gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Break through developments in electroless nickel/gold plating on copper based semiconductors (2002)

The transition from aluminum based, to copper based integrated circuits will enable another generation of faster and smaller integrated circuits. As the technology moves out of the lab and enters mainstream fabrication, the infrastructure necessary to support Cu will take front stage. The initial focus will be on capital equipment and process optimization. Close behind will be product testability and field reliability concerns. Electroless nickel coupled with immersion gold provides a stable, versatile surface on top of copper. This surface enables the subsequent use of several different types of interconnect methods to the I/O pads. Oxide free pads allow for more accurate, less damaging probe testing. Electroless Ni/immersion Au has already found successful field applications as a robust wire bond surface and enhanced corrosion protection for conductive epoxy applications. Testing is currently underway for solder based flip chip applications and suitability as a structure for TAB connections is also being investigated.
An improved method for the preparation of unsaturated phosphatidylcholines: acylation of sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine in the presence of sodium methylsulfinylmethide (1977)

An improved method for the partial chemical synthesis of unsaturated and radioactively labeled phosphatidylcholines is described. This procedure offers advantages over conventional acylation methods in that it can be carried out on a millimole or micromole scale under mild conditions and it does not require a large excess of the fatty acid acylating reagent. In this procedure sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine is reacted with twice the theoretical amount of fatty acid imidazolide and sodium methylsulfinylmethide in dimethylsulfoxide for several minutes at 17 ° C. Phosphatidylcholine, which was purified by gradient-elution chromatography on silicic acid, was isolated in 60% yield and was estimated to be about 99% pure. The preparations of 1,2-dioleoyl-, 1,2-dilinoleoyl-, and 1,2-dilinolenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine are described. The reaction was also carried out on a small scale for the preparation of high specific activity 1,2-di[1′-14C]oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine in 38% yield with a specific activity of about 9.7 µCi/mumol.
Analysis of Reflectance and Transmittance Characteristics of Optical Thin Film for Various Film Materials, Thicknesses and Substrates (2015)

Optical thin film can control the reflection, refraction and transmission of specific wavelength of electromagnetic radiation and have numerous applications such as reflector, anti-reflector, attenuator, photovoltaic cell and refractor in the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. To perform the particular function for which they are designed, precise control of various film parameters such as thickness, composition, roughness, uniformity is necessary. Silicon dioxide, Zinc oxide, Zinc telluride are the most promising materials in optoelectronic and optical applications in the visible region as well as in the infrared and UV region. In this research, the optical properties such as spectral reflectance and transmittance of nano-scale optical thin films have been studied and analyzed for those materials on different substrates to obtain the optimal configuration for the best performance. To obtain this, the equations of reflectance and transmittance for thin film have been derived, then simulated and visualized by Matlab code. By changing film materials, substrates and film thickness, transmittance and reflectance characteristics have been observed and analyzed. The result showed that the reflectance and transmittance characteristics of optical thin film are strongly dependent on the wavelength of electromagnetic spectra. The film and substrate materials are very effective on the reflectance and transmittance characteristics of the optical thin films. It is also found that the reflectance and transmittance characteristics are greatly affected by film thickness. This research work will benefit and enhance the value of nano coating technology to determine the best thin film/substrate configuration in the development of micro- and nano optoelectronic devices.
Deep Hybrid Similarity Learning for Person Re-Identification (2017)

Person re-identification (Re-ID) aims to match person images captured from two non-overlapping cameras. In this paper, a deep hybrid similarity learning (DHSL) method for person Re-ID based on a convolution neural network (CNN) is proposed. In our approach, a light CNN learning feature pair for the input image pair is simultaneously extracted. Then, both the elementwise absolute difference and multiplication of the CNN learning feature pair are calculated. Finally, a hybrid similarity function is designed to measure the similarity between the feature pair, which is realized by learning a group of weight coefficients to project the elementwise absolute difference and multiplication into a similarity score. Consequently, the proposed DHSL method is able to reasonably assign complexities of feature learning and metric learning in a CNN, so that the performance of person Re-ID is improved. Experiments on three challenging person Re-ID databases, QMUL GRID, VIPeR, and CUHK03, illustrate that the proposed DHSL method is superior to multiple state-of-the-art person Re-ID methods.
NR‐grep: a fast and flexible pattern‐matching tool (2001)

