gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding and Diagnosing Visual Tracking Systems (2015)

Several benchmark datasets for visual tracking research have been created in recent years. Despite their usefulness, whether they are sufficient for understanding and diagnosing the strengths and weaknesses of different trackers remains questionable. To address this issue, we propose a framework by breaking a tracker down into five constituent parts, namely, motion model, feature extractor, observation model, model updater, and ensemble post-processor. We then conduct ablative experiments on each component to study how it affects the overall result. Surprisingly, our findings are discrepant with some common beliefs in the visual tracking research community. We find that the feature extractor plays the most important role in a tracker. On the other hand, although the observation model is the focus of many studies, we find that it often brings no significant improvement. Moreover, the motion model and model updater contain many details that could affect the result. Also, the ensemble post-processor can improve the result substantially when the constituent trackers have high diversity. Based on our findings, we put together some very elementary building blocks to give a basic tracker which is competitive in performance to the state-of-the-art trackers. We believe our framework can provide a solid baseline when conducting controlled experiments for visual tracking research.
A Functional Assay for Heparin in Serum Using a Designed Synthetic Receptor (2005)

Excellent selectivity in highly competitive serum was displayed by a synthetic fluorescent receptor incorporating phenylboronic acid and ammonium groups for the therapeutic anticoagulant heparin. The concentration of heparin at clinically relevant dosing levels can be measured from the emission quenching. The binding is reversible as shown by the regeneration of the fluorescence on addition of protamine (see graph).
Toward Efficient Cloud Services: An Energy-Aware Hybrid Load Balancing Approach (2020)

Load balancing of tasks on virtual machines based on Nature-inspired algorithm has turned into a field of greater research interest. Algorithm for load balancing based on honey bee behavior (LBA_HB) was presented to decrease the processing time and overall response time. However, it considers only the number of tasks handled by VMs for balancing the load, which might not be well enough effective. This research proposes an Improved Algorithm Based on Honey Bee behavior (ILBA_HB) by considering the various QoS parameters including service response time, reliability, cost, and estimate the power consumption of VMs on a host to enhance load balancing. As the situation remains uncertain, fuzzy logic can be applied at various levels of input to achieve the desired tradeoff between power consumption and QoS. The main goal of the proposed study calculates the power consumption of VMs and considers the important QoS factors to choose the appropriate host and virtual machine to receive the task. The ILBA_HB algorithm has been simulated with the use of CloudSim. The performance of ILBA_HB algorithm is compared with that of LBA_HB in terms of makespan, response time, degree of imbalance.
Genetic Marker Analysis of a Global Collection of Isolates of <i>Citrus tristeza virus</i>: Characterization and Distribution of CTV Genotypes and Association with Symptoms (2005)

ABSTRACT Genetic markers amplified from three noncontiguous regions by sequence specific primers designed from the partial or complete genome sequences of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates T3, T30, T36, and VT were used to assess genetic relatedness of 372 isolates in an international collection. Eighty-five isolates were judged similar to the T3 isolate, 81 to T30, 11 to T36, and 89 to VT. Fifty-one isolates were mixed infections by two or more identifiable viral genotypes, and 55 isolates could not be assigned unequivocally to a group defined by marker patterns. Maximum parsimony analysis of aligned marker sequences supported the grouping of isolates on the basis of marker patterns only. Specific disease symptoms induced in select citrus host plants were shared across molecular groups, although symptoms were least severe among isolates grouped by markers with the T30 isolate and were most severe among isolates grouped by markers with the T3 isolate. Isolates assigned the same genotype showed variable symptoms and symptom severity. A classification strategy for CTV isolates is proposed that combines genetic marker patterns and nucleotide sequence data.
OR rule fusion of conditionally dependent correlation filter based classifiers for improved biometric verification (2006)

