gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TLK-286: a novel glutathione<i>S</i>-transferase-activated prodrug (2005)

Telik, Inc. (Palo Alto, CA, USA) is currently developing TLK-286, a novel prodrug that is preferentially activated by glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GST-pi). TLK-286 is the lead clinical candidate from a group of rationally designed glutathione analogues designed to exploit high GST-pi levels in solid tumours and drug-resistant cell populations. This concept was based on extensive literature showing that the overexpression of GST-pi in human tumours is associated with malignancy, poor prognosis and the development of drug resistance. Thus, the selective targeting of susceptible tumour phenotypes is a strategy that should result in the release of more active drug in malignant cells compared with normal tissue, thereby achieving an improved therapeutic index. A number of published preclinical studies have confirmed the mechanism of action of this drug. In a series of Phase II clinical trials, TLK-286 was initially shown to have clinical activity and a favorable toxicity profile as a single agent in the salvage setting in ovarian, non-small cell lung, breast and colorectal cancers. Recently, Phase II trials have been reported that demonstrated TLK-286 is active and did not increase the toxicity in combination treatment regimens with standard chemotherapeutic agents, including platinums, taxanes and anthracyclines in previously treated patients with ovarian and non-small cell lung cancers, and in the first-line treatment setting in non-small cell lung cancer patients. TLK-286 is also presently under active testing in Phase III settings for non-small cell lung and ovarian cancers.
Multi-Beam Concepts for Nanometer Devices (1989)

To overcome the throughput limitations in electron beam nanolithography, a multi beam system is proposed. Theoretical considerations show that this e-beam comb-probe printer with 1024 probes will be capable of combining 25 nm resolution with a maximum beam current of 5 µA. This allows an exposure speed of 0.1 cm 2 /s, which is orders of magnitude superior to today's most advanced equipment. In addition, the multi beam principle is considered for nanometer pattern inspection and for ion-beam techniques. The basic concepts for these applications are presented. Practical feasibility investigations are the subject of current research.
Insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is strongly associated with coronary heart disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. (1994)

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is considered a model of premature atherosclerosis with a strong genetic component. We have investigated the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE; EC 3.4.15.1) gene in 316 unrelated NIDDM individuals, 132 who had myocardial infarction or significant coronary stenoses and 184 with no history of coronary heart disease (CHD). A deletion-polymorphism in the ACE gene was recently reported to be associated with myocardial infarction especially in people classified as low risk. Here we report that the D allele of the ACE gene is a strong and independent risk factor for CHD in NIDDM patients. The D allele is associated with early-onset CHD in NIDDM, independently of hypertension and lipid values. A progressively increasing relative risk in individuals heterozygous and homozygous for the D allele was observed (odds ratios of 1.41 and 2.35, respectively; P < 0.007), suggesting a codominant effect on the cardiovascular risk. The percentage of CHD attributable to the ACE deletion allele was 24% in this NIDDM population. Identification of NIDDM patients carrying this putative CHD-susceptibility genotype would help early detection and treatment of CHD.
Low-Complexity Seizure Prediction From iEEG/sEEG Using Spectral Power and Ratios of Spectral Power (2015)

