gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gettering of copper to hydrogen-induced cavities in silicon (1995)

Hydrogen implantation and subsequent thermal annealing is found to result in a well-defined band of cavities in Si. This band is an extremely efficient gettering layer for Cu which is also introduced into the near surface of Si by ion implantation. Profiling of implanted Cu indicates that ∼95% of an initial 3×1015 cm−2 Cu implant is redistributed following annealing at a temperature of 780 °C from a near-surface damaged layer to a narrow band of cavities of width ∼1000 Å at a depth of ∼1 μm. Furthermore, the Si between the surface and the cavity band is essentially defect-free and that some cavities contain the bulk Cu3Si phase.
Design of Tone-Dependent Color-Error Diffusion Halftoning Systems (2006)

Grayscale error diffusion introduces nonlinear distortion (directional artifacts and false textures), linear distortion (sharpening), and additive noise. Tone-dependent error diffusion (TDED) reduces these artifacts by controlling the diffusion of quantization errors based on the input graylevel. We present an extension of TDED to color. In color-error diffusion, which color to render becomes a major concern in addition to finding optimal dot patterns. We propose a visually meaningful scheme to train input-level (or tone-) dependent color-error filters. Our design approach employs a Neugebauer printer model and a color human visual system model that takes into account spatial considerations in color reproduction. The resulting halftones overcome several traditional error-diffusion artifacts and achieve significantly greater accuracy in color rendition.
Transfer learning with active queries from source domain (2016)

To learn with limited labeled data, active learning tries to query more labels from an oracle, while transfer learning tries to utilize the labeled data from a related source domain. However, in many real cases, there is very few labeled data in both source and target domains, and the oracle is unavailable in the target domain. To solve this practical yet rarely studied problem, in this paper, we jointly perform transfer learning and active learning by querying the most valuable information from the source domain. The computation of importance weights for domain adaptation and the instance selection for active queries are integrated into one unified framework based on distribution matching, which is further solved with alternating optimization. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by experiments on 15 datasets for sentiment analysis and text categorization.
An On-Chip Frequency-Reconfigurable Antenna For Q-Band Broadband Applications (2017)

This letter presents the design of a Q-band on-chip antenna with broadband characteristic using a standard 0.18- μm CMOS silicon-on-insulator process. A pair of on-chip switches is introduced in this design to implement the antenna with frequency reconfigurability, in order to enhance the bandwidth of the antenna. A small-signal equivalent circuit of this switch is illustrated in this letter, and an optimized gate width of the switch transistor is selected to achieve a tradeoff between the gain and the bandwidth of the proposed antenna. By changing the state of the on-chip switches, a measured -10-dB bandwidth from 29.5 to 51.0 GHz is achieved by this antenna, which has covered the whole Q-band frequency. A measured peak gain of 3.3 dBi is observed at 45 GHz, and a very compact chip size of 1.1 × 1.7 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> is achieved by the proposed antenna in this work.
A new class of murine leukemia virus associated with development of spontaneous lymphomas. (1977)

A new type of murine leukemia virus has been detected in thymuses of leukemic and late preleukemic AKR mice, in lymphomas developing in NIH Swiss mice carrying the AKR ectopic virus-inducing loci Akv-I or Akv-2, and in the thymus of a preleukemic C58 mouse. The viruses induce focal areas of morphologic alteration in a mink lung cell line and are tentatively referred to as "mink cell focus-inducing" (MCF) strains. They have the host range of both xenotropic and N-tropic ecotropic murine leukemia viruses, are neutralized by antisera to both ecotropic and xenotropic viruses, and are interfered with by both viruses. They may represent a particular type of genetic recombinant which emerges during the preleukemic period in high-ecotropic-virus mouse strains, and they may play a significant role in the etiology of spontaneous lymphomas.
K-groups : tractable group detection on large link data sets (2018)

Abstract: "Discovering underlying structure from co-occurrence data is an important task in many fields, including: insurance, intelligence, criminal investigation, epidemiology, human resources, and marketing. For example a store may wish to identify underlying sets of items purchased together or a human resources department may wish to identify groups of employees that collaborate with each other. Previously Kubica et. al. presented the group detection algorithm (GDA) -- an algorithm for finding underlying groupings of entities from co-occurrence data. This algorithm is based on a probabilistic generative model and produces coherent groups that are consistent with prior knowledge. Unfortunately, the optimization used in GDA is slow, making it potentially infeasible [sic] for many real world data sets. For example, in the co-publication domain the MEDLINE database of medical publications alone contains over 2 million papers published within just a 5 year period, 1995-1999 [14]. To this end, we present k-groups -- an algorithm that uses an approach similar to that of k-means (hard clustering and localized updates) to significantly accelerate the discovery of the underlying groups while retaining GDA's probabilistic model. In addition, we show that k-groups is guaranteed to converge to a local minimum. We also compare the performance of GDA and k-groups on several real world and artificial data sets, showing the k-groups' sacrifice in solution quality is significantly offset by its increase in speed. This trade-off makes group detection tractable on significantly larger data sets."
Aqueous Processing of Atmospheric Organic Particles in Cloud Water Collected via Aircraft Sampling (2015)

