gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of transforming growth factor- <i>beta</i> on human lymphokine-activated killer cell precursors. Autocrine inhibition of cellular proliferation and differentiation to immune killer cells. (1988)

With subpopulations of human lymphoid cells that were enriched for lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell precursors, studies were performed to examine the effects of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) on their IL-2-dependent growth and differentiation to killer cells. The majority of the LAK precursor cells appeared to reside in nonadherent, non-T, and non-B lymphocyte populations that expressed CD11 and CD16 Ag. These cells were induced to proliferate and become LAK cells by high concentrations of rIL-2 alone in the apparent absence of any prior activation with mitogen or Ag. The partially purified lymphocyte subpopulations generated varying but several-fold greater levels of LAK killing on a per cell basis than did unfractionated lymphocytes. The exogenous addition of TGF-beta to the LAK precursor cultures, markedly inhibited IL-2-stimulated growth as well as the development of LAK activity in a dose-dependent manner. The antimitotic effect of TGF-beta was reversible; inhibition of proliferation could be largely restored by increasing the concentration of IL-2 in culture. In contrast, TGF-beta inhibition of cytotoxicity was relatively independent of the concentration of IL-2. Further, LAK precursors constitutively expressed TGF-beta mRNA and high affinity receptor for TGF-beta. Activation of LAK precursors with IL-2 alone, resulted in a three- to fivefold up-regulation of intracellular TGF-beta mRNA and TGF-beta biologic activity secreted in the culture media. Furthermore, Northern blotting revealed that the resting LAK precursors did not express the Tac-mRNA. Receptor binding studies with 125I-IL-2 suggested the presence of a single class of IL-2R with an apparent Kd of intermediate range (beta-chain of IL-2R) on the unstimulated cells. Stimulation with high concentrations of Il-2 induced Tac-mRNA (both the 3.5- and 1.5-kb transcripts) and resulted in the expression of high affinity IL-2R (Kd approximately 10(-11) M) on these cells. Suppression of IL-2-dependent responses by TGF-beta was accompanied by a selective down-regulation of the 1.5-kb Tac-mRNA as well as by reduction in high affinity IL-2R. The results suggest a negative autocrine control of TGF-beta on IL-2-dependent growth and differentiation of human LAK cells, possibly related to regulate the killer activation function.
The antimicrobial activity of prototype modified honeys that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) hydrogen peroxide (2015)

Surgihoney® is a clinically available wound antiseptic dressing that shows good antimicrobial activity. Two further honey prototypes have been shown to have antimicrobial activity that is possible to be enhanced due to demonstrated increases in ROS peroxide activity.
Recombinant human granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor protects against MPTP‐induced dopaminergic cell death in mice by altering Bcl‐2/Bax expression levels (2006)

