gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The zebrafish granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (Gcsfs): 2 paralogous cytokines and their roles in hematopoietic development and maintenance (2013)

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (Gcsf) drives the proliferation and differentiation of granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages (mφs) from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Analysis of the zebrafish genome indicates the presence of 2 Gcsf ligands, likely resulting from a duplication event in teleost evolution. Although Gcsfa and Gcsfb share low sequence conservation, they share significant similarity in their predicted ligand/receptor interaction sites and structure. Each ligand displays differential temporal expression patterns during embryogenesis and spatial expression patterns in adult animals. To determine the functions of each ligand, we performed loss- and gain-of-function experiments. Both ligands signal through the Gcsf receptor to expand primitive neutrophils and mφs, as well as definitive granulocytes. To further address their functions, we generated recombinant versions and tested them in clonal progenitor assays. These sensitive in vitro techniques indicated similar functional attributes in supporting HSPC growth and differentiation. Finally, in addition to supporting myeloid differentiation, zebrafish Gcsf is required for the specification and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells, suggesting that Gcsf represents an ancestral cytokine responsible for the broad support of HSPCs. These findings may inform how hematopoietic cytokines evolved following the diversification of teleosts and mammals from a common ancestor.
Detection of salmonellas by DNA hybridization with a fluorescent alkaline phosphatase substrate (1992)

This study evaluates a DNA hybridization assay for salmonella with AttoPhos (JBL Scientific, San Luis Obispo, CA), a fluorescent substrate for alkaline phosphatase. The probe used (50 ng/ml) was a biotinylated 600 bp fragment consisting of a tandem repeat of an insertion sequence (IS200) found in most Salmonella spp. evaluated. The hybridization was carried out at 65 degrees C for 2 h without prior prehybridization and hybrids were detected by the addition of a streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate. Circles (5 mm) were cut from the membrane and placed in a cuvette containing 1 ml of 1 mmol/l AttoPhos. The reaction was evaluated after 30 min at 37 degrees C with a fluorometer with an excitation wavelength of 440 nm and an emission wavelength of 550 nm. The sensitivity of the probe was estimated to be 10,000 copies of target DNA or 5 x 10(-20) mol of DNA. All 74 salmonella strains tested reacted with the probe but none of the 98 heterologous species tested gave positive results. The results of this study indicate that our assay method, which employs a biotinylated tandem repeat of IS200 and AttoPhos, is a specific and highly sensitive quantitative method for the detection of salmonellas.
Processing and Applications of Intermetallic γ-TiAl-Based Alloys (2000)

Development and processing of high-temperature materials is the key to technological advancements in engineering areas where materials have to meet extreme requirements. Examples for such areas are the aerospace and spacecraft industry or the automotive industry. New structural materials have to be “stronger, stiffer, hotter, and lighter” to withstand the extremely demanding conditions in the next generation of aircraft engines, space vehicles, and automotive engines. Intermetallic γ-TiAl-based alloys show a great potential to fulfill these demands.
Optical gating and streaking of free electrons with sub-optical cycle precision (2017)

The temporal resolution of ultrafast electron diffraction and microscopy experiments is currently limited by the available experimental techniques for the generation and characterization of electron bunches with single femtosecond or attosecond durations. Here, we present proof of principle experiments of an optical gating concept for free electrons via direct time-domain visualization of the sub-optical cycle energy and transverse momentum structure imprinted on the electron beam. We demonstrate a temporal resolution of 1.2±0.3 fs. The scheme is based on the synchronous interaction between electrons and the near-field mode of a dielectric nano-grating excited by a femtosecond laser pulse with an optical period duration of 6.5 fs. The sub-optical cycle resolution demonstrated here is promising for use in laser-driven streak cameras for attosecond temporal characterization of bunched particle beams as well as time-resolved experiments with free-electron beams.
A Comparative Study of the Realization of Self-Rationalization through Visual Directing of the Main Characters - Focusing on the Three Truths in the movie [The Last Duel] - (2022)

