gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of two retaining enzymes of <i>Trichoderma reesei</i>: transglycosylation of oligosaccharides catalysed by the cellobiohydrolase I, Cel7A, and the β‐mannanase, Man5A (1999)

HPLC, MALDI-TOF MS and NMR spectroscopy were used to investigate the hydrolysis of cello- and mannooligosaccharides by Cel7A and Man5A from Trichoderma reesei. The experimental progress curves were analysed by fitting the numerically integrated kinetic equations, which provided cleavage patterns for oligosaccharides. This data evaluation procedure accounts for product inhibition and avoids the initial slope approximation. In addition, a transglycosylation step had to be included in the model to reproduce the experimental progress curves. For the hydrolysis of manno-oligosaccharides, Man4-6, by Man5A no mannose was detected at the beginning of the reaction showing that only the internal linkages are hydrolysed. For cellotriose and cellotetraose hydrolysis by Cel7A, the main product is cellobiose and glucose is released from the non-reducing end of the substrate. Intermediary products longer than the substrates were detected by MALDI-TOF MS when oligosaccharides (Glc4-6 or Man4-6) were hydrolysed by either Cel7A or Man5A. Interestingly, two distinct transglycosylation pathways could be observed. Cel7A produced intermediates that are one unit longer than the substrate, whereas Man5A produced intermediates that are two units longer than the substrate.
A Novel Coiled-Tubing Wall Thickness and Ovality Measuring Tool for Field Use (2007)

Abstract Some clients of coiled tubing service companies increasingly demand inspection of the tubing immediately prior to or during field operations. There is a lack of suitable available equipment for inspection of tubing for wall thickness and ovality deficiencies, particularly where operation in potentially explosive atmospheres is required. Technologies exist for the inspection of wall thickness and ovality in both maintenance facilities and on operational locations but are commercially available only as a third party service; only one such service is known to be certified for explosive atmosphere use and all require trained technicians. This paper presents a new wall thickness and ovality measuring tool engineered for reliable field use and which needs no specialist inspection personnel. By combining custom-designed fiber-optical transducers and magnetic flux leakage (MFL) principles, electrical apparatus is eliminated from the explosive area and certification is not required. The unique fiber-optic system design contributes significantly to the ruggedness and reliability of the inspection system. Performance data from field service will be presented.
Radiation‐induced oxidative degradation of isotactic polypropylene (1981)

Abstract Gas evolution, oxygen consumption, and change of mechanical properties were studied for the γ‐ray irradiation of isotactic polypropylene from 60 Co under various conditions, such as vacuum, air, and oxygen at room temperature. For irradiation under vacuum, G (H 2 ) = 2.9 and G (CH 4 ) = 0.09; the G values for other gases were very small. In the presence of oxygen, G (H 2 ) was the same, and the G values for other hydrocarbons were two times those under vacuum. The G values of oxidative products and oxygen consumption were G (CO 2 ) = 2.5, G (CO) = 1.1, and G(O 2 ) = 50 at oxygen pressure of 500 torr and were dependent on oxygen pressure. With irradiation under vacuum at 2–3 Mrad, mechanical properties scarcely changes immediately after irradiation but degrade gradually with storage time in air at room temperature.
Fine grained wearout sensing using metastability resolution time (2014)

Reliability concerns due to Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) and Positive Bias Temperature Instability (PBTI) are increasing in nanometer CMOS memory and digital logic. Conventional chip lifetime enhancement techniques rely on run-time wearout sensors to detect device threshold voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> ) shift. In this work, we present a novel wearout sensing technique using metastability resolution time. The circuit consists of a reference inverter and age-tracking inverter cross-coupled to form a metastable cell. The resolution time of this cell is impacted by temporal V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> shift in the tracking devices. The tracking devices are sized relatively large compared to reference inverter to minimize impact of process induced V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> offset. The resolution time measurement is performed in two stages using a ring oscillator based Time to Digital Converter (TDC). The first stage of measurement establishes a reference precision during run time. In the second stage, the actual resolution time is measured relative to the reference. This alleviates impact of process variation and measurement temperature. Implementation and simulation in 32nm Predictive Technology Model indicate a lightweight sensor with estimated area of ~105μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and tracking power of 239nW. The resolution time of the circuit tracks V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> shift due to both NBTI and PBTI. A worst case measurement error at +/-3σ V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> offset is 9.3% of ΔV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> . A nominal measurement time of ~1ns provides accurate estimate of V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> shift without allowing recovery time for tracking devices.
Reinvestigation of first phase nucleation in planar metal-Si reaction couples (1983)

