gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Myth of Air Purifier in Mitigating the Transmission Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Virus (2022)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly infectious disease that emerged in December of 2019, threatening human health and leading to global public health crises. Airborne transmission via droplets and aerosol has been recently recognized as one of the infection modes for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Hospitals have deployed/incorporated indoor air purifiers with the hope to minimize the transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the indoor air purifier in reducing the transmission risk remained unknown. This study uses computational fluid dynamics to model the dispersion of the aerosol particles exhaled from the patient under the influence of an air conditioner, exhaust fans and air purifier. The numerical model showed that airflow from the diffusers, exhaust fans and placement of the air purifier significantly influenced the dispersion pattern of the aerosol particles in the common ward. Multiple air purifiers placed at 1 meter above the floor and next to a patient can increase the total efficiency from 37.14 to 59.91% for weak exhalation and from 36.44% to 48.81% for medium exhalation. No aerosol particles flew out from the door for weak and medium exhalation when multiple air purifiers were deployed in the common ward. Location and matching the clean air delivery rate with the size of the room are the important factors that affect the performance of the air purifier.
Decreased Green Fluorescent Protein-like Chromoprotein Gene Expression in Specimens of the Model Reef-building Coral ＂Pocillopora Damicornis＂ Undergoing High Temperature-induced Bleaching (2014)

Reef-building corals engaged in an obligate endosymbiosis with dinoflagellates of the genus ＂Symbiodinium＂ are threatened across Earth's tropical seas due to extensive coastal development and issues stemming from global climate change, particularly elevated temperatures and carbon dioxide partial pressures. Given these insults towards scleractinian corals and the reef ecosystems they construct, there is an urgent need to develop early-warning indicators for sub-lethal coral health assessment in order to target reefs characterized by coral populations that are of diminished resilience. Molecular biomarkers represent one such means of diagnosing coral health on a proactive time-scale. For that reason, a recently developed transcriptome for the model reef coral ＂Pocillopora damicornis＂ was queried for gene mRNAs that are known to be stress-responsive in model organisms, and these included heat shock proteins 40 (hsp40) and 90 (hsp90), as well as ubiquitin ligase (ubiqlig), in the Symbiodinium compartment and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (cu-zn-sod) and green fluorescent protein-like chromoprotein (gfp-like cp) in the host coral compartment. The latter was found to be expressed at ~300-fold decreased levels in bleaching P. damicornis samples that had been exposed to 31.5℃ for two weeks. This gene encodes a protein involved in absorbing light, and its substantial down-regulation may suggest that the coral hosts were unable to reduce intra-gastrodermal irradiance at high temperatures, a problem that may ultimately have elicited the sub-cellular chain of events that led to bleaching, and later death, in these samples.
Development of a high‐stability water vapor radiometer (1998)

Preliminary design details and laboratory test results of a prototype microwave radiometer operating near 20 GHz are presented. Radiometric stability to 10 millikelvin on time scales from 100 to 10,000 s is the goal for the final system. The use of noise diodes as receiver gain calibrators is examined, and test results showing 30 parts per million stability per day in the intercomparison of noise diodes are presented. Temperature control of the radiometer is also examined, and the design of a solid state temperature control system capable of 1 mK stability near room temperature is presented. A new design for a mechanically actuated Dicke switch is also presented. The results of these laboratory developments are applied to a prototype radiometer. Early indications are that design goals are being met in the prototype. Future confirmation of the system's theoretical performance will only be possible with the completion of the final radiometer units.
The Salty Science of the Aluminum-Air Battery (2008)

Fruit batteries and saltwater batteries are excellent ways to explore simple circuits in the classroom. These are examples of air batteries1 in which metal reacts with oxygen in the air in order to generate free electrons, which flow through an external circuit and do work. Students are typically told that the salt or fruit water acts as an electrolyte to bring electrons from the anode to the cathode. That's true, but it leaves the battery as a black box. Physics teachers often don't have the background to explain the chemistry behind these batteries. We've written this paper to explore the electrochemistry behind an air battery using copper cathode, aluminum anode, and saltwater.
A One-Pot Synthesis of Glycosyl Amides from Glycosyl Azides Using a Modified Staudinger Reaction (1997)

