gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Beyond Reductionism (1999)

“All science is either physics or stamp collecting” (attributed to Lord Rutherford). Few, if any, of us subscribe to the view that all real scientific puzzles boil down to a question of physics. Nonetheless, the quotation above focuses in a brave (if extreme) way on a hard, practical issue: how the different fields of science relate to one another. The predominant approach is reductionist: Questions in physical chemistry can be understood in terms of atomic physics, cell biology in terms of how biomolecules work, and organisms in terms of how their component cell systems interact. We have the best of reasons for taking this reductionist approach—it works. It has been the key to gaining useful information since the dawn of Western science and is deeply embedded in our culture as scientists and beyond.
Normal and Pathologic Tissue Reactions to Soft Tissue Gel Fillers (2007)

BACKGROUND All gels act as foreign bodies. Host response ranges from a few macrophages to an intense foreign-body reaction with fibrosis, depending on gel type. For polymer gels the filling effect stems from their volume. For combination gels it stems from the intended host foreign-body reaction to the microparticles. OBJECTIVE This review explains how host tissue reacts with different gel types and how adverse reactions differ depending on gel type. METHODS AND MATERIALS This study is based on observations during the past 6 1/2 years from experimental/clinical studies and biopsies from adverse reactions. RESULTS Hydrophilic polymer gels constantly exchange water with their host tissue with minimal fibrosis. Degradable gels are encircled and degraded by macrophages; polyacrylamide gel is traversed by macrophages, replaced by fibrous, vessel-bearing strands. All other gels provoke a foreign-body reaction with ensuing fibrosis. Adverse reactions include bacterial infection for the hydrophilic gels and a fibrous granuloma for all other gel types. It is hypothesized that bacteria are maintained within a biofilm (a film comprising bacteria, their nutrients, and their waste products) giving rise to a low-grade infection. CONCLUSIONS Infectious nodules must be treated with antibiotics. Granulomas must be treated with a combination of both steroids and antibiotics or excision.
Sulphated Cyclodextrins are Potent anti-HIV Agents Acting Synergistically with 2′,3′-dideoxynucleoside Analogues (1991)

Sulphated cyclodextrins proved to be potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) but not other enveloped viruses (i.e. Sindbis virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Tacaribe virus, vesicular stomatitis virus or vaccinia virus). Their mechanism of action against HIV can be attributed to an inhibition of the binding of HIV-1 virions to the cells, as demonstrated by flow cytometric analysis. The sulphated cyclodextrins enhanced the anti-HIV-1 activity of pyrimidine 2′,3′-dideoxyribosides (i.e. azidothymidine, dideoxycytidine, didehydro-dideoxythymidine, fluorodide-oxychlorouridine), in a subsynergistic manner, and the anti-HIV-1 activity of purine 2′,3′-dideoxyribosides (dideoxyadenosine, dideoxyinosine, 2,6-diaminopurine dideoxyriboside) and 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine in a synergistic manner. Following intravenous administration of the sulphated cyclodextrins to rabbits, drug serum concentrations were obtained that were 100- to 1000-fold above the minimum inhibitory concentration for HIV or CMV.
Differential gene expression in Alternaria gaisen exposed to dark and light (2011)

