gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evidence for metalloprotease involvement in the in vivo effects of big endothelin 1 (1991)

The potent vasoconstrictor endothelin 1 (ET-1) is thought to arise from the proteolytic processing of big endothelin 1 (Big ET) by a unique endothelin-converting enzyme, possibly a metalloprotease. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Big ET on cardiovascular and renal functions during inhibition of metalloprotease activity in vivo. Intravenous infusion of Big ET (0.1 nmol.kg-1.min-1) in anesthetized euvolemic rats produced a significant increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP; 39 +/- 8%) and a decrease in effective renal plasma flow (ERPF; -39 +/- 2%), whereas glomerular filtration rate (GFR) remained unchanged (-8 +/- 8%). Simultaneous intravenous infusion of phosphoramidon (0.25 mg.kg-1.min-1), an inhibitor of metalloprotease activity including neutral endopeptidase EC 3.4.24.11 (NEP), completely prevented these effects of Big ET. Thiorphan (0.1 mg.kg-1.min-1), also an inhibitor of NEP, had absolutely no effect on either the renal or cardiovascular response to Big ET. Similarly, the response to Big ET was unaffected by infusion of enalaprilat (0.1 mg.kg-1.min-1), an inhibitor of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, which is also a metalloprotease. To determine whether the effect of phosphoramidon was due to antagonism of ET-1, an identical series of experiments was performed using ET-1 infusion (0.02 nmol.kg-1.min-1). Although the increase in MAP (24 +/- 5%) produced by ET-1 was less than that observed for the given dose of Big ET, the renal vasoconstriction was much more severe; the smaller peptide changed ERPF and GFR by -66 +/- 7 and -54 +/- 9%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
200 GHz Maximum Oscillation Frequency in CVD Graphene Radio Frequency Transistors (2016)

Graphene is a promising candidate in analog electronics with projected operation frequency well into the terahertz range. In contrast to the intrinsic cutoff frequency (f<sub>T</sub>) of 427 GHz, the maximum oscillation frequency (f<sub>max</sub>) of graphene device still remains at low level, which severely limits its application in radio frequency amplifiers. Here, we develop a novel transfer method for chemical vapor deposition graphene, which can prevent graphene from organic contamination during the fabrication process of the devices. Using a self-aligned gate deposition process, the graphene transistor with 60 nm gate length exhibits a record high f<sub>max</sub> of 106 and 200 GHz before and after de-embedding, respectively. This work defines a unique pathway to large-scale fabrication of high-performance graphene transistors, and holds significant potential for future application of graphene-based devices in ultra high frequency circuits.
Modeling human color perception under extended luminance levels (2009)

Display technology is advancing quickly with peak luminance increasing significantly, enabling high-dynamic-range displays. However, perceptual color appearance under extended luminance levels has not been studied, mainly due to the unavailability of psychophysical data. Therefore, we conduct a psychophysical study in order to acquire appearance data for many different luminance levels (up to 16,860 cd/m 2 ) covering most of the dynamic range of the human visual system. These experimental data allow us to quantify human color perception under extended luminance levels, yielding a generalized color appearance model. Our proposed appearance model is efficient, accurate and invertible. It can be used to adapt the tone and color of images to different dynamic ranges for cross-media reproduction while maintaining appearance that is close to human perception.
Institutionalismus in den Internationalen Beziehungen (2014)

Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die Entwicklung des Institutionalismus innerhalb der Internationalen Beziehungen nachzuzeichnen, die theoretischen Spielarten des rationalen, historischen, soziologischen und diskursiven Institutionalismus darzustellen sowie die Rolle von internationalen Institutionen an der empirischen Front mit Blick auf neuere Entwicklungen und Debatten zu illustrieren. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Frage, welche Bedeutung internationale Institutionen nicht nur für das Fach, sondern auch für die internationalen Beziehungen als Gegenstand der Disziplin haben.
Enhanced Infragranular and Supragranular Synaptic Input onto Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons in a Rat Model of Cortical Dysplasia (2010)