In practical biometric verification applications, we expect to observe a large variability of biometric data and single classifiers may not be very accurate. In such cases, fusion of multiple classifiers may improve accuracy. Statistical dependence of classifiers has recently been shown to improve accuracy over statistically independent classifiers. In this paper, we focus on the verification application and theoretically analyze the OR fusion rule to find the favorable and unfavorable conditional dependence between classifiers. Favorably dependent correlation filter based classifiers for the OR rule are designed on the fingerprint NIST 24 plastic distortion and rotation datasets. For the plastic distortion dataset, unconstrained optimal tradeoff (UOTF) correlation filters were used because of their distortion tolerance and discrimination capability; and for the rotation dataset, optimal trade-off circular harmonic function (OTCHF) filters were used because of their tolerance to geometric rotation. On the plastic distortion dataset, three favorably dependent classifiers were designed on different distortions of the finger, each with an EER of 15.7%, 14.3%, and 9.8% 
respectively. The OR fusion of these three classifiers has an Equal Error Rate (EER) of 1.8% while the best single UOTF based classifier has an EER of 2.8%. On the rotation dataset, five OTCHF filter based classifiers were designed for tolerance to different rotation angle ranges of a finger with an average individual EER of 38.8%. The OR rule fusion has an EER of 14.6%; whereas the best single OTCHF filter has an EER of 27.7%. It is also shown that the best fusion rule is the OR rule for these classifiers that were designed to be favorable for the OR rule.
Microscopic bulk damage in dielectric materials using nanojoule femtosecond laser pulses (2003)

Summary form only given. We tightly focus femtosecond laser pulses in the bulk of a transparent material. The high intensity at the focus causes nonlinear absorption of the laser energy, producing a microscopic plasma and damages the material. In previous work, we examined the morphology of such material damage and measured the dynamics of the plasma expansion. Here we report the thresholds for bulk damage and critical self focusing in fused silica using 110-fs pulses at both 400-nm and 800-nm wavelength. We find that permanent damage can be produced with energies of only tens of nanojoules. In addition, we observe no significant self-focusing at these energies.
Cytolytic T lymphocyte recognition of the murine cytomegalovirus nonstructural immediate-early protein pp89 expressed by recombinant vaccinia virus. (1987)

The murine immediate-early (IE) protein pp89 is a nonstructural virus-encoded phosphoprotein residing in the nucleus of infected cells, where it acts as transcriptional activator. Frequency analysis has shown that in BALB/c mice the majority of virus-specific CTL recognize IE antigens. The present study was performed to assess whether pp89 causes membrane antigen expression detected by IE-specific CTL. Site-directed mutagenesis has been used to delete the introns from gene ieI, encoding pp89, for subsequent integration of the continuous coding sequence into the vaccinia virus genome. After infection with the vaccinia recombinant, the authentic pp89 was expressed in cells that became susceptible to lysis by an IE-specific CTL clone. Priming of mice with the vaccinia recombinant sensitized polyclonal CTL that recognized MCMV-infected cells and transfected cells expressing pp89. Thus, a herpesviral IE polypeptide with essential function in viral transcriptional regulation can also serve as a dominant antigen for the specific CTL response of the host.
Dynamic classifiers improve pulverizer performance and more (2007)

Keeping coal-fired steam plants running efficiently and cleanly is a daily struggle. An article in the February 2007 issue of Power explained that one way to improve the combustion and emissions performance of a plant is to optimize the performance of its coal pulverizers. By adding a dynamic classifier to the pulverizers, you can better control coal particle sizing and fineness, and increase pulverizer capacity to boot. A dynamic classifier has an inner rotating cage and outer stationary vanes which, acting in concert, provide centrifugal or impinging classification. Replacing or upgrading a pulverizer's classifier from static to dynamic improves grinding performance reducing the level of unburned carbon in the coal in the process. The article describes the project at E.ON's Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power station in the UK to retrofit Loesche LSKS dynamic classifiers. It also mentions other successful projects at Scholven Power Station in Germany, Tilbury Power Station in the UK and J.B. Sims Power Plant in Michigan, USA. 8 figs.
Metal–organic framework–graphene oxide composites: a facile method to highly improve the proton conductivity of PEMs operated under low humidity (2015)

