gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Harmonic-percussive-residual sound separation using the structure tensor on spectrograms (2016)

Harmonic-percussive-residual (HPR) sound separation is a useful preprocessing tool for applications such as pitched instrument transcription or rhythm extraction. Recent methods rely on the observation that in a spectrogram representation, harmonic sounds lead to horizontal structures and percussive sounds lead to vertical structures. Furthermore, these methods associate structures that are neither horizontal nor vertical (i.e., non-harmonic, non-percussive sounds) with a residual category. However, this assumption does not hold for signals like frequency modulated tones that show fluctuating spectral structures, while nevertheless carrying tonal information. Therefore, a strict classification into horizontal and vertical is inappropriate for these signals and might lead to leakage of tonal information into the residual component. In this work, we propose a novel method that instead uses the structure tensor—a mathematical tool known from image processing—to calculate predominant orientation angles in the magnitude spectrogram. We show how this orientation information can be used to distinguish between harmonic, percussive, and residual signal components, even in the case of frequency modulated signals. Finally, we verify the effectiveness of our method by means of both objective evaluation measures as well as audio examples.
Correlation-based watermarking for halftone images (2004)

In many printer and publishing applications, it is desirable to embed data in halftone images for copyright control and authentication purposes. While intentional attacks on printed matters may not be likely, unintentional attacks such as cropping and distortion due to dirt or human writing/marking are likely. In this paper, we propose a novel halftone image watermarking method called Correlation-based Watermarking Error Diffusion (CWED) to embed a full-size, high-resolution and robust binary image in a single halftone image during halftoning while introducing minimal distortion. Since CWED uses the stochastic properties of halftone images to embed the watermark throughout the whole image, CWED is robust to cropping and distortion due to dirt or marking.
Passive NAT detection using HTTP access logs (2016)

Network devices performing Network Address Translation (NAT) overcome the problem of the deficit of IPv4 addresses as well as introduce a vulnerability to the network with possibly insecure configurations. Therefore detection of unauthorized NAT devices is an important task in the network security domain. In this paper, a novel passive NAT detection algorithm is proposed that identifies NAT devices in the network using statistical behavior analysis. We model behavior of network hosts using eight features extracted from HTTP access logs. These features are collected within consecutive non-overlapping time windows covering last 24 hours. To classify whether a host is a NAT device or an end host (non-NAT device) a pre-trained linear classifier is used. Since labeled data for training purposes is hard to obtain, we also propose a way how to generate the training data from unlabeled traffic logs. On the basis of our experimental evaluation, the detection algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art solution represented by [3].
Support of Uncompressed Video Streaming Over 60GHz Wireless Networks (2008)

Uncompressed HD (high-definition) video delivery over wireless personal area networks (WPANs) is a challenging problem because of the limited bandwidth and variations in channel. The 60 GHz millimeter-wave (mmWave) band has recently drawn much interest because of the huge bandwidth that it can provide from 57-66 GHz unlicensed spectrum available worldwide. However, to date a system design supporting uncompressed HD video over WPAN is still lacking. In this paper, we develop, simulate, and evaluate an mmWave system for supporting uncompressed video streaming over wireless (UVoW). New features of the UVoW system incorporates: (i) UEP (unequal error protection) where different video bits (MSBs and LSBs) are protected differently, (ii) a multi-CRC to determine whether MSB or/and LSB portions are in error, (iii) UV-ARQ, uncompressed video retransmission protocol which allows the receiver to request only those portions of a video packet which have high importance. Simulations indicate that the UVoW system achieves significantly higher video quality than normal systems under various wireless channel conditions. This shows that UVoW is a promising wireless system supporting uncompressed HD video.
Magic-echo solid-state NMR imaging (1991)

A technique for NMR imaging of solids is presented. It is based on magic echoes which are known to permit particularly long coherence evolution and refocusing intervals. Phase encoding by magnetic field gradients takes place in the free-evolution intervals with an efficiency approaching that of conventional liquid-state imaging.
<title>Advances in the processing of quantum-coupled devices</title> (1990)

