gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Signature adaptive target detection and threshold selection for constant false alarm rate (2005)

A constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detection algorithm and a threshold selection algorithm are adapted and developed for use in multiband-image small-target detection. While it is often difficult to predict the spectral signatures of targets, the shape of the target may be known. This detection algorithm exploits geometric target features and spectral differences between the target and the surrounding area. The detection algorithm is derived from a general statistical model of the data with most emphasis on the background. The utility of CFAR algorithms is that the selection of a detection threshold can be made independently of image intensity. However, varied applications of the algorithms show that detection values are dependent on the scene adherence to the model. Achieving a CFAR in applications is very difficult. The threshold for a desired number of false alarms fluctuates with differing backgrounds. By appropriately mapping observations to the model, an automatic threshold selection algorithm is shown. Combining the CFAR-detection algorithm with the threshold selection algorithm produces a reliable constant false alarm rate.
Data from HSP90 Inhibitor–SN-38 Conjugate Strategy for Targeted Delivery of Topoisomerase I Inhibitor to Tumors (2023)

<div>Abstract<p>The clinical benefits of chemotherapy are commonly offset by insufficient drug exposures, narrow safety margins, and/or systemic toxicities. Over recent decades, a number of conjugate-based targeting approaches designed to overcome these limitations have been explored. Here, we report on an innovative strategy that utilizes HSP90 inhibitor–drug conjugates (HDC) for directed tumor targeting of chemotherapeutic agents. STA-12-8666 is an HDC that comprises an HSP90 inhibitor fused to SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan. Mechanistic analyses <i>in vitro</i> established that high-affinity HSP90 binding conferred by the inhibitor backbone could be exploited for conjugate accumulation within tumor cells. <i>In vivo</i> modeling showed that the HSP90 inhibitor moiety was required for selective retention of STA-12-8666, and this enrichment promoted extended release of active SN-38 within the tumor compartment. Indeed, controlled intratumoral payload release by STA-12-8666 contributed to a broad therapeutic window, sustained biomarker activity, and remarkable degree of efficacy and durability of response in multiple cell line and patient-derived xenograft models. Overall, STA-12-8666 has been developed as a unique HDC agent that employs a distinct mechanism of targeted drug delivery to achieve potent and sustained antitumor effects. These findings identify STA-12-8666 as a promising new candidate for evaluation as novel anticancer therapeutic. <i>Mol Cancer Ther; 14(11); 2422–32. ©2015 AACR</i>.</p></div>
Luminescence Spectral Properties of CdS Nanoparticles (1999)

We examined the steady state and time resolved luminescence spectral properties of two types of CdS nanoparticles. CdS nanoparticles formed in the presence of an amine-terminated dendrimer showed blue emission. The emission wavelength of these nanoparticles depended on the excitation wavelength. The CdS/dendrimer nanoparticles displayed polarized emission with the anisotropy rising progressively from 340 to 420 nm excitation, reaching a maximal value in excess of 0.3. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of a constant positive polarized emission from luminescent nanoparticles. We also examined a second type of nanoparticle, polyphosphate-stabilized CdS. These polyphosphate-stabilized nanoparticles displayed a longer wavelength red emission maximum and displayed a zero anisotropy for all excitation wavelengths. Both nanoparticles displayed strongly heterogeneous intensity decays with mean decay times of 93 ns and 10 <i>μ</i>s for the blue and red emitting particles, respectively. Both types of nanoparticles were found to be severalfold more photostable upon continuous illumination than fluorescein. Despite the long decay times, the nanoparticles are mostly insensitive to dissolved oxygen but were quenched by iodide. These results suggest that nanoparticles can provide a new class of luminophores for use in chemical sensing, DNA sequencing, high throughput screening and other biotechnology applications.
Quantitative reflection spectroscopy at the human ocular fundus (2002)

A new model of the reflection of the human ocular fundus on the basis of the adding-doubling method, an approximate solution of the radiative transport equation, is described. This model enables the calculation of the concentrations of xanthophyll in the retina, of melanin in the retinal pigment epithelium and the choroid, and of haemoglobin in the choroid from fundus reflection spectra. The concentration values found in 12 healthy subjects are in excellent agreement with published data. In individual cases of pathologic fundus alterations, possible benefits to the ophthalmologic diagnostics are demonstrated.
Flavonoid fisetin promotes ERK-dependent long-term potentiation and enhances memory (2006)

Small molecules that activate signaling pathways used by neurotrophic factors could be useful for treating CNS disorders. Here we show that the flavonoid fisetin activates ERK and induces cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in rat hippocampal slices, facilitates long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices, and enhances object recognition in mice. Together, these data demonstrate that the natural product fisetin can facilitate long-term memory, and therefore it may be useful for treating patients with memory disorders.
Stabilizing Liquid Drops in Nonequilibrium Shapes by the Interfacial Jamming of Nanoparticles (2013)

