gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New scaling technique for direct mode coding in B pictures (2005)

To leave the maximum flexibility in encoder to optimize the trade-off between coding performance and complexity, in video coding standards such as H.264 AVC, H.263 and MPEG-4 etc, any number of B pictures and any arrangement of P pictures within a group of pictures (GOP) of arbitrary length are permitted. In addition, multiple reference picture prediction is also permitted in some video coding systems such as H.264/AVC to achieve efficient coding by allowing the encoder to select reference pictures among a large number of coded pictures. Both of the above cases without fixing the temporal distance between forward and backward reference pictures require the division operation for deriving the motion vectors of direct mode, which can efficiently exploit the temporal correlation among pictures and does not require any bits for coding the motion vectors. However, the division is an expensive and undesired operation in video decoder hardware design. Although the H.264/AVC video standard has provided a scaling technique to tackle this problem, unfortunately, its performance is also deteriorated. This paper presents a new scaling technique to both remove the division operation for deriving direct mode motion vectors and efficiently improve the accuracy of derived direct mode motion vectors compared with the scaling technique in H.264/AVC.
Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Recombinant Subunit West Nile Virus Vaccine in Rhesus Monkeys (2009)

ABSTRACT The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant subunit West Nile virus (WNV) vaccine was evaluated in rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ). The vaccine consisted of a recombinant envelope (E) protein truncated at the C-terminal end, resulting in a polypeptide containing 80% of the N-terminal amino acids of the native WNV protein (WN-80E), mixed with an adjuvant (GPI-0100). WN-80E was produced in a Drosophila melanogaster expression system with high yield and purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using a monoclonal antibody specific for flavivirus E proteins. Groups of monkeys were vaccinated with formulations containing 1 or 25 μg of WN-80E antigen, and both humoral and cellular immunity were assessed after vaccination. The results demonstrated potent antibody responses to vaccination, as determined by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virus-neutralizing antibody assays. All vaccinated animals responded favorably, and there was little difference in response between animals immunized with 1 or 25 μg of WN-80E. Cellular immunity was determined by lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from vaccinated animals stimulated in vitro with WN-80E. Cell-mediated immune responses varied from animal to animal within each group. About half of the animals responded with lymphoproliferation, cytokine production, or both. Again, there was little difference in response between animals immunized with a 1- or 25-μg dose of WN-80E in the vaccine formulations. In a separate experiment, groups of monkeys were immunized with the WN-80E/GPI-0100 vaccine or an adjuvant-only control formulation. Animals were then challenged by inoculation of wild-type WNV, and the level of viremia in each animal was monitored daily for 10 days. The results showed that whereas all animals in the control group had detectable viremia for at least 3 days after challenge, all of the vaccinated animals were negative on all days after challenge. Thus, the WN-80E vaccine was 100% efficacious in protecting monkeys against infection with WNV.
Li-Substituted Layered Spinel Cathode Material for Sodium Ion Batteries (2018)

The O3-type layered Na(NixFeyMnz)O2 (0 < x, y, z < 1) cathode materials have attracted great interest in sodium ion batteries due to the abundance and cost of raw materials and their high specific capacities. However, the cycling stability and rate capability at high voltages (> 4.0 V) of these materials remain an issue. In this work, we successfully synthesized a Li-substituted layered-tunneled (O3-spinel) intergrowth cathode (LS-NFM) to address these issues. The remarkable structural compatibility and connectivity of the two phases were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The LS-NFM electrode reached a discharge capacity of 96 mAh g–1 with a capacity retention of 86% after 100 cycles at a current rate of 100 mA g–1 in a voltage window of 2.0–4.2 V. Moreover, the LS-NFM cathode exhibited an enhanced rate capability in comparison to the undoped single-phased layered cathode (NFM). The enhanced rate capability of LS-NFM can be explained by the significantly increased effective Na+ diffusivity measured by the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) compared to the undoped control NFM cathode, which can be ascribed to the improved charge transport kinetics through shortened diffusion path by direct connection between the 3D channels in the spinel phase and 2D channels in the layered phase. The results from ex situ hard/soft X-ray adsorption spectroscopy (XAS) suggest that the capacity of the LS-NFM cathode is mainly associated with the Ni2+/Ni4+ redox couple and slightly from the Fe3+/Fe4+ redox couple. The voltage profile of the LS-NFM cathode exhibits a reversible plateau above 4.0 V, indicating great stability at high voltages and structural stabilization by the spinel phase. In addition to the substitution of various transition metals, or the modification of the stoichiometry of each transition metal, this study provides a new strategy to improve electrochemical performance of layered cathode materials for sodium ion batteries.
Infrared neural stimulation: a new stimulation tool for central nervous system applications (2014)

