gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Orientation-On-Demand Thin Films: Curing of Liquid Crystalline Networks in ac Electric Fields (1996)

Electric fields have been used in the processing of thin film, liquid crystal thermosets to produce cured network structures selectively oriented either parallel or perpendicular to a film substrate. Orientation, which depends on both the liquid crystal nature of the thermosets and their dielectric anisotropy, is selected by varying the frequency of the alternating electric field and is locked into a robust network structure by a cross-linking reaction that takes place concurrent with orientation. Structural changes and orientation during the curing reaction were measured in real time with synchrotron x-ray diffraction. Diffraction studies show that, before curing in a modest electric field of 1 volt per micrometer, reorientation can be induced by changing, for example, from a high-frequency (>1000 hertz) to a low-frequency (<50 hertz) electric field, which causes a 90-degree flip in the molecular orientation.
<title>Xenon liquid-jet laser plasma source for EUV lithography</title> (2000)

We describe a laser-plasma source based on a cryogenic xenon liquid-jet target suitable for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) projection lithography. Recent improvements in the stability of the xenon jet allows efficient laser-plasma operation several millimeters away from the nozzle orifice. We present the first preliminary laser-to-EUV conversion efficiencies, although under non-optimized conditions, for the source.
Measurement Method of Nanofluids Average Velocity Based on Laser Speckle Image (2022)

In this paper, based on the optical properties of speckle, the correlation between laser speckle image and nanoparticles is analyzed, and a method to measure the flow velocity of nanofluids using speckle image is proposed. The influence of nanofluids type, temperature and concentration on speckle image was investigated. On the basis of grating spatial filtering, based on PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) cross-correlation algorithm and optical flow field algorithm, the principle of gray conservation and interpretation window are introduced to extract the spectral characteristic curve of speckle image signal. Considering the interference of the environment noise, the wavelet packet decomposition method is proposed to separate the low-frequency features and obtain the peak frequency of the signal. The static and dynamic speckle images are analyzed by establishing a circular tube flow measurement system with laser speckle circulation to verify the rationality and feasibility of the velocity measurement method. The experimental results show that the speckle image of CuO nanofluids in static experiment is better than that of Al2O3 nanofluids, and increasing temperature has no obvious effect of improving image quality. The average relative error between the calculated results and the measured results is 4.9 and 4.5%, which proves that this method is reasonable and feasible.
Good Wood Joints (1995)

Helps woodworkers decide which joints are best for specific situations and step-by-step how to skillfully make them.
Ultrasound-guided inferior alveolar nerve block in donkeys (2019)

The objective of the present study was to describe an ultrasound-guided technique of the inferior alveolar nerve block in donkeys.Preliminary study involved performing descriptive dissection of the mandibles of three fresh donkey heads as a base for ultrasound guided injection of a colored dye just beside the nerve in another six intact fresh donkey head. Assessments of the technique and the most appropriate approach were recorded Color doppler flow ultrasound was used to guide the needle insertion for inferior alveolar nerve block in six alive donkeys. A full anesthetic evaluation was performed. The surgical anatomy of the ventral mandible of the donkey was similar to the horse. The course and relations of the inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels were recorded. The proper location of ultrasound transducer with the most appropriate diagnostic angle was determined and the point of needle insertion with the least tissue invasiveness regarding the preliminary study results were also documented. The color flow doppler offers great assistance in locating the blood vessel accompanying inferior alveolar nerve and make approaching the nerve block more fast, feasible and efficient. The clinical anesthetic evaluation showed a hundred percent efficiency and no post anesthetic complications. Advancement of veterinary diagnostic tools at the same time with low costs and readily availability make the use of ultrasound a reliable option for guidance in nerve blocks especially for those deep nerves related with vital structures.
Pullulanase: Role in Starch Hydrolysis and Potential Industrial Applications (2012)

The use of pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) has recently been the subject of increased applications in starch-based industries especially those aimed for glucose production. Pullulanase, an important debranching enzyme, has been widely utilised to hydrolyse the α-1,6 glucosidic linkages in starch, amylopectin, pullulan, and related oligosaccharides, which enables a complete and efficient conversion of the branched polysaccharides into small fermentable sugars during saccharification process. The industrial manufacturing of glucose involves two successive enzymatic steps: liquefaction, carried out after gelatinisation by the action of α-amylase; saccharification, which results in further transformation of maltodextrins into glucose. During saccharification process, pullulanase has been used to increase the final glucose concentration with reduced amount of glucoamylase. Therefore, the reversion reaction that involves resynthesis of saccharides from glucose molecules is prevented. To date, five groups of pullulanase enzymes have been reported, that is, (i) pullulanase type I, (ii) amylopullulanase, (iii) neopullulanase, (iv) isopullulanase, and (v) pullulan hydrolase type III. The current paper extensively reviews each category of pullulanase, properties of pullulanase, merits of applying pullulanase during starch bioprocessing, current genetic engineering works related to pullulanase genes, and possible industrial applications of pullulanase.
Reduction of Surface and Interfacial Tension by Surfactants (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Efficiency in Surface Tension Reduction Effectiveness in Surface Tension Reduction Liquid–Liquid Interfacial Tension Reduction Dynamic Surface Tension Reduction References Problems
Serum Adiponectin and Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes (2008)

