gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Azamacrolides: a family of alkaloids from the pupal defensive secretion of a ladybird beetle (Epilachna varivestis). (1993)

Defensive droplets from glandular hairs of the pupa of the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis, contain a group of structurally novel alkaloids, the azamacrolides. The major constituent of this secretion, epilachnene, is shown to be (5Z)-11-propyl-12-azacyclotetradec-5-en-14-olide. The secretion also contains an epilachnadiene and trace amounts of three closely related components.
Coupled piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers with improved pulse-echo performance (2017)

This paper presents a novel piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) based on mechanical coupling between a center circular resonator and an outer annular membrane. Compared to traditional circular membrane PMUTs, the design has the advantages that (1) it allows the PMUT diameter to be matched to the acoustic wavelength (λ=190μm at 8MHz) to enable high fill-factor arrays and (2) it achieves much higher TX/RX sensitivity due to mechanical amplification of the input piezoelectric force. The measured displacement is a factor of two greater than a conventional PMUT operating at the same frequency. Pulse echo measurements show a 1.9x and 6.5x increase in transmitting and receiving sensitivity at 6MHz and 8MHz when compared to a conventional PMUT array spanning the same area.
Improved Algorithms for Single-Ended Loop Make-Up Identification (2006)

Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) transmit over twisted-pair telephone loops, and knowledge of the loop make-up is vital for determining what types of DSLs may be deployed and what bit rates they may transmit. Single-ended automatic loop identification (LID) is essential for achieving low-cost deployment of DSL, since it allows loops to be qualified in bulk and does not involve any human intervention at the customer's location. This paper describes strategies to enhance previous algorithms for loop make-up identification via single-ended measurements based on Time Domain Reflectometry. In particular, we show that clustering techniques can be effectively used to partition the set of possible loop topologies so as to reduce overall identification time. Furthermore, statistical data is used to improve overall LID accuracy by accounting for the likelihoods of different cable gauges at different distances from a central office (CO).
Next-generation multimode fibers (2016)

We show how multimode fibers, that have always been flexible transmission media, can be adapted to new wavelength-division-multiplexing techniques in data communications and mode-division-multiplexing techniques in telecommunications to keep up with capacity increase.
Biodiesel Ethers: Fatty Acid-Derived Alkyl Ether Fuels as Improved Bioblendstocks for Mixing-Controlled Compression Ignition Engines (2020)

In the last 20 years, biodiesel consumption in the United States has rapidly increased to ∼2 billion gallons per year as a renewable supplement to fossil fuel. However, further expansion of biodiesel use is currently limited in part by poor cold weather performance, which prevents year-round blending and necessitates blend walls ≤5% v/v. In order to provide a diesel fuel blendstock with improved cold weather performance (cloud point, pour point, and cold filter plug point), while at the same time maintaining other required fuel performance specifications, several biodiesel redox analogues were synthesized and tested. The best performing candidate fuels from this class showed improvement in the derived cetane number (29.3% shorter ignition delay), lower heating value (+4.7 MJ/kg), relative sooting tendency (−7.4 YSI/MJ), and cloud point (15 °C lower) when compared to a B100 biodiesel composed of an identical fatty acid profile. It was observed as a general trend that the reduced form of biodiesel, fatty alkyl ethers (FAEs), shows performance improvements in all fuel property metrics. The suite of improved properties provided by FAEs gives biodiesel producers the opportunity to diversify their portfolio of products derived from lipid and alcohol feedstocks to include long-chain alkyl ethers, a biodiesel alternative with particular applicability for winter weather conditions across the US.
Global Control of Dimorphism and Virulence in Fungi (2006)

Microbial pathogens that normally inhabit our environment can adapt to thrive inside mammalian hosts. There are six dimorphic fungi that cause disease worldwide, which switch from nonpathogenic molds in soil to pathogenic yeast after spores are inhaled and exposed to elevated temperature. Mechanisms that regulate this switch remain obscure. We show that a hybrid histidine kinase senses host signals and triggers the transition from mold to yeast. The kinase also regulates cell-wall integrity, sporulation, and expression of virulence genes in vivo. This global regulator shapes how dimorphic fungal pathogens adapt to the mammalian host, which has broad implications for treating and preventing systemic fungal disease.
Monitoring polarization and high-numerical aperture with phase shifting masks: Radial phase grating (2005)

A class of phase shifting test mask patterns is introduced for monitoring both linear and circular polarization balance of the illumination in high-numerical aperture (NA) and immersion projection printing systems. Four test mask patterns are constructed of periodic, alternating phase, radial arrays to scatter light into high angle spatial frequencies to create a central intensity dependent only on the local state of polarization. Two two-phase patterns measure the orthogonal linear polarization components while an additional two four-phase patterns determine the phase relationship between those components. When exposed in a dose matrix in photoresist, they can likely measure polarization imbalance to within a few percent. Based on these patterns, a technique is introduced for predicting image degradation in IC production due to polarization and high-NA effects.
Topical treatment of recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis with ointment containing paromomycin and methylbenzethonium chloride. (1985)

