gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The impact of COVID-19 on the worldwide air transportation network (2021)

Air travel has been one of the hardest hit industries of COVID-19, with many flight cancellations and airport closures as a consequence. By analysing structural characteristics of the Official Aviation Guide flight data, we show that this resulted in an increased average distance between airports, and in an increased number of long-range routes. Based on our study of network robustness, we uncover that this disruption is consistent with the impact of a mixture of targeted and random global attack on the worldwide air transportation network. By considering the individual functional evolution of airports, we identify anomalous airports with high centrality but low degree, which further enables us to reveal the underlying transitions among airport-specific representations in terms of both geographical and geopolitical factors. During the evolution of the air transportation network, we also observe how the network attempted to cope by shifting centralities between different airports around the world. Since these shifts are not aligned with optimal strategies for minimizing delays and disconnects, we conclude that they are consistent with politics trumping science from the viewpoint of epidemic containment and transport.
Chemical Synthesis in Microreactors (2002)

Chemical synthesis in microreactors is a novel way of conducting chemistry in a highly controlled way with improved yields at impressive selectivities and with reduced overall effort. This paper describes recent technological progress with the potential as well as the application of the technology to chemical synthesis, discusses novel chemical optimization technology and reports on the transfer of the technology into production.
Identification of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> Genes Required for Colonization of the Chicken Alimentary Tract and for Virulence in Newly Hatched Chicks (1998)

From a collection of 2,800 Tn5-TC1 transposon mutants of Salmonella typhimurium F98, 18 that showed reduced intestinal colonization of 3-week-old chicks were identified. The sites of transposon insertion were determined for most of the mutants and included insertions in the lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis genes rfaK, rfaY, rfbK, and rfbB and the genes dksA, clpB, hupA, and sipC. In addition, identification was made of an insertion into a novel gene that encodes a protein showing similarity to the IIC component of the mannose class of phosphoenolpyruvate-carbohydrate phosphotransferase systems, which we putatively called ptsC. Transduction of most of the transposon mutations to a fresh S. typhimurium F98 genetic background and construction of defined mutations in the rfbK, dksA, hupA, sipC, and ptsC genes of S. typhimurium F98 supported the role in colonization of all but the pts locus. The virulence of the rfbK, dksA, hupA, sipC, and ptsC defined mutants and clpB and rfaY transductants in 1-day-old chicks was tested. All but the ptsC and rfaY mutants were attenuated for virulence. A number of other phenotypes associated with some of the mutations are described.
Amylases and their applications (2005)

Amylases are widely distributed and are one of the most studied enzymes. These enzymes have wide scale application ranging from textile to effluent treatment.
Real-time frame rate up-conversion for video games (2010)

Currently in the video game industry, the holy grail of rendering is achieving ultra realistic visual quality while maintaining a consistent 60 frames per second. However, the cost of doing so means having half the time to construct an image when compared to simply running at 30 fps. Most 30 fps games roughly split up their rendering time in half, standard scene and alpha rendering, and all the other glamorous post processing effects and shadows. This inevitably makes it extremely difficult for game studios to achieve high quality visual images with post processing and dynamic shadows while maintaining a consistent 60 frames per second.
Assessment of Fibrinolytic Activity by Measuring the Lysis Time of a Tissue Factor-induced Clot: A Feasibility Evaluation (2008)

A clot lysis time assay in which a tissue factor-induced fibrin clot is lysed by exogenously added tissue plasminogen activator has been recently reported. We evaluated the feasibility of clot lysis time in a routine hemostasis laboratory, and its correlation with thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels and changes with aging in 185 healthy participants. Clot lysis time was assessed by monitoring changes in turbidity during clot formation and subsequent lysis using a computerized kinetic spectrophotometric microtiter plate. After preliminary experiments, 100 and 160 ng/mL tissue plasminogen activator concentrations were chosen for the study. Clot lysis time was calculated by a new mathematical analysis of the lysis curve based on discrete derivative. Clot lysis time, thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 plasma levels showed a normal distribution. For both concentrations of tissue plasminogen activator, clot lysis time progressively increased with increase in age (P < .0001) and was significantly correlated with thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor antigen, thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor activity, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen (at least P < .01). During linear regression analysis, thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen were found to significantly influence clot lysis time (at least P < .01). Clot lysis time determination has a good laboratory performance. Our new method of calculation is independent of the time of reading and allows a more accurate and consistent detection of both short and prolonged lysis times. Our data suggest the feasibility of the use of this test in the work of routine hemostasis laboratory.
Introduction to SGML concepts (1994)

