gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Binary optics lens design using flip-flop optimization (1989)

A binary optics surface consists of aperture subregions which introduce a pi phase change. The diffraction integral is written as a sum of contributions from each of these subregions. A merit function is defined as the sum of the corresponding irradiance at given image points in an image plane. This merit function number is tested as the phase in each subregion is flipped by pi from its current value. If the merit function increased, the change is retained. All aperture subregions are tested in each pass. For a single field point example, the same solution was obtained from a variety of starting configurations within three or four passes.
Electro-active material (EAM) based bend sensors (2010)

The capability to accurately estimate strain and orientation of cables in an undersea environment is important for a multitude of applications. One way to estimate the positional location of a submersed cable is to utilize a network of distributed bend sensors providing inputs to a curve fitting algorithm. In this work commercially available bend sensors are characterized for small deflections. In addition proto-type devices are presented which can potentially improve device sensitivity. Commercially available bend sensors are based upon electro-active materials and variable resistance materials. Electro-active materials (EAM) are known for their actuator functionality but certain EAMs are capable of sensing as well. New advances in materials such as Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC) are proving suitable for quasi-static sensor applications. These sensors are low power, conformal and produce directionally dependent output voltages which are linearly proportional to deflection, with voltage polarity representative of the deflection direction. IPMCs are capable of being morphed for increased sensitivity. Variable resistivity sensors are based on smart epoxy polymer and carbon loaded inks. These sensors are inexpensive and conformal and unlike EAMs provide static measurements.
Key Technologies to Realize Magneto-Optical Storage of Over 7 Gbytes in CD Sized Disk (1996)

Recently, many kinds of technologies for high density recording have been reported in the field of magneto-optical (MO) recording. Magnetically induced super resolution (MSR) is one of the most hopeful candidates, and over ten MSR types have been proposed already. However, the MSR technology is not discussed well from a view point of the total recording technology including the recording and readout method, the pick-up technology and the signal processing technology. It seems obvious that higher density recording can be realized by a better combination of related technologies.
Color Retrieval for Video Surveillance (2008)

In this paper, we present retrieval methods for extracting colored moving objects from surveillance cameras. In particular, we describe a method to classify moving objects into one of six colors. The method includes two sets of parameters. The first set can be used to compensate for illumination conditions and camera differences. The second set is used to tune the color extraction for specific object types and optimal retrieval. The tuning can be performed after video analysis has extracted metadata in real-time. The metadata is fed into a database which can be interactively queried by the user. The ability to query with feedback makes it possible to successfully find events of interest during an investigation without performing real-time adaptation which might be error-prone. In addition, for situations in which tracking moving objects is difficult, the system can generate significant colored object snippets of moving colored objects for retrieval. If the event of interest is not found by the initial system, this backup system can be invoked ensuring that the relevant event is found.
Polarized thermal radiation by layer-by-layer metallic emitters with sub-wavelength grating (2008)

Metallic thermal emitters consisting of two layers of differently structured nickel gratings on a homogeneous nickel layer are fabricated by soft lithography and studied for polarized thermal radiation. A thermal emitter in combination with a sub-wavelength grating shows a high extinction ratio, with a maximum value close to 5, in a wide mid-infrared range from 3.2 to 7.8 mum, as well as high emissivity up to 0.65 at a wavelength of 3.7 microm. All measurements show good agreement with theoretical predictions. Numerical simulations reveal that a high electric field exists within the localized air space surrounded by the gratings and the intensified electric-field is only observed for the polarizations perpendicular to the top sub-wavelength grating. This result suggests how the emissivity of a metal can be selectively enhanced at a certain range of wavelengths for a given polarization.
Computational hologram synthesis and representation on spatial light modulators for real-time 3D holographic imaging (2013)

In dynamic computer-generated holography that utilizes spatial light modulators, both hologram synthesis and hologram representation are essential in terms of fast computation and high reconstruction quality. For hologram synthesis, i.e. the computation step, Fresnel transform based or point-source based raytracing methods can be applied. In the encoding step, the complex wave-field has to be optimally represented by the SLM with its given modulation capability. For proper hologram reconstruction that implies a simultaneous and independent amplitude and phase modulation of the input wave-field by the SLM.
Rhodopsin molecular contrast imaging by optical coherence tomography for functional assessment of photoreceptors(Conference Presentation) (2016)

