gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Verification of Embedded Memory Systems using Efficient Memory Modeling (2007)

We describe verification techniques for embedded memory systems using efficient memory modeling (EMM), without explicitly modeling each memory bit. We extend our previously proposed approach of EMM in Bounded Model Checking (BMC) for a single read/write port single memory system, to more commonly occurring systems with multiple memories, having multiple read and write ports. More importantly, we augment such EMM to providing correctness proofs, in addition to finding real bugs as before. The novelties of our verification approach are in a) combining EMM with proof-based abstraction that preserves the correctness of a property up to a certain analysis depth of SAT-based BMC, and b) modeling arbitrary initial memory state precisely and thereby, providing inductive proofs using SAT-based BMC for embedded memory systems. Similar to the previous approach, we construct a verification model by eliminating memory arrays, but retaining the memory interface signals with their control logic and adding constraints on those signals at every analysis depth to preserve the data forwarding semantics. The size of these EMM constraints depends quadratically on the number of memory accesses and the number of read and write ports; and linearly on the address and data widths and the number of memories. We show the effectiveness of our approach on several industry designs and software programs.
SU‐GG‐J‐130: Recent Development of a Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Based X‐Ray Micro‐Radiotherapy System for Small Animal Radiotherapy (2010)

Purpose : To develop a novel multi‐pixel x‐ray beam micro‐radiotherapy (micro‐RT) system for high‐resolution small animal image‐guided radiotherapy (IGRT) using carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission technology. Materials and Methods : We have developed a prototype multi‐pixel x‐ray beam micro‐RT device for feasibility demonstration. The micro‐RT design uses a pixel beam array which consists of fifty individually addressable x‐ray pixel beams, each beam is ∼2 mm in size. The pixel beam array can form a maximum field size of 1 cm × 2 cm with arbitrary field shapes and intensity modulation patterns. Potential advantages of the multi‐pixel micro‐RT system over the single source micro‐RT systems are stationary flexibility and real‐time nature of the electronic field shaping. CNT field emission based imaging and irradiation systems have also ultrahigh temporal resolution, which can be very important for small animal IGRT. Previously we have demonstrated the feasibility of the system using lower beam energy and here we report the recent progress in CNT FE based micro‐RT development with higher energy beams. Results : A 100 kV prototype CNT field emission based micro‐RT system is developed. The prototype device can generate 75 individual addressable multi‐pixel x‐ray beams. Each beam is expected to produce a dose rate on the order of >1 Gy/min at the center of the irradiated object. We also integrated our CNT field emission based micro‐RT and micro‐CT devices for small animal IGRT. Conclusions : We have made significant progress in developing the novel multi‐pixel micro‐RT system using CNT field emission technology. It remains to be a challenge to achieve high voltage (>100 kV) and high dose rate using this highly original prototype device in an academic research laboratory environment. The CNT‐based micro‐RT can be integrated with the CNT field emission based micro‐CT already developed for real time small animal IGRT.
Molecular engineering for future device structures: self-assembled monolayers as diffusion barriers for Cu metallization (2007)

This paper investigates a selective self-assembly process for formation of a self-assembled monolayers (SAM) barrier to Cu diffusion in dual damascene integration. In selecting a barrier, trichlorosilanes are promising due to their high thermal stability (above 550degC) and dense molecular packing. Overall, this study demonstrates that the tuneable structure and chemistry of SAMs provides a molecular level engineering approach for future device structures.
STRATEGIES AND TECHNOLOGY FOR MANAGING HIGH-CARBON ASH (2003)

The overall objective of the present project is to identify and assess strategies and solutions for the management of industry problems related to carbon in ash. Specific research issues to be addressed include: (1) the effect of parent fuel selection on ash properties and adsorptivity, including a first ever examination of the air entrainment behavior of ashes from alternative (non-coal) fuels; (2) the effect of various low-NOx firing modes on ash properties and adsorptivity; and (3) the kinetics and mechanism of ash ozonation. This data will provide scientific and engineering support of the ongoing process development activities. During this fourth project period we completed the characterization of ozone-treated carbon surfaces and wrote a comprehensive report on the mechanism through which ozone suppresses the adsorption of concrete surfactants.
Bionic Visual Control for Probe-and-Drogue Autonomous Aerial Refueling (2020)

