gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Resumptive pronouns as a last resort (1992)

Resumptive Pronouns as a Last ResortThis article has two interrelated goals: first, to provide a description and a unified analysis of the distribution of resumptive pronouns in relative clauses in Hebrew and Northern Palestinian Arabic (henceforth Palestinian);' and second, to examine the theoretical consequences of the apparatus employed in implementing the descriptive goal.The seeming free variation in the occurrence of gaps and resumptive pronouns in languages like Hebrew has been used to argue for the existence of an optional resumptive strategy that is employed in the formation of relative clauses alongside the more familiar strategy of wh-movement (see Chomsky (1977) and much subsequent work).A close study of the Hebrew data and a comparison with Palestinian leads me to believe that this is not the case-that there is no independently occurring resumptive strategy.The thrust of this article is to show that resumptive pronouns only occur as a last resort, when wh-movement fails to yield a grammatical output.Though concentrating mainly on Hebrew and Palestinian relative clauses, I conjecture that resumptive pronouns are never freely generated, their distribution being universally regulated by last resort considerations.I argue further that the parametric difference between Hebrew and Palestinian (both of which make productive use of resumptive pronouns) and English (which does not) is ultimately lexical in nature.Hebrew and Palestinian are endowed with complementizers with certain properties that severely restrict syntactic wh-movement; English lacks such complementizers.If resumptive pronouns occur only as a saving device for an otherwise ungrammatical derivation, then the investigation of their distribution should focus not on where resumptive pronouns are allowed to occur but rather on where wh-movement is blocked.
Providing throughput differentiation for TCP flows using adaptive two-color marking and two-level AQM (2003)

In this paper we propose a new paradigm for a Differentiated Service (DiffServ) network consisting of two-color marking at the edges of the network using token buckets coupled with differential treatment in the core. Using fluid-flow modelling, we present existence conditions for token-bucket rates and differential marking probabilities at the core that result in all edges receiving at least their minimum guaranteed rates. We then present an integrated DiffServ architecture comprising of an active rate management controller at the marking edge and a two-level active queue management controller at the core. The validity of the fluid flow model and performance of this new scheme are verified using ns simulations.
Effects of Combined Exenatide and Pioglitazone Therapy on Hepatic Fat Content in Type 2 Diabetes (2011)

We examined the effects of combined pioglitazone (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist) and exenatide (GLP-1 receptor agonist) therapy on hepatic fat content and plasma adiponectin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Twenty-one T2DM patients (age = 52 ± 3 years, BMI = 32.0 ± 1.5, hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) = 8.2 ± 0.4%) on diet and/or metformin received additional treatment with either pioglitazone 45 mg/day for 12 months (n = 10) or combined therapy with pioglitazone (45 mg/day) and exenatide (10 µg subcutaneously twice daily) for 12 months (n = 11). At baseline, hepatic fat content and plasma adiponectin levels were similar between the two treatment groups. Pioglitazone reduced fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (P < 0.05), fasting free fatty acid (FFA) (P < 0.05), and HbA(1c) (Δ = 1.0%, P < 0.01), while increasing plasma adiponectin concentration by 86% (P < 0.05). Hepatic fat (magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)) was significantly reduced following pioglitazone treatment (11.0 ± 3.1 to 6.5 ± 1.9%, P < 0.05). Plasma triglyceride concentration decreased by 14% (P < 0.05) and body weight increased significantly (Δ = 3.7 kg). Combined pioglitazone and exenatide therapy was associated with a significantly greater increase in plasma adiponectin (Δ = 193%) and a significantly greater decrease in hepatic fat (12.1 ± 1.7 to 4.7 ± 1.3%) and plasma triglyceride (38%) vs. pioglitazone therapy despite the lack of a significant change in body weight (Δ = 0.2 kg). Hepatic injury biomarkers aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly decreased by both treatments; however, the reduction in ALT was significantly greater following combined pioglitazone and exenatide therapy. We conclude that combined in patients with T2DM, pioglitazone and exenatide therapy is associated with a greater reduction in hepatic fat content as compared to the addition of pioglitazone therapy (Δ = 61% vs. 41%, P < 0.05).
Cutting Edge: Engineering Active IKKβ in T Cells Drives Tumor Rejection (2016)

Acquired dysfunction of tumor-reactive T cells is one mechanism by which tumors can evade the immune system. Identifying and correcting pathways that contribute to such dysfunction should enable novel anticancer therapy design. During cancer growth, T cells show reduced NF-κB activity, which is required for tumor rejection. Impaired T cell-intrinsic NF-κB may create a vicious cycle conducive to tumor progression and further T cell dysfunction. We hypothesized that forcing T cell-intrinsic NF-κB activation might break this cycle and induce tumor elimination. NF-κB was activated in T cells by inducing the expression of a constitutively active form of the upstream activator IκB kinase β (IKKβ). T cell-restricted constitutively active IKKβ augmented the frequency of functional tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells and improved tumor control. Transfer of constitutively active IKKβ-transduced T cells also boosted endogenous T cell responses that controlled pre-established tumors. Our results demonstrate that driving T cell-intrinsic NF-κB can result in tumor control, thus identifying a pathway with potential clinical applicability.
Hydrothermal Carbonization of Organic Components from Municipal Solid Waste (2018)