It has recently been demonstrated[1,2] that zero-dimensional semiconductor structures ("quantum dots") can be fabricated with electrical contact to individual dots, and that the current voltage characteristics correspond to tunneling through the discrete density of states of a zero-dimensional system[3]. Because the density of states in such a quantum dot is a series of delta functions there is the potential for sharp transitions between tunneling and non-tunneling (on and off) states in devices fabricated from quantum dots. Such devices therefore could form the basis of a post-VLSI integrated circuit technology. These quantum dot devices are laterally-confined variations on the resonant tunneling diode (RTD). RTDs consist of a two dimensional quantum well surrounded by tunnel barriers. RTDs exhibit current peaks when electron energies in their contacts are aligned with quantum states in the well. As the quantum well states drop below the emitter conduction band edge, the current falls and there is negative differential resistance (NDR). Quantum dot diodes (QDDs) are RTDs which have lateral dimensions small enough to split the sub-bands in the quantum well into discrete energy states. This lateral confinement also creates 1-d sub-bands in the contact regions adjacent to the dot which become one dimensional quantum wires, leading to a more complex situation than exists in large area RTDs.
Neurofilament RNA Causes Neurodegeneration with Accumulation of Ubiquitinated Aggregates in Cultured Motor Neurons (2003)

The mechanisms whereby mutant gene expression triggers neurodegeneration are poorly understood but have generally been attributed to translated gene products. We now demonstrate direct neuropathic effects of untranslated RNA on cultured motor neurons. We show that expression of untranslated light neurofilament (NF-L) RNA sequence in the 3'UTR of an EGFP transgene (pEGFP/NF-L RNA) or in a separate expression vector (pRc/NF-L RNA) causes dose-dependent, neuron-specific motor neuron degeneration. Neither unfused EGFP protein (pEGFP/wt) nor EGFP-tagged NF-L protein (pEGFP/NF-L protein) has similar neuropathic effects. The findings are the first demonstration of a direct RNA-mediated neurotoxic effect. Moreover, the resulting neuropathological changes show that untranslated RNA can lead to early degeneration of neuritic processes and accumulations of ubiquitinated aggregates in the perikarya and nuclei of degenerating motor neurons. The latter findings are hallmark neuropathological features of neurodegenerative diseases and their occurrence as a result of altered RNA expression raises the prospects of an RNA-mediated component in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative states.
Understanding the degradation mechanism of rechargeable lithium/sulfur cells: a comprehensive study of the sulfur–graphene oxide cathode after discharge–charge cycling (2014)

Lithium/sulfur (Li/S) cells have attracted much attention due to their higher theoretical specific capacity and energy compared to those of current lithium-ion cells. However, the application of Li/S cells is still hampered by short cycle life. Sulfur-graphene oxide (S-GO) nanocomposites have shown promise as cathode materials for long-life Li/S cells because oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of graphene oxide were successfully used as sulfur immobilizers by forming weak bonds with sulfur and polysulfides. While S-GO showed much improved cycling performance, the capacity decay still needs to be improved for commercially viable cells. In this study, we attempt to understand the capacity fading mechanism based on an ex situ study of the structural and chemical evolution of S-GO nanocomposite cathodes with various numbers of cycles using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is found that both the surface morphologies and chemical structures of the cathode materials change considerably with increasing number of cycles. These changes are attributed to several unexpected chemical reactions of lithium with S-GO nanocomposites occurring during the discharge-charge processes with the formation of Li2CO3, Li2SO3, Li2SO4, and COSO2Li species. These reactions result in the loss of recyclable active sulfur on the surface of the electrode, and thus capacity fades while coulombic efficiency is near 100%. Moreover, the reaction products accumulate on the cathode surface, forming a compact blocking insulating layer which may make the diffusion of Li ions into/out of the cathode difficult during the discharge-charge process and thus lead to lower utilization of sulfur at higher rates. We think that these two observations are significant contributors to the capacity and rate capability degradation of the Li/S-GO cells. Therefore, for the rechargeable Li/S-GO cells, we suggest that the content of oxygen-containing functional groups on GO should be optimized and more stable functional groups need to be identified for further improvement of the cycling performance. The information we gain from this study may provide general insights into the fundamental understanding of the degradation mechanisms of other rechargeable Li/S cells using similar oxygen-containing functional groups as sulfur immobilizers.
Self-pumped optical phase conjugation with a sodium Raman laser (1991)