Cloudwater and below-cloud atmospheric particle samples were collected onboard a research aircraft during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) over a forested region of Alabama in June 2013. The organic molecular composition of the samples was studied to gain insights into the aqueous-phase processing of organic compounds within cloud droplets. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI) and direct infusion electrospray ionization (ESI) were utilized to compare the organic composition of the particle and cloudwater samples, respectively. Isoprene and monoterpene-derived organosulfates and oligomers were identified in both the particles and cloudwater, showing the significant influence of biogenic volatile organic compound oxidation above the forested region. While the average O:C ratios of the organic compounds were similar between the atmospheric particle and cloudwater samples, the chemical composition of these samples was quite different. Specifically, hydrolysis of organosulfates and formation of nitrogen-containing compounds were observed for the cloudwater when compared to the atmospheric particle samples, demonstrating that cloud processing changes the composition of organic aerosol.
Titanium oxides and silicates as high‐κ dielectrics: A first‐principles investigation (2004)

Abstract Using density functional theory, we investigate the structural, vibrational, and dielectric properties of titanium oxides and silicates, which have attracted considerable attention in the framework of the quest for alternative high‐κ materials. For the oxides, three crystalline phases of titanium dioxide are considered. The first two are hypothetical; they are obtained by similarity with the cubic and tetragonal structure of zirconia ZrO 2 or hafnia HfO 2 . The third is the rutile, a crystal that occurs naturally. For the silicates, we analyze a hypothetical TiSiO 4 structure constructed by analogy with crystalline ZrSiO 4 and HfSiO 4 (zircon and hafnon). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
How to Evaluate Deep Neural Network Processors: TOPS/W (Alone) Considered Harmful (2020)

A significant amount of specialized hardware has been developed for processing deep neural networks (DNNs) in both academia and industry. This article aims to highlight the key concepts required to evaluate and compare these DNN processors. We discuss existing challenges, such as the flexibility and scalability needed to support a wide range of neural networks, as well as design considerations for both the DNN processors and the DNN models themselves. We also describe specific metrics that can be used to evaluate and compare existing solutions beyond the commonly used tera-operations per second per watt (TOPS/W). This article is based on the tutorial "How to Understand and Evaluate Deep Learning Processors" that was given at the 2020 International Solid-State Circuits Conference, as well as excerpts from the book, Efficient Processing of Deep Neural Networks [36].
Analysis of payment transaction security in mobile commerce (2005)

Mobile payment is the process of two parties exchanging financial value using a mobile device in return for goods or services. This paper is an analysis of the security issues in mobile payment for m-commerce. We introduce m-commerce and mobile payment, discuss the public key infrastructure as a basis for secure mobile technologies, and study the features for different security technologies employed in current m-commerce market, including WAP, SIM application toolkit and J2M. In addition, we compare the effectiveness of these security technologies in supporting a secure mobile payment, and discuss research issues to enhance the security of mobile payment for large scale deployment of m-commerce.
Signaling Properties of Chemerin Receptors CMKLR1, GPR1 and CCRL2 (2016)

Chemerin is a small chemotactic protein originally identified as the natural ligand of CMKLR1. More recently, two other receptors, GPR1 and CCRL2, have been reported to bind chemerin but their functional relevance remains poorly understood. In this study, we compared the binding and signaling properties of the three human chemerin receptors and showed differences in mode of chemerin binding and receptor signaling. Chemerin binds to all three receptors with low nanomolar affinities. However, the contribution of the chemerin C-terminus to binding efficiency varies greatly amongst receptors. By using BRET-based biosensors monitoring the activation of various G proteins, we showed that binding of chemerin and the chemerin 9 nonapeptide (149YFPGQFAFS157) to CMKLR1 activates the three Gαi subtypes (Gαi1, Gαi2 and Gαi3) and the two Gαo isoforms (Gαoa and Gαob) with potencies correlated to binding affinities. In contrast, no significant activation of G proteins was detected upon binding of chemerin to GPR1 or CCRL2. Binding of chemerin and the chemerin 9 peptide also induced the recruitment of β-arrestin1 and 2 to CMKLR1 and GPR1, though to various degree, but not to CCRL2. However, the propensity of chemerin 9 to activate β-arrestins relative to chemerin is higher when bound to GPR1. Finally, we showed that binding of chemerin to CMKLR1 and GPR1 promotes also the internalization of the two receptors and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 MAP kinases, although with a different efficiency, and that phosphorylation of ERK1/2 requires both Gαi/o and β-arrestin2 activation but not β-arrestin1. Collectively, these data support a model in which each chemerin receptor displays selective signaling properties.
Stimulus features affecting psychophysical detection thresholds for electrical stimulation of the cochlea. I: Phase duration and stimulus duration (1991)

