gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification and characterisation of tomato torrado virus, a new plant picorna-like virus from tomato (2007)

A new virus was isolated from tomato plants from the Murcia region in Spain which showed symptoms of 'torrado disease'; very distinct necrotic, almost burn-like symptoms on leaves of infected plants. The virus particles are isometric with a diameter of approximately 28 nm. The viral genome consists of two (+)ssRNA molecules of 7793 (RNA1) and 5389 nts (RNA2). RNA1 contains one open reading frame (ORF) encoding a predicted polyprotein of 241 kDa that shows conserved regions with motifs typical for a protease-cofactor, a helicase, a protease and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. RNA2 contains two, partially overlapping ORFs potentially encoding proteins of 20 and 134 kDa. These viral RNAs are encapsidated by three proteins with estimated sizes of 35, 26 and 23 kDa. Direct protein sequencing mapped these coat proteins to ORF2 on RNA2. Phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences showed that the virus is related to but distinct from viruses belonging to the genera Sequivirus, Sadwavirus and Cheravirus. This new virus, for which the name tomato torrado virus is proposed, most likely represents a member of a new plant virus genus.
The Dialog State Tracking Challenge (2013)

In a spoken dialog system, dialog state tracking deduces information about the user’s goal as the dialog progresses, synthesizing evidence such as dialog acts over multiple turns with external data sources. Recent approaches have been shown to overcome ASR and SLU errors in some applications. However, there are currently no common testbeds or evaluation measures for this task, hampering progress. The dialog state tracking challenge seeks to address this by providing a heterogeneous corpus of 15K human-computer dialogs in a standard format, along with a
An optimal client buffer model for multiplexing HTTP streams (2012)

The basic tenet of HTTP streaming is to deliver fragments of video and audio that are individually addressable chunks of content over HTTP. Some media players consume incoming video and audio data only in a time ordered multiplexed format. If alternate tracks need to be added post packaging of the media, it has to be repackaged that involves duplication resulting in multiple multiplexed files. Additionally for adaptive streaming, a set of all those files need to be added for each bitrate. Alternatively, it is more efficient to store component tracks separately, fetching only the required tracks and multiplexing audio and video in the client before sending the data to the decoder. To deliver an optimal viewing experience, the client has to take care of the seemingly conflicting constraints viz., handling the network jitter, minimizing the time to switch to an alternate track and minimizing the live latency. For instance, to absorb more network jitter more data should be available in the buffers but this would increase the switching latency. We introduce a formal buffer model for a client that gathers video and audio fragments and multiplexes them on the fly. This model uses separate video and audio buffers, a multiplexed buffer in the application, and decoding buffer associated with the decoder. We model the buffer sizes, their thresholds to request data from the network, and the rate of transfer of data between buffers. We show that these buffers can be designed varying these parameters to optimize for the above constraints. This buffer model can also be leveraged for deciding when to switch in adaptive bitrate streaming. We further validate these by experimental results from our implementation.
Entwurf eines adaptiven robusten „Fuzzy sliding-mode“-Reglers, Teil 1 / Design of an Adaptive and Robust Fuzzy Sliding-mode Controller, Part 1 (1999)

Article Entwurf eines adaptiven robusten „Fuzzy sliding-mode“-Reglers, Teil 1 / Design of an Adaptive and Robust Fuzzy Sliding-mode Controller, Part 1 was published on November 1, 1999 in the journal at - Automatisierungstechnik (volume 47, issue 11).
A 64‐channel 3T array coil for accelerated brain MRI (2012)

A 64-channel brain array coil was developed and compared to a 32-channel array constructed with the same coil former geometry to precisely isolate the benefit of the 2-fold increase in array coil elements. The constructed coils were developed for a standard clinical 3T MRI scanner and used a contoured head-shaped curved former around the occipital pole and tapered in at the neck to both improve sensitivity and patient comfort. Additionally, the design is a compact, split-former design intended for robust daily use. Signal-to-noise ratio and noise amplification (G-factor) for parallel imaging were quantitatively evaluated in human imaging and compared to a size and shape-matched 32-channel array coil. For unaccelerated imaging, the 64-channel array provided similar signal-to-noise ratio in the brain center to the 32-channel array and 1.3-fold more signal-to-noise ratio in the brain cortex. Reduced noise amplification during highly parallel imaging of the 64-channel array provided the ability to accelerate at approximately one unit higher at a given noise amplification compared to the sized-matched 32-channel array. For example, with a 4-fold acceleration rate, the central brain and cortical signal-to-noise ratio of the 64-channel array was 1.2- and 1.4-fold higher, respectively, compared to the 32-channel array. The characteristics of the coil are demonstrated in accelerated brain imaging.
Balancing Load of APs by Concurrent Association of Every Wireless Node with Many APs (2009)