본 연구는 영화 라스트 듀얼에서 주동 인물들의 신 념이 표출된 시각 연출을 중심으로 행위소 모델과 기 호이론을 활용하여 자기합리화 기제를 분석하였다. 그 결과 이들의 궁극적 차이점은 욕망의 대상이 전혀 달랐으며 이 들의 신념은 여기서부터 비롯되었다. 욕 망의 대상을 비교해 보면 카루주는‘명예’였고 르 그리는‘탐욕’그리고 마르그리트는‘자존감’이었다. 이는 본 연구의 핵심인 세 사람의 자기합리화 시각 연출에 중추적 역할을 하였음이 파악되었다. 특히 직 접적으로 이들 세 명과 연관이 있는 사건을 보면 크 게 세 가지로 오누르포콩 지역 건과 카루주의 제안에 의한 입맞춤 건 마지막으로 결투 재판을 하게 되는 원인인 강간 건이 그것이다. 먼저 오누르포콩 지역 건은 카루주는 자신의 아량을 아내에게 보여준 사건 으로 르 그리는 자신의 노력에 대한 정당한 하사품으 로 마르그리트는 남편의 마음을 알게 된 계기로 관객 들이 인지하게끔 연출되어 있었다. 입맞춤 건은 영화 의 본격적인 갈등의 시작점에 있는 사건으로 카루주 는 르 그리와 화해를 위한 요식 행위 정도로 르 그리 는 입맞춤을 그녀의 도발로 이해했다. 그리고 마르그 리트는 르 그리가 지나치게 적극적으로 다가와 그에 대한 경계심을 갖는 상황을 연출하였다. 강간 건은 매우 중요한 장면으로 이로 인해 결국 두 남자는 결 투 재판을 하게 된다. 르 그리는 분명히 마르그리트 가 신발을 벗으며 자신을 맞이하였다고 인식하고 있 었고 마르그리트는 계단으로 도망가다가 신발이 벗겨 졌음을 보여줬다. 결국 이 상황에 대한 시각 차이로 인하여 남편인 카루주는 심각하게 명예를 훼손당했다 고 인식하게 되고 르 그리는 강간이 아닌 사랑이었다 고 항변하고 마르그리트는 치욕적인 사건으로 이를 고발하였다.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Open Reading Frame 57 Encodes a Posttranscriptional Regulator with Multiple Distinct Activities (2000)

Open reading frame (ORF) 57 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes a homolog of known posttranscriptional regulators that are essential for replication in other herpesviruses. Here, we examined the expression of this gene and the function(s) of its product. KSHV ORF 57 is expressed very early in infection from a 1.6-kb spliced RNA bearing several in-frame initiation codons. Its product is a nuclear protein that, in transient assays, has little effect on the expression of luciferase reporter genes driven by a variety of KSHV and heterologous promoters. However, ORF 57 protein enhances the accumulation of several viral transcripts, in a manner suggesting posttranscriptional regulation. These transcripts include not only known cytoplasmic mRNAs (e.g., ORF 59) but also a nuclear RNA (nut-1) that lacks coding potential. Finally, ORF 57 protein can also modulate the effects of the ORF 50 gene product, a classical transactivator known to be required for lytic induction. The expression from some (e.g., nut-1) but not all (e.g., tk) ORF 50-responsive promoters can be synergistically enhanced by coexpression of ORF 50 and ORF 57. This effect is not due to upregulation of ORF 50 expression but rather to a posttranslational enhancement of the transcriptional activity of ORF 50. These data indicate that ORF 57 is a powerful pleiotropic effector that can act on several posttranscriptional levels to modulate the expression of viral genes in infected cells.
Solid state oxygen sensor (2023)

A potentiometric oxygen sensor is formed having a logarithmic response to a differential oxygen concentration while operating as a Nernstian-type sensor. Very thin films of mixed conducting oxide materials form electrode services while permitting diffusional oxygen access to the interface between the zirconia electrolyte and the electrode. Diffusion of oxygen through the mixed oxide is not rate-limiting. Metal electrodes are not used so that morphological changes in the electrode structure do not occur during extended operation at elevated temperatures.
Polytetrafluoroethylene Paste Extrusion: A Fibrillation Model and Its Relation to Mechanical Properties (2013)

