gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Progress in Realization of Magnetic Induction Tomography (1999)

A bstract : The method enabling one to obtain tomographic images of an electrically conductive or dielectric object by the excitation of the variable magnetic field inside it and by measuring the resulting field around the object is described. The main equations and theoretical estimations are given. It is shown that phasesensitive measurements should be used in magnetic induction tomography. The measuring system providing the data set necessary for the image reconstruction is discussed. Under the conditions of the measurements discussed in this paper, image reconstruction is possible with the use of a simple method of convolution and back‐projection along magnetic lines. Computer simulation demonstrates the visualization of the conductivity distribution by the method of magnetic induction tomography with phase measurements.
<i>In vivo</i> targeting of dendritic cells for activation of cellular immunity using vaccine carriers based on pH-responsive microparticles (2005)

Activating the immune system to trigger a specific response is a major challenge in vaccine development. In particular, activating sufficient cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated cellular immunity, which is crucial for the treatment of many diseases including cancer and AIDS, has proven to be especially challenging. In this study, antigens were encapsulated in acid-degradable polymeric particle carriers to cascade cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation. To target dendritic cells, the most potent antigen-presenting cells, the particle carriers, were further conjugated with monoclonal antibodies. A series of ex vivo and in vivo studies have shown increased receptor-mediated uptake of antibody-conjugated particles by dendritic cells as well as migration of particle-carrying dendritic cells to lymph nodes and stimulation of naïve T cells leading to enhanced cellular immune response as confirmed by specific cell lysis and IFN-gamma secretion.
Angiogenesis under normal and pathological conditions. (1992)

Angiogenesis, i.e. the generation of new blood capillaries, occurs in utero (during embryonal and fetal development) and in both physiological and pathological situations during extrauterine life. Several angiogenic factors have now been isolated, including angiogenin, acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors, and alpha and beta transforming growth factors. Their amino acid sequences have been determined and their genes cloned. Other factors await complete characterisation. An account is given of techniques used in the investigation of angiogenesis, both in vivo (transparent chambers; corneal micropockets; implantation on chick chorioallantoic membrane; employment of polymers for the sustained release of angiogenesis factors) and in vitro (cloning and long-term culture of capillary endothelial cells). The angiogenesis induced by solid tumours differs from other forms in that it is not self-limited and continues indefinitely until eradication of the tumour or death of the host. Anti-angiogenic factors have also been identified, particularly a new class of nonglucocorticoid steroids. Their employment in tumour therapy is a possibility, since neoplastic expansion is essentially dependent on angiogenesis.
Diversity of lipid mediators in human adipose tissue depots (2013)

Adipose tissue is a heterogeneous organ with remarkable variations in fat cell metabolism depending on the anatomical location. However, the pattern and distribution of bioactive lipid mediators between different fat depots and their relationships in complex diseases have not been investigated. Using LC-MS/MS-based metabolo-lipidomics, here we report that human subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissues possess a range of specialized proresolving mediators (SPM) including resolvin (Rv) D1, RvD2, protectin (PD) 1, lipoxin (LX) A4, and the monohydroxy biosynthetic pathway markers of RvD1 and PD1 (17-HDHA), RvE1 (18-HEPE), and maresin 1 (14-HDHA). The "classic" eicosanoids prostaglandin (PG) E₂, PGD₂, PGF2α, leukotriene (LT) B₄, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), 12-HETE, and 15-HETE were also identified in SC fat. SC fat from patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) exhibited a marked deficit in PD1 and 17-HDHA levels. Compared with SC, perivascular adipose tissue displayed higher SPM levels, suggesting an enhanced resolution capacity in this fat depot. In addition, augmented levels of eicosanoids and SPM were observed in SC fat surrounding foot wounds. Notably, the profile of SC PGF2α differed significantly when patients were grouped by body mass index (BMI). In the case of peri-wound SC fat, BMI negatively correlated with PGE₂. In this tissue, proresolving mediators RvD2 and LXA₄ were identified in lower levels than the proinflammatory LTB₄. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a diverse distribution of bioactive lipid mediators depending on the localization of human fat depots and uncover a specific SPM pattern closely associated with PVD.
On the Use of Reverberation Chambers to Simulate a Rician Radio Environment for the Testing of Wireless Devices (2006)