Rhodopsin, the light-sensing molecule in the outer segments of rod photoreceptors, is responsible for converting light into neuronal signals in a process known as phototransduction. Rhodopsin is thus a functional biomarker for rod photoreceptors. We developed a novel technology based on visible-light optical coherence tomography (VIS-OCT) for in vivo molecular imaging of rhodopsin. The depth resolution of OCT allows the visualization of the location where the change of optical absorption occurs and provides a potentially accurate assessment of rhodopsin content by segmentation of the image at the location. A broadband supercontinuum laser, whose filtered output was centered at 520 nm, was used as the illuminating light source. To test the capabilities of the system on rhodopsin mapping we imaged the retina of albino rats. The rats were dark adapted before imaging. An integrated near infrared OCT was used to guide the alignment in dark. VIS-OCT three-dimensional images were then acquired under dark- and light- adapted states sequentially. Rhodopsin distribution was calculated from the differential image. The rhodopsin distributions can be displayed in both en face view and depth-resolved cross-sectional image. Rhodopsin OCT can be used to quantitatively image rhodopsin distribution and thus assess the distribution of functional rod photoreceptors in the retina. Rhodopsin OCT can bring significant impact into ophthalmic clinics by providing a tool for the diagnosis and severity assessment of a variety of retinal conditions.
Wearable chemical sensors: Opportunities and challenges (2016)

Wearable systems show considerable promise in monitoring and assessing the real-time performance of athletes, the health status of patients, or the general well-being of interested users. Most wearables today focus on monitoring physical parameters (e.g., activity, respiration rate, etc.), or electrophysiology (e.g., ECG, EEG, etc.). In order to augment the richness of collected data, the next-generation of wearables will also be capable of monitoring underlying chemical homeostatis of the user, for example through measurement of glucose in interstitial fluid, lactate in saliva, or electrolytes in sweat. This paper discusses the challenges of building wearable chemical biosensors, including biosensor functionalization, flexible material engineering, bioelectronic integration, and data analytics.
Characterization and mitigation of power contention across multiprogrammed workloads (2016)

Shared resource contention has been a major performance issue for CMPs. In this paper we focus on power, which is one of the most valuable shared resources of CMPs. We believe it is important to study power contention, especially with the prevalence of power capping features among modern commercial microprocessors. When multiple processes compete for power in such systems, the power management system attempts to mitigate the contention (i.e., reduce the power consumption) by slowing down the processor, which results in degraded total system performance. We characterize this phenomenon using a real testbed with an Intel processor with power capping capability realized by the RAPL technology. We observe noticeable performance degradation for SPEC CPU2006, especially at tighter power caps. In order to solve this problem, we develop a shared resourceaware scheduling algorithm that improves system performance by mitigating the contention for power and the shared memory subsystem at the same time. Evaluation results across a variety of multiprogrammed workloads show performance improvements over a state-of-the-art scheduling policy which only considers memory subsystem contention. In addition, we present a guard mechanism implemented on top of the proposed scheduler that greatly improves performance when there is severe power contention that introduces performance anomalies.
Transmembrane Inhibitors of P-Glycoprotein, an ABC Transporter (2005)

Drug resistance mediated by ABC transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) continues to be a major impediment to effective cancer chemotherapy. We have developed a panel of highly specific peptide inhibitors of P-gp based on the structure of the transmembrane domains of the transporter. These peptides are thought to exert their inhibitory action by disrupting the proper assembly of P-gp. A novel 96-well-plate assay based on the efflux of fluorescent P-gp substrate DiOC2 (3-ethyl-2-[3-(3-ethyl-2(3H)-benzoxazolylidene)-1-propenyl]benzoxazolium iodide) was developed and used for structure-functional characterization of transporter inhibitors. The studies strongly suggest that potent and selective inhibitors of ABC transporters can now be developed solely on the basis of the primary structures of the target proteins. The inhibition of P-gp with transmembrane peptides was shown to be chirality-independent. A 25-residue long retroinverso D-analogue of transmembrane domain 5 inhibited the efflux of the fluorescent P-gp substrate with an IC50 of 500 nM. Transmembrane peptides effectively sensitized resistant cancer cells to doxorubicin in vitro without demonstrating any cell toxicity of their own. The newly synthesized P-gp antagonists appear to be promising nontoxic drug resistance inhibitors that merit further development.
Energy-efficient heuristics for job assignment in processor-sharing server farms (2015)

