gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Channel-collector transistors (1982)

By merging the channel regions of two-junction field-effect transistors with the collector region of a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), one achieves a quasi-cascode configuration called a Channel-Collector Transistor (CCT). Its terminal properties are those of a modified, improved bipolar transistor. Prototype devices have been fabricated with common-emitter current gain (β <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</inf> ) in excess of 1200 while still maintaining the common-emitter, open-base breakdown voltage (BV <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CE0</inf> ) greater than 140 V and the output resistance r <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> typically greater than 200 kΩ. The present brief describes an efficient, qualitative equivalent circuit for the structure and also presents an experimental device graphically illustrating the CCT's advantages and disadvantages when compared to a conventional BJT.
Velocity-matched electro-optic modulator (1991)

Partitioning the transmission line on a LiNbO3 traveling wave modulator into short sections and feeding each section from an antenna integrated to the modulator surface can overcome the frequency limitation from material dispersion. A phase modulator at 5-13 GHz with a peak sensitivity better than 100 deg/(Watt) sq rt is demonstrated using an unoptimized microwave feed system. The technique should be scalable to high millimeter-wave frequencies.
GTI-2501, an antisense agent targeting R1, the large subunit of human ribonucleotide reductase, shows potent anti-tumor activity against a variety of tumors (2006)

GTI-2501 is a 20-mer oligonucleotide that is complementary to a coding region in the mRNA of R1, the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). In vitro studies, have demonstrated that GTI-2501 decreases mRNA and protein levels of R1 in a sequence-specific and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, GTI-2501 inhibits the growth of human lung, liver, ovary, brain, melanoma, breast and pancreatic tumor cells in colony forming assays. In vivo studies have shown that GTI-2501 significantly inhibits growth of human colon, pancreas, lung, breast, renal, ovarian, melanoma, brain glioblastoma-astrocytoma, and prostatic tumors in CD-1 nude, Balb/c nude and/or SCID mice. GTI-2501 treatment caused total regression of human breast and renal tumor xenografts in mice. These effects are not observed with a scrambled control oligonucleotide containing the same base content but not complementary to R1. GTI-2501 specifically inhibits metastasis of human melanoma cells to the lungs in CD-1 athymic nude mice and prolongs the survival of mice bearing human lymphoma. Taken together these results suggest that an antisense mechanism of action is responsible for growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo and that GTI-2501 can act as a selective and specific anti-tumor agent.
An active micro-force sensing system with piezoelectric servomechanism (2005)

This paper aims at developing an active force sensing technology for micromanipulation and microassembly using in-situ piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films symmetrically bonded to the surface of a flexible cantilever beam structure. The designed micro-force sensing beam has both sensing and actuating layers. The sensing layer can detect the deformation signal due to the external micro-force acting at the sensor tip, the signal is then fed back to the actuating layer through a servoed transfer function or servo controller, as a result, a counteracting bending moment generated by the actuating layer can be used to balance the deformation of sensor beam in real time. Once balanced, the sensor tip will maintain in the equilibrium position as if the sensor stiffness is virtually improved, yielding accurate motion control of the sensor tip. Especially, the micro-force can be obtained by calculating the balance force through the counteracting servo voltage applied to the actuating layer. The developed active structure greatly enlarge dynamic range of micro-force sensor and enhance the manipulability during micromanipulation/microassembly when the sensor is mounted at the end-effector. Preliminary calibration and experimental results both verified the performance of the developed active micro-force sensor and the effectiveness of the models.
Development of non‐narcotic (opiumless and alkaloid‐free) opium poppy, <i>Papaver somniferum</i> (1999)

Abstract A mutation breeding programme using gamma rays and ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) was carried out for genetic conversion of narcotic ‘opium poppy’ into non‐narcotic ‘seed poppy’. Two families contained 31 latexless (opiumless) and 23 partial latex‐bearing plants which were identified in the M 2 and confirmed in the M 3 generations by the ‘ray‐pluck’ method. Thin‐layer chromatography (TLC)‐densitometry of powdered capsule hulls (straw) from 22 representative plants also revealed that none of the five opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine and narcotine) was present in the straw. Six plants also possessed high seed yield (4.0–5.66 g/capsule vs. 3.39 g for control) and seven had a high seed oil content (50.7‐53.5%). The best mutant genotype, LL‐34 of the family C 1 ‐Comb‐113‐2, with 5.66 g/capsule seeds containing 52.6% oil was designated as cv. ‘Sujata’. This, perhaps the world's first opiumless and alkaloid‐free seed poppy cultivar, offers a cheap and permanent (fundamental) solution to the global problem of opium‐linked social abuse. Simultaneously, it serves as a safe and potential food crop with protein‐rich seeds and healthy unsaturated seed oil.
Silicon photodiode self-calibration using white light for photometric standards: theoretical analysis (1992)

