gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduction-mediated technetium-99m labeling of monoclonal antibodies. (1990)

A simple and generally applicable method for labeling antibodies with technetium-99m (99mTc) is described. Following reduction of intrinsic disulphide bonds, the antibody is labeled with 99mTc in the presence of a weak competing ligand methylene diphosphonate. High labeling efficiencies (greater than 97%), in a final labeling step taking only a few minutes, can be routinely obtained with high in-vitro stability over 24 hr. No effect upon antibody reactivity is seen.
Low-power FFT via reduced precision redundancy (2002)

We propose a technique for designing low-power fast Fourier transform (FFT) processors with applications in next generation wireless LAN and wireless access systems. The proposed low-power technique is based on the general principle of soft digital signal processing where voltage overscaling (VOS) (scaling the supply voltage beyond the critical voltage V/sub dd-crit/ required for correct operation) is applied in conjunction with algorithmic noise-tolerance (ANT) techniques. We propose an ANT technique referred to as reduced precision redundancy for compensating the degradation in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at an FFT output due to VOS. Simulation results using the proposed scheme with 0.25 /spl mu/m standard CMOS technology show that the power consumption in a butterfly functional unit of an FFT processor can be reduced by 44% over a conventional voltage-scaled system without any SNR loss in the context of a typical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based WLAN system.
Enhanced reduction in hyperalgesia by combined administration of clonidine and TENS (2002)

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) partially reduces primary hyperalgesia and is frequency dependent such that high frequency TENS produces approximately a 30% reduction in hyperalgesia whereas low frequency TENS has no effect. Both high and low frequency TENS completely reduce secondary hyperalgesia by activation of mu and delta- opioid receptors in the spinal cord and rostral-ventral medulla suggesting an opiate mediated analgesia. Clonidine in combination with opiates produces a synergistic interaction such that there is a potentiated reduction in hyperalgesia. Thus, we tested if combined application of clonidine with TENS would enhance the reduction in primary hyperalgesia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were inflamed by subcutaneous injection of 3% carrageenan into one hindpaw. Withdrawal latency to radiant heat and withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimuli were assessed before and after inflammation and after administration of clonidine (0.002-2 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) with either low (4 Hz) or high (100 Hz) frequency TENS. Clonidine alone reduced both heat and mechanical hyperalgesia with ED50s of 0.02 and 1.0 mg/kg, respectively. In combination with either low or high frequency TENS, the dose-response curve shifted to the left and was significantly different from clonidine alone. The ED50s for heat and mechanical hyperalgesia following low frequency TENS with clonidine were 0.002 and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively and those following high frequency TENS with clonidine were 0.005 and 0.15 mg/kg, respectively. Thus, combined use of clonidine and TENS enhances the reduction in analgesia produced by TENS and enhances the potency of clonidine. It would thus be expected that one would reduce the side effects of clonidine and enhance analgesic efficacy with combinations of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical treatments.
Targeting Toxins toward Tumors (2021)

Many cancer diseases, e.g., prostate cancer and lung cancer, develop very slowly. Common chemotherapeutics like vincristine, vinblastine and taxol target cancer cells in their proliferating states. In slowly developing cancer diseases only a minor part of the malignant cells will be in a proliferative state, and consequently these drugs will exert a concomitant damage on rapidly proliferating benign tissue as well. A number of toxins possess an ability to kill cells in all states independently of whether they are benign or malignant. Such toxins can only be used as chemotherapeutics if they can be targeted selectively against the tumors. Examples of such toxins are mertansine, calicheamicins and thapsigargins, which all kill cells at low micromolar or nanomolar concentrations. Advanced prodrug concepts enabling targeting of these toxins to cancer tissue comprise antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT), gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT), lectin-directed enzyme-activated prodrug therapy (LEAPT), and antibody-drug conjugated therapy (ADC), which will be discussed in the present review. The review also includes recent examples of protease-targeting chimera (PROTAC) for knockdown of receptors essential for development of tumors. In addition, targeting of toxins relying on tumor-overexpressed enzymes with unique substrate specificity will be mentioned.
Power plants to go (1996)

