gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Weakly-Supervised Spatial Context Networks (2017)

We explore the power of spatial context as a self-supervisory signal for learning visual representations. In particular, we propose spatial context networks that learn to predict a representation of one image patch from another image patch, within the same image, conditioned on their real-valued relative spatial offset. Unlike auto-encoders, that aim to encode and reconstruct original image patches, our network aims to encode and reconstruct intermediate representations of the spatially offset patches. As such, the network learns a spatially conditioned contextual representation. By testing performance with various patch selection mechanisms we show that focusing on object-centric patches is important, and that using object proposal as a patch selection mechanism leads to the highest improvement in performance. Further, unlike auto-encoders, context encoders [21], or other forms of unsupervised feature learning, we illustrate that contextual supervision (with pre-trained model initialization) can improve on existing pre-trained model performance. We build our spatial context networks on top of standard VGG_19 and CNN_M architectures and, among other things, show that we can achieve improvements (with no additional explicit supervision) over the original ImageNet pre-trained VGG_19 and CNN_M models in object categorization and detection on VOC2007.
Chitin in ionic liquids: historical insights into the polymer's dissolution and isolation. A review (2019)

This comprehensive review provides an analysis of findings related to chitin dissolution in ionic liquids based on the polymer's quality.
Emerging investigators series: advances and challenges of graphitic carbon nitride as a visible-light-responsive photocatalyst for sustainable water purification (2017)

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) is a promising visible-light-responsive photocatalyst for sustainable water purification.
Tandem Organic Light‐Emitting Diode using Hexaazatriphenylene Hexacarbonitrile in the Intermediate Connector (2007)

Tandem organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with an organic–organic intermediate connector, consisting of an n-type doped electron-transporting layer (e.g. Li-doped Alq as shown in the figure) and nondoped hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN), exhibit reduced drive voltage, improved voltage stability, and improved power efficiency. Moreover, this intermediate connector can be formed by thermal evaporation at temperatures lower than 300 °C, which simplifies the fabrication process of the OLEDs.
A Potent Inhibitor of Protein Sequestration by Expanded Triplet (CUG) Repeats that Shows Phenotypic Improvements in a <i>Drosophila</i> Model of Myotonic Dystrophy (2016)

Myotonic dystrophy is the most common form of adult-onset muscular dystrophy, originating in a CTG repeat expansion in the DMPK gene. The expanded CUG transcript sequesters MBNL1, a key regulator of alternative splicing, leading to the misregulation of numerous pre-mRNAs. We report an RNA-targeted agent as a possible lead compound for the treatment of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) that reveals both the promise and challenges for this type of small-molecule approach. The agent is a potent inhibitor of the MBNL1-rCUG complex with an inhibition constant (Ki ) of 25±8 nm, and is also relatively nontoxic to HeLa cells, able to dissolve nuclear foci, and correct the insulin receptor splicing defect in DM1 model cells. Moreover, treatment with this compound improves two separate disease phenotypes in a Drosophila model of DM1: adult external eye degeneration and larval crawling defect. However, the compound has a relatively low maximum tolerated dose in mice, and its cell uptake may be limited, providing insight into directions for future development.
Inhibition of Calculi Fragment Growth by Metal-Bisphosphonate Complexes Demonstrated with a New Assay Measuring the Surface Activity of Urolithiasis Inhibitors (1994)

To evaluate compounds for the long-term inhibition of urinary calculi growth, we applied a newly developed in vitro assay to various metal-ligand complexes. The new experimental model--the preadsorbed calculi growth assay--was based upon the initiation of crystal growth in a metastable solution of calcium and oxalate with uniform granules derived from human renal calculi. Potential inhibitors were first absorbed onto the surface of the calculi granules, following which the loss of calcium from the seeded metastable solution was monitored as the indicator of calcium oxalate deposition. This assay allowed participation in the reaction by any matrix components present in the human calculi granules and limited the effect of the inhibitors to the calculi surface. Some complexes of metal ions with bisphosphonates had strong inhibitory effects, as opposed to citrate complexes which had minimal effect in this assay. Tin was the most potent metal ion, and pamidronate was the most potent bisphosphonate; together they slowed the growth of calculi granules to 9% of control. The inhibition by Tin-bisphosphonate complexes persisted despite a week of continual rinsing with a solution of sodium chloride and calcium. If the metal-bisphosphonate complexes are active in vivo as well, they might be considered for prophylaxis of calcium oxalate calculi or the prevention of regrowth of residual fragments following lithotripsy.
Development of a Catalytic Combustor for a Heavy-Duty Utility Gas Turbine (1997)

