gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of Protocol Monitor Emulating Behaviors of TCP/IP Protocols (1997)

Recently, the TCP/IP protocols are widely used and it is mentioned that, in some cases, throughput is limited due to problems such as network congestion. To solve such problems, the details of communication need to be examined. In order to support these examinations, we are developing an ‘intelligent’ protocol monitor which can estimate what communication has taken place by emulating the behaviors of the TCP protocol entities in a pair of communicating computers. This paper describes the overview of the monitor and the detailed design of the TCP behavior emulation function for both the state transition based behaviors and the internal procedures for the flow control, such as the slow start algorithm.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Series of Novel Monoacylated Ascorbic Acid Derivatives, 6-<i>O</i>-Acyl-2-<i>O</i>-α-<scp>d</scp>-glucopyranosyl-<scp>l</scp>-ascorbic Acids, as Skin Antioxidants (2001)

A series of novel monoacylated vitamin C derivatives were chemically synthesized with a stable ascorbate derivative, 2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid (AA-2G), and acid anhydrides in pyridine. Their solubility in organic phase, thermal stability, radical scavenging activity, and in vitro skin permeability was evaluated. These monoacylated derivatives were identified as 6-O-acyl-2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acids (6-Acyl-AA-2G) by UV spectra, elemental analyses, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The reactions afforded 6-Acyl-AA-2G in high yields (30-60%). 6-Acyl-AA-2G exhibited satisfactory stability in neutral solution comparable to that of a typical stable derivative, AA-2G, and also showed the radical scavenging activity. The lipid solubility of 6-Acyl-AA-2G was increased with increasing length of their acyl group. Increased skin permeability was superior to those of AA-2G and ascorbic acid (AsA). 6-Acyl-AA-2G that is susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis by tissue esterase and/or alpha-glucosidase produces AA-2G and AsA, which is in the skin tissues. Thus, these findings indicate that the novel vitamin C derivatives presented here, 6-Acyl-AA-2G, may be effective antioxidants in skin care and medicinal use.
An Evolutionary Algorithm for Improved Diversity in DSL Spectrum Balancing Solutions (2010)

There are many spectrum balancing algorithms to combat the deleterious impact of crosstalk interference in digital subscriber lines (DSL) networks. These algorithms aim to find a unique operating point by optimizing the power spectral densities (PSDs) of the modems. Typically, the figure of merit of this optimization is the bit rate, power consumption or margin. This work poses and solves a different problem: instead of providing the solution for one specific operation point, it finds a set of operating points, each one corresponding to a distinct matrix with PSDs. This solution is useful for planning DSL deployment, for example, helping operators to conveniently evaluate their network capabilities and better plan their usage. The proposed method is based on a multiobjective formulation and implemented as an evolutionary genetic algorithm. Simulation results show that this algorithm achieves a better diversity among the operating points with lower computational cost when compared to an alternative approach.
Recovery of high field GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switches (2002)

The authors discuss the recovery of GaAs PCSS (photoconductive semiconductor switches) after they are triggered into a high gain switching mode called lock-on. Fast recovery of GaAs switches after high field switching is of particular interest for high repetition rate applications where it is difficult to provide the large optical trigger energy required for switches operating at low fields. Three categories of circuits for inducing fast recovery after lock-on by temporarily reducing the field across the switch are examined. Measurements of recovery times from 35-80 ns, multiple monopolar and bipolar bursts at 5-40 MHz, and hold-off fields ranging from 5-44 kV/cm (corresponding to 15-66 kV across individual switches) are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Gradient flow adaptive beamforming and signal separation in a miniature microphone array (2002)

Gradient flow converts the problem of separating unknown delayed mixtures of sources, from traveling waves impinging on .an array of sensors, into a simpler problem of separating unknown instantaneous mixtures of the time-differentiated sources, obtained by acquiring or computing spatial and temporal derivatives on the array. The linear coefficients in the instantaneous mixture directly represent the delays, which in tum determine the direction angles of the sources. This formulation is attractive, since it allows to separate and localize waves of broadband signals using standard tools of independent component analysis (ICA), yielding the sources along with their direction angles. The technique is suited for arrays of small aperture, with dimensions shorter than the coherence length of the waves. We present gradient flow experiments on an array of four hearing aid microphones placed within a 5 mm radius, yielding 20 dB separation of joint speech in outdoors acoustic environments, and 10 dB separation indoors under mild reverberant conditions. These results suggest applications of gradient flow miniature microphone arrays to intelligent hearing aids with adaptive suppression of interfering signals and nonstationary noise.
Effect of Object Orientation Angle on T2<sup>*</sup> Image and Reconstructed Magnetic Susceptibility: Numerical Simulations (2013)