Simple-cycle portable power stations have been used to increase the electrical capacity in developing countries and in emergency situations. This article describes the first power barge using combined-cycle technology which has began operation in the Dominican Republic. The construction of a new mobile power plant in Puerto Plata, the Dominican Republic, marks the first time a power barge has been coupled with the efficiency of combined-cycle generation. The 185-megawatt plant, which became fully operational in January, provides 25% of the power required by the Dominican state-owned utility, the Corporacion Dominicana de Electricidad (CDE). The new plant is designed to end the power shortages and blackouts that have traditionally plagued the Caribbean nation. The Puerto Plata plant consists of two barges that were built in the US, transported to the Dominican Republic, installed, and backfilled into place. One barge, delivered in May 1994, contains a 76-megawatt gas turbine. The second barge, installed in April 1995, contains a 45-megawatt heat-recovery steam generator to recover heat energy from the turbine exhaust, two auxiliary boilers to produce additional steam, and a 118-megawatt steam-turbine generator.
Detection method for recognizing number of parallel transmitted symbols in MIMO-cognitive wireless communication (2008)

Cognitive radio system shares the frequency spectrum with the license system. As a result, the dramatic improvement of the frequency usage efficiency can be expected. Since the cognitive radio system is independent from the license system, it should recognize the wireless communication parameter of the license system, such as frequency, modulation scheme, and so on. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, which can transmit multiple data signals with using single frequency spectrum, is applied to cognitive radio, and thus frequency use efficiency is more significantly improved. In MIMO-Cognitive Radio system, when new cognitive user tries to use the frequency resource, it is necessary that the new user should detect the number of parallel transmitted symbols which the license user transmit, because the new user should remove the interference signals whose number is the same as that of data symbol transmitted by the license user. In this paper, in MIMO-Cognitive Radio system, the novel method for recognizing the number of parallel data symbols is proposed.
3D Surgical Printing Cutting Guides for Open-Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy: Do It Yourself (2016)

Opening wedge osteotomy has recently gained popularity, thanks to the recent implementation of locking plates, which have shown equivalent stability with greater reproducibility, accuracy, and longevity than the closing wedge techniques and a lower prosthetic conversion rate. We present a new "do-it-yourself" cutting guides system for tibial opening osteotomy. Using a conventional computed tomography digital image, a positioning guide and wedge spacers were printed in three dimensions (3D) for implementing the osteotomy and obtaining the planned correction. The surgeon makes the whole process in a do-it-yourself style. This new technique was used in eight cases. Previous opening osteotomies with the standard technique were used as control (20 cases). Surgical time, fluoroscopic time, and accuracy of the axial correction were measured. The use of a custom positioning guide reduced the surgical (31 minutes less) and fluoroscopic times (6.9 times less) while achieving a high-axis correction accuracy compared with the standard technique. Digitally planned and executed osteotomies under 3D printed osteotomy positioning guides help the surgeon to minimize human error while reducing surgical time. The reproducibility of this technique is very robust, allowing a transfer of the steps planned in a virtual environment to the operating table.
<i>Ex vivo</i> expansion of megakaryocyte progenitor cells from normal bone marrow and peripheral blood and from patients with haematological malignancies (2002)

