gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Closed loop temperature control of a lean NO/sub x/ trap during desulfation (1999)

The design of a temperature control system for a lean NO/sub x/ trap (LNT) during a desulfation event is described. Lean NO/sub x/ traps store NO/sub x/ during lean (fill) A/F operation and release harmless N/sub 2/ and O/sub 2/ during rich A/F (purge) operation. The presence of sulfur in the fuel poisons the LNT and reduces its NO/sub x/ storage capacity. The NO/sub x/ capacity can be restored through desulfation. The desulfation method used here involves sequential A/F ratio modulation of the engine cylinders. This process generates an exotherm in the LNT. The exotherm must be accurately controlled to avoid over temperature and damage to the LNT and under temperature to avoid ineffective desulfation. The control system described contains both feedforward and feedback elements. Values for the control parameters were determined through system identification.
Graphene oxide and H2 production from bioelectrochemical graphite oxidation (2015)

Graphene oxide (GO) is an emerging material for energy and environmental applications, but it has been primarily produced using chemical processes involving high energy consumption and hazardous chemicals. In this study, we reported a new bioelectrochemical method to produce GO from graphite under ambient conditions without chemical amendments, value-added organic compounds and high rate H2 were also produced. Compared with abiotic electrochemical electrolysis control, the microbial assisted graphite oxidation produced high rate of graphite oxide and graphene oxide (BEGO) sheets, CO2, and current at lower applied voltage. The resultant electrons are transferred to a biocathode, where H2 and organic compounds are produced by microbial reduction of protons and CO2, respectively, a process known as microbial electrosynthesis (MES). Pseudomonas is the dominant population on the anode, while abundant anaerobic solvent-producing bacteria Clostridium carboxidivorans is likely responsible for electrosynthesis on the cathode. Oxygen production through water electrolysis was not detected on the anode due to the presence of facultative and aerobic bacteria as O2 sinkers. This new method provides a sustainable route for producing graphene materials and renewable H2 at low cost, and it may stimulate a new area of research in MES.
A comparison of an anti-gastrin antibody and cytotoxic drugs in the therapy of human gastric ascites in SCID mice (1999)

The therapeutic effect of antibodies raised by the immunogen Gastrimmune was compared with both a CCKB/gastrin receptor antagonist, CI-988, and 5-Fluorouracil/leucovorin in a gastric cancer model. The human gastric ascites cell line, MGLVA1asc, produced and secreted progastrin and glycine-extended gastrin as determined by radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry. Cells were also stained with an antiserum directed against the human CCKB/gastrin receptor. MGLVAI asc cells were injected i.p. into SCID mice. Antibodies raised by Gastrimmune immunization of rabbits (affinity for G17 of 0.15 nM and GlyG17 of 0.47 nM) were passively infused i.p. and significantly enhanced survival by up to 5 days (p=0.0024 from vehicle controls). The enhancement in survival was not significantly different from that achieved by treatment with 5-Fluorouracil and leucovorin. A CCKB/gastrin receptor antagonist, CI-988, did not affect survival with cells injected at 7.5 x 10(5) cells/mouse but significantly increased the survival of mice injected with a lower cell innoculum of 5 x 10(5) cells/mouse from 30 to 35 days (p=0.0186). At this lower innoculum antibodies raised by Gastrimmune induced complete survival in 2 animals with the remaining dead by day 36 (p=0.0022). Thus, both endocrine and autocrine pathways mediated by precursor and mature gastrin molecules may be jointly operational in the gastric cancer scenario and may be important targets for therapeutic agents.
Arene effects on difluoroboron β-diketonate mechanochromic luminescence (2011)