The shapes and levels of psychophysical detection threshold versus frequency functions for sinusoidal electrical stimulation of the deafened cochlea vary from subject to subject. These variations have been shown previously to be correlated with nerve-survival patterns. The shapes of these functions are critical in the design and calibration of analog processors for auditory prostheses. This paper examines two stimulus features that may contribute to the shapes of these functions: phase duration and stimulus duration. Psychophysical experiments were performed with unilaterally deafened and implanted macaque monkeys. Effects of phase duration were studied by measuring thresholds for single symmetric biphasic pulses presented at a rate of 1 per trial. Psychophysical detection thresholds for these pulses decreased, in the region of maximum slope, at a rate averaging -6.2 dB per doubling of phase duration, which is steeper than the rate of decrease in thresholds reported for single auditory-nerve fibers. Slope was weakly correlated with threshold level. Thresholds for long-duration sinusoids were consistently lower and the slopes of the threshold versus phase-duration functions were consistently steeper than those for single pulses. Thresholds for sinusoids and pulse trains decreased as a function of stimulus duration for durations up to at least 300 ms. The rate of decrease as a function of stimulus duration depended on the phase duration of the stimulus, and for long phase-duration signals, it depended on frequency. The rate of decrease was correlated with the absolute-detection-threshold level. We conclude that phase duration contributes significantly to, but does not completely account for, the steep slopes of the threshold versus frequency functions for long-duration sinusoids. Temporal integration is greater for longer phase-duration signals, giving rise to steeper slopes of threshold functions for long-duration sinusoids as compared to those for single pulses in the 1- to 5-ms/phase range. Current neural data and models do not account for the steep slopes of psychophysical threshold functions.
Dynamics of Cytoskeletal Proteins during Fcγ Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis in Macrophages (2002)

Particle ingestion by phagocytosis results from sequential rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton and overlying membrane. To assemble a chronology of molecular events during phagosome formation and to examine the contributions of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) to these dynamics, a method was developed for synchronizing Fcgamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis by murine macrophages. Erythrocytes opsonized with complement component C3bi were bound to macrophages at 37degrees C, a condition that does not favor particle phagocytosis. Addition of soluble anti-erythrocyte IgG resulted in rapid opsonization of the bound erythrocytes, followed by their immediate internalization via phagocytosis. Cellular content of F-actin, as measured by binding of rhodamine-phalloidin, increased transiently during phagocytosis, and this increase was not diminished by inhibitors of PI 3-kinase. Immunofluorescence localization of myosins in macrophages fixed at various times during phagocytosis indicated that myosins II and IXb were concentrated in early phagosomes, myosin IC increased later, and myosin V appeared after phagosome closure. Other cytoskeletal proteins showed similar variations in the timing of their appearance in phagosomes. The PI 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin did not change the dynamics of PI 3-kinase or ezrin localization but prevented the loss of PAK1 from phagosomes. These results suggest that PI 3-kinase deactivates PAK1, and that this may be needed for phagosome closure.
Photostability of UV Absorber Systems in Sunscreens<sup>†</sup> (2009)

Sunscreens are used to protect the human skin against harmful UV radiation. Today there is a trend toward higher sun protection factors (SPF) and better UVA protection. Methods for the assessment of SPF and UVA protection involve irradiation of the product, and the photostability properties of the sunscreen have an influence on its performance. Sunscreens often contain more than one UV filter. Thus it is important to understand the photostability properties of the complete system. The filter combinations used may exhibit destabilizing, stabilizing or inert interactions. For that reason, besides assessment of the properties of the single filters, photostabilities of binary filter combinations are investigated. Destabilization occurs when two UV absorbers undergo a chemical reaction after absorption of UV radiation. Stabilization may be achieved when the optical density of the system is very high, giving rise to a self-protection effect of the sunscreen film. Photounstable UV absorbers may be additionally stabilized by employing triplet quenchers. Being aware of these mechanisms and applying them for specific UV filter combinations can help in designing efficient sunscreens.
Tumor grade and chemotherapy response in endometrioid endometrial cancer (2016)

