gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monoclonal Antibody Therapies against Anthrax (2011)

Anthrax is a highly lethal infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It not only causes natural infection in humans but also poses a great threat as an emerging bioterror agent. The lethality of anthrax is primarily attributed to the two major virulence factors: toxins and capsule. An extensive effort has been made to generate therapeutically useful monoclonal antibodies to each of the virulence components: protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF), and the capsule of B. anthracis. This review summarizes the current status of anti-anthrax mAb development and argues for the potential therapeutic advantage of a cocktail of mAbs that recognize different epitopes or different virulence factors.
Isolation and Culture of Human Fungiform Taste Papillae Cells (2012)

Taste cells are highly specialized, with unique histological, molecular and physiological characteristics that permit detection of a wide range of simple stimuli and complex chemical molecules contained in foods. In human, individual fungiform papillae contain from zero to as many as 20 taste buds. There is no established protocol for culturing human taste cells, although the ability to maintain taste papillae cells in culture for multiple cell cycles would be of considerable utility for characterizing the molecular, regenerative, and functional properties of these unique sensory cells. Earlier studies of taste cells have been done using freshly isolated cells in primary culture, explant cultures from rodents, or semi-intact taste buds in tissue slices1,2,3,4. Although each of these preparations has advantages, the development of long-term cultures would have provided significant benefits, particularly for studies of taste cell proliferation and differentiation. Several groups, including ours, have been interested in the development and establishment of taste cell culture models. Most attempts to culture taste cells have reported limited viability, with cells typically not lasting beyond 3-5 d5,6,7,8. We recently reported on a successful method for the extended culture of rodent taste cells9. We here report for the first time the establishment of an in vitro culture system for isolated human fungiform taste papillae cells. Cells from human fungiform papillae obtained by biopsy were successfully maintained in culture for more than eight passages (12 months) without loss of viability. Cells displayed many molecular and physiological features characteristic of mature taste cells. Gustducin and phospholipase C β2, (PLC-β2) mRNA were detected in many cells by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by sequencing. Immunocytochemistry analysis demonstrated the presence of gustducin and PLC-β2 expression in cultured taste cells. Cultured human fungiform cells also exhibited increases in intracellular calcium in response to appropriate concentrations of several taste stimuli indicating that taste receptors and at least some of the signalling pathways were present. These results sufficient indicate that taste cells from adult humans can be generated and maintained for at least eight passages. Many of the cells retain physiological and biochemical characteristics of acutely isolated cells from the adult taste epithelium to support their use as a model taste system. This system will enable further studies of the processes involved in proliferation, differentiation and function of mammalian taste receptor cells in an in vitro preparation. Human fungiform taste papillae used for establishing human fungiform cell culture were donated for research following proper informed consent under research protocols that were reviewed and approved by the IRB committee. The protocol (#0934) was approved by Schulman Associates Institutional Review Board Inc., Cincinnati, OH. Written protocol below is based on published parameters reported by Ozdener et al. 201110.
Liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: diagnostic options in clinical practice (2012)

Liver biopsy, an invasive procedure, is not appropriate for routine fibrosis evaluation and follow-up in the large population of NAFLD patients. Non-invasive fibrosis tests are accurate tools to evaluate liver fibrosis and thus identify at-risk patients for liver-related complications. They represent an exciting research field as further studies are required to definitively validate their diagnostic and prognostic utility.
Optical, Structural, and Chemical Characteristics of Lead‐Indium Phosphate and Lead‐Scandium Phosphate Glasses (1987)