Difluoroboron β-diketonate (BF2bdk) dyes display reversible mechanochromic luminescence (ML) in the solid state. A series of BF2bdk dyes with methyl, phenyl, naphthyl and anthracyl groups (i.e. arene substituents and bdk ligands: Me–Ph = mbm, Ph–Ph = dbm, Np–Ph = nbm, An–Ph = abm) were prepared to test the effects of π conjugation length and arene size on ML properties. Solid-state emission spectra were recorded for powders, spin-cast films, and dye coated weighing paper. The materials emit at various wavelengths from blue to red, depending on the conjugation length. Additionally, emission spectra were recorded for smeared solids and their recovery was tracked at room temperature over time. All dyes except for BF2mbm show emission changes upon mechanical perturbation, with increasing π conjugation correlating with more dramatic, redshifted fluorescence, however, their recovery is significantly affected by the aromatic substituents. The thermal and structural properties of the dyes in the solid state were also investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Hardware architectures for Successive Cancellation Decoding of Polar\n Codes (2010)

The recently-discovered polar codes are widely seen as a major breakthrough\nin coding theory. These codes achieve the capacity of many important channels\nunder successive cancellation decoding. Motivated by the rapid progress in the\ntheory of polar codes, we propose a family of architectures for efficient\nhardware implementation of successive cancellation decoders. We show that such\ndecoders can be implemented with O(n) processing elements and O(n) memory\nelements, while providing constant throughput. We also propose a technique for\noverlapping the decoding of several consecutive codewords, thereby achieving a\nsignificant speed-up factor. We furthermore show that successive cancellation\ndecoding can be implemented in the logarithmic domain, thereby eliminating the\nmultiplication and division operations and greatly reducing the complexity of\neach processing element.\n
Outlook on the Potential of Cyanobacteria to Photosynthetically Produce High- Value Chemicals and Biofuels at an Industrial Scale (2016)

As the need to develop sustainable and renewable sources of chemicals and energy is increasing, cyanobacteria have emerged as an attractive industrial microorganism. Using energy from sunlight, H2O, and CO2, cyanobacteria
can either produce naturally or be genetically engineered to produce high-value chemicals and next-generation biofuels.
The list of chemicals that cyanobacteria have produced is extensive and constantly growing, however the titers of
the chemicals produced by cyanobacteria are generally low.
Thus, before an economically feasible large-scale chemical production process can be achieved, cyanobacterial
production titers must be increased. Also, costs associated with cultivating cyanobacteria at an industrial scale must
be decreased.
In this communication, our research groupâs progress towards enhancing the industrial potential of cyanobacteria
is summarized and potential future targets for research are discussed. Cyanobacteria as industrial microorganisms
holds a great deal of potential towards developing high-value chemicals and next-generation biofuels.
Nanoscale optofluidic sensor arrays (2008)

In this paper we introduce Nanoscale Optofluidic Sensor Arrays (NOSAs), which are an optofluidic architecture for performing highly parallel, label free detection of biomolecular interactions in aqueous environments. The architecture is based on the use of arrays of 1D photonic crystal resonators which are evanescently coupled to a single bus waveguide. Each resonator has a slightly different cavity spacing and is shown to independently shift its resonant peak in response to changes in refractive index in the region surrounding its cavity. We demonstrate through numerical simulation that by confining biomolecular binding to this region, limits of detection on the order of tens of attograms (ag) are possible. Experimental results demonstrate a refractive index (RI) detection limit of 7 x 10(-5) for this device. While other techniques such as SPR possess a equivalent RI detection limit, the advantage of this architecture lies in its potential for low mass limit of detection which is enabled by confining the size of the probed surface area.
Abstract 13482: Hydrogen Sulfide Stimulates Ischemic Vascular Remodeling Through Xanthine Oxidase Dependent Nitrite Reduction Activity Stimulating cGMP, HIF-1 And VEGF Mediated Angiogenesis (2012)

Shyamal Bir, 2012 Finalist and Presenting Author
WE‐EF‐207‐09: Single‐Scan Dual‐Energy CT Using Primary Modulation (2015)

