gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alloy: Parallel-serial memory channel architecture for single-chip heterogeneous processor systems (2015)

A single-chip heterogeneous processor integrates both CPU and GPU on the same chip, demanding higher memory bandwidth. However, the current parallel interface (e.g., DDR3) can increase neither the number of (memory) channels nor the bit rate of the channels without paying high package and power costs. In contrast, the high-speed serial interface (HSI) can offer much higher bandwidth for the same number of pins and lower power consumption for the same bandwidth than the parallel interface. This allows us to integrate more channels under a pin and/or package power constraint but at the cost of longer latency for memory accesses and higher static energy consumption in particular for idle channels. In this paper, we first provide a deep understanding of recent HSI exhibiting very distinct characteristics from past serial interfaces in terms of bit rate, latency, energy per bit transfer, and static power consumption. To overcome the limitation of using only parallel or serial interfaces, we second propose a hybrid memory channel architecture-Alloy consisting of low-latency parallel and high-bandwidth serial channels. Alloy is assisted by our two proposed techniques: (i), a memory channel partitioning technique adoptively maps physical (memory) pages of latency-sensitive (CPU) and bandwidth-consuming (GPU) applications to parallel and serial channels, respectively, and (ii) a power management technique reduces the static energy consumption of idle serial channels. On average, Alloy provides 21% and 32% higher performance for CPU and GPU, respectively, while consuming total memory interface energy comparable to the baseline parallel channel architecture for diverse mixes of co-running CPU and GPU applications.
Differential Radar Interferometry Maps Changes In Elevation (1990)

Differential radar interferometry uses data from synthetic-aperture radar (SAR). Three passes of SAR yield three amplitude-and-phase images, from which two interferograms (phase-difference images) made. Interferograms used to make third, double-difference interferogram indicating vertical motion of terrain between passes. Vertical earthquake motions as small as 1 cm detectable. Used to make extensive, accurate maps of such geophysical phenomena as heaving and buckling in fault zones, motions to tectonic plates, residual displacements from earthquakes, motions from prevolcanic swelling, motions of glaciers, tides, and thermal expansion of mountains from diurnal heating.
Guided modes in a photonic crystal fibre (1997)

Photonic crystal fibre (PCF) is a unique form of low-loss optical waveguide, which works by trapping light in a defect within a two-dimensional silica/air photonic crystal material (see figure 1)[1]. The photonic crystal material is formed by a 2 dimensional array of small closely-spaced (1-5µm) air holes which run down the length of the silica fibre. The defect is a region of pure silica embedded in the holey material. Although it works by total internal reflection, as do conventional fibres, we have found that PCF has properties which are fundamentally different to those displayed by other fibres. These properties are determined by the design of the unit cell of the crystal cladding material - the shape, the pitch and the air-filling fraction - as well as by the size of the defect core. The photonic crystal is a new type of optical material, so there is considerable scope to fabricate fibre with novel properties. For example, we have demonstrated a fibre with a simple hexagonal array of air holes in the cladding which is single-moded over an extraordinary bandwidth range, extending from 337nm to beyond 1.55µm, a result which is supported by theoretical considerations. Figure 1 Optical micrograph of a photonic crystal fibre, of diameter 80µm.<br/> Figure 2 Higher-order mode in the core of a photonic crystal fibre. <br/> By increasing the size of the air holes in the structure one increases the effective index difference between the silica core and the silica/air cladding, increasing the number of guided modes. Likewise, the use of more complex unit cell structures as illustrated here can result in more guided modes (figure 2). This paper describes more fully the dependence of the number of guided modes on the design of the photonic crystal cladding.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Temperature-Sensitive Liposome Release: Drug Dose Painting and Antitumor Effects (2007)

