gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computer aided detection of masses in digital breast tomosynthesis: A review (2012)

Mammography is currently the most effective early detection tool for breast cancer screening. To provide a reliable and efficient second-reader to aid radiologists, recent research has been developing computer-aided detection (CAD) tools for mammography. Although these tools have shown promise in identifying calcifications, detecting masses has proven relatively more difficult primarily due to the presence of dense overlying tissue in a mammogram. Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) is a new three-dimensional breast imaging technique that has overcome the tissue superimposition problem for better lesion detection. It is possible that CAD when implemented with DBT performs better compared to mammogram images because of better visibility of masses. This paper presents a review on the existing CAD algorithms for the detection of masses in DBT. The performance of all these CAD tools in terms of sensitivity is also reviewed. Further, implementation of the CAD algorithm for DBT in hardware such as digital signal processor is proposed in this paper.
A New Type of Two-Dimensional Metal Coordination Systems:  Hydrothermal Synthesis and Properties of the First Oxalate−bpy Mixed-Ligand Framework [M(ox)(bpy)] (M = Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II); ox = C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>; bpy = 4,4‘-bipyridine) (1999)

A new family of two-dimensional metal coordination polymers with the general formula [M(ox)(bpy)] (M = Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II); ox = C2O42-; bpy = 4,4‘-bipyridine) have been designed and synthesized via hydrothermal routes. Quantitative yields were obtained in all cases. The title compounds [Fe(ox)(bpy)] (I), [Co(ox)(bpy)] (II), [Ni(ox)(bpy)] (III), and [Zn(ox)(bpy)] (IV) represent the first coordination network structure constructed by bridging oxalate and 4,4‘-bpy mixed ligands. I−IV are isostructural and belong to the orthorhombic crystal system, space group Immm (No. 71). The noninterpenetrated structure contains octahedral metal centers coordinated by two oxalate and two bpy ligands to form a two-dimensional layered network. Within each layer, relatively large rectangular voids are formed by four adjacent metal centers and the ligands bonded to them. The approximate dimensions of these cavities are 4 × 7 × 10 Å in the composite three-dimensional structures. Magnetic susceptibility and field-dependent magnetization measurements revealed spontaneous magnetic ordering with transition temperatures of 12, 13, and 26 K for I, II, and III, respectively. The types of ordering are interpreted as the antiferromagnetic kind with certain canting structures. The μeff values yielded from the fitting of χ(T) indicate the high spin states of M ions in all three compounds. The origin of the magnetic ordering in these compounds may be attributed to the strong exchange interactions between the M ions at the octahedral sites through the bridging oxalate molecules along the a-axis. Possible interchain coupling along the [011] direction is also considered. Thermogravimetric analysis studies indicate that all four compounds are thermally stable up to 290 °C (the on-set temperature of weight losses for I, 290 °C; II, 340 °C; III, 350 °C; and IV, 290 °C).
The characteristics of Mn-TiO<sub>2</sub>catalyst for visible-light photocatalyst (2011)

