gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Jumbo Bacteriophages: An Overview (2017)

Tailed bacteriophages with genomes larger than 200 kbp are classified as Jumbo phages, and are rarely isolated by conventional methods. These phages are designated "jumbo" owing to their most notable features of a large phage virion and large genome size. However, in addition to these, jumbo phages also exhibit several novel characteristics that have not been observed for phages with smaller genomes, which differentiate jumbo phages in terms of genome organization, virion structure, progeny propagation, and evolution. In this review, we summarize available reports on jumbo phages and discuss the differences between jumbo phages and small-genome phages. We also discuss data suggesting that jumbo phages might have evolved from phages with smaller genomes by acquiring additional functional genes, and that these additional genes reduce the dependence of the jumbo phages on the host bacteria.
Effect of Transition Curvature and Track Edge Fluctuation on Track Edge Noise for Narrow Track Recording (2010)

We investigated the effect of track edge noise on transition curvature and track edge fluctuation through experiments and calculations. We measured and calculated two types of recording heads that had similar magnetic write widths, but different transition curvatures. In both the measurements and calculations, track edge noise increased more at high linear density with head with larger transition curvature. This was due to wider erase band, which is considered to be noise source at the track edge. We also clarified that reducing the transition curvature and track edge fluctuation was effective to improve bit error rate, because reducing the transition curvature increases signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), especially at high linear density, and reducing the track edge fluctuation also increases SNR, especially at low linear density. Therefore, reducing both transition curvature and track edge fluctuation is necessary in order to reduce the track edge noise and consequently achieve high areal density.
Infection of a macrophage-like cell line, P388D1 with reovirus; effects of immune ascitic fluids and monoclonal antibodies on neutralization and on enhancement of viral growth. (1983)

We studied the effect of antibody on the growth of reovirus, serotypes 1 and 3, in P388D1, a continuous mouse macrophage-like cell line. Enhanced growth of virus was observed when cells were infected in the presence of nonneutralizing monoclonal antibodies or subneutralizing concentrations of either immune ascitic fluids or neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Both enhancement of viral growth and neutralization were accompanied by an antibody-mediated increase in binding of radiolabeled virus to P388D1 cells. Although neutralization was seen only with monoclonal antibodies directed toward the sigma-1 surface protein of the virus, enhancement was observed with two monoclonal antibodies directed toward other surface proteins. Trypsin treatment of P388D1 cells abrogated enhanced growth of virus mediated by a mouse IgG2a antibody; preincubation with P388D1 with human IgG1 but not IgG2 myeloma proteins also abrogated enhancement by immune ascitic fluid or monoclonal antibody. These observations are compatible with known properties of P388D1 Fc receptors and support the role of the Fc receptor in antibody-mediated infection.
Los contratos del sector público y la transparencia (2020)

espanolLos contratos del sector publico se incardinan dentro de la actividad de la Administracion Publica y abarcan diferentes ambitos y sectores con implicaciones economicas, politicas y sociales; establecen objetivos y finalidades, y reflejan ideales e intereses para la Administracion, para las partes prestadoras de bienes y servicios y para los administrados, siguiendo la normativa. Habia una legislacion, que se vio afectada y que las coordenadas politicas y sociales querian adecuarla a los tiempos actuales. Pero, para adecuar el perfeccionamiento de este ejercicio, se plantea el problema de la transparencia, que ha sido una de las demandas sociales que deben cumplir los poderes publicos. Para poder abarcar esta demanda democratica y social de los contratos del sector publico y la transparencia nos hemos planteado metodologicamente la revision y la delimitacion, que desde el plano normativo se ha producido en Espana en el plano legal y el consiguiente control. Ello conlleva unas implicaciones que abarcan a los planos subjetivos, a los marcos objetivos y a los procedimientos formales, cuyos efectos y consecuencias involucran a los participantes y a la sociedad en su conjunto. Al plantearnos un enfoque proyectivo de los contratos del sector publico y la transparencia hemos tenido en cuenta los encuadres normativos con las implicaciones que conlleva y hemos excluido los planteamientos y demandas politicas de los partidos, teniendo en cuenta la doctrina y la jurisprudencia. EnglishPublic sector contracts are incorporated into the activity of the public administration and cover different areas and sectors with economic, political and social implications; they establish objectives and purposes, and reflect ideals and interests for the Administration, for the parties providing goods and services, and for those administered, following the regulations. There was legislation, which was affected and that the political and social coordinates wanted to adapt it to current times. But, to adapt the improvement of this exercise, the problem of transparency arises, which has been one of the social demands that the public powers must meet. In order to cover this democratic and social demand for public sector contracts and transparency, we have methodologically considered the review and delimitation, which from the regulatory level has taken place in Spain at the legal level and the consequent control. This entails implications that encompass subjective levels, objective frameworks and formal procedures, the effects and consequences of which involve the participants and society as a whole. When considering a projective approach to public sector contracts and transparency, we have taken into account the normative frameworks with the implications that it entails and we have excluded the political proposals and demands of the parties, taking into account the doctrine and the case-law.
The Effects of Mechanical and Thermal Loads during Lithium‐Ion Pouch Cell Formation and Their Impacts on Process Time (2019)

