gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stability of Li- and Mn-Rich Layered-Oxide Cathodes within the First-Charge Voltage Plateau (2016)

Li and Mn rich layered oxides xLi2MnO3•(1-x)LiMO2 enable high capacity and energy density Li-ion batteries, but undergo structural transformations during the first charge that degrade their performance, and result in Voltage Fade upon cycling. First-principles density-functional-theory simulations reveal atomic transformations that occur in the bulk during the first charge. The simulations and experiment (particularly XRD) show that the O and Mn sublattices remain intact during the early part of the voltage plateau, and significant transformations occur only well into the voltage plateau, with perhaps close to half of the Li in the Li2MnO3 domains removed. That Voltage Fade is actually observed experimentally for a first charge with only minimal activation (extending only slightly beyond the onset of the voltage plateau) may be a consequence of surface and interface instabilities. Implications for the achievement of high energy-density, low-fade battery operation are discussed.
Influence of 2-chloro-6 (trichloromethyl) pyridine and dicyandiamide on nitrous oxide emission under different soil conditions (2006)

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effects of 2-chloro-6 (trichloromethyl) pyridine (nitrapyrin) and dicyandiamide on nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas, emission from soils amended with ammonium sulfate. In the two experiments, samples of an Andosol and a Gray Lowland soil were kept in glass vessels sealed with a butyl rubber cap and incubated at 25°C. In the first experiment, nitrapyrin (1 µg g−1 dry soil) and dicyandiamide (10 µg g−1 dry soil) were applied to samples of a water-saturated Andosol and a Gray Lowland soil to which ammonium sulfate had been applied at a rate of 0.1 mg N g−1 dry soil. Nitrapyrin decreased N2O emissions from the Andosol and the Gray Lowland soil by 71% and 24%, respectively. Dicyandiamide decreased N2O emissions from the Andosol and Gray Lowland soil by 31% and 18%, respectively. In the second experiment, nitrapyrin (1 µg g−1 dry soil) was applied to samples of an Andosol at 51% water-filled pore space to which ammonium sulfate had been applied at rates of 0.01, 0.1 and 0.5 mg N g−1 dry soil. Nitrapyrin decreased N2O emissions by 62%, 83% and 74%, respectively. Changes in the NH+ 4 and NO− 2 + NO− 3 concentrations in soil showed that nitrapyrin and dicyandiamide slowed down the nitrification process, but did not completely stop the process at any time. The results reveal the potential of nitrification inhibitors to decrease N2O emission from fertilized soil in a wide range of moisture conditions and nitrogen levels.
<i>MRP7/ABCC10</i>expression is a predictive biomarker for the resistance to paclitaxel in non-small cell lung cancer (2008)

We used the paclitaxel-resistant human small cell lung cancer subline PC-6/TAX1-1, selected from PC-6 cells by paclitaxel, to test whether MRP7/ABCC10 (ABCC10) confers paclitaxel resistance. We found that gene expression of both ABCB1/MDR1 (ABCB1) and ABCC10 was higher in PC-6/TAX1-1 cells than in PC-6 cells. The expression levels of ABCC10 showed a significant inverse correlation with paclitaxel sensitivity (r = 0.574; P < 0.05) in 17 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells unlike the expression levels of ABCB1. Pretreatment with the ABCC10 inhibitor sulfinpyrazone altered the sensitivity to paclitaxel in ABCC10-expressing NSCLC cells, concomitant with increased intracellular paclitaxel accumulation. These findings suggest that expression of the ABCC10 gene is induced by paclitaxel and that ABCC10 confers paclitaxel resistance by enhancing the efflux for paclitaxel. To confirm this hypothesis, we tested the effect on paclitaxel cytotoxicity of decreasing the expression of ABCC10 by small interfering RNA and found that this enhanced paclitaxel cytotoxicity in NCI-H23 cells concomitant with increased intracellular paclitaxel accumulation. These data indicate that ABCC10 may be one of the biomarkers for paclitaxel resistance in NSCLC.
High Energy Picosecond Lasers: Ready for Prime Time (2009)

