gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a quality assurance program for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma by the AIDS Clinical Trials Group virology laboratories (1996)

A number of quantitative assays have been developed by using amplification techniques to measure human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in the plasma of infected individuals. The Virology Committee of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group in the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, has established a quality assurance program (QAP) for quantitative assays of HIV-1 RNA levels in plasma. The primary objective of the QAP was to ascertain that a laboratory could maintain the precision required to have a 90% power to detect a fivefold difference in RNA copy number between two samples in the same batch. To achieve this goal, the QAP required an intra-assay standard deviation of no greater than 0.15 log10 RNA copies per ml. Panels for proficiency testing consisted of coded replicate samples and a common set of standards. To date, 41 laboratories have participated in the program and have used both commercial and in-house assays. We demonstrated that 65% of the laboratories were capable of attaining the necessary level of intra-assay precision. The fitted regressions indicated that the differences among laboratories that used the same kit were generally greater than the differences among population-average regressions for the kits themselves. The use of an external QAP and a common set of standards reduced differences both among laboratories that used the same kit and among laboratories that used different kits. Thus, use of a common set of standards across clinical trial protocols would allow for cross-protocol comparisons.
Curcumin potentiates the antitumor effects of 5-FU in treatment of esophageal squamous carcinoma cells through downregulating the activation of NF-&kappa;B signaling pathway &lt;italic&gt;in vitro&lt;/italic&gt; and &lt;italic&gt;in vivo&lt;/italic&gt; (2012)

Although constitutive activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway has been reported in multiple different human tumors, the role of NF-κB pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains ill-defined. Abundant sources have provided interesting insights into the multiple mechanisms by which curcumin may mediate chemotherapy and chemopreventive effects on cancer. In this study, we first analyzed the status of NF-κB pathway in the two ESCC cell lines Eca109 and EC9706, and then further investigated whether curcumin alone or in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) could modulate NF-κB pathway in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that NF-κB signaling pathway was constitutively activated in the ESCC cell lines. Curcumin suppressed the activation of NF-κB via the inhibition of IκBα phosphorylation, and downregulated the expressions of Bcl-2 and CyclinD1 in ESCC cell lines. Curcumin combined with 5-FU led to the lower cell viability and higher apoptosis than 5-FU treated alone. In a human ESCC xenograft model, curcumin or 5-FU alone reduced the tumor volume, but their combination had the strongest anticancer effects. Besides, curcumin could also inhibit NF-κB signaling pathway through downregulation of the IκBα phosphorylation and induction of cell apoptosis in vivo. Overall, our results indicated that constitutively activated NF-κB signaling pathway exists in the two ESCC cells and the chemopreventive effects of curcumin were associated with downregulation of NF-κB signaling pathway and its downstream genes.
Calibration and Evaluation of an Electronic Sensor for Rainfall Kinetic Energy (1998)

ABSTRACT A novel sensor for measuring the kinetic energy of impacting raindrops, developed based on a soil-mass erosion sensor, was tested in the laboratory, with a rain simulator, and in the field. Drop impactions on the sensor-consisting of a piezoelectric crystal and associated electronics-produce an electrical charge that equals a fixed amount of energy. Calibration of the sensor was done in the laboratory using water drops of known diameter impacting with known velocity, and thus, with known kinetic energy. The relationship between pulse-count output of the sensor minus the background pulse counts when no drops were impacting (O; per min) and kinetic energy flux density (i.e., power [P; mJ cm(-2) min(-1)]) was found to be described by the formula P; = (0.204 + 0.065 . O)(0.67). The measurement threshold was 0.34 mJ cm(-2) min(-1). Using the sensor, generated rains with intensities of 23 to 48 mm/h were found to have powers of 0.4 to 2.2 mJ cm(-2) min(-1). In 2 years of field testing, 85 individual rain episodes were monitored, with mean intensities ranging from 0.1 to 42 mm/h. These rains had mean powers ranging from 0 to 5 mJ cm(-2) min(-1), and the highest power for a 5-min sampling period was 10 mJ cm(-2) min(-1). Both power and intensity varied greatly over time within rain episodes, and there was considerable variation in power at any given rain intensity, emphasizing the importance of measuring rather than simply predicting power. Although there was no known true power measurements for the generated or natural rains, estimates were realistic based on theoretical calculations, assuming that the gamma distribution represents raindrop sizes. The sensor is important in assessing the risk of rain splash dispersal of plant pathogens.
Television wave‐receiving system using optical modulator (1996)

