gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Frontiers in extreme nonlinear optics: Attosecond-to-zeptosecond coherent kiloelectronvolt X-rays on a tabletop (2013)

Summary form only given. The past three years in a row marked the 50th anniversaries of three significant innovations in optics: the invention of the laser; the discovery of the nonlinear upconversion of laser light in a spectral region where laser light has not been available; and the outlining of phase matching of this upconversion process - a recipe that makes the newly generated laser-like light bright and usable for applications. The same revolution that made it possible to create well directed beams in the visible region of the spectrum is only now happening for X-rays. Large-scale X-ray free electron lasers are promising to capture images of ultrafast dynamics in a single shot. An extreme version of nonlinear optics - high harmonic generation (HHG) - can also generate bright, coherent, beams of X-rays, with very short wavelengths <;7.7 angstroms, in a tabletop-scale setup for the first time [1]. This practically realizes a coherent version of the Roentgen X-ray tube in the soft X-ray region. Improved understanding of the microscopic quantum physics and macroscopic nonlinear optics of high harmonic generation [2-5], as well as the development of novel ultrafast mid-IR lasers [6] have lead to this rapid progress in the past few years, essentially solving the phase matching problem of HHG in the X-ray region. In addition, these kiloelectronvolt HHG X-rays have a supercontinuum structure with the broadest coherent bandwidth (>1.3 keV) that any light source, large or small scale, can generate to date. Such an ultrabroad spectral bandwidth can support X-ray pulses as short as 2.5 attoseconds and is scalable towards zeptosecond pulse durations. These unique, ultrafast, laser-like X-ray beams promise revolutionary new capabilities for understanding and controlling how the nanoworld works on its fundamental time and length scales. This understanding is relevant to the next generation data and energy storage devices, nano-electronics, bioimaging, and future medical diagnostics.
Tetravalent Manganese Feroxyhyte: A Novel Nanoadsorbent Equally Selective for As(III) and As(V) Removal from Drinking Water (2013)

The development of a single-phase Fe/Mn oxy-hydroxide (δ-Fe0.76Mn0.24OOH), highly efficient at adsorbing both As(III) and As(V), is reported. Its synthesis involves the coprecipitation of FeSO4 and KMnO4 in a kilogram-scale continuous process, in acidic and strongly oxidizing environments. The produced material was identified as a manganese feroxyhyte in which tetravalent manganese is homogeneously distributed into the crystal unit, whereas a second-order hollow spherical morphology is favored. According to this structuration, the oxy-hydroxide maintains the high adsorption capacity for As(V) of a single Fe oxy-hydroxide combined with enhanced As(III) removal based on the oxidizing mediation of Mn(IV). Ion-exchange between arsenic species and sulfates as well as the strongly positive surface charge further facilitate arsenic adsorption. Batch adsorption tests performed in natural-like water indicate that Mn(IV)-feroxyhyte can remove 11.7 μg As(V)/mg and 6.7 μg As(III)/mg at equilibrium pH 7, before residual concentration overcomes the regulation limit of 10 μg As/L for drinking water. The improved efficiency of this material, its low cost, and the possibility for scaling-up its production to industry indicate the high practical impact and environmental importance of this novel adsorbent.
Performance of new generation membrane distillation membranes (2009)

Membrane distillation has been a known desalination process for many years, but its commercial implementation has been hampered by low water fluxes and the need for low cost heat sources. With greater emphasis being placed on energy efficiency, membrane distillation coupled with waste heat or solar heat sources to drive the process is being reconsidered. In particular, the use of membrane distillation to treat brine concentrates is receiving renewed attention, as it results in increased water recovery and lower brine discharges, and high salt concentrations do not increase the driving force requirements for membrane distillation. In this paper, four different membranes, one made of polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) and three made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) of different pore sizes, were assessed the performance in membrane distillation under different hot feed flow rates and inlet temperatures. The results show that the PTFE membranes had a much higher flux than that of PVDF at the same operational conditions, and PTFE membranes of large pore size produced higher flux than that of the small pore size. The results also showed that increasing the flow rate of the hot feed and its inlet temperature increased the flux, but the rates of increase decreased with increasing flow rate and inlet feed temperature.
Near-Infrared Analysis of Soluble and Insoluble Dietary Fiber Fractions of Cereal Food Products (2002)

