gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High voltage protection for USB transceivers in 45nm CMOS (2011)

Many present day IO specifications require over-voltage protection. USB2.0, a popular serial interface, requires a 5.25V short circuit protection for the signal pins. This becomes a challenging requirement to meet in Ultra Deep Sub-micron (UDSM) technologies. The challenge lies in protecting the low-voltage gate oxides from higher voltage in different modes of operation including power down. A protection circuit is proposed in this paper that also protects from overshoots due to a mismatched cable. The proposed circuit also ensures that supply for the output pad driver doesn't get charged during the high voltage event. It continues to protect during power down drawing ∼12µA current ensuring low power operation. The protection circuit presented in this paper is implemented in 45nm CMOS, without using any 3.3V gate-oxide transistors. This circuit consumes 300µA from 3.3V during functional mode. The area of this circuit is 90×320µm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
ABI-1, a Human Homolog to Mouse Abl-Interactor 1, Fuses theMLL Gene in Acute Myeloid Leukemia With t(10;11)(p11.2;q23) (1998)

Recurrent translocation t(10;11) has been reported to be associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Recently, two types of chimeric transcripts, MLL-AF10 in t(10;11)(p12;q23) andCALM-AF10 in t(10;11)(p13;q14), were isolated. t(10;11) is strongly associated with complex translocations, including invins(10;11) and inv(11)t(10;11), because the direction of transcription of AF10 is telomere to centromere. We analyzed a patient of AML with t(10;11)(p11.2;q23) and identified ABI-1 on chromosome 10p11.2, a human homolog to mouse Abl-interactor 1 (Abi-1), fused with MLL. Whereas the ABI-1 gene bears no homology with the partner genes of MLL previously described, the ABI-1 protein exhibits sequence similarity to protein of homeotic genes, contains several polyproline stretches, and includes asrc homology 3 (SH3) domain at the C-terminus that is required for binding to Abl proteins in mouse Abi-1 protein. Recently, e3B1, an eps8 SH3 binding protein 1, was also isolated as a human homolog to mouse Abi-1. Three types of transcripts of ABI-1 gene were expressed in normal peripheral blood. Although e3B1 was considered to be a full-length ABI-1, the MLL-ABI-1fusion transcript in this patient was formed by an alternatively spliced ABI-1. Others have shown that mouse Abi-1 suppresses v-ABL transforming activity and that e3B1, full-length ABI-1, regulates cell growth. In-frame MLL-ABI-1 fusion transcripts combine the MLL AT-hook motifs and DNA methyltransferase homology region with the homeodomain homologous region, polyproline stretches, and SH3 domain of alternatively spliced transcript of ABI-1. Our results suggest that the ABI-1 gene plays a role in leukemogenesis by translocating to MLL. © 1998 by The American Society of Hematology.
Characterization of human monoclonal antibodies directed against the pp65-kD matrix antigen of human cytomegalovirus. (1991)

Human monoclonal antibodies specific for human cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens have been established using peripheral blood lymphocytes from a seropositive donor. Immortalization of antigen-specific B cells was achieved by Epstein-Barr virus transformation followed by somatic cell fusion of antigen-specific lymphoblastoid cells. Four clones producing high-affinity antibodies (0.2-7 x 10(9) M-1) specific for the viral matrix protein pp65 have been further characterized with respect to epitope specificity of secreted antibodies. The studied antigen represents a major protein produced by in vitro-cultivated virus, and is important in the serodiagnosis of CMV infection. The human monoclonal antibodies recognized different epitopes, some of which proved to be overlapping. The fine specificity of these antibodies was evaluated using synthetic peptides covering the sequence of pp65. The antibody MO58 recognized a linear epitope (residues 283-288) whereas antibody MO53 recognized a discontinuous epitope involving residues 208-216 and 280-285. Despite the close proximity of these epitopes, the antibodies did not compete with each other for the same binding site on intact antigen.
Acylcarnitines: potential implications for skeletal muscle insulin resistance (2014)