Abstract In a continuation of our research devoted to the synthesis and supramolecular assemblies of amphiphilic carbohydrates,1–3 we report a new preparation of glycosyl amides β-3a. Interest in such compounds lies in their ability to escape glycosidases in vivo and in their use as potent nonionic biosurfactants. Several methods have already been reported in the literature for the preparation of such derivatives (Scheme 1). Notes The glycosyl phosphinimine intermediate β-5 can anomerize to α-5 via an open-chain zwitterionic structure. The formation of the C-phosphonium salts 6 cannot be excluded from our experiments. Nevertheless this side-reaction, if any, seems to constitute a very minor pathway.
Polymeric reagents. 3. Poly[vinyl(pyridinium chlorochromate)]: a new recyclable oxidizing agent (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolymeric reagents. 3. Poly[vinyl(pyridinium chlorochromate)]: a new recyclable oxidizing agentJean M. J. Frechet, James Warnock, and M. Jean FarrallCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 13, 2618–2621Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00407a014https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00407a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views471Altmetric-Citations102LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Alkali-Glass Behavior in Honeycomb-Type Layered Li<sub>3–<i>x</i></sub>Na<sub><i>x</i></sub>Ni<sub>2</sub>SbO<sub>6</sub> Solid Solution (2019)

Layered oxide compositions Li<sub>3-<i>x</i></sub>Na<sub><i>x</i></sub>Ni<sub>2</sub>SbO<sub>6</sub> have been prepared by solid-state synthesis. A complete solid solution is evidenced and characterized by X-ray and neutron diffraction as well as <sup>7</sup>Li and <sup>23</sup>Na solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The transition-metal layer is characterized by the classic honeycomb Ni<sup>2+</sup>/Sb<sup>5+</sup> ordering, whereas a more uncommon randomly mixed occupancy of lithium and sodium is evidenced within the alkali interslab space. In situ X-ray diffraction and density functional theory calculations show that this alkali disordered feature is entropically driven. Fast cooling then appears as a synthesis root to confine bidimensional alkali glass within crystalline layered oxides.
Modélisation des écoulements en milieu poreux hétérogènes-calcul des perméabilités équivalentes (1996)

Ce travail propose des methodes de calcul de la permeabilite equivalente en supposant connues les permeabilites locales. En effet, les echelles auxquelles sont effectuees les mesures de permeabilite et les echelles auxquelles sont realises les modeles geologiques (par exemple geostatistiques) ne sont pas compatibles avec la taille des mailles des modeles numeriques d'ecoulement. Pour modeliser les ecoulements en milieux poreux heterogenes, il est donc necessaire de calculer les permeabilites equivalentes. Le premier resultat original est une methode rapide, la renormalisation simplifiee, qui permet d'obtenir un degre de precision equivalent a celui de la meilleure technique rapide testee, mais avec un gain de temps d'un facteur quatre. Le second resultat original est une methode permettant le calcul du tenseur complet de permeabilite. Cette methode presente l'avantage de pouvoir s'etendre a l'avenir pour la mesure du tenseur de permeabilite au laboratoire, ce qui avec les techniques existantes n'etait pas realisable aisement. De plus, le travail presente une synthese bibliographique des techniques de calcul de la permeabilite equivalente et la comparaison de plusieurs de ces techniques a l'aide d'experiences numeriques d'ecoulements monophasiques puis diphasiques sur des milieux heterogenes reels ou synthetiques. Le probleme du biais des modeles numeriques est egalement aborde.
Active Policy Learning for Robot Planning and Exploration under Uncertainty (2007)

This paper proposes a simulation-based active policy learning algorithm for finite-horizon, partially-observed sequential decision processes. The algorithm is tested in the domain of robot navigation and exploration under uncertainty, where the expected cost is a function of the belief state (filtering distribution). This filtering distribution is in turn nonlinear and subject to discontinuities, which arise because constraints in the robot motion and control models. As a result, the expected cost is non-differentiable and very expensive to simulate. The new algorithm overcomes the first difficulty and reduces the number of simulations as follows. First, it assumes that we have carried out previous evaluations of the expected cost for different corresponding policy parameters. Second, it fits a Gaussian process (GP) regression model to these values, so as to approximate the expected cost as a function of the policy parameters. Third, it uses the GP predicted mean and variance to construct a statistical measure that determines which policy parameters should be used in the next simulation. The process is iterated using the new parameters and the newly gathered expected cost observation. Since the objective is to find the policy parameters that minimize the expected cost, this active learning approach effectively trades-off between exploration (where the GP variance is large) and exploitation (where the GP mean is low). In our experiments, a robot uses the proposed method to plan an optimal path for accomplishing a set of tasks, while maximizing the information about its pose and map estimates. These estimates are obtained with a standard filter for SLAM. Upon gathering new observations, the robot updates the state estimates and is able to replan a new path in the spirit of openloop feedback control.
Brain-Computer Interfacing for Intelligent Systems (2008)