The use of near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy for the rapid and accurate measurement of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber was explored in a diverse group of cereal products. Ground samples were analyzed for soluble and insoluble dietary fiber (AOAC Method 991.43) and scanned (NIRSystems 6500 monochromator) to obtain NIR spectra. Modified PLS models were developed to predict insoluble and soluble dietary fiber using data sets expanded to include products with high fat and high sugar contents. The models predicted insoluble dietary fiber accurately with an SECV of 1.54% and an R(2) of 0.98 (AOAC determined range of 0-48.77%) and soluble dietary fiber less accurately with an SECV of 1.15% and an R(2) of 0.82 (AOAC determined range of 0-13.84%). Prediction of independent validation samples by the soluble fiber model resulted in a bias that may be related to the way the reference method treats samples with different soluble fiber constituents. The insoluble fiber model can be used to rapidly monitor insoluble dietary fiber in cereal products for nutrition labeling.
Analysis of the noncollinear acousto-optic filter (1975)

Theoretical analysis of an acousto-optic filter using noncollinear interaction is presented. The various characteristics of the filter, including tuning curve, resolution, angular aperture and deflection angle, are determined. The theoretical calculations are in good agreement with the measured results of a TeO2 filter.
Complementary Deoxyribonucleic Acid (cDNA) Cloning and DNA Sequence Analysis of Rat Ovarian Inhibins* (1987)

Two forms of inhibin (A and B), gonadal polypeptide hormones that selectively suppress the secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary, have been characterized from the porcine and human species, each being composed of a common alpha-chain and one of two distinct, but homologous beta-chains, i.e. alpha beta A and alpha beta B. Using cDNAs encoding the porcine inhibin subunits we have cloned and sequenced the cDNAs encoding the alpha, beta A, and beta B chains of rat ovarian inhibin. Northern analyses of rat testicular RNA with rat ovarian cDNA probes show the presence of mRNAs encoding alpha and beta B chains, but no detectable mRNA encoding the beta A chain under our experimental conditions. This suggests that there may be specific and distinct physiological roles for inhibins A and B. In addition, if there is no extratesticular source of beta A mRNA, then the male rat may be devoid of the stimulators of the secretion of FSH, i.e. activin (beta A beta B) and homoactivin A (beta A beta A), which are derived from the beta subunits of the two inhibins.
QASR: question answering using semantic roles for speech interface (2006)

In this paper, we evaluate a semantic role labeling approach to the extraction of answers in the open domain question answering task. We show that this technique especially improves the system performance when answers are communicated to the user by voice. Semantic role labeling identifies predicates and semantic argument phrases in a sentence. With this information we are able to analyze and extract structure from both questions and candidate sentences, which helps us identify more relevant and precise answers in a long list of candidate sentences. When searching for an answer to a question, we match the missing argument in the question to the semantic parses of the candidate answers. This technique significantly improves the accuracy of the question answering system and results in more concise and grammatical answers, which is essential for enabling voice interfaces to question answering systems. In this paper we apply our approach to factoid questions containing predicates; however, this technique can be also useful in answering more complex questions. Index Terms: question answering, semantic roles
The Role of TGF‐β in Pulmonary Fibrosis (2007)

Pulmonary fibrosis is an irreversible accumulation of connective tissue in the interstitium of the lung. The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis is not well understood. Research on animal models and studies of human lung disease suggest the initiating events may be a combination of pulmonary injury and the recruitment of inflammatory cells, mainly macrophages. A number of well characterized cytokines, including TGF-β, have been either found in the injured lung or produced by inflammatory cells removed from the lung. In an animal model of pulmonary fibrosis, TGF-β production is increased prior to collagen synthesis and is mainly produced by alveolar macrophages. In advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a human fibrotic lung disease, extensive TGF-β deposition can be detected by immunohistochemical staining, primarily in epithelial cells in areas of lung regeneration and remodelling. This suggests that the pathogenesis of the progressive fibrosis characteristic of this lung disease may be an abberant repair process.
StreamWorks - A system for Dynamic Graph Search (2013)

