gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Information distance-based selective feature clarity measure for iris recognition (2007)

Iris recognition systems have been tested to be the most accurate biometrics systems. However, poor quality images greatly affect accuracy of iris recognition systems. Many factors can affect the quality of an iris image, such as blurriness, resolution, image contrast, iris occlusion, and iris deformation, but blurriness is one of the most significant problems for iris image acquisition. In this paper, we propose a new method to measure the blurriness of an iris image called <i>information distance based selective feature clarity measure</i>. Different from any other approach, the proposed method automatically selects portions of the iris with most changing patterns to measure the level of blurriness based on their frequency characteristics. Log-Gabor wavelet is used to capture the features of the selected portions. By comparing the information loss from the original features to blurred versions of the same features, the algorithm decides the clarity of the original iris image. The preliminary experiment results show that this method is effective.
A Geocast Based File Transfer Protocol (2013)

Teams of operators need to send and receive large data files while in the field, such as imagery, maps, and audio messages. However, traditional data networking techniques do not perform well under the challenges of realistic field conditions: the size of data to be transferred strains precious resources, sporadic connectivity causes excessive and fruitless retry transmissions, and one-to-one messaging needlessly wastes resources when geographic density of recipients is high. This paper describes the Geocast File Transfer (GFT) Protocol, which is based upon a scalable geocast protocol. It exploits the efficiency of geocast, one-to-many messages, and request pooling in retry phases to significantly reduce costs and improve file transfer success over traditional unicast based file transfer methods in field conditions. GFT is evaluated and compared analytically, in simulation, and through field tests of an implemented smartphone-based system.
Smoldering Multiple Myeloma (2007)

To the Editor: Kyle et al. (June 21 issue)1 propose a clinically useful risk-stratification model of progression from smoldering multiple myeloma to overt multiple myeloma. Gene-expression–signature data might enhance their model. Recent studies have shown that a 50-gene panel can distinguish monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)–like multiple myeloma (better prognosis) from non–MGUSlike multiple myeloma.2 Studies have also shown that multiple myeloma can be divided into eight distinct molecular subtypes with different prognoses.3 Smoldering multiple myeloma with gains of chromosome 1q21 is associated with an increased risk of conversion to multiple myeloma,4 and a gene-expression signature of high-risk disease, reflecting altered expression of genes mapping to chromosomes 1q and 1p, could distinguish new and acquired high-risk disease independently of other prognostic factors.5 We look forward to the day when molecular tests become a component of the clinical workup in patients with plasma-cell dyscrasias. H. Keshava Prasad, M.D.
Renin inhibitors containing esters at the P2-position. Oral activity in a derivative of methyl aminomalonate (1991)

A series of renin inhibitors containing ester side chains at the P2 subsite are potent inhibitors of primate renin. Derivatives containing the diol isostere (ACDMH) at P1-P1' were the most potent inhibitors. Moderate selectivity for renin was observed relative to the closely related aspartic proteinase cathepsin D. The prototype compound, 4 (PD 132002), inhibited pepsin only weakly. In both high-renin normotensive and high-renin renal hypertensive monkeys, 4 produced substantial reductions in blood pressure after oral administration of 30 mg/kg. The maximum drop in blood pressure observed (24 +/- 4 mmHg) in the renal hypertensive monkey model was comparable to the drop produced by an intravenous infusion of saralasin at a maximally effective dose. Both the magnitude and duration of the oral antihypertensive effect of 4 is greater than that produced by enalkiren, CGP-38560, or CP-80794 by direct comparison in the same hypertensive monkey model. The malonate ester derivatives were prepared as ca. 65:35 mixtures of epimers. The kinetics of epimerization of 4 were investigated in detail, and it was shown to equilibrate rapidly at physiological pH (t1/2 less than 2 min). Fractional crystallization was employed to obtain the individual diastereomers in greater than 98% purity, which were indistinguishable in terms of their activity in vitro or in vivo, presumably due to rapid epimerization under the testing conditions.
T lymphocyte development in p<sup>56</sup><sup>lck</sup> deficient mice: allelic exclusion of the TcR β locus is incomplete but thymocyte development is not restored by TcR β or TcR αβ transgenes (1995)