In preclinical studies, lysolipid-based temperature-sensitive liposomes (LTSLs) containing chemotherapy drugs administered in combination with local hyperthermia have been found to increase tumor drug concentrations and improve antitumor efficacy of the drugs. We used a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method to measure the temporal and spatial patterns of drug delivery in a rat fibrosarcoma model during treatment with LTSLs containing doxorubicin and an MRI contrast agent (manganese) (Dox/Mn-LTSLs) administered at different times with respect to hyperthermia.Rats bearing 10- to 12-mm fibrosarcomas (n = 6-7 per group) were treated with Dox/Mn-LTSLs (at a dose of 5 mg doxorubicin/kg body weight) before and/or during 60 minutes of local tumor hyperthermia administered via a catheter inserted at the center of the tumor. Drug distribution was monitored continuously via MRI. Magnetic resonance changes were used to calculate intratumoral doxorubicin concentrations throughout treatment. Tumors were monitored until they reached five times their volume on the day of treatment or 60 days. Doxorubicin concentrations and times for tumors to reach five times their volume on the day of treatment were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method, respectively. All statistical tests were two-sided.Administration of Dox/Mn-LTSLs before, during, and both before and during hyperthermia yielded central, peripheral, and uniform drug distributions, respectively. Doxorubicin accumulated more quickly and reached higher concentrations in the tumor when Dox/Mn-LTSLs were administered during hyperthermia than when administered before hyperthermia (rate: 9.8 versus 1.8 microg/min, difference = 8.0 microg/min, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.8 to 12.8 microg/min, P = .003; concentration: 15.1 versus 8.0 ng/mg, difference = 7.1 ng/mg, 95% CI = 3.6 to 10.6 ng/mg, P = .028). LTSL administered during hyperthermia also yielded the greatest antitumor effect, with a median time for tumors to reach five times their volume on the day of treatment of 34 days (95% CI = 30 days to infinity) compared with 18.5 days (95% CI = 16 to 23 days) for LTSL before hyperthermia and 22.5 days (95% CI = 15 to 25 days) for LTSL before and during hyperthermia.In this rat fibrosarcoma model, LTSLs were most effective when delivered during hyperthermia, which resulted in a peripheral drug distribution.
Stabilization of n-type semiconductors to photoanodic dissolution by competitive electron transfer processes (1977)

The behavior of n-type CdX (X = S, Se, Te) and GaP, GaAs, and InP in alkaline electrolytes containing X(--) and X sub n(--) ions is reviewed. Of the 18 combinations of electrode and electrolyte, 12 alliances are completely stable to photoanodic dissolution of the n-type photoanode. In each case the oxidation of the chalcogenide species at the photoanode is reversed at the cathode to complete an electrochemical cycle involving no net chemical change. The best system in terms of light-to-electric energy conversion seems to be the CdTe-based cell employing the Te(--)/Te2(--) electrolyte, with roughly 10% efficiency at an output voltage of 0.35 V for monochromatic 633 nm input optical energy at about 25 mW/sq cm.
Bimodal molecular imaging with lanthanide chelates (2004)

Molecular imaging (MI) is revolutionizing biology and medicine. Yet, for the full potential of MI to be realized, new, improved chemistries and targets are required. One such target is the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR). PBR is an 18kD trans-mitochondrial membrane protein involved in steroidogenesis and other mitochondrial function1,2. Furthermore, PBR has an expression profile making it a viable molecular target for the study of mitochondrial function and its relationship to cancer cell proliferation3,4. Capitalizing on these observations and the availability structural identity of PBR ligand, our group has synthesized a variety of PBR targeted imaging agents (visible fluorescence, NIR, MRI) based on a conjugable form of PK11195 (a PBR ligand)5. These ligands have been used for both in- vitro and in-vivo PBR targeted molecular imaging. It will be shown that these agents can be visualized in a variety of PBR over-expressing cell lines and that the quantification of uptake provides physiologically relevant information. Targeted in-vivo imaging results will also be presented showing that our PBR ligands may be useful for early disease detection and surgical resection guidance.
Portable Rapid Test Fuel Tank Leak Detection System (2010)