With the proliferation of wireless devices in recent years, there is a growing need to test the operation and functionality of these various devices in different multipath environments, ranging from line-of-sight environment to a pure Rayleigh environment. In this paper we discuss how a reverberation chamber can be used to simulate a controllable Rician radio environment for the testing of a wireless device. We show that by varying the characteristics of the reverberation chamber and/or the antenna configurations in the chamber, any desired Rician K-factor can be obtained. Expressions for the desired K-factor as a function of the chamber and antenna characteristics will be presented. Experimental results are presented to illustrate the validity of these expressions, to show how the reverberation chamber can be used to simulate different multipath environments, and to show the realization of a controlled K-factor test facility. We present both a one-antenna and a two-antenna test configuration approach
Microscale Chemistry in Japan (2009)

Microscale laboratory is environmentally benign as the amount of reagents,waste,energy and cost can be reduced dramatically,and exposure to potentially toxic chemicals is diminished.……
Law and Governance (2012)

This book describes the nature of these changes and identifies the accountability gaps which have inevitably opened up in the absence of a written constitution or a considered Administrative Procedure Act.
An investigation of site diversity and comparison with ITU‐R recommendations (2008)

Earth‐space radio systems operating at frequencies of 10 GHz and above are badly attenuated by rain, cloud, and atmospheric gases. As the frequencies of operational systems increase, it becomes increasingly uneconomic to compensate for the effects of fading through the use of a fixed fade margin, hence the implementation of fade mitigation techniques (FMT). The spatial and temporal variation of rain provides the justification for the use of site diversity as an FMT. Site diversity employs two or more ground stations receiving the same satellite signal with a separation distance such that the sites encounter intense rainfall at different times, and switching to the site experiencing the least fading improves system performance considerably. Measurements of the 20.7 GHz beacon carried as part of the Global Broadcast Service (GBS) payload on the U.S. Department of Defense satellite UFO‐9 have been made at three sites: two are located in the South of England (∼8 km apart), and the third receiver was located in Scotland. These beacon measurements have produced long term attenuation exceedance and site diversity gain and improvement statistics. This attenuation time series data can simulate the performance of an Earth‐space system using site diversity, indicating the optimum method of implementing this FMT. In this paper, unbalanced site diversity is investigated, as this is a more likely scenario than the balanced site diversity modeled by the ITU‐R recommendations. This paper also investigates the implementation of site diversity from a commercial context, including cost‐benefit analysis and technical feasibility.
Neuronal sFlt1 and Vegfaa determine venous sprouting and spinal cord vascularization (2017)

Formation of organ-specific vasculatures requires cross-talk between developing tissue and specialized endothelial cells. Here we show how developing zebrafish spinal cord neurons coordinate vessel growth through balancing of neuron-derived Vegfaa, with neuronal sFlt1 restricting Vegfaa-Kdrl mediated angiogenesis at the neurovascular interface. Neuron-specific loss of flt1 or increased neuronal vegfaa expression promotes angiogenesis and peri-neural tube vascular network formation. Combining loss of neuronal flt1 with gain of vegfaa promotes sprout invasion into the neural tube. On loss of neuronal flt1, ectopic sprouts emanate from veins involving special angiogenic cell behaviours including nuclear positioning and a molecular signature distinct from primary arterial or secondary venous sprouting. Manipulation of arteriovenous identity or Notch signalling established that ectopic sprouting in flt1 mutants requires venous endothelium. Conceptually, our data suggest that spinal cord vascularization proceeds from veins involving two-tiered regulation of neuronal sFlt1 and Vegfaa via a novel sprouting mode.
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with periodontitis (2003)

Serological differences in subjects with periodontitis, some of which involve established risk factors for atherosclerosis, might provide insight into the reported epidemiological association between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease.
Plasma chemistry of RF discharges in CO<sub>2</sub>laser gas mixtures (1985)

The authors have used mass spectrometry to investigate the changes in the composition of the molecular species in radio frequency excited discharges in typical waveguide laser CO2-N2-He(H2O) mixtures and discharge conditions. The initial rate of dissociation of CO2 is approximately 10-90% in approximately 1 s: final dissociation levels are determined by back reactions with water vapour. The dissociation increases with power but is independent of frequency (29-200 MHz). Comparison of the flowing discharge and afterglow environments shows considerable differences with large amounts of the oxides of nitrogen and radical species present in the former.
Improved tone modeling for Mandarin broadcast news speech recognition (2006)