A method is proposed in which the responsivity (A/Im) for the photometric quantity of a silicon photodiode, which is combined with a V(lambda) filter of a known spectral transmittance, can be directly self-calibrated by measuring the surface reflectance and the recombination losses of the photodiode for white light. The derived equation for this method assumes approximations that can cause systematic errors. A computer simulation was made to quantify these errors, and an accuracy of better than 0.2% was predicted. Although experimental validation is necessary, this method is promising as a new, practical method for high-accuracy photometric standards.
Modeling images as mixtures of reference images (2009)

A state-of-the-art approach to measure the similarity of two images is to model each image by a continuous distribution, generally a Gaussian mixture model (GMM), and to compute a probabilistic similarity between the GMMs. One limitation of traditional measures such as the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence and the probability product kernel (PPK) is that they measure a global match of distributions. This paper introduces a novel image representation. We propose to approximate an image, modeled by a GMM, as a convex combination of K reference image GMMs, and then to describe the image as the K-dimensional vector of mixture weights. The computed weights encode a similarity that favors local matches (i.e. matches of individual Gaussians) and is therefore fundamentally different from the KL or PPK. Although the computation of the mixture weights is a convex optimization problem, its direct optimization is difficult. We propose two approximate optimization algorithms: the first one based on traditional sampling methods, the second one based on a variational bound approximation of the true objective function. We apply this novel representation to the image categorization problem and compare its performance to traditional kernel-based methods. We demonstrate on the PASCAL VOC 2007 dataset a consistent increase in classification accuracy.
A Bio-Inspired Approach for the Reduction of Left Ventricular Workload (2014)

Previous studies have demonstrated the existence of optimization criteria in the design and development of mammalians cardiovascular systems. Similarities in mammalian arterial wave reflection suggest there are certain design criteria for the optimization of arterial wave dynamics. Inspired by these natural optimization criteria, we investigated the feasibility of optimizing the aortic waves by modifying wave reflection sites. A hydraulic model that has physical and dynamical properties similar to a human aorta and left ventricle was used for a series of in-vitro experiments. The results indicate that placing an artificial reflection site (a ring) at a specific location along the aorta may create a constructive wave dynamic that could reduce LV pulsatile workload. This simple bio-inspired approach may have important implications for the future of treatment strategies for diseased aorta.
Dielectrophoretic Microweaving: Biofabrication of Aligned Bacterial Nanocellulose for Regenerative Medicine (2009)

The use of natural and synthetic polymers as scaffolding material for regenerative medicine is far from clinical translation for most tissue applications. This is due primarily to lack of manufacturing control over mechanical properties and 3D architecture which promote cell attachment and proliferation. Cellulose, a natural polymer produced by the majority of plants, can be assembled into nanofibrils by bacteria. The advantage of bacterial cellulose is that it has unique biocompatibility, mechanical integrity, hydroexpansivity, and is stable under a wide range of conditions [1]. It is thus ideal as a scaffolding material on which to seed cells for regenerative medicine applications. The bacteria Acetobacter Xylinum produces nanoscale cellulose ribbons at an average rate of 2μm/min [2].
FBAR-CMOS Oscillator Array for Mass-Sensing Applications (2010)

Thin-film bulk acoustic resonators (FBAR) are an effective platform for sensitive biological and chemical detection, where their high operating frequencies make them many times more sensitive than a quartz crystal microbalance. Here, we present a monolithic, solidly mounted FBAR oscillator array on CMOS for mass-sensing applications. Through monolithic integration with CMOS drive circuitry, we aim to overcome the spatial and parasitic load limitations of externally coupled resonators to build dense sensor arrays without specialized fabrication techniques. The sensors in this work are constructed in a 6 × 4 array atop a 0.18 ¿m CMOS active substrate, and mass sensitivity comparable to off-chip FBAR sensors is demonstrated.
Markedly different antibody responses to immunized small cell and non-small cell lung cancer cells. (1987)

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to antigens of human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were produced from BALB/c mice immunized with either intact cultured cells or membrane preparations from cultured tumor cells. Of 172 MoAbs produced from two NSCLC immunized mice and reactive to NSCLC cells, 137 bound staphylococcal Protein A directly, and only 11 of these 172 MoAbs were significantly reactive with cultured SCLC cells by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay. In contrast, only 16 of 99 MoAbs produced from two SCLC immunized mice and reactive to SCLC cells directly bound Protein A, and most were of an IgM isotype, but 98 of 99 of these antibodies also reacted with cultured NSCLC target plates. Twenty hybridomas producing antibodies reactive with lung cancer cells but not with a B-lymphoblastoid line were cloned. Eleven of these cloned hybridomas were from NSCLC fusions, and nine were from SCLC fusions. When representative hybridoma supernatants were tested against a broad panel of SCLC and NSCLC target plates a similar pattern was seen, with the supernatants from NSCLC-derived hybridomas only reacting strongly to the NSCLC target plates, but the supernatants from SCLC-derived hybridomas always reacting to both SCLC and NSCLC plates. We conclude that the humoral response to immunization with NSCLC cells or membrane preparations is predominantly IgG and that to SCLC is predominantly IgM. Furthermore, many IgG MoAbs reactive with NSCLC lines are poorly reactive with SCLC cells.
Measurement of low angiotensin concentrations after ethanol and Dowex extraction procedures. (1984)

