gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
N-substituted phenyltropanes as in vivo binding ligands for rapid imaging studies of the dopamine transporter (1997)

Variously substituted phenyltropanes are proven as superb binding ligands for the dopamine transporter (DAT). In this study, we examine four N-substituted phenyltropanes which are derivatives of RTI-55 as in vivo binding ligands in mice. In this series, the methyl group on the nitrogen was replaced by a propyl (RTI-310), an allyl (RTI-311), a butyl (RTI-312), or a fluoropropyl (RTI-313) group. The in vitro binding potencies of these compounds at rat striatal DAT varied somewhat but were about 1 nM. While these compounds did not display marked selectivity for the dopamine transporter, they were more selective than RTI-55. Injection of the radiolabeled compound into mice resulted in striatal-to-cerebellar ratios that varied from about 4.5-6.5. The ratios peaked most rapidly for RTI-311 and RTI-313, at about 20 min. Pharmacological inhibition studies indicated that these compounds were binding to DATs in the striatum, as expected. These findings suggest that some compounds of this type may be excellent in vivo binding ligands for rapid imaging studies of the DAT.
First Measurements of a Microwave Frequency Comb with a Semiconductor Sample in a Scanning Tunneling Microscope (2016)

The first two harmonics of a microwave frequency comb (MFC) were measured at a probe which must be within 1 mm of the tunneling junction at the surface of a semiconductor as the sample electrode in a scanning tunneling microscope. The MFC was generated using a passively mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser with GaN, but lasers with lower photon energy would be required with silicon. The attenuation of the MFC is primarily caused by the spreading resistance in a sub-nm spot at the tunneling junction. Thus, the measured attenuation could be used to determine the carrier density at this spot as an extension of scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM). We anticipate that this effect will enable new nondestructive methods for sub-nm carrier profiling of semiconductors.
Surface-enhanced copper bonding wire for LSI and its bond reliability under humid environment (2009)

There is growing interest in Cu wire bonding for LSI interconnection due to cost savings and better electrical and mechanical properties. Cu bonding wires, in general, are severely limited in their use compared to Au wires; such as wire oxidation, lower bondability, forming gas of N 2 +5%H 2 , and lower reliability. It is difficult for conventional bare Cu wires to achieve the target of LSI application. A surface-enhanced Cu wire (EX1) has been developed. It is a Pd-coated Cu wire and has many advantages compared to bare Cu wires. Stitch strength was much better under fresh conditions and maintained without any deterioration after being stored in air for a prolonged period of time. EX1 had a lifetime of over 90 days in air, although it was 7days for the bare Cu wire. Spherical balls were formed with pure N 2 (hydrogen-free), whereas the bare Cu produced offcenter balls. Cost-effective and secure gas, pure N 2 was only available for EX1. The reliability for Cu wire bonding under humid environment was investigated in pressure cooker test (PCT). The lifetime for EX1 and the bare Cu was over 800h and 250h, respectively. Humidity reliability was significantly greater for EX1. Continuous cracking was formed at the bond interface for the bare Cu wire. Corrosion-induced deterioration would be the root cause of failure for bare Cu wires in PCT. EX1 improves the bond reliability by controlling diffusion at the bond interface. The excellent performance of Pd-coated Cu wire, EX1 is comparable with Au wires and suitable for LSI packaging.
Hydroxy fatty acid production by <i>Pediococcus</i> sp. (2013)

