gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiuser detection for CDMA antenna array receivers (2002)

Under consideration are ways to increase the capacity on the reverse (mobile to base) link of a cellular direct sequence CDMA system whilst avoiding system complexity. It has been demonstrated for asynchronous transmission that the capacity of a conventional receiver based on a bank of matched filters can be significantly increased by employing sectorized antenna arrays or by employing multiuser detection techniques. We investigate base station receivers employing beamforming followed by multiuser detection, which provides better bit error rates than either technique employed alone but may be complex to implement. The performances of five detectors are evaluated. Our investigation assumed that all users transmit at the same constant power and that each user transmits over a single path. It is demonstrated that it is possible to achieve close to single-user performance by using subtractive interference cancellation, applied after beamforming. This is one of the least computationally complex methods of multiuser detection.
An Architecture for Scalable and Manageable File Services (2001)

distributed file service, namespace, resource aggregation, manageability Monolithic file servers are limited by the power of an individual system. Cluster file servers are limited by resource sharing and recovery issues as the number of cluster nodes increases. DiFFS is a file service architecture that allows system resources to be added (or removed) dynamically, e.g., storage and processors. Resources are partitioned in such a way that contention is avoided, while maintaining a single namespace. Resources may be heterogeneous, and geographically dispersed. This architecture has several advantages. A file&apos;s physical location is decoupled from its location in the namespace. This decoupling enables a powerful and flexible mechanism for the placement of file system objects. For example, different types of files, e.g., text or video, may reside anywhere in the namespace while being hosted by servers best suited to handling their content type. DiFFS also provides lightweight protocols for online dynamic reconfiguration (volume reassignment and object migration) to address fluctuating demand and potentially mobile file system entities. A DiFFS prototype has been implemented in Linux. Performance results indicate that the architecture achieves its flexibility and scalability goals without sacrificing performance.
Beyond Fullerenes: Design of Nonfullerene Acceptors for Efficient Organic Photovoltaics (2014)

New electron-acceptor materials are long sought to overcome the small photovoltage, high-cost, poor photochemical stability, and other limitations of fullerene-based organic photovoltaics. However, all known nonfullerene acceptors have so far shown inferior photovoltaic properties compared to fullerene benchmark [6,6]-phenyl-C60-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM), and there are as yet no established design principles for realizing improved materials. Herein we report a design strategy that has produced a novel multichromophoric, large size, nonplanar three-dimensional (3D) organic molecule, DBFI-T, whose π-conjugated framework occupies space comparable to an aggregate of 9 [C60]-fullerene molecules. Comparative studies of DBFI-T with its planar monomeric analogue (BFI-P2) and PC60BM in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells, by using a common thiazolothiazole-dithienosilole copolymer donor (PSEHTT), showed that DBFI-T has superior charge photogeneration and photovoltaic properties; PSEHTT:DBFI-T solar cells combined a high short-circuit current (10.14 mA/cm(2)) with a high open-circuit voltage (0.86 V) to give a power conversion efficiency of 5.0%. The external quantum efficiency spectrum of PSEHTT:DBFI-T devices had peaks of 60-65% in the 380-620 nm range, demonstrating that both hole transfer from photoexcited DBFI-T to PSEHTT and electron transfer from photoexcited PSEHTT to DBFI-T contribute substantially to charge photogeneration. The superior charge photogeneration and electron-accepting properties of DBFI-T were further confirmed by independent Xenon-flash time-resolved microwave conductivity measurements, which correctly predict the relative magnitudes of the conversion efficiencies of the BHJ solar cells: PSEHTT:DBFI-T > PSEHTT:PC60BM > PSEHTT:BFI-P2. The results demonstrate that the large size, multichromophoric, nonplanar 3D molecular design is a promising approach to more efficient organic photovoltaic materials.
Neural networks for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (2003)

