gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A high precision method for length-based separation of carbon nanotubes using bio-conjugation, SDS-PAGE and silver staining (2018)

Parametric separation of carbon nanotubes, especially based on their length is a challenge for a number of nano-tech researchers. We demonstrate a method to combine bio-conjugation, SDS-PAGE, and silver staining in order to separate carbon nanotubes on the basis of length. Egg-white lysozyme, conjugated covalently onto the single-walled carbon nanotubes surfaces using carbodiimide method. The proposed conjugation of a biomolecule onto the carbon nanotubes surfaces is a novel idea and a significant step forward for creating an indicator for length-based carbon nanotubes separation. The conjugation step was followed by SDS-PAGE and the nanotube fragments were precisely visualized using silver staining. This high precision, inexpensive, rapid and simple separation method obviates the need for centrifugation, additional chemical analyses, and expensive spectroscopic techniques such as Raman spectroscopy to visualize carbon nanotube bands. In this method, we measured the length of nanotubes using different image analysis techniques which is based on a simplified hydrodynamic model. The method has high precision and resolution and is effective in separating the nanotubes by length which would be a valuable quality control tool for the manufacture of carbon nanotubes of specific lengths in bulk quantities. To this end, we were also able to measure the carbon nanotubes of different length, produced from different sonication time intervals.
Advanced statistical analysis and discrimination of gunshot residue implementing combined Raman and FT-IR data (2013)

We report a novel analytical and statistical approach to gunshot residue (GSR) analysis, characterization and discrimination. Spectroscopic data from two complementary techniques (Raman and FT-IR) were combined into a single dataset to improve statistical discrimination of GSR.
<title>Adaptive digital beamforming architecture and algorithm for nulling mainlobe and multiple sidelobe jammers</title> (1999)

This paper describes a digital beamforming architecture for nulling a mainlobe jammer and multiple sidelobe jammers while maintaining the angle estimation accuracy of the monopulse ratio. A sidelobe jammer canceling adaptive array is cascaded with a mainlobe jammer canceller, imposing a mainlobe maintenance technique or constrained adaptation during sidelobe cancellation process so the results of sidelobe jammer cancellation process do not distort subsequent mainlobe cancellation process. The sidelobe jammers and the mainlobe jammer are thus cancelled sequentially in separate processes. This adaptive digital beamforming technique is for improving radar processing for determining the angular location of a target, and specifically to an improvement in the monopulse technique so as to maintain accuracy of the monopulse ratio in the presence of jamming by adaptive suppression of jamming before forming the sum and difference beams.
Primary structure and transcription of an amplified genetic locus: the CUP1 locus of yeast. (1984)

Copper resistance in yeast is controlled by the CUP1 locus. The level of resistance is proportional to the copy number of this locus, which can be found in up to 15 tandemly iterated copies. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms controlling the amplification and expression of the CUP1, locus, we determined its full nucleotide sequence. We have also identified and mapped two transcription units within the basic amplification unit of CUP1 in laboratory yeast strains. One of those transcription units is inducible by copper and encodes a low molecular weight copper binding protein--copper chelatin. The increased production of chelatin, due to both gene amplification and induction of transcription, leads to increased resistance of yeast cells to copper ions.
Treatment of Hepatitis C and Anemia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients (2002)

Because of shared modes of transmission, co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is common. Co-infection with HIV increases HCV virus load, liver-related mortality, and the risk of sexual and perinatal transmission of HCV, and it may accelerate HCV disease progression. With combination interferon (IFN)-alpha 2b/ribavirin or pegylated IFN-alpha 2b/ribavirin therapy, long-term remission is possible for HCV-infected patients. Preliminary evidence suggests that the combination of IFN-alpha 2b/ribavirin can achieve similar response rates in HCV/HIV-co-infected individuals with no adverse effect on HIV RNA concentrations. Although adverse effects are more frequent with combination therapy than with IFN-alpha monotherapy, most are manageable. In addition, few instances of drug-drug antagonism have been reported among drugs used to treat each disease, although further study is necessary. Ribavirin-associated hemolytic anemia is a potential problem in a patient population that is already susceptible to anemia but is manageable with recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin alfa).
Targeting LDH enzymes with a stiripentol analog to treat epilepsy (2015)

Neuronal excitation is regulated by energy metabolism, and drug-resistant epilepsy can be suppressed by special diets. Here, we report that seizures and epileptiform activity are reduced by inhibition of the metabolic pathway via lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a component of the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle. Inhibition of the enzyme LDH hyperpolarized neurons, which was reversed by the downstream metabolite pyruvate. LDH inhibition also suppressed seizures in vivo in a mouse model of epilepsy. We further found that stiripentol, a clinically used antiepileptic drug, is an LDH inhibitor. By modifying its chemical structure, we identified a previously unknown LDH inhibitor, which potently suppressed seizures in vivo. We conclude that LDH inhibitors are a promising new group of antiepileptic drugs.
Image coding with channel-optimized trellis-coded quantization for channels with memory (2001)