Energy efficiency of server farms is an important design consideration of data centers. One effective approach is to optimize energy consumption by controlling carried load on the networked servers. In this paper, we propose a robust heuristic policy for job assignment in a server farm, aiming to improve the energy efficiency by maximizing the ratio of the long-run average throughput to the expected energy consumption. Our model of the server farm considers parallel processor-sharing queues with finite buffer sizes, heterogeneous server speeds, and an arbitrary energy consumption function. We devise the new energy-efficient (EE) policy in a way that the state distribution of the system depends on the service requirement distribution only through the mean. We show that the state-of-the-art slowest server first (SSF) policy can be obtained as a special case of EE and both policies have the same computational complexity. We provide a rigorous analysis of EE and derive conditions under which EE is guaranteed to outperform SSF in terms of energy efficiency. Extensive numerical results are presented and demonstrate that, in comparison with SSF, EE yields a consistently better system throughput and yet improves the energy efficiency by up to 70%.
<title>Technique for noninvasive monitoring of blood loss via oxygen saturation measurements in the eye</title> (1997)

We describe a noninvasive technique and instrumentation for measuring the oxygen saturation of blood in retinal arteries and veins. A white-light image of a subject's retina is presented to an operator. The operator targets a particular retinal artery or vein and initiates the measurement procedure. The measurements are made by scanning low-power lasers into the eye and across the retinal vessel. The light reflected and scattered back out of the eye is collected and measured. The oxygen saturation of blood within the vessel is spectroscopically determined by analyzing the vessel absorption profiles at two or more wavelengths. A complete saturation measurement can be made in less than one second, allowing real-time measurement during physiological changes. The sensitivity of this measurement technique to changes in retinal saturation has been demonstrated through a series of pilot studies in anesthetized swine. We present data indicating that retinal venous oxygen saturation decreases predictably during ongoing blood loss, indicating a potential application of an eye oximeter to nonivasively monitor blood loss. Current invasive techniques for monitoring bleeding, such as fiber optic pulmonary catheters, are not suited for use early in trauma situations. A portable eye oximeter may therefore provide a new technique for reducing mortality in the emergency department setting.
Melt processing of YBaCuO and critical current characteristics. (1990)

We report a novel melt process, or the MPMG (Melt-Powdering-Melt-Growth) process, for YBaCuO superconductors which promises high critical current density. It is important to disperse the Y2BaCuO5 (211) phase finely in the liquid in order to promote the continuous growth of the YBa2Cu3Ox (123) phase from the melt, because the 123 superconducting phase in YBaCuO system is produced by a peritectic reaction, Y2BaCuO5 (211)+L(liquid)→2YBa2Cu3Ox (123). We employed the process of pulverizing and well-mixing the oxides after cooled from partially melted region of 1, 200°C-1, 400°C, in order to achieve the fine dispersion of the 211 phase. The MPMG process has three advantages, 1) it can achieve the fine dispersion of the 211 phase, therefore the continuous growth of the 123 phase, resulting in high critical current density, 2) it is easy to form the samples in various shapes and sizes, and 3) it is possible to control the volume fraction of 211 inclusions by simply changing the starting compositions.
EdgeWrite (2003)

EdgeWrite is a new unistroke text entry method for handheld devices designed to provide high accuracy and stability of motion for people with motor impairments. It is also effective for able-bodied people. An EdgeWrite user enters text by traversing the edges and diagonals of a square hole imposed over the usual text input area. Gesture recognition is accomplished not through pattern recognition but through the sequence of corners that are hit. This means that the full stroke path is unimportant and recognition is highly deterministic, enabling better accuracy than other gestural alphabets such as Graffiti. A study of able-bodied users showed subjects with no prior experience were 18% more accurate during text entry with Edge Write than with Graffiti (p>.05), with no significant difference in speed. A study of 4 subjects with motor impairments revealed that some of them were unable to do Graffiti, but all of them could do Edge Write. Those who could do both methods had dramatically better accuracy with Edge Write.
Automatic detection of pelvic lymph nodes using multiple MR sequences (2007)

A system for automatic detection of pelvic lymph nodes is developed by incorporating complementary information extracted from multiple MR sequences. A single MR sequence lacks sufficient diagnostic information for lymph node localization and staging. Correct diagnosis often requires input from multiple complementary sequences which makes manual detection of lymph nodes very labor intensive. Small lymph nodes are often missed even by highly-trained radiologists. The proposed system is aimed at assisting radiologists in finding lymph nodes faster and more accurately. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such system reported in the literature. A 3-dimensional (3D) MR angiography (MRA) image is employed for extracting blood vessels that serve as a guide in searching for pelvic lymph nodes. Segmentation, shape and location analysis of potential lymph nodes are then performed using a high resolution 3D T1-weighted VIBE (T1-vibe) MR sequence acquired by Siemens 3T scanner. An optional contrast-agent enhanced MR image, such as post ferumoxtran-10 T2*-weighted MEDIC sequence, can also be incorporated to further improve detection accuracy of malignant nodes. The system outputs a list of potential lymph node locations that are overlaid onto the corresponding MR sequences and presents them to users with associated confidence levels as well as their sizes and lengths in each axis. Preliminary studies demonstrates the feasibility of automatic lymph node detection and scenarios in which this system may be used to assist radiologists in diagnosis and reporting.
Path dependent receding horizon control policies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (2009)