Purpose: Compared with conventional CT, dual energy CT (DECT) provides better material differentiation but requires projection data with two different effective x‐ray spectra. Current DECT scanners use either a two‐scan setting or costly imaging components, which are not feasible or available on open‐gantry cone‐beam CT systems. We propose a hardware‐based method which utilizes primary modulation to enable single‐scan DECT on a conventional CT scanner. The CT imaging geometry of primary modulation is identical to that used in our previous method for scatter removal, making it possible for future combination with effective scatter correction on the same CT scanner. Methods: We insert an attenuation sheet with a spatially‐varying pattern ‐ primary modulator‐between the x‐ray source and the imaged object. During the CT scan, the modulator selectively hardens the x‐ray beam at specific detector locations. Thus, the proposed method simultaneously acquires high and low energy data. High and low energy CT images are then reconstructed from projections with missing data via an iterative CT reconstruction algorithm with gradient weighting. Proof‐of‐concept studies are performed using a copper modulator on a cone‐beam CT system. Results: Our preliminary results on the Catphan(c) 600 phantom indicate that the proposed method for single‐scan DECT is able to successfully generate high‐quality high and low energy CT images and distinguish different materials through basis material decomposition. By applying correction algorithms and using all of the acquired projection data, we can reconstruct a single CT image of comparable image quality to conventional CT images, i.e., without primary modulation. Conclusion: This work shows great promise in using a primary modulator to perform high‐quality single‐scan DECT imaging. Future studies will test method performance on anthropomorphic phantoms and perform quantitative analyses on image qualities and DECT decomposition accuracy. We will use simulations to optimize the modulator material and geometry parameters.
A CFD model of hemodynamics in hemodialysis vascular access (2005)

Hemodialysis treatment requires a patient's blood circulation to be connected to artificial kidney extracorporeal (EC) circulation through a vascular access. In chronic patients, the vascular access is normally created by an artero-venous (AVF) fistula, where part of the peripheral arterial blood flows along a venous vessel. The connection is made by inserting two needles into the venous vessel. Blood is drawn to the EC along the arterial needle and is returned to the patient along the venous needle. In this study, we simulated the hemodynamics of vascular access with particular focus on the region downstream to the venous needle in order to analyze the influence of return flow (Qb) on blood circulation. A three dimensional CFD model of vascular access circulation was developed and various blood flow conditions were simulated. Simulation results predicted a critical circulation downstream to the needle tip due to the confluence between the return flow and the access flow. A vortex recirculation was evident in this region. Vortex extension appeared only for Qb values higher than 40% of the access flow and was limited to a zone few centimetres from the needle tip in the downstream direction. CFD simulations allowed a detailed study of the complex hemodynamics in the vascular access region surrounding the inserted needle which would otherwise be difficult to measure experimentally.
Improved optical transmitters for pulsed phase and intensity modulation (2005)

Two optical transmitters are described, generating new modulation formats based on the simultaneous modulation of the amplitude and the phase of an optical signal. The proposed formats are compared to the traditional Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ), showing improved tolerances to chromatic dispersion (CD), differential group delay (DGD) and to wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) channel spacing, and requiring electronics with halved bandwidth.
Clinical potential of midostaurin in advanced systemic mastocytosis (2017)

Advanced (Ad) systemic mastocytoses (SM) include aggressive SM (ASM) and mast cell leukemia (MCL) with or without an associated clonal hematological non-mast cell lineage disease (AHNMD). They are rare (<15%) but are associated with a poor prognosis due to rapid organ dysfunction. To date, responses to high-dose chemotherapy, cladribine, and imatinib were revealed to be suboptimal with a median survival time of 24 months. Midostaurin is a potent multikinase inhibitor including the most frequent <i>KIT</i> D816V mutation (>80%). We herein present a review of the most recent data of the use of midostaurin in AdSM. First, a multicenter Phase II study (CPKC412D2213) revealed an unprecedented overall response rate (ORR) of 69% regardless of <i>KIT</i> mutational status, with 38% of major response (MR) among 26 AdSM patients treated with midostaurin alone 200 mg daily. Second, a sponsor-initiated, multicenter, single-arm open Phase II study (CPKC412D2201) confirmed a high and durable ORR of 60% including 45% of MR among 89 AdSM patients. Finally, a French compassionate use program managed by the French Reference Centre for Mastocytosis allowed the treatment of almost a hundred AdSM patients to date in France since the CPKC412D2201 study closure. The outcome of the first 28 treated patients under cover of this on-going procedure revealed an ORR of 71% including 57% of MR. Most importantly, survival analysis revealed in comparison to a historical control cohort of AdSM patients who did not receive midostaurin a twofold lower risk of death (<i>p</i>=0.02) in midostaurin-treated patients. Side effects revealed were acceptable and manageable (mostly digestive). Midostaurin appears to be an effective and safe treatment of AdSM. However, its effect on the course of the AHNMD is less clear. For the future, combined therapy (hypomethylating agents, cladribine, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, chemotherapy, and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation) may further improve long-term survival, particularly that of MCL and AdSM patients with AHNMD.
Unveiling the mechanism of uptake and sub-cellular distribution of cerium oxidenanoparticles (2010)