Cortical dysplasias frequently underlie neurodevelopmental disorders and epilepsy. Rats with a neonatally induced cortical microgyrus [freeze-lesion (FL)], a model of human polymicrogyria, display epileptiform discharges in vitro. We probed excitatory and inhibitory connectivity onto neocortical pyramidal neurons in layers 2/3 and 5 of postnatal day 16-22 rats, approximately 1-2 mm lateral of the lesion, using laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS)/glutamate uncaging. Excitatory input from deep and supragranular layers to layer 5 pyramidal cells was greater in FL cortex, while no significant differences were seen in layer 2/3 cells. The increased input was due to a greater number of LSPS-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), without differences in amplitude or kinetics. Inhibitory input was increased in a region-specific manner in pyramidal cells in FL cortex, due to an increased inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) amplitude. Connectivity within layer 5, parts of which are destroyed during lesioning, was more severely affected than connectivity in layer 2/3. Thus, we observed 2 distinct mechanisms of altered synaptic input: 1) increased EPSC frequency suggesting an increased number of excitatory synapses and 2) higher IPSC amplitude, suggesting an increased strength of inhibitory synapses. These increases in both excitatory and inhibitory connectivity may limit the extent of circuit hyperexcitability.
Modeling and design description of hierarchical hardware/software systems (1975)

Two fairly recent trends, one technological and one philosophical, are influencing to an increasing degree the design of digital systems today.The plummeting cost of integrated circuits, the availability of bipolar control stores, and more recently, of bipolar microprocessor elements have resulted in the hardware or firmware implementation of functions which have traditionally been realized in software, and the firmware or software realization of functions traditionally implemented in hardware. Designers of computer systems are faced with the choice of implementing file handling functions, telecommunication service functions, floating point units, and even parts of scheduling algorithms in either hardware, software, or a combination of both.
Anticholinesterase poisonings in dogs from a cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) bloom dominated by Anabaena flos-aquae (1988)

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) implicated in the deaths of 9 dogs at Richmond Lake, SD, on Aug 26, 1985, were analyzed. The dominant cyanobacterial species from the water sample was Anabaena flos-aquae. The lyophilized bloom material or the high-performance liquid chromatography purified toxin peak, when administered to mice IP, induced clinical signs of salivation, lacrimation, urinary incontinence, defecation, convulsion, fasciculation, and respiratory arrest. Further comparison of the semipurified bloom toxin with an irreversible anticholinesterase anatoxin-a(s), produced by A flos-aquae strain NRC-525-17, revealed the bloom toxin and anatoxin-a(s) had similar properties on high-performance liquid chromatography and on the inhibition of electric eel acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7).
The Chemistry of Site-Directed Serology for HIV Infections (1989)

The advent of site-directed serology has provided a specific and simplified means of distinguishing antibody responses to the two types of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in an outbred population. Remarkably, human sera containing HIV antibodies and simian sera containing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antibodies had a very narrow amino acid dependence in the 23 residue long peptide, 582Ala-604Cys, used as antigen. A single dominating antigenic site was demonstrated in the C-terminal part of the peptide--596Trp-602Gln for HIV-2 and SIV antibodies and 597Gly-602Leu for HIV-1. A minor fraction of HIV-1 antibodies also reacted with a second site, 588Lys and 589Asp. These data define the precise amino acid dependence of a uniquely immunogenic site in the folded transmembrane protein of HIV and facilitate the optimizing of peptide antigens for site-directed serology.
Equine hoof function investigated by pressure transducers inside the hoof and accelerometers mounted on the first phalanx (1994)

