gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
White-light channeled imaging polarimeter using broadband polarization gratings (2011)

A white-light snapshot channeled linear imaging (CLI) polarimeter is demonstrated by utilizing polarization gratings (PGs). The CLI polarimeter is capable of measuring the two-dimensional distribution of the linear Stokes polarization parameters by incorporating two identical PGs, in series, along the optical axis. In this configuration, the general optical shearing functionality of a uniaxial crystal-based Savart plate is realized. However, unlike a Savart plate, the diffractive nature of the PGs creates a linear dependence of the shear versus wavelength, thus providing broadband functionality. Consequently, by incorporating the PG-based Savart plate into a Savart plate channeled imaging polarimeter, white-light interference fringes can be generated. This enables polarimetric image data to be acquired at shorter exposure times in daylight conditions, making it more appealing over the quasi-monochromatic channeled imaging polarimeters previously described in the literature. Furthermore, the PG-based device offers significantly more compactness, field of view, optical simplicity, and vibration insensitivity than previously described white-light CLI polarimeters based on Sagnac interferometers. Included in this paper are theoretical descriptions of the linear (S(0), S(1), and S(2)) and complete (S(0), S(1), S(2), and S(3)) channeled Stokes imaging polarimeters. Additionally, descriptions of our calibration procedures and our experimental proof of concept CLI system are provided. These are followed by laboratory and outdoor polarimetric measurements of S(0), S(1), and S(2).
<title>Flat-panel-detector-based cone-beam volume CT breast imaging: phantom and specimen study</title> (2002)

Conventional film-screen mammography is the most effective tool for the early detection of breast cancer currently available. However, conventional mammography has relatively low sensitivity to detect small breast cancers (under several millimeters) owing to an overlap in the appearances of benign and malignant lesions, and surrounding structure. The limitations accompanying conventional mammography is to be addressed by incorporating a cone beam volume CT imaging technique with a recently developed flat panel detector. A computer simulation study has been performed to prove the feasibility of developing a flat panel detector-based cone beam volume CT breast imaging (FPD-CBVCTBI) technique. In this study, a phantom and specimen experiment is performed to confirm the findings in the computer simulation using the current prototype cone beam volume CT scanner. The results indicate that the CBVCTBI technique effectively removes structure overlap and significantly improves the detectability of small breast tumors. More importantly, the results also demonstrate the patient dose level required for FPD-based CBVCTBI to detect a small tumor (under 5 mm) and a small calcification is less than or equal to that of conventional mammography. The results from this study suggest that FPD-CBVCTBI is a potentially powerful breast-imaging tool.
Cylindrical Grating Projection by Single-Shot Normal Exposure of a Radial Phase Mask (2012)

A periodic grating is defined at the photoresist-coated wall of a circular cylinder with an integer number of particularly long grooves parallel to the generic lines by the holistic exposure of a radial phase mask to a normally incident collimated laser beam. The single-shot projected element corresponds to the inner grating of a high-resolution miniature shaft encoder.
Analysis of Planar Reconfigurable Motion Generators (2014)

This article presents the kinematic analysis of a new class of mechanical devices called planar Reconfigurable Motion Generators (RMGs) for multi-phase motion generation tasks having only a slight change in the desired motion. The concepts of configuration matrices and state vectors are introduced as a novel way to represent planar RMGs. The kinematic analysis of a planar RMG in it’s initial configuration to determine the associated adjustable link lengths and angles is discussed. The adjustable link lengths are used to determine the link vector and state vector of a RMG. Future work will involve the application of configuration matrices and state vectors to aid in both systematic analysis and synthesis of RMGs.
Recent advances in quantum cascade lasers (2002)

Quantum cascade (QC) lasers are fundamentally new semiconductor lasers based on intersubband transitions and on electrons emitting one photon per stage as they cascade through a periodic quantum well structure. As such their wavelength can be tailored over a wide range and their differential efficiency is inherently greater than unity leading to high power operation. Recent results will be presented demonstrating high power room temperature pulsed operation from 5 to 11.6 /spl mu/m, with peak powers ranging from 200 to 50 mW.
Characterizing aptamer small molecule interactions with backscattering interferometry (2014)