The traditional approach to modulating brain function (in both clinical and basic science applications) is to tap into the neural circuitry using electrical currents applied via implanted electrodes. However, it suffers from a number of problems, including the risk of tissue trauma, poor spatial specificity, and the inability to selectively stimulate neuronal subtypes. About a decade ago, optical alternatives to electrical stimulation started to emerge in order to address the shortcomings of electrical stimulation. We describe the use of one optical stimulation technique, infrared neural stimulation (INS), during which short (of the order of a millisecond) pulses of infrared light are delivered to the neural tissue. Very focal stimulation is achieved via a thermal mechanism and stimulation location can be quickly adjusted by redirecting the light. After describing some of the work done in the peripheral nervous system, we focus on the use of INS in the central nervous system to investigate functional connectivity in the visual and somatosensory areas, target specific functional domains, and influence behavior of an awake nonhuman primate. We conclude with a positive outlook for INS as a tool for safe and precise targeted brain stimulation.
A Decision Theoretic Approach to Data Leakage Prevention (2010)

In both the commercial and defense sectors a compelling need is emerging for rapid, yet secure, dissemination of information. In this paper we address the threat of information leakage that often accompanies such information flows. We focus on domains with one information source (sender) and many information sinks (recipients) where: (i) sharing is mutually beneficial for the sender and the recipients, (ii) leaking a shared information is beneficial to the recipients but undesirable to the sender, and (iii) information sharing decisions of the sender are determined using imperfect monitoring of the (un)intended information leakage by the recipients. We make two key contributions in this context: First, we formulate data leakage prevention problems as Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes; we show how to encode one sample monitoring mechanism - digital watermarking - into our model. Second, we derive optimal information sharing strategies for the sender and optimal information leakage strategies for a rational-malicious recipient as a function of the efficacy of the monitoring mechanism. We believe that our approach offers a first of a kind solution for addressing complex information sharing problems under uncertainty.
SOLVING INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION RELATED ISSUES (1997)

The National Aviation and Transportation Center (NAT Center) has established the first Intermodal Transportation Simulation System (ITSS) in the United States. This system identifies and contributes to the solution of intermodal transportation problems using computer-based simulation that includes all three spatial dimensions: arterial, surface and subsurface. The system utilizes the five human senses and all modes of transportation related to air, land, and sea. The paper discusses the activites and technology planned for the first phase of the program, the establishment of an advanced technology simulation laboratory. This simulation laboratory is used for strategic planning and problem solving, environmental issues, route and system planning, public participation and conflict resolution, emergency preparedness and risk assessment, human factor issues, logistics and scheduling, economic development as well as financial and business planning.
Preparation of atomically clean silicon surfaces by pulsed laser irradiation (1980)

Irradiation of single-crystal silicon with pulsed ruby laser radiation is shown to reduce the levels of C and O surface contaminants to within the detection limits of Auger electron spectroscopy. Similar results were observed following irradiation of Ar sputtered surfaces and surfaces with chemisorbed oxygen. These results show that pulsed laser irradiation can be used to prepare atomically clean Si surfaces in remarkably short processing times.
Development and Experimental Verification of an Error Compensation Model for a Five-axis Machine Tool using an Error Matrix (2013)

This paper proposes a new model to compensate for errors of a five-axis machine tool. A matrix with error components, that is, an error matrix, is separated from the error synthesis model of a five-axis machine tool. Based on the kinematics and inversion of the error matrix which can be obtained not by using a numerical method, an error compensation model is established and used to calculate compensation values of joint variables. The proposed compensation model does not need numerical methods to find the compensation values from the error compensation model, which includes nonlinear equations. An experiment using a double ball-bar is implemented to verify the proposed model.
The stability of Poled Nonlinear Optical Polymers (1992)

The long‐term thermal stability of poled polymers is of cruciial importance because the poled structure is inherently in a non‐equiilibrium state and relaxation in the poled polymers results from thermal reorientation effects. A quantitative understanding of the relaxation behavior is therefore of great use in optimizing the design of new polymer systems. The major factors involved are explained, and various theoretical models are applied to some nonlinear optical polymers developed at Hoechst.
HyperSTAR: Task-Aware Hyperparameters for Deep Networks (2020)

