gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effective Presentation Technique of Scent Using Small Ejection Quantities of Odor (2009)

Trials on the transmission of olfactory information together with audio/visual information are currently underway. However, a problem exists in that continuous emission of scent leaves scent in the air causing human olfactory adaptation. To resolve this problem, we aimed at minimizing the quantity of scent ejected using an ink-jet olfactory display developed. Following the development of a breath sensor for breath synchronization, we next developed an olfactory ejection system to present scent on each inspiration. We then measured human olfactory characteristics in order to determine the most suitable method for presenting scent on an inspiration. Experiments revealed that the intensity of scent perceived by the user was altered by differences in the presentation method even when the quantity of scent was unchanged. We present here a method of odor presentation that most effectively minimizes the ejection quantities.
SAW-CTD (Surface Acoustic Wave-Charge Transfer Device) Serial to Parallel Imager and Waveform Recorder. (1986)

Abstract : A device for the high speed recording of photon images and nonrepetitive electrical waveforms which comprises a waveform recorder wherein surface acoustic waves excited in a can be GaAs, not layered piezoelectric-insulator-semiconductor layered structure produce a traveling electric field in the semiconductor substrate. Charges stored in the traveling potential wells and representing the instantaneous amplitude of a waveform to be recorded are transferred at static wells when a gate is dropped. Because each successive traveling well represents a different time instant of the waveform, the different spatial locations of the static wells correspond to different times. The output signal from the static wells can be selectively delayed before application to a display oscilloscope to enable display of the waveform at a rate many times slower than the actual frequency of the signal waveform. (Author)
An optimal memory allocation scheme for scratch-pad-based embedded systems (2002)

This article presents a technique for the efficient compiler management of software-exposed heterogeneous memory. In many lower-end embedded chips, often used in microcontrollers and DSP processors, heterogeneous memory units such as scratch-pad SRAM, internal DRAM, external DRAM, and ROM are visible directly to the software, without automatic management by a hardware caching mechanism. Instead, the memory units are mapped to different portions of the address space. Caches are avoided due to their cost and power consumption, and because they make it difficult to guarantee real-time performance. For this important class of embedded chips, the allocation of data to different memory units to maximize performance is the responsibility of the software.Current practice typically leaves it to the programmer to partition the data among different memory units. We present a compiler strategy that automatically partitions the data among the memory units. We show that this strategy is optimal, relative to the profile run, among all static partitions for global and stack data. For the first time, our allocation scheme for stacks distributes the stack among multiple memory units. For global and stack data, the scheme is provably equal to or better than any other compiler scheme or set of programmer annotations. Results from our benchmarks show a 44.2% reduction in runtime from using our distributed stack strategy vs. using a unified stack, and a further 11.8% reduction in runtime from using a linear optimization strategy for allocation vs. a simpler greedy strategy; both in the case of the SRAM size being 20% of the total data size. For some programs, less than 5% of data in SRAM achieves a similar speedup.
Comparative study of the structure/function relationship of wild‐type and structurally modified maltopentaose‐producing amylase (1991)

Amylase A-180, which is secreted by a new alkaliphilic organism, isolate 163-26, consists of a single type of polypeptide chain of 186.5 kDa and hydrolyses starch by exo-attack releasing malto-pentaose as preferential product. The structure/function relationship of this unusual starch-degrading enzyme was analysed by introducing 3' deletions into the structural gene. It was found that removal of up to a 110-kDa portion from the C-terminus leaving 563 N-terminal amino acids still led to the formation of a fully active enzyme. The part of the structural gene coding for these 563 N-terminal amino acids was fused with the signal peptide-encoding segment of the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase gene from Klebsiella oxytoca and was cloned into an expression vector. The resulting truncated A-180 derivative, A-180/21, was efficiently transported through the cytoplasmic membrane and released into the medium by an Escherichia coli strain which 'leaks' periplasmatic components. A-180/21 was purified and its catalytic properties, i.e. specific activity and product specificity, proved to be identical to those of the wild-type enzyme; however, in contrast to the wild-type enzyme, it was unable to bind to raw starch and it displayed an altered temperature and pH dependence of activity.
[abstract] FORMULATION OF ELASTIC LOADING PARAMETERS FOR STUDIES OF CLOSED-CIRCUIT UNDERWATER BREATHING SYSTEMS. (1989)

