gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical vector clock: scalable plausible clock for detecting causality in large distributed systems (2003)

Modern ATM networks possess a multilevel hierarchical structure, where certain sets of physical or logical nodes are grouped together according to physical, geographical, and/or administrative consideration. A distributed application running on top of such network may contain thousands of sites belonging to different logical nodes with the transport channels between them extending through multiple domain boundaries and crossing multiple hierarchical levels. While knowledge of causality between the events in such a system is essential for analyzing the system behavior and ensuring the correct operation through solving various problems related to mutual exclusion, consistency maintenance, fault tolerance and recovery, etc., the accurate tracking of the causality information may be infeasible due to the system's size and lifespan. For example, the communication and storage overhead involved in using the conventional vector clock, which allows causality to be completely characterized, is linear in the number of sites of a distributed system. In this paper we propose a new logical time system, called hierarchical vector clock or HVC, which allows causality to be detected between events in a large distributed system with a high degree of accuracy, while being ideally suited for the hierarchical structure of an underlying network and able to scale gracefully with the increasing number of distributed sites.
Molecular and Biological Analysis of Eight Genetic Islands That Distinguish <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> from the Closely Related Pathogen <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> (2000)

The pathogenic species Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae cause dramatically different diseases despite strong relatedness at the genetic and biochemical levels. N. meningitidis can cross the blood-brain barrier to cause meningitis and has a propensity for toxic septicemia unlike N. gonorrhoeae. We previously used subtractive hybridization to identify DNA sequences which might encode functions specific to bacteremia and invasion of the meninges because they are specific to N. meningitidis and absent from N. gonorrhoeae. In this report we show that these sequences mark eight genetic islands that range in size from 1.8 to 40 kb and whose chromosomal location is constant. Five of these genetic islands were conserved within a representative set of strains and/or carried genes with homologies to known virulence factors in other species. These were deleted, and the mutants were tested for correlates of virulence in vitro and in vivo. This strategy identified one island, region 8, which is needed to induce bacteremia in an infant rat model of meningococcal infection. Region 8 encodes a putative siderophore receptor and a disulfide oxidoreductase. None of the deleted mutants was modified in its resistance to the bactericidal effect of serum. Neither were the mutant strains altered in their ability to interact with endothelial cells, suggesting that such interactions are not encoded by large genetic islands in N. meningitidis.
Electron-Beam Apparatus for Testing Lwir Detectors in a Cryogenically Shielded Environment (1987)

A Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) has been modified to probe infrared detectors operating in a cryogenically shielded environment. A reduced infrared photon background is obtained by incorporating the SEM objective aperture as part of a liquid helium cooled radiation shield which surrounds the device under test. Use of this equipment will facilitate determination of the response mechanisms of long wavelength detectors to ionizing radiation.
Depolarization Behavior of Ti Deposition at Liquid Metal Cathodes in a NaCl-KCl-KF Melt (2019)

Owing to the low-cost and fast process, molten salt electrolysis is considered as a novel method to replace the Kroll process for preparing titanium. However, this process has not been fully realized because of the multi-step reduction and complicated disproportionation behaviors of multivalent titanium ions in melt. To address such critical problems, here we use liquid metals (Sn and Pb) as the cathode instead of solid metal cathode (Mo) during the electrolysis, in which the reduction process of Ti3+ (TiF63−) becomes a simple one-step process (Ti3+ + 3e = Ti (alloys)). Also, the deposition potential is more positive (>0.5 V) than that using solid Mo, owing to the depolarizing effect of the liquid metals. One-step process and depolarization behavior are favorable to increase the current efficiency, effectively decreasing the power consumption in comparison with the conventional electrolysis at solid metal cathodes. Similar to the electrolytic production of aluminum in Hall-Heroult system, there would be a continuous electrolysis process because the product is liquid alloy in this system.
Mechanism of stroke enhancement by coiling in carbon nanotube hybrid yarn artificial muscles (presentation video) (2014)