Abstract : The Portable Rapid Test (PRT) tank leak detection system development was conducted under the Chief of Navy's 0817 Pollution Abatement Ashore RDT&E program. Its goal was to bring Navy fuel tanks into regulatory compliance in a cost-effective manner. The PRT Leak Detection System was successfully designed and evaluated for use in 50,000 gallon fuel underground storage tanks (USTs). Using EPA mandated procedures, the PRT achieved a 0.067 gal/hr leak rate with 95% probability of detection (PD) and 5% probability of false alarm (PFA) during 3rd Party Certification Testing at the Barking Sands Pacific Missile Range fuel farm, Kauai, Hawaii. This is the best EPA approved leak rate achieved to date in industry worldwide for a 50,000 gallon in-tank system, with results in 5-hours, and is the only available system which has the dual capability for conducting a combined monthly and annual compliance test. The system allows testing at EPA standard leak rates of 0.10 gal/hr and 0.20 gal/hr with a very high PD and very low PFA. This provides a significant improvement over current methods technologically, operationally, and in short and long-term cost benefits. The final report steps through the development stages of the PRT technology including off-the-shelf component elections, development of new hardware and software, system integration, and laboratory, field and certification testing.
Microholograms Recorded in a Thermoplastic Medium for Three-Dimensional Data Storage (2006)

This paper presents a three-dimensional optical data storage system that combines a new recording material with a micro-holographic data format. The micro-holographic approach stores data as single-bit micro-holograms arranged in multiple layers throughout the volume of the disk, similar in format to standard physical layer formats. This approach offers much less sensitivity to environmental conditions than the page-based holographic approach in addition to an increased compatibility with current technologies. The new recording medium is based on an injection-moldable, dye-doped thermoplastic material that makes mass distribution of the new format economically viable. The recording of the micro-holograms in the new material indicates that the dimensions of the micro-holograms are larger than those calculated using simple laser beam waist approximations and that multiple layers of micro-holograms significantly impact signal levels. Ultimately, the results show that calculations of data densities achievable by the micro-holographic approach must take these effects into account.
Comparison of a whole-virus enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with a peptide-based EIA for detecting rubella virus immunoglobulin G antibodies following rubella vaccination (1993)

A total of 250 human serum samples were tested for rubella virus immunoglobulin G antibodies by two enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), one using whole rubella virus antigen and the other based on the use of synthetic peptide antigen. The samples were taken from 125 volunteers before and after their immunization with the RA 27/3 rubella vaccine. This study indicates that a synthetic peptide-based EIA can favorably replace current viral lysate-based EIAs to detect rubella virus antibodies following immunization. Because the synthetic peptide used in this newly developed EIA represents a putative neutralization epitope of the rubella virus, it could also be instrumental in determining rubella immune status and in assessing vaccine program efficiency.
Improved Sufur/Lithium Suflide Nano-composite Electrodes for Next-Generation Lithium Cells (2013)

A new generation of batteries with a capability of at least 400 Wh/kg is urgently needed since current lithium ion cells are reaching their maximum energy storage capability (~200 Wh/kg). The lithium/sulfur cell, with a theoretical specific energy of 2680 Wh/kg, is an attractive candidate. However, its rapid capacity decay owing to polysulfide dissolution requires good protection of the cathode materials before it can be commercialized. In our research, we are working on improving the performance of the Li/S cell by modifying the active material structure, electrolyte and binder. For the sulfur electrode, graphene oxide and other carbon materials with various surface functional groups are used as a component of nanostructured composite electrode materials. With the help of these functional groups as well as a new binder, nanostructured sulfur can be retained during cell cycling. The latest results show that the new C-S materials are exhibiting a capacity higher than 800 mAh/g(sulfur) even after cycling for 1000 times. For Li2S as the starting material, structured nanoparticles that contain carbon or other conductive materials are under evaluation. Recent results show that the capacity fading of Li2S electrodes can be alleviated using carbon. In addition to these experiments, simulations of the Li/S cell are being performed. The computational model includes a description of electrochemical kinetics, mass and charge transport in the electrolyte as well as the formation of solid phases. Different reaction mechanisms can be chosen to represent the operation of Li/S cells. Simulated results include charge and discharge curves, concentrations of dissolved ions and polysulfides, volumes of solid and liquid phases in different regions of the cell as well as electrochemical impedance spectra. These results facilitate the interpretation of experimental results. The refinement and validation of the model based on our most recent data is the subject of ongoing studies.
Statistical analysis of RF circuits using combined circuit simulator-full wave field solver approach (2007)

