gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Computed tomographic study of the anatomical modifications of the wrist brought about by section of the anterior annular ligament]. (1986)

The authors have analysed the action of sectioning the transverse carpal ligament by computerised tomography in 19 patients (22 wrists) with carpal tunnel syndrome. Three cuts were studied-proximal, middle and distal, the wrist being either straight, flexed or extended. The study was done pre-operatively and three months after division of the ligament. The study demonstrated the reconstruction of a new ligament which was more lax and expanded anteriorly, despite the fact that the patient wore a plaster cast for two weeks after operation, the wrist being maintained straight. The calibre of the carpal tunnel showed an increase of between 7 p. 100 and 44 p. 100 after the operation and this increase was not related to any alteration in bone topography, which was unchanged. Thus, the role of the ligament in the permanency of shape of the anterior concavity of the wrist skeleton is questionable. The flexor tendons could expand anteriorly, thanks to the laxity of the new ligament.
L-band stepped frequency noise SAR on the basis of Arbitrary Waveform Generator (2011)

Current paper deals with radar design obtained by combination of two approaches: stepped frequency radar and noise radar for the purposes of SAR imaging. Motivation for such combination is overcoming of drawback of noise radars such as necessity of using fast ADCs in order to provide high range resolution and drawbacks of stepped frequency radar such as presence of range ambiguities, low electromagnetic compatibility, high probability of interception and low interference immunity. The proposed stepped frequency noise radar approach consists in generation of narrowband sounding noise signal and stepped-like variation of its central frequency. The reception is to be done by analog mixing of radar return with sounding signal, filtering and sampling by a relatively low speed ADC. This solves problem of lack of ADCs with both high depth and sampling rate which leads to difficulties in design of high performance noise radars using conventional approach. The aim of the paper is to describe the approach, to present results of its experimental investigation and to confirm possibility of using this approach for SAR imaging.
Analysis of Vibrio cholerae Genome Sequences Reveals Unique <i>rtxA</i> Variants in Environmental Strains and an <i>rtxA</i> -Null Mutation in Recent Altered El Tor Isolates (2013)

Pathogen evolution involves both gain and loss of factors that influence disease. In the environment, bacteria evolve rapidly, with nucleotide diversity arising by genetic modification. Such is occurring with Vibrio cholerae, exemplified by extensive diversity and unique variants of the rtxA-encoded multifunctional autoprocessing RTX (MARTX) toxin among environment-associated strains that cause localized diarrheal outbreaks and food-borne disease. In contrast, seventh pandemic El Tor V. cholerae strains associated with severe diarrhea have changed minimally until the altered El Tor emerged as the most frequent cause of cholera, including in the 2010 Haiti epidemic. These strains have increased virulence attributed to a new variant of the major virulence factor, cholera toxin. It is revealed that these strains also have an inactivated MARTX toxin gene. A similar inactivation occurred during classical cholera pandemics, highlighting that evolution of El Tor cholera is following a similar path of increased dependence on cholera toxin, while eliminating other secreted factors.
CNS: a GPU-based framework for simulating cortically-organized networks (2010)

Computational models whose organization is inspired by the cortex are increasing in both number and popularity. Current instances of such models include convolutional networks, HMAX, Hierarchical Temporal Memory, and deep belief networks. These models present two practical challenges. First, they are computationally intensive. Second, while the operations performed by individual cells, or units, are typically simple, the code needed to keep track of network connectivity can quickly become complicated, leading to programs that are difficult to write and to modify. Massively parallel commodity computing hardware has recently become available in the form of general-purpose GPUs. This helps address the first problem but exacerbates the second. GPU programming adds an extra layer of difficulty, further discouraging exploration. To address these concerns, we have created a programming framework called CNS ('Cortical Network Simulator'). CNS models are automatically compiled and run on a GPU, typically 80-100x faster than on a single CPU, without the user having to learn any GPU programming. A novel scheme for the parametric specification of network connectivity allows the user to focus on writing just the code executed by a single cell. We hope that the ability to rapidly define and run cortically-inspired models will facilitate research in the cortical modeling community. CNS is available under the GNU General Public License.
Dual-Mode Dual-Band Bandpass Filters With Adjustable Frequency RatioUsing an Annular Ring Resonator (2012)

A single annular ring resonator is proposed to design a dual-mode dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) with adjustable frequency ratio of the two passbands. The two passbands are formed by the first two pairs of degenerate modes of an annular ring resonator. The change of the inner concentric circular radius leads to the variation of surface current distributions of the TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> and TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">21</sub> resonant modes accordingly. As a result, the frequency ratio between 1.65 and 2.00 can be achieved when it changes between a circular patch and a ring resonator. The resonator is inductively coupled to the input and output ports by a pair of high impedance lines. To verify the design principle, two filters with different frequency ratios of the two passbands, 1.75 and 1.90, are designed, fabricated and measured. The experimental results agree well with the predicted ones.
Recursive addition and its parameterisation in VLSI (1986)