Prediction of seizures is a difficult problem as the EEG patterns are not wide-sense stationary and change from seizure to seizure, electrode to electrode, and from patient to patient. This paper presents a novel patient-specific algorithm for prediction of seizures in epileptic patients from either one or two single-channel or bipolar channel intra-cranial or scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings with low hardware complexity. Spectral power features are extracted and their ratios are computed. For each channel, a total of 44 features including 8 absolute spectral powers, 8 relative spectral powers and 28 spectral power ratios are extracted every two seconds using a 4-second window with a 50% overlap. These features are then ranked and selected in a patient-specific manner using a two-step feature selection. Selected features are further processed by a second-order Kalman filter and then input to a linear support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The algorithm is tested on the intra-cranial EEG (iEEG) from the Freiburg database and scalp EEG (sEEG) from the MIT Physionet database. The Freiburg database contains 80 seizures among 18 patients in 427 hours of recordings. The MIT EEG database contains 78 seizures from 17 children in 647 hours of recordings. It is shown that the proposed algorithm can achieve a sensitivity of 100% and an average false positive rate (FPR) of 0.0324 per hour for the iEEG (Freiburg) database and a sensitivity of 98.68% and an average FPR of 0.0465 per hour for the sEEG (MIT) database. These results are obtained with leave-one-out cross-validation where the seizure being tested is always left out from the training set. The proposed algorithm also has a low complexity as the spectral powers can be computed using FFT. The area and power consumption of the proposed linear SVM are 2 to 3 orders of magnitude less than a radial basis function kernel SVM (RBF-SVM) classifier. Furthermore, the total energy consumption of a system using linear SVM is reduced by 8% to 23% compared to system using RBF-SVM.
Integrated Sensitivity Adjustment for 3D Hall Sensors (2009)

A three-dimensional Hall sensor with integrated coils for sensitivity control and volume testing is described in this article. A special way of operation allows for adjusting the sensitivities for all three magnetic flux components of the sensor, even during measurements. By exposing all orthogonal sensor directions to a magnetic field at the same time, the matching of the different sensitivities is guaranteed, even if the absolute value of the excitation current is unknown. This is of prime importance for further signal processing. In many applications such as rotary encoders, for example, the angle is calculated from two orthogonal flux components. A sensitivity mismatch between these orthogonal sensors of only 1 per cent leads, in worst instance, to an absolute error of 0.3 degrees. Measurements at our Institute show that even with sensitivities adjusted at room temperature the matching between the horizontal and vertical Hall sensors can vary by about ten per cent in a temperature range from -40 degrees C to 140 degrees C. This leads to an absolute error of 2.3 degrees. By adjusting the direction-dependent sensitivities versus temperature by means of the integrated coils, we reach an absolute error better than 0.2 degree.
Geographical and Temporal Weighted Regression (GTWR) (2015)

Both space and time are fundamental in human activities as well as in various physical processes. Spatiotemporal analysis and modeling has long been a major concern of geographical information science (GIScience), environmental science, hydrology, epidemiology, and other research areas. Although the importance of incorporating the temporal dimension into spatial analysis and modeling has been well recognized, challenges still exist given the complexity of spatiotemporal models. Of particular interest in this article is the spatiotemporal modeling of local nonstationary processes. Specifically, an extension of geographically weighted regression (GWR), geographical and temporal weighted regression (GTWR), is developed in order to account for local effects in both space and time. An efficient model calibration approach is proposed for this statistical technique. Using a 19-year set of house price data in London from 1980 to 1998, empirical results from the application of GTWR to hedonic house price modeling demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and its superiority to the traditional GWR approach, highlighting the importance of temporally explicit spatial modeling.
Mobility Index-Based Navigation for Mandatory Re-Routing Scenarios (2008)

Roadway navigation systems have become increasingly popular, providing efficient routing through a roadway network. In most cases, routes are selected by minimizing some cost function, such as time or distance. However, a shortest-duration or shortest-distance route may not always work well due to unexpected roadway infrastructure conditions (e.g. unscheduled road shutdown) or major traffic problems, in which drivers will need to change routes on the fly. We refer to this as mandatory re-routing. There are several possible scenarios when mandatory re-routing is necessary, such as: 1) a major incident (i.e. accident) occurs, shutting down the roadway; 2) unscheduled emergency maintenance of the infrastructure; or 3) severe weather conditions. In many metropolitan roadway networks, traffic conditions are often very unpredictable. When roadways quickly become severely congested, drivers normally want to change their routes because the pre-defined route may no longer be optimal, i.e. the shortest-duration route may not guarantee minimal travel time and shortest-distance route may result in intolerable travel time. Re-routing capability is useful, but often real-time traffic information is delayed or non-existent. For these scenarios, it may be desirable to take a pre-defined route that gives the driver the highest degree of freedom (i.e. the path with the most routing choices) while traveling. In this paper, we describe a new routing methodology that is based on maximizing the routing choices while driving from a known location to a desired destination.
A novel genetic programming approach to control bloat using crossover and mutation with intelligence technique (2015)

