gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Standing Wave High Gradient Accelerator Structure (1977)

A novel type of standing wave linear accelerator structure has been developed at Varian Associates, Inc. This accelerator is an interlaced combination of two side cavity coupled standing wave substructures. An S-band prototype accelerator guide with two identical substructures and total accelerating length of 10cm has been built and successfully tested with a 2MW magnetron. Significant improvement in maximum permissible accelerating gradient was achieved. Output electron beam energy of 4 MeV and corresponding accelerating gradient of 40 MeV/m were experimentally demonstrated. The shunt impedance of the structure corresponds to 83 MΩ/m.
Multi-Color in vivo fluorescence lifetime tomography (2012)

We present an in vivo multi-color fluorescence lifetime imaging method based on scanning laser optical tomography and Fourier fluorescence lifetime excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy. The system was tested with live transgenic zebrafish embryo.
ALUMINUM HYDRIDE, A1H3, AS A HYDROGEN STORAGE COMPOUND. (2006)

Aluminum hydride is a covalent, binary hydride that has been known for more than 60 years and is an attractive medium for on-board automotive hydrogen storage, since it contains 10.1% by wt. hydrogen with a density of 1.48 g/ml. There are at least 7 non-solvated AlH{sub 3} phases, namely {alpha}, {alpha}{prime}, {beta}, {gamma}, {var_epsilon} and {zeta}. The properties of {alpha}-AlH{sub 3}, obtained from the Dow Chemical Co. in 1980, have been previously reported. Here we present a description of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of freshly prepared {alpha}, {beta} and {gamma} phases of AlH{sub 3}. In all cases the decomposition kinetics are appreciable below 100 C and all will meet the DOE 2010 gravimetric and volumetric vehicular system targets (6 wt% H{sub 2} and 0.045 kg/L). However, further research will be required to develop an efficient and economical process to regenerate AlH{sub 3} from the spent Al powder.
Characteristics of Hybrid Type 3 Phase Stepping Motor. (1997)

In hybrid type (HB type) stepping motors, 2 phase motors have been used widely, and 4 phase or 5 phase motors have also used for a high resolution purpose. It is generally said that, the motor performance is improved as the number of phase is increased. However, increased number of phase results in the increase of stator poles, complicated manufacturing process and driving circuit accompanied by higher manufacturing cost. In case of 3 phase stepping motors, however, the number of poles less than 8 poles which are widely used in 2 phase motors can be available. Furthermore, number of driving transistors can be reduced, because number of winding terminals for power supply can be reduced to 3. From these considerations, HB type 3 phase stepping motors look possible to be an actuator superior in the point of cost-performance. In spite of such possibility, little review of 3 phase HB type stepping motors has been found.In this paper, 3 phase HB type stepping motor is reviewed in the following points. They are, (1) It is shown that HB type 3 phase stepping motor has 2 types of construction which are different in magnetic path, and the features of both types are discussed. (2) Equations for static torque characteristics are derived, and the effects of rotor harmonic flux on the torque-angle characteristics are clarified. (3) Step response characteristics and (4) Pull-out torque characteristics are analysed for various excitation modes, and the results are compared and discussed.
Light-Triggered Intramolecular Cyclization in Poly(lactic-<i>co</i>-glycolic acid)-Based Polymers for Controlled Degradation (2015)

Polylactide (PLA) and poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) are two prominent FDA-approved polymers because of their useful biodegradation into largely innocuous substances. Their hydrolytic degradation is slow and offers minimal control over degradation kinetics, especially in the minutes time scale. However, molecular engineering of their structures could allow triggered degradation. We have synthesized, by ring-opening polymerization (ROP), a series of PLGA-based polymers containing pendant nucleophiles protected with photocleavable groups. Upon deprotection, two of the polymers degrade rapidly via intramolecular cyclization into small molecules. Nanoparticles formulated from these polymers undergo rapid structural changes in response to UV light. This work introduces a novel polymeric structure to enable rapid on-demand degradation and expands the library of polymers that degrade by cyclization.
Identification of the β cell antigen targeted by a prevalent population of pathogenic CD8 <sup>+</sup> T cells in autoimmune diabetes (2003)

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which autoreactive T cells attack and destroy the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. CD8+ T cells are essential for this beta cell destruction, yet their specific antigenic targets are largely unknown. Here, we reveal that the autoantigen targeted by a prevalent population of pathogenic CD8+ T cells in nonobese diabetic mice is islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP). Through tetramer technology, IGRP-reactive T cells are readily detected in islets and peripheral blood directly ex vivo. The human IGRP gene maps to a diabetes susceptibility locus, suggesting that IGRP also may be an antigen for pathogenic T cells in human type 1 diabetes and, thus, a new, potential target for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Attenuation of low-frequency underwater sound using bubble resonance phenomena and acoustic impedance mismatching (2011)