Advances in cognitive neuroscience and brain-imaging technologies give us the unprecedented ability to interface directly with brain activity. These technologies let us monitor physical processes in the brain that correspond with certain forms of thought. Researchers have begun using these technologies to build brain-computer interfaces (BCIs)—communication systems that don't depend on the brain's normal output pathways of peripheral nerves and muscles. Four short articles provide a quick overview of the past, present, and future of BCIs.
Sydenham's Chorea (1994)

<h3>SELECTED CASE</h3> Faith (not her real name), a 9-year-old girl, presented to the local hospital's emergency department with a chief complaint of "St Vitus' dance." Her grandfather had noticed her clumsy gait and frequent jerky movements and had concluded that "she must have St Vitus' dance, just like her Aunt Cecilia did when she was 7." In retrospect, Faith had at least a 2-week history of increasing fidgetiness, clumsiness, and subtle choreiform movements. During the week prior to presentation, she had noticed a deterioration in her handwriting skills and had been having increasing difficulties with speaking, walking, and such daily activities as brushing her teeth, manipulating a fork, and drinking from a glass. About a month prior to presentation, Faith had experienced the abrupt onset of nightmares and of anxiety about being separated from her mother. At about the same time, she began to wash her hands excessively (up to
Detector efficiency and Compton scatter in fully 3D PET (1995)

Variations in detector efficiency induce significant artifacts in reconstructed images unless accurate normalization methods are used. Scattered events are detected with significantly different efficiencies than unscattered events because the photons in scattered coincidences arrive at the detector at lower energies and over a wide range of angles of incidence. Current methods work well for septa-extended imaging because the scatter fractions are low. The large scatter fractions encountered in fully 3D imaging, however, require that these differences be accounted for. We propose a normalization technique that accounts for them and show that it yields more uniform images than two other potential methods.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A novel MAC scheduling algorithm for TCP throughput improvement in LTE system (2018)

LTE standard provides different Quality of Service (QoS) options which enable to provide multiple services to the User Equipment (UE). Design of scheduling algorithm for Transmission Control protocol (TCP) based traffic is challenging in wireless networks. Many papers have been developed to improve the throughput of TCP traffic. In this work, a novel and practically feasible scheduling algorithm is proposed to handle the TCP traffic in order to improve the overall LTE cell and UE throughput. An uplink grant is provided at the time of scheduling Downlink (DL) TCP traffic for acknowledgement transfer which minimizes TCP throughput fluctuations which improves cell and per UE throughput. The amount of advanced uplink grant can be computed using Kalman filter algorithm by considering real time reported parameters as per LTE standard. The proposed algorithm is implemented in small cell platform and real time results are generated. It shows that significant gain is achieved in throughput under specific traffic conditions.
Relationship between copper concentration and stress during electromigration in an Al(0.25 at. % Cu) conductor line (2003)

Synchrotron-based x-ray microbeam fluorescence and diffraction have been used for in situ measurements of Cu concentration and biaxial stress in a 200-μm-long, 10-μm-wide Al(0.25 at. % Cu) conductor line with 1.5-μm-thick SiO2 passivation during electromigration. Measurements over 48 h with T=300 °C and j=1.5×105 A/cm2 show that a stress gradient of 3 MPa/μm develops over the upstream 130 μm of line length where Cu concentration drops below 0.15 at. %, and a 10-μm-long void develops at the cathode end of the line, but little change in stress occurs over the downstream 70 μm of line length where Cu concentration remains above 0.15 at. %. These experimental results have been reproduced by a finite element model in which the downstream Cu transport is accompanied by a counter flow of Al in the upstream direction, and downstream Al motion is blocked where the local Cu concentration is above ∼0.15 at. %. Defect mediated coupling between Al and Cu diffusive flows, e.g., Cu–vacancy binding, is proposed as the cause for the counterflow of Al when the Cu concentration is above the critical concentration, and as the mechanism by which Cu reduces the rate of electromigration damage in Al(Cu) conductor lines.
Bradykinin stimulates IL-6 and IL-8 production by human lung fibroblasts through ERK- and p38 MAPK-dependent mechanisms (2000)

