gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fun and usable (2007)

The differences between Augmented Reality (AR) systems and computer display based systems create a need for a different approach than "traditional" HCI to the design and development of AR systems. This paper presents theoretical and empirical work which uses holistic approach compared to traditional guidelines in human computer interaction. The paper includes a usability study where AR was used for giving instructions to professional users in a hospital. The theoretical stance of Cognitive Systems Engineering is suggested as a possible approach to the design of AR system. The analysis show that the users in the context of medical care are positive towards AR systems as a technology and as a tool for instructions. This indicates that AR technology may become an accepted part of every day work in such a context.
Pre-ovulation control of hatchling sex ratio in the Seychelles warbler (2002)

Females of some bird species have a high degree of control over the sex ratio of their offspring at laying. Although several mechanisms have been put forward to explain how females might control the sex of their eggs, virtually nothing is known. As females are the heterogametic sex in birds, adjustment of the clutch sex ratio could arise either by pre- or post-ovulation control mechanisms. The Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis) exhibits extreme adaptive egg sex ratio bias. Typically, warblers produce only single-egg clutches, but by translocating pairs to vacant habitat of very high quality, most females were induced to produce two-egg clutches. Overall, females skewed clutch sex ratios strongly towards daughters (86.6%). This bias was evident in the first egg, but critically, also in the second eggs laid a day apart, even when all absent, unhatched, or unsexed second eggs were assumed to be male. Although a bias in the first egg may arise through either pre- or post-ovulation mechanisms, the skew observed in second eggs could only arise through pre-ovulation control. Post-ovulation adjustment may also contribute to skewed hatchling sex ratios, but as sex-biased release of gametes is likely to be a more efficient process of control, pre-ovulation mechanisms may be the sole means of adjustment in this species. High fitness differentials between sons and daughters, as apparent in the Seychelles warblers, may be necessary for primary sex ratio adjustment to evolve.
Contrast Detection in Noise (1993)

The detectability of a signal decreases in the presence of externally added visual noise. A linear relation exists between the energy of a signal at threshold and the spectral density of the added visual noise. This relation, represented by contrast detection in noise function, allows a given loss in contrast sensitivity (CS) to be attributed to an increase in the internal intrinsic noise and/or a decrease in the detection efficiency of the observer. Intrinsic noise gives a measure of the random background noise within the visual system, whereas detection efficiency is a measure of how effectively the observer utilizes the available stimulus information. Recent work shows that neural dysfunction produces a decrease in the detection efficiency, whereas optical deficits produce a change in the intrinsic noise only. We investigated whether the CS loss in cataract can be attributed to either a change in intrinsic noise, in detection efficiency, or both. Contrast detection in noise functions was measured for 10 uniocular cataract patients. Comparison between the two eyes showed no significant difference in detection efficiency, although the intrinsic noise increased significantly in the cataractous eye. The data suggest that detection efficiency may provide a measure of neural visual function behind a cataract and, conversely, that intrinsic noise provides a measure of the visual effect of the cataract itself. We discuss the implications of intrinsic noise as a measure of cataract for both clinical assessment and research.
A High-Affinity Metal-Binding Peptide from <i>Escherichia coli</i> HypB (2008)

The high-affinity nickel-binding site of the Escherichia coli [NiFe]-hydrogenase accessory protein HypB was localized to residues at the immediate N-terminus of the protein. Modification of a metal-binding fusion protein, site-directed mutagenesis experiments, and DFT calculations were used to identify the N-terminal amine as a ligand as well as the three cysteine residues in the CXXCGCXXX motif. This sequence can be removed from the protein and both a synthesized peptide and a protein fusion bind nickel with a similar affinity and the same structure as the parent metalloprotein, indicating the self-sufficiency of this high-affinity nickel-binding sequence.
Two machine single inverter deriving system for electrical vehicles (2011)