Air bubbles can be a significant source of attenuation in underwater sound propagation, but such effects have not been experimentally verified for low frequencies in part due to the difficulty in creating large stable bubbles. This work is in part an extension of a previously reported study in the acoustic effects of large resonant encapsulated air bubbles in a 1D waveguide [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 127 2015 (2010)]. Now, both bubble resonance effects and acoustic impedance mismatching effects are investigated in a large-scale tank setup. Both of these mechanisms are shown to attenuate sound at low frequencies (50 to 200 Hz) through experiments in which a sound source is surrounded by a column of freely-rising sub-resonant bubbles, a matrix of tethered resonant air balloons, and a combination of the two. Experiments with a matrix of thicker-shelled encapsulated bubbles demonstrate decreased attenuation due to weaker resonant interaction and the use of a polydipserse versus monodisperse encapsulated bubble size distribution demonstrates a flattened frequency response for fixed global void fraction. Finite-element models of both an effective medium bubble cloud and discrete stationary bubbles are discussed and compared with experiment. [Work supported by Shell.]
Audio-visual atoms for generic video concept classification (2010)

We investigate the challenging issue of joint audio-visual analysis of generic videos targeting at concept detection. We extract a novel local representation, Audio-Visual Atom (AVA), which is defined as a region track associated with regional visual features and audio onset features. We develop a hierarchical algorithm to extract visual atoms from generic videos, and locate energy onsets from the corresponding soundtrack by time-frequency analysis. Audio atoms are extracted around energy onsets. Visual and audio atoms form AVAs, based on which discriminative audio-visual codebooks are constructed for concept detection. Experiments over Kodak's consumer benchmark videos confirm the effectiveness of our approach.
Nonvolatile “AND,” “OR,” and “NOT” Boolean logic gates based on phase-change memory (2013)

Electronic devices or circuits that can implement both logic and memory functions are regarded as the building blocks for future massive parallel computing beyond von Neumann architecture. Here we proposed phase-change memory (PCM)-based nonvolatile logic gates capable of AND, OR, and NOT Boolean logic operations verified in SPICE simulations and circuit experiments. The logic operations are parallel computing and results can be stored directly in the states of the logic gates, facilitating the combination of computing and memory in the same circuit. These results are encouraging for ultralow-power and high-speed nonvolatile logic circuit design based on novel memory devices.
Direct GMSK modulation with a phase-locked power oscillator (1999)

A phase-locked-loop (PLL)-based architecture is proposed for direct generation of frequency stable, high-power Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) and other continuous phase modulations at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. A continuous phase frequency shift-keyed (CPPSK) signal with a modulation index of 0.5 is produced at the desired output frequency using a full 360/spl deg/ linear continuous phase modulator that is controlled by the integrated baseband information signal. This modulated signal is used as the reference signal for a phase-locked high-power voltage-controlled oscillator. The PLL facilitates reference signal frequency tracking and provides Gaussian spectral shaping to the modulated output signal, PLL imperfections and their effect on the modulated output signal are considered, and simulation results are presented.
Cross-presenting human γδ T cells induce robust CD8 <sup>+</sup> αβ T cell responses (2009)

Gammadelta T cells are implicated in host defense against microbes and tumors but their mode of function remains largely unresolved. Here, we have investigated the ability of activated human Vgamma9Vdelta2(+) T cells (termed gammadelta T-APCs) to cross-present microbial and tumor antigens to CD8(+) alphabeta T cells. Although this process is thought to be mediated best by DCs, adoptive transfer of ex vivo antigen-loaded, human DCs during immunotherapy of cancer patients has shown limited success. We report that gammadelta T-APCs take up and process soluble proteins and induce proliferation, target cell killing and cytokine production responses in antigen-experienced and naïve CD8(+) alphabeta T cells. Induction of APC functions in Vgamma9Vdelta2(+) T cells was accompanied by the up-regulation of costimulatory and MHC class I molecules. In contrast, the functional predominance of the immunoproteasome was a characteristic of gammadelta T cells irrespective of their state of activation. Gammadelta T-APCs were more efficient in antigen cross-presentation than monocyte-derived DCs, which is in contrast to the strong induction of CD4(+) alphabeta T cell responses by both types of APCs. Our study reveals unexpected properties of human gammadelta T-APCs in the induction of CD8(+) alphabeta T effector cells, and justifies their further exploration in immunotherapy research.
A synthesis of 2-deoxy-D-[1-11C]glucose for regional metabolic studies: concise communication. (1981)

A synthesis of 2-deoxy-D-[1-11C]glucose from H11CN has been developed. This compound is obtained in a radiochemical yield of 30–40% with a synthesis time of 45 min.
Noninvasive detection of putative biomarkers for colon cancer using fecal messenger RNA. (1995)

