gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of pesticides on the ratio of 16 alpha/2-hydroxyestrone: a biologic marker of breast cancer risk. (1995)

Xenobiotic estrogens are external compounds with estrogenic activity that may thereby affect the risk of breast cancer. This paper describes a mechanism by which xeno-estrogens may affect the development of breast cancer. Estradiol metabolism proceeds by hydroxylation at one of two mutually exclusive sites at C-2 and C-16 alpha. The catechol pathway yields the weakly estrogenic 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1), which inhibits breast cell proliferation. In contrast, the alternative pathway yields the genotoxic 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone (16 alpha-OHE1), which enhances breast cell growth, increases unscheduled DNA synthesis, and oncogene and virus expression, and increases anchorage-independent growth. Using a radiometric assay that measures the relative formation of 16 alpha-OHE1 versus 2-OHE1 from specifically tritiated estradiol in (ER+) MCF-7 cells, we compared the ratio of 16 alpha-OHE1/2-OHE1 observed after treatment with the known rodent carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) with the ratios after treatment with DDT, atrazine, gamma-benzene hexachloride, kepone, coplanar PCBs, endosulfans I and II, linoleic and eicosapentenoic acids, and indole-3-carbinol (I3C). These pesticides significantly increase the ratio of 16 alpha-OHE1/2-OHE1 metabolites to values comparable to or greater than those observed after DMBA. In contrast, the antitumor agent I3C increased 2-OHE1 formation and yielded ratios that are 1/3 of those found in unexposed control cells and 1/10th of those found in DMBA-treated cells. Thus the ratio of 16 alpha-OHE1/2-OHE1 may provide a marker for the risk of breast cancer. Assays of this ratio, which can be measured in spot urines, may prove useful for a variety of in vitro and in vivo studies bearing on breast cancer risk.
Constant Power Control of DFIG Wind Turbines With Supercapacitor Energy Storage (2010)

With the increasing penetration of wind power into electric power grids, energy storage devices will be required to dynamically match the intermittency of wind energy. This paper proposes a novel two-layer constant power control scheme for a wind farm equipped with doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines. Each DFIG wind turbine is equipped with a supercapacitor energy storage system (ESS) and is controlled by the low-layer wind turbine generator (WTG) controllers and coordinated by a high-layer wind farm supervisory controller (WFSC). The WFSC generates the active power references for the low-layer WTG controllers according to the active power demand from or generation commitment to the grid operator; the low-layer WTG controllers then regulate each DFIG wind turbine to generate the desired amount of active power, where the deviations between the available wind energy input and desired active power output are compensated by the ESS. Simulation studies are carried out in PSCAD/EMTDC on a wind farm equipped with 15 DFIG wind turbines to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Diffraction enhanced imaging utilizing a laser produced x-ray source (2022)

Image formation by Fresnel diffraction utilizes both absorption and phase-contrast to measure electron density profiles. The low spatial and spectral coherence requirements allow the technique to be performed with a laser-produced x-ray source coupled with a narrow slit. This makes it an excellent candidate for probing interfaces between materials at extreme conditions, which can only be generated at large-scale laser or pulsed power facilities. Here, we present the results from a proof-of-principle experiment demonstrating an effective ∼2 μm laser-generated source at the OMEGA Laser Facility. This was achieved using slits of 1 × 30 μm<sup>2</sup> and 2 × 40 μm<sup>2</sup> geometry, which were milled into 30 μm thick Ta plates. Combining these slits with a vanadium He-like 5.2 keV source created a 1D imaging system capable of micrometer-scale resolution. The principal obstacles to achieving an effective 1 μm source are the slit tilt and taper-where the use of a tapered slit is necessary to increase the alignment tolerance. We demonstrate an effective source size by imaging a 2 ± 0.2 μm radius tungsten wire.
Model and Heuristics for the Heterogeneous Fixed Fleet Vehicle Routing Problem with Pick-Up and Delivery (2012)