Bloat is a problem that occurs when there is no advancement in fitness measure, but the size of the tree grows exponentially. Bloat eventually increases the time required to reach the optimal solution. To overcome this defect, Crossover and Mutation with Intelligence technique is proposed. We also used double tournament, in which we apply two tournaments on the basis of size and fitness respectively to select the individuals to perform Crossover with Intelligence. Our approach of overcoming bloat is tested experimentally on some benchmark datasets picked up from UCI repository and by some observations. The results verified that our Crossover and Mutation with Intelligence degrades the bloat phenomena.
Automatic Driver Monitoring Using Electrical Impedance Measurement on Steering Wheel (2016)

This article deals with the analysis of dependence among the driver's bioelectrical impedance status and surrounding effects, which can negatively influence the driver's attention and thus lead to decrease the driver's safety while driving. Bioelectrical impedance was measured using AD5933 circuit and two conductive silicon electrodes placed on the steering wheel. The measurement was performed on several drivers of various age at a different daytime and in a different grade of traffic. Hereafter acquired data were statistically analyzed and significant values, which affect the measured driver's impedance with given probability were identified. Based on results of the analysis, we proposed an algorithm of software for detection the events that could possibly decrease the driver's safety. The driver's impedance data acquired from the steering wheel is used as a control variable for the detection algorithm.
Sturge–Weber syndrome (2001)

Association of severely asymmetric cortical metabolism with relatively preserved cognitive function in SWS suggests that functional reorganization occurs more readily when cortex is severely rather than mildly damaged. Therefore, the area of mildly asymmetric cortical metabolism may exert a nociferous effect on the remaining of the brain. Thus, the extent and degree of glucose asymmetry detected by PET are sensitive markers of seizure severity and cognitive decline in SWS.
High performance double edge-triggered flip-flop using a merged feedback technique (2000)

Double edge-triggered flip-flops (DETFFs) use both edges of the clock to latch data and hence can lead to significant power saving over single edge-triggered flip-flops for a fixed data rate. However, existing DETFF implementations suffer from the problems of charge sharing, charge coupling, incomplete voltage swing, poor voltage scaling properties and excessive power dissipation. A new DETFF is proposed, which does not suffer from any of these problems and can operate at a clock speed which is 1.33 times that of the best double edge-triggered flip-flop available today. With reduced supply voltages, this flip-flop results in lower power dissipation and maintains a comparable performance to, if not better than, existing DETFFs.
Recurrent Focal Copy-Number Changes and Loss of Heterozygosity Implicate Two Noncoding RNAs and One Tumor Suppressor Gene at Chromosome 3q13.31 in Osteosarcoma (2010)

Osteosarcomas are copy number alteration (CNA)-rich malignant bone tumors. Using microarrays, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and quantitative PCR, we characterize a focal region of chr3q13.31 (osteo3q13.31) harboring CNAs in 80% of osteosarcomas. As such, osteo3q13.31 is the most altered region in osteosarcoma and contests the view that CNAs in osteosarcoma are nonrecurrent. Most (67%) osteo3q13.31 CNAs are deletions, with 75% of these monoallelic and frequently accompanied by loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in flanking DNA. Notably, these CNAs often involve the noncoding RNAs LOC285194 and BC040587 and, in some cases, a tumor suppressor gene that encodes the limbic system-associated membrane protein (LSAMP). Ubiquitous changes occur in these genes in osteosarcoma, usually involving loss of expression. Underscoring their functional significance, expression of these genes is correlated with the presence of osteo3q13.31 CNAs. Focal osteo3q13.31 CNAs and LOH are also common in cell lines from other cancers, identifying osteo3q13.31 as a generalized candidate region for tumor suppressor genes. Osteo3q13.31 genes may function as a unit, given significant correlation in their expression despite the great genetic distances between them. In support of this notion, depleting either LSAMP or LOC285194 promoted proliferation of normal osteoblasts by regulation of apoptotic and cell-cycle transcripts and also VEGF receptor 1. Moreover, genetic deletions of LOC285194 or BC040587 were also associated with poor survival of osteosarcoma patients. Our findings identify osteo3q13.31 as a novel region of cooperatively acting tumor suppressor genes.
Multiphysics simulation of a microfluidic perfusion chamber for brain slice physiology (2010)

