gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vertical Coupling of Polymeric Double-Layered Waveguides Using a Stepped MMI Coupler (2003)

We designed a multimode interference (MMI) coupler to use in vertical coupling of double layered polymeric waveguides and analyzed the coupling characteristics by comparing our experimental and simulation results. We found that our proposed new structure, a stepped MMI coupler, is effective in vertical coupling between waveguide layers with a short length of MMI and has a high tolerance for the variation in the structure of an MMI coupler that can be induced as errors in the fabrication process.
Volitional Control of a Prosthetic Knee Using Surface Electromyography (2010)

This paper presents a method for providing volitional control of a powered knee prosthesis during nonweight-bearing activity such as sitting. The method utilizes an impedance framework, such that the joint can be programmed with a given stiffness and damping that reflects the nominal impedance properties of an intact joint. Volitional movement of the knee joint is commanded via the stiffness set-point angle of the joint impedance, which is commanded by the user as a function of the measured surface electromyogram (EMG) from the hamstring and quadriceps muscles of the residual limb. Rather than using the respective EMG measurements from these muscles to directly command the flexion or extension set point of the knee, the presented approach utilizes a combination of quadratic discriminant analysis and principal component analysis to align the user's intent to flex or extend the knee joint with the pattern of measured EMG. The approach was implemented on three transfemoral amputees, and their ability to control knee movement was characterized by a set of knee joint trajectory tracking tasks. Each amputee subject also performed the same set of trajectory tracking tasks with his sound side (intact) knee joint. The average root mean square trajectory tracking errors of the prosthetic knee employing the EMG-based volitional control and the intact knee of the three subjects were 6.2° and 5.2°, respectively.
Advanced dielectrics for gate oxide, DRAM and RF capacitors (2002)

A new class of high dielectric constant materials is presented based on binary and ternary amorphous metal oxides. These films are compatible with low temperature processing and can be used with conventional metal electrodes like TiN. Metal alloys of both tantalum oxide and titanium oxide will be discussed with dielectric constants as high as 62 and leakage currents of less than 10/sup -8/ A/cm/sup 2/ at 1 MV/cm.
Optimal training over the Gauss-Markov fading channel: a cutoff rate analysis (2004)

We consider the problem of optimal allocation of resources between training and data for transmission over a Gauss-Markov fading channel. Inaccurate channel state information (CSI) is available at the receiver through periodic training. There is no feedback, so that CSI is not available at the transmitter. We study MMSE estimators that predict the current channel state based on: all past pilot observations; only the most recent pilot observation; and the most recent and next in the future pilot observations. We analyze the optimal training energy and periodicity for each of these estimators. We show that optimizing the energy and periodicity of training results in significant energy savings over a sensible, but unoptimized, approach, particularly for rapidly varying channels.
Adaptive Hybrid Serial/Parallel Interference Cancellation in CDMA Systems (2005)

To increase the capacity of CDMA systems much work has been done on interference cancellation (IC) schemes, and recently a successive interference cancellation (SIC) for implementation perspective was introduced. In this paper, we propose an adaptive hybrid serial/parallel interference cancellation (AHSPIC) and present performance comparisons of IC schemes via computer simulation over a Rayleigh fading channel. We find that the AHSPIC has not only capacity improvement compared to the single-user detector and SIC, but also outperforms the parallel IC for the large number of users in which the IC schemes are supposed to play a major role.
THE SEPARATION OF METHYL ACETATE FROM METHANOL BY EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION (1984)

Abstract Methyl acetate cannot be completely removed from methyl acetate-methanol mixtures by distillation because of the presence of the minimum binary azeotrope. Methyl acetate can be readily removed as overhead product from mixtures containing it and methanol by using extractive distillation in which the extractive distillation agent is a higher boiling oxygenated, nitrogenous and/or sulfur containing organic compound or a mixture of these. Typical examples of effective agents are dimethylsulfoxide, glycerine plus propylene glycol, ethylene glycol plus dimethylsulfoxide plus 1,5-pentanediol. Methanol can be removed as the overhead product from methyl acetate when the extractive distillation agent is nitrobenzene, propylene carbonate or ethylene glycol phenyl ether.
Multi-component Tellurium-based Screen-printable Conductor Metallizations for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells (2019)