Character states during sporulation have been used to segregate and describe many small-spored species of Alternaria, but some are not supported by published phylogenetic analyses. The conidiation response of Alternaria gaisen was characterized by selective subtractive hybridization of cDNA produced from cultures of A. gaisen grown either in total darkness or in total darkness followed by scarification and 24 h exposure to light. Transcripts or their translation products were identified using BLAST. Multiple transcripts with similarity to ORF-1 of the AM-toxin gene were obtained from the light library. L152 is a full reading frame EST in the light library whose ORF translation has similarity to the conserved domain aegerolysin (pfam06355). A set of 11 ex-type or representative isolates including A. alternata, A. gaisen, A. yaliinficiens, A. arborescens, A. tenuissima and A. brassicicola were resolved by UPGMA analysis of a partial genomic sequence (415–425 base pairs) of L152, but were not resolved by a similar analysis of ITS sequences. Furthermore, the resolved lineages of the L152 dataset were reflective of the diversity previously hypothesized by morphological evaluations of sporulation patterns. Although the ITS rDNA sequence region is generally accepted as the most likely candidate for fungal barcoding, the analysis of L152 sequences presented here resolved closely related species or species groups where other loci, including ITS, have not. Based on these results, the sequences of putative aegerolysin homologs were variable, parsimony-informative and warrant additional analyses with a broader isolate set including related genera and species.
Microglia and Alzheimer’s disease (1999)

Microglia play a major role in the cellular response associated with the pathological lesions of Alzheimer's disease. As brain-resident macrophages, microglia elaborate and operate under several guises that seem reminiscent of circulating and tissue monocytes of the leucocyte repertoire. Although microglia bear the capacity to synthesize amyloid beta, current evidence is most consistent with their phagocytic role. This largely involves the removal of cerebral amyloid and possibly the transformation of amyloid beta into fibrils. The phagocytic functions also encompass the generation of cytokines, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and various proteolytic enzymes, events that may exacerbate neuronal damage rather than incite outgrowth or repair mechanisms. Microglia do not appear to function as true antigen-presenting cells. However, there is circumstantial evidence that suggests functional heterogeneity within microglia. Pharmacological agents that suppress microglial activation or reduce microglial-mediated oxidative damage may prove useful strategies to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
Hypoxia‐inducible factors as key regulators of tumor inflammation (2012)

Low levels of oxygen or hypoxia is often an obstacle in health, particularly in pathological disorders like cancer. The main family of transcription factors responsible for cell survival and adaptation under strenuous conditions of hypoxia are the "hypoxia-inducible factors" (HIFs). Together with prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes (PHDs), HIFs regulates tumor angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, in addition to resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. Additionally, the entire HIF transcription cascade is involved in the "seventh" hallmark of cancer; inflammation. Studies have shown that hypoxia can influence tumor associated immune cells toward assisting in tumor proliferation, differentiation, vessel growth, distant metastasis and suppression of the immune response via cytokine expression alterations. These changes are not necessarily analogous to HIF's role in non-cancer immune responses, where hypoxia often encourages a strong inflammatory response.
Novel method of detecting H1N1 using microwaves (2012)

H1N1 virus is a subtype of influenza A virus and was the most common cause of human influenza flu in 2009. This paper presents a new method of detecting H1N1. The dielectric properties respiratory mucus is studied at microwave frequencies using rectangular cavity perturbation technique at the S-band with the different samples of respiratory mucus obtained from healthy donors as well as from patients suffering from H1N1. It is observed that an appreciably variation is found in the dielectric properties of patient samples as that of normal healthy samples and this measurements were in good agreement with the clinical analysis. This measurement technique is quick, simple and suggests a new novel method of diagnosing H1N1 using microwaves.
Effect of water-cement ratios on oil palm shell (OPS) lightweight concrete for ecofriendly construction (2014)

To produce concrete which is a common construction materials, different types of aggregates are used. Those aggregates comes from the natural resources and artificial resourches causing decrease of natural reasourches. Using huge amount of natural reasourches is a bad impact on the eco system. Now a days it is common consideration to use the agricultural waste as construction materials in production of concrete. The country like malaysia in tropical region produces a lot of agricultural waste in oil palm industries. The on going researches on oil palm shell encourage to use it in concrete as aggrigate replacement. The objective of this reasearch is to determine the effect of water/cementratios (w/c) on the mechanical properties of oil palm shell concrete (OPSC). The w/c changes by the changes of cement content in the concrete and all other parameters are fixed on the study. The compressive strength, spliting tensile strength, flexural strength changes are studied due to the changes of water/cement ratios from 0.30 to 0.55. the heighest compressive strength is 47 MPa at 28 day incorporating w/c=0.30. Though, using w/c=0.43 the compressive strength of concrete is 23MPa at 28 days which is the grade of structural lightweight concrete. The w/c ratios have significant effect on the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of OPSC. However, it can be concluded that the maximum w/c=0.43 can be used to produce the structural lightweight concrete using waste oil palm shell as a coarse aggregate in concrete.
Formation of Zinc Thiolates by Reductive Cleavage of Disulfides with the Zn/AlCl<sub>3</sub> System in Aqueous Media, and their Use for Michael Addition (2006)

