gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic Model of Cumulative Damage in Pipelines Using Markov Chains (2020)

This paper presents a probabilistic model of cumulative damage based on Markov chains theory to model propagation of internal corrosion depth localized in a hydrocarbons transport pipeline. The damage accumulation mechanism is unit jump type, depending on the state. It uses a shock model based on Bernoulli trials and probabilities to remain in the same state or the next one. Data are adjusted to Lognormal distribution and proven with a Kolmogórov-Smirnov test. The vector obtained from multiplying the initial state vector with the transition matrix was developed and the system of equations to find each transition probability with a single inspection report was solved. In order to calculate propagation of internal corrosion after inspection, an exponential equation was proposed and a parameter was adjusted to the data. Time to expected failure was obtained by adding the time expected in each damage state. Each time step was adjusted to real time.
The effects of anxiety on relapse of patients with opioid use disorders under methadone maintenance treatment: control of the confounding variables (2019)

The current study has been carried out in order to investigate the effects of anxiety on the relapse of patients with opioid use disorders (OUDs) under methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). In this cross-sectional study, 2676 patients with OUDs, referred to MMT centers of Kermanshah from 2005 to 2017 were entered into the study. In order to evaluate the level of anxiety, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was used. The results showed that after controlling the role of other influential variables, the age of onset of substance use has significant effect on relapse, but there were no significance relationship between gender, age of quit, income, marital status, and education level with relapse. With the increase in anxiety score, the odds of relapse increased, so that people who had severe anxiety 3.43 (2.58 – 4.55) times greater relapse than those with a low level of anxiety. Nonlinear diagram showed that the highest increase in the odds of relapse was among those who had an anxiety score of 7 to 25 and then, with a moderate slope, the odds likelihood of relapse increased. Considering the effects of anxiety on relapse, it is recommended that health-care programs in all MMT centers need to have more focus in order to address anxiety among patients, in a more effective way.
Multi-component non-fullerene acceptors with tunable bandgap structures for efficient organic solar cells (2018)

Six-component OSCs are fabricated by selecting one donor and five non-fullerene acceptors, exhibiting easily tuned current and voltage.
GLP-1 Receptor Localization in Monkey and Human Tissue: Novel Distribution Revealed With Extensively Validated Monoclonal Antibody (2014)

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs are increasingly being used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It is clear that these drugs lower blood glucose through an increase in insulin secretion and a lowering of glucagon secretion; in addition, they lower body weight and systolic blood pressure and increase heart rate. Using a new monoclonal antibody for immunohistochemistry, we detected GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in important target organs in humans and monkeys. In the pancreas, GLP-1R was predominantly localized in β-cells with a markedly weaker expression in acinar cells. Pancreatic ductal epithelial cells did not express GLP-1R. In the kidney and lung, GLP-1R was exclusively expressed in smooth muscle cells in the walls of arteries and arterioles. In the heart, GLP-1R was localized in myocytes of the sinoatrial node. In the gastrointestinal tract, the highest GLP-1R expression was seen in the Brunner's gland in the duodenum, with lower level expression in parietal cells and smooth muscle cells in the muscularis externa in the stomach and in myenteric plexus neurons throughout the gut. No GLP-1R was seen in primate liver and thyroid. GLP-1R expression seen with immunohistochemistry was confirmed by functional expression using in situ ligand binding with (125)I-GLP-1. In conclusion, these results give important new insight into the molecular mode of action of GLP-1 analogs by identifying the exact cellular localization of GLP-1R.
Synthesis and properties of novel organosoluble aromatic poly(ether ketone)s containing pendant methyl groups and sulfone linkages (2007)

