gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ectodomain shedding, translocation and synthesis of SorLA are stimulated by its ligand head activator (2000)

The single transmembrane receptor SorLA is the mammalian orthologue of the head activator-binding protein, HAB, from hydra. The human neuronal precursor cell line NT2 and the neuroendocrine cell line BON produce head activator (HA) and respond to HA by entry into mitosis and cell proliferation. They express SorLA, and bind HA with nanomolar affinity. HA coupled to Sepharose is able to precipitate SorLA specifically proving that SorLA binds HA. Using antisera directed against extra- and intracellular epitopes we find SorLA as membrane receptor and as soluble protein released from cells into the culture medium. Cell lines differ strongly in processing of SorLA, with NT2 cells expressing SorLA mainly as membrane receptor, whereas release predominates in BON cells. Soluble SorLA lacks the intracellular domain and is shed from the transmembrane protein by a metalloprotease. Release from cells and brain slices is stimulated by HA and by phorbol ester, and it is blocked by a metalloprotease inhibitor and by lowering the temperature to 20 degrees C. Blockade of SorLA shedding and treatment of cells with SorLA antisense oligonucleotides lead to a decrease in the rate of cell proliferation. From this we conclude that SorLA is necessary to mediate the mitogenic effect of endogenous HA. HA enhances the translocation of SorLA from internal membranes to the cell surface and its internalization. In addition, HA stimulates SorLA synthesis hinting at an autocatalytic feedback loop in which the ligand activates production, processing, and translocation of its receptor.
N-Acetylcysteine reduces the neurotoxic effects of propionic acid in rat pups (2013)

Propionic acid, a metabolite produced by intestinal bacteria, has been implicated in autism. N-Acetylcysteine is a well-known antioxidant. The present study investigated the protective effects of N-Acetylcysteine on propionic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rat pups. Male Western albino rats were divided into four groups. The first group served as the normal control group, the second was treated with propionic acid (PA group), the third group received propionic acid followed by N-Acetylcysteine (PANA group), and the fourth group received N-Acetylcysteine followed by propionic acid (NAPA group). In the PA group, there was a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity, decrease in glutathione levels, and decrease in sodium levels (P < 0.05, all comparisons). Calcium and potassium levels did not significantly change. Additionally, urea and lipid peroxide levels were significantly elevated in propionic acid-intoxicated rats and significantly rescued in the N-Acetylcysteine-treated groups (P < 0.05, all comparisons). These results indicate that N-Acetylcysteine can both protect against and treat propionic acid intoxication.
Contribution of single genes within the unique short region of Aujeszky's disease virus (suid herpesvirus type 1) to virulence, pathogenesis and immunogenicity (1992)

Pigs (3 and 10 weeks old) were infected intranasally with Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) mutants that functionally lacked one of the non-essential genes in the unique short region of the genome (except the gene encoding the 11K protein). Virus excretion in oropharyngeal fluid and disease symptoms were monitored. Some pigs were killed to study pathogenesis, whereas others were challenged with virulent ADV 8 weeks after the primary infection. Mutants lacking protein kinase, or glycoproteins gp63 or gI showed reduced virulence, but mutants lacking gX or the 28K protein showed normal virulence. Glycoprotein gI appears to affect the tissue tropism of ADV in pigs, presumably by facilitating the spread of the virus through the central nervous system. In this study, there was no correlation between virulence and virus multiplication in either cultured cells or in the oropharynx in vivo. All mutants induced neutralizing antibody and complete or partial protection against challenge infection. Complete protection was obtained by inoculation with the gI and gX mutants, whereas incomplete protection was obtained using gp63 and protein kinase mutants. Complete clinical and virological protection was associated with the absence of secondary antibody responses in the serum.
The Caenorhabditis elegans CPI-2a Cystatin-like Inhibitor Has an Essential Regulatory Role during Oogenesis and Fertilization (2006)

