gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MR Safe Robot, FDA Clearance, Safety and Feasibility of Prostate Biopsy Clinical Trial (2016)

Compatibility of mechatronic devices with the MR environment has been a very challenging engineering task. After over a decade of developments, we report the successful translation to clinical trials of our MR Safe robot technology. MrBot is a 6-degree-of-freedom, pneumatically actuated robot for transperineal prostate percutaneous access, built exclusively of electrically nonconductive and nonmagnetic materials. Its extensive pre-clinical tests have been previously reported. Here, we present the latest technology developments, an overview of the regulatory protocols, and technically related results of the clinical trial. The FDA has approved the MrBot for the biopsy trial, which was successfully performed in 5 patients. With no trajectory corrections, and no unsuccessful attempts to target a site, the robot achieved an MRI based needle targeting accuracy of 2.55 mm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first robot approved by the FDA for the MR environment. The results confirm that it is possible to perform safe and accurate robotic manipulation in the MRI scanner, and the development of MR Safe robots is no longer a daunting technical challenge.
Recent Developments on Human Cell Lines for the Bioartificial Liver (2002)

Most bioartificial liver (BAL) devices contain porcine primary hepatocytes as their biological component. However, alternatives are needed due to xenotransplantation associated risks. Human liver cell lines have excellent growth characteristics and are therefore candidates for application in BAL devices. Tumour-derived cell lines HepG2 and C3A express a variety of liver functions, but some specific liver functions, like ammonia detoxification and ureagenesis are insufficient. Immortalised human hepatocytes might offer better prospects. The balance between immortalisation and transformation with dedifferentiation of cells seems controllable by conditional immortalisation and/or the use of telomerase as immortalising agent. Another promising approach will be the use of embryonic or adult human stem cells. Rodent stem cells have been directed to hepatic differentiation in vitro, which might be applicable to human stem cells. However, both functionality and safety of immortalised human liver cell lines and differentiated stem cells should be improved before successful use in BAL devices becomes reality.
Diversity among the gram-positive acetyltransferases inactivating streptogramin A and structurally related compounds and characterization of a new staphylococcal determinant, vatB (1995)

A gene encoding an acetyltransferase inactivating streptogramin A (SgA) and structurally similar compounds was isolated from a staphylococcal plasmid and sequenced. This gene, designated vatB, potentially encodes a 212-amino-acid protein, VatB, of 23,320 Da with 47.4 and 58.4% amino acid identities with two other enzymes with the same activity, Vat and SatA, respectively, which are encoded by a staphylococcal plasmid and an enterococcal plasmid, respectively. The C-terminal parts of these three enzymes share significant homology with the C-terminal parts of 10 other acetyltransferases modifying various substrates. A pair of degenerate primers representing the conserved motifs shared by VatB, Vat, and SatA was designed to detect the three genes encoding these SgA acetyltransferases. Five of 12 clinical SgAr Staphylococcus aureus isolates tested carried neither these genes nor the gene vga, which confers resistance to SgA by a different mechanism, suggesting that another gene(s) and possibly another mechanism of resistance to SgA in staphylococci remains to be characterized.
SANboost: automated SAN-level caching in storage area networks (2004)

The storage traffic for different logical units (LUs) of a disk array converge at the array's cache. The cache is allocated among the LUs approximately according to their relative I/O rates. In the case of nonuniform I/O rates and sensitivity to storage response times between differing applications in a storage area network (SAN), undesirable cache interference between LUs can result in unacceptable storage performance for some LUs. This paper describes SANBoost, a SAN-level caching approach that can be enabled selectively on a per-LU basis to provide a performance isolation mechanism for response time metrics related to storage quality of service (QoS). SANBoost automates hot data detection and migration processes in block-level storage. The design consists of a migration module implemented in a fabric-based SAN virtualization appliance and a solid-state disk (SSD) that acts as a cache resource within the same SAN. Simulation results quantify the impact of a specific static SANBoost caching policy on the SPC-1 benchmark workload and address the relative impact of adapting a threshold in the placement algorithm.
Text Influenced Molecular Indexing (TIMI):  A Literature Database Mining Approach that Handles Text and Chemistry (2003)