Nanoparticles assemble at the interface between two fluids into disordered, liquid-like arrays where the nanoparticles can diffuse laterally at the interface. Using nanoparticles dispersed in water and amine end-capped polymers in oil, nanoparticle surfactants are generated in situ at the interface overcoming the inherent weak forces governing the interfacial adsorption of nanoparticles. When the shape of the liquid domain is deformed by an external field, the surface area increases and more nanoparticles adsorb to the interface. Upon releasing the field, the interfacial area decreases, jamming the nanoparticle surfactants and arresting further shape change. The jammed nanoparticles remain disordered and liquid-like, enabling multiple, consecutive deformation and jamming events. Further stabilization is realized by replacing monofunctional ligands with difunctional versions that cross-link the assemblies. The ability to generate and stabilize liquids with a prescribed shape poses opportunities for reactive liquid systems, packaging, delivery, and storage.
Multiple mechanisms of methicillin resistance and improved methods for detection in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (1991)

The mec gene of a number of clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates exhibiting a variety of heterogeneous expression modes was selectively inactivated by allelic replacement mutagenesis. While the resistance level of each of the transformants was reduced, the methicillin MIC for these transformants was well above the MIC for susceptible laboratory strains of S. aureus and was similar to the methicillin MIC for many contemporary clinical isolates which did not react with the mec-specific DNA probe but which showed a low or borderline level of resistance to methicillin. A number of those strains had no detectable beta-lactamase, and for about half of the isolates that did carry plasmid-borne beta-lactamase, elimination of the plasmid caused only partial reduction of the methicillin MIC or no reduction at all. The findings suggest that many contemporary strains of staphylococci harbor a combination of at least three distinct beta-lactam resistance mechanisms: (i) the mechanism related to the acquisition of the foreign mec gene and (ii) a beta-lactamase-dependent and (iii) a beta-lactamase-independent mechanism, each one of which can provide a certain degree of resistance against penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam antibiotics.
Identification of novel host biomarkers in plasma as candidates for the immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis disease and monitoring of tuberculosis treatment response (2016)

There is an urgent need for new tools for the rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis disease. We evaluated the potentials of 74 host markers as biomarkers for the immunological diagnosis of tuberculosis and monitoring of treatment response. Fifty-five individuals that presented with signs and symptoms requiring investigation for tuberculosis disease were prospectively recruited prior to clinical diagnosis, at a health centre in Cape Town, South Africa. Patients were later classified as having tuberculosis disease or other respiratory diseases (ORD) using a combination of clinical, radiological and laboratory findings. Out of 74 host markers that were evaluated in plasma samples from study participants using a multiplex platform, 18 showed potential as tuberculosis diagnostic candidates with the most promising being NCAM, CRP, SAP, IP-10, ferritin, TPA, I-309, and MIG, which diagnosed tuberculosis disease individually, with area under the ROC curve ≥0.80. Six-marker biosignatures containing NCAM diagnosed tuberculosis disease with a sensitivity of 100% (95%CI, 86.3-100%) and specificity of 89.3% (95%CI, 67.6-97.3%) irrespective of HIV status, and 100% accuracy in the absence of HIV infection. Furthermore, the concentrations of 11 of these proteins changed with treatment, thereby indicating that they may be useful in monitoring of the response to tuberculosis treatment. Our findings have potential to be translated into a point-of-care screening test for tuberculosis, after future validation studies.
Modified hybrid subcarrier/amplitude/ phase/polarization LDPC-coded modulation for 400 Gb/s optical transmission and beyond (2010)

In this paper, we present a modified coded hybrid subcarrier/ amplitude/phase/polarization (H-SAPP) modulation scheme as a technique capable of achieving beyond 400 Gb/s single-channel transmission over optical channels. The modified H-SAPP scheme profits from the available resources in addition to geometry to increase the bandwidth efficiency of the transmission system, and so increases the aggregate rate of the system. In this report we present the modified H-SAPP scheme and focus on an example that allows 11 bits/Symbol that can achieve 440 Gb/s transmission using components of 50 Giga Symbol/s (GS/s).
Frequency domain techniques for speech coding (1978)