In the present study, we characterized a sterile cpi-2a(ok1256) deletion mutant in Caenorhabditis elegans and showed that CPI-2a has an essential regulatory role during oogenesis and fertilization. We have also shown that the CPI2a inhibitor and both Ce-CPL-1 and Ce-CPZ-1 enzymes are present in the myoepithelial sheath surrounding germ cells, oocytes, and embryos as well as in the yolk granules within normal oocytes. Staining of mutant worms with anti-yolk protein antibodies has indicted that the proteins are not present in the mature oocytes. Moreover, green fluorescent protein expression was absence or reduced in cpi-2a/yp170:gfp mutant oocytes, although it was expressed in one of the successfully developed embryos. Based on these results, we hypothesize that the sterility in cpi-2a(ok1256) mutant worms is potentially caused by two possible mechanisms: 1) defects in the uptake and/or processing of yolk proteins by the growing oocytes and 2) indirect induction of defects in cell-cell signaling that is critical for promoting germ line development, oocyte maturation, ovulation, and fertilization. A defect in any of these processes would have detrimental effects on the development of normal embryos and consequently normal production of progenies as we observed in cpi-2a mutant worms. This is the first study that demonstrates the expression of cysteine proteases and their endogenous inhibitor in the gonadal sheath cells surrounding germ cells and oocytes, which indirectly have established their potential involvement in proteolytic processing of molecules within the gonadal sheath cells, such as components of the extracellular matrix or the cytoskeletal proteins, which are essential for proper cell-cell signaling activities of the gonadal sheath cells during normal maturation and ovulation processes.
The CTLA4/CD28 gene region on chromosome 2q33 confers susceptibility to celiac disease in a way possibly distinct from that of type 1 diabetes and other chronic inflammatory disorders (2000)

The effect of the gene region on chromosome 2q33 containing the CD28 and the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated (CTLA4) genes has been investigated in several diseases with chronic inflammatory nature. In addition to celiac disease (CD), type I diabetes, Grave's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis have all demonstrated associations to the A/G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in exon 1, position +49 of the CTLA4 gene. The purpose of this study was to investigate this gene region in a genetically homogeneous population consisting of 107 Swedish and Norwegian families with CD using genetic association and linkage methods. We found a significant association with preferential transmission of the A-allele of the exon 1 +49 polymorphism by using the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT). Suggestive linkage of this region to CD was moreover demonstrated by non-parametric linkage (NPL) analysis giving a NPL-score of 2.1. These data strongly indicates that the CTLA4 region is a susceptibility region in CD. Interestingly, of the several chronic inflammatory diseases that exhibit associations to the CTLA4 +49 A/G dimorphism, CD appears to be the only disease associated to the A allele. This suggests that the +49 alleles of the CTLA4 gene are in linkage disequilibrium with two distinct disease predisposing alleles with separate effects. The peculiar association found in the gut disorder CD may possibly relate to the fact that the gastrointestinal immune system, in contrast to the rest of the immune system, aims to establish tolerance to foreign proteins.
Characteristic Stale Flavor Formed While Storing Beer (1996)

When beer was stored for 0-4 weeks at 37°C, a stale flavor was generated with the increasing storage period. 132 peaks detected by a GC analysis were used as variables for a multivariate analysis. 15 compounds, including 2-furfuryl ethyl ether (2-FEE) and (E)-2-nonenal (E2N) were extracted as components that were highly correlated with the formation of the stale flavor. The results of the sensory evaluation revealed that the stale flavor was closely reproduced when 2-FEE and E2N were added together to beer. The experimental results on adding furfuryl acetate (FAC) and furfuryl alcohol (FAL) to beer indicate that 2-FEE was generated by the reaction between ethanol and FAL, which was formed by the hydrolysis of FAC, during the storage of beer.
PCB MEMS for environmental sensing systems (2005)

We are developing integrated microsystems and sensor networks for in-water measurements using PCB MEMS, also known as organic MEMS. The PCB MEMS laminates are based on liquid crystal polymers (LCP), polyimide (PI) and FR-4 materials with the various sensing elements made within or on top of the printed circuit substrates. Single layer, double layer, and laminate constructions have been achieved. The sensing systems that utilize this technology are directed toward chemical, biological and physical sensing devices. Recent progress in sensor development has yielded PCB MEMS sensors operating in the field. We have developed a multisensor system that measures conductivity, temperature and pressure, and a compact 3D system-in-package wireless module based on the 802.11b protocol. Combining the sensor and telemetry modules yields wireless sensor systems capable of being scaled into networks. The microsystems made in this economical PCB MEMS format can be utilized in the marine environment, especially in emerging adaptive sensor grids, but also be applied to terrestrial, atmospheric and industrial process control environments.
A Bispecific Protein Targeting the NKG2D Receptor on Natural Killer Cells: In Vitro and In Vivo activity of ULBP2-CEA (2010)

