gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Miniaturization and simplification of zoom lenses using wavefront coding (2008)

Traditional zoom lens designs employ multiple moving lens elements to provide simultaneous control of focal length and focal plane. We present an approach to a design of a simplified zoom lens by employing a single moving element to control only the focal length. We show that the defocus in miniaturized zoom lenses with a single moving element can be corrected by the use of wavefront coding, although this introduces a modest reduction in signal-noise-ratio. As an example, we present a design of a miniaturized 10 mm long wavefront coded 2.3x optical zoom lens with a single moving lens element.
15 T-HELPER 2 LYMPHOCYTE-EXPRESSED NKG2A SUPPRESSES INTERLEUKIN-4 SECRETION UPON CD3/CD28/HLA-E COSTIMULATION: A NOVEL MECHANISM FOR T-HELPER 2 DOMINANCE IN ASTHMA. (2006)

<h3>Purpose</h3> Asthma exacerbations are frequently associated with viral infections. Many of these viruses cause a marked decrease in antigen-presenting cell MHC class I production. We have previously identified a potential mechanism linking the T-helper type 2 (T<sub>H</sub>2) cytokine preponderance seen in acute asthma and this viral-mediated event. That is, NKG2A was identified as the only known ligand for MHC class I (ie, HLA-E) expressed by activated T<sub>H</sub>2 lymphocytes. Therefore, we aimed to measure T<sub>H</sub>2 cell effector function upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation in the presence and absence of HLA-E, intending to imitate the reduction in MHC class I seen with respiratory viral infections. <h3>Methods</h3> Human monocytes and T<sub>H</sub>2 cells were negatively purified from healthy volunteers using previously validated antibody cocktails. T<sub>H</sub>2 cells were cultured in media containing anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 in the presence (or absence) of autologous monocytes, which served as HLA-E presenters. Four-color flow cytometry was performed. Analyses with FlowJo 5.7 were carried out after back-gating on CD3<sup>+</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup> cells. Paired <i>t</i>-tests measured statistical significance using SPSS 14. <h3>Results</h3> T<sub>H</sub>2 isolates were > 95% pure CD3<sup>+</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>-</sup> cells and > 84% pure T<sub>H</sub>2 cells. Monocyte isolates were > 90% pure. Flow studies of activated T<sub>H</sub>2 cells showed mean ± SE (mean fluorescence intensity) NKG2A<sup>+</sup> of 11.4 ± 0% (15.4 ± 0.1) and intracellular IL-4<sup>+</sup> of 4.4 ± 0% (153.4 ± 0.1). In the presence of monocytic HLA-E, activated T<sub>H</sub>2 lymphocytes showed NKG2A<sup>+</sup> of 11.2 ± 0% (35.6 ± 0) (<i>p</i> < .001) and intracellular IL-4+ of 0.04 ± 0.01% (14.1 ± 0) (p < .001). There was no detectable switching from inhibitory NKG2A to the activating lectin NKG2C in any sample. Conclusions: We identified significant suppression of IL-4 expression in activated TH2 cells via NKG2A-HLA-E (MHC class I) binding and ultimate TCR signaling inhibition. Extrapolated to a viral-induced asthma exacerbation scenario, where MHC class I and thus HLA-E are in low abundance, we have shown that TH2 cells would exhibit a relatively robust response. This represents a new aspect of TH1/TH2 balance in the inflammatory response and could be clinically important in viral-induced TH1/TH2-associated diseases like asthma.
Overall Circuit Loss Design Method for Integrated Power Converter (2006)

Overall circuit loss design method for designing integrated power converters employing a MOSFET and a SiC-Schottky Barrier Diode (SiC-SBD) based on a minimum circuit loss estimation model has been proposed. Since the model is generalized with device parameters and circuit parameters including stray inductances and capacitances, exact converter circuit loss under real circuit conditions can be designed. In addition, a concept of a circuit loss design method, which comprises the minimum circuit loss estimation model and a device simulator, for various types of MOSFETs and SBDs is described.
Abstract 3231: A small molecule inhibitor of glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) down-regulates glycolysis, induces cell cycle arrest, and inhibits cancer cell growth <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> (2012)