This paper discussed the heterogeneous fixed fleet vehicle routing problem with pick-up and delivery, which different type vehicles have different...
Low Intensity Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy as a Potential Treatment for Overactive Bladder Syndrome (2021)

Our results revealed that the therapeutic efficacy of LiESWT could improve voided volume and ameliorate OAB symptoms, such as urgency, frequency, nocturia, and urinary incontinence, and lasted up to 6 month of follow-up. Moreover, LiESWT treatment brought statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in social activity and QoL of patients. These findings suggested that LiESWT could serve as an alternative non-invasive therapy for OAB patients.
Growth and Replication of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in the DF-1 Cell Line and Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts (2014)

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes a highly contagious disease in young chicks and leads to significant economic losses in the poultry industry. To determine a suitable cell line for IBDV infection, replication, and growth kinetics of the virus, DF-1 cells and chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) were used. The population doubling per day (Pd/D) was found to be higher in DF-1 as compared to CEF cells. A suitable time of infection (TOI) was established for increased production of virus and greater infectivity titers. The DF-1 and CEF cells were found to be susceptible to infection by producing marked cytopathic effects (CPEs), and the growth curves of IBDV in DF-1 and CEF cells were evaluated by infectivity assay using tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50). The cytopathic effects of the virus in DF-1 and CEF cells were found to be similar, but higher viral titers were detected in the DF-1 cells as compared to CEF. Thus the DF-1 cell line had a higher growth potential and infectivity, which will be of advantage in vaccine production.
A capacitance-coupled bit line cell (1985)

A 38-µm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> dynamic random-access memory (dRAM) cell with a capacitance-coupled bit line (CCB) approach is described. This cell enables a storage capacitor area 2-2.5 times larger than double polysilicon-type cells, or half the cell area with the same design rules. Memory operation with this cell is explained and the bit line stray capacitance is analyzed using a two-dimensional numerical calculation method. The cell output voltage is compared with those of other cells, taking the capacitance between bit lines into account. An experimental 256K dRAM was built for testing, and operated successfully.
New low-noise output amplifier for high-definition CCD image sensor (1991)

A new low-noise charge-coupled-device (CCD) output amplifier, the RJG detector, has been developed. The RJG detector incorporates a JFET which has an electrically floating ring-junction gate (RJG). The operating principle of the amplifier is that signal charges, transferred from the CCD into the RJG, directly modulate the drain current in the detection JFET. The performance of the detector was evaluated by operating test devices under a 37-MHz clock frequency, which is the same frequency as that for the horizontal CCD operation in the recently developed 2-million-pixel high-definition CCD image sensor. It was found that 1/f noise was reduced by introducing the JFET and that reset noise was completely eliminated by achieving complete charge transfer through the reset operation. As a result, input referred noise equivalent electrons within the 18.5-MHz baseband were reduced to 17 (electrons).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Near infrared spectral radiation properties of different liquid hydrocarbon fuels (2017)

A double-thickness transmission model for a three-layer structure combined with a genetic algorithm was adopted to determine the spectral radiation properties of liquids. The reliability of this model was illustrated by the good agreement between the optical constants measured and that from the references. Then the spectral radiation properties of three typical liquid hydrocarbon fuels (diesel, gasoline, and jet fuel) available in China were measured in the wavelength range of 1000–2100 nm from room temperature to 423 K. Results indicate that the optical constants of these fuels are related to the fuel composition, wavelength, and temperature. At room temperature, the absorption index of the low carbon fuel (gasoline) was smaller than that for the high carbon fuels (diesel and jet fuel) in the wavelength range of 1100–1450 nm and 1700–2000 nm and larger in other bands. From room temperature to 423 K, the absorption index increased with temperature by a maximum rate of 50% per degree for the low carbon fuel, while it presents different trends for the high carbon fuel. The absorption index of the diesel decreased with temperature by a maximum rate of 40% per degree, while there exists a turning point for that of jet fuel at 1685 nm. For all these fuels, the temperature influence on the refractive index was not obvious, as the changing rate only reaches up to 3% per degree.
Intragastric immunization of mice with enterohemorrhagic<i>Escherichia coli</i>O157:H7 bacterial ghosts reduces mortality and shedding and induces a Th2-type dominated mixed immune response (2010)