본 연구에서는 가시광촉매의 특성을 나타낼 수 있는 촉매를 제조하여 촉매를 특성화 하였으며, toluene, xylene, MEK (methyl ethyl ketone), ammonia를 반응물로 하여 기존의 UV-광촉매와 분해능을 비교 실험하였다. UV-광촉매는 파장범위가 280~360 nm 근처에서 광촉매가 활성화된다. 그러나 가시광촉매는 가시광영역인 400~750 nm의 파장영역에서도 광촉매가 활성화 된다. 이것을 UV-Vis 흡수도로 파악하였다. 그리고 가시광촉매의 성능을 향상시키기 위하여 여러 가지 재료로 도핑하는데, 여기서는 망간에 Pt를 부가하여 성능향상을 꾀하였다. Pt를 첨가한 가시광 촉매의 경우 성능이 향상되었음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 바인더로 MTMS (methyl tri methoxy silane)를 사용하였으며 바인더양에 따른 접촉각을 측정하였다. MTMS 함량이 증가할수록 접촉각이 커졌다. 따라서 친수성이 줄어든 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 Mn-<TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX> 촉매의 항균성이 매우 우수한 것으로 나타났다. The catalyst works for visible-light region was characterized. Toluene, xylene, MEK and ammonia were used as reactants. The decomposition efficiency was compared between visible-light photocatalyst and UV-light one. UV-photocatalyst can be activated with UV-light wave length of 280~360 nm. However, visible-light photocatalyst can be activated with visible wave length of 400~750 nm. This result was found by using UV-Vis absorbance. A lot of materials were doped to visible light photocatalyst in order to increase its performance. Platinum was added to visible light photocatalyst with manganese in order to increase performance of the visible light photocatalyst. MTMS (Methyl tri methoxy silane) was used as a binder. Contact angle was analyzed varying with amount of binder. Contact angle was increased with increasing the amount of MTMS. As a result, the hydrophilic property of photocatalyst with MTMS binder was decreased due to its hydrophobic one. And Mn-<TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX> catalyst had an excellent anti-bacterial property.
Signal transmission characteristics of diversity reception with least‐squares combining—relationship between desired signal combining and interference canceling (1993)

Abstract This paper considers the diversity reception system where the combining coefficients are controlled by the least‐squares method. The CNR characteristics in the presence of the interference wave are derived, and the signal transmission characteristics are analyzed. First, the optimal coefficients are determined by the MMSE criterion. The expression for the optimal CNR is derived in two ways, i.e., from the macroscopic and the microscopic viewpoints. It is shown that the two results agree and the variables are related through the Pythagorean theorem. Then CNR is represented by the projection matrix which is specified by the correlation matrix for the noise and the interference wave. The signal combining/interference canceling characteristics are examined. Next, the eigenvector expansion for the correlation matrix is applied and the representation for CNR under fading condition is derived, using the statistical properties of the eigenvalue, the probability density function and the probability distribution function for CNR are derived in two ways. Then the expression for the average BER is derived for CBPSK and DBPSK. The extension of the idea to the nonlinear interference canceler and the application to the cellular mobile communication also are discussed.
Impact of wheat stubble height on combine technological parameters. (2010)

This paper presents the impact of wheat stubble height on combine technological parameters. Generally the wheat is cut leaving approximately 100 mm stubble height. It has been determined that at the beginning of the harvesting period when the average moisture content of the wheat stems is 740 mm length is 40.5%, 100 mm height stubble mass comprises 24.2±1.9% of all the stem mass and its moisture content is equal to 59.4±2.7%. During wheat harvesting the moisture of the stubble is approximately 1.4 times greater than that of the straw supplied into combine. This difference gradually decreases during harvesting. When the stubble height of wheat Ada was increased from 100 mm to 200 mm the less straw mass of 29.5±2.7% was supplied into combine, and the moisture of straw mass was about 50% less than the stubble moisture. Thus combine speed rate was about 1.2 km h-1 greater and during the same time it harvested 0.84 ha h-1 extra wheat. When wheat stubble was 200 mm the combine Class Lexion 540C motor consumed 4.7±0.8 l h-1 less diesel fuel if compared with fuel consumption when 100 mm stubble height was left. The further increase of stubble height does not show significant minimization of combine fuel consumption.
Effect of feeding diets containing a probiotic or antibiotic on broiler performance, intestinal mucosa-associated avian pathogenic <i>E. coli</i> and litter water-soluble phosphorus (2012)

