gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deashing lubricating oils (1983)

In a process for producing an essentially ash-free oil stock from a lubricating oil containing ash forming components comprising reacting the oil with an aqueous ammonium salt capable of reacting with the ash-containing components and heating the thus treated oil at a temperature in the range of about 300/sup 0/ C. to about 420/sup 0/ C. to increase the amount of the ash-forming components removed, the improvement comprising not exposing the oil to a temperature greater than 200/sup 0/ C. before the oil is passed into a large volume of the oil already at a temperature in the range of about 300/sup 0/ C. to about 400/sup 0/ C.
Adenoviral Type 35 and 26 Vectors with a Bidirectional Expression Cassette in the E1 Region Show an Improved Genetic Stability Profile and Potent Transgene-Specific Immune Response (2017)

Genetic vaccines based on replication-incompetent adenoviral (AdV) vectors are currently in clinical development. Monovalent AdV vectors express one antigen from an expression cassette placed in most cases in the E1 region. For many vaccines, inclusion of several antigens is necessary in order to raise protective immunity and/or target more than one pathogen or pathogen strain. On the basis of the current technology, a mix of several monovalent vectors can be employed. However, a mix of the standard monovalent AdV vectors may not be optimal with respect to manufacturing costs and the final dose per vector in humans. Alternatively, a variety of bivalent recombinant AdV vector approaches is described in the literature. It remains unclear whether all strategies are equally suitable for clinical development while preserving all the beneficial properties of the monovalent AdV (e.g., immunogenic potency). Therefore, a thorough assessment of different bivalent AdV strategies was performed in a head-to-head fashion compared with the monovalent benchmark. The vectors were tested for rescue efficiency, genetic stability, transgene expression, and potency to induce transgene-specific immune responses. We report that the vector expressing multiple antigens from a bidirectional expression cassette in E1 shows a better genetic stability profile and a potent transgene-specific immune response compared with the other tested bivalent vectors.
Development and Application of a 3D-Wellbore Visualization System for Hydraulics Analyses (2005)

Abstract Visualization technology has evolved into an important G&G tool to view and interpret seismic data, 3D logs, geocellular models, grids, horizons, and well placements. Directional drillers also benefit from visualizing complex placements in 3D; however, this is one of very few drilling applications that currently exists for this technology. Introduced in this paper is software that for the first time permits interactive 3D visualization of the inside of a virtual wellbore. In this initial offering, downhole drilling hydraulics and related conditions can be critically examined while navigating the well from surface to TD using a standard PC and a joystick. The new software system has application for interpreting large data sets, mitigating drilling problems, training, and encouraging collaboration among multi-disciplinary teams. Stunning 3D perspective rendering can show internal and side projections of well tortuosity, cuttings beds, drill string (including eccentricity), annular velocity profiles, formations (texture, rugosity, and breakout), downhole engineering parameters (temperature, ESDs, etc.), and downhole tools, among others. "Intelligence" is incorporated that can direct the software to automatically find, display, and visually inspect anomalies and potential hydraulics-related problems. Simulated data are provided by an advanced hydraulics program;a real-time version is planned that also will include other key drilling and wellbore parameters. Both options are suitable for use in real-time drilling centers. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development, application, and opportunities of this wellbore visualization software. Special emphasis is placed on the quality and uncertainty of models, and methods used to drive the 3D graphics. The design, development, and implementation of the fit-for-purpose graphics platform also are discussed.
Collateral Advantages of a Gel Electrolyte for MnO<sub>2</sub> Nanowire Capacitors: Higher Voltage and Reduced Volume (2017)