The protein tyrosine kinase, p56lck, is involved in signal transduction in mature T cells and in the molecular events controlling early thymocyte differentiation. Thymuses of mice deficient for p56lck expression (p56lck-/-) consist of immature CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) and CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) thymocytes and are severely reduced in total cell number. In this report we have studied DN thymocytes from p56lck-/- mice and found an increase in the proportion of the CD44-CD25+ subset, suggesting that transit through this stage, which is known to require T cell receptor (TcR) beta expression, may be delayed in the absence of p56lck expression. In addition, the expression of a transgenic TcR beta chain or TcR alpha beta pair did not restore thymic development in p56lck-/- mice. However, in contrast to mice expressing a dominant negative isoform of p56lck in which DP thymocytes do not develop, DP thymocytes still develop in nontransgenic and TcR transgenic p56lck-/- mice. These results demonstrate that expansion of the DP subset is impaired in p56lck-/- mice. In contrast, allelic exclusion is not severely compromised. Although there was an increase in the number of peripheral T cells expressing more than one V beta chain in TcR transgenic p56lck-/- mice, we found that inhibition of endogenous TcR beta gene rearrangement was almost complete in thymocytes of V beta transgenic p56lck-/- mice and we could not detect any peripheral T cells that expressed more than one V beta chain in non-transgenic p56lck-/- mice.
Calibrating EEG-based motor imagery brain-computer interface from passive movement (2011)

EEG data from performing motor imagery are usually collected to calibrate a subject-specific model for classifying the EEG data during the evaluation phase of motor imagery Brain-Computer Interface (BCI). However, there is no direct objective measure to determine if a subject is performing motor imagery correctly for proper calibration. Studies have shown that passive movement, which is directly observable, induces Event-Related Synchronization patterns that are similar to those induced from motor imagery. Hence, this paper investigates the feasibility of calibrating EEG-based motor imagery BCI from passive movement. EEG data of 12 healthy subjects were collected during motor imagery and passive movement of the hand by a haptic knob robot. The calibration models using the Filter Bank Common Spatial Pattern algorithm on the EEG data from motor imagery were compared against using the EEG data from passive movement. The performances were compared based on the 10×10-fold cross-validation accuracies of the calibration data, and off-line session-to-session transfer kappa values to other sessions of motor imagery performed on another day. The results showed that the calibration performed using passive movement yielded higher model accuracy and off-line session-to-session transfer (73.6% and 0.354) than the calibration performed using motor imagery (71.3% and 0.311), and no significant differences were observed between the two groups (p=0.20, 0.23). Hence, this study shows that it is feasible to calibrate EEG-based motor imagery BCI from passive movement.
Model-Free Deep Inverse Reinforcement Learning by Logistic Regression (2017)

This paper proposes model-free deep inverse reinforcement learning to find nonlinear reward function structures. We formulate inverse reinforcement learning as a problem of density ratio estimation, and show that the log of the ratio between an optimal state transition and a baseline one is given by a part of reward and the difference of the value functions under the framework of linearly solvable Markov decision processes. The logarithm of density ratio is efficiently calculated by binomial logistic regression, of which the classifier is constructed by the reward and state value function. The classifier tries to discriminate between samples drawn from the optimal state transition probability and those from the baseline one. Then, the estimated state value function is used to initialize the part of the deep neural networks for forward reinforcement learning. The proposed deep forward and inverse reinforcement learning is applied into two benchmark games: Atari 2600 and Reversi. Simulation results show that our method reaches the best performance substantially faster than the standard combination of forward and inverse reinforcement learning as well as behavior cloning.
Data from CD16A Activation of NK Cells Promotes NK Cell Proliferation and Memory-Like Cytotoxicity against Cancer Cells (2023)