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been used for the treatment of neutropenia in hematologic disorders. The neuroprotective effects of G-CSF were reported in neurological disease models. In the present study, we examined whether G-CSF can protect dopaminergic neurons against MPTP-induced cell death in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Mice of one group were injected intraperitoneally with MPTP for five consecutive days, those of another group with MPTP and intraperitoneal G-CSF at 2 days and 1 day before the first MPTP injection, and 30 min before each MPTP injection, while control mice received saline injections. Immunohistochemistry, western blotting analysis, and HPLC were performed to evaluate damage of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax protein. MPTP induced dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra. G-CSF significantly prevented MPTP-induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons (p < 0.05), increased Bcl-2 protein and decreased Bax protein expression. Our findings indicate that G-CSF provides neuroprotection against MPTP-induced cell death and this effect is mediated by increasing Bcl-2 expression levels and decreasing Bax expression levels in C57BL/6 mice.
Calcium Homeostasis and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Cells Transformed by Mitochondria from Individuals with Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease (1997)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with defects in mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial-based disturbances in calcium homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and amyloid metabolism have been implicated in the pathophysiology of sporadic AD. The cellular consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction, however, are not known. To examine these consequences, mitochondrially transformed cells (cybrids) were created from AD patients or disease-free controls. Mitochondria from platelets were fused to rho0 cells created by depleting the human neuroblastoma line SH-SY5Y of its mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). AD cybrids demonstrated a 52% decrease in electron transport chain (ETC) complex IV activity but no difference in complex I activity compared with control cybrids or SH-SY5Y cells. This mitochondrial dysfunction suggests a transferable mtDNA defect associated with AD. ROS generation was elevated in the AD cybrids. AD cybrids also displayed an increased basal cytosolic calcium concentration and enhanced sensitivity to inositol-1,4, 5-triphosphate (InsP3)-mediated release. Furthermore, they recovered more slowly from an elevation in cytosolic calcium induced by the InsP3 agonist carbachol. Mitochondrial calcium buffering plays a major role after this type of perturbation. beta-amyloid (25-35) peptide delayed the initiation of calcium recovery to a carbachol challenge and slowed the recovery rate. Nerve growth factor reduced the carbachol-induced maximum and moderated the recovery kinetics. Succinate increased ETC activity and partially restored the AD cybrid recovery rate. These subtle alterations in calcium homeostasis and ROS generation might lead to increased susceptibility to cell death under circumstances not ordinarily toxic.
Channel-quality dependent earliest deadline due fair scheduling schemes for wireless multimedia networks (2004)

Providing delay guarantees to time-sensitive traffic in wireless multimedia networks is a challenging issue. This is due to the time-varying link capacities and the variety of real-time applications expected to be handled by such networks. We propose and evaluate the performance of two channel-aware scheduling schemes that are capable of providing such delay guarantees in wireless networks. In the first proposed scheme, the Channel-Dependent Earliest-Due-Date (CD-EDD) discipline, the expiration time of the head of line packets of users' queues is taken into consideration in conjunction with the current channel states of users in the scheduling decision. This policy attempts to guarantee the targeted delay bounds in addition to exploiting multiuser diversity to make best utilization of the variable capacity of the channel. In the second scheme we attempt to ensure that the number of packets dropped due to deadline violation is fairly disturbed among users. This provides fairness in the quality of service (QoS) delivered to different users. A unique feature of our work is explicit provisioning of statistical QoS as well as ensuring fairness in data rates, delay bound, and delay bound violation. We provide extensive simulation results to show the different performance aspects of the proposed schemes.
The Analgesic and Antineuroinflammatory Effect of Baicalein in Cancer-Induced Bone Pain (2015)

Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is a severe type of chronic pain. It is imperative to explore safe and effective analgesic drugs for CIBP treatment. Baicalein (BE), isolated from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (or Huang Qin), has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. In this study, we examined the effect of BE on CIBP and the mechanism of this effect. Intrathecal and oral administration of BE at different doses could alleviate the mechanical allodynia in CIBP rats. Intrathecal 100 μg BE could inhibit the production of IL-6 and TNF-α in the spinal cord of CIBP rats. Moreover, intrathecal 100 μg BE could effectively inhibit the activation of p-p38 and p-JNK MAPK signals in CIBP rats. The analgesic effect of BE may be associated with the inhibition of the expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and through the activation of p-p38 and p-JNK MAPK signals in the spinal cord. These findings suggest that BE is a promising novel analgesic agent for CIBP.
A Quad-Constellation Monolithic GNSS Receiver (2014)

Starting with the first commercial GPS receivers, adding support for incrementally more complex GNSS systems present significant challenges for GNSS HW and SW developers. The latest systems, especially Galileo, were designed with the assumption that More’s law would provide nearly unlimited computing resources, memory and clock speeds over time. The expected improvements in ASIC technology have indeed occurred, but market demands have pushed the size, cost and power consumption of GNSS chipsets down, rather than allowing capabilities to grow freely.

GNSS in cellular phones is now expected to be “always on” and add only a few dollars to the cost of a $600 smartphone. Even as customers and phone manufacturers demand GLONASS, BeiDou (BDS) and Galileo support, chipset cost is not allowed to increase significantly. Instead of in essence designing four separate GNSS receivers in the chip, cost and size pressures force designers to look for commonality between the signals in order to share HW blocks and SW or DSP algorithms.

