gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Improved Baseline for Torque Vectoring Controller Comparisons of Four-Wheel-Independent-Drive Electric Vehicles (2021)

The current approach for controller comparisons utilises the passive vehicle as a baseline, which does not fully demonstrate the advantages of four-wheel-independent-drive electric vehicles. This paper presents an algorithm to improve upon existing baseline torque vectoring strategies. Two controllers which were simple and easy to implement were selected: a normal-force proportional controller, and a causal controller. The maximum requirements for these were measurements of steering angle, lateral acceleration, and longitudinal acceleration. This ensured the tested strategies were easily implementable on a vehicle with low additional overhead. The torque scaling algorithm aims to improve the longitudinal performance of the vehicle compared to the standard torque vectoring controllers without modification. By improving longitudinal dynamics with limited loss in lateral dynamics, the overall performance of the vehicle can be improved depending on the given driving task, providing a better reference point. The torque vectoring controllers increased lateral performance compared to the passive vehicle. With the addition of the torque scaling algorithm, lateral performance remained within 1% of the respective controllers. Over an autocross lap, the algorithm (used with the normal-force proportional controller) produced the fastest lap time and second-lowest energy consumption. This was an improvement of over 1/10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> s (over 60s lap) in lap time and a 9% reduction in energy consumption compared to the passive vehicle.
Review on Emotion Recognition Based on Electroencephalography (2021)

Emotions are closely related to human behavior, family, and society. Changes in emotions can cause differences in electroencephalography (EEG) signals, which show different emotional states and are not easy to disguise. EEG-based emotion recognition has been widely used in human-computer interaction, medical diagnosis, military, and other fields. In this paper, we describe the common steps of an emotion recognition algorithm based on EEG from data acquisition, preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection to classifier. Then, we review the existing EEG-based emotional recognition methods, as well as assess their classification effect. This paper will help researchers quickly understand the basic theory of emotion recognition and provide references for the future development of EEG. Moreover, emotion is an important representation of safety psychology.
LEUKOCYTE ADHESION AND CELL DEATH FOLLOWING ORTHOTOPIC LIVER TRANSPLANTATION IN THE RAT (1991)

The purpose of these experiments was to employ video microscopy to identify early pathological changes after orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat. Liver transplantation was performed using the cuff technique. Survival was greater than 90% when livers were stored for 1 hr in Ringer's solution prior to transplantation (survival conditions), whereas all rats died following storage of grafts for 4 hr in cold Euro-Collins solution (nonsurvival conditions). Postoperatively, each recipient animal was anesthetized, the abdomen was opened, and the liver was placed on the stage of an inverted fluorescence microscope equipped with a low-light ISIT video camera. Precautions were taken to prevent the liver surface from drying. The fluorescent dyes fluorescein sodium (1.0 mumol/kg), acridine orange (2.5 mumol/kg), and propidium iodide (1 mumol/kg) were injected intravenously to label hepatocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and the nuclei of irreversibly damaged cells, respectively. In livers from untransplanted rats, movement of labeled leukocytes through the hepatic sinusoids was smooth and rapid (velocity, 500-550 microns/sec) and margination (adhesion) of cells was minimal (less than 1%). After transplantation, however, velocity was diminished 2-3-fold, and margination was increased to 10% of leukocytes in survival groups and to 40% in nonsurvival groups 4 hr postoperatively. In the nonsurvival groups, irreversible cell death detected by propidium iodide fluorescence was minimal 15 min after transplantation--however, massive cell damage was detected 4 hr postoperatively. In addition, serum transaminases and necrosis were higher at 4 hr than 15 min postoperatively. Taken together, these data demonstrate that leukocyte margination increases following orthotopic liver transplantation and is followed rapidly by cell death. These events likely play a role in the mechanism of early graft failure following transplantation.
Culture model of human corneal epithelium for prediction of ocular drug absorption. (2001)

The TER, morphology, and permeability of the cultured corneal epithelial cells resemble those of the intact cornea. This cell culture model may be useful in evaluation of corneal drug permeation and its mechanisms.
Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships of the First Ferrocenyl-Aryl-Hydantoin Derivatives of the Nonsteroidal Antiandrogen Nilutamide (2008)