This paper introduces a PWM two machines single inverter (TMSI) for electric vehicle drive systems. This structure, which has single inverter for independently driven two DC motors, enhances efficiency for electrical vehicle (EV) from two points of view. Firstly, by superseding clutch, reduction gears, differential gears box and other mechanic organ which are the main reasons of losses, while power is transmitted through them to the wheels. Secondly, the proposed structure composed of robust simple inverter that enhances efficiency by reducing the number of power electronic switches as well as can be controlled much easer than the conventional complex derive converters. The simplicity of the structure from practical point of view is very attractive. The simulation results of the proposed direct-wheel-driven are obtained to confirm the theoretical description of the controller and motors by PSCAD/EMTPDC simulator software.
Expression of<i>reg</i>/PSP, a Pancreatic Exocrine Gene: Relationship to Changes in Islet β-Cell Mass (1991)

A cDNA termed reg was recently isolated by differential screening of a library prepared from regenerating islets isolated from pancreatic remnants of rats subjected to 90% pancreatectomy and nicotinamide treatment. This led to speculation that this gene may be involved in expansion of beta-cell mass. In the current study we have measured reg expression after implantation and resection of a solid insulinoma tumor into rats, maneuvers known, respectively, to reduce and reexpand the volume of beta-cells in the islet. Animals with an implanted insulinoma tumor became profoundly hypoglycemic. Islet beta-cells declined from the normal 75% of total islet volume to less than 30%, in concert with a marked reduction in the reg mRNA level. Removal of the tumor resulted in a sharp increase in beta-cell replication, as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation and a return to normal beta-cell volume within 4 days of tumor resection. This was associated with a transient induction in reg expression compared to that in tumor-bearing animals, effectively returning the amount of reg mRNA to the levels found in normal animals within 48 h; at later time points after tumor removal (3-7 days) reg expression declined, but then rose toward normal. In situ hybridization analysis localized the initial induction in reg mRNA expression to the exocrine pancreas. Continuous infusion of insulin into normal rats for 4 days, a maneuver that does not significantly reduce beta-cell mass, resulted in dramatically reduced insulin mRNA in islets, but no change in the levels of reg mRNA. We conclude that the diminution in pancreatic beta-cell mass caused by subcutaneous implantation of an insulinoma is associated with reduced reg gene expression and that the increase in beta-cell replication after resection of the tumor is preceded by return of reg gene expression toward normal.
The current and emerging sources of technical lignins and their applications (2018)

Technical lignins are bulk feedstocks. They are generated as byproducts from pulping or cellulosic ethanol production. Since lignin undergoes significant structural changes in the chemical and physical treatments, all technical lignins are unique in terms of chemical structure, molecular weight, polydispersity, and impurity profile. Kraft lignin is potentially the largest source of technical lignin as new isolation technologies have been implemented on industrial scale in recent years. Lignosulfonate has been an integral product in sulfite pulping biorefinery. It has a well-established market in construction industry. Organosolv-like lignin production is increasing as cellulosic ethanol has been promoted as the substitute of fossil fuel. It may have unique applications because it has low molecule weight and is free from sulfur. Technical lignin application is expected to expand as the characteristics are improved with fractionation or chemical modification. The application of technical lignin has been focusing on developing products equivalent to those made by petroleum chemicals. The recent development in technical lignin supply should increase its market share as additives in polyurethanes and as the substitute of phenol-formaldehyde adhesives. Quality improvement of technical lignin may also encourage the study of lignin as an alternative feedstock for carbon fiber. In addition, technical lignin depolymerization has been extensively explored to provide renewable aromatic chemicals. Starting from controlled pyrolysis and thermal liquefaction as the baseline technologies, many different chemical depolymerization have been invented with a wide range of underlying chemical principles.
Enzyme assays (2014)