Multi-component tellurium-based screen-printable conductor metallization pastes containing multiple inorganic solid-state frits (i.e., pastes containing two or more individual discrete tellurium-based frits) were prepared with varying ratios of tellurium and lead cations and evaluated on p-type mono c-Si PERC wafers. Cells fabricated from pastes containing multiple discrete frits had state-of-the-art electrical properties (Eff = 21.1%). The advantage of multiple frit systems is an inherent ability to fine-tune the final chemistry of the conductor metallization, beyond what is possible with single frit systems, to further improve solar cell performance, which is essential for advanced c-Si solar cell devices and continued reductions in processing costs.
Reduction of Orifice-Induced Pressure Errors (1987)

Use of porous-plug orifice reduces or eliminates errors, induced by orifice itself, in measuring static pressure on airfoil surface in wind-tunnel experiments. Piece of sintered metal press-fitted into static-pressure orifice so it matches surface contour of model. Porous material reduces orifice-induced pressure error associated with conventional orifice of same or smaller diameter. Also reduces or eliminates additional errors in pressure measurement caused by orifice imperfections. Provides more accurate measurements in regions with very thin boundary layers.
Reactor core lateral restraint assembly. [HTGR] (1978)

A spring pack for supporting a sprung mass relative to an unsprung mass includes a relatively low-rate spring unit and a relatively high-rate spring unit interconnected with each other and arranged between the sprung and unsprung masses, the relatively low-rate spring unit tending to respond to initial limited movement between the sprung and unsprung masses, a mechanical stop limiting the spring response of the relatively low-rate spring unit with relative movement beyond that limit tending to be absorbed by the relatively high-rate spring unit. A plurality of the spring packs are employed in a lateral restraint assembly for laterally supporting a reactor core relative to a vessel within a nuclear reactor, the relatively low-rate spring units absorbing initial multi-axial movement between the core and vessel with excessive movement of the core being absorbed by the relatively high-rate spring units.
Ultimate signal-to-noise-ratio of surface and body antennas for magnetic resonance imaging (2000)

Approximating the human body by a homogeneous half-space or cylinder the electromagnetic fields of surface antennas or wholebody antennas for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can analytically be calculated. Using these expressions the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a general magnetic resonance detecting antenna can be predicted. We show how the optimum magnetic resonance antenna must look like to achieve the maximum SNR, which is also presented. Finally, we apply the derived formulas to special antenna geometries like the single- and the double-loop coil, the magnetic dipole, and the "birdcage" resonator.
Experimental demonstration of dual gate MOS thyristor (2002)

A new device concept, called the dual gate MOS thyristor (DGMOS), is introduced for simultaneously obtaining the low on-state voltage drop of a thyristor together with the fast turn-off speed of an IGBT and the results of measurement performed on devices with 900 V forward blocking capability are reported for the first time. Its on-state voltage drop (Von) was 1.30V at a current of 12 A (71.4 A/cm/sup 2/) with a turnoff loss (Eoff) of 114 /spl mu/J. These values of Von, Eoff indicate a much superior trade-off characteristic when compared to the IGBT in the voltage resonant circuit. Furthermore, the ability to turn-off the DGMOS is found to be improved by a homogeneous current distribution at the turn-off stage via reducing a sheet resistance of the gate poly-crystalline silicon layer and increasing a transition time from the thyristor mode operation to the IGBT mode.
New electrostatic dust collector for use in vacuum systems (1989)