We present an application of a novel methodology called Text Influenced Molecular Indexing (TIMI) to mine the information in the scientific literature. TIMI is an extension of two existing methodologies: (1) Latent Semantic Structure Indexing (LaSSI), a method for calculating chemical similarity using two-dimensional topological descriptors, and (2) Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI), a method for generating correlations between textual terms. The singular value decomposition (SVD) of a feature/object matrix is the fundamental mathematical operation underlying LSI, LaSSI, and TIMI and is used in the identification of associations between textual and chemical descriptors. We present the results of our studies with a database containing 11,571 PubMed/MEDLINE abstracts which show the advantages of merging textual and chemical descriptors over using either text or chemistry alone. Our work demonstrates that searching text-only databases limits retrieved documents to those that explicitly mention compounds by name in the text. Similarly, searching chemistry-only databases can only retrieve those documents that have chemical structures in them. TIMI, however, enables search and retrieval of documents with textual, chemical, and/or text- and chemistry-based queries. Thus, the TIMI system offers a powerful new approach to uncovering the contextual scientific knowledge sought by the medical research community.
Effective bulk doping concentration of diffused and undiffused silicon wafers obtained from combined photoconductance and photoluminescence measurements (2012)

ABSTRACT The effective doping concentration of the bulk of a silicon wafer is an important material parameter for photovoltaic applications. The techniques commonly used to measure the effective doping concentration are based on conductance or resistivity measurements and include both contacted methods, such as the four‐point probe, and contactless approaches, such as eddy current measurements. Applying these techniques to diffused wafers is complicated by the fact that the total conductance is the sum of the bulk conductance and the diffused layer conductance. Without further information about the emitter properties, a clear separation of these two parameters is not possible. This paper demonstrates a contactless method for specifically measuring the effective doping concentration of the bulk without significant influence from diffused layers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural robustness affects the engineerability of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases for genetic code expansion (2019)

Abstract The ability to engineer the substrate specificity of natural aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs facilitates the site-specific incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins. The Methanocaldococcus jannaschii derived tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (MjTyrRS)/tRNA pair has been engineered to incorporate numerous ncAAs into protein expressed in bacteria. However, it cannot be used in eukaryotic cells due to cross-reactivity with its host counterparts. The E. coli derived tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (EcTyrRS)/tRNA pair offers a suitable alternative to this end, but a much smaller subset of ncAAs has been genetically encoded using this pair. Here we report that this discrepancy, at least partly, stems from the lower structural robustness of EcTyrRS relative to MjTyrRS. We show that engineered TyrRS mutants in general exhibit significantly lower thermostability relative to their wild-type counterparts. Derived from a thermophilic archaeon, MjTyrRS is a remarkably sturdy protein and tolerates extensive active site engineering without a catastrophic loss of stability at physiological temperature. In contrast, EcTyrRS exhibits significantly lower thermostability, rendering some of its engineered mutants insufficiently stable at physiological temperature. Our observations identify the structural robustness of an aaRS as an important factor that significantly influences how extensively it can be engineered. To overcome this limitation, we have further developed chimeras between EcTyrRS and its homolog from a thermophilic bacteria, which offer an optimal balance between thermostability and activity. We show that the chimeric bacterial TyrRSs show enhanced tolerance for destabilizing active site mutations, providing a potentially more engineerable platform for genetic code expansion.
Index-matching elastomers for fiber optics (1990)

Silicone elastomers have been prepared to match the index of refraction of the core of optical fiber. The system is composed of a vinyl-terminated dimethyldiphenylsiloxane copolymer crosslinked with tri- or tetrafunctional silanes in the presence of a chloroplatinic acid catalyst. The refractive index of the copolymer was determined as a function of diphenyl content and temperature. By measuring the reflected power from the elastomer-encapsulated end of a single-mode optical fiber it was found that a copolymer with 15% diphenyl content crosslinked with 1,3-diphenyl-1,1,3,3-tetrakis(dimethylsiloxy)disiloxane with a hydride/vinyl stoichiometry of unity has a perfect index match at about 30 degrees C. Environmental testing under 85/85 conditions has shown the material to be capable of protecting biased positive-intrinsic-negative (p-i-n) devices for more than 5000 h. Some other advantages of the system are that it is relatively nontoxic, environmentally stable, and can be easily cured at temperatures below 120 degrees C.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A rule-based heuristic finite capacity scheduling system for semiconductor backend assembly (2004)