A simple, convenient, and efficient one-pot protocol for the reductive cleavage of disulfides and Michael addition to α,β -unsaturated carbonyl compounds mediated by the Zn/AlCl 3 system in aqueous media is reported.
Role of Fullerene-like Structures in the Reactivity of Shungite Carbon as Used in New Materials with Advanced Properties (2005)

The work highlights a source of unusual high reactivity of shungite carbon (ShC) as a catalyst in modeling coal-treatment reactions, a filler for polymeric matrices, an adsorbent and filter for a water-purification process, and a reagent in melting of siliceous iron and in the production of silica carbide. The structural pattern of ShC was shown to be connected with fullerene-like structures which could be released under different conditions, providing its activation and determining reactivity of ShC containing materials. Fullerenes are likely to be present in ShC as chemical derivatives and strong molecular complexes. It was proposed to liberate fullerenes and fullerene-like structures while processing the ShC. Artificial fullerenes display an effect similar to that of ShC in modeling the reaction of coal treatment. Fullerene-like structures, both synthetic and those liberated from natural carbon, are capable of acting as a hydrogenated catalyst at low temperatures. Owing to the rising mobility of fullerene-like nanoparticles liberated from the ShC matrix at high shear stresses, ShC improves the processing of polymers, making the distribution of ingredients more uniform. Lowering heat accumulation in shungite-filled systems and their structural uniformity resulted in the higher dynamic properties of composites. New composite materials with advanced properties could be produced.
Design and high power operation of a stress-induced single-polarization single-transverse mode LMA Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber (2006)

Photonic crystal fibers consisting of a solid fused silica core surrounded by a regular array of sub-micron air-holes have been shown to operate with single mode core well above 30 μm in active laser geometries as well as passive beam delivery fibers. Novel designs based on the combination of stress applying elements that are index matched to the holey cladding have recently been emerged. In this report we summarize the properties of these polarization maintaining photonic crystal fibers. Beside the characterization of the polarizing window and birefringence, high power laser and amplifier configurations using these fibers are demonstrated and first experiments concerning the temperature sensitivity of the polarizing properties are presented.
Automatic Detection and Segmentation of Orchards Using Very High Resolution Imagery (2012)

Spectral information alone is often not sufficient to distinguish certain terrain classes such as permanent crops like orchards, vineyards, and olive groves from other types of vegetation. However, instances of these classes possess distinctive spatial structures that can be observable in detail in very high spatial resolution images. This paper proposes a novel unsupervised algorithm for the detection and segmentation of orchards. The detection step uses a texture model that is based on the idea that textures are made up of primitives (trees) appearing in a near-regular repetitive arrangement (planting patterns). The algorithm starts with the enhancement of potential tree locations by using multi-granularity isotropic filters. Then, the regularity of the planting patterns is quantified using projection profiles of the filter responses at multiple orientations. The result is a regularity score at each pixel for each granularity and orientation. Finally, the segmentation step iteratively merges neighboring pixels and regions belonging to similar planting patterns according to the similarities of their regularity scores and obtains the boundaries of individual orchards along with estimates of their granularities and orientations. Extensive experiments using Ikonos and QuickBird imagery as well as images taken from Google Earth show that the proposed algorithm provides good localization of the target objects even when no sharp boundaries exist in the image data.
Dynamic SOC Compensation of an Ultracapacitor Module for a Hybrid Energy Storage System (2010)

