gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Water-equivalent plastic scintillation detectors for high-energy beam dosimetry: II. Properties and measurements (1992)

The properties of a new scintillation detector system for use in dosimetry of high-energy beams in radiotherapy have been measured. The most important properties of these detectors are their hgh spatial resolution and their nearly water-equivalence. Measurements have shown that they have excellent reproducibility and stability, and a linear response versus dose-rate. It is also shown that they have better spatial resolution than ionization chambers and have much less energy or depth dependence in electron fields due to the removal of the influence of the polarization effect. Dose distributions in water, using miniature plastic scintillation detectors, have been measured for different high-energy photon and electron beams.
Calcium Binding Properties of γ-Crystallin (2001)

The beta- and gamma-crystallins are closely related lens proteins that are members of the betagamma-crystallin superfamily, which also include many non-lens members. Although beta-crystallin is known to be a calcium-binding protein, this property has not been reported in gamma-crystallin. We have studied the calcium binding properties of gamma-crystallin, and we show that it binds 4 mol eq of calcium with a dissociation constant of 90 microm. It also binds the calcium-mimic spectral probes, terbium and Stains-all. Calcium binding does not significantly influence protein secondary and tertiary structures. We present evidence that the Greek key crystallin fold is the site for calcium ion binding in gamma-crystallin. Peptides corresponding to Greek key motif of gamma-crystallin (42 residues) and their mutants were synthesized and studied for calcium binding. These peptides adopt beta-sheet conformation and form aggregates producing beta-sandwich. Our results with peptides show that, in Greek key motif, the amino acid adjacent to the conserved aromatic corner in the "a" strand and three amino acids of the "d" strand participate in calcium binding. We suggest that the betagamma superfamily represents a novel class of calcium-binding proteins with the Greek key betagamma-crystallin fold as potential calcium-binding sites. These results are of significance in understanding the mechanism of calcium homeostasis in the lens.
Measurement of Nitric Oxide in Single Cells and Tissue Using a Porphyrinic Microsensor (1999)

This unit describes the preparation and applications of porphyrinic sensors for quantitative measurement of nitric oxide (NO) in single cells and in tissues. The determination of NO is based on the electrochemical oxidation of NO on a carbon fiber electrode covered with a thin layer of a conducting polymeric metalloporphyrin catalyst, overlaid with another thin film of Nafion, a cation exchange material. The electric current generated during NO oxidation on the surface of the polymeric porphyrin is linearly proportional to the concentration of NO, so this current is used as an analytical signal which can be measured in either the amperometric or the voltammetric mode. Both methods provide a quantitative signal. This unit describes the electrochemical setup for measurement of NO in single cells and tissue. Support protocols describe porphyrin synthesis, sensor preparation, and sensor calibration.
A large effective area multi-core fiber with an optimized cladding thickness (2011)

The cladding thickness of trench-assisted multi-core fibers was theoretically and experimentally investigated in terms of excess losses of outer cores. No significant micro-bending loss increase was observed on multi-core fibers with the cladding thickness of about 30 µm. The tolerance for the micro-bending loss of a multi-core fiber is larger than that of the single core fiber. However, the cladding thickness will be limited by the occurrence of the excess loss on outer cores. The reduction of cladding thickness is probably limited around 40 µm in terms of the excess loss. The multi-core fiber with an effective area of 110 µm(2) at 1.55 µm and 181-µm cladding diameter was realized without any excess loss.
Elongase Gene And Production Of Delta9-polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (Patent US 2005/0089981 A1) (2005)

