gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Successful Mitigation of Time-Dependent Shale Instability in Khafji Field through Drilling Fluid Design Optimization (2009)

Abstract Al-Khafji Joint Operations is developing the offshore Khafji Field in the X-Neutral Zone by drilling horizontal wells. These wells encounter shale formations namely Ahmadi Shale and Wara Shale before reaching the pay zones, and Intermediate Shale between KB-1 and KB-2 Sands. While drilling these shale formations, severe time-dependent wellbore instability problems due to shale sloughing were experienced. These problems have led to several stuck pipes and sidetracks. A drilling fluid optimization study was conducted on seven offset wells in the field in order to evaluate the potential time-dependent wellbore stability mechanism(s) in Ahmadi Shale, Wara Shale and Intermediate Shale, to define appropriate mud type, salt type and concentration, and to develop solution and strategy to mitigate and/or manage the wellbore instability problems. End of Well reports of selected offset wells were reviewed, and numerous time-dependent wellbore instability-related drilling events in Ahmadi Shale, Wara Shale and Intermediate Shale were identified. Both mud pressure penetration and chemical potential mechanisms were considered in the back-analysis of time-dependent wellbore instability in the shales. The analysis showed that the instability was attributed to insufficient salinity in the drilling fluid which resulted in pore pressure increase due to the mud pressure penetration mechanism being not counteracted by the chemical potential mechanism. As a consequence, the pore pressure increased near the wellbore wall which reduced the effective mud support and led to unstable wellbore condition. Based on the drilling fluid optimization study together with input from mechanical wellbore stability analysis, recommendations on optimum drilling fluid design were made for drilling Ahmadi Shale and Wara Shale which were successfully applied in a planned horizontal well in the field.
Degradable polymers for gene delivery (2009)

Degradable polymers were synthesized that self-assemble with DNA to form particles that are effective for gene delivery. Small changes to polymer synthesis conditions, particle formulation conditions, and polymer structure led to significant changes to efficacy in a cell-type dependent manner. Polymers presented here are more effective than Lipofectamine 2000 or polyethylenimine for gene delivery to cancerous fibroblasts or human primary fibroblasts. These materials may be useful for cancer therapeutics and regenerative medicine.
Thin-Film Optical-Waveguide Mode Converters Using Gyrotropic and Anisotropic Substrates (1971)

Here we report a computer study of mode conversion in thin-film optical waveguides using gyrotropic YIG or anisotropic LiNbO3 as the substrate material. The computational results confirm that complete mode conversion from TE to TM or vice versa can be achieved if the mode converter is operated degenerately for both the TE and TM modes. Further, the length of the optical waveguide and the tolerances on the incident angle and film thickness indicate that the device is feasible.
N-(Methanesulfonyl)-16-phenoxyprostaglandin carboxamides: tissue-selective, uterine stimulants (1981)

In an effort to develop tissue-selective prostaglandin analogues resistant to the metabolic inactivating pathways of the natural materials, hybrid compounds modified both at C-1 with a sulfonimide moiety and in the n-amylcarbinol side chain with substituted phenoxy groups were synthesized and evaluated in a variety of in vitro models. Several of these analogues exhibited potent, tissue-selective, uterine stimulant activity, a finding subsequently confirmed in clinical studies with one member of this series, N-(methanesulfonyl)-16-phenoxy-omega-tetranor-PGE2-carboxamide (CP-34089/ZK-57671, sulprostone).
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Copper: Use of a Molecular Inhibitor to Afford Uniform Nanoislands or Smooth Films (2014)