Two new glass systems based on a range of lead‐indium phosphate and lead‐scandium phosphate compositions have been developed and characterized. These glasses have a relatively high index of refraction ( n = 1.75 to 1.83) in the visible region and exhibit moderate dispersion (Abbe number ∼30). The ultraviolet absorption edge occurs near 300 nm and the glasses strongly absorb in the infrared at wavelengths greater than 2800 nm. Both glass types can be prepared at relatively low temperatures (900° to 1000°C) and are easily poured down to ∼800°C because of their low melt viscosities. The glasses exhibit good chemical durability and resistance to both weathering and intense γ‐radiation. These materials have a glass transition temperature of about 430°C, a softening point of about 460°C, and thermal expansion coefficients in the range of 10.8 × 10 −6 to 12.0 × 10 −6 /°C. The structure of these phosphate glasses is shown to consist of a distribution of chains of PO 4 tetrahedra held together by bonding between the non‐bridging oxygens of the tetrahedra and the metal cations. The polyphosphate chain length distribution was determined by a liquid chromatographic technique. Potential aqueous corrosion mechanisms are discussed and some general guidelines for forming a chemically durable phosphate glass are given.
An Iterative Method for Vector Median Filtering (2007)

We present a new iterative approach to computing a median of a set of vectors. Like the standard approach, the proposed method minimizes the sum of the distances from the data points to the median. However, unlike the standard approach, the resulting median vector is not restricted to be a member of the data set. The proposed approach has several advantages over the standard definition, such as fast convergence, computational complexity that scales linearly with the number of exemplars, and a result that is closer to the center in an intuitive sense. As an example, we apply the method to color image filtering.
Interval anisotropic parameter estimation from walkaway vertical seismic profiling data (2012)

ABSTRACT This paper presents a new explicit method for the estimation of layered vertical transverse isotropic (VTI) anisotropic parameters from walkaway VSP data. This method is based on Dix‐type normal moveout (NMO) inversion. To estimate interval anisotropic parameters above a receiver array, the method uses time arrivals of surface‐related double‐reflected downgoing waves. A three‐term NMO approximation function is used to estimate NMO velocity and a non‐hyperbolic parameter. Assuming the vertical velocity is known from zero‐offset VSP data, Dix‐type inversion is applied to estimate the layered Thomsen anisotropic parameters ɛ, δ above the receivers array. Model results show reasonable accuracy for estimates through Dix‐type inversion. Results also show that in many cases we can neglect the influence of the velocity gradient on anisotropy estimates. First breaks are used to estimate anisotropic parameters within the walkaway receiver interval. Analytical uncertainty analysis is performed to NMO parameter estimates. Its conclusions are confirmed by modelling.
Novel Data Abstraction Strategy Utilizing Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Data for Fuel Property Modeling (2014)

The high cost and limited availability of emerging alternative fuels and/or fuel blending stocks with unknown compositions are often major impediments to the certification of these materials as Fit-For-Purpose (FFP) for the U.S. Navy. A method was desired whereby a candidate fuel could be rapidly prescreened to determine if it would be suitable for further, more-extensive FFP testing. The goal of this research was to employ statistical analysis strategies to establish linkages between the chemical constituency of any given fuel or fuel stock, regardless of type or source, and the resultant performance, and/or fuel properties. A chemical profiler developed during the course of this work has previously been used to quantify the constituencies of fuels using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data. These constituencies were then correlated to specification properties using partial least-squares regression modeling reconfigured into a multistep, iterative strategy. While this modeling strategy was shown to be successful at predicting the performance properties not only of the training data but also of uncalibrated alternative fuels, the underlying data abstraction strategy was determined to be inherently unsuitable for use with the disparate data from multiple GC-MS instruments due to instrument-based overfitting. The following report details a novel modeling strategy that makes use of normalized total ion chromatography (TIC) peak areas to both streamline the procedural complexity of the previous modeling strategy and more ably quantify chemical constituencies for the purposes of multi-instrument FFP fuel modeling.
Stellar inertial attitude determination for LEO spacecraft (2002)