A new active dust collector was developed for use in vacuum systems. The dust is collected using an electrostatic force only or using an electron beam. The dust collecting electrode is made from copper-clad fiberglass epoxy. The potential of the electrode can be varied from −3 to +3 kV. The current of the electron beam was 14 μA, and the vacuum pressure in the test chamber ranged from 10−6 to 10−7 Torr. The dust collecting device was tested with several conducting and nonconducting dust materials ∼60 μm in size on substrate materials of stainless steel, Al, Cu, Si wafers, and quartz. Dust removal was monitored using an optical microscope with a video camera. The results show that the new active dust collector removes 90% or more of the dust materials from most substrates.
Identification of a DNA aptamer that inhibits sclerostin's antagonistic effect on Wnt signalling (2011)

Sclerostin is an extracellular negative regulator of bone formation that is a recognized therapeutic target for osteoporosis therapy. In the present study, we performed DNA aptamer selection against sclerostin, then characterized aptamer-sclerostin binding and the ability to inhibit sclerostin function in cell culture. We show that a selected DNA aptamer was highly selective for binding to sclerostin with affinities in the nanomolar range as determined by solid-phase assays and by isothermal titration calorimetry. Binding between sclerostin and the aptamer was exothermic and enthalpically driven. CD confirmed that the aptamer had temperature-dependent parallel G-quadruplex characteristics. The aptamer was stabilized with 3' inverted thymidine to investigate efficacy at inhibiting sclerostin function in cell culture. The stabilized DNA aptamer showed potent and specific dose-dependent inhibition of sclerostin's antagonistic effect on Wnt activity using a reporter assay. Taken together, the present findings suggest an alternative approach to inhibiting sclerostin function with therapeutic potential.
Significant parameters for the catalyzed gasification of coal chars. [With carbon dioxide and catalyst] (1982)

The work on the parameters which most influence the catalyzed gasification of coal chars reveals some interesting trends, the generality of which we are currently exploring. At low loadings we have found that the catalyzed gasification reactions described show a strong dependence on charring temperature and catalyst loadings. However, based on the results with K/sub 2/CO/sub 3/, the effects of increased loadings can be mitigated by elevated temperature charring. Even at lower charring temperatures, certain catalysts experience a limiting level of activity beyond which increased loadings do not affect the gasification. The effects of alkali cation at low loadings (5 and 10%) are non-discriminatory. The role of the anion is less clear; for example, for potassium salts, Cl/sup -/ approx. SO/sub 4//sup 2 -/ = approx. HCO/sub 3//sup -/ approx. O/sub 2//sup -/, but these are considerably more effective than F/sup -/ and CO/sub 3//sup 2 -/. The mode of addition of catalyst is apparently not a factor. Thus, adding catalysts to the coal prior to charring yields similar results to those added subsequent to charring. Finally, we have not discovered any significant correlation of reactivity with surface areas and particle size.
Disk striping in video server environments (2002)

A growing number of applications need access to video data stored in digital form on secondary storage devices (e.g., video-on-demand, multimedia messaging). As a result, video servers that are responsible for the storage and retrieval, at fixed rates, of hundreds of videos from disks are becoming increasingly important. Since video data tends to be voluminous, several disks are usually used in order to store the videos. A challenge is to devise schemes for the storage and retrieval of videos that distribute the workload evenly across disks, reduce the cost of the server and at the same time, provide good response times to client requests for video data. We present schemes that are based on striping videos (fine-grained as well as coarse-grained) across disks in order to effectively utilize the disk bandwidth. For the schemes, we show how an optimal-cost server architecture can be determined if data for a certain pre-specified number of videos is to be concurrently retrieved. The schemes provide good response times in environments in which the number of concurrent client requests is not much larger than the number of videos that can be concurrently retrieved by the server.
Passivation of type II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors (2005)