Abstract High‐pulse energy picosecond laser systems provide industrial‐level reliability combined with the performance features required for many ultrafast material processing applications. Current diodepumped solid‐state systems provide pulse energies into the 100's of microjoules at 1064 nm wavelength and pulse widths of approximately 10 picoseconds, which allows effective “cold” ablation of most materials with high efficiency. Average power of these systems is scalable up to 50 W and will further increase into the multi‐100 W range, allowing for very high speed picosecond micromachining. This article first reviews the basics of picosecond micromachining, gives a short perspective on the development of these lasers over the last few decades, then summarizes their current performance. We review some of the applications that are enabled with these lasers, before we discuss future developments in this rapidly changing field.
The Geometry Engine (1982)

The Geometry Engine[1] is a special-purpose VLSI processor for computer graphics. It is a four-component vector, floating-point processor for accomplishing three basic operations in computer graphics: matrix transformations, clipping and mapping to output device coordinates. This paper describes the Geometry Engine and the Geometric Graphics System it composes. It presents the instruction set of the system, its design motivations and the Geometry System architecture.
5-10 GHz AlN Contour-Mode Nanoelectromechanical Resonators (2009)

This paper reports on the design and experimental verification of super high frequency (SHF) laterally vibrating nanoelctromechanical (NEMS) resonators. For the first time, AlN piezoelectric nanoresonators with multiple frequencies of operation ranging between 5 and 10 GHz have been fabricated on the same chip and attained the highest f-Q product (~4.6ldr10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> Hz) ever reported in AlN contour-mode devices. These piezoelectric NEMS resonators are the first of their class to demonstrate on-chip sensing and actuation of nanostructures without the need of cumbersome or power consuming excitation and readout systems. Effective piezoelectric activity has been demonstrated in thin AlN films having vertical and lateral features in the range of 250 nm.
Symbolic Design of Combinational and Sequential Logic Circuits Implemented by Two-Level Logic Macros (1986)

This paper presents a method for the optimal synthesis of combinational and sequential circuits implemented by two-level logic macros, such as programmable logic arrays. Optimization consists of finding representations of switching functions corresponding to minimal-area implementations. The design of optimization is based on two steps: symbolic minimization and constrained encoding. Symbolic minimization yields an encoding-independent sum of products representation of a switching function which is minimal in the number of product terms. The minimal symbolic representation is then encoded into a compatible Boolean representation. The algorithms for symbolic minimization and the related encoding problems are described. The computer implementation and the experimental results are then presented.
221 Development of Chemo-Mechanical Grinding (CMG) Process (2003)

To achieve a perfectly damage-free surface by fixed abrasive, this research has proposed a new chemo-mechanical-grinding (CMG) process by effective using chemical reaction at the grinding process. First described in this paper are the experimental results showing the feasibilities of the CMG process in reducing subsurface damage, followed by development and characterization of CMG wheel with a wide range of pH from acidity to alkalinity. The CMG process has been applied mainly into φ300mm bare Si wafers, and its performance has been evaluated by comparing to grinding with diamond wheels.
Data Augmentation and Transfer Learning Applied to Charcoal Image Classification (2019)

This paper proposes the evaluation of data augmentation impact in the process of microscopic charcoal image classification. Two data augmentation approaches were explored, namely morphological transformations and sub-images. From the augmented data, a pre-trained Inception-v3 network was used to train a classifier of charcoal species. The best result was found through the technique of sub-images, with an average accuracy of 99.36%.
Free HLA class I heavy chain-carrying monocytes--a potential role in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthropathies. (2002)

This is the first patient-related evidence that surface free heavy chains of HLA-B27 have to be considered as potential disease-causing molecules.
Role of deep nephrons and the terminal collecting duct in a mannitol-induced diuresis (1981)