Frequency domain techniques for speech coding have recently received considerable attention. The basic concept of these methods is to divide the speech into frequency components by a filter bank (sub-band coding) or by a suitable transform (transform coding) and then encoding them using adaptive PCM. Three basic factors are involved in the design of these coders: (1) the type of transform or filter bank, (2) the choice of bit allocation used by the quantizers, and (3) the control of the step-size of the quantizers. This paper reviews basic aspects of the design of these three factors, particularly as they apply to low bit-rate adaptive transform coding, and presents results of recent improvements on these techniques. Principles of short-time spectral analysis are used to explain basic properties and issues in the design of the transforms or filter banks. Principles of spectral estimation and models of speech production and perception are used to illustrate how the side information in the coder can be most efficiently represented and utilized in the design of the coder to control the dynamic bit allocation and quantizer step sizes. Examples of designs and performance of adaptive transform coders will be presented for bit rates in the range of 8–16 kb/s.
Spectrum-sliced fiber amplifier light source for multichannel WDM applications (1993)

A potentially inexpensive light source for multichannel WDM applications is proposed. The high-power amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), which is already in the single-mode fiber, can be efficiently divided into many channels by using an integrated optic wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) demultiplexer. This spectrum-sliced ASE can be used as light sources for WDM systems in place of several wavelength-selected DFB lasers. To demonstrate the principle, the 40-nm-wide ASE spectrum of an EDFA was sliced using a narrow optical filter (3-dB bandwidth: 1.3 nm), and the resulting source was used for the transmission of up to 1.7 Gb/s of data. The problem of spontaneous-spontaneous beat noise in these sources is dealt with. It is estimated that the total capacity would be about 40 Gb/s, realistically, since the channel spacing should be at least three times the optical bandwidth of each channel to avoid crosstalk.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Architecture implications of pads as a scarce resource (2014)

Due to non-ideal technology scaling, delivering a stable supply voltage is increasingly challenging. Furthermore, competition for limited chip interface resources (i.e., C4 pads) between power supply and I/O, and the loss of such resources to electromigration, means that constructing a power delivery network (PDN) that satisfies noise margins without compromising performance is and will remain a critical problem for architects and circuit designers alike. Simple guardbanding will no longer work, as the consequent performance penalty will grow with technology scaling. In this paper, we develop a pre-RTL PDN model, VoltSpot, for the purpose of studying the performance and noise tradeoffs among power supply and I/O pad allocation, the effectiveness of noise mitigation techniques, and the consequent implications of electromigration-induced PDN pad failure. Our simulations demonstrate that, despite their integral role in the PDN, power/ground pads can be aggressively reduced (by conversion into I/O pads) to their electromigration limit with minimal performance impact from extra voltage noise - provided the system implements a suitable noise-mitigation strategy. The key observation is that even though reducing power/ground pads significantly increases the number of voltage emergencies, the average noise amplitude increase is small. Overall, we can triple I/O bandwidth while maintaining target lifetimes and incurring only 1.5% slowdown.
Component‐resolved diagnosis of house‐dust mite allergy with purified natural and recombinant mite allergens (2004)

Diagnostic tests containing the major mite allergens (i.e. Der p 1, Der p 2) and highly cross-reactive mite allergens (e.g. Der p 10) may improve the diagnostic selection of patients for immunotherapy with Der p extracts. These tests may also be used for the immunological monitoring of patients undergoing immunotherapy.
Antibody Profiles Characteristic of<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>Infection State (2005)

The relationship between specific antibody profiles and tuberculosis (TB) state was investigated by measuring serum antibody levels to six Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in human subjects grouped into four diagnostic categories: active disease, inactive (past) tuberculosis, latent infection without radiographic chest abnormalities, and infection free. Statistical data analyses showed that the latter two groups were serologically indistinguishable and that active tuberculosis and inactive tuberculosis were characterized by different antibody profiles. Antibodies to the 38-kDa antigen, alanine dehydrogenase, and Rv2626c were associated with active TB, while antibodies to the 16-kDa antigen, ferredoxin A, and ESAT-6 were associated with inactive TB. Thus, the targets of the immune response vary with tuberculosis state. The correlation between bacterial antigen production and infection stage was investigated in mice infected with M. tuberculosis by bacterial transcription profiling. It was found that levels of transcripts encoding the six M. tuberculosis antigens varied during infection. Together, the data indicate that antigen composition of tubercle bacilli varies with stage of infection and that immunoprofiling can distinguish between tuberculosis states.
Safety and immunogenicity profiles of an adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine in Guatemalan children (2014)

The MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine was well-tolerated and highly immunogenic in children 6 to < 60 months of age, inducing seroprotective antibody titers against both the vaccine strains and antigenically distinct heterologous strains.
High Sensitivity On-Chip Fluorescence Detection Based on Cross-Polarization and Thin-Film Organic Photodetectors (2007)