The hydrothermal carbonization of organic ingredients from municipal solid waste (exemplified by apples, meat, offset paper, newsprint, birch and oak sawdust, cotton cloth, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate) is studied in the temperature range 240–280°C. The yield of the solid hydrothermal carbonization product (excluding plastics) is 0.50–0.62 at 240°C, 0.46–0.54 at 260°C, and 0.37–0.46 at 280°C. The yield of the solid product in the case of polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate is close to 1. When increasing the temperature, the carbon content of the solid product increases from 45–52% for the initial ingredients to 61–75% for the products obtained at 280°C (excluding plastics). The calorific value of the products of hydrothermal carbonization obtained from organic waste with a calorific value of 15 to 19 MJ/kg (excluding plastics) is 19–26 MJ/kg for 240°C and 21–29 MJ/kg for 280°C. The products of the hydrothermal treatment of apples and sawdust at 280°C have the highest calorific values (28–29 MJ/kg). The calorific value of plastics after hydrothermal treatment remains practically unchanged.
Use of mine ventilation exhaust as combustion air in gas-fired turbo-electric generators (1998)

Methane liberated in coal mines is a potential safety hazard, because it is explosive at relatively low concentrations (5%-15%) in air. To manage methane, underground mines are ventilated with large quantities of air and, in some cases, the gas is also drained with gob wells and predrained with vertical and horizontal wells. The ventilation air is used to dilute methane emissions to levels well below the explosive limit, and the diluted stream is discharged to the atmosphere. Unfortunately, this waste stream may contain as much as 60% of the total gas energy that was originally in the coal. Also, methane is considered by some to be 24.5 times more detrimental than CO/sub 2/ in contributing to the greenhouse effect. The volume of the waste stream, the high electric power demands of a mine and the greenhouse effect of methane provide a strong incentive for converting the waste-methane chemical energy to the electrical or mechanical equivalent. A preliminary economic assessment of a proposed test-turbine installation at the Jim Walter Resources Blue Creek Mine Number 5 (JWR No. 5) shows that such a project makes good sense economically, even without considering the emission-reduction benefits. This unit could produce enough power to drive a ventilation fan, provide a profitable rate of return and produce a 2% reduction in emissions. A market study indicates that there is the potential to generate 706-816 MW of power from mine ventilation gas in the US. Worldwide, if only 10% of the estimated mine ventilation emissions can be used for power generation, this technology has potential for the generation of 1689-1953 MW of capacity, with a commensurate reduction in emissions.
Synthesis and characterization of La-0.825Sr0.175MnO3 nanowires (2005)

Perovskite oxide La(0.825)Sro(0.175)MnO(3) (LSMO) nanowires are synthesized using the anodized alumina oxide template technique and the characterization of the microstructure, magnetic and photol uminescence properties is performed. The as-prepared LSMO nanowires 50 nm in diameter and tens of microns in length exhibit polycrystalline perovskite structure. The magnetic measurement reveals the competition between anti ferromagnetic ordering and spin glass state as ground state in the nanowires, which is different from the magnetic behaviours of bulk ceramic and single crystals. The photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy demonstrates strong and broadband emissions with two luminescent peaks at 400 and 420 nm, respectively, which are believed to originate from the self-trapped excitons, oxygen vacancies and surface states, respectively.
Pressure and temperature dependence of the zero-field splitting in the ground state of NV centers in diamond: A first-principles study (2014)

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond (NV) attract great attention because they serve as a tool in many important applications. The NV center has a polarizable spin $S=1$ ground state and its spin state can be addressed by optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) techniques. The ${m}_{S}=0$ and ${m}_{S}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ spin levels of the ground state are separated by about 2.88 GHz in the absence of an external magnetic field or any other perturbations. This zero-field splitting (ZFS) can be probed by ODMR. As this splitting changes as a function of pressure and temperature, the NV center might be employed as a sensor operating at the nanoscale. Therefore, it is of high importance to understand the intricate details of the pressure and temperature dependence of this splitting. Here we present an ab initio theory of the ZFS of the NV center as a function of external pressure and temperature including detailed analysis on the contributions of macroscopic and microscopic effects. We found that the pressure dependence is governed by the change in the distance between spins as a consequence of the global compression and the additional local structural relaxation. The local structural relaxation contributes to the change of ZFS with the same magnitude as the global compression. In the case of temperature dependence of ZFS, we investigated the effect of macroscopic thermal expansion as well as the consequent change of the microscopic equilibrium positions. We could conclude that theses effects are responsible for about 15% of the observed decrease of ZFS.
Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1/2016 (2016)