Acting on time-critical events by processing ever growing social media, news or cyber data streams is a major technical challenge. Many of these data sources can be modeled as multi-relational graphs. Mining and searching for subgraph patterns in a continuous setting requires an efficient approach to incremental graph search. The goal of our work is to enable real-time search capabilities for graph databases. This demonstration will present a dynamic graph query system that leverages the structural and semantic characteristics of the underlying multi-relational graph.
Metabolically stabilised radiotracers for the diagnosis of adrenocortical tumours and radiotherapy of adrenal carcinoma (2013)

Objective: We have recently developed [123/131I]iodometomidate (IMTO) for specific adrenal imaging and radiotherapy of adrenocortical carcinoma. IMTO binds with high affinity and specificity to the two adrenocortical enzymes aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) and 11ß-hydroxylase (CYP11B1). The tracer is rapidly metabolised both in vitro and in vivo by hepatic esterases. Due to the low metabolic stability of IMTO, our aim was to develop specific radiotracers with improved metabolic stability.
SURGE: surface regularized geometry estimation from a single image (2016)

This paper introduces an approach to regularize 2.5D surface normal and depth predictions at each pixel given a single input image. The approach infers and reasons about the underlying 3D planar surfaces depicted in the image to snap predicted normals and depths to inferred planar surfaces, all while maintaining fine detail within objects. Our approach comprises two components: (i) a four-stream convolutional neural network (CNN) where depths, surface normals, and likelihoods of planar region and planar boundary are predicted at each pixel, followed by (ii) a dense conditional random field (DCRF) that integrates the four predictions such that the normals and depths are compatible with each other and regularized by the planar region and planar boundary information. The DCRF is formulated such that gradients can be passed to the surface normal and depth CNNs via backpropagation. In addition, we propose new planar-wise metrics to evaluate geometry consistency within planar surfaces, which are more tightly related to dependent 3D editing applications. We show that our regularization yields a 30% relative improvement in planar consistency on the NYU v2 dataset [24].
Microbial solutions to microbial problems; lactococcal bacteriocins for the control of undesirable biota in food (2005)

... This review will discuss the potential for certain lactococcal bacteriocins to be used as tools for influencing food safety and quality. The focus will be on the potential use of a broad‐spectrum bacteriocin, lacticin 3147, as a tool to control nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) in cheese, to inhibit pathogens in fermented and nonfermented foods and to extend the shelf life of certain products. Different strategies used to incorporate this bacteriocin into foods will also be described, as will possible problems that may arise when using a bacteriocin in foods. The narrow spectrum bacteriocins, lactococcin ABM (which actually corresponds to three bacteriocins, lactococcins A, B and M produced in a single strain) and the medium‐spectrum bacteriocin lacticin 481, also have certain potential applications (albeit limited) in the food industry. In particular, these bacteriocins exhibit a bacteriolytic effect on target cells and so can be used for inducing lysis on sensitive cells during cheese manufacture which concomitantly can lead to accelerated flavour development.
E2F4 deficiency promotes drug-induced apoptosis (2004)

E2F1 and E2F4 are known to have opposing roles in cell cycle control. In the present work, we examine the role of both E2F1 and E2F4 in apoptosis induced by three cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (roscovitine, BMS-387032, and flavopiridol) as well as by three established chemotherapeutic drugs (VP16, cisplatin and paclitaxel). We find that E2F4 levels are diminished following treatment with cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (flavopiridol, roscovitine and BMS-387032) or with DNA damaging drugs (cisplatin and VP16). In contrast, each of these drugs induced E2F1. We find that mouse fibroblasts nullizygous for the E2F4 gene are more sensitive to apoptosis induced by roscovitine, flavopiridol, cisplatin, and VP16, whereas E2F1-deficient fibroblasts are less sensitive. Likewise, we find that RNAi-mediated reductions in E2F4 in human cancer cells results in increased drug sensitivity. Taken together, these results support a model in which E2F1 and E2F4 play opposing roles during drug-induced apoptosis.
Optical nanosensors and nanoprobes: from single-cell exploration to medical diagnostics (2012)

