gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Silicic Acid on Calcium Phosphate Precipitation (1989)

So that a possible involvement in the mineralization of dental plaque could be investigated, the effects of silicic acid on calcium phosphate precipitation were assessed in vitro. By measuring the decrease in Ca2+ concentration (by means of ion-selective electrodes), we determined both spontaneous precipitation and seeded crystal growth from solutions that contained 1 mmol/L calcium, 7.5 mmol/L phosphate, 50 mmol/L Hepes pH 7.2, and various amounts of silicic acid. Polymerized silicic acid, but not its monomer, was found both to cause a 60% reduction in the lag period that precedes spontaneous precipitation and to enhance the growth rate of seeded hydroxyapatite crystals. Silica suspensions showed effects similar to those of polysilicic acid. In all cases, the precipitated material was found to be hydroxyapatite. Whereas seeded brushite crystals grew slowly without silicic acid, hydroxyapatite was the only mineral detected after crystal growth in the presence of silicic acid. Apparently, polysilicic acid acted as a substrate for hydroxyapatite nucleation, inducing secondary nuclei on both hydroxyapatite and brushite crystals. The finding that polysilicic acid could overcome part of the inhibitory effect of a phosphoprotein on calcium phosphate precipitation gave additional support for the idea that polysilicic acid and silica may promote the formation of dental calculus.
Human SP-10: Acrosomal Distribution, Processing, and Fate after the Acrosome Reaction1 (1994)

SP-10 is a testis-specific acrosomal protein that has been detected in several species including humans. Extracts from whole human testis and epididymal, ejaculated, and capacitated sperm were analyzed by Western blot for SP-10 polypeptides. The testis extracts contained a full-length SP-10 protein at approximately 45 kDa as well as other immunoreactive SP-10 peptides at 32, 30, 28, and 26 kDa. Extracts from epididymal, ejaculated, and capacitated sperm contained several immunoreactive SP-10 peptides that co-migrated with the 32-26-kDa SP-10 peptides in the testis extracts. Epididymal, ejaculated, and capacitated sperm extracts did not contain the 45-kDa SP-10 peptide observed in testis extracts, but did contain immunoreactive SP-10 peptides from 25 to 18 kDa that were not detected in testis extracts. These results indicate that a full-length 45-kDa SP-10 precursor protein is present in the testis and that SP-10 peptides of 32, 30, 28, and 26 kDa result from proteolytic processing of the SP-10 precursor protein in the testis and/or alternative splicing. In addition, SP-10 peptides of 25-18 kDa were first detected in extracts of caput epididymal sperm and probably resulted from the proteolytic processing of the 45- and 32-26-kDa SP-10 peptides in the initial segment or caput epididymidis. Also, no additional SP-10 bands were detected in extracts of cauda epididymal, ejaculated, or capacitated sperm, suggesting that no further processing of the 32-18-kDa SP-10 peptides occurred during epididymal transit, ejaculation, and capacitation. Electron microscopic immunocytochemical observations of epididymal, ejaculated, and capacitated sperm revealed that colloidal gold labeling of SP-10 was most abundant within the principal segment and posterior bulb of the equatorial segment of the acrosome, while the colloidal gold labeling of SP-10 was sparse in the anterior equatorial segment of the acrosome. After a follicular fluid-induced acrosome reaction, SP-10 was detected on the inner acrosomal membrane in the equatorial segment and was associated with hybrid vesicles. This localization after the acrosome reaction is consistent with the hypothesis that SP-10 may be involved in sperm-zona binding or penetration.
Use of immobilized enzymes in drug metabolism studies (1988)