The essential requirements for enzyme assays are described and frequently occurring errors and pitfalls as well as their avoidance are discussed. The main factors, which must be considered for assaying enzymes, are temperature, pH, ionic strength and the proper concentrations of the essential components like substrates and enzymes. Standardization of these parameters would be desirable, but the diversity of the features of different enzymes prevents unification of assay conditions. Nevertheless, many enzymes, especially those from mammalian sources, possess a pH optimum near the physiological pH of 7.5, and the body temperature of about 37 °C can serve as assay temperature, although because of experimental reasons frequently 25 °C is preferred. But in many cases the particular features of the individual enzyme dictate special assay conditions, which can deviate considerably from recommended conditions. In addition, exact values for the concentrations of assay components such as substrates and enzymes cannot be given, unless general rules depending on the relative degree of saturation can be stated. Rules for performing the enzyme assay, appropriate handling, methodical aspects, preparation of assay mixtures and blanks, choice of the assay time, are discussed and suggestions to avoid frequent and trivial errors are given. Particularities of more complex enzyme assays, including reversible reactions and coupled tests are considered. Finally the treatment of experimental data to estimate the enzyme activity is described. The procedure for determining the initial enzyme velocity and its transformation into defined enzyme units as well as suggestions for documentation of the results are presented.
Spinach Leaf Sucrose-Phosphate Synthase and Nitrate Reductase Are Phosphorylated/Inactivated by Multiple Protein Kinases in Vitro (1995)

The regulation of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) and nitrate reductase (NR) activities from mature spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves share many similarities in vivo and in vitro. Both enzymes are light/dark modulated by processes that involve, at least in part, reversible protein phosphorylation. Experiments using desalted crude extracts show that the ATP-dependent inactivation of spinach SPS and NR is sensitive to inhibition by glucose-6-phosphate. Also, a synthetic peptide homolog of the spinach SPS phosphorylation site inhibits the ATP-dependent inactivation of both enzymes with a similar concentration dependence. We have addressed the possibility that SPS and NR are regulated by the same protein kinase by partially purifying the protein kinases involved. Three unique kinase activities can be separated by anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. Each peak of activity has a different substrate specificity. By gel filtration, they have apparent molecular masses of approximately 45, 60, and 150 kD. Additionally, the activities of the two smaller kinases are dependent on micromolar concentrations of Ca2+, whereas the 150-kD kinase is not. Finally, the 150-kD kinase has a subunit molecular mass of about 65 kD as determined by renaturing the kinase activity in situ following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Nickel-Exchanged Zincosilicate Catalysts for the Oligomerization of Propylene (2014)

Two nickel-containing zincosilicates (Ni-CIT-6 and Ni–Zn-MCM-41) and two nickel-containing aluminosilicates (Ni-HiAl-BEA and Ni-USY) are synthesized and used as catalysts to oligomerize propylene into C3n (C6 and C9) products. Both Ni-CIT-6 and Ni-HiAl-BEA have the *BEA topology and are investigated to assess the effects of framework zinc versus aluminum because the former gives two framework charges per atom, whereas the latter, only one. Ni-CIT-6 and Ni–Zn-MCM-41 enable the comparison of a microporous to a mesoporous zincosilicate. Ni2+ ion-exchanged into zeolite Y has been previously reported to oligomerize propylene and is used here for comparison. Reaction data are obtained at 180 and 250 °C, atmospheric pressure, and WHSV = 1.0 h–1 in a feed stream of 85 mol % propylene (in inert). At these conditions, all catalysts are capable of oligomerizing propylene with steady-state conversions ranging from 3 to 16%. With the exception of Ni-HiAl-BEA, all catalysts have higher propylene conversions at 250 °C than at 180 °C. Both *BEA materials exhibit similar propylene conversions at each temperature, but Ni-HiAl-BEA is not as selective to C3n products as Ni-CIT-6. Zincosilicates demonstrate higher average selectivities to C3n products than the aluminosilicates at both reaction temperatures tested. Hexene products other than those expected by simple oligomerization are present, likely formed by double-bond isomerization catalyzed at acid sites. Additionally, both of the aluminosilicate materials catalyzed cracking reactions, forming non-C3n products. The reduced acidity of the zincosilicates relative to the aluminosilicates likely accounts for higher C3n product selectivity of the zincosilicates. Zincosilicates also exhibited higher linear-to-branched hexene isomer ratios (typically 1.0–1.5) when compared with the aluminosilicates, which had ratios on the order of 0.3. The mesoporous zincosilicate shows the best reaction behavior (including C3n product selectivity: ∼99% at both temperatures for Ni–Zn-MCM-41) of the catalytic materials tested here.
Nonlinear Thomson scattering of intense laser pulses from beams and plasmas (1993)