In this paper we present a novel, high-sensitivity, cost-effective cross-polarization scheme to filter out excitation light from a fluorescent dye emission spectrum. With this scheme, it is possible to achieve a detection limit of 10 nM which is a 1,000 fold reduction from previously published results. The concept is demonstrated using an inverted microscope with a halide lamp as the excitation source and an organic photodiode as the intensity detector. The excitation light is linearly polarized and used to illuminate a microfluidic device containing 1 μL of Rhodamine 6G dye dissolved in ethanol. The detector is shielded by a second polarizer, orientated orthogonally to the excitation light. The resulting emission signal was detected by the organic photodiode down to a concentration of 10 nM. This scheme opens the possibility to fabricating integrated microfluidic devices with fluorescence detection, suitable for point- of-care (POC) diagnostics, biomedical and environmental applications.
A New Realization of Dual Mode Dielectric Resonator Filters (1987)

A new realization of dual hybrid mode dielectric resonator band pass filters is presented. All the coupling elements in this realization are tunable, and no iris or coupling holes are needed to achieve coupling among resonators. As a result the new structure is easier to tune and considerably less expensive to manufacture, since expensively machined iris with tight tolerance are eliminated. Measured results from an experimental 4-pole elliptic function filter realized in the new structure agreed closely with theory.
Structure‐function relationships of hirulog peptide interactions with thrombin (1991)

Using hirudin as a model, a novel class of bivalent thrombin inhibitors has been designed and characterized (Maraganore et al. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 7095-7101). These peptides, designated 'hirulogs', interact with both thrombin's catalytic center and its anion-binding exosite for fibrinogen recognition. In order to investigate structure-activity relationships in hirulog peptides, a number of peptide and peptidomimetic derivatives with alterations in catalytic-site binding and anion-binding exosite binding moieties were prepared. Replacements or modifications in the catalytic site and exosite binding moieties were achieved with the consequences of maintaining or improving antithrombin activity. In addition to showing improved affinity for thrombin, some derivatives with Ki's in the sub-nanomolar range showed increased anticoagulant activities. These findings highlight the versatility of hirulog peptides in their bivalent interactions with thrombin.
Routing, Wavelength Assignment, and Spectrum Allocation in Wavelength-Convertible Flexible Optical WDM (WC-FWDM) Networks (2012)

We investigate the routing, wavelength assignment, and spectrum allocation problem in WC-FWDM networks for the first time. The benefits of full, limited, sparse, and limited range wavelength conversion capabilities are evaluated in WC-FWDM networks.
Relacin, a Novel Antibacterial Agent Targeting the Stringent Response (2012)

Finding bacterial cellular targets for developing novel antibiotics has become a major challenge in fighting resistant pathogenic bacteria. We present a novel compound, Relacin, designed to inhibit (p)ppGpp production by the ubiquitous bacterial enzyme RelA that triggers the Stringent Response. Relacin inhibits RelA in vitro and reduces (p)ppGpp production in vivo. Moreover, Relacin affects entry into stationary phase in Gram positive bacteria, leading to a dramatic reduction in cell viability. When Relacin is added to sporulating Bacillus subtilis cells, it strongly perturbs spore formation regardless of the time of addition. Spore formation is also impeded in the pathogenic bacterium Bacillus anthracis that causes the acute anthrax disease. Finally, the formation of multicellular biofilms is markedly disrupted by Relacin. Thus, we establish that Relacin, a novel ppGpp analogue, interferes with bacterial long term survival strategies, placing it as an attractive new antibacterial agent.
Novel reflectron time of flight analyzer for surface analysis using secondary ion mass spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy of recoiled ions (1999)

We have modeled, designed, built, and tested a novel reflectron time-of-flight (TOF) analyzer, which is capable of performing surface analysis using both secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and mass spectroscopy of recoiled ions (MSRI). All elements (including H and He) can be identified, with isotopic resolution, using both MSRI and SIMS. For ions of a given mass, the higher energy ions penetrate further into the reflectron before being turned around while the lower energy ions do not penetrate as deeply. By properly adjusting both the experimental geometry and the reflectron voltages, all ions of a given mass arrive at the detector simultaneously—resulting in enhanced mass resolution compared with simple TOF detection. SIM spectra are complicated by molecular fragments in addition to elemental ions. In MSRI only elemental ions are detected. As a result, data analysis in MSRI is less complicated than in SIMS. Being able to use a single analyzer to selectively obtain SIMS or MSRI data provides complementary surface information. MSRI has a number of unique capabilities for surface studies. In situ, real-time surface analysis can be performed during film growth at pressures of ∼2.5 mTorr at the substrate by differentially pumping both the ion source and the reflectron analyzer region. It has been demonstrated that the ratio of the positive to negative ion yield is phase specific; for example, one can clearly distinguish the different forms of carbon (diamond versus graphite versus amorphous carbon) during film growth. MSRI analysis of poorly conducting surfaces is possible.