The immobilization of drug-metabolizing enzymes onto polymeric supports offers several advantages over use of conventional microsomal or soluble enzyme preparations. These include increased storage stability, facilitated separation of products from the incubation mixture, the ability to recover and reuse the enzyme catalyst, and in many cases, stabilization of the tertiary structure of membrane-bound enzymes. Attachment of the protein to the solid support may be accomplished by adsorption, covalent bonding, or entrapment techniques. This methodology has been successfully utilized for studies with such enzymes as cytochrome P-450, UDP-glucuronyltransferases, glutathione S-transferases, S-methyltransferases, and N-acetyltransferases. Although often employed for the synthesis of xenobiotic metabolites, immobilized enzymes have been used for mechanistic and relative reactivity studies, limited kinetic studies, and extracorporeal detoxification. Co-immobilization of multiple drug-metabolizing enzyme systems has made possible the sequential formation of metabolites arising from oxidation followed by conjugation. Immobilized enzymes may also be used in the prediction of species-dependent metabolic pathways. The potential for large-scale synthesis of drug metabolites using this methodology has been explored.
Inward rectification and its effects on the repetitive firing properties of bulbospinal neurons located in the ventral part of the nucleus tractus solitarius (1993)

1. An in vitro brain stem slice from adult guinea pigs was used to study the effects of membrane hyperpolarization in two classes of bulbospinal neurons, called types I and II, from the ventral parts of the nucleus tractus solitarius (vNTS). These bulbospinal neurons project to the phrenic motor nucleus and make up the dorsal respiratory group, a sensorimotor integrating area for rhythmic breathing movements. 2. Negative current injections (1 s long) were used in the discontinuous current-clamp mode to study the input resistance (Rin) in both classes of bulbospinal vNTS neurons. The mean Rin for type I neurons was 88.7 +/- 13.8 (SD) M omega (n = 19) and for type II neurons was 92.6 +/- 14.0 M omega (n = 16). Both classes of neurons displayed a depolarizing sag and inward rectification during negative current injections to membrane-potential levels less than or equal to -70 mV. The magnitude of the depolarizing sag became larger as the size of the negative current step was increased. On release from hyperpolarization, both cell types also exhibited a large anode break hyperpolarization (ABH). 3. The ABH was abolished in the presence of 5 mM 4-amino-pyridine (4-AP), whereas the depolarizing sag and inward rectification were not affected. In the place of the ABH, a small postinhibitory rebound (PIR) depolarization was observed on release from hyperpolarization. The magnitude of PIR was dependent on the size of the depolarizing sag. In the presence of both 5 mM 4-AP and 5 mM Cs+, the depolarizing sag and PIR were completely blocked, whereas Rin was increased. 4. The ionic currents underlying the ABH and depolarizing sag were directly observed by the use of the discontinuous single-electrode voltage-clamp technique. The ABH was caused by activation of an A-current (IKA). The depolarizing sag was associated with a hyperpolarization-activated inward current (IH), which was activated at membrane-potential levels less than or equal to -70 mV. The peak amplitude of IH in type I neurons was -335 +/- 16 pA (n = 13) and in type II cells was -327 +/- 14 pA (n = 11). 5. IH currents did not display inactivation during the hyperpolarizing voltage step. The IH current became larger when [K+]o was increased from 4 mM (control) to 12 mM and was blocked in the presence of 5 mM Cs+. The estimated reversal potential for the IH current was -41.5 +/- 4.8 mV (n = 8).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Automated method for generating the arterial input function on perfusion-weighted MR imaging: validation in patients with stroke. (2005)

An automated program that identifies the AIF is feasible and can create reliably reproducible and accurate Tmax and CBF maps. Automation of this process could reduce PWI analysis time and increase consistency and may allow for more effective use of PWI in the evaluation of acute stroke.
Helquat-Induced Chiroselective Aggregation of Au NPs (2012)

Au nanoparticles (NPs) are functionalized with chiral (R) or (S) binaphthol phenylboronic acid ligands, (1a) or (1b). The (R)- or (S)-binaphthol phenylboronic acid ligands form donor-acceptor complexes with the chiral dicationic helicene, helquat (P)-HQ(2+) or (M)-HQ(2+), (2a) or (2b). The association constants between (1a)/(2a) and (1a)/(2b) correspond to (7.0 ± 0.5) × 10(5) M(-1) and (2.5 ± 0.3) × 10(5) M(-1), respectively, whereas the association constants between (1b)/(2b) and (1b)/(2a) correspond to (4.0 ± 0.5) × 10(5) M(-1) and (1.8 ± 0.3) × 10(5) M(-1), respectively. Chiroselective aggregation of chiral binaphthol phenylboronic acid-capped Au NPs triggered by the chiral helquats, is demonstrated.
Performance comparison of video coding standards using Lagrangian coder control (2003)