This paper describes the normal mode attitude determination algorithm for the low earth orbit (LEO) spacecraft using stellar inertial sensors. Included in the algorithm is a 6-state extended Kalman filter (EKF) which corrects the spacecraft attitude error as well as gyro bias error using celestial observations from star trackers. The detailed derivation of the EKF using a quaternion formulation is given in the paper. Time-domain simulations are presented to show the predicted filter performance which is a function of star density (or number of stars seen), star catalog error, star tracker noise, and gyro noises. Covariance analysis indicates that precision attitude with accuracy better than 12 arc seconds (3 sigma) can be met with the proposed attitude determination and control system hardware components.
An mm-Wave Scalable PLL-Coupled Array for Phased-Array Applications in 65-nm CMOS (2020)

A new two-element phase-locked loop (PLL)-coupled array for the implementation of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) and subterahertz (sub-THz) phased arrays is presented. This architecture avoids using lossy phase shifter to create the required phase shift between the adjacent elements in a phased-array system. The required phase shift is generated by utilizing a dual nested loop PLL. The two PLL loops work together to stabilize the frequency and create the required phase shift. Moreover, it can be scaled simply by adding more unit cells to the architecture. A 112-121-GHz two-element phased array is designed and fabricated in a standard 65-nm CMOS process. It consumes 147-mW power and provides a phase shift of 46.7° ranging from 58.53° to 105.2° at 117 GHz.
New N-Halamine Biocidal Polymers (1998)

A new series of N-halamine polymers has been synthesized and tested in granular form, on glass and as fiber substrates for efficacy at inactivating bacteria. Copolymers and grafted copolymers were prepared with 4-(alkyl acryloxymethyl)-4-ethyl-2-oxazolidinones and commercial monomers or polymers. These polymers are inexpensive to synthesize and are efficient biocides in granular form and as surface-coated disinfectants. They can be coated on glass, plastic, and fibrous materials, which gives them considerable potential as commercial disinfectants. They could be used for a variety of industrial, commercial, and medical applications.
SCAN: A Sensor Deployment Algorithm in Hazardous Regions via Mobile Actuators (2015)

In this paper, we propose two novel robot-assisted energy-efficient wireless mobile sensor deployment algorithms to monitor hazardous, uneven, and obstacle-prone areas where human intervention is prohibited. The algorithms are designed to exploit the operation in two simple steps. Initially, the robot deploys the mobile sensors in suitable positions by exploring the intended region using two different methods: 1) basic SCAN <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><sup>1</sup></xref> and 2) opportunistic SCAN. In basic SCAN, the robot explores the intended area using simple scanning to install sensors. On the other hand, in opportunistic SCAN, the robot explores the intended area and installs the sensors whenever possible and stays in that region to cover as much as it can. Then, the installed sensors run coverage algorithm to provide information about the empty neighborhood to the running robot. Initially, the robot starts from some reference point and deploys sensors avoiding any obstacles or boundaries without the help of GPS. Combining these algorithms with the coverage algorithm guarantees maximum coverage for different obstacle distributions and for different regions of interest. Extensive simulation experiments are conducted to evaluate these algorithms. Opportunistic SCAN algorithm provides maximum coverage with minimum travel distance for the robot compared with the basic SCAN algorithm and the backtracking algorithm. Our algorithm also eliminates the deadlock issue for the robots that is raised when back pointer is removed. <fn id="fn1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><label><sup>1</sup></label> Scalable Coordinate Accumulation Network. </fn>
Reconfigurable time-domain spectral shaping of an optical pulse stretched by a fiber Bragg grating (2000)

We demonstrate a method for spectrally shaping optical pulses that is readily reconfigurable and can produce variable filter functions. This practical technique relies on a compact and robust 3.86-m-long linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating that chromatically disperses the pulse to ~30 ns. We then shape the pulse envelope, and thus the pulse spectrum, with a programmable arbitrary waveform generator and an amplitude modulator to obtain several filter functions.
Effects of Magnetic Field on the Motion of Multiphase Fluids Containing Paramagnetic Particles in Porous Media (2010)

