gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protecting User Privacy: An Approach for Untraceable Web Browsing History and Unambiguous User Profiles (2018)

The overturning of the Internet Privacy Rules by the Federal Communications Commissions (FCC) in late March 2017 allows Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to collect, share and sell their customers' Web browsing data without their consent. With third-party trackers embedded on Web pages, this new rule has put user privacy under more risk. The need arises for users on their own to protect their Web browsing history from any potential adversaries. Although some available solutions such as Tor, VPN, and HTTPS can help users conceal their online activities, their use can also significantly hamper personalized online services, i.e., degraded utility. In this paper, we design an effective Web browsing history anonymization scheme, PBooster, aiming to protect users' privacy while retaining the utility of their Web browsing history. The proposed model pollutes users' Web browsing history by automatically inferring how many and what links should be added to the history while addressing the utility-privacy trade-off challenge. We conduct experiments to validate the quality of the manipulated Web browsing history and examine the robustness of the proposed approach for user privacy protection.
Video stabilization to a global 3D frame of reference by fusing orientation sensor and image alignment data (2010)

Estimating the 3D orientation of the camera in a video sequence within a global frame of reference is useful for video stabilization when displaying the video in a virtual 3D environment, as well as for accurate navigation and other applications. This task requires the input of orientation sensors attached to the camera to provide absolute 3D orientation in a geographical frame of reference. However, high-frequency noise in the sensor readings makes it impossible to achieve accurate orientation estimates required for visually stable presentation of video sequences that were acquired with a camera subject to jitter, such as a handheld camera or a vehicle mounted camera. On the other hand, image alignment has proven successful for image stabilization, providing accurate frame-to-frame orientation estimates but drifting over time due to error and bias accumulation and lacking absolute orientation. In this paper we propose a practical method for generating high accuracy estimates of the 3D orientation of the camera within a global frame of reference by fusing orientation estimates from an efficient image-based alignment method, and the estimates from an orientation sensor, overcoming the limitations of the component methods.
Accuracy and precision of objective refraction from wavefront aberrations (2004)

We determined the accuracy and precision of 33 objective methods for predicting the results of conventional, sphero-cylindrical refraction from wavefront aberrations in a large population of 200 eyes. Accuracy for predicting defocus (as specified by the population mean error of prediction) varied from -0.50 D to +0.25 D across methods. Precision of these estimates (as specified by 95% limits of agreement) ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 D. All methods except one accurately predicted astigmatism to within +/-1/8D. Precision of astigmatism predictions was typically better than precision for predicting defocus and many methods were better than 0.5D. Paraxial curvature matching of the wavefront aberration map was the most accurate method for determining the spherical equivalent error whereas least-squares fitting of the wavefront was one of the least accurate methods. We argue that this result was obtained because curvature matching is a biased method that successfully predicts the biased endpoint stipulated by conventional refractions. Five methods emerged as reasonably accurate and among the most precise. Three of these were based on pupil plane metrics and two were based on image plane metrics. We argue that the accuracy of all methods might be improved by correcting for the systematic bias reported in this study. However, caution is advised because some tasks, including conventional refraction of defocus, require a biased metric whereas other tasks, such as refraction of astigmatism, are unbiased. We conclude that objective methods of refraction based on wavefront aberration maps can accurately predict the results of subjective refraction and may be more precise. If objective refractions are more precise than subjective refractions, then wavefront methods may become the new gold standard for specifying conventional and/or optimal corrections of refractive errors.
Use of Glucagon to Prevent and Treat Fatty Liver in Transition Dairy Cows (2004)

Because of the relationship of fatty liver to increase health problems and decreased productive and reproductive performance, scientists can improve the profitability of dairy farmers by developing nutritional and management technologies for preventing and treating fatty liver. Our research group has demonstrated that glucagon shows much promise for use in preventing and treating fatty liver in transition cows. Moreover, we have data to indicate that ultrasound technology can be used to estimate the incidence of fatty liver within a dairy herd. The development of a slow-release form of glucagon would seem necessary before adoption of our proposed glucagon technology is adopted by the dairy industry.
Verified Runtime Validation for Partially Observable Hybrid Systems (2018)

