gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MIMO cognitive radio: A game theoretical approach (2008)

The concept of cognitive radio has recently received great attention from the researcherspsila community as a promising paradigm to achieve efficient use of the frequency resource by allowing the co-existence of licensed (primary) and unlicensed (secondary) users in the same bandwidth. In this paper we propose and analyze a totally decentralized approach, based on game theory, to design cognitive MIMO transceivers. We consider underlay/interweave networks, where primary users establish proper null and/or soft shaping constraints on the transmit covariance matrix of secondary users, so that the interference generated by secondary users be confined within the interference-temperature limits. We formulate the resource allocation problem among secondary users as a strategic noncooperative game, where each transmit/receive pair competes against the others to maximize the information rate over its own MIMO channel, under transmit power and/or null/soft shaping constraints. We first characterize the Nash equilibria of the proposed game, showing that they can be equivalently rewritten as the solutions of a MIMO waterfilling nonlinear fixed-point equation. Based on this result, we then design low-complex asynchronous distributed algorithms that converge to the Nash equilibria of the games.
Development of New Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody to Estrogen Receptor (2005)

Evaluation of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer is widely used for the prediction of the response to endocrine therapy and as a biologic parameter closely related to disease prognosis. Immunohistochemistry is considered a specific, sensitive, and economic method for the determination of estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor status. The authors developed the first rabbit antiestrogen receptor monoclonal antibody (clone SP1) used in immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections especially from breast carcinomas. This new antibody, compared with currently available antiestrogen receptor antibodies, has important advantages, including its reactivity even without heat-based antigen retrieval of fixed, embedded tissue sections in immunohistochemistry, and the predominance of nuclear immunostaining with only a very low cytoplasmic signal. A comparative study of immunohistochemistry on 61 histologic specimens from breast cancer cases showed that SP1 yields the same results as the well-known, standardized mouse monoclonal antibody to estrogen receptor (clone 1D5). Antibody affinity of SP1 is 8 times higher than that of 1D5. Thus, SP1 may prove of great value in the assessment of estrogen receptor status in human breast cancer.
<title>AM/FM halftoning: a method for digital halftoning through simultaneous modulation of dot size and dot placement</title> (2001)

Conventionally, digital halftoning is accomplished by either changing the size of printed dots or changing the relative density of dots on the page. These two approaches are analogous to amplitude modulation (AM) or frequency modulation (FM) used in communications. A typical AM halftoning method, such as cluster dot screening, has very low computational requirements and good print stability. However, it suffers from low spatial resolution and Moire artifacts. Alternatively, popular FM halftoning methods, such as error diffusion, can achieve high spatial resolution and are free of Moire artifacts but lack the print stability required for electro-photographic printing. In this paper, we present a new class of halftoning algorithms that simultaneously modulate both the size and density of printed dots. We call this new class of algorithms AM/FM halftoning. The major advantages of AM/FM halftoning are: (1). Better stability in shadow area than dispersed dot methods through the formation of larger dot clusters. (2). Better Moire resistance than clustered dot screens through irregular dot placement. (3)The ability to systematically optimize dot size and density to produce the best possible print quality at each gray level. A specific implementation of AM/FM halftoning is developed for use with electro-photographic printers having pulse width modulation (PWM) technology. We present results using dot size and dot density curves obtained through measurement-based optimization, and demonstrate that AM/FM halftoning achieves high spatial resolution, smooth halftone textures, good printing stability, and Moire resistances.
An Orphan Seven-Transmembrane Domain Receptor Expressed Widely in the Brain Functions as a Coreceptor for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (1998)

Both CD4 and an appropriate coreceptor are necessary for infection of cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and most strains of HIV-2. The chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 are the major HIV-1 coreceptors, although some virus strains can also utilize alternative coreceptors such as CCR3 to infect cells. In contrast, most if not all simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains use CCR5 as a coreceptor, and many SIV strains can use CCR5 independently of CD4. In addition, several orphan seven-transmembrane receptors which can serve as HIV-1 and SIV coreceptors have been identified. Here we report that APJ, an orphan seven-transmembrane domain receptor with homology to the angiotensin receptor family, functions as a coreceptor for a number of HIV-1 and SIV strains. APJ was expressed widely in the human brain and in NT2N neurons. APJ transcripts were also detected by reverse transcription-PCR in the CD4-positive T-cell line C8166, but not in peripheral blood leukocytes, microglia, phytohemagglutinin (PHA)- or PHA/interleukin-2-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocytes, or monocyte-derived macrophages. The widespread distribution of APJ in the central nervous system coupled with its use as a coreceptor by some HIV-1 strains indicates that it may play a role in neuropathogenesis.
Auxin Biosynthesis Inhibitors, Identified by a Genomics-Based Approach, Provide Insights into Auxin Biosynthesis (2010)