Recently we demonstrated that symmetric, all Au@δ-MnO2 core@shell nanowire capacitors can achieve cycle stability to 100 000 cycles and beyond in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) gel electrolyte. Here we examine the limits of the PMMA gel to confer this extraordinary stability, in terms of the accessible maximum voltage, Vmax, and the thickness of the PMMA gel electrolyte layer. Two conclusions are (1) the PMMA gel permits the Vmax to be increased by 50% from 1.2 V to 1.8 V, allowing the specific energy to be increased 5–6 fold, and (2) the PMMA gel layer thickness can be reduced from 180 μm (previously) to 2 μm while simultaneously utilizing two layers of nanowires and patterning nanowires in each layer at 5× higher density. For this nanowire “sandwich” architecture, a net increase in volumetric capacity of 600× up to 500 mF/cm3 can be achieved while retaining cycle stability to 100 000 cycles.
Experimental characterization of an energy efficient chiller-less data center test facility with warm water cooled servers (2012)

Typical data centers utilize approximately 50% of the total IT energy in cooling of the server racks. We present a chillerless data center where server-level cooling is achieved through a combination of warm water cooling hardware and re-circulated air; eventual heat rejection to ambient air is achieved using a closed secondary liquid loop to ambient-air heat exchanger (dry-cooler). Several experiments were carried out to characterize the individual pieces of equipment and data center thermal performance and energy consumption. A 22+ hour experimental run was also carried out with results indicating an average cooling energy use of 3.5% of the total IT energy use, with average ambient air temperatures of 23.8°C and average IT power use of 13.14 kW.
Real time radiotherapy verification with Cherenkov imaging: development of a system for beamlet verification (2017)

Cherenkov imaging has been shown to allow near real time imaging of the beam entrance and exit on patient tissue, with the appropriate intensified camera and associated image processing. A dedicated system has been developed for research into full torso imaging of whole breast irradiation, where the dual camera system captures the beam shape for all beamlets used in this treatment protocol. Particularly challenging verification measurement exists in dynamic wedge, field in field, and boost delivery, and the system was designed to capture these as they are delivered. Two intensified CMOS (ICMOS) cameras were developed and mounted in a breast treatment room, and pilot studies for intensity and stability were completed. Software tools to contour the treatment area have been developed and are being tested prior to initiation of the full trial. At present, it is possible to record delivery of individual beamlets as small as a single MLC thickness, and readout at 20 frames per second is achieved. Statistical analysis of system repeatibilty and stability is presented, as well as pilot human studies.
PINK1 Loss-of-Function Mutations Affect Mitochondrial Complex I Activity via NdufA10 Ubiquinone Uncoupling (2014)

Under resting conditions, Pink1 knockout cells and cells derived from patients with PINK1 mutations display a loss of mitochondrial complex I reductive activity, causing a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Analyzing the phosphoproteome of complex I in liver and brain from Pink1(-/-) mice, we found specific loss of phosphorylation of serine-250 in complex I subunit NdufA10. Phosphorylation of serine-250 was needed for ubiquinone reduction by complex I. Phosphomimetic NdufA10 reversed Pink1 deficits in mouse knockout cells and rescued mitochondrial depolarization and synaptic transmission defects in pink(B9)-null mutant Drosophila. Complex I deficits and adenosine triphosphate synthesis were also rescued in cells derived from PINK1 patients. Thus, this evolutionary conserved pathway may contribute to the pathogenic cascade that eventually leads to Parkinson's disease in patients with PINK1 mutations.
Poster abstract: MARS: A muscle activity recognition system using inertial sensors (2012)

We present MARS, a muscle activity recognition system that uses inertial sensors to capture the vibrations of active mus-cles. Specifically, we show how accelerometer data capturing these vibrations in the quadriceps, hamstrings and calf muscles of the human leg, can be leveraged to create muscle vibration signatures. We finally show that these vibration signatures can be used to distinguish these muscles from each other with greater than 85% precision and recall.
Elliptical double-hole photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers (2017)

In this paper, we demonstrate the operation of a photonic-crystal surface-emitting laser that has a double-hole two-dimensional photonic-crystal structure. We successfully fabricate this unique structure by employing air-hole retained crystal regrowth using metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Single-mode lasing having a narrow beam divergence of less than 0.2° is achieved with a large lasing area of 300×300 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Polyamine Analogs with Xylene Rings Induce Antizyme Frameshifting, Reduce ODC Activity, and Deplete Cellular Polyamines (2006)