We report a method to control the surface morphology of thin copper films during growth by chemical vapor deposition from the precursor Cu(hfac)VTMS. A molecular inhibitor – an additive that modifies the surface attachment kinetics but does not decompose and contribute impurity atoms to the film – is added during the nucleation and/or growth stages of the film. Here we show that the reaction by-product VTMS can serve as such an inhibitor. If the inhibitor is added during the nucleation stage, when bare substrate surface is still exposed, the inhibitor greatly reduces the rate of coalescence and promotes the formation of a large density of uniformly-sized copper islands. Alternatively, if the film is allowed to nucleate in the absence of the inhibitor, subsequent addition of the inhibitor leads to a continuous copper film that is remarkably smooth on the nm scale.
Biofilm detection by wound blotting can predict slough development in pressure ulcers: A prospective observational study (2016)

Bacteria have been found to form multicellular aggregates which have collectively been termed "biofilms." It is hypothesized that biofilm formation is a means to protect bacterial cells including protection form the immune response of humans. This protective mechanism is believed to explain persistent chronic wound infections. At times, the biofilms are abundant enough to see, and remove by simple wiping. However, recent evidence has shown that the removal of these visible portions are not sufficient, and that biofilms can continue to form even with daily wiping. In this work, we tested an approach to detect the biofilms which are present after clinically wiping or sharp wound debridement. Our method is based on a variation of impression cytology in which a nitrocellulose membrane was used to collect surface biofilm components, which were then differentially stained. In this prospective study, members of an interdisciplinary pressure ulcer team at a university hospital tested our method's ability to predict the generation of wound slough in the week that followed each blotting. A total of 70 blots collected from 23 pressure ulcers produced 27 wounds negative for staining and 43 positive. In the negative blots 55.6% were found to have decreased wound slough, while 81.4% with positive staining had either increase or unchanged wound slough generation. These results lead to an odds ratio of positive blotting cases of 9.37 (95% confidence intervals: 2.47-35.5, p = 0.001) for slough formation; suggesting that the changes in wound slough formation can be predicted clinically using a non-invasive wound blotting method.
Demonstration of Marek's Disease Tumor-Associated Surface Antigen in Chickens Infected With Nononcogenic Marek's Disease Virus and Herpesvirus of Turkeys<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref> (1978)

The presence of Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen (MATSA) was demonstrated on spleen cells from P-line chickens inoculated 5–6 days earlier with herpesvirus of turkeys and SB-1 (a nononcogenic Marek's disease virus). Antisera against MATSA expressed on five Marek's disease lymphoblastoid cell lines were able to recognize the MATSA present on SB-1-infected spleen cells. No viral membrane antigens and only a low incidence of viral internal antigens could be demonstrated.
Cuticular pheromones stimulate hygienic behavior in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) (2020)

The health of western honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies is challenged by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor and the numerous harmful pathogens it vectors. Selective breeding for the naturally occurring social immune trait "hygienic behavior" has emerged as one sustainable approach to reducing the mites' impact on honey bees. To expand our understanding of hygienic triggers and improve hygienic selection tools, we tested the hypothesis that the cuticular compounds (Z)-10-tritriacontene and (Z)-6-pentadecene, previously associated with unhealthy honey bee brood and/or brood targeted for hygiene, are triggers of honey bee hygienic behavior independent of brood health. In support of our hypothesis, application of synthetic (Z)-10-tritriacontene and (Z)-6-pentadecene onto brood and brood cell caps significantly increased hygienic behavior compared to application of similarly structured hydrocarbon controls (Z)-16-dotriacontene and (Z)-7-pentadecene. Furthermore, we demonstrate a significant positive correlation between colony-level hygienic responses to (Z)-10-tritriacontene and the traditional freeze-killed brood assay for selection of hygienic honey bee stocks. These results confirm biological activity of (Z)-6-pentadecene and reveal (Z)-10-tritriacontene as a novel hygiene trigger. They also support development of improved tools for honey bee colony monitoring and hygienic selection, and thus may accelerate development of honey bee stocks with greater resistance to Varroa and associated pathogens.
Synchronizing broadband chaotic systems to narrow-band signals (1998)

