gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PAMAM-RGD Conjugates Enhance siRNA Delivery Through a Multicellular Spheroid Model of Malignant Glioma (2009)

Generation 5 poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers were modified by the addition of cyclic RGD targeting peptides and were evaluated for their ability to associate with siRNA and mediate siRNA delivery to U87 malignant glioma cells. PAMAM-RGD conjugates were able to complex with siRNA to form complexes of approximately 200 nm in size. Modest siRNA delivery was observed in U87 cells using either PAMAM or PAMAM-RGD conjugates. PAMAM-RGD conjugates prevented the adhesion of U87 cells to fibrinogen-coated plates, in a manner that depends on the number of RGD ligands per dendrimer. The delivery of siRNA through three-dimensional multicellular spheroids of U87 cells was enhanced using PAMAM-RGD conjugates compared to the native PAMAM dendrimers, presumably by interfering with integrin-ECM contacts present in a three-dimensional tumor model.
Strain Differences in the Diabetogenic Activity of Streptozotocin in Mice (2006)

We have already reported that slowly progressive non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is produced by a single i.p. injection of a subdiabetogenic dose (100 mg/kg) of streptozotocin (STZ) to 8-week-old male ICR mice. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether or not the progressive NIDDM is induced in ddY, BALB/c, C57BL/6 and ICR mice by the administration of STZ. Eight-week-old male mice of the 4 different strains were administered a single i.p. injection of STZ at various doses (ICR, ddY and BALB/c: 100-200 mg/kg; C57BL/6: 75-150 mg/kg). Among the ddY, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, a time course-related rise in non-fasting serum glucose levels throughout the observation period of 1-12 weeks after STZ administration was only induced in the 125 mg/kg STZ ddY and 100 mg/kg STZ ICR mice. In contrast with serum glucose levels, the area of islets and the percentage of the relative number of insulin-immunoreactive cells (beta-cells) to glucagon-immunoreactive cells (alpha-cells) in the 100 mg/kg STZ ICR and 125 mg/kg STZ ddY mice continued to decrease gradually over time. In addition, in low dose STZ mice of both strains, the insulin response to glucose stimulation was extremely impaired over time, although non-fasting serum insulin levels were maintained near normal levels. The rate of the progression of diabetes was faster in the 125 mg STZ ddY mice than in the 100 mg/kg STZ ICR mice.
Solid‐Solution Phase Formation Rules for Multi‐component Alloys (2008)

The factors of the atomic size difference Delta and the enthalpy of mixing ΔHmix of the multi-component alloys were summarized from the literatures. The formation zones of solid-solution phases, intermediate phases, and bulk metallic glasses were determined and the validity was verified by experimental results. For forming the solid solution, the alloys should have high entropy of mixing, lower Delta, and not too negative and positive enthalpy of mixing.
Static Cyclic Prefix Alignment for OFDM-Based Waveforms (2016)

The cyclic prefix (CP) alignment is an appealing technique for achieving multiple goals such as peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction, out- of-band (OOB) leakage suppression, and physical layer (PHY) security. It generates a perturbation signal which is aligned with the CP duration of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols after it passes through the channel. The original method requires exact channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter to maintain perfect alignment. However, in practice, CSI may be erroneous due to the imperfect channel estimation and aged by the time that it is available at transmitter due to mobility. Thus, the alignment signal may not be exactly aligned with CP duration with the original method and interfere the data symbols. In this study, in order to address this challenge, we propose a method, called static CP alignment, which achieves the alignment regardless of the CSI by partially using the CP duration for the alignment purpose. Unlike the original CP alignment approach, the proposed technique eliminates the need of strong frequency selective multipath channel and achieves enhancements in waveform characteristics under any medium conditions.
Energy efficient data encoding in DRAM channels exploiting data value similarity (2016)