Finite capacity scheduling (FCS) has been widely implemented in manufacturing companies for detailed shop floor operation management. Most of the traditional and artificial intelligence-based FCS systems lack the ability to provide a satisfying and practical solution for the large-scale scheduling problem in a complex environment. This paper describes a rule-based FCS system for the daily production scheduling (DPS) of a semiconductor backend assembly company. DPS is the FCS module of the gintic scheduling system (GSS), which has been enhanced and implemented successfully in a semiconductor backend assembly company, which is a world market leader in semiconductor packaging technology. Since the focus of this paper is on the DPS module, the overall framework and the other core modules of GSS are briefly covered. The detailed design of the six DPS modules, namely data input/integration, model configuration, data pre-processing, job prioritization (JP) executive, machine selection (MS) executive and result output, are presented in detail. The inference engines of JP and MS executive modules are discussed, which perform a unique rule-based job prioritization and machine selection process of the work order list and the assignments on the machines to achieve the desired scheduling objectives specified by the end user. Group technology is incorporated into the system to categorise the resources and parts for set-up/changeover reduction consideration. The successful deployment of the system in the industry endorsed the fact that the implemented DPS system has the capability to solve large-scale scheduling problems and performs well in the complex industrial environment. Favourable feedbacks received from the company include reduction in changeover and set-up, improved on-time delivery, increased machine utilization, decreased cumulative cycle time of work order, etc.
A Passive Progressive Damping Design for Ride and Handling (2013)

This article presents a method of synthesizing the non-linear compression damping curve to more effectively control the suspension behavior over roads that generate maximum wheel displacements, while maintaining good ride quality on normal roads. One degree of freedom (1DOF) nonlinear mechanical system is used to develop the optimal compression damping curve. All findings obtained using this 1DOF system are then confirmed using a quarter car model, full vehicle ADAMS model, and vehicle tests. The article addresses only the jounce portion of the damping curve which significantly influences the wheel displacement and shock tower load during a pothole event.
Temperature Response on NPN and PNP Bipolar Junction Transistors after Total Ionizing Dose Irradiation Exposure (2019)

A temperature-dependent analytical model for total-ionizing-dose-induced excess base current in BJTs is proposed. Model captures base current evolution with temperature on irradiated parts. In this work, BJTs are irradiated at room temperature. Base currents are obtained and the concentrations of oxide defects created during irradiation are calculated. Both base current and defect densities resulting from room temperature irradiations are used as inputs to SPICE simulations and the analytical model. Experimental data obtained from measurements at both low and high temperatures on parts irradiated at room temperature are shown to compare well to the simulation results and analytical model over a range of temperatures.
Particle swarm optimization of a micro air-launch vehicle trajectory (2011)

The demand for submicrosatellites is growing rapidly. A new low-cost launching method is needed to launch these types of satellites. This can be done by launching from airplanes. By implementing air launching, there would be no restrictions on the launch site, the launch angle, and the launch direction. In this paper, trajectory optimization of the micro air-launch vehicle (MALV) is carried out using the particle swarm optimization method. The problem is treated as a parameter optimization problem, and it is formulated as a single objective constraint optimization problem with the explicit objective of maximizing the payload mass. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed technique in solving the nonlinear optimal trajectory problem for MALV.
Some Results of Various New Chemical Reagents for Modifying Coal Flotation Performance (1992)

This paper describes a series of mechanical flotation cell results run with various chemical reagent schemes designed to economically improve the flotation performance associated with selected industrially available coals. The emphasis is on the identification of practical flotation methods of processing coals containing unusually coarse and/or fine feed sizes, of increasing the recovery of oxidized and/or difficult to float coal, and of increasing the selectivity of coal over pyrite in high sulfur coals.
Image collapsing concentrators. Final technical report, 1 October 1977-1 October 1980 (1980)

Wide-angle focusing Fresnel Lenses with specially curved image collapsing mirrors are developed for nontracking solar concentrators. A new type of stepped prism lens is designed with prism facets on either the inside or outer lens surface which concentrates solar radiation incident in a 60/sup 0/ elevation by 100/sup 0/ azimuth angle sectors. Thermal tests on a small model collector with a dielectric lens aperture 30 1/2 x 30 1/2 cms were conducted using a single subreflector which concentrated all acceptance zone radiation onto a fixed absorber shelf 8 cms wide. With absorbing copper tubes coated with black chrome carrying water as circulant thermal efficiencies of approximately 50% on large East West deployed solar panels are estimated. Vacuum abosrbers were also installed with improved efficiencies and operating temperatures. Segmented subreflectors were designed to increase concentration ratios from 3 to approximately 12. An economic study of the comparative cost vs performance advantages of this new technology was made. Production cost (1980) for the stepped lens - single subreflector concentrator were estimated at about $113. per meter/sup 2/ ($10.50 per ft/sup 2/). Because of the wider angular coverages, thinner structures, and sharp focusing available for larger concentration ratios, the new technology offers important advantages at lower costs over other concentrating nontracking solar collectors. A thin collector panel was studied which uses a novel internal absorber rod lens and the high thermal conductivity of copper strups for heat extraction. Thermal efficiencies and concentration ratios of about 3 are projected with important savings in collector materials.
Superjunction IGBT vs. FS IGBT for 200&#x00B0;C operation (2015)