Deaths from colon cancer number over 60,000 each year in the United States. Because early detection results in a high cure rate, development of noninvasive techniques for detection of colon cancer has received much interest. The ability to detect early changes in colonocyte genes and gene expression would provide valuable information. We have shown previously that alterations in protein kinase C (PKC) isoform expression are associated with changes in colonic cell proliferation, a key intermediate marker for the prediction of tumorigenesis. Here, we describe a method for the quantitative detection of mRNAs for select PKC isoforms isolated from rat feces containing exfoliated colonocytes. After total RNA extraction from fresh fecal material, polyadenylated RNA was selectively purified and quantitated with slot blotting and hybridization to oligodeoxythymidylic acid. Fecal polyadenylated RNA was used for semiquantitative (mimic) RT-PCR to quantitate PKC isoform mRNA expression. We detected mRNA for PKC-alpha, PKC-delta, PKC-epsilon, and PKC-sigma, but not for PKC-beta or PKC-gamma, which is consistent with the profile of isoforms detected previously in scraped colonic mucosa using immunoblot analysis. This noninvasive method, utilizing feces containing exfoliated colonocytes, is a sensitive noninvasive technique for quantitating luminal mRNAs. This provides a means to monitor gene expression of colonic epithelial cells, which may have predictive value in monitoring the neoplastic process.
Fast atomic line filter/field ionization detector (1990)

An experimental demonstration of a fast atomic line filter/field ionization detector (FALF/FID) is presented. The FALF/FID detects incoming signal photons by resonant absorption in an atomic vapor cell containing a strong electric field. Excited atoms are electric-field ionized after further excitation to a Stark-shifted Rydberg level by a pump laser tuned to a resonance in the ionization spectrum, providing an observed enhancement in the ionization rate of ten times over the continuum ionization threshold. Preliminary measurements of time response (<10 nsec) and quantum efficiency (>25%) indicate that with optimization the FALF/FID will provide high quantum efficiency, fast time response, and narrow-linewidth detection.
Reflection shear-wave data along the principal axes of aximuthal anisotropy (1987)

This paper presents reflection P and SH field data, collected along two lines, lying approximately parallel and perpendicular to a major oriented vertical fracture set. In the vicinity of the tie point, these data demonstrate the effects of azimuthal anisotropy, i.e., that shear velocity is a function of polarization azimuth. Although the P-wave lines tie, the SH lines do not. One line shows progressive (time-variant) time delays of the shear-wave reflection arrivals, relative to the corresponding arrivals on the other line. Also, for some reflection events, there is a marked difference in shear-wave reflection amplitudes on the two lines. These features are consistent with those expected to result from the known fracture sets. To their knowledge, this is the first published seismic reflection field data which show, and in which are recognized, these effects of azimuthal anisotropy. The effects of anisotropy are particularly clear because the lines lie approximately along the principal axes of the anisotropy, so that the effects of shear-wave splitting are minimized.
High temperature reduction and softening properties of pellets with magnesite. (1983)

There exists a need to improve the high temperature reducibility and lower the softening rate of pellets in order to get high productivity in the blast furnace.This paper introduces the influence of the MgO/SiO2 and the CaO/SiO2 ratios in pellets on the high temperature reduction and softening properties.The pellets whose MgO/SiO2 ratio is held at above 0.6, and whose CaO/SiO2 ratio is held at below 0.05, are proved to have better high temperature properties than those of acid or self-fluxed pellets. There was no deterioration in properties, even if the quantity of SiO2 is significant.
Neural Networks Tools for Improving Tacite Hydrodynamic Simulation of Multiphase Flow Behavior in Pipelines (2001)

Transient multiphase flow simulators are generally used to dimension the production scheme. One of the problems encountered is to predict accurately the pressure drop and the liquid holdup. This can be solved using an accurate numerical scheme and an appropriate thermodynamic behavior linked to an accurate and robust hydrodynamic model. In the Tacite Code, developed by IFP, a mechanistic hydrodynamic model has been developed. This model is able to predict the flow regime, the phase velocities and the local pressure drop for all slopes and all diameters. It contains closure laws based on flow regimes. This mechanistic model has been validated against various data banks. The two limitations of such an hydrodynamic model may be its mathematical disturbance (continuity, derivability are not always guaranteed) and the time consuming. This can be troublesome when using an accurate numerical scheme that requires derivative computation and for real time purposes. This paper presents a neural network based approach to efficiently replace the hydrodynamic module in the two phase model with the following two objectives: - to avoid discontinuity problems during hydrodynamic computations;- to reduce significantly computational time. This method was tested with experimental and simulated data. The results given in this paper prove the relevancy of this approach.
Biomimetic Tooth Repair: Amelogenin-Derived Peptide Enables in Vitro Remineralization of Human Enamel (2018)

