gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Subarachnoid Administration of α-α Diaspirin Crosslinked Hemoglobin on Cerebral Blood Flow in Rats (1997)

As extravasated red blood cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of perfusion deficits after subarachnoid hemorrhage, alpha-alpha diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb) might have a detrimental effect on cerebral perfusion after subarachnoid hemorrhage. We evaluated the effect of subarachnoid administration of DCLHb on cerebral blood flow (CBF). Rats were randomized to receive one of the following solutions into the cisterna magna: Control-0.3 ml of mock cerebrospinal fluid; Blood-0.3 ml of autologous blood; DCLHb-0.3 ml of 10% DCLHb. After 20-min, the area of cerebral hypoperfusion was determined (CBF < 40 ml.100g-1.min-1). The area of hypoperfusion (% area of a coronal brain section, mean +/- SD) was greater in the Blood group (58 +/- 16) than the DCLHb (16 +/- 7) and Control (5 +/- 5) groups (p < 0.05), and was greater in the DCLHb group than the Control group (p < 0.05). These data support a hypothesis that extravasation of blood from the intravascular to the subarachnoid space induces cerebral hypoperfusion. Moreover, the data support the hypothesis that although extravasated molecular hemoglobin decreases CBF, the adverse effect is not as severe as a similar volume of blood.
Air-pulse OCE for assessment of age-related changes in mouse cornea<i>in vivo</i> (2014)

We demonstrate the use of phase-stabilized swept source optical coherence elastography (PhS-SSOCE) to assess the relaxation rate of deformation created by a focused air-pulse in tissue-mimicking gelatin phantoms of various concentrations and mouse corneas of different ages in vivo. The results show that the relaxation rate can be quantified and is different for gels with varying concentrations of gelatin and mouse corneas of different ages. The results indicate that gel phantoms with higher concentrations of gelatin as well as older mouse corneas have faster relaxation rates indicating stiffer material. This non-contact and non-invasive measurement technique utilizes low surface displacement amplitude (in µm scale) for tissue excitation and, therefore, can be potentially used to study the biomechanical properties of ocular and other sensitive tissues.
Monitoring student progress through their written "point of originality" (2012)

This paper describes a new method for the objective evaluation of student work through the identification of original content in writing assignments. Using WordNet as a lexical reference, this process allows instructors to track how key phrases are employed and evolve over the course of a student's writing, and to automatically visualize the point at which the student's language first demonstrates original thought, phrased in their own, original words. The paper presents a case study where the analysis method was evaluated by analyzing co-blogging data from a reading and writing intensive undergraduate course. The evidence shows that the tool can be predictive of students' writing in a manner that correlates with their progress in the course and engagement in the technology-mediated activity. By visualizing otherwise subjective information in a way that is objectively intelligible, the goal is to provide educators with the ability to monitor student investment in concepts from the course syllabus, and to extend or modify the boundaries of the syllabus in anticipation of pre-existing knowledge or trends in interest. A tool of this sort can be of value particularly in larger gateway courses, where the sheer size of the class makes the ongoing evaluation of student progress a daunting if not otherwise impossible task.
Using Self-Driven AC–DC Synchronous Rectifier as a Direct Replacement for Traditional Power Diode Rectifier (2011)

Synchronous rectification has previously been adopted in switched-mode circuits for reducing the conduction losses particularly in high-frequency, low-voltage, and high-current applications. This paper presents a generalized “self-driven” ac-dc synchronous rectification technique that can be used even at mains frequency to develop an ac-dc synchronous rectifier that behaves like a diode bridge but with much reduced conduction losses and without control integrated circuits. This generalized concept can be extended from single-phase to multiphase systems. Experiments based on 1- and 2-kW single-phase systems have been successfully conducted for capacitive, inductive, and resistive loads. Very significant power loss reduction (over 50%) has been achieved in the rectification stage at both 110- and 220-V ac mains operations. This patent-pending circuit can be regarded as a direct replacement of a general-purpose diode rectifier. Due to the reduction of power loss, further reduction in the size and cost of the heat sink or thermal management for the power circuit becomes possible.
Evaluation of electronic cash threat scenarios using micro dynamic simulation (1998)

This paper discusses the evaluation of the electronic cash counterfeit threat scenarios using micro dynamic simulation. This modeling technique provides information needed for the quantification of economic risk exposure in conjunction with other analytical tools. It also allows the evaluation of the effectiveness of various on-chip risk management capabilities. By generating test data, it allows the assessment of the effectiveness of the host system based counterfeit transaction detection models.
Microbial removal of no.sub.x from gases (1991)

