gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Apoptotic Effect of Rituximab on Peripheral Blood B Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis (2004)

Rituximab (RTX) has proven efficacious in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Herein, we assessed the apoptosis-inducing capability of RTX in vitro on RA peripheral blood B-cell subsets and also compared the effects of RTX on B cells from rheumatoid factor-positive (RF+) and RF- patients. The likely relevance of B cells in disease was assessed by measuring B-cell-modulating serum cytokines. Peripheral blood B cells were isolated and cultured with the presence or absence of RTX. The levels of apoptosis within the naïve, memory and IgD+CD27+ B-cell subpopulations were determined by cytofluorometric analysis and caspase 3/7 assays. Levels of serum cytokines were measured with a multiplex cytokine array system. RTX induced significant apoptosis in all B-cell subsets in both RA and controls. In naïve and memory B cells from RA patients, RTX induced significantly higher levels of apoptosis than in controls. RTX induced apoptosis of B cells in RF+ and RF- patients. Serum levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 were profoundly increased in RF+ patients compared to RF- patients and controls. Although our cohort was small (10 RA patients), the data suggest that RTX induces apoptosis in all investigated subsets of B cells from RA patients. Interestingly, memory B cells from RA patients were more sensitive to RTX than memory cells from normal controls, suggesting that the delay in treatment response to RTX observed in clinical trials may be due in part to memory cell depletion. The apoptotic effects of RTX were similar in RF+ and RF- patients, but serum levels of B-cell-activating cytokine levels were only elevated in RF+ but not RF- patients. These data suggest that RTX is less effective in RF- RA because B cells play a less significant role in RA pathogenesis in RF- patients.
Perspectives on Debt-and-Equity Decomposition for Investors and Issuers of Real Estate Securities (1992)

The separation of commercial real estate into structured investment products as suggested by the debt-and-equity model can enhance property value due to positive net changes in agency costs and tax shields. In many cases this enhancement should be large enough to induce real estate owners to make property available for component separation. The resulting income component has the investment characteristics of a tax-sheltered corporate bond, and should be sold to taxable investors to realize the value enhancement.
Catalytic Behavior of Brønsted Acid Sites in MWW and MFI Zeolites with Dual Meso- and Microporosity (2010)

The catalytic behavior of Brønsted acid sites in three acidic zeolite materials (one MWW and two MFI zeolites) containing dual meso-/microporosity was studied using ethanol dehydration and monomolecular conversion of propane and isobutane as probe reactions. The meso-/microporous MWW zeolite, MCM-36 or pillared MWW, consists of a zeolitic layer structure, with independent microporosity and mesoporosity within the layers and between the layers, respectively. A meso-/microporous MFI (pillared MFI) zeolite also contains a zeolitic layer structure, but with interconnected micropore and mesopore systems. A different meso-/microporous MFI zeolite, three-dimensionally ordered mesoporous-imprinted (3DOm-i) MFI, contains nanometer-sized spherical elements forming an opaline structure, with highly interconnected meso- and micropores. The rate and apparent activation energy of the catalytic probe reactions in zeolites possessing dual meso- and microporosity was comparable to conventional microporous MCM-22 (MWW) and MFI materials. This similarity in kinetic behavior between materials possessing dual meso-/microporosity and their microporous analogues when assessed under conditions of strict kinetic control implies that the catalytic behavior of Brønsted acid sites in materials with dual meso-/microporosity is preferentially dominated by the microporous environment possibly because it provides a better fit for adsorption of small alkane or alcohol reactant molecules.
WDM filters in Silicon-on insulator photonic wires (2004)

Abstract — We demonstrate compact integrated optical wavelength fil-ters in Silicon-on-insulator nanophotonic waveguides. These filters can be used for wavelength division multiplexing in the infrared telecommunica-tion wavelength range. The structures are fabricated in a CMOS line using deep UV lithography and dry etching techniques. We fabricated ring re-sonators with 8µm radius showing sharp resonances, an 8-channel arrayed waveguide grating with a footprint of about 0.1mm2 but still high crosstalk between channels, and 5-stage cascaded Mach-Zehnder filters with high drop efficiency and-10dB crosstalk level. I.
The essentiality and involvement of <i>Streptococcus intermedius</i> histone‐like DNA‐binding protein in bacterial viability and normal growth (2008)

