gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plastic Microfluidic Devices Modified with Polyelectrolyte Multilayers (2000)

Control of the polymer surface chemistry is a crucial aspect of development of plastic microfluidic devices. When commercially available plastic substrates are used to fabricate microchannels, differences in the EOF mobility from plastic to plastic can be very high. Therefore, we have used polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) to alter the surface of microchannels fabricated in plastics. Optimal modification of the microchannel surfaces was obtained by coating the channels with alternating layers of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and poly(styrene sulfonate). Polystyrene (PS) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) glycol (PETG) were chosen as substrate materials because of the significant differences in the polymer chemistries and in the EOF of channels fabricated in these two plastic materials. The efficacy of the surface modification has been evaluated using XPS and by measuring the EOF mobility. When microchannels prepared in both PS and PETG are modified with PEMs, they demonstrate very similar electroosmotic mobilities. The PEMs are easily fabricated and provide a means for controlling the flow direction and the electroosmotic mobility in the channels. The PEM-coated microchannels have excellent wettability, allowing facile filling of the channels. In addition, the PEMs produce reproducible results and are robust enough to withstand long-term storage.
High-efficiency transparent organic light-emitting devices (2000)

We demonstrate organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) employing highly transparent cathodes comprised of 2,9-dimethyl-4,7 diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP) and an ultrathin film of Li capped with radio-frequency magnetron-sputtered indium–tin–oxide. The cathodes are incorporated onto a conventional bilayer small-molecule OLED. The operating voltages and the total device external quantum efficiencies emitted from the top and substrate surfaces (1.0±0.05)% are comparable to the best conventional undoped OLEDs employing thick metallic cathodes. The device characteristics are independent of the position of Li within the compound cathode, suggesting that Li readily diffuses through BCP to enhance electron injection. An increase of a factor ∼3.5 in the external quantum efficiency is observed compared to devices containing no Li. These results suggest that Li donates electrons to the BCP, increasing its conductivity to the point that band bending occurs to aid in the injection of charge.
Adenoviral insulinoma-associated protein 1 promoter-driven suicide gene therapy with enhanced selectivity for treatment of neuroendocrine cancers. (2013)

Improvements to the INSM1 promoter resulted in a stronger and more selective adenovirus. Treatment of a panel of neuroendocrine carcinomas with the Ad-K5 virus revealed enhanced antitumor activity over the RSV control, demonstrating its usefulness for the treatment of a variety of neuroendocrine tumors.
Antimalarial and Antitumor Evaluation of Novel C-10 Non-Acetal Dimers of 10β-(2-Hydroxyethyl)deoxoartemisinin (2004)

Four series of C-10 non-acetal dimers were prepared from key trioxane alcohol 10beta-(2-hydroxyethyl)deoxoartemisinin (9b). All of the dimers prepared displayed potent low nanomolar antimalarial activity versus the K1 and HB3 strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The most potent compound assayed was phosphate dimer 14a, which was greater than 50 times more potent than the parent drug artemisinin and about 15 times more potent than the clinically used acetal artemether. In contrast to their potent activity versus malaria parasites, virtually all of the dimers expressed poor anticancer activity apart from the trioxane phosphate ester dimers 14a and 14b, which expressed nanomolar growth inhibitory (GI50) values versus a range of cancer cell lines in the NCI 60 human cell line screen. Further detailed studies on these dimers in vitro in HL60 cells demonstrate that both phosphate ester dimers (14a and 14b) are more potent than the anticancer agent doxorubicin. Interestingly, phosphate ester monomers 9c and 9d, antimalarially active in the low nanomolar region versus P. falciparum, are inactive as anticancer agents even at concentrations in the millimolar region. This observation emphasizes the importance of two trioxane units for high antiproliferative activity, and we propose that the nature of the linker in dimers of this type plays a crucial role in imparting potent anticancer activity.
Evaluating the Impact of the Number of Satellite Altimeters Used in an Assimilative Ocean Prediction System (2009)

Abstract The impact of the number of satellite altimeters providing sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) information for a data assimilation system is evaluated using two comparison frameworks and two statistical methodologies. The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Layered Ocean Model (NLOM) dynamically interpolates satellite SSHA track data measured from space to produce high-resolution (eddy resolving) fields. The Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS) uses the NLOM SSHA to produce synthetic three-dimensional fields of temperature and salinity over the global ocean. A series of case studies is defined where NLOM assimilates different combinations of data streams from zero to three altimeters. The resulting NLOM SSHA fields and the MODAS synthetic profiles are evaluated relative to independently observed ocean temperature and salinity profiles for the years 2001–03. The NLOM SSHA values are compared with the difference of the observed dynamic height from the climatological dynamic height. The synthetics are compared with observations using a measure of thermocline depth. Comparisons are done point for point and for 1° radius regions that are linearly fit over 2-month periods. To evaluate the impact of data outliers, statistical evaluations are done with traditional Gaussian statistics and also with robust nonparametric statistics. Significant error reduction is obtained, particularly in high SSHA variability regions, by including at least one altimeter. Given the limitation of these methods, the overall differences between one and three altimeters are significant only in bias. Data outliers increase Gaussian statistical error and error uncertainty compared to the same computations using nonparametric statistical methods.
Cytoplasmic Matrix and Viroplasms Inclusions in the Presence of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) (2021)