Disclosed is a process by which a gas containing nitric oxide is contacted with an anaerobic microbial culture of denitrifying bacteria to effect the chemical reduction of the nitric oxide to elemental nitrogen. The process is particularly suited to the removal of nitric oxide from flue gas streams and gas streams from nitric acid plants. Thiobacillus dentrificians as well as other bacteria are disclosed for use in the process.
Mathematical Modeling of White Blood Cell Population Dynamics for Diagnosis and Prognosis (2016)

Abstract The complete blood count (CBC) is one of the most commonly ordered clinical tests because it provides a snapshot of the current state of the hematologic system in a patient, including an estimate of the number of currently circulating white blood cells (WBC). This simple assessment of patient WBC count is valuable in the screening and monitoring of a very wide range of conditions, from infection to malignancy to autoimmunity. Many routine WBC counts are measured by sophisticated automated hematology analyzers that rely on the principles of flow cytometry and characterize the morphology of thousands of individual WBCs in the process of providing a simple WBC count. These single-WBC measurements collected at high-throughput are usually discarded, but the probability distributions they represent provide a glimpse into the dynamics of the circulating WBC population, potentially enabling clinicians not only to estimate current numbers of circulating WBCs but also to infer whether the numbers of WBC subtypes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes) are likely to increase or to decrease in the subsequent days and weeks. We utilize this otherwise discarded single-WBC information in combination with semi-mechanistic mathematical models of neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte population dynamics to infer patient-specific rates of neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte flux (Figure 1). We characterize differences in average flux for patients with different classes of disease (infection, hematologic malignancy, and cardiac ischemia) and show how the data collected in a simple CBC and differential may be helpful in the early diagnosis and prognosis for a number of important diseases. For instance, we assess the diagnostic efficiency of inferred WBC dynamics to help identify (1) patients with initially negative cardiac troponins who are most likely to have subsequent positive levels, and (2) patients with newly discovered leukocytosis who are more likely to have an underlying malignant hematologic process. In a retrospective study of 73 patients with mild to moderate leukocytosis (11 x103/uL < WBC < 20 x103/uL) of unknown etiology, this approach showed promise in helping to identify patients who were diagnosed with a hematologic malignancy in the subsequent 6 months (Figure 2). Figure 2: Nuclear maturation distributions of neutrophils (a) and lymphocytes (b) were derived from raw CBC measurements for patients found to have moderately elevated WBC counts (> 11x103/uL and < 20 x103/uL) before an underlying disease process had been identified. A statistically-significant fraction of patients with a subsequent new diagnosis of a hematologic malignancy could be identified based on either their single-neutrophil or single-lymphocyte characteristics at the time of the CBC up to 6 months prior to diagnosis, with multivariate discriminants showing even better performance. Figure 2 Figure 2. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Simulation, phantom validation, and clinical evaluation of fast pH‐weighted molecular imaging using amine chemical exchange saturation transfer echo planar imaging (CEST‐EPI) in glioma at 3 T (2016)

Acidity within the extracellular milieu is a hallmark of cancer. There is a current need for fast, high spatial resolution pH imaging techniques for clinical evaluation of cancers, including gliomas. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI targeting fast-exchanging amine protons can be used to obtain high-resolution pH-weighted images, but conventional CEST acquisition strategies are slow. There is also a need for more accurate MR simulations to better understand the effects of amine CEST pulse sequence parameters on pH-weighted image contrast. In the current study we present a simulation of amine CEST contrast specific for a newly developed CEST echoplanar imaging (EPI) pulse sequence. The accuracy of the simulations was validated by comparing the exchange rates and Z-spectrum under a variety of conditions using physical phantoms of glutamine with different pH values. The effects of saturation pulse shapes, pulse durations, pulse train lengths, repetition times, and relaxation rates of bulk water and exchangeable amine protons on the CEST signal were explored for normal-appearing white matter (NAWM), glioma, and cerebrospinal fluid. Last, 18 patients with WHO II-IV gliomas were evaluated. Results showed that the Z-spectrum was highly dependent on saturation pulse shape, repetition time, saturation amplitude, magnetic field strength, and T<sub>2</sub> within bulk water; however, the Z-spectrum was only minimally influenced by saturation pulse duration and the specific relaxation rates of amine protons. Results suggest that a Gaussian saturation pulse train consisting of 3 × 100 ms pulses using the minimum allowable repetition time is optimal for achieving over 90% available contrast across all tissues. Results also demonstrate that high saturation pulse amplitude and scanner field strength (>3 T) are necessary for adequate endogenous pH-weighted amine CEST contrast. pH-weighted amine CEST contrast increased with increasing tumor grade, with glioblastoma showing significantly higher contrast compared with WHO II or III gliomas.
Simple Encrypted Arithmetic Library - SEAL v2.1. (2017)