As technologies continue to shrink in size, modeling the effect of process variations on circuit performance is assuming profound significance. Process variations affect the on-chip performance of both active and passive components. This necessitates the inclusion of the effect of these variations on distributed interconnect structures in modeling overall circuit performance. In this work, first it is shown through field-solver simulations that larger process variations lead to non-Gaussian PDFs (probability density functions) for the circuit equivalent parameters of distributed passives. Next, a method for accurate statistical analysis of coupled circuit-EM (Electromagnetic) systems without computing the equivalent circuit parameters of EM-modeled objects is demonstrated. This method also obviates the need to generate random variables representing the equivalent circuit parameters, from distributions which are correlated, non-Gaussian and non-closed-form. The proposed approach relies on application of the response surface (RS) methodology to the y-parameters of both the circuit and the distributed structures independently and expressing the eventual performance measures through a suitable combination of the y-parameters. The eventual performance measures are expressed through a hierarchical approach in terms of the underlying Gaussian random variables representing the process parameters. A rapid response surface Monte Carlo (RSMC) analysis on these derived response surfaces furnishes the PDFs and can also be used to predict the yield based on different qualifying criteria and objective functions.
Unleashing Mayhem on Binary Code (2012)

In this paper we present Mayhem, a new system for automatically finding exploitable bugs in binary (i.e., executable) programs. Every bug reported by Mayhem is accompanied by a working shell-spawning exploit. The working exploits ensure soundness and that each bug report is security-critical and actionable. Mayhem works on raw binary code without debugging information. To make exploit generation possible at the binary-level, Mayhem addresses two major technical challenges: actively managing execution paths without exhausting memory, and reasoning about symbolic memory indices, where a load or a store address depends on user input. To this end, we propose two novel techniques: 1) hybrid symbolic execution for combining online and offline (concolic) execution to maximize the benefits of both techniques, and 2) index-based memory modeling, a technique that allows Mayhem to efficiently reason about symbolic memory at the binary level. We used Mayhem to find and demonstrate 29 exploitable vulnerabilities in both Linux and Windows programs, 2 of which were previously undocumented.
The role of arithmetic coding based continuous error detection in digital transmission systems (2002)

A "continuous" error detection scheme based on arithmetic coding ideas is analyzed. The results show significant gains of the proposed scheme over conventional block error detection codes (e.g., CRC) for automatic repeat request (ARQ), forward error correction (FEC) and hybrid ARQ schemes.
Janus Particles as Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cells for T Cell Activation (2014)

Here we show that the multifunctionality of Janus particles can be exploited for in vitro T cell activation. We engineer bifunctional Janus particles on which the spatial distribution of two ligands, anti-CD3 and fibronectin, mimics the "bull's eye" protein pattern formed in the membrane junction between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell. Different levels of T cell activation can be achieved by simply switching the spatial distribution of the two ligands on the surfaces of the "bull's eye" particles. We find that the ligand pattern also affects clustering of intracellular proteins. This study demonstrates that anisotropic particles, such as Janus particles, can be developed as artificial antigen-presenting cells for modulating T cell activation.
A general framework for the analysis of vessel encoded arterial spin labeling for vascular territory mapping (2010)