Numerous studies have correlated elevated polyamine levels with abnormal or rapid cell growth. One therapeutic strategy to treat diseases with increased cellular proliferation rates, most obviously cancer, has been to identify compounds which lower cellular polyamine levels. An ideal target for this strategy is the protein antizyme-a negative regulator of polyamine biosynthesis and import, and a positive regulator of polyamine export. In this study, we have optimized two tissue-culture assays in 96-well format, to allow the rapid screening of a 750-member polyamine analog library for compounds which induce antizyme frameshifting and fail to substitute for the natural polyamines in growth. Five analogs (MQTPA1-5) containing xylene (1,4-dimethyl benzene) were found to be equal to or better than spermidine at stimulating antizyme frameshifting and were inefficient at rescuing cell growth following polyamine depletion. These compounds were further characterized for effects on natural polyamine levels and enzymes involved in polyamine metabolism. Finally, direct measurements of antizyme induction in cells treated with two of the lead compounds revealed an 8- to 15-fold increase in antizyme protein over untreated cells. The impact of the xylene moiety and the distance between the positively charged amino groups on antizyme frameshifting and cell growth are discussed.
Demystifying Memory Access Patterns of FPGA-Based Graph Processing\n Accelerators (2021)

Recent advances in reprogrammable hardware (e.g., FPGAs) and memory\ntechnology (e.g., DDR4, HBM) promise to solve performance problems inherent to\ngraph processing like irregular memory access patterns on traditional hardware\n(e.g., CPU). While several of these graph accelerators were proposed in recent\nyears, it remains difficult to assess their performance and compare them on\ncommon graph workloads and accelerator platforms, due to few open source\nimplementations and excessive implementation effort.\n In this work, we build on a simulation environment for graph processing\naccelerators, to make several existing accelerator approaches comparable. This\nallows us to study relevant performance dimensions such as partitioning schemes\nand memory technology, among others. The evaluation yields insights into the\nstrengths and weaknesses of current graph processing accelerators along these\ndimensions, and features a novel in-depth comparison.\n
A comparative study of power-based health assessment models (2011)

In the industrial energy monitoring domain, several platforms are offered to acquire real-time power data and monitor energy consumption at tool, component, machine and system levels. The motivations of employing such platforms are majorly cost-effective purposes or environmental issues. This paper proposes and applies a power-based approach with non-intrusive sensing technique to evaluating machine health status. Data of effective power and reactive power are acquired synchronously and segmented based on machine cycles. Exhaustive feature extraction and reduction is conducted to reduce the dimension of the datasets. Two health assessment models are then used to model baseline behavior from the training set and measure the distance between training and testing set to provide health status information of the testing set with respective distance metrics. The models are applied in two case studies on two machines in the same manufacturing line.
Fuel Spray Pattern Control Using L-Step Nozzle for Swirl-Type Injector (2004)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">We propose a spray pattern control method for swirl-type injectors in direct injection (DI) gasoline engines. An L-cut orifice nozzle (L-Step nozzle) that produces a horseshoe spray pattern is used to create a rich and lean concentration region. To further control the distribution of fuel, the relationship between the nozzle geometry and the spray pattern is investigated. The mechanism for a horseshoe spray formation is hypothesized and verified through experiment. The spray shape and fuel distribution is found to be controllable by configuring the L-cut step-walls. Furthermore, it is discovered that independent control of rich and lean region distribution is possible by arranging the step-wall position and height.</div>
Functional Testing of Subcutaneous Piezoelectrically Actuated Hearing Aid (2016)