As DRAM data bandwidth increases, tremendous energy is dissipated in the DRAM data bus. To reduce the energy consumed in the data bus, DRAM interfaces with asymmetric termination, such as Pseudo Open Drain (POD) and Low Voltage Swing Terminated Logic (LVSTL), have been adopted in modern DRAMs. In interfaces using asymmetric termination, the amount of termination energy is proportional to the hamming weight of the data words. In this work, we propose Bitwise Difference Encoding (BD-Encoding), which decreases the hamming weight of data words, leading to a reduction in energy consumption in the modern DRAM data bus. Since smaller hamming weight of the data words also reduces switching activity, switching energy and power noise are also both reduced. BD-Encoding exploits the similarity in data words in the DRAM data bus. We observed that similar data words (i.e. data words whose hamming distance is small) are highly likely to be sent over at similar times. Based on this observation, BD-coder stores the data recently sent over in both the memory controller and DRAMs. Then, BD-coder transfers the bitwise difference between the current data and the most similar data. In an evaluation using SPEC 2006, BD-Encoding using 64 recent data reduced termination energy by 58.3% and switching energy by 45.3%. In addition, 55% of the LdI/dt noise was decreased with BD-Encoding.
Prostate Cancer and Supplementation With α-Tocopherol and β-Carotene: Incidence and Mortality in a Controlled Trial (1998)

Long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol substantially reduced prostate cancer incidence and mortality in male smokers. Other controlled trials are required to confirm the findings.
A Metamodel Independent Approach to Difference Representation. (2007)

It is of critical relevance that designers are able to comprehend the various kinds of design-level modifications that a system undergoes throughout its entire lifecycle. In this respect, an interesting and useful operation between subsequent system versions is the model difference calculation and representation. In this paper, a metamodel independent approach to the representation of model differences which is agnostic of the calculation method is presented. Given two models which conform to a metamodel, their difference is conforming to another metamodel derived from the former by an automated transformation. Difference models are first-class entities which induce transformations able to apply the modifications they specify. Finally, difference models can be composed sequentially and in parallel giving place to more complex modifications.
Hemodynamic effects of nitroglycerin in acute myocardial infarction. (1975)

Nitroglycerin (NTG) has recently been suggested to decrease myocardial ischemia and enhance cardiac pump function during acute myocardial infarction (AMI). To evaluate the sublingual agnet in this condition, the hemodynamic effects of 0.4 mg NTG administered to 16 supine patients during the first 72 hours of AMI were determined serially 5, 10 to 15, and 20 to 30 minutes post-NTG. Data were evaluated for the entire group, as well as for six patients with normal pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAW) (less than or equal to 12 mm Hg; mean 7) who formed group I and for ten patients with elevated PAW (greater than 12 MM Hg; mean 19) who comprised group II. In the 16 patients, NTG resulted in significant decreases in PAW (14 TO 7 MM Hg; P less than .01), mean systemic arterial pressure (MAP) (95 TO 82 MM Hg; P less than .01), cardiac index (CI) (1.79 TO 1.46 L/min/m-2; P less than .02), stroke index (SI) (24 TO 18 CC/M-2; P less than .01) and stroke work index (SWI) (27 TO 20 GM TIMES M/M-2; P less than .01). These alterations were significant in both subgroups, with the decline in PAW greater (P less than .05), while there was no change in group II. There was no significant change in total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR) for the entire group or in the two subgroups. This study demonstrates that, regardless of initial left ventricular filling pressure, sublingual NTG given in the acute phase of AMI results in rapid fall in PAW, concomitant with decreases in systemic blood pressure, cardiac output and SWI, without changes in TPVR and with little or no effect on heart rate. Since TPVR was unaltered, the decline in MAP was due to fall in cardiac output. Thus, the principal action of sublingual NTG in AMI appears to be systemic venodilation with consequent reduction of ventricular preload. This effect is translated into decline ofpump output even in patients with high initial filling pressures. Although NTG may rapidly relieve pulmonary congestion and lower myocardial oxygen consumption, use of the agent sublingually is limited in AMI because these salutary effects are accomppanied by potentially deleterious fall in cardiac output and systemic blood pressure.
Neurobehavioural consequences of closed head injury in the elderly (1997)