Streptococcus intermedius histone-like DNA-binding protein (Si-HLP) is a homodimeric protein and, conserved with Escherichia coli HU, a well-documented nucleoid-associated protein (NAP). In E. coli, HU plays important roles as both structural and regulatory factors, but it is not essential for E. coli viability. Streptococcal HLP has been found to bind host cells and induce cytokine production, but its physiological role remains poorly defined. In the present study, using gene insertion knockout and tetracycline-regulated antisense RNA expression techniques, we determined whether Si-HLP is essential for bacterial viability and normal growth in S. intermedius. The Si-HLP-downregulated S. intermedius strain showed alterations in its morphology and surface properties. Downregulation of Si-HLP led to an expanded nucleoid to fill the intracellular space. Transcription levels of several genes, including virulence-associated factors, were found to be activated or repressed in the antisense Si-hlp RNA-expressing strain by real-time PCR and reverse-transcription PCR. Collectively, these data suggest that Si-HLP serves as an essential NAP governing the nucleoid architecture and controlling the gene transcription profile in S. intermedius.
Beam forming using an iterative bootstrapping technique (2011)

In this paper, we describe a novel bootstrapping technique that iteratively improves an initial estimate of a set of unknown complex-valued channel parameters.
Digitally intensive transmitter employing RF pulse width modulation for IoT applications (2015)

A CMOS RF-PWM transmitter with a Class-D power amplifier (PA) is proposed for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The transmitter utilizes two PLL-based PWM generators to convert baseband signals into an RF-PWM signal without an upconverter. For an LTE signal with a 1.4 MHz bandwidth and a 6.4 dB peak-to-average ratio (PAR), the RF-PWM transmitter achieves a power-added efficiency (PAE) of 17.5%, an error vector magnitude (EVM) of -24.9 dB, and an adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of -31 dBc at an average output power of 16.1 dBm. The transmitter achieves a peak output power of 22.4 dBm with 46.6% PAE, and 38.8% efficiency for the full RF-PWM transmitter including PAs.
A systematic approach for dynamic targeted monitoring of KPIs (2014)

There has been growing interest for more than a decade in Business Analytics as a means for improving business performance. One of the most popular Business Analytics technique involves monitoring performance by means of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). A KPI is a powerful tool that relates enterprise data to business goals, thereby enabling managers to guide the analytic process and identify deviations in their strategic plan. Nevertheless, monitoring KPIs requires that they are evaluated at multiple levels of detail, in order to identify potential problems earlier instead of being noted after the fact. Unfortunately, there are obstacles to the generation and enactment of such monitoring processes. In particular, there is no systematic, tool-supported process for defining what is to be monitored given a strategic plan, nor are there tools for automatically generating monitoring queries. As a result, monitoring consists of a manual process whereby queries are generated for high level indicators across a few scorecards and dashboards. In this paper we present a systematic semi-automatic approach that covers the entire monitoring process. Our approach performs a partial search guided by the KPIs of the company, generating queries required during the monitoring process. Thanks to our approach, users become aware of the existence of problems and where they are located, without requiring a priori information about the nature of the problem being searched. Moreover, we have implemented our approach in our CASE tool HERMES and evaluated the results on a case study using real data.
Extraction of Dynamic On-Resistance in GaN Transistors: Under Soft- and Hard-Switching Conditions (2011)

In this paper we present a new measurement technique for extracting dynamic on-resistance (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dson</sub> ) of GaN transistors. Dynamic R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dson</sub> of commercial GaN transistors in soft-switching and hard-switching conditions have been measured. By comparing the dynamic R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dson</sub> in both switching schemes, it is found that the off-state drain voltage stress is the main cause for the increase of dynamic R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dson</sub> , while the switching losses in the hard-switching transient could cause additional trapping and degradation, possibly due to channel hot electrons/phonons.
Naphthoquinone glycosides for bioelectroanalytical enumeration of the faecal indicator <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2016)