The effects of process conditions on fibrillation and mechanical properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) paste extrudates have been studied using capillary rheometers having barrels of different diameter and equipped with capillary dies of various designs. The tensile strength of PTFE extrudates is measured as a function of apparent shear rate (flow rate), reduction ratio (cross sectional area of barrel to that of die), contraction angle, and diameter of the barrel. To describe the effects of die design on the quality of the final product, a basic phenomenological mathematical model has been developed. The model consists of a simple equation that explains fibril formation, due to the compression of PTFE resins, plus a kinetic equation, which is coupled with the “radial-flow” hypothesis to predict the structure and the tensile strength of extrudates. The model predictions are found to be consistent with tensile strength measurements and SEM micrographs of the PTFE extrudates.
Selection and Qualification of Drill-ln Fluids for Horizontal Wells in Unconsolidated Sands (1996)

Abstract Much of the development using horizontal well technology had been centered around drill-in fluids. These fluids tended to be excellent for completion purposes but poor drilling fluids, and although success was recorded throughout the world, many areas that required more robust fluids were not being drilled. Well conditions such as higher temperature (&gt;175°F), depleted sands, intermittent sand shale layers, low fracture gradient pore pressure spread, and high weights for wellbore stability were limiting the application of horizontal well technology. Not only were fluids not available to drill with, but also it was unclear what methods or techniques were needed for wellbore clean-up. Because of need for drìll-in fluids, an effort was undertaken in concert with the service companies to develop fluids that met both drilling and completion requirements. The effort was systematic in that established criteria had to be met for both drilling and completion. These criteria included requirements on fluid rheology, thermal stability, lubricity, fluid-loss control, filtercake properties, and removal of filtercakes after drilling leading to low/no formation and screen damage. Laboratory tests to measure candidate drill-in fluids against these criteria were established. Both water and oil or synthetic invert fluids were developed. In this paper a quality procedure is shown for validating fluids on a screening basis followed by specific evaluation of methods to mix, maintain on the rig, and ultimately to complete. Our field experience has shown that this quality control procedure is crucial to the high success rate of Shell's horizontal wells in the Gulf of Mexico. Data are shown which lead to guidelines for drilling and completing wells with varying conditions.
USING DIVERSITY TO GUIDE THE SEARCH IN MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION (2004)

The overall aim in multi-objective optimization is to aid the decisionmaking process when tackling multi-criteria optimization problems. In an a posteriori approach, the strategy is to produce a set of nondominated solutions that represent a good approximation to the Pareto optimal front so that the decision-makers can select the most appropriate solution. In this paper we propose the use of diversity measures to guide the search and hence, to enhance the performance of the multi-objective search algorithm. We propose the use of diversity measures to guide the search in two different ways. First, the diversity in the objective space is used as a helper objective when evaluating candidate solutions. Secondly, the diversity in the solution space is used to choose the most promising strategy to approximate the Pareto optimal front. If the diversity is low, the emphasis is on exploration. If the diversity is high, the emphasis is on exploitation. We carry out our experiments on a two-objective optimization problem, namely space allocation in academic institutions. This is a real-world problem in which the decision-makers want to see a set of alternative diverse solutions in order to compare them and select the most appropriate allocation.
Lip-Reading Aids Word Recognition Most in Moderate Noise: A Bayesian Explanation Using High-Dimensional Feature Space (2009)

Watching a speaker's facial movements can dramatically enhance our ability to comprehend words, especially in noisy environments. From a general doctrine of combining information from different sensory modalities (the principle of inverse effectiveness), one would expect that the visual signals would be most effective at the highest levels of auditory noise. In contrast, we find, in accord with a recent paper, that visual information improves performance more at intermediate levels of auditory noise than at the highest levels, and we show that a novel visual stimulus containing only temporal information does the same. We present a Bayesian model of optimal cue integration that can explain these conflicts. In this model, words are regarded as points in a multidimensional space and word recognition is a probabilistic inference process. When the dimensionality of the feature space is low, the Bayesian model predicts inverse effectiveness; when the dimensionality is high, the enhancement is maximal at intermediate auditory noise levels. When the auditory and visual stimuli differ slightly in high noise, the model makes a counterintuitive prediction: as sound quality increases, the proportion of reported words corresponding to the visual stimulus should first increase and then decrease. We confirm this prediction in a behavioral experiment. We conclude that auditory-visual speech perception obeys the same notion of optimality previously observed only for simple multisensory stimuli.
Hierarchical Nanomorphologies Promote Exciton Dissociation in Polymer/Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells (2011)