Abstract : Peak-to-peak mouth or oro-nasal pressure is used as an indicator of flow resistance during unmanned testing of Underwater Breathing Apparatus (UBA). This interpretation can be confounded by UBA elastance. In modern UBA's elastic pressures can be greater that resistive pressures at low flow rates, resulting in a miscalculation of the work of breathing. Not only must elastance be properly accounted for in UBA testing, but an understanding of elastic loads in general must be acquired. To the latter end, this work provides a rigorous description of elastic loads encountered in the use of breathing systems underwater. Elastance equations were derived from first principles, and compared with experimental measurements. The pressure-volume characteristics of boxes, cylinders, pyramids, and various breathing bags were examined, as was a U.S. Navy MK-15 closed-circuit UBA. The major determinant of elastance underwater was the geometry of the deformable gas volume, with elastic pressures generated by the movement of the air-water interfaces. Both the behavior of various elastances, and the errors involved in common assumptions about elastance were detailed. For simple geometries, theory and measurement agreed closely. In spite of the complex geometry of the MK-15 breathing bag, the MK-15 elastance approximated that of a cylindrical water column. A submerged MK-15 oriented vertically and horizontally, yielded elastances of 4 and 1.8 cm H20/1, respectively.
On the Sum-Rate of Broadcast Channels with Outdated 1-Bit Feedback (2006)

In this paper, a single-input single-output (SISO) downlink channel with K users is analyzed in the presence of Rayleigh flat fading. A limited channel state information (CSI) feedback scheme is considered, where only an outdated 1-bit feedback per user is available at the base station for each fading block. A closed-form expression for the achievable ergodic sum- rate of the 1-bit feedback scheme is presented for any number of users, as a function of the fading temporal correlation coefficient, the threshold of the 1-bit CSI quantizer and the SNR. It is proved that the sum-rate scales with increasing number of users as log log K, which is the same scaling law achieved by the optimal non-delayed full CSI feedback scheme. In addition, the sum-rate degradation due to outdated CSI is evaluated in the asymptotic regimes of either large K or low SNR.
Modular Multilevel Converter With Series and Parallel Module Connectivity: Topology and Control (2014)

This paper introduces a novel modular multilevel series/parallel converter that allows switching modules dynamically not only in series, as in the traditional modular multilevel converter (M2C), but also in parallel. As in M2C, the semiconductor voltages do not exceed the module capacitor voltage for any module state. While the new topology is a generalization of M2C and could, therefore, be operated identically to it, the additional states provide degrees of freedom that the controller can dynamically employ to achieve several advantages. Whereas in M2C many modules are bypassed if the instantaneous converter voltage is lower than the system's peak voltage, the parallel connectivity enables these modules to contribute to the current load, thus reducing conduction losses. In addition, the parallel configuration of modules can be used for balancing the modules' state of charge (SOC). The parallelization losses are moderate or negligible, dependent on the switching rate. Since the parallel connection of capacitors can ensure balancing, it enables stable operation of a multilevel converter without the need for monitoring the module SOCs. While such economical control hardware may be appropriate for low-power systems, we also present more sophisticated control that uses the additional degrees of freedom to minimize losses. Finally, we point to further extensions of the circuit topology to multipole module connectivity that could enable additional functionality and applications.
Square spiral photonic crystals: Robust architecture for microfabrication of materials with large three-dimensional photonic band gaps (2002)

We provide a blueprint for microfabricating photonic crystals with very large and robust three-dimensional photonic band gaps (PBG's). These crystals are based on interleaving polygonal spiral posts and can be efficiently manufactured on a large scale in a one-step process using the recently introduced technique of glancing angle deposition. We classify various families of spiral photonic crystals based on (i) the parent three-dimensional (3D) point lattice to which they are most closely related, (ii) the crystallographic axis of the parent lattice around which the spiral posts wind, and (iii) the set of points of the parent lattice which the spiral arms connect or nearly connect. We obtain optimal geometries for the spiral photonic crystals by detailed mapping of the size and location of the PBG within a multidimensional parameter space which characterizes the shape of each spiral post. For the optimum PBG, the spiral arms and elbows may deviate significantly from the points of the original point lattice. The largest 3D PBG's are obtained for square spiral posts that wind around the [001] axis of diamond (or face centered cubic) lattice and in which the spiral arm segments approximately connect either the fifth or first nearest-neighbor points of the parent lattice. In the case of silicon posts (with a dielectric constant of 11.9) in an air background, whose arm segments nearly connect fifth nearest-neighbor point of the diamond lattice, the full PBG can be as large as 16% of the gap center frequency. For the corresponding air posts in a silicon background, the maximum PBG is 24% of the gap center frequency. We compute both the total electromagnetic density of states and the electromagnetic field distributions near the PBG. It is suggested the PBG in an optimized structure is highly tolerant to various forms of disorder that may arise during the manufacturing process.
Contact Localization through Spatially Overlapping Piezoresistive\n Signals (2018)