While deep neural networks excel in solving visual recognition tasks, they require significant effort to find hyperparameters that make them work optimally. Hyperparameter Optimization (HPO) approaches have automated the process of finding good hyperparameters but they do not adapt to a given task (task-agnostic), making them computationally inefficient. To reduce HPO time, we present HyperSTAR (System for Task Aware Hyperparameter Recommendation), a task-aware method to warm-start HPO for deep neural networks. HyperSTAR ranks and recommends hyperparameters by predicting their performance conditioned on a joint dataset-hyperparameter space. It learns a dataset (task) representation along with the performance predictor directly from raw images in an end-to-end fashion. The recommendations, when integrated with an existing HPO method, make it task-aware and significantly reduce the time to achieve optimal performance. We conduct extensive experiments on 10 publicly available large-scale image classification datasets over two different network architectures, validating that HyperSTAR evaluates 50% less configurations to achieve the best performance compared to existing methods. We further demonstrate that HyperSTAR makes Hyperband (HB) task-aware, achieving the optimal accuracy in just 25% of the budget required by both vanilla HB and Bayesian Optimized HB~(BOHB).
Logical Effort for CMOS-Based Dual Mode Logic Gates (2014)

Recently, a novel dual mode logic (DML) family was proposed. This logic allows operation in two modes: 1) static and 2) dynamic modes. DML gates, which can be switched between these modes on-the-fly, feature very low power dissipation in the static mode and high performance in the dynamic mode. A basic DML gate is very simple and is composed of any static logic family gate and an additional clocked transistor. In this paper, we introduce the logical effort (LE) methodology for the CMOS-based DML family. The proposed methodology allows path length minimization, delay optimization, and delay estimation of DML logic. This is done by development of complete and approximated LE models, which allows easy extraction of design optimization parameters, such as optimum number of stages, gates sizing factors, and delay estimations. The proposed optimization is shown for the dynamic mode of operation. Theoretical mathematical analysis is presented, and efficiency of the proposed methodology is shown in a standard 40-nm CMOS process.
Titanium-induced structure modification for thermal stability enhancement of a GeTeTi phase change material (2015)

For GTT, just with a small Ti fraction, the amorphous stability is greatly enhanced, and the grain size decreases one order of magnitude. This can be attributed to the structure modification induced by the Ti-center units.
Strategies for dynamic soft-landing in capacitive microelectromechanical switches (2011)

Electromechanical dielectric degradation associated with the hard landing of movable electrode is a technology-inhibiting reliability concern for capacitive RF-MEMS switches. In this letter, we propose two schemes for dynamic soft-landing that obviate the need for external feedback circuitry. Instead, the proposed resistive and capacitive braking schemes can reduce impact velocity significantly without compromising other performance characteristics like pull-in voltage and pull-in time. Resistive braking is achieved by inserting a resistance in series with the voltage source whereas capacitive braking requires patterning of the electrode or the dielectric. Our results have important implications to the design and optimization of reliability aware electrostatically actuated MEMS switches.
New materials for memristive switching (2014)

Materials play a critical role in memristive devices and the research community is aggressively searching for the most applicable material systems for memristive switching. Two representative examples of newly developed switching materials are presented in this paper, including nitride memristors and Pt doped SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> nanometallic memristors. The former represents nonoxide systems that might be more compatible with nitride electrodes preferred in a fab and the latter represents engineered materials that exhibit a better controllability over the formation of switching channel(s).
Data and image storage on synthetic DNA: existing solutions and challenges (2022)

Abstract Storage of digital data is becoming challenging for humanity due to the relatively short life-span of storage devices. Furthermore, the exponential increase in the generation of digital data is creating the need for constantly constructing new resources to handle the storage of this data volume. Recent studies suggest the use of the DNA molecule as a promising novel candidate which can hold 500 Gbyte/mm $$^3$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> (1000 times more than HDD drives). Any digital information can be synthesized into DNA in vitro and stored in special tiny storage capsules that can promise reliability for hundreds of years. The stored DNA sequence can be retrieved whenever needed using special machines that are called sequencers. This whole process is very challenging, as the process of DNA synthesis is expensive in terms of money and sequencing is prone to errors. However, studies have shown that when respecting several rules in the encoding, the probability of sequencing error is reduced. Consequently, the encoding of digital information is not trivial, and the input data need to be efficiently compressed before encoding so that the high synthesis cost is reduced. In this paper, we present a survey on the storage of digital data in synthetic DNA, explaining the problem which is tackled by this novel field of study, present the main processes included in the storage workflow as well as the history of different studies and the most well-known algorithms that have been proposed in the bibliography on DNA data storage.
Synchronized chaotic signals and systems (1992)

