gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Micromagnetic simulation of various pole-tip design perpendicular magnetic recording heads (2009)

We have studied the magnetization configuration of various pole-tip design perpendicular magnetic recording heads by using finite element method (FEM) based micromagnetic simulation. Taper pole has larger head field of 13%–25% than nontaper pole and delivers better gradient because the magnetization of the main pole becomes more perpendicular to the air bearing surface (ABS) and an increase in magnetic charge is observed not only at the ABS but also at the slope region. Side shield has less fringing field in the cross-track direction but the field profile is not as simple as the conventional FEM result. The side shield has a complex domain configuration around the edge, which is difficult to switch in polarity via write current excitation, differing from the trailing-shield situation. The magnetic charge of the side-shield wall induces off-track peaks of the fringing field, and so it must be minimized to optimize the side-shield structure.
Finite element analysis of electrical impedance myography in the rat hind limb (2009)

Electrical impedance myography (EIM) is a form of muscle assessment based on the surface application of electrical current and measurement of the resulting voltages over a muscle group of interest. In order to better understand the effect of pathological change in muscle, EIM has recently been applied to the rat. In this study, a finite element model of EIM is presented for the rat hind limb which incorporates the detailed anatomy of the leg based on computerized tomographic imaging and conductivity and permittivity values obtained from the rat gastrocnemius muscle. In addition, the angular anisotropy of the biceps femoris muscle has been included. The model successfully predicts the recorded surface impedances measured with EIM.
Natural dye senstizers for photoelectrochemical cells (2009)

In nature, fruit, vegetable, leaves, flowers and algae contain several dyes which can be easily extracted and employed in dye sensitized photoelectrochemical cells. In this contribution, the most significant advances made in the search for efficient and convenient natural sensitizers are reported through meaningful examples and case studies.
Epi-illumination diffraction phase microscopy with white light (2014)

We demonstrate the first reflection-based epi-illumination diffraction phase microscope with white light (epi-wDPM). The epi-wDPM system combines the off-axis, common-path, and white light approaches, in a reflection geometry enabling sub-nanometer spatial and temporal noise levels, while providing single-shot acquisition for opaque samples. We verified the epi-wDPM results by measuring control samples with known dimensions and comparing them to measurements from other well-established techniques. We imaged gold-coated HeLa cells to illustrate the tradeoffs between epi-wDPM with low and high spatial coherence.
Asphaltene Content Measurement Using an Optical Spectroscopy Technique (2013)

A new spectrophotometry technique for quantifying the asphaltene content of black oil samples improves data quality, reduces measurement time, and reduces solvent volume in comparison with conventional methods. According to this method, asphaltenes are quantified by subtracting the visible spectrum of the maltenes from that of the oil. We found that the difference in spectra of oil and maltenes correlated well with the modified ASTM D6560 method for a large sample set that covered a wide range of geographic locations, which points to the existence of a global correlation between the visible spectrum of asphaltenes and their concentration. The repeatability of the measurements, even for low-asphaltene samples, was far better than that achieved with conventional methods. The measurement time was reduced to less than 3 h from 2 days in conventional measurements, and the solvent volume was reduced from 250 mL using the conventional technique to 40 mL using the optical method, thereby reducing the environmental footprint of the measurement.
Downlink scheduling schemes in cellular packet data systems of multiple-input multiple-output antennas (2005)

High-speed cellular data systems demand fast downlink scheduling algorithms and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques. The associated multiuser diversity and antenna diversity play a central role in achieving high system throughput and fair resource allocation among multiple users. For such systems we evaluate the cross-layer interactions between channel-dependent scheduling schemes and MIMO techniques, such as space-time block coding (STBC) or Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (BLAST), and propose a new scheduling algorithm named the alpha-rule. The evaluation shows that the STBC/MIMO provides a reliable channel but at a certain cost of spectral efficiency. Comparatively BLAST/MIMO provides larger capacity and enables higher scheduling throughput. Thus BLAST/MIMO may be a more suitable technique for high-rate packet data transmission at the physical layer. At the medium access control (MAC)-layer, the alpha-rule is shown to be more flexible or efficient to exploit the diversity gains than the exiting max-C/I or proportionally fair (PF) scheduling schemes. It enables online tradeoff between aggregate throughput, per-user throughput, and per-user resource allocation.
Free-spaced-coupled Liquid Crystalline Broadband Optoacoustic Sensors (2019)