Future hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) may use path-dependent operating policies to improve fuel economy. In our previous work, we developed a dynamic programming (DP) algorithm for prescribing the battery state of charge (SoC) set-point, which in combination with a novel approach of route decomposition, has been shown to reduce fuel consumption over selected routes. In this paper, we propose and illustrate a receding horizon control (RHC) strategy for the on-board optimization of the fuel consumption. As compared to the DP approach, the computational requirements of the RHC strategy are lower. In addition, the RHC strategy is capable of correcting for differences between characteristics of a predicted route and a route actually traveled. Our numerical results indicate that the fuel economy potential of the RHC solution can approach that of the DP solution.
Synthesis of <i>Z</i>-5-Carboxymethylene-1,3-dioxolan-4-ones:  A Better Way (2007)

The title compounds were prepared by a straightforward two-step procedure. Tartaric acid was first protected as either a bis(ketal) or a bis(acetal). This intermediate was then treated with potassium tert-butoxide at reduced temperature to effect a stereoselective elimination leading to the Z diastereomer of the alpha,beta-unsaturated acid. This protocol is useful for the laboratory-scale synthesis of these compounds but can also be scaled up to produce kilogram quantities of the material.
Ionic Binding of C3 to the Human Pathogen <i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i> Is a Unique Mechanism for Combating Innate Immunity (2005)

Moraxella catarrhalis ubiquitous surface proteins A1 and A2 (UspA1/A2) interfere with the classical pathway of the complement system by binding C4b-binding protein. In this study we demonstrate that M. catarrhalis UspA1 and A2 noncovalently and in a dose-dependent manner bind both the third component of complement (C3) from EDTA-treated serum and methylamine-treated C3. In contrast, related Moraxella subspecies (n = 13) or other human pathogenic bacteria (n = 13) do not bind C3 or methylamine-treated C3. Experiments with recombinant proteins and M. catarrhalis mutants devoid of UspA1/A2 revealed that UspA1/A2 exert their actions by absorbing and neutralizing C3 from serum and restrain complement activation. UspA2 was responsible for most of the effect, and the Moraxella mutant lacking UspA2 was more sensitive to the lytic effect of human serum compared with the wild type. Interestingly, among the large number of bacteria analyzed, only M. catarrhalis has this unique ability to interfere with the innate immune system of complement by binding C3.
Miniature acoustic fountain mechanism for tissue emulsification during millisecond boiling in high intensity focused ultrasound fields. (2011)

Feasibility of soft tissue emulsification using shock wave heating and millisecond boiling induced by high intensity focused ultrasound was demonstrated recently. However, the mechanism by which the bubbles emulsify tissue is not well understood. High-speed photography of such exposures in transparent gel phantoms shows a milimeter-sized boiling bubble, and histological analysis in tissue samples reveals sub-micron-sized fragments. Here, a novel mechanism of tissue emulsification by the formation of a miniature acoustic fountain within the boiling bubble is tested experimentally using a 2 MHz transducer generating up to 70 MPa positive and 15 MPa negative peak pressures at the focus. The focus was positioned at or 1–2 mm off the plane interface between air and various materials including degassed water, transparent gel, thin sliced muscle tissue phantom, and ex-vivo tissue. Pulsing schemes with duty factors 0.001–0.1, and pulse durations 0.05–500 ms were used. Violent removal of micron-sized fragments and substantial displacement of the phantom surface were observed through high-speed filming. At the end of each exposure, the resulting erosion of the phantom surface and subsurface area was photographed and related to the exposure parameters. Work supported by NIH (DK43881, DK070618, EB007643, and DK007742) and NSBRI through NASA NCC 9-58.
Ultra-high-Q (>100-million) micro-cavities on silicon for stimulated and parametric lasers sources (2005)

Summary form only given. A new chip-based micro-cavity capable of Q factors as high as 500 million is reviewed. Fiber-coupled Raman and parametric oscillators having microwatt level threshold powers are demonstrated as well as narrow-linewidth erbium lasers.