Microbial water quality monitoring for the presence of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) is a mandatory activity in many countries and is key in public health protection. Despite technological advances and a need for methodological improvements, chromogenic and fluorogenic enzymatic techniques remain the mainstays of water quality monitoring for both public health agencies and regulated utilities. We demonstrated that bioelectroanalytical approaches to FIB enumeration are possible and can be achieved using commercially available enzyme-specific resorufin glycosides, although these are expensive, not widely available or designed for purpose. Following this, we designed two naphthoquinone glycosides which performed better, achieving Escherichia coli detection in the range 5.0 × 10<sup>2</sup> to 5.0 × 10<sup>5</sup> CFU ml<sup>-1</sup> 22-54% quicker than commercially available resorufin glycosides. The molecular design of the naphthoquinone glycosides requires fewer synthetic steps allowing them to be produced for as little as US$50 per kg. Tests with environmental samples demonstrated the low tendency for abiotic interference and that, despite specificity being maintained between β-glucuronidase and β-galactosidase, accurate enumeration of E. coli in environmental samples necessitates development of a selective medium. In comparison to a commercially available detection method, which has U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approval, our approach performed better at high organism concentrations, detecting 500 organisms in 9 h compared with 13.5 h for the commercial method. Bioelectroanalytical detection is comparable to current approved methods and with further development could result in improved detection times. A recent trend for low-cost open-source hardware means that automated, potentiostatically controlled E. coli detection systems could be constructed for less than US$100 per channel.
Conformation and biological studies of synthesized Trp4-Met5 enkephalin N-protected with 3,5-dimethoxy-alpha, alpha-dimethylbenzoylcarbonyl group. (1988)

A highly purified Trp4-Met5 enkephalin was synthesized using liquid phase method of peptide synthesis. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) ans 3,5-dimethoxy-alpha, alpha-dimethylbenzoylcarbonyl group (Ddz) were used as blocking groups for C- and N-terminals, respectively. Ddz group proved to be the suitable N-protecting group for tryptophan-containing peptide. Its acid sensitivity permits mild cleavage without damage to tryptophan. Attachment of methionine with PEG was catalyzed by 18-crown-6. This raised the yield of incorporation from 36 to 98%. Morphine like activity of the prepared peptide was tested by injection into the lateral brain ventricle of the rat. It has a highly biological potency. Conformational studies in solution by CD, energy transfer and in solid state by IR spectroscopy indicated that Trp4-Met5 enkephalin adopts a beta-turn conformation. The intramolecular distance between Tyr and Trp was 11.6 A.
Light-emitting diode as radio-frequency detector: development of RFI-free electromagnetic field sensor (1989)

A unique RFI-free electromagnetic field sensing technique using an LED as an RF detector is described. A double heterojunction (AlGaAs/GaAs) LED is used as an RF rectifier coupled to an EM probe; it delivers proportional light output with significant efficiency even at low (rectified) drive currents. DC biasing of the LED to the threshold of conduction can be achieved by an optically powered photodiode pair. Use of fibre-optic links from the detector to the receiver and in the optically powered bias arrangement eliminates the possibilities of RF1. Presented here are the sensitivity and frequency response of a test probe measured over 3–30 MHz under near-field conditions.
Automatic Protocol Format Reverse Engineering through Context-Aware Monitored Execution. (2008)