This paper describes the specification, simulation and implementation of a parallel addition algorithm based on the recursive methodology. The features of this recursive addition algorithm are regularity, modularity, local interconnections, intensive pipelining and concurrency which are advantageous in real-time signal processing. The recursivity of the approach to be described allows high-level addition structures to be parameterised and built into a silicon compilation environment which may facilitate design automation in VLSI signal processing. The algorithm has been proven thoroughly by a mixed-mode simulation which shows a favourable 155.5 ns worst case bandwidth at 1.56 W power dissipation for a 32-bit 5 μm NMOS version. Comparison of the recursive algorithm with carry lookahead addition (CLA), carry propagate addition (CPA), Brent/Kung CLA, conditional sum addition and carry select addition is in favour of the recursive addition at word sizes smaller or equal to 16. A close match between the algorithm complexity obtained from theory and the actual layout simulation statistics proves the validity of this methodology.
Electric Bike Sharing--System Requirements and Operational Concepts (2010)

Bike sharing is an exciting new model of public-private transportation provision that has quickly emerged in the past five years. Technological advances have overcome hurdles of early systems and cities throughout the globe are adopting this model of transportation service. Electric bikes have simultaneously gained popularity in many regions of the world and some have suggested that shared electric bikes could provide an even higher level of service compared to existing systems. There are several challenges that are unique to shared electric bikes: electric-assisted range, recharging protocol, and bike and battery checkout procedures. This paper outlines system requirements to successfully develop and deploy an electric bike sharing system, focusing on system architecture, operational concepts, and battery management. Although there is little empirical evidence, electric bike sharing could be feasible, depending on demand and battery management, and can potentially improve the utility of existing bike sharing systems. Under most documented bike sharing use scenarios, electric bike battery capacity is insufficient for a full day of operation, depending on recharging protocol. Off-board battery management is a promising solution to address this problem. Off-board battery management can also support solar recharging. Future pilot tests will be important and allow empirical evaluation of electric bikesharing system performance. (auth)
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PHENOLIC FRACTIONS OF EVERLASTING PEA, FABA BEAN AND BROAD BEAN (1996)

ABSTRACT Extracts of seeds of everlasting pea, faba bean and broad bean were prepared using 80% acetone. Five fractions were separated from each extract on a Sephadex LH‐20 column using methanol as the eluate. The antioxidant activity of fractions was investigated in a β‐carotene‐linoleate model system. For individual fractions, UV spectra were recorded and the content of total phenolics determined. Fractions were also characterized based on the number of phenolic compounds, and their antioxidant activity determined by TLC analysis. Results of β‐carotene‐linoleate model systems indicated that antioxidant activities of separated fractions were in the order of everlasting pea > faba bean > broad bean. Individual fractions contained several phenolic compounds as noted by TLC. Absorption maxima from UV spectra showed that flavonoids, and not phenolic acids, were the main phenolic compounds in separated fractions. Spots on the plates sprayed with a solution of β‐carotene and linoleic acid indicated that many of these compounds can act as natural antioxidants.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Dianhydrohexitol Integrin Antagonists. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
JAK Inhibition as a New Treatment Strategy for Patients with COVID-19 (2020)

After the advent of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) commenced across the world. Understanding the Immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 is essential for interrupting viral infectivity and preventing aberrant immune responses before a vaccine can be developed. In this review, we provide the latest insights into the roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) and Ang II receptor-1 (AT1-R) in this disease. Novel therapeutic strategies, including recombinant ACE2, ACE inhibitors, AT1-R blockers, and Ang 1-7 peptides, may prevent or reduce viruses-induced pulmonary, cardiac, and renal injuries. However, more studies are needed to clarify the efficacy of these therapeutics. Furthermore, considering the common role of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway in AT1-R expressed on peripheral tissues and cytokine receptors on the surface of immune cells, potential targeting of this pathway using JAK inhibitors (JAKinibs) is suggested as a promising approach in patients with COVID-19 who are admitted to hospitals. In addition to antiviral therapy, potential ACE2- and AT1-R-inhibiting strategies, and other supportive care, we suggest other potential JAKinibs and novel anti-inflammatory combination therapies that affect the JAK-STAT pathway in patients with COVID-19. Since the combination of MTX and baricitinib leads to outstanding clinical outcomes, the addition of baricitinib to MTX might be a potential strategy.
Synthesis of Isomelamines and Isocyanurates and Their Biological Evaluation. (1996)