The dampening of hoof impact was investigated by measuring the accelerations transmitted through structures of the hoof in horses trotting freely on an asphalt tarmac. The hoof dampened the vibrations transmitted to the first phalanx. Shoeing decreased the viscous dampening and increased the median power frequency and the maximal amplitude of the vibrations transmitted to the first phalanx. The pressure inside the digital cushion of the foreleg was recorded. The pressure dropped during the stance phase, indicating expansion of the hoof. The expansion of the hoof was not produced by frog or sole weight bearing because this would have increased the intra-digital cushion pressure. The pressure theory of hoof function must presumably therefore be rejected. Shoeing the horses augmented the intra-digital cushion pressure drop and probably impaired the movements of the hoof wall.
Polyester - Production, Characterization and Innovative Applications (2018)

Polyester is one of the most important polymers for fibers and composites. Significant developments in nanoparticle-doped polyester composites, polyester recycling, flame-retardant unsaturated polyester resins, and application of polyester for construction and automotive industry are currently carried out. Thus, this book provides leading edge research on improvements of functional properties of polyester, modifications of unsaturated polyester resins, and polyester (especially recycled polyester) usage in construction and in automotive application areas in the form of fiber, resin, and composite. The book also covers the characterization of unique features of polyester found by mechanical, chemical, physical, microstructural, and thermal analyses. This book intends to provide an understanding of the developments of functional polyester production, synthesis, and characterization and support to many academic researchers and graduate students in textile, polymer, composite, chemical science, and research and development managers in recycling and composite applications of polyester in the construction and automotive industry.
Opto-Electronic Integrated Information System (2001)

SUMMARY As a new category of the optical application system integrated with electronics, the opto-electronic information system (OEIS) is presented. Combination of the different characteristic technologies, optics and electronics, is expected to be useful for development of an effective and high-performance information systems. The properties of the optical technologies such as parallelism, high-speed, and large information capacity can be utilized for information processing. Even if some of the functions are emulated by the electronics, the optics give more effective solutions. To implement the OEIS, various optoelectronic devices and fabrication technologies are available including vertical cavity surface emitting lasers and spatial light modulators. There are two forms of system construction for the OEIS: an application of optics to an electronic-based system and the reversed form. As examples of the OEIS, the parallel matching architecture (PMA) and the thin observation module by bound optics (TOMBO) are presented. The PMA is an architecture of parallel computing system specified for global processing. This architecture shows a typical strategy to utilize the optical interconnection capability with flexibility of the electronic technology. The TOMBO presents possibility of morphological conversion using combination of the optical and electronic technologies. A compound-eye imaging system and post digital processing enable us to realize a very thin image capturing system. The issues related on development of the OEIS are proper usage of optics, effective fusion of the optical and electronic technologies, methodologies for system construction, fabrication supporting tools, and development of attractive demonstrators other than communication and interconnection fields.
Antinociceptive Effects of Intrathecal L-Type Calcium Channel Blockers on Visceral and Somatic Stimuli in the Rat (1998)

L-type calcium channels can modulate neuronal transduction in the spinal cord. However, their role in noxious information processing in animals that are physiologically intact has not been elucidated. We evaluated the effects of L-type calcium channel blockers diltiazem and verapamil on somatic and visceral nociception at the level of the spinal cord. Intrathecal catheters were inserted at the L4-5 level in Sprague-Dawley rats. The tail flick (TF) test and colorectal distension (CD) test were used to assess somatic and visceral antinociceptive effects, respectively. Motor function was assessed by posture and muscle tone in the limbs. TF latency and CD threshold were measured before and for 180 min after the intrathecal administration of verapamil (50, 100, 300, and 500 [micro sign]g), diltiazem (100, 300, 500, and 1000 [micro sign]g), or isotonic sodium chloride solution. The percent maximal possible effect (%MPE) was calculated by transforming response threshold in TF and CD tests. Intrathecally administered diltiazem or verapamil increased both TF latency and CD threshold in a dose-dependent fashion. Isotonic sodium chloride solution, diltiazem 100 [micro sign]g, and verapamil 50 [micro sign]g did not increase %MPE in either test. Diltiazem 300 or 500 [micro sign]g or verapamil 300 or 500 [micro sign]g significantly (P < 0.05) increased %MPE, with the peak effects 5 min after administration and short-duration antinociception. %MPE was 100% until 15 min after the administration of diltiazem 1000 [micro sign]g, and significant antinociception continued until 180 min in the TF test. Motor paralysis was observed after the administration of the larger dose of each drug. We demonstrated that intrathecally administered L-type calcium channel blockers diltiazem or verapamil produced both somatic and visceral antinociception and motor block dose-dependently. Implications: We examined the effects of intrathecally administered L-type calcium channel blockers diltiazem and verapamil on somatic and visceral nociception in rats. L-type calcium channel blockers produced antinociceptive effects, suggesting a possible clinical application to control pain. (Anesth Analg 1998;87:382-7)
Acidic Acetonitrile for Cellular Metabolome Extraction from<i>Escherichia coli</i> (2007)