Abstract Several novel aromatic poly(ether ketone)s containing pendant methyl groups and sulfone linkages with inherent viscosities of 0.62–0.65 dL/g were prepared from 2‐methyldiphenylether and 3‐methyldiphenylether with 4,4′‐bis(4‐chloroformylphenoxy)diphenylsulfone and 4,4′‐bis (3‐chloroformylphenoxy)diphenylsulfone by electrophilic Friedel–Crafts acylation in the presence of N,N ‐dimethylformamide with anhydrous AlCl 3 as a catalyst in 1,2‐dichloroethane. These polymers, having weight‐average molecular weights in the range of 57,000–71,000, were all amorphous and showed high glass‐transition temperatures ranging from 160.5 to 167°C, excellent thermal stability at temperatures over 450°C in air or nitrogen, high char yields of 52–57% in nitrogen, and good solubility in CHCl 3 and polar solvents such as N,N ‐dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and N ‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone at room temperature. All the polymers formed transparent, strong, and flexible films, with tensile strengths of 84.6–90.4 MPa, Young's moduli of 2.33–2.71 GPa, and elongations at break of 26.1–27.4%. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Palladium‐catalyzed reaction of 1‐alkenylboronates with vinylic halides: (1 <i>Z</i> ,3 <i>E</i> )‐1‐phenyl‐1,3‐octadiene (2003)

Abstract Palladium‐catalyzed reaction of 1‐alkenylboronates with vinylic halides: (1 Z ,3 E )‐1‐phenyl‐1,3‐octadiene intermediate: (E)‐1‐Hexenyl‐1,3,2‐benzodioxaborole. reactant: 6.7 mL (60 mmol) of catecholborane product: (1Z,3E)‐1‐phenyl‐1,3‐octadiene
The Ottoman Front (2013)

The French, with some British assistance, tried to blast their way through the Western Front by enormous offensives in the spring and autumn. In 1916 the major powers sought to increase their production of armaments, before they made additional attempts to break this stalemate. Germany was the most successful in this endeavour. Britain entered the war with a munitions-industry designed almost exclusively for the use of the navy. The transformation of Britain into a major military, as against naval, power, was looked on with consternation by the decision-makers in Berlin. This especially troubled the German Commander-in-Chief, Falkenhayn. Falkenhayn always intended to capture Verdun but wrote a post-war justification for the nature of the battle into his paper. The battles in 1916 were some of the largest seen in the melancholy tale of men at war. The British alone at the River Somme threw some 15 million shells at the Germans.
Semantic-aware Grad-GAN for Virtual-to-Real Urban Scene Adaption. (2018)

Recent advances in vision tasks (e.g., segmentation) highly depend on the availability of large-scale real-world image annotations obtained by cumbersome human labors. Moreover, the perception performance often drops significantly for new scenarios, due to the poor generalization capability of models trained on limited and biased annotations. In this work, we resort to transfer knowledge from automatically rendered scene annotations in virtual-world to facilitate real-world visual tasks. Although virtual-world annotations can be ideally diverse and unlimited, the discrepant data distributions between virtual and real-world make it challenging for knowledge transferring. We thus propose a novel Semantic-aware Grad-GAN (SG-GAN) to perform virtual-to-real domain adaption with the ability of retaining vital semantic information. Beyond the simple holistic color/texture transformation achieved by prior works, SG-GAN successfully personalizes the appearance adaption for each semantic region in order to preserve their key characteristic for better recognition. It presents two main contributions to traditional GANs: 1) a soft gradient-sensitive objective for keeping semantic boundaries; 2) a semantic-aware discriminator for validating the fidelity of personalized adaptions with respect to each semantic region. Qualitative and quantitative experiments demonstrate the superiority of our SG-GAN in scene adaption over state-of-the-art GANs. Further evaluations on semantic segmentation on Cityscapes show using adapted virtual images by SG-GAN dramatically improves segmentation performance than original virtual data. We release our code at this https URL.
A single-chip 2B1Q U-interface transceiver (1989)

