gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proton NMR relaxation times in the peripheral blood or cancer patients (1977)

The proton spin lattice relaxation time (T1) of serum and leucocytes of cancer patients and normal volunteers was measured using pulsed NMR techniques. There was no statistically significant difference in the serum T1 values of cancer patients relative to normal. An increase in T1 relative to normal values was detected in the white blood cells of patients with active leukaemia. In these patients T1 fell to normal levels after the initiation of treatment. The variation of leucocyte T1 with the course of the disease for five patients having leukaemia is presented.
Stability and sensitivity of water <i>T</i><sub>2</sub> obtained with IDEAL‐CPMG in healthy and fat‐infiltrated skeletal muscle (2016)

Quantifying muscle water T<sub>2</sub> (T<sub>2</sub> -water) independently of intramuscular fat content is essential in establishing T<sub>2</sub> -water as an outcome measure for imminent new therapy trials in neuromuscular diseases. IDEAL-CPMG combines chemical shift fat-water separation with T<sub>2</sub> relaxometry to obtain such a measure. Here we evaluate the reproducibility and B<sub>1</sub> sensitivity of IDEAL-CPMG T<sub>2</sub> -water and fat fraction (f.f.) values in healthy subjects, and demonstrate the potential of the method to quantify T<sub>2</sub> -water variation in diseased muscle displaying varying degrees of fatty infiltration. The calf muscles of 11 healthy individuals (40.5 ± 10.2 years) were scanned twice at 3 T with an inter-scan interval of 4 weeks using IDEAL-CPMG, and 12 patients with hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP) (42.3 ± 11.5 years) were also imaged. An exponential was fitted to the signal decay of the separated water and fat components to determine T<sub>2</sub> -water and the fat signal amplitude muscle regions manually segmented. Overall mean calf-level muscle T<sub>2</sub> -water in healthy subjects was 31.2 ± 2.0 ms, without significant inter-muscle differences (p = 0.37). Inter-subject and inter-scan coefficients of variation were 5.7% and 3.2% respectively for T<sub>2</sub> -water and 41.1% and 15.4% for f.f. Bland-Altman mean bias and ±95% coefficients of repeatability were for T<sub>2</sub> -water (0.15, -2.65, 2.95) ms and f.f. (-0.02, -1.99, 2.03)%. There was no relationship between T<sub>2</sub> -water (ρ = 0.16, p = 0.07) or f.f. (ρ = 0.03, p = 0.7761) and B<sub>1</sub> error or any correlation between T<sub>2</sub> -water and f.f. in the healthy subjects (ρ = 0.07, p = 0.40). In HypoPP there was a measurable relationship between T<sub>2</sub> -water and f.f. (ρ = 0.59, p < 0.001). IDEAL-CPMG provides a feasible way to quantify T<sub>2</sub> -water in muscle that is reproducible and sensitive to meaningful physiological changes without post hoc modeling of the fat contribution. In patients, IDEAL-CPMG measured elevations in T<sub>2</sub> -water and f.f. while showing a weak relationship between these parameters, thus showing promise as a practical means of quantifying muscle water in patient populations.
Impaired glucose tolerance in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2010)

Our objectives were to analyse carbohydrate metabolism in a series of ALS patients and to examine potential association with parameters of lipid metabolism and clinical features. Glucose tolerance was assessed by the oral glucose tolerance test in 21 non-diabetic ALS patients and compared with 21 age- and sex-matched normal subjects. Lipids and lactate/pyruvate ratio, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6) and adipocytokines (leptin and adiponectin) were also measured in ALS patients. Mann-Whitney U-tests analysed continuous data and Fisher's exact tests assessed categorical data. Blood glucose determined 120 min after the glucose bolus was significantly higher in patients with ALS (7.41 mmol/l+/-1.68) compared to controls (6.05+/-1.44, p=0.006). ALS patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) according to WHO criteria (n=7, 33%) were more likely to have elevated free fatty acids (FFA) levels compared to patients with normal glucose tolerance (0.77 nmol/l+/-0.30 vs. 0.57+/-0.19, p=0.04). IGT was not associated with disease duration or severity. In conclusion, patients with ALS show abnormal glucose tolerance that could be associated with increased FFA levels, a key determinant of insulin resistance. The origin of glucose homeostasis abnormalities in ALS may be multifactorial and deserves further investigation.
Pincer and Chelate <i>N</i>-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Rh, Ir, and Pd: Synthetic Routes, Dynamics, Catalysis, Abnormal Binding, and Counterion Effects (2004)