The assessment of neurobehavioural outcome after head injury in older patients (> 60 year old) has met with difficultives, due to the obstacles in finding subjects who would constitute an appropriate control group. In the present study, survivors of closed head injury (CHI) of this age group were compared to two control groups: (1) orthopaedic patients (OP) who were injured in similar circumstances but did not sustain head injury and (2) healthy, age-matched volunteers (HC). Compared with HC, CHI and OP were impaired on word fluency, memory and reasoning. No differences were found between CHI and the OP. These results may indicate that, rather than resulting only from the head injury brought about by falling, the cognitive decline may predate the injury and increase the risk of accidents in old age.
A comparison of intravenous hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone in acute bronchial asthma. (1986)

The short-term airway response of 14 subjects with severe asthma to equivalent low doses of intravenous hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone was examined. Overall the subjects improved without any significant differences between the three groups in subject age, baseline percent predicted FEV1, or percent predicted FEV1 at 3, 6, 9, 24, 48, and 72 hours (P greater than .05).
Fertilizer producer pricing in developing countries : issues and approaches (1986)

This paper focusses on the setting of ex-factory prices for the producers of fertilizers in the developing world. Regardless of whether prices are determined by the free market or by an official agency, to be economically optimal they should perform several objectives: (1) the provision of stimulus to mobilize and allocate adequate resources for fertilizer capacity expansion; (2) encouragement of the optimal choice of process, effective control of feedstock and other operating costs; (3) satisfactory levels of capacity utilization; and (3) where necessary, closure of obsolete, high cost plants. Most developing countries set prices by: (1) reference to the estimated costs of domestic producers; or (2) reference to international market prices. The strengths and weaknesses of alternative approaches are evaluated and practical recommendations made on improving incentives for efficiency in the sector.
Probing key DNA contacts in AraR-mediated transcriptional repression of the Bacillus subtilis arabinose regulon (2007)

In the absence of arabinose, the AraR transcription factor represses the expression of genes involved in the utilization of arabinose, xylose and galactose in Bacillus subtilis. AraR exhibits a chimeric organization: the N-terminal DNA-binding region belongs to the GntR family and the C-terminal effector-binding domain is homologous to the GalR/LacI family. Here, the AraR-DNA-binding interactions were characterized in vivo and in vitro. The effect of residue substitutions in the AraR N-terminal domain and of base-pair exchanges into an AraR-DNA-binding operator site were examined by assaying for AraR-mediated regulatory activity in vivo and DNA-binding activity in vitro. The results showed that residues K4, R45 and Q61, located in or near the winged-helix DNA-binding motif, were the most critical amino acids required for AraR function. In addition, the analysis of the various mutations in an AraR palindromic operator sequence indicated that bases G9, A11 and T16 are crucial for AraR binding. Moreover, an AraR mutant M34T was isolated that partially suppressed the effect of mutations in the regulatory cis-elements. Together, these findings extend the knowledge on the nature of AraR nucleoprotein complexes and provide insight into the mechanism that underlies the mode of action of AraR and its orthologues.
Solvent-free sampling with di-n-butylamine for monitoring of isocyanates in air (2005)

The solvent-free sampler for airborne isocyanates consisted of a polypropylene tube with an inner wall coated with a glass fibre filter, coupled in series with a 13 mm glass fibre filter. The filters were impregnated with reagent solution containing equimolar amounts of di-n-butylamine (DBA) and acetic acid. Air sampling was performed with an air flow of 0.2 l min(-1). The formed isocyanate-DBA derivatives were determined using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The sampler was investigated in regard to collection principle and extraction of the formed derivatives with good results. The possibility to store the sampler before sampling and to perform long-term sampling was demonstrated. Field extraction of the sampler was not necessary, as there was no difference between immediately extracted samples and stored ones (2 days). In comparative studies, the sampler was evaluated against a reference method, impinger-filter sampling with DBA as reagent. The ratios between the results obtained with the sampler and the reference in a test chamber at a relative humidity (RH) of 45% was in the range of 83-109% for isocyanates formed during thermal decomposition of PUR. At RH 95%, the range was 72-101% with the exception of isocyanic acid. In two field evaluations, the ratios for fast curing 2,4'- and 4,4'-methylene bisphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) was in the range 81-113% and for the 3-ring MDI the range was 54-70%. For the slower curing 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and HDI isocyanurate, the ratios were in the range 78-145%. In conclusion, the solvent-free sampler is a convenient alternative in most applications to the more cumbersome impinger-filter sampler.
Reactions of β-aminovinyl bromodifluoromethyl ketones with alkyl phosphites: Perkow versus Arbuzov (2009)