Formal verification provides strong safety guarantees but only for models of cyber-physical systems. Hybrid system models describe the required interplay of computation and physical dynamics, which is crucial to guarantee what computations lead to safe physical behavior (e.g., cars should not collide). Control computations that affect physical dynamics must act in advance to avoid possibly unsafe future circumstances. Formal verification then ensures that the controllers correctly identify and provably avoid unsafe future situations under a certain model of physics. But any model of physics necessarily deviates from reality and, moreover, any observation with real sensors and manipulation with real actuators is subject to uncertainty. This makes runtime validation a crucial step to monitor whether the model assumptions hold for the real system implementation. The key question is what property needs to be runtime-monitored and what a satisfied runtime monitor entails about the safety of the system: the observations of a runtime monitor only relate back to the safety of the system if they are themselves accompanied by a proof of correctness! For an unbroken chain of correctness guarantees, we, thus, synthesize runtime monitors in a provably correct way from provably safe hybrid system models. This paper addresses the inevitable challenge of making the synthesized monitoring conditions robust to partial observability of sensor uncertainty and partial controllability due to actuator disturbance. We show that the monitoring conditions result in provable safety guarantees with fallback controllers that react to monitor violation at runtime.
Holographic fabrication of 3D photonic crystals through interference of multi-beams with 4 + 1, 5 + 1 and 6 + 1 configurations (2014)

In this paper, we are able to fabricate 3D photonic crystals or quasi-crystals through single beam and single optical element based holographic lithography. The reflective optical elements are used to generate multiple side beams with s-polarization and one central beam with circular polarization which in turn are used for interference based holographic lithography without the need of any other bulk optics. These optical elements have been used to fabricate 3D photonic crystals with 4, 5 or 6-fold symmetry. A good agreement has been observed between fabricated holographic structures and simulated interference patterns.
A robust meshing and calibration approach for sensorless freehand 3D ultrasound (2007)

The elevational distance between two ultrasound images can be obtained from the correlation between the two images, leading to sensorless freehand 3D ultrasound systems. Most of these systems rely on the correlation between patches of fully developed speckles (FDS). Previous work has compared different FDS detectors and concluded that the elevational distance measurement limited to the FDS patches obtained by low order moment test yields significantly more accurate results than other FDS detectors. However, small coherent and FDS regions are spread throughout a typical ultrasound image of real tissue. This makes it extremely unlikely to find a regularly shaped (conventionally a rectangle) FDS patch, making it infeasible to estimate elevational distance accurately<sup>1</sup>. In this work, first we propose a simple and fast algorithm which is capable of detecting arbitrarily irregular FDS regions in an ultrasound image. In vitro experiments on beef liver, beef steak and chicken breast indicates that the proposed algorithm generates remarkably more FDS patches than the current methods. Preliminary results show that the FDS patches obtained by this algorithm generate more accurate elevational distance measurement. Second, we propose a new calibration scheme to generate decorrelation curves. At a particular location in the image, conventional methods acquire one decorrelation curve. We create multiple curves, as a function of particular statistical properties of the patch. The results reveal a theoretically expected relation between the decorrelation curve and the statistical properties of the patch. As a result of this calibration based on the patch statistical properties, improvement in the out of plane motion estimation is expected.
Automatic Pose Estimation for Range Images on the GPU (2007)

Object pose (location and orientation) estimation is a common task in many computer vision applications. Although many methods exist, most algorithms need manual initialization and lack robustness to illumination variation, appearance change, and partial occlusions. We propose a fast method for automatic pose estimation without manual initialization based on shape matching of a 3D model to a range image of the scene. We developed a new error function to compare the input range image to pre-computed range maps of the 3D model. We use the tremendous data- parallel processing performance of modern graphics hardware to evaluate and minimize the error function on many range images in parallel. Our algorithm is simple and accurately estimates the pose of partially occluded objects in cluttered scenes in about one second.
Histamine in cancer immunotherapy (1997)

A novel strategy for enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy with interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) in human neoplasia is presented. IL-2 and IFN-alpha are potent activators of the antitumour activity of natural killer (NK) cells but only rarely reduce the tumour burden in treated patients. Recent studies suggest that a reason why these cytokines are insufficiently effective in human cancer is that phagocytes inhibit the tumour-killing activity of NK cells at the site of the tumour. Histamine prevents the phagocyte-induced, NK cell-inhibiting signal; thus, histamine and IL-2 or histamine and IFN-alpha synergize to induce NK cell-mediated killing of human tumour cells in vitro. Further, treatment of tumour-bearing mice with histamine enhances IL-2- and IFN-alpha-induced destruction of NK cell-sensitive tumour cells in vivo. More than 50 patients with neoplastic disease have been treated with histamine, given in subcutaneous injections, together with IL-2 or IFN-alpha. The results of two pilot trials in metastatic melanoma suggest that the addition of histamine to IL-2 and IFN-alpha prolongs survival time and induces regression of tumours, such as liver melanoma, which are otherwise considered refractory to immunotherapy. The results of a trial in acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) suggest that histamine and IL-2 protects AML patients against relapse of leukaemic disease. Histamine is well tolerated: for example, AML patients in remission have treated themselves with histamine at home without supervision for a total of > 300 weeks with only a handful of therapy-related hospital contacts. Controlled trials in melanoma and AML are under way to further investigate the putative benefit of histamine in neoplastic disease.
Concise total synthesis of glucosepane (2015)