White spot lesions (WSL) and incipient caries on enamel surfaces are the earliest clinical outcomes for demineralization and caries. If left untreated, the caries can progress and may cause complex restorative procedures or even tooth extraction which destroys soft and hard tissue architecture as a consequence of connective tissue and bone loss. Current clinical practices are insufficient in treating dental caries. A long-standing practical challenge associated with demineralization related to dental diseases is incorporating a functional mineral microlayer which is fully integrated into the molecular structure of the tooth in repairing damaged enamel. This study demonstrates that small peptide domains derived from native protein amelogenin can be utilized to construct a mineral layer on damaged human enamel in vitro. Six groups were prepared to carry out remineralization on artificially created lesions on enamel: (1) no treatment, (2) Ca<sup>2+</sup> and PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup> only, (3) 1100 ppm fluoride (F), (4) 20 000 ppm F, (5) 1100 ppm F and peptide, and (6) peptide alone. While the 1100 ppm F sample (indicative of common F content of toothpaste for homecare) did not deliver F to the thinly deposited mineral layer, high F test sample (indicative of clinical varnish treatment) formed mainly CaF<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles on the surface. Fluoride, however, was deposited in the presence of the peptide, which also formed a thin mineral layer which was partially crystallized as fluorapatite. Among the test groups, only the peptide-alone sample resulted in remineralization of fairly thick (10 μm) dense mineralized layer containing HAp mineral, resembling the structure of the healthy enamel. The newly formed mineralized layer exhibited integration with the underlying enamel as evident by cross-sectional imaging. The peptide-guided remineralization approach sets the foundation for future development of biomimetic products and treatments for dental health care.
Excited-state-absorption cross sections and amplifier modeling in the 1300-nm region for Nd-doped glasses (1992)

The performance of Nd/sup 3+/-doped fibre amplifiers is limited by strong excited-state absorption (ESA) of the signal, and, even for fluorozirconate glasses, ESA prevents the important region below 1320 nm from being used. To quantify this limitation and explore alternative host materials, ESA and stimulated-emission cross sections have been measured for a representative group of glass compositions. These parameters have been used in an accurate fiber-amplifier model to provide the first quantitative comparisons of performance for Nd/sup 3+/-doped glasses in the 1300-nm band as a function of host.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Accelerating the Accelerator Memory Interface with Access-Execute and Dataflow (2016)

The Memory Access Dataflow execution model and hardware architecture combine principles of decoupled access and execution, dataflow computation, and event-condition-action rules to redevelop the main primitives of an out-of-order core in a power-efficient way that targets memory accesses that naturally occur in programs or get induced when some work is offloaded to an accelerator. Such a mechanism can allow in-core accelerators to integrate with high- or low-performance cores without compromising performance, run at low power by turning off the core during such phases, and provide high energy savings.
Adjuvants for a New Generation of Vaccines (1992)

Subunit antigens of viruses and other infectious agents in their natural configuration can be produced by recombinant DNA technology. To elicit protective immunity such antigens have to be administered with adjuvants that elicit cell‐mediated immunity, including genetically restricted cytotoxicity, and that produce high affinity antibodies of protective isotypes. Antibodies of such isotypes (immunoglobulin G2a [IgG2a] in the mouse and IgG 1 in humans) efficiently activate complement and effect antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. Naturally occurring adjuvants such as lipopolysaccharide and muramyl dipeptide (MOP) are pyrogenic and produce uveitis and arthritis in susceptible experimental animal and human recipients. Synthetic analogues of MOP and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) retain adjuvant activity with reduced side effects. Adjuvants increase the expression of class II major histocompatibility complex on antigen‐presenting cells and cytokine production: interferon‐gamma augments the production of IgG2a antibodies in the mouse. Dispersion of antigens in water‐oil emulsions, immunestimulating complexes or liposomes also increases immunogenicity, at least partly by targeting antigens to antigen‐presenting cells. Inclusion of MOP analogues or MPL in such systems constitutes adjuvant formulations, such as MOP‐A. When used with a variety of recombinant and other subunit antigens, such adjuvants elicit protective immunity in experimental animals. This strategy improves vaccines already in use (eg, influenza and hepatitis B) and makes possible new vaccines (herpesviruses, simian and human immunodeficiency viruses, respiratory syncytial virus and acellular pertussis).
New opportunities in interferometric lithography using extreme ultraviolet tabletop lasers (2009)

The development of tabletop extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lasers opens now the possibility to realize interferometric lithography systems at EUV wavelengths that easily fit on the top of an optical table. The high degree of spatial and temporal coherence and high brightness of the compact EUV laser sources make them a good option for interferometric applications. The combination of these novel sources with interferometric lithography setups brings to the laboratory environment capabilities that so far had been restricted exclusively to large synchrotron facilities.