Current radioimmunoassays do not demonstrate total absence of angiotensin II during converting enzyme inhibition. To assess the meaning of plasma angiotensin II determinations during converting enzyme inhibition, plasma angiotensin I and II levels of normotensive humans during maximal converting enzyme inhibition by single oral doses of CGS 13945, MK 421, or MK 521 were compared with those of anephric rats (18 hr after nephrectomy) after intravenous administration of MK 422 (1 mg/kg). Prior to radioimmunoassay, plasma was extracted with Dowex for angiotensin II and blood extracted with ethanol for angiotensin I. During converting enzyme inhibition, in the 20 normotensive subjects plasma angiotensin II was 6.3 +/- 2.3 pg/ml (mean +/- S.D.) and blood angiotensin I was 65 +/- 59 pg/ml. In the nephrectomized rats, plasma angiotensin II was 8.9 +/- 2.3 pg/ml without converting enzyme inhibitor (n = 15) and 7.6 +/- 2.8 with MK 422 (n = 14), and blood angiotensin I was 9.8 +/- 2.4 pg/ml and 8.2 +/- 0.7, respectively. Dowex extraction of Tris buffer containing no angiotensin II provided blank values ranging from 5.0 to 7.8 pg/ml (n = 5). Thus plasma angiotensin II of normotensive humans treated with converting enzyme inhibitors fell to blank levels even in the presence of markedly elevated plasma angiotensin I. Angiotensin II concentrations in anephric rats with or without converting enzyme inhibition were the same. We therefore conclude that plasma levels of angiotensin II below 8 pg/ml measured after Dowex extraction probably reflect complete converting enzyme inhibition and virtual absence of angiotensin II generation.
Security in D2D Communications: A Review (2015)

Device-to-Device (D2D) communications have emerged as a promising technology for the next generation mobile communication networks and wireless systems (5G). As an underlay network of a conventional cellular network (LTE or LTE-Advanced), D2D communications have shown great potential in improving communication capability, reducing communication delay and power dissipation, and fostering multifarious new applications and services. However, security in D2D communications, which is essential for the success of D2D services, hasn't yet drawn special attention in the literature. In this paper, we analyze security architecture of D2D communications under the framework of 3GPP LTE and identify the security requirements in D2D communications. We survey existing security solutions in D2D communications and evaluate their comprehensiveness and effectivity based on security requirements and D2D security architecture. Finally, we discuss the open research issues for securing D2D communications based on aforementioned security requirements and architecture.
In vivo real-time freehand elasticity imaging (2003)

We are developing a system for real-time estimation and display of tissue elastic properties using a clinical ultrasonic imaging system. Results in phantoms are in excellent agreement with that predicted with finite element analysis. Results in volunteer patients have shown that high quality elasticity images are easily obtained in vivo in breast and thyroid pathologies. The key element to successful scanning is real-time visual feedback which guides the patient positioning and compression direction. Results show that the frame-to-frame changes in strain image contrast appear to be unique to specific lesion types. In addition, the size of a lesion displayed in a strain image, relative to that in a standard B-mode image, is about the same for benign lesions but the size is considerably larger for malignant lesions. The observations will likely significantly improve the discrimination of radiologically indeterminant lesions.
Advances in multilayer reflective coatings for extreme ultraviolet lithography (1999)

Multilayer mirror coatings which reflect extreme UV (EUV) radiation are a key enabling technology for EUV lithography but must meet stringent requirements in terms of film quality, stability, and thickness control across multi optical elements up to 300 nm in diameter. Deposition technology has been dramatically improved to meet those specifications for thickness control and repeatability over large curved optical substrates. Coating uniformity was improved to +/- 0.055 percent peak-to-valley (P-V) on 140- mm flats and +/- 0.1 percent P-V across 160 mm curved substrates. the run-to-run reproducibility of the reflectance peak wavelength was improved to 0.13 percent on flats to enable fabrication of wavelength-matched sets of optics. Multilayers with reflectances of 67.5 percent at 13.42 nm and 70.2 percent at 11.34 nm are typically achieved for Mo/Si and Mo/Be multilayers, respectively. Also, we have recently achieved a reflectance of 70.1 percent at 13.5 nm for a Mo/Si multilayer deposited with a modified process. The reflectance and stress of these multilayers appear to be stable relative to the requirements for application to EUV lithography. These improvements in EUV multilayer mirror technology enable us to meet the stringent specifications for coating the large optical substrates for our next- generation EUV lithography system. The primary remaining issues are improving the run-to-run wavelength repeatability on curved optics to realize the maximum optical throughput, and verifying long-term stability of the multilayers within the environment of a production EUV lithographic system.
Baculovirus-mediated expression of human apolipoprotein E in Manduca sexta larvae generates particles that bind to the low density lipoprotein receptor. (1991)