It is proposed that the first nucleating phase in planar metal-silicon reaction couples is that congruently melting phase neighboring the central eutectic in the phase diagram, which is closer in composition to the diffusing species. This phase also must have a low interfacial free energy with one of the elements constituting the phase diagram. The low interfacial free energy is indicated either by eutectic formation with, or, by epitaxial growth on one of the elements. It is suggested that a low-energy interface is no barrier to diffusion; therefore, phases that nucleate first in metal-silicon reaction couples are not good as diffusion barriers.
Physical Linkage of Estrogen Receptor α and Aromatase in Rat: Oligocrine and Endocrine Actions of CNS-Produced Estrogens (2018)

Rapid-signaling membrane estrogen receptors (mERs) and aromatase (Aro) are present throughout the central nervous system (CNS), enabling acute regulation of CNS estrogenic signaling. We previously reported that spinal membrane Aro (mAro) and mERα oligomerize (1). As their organizational relationship would likely influence functions of locally produced estrogens, we quantified the mAro and mERα that are physically associated and nonassociated in two functionally different regions of rat CNS: the spinal cord, which has predominantly neural functionalities, and the hypothalamus, which has both neural and endocrine capabilities. Quantitative immunoprecipitation (IP), coimmunoprecipitation, and Western blot analysis were used to quantify the associated and nonassociated subpopulations of mAro and mERα. Regardless of estrous-cycle stage, virtually all mAro was oligomerized with mERα in the spinal cord, whereas only ∼15% was oligomerized in the hypothalamus. The predominance of nonassociated mAro in the hypothalamus, in combination with findings that many hypothalamic Aro-immunoreactive neurons could be retrogradely labeled with peripherally injected Fluoro-Gold, suggests that a portion of hypothalamic estrogens is secreted, potentially regulating pituitary function. Moreover, circulating estrogens increased hypothalamic Aro activity (quantified by the tritiated water-release assay) in the absence of increased Aro protein, revealing nongenomic regulation of Aro activity in the mammalian CNS. The demonstrated presence of associated and nonassociated mAro and mERα subpopulations in the CNS suggests that their selective targeting could restore impaired estrogen-dependent CNS functionalities while minimizing unwanted effects. The full physiological ramifications of brain-secreted estrogens remain to be explored.
Local Fas/APO‐1 (CD95) ligand‐mediated tumor cell killing <i>in vivo</i> (1995)

Fas/APO-1 (CD95) is a cell surface receptor which mediates apoptosis when ligated by specific antibodies or by its recently cloned natural ligand, FasL. We have studied the cytotoxic potential of FasL in vivo using Fas/APO-1-expressing Yac-1 cells as targets. Supernatant harvested from Neuro-2a cells transfected with the murine FasL cDNA contains FasL and transduces a potent apoptotic signal to Yac-1 cells in vitro. Specificity of FasL-mediated cytotoxicity was confirmed by competition assays using soluble Fas or anti-Fas/APO-1 F(ab')2 fragments which specifically interfere with FasL-Fas/APO-1 interactions. Intraperitoneal injection of FasL-containing supernatant efficiently killed Yac-1 target cells which had been implanted in capsules into the peritoneal cavity of mice. Analysis of the target cells revealed DNA fragmentation and nuclear changes typical of apoptosis. As previously shown, intraperitoneal injection of anti-Fas/APO-1 antibodies caused liver failure (Ogasawara, J., Watanabe, F.R., Adachi, M., Matsuzawa, A., Kasugai, T., Kitamura, Y., Itoh, N., Suda, T. and Nagata, S., Nature 1993. 364:806) and was observed at doses which did not reduce Yac-1 cell viability. In contrast, FasL did not induce histopathology in the liver when applied intraperitoneally at doses cytotoxic for Yac-1 cells. However, intravenous administration of FasL induced lethal liver hemorrhages and hepatocyte apoptosis. Thus, locally applied FasL kills tumor cells very efficiently without systemic toxicity and may therefore represent a candidate for local tumor treatment.
Purification of Escherichia coli DNA photolyase. (1984)

Escherichia coli photolyase is a DNA repair enzyme which monomerizes pyrimidine dimers, the major UV photoproducts in DNA, to pyrimidines in a light-dependent reaction. We recently described the construction of a tac-phr plasmid that greatly overproduces the enzyme (Sancar, G. B., Smith, F. W., and Sancar, A. (1983) Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 6667-6678). Using a strain carrying the overproducing plasmid as the starting material, we have developed a purification procedure that yields several milligrams of apparently homogeneous enzyme. The purified protein is a single polypeptide that has an apparent Mr of 49,000 under both denaturing and nondenaturing conditions. The enzyme has no requirement for divalent cations and it restores the biological activity of irradiated DNA only in the presence of photoreactivating light. The purified photolyase has a turnover number of 2.4 dimers/molecule/min; this value agrees well with the in vivo rate of photoreactivation in E. coli.
A Fair Score-Based Scheduler for Spatial Transmission Mode Selection (2007)