A number of haematological and non-haematological malignancies can be successfully treated using high-dose chemotherapy +/- irradiation followed by haematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation. Post transplant, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia always occur and patients require platelet transfusions. It may be possible to reduce the period of thrombocytopenia by re-infusion of ex vivo expanded megakaryocyte progenitors (MP), derived from the progenitor cell graft. We have investigated the expansion of MP from CD34+ enriched cells from normal bone marrow (NBM) and peripheral blood (PB) and remission BM or PB samples from patients with haematological malignancies. CD34+ cells were cultured in serum-free medium supplemented with thrombopoietin (TPO), interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 and stem cell factor (SCF) for 7 d, then cell proliferation was assessed by flow cytometry using lineage-specific markers. It was possible to significantly expand the number of MP cells from all sources. There were no major differences in yields of MP from normal BM or PB, or BM from multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients. However, expansion of MP in acute myeloid leukaemia samples was lower than all other samples and the number of megakaryocyte colony-forming units was reduced. Several cytokine combinations were evaluated to optimize MP expansion from NBM. Equivalent yields of MP were obtained using TPO and one of IL-1, IL-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or SCF, suggesting that large cytokine combinations are not necessary for this procedure. It should be possible to scale up the culture conditions described to produce effective MP doses for clinical transplantation.
Robust left ventricular myocardium segmentation for multi-protocol MR (2012)

For a number of cardiac procedures like the treatments of ventricular tachycardia (VT), coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure (HF) both anatomical as well as vitality information about the left ventricular myocardium are required. To this end, two images for the anatomical and functional information, respectively, must be acquired and analyzed, e.g. using two different 3D MR protocols. To enable automatic analysis, a workflow has been proposed1 which allows to integrate the vitality information extracted from the functional image data into a patient-specific anatomical model generated from the anatomical image. However, in the proposed workflow the extraction of accurate vitality information from the functional image depends to a large extend on the accuracy of both the anatomical model and the mapping of the model to the functional image. In this paper we propose and evaluate methods for improving these two aspects. More specifically, on one hand we aim to improve the segmentation of the often low-contrast left ventricular epicardium in the anatomical 3D MR images by introducing a patient-specific shape-bias. On the other hand, we introduce a registration approach that facilitates the mapping of the anatomical model to images acquired by different protocols and modalities, such as functional 3D MR. The new methods are evaluated on clinical MR data, for which considerable improvements can be achieved.
Beyond emission inventories: Tracking the main sources of airborne PM in Christchurch, New Zealand (2006)

Emission inventories consistently identify residential heating as the main wintertime source of particulate matter (PM) less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10) and fine particles (PM2.5) in Christchurch, New Zealand.However, these findings have been disputed by some in the community and, in response, an investigation of an alternative source attribution technique was conducted. The Christchurch Source Apportionment Study (CSAS) collected speciated data over 159 days in 2001/2. During the winter, particles were predominantly of combustion or secondary particulate origin and chemical species associated with marine environments were more abundant in summer. Source apportionment, conducted by the Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF) receptor model, indicated that five sources were primarily responsible for PM2.5 in Christchurch. These were identified as wood combustion, motor vehicles, marine aerosol, secondary particulate and aged aerosol, and accounted for 87% of summertime PM2.5 and 94% of wintertime PM2.5. Aged aerosol (31%) was the greatest source of average PM2.5 in summer, followed by wood combustion (26%), marine aerosol (21%), secondary particulate (12%) and motor vehicles (10%). In winter, wood combustion (79%) made the greatest contribution to average PM2.5, with lesser contributions from secondary particulate (9%), aged aerosol (5%), motor vehicles (4%) and marine aerosol (3%). The chemical composition of the five sources were consistent with other observations, and the results provided independent verification that residential heating is the greatest contributor (79%) to wintertime PM2.5 in Christchurch.
Improving Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Sensitivity Using a Subambient Pressure Ionization with Nanoelectrospray (SPIN) Interface (2011)