Abstract Increased dependence on glycolysis and glucose metabolism, known as the Warburg effect, is a near-universal hallmark of cancer. The functional and therapeutic importance of the effect has been increasingly recognized and glycolysis has become a new target of anticancer strategies. We recently reported the identification of a group of novel small compounds that inhibit basal glucose transport and reduce cancer cell growth by using a glucose deprivation-like mechanism. Based on these and other results, we hypothesized that the compounds inhibit cancer growth by targeting Glut1 and they are efficacious in vivo as anticancer agents. Here we report that the representative and novel compound WZB117 not only inhibited cancer cell growth in multiple cancer cell lines but also inhibited cancer growth in a nude mouse model. Daily intraperitoneal (ip) injection of WZB117 at a dose of 10 mg/kg resulted in an over 70% reduction in the average size of xenografted tumor of human lung cancer A549 cell origin. Compound target study showed that WZB117 inhibited glucose transport in human red blood cells (RBC) and RBC-derived vesicles, both of which express Glut1 as their sole glucose transporter. Docking studies of WZB117-Glut1 interaction also demonstrate and support the binding of WZB117 to Glut1. Mechanism studies using multiple cancer cell lines revealed that treatment of WZB117 led to an induction of glycolytic enzymes, such as hexokinase, PKM2 and PGAM1; and then a decline of glycolysis as indicated by reduced lactate production with changes in Akt, AMPK and mTOR, protein factors in energy sensitive signaling pathways. These resulted in ER stress, followed by cell cycle arrest mediated through downregulation of cyclin E and Rb. Taken together, cell cycle arrest at G1/S phase plays major roles in the WZB117-induced inhibition of cancer cell growth while apoptosis is secondary. WZB117 can serve as a prototypic compound for further development of Glut1 inhibitors into novel anticancer therapeutics targeting glucose transport and glucose metabolism. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3231. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3231
Potential benefits of crawl position for prone radiation therapy in breast cancer (2017)

Radiation therapy for breast and regional lymph nodes in crawl position is feasible. Good comfort and set-up precision were demonstrated. Planning results support the hypothesis that breast and regional lymph nodes can be treated in crawl position with less dose to organs at risk and equal or better dose distribution in the target volumes than in supine position. The crawl technique is a candidate methodology for further investigation for patients requiring breast and regional lymph node irradiation.
Dynamic speculation and synchronization of data dependences (1997)

Data dependence speculation is used in instruction-level parallel (ILP) processors to allow early execution of an instruction before a logically preceding instruction on which it may be data dependent. If the instruction is independent, data dependence speculation succeeds; if not, it fails, and the two instructions must be synchronized. The modern dynamically scheduled processors that use data dependence speculation do so blindly (i.e., every load instruction with unresolved dependences is speculated). In this paper, we demonstrate that as dynamic instruction windows get larger, significant performance benefits can result when intelligent decisions about data dependence speculation are made. We propose dynamic data dependence speculation techniques: (i) to predict if the execution of an instruction is likely to result in a data dependence mis-specalation, and (ii) to provide the synchronization needed to avoid a mis-speculation. Experimental results evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed techniques are presented within the context of a Multiscalar processor.
A New Highly Selective Fluorescent K<sup>+</sup> Sensor (2011)

We describe the synthesis, properties, and application of a new fluorescent potassium chemosensor, KS2, for K(+) sensing and imaging in live cells. By virtue of a strong electron-withdrawing group, 2-dicyanomethylene-3-cyano-4,5,5-trimethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran (TCF), with a triazacryptand ligand, the new sensor can respond to K(+) up to 1.6 M. This is the first highly selective intracellular sensor suitable for sensing K(+) over a broad and high concentration range. Confocal fluorescence microscopy has established the utility of KS2 for live-cell K(+) detection. The application of KS2 combined with other sensors will be of great benefit for investigating cellular metabolism, detecting and diagnosing diseases including cancer, and monitoring responses to therapy.
Digitally Controlled Pulse Width Modulator for On-Chip Power Management (2014)

A digitally controlled current starved pulse width modulator (PWM) is described in this paper. The current from the power grid to the ring oscillator is controlled by a header circuit. By changing the header current, the pulse width of the switching signal generated at the output of the ring oscillator is dynamically controlled, permitting the duty cycle to vary between 25% and 90%. A duty cycle to voltage converter is used to ensure the accuracy of the system under process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations. A ring oscillator with two header circuits is proposed to control both duty cycle and frequency of the operation. Analytic closed-form expressions for the operation of a PWM are provided. The accuracy and performance of the proposed PWM is evaluated with 22-nm CMOS predictive technology models under PVT variations. An error of less than 3.1% and 4.4% in the duty cycle, respectively, with and without constant frequency control is reported for the PWM. A constant operation frequency with less than 1.25% period variation is demonstrated. The proposed PWM is appropriate for dynamic voltage scaling systems due to the small on-chip area and high accuracy under PVT variations.
Rapid method for arrayed investigation of IgE‐reactivity profiles using natural and recombinant allergens (2002)

The innovative usage of a standard incubation device for both application of proteins as well as screening of sera provides a simple high throughput method for the characterization of IgE binding to allergens. The results are important for component resolved diagnosis of allergy by means of fast monitoring of IgE- and IgG-reactivity spectra. Recombinant allergens may be used as targets for these purposes.
Domain formation and associated wall states (1973)