We show that it is possible to take a signal from a chaotic drive system, pass it through a bandpass filter, and still use it to synchronize a chaotic response system. Narrow-band chaotic signals should be less sensitive to channel distortion and noise, so filtering should be useful for chaotic communications schemes.
Small Spherical Antennas Using Arrays of Electromagnetically Coupled Planar Elements (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This letter presents the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of small spherical antennas fabricated using arrays of non-interconnected planar conductor elements. The antennas are based upon spherical resonator structures with radiation Q-factors approaching $1.5\times$ the fundamental lower limit. The antennas are formed by coupling these resonators to an impedance-matched coplanar strip transmission line. Direct electrical connection between the feed and the antenna are made only to conductor elements coplanar with the transmission line, simplifying the fabrication process. The incident energy excites a collective resonant mode of the entire sphere (an electric dipole resonance), thereby inducing currents in each of the rings of the structure. The presence of the conductor elements outside of the feed plane is critical towards achieving the excellent bandwidth behavior observed here. The fabricated antennas have a normalized size $ka=0.54$ (where $k$ is the wavenumber and $a$ is the radius of the sphere) and exhibit high radiative efficiencies ($>$ 90%) and bandwidth performance near the fundamental limit for their size. </para>
Photocatalytic Disinfection of Indoor Air (1997)

The present study demonstrated the antibacterial effect of photocatalytic oxidation in indoor air using titanium dioxide as the catalyst. Through a series of experiments, it was determined that titanium dioxide did enhance the inactivation rate of the microorganisms under certain conditions. In these experiments the air velocity, relative humidity, and UV (350 nm) intensity were varied. It was found that higher velocities retarded the destruction rate due to the low retention time in the reactor. TiO2 also did not accelerate the reaction at low humidities (30 percent). At a relative humidity of 50 percent, there was complete inactivation of the organisms, but at higher humidities (85 percent), 10 percent of the organisms were still viable. The experiments showed that at higher UV intensities, most of the inactivation was done by the UV photons. However, the photons were not able to completely inactivate the microorganisms. In the photocatalysis experiments there was complete inactivation of the bacteria.
Targeting Cattle-Borne Zoonoses and Cattle Pathogens Using a Novel Trypanosomatid-Based Delivery System (2011)

Trypanosomatid parasites are notorious for the human diseases they cause throughout Africa and South America. However, non-pathogenic trypanosomatids are also found worldwide, infecting a wide range of hosts. One example is Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri, a ubiquitous protozoan commensal of bovids, which is distributed globally. Exploiting knowledge of pathogenic trypanosomatids, we have developed Trypanosoma theileri as a novel vehicle to deliver vaccine antigens and other proteins to cattle. Conditions for the growth and transfection of T. theileri have been optimised and expressed heterologous proteins targeted for secretion or specific localisation at the cell interior or surface using trafficking signals from Trypanosoma brucei. In cattle, the engineered vehicle could establish in the context of a pre-existing natural T. theileri population, was maintained long-term and generated specific immune responses to an expressed Babesia antigen at protective levels. Building on several decades of basic research into trypanosomatid pathogens, Trypanosoma theileri offers significant potential to target multiple infections, including major cattle-borne zoonoses such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Brucella abortus and Mycobacterium spp. It also has the potential to deliver therapeutics to cattle, including the lytic factor that protects humans from cattle trypanosomiasis. This could alleviate poverty by protecting indigenous African cattle from African trypanosomiasis.
Adaptive-optics-based simultaneous pre- and post-turbulence compensation of multiple orbital-angular-momentum beams in a bidirectional free-space optical link (2014)