Abstract We present nrgrep (‘non‐deterministic reverse grep ’), a new pattern‐matching tool designed for efficient search of complex patterns. Unlike previous tools of the grep family, such as agrep and Gnu grep , nrgrep is based on a single and uniform concept: the bit‐parallel simulation of a non‐deterministic suffix automaton. As a result, nrgrep can find from simple patterns to regular expressions, exactly or allowing errors in the matches, with an efficiency that degrades smoothly as the complexity of the searched pattern increases. Another concept that is fully integrated into nrgrep and that contributes to this smoothness is the selection of adequate subpatterns for fast scanning, which is also absent in many current tools. We show that the efficiency of nrgrep is similar to that of the fastest existing string‐matching tools for the simplest patterns, and is by far unmatched for more complex patterns. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences in Response Among Inbred Mouse Strains to Infection with Small Doses of <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> BCG (1981)

Intravenous infection of six inbred mouse strains with small doses of dispersed cells of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (15.5 x 10(3) or 15.5 x 10(4) colony-forming units) separated them into resistant (C3H/HeCr, A/J, and DBA/2) and sensitive (B10.A, C57BL/6, and BALB/c) strains as assessed by the magnitude of bacterial multiplication in the spleens at 28 days. The two groups were more sharply separated after infection with the lower dose of BCG (15.5 x 10(3) colony-forming units), which allowed for true multiplication of the bacteria in the spleens of permissive hosts, expressed as the ratio of the number of BCG recovered from the spleens to the number of BCG injected. This coefficient of increase was less than 1 in resistant strains, whereas it was higher than 2.5 in sensitive strains. Significant splenomegaly developed only in mice of the sensitive strains infected with BCG when compared with uninfected controls. There was no correlation between the magnitude of the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to BCG and susceptibility to infection: DTH was absent in both the sensitive and the resistant strains when the smaller dose of BCG was used for infection. Moreover, significant DTH was detected in animals of the most sensitive (BALB/c) as well as of the most resistant (C3H/HeCr) strain when the higher dose of BCG (15.5 x 10(4)) was used for immunization. These results document significant genetic differences in the ability of inbred mice to inhibit bacterial multiplication after infection with small dispersed doses of BCG. Resistance to BCG multiplication, in this model, does not appear to be related to the establishment of DTH.
Synthesis of monohydroxylated inositolphosphorylceramide (IPC-C) inSaccharomyces cerevisiae requires Scs7p, a protein with both a cytochrome b5-like domain and a hydroxylase/desaturase domain (1998)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants lacking Scs7p fail to accumulate the inositolphosphorylceramide (IPC) species. IPC-C, which is the predominant form found in wild-type cells. Instead scs7 mutants accumulate an IPC-B species believed to be unhydroxylated on the amide-linked C26-fatty acid. Elimination of the SCS7 gene suppresses the Ca(2+)-sensitive phenotype of csg1 and csg2 mutants. The CSG1 and CSG2 genes are required for mannosylation of IPC-C and accumulation of IPC-C by the csg mutants renders them Ca(2+)-sensitive. The SCS7 gene encodes a protein that contains both a cytochrome b5-like domain and a domain that resembles the family of cytochrome b5-dependent enzymes that use iron and oxygen to catalyse desaturation or hydroxylation of fatty acids and sterols. Scs7p is therefore likely to be the enzyme that hydroxylates the C26-fatty acid of IPC-C.
Interferon: Effects On The Immune Response And The Mechanism Of Activation Of The Cellular Respons (1976)