Abstract Abstract 2095 Natural killer (NK) cells are effector lymphocytes of the innate immune system. NK cell activity is tightly regulated by inhibitory and activating surface receptors to ensure that NK cells recognize and eliminate target cells, whereas healthy cells escape from the NK cell-mediated immune surveillance. The inability of the immune system to recognize and kill malignant target cells has been partly attributed to the ineffective activation of NK cells. It is well accepted, that the activating NK receptor NKG2D (natural killer group 2 member D) plays an important role in tumor rejection. The Immunoligand ULBP2-CEA is a recombinant bispecific protein designed to enhance NK cell-mediated lysis of CEA-expressing target cells. Consisting of the NKG2D-ligand ULBP2 (UL16 binding protein 2) and an anti-CEA single chain antibody, this construct provides the ability of cross-linking NK cells and CEA-expressing cells for specific tumor targeting. CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) is frequently overexpressed in colorectal and other carcinomas. The binding and specificity of ULBP2-CEA fusion protein was tested in FACS analysis. Transfected human CEA+ murine colon carcinoma cells (MC38-CEA) were incubated with ULBP2-CEA and recombinant NKG2D receptor (NKG2DR). The protein was able to bind both, tumor cells and recombinant NKG2DR simultaneously. No specific cell binding was detectable in control experiments using fusion constructs with another binding moiety (e.g. ULBP2-BB4) or soluble NKG2DR alone. In cytotoxicity assays ULBP2-CEA enhances the susceptibility to NK cell mediated lysis of CEA-expressing cells. CEA+ human colon carcinoma cells (LS174T) were incubated with NK cells isolated from healthy donors in the presence or absence of ULBP2-CEA. The increase of cell lysis was significant at all effector-target ratios compared to the controls demonstrating specific targeted in vitro efficacy of ULBP2-CEA. In order to investigate anti-tumor activity in vivo we use a syngeneic mouse model. MC38-CEA cells were implanted subcutaneously in CEA transgenic C57BL/6 mice and tumor growth was assessed using in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI). First results on the in vivo efficacy of ULBP-CEA and effects on the activation status of splenic and peripheral blood NK and T cells upon treatment will be discussed. This syngeneic mouse model is a useful tool to study efficacy and mode of action of ULBP2-CEA in vivo. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Scattering theory of distortion correction by phase conjugation (1983)

The correction of wave distortions by the technique of optical phase conjugation is examined first on the basis of a newly derived integral equation for scattering of monochromatic scalar waves in the presence of a phase-conjugate mirror. The solution is developed in an iterative series, and the first- and second-order terms are analyzed and illustrated diagrammatically. A generalization of the integral equation is then presented, which takes into account the electromagnetic nature of light. It is also shown that, if the conjugate wave is generated without losses or gains and with a complete reversal of polarization, a total elimination of distortions may be achieved by this technique under circumstances that frequently occur in practice.
Trends in transportation sector technology energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (2001)

Concerns about air pollution, environmental degradation, and petroleum consumption have prompted policy makers in many countries to seek advanced transportation alternatives. In response to such societal needs, automobile manufacturers have develope vehicles which either replace the internal combustion engine with an electric motor or which provide a hybrid configuration with a combination of an IC engine (ICE) and an electric motor. In some concepts, fuel cells replace the IC engine in a hybrid vehicle configuration. Several of these technologies have been brought to market by auto manufacturers, with initial product offerings. In other cases, advanced concept cars are being developed to further these technologies. In response to these same concerns, research and development projects are underway to make the ICE vehicles more efficient. These projects have involved both improvements in engine/drive train efficiency as well as more efficient heating-cooling systems. This paper provides an overview of the transportation sector usage patterns, energy consumption, and emissions, and discusses the societal issues which impact decisions on transportation issues. The article then provides an overview of the electrotechnological advances which are being developed to address transportation energy use and emissions issues, and discusses the potential for emissions reduction through the successful deployment of these and competing technologies. The article concludes that reduction in transportation sector carbon emissions are achievable.
Interesterification of Fats and Oils (1999)

Interesterification is a fundamental modification widely used in the fats and oils industry on a commercial scale. This process involves rearrangement of fatty acid chains within and between triacylglycerol molecules, with consequent improvement of the physical properties of fats and oils. A recently, developed enzymatic process makes possible regiospecific reactions. This paper outlines interesterification and introduces future applications.
A translation method for ladder diagram with application to a manufacturing process (2003)