The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between tumor grade and response to chemotherapy in patients with endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma. Patients with advanced or recurrent endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma of known tumor grade who received at least 3 cycles of chemotherapy were retrospectively identified at three institutions. RECIST 1.1 criteria were used to assess response to neoadjuvant, postoperative or salvage chemotherapy. Chi-square testing was used to evaluate the association between tumor grade and chemotherapy response. Ninety-one patients met inclusion criteria: 13 with grade 1, 29 with grade 2 and 49 with grade 3 tumors. Eighty-four percent of patients received chemotherapy for recurrence, 12% for postoperative residual disease, and 4% in the neoadjuvant setting. The majority (85%) received carboplatin and paclitaxel. Forty-six percent (6/13) of grade 1, 72% (21/29) of grade 2 and 43% (21/49) of grade 3 tumors achieved an objective response. Grade 2 tumors were more likely to respond to chemotherapy compared to grade 3 tumors (72% vs. 43%, p = 0.02; Table 2), and specifically more likely to respond to carboplatin/paclitaxel (72% vs. 41%, p = 0.016). Median progression-free survival for patients receiving chemotherapy for recurrence or progression was 9 months for grade 1, 8 months for grade 2, and 5 months for grade 3 tumors. Similar results between grade and treatment response were apparent in the subset of 37 patients with a recently re-assigned tumor grade (G2 88% vs. G3 44%, p = 0.032). In this series of endometrioid endometrial cancers, grade 2 tumors had the best measurable response to chemotherapy.
Highly manufacturable process technology for reliable 256 Mbit and 1 Gbit DRAMs (1994)

Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ dielectric on poly-Si cylinder capacitors, chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) planarization, pure W bit-line, and Al reflow were integrated into a highly manufacturable DRAM process technology. This technology provided larger process margin, higher reliability, and better design flexibility. In addition, the critical steps of the new process has been reduced by 25% of those of the conventional process. The manufacturability of the technology has been proven by applying it to 16 Mbit density DRAMs with 256 Mbit design rule (0.28 /spl mu/m).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Experimental ratchet effect in superconducting films with periodic arrays of asymmetric potentials (2005)

A vortex lattice ratchet effect has been investigated in $\mathrm{Nb}$ films grown on arrays of nanometric $\mathrm{Ni}$ triangles, which induce periodic asymmetric pinning potentials. The vortex lattice motion yields a net dc voltage when an ac driving current is applied to the sample and the vortex lattice moves through the field of asymmetric potentials. This ratchet effect is studied taking into account the array geometry, the temperature, the number of vortices per unit cell of the array, and the applied ac currents.
Can There Be Validity Without Reliability? (1994)

Reliability has traditionally been taken for granted as a necessary but insufficient condition for validity in assessment use. My purpose in this article is to illuminate and challenge this presumption by exploring a dialectic between psychometric and hermeneutic approaches to drawing and warranting interpretations of human products or performances. Reliability, as it is typically defined and operationalized in the measurement literature (e.g., American Educational Research Association [AERA], American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education, 1985 ; Feldt & Brennan, 1989 ), privileges standardized forms of assessment. By considering hermeneutic alternatives for serving the important epistemological and ethical purposes that reliability serves, we expand the range of viable high-stakes assessment practices to include those that honor the purposes that students bring to their work and the contextualized judgments of teachers.
Can a genetic signature for metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma be characterised by comparative genomic hybridisation? (2004)

Survival from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has remained static for the last 20 years. The development of lymph node metastasis (LNM) significantly reduces the 5-year survival rate, thus the ability to identify tumours with the potential to metastasise would allow more aggressive treatment regimes to be directed at these patients regardless of negative clinical and radiological findings at the time of presentation. Comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) can identify chromosomal aberrations that may lead to metastasis. DNA from 23-paired specimens of primary tumour (PT) and LNM were analysed. Nonrandom copy number changes were identified in all paired samples. Similar numbers of aberrations were identified on PT and LNM samples. The most common aberrations were 3q (90%), 8q (65%), 1q (50%), 5p (43%), 2q (41%) and 11q (41%) and deletions 3p (57%), 1p (54%), 4p (48%), 13q (48%), 11q (41%) and 10q (37%). A number of differences were also detected. No aberration was found to be preferentially associated with the LNM, although gains on 6q (48 vs 22%) and 22q (26 vs 9%) were found at higher frequencies. Clonality studies demonstrated that LNM develop from the dominant population of cells in the PT. These results were compared with two similar publications. No combination of chromosomal aberrations, as detected by CGH, was associated with metastatic progression in HNSCC.