The discovery of interferon in 1957 by Drs. Isaacs and Lindenmann led to major revisions in the concepts of man's defenses against viral infections. There are at least two types of interferon. Along with their antiviral properties, they have recently been shown to exert a suppressive effect on the humoral and cellular immune response; they affect both B and T lymphocytes. A variety of substances, including virus, polyribonucleotides, and mitogens for T lymphocytes, are good interferon inducers. T lymphocytes seem to be necessary for these inducers to exert their immunosuppressive effects. The immunosuppressive effects of interferon inducers suggests that interferons may be mediators of suppressor T lymphocyte effects. In the virus system, interferon does not exert its antiviral effects by direct action on the virus, but rather derepresses a cell gene that results in the production of an antiviral protein. This antiviral protein is probably the mediator of inhibition of virus replication. This is a complex sequence of events that results in the interaction of interferon with the cell membrane and the resulting production of the antiviral state in the cell. This review will examine the various steps of this involved process.
Regulation of the <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> GlcT Antiterminator Protein by Components of the Phosphotransferase System (1998)

Bacillus subtilis utilizes glucose as the preferred source of carbon and energy. The sugar is transported into the cell by a specific permease of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) encoded by the ptsGHI operon. Expression of this operon is induced by glucose and requires the action of a positive transcription factor, the GlcT antiterminator protein. Glucose availability is sensed by glucose-specific enzyme II (EIIGlc), the product of ptsG. In the absence of inducer, the glucose permease negatively controls the activity of the antiterminator. The GlcT antiterminator has a modular structure. The isolated N-terminal part contains the RNA-binding protein and acts as a constitutively acting antiterminator. GlcT contains two PTS regulation domains (PRDs) at the C terminus. One (PRD-I) is the target of negative control exerted by EIIGlc. A conserved His residue (His-104 in GlcT) is involved in inactivation of GlcT in the absence of glucose. It was previously proposed that PRD-containing transcriptional antiterminators are phosphorylated and concomitantly inactivated in the absence of the substrate by their corresponding PTS permeases. The results obtained with B. subtilis glucose permease with site-specific mutations suggest, however, that the permease might modulate the phosphorylation reaction without being the phosphate donor.
Co-Localization of Audio Sources in Images Using Binaural Features and Locally-Linear Regression (2015)

This paper addresses the problem of localizing audio sources using binaural measurements. We propose a supervised formulation that simultaneously localizes multiple sources at different locations. The approach is intrinsically efficient because, contrary to prior work, it relies neither on source separation, nor on monaural segregation. The method starts with a training stage that establishes a locally linear Gaussian regression model between the directional coordinates of all the sources and the auditory features extracted from binaural measurements. While fixed-length wide-spectrum sounds (white noise) are used for training to reliably estimate the model parameters, we show that the testing (localization) can be extended to variable-length sparse-spectrum sounds (such as speech), thus enabling a wide range of realistic applications. Indeed, we demonstrate that the method can be used for audio-visual fusion, namely to map speech signals onto images and hence to spatially align the audio and visual modalities, thus enabling to discriminate between speaking and non-speaking faces. We release a novel corpus of real-room recordings that allow quantitative evaluation of the co-localization method in the presence of one or two sound sources. Experiments demonstrate increased accuracy and speed relative to several state-of-the-art methods.
A bluetooth-UPnP bridge for the wearable computing environment (2008)

This paper presents a software bridge connecting Bluetooth devices and the UPnP network using a virtual agent, which aims at the wearable computing environment. The bridge enables a non-IP Bluetooth device to work as an IP based UPnP device. Upon discovering a Bluetooth device, the bridge registers a corresponding UPnP virtual device and automatically generates its UPnP description using the extracted information. The experimental results show that the Bluetooth device can join the UPnP network and establish its service with negligible overhead.
Single-Phase Twice voltage PFC Converter for air conditioner (1999)