This paper presents Broadcom’s GNSS tri-band receiver technology, which combined with Broadcom’s baseband search and track engines allow true simultaneous tracking of all current L1 GNSS signals, including GPS, GLONASS, QZSS, BDS (MEO, IGSO and GEO), Galileo and SBAS systems.
Block copolymer microstructures in the intermediate-segregation regime (1997)

A detailed examination of the intermediate-segregation regime of diblock copolymer melts is presented using the incompressible Gaussian chain model and self-consistent field theory (SCFT). We find that the competition between interfacial tension and chain stretching used to describe behavior in the strong-segregation regime also explains behavior in this regime. Phase transitions from lamellae (L) to cylinders (C) to spheres (S) occur due to the spontaneous curvature produced as the asymmetry in the diblock composition increases. Complex phases, gyroid (G), perforated lamellar (PL), and double diamond (D), have curvatures between those of L and C, and therefore they compete for stability along the L/C boundary. Nevertheless, only G exhibits a region of stability. To explain why, we recognize that interfacial tension prefers the formation of constant mean curvature (CMC) surfaces to reduce interfacial area, and chain stretching favors domains of uniform thickness so as to avoid packing frustration. While the classical structures, L, C, and S, are successful at doing both simultaneously, the complex phases are not. Of the complex phases, G is the least frustrated and consequently is stable at intermediate degrees of segregation. However, G becomes unstable in the strong-segregation regime because the relative penalty for packing frustration increases with segregation. The PL and D structures are simply too frustrated, and therefore are never stable.
A Model of Organizational Responsiveness to Stakeholders (1999)

Dr. Chess explores the relationship between risk management and risk communication and its affect on an organization/stakeholder relationship.
Distinguishing functional exosomes and other extracellular vesicles as a nucleic acid cargo by the anion‐exchange method (2022)

The development of a new large-scale purification protocol is required for research on the reliable bioactivity and drug discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs). To address this issue, herein, we propose an effective method for preparing high-performance exosomes (EXOs) by using an anion-exchange method. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) EVs from 4 L of culture supernatant through a 220 nm cut-off filter are divided into two populations at a deproteinization rate of over 99.97%, which are eluted at low (0.15 M-0.3 M) and high (0.3 M-0.5 M) NaCl concentrations (approximately 2 × 10<sup>12</sup> and 1.5 × 10<sup>12</sup> particles, respectively) through the anion-exchange column chromatography. The former are abundant in EXO proteins, including late endosome-associated proteins and rab-family and integrin-family proteins, and functional micro (mi) RNAs, and have bioactivity for preventing tumour metastasis by depleting mesenchymal cell populations in the primary tumour lesions. By contrast, the latter is microvesicle (MV)-like particles including DNA, core histone and ribosomal proteins, and GC-rich miRNAs with unknown function, and are easily phagocytosed by mannose receptor<sup>+</sup> Kupffer cells. Thus, the anion-exchange method is suitable for the large-scale separation of bioactive EXOs and MV-like EVs as a cargo for dangerous nucleic acids at high-purity.
600 V/ $1.7~\Omega$ Normally-Off GaN Vertical Trench Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (2016)

This letter reports a GaN vertical trench metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) with normally-off operation. Selective area regrowth of n±GaN source layer was performed to avoid plasma etch damage to the p-GaN body contact region. A metal-organic-chemicalvapor-deposition (MOCVD) grown AlN/SiN dielectric stack was employed as the gate “oxide”. This unique process yielded a 0.5-mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> -active-area transistor with threshold voltage of 4.8 V, blocking voltage of 600 V at gate bias of 0 V, and on-resistance of 1.7 Ω at gate bias of 10 V.
The Composition of Liquids From Coals of Different Rank (1981)