The paper provides an introduction to the concepts of SGML. Text processing systems typically require additional information to be interspersed among the natural text of the document being processed. This additional information, called 'markup', serves two purposes: separating the logical elements of the document, and specifying the processing instructions to be performed on those elements. The three types of markup: procedural, generalized and descriptive, are all described. The benefits and use of SGML for descriptive markup are also outlined. >
Revisiting Inhibitory Control Across the Life Span: Insights From the Ex-Gaussian Distribution (2006)

Changes in inhibitory control occur across the life span and have been associated with alterations in prefrontal function. In this study, ex-Gaussian analysis was used to reexamine data from an inhibitory control task. Participants (ages 6 to 82 years) composed three groups: children, young adults, and older adults. In fitting the ex-Gaussian distribution to reaction time data, estimates of three parameters were obtained: mu (mu), reflecting average performance; sigma (sigma), reflecting variability in performance; and tau (tau), reflecting extremes in performance. Older adults differed from young adults in terms of mu, sigma, and tau. For children, mu and tau values were comparable to those of young adults; sigma, however, was different. Thus, inhibitory changes in older adults were due to slower, more variable, and more extreme responding. Inhibitory changes in children were due only to more variable responding. These findings suggest that different mechanisms underlie age-related changes in inhibitory control during different epochs of the life span. This study demonstrates that the ex-Gaussian approach provides a finer level of analysis than data analytic approaches typically used in neuropsychological research.
Mechanisms for cytosolic Na+ homeostasis in rice under salt stress (2009)

Under salt stress the ability to reduce Na+-influx into the cytosol, and subsequently increase the compartmentalization into the vacuole, appeared to be the significant salt-tolerance determinants in the salt-tolerant rice, cv. Pokkali. These mechanisms were either absent, or less efficient, in the salt-sensitive rice cv. BRRI Dhan29.
Intermolecular Photoreaction of Thiohomophthalimides with Olefins: Thietane Formation Through [2 + 2] Cycloaddition (1992)

Upon irradiation of thiohomophthalimides (1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2, 4,4-trimethyl-1,3-dithioxo[3-oxo-l-thioxo or 1-oxo-3-thioxo]iso-quinolines,1-3) in the presence of olefins 4,9, regioselective [2 + 2] cycloaddition occurred to give oxo- or thioxospiro[isoquinoline-1,2′ (or 3,2′)-thietane] derivatives 5, 6, 8, 10-12 and related compounds 1-alkylidene-1,2, 3,4-tetrahydro-2,4,4-trimethyl-3-thioxoisoquinolines 7a, c.
Regional contrast agent quantification in a mouse model of myocardial infarction using 3D cardiac T1mapping (2011)

3D cardiac T1 mapping by CMR can be used to monitor the accumulation of contrast agents in contrast-enhanced studies of murine myocardial infarction. The contrast agent relaxivity was decreased under in vivo conditions compared to in vitro measurements, which needs consideration when quantifying local contrast agent concentrations.
Realizing scientific methods for cyber security (2012)

There is little doubt among cyber security researchers about the lack of rigor underlying much of the scientific literature. The issues are manifold and are well documented. Much of the problem lies with insufficient scientific methods. Cyber security exists at the frontier between the operations of machines and the behaviors and actions of users. While we inherit the challenges of computer and social sciences, we also must face a variety of new issues that are unique to cyber security. In this paper we discuss the challenges created by the need for rigorous cyber security science. We review the methods used by other sciences and discuss how they relate to cyber security. This paper is by no means comprehensive: its purpose is to foster discussion in the community on how we can improve rigor in cyber security science.
Comparison of 3D dynamic virtual model to link segment model for estimation of net L4/L5 reaction moments during lifting (2008)

The purpose of this study was to validate a 3D dynamic virtual model for lifting tasks against a validated link segment model (LSM). A face validation study was conducted by collecting x, y, z coordinate data and using them in both virtual and LSM models. An upper body virtual model was needed to calculate the 3D torques about human joints for use in simulated lifting styles and to estimate the effect of external mechanical devices on human body. Firstly, the model had to be validated to be sure it provided accurate estimates of 3D moments in comparison to a previously validated LSM. Three synchronised Fastrak™ units with nine sensors were used to record data from one male subject who completed dynamic box lifting under 27 different load conditions (box weights (3), lifting techniques (3) and rotations (3)). The external moments about three axes of L4/L5 were compared for both models. A pressure switch on the box was used to denote the start and end of the lift. An excellent agreement was found between the two models for dynamic lifting tasks, especially for larger moments in flexion and extension. This virtual model was considered valid for use in a complete simulation of the upper body skeletal system. This biomechanical virtual model of the musculoskeletal system can be used by researchers and practitioners to give a better tool to study the causes of LBP and the effect of intervention strategies, by permitting the researcher to see and control a virtual subject's motions.
International Criteria for the Diagnosis of Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Tolerance (1985)