Understanding and optimizing fluid flows through in vitro microfluidic perfusion systems is essential in mimicking in vivo conditions for biological research. In a previous study a microfluidic brain slice device (microBSD) was developed for microscale electrophysiology investigations. The device consisted of a standard perfusion chamber bonded to a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel substrate. Our objective in this study is to characterize the flows through the microBSD by using multiphysics simulations of injections into a pourous matrix to identify optimal spacing of ports. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations are performed with CFD-ACE + software to model, simulate, and assess the transport of soluble factors through the perfusion bath, the microchannels, and a material that mimics the porosity, permeability and tortuosity of brain tissue. Additionally, experimental soluble factor transport through a brain slice is predicted by and compared to simulated fluid flow in a volume that represents a porous matrix material. The computational results are validated with fluorescent dye experiments.
A unified mixture framework for motion segmentation: incorporating spatial coherence and estimating the number of models (1996)

Describing a video sequence in terms of a small number of coherently moving segments is useful for tasks ranging from video compression to event perception. A promising approach is to view the motion segmentation problem in a mixture estimation framework. However, existing formulations generally use only the motion, data and thus fail to make use of static cues when segmenting the sequence. Furthermore, the number of models is either specified in advance or estimated outside the mixture model framework. In this work we address both of these issues. We show how to add spatial constraints to the mixture formulations and present a variant of the EM algorithm that males use of both the form and the motion constraints. Moreover this algorithm estimates the number of segments given knowledge about the level of model failure expected in the sequence. The algorithm's performance is illustrated on synthetic and real image sequences.
One-dimensional Deep Image Prior for Time Series Inverse Problems (2022)

We extend the Deep Image Prior (DIP) framework to one-dimensional time series signals. DIP is using a randomly initialized convolutional neural network (CNN) to solve linear inverse problems by optimizing over the weights of the network to fit the observed measurements. Our main finding is that properly tuned one-dimensional convolutional architectures provide an excellent Deep Prior for various types of temporal signals including audio, biological signals, and sensor measurements. We show that our network can be used for a wide range of inverse tasks including missing value imputation, forecasting, and blind denoising. Our method outperforms baselines even with a fraction of the observed measurements in a variety of recovery tasks.
The protease of herpes simplex virus type 1 is essential for functional capsid formation and viral growth (1994)

The herpes simplex virus type 1 protease and related proteins are involved in the assembly of viral capsids. The protease encoded by the UL26 gene can process itself and its substrate ICP35, encoded by the UL26.5 gene. To better understand the functions of the protease in infected cells, we have isolated a complementing cell line (BMS-MG22) and constructed and characterized a null UL26 mutant virus, m100. The mutant virus failed to grow on Vero cells and required a complementing cell line for its propagation, confirming that the UL26 gene product is essential for viral growth. Phenotypic analysis of m100 shows that (i) normal amounts of the c and d forms of ICP35 were produced, but they failed to be processed to the cleaved forms, e and f; (ii) viral DNA replication of the mutant proceeded at near wild-type levels, but DNA was not processed to unit length or encapsidated; (iii) capsid structures were observed in thin sections of m100-infected Vero cells by electron microscopy, but assembly of VP5 into hexons of the capsid structure was conformationally altered; and (iv) nuclear localizations of the protease and ICP35 are independent of each other, and the function(s) of Na, at least in part, is to direct the catalytic domain N(o) to the nucleus.
Cultured skin grafts. Past, present, future (1988)