Vessel encoded arterial spin labeling provides a way to perform non-invasive vascular territory imaging. By uniquely encoding the blood within feeding arteries over a number of images, the territories of each can be identified. Here, a new approach for the analysis of vessel encoded arterial spin labeling data is presented. The method includes a full description of how the geometry of arteries and spatial label modulation affects the measured signal. It also incorporates an artery-based classification that considers multiple arteries in each class, explicitly permitting a voxel to be supplied by multiple arteries. The developed framework is cast within a Bayesian inference procedure allowing both flow contributions and the locations of the arteries in the labeling plane to be inferred. By using simulated data, the method was shown to provide more accurate estimates of blood contribution in areas of mixed supply, such as would be found in watershed regions, than conventional methods. It was also able to estimate the location of arteries within the labeling plane, accounting for motion between sequence prescription and acquisition. Similar performance was found for data acquired using a pseudo-continuous labeling scheme both in the neck and above the Circle of Willis.
Optical limiting and excited-state absorption in fullerene derivatives (1996)

We present measurements of intensity-dependent transmission (optical limiting), Z-scan, and time resolved excited-state absorption, for several fullerenes and fullerene derivatives in solution, and for Co thin films and porous glass composites. Specific derivatives investigated include the isomers 5,6 pheny1-C-butyñc acid cholesteryl ester (5,6 PCBCR) and 6,6 PCBCR. We report optical limiting results for several wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared. Excited-state absorption is measured from 500-1000 nm with <1 picosecond resolution. The spectral and temporal information about the excited state can be used in combination with ground state measurements of absorption cross section to predict optical limiting behavior due to reverse saturable absorption. These predictions are confirmed by intensity dependent transmission measurements made at different wavelengths. We find that fullerenes functionalized for optimized solubility display enhanced optical limiting properties.
Optimizing bitmap indices with efficient compression (2006)

Bitmap indices are efficient for answering queries on low-cardinality attributes. In this article, we present a new compression scheme called Word-Aligned Hybrid (WAH) code that makes compressed bitmap indices efficient even for high-cardinality attributes. We further prove that the new compressed bitmap index, like the best variants of the B-tree index, is optimal for one-dimensional range queries. More specifically, the time required to answer a one-dimensional range query is a linear function of the number of hits. This strongly supports the well-known observation that compressed bitmap indices are efficient for multidimensional range queries because results of one-dimensional range queries computed with bitmap indices can be easily combined to answer multidimensional range queries. Our timing measurements on range queries not only confirm the linear relationship between the query response time and the number of hits, but also demonstrate that WAH compressed indices answer queries faster than the commonly used indices including projection indices, B-tree indices, and other compressed bitmap indices.
<i>N</i>‐Acylhydrazone – vielseitige Elektrophile für die Synthese von Stickstoffverbindungen (2005)

Abstract Bei der Anwendung von N‐Acylhydrazonen als Elektrophilen in Reaktionen mit Nucleophilen wurden in jüngster Zeit wichtige Fortschritte erzielt. N‐Acylhydrazone, die sich auf einfache Weise herstellen und aufbewahren lassen, agieren in diesen Reaktionen als stabile Iminäquivalente. Die Hydrazidprodukte sind nützliche, oft chirale Bausteine, die durch N‐N‐Bindungsspaltung zu wertvollen Stickstoffverbindungen umgesetzt werden können. Eine bedeutende Anwendung finden N‐Acyl‐Gruppen außerdem als Template zur stereochemischen Steuerung metallkatalysierter Reaktionen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz fasst jüngste Ergebnisse aus der Chemie der N‐Acylhydrazone zusammen und betrachtet aktuelle Entwicklungen.
Evaluation of elastic property of the arterial wall by measuring small velocity signals using ultrasound (2002)

To evaluate the elasticity of the arterial wall more locally, it is necessary to noninvasively measure the local change in thickness of the arterial wall with amplitude of several micrometers. For this purpose, in this paper, small velocity signals on the arterial wall is accurately measured using ultrasound. From this small change in thickness, the systolic blood pressure, and the diastolic blood pressure, the average elastic modulus of the arterial wall is noninvasively evaluated. The elastic modulus of the arterial wall depends upon the arterial inner pressure because of the hysteresis property between the inner pressure and the strain of the artery. Therefore, the authors obtain the change in the Young's modulus in one cardiac cycle from the local pulse wave velocity (PWV) measured in each short period. From the resultant PWV in each short period, the hysteresis property of the arterial wall is estimated.