Bradykinin (BK) is a major kinin with well-documented pharmacological properties including vascular leakage and induction of a variety of cytokines. However, the intracellular signalling mechanisms by which BK induced proinflammatory cytokine production have not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the role of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in the BK-induced interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 production by human lung fibroblasts. Lung fibroblasts were stimulated with BK in the presence or in the absence of PD98059, a specific MAPK/ERK kinase-1 inhibitor, or SB203580, a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor, and IL-6 or IL-8 production and their gene expression was examined. BK-induced ERK 1/2 or p38 MAPK phosphorylation was also analysed by Western blot analysis. BK at nanomolar concentrations stimulated lung fibroblasts to produce IL-6 and IL-8 along with increased ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. BK-induced IL-6 and IL-8 synthesis was inhibited by a B2-type BK receptor antagonist. Furthermore, PD98059 or SB203580 significantly suppressed BK-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production and their gene expression. These results indicate that bradykinin-induced interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 production are at least partly mediated through the extracellular signal-related protein kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway-dependent activation in human lung fibroblasts, and suggest that bradykinin appears to be involved in the inflammatory reaction leading to acute lung injury through stimulating interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 production by lung fibroblasts.
Stabilizing the output of a Pockels cell Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1999)

The behavior of an electro-optic Q-switch in high-average- power laser is presented. Absorption of laser radiation produces heating of the electrooptic crystal which degrades the laser performance. A large increase in output energy stability is achieved by employing a switching voltage pulse of the special temporal shape to the Pockels cell. The optimum pulse waveform has been calculated to reduce the Q- switching intracavity loss to zero at the instant a laser pulse occurs. We have compared the laser performance with the conventional rectangular pulse shape and the calculated one. The experiments have demonstrated that at the novel shape of pulse the permissible temperature range of the laser performance without adjustment of switching voltage was extended by a factor of 2 - 2.5.
Wavelength-division-multiplexing channel energy self-equalization in a soliton transmission line by guiding filters (1996)

Negative feedback provided by frequency-guiding filters locks the energies of individual soliton channels to values that do not change with distance, even in the face of considerable variation in amplifier gain among the different channels. The equilibrium values of the energies are further largely independent of input levels and tend to vary only in proportion to the fiber's dispersion. This regulation is important for long-distance transmission and for networking applications.
Process of Gamification From The Consideration of Gamification To Its Practical Implementation (2013)

Abstract — The trend toward software gamification is increasingly important. But, it often implies the modification of a few simplistic surface elements (colorful aesthetic, personalization, points, badges and leaderboards, etc.) without actually integrating gamification into the overall design. Gamification is often downgraded to interface look and feel and point systems without questioning design practices. This article proposes a design approach focused on gamification. This user-centered approach aims to identify the factors to be taken into account in gamification design (intention, situation, task, users). The authors introduce a design guide consisting of a design process and a toolbox. It aims at facilitating effective gamification design by providing the means to overcome the difficulties encountered with interaction design process.
A New Method of the Zinc Promoted Transformation of Carbonyl Compounds to Homoallylic Alcohols (1990)

Abstract A Zn-promoted transformation of a variety of carbonyl compounds to homoallylic alcohols has been accomplished in excellent yields by using DMF as the solvent.
Utility of the Housekeeping Genes 18S rRNA, β‐Actin and Glyceraldehyde‐3‐Phosphate‐Dehydrogenase for Normalization in Real‐Time Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase‐Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of Gene Expression in Human T Lymphocytes (2004)

The accuracy of 18S rRNA, beta-actin mRNA and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA as indicators of cell number when used for normalization in gene expression analysis of T lymphocytes at different activation stages was investigated. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression level of 18S rRNA, beta-actin mRNA, GAPDH mRNA and mRNA for six cytokines in carefully counted samples of resting human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), intestinal lymphocytes and PBMCs subjected to polyclonal T-cell activation. The 18S rRNA level in activated and resting PBMCs and intestinal lymphocytes was essentially the same, while the levels of beta-actin and GAPDH mRNAs fluctuated markedly upon activation. When isolated gammadeltaTCR(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) subpopulations were studied, 18S rRNA levels remained unchanged after 21 h of activation but increased slightly after 96 h. In contrast, there was a 30-70-fold increase of GAPDH mRNA/cell in these cell populations upon activation. Cytokine analysis revealed that only normalization to 18S rRNA gave a result that satisfactorily reflected their mRNA expression levels per cell. In conclusion, 18S rRNA was the most stable housekeeping gene and hence superior for normalization in comparative analyses of mRNA expression levels in human T lymphocytes.
Multispectral remote sensing image classification algorithm based on rough set theory (2009)

Rough set theory is a relatively new mathematical tool to deal with imprecise, incomplete and inconsistent data. A method of multispectral image classification using rough set theory is proposed. First, to decrease computational time and complexity, band reduction of multispectral image using attribute reduct concept in rough set theory and information entropy is performed. Then, mixture model initial parameters of remote sensing image are mapped from crude classes, which are generated using equivalent relation. Finally image cluster is obtained unsupervised with Gaussian mixture model whose parameters are refined by Expectation Maximization algorithm. The proposed method is performed on a multispectral image, and the experimental results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm by means of comparison and analysis.