gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatial Nature of Randomization and Its Effect on the Outcome of Field Experiments (1993)

Abstract Many sites used for field trials exhibit a spatially‐dependent variance structure in that nearby observations are autocorrelated. This may affect treatment comparisons made at unequal distances. This study investigated (i) the probabilistic nature of randomization with respect to spatial distances in randomized complete block (RCB) designs and (ii) the effect of spatially unbalanced designs on the outcome of field experiments. The mean distance of treatment comparison increases linearly with the number of treatments in the experiment. The lack of spatial balance also increases and is inversely related to the number of replications. This may result in increases in Type II errors for short‐distance treatment contrasts and increases in Type I errors for long‐distance contrasts. Evaluation of two experimental RCB designs involving four and nine treatments and four replications showed that the randomization process does not ensure spatial balance. Two simulated experiments, each using 50 randomizations based on the Mercer and Hall data showed no adverse effect from spatially unbalanced treatment comparisons if the underlying variance structure is random, but significant effects if spatial autocorrelation is present. Expected variances for long‐distance comparisons (5.6% of all comparisons) were 51% higher than the error term resulting in tests of treatment differences at ɑ = 0.05 to actually be conducted at the 0.09 error level. Alternative design and analysis methods that ensure spatially balanced treatment comparisons are discussed.
A dual-mode 80 MHz bandpass ΔΣ modulator for a GSM/WCDMA IF-receiver (2003)

The authors present a band-pass modulator operating at 80 MHz which combines frequency down-conversion with A/D conversion. The two SC resonators are implemented using a single opamp. A single-bit quantizer and feedback is used for GSM, but 4 b quantizer is used for WCDMA. Measured peak SNRs are 80 dB for 270 kHz B/W (GSM), and 48 dB for 3.84 MHz B/W (WCDMA).
Characteristics of amorphous tungsten nitride diffusion barrier for metal-organic chemical vapor deposited Cu metallization (2005)

Copper thin films are deposited on amorphous tungsten nitride diffusion barrier by metal organic chemical vapor deposition method. The resistivity of Cu film is considerably higher than those of Cu films deposited on SiO/sub 2/, borophospho-silica glass, and Si due to substrate driven reaction. RBS, XTEM and XRD measurements clearly show that 100-800 A amorphous W/sub 67/N/sub 33/ layer successfully executes the role of diffusion barrier for Cu during the annealing process at 800 /spl degC for 30 min.
Uplink PHY Design with Shortened TTI for Latency Reduction (2017)

Shortening the transmit time interval (TTI) has been considered in 3GPP LTE as an effective way for latency reduction. In this paper, we discuss the physical layer design aspects for uplink data transmissions with short TTI (sTTI). Here, an sTTI consists of one or a few SC-FDMA symbols, and its time duration is less than 1 ms. Different methods of demodulation reference signals (DMRS) design, DMRS sharing and DMRS multiplexing, are introduced to reduce the reference signal overhead when shortening the TTI length. Our link level simulation results show that both methods can efficiently reduce the DMRS overhead, and thereby improve the system throughput. Moreover, we show that due to better channel estimates, a shorter TTI, e.g., 2-symbol TTI, is more robust towards high Doppler scenarios. In contrast, for a 7-symbol TTI, which is 0.5 ms, more than one reference symbols can be inserted in order to improve the channel estimates in high Doppler scenarios. Finally, a discussion is given on how several short TTIs can be multiplexed into the frame format used for LTE.
Consequences of Geometric Imperfections for the Control of Redundantly Actuated Parallel Manipulators (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Actuation redundancy increases and homogenizes the kinematic dexterity and stiffness as well as the force distribution among the actuators of parallel-kinematics machines (PKMs). It also allows for internal prestresses within the PKM without affecting the environment that can potentially be used to account for secondary tasks, such as active stiffness and backlash-avoiding control. However, in the presence of geometric uncertainties, this feature can become a serious problem, since then, control forces may be annihilated, or even some of the intentional prestress components may interfere with the environment. While model uncertainties can generally be tackled with robust-control concepts, actuation redundancy of PKM impedes the use of established robust-control schemes. The effect of such uncertainties and the applicability of standard model-based control schemes are analyzed in this paper. It is shown that geometric uncertainties lead to parasitic perturbation forces that cannot be compensated by adjustment of the controls. An amended version of the augmented PD and computed torque-control scheme is proposed that does not suffer from such effects. </para>
Error detecting refreshment for embedded DRAMs (2003)