The most cost‐intensive components of the battery system for electric vehicles are the lithium‐ion battery cells. Thus, to reduce the overall cost of a battery system, a clear objective is to reduce the production cost of lithium‐ion battery cells. Cost drivers are to be identified, which are essential to enable potentials for cost reduction. In particular, the formation and aging process represents a high potential for process cost reduction because of its enormous process time expenditure. The automotive industry requires up to 3 weeks for the formation and aging process of a single lithium‐ion battery cell. Due to the high relevance of these processes, the research project OptiZellForm as part of the ProZell Cluster examines those production steps in detail. Environmental conditions such as mechanical load and elevated temperature as well as the electrical and chemical properties influencing the formation and aging process are investigated. The focus of this study is the investigation of the mechanical exertion and elevated temperature with regard to the reduction of the formation process duration and thus the reduction of the production cost. For this reason, a specially designed device is used to investigate these parameters for lithium‐ion battery cells.
The development of growth references and growth charts (2012)

Growth charts have developed considerably in 200 years and they represent an impressive synthesis of anthropometry, statistical summary and chart design.
Polymorphisms in a human kidney xenobiotic transporter, OCT2, exhibit altered function (2002)

The completion of the Human Genome Project and the development of high-throughput polymorphism identification methods have allowed researchers to carry out full genetic analyses of many clinically relevant genes. However, few studies have combined genetic analysis with in vitro phenotyping to better understand the relationship between genetic variation and protein function. Many transporters in the kidney are thought to play key roles in defense against a variety of foreign substances. The goal of this study was to understand the relationship between variation in a gene encoding a major renal xenobiotic transporter, OCT2, and transporter function. We report a comprehensive genetic analysis and functional characterization of variants of OCT2. Twenty-eight variable sites in the OCT2 gene were identified in a collection of 247 ethnically diverse DNA samples. Eight caused non-synonymous amino acid changes, of which four were present at >/= 1% in an ethnic population. All four of these altered transporter function assayed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Analysis of nucleotide diversity (pi) revealed a higher prevalence of synonymous (pi = 22.4 x 10-4) versus non-synonymous (pi = 2.1 x 10-4) changes in OCT2 than in other genes. In addition, the non-synonymous sites had a significant tendency to exhibit more skewed allele frequencies (more negative Tajima's D-values) compared to synonymous sites. The population-genetic analysis, together with the functional characterization, suggests that selection has acted against amino acid changes in OCT2. This selection may be due to a necessary role of OCT2 in the renal elimination of endogenous amines or xenobiotics, including environmental toxins, neurotoxic amines and therapeutic drugs.
Display and Enhancement of Infrared Images (2020)

High quality infrared (IR) imagery from staring focal plane arrays has reached or exceeded TV resolution. High quality infrared (IR) imagery from staring focal plane arrays has reached or exceeded TV resolution. The prototype for such methods is the well-known technique of histogram equalization described in many texts on image processing. To accomplish such a locally enhanced display, one must depart from global, monotonie mappings. Low-contrast details such as those on the cups are frequently not discernible in such mappings. Hence, the processing, display, and enhancement of high-resolution wide-dynamic-range staring IR imagery, whether for soft-copy display or in real-time hardware embodiments, is becoming an important topic in image processing, but one still in the early stages of development. A basic difference between the algorithms in subsection and all previous algorithms should be underscored. Here we are not mapping from raw signal to display values but are rather preprocessing the raw signals.
Counting in the Dark: DNS Caches Discovery and Enumeration in the Internet (2017)

Domain Name System (DNS) is a fundamental element of the Internet providing lookup services for end users as well as for a multitude of applications, systems and security mechanisms that depend on DNS, such as antispam defences, routing security, firewalls, certificates and more. Caches constitute a critical component of DNS, allowing to improve efficiency and reduce latency and traffic in the Internet. Understanding the behaviour, configurations and topologies of caches in the DNS platforms in the Internet is important for efficiency and security of Internet users and services. In this work we present methodologies for efficiently discovering and enumerating the caches of the DNS resolution platforms in the Internet. We apply our techniques and methodologies for studying caches in popular DNS resolution platforms in the Internet. Our study includes networks of major ISPs, enterprises and professionally managed open DNS resolvers. The results of our Internet measurements shed light on architectures and configurations of the caches in DNS resolution platforms.
A novel rotman lens in SIW technology (2007)