This paper proposes a translation method for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) used in most automation systems. It describes detailed steps of the method that converts from a ladder diagram directly to a native code. A general-purpose DSP (digital signal processor) based PLC with the translation method is implemented. A benchmark test in an automotive manufacturing process shows that the proposed translation method fairly speeds up the execution in comparison with existing interpretation methods.
Machine Learning Techniques and Applications For Ground-based Image Analysis (2016)

Ground-based whole sky cameras have opened up new opportunities for monitoring the earth's atmosphere. These cameras are an important complement to satellite images by providing geoscientists with cheaper, faster, and more localized data. The images captured by whole sky imagers can have high spatial and temporal resolution, which is an important pre-requisite for applications such as solar energy modeling, cloud attenuation analysis, local weather prediction, etc. Extracting valuable information from the huge amount of image data by detecting and analyzing the various entities in these images is challenging. However, powerful machine learning techniques have become available to aid with the image analysis. This article provides a detailed walk-through of recent developments in these techniques and their applications in ground-based imaging. We aim to bridge the gap between computer vision and remote sensing with the help of illustrative examples. We demonstrate the advantages of using machine learning techniques in ground-based image analysis via three primary applications -- segmentation, classification, and denoising.
A tilted angle polarization type piezoelectric transducer for plate wave generation (2007)

A tilted angle polarization type piezoelectric transducer (TAPP) is newly suggested to generate the Lamb waves in thin plate without wedge. The tilted angle between the TAPP and the aluminum plate is easily determined by Snell's law. Our new type TAPP with a tilted angle of 50° for S0 mode Lamb wave generation was specially manufactured. Preliminary experiments have been performed to examine the usefulness of our TAPP. As a result, efficient radiation of S0 mode Lamb wave from TAPP was confirmed and was clearly identified by the wavelet transform analysis.
Characterization of the Heterogeneous Molecules of Human Interferons: Differences in the Cross-Species Antiviral Activities of Various Molecular Populations in Human Leukocyte Interferons (1978)

SUMMARY Human leukocyte interferon (HuLeIF) preparations were separated into populations of molecules with different sizes, by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and with different charges, by isoelectric focusing. These populations with different sizes and charges were analysed for their antiviral activity on homologous cells and on heterologous (bovine) cells. The distribution of interferon activity into two broad peaks by SDS-PAGE was similar whether assayed on human or bovine cells. However, within these peaks, the relative ratio of the activity in human cells and bovine cells varied significantly: while most of the size components had similar human/bovine cell activities, the fastest migrating component (apparent mol. wt. ∼ 13500) was more than 100 times more active on bovine cells than on human cells. The peaks of activity in isoelectric focusing were distributed from pH 5.5 to 7.0. There was generally correspondence between human and bovine cell activities, but while the more neutral pH range peaks were consistently slightly more active on human cells than on bovine cells, the more acid range peaks were always slightly more active on bovine cells than on human cells. However, with the most acidic peak, there was more than 100 times greater activity on bovine cells than on human cells. These data show that the heterogeneity of HuLeIFs is greater than merely two size populations, and data confirm that different forms of human leukocyte interferon can vary markedly in biological activity.
Pure Partial Awareness or Interaction between the Mask and the Masked Stimuli? (2016)

Many studies using masking paradigm have shown that stimuli can be processed unconsciously. However, different researchers put forward different ideas about the mechanisms of the unconscious information processing. For example, one idea is that the unconscious information might be derived from a partial awareness of the masked stimulus. Another idea is that it is derived from a perceptual interaction between a masked stimulus and the masking stimulus. We used a masking paradigm (with a briefly displayed target followed by a mask) and a subjective rating and an objective forced-choice test (with a word and picture version) given after the display to study the nature of partial awareness. The question we attempted to answer was whether people did perceive fragmentary features of a masked object picture correctly when they rated it as partially perceivable. The results showed that even when the masked stimuli only had simple features and when the subjects subjectively reported that they could perceive something of the masked stimuli, the objective forced-choice test performance was at chance level. The results were discussed in the context of interaction hypothesis and level of processing hypothesis.
High-power ring laser using a broad-area GaAlAs amplifier (1993)

A high-power external-cavity ring laser, incorporating a 600- mu m-wide GaAlAs traveling wave amplifier as a gain element, is demonstrated. The laser generated a pulsed (200 ns) output power of 9.3 W with a near-diffraction-limited beam quality and unidirectional ring propagation. The power versus output coupling dependence agreed with independently measured gain saturation characteristics of the amplifier.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>