Achieving fully homomorphic encryption was a longstanding open problem in cryptography until it was resolved by Gentry in 2009. Soon after, several homomorphic encryption schemes were proposed. The early homomorphic encryption schemes were extremely impractical, but recently new implementations, new data encoding techniques, and a better understanding of the applications have started to change the situation. In this paper we introduce the most recent version (v2.1) of Simple Encrypted Arithmetic Library - SEAL, a homomorphic encryption library developed by Microsoft Research, and describe some of its core functionality.
The plasma transistor: A microcavity plasma device coupled with a low voltage, controllable electron emitter (2008)

A microplasma transistor has been realized by injecting electrons into the sheath of a rare gas plasma with a low voltage (|Vb|&lt;25 V), controllable electron emitter. Integrating a solid state emitter with a 500 μm diam. cylindrical microcavity plasma yields a three terminal current-controlled device capable of modulating the conduction current and light intensity generated by the microplasma. For an emitter voltage of Vb=−10 V, the rms charge carried by the conduction current of a Ne microplasma is tripled relative to the value measured for no current injection. Similarly, the wavelength-integrated visible emission is increased by 2.7 and 4 dB for Vb=−5 and −25 V, respectively. From the continuity equation for charged particle flux in the sheath, the electron density at the edge of the sheath is determined to be ns=(3±1)×1012 cm−3 for an electron temperature in the 1–5 eV range. Energizing the electron emitter is estimated to reduce the ratio of the ion to electron number densities at the cathode surface from 25 to 14. A parameter βp, defined as the microplasma transistor conductance normalized to that for the conventional plasma device (i.e., Vb=0), is introduced and found to be ∼40 for this unoptimized device when |Vb|=5 V.
On ear canal measurement techniques applied to hearing development (1989)

Few data exist on the functional development of the human external and middle ear, yet constraints imposed by these structures limit the sound power transmitted to the cochlea. One measure of hearing development is the middle ear reflectance, the fraction of incident sound power reflected at the eardrum. Single and double microphone techniques measure the impedance at the tip of an assembly snugly inserted into the ear canal. This impedance is of limited usefulness, since it depends not only upon the middle ear reflectance, but also upon insertion depth, variations in cross-sectional ear canal area, and ear canal curvature. A method has been constructed to assess the joint influence of the ear canal area function and curvature with a spatial resolution along the ear canal of 4 mm (cT/2, for phase velocity c and sample period T). The reflectance at the assembly tip is transformed to that at an ear canal location just outside the eardrum. The method is also relevant for constructing the output impedance of the ear, as seen by a source on the eardrum. This technique makes no use of invasive probe microphones, has a frequency resolution of 40 Hz, and is well suited for use with infants. Preliminary data on tubes of known geometry will be discussed. [Work supported by NIH.]
<title>MR susceptibility distortion quantification and correction for stereotaxy</title> (1992)

We demonstrate a new in-vivo correction scheme for the non-linear, shape dependent spatial distortion in MR images due to magnetic susceptibility variations. Geometric distortion at the air/tissue and tissue/bone boundaries before and after the correction is quantified using a phantom. Assuming CT is distortion-free, MR images were compared to CT images of the phantom. Edges of the images were detected. Using fiducials, transformation from CT to MR was determined. CT edges were projected onto MR planes. Corrected and uncorrected MR edges were compared with CT edges. Magnetic susceptibility of cortical bone was measured using a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) magnetometer and found to be -8.86 ppm which is quite similar to that of tissue (-9 ppm). As expected, the distortion at the bone/tissue interface was negligible while that at the air/tissue interface created displacements of about 2.0 mm with a 1.5 T main magnetic field and a 3.13 mT/m gradient field. This is a significant value if MR images are used to localize targets with the degree of accuracy expected for stereotaxic surgery. Our correction scheme diminished the errors to the same level of accuracy as CT.
<title>Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for remote sensing</title> (1990)

Conventional Raman spectroscopy is often limited by its low sensitivity due to the inherently weak Raman cross section of organic chemicals. A relatively new detection technique, Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) spectroscopy is based on recent experimental observations, which have indicated enhancement of the Raman scattering efficiency by factors of up to 106 when a compound is adsorbed on rough metallic surfaces that have submicron-scale protrusions. In this report we discuss the development of the SERS technique as a tool for monitoring hazardous chemical emissions and its application to in situ remote sensing.
Tunable, single-frequency Er:Yb phospho-silicate fiber Fabry-Perot lasers (1994)

We present a method for optic nerve head (ONH) 3-D shape analysis from retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT). The possibility to noninvasively acquire in vivo high-resolution 3-D volumes of the ONH using spectral domain OCT drives the need to develop tools that quantify the shape of this structure and extract information for clinical applications. The presented method automatically generates a 3-D ONH model and then allows the computation of several 3-D parameters describing the ONH. The method starts with a high-resolution OCT volume scan as input. From this scan, the model-defining inner limiting membrane (ILM) as inner surface and the retinal pigment epithelium as outer surface are segmented, and the Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) as the model origin is detected. Based on the generated ONH model by triangulated 3-D surface reconstruction, different parameters (areas, volumes, annular surface ring, minimum distances) of different ONH regions can then be computed. Additionally, the bending energy (roughness) in the BMO region on the ILM surface and 3-D BMO-MRW surface area are computed. We show that our method is reliable and robust across a large variety of ONH topologies (specific to this structure) and present a first clinical application.
Bolted flange assembly: Preliminary elastic interaction data and improved bolt-up procedures (1996)