Summary The aim of the present experiment was to examine the influence of feeding diets containing a probiotic containing three Bacillus subtilis strains or zinc bacitracin (BMD) on bird performance, intestinal mucosa-associated avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), intestinal morphology and litter water-soluble phosphorus (WSP) of broilers fed corn-based diets. Three treatments were employed, either a control diet; the control diet supplemented with probiotic at 7.5 × 10 4 colony forming units (cfu) /g of feed or the supplemented with BMD (50g/tonne feed). Broiler starter and finisher diets, based on corn and soybean meal, were formulated and fed ad libitum to seven pens of 50 male broilers per treatment from days 1 to 42. During the 1-35 d periods, feed intake and weight gain were not influenced (P > 0.05) by dietary treatments, but probiotic supplementation improved (P < 0.05) 35-d FCR compared to the control and BMD-supplemented diets (1.395, 1.447 and 1.484, respectively). During the 1-42d period, feed intake and weight gain were not influenced (P > 0.05) by dietary treatments. However, probiotic improved (P = 0.05) and BMD tended (P = 0.07) to improve FCR compared to control diet. Villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum were not influenced (P > 0.05) by dietary treatment. The number of mucosa-associated APEC was not influenced (P > 0.05) by dietary treatments. Probiotic and BMD supplementation had no effect (P > 0.05) on litter total phosphorus. However, BMD reduced (P < 0.05) litter WSP compared to control and probiotic supplemented diet. In conclusion, probiotic supplementation had no effect on intestinal morphology or WSP but improved broiler performance and can be used as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters.
High-speed and low-power dynamic latch comparator (2012)

This paper presents the comparison between the CMOS dynamic latch comparators. High speed and low power comparators are essential building blocks of high speed analog to digital converters (ADCs). The comparator circuit take for study are dynamic latch comparator using preamplifier and dynamic latch with inverter buffer. Preamplifier dynamic latch circuit that consists of a preamplifier followed by a double regenerative dynamic latch, this preamplifier uses fully differential circuit which decreases the effects of offset voltage error due to device mismatch. Buffered dynamic latch circuit includes a basic dynamic latch comparator followed by an inverter buffer stage. The inverter buffers are added to isolate the comparator output and large node capacitance also used to minimize the offset errors. The circuit using SPICE tool with 0.18um technology and the supply voltage used 1.8V.
Mobile IPv6 IPsec Route Optimization (IRO) (2010)

This memo specifies an improved alternate route optimization procedure
for Mobile IPv6 designed specifically for environments where IPsec is
used between peers (most probably with IKE). The replacement of the
complex Return Routability procedure for a simple mechanism and the
removal of HAO and RH2 extensions from exchanged packets result in
performance and security improvements.
Association of age and reproductive factors with benign breast tissue composition. (1999)

Reproductive breast cancer risk factors are hypothesized to act by increasing exposure of the breast to endogenous estrogens, but few studies have quantitatively examined the association of these risk factors with breast tissue composition. This study is part of a case-control study of breast histological characteristics and breast cancer risk, nested within the Nurses' Health Study, a prospective study of 121,700 registered nurses. We studied 300 women who had not been diagnosed with breast cancer, but for whom we obtained slides from a prior benign breast biopsy. We used a computer-assisted image analysis technique to assess the proportion of epithelial and fibrous stromal tissue on benign breast biopsy slides, excluding obvious mass lesions. Mean epithelial proportion was 5.3% (0.1-23%), and mean stromal proportion was 58.7% (3-93%). Women with proliferative breast disease without atypia had higher epithelial and stromal proportions than women with nonproliferative breast disease (P < 0.001). Postmenopausal women had a lower epithelial proportion (P = 0.01), and increasing age at biopsy was associated with decreasing stromal proportion among postmenopausal parous women (P = 0.004). Among premenopausal women, increasing years since last birth was associated with lower epithelial proportion (P < 0.001). Other reproductive risk factors were not independently associated with epithelial or stromal proportion. Epithelial and stromal breast tissue were associated with different factors with the exception of proliferative breast disease, which was associated with an increase in both epithelial and stromal proportion. The quantitative measurement of epithelial and stromal proportion may be useful for measuring changes in breast composition.
Real-time loudspeaker distance estimation with stereo audio (2015)

Knowledge on how a number of loudspeakers are positioned relative to a listening position can be used to enhance the listening experience. Usually, these loudspeaker positions are estimated using calibration signals, either audible or psycho-acoustically hidden inside the desired audio signal. In this paper, we propose to use the desired audio signal instead. Specifically, we treat the case of estimating the distance between two loudspeakers playing back a stereo music or speech signal. In this connection, we develop a real-time maximum likelihood estimator and demonstrate that it has a variance in the millimetre range in a real environment for even a modest sampling frequency.
Temporal Changes in Microbial Ecology and Geochemistry in Produced Water from Hydraulically Fractured Marcellus Shale Gas Wells (2014)