This paper presents a new technique for on-line consistency checking of embedded DRAMs. The basic idea is to use the periodic refresh operation for concurrently computing a test characteristic of the memory contents and compare it to a precomputed reference characteristic. Experiments show that the proposed technique significantly reduces the time between the occurrence of an error and its detection (error detection latency). It also achieves a very high error coverage at low hardware costs. Therefore it perfectly complements standard on-line checking approaches relying on error detecting codes, where the detection of certain types of errors is guaranteed, but only during READ operations accessing the erroneous data.
Removal of the Pro-Domain Does Not Affect the Conformation of the Procaspase-3 Dimer (2001)

We have investigated the oligomeric properties of procaspase-3 and a mutant that lacks the pro-domain (called pro-less variant). In addition, we have examined the interactions of the 28 amino acid pro-peptide when added in trans to the pro-less variant. By sedimentation equilibrium studies, we have found that procapase-3 is a stable dimer in solution at 25 degrees C and pH 7.2, and we estimate an upper limit for the equilibrium dissociation constant of approximately 50 nM. Considering the expression levels of caspase-3 in Jurkat cells, we predict that procaspase-3 exists as a dimer in vivo. The pro-less variant is also a dimer, with little apparent change in the equilibrium dissociation constant. Thus, in contrast with the long pro-domain caspases, the pro-peptide of caspase-3 does not appear to be involved in dimerization. Results from circular dichroism, fluorescence anisotropy, and FTIR studies demonstrate that the pro-domain interacts weakly with the pro-less variant. The data suggest that the pro-peptide adopts a beta-structure when in contact with the protein, but it is a random coil when free in solution. In addition, when added in trans, the pro-peptide does not inhibit the activity of the mature caspase-3 heterotetramer. On the other hand, the active caspase-3 does not efficiently hydrolyze the pro-domain at the NSVD(9) sequence as occurs when the pro-peptide is in cis to the protease domain. Based on these results, we propose a model for maturation of the procaspase-3 dimer.
Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (1985)

It is well known and appreciated that the lungs contain organized lymphoid tissue. A few years ago while investigating the effect of the introduction of immune complexes into rabbit lungs, we observed that there were present in the bronchial walls lymphoid aggregates which resembled those in the intestine.l–3 Because the Peyer’s patches had been loosely included in the term gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) we termed this bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue or BALT. On becoming much more interested in the nature of this tissue, and upon doing a literature survey, we found that this lymphoid tissue had been well described some 100 years previously but for obscure reasons in more recent years reference to it was infrequent. Klein,4 more than 100 years ago, observed such aggregates in the bronchial tract and noticed their similarity to Peyer’s patches. Similar lymphoid aggregates have been observed in primitive mammals by Miller5 and have now been identified in humans, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, rats, mice, swine and chickens.1–15
Role of ethanol in the regulation of hepatic stellate cell Function (2006)

Evidence has accumulated to suggest an important role of ethanol and/or its metabolites in the pathogenesis of alcohol-related liver disease. In this review, the fibrogenic effects of ethanol and its metabolites on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are discussed. In brief, ethanol interferes with retinoid metabolism and its signaling, induces the release of fibrogenic cytokines such as transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFbeta-1) from HSCs, up-regulates the gene expression of collagen I and enhances type I collagen protein production by HSCs. Ethanol further perpetuates an activated HSC phenotype through extracellular matrix remodeling. The underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms by which ethanol exerts these pro-fibrogenic effects on HSCs are reviewed.
Life at the Energetic Edge: Kinetics of Circumneutral Iron Oxidation by Lithotrophic Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria Isolated from the Wetland-Plant Rhizosphere (2002)