The ultracapacitor module has recently been recast for use in hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs). As a result, accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation for an ultracapacitor module is as important as that of primary sources in order to be utilized efficiently in an energy storage system (ESS). However, while SOC estimation via the open-circuit voltage (OCV) method is generally used due to its linear characteristics compared with other ESSs, this method results in many errors in cases of highcurrent charging/discharging within a short time period. Accordingly, this paper introduces a dynamic SOC estimation algorithm that is capable of SOC compensation of an ultracapacitor module even when there is a current input and output. A cycle profile that simulates the operating conditions of a mild-HEV was applied to a vehicle simulator to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Measuring human cardiac tissue sodium concentrations using surface coils, adiabatic excitation, and twisted projection imaging with minimal T<sub>2</sub> losses (2005)

It is now possible to noninvasively quantify TSC in the human heart with surface coil (23)Na MRI.
A new realization for multiprocessor implementation of 2-D denominator-separable digital filters for real-time processing (1992)

An efficient multiprocessor implementation of 2D denominator-separable digital filters for real-time processing is presented. The realization is derived by minimizing the throughput delay and maximizing the parallelism using the basic primitive structure of M.Y. Dabbagh and W.E. Alexander (see ibid. vol.37, no.6, p.872-81, 1989). The proposed realization is as good and efficient as their realizations for the implementation of symmetric fan filters. It is shown that in special cases the proposed realization may be more efficient.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Three-dimensional Transparent Display with Enhanced Transmittance and Resolution Using an Active Parallax Barrier with See-through Areas on an LCD Panel (2017)

The transmittance of the three dimensional (3D) transparent display is an important factor and can be enhanced by adding a see-through area to the displayed 3D image in order to transmit an ambient light with maximum transparency. However, there is a side effect that the perceived 3D resolution can be degraded due to the see-through area. In this paper, we propose an advanced method to resolve the above trade-off relation between the transparency and the 3D resolution by using an active parallax barrier (PB) with a see-through area. The experimental results are also presented to prove the proposed principle.
p53 expression in pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, keratoacanthoma, and squamous cell carcinoma of skin (1994)

p53 expression in skin is common and appears to be an early event in a series of genetic alterations reflecting underlying actinic damage, which may lead to but does not necessarily indicate neoplastic or malignant transformation. Because p53 staining is seen in proliferative and undifferentiated cells and ceases to be expressed when the cells differentiate, it appears that the expression of p53 protein, mutant or wild-type, is an indicator of immaturity and proliferative capacity of the cell rather than one of neoplasia or malignancy.
Using the instrumented indentation technique for stress characterization of friction stir-welded API X80 steel (2006)

An instrumented indentation technique (IIT) appears to be a promising alternative to conventional stress measurement methods, particularly for welds with rapid microstructural gradients, because it has high spatial resolution and is non-destructive. The technique is used to characterize the residual stress of a friction stir-welded joint of API X80 steel. The indentation load–depth curve is significantly affected by the presence of residual stress and the stress-induced load change at a given penetration is converted to a quantitative stress value through an analytical model. All indentation test results show good agreement with those from an energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction performed to assess the validity of the IIT. In addition, the microstructures in various regions of the friction stir-welded joint and their effects on local microhardness are discussed.
Frameless image-guided stereotactic brain biopsy procedure: diagnostic yield, surgical morbidity, and comparison with the frame-based technique (2006)

With regard to diagnostic yield and complication rate, the frameless stereotactic biopsy procedure was found to be comparable to or better than the frame-based method. Smaller and deep-seated lesions together were risk factors for a nondiagnostic tissue yield. Frameless stereotaxy may represent a more efficient means of obtaining biopsy specimens of cortical lesions but is otherwise similar to the frame-based technique.
Hormonal regulation of H19 gene expression in prostate epithelial cells (2004)