<div>Abstract<p>CD16A is a potent cytotoxicity receptor on human natural killer (NK) cells, which can be exploited by therapeutic bispecific antibodies. So far, the effects of CD16A-mediated activation on NK cell effector functions beyond classical antibody-dependent cytotoxicity have remained poorly elucidated. Here, we investigated NK cell responses after exposure to therapeutic antibodies such as the tetravalent bispecific antibody AFM13 (CD30/CD16A), designed for the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma and other CD30<sup>+</sup> lymphomas. Our results reveal that CD16A engagement enhanced subsequent IL2- and IL15-driven NK cell proliferation and expansion. This effect involved the upregulation of CD25 (IL2Rα) and CD132 (γ<sub>c</sub>) on NK cells, resulting in increased sensitivity to low-dose IL2 or to IL15. CD16A engagement initially induced NK cell cytotoxicity. The lower NK cell reactivity observed 1 day after CD16A engagement could be recovered by reculture in IL2 or IL15. After reculture in IL2 or IL15, these CD16A-experienced NK cells exerted more vigorous IFNγ production upon restimulation with tumor cells or cytokines. Importantly, after reculture, CD16A-experienced NK cells also exerted increased cytotoxicity toward different tumor targets, mainly through the activating NK cell receptor NKG2D. Our findings uncover a role for CD16A engagement in priming NK cell responses to restimulation by cytokines and tumor cells, indicative of a memory-like functionality. Our study suggests that combination of AFM13 with IL2 or IL15 may boost NK cell antitumor activity in patients by expanding tumor-reactive NK cells and enhancing NK cell reactivity, even upon repeated tumor encounters. <i>Cancer Immunol Res; 6(5); 517–27. ©2018 AACR</i>.</p></div>
Building Blocks for the Solution Phase Synthesis of Oligonucleotides:  Regioselective Hydrolysis of 3‘,5‘-Di-<i>O</i>-levulinylnucleosides Using an Enzymatic Approach (2002)

A short and convenient synthesis of 3'- and 5'-O-levulinyl-2'-deoxynucleosides has been developed from the corresponding 3',5'-di-O-levulinyl derivatives by regioselective enzymatic hydrolysis, avoiding several tedious chemical protection/deprotection steps. Thus, Candida antartica lipase B (CAL-B) was found to selectively hydrolyze the 5'-levulinate esters, furnishing 3'-O-levulinyl-2'-deoxynucleosides 3 in >80% isolated yields. On the other hand, immobilized Pseudomonas cepacia lipase (PSL-C) and Candida antarctica lipase A (CAL-A) exhibit the opposite selectivity toward the hydrolysis at the 3'-position, affording 5'-O-levulinyl derivatives 4 in >70% yields. A similar hydrolysis procedure was successfully extended to the synthesis of 3'- and 5'-O-levulinyl-protected 2'-O-alkylribonucleosides 7 and 8. This work demonstrates for the first time application of commercial CAL-B and PSL-C toward regioselective hydrolysis of levulinyl esters with excellent selectivity and yields. It is noteworthy that protected cytidine and adenosine base derivatives were not adequate substrates for the enzymatic hydrolysis with CAL-B, whereas PSL-C was able to accommodate protected bases during selective hydrolysis. In addition, we report an improved synthesis of dilevulinyl esters using a polymer-bound carbodiimide as a replacement for dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), thus considerably simplifying the workup for esterification reactions.
A sex‐linked <i>Ace</i> gene, not linked to insensitive acetylcholinesterase‐mediated insecticide resistance in  <i>Culex pipiens</i> (1998)

An acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene, Ace.x, showing 93% identity of deduced amino acid sequence to Anopheles stephensi Ace has been cloned from a Culex pipiens strain homozygous for insensitive AChE (iAChE) mediated insecticide resistance. DNA sequence of genomic DNA clones identified exons 2-5. RFLP of six clones indicated four possible alleles. Linkage analysis located Ace.x to chromosome I, less than 0.8 centimorgans from the sex locus, whereas the locus conferring resistance was 2.0 centimorgans from plum-eye on chromosome II. Ace.1 coding for AChE1, which is associated with resistance, is therefore autosomal. We propose that Ace.x is the recently postulated Ace.2 coding for the biochemically distinct AChE2, which is not associated with resistance.
Measurement of a fiber’s nonlinear refractive index by using a differential Sagnac interferometric method (1993)