Cellular metabolome analysis by chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS) requires prior metabolite extraction. We examined a diversity of solvent systems for extraction of water-soluble metabolites from Escherichia coli. Quantitative yields of approximately 100 different metabolites were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem MS and displayed in clustered heat map format. Many metabolites, including most amino acids and components of central carbon metabolism, were adequately extracted by a broad spectrum of solvent mixtures. For nucleotide triphosphates, however, mixtures of acidic (0.1 M formic acid-containing) acetonitrile/water (80:20) or acetonitrile/methanol/water (40:40:20) gave superior triphosphate yields. Experiments involving isotopic tracers revealed that the improved triphosphate yields in the acidic acetonitrile were in part due to reduced triphosphate decomposition, which is a major problem when extracting with other solvent systems such as methanol/water. We recommend acidic solvent mixtures containing acetonitrile for extraction of the E. coli metabolome.
Extension versus Bending for Continuum Robots (2006)

In this paper, we analyze the capabilities of a novel class of continuous-backbone (“continuum”) robots. These robots are inspired by biological “trunks, and tentacles”. However, the capabilities of established continuum robot designs, which feature controlled bending but not extension, fall short of those of their biological counterparts. In this paper, we argue that the addition of controlled extension provides dual and complementary functionality, and correspondingly enhanced performance, in continuum robots. We present an interval-based analysis to show how the inclusion of controllable extension significantly enhances the workspace and capabilities of continuum robots.
Relative Reaction Rates of Olefin Substrates with Ruthenium(II) Carbene Metathesis Initiators<sup>1</sup> (1998)

The metathesis of terminal olefins having different steric bulk and different geometries as well as electronically different para-substituted styrenes was studied with the ruthenium-based metathesis initiators trans-(PCy3)2Cl2RuCHR. Bulkier olefins were found to react slower, and trans internal olefins were found to be slower than cis. The kinetic product of all reactions was found to be the alkylidene rather than the methylidene. Observed effects were used to explain the mechanism of ring-opening cross metathesis. No linear electronic effects were observed.
Antigen-Specific Memory Regulatory CD4+Foxp3+ T Cells Control Memory Responses to Influenza Virus Infection (2013)

Regulatory CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells (Tregs) are key regulators of inflammatory responses and control the magnitude of cellular immune responses to viral infections. However, little is known about how Tregs contribute to immune regulation during memory responses to previously encountered pathogens. In this study, we used MHC class II tetramers specific for the 311-325 peptide from influenza nucleoprotein (NP311-325/IA(b)) to track the Ag-specific Treg response to primary and secondary influenza virus infections. During secondary infections, Ag-specific memory Tregs showed accelerated accumulation in the lung-draining lymph node and lung parenchyma relative to a primary infection. Memory Tregs effectively controlled the in vitro proliferation of memory CD8(+) cells in an Ag-specific fashion that was MHC class II dependent. When memory Tregs were depleted before secondary infection, the magnitude of the Ag-specific memory CD8(+) T cell response was increased, as was pulmonary inflammation and airway cytokine/chemokine expression. Replacement of memory Tregs with naive Tregs failed to restore the regulation of the memory CD8 T cell response during secondary infection. Together, these data demonstrate the existence of a previously undescribed population of Ag-specific memory Tregs that shape the cellular immune response to secondary influenza virus challenges and offer an additional parameter to consider when determining the efficacy of vaccinations.
Sensor-to-sensor target association in a network of passive sensors (2002)