Nafion based proton exchange membranes (PEMs) modified by a metal–organic framework–graphene oxide composite (ZIF-8@GO) are reported.
Nucleic Acid Interactions of Unfused Aromatic Cations:  Evaluation of Proposed Minor-Groove, Major-Groove, and Intercalation Binding Modes (1998)

Amidine derivatives of the 2,5-diphenylfuran aromatic system have activity against a variety of microorganisms. The compounds bind strongly to continuous sequences of AT base pairs in DNA, and there is general agreement that the compounds complex in the minor groove in AT sequences. Some of the derivatives also bind strongly in GC rich and mixed sequences of DNA, and both major-groove and intercalation binding modes have been suggested for this binding mode on the basis of different experimental observations. To obtain definitive information on the DNA binding modes of these types of compounds, we have synthesized additional derivatives, which were designed to provide improved distinction between major-groove and intercalation binding modes, and have extended the experimental analysis to include electric linear dichroism, high-resolution NMR, and absorption, fluorescence, and CD spectroscopy results. All of the spectral results as well as kinetics studies results support a minor-groove binding mode in AT sequences of DNA, as expected, while results with sequences containing GC or mixed AT and GC sequences support an intercalation mode for these compounds. The weak induced CD signals for the compounds in complex with poly d(G−C)2, for example, are characteristic of intercalation and the electric linear dichroism spectra demonstrate clearly that the compounds have their transition dipoles oriented in the same plane as the DNA base pairs, exactly as predicted for intercalation binding. Chemical shift changes of the aromatic proton signals of the diphenylfuran ring system are all upfield by approximately 0.5 ppm or greater on complex formation with GC sequences, also as predicted for intercalation. The compounds have NOE contacts to DNA protons in both the major and the minor grooves, and this is only possible if the compounds extend through the DNA double helix, as expected for an intercalation binding mode. Some of the discrepancy in the literature may have arisen due to confusion caused by the mixed minor-groove and intercalation complexes of the diphenylfurans in heterogeneous sequence DNA.
High-power AlGaN/GaN HFETs on Si substrates for power-switching applications (2009)

Epitaxial growth technology for GaN devices on large-diameter Si substrate has been studied in this paper, which is essential for device cost reduction. In an effort to improve the buffer breakdown voltage for increasing the breakdown voltage of the device, carbon concentration in the GaN layer was controlled to find that the carbon concentration significantly contributed to buffer breakdown voltage improvements. Device performance was evaluated for the devices with an AlGaN/GaN HFET structure on Si substrate, and it was shown that the performance was equivalent to that of the device on sapphire substrate. A large-area device having this structure was fabricated in order to confirm its potential as a power device, and a current capacity of 120 A or more and a breakdown voltage of 1.8 kV were achieved. On the other hand, with respect to the problematical issue of current collapse in GaN HFETs, the HFET structure on Si substrate has resulted in a significant improvement compared with the structure on sapphire substrate, thus realizing a highperformance device that does not show a salient current collapse up to 1 kV.
Immunomagnetic Purification of T Cell Subpopulations (2009)

Abstract There are two types of magnetic cell isolation technologies, one column‐based and the other tube‐based. The column‐based technology utilizes nano‐sized particles that need to pass through a ferromagnetic spheres column to increase cell‐capture capacity. The tube‐based system utilizes micron‐sized beads that can be selected using a magnet applied to the tube. The beads are used for direct or indirect labeling of cells. Direct labeling is achieved with antibodies coupled to magnetic particles directly added to the cell suspension. For indirect labeling the cells are first labeled with the antibody of interest; the antibody can be simple, biotinylated, or fluorochrome‐conjugated. Subsequently, beads coated with streptavidin or anti‐immunoglobulin, anti‐biotin, anti‐fluorochrome antibodies are used to specifically mark the subpopulation of interest. Separation of target cells can be achieved using positive or negative selection or a combination of the two. Quality of the sample preparation is critical to obtain good purification and yield. Curr. Protoc. Immunol . 85:7.4.1‐7.4.9. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electrochemical Surface Finishing (2014)