This paper presents a novel Rotman lens in low-cost substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. An original solution is proposed for the design of the adsorbing load at the sidewalls of the lens and for the phase-shifters at the output ports. A three beam prototype feeding an 8-element array working at Ku band has been fabricated and tested.
A Multi-Pass Sieve for Coreference Resolution (2010)

Most coreference resolution models determine if two mentions are coreferent using a single function over a set of constraints or features. This approach can lead to incorrect decisions as lower precision features often overwhelm the smaller number of high precision ones. To overcome this problem, we propose a simple coreference architecture based on a sieve that applies tiers of deterministic coreference models one at a time from highest to lowest precision. Each tier builds on the previous tier’s entity cluster output. Further, our model propagates global information by sharing attributes (e.g., gender and number) across mentions in the same cluster. This cautious sieve guarantees that stronger features are given precedence over weaker ones and that each decision is made using all of the information available at the time. The framework is highly modular: new coreference modules can be plugged in without any change to the other modules. In spite of its simplicity, our approach outperforms many state-of-the-art supervised and unsupervised models on several standard corpora. This suggests that sievebased approaches could be applied to other NLP tasks. 1
Slope propagation in static timing analysis (2002)

Static timing analysis has traditionally used the PERT method for identifying the critical path of a circuit. The authors show in this paper that due to the influence of the transition time of a signal on the subsequent path delay, the traditional timing analysis approach can report an optimistic circuit delay and may identify the wrong critical path. Also, the calculated circuit delay is a discontinuous function with respect to transistor and gate sizes, posing a severe problem for circuit optimization methods. The authors also examine an alternate approach where the propagated signal is constructed by combining the latest arrival time and the slowest transition time from all signals incident on a node. While this approach remedies the problem of discontinuity, it can significantly overestimate the circuit delay and can also identify the wrong critical path. In this paper, they therefore propose a new timing analysis algorithm and prove that it computes the correct and continuous timing graph delay and the proper critical path. The proposed algorithm selectively propagates multiple signals through each timing edge in cases where there exists ambiguity regarding which arriving signal represents the critical path. They show that the algorithm propagates the sufficient and necessary set of signals for computing the delay of a general timing graph. The authors also introduce a new property of digital gates, referred to as the transition shift property, and, using this property, show that the number of propagated signals can be significantly reduced for timing graphs of digital circuits. Finally, they discuss the computation of required times and node slacks for the traditional approaches and propose corresponding algorithms for the new approaches. They show that while the traditional approach can incur both a positive or negative error in the computed slack, the proposed algorithms compute a conservative slack for off-critical nodes and the correct and continuous slack for the critical path. The proposed algorithms were implemented in an industrial static timing analysis and optimization tool, and the authors present results for a number of industrial circuits. Their results show that the traditional timing analysis method underestimates the circuit delay by as much as 39%, while the discussed alternate approach can overestimate circuit delay by as much as 17%. The proposed method computes the correct delay, while incurring only a small run time overhead in all cases.
A 6 bit 10 GS/s TI-SAR ADC With Low-Overhead Embedded FFE/DFE Equalization for Wireline Receiver Applications (2014)

High-speed ADC front-ends in wireline receivers allow for implementing flexible, complex, and robust equalization in the digital domain, as well as easily supporting bandwidth-efficient modulation schemes, such as PAM4 and duobinary. However, the power consumption of these ADC front-ends and subsequent digital signal processing is a major issue. This paper presents a 64-way 6 bit 10 GS/s time-interleaved successive-approximation-based ADC front-end that efficiently incorporates a two-tap embedded FFE and a one-tap embedded DFE, providing the potential for a lower complexity back-end DSP and/or decreased ADC resolution. Fabricated in a 1.1V GP 65nm CMOS process, the ADC with embedded equalization achieves 0.48 pJ/conv.-step FOM, while consuming 79.1mW and occupying 0.33 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> core ADC area. The effectiveness of the embedded FFE and DFE is demonstrated with significant timing margin improvement observed for 10 Gb/s operation over several FR4 channels.
Microstructure versus Size: Mechanical Properties of Electroplated Single Crystalline Cu Nanopillars (2010)