This invention relates to a new elongase gene having the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 or its derivatives, to a gene construct comprising this sequence or its derivatives and to its use. The inventive nucleic acid sequence encodes a polypeptide which elongates alpha-linolenic acid (C<SUB>18:3 d9, 12, 15</SUB>) by at least two carbon atoms whereas gamma-linolenic acid (C<SUB>18:3 d6, 9, 12</SUB>) is not elongated. The invention additionally relates to vectors or organisms comprising an elongase gene having the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 or its derivatives. The invention further relates to a process for the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (=PUFAs) with an organism which comprises the elongase gene and which organism produces high amounts of oils and especially oils with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids. Additionally the invention relates to an oil and/or fatty acid composition with a higher content of polyunsaturated C<SUB>20 </SUB>or C<SUB>22 </SUB>fatty acids with at least two double bonds and/or to a triacylglycerol composition with a higher content of said polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Solid‐Phase Chemical Synthesis of 5′‐Triphosphate DNA, RNA, and Chemically Modified Oligonucleotides (2012)

A chemical method for the solid-phase synthesis of 5'-triphosphate oligonucleotides is described. The full-length oligonucleotides are first constructed using standard solid-phase DNA/RNA synthesis, and then efficient implementation of a sequential 4-steps synthetic procedure, executed either manually or in a fully automated fashion, affords the corresponding solid-supported 5'-triphosphate oligonucleotides. Using this synthetic procedure, the full-length 5'-hydroxyl oligonucleotides are initially transformed into the corresponding 5'-H-phosphonate mono esters, subsequently oxidized in the presence of imidazole to the activated 5'-phosphorimidazolidates, and finally reacted with pyrophosphate on the solid support. The method uses safe, stable, and inexpensive reagents, and the process is scalable and readily applicable to automated synthesis compatible with the current commercially available DNA/RNA synthesizers. After cleavage from the solid support and deprotection, a range of DNA, RNA, and chemically modified 5'-triphosphate oligonucleotides are obtained in a convenient and efficient manner and isolated in good yields after HPLC purification.
An end-to-end network for segmenting the vasculature of three retinal capillary plexuses from OCT angiographic volumes (2021)

The segmentation of <i>en face</i> retinal capillary angiograms from volumetric optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA) usually relies on retinal layer segmentation, which is time-consuming and error-prone. In this study, we developed a deep-learning-based method to segment vessels in the superficial vascular plexus (SVP), intermediate capillary plexus (ICP), and deep capillary plexus (DCP) directly from volumetric OCTA data. The method contains a three-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN) for extracting distinct retinal layers, a custom projection module to generate three vascular plexuses from OCTA data, and three parallel CNNs to segment vasculature. Experimental results on OCTA data from rat eyes demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed method. This end-to-end network has the potential to simplify OCTA data processing on retinal vasculature segmentation. The main contribution of this study is that we propose a custom projection module to connect retinal layer segmentation and vasculature segmentation modules and automatically convert data from three to two dimensions, thus establishing an end-to-end method to segment three retinal capillary plexuses from volumetric OCTA without any human intervention.
Dominant-negative p53 mutations selected in yeast hit cancer hot spots. (1996)

Clinically important mutant p53 proteins may be tumorigenic through a dominant-negative mechanism or due to a gain-of-function. Examples for both hypotheses have been described; however, it remains unclear to what extent they apply to TP53 mutations in general. Here it is shown that the mutational spectrum of dominant-negative p53 mutants selected in a novel yeast assay correlates tightly with p53 mutations in cancer. Two classes of dominant-negative mutations are described; the more dominant one affects codons that are essential for the stabilization of the DNA-binding surface of the p53 core domain and for the direct interaction of p53 with its DNA binding sites. These results predict that the vast majority of TP53 mutations leading to cancer do so in a dominant-negative fashion.
Angle-of-arrival-based gesture recognition using ultrasonic multi-frequency signals (2017)

Hand gestures are tools for conveying information, expressing emotion, interacting with electronic devices or even serving disabled people as a second language. A gesture can be recognized by capturing the movement of the hand, in real time, and classifying the collected data. Several commercial products such as Microsoft Kinect, Leap Motion Sensor, Synertial Gloves and HTC Vive have been released and new solutions have been proposed by researchers to handle this task. These systems are mainly based on optical measurements, inertial measurements, ultrasound signals and radio signals. This paper proposes an ultrasonic-based gesture recognition system using AOA (Angle of Arrival) information of ultrasonic signals emitted from a wearable ultrasound transducer. The 2-D angles of the moving hand are estimated using multi-frequency signals captured by a fixed receiver array. A simple redundant dictionary matching classifier is designed to recognize gestures representing the numbers from `0' to `9' and compared with a neural network classifier. Average classification accuracies of 95.5% and 94.4% are obtained, respectively, using the two classification methods.
SOMAR (2017)