Achieving high spatial resolution in contact sensing for robotic manipulation\noften comes at the price of increased complexity in fabrication and\nintegration. One traditional approach is to fabricate a large number of taxels,\neach delivering an individual, isolated response to a stimulus. In contrast, we\npropose a method where the sensor simply consists of a continuous volume of\npiezoresistive elastomer with a number of electrodes embedded inside. We\nmeasure piezoresistive effects between all pairs of electrodes in the set, and\ncount on this rich signal set containing the information needed to pinpoint\ncontact location with high accuracy using regression algorithms. In our\nvalidation experiments, we demonstrate submillimeter median accuracy in\nlocating contact on a 10mm by 16mm sensor using only four electrodes (creating\nsix unique pairs). In addition to extracting more information from fewer wires,\nthis approach lends itself to simple fabrication methods and makes no\nassumptions about the underlying geometry, simplifying future integration on\nrobot fingers.\n
An operantly conditioned looking task for assessing infant auditory processing ability (2007)

In this paper, we describe the design and evaluation of a gaze-driven interface for the assessment of rapid auditory processing abilities in infants aged 4 to 6 months. A cross-modal operant conditioning procedure is used to reinforce anticipatory eye movements in response to changes in a continuous auditory stream. Using this procedure, we hope to develop a clinical tool that will enable early identification of individuals at risk for language-based learning impairments. Some of the unique opportunities and challenges inherent to designing for infant-computer interaction are discussed.
The ocular effects of prostaglandins and the therapeutic potential of a new PGF2 alpha analog, PhXA41 (latanoprost), for glaucoma management. (1993)

In the early days of prostaglandin (PG) research, the infusion of large PG doses into rabbit eyes already traumatized by cannulation, led to the conclusion that PGs have a profound ocular hypertensive effect that is associated with a breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier. In contrast, repeated topical application of PGs to nontraumatized eyes of several species other than rabbits has later been shown to yield a maintained ocular hypotensive effect, without barrier breakdown. Due to its excellent pharmacokinetic properties, the isopropyl ester form of PGF2 alpha (PGF2 alpha-IE) is a much more potent ocular hypotensive agent and appeared to be better suited for the management of glaucoma, than PGF2 alpha itself or any currently used glaucoma drug. However, even this prodrug caused clinically unacceptable foreign-body sensation and conjunctival hyperemia, which could be reduced, or eliminated, only by some modifications of the omega chain of PGF2 alpha-IE. One such analog, PhXA41, maintained highly significant IOP reduction in glaucoma patients even with once-daily application at the remarkably low concentration of 0.006%. Because PhXA41 reaches intraocular tissues and the systemic circulation in its de-esterified free-acid form, which is a good substrate for the PG transport system, it retains the most important pharmacokinetic advantages of topically applied PGF2 alpha-IE. However, its greatly reduced side effects give PhXA41 a clear therapeutic advantage over PGF2 alpha-IE, making it an effective new drug candidate for the long-term medical management of glaucoma.
Novel approach in magnetorheological finishing(MRF) system configuration (2002)

In classical polishing techniques, each geometry of the part requires a dedicated, appropriately shaped polishing lap. In addition, the polishing lap shape changes with time and must be periodically reconditioned to obtain consistent removal efficiency. The traditional method therefore does not offer a flexible, cost-effective option for finishing, particularly for advanced optical shapes such as aspheres or conformal optics. A new precision polishing method called magnetorheological finishing (MRF) has been developed to overcome fundamental limitations of traditional finishing techniques [1]. MRF may produce surface accuracy of the order of 10 nm peak to valley and surface micro-roughness less than 10Å on optical glasses, single crystals (calcium fluoride, silicon) and ceramics. High precision spheres and flats, nearly any asphere, square and rectangular aperture optics, prisms and cylindrical optics may be corrected and finished with MRF. Currently manufactured by QED Technologies, MRF equipment is being employed in the production of high precision optics in North America, Europe, and Asia. In this paper, it will be shown that the future utilization of unique properties of magnetorheological fluid offers several advantages over current MRF systems. The next generation of MRF machines practically is not limited in the size of large optics, has the advantage in polishing concave optics and has a more stable and easier to maintain delivery system.
UNIT OPERATIONS FOR GENERATION OF INTACT OR UNIT KERNELS OF SWEET CORN (1977)

ABSTRACT The mechanical removal of sweet‐corn kernels from the cob by cutting or scraping leads to waste, loss of nutritional value, and loss of yield. Solutions to this problem are being developed by food engineers and plant breeders by modifying the mechanical separation method and by modifying the raw product processing characteristics. The goal of this work is to achieve the removal of intact kernels (“unit” kernels) from the cob. Preliminary tests comparing processing of conventional cut corn with unit kernel corn indicate the latter can result in a reduction in the effluent during washing (up to 80% reduction based on total carbon analysis) and water blanching (50% reduction), in increased yields which approach the total available edible portion (20% greater yield than cut corn on a per kernel basis), and in increased opportunity for in‐field processing. Two mechanical techniques are under investigation. One of these employs a cutter which breaks away the kernel pedicel from presorted ears. A second removes kernels by applying a rubbing action to rows of kernels on ears which have been split lengthwise. Inherited modifications of the cob such as development of vestigial glume varieties with kernels that are easily detached from the cob may complement the improved technology for processing intact or unit kernel sweet corn.
A Structural Diffusion Approach To Labeling Rows And Columns In An Irregular Array. (2005)