Abstract A signal transmission system for a television (TV) relay station was developed and tested by using an optical intensity modulator (without a power supply), in which the intensity of the transmitted optical wave varies in response to a weak RF signal. If this system is used, an optical fiber can be used as a transmission line; the receiving station does not require a power supply. Because the transmitting and receiving stations can be fully isolated electrically, significant benefit is gained by protecting the system from lightning. As the receiving station can be constructed with solely passive components, reliability, and maintainability can be improved and cost can be lowered. In the present system, the sensitivity of the optical modulator was unproved by the use of a reflection‐type design/Voltage amplification by resonance was realized. Even at a low electric field of 60 dBμV/m, a C/N of more than 50 dB was obtained. The differential gain (DG) was 1.8 percent and differential phase (DP) was 1.2°.
Assessment of the Effects of Tribulus Terrestris on Sexual Function of Menopausal Women (2016)

After 90 days of treatment, at the doses used, we found Tribulus terrestris to be effective in treating sexual problems among menopausal women.
Life-Cycle Safety and Costing for Maintenance of Aging Bridges (2001)

This study is focused on the development of a reliability-based methodology for management of aging bridges. The proposed methodology addresses the problems encountered in planning optimal cost-based strategies for bridge maintenance under uncertainties.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens supplementation alleviates immunological stress in lipopolysaccharide-challenged broilers at early age (2015)

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ( BA: ) on the immune function of broilers challenged with lipopolysaccharide ( LPS: ). 192 one-day-old male Arbor Acre broiler chickens were randomly distributed into four treatments: 1) broilers fed a basal diet; 2) broilers fed a basal diet supplemented with BA; 3) LPS-challenged broilers fed a basal diet; and 4) LPS-challenged broilers fed a basal diet supplemented with BA. Each treatment consisted of six replicates with eight broilers per replicate. Broilers were intraperitoneally injected with either 500 μg LPS per kg body weight or sterile saline at 16, 18 and 20 d of age. LPS decreased the average daily gain ( ADG: , P = 0.001) and average daily feed intake (P = 0.001). The decreased ADG (P = 0.009) and increased feed conversion ratio (P = 0.047) in LPS-challenged broilers were alleviated by BA. LPS increased the relative spleen weight (P = 0.001). Relative spleen (P = 0.014) and bursa (P = 0.024) weights in the LPS-challenged broilers were reduced by BA. LPS increased white blood cell ( WBC: ) numbers (P = 0.001). However, the WBC numbers (P = 0.042) and the ratio of lymphocytes to WBC (P = 0.020) in LPS-challenged broilers were decreased with BA treatment. LPS decreased plasma lysozyme activity (P = 0.001), but increased concentrations of plasma corticosterone (P = 0.012) and IL-2 (P = 0.020). In contrast, BA increased lysozyme activity in plasma (P = 0.040). LPS increased mRNA abundances of splenic toll-like receptor 4 (P = 0.046), interferon γ (P = 0.008), IL-1β (P = 0.045) and IL-6, (P = 0.006). IL-2 (P = 0.014) and IL-6 (P = 0.074) mRNA abundances in LPS-challenged broilers were reduced by BA, although BA had an opposite effect for IL-10 mRNA expression in those broilers (P = 0.004). In conclusion, BA supplementation could partially alleviate the compromised growth performance and immune status of broilers under immune stress induced by LPS challenge at early age.
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Is Required for Efficient<i>Dictyostelium</i>Chemotaxis (2010)