Human apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a ligand for the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and mediates the catabolism of several classes of lipoprotein particles. Binding of apoE to the LDL receptor requires association of apoE with lipid in a vesicle or a lipoprotein particle. Because of this requirement, purified apoE or apoE derived directly from bacterial expression systems does not bind to the LDL receptor. To overcome this problem and to facilitate analysis of apoE structure, recombinant baculoviruses containing the human apoE cDNA fused to the polyhedrin promoter of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus were constructed. The recombinant viruses were used to infect larvae of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta in vivo. High levels of lipoprotein particles containing human apoE were present in the hemolymph of infected larvae. In contrast to apoE produced by recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells in vitro, these particles were excellent ligands for the LDL receptor.
Continuous-Wave, Diode-Pumped, Tunable Tm,Ho:YLF Laser (1994)

Unique features include high efficiency and tunability at wavelengths near 2.067 micrometers. Continuous-wave, diode-pumped Tm,Ho:YLF laser tuned by tilting Fabry-Perot etalon and/or adjusting temperature of Tm,Ho:YLF crystal. Proposed for use in remote sensing of winds and in remote sensing of CO2 and H2O, of which many strong absorption lines over-lap laser tuning range. Range extended by tuning to wave-length between CO2 and H2O absorption peaks.
RF Electrical Detection and Characterization of Exosomes Released from Epstein-Barr Virus Infected and Uninfected Cells (2018)

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by most cell types. These nano-vesicles have been shown to carry specific molecular cargo that can influence various pathophysiological processes, including viral infections, cancer metastasis and immune responses. Thus, the detection and characterization of exosomes is becoming increasingly important. Exosomes are difficult to detect due to their small size and lack of reliable characterization techniques. Furthermore, because of their similar size and morphology, it is difficult to distinguish exosomes released from the viral-infected or cancerous cells from those released by the healthy cells. This work was undertaken to detect exosomes in culture medium from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infected and uninfected cells using electrical parameters. The principle of the technique is that, when exosomes originating from infected, uninfected cells and cancer cells are polarized electrically, they will give a unique electrical capacitance signature, which could be used to identify them. When exosomes from EBV infected and uninfected cells were subjected to electrical measurements, the findings clearly indicated that different exosomes could indeed be distinguished based on their specific electrical capacitance signature. This work is an initial step towards the development of a rapid, reproducible and label-free electrical based method for the detection of exosomes released from different cell types.
Generation of Universal Red Blood Cells: An Evaluation of Various Approaches (2008)

There has been a continuous effort for more than two decades to generate universal red blood cells that can be used for transfusion without the need of matching the blood type. Three distinct strategies are being explored so far to achieve this goal. These include (i) deletion of the antigenic determinants of the blood group antigens on the surface of RBC by enzymatic methods, (ii) masking of the antigens from the cognate antibodies by conjugating bulky polymers to RBC membrane proteins, and (iii) design of bioengineered RBCs for ex vivo production in which the expression of the group specific antigens has been specifically manipulated. This article evaluates and compares the merits as well as the potential limitations of these approaches as well as the useful patents in the field of generation of universal red blood cells.
Development of the STAR Evaluation System for Assessing Bicycle Helmet Protective Performance (2019)

Cycling is a leading cause of mild traumatic brain injury in the US. While bicycle helmets help protect cyclists who crash, limited biomechanical data exist differentiating helmet protective capabilities. This paper describes the development of a bicycle helmet evaluation scheme based in real-world cyclist accidents and brain injury mechanisms. Thirty helmet models were subjected to oblique impacts at six helmet locations and two impact velocities. The summation of tests for the analysis of risk (STAR) equation, which condenses helmet performance from a range of tests into a single value, was used to summarize measured linear and rotational head kinematics in the context of concussion risk. STAR values varied between helmets (10.9-25.3), with lower values representing superior protection. Road helmets produced lower STAR values than urban helmets. Helmets with slip planes produced lower STAR values than helmets without. This bicycle helmet evaluation protocol can educate consumers on the relative impact performance of various helmets and stimulate safer helmet design.
Quantitative ultrasonic assessment of normal and ischaemic myocardium with an acoustic microscope: relationship to integrated backscatter (1990)

Ultrasonic properties of the myocardium are significantly altered during acute ischaemia.