Generation of Bloch lines in closed domains is examined on the premise that the magnetization remains continuous at all times. The model predicts the creation of two nonunwinding lines during the formation of each domain. Precession of the wall magnetization generates trains of unwinding lines. If such a domain is split while in a comb-like configuration, the resulting walls may contain large numbers of nonunwinding lines. Conclusions are verified experimentally by determining the number and handedness of lines in domains formed under different conditions.
High Sensitivity Low Fluorescence Detection for Beryllium Particulates SBIR Phase I Final Report ER84587 (2007)

The technical objective in Phase I was to enhance the detection limit of beryllium using fluorescence system by a minimum factor of 10. This was to be achieved by modifying the chemistry and instrumentation. Both of these were completed independently. In each case we were able to lower the detection limit as desired. The objectives in Phase II are to adapt these changes for commercial activity (chemicals and instrument changes including automation).
Shielding properties of lead‐free protective clothing and their impact on radiation doses (2007)

The shielding properties of two different lead-free materials-tin and a compound of 80% tin and 20% bismuth-for protective clothing are compared with those of lead for three typical x-ray spectra generated at tube voltages of 60, 75, and 120 kV. Three different quantities were used to compare the shielding capability of the different materials: (1) Air-kerma attenuation factors in narrow-beam geometry, (2) air-kerma attenuation factors in broad-beam geometry, and (3) ratios of organ and effective doses in the human body for a whole-body irradiation with a parallel beam directed frontally at the body. The thicknesses of tin (0.45 mm) and the tin/bismuth compound (0.41 mm) to be compared against lead correspond to a lead equivalence value of 0.35 mm for the 75 kV spectrum. The narrow-beam attenuation factors for 0.45 mm tin are 54% and 32% lower than those for 0.35 mm lead for 60 and 120 kV; those for 0.41 mm tin/bismuth are 12% and 32% lower, respectively. The decrease of the broad-beam air-kerma attenuation factors compared to lead is 74%, 46%, and 41% for tin and 42%, 26%, and 33% for tin/bismuth and the spectra at 60, 75, and 120 kV, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended that the characterization of the shielding potential of a material should be done by measurements in broad-beam geometry. Since the secondary radiation that is mainly responsible for the shielding reduction in broad-beam geometry is of low penetrability, only more superficially located organs receive significantly enhanced doses. The increase for the dose to the glandular breast tissue (female) compared to being shielded by lead is 143%, 37%, and 45% when shielded by tin, and 35%, 15%, and 39% when shielded by tin/bismuth for 60, 75, and 120 kV, respectively. The effective dose rises by 60%, 6%, and 38% for tin, and 14%, 3% and, 35% for tin/bismuth shielding, respectively.
From Batch to Continuous: Freeze-Drying of Suspended Vials for Pharmaceuticals in Unit-Doses (2019)

In response to the current trend in the pharmaceutical industry, a new concept for the freeze-drying of pharmaceuticals in unit-doses is presented: the continuous freeze-drying/lyophilization of suspended vials. This configuration makes it possible to set up a continuous freeze-drying process that produces a final product with similar characteristics to those traditionally obtained by means of the batch process but which avoids the drawbacks of conventional, batch freeze-drying. The feasibility and advantages of this new concept are presented in this work. Continuous freeze-drying has been found to improve heat transfer uniformity and reduce the primary drying duration by 2–4 times. As far as the structure of lyophilized products is concerned, SEM micrographs of the lyophilized samples showed that this technology improves vial-to-vial and intravial homogeneity.
Aerosolized Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Therapy in Metastatic Cancer (2003)

A recent phase I study of aerosolized granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in patients with malignant metastases to the lungs demonstrated excellent tolerance and possible efficacy. This therapy was offered to other patients who refused "standard" treatment or when no effective therapy was available. Forty-five patients were treated; 40 had pulmonary metastases. Aerosolized GM-CSF (250 microg/dose) was administered twice a day using a 1 week on, 1 week off schedule. The mean interval between diagnosis and therapy was 32 months. Twenty-four patients had disease stabilization or partial regression. The mean duration of benefit was 10 months. This benefit was noted in 8 of 13 with a sarcoma, 6 of 14 with melanoma, and 5 of 12 with renal cell carcinoma. Eighteen patients reported mostly self-limiting toxicities. The frequency of certain melanoma-specific T lymphocytes in 1 patient with stable disease was found to have increased 10-fold after therapy. Aerosolized GM-CSF appears to have limited but promising efficacy in treatment of pulmonary metastatic disease. In one patient, we have evidence of upregulation of melanoma-specific cytotoxic T-cells. Further study is warranted to understand the impact of this therapy on the natural history of metastatic cancer.
Applications of Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry to flow measurements in hot liquid metals (2015)

