gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A uniform approach to analogies, synonyms, antonyms, and associations (2008)

Recognizing analogies, synonyms, antonyms, and associations appear to be four distinct tasks, requiring distinct NLP algorithms. In the past, the four tasks have been treated independently, using a wide variety of algorithms. These four semantic classes, however, are a tiny sample of the full range of semantic phenomena, and we cannot afford to create ad hoc algorithms for each semantic phenomenon; we need to seek a unified approach. We propose to subsume a broad range of phenomena under analogies. To limit the scope of this paper, we restrict our attention to the subsumption of synonyms, antonyms, and associations. We introduce a supervised corpus-based machine learning algorithm for classifying analogous word pairs, and we show that it can solve multiple-choice SAT analogy questions, TOEFL synonym questions, ESL synonym-antonym questions, and similar-associated-both questions from cognitive psychology.
Micromachined thin solar cells with a novel light trapping scheme (1998)

Micromachined thin crystalline silicon solar cells have been fabricated with beam steering optical components on the surface. Microlens arrays focus light onto beam steering mirrors in V-grooves on the cell surface. One face of a V-groove is coated with aluminium to form the mirror so that the reflected light is coupled into the cell through the opposite face. The use of micromachining has allowed most of the cell surface to be covered by aluminium making it more effective in trapping light and giving good electrical contact.
p53 Mutations, Methylation and Genomic Instability in the Progression of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (1997)

In chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), as with other tumour types, mutations of the p53 gene are associated with disease progression. Changes in regional methylation of DNA with CML tumour development have also been demonstrated. Methylation is one mechanism by which gene expression is controlled and the CpG sites, which are the targets of DNA methylation, are also the sites of a number of the mutations found in the p53 gene. Cells harbouring mutant p53 have been shown to accumulate further genomic and genetic aberrations and methylation which alters the conformation of DNA is also believed to play a role in genomic stability. There appears to be an interplay between p53 deregulation and changing methylation patterns with the progression of CML. The cause and effect of changes in both of these critical gene regulating, DNA repair and genomic stability factors and their deviation during the progression of CML will be discussed.
Improving accuracy of power and power quality measurements. (2003)

Abstract- To calibrate power and power quality measurement instruments such as flicker meters or harmonic measurement devices, several alternative techniques are generally used or proposed: • Using a reference device to make measurements which can be compared against those made by the UUT. • Applying variable loads to a static, impedance loaded power line to induce required conditions. • Generating the required signals with a precision signal source. This paper discusses the third option. There are a number of benefits to this approach, as well as a number of difficulties to overcome and decisions to be made to implement it effectively.
Advanced Quenching Techniques for Super-Regenerative Radio Receivers (2012)

This paper proposes an optimal super-regenerative-receiver quench signal that achieves 48% narrower 3 dB bandwidth than state of the art and in addition allows independent selection of receiver gain, 3 dB bandwidth, and maximum quench frequency, facilitating design. While many previous works have focused on building block-level optimization, we present a circuit-independent, system-level optimization of the quench signal and demonstrate that key receiver performance is intricately tied to this wave shape. This work both theoretically derives how to optimize the quench signal and experimentally verifies the predicted performance improvement with a discrete-element prototype. Measured results show over 42% reduction in 3 dB bandwidth by optimally changing the quench-signal shape for a given gain and quench frequency.
Scalable Image Retrieval by Sparse Product Quantization (2016)

Fast Approximate Nearest Neighbor (ANN) search technique for high-dimensional feature indexing and retrieval is the crux of large-scale image retrieval. A recent promising technique is Product Quantization, which attempts to index high-dimensional image features by decomposing the feature space into a Cartesian product of low dimensional subspaces and quantizing each of them separately. Despite the promising results reported, their quantization approach follows the typical hard assignment of traditional quantization methods, which may result in large quantization errors and thus inferior search performance. Unlike the existing approaches, in this paper, we propose a novel approach called Sparse Product Quantization (SPQ) to encoding the high-dimensional feature vectors into sparse representation. We optimize the sparse representations of the feature vectors by minimizing their quantization errors, making the resulting representation is essentially close to the original data in practice. Experiments show that the proposed SPQ technique is not only able to compress data, but also an effective encoding technique. We obtain state-of-the-art results for ANN search on four public image datasets and the promising results of content-based image retrieval further validate the efficacy of our proposed method.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Viral Load Kinetics in Symptomatic Children, Adolescents, and Adults (2021)

SARS-CoV-2 viral load (VL) can serve as a correlate for infectious virus presence and transmission. Viral shedding kinetics over the first week of illness for symptomatic children (n = 279), adolescents (n = 639), and adults (n = 7109) show VLs compatible with infectious virus presence, with slightly lower VL in children than adults.
A biomechanical study of suture pullout in linea alba. (1989)