This lecture presents an overview of recent advances in the development of optical nanobiosensor and nanoprobe technology at the nexus of engineering, biology, medicine and nanotechnology. The presentation describes two areas of research related to the development of nanoprobes and nanosensors for biomolecule detection and single-cell analysis : (1) plasmonics nanoprobes using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection; and (2) nanobiosensors for in vivo analysis of a single cell for molecular diagnostics and imaging, and ultra-high throughput screening. Novel nanobiosensors and nanoprobes combining bio-recognition and nanotechnology have been developed for in-vitro molecular diagnostics and in-vivo monitoring of biological targets and biochemical processes in a single living cell. These studies demonstrate applications of plasmonics “molecular sentinel” nanoprobes for diagnostics of diseases such as cancer and the use of nano-biosensors for measurements of molecular signaling pathways inside a single cell. Fiberoptics-based nanobiosensors are used to detect apoptotic processes in single cells following photodynamic cancer treatment or to monitor pH in cancer cells. These nanodevices open new possibilities to a wide range of applications in medical diagnostics at the point of care, global health, molecular imaging, biology research, ultra-high throughput screening, and investigations of the therapeutic action of pharmaceutical agents.
Photorefractive Polymers for Updatable Holographic Displays (2010)

Photorefractive polymers are dynamic holographic recording materials that allow for updating of images. They have been investigated over the last decade and have a wide range of applications including optical correlation, imaging through scattering media, and optical communication. Here, we review the achievement of the first updatable holographic 3D display based on photorefractive polymers and report the fabrication of a 6 × 6 inch2 display, the largest photorefractive 3D display to date capable of recording and displaying new images every few minutes. The holograms can be viewed for several hours without the need for refreshing, and can be completely erased and updated whenever desired.
Decimal Floating-Point Adder and Multifunction Unit with Injection-Based Rounding (2007)

Shrinking feature sizes gives more headroom for designers to extend the functionality of microprocessors. The IEEE 754R working group has revised the IEEE 754-1985 standard for binary floating-point arithmetic to include specifications for decimal floating-point arithmetic and IBM recently announced incorporating a decimal floatingpoint unit into their POWER6 processor. As processor support for decimal floating-point arithmetic emerges, it is important to investigate efficient algorithms and hardware designs for common decimal floating-point arithmetic algorithms. This paper presents novel designs for a decimal floating-point adder and a decimal floating-point multifunction unit. To reduce their delay, both the adder and the multifunction unit use decimal injection-based rounding, a new form of decimal operand alignment, and a fast flag-based method for rounding and overflow detection. Synthesis results indicate that the proposed adder is roughly 21% faster and 1.6% smaller than a previous decimal floating-point adder design, when implemented in the same technology. Compared to the decimal floating-point adder, the decimal floating-point multifunction unit provides six additional operations, yet only has 2.8%more delay and 9.7% more area.
Optical detection system for probing cantilever deflections parallel to a sample surface (2011)

To date, commercial atomic force microscopes have been optimized for measurements of forces perpendicular to the sample surface. In many applications, sensitive parallel force measurements are desirable. These can be obtained by positioning the cantilever with its long axis perpendicular to the sample: the so-called pendulum geometry. We present a compact optical beam deflection system which solves the geometrical constraint problems involved in focusing a light beam onto a cantilever in the pendulum geometry. We demonstrate the performance of the system on measurements of forces imparted by a muscle myofibril, which is in-plane to a high-magnification objective of an optical microscope.
Cost determination method for multihop communication network, involves determining simultaneously potential next hop nodes for one node from source node to destination node, so that potential node jointly optimizes preset cost function. (2003)