Multi-antenna radio systems which are capable to select the spatial transmission mode according to the current channel conditions promise to achieve high transmission rates. Considering multiple users, the rates can be further increased if the multi-user diversity is properly utilized. However, fairness constraints have to be taken into account here to ensure that each user will be assigned any resources at all. We present a score-based scheduling solution which enables to adapt the degree of fairness supposed to be provided in the resource allocation process, and which further supports spatial transmission mode selection to attain a high overall throughput.
Hydrogen and deuterium incorporation and transport in hafnium-based dielectric films on silicon (2004)

Hydrogen and deuterium incorporation into nitrided and non-nitrided hafnium silicate films on Si during thermal annealing in H1- and H2-containing atmospheres was investigated. H1 profiling was accessed by means of nuclear resonant reaction profiling, whereas H2 incorporation was quantified by nuclear reaction analysis. The effects of preannealing in different atmospheres and temperatures were determined, as well as the losses of H1 and H2 from these structures during postannealing in vacuum. The results reveal a rather uniform depth distribution of incorporated H1, in striking contrast with previous studies on hydrogen in silicon oxide and oxynitrides and hafnium oxide films on Si. These results are discussed in terms of the defects present in each one of the structures studied here.
Diamond X-ray Refractive Lenses with High Acceptance (2016)

During the last years X-ray refractive lenses with various design have been manufactured from mono-crystalline diamond by laser ablation with ultra-short laser pulses. The present paper shortly reviews diamond lenses with high acceptance which are intended for transportation of radiation at high-power X-ray accelerator sources. Planar, linear and two-dimensional lenses with parabolic or spherical shape were manufactured and tested at laboratory and synchrotron X-ray sources in focusing and imaging modes. Surface morphology and material quality were also analyzed both with X-ray and conventional methods. Considerations on ways to improve the quality of surface and shape are presented.
An Autotaxin/Lysophosphatidic Acid/Interleukin‐6 Amplification Loop Drives Scleroderma Fibrosis (2016)

ATX is required for the development and maintenance of dermal fibrosis in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced SSc and enables 2 major mediators of SSc fibrogenesis, LPA and IL-6, to amplify the production of each other. Our results suggest that concurrent inhibition of these 2 pathways may be an effective therapeutic strategy for dermal fibrosis in SSc.
Experience with Flashwelded Rails in London Transport Service (1982)

Details are given of the flash welding of rails for London Transport, including the welding of rails for the Victoria Line, Heathrow Extension and Jubilee Line, since the machine currently in use was commissioned in 1965.Measures taken to obtain the optimum weld machine settings for welding 951b/yard bullhead rail to B.S. 11 are outlined and the types of test weld failures and their causes are described. Problems met with in production welding and the service experiences with flash welds are also discussed.The experience of London Transport with thermite welding and other methods of joining flash-welded long lengths together is briefly described. Résumé Nous présentons les détails du soudage par étincellage utilisé pour les rails du système de transport de Londres depuis 1965 année où la machine actuellement utilisée a été brevetée. Son application s'etend au soudage des rails de la ligne Victoria, de l'extension Heathrow et de la ligne Jubilee.Les mesures prises pour obtenir des ajustements optima de la machine de soudage pour joindre des rails à tête arrondie de 951b/yard au BS II sont decrites ainsi que les types de rupture des soudures d'essai et leurs causes. La discussion porte également sur les problèmes rencontrés lors du soudage de production et sur les expériences de service des soudures faites par étincellage.On décrit brièvement l'expérience du système de transport de Londres avec Ie soudage aluminothermique et d'autres méthodes utilisees pour joindre ensemble d'importantes longueurs soudées par étincellage.
A Pause in Nucleus Accumbens Neuron Firing Is Required to Initiate and Maintain Feeding (2010)

Nucleus accumbens (NAc) inactivation increases food intake, indicating that NAc neurons exert ongoing inhibition of feeding. We previously described a subpopulation of NAc neurons that pause during sucrose licking and proposed that the pause permits consumption. We tested this hypothesis by first recording NAc neurons during sucrose consumption, and then electrically stimulating through the same electrodes. A large proportion of NAc shell and core neurons were inhibited during sucrose consumption, and local electrical stimulation abruptly interrupted licking. Effective stimulation sites were more anterior than ineffective sites in NAc. At low stimulus intensities, licking resumed immediately on stimulation offset. The latency to lick resumption from NAc neuron inhibition onset ( approximately 460 ms) was very similar to that after electrical stimulation offset ( approximately 440 ms). These results directly support the hypothesis that a significant subpopulation of NAc neurons inhibit palatable food consumption and that a pause in their firing is required to initiate and maintain consumption.
Kinetic Characterization of Sulfasalazine Transport by Human ATP-Binding Cassette G2 (2009)