Batch cultures of a lithotrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacterium, strain BrT, isolated from the rhizosphere of a wetland plant, were grown in bioreactors and used to determine the significance of microbial Fe(II) oxidation at circumneutral pH and to identify abiotic variables that affect the partitioning between microbial oxidation and chemical oxidation. Strain BrT grew only in the presence of an Fe(II) source, with an average doubling time of 25 h. In one set of experiments, Fe(II) oxidation rates were measured before and after the cells were poisoned with sodium azide. These experiments indicated that strain BrT accounted for 18 to 53% of the total iron oxidation, and the average cellular growth yield was 0.70 g of CH2O per mol of Fe(II) oxidized. In a second set of experiments, Fe(II) was constantly added to bioreactors inoculated with live cells, killed cells, or no cells. A statistical model fitted to the experimental data demonstrated that metabolic Fe(II) oxidation accounted for up to 62% of the total oxidation. The total Fe(II) oxidation rates in these experiments were strongly limited by the rate of Fe(II) delivery to the system and were also influenced by O2 and total iron concentrations. Additionally, the model suggested that the microbes inhibited rates of abiotic Fe(II) oxidation, perhaps by binding Fe(II) to bacterial exopolymers. The net effect of strain BrT was to accelerate total oxidation rates by up to 18% compared to rates obtained with cell-free treatments. The results suggest that neutrophilic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria may compete for limited O2 in the rhizosphere and therefore influence other wetland biogeochemical cycles.
Physical layer for future broadband radio systems (2010)

Future broadband radio systems have ambitious objectives in terms of performance and quality of service. Moreover, new network topologies are likely to be introduced. Therefore, the physical layer has to evolve to meet the new requirements. With this in mind, the filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) technique is proposed as an enhancement to the present OFDM technique. After a brief presentation of the FBMC principle, the adaptation to the radio context is described. Then, the main features which impact radio networks are reviewed with emphasis on the potential benefits of the evolution. The paper provides an overview of the work carried out in the European research project EC-FP7-Phydyas (physical layer for dynamic access and cognitive radio).
The Baligant Episode in the Chanson de Roland and the Historia of Peter Tudebode (2015)

The Baligant Episode in the Chanson de Roland and the Historia of Peter TudebodeVarious pieces of evidence have been gathered to show that the material in the Baligant episode is later than the contents of the rest of the Chanson de Roland, but does that mean that the text is later, and that by removing the Baligant episode we have the text of an earlier poem about Roland?If a break is to be made, the beginning of laisse 189 seems a likely point, for it is there, if anywhere, that we find what looks like a seam joining two texts.Roland and the peers and the soldiers of the rear-guard have been killed and Charlemagne and the Frankish army have taken vengeance on the killers.Saracen power in Saragossa has been smashed, and Bramimonde is beginning the traditional feminine lament for its fall.Line 2610 recapitulates line 2 and the poem's auditors anticipate a coda.All of a sudden, our expectations are derailed.The poem is not over, the story of battle is not over, for there is a greater enemy to face.We have been reminded of the "set anz tuz plens" for a quite different purpose.Back in the first year, Marsile had sent letters to Baligant in Babylon asking for reinforcements, and the emir's army is so large that it has taken seven years to organize; the huge pagan host is arriving right now, just in the nick of time, just when we (and Charlemagne) thought that all was safe.This is precisely the sort of blending of material that modern authors would do well to avoid.It is a technique which, for modern audiences, breaks the willing suspension of disbelief, reminds us that there is an author, and provokes us to pass negative judgments on his basic competence.
A semic-automatic system for the syllabification and stress assignment of large lexicons (1997)