Tone has a crucial role in Mandarin speech in distinguishing ambiguous words. Most state-of-the-art Mandarin automatic speech recognition systems adopt embedded tone modeling, where tonal acoustic units are used and F0 features are appended to the spectral feature vector. In this paper, we combine the embedded aproach (using improved F0 smoothing) with explicit tone modeling in rescoring the output lattices. Oracle experiments indicate 32% relative improvement can be achieved by rescoring with perfect tone information. Recognition experiments on Mandarin broadcast news show that, even with an accuracy of only 70%, the explicit tone classifier offers complementary knowledge and improves performance significantly. Through the combination of tone modeling techniques, the character error rate on the CTV test set can be improved from 13.0% to 11.5%.
Changes in Bacterial Community Structure in the Colon of Pigs Fed Different Experimental Diets and after Infection with <i>Brachyspira hyodysenteriae</i> (2000)

Bacterial communities in the large intestines of pigs were compared using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis targeting the 16S ribosomal DNA. The pigs were fed different experimental diets based on either modified standard feed or cooked rice supplemented with dietary fibers. After feeding of the animals with the experimental diets for 2 weeks, differences in the bacterial community structure in the spiral colon were detected in the form of different profiles of terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs). Some of the T-RFs were universally distributed, i.e., they were found in all samples, while others varied in distribution and were related to specific diets. The reproducibility of the T-RFLP profiles between individual animals within the diet groups was high. In the control group, the profiles remained unchanged throughout the experiment and were similar between two independent but identical experiments. When the animals were experimentally infected with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, causing swine dysentery, many of the T-RFs fluctuated, suggesting a destabilization of the microbial community.
Sialic Acid Metabolism: A Key Player in Breast Cancer Metastasis Revealed by Metabolomics (2018)

Metastatic breast cancer is currently incurable. It has recently emerged that different metabolic pathways support metastatic breast cancer. To further uncover metabolic pathways enabling breast cancer metastasis, we investigated metabolic differences in mouse tumors of differing metastatic propensities using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. We found that sialic acid metabolism is upregulated in highly metastatic breast tumors. Knocking out a key gene in sialic acid metabolism, <i>Cmas</i>, inhibits synthesis of the activated form of sialic acid, cytidine monophosphate-sialic acid and decreases the formation of lung metastases <i>in vivo</i>. Thus, the sialic acid pathway may be a new target against metastatic breast cancer.
Small intestine lamina propria dendritic cells promote de novo generation of Foxp3 T reg cells via retinoic acid (2007)

To maintain immune homeostasis, the intestinal immune system has evolved redundant regulatory strategies. In this regard, the gut is home to a large number of regulatory T (T reg) cells, including the Foxp3(+) T reg cell. Therefore, we hypothesized that the gut environment preferentially supports extrathymic T reg cell development. We show that peripheral conversion of CD4(+) T cells to T reg cells occurs primarily in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) after oral exposure to antigen and in a lymphopenic environment. Dendritic cells (DCs) purified from the lamina propria (Lp; LpDCs) of the small intestine were found to promote a high level of T reg cell conversion relative to lymphoid organ-derived DCs. This enhanced conversion by LpDCs was dependent on TGF-beta and retinoic acid (RA), which is a vitamin A metabolite highly expressed in GALT. Together, these data demonstrate that the intestinal immune system has evolved a self-contained strategy to promote T reg cell neoconversion.
The Most Probable Number Method and Its Uses in Enumeration, Qualification, and Validation (2010)

“Microbiology Topics” discusses various topics in microbiology of practical use in validation and compliance. We intend this column to be a useful resource for daily work applications. Reader comments, questions, and suggestions are needed to help us fulfill our objective for this column. Please send your comments and suggestions to column coordinator Scott Sutton at scott.sutton@ microbiol.org or journal coordinating editor Susan Haigney at shaigney@advanstar.com.
Precise force curve detection system with a cantilever controlled by magnetic force feedback (1997)

We present the development of an atomic force microscope (AFM) with an externally controllable force using an electromagnet. The position of the AFM cantilever with magnetic material at the end of the backside is controlled directly by the external magnetic field of an electromagnet. It is possible to use an optical detection system because the electromagnet is located inside the piezo tube on which the sample is mounted. A magnetic force feedback system has been implemented in this AFM. The effective stiffness of the cantilever is increased by the open loop gain of the feedback. We are able to control the motion of a soft cantilever (0.16 N/m) with this feedback system in air. Force feedback using an electromagnet allows the elimination of “snap-in” contact which may physically damage the tip and mica sample.
An Indoor Mobile Location Estimator in Mixed Line of Sight/Non-Line of Sight Environments Using Replacement Modified Hidden Markov Models and an Interacting Multiple Model (2015)