The probe-and-drogue autonomous aerial refueling (AAR) docking suffers the multiwind disturbances leading to the low accuracy of receiver position control and drogue relative position estimation. This article proposes a bionic visual navigation control system in a hardware-in-loop simulation environment and further develops an AAR outfield experiment platform for promoting the success of probe-and-drogue AAR docking. The drogue region and markers are detected by the biological method imitating the eagle-eye color vision mechanism. The different visual navigation methods based on the ellipse fitting, marker matching, and marker prediction are, respectively, applied to the three possible situations in AAR docking for precise pose estimation. Moreover, a relative position control scheme of the receiver, which is constructed by back-stepping design technique and gain-adaptive equivalent sliding mode control, is proposed to compensate multi-wind disturbances and model uncertainties. Fuzzy logic position strategy is designed to compensate swing of the drogue caused by the multiwind disturbances. The AAR outfield experiment platform contains two unmanned aerial vehicles to verify a part of the proposed navigation control method. Extensive experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the bionic visual navigation control system for the high accuracy of the visual navigation and antidisturbance position control.
Inhibitors of HIV protease: Unique non-peptide active site templates (1996)

New templates were designed and prepared which straddle the active site of HIV-1 protease. These templates were designed to be "flexible scaffolds' upon which substituents could be appended to fill the pockets of HIV protease. The new templates prepared and analysed were 4-hydroxy-5H-furan-2-ones, 4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyrones, 3-hydroxy-cyclohex-2-enones, and 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinones, of which the 4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyrones were found to be the most potent inhibitors of HIV-1 protease.
A General Strategy for Preparation of Pt 3d-Transition Metal (Co, Fe, Ni) Nanocubes (2009)

A facile, reliable, general, and robust synthetic method for preparation of high-quality, (100)-terminated Pt(3)M nanocubes (M = Pt or 3d-transition metals Co, Fe, and Ni) has been developed. It was identified that addition of W(CO)(6) is crucial for control of the nucleation process when the metallic precursors are reduced, whereas an optimized ratio of the solvent pair, oleylamine and oleic acid, is the key to enabling the lowest total surface energy on {100} facets in order to develop cubic nanocrystals in the present system. The resultant monodisperse nanocubes, in which Pt is partially substituted, are expected to exhibit unusual electrocatalytic characteristics, providing an alternative for developing high-performance electrocatalysts for use in fuel cells.
Distinct regulation and impact of type 1 T‐cell immunity against HPV16 L1, E2 and E6 antigens during HPV16‐induced cervical infection and neoplasia (2005)

Cervical cancer is the possible outcome of a genital infection with high-risk human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) and is preceded by a phase of persistent HPV infection during which the host immune system fails to eliminate the virus. Our previous work showed that failure is reflected by the absence of type 1 T-cell immunity against HPV16 early antigens E2 and E6 in patients with HPV16+ cervical lesions. We now show that a majority of both patients with cervical lesions and healthy subjects display HPV16 L1 peptide-specific type 1 T-cell responses with similar magnitude. The T-cell response in patients was directed at a broad range of peptides within L1, suggesting that during persistent or repeated exposure to HPV16 L1, the immune system maximizes its efforts to counter the viral challenge. Unlike the type 1 T-cell responses against HPV16 early antigens E2 and E6, type 1 T-cell immunity against L1 does not correlate with health or disease. This argues that T-cell responses against early and late HPV16 antigens essentially differ in the manner in which they are induced and regulated, as well as in their impact on the subsequent stages of HPV16-induced cervical disease.
Metal-catalyzed immortal ring-opening polymerization of lactones, lactides and cyclic carbonates (2010)

