i>b-N</i>-isopropylacrylamide) (p(DMAEMA-<i>b</i>-NIPAM)), were synthesized. The negatively charged p(AAc-<i>b</i>-NIPAM)s were bound to gold nanospheres (GNSs), while the positively charged p(DMAEMA-<i>b</i>-NIPAM)s were conjugated to gold nanorods (GNRs) <i>via</i> gold-sulfur bonds. When p(AAc-<i>b</i>-NIPAM)-GNSs and p(DMAEMA-<i>b</i>-NIPAM)-GNRs were electrostatically complexed, plasmonic hybrid nanostructures consisting of both GNS satellites and a GNR core were formed. Dynamic tuning of electromagnetic coupling of their nanogaps was achieved <i>via</i> a temperature-triggered conformational change of p(NIPAM) blocks. Furthermore, a sandwich-type immunoassay for the detection of immunoglobulin G was performed to demonstrate these core-satellites as potential SERS nanotags. Our results showed that these plasmonic core-satellites with stimuli-responsiveness are promising for SERS-based biosensing applications.
Leveraging a “Catch–Release” Logic Gate Process for the Synthesis and Nonchromatographic Purification of Thioether- or Amine-Bridged Macrocyclic Peptides (2018)

Macrocyclic peptides containing N-alkylated amino acids have emerged as a promising therapeutic modality, capable of modulating protein-protein interactions and an intracellular delivery of hydrophilic payloads. While multichannel automated solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is a practical approach for peptide synthesis, the requirement for slow and inefficient chromatographic purification of the product peptides is a significant limitation to exploring these novel compounds. Herein, we invent a "catch-release" strategy for the nonchromatographic purification of macrocyclic peptides. A traceless catch process is enabled by the invention of a dual-functionalized N-terminal acetate analogue, which serves as a handle for capture onto a purification resin and as a leaving group for macrocyclization. Displacement by a C-terminal nucleophilic side chain thus releases the desired macrocycle from the purification resin. By design, this catch/release process is a logic test for the presence of the key components required for cyclization, thus removing impurities which lack the required functionality, such as common classes of peptide impurities, including hydrolysis fragments and truncated sequences. The method was shown to be highly effective with three libraries of macrocyclic peptides, containing macrocycles of 5-20 amino acids, with either thioether- or amine-based macrocyclic linkages; in this latter class, the reported method represents an enabling technology. In all cases, the catch-release protocol afforded significant enrichment of the target peptides purity, in many cases completely obviating the need for chromatography. Importantly, we have adapted this process for automation on a standard multichannel peptide synthesizer, achieving an efficient and completely integrated synthesis and purification platform for the preparation of these important molecules.
Removal of uranium from spent salt from the moltensalt oxidation process (1997)

Molten salt oxidation (MSO) is a thermal process that has the capability of destroying organic constituents of mixed wastes, hazardous wastes, and energetic materials. In this process, combustible waste and air are introduced into the molten sodium carbonate salt. The organic constituents of the waste materials are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, while most of the inorganic constituents, including toxic metals, minerals, and radioisotopes, are retained in the molten salt bath. As these impurities accumulate in the salt, the process efficiency drops and the salt must be replaced. An efficient process is needed to separate these toxic metals, minerals, and radioisotopes from the spent carbonate to avoid generating a large volume of secondary waste. Toxic metals such as cadmium, chromium, lead, and zinc etc. are removed by a method described elsewhere. This paper describes a separation strategy developed for radioisotope removal from the mixed spent salt, as well as experimental results, as part of the spent salt cleanup. As the MSO system operates, inorganic products resulting from the reaction of halides, sulfides, phosphates, metals and radionuclides with carbonate accumulate in the salt bath. These must be removed to prevent complete conversion of the sodium carbonate, which would result in eventual losses of destruction efficiency and acid scrubbing capability. There are two operational modes for salt removal: (1) during reactor operation a slip-stream of molten salt is continuously withdrawn with continuous replacement by carbonate, or (2) the spent salt melt is discharged completely and the reactor then refilled with carbonate in batch mode. Because many of the metals and/or radionuclides captured in the salt are hazardous and/or radioactive, spent salt removed from the reactor would create a large secondary waste stream without further treatment. A spent salt clean up/recovery system is necessary to segregate these materials and minimize the amount of secondary waste. These materials can then be encapsulated for final disposal.
Self-Assembly of β-Sheets into Nanostructures by Poly(alanine) Segments Incorporated in Multiblock Copolymers Inspired by Spider Silk (2001)

Selective replacement of the amorphous peptide domain of a spider silk with poly(ethylene glycol) gave N. clavipes silk-inspired polymers having similar solid-state structures and very good mechanical properties. The tendency of poly(alanine) having appropriate chain length to form beta-sheets and the facility with which the beta-sheets self-assemble have been retained in the polymers. Solid-state (13)C NMR, solid-state FTIR, X-ray diffraction, and AFM studies showed that the polymers formed predominantly antiparallel beta-sheets that self-assembled into discrete nanostructures. The longer the peptide segment was, the greater was the tendency to self-assemble into antiparallel beta-sheet aggregates. AFM revealed that the morphology of the polymers was a microphase-separated architecture that contained irregularly shaped 100-200 nm poly(alanine) nanodomains interspersed within the PEG phase. The results suggest that the poly(alanine) domain influences the solid-state properties of spider silk through beta-sheet self-assembly into temporary cross-links. The results further demonstrate that by selectively replacing certain segments of a naturally occurring biopolymer with a judiciously selected nonnative segment while, at the same time, retaining other segments known to be critical for the essential properties of the native biopolymer, a synthetic polymer with similar properties and function can be obtained.