A unified approach to the coder control of video coding standards such as MPEG-2, H.263, MPEG-4, and the draft video coding standard JVT/H.26L/AVC is presented. Using this unified framework, the performance of the various standards is compared by means of PSNR and subjective testing results. The results indicate that JVT/H.26L/AVC compliant encoding can typically achieve essentially the same objective PSNR reproduction quality as encoders that are compliant with previous standards while requiring as little as 60% or less of the bit rate of the next best standard, particularly for higher-latency applications and particularly for more difficult source material. Subjective testing shows that the bit savings produced by this draft standard are even larger than the PSNR results indicate.
X linked mental retardation and infantile spasms in a family: new clinical data and linkage to Xp11.4-Xp22.11 (1999)

In order to describe the neurological abnormalities and to identify the gene localisation, we re-evaluated a previously reported family with X linked mental retardation (XLMR). Reliable data were obtained for six of the seven affected males, of whom two had had infantile spasms. Profound MR (IQ<20) was found in one and mild MR (IQ 50-70) in five males. No dysmorphic features, except for macrocephaly in one male, were found. Neurological abnormalities included varying degrees of spinocerebellar involvement. Neuroimaging studies showed abnormalities, such as cerebellar atrophy or corpus callosum hypoplasia or both, in three of the six males. Several affected and unaffected subjects suffered from hyperhidrosis, which appeared to segregate independently as an autosomal dominant trait. Genetic linkage analysis localised the XLMR disease gene to Xp11.4-Xp22.11 with a maximum multipoint lod score of 3.57, overlapping the candidate region recently found in two Belgian XLMR-infantile spasm families. Compared to the Belgian patients, the majority of the affected males in this report had a considerably milder phenotype.
Non-contact dual pulse Doppler system based respiratory and heart rates estimation for CHF patients (2015)

Long term continuous patient monitoring is required in many health systems for monitoring and analytical diagnosing purposes. Most of monitoring systems had shortcomings related to their functionality or patient comfortably. Non-contact continuous monitoring systems have been developed to address some of these shortcomings. One of such systems is non-contact physiological vital signs assessments for chronic heart failure (CHF) patients. This paper presents a novel automated estimation algorithm for the non-contact physiological vital signs assessments for CHF patients based on a patented novel non-contact biomotion sensor. A database consists of twenty CHF patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) heart failure Classification Class II & III, whose underwent full Polysomnography (PSG) analysis for the diagnosis of sleep apnea, disordered sleep, or both, were selected for the study. The patients mean age is 68.89 years, with mean body weight of 86.87 kg, mean BMI of 28.83 (obesity) and mean recorded sleep duration of 7.78 hours. The propose algorithm analyze the non-contact biomotion signals and estimate the patients' respiratory and heart rates. The outputs of the algorithm are compared with gold-standard PSG recordings. Across all twenty patients' recordings, the respiratory rate estimation median accuracy achieved 92.4689% with median error of ± 1.2398 breaths per minute. The heart rate estimation median accuracy achieved 88.0654% with median error of ± 7.9338 beats per minute. Due to the good performance of the propose novel automated estimation algorithm, the patented novel non-contact biomotion sensor can be an excellent tool for long term continuous sleep monitoring for CHF patients in the home environment in an ultra-convenient fashion.
O-Dihaloarenes as aryne precursors for nickel-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition with alkynes and nitriles (2008)

o-Dihaloarenes acting as aryne precursors react with acetylenes and nitriles catalyzed by the NiBr(2)(dppe)/dppe/Zn system to give substituted naphthalene, phenanthridine or triphenylene derivatives depending on the reaction conditions in moderate to excellent yields with good tolerance of functional groups.
Relating Corrosion Inhibitor Surface Active Properties to Field Performance Requirements (2002)