Twisted carbon nanotube yarns have been shown to develop useful torsional and tensile actuation. Particularly useful are those hybrid yarns that incorporate a volume-changing guest material into the yarn pore space. Changing guest volume causes concomitant untwisting and shortening of the twisted yarn. Intriguingly, the magnitude of the tensile actuation can be increased by an order of magnitude by inserting such high twist into the fiber as to cause coiling. The mechanism of coil-induced stroke enhancement is investigated using ordinary spring mechanics and it is shown that tensile actuation can be adequately predicted from the coil and yarn geometries.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Bioconjugation of Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters toward Biological Labeling Applications (2009)

Synthesis of ultrasmall water-soluble fluorescent gold nanoclusters is reported. The clusters have a decent quantum yield, high colloidal stability, and can be readily conjugated with biological molecules. Specific staining of cells and nonspecific uptake by living cells is demonstrated.
Inactivation of Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein Enhances Optic Nerve Regeneration (2003)

CNS regeneration in higher vertebrates is a long sought after goal in neuroscience. The lack of regeneration is attributable in part to inhibitory factors found in myelin (Caroni and Schwab, 1988a). Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is an abundant myelin protein that inhibits neurite outgrowth in vitro (McKerracher et al., 1994; Mukhopadhyay et al., 1994), but its role in regeneration remains controversial. To address this role, we performed nerve crush on embryonic day 15 chick retina-optic nerve explants and then acutely eliminated MAG function along the nerve using chromophore-assisted laser inactivation (CALI). CALI of MAG permitted significant regrowth of retinal axons past the site of lesion containing CNS myelin in contrast to various control treatments. Electron microscopy of the site of nerve crush shows abundant regenerating axons crossing the gap. When crushed optic nerve was retrogradely labeled at the nerve stump, no labeling of retinal neurons was observed. In contrast, labeling of CALI of MAG-treated crushed optic nerve showed significant retinal labeling (89 +/- 16 cells per square millimeter), a value indistinguishable from that seen with non-crushed nerve (98 +/- 13 cells per square millimeter). These findings implicate MAG as an important component of the myelin-derived inhibition of nerve regeneration. The acute loss of MAG function can promote significant axon growth across a site of CNS nerve damage.
Coarray Tensor Completion for DOA Estimation (2023)

Sparse array direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation using tensor model has been developed to handle multi-dimensional sub-Nyquist sampled signals. Furthermore, augmented virtual arrays can be derived for Nyquist-matched coarray tensor processing. However, the partially augmentable sparse array corresponds to a discontinuous virtual array, whereas the existing methods can only utilize its continuous part. Conventional virtual linear array interpolation techniques complete coarray covariance matrices with dispersed missing elements, but fail to complete the coarray tensor with whole missing slices. In this paper, we propose a coarray tensor completion algorithm for two-dimensional DOA estimation, where the coarray tensor statistics can be entirely exploited. In particular, in order to impose an effective low-rank regularization on the slice-missing coarray tensor, we propose shift dimensional augmenting and coarray tensor reshaping approaches to reformulate a structured coarray tensor with sufficiently dispersed missing elements. Furthermore, the shape of the reformulated coarray tensor is optimized by maximizing the dispersion-to-percentage ratio of missing elements. As such, a coarray tensor nuclear norm minimization problem can be designed to optimize the completed coarray tensor corresponding to a filled virtual array, based on which the closed-form DOA estimation is achieved. Meanwhile, the global convergence of the coarray tensor completion is theoretically proved. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm compared to other matrix-based and tensor-based methods.
ITQ-16, a new zeolite family of the beta group with different proportions of polymorphs A, B and C (2001)

ITQ-16 is a new zeolite family formed by polymorphs A, B and C of the beta intergrowth in which the proportion of polymorph C can be controlled by changing the organic structure directing agent and/or by changing the Ge content of the synthesis gel; ITQ-16 can be synthesised either in fluoride or fluoride-free medium and Al can be introduced in the framework giving a material with very strong Brönsted acidity.
Combining transmission geometry laser ablation and a non‐contact continuous flow surface sampling probe/electrospray emitter for mass spectrometry based chemical imaging (2011)

