gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automotive systems requirement mining using breach (2015)

Automative control systems are more and more developed in the model-based design paradigm. This typically involves capturing a plant model that describes the dynamical characteristics of the physical processes within the system, and a controller model, which is a block-diagram-based representation of the software used to regulate the plant behavior. In practice, plant models and controller models are highly complex as they can contain nonlinear hybrid dynamics, look-up tables storing pre-computed values, several levels of design-hierarchy, design-blocks that operate at different frequencies, and so on. Moreover, system requirements are often imprecise, non-modular, evolving, or even simply unknown. In this talk, we describe a simulation-guided formal technique that can help characterize temporal properties of a system described with the Simulink modeling language, which is widely used as a high-fidelity simulation tool and is routinely used by control designers to experimentally validate their controller designs. Specifically, we present a way to algorithmically mine temporal assertions implemeted in the tool Breach. The input to our algorithm is a requirement template expressed in Parametric Signal Temporal Logic - a formalism to express temporal formulas in which concrete signal or time values are replaced by parameters. Our algorithm is an instance of counterexample-guided inductive synthesis: an intermediate candidate requirement is synthesized from simulation traces of the system, which is refined using counterexamples to the candidate obtained with the help of a falsification tool. The algorithm terminates when no counterexample is found. Mining has many usage scenarios: mined requirements can be used to validate future modifications of the model, they can be used to enhance understanding of legacy models, and can also guide the process of bug-finding through simulations.
Pomalidomide for Symptomatic Kaposi's Sarcoma in People With and Without HIV Infection: A Phase I/II Study (2016)

Purpose Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a multicentric tumor caused by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Unmet needs include therapies that are oral, anthracycline sparing, and deliverable in resource-limited settings. We evaluated pomalidomide, an oral immune modulatory agent, in patients with symptomatic KS. Methods The primary objectives were to assess tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and activity. Initial dosage level was 5 mg once per day for 21 days per 28-day cycle, with a de-escalated level of 3 mg if not tolerable, and aspirin 81 mg once per day thromboprophylaxis. HIV-infected patients required controlled viremia with either persistent KS despite 3 months of antiretroviral therapy (ART) or progressive KS despite 2 months of ART. Evaluations included tumor response and health-related quality of life (HRQL). Results Twenty-two patients were treated; 15 (68%) were HIV infected, 17 (77%) had advanced (T1) disease, and 19 (86%) previous KS therapy excluding ART. All were treated with 5 mg because no dose-limiting toxicities occurred. Over 156 cycles, the grade 3/4 adverse events possibly attributable to therapy were neutropenia (23 cycles, 10 patients), infection (1 cycle), and edema (1 cycle). Sixteen patients responded (73%; 95% CI, 50% to 89%): nine of 15 HIV-infected patients (60%; 95% CI, 32% to 84%) and all seven HIV-uninfected patients (100%; 95% CI, 59% to 100%). Median time to response was 4 weeks (range, 4 to 36 weeks). HRQL showed no impairment during therapy and improved satisfaction with appearance at end therapy ( P = .03). Significant increases in CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> cells were seen in patients with and without HIV, together with a transient increase in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral load at week 4 ( P = .05). Conclusion Pomalidomide is well tolerated and active in KS regardless of HIV status. Responses were rapid, with improved self-reported outcomes, and occurred in advanced and heavily pretreated disease. Correlative studies support, at least in part, an immunologic mechanism of activity.
Spectral Characterization and Attenuation Measurements in Ultrasound (1983)

Various means of characterizing ultrasonic attenuation in tissue are reviewed. A simple method for estimating frequency-dependent attenuation via measurement of the zero crossing density of the signal is presented and validated. Both the effects of the frequency dependence of scatter and stochastic variability of the measurement are considered and discussed. Results of measurements made in phantoms, animals and humans are presented and compared to the theoretical model. The technique is shown to be technically feasible.
Boosted and distributed rail clamp networks for ESD protection in advanced CMOS technologies (2003)