The reaction of cyanogen bromide (1) with primary amines (2a-p), including arylmethylamines (2l-p), gave the corresponding cyanamides (3a-p). Trimerization of 3a-p gave 1,3,5-trisubstituted 2,4,6-triiminohexahydro-1,3,5-triazines (isomelamines) (4a-p), which were treated with hydrochloric acid to give the corresponding 1,3,5-trisubstituted 2,4,6-trioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazines (isocyanurates) (5a-c, f) and 1,3,5-trisubstituted 2-imino-4,6-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazines (5b'-e'). Biological evaluation of 4a-p, 5a-c,f, and 5b'-e' was carried out, and some of these compounds showed bronchodilator and positive inotropic activities.
Topography-guided Custom Retreatments in 27 Symptomatic Eyes (2005)

Topography-guided treatments may be effective in correcting the quality of vision. It should be viewed as a possible two-step procedure due to spherical adjustment that may change refraction unpredictably.
Resident Surgical Skills Web-Based Evaluation (2019)

This study allows the profession of orthopaedic surgery education to take a leadership role in the measurement of competence for surgical skills for orthopaedic surgeons in residency training, an important clinically relevant topic to the practice of orthopaedic surgery.
NKp44 Triggers NK Cell Activation through DAP12 Association That Is Not Influenced by a Putative Cytoplasmic Inhibitory Sequence (2004)

NKp44 (NCR2) is a member of the natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) family that is expressed on activated human NK cells. We dissected structural attributes of NKp44 to determine their contributions to receptor function. Our results demonstrate that surface expression and NK cell activation by NKp44 is mediated through noncovalent association with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-containing protein, DAP12. Physical linkage to DAP12 requires lysine-183 in the NKp44 transmembrane domain. Intriguingly, the cytoplasmic domain of NKp44 also contains a sequence that matches the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) consensus. By expressing a chimeric receptor in an NK-like cell line, we found that this ITIM-like motif from NKp44 lacks inhibitory capacity in a redirected cytotoxicity assay. The NKp44 cytoplasmic tyrosine was efficiently phosphorylated in the chimeric receptor upon treating the cells with pervanadate, but it was unable to recruit ITIM-binding negative effector phosphatases. We also generated NK-like cell lines expressing epitope-tagged wild-type or tyrosine to phenylalanine mutant (Y238F) versions of NKp44 and compared their capacities to induce activation marker expression, promote IFN-gamma production, or stimulate target cell cytotoxicity. We did not detect any tyrosine-dependent reduction or enhancement of NK cell activation through wild-type vs. Y238F mutant NKp44. Finally, the cytoplasmic tyrosine-based sequence did not provide a docking site for the AP-2 clathrin adaptor, nor did it potentiate receptor internalization. In summary, all activating properties and surface expression of NKp44 are mediated through its association with DAP12, and the putative ITIM in the NKp44 cytoplasmic domain does not appear to attenuate activating function.
Strategies in Generating Transgenic Mammals (2003)

The ability to manipulate genes in mammals is providing insights into most aspects of modern biology, including the regulation and function of genes, the mechanisms of developmental and pathological processes, and the generation of animal models for human disorders. Furthermore, the development of gene transfer techniques is stimulating efforts to treat human diseases with gene-based therapies, and is establishing a new area for biotechnology in which transgenesis can be used for the improvement of domestic animals and plants, as well as for the production of rare products. The focus of this chapter will be to provide an overview of the strategies that can be used to alter the mammalian genome through gene transfer. Advantages and disadvantages of each approach will be discussed, and specific examples of how each strategy can be applied to address problems in mammalian biology will be provided in order to illustrate the potential scope of transgenesis.
Estimating throughput available to a node in wireless ad-hoc network (2005)

We propose a new technique to estimate the throughput available to a wireless node in a multi-hop network. Our technique exploits the nearly linear relationship between throughput at a node and the channel occupancy contributed by that node. It provides estimates of available throughput on the basis of local measurements and neighbourhood information available locally at a node. This technique allows timely and non-intrusive estimation without active probing. It is shown by simulations that this new technique provides robust estimates of the throughput available to a node in an ad hoc network environment characterised by numerous active neighbours and dependencies between the levels of node activity along a multi-hop path.
Computational Models for Simulating Multicomponent Aerosol Evaporation in the Upper Respiratory Airways (2005)