Replacement of missing skin has been a problem for physicians and surgeons throughout the ages. The use of autologous skin grafts has been the "gold standard" for wound closure, but in patients with wounds of large surface area, such as extensive burns, this strategy cannot be realized because of the lack of adequate donor sites for grafting. Because the ultimate outcome of many burn patients is determined by wound coverage, temporary coverage of wounds with materials other than the patient's own skin has been performed in these situations using fresh or cadaver skin allografts from related or unrelated donors. However, such allografts are rejected, usually after two weeks, and regrafting is necessary.<sup>1,2</sup> <h3>DEVELOPMENT OF KERATINOCYTE CULTURE TECHNIQUES</h3> As techniques for organ culture and tissue culture were developing in the 1970s, attempts were made to cover skin wounds with epidermal sheets derived from in vitro cultivation of skin.
Adsorptive Refining of Liquid Vegetable Oils (1992)

Classical alkaline refining of liquid vegetable oils removes free fatty acids, phospholipids, metals, oxidized components and (off-)flavours by a number of stages. This process is relatively expensive and produces effluent. Physical refining avoids the alkaline neutralisation step and therefore phospholipids and metals have to be removed by other means, e.g. by adsorbents. The principles of this adsorption are discussed and it is shown that physical refining applying silica to be removed phospholipids is technically feasible, even when water-degummed oils are treated. Die adsorptive Raffination flüssiger Pflanzenöle Die klassische alkalische Raffination flüssiger Pflanzenöle entfernt freie Fettsäuren, oxidierte Bestandteile sowie (Fremd)-Gerüche in einer Reihe von Verfahrensschritten. Das Verfahren ist verhältnismäßig teuer, und es fallen Abwassermengen an. Die physikalische Raffination vermeidet den alkalischen Entsäuerungsschritt, und deshalb müssen die Phospholipide und Metalle entfernt werden, zum Beispiel durch Anwendung von Adsorbentien. Es werden die Prinzipien dieser Adsorption diskutiert, und es wird gezeigt, daß die physikalische Raffination mit Kieselerde zur Entfernung der Phospholipide durchaus möglich ist, sogar im Falle von wasserentschleimten Ölen.
<title>Finite element modeling of micromachined MEMS photon devices</title> (1999)

The technology of microelectronics that has evolved over the past half century is one of great power and sophistication and can now be extended to many applications (MEMS and MOEMS) other than electronics. An interesting application of MEMS quantum devices is the detection of electromagnetic radiation. The operation principle of MEMS quantum devices is based on the photoinduced stress in semiconductors, and the photon detection results from the measurement of the photoinduced bending. These devices can be described as micromechanical photon detectors. In this work, we have developed a technique for simulating electronic stresses using finite element analysis. We have used our technique to model the response of micromechanical photon devices to external stimuli and compared these results with experimental data. Material properties, geometry, and bimaterial design play an important role in the performance of micromechanical photon detectors. We have modeled these effects using finite element analysis and included the effects of bimaterial thickness coating, effective length of the device, width, and thickness.
Use of neurotransmitter precursors for treatment of depression. (2000)

Insufficient activity of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine is a central element of the model of depression most widely held by neurobiologists today. In the late 1970s and 1980s, numerous studies were performed in which depressed patients were treated with the serotonin precursors L-tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), and the dopamine and norepinephrine precursors tyrosine and L-phenylalanine. This article briefly reviews the published research on the efficacy of neurotransmitter precursors in treating depression, highlights the findings of studies, and discusses issues regarding the interpretation of those findings. The nature of the studies makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions regarding the efficacy of neurotransmitter precursors for treating depression. While there is evidence that precursor loading may be of therapeutic value, particularly for the serotonin precursors 5-HTP and tryptophan, more studies of suitable design and size might lead to more conclusive results. However, the evidence suggests neurotransmitter precursors can be helpful in patients with mild or moderate depression.