gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of High Density Plasma Sources For (1993)

In this review article, we focus on recent advances in plasma source technology for materials processing applications. The motivation behind new source development is discussed along with the limitations of conventional radio frequency diode systems. Then the fundamental principles underlying electron heating in electron cyclotron resonance, helicon wave, inductively coupled, helical resonator, and surface wave plasmas are discussed with some attention to design issues. The transport of ions to device wafers and its influence on etching anisotrophy is discussed for all sources. Similarly, we examine the benefits of using high density sources for minimizing plasma process induced damage and discuss in particular, the effects of plasma uniformity on charging damage.
RIR-MAPLE deposition of multifunctional films combining biocidal and fouling release properties (2014)

Multifunctional films with both antimicrobial activity and fouling-release ability based on a biocidal quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) and thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) were deposited on substrates using resonant infrared, matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (RIR-MAPLE). The surface properties of these films were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and water contact angle measurements. The biocidal and release properties of the films were tested against Escherichia coli K12 and Staphylococcus epidermidis. At 37 °C, the deposited film facilitated bacterial attachment and killed a majority of attached bacteria. Decrease of the temperature to 25 °C promoted the hydration and at least partial dissolution of PNIPAAm, leading to bacterial detachment from the film. To enhance the retention of PNIPAAm on the substrate, a small amount of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) was incorporated as a stabilizer, resulting in a ternary film with biocidal activity and bacterial-release ability after several attach-kill-release cycles. The simplicity and universality of RIR-MAPLE to form films on a wide range of substrata make it a promising technique to deposit multifunctional films to actively mitigate bacterial biofouling.
Taxi Demand Prediction with LSTM-Based Combination Model (2019)

Taxi demands to predict in urban city helps to guide the drivers to cruise and pickup riders, which increases drivers' income and decreases riders' waiting time. The taxi demands prediction problem is usually cast as a time series prediction task, and deep models such as recurrent neural network (RNN) or long short-term memory (LSTM) is adopted for the prediction. In this paper, we present a LSTM-based combination model to predict taxi demand based on the recent demand and other relevant information. More specifically, we use a spatio-temporal component to capture the spatio-temporal information and use an attribute component to obtain external information (e.g. weather, point of interest), and these two components are combined to make the final predictions. We evaluate our method of two real-world datasets, and the results show that the proposed approach outperforms other prediction methods.
Chapter 16: State and Local Taxation (1979)

Income Taxes-Decisional Law.In the Survey year two cases and one administrative ruling dealt with the interplay between the general comprehensive income tax statute of Massachusetts and its underlying state constitutional basis. 1 Potential conflict arises in part because the Massachusetts income tax law is patterned closely after the Federal Internal Revenue Code,2 which of course is not restricted by the Massachusetts constitution.Massachusetts income taxation is, however, subject to the state constitutional stricture that although "[s}uch tax may be at different rates upon income from different classes of property ... , [it must} be levied at a uniform rate . . .upon incomes derived from the same class of property."3 In Daley v. State Tax Commission,4 the Supreme Judicial Court found this constitutional principle to conflict with the clear and unambiguous Massachusetts code provisions concerning the taxation of a recipient of a lump sum distribution 5 from a qualified employee retirement plan.Upon his retirement in 1972, the taxpayer received from his employer's qualified employee retirement plan 6 a lump sum distribution of over RICHARD A. COREN is in private practice in Boston.16.1. 1MASS.CONST.amend.XLIV. 2 Since 1971, Massachusetts has had three tax codes each modeled upon the Internal Revenue Code applicable to a particular year.Chapter 555, 5, of the Acts of 1971 inserted into C.L. c. 62, l(c), the following definition: '''Code', The Internal Revenue Code of the United States, as amended on January the first, nineteen hundred and seventy one."ld.Acts of 1973, c. 723, revamped portions of C.L. c. 62 to conform the Massachusetts income tax more closely with the federal income tax but retained the 1971 definition of the Code.Acts of 1977, e.
Using geomechanical modeling and wide‐azimuth data to quantify stress effects and anisotropy near salt bodies in the Gulf of Mexico (2008)

The state of stress in the subsurface influences the seismic velocity observed, and therefore, velocity may be used to indicate the state of stress in the subsurface. The presence of salt in a sedimentary column has a profound effect on the state of stress in the subsurface due to the difference in body forces (buoyancy effect) and abrupt material property changes, together with complex geometry, which is often associated with salt bodies. As a result of the presence of the salt body, the stress field around the salt is perturbed and is expected to affect the velocity field. In this paper, we present a workflow that quantifies the above effect by estimating velocity anisotropy from wide‐azimuth (WAZ) seismic data, performing detailed finite‐element stress modeling, and deriving velocity‐stress coupling using third‐order elasticity theory (TOE). We find TOE parameters that fit observed velocity anisotropy above salt. As our model is calibrated to observed anisotropy, we predict azimuthal anisotropy subsalt as well. This case study shows that geomechanical models can predict azimuthal velocity anisotropy and should be used when analyzing WAZ seismic data. We also show that seismic velocity anisotropy can predict high shear zone in the subsurface and can assist in identifying geomechanical hot spots.
Hepatitis B Virus (2021)