As a recently explored property of light, orbital angular momentum (OAM) has potential in enabling multiplexing of multiple data-carrying beams, to increase the transmission capacity and spectral efficiency of a communication system. For the use of OAM multiplexing in free-space optical (FSO) communications, atmospheric turbulence presents a critical challenge. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate simultaneous pre- and post-turbulence compensation of multiple OAM beams, in a bidirectional free- space optical communications link, using a single adaptive optics (AO) system. Each beam carries a 100 Gbit/s signal, and propagates through an emulated atmospheric turbulence. A specifically designed AO system, which utilizes a Gaussian beam for wavefront sensing and correction, is built at one end of the bidirectional link. We show that this AO system can be used to not only post-compensate the received OAM beams, but also pre-compensate the outgoing OAM beams emitted from the same link end. Experimental results show that this compensation technique helps reduce the crosstalk onto adjacent modes by more than 12 dB, achieving bit error rates below the forward error correction limit of 1 × 10−3, for both directions of the link. The results of work might be helpful to future implementation of OAM multi- plexing, in a high-capacity FSO bidirectional link affected by atmospheric turbulence.
Micro-Alloyed High-Purity Aluminum for Low-Temperature Conductor Applications (1997)

The development of micro-alloyed high-purity aluminum for low-temperature superconductor stabilizer applications is described. The base aluminum is 99.9998% pure; the micro-alloy levels range from 5 up to 90 wt ppm. Individual elements are added to the base in binary form; the solute elements used are B, Ca, Ce, Ga or Y. The effects of solute elements and solute concentration on electrical, mechanical, and crystallographic properties and on cyclic-strain resistivity degradation at 4.2 K are presented. The addition of low levels of various elements changes these properties with minimal effects on resistivity, and alloyed materials exhibit lower levels of cyclic-strain resistivity degradation than the base high-purity aluminum. Our results show that this improvement in resistivity degradation is closely related to grain refinement resulting from the addition of solute elements and sample preparation procedures. Optical micrographs show the presence of particles that occurred as a result of micro-segregation during the initial solidification.
Prospects for a vaccine against human papillomavirus (1995)

Recombinant papillomavirus virus-like particles are highly antigenic, protective in animal models, lack potentially carcinogenic viral DNA, and are, therefore, ideal candidates for a prophylactic vaccine against HPV infection. Immunization with HPV tumor peptides may be beneficial in tumor prevention, regression, and rejection. Vaccines against HPV infection can be important in reducing the incidence of cervical dysplasia and carcinoma worldwide, particularly in developing countries.
Improvements to pulsed phase locked loop strain monitor (1993)

A pulse phase locked loop system according to the present invention is described. A frequency generator such as a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) generates an output signal and a reference signal having a frequency equal to that of the output signal. A transmitting gate gates the output frequency signal and this gated signal drives a transmitting transducer which transmits an acoustic wave through a material. A sample/hold samples a signal indicative of the transmitted wave which is received by a receiving transducer. Divide-by-n counters control these gating and sampling functions in response to the reference signal of the frequency generator. Specifically, the output signal is gated at a rate of F/h, wherein F is the frequency of the output signal and h is an integer; and the received signal is sampled at a delay of F/n wherein n is an integer.
A Nanoelectronic Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Proteins in Physiological Solutions (2009)

Semiconducting nanowires are promising ultrasensitive, label-free sensors for small molecules, DNA, proteins, and cellular function. Nanowire field-effect transistors (FETs) function by sensing the charge of a bound molecule. However, solutions of physiological ionic strength compromise the detection of specific binding events due to ionic (Debye) screening. A general solution to this limitation with the development of a hybrid nanoelectronic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ne-ELISA) that combines the power of enzymatic conversion of a bound substrate with electronic detection is demonstrated. This novel configuration produces a local enzyme-mediated pH change proportional to the bound ligand concentration. It is shown that nanowire FETs configured as pH sensors can be used for the quantitative detection of interleukin-2 in physiologically buffered solution at concentrations as low as 1.6 pg mL(-1). By successfully bypassing the Debye screening inherent in physiological fluids, the ne-ELISA promises wide applicability for ligand detection in a range of relevant solutions.
Higher-order Graph Convolutional Networks (2018)