A propos de 2 observations. Resultats satisfaisants: amelioration clinique, disparition progressive des parasites et cicatrisation plus ou moins rapide: 85 j et 80 j respectivement. Le traitement est bien tolere et on n'observe pas de recidives (1 an de recul dans un cas)
Chemically synthesized non-radioactive biotinylated long-chain nucleic acid hybridization probes (1988)

A new method for the chemical labelling of nucleic acid with biotin to produce non-radioactive probes has been developed. NN'-Bis-(3-aminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine (spermine) and long-chain diamino compounds (diaminohexane, diaminodecane and diaminododecane) were linked covalently to biotin and the resultant conjugates were attached to nucleic acid by using a cross-linking reagent (glutaraldehyde or diepoxyoctane). Iodoacetylation and biotinylation of the long-chain diamino compounds produced modified biotinylated conjugates that can be linked to DNA without the use of a cross-linking reagent. These types of probes attach one biotin molecule to each linker arm of spermine, diamino and iodoacetylated amino derivatives. Such probes have long linker arms separating the biotin moiety from the hybridization sites of the nucleic acid. These probes can detect 10 pg of target DNA by dot-blot hybridization.
Rheumatoid arthritis–specific autoantibodies to peptidyl arginine deiminase type 4 inhibit citrullination of fibrinogen (2009)

Abstract Objective Autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins are specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and recognize epitopes centered by citrulline, a posttranslationally modified form of arginine. Peptidyl arginine deiminase type 4 (PAD‐4), the enzyme that converts arginine into citrulline, is in itself a target for RA‐specific autoantibodies. This study was undertaken to assess whether anti–PAD‐4 autoantibodies interfere with citrullination in vitro in patients with RA, and to identify peptide targets of anti–PAD‐4 antibodies that can activate or inhibit citrullination. Methods To test whether autoantibodies to PAD‐4 influence citrullination, an in‐house citrullination assay was developed using purified autoantibodies to PAD‐4. To map B cell epitopes on PAD‐4, 65 overlapping 20‐mer peptides encompassing the entire PAD‐4 were analyzed for their reactivity in RA sera. Results Autoantibodies to PAD‐4 inhibited PAD‐4–mediated citrullination. Three linear peptides on PAD‐4 were recognized almost uniquely by PAD‐4 autoantibodies in the sera of patients with RA. One peptide was located in the N‐terminal, calcium‐binding domain of PAD‐4, while 2 other peptides were located in the C‐terminal, substrate‐binding domain of PAD‐4. Conclusion Autoantibodies to PAD‐4 inhibit in vitro citrullination of fibrinogen by PAD‐4. Most anti–PAD‐4–positive sera recognize peptides located both in the N‐terminal domain (211–290) and the C‐terminal domain (601–650) of PAD‐4.
Multiple double-stranded RNA segments are associated with virus particles infecting Trichomonas vaginalis (1993)

Previous studies demonstrated that some isolates of the sexually transmitted protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis are infected with a nonsegmented, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus. A reexamination of the total dsRNA extracted from several virus-harboring isolates indicated the presence of at least three dsRNAs with sizes ranging from 4.8 to 4.3 kbp. The double-stranded nature of each of the three segments was determined by hybridization experiments using riboprobes of opposite polarities obtained from cDNA generated to each of the segments. All three segments were present in agar clones originating from single organisms of T. vaginalis isolates, suggesting that the three segments were not the result of a mixed population of trichomonads harboring different sizes of dsRNA. The three segments were associated with CsCl-purified virus particles, as evidenced by electron microscopy, and RNAse treatment of the preparation containing virus particles did not destroy the dsRNAs. Finally, the individual dsRNA segments were purified for use as probes to determine whether the three dsRNAs shared any sequence homology. Each end-labeled dsRNA segment did not cross-hybridize to any of the other two segments, a finding consistent with the hybridization of labeled cDNAs to only the segments from which they were derived. These results show that the coding capacity of the dsRNA virus may be at least three times greater than that estimated earlier and illustrates further the complexity of this virus-parasite interrelationship.
Magnetic nanoparticles assembly on peptide nanotube (2005)