This paper presents a wavelet-based image coder that is optimized for transmission over binary channels with memory. The proposed coder uses a channel-optimized trellis-coded quantizer (COTCQ) designed for a binary first-order Markov channel. The quantizer stage exploits the channel memory by incorporating the characteristics of the additive correlated channel noise during the quantizer design and by using a new trellis structure. The performance of the proposed memory-optimized COTCQ (MCOTCQ) image coding system is presented for different bit error probabilities and noise correlation parameters. It is shown that the performance of the coder is significantly improved when the second-order statistics of the noise are taken into account at the quantizer design level.
Poly(phenylene)-Based Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Fuel Cells (2009)

Cationic polymer membranes that conduct free anions comprise an enabling research area for alkaline membrane fuel cells and other solid-state electrochemical devices that operate at high pH. The synthesis of anion exchange membranes based on a poly(phenylene) backbone prepared by a Diels-Alder reaction is demonstrated as a potential material for alkaline fuel cells. The poly(phenylene)s have benzylic methyl groups that are converted to bromomethyl groups by a radical reaction. Cationic polymers result from conversion of the bromomethyl groups to ionic moieties by quaternization with trimethylamine in the solid state. The conversion to benzyltrimethyl ammonium groups is incomplete as evidenced by the differences between the IEC values measured by titration and the theoretical IECs based on 1H NMR measurements. The anion exchange membranes formed from these polymers have hydroxide ion conductivities as high as 50 mS/cm in liquid water and they are stable under highly basic conditions at elevated temperatures.
Novel genes and proteins of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and use of same for diagnosis and therapy (2007)

Novel polynucleotide and amino acids of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae are described. These sequences are useful for diagnosis of B. hyodysenteriae disease in animals and as a therapeutic treatment or prophylactic treatment of B. hyodysenteriae disease in animals. These sequences may also be useful for diagnostic and therapeutic and/or prophylactic treatment of diseases in animals caused by other Brachyspira species, including B. intermedia, B. alvinipulli, B. aalborgi, B. innocens, B. murdochii, and B. pilosicoli.
Tilt/Integral/Derivative Compensators For Controllers (1995)

Tilt/integral/derivative (TID) compensators for tunable feedback control systems offer advantages over proportional/integral/derivative compensators. Designed and adjusted more easily, and made to reject disturbances more strongly and less sensitive to variations in parameters of controlled system.
Ultra Thin Optical Tactile Shear Sensor (2011)

Tactile shear sensors gain importance for example in the field of robotics and biomedical sciences. For these applications, an “artificial skin”-like solution is needed with very thin and flexible unobtrusive sensors that can be wrapped around irregular surfaces or body parts. We present a tactile shear sensor based on the changing optical coupling between a light source (Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL)) and a photodiode, separated by a transparent deformable transducer layer. When shear stress is applied onto the stack, both components move laterally and the photodiode captures a differing amount of light. Commercially available bare die VCSELs and photodiodes were thinned down to 20colonm and then packaged in flexible polyimide foils (40colonm thick) to allow fabricating this flexible and thin sensor. The use of spin-coatable polyimide resulted in low-stress packages for these optoelectronics.
Radial mask for imaging systems that exhibit high resolution and extended depths of field (2006)

A novel algorithm for the design of an imaging system that exhibits high resolution as well as extended depth of field is presented. This novel approach searches for an optimal pupil mask that minimizes the value of the mean-square error when performed over the intensity rather than in the field distribution of the acquired image. The captured images in such system do not require any postprocessing, and thus utilization of such a system is simplified. Simulations as well as experimental results are provided.
Novel Measurement of Asphaltene Content in Oil Using Microfluidic Technology (2013)