Aptamers are segments of single-strand DNA or RNA used in a wide array of applications, including sensors, therapeutics, and cellular process regulators. Aptamers can bind many target species, including proteins, peptides, and small molecules (SM) with high affinity and specificity. They are advantageous because they can be identified in vitro by SELEX, produced rapidly and relatively economically using oligonucleotide synthesis. The use of aptamers as SM probes has experienced a recent rebirth, and because of their unique properties they represent an attractive alternative to antibodies. Current assay methodology for characterizing small molecule-aptamer binding is limited by either mass sensitivity, as in biolayer interferometry (BLI) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), or the need for using a fluorophore, as in thermophoresis. Here we report that backscattering interferometry (BSI), a label-free and free-solution sensing technique, can be used to effectively characterize SM-aptamer interactions, providing Kd values on microliter sample quantities and at low nanomolar sensitivity. To demonstrate this capability we measured the aptamer affinity for three previously reported small molecules; bisphenol A, tenofovir, and epirubicin showing BSI provided values consistent with those published previously. We then quantified the Kd values for aptamers to ampicillin, tetracycline and norepinephrine. All measurements produced R(2) values >0.95 and an excellent signal to noise ratio at target concentrations that enable true Kd values to be obtained. No immobilization or labeling chemistry was needed, expediting the assay which is also insensitive to the large relative mass difference between the interacting molecules.
Early MRI outcomes in participants with a first clinical demyelinating event at risk of multiple sclerosis in the ORACLE-MS study (2021)

In participants with an FCDE, cladribine tablets appeared to reduce lesion numbers within 13 weeks (time of first evaluation).
CNN with Phonetic Attention for Text-Independent Speaker Verification (2019)

Text-independent speaker verification imposes no constraints on the spoken content and usually needs long observations to make reliable prediction. In this paper, we propose two speaker embedding approaches by integrating the phonetic information into the attention-based residual convolutional neural network (CNN). Phonetic features are extracted from the bottleneck layer of a pretrained acoustic model. In implicit phonetic attention (IPA), the phonetic features are projected by a transformation network into multi-channel feature maps, and then combined with the raw acoustic features as the input of the CNN network. In explicit phonetic attention (EPA), the phonetic features are directly connected to the attentive pooling layer through a separate 1-dim CNN to generate the attention weights. With the incorporation of spoken content and attention mechanism, the system can not only distill the speaker-discriminant frames but also actively normalize the phonetic variations. Multi-head attention and discriminative objectives are further studied to improve the system. Experiments on the VoxCeleb corpus show our proposed system could outperform the state-of-the-art by around 43% relative.
Combustion optimization with inferential sensing (2002)

The paper presents development and implementation of an advanced combustion controller (ACC) for a coal-fired boiler. The solution consists of combustion controller (multi-variable predictive controller) and combustion optimizer (cautious strategy stochastic optimizer). Optimization is based on a model of the CO and NO/sub x/ emissions. The model is used to calculate the setpoint of the optimal air/fuel ratio(s) maximizing the efficiency of the plant under constraints given by emission limits.
Block-based static timing analysis with uncertainty (2003)

Static timing analysis is a critical step in design of any digital integrated circuit. Technology and design trends have led to significant increase in environmental and process variations which need to be incorporated in static timing analysis. This paper presents a new, efficient and accurate block-based static timing analysis technique considering uncertainty. This new method is more efficient as its models arrival times as cumulative density functions (CDFs) and delays as probability functions (PDFs). Computationally simple expression are presented for basic static timing operations. The techniques are valid for any form of the probability distribution, though the use piecewise linear modeling of CDFs is highlighted in this paper. Reconvergent fanouts are handled using a new technique that avoids path tracing. Variable accuracy timing analysis can be performed by varying the modeling accuracy of the piecewise linear model. Regular and statistical timing on different parts of the circuit can be incorporated into a single timing analysis run. Accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated for various ISCAS benchmark circuits.
Quantitative wall voltage characteristics of AC plasma displays (1986)

This paper presents the results of a quantitative characterization effort for the ac plasma display panel. A new characteristic curve is developed that we have named the wall voltage input-output (WVIO) curve. It is a simple quantitative transfer curve that relates the values of the wall voltage before and after the gas discharge to be characterized. Because of the tedious nature of measuring WVIO curves, we have developed a computer-controlled hardware system and the necessary algorithms for automatically measuring and plotting these curves in real time. This has resulted in orders of magnitude increase in the detailed characterization data taken on ac plasma panels. The most interesting characteristics of these data are presented in this paper. Detailed data showing the influence of sustain waveshape, priming, electrode structure, and gas mixture is presented.
DP <sup>2</sup> (2015)

Emerging non-volatile memory (NVRAM) technologies, like phase change memory, envision persistent memory architectures. In case of power failure, operations on persistent memory should be in transactional semantics by adopting techniques such as WAL. To ensure consistency and atomicity, persist barriers are widely adopted, to prevent persistent memory controller from scheduling writes and exploiting bank-level parallelism of NVRAM devices. Besides, unified retention time for persistent writes, i.e., log and data writes, further reduces the performance of persistent memory system, while retention time for log writes does not need to be so long due to periodic truncation. In this paper, we study how NVRAM write latency affects the system throughput and propose DP2, which consists of two main techniques: differential persistency and dual persistency. Differential persistency distinguishes log writes from data writes, and enhances the NVRAM memory controller to schedule log writes across persist barriers to fully utilize bank level parallelism. Dual persistency relaxes the retention time of log writes to reduce write latency and the iterations per write, which in turn enhances lifetime of NVRAM devices. Evaluation results show that our proposed techniques improve system throughput up by 43% on average and extend lifetime up by 47%, with 104-s retention time for log writes.
Quantification of Coating Adhesion Using Laser Induced Decohesion Spectroscopy (1998)