Electrochemical surface finishing is a highly scalable manufacturing process that traditionally uses viscous, non-aqueous and/or highly acidic electrolytes to achieve the desired surface profiles on metallic parts, with the addition of aggressive, hazardous chemical species to remove the oxide film on strongly passive materials. An emerging approach applies pulse and pulse reverse electric fields to control current distribution, mitigate oxide film formation and achieve the desired surface finish, in the presence of environmentally benign and simple chemistries. This approach lowers the cost of the manufacturing process, and improves process robustness. After a brief discussion of electrochemical surface finishing processes, case studies that describe deburring of automotive gears and electropolishing of semiconductor valves and superconducting radio frequency cavities are presented in this article.
Molecular Mechanisms of Liver Injury and Hepatocarcinogenesis: Focusing on the Role of Stress-Activated MAPK (2012)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer mortality. Short-term prognosis of patients with HCC has improved recently due to advances in early diagnosis and treatment, but long-term prognosis is still unsatisfactory. Therefore, obtaining a further understanding of the molecular carcinogenic mechanisms and the unique pathogenic biology of HCC is important. The most characteristic process in hepatocarcinogenesis is underlying chronic liver injury, which leads to repeated cycles of hepatocyte death, inflammation, and compensatory proliferation and subsequently provides a mitogenic and mutagenic environment leading to the development of HCC. Recent in vivo studies have shown that the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade converging on c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 plays a central role in these processes, and it has attracted considerable attention as a therapeutic target. However, JNK and p38 have complex functions and a wide range of cellular effects. In addition, crosstalk with each other and the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway further complicate these functions. A full understanding is essential to bring these observations into clinical settings. In this paper, we discuss the latest findings regarding the mechanisms of liver injury and hepatocarcinogenesis focusing on the role of the stress-activated MAPK pathway.
Covalent dimerization of camelidae anti‐human TNF‐alpha single domain antibodies by the constant kappa light chain domain improves neutralizing activity (2009)

The tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) plays an important role in a number of chronic inflammatory disorders. Monoclonal camelidae variable heavy chain domain-only antibodies (V(H)H) have been developed to antagonize the action of human TNFalpha (anti-TNF-V(H)H). Here we describe a strategy to obtain functional dimeric anti-TNF-V(H)H molecules, based on the C-terminal fusion of a kappa light chain domain to the anti-TNF-V(H)H. The resulting fusion protein was transiently expressed by use of viral vectors in Nicotiana benthamiana((Nb)) leaves and purified. Competitive ELISA and cell cytotoxicity assays revealed that the dimerized anti-(Nb)TNF-V(H)H(Ckappa) proteins blocked TNFalpha-activity more effectively than either the monomeric Escherichia coli((Ec)) produced anti-(Ec)TNF-V(H)H or the monomeric anti-(Nb)TNF-V(H)H(Ckappa). We suggest that enhanced inhibition shown by dimeric anti-(Nb)TNF-V(H)H(Ckappa) proteins is achieved by an increase in avidity.
Timing Performances of Large Area Silicon Photomultipliers Fabricated at STMicroelectronics (2010)