In this paper we propose a novel method for associating Wireless Mobile Nodes (WMNs) to Access Points (APs) in busy wireless access networks. The proposed method associates each WMN with multiple APs for mitigating the load balancing problem in hot-spots. The method assumes that a concurrent multipath transport control protocol such as cmpTCP is used at the end-points. The connections are established and maintained with the help of functionalities of emerging IEEE 802.21 standard. An analytical model for the proposed system has been developed. Numerical evaluation of the closed form solution of the proposed model shows that the proposed model will out-perform any other WMN-AP association method if the all WMNs are within the communication range of APs. The proposed system keeps the AP utilization same but reduces expected service queue length of APs, and reduces expected waiting time for the WMNs.
Imprinting polymer film on patterned substrates (2003)

We have developed a technique to create polymer film patterns on substrates with microstructures using an elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) pad, wherein either a continuous or a patterned film on flat PDMS was used for pattern creation. During patterning of the continuous film, a polymer film is first spin coated onto the elastomer pad, and the pad is then brought into contact with the patterned substrate of interest. Since the PDMS can deform elastically around features on the substrate and its surface has low interfacial energy, films on PDMS can be successfully transferred onto the substrate. The resulting profile of the transferred film would depend on the pattern dimensions of the substrate, polymer properties, and conditions for imprinting. Three distinctive film patterns can be achieved, which we designate as continuous film transfer over microstructures, film transfer on both trenches and protrusions, and film transfer on protrusions. Interestingly, a negative replica of patterns on substrates can be simultaneously created on the PDMS pad in the last patterning process and the pattern can be further utilized in subsequent patterning steps. This affords the capability of transferring a patterned film from the PDMS to the sidewalls of the topographic features. Because of the great versatility of this patterning technique, it can be used to rapidly form channels, conformal coating on a patterned substrate, and micro- or nanometer sized patterns inside trenches of a patterned substrate.
A new generation FFDM/tomosynthesis fusion system with selenium detector (2010)

A new generation of digital breast tomosynthesis system has been designed and is commercially available outside the US. The system has both a 2D mode and a 3D mode to do either conventional mammography or tomosynthesis. Uniquely, it also has a fusion mode that allows both 3D and 2D images to be acquired under the same breast compression, which results in co-registered images from the two modalities. The aim of this paper is to present a technical description on the design and performance of the new system, including system details such as filter options, doses, AEC operation, 2D and 3D images co-registration and display, and the selenium detector performance. We have carried out both physical and clinical studies to evaluate the system. In this paper the focus will be mainly on technical performance results.
Antagonists of CXCR3: a review of current progress (2007)

CXCR3 was cloned and identified as a receptor for CXCL9 and CXCL10 by Loetscher, et al., in 1996 [1], and was subsequently identified as a receptor for CXCL11 [2]. CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 are selective, potent agonists of CXCR3 (Kd 0.1–5 nM) [1]–[4]. Additional chemokines have been reported to bind to CXCR3 (e.g., CXCL13 [5] and CCL11 [6]), however the reported affinities are generally weak and the biological significance of the interactions is questionable. Similarly, the ligands for CXCR3 have been reported to be antagonists of CCR3 [7] and CCR5 [8], but high concentrations of the CXCR3 ligands are required to achieve inhibition of CCR3 or CCR5 biological functions.
Physico-chemical properties of new acyl derivatives of tylosin produced by microbial transformation. (1980)

By microbial transformation of tylosin (I), the following eight new acyl derivatives were obtained: 3-acetyltylosin (II), 3-propionyltylosin (III), 4"-butyryltylosin (IV), 4"-isovaleryltylosin (V), 3-acetyl-4"-butyryltylosin (VI), 3-acetyl-4"-isovaleryltylosin (VII), 3-propionyl-4"-butyryltylosin (VIII) and 3-propionyl-4"-isovaleryltylosin (IX).
A Review of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants (1992)

The flame retardant mechanism described for phosphorus- containing flame retardants includes both a condensed and a vapor phase mechanism depending on the type of phosphorus compound and the polymer. Intumescence is also described. Chemical structures of the flame retardant are shown. Specific applications for red phosphorus, organophosphates, chlorophos phates and bromophosphates are described. The use of triarylphosphates in PVC, modified polyphenylene oxide, and polycarbonate/ABS is described. The chlorophosphates are used in polyurethanes and the bromophosphates in en gineering thermoplastics. Flammability and mechanical properties are given for specific polymers.
Optimal Scheduling of Complex Multi-Cluster Tools Based on Timed Resource-Oriented Petri Nets (2016)