Insulin resistance may be linked to incomplete fatty acid β-oxidation and the subsequent increase in acylcarnitine species in different tissues including skeletal muscle. It is not known if acylcarnitines participate in muscle insulin resistance or simply reflect dysregulated metabolism. The aims of this study were to determine whether acylcarnitines can elicit muscle insulin resistance and to better understand the link between incomplete muscle fatty acid β-oxidation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin-resistance development. Differentiated C2C12, primary mouse, and human myotubes were treated with acylcarnitines (C4:0, C14:0, C16:0) or with palmitate with or without carnitine acyltransferase inhibition by mildronate. Treatment with C4:0, C14:0, and C16:0 acylcarnitines resulted in 20-30% decrease in insulin response at the level of Akt phosphorylation and/or glucose uptake. Mildronate reversed palmitate-induced insulin resistance concomitant with an ∼25% decrease in short-chain acylcarnitine and acetylcarnitine secretion. Although proinflammatory cytokines were not affected under these conditions, oxidative stress was increased by 2-3 times by short- or long-chain acylcarnitines. Acylcarnitine-induced oxidative stress and insulin resistance were reversed by treatment with antioxidants. Results are consistent with the conclusion that incomplete muscle fatty acid β-oxidation causes acylcarnitine accumulation and associated oxidative stress, raising the possibility that these metabolites play a role in muscle insulin resistance.
Exceptional Sensitivity of Rubisco Activase to Thermal Denaturation in Vitro and in Vivo (2001)

Heat stress inhibits photosynthesis by reducing the activation of Rubisco by Rubisco activase. To determine if loss of activase function is caused by protein denaturation, the thermal stability of activase was examined in vitro and in vivo and compared with the stabilities of two other soluble chloroplast proteins. Isolated activase exhibited a temperature optimum for ATP hydrolysis of 44 degrees C compared with > or =60 degrees C for carboxylation by Rubisco. Light scattering showed that unfolding/aggregation occurred at 45 degrees C and 37 degrees C for activase in the presence and absence of ATPgammaS, respectively, and at 65 degrees C for Rubisco. Addition of chemically denatured rhodanese to heat-treated activase trapped partially folded activase in an insoluble complex at treatment temperatures that were similar to those that caused increased light scattering and loss of activity. To examine thermal stability in vivo, heat-treated tobacco (Nicotiana rustica cv Pulmila) protoplasts and chloroplasts were lysed with detergent in the presence of rhodanese and the amount of target protein that aggregated was determined by immunoblotting. The results of these experiments showed that thermal denaturation of activase in vivo occurred at temperatures similar to those that denatured isolated activase and far below those required to denature Rubisco or phosphoribulokinase. Edman degradation analysis of aggregated proteins from tobacco and pea (Pisum sativum cv "Little Marvel") chloroplasts showed that activase was the major protein that denatured in response to heat stress. Thus, loss of activase activity during heat stress is caused by an exceptional sensitivity of the protein to thermal denaturation and is responsible, in part, for deactivation of Rubisco.
Nonlinear Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Experimental Approach, Analysis, and Initial Findings (2018)

Nonlinear electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (NLEIS) is a moderate-amplitude extension to linear EIS that provides a sensitive and complementary whole-battery diagnostic for charge transfer kinetics, mass transport, and thermodynamics. We present the first full-frequency, second harmonic NLEIS spectra for lithium-ion batteries using commercially available, 1.5 Ah LiNMC|C cells. The mathematical framework for NLEIS shows, and experiments confirm, that moderate-amplitude input modulations can generate a second harmonic output that does not intrinsically corrupt the linear EIS response. Experimental measurements at varied states-of-charge (SoC) and states-of-health (SoH) are used to illustrate and compare NLEIS and EIS data. At low frequencies, the second harmonic NLEIS spectrum is shown to produce a more distinct response to SoC dependent thermodynamic and diffusion processes than linear EIS. By combining NLEIS and EIS, we are able to characterize degradation in early cell cycling (where cells lost <1% of initial capacity). Second harmonic NLEIS is shown to be sensitive to degradation in charge transfer symmetry whereas linear EIS is mainly sensitive to changes in charge transfer rates. For example, NLEIS shows that fresh cells have highly symmetric charge transfer (αa = αc = 0.5) on both electrodes, whereas early in the cycling, there is a shift toward kinetics that favor oxidation on the positive electrode (αa, pos > 0.5, αc, pos < 0.5). Combined analysis of EIS and NLEIS spectra shows promise for improved parameter estimation and model validation. All experimental data and analysis code for this manuscript can be found on ECSarXiv.
Telomere fusions in early human breast carcinoma (2012)