The relationship of suture bite size, suture diameter, and fascial thickness to strength of wound closure was studied in cadaveric linea alba. All soft tissue was removed from the fascia of 12 abdominal walls that were cut into 346 test sections. A single suture loop was placed in each section, simulating laparotomy closure with interrupted technique. Suture bite size (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, and 1.8 cm) and gauge (00, 0, 1, and 2) were randomly assigned. The force and energy required to pull out suture loops were measured. Mean linea alba thickness was greater above the linea semicircularis than below (1.19 vs 0.77 mm; p less than 0.001). Similarly, mean pullout force was greater above the linea semicircularis (58.2 vs 31.6 N; p less than 0.001). Regression analysis found that fascial thickness and bite size accounted for 68% of observed variability in pullout force. Suture diameter was unrelated to pullout force. Optimum security was obtained with bites of at least 1.2 to 1.5 cm.
A comparison of commercial software packages for microstrip antenna analysis (2002)

Both computer power and software capabilities have increased substantially, and there are now a variety of general purpose software packages commercially available for the analysis and design of antennas and microwave components. Before the advent of such software, a common practice in industry and universities was to write custom computer codes for the solution of a specific antenna geometry. Although this situation led to steady progress in the development of improved numerical electromagnetics methods, as well as the nurturing of a generation of electromagnetics practitioners, it was a costly, slow, and inflexible approach. Today it is usually much more cost effective to acquire and use general purpose CAD packages capable of modeling a wide range of antenna geometries that may be of interest. Nevertheless, not all antenna CAD packages have the same capabilities or performance, and each may be best suited for a particular type of problem. We compare five commercial software packages for the analysis of several types of commonly used microstrip antennas. Factors including accuracy, speed of execution, setup time, and cost are presented. Measured impedance data is used as a standard for comparison, and results are also compared with custom full-wave moment method codes.
A Simple Algorithm to Discriminate between Meteorological and Nonmeteorological Radar Echoes (2016)

Abstract Discriminating between meteorological and nonmeteorological radar returns is necessary for a number of radar applications, including hydrometeor classification, quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE), and the computation of specific differential phase K DP . The algorithm proposed, MetSignal, uses polarimetric radar data and is simple by design, allowing users to adjust its performance based on the location’s specific needs. The MetSignal algorithm is a fuzzy logic technique with a few postprocessing rules and has been selected for implementation on the WSR-88D network in the United States.
Two Pairs of Conserved Cysteines Are Required for the Oxidative Activity of Ero1p in Protein Disulfide Bond Formation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (2000)

In the major pathway for protein disulfide-bond formation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), oxidizing equivalents flow from the conserved ER-membrane protein Ero1p to secretory proteins via protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). Herein, a mutational analysis of the yeast ERO1 gene identifies two pairs of conserved cysteines likely to form redox-active disulfide bonds in Ero1p. Cys100, Cys105, Cys352, and Cys355 of Ero1p are important for oxidative protein folding and for cell viability, whereas Cys90, Cys208, and Cys349 are dispensable for these functions. Substitution of Cys100 with alanine impedes the capture of Ero1p-Pdi1p mixed-disulfide complexes from yeast, and also blocks oxidation of Pdi1p in vivo. Cys352 and Cys355 are required to maintain the fully oxidized redox state of Ero1p, and also play an auxiliary role in thiol-disulfide exchange with Pdi1p. These results suggest a model for the function of Ero1p wherein Cys100 and Cys105 form a redox-active disulfide bond that engages directly in thiol-disulfide exchange with ER oxidoreductases. The Cys352-Cys355 disulfide could then serve to reoxidize the Cys100-Cys105 cysteine pair, possibly through an intramolecular thiol-disulfide exchange reaction.
Modeling of Variation in Submicrometer CMOS ULSI Technologies (2006)

The scaling of semiconductor technologies from 90- to 45-nm nodes highlights the need for accurate and predictive compact models that address the regime where small-scale physical effects become dominant. These demanding requirements on compact models extend beyond the core model to a suite of design tools that include extraction tools and statistical methods to account for unpredictable variation (e.g., random dopant fluctuations and polysilicon linewidth variation) and predictable variation (e.g., transistor response differences that are layout dependent). Layout-dependent or local environment differences are driven by factors such as lithography and novel performance-enhancing process techniques such as dual-stress nitride liner films. Sources of variation such as rapid thermal annealing temperature, low-frequency noise, and modeling of back-end-of-line elements need to be considered. The modeling of intradie and interdie variations, updated for small geometries, should be properly positioned in the design flow. This paper presents the challenges and results of compact modeling at the 65-nm node and beyond.
Catheter-Related Complications in Long-Term Home Parenteral Nutrition Patients with Chronic Intestinal Failure (2012)