An effective model for predicting multicomponent aerosol evaporation in the upper respiratory system that is capable of estimating the vaporization of individual components is needed for accurate dosimetry and toxicology analyses. In this study, the performance of evaporation models for multicomponent droplets over a range of volatilities is evaluated based on comparisons to available experimental results for conditions similar to aerosols in the upper respiratory tract. Models considered include a semiempirical correlation approach as well as resolved-volume computational simulations of single and multicomponent aerosol evaporations to test the effects of variable gas-phase properties, surface blowing velocity, and internal droplet temperature gradients. Of the parameters assessed, concentration-dependent gas-phase specific heat had the largest effect on evaporation and should be taken into consideration for respiratory aerosols that contain high volatility species, such as n-heptane, at significant concentrations. For heavier droplet components or conditions below body temperatures, semiempirical estimates were shown to be appropriate for respiratory aerosol conditions. In order to reduce the number of equations and properties required for complex mixtures, a resolved-volume evaporation model was used to identify a twelve-component surrogate representation of potentially toxic JP-8 fuel based on comparisons to experimentally reported droplet evaporation data. Due to the relatively slow evaporation rate of JP-8 aerosols, results indicate that a semiempirical evaporation model in conjunction with the identified surrogate mixture provide a computationally efficient method for computing droplet evaporation that can track individual toxic markers. However, semiempirical methodologies are in need of further development to effectively compute the evaporation of other higher volatility aerosols for which variable gas-phase specific heat does play a significant role.
Signature-Based SER Analysis and Design of Logic Circuits (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> We explore the use of signatures, i.e., partial truth tables generated via bit-parallel functional simulation, during soft error analysis and logic synthesis. We first present a signature-based CAD framework that incorporates tools for the logic-level Analysis of Soft Error Rate (x) and for Signature-based Design for Reliability (SiDeR). We observe that the soft error rate (SER) of a logic circuit is closely related to various testability parameters, such as signal observability and probability. We show that these parameters can be computed very efficiently (in linear time) by means of signatures. Consequently, AnSER evaluates logic masking two to three orders of magnitude faster than other SER evaluators while maintaining accuracy. AnSER can also compute SER efficiently in sequential circuits by approximating steady-state probabilities and sequential signal observabilities. In the second part of this paper, we incorporate AnSER into logic synthesis design flows aimed at reliable circuit design. SiDeR identifies and exploits redundancy already present in a circuit via signature comparison to decrease SER. We show that SiDeR reduces SER by 40% with only 13% area overhead. We also describe a second signature-based synthesis strategy that employs local rewriting to simultaneously improve area and decrease SER. This technique yields 13% reduction in SER with a 2% area decrease. We show that combining the two synthesis approaches can result in further area-reliability improvements. </para>
Activating the Microscale Edge Effect in a Hierarchical Surface for Frosting Suppression and Defrosting Promotion (2013)

Despite extensive progress, current icephobic materials are limited by the breakdown of their icephobicity in the condensation frosting environment. In particular, the frost formation over the entire surface is inevitable as a result of undesired inter-droplet freezing wave propagation initiated by the sample edges. Moreover, the frost formation directly results in an increased frost adhesion, posing severe challenges for the subsequent defrosting process. Here, we report a hierarchical surface which allows for interdroplet freezing wave propagation suppression and efficient frost removal. The enhanced performances are mainly owing to the activation of the microscale edge effect in the hierarchical surface, which increases the energy barrier for ice bridging as well as engendering the liquid lubrication during the defrosting process. We believe the concept of harnessing the surface morphology to achieve superior performances in two opposite phase transition processes might shed new light on the development of novel materials for various applications.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Quaternary Carbon Centers. Exploratory Investigations of Intramolecular Heck Reactions of (<i>E</i>)-α,β-Unsaturated 2-Haloanilides and Analogues To Form Enantioenriched Spirocyclic Products (1998)

The effect of chiral diphosphine structure, method of catalyst generation, reaction solvent, and HI scavenger on the formation of enantioenriched 3,3-disubstituted 2-oxindole 5 from asymmetric Heck cyclization of 4 was studied (eq 1). Depending upon whether the HI scavenger was a silver salt or a basic tertiary amine, either enantiomer of 5 could be formed with good selectivity using the same enantiomer of BINAP. Using Pd−BINAP as catalyst, a variety of enantioenriched 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles, indolines, and dihydrobenzofurans was prepared from (E)-α,β-unsaturated 2-haloaniline substrates (Table 5). With but one exception, cyclizations conducted in the presence of Ag3PO4 or 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidine (PMP) afforded opposite enantiomers of the spirocyclic product. Which HI acceptor results in highest enantioselection is substrate dependent. These studies demonstrate, for the first time, that asymmetric Heck reactions of halide substrates can proceed with useful levels of enantioselectivity in the absence of silver or thallium salts.
New climate models forecast a warming surge (2019)

Scientists question whether stronger predicted response to greenhouse gases is realistic.