In this report a novel nanostructured magnetic assembly that consists of magnetic nanoparticles coated on peptide nanotubes (MPN) is presented. Specifically, MPN samples that consist of nanoparticles of different magnetic materials including bacteria-produced magnetite (Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/) and nickel were examined. The bacterial magnetite nanoparticles can be coated inside or outside the peptide nanotubes depending on the synthesis condition. The structure and morphology of MPNs were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the magnetic properties were characterized using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Results show that the assembled morphology and resulting magnetic behavior of Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/ nanoparticles coated on the nanotubes depend on the synthesis condition and indeed vary with the concentration of the nanoparticles in the solution. The magnetic behavior clearly reflects the geometry of the magnetic particles. The magnetic properties of nickel nanoparticles mineralized and coated onto peptide nanotubes are governed by the particle size and crystallinity, controlled by the pH during the synthesis.
Automated chromosome analysis (1979)

Minicomputer-controlled system automatically prepares and analyses blood samples and displays karyotype in pictorial form as primary output. System accuracy is assured by operator interaction at key points during process. System can process up to 576 specimens per day.
A geometric constraint engine (1994)

Abstract This paper describes a geometric constraint engine for finding the configurations of a collection of geometric entities that satisfy a set of geometric constraints. This task is traditionally performed by reformulating the geometry and constraints as algebraic equations which are then solved symbolically or numerically. Symbolic algebraic solution is NP-complete. Numerical solution methods are characterized by slow runtimes, numerical instabilities, and difficulty in handling redundant constraints. Many geometric constraint problems can be solved by reasoning symbolically about the geometric entities themselves using a new technique called degrees of freedom analysis. In this approach, a plan of measurements and actions is devised to satisfy each constraint incrementally, thus monotonically decreasing the system's remaining degrees of freedom. This plan is used to solve, in a maximally decoupled form, the equations resulting from an algebraic representation of the problem. Degrees of freedom analysis results in a polynomial-time, numerically stable algorithm for geometric constraint satisfaction. Empirical comparison with a state-of-the-art numerical solver in the domain of kinematic simulation shows degrees of freedom analysis to be more robust and substantially more efficient.
Imaging of optical and topographical distributions by simultaneous near field scanning optical/atomic force microscopy with a microfabricated photocantilever (1995)

Simultaneous near field scanning optical and atomic force microscopy with a microfabricated photocantilever reveal both optical and topographical distributions. The cantilever tip changes the evanescent field into scattering light, and this scattering light is detected with a photodiode fabricated in the tip of the cantilever. The cantilever deflection signal leads to atomic force images. The resolution for imaging the evanescent field variation was 20 nm (λ/30). The near field optical and atomic force images indicate that the same point of the cantilever tip generates both optical and atomic force signals. This method is a new approach to optical and topographical microscopy with nanometer resolution.
A biomimetic adaptive algorithm and low-power architecture for decoders (2009)

Algorithmically and energetically efficient computational architectures that operate in real time are essential for clinically useful neural prosthetic devices. Such devices decode raw neural data to obtain direct control signals for external devices. They can also perform data compression and vastly reduce the bandwidth and consequently power expended in wireless transmission of raw data from implantable brain-machine interfaces. We describe a biomimetic algorithm and micropower analog circuit architecture for decoding neural cell ensemble signals. The decoding algorithm implements a continuous-time artificial neural network, using a bank of adaptive linear filters with kernels that emulate synaptic dynamics. The filters transform neural signal inputs into control-parameter outputs, and can be tuned automatically in an on-line learning process. We provide experimental validation of our system using neural data from thalamic head-direction cells in an awake behaving rat.
Pyrazinoic Acid Esters with Broad Spectrum in Vitro Antimycobacterial Activity (1995)

A series of substituted pyrazinoic acid esters has been prepared and examined for their in vitro activity against Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium kansasii as well as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Modification of both the pyrazine nucleus and the ester functionality have been very successful in expanding the activity of pyrazinamide to include M. avium and M. kansasii, organisms normally not susceptible to pyrazinamide. Several of these compounds have activities 100-1000-fold greater than that of pyrazinamide against M. tuberculosis.
Phase-Shifting Point Diffraction Interferometry for At-Wavelength Testing of Lithographic Optics (1996)

We report on the development of at-wavelength wavefront metrology for evaluation of extreme ultraviolet optics intended for use in projection lithography. Initially, a point diffraction interferometer was used and the experience acquired with this instrument led to the development of a new interferometer, the phase-shifting point diffraction interferometer. In this paper, point diffraction interferometry performed at EUV wavelengths is discussed. The design and implementation of the new phase-shifting point diffraction interferometer are described.
Directional Acoustic Superscattering by Coupled Resonators (2019)

The phenomenon known as $s\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}u\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}p\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}s\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}c\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}g$ maximizes interaction between incident waves and subwavelength structures, enabling a myriad of applications, including sensing and energy harvesting. It is difficult to extend optical superscattering (based on core-shell multilayered structures) to its acoustic counterpart, though, due to limited material availability. This study demonstrates acoustic superscattering by means of subwavelength scatterers, each consisting of a rigid cylinder decorated with deeply subwavelength resonators. The results provide a critical understanding of superscattering, in both optics and acoustics, that could strongly boost sensing technology.
Antibody Response of Adults to an Aluminum Hydroxide-Adsorbed Neisseria meningitidis Serotype 2b Protein-Group B Polysaccharide Vaccine (1988)