Coronary stenoses produce sounds due to the turbulent blood flow in partially occluded arteries. If these sounds are reliably detected, they provide a simple, noninvasive way to detect coronary artery disease. The authors examine the utility of neural networks for extracting useful information from the diastolic heart sounds associated with coronary stenoses and the clinical examination variables. Fifty-five recordings (35 abnormal, 20 normal) were studied. Ten of the patients in the database were selected for use as training cases for the neural network. The network correctly identified 25 or 30 patients with coronary artery disease and 13 of 15 patients with no apparent occlusions. These results compare favorably with other noninvasive methods for detecting coronary artery disease.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A polymer-based pulsating heat pipe: Fabrication and investigation of thermal performance (2017)

The method of fabricating a polymer-based PHP was suggested. In this study, as a thermoplastic polymer, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) sheet was used for consisting channel base of pulsating heat pipe. A wrapping film has multi-layer which consists of Al-layer and few polymer layers, and it was attached to channel base using the heat sealing method. The channel base sheet was cut into general closed-loop PHP shape which has 8 turns. The experiments were conducted to estimate the thermal resistance according to various input powers and 4 bending angles, i.e. 0° (vertical), 30°, 60°, 90°. At 12 W, the polymer-based PHP has the minimum thermal resistance which is 17% lower than that of the copper reference sample. The thermal resistance slightly increases as the bending angle increases. However, there is a quite large difference when the bending angle is 90°. Additionally, to reduce the permeation through the sides, the indium was used to block the sides and UV-curing resin was used to protect the indium layer. From this work, the polymer-based PHP was fabricated as a heat spreader which is fully flexible, thin and lightweight at a low cost.
Treatment with synthetic β-lactoglobulin peptides can prevent clinical symptoms in a mouse model for cow’s milk allergy (2013)

Background Previous animal studies showed that partial whey hydrolyates could prevent acute allergic symptoms in a mouse model for cow’s milk allergy. This effect was even more pronounced in combination with a diet containing a specific non-digestible oligosaccharide mixture of scGalacto- (scGOS), lc-Fructo- (lcFOS) and Acidic- (pAOS) oligosaccharides (in a 9:1:2 ratio). We hypothesized that these hydrolysates contain peptides that can induce the observed tolerance. Therefore we investigated the potential of synthetic b-lactoglobulin peptides, with or without a diet containing ScGOS/lsFOS/pAOS, to induce tolerance in this mouse model. Methods Female C3H/HeOuJ mice were treated for six consecutive days with three synthetic b-lactoglobulin peptide mixes or PBS. The peptides were selected based on human T cell proliferation data and previous literature. During this treatment period, mice were fed a control or sc GOS/ lcFOC/pAOS containing diet. Subsequently, mice were sensitized five times with cholera toxin alone or in combination with whey and received an intradermal ear and oral challenge 6 days later. Results Treating the mice with peptide mix 1 and 3 before sensitization reduced the acute allergic ear response. Peptide mix 2 showed no effect. The effect of peptide mix 1 was stronger in combination with the scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS containing diet. No additional effects were observed for the other mixes. Some mice showed reduced antibody responses but no association with clinical responses was observed. Of the peptides in mixture 1, one peptide showed the strongest effect on the acute allergic skin response. This peptide also tends to decrease whey-specific antibody levels and to increase the percentages of CD11b+CD103+ dendritic cells and CD25+Foxp3+ T cells in the MLN. Conclusion Pre-treatment with specific b-lactoglobulin peptides is able to reduce the acute allergic response in a mouse model for cow’s milk allergy suggesting that specific peptides are capable of inducing tolerance which may involve regulatory dendritic and T cells. The tolerizing capacity could be enhanced by the addition of a scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS containing diet. Further research is necessary to determine whether these peptides are present in the tolerance inducing hydrolysates and the mechanism of action of these peptides should be further investigated.
Analysis Of Ultrasound Image Texture Via Generalized Rician Statistics (1985)

Tissue signatures are obtained from the first and second order statistics of ultrasonic B-scan texture. Laboratory measurements and early clinical results show that the image may be segmented to discriminate between different normal tissues and to detect abnormal conditions based on a three-dimensional feature space. These features describe the intrinsic backscatter properties of the tissues imaged and may be used as the basis of an automatic tissue characterization algorithm.
A randomized double-blind study of carbamazepine in the treatment of cocaine abuse* (1997)