Several lines of evidence suggest that defects in telomere maintenance play a significant role in the initiation of genomic instability during carcinogenesis. Although the general concept of defective telomere maintenance initiating genomic instability has been acknowledged, there remains a critical gap in the direct evidence of telomere dysfunction in human solid tumors. To address this topic, we devised a multiplex PCR-based assay, termed TAR (telomere-associated repeat) fusion PCR, to detect and analyze chromosome end-to-end associations (telomere fusions) within human breast tumor tissue. Using TAR fusion PCR, we found that human breast lesions, but not normal breast tissues from healthy volunteers, contained telomere fusions. Telomere fusions were detected at similar frequencies during early ductal carcinoma in situ and in the later invasive ductal carcinoma stage. Our results provide direct evidence that telomere fusions are present in human breast tumor tissue and suggest that telomere dysfunction may be an important component of the genomic instability observed in this cancer. Development of this robust method that allows identification of these genetic aberrations (telomere fusions) is anticipated to be a valuable tool for dissecting mechanisms of telomere dysfunction.
<i>EgMYB1</i>, an R2R3 MYB transcription factor from eucalyptus negatively regulates secondary cell wall formation in<i>Arabidopsis</i>and poplar (2010)

• The eucalyptus R2R3 transcription factor, EgMYB1 contains an active repressor motif in the regulatory domain of the predicted protein. It is preferentially expressed in differentiating xylem and is capable of repressing the transcription of two key lignin genes in vivo. • In order to investigate in planta the role of this putative transcriptional repressor of the lignin biosynthetic pathway, we overexpressed the EgMYB1 gene in Arabidopsis and poplar. • Expression of EgMYB1 produced similar phenotypes in both species, with stronger effects in transgenic Arabidopsis plants than in poplar. Vascular development was altered in overexpressors showing fewer lignified fibres (in phloem and interfascicular zones in poplar and Arabidopsis, respectively) and reduced secondary wall thickening. Klason lignin content was moderately but significantly reduced in both species. Decreased transcript accumulation was observed for genes involved in the biosynthesis of lignins, cellulose and xylan, the three main polymers of secondary cell walls. Transcriptomic profiles of transgenic poplars were reminiscent of those reported when lignin biosynthetic genes are disrupted. • Together, these results strongly suggest that EgMYB1 is a repressor of secondary wall formation and provide new opportunities to dissect the transcriptional regulation of secondary wall biosynthesis.
A TEM and EPR Investigation of the Competitive Binding of Uranyl Ions to Starburst Dendrimers and Liposomes:  Potential Use of Dendrimers as Uranyl Ion Sponges (2000)

Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of UO22+-negatively stained starburst dendrimers (SBDs), members of the family of dendritic macromolecules, have been analyzed in the absence and in the presence of dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcoline (DMPC) liposomes and mixed DMPC/DMPA-Na (the sodium salt of DMP-colate) liposomes at different relative percentages of DMPC and DMPA-Na. Under most conditions with dendrimers present, the dendrimers, rather than the liposomes, are visible in the TEM images, demonstrating that the UO22+ is complexed to the dendrimers and not to the liposomes. Only at high composition of DMPA-Na in the liposomes (>40%) and under the condition of high protonation of the dendrimer surface are the liposomes imaged by TEM. Mixed liposomes show a rodlike shape. To confirm the TEM results, an EPR study was performed by adding to the SBD solution various amounts of Cu2+ and UO22+. Uranyl ions compete favorably with copper ions for the complexation with the nitrogen ligand sites at both the external and the internal dendrimer surfaces. The saturation of the dendrimer by Cu(II) occurs at about 33% complexation of the nitrogen groups. The stability constant of the Cu2+−SBD complex was evaluated, along with an indirect estimation of the stability of the UO22+−SBD complex. The results demonstrate that starburst dendrimers selectively bind to uranyl ions and that the latter compete effectively for these sites, even with Cu(II) ions, which are well-known for forming stable complexes with nitrogen ligands. These results show that dendrimers have the potential for storing uranium derivatives, a process of great importance in the fields of energy production and environmental cleanup.
A feasibility randomised controlled trial of the DECIDE intervention: Dementia carers making informed decisions (2017)