Abstract When paramagnetic nanoparticles are adsorbed at the oil-water interface or dispersed in one of the fluid phases in reservoir rock pores, then exposed to an external magnetic field, the resultant particle movements displace the interface. Interfacial tension acts as a restoring force, leading to interfacial fluctuation and a pressure (sound) wave. Here we focus on the interface motion. We apply the theory of ferrofluids to the case of an interface in a cylindrical pore. The predictions are consistent with experiments with an aqueous suspension of iron oxide nanorods in which the interface motion is measured by optical coherence tomography. The relative densities of the fluid phases (air/aqueous and dodecane/aqueous in our case) strongly affect the displacement of the interface. Application of a magnetic field introduces pressure-like terms into the equation of fluid phase motion. We then recast the problem in terms of interface motion, extending a numerical interface-tracking model based on the level-set method to account for capillarity and magnetic pressures simultaneously. We use the model to illustrate the motion of an interface between inviscid fluids at the pore scale when magnetic forces are imposed on one fluid phase.
Solvent Effects in Acid‐Catalyzed Biomass Conversion Reactions (2014)

Reaction kinetics were studied to quantify the effects of polar aprotic organic solvents on the acid-catalyzed conversion of xylose into furfural. A solvent of particular importance is γ-valerolactone (GVL), which leads to significant increases in reaction rates compared to water in addition to increased product selectivity. GVL has similar effects on the kinetics for the dehydration of 1,2-propanediol to propanal and for the hydrolysis of cellobiose to glucose. Based on results obtained for homogeneous Brønsted acid catalysts that span a range of pKa values, we suggest that an aprotic organic solvent affects the reaction kinetics by changing the stabilization of the acidic proton relative to the protonated transition state. This same behavior is displayed by strong solid Brønsted acid catalysts, such as H-mordenite and H-beta.
Effect of SiO2-SrCO3 Addition on Magnetic Properties of Anisotropic Ba-ferrite(Ferrite Magnets Having Equal Shrinkage Ratio in A-axis and C-axis). (1996)

Today, Sr-ferrite and Ba-ferrite with hexagonal structure are widely used as permanent magnets. However, Ba-ferrite is considered to be unsuitable for high performance magnets compared with Srferrite because of its lower K1 value. In this study, submicron-sized Ba-ferrite powders were prepared to achieve higher corecivity. On the other hand, addition of SiO2 and CaCO3 (or CaO) is usually carried out to get high density and inhibit grain-growth during sintering. Without difficulty, it is predicted that Sr and Ba can be substituted for Ca, because they have similar characters. Therefore, in this study, addition of alkaline-earth elements and silica was investigated systematically. As a result, by addition of Si02-SrCO3 in Ba-ferrite, high performance Ba-ferrite magnets (Br=4.3kG, HcJ=3.6kOe) were obtained. At the same time, we discovered that they have equal shrinkage ratio in a-axis and c-axis. These unique results were due to the inhibition of grain-growth along a-axis. Furthermore, Ba segregation was found at grain boundaries besides Si and Sr by TEM-EDS analysis.
A soft-switched secondary-side post regulator (2004)

In a multiple output power supply with at least two relatively high power outputs, the first output is controlled by a soft-switched, phase-shifted resonant transition bridge (PSRB) in conventional feedback fashion. A second output is controlled by a secondary side post regulator that delays the leading edge of the PWM waveform to achieve regulation. By using a full-wave rectification arrangement with a controlled switch (a power FET) in series with each diode, there is negligible turn-on switching loss due to the transformer impedance and negligible turn off switching loss due to the reversal of the transformer voltage at the next half cycle. By obtaining the timing control signal from the proceeding falling edge of the PSRB switching cycle, the control of the second output is essentially decoupled from the control of the first output. High-frequency, multiple output power supplies based on the soft-switched PSRB are thus achievable.
Inhibition of Proteolytic Activity of a Chlamydial Proteasome/Protease-Like Activity Factor by Antibodies from Humans Infected with <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> (2005)