A comprehensive theory is developed to describe the nonlinear Thomson scattering of intense laser fields from beams and plasmas. This theory is valid for linearly or circularly polarized incident laser fields of arbitrary intensities and for electrons of arbitrary energies. Explicit expressions for the intensity distributions of the scattered radiation are calculated and numerically evaluated. The space-charge electrostatic potential, which is important in high-density plasmas and prevents the axial drift of electrons, is included self-consistently. Various properties of the scattered radiation are examined, including the linewidth, angular distribution, and the behavior of the radiation spectra at ultrahigh intensities. Nonideal effects, such as electron-energy spread and beam emittance, are discussed. A laser synchrotron source (LSS), based on nonlinear Thomson scattering, may provide a practical method for generating tunable, near-monochromatic, well-collimated, short-pulse x rays in a compact, relatively inexpensive source. Two examples of possible LSS configurations are presented: an electron-beam LSS generating hard (30-keV, 0.4-\AA{}) x rays and a plasma LSS generating soft (0.3-keV, 40-\AA{}) x rays. These LSS configurations are capable of generating ultrashort (\ensuremath{\sim}1-ps) x-ray pulses with high peak flux (\ensuremath{\gtrsim}${10}^{21}$ photons/s) and brightness [\ensuremath{\gtrsim}${10}^{19}$ photons /(s ${\mathrm{mm}}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{mrad}}^{2}$), 0.1% bandwidth].
Effect of High-Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulin on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Multifocal Motor Neuropathy (1994)

High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin, a prohibitively expensive drug, has no apparent therapeutic role in improving the symptoms or arresting the pace of progression in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In contrast, multifocal motor neuropathy is an immunopathologically different disease that responds to intravenous immunoglobulin therapy.
Gas turbine fuels and their influence on combustion (1986)

This book discusses the general fuel situation and the occurrence and origin of fuels as both raw materials or synthesized products, and considers possible future research requirements necessary to ensure sufficient knowledge to the designer. After establishing the properties of fuels, the remainder of the book is devoted to assessing their effects upon gas turbine combustors. The fuels are considered in three groups - solids, liquids, and gases. For solid fuels, notes are included on direct firing, the use of slurries, indirect firing, and fluidized bed combustion. Liquid fuels include considerations of fuels derived from oil shales, tar sands, coal derivatives, and alcohols. Gaseous fuels run the gamut of very wide fuel compositions, ranging from high calorific fuels (above 20 MJ/m/sup 3/) to very low calorific fuels (less than 5 MJ/m/sup 3/). For all of these fuels, data are cited to enable changes in combustion behaviour to be assessed with respect to flame temperatures, flame stability and extinction, combustion efficiency and the occurrence of pollutants within the exhaust, heat transfer within the combustor and possible effects upon chamber life. Where the effects are serious, possible changes to the equipment are indicated.
Online calibration of neutrino liquid scintillator detectors above 10 MeV (2016)