A bacterial ghost (BG)-based vaccine was developed against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of E. coli O157:H7 BGs in a mouse model and to reveal the mechanism of the immune response. Booster immunization provided a higher protection rate (84%) than single-dose immunization (56%). Intragastric immunization of E. coli O157:H7 BGs induced both humoral and cellular immune responses. The proliferative response of CD4+ T cells was mediated by the antigen-presenting cells. The humoral immune response dominated the immune response, while the cellular immune response developed later. Inflammatory reaction was balanced by the mixed Th1/Th2 immune response. The immune sera anti-adhesion effect was confirmed by the inhibition effect, which could inhibit >90% of the adhesion of E. coli O157:H7 to Hep-2 target cells in vitro. Antibody titer specific for intimin, a molecule important for adhesion of E. coli O157:H7 to target cells, correlated with specific immunoglobulin A or G antibody titer. Therefore, it might be feasible to clinically test BG vaccines in the future.
Urinary Concentrations of Parabens and Other Antimicrobial Chemicals and Their Association with Couples’ Fecundity (2016)

Higher quartiles of preconception urinary concentrations of MP and EP among female partners were associated with reduced couple fecundity in partner-specific and couple-based exposure models.
Volt/VAR control and Conservation Voltage Reduction as a function of advanced DMS (2016)

Volt/VAR Control (VVC) is the most desirable and cost effective application of the modern Distribution Management Systems (DMS). Integrated in DMS, built on a Distribution System State Estimator (DSE) solution as an input, and Power Flow (PF) as an optimization engine internal tool, the VVC allows the achievement of a wide variety of objectives, which can be optimized with high mathematical accuracy. However, in real systems, supporting DSE/PF models in real-time is a complicated, costly, and laborious engineering problem, which only some utilities can afford to solve successfully. Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) completely changes how distribution systems are controlled in real-time. The combination of Remote Telemetry Unit (RTU) and AMI realtime measurements creates the foundation for Advanced DMS providing observability of both primary and secondary distribution. Most relevant for VVC is that it provides the capability to directly monitor voltages at customer service delivery points as required by ANSI standard. It makes possible obtaining VVC optimal solutions for different objectives, while keeping voltages as close to their limits as possible, without the need to solve the PF. The most widely used example of such VVC objective is Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR). The paper proposes a new approach to VVC solution which combines RTU measurements with AMI voltage alarms and bellwether voltages connected to the dynamically updated topological model of the distribution grid. The approach is illustrated with a newly developed CVR algorithm that has been implemented in several utilities across the USA.
Modulation of growth factor incorporation into ECM of human osteoblast-like cells in vitro by 17 beta-estradiol (1994)

Human fetal osteoblast-like cells formed a regular multilayered structure in vitro with an extensive collagen-based extracellular matrix. With colloidal gold immunocytochemistry, labels for alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin were distributed in a relatively diffuse pattern, in contrast to the bone growth factors, insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), and basic fibroblast growth factor, which were colocalized in the collagenous matrix of the multilayer. The inclusion of 17 beta-estradiol (10(-11) to 10(-9) M) in the culture medium increased multilayer depths, increased labeling for IGF-I, IGF-II, and TGF-beta 1, and resulted in earlier detection of TGF-beta 1 label. In contrast, the increase in multilayer depth resulting from treatment with human platelets, an exogenous source of growth factors, was not accompanied by an increase in matrix IGF-I, IGF-II, or TGF-beta 1 label, suggesting a particular effect of estradiol to facilitate this process. Because growth factors in bone matrix may act as coupling agents when released during resorption, reduced growth factor incorporation in the presence of reduced sex steroid concentrations may lead to uncoupling of resorption and subsequent formation.
Table-based simulation of delta-sigma modulators (1990)