A new, area efficient, boosted and distributed active MOSFET rail clamp network for I/O pad ESD protection is presented. In addition, a compact new rail clamp trigger circuit with high resistance to false triggering is introduced.
Recombinant polypeptides for serology of malaria (1989)

We have evaluated 3 molecularly defined polypeptides encoded by encloned Plasmodium falciparum genes for their ability to serve as antigens for detecting antimalaria antibodies. The recombinant proteins correspond to (i) a conserved part of 190-200 kDa schizont merozoite surface component, (ii) the carboxy terminal part of the P. falciparum aldolase, and (iii) the 5.1 antigen. Antibodies were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in a high percentage of sera from individuals from a malaria endemic area in The Gambia (up to 99% for some adult groups). These results were further improved, especially for detection of antimalaria antibodies in children, when a pool of all 3 polypeptides (ELISA MIXT) was used as antigen. This ELISA MIXT improves presently available assays for the detection of antimalaria antibodies directed against asexual blood stages in respect of standardization, sensitivity and specificity.
Experimental Reproduction of Pneumonia in Gnotobiotic Pigs with Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus Isolate AR310 (1993)

The pathogenicity of porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) isolate AR310 was determined for gnotobiotic pigs. PRCV-AR310 was isolated from the intestines of a nursery pig from a herd with endemic transmissible gastroenteritis. The AR310 isolate was plaque purified and cell culture propagated, passed once in a gnotobiotic pig, then used as inoculum for a gnotobiotic pig pathogenicity study. Eight pigs were inoculated oronasally with 2 x 10(6) plaque-forming units of PRCV-AR310. Eight pigs served as controls and received cell culture medium. Two pigs from each group were necropsied at 3, 5, 10, and 15 days postinoculation (DPI). There was moderate multifocal to coalescing reddish tan consolidation of 60% of the lung by 10 DPI. Microscopic examination revealed a necrotizing and proliferative bronchointerstitial pneumonia characterized by necrosis, squamous metaplasia, dysplasia, proliferation of airway epithelium, mononuclear cell infiltration of alveolar septa, mild type II pneumocyte proliferation, and lymphohistiocytic alveolar exudation. The microscopic lesions were mild by 3 DPI, moderate by 5 DPI, severe by 10 DPI, and mostly resolved by 15 DPI. No lesions were observed in the intestines of these pigs. There was no clinical respiratory disease. Control pigs remained normal and had no lesions. PRCV was isolated from the lungs but not from the intestines of inoculated pigs. PRCV was not isolated from the lungs or intestines of control pigs. PRCV was also isolated from the nasal and rectal swabs of inoculated but not of control pigs.
Insecticidal and Biting Deterrent Activities of Magnolia grandiflora Essential Oils and Selected Pure Compounds against Aedes aegypti (2020)

In our natural products screening program for mosquitoes, we tested essential oils extracted from different plant parts of <i>Magnolia grandiflora</i> L. for their insecticidal and biting deterrent activities against <i>Aedes aegypti</i>. Biting deterrence of seeds essential oil with biting deterrence index value of 0.89 was similar to <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET). All the other oils were active above the solvent control but the activity was significantly lower than DEET. Based on GC-MS analysis, three pure compounds that were only present in the essential oil of seed were further investigated to identify the compounds responsible for biting deterrent activity. 1-Decanol with PNB value of 0.8 was similar to DEET (PNB = 0.8), whereas 1-octanol with PNB value of 0.64 showed biting deterrence lower than 1-decanol and DEET. The activity of 1-heptanol with PNB value of 0.36 was similar to the negative control. Since 1-decanol, which was 3.3% of the seed essential oil, showed biting deterrence similar to DEET as a pure compound, this compound might be responsible for the activity of this oil. In in vitro A & K bioassay, 1-decanol with MED value of 6.25 showed higher repellency than DEET (MED = 12.5). Essential oils of immature and mature fruit showed high toxicity whereas leaf, flower, and seeds essential oils gave only 20%, 0%, and 50% mortality, respectively, at the highest dose of 125 ppm. 1-Decanol with LC<sub>50</sub> of 4.8 ppm was the most toxic compound.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,2‐Dimethyl‐4,5‐diaryl‐3(2H)furanone Derivatives as Selective Cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 Inhibitors. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Development of pseudo-random binary gratings and arrays for calibration of surface profile metrology tools (2009)