This Perspective article summarizes efforts paid in our group to develop efficient metal-based catalysts for the immortal ring-opening polymerization (iROP) of cyclic esters in the presence of large amounts of alcohols (ROH) as chain transfer agents. The catalyst systems reviewed include discrete organometallic complexes based on rare earths, magnesium, calcium and more specifically zinc, as well as simple systems employing metal triflate salts, notably Al(OTf)(3), for the (stereo)controlled iROP of lactide (LA), beta-butyrolactone (BBL) and trimethylenecarbonate (TMC). Special emphasis is given to systems that allow the use of minute amounts of metal catalysts and large loadings of both monomer and alcohol for the rapid and productive formation of functional polyesters (H-Pol-OR) with controlled molecular features.
Molecular biology of mammalian bitter taste receptors. A review. (2011)

ABSTRACT Bitter taste prevents mammals from ingesting food potentially contaminated with bitter‐tasting toxins, which are frequent and structurally diverse. It is mediated by a family of heptahelical G protein‐coupled receptors, called taste 2 receptors or TAS2Rs or T2Rs. The number of TAS2R genes differs greatly across mammalian species, suggesting that some species depend less than others on the protective effect of TAS2Rs. TAS2Rs are glycosylated to become substrates for chaperones required for them to complete biosynthesis and cell surface expression. TAS2Rs recognize several to many bitter compounds, a property that accounts for our ability to detect the numerous bitter substances. Although TAS2Rs oligomerize, heteromers apparently do not increase the number of detectable bitter substances. A small molecule antagonist that inhibits bitter taste in vivo blocks several TAS2Rs in vitro , thereby sharing the property with bitter agonists to interact with several receptors. TAS2Rs possess only one binding pocket, in which they accommodate their ligands by contacting different but overlapping sets of amino acids in the upper parts of transmembrane segments 2–7. Pronounced genetic variability has been observed for human TAS2R genes, including single nucleotide polymorphisms, copy number variations and indels, which determine functionally different receptor variants and influence subjects' sensitivity for the bitterness of specific compounds. However, whether differences in taste sensitivity influence preferences in nutrition remains elusive and is only indirectly supported. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tertiary Amine Pyrazolones and Their Salts as Inhibitors of Mutant Superoxide Dismutase 1-Dependent Protein Aggregation for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (2015)

Pyrazolone derivatives have previously been found to be inhibitors of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)-dependent protein aggregation, which extended survival of an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mouse model. On the basis of ADME analysis, we describe herein a new series of tertiary amine-containing pyrazolones and their structure-activity relationships. Further conversion to the conjugate salts greatly improved their solubility. Phosphate compound 17 exhibited numerous benefits both to cellular activity and to CNS-related drug-like properties in vitro and in vivo, including microsomal stability, tolerated toxicity, and blood-brain barrier permeation. These results indicate that tertiary amine pyrazolones comprise a valuable class of ALS drug candidates.
Alpha-1 Anti-trypsin Exerts a Hepatoprotective Effect on Immune-mediated Hepatitis and Acetaminophen-induced Liver Injury (2018)

<b><i>Background and Aims:</i></b> The serine proteinase inhibitor alpha-1 anti-trypsin (AAT) protects the body against protease activity. Several functions of AAT beyond those attributed to its anti-protease activity have been described, among them immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aimed to determine the efficacy of AAT for the treatment of immune-mediated liver injury using the models of concanavalin A-induced immune-mediated hepatitis and acetaminophen -induced liver damage. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> AAT was administered to mice subjected to concanavalin A-induced immune-mediated hepatitis or 2 h after acetaminophen-induced liver damage. Mice were followed for changes in serum levels of liver enzymes, liver histology, and for interferon gamma serum levels. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Treatment with AAT alleviated concanavalin A-induced immune-mediated liver damage, as demonstrated by a reduction in the serum levels of liver enzymes and interferon gamma, and an improved lymphocyte infiltration into the liver on liver biopsies. Moreover, treatment with AAT was associated with alleviation of the acetaminophen-induced liver injury. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> AAT exerts an hepatoprotective effect on immune-mediated and drug-induced liver damage. The data support its potential use in patients with immune-associated liver disorders.
Stereoselective Introduction of Steroid Side Chains. Synthesis of Chenodeoxycholic Acid (1984)