Back Cover: RAFT polymerization yields reactive block copolymers bearing the pentafluorophenyl ester (PFPA) group, and subsequent Click amidation using 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl- (TEMPO-) and imidazolium-functionalized primary amines produces the corresponding functional block copolymers, leading to installation of statistical radical and ionic- sites into the PFPA segment. The monolayered thin film devices fabricated using the obtained block copolymers exhibit repeatable switching (memory) characteristic of electric conductivity (on/off ratio > 103) under a bias voltage. Further details can be found in the article by T. Suga,* K. Aoki, T. Yashiro, and H. Nishide* on page 53.
Multi-tasking hydrated ionic liquids as sustainable media for the processing of waste human hair: a biorefinery approach (2019)

Hydrated TBAH is able to solubilise waste human hair and melanin and keratin were isolated from the solution.
Statistical Models to Describe the Structure of Porous Ceramic Membranes (1993)

Abstract A knowledge of the material structure of porous membranes is essential in the computation of flux–pressure differential and blinding behavior. The data provided by manufacturers on the internal pore properties, mercury porosimetry and air permeability, is of limited use since it is based for interpretation on an assumed matrix of cylindrical pores. Ceramic membranes are considered in this work for which three different types are investigated. None of these show any resemblance to structures assumed for an interpretation of this data. The pore structure in all examples vary and it is concluded that deterministic models to describe this are not valid. Statistical models based on random division of 2 and 3 dimensional space are proposed to describe the structure of cellular ceramic membranes (2 space model), sintered ceramic membranes and foam membranes (3 dimensional space models). The models are shown to be inter–related providing a direct comparison between the membrane structures. The structures proposed by the models are compared and agree well with experimental data.
In Search of Imperial Legacy: Historians’ Recollections and Historiographic Milestones (2005)

SUMMARY: Публикация под названием “Наследие империй” включает в себя интервью с редакторами первых научных сборников, ставших заметными вехами на пути осмысления наследия континентальных империй (Karen Barkey and Mark von Hagen (Eds.). After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Nation-Building: The Soviet Union and the Russian, Ottoman and Habsburg Empires. Boulder, CO, 1997; L. Carl Brown (Еd.). Imperial Legacy: The Ottoman Imprint on the Balkans. New York, 1996). Они отвечают на вопросы редакции AI : об истории создания этих сборников, о том, что послужило интеллектуальным толчком для формулирования темы “наследия империи”, об историографическом контексте публикации и рецепции сборников, наконец, о том, как изучение феномена “имперского наследия” развивалось после выхода данных сборников в свет. Карл Браун, специалист по истории Османской империи, в своих ответах помещает сборник в историографический контекст изучения наследия Османской империи, особенно в связи с историей современной Турции и арабского национализма. Он подчеркивает тенденцию игнорирования интеллектуального и институционального наследия империи в постосманской историографии. Эссе Марка фон Хагена кратко анализирует становление концепции империи как объяснительной модели политического развития современных США и России и отмечает возможные отрицательные последствия некритического обращения с данной концепцией. В качестве примера Марк фон Хаген представляет эволюцию собственного исследовательского проекта (становление и падение независимой Украины во время Первой мировой войны) от тезиса об обреченности многонациональных авторитарных режимов к проблематизации отношений между империей, национализмом и демократией в свете исторического наследия континентального имперского опыта. Карен Барки (социолог и специалист по Османской империи) анализирует эпистемологические основания и теоретические последствия современной дискуссии об империи в политических науках. Барки выделяет два основных подхода: представление об империи как об особом типе политического субъекта и определение империи как культурного контекста, родственного глобализации. Показывая опасности некритического использования вышеупомянутых подходов, Барки настаивает на необходимости реконструкции сравнительноисторических типов империй и анализа наследия империи исходя из специфики их исторической типологии.
A Novel Device for Islet Transplantation Providing Immune Protection and Oxygen Supply (2010)