A single-chip transceiver designed to meet the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) requirements for the U-interface in the integrated services digital network (ISDN) is described. The device utilizes linear, jitter-compensated, and nonlinear echo cancellation and the 2B1Q line code to achieve high performance in the presence of near-end crosstalk and other impairments. The 2- mu m, single-metal, double-polysilicon, 5-V CMOS VLSI chip includes all the necessary analog and digital signal processing blocks for a network-termination of line-termination U-interface to be realized with the addition of a passive-line termination circuit and a transformer. Operation over 4.7 km of 0.4-mm cable or 7.5 km of 0.5-mm cable, with a bit error rate of 10/sup -7/, is possible.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characterization of the Human Inosine-5′-monophosphate Dehydrogenase Type II Gene (1995)

Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) activity and mRNA levels are induced up to 15-fold upon mitogenic or antigenic stimulation of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes. This increase in IMPDH activity is required for cellular proliferation and has been associated with malignant transformation. We have cloned the human IMPDH type II gene and show that it contains 14 exons and is approximately 5.8 kilobases in length. Exons vary in size from 49 to 207 base pairs and introns from 73 to 1065 base pairs. The transcription start site was mapped to a position 50 nucleotides upstream of the translation initiation site. The 5'-flanking region consisting of 463 base pairs upstream of the translation initiation site confers induced transcription and differential regulation upon a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene when transfected into Jurkat T cells and human peripheral blood T lymphocytes, respectively. DNase I footprinting analysis using Jurkat T cell nuclear extract identified four protected regions in the promoter which coincide with consensus transcription factor binding sites for the nuclear factors AP2, ATF, CREB, Egr-1, Nm23, and Sp1. These findings suggest that several of these nuclear factors may play a critical role in the regulation of IMPDH type II gene expression during T lymphocyte activation.
Using phase-current sensing circuit as the position sensor for brushless DC motors without shaft position sensor (2003)

The authors present a prototype phase-current sensing circuit to detect and process phase-current waveforms for obtaining exact rotor position signals. Without an additional phase-calibration loop for processed signals, the output signals of this circuit can keep in phase with the signals of a Hall sensor for a wide range of speed variations. Furthermore, with the nearly exact rotor position signals this prototype sensing circuit, better torque operation can be obtained. Experimental results obtained with this circuit are given and compared with the signals from the Hall sensor of a brushless DC motor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
REDUCTION OF DISPLAY ARTIFACTS BY RANDOM SAMPLING (1983)

The discrete, sequential scanning (sampling) procedures used in electronic displays generate disturbing artifacts such as flicker, Moire-type patterns, and paradoxical motion. Application of the theory of random scanning procedures to displays can reduce these artifacts. The human retina provides an example of a system that uses randomness to avoid sampling artifacts. Though the retina performs a discrete spatial sampling of the stimulus, artifacts are not evident.
Type 1 diabetes: where are we in 2017? (2017)

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic state of insulin deficiency which results from destruction of beta cells by the immune system. The long term microvascular and macrovascular complications can be devastating. Since the discovery of insulin almost 100 years ago new medical therapies have improved the long-term survival for people with type 1 diabetes. Each year we come closer to discovering a cure but much work still needs to be done to eliminate this disease.
Transcriptional signature of accessory cells in the lateral line, using the Tnk1bp1:EGFP transgenic zebrafish line (2012)

We present a Tg(tnks1bp1:EGFP) stable transgenic line, which we used to establish a transcriptional profile of supporting cells in the zebrafish lateral line. Therefore we are providing a new set of markers specific for supporting cells as well as candidates for functional analysis of this important cell type. This will prove to be a valuable tool for the study of regeneration in the lateral line of zebrafish in particular and for regeneration of neuroepithelia in general.
A <sup>19</sup>F‐NMR approach using reporter molecule pairs to assess <i>β</i>‐galactosidase in human xenograft tumors <i>in vivo</i> (2008)