Complex multi-cluster tools have been extensively used in semiconductor manufacturing. It is crucial to increase their productivity by their effective operation. With structural complexity, multiple robots, and the interaction among individual tools, it is very challenging to schedule a tree-like multi-cluster tool. This paper investigates the scheduling problem of such a tool whose bottleneck individual tool is process-bound. The system is modeled by well-known discrete-event models, i.e., resource-oriented Petri nets. Based on the models, for the first time, this work develops necessary and sufficient conditions under which a one-unit (wafer) periodic schedule exists and shows that an optimal one-unit periodic schedule can always be found. Algorithms with polynomial complexity are presented to find the optimal cycle time and the one-unit periodic schedule. Industrial examples are used to illustrate the proposed method, and they show that a significant reduction in cycle time can be obtained in comparison with the existing method.
Cylindrical hollow-anode discharge (1985)

Hollow-anode discharge represents a new type of discharge which is realized in a diode consisting of a cylindrical cathode and special type of hollow anode whose inner surface only is conductive. The cylindrical cathode focuses electrons toward the hollow anode placed in the center of curvature, increasing the density of high-energy electrons and efficiency of excitation and ionization in the hollow aperture of the anode. Optical spectrum consists of intense ion lines of the operating gas without anode or cathode material lines.
Active acoustic screening: design principles for quiet gradient coils in MRI (1994)

A new technique for quiet gradient coil design in magnetic resonance imaging is proposed. Preliminary results on a test coil show acoustic noise attenuation behaviour consistent with theory. Active acoustic screening will significantly reduce the dangers to patients of high-level exposure to noise in medical resonance imaging scanners.
Predicting the Flow ID of Water Injectors Identified with Obstruction in the Horizontal Section (2017)

Abstract This paper presents an automatic well performance method and advanced algorithm to estimate the size of any obstruction identified in the wellbore or in the horizontal wellbore section of injection wells. The advantageous feature of this analytical method is the ability to predict the size of obstruction without costly well intervention or injection shutdown. The method includes the determination of a calibrated well performance model with a simulated obstruction, using inflow performance and outflow performance relationships. The method calls for building the following two calibrated inflow performance models: a constant injectivity index model and a steady state Jushi model to take into account reservoir flow attributes such as permeability, anisotropy, and skin damage factor. On the other hand, the outflow performance model was constructed considering both gravitational and frictional pressure changes. Continuous surface flow measurements using Solar Flow Meter data were used to validate and calibrate the overall well performance model. An iterative algorithm was developed to estimate the obstruction size and generate its performance curve using surface injection data and single-phase choke flow equation. This has enabled the simulation of downhole obstruction effect on well injectivity. This method was used in determining the obstruction size within the horizontal section. The algorithm and the process were validated using actual case study with horizontal water injection well known with obstruction and palnned for well intervention.
Mediation of Sonic Hedgehog-Induced Expression of COUP-TFII by a Protein Phosphatase (1997)

A Sonic hedgehog (Shh) response element was identified in the chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor II (COUP-TFII) promoter that binds to a factor distinct from Gli, a gene known to mediate Shh signaling. Although this binding activity is specifically stimulated by Shh-N (amino-terminal signaling domain), it can also be unmasked with protein phosphatase treatment in the mouse cell line P19, and induction by Shh-N can be blocked by phosphatase inhibitors. Thus, Shh-N signaling may result in dephosphorylation of a target factor that is required for activation of COUP-TFII-, Islet1-, and Gli response element-dependent gene expression. This finding identifies another step in the Shh-N signaling pathway.
FairMAC: fair sharing of multi-access channels in WLAN hotspots (2006)

We identify two typical problems in WLAN hotspots that result in unbounded unfairness between upstream and downstream flows. The first unfairness problem arises due to the uniformity of the MAC layer protocol at the access point (AP) and user nodes that result in equal share to the AP and the user nodes but not to the individual flows. The second unfairness problem arises due to the inability of the physical layer to distinguish frame errors due to hidden terminal based collisions and frame errors due to poor signal strength. We present FairMAC, a deployable solution that addresses these unfairness problems without requiring a change to the 802.11 protocol. Thus, our solution is immediately deployable in the millions of currently operational hotspots. We evaluate the performance of our protocol using simulations and a prototype implementation. We show that FairMAC provides fair access to all the flows regardless whether they are originating at the AP or a host.
TDOA기법 기반의 다중 재머 위치 추정 알고리즘 설계 (2012)