We report self-pumped optical phase conjugation in which the pumps are self-induced as standing waves in a linear Raman laser. Self-pumped reflectivities approaching 5% are obtained for input intensities of 20 W/cm(2). This low optical input intensity combined with predicted submicrosecond response times suggests that the resonant Raman interaction may provide the basis for a promising new class of nonlinear-optical material.
Antimetabolites produced by microorganisms. XIV. 2-Methyl-L-arginine, a new amino acid with antibiotic properties. (1976)

A new arginine antimetabolite was isolated from the fermentation broth of a new strain of Streptomyces and identified as 2-methyl-L-arginine.
Shared Antigen-specific CD8+ T cell Responses Against the SARS-COV-2 Spike Protein in HLA A*02:01 COVID-19 Participants (2020)

We report here on antigens from the SARS-CoV-2 virus spike protein, that when presented by Class I MHC, can lead to cytotoxic CD8+ T cell anti-viral responses in COVID-19 patients. We present a method in which the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is converted into a library of peptide antigen-Major Histocompatibility Complexes (pMHCs) as single chain trimers that contain the peptide antigen, the MHC HLA allele, and the β-2 microglobulin sub-unit. That library is used to detect the evolution of virus-specific T cell populations from two COVID-19 patients, at two time points over the course of infection. Both patients exhibit similar virus-specific T cell populations, but very different time-trajectories of those populations. These results can be used to track those virus-specific T cell populations over the course of an infection, thus providing deep insight into the variations in immune system trajectories observed in different COVID-19 patients.
Rippled beam free-electron laser amplifier using the axial free-electron laser interaction (1997)

A new microwave generation mechanism involving a scalloping annular electron beam is discussed. The beam interacts with the axial electric field of a TM0n mode in a smooth circular waveguide through the axial free-electron laser interaction, in which the beam ripple period is synchronous with the phase slippage of the rf mode relative to the electron beam. In this paper, we analyze the ripple motion of the electron beam and derive the dispersion relation describing the exponential growth of the rf mode. We calculate the gain for a nominal design and as a function of beam current and ripple amplitude, and show that power gain on the order of 30 dB/m of interaction is achievable. We additionally demonstrate that, under the right conditions, the interaction is autoresonant.
Experimental characterization of intrapulse tissue conductivity changes for electroporation (2011)

Cells exposed to short electric pulses experience a change in their transmembrane potential, which can lead to increased membrane permeability of the cell. When the energy of the pulses surpasses a threshold, the cell dies in a non-thermal manner known as irreversible electroporation (IRE). IRE has shown promise in the focal ablation of pathologic tissues. Its non-thermal mechanism spares sensitive structures and facilitates rapid lesion resolution. IRE effects depend on the electric field distribution, which can be predicted with numerical modeling. When the cells become permeabilized, the bulk tissue properties change, affecting this distribution. For IRE to become a reliable and successful treatment of diseased tissues, robust predictive treatment planning methods must be developed. It is vital to understand the changes in tissue properties undergoing the electric pulses to improve numerical models and predict treatment volumes. We report on the experimental characterization of these changes for kidney tissue. Tissue samples were pulsed between plate electrodes while intrapulse voltage and current data were measured to determine the conductivity of the tissue during the pulse. Conductivity was then established as a function of the electric field to which the tissue is exposed. This conductivity curve was used in a numerical model to demonstrate the impact of accounting for these changes when modeling electric field distributions to develop treatment plans.
Introduction of a Synthetic CO2-fixing Photorespiratory Bypass into a Cyanobacterium (2014)