NOVELTY - Several simultaneously potential next hop nodes are determined for one of multiple nodes from a source node (S) to destination node (d) in the network, such that the potential node jointly optimizes preset cost function. The optimal cost for multiple nodes, is determined to be equal to the optimized value of the preset cost function. USE - For determination of cost in multihop communication network. ADVANTAGE - Provides robustness under node failure, varying node availability and node mobility. Provides robustness under varying channel quality due to fading and interference. Supports multipath routing. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for the following: (1) system for cost determination in multihop communication network; (2) method for cost optimization in routing protocol; and (3) node in multihop communication network. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The figure shows the multihop network schematically. destination node (d) node (i) source node (S) subset (S')
<title>Effective design strategy for a magneto-rheological damper using a nonlinear flow model</title> (2005)

This paper presents an effective design strategy for a magnetorheological (MR) damper using a nonlinear flow model. The MR valve inside a flow mode MR damper is approximated by a rectangular duct and its governing equation of motion is derived based on a nonlinear flow model to describe a laminar or turbulent flow behavior. Useful nondimensional variables such as, Bingham number, Reynolds number, and dynamic (controllable) range are theoretically constructed on the basis of the nonlinear model, so as to assess damping performance of the MR damper over a wide operating range of shear rates. First, the overall damping characteristics of the MR damper are evaluated through computer simulation and, second, the effects of important design parameters on damping performance of the MR damper are investigated. Finally, the effective design procedure to meet a certain performance requirement is proposed. A high force-high velocity damper is fabricated and tested, and the resulting model and design procedure are experimentally validated.
Maize Endosperm ADP–Glucose Pyrophosphorylase SHRUNKEN2 and BRITTLE2 Subunit Interactions (1998)

ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) represents a key regulatory step in polysaccharide synthesis in organisms ranging from bacteria to plants. Higher plant AGPs are complex in nature and are heterotetramers consisting of two similar but distinct subunits. How the subunits are assembled into enzymatically active polymers is not yet understood. Here, we address this issue by using naturally occurring null mutants of the Shrunken2 (Sh2) and Brittle2 (Bt2) loci of maize as well as the yeast two-hybrid expression system. In the absence of the maize endosperm large AGP subunit (SH2), the BT2 subunit remains as a monomer in the developing endosperm. In contrast, the SH2 protein, in the absence of BT2, is found in a complex of 100 kD. A direct interaction between SH2 and BT2 was proven when they were both expressed in yeast. Several motifs are essential for SH2:BT2 interaction because truncations removing the N or C terminus of either subunit eliminate SH2:BT2 interactions. Analysis of subunit interaction mutants (sim) also identified motifs essential for protein interactions.
Discovery and Characterization of a Selective Activator of the G-Protein Activated Inward-Rectifying Potassium (GIRK) Channel (2013)

We have developed the first potent, subtype-selective small molecule activator of a G-protein activated inward-rectifying potassium (GIRK) channel. ML297 is potent (EC50 = 160 nM) and as efficacious as activation of GIRK via a Gi/o-coupled receptor (GPCR). ML297 shows a preference for the GIRK1/GIRK2 subunit combination compared to GIRK1/GIRK4 and is inactive on GIRK2/GIRK3 and a number of other potassium channels. This represents a major advance in this field, as the only other known small molecule activators of GIRK channels are simple alcohols and the natural product, naringin, all of which are very low potency and non-selective with respect to GIRK subtype. ML297 possesses favorable physiochemical and dystrophia myotonica protein kinase (DMPK) properties (ML297 is centrally penetrant, affording good CNS exposure in rats), making it a useful tool to selectively probe GIRK1-containing GIRK function in vitro and in vivo which will allow the role of GIRK1-containing GIRKs to be studied in numerous normal and pathophysiological conditions. These properties make ML297 the first and only molecule of its type to selectively probe GIRK1-containing GIRKs and will for the first time allow the potential therapeutic utility of GIRK as a target for numerous important therapeutic indications to be examined.