Abstract Through the screening of about 300 strains of lactic acid bacteria, Pediococcus sp. AKU 1080 was selected as a strain with the ability to hydrate linoleic acid ( cis ‐9, cis ‐12‐octadecadienoic acid) to three hydroxy fatty acids, i.e., 10‐hydroxy‐ cis ‐12‐octadecenoic acid, 13‐hydroxy‐ cis ‐9‐octadecenoic acid, and 10,13‐dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid. The strain hydrated one of two cis double bonds at Δ9 and Δ12 positions to produce 10‐hydroxy‐ cis ‐12‐octadecenoic acid and 13‐hydroxy‐ cis ‐9‐octadecenoic acid, respectively, then further hydrated these two mono‐hydroxy fatty acids to 10,13‐dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid. The growing cells of this strain were applied to the production of 13‐hydroxy‐ cis ‐9‐octadecenoic acid, that is potential as polymer substrates and functional foods but its specific and efficient production was not established. Under the optimum conditions, 2.3 mg/mL of 13‐hydroxy‐ cis‐ 9‐octadecenoic acid was produced from 12.3 mg/mL of linoleic acid with 0.04 mg/mL 10‐hydroxy‐ cis ‐12‐octadecenoic acid (HYA) and 0.05 mg/mL 10,13‐dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid in the cultivation medium. Specific production of 13‐hydroxy‐ cis‐ 9‐octadecenoic acid was attained using cell‐free extracts of the strain as the catalyst. Under the optimum conditions, 0.4 mg/mL of 13‐hydroxy‐ cis‐ 9‐octadecenoic acid was produced from 2.0 mg/mL of linoleic acid without HYA and 10,13‐dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid. Practical applications: Hydroxy fatty acids are useful as starting materials for industrial chemicals, functional foods, and pharmaceuticals. Regioselective introduction of hydroxyl group to unsaturated fatty acids by microorganisms was applied to hydroxy fatty acid production. Especially, specific production of 13‐hydroxy‐ cis‐ 9‐octadecenoic acid, which is useful for the production of 13‐oxo‐fatty acids with anti‐obesity activity, was established in this work.
Auxin Perception Is Required for Arbuscule Development in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis  (2014)

Most land plant species live in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. These fungi differentiate essential functional structures called arbuscules in root cortical cells from which mineral nutrients are released to the plant. We investigated the role of microRNA393 (miR393), an miRNA that targets several auxin receptors, in arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonization. Expression of the precursors of the miR393 was down-regulated during mycorrhization in three different plant species: Solanum lycopersicum, Medicago truncatula, and Oryza sativa. Treatment of S. lycopersicum, M. truncatula, and O. sativa roots with concentrations of synthetic auxin analogs that did not affect root development stimulated mycorrhization, particularly arbuscule formation. DR5-GUS, a reporter for auxin response, was preferentially expressed in root cells containing arbuscules. Finally, overexpression of miR393 in root tissues resulted in down-regulation of auxin receptor genes (transport inhibitor response1 and auxin-related F box) and underdeveloped arbuscules in all three plant species. These results support the conclusion that miR393 is a negative regulator of arbuscule formation by hampering auxin perception in arbuscule-containing cells.
Detection and display of acoustic window for guiding and training cardiac ultrasound users (2014)

Successful ultrasound data collection strongly relies on the skills of the operator. Among different scans, echocardiography is especially challenging as the heart is surrounded by ribs and lung tissue. Less experienced users might acquire compromised images because of suboptimal hand-eye coordination and less awareness of artifacts. Clearly, there is a need for a tool that can guide and train less experienced users to position the probe optimally. We propose to help users with hand-eye coordination by displaying lines overlaid on B-mode images. The lines indicate the edges of blockages (e.g., ribs) and are updated in real time according to movement of the probe relative to the blockages. They provide information about how probe positioning can be improved. To distinguish between blockage and acoustic window, we use coherence, an indicator of channel data similarity after applying focusing delays. Specialized beamforming was developed to estimate coherence. Image processing is applied to coherence maps to detect unblocked beams and the angle of the lines for display. We built a demonstrator based on a Philips iE33 scanner, from which beamsummed RF data and video output are transferred to a workstation for processing. The detected lines are overlaid on B-mode images and fed back to the scanner display to provide users real-time guidance. Using such information in addition to B-mode images, users will be able to quickly find a suitable acoustic window for optimal image quality, and improve their skill.
Polarization-independent wavelength filter using a grating-assisted vertical directional coupler in InP (1994)

We demonstrate a polarization-insensitive optical bandpass filter in indium phosphide (InP) with a 3 dB bandwidth of 1.5 nm at a center wavelength of 1.498 μm. The 5-mm-long filter is based on a grating-assisted vertical directional coupler and features a novel double-periodic coupling grating.
Acoustical flow estimation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea during Sleep (2012)