Recollection micropuncture in Munich-Wistar rats was used to study the effects of intravenous hypertonic mannitol infusions on fluid reabsorption by surface nephrons, prior to the bend of Henle's loop of deep nephrons, and along the papillary collecting duct. During mannitol diuresis, single nephron glomerular filtration rate rose significantly in surface nephrons but fell in deep nephrons. Although mannitol increased the delivery of sodium and water to the end of the proximal tubule and to the first portion of the distal tubule of surface nephrons, water and sodium were reabsorbed between these two sites. In deep nephrons, water reabsorption prior to the bend of the loop of Henle was significantly decreased. Absolute sodium delivery to this site was reduced despite a marked decrease in fractional sodium reabsorption prior to the bend. Papillary osmolality was decreased. Renal plasma flow and inner medullary plasma flow (IMPF) increased proportionally. The reduced water extraction prior to the bend of deep nephrons and the decrease in papillary osmolality could have been partly due to a concomitant increase in IMPF and a decrease in sodium delivery to the medulla. The reabsorption of delivered sodium and water by the papillary collecting duct was reduced to a greater extent than could be expected from the increase in sodium delivery.
Résonance magnétique en champ de radiofréquence inhomogène. 1 re partie : Étude théorique (1974)

On étudie dans cet article l'effet d'un champ de radiofréquence très inhomogène sur un ensemble de spins en mouvement. Lorsque le champ magnétique statique est balayé au voisinage de la résonance, les variations de l'aimantation longitudinale globale des spins donnent des courbes de résonance nettement différentes des courbes habituelles ; elles sont en général la superposition de deux courbes de largeurs très différentes, la courbe large et la courbe fine. La forme de la première dépend essentiellement des caractéristiques du mouvement des atomes dans le champ de radiofréquence inhomogène. On étudie en détail le cas où ce mouvement est régi par un processus de diffusion : l'étude de la largeur à mi-hauteur de la courbe large donne alors le temps de diffusion des atomes dans la cellule, ce qui fournit un procédé commode de mesure des coefficients de diffusion dans les gaz. La courbe fine peut avoir, suivant les variations spatiales des inhomogénéités statique et de radiofréquence (et notamment suivant les corrélations entre les différentes composantes de ces inhomogénéités) des formes variées : elle peut être constituée d'une courbe d'absorption positive ou négative (aimantation minimale ou maximale à résonance), ou de la superposition d'une courbe d'absorption et d'une courbe de dispersion. De plus, des déplacements importants de la position de la résonance fine sont possibles, notamment sous l'effet de termes croisés entre inhomogénéités statiques et de radiofréquence.
The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on refractory neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury (2013)

ObjectiveTo investigate the analgesic effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on intractable neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI).DesignA single center, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled study.SettingSCI rehabilitation unit of university rehabilitation center.ParticipantsSeventeen patients with SCI and chronic neuropathic pain who met the inclusion criteria recruited between April 2010 and January 2012.InterventionsTen daily treatment sessions of real or sham rTMS (30 trains of 10-Hz stimuli for a duration of 5 seconds; a total of 1500 pulses at intensity equal to 110% of the resting motor threshold) was applied over vertex using a ﬁgure-of-8-shaped coil.Outcome measuresPain was assessed with visual analog scale (VAS) at baseline and 10 days, 6 weeks and 6 months after the treatment. Patients’ satisfactions obtained using a 5-point Likert scale at 6 months.ResultsBoth real and sham rTMS provided a significant reduction in the VAS scores (real rTMS group, P = 0.004; sham rTMS group, P = 0.020). Post hoc analysis revealed the significant difference was at 10 days and 6 weeks compared to baseline in the real rTMS group and only at 10 days compared to baseline in the sham rTMS group. Comparison of VAS scores and patient satisfaction did not show any significant difference at each assessment point (P > 0.05).ConclusionOur results demonstrated analgesic effect of rTMS on intractable neuropathic pain in SCI was not superior to placebo. However, middle-term (over 6 weeks) pain relief by rTMS is encouraging and suggests the need for future studies with a larger sample size.
Dolphin hearing during echolocation: evoked potential responses in an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (<i>Tursiops truncatus</i>) (2011)