Background Home Parenteral Nutrition is a therapeutic option to improve quality of life in chronic intestinal failure. Aims To describe frequency of complications both in cancer and non-cancer patients. Methods This study was performed on 270 adult patients (52% with cancer, 48% without cancer) followed for a total of 371 years of treatment. Mean duration of therapy was 191±181 for cancer and 830±1168 days/patient for non-cancer. The treatment was administered by a competent, dedicated provider. Patients received our prescribed “all-in-one admixtures” at their homes. Results Catheter-related complications/1000-days-catheter was 1.40; mechanical complications were comparable in cancer (0.82) and non-cancer (0.91) patients while a statistically significant difference was observed between cancer (0.71) and non-cancer (0.46) patients for sepsis. Bacterial infections were more frequent in non-cancer, mycotic infections primarily affected cancer patients. In our experience 49% of the patients were readmitted, with a low incidence rate of 0.89/1000 days-catheter. The incidence of hepatobiliary complications in our population was 65%. The degree of liver damage was related to short bowel syndrome and to length of treatment. Conclusions This study indicated that cancer patients are more vulnerable to CVC-related infections during Home Parenteral Nutrition and that a safer Home Parenteral Nutrition protocol should be adopted in order to contain CVC-related complications.
Characterization of two biotypes of imidazolinone-resistant eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) (2003)

Biotypes of eastern black nightshade were found in Illinois and Indiana that were not controlled by postemergence applications of imazethapyr. Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine whole-plant responses to the imidazolinone herbicides imazethapyr and imazamox and to the sulfonylurea herbicide primisulfuron-methyl. The Illinois and Indiana resistant biotypes were highly resistant to imazamox and imazethapyr but were not cross-resistant to primisulfuron-methyl. DNA sequencing of acetolactate synthase (ALS) genes showed that the molecular basis for resistance in both resistant biotypes was a single base-pair mutation within Domain C that changed an alanine to a threonine in their encoded enzymes. In vitro enzyme assays showed that the Illinois resistant biotype's ALS enzyme was 789- and 881-fold less sensitive than that of the susceptible biotype to imazamox and imazethapyr, respectively. The Indiana resistant biotype's ALS enzyme was 110- and 158-fold less sensitive than that of the susceptible biotype to imazamox and imazethapyr, respectively. These results are consistent with the amino acid substitution found in the ALS enzyme of both resistant biotypes of eastern black nightshade.
Complexity Classifications of Boolean Constraint Satisfaction Problems (2001)

Preface 1. Introduction 2. Complexity Classes 3. Boolean Constraint Satisfaction Problems 4. Characterizations of Constraint Functions 5. Implementation of Functions and Reductions 6. Classification Theorems for Decision, Counting and Quantified Problems 7. Classification Theorems for Optimization Problems 8. Input-Restricted Constrained Satisfaction Problems 9. The Complexity of the Meta-Problems 10. Concluding Remarks Bibliography Index.
Experimental Techniques in Nuclear and Particle Physics (2009)

I have been teaching courses on experimental techniques in nuclear and particle physics to master students in physics and in engineering for many years. This book grew out of the lecture notes I made for these students. The physics and engineering students have rather different expectations of what such a course should be like. I hope that I have nevertheless managed to write a book that can satisfy the needs of these different target audiences. The lectures themselves, of course, need to be adapted to the needs of each group of students. An engineering student will not question a statement like "the velocity of the electrons in atoms is 1% of the velocity of light", a physics student will. Regarding units, I have written factors h and c explicitly in all equations throughout the book. For physics students it would be preferable to use the convention that is common in physics and omit these constants in the equations, but that would probably be confusing for the engineering students.
Treatment Strategies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma—A Multidisciplinary Approach (2019)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary tumor of the liver and its mortality is third among all solid tumors, behind carcinomas of the lung and the colon. Despite continuous advancements in the management of this disease, the prognosis for HCC remains inferior compared to other tumor entities. While orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and surgical resection are the only two curative treatment options, OLT remains the best treatment strategy as it not only removes the tumor but cures the underlying liver disease. As the applicability of OLT is nowadays limited by organ shortage, major liver resections ⁻ even in patients with underlying chronic liver disease ⁻ are adopted increasingly into clinical practice. Against the background of the oftentimes present chronical liver disease, locoregional therapies have also gained increasing significance. These strategies range from radiofrequency ablation and trans-arterial chemoembolization to selective internal radiation therapy and are employed in both curative and palliative intent, individually, as a bridging to transplant or in combination with liver resection. The choice of the appropriate treatment, or combination of treatments, should consider the tumor stage, the function of the remaining liver parenchyma, the future liver remnant volume and the patient's general condition. This review aims to address the topic of multimodal treatment strategies in HCC, highlighting a multidisciplinary treatment approach to further improve outcome in these patients.
Automated Counting of Cancer Cells by Ensembling Deep Features (2019)

