gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formaldehyde production via partial oxidation of methanol over oxides of Cr, Mo and W supported on ceria-zirconia (2018)

Oxides of chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), or tungsten (W) were supported on mixed oxides of cerium and zirconium (CeO2-ZrO2) by an incipient wetness impregnation process, and used to investigate their activities for partial oxidation of methanol. High Resolusion Transmission Electron Microscope (HR-TEM) revealed that nanoparticles of Cr2O3, MoO3 or WO3 were formed on the CeO2-ZrO2 support. The particle sizes of Cr2O3, MoO3 and WO3 were 2-4, 3-6 and 4-5 nm, respectively. As a result of partial oxidation of methanol at 275 – 450 °C, formaldehyde (CH2O) was obtained as the major product over all these catalysts. Cr2O3 supported on CeO2-ZrO2 produced both CO and CO2 along with H2 production, while MoO3 and WO3 on CeO2-ZrO2 support generated only CO as a by-product. It was found that MoO3 supported on CeO2-ZrO2 showed the highest methanol conversion and CH2O yield among these three catalysts.
New Stars:  Eight Polyisobutylene Arms Emanating from a Calixarene Core (1996)

The first synthesis of well-defined star polymers consisting of eight polyisobutylene (PIB) arms emanating from a calixarene core is described. The synthesis was accomplished with the use of octafunctional calixarene derivative initiators which, in conjunction with BCl3/TiCl4 coinitiators, induce the living polymerization of isobutylene (IB). Specifically, the initiators were tert-hydroxy and tert-methoxy derivatives (5 and 6, respectively) of 5,11,17,23,29,35,41,47-octaacetyl-49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56-octamethoxycalix[8]arene. The tert-methoxy derivative (6) is soluble in polymerization charges (CH3Cl/hexanes) at −80 °C and was used preferentially. To gain insight into the mechanism of polymerization, model experiments using a monofunctional analogue, 2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-2-methoxypropane (8), of the octafunctional initiators were also conducted. According to these model studies, 8 is an efficient initiator for the living polymerization of IB, and the initiator residue can be spectroscopically quantitated as the head group of PIB. Well-defined stars with close to theoretical composition and molecular weights were obtained in the presence of BCl3−TiCl4 mixtures; however, polymerizations were unsatisfactory with the use of only BCl3 or only TiCl4. Polymerizations were carried out in two stages in one reactor. In the first stage, the reaction was initiated with the 6/BCl3 combination using ∼25% of the required amount of IB in CH3Cl at −80 °C, followed by the second stage, in which hexanes, TiCl4, and the balance of the monomer were added. Gel permeation chromatography, by the use of on-line RI, UV, and laser light scattering detectors, was used to determine the molecular weight and composition of the linear and octa-arm star polymers. The number-average number of arms, N̄n,arm, and the weight-average number of arms, N̄w,arm, were determined directly by core destruction of the calixarene moiety, followed by molecular weight determination of the surviving arms; according to these studies, N̄n,arm and N̄w,arm were 7.6 and 7.7, respectively.
Relative Laser Phase in the Coherent Control and Interference Control of Photodissociation Branching Ratios (1994)

Abstract Product properties in molecular photodissociation can be controlled by simultaneous excitation through a number of coherent excitation routes. Examples of simplified methods for maintaining laser phase coherence of the multiple routes, required for control, are described. Of particular interest is a new high field approach where multiple paths are generated in such a manner as to make relatively coherent lasers unnecessary.
A Visualization Tool for Analyzing the Suitability of Software Libraries via Their Code Repositories (2019)

Code repositories are a common way to archive software source code files. Understanding code repository content and his- tory is important but can be difficult due to the complexity of code repositories. Most available tools are designed for users who are actively maintaining a code repository. In contrast, external developers need to assess the suitability of using a software library, e.g. whether its code repository has a healthy level of maintenance, and how much risk the external developers face if they depend on that code in their own project. In this paper, we identify six risks associated with using a software library, we derive seven requirements for tools to assess these risks, and we con- tribute two dashboard designs derived from these requirements. The first dashboard is designed to asses a software library's usage suitability via its code repository, and the second dashboard visually compares usage suitability information about multiple soft- ware libraries’ code repositories. Using four popular libraries code repositories, we show that these dashboards are effective for understanding and comparing key aspects of software library us- age suitability. We further compare our dashboard to a typical code repository user interface and show that our dashboard is more succinct and requires less work.
Hybrid Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks: Controlling Framework Porosity and Functionality by Mixed-Linker Synthesis (2012)