The successful application of the ultrasound Doppler method at hot channel flows by means of commercial high temperature probes is presented. To obtain sufficient Doppler signals, different problems have to be solved: the transmission of the ultrasonic beam through the channel wall made of stainless steel, the acoustic coupling between the transducer and the channel wall, and the wetting of the inner surface of the wall by the liquid metal, respectively. An integrated sensor concept and method are figured out to meet these requirements. The feasibility of this sensor concept is demonstrated at experiments in metallic melts at temperatures up to 230°C. Measurements are performed at a circular channel flow at the LIMMCAST facility at HZDR applying an eutectic bismuth-tin alloy. In addition, a lead-bismuth flow in a rectangular channel profile measured at the METAL:LIC loop at the Institute of Physics Riga (IPUL) is presented in this report.
Development of a Vertical Wrap-Gated InAs FET (2008)

In this paper, we report on the development of a vertical wrap-gated field-effect transistor based on epitaxially grown InAs nanowires. We discuss some of the important steps involved in the growth and processing, such as nanowire position control, in situ doping, high- kappa dielectric deposition, spacer layer formation, and metal wrap-gate fabrication. In particular, we compare a few alternative methods for deposition of materials onto vertical structures and discuss their potential advantages and limitations. Finally, we also present a comparison of transistor performance for nanowires grown using two different epitaxial techniques.
Bisphosphonamidate Clodronate Prodrug Exhibits Potent Anticancer Activity in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells (2011)

Bisphoshonates are used clinically to treat disorders of calcium metabolism, hypercalcemia and osteoporosis, and malignant bone disease. Although these agents are commonly used in cancer patients and have potential direct anticancer effects, their use for the treatment of extraskeletal disease is limited as a result of poor cellular uptake. We have designed and synthesized bisphosphonamidate prodrugs that undergo intracellular activation to release the corresponding bisphosphonate and require only two enzymatic activation events to unmask multiple negative charges. We demonstrate efficient bisphosphonamidate activation and significant enhancement in anticancer activity of two bisphosphonamidate prodrugs in vitro compared to the parent bisphosphonate. These data suggest a novel approach to optimizing the anticancer activities of commonly used bisphosphonates.
Progress in the development of segmented thermoelectric unicouples at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (2001)

A new version of a segmented thermoelectric unicouple incorporating advanced thermoelectric materials with superior thermoelectric figures of merit has been recently proposed and is currently under development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). This advanced segmented thermoelectric unicouple includes a combination of state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials based on Bi2Te3 and novel materials developed at JPL. The segmented unicouple currently being developed is expected to operate between 300 and about 975K with a projected thermal to electrical efficiency of up to 15%. The segmentation can be adjusted to accommodate various hot-side temperatures depending on the specific application envisioned. Techniques and materials have been developed to bond the different thermoelectric segments together for the nand p-legs and low contact resistance bonds have been achieved. In order to experimentally determine the thermal to electrical efficiency of the unicouple, metallic interconnects must be developed for the hot side of the thermocouple to connect the n- and p-legs electrically. The latest results in the development of these interconnects are described in this paper. Efforts are also focusing on the fabrication of a unicouple specifically designed for thermal and electrical testing.
Electrospun nanofibres of polycaprolactone, and their use for tendon regeneration (2008)

Inferior scar tissue formed when injured tendons heal often results in ongoing pain and site morbidity. With current treatments being ineffective, there is a clinical need for a tissue engineered approach. Electrospinning produces nanofibres with morphologies and architectures similar to the natural extra cellular matrix. Research incorporating electrospinning for tendon regeneration is limited. We report the effects of varying process parameters for fabricating electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibres, and the methods of fibre collection to achieve uniaxially aligned fibre bundles, particularly when spun into a liquid reservoir. We aim to group these bundles to develop a temporary scaffold mimicking the hierarchical tendon structure.
White balance under mixed illumination using flash photography (2016)

Real-world illumination is often a complex spatially-varying combination of multiple illuminants. In this work, we present a technique to white-balance images captured in such illumination by leveraging flash photography. Even though this problem is severely ill-posed, we show that using two images — captured with and without flash lighting — leads to a closed form solution for spatially-varying mixed illumination. Our solution is completely automatic and makes no assumptions about the number or nature of the illuminants. We also propose an extension of our scheme to handle practical challenges such as shadows, specularities, as well as the camera and scene motion. We evaluate our technique on datasets captured in both the laboratory and the real-world, and show that it significantly outperforms a number of previous white balance algorithms.
Quantum Secret Sharing with Phase-Encoded Photons (2014)

We demonstrate single-qubit quantum secret sharing using phase-encoded photons. The intermediate node is designed to be inserted directly between Alice and Bob, with no need for additional compensation schemes.