We report results of uniaxial compression experiments on single-crystalline Cu nanopillars with nonzero initial dislocation densities produced without focused ion beam (FIB). Remarkably, we find the same power-law size-driven strengthening as FIB-fabricated face-centered cubic micropillars. TEM analysis reveals that initial dislocation density in our FIB-less pillars and those produced by FIB are on the order of 10(14) m(-2) suggesting that mechanical response of nanoscale crystals is a stronger function of initial microstructure than of size regardless of fabrication method.
Development of a whole blood staining device for use during Space Shuttle flights (1999)

With the WBSD immunophenotype analysis can be performed at various time points for the duration of an entire Shuttle flight. In addition, this device has significant terrestrial applications for rapid and easy immunofluorescence labeling of whole blood in remote and isolated locations where immediate access to specialized equipment and skilled laboratory personnel may not be available. The WBSD provides a simple mechanism to design specific immunophenotyping tests for use by nontechnical personnel at bedside or in field locations. Cytometry 37:74-80, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Absolute and Site-Specific Quantification of Protein Phosphorylation Using Integrated Elemental and Molecular Mass Spectrometry:  Its Potential To Assess Phosphopeptide Enrichment Procedures (2008)

The validity of using elemental phosphorus standards to accurately and precisely quantify phosphopeptides by capillary HPLC (capHPLC) coupled to ICP-collison cell-MS is investigated in detail. Operating requirements to maintain stable (31)P sensitivity along the reversed-phase gradient are described. Specifically, the use of an optimum postcolumn makeup flow with a defined acetonitrile content turned out to be necessary to buffer the acetonitrile variation of the capillary chromatographic eluent and ensure plasma stability. Then, a highly pure P-containing standard (bis(4-nitro-phenyl) phosphate, BNPP) was spiked into the samples and used to quantify them with very low absolute errors (2-4%) and excellent precision (3-6%). The capHPLC-ICPMS method showed excellent linearity over 3 orders of magnitude and provided adequate detection limits (110 fmol, 3.4 pg P). Accurate quantification of the phosphopeptides present in a tryptic digest of beta-casein and casein from bovine milk was then attempted. Previously, and in order to be able to close mass balances, total P contents, percentages of inorganic P present, and recoveries from the reversed-phase column used in the separation were computed for each sample. Quantification using the spiked BNPP for the different phosphopeptides detected matched the expected values well validating the quantitative methodology proposed. The capHPLC-ESIMS analysis allowed elucidating amino acid sequences, a requisite still necessary to translate the determined amount of P in each chromatographic peak into amount of phosphopeptide. The great potential of these strategies, based on ICPMS detection, to assess the many procedures proposed and commonly used for purification, preconcentration, and/or isolation of phosphopeptides in phosphoproteomics studies is demonstrated using a commercially available titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) cartridge for phosphopeptide enrichment from complex mixtures. Quantitative results obtained allow one to assess individual phosphopeptide recoveries from the TiO(2) cartridge with unsurpassed accuracy. Of course, this information is essential for reliable absolute quantifications in phosphoproteomics.
Mixed Flow Turbine Research: A Review (2008)

Research on mixed flow turbines spans over 50years with substantial literature available in the public domain. Mixed flow turbines were initially used as an alternative rotor design for gas turbines and later extended to automotive turbocharger applications. The characteristics of a mixed flow turbine resemble a radial turbine but with some significant performance improvements, giving this design an edge to satisfy the ever increasing demand in the automotive sector. The initial research focus was mainly experimental but in recent years, there have been significant contributions in computational analysis. This paper is intended to provide readers with a comprehensive review of the past and present research into the design, performance, and use of mixed flow turbines. Additionally, the future research direction of the mixed flow turbine is discussed in view of the current turbocharger and automotive demand.
Inductive XY calibration method for multi-material fused filament fabrication 3D printers (2022)

In this work an optical and inductive calibration procedures for calibrating multi-material fused filament fabrication 3D printers in the x and y directions is presented. The inductive calibration is based on the principle that the inductance of a detection coil placed on the print bed changes when the (metallic) extrusion nozzle passes it. This calibration method shows a repeatability of up to 2µm. To determine the accuracy of this calibration method, another calibration method is proposed that directly measures the position of the deposited material. During this alternative process, a calibration structure is printed on an A4-format sheet of paper using every tool. The paper is subsequently scanned using a digital scanner, and the resulting image is analyzed using an image-processing script. Using this method as a reference, it was determined that the inductive method has an accuracy of approximately 45µm. For applications where this accuracy is sufficient, the inductive method provides a fast solution that requires little to no user interaction. For more demanding applications, the optical calibration might be the better choice, since it is more time-consuming but yields a more accurate solution. It is expected that the accurate calibration of tool offsets will reduce both the chance of poor adhesion between materials and the mixing of filaments due to local over- and under-extrusion at material interfaces.