Optical Metrology tools, especially for short wavelength (EUV and X-Ray), must cover a wide range of spatial frequencies from the very low, which affects figure, to the important mid-spatial frequencies and the high spatial frequency range, which produces undesirable flair. A major difficulty in using surface profilometers arises due to the unknown Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the instruments. Therefore, accurate calibration of profilometers, the understanding of their MTF limitations, and cross calibration between tools represents a considerable challenge for quantitative optical metrology. In previous work the instrumental MTF of a surface profiler was precisely measured using reference test surfaces based on binary pseudo-random (BPR) gratings. Here, they present results of fabricating and using two-dimensional (2D) BPR arrays that allow for a direct 2D calibration of the instrumental MTF. BPR sequences are widely used in engineering and communication applications such as Global Position System, and wireless communication protocol. The ideal BPR pattern has a flat 'white noise' response over the entire range of spatial frequencies of interest. The BPR array used here is based on the Uniformly Redundant Array prescription initially used for x-ray and gamma ray astronomy applications. The URA's superior imaging capability originates from the fact that its cyclical autocorrelation function very closely approximates a delta function, which produces a flat Power Spectrum Density (PSD). Three different BPR array patterns were fabricated by electron beam lithography and ICP etching of silicon. The basic size unit was 200 nm, 400 nm, and 600 nm. Figure 1 shows the fabrication sequence. The 2D BPR arrays were used as standard test surfaces for MTF calibration of the MicroMap{trademark}-570 interferometric microscope with all available objectives. Figure 2 shows representative scanning probe height data for the 400 nm BPR sample. Figure 2 shows the raw Power Spectral Density for 5 different objectives. They demonstrate that the two dimensional BPR array is a very effective calibration standard. However, departures from ideal, such as square sidewall, and uniform etch depth ultimately can limit the accuracy of the calibration. The effects of fabrication imperfections on the efficiency of calibration will be discussed.
Constrained adaptation for feedback cancellation in hearing aids (1999)

In feedback cancellation in hearing aids, an adaptive filter is used to model the feedback path. The output of the adaptive filter is subtracted from the microphone signal to cancel the acoustic and mechanical feedback picked up by the microphone, thus allowing more gain in the hearing aid. In general, the feedback-cancellation filter adapts on the hearing-aid input signal, and signal cancellation and coloration artifacts can occur for a narrow-band input. In this paper, two procedures for LMS adaptation with a constraint on the magnitude of the adaptive weight vector are derived. The constraints greatly reduce the probability that the adaptive filter will cancel a narrow-band input. Simulation results are used to demonstrate the efficacy of the constrained adaptation.
Role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in hypoxia-induced ischemic tolerance in neonatal rat brain (2000)

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a heterodimer composed of HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta protein subunits. This transcription factor is essential for the activation of hypoxia-inducible genes like erythropoietin, some glucose transporters, the glycolytic enzymes, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Because HIF-1 activation may promote cell survival in hypoxic tissues, we studied the effect of hypoxic preconditioning on HIF-1 expression in neonatal rat brain. Hypoxic preconditioning (8% O2 for 3 hours), a treatment known to protect the newborn rat brain against hypoxic-ischemic injury, markedly increased HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta expression. To support the role of HIF-1 in protective preconditioning, we also studied the effect of two other known HIF-1 inducers, cobalt chloride (CoCl2) and desferrioxamine (DFX), on HIF-1 expression and neuroprotection in newborn brain. HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta protein levels were markedly increased after intraperitoneal injection of CoCl2 (60 mg/kg) and moderately increased after intraperitoneal injection of DFX (200 mg/kg) 1 to 3 hours after the injections. Preconditioning with CoCl2 or DFX 24 hours before hypoxia-ischemia afforded 75 and 56% brain protection, respectively, compared with that in vehicle-injected littermate controls. Thus, HIF-1 activation could contribute to protective brain preconditioning, which could be used in high-risk deliveries and other clinical situations.
<i>solitaire</i>-Porphyrazines:  Synthetic, Structural, and Spectroscopic Investigation of Complexes of the Novel Binucleating Norphthalocyanine-2,3-dithiolato Ligand (1996)