The magnetic field resulting from material magnetization in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has an object orientation effect, which produces an orientation dependence for acquired T2* images. On one hand, the orientation effect can be exploited for object anisotropy investigation (via multi-angle imaging); on the other hand, it is desirable to remove the orientation dependence using magnetic susceptibility reconstruction. In this report, we design a stick-star digital phantom to simulate multiple orientations of a stick-like object and use it to conduct various numerical simulations. Our simulations show that the object orientation effect is not propagated to the reconstructed magnetic susceptibility distribution. This suggests that accurate susceptibility reconstruction methods should be largely orientation independent.
Non‐contrast‐enhanced pulmonary vein MRI with a spatially selective slab inversion preparation sequence (2010)

We propose a non-contrast-enhanced, three-dimensional, free-breathing, electrocardiogram-gated, gradient recalled echo sequence with a slab-selective inversion for pulmonary vein (PV) MRI. A sagittal inversion slab was applied prior to data acquisition to suppress structures adjacent to the left atrium (LA) and PVs, thereby improving the conspicuity of the PV and LA. Compared with other MR angiography methods using an inversion pulse, the proposed method does not require signal subtraction and the inversion slab is not parallel to the imaging slab. The feasibility of the proposed method was demonstrated in healthy subjects. The inversion slab thickness and inversion time were optimized to be 60 mm and 500 ms, respectively. Compared to conventional gradient recalled echo imaging without inversion, the proposed technique significantly increased the contrast-to-noise ratios between the LA and the right atrium by 20-fold (P < 0.01), increased the contrast-to-noise ratios between the PVs and right atrium by 10-fold (P < 0.03), and increased the contrast-to-noise ratios between the PVs, LA and pulmonary artery by 4-fold (P < 0.01 for both). The signal-to-noise ratios of the PVs and the LA were similar with and without the inversion slab (P > 0.3). The proposed technique greatly enhances the conspicuity of the PVs and LA without significant loss of signal-to-noise ratio.
Methods for Studying Prion Protein (PrP) Metabolism and the Formation of Protease-Resistant PrP in Cell Culture and Cell-Free Systems (2003)

The pathogenesis of scrapie and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) appears to be based on the posttranslational conversion of the host’s protease-sensitive prion protein (PrP-sen or PrPc) to abnormal protease-resistant forms (PrP-res or PrPSc). In vitro studies using both scrapie-infected tissue culture cells and cell-free reactions have been used effectively to help define the cellular and molecular details of this process and how it might be inhibited. Here we discuss experimental approaches that we have used in these studies
Structure of an α‐2,6‐sialylated lipooligosaccharide from <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> immunotype L1 (1998)

The recent cloning of the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) a-2,3-sialyltransferase from Neisseria meningitidis immunotype L3 permitted us to examine other immunotypes for this structural gene. We identified the gene and measured the enzyme activity in the L1 immunotype strain which had previously been reported to lack sialic acid in its LOS because it contains a terminal alpha-linked galactose which was thought not to be an acceptor for the sialyltransferase. This finding prompted us to re-examine the structure of the LOS from the L1 immunotype, which revealed the presence of sialic acid on the terminal alpha-linked galactose. Oligosaccharides derived from the LOS were shown to be sialylated by composition and methylation analysis, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. The detailed structural analysis showed the sialic acid to occur only at 06 of the terminal a-D-galactopyranose residue of the alpha-D-Gal-1,4-beta-D-Gal-1,4-beta-D-glc trisaccharide (Pk epitope) chain of the LOS, in the alpha-D configuration. These data are the first report of a alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid in a bacterial LOS or lipopolysaccharide, and also the first report of a sialylated Pk epitope.
One-pot pretreatment, saccharification and ethanol fermentation of lignocellulose based on acid–base mixture pretreatment (2014)

One-pot pretreatment, saccharification and ethanol fermentation of lignocellulose, which is based on acid–base mixture pretreament, will greatly reduces the overall processing costs not only for the production of cellulosic ethanol but also for the lignocellulose-based biorefinery.
Fish Oil–Based Lipid Emulsions Prevent and Reverse Parenteral Nutrition–Associated Liver Disease: The Boston Experience (2009)

Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) is the most prevalent and most severe complication of long-term parenteral nutrition. Its underlying pathophysiology, however, largely remains to be elucidated. The currently approved parenteral lipid emulsions in the United States contain safflower or soybean oils, both rich in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Mounting evidence indicates that the omega-6 PUFAs originating from plant oils in these lipid emulsions may play a role in the onset of liver injury. Fish oil-based lipid emulsions, in contrast, are primarily composed of omega-3 PUFAs, thus providing a promising alternative. The authors review the literature on the role of lipid emulsions in the onset of PNALD and discuss prevention and treatment strategies using a fish oil-based lipid emulsion. They conclude that a fish oil-based emulsion is hepatoprotective in a murine model of PNALD, and it appears to be safe and efficacious for the treatment of this type of liver disease in children. A prospective randomized trial that is currently under way at the authors' institution will objectively determine the place of fish oil monotherapy in the prevention of PNALD.
Identification of a Classical Mutant in the Industrial Host<i>Aspergillus niger</i>by Systems Genetics: LaeA Is Required for Citric Acid Production and Regulates the Formation of Some Secondary Metabolites (2015)