The most effective technologies currently available for controlling NOx emissions from heavy-duty industrial gas turbines are diluent injection in the combustor reaction zone, and lean premixed Dry Low NOx (DLN) combustion. For ultralow emissions requirements, these must be combined with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) DeNOx systems in the gas turbine exhaust. An alternative technology for achieving comparable emissions levels with the potential for lower capital investment and operating cost is catalytic combustion of lean premixed fuel and air within the gas turbine. The design of a catalytic combustion system using natural gas fuel has been prepared for the GE model MS9OO1E gas turbine. This machine has a turbine inlet temperature to the first rotating stage of over 1100°C and produces approximately 105 MW electrical output in simple cycle operation. The 508-mm-dia catalytic combustor designed for this gas turbine was operated at full-scale conditions in tests conducted in 1992 and 1994. The combustor was operated for twelve hours during the 1994 test and demonstrated very low NOx emissions from the catalytic reactor. The total exhaust NOx level was approximately 12–15 ppmv and was produced almost entirely in the preburner ahead of the reactor. A small quantity of steam injected into the preburner reduced the NOx emissions to 5–6 ppmv. Development of the combustion system has continued with the objectives of reducing CO and UHC emissions, understanding the parameters affecting reactor stability and spatial nonuniformities that were observed at low inlet temperature, and improving the structural integrity of the reactor system to a level required for commercial operation of gas turbines. Design modifications were completed and combustion hardware was fabricated for additional full-scale tests of the catalytic combustion system in March 1995 and January 1996. This paper presents a discussion of the combustor design, the catalytic reactor design, and the results of full-scale testing of the improved combustor at MS9OO1E cycle conditions in the March 1995 and January 1996 tests. Major improvements in performance were achieved with CO and UHC emissions of 10 ppmv and 0 ppmv at baseload conditions. This ongoing program will lead to two additional full-scale combustion system tests in 1996. The results of these tests will be available for discussion at the June 1996 Conference in Birmingham.
Completely automated multiresolution edge snapper (CAMES): a new technique for an accurate carotid ultrasound IMT measurement and its validation on a multi-institutional database (2011)

Since 2005, our research team has been developing automated techniques for carotid artery (CA) wall segmentation and intima-media thickness (IMT) measurement. We developed a snake-based technique (which we named CULEX<sup>1,2</sup>), a method based on an integrated approach of feature extraction, fitting, and classification (which we named CALEX<sup>3</sup>), and a watershed transform based algorithm4. Each of the previous methods substantially consisted in two distinct stages: Stage-I - Automatic carotid artery detection. In this step, intelligent procedures were adopted to automatically locate the CA in the image frame. Stage-II - CA wall segmentation and IMT measurement. In this second step, the CA distal (or far) wall is segmented in order to trace the lumen-intima (LI) and media-adventitia (MA) boundaries. The distance between the LI/MA borders is the IMT estimation. The aim of this paper is the description of a novel and completely automated technique for carotid artery segmentation and IMT measurement based on an innovative multi-resolution approach.
Structure-based design of selective, orally available salt-inducible kinase inhibitors that stimulate bone formation in mice (2022)