The optical Kerr effect in optical fibers has attracted considerable interest recently for high speed optical time division demultiplexing, sampling, and pulse shaping. 1 We have developed a new method to measure a small phase change induced by a low power pump light, by combining the differential interferometric technique 2 with a Sagnac interferometer. A rotational acceleration is applied on the fiber spool of the Sagnac interferometer to perform differential Sagnac interferometric measurements. This method was employed in the measurements of the nonlinear refractive indices of a polarization maintaining fiber for both polarization states of a 1.053-μm mode-locked Nd:YLF laser pump beam with respect to that of a 1.53-μm-DFB laser diode signal. We were able to measure the light induced phase modulation as low as 10 -2 radians. The cross-phase modulated nonlinear refractive indices measured with the pump beam’s polarization parallel and perpendicular to the signal beam’s polarization were 4.4 x 10 -16 and 1.5 x 10 -16 cm 2 /W, respectively. The ratio of the former value to the latter one is about 3, which is in a good agreement with theoretical calculation. 3 Hence, the self-phase modulated nonlinear refractive index, n 2 , of our polarization maintaining fiber turns out to be 2.2 x 10 -16 cm 2 /W.
Fully Alloyed Ag/Au Nanospheres: Combining the Plasmonic Property of Ag with the Stability of Au (2014)

We report that fully alloyed Ag/Au nanospheres with high compositional homogeneity ensured by annealing at elevated temperatures show large extinction cross sections, extremely narrow bandwidths, and remarkable stability in harsh chemical environments. Nanostructures of Ag are known to have much stronger surface plasmon resonance than Au, but their applications in many areas have been very limited by their poor chemical stability against nonideal chemical environments. Here we address this issue by producing fully alloyed Ag/Au nanospheres through a surface-protected annealing process. A critical temperature has been found to be around 930 °C, below which the resulting alloy nanospheres, although significantly more stable than pure silver nanoparticles, can still gradually decay upon extended exposure to a harsh etchant. Nanospheres annealed above the critical temperature show a homogeneous distribution of Ag and Au, minimal crystallographic defects, and the absence of structural and compositional interfaces, which account for the extremely narrow bandwidths of the surface plasmon resonance and may enable many plasmonic applications with high performance and long lifetime, especially for those involving corrosive species.
A Direct-Connected Hybrid Cascaded Multilevel Inverter Topology (2020)

Cascaded multilevel inverter topologies have received great attention specially in the PV-grid connection. This paper proposed a cascaded multilevel inverter topology to be used for numerous applications such as renewable energy grid connection, static VAR compensation, active power filters, etc. it is based on combination two conventional cascaded multilevel inverter topologies. Higher number of voltage levels can be generated from the proposed topology with reducing the components count. In addition, the voltage stress on switches are reduced and the total harmonic distortion of the generated voltages and currents are reduced compared to the conventional multilevel inverter topologies. The verification of the proposed topology is demonstrated using SIMULINK environment. In order to validate the good performance of the extension configuration as well as the accurately control, it is practically built in the lab. Data acquisition and control is achieved by using MicroLabBox real time controller. The proposed configuration and its related proposed control scheme are experimentally tested under resistive load. Simulation and experimental results prove the good functionality of the proposed topology and its advantages over the conventional topologies.
Femtosecond laser processing of fuel injectors - a materials processing evaluation (2000)