From observed dynamic range and THD, the speech quality delivered by the SPAHA should equal or exceed that delivered by the BAHA. To attain equivalent hearing sensation at lower frequencies, the drive voltage for SPAHA would have to be significantly higher than that for BAHA. For typical speech inputs the power consumption requirements of the SPAHA should be roughly equal to those of the BAHA. Given its performance at high frequencies, the SPAHA seems well-suited to treating SSD.
Fine-grained Image Classification by Exploring Bipartite-Graph Labels (2015)

Given a food image, can a fine-grained object recognition engine tell "which restaurant which dish" the food belongs to? Such ultra-fine grained image recognition is the key for many applications like search by images, but it is very challenging because it needs to discern subtle difference between classes while dealing with the scarcity of training data. Fortunately, the ultra-fine granularity naturally brings rich relationships among object classes. This paper proposes a novel approach to exploit the rich relationships through bipartite-graph labels (BGL). We show how to model BGL in an overall convolutional neural networks and the resulting system can be optimized through back-propagation. We also show that it is computationally efficient in inference thanks to the bipartite structure. To facilitate the study, we construct a new food benchmark dataset, which consists of 37,885 food images collected from 6 restaurants and totally 975 menus. Experimental results on this new food and three other datasets demonstrates BGL advances previous works in fine-grained object recognition. An online demo is available at http://www.f-zhou.com/fg_demo/.
Hole-injecting conducting-polymer compositions for highly efficient and stable organic light-emitting diodes (2005)

This letter introduces conducting polymer compositions which can be used for hole-injection layer in organic light-emitting diodes. The compositions are composed of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS) and a perfluorinated ionomer. The films based on these compositions showed much higher workfunction (∼5.3–5.7eV) than conventional PEDOT/PSS (∼5.0–5.2eV). When we fabricated blue polymer light-emitting diodes by using these compositions as a hole-injection layer, the luminescent efficiency was improved and the device lifetime was also enhanced relative to the device using the commercially available PEDOT/PSS. These compositions including perfluorinated ionomers can be one of the promising candidates for a hole-injection layer in organic light-emitting devices.
Dilated FCN for Multi-Agent 2D/3D Medical Image Registration (2017)

2D/3D image registration to align a 3D volume and 2D X-ray images is a challenging problem due to its ill-posed nature and various artifacts presented in 2D X-ray images. In this paper, we propose a multi-agent system with an auto attention mechanism for robust and efficient 2D/3D image registration. Specifically, an individual agent is trained with dilated Fully Convolutional Network (FCN) to perform registration in a Markov Decision Process (MDP) by observing a local region, and the final action is then taken based on the proposals from multiple agents and weighted by their corresponding confidence levels. The contributions of this paper are threefold. First, we formulate 2D/3D registration as a MDP with observations, actions, and rewards properly defined with respect to X-ray imaging systems. Second, to handle various artifacts in 2D X-ray images, multiple local agents are employed efficiently via FCN-based structures, and an auto attention mechanism is proposed to favor the proposals from regions with more reliable visual cues. Third, a dilated FCN-based training mechanism is proposed to significantly reduce the Degree of Freedom in the simulation of registration environment, and drastically improve training efficiency by an order of magnitude compared to standard CNN-based training method. We demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high robustness on both spine cone beam Computed Tomography data with a low signal-to-noise ratio and data from minimally invasive spine surgery where severe image artifacts and occlusions are presented due to metal screws and guide wires, outperforming other state-of-the-art methods (single agent-based and optimization-based) by a large margin.
FeRAM using Anti-ferroelectric Capacitors for High-speed and High-density Embedded Memory (2021)