The active-filter is one of the most efficient methods to improve power factor. However, this method has problems such as increasing switching loss and switching noise.This paper describes a new power factor correction (PFC) converter called “Partial-switching PFC”, which achieves power factor rate of 99% only by generating a single pulse in the power line cycle with high efficiency and low total harmonic distortion. Its application to our air-conditioners is described at the end.
Effect of magnetic state on the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>γ</mml:mi><mml:mtext>−</mml:mtext><mml:mi>α</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>transition in iron: First-principles calculations of the Bain transformation path (2009)

Energetics of the fcc $(\ensuremath{\gamma})$-bcc $(\ensuremath{\alpha})$ lattice transformation by the Bain tetragonal deformation is calculated for both magnetically ordered and paramagnetic (disordered local moment) states of iron. The first-principles computational results manifest a relevance of the magnetic order in a scenario of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ transition and reveal a special role of the Curie temperature of $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{-Fe}$, ${T}_{C}$, where a character of the transformation is changed. At a cooling down to the temperatures $T<{T}_{C}$ one can expect that the transformation is developed as a lattice instability whereas for $T>{T}_{C}$ it follows a standard mechanism of creation and growth of an embryo of the new phase. It explains a closeness of ${T}_{C}$ to the temperature of start of the martensitic transformation, ${M}_{s}$.
Hyperparameter optimization with REINFORCE and Transformers (2020)

Reinforcement Learning has yielded promising results for Neural Architecture Search (NAS). In this paper, we demonstrate how its performance can be improved by using a simplified Transformer block to model the policy network. The simplified Transformer uses a 2-stream attention-based mechanism to model hyper-parameter dependencies while avoiding layer normalization and position encoding. We posit that this parsimonious design balances model complexity against expressiveness, making it suitable for discovering optimal architectures in high-dimensional search spaces with limited exploration budgets. We demonstrate how the algorithm's performance can be further improved by a) using an actor-critic style algorithm instead of plain vanilla policy gradient and b) ensembling Transformer blocks with shared parameters, each block conditioned on a different auto-regressive factorization order. Our algorithm works well as both a NAS and generic hyper-parameter optimization (HPO) algorithm: it outperformed most algorithms on NAS-Bench-101, a public data-set for benchmarking NAS algorithms. In particular, it outperformed RL based methods that use alternate architectures to model the policy network, underlining the value of using attention-based networks in this setting. As a generic HPO algorithm, it outperformed Random Search in discovering more accurate multi-layer perceptron model architectures across 2 regression tasks. We have adhered to guidelines listed in Lindauer and Hutter while designing experiments and reporting results.
Label-free super-resolution imaging of adenoviruses by submerged microsphere optical nanoscopy (2013)

Because of the small sizes of most viruses (typically 5–150 nm), standard optical microscopes, which have an optical diffraction limit of 200 nm, are not generally suitable for their direct observation. Electron microscopes usually require specimens to be placed under vacuum conditions, thus making them unsuitable for imaging live biological specimens in liquid environments. Indirect optical imaging of viruses has been made possible by the use of fluorescence optical microscopy that relies on the stimulated emission of light from the fluorescing specimens when they are excited with light of a specific wavelength, a process known as labeling or self-fluorescent emissions from certain organic materials. In this paper, we describe direct white-light optical imaging of 75-nm adenoviruses by submerged microsphere optical nanoscopy (SMON) without the use of fluorescent labeling or staining. The mechanism involved in the imaging is presented. Theoretical calculations of the imaging planes and the magnification factors have been verified by experimental results, with good agreement between theory and experiment. Researchers have demonstrated a super-resolution imaging technique that allows the direct observation of adenoviruses of 75 nm in size without staining or the use of fluorescent labeling. The approach, reported by Lin Li and co-workers at the University of Manchester, UK, achieves imaging well beyond the diffraction limit by employing glass microspheres submerged in water. A 100-μm-diameter BaTiO3 microsphere is placed on the object being imaged, illuminated with white light. The microsphere captures near-field evanescent waves and converts them via frustrated total internal reflection into propagating far-field waves, which can be imaged by a conventional optical microscope. The researchers also used the method to image 100-nm-spaced periodic structure of a DVD Blu-Ray disk and 50 nm nanopores in a sample of anodic aluminium oxide.
CYP46A1 gene therapy deciphers the role of brain cholesterol metabolism in Huntington’s disease (2019)