Eight coal liquids prepared from six coals of widely differing rank were compared with respect to their suitability as potential feedstocks for production of refined fuels. The compositions of the liquids were determined by methods adapted from those developed for characterization of petroleum crudes. The coal liquids were prepared and upgraded by hydrogenation in a batch autoclave. The reaction conditions employed were selected to minimize hydrocarbon ring-opening reactions and, at the same time, to produce most of the hydrocarbon liquids potentially available from the coals. The degree of hydrogenation of the raw coal liquids was varied as required to decrease the nitrogen content to about the same level and to provide a predominantly hydrocarbon liquid for analysis. Distilled fractions of the upgraded coal liquids boiling up to 540° C were characterized by a combination of separation and analytical techniques including adsorption chromatography; gel permeation chromatography; separations of acids, bases, and asphaltenes; and high- and low-resolution mass spectrometry. In general, the results show that liquids of comparable suitability as feedstocks for production of refined fuels can be produced from coals of different rank.
Is working memory still working? (2001)

The current state of A. D. Baddeley and G. J. Hitch's (1974) multicomponent working memory model is reviewed. The phonological and visuospatial subsystems have been extensively investigated, leading both to challenges over interpretation of individual phenomena and to more detailed attempts to model the processes underlying the subsystems. Analysis of the controlling central executive has proved more challenging, leading to a proposed clarification in which the executive is assumed to be a limited capacity attentional system, aided by a newly postulated fourth system, the episodic buffer. Current interest focuses most strongly on the link between working memory and long-term memory and on the processes allowing the integration of information from the component subsystems. The model has proved valuable in accounting for data from a wide range of participant groups under a rich array of task conditions. Working memory does still appear to be working.
A Language to build a Symptom Catalog for Autonomic Computing System (2012)

The aim of the Autonomic Computing is to increase reliability and performance by enabling the system to be Self-managed. Challenging issue in making the system autonomous is to introduce the standardization for co-existences of heterogeneous system. Every system has its own log file format, to make multiple systems to co exists in the corporate world there is a necessity to follow standard format called Common Base Event (CBE) to represent the log files, the context called Symptom and the actions that administrator may initiate. This paper proposes a new user friendly language to represent the Symptoms and associate the actions and supports the co-existences of systems with heterogeneous log format without the need for conversion to CBE format.
Surface-roughness effect on capacitance and leakage current of an insulating film (1999)

Effects of surface roughness on electrical properties of a thin insulating film capacitor with one smooth electrode plate and one rough electrode plate are investigated. The electrode plate roughness is described in terms of self-affine fractal scaling through the roughness exponent \ensuremath{\alpha}, the root-mean square (rms) roughness amplitude w, and the correlation length \ensuremath{\xi}. The electric field, capacitance, and leakage current show similar qualitative changes with the roughness parameters: they all increase as w increases, and also increase as either \ensuremath{\xi} or \ensuremath{\alpha} decreases.
Recombination lifetime in InAs–Ga1−<i>x</i>In<i>x</i>Sb superlattices (1994)

We report an experimental investigation of Shockley–Read and Auger lifetimes in InAs–Ga1−xInxSb and InAs–GaSb superlattices, based on measurements of the photoconductive response to excitation by a frequency-doubled CO2 laser (4.63 μm) at intensities up to 100 kW/cm2. Results at 77 K for low excitation levels yield Shockley–Read lifetimes between 0.13 and 6 ns. The scaling of the lifetime with carrier concentration also provides the first determinations of Auger coefficients in narrow-gap type II superlattices: γ3≊8×10−25 cm6/s at 300 K and γ3≊1.3×10−27 cm6/s at 77 K. The observed Auger lifetime at 77 K is two orders of magnitude longer than that in Hg1−xCdxTe with the same energy gap, which has highly favorable implications for InAs–Ga1−xInxSb superlattices in both IR detector and nonlinear optical applications.
Splicing factor 2/alternative splicing factor contributes to extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (2015)