A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose outpatient study of carbamazepine (400 mg and 800 mg) in the treatment of cocaine dependence was performed. Data were analyzed with respect to both treatment condition and carbamazepine serum levels. Outcome variables included subject retention, cocaine urinalysis, self-reported cocaine use, cocaine craving, patient and clinical global impressions, the Drug Impairment Rating Scale for Cocaine, and side effects. Compared with placebo, the 400 mg treatment condition exhibited a greater decrease in the rate of positive cocaine urinalyses and a reduction in intensity and duration of craving over the course of the study. Higher serum carbamazepine levels were associated with a lower rate of positive cocaine urinalysis, fewer days of self-reported cocaine use, briefer craving episodes, and greater subject interval retention. The clinical and methodologic implications of these findings and of the study design are discussed.
Total variation superiorization in dual-energy CT reconstruction for proton therapy treatment planning (2017)

Proton therapy is a precise form of radiotherapy in which the range of an energetic beam of protons within a patient must be accurately known. The current approach based on single-energy computed tomography (SECT) can lead to uncertainties in the proton range of approximately 3%. This range of uncertainty may lead to under-dosing of the tumour or over-dosing of healthy tissues. Dual-energy CT (DECT) theoretically has the potential to reduce these range uncertainties by quantifying electron density and the effective atomic number. In practice, however, DECT images reconstructed with filtered backprojection (FBP) tend to suffer from high levels of noise. The objective of the current work was to examine the effect of total variation superiorization (TVS) on proton therapy planning accuracy when compared with FBP. A virtual CT scanner was created with the Monte Carlo toolkit Geant4. Tomographic images were reconstructed with FBP and TVS combined with diagonally relaxed orthogonal projections (TVS-DROP). A total variation minimization (TVM) filter was also applied to the image reconstructed with FBP (FBP-TVM). Quantitative accuracy and variance of proton relative stopping power (RSP) derived from each image set was assessed. Mean RSPs were comparable with each image; however, the standard deviation of pixel values with TVS-DROP was reduced by a factor of 0.44 compared with the FBP image and a factor of 0.66 when compared with the FBP-TVM image. Proton doses calculated with the TVS-DROP image set were also better able to predict a reference dose distribution when compared with the FBP and FBP-TVM image sets. The study demonstrated the potential advantages of TVS-DROP as an image reconstruction method for DECT applied to proton therapy treatment planning.
A New Facile Synthesis of 2-Alkylcyclopent-2-Enones (1988)

Abstract A new, simple and short route to 2-alkylcyclopent-2-enones starting from inxpensive terminal epoxides is described.
Engineered ribosomes with tethered subunits for expanding biological function (2019)

Ribo-T is a ribosome with covalently tethered subunits where core 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs form a single chimeric molecule. Ribo-T makes possible a functionally orthogonal ribosome-mRNA system in cells. Unfortunately, use of Ribo-T has been limited because of low activity of its original version. Here, to overcome this limitation, we use an evolutionary approach to select new tether designs that are capable of supporting faster cell growth and increased protein expression. Further, we evolve new orthogonal Ribo-T/mRNA pairs that function in parallel with, but independent of, natural ribosomes and mRNAs, increasing the efficiency of orthogonal protein expression. The Ribo-T with optimized designs is able to synthesize a diverse set of proteins, and can also incorporate multiple non-canonical amino acids into synthesized polypeptides. The enhanced Ribo-T designs should be useful for exploring poorly understood functions of the ribosome and engineering ribosomes with altered catalytic properties.
Structural basis of tyrosine sulfation and V <sub>H</sub> -gene usage in antibodies that recognize the HIV type 1 coreceptor-binding site on gp120 (2004)