Auditory evoked potential (AEP) responses were recorded during echolocation in an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) trained to accept suction-cup EEG electrodes and detect targets by echolocation. AEP recording was triggered by the echolocation clicks of the animal. Three targets with target strengths of -34, -28 and -22 dB were used at a target distance of 2 to 6.5 m for each target. The results demonstrated that the AEP appeared to both outgoing echolocation clicks and echoes during echolocation, with AEP complexes consisting of alternative positive and negative waves. The echo-related AEP amplitudes were obviously lower than the outgoing click-related AEP amplitudes for all the targets at the investigated target distances. However, for targets with target strengths of -22 and -28 dB, the peak-to-peak amplitudes of the echo-related AEPs were dependent on the target distances. The echo-related AEP response amplitudes increased at further target distances, demonstrating an overcompensation of echo attenuation with target distance in the echo-perception system of the dolphin biosonar. Measurement and analysis of outgoing click intensities showed that the click levels increased with target distance (R) by a factor of approximately 10 to 17.5 logR depending on target strength. The results demonstrated that a dual-component biosonar control system formed by intensity compensation behavior in both the transmission and receiving phases of a biosonar cycle exists synchronously in the dolphin biosonar system.
The Synthesis of Octahydro‐7‐phenylpyrazino[2,1‐<i>b</i>][3]benzazepines (1991)

Abstract Octahydro‐7‐phenylpyrazino[2,1‐ b ][3]benzazepine ( 1a ) was prepared from 1‐methyl‐3‐phenylmethylpiperazine 5a by reaction with styrene oxide followed by sulfuric acid cyclization of the resulting alcohol 6a . The diastereomeric mixture 1a was further separated into the diastereomers 1a′ and 1a″ . Similarly 1‐methyl‐3‐(3‐chloro‐4‐methoxyphenyl)piperazine was reacted with styrene oxide to yield 6c which on cyclization with 1.5 equivalents of sulfuric acid in trifluoroacetic acid gave a 3:7 mixture of phenolic, 1d , and methoxy, 1c , octa‐hydropyrazino[2,1‐ b ][3]benzazepines. The reaction of the 2,5‐piperazinedione 4c with sodium acetoxyborohydride gave a 49% yield of the 2‐piperazinone 7 which was similarly carried on to the corresponding 1(2 H )‐oxohexahydropyrazino[2,1‐ b ][3]benzazepine 9 .
Phase Formation in Gold-Tin Alloys Electroplated from a Non-cyanide Bath (2003)

Au-Sn alloys are commonly used as solder materials in semiconductor industries. In this work, gold-tin alloys have been electroplated from a non-cyanide bath. The effects of bath composition and PC plating factors on compositions of Au-Sn deposits, intermetallic phase formation, and plating rates have been investigated. The transition current density for plating the two different gold-tin intermetallics, Au5Sn and AuSn, was shifted to lower current densities at lower ammonium citrate dosage. In addition, deposits plated from solutions with lower ammonium citrate concentrations were denser. Thin film x-ray diffraction analysis showed that only Au5Sn or/and AuSn phases are plated out in the deposits. The growth of either Au5Sn or AuSn phases showed no preferred orientation.
The role of melanocortin signalling in the control of body weight: evidence from human and murine genetic models (2000)

The peptide products of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene have established roles in the control of physiological processes as diverse as adrenal steroidogenesis, skin pigmentation, analgesia and inflammation. In the last 5 years, evidence accumulated from murine and human genetic models of disrupted melanocortin signalling has firmly established a central role for a population of hypothalamic neurons expressing POMC in the control of appetite and body weight. Of the five known melanocortin receptors, the MC4R has been most closely linked to body weight regulation. While a-MSH is active at this receptor and suppresses appetite after central injection, important roles for other POMC-derived products have not been excluded. The development of pharmacological agonists acting on, or mimicking, the hypothalamic melanocortinergic pathway may provide exciting opportunities for the therapy of human obesity.
Analysis and Design of a Dimmable Electronic Ballast Controlled by a Switch-Controlled Capacitor (2005)

This paper presents the related principle and analysis of the dimmable electronic ballast controlled by the switch-controlled capacitor (SCC). A Fourier-series expansion is used to derive the operational principle of the zero-voltage-switching Class-D series-parallel-load-resonant dimmable electronic ballast regulated by the SCC. By the adaptation of the SCC, the lightness of the system can be adjusted, while the operation frequency of the Class-D converter can be kept constant. The dimmable effect controlled by the variable SCC is examined. The analytical results are verified by simulations and experiments. Furthermore, the design considerations for the dimmable electronic ballast with SCC control are also presented in this paper.
Model Agnostic Supervised Local Explanations (2018)