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are a subclass of nanoporous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) that exhibit zeolite-like structural topologies and have interesting molecular recognition properties, such as molecular sieving and gate-opening effects associated with their pore apertures. The synthesis and characterization of hybrid ZIFs with mixed linkers in the framework are described in this work, producing materials with properties distinctly different from the parent frameworks (ZIF-8, ZIF-90, and ZIF-7). NMR spectroscopy is used to assess the relative amounts of the different linkers included in the frameworks, whereas nitrogen physisorption shows the evolution of the effective pore size distribution in materials resulting from the framework hybridization. X-ray diffraction shows these hybrid materials to be crystalline. In the case of ZIF-8-90 hybrids, the cubic space group of the parent frameworks is continuously maintained, whereas in the case of the ZIF-7-8 hybrids there is a transition from a cubic to a rhombohedral space group. Nitrogen physisorption data reveal that the hybrid materials exhibit substantial changes in gate-opening phenomena, either occurring at continuously tunable partial pressures of nitrogen (ZIF-8-90 hybrids) or loss of gate-opening effects to yield more rigid frameworks (ZIF-7-8 hybrids). With this synthetic approach, significant alterations in MOF properties may be realized to suit a desired separation or catalytic process.
A Novel l0-Constrained Gaussian Graphical Model for Anomaly Localization (2017)

We consider the problem of anomaly localization in a sensor network for multivariate time-series data by computing anomaly scores for each variable separately. To estimate the sparse Gaussian graphical models (GGMs) learned from different sliding windows of the dataset, we propose a new model wherein we constrain sparsity directly through ℓ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> constraint and apply an additional ℓ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> regularization in the objective. We then introduce a proximal gradient algorithm to efficiently solve this difficult nonconvex problem. Numerical evidence is provided to show the benefits of using our model and method over the usual convex relaxations for learning sparse GGMs using a real dataset.
Layered switch architectures for high-capacity optical fiber communications (1997)

We propose and analyze layered switch architectures that have high design flexibility, greatly reduced switch sizes, high expandability and low blocking probability. These layered switch designs are attractive for high-capacity optical fiber communication networks.
Initial stages of GaAs and AlAs growth on Si substrates: Atomic-layer epitaxy (1989)

We report on the initial stages of GaAs and AlAs growth on Si substrates, focusing on that done using atomic-layer epitaxy (ALE). ALE was performed on 3° off (100) substrates at 500 °C using an arsine and metalorganic gas source. Thin layers (5–350 monolayers) were examined using Auger electron spectroscopy, Raman scattering, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and several other techniques. Measurements showed that ALE on Si substrates starts from three-dimensional growth but changes to layer by layer growth at an early stage. Coverage is remarkably improved by initiating the growth from AlAs instead of GaAs. TEM images for AlAs indicate a relatively smooth surface and regular lattice arrangement on Si substrates. The coverage improvement is attributed to the selective-adsorption and self-limiting effects of ALE and proper arrangement of Al atoms on Si.
Development and Evaluation of a Portable Gas Imager Using a Fiber-Amplifier-Pumped PPLN OPO Illuminator (2002)

Active imaging allows gases to be visualized in a real-time video format through their attenuation of backscattered laser radiation. Here we describe the development and testing of a battery-operated portable gas imager that employs a fiber-amplifier-pumped PPLN optical parametric oscillator as its illumination source.
Inverse design of a phased‐array coil for breast magnetic resonance imaging (2009)

Abstract Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a very useful tool for human breast cancer detection and the advance of dedicated RF coil technology is essential for enhanced image quality. In this work, we propose an efficient, hybrid algorithm for the inverse design of a phased array coil for breast MRI. The design method starts with the specification of the desired RF (B 1 ) field within a predefined region, using the so‐called target‐field technique, followed by a streamline function method to find the initial coil winding by discretizing the calculated continuous current density. Then, a deformation approach is used to further optimize the coil shape by adjusting the coordinates of the selected control nodes on the coil contours; in this step, an iterative optimization algorithm is employed to minimize the cost functions that are mainly focused on the B 1 homogeneity and coil inductance. A two‐element array breast coil has been designed using this method. The simulated and experimental results presented herein demonstrate the potential of the proposed design technique to produce low‐inductance coil structures with improved RF field. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 35B: 221–231, 2009.
A correlative measure for processing multiangle diffusion‐weighted images (2003)

A simple metric for the shared diffusion anisotropy between two voxels is proposed. The metric has large values when the diffusion is highly anisotropic in both voxels and oriented in the same direction. This metric can be used in several ways, three of which are illustrated in this article. First, the metric can be used to rapidly calculate a fractional anisotropy measure using an arbitrary number of measured diffusion values. Second, a simple way to exploit the metric for filtering DWI data with neighboring voxels with similar diffusion characteristics is shown. Third, the metric can be used to create color images that reflect tract orientation.
Torsion dystonia genes in two populations confined to a small region on chromosome 9q32-34. (1991)