Global photosynthetic productivity is limited by the enzymatic assimilation of CO2 into organic carbon compounds. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), the carboxylating enzyme of the Calvin-Benson cycle, poorly discriminates between CO2 and O2, leading to photorespiration and the loss of fixed carbon and nitrogen. With the advent of synthetic biology, it is now feasible to design, synthesize, and introduce biochemical pathways in vivo. We engineered a synthetic photorespiratory bypass based on the 3-hydroxypropionate bi-cycle into the model cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus sp. PCC 7942. The heterologously expressed cycle is designed to function as both a photorespiratory bypass and an additional CO2-fixing pathway, supplementing the Calvin-Benson cycle. We demonstrate the function of all six introduced enzymes and identify bottlenecks to be targeted in subsequent bioengineering. These results have implications for efforts to improve photosynthesis and for the "green" production of high value products of biotechnological interest.
Finger-like manipulator driven by antagonistic nickel-titanium shape memory alloy actuators (2015)

Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators generally have a fast response time when heated. However, the return stroke during cooling can be slow and has been a hindrance to the application of SMA actuators in different areas such as robotic hands. Thus, a novel finger-like antagonistic SMA actuator design is presented in this paper. By using different thermal shape setting processes, one SMA actuator was designed to take a curved shape when heated. This actuator was antagonistically coupled to a different actuator that took a straight shape when heated. Thus, alternately heating each actuator caused the finger-like manipulator to flex and extend rapidly. A comparison study was performed between the novel antagonistic design and a single actuator which showed that the both designs applied approximately the same force with the same velocity when flexing. However, the antagonistic design was able to extend, or open, more rapidly with statistical significance. This was demonstrated for 1.5mm, 1.9mm, and 3.0mm SMA actuator diameters.
Heater element design for electrically powered heater assemblies (1992)

This invention is comprised of an apparatus for electrically simulating a nuclear reactor fuel assembly. It includes a heater assembly having a top end and a bottom end and a plurality of concentric heater tubes having electrical circuitry connected to a power source, and radially spaced from each other. An outer target tube and an inner target tube is concentric with the heater tubes and with each other, and the outer target tube surrounds and is radially spaced from the heater tubes. The inner target tube is surrounded by and radially spaced from the heater tubes and outer target tube. The top of the assembly is generally open to allow for the electrical power connection to the heater tubes, and the bottom of the assembly includes means for completing the electrical circuitry in the heater tubes to provide electrical resistance heating to simulate the power profile in a nuclear reactor. The embedded conductor elements in each heater tube is split into two halves for a substantial portion of its length and provided with electrical isolation such that each half of the conductor is joined at one end and is not joined at the other end.
Waste Plastic Conversion into Hydrocarbon Fuel Materials (2011)

The increased demand and high price for energy sources are driving efforts to convert organic compounds into useful hydrocarbon fuels. Although much of this work has focused on biomass, there are strong benefits to deriving fuels from waste plastic material. Natural State Research Inc. (NSR) has invented a simple and economically viable process to decompose the hydrocarbon polymers of waste plastic into the shorter chain hydrocarbon of liquid fuel (patent pending). The method and principle of the production/process will be discussed. Initial tests with several widely used polymers indicate a high potential for commercialization.
Synthesis and biological actions of prosomatostatin. (1980)

The recently isolated 28-residue sequence of prosomatostatin, a putative somatostatin precursor from pig hypothalamus and intestine, was synthesized by solid-phase methodology, characterized, and tested in rats for its effects on the release of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and prolactin. The synthetic product strongly suppressed plasma levels of insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone, and it appeared to be more active in the pancreas than in the pituitary. It inhibited insulin release about 5 times more effectively than somatostatin on a weight basis. The prohormone also suppressed growth hormone and prolactin levels in vitro. A time-course experiment for the effect of prosomatostatin on growth hormone release in vivo showed a significant suppression of plasma growth hormone for at least 90 min.
The roles of CU impurity states in CdTe thin film solar cells (2010)