International agreement on classification and criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes is highly desirable. Two systems promulgated in 1979-80 and widely used today are those of the NIH National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) and of the World Health Organization (WHO). Although these systems are similar in many ways, certain discrepancies between them result in different classifications of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results and different estimates of prevalence of the various glucose tolerance groups. Analysis of 3704 OGTTs performed during a survey of a national probability sample of U.S. residents without known diabetes and aged 20-74 yr shows that the two systems agreed in classification of 87.7% of OGTTs. For the remainder, the NDDG and WHO classifications differed, primarily because nondiagnostic OGTTs occur in the NDDG system but not in the WHO system. The differences resulted in the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) using WHO criteria (11.6%) being more than twice that using NDDG criteria (4.9%), although prevalence rates of diabetic OGTTs were similar in both systems (3.6%, 3.4%). The WHO system represents a simpler, inclusive classification scheme, and there is insufficient evidence from longitudinal studies of prognostic differences that would justify the more complicated NDDG diagnostic criteria. In situations where multiple venipunctures or retesting are not possible, the venous plasma glucose concentration at 2 h after 75 g glucose appears to be the most appropriate single value to use to designate whether a person has diabetes, IGT, or neither. The use of this value alone placed 97% of diabetic subjects and all other subjects, in the same class they were in when the full WHO criteria were used.
Robotic nanomanipulation with a scanning probe microscope in a networked computing environment (1997)

This article describes the initial phase of the development of a high-level programming system for robotic manipulation with a scanning probe microscope (SPM). A SPM server has been developed, which runs in the WINDOWS environment of the PC that controls the microscope. Client programs running on Unix work stations or other computers connected to the Internet can send remote commands to the SPM through the server. The clients can be sophisticated artificial intelligence programs that reason about robotic tasks and sensory data acquired by the SPM. A first set of intermediate-level commands has also been developed for sensing and manipulation. The system is being tested by pushing colloidal gold nanoparticles with dimensions in the order of 15–30 nm on a mica substrate in noncontact atomic force microscope mode. The test programs image the sample, search for nanoparticles in the presence of thermal drift, turn feedback on and off for pushing, and so on. The particles are being moved reliably.
A novel fuzzy control of the intensity of head lights for night driving (2002)

The increase in number of road vehicles has out paced the improvements and developments on the road resulting into unsafe road travel. In a conventional car today, drivers would still be required to manoeuvre the vehicle at night without any assistance by the system. The traffic moves at higher speeds along the highways and freeways at night. In this paper we attempt to provide optimal illumination in the event of different road and weather conditions by designing a fuzzy control for head light intensity of the vehicle. We propose a fuzzy control for light intensify control. The design, development and the effectiveness of the control is discussed.
S1PR4 Signaling Attenuates ILT 7 Internalization To Limit IFN-α Production by Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (2016)

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) produce large amounts of type I IFN in response to TLR7/9 ligands. This conveys antiviral effects, activates other immune cells (NK cells, conventional DCs, B, and T cells), and causes the induction and expansion of a strong inflammatory response. pDCs are key players in various type I IFN-driven autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus or psoriasis, but pDCs are also involved in (anti-)tumor immunity. The sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signals through five G-protein-coupled receptors (S1PR1-5) to regulate, among other activities, immune cell migration and activation. The present study shows that S1P stimulation of human, primary pDCs substantially decreases IFN-α production after TLR7/9 activation with different types of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides or tick-borne encephalitis vaccine, which occurred in an S1PR4-dependent manner. Mechanistically, S1PR4 activation preserves the surface expression of the human pDC-specific inhibitory receptor Ig-like transcript 7. We provide novel information that Ig-like transcript 7 is rapidly internalized upon receptor-mediated endocytosis of TLR7/9 ligands to allow high IFN-α production. This is antagonized by S1PR4 signaling, thus decreasing TLR-induced IFN-α secretion. At a functional level, attenuated IFN-α production failed to alter Ag-driven T cell proliferation in pDC-dependent T cell activation assays, but shifted cytokine production of T cells from a Th1 (IFN-γ) to a regulatory (IL-10) profile. In conclusion, S1PR4 agonists block human pDC activation and may therefore be a promising tool to restrict pathogenic IFN-α production.
Identification of persistently altered gene expression in the kidney after functional recovery from ischemic acute renal failure (2005)