Leakage currents limit the operation of high performance type II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiode technology. Surface leakage current becomes a dominant limiting factor, especially at the scale of a focal plane array pixel (< 25 μm) and must be addressed. A reduction of the surface state density, unpinning the Fermi level at the surface, and appropriate termination of the semiconductor crystal are all aims of effective passivation. Recent work in the passivation of type II InAs\GaSb superlattice photodetectors with aqueous sulfur-based solutions has resulted in increased R<sub>0</sub>A products and reduced dark current densities by reducing the surface trap density. Additionally, photoluminescence of similarly passivated type II InAs/GaSb superlattice and InAs GaSb bulk material will be discussed.
Physiologically gated microbeam radiation using a field emission x‐ray source array (2014)

The CNT field emission x-ray source array can be synchronized to physiological signals for gated delivery of x-ray radiation to minimize motion-induced beam blurring. Gated MRT reduces valley dose between lines during long-time radiation of a moving object. The technique allows for more precise MRT treatments and makes the CNT MRT device practical for extended treatment.
Transferrable fine pitch probe technology (2014)

Two vertical probe technologies were explored to evaluate wafer-level and 3D stack-level die test at 50 μm pitch. In one approach, Cu probe tips were serially built on a 3D silicon wafer using lithography and wet chemical etching. In a second approach, metal probe tips were fabricated by filling a silicon mold made with anisotropic etching and transferred to a silicon die. Each approach had advantages which were demonstrated through test vehicles. The second approach appears promising to offer a robust, scalable probe technology, highly suited for high speed test of 3D die. As compared to traditional probe technologies, this approach also offers an opportunity toward low cost test at fine pitch.
Dual apodization with cross-correlation in the presence of phase aberration and noise (2008)

We have recently presented a new method to suppress side lobes and clutter in ultrasound imaging called dual apodization with cross-correlation or DAX. This method uses two apodization functions in receive mode which yield point spread functions with very similar main lobes but different side lobes and clutter. These similarities and differences are quantified by using normalized cross-correlation of the radio frequency (RF) data in the axial direction. These cross-correlation coefficients serve as a pixel-by-pixel weighting or filter to pass main lobe dominated signals and suppress clutter dominated signals. In this paper, we evaluate the robustness of DAX in the presence of phase aberration and noise. Aberrating layers of pig skin, fat, and muscle were used experimentally to mimic different level of aberrators. Experimental results are also presented using DAX in the presence of noise. With system signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of at least 15 dB, we have a contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) improvement of over 100 % compared to standard beamforming. This work shows that DAX is able to reliably improve contrast-to-noise ratio in the presence of phase aberration and noise.
Target-enclosed seismic imaging (2017)

Seismic reflection data can be redatumed to a specified boundary in the subsurface by solving an inverse (or multidimensional deconvolution) problem. The redatumed data can be interpreted as an extended image of the subsurface at the redatuming boundary, depending on the subsurface offset and time. We retrieve target-enclosed extended images by using two redatuming boundaries, which are selected above and below a specified target volume. As input, we require the upgoing and downgoing wavefields at both redatuming boundaries due to impulsive sources at the earth’s surface. These wavefields can be obtained from actual measurements in the subsurface, they can be numerically modeled, or they can be retrieved by solving a multidimensional Marchenko equation. As output, we retrieved virtual reflection and transmission responses as if sources and receivers were located at the two target-enclosing boundaries. These data contain all orders of reflections inside the target volume but exclude all interactions with the part of the medium outside this volume. The retrieved reflection responses can be used to image the target volume from above or from below. We found that the images from above and below are similar (given that the Marchenko equation is used for wavefield retrieval). If a model with sharp boundaries in the target volume is available, the redatumed data can also be used for two-sided imaging, where the retrieved reflection and transmission responses are exploited. Because multiple reflections are used by this strategy, seismic resolution can be improved significantly. Because target-enclosed extended images are independent on the part of the medium outside the target volume, our methodology is also beneficial to reduce the computational burden of localized inversion, which can now be applied inside the target volume only, without suffering from interactions with other parts of the medium.
On-Shoe Wearable Sensors for Gait and Turning Assessment of Patients With Parkinson's Disease (2013)