Gene therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for treatment of various diseases. However, widespread implementation is hampered by difficulties in assessing the success of transfection in the target tissue and the longevity of gene expression. Thus, there is increasing interest in the development of non-invasive in vivo reporter techniques to assay gene expression. We recently demonstrated the ability to detect beta-galactosidase activity in stably transfected human prostate tumor xenografts in mice in vivo using 19F NMR. We now extend the studies to human MCF7 breast cancer cells growing as xenografts in nude mice. Moreover, by using two spectrally resolved reporters (o-fluoro-p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside and an isomer), two tumors could be interrogated simultaneously revealing lacZ transgene activity in a stably transfected tumor versus no activity in a wild-type tumor. Most significantly, hydrolytic activity observed by 19F NMR corresponded to differential activity in lacZ-expressing tumors.
Numerical study of the hydraulic excavator overturning stability during performing lifting operations (2019)

This article presents a numerical study of the stability of a hydraulic excavator during performing lifting operations. A planar dynamic model is developed with six degrees of freedom, which considers the base body elastic connection with the terrain, the front digging manipulator links, and the presence of the freely suspended payload. Differential equations describing the excavator dynamic behavior are obtained by using the Lagrange formalism. Numerical experiments are carried out to study the excavator dynamic stability under different operating conditions during the motion along a vertical straight-line trajectory. It is shown that the arising inertial loads during the movement of the links along the vertical trajectory, combined with the payload swinging and the motion of the base body, decreases the excavator stability. It was found that the excavator stability during following vertical straight-line trajectory decreases considerably in the lower part of the vertical trajectory. If the stability coefficient is close to 1, the payload swinging can cause the separation of a support from the terrain; nevertheless, the excavator stability can be restored. A method for tire stiffness and damping coefficients estimation is presented. The validation of the dynamical model is performed by the use of a small-scale elastically mounted manipulator.
Ginsenosides: Are Any of them Candidates for Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System? (2007)

The last two decades have shown a marked expansion in the number of publications regarding the effects of Panax ginseng. Ginsenosides, which are unique saponins isolated from Panax ginseng, are the pharmacologically active ingredients in ginseng, responsible for its effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system. Recent studies have shown that ginsenosides regulate various types of ion channels, such as voltage-dependent and ligand-gated ion channels, in neuronal and heterologously expressed cells. Ginsenosides inhibit voltage-dependent Ca(2+), K(+), and Na(+) channel activities in a stereospecific manner. Ginsenosides also inhibit ligand-gated ion channels such as N-methyl-d-aspartate, some subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptors. Competition and site-directed mutagenesis experiments revealed that ginsenosides interact with ligand-binding sites or channel pore sites and inhibit open states of ion channels. This review will introduce recent findings and advances on ginsenoside-induced regulation of ion channel activities in the CNS, and will further expand the possibilities that ginsenosides may be useful and potentially therapeutic choices in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
Segmentation of handprinted letter strings using a dynamic programming algorithm (2002)

Segmentation of handwritten input into individual characters is a crucial step in many connected handwriting recognition systems. This paper describes a segmentation algorithm for letters in Roman alphabets, curved pre-stroke cut (CPSC) segmentation. The CPSC algorithm evaluates a large set of curved cuts through the image of the input string using dynamic programming and selects a small "optimal" subset of cuts for segmentation. It usually generates pixel accurate segmentations, indistinguishable from characters written in isolation. At four times oversegmentation, segmentation points are missed with an undetectable frequency on real-world databases. The CPSC algorithm has been used as part of a high-performance handwriting recognition system.
Evaluating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using a yeast bioassay (2007)

Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated for the ability to activate aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor signaling in a yeast-based bioassay. Individual PAHs were classified as inactive or as weakly, moderately, or strongly active based on induction of human Ah receptor signaling. Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, and benzo[k]fluoranthene were the most potent activators of human Ah receptor signaling. Various mixtures of PAHs had additive or synergistic effects in the bioassay. Environmental samples from the New Orleans (Louisiana, USA) and Detroit (Michigan, USA) areas that were previously analyzed for PAH composition and quantity were tested in this bioassay. Weak but statistically significant relationships were found when the analytically measured levels of PAHs were correlated with sample dilutions that gave 25% effective concentration signaling levels in the Ah receptor assay. We conclude that this Ah receptor signaling assay may be useful for preliminary biomonitoring of samples for PAHs and other Ah receptor ligands.
In situ DRIFTS studies of high-temperature water-gas shift reaction on chromium-free iron oxide catalysts (2011)

The identification of reaction surface intermediates in the high-temperature water-gas shift reaction on iron oxide unpromoted and promoted MgO, SiO 2 and TiO 2 has been studied via diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The dosing of the gas mixture CO + H 2 O onto reduced Fe 2 O 3 /MgO as a function of reaction temperature produced formate species (1720, 1630 and 1370 cm −1 ) as a surface intermediate. On reduced Fe 2 O 3 /TiO 2 only bands characteristic of carbonate species (1630 and 1550 cm −1 ) are observed. A direct correlation between catalytic activity and acid/base properties of our catalysts is established. The Fe 2 O 3 /MgO basic catalyst is 100 times more active than the acidic catalyst Fe 2 O 3 /SiO 2 .
Influences of bracket bonding on mutans streptococcus in plaque detected by real time fluorescence-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (2005)

0.05), and among the incisors using and not using fluoride adhesive (P>0.05).Conclusions The increase of the density of MS in plaque after bracket bonding is one of the etiological factors for enamel demineralization in orthodontic patients. The result of this study did not support what we observed clinically that the incidence of enamel demineralization for lateral incisors was higher than that for central incisors. Using fluoride adhesive for bonding did not affect the amount of MS in plaque in our study. Further study is needed.
To Freeze or Not to Freeze? Invertebrate Survival of Sub-Zero Temperatures (1991)

Low temperature tolerance in invertebrates is complex, and is compounded by a great diversity of response to cold temperatures even within a single taxon such as the insects. Invertebrates inhabit a very wide range of terrestrial environments, in which the physical conditions may fluctuate both daily and over a longer time span, and hence their response to a single physical variable such as temperature is far from uniform. Block (1990) emphasized the need to distinguish between the responses of insects to temperatures just above 0'C (non-freezing) and sub-zero temperatures (potentially freezing). This paper is concerned with the latter suite of responses. Ecophysiologists have attempted to synthesize information on low temperature tolerance of invertebrates, particularly for arthropods. For example, from the ecological perspective this has been attempted by Downes (1964), Danks (1978), Bale (1989) and S0mme (1989), whilst Baust & Rojas (1985), Zachariassen (1985), Cannon & Block (1988), and Storey & Storey (1988, 1989) have incorporated a physiological-biochemical approach. There is not, at present, a universally accepted theory of cold tolerance applicable to invertebrates generally, but several recent developments suggest that a, reassessment is timely. In this paper one particular aspect of low temperature tolerance is highlighted; if an invertebrate can tolerate and survive the effects of freezing. The phenomena of freezing tolerance and intolerance are briefly discussed together with their perceived advantages and disadvantages. The question of switching from one to the other is addressed and proposals are made for future experimental work to resolve some of the outstanding problems.
Nanotribology and Nanofabrication of MoO <sub>3</sub> Structures by Atomic Force Microscopy (1996)

Atomic force microscopy was used to characterize the sliding of molybdenum oxide (MoO3) nanocrystals on single-crystal molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) surfaces. Highly anisotropic friction was observed whereby MoO3 nanocrystals moved only along specific directions of the MoS2 surface lattice. The energy per unit area to move the MoO3 nanocrystals along their preferred sliding direction was an order of magnitude less than required to slide macroscopic MoS2-bearing contacts. This extreme friction anisotropy was exploited to fabricate multicomponent MoO3 nanostructures. These reversibly interlocking structures could serve as the basis for devices such as mechanical logic gates.