Despite potential detrimental effects of Cu impurity inclusion in CdTe thin film solar cells, such as degradation caused by Cu diffusion into CdS, or reduced shunt resistance, most devices include Cu as p-dopant in CdTe and/or part of the back contact material. I-V characterization and time resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) data reveal that, depending on the ZnTe:Cu/Ti back contact deposition condition, Cu may cause dramatic changes in the electrical properties of the CdTe thin film. Very low levels of Cu can reduce the already low conductivity of the CdTe thin film, while increasing the Cu concentration can increase both conductivity and minority carrier lifetime. Specifically, a contacting temperature to 250°C - 300° C can produce high efficiency devices that demonstrate long minority carrier lifetimes. Increase the contacting temperature beyond ~300°C can yield a CdTe thin film that becomes insulating, or even to n-type. Such a complicated and puzzling effect on the property and quality of the CdTe thin film - turning from a poor p-type, to a poorer p-type, to a better p-type, to insulating, and then to n-type - is all due to different levels of Cu involvement in the CdTe thin film. In this paper, we try to review such dramatic changes of the CdTe behavior through exploring the roles of Cd vacancy (a double and non-shallow acceptor) and Cu impurity (a substitutional non-shallow acceptor), as well as Cu interstitial (a shallow donor). We study the interaction between the Cd vacancy states and the Cu impurity states, as well as the self compensation of the Cu impurity states. Based on the study, we offer a qualitative explanation of the various CdTe behaviors due to different levels of Cu treatment temperature.
Random Forests Feature Selection with K-PLS: Detecting Ischemia from Magnetocardiograms (2006)

Random Forests were introduced by Breiman for feature (variable) selection and improved predictions for decision tree models. The resulting model is often superior to AdaBoost and bagging approaches. In this paper the random forests approach is extended for variable selection with other learning models, in this case Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Kernel Partial Least Squares (K-PLS) to estimate the importance of variables. This variable selection method is demonstrated on two benchmark datasets (Boston Housing and South African heart disease data). Finally, this methodology is applied to magnetocardiogram data for the detection of ischemic heart disease.
Fluorescence polarization as a tool for the determination of deoxynivalenol in wheat (2002)

The mould Fusarium graminearum is found worldwide as a pathogen of cereal grains, in particular of wheat and maize, and it produces a mycotoxin known as deoxynivalenol (DON or vomitoxin). Each year, the presence of this compound and related trichothecenes causes substantial losses to agricultural productivity. Rapid methods for the measurement of the toxin in grains are required to monitor and divert effectively contaminated grain from the food supply. A fluorescence polarization (FP) immunoassay using a previously described monoclonal antibody for DON was developed. The assay was based on the competition of unlabeled DON from a sample with a fluorescently tagged DON, DON-fluorescein (DON-FL), for a DON-specific monoclonal antibody in solution. The FP of the tagged DON was increased upon binding with the antibody. In the presence of free toxin, less of the DON-FL was bound and the polarization signal was decreased. The assays were very simple to perform, requiring only mixing of an aqueous extract of wheat with the DON-FL and antibody. The sensitivity of the assay was strongly dependent upon the time between mixing of the sample with the tracer and measurement of the fluorescence polarization, with midpoints for the competition curves ranging from 0.03 microg ml(-1) with a 15-s incubation to >1 microg ml(-1) with a 12-min incubation. Samples of wheat naturally contaminated with DON were evaluated by FP and by an HPLC-UV method, with a good correlation (r2 = 0.97). Although the FP method tended to overestimate DON slightly in the wheat samples, by approxiamtely 20%, the assay was easy to use and very useful for the screening of wheat.