This work presents the first possible realization of chip-scale liquid crystalline (LC) optoacoustic sensors that have the capability of detecting broadband acoustic signals via free-space coupling using white light input. The interaction between acoustic waves and the optical and mechanical properties of the LC molecular cavities was investigated. Systematic comparisons between a commercially available acoustic sensor system and the geometry-independent LC optoacoustic sensors are provided. This work will enable economical, compact, reliable, broadband, noncontact, and sensitive molecular-based acoustic sensors for use in various applications.
A linear phase demodulator (1977)

Circuit operates on feedback principle to reduce modulation index of received signal, and thus reinserts carrier component in suppressed carrier signal. Device can demodulate phase-shift-keyed signals which do not have carrier component, and it has linear region of + or - 150 deg.
High-speed Electrical Modulator in High-Index-Contrast (HIC) Si- (2005)

A CMOS-compatible Mach-Zehnder modulator based on strongly forward biased PIN- diodes is proposed, resulting in small signal modulation bandwidths beyond 20GHz, a figure of merit of VπL = 0.5V·cm and an insertion loss of about 4dB.
Measurement of waveplate retardation using a photoelastic modulator (1997)

A system for measurement of waveplate retardation using a photoelastic modulator will be described. The system is intended for incoming quality inspection of quarter-wave plates at 632.8 nm and 900 nm. Measurement of several polymer waveplates were in good agreement with the waveplate manufacturer's calibration data.
Automated Brand Color Accuracy for Realtime Video (2021)

<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">The perception of color in sports teams and branding alike is a highly valued asset in broadcasting and marketing that is worth protecting. The appearance of color is impacted by many factors including capture source, ambient light, and the limitations of screen technology. The current industry practice involves manual adjustment by a technician, who corrects the footage from a dozen or more camera feeds in realtime. This method adjusts the entire video frame based on the producer’s instructions. This paper presents a -pending, machine-learning approach titled “ColorNet” that targets brand color areas of a frame to output a color-corrected feed in realtime. Initial tests of ColorNet demonstrate the ability to reproduce manually created correction masks with high accuracy, while also being computationally efficient. Discussion includes system training and development and plans for a beta test where the system will be applied during a live broadcast of a sporting event in partnership with Clemson University Athletics</i> .
High-Speed Laser Scanner Maps a Surface in Three Dimensions (2006)

A scanning optoelectronic instrument generates the digital equivalent of a threedimensional (X,Y,Z) map of a surface that spans an area with resolution on the order of 0.005 in. ( 0.125mm). Originally intended for characterizing surface flaws (e.g., pits) on space-shuttle thermal-insulation tiles, the instrument could just as well be used for similar purposes in other settings in which there are requirements to inspect the surfaces of many objects. While many commercial instruments can perform this surface-inspection function, the present instrument offers a unique combination of capabilities not available in commercial instruments. This instrument utilizes a laser triangulation method that has been described previously in NASA Tech Briefs in connection with simpler related instruments used for different purposes. The instrument includes a sensor head comprising a monochrome electronic camera and two lasers. The camera is a high-resolution
Carbon-Based Resistive Memories (2016)

Carbon-based nonvolatile resistive memories are an emerging technology. Switching endurance remains a challenge in carbon memories based on tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C). One way to counter this is by oxygenation to increase the repeatability of reversible switching. Here, we overview the current status of carbon memories. We then present a comparative study of oxygen-free and oxygenated carbon-based memory devices, combining experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.
Dendritic cells mobilize NKT lymphocytes as adjuncts and adjuvants for anti-tumor immunity (2006)