Dysfunctions in brain cholesterol homeostasis have been extensively related to brain disorders. The main pathway for brain cholesterol elimination is its hydroxylation into 24S-hydroxycholesterol by the cholesterol 24-hydrolase, CYP46A1. Increasing evidence suggests that CYP46A1 has a role in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative disorders, and that increasing its levels in the brain is neuroprotective. However, the mechanisms underlying this neuroprotection remain to be fully understood. Huntington's disease is a fatal autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by an abnormal CAG expansion in huntingtin's gene. Among the multiple cellular and molecular dysfunctions caused by this mutation, altered brain cholesterol homeostasis has been described in patients and animal models as a critical event in Huntington's disease. Here, we demonstrate that a gene therapy approach based on the delivery of CYP46A1, the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol degradation in the brain, has a long-lasting neuroprotective effect in Huntington's disease and counteracts multiple detrimental effects of the mutated huntingtin. In zQ175 Huntington's disease knock-in mice, CYP46A1 prevented neuronal dysfunctions and restored cholesterol homeostasis. These events were associated to a specific striatal transcriptomic signature that compensates for multiple mHTT-induced dysfunctions. We thus explored the mechanisms for these compensations and showed an improvement of synaptic activity and connectivity along with the stimulation of the proteasome and autophagy machineries, which participate to the clearance of mutant huntingtin (mHTT) aggregates. Furthermore, BDNF vesicle axonal transport and TrkB endosome trafficking were restored in a cellular model of Huntington's disease. These results highlight the large-scale beneficial effect of restoring cholesterol homeostasis in neurodegenerative diseases and give new opportunities for developing innovative disease-modifying strategies in Huntington's disease.
Segmented turboFLASH: method for breath-hold MR imaging of the liver with flexible contrast. (1990)

A method called segmented turboFLASH imaging allows high-resolution, multisection, short-inversion-time (TI) inversion-recovery (STIR), T1- or T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) studies of the liver to be completed within a breath-hold interval. The method was applied in a phantom and in 19 patients with hepatic lesions. Sequence comparisons were performed among segmented turboFLASH, single-shot turboFLASH, T1-weighted gradient-echo with ultrashort echo time, and T2-weighted spin-echo (SE) techniques. Signal from fat and liver could be nulled with the segmented turboFLASH method, with TIs of 10 and 300 msec, respectively; signal from these tissues could not be eliminated with the single-shot approach. Signal-difference-to-noise ratios and contrast for the best segmented sequences were comparable with those of the best T2-weighted SE and T1-weighted gradient-echo techniques. It is concluded that it is feasible to obtain breath-hold images with arbitrary tissue contrast by means of segmented turboFLASH imaging. The method may prove helpful for the detection and characterization of hepatic lesions and will likely have applications to other anatomic regions such as the chest and pelvis.
OPTIMAL CHOICE OF GENERIC MILK ADVERTISING EXPENDITURES BY MEDIA OUTLET (1998)

The largest portion of dairy and milk checkoff funds is spent on generic fluid milk advertising. These funds are distributed among four distinct media outlets-television, radio, print, and outdoor. Spending too little on one media outlet or too much on another constitutes a missed opportunity to garner higher returns. Using 1984-93 data, this study compares historical advertising expenditures in each media outlet to the advertising expenditure decision of an optimal control model. Results show profits would have increased if funds had been reallocated from television to radio, print, and outdoor media outlets.