Abstract A new short route to chenodeoxycholic acid has been developed. The synthesis is based on the stereoselective introduction of the steroidal side chain via an ene reaction of methyl acrylate and a (17Z)‐ethylidene steroid prepared from androstenedione.
Protoplast Fusion in Streptomyces: Conditions for Efficient Genetic Recombination and Cell Regeneration (1981)

Protoplasts from four different species of Streptomyces regenerated cells efficiently in hypertonic soft agar medium overlaid on partially dehydrated regeneration medium. The efficiencies of regeneration were strongly dependent upon the incubation temperatures for cell growth and for protoplast regeneration. Cell growth temperatures (before protoplast formation) required for efficient protoplast regeneration varied from species to species, and did not necessarily correlate with the optimum temperatures for protoplast regeneration. Under the best conditions, protoplasts from all four species were able to regenerate viable cells at nearly 100% efficiency and also formed confluent lawns of mycelia when plated in high concentrations. The temperatures for cell growth and protoplast regeneration also affected the frequencies of genetic recombinants obtained by protoplast fusion in S. fradiae, and highest recombinant frequencies were obtained under conditions which favoured efficient protoplast regeneration. With the modified procedure described, maximum frequencies of genetic recombinants were obtained by treating parental protoplasts with 40 to 60% polyethylene glycol 1000.
High-Density Lipoprotein and the Dynamics of Atherosclerotic Lesions (2001)

lump et al 1 reported in 1994 that the expression of a human transgene for apoA-I, the major apolipoprotein of HDL, in apoE knockout mice dramatically reduced lesion formation. In the present issue of Circulation, Rong et al 2 demonstrate that the composition and structure of advanced atherosclerotic plaques can be significantly altered by the expression of this same transgene. Rong and colleagues 2 used a novel transplant model. They fed apoE knockout mice a Western diet for 6 months to generate advanced lesions. Subsequently, they surgically removed portions of the aorta from these mice and transplanted them into the aortas of syngeneic mice on a chow diet, some of which also expressed the transgene for human apoA-I. The recipient mice expressing the human transgene had 2.5-fold higher HDL cholesterol levels and expressed 13015 mg/dL of human apoA-I. The non-HDL cholesterol levels were approximately half of those that had been present in the donor mice and were similar, regardless of whether the transgene was expressed or not. Five months later, despite non-HDL cholesterol levels that were half those of the donor mice, there was progression in the transplanted lesions, although there was less progression in the mice expressing the human apoA-I transgene. However, the characteristics of the lesions were dramatically different. The recipients expressing the transgene had a 80% decrease in lesion macrophage area and a 300% increase in smooth muscle cell content, with most of the changes occurring in the superficial subendothelial layer.
Interfacial work functions and extrinsic silicon infrared photocathodes (1989)

It is shown that n+ and/or p+ contacts on p-i-n diodes can function as solid-state photoemitters at temperatures ≲20 K. Infrared radiation can excite electrons or holes over small n-i or p-i interfacial barriers and into the intrinsic region when the diode is forward biased. Photoelectric thresholds in the far infrared corresponding to 37 and 61 μm cutoffs have been observed for silicon devices using a Fourier transform spectrometer. Suggestions are made to tailor the cutoff wavelengths using different concentrations of various impurities near the metal-insulator transition. Epitaxially grown multilayered (superlattice) detectors are proposed.
Electronic Medical Records (EMR) (2002)