Glucosepane is a structurally complex protein posttranslational modification that is believed to exist in all living organisms. Research in humans suggests that glucosepane plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of both diabetes and human aging, yet comprehensive biological investigations of this metabolite have been hindered by a scarcity of chemically homogeneous material available for study. Here we report the total synthesis of glucosepane, enabled by the development of a one-pot method for preparation of the nonaromatic 4H-imidazole tautomer in the core. Our synthesis is concise (eight steps starting from commercial materials), convergent, high-yielding (12% overall), and enantioselective. We expect that these results will prove useful in the art and practice of heterocyclic chemistry and beneficial for the study of glucosepane and its role in human health and disease.
A battery power level aware MAC protocol for CDMA wireless networks (2002)

A general constraint common to many wireless networks lies in the short lifetime of mobile terminal batteries. Energy efficient protocol that adapt to the terminal battery power level can be used to reduce the effects of this limitation. This paper addresses such power-adaptive algorithms in medium access control (MAC) protocols and in the power control mechanisms for hybrid CDMA/TDMA wireless networks. Our access protocol dynamically schedules CDMA channels to mobiles based on their traffic requests and battery power levels. This technique assigns mobiles with similar traffic requests and battery power levels to one or more slots. Discrete-event simulation has been used to demonstrate that the proposed techniques indeed provide low-power mobiles with increased throughput and reduced latency while reducing power usage.
Cloning and molecular characterization of a novel acyl‐CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1‐like gene (<i>PtDGAT1</i>) from the diatom <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i> (2011)

We have identified and isolated a cDNA encoding a novel acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)1-like protein, from the diatom microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PtDGAT1). The full-length cDNA sequences of PtDGAT1 transcripts revealed that two types of mRNA, PtDGAT1short and PtDGAT1long, were transcribed from the single PtDGAT1 gene. PtDGAT1short encodes a 565 amino acid sequence that is homologous to several functionally characterized higher plant DGAT1 proteins, and 55% identical to the putative DGAT1 of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana, but shows little homology with other available putative and cloned algal DGAT sequences. PtDGAT1long lacks several catalytic domains, owing to a 63-bp nucleotide insertion in the mRNA containing a stop codon. Alternative splicing consisting of intron retention appears to regulate the amount of active DGAT1 produced, providing a possible molecular mechanism for increased triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis in P. tricornutum under nitrogen starvation. DGAT mediates the last committed step in TAG biosynthesis, so we investigated the changes in expression levels of the two types of mRNA following nitrogen starvation inducing TAG accumulation. The abundance of both transcripts was markedly increased under nitrogen starvation, but much less so for PtDGAT1short. PtDGAT1 activity of PtDGAT1short was confirmed in a heterologous yeast transformation system by restoring DGAT activity in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae neutral lipid-deficient quadruple mutant strain (H1246), resulting in lipid body formation. Lipid body formation was only restored upon the expression of PtDGAT1short, and not of PtDGAT1long. The recombinant yeast appeared to display a preference for incorporating saturated C(16) and C(18) fatty acids into TAG.
ChemInform Abstract: P‐METHOXYBENZENESULFONYL AS A PROTECTING GROUP OF GUANIDINO FUNCTION IN PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS (1976)

Abstract Die p‐Methoxybenzolsulfonyl‐Gruppe eignet sich als Schutzgruppe für die ω‐Guanidin‐Funktion des Arginins.
Ferroelectric fluoro-terpolymers with high dielectric constant and large electromechanical response at ambient temperature (2003)

This paper discusses a new family of ferroelectric polymorphs fluoro-terpolymers comprising vinylidene difluoride (VDF), trifluoroethylene (TrFE), and a chloro-containing third monomer, including vinyl chloride (VC), 1,1-chlorofluoroethylene (CFE), chlorodifluoroethylene (CDFE), chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), with narrow molecular weight and composition distributions. The slightly bulky chlorine atom serves as a kink in the polymer chain, which spontaneously alters the chain conformation and crystalline structure. Comparing with the corresponding VDF/TrFE copolymer, the slowly increasing chlorine content (< 8 mol% of ter-monomer) gradually changes the all-trans chain conformation to tttg+tttg- conformation, without significant reduction of overall crystallinity. Curie (F-P) phase transition temperature between the mixed ferroelectric phases and paraelectric phase (tg+tg- conformation) also gradually reduced to near ambient temperature, with very small activation energy. Consequently, the terpolymers show high dielectric constant (>80) and large electrostrictive response (>5%) at ambient temperature, and exhibiting common ferroelectric relaxor behaviors with a broad dielectric peak that shifted toward higher temperatures as the frequency increased, and a slim polarization hysteresis loop at ambient temperature.
Tracing cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in endometriosis (1998)