The asexual filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger is an important industrial cell factory for citric acid production. In this study, we genetically characterized a UV-generated A. niger mutant that was originally isolated as a nonacidifying mutant, which is a desirable trait for industrial enzyme production. Physiological analysis showed that this mutant did not secrete large amounts of citric acid and oxalic acid, thus explaining the nonacidifying phenotype. As traditional complementation approaches to characterize the mutant genotype were unsuccessful, we used bulk segregant analysis in combination with high-throughput genome sequencing to identify the mutation responsible for the nonacidifying phenotype. Since A. niger has no sexual cycle, parasexual genetics was used to generate haploid segregants derived from diploids by loss of whole chromosomes. We found that the nonacidifying phenotype was caused by a point mutation in the laeA gene. LaeA encodes a putative methyltransferase-domain protein, which we show here to be required for citric acid production in an A. niger lab strain (N402) and in other citric acid production strains. The unexpected link between LaeA and citric acid production could provide new insights into the transcriptional control mechanisms related to citric acid production in A. niger. Interestingly, the secondary metabolite profile of a ΔlaeA strain differed from the wild-type strain, showing both decreased and increased metabolite levels, indicating that LaeA is also involved in regulating the production of secondary metabolites. Finally, we show that our systems genetics approach is a powerful tool to identify trait mutations.
Vapor coating of electrostatically dispersed powders (1984)

The deposition of vapors on electrostatically suspended dust has been studied through the construction of a laboratory-scale coating unit suitable for depositing coatings of high-melting point vapors (up to 1600 °C) on dispersed metal powders in a vacuum. Following a brief discussion of electrodispersion, the physical effect by which electrostatic suspensions may be generated, the construction and use of a laboratory coating unit is described. The equipment, which is housed in a vacuum enclosure at &lt;10−5 Torr, consists partly of systems for maintaining the powder in a state of continuous suspension and flux and partly of others responsible for generating vapors. Our laboratory equipment, which relies on the indirect electron-beam heating of the evaporant, has a nominal capacity of 0.5-Kg coated metal powder per day and was successfully used for the production of powders treated with zinc, silver, tin, gold, and palladium. In discussing the potential for industrial scale use, it is shown that the process parameters of such a unit may be calculated with relative ease and it is concluded that a scale up to industrial size is feasible.
Surface Micromachined Thermal Shear Stress Sensor (1994)

Abstract We have designed, fabricated, and tested a new type of thermal shear-stress sensor. The sensor consists of a 2 μm wide polysilicon thermistor (with a range of lengths, 80-200 μm) on a 1.2 μm thick silicon-nitride diaphragm, which is on top of a vacuum cavity 200×200×2 μm3 in size. The vacuum cavity provides a good thermal isolation between the resistive element and the substrate; shear-stress sensitivity of 15 V/kPa at a power consumption of 12 mW (constant current = 2 mA) is obtained. The typical thermal time constant of our sensors is 350 μs, which translates into a bandwidth of 500 Hz.
Effect of Microstructure on Mechanical Properties in Wrought TiAl Alloy (2012)

TiAl alloys are introduced in jet engines, turbocharger etc. due to their superior high specific strength in high temperature. However manufacturing processes of TiAl parts are still more difficult than conventional Ni based alloys because of their high reactivity of liquid and/or low toughness. As for forging process of TiAl, Takeyama advocated forging process use of beta Ti phase which has high deformability. In Ti-Al binary phase, beta Ti phase exists only high temperature and low Al content region. By addition of beta stabilizer such as Nb, beta phase can exist at relatively low temperature and alpha + beta + gamma or beta + gamma phase regions appear. Therefore forging process window becomes wider and various microstructures can be obtained by heat-treatment. In this study, the effects of microstructure on mechanical properties were investigated using forged TiAl which has different microstructure. Chemistry of experimental alloy is Ti - 43Al - 5V - 4Nb (at%). Cylindrical specimens were machined from as-cast ingot manufactured by VAR. Then specimens were forged to pancake at 1200C without canning. Four heat-treatment conditions were selected in order to obtain various microstructures. Tensile specimens and CT specimens were machined from heat-treated pancake. Tensile tests were conducted at RT and 760 degree C, and crack propagation tests were also conducted at RT. Microstructure of as-forged, heat treated and fractured specimens ware observed using SEM, TEM and EBSD. Microstructure of ingot consists of elongated alpha/gamma lamella colonies and small amount of beta and gamma grains. After pancake forging, lamella colonies were deeply distorted and ultrafine recrystallized alpha2 and gamma grains were observed along colony boundaries. After 1st step heat treatment at 1200 - 1300 degree C and air cooling, microstructure was changed to equiaxed alpha2 grains and small amount of beta phase or near lamellar structure. And gamma/gamma lamella +beta, duplex and equiaxed alpha + beta + gamma structure were also obtained by various heat treatments. Equiaxed alpha 2 ( or alpha2 lamellar structure with small amounts gamma ) + beta structure has superior 0.2% yield strength than the other microstructures at both RT and 760 degree C. As for elongation, equiaxed alpha 2 + beta + gamma structure shows larger value at both temperatures. Further analysis of the microstructure and fracture surface observations will be reported.
Preconditioning by incomplete block elimination (2000)