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health burden worldwide, with approximately 257 million people with chronic infection. HBV is a small partially double-stranded DNA virus that replicates within the nucleus of the hepatocyte and commonly leads to chronic infection. Chronic HBV infection can cause cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and extrahepatic manifestations such as glomerulonephritis or vasculitis. The latter is due to deposition of circulating immune complex in the different tissues. The natural history of HBV infection can be conceptualized as a spectrum encompassing different phases, including immune tolerance, immune clearance, inactive carrier, and reactivation and resolution. The diagnosis of the different phases of chronic HBV infection relies on various HBV serologies, liver enzyme levels, and histology findings. There are currently eight therapies approved for the treatment of HBV. Tenofovir alafenamide was the most recently approved therapy with a better side effect profile compared with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. With the recent advances in the basic research in hepatitis B, new treatment options may become available in the near-future. This review contains 9 figures, 11 tables and 80 references Key words: cirrhosis, entecavir, Hepadnaviridae, hepatitis B virus, hepatocellular carcinoma, precore mutation, tenofovir
A Class-D CMOS DCO with an on-chip LDO (2014)

This paper presents the co-design of a class-D digitally-controlled oscillator (DCO) and a low-dropout voltage regulator (LDO) generating the supply voltage for the DCO. Despite the high intrinsic supply pushing of the class-D oscillator topology, the LDO noise has only a very marginal impact on the DCO phase noise. The class-D DCO and LDO have been integrated in a 65 nm CMOS process without any thick top metal layer. The oscillation frequency is tunable between 3.0 GHz and 4.3 GHz, for a tuning range of 36%, with a fine frequency step below 3kHz and a fine frequency range of 10 MHz (both measured at 3GHz). Drawing 9.0 mA from 0.4V (corresponding to an unregulated supply voltage of 0.6 V), the phase noise is -145.5 dBc/Hz at a 10 MHz offset from a 3.0GHz carrier. The resulting FoM is 189.5 dBc/Hz, and varies less than 1dB across the tuning range. The FoM increases to above 190 dBc/Hz when the regulated supply voltage is 0.5 V.
EAT-2, a SAP-like adaptor, controls NK cell activation through phospholipase Cγ, Ca++, and Erk, leading to granule polarization (2014)

Ewing's sarcoma-associated transcript 2 (EAT-2) is an Src homology 2 domain-containing intracellular adaptor related to signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP), the X-linked lymphoproliferative gene product. Both EAT-2 and SAP are expressed in natural killer (NK) cells, and their combined expression is essential for NK cells to kill abnormal hematopoietic cells. SAP mediates this function by coupling SLAM family receptors to the protein tyrosine kinase Fyn and the exchange factor Vav, thereby promoting conjugate formation between NK cells and target cells. We used a variety of genetic, biochemical, and imaging approaches to define the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which EAT-2 controls NK cell activation. We found that EAT-2 mediates its effects in NK cells by linking SLAM family receptors to phospholipase Cγ, calcium fluxes, and Erk kinase. These signals are triggered by one or two tyrosines located in the carboxyl-terminal tail of EAT-2 but not found in SAP. Unlike SAP, EAT-2 does not enhance conjugate formation. Rather, it accelerates polarization and exocytosis of cytotoxic granules toward hematopoietic target cells. Hence, EAT-2 promotes NK cell activation by molecular and cellular mechanisms distinct from those of SAP. These findings explain the cooperative and essential function of these two adaptors in NK cell activation.
Genomic heterogeneity in bladder cancer as detected by fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization (1996)

These results suggest that the measurement of aneusomy using FISH, especially for chromosome 17, in bladder cancer may offer a new objective and quantitative assay of the biological potential of individual tumours.
Evaluation of mechanical accuracy for couch‐based tracking system (CBTS) (2012)

This study evaluated the mechanical accuracy of an in-house-developed couch-based tracking system (CBTS) according to respiration data. The overall delay time of the CBTS was calculated, and the accuracy, reproducibility, and loading effect of the CBTS were evaluated according to the sinusoidal waveform and various respiratory motion data of real patients with and without a volunteer weighing 75kg. The root mean square (rms) error of the accuracy, the reproducibility, and the sagging measurements were calculated for the three axes (X, Y, and Z directions) of the CBTS. The overall delay time of the CBTS was 0.251 sec. The accuracy and reproducibility in the Z direction in real patient data were poor, as indicated by high rms errors. The results of the loading effect were within 1.0 mm in all directions. This novel CBTS has the potential for clinical application for tumor tracking in radiation therapy.
Quantitative analysis of aggregation-solubility relationship by in-silico solubility prediction (2010)