A robust algorithm is presented for labeling rows and columns in an irregular array. The algorithm is based on hierarchical pattern matching to a local lattice which is used as a template. Starting from the best local match, the pattern is expanded hierarchically to encompass the entire array. An application to labeling digitized images of an array of tissue sections mounted on a microscope slide is discussed.
Chicken Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Maintains Chicken Embryonic Stem Cells in the Undifferentiated State (2004)

Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells can be maintained in an undifferentiated state in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a member of the interleukin-6 cytokine family. In other mammals, this is not possible with LIF alone. Chicken ES-like cells (blastodermal cells) have only been cultured with mouse LIF because chicken LIF was not available. However the culture system is imperfect and chicken ES-like cells equivalent to mouse ES cells were not observed. In the present study, we cloned the cDNA-encoding chicken LIF using mRNA subtraction and RACE methodology. The chicken LIF cDNA encodes a protein with approximately 40% sequence identity to mouse LIF. It has 211 amino acids including a putative N-terminal signal peptide of 24 residues. Chicken blastodermal cells were cultured in the presence of bacterially expressed chicken LIF or mouse LIF. The expression of alkaline phosphatase and embryonal carcinoma cell monoclonal antibody-1 and stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 and the activation of STAT3 were examined, all of which are indices of the undifferentiated state. Exposure in the blastodermal cells to recombinant chicken LIF but not to mouse LIF maintained the expression of these various markers. After 9 days of incubation, the blastodermal cells formed cystic embryoid bodies in the presence of mouse LIF but not in the presence of recombinant chicken LIF. We conclude that chicken LIF is able to maintain chicken ES cell cultures in the undifferentiated state.
Superresolution imaging of scatterers in ultrasound B-scan imaging (2012)

A number of imaging systems exhibit speckle, which is caused by the interaction of a coherent pulse reflecting off of random reflectors. The limitations of these systems are quite serious because the speckle phenomenon creates a pattern of nulls and peaks from subresolvable scatterers or targets that are difficult to interpret. Another limitation of these pulse-echo imaging systems is that their resolution is dependent on the full spatial extent of the propagating pulse, usually several wavelengths in the axial or propagating dimension and typically longer in the transverse direction. This limits the spatial resolution to many multiples of the wavelength. This paper focuses on the particular case of ultrasound B-scan imaging and develops an inverse filter solution that eliminates both the speckle phenomenon and the poor resolution dependency on the pulse length and width to produce super-resolution ultrasound (SURUS) images. The key to the inverse filter is the creation of pulse shapes that have stable inverses. This is derived by use of the standard Z-transform and related properties. Although the focus of this paper is on examples from ultrasound imaging systems, the results are applicable to other pulse-echo imaging systems that also can exhibit speckle statistics.
Acyl-CoA-binding and self-associating properties of a recombinant 13.3 kDa N-terminal fragment of diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 from oilseed rape. (2006)

Collectively, these results suggest that BnDGAT1 may be allosterically modulated by acyl-CoA through the N-terminal region and that the enzyme self-associates via interactions on the cytosolic side of the ER.
Tunable dispersion compensator consisting of simple optics with arrayed-waveguide grating and flat mirror (2008)

We propose a tunable optical dispersion compensator (TODC) using an arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) and a flat mirror. The TODC employs simple and cost-effective optics, and its chromatic dispersion can be changed simply by translating the AWG. We obtained a tuning range of ± 250 ps/nm, a group delay ripple of ≪ 3.5 ps and an insertion loss of 6.3 dB.
Random-access scheduling with service differentiation in wireless networks (2005)

Recent years have seen tremendous growth in the deployment of wireless local area networks (WLANs). An important design issue in such networks is that of distributed scheduling. The lack of centralized control leads to multiple users competing for channel access. This leads to significant throughput degradation. Existing approaches, such as the slotted Aloha protocol and IEEE 802.11 DCF, also fail to provide differentiated service to users. The upcoming IEEE 802.11e enhanced DCF incorporates additional mechanisms to provide support for service differentiation. However, the level of differentiation achieved with these mechanisms is difficult to quantify. In this paper, we propose a class of distributed scheduling algorithms, regulated contention medium access control (RCMAC), which provides dynamic prioritized access to users for service differentiation in a quantifiable manner. Furthermore, by regulating multi-user contention, RCMAC achieves higher throughput when traffic is bursty, as is typically the case. In addition to WLANs, the basic concepts of RCMAC have applications in ad hoc networks and emerging sensor networks.