Over the past 30 years, the definition of an electronic medical record (EMR), also called a computer-based patient record (CPR or CbPR), has evolved considerably, in parallel with changes that have swept through the healthcare industry itself. The Computer-Based Patient Record Institute now offers these definitions that differentiate the record itself from the system for maintaining it:Because medical information is stored in many places, by many entities, the definition naturally depends on the stakeholder’s perspective. To a physician, it would be an electronic replacement for the manila folder he or she uses to gather and store office notes, lab results, and external reports pertaining to a particular patient over an extended period. In the hospital, the paper medical record has traditionally been admission-centered, but the electronic record presents an opportunity to move beyondthat to create a more longitudinal, patient-focused database. To an insurance plan, it might involve primarily enrollment information, benefits descriptions, and claims history. To an enterprise attempting to coalesce several of these entities into one, thereby forming anintegrated delivery system (IDS), the creation of an integrated system of electronic records has emerged as a key strategic goal without which successful integration is unlikely.
Design and demonstration of a distributed-coupling linear accelerator structure (2020)

We present a topology for linear accelerators (linacs) in which the power is distributed to the cavities through a waveguide with periodic apertures that guarantees the correct phases and amplitudes along the structure length. Unlike conventional traveling and standing-wave linacs, the presented topology allows the cavity shapes to be designed without the constraints applied to the coupling between cells to transfer power from one cell to the next. Therefore, the topology permits more degrees of freedom for the optimization of individual cavity shapes in comparison with conventional linacs. The cavity shapes can be optimized for power consumption and efficiency, and/or the manipulation of the surface fields for high gradient operation. This topology also provides a possibility for low-temperature manufacturing techniques that prevent the annealing of the material during typical brazing processes; hence, the material could retain its original properties such as hardness. We present a design and an experimental demonstration of this linac.
Biocatalytic Routes Toward Pharmaceutically Important Precursors and Novel Polymeric Systems (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Discovery and Development of HIV Integrase Inhibitor Raltegravir (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Discovery Synthesis Preclinical Pharmacokinetic and Toxicology Phase I-III Safety and Efficacy Future Directions References
39.2: New Family of Bright Phosphors for FEDs (1998)

Abstract A new family of bright phosphors based on alkaline‐earth gallates has been discovered. Ce‐doped SrGa 2 O 4 has bright greenish‐blue PL and CL. The emission spectra exhibit the characteristic Ce 3+ ‐double peaks. BaGa 2 O 4 : Ce has a very bright yellow‐orange CL emission which peaks at 560 nm. Similar, but weaker, PL emission can be observed. These two phosphors are viable candidates for application in field emission displays.
Neural Spatio-Temporal Beamformer for Target Speech Separation (2020)

Purely neural network (NN) based speech separation and enhancement methods, although can achieve good objective scores, inevitably cause nonlinear speech distortions that are harmful for the automatic speech recognition (ASR).On the other hand, the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformer with NN-predicted masks, although can significantly reduce speech distortions, has limited noise reduction capability.In this paper, we propose a multi-tap MVDR beamformer with complex-valued masks for speech separation and enhancement.Compared to the state-of-the-art NN-mask based MVDR beamformer, the multi-tap MVDR beamformer exploits the inter-frame correlation in addition to the intermicrophone correlation that is already utilized in prior arts.Further improvements include the replacement of the real-valued masks with the complex-valued masks and the joint training of the complex-mask NN.The evaluation on our multi-modal multi-channel target speech separation and enhancement platform demonstrates that our proposed multi-tap MVDR beamformer improves both the ASR accuracy and the perceptual speech quality against prior arts.
Single-acquisition wide-field superresolution for telescopes (2016)

A simple optical setup is introduced here that is capable of improving the diffraction-limited angular resolution of a telescope at minimal cost to image quality. The system consists of, at minimum, an axicon and a convex lens located in the optical path of the telescope, which can increase the angular resolution by up to 38%. Analytical results for this resolution gain along with the Strehl ratio of this system are presented along with experimental results, which show a 30% improvement in single-acquisition image resolution with a Strehl ratio of 0.07, agreeing well with predicted values. With an ultrashallow axicon, large increases in Strehl ratio are possible, up to and beyond unity making higher angular resolution measurements possible with little cost to image quality or experimental complexity.