Increased serum adiponectin levels predict the progression from macroalbuminuria to ESRD in type 1 diabetic patients.
Cryptography in the bounded quantum-storage model (2005)

We initiate the study of two-party cryptographic primitives with unconditional security, assuming that the adversary's quantum memory is of bounded size. We show that oblivious transfer and bit commitment can be implemented in this model using protocols where honest parties need no quantum memory, whereas an adversarial player needs quantum memory of size at least n/2 in order to break the protocol, where n is the number of qubits transmitted. This is in sharp contrast to the classical bounded-memory model, where we can only tolerate adversaries with memory of size quadratic in honest players' memory size. Our protocols are efficient, non-interactive and can be implemented using today's technology. On the technical side, a new uncertainty relation is established
Management of Bacteremia Associated with Tunneled-Cuffed Hemodialysis Catheters (1999)

The dominant problem associated with the use of tunneled-cuffed catheters is infection. When this occurs, two issues must be addressed: treatment of the infection and management of the catheter. The purpose of this 2-yr study was to report the results of a prospective observational series in which catheter management was based on the clinical picture presented by the patient. Data were collected on patients with catheter-related bacteremia (CRB) dealt with in one of three ways: (1) minimal symptoms with a normal-appearing tunnel and exit site (exchange over guidewire within 48 h of antibiotic initiation [Xchng group], 49 cases); (2) minimal symptoms but with tunnel or exit site infection (exchange over a guidewire with creation of a new tunnel [Nutunl group], 28 cases); and (3) severe clinical symptoms (catheter removal with delayed replacement after defervescence [Delay group], 37 cases). All cases were treated immediately with empiric antibiotics followed by 3 wk of antibiotic therapy based on culture sensitivities. A cure was defined as a 45-d symptom-free interval after antibiotic therapy was complete. A cure rate total of 87.8% for the Xchng group, 75% for the Nutunl group, and 86.5% for the Delay group was seen for the 114 episodes of CRB. It is concluded that in selected patients, catheter exchange over a guidewire within 48 h of antibiotic initiation followed by 3 wk of specific antibiotic therapy is a viable treatment option. Additionally, replacing the catheter in patients presenting with severe symptoms of sepsis as soon as they have defervesced is a reasonable approach to therapy.
Mechanistic Analysis of the Role of Bromodomain-containing Protein 4 (BRD4) in BRD4-NUT Oncoprotein-induced Transcriptional Activation (2014)

NUT midline carcinoma (NMC) is a rare but highly aggressive cancer typically caused by the translocation t(15;19), which results in the formation of the BRD4-NUT fusion oncoprotein. Previous studies have demonstrated that fusion of the NUT protein with the double bromodomains of BRD4 may significantly alter the cellular gene expression profile to contribute to NMC tumorigenesis. However, the mechanistic details of this BRD4-NUT function remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined the NUT function in transcriptional regulation by targeting it to a LacO transgene array integrated in U2OS 2-6-3 cells, which allow us to visualize how NUT alters the in situ gene transcription dynamic. Using this system, we demonstrated that the NUT protein tethered to the LacO locus recruits p300/CREB-binding protein (CBP), induces histone hyperacetylation, and enriches BRD4 to the transgene array chromatin foci. We also discovered that, in BRD4-NUT expressed in NMC cells, the NUT moiety of the fusion protein anchored to chromatin by the double bromodomains also stimulates histone hyperacetylation, which causes BRD4 to bind tighter to chromatin. Consequently, multiple BRD4-interacting factors are recruited to the NUT-associated chromatin locus to activate in situ transgene expression. This gene transcription function was repressed by either expression of a dominant negative inhibitor of the p300-NUT interaction or treatment with (+)-JQ1, which dissociates BRD4 from the LacO chromatin locus. Our data support a model in which BRD4-NUT-stimulated histone hyperacetylation recruits additional BRD4 and interacting partners to support transcriptional activation, which underlies the BRD4-NUT oncogenic mechanism in NMC.
Evolution and analysis of the vortex solid to vortex liquid melting line in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Y</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Pr</mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ba</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cu</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>6.97</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Y</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ba</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cu</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>6.5</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>to<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>45</mml:mn><mml:mspace width="0.3em"/><mml:mtext>tesla</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2007)