Abstract We present a new technique, laser induced decohesion spectroscopy (LIDS), which is capable of measuring the practical work of adhesion G between a transparent polymer coating and an opaque coating or substrate. In LIDS, a laser pulse directed onto the sample creates a blister at the transparent/opaque interface. The blister's internal pressure depends on the laser pulse energy, and at a critical pressure the sample fractures, creating an annular debond similar to that obtained in the standard blister test. By measuring physical variables such as the curvature of the blister, and its radius and thickness, it is possible to deduce G, Here we measure G between an automotive clearcoat and four opaque basecoats of various pigmentations (black, white, red, metallic green) as a function of clearcoat thickness. We find that G depends on pigmentation due to the various pigment volume concentrations (PVC's) and specific pigment-binder interactions. Also, G depends on the clearcoat thickness when the thickness is comparable with the size of the plastic zone, R p.
Role of Conformational Epitopes Expressed by Human Papillomavirus Major Capsid Proteins in the Serologic Detection of Infection and Prophylactic Vaccination (1994)

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause a variety of cutaneous warts, mucosal condylomata, and dysplasias and are etiologic in cervical cancer. Papillomavirus (PV) conformational epitopes on the surface of virions are type-specific and are the target of neutralizing antibodies. In this study, we describe two methods of in vitro expression of HPV major capsid (L1) proteins which mimicked conformational epitopes and demonstrate their type specificity and ability to react with neutralizing and/or conformation-dependent antibodies. The L1 open reading frames (ORFs) for HPV-1, 6, 11, and 16 were molecularly cloned into a SV 40 expression vector and the encoded gene products were expressed in mammalian (cos) cells. Similarly, the L1 ORFs for HPV-6, 11, 16, and 18 were molecularly cloned into recombinant baculovirus and the encoded gene products were expressed in insect (SF9) cells. The expressed L1 proteins reacted by immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies generated against their corresponding native virions and by Western blotting with antibodies that recognized nonconformational epitopes of denatured virions. The recombinant L1 proteins expressed conformational epitopes in both cos and Sf9 cells that were type-specific and displayed neutralizing epitopes. The ability to express, purify, and qualitate the reactivity of recombinant L1 proteins will now permit the serologic analysis of host response to HPV infection and the development of prophylactic PV subunit vaccines.
A New Method for Field-wide Real-time Subsidence Monitoring with Sub-centimeter Accuracy (2016)

Summary Seafloor subsidence is an observable effect of reservoir compaction, and hence provides important information for the management of offshore reservoirs. In some extreme cases, seafloor subsidence can compromise the safety of the installations and even cause well failure. This abstract proposes a new, patented system for real-time monitoring of subsidence over large areas with sub-cm accuracy. The system consists of two main elements. The first is a grid of pressure sensors permanently deployed on the seafloor. The sensors can be integrated in a full-scale permanent reservoir monitoring system or a smaller caprock integrity monitoring system. The second element is a periodical surveying that provides the calibration of the seafloor sensors, by means of the comparison of the real-time seafloor measurements with the subsidence measured between the baseline and the repeat surveys. This abstract describes first the method used for the periodical surveying, traditionally used for measuring both 4D gravity and subsidence. Then, the challenges related with the integration of pressure sensors in a permanent monitoring system at the seafloor are introduced, and the need for an in-situ correction for the drift of the sensors is motivated. The new method for solving this problem is described in the last section.
Dual-Drive Directional Couplers for Programmable Integrated Photonics (2019)

A novel class of photonic integrated circuits employs large-scale integration of combined beam splitters and waveguides loaded with phase actuators to provide complex linear processing functionalities that can be reconfigured dynamically. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a thermally-actuated Dual-Drive Directional Coupler (DD-DC) design, integrated in a silicon nitride platform, functioning both as a standalone optical component providing arbitrary optical beam splitting and common phase as well as for its use in waveguide mesh arrangements. We analyze the experimental demonstration of the first integration of a triangular waveguide mesh arrangement, and the first DD-DC based arrangement along with an extended analysis of its performance and scalability.
Unstable resonator semiconductor lasers. Part 2: Experiment (1987)

We review the technology involved in the fabrication of semiconductor lasers with non-planar mirrors. The symmetric unstable resonator semiconductor laser, in a planar (gain guided) configuration is shown to effectively suppress filamentation, and to emit a laterally coherent output up to approximately 350 mW. We show how the geometry of this laser can be changed slightly to produce different devices with improved output characteristics. As in the case of macroscopic resonators, the laser cavity can be designed in such a way that the output beam is optimised to certain specific applications.
A new edge dependent deinterlacing algorithm based on edge patterns (2005)