Osteoporosis is a major public health problem. Currently, there are no orally available therapies that increase bone formation. Intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates bone formation through a signal transduction pathway that involves inhibition of salt-inducible kinase isoforms 2 and 3 (SIK2 and SIK3). Here, we further validate SIK2/SIK3 as osteoporosis drug targets by demonstrating that ubiquitous deletion of these genes in adult mice increases bone formation without extraskeletal toxicities. Previous efforts to target these kinases to stimulate bone formation have been limited by lack of pharmacologically acceptable, specific, orally available SIK2/SIK3 inhibitors. Here, we used structure-based drug design followed by iterative medicinal chemistry to identify SK-124 as a lead compound that potently inhibits SIK2 and SIK3. SK-124 inhibits SIK2 and SIK3 with single-digit nanomolar potency in vitro and in cell-based target engagement assays and shows acceptable kinome selectivity and oral bioavailability. SK-124 reduces SIK2/SIK3 substrate phosphorylation levels in human and mouse cultured bone cells and regulates gene expression patterns in a PTH-like manner. Once-daily oral SK-124 treatment for 3 wk in mice led to PTH-like effects on mineral metabolism including increased blood levels of calcium and 1,25-vitamin D and suppressed endogenous PTH levels. Furthermore, SK-124 treatment increased bone formation by osteoblasts and boosted trabecular bone mass without evidence of short-term toxicity. Taken together, these findings demonstrate PTH-like effects in bone and mineral metabolism upon in vivo treatment with orally available SIK2/SIK3 inhibitor SK-124.
Block oriented bubble domain memory organization (1976)

A block oriented bubble domain memory organization is proposed which provides a block access time improvement over existing major/minor loop designs and which exhibits built-in redundancy. Wafer level integration is utilized to reduce the module lead count.
Self-powered transformer eddy current damper for vibration control of rotors (2012)

The vibration control of rotors is usually performed using passive dampers, in layouts where the support of the rotating parts is achieved by rolling-element or hydrodynamic type bearings. Active magnetic bearings could be a promising however they show serious drawbacks, in terms of mass, at least when the generation of strong magnetic forces is required. Electromagnetic dampers seem a valid alternative to viscoelastic/hydraulic dampers and to active magnetic bearings because their simpler architecture, and, if of transformer type, also for the absence of power electronics, position sensors and any fast feedback loop. However transformer eddy current dampers require a constant voltage power supply (usually based on common power electronics) often integrated with active electronics components. To reduce cost, improve the reliability some applications could benefit a simplified system avoiding active components and providing the required energy with an embedded generator. The aim of the present paper is to propose a self-powered damper to fulfil these requirements. A three-phase permanent magnet electric generator (connected to the rotating shaft) generates the required power for the damping device. The generator is connected to the damping circuit by means of suitable impedance and a three-phase rectifier
Encoding technique for design of zero-order (on-axis) Fraunhofer computer-generated holograms (1997)

Diffractive optical elements able to generate zero-order (on-axis) distributions with phase as well as amplitude distributions are described. The proposed elements are surface relief plates, i.e., phase-only elements, that are based on the concept of computer-generated masks followed by common etching processes. The encoding method assumes fixed spatial partitioning of the cell and a phase-only value allocated to each subelement. The reconstructed amplitude and phase distributions contain imperfections (noise) resulting from the encoding process. Methods of error reduction and improvements are provided.
Final results of a phase I trial of chemotherapy combination with docetaxel, cisplatin, and S-1 (TPS) in patients with locally advanced or recurrent metastatic head and neck cancer (HNC) (2009)