This paper address the problem of sensor-to sensor target association in a distributed passive sensor network. If two or more targets are coplanar with two sensors, ghosts occur among the intersections of line-of-sights. To cancel these ghosts, the authors propose a new association method in which they track angles and angular rates of targets being viewed by each sensor and use not only angle but also angular rate information in the association process. The performance of the proposed method is investigated through Monte Carlo simulation.
Functional requirements for fukutin-related protein in the Golgi apparatus (2002)

Two forms of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD), Fukuyama CMD and CMD type 1C (MDC1C) are caused by mutations in the genes encoding two putative glycosyltransferases, fukutin and fukutin-related protein (FKRP). Additionally, mutations in the FKRP gene also cause limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2I (LGMD2I), a considerably milder allelic variant than MDC1C. All of these diseases are associated with secondary changes in muscle alpha-dystroglycan expression. To elucidate the function of FKRP and fukutin and examine the effects of MDC1C patient mutations, we have determined the mechanism for the subcellular location of each protein. FKRP and fukutin are targeted to the medial-Golgi apparatus through their N-termini and transmembrane domains. Overexpression of FKRP in CHO cells alters the post-translational processing of alpha- and beta-dystroglycan inhibiting maturation of the two isoforms. Mutations in the DxD motif in the putative active site of the protein or in the Golgi-targeting sequence, which cause FKRP to be inefficiently trafficked to the Golgi apparatus, did not alter dystroglycan processing in vitro. The P448L mutation in FKRP that causes congenital muscular dystrophy changes a conserved amino acid resulting in the mislocalization of the mutant protein in the cell that is unable to alter dystroglycan processing. Our data show that FKRP and fukutin are Golgi-resident proteins and that FKRP is required for the post-translational modification of dystroglycan. Aberrant processing of dystroglycan caused by a mislocalized FKRP mutant could be a novel mechanism that causes congenital muscular dystrophy.
A novel method for accelerating the visualisation process used in virtual colonoscopy (2002)

Virtual colonoscopy is a non-invasive technique with the potential for wide application in the early detection of colorectal cancer. Unfortunately, to be clinically useful, it is reliant on the rapid visualisation of three-dimensional (3D) data using personal computers. This is not possible using current visualisation techniques. We present a novel method to accelerate volume rendering via ray casting as used in virtual colonoscopy. The method uses a space leaping technique in which the space inside the colon is approximated by maximal spheres constructed using the distance transform of the cavity. These spheres enable subsequent ray casting to traverse the space in an efficient way. The method has been implemented on a personal computer and is approximately 2.9 times faster when compared to the usual ray casting method for virtual colonoscopy. Potential uses of this method extend beyond virtual colonoscopy to all endoscopic applications and indeed any volume rendering application involving voxels with uniform properties.
A new method for evaluating the log-likelihood gradient (score) of linear dynamic systems (1988)

A novel method is presented that is based on the optimal smoothing equations. The result can be used for efficient calculations and approximations of gradient-search algorithms for maximum-likelihood estimation of the unknown system parameters. The method is applied to the continuous-discrete case.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An evaluation of the antioxidant activity of a standardized grape seed extract, Leucoselect® (1998)

The capsules increased serum antioxidant activity but the longer-term clinical implications need to be assessed in further randomised clinical trials.