Design bolt loading in a bolted flange connection is difficult to obtain because of elastic interaction. Elastic interaction data is presented for two different pipe flanges, three different gasket styles and two different bolting patterns. An algorithm that compensates for elastic interaction is given. Uniform bolt preload ({+-}2%) is obtained in a single pass bolt-up operation. The algorithm is based on experimentally obtained interaction coefficients.
Biochemical characterization of a pedigree with mitochondrially inherited deafness (1992)

A large kindred with a predicted 2-locus inheritance of sensorineural deafness, caused by the combination of a mitochondrial and an autosomal recessive mutation, was examined at the biochemical level. Because of the mitochondrial inheritance of this disease, we looked for defects in the oxidative phosphorylation Complexes I, III, IV, and V, the 4 enzymes that include all of the 13 mitochondrially encoded polypeptides. Biosynthetic labelling of lymphoblastoid cells from deaf patients, unaffected siblings, and an unrelated control showed no difference in size, abundance, rate of synthesis, or chloramphenicol-sensitivity of the mitochondrially encoded subunits. Since overall mitochondrial protein synthesis appears normal, these results suggest that the mitochondrial mutation is unlikely to be in a tRNA or rRNA gene. No change in enzymatic levels was seen in lymphoblastoid mitochondria of the deaf patients, compared to unaffected sibs and controls, for Complexes I and IV. Both affected and unaffected family members showed an increase in Complex III activity compared to controls, which may reflect the mitochondrial DNA shared by maternal relatives, or be due to other genetic differences. Complex V activity was increased in deaf individuals compared to their unaffected sibs. Since the family members share the presumptive mitochondrial mutation, differences between deaf and unaffected individuals likely reflect the nuclear background and suggest that the autosomal recessive mutation may be related to the increase in Complex V activity. These biochemical studies provide a guide for sequence analysis of the patients' mitochondrial DNA and for linkage studies in this kindred.
Automatic generalized phase abstraction for formal verification (2005)

A standard approach to improving circuit performance is to use an N-phase design style where combinational logic is interspersed freely between level sensitive latches controlled by separate clocks. Unfortunately, the use of an N-phase design style will increase the number of state variables by a factor of N, making formal verification many orders of magnitude harder. Previous approaches to solving this problem restrict the kind of designs that can be handled severely and construct an abstracted netlist with fewer state variables by a syntactic analysis that requires the user to identify clocks. We extend the current state of the art by introducing a phase abstraction algorithm that (1) poses no restrictions on the design style that can be used, that (2) avoids an error prone syntactic analysis, that (3) requires no input from users, and that (4) can be integrated into any model checker without requiring HDL code analysis.
Development of solar concentrators for high-power solar-pumped lasers (2014)

We have developed unique solar concentrators for solar-pumped solid-state lasers to improve both efficiency and laser output power. Natural sunlight is collected by a primary concentrator which is a 2 m×2 m Fresnel lens, and confined by a cone-shaped hybrid concentrator. Such solar power is coupled to a laser rod by a cylinder with coolant surrounding it that is called a liquid light-guide lens (LLGL). Performance of the cylindrical LLGL has been characterized analytically and experimentally. Since a 14 mm diameter LLGL generates efficient and uniform pumping along a Nd:YAG rod that is 6 mm in diameter and 100 mm in length, 120 W cw laser output is achieved with beam quality factor M2 of 137 and overall slope efficiency of 4.3%. The collection efficiency is 30.0 W/m2, which is 1.5 times larger than the previous record. The overall conversion efficiency is more than 3.2%, which can be comparable to a commercial lamp-pumped solid-state laser. The concept of the light-guide lens can be applied for concentrator photovoltaics or other solar energy optics.
Depth Conflict Reduction for Stereo VR Video Interfaces (2018)

Applications for viewing and editing 360° video often render user interface (UI) elements on top of the video. For stereoscopic video, in which the perceived depth varies over the image, the perceived depth of the video can conflict with that of the UI elements, creating discomfort and making it hard to shift focus. To address this problem, we explore two new techniques that adjust the UI rendering based on the video content. The first technique dynamically adjusts the perceived depth of the UI to avoid depth conflict, and the second blurs the video in a halo around the UI. We conduct a user study to assess the effectiveness of these techniques in two stereoscopic VR video tasks: video watching with subtitles, and video search.