6021 Background: An oral fluoropyrimidine, S-1, has shown high efficacy against head and neck cancer (HNC), with a response rate of 34%. We investigated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of combination therapy with docetaxel, cisplatin and S-1 (TPS) in patients (pts) with locally advanced or recurrent/metastatic HNC. Methods: Eligibility criteria were histologically proven HNC, PS 0–1, age ≤75 years, adequate organ function, and no prior chemotherapy. Treatment consisted of 1-hour infusion of docetaxel at escalating doses of 50, 60 and 70 mg/m2, 2-hour infusion of cisplatin at 70 mg/m2/day on day 1, and S-1 twice daily on days 1–14 at escalating doses of 40, 60, and 80 mg/m2/day. This regimen was repeated every 3 or 4 weeks. Pts with locally advanced HNC received concurrent chemoradiotherapy after completion of 3 cycles of TPS. Results: Forty pts were enrolled, consisting of 33 males and 7 females with a median age of 50 years (range 22–74 years). Twenty-nine cases were locally advanced cancer and 11 were metastatic cancer. 116 cycles (median = 3, range 1–6) were administered in 6 dose levels. Grade 3 or 4 hematological toxicities were neutropenia (59%), febrile neutropenia (13%), and anemia (8%), whereas no grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia was seen. Two dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were observed at dose level 5 (TPS: 70/70/80 mg/m2/day every 3 weeks), namely one grade 3 infection and one grade 3 hyperbilirubinemia, establishing this as the MTD. Of 12 pts treated at dose level 6 (TPS: 70/70/60 mg/m2/day every 3 weeks), three DLTs were seen, namely one grade 3 diarrhea, one grade 3 ALT/AST and one grade 2 creatinine elevation. Of a total of 40 pts, 6 achieved a complete response and 22 a partial response according to RECIST, giving an overall response rate of 70%. Conclusions: The TPS combination was well tolerated. The recommended phase II dose was determined to be TPS at 70/70/60 mg/m2/day every 3 weeks. Antitumor activity was highly promising, and warrants further investigation. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ESTROGENIC PROPERTIES OF 17‐EPI‐ETHYNYLESTRADIOL AND ITS ETHER DERIVATIVES EPIMESTRANOL AND EPIQUINESTROL (1980)

Abstract Durch Epoxidation von (II) und anschließende Reduktion erhält man das Epimere (IV) des Östrogens (I) sowie als Hauptprodukte die Verbindungen (V) und (VI).
The Addition Polymerization of a PC Bond:  A Route to New Phosphine Polymers (2003)

Addition polymerization, the most general method of preparation for organic polymers, has successfully been extended to P=C bonds. The polymerization of a phosphaalkene has been initiated by thermolysis or with alkyllithium reagents. The unprecedented poly(methylenephosphine)s are easily oxidized using oxygen or sulfur to give air stable macromolecules. A molecular weight (M(w)) of 35000 g/mol for the poly(methylenephosphine sulfude) was estimated by light-scattering GPC.
Hydrophobicity and Helicity Regulate the Antifungal Activity of 14-Helical β-Peptides (2014)

Candida albicans is one of the most prevalent fungal pathogens, causing both mucosal candidiasis and invasive candidemia. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), part of the human innate immune system, have been shown to exhibit antifungal activity but have not been effective as pharmaceuticals because of low activity and selectivity in physiologically relevant environments. Nevertheless, studies on α-peptide AMPs have revealed key features that can be designed into more stable structures, such as the 14-helix of β-peptide-based oligomers. Here, we report on the ways in which two of those features, hydrophobicity and helicity, govern the activity and selectivity of 14-helical β-peptides against C. albicans and human red blood cells. Our results reveal both antifungal activity and hemolysis to correlate to hydrophobicity, with intermediate levels of hydrophobicity leading to high antifungal activity and high selectivity toward C. albicans. Helical structure-forming propensity further influenced this window of selective antifungal activity, with more stable helical structures eliciting specificity for C. albicans over a broader range of hydrophobicity. Our findings also reveal cooperativity between hydrophobicity and helicity in regulating antifungal activity and specificity. The results of this study provide critical insight into the ways in which hydrophobicity and helicity govern the activity and specificity of AMPs and identify criteria that may be useful for the design of potent and selective antifungal agents.
An activatable PET imaging radioprobe is a dynamic reporter of myeloperoxidase activity in vivo (2019)

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a critical proinflammatory enzyme implicated in cardiovascular, neurological, and rheumatological diseases. Emerging therapies targeting inflammation have raised interest in tracking MPO activity in patients. We describe <sup>18</sup>F-MAPP, an activatable MPO activity radioprobe for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The activated radioprobe binds to proteins and accumulates at sites of MPO activity. The radioprobe <sup>18</sup>F-MAPP has a short blood half-life, remains stable in plasma, does not demonstrate cytotoxicity, and crosses the intact blood-brain barrier. The <sup>18</sup>F-MAPP imaging detected sites of elevated MPO activity in living mice embedded with human MPO and in mice induced with chemical inflammation or myocardial infarction. The <sup>18</sup>F-MAPP PET imaging noninvasively differentiated varying amounts of MPO activity, competitive inhibition, and MPO deficiency in living animals, confirming specificity and showing that the radioprobe can quantify changes in in vivo MPO activity. The radiosynthesis has been optimized and automated, an important step in translation. These data indicate that <sup>18</sup>F-MAPP is a promising translational candidate to noninvasively monitor MPO activity and inflammation in patients.
Noise Suppression in Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Applications Using Alternating Impedance Electromagnetic Bandgap (AI-EBG) Structures (2006)