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is a highly conserved protein kinase that is involved in several important cell signaling pathways and is associated with a range of medical conditions. Previous studies indicated a major role of the Dictyostelium homologue of GSK3 (gskA) in cell fate determination during morphogenesis of the fruiting body; however, transcriptomic and proteomic studies have suggested that GSK3 regulates gene expression much earlier during Dictyostelium development. To investigate a potential earlier role of GskA, we examined the effects of loss of gskA on cell aggregation. We find that cells lacking gskA exhibit poor chemotaxis toward cAMP and folate. Mutants fail to activate two important regulatory signaling pathways, mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP(3)) and target of rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2), which in combination are required for chemotaxis and cAMP signaling. These results indicate that GskA is required during early stages of Dictyostelium development, in which it is necessary for both chemotaxis and cell signaling.
Flexible call admission control schemes for DS-CDMA systems with non-uniform traffics (2003)

In a DS-CDMA system, due to the inter-cell interference, the resources of a cell are occupied not only by the users in the home cell but also by the users in neighboring cells. When the traffic load is high in a DS-CDMA system, allowing a local user to occupy resources sometimes blocks several call requests in the neighboring cells. In this paper, flexible CAC schemes are proposed as a solution to the above problem and compared with conventional CAC scheme under uniform and non-uniform traffic distributions. Flexible CAC schemes reserve small part of resources for call requests in other cells instead of accepting a call request in its own cell. Reserving small part reduces the overall average blocking rate when the traffic load is high. Especially when the traffics are non-uniform. A flexible CAC scheme outperforms a conventional CAC scheme.
Side‐Chain Impact on Molecular Orientation of Organic Semiconductor Acceptors: High Performance Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cells with Thick Active Layer over 400 nm (2018)

Abstract A new n‐type organic semiconductor (n‐OS) acceptor IDTPC with n ‐hexyl side chains is developed. Compared to side chains with 4‐hexylphenyl counterparts (IDTCN), such a design endows the acceptor of IDTPC with higher electron mobility, more ordered face‐on molecular packing, and lower band gap. Therefore, the IDTPC‐based polymer solar cells (PSCs) with a newly developed wide bandgap polymer PTQ10 as donor exhibit the maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.2%, a near 65% improvement in PCE relative to the IDTCN‐based control device. Most importantly, the IDTPC‐based device is insensitive to the thickness of the active layer from 70 to 505 nm, which still gives a PCE of 10.0% with the active‐layer thickness of 400 nm. To the best of the authors' knowledge, a PCE of 10.0% is the highest value for the nonfullerene PSCs with an active layer thicker than 400 nm. These results reveal that the blend of PTQ10 and IDTPC exhibits great potential for highly efficient nonfullerene PSCs and large‐area device fabrication.
Sorption-desorption of aromas on multi-use PET bottles. A test procedure (1999)

A test procedure has been developed to test the efficiency of the washing of PET bottles intended for the reuse with sodium hydroxide solutions in order to ­remove products which were sorbed during the first use. The pollutants of the packaging were aqueous solutions of three aromas: limonene, linalool and linalyl acetate. Plastic materials were analysed after the first storage (T 1), after processing (T 2), and after a second filling and a further storage (T 3). Limonene ­was the only pollutant sorbed in a significant manner into the walls of the bottles, ­and was always found after washing. Migration of this aroma from the processed bottles into water was also examined, and the distribution coefficients ­compared at times T 1, and T 3. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Operators Optimize High-Pressure/High-Temperature and Ultrahigh-Pressure Perforation Strategies Using Laboratory Testing (2019)

Abstract Multiple perforation laboratory programs have been conducted during recent years to support high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) and ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) oil and gas field developments at various offshore locations globally. This paper highlights six such projects that supported activities within the Asia-Pacific, North Sea, and US Gulf of Mexico (GOM) (both Miocene and Lower Tertiary) regions. Each program was designed and conducted in collaboration with an operator and field operations personnel to help reduce potential risks, improve operational efficiency, and optimize well performance across a variety of challenging environments. Laboratory experiments were based on API RP 19B Sections 2 and 4, with test conditions customized to match specific downhole environments of interest (rock and fluid properties, stress, pressure, temperature, and flow scenarios). Matching downhole conditions at the laboratory proved important because this yields results that can be quite different from those obtained at surface (or scaled) test conditions. Reliable estimations of field perforation skin, sanding propensity, and the effectiveness of subsequent stimulation operations depend on realistic perforation and flow data obtained at relevant downhole conditions. The overriding goal for test design is to create and expose the laboratory perforation in an environment that matches its field counterpart as closely as possible. Beyond obtaining accurate flow data for skin and/or sanding propensity determination, post-test diagnostics, such as computed tomography (CT) and optical techniques, provide additional essential insight into the characteristics of the perforation tunnel, core interior, and the hole through the casing and cement. Results from these various programs were used to confirm or, in some cases, guide the field perforating strategy.
Observation of Quantum Jumps in a Single Atom (1986)