In this work, the subambient pressure ionization with nanoelectrospray (SPIN) ion source and interface, which operates at ~15-30 Torr, is demonstrated to be compatible with gradient reversed-phase liquid chromatography-MS applications, exemplified here with the analysis of complex samples (a protein tryptic digest and a whole cell lysate). A low liquid chromatographic flow rate (100-400 nL/min) allowed stable electrospray to be established while avoiding electrical breakdown. Efforts to increase the operating pressure of the SPIN source relative to previously reported designs prevented solvent freezing and enhanced charged cluster/droplet desolvation. A 5- to 12-fold improvement in sensitivity relative to a conventional atmospheric pressure nanoelectrospray ionization (ESI) source was obtained for detected peptides.
Identification of Aberrantly Expressed miRNAs in Gastric Cancer (2014)

The noncoding components of the genome, including miRNA, can contribute to pathogenesis of gastric cancer. Their expression has been profiled in many human cancers, but there are a few published studies in gastric cancer. It is necessary to identify novel aberrantly expressed miRNAs in gastric cancer. In this study, the expression profile of 1891 miRNAs was analyzed using a miRCURY array LNA miRNA chip from three gastric cancer tissues and three normal tissues. The expression levels of 4 miRNAs were compared by real-time PCR between cancerous and normal tissues. We found that 31 miRNAs are upregulated in gastric cancer (P < 0.05) and 10 miRNAs have never been reported by other studies; 30 miRNA are downregulated (P < 0.05) in gastric cancer tissues. Gene ontology analysis revealed that those dysregulated miRNAs mainly take part in regulating cell proliferation. The levels of has-miR-105, -213∗, -514b, and -548n were tested by real-time PCR and have high levels in cancerous tissues. Here, we report a miRNA profile of gastric cancer and provide new perspective to understand this malignant disease. This novel information suggests the potential roles of these miRNAs in the diagnosis, prognosis biomarkers, or therapy targets of gastric cancer.
A Multiple Instance Learning Framework for Identifying Key Sentences and Detecting Events (2016)

State-of-the-art event encoding approaches rely on sentence or phrase level labeling, which are both time consuming and infeasible to extend to large scale text corpora and emerging domains. Using a multiple instance learning approach, we take advantage of the fact that while labels at the sentence level are difficult to obtain, they are relatively easy to gather at the document level. This enables us to view the problems of event detection and extraction in a unified manner. Using distributed representations of text, we develop a multiple instance formulation that simultaneously classifies news articles and extracts sentences indicative of events without any engineered features. We evaluate our model in its ability to detect news articles about civil unrest events (from Spanish text) across ten Latin American countries and identify the key sentences pertaining to these events. Our model, trained without annotated sentence labels, yields performance that is competitive with selected state-of-the-art models for event detection and sentence identification. Additionally, qualitative experimental results show that the extracted event-related sentences are informative and enhance various downstream applications such as article summarization, visualization, and event encoding.
Facile Synthesis of Multivalent Nitrilotriacetic Acid (NTA) and NTA Conjugates for Analytical and Drug Delivery Applications (2006)

High-affinity nitrilotriacetic acids (NTA) have great potential in the molecular manipulation of His-tagged proteins. We have developed a facile method to synthesize multivalent NTA and its conjugates. Starting with appropriately protected lysine, we synthesized the mono-NTA synthons functionalized with either an amino group or a carboxylic group. We then obtained tri-NTA through the condensation of the amino NTA and the carboxylic NTA. Using amino tri-NTA as the key intermediate, we synthesized a series of tri-NTA conjugates with a variety of functional units including biotin, dialkyl, fluorescein, and a hydroxybenzimidate moiety. The biotin-tri-NTA was employed to convert a Biacore streptavidin chip into a high-affinity tri-NTA chip. The equilibrium dissociation constants of tri-NTA/His-tagged protein complexes measured by surface plasmon resonance are in the 20 nM range. Histidine(6)-tagged yeast cytosine deaminase (His6-yCD) was incorporated onto the liposome surface by the lipid-tri-NTA conjugate without any activity loss. Fluorescein-tri-NTA formed a stable 1:1 complex with His6-yCD without significant fluorescence quenching. Specific tri-NTA derivatives for the radiolabeling and coupling of two His-tagged proteins to each other are described. Thus, we have added to the toolbox a number of high-affinity tri-NTA adaptors for the manipulation of His-tagged molecules.
Dynamics of the sensory response to urethral flow over multiple time scales in rat (2015)