High-content and high-throughput digital microscopes have generated large image sets in biological experiments and clinical practice. Automatic image analysis techniques, such as cell counting, are in high demand. Here, cell counting was treated as a regression problem using image features (phenotypes) extracted by deep learning models. Three deep convolutional neural network models were developed to regress image features to their cell counts in an end-to-end way. Theoretically, ensembling imaging phenotypes should have better representative ability than a single type of imaging phenotype. We implemented this idea by integrating two types of imaging phenotypes (dot density map and foreground mask) extracted by two autoencoders and regressing the ensembled imaging phenotypes to cell counts afterwards. Two publicly available datasets with synthetic microscopic images were used to train and test the proposed models. Root mean square error, mean absolute error, mean absolute percent error, and Pearson correlation were applied to evaluate the models' performance. The well-trained models were also applied to predict the cancer cell counts of real microscopic images acquired in a biological experiment to evaluate the roles of two colorectal-cancer-related genes. The proposed model by ensembling deep imaging features showed better performance in terms of smaller errors and larger correlations than those based on a single type of imaging feature. Overall, all models' predictions showed a high correlation with the true cell counts. The ensembling-based model integrated high-level imaging phenotypes to improve the estimation of cell counts from high-content and high-throughput microscopic images.
Diseases of Cereals and Pulses (1992)

Volume one of a series on plant diseases of international economic importance, this volume deals with diseases of 80 cereals and pulses. It details distribution, symptoms, pathogens, pathogenesis, epidemiology, management, gaps in current knowledge and future strategy.
Sample complexity bounds for dictionary learning of tensor data (2017)

This paper provides bounds on the sample complexity of estimating Kronecker-structured dictionaries for Kth-order tensor data. The training samples are generated by linear combinations of these structured dictionary atoms and observed through white Gaussian noise. The lower bound follows from a lower bound on the minimax risk for general coefficient distributions and can be further specialized to sparse-Gaussian coefficients. This bound scales linearly with the sum of the product of the dimensions of the (smaller) coordinate dictionaries for tensor data. An explicit dictionary estimation algorithm for 2nd-order tensor data is also provided whose sample complexity matches the lower bound in the scaling sense. Numerical experiments highlight the advantages associated with explicitly accounting for tensor structure of data during dictionary learning.
Laplace-Transform Finite-Difference and Quasistationary Solution Method for Water-Injection/Falloff Tests (2013)

Summary In this work, we present a method for efficiently and accurately simulating the pressure-transient behavior of oil/water flow associated with water-injection/falloff tests. The method uses the Laplace-transform finite-difference (LTFD) method coupled with the well-known Buckley-Leverett frontal-advance formula to solve the radial diffusivity equation describing slightly compressible oil/water two-phase flow. The method is semianalytical in time, and as a result, the issue of time discretization in the finite-difference approximation method is eliminated. Thus, stability and convergence problems caused by time discretization are avoided. Two approaches are presented and compared in terms of accuracy for simulating the tests with multiple-rate injection and falloff periods: One is based on solving the initial-boundary-value (IVB) problem with the initial condition attained from the end of the previous flow period, and the other is based on the conventional superposition on the basis of the single-phase flow of a slightly compressible fluid. The former is shown to always provide a more accurate and efficient solution. The method is quite general in that it allows one to incorporate the effect of wellbore storage and thick-skin and finite outer-boundary conditions. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by considering various synthetic test cases with favorable and unfavorable mobility ratios and by comparing the pressure and pressure-derivative signatures with a commercial black-oil simulator, and an excellent agreement was seen.
Noise Due to Photon Counting Statistics in Computed X-Ray Tomography (1977)

A general expression is derived for the noise due to photon counting statistics in computed X-ray tomography. The variance is inversely proportional to the cube of the resolution distance. For scanners using a water box, the noise in the reconstructed image depends inversely on the number of detected primary photons, summed over all angles, that have passed through a resolution element. Predictions of this formula agree well with the results of computer simulations. It is shown how this formula can be used to determine such parameters as required X-ray flux, detector counting rate, and dose, with special emphasis on tradeoffs between these parameters and resolution. It is also shown that to determine the X-ray attenuation coefficient of a resolution element to a given precision, the number of photons required by computed X-ray tomography is close to a theoretical limit.