Microorganisms play several important roles in unconventional gas recovery, from biodegradation of hydrocarbons to souring of wells and corrosion of equipment. During and after the hydraulic fracturing process, microorganisms are subjected to harsh physicochemical conditions within the kilometer-deep hydrocarbon-bearing shale, including high pressures, elevated temperatures, exposure to chemical additives and biocides, and brine-level salinities. A portion of the injected fluid returns to the surface and may be reused in other fracturing operations, a process that can enrich for certain taxa. This study tracked microbial community dynamics using pyrotag sequencing of 16S rRNA genes in water samples from three hydraulically fractured Marcellus shale wells in Pennsylvania, USA over a 328-day period. There was a reduction in microbial richness and diversity after fracturing, with the lowest diversity at 49 days. Thirty-one taxa dominated injected, flowback, and produced water communities, which took on distinct signatures as injected carbon and electron acceptors were attenuated within the shale. The majority (>90%) of the community in flowback and produced fluids was related to halotolerant bacteria associated with fermentation, hydrocarbon oxidation, and sulfur-cycling metabolisms, including heterotrophic genera Halolactibacillus, Vibrio, Marinobacter, Halanaerobium, and Halomonas, and autotrophs belonging to Arcobacter. Sequences related to halotolerant methanogenic genera Methanohalophilus and Methanolobus were detected at low abundance (<2%) in produced waters several months after hydraulic fracturing. Five taxa were strong indicators of later produced fluids. These results provide insight into the temporal trajectory of subsurface microbial communities after "fracking" and have important implications for the enrichment of microbes potentially detrimental to well infrastructure and natural gas fouling during this process.
From Frequency to Time-Average-Frequency: A Paradigm Shift in the Design of Electronic System (2015)

Written in a simple, easy to understand style, this book will teach PLL users how to use new clock technology in their work in order to create innovative applications.<br /> Investigates the clock frequency concept from a different perspective--at an application level Teaches engineers to use this new clocking technology to create innovations in chip/system level, through real examples extracted from commercial products
Epitaxial Growth of Thick Single Crystalline Cubic Silicon Carbide by Sublimation Method (2023)

The epitaxial growth of thick single crystalline cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) was carried out by the sublimation method on a CVD grown 3C-SiC (100) substrate for the first time. Polytypes of the grown layer were examined by photoluminescence measurement. Improvement of crystallinity with crystal growth was confirmed by X-ray rocking curve analysis and observation of surface morphologies turned out by molten KOH etching.
Azimuth estimation of distant, approaching airplane in See-and-avoid Systems (2012)

Visual detection based sense and avoid problem is more and more important nowadays as UAVs are getting closer to entering remotely piloted or autonomously into the airspace. It is critical to gain as much information as possible from the silhouettes of the distant aircrafts. In our paper, we investigate the reachable accuracy of the orientation information of remote planes under different geometrical condition, by identifying their wing lines from their detected wingtips. Under the assumption that the remote airplane is on a straight course, the error of the spatial discretization (pixelization), and the automatic detection error is calculated.
BE‐23372M, a Novel and Specific Inhibitor for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Kinase (1994)

The fungal metabolite BE-23372M is a structurally novel protein kinase inhibitor. Its IC50 for epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor kinase was 0.03 microM. IC50 values of BE-23372M for other protein tyrosine kinases, erbB-2, p43v-abl, insulin receptor kinase, and p60c-src were 0.42, 1.0, 3.3, and 4.5 microM, respectively, and the IC50 for protein kinase C, a serine/threonine kinase, was 4.1 microM. Cdc2 kinase, casein kinases I and II and cAMP-dependent protein kinase were not inhibited by 20 microM BE-23372M. A kinetic study showed that BE-23372M was competitive with respect to the substrate peptide and to ATP. Autophosphorylation of solubilized EGF receptor kinase was clearly inhibited by 0.1 microM BE-23372M. Autophosphorylation of EGF receptor in A431 cells was also inhibited. These results show that BE-23372M is a potent and specific EGF receptor kinase inhibitor. It should be a valuable tool for EGF receptor kinase research.
Shoreline variability from days to decades: Results of long‐term video imaging (2015)