Despite its importance in plant growth and development, the auxin biosynthetic pathway has remained elusive. In this study, we analyzed hormone series transcriptome data from AtGenExpress in Arabidopsis and found that aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) had the strongest anti-auxin activity. We also identified other effective compounds such as L-amino-oxyphenylpropionic acid (AOPP) through additional screening. These inhibitors shared characteristics in that they inhibited pyridoxal enzymes and/or aminotransferases. They reduced endogenous IAA levels in both monocots and dicots. L-AOPP inhibited root development of Arabidopsis in main root elongation, gravitropism, root skewing and root hair formation. This inhibition was generally recovered after exogenous IAA treatment, and the recovery was almost completely to the level of non-inhibited seedlings. The compounds inhibited conversion from tryptophan to indole-3-pyruvic acid in enzyme extracts from Arabidopsis and wheat. Our data collectively suggest that the inhibitors directly blocked auxin biosynthesis, and that the major target site was tryptophan aminotransferase. This enzyme probably makes up one of the major biosynthesis pathways conserved among higher plants. Each inhibitor, however, demonstrated a different action spectrum in shoot and root of rice and tomato, indicating diversity in biosynthesis pathways between organs and species. Our results provide novel insights into auxin biosynthesis and action, and uncover structural characteristics of auxin biosynthesis inhibitors.
The use of ion beam cleaning to obtain high quality cold welds with minimal deformation (1978)

A variation of cold welding is described which utilizes an ion beam to clean mating surfaces prior to joining in a vacuum environment. High quality solid state welds were produced with minimal deformation.
Motor bearing damage detection using stator current monitoring (1995)

This paper addresses the application of motor current spectral analysis for the detection of rolling-element bearing damage in induction machines. Vibration monitoring of mechanical bearing frequencies is currently used to detect the presence of a fault condition. Since these mechanical vibrations are associated with variations in the physical air gap of the machine, the air gap flux density is modulated and stator currents are generated at predictable frequencies related to the electrical supply and vibrational frequencies. This paper takes the initial step of investigating the efficacy of current monitoring for bearing fault detection by correlating the relationship between vibration and current frequencies caused by incipient bearing failures. The bearing failure modes are reviewed and the characteristic bearing frequencies associated with the physical construction of the bearings are defined. The effects on the stator current spectrum are described and the related frequencies determined. This is an important result in the formulation of a fault detection scheme that monitors the stator currents. Experimental results which show the vibration and current spectra of an induction machine with different bearing faults are used to verify the relationship between the vibrational and current frequencies. The test results clearly illustrate that the stator current signature can be used to identify the presence of a bearing fault.
A SYSTEM FOR COMPUTERIZED AUTOMATED BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS (1971)

An automated system for on line, real time computerized determination of arterial blood pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and pH has been developed at the Primary Children's Hospital. The determinations are made from a 0.3 ml sample of blood withdrawn automatically under computer control from an indwelling arterial catheter. The results are displayed nearly immediately in alpha-numeric terms on a memory scope at the cribside. Laboratory evaluation and a limited clinical experience with six patients indicate the system to be a safe method for accurate and close monitoring of critically ill infants and is particularly applicable to use in the respiratory distress syndrome. The system is known as CABAS, a term coined from Computerized Automated Blood Analysis System.
Transparent Electrodes: Highly Conductive PEDOT:PSS Nanofibrils Induced by Solution‐Processed Crystallization (Adv. Mater. 14/2014) (2014)

The crystalline nanostructure of intrinsically conducting polymers is formed via an all-solution process, leading to a highly conducting state. H2SO4 post-treatment induces a significant structural rearrangement in PEDOT:PSS films, developing crystalline nanofibrils with a stoichiometrically optimal amount of PSS, and this dramatically increases conductivity up to σdc ≈ 4380 S cm−1. The highly conductive PEDOT:PSS exhibits potential as a transparent electrode in printable optoelectronic devices, as described by K. Lee, S. H. Lee, and co-workers on page 2268.
High stability configuration for an acoustooptic heterodyne rf spectrum analyzer using slow shear TeO_2 (1989)

A triangular, common-path interferometric rf spectrum analyzer arrangement has been demonstrated which has the property of high immunity to ambient vibration. Calculations show the TCPI arrangement, with two counter-propagating laser beams, is highly angle compensated and alignment stable when components are disturbed in position or orientation. Proper light polarization and Bragg cell geometry allows one Bragg cell to diffract primarily the clockwise beam and the other Bragg cell the counterclockwise beam. A birefringent quartz wedge shifts the heterodyne signal to a nonzero IF carrier frequency. Measured ambient phase noise is less than two degrees and calculated values indicate that further improvement may be possible.
Measurement method with moving image sensor in autostereoscopic display (2012)