New bromodifluoromethyl enaminones 1a – 1f and γ-bromo-β-morpholinopropenyl fluoromethyl ketones 2a , 2b were synthesized. N -Substituted bromodifluoromethyl enaminones 1a – 1d do not react with triethyl or diethyl phosphites, whereas N -acylated enaminones 1e , 1f gave difluorodienyl phosphates 4a , 4b as Perkow rearrangement products. Fluoroketone 2a reacts easily with triethyl phosphite according to the Arbuzov protocol and a perspective building block – trifluoromethyl-containing phosphonate 7a is formed.
AT-527, a Double Prodrug of a Guanosine Nucleotide Analog, Is a Potent Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 <i>In Vitro</i> and a Promising Oral Antiviral for Treatment of COVID-19 (2021)

The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, is global and unprecedented. Although remdesivir has recently been approved by the FDA to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection, no oral antiviral is available for outpatient treatment. AT-527, an orally administered double prodrug of a guanosine nucleotide analog, was previously shown to be highly efficacious and well tolerated in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected subjects. Here, we report the potent <i>in vitro</i> activity of AT-511, the free base of AT-527, against several coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. In normal human airway epithelial cells, the concentration of AT-511 required to inhibit replication of SARS-CoV-2 by 90% (EC<sub>90</sub>) was 0.47 μM, very similar to its EC<sub>90</sub> against human coronavirus (HCoV)-229E, HCoV-OC43, and SARS-CoV in Huh-7 cells. Little to no cytotoxicity was observed for AT-511 at concentrations up to 100 μM. Substantial levels of the active triphosphate metabolite AT-9010 were formed in normal human bronchial and nasal epithelial cells incubated with 10 μM AT-511 (698 ± 15 and 236 ± 14 μM, respectively), with a half-life of at least 38 h. Results from steady-state pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies of nonhuman primates administered oral doses of AT-527, as well as pharmacokinetic data from subjects given daily oral doses of AT-527, predict that twice daily oral doses of 550 mg AT-527 will produce AT-9010 trough concentrations in human lung that exceed the EC<sub>90</sub> observed for the prodrug against SARS-CoV-2 replication. This suggests that AT-527 may be an effective treatment option for COVID-19.
Polycrystalline Thin-Film TiO<sub>2</sub>/Se Solar Cells (1985)

A new type of selenium solar cell with a titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )/Se heterojunction has been fabricated by low-cost process. An efficiency of 5.01% under AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW/cm 2 ) has been achieved without antireflection coatings. The corresponding short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage, and fill factor are 10.8 mA/cm 2 , 0.884 V, and 0.525, respectively. The efficiency is the highest among Se-based solar cells reported to date. These cells also have extremely high spectral response at short wavelengths, resulting in efficiencies of 11–13% under fluorescent light (500 lux).
Automated detection of aggressive and indolent prostate cancer on magnetic resonance imaging (2021)

Our SPCNet model accurately detected aggressive prostate cancer. Its performance approached that of radiologists, and it helped identify lesions otherwise missed by radiologists. Our model has the potential to assist physicians in specifically targeting the aggressive component of prostate cancers during biopsy or focal treatment.
Light-Emitting Metasurfaces: Simultaneous Control of Spontaneous Emission and Far-Field Radiation (2018)

Light-emitting sources and devices permeate every aspect of our lives and are used in lighting, communications, transportation, computing, and medicine. Advances in multifunctional and "smart lighting" would require revolutionary concepts in the control of emission spectra and directionality. Such control might be possible with new schemes and regimes of light-matter interaction paired with developments in light-emitting materials. Here we show that all-dielectric metasurfaces made from III-V semiconductors with embedded emitters have the potential to provide revolutionary lighting concepts and devices, with new functionality that goes far beyond what is available in existing technologies. Specifically, we use Mie-resonant metasurfaces made from semiconductor heterostructures containing epitaxial quantum dots. By controlling the symmetry of the resonant modes, their overlap with the emission spectra, and other structural parameters, we can enhance the brightness by 2 orders of magnitude, as well as reduce its far-field divergence significantly.
DNA Branch Migration Reactions Through Photocontrollable Toehold Formation (2013)