In this paper the results of charge and timing resolution characterization realized at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) on 3.5 × 3.5 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> Silicon PhotoMultipliers fabricated at STMicroelectronics Catania R&D clean room facilities are presented. The device consists of 4900 microcells and has a geometrical fill factor of 36%. Timing measurements were realized at different wavelengths by varying the overvoltage and the temperature applied to the photodetector. The results shown in this manuscript demonstrate that the device, in spite of its large area, exhibits relevant features in terms of low dark current density, fast timing and very good single photoelectron resolution. All these characteristics can be considered very appealing in view of the utilization of this technology in applications requiring detectors with high timing and energy resolution performances.
Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis of yeast β-glucan catalyzed by β-glucanase: Chemical and microstructural analysis (2022)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ultrasound-assisted enzymolysis on modified solubilization of yeast β-glucan and its related mechanism. The depolymerization effects of this system on the physicochemical properties and structural features of the degraded fragments were studied systematically. The structure and physicochemical properties of the samples showed that the solubility of yeast β-glucan achieved 75.35 % after modification; and ultrasonic enzymatic enhanced the degradation efficiency. The yeast β-glucan obtained after solubilization and modification owned better antioxidant activities. The yeast β-glucan particles become obviously smaller, sparsely dispersed in the aqueous solution and the stability was improved. In addition, the hydrogen bonds in yeast β-glucan native triple helix structure were partially broken. Moreover, the disruption of yeast β-glucan's original structure made it decreased thermostability and easier to dissolve in water. The atomic force microscope (AFM) imaging directly verified the branched-chain morphology of yeast β-glucan and the small-strand degradation fragments. Therefore, this research can provide a feasible and effective approach for improving solubility of water-insoluble yeast β-glucan to enlarge its food and biomedical applications.
Regulation of megakaryocyte phenotype in human erythroleukemia cells. (1990)

Induction of human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells with nanomolar tumor-promoting phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) diesters results in the synchronous acquisition of multiple markers of the megakaryocyte phenotype. Induced cells markedly increase their content of cytoplasm and show features of morphological maturation. At the ultrastructural level, PMA-treated cells show increases in cytoplasm, nuclear lobulation and nucleolar content, and free ribosomes. Limited numbers of cells also express alpha-granules and nascent demarcation membrane systems. Functionally, PMA-stimulated HEL cells express increased amounts of the megakaryocyte/platelet proteins: glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, platelet factor 4, von Willebrand factor, glycoprotein Ib, and thrombospondin. No changes are observed in antigenic markers of the erythroid (glycophorin A) or macrophage lineages (MO-1 or MO-2). The increases in antigenic expression are rapid, reaching maximum levels within 3-4 d under serum-free conditions. Treatment with PMA also abruptly (within 1-2 d) inhibits cellular division in these cells. Washout studies indicate that phorbols exert their effect within 18-24 h, the approximate cell cycle time for these cells. Consistent with proliferative arrest, c-myc proto-oncogene transcripts begin to decline within 8 h of PMA treatment, although transcripts of c-myb are unaffected. Importantly, megakaryocyte differentiation is associated with endomitotic DNA synthesis (i.e., continued DNA synthesis in the absence of mitosis and cytokinesis), with HEL cells reaching a DNA content of 3-12 times that of unstimulated cells. Endomitosis is coordinately regulated with changes in antigenic expression and cell size such that those cells having the highest DNA content are the largest and also express the greatest levels of antigen.
Contribution of Selected Medicinal Plants for Cancer Prevention and Therapy (2011)

&lt;p&gt;Since time immortal, plants have been used for maintaining health and curing disease. With cancer being a widespread threat to humanity, plants play an important role in cancer prevention, as well as in therapy. Medicinal plants provide new active chemopreventive molecules. In addition, treatment with plants can ease side-effects as well as provide support to the fears and anxieties of the sick. In this review, methods of exploring new plants and new active plant-derived compounds are described, including ethnobotanical research and screening procedures. Three newly researched medicinal plants, native of Israel, are selected, and new research findings related to their anticancer activities are presented. The plants are: Crocus sativus, Vitex agnus-cactus and Withania somnifera. All three plants are known in traditional medicine and their therapeutical uses are documented. Most findings are preliminary and further studies are required for clinical applications. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;