© The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2017. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) license.
Dual-Modal Tumor Imaging via Long-Circulating Biodegradable Core-Cross-Linked Polymeric Micelles (2011)

We present a long-circulating biodegradable core-crosslinked polymeric micelle (d-CCPM) for the nuclear/optical imaging of tumors. The d-CCPM was derived from an amphiphilic block-copolymer consisting of a hydrophilic block of brush-like poly(ethylene glycol) and a hydrophobic block containing cleavable pendent triethoxysilane. The resultant imaging tracer had prolonged circulation in the blood (half-life of clearance phase = 36.5 hrs), substantial accumulation in tumor (% injected dose per gram of tissue = 8.5% ± 1.0% at 24 hrs post-injection) and minimal uptake in the liver (5.0% ± 0.1%) or spleen (5.1% ± 0.3%). Both nuclear and near-infrared fluorescence imaging revealed strong signals in tumor regions. At 48 hrs, nuclear imaging exhibited tumor-to-liver and tumor-to-blood ratios of 1.4 and 1.1, respectively. The degradation of d-CCPM was studied in vitro at pH 5.0 and 37°C; and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy confirmed. Our study indicates that the d-CCPM system is an effective probe for dual-modal cancer imaging and a potential safe platform nanocarrier for the delivery of anti-cancer drugs and cancer therapy.
FUEL FILTRATION TO PREVENT ENGINE DAMAGE (1990)

The carryover of catalytic fines in low- and medium-speed diesel engine fuel can result in catastrophic engine wear. A final filter is described that has been shown capable of removing 90 percent of these particles of more than 5 microns without itself becoming prematurely clogged by sludge and asphaltines. The filter is constructed of virgin cotton and fine wood wool.
Strain and surface phenomena in SiGe structures (1996)

We present an approach in equilibrium theory for strain relaxation in heteroepitaxial semiconductor structures, which includes surface relaxation effects and elastic interactions between straight misfit dislocations. The free-surface boundary conditions are satisfied by placing an image dislocation outside the crystal so that its stress field cancels that of the real interface misfit dislocation at the surface. The effect of the Airy stress function that removes the fictitious shear and normal stresses at the surface is discussed. This image method provides an equilibrium theory, which correctly predicts experimentally observed values of critical strained layer thickness and completely describes the elastic and plastic strain relief and work hardening in lattice-mismatched SiGe epilayers. It is shown that the elastic coherency stress of the strained material is really affected by a large surface relaxation stress. This is essential for experimental determination of the Ge content of extremely thin films as a function of the tetragonal distortion of the cubic lattice cells. The equilibrium theory is also used to define the degree of strain relaxation and to predict the incomplete strain relief at the end of thermal relaxation process of metastable SiGe/Si heterostructures. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Geotagging (2010)

Geotagging is the process of recognizing textual references to geographic locations, known as toponyms, and resolving these references by assigning each lat/long values. Typical geotagging algorithms use a variety of heuristic evidence to select the correct interpretation for each toponym. A study is presented of one such heuristic which aids in recognizing and resolving lists of toponyms, referred to as comma groups. Comma groups of toponyms are recognized and resolved by inferring the common threads that bind them together, based on the toponyms' shared geographic attributes. Three such common threads are proposed and studied --- population-based prominence, distance-based proximity, and sibling relationships in a geographic hierarchy --- and examples of each are noted. In addition, measurements are made of these comma groups' usage and variety in a large dataset of news articles, indicating that the proposed heuristics, and in particular the proximity and sibling heuristics, are useful for resolving comma group toponyms.
Mechanism of Polysialation in the Incorporation of Zirconia into Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers (2000)