Tracheal respiratory sound analysis is a simple and non-invasive way to study the pathophysiology of the upper airways; it has recently been used for acoustical flow estimation and sleep apnea diagnosis. However in none of the previous studies, the accuracy of acoustical flow estimation was investigated neither during sleep nor in people with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). In this study, we recorded tracheal sound, flow rate and head position from 11 individuals with OSA during sleep and wakefulness. We investigated two approaches for calibrating the parameters of acoustical flow estimation model based on the known data recorded during wakefulness and sleep. The results show that the acoustical flow estimation parameters change from wakefulness to sleep. Therefore, if the model is calibrated based on the data recorded during wakefulness, although the estimated flow follows the relative variations of the recorded flow, the quantitative flow estimation error would be high during sleep. On the other hand, when the calibration parameters are extracted from tracheal sound and flow recordings during sleep, the flow estimation error is less than 5%. These results confirm the reliability of acoustical methods for estimating breathing flow during sleep and detecting the partial or complete obstructions of the upper airways during sleep.
Low Temperature Double-layer Capacitors with Improved Energy Density: An Overview of Recent Development Efforts (2012)

Electrochemical double-layer capacitors are finding increased use in a wide range of energy storage applications, particularly where high pulse power capabilities are required. Double-layer capacitors store charge at a liquid/solid interface, making them ideal for low temperature power applications, due to the facile kinetic processes associated with the rearrangement of the electrochemical double-layer at these temperatures. Potential low temperature applications include hybrid and electric vehicles, operations in polar regions, high altitude aircraft and aerospace avionics, and distributed environmental and structural health monitoring. State-of-the-art capacitors can typically operate to -40 C, with a subsequent degradation in power performance below room temperature. However, recent efforts focused on advanced electrolyte and electrode systems can enable operation to temperatures as low as -70 C, with capacities similar to room temperature values accompanied by reasonably low equivalent series resistances. This presentation will provide an overview of recent development efforts to extend and improve the wide temperature performance of these devices.
Simultaneous scanning optical and acoustic microscopy (1983)

We have demonstrated a combined scanning acoustic and optical microscope capable of simultaneously recording acoustic and optical images of the same field of view. The estimated resolution of the optical (6328 Å) and acoustic (550 MHz) images is 2 μm, in good agreement with theory. The system is ideally suited to photoacoustic microscopy.
Hybrid CPU-GPU Framework for Network Motifs (2016)

Massively parallel architectures such as the GPU are becoming increasingly important due to the recent proliferation of data. In this paper, we propose a key class of hybrid parallel graphlet algorithms that leverages multiple CPUs and GPUs simultaneously for computing k-vertex induced subgraph statistics (called graphlets). In addition to the hybrid multi-core CPU-GPU framework, we also investigate single GPU methods (using multiple cores) and multi-GPU methods that leverage all available GPUs simultaneously for computing induced subgraph statistics. Both methods leverage GPU devices only, whereas the hybrid multi-core CPU-GPU framework leverages all available multi-core CPUs and multiple GPUs for computing graphlets in large networks. Compared to recent approaches, our methods are orders of magnitude faster, while also more cost effective enjoying superior performance per capita and per watt. In particular, the methods are up to 300 times faster than the recent state-of-the-art method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to leverage multiple CPUs and GPUs simultaneously for computing induced subgraph statistics.
Efficient multi-source multicasting in Information Centric Networks (2015)

Information Centric Multicasting (ICM) is introduced for the support of multicast groups with multiple sources in information centric networks. ICM supports two modalities: source-initiated multicasting and receiver-initiated multicasting. In contrast to all prior multi-source multicast approaches, routers do not have to flood the network from each multicast source, or know about the core or rendezvous point of a given multicast group. A multi-instantiated destination spanning tree (MIDST) is built to interconnect all sources or all receivers of a given multicast group. To disseminate content in a multicast group, receivers can send Interests to the nearest known source, or sources send content to the nearest receiver; either way, content flows over the MIDST to reach all receivers.
Multi-dimensional Style Transfer for Partially Annotated Data using Language Models as Discriminators. (2020)