Adverse effects on the temperature-dependent properties of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) are often observed when the junction temperature exceeds 175°C. It is believed that attempts in enabling the operation of IGBTs at 200°C will inevitably introduce penalties in some electrical properties of the device. Therefore, the trade-off relationship between the key parameters must be carefully considered. In this paper, we present for the first time that the Superjunction (SJ) IGBT can deliver the best performance trade-offs between the conduction and turn-off losses while maintaining low leakage current at 200°C when compared with other IGBTs. Moreover, the output and switching characteristics of SJ IGBTs depend on the SJ pillar geometry and the doping level of the SJ pillars. We discover that the structure with disconnected p-body and p-pillar with moderate pillar doping concentration (D <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pn</sub> ) is the key in achieving excellent turn-off behavior without sacrificing the on-state voltage drop (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> ) at 200°C.
Plasma-assisted thermal atomic layer etching of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (2017)

In this paper, we report on plasma assisted thermal Atomic Layer Etching (ALE) of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. The surface was modified via a fluorine containing plasma without bias power. The removal was accomplished by a thermal reaction step using tin-(II) acetylacetonate Sn(acac)<sub>2</sub>. After a few cycles, material removal stopped and growth of a Sn-containing layer was observed. Insertion of a hydrogen plasma step was found to remove the Sn layer and a continuous material removal of 0.5 Å/cycle was measured. The results show that plasma assistance can be used to realize thermal ALE of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. Specifically, plasma can be used both in the fluorination step and to keep the surface free from contaminations.
Towards a Robust Metric of Opinion (2004)

This paper describes an automated system for detecting po-lar expressions about a topic of interest. The two elementary components of this approach are a shallow NLP polar lan-guage extraction system and a machine learning based topic classifier. These components are composed together by mak-ing a simple but accurate collocation assumption: if a topical sentence contains polar language, the system predicts that the polar language is reflective of the topic, and not some other subject matter. We evaluate our system, components and as-sumption on a corpus of online consumer messages. Based on these components, we discuss how to measure the overall sentiment about a particular topic as expressed in on-line messages authored by many different people. We pro-pose to use the fundamentals of Bayesian statistics to form an aggregate authorial opinion metric. This metric would propagate uncertainties introduced by the polarity and topic modules to facilitate statistically valid comparisons of opin-ion across multiple topics.
Ranking and Updating Beliefs Based on User Feedback: Industrial Use Cases (2015)

Incorporation of user feedback in enterprise management products can greatly enhance our understanding of modern technology challenges and amplify the ability for those products to home in to user environments. In this paper we present an entropy-based confidence determination approach to process user feedback data (direct or indirect) to automatically rank and update the beliefs of any recommender system. Several examples of application of this method are discussed in the context of VMware products. Moreover, an optimization algorithm is demonstrated for adaptive thresholding of monitoring flows based on user ratings of generated alerts effectiveness.
Noninvasive Monitoring of a Freeze-Drying Process for <i>tert</i>-Butanol/Water Cosolvent-Based Formulations (2016)

Freeze-drying from mixtures of water and organic solvents has been demonstrated to be beneficial to both product quality and process duration. The aim of this study was to develop a new model-based technology (referred to as valveless monitoring system) that makes it possible to monitor noninvasively the sublimation step in the case of lyophilization from both aqueous solutions and organic/water cosolvent systems. This technology can directly measure the rate of sublimation and infer key quality variables, which cannot be measured online, from process variables (i.e., pressure inside the drying chamber and condenser) that are commonly measured during a freeze-drying cycle. These estimations are useful not only to monitor the process but also to design the cycle. In fact, the proposed monitoring system can also estimate either the heat transfer coefficient or the mass transfer resistance through two separate experiments. This study also shows how these two parameters (coupled with a mathematical model of the process) can be used to identify the values of the process conditions that allow maintenance of key quality variables within specified limits. Examples of application of this system to a tert-butanol/water cosolvent-based formulation are presented and discussed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.