We detect the radiatively driven electric quadrupole transition to the metastable $^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}}$ state in a single, laser-cooled Hg II ion by monitoring the abrupt cessation of the fluorescence signal from the laser-excited $^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ first resonance line. When the ion "jumps" back from the metastable $D$ state to the ground $S$ state, the $S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}P$ resonance fluorescence signal immediately returns. The statistical properties of the quantum jumps are investigated; for example, photon antibunching in the emission from the $D$ state is observed with 100% efficiency.
The importance of morphology on the activity of lead cathodes for the reduction of carbon dioxide to formate (2019)

We provide compelling evidence showing that the morphology of a lead cathode is very important in determining its selectivity and activity towards CO<sub>2</sub> reduction to formate.
Quantitative Study of Tissue-Engineered Cartilage With Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2005)

Quantitative standards of hMSCs as seed cells for cartilage tissue engineering were established and may have value for later clinical work.
<title>Influence of keratin on native cellular fluorescence of human skin</title> (1996)

Cellular differentiation is a characteristic that defines normal and neoplastic tissue. Epithelial tumors express keratins that are quantitatively and qualitatively different from normal tissue. Therefore, a study was designed to test the hypothesis that native cellular fluorescence (NCF) can be used to detect in vivo differentiation changes associated with higher keratin content in epidermal thick skin and callus when compared with non-keratinized forearm skin. Nineteen control subjects (males, N equals 12; females, N equals 7) were tested using a xenon based fluorescence spectrophotometer (Mediscience Corp.). Seven emission and five excitation spectra were recorded from two sites on each subject: the ventral forearm and palmar hand at the metacarpal-phalangeal joint. Wavelength ratios were used to quantitate three emission and three excitation scans. Two sample t-test analysis was performed for forearm (FA) vs. hand thick skin (HTS) and callus (CAL). The emission scans ((lambda) Ex 300 nm, (lambda) Em 320 - 580 nm; (lambda) Ex 340 nm, (lambda) Em 360 - 660 nm; (lambda) Ex 365 nm, (lambda) Em 400 - 700 nm) are statistically significant (P less than 0.0001) at the wavelength ratios 340 nm/440 nm, 420 nm/540 nm, and 440 nm/540 nm, respectively. The excitation scans ((lambda) Ex 200 - 320 nm, (lambda) Em 340 nm; (lambda) Ex 200 - 360 nm, (lambda) Em 380 nm; (lambda) Ex 270 - 500 nm, (lambda) Em 520 nm) are statistically significant (P less than 0.0001) at the wavelength ratios 260 nm/290 nm, 290 nm/340 nm, and 320 nm/345 nm, respectively. In vivo tissue fluorescence can be used to detect the influence of keratin on the spectral profiles of the epidermis.
False Path Elimination in Quasi-Static Scheduling (2002)

We have developed a technique to compute a Quasi StaticSchedule of a concurrent specification for the software partitionof an embedded system. Previous work did not takeinto account correlations among run-time values of variables,and therefore tried to find a schedule for all possibleoutcomes of conditional expressions. This is advantageouson one hand, because by abstracting data values one canfind schedules in many cases for an originally undecidableproblem. On the other hand it may lead to exploring falsepaths, i.e., paths that can never happen at run-time due toconstraints on how the variables are updated. This affectsthe applicability of the approach, because it leads to an explosion in the running time and the memory requirements ofthe compile-time scheduler itself. Even worse, it also leadsto an increase in the final code size of the generated software.In this paper, we propose a semi-automatic algorithm tosolve the problem of false paths: the designer identifies andtags critical expressions, and synchronization channels areautomatically added to the specification to drive the searchof a schedule. As a proof of concept, the proposed techniquehas been applied to a subsystem of an MPEG-2 decoder, andallowed us to find a schedule that previous techniques couldnot identify.
80-GHz Bandwidth and 1.5-V V<sub>π</sub> InP-Based IQ Modulator (2019)