Strand displacement cascades are commonly used to make dynamically assembled structures. Particularly, the concept of "toehold-mediated DNA branch migration reactions" has attracted considerable attention in relation to dynamic DNA nanostructures. However, it is a challenge to obtain and control the formation of pure 1:1 ratio DNA duplexes with toehold structures. Here, for the first time, we report a photocontrolled toehold formation method, which is based on the photocleavage of 2-nitrobenzyl linker-embedded DNA hairpin precursor structures. UV light irradiation (λ ≈ 365 nm) of solutions containing these DNA hairpin structures causes the complete cleavage of the nitrobenzyl linker, and pure 1:1 DNA duplexes with toehold structures are easily formed. Our experimental results indicate that the amount of toehold can be controlled by simply changing the dose of UV irradiation and that the resulting toehold structures can be used for subsequent toehold-mediated DNA branch migration reactions, e.g., DNA hybridization chain reactions. This newly established method will find broad application in the construction of light-powered, controllable, and dynamic DNA nanostructures or large-scale DNA circuits.
Kontrolle von Spannungsrelaxation und Defektbildung in metamorphen III-V Halbleiterheterostrukturen für hocheffiziente Solarzellen (2009)

Die hier vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Weiterentwicklung von monolithischen III-V Mehrfach­solarzellen mit drei pn-Übergängen für die Anwendung in konzentrierenden Photovoltaik­systemen. Diese Tripelsolarzellen bestehen aus einer GaInP-Oberzelle, einer GaInAs-Mittelzelle und einer Ger­manium-Unter­zelle, die mittels elektrisch leitender und optisch transparenter Tunneldioden verbunden sind. Derartige Solarzellen erzielen mittlerweile Rekord­wirkungs­grade von mehr als 40 % unter konzentriertem Licht. Bei den III-V Hoch­effizienz­solar­zellen sind die An­forderungen an die Materialqualität außerordentlich hoch. Insbesondere bei der metamorphen Tripelsolar­zelle, bei der Verbindungs­halbleiter mit unterschiedlichen Atom­abständen epitaktisch aufeinander ab­ge­schieden werden, treten Kristall­defekte auf, die die Leistungs­fähigkeit der Solar­zelle sehr stark beein­trächtigen können. Durch Anwendung geeigneter Schichtwachstums­konzepte können die Bildung der Kristall­defekte manipuliert und deren Einfluss auf die Effizienz einer Solarzelle minimiert werden. Die konventionelle sowie die hochauflösende Transmissionselektronen­mikroskopie (TEM und HRTEM) und die hochauflösende Röntgenbeugung (HRXRD) haben sich als erfolgreich erwiesen, die Bildung von Defekten sowie die auftretenden Schichtspannungen zu unter­suchen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte unter Anwendung dieser Methoden eine hocheffiziente Tripelsolarzelle mit einem Weltrekordwirkungsgrad von 41.1 % unter konzentriertem Licht entwickelt werden.
Comprehensive Screening of Urine Samples for Inborn Errors of Metabolism by Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2002)

The procedure is faster and less labor-intensive than conventional methods of testing for IEM by amino and organic acid profiling and has similar diagnostic sensitivity. The ability to include a greater range of metabolites offers the potential of a more comprehensive screening procedure.
Generating test cases via model-based simulation (2012)

We present a new model-based test case generation approach, which takes inputs an executable system model and preliminary test case coverage, performs an automated model simulation, and eventually generates refined test cases for software testing. We adopt Live Sequence Charts to specify an executable system model, and present a logic-based model simulator for consistency testing. As a result, our model simulator produces a state transition diagram(STD) justifying the model's runtime behaviors, where each state is labeled with a set of runtime properties that are true in the state. The STD can then be automatically transformed into a refined set of test cases, in a form of a context-free grammar. Finally, we show that LSCs can also be used to specify and test certain temporal system properties during the model simulation. Their satisfaction, reflected in the STD, can either be served as a directive for selective test generation, or a basis for further temporal property model checking.