PTB7 semiconducting copolymer comprising thieno[3,4-b]thiophene and benzodithiophene alternating repeat units set a historic record of solar energy conversion efficiency (7.4%) in polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. To further improve solar cell performance, a thorough understanding of structure-property relationships associated with PTB7/fullerene and related organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices is crucial. Traditionally, OPV active layers are viewed as an interpenetrating network of pure polymers and fullerenes with discrete interfaces. Here we show that the active layer of PTB7/fullerene OPV devices in fact involves hierarchical nanomorphologies ranging from several nanometers of crystallites to tens of nanometers of nanocrystallite aggregates in PTB7-rich and fullerene-rich domains, themselves hundreds of nanometers in size. These hierarchical nanomorphologies are coupled to significantly enhanced exciton dissociation, which consequently contribute to photocurrent, indicating that the nanostructural characteristics at multiple length scales is one of the key factors determining the performance of PTB7 copolymer, and likely most polymer/fullerene systems, in OPV devices.
Drug treatment for myotonia (Review) (2006)

BACKGROUND: Abnormal delayed relaxation of skeletal muscles, known as myotonia, can cause disability in myotonic disorders. Sodium channel blockers, tricyclic antidepressive drugs, benzodiazepines, calcium-antagonists, taurine and prednisone may be of use in reducing myotonia. OBJECTIVES: To consider the evidence from randomised controlled trials on the efficacy and tolerability of drug treatment in patients with clinical myotonia due to a myotonic disorder. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group trials register (April 2004), MEDLINE (January 1966 to December 2003) and EMBASE (January 1980 to December 2003). Grey literature was handsearched and reference lists of identified studies and reviews were examined. Authors, disease experts and manufacturers of anti-myotonic drugs were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: We considered all (quasi) randomised trials of participants with myotonia treated with any drug treatment versus no therapy, placebo or any other active drug treatment.The primary outcome measure was:reduced clinical myotonia using two categories: (1) no residual myotonia or improvement of myotonia or (2) No change or worsening of myotonia.Secondary outcome measures were:(1) clinical relaxation time; (2) electromyographic relaxation time; (3) stair test; (4) presence of percussion myotonia; and (5) proportion of adverse events. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors extracted the data independently onto standardised extraction forms and disagreements were resolved by discussion. MAIN RESULTS: Nine randomised controlled trials were found comparing active drug treatment versus placebo or another active drug treatment in patients with myotonia due to a myotonic disorder. Included trials were double-blind or single-blind crossover studies involving a total of 137 patients of which 109 had myotonic dystrophy type 1 and 28 had myotonia congenita. The studies were of poor quality. Therefore, we were not able to analyse the results of all identified studies. Two small crossover studies without a washout period demonstrated a significant effect of imipramine and taurine in myotonic dystrophy. One small crossover study with a washout period demonstrated a significant effect of clomipramine in myotonic dystrophy. Meta-analysis was not possible. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Due to insufficient good quality data and lack of randomised studies, it is impossible to determine whether drug treatment is safe and effective in the treatment of myotonia. Small single studies give an indication that clomipramine and imipramine have a short-term beneficial effect and that taurine has a long-term beneficial effect on myotonia. Larger, well-designed randomised controlled trials are needed to assess the efficacy and tolerability of drug treatment for myotonia.
Broad-Spectrum Proteome Editing with an Engineered Bacterial Ubiquitin Ligase Mimic (2019)

Manipulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to achieve targeted silencing of cellular proteins has emerged as a reliable and customizable strategy for remodeling the mammalian proteome. One such approach involves engineering bifunctional proteins called ubiquibodies that are comprised of a synthetic binding protein fused to an E3 ubiquitin ligase, thus enabling post-translational ubiquitination and degradation of a target protein independent of its function. Here, we have designed a panel of new ubiquibodies based on E3 ubiquitin ligase mimics from bacterial pathogens that are capable of effectively interfacing with the mammalian proteasomal degradation machinery for selective removal of proteins of interest. One of these, the <i>Shigella flexneri</i> effector protein IpaH9.8 fused to a fibronectin type III (<i>FN3</i>) monobody that specifically recognizes green fluorescent protein (GFP), was observed to potently eliminate GFP and its spectral derivatives as well as 15 different FP-tagged mammalian proteins that varied in size (27-179 kDa) and subcellular localization (cytoplasm, nucleus, membrane-associated, and transmembrane). To demonstrate therapeutically relevant delivery of ubiquibodies, we leveraged a bioinspired molecular assembly method whereby synthetic mRNA encoding the GFP-specific ubiquibody was coassembled with poly A binding proteins and packaged into nanosized complexes using biocompatible, structurally defined polypolypeptides bearing cationic amine side groups. The resulting nanoplexes delivered ubiquibody mRNA in a manner that caused efficient target depletion in cultured mammalian cells stably expressing GFP as well as in transgenic mice expressing GFP ubiquitously. Overall, our results suggest that IpaH9.8-based ubiquibodies are a highly modular proteome editing technology with the potential for pharmacologically modulating disease-causing proteins.
1.alpha.-Hydroxylation of 24-hydroxyvitamin D2 represents a minor physiological pathway for the activation of vitamin D2 in mammals (1990)

C24-Hydroxylation was evaluated as a possible activation pathway for vitamin D2 and vitamin D3. Routine assays showed that 24-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D2 could be detected in rats receiving physiological doses (100 IU/day) of vitamin D2; however, 24-hydroxyvitamin D3 could not be detected in rats receiving similar doses of vitamin D3. In rats, 24-hydroxyvitamin D2 was very similar to 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 at stimulating intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium resorption. The biological activity of 24-hydroxyvitamin D2 was eliminated by nephrectomy, suggesting that 24-hydroxyvitamin D2 must undergo 1 alpha-hydroxylation to be active at physiological doses. In vivo experiments suggested that when given individually to vitamin D deficient rats, 24-hydroxyvitamin D2, 25-hydroxyvitamin D2, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were 1 alpha-hydroxylated with the same efficiency. However, when presented simultaneously, 24-hydroxyvitamin D2 was less efficiently 1 alpha-hydroxylated than either 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 or 25-hydroxyvitamin D2. 1,24-Dihydroxyvitamin D2 was also approximately 2-fold less competitive than either 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 for binding sites on the bovine thymus 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptor. These results demonstrate that 24-hydroxylation followed by 1 alpha-hydroxylation of vitamin D2 represents a minor activation pathway for vitamin D2 but not vitamin D3.
Analysis of Barrier Performance on HOPE Fuel Tanks Using a Mini-SHED Test Procedure (1988)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A test facility has been designed and constructed by Air Products and Chemicals Inc. for evaluating the barrier properties of plastic automotive fuel tanks. A procedure for evaluating the hydrocarbon emissions from fuel tanks during the EPA Diurnal Breathing Loss Test has been proposed. This emissions level is then characterized in terms of its contribution to the permissible level for total hydrocarbon emissions. In-situ fluorinated high density polyethylene (HDPE) tanks, post-fabrication sulfonated HDPE tanks and untreated HDPE tanks were tested, and it was shown that both treatment methods reduced emission levels for hydrocarbon fuel by a factor of thirty. Isothermal emission tests confirmed the improvement in barrier properties resulting from these treatments.</div>
Expression of Heart-Type Fatty Acid-Binding Protein in Human Gastric Carcinoma and Its Association with Tumor Aggressiveness, Metastasis and Poor Prognosis (2004)

A subset of human gastric carcinoma expresses H-FABP and its expression is associated with FAS status, disease progression, tumor aggressiveness and poor patient survival.
A review of the deposits and beneficiation of lower-grade chromite (1982)

This paper reviews the major deposits of lower-grade chromite in the world, and a wide variety of methods used for the recovery of chromium from them. Gangue materials in more coarsely sized ores can be separated by gravity means, whereas flotation techniques are required for finer-grained materials. However, unless there is considerable iron in the ores, physical means cannot increase the Cr/Fe ratios. Chemical techniques such as hydrometallurgical methods, chlorination, roastlng and leaching, and smelting are required for this purpose. A greater understandlng of the physical properties of chromites and the chemical reactions that take place in the recovery operations is required before the recoveries from lower-grade chromites can be maximized. More efficient recovery operations can be realized if it can be shown definitively that the reduction of chromites occurs via either a gas-solid or solid-solid mechanism, for example. The effects of specific impurities on the chromite reduction reactions need to be better understood, as do reagent and pH control in the flotation of chromite.