The H19 gene is transcribed in an mRNA-like noncoding RNA. When tumors of various organs or cell types are considered, H19 oncogene or tumor-suppressor status remains controversial. To address the potential regulation of H19 gene expression by an androgen steroid hormone (DHT: dihydrotestosterone) or by a peptidic hormone (PRL: prolactin), we performed experiments in rats systemically treated with chemical mediators. This range of in vivo experiments demonstrated that chronic hyperprolactinemia upregulated the H19 expression in epithelial and stromal cells whereas DHT downregulated the gene. PRL and DHT appeared to be opposite mediators in the H19 RNA synthesis. We investigated these hormonal effects in three human prostate epithelial cell lines. In LNCaP cancer cells, the opposite effect of PRL and DHT was corroborated. However, in normal cells (PNT1A), H19 remained insensitive to the hormones in fetal calf serum (FCS) medium but became responsive in a serum-stripped medium. In the DU-145 cancer cell line, tested for its androgen-independence and aggressiveness, the hormones had no effect on H19 expression whatever the culture conditions. Finally, we demonstrated that PRL upregulated the H19 expression in LNCaP cells by the JAK2-STAT5 transduction pathway. We conclude that H19 expression is regulated by both a peptidic and a male steroid hormone.
Effects of the histamine H3 agonist (R)-alpha-methylhistamine and the antagonist thioperamide in vitro on monoamine oxidase activity in the rat brain. (1995)

The effects of an H3 agonist, (R)-alpha-methylhistamine (alpha-MeHA), and an H3 antagonist, thioperamide, on monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in rat hypothalamus were studied in vitro. Thioperamide was more potent in inhibiting MAO-B than MAO-A activity; MAO-B activity in rat hypothalamic homogenates was competitively inhibited by thioperamide with a Ki value of 175 micronM. From this in vitro experiment, the conversion of N-telemethylhistamine to N-tele-methylimidazoleacetic acid may be inhibited by thioperamide, suggesting that thioperamide may affect the regulation of histamine metabolism within histaminergic neurons. In contrast with the results obtained with thioperamide, alpha-MeHA inhibited MAO-A more potently than MAO-B activity; the Ki values for MAO-A and -B of hypothalamic homogenates were estimated to be 1.1 and 3.3 mM, respectively. The weak inhibitory effect of alpha-MeHA for MAO-B does not seem to be a major cause of changes in N-tele-methylhistamine concentrations.
Wireless voice-over-IP and implications for third-generation network design (2002)

The recent rise of voice-over-Internet protocol (IP) as an alternative to circuit-based telephony poses some serious questions to the wireless community. Will wireless voice-over-IP and multimedia-over-IP gain momentum over their circuit-based alternatives? Should the design of third-generation (3G) wireless systems take these alternatives into account? In this paper we describe two models of wireless voice-over-IP and discuss additional requirements necessary to support business-grade-quality voice in the face of mobility. The case studies we present assumed an air interface of IS-95 code division multiple access (CDMA) or IS-136 time division multiple access (TDMA). The results of our studies show that business-grade voice-over-IP may not be economical for the licensed cellular and personal communications services (PCS) radio spectrum because the cost of licensing the cellular/PCS radio spectrum is high and the circuit-mode air interface is already efficient. To compete in various markets, however, 3G networks should efficiently support both wireless voice-over-IP and multimedia-over-IP. To do this, 3G networks should meet the challenge of seamless packet data handoffs and deep compression of user data protocol (UDP)/IP headers. Efficient support for wireless multimedia-over-IP may be even more critical (compared to voice-over-IP) for helping packet-based 3G multimedia such as H.323 to compete with its broadband integrated services digital network (B-ISDN) counterpart. As wireless voice and data converge in the 3G world, betting on packet-data mobility in addition to voice mobility may be a key to enabling the wireless industry to fuel the explosive growth of mobile subscribers worldwide.