We present here the first synthesis of organometallic complexes derived from the nonsteroidal antiandrogen nilutamide, bearing a ferrocenyl substituent at position N(1) or at C(5) of the hydantoin ring; for comparison, we also describe the C(5) p-anisyl organic analogue. All of these complexes retain a modest affinity for the androgen receptor. The N-substituted complexes show a weak or moderate antiproliferative effect (IC 50 around 68 microM) on hormone-dependent and -independent prostate cancer cells, while the C(5)-substituted compounds exhibit toxicity levels 10 times higher (IC 50 around 5.4 microM). This strong antiproliferative effect is probably due to a structural effect linked to the aromatic character of the ferrocene rather than to its organometallic feature. In addition, it seems connected to a cytotoxic effect rather than an antihormonal one. These results open the way toward a new family of molecules that are active against both hormone-dependent and hormone-independent prostate cancer cells.
A simple and efficient synchronous rectifier for forward DC-DC converters (2002)

A simple and efficient MOSFET synchronous rectification circuit suitable for forward DC-DC power converters is proposed. The main feature of this circuit is the addition of a capacitor in parallel with the drain source of the MOSFET used as a rectifying device. This capacitor extends the conduction period of the MOSFET used as a freewheeling device. As a result, a 92% efficiency at 5 V for 10 A output is achieved.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis and Reactivity of Ruthenium and Platinum Amido and Carbene Complexes: Application Toward Carbon-Nitrogen Bond Forming Reactions (2005)

Ru carbene complexes have been investigated for potential application toward carbon-nitrogen bond forming and breaking reactions. The reactivity of Grubbs-type olefin metathesis catalysts (Cl)2(L)(L')Ru=CHPh (L = L' = PCy3 or PPh3; L = PCy3 and L' = H2MesNHC) has been studied with cyclic and acyclic imines. The Ru benzylidene complex (Cl)2(PCy3)2Ru=CHPh undergoes a ligand exchange reaction with 1-pyrroline at room temperature, and oligomerizes 1-pyrroline at 90 oC. The low molecular weight poly(1-pyrroline) has been isolated and characterized. The Ru benzylidene complex has no reactivity toward acyclic imine C=N bonds, but reacts with enamine C=C bonds that form through tautomerization of imines. \n\nThe Ru amido complexes, (PCP)Ru(CO)(NHPh) and (PCP)Ru(CO)(NHPh)(PMe3) (PCP = 2,6-(CH2P-t-Bu2)C6H3), have been synthesized and characterized. Reaction of (PCP)Ru(CO)(NHPh)(PMe3) with acetonitrile produces the amidinate complex (PCP)Ru(CO)(NHC(Me)NPh). Kinetic studies have demonstrated the formation of the amidinate complex occurs through dissociation of the PMe3 ligand, coordination of MeCN, and intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the amido ligand toward MeCN. The intramolecular nucleophilic attack reaction has been extensively studied with aromatic nitriles, carbodiimides, isocyanates, carboxamides and aldehydes. Reaction of (PCP)Ru(CO)(NHC(Me)NPh) with pentafluorobenzonitrile results in formation of a new amidinate complex (PCP)Ru(CO)(NHC(C6F5)NPh). The complex (PCP)Ru(CO)(NHC(C6F5)NPh) can initiate a C-F bond cleavage reaction of C6F5CN with ortho regioselectivity in the presence of ROH (R = H or Me).\n\nReaction of five-coordinate complex (PCP)Ru(CO)(OTf) (OTf = OSO2CF3) with NaBAr'4 (Ar' = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) under different conditions results in formation of [(PCP)Ru(CO)(ClCH2Cl)][BAr'4], [(PCP)Ru(CO)(N2)][BAr'4] or [(PCP)Ru(CO)(FC6H5)][BAr'4]. Calculations have confirmed that the possible four-coordinate Ru complex with double agostic interactions has a higher ground state energy than these five-coordinate complexes with labile ligands. The coupling reaction of the carbene or vinylidene ligand with the aryl ipso carbon of the PCP ligand has been observed upon reaction of [(PCP)Ru(CO)(ClCH2Cl)][BAr'4] with PhCHN2 or PhCCH. Calculations have supported that the Ru carbene or vinylidene intermediate is formed, and that the coupling reaction is thermodynamically favored.\n\nThe Pt(IV) amido systems are studied with potential application toward C-H activation and polymerization sequences. Preliminary studies include isolation of a Pt(IV) amido complex (NCN)Pt(Me)2(NHPh) (NCN = 2,6-(pyrazol-1-yl-CH2)C6H3).
<i><scp>ADIPOQ</scp></i> polymorphism rs182052 is associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (2015)