【In case that multiple jammers are transmitting the signals which are the same type a general algorithm based on TDOA method cannot estimate the positions of multiple jammers because there are many TDOA measurements including true and false values. This paper, therefore, designs a new algorithm based on TDOA method to localize multiple jammers. In this algorithm, TDOA measurements are obtained by rotating the reference sensor, and then the positions of multiple jammers can be estimated by detecting congregated point among the multiple estimated positions from TDOA measurements. Through computer simulations, it is verified that this algorithm localizes the multiple jammers well. The performance of the algorithm are also analysed by changing the distance between sensors and jammer, and sampling frequency.】
A multiagent-based distributed control platform for industrial flexible production systems (2002)

The tendency of recent production technologies towards both batches of small/medium size and part families of increasing variety often comes into conflict with the demand for high productivity, i.e. production-time minimization and simultaneous improvement of machine utilization. Flexible production systems possess the ability to attain efficiency and versatility by producing a wide range of different product families with minimal effort in changing the involved manufacturing environment. Nevertheless, the production system's flexibility and degree of reliability depend fundamentally on the flexibility and reliability of the embedded control system. This paper reports on the design and realization of a multi-agent-based distributed control system for flexible production systems, which covers both conventional control equipment as well as embedded control agents. The agent components are implemented as Windows NT services and logic control programs interfaced via DCOM and an Ethernet. The results of the application in an industrial flexible production system are used to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Electric propulsion using C.sub.60 molecules (1993)

Fullerene propellants, which are stable carbon cage structures composed of even numbers of carbon atoms in the range of about 32 to 200 atoms, particularly a combination of conveniently obtainable C.sub.60 and C.sub.70, may be carried in solid form in a spacecraft, sublimated to produce the appropriate molecular propellant such as C.sub.60 or C.sub.70, which may then be ionized by DC discharge or RF radiation to efficiently produce specific impulses in the range above 1000 lbf -s/lbm.
Materials and processing issues in thin-film Cu (In, Ga) Se[sub 2]-based solar cells (1997)

We have fabricated-high efficiency, Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS)-based photovoltaic (PV) devices by four different processes. Each process may be characterized as either sequential or concurrent deposition of the metals with or without an activity of Se. A world-record, total-area efficiency of 17.7% has been achieved by the concurrent delivery of the metals in the presence of Se. Ga has been introduced into the device in a such a manner as to produce homogeneous, normal profiling, and double-profiling graded band gap structures. This has resulted in an open-circuit voltage (Voc) parameter of 680 mV and a fill-factor over 78%. The quality of CIGS-based films and devices is becoming decoupled from the method of film delivery. This leads to novel, fast, and low-cost methods for absorber fabrications. Two such deposition techniques, sputtering and electrodeposition, will also be discussed and results to date presented. Finally, a fabrication model has been developed allowing for simple translation of these processes to a manufacturing environment for the large-scale production of modules.
<i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> Efficacy of Novel Flavonoid Dimers against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (2014)

Treatment of leishmaniasis by chemotherapy remains a challenge because of limited efficacy, toxic side effects, and drug resistance. We previously reported that synthetic flavonoid dimers have potent antipromastigote and antiamastigote activity against Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Here, we further investigate their leishmanicidal activities against cutaneous Leishmania species. One of the flavonoid dimers (compound 39) has marked antipromastigote (50% inhibitory concentrations [IC50s], 0.19 to 0.69 μM) and antiamastigote (IC50s, 0.17 to 2.2 μM) activities toward different species of Leishmania that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis, including Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania tropica, and Leishmania major. Compound 39 is not toxic to peritoneal elicited macrophages, with IC50 values higher than 88 μM. In the mouse model of cutaneous leishmaniasis induced by subcutaneous inoculation of L. amazonensis in mouse footpads, intralesional administration of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight of compound 39.HCl can reduce footpad thickness by 36%, compared with that of controls values. The amastigote load in the lesions was reduced 20-fold. The present study suggests that flavonoid dimer 39 represents a new class of safe and effective leishmanicidal agent against visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Liquid surface oscillations for a time-dependent random-phase security system (2018)

A novel optical encryption technique that uses oscillations on a liquid lens surface and random phase masks to encode images is presented. Excited liquid surface patterns can encode optical wave fronts, making the optical transfer function of the system a function of time. This allows for possible protection against known and chosen plaintext attacks and potentially enables more flexible realizations of random phase mask security systems. However, the periodic nature of liquid surface oscillations and the geometry of the patterns can potentially place constraints on the efficacy of such a system. Simulation results show that the entropy of encrypted images depends on the liquid surface mode shape and the recording duration of the encrypted image. Additionally, it is shown that mistiming the liquid system during decryption gives significant error in the recovered images. The simulations presented here use a model of a commercial available liquid lens, giving the possibility for future comparison with experimental results.