Abstract: Aggregator (frequent hitter) compounds show non-selective binding activity against any target protein and must be removed from the compound library to reduce false positives in drug screening. A previous study suggested that aggregators show high hydrophobicity. The LogS values of aggregators and non-aggregators were estimated by the artificial neural network (ANN) model, the multi-linear regression (MLR) model, and the partial least squares regression (PLS) models, with the weighted learning (WL) method, and the results showed the same trend. The WL method is weighted on the data of the learning set molecules that are similar to the test molecule and improves the prediction accuracy. Bayesian analysis was applied, revealing a simple relationship between aggregation and solubility. Namely, the molecules with LogS > −5 were non-aggregators. In contrast, most of the molecules with LogS < −5 were aggregators. We also made a simple look-up table of probability of aggregation depending on the molecular weight and the number of hetero-atoms. Keywords: aggregator, frequent hitter, compound library, solubility prediction, generalized-Born accessible-surface area, GBSA
Nitrergic neurotransmission mediates the non‐adrenergic non‐cholinergic responses in the clitoral corpus cavernosum of the rabbit (1998)

The corpus cavernosum is the erectile tissue in the penis and clitoris. Although nitrergic neurotransmission has been characterized in detail in the penile corpus cavernosum, functional studies on the inhibitory non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) transmission in the clitoral corpus cavernosum have been lacking. Here we demonstrate that electrical field stimulation (EFS) induces NANC relaxation responses in the clitoral corpus cavernosum of the rabbit. These responses were inhibited by NG-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME), 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3,-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) or tetrodotoxin. The inhibitory effect of L-NAME was partially reversed by L-arginine but not by D-arginine. EFS-induced relaxations were enhanced by an inhibitor of type V cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase, zaprinast. These results suggest that nitrergic neurotransmission is responsible for the NANC relaxation responses in the clitoral corpus cavernosum of the rabbit.
When to use splay trees (2007)

Abstract In this paper we present new empirical results for splay trees. These results provide a better understanding of how cache performance affects query execution time. Our results show that splay trees can have faster lookup times compared with randomly built binary search trees (BST) under certain settings. In contrast, previous experiments have shown that because of the instruction overhead involved in splaying, splay trees are less efficient in answering queries than randomly built BSTs—even when the data sets are heavily skewed (a favorable setting for splay trees). We show that at large tree sizes the difference in cache performance between the two types of trees is significant. This difference means that splay trees are faster than BSTs for this setting—despite still having a higher instruction count. Based on these results we offer guidelines in terms of tree size, access pattern, and cache size as to when splay trees will likely be more efficient. We also present a new splaying heuristic aimed at reducing instruction count and show that it can improve on standard splaying by 10–27%. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of protein deamidation rates from primary and three-dimensional structure (2001)

A method for the quantitative estimation of instability with respect to deamidation of the asparaginyl (Asn) residues in proteins is described. The procedure involves the observation of several simple aspects of the three-dimensional environment of each Asn residue in the protein and a calculation that includes these observations, the primary amino acid residue sequence, and the previously reported complete set of sequence-dependent rates of deamidation for Asn pentapeptides. This method is demonstrated and evaluated for 23 proteins in which 31 unstable and 167 stable Asn residues have been reported and for 7 unstable and 63 stable Asn residues that have been reported in 61 human hemoglobin variants. The relative importance of primary structure and three-dimensional structure in Asn deamidation is estimated.
Low stress switching for efficiency (1996)

Power modules that turn on or off "softly," at near zero voltage or current, promise marked gains in performance by cutting switching losses and allowing faster controls-to the likely benefit of power converters. Medium power inverters have undergone significant changes. One improvement stems from new power transistors such as insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) with their increasing voltage- and current-carrying capabilities and increasing switching frequencies. Others derive from the use of digital signal processors and such modern control techniques as fuzzy logic and neural networks, as well as from advances in the applications of power converters that employ soft switching of the power devices. Soft-switching technologies promise marked gains in performance-lower losses and higher switching frequencies than those in the prevailing hard-switching technology. The idea is to switch a device only when the voltage across it, or the current through it, is zero. Representative soft switching converters include DC-to-DC converters rated at up to several hundred watts, as well as inductive chargers for electric vehicle batteries rated at up to 120 kW. Technologically speaking, advances in soft-switching inverters have arisen chiefly from enhancements to semiconductor power devices. Today, IGBTs lead the market for medium-power applications.
Stress protein flux during recovery from simulated ischemia: Induced heat shock protein 70 confers cytoprotection by suppressing JNK activation and inhibiting apoptotic cell death (2003)