The pharmacokinetics of sulfasalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug is influenced by ATP-binding cassette G2 (ABCG2) (breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), mitoxantrone resistance protein (MXR)) both in vitro and clinically. Due to its low passive permeability, the intracellular concentration of sulfasalazine is dependent on uptake transporters, rendering the characterization of transporter specific interactions in cell based experimental systems difficult. Applying membrane assays a detailed kinetic analysis of sulfasalazine ABCG2 interaction was conducted and Km values of 0.70 +/- 0.03 microM and 0.66 +/- 0.08 microM were obtained at pH 7.0 and pH 5.5, respectively.
Multifunctional Plasmonic Film for Recording Near-Field Optical Intensity (2014)

We demonstrate the plasmonic equivalent of photographic film for recording optical intensity in the near field. The plasmonic structure is based on gold bowtie nanoantenna arrays fabricated on SiO2 pillars. We show that it can be employed for direct laser writing of image data or recording the polarization structure of optical vector beams. Scanning electron micrographs reveal a careful sculpting of the radius of curvature and height of the triangles composing the illuminated nanoantennas, as a result of plasmonic heating, that permits spatial tunability of the resonance response of the nanoantennas without sacrificing their geometric integrity. In contrast to other memory-dedicated approaches using Au nanorods embedded in a matrix medium, plasmonic film can be used in multiple application domains. To demonstrate this functionality, we utilize the structures as plasmonic optical tweezers and show sequestering of SiO2 microparticles into optically written channels formed between exposed sections of the film. The plasmonic film offers interesting possibilities for photonic applications including optofluidic channels "without walls," in situ tailorable biochemical sensing assays, and near-field particle manipulation and sorting.
How social information can improve estimation accuracy in human groups (2017)

In our digital and connected societies, the development of social networks, online shopping, and reputation systems raises the questions of how individuals use social information and how it affects their decisions. We report experiments performed in France and Japan, in which subjects could update their estimates after having received information from other subjects. We measure and model the impact of this social information at individual and collective scales. We observe and justify that, when individuals have little prior knowledge about a quantity, the distribution of the logarithm of their estimates is close to a Cauchy distribution. We find that social influence helps the group improve its properly defined collective accuracy. We quantify the improvement of the group estimation when additional controlled and reliable information is provided, unbeknownst to the subjects. We show that subjects' sensitivity to social influence permits us to define five robust behavioral traits and increases with the difference between personal and group estimates. We then use our data to build and calibrate a model of collective estimation to analyze the impact on the group performance of the quantity and quality of information received by individuals. The model quantitatively reproduces the distributions of estimates and the improvement of collective performance and accuracy observed in our experiments. Finally, our model predicts that providing a moderate amount of incorrect information to individuals can counterbalance the human cognitive bias to systematically underestimate quantities and thereby improve collective performance.
Restoring Dystrophin Expression in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Current Status of Therapeutic Approaches (2019)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a rare genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness, is caused by the absence or a decreased amount of the muscle cytoskeletal protein dystrophin. Currently, several therapeutic approaches to cure DMD are being investigated, which can be categorized into two groups: therapies that aim to restore dystrophin expression, and those that aim to compensate for the lack of dystrophin. Therapies that restore dystrophin expression include read-through therapy, exon skipping, vector-mediated gene therapy, and cell therapy. Of these approaches, the most advanced are the read-through and exon skipping therapies. In 2014, ataluren, a drug that can promote ribosomal read-through of mRNA containing a premature stop codon, was conditionally approved in Europe. In 2016, eteplirsen, a morpholino-based chemical capable of skipping exon 51 in premature mRNA, received conditional approval in the USA. Clinical trials on vector-mediated gene therapy carrying micro- and mini- dystrophin are underway. More innovative therapeutic approaches include CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing and stem cell-based cell therapies. Here we review the current status of therapeutic approaches for DMD, focusing on therapeutic approaches that can restore dystrophin.
Military Free Fall Training Injuries (1999)

Military free fall or HALO (high altitude-low opening) is a distinct form of tactical parachuting used by the elite forces of the U.S. military. This study was undertaken to examine the type, location, and mechanism of injuries sustained by the military HALO parachutist during training. A retrospective study identified 134 parachutists with 141 injuries attributed to HALO training. The most common injuries were fractures (35.5%) and sprains/strains (34.7%). The sites most commonly injured were the lower extremities (52.5%), upper extremities (19.8%), and spine (14.9%). Landing was the most frequently encountered mechanism of injury (61.2%), followed by ground free fall simulation (wind tunnel training) and canopy deployment. Night jumping, wearing of combat equipment, and use of oxygen during high-altitude jumps were all variables that contributed to injury. The military free fall parachutist is predisposed to a wide array of musculoskeletal injuries at different training phases.