Abstract Corrosion inhibitors for protecting oil and gas pipelines exhibit surface active behavior, and this surface activity affects not only their inhibition efficiency but also their ability to form and stabilize emulsions. Even though interfacial phenomena play a vital role, the interfacial properties of corrosion inhibitors have not been extensively examined with respect to their effect on corrosion inhibition and water quality. The work presented here has been designed to address some of these issues. Corrosion inhibitors are known to partition between oil and water phases. The amount of inhibitor partitioning into the aqueous phase has been shown to be highly dependent upon the volume fraction of oil in the system. A significant quantity of inhibitor also adsorbs at the oil-water interface which results in a lowering of the interfacial tension. For certain highly surface active inhibitors the tension can be reduced by a factor of 105. Some commercial inhibitors have been shown to exhibit a break point in their interfacial tension versus log concentration plots. The concentration at which the interfacial tension levels off is the critical micelle concentration (CMC). It has been shown that inhibitors exhibiting low interfacial tensions promote the formation and stabilization of emulsions. This is critical to the understanding of the impact of inhibitors on produced water quality. It has also been shown that the additional surface area generated during emulsion formation can consume a significant quantity of inhibitor. Adsorption onto these unwanted surfaces can dramatically reduce the overall availability of chemical for corrosion inhibition. From the determination of the corrosion inhibition efficiency of a series of inhibitor actives, it appears that for those inhibitors that exhibit a CMC, this value is also seen to be similar to the minimum effective concentration required for inhibition.
Inkjet‐Printed TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles from Aqueous Solutions for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) (2015)

Abstract This work reports on the formulation of suitable ink for inkjet printing of TiO 2 by investigating the critical parameters of particle size, pH, viscosity, and stability. Aqueous suspensions of TiO 2 nanoparticles (Degussa, P25) were prepared with the addition of 25 wt % polyethylene glycol 400 as a humectant to minimize drying at the printer nozzles and reduce the likelihood of nozzle blockage. The inkjet‐printed TiO 2 layers were assembled into dye‐sensitized solar cells. The current–voltage ( I – V ) characteristics were measured under one sun (air mass 1.5, 100 mW cm −2 ) using a source meter (Model 2400, Keithley Instrument, Inc.), and the active area of the cell was 0.25 cm 2 . The inkjet‐printed TiO 2 photoanode produced a device with a short‐circuit current ( I sc ) of 9.42 mA cm −2 , an open‐circuit voltage ( V oc ) of 0.76 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.49, resulting in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.50 %.
Crosstalk in optical amplifiers for two-channel transmission (1986)

Optical amplifiers for two-channel transmission are investigated. Intensity modulation in one channel causes crosstalk in the other channel via the change of the complex refractive index in the amplifier. The amount of crosstalk is connected with the linewidth enhancement factor α.
A 500 MHz phase generator for synthetic aperture radar waveform synthesizers (2002)

A GaAs phase generator ASIC has been developed using a SC10000 standard cell library which produces the quadratic phase necessary to generate a linear-FM chirp waveform. Fully functional chips have been fabricated using a 3-layer metal, 0.9 mu m gate E/D-MESFET process. Measured maximum accumulation rates vary from 450 MHz to 590 MHz. The chip is fully ECL and TTL compatible and is packaged in a standard 132-pin ceramic package. The phase generator has been successfully tested in a prototype synthetic aperture radar.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
H03 Cerebral and extracerebral cholesterol biosynthesis is impaired in Huntington's disease patients (2010)

<h3>Background</h3> Cholesterol in the CNS is fundamental for membrane trafficking, signal transduction and synaptogenesis and almost all the brain cholesterol is synthetised locally. Homeostasis is maintained through a neuronal specific cholesterol 24-hydroxylase which converts cholesterol into 24-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC). The levels of 24OHC in blood thus reflect the number of active neurons and the volume of the grey matter. We previously found that plasma levels of 24OHC were progressively reduced in early Huntington9s disease (HD)1 and that cholesterol biosynthesis was significantly impaired in the brain of multiple mouse HD models, and in fibroblasts of HD patients.2 <h3>Methods</h3> We analysed by mass spectrometry plasma levels of the cholesterol precursor lathosterol and lanosterol (marker of cholesterol biosynthesis), 24OHC and bile acid precursor 27-hydroxycholesterol, in 130 HD gene positive subjects (from presymptomatic to advanced stage of disease). <h3>Results</h3> We found that plasma levels of lathosterol and lanosterol, together with 24OHC and 27OHC, were reduced in all HD patients compared with healthy controls (p<0.001). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Whole body cholesterol synthesis and brain derived 24OHC were significantly decreased following the disease burden. We suggest that the significant decrease in plasma 24OHC levels we reported in early HD1 are associated with two concurrent mechanisms, that is, the progressive loss in grey matter linked to the neurodegenerative process and the impairment in brain cholesterol biosynthesis, in agreement with our previous findings across multiple rodent models of HD2.
Analysis and Modeling of Naturalness in Handwritten Characters (2009)