Assessment of locomotion through simple tests such as timed up and go (TUG) or walking trials can provide valuable information for the evaluation of treatment and the early diagnosis of people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Common methods used in clinics are either based on complex motion laboratory settings or simple timing outcomes using stop watches. The goal of this paper is to present an innovative technology based on wearable sensors on-shoe and processing algorithm, which provides outcome measures characterizing PD motor symptoms during TUG and gait tests. Our results on ten PD patients and ten age-matched elderly subjects indicate an accuracy ± precision of 2.8 ± 2.4 cm/s and 1.3 ± 3.0 cm for stride velocity and stride length estimation compared to optical motion capture, with the advantage of being practical to use in home or clinics without any discomfort for the subject. In addition, the use of novel spatio-temporal parameters, including turning, swing width, path length, and their intercycle variability, was also validated and showed interesting tendencies for discriminating patients in ON and OFF states and control subjects.
Analyzing Timing Uncertainty in Mesh-based Clock Architectures (2006)

Mesh architectures are used to distribute critical global signals on a chip, such as clock and power/ground. Redundancy created by mesh loops smooths out undesirable variations between signal nodes spatially distributed over the chip. However, one problem with the mesh architectures is the difficulty in accurately analyzing large instances. Furthermore, variations in process and temperature, supply noise and crosstalk noise cause uncertainty in the delay from clock source to flip-flops. In this paper, we study the problem of analyzing timing uncertainty in mesh-based clock architectures. We propose solutions for both pure mesh and (mesh + global-tree) architectures. The solutions can handle large design and mesh instances. The maximum error in uncertainty values reported by our solutions is 1-3ps with respect to the golden Monte Carlo simulations, which is at most 0.5% of the nominal clock latency of about 600ps
<title>High-performance birefringent imaging interferometer</title> (2000)

A high-performance birefringent imaging optical spectrometer (BIOS) based on liquid crystal elements is designed, built, and characterized. The result is a remarkably compact and simple system for spectral imaging of 2D scenes, with high throughput (85%), no moving parts, and perfect spatial registration between images. Key results include resolution of 4 nm shifts and demonstration of near diffraction-limited image quality. One special benefit is that the interferometer has a setting at which all wavelengths are transmitted without loss; this `white light' setting is of practical benefit in focusing and other sample handling steps. The signal-to-noise of interferometric systems is derived theoretically and compared against filters-based instruments for various source spectra. Based on this analysis and the demonstrated performance of the BIOS system, it appears well-suited to applications such as discriminating between multiple fluorescent probes.
Transcriptome classification of HCC is related to gene alterations and to new therapeutic targets (2006)

These results have furthered our understanding of the genetic diversity of human HCC and have provided specific identifiers for classifying tumors. In addition, our classification has potential therapeutic implications because 50% of the tumors were related to WNT or AKT pathway activation, which potentially could be targeted by specific inhibiting therapies.
RrgB321, a Fusion Protein of the Three Variants of the Pneumococcal Pilus Backbone RrgB, Is Protective<i>In Vivo</i>and Elicits Opsonic Antibodies (2011)

Streptococcus pneumoniae pilus 1 is present in 30 to 50% of invasive disease-causing strains and is composed of three subunits: the adhesin RrgA, the major backbone subunit RrgB, and the minor ancillary protein RrgC. RrgB exists in three distinct genetic variants and, when used to immunize mice, induces an immune response specific for each variant. To generate an antigen able to protect against the infection caused by all pilus-positive S. pneumoniae strains, we engineered a fusion protein containing the three RrgB variants (RrgB321). RrgB321 elicited antibodies against proteins from organisms in the three clades and protected mice against challenge with piliated pneumococcal strains. RrgB321 antisera mediated complement-dependent opsonophagocytosis of piliated strains at levels comparable to those achieved with the PCV7 glycoconjugate vaccine. These results suggest that a vaccine composed of RrgB321 has the potential to cover 30% or more of all pneumococcal strains and support the inclusion of this fusion protein in a multicomponent vaccine against S. pneumoniae.