The splicing factor is important in cancer development, modulation numerous tumor suppressors and oncogenes, and regulation of multiple signaling pathways. Splicing factor 2/alternative splicing factor (SF2/ASF) is a proto‑oncogene, which has been implicated in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. In the present study, it was identified that SF2 knockdown had no effect on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α‑induced activation of the c‑Jun N‑terminal protein kinase (JNK) pathway, the p38 pathway, or the IKK pathway in hepatoma cell lines. However, SF2 knockdown led to reduced levels of basal ERK activation and TNF‑α‑induced ERK activation, without changing the protein levels of ERK. Consequently, SF2 knockdown marginally enhanced TNF‑α‑induced cell death. Furthermore, SF2 knockdown and blockade of ERK activation partially suppressed TNF‑α‑induced interleukin‑6 expression. As SF2 knockdown exhibited no role in basal Akt activation and serum‑induced Akt activation, it is unlikely that SF2 affects ERK activation through modulating the protein levels of certain growth factor receptors. In conclusion, the data suggest that SF2 contributes to the elevated levels of ERK activation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through modulating key component(s) downstream of growth factor receptors and upstream of ERK.
Modular Synthesis of Monomers for On-Surface Polymerization to Graphene Architectures (2013)

We developed a modular synthesis of halogenated polycyclic aromatic monomers for on-surface polymerization to generate graphene wires, ribbons, and networks.
The <i>miR156‐<scp>SPL</scp>9‐<scp>DFR</scp></i> pathway coordinates the relationship between development and abiotic stress tolerance in plants (2014)

Young organisms have relatively strong resistance to diseases and adverse conditions. When confronted with adversity, the process of development is delayed in plants. This phenomenon is thought to result from the rebalancing of energy, which helps plants to coordinate the relationship between development and stress tolerance; however, the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains mysterious. In this study, we found that miR156 integrates environmental signals to ensure timely flowering, thus enabling the completion of breeding. Under stress conditions, miR156 is induced to maintain the plant in the juvenile state for a relatively long period of time, whereas under favorable conditions, miR156 is suppressed to accelerate the developmental transition. Blocking the miR156 signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana with 35S::MIM156 (via target mimicry) increased the sensitivity of the plant to stress treatment, whereas overexpression of miR156 increased stress tolerance. In fact, this mechanism is also conserved in Oryza sativa (rice). We also identified downstream genes of miR156, i.e. SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 9 (SPL9) and DIHYDROFLAVONOL-4-REDUCTASE (DFR), which take part in this process by influencing the metabolism of anthocyanin. Our results uncover a molecular mechanism for plant adaptation to the environment through the miR156-SPLs-DFR pathway, which coordinates development and abiotic stress tolerance.
Cr2O3 Particulate Reinforced Y-TZP Ceramics with High Fracture Toughness and Strength (2023)

The improvement of fracture toughness of TZP materials is accompanied by a loss of strength in many cases. The intention of the present work was the simultaneous improvement of fracture toughness and strength of Y2O3 (2 and 3 mol% Y2O3) stabilized TZP. The mechanical properties are characterized by bending strength, fracture toughness, hardness and elastic modulus. X-ray, SEM, TEM and HRTEM were used to characterize the phase composition and microstructure. The maximum 4-point bending strength and fracture toughness were about 1470 MPa and 7 MPa√m, respectively, compared with 1200 MPa and 4.8 MPa√m of pure 2Y-TZP. The main reinforcement mechanisms are stress induced martensitic transformation and microcracking.
Small Molecule Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Brain Cancer (2016)

In addition to each of the factors that govern the identification of a successful oncology drug candidate, drug discovery aimed at treating neurological cancer must also consider the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The high level of expression of efflux transporters (e.g., P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp)) at the BBB limits many small molecules from freely reaching the brain, where neurooncologic malignancies reside. Furthermore, many of the targets identified for the potential treatment of central nervous system (CNS) malignancies suggest that kinase inhibitors, capable of penetrating the BBB to reach their target, would be desirable. This Perspective discusses the unmet need for neurooncology treatments, the appeal of kinase targets in this space, and a summary of what is known about free brain penetration of clinical inhibitors of kinases that are of interest for the treatment of brain cancer.