Multiple stress proteins are recruited in response to stress in living cells. There are limited reports in the literature analyzing multiple stress protein shifts and their functional consequences on stress response. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis we have analyzed shifts in stress protein profiles in response to energy deprivation as a model of ischemic injury to kidneys. A group of chaperones and stress-induced mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases were analyzed. In addition to examining stress protein induction and phosphorylation we have also examined the mechanism of cytoprotection by heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). Our results show that, of the different stress proteins examined, only binding protein (BiP) and Hsp70 were significantly induced upon energy deprivation. Other stress proteins, including Hsp27, calnexin, Hsp90 and ERp57 showed alterations in their phosphorylation profiles. Three different MAP kinases, namely p38, extracellular signal regulated kisase and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were activated in response to energy deprivation. While JNK activation was linked to apoptosis, activated-p38 was involved in phosphorylation of Hsp27. Study of inhibitors of Hsp70 induction or pre-induction of Hsp70 indicated that induced Hsp70 was involved in the suppression of JNK activation thereby inhibiting apoptotic cell death. Our results provide important insights into the flux in stress protein profiles in response to simulated ischemia and highlight the antiapoptotic, cytoprotective mechanism of Hsp70 action.
Neural Machine Translation with Source-Side Latent Graph Parsing (2017)

This paper presents a novel neural machine translation model which jointly learns translation and source-side latent graph representations of sentences. Unlike existing pipelined approaches using syntactic parsers, our end-to-end model learns a latent graph parser as part of the encoder of an attention-based neural machine translation model, and thus the parser is optimized according to the translation objective. In experiments, we first show that our model compares favorably with state-of-the-art sequential and pipelined syntax-based NMT models. We also show that the performance of our model can be further improved by pretraining it with a small amount of treebank annotations. Our final ensemble model significantly outperforms the previous best models on the standard Englishto-Japanese translation dataset.
Measurement of Tumor Hypoxia in Patients with Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Based on <sup>18</sup>F-Fluoroazomyin Arabinoside Uptake (2016)

Although pancreatic cancers can be highly hypoxic, a substantial proportion appears to be well oxygenated. Therefore, we suggest that a minimally invasive technique such as the one described in this study be used for patient stratification in future clinical trials of hypoxia-targeting agents.
Estimating Crossing Fibers: A Tensor Decomposition Approach (2008)

Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging is a unique tool for non-invasive investigation of major nerve fiber tracts. Since the popular diffusion tensor (DT-MRI) model is limited to voxels with a single fiber direction, a number of high angular resolution techniques have been proposed to provide information about more diverse fiber distributions. Two such approaches are Q-Ball imaging and spherical deconvolution, which produce orientation distribution functions (ODFs) on the sphere. For analysis and visualization, the maxima of these functions have been used as principal directions, even though the results are known to be biased in case of crossing fiber tracts. In this paper, we present a more reliable technique for extracting discrete orientations from continuous ODFs, which is based on decomposing their higher-order tensor representation into an isotropic component, several rank-1 terms, and a small residual. Comparing to ground truth in synthetic data shows that the novel method reduces bias and reliably reconstructs crossing fibers which are not resolved as individual maxima in the ODF. We present results on both Q-Ball and spherical deconvolution data and demonstrate that the estimated directions allow for plausible fiber tracking in a real data set.
Osterix transcriptional factor is involved in the metastasis of human breast cancers (2015)

The transcriptional factor Osterix is specifically expressed in bone tissues to regulate the differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts. Recent studies have also identified the expression of Osterix in a number of cancer tissues, such as kidney and lung cancers. However, the association of Osterix with the metastasis of breast cancers has never been reported. The present study, for the first time, provides evidence supporting the involvement of Osterix in breast cancer metastasis. Western blotting was employed to investigate the expression of Osterix in a number of human breast cancer cell lines with different metastatic features. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments were performed in MCF7 cells (low level of metastasis) and MDA-MB-361 cells (high level of metastasis). The expression of several metastasis-associated genes was analyzed by western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A firefly luciferase-based reporter gene assay was conducted in order to study whether Osterix regulated the promoter activities of the MMP2 and MMP9 genes, which play critical roles in cancer metastasis. The results showed that Osterix was highly expressed in the MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-361 cells, but was not detectable in the MCF7 cells. The overexpression of Osterix in the MCF7 cells promoted the expression of VEGF, MMP9 and β-catenin, while downregulating the expression of E-cadherin. In addition, suppression of Osterix expression in the MDA-MB-361 cells reversed the alteration of VEGF, MMP9, β-catenin and E-cadherin expression. A reporter gene assay suggested that Osterix activated MMP2 and MMP9 promoter activity. In conclusion, Osterix is involved in the metastasis of human breast cancer and may be a target for the efficient treatment of human breast cancers.