Generally, autostereoscopy has some shortcomings as a fusible stereo condition. Since viewer is keep a viewing distance viewer and autostereoscopic display. The previous measurement method to measure the characteristics of the autostereoscopic display has a problem. We proposed a moving image sensor method for measuring auto-stereoscopic display. By using this method, the intensity distribution can be measured using the correct optimum view distance (OVD). In addition, OVD around the crosstalk can be found.
A New Programming Scheme for the Improvement of Program Disturb Characteristics in Scaled nand Flash Memory (2012)

This paper investigates the new programming scheme to reduce the program disturb in the NAND Flash memory. Program disturb characteristics are determined by the unwilling electron injections in the floating gate of the unselected cells during programming. Thus, the key point to improve the program disturb characteristics is how to suppress the electron injection in the unselected cells. This requirement can be implemented by reducing the number of electrons in the unselected NAND strings prior to programming. By applying negative bias to all the word lines in the selected block, excess electrons can be removed from the channel and source/drain regions into the bit line or the source line using drift and diffusion mechanisms, and also electrons in the surface states can be recombined with accumulated holes before programming. After the pretreatment of electron reduction in the NAND string, a normal NAND program sequence follows. The advantage of the pretreatment before programming has been verified by measuring the 8-Gb NAND Flash memory with a 50-nm technology node. Significant reduction of the threshold voltage shift was observed even after the severe program disturb stress, which corresponds to around 30 times of the programming of the 2 bit/cell operation.
Nonparametric semi-supervised learning for network intrusion detection (2012)

A barrier to the widespread adoption of learning-based network intrusion detection tools is the in-situ training requirements for effective discrimination of malicious traffic. Supervised learning techniques necessitate a quantity of labeled examples that is often intractable, and at best cost-prohibitive. Recent advances in semi-supervised techniques have demonstrated the ability to generalize well based on a significantly smaller set of labeled samples. In network intrusion detection, placing reasonable requirements on the number of training examples provides realistic expectations that a learning-based system can be trained in the environment where it will be deployed. This in-situ training is necessary to ensure that the assumptions associated with the learning process hold, and thereby support a reasonable belief in the generalization ability of the resulting model. In this paper, we describe the application of a carefully selected nonparametric, semi-supervised learning algorithm to the network intrusion problem, and compare the performance to other model types using feature-based data derived from an operational network. We demonstrate dramatic performance improvements over supervised learning and anomaly detection in discriminating real, previously unseen, malicious network traffic while generating an order of magnitude fewer false alerts than any alternative, including a signature IDS tool deployed on the same network.
Indole esters as heterocyclic synthons. III. Preparation and reactions of furo[3,2‐<i>b</i>]indoles (1984)

Abstract The preparation of furo[3,2‐ b ]indoles via Dieckmann cyclization is described. The precursor diesters were obtained from 3‐hydroxy‐1 H ‐indole‐2‐carboxylic acid esters and methyl or ethyl bromoacetate. Reactions of the furo[3,2‐ b ]indole enolic esters prepared are discussed.
Photosensitive Polymeric Materials for Two-Photon 3D WORM Optical Data Storage Systems (2009)

We report the photochemistry and development of a fluorescence readout-based, nonlinear absorption, three-dimensional optical data storage system. In this system, writing was achieved by acid generation upon two-photon absorption (2PA) of a photoacid generator (PAG; at 710 or 730 nm). Readout was then performed by interrogating two-photon-absorbing dyes, after protonation, at 860 nm. Linear and nonlinear photophysical characterization of 2PA PAGs and acid-sensitive fluorescent dyes demonstrates good spectral resolution between the PAG and protonated 2PA dye and relatively high two-photon absorptivity. Solution spectroscopic studies confirm photoacid generation and dye protonation. Two-photon recording and readout of voxels were demonstrated in five and eight consecutive, crosstalk-free layers within a polymer matrix, generating a data storage capacity of up to 1.8 x 10(13) bits/cm(3).
A Novel Multi-Dimensional Analysis of Rodent Gait Reveals the Compensation Strategies Used during Spontaneous Recovery from Spinal Cord and Traumatic Brain Injury (2018)