Recent studies have indicated that low circulating adiponectin concentrations are associated with a higher risk of several cancers, including renal cell carcinoma. In this case-control study, we examined the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs182052G>A, rs266729C>G, and rs3774262G>A) in the adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) in 1004 patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) compared with a group of healthy subjects (n = 1108). Fasting serum adiponectin concentrations were also examined. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The association of serum adiponectin concentration with genetic variants was calculated using a multivariate linear regression model. A significantly higher ccRCC risk was associated with the rs182052 variant A allele (adjusted OR, 1.36 and 95% CI, 1.07-1.74 for AA vs GG, P = 0.013; adjusted OR, 1.27 and 95% CI, 1.04-1.56 for AA vs GG+AG, P = 0.019), and this positive association was more evident in overweight subjects. Fasting serum adiponectin was lower in subjects carrying A alleles of rs182052 in both ccRCC patients (β = -0.399, P = 0.018) and healthy controls (β = -0.371, P = 0.024). These results suggest that ADIPOQ rs182052 is significantly associated with ccRCC risk.
Compiling the uncompilable: A case for shell script compilation (2010)

Shells, as command interpreters, are the classical way for humans to interact with computing systems, and modern shell features have extended this basic functionality with higher-level programming language constructs. Although implementing compilation in these shell languages is generally unprofitable and intractable, many advantages, such as isolation, filesystem abstraction, security, portability, parallelization and locality optimization are possible, using standard compilation techniques. While compilation is not possible for all scripts, there exist shell scripts of a class that are, in practice, both profitable and tractable to compile and execute. This class of scripts is prevalent in the scientific computing community, where scripts are commonly used to automate data processing sequences. We describe a prototype shell compilation and implementation for these scripts, noting advantages and challenges, and illustrating the significant performance potential available. Our results show that shell compilation is a viable means of automatically identifying and exploiting high-level program parallelism using existing sequential script specification and without requiring reimplementation. Key words: programming languages, shell languages, domain-specific language, command interpreters, optimizing compiler, locality optimization, parallel
Ethylene Polymerization by Palladium Alkyl Complexes Containing Bis(aryl)phosphino-toluenesulfonate Ligands (2007)

The reaction of L′2PdR2 (L′ = pyridine (py), pyridazine; L′2 = cyclooctadiene, TMEDA) with 2-{(2-OMe-Ph)2P}-4-Me-benzenesulfonic acid ([PO-OMe]H, [1a]H) or 2-{(2-Et-Ph)2P}-4-Me-benzenesulfonic acid ([PO-Et]H, [1b]H) yields [PO-OMe]Pd(R)(L) (L = py, R = CH2SiMe3 (2a), CH2tBu (3a), CH2Ph (4a); R = Me, L = pyridazine (5a), py (6a), PPh3 (7a)) or [PO-Et]Pd(Me)(py) (6b). 2a and 6b have square-planar structures in which the alkyl group is cis to the phosphine and the [PO]Pd chelate rings are puckered. The reaction of 2a and 3a with B(C6F5)3 yields {[PO-OMe]Pd(R)}2 (R = CH2SiMe3 (8a), CH2tBu (9a)). 8a is a sulfonate-bridged dimer in the solid state. 2a, 6a, and 6b polymerize ethylene to linear polyethylene that contains low levels of Me branches, one C═C unit per chain (mostly 1- or 2-olefins), and Mn in the range 6000 to 19 000. 6a is slightly more active but produces polymers with similar molecular weight and structure compared to 6b. 6a copolymerizes ethylene and hexene at low ethylene pressure (5 atm), but no α-olefin incorporation is observed at high pressure (30 atm). An ethylene polymerization mechanism is proposed, which involves insertion and chain transfer of [PO]Pd(R)(ethylene) species (II) and ethylene trapping and much slower chain-walking of the [PO]Pd(CH2CH2R) species (III) formed by insertion of II.
The salivary peptide histatin‐1 promotes endothelial cell adhesion, migration, and angiogenesis (2017)