Islet transplantation as a biological β-cell replacement therapy has emerged as a promising option for achieving restoration of metabolic control in type 1 diabetes patients. However, partial or complete loss of islet graft function occurs in relatively short time (months to few years) after implantation. The high rate of early transplant dysfunction has been attributed to poorly viable and/or functional islets and is mediated by innate inflammatory response at the intravascular (hepatic) transplant site and critical lack of initial nutrient/oxygen supply prior to islet engraftment. In addition, the diabetogenic effect of mandatory immunosuppressive agents, limited control of alloimmunity, and the recurrence of autoimmunity limit the long-term success of islet transplantation. In order to abrogate instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction and to provide oxygen supply for the islet graft, we have developed an extravascular (subcutaneous) transplant macrochamber (the 'βAir' device). This device contains islets immobilized in alginate, protected from the immune system by a thin hydrophilized teflon membrane impregnated with alginate and supplied with oxygen by daily refueling with oxygen-CO (2) mixture. We have demonstrated successful utilization of the oxygen-refueling macrochamber for sustained islet viability and function as well as immunoprotection after allogeneic subcutaneous transplantation in healthy minipigs. Considering the current limitations of intraportal islet engraftment and the restricted indication for islet transplantation mainly due to necessary immunosuppressive therapy, this work could very likely lead to remarkable improvements in the procedure and moreover opens up further strategies for porcine islet cell xenotransplantation.
Collective Perception: A Safety Perspective (2020)

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication is seen as one of the main enabling technologies for automated vehicles. Collective perception is especially promising, as it allows connected traffic participants to “see through the eyes of others” by sharing sensor-detected objects via V2X communication. Its benefit is typically assessed in terms of the increased object update rate, redundancy, and awareness. To determine the safety improvement thanks to collective perception, the authors introduce new metrics, which quantify the environmental risk awareness of the traffic participants. The performance of the V2X service is then analyzed with the help of the test platform TEPLITS, using real traffic traces from German highways, amounting to over 100 h of total driving time. The results in the considered scenarios clearly show that collective perception not only contributes to the accuracy and integrity of the vehicles’ environmental perception, but also that a V2X market penetration of at least 25% is necessary to increase traffic safety from a “risk of serious traffic accidents” to a “residual hypothetical risk of collisions without minor injuries” for traffic participants equipped with non-redundant 360° sensor systems. These results support the ongoing worldwide standardization efforts of the collective perception service.
Primary structure of the L subunit of the reaction center from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. (1984)

The reaction center is an integral membrane protein that, together with several cofactors, mediates the primary photochemical events in bacterial photosynthesis. The amino-terminal sequences of the three subunits, L, M, and H, of the reaction center protein and the sequence of the structural gene encoding the M subunit have been reported previously. In the present study, we found that the 3' end of the structural gene encoding the L subunit overlaps by eight bases the 5' end of the gene encoding the M subunit. The primary structure of the L subunit has been determined from the nucleotide sequence of the gene and from analyses of the amino and carboxyl termini of the protein. The sequences of a number of tryptic and chymotryptic peptides were used to corroborate the nucleotide sequence. The L subunit was found to be composed of 281 amino acids (Mr 31,319) and to contain five hydrophobic segments. It is homologous to the M subunit and to a plant thylakoid protein referred to as the QB or Mr 32,000 protein.
La plataforma de aprendizaje Sugar: affordances educativas para el pensamiento computacional (2017)

espanolDiez anos despues del lanzamiento de Sugar Learning Platform, reflexionamos sobre las herramientas especificas y las affordances educativas promovidas por esta plataforma para implicar a los estudiantes en el pensamiento computacional con el objetivo general de lograr su dominio. Estas herramientas incluyen multiples entornos de programacion multimedia, asi como diversos mecanismos para la depuracion, colaboracion, expresion y reflexion. Nuestra seleccion de herramientas viene determinada por la revision exhaustiva de la obra pionera de Seymour Papert, Marvin Minsky y Cynthia Solomon, que fueron los primeros en integrar la informatica multimedia en los centros de Educacion Primaria a finales de la decada de los 60, con el objetivo de implicar a los estudiantes en el dominio de muchos de los conceptos heuristicos y algoritmos que se asocian con el pensamiento computacional. En el presente articulo, se analizan muchos ejemplos de como han utilizado estas herramientas tanto los docentes como los discentes. Ademas, describimos el papel que desempena el Software de Codigo Abierto a la hora de vertebrar el andamiaje para una expresion personal y profunda a traves de la programacion y para poner de relieve la responsabilidad personal, el sentido de comunidad y las expectativas sin limite de los usuarios de Sugar que se convierten en desarrolladores. EnglishAfter ten years of deployment of the Sugar Learning Platform, we reflect on the specific tools and affordances deployed to engage learners in computational thinking with the overarching goal of fluency. These tools includemultiple media-rich programming environments and also mechanism for debugging, collaboration, expression, and reflection. We motivate our selection of tools by reviewing the pioneering work of Seymour Papert, Marvin Minsky, and Cynthia Solomon, who first brought multimedia computing to elementary schools in the late 1960s with the goal of engaging children in the mastery of many of the heuristics and algorithms we associate with computational thinking. Multiple examples of how these tools havebeen used by teachers and students are discussed. We further describe the role that Free/Libre Software plays in providing scaffolding for deep and personal expression through programming and for surfacing personal responsibility, a sense of community, and unbounded expectations of Sugar users turned Sugar developers