Abstract We present a state-of-the-art microfluidic technique for measuring the asphaltene content in crude oil samples. The automated microfluidic system improves data quality, reduces turnaround time, and minimizes solvent-volume consumption compared with conventional wet-chemistry measurements. The method is based on conventional precipitation techniques, such as the ASTM D6560, in which n-heptane is used for precipitation. However, instead of using gravimetric techniques commonly utilized in conventional methods, we use a novel spectrophotometry method for quantifying the asphaltenes. The optical technique is based on the spectral difference of crude oil before and after precipitation of asphaltenes using the titrant. We show a strong linear correlation between the optical method and the wet-chemistry technique for a broad selection of samples. The sample set included more than 50 crude oils with asphaltene contents as high as 15 wt.-%. The unique microfluidic platform developed for this study uses a 200 µL sample loop to deliver the crude sample into a microfluidic chaotic mixer, where the sample is mixed with toluene. After dilution, we injected the sample into a 2.5-mm path-length flow cell, where a visible spectrum of the oil is recorded. To measure the spectrum of the maltenes, the sample is mixed with n-heptane in the microfluidic mixer at a predefined volume ratio. The mixture then flows into a reactor channel, where the aggregation process takes place and asphaltene molecules grow into large aggregates. After precipitation, the mixture is passed through a 200-nm-pore membrane, where asphaltenes are trapped and maltenes permeate through the membrane. The spectrum of maltenes is then measured using the 2.5-mm path-length flow cell and a UV-VIS spectrometer. Using the microfluidic technique, a complete measurement takes only 40 minutes, a considerable improvement over conventional wet-chemistry techniques that require a minimum of 2 days. Furthermore, conventional wet-chemistry measurements are highly operator dependent. We show that, for our optical technique, the repeatability of measurement is better than ±0.1 wt.-%. The microfluidic measurements require only 200 µL of sample and 40 mL of solvent, which reduces the environmental impact of measurement. Finally, the small footprint of the apparatus makes it highly desirable for wellsite and offshore applications.
Dry Granulation and Solidification of Molten Blast Furnace Slag (1982)

In order to develop a process of both recovering the heat retained in molten blast furnace slag and producing aggregate for concrete making, characteristics of molten slag in granulation and solidification were investigated.The newly developed method of dry granulation, consisted in making the molten slag collide with a hard surface that was insulated with a thin coat of oil or water, was found to have several advantages, such as (1) low power consumption for granulation, (2) low heat loss during granulation, and (3) relatively short range of dispersion of the slag granules.In the solidification study, slag granules of 5mm diameter were subjected to air blast of various velocity. It was found that such a granule was cooled at a rate of about 100°C/sec in the high temperature range, solidifying at about 850°C. As this meant that it took some 5sec to solidify a molten slag granule of 1 350°C, acceleration of cooling was deemed necessary. Thereupon, it was shown that the use of air-fluidised bed of slag powder was effective to cool and solidify the slag granules individually as well as to extract the heat both while molten and after solidified.
<i>In-Vivo</i>Hyperspectral Human Brain Image Database for Brain Cancer Detection (2019)

The use of hyperspectral imaging for medical applications is becoming more common in recent years. One of the main obstacles that researchers find when developing hyperspectral algorithms for medical applications is the lack of specific, publicly available, and hyperspectral medical data. The work described in this paper was developed within the framework of the European project HELICoiD ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">HypErspectraL Imaging Cancer Detection</i> ), which had as a main goal the application of hyperspectral imaging to the delineation of brain tumors in real-time during neurosurgical operations. In this paper, the methodology followed to generate the first hyperspectral database of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in-vivo</i> human brain tissues is presented. Data was acquired employing a customized hyperspectral acquisition system capable of capturing information in the Visual and Near InfraRed (VNIR) range from 400 to 1000 nm. Repeatability was assessed for the cases where two images of the same scene were captured consecutively. The analysis reveals that the system works more efficiently in the spectral range between 450 and 900 nm. A total of 36 hyperspectral images from 22 different patients were obtained. From these data, more than 300 000 spectral signatures were labeled employing a semi-automatic methodology based on the spectral angle mapper algorithm. Four different classes were defined: normal tissue, tumor tissue, blood vessel, and background elements. All the hyperspectral data has been made available in a public repository.
A Survey of Self-Powered Detectors - Present and Future (1979)

Self-powered detectors are being used in an increasing number of heavy and light water reactors in both safety and flux mapping systems. The types available can be divided into neutron and gamma sensitive devices, with the neutron detectors further subdivided into those with a delayed response (the most common examples are Rh and V devices) and those with an instantaneous response (for example Co). The gamma sensitive devices, of which Pt is the most common example, all have instantaneous response. The properties of these detectors are related to their operating mechanisms and the relationship between them will be reviewed in the paper. These differences result in a series of detectors each with their own favorable and unfavorable characteristics. For example, Rh detectors produce the highest current of those considered but suffer from a delayed response (95% response in about 150 sec), and rapid burnup. Co detectors produce an instantaneous response, and burn up more slowly, but their current is about 1/60 that of Rh and they suffer from the buildup of a long lived background from neutron activation. Finally Pt detectors also produce an instantaneous response and have almost no burnup but their current is approximately 1/10 that of Rh and their response involves a mixture of neutron and gamma induced currents. At Westinghouse, we have been studying these detector characteristics by means of a Monte Carlo program written for that purpose and some of the insight gained from these calculations will be described in the paper.
A Semi‐Synthetic Glycoconjugate Vaccine Candidate for Carbapenem‐Resistant <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (2017)