In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid alternating impedance electromagnetic bandgap (AI-EBG) structure for noise suppression in ultra wide band (UWB) applications (from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz). In UWB technology, since the maximum signal power is limited to a very low level (-41.3 dBm) by Federal Communications Commission (FCC), any noise from digital circuits could destroy RF circuits and cause system failure. Hence, noise suppression is a major bottleneck for UWB technology since very high isolation is required for UWB frequency range. For the first time, a novel hybrid AI-EBG structure has been designed, simulated, fabricated, and measured for UWB isolation requirement. This novel hybrid AI-EBG structure shows very good isolation over UWB frequency range.
Sound source reconstructions using a microphone array (1980)

A square microphone array with 256 elements has been constructed along with interfacing electronics to study low-frequency (1–5 kHz) sound sources in air using the principles of acoustical holography. The array is used in the nearfield of a radiating object and the sound source structure of that object is reconstructed with an on-line minicomputer. Reconstruction of the source structure of a point source and an unbaffled, free rectangular plate point excited below its coincidence frequency are presented. The latter shows clear evidence of ’’corner’’ and ’’edge’’ modes in which the respective areas of the plate are the dominant radiating sources. A new imaging process which is not limited in resolution by the wavelength of the radiated sound is introduced.
Complete Degradation of Perchlorate in Ferric Chloride and Hydrochloric Acid under Controlled Temperature and Pressure (2003)

Despite favorable thermodynamics, the reduction of perchlorate (ClO4-) is kinetically limited in aqueous media because of its high activation energy. In this paper, a new methodology has been presented for degrading ClO4- in an FeCl3-HCl solution at an elevated temperature (< 200 degrees C) and/or pressure (approximately 20 atm). Results indicate that the rate constant for the pseudo-first-order reaction between ClO4- and ferrous Fe(II) (in excess) increased nearly 3 orders of magnitude when the temperature was increased from 110 to 195 degrees C, and a complete reduction of ClO4- occurred in < 1 h at 195 degrees C in the FeCl3-HCl solution. The activation energy of the reaction was calculated to be about 120 kJ/mol. Additionally, a flow-through reactor was constructed based on the batch kinetic measurements, and a nearly complete degradation of ClO4- was observed under continuous-flow mode. Because the FeCl3-HCl solution has been successfully used in regenerating selective anion-exchange resins sorbed with ClO4- during water treatment, this new methodology offers a cost-effective means to degrade ClO4- while not altering the chemical properties of the FeCl3-HCl regenerant solution so it can be reused, eliminating the production of secondary wastes.
<title>Optically written displays based on up-conversion of near-infrared light</title> (2001)

Analysis of the process of up-conversion suggest scaling rules for up-conversion based optically written displays. These rules have been demonstrated experimentally and give us confidence in our designs of such displays.
Early Disruption of Photoreceptor Cell Architecture and Loss of Vision in a Humanized Pig Model of Usher Syndrome (2021)

Abstract Usher syndrome (USH) is the most common form of monogenic deaf-blindness. Loss of vision is untreatable and, so far, there are no suitable animal models for testing therapeutic strategies. By introducing a human mutation into the harmonin-encoding USH1C gene in pigs, we generated the first translational animal model for USH type 1 with characteristic hearing defect, vestibular dysfunction and visual impairment. Changes in photoreceptor architecture, quantitative motion analysis and electroretinography were characteristics of the reduced retinal virtue in USH1C pigs. Primary cells from those animals and USH1C patients showed significantly elongated primary cilia, compared to wild-type, confirming the nature of USH as a true and general ciliopathy and proving the therapeutic capacity of gene supplementation and gene repair approaches.