This paper describes the coupling of ambient pressure transmission geometry laser ablation with a liquid-phase sample collection into a continuous flow surface sampling probe/electrospray emitter for mass spectrometry based chemical imaging. The flow probe/emitter device was placed in close proximity to the surface to collect the sample plume produced by laser ablation. The sample collected was immediately aspirated into the probe and onto the electrospray emitter, ionized and detected with the mass spectrometer. Freehand drawn ink lines and letters and an inked fingerprint on microscope slides were analyzed. The circular laser ablation area was about 210 µm in diameter and under the conditions used in these experiments the spatial resolution, as determined by the size of the surface features distinguished in the chemical images, was about 100 µm.
Apolipoprotein B messenger RNA editing is developmentally regulated and widely expressed in human tissues (1990)

Apolipoprotein B (apoB) messenger RNA (mRNA) undergoes posttranscriptional (C to U) editing, producing tissue-specific forms of apoB from the unedited (apoB100) and edited (apoB48) transcripts. ApoB mRNA editing is developmentally regulated in human fetal small intestine, producing parallel changes in the synthesis and secretion of apoB100 and apoB48. Neither fetal nor adult liver contained detectable levels (less than 1%) of edited apoB mRNA. By contrast, apoB mRNA is incrementally edited during development in several extraintestinal fetal tissues. These tissues demonstrated significant differences, however, in both the extent and developmental profile of apoB mRNA editing. Additionally, while apoB100 synthesis and secretion was demonstrated in these tissues, apoB48 synthesis was confined to the small intestine. Thus, although the molecular mechanism underlying this process remains unclear, the capacity to edit apoB mRNA is widely distributed among both fetal and adult tissues. We speculate that the asynchronous and developmentally modulated induction of apoB mRNA editing may provide a novel mechanism for regulating lipoprotein biogenesis in both the developing fetus and adult human.
A novel system for panoramic video surveillance (1997)

A panoramic imaging system, for monitoring a space, comprises a single camera and a dome-like convex mirror. The camera is mounted relative to the mirror so that at least most of the surface of the mirror is within the field of view of the camera. The mirror has an elevation gain, ଱, greater than 3 and a profile which (a) ensures that radiation from at least most of the space is reflected by the mirror onto the image plane of the camera, and (b) satisfied the relationship, in polar co-ordinates,SinA+0.5(1+଱)θ!=C.r.-0.5(1+଱)!where C is a constant and A specifies the inclination of the profile to the optical axis of the camera at the point on the mirror which is closest to the aperture lens of the camera. The camera may be an electronic camera having a charge coupled device (CCD) sensor at its image plane, and the processed image of the space produced by the camera may be displayed on a monitor screen as a dewarped image. A motion sensing algorithm may be included in the image processing system of the electronic camera to generate an alarm when motion is sensed in the space.
Racial differences in the inhibition of calcineurin in stimulated T cells (2008)

The introduction of calcineurin inhibitors (CIs) greatly improved short‐term graft survival but long‐term outcomes have not significantly improved. While multiple factors can effect organ survival, as a group, African American (AA) transplant recipients suffer higher rates of rejection than other racial groups. Despite intense effort, no explanation for this difference has been identified. The aim of this study was to determine if differences in sensitivity to CIs contributes to racial disparities. T cells were isolated from control volunteers and renal transplant recipients and calcineurin stimulation and response to CIs was determined. T cell CaN activity was significantly increased in response to CD3/CD28 co‐stimulation in control but not transplant subjects. Despite comparable blood levels of FK506, T cell activation was markedly higher in AA patients compared to Caucasians (CC). Similarly, both FK506 and cyclosporin A failed to inhibit calcineurin activity in T cells of AA control subjects. Finally, increased stimulation of CaN activity was associated with elevated production of cytokines including IL‐3, IL‐4, and TGFâ. Consistent with this, AA transplant patients had significantly higher serum levels of TGFâ compared to CC. These data suggest that reduced efficacy of CIs at blocking T cell calcineurin activity may contribute to worse long‐term outcomes of AA patients.
Partial A1 Adenosine Receptor Agonists from a Molecular Perspective and Their Potential Use as Chronic Ventricular Rate Control Agents During Atrial Fibrillation (AF) (2004)