In this paper, a new deinterlacing algorithm based on an edge dependent interpolation (EDI) considering horizontal and vertical edge patterns is proposed. Generally, EDI algorithms perform better visually than any other deinterlacing algorithm using one field. However, they produce unpleasant results due to their failure in estimating edge direction. In order to detect edge direction exactly, edge patterns are modeled as weight functions. Weight functions help the proposed algorithm to estimate the edge direction exactly. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms conventional approaches.
Component-based TV regularization for X-ray tensor tomography (2016)

X-ray Tensor Tomography (XTT) is a recently developed imaging modality that provides reconstruction of X-ray scattering tensors from dark-field projections obtained in a grating interferometry setup. In this work we present a novel component-based total variation (TV) regularized reconstruction technique for XTT data. First results show promising qualitative improvements of the reconstructed tensors as well as reduced noise and reduced streak artifacts.
Electron-multiplying charge-coupled detector-based bioluminescence recording of single-cell Ca2+ (2008)

The construction and application of genetically encoded intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) indicators has a checkered history. Excitement raised over the creation of new probes is often followed by disappointment when it is found that the initial demonstrations of [Ca2+]i sensing capability cannot be leveraged into real scientific advances. Recombinant apo-aequorin cloned from Aequorea victoria was the first Ca2+ sensitive protein genetically targeted to subcellular compartments. In the jellyfish, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) between Ca2+ bound aequorin and green fluorescent protein (GFP) emits green light. Similarly, Ca2+ sensitive bioluminescent reporters undergoing BRET have been constructed between aequorin and GFP, and more recently with other fluorescent protein variants. These hybrid proteins display red-shifted spectrums and have higher light intensities and stability compared to aequorin alone. We report BRET measurement of single-cell [Ca2+]i based on the use of electron-multiplying charge-coupled-detector (EMCCD) imaging camera technology, mounted on either a bioluminescence or conventional microscope. Our results show for the first time how these new technologies make facile long-term monitoring of [Ca2+]i at the single-cell level, obviating the need for expensive, fragile, and sophisticated equipment based on image-photon-detectors (IPD) that were until now the only technical recourse to dynamic BRET experiments of this type.
Inverse-Designed Dual Layer c-Si/SiN Vertical Grating Couplers Tested on 300mm Wafers (2022)

We experimentally demonstrate record low median insertion loss (1.3 dB, O-band) in 0° single-polarization grating couplers consisting of a single-etch c-Si layer with a patterned SiN overlay, fabricated with 193nm DUV immersion lithography on 300mm wafers.
306 DECREASED ETHYLENE SYNTHESIS AND ALTERED FRUIT RIPENING IN TRANSGENIC TOMATOES EXPRESSING S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE HYDROIASE (1994)

The gene encoding S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase (SAMase) was transferred to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, cv. large red cherry) as a means of reducing ethylene biosynthesis in the ripening fruit. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), the penultimate precursor to ethylene in plants. is converted to methylthioadenosine and homoserine by SAMase thereby reducing the capacity of the transgenic plant to synthesize ethylene. We have used both constitutive and fruit-specific tomato promoters to regulate SAMase gene expression. Whereas the constitutive CaMV 35S:SAMase chimeric gene expressed active SAMase and conferred a 50-60% reduction in ethylene biosynthesis in a leaf disc assay, there was little effect on fruit ethylene synthesis or postharvest ripening physiology. The use of either the tomato E4 or E8 promoters restricted SAMase expression to ripening fruit which caused a substantial (80-90%) reduction in fruit ethylene synthesis and a profound effect on fruit ripening. SAMase expression levels reached 0.1% of total cellular protein as measured on western blots using anti-SAMase monoclonal antibodies. Field trial fruit picked al the mature green stage accumulated less lycopene and were twice as firm as controls over a six week period. Vine-ripened fruit had near-normal levels of lycopene, were firmer at harvest than controls, and did not lose firmness over a two week period. Taste, vitamin content and tomatine content were superior or equivalent to control tomatoes.
Multitone harmonic radar (2013)

Nonlinear radar exploits the electronic response from a target whose reflected frequencies are different from those transmitted. Reception of frequencies that are not part of the transmitted probe distinguishes the received signal from a linear return produced by clutter and indicates the presence of electronics. Presented in this paper is a type of nonlinear radar that transmits multiple frequencies and listens for a harmonic of these frequencies as well as other frequencies near that harmonic. A laboratory test-bed has been constructed to demonstrate the multitone radar concept. Measurements of nonlinear responses from RF devices probed by multiple tones are reported.