Mild synthetic routes to the title complexes have been developed, including activation of imidazolium C-H bonds, metallation assisted by a weak base, and transmetallation from metastable silver complexes. Abnormal binding via imidazole C5 rather than the usual C2 is found as a kinetic product in Ir(III) chelate complexes; the C2/C5 product ratio is strongly dependent on the counterion. Counterion dependence is also found for a fluxional process in a CNC pincer complex and explained on the basis of anion coordination. Electronic and steric properties of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are documented for Rh(I) and Ir(I) complexes. C versus N binding is proposed as a possible binding mode for histidine. Computational work in collaboration with Eisenstein and Clot is a key element in understanding many of these effects. Hydrogen transfer catalysis is observed for Ir(III) complexes of bidentate NHCs, and the Heck reaction is catalyzed by CNC pincer complexes of Pd(II). The systems are surprisingly robust thermally and with respect to air.
ProximiTEE (2020)

Intel SGX enables protected enclaves on untrusted computing platforms. An important part of SGX is its remote attestation mechanism that allows a remote verifier to check that the expected enclave was correctly initialized before provisioning secrets to it. However, SGX attestation is vulnerable to relay attacks where the attacker, using malicious software on the target platform, redirects the attestation and therefore the provisioning of confidential data to a platform that he physically controls. Although relay attacks have been known for a long time, their consequences have not been carefully examined. In this paper, we analyze relay attacks and show that redirection increases the adversary's abilities to compromise the enclave in several ways, enabling for instance physical and digital side-channel attacks that would not be otherwise possible.
LIS (logical IP subnet) over ATM (2002)

We propose a simple technique that realizes logical Internet protocol (IP) subnetworks (LIS) in an ATM environment. Our proposal supports both autoconfiguration and semi-autoconfiguration, in which the host specifies some aspects of its IP address. It also supports host mobility, while allowing optimal routing within the ATM network without requiring modification to the IP implementations on every host. Other methods for supporting mobility entail either inefficient routing or changes to all the hosts involved. The proposal requires only minor protocol extensions, which are already under discussion in the protocol community. We also present simulation results illustrating the improvement in traffic load and concentration achieved by this approach.
Interference rejection using the time-dependent constant modulus algorithm (CMA) and the hybrid CMA/spectral correlation discriminator (1991)

Two new blind adaptive filtering algorithms for interference rejection using time-dependent filtering structures are presented. The time-dependent structure allows the adaptive filter to outperform the conventional adaptive filter implemented with a time-independent structure for filtering of cyclostationary communication signals. At the same time, the blind adaption algorithms allow the filters to operate without the use of an external training signal. The first algorithm applies the CMA to an unconstrained time-dependent filtering structure. The second algorithm applies the CMA to a spectral correlation discriminator, which is constrained to select signals with unique spectral correlation characteristics. Using computer simulations, it is shown that the blind time-dependent filtering algorithms can provide mean-square errors (MSEs) and bit error rates (BERs) that are significantly lower than the MSEs and BERs provided using conventional time-independent adaptive filters. It is also shown that these processors can outperform the nonblind training-sequence directed time-independent adaptive filter.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design and implementation of LED intelligent lighting system based on the technology of PoE (2015)

With the development of Internet of Things, technology of Power over Ethernet can take enough electricity to LED lighting system. Depending on the sensed information of the current brightness and the number of persons in a room, the system can automatically identify and apply a predefined brightness. Therefore, it overcomes the disadvantages of traditional light control systems, for example, inefficient management, uncomfortable, waste of energy and security. At the same time system can transfer DC power and data through Ethernet, reduce the power adapter failure which caused by data network failure and promote the application of the low power network equipment. In addition, it has a wireless control function and makes the system more humanized.
Quantification of transplant-derived circulating cell-free DNA in absence of a donor genotype (2017)

Quantification of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in circulating blood derived from a transplanted organ is a powerful approach to monitoring post-transplant injury. Genome transplant dynamics (GTD) quantifies donor-derived cfDNA (dd-cfDNA) by taking advantage of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed across the genome to discriminate donor and recipient DNA molecules. In its current implementation, GTD requires genotyping of both the transplant recipient and donor. However, in practice, donor genotype information is often unavailable. Here, we address this issue by developing an algorithm that estimates dd-cfDNA levels in the absence of a donor genotype. Our algorithm predicts heart and lung allograft rejection with an accuracy that is similar to conventional GTD. We furthermore refined the algorithm to handle closely related recipients and donors, a scenario that is common in bone marrow and kidney transplantation. We show that it is possible to estimate dd-cfDNA in bone marrow transplant patients that are unrelated or that are siblings of the donors, using a hidden Markov model (HMM) of identity-by-descent (IBD) states along the genome. Last, we demonstrate that comparing dd-cfDNA to the proportion of donor DNA in white blood cells can differentiate between relapse and the onset of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). These methods alleviate some of the barriers to the implementation of GTD, which will further widen its clinical application.
Surface engineering of inorganic solid-state electrolytes via interlayers strategy for developing long-cycling quasi-all-solid-state lithium batteries (2023)