Research on NKT cells has been greatly stimulated by the discovery that the synthetic glycolipid, alpha-galactosyl ceramide (α-Gal Cer) is presented on CD1d molecules to the invariant T cell receptor on mouse and human NKT cells. We find that the presentation of α-Gal Cer on dendritic cells (DCs) favors the mobilization of NKT cells that produce IFN-γ and exert CD1d-restricted cytolytic activity on tumor targets, thus providing an adjunct resistance role against tumors. Importantly, NKT cells can also serve as adjuvants for adaptive T cell immunity, by bringing about the full maturation of antigen capturing DCs in vivo. When mice are given a single dose of α-Gal Cer together with dying tumor cells, strong and specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunity develops. We will discuss the latter findings, since they suggest ways to induce anti-tumor immunity without the need to genetically modify tumor cells with surrogate antigens or other means. We have targeted irradiated, MHC negative, J558 plasmacytoma cells to DCs. According to the findings of Iyoda et al. (1) and Liu et al. (2), this is best achieved when the tumor cells are injected intravenously, whereupon a subset of CD8α+ spleen DCs selectively take up tumor cells or their fragments. In collaboration with Dr. Yang Liu, we find that the uptake of tumor cells is followed by antigen processing and presentation, as monitored with CD8+ TCR transgenic T cells specific for the classical P1A tumor antigen. To induce DC maturation, which is necessary to avoid the normal function of DCs in inducing peripheral tolerance, we have compared ligands for toll like receptors (polyIC and LPS), agonistic anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, and NKT lymphocytes mobilized by the CD1d binding glycolipid, α-Gal Cer as described by Fujii et al. (3, 4). Mice injected simultaneously i.v. with tumor cells and glycolipid develop protective immunity. After one vaccination, immunity is long lived (>2 months), specific for MHC class I bearing J558 tumor cells and not other tumors from BALB/c mice, and requires both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. TLR ligands and anti-CD40 antibody do not by themselves elicit protection, even though they do induce many surrogate markers of DC maturation. Protective immunity can also be generated to A20 lymphoma cells, but there is no cross protection observed to A20 in J558 immune mice, or vice versa. DCs from mice injected with irradiated tumor and α-Gal Cer transfer immunity to naive recipients. Therefore DCs which capture tumor cells in vivo, if they also mature in response to innate NKT lymphocytes, initiate strong adaptive tumor immunity. This abstract was published in Cancer Immunity, a Cancer Research Institute journal that ceased publication in 2013 and is now provided online in association with Cancer Immunology Research.
Prediction of recurrence in early stage non-small cell lung cancer using computer extracted nuclear features from digital H&E images (2017)

Identification of patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with high risk of recurrence could help identify patients who would receive additional benefit from adjuvant therapy. In this work, we present a computational histomorphometric image classifier using nuclear orientation, texture, shape, and tumor architecture to predict disease recurrence in early stage NSCLC from digitized H&E tissue microarray (TMA) slides. Using a retrospective cohort of early stage NSCLC patients (Cohort #1, n = 70), we constructed a supervised classification model involving the most predictive features associated with disease recurrence. This model was then validated on two independent sets of early stage NSCLC patients, Cohort #2 (n = 119) and Cohort #3 (n = 116). The model yielded an accuracy of 81% for prediction of recurrence in the training Cohort #1, 82% and 75% in the validation Cohorts #2 and #3 respectively. A multivariable Cox proportional hazard model of Cohort #2, incorporating gender and traditional prognostic variables such as nodal status and stage indicated that the computer extracted histomorphometric score was an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio = 20.81, 95% CI: 6.42-67.52, P < 0.001).
1-Arylsulfonyl-2-(Pyridylmethylsulfinyl) Benzimidazoles as New Proton Pump Inhibitor Prodrugs (2009)