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1997.
Children with autism demonstrate circumscribed attention during passive viewing of complex social and nonsocial picture arrays (2008)

Although circumscribed interests are a hallmark characteristic of autism spectrum disorders, providing a means for quantifying their functional impairment has proven difficult. We developed a passive viewing task to measure aspects of visual attention in children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing controls. Task stimuli included picture arrays that were matched for social and nonsocial content. Nonsocial content was balanced to include items related to circumscribed interests (e.g., trains) as well as more commonplace items (e.g., furniture). Discrete aspects of gaze behavior were quantified using eye-tracking technology. Results indicate that visual attention in the autism group was more circumscribed (as indicated by the exploration of fewer images), more perseverative (as indicated by longer fixation times per image explored), and more detail oriented (as indicated by a greater number of discrete fixations on explored images). This pattern of results was similar for both social and object arrays. Within the autism group, overall severity of repetitive behavior symptoms correlated positively with exploration of object pictures and negatively with perseveration on social pictures. Results suggest that children with autism have a domain-general pattern of atypical visual attention that may represent an exaggeration of a typical attentional process and is related to a tendency to perseverate on images of interest and explore them in a more detail-oriented manner. Discrete measures of visual attention may therefore provide a reasonable means of quantifying aspects of the repetitive behavior phenotype in autism.
Integrating Low‐Cost Earth‐Abundant Co‐Catalysts with Encapsulated Perovskite Solar Cells for Efficient and Stable Overall Solar Water Splitting (2020)

Abstract Metal halide perovskite solar cells have an appropriate bandgap (1.5–1.6 eV), and thus output voltage (>1 V), to directly drive solar water splitting. Despite significant progress, their moisture sensitivity still hampers their application for integrated monolithic devices. Furthermore, the prevalence of the use of noble metals as co‐catalysts for existing perovskite‐based devices undermines their use for low‐cost H 2 production. Here, a monolithic architecture for stable perovskite‐based devices with earth‐abundant co‐catalysts is reported, demonstrating an unassisted overall solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiency of 8.54%. The device layout consists of two monolithically encapsulated perovskite (FA 0.80 MA 0.15 Cs 0.05 PbI 2.55 Br 0.45 ) solar cells with low‐cost earth‐abundant CoP and FeNi(OH) x co‐catalysts as the photocathode and photoanode, respectively. The CoP‐based photocathode demonstrates more than 17 h of continuous operation, with a photocurrent density of 12.4 mA cm −2 at 0 V and an onset potential as positive as ≈1 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The FeNi(OH) x ‐based photoanode achieves a photocurrent of 11 mA cm −2 at 1.23 V versus RHE for more than 13 h continuous operation. These excellent stability and performance demonstrate the potential for monolithic integration of perovskite solar cells and low‐cost earth‐abundant co‐catalysts for efficient direct solar H 2 production.
Raman imaging of graphene: from fundamental study to applications (2008)

Graphene exhibits many exciting properties, such as anomalously quantized Hall effects, massless Dirac-Fermions like charge carrier, existence of a minimum conductivity, which make it promising material for the future nano-electronic devices. All these properties are originated from its unique band structure whose conical valence and conduction bands meet at the Dirac point in Brillouin zone. Raman spectroscopy/imaging has been historically used to probe structural and electronic characteristics of carbon materials. In this talk, we use Raman imaging to study graphene in the following aspects. (1) Raman imaging in together with contrast imaging can be used to unambiguously determine the graphene thickness. (2) determination of graphene axes using Polarized Raman spectroscopy (3) Raman imaging of folded graphene sheets has revealed the two dimensional Dirac-like (single layer graphene-like) character of electronic states and with reduction of Fermi velocity. (4) We have also studied the effect of top insulator layer deposition (SiO2, HfO2, PMMA) with different techniques (ALD, PLD, Sputtering, spin coating) on the properties of graphene. The effect of high temperature annealing and molecular doping is also studied. (5) Uniaxial strain is applied on graphene, and the strain is detected by Raman spectroscopy and imaging. Bandgap opening on graphene, which is critical to its application, is possible by applying such strain. The results obtained here by Raman imaging help on the better understood of fundamental properties of graphene and might speed up its application on future electronic devices.
Microfabrication of lead-free (K, Na)NbO<inf>3</inf> piezoelectric thin films by dry etching (2013)