The conserved surface of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein that binds to the HIV-1 coreceptor is protected from humoral recognition by multiple layers of camouflage. Here we present sequence and genomic analyses for 12 antibodies that pierce these defenses and determine the crystal structures of 5. The data reveal mechanisms and atomic-level details for three unusual immune features: posttranslational mimicry of coreceptor by tyrosine sulfation of antibody, an alternative molecular mechanism controlling such sulfation, and highly selective V(H)-gene usage. When confronted by extraordinary viral defenses, the immune system unveils novel adaptive capabilities, with tyrosine sulfation enhancing the vocabulary of antigen recognition.
Nanoscale Metal–Organic Frameworks Generate Reactive Oxygen Species for Cancer Therapy (2020)

In the past 15 years, enormous progress has been made in cancer nanotechnology, and a several nanoparticles have entered clinical testing for cancer treatment. Among these nanoparticles are nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs), a class of organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials constructed from metal binding sites and bridging ligands, which have attracted significant attention for their ability to integrate porosity, crystallinity, compositional and structural tunability, multifunctionality, and biocompatibility into a singular nanomaterial for cancer therapies. This Outlook article summarizes the progress on the design of nMOFs as nanosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT), radiotherapy (RT), radiotherapy-radiodynamic therapy (RT-RDT), and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) via nMOF-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated under external energy stimuli or in the presence of endogenous chemical triggers. Inflammatory responses induced by nMOF-mediated ROS generation activate tumor microenvironments to potentiate cancer immunotherapy, extending the local treatment effects of nMOF-based ROS therapy to distant tumors via abscopal effects. Future research directions in nMOF-mediated ROS therapies and the prospect of clinical applications of nMOFs as cancer therapeutics are also discussed.
Discovery of Soybean Aphid Biotypes (2008)

The soybean aphid [ Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae)] is an invasive insect pest of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] that was first reported in North America in 2000. There are currently no reports of soybean aphid biotype diversity and this information is needed before aphid resistance genes are deployed. The objective of this research was to test for aphid biotype variation. The response of two A. glycines isolates, one collected in Ohio and the other in Illinois, were compared by infesting eight soybean genotypes in nonchoice tests. The same genotypes also were tested with the Ohio isolate using a choice test. In the nonchoice test, there was a significant ( P < 0.0001) effect of aphid isolate, genotype, and a significant aphid isolate by soybean genotype interaction for the number of aphids per plant 10 and 15 d after infestation. The responses of the eight genotypes to the Ohio isolate in the choice test were similar to their responses in nonchoice tests. PI 200538 and PI 567597C were resistant to both the Ohio and Illinois isolates and will be useful sources of resistance to both isolates. These tests confirm that there are at least two distinct biotypes of A. glycines in North America.
Prognostic impact of depth of response in Waldenström macroglobulinemia patients treated with fixed duration chemoimmunotherapy. (2021)

8049 Background: The treatment paradigm of Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) continues to evolve as new therapies expand our options for this indolent and incurable disease. While more profound responses are generally associated with longer treatment-free intervals, the impact of depth of response from fixed duration therapy in WM patients' survival needs further evaluation. In this international, multicenter cohort study, we report the prognostic impact of depth of response in WM. Methods: 319 WM patients treated with frontline fixed duration therapy [Dexamethasone/Rituximab/Cyclophosphamide (DRC), Bendamustine/Rituximab (BR), or Bortezomib/Dexamethasone/Rituximab (BDR)] were included. Response at the completion of therapy (6 months) was used in a landmark analysis for progression-free survival (PFS), time to next treatment (TTNT), and overall survival (OS) (defined as time from 6 months post treatment response to event or censor). Response was defined by modified IWWM-6 criteria. Associations between clinical variables and outcomes were evaluated using Cox proportional-hazard models. Results: The median age at the time of treatment initiation was 64 years (range: 29-94), 59% were men, and risk category by International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS)-WM was low (n=67, 23%), intermediate (n=83, 29%), and high-risk (n=141, 48%). Evaluable responses at 6 months from frontline therapy [DRC (n=105; 41%), BR (n=83; 32%), BDR (n=68; 27%)] were available in 256 patients and included in the landmark analysis. Median follow-up was 63 months (95% CI: 59-70). The rate of major response (PR or better) at 6 months was 74% for the entire cohort. Five-year PFS rates from completion of therapy for patients who attained major response vs. those who did not were 71% and 43%, respectively (p<0.001). Five-year TTNT rates for patients who attained major response vs. not were 84% and 54%, respectively (p<0.001). Five-year OS rates for patients who attained major response vs. not were 92% and 77%, respectively (p<0.001). In multivariable analyses including other WM prognostic factors evaluated at initiation of frontline therapy, attaining a major response at 6 months was associated with superior PFS (HR 0.33, p<0.001), TTNT (HR 0.23, p<0.001), and OS (HR 0.31, p=0.001–Table). Conclusions: Achieving a major response at 6 months after frontline chemoimmunotherapy emerges as a significant prognostic factor for PFS, TTNT and OS in patients with WM.[Table: see text]
Conceptual design of a submerged power station (1992)