Style transfer has been widely explored in natural language generation with non-parallel corpus by directly or indirectly extracting a notion of style from source and target domain corpus. A common aspect among the existing approaches is the prerequisite of joint annotations across all the stylistic dimensions under consideration. Availability of such dataset across a combination of styles is a limiting factor in extending state-of-the art style transfer setups to multiple style dimensions. While cascading single-dimensional models across multiple styles is a possibility, it suffers from content loss, especially when the style dimensions are not completely independent of each other. In our work, we attempt to relax this restriction on requirement of jointly annotated data across multiple styles being inspected and make use of independently acquired data across different style dimensions without any additional annotations. We initialize an encoder-decoder setup with large transformer-based language models pre-trained on a generic corpus and enhance its re-writing capability to multiple styles by employing multiple language models as discriminators. Through quantitative and qualitative evaluation, we show the ability of our model to control for styles across multiple style-dimensions while preserving content of the input text and compare it against baselines which involve cascaded state-of-the-art uni-dimensional style transfer models.
Heterocyclic Analogues of<i>N</i>-(4-(4-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)arylcarboxamides with Functionalized Linking Chains as Novel Dopamine D3 Receptor Ligands:  Potential Substance Abuse Therapeutic Agents (2007)

Dopamine D3 receptor antagonists and partial agonists have been shown to modulate drug-seeking effects induced by cocaine and other abused substances. Compound 6 [PG01037, (N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-trans-but-2-enyl)-4-pyridine-2-ylbenzamide)] and related analogues are currently being evaluated in animal models of drug addiction. In these studies, a discrepancy between in vitro binding affinity, in vivo occupancy, and behavioral potency has been observed. The purpose of this study was to examine (1) modifications of the 2-pyridylphenyl moiety of 6 and (2) hydroxyl, acetyl, and cyclopropyl substitutions on the butylamide linking chain systematically coupled with 2-fluorenylamide or 2-pyridylphenylamide and 2-methoxy- or 2,3-dichloro-substituted phenylpiperazines to measure the impact on binding affinity, D2/D3 selectivity, lipophilicity, and function. In general, these modifications were well tolerated at the human dopamine D3 (hD3) receptor (Ki = 1-5 nM) as measured in competition binding assays. Several analogues showed >100-fold selectivity for dopamine D3 over D2 and D4 receptors. In addition, while all the derivatives with an olefinic linker were antagonists, in quinpirole-stimulated mitogenesis at hD3 receptors, several of the hydroxybutyl-linked analogues (16, 17, 21) showed partial agonist activity. Finally, several structural modifications reduced lipophilicities while retaining the desired binding profile.
A Low Complexity Multi-Carrier System Over Doubly Selective Channels Using Virtual-Trajectories Receiver (2016)

Current communication standards are designed to operate under either frequency or time selectivity. However, the rising demand of higher data rates combined with the mobility of the transceivers has led to the necessity of transmitting under doubly selective channels. In these channels, both single-carrier and multi-carrier approaches find high interference conditions, where the performance in terms of spectral efficiency and bit error rate is low. The state-of-the-art solutions involve high complexity and/or low compatibility making them infeasible. In this paper, a modified orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system based on the virtual decomposition of the channel is proposed. The system is fully compatible with the standard OFDM transmitters and maintains several blocks of the standard OFDM receivers. This novel system substantially surpasses the performance of current approaches while requiring low computational complexity.
UK-37,248, A Novel, Selective Thromboxane Synthetase Inhibitor With Anti-Aggregatory And Anti-Thrombotic Activity (1981)