Online calibration of neutrino liquid scintillator detector at energies above 10 MeV is very important for study of such rare process as supernova and for correct calculation of backgrounds if spectral properties is the focus of researches. The traditional procedure implies the usage of radioactive sources with well-known spectral properties but such approach is limited by available radioactive sources, upper possible energies (∼10-11 MeV) and dangerous for ultra low background environment of modern detectors. The approach we propose is based on simulation of events with controllable UV double LED pulser. The LED's main wavelength fits the scintillator excitation wavelength. This technique allows to simulate physical events within the detector in very wide energy range from a few hundred keV to about 50 MeV. Additional studies like pile-up analysis can be performed due to double-LEDs scheme which generates two delayed signals with different adjustable amplitudes. The delay time is also adjustable parameter.
Electrical environmental characteristics for automotive electric systems (1983)

The electrical environment is one of the most important factors in the design of high reliability electronic systems mounted on automobiles. Studies were made of the generation mechanisms and characteristics of both transients and high-frequency conducted noise generated in automotive electrical components. The high-frequency conducted noise data were obtained in terms of amplitude-frequency through real-time statistical treatment of the acquired data. The most important transient for automotive electronic systems has been found to be the alternator load dump transient caused by battery disconnection, and the most influential high-frequency conducted noise is caused by contact breaking. The high-frequency conducted noise characteristics can be expressed in the amplitude-frequency relation in the frequency range of 100 kHz-80 MHz.
ATV/NTSC format converters (1990)

It is noted that up- and down-converters between advanced television (ATV) ad NTSC signals will be required for a simulcast service such as SC-HDTV (spectrum-compatible high-definition television). Down-conversion from ATV to NTSC is required at the transmitter to provide the simulcast NTSC program. Up-conversion is also required to integrate archival material into the ATV program, and in the dual-purpose ATV receiver which also receives NTSC programs. Filtering is a major part of the conversion process. The various theoretical and practical requirements for filtering are discussed, and a practical example is presented. Effects of signal sources and the NTSC format's interlaced pickup and display on converter design are presented. A tutorial section on the use of three-dimensional transforms for study of conversion systems is appended.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Role of Human Spectrin SH3 Domain Binding Protein 1 (HSSH3BP1) in Prostatic Adenocarcinoma (2002)

Abstract : Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the United States and a leading diagnosed cancer in American men. Newly diagnosed cases of prostate cancer approach rapidly the number of 200, 000 cases per year. Genetic alterations of tumor suppressor genes are one of the most common causes of prostate cancer tumorigenesis. Our group identified Hssh3bpl as a candidate prostate tumor suppressor gene. In this research we are testing the tumor suppressor function of the candidate gene in pro static adenocarcinoma using in vitro and in vivo assays. Using developed cell lines expressing Hssh3bpl we established a candidate region of Hssh3bpl responsible for growth regulation. Within this region we mapped a tyrosine phosphorylation site by c-Abl tyrosine kinase in vitro. This year we established that the same site is phosphorylated in transfected cells and that the phosphorylation of Hssh3bpl is tightly regulated. Further work is under way to develop a detail understanding what is the mechanism of growth regulation by Hssh3bp1 and c-Abl kinase. It is hoped that this work will help us to understand prostate cancer tumorigenesis and ultimately lead to better diagnosis and therapy strategies.
Long-term clinical study and multiscale analysis of in vivo biodegradation mechanism of Mg alloy (2016)

There has been a tremendous amount of research in the past decade to optimize the mechanical properties and degradation behavior of the biodegradable Mg alloy for orthopedic implant. Despite the feasibility of degrading implant, the lack of fundamental understanding about biocompatibility and underlying bone formation mechanism is currently limiting the use in clinical applications. Herein, we report the result of long-term clinical study and systematic investigation of bone formation mechanism of the biodegradable Mg-5wt%Ca-1wt%Zn alloy implant through simultaneous observation of changes in element composition and crystallinity within degrading interface at hierarchical levels. Controlled degradation of Mg-5wt%Ca-1wt%Zn alloy results in the formation of biomimicking calcification matrix at the degrading interface to initiate the bone formation process. This process facilitates early bone healing and allows the complete replacement of biodegradable Mg implant by the new bone within 1 y of implantation, as demonstrated in 53 cases of successful long-term clinical study.