This review provides a molecular perspective of partial agonism at the A(1) adenosine receptor. The structure-activity relationships (SAR) for affinity and intrinsic efficacy of analogues of the full agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) are emphasized. Both general models of activation of G protein-coupled receptors and specific molecular models of the A(1)-adenosine receptor are used to interpret the results of efforts to synthesize and assay effects of partial agonists. The SAR of affinity and intrinsic efficacy of the 2', 3', and especially the 5'-deoxy derivatives of CPA is presented. From this analysis, the nature of the interactions of specific atoms and substituents of the CPA molecule with the A(1)-adenosine receptor are deduced and presented pictorially. As an example of the therapeutic potential of partial agonists, the design and testing of analogues of CPA to provide chronic ventricular rate control during atrial fibrillation is described. The challenges associated with designing a partial A(1)-adenosine receptor agonist for providing chronic ventricular rate control during atrial fibrillation are many. To meet these challenges, further medicinal chemistry efforts in the area of partial A(1)-adenosine receptor agonism are still needed.
Acmimycin, a New Aminoglycoside Antibiotic (1986)

Journal Article Acmimycin, a New Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Get access Masashi Awata, Masashi Awata Research Laboratories, Toyo Jozo Co., Ltd., Ohito, Shizuoka 410–23, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mitsuo Hayashi, Mitsuo Hayashi Research Laboratories, Toyo Jozo Co., Ltd., Ohito, Shizuoka 410–23, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Naoki Muto, Naoki Muto Research Laboratories, Toyo Jozo Co., Ltd., Ohito, Shizuoka 410–23, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Hideo Sakakibara Hideo Sakakibara Research Laboratories, Toyo Jozo Co., Ltd., Ohito, Shizuoka 410–23, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 50, Issue 1, 1 January 1986, Pages 239–241, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1986.10867367 Published: 01 January 1986 Article history Received: 18 April 1985 Published: 01 January 1986
Conceptual Design Development of Coal-to-Methanol Process with Carbon Capture and Utilization (2020)

Methanol is a clean fuel and an important feedstock for the petrochemical industry. Conventionally, the coal-to-methanol process generates a substantial amount of CO2 emissions with a low yield of methanol. In this study, we propose the conceptual design development of coal-to-methanol process using captured CO2 from the gasification plant by implying process intensification. The base case and three alternative designs have been developed using the Aspen Plus to analyze the process performance. The four designs have been compared in terms of their energy consumption, economics, methanol production rate, and carbon emissions while maintaining the gasifier operation conditions, sulfur content in the syngas, and stoichiometric number at the methanol synthesis reactor. Among the developed designs, the most feasible design requires an energy requirement and product cost of 21.9 GJ and $142.5 per ton of methanol product. The study also showed that the coal-to-methanol process assisted with external hydrogen from electrolysis plant for achieving higher production rates and low CO2 emissions is currently not economical due to the high H2 cost.
Enantiodivergence in Small-Molecule Catalysis of Asymmetric Phosphorylation:  Concise Total Syntheses of the Enantiomeric <scp>d</scp>-<i>m</i><i>yo</i>-Inositol-1-phosphate and <scp>d</scp>-<i>m</i><i>yo</i>-Inositol-3-phosphate (2002)