This paper demonstrates industry-best hafnium-based FeRAM performance and reliability by showing (i) read/write speed scaled down to ~2ns, (ii) read/write endurance beyond 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> cycles, and (iii) tail-bit variations of scaled capacitors working at <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$4\sigma$</tex> across a 300mm wafer at elevated temperature, by switching anti-ferroelectric (AFE) capacitors at −1.6V and 1.2V. Furthermore, a physics-based multi-domain compact circuit model is developed for AFE capacitors to describe FeRAM operations. Array-level circuit simulations show that FeRAM is less vulnerable to disturb through parasitic capacitor coupling due to the small amount of polarization charge change <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(\Delta P)$</tex> relative to its high remanent polarization <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(P_{r})$</tex> . Finally, high yield in a capacitor-array with no significant degradation in retention well over 10s and a healthy memory window (MW) under 1ms disturb 20% of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$V_{write}$</tex> at elevated temperature is shown, paving way for AFE-based FeRAM toward the next generation high-speed and high-density embedded memory.
From play-in scenarios to code: an achievable dream (2001)

The article presents a general, rather sweeping development scheme for complex reactive systems, combining ideas that have been known for a long time with more recent ones. The scheme makes it possible to go from a high-level user-friendly requirements capture method, which is called play-in scenarios, via a rich language for describing message sequencing to a full model of the system, and from there to final implementation. A cyclic process of verifying the system against requirements and synthesizing system parts from the requirements is central to the proposal. The article puts special emphasis on the languages, methods, and computerized tools that allow smooth but rigorous transitions between the various stages of the scheme. In contrast to database systems, the article focuses on systems that have a dominant reactive, event-driven facet. For these systems, modeling and analyzing behavior is the most crucial and problematic issue.
A Naturally Occurring Point Mutation Confers Broad Range Tolerance to Herbicides That Target Acetolactate Synthase (1995)

Acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors are among the most commonly used herbicides. They fall into four distinct families of compounds: sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilides, and pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates. We have investigated the molecular basis of imidazolinone tolerance of two field isolates of cocklebur (Xanthium sp.) from Mississippi and Missouri. In both cases, tolerance was conferred by a form of ALS that was less sensitive to inhibitors than the wild type. The insensitivity pattern of the Mississippi isolate was similar to that of a commercial mutant of corn generated in the laboratory: ICI 8532 IT. Sequencing revealed that the same residue (Ala57-->Thr) was mutated in both Mississippi cocklebur and ICI 8532 IT corn. ALS from the Missouri isolate was highly insensitive to all the ALS herbicide families, similar in this respect to another commercial corn mutant: Pioneer 3180 IR corn. Sequencing of ALS from both plants revealed a common mutation that changed Trp552 to Leu. The sensitive cocklebur ALS cDNA, fused with a glutathione S-transferase, was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein had enzymatic properties similar to those of the plant enzyme. All the possible point mutations affecting Trp552 were investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. Only the Trp-->Leu mutation yielded an active enzyme. This mutation conferred a dramatically reduced sensitivity toward representatives of all four chemical families, demonstrating its role in herbicide tolerance. This study indicates that mutations conferring herbicide tolerance, obtained in an artificial environment, also occur in nature, where the selection pressure is much lower. Thus, this study validates the use of laboratory models to predict mutations that may develop in natural populations.
Dynamic Strategic Bond Analysis Yields a Ten-Step Synthesis of 20-nor-Salvinorin A, a Potent κ-OR Agonist (2017)

Salvinorin A (SalA) is a plant metabolite that agonizes the human <i>kappa</i>-opioid receptor (κ-OR) with high affinity and high selectivity over <i>mu-</i> and <i>delta-</i>opioid receptors. Its therapeutic potential has stimulated extensive semisynthetic studies and total synthesis campaigns. However, structural modification of SalA has been complicated by its instability, and efficient total synthesis has been frustrated by its dense, complex architecture. Treatment of strategic bonds in SalA as dynamic and dependent on structural perturbation enabled the identification of an efficient retrosynthetic pathway. Here we show that deletion of C20 simultaneously stabilizes the SalA skeleton, simplifies its synthesis, and retains its high affinity and selectivity for the κ-OR. The resulting 10-step synthesis now opens the SalA scaffold to deep-seated property modification. Finally, we describe a workflow to identify structural changes that retain molecular complexity, but reduce synthetic complexity-two related, but independent ways of looking at complexity.