Little attempt has been made to understand the chemical and physical consequences of incorporating non-aluminosilicate materials into geopolymers. In the present work zirconia was chosen as an inert reference to examine the effects of a non-aluminosilicate source on the chemical and physical properties of a geopolymer matrix. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, and compressive strength analyses were used to characterize the matrixes. Inclusion of only a small quantity of zirconia was shown to impart a substantial increase in compressive strength for fly ash-based geopolymers. The basis of this increase in strength has been hypothesized to be due to the formation of specific zirconia-associated, three-dimensional polysialate species, which reduce the mobility of sodium while maintaining the charge balance and structural stability of the matrix. Through a simplified study based on zirconium polysialate solubility and FTIR measurements, an attempt was made to rationalize and correlate the observed chemical and physical properties of the matrixes with established mechanisms of geopolymerization.
Efficient Resource Virtualization and Sharing Strategies for Heterogeneous Grid Environments (2007)

Resource visualization has emerged as a powerful technique for customized resource provisioning in grid and data center environments. In this paper, we describe efficient strategies for policy-based controlling of virtualization of the physical resources. With these strategies, visualization is controlled taking into account workload requirements, available capacities of physical resources, and the governing policies. Realizing this control requires simultaneous handling of three problems: (i) determining the virtual resource configurations, (ii) the mapping of resulting virtual resources to physical resources, and (iii) the mapping of workloads to the virtual resources. We pose this as an optimization problem and solve this problem using a linear programming (LP) based approach. We evaluate this approach by implementing it in the Harmony grid environment consisting of heterogeneous resources and heterogeneous workload. Experimental results indicate that our approach is efficient and effective. We extend this approach further by using a two-phase heuristic that allows the decision making component to scale up to handle large scale grid systems.
Analysis of composite systems with RASIS: an object-oriented interface (2002)

The first prototype of a new software package for the reduction and simulation of multivariable composite systems is presented. The graphic man-machine interface of the software is explained, showing its extreme flexibility to allow the mathematical and structural description of the interconnected system. The reduction and simulation commands included in the software are also presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Lysostaphin: Use of a Recombinant Bactericidal Enzyme as a Mastitis Therapeutic (1991)

A recombinant mucolytic protein, lysostaphin, was evaluated as a potential intramammary therapeutic for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cattle. Lysostaphin, a product of Staphylococcus simulans, enzymatically degrades the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus and is bactericidal. Thirty Holstein-Freisian dairy cattle in their first lactation were infected with Staphylococcus aureus (Newbould 305, ATCC 29740) in all quarters. Infections were established and monitored for somatic cell counts and Staphylococcus aureus colony-forming units 3 wk prior to subsequent treatment. Infected animals were injected through the teat canal with a single dose of recombinant lysostaphin (dose response 1 to 500 mg) or after three successive p.m. milkings with 100 mg of recombinant lysostaphin in 60 ml of sterile phosphate-buffered saline. Animals were considered cured if the milk remained free of Staphylococcus aureus for a total of 28 milkings after last treatment. Kinetic analysis of immunologically active recombinant lysostaphin demonstrated that a minimum bactericidal concentration was maintained in the milk for up to 36 to 48 h after a single infusion of 100 mg of recombinant lysostaphin. The cure rate of quarters receiving recombinant lysostaphin (100 mg in sterile phosphate-buffered saline, administered over three consecutive p.m. milkings) was 20% compared with 29% for sodium cephapirin in saline and 57% for a commercial antibiotic formulation, respectively. An improved formulation of recombinant lysostaphin may prove to be an effective alternative to antibiotic therapy for bovine mastitis.