Peptide-based catalysts have been found that catalyze the enantiodivergent phosphorylation of a meso myo-inositol-derived triol (1). The sequential screening of random peptide libraries, followed by the evaluation of a focused library, led to the identification of two peptides (2 and 24) that are complementary in producing enantiomeric D-myo-inositol-1-phosphate and D-myo-inositol-3-phosphate derivatives. The catalysts were then used to complete efficient total syntheses of both D-I-1P and D-I-3P in optically pure form. Additional information is gleaned from relative rate experiments that unambiguously show the catalysts to afford enantioselection through rate accelerative pathways with respect to simple achiral alkylimidazole catalysts. Furthermore, solvent effect studies show that the two enantiodivergent catalysts exhibit different tolerances of polar media. The systematic discovery of site-selective catalysts establishes a basis for future studies of chiral catalysts that differentiate unique functional groups in polyfunctional molecules.
Physically Independent Stream Merging (2012)

A facility for merging equivalent data streams can support multiple capabilities in a data stream management system (DSMS), such as query-plan switching and high availability. One can logically view a data stream as a temporal table of events, each associated with a lifetime (time interval) over which the event contributes to output. In many applications, the "same" logical stream may present itself physically in multiple physical forms, for example, due to disorder arising in transmission or from combining multiple sources, and modifications of earlier events. Merging such streams correctly is challenging when the streams may differ physically in timing, order, and composition. This paper introduces a new stream operator called Logical Merge (LMerge) that takes multiple logically consistent streams as input and outputs a single stream that is compatible with all of them. LMerge can handle the dynamic attachment and detachment of input streams. We present a range of algorithms for LMerge that can exploit compile-time stream properties for efficiency. Experiments with Stream Insight, a commercial DSMS, show that LMerge is sometimes orders-of-magnitude more efficient than enforcing determinism on inputs, and that there is benefit to using specialized algorithms when stream variability is limited. We also show that LMerge and its extensions can provide performance benefits in several real-world applications.
Index change of chalcogenide materials from precision glass molding processes (2015)

With the increase in demand for infrared optics for thermal applications and the use of glass molding of chalcogenide materials to support these higher volume optical designs, an investigation of changes to the optical properties of these materials is required. Typical precision glass molding requires specific thermal conditions for proper lens molding of any type of optical glass. With these conditions a change (reduction) of optical index occurs after molding of all oxide glass types and it is presumed that a similar behavior will happen with chalcogenide based materials. We will discuss the effects of a typical molding thermal cycle for use with commercially and newly developed chalcogenide materials and show results of index variation from nominally established material data.
Printable Cross-Linked Polymer Blend Dielectrics. Design Strategies, Synthesis, Microstructures, and Electrical Properties, with Organic Field-Effect Transistors as Testbeds (2008)

We report here the synthesis and dielectric properties of optimized, cross-linked polymer blend (CPB) dielectrics for application in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Novel silane cross-linking reagents enable the synthesis of CPB films having excellent quality and tunable thickness (from 10 to approximately 500 nm), fabricated both by spin-coating and gravure-printing. Silane reagents of the formula X 3Si-R-SiX 3 (R = -C 6H 12- and X = Cl, OAc, NMe 2, OMe, or R = -C 2H 4-O-C 2H 4- and X = OAc) exhibit tunable reactivity with hydroxyl-containing substrates. Dielectric films fabricated by blending X 3Si-R-SiX 3 with poly(4-vinyl)phenol (PVP) require very low-curing temperatures ( approximately 110 degrees C) and adhere tenaciously to a variety of FET gate contact materials such as n (+)-Si, ITO, and Al. The CPB dielectrics exhibit excellent insulating properties (leakage current densities of 10 (-7) approximately 10 (-8) A cm (-2) at 2.0 MV/cm) and tunable capacitance values (from 5 to approximately 350 nF cm (-2)). CPB film quality is correlated with the PVP-cross-linking reagent reactivity. OFETs are fabricated with both p- and n-type organic semiconductors using the CPB dielectrics function at low operating voltages. The morphology and microstructure of representative semiconductor films grown on the CPB dielectrics is also investigated and is correlated with OFET device performance.