Protocol reverse engineering has often been a manual process that is considered time-consuming, tedious and error-prone. To address this limitation, a number of solutions have recently been proposed to allow for automatic protocol reverse engineering. Unfortunately, they are either limited in extracting protocol fields due to lack of program semantics in network traces or primitive in only revealing the flat structure of protocol format. In this paper, we present a system called AutoFormat that aims at not only extracting protocol fields with high accuracy, but also revealing the inherently “non-flat”, hierarchical structures of protocol messages. AutoFormat is based on the key insight that different protocol fields in the same message are typically handled in different execution contexts (e.g., the runtime call stack). As such, by monitoring the program execution, we can collect the execution context information for every message byte (annotated with its offset in the entire message) and cluster them to derive the protocol format. We have evaluated our system with more than 30 protocol messages from seven protocols, including two text-based protocols (HTTP and SIP), three binary-based protocols (DHCP, RIP, and OSPF), one hybrid protocol (CIFS/SMB), as well as one unknown protocol used by a real-world malware. Our results show that AutoFormat can not only identify individual message fields automatically and with high accuracy (an average 93.4 % match ratio compared with Wireshark), but also unveil the structure of the protocol format by revealing possible relations (e.g., sequential, parallel, and hierarchical) among the message fields.
Monocyte Conversion During Inflammation and Injury (2016)

Monocytes are circulating leukocytes important in both innate and adaptive immunity, primarily functioning in immune defense, inflammation, and tissue remodeling. There are 2 subsets of monocytes in mice (3 subsets in humans) that are mobilized from the bone marrow and recruited to sites of inflammation, where they carry out their respective functions in promoting inflammation or facilitating tissue repair. Our understanding of the fate of these monocyte subsets at the site of inflammation is constantly evolving. This brief review highlights the plasticity of monocyte subsets and their conversion during inflammation and injury.
Increased serum lipid peroxides initiate atherogenesis (1984)

Abstract The development of a reliable and relatively simple micro‐assay for lipid peroxides in serum or plasma has made it possible to conduct clinical surveys of lipid peroxide levels in man. From many studies made in Japan, those suggesting a relationship between the elevation of lipid peroxide level plasma serum and the occurrence of vascular disorders are discussed here. The data described in this paper show that the elevation of the serum lipid peroxide level over the normal value is a direct cause of the initiation of atherogenesis. Therefore, any factor bringing about the elevation of serum lipid peroxide levels, such as irradiation, would be an indirect cause of atherogenesis. In fact, irradiation is known to provoke this disorder and to elevate serum lipid peroxide levels.
Computing the M Most Probable Modes of a Graphical Model (2013)

The vasoactive effect of angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) in mesenteric resistance arteries together with its plasma and kidney concentration and urinary excretion was assessed in pregnant and virgin rats. Mesenteric arteries (230-290 microm) were mounted in a pressurized myograph system and Ang-(1-7) concentration-dependent response curves (10(-10)-10(-5) M) were determined in arteries preconstricted with endothelin-1 (10(-7) M). The Ang-(1-7) response was investigated in vessels with and without pretreatment with the Ang-(1-7) antagonist [D-[Ala(7)]-Ang-(1-7)] (10(-7) M). Ang-(1-7) caused a significantly enhanced, concentration-dependent dilation of mesenteric vessels (EC(50) = 2.7 nM) from pregnant compared with virgin female rats. D-[Ala(7)]-Ang-(1-7) eliminated the vasodilator effect of Ang-(1-7). There was no significant change in plasma concentration of Ang-(1-7) in pregnant animals. On the other hand, 24 h urinary excretion and kidney concentration of Ang-(1-7) were significantly higher in pregnant animals. The increased mesenteric dilation to Ang-(1-7) with enhanced kidney concentration and 24 h urinary excretion rate of Ang-(1-7) suggests an important role for this peptide in cardiovascular regulation during pregnancy.
Changes in the Initial Distribution Volume of Glucose and Plasma Volume Following Volume Challenge in Dogs (1995)

The IDVG correlates with plasma volume following volume challenge in dogs. CO did not show a consistent change following volume challenge. The IDVG may have the potential as an indicator to presume the fluid volume in the body, even though the IDVG cannot be used directly to estimate plasma volume.
Data assignment in fault tolerant uploads for digital government applications: a genetic algorithms approach (2005)