Localization as a technique to solve the complex and challenging problems besetting line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) transmissions has recently attracted considerable attention in the wireless sensor network field. This paper proposes a strategy for eliminating NLOS localization errors during calculation of the location of mobile terminals (MTs) in unfamiliar indoor environments. In order to improve the hidden Markov model (HMM), we propose two modified algorithms, namely, modified HMM (M-HMM) and replacement modified HMM (RM-HMM). Further, a hybrid localization algorithm that combines HMM with an interacting multiple model (IMM) is proposed to represent the velocity of mobile nodes. This velocity model is divided into a high-speed and a low-speed model, which means the nodes move at different speeds following the same mobility pattern. Each moving node continually switches its state based on its probability. Consequently, to improve precision, each moving node uses the IMM model to integrate the results from the HMM and its modified forms. Simulation experiments conducted show that our proposed algorithms perform well in both distance estimation and coordinate calculation, with increasing accuracy of localization of the proposed algorithms in the order M-HMM, RM-HMM, and HMM + IMM. The simulations also show that the three algorithms are accurate, stable, and robust.
Trace Metals Debate (2013)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTTrace Metals DebateView Author Information C&EN HoustonCite this: Chem. Eng. News 2013, 91, 33, 10–13Publication Date (Print):August 19, 2013Publication History Published online31 March 2014Published inissue 19 August 2013https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-09133-coverhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cen-09133-covernewsACS PublicationsCopyright © 2013 Chemical & Engineering NewsArticle Views15Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Metals,Pharmaceuticals Get e-Alerts
High Piezoresistive Organic Film for Plastic Pressure Sensors (2007)

A flexible pressure sensor based on a bi layer (BL) organic film has been fabricated. The conducting microcrystalline layer of an organic molecular conductor is used as a high sensitive piezoresistive material to detect and transmit pressure data. The polymeric matrix serves as both diaphragm and support for the placement of the conducting layer over it. Remarkably, the different electronic circuits can be directly designed on the conducting microcrystalline layer using a very simple technique. The sensors based on BL films can be employed in innovative applications such as smart clothing and robotic interfaces.
Matrix Effect on In-Source Decay Products of Peptides in Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (2012)

MALDI-ISD of peptides were studied using several salicylic acid derivatives, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHB), 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), 5-formylsalicylic acid (5-FSA), and 5-nitrosalicylic acid (5-NSA) as matrices. The difference in the nature of the functional group at the 5-position in the salicylic acid derivatives can dramatically affect the ISD products. The use of 2,5-DHB and 5-ASA leads to "hydrogen-abundant" peptide radicals and subsequent radical-induced N-Cα bonds cleavage. N-Cα bond cleavage gave a c'/z (·) fragment pair and radical z (·)-series fragments gain a hydrogen radical or react with a matrix radical. In contrast, the use of 5-NSA resulted in the production of a "hydrogen-deficient" peptide radical that contained a radical site on the amide nitrogen in the peptide backbone. Subsequently, the radical site on the amide nitrogen induces Cα-C bond dissociation, leading to a (·)/x fragment pair. The a (·)-series ions undergo further hydrogen abstraction to form a-series ions after Cα-C bond cleavage. Since the Pro residue does not contain a nitrogen-centered radical site, Cα-C bond cleavage does not occur. Alternatively, the specific cleavage of CO-N bonds leads to a b (·)/y fragment pair at Xxx-Pro which occurs via hydrogen abstraction from the Cα-H in the Pro residue. The use of 5-FSA generated both a (·)/x- and c'/z (·)-series fragment pairs. An oxidizing matrix provides useful complementary information in MALDI-ISD compared to a reducing matrix for the analysis of amino acid sequencing and site localization in cases of phosphopeptides. MALDI-ISD, when used in conjunction with both reducing and oxidizing matrices is a potentially useful method for de novo peptide sequencing.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta synergistically depress human myocardial function (1999)

TNF-alpha and IL-1beta separately and synergistically depress human myocardial function. Sphingosine likely participates in the TNF-alpha and IL-1beta signal leading to human myocardial functional depression. Therapeutic strategies to reduce production or signaling of either TNF-alpha or IL-1beta may limit myocardial dysfunction in sepsis.
Investing in Online Peer to Peer Loans: A Platform for Alpha (2017)

Peer to peer (P2P) lending is an emerging asset class that potentially offers investors relatively high risk adjusted returns and a good way to diversify portfolios. However, little research has empirically explored the returns of P2P loans. This study explores the investment returns of P2P loans and the impact of P2P loans on investment portfolios. We draw data from the leading P2P lending platform, Lending Club, and compare the 2007-2014 investment returns from Lending Club to other assets and look at how P2P loans affect the efficiency of portfolios. The results suggest that P2P loans offer relatively high risk adjusted returns that can improve the efficiency of investment portfolios and can help investors achieve alpha