Recent work using chaotic signals to drive nonlinear systems shows that chaotic dynamics is rich in new application possibilities. Among these are stable system design and synchronization. The topics discussed are new driving signals, the stability of chaotically driven systems, synchronization of chaotically driven systems, and applications to signal processing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A comparison of generative and discriminative approaches in automated neonatal seizure detection (2009)

Two systems based on different classifiers are compared for the task of neonatal seizure detection. Support vector machines and Gaussian mixture models are presented as examples of discriminative and generative approaches to classification. The performance of both systems is assessed using a number of metrics, the results of which indicate that both systems are competitive with other detectors in the literature. Finally, misclassified events are analysed, from which specific patterns affecting the performance of the detector are identified.
Independent Validation of EarlyR Gene Signature in BIG 1-98: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase III Trial Comparing Letrozole and Tamoxifen as Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy for Postmenopausal Women with Hormone Receptor-Positive, Early Breast Cancer (2019)

Background EarlyR gene signature in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer is computed from the expression values of ESPL1, SPAG5, MKI67, PLK1, and PGR. EarlyR has been validated in multiple cohorts profiled using microarrays. This study sought to verify the prognostic features of EarlyR in a case-cohort sample from BIG 1-98, a randomized clinical trial of ER+ postmenopausal breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy (letrozole or tamoxifen). Methods Expression of EarlyR gene signature was estimated by Illumina cDNA-mediated Annealing, Selection, and Ligation assay of RNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary breast cancer tissues in a case-cohort subset of ER+ women (N = 1174; 216 cases of recurrence within 8 years) from BIG 1-98. EarlyR score and prespecified risk strata (≤25 = low, 26-75 = intermediate, >75 = high) were blindly computed. Analysis endpoints included distant recurrence-free interval and breast cancer-free interval at 8 years after randomization. Hazard ratios (HRs) and test statistics were estimated with weighted analysis methods. Results The distribution of the EarlyR risk groups was 67% low, 19% intermediate, and 14% high risk in this ER+ cohort. EarlyR was prognostic for distant recurrence-free interval; EarlyR high-risk patients had statistically increased risk of distant recurrence within 8 years (HR = 1.73, 95% confidence interval = 1.14 to 2.64) compared with EarlyR low-risk patients. EarlyR was also prognostic of breast cancer-free interval (HR = 1.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.21 to 2.62). Conclusions This study confirmed the prognostic significance of EarlyR using RNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from a case-cohort sample of BIG 1-98. EarlyR identifies a set of high-risk patients with relatively poor prognosis who may be considered for additional treatment. Further studies will focus on analyzing the predictive value of EarlyR signature.
Clustering novel intents in a conversational interaction system with semantic parsing (2015)

Spoken language understanding (SLU) in today’s conversational systems focuses on recognizing a set of domains, intents, and associated arguments, that are determined by application developers. User requests that are not covered by these are usually directed to search engines, and may remain unhandled. We propose a method that aims to find common user intents amongst these uncovered, out-of-domain utterances, with the goal of supporting future phases of dialog system design. Our approach relies on finding common semantic patterns in uncovered user utterances using an Abstract Meaning Representation based semantic parser. We represent the corpus as a graph and find subgraphs that represent clusters, by pruning the corpus graph according to frequency and entropy. We employ crowd-workers to select and label the resulting clusters and compare resulting clusters with two baselines. Experimental analyses show that we obtain higher coverage and accuracy with the semantic parsing based clustering method. Furthermore, since the intents and candidate slots are already induced, these utterances can also be used in unsupervised SLU modeling. In intent classification experiments, we show that the statistical model trained using the clusters formed by this approach results in higher classification F-measure (showing about 25% relative improvement) in comparison to the alternatives.
Measurement of Total Acid Number (TAN) and TAN Boiling Point Distribution in Petroleum Products by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (2008)

We report a new method for rapid measurement of total acid number (TAN) and TAN boiling point (BP) distribution for petroleum crude and products. The technology is based on negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for selective ionization of petroleum acid and quantification of acid structures and molecular weight distributions. A chip-based nanoelectrospray system enables microscale (<200 mg) and higher throughput (20 samples/h) measurement. Naphthenic acid structures were assigned based on nominal masses of a set of predefined acid structures. Stearic acid is used as an internal standard to calibrate ESI-MS response factors for quantification purposes. With the use of structure-property correlations, boiling point distributions of TAN values can be calculated from the composition. The rapid measurement of TAN BP distributions by ESI is demonstrated for a series of high-TAN crudes and distillation cuts. TAN values determined by the technique agree well with those by the titration method. The distributed properties compare favorably with those measured by distillation and measurement of TAN of corresponding cuts.