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) have been recently studied for their potent superoxide scavenging properties in both cell and animal model systems. Data from these model systems have shown that exposure of cells to CNPs results in the protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite these exciting findings, very little is known regarding the uptake or subcellular distribution of these nanomaterials inside cells. In this study we utilized fluorophore (carboxyfluorescein) conjugated cerium oxide NPs (CCNPs) to study the mechanism of uptake and to elucidate the subcellular localization of CNPs using a keratinocyte model system. We observed rapid uptake (within 3 h) of CCNPs that was governed by energy-dependent, clathrin-mediated and caveolae-mediated endocytic pathways. We found CCNPs co-localized with mitochondria, lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum as well as being abundant in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Given the radical scavenging properties of cerium oxide and the widespread cellular disposition we observed, CNPs likely act as cellular antioxidants in multiple compartments of the cell imparting protection against a variety of oxidant injuries.
New Taxane Derivatives:  Synthesis of Baccatin[14,1-<i>d</i>]furan-2-one Nucleus and Its Condensation with the Norstatine Side Chain (2004)

New taxanes 15 and 18, containing the unsaturated and saturated baccatin[14,1-d]furan-2-one nucleus, respectively, were prepared starting from the readily available 13-oxo-7-Tes-baccatin III (3). Sequential formation of the enolate of 3 and reaction with ethyl glyoxylate gave the 13-oxo-7-Tes-baccatin[14,1-d]-3,4-dehydrofuran-2-one 4. The reduction of 4 can result in the formation of a mixture of compounds corresponding to 13-hydroxy alcohol 5 and 13-enol derivative 6. Both 5 and 6 were transformed into 13-oxo-7-Tes-baccatin[14,1-d]furan-2-one 8 by treatment with a base. Further reduction of 8 gave 13-hydroxy compound 9. Esterification of 6 and 9 with N,O-protected norstatine 12, followed by deprotection, gave the new promising anticancer taxanes 15 and 18, respectively.
Latent Network Summarization (2019)

Motivated by the computational and storage challenges that dense embeddings pose, we introduce the problem of latent network summarization that aims to learn a compact, latent representation of the graph structure with dimensionality that is independent of the input graph size (\i.e., #nodes and #edges), while retaining the ability to derive node representations on the fly. We propose Multi-LENS, an inductive multi-level latent network summarization approach that leverages a set of relational operators and relational functions (compositions of operators) to capture the structure of egonets and higher-order subgraphs, respectively. The structure is stored in low-rank, size-independent structural feature matrices, which along with the relational functions comprise our latent network summary. Multi-LENS is general and naturally supports both homogeneous and heterogeneous graphs with or without directionality, weights, attributes or labels. Extensive experiments on real graphs show 3.5-34.3% improvement in AUC for link prediction, while requiring 80-2152x less output storage space than baseline embedding methods on large datasets. As application areas, we show the effectiveness of Multi-LENS in detecting anomalies and events in the Enron email communication graph and Twitter co-mention graph.
RNA sequence variants in live poliovirus vaccine and their relation to neurovirulence (1992)