Saliva is a key factor that contributes to the high efficiency of wound healing in the oral mucosa. This is not only attributed to physical cues but also to the presence of specific peptides in the saliva, such as histatins. Histatin-1 is a 38 aa antimicrobial peptide, highly enriched in human saliva, which has been previously reported to promote the migration of oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts <i>in vitro</i> However, the participation of histatin-1 in other crucial events required for wound healing, such as angiogenesis, is unknown. Here we demonstrate that histatin-1 promotes angiogenesis, as shown <i>in vivo</i>, using the chick chorioallantoic membrane model, and by an <i>in vitro</i> tube formation assay, using both human primary cultured endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the EA.hy926 cell line. Specifically, histatin-1 promoted endothelial cell adhesion and spreading onto fibronectin, as well as endothelial cell migration in the wound closure and Boyden chamber assays. These actions required the activation of the Ras and Rab interactor 2 (RIN2)/Rab5/Rac1 signaling axis, as histatin-1 increased the recruitment of RIN2, a Rab5-guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) to early endosomes, leading to sequential Rab5/Rac1 activation. Accordingly, interfering with either Rab5 or Rac1 activities prevented histatin-1-dependent endothelial cell migration. Finally, by immunodepletion assays, we showed that salivary histatin-1 is required for the promigratory effects of saliva on endothelial cells. In conclusion, we report that salivary histatin-1 is a novel proangiogenic factor that may contribute to oral wound healing.-Torres, P., Díaz, J., Arce, M., Silva, P., Mendoza, P., Lois, P., Molina-Berríos, A., Owen, G. I., Palma, V., Torres, V. A. The salivary peptide histatin-1 promotes endothelial cell adhesion, migration, and angiogenesis.
Role of Apollon in Human Melanoma Resistance to Antitumor Agents That Activate the Intrinsic or the Extrinsic Apoptosis Pathways (2012)

Targeting of Apollon may significantly improve melanoma cell death in response to antitumor agents that trigger the intrinsic or the extrinsic apoptosis pathways.
Phase I/II study of the pharmacokinetics, safety and antiretroviral activity of tenofovir alafenamide, a new prodrug of the HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir, in HIV-infected adults (2014)

Tenofovir alafenamide (formerly GS-7340) is a new oral prodrug of tenofovir, a nucleotide analogue that inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcription. Unlike the currently marketed tenofovir prodrug, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide is stable in plasma and then rapidly converted into tenofovir once inside cells. The pharmacokinetics, safety and antiviral activity of 40 or 120 mg of tenofovir alafenamide compared with 300 mg of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate when administered as monotherapy once daily for 14 days in HIV-1-infected, treatment-naive subjects was studied. Administration of 40 mg of tenofovir alafenamide for 14 days resulted in lower tenofovir Cmax (13 versus 207 ng/mL) and lower systemic exposures (AUC0–t, 383 versus 1810 ng · h/mL) compared with subjects who received tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. There were higher intracellular tenofovir concentrations within peripheral blood mononuclear cells with both 40 mg of tenofovir alafenamide (8.2 μM) and 120 mg of tenofovir alafenamide (16.9 μM) compared with 300 mg of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (0.9 μM). The most commonly observed adverse events were headache, nausea and flatulence, which occurred similarly across the three groups. After 14 days, the mean changes in HIV-1 RNA were −0.94 log10copies/mL for the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group, −1.57 log10 copies/mL for the 40 mg of tenofovir alafenamide group and −1.71 log10 copies/mL for the 120 mg of tenofovir alafenamide group. The mean first-phase HIV-1 RNA decay slopes were −0.36, −0.63 and −0.64 for the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group, the 40 mg of tenofovir alafenamide group and the 120 mg of tenofovir alafenamide group, respectively. No resistance mutations to either tenofovir alafenamide or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate were detected. Tenofovir alafenamide, a new once-daily oral prodrug of tenofovir, showed more potent anti-HIV-1 activity and higher intracellular tenofovir levels compared with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, while maintaining lower plasma tenofovir exposure at 40 mg with good tolerability over 14 days of monotherapy.
Development of Stepwise Osteogenesis-mimicking Matrices for the Regulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Functions (2009)