UK-37,248, 4-(2-(lH-imidazol-l-yl)ethoxy)benzoic acid hydrochloride, potently inhibited human blood platelet microsomal thronfooxane (Tx) synthetase, IC50=3xl0-9M. TxB2 was quantitated by a specific radioimmunoassay (RIA). In contrast (PG) endoperoxide synthesis by ram seminal vesicle microsomes and prostacylclin (PGI2) synthesis by pig aortic microsomes/were minimally affected by concentrations of UK-37,248 up to 1x10-4M. In the rabbit isolated perfused lung arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites were quantitated by differential bioassay. Concentrations of UK-37,248 from 10-7-10-6M selectively reduced TxA2 production from AA but increased the release of PGI2 and other PGs. The effect of UK-37,248 in the whole animal was studied by estimating TxB2 levels in blood samples removed before and after dosing. The samples were allowed to clot and the serum TxB2 levels were assessed by RIA. In anaesthetised rabbits, 15 minutes after injection of 0.3mg/kg i.v. UK-37,248, serum TxB2 levels were reduced by 75%. In dogs the compound was similarly effective, lmg/kg p.o. inhibiting TxB2 production by 79% two hours after dosing. Aggregation of human platelet-rich plasma in vitro, initiated by threshold collagen, was inhibited by UK-37,248 (IC50=4.8x10-6M). In rabbits, UK-37,248 at 2mg/kg i.v. prevented the mortality due to pulmonary embolism and reduced the associated thrombocytopenia and elevation of plasma TxB2 caused by i.v. AA. In conclusion, UK-37,248 is a selective inhibitor of platelet Tx-synthetase with antiaggregatory and anti-thrombotic activity.
Conditional Entropy Coding for Efficient Video Compression (2020)

We propose a very simple and efficient video compression framework that only focuses on modeling the conditional entropy between frames. Unlike prior learning-based approaches, we reduce complexity by not performing any form of explicit transformations between frames and assume each frame is encoded with an independent state-of-the-art deep image compressor. We first show that a simple architecture modeling the entropy between the image latent codes is as competitive as other neural video compression works and video codecs while being much faster and easier to implement. We then propose a novel internal learning extension on top of this architecture that brings an additional 10% bitrate savings without trading off decoding speed. Importantly, we show that our approach outperforms H.265 and other deep learning baselines in MS-SSIM on higher bitrate UVG video, and against all video codecs on lower framerates, while being thousands of times faster in decoding than deep models utilizing an autoregressive entropy model.
Omnifont and unlimited-vocabulary OCR for English and Arabic (2002)

The authors present a set of techniques for omnifont, unlimited-vocabulary OCR, within the context of a system based on hidden Markov models (HMM). First, they address the issue of how to perform OCR on omnifont and multi-style data, such as plain and italic, without the need to have a separate model for each style. The amount of training data from each style, which is used to train a single model, becomes an important issue in the face of the conditional independence assumption inherent in the use of HMMs. They demonstrate mathematically and empirically how to allocate training data among the different styles to alleviate this problem. Second, they show how to use a word-based HMM system to perform character recognition with unlimited vocabulary. The method includes the use of a trigram language model on character sequences. Using all these techniques, they have achieved character error rates of 1.1% on data from the University of Washington English Document Image Database and 3.3% on data from the DARPA Arabic OCR Corpus.
Conserved Residues in Domain Ia Are Required for the Reaction of Escherichia coli DNA Ligase with NAD+ (2002)

NAD(+)-dependent DNA ligases are present in all bacteria and are essential for growth. Their unique substrate specificity compared with ATP-dependent human DNA ligases recommends the NAD(+) ligases as targets for the development of new broad-spectrum antibiotics. A plausible strategy for drug discovery is to identify the structural components of bacterial DNA ligase that interact with NAD(+) and then to isolate small molecules that recognize these components and thereby block the binding of NAD(+) to the ligase. The limitation to this strategy is that the structural determinants of NAD(+) specificity are not known. Here we show that reactivity of Escherichia coli DNA ligase (LigA) with NAD(+) requires N-terminal domain Ia, which is unique to, and conserved among, NAD(+) ligases but absent from ATP-dependent ligases. Deletion of domain Ia abolished the sealing of 3'-OH/5'-PO(4) nicks and the reaction with NAD(+) to form ligase-adenylate but had no effect on phosphodiester formation at a preadenylated nick. Alanine substitutions at conserved residues within domain Ia either reduced (His-23, Tyr-35) or abolished (Tyr-22, Asp-32, Asp-36) sealing of a 5'-PO(4) nick and adenylyl transfer from NAD(+) without affecting ligation of pre-formed DNA-adenylate. We suggest that these five side chains comprise a binding site for the nicotinamide mononucleotide moiety of NAD(+). Structure-activity relationships were clarified by conservative substitutions.