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) with inorganic solid-state electrolytes are considered promising secondary battery systems because of their higher energy content than their Li-ion counterpart. However, the LMB performance remains unsatisfactory for commercialization, primarily owing to the inability of the inorganic solid-state electrolytes to hinder lithium dendrite propagation. Here, using an Ag-coated Li<sub>6.4</sub>La<sub>3</sub>Zr<sub>1.7</sub>Ta<sub>0.3</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (LLZTO) inorganic solid electrolyte in combination with a silver-carbon interlayer, we demonstrate the production of stable interfacially engineered lab-scale LMBs. Via experimental measurements and computational modelling, we prove that the interlayers strategy effectively regulates lithium stripping/plating and prevents dendrite penetration in the solid-state electrolyte pellet. By coupling the surface-engineered LLZTO with a lithium metal negative electrode, a high-voltage positive electrode with an ionic liquid-based liquid electrolyte solution in pouch cell configuration, we report 800 cycles at 1.6 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> and 25 °C without applying external pressure. This cell enables an initial discharge capacity of about 3 mAh/cm<sup>2</sup> and a discharge capacity retention of about 85%.
Simulations of a New Continuous Steelmaking Process (2006)

A new continuous steelmaking process has been designed in an effort to reduce meltshop costs and increase productivity beyond the possibilities of current EAF-LMF-CC meltshops. This paper discusses possible operational performance based on industrially-verified kinetic, thermodynamic, and heat-transfer models. Dynamic simulations predict variations in steel chemistry and temperature, resulting from steel treatment and upsets. Savings in costs are projected because of increased metallic yield, lower energy requirements, more efficient use of deoxidants and alloys, fewer man-hours per ton, and decreased capital investment.
Targeted Disruption of Mouse EGF receptor: Effect of Genetic Background on Mutant Phenotype (1995)

Gene targeting was used to create a null allele at the epidermal growth factor receptor locus (Egfr). The phenotype was dependent on genetic background. EGFR deficiency on a CF-1 background resulted in peri-implantation death due to degeneration of the inner cell mass. On a 129/Sv background, homozygous mutants died at mid-gestation due to placental defects; on a CD-1 background, the mutants lived for up to 3 weeks and showed abnormalities in skin, kidney, brain, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. The multiple abnormalities associated with EGFR deficiency indicate that the receptor is involved in a wide range of cellular activities.
Adriamycin resistance in HL60 cells and accompanying modification of a surface membrane protein contained in drug-sensitive cells. (1987)

HL60 cells resistant to Adriamycin contain a 32P-labeled, Mr 150,000 surface membrane protein (p150) which is not detected in cells sensitive to drug. The levels of phosphorylation of this protein increase with increasing levels of resistance. Analysis of plasma membranes prepared from cells labeled with [14C]glucosamine shows, however, that both sensitive cells and those exhibiting an 80-fold increase in drug resistance contain essentially identical levels of a highly glycosylated Mr 150,000 protein. Identical results are obtained when cells are labeled with [14C]galactose or [14C]mannose. Limited proteolytic digestion of [14C]glucosamine-labeled p150 from sensitive and resistant cells shows that the glycopeptides formed are identical. Additional studies involving binding of proteins to insolubilized lectin indicate that 32P-labeled p150 is glycosylated. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of p150 followed by silver staining shows no difference in the levels of this protein in sensitive and 80-fold drug-resistant cells. Further studies show that two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps of 125I-labeled p150 of sensitive and resistant cells are essentially the same. It has also been found that treatment of cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate followed by [14C]glucosamine labeling results in a selective decrease in the glycosylation of p150 of sensitive and resistant cells. TPA has an identical effect on the phosphorylation of p150 in cells resistant to drug. HL60 cells have also been examined for the presence of the Mr 170,000 to 180,000 P-glycoprotein. Using immunoblot analysis with a monoclonal antibody directed against the P-glycoprotein we did not detect the presence of this protein in membranes of drug-sensitive or -resistant HL60 cells. The results of this study suggest that Adriamycin resistance in HL60 cells may be related to a modified form of a protein contained in cells sensitive to drug. Proteins active in drug resistance in this system may be distinct from those described for other cell lines.
ANALYSIS OF THE STEADY‐STATE DYNAMICS OF ORGANELLE MOTION IN CULTURED NEURITES: PUTATIVE INDICATOR OF NEUROTOXIC EFFECT (1995)