We have previously shown that individuals infected with Chlamydia trachomatis can develop a robust antibody response to a chlamydia-secreted protein (designated chlamydial proteasome/protease-like activity factor [CPAF]). We now report that sera collected from these infected individuals neutralized the proteolytic activity of CPAF. Depletion of the serum sample with CPAF proteins to remove the CPAF-specific antibodies effectively blocked the neutralization, whereas similar depletion with the HSP60 proteins failed to do so. We further demonstrated that the CPAF central region covering residues 200 to 338 was predominantly recognized by the human neutralization antibodies. The significance of the CPAF neutralization antibodies generated in chlamydia-infected individuals is discussed.
Tackling the cancer stem cells — what challenges do they pose? (2014)

Since their identification in 1994, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been objects of intensive study. Their properties and mechanisms of formation have become a major focus of current cancer research, in part because of their enhanced ability to initiate and drive tumour growth and their intrinsic resistance to conventional therapeutics. The discovery that activation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programme in carcinoma cells can give rise to cells with stem-like properties has provided one possible mechanism explaining how CSCs arise and presents a possible avenue for their therapeutic manipulation. Here we address recent developments in CSC research, focusing on carcinomas that are able to undergo EMT. We discuss the signalling pathways that create these cells, cell-intrinsic mechanisms that could be exploited for selective elimination or induction of their differentiation, and the role of the tumour microenvironment in sustaining them. Finally, we propose ways to use our current knowledge of the complex biology of CSCs to design novel therapies to eliminate them.
Development of a Surface Plasmon Resonance‐Based Assay to Detect Antiproliferative Factor in Interstitial Cystitis Patient Urine (2015)

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic, painful bladder disease that affects mostly women and is frequently misdiagnosed due to lack of a non‐invasive test to detect the disease. Biomarkers for IC have been described, including antiproliferative factor (APF), a sialoglycopeptide that is detectable in the urine of 95‐97% of IC patients vs. normal controls. Validation of APF as a biomarker for IC has been hindered by the absence of robust assays to detect and measure its concentration in patient urine. In this study, we evaluated the utility of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to detect and quantitate APF in solution through binding to its cellular receptor, cytoskeleton associated protein 4 (CKAP4). Five his‐tagged CKAP4 mutants were designed according to structural predictions in order to optimize the SPR assay. Each purified mutant was immobilized on a CM5 chip through amine‐coupling, and binding activity to APF and as‐APF (a desialylated APF analogue with full activity) was measured. Four of the CKAP4 mutants demonstrated a quantitative binding response to APF and as‐APF, albeit with altered sensitivities; moreover, as‐APF charged to control patient urine could be detected. Future efforts will focus on assay optimization to detect APF in urine from IC patients. USA MED Research ACQ Activity W81XWH‐13‐1‐0454
The development of new, low-cost perfluoroalkylether fluids with excellent low and high-temperature properties (1988)

A series of perfluoroalkylether (PFAE) fluids were synthesized by direct fluorination. Viscosity-temperature properties, oxidation stabilities, oxidation-corrosion properties, and lubricity were determined. The fluids were tested in the presence of common elastomers to check for compatibility. The bulk modulus of each was measured to determine if any could be used as nonflammable aircraft hydraulic fluid. It was determined that as the carbon to oxygen ratio decreases, the viscometric properties improve, the fluids may become poor lubricants, the bulk modulus increases, the surface tension increases, and the fluid density increases. The presence of difluoromethylene oxide units in the polymer does not seriously lower the oxidation and oxidation-corrosion stabilities as long as the difluoromethylene oxide units are separated by other units.
Lithium-6 coated wire mesh neutron detector. [Patent application] (1982)

It is the primary object of the present invention to provide a lighter, more compact neutron detector of high sensitivity. It is a concomitant object of the present invention to disclose a thin lithium-6 based neutron detector which contains a large amount of useful lithium-6 within a relatively small detector volume. It is a further object of the present invention to disclose a lithium neutron detector in which the lithium detector portion is self supporting. It is another object of the present invention to disclose a lithium neutron detector which requires only one layer of counting wires for many layers of detectors. It is further object of the present invention to disclose a neutron detector that is easier to manufacturer than prior art designs.