Idiopathic torsion dystonia (ITD) is characterized by sustained, involuntary muscle contractions, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Most familial forms of ITD display autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance. Linkage analysis has been previously used to localize a dystonia gene to the 9q32-34 region in a large non-Jewish family and in a group of Ashkenazi Jewish families. Utilizing GT repeat polymorphisms from this region, here we demonstrate that the gene causing dystonia in Ashkenazi Jews can be localized to the 11-cM interval between AK1 and D9S10. Linkage analysis in the non-Jewish family is also consistent with occurrence of the gene in this region, although positive lod scores extend over a greater than 20-cM interval in that family. These results set the stage for positional cloning of the dystonia gene. Currently there are no known candidate genes in this region.
Drug Delivery: Transdermal Delivery Devices: Fabrication, Mechanics and Drug Release from Silk (Small 21/2013) (2013)

A high aspect ratio microneedle biomedical device fabricated from aqueous silk protein solution using micromolding techniques is reported by D. L. Kaplan and co-workers on page 3704. The device is formed under ambient conditions, which allows the inclusion of sensitive pharmaceuticals or other bioactive compounds during fabrication with the retention of function of these active compounds post fabrication. The properties of the microneedles are tailorable based on the morphology of the needles and the post fabrication processing of the devices. The devices are biocompatible and also fully degradable in vivo due to proteolysis.
Theory of “frozen waves”: modeling the shape of stationary wave fields (2005)

In this work, starting by suitable superpositions of equal-frequency Bessel beams, we develop a theoretical and experimental methodology to obtain localized stationary wave fields (with high transverse localization) whose longitudinal intensity pattern can approximately assume any desired shape within a chosen interval 0 < or = z < or = L of the propagation axis z. Their intensity envelope remains static, i.e., with velocity v = 0, so we have named "frozen waves" (FWs) these new solutions to the wave equations (and, in particular, to the Maxwell equation). Inside the envelope of a FW, only the carrier wave propagates. The longitudinal shape, within the interval 0 < or = z < or = L, can be chosen in such a way that no nonnegligible field exists outside the predetermined region (consisting, e.g., in one or more high-intensity peaks). Our solutions are notable also for the different and interesting applications they can have--especially in electromagnetism and acoustics--such as optical tweezers, atom guides, optical or acoustic bistouries, and various important medical apparatuses.
Detection of the fetal ECG during labour by an intrauterine probe (1988)

The feasibility of detecting the fetal ECG (FECG) from within the uterus in labour by a technique which is non-invasive to the fetus, has been investigated. The design of a special multi-electrode flexible probe has demonstrated that the FECG can be obtained with signal amplitudes of 20-300 microV and a success rate similar to that of the scalp electrode. Under favourable conditions very large signals can be detected in utero compared to a scalp electrode, but average signal amplitudes are lower. The probe is suitable as a carrier for other sensors such as pressure and temperature transducers. Currently, simultaneous FECG and intrauterine pressure measurement using a commercially available transducer within the same probe has been achieved.
[Review of basic studies about the cardiac stem cell and regenerative medicine]. (2008)

The availability of enough cardiomyocytes to transplant as a cardiac tissue is able to read the achievement of regenerative cardiac medicine. Tissue derived stem cells, embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are all potential cell sources. Several types of cardiac tissue stem cells have already been reported, and we describe about the characteristics and multipotency of these tissue stem cells with an accurate comparison. ES cells and iPS cells are highly proliferative and suitable for mass production, and efficient protocols for selective cardiomyocyte induction using ES cells and iPS cells are also significant. On the other hand, these cells still have several issues about purification and safety as well as ethical problems.
Identification of a Specific Antigenic Region of the P82 Protein of <i>Babesia equi</i> and Its Potential Use in Serodiagnosis (2003)

The efficacy of the Be82 gene product fused with glutathione S-transferase (GST/Be82) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the diagnosis of Babesia equi infection was reported previously (H. Hirata et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:1470-1474, 2002). However, the ELISA with the GST/Be82 antigen cross-reacted with Babesia caballi-infected horse sera, despite the high rate of detection of B. equi. These results suggested that GST/Be82 has an antigen in common with B. caballi or antigenicity similar to that of B. caballi. In the present study, we constructed a series of five clones with deletions in the Be82 gene product, each of which was fused with GST, and used them in ELISAs in order to overcome the cross-reactivity seen with B. caballi. One of the deletion clones, a clone with a deletion of the Be82 gene from positions 236 to 381 (Be82/236-381), specifically and sensitively detected B. equi-infected horse sera without cross-reactivity with B. caballi-infected horse sera. Assays with clones from which other gene products were deleted showed decreased sensitivities or remained nonspecific for the detection of B. equi-infected horse sera. These results suggest that the Be82/236-381 gene product is a novel antigen for the diagnosis of B. equi infection in horses.
The development of a circuit for the compression of digital audio (1993)