1. The objective of this study was to develop a physiologically based method to evaluate the neurotoxic potential of drug candidates in vitro. Rat embryo midbrain cells were grown in micromass culture, and the movement of mitochondria labelled with the fluorescent dye rhodamine 123 was quantified in fasciculated neurites, using a laser cytometer. 2. The rhodamine 123 signal in a defined region of fascicle was quantified and photobleached with the laser. A series of post-photobleach scans revealed the movement of fluorescent-labelled mitochondria into the bleached region from adjacent unbleached regions. Recovery of fluorescence is a measure of the size of the mobile pool of mitochondria relative to the total (moving plus stationary) pool. 3. The steady-state levels of fluorescence recovery was dependent on intracellular calcium and magnesium concentrations, energy status (ATP), and microtubule integrity (post taxol or vinblastine treatment). 4. This technique may be a useful indicator of neurotoxic effect.
Consequences of <i>JAG1</i> mutations (2003)

This study has implications for genetic counselling of families with AGS and JAG1 mutations.
Performance Methodology and Characterization of a Multi-Fiber Expanded Beam Lensed Optical Interconnect (2016)

The demand for high performance, cost-effective optical interconnects is driving the need for novel connectors in the optical communication industry. A multi-fiber lensed ferrule has been introduced that addresses backplane and ganged application requirements through the use of molded, expanded beam optics. The new ferrule maintains the same footprint as traditional multi-fiber ferrules, but uses an array of lenses on the front face to expand and collimate up to sixtyfour channels simultaneously. The monolithic ferrule uses a hermaphroditic post and hole mating system to eliminate the costs associated with traditional steel alignment pins. The final result is a collimated beam connector system that enables debris insensitive connections for standard multi-mode optical fiber. The implementation of a new connector system requires the development and verification of an accompanying test infrastructure. Theoretical modeling of both expected insertion loss and back-reflection performance is presented, followed by experimental data to validate the model's assumptions. The elimination of a traditional physical contact connection changes the impact of Fresnel reflections on reference and test setups, and therefore a modification of the conventional loss testing methodology is presented. Furthermore, a study of deliberate connector exposure to oil and debris confirms the connector insensitivity to contamination. Finally, long-term reliability is established after mated pairs of expanded beam connectors were successfully exposed to a series of environmental and mechanical test sequences; presented data shows an average change of <; 0.01 dB after days of thermal aging, humidity exposure, and temperature cycling, along with 1000 consecutive connector matings.
Optimization of English Machine Translation by Deep Neural Network under Artificial Intelligence (2022)

To improve the function of machine translation to adapt to global language translation, the work takes deep neural network (DNN) as the basic theory, carries out transfer learning and neural network translation modeling, and optimizes the word alignment function in machine translation performance. First, the work implements a deep learning translation network model for English translation. On this basis, the neural machine translation model is designed under transfer learning. The random shielding method is introduced to implement the language training model, and the machine translation is slightly adjusted as the goal of transfer learning, thereby improving the semantic understanding ability in translation performance. Meanwhile, the work design introduces the method of word alignment optimization and optimizes the performance of word alignment in the transformer system by using word corpus. The experimental results show that the proposed method reduces the average alignment error rate by 8.1%, 24.4%, and 22.1% in EnRo (English-Roman), EnGe (English-German), and EnFr (English-French), respectively, compared with the previous algorithms. Compared with the designed optimization method, the word alignment error rate is lower than that of traditional methods. The modeling and optimization method is feasible, which can effectively solve the problems of insufficient information utilization, large parameter scale, and difficult storage in the process of machine translation. Additionally, it provides a feasible idea and direction for the optimization and improvement in neural machine translation (NMT) system.
Intense lithium, boron, and carbon beams from a magnetically insulated diode (1980)

A magnetically insulated diode, driven by a Marx generator, is used to produce intense pulsed beams of lithium, boron, or carbon ions. The type of ion is determined by the choice of material for the anode plasma source. The voltage pulse is typically 300 ns long with a peak voltage of 300 kV. The ion beams have peak current densities of 40–50 A/cm2.
Progression in the Management of Non-Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Interstitial Lung Diseases, Where Are We Now and Where We Would Like to Be (2021)

A significant proportion of patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) may develop a progressive fibrosing phenotype characterized by worsening of symptoms and pulmonary function, progressive fibrosis on chest computed tomography and increased mortality. The clinical course in these patients mimics the relentless progressiveness of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Common pathophysiological mechanisms such as a shared genetic susceptibility and a common downstream pathway-self-sustaining fibroproliferation-support the concept of a progressive fibrosing phenotype, which is applicable to a broad range of non-IPF ILDs. While antifibrotic drugs became the standard of care in IPF, immunosuppressive agents are still the mainstay of treatment in non-IPF fibrosing ILD (F-ILD). However, recently, randomized placebo-controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of antifibrotic treatment in systemic sclerosis-associated F-ILD and a broad range of F-ILDs with a progressive phenotype. This review summarizes the current pharmacological management and highlights the unmet needs in patients with non-IPF ILD.