We have developed the synthesis of unsymmetrical metalloporphyrazines of the form M[pz(A:B3)], where A and B refer to two different types of peripheral functionality, and have used it to prepare new bi- and trimetallic solitaire-porphyrazines in which A represents a mono- or bimetallic moiety. The macrocyclic complexes described are based on the binucleating ligand, [M(norphthalocyanine-2,3-dithiolate)]2-, [M(norpc)]2-. This can be thought of as a metalloporphyrazine where B is a fused benzo ring; A represents two thiolates fused at the β-pyrrole positions to form a dithiolene moiety that can bind a transition-metal ion in addition to one within the macrocyclic cavity. solitaire-Porphyrazines have been synthesized by chelation of [(L-L)M‘]2+ to the [M(norpc)]2- ligand where M = “2H”, Ni, Cu, or Mn-Cl, L-L is a bis(diphosphino) or bis(diamino) group and M‘ = Ni, Pd, or Pt. Crystal structures have been obtained for 11b, where the [H2(norpc)]2- ligand coordinates the diphosphinopalladium moiety, [Pd(dppf)]2+, by the two thiolate sulfur atoms at its periphery, and for 11h, with the diaminoplatinum moiety, [Pt(teeda)]2+, bound to the periphery of the [Ni(norpc)]2- ligand. In crystals of 11b and 11h, the molecules appear as face-to-face dimers. However, the dimer of 11b and the two crystallographically independent dimers of 11h each shows a distinctly different degree of overlap. The electronic absorption spectra of a series of porphyrazines in which the two peripheral sulfur atoms form thioether moieties with a modified benzyl-protecting group (6−10) show that the peripheral asymmetry of the macrocyclic framework causes a strong splitting of the (π−π*) Q-band. In contrast, when the peripheral sulfurs bind a metal ion to form solitaire-porphyrazines 11a−h, the optical spectra closely resemble that of the symmetrical pc, with unsplit Q band. The EPR spectrum of solitaire 11d, where M = Cu, L-L = a bis(diphosphino) cap, M‘ = Pd, has features consistent with other square-planar copper(II) porphyrins and phthalocyanines. Cyclic voltammograms of compound 11b shows two reversible ring reductions at potentials similar to those of H2(pc) as well as a reversible oxidation associated with the ferrocene portion of the Pd(dppf) moiety.
Improved Super Luminescent Light Source Specification. (1993)

Abstract : A fiber superfluorescent light source is disclosed which suppresses laser oscillations without interfering with the pump light or the super luminescence.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the fiber superfluorescent light source comprises a laser diode array for providing a pump beam at a wavelength of 0.81 microns, a first fiber doped with neodymium activator ions and being responsive to the pump beam for providing a spontaneous emission at a wavelength of 1.06 microns, and a second fiber optically coupled between the laser diode arrays and the first fiber for passing the pump beam therethrough to the first fiber to enable the first fiber to spontaneously emit light at the 1.06 micron wavelength and for suppressing backemissions of the 1.06 micron wavelength from the first fiber toward the laser diode array to prevent oscillations in the laser diode array
Defining gefitinib sensitivity/resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines by affymetrix gene arrays (2004)