An extracellular microenvironment, including an extracellular matrix (ECM), is an important factor in regulating stem cell differentiation. During tissue development, the ECM is dynamically remodeled to regulate stem cell functions. Here, we developed matrices mimicking ECM remodeling during the osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The matrices were prepared from cultured MSCs controlled at different stages of osteogenesis and referred to as "stepwise osteogenesis-mimicking matrices." The matrices supported the adhesion and proliferation of MSCs and showed different effects on the osteogenesis of MSCs. On the matrices mimicking the early stage of osteogenesis (early stage matrices), the osteogenesis occurred more rapidly than did that on the matrices mimicking undifferentiated stem cells (stem cell matrices) and the late stage of osteogenesis (late stage matrices). RUNX2 was similarly expressed when MSCs were cultured on both the early stage and late stage matrices but decreased on the stem cell matrices. PPARG expression in the MSCs cultured on the late stage matrices was higher than for those cultured on the stem cell and early stage matrices. This increase of PPARG expression was caused by the suppression of the amount of beta-catenin and downstream signal transduction. These results demonstrate that the osteogenesis-mimicking matrices had different effects on the osteogenesis of MSCs, and the early stage matrices provided a favorable microenvironment for the osteogenesis.
Interpreting contemporary trends in atmospheric methane (2019)

Atmospheric methane plays a major role in controlling climate, yet contemporary methane trends (1982-2017) have defied explanation with numerous, often conflicting, hypotheses proposed in the literature. Specifically, atmospheric observations of methane from 1982 to 2017 have exhibited periods of both increasing concentrations (from 1982 to 2000 and from 2007 to 2017) and stabilization (from 2000 to 2007). Explanations for the increases and stabilization have invoked changes in tropical wetlands, livestock, fossil fuels, biomass burning, and the methane sink. Contradictions in these hypotheses arise because our current observational network cannot unambiguously link recent methane variations to specific sources. This raises some fundamental questions: (<i>i</i>) What do we know about sources, sinks, and underlying processes driving observed trends in atmospheric methane? (<i>ii</i>) How will global methane respond to changes in anthropogenic emissions? And (<i>iii</i>), What future observations could help resolve changes in the methane budget? To address these questions, we discuss potential drivers of atmospheric methane abundances over the last four decades in light of various observational constraints as well as process-based knowledge. While uncertainties in the methane budget exist, they should not detract from the potential of methane emissions mitigation strategies. We show that net-zero cost emission reductions can lead to a declining atmospheric burden, but can take three decades to stabilize. Moving forward, we make recommendations for observations to better constrain contemporary trends in atmospheric methane and to provide mitigation support.
Parameters Affecting the Formation of 1,2-Propanediol from Glycerol over Ru/SiO<sub>2</sub> Catalyst (2011)

The production of 1,2-propanediol from renewable glycerol in hydrogen atmosphere is of high interest. In this study the reaction was performed in the presence of 5 wt %Ru/SiO2 catalyst and the effects of reaction temperature, hydrogen pressure and glycerol concentration were investigated. The catalytic results indicate that increased temperature and pressure favor glycerol conversion and propylene glycol selectivity. Glycerol conversion remains almost constant with water dilution, but 1,2-propanediol selectivity increases due to the function of water as a solvent and the suppression of side reactions, such as degradation and polymerization. At the optimum reaction conditions (T = 240 °C, P = 8 MPa H2, pure glycerol feedstock, catalyst/glycerol ratio = 0.006, reaction time = 5 h) glycerol conversion reaches the value of 21.7% along with 60.5% 1,2-propanediol selectivity. The activity of the catalyst does not change in two consecutive runs, while propylene glycol selectivity slightly decreases due to the formation of overhydrogenolysis products (propanols). The reaction pathways over Ru/SiO2 catalyst were explored using intermediate and final products as reactants. The production of 1,2-propanediol is favorable as it is formed with high selectivity from acetol and its overhydrogenolysis to propanols is very limited. The results suggest that ethylene glycol is a primary product originating from the direct degradation of glycerol.
<title>Writing diffractive structures by optical trapping</title> (1995)

Optical forces, such as radiation pressure and the gradient force, are used to trap microscopic size dielectric particles. Regular arrays of optical traps can be constructed interferometrically, and more complex assemblages of traps could be made through holographic-type set-ups. Such optical-well arrays are useful in writing and erasing dynamic gratings. Two-dimensional `optical crystals', composed of monodispersed polystyrene spheres in water, display high diffraction efficiencies and low noise level, thanks respectively to a very high index modulation, and to the very small size dispersion of the scatterers. Many dielectric micro- objects can be arranged in such trap assemblies to form diffractive structures. This is the case in particular for biological materials such as bacteria or other organisms currently trapped with laser tweezers. The possibilities of manufacturing 3D diffractive structures are explored.