The program ZSIM (nonlinear Z-domain simulator) is used to explore the benefits and limitations of a table-based approach to the simulation of delta-sigma modulators with switched-capacitor integrators. Simulations demonstrating the effects of clock feedthrough and incomplete settling are presented, as are simulations demonstrating the importance of using an accurate and charge-conservative circuit simulator for the table point transient simulations. The methods used are appropriate for other discrete-time systems where simulation of system-level performance based on the results of transient circuit simulation is desired.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Unsupervised Learning of Object Landmarks through Conditional Image Generation (2018)

We propose a method for learning landmark detectors for visual objects (such as the eyes and the nose in a face) without any manual supervision. We cast this as the problem of generating images that combine the appearance of the object as seen in a first example image with the geometry of the object as seen in a second example image, where the two examples differ by a viewpoint change and/or an object deformation. In order to factorize appearance and geometry, we introduce a tight bottleneck in the geometry-extraction process that selects and distils geometry-related features. Compared to standard image generation problems, which often use generative adversarial networks, our generation task is conditioned on both appearance and geometry and thus is significantly less ambiguous, to the point that adopting a simple perceptual loss formulation is sufficient. We demonstrate that our approach can learn object landmarks from synthetic image deformations or videos, all without manual supervision, while outperforming state-of-the-art unsupervised landmark detectors. We further show that our method is applicable to a large variety of datasets - faces, people, 3D objects, and digits - without any modifications.
Diagnosis of α<sub>1</sub>antitrypsin deficiency by enzymatic amplification of human genomic DNA and direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products (1988)

We have compared sequencing of cloned "polymerase chain reaction" (PCR) products and the direct sequencing of PCR products in the examination of individuals from six families affected with alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency. In families where paternity was in question we confirmed consanguinity by DNA fingerprinting using a panel of locus-specific minisatellite probes. We demonstrate that direct sequencing of PCR amplification products is the method of choice for the absolutely specific diagnosis of AAT deficiency and can distinguish normals, heterozygotes and homozygotes in a single, rapid and facile assay. Furthermore, we demonstrate the reproducibility of the PCR and a rapid DNA isolation procedure. We have also shown that two loci can be simultaneously amplified and that the PCR product from each locus can be independently examined by direct DNA sequencing.
New procedure for isolation of Rous sarcoma virus-specific RNA from infected cells (1979)

The use of mercurated "strong stop" complementary DNA (complementary to the 5'-terminal 101 nucleotides of Rous sarcoma virus RNA) in the isolation of virus-specific RNA from infected chicken embryo fibroblasts is described. Strong stop Rous sarcoma virus complementary DNA was mercurated chemically, and, as a result of the low complexity of this DNA, short hybridization times (up to 15 min) and heating in the absence of formamide were found to be adequate conditions for the isolation of virus-specific RNA. The purity of the isolated RNA was demonstrated by analysis of labeled RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotides by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The isolated RNA could be translated in the in vitro protein synthesis system derived from rabbit reticulocytes, and an analysis of polypeptides programmed by isolated RNA before and after immunoprecipitation further demonstrated both the purity of the isolated mRNA and the quantitative nature of the isolation procedure.
Autonomous obstacle avoidance and maneuvering on a vision-guided MAV using on-board processing (2011)

We present a novel stereo-based obstacle avoidance system on a vision-guided micro air vehicle (MAV) that is capable of fully autonomous maneuvers in unknown and dynamic environments. All algorithms run exclusively on the vehicle's on-board computer, and at high frequencies that allow the MAV to react quickly to obstacles appearing in its flight trajectory. Our MAV platform is a quadrotor aircraft equipped with an inertial measurement unit and two stereo rigs. An obstacle mapping algorithm processes stereo images, producing a 3D map representation of the environment; at the same time, a dynamic anytime path planner plans a collision-free path to a goal point.
Enhanced Colonic and Rectal Absorption of Insulin using a Multiple Emulsion Containing Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid (1998)