Cellular ultrastructure micrographs revealed striking changes resulting from the Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV-PAV) infection in Electron microscopy. In the cytoplasm, the Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) may bind with different cytoplasmic organelles and interfere with the treated site’s metabolic processes. The micrographs of the treated plant leave with AuNPs showing; Endosomes, amorphous bodies, slender filaments fibers, myelin bodies with a high concentration of virus particles, and Gold Nanoparticles distributed in a circulated shape in the cytoplasm with virus particles.
Composite Polymer Electrolytes (1991)

The characteristics of composite polymer electrolytes obtained by adding powders of a stable ceramic material having a regular spherical shape with a mean diameter of less than 1 μm, to a poly(ethylene oxide)‐lithium perchlorate complex, are described in terms recrystallization, conductivity, and ion transport number. The addition of the finely dispersed ceramic powder greatly improves the morphological and the electrochemical properties of the polymer electrolytes.
Optimal defocus estimates from individual images for autofocusing a digital camera (2011)

Recently, we developed a method for optimally estimating focus error given a set of natural scenes, a waveoptics model of the lens system, a sensor array, and a specification of measurement noise. The method is based on first principles and can be tailored to any vision system for which these properties can be characterized. Here, the method is used to estimate defocus in local areas of images (64x64 pixels) formed in a Nikon D700 digital camera fitted with a 50mm Sigma prime lens. Performance is excellent. Defocus magnitude and sign can be estimated with high precision and accuracy over a wide range. The method takes an integrative approach that accounts for natural scene statistics and capitalizes (but not does depend exclusively) on chromatic aberrations. Although chromatic aberrations are greatly reduced in achromatic lenses, we show that there are sufficient residual chromatic aberrations in a high-quality prime lens for our method to achieve good performance. Our method has the advantages of both phase-detection and contrastmeasurement autofocus techniques, without their disadvantages. Like phase detection, the method provides point estimates of defocus (magnitude and sign), but unlike phase detection, it does not require specialized hardware. Like contrast measurement, the method is image-based and can operate in "Live View" mode, but unlike contrast measurement, it does not require an iterative search for best focus. The proposed approach could be used to develop improved autofocus algorithms for digital imaging and video systems.
Synthetic phased array image formation and restoration (2002)

A coherent array imaging method is described that uses small groups of adjacent array elements called subarrays. For each firing event, only one subarray is used for transmit and receive, and all elements of the subarray transmit and receive in parallel. Phased array processing is used to focus and steer the subarray beam in transmit and receive. A sufficient number of beams are acquired such that the Nyquist sampling criteria is met for the subarray. The beams acquired from each subarray are upsampled, filtered, and combined with beams from all the other subarrays to form the final high-resolution image. A subarray-dependent reconstruction and restoration filter is applied to the subarray beams. The method significantly reduces the front-end hardware complexity compared to full phased array imaging. Experimental results demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.
<title>Recent progress in optical alignment for liquid crystal displays</title> (1999)

Non-contact optical alignment technology has been identified by the liquid crystal display (LCD) industry as one of the key technologies for manufacturing next generation wide viewing angle, high resolution LCDs. In this paper we review the field of optical alignment technology. We will report our progress in optical alignment materials and equipment development. Data on optically aligned twisted nematic, super-twisted nematic, vertical alignment, and in-plane switching test cells will be presented.
Plasma “anti-assistance” and “self-assistance” to high power impulse magnetron sputtering (2009)

A plasma assistance system was investigated with the goal to operate high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) at lower pressure than usual, thereby to enhance the utilization of the ballistic atoms and ions with high kinetic energy in the film growth process. Gas plasma flow from a constricted plasma source was aimed at the magnetron target. Contrary to initial expectations, such plasma assistance turned out to be contraproductive because it led to the extinction of the magnetron discharge. The effect can be explained by gas rarefaction. A better method of reducing the necessary gas pressure is operation at relatively high pulse repetition rates where the afterglow plasma of one pulse assists in the development of the next pulse. Here we show that this method, known from medium-frequency (MF) pulsed sputtering, is also very important at the much lower pulse repetition rates of HiPIMS. A minimum in the possible operational pressure is found in the frequency region between HiPIMS and MF pulsed sputtering.
Utilization of dried blood spot specimens can expedite nationwide surveillance of HIV drug resistance in resource-limited settings (2018)