A group B Neisseria meningitidis serotype protein vaccine was studied clinically in adults. The vaccine comprised lipopolysaccharide-depleted outer membrane vesicles from a serotype 2b strain, 3006-M2, noncovalently complexed with group B meningococcal polysaccharide. Volunteers received 25 micrograms each of protein and polysaccharide administered intramuscularly either in 0.9% NaCl or adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide on weeks 0 and 6. Most individuals experienced mild local reactions, but there were no systemic reactions. Both vaccine formulations stimulated antibodies to the outer membrane proteins of serotypes 2a:P1.2 and 2b:P1.2, but higher levels were achieved with the aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed vaccine after two immunizations. Vaccine-induced antibodies were primarily IgG and were bactericidal for both a serotype 2a and a serotype 2b strain. Induction of bactericidal antibodies has been shown to be a major predictor of protection against meningococcal disease.
Flexible and Low-Complexity Encoding and Decoding of Systematic Polar Codes (2016)

In this paper, we present hardware and software implementations of flexible polar systematic encoders and decoders. The proposed implementations operate on polar codes of any length less than a maximum and of any rate. We describe the low-complexity, highly parallel, and flexible systematic-encoding algorithm that we use and prove its correctness. Our hardware implementation results show that the overhead of adding code rate and length flexibility is little, and the impact on operation latency minor compared with code-specific versions. Finally, the flexible software encoder and decoder implementations are also shown to be able to maintain high throughput and low latency.
Synthesis and Transfer of Single-Layer Transition Metal Disulfides on Diverse Surfaces (2013)

Recently, monolayers of layered transition metal dichalcogenides (LTMD), such as MX2 (M = Mo, W and X = S, Se), have been reported to exhibit significant spin-valley coupling and optoelectronic performances because of the unique structural symmetry and band structures. Monolayers in this class of materials offered a burgeoning field in fundamental physics, energy harvesting, electronics, and optoelectronics. However, most studies to date are hindered by great challenges on the synthesis and transfer of high-quality LTMD monolayers. Hence, a feasible synthetic process to overcome the challenges is essential. Here, we demonstrate the growth of high-quality MS2 (M = Mo, W) monolayers using ambient-pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) with the seeding of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid tetrapotassium salt (PTAS). The growth of a MS2 monolayer is achieved on various surfaces with a significant flexibility to surface corrugation. Electronic transport and optical performances of the as-grown MS2 monolayers are comparable to those of exfoliated MS2 monolayers. We also demonstrate a robust technique in transferring the MS2 monolayer samples to diverse surfaces, which may stimulate the progress on the class of materials and open a new route toward the synthesis of various novel hybrid structures with LTMD monolayer and functional materials.
Piezoelectric composite transducers (1994)

Piezoelectric ceramic/polymer composites have found increasing use in high resolution medical ultrasound systems and advanced Navy underwater acoustic applications. Composite transducers offer design versatility and performance advantages over monolithic piezoelectric ceramic and monolithic piezoelectric polymer devices under both sensing and actuating conditions. In particular, composite transducers allow improved acoustic impedance matching to water and body fluids, improved lateral mode cancellation, enhanced thickness mode coupling coefficient, and naturally broad bandwidth. However, applications for these versatile transducers have been limited by the difficulties of cost-effectively manufacturing the arrays of fine PZT ceramic elements required for composite assembly. At Materials Systems, Inc., ceramic injection molding has been developed into a viable net-shape process for making complex-shaped, fine scale PZT 1-3 and 2-2 transducer element arrays. This presentation describes the injection molding approach for manufacturing piezocomposite transducers, and reviews the sensing and actuating performance of injection molded 1-3 transducers over the frequency range 1 kHz to 5 MHz. [This work is funded by ONR.]
Mapping systematic and random process variations using Light emission from Off-State Leakage (2009)

In this paper, we present for the first time the use of an optical imaging technique that we have developed to map systematic and random variability effects across several phases of development of a new microprocessor chip fabricated with the latest IBM SOI 65 nm technology. The technique relies on the detection and subsequent analysis of the light emission from off-state leakage current (LEOSLC) by means of static imaging cameras, mounted on a microscope or other optical collection optics. The variability maps created using this method are very simple to generate and have been successfully verified by comparing them to data obtained by on-chip electrical sensors such, as process sensitive ring oscillators (PSROs), power supply currents, and test results. The visual representation is very helpful in picking up systematic effect and to measure the correlation distance of the variations.