By extending magnetotransport measurements to fields up to $45\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$, we have been able to examine the melting line of ${\mathrm{Y}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Pr}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{6.97}$ $(x=0--0.4)$ thin film samples and that of an oxygen deficient $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{6.5}$ single crystal over an extended temperature range of $0.03{T}_{c}\ensuremath{\leqslant}T\ensuremath{\leqslant}{T}_{c}$, larger than heretofore reported. These measurements provide an opportunity to examine the evolution of the behavior of vortices along nearly the entire melting line of this important high-${T}_{c}$ superconducting system. Within the context of the quantum-thermal fluctuation model of Blatter and Ivlev [Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2621 (1993)], we empirically arrive at a modified form of their expression for the vortex-lattice melting line by considering that the mechanism responsible for the vortex flux line relaxation time is not simply the scattering time of quasiparticles within the vortex core. This form of the melting line is demonstrated to fit over the entire melting line of each sample, implying no crossover in dynamics from three dimensions to two dimensions. This result implies that the physical mechanism responsible for the manner and conditions under which the melting of the vortex-solid ensemble takes place can be described smoothly over the entire temperature-field range. It is proposed that the relaxation time of a single vortex flux line, displaced by quantum-thermal fluctuations, is related to the critical behavior associated with the scaling properties of the fluctuation conductivity.
Magnetically Actuated Patterns for Bioinspired Reversible Adhesion (Dry and Wet) (2013)

A facile strategy to obtain magnetically actuated arrays of micropillars able to undergo reversible, homogeneous, drastic, and tunable geometrical changes upon application of a magnetic field with variable strength is demonstrated. A magnetically tunable gecko-inspired adhesive that works under dry and wet conditions is realized using elastomeric micropatterns containing magnetic microparticles.
Cell-free conversion of isopenicillin N into deacetoxycephalosporin C by <i>Cephalosporium acremonium</i> mutant M-0198 (1981)

In a cell-free system prepared by lysis of protoplasts of Cephalosporium acremonium mutant M-0198, isopenicillin N was converted into a penicillinase-resistant material that behaved like deacetoxycephalosporin C on high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. This activity was found to be unstable to storage at -80 degrees C; 70-80% of the activity was lost after 1 day.
Recent Progress in the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons Reaction (2015)

The Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction is one of the most reliable and widespread synthetic tools for the stereocontrolled construction of ethylenic bonds. The versatility of the reaction makes it a valuable synthetic tool to prepare simple as well as densely functionalized and complex molecular scaffolds. This review is devoted to the recent evolution of the reaction, which considerably widens its product scope and synthetic potential. The main recent developments on the HWE reaction presented in this work comprise novel phosphonate reagents and sequential reactions involving the HWE olefination. Interesting applications, including access to challenging or complex synthetic targets, relevant organic compounds and natural products are also highlighted. Keywords: Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction, carbonyl olefinations, functionalized phosphonate reagents, functionalized olefins, one-pot reactions, tandem reactions.
<title>Comparative analysis of two modalities for speckle contrast monitoring of tissue structure modification</title> (2004)

Two modalities for speckle contrast monitoring of tissue structure modification in the case of diffuse scattered probe light detection is discussed. The first modality is based on the detection of dynamic speckle patterns in the image plane of the image-transferring optical system while the other one is based on speckle detection in the diffraction zone. In the latter case the combination of the image-transferring lens and fiber-optical bundle is used in order to collect the scattered light and to deliver it to the detection unit. Experimental results obtained using both speckle techniques are presented.
ActiveClean (2016)

Analysts often clean dirty data iteratively--cleaning some data, executing the analysis, and then cleaning more data based on the results. We explore the iterative cleaning process in the context of statistical model training, which is an increasingly popular form of data analytics. We propose ActiveClean, which allows for progressive and iterative cleaning in statistical modeling problems while preserving convergence guarantees. ActiveClean supports an important class of models called convex loss models (e.g., linear regression and SVMs), and prioritizes cleaning those records likely to affect the results. We evaluate ActiveClean on five real-world datasets UCI Adult, UCI EEG, MNIST, IMDB, and Dollars For Docs with both real and synthetic errors. The results show that our proposed optimizations can improve model accuracy by up-to 2.5x for the same amount of data cleaned. Furthermore for a fixed cleaning budget and on all real dirty datasets, ActiveClean returns more accurate models than uniform sampling and Active Learning.
Comparison of responses of warm and nociceptive C-fiber afferents in monkey with human judgments of thermal pain (1978)