The aetiology and pathogenesis of endometriosis, defined as the presence of endometrium-like tissue outside the uterine cavity, is largely unknown. In this paper we present and discuss possibilities to study the putative pathogenic properties of endometriotic cells in vitro. The current focus of our investigations is on the invasive phenotype of the disease, assuming that this might contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. So far, we have shown that: (i) cytokeratin-positive and E-cadherin-negative endometriotic cells have an invasive phenotype in a collagen invasion assay in vitro similar to metastatic carcinoma cells; (ii) the invasiveness of endometriotic but not of eutopic endometrial cells can be stimulated by a heat-stable protein present in peritoneal fluid; and (iii) the endometriotic cell line EEC145T, which we established, may be a useful tool for the identification of gene products which are, positively or negatively, invasion-related. Finally, our studies suggest that the invasive phenotype in endometriosis shares aspects with tumour metastasis, but might also have unique mechanisms.
Regulatory Proteins of the Proteasome (1993)

The function of the proteasome is controlled by a variety of specific regulatory proteins including activators, inhibitors, and modulators. Two recently discovered activators, termed PA28 and PA700, bind to the terminal rings of the proteasome to form proteasome-regulatory complexes which display greatly increased proteolytic activity. PA28 is a high-affinity activator of the proteasome's multiple peptidase activities. The carboxyl terminus of PA28 is required for its binding to the proteasome. PA700 binds to the proteasome via an ATP-dependent mechanism. PA700 has ATPase activity, and at least four of PA700's 16 subunits are members of a protein family containing a concensus sequence for ATP binding. Proteasome-PA700 complexes are activated with respect to both the hydrolysis of peptide substrates and the hydrolysis of ubiquitinated proteins.
Super Resolution Image Enhancement for a Flash Lidar: Back Projection Method (2010)

In this paper a new image processing technique for flash LIDAR data is presented as a potential tool to enable safe and precise spacecraft landings in future robotic or crewed lunar and planetary missions. Flash LIDARs can generate, in real-time, range data that can be interpreted as a 3-dimensional (3-D) image and transformed into a corresponding digital elevation map (DEM). The NASA Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance (ALHAT) project is capitalizing on this new technology by developing, testing and analyzing flash LIDARs to detect hazardous terrain features such as craters, rocks, and slopes during the descent phase of spacecraft landings. Using a flash LIDAR for this application looks very promising, however through theoretical and simulation analysis the ALHAT team has determined that a single frame, or mosaic, of flash LIDAR data may not be sufficient to build a landing site DEM with acceptable spatial resolution, precision, size, or for a mosaic, in time, to meet current system requirements. One way to overcome this potential limitation is by enhancing the flash LIDAR output images. We propose a new super-resolution algorithm applicable to flash LIDAR range data that will create a DEM with sufficient accuracy, precision and size to meet current ALHAT requirements. The performance of our super-resolution algorithm is analyzed by processing data generated during a series of simulation runs by a high fidelity model of a flash LIDAR imaging a high resolution synthetic lunar elevation map. The flash LIDAR model is attached to a simulated spacecraft by a gimbal that points the LIDAR to a target landing site. For each simulation run, a sequence of flash LIDAR frames is recorded and processed as the spacecraft descends toward the landing site. Each run has a different trajectory profile with varying LIDAR look angles of the terrain. We process the output LIDAR frames using our SR algorithm and the results show that the achieved level of accuracy and precision of the SR generated landing site DEM is more than adequate for detecting hazardous terrain features and identifying safe areas.
MPEG-7 Scalable Robust Audio Fingerprinting (2002)

Much interest has recently been received by systems for audio fingerprinting which enable automatic identification of audio content by extracting unique signatures from the signal. Requirements for such systems include robustness to a wide range of signal distortions and availability of fast search methods, even for large fingerprint databases. This paper describes the provisions of the MPEG-7 standard for audio fingerprinting which allow for interoperability of fingerprint information generated according to the open standardized specification for extraction. In particular, it discusses the ability to generate scalable fingerprints providing different trade-offs between fingerprint compactness, temporal coverage and robustness of recognition, and gives experimental results for various system configurations. KASTNER ET AL. MPEG-7 SCALABLE ROBUST AUDIO FINGERPRINTING
Discovery of 1-[9-(4-Chlorophenyl)-8-(2-chlorophenyl)-9<i>H</i>-purin-6-yl]-4-ethylaminopiperidine-4-carboxylic Acid Amide Hydrochloride (CP-945,598), a Novel, Potent, and Selective Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor Antagonist (2008)

We report the structure-activity relationships, design, and synthesis of the novel cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor antagonist 3a (CP-945,598). Compound 3a showed subnanomolar potency at human CB1 receptors in binding (Ki = 0.7 nM) and functional assays (Ki = 0.12 nM). In vivo, compound 3a reversed cannabinoid agonist-mediated responses, reduced food intake, and increased energy expenditure and fat oxidation in rodents.