New arylsulfonyl proton pump inhibitor (PPI) prodrug forms were synthesized. These prodrugs provided longer residence time of an effective PPI plasma concentration, resulting in better gastric acid inhibition.
COMMENTARY Stress-Induced Apoptosis and the Sphingomyelin Pathway (1997)

The sphingomyelin pathway is a ubiquitous, evolutionarily conserved signaling system initiated by hydrolysis of the plasma membrane phospholipid sphingomyelin to generate the second messenger ceramide. Sphingomyelin degradation is catalyzed by acid and neutral sphingomyelinase (SMase) isoforms. Most, if not all mammalian cells, appear capable of signaling though the sphingomyelin pathway. Diverse receptor types and environmental stresses utilize the sphingomyelin pathway as a downstream effector system. In some cellular systems, ceramide initiates differentiation or cell proliferation, while in other systems, ceramide signals apoptosis. Recent investigations link the activation of neutral SMase to the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) cascade and pro-inflammatory responses, and acid SMase to the stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase (SAPK/JNK) cascade and apoptotic responses. Environmental stresses act directly on membrane to activate acid pH-dependent sphingomyelinase (ASMase), whereas cytokine receptors signal ASMase activation through motifs termed death domains. The present review focuses on mechanisms of activation of ASMase and on ceramide signaling of the apoptotic response. BIOCHEM PHARMACOL 53;5:615-621, 1997. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.
Optimized MASH-SR Divider Controller for Fractional-<i>N</i> Frequency Synthesizers (2022)

The divider controller in a conventional phase-locked loop fractional- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$ </tex-math></inline-formula> frequency synthesizer modulates the instantaneous division ratio of the feedback divider. The divider controller is typically a digital circuit that performs quantization of its input signal. Multi-stage noise shaping digital delta-sigma modulators (MASH DDSMs) and successive requantizer (SRs) are two representative divider controller architectures offering lower complexity and better spur performance, respectively. The MASH-SR, as a hybrid of these two classes of divider controllers, can achieve both lower hardware cost than the SR and better performance against spurs than a MASH DDSM. In this work, we present an optimized MASH-SR hybrid and compare the design with its conventional MASH DDSM and SR counterparts.
Mode locking based on the temporal Talbot effect (2017)

We propose a new laser mode locking state in which the pulse disperses quickly and then revives after a certain time. This mechanism is based on the temporal Talbot effect and requires a large amount of intra-cavity group velocity dispersion. Similar to the usual mode locking it should be possible to employ the Kerr effect to force the laser into this mode, even when the cold cavity dispersion is not exactly matched. We show that the mode spectrum of such a laser is not equidistant but increases linearly with very high precision. This Talbot frequency comb can be self referenced. The beating with the adjacent modes uniquely defines the optical mode frequency, which means that the optical spectrum is directly mapped into the radio frequency domain. This is similar to the dual frequency comb technique, albeit without the limiting relative jitter between two combs.
Leucine 7 to proline 7 polymorphism in the neuropeptide y gene is associated with retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes (2000)

In this study we tested the hypothesis that the Leu7Pro7 polymorphism in prepro neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene could be a risk marker for the development of diabetic retinopathy and analyzed a well characterized cohort of patients with Type 2 diabetes followed-up for 10 years from the time of diagnosis. The frequency of Leu7/Pro7-polymorphism was 9.3% (8 out of 86). At baseline, the frequency of retinopathy in patients with the Leu7/Pro7-polymorphism was 25% (2 out of 8) and in those without it 6.4% (5 out of 78) (p=0.126). At 10-year the respective figures were 88% and 50% (p=-0.040). The odds ratio for Leu7/Pro7-polymorphism in logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, gender and HbA1c was 8.97 (95% confidence intervals 1.09-98.0; p=0.049). Our finding based on elderly Finnish Type 2 diabetic subjects suggests that the Leu7Pro7-genotype in preproNPY gene is associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy.
Identity Inference as a Privacy Risk in Computer-Mediated Communication (2009)