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has developed a new laser-based machining technology that utilizes ultrashort-pulse (0.1-1.0 picosecond) lasers to cut materials with negligible generation of heat or shock. The ultrashort pulse laser, developed for the Department of Energy (Defense Programs) has numerous applications in operations requiring high precision machining. Due to the extremely short duration of the laser pulse, material removal occurs by a different physical mechanism than in conventional machining. As a result, any material (e.g., hardened steel, ceramics, diamond, silicon, etc.) can be machined with minimal heat-affected zone or damage to the remaining material. As a result of the threshold nature of the process, shaped holes, cuts, and textures can be achieved with simple beam shaping. Conventional laser tools used for cutting or high-precision machining (e.g., sculpting, drilling) use long laser pulses (10{sup -8} to over 1 sec) to remove material by heating it to the melting or boiling point (Figure 1.1a). This often results in significant damage to the remaining material and produces considerable slag (Figure 1.2a). With ultrashort laser pulses, material is removed by ionizing the material (Figure 1.1b). The ionized plasma expands away from the surface too quickly for significant energy transfer to the remaining material. This distinct mechanism produces extremely precise and clean-edged holes without melting or degrading the remaining material (Figures 1.2 and 1.3). Since only a very small amount of material ({approx} <0.5 microns) is removed per laser pulse, extremely precise machining can be achieved. High machining speed is achieved by operating the lasers at repetition rates up to 10,000 pulses per second. As a diagnostic, the character of the short-pulse laser produced plasma enables determination of the material being machined between pulses. This feature allows the machining of multilayer materials, metal on metal or metal on ceramic where one material can be machined without damaging the next. Developed originally for the Stockpile Stewardship program of the Department of Energy, numerous industrial, medical and national security applications of the technology have emerged. The difference in machining ability of the ultrashort-pulse laser is dramatically illustrated in Figures 1.2 and 1.3. The clear presence of slag (resolidified molten material) is observable in Figure 1.2a where 1 mm thick stainless steel was cut with a 1 {micro}m solid-state laser. By changing the pulse duration of the laser to the ultrashort regime ({approx} 10{sup -13} to 10{sup -12} sec), material is removed without melting and the formation of slag. A cross section of holes drilled in 304 stainless steel (Figure 1.3) illustrates the lack of any heat affected zone or collateral damage in the remaining material. Note that the individual grain boundaries are intact up to the edge of the laser-machined surface.
Evidence for an Arginine Exporter Encoded by <i>yggA</i> ( <i>argO</i> ) That Is Regulated by the LysR-Type Transcriptional Regulator ArgP in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2004)

The anonymous open reading frame yggA of Escherichia coli was identified in this study as a gene that is under the transcriptional control of argP (previously called iciA), which encodes a LysR-type transcriptional regulator protein. Strains with null mutations in either yggA or argP were supersensitive to the arginine analog canavanine, and yggA-lac expression in vivo exhibited argP(+)-dependent induction by arginine. Lysine supplementation phenocopied the argP null mutation in that it virtually abolished yggA expression, even in the argP+ strain. The dipeptides arginylalanine and lysylalanine behaved much like arginine and lysine, respectively, to induce and to turn off yggA transcription. Dominant missense mutations in argP (argPd) that conferred canavanine resistance and rendered yggA-lac expression constitutive were obtained. The protein deduced to be encoded by yggA shares similarity with a basic amino acid exporter (LysE) of Corynebacterium glutamicum, and we obtained evidence for increased arginine efflux from E. coli strains with either the argPd mutation or multicopy yggA+. The null yggA mutation abolished the increased arginine efflux from the argPd strain. Our results suggest that yggA encodes an ArgP-regulated arginine exporter, and we have accordingly renamed it argO (for "arginine outward transport"). We propose that the physiological function of argO may be either to prevent the accumulation to toxic levels of canavanine (which is a plant-derived antimetabolite) or arginine or to maintain an appropriate balance between the intracellular lysine and arginine concentrations.
Coregulation of Two Embedded Gene Products, Choline Acetyltransferase and the Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter (1995)

The gene encoding the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) has recently been localized within the first intron of the gene encoding choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and is in the same transcriptional orientation. These two genes, whose products are required for the expression of the cholinergic phenotype, could therefore be coregulated. We thus tested the effects on VAChT gene expression of the cholinergic differentiation factor/leukemia inhibitory factor and retinoic acid, both of which induce ChAT activity and increase ChAT mRNA levels in cultured sympathetic neurons. These factors increased both the number of binding sites for vesamicol, a specific ligand of VAChT, and VAChT immunoreactivity. This increase in the number of VAChT molecules resulted from an increase in the amount of VAChT mRNA, as assessed by reverse transcription-PCR and which paralleled that of ChAT mRNAs. These data suggest a functional role for ChAT and VAChT gene organization and are consistent with the existence of a coregulatory mechanism for the embedded ChAT and VAChT genes.