The study demonstrates a favorable outcome of using DBS for nationwide surveillance of HIVDR in ART patients. Our results confirm that DBS collected and stored at ambient temperature for two weeks, and shipped with routine courier services are a reliable sample type for large-scale surveillance of acquired HIVDR.
Highly polarizing single-mode optical fiber for sensing applications (2009)

We demonstrate a highly manufacturable, low-cost, compatible Single-Polarization Fiber (PZF), which offers the widest polarization bandwidth ever reported in commercial fibers, combined with superior polarization extinction ratio and performance consistency. The principle of the design is discussed in this paper and the full spectral attenuation results shown. We demonstrate the exceptional performance of the fiber for different fiber lengths and layouts. Experimental results show that the Single-Polarization fiber of this study exhibits a Polarization Extinction Ratio (PER) greater than 40dB, and a polarizing bandwidth wider than 200nm, measured on fiber lengths as short as four meters. In addition, PZF is designed with a circular mode field, which makes it low-loss and highly compatible with standard single mode fiber systems and devices.
On Unlimited Sampling and Reconstruction (2020)

Shannon's sampling theorem, at the heart of digital signal processing, is well understood and explored. However, its practical realization still suffers from a fundamental bottleneck due to dynamic range limitations of the underlying analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). This results in clipping or saturation for signal amplitudes exceeding their maximum recordable voltage thus leading to a significant information loss. In this paper, we develop an alternative paradigm for sensing and recovery, called the Unlimited Sampling Framework. The key observation is that applying a modulo operation to the signal before the ADC prevents saturation; instead, one encounters a different type of information loss. Such a setup can be implemented, for example, via so-called folding or self-reset ADCs, as proposed in various contexts in the circuit design literature. The key challenge for this new type of information loss is to recover a bandlimited signal from its modulo samples. We derive conditions when perfect recovery is possible and complement them with a stable recovery algorithm. The required sampling density is independent of the maximum recordable ADC voltage and depends on the signal bandwidth only. Our guarantees extend to measurements affected by bounded noise, which includes round-off quantization. Numerical experiments validate our approach. For example, it is possible to recover functions with amplitudes orders of magnitude higher than the ADC's threshold from quantized modulo samples up to the unavoidable quantization error. Applications of the unlimited sampling paradigm can be found in a number of fields such as signal processing, communication and imaging.
Improved perception of speech in noise and Mandarin tones with acoustic simulations of harmonic coding for cochlear implants (2012)

Harmonic and temporal fine structure (TFS) information are important cues for speech perception in noise and music perception. However, due to the inherently coarse spectral and temporal resolution in electric hearing, the question of how to deliver harmonic and TFS information to cochlear implant (CI) users remains unresolved. A harmonic-single-sideband-encoder [(HSSE); Nie et al. (2008). Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing; Lie et al., (2010). Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing] strategy has been proposed that explicitly tracks the harmonics in speech and transforms them into modulators conveying both amplitude modulation and fundamental frequency information. For unvoiced speech, HSSE transforms the TFS into a slowly varying yet still noise-like signal. To investigate its potential, four- and eight-channel vocoder simulations of HSSE and the continuous-interleaved-sampling (CIS) strategy were implemented, respectively. Using these vocoders, five normal-hearing subjects' speech recognition performance was evaluated under different masking conditions; another five normal-hearing subjects' Mandarin tone identification performance was also evaluated. Additionally, the neural discharge patterns evoked by HSSE- and CIS-encoded Mandarin tone stimuli were simulated using an auditory nerve model. All subjects scored significantly higher with HSSE than with CIS vocoders. The modeling analysis demonstrated that HSSE can convey temporal pitch cues better than CIS. Overall, the results suggest that HSSE is a promising strategy to enhance speech perception with CIs.
Purification of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen byAffinity Chromatography (1978)

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HB(s)Ag), was purified from plasma by affinity chromatography on matrix-bound sulphated carbohydrates such as heparin or dextran sulphate. Further purification by precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 resulted in a highly purified HB(s)Ag preparation. The overall recovery amounted to about 70% of the total antigen content of the starting plasma. Electron microscopic data revealed mainly 22 nm spherical particles accompanied by few or no filaments. The process is simple, rapid and lends itself readily to large-scale applications.
Reducing SAW Oscillator Temperatre Sensitivity with Digital Compensation (1982)