The aim of this study was to test the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on insulin absorption from rat intestinal loops in situ, using a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) multiple emulsion. The enhancement effect of these long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids was compared with that of free fatty acids having a C18 alkyl chain. The emulsion (insulin dose, 50 units/kg) was administered directly into the colonic and rectal loops. Both EPA and DHA strongly enhanced insulin absorption and induced hypoglycemia after colonic and rectal dosing. Comparing the pharmacological availability, the order of effectiveness with respect to the enhanced absorption of insulin was DHA >/= EPA > C18 unsaturated fatty acids >> C18 saturated fatty acid at both sites. DHA showed greater effects upon rectal dosing than upon colonic dosing. Histological studies revealed that the emulsion incorporating DHA did not induce gross morphological changes in the structure of the intestinal mucosa. Our results indicate that a W/O/W multiple emulsion incorporating DHA is a possible means of facilitating the intestinal absorption of insulin without inducing any serious damage to the epithelial cells.
20-Gbps BPSK silicon Mach-Zehnder modulator with excellent chirp-free performance (2012)

20-Gbps NRZ-BPSK operation using silicon MZM is demonstrated with excellent chirp-free performance. Obtained α-parameter of the modulator is -0.05, and the low chirp modulation under push-pull operation is observed.
A 65nm CMOS DCXO system for generating 38.4MHz and a real time clock from a single crystal in 0.09mm<sup>2</sup> (2010)

An integrated digitally-controlled crystal oscillator (DCXO) is presented that generates both 38.4 MHz and also a 32.768 kHz real time clock (RTC) from a single 38.4 MHz crystal. The DCXO can startup independently and transition seamlessly in and out of software control. The tuning range is 280 ppm with 2 ppb/step and guaranteed monotonicity. The phase noise is -135 dBc/Hz at 1kHz offset and -146 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset. The current consumption is 5 mA from a 1.4 V supply in full power mode and 234 μA in low power mode, including the LDO and all clock buffers. The DCXO is implemented in standard 65 nm digital CMOS with a die area of 0.09mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Multiple Reaction Monitoring for the Quantitation of Serum Protein Glycosylation Profiles: Application to Ovarian Cancer (2017)

Protein glycosylation fingerprints are widely recognized as potential markers for disease states, and indeed differential glycosylation has been identified in multiple types of autoimmune diseases and several types of cancer. However, releasing the glycans leave the glycoproteins unknown; therefore, there exists a need for high-throughput methods that allow quantification of site- and protein-specific glycosylation patterns from complex biological mixtures. In this study, a targeted multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-based method for the protein- and site-specific quantitation involving serum proteins immunoglobulins A, G and M, alpha-1-antitrypsin, transferrin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, haptoglobin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and complement C3 was developed. The method is based on tryptic digestion of serum glycoproteins, followed by immediate reverse phase UPLC-QQQ-MS analysis of glycopeptides. To quantitate protein glycosylation independent of the protein serum concentration, a nonglycosylated peptide was also monitored. Using this strategy, 178 glycopeptides and 18 peptides from serum glycoproteins are analyzed with good repeatability (interday CVs of 3.65-21-92%) in a single 17 min run. To assess the potential of the method, protein glycosylation was analyzed in serum samples from ovarian cancer patients and controls. A training set consisting of 40 cases and 40 controls was analyzed, and differential analyses were performed to identify aberrant glycopeptide levels. All findings were validated in an independent test set (n = 44 cases and n = 44 controls). In addition to the differential glycosylation on the immunoglobulins, which was reported previously, aberrant glycosylation was also observed on each of the glycoproteins, which could be corroborated in the test set. This report shows the development of a method for targeted protein- and site-specific glycosylation analysis and the potential of such methods in biomarker development.