Providing safe and sustainable energy to the world's increasing population will be one of the major challenges of the 21st century. At the INEL we are developing the concept of a passively safe submerged power station (SPS), shown. The reactor is located in the forward part of the vessel, while the turbine and generator are mounted in the middle section and the control and crew quarters are located at the opposite end of the vessel. The SPS would be operated in 20 to 100 m of water at a distance of 10 to 30 km from the shore and would generate 600 MWe. Power would be transmitted to shore by AC cables, similar to submarine cables in use today. The SPS would be manufactured in a central shipyard and towed or transported to its operational location. The reactor is designed to operate on a five-year cycle with a capacity factor of 70 percent, after which the station would be returned to a central facility for refueling and maintenance. Thus the SPS has the advantages of centralized fabrication and maintenance.
ANTI-HBV SPECIFIC β-L-2′-DEOXYNUCLEOSIDES (2001)

A unique series of simple unnatural L-nucleosides that specifically inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication has been discovered. These molecules have in common a hydroxyl group in the 3'-position (3'-OH) of the beta-L-2'-deoxyribose sugar that confers antiviral activity specifically against hepadnaviruses. Replacement of the 3'-OH broadens activity to other viruses. Substitution in the base decreases antiviral potency and selectivity. Human DNA polymerases and mitochondrial function are not effected. Plasma viremia is reduced up to 8 logs in a woodchuck model of chronic HBV infection. These investigational drugs, used alone or in combination, are expected to offer new therapeutic options for patients with chronic HBV infection.
Castable Amorphous Metal Mirrors and Mirror Assemblies (2013)

A revolutionary way to produce a mirror and mirror assembly is to cast the entire part at once from a metal alloy that combines all of the desired features into the final part: optical smoothness, curvature, flexures, tabs, isogrids, low CTE, and toughness. In this work, it has been demonstrated that castable mirrors are possible using bulk metallic glasses (BMGs, also called amorphous metals) and BMG matrix composites (BMGMCs). These novel alloys have all of the desired mechanical and thermal properties to fabricate an entire mirror assembly without machining, bonding, brazing, welding, or epoxy. BMGs are multi-component metal alloys that have been cooled in such a manner as to avoid crystallization leading to an amorphous (non-crystalline) microstructure. This lack of crystal structure and the fact that these alloys are glasses, leads to a wide assortment of mechanical and thermal properties that are unlike those observed in crystalline metals. Among these are high yield strength, carbide-like hardness, low melting temperatures (making them castable like aluminum), a thermoplastic processing region (for improving smoothness), low stiffness, high strength-to-weight ratios, relatively low CTE, density similar to titanium alloys, high elasticity and ultra-smooth cast parts (as low as 0.2-nm surface roughness has been demonstrated in cast BMGs). BMGMCs are composite alloys that consist of a BMG matrix with crystalline dendrites embedded throughout. BMGMCs are used to overcome the typically brittle failure observed in monolithic BMGs by adding a soft phase that arrests the formation of cracks in the BMG matrix. In some cases, BMGMCs offer superior castability, toughness, and fatigue resistance, if not as good a surface finish as BMGs. This work has demonstrated that BMGs and BMGMCs can be cast into prototype mirrors and mirror assemblies without difficulty.