7027 Background: Gefitinib (Iressa) and other EGFR inhibitors are active in 12–19% of NSCLC patients previously treated with chemotherapy. Currently, there are no selection criteria for determining which NSCLC patients will benefit from this treatment. EGFR expression does not predict Gefitinib sensitivity. Using a panel of NSCLC cell lines with varying sensitivity to Gefitinib we defined a panel of biomarkers that predict sensitivity or resistance. Methods: Gefitinib sensitivity was determined in 18 NSCLC cell lines using MTT assays. Cell lines were classified as Gefitinib sensitive (IC50<1μM), resistant (IC50>10μM) or intermediate sensitivity (IC50 1–10μM). Oligonucleotide microarray (Affymetrix HGU 133A, 22,000 genes) analysis was performed on 10 cell lines. Three distinct filtration and normalization algorithms were used to process the expression data and a list of genes was generated that was both statistically significant (unadjusted p=0.001 cutoff) and corrected for occurrence of false positives. This approach was used in combination with 5 distinct machine learning algorithms to build a test set for predictor genes that was successful in 100% of test cases. The best discriminators (>3 fold difference in expression between sensitive and resistant cell lines) were selected for quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Results: A list of 144 genes was generated from the Affymetric array analysis. By using the mathematical algorithm 16 candidate genes were selected for RT-PCR. Thirteen of the 16 genes were verified to discriminate between sensitive and resistant cell lines by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Conclusions: Based on NSCLC cell line studies it was possible to identify 13 different genes, which strongly discriminated Gefitinib sensitive cell lines from the resistant ones. This biomarker panel may be of significant value for selecting NSCLC patients for Gefitinib treatment. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Amgen; AstraZeneca Allos Therapeutics; AstraZeneca Eli Lilly
Radiation-induced density and absorption changes in fused silica (1997)

A major growing application for fused silica is as microlithography lenses for integrated circuit manufacture using deep ultraviolet excimer laser radiation at 248 nm (KrF) and 193 nm (ArF) wavelengths. Such short wavelength radiation, while allowing higher image resolution, can cause structural changes in the glass which can adversely affect lens performance. These changes are manifest as color centers and glass densification.
R<sup>2</sup> IM- Robust and Resilient Intersection Management of Connected Autonomous Vehicles (2020)

Intersection management of Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) has the potential to significantly improve safety and mobility. While numerous intersection management designs have been proposed in the past few decades, most of them assume that the CAVs will precisely follow the directions of the Intersection Manager (IM) and prove the safety and demonstrate the efficiency based on this assumption. In real life, however, a CAV that is crossing the intersection may break down, accelerate out-of-control or lie about its information (e.g. intended outgoing lane) and cause an accident. In this paper, we first define a fault model called “rogue vehicle”, which is essentially a CAV that either is dishonest or does not follow the IM's directions and then, propose a novel management algorithm (R <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> IM) that will ensure safe operation, even if a CAV becomes “rogue” at any point in time. We prove that there can be no accidents inside the intersection, as long as there is no more than one “rogue vehicle” at a time. We demonstrate the safety of R <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> IM by performing experiments on 1/10 scale model CAVs and in simulation. We also show that our approach can recover after the rogue vehicle leaves/is removed.
Improving the indoor sound quality by using cymatic shapes (2013)

Acoustic diffusers are important components in enhancing the quality of room acoustics. This paper investigates a new type of 2D diffusers obtained by the Cymatics phenomena. Cymatics is the study of sound and vibration made visible, typically on the surface of a plate, diaphragm or membrane. Four shapes of the diffusers were designed by the Cymatic shapes and modeled by using a quadratic residue sequence. The polar response of the diffusers was measured using DIRAC software. Polar response results were generally consistent with expectations. This type of diffusers can generate a uniform polar response over the frequency range we are interested in (400Hz- 4000Hz). It is found that this type of acoustic diffusers can be used to maintain the acoustic energy in a room, and at the same time can treat unwanted echoes and reflections by scattering sound waves in many directions.