As rodent locomotion becomes a more popular behavioral assay, proper rodent gait analysis becomes more and more important. Gait measures, such as stride length, cycle time, and duty factor, are not independent of one another, making statistical comparisons between groups a tricky endeavor. Instead of identifying the mathematical relationships between a group of locomotor measures, we simply tracked the steps of rodents in <i>x,y,t</i> space. By plotting with respect to the reference limb, we are able to quantify locomotor changes in space, time, and coordination simultaneously. With our technique, we show that the overall locomotion of 77 rats 1 week after a C4/5 right overhemisection injury was significantly different than pre-injury. This difference was maintained in untreated animals for the entire 7 weeks of the study, but how this difference arose changed. Initially, the right forelimb exhibited very abnormal stepping, but eventually reduced its difference from pre-injury levels. Conversely, the left forelimb was initially mildly different from pre-injury, but further deviated from normal stepping as the weeks went on. Our new gait analysis technique helps to show the trade-off between the restoration of function and the spontaneous development of compensatory techniques. When we applied this new analysis technique to 13 mice after a severe controlled cortical impact, we found that their locomotion was no different from 12 sham mice for the entire 4 weeks of the study. We believe that this gait analysis method succinctly addresses the confound of interdependency of gait measures and does so across multiple injury models.
Beyond safety (2005)

Model checking of safety properties has taken a significant lead over non-safety properties in recent years. To bridge the gap, we propose dedicated SAT-based model checking algorithms for properties beyond safety. Previous bounded model checking (BMC) approaches have relied on either converting such properties to safety checking, or finding proofs by deriving termination criteria using loop-free path analysis. Instead, our approach uses a customized SAT-based formulation for bounded model checking of non-safety properties, and determines the completeness bounds for liveness using unbounded SAT-based analysis. Our main contributions are: 1) Customized property translations for LTL formulas for BMC, with novel features that utilize partitioning, learning, and incremental formulation. Customized translations not only improve the BMC performance significantly in comparison to standard monolithic LTL translations, but also allow efficient derivation and use of completeness bounds. Though we discuss the translation schemas for liveness, they can be easily extended to handle other LTL properties as well. 2) Customized formulations for determining completeness bounds for liveness using SAT-based unbounded model checking (UMC) rather than using loop-free path analysis. These formulations comprise greatest fixed-point and least fixed-point computations to efficiently handle nested properties using SAT-based quantification approaches. We show the effectiveness of our overall approach for checking liveness on public benchmarks and several industry designs.
Navigating a Portable Robotic Device by a 3D imaging sensor (2010)

This paper presents a novel solution to the autonomy of a Portable Robotic Device (PRD) for the visually impaired. The proposed method meets the PRD's requirement of providing 3D navigational information with a small-sized device. The proposed approach is to employ a 3D imaging sensor-the SwissRanger SR4000-for both pose estimation and perception. The SR4000 produces both intensity and range images of its surrounding. The key idea for pose estimation is to perform feature extraction and matching between successive intensity images and use the 3D locations of the matched features to determine the PRD's pose. The method for obstacle detection/recognition is to segment the sensor's range data into planar surfaces, group the surfaces into structures, and identify the structures based on their geometric constituents. The proposed segmentation method is based on graph theory and it uses global features to measure inter-segment dissimilarity. The proposed methods' efficacies have been validated by experiments.
The game of embedding and detecting spread spectrum watermarks under the estimation attack (2003)

We show the theory behind the interaction of parameters involved in the game of marking and detecting direct sequence spread-spectrum (SS) watermarks (WM) under the assumption that the WM estimation attack is carried out prior to WM detection. As an important contribution, we define a modification to the traditional SS WM detector that enforces the adversary to add amount of noise proportional in amplitude to the recorded signal in order to successfully remove a SS WM.
In-Situ Optical Measurements of Water Vapor Concentration and Temperature in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell at Steady State and Under Dynamic Cycling (2009)

A robust, accurate and fast in-situ sensor was developed for detection of water vapor partial pressure and temperature simultaneously at the anode and cathode channels of a PEM fuel cell. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) utilizing wavelength modulation (WMS) was employed for these measurements. This method determines the ratio of the second and first harmonics (2f/1f) of the spectroscopic absorption profile of water vapor by the aid of a software lock-in amplifier. Measurements were taken using a diode laser emitting around a wavelength of 1471 nm where the water vapor absorption exhibits significant sensitivity to partial pressure and temperature. Measurements of water vapor concentration and temperature in were taken at steady and dynamic operating conditions in the anode and cathode gas channels near the inlet and outlet ports of a serpentine channel PEM fuel cell with Nafion membrane of active area 50 cm2. Different load and inlet humidity conditions were tested to characterize the operation at different conditions. The partial pressure of water vapor increases towards the exit of both the gas channels, but the increase is found to be more significant on the cathode side. The dynamic operation of the fuel cell was also examined in this study as well as the simultaneous measurements at the anode and cathode gas channels.