Following the success of deep convolutional networks in various vision and speech related tasks, researchers have started investigating generalizations of the well-known technique for graph-structured data. A recently-proposed method called Graph Convolutional Networks has been able to achieve state-of-the-art results in the task of node classification. However, since the proposed method relies on localized first-order approximations of spectral graph convolutions, it is unable to capture higher-order interactions between nodes in the graph. In this work, we propose a motif-based graph attention model, called Motif Convolutional Networks (MCNs), which generalizes past approaches by using weighted multi-hop motif adjacency matrices to capture higher-order neighborhoods. A novel attention mechanism is used to allow each individual node to select the most relevant neighborhood to apply its filter. Experiments show that our proposed method is able to achieve state-of-the-art results on the semi-supervised node classification task.
Genistein Selectively Inhibits Estrogen-Induced Cell Proliferation and Other Responses to Hormone Stimulation in the Prepubertal Rat Uterus (2011)

Sex hormone replacement therapy helps improve quality of life in climacteric women. However, estrogen-induced cell proliferation in the uterus and mammary gland increases the risk for cancer in these organs. The lower incidence of mammary cancer in Asian women than in western women has been attributed to high intake of soy isoflavones, including genistein. Our previous work in the prepubertal rat uterus model showed that genistein (0.5 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously) caused an estradiol-like hypertrophy in myometrial and uterine luminal epithelial cells and an increase in RNA content in luminal epithelium; however, it did not induce cell proliferation, uterine eosinophilia, or endometrial edema. The present study investigated, in the same animal model, the effect of genistein administration (0.5 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously) before treatment with estradiol-17β (0.33 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously) on uterine responses that were not induced by genistein. Pretreatment with this phytoestrogen completely inhibited estradiol-induced mitoses in uterine luminal epithelium, endometrial stroma, and myometrium and partially inhibited estradiol-induced uterine eosinophilia and endometrial edema. These findings indicate that genistein protects against estrogen-induced cell proliferation in the uterus and suggest that future studies should investigate the possibility of using this agent to decrease the risk for uterine cancer after hormone replacement therapy in climacteric women.
A Truly Low-Cost High-Efficiency ASK Demodulator Based on Self-Sampling Scheme for Bioimplantable Applications (2008)

In the fields of wireless bioelectronics implants and sensor network systems, amplitude shift keying (ASK) is one of the most commonly used schemes employed to modulate the baseband signal with reference to the intermediate or even the carrier frequency. In this study, a demodulator architecture capable of dealing with most of the previous limitations in an ASK-utilized medical implant, especially in want of being powered through wireless delivering, is proposed. It features the abilities of working on a very small modulation index and being provided without any R/C component(s) inside by means of a self-sampling scheme. The design has been implemented in an 18-mum CMOS process. The demodulator circuit occupies a die size of merely 32.3 times 14.5 mu m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Analytic results from both simulated gradation and fabricated chips show that the proposed circuit can operate at a carrier of 2 MHz and achieve a modulation rate of up to 50%. The results also demonstrate that the presented work can still perform a proper demodulation even with a modulation index beneath 5.5%. An average power of approximately 336 muW was confirmed in return for the remarkable advantages. All aspects regarding the design, including a review of the prior arts, system consideration, circuit description, and analyses from simulation phase to actual measurement, are presented in detail.
Photonic crystal fibre with a shortwavelength cutoff (2000)

Summary form only given. Conventionally, optical fibres become stronger waveguides as wavelength decreases. The fundamental mode becomes more confined to the core, successive higher-order modes appear, and the V-value rises without limit. Photonic crystal fibres (PCFs) have holes in the cladding that run along the length of the fibre. These give the cladding a lower effective refractive index than the glass it is made from, allowing: a solid core (a missing hole) to guide by total internal reflection. If the core and cladding glasses are identical, the strong wavelength dependence of the cladding effective index gives V an upper bound and allows the fibre to be endlessly single mode.