Mutant analysis by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme cleavage (MAPREC) was used to study sequence heterogeneity and stability in attenuated poliovirus type 3 at positions in which the vaccine virus differs from its wild-type progenitor. Of seven genomic positions tested, only two (positions 472 and 2493) show nucleotide heterogeneity. Propagation of the vaccine virus in cell cultures leads to rapid selection of virus with reversions at these two positions of the genome. The relative abundance of reversions at position 472 correlates with the results of monkey neurovirulence tests, while the mutation at position 2493 is not directly associated with neurovirulence of the virus in monkeys. Instead, the abundance of mutations at the latter position correlates with the source of the seed virus and its passage level. These results further indicate that MAPREC at position 472 can be used to assess the quality of poliovirus type 3 vaccine.
Self-Homodyne Detection in Optical Communication Systems (2014)

We review work on self-homodyne detection (SHD) for optical communication systems. SHD uses a transmitted pilot-tone (PT), originating from the transmitter laser, to exploit phase noise cancellation at a coherent receiver and to enable transmitter linewidth tolerance and potential energy savings. We give an overview of SHD performance, outlining the key contributors to the optical signal-to-noise ratio penalty compared to equivalent intradyne systems, and summarize the advantages, differences and similarities between schemes using polarization-division multiplexed PTs (PDM-SHD) and those using space-division multiplexed PTs (SDM-SHD). For PDM-SHD, we review the extensive work on the transmission of advanced modulation formats and techniques to minimize the trade-off with spectral efficiency, as well as recent work on digital SHD, where the SHD receiver is combined with an polarization-diversity ID front-end receiver to provide both polarization and modulation format alignment. We then focus on SDM-SHD systems, describing experimental results using multi-core fibers (MCFs) with up to 19 cores, including high capacity transmission with broad-linewidth lasers and experiments incorporating SDM-SHD in networking. Additionally, we discuss the requirement for polarization tracking of the PTs at the receiver and path length alignment and review some variants of SHD before outlining the future challenges of self-homodyne optical transmission and gaps in current knowledge.
Cost-effective Functional Testing of Reactive Software (2015)

Creating test cases to cover all functional requirements of real-world systems is hard, even for domain experts. Any method to generate functional test cases must have three attributes: (a) an easy-to-use formal notation to specify requirements, from a practitioner's point of view, (b) a scalable test-generation algorithm, and (c) coverage criteria that map to requirements. In this paper we present a method that has all these attributes. First, it includes Expressive Decision Table (EDT), a requirement specification notation designed to reduce translation efforts. Second, it implements a novel scalable row-guided random algorithm with fuzzing (RGRaF)(pronounced R-graph) to generate test cases. Finally, it implements two new coverage criteria targeted at requirements and requirement interactions. To evaluate our method, we conducted experiments on three real-world applications. In these experiments, RGRaF achieved better coverage than pure random test case generation. When compared with manual approach, our test cases subsumed all manual test cases and achieved up to 60% effort savings. More importantly, our test cases, when run on code, uncovered a bug in a post-production sub-system and captured three missing requirements in another.
High power S-band window optimized to minimize electric and magnetic field on the surface (2014)

RF windows are used to separate high and low vacuum regions in high power microwave systems, such as klystrons and RF distribution. RF breakdowns in megawatt environments could damage the window. An Sband RF window was designed to reduce electric and magnetic fields in the waveguide joints and the ceramic.
A frame erasure concealment algorithm based on gain parameter re-estimation for CELP coders (2001)

In this paper, we propose a frame erasure concealment algorithm based on reestimating gain parameters for a code-excited linear prediction (CELP) coder. When a frame is detected as being erased, the coding parameters, especially the adaptive codebook gain and fixed codebook gain, of the erased and subsequent frames, are reestimated by a gain-matching procedure. By doing this, we can reduce the abrupt change caused in the decoded excitation signal by a simple scaling down procedure. We have applied this technique to the IS-63-1 speech coder and found that the proposed algorithm improves the speech quality under various channel conditions compared with the conventional extrapolation-based concealment algorithm.