Model interpretability is an increasingly important component of practical machine learning. Some of the most common forms of interpretability systems are example-based, local, and global explanations. One of the main challenges in interpretability is designing explanation systems that can capture aspects of each of these explanation types, in order to develop a more thorough understanding of the model. We address this challenge in a novel model called MAPLE that uses local linear modeling techniques along with a dual interpretation of random forests (both as a supervised neighborhood approach and as a feature selection method). MAPLE has two fundamental advantages over existing interpretability systems. First, while it is effective as a black-box explanation system, MAPLE itself is a highly accurate predictive model that provides faithful self explanations, and thus sidesteps the typical accuracy-interpretability trade-off. Specifically, we demonstrate, on several UCI datasets, that MAPLE is at least as accurate as random forests and that it produces more faithful local explanations than LIME, a popular interpretability system. Second, MAPLE provides both example-based and local explanations and can detect global patterns, which allows it to diagnose limitations in its local explanations.
Characterization of Polymorphs of a Novel Quinolinone Derivative, TA-270 (4-Hydroxy-1-methyl-3-octyloxy-7-sinapinoylamino-2(1H)-quinolinone). (2001)

The polymorphic forms and amorphous form of TA-270 (4-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-octyloxy-7-sinapinoylamino-2(1H)-quinolinone), a newly developed antiallergenic compound, were characterized by powder X-ray diffractometry, thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy and solid state 13C-NMR. The intrinsic dissolution rates of polymorphic forms were measured using the rotating disk method at 37 degrees C. The dissolution rates correlated well with the thermodynamic stability of each polymorphic form. These dissolution properties were clearly reflected in the oral bioavailability of TA-270 in rats. The transition behavior for each polymorph and for the amorphous form was studied under the high temperature and humidity conditions. The beta- and delta-forms were transformed into the alpha-form by heating. The amorphous form was also easily crystallized into alpha-form by heating, however it was relatively stable under humidified conditions. The internal molecular packing of each polymorph was estimated from IR and solid state NMR spectral analysis.
Perception and coding of high-frequency spectral notches: potential implications for sound localization (2014)

The interaction of sound waves with the human pinna introduces high-frequency notches (5-10 kHz) in the stimulus spectrum that are thought to be useful for vertical sound localization. A common view is that these notches are encoded as rate profiles in the auditory nerve (AN). Here, we review previously published psychoacoustical evidence in humans and computer-model simulations of inner hair cell responses to noises with and without high-frequency spectral notches that dispute this view. We also present new recordings from guinea pig AN and "ideal observer" analyses of these recordings that suggest that discrimination between noises with and without high-frequency spectral notches is probably based on the information carried in the temporal pattern of AN discharges. The exact nature of the neural code involved remains nevertheless uncertain: computer model simulations suggest that high-frequency spectral notches are encoded in spike timing patterns that may be operant in the 4-7 kHz frequency regime, while "ideal observer" analysis of experimental neural responses suggest that an effective cue for high-frequency spectral discrimination may be based on sampling rates of spike arrivals of AN fibers using non-overlapping time binwidths of between 4 and 9 ms. Neural responses show that sensitivity to high-frequency notches is greatest for fibers with low and medium spontaneous rates than for fibers with high spontaneous rates. Based on this evidence, we conjecture that inter-subject variability at high-frequency spectral notch detection and, consequently, at vertical sound localization may partly reflect individual differences in the available number of functional medium- and low-spontaneous-rate fibers.
Ultrafine motion detection of micromechanical structures using optical moire patterns (1996)

The use of optical moire patterns for motion and microtribology detection of micromechanical devices has been proposed and demonstrated. Using a very simple image processing technique, 50-nm in-plane motion of a micromechanical sensor has been detected. With an improved device design, the spatial resolution for in-plane motion detection will be able to reach 10 nm, meeting the most stringent requirement for any known applications for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).