Hospital-acquired infections are an increasingly serious health concern. Infections caused by carpabenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-Kp) are especially problematic, with a 50 % average survival rate. CR-Kp are isolated from patients with ever greater frequency, 7 % within the EU but 62 % in Greece. At a time when antibiotics are becoming less effective, no vaccines to protect from this severe bacterial infection exist. Herein, we describe the convergent [3+3] synthesis of the hexasaccharide repeating unit from its capsular polysaccharide and related sequences. Immunization with the synthetic hexasaccharide 1 glycoconjugate resulted in high titers of cross-reactive antibodies against CR-Kp CPS in mice and rabbits. Whole-cell ELISA was used to establish the surface staining of CR-Kp strains. The antibodies raised were found to promote phagocytosis. Thus, this semi-synthetic glycoconjugate is a lead for the development of a vaccine against a rapidly progressing, deadly bacterium.
Tunable superomniphobic surfaces for sorting droplets by surface tension (2016)

We utilized tunable superomniphobic surfaces with flower-like TiO2 nanostructures to fabricate a simple device with precisely tailored surface energy domains that, for the first time, can sort droplets by surface tension. We envision that our methodology for droplet sorting will enable inexpensive and energy-efficient analytical devices for personalized point-of-care diagnostic platforms, lab-on-a-chip systems, biochemical assays and biosensors.
An Ontology-Based Framework for Model-Driven Analysis of Situations in Data Centers (2013)

The capability to analyze systems and applications is commonly needed in data centers to address diverse problems such as root cause analysis of performance problems and failures, investigation of security attack propagation, and problem determination for predictive maintenance. Such analysis is typically facilitated by a hodgepodge of procedural code and scripts representing heuristics to be applied, and configuration databases representing state. As entities in the data center and relationships among them change, it is a challenge to keep the analysis tools up-to-date. We describe a framework that is based primarily on the principle of interpreting declarative representations of knowledge rather than capturing such knowledge in procedural code, and a variety of techniques for facilitating the continuous update of knowledge and state. A metamodel representing data center-specific domain knowledge forms the foundation for the framework. A model of the data center topological elements is an instantiation of the metamodel. Using the framework, we present a methodology for conducting a variety of analyses as a model-driven topology subgraph traversal, governed by knowledge embedded in the corresponding metamodel nodes. We apply the methodology to perform root cause analysis of performance problems in the domains of 3-tier Web and InfoSphere Streams applications.
Hydraulically amplified self-healing electrostatic actuators with muscle-like performance (2018)

Existing soft actuators have persistent challenges that restrain the potential of soft robotics, highlighting a need for soft transducers that are powerful, high-speed, efficient, and robust. We describe a class of soft actuators, termed hydraulically amplified self-healing electrostatic (HASEL) actuators, which harness a mechanism that couples electrostatic and hydraulic forces to achieve a variety of actuation modes. We introduce prototypical designs of HASEL actuators and demonstrate their robust, muscle-like performance as well as their ability to repeatedly self-heal after dielectric breakdown-all using widely available materials and common fabrication techniques. A soft gripper handling delicate objects and a self-sensing artificial muscle powering a robotic arm illustrate the wide potential of HASEL actuators for next-generation soft robotic devices.
Electrorheological Phenomena in Polyhedral Silsesquioxane Cage Structure/PDMS Systems (2010)

It is shown, for the first time, that mixtures of sulfonated polyhedral silsesquioxane cage structures (sPOSS) and poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) with silicone oil exhibit significant electrorheological (ER) activity. At low sPOSS concentrations, less than 10 wt %, the viscosity is enhanced by approximately 100, which is comparable to the viscosity enhancements exhibited by conventional ER fluids, under the influence of comparable applied electric fields, E = 2 kV/mm. Measurements of the shear stress, sigma, dependencies on E, the conductivities, and relative permittivities reveal that the properties of these POSS/PDMS systems cannot be reconciled with theory developed to explain the behavior of conventional ER fluids.
Chaperone Proteins/Heat Shock Proteins As Anticancer Vaccines (2004)

The chaperone proteins, a family whose members include heat shock proteins (HSPs) and stress proteins, are among the most abundant proteins found in cells. The fundamental roles played by these proteins are so essential to cell survival that they have evolutionary origins as old as Archaebacter. Despite the long history of their existence, scientists have only recently learned of the pivotal activities possessed by chaperone proteins, leading up to their use as anticancer vaccines.