This paper investigates a data assignment problem in a fault tolerance protocol of Bistro, a wide area upload framework. Uploads correspond to an important class of applications, whose examples include a large number of digital government applications. Specifically, government at all levels is a major collector and provider of data, and there are clear benefits to disseminating and collecting data over the Internet, given its existing large-scale infrastructure and wide-spread reach in commercial, private, and government domains. In this project we focus on the collection of data over the Internet. By data collection, we mean applications such as Internal Revenue Service (IRS) applications with respect to electronic submission of income tax forms.In Bistro, clients upload their data to intermediaries, known as bistros, to reduce the traffic to the destination around a deadline. The destination server then computes a schedule for pulling the data from bistros after the deadline. In the Bistro framework, bistros can be unavailable or malicious. Thus, a fault tolerance protocol is a vital and fundamental component of the Bistro framework. In this paper, we are particularly interested in a data assignment problem in the Bistro fault tolerance protocol. We formulate this problem into a non-linear optimization problem and develop a genetic algorithm heuristic as an approximation. We evaluate our approach using simulations and compare the results of our heuristic with other simple heuristics as well as an optimal solution obtained from a brute-force approach.
Spectral shape of UWB signals influence of modulation format, multiple access scheme and pulse shape (2004)

This paper studies how to design the spectrum of a UWB signal in accordance with the FCC regulations and IEEE 802.15.3a recommendations. We show that the "conventional" UWB system with pulse-position modulation and time-hopping multiple access gives rise to spectral lines that violate the regulations. The impact of different modulation and multiple access schemes on the spectrum shaping is derived from the power spectral density of a non-linear and memoryless modulation. Detailed theoretical and simulation results stress the difficulties raised by the use of dithered pulse trains. We thus propose several solutions to achieve compliance with the FCC spectral masks.
GENE SPECIFIC MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR HOP (HUMULUS LUPULUS L.) (2009)

The development of DNA technology has provided a number of methods, which eliminate any influence of environmental factors, to detect differences at the DNA sequence level for evaluation of hop genotypes. Most of these methods in hops used unknown DNA sequences (e.g., AFLP) or specific DNA sequences (e.g., SSR) in non-coding regions of the genome. A new trend in molecular methods is to develop new molecular markers in specific sequences, near or within structural genes. Recently, markers in intron, 5' and 3'UTR were identified in several hop genes. Increasing sequence information of hop genes in Genebank provides additional opportunities to develop new gene specific molecular markers. In this study, we report new efficient and reliable expressed sequence tag microsatellite repeat (EST-SSR) molecular markers. We used forty primer pairs for twenty-nine gene specific sequences. We evaluated them for identification and clustering in eight hops cultivars. Gene-specific based clustering was compared to clustering based on SSR, AFLP markers and on a combination of molecular markers. These molecular markers are ideal for DNA fingerprinting, for control of authenticity and purity of varieties, for evaluation of genetic diversity in genetic resources, etc. They are readily applicable in breeding, and for genetic linkage mapping and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis.
Long-wavelength InAlGaAs VCSELs with Al <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> embedded current-confinement apertures (2006)

Long-wavelength InAlGaAs VCSELs with Al2O3 embedded current-confinement structures are reported. Using atomic layer deposition, the current confinement structures are fabricated by depositing Al2O3 on airgap surfaces of undercut apertures, which are formed by laterally etching the active region. 1.57 µm VCSELs showing an output power of over 1 mW and direct modulation characteristics at 4 Gbit/s are reported using these current-confinement apertures.
Epitaxial Growth of Ge Films onto CaF<sub>2</sub>/Si Structures (1982)

Heteroepitaxial Ge/insulator/Si structures have been prepared by vacuum evaporation of CaF 2 and Ge onto heated (111) and (100) oriented Si substrates. CaF 2 films with high crystalline perfection and smooth surface were formed on (111) and (100)Si at substrate temperatures of 800°C and 600°C, respectively. Ge films were deposited onto the CaF 2 /Si structures at 400°C to 600°C. Higher Ge deposition temperature resulted in increased Ge surface roughness but improved Ge crystalline quality. Both the crystalline quality and the electrical properties of the Ge films on CaF 2 /Si(100) structures were superior to those of the Ge films on CaF 2 /Si(111) structures.