In this paper, we define the naturalness of handwritten characters as being the difference between the strokes of the handwritten characters and the archetypal fonts on which they are based. With this definition, we mathematically analyze the relationship between the font and its naturalness using canonical correlation analysis (CCA), multiple linear regression analysis, feedforward neural networks (FFNNs) with sliding windows, and recurrent neural networks (RNNs). This analysis reveals that certain properties of font character strokes do not have a linear relationship with their naturalness. In turn, this suggests that nonlinear techniques should be used to model the naturalness, and in our investigations, we find that an RNN with a recurrent output layer performs the best among four linear and nonlinear models. These results indicate that it is possible to model naturalness, defined in our study as the difference between handwritten and archetypal font characters but more generally as the difference between the behavior of a natural system and a corresponding basic system, and that naturalness learning is a promising approach for generating handwritten characters.
Exhaust Gas Ignition (EGI) - A New Concept for Rapid Light-Off of Automotive Exhaust Catalyst (1992)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Increasing pressure on lowering vehicle exhaust emissions to meet stringent California and Federal 1993/1994 TLEV emission standards of 0.125 gpm NMOG, 3.4 gpm CO and 0.4 gpm NOx and future ULEV emission standards of 0.04 gpm NMOG, 1.7 gpm CO and 0.2 gpm NOx has focused specific attention on the cold start characteristics of the vehicle's emission system, especially the catalytic converter. From test data it is evident that the major portion of the total HC and CO emissions occur within the first two minutes of the driving cycle while the catalyst is heating up to operating temperature. The use of an electrically heated catalyst (EHC) has been proposed to alleviate this problem but the cost and weight penalties are high and the durability has yet to be fully demonstrated <span class="xref">(1)</span><span class="xref">*</span>.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes a method of reducing the light-off time of the catalytic converter to less than 20 seconds by means of an afterburner. The system uses exhaust gases from the engine calibrated to run rich and additional air injected into the exhaust gas stream to form a combustible mixture. The key feature concerns the method of making this combustible mixture ignitable within 2 seconds from starting the engine when the exhaust gases arriving at the afterburner are cold and essentially non-reacting.</div>
Solid-State Ion-Exchanged Cu/Mordenite Catalysts for the Direct Conversion of Methane to Methanol (2017)

The selective oxidation of methane to methanol is a highly challenging target, which is of considerable interest to gain value-added chemicals directly from fuel gas. Copper-containing zeolites, such as Cu/mordenite, have been currently reported to be the most efficient catalysts for this reaction. In this work, it is shown that solid-state ion-exchanged Cu/mordenites exhibit a significantly higher activity for the partial oxidation of methane to methanol than comparable reference catalysts, i.e., Cu/mordenites prepared by the conventional liquid-phase ion exchange procedure. The efficiency of these Cu/mordenites remained unchanged over several successive cycles. From temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) measurements, it can be concluded that the solid-state protocol accelerates Cu exchange at the small pores of mordenite: those are positions where the most active Cu species are presumably located. In situ ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy furthermore indicates that different active clusters including dicopper- and tricopper-oxo complexes are formed in the catalyst upon oxygen treatment. Notably after activation of methane, different methoxy intermediates seem to be generated at the Cu sites from which one is preferably transformed to methanol by reaction with water. It is furthermore described that the applied reaction conditions have considerable influence on the finally observed methanol production from methane.