In this study, we propose a practical microfabrication method of lead-free sodium potassium niobate [(K, Na)NbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> , KNN] thin films by dry etching for the first time. We found that Ar/C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sub> plasma etching was very effective for high etching rate of KNN thin film as well as excellent selectivity of KNN and Cr metal mask. We successfully fabricated unimorph micro-cantilevers of KNN thin films without process damage and confirmed excellent piezoelectric properties of the microfabricated KNN thin film. These results indicate that Ar/C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sub> plasma etching enables to fabricate various lead-free piezoelectric MEMS applications.
Hardware acceleration of the robust header compression (RoHC) algorithm (2013)

In LTE base-stations, RoHC is a processing-intensive algorithm that may limit the system from serving a large number of users when it is used to compress the VoIP packets of mobile traffic. In this paper, a hardware-software and a full-hardware solution are proposed to accelerate the RoHC compression algorithm in LTE base-stations and enhance the system throughput and capacity. Results for both solutions are discussed and compared with respect to design metrics like throughput, capacity, power consumption, and hardware resources. This comparison is instrumental in taking architectural level trade-off decisions in-order to meet the present day requirements and also be ready to support a future evolution. In terms of throughput, a gain of 20% (6250 packets/sec) is achieved in the HW-SW implementation by accelerating the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) and the Least Significant Bit (LSB) encoding in hardware. The full-HW implementation leads to a throughput of 45 times (244000 packets/sec) compared to the SW-Only implementation. The full-HW solution consumes more Adaptive Look-Up Tables (7477 ALUTs) compared to the HW-SW solution (2614 ALUTs) when synthesized on Altera's Arria II GX FPGA.
The cell transmembrane pH gradient in tumors enhances cytotoxicity of specific weak acid chemotherapeutics. (2001)

The extracellular pH is lower in tumor than in normal tissue, whereas their intracellular pH is similar. In this study, we show that the tumor-specific pH gradient may be exploited for the treatment of cancer by weak acid chemotherapeutics. i.v.-injected glucose substantially decreased the electrode estimated extracellular pH in a xenografted human tumor while its intracellular pH, evaluated by (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, remained virtually unchanged. The resulting increase in the average cell pH gradient caused a parallel increase in tumor growth delay by the weak acid chlorambucil (CHL). Regardless of glucose administration, the effect of CHL was significantly greater in tumors preirradiated with a large dose of ionizing radiation. This suggests that CHL was especially pronounced in radioresistant hypoxic cells possessing a larger transmembrane pH gradient. These results indicate that the naturally occurring cell pH gradient difference between tumor and normal tissue is a major and exploitable determinant of the uptake of weak acids in the complex tumor microenvironment. The use of such drugs may be especially effective in combination with radiation.
Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury (2008)

The identification of acute kidney injury relies on tests like blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine that were identified and incorporated into clinical practice several decades ago. This review summarizes clinical studies of newer biomarkers that may permit earlier and more accurate identification of acute kidney injury. The urine may contain sensitive and specific markers of kidney injury that are present due to either impaired tubular reabsorption and catabolism of filtered molecules or release of tubular cell proteins in response to ischemic or nephrotoxic injury. Many potential markers have been studied. Promising injury markers in the urine include N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1, and interleukin-18. New biomarkers of kidney injury hold the promise of substantially improving the diagnostic approach to acute kidney injury. Adequately powered clinical studies of multiple biomarkers are needed to qualify the biomarkers before they can be fully adopted in clinical practice. Once adopted, more sensitive biomarkers of acute kidney injury hold the potential to transform the care of patients with renal disease.