Recovery from ischemic acute renal failure (ARF) involves a well-described regenerative process; however, recovery from ARF also results in a predisposition to a progressive renal disease that is not well understood. This study sought to identify alterations in renal gene expression in postischemic, recovered animals that might play important roles in this progressive disorder. RNA isolated from sham-operated control rats or rats 35 days after recovery from bilateral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury was compared using a cDNA microarray containing approximately 2,000 known rat genes. A reference hybridization strategy was utilized to define a 99.9% interval and to identify 16 genes that were persistently altered after recovery from I/R injury (12 were upregulated and 4 were downregulated). Real-time PCR verified the altered expression of six of eight genes that had been positively identified. Several genes that were identified had not previously been evaluated within the context of ARF. S100A4, a specific marker of fibroblasts, was identified in a population of interstitial cells that were present postischemic injury. S100A4-positive cells were also identified in tubular cells at earlier time points postischemia. Genes associated with calcification, including osteopontin and matrix Gla protein, were also enhanced postischemic injury. Several proinflammatory genes were identified, including complement C4, were enhanced in postischemic tissues. Conversely, renal kallikrein expression was specifically reduced in the postischemic kidney. In summary, genes with known inflammatory, remodeling, and vasoactive activities were identified in rat kidneys after recovery from ARF, some of which may play a role in altering long-term renal function after recovery from ARF.
Analysis of a media access protocol for wireless messaging systems (2002)

In this paper, we analyze the throughput performance of a wireless media access protocol taking into account the effect of capture in the presence of Rayleigh fading. For efficient access on the uplink (mobile-to-base), the protocol makes use of the uplink channel status information which is conveyed to the mobile through a busy/idle flag on the downlink (base-to-mobile link). The uplink is slotted such that each slot duration is equal to one ATM cell duration. Each message generated at the mobiles is assumed to consist of a multiple number of ATM cells. Analytical estimates of throughput are derived for capture under slow fading and i.i.d. fading conditions. Throughput estimates obtained through simulations at various Doppler bandwidths validate the analysis.
<title>Chemically amplified resist convertible into inorganic silicate glass (GPR)</title> (1995)

We have developed a unique chemically amplified negative-type resist composed of poly(t- butoxysiloxane) and photoacid generator, the GPR (glass precursor resist), which can be converted into inorganic silicate glass. Poly(t-butoxysiloxane) is a specially designed SiO<SUB>2</SUB> precursor masked by t-butoxyl groups. To confirm the mechanism of condensation to SiO<SUB>2</SUB> an intermediate trapping experiment was carried out. GPR exposed at a low dose is fully developed by alkaline solution to give a positive tone; on the other hand, high-dosage GPR gives negative tone by means of organic solvent development. They correspond to the formation of poly(hydroxysilane) and SiO<SUB>2</SUB> respectively. Deprotection proceeds readily even at low temperature, whereas condensation requires thermal assistance. Decreasing the content of t-butoxyl groups enhances the sensitivities to electron beam exposure. Precursor polymers with several degrees of branching were synthesized. The high-branching polymer provides high sensitivity because its network grows abruptly with condensation. GPR has high resolution and high sensitivity. The fine patterns can be resolved with the practical dose latitude using an electron beam direct-writing system.
Adaptive window algorithm with four-direction sizing factors for robust correlation-based tracking (2002)

The authors propose the adaptive window algorithm with four-direction sizing factors (AWA-FSF) for robust correlation-based tracking in complex cluttered environments. When the size and shape of a moving object have been changed, the correlator often accumulates walk-off error. The success of correlation-based tracking largely depends on choosing a suitable window size and position and thus transferring the proper reference image to the next frame. Since the AWA-FSF is capable of adjusting a reference image size more rapidly and properly, one can minimize the influence of complex background and clutter. In addition, one can finely tune the center point of the reference image repeatedly after the main tracking process. Thus one has increased stability and reliability of correlation-based image tracking. They tested the performance of the AWA-FSF using 45 real image sequences made of over 3400 images.
Continuous Identity Verification through Keyboard Biometrics (2005)

Advised by Michael L. Scott, Ph.D., Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester.
Role of Environmental Deposits in Spallation of Thermal Barrier Coatings on Aeroengine and Land-Based Gas Turbine Hardware (1996)

Thermal barrier coating (TBC) spallation on power generation combustors was compared with TBC spallation observed both in military turboshaft engines, and in commercial turboprop engines. In each case, irrespective of operating conditions or geographic location, spallation was linked to the presence and infiltration of high temperature molten phases of similar composition. Electron microprobe analysis found that, from all the possible oxides available in the external environment, only CaO, MgO, Al2O3 and SiO2 (CMAS) are incorporated in the molten phase that infiltrates the TBC microstructure. Iron and nickel oxides from turbine components and zirconia and yttria from the TBC were also found in varying amounts in the molten phase. Melting of environmental deposits in conjunction with infiltration was found to result in: densification of the TBC, an increase in its Young’s modulus and an increase in the room temperature compressive stress in the TBC. Delamination of the TBC during thermal cycling is, thereby, attributed to changes in the mechanical properties and associated changes in the stress state of the coating due to infiltration of the environmental deposit.