We report a promising IQ optical modulator for beyond 100-GBd transmitter. By introducing both a new n-i-p-n heterostructure and an optimized capacitance-loaded traveling-wave electrode (CL-TWE), high-frequency electrical losses of the modulator can be drastically reduced. As a result, we extended an electro-optic (EO) bandwidth without degrading other properties, such as half-wave voltage (Vπ) and optical losses. The 3-dB EO bandwidth of the 1.5-V Vπ modulator reaches 80 GHz. Furthermore, we demonstrated up to 128-GBd IQ modulations by co-assembling with an ultra-broadband InP-based driver IC.
Generation of Flash Containers in PDX Format for Automotive Secure Gateway (2021)

Over time, cars have progressed from having only an engine, body, wheels, and chassis to including various mechanical and electrical components. As consumers become more demanding of vehicle capabilities, car manufacturers are building increasingly sophisticated electronics with increasingly many and distinct matrix interfaces, referred to as Electronic Control Units (ECUs). Vehicles that are linked to the Internet and therefore exposed to assault from afar have the potential to lose control, be injured, and subject to costly lawsuits. Fortunately, gateways are an effective means of reducing the threat of cyber-attacks, which results in less vehicle theft and loss of intellectual property. To provide a secure connection, it is critical that ECU diagnostic data be produced quickly and easily, and that various OEM diagnostic materials are extracted efficiently. Data in the ODX format is often collected to assist with diagnostics, while flash containers are collected for eventual recovery in the PDX format, which is an index file format. This paper aims to study the different technologies and components involved in creating a secure automotive gateway. It also focuses on putting forward an algorithm to generate flash containers in PDX format. It is necessary to provide easy-to-use containers that include multiple OEM diagnostic data.
The major central endocannabinoid directly acts at GABA<sub>A</sub>receptors (2011)

GABA(A) receptors are the major ionotropic inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors. The endocannabinoid system is a lipid signaling network that modulates different brain functions. Here we show a direct molecular interaction between the two systems. The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) potentiates GABA(A) receptors at low concentrations of GABA. Two residues of the receptor located in the transmembrane segment M4 of β(2) confer 2-AG binding. 2-AG acts in a superadditive fashion with the neurosteroid 3α, 21-dihydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (THDOC) and modulates δ-subunit-containing receptors, known to be located extrasynaptically and to respond to neurosteroids. 2-AG inhibits motility in CB(1)/CB(2) cannabinoid receptor double-KO, whereas β(2)-KO mice show hypermotility. The identification of a functional binding site for 2-AG in the GABA(A) receptor may have far-reaching consequences for the study of locomotion and sedation.
STEP: Sequence-to-Sequence Transformer Pre-training for Document Summarization (2020)

Abstractive summarization aims to rewrite a long document to its shorter form, which is usually modeled as a sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) learning problem. Seq2Seq Transformers are powerful models for this problem. Unfortunately, training large Seq2Seq Transformers on limited supervised summarization data is challenging. We, therefore, propose STEP (as shorthand for Sequence-to-Sequence Transformer Pre-training), which can be trained on large scale unlabeled documents. Specifically, STEP is pre-trained using three different tasks, namely sentence reordering, next sentence generation, and masked document generation. Experiments on two summarization datasets show that all three tasks can improve performance upon a heavily tuned large Seq2Seq Transformer which already includes a strong pre-trained encoder by a large margin. By using our best task to pre-train STEP, we outperform the best published abstractive model on CNN/DailyMail by 0.8 ROUGE-2 and New York Times by 2.4 ROUGE-2.