New Web 2.0 applications, with their emphasis on collaboration and communication, hold the promise of major advances in social connectivity and coordination; however, they also increase the threats to user privacy. An important, yet under-researched privacy risk results from social inferences about user identity, location, and activities. In this paper, we frame the 'social inference problem'. We then present the results from a 292 subject experiment that highlights: (1) the prevalence of social inference risks; (2) people's difficulties in accurately predicting social inference risks; and (3) the relation between information entropy and social inference. We also show how to predict possible social inferences by modeling users' background knowledge and calculating information entropy and discuss how social inference support systems can be deployed that protect user privacy.
First-principles study of light emission from germanium quantum-well (2010)

This paper presents light emission properties of germanium quantum-well and optical gains of Ge(001) and Ge(111) thin films as a function of the number of atomic layers. Gap-crossing transitions between conduction bands and valence bands only are taken into account.
Analytical cone-beam reconstruction using a multi-source inverse geometry CT system (2007)

In a 3rd generation CT system, a single source projects the entire field of view (FOV) onto a large detector opposite the source. In multi-source CT imaging, a multitude of sources sequentially project a part of the FOV on a much smaller detector. These sources may be distributed in both the trans-axial and axial directions in order to jointly cover the entire FOV. Scan data from multiple sources in the axial direction provide complementary information, which is not available in a conventional single-source CT system. In this work, an analytical 3D cone-beam reconstruction algorithm for multi-source CT is proposed. This approach has three distinctive features. First, multi-source data are re-binned transaxially to multiple offset third-generation datasets. Second, data points in sinograms from multiple source sets are either accepted or rejected for contribution to the backprojection of a given voxel. Third, instead of using a ramp filter, a Hilbert transform is combined with a parallel derivative to form the filtering mechanism. Phantom simulations are performed using a multi-source CT geometry and compared to conventional 3rd generation CT geometry. We show that multi-source CT can extend the axial scan coverage to 120mm without cone-beam artifacts, while a third-generation geometry results in compromised image quality at 60mm of axial coverage. Moreover, given that the cone-angle in the proposed geometry is limited to 7 degrees, there are no degrading effects such as the Heel effect and scattered radiation, unlike in a third-generation geometry with comparable coverage. An additional benefit is the uniform flux profile resulting in uniform image noise throughout the FOV and a uniform dose absorption profile.
Split-Crank Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling: An Adapting Admitting Rehabilitation Robot (2020)

Motorized functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling is a promising rehabilitation strategy for individuals with movement disorders, particularly when the pedals of the FES cycle are decoupled to measure and address asymmetries. In this article, a rehabilitation robot, i.e., a split-crank FES cycle, is developed which utilizes a combined admittance-cadence controller to address rider asymmetries through adaptation, ensure rider safety, and electrically stimulate the rider's leg muscles to pedal the cycle at the desired cadence. The theoretical development of the controllers is based on a combined Lyapunov-passivity switched systems stability analysis. Experiments were conducted on one able-bodied participant and three participants with various movement disorders, resulting in an average admittance tracking error of -0.13 ± 1.77 RPM with adaptation and -0.03 ± 4.05 RPM without adaptation. The split-crank FES cycle successfully admits to the rider, preserves rider safety, and offers a promising robotic rehabilitation strategy for individuals affected by movement disorders.
A New Synthetic Route to p-Methoxy-2,6-disubstituted Anilines and their Conversion into N-Heterocyclic Carbene Precursors (2013)

The development of new N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) is a key feature in this now mainstream research area to access novel chemical properties and reactivity that are essential for the discovery of original applications. Up to now, only a few reliable methods have proven suitable for the preparation of methoxylated anilines to ultimately access methoxylated NHC. We are pleased to report here a straightforward and scalable approach to address this matter.