1. Radiant-heat stimuli of different intensities were delivered every 28 s to the thenar eminence of the hand of human subjects and to the receptive fields (RFs) of 58 "mechanothermal nociceptive" and 16 "warm" C-fibers, most of which innervated the glabrous skin of the monkey hand. A CO2 infrared laser under control via a radiometer provided a step increase in skin temperature to a level maintained within +/- 0.1 degrees C over a 7.5-mm-diameter spot. 2. Human subjects categorized the magnitude of warmth and pain sensations evoked by stimuli that ranged in temperature from 40 to 50 degrees C. The scale of subjective thermal intensity constructed from these category estimates showed a monotonically increasing relation between stimulus temperature and the magnitude of warmth and pain sensations. 3. The mechanothermal fibers had a mean RF size of 18.9 +/- 3.2 mm2 (SE), a mean conduction velocity of 0.8 +/- 0.1 m/s, mean thresholds of 43.6 +/- 0.6 degrees C for radiant heat and 5.95 +/- 0.59 bars for mechanical stimulation, and no spontaneous activity. In contrast, warm fibers had punctate RFs, a mean conduction velocity of 1.1 +/- 0.1 m/s, heat thresholds of less than 1 degrees C above skin temperature, no response to mechanical stimulation, and a resting level of activity in warm skin that was suppressed by cooling. 4. The cumulative number of impulses evoked during each stimulation in the nociceptive afferents increased monotonically as a function of stimulus temperature over the range described by humans as increasingly painful (45-50 degrees C). Nociceptive fibers showed little or no response to stimulus temperatures less than 45 degrees C that elicited in humans sensations primarily of warmth but not pain. In contrast, the cumulative impulse count during stimulation of each warm fiber increased monotonically with stimulus temperature over the range of 39-43 degrees C. However, for stimuli of 41-49 degrees C the cumulative impulse count in warm fibers was nonmonotonic with stimulus temperature. Warm-fiber response to stimuli of 45 degrees C or greater usually consisted of a short burst of impulses followed by cessation of activity. 5. The subjective magnitude of warmth and pain sensations in humans and the cumulative impulse count evoked by each stimulus in warm and nociceptive afferents varied inversely with the number, delivery rate, and intensity of preceding stimulations. 6. The results of these experiments suggest the following: a) that activity in the mechanothermal nociceptive C-fibers signals the occurrence of pain evoked by radiant heat, and that the frequency of discharge in these fibers may encode the intensity of painful stimulation; b) that activity in warm fibers may encode the intensity of warmth at lower stimulus temperatures, but is unlikely to provide a peripheral mechanism for encoding the intensity of painful stimulation at higher stimulus temperatures.
MultiFLIP for energetic two-phase fluid simulation (2012)

Physically-based liquid animations often ignore the influence of air, giving up interesting behavior. We present a new method which treats both air and liquid as incompressible, more accurately reproducing the reality observed at scales relevant to computer animation. The Fluid Implicit Particle (FLIP) method, already shown to effectively simulate incompressible fluids with low numerical dissipation, is extended to two-phase flow by associating a phase bit with each particle. The liquid surface is reproduced at each time step from the particle positions, which are adjusted to prevent mixing near the surface and to allow for accurate surface tension. The liquid surface is adjusted around small-scale features so they are represented in the grid-based pressure projection, while separate, loosely coupled velocity fields reduce unwanted influence between the phases. The resulting scheme is easy to implement, requires little parameter tuning, and is shown to reproduce lively two-phase fluid phenomena.
도시 공공디자인 및 도시 브랜드 강화에 관한 연구 (2018)

세계적 도시들은 도시 공공 디자인을 통해 도시 브랜드를 만들었고 도시 정체성을 형성했다. 국가 브랜드보다 도시브랜드가 더 앞서는 시대다. 뉴욕(I love New York), 베를린 (Be Berlin), 동경(YES! TOKYO), 홍콩(Asia’s world city), 토론토(unlimited toronto)등 이처럼 세계 주요도시를 떠올리면 어김없이...
Visualization of UV by Nanopatterned Down‐Shifting Materials Mimicking Human Retinal Cone Cells (2019)

Abstract The conversion of invisible ultraviolet (UV) light to visible light by down‐shifting (DS) materials has a variety of important applications in the fields of optoelectronics and photonics. The ability to control emission colors as a function of the wavelength of incident UV light would significantly advance scientific research and technological applications. A novel strategy for UV visualization is demonstrated that employs nanoimprint lithography combined with a sol–gel process. The principles of trichromacy of human vision are applied; three DS materials sensitive to three different ranges of UV light are nanopatterned to mimic the three types of cone cells in the human retina. Each DS material then emits a distinctive color that can be recognized by each type of cone cells for visualization. The nanopatterned structure significantly intensifies the light emission by Mie scattering and spatially separates the three DS materials, thereby minimizing unwanted optical interference among them. The deliberately designed triple‐nanopatterned DS materials exhibit various emission colors ranging from green, to orange, to pink depending on the wavelength of the incident UV light. The current work would contribute to the development of novel strategies for multicolor tunable emission that may lead to innovative applications.