The recursive construction of Schur-complements is used to construct a multi-level preconditioner for an iterative linear solver. For each level, the removed unknowns are selected in such a way that the eliminated matrix block is strictly diagonally dominant. A Newton-type iteration scheme is used to construct a sparse approximate inverse of this sub-matrix. The threshold for the diagonal dominance controls the computational effort to achieve a certain accuracy in the Newton iteration. We present a modification of the greedy algorithm in order to identify a suitable sub-matrix that is diagonally dominant and ensures a stable forward and backward substitution. Some examples are presented. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Method of making V.sub.3 Ga superconductors (1980)

An improved method for producing a vanadium-gallium superconductor wire having aluminum as a component thereof is disclosed, said wire being encased in a gallium bearing copper sheath. The superconductors disclosed herein may be fabricated under normal atmospheres and room temperatures by forming a tubular shaped billet having a core composed of an alloy of vanadium and aluminum and an outer sheath composed of an alloy of copper, gallium and aluminum. Thereafter the entire billet is swage reduced to form a wire therefrom and heat treated to form a layer of V.sub.3 Ga in the interior of the wire.
Novel carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase catalyzes the first dedicated step in saffron crocin biosynthesis (2014)

Crocus sativus stigmas are the source of the saffron spice and accumulate the apocarotenoids crocetin, crocins, picrocrocin, and safranal, responsible for its color, taste, and aroma. Through deep transcriptome sequencing, we identified a novel dioxygenase, carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2 (CCD2), expressed early during stigma development and closely related to, but distinct from, the CCD1 dioxygenase family. CCD2 is the only identified member of a novel CCD clade, presents the structural features of a bona fide CCD, and is able to cleave zeaxanthin, the presumed precursor of saffron apocarotenoids, both in Escherichia coli and in maize endosperm. The cleavage products, identified through high-resolution mass spectrometry and comigration with authentic standards, are crocetin dialdehyde and crocetin, respectively. In vitro assays show that CCD2 cleaves sequentially the 7,8 and 7',8' double bonds adjacent to a 3-OH-β-ionone ring and that the conversion of zeaxanthin to crocetin dialdehyde proceeds via the C30 intermediate 3-OH-β-apo-8'-carotenal. In contrast, zeaxanthin cleavage dioxygenase (ZCD), an enzyme previously claimed to mediate crocetin formation, did not cleave zeaxanthin or 3-OH-β-apo-8'-carotenal in the test systems used. Sequence comparison and structure prediction suggest that ZCD is an N-truncated CCD4 form, lacking one blade of the β-propeller structure conserved in all CCDs. These results constitute strong evidence that CCD2 catalyzes the first dedicated step in crocin biosynthesis. Similar to CCD1, CCD2 has a cytoplasmic localization, suggesting that it may cleave carotenoids localized in the chromoplast outer envelope.
A broadband chip-scale optical frequency synthesizer at 2.7 × 10 <sup>−16</sup> relative uncertainty (2016)

Optical frequency combs-coherent light sources that connect optical frequencies with microwave oscillations-have become the enabling tool for precision spectroscopy, optical clockwork, and attosecond physics over the past decades. Current benchmark systems are self-referenced femtosecond mode-locked lasers, but Kerr nonlinear dynamics in high-Q solid-state microresonators has recently demonstrated promising features as alternative platforms. The advance not only fosters studies of chip-scale frequency metrology but also extends the realm of optical frequency combs. We report the full stabilization of chip-scale optical frequency combs. The microcomb's two degrees of freedom, one of the comb lines and the native 18-GHz comb spacing, are simultaneously phase-locked to known optical and microwave references. Active comb spacing stabilization improves long-term stability by six orders of magnitude, reaching a record instrument-limited residual instability of [Formula: see text]. Comparing 46 nitride frequency comb lines with a fiber laser frequency comb, we demonstrate the unprecedented microcomb tooth-to-tooth relative frequency uncertainty down to 50 mHz and 2.7 × 10(-16), heralding novel solid-state applications in precision spectroscopy, coherent communications, and astronomical spectrography.