Sensory information from the urethra is essential to maintain continence and to achieve efficient micturition and when compromised by disease or injury can lead to substantial loss of function. Despite the key role urethral sensory information plays in the lower urinary tract, the relationship between physiological urethral stimuli, such as fluid flow, and the neural sensory response is poorly understood. This work systematically quantifies pudendal afferent responses to a range of fluid flows in the urethra in vivo and describes a previously unknown long-term neural accommodation phenomenon in these afferents. We present a compact mechanistic mathematical model that reproduces the pudendal sensory activity in response to urethral flow. These results have implications for understanding urinary tract dysfunction caused by neuropathy or nerve damage, such as urinary retention or incontinence, as well as for the development of strategies to mitigate the symptoms of these conditions. The pudendal nerve carries sensory information from the urethra that controls spinal reflexes necessary to maintain continence and achieve efficient micturition. Despite the key role urethral sensory feedback plays in regulation of the lower urinary tract, there is little information about the characteristics of urethral sensory responses to physiological stimuli, and the quantitative relationship between physiological stimuli and the evoked sensory activation is unknown. Such a relation is critical to understanding the neural control of the lower urinary tract and how dysfunction arises in disease states. We systematically quantified pudendal afferent responses to fluid flow in the urethra in vivo in the rat. We characterized the sensory response across a range of stimuli, and describe a previously unreported long-term neural accommodation phenomenon. We developed and validated a compact mechanistic mathematical model capable of reproducing the pudendal sensory activity in response to arbitrary profiles of urethral flows. These results describe the properties and function of urethral afferents that are necessary to understand how sensory disruption manifests in lower urinary tract pathophysiology.
High transmission through ridge nano-apertures on Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (2007)

We report high-intensity nano-aperture Vertical-Cavity Surface- Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) with sub-100nm near-field spots using ridge apertures. Power transmission efficiency through different ridge apertures, including bowtie, C, H and I-shaped apertures on VCSELs were studied. Significantly higher transmission efficiencies were obtained from the ridge apertures than those from conventional square apertures. Mechanisms for high transmission through the ridge apertures are explained through simulation and waveguide theory. A new quadruple-ridge aperture is proposed and designed via simulation. With the high-intensity and small spot size, VCSELs using these ridge nano-apertures are very promising means to realize applications such as ultrahigh-density near-field optical data storage and ultrahigh-resolution near-field imaging etc.
Low-Complexity Data Collection Scheme for UAV Sink Nodes in Cellular IoT Networks (2021)

Owing to the nature of battery-operated sensors, the residual energy of their battery should be considered when a sink node collects sensory data from them. If a sink attempts to collect data from a sensor that does not have sufficient residual energy to transmit data, the utilization of wireless communication resources may be degraded. However, requiring a periodic residual energy report of the sensors considerably reduces the energy efficiency of them. Consequently, the sink node must be able to estimate the residual energy of the sensors without additional information exchange before attempting to collect data. To tackle this problem, we propose a data collection scheme for mobile sinks in cellular Internet-of-things (IoT) networks. The scheme consists of two phases. In the first phase, the mobile sink estimates the residual energy of the surrounding sensors. To reduce the complexity, we design a state diagram composed of three states based on the Markov chain of the sensor. The sink node calculates the communicable likelihood of each sensor based on the state diagram and collects data from the sensor with the highest likelihood. In the second phase, a cellular base station (BS) selects the appropriate mobile sink to improve the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the signal from a cellular user. Each sink node delivers the bidding price to the BS based on the likelihoods of the sensors. The BS determines an appropriate sink node to allocate resources based on the received bidding prices. Moreover, we show the performance of the proposed method in terms of SINR and IoT network utilization through simulation.