Abstract The present work characterizes the time‐space scales of variability and forcing dependencies of a unique 26 year record of daily to hourly shoreline data from a steep beach at Duck, North Carolina. Shoreline positions over a 1500 m alongshore span were estimated using a new algorithm called ASLIM based on fitting the band of high light intensity in time exposure images to a local Gaussian fit, with a subsequent Kalman filter to reduce noise and uncertainty. Our findings revealed that the shoreline change at long times scales dominates seasonal variability, despite that wave forcing had only 2% variance at interannual frequencies. The shoreline response presented 66% of the variance at interannual scales. These results were not expected since from wave forcing it would have been expected that the shoreline response should similarly lack interannual variability, but we found it to be dominated by this scale. The alongshore‐mean shoreline time series revealed no significant annual cycle. However, there are annual oscillations in the shoreline response that are coherent with wave forcing and deserves further explanations. The pier was found to have a significant influence on shoreline behavior since restricts the seasonal longshore transport between the sides, resulting in a seasonally reversing sediment accumulation. Thus, there is a significant annual peak in shoreline variability that is coherent with the annual forcing but becomes insignificant in the longshore‐average.
Discitis after discography. The role of prophylactic antibiotics (1990)

Discitis after discography is due to bacterial penetration into the intervertebral disc by a contaminated needle and has an incidence of 1% to 4%. We have examined the prophylactic role of cephazolin administered at the time of discography. An experimental study in sheep using radiographic contrast containing Staphylococcus epidermidis showed that either adding the antibiotic to the intradiscal suspension or giving it intravenously 30 minutes before intradiscal inoculation of bacteria prevented any radiographic, macroscopic or histological signs of discitis; all the intervertebral disc cultures were negative. In a prospective clinical study of 127 consecutive patients having lumbar discography, the injected contrast contained cephazolin 1 mg per ml. None of the patients developed clinical or radiographic signs of discitis. We recommend the use of a suitable broad spectrum antibiotic in a single prophylactic dose whenever the intervertebral disc is entered.
Medical History without Medicine (1980)

Journal Article Medical History without Medicine Get access Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Volume XXXV, Issue 1, January 1980, Pages 5–7, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/XXXV.1.5 Published: 01 January 1980
Hot Topic: Can mild hyperthermia improve tumour oxygenation? (1997)

The oxygenation status of C3H mammary carcinomas, grown in the feet of CDF1 mice, was measured with an Eppendorf oxygen electrode. Tumours were locally heated in a water bath at temperatures of 38.5-41.5 degrees C for 1 h. Measurements made during heating showed temperature-dependent increases in tumour oxygenation. However, measurements performed after heating showed a rapid return to normal oxygenation status. Mild hyperthermia thus improves tumour oxygenation and this can explain the radiosensitization seen with low heat treatments, but only when the heat and radiation are administered concurrently, which is typically not the way that are given clinically.
Encapsulated nanoparticles of iron metal (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEncapsulated nanoparticles of iron metalK. J. Klabunde, D. Zhang, G. N. Glavee, C. M. Sorensen, and G. C. HadjipanayisCite this: Chem. Mater. 1994, 6, 6, 784–787Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00042a014https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00042a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views308Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Critical Review of Pipeline Scale Measurement Technologies (2018)

Objectives: To review current and potential methods to identify scale, either wax, inorganic or corrosion deposits on the internal side of pipelines. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The study presents a literature review of the possible approaches for scale detection, using NDT approaches. Findings: We were able to review 94 papers on scale detection; this represents the complete literature on the subject. Application/Improvements: This paper serves as a single source of all potential methods of identifying pipeline scales. Keywords: Corrosion, Pipeline Scale, 5Review, NDT