Abstract : Generation of precise frequencies by means of crystal oscillators is an important electronics function. Recently, surface acoustic wave (SAW) oscillators such as the one illustrated in Figure 1, have shown themselves to be a particularly cost effective implementation of this function. However, a problem exists in maintaining frequency stability over a wide temperature range; a problem shared to a lesser degree by bulk oscillators. A number of techniques have been proposed to compensate for this temperature sensitivity for bulk and surface acoustic wave oscillators. It is the purpose of this paper to describe a simple and effective means for digitally compensating for the temperature sensitivity of a SAW oscillator.
Controllable deformation of silicon nanowires with strain up to 24% (2010)

Fabricated silicon nanostructures demonstrate mechanical properties unlike their macroscopic counterparts. Here we use a force mediating polymer to controllably and reversibly deform silicon nanowires. This technique is demonstrated on multiple nanowire configurations, which undergo deformation without noticeable macroscopic damage after the polymer is removed. Calculations estimate a maximum of nearly 24% strain induced in 30 nm diameter pillars. The use of an electron activated polymer allows retention of the strained configuration without any external input. As a further illustration of this technique, we demonstrate nanoscale tweezing by capturing 300 nm alumina beads using circular arrays of these silicon nanowires.
Virtual Secondary Path Algorithm for Multichannel Active Control of Vehicle Powertrain Noise (2013)

An enhanced multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) filtered-x least mean square (FXLMS) algorithm using improved virtual secondary path is proposed as the basis for an active noise control (ANC) system for treating vehicle powertrain noise. This new algorithm is developed to overcome the limitation caused by the frequency-dependent property of the standard FXLMS algorithm and to reduce the variation of convergence speed inherent in multiple-channel cases, in order to improve the overall performance of the control system. In this study, the convergence property of the proposed algorithm is analyzed in the frequency domain in order to yield a better understanding of the physical meaning of the virtual secondary path. In practice, because of the arrangement and sensitivities of the actuators (speakers), transducers (microphones), and physical environment, the magnitude response of the main secondary paths can be very different from each other. This difference will cause difficulty in the overall convergence of the algorithm, which will result in minimal attenuation at some of the channels. The proposed channel equalized (CE) virtual secondary path algorithm is designed to tackle this difficulty by equalizing the mean magnitude level of the main secondary paths and by adjusting other secondary paths correspondingly to keep the coupling effects among the control channels unchanged. The performance of the proposed algorithm is validated by analyzing a two-input two-output active powertrain noise control system.
Evaluation and Testing of Analytical Methods for Cyanide Species in Municipal and Industrial Contaminated Waters (2002)

Total cyanide analysis by distillation is used most commonly to assess cyanide content of water samples. This manual method is robust but slow and provides no information about cyanide speciation, a significant limitation in that cyanide species have substantially different toxicity characteristics. Seven alternative methods for the analysis of cyanide species or groups of species were evaluated in reagent water and five different contaminated water matrices, including five species-specific methods--weak acid dissociable (WAD) cyanide, free cyanide by microdiffusion, available cyanide, automated WAD cyanide by thin film distillation, metal cyanides by ion chromatography--and two automated techniques for total cyanide--total cyanide bythin film distillation and total cyanide by low-power UV digestion. The species-specific cyanide analytical techniques achieved low, ppb-level detection limits and exhibited satisfactory accuracy and precision for most contaminated waters. Analysis of low concentrations of cyanide species in raw wastewater was problematical for the available cyanide and ion chromatography methods, which experienced significant interference problems and/or low recoveries. There was recovery of significant diffusible cyanide in microdiffusion tests with nickel-cyanide-spiked samples, reflecting dissociation of this weak metal-cyanide complex during the test and demonstrating that the test can recover some fraction of WAD cyanide in addition to free cyanide. The automated total cyanide methods, which involve UV digestion, achieved low detection limits for most waters but exhibited low recoveries for some waters.
Development of edible tallow fractions for specialty fat uses (1973)

Abstract Edible beef tallow was effectively fractionated by an acetone crystallization procedure to yield five fractions: two solid glyceride fractions comprising 14% (ca. 7% each) of the original tallow; two liquid fractions of 59% and 7%; and one semisolid fraction of 20%. The solid glycerides were composed of ca. 80% saturates (saturated fatty acid glyceride components), approximately an equal mixture of palmitate and stearate, with oleate as the principal unsaturate. The liquid glycerides were composed of more than 65% unsaturates (unsaturated fatty acid glyceride components), predominantly oleate, with the saturates a 3:1 mixture of palmitate and stearate. The semisolid glyceride fraction was similar to cocoa butter. It was one‐third unsaturated, mainly oleate with the saturates a mixture of palmitate and stearate. The thermal behavior of the fractions was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The liquid fraction had a differential scanning calorimetry final melting profile similar to commercial salad oil and the profile of the semisolid fraction resembled that of cocoa butter. The semisolid fraction appeared to be compatible with cocoa butter over a wide range. Mixtures of 5 and 50% cocoa butter with the semisolid fraction had melting profiles similar to that of the original cocoa butter.