A circuit for the compression of digital audio has been developed which is very small in scale (less than 4000 gates) but exhibits nearly the same quality at 220.5 kb/s as the 705.6 kb/s 16 b PCM (pulse-code-modulated) sound. The proposed method improves the conventional ADPCM (adaptive differential pulse code modulation) coding method. This circuit was used to produce a low-cost and compact antishock compact disc player.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroxybenzene from <scp>d</scp>-Glucose:  Exploiting <i>myo</i>-Inositol as a Precursor to Aromatic Chemicals (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTSynthesis of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroxybenzene from d-Glucose: Exploiting myo-Inositol as a Precursor to Aromatic ChemicalsChad A. Hansen, Amy B. Dean, K. M. Draths, and J. W. FrostView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 15, 3799–3800Publication Date (Web):April 7, 1999Publication History Received23 November 1998Published online7 April 1999Published inissue 1 April 1999https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9840293Copyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1543Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (64 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Aromatic compounds,Metabolism,Organic reactions,Oxygen,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
Detecting Change in Program Behavior for Adaptive Optimization (2007)

Feedback information has proven useful in guiding optimizations in compilers and post-link optimizers. Program performance behavior can change over time and may invalidate the feedback information. Low overhead monitoring can be used to detect such changes, using performance metrics such as CPI. On a loaded SMT system, where other threads are simultaneously activated on the same CPU, the CPI shows large variability. We introduce an efficient monitoring method that is insensitive to other activities in the system and can be safely used to collect program behavior on a loaded SMT system. The overhead of this method is 0.58% with SPECint2000. We also introduce a novel transformation to the program behavior representation, which makes it insensitive to code optimizations and enables a comparison of the program behavior collected in different optimization cycles. This approach opens new opportunities and enables adaptive optimizations on modern SMT architectures.
Electronic control of elastomeric microfluidic circuits with shape memory actuators (2008)

Recently, sophisticated fluidic circuits with hundreds of independent valves have been built by using multi-layer soft-lithography to mold elastomers. However, this shrinking of microfluidic circuits has not been matched by a corresponding miniaturization of the actuation and interfacing elements that control the circuits; while the fluidic circuits are small ( approximately 10-100 micron wide channels), the Medusa's head-like interface, consisting of external pneumatic solenoids and tubing or mechanical pins to control each independent valve, is larger by one to four orders of magnitude (approximately mm to cm). Consequently, the dream of using large scale integration in microfluidics for portable, high throughput applications has been stymied. By combining multi-layer soft-lithography with shape memory alloys (SMA), we demonstrate electronically activated microfluidic components such as valves, pumps, latches and multiplexers, that are assembled on printed circuit boards (PCBs). Thus, high density, electronically controlled microfluidic chips can be integrated alongside standard opto-electronic components on a PCB. Furthermore, we introduce the idea of microfluidic states, which are combinations of valve states, and analogous to instruction sets of integrated circuit (IC) microprocessors. Microfluidic states may be represented in hardware or software, and we propose a control architecture that results in logarithmic reduction of external control lines. These developments bring us closer to building microfluidic circuits that resemble electronic ICs both physically, as well as in their abstract model.
The concept of a Z-number - A new direction in uncertain computation (2011)

Decisions are based on information. To be useful, information must be reliable. Basically, the concept of a Z-number relates to the issue of reliability of information. A Z-number, Z, has two components, Z=(A,B). The first component, A, is a restriction (generalized constraint) on the values which a real-valued uncertain variable, X, is allowed to take. The second component, B, is a measure of reliability (certainty) of the first component. Typically, A and B are described in a natural language. Example: (about 45 minutes, very sure). An important issue relates to computation with Z-numbers. Examples: What is the sum of (about 45 minutes, very sure) and (about 30 minutes, sure)? What is the square root of (approximately 100, likely)? Computation with Z-numbers falls within the province of Computing with Words (CW or CWW).
Optimized simultaneous ASL and BOLD functional imaging of the whole brain (2013)

Our method simultaneously optimizes ASL and BOLD acquisitions for CNR while economizing acquisition time.