Social media marketing has emerged as a new tool for brands to reach certain target groups. While the use of platforms like Instagram and Facebook has created a multi-billion dollar business, it has also multiplied the amount of sensitive data that is being collected. The associated risks for the end user in terms of data privacy have grown accordingly and most users are unaware of what happens to their data in the background. We propose a novel privacy-preserving social media advertising architecture called SOMAR, which offers a solution that is beneficial to all parties: user privacy is protected and advertisers receive sufficient statistical data, such that all marketing services can be provided in a privacy-friendly manner without sacrificing functionality. Additionally, all computed statistics are equipped with proofs of correctness such that the currently trust-based relationship between brands and social media marketers is replaced by cryptographic verifiability.
Placental Galectins in Cancer: Why We Should Pay More Attention (2023)

The first studies suggesting that abnormal expression of galectins is associated with cancer were published more than 30 years ago. Today, the role of galectins in cancer is relatively well established. We know that galectins play an active role in many types of cancer by regulating cell growth, conferring cell death resistance, or inducing local and systemic immunosuppression, allowing tumor cells to escape the host immune response. However, most of these studies have focused on very few galectins, most notably galectin-1 and galectin-3, and more recently, galectin-7 and galectin-9. Whether other galectins play a role in cancer remains unclear. This is particularly true for placental galectins, a subgroup that includes galectin-13, -14, and -16. The role of these galectins in placental development has been well described, and excellent reviews on their role during pregnancy have been published. At first sight, it was considered unlikely that placental galectins were involved in cancer. Yet, placentation and cancer progression share several cellular and molecular features, including cell invasion, immune tolerance and vascular remodeling. The development of new research tools and the concomitant increase in database repositories for high throughput gene expression data of normal and cancer tissues provide a new opportunity to examine the potential involvement of placental galectins in cancer. In this review, we discuss the possible roles of placental galectins in cancer progression and why they should be considered in cancer studies. We also address challenges associated with developing novel research tools to investigate their protumorigenic functions and design highly specific therapeutic drugs.
Numerical Model to Characterize the Size Increase of Combination Drug and Hygroscopic Excipient Nanoparticle Aerosols (2011)

Enhanced excipient growth is a newly proposed respiratory delivery strategy in which submicrometer or nanometer particles composed of a drug and hygroscopic excipient are delivered to the airways in order to minimize extrathoracic depositional losses and maximize lung retention. The objective of this study was to develop a validated mathematical model of aerosol size increase for hygroscopic excipients and combination excipient-drug particles and to apply this model to characterize growth under typical respiratory conditions. Compared with in vitro experiments, the droplet growth model accurately predicted the size increase of single component and combination drug and excipient particles. For typical respiratory drug delivery conditions, the model showed that droplet size increase could be effectively correlated with the product of a newly defined hygroscopic parameter and initial volume fractions of the drug and excipient in the particle. A series of growth correlations was then developed that successively included the effects of initial drug and excipient mass loadings, initial aerosol size, and aerosol number concentration. Considering EEG delivery, large diameter growth ratios (2.1-4.6) were observed for a range of hygroscopic excipients combined with both hygroscopic and non-hygroscopic drugs. These diameter growth ratios were achieved at excipient mass loadings of 50% and below and at realistic aerosol number concentrations. The developed correlations were then used for specifying the appropriate initial mass loadings of engineered insulin nanoparticles in order to achieve a predetermined size increase while maximizing drug payload and minimizing the amount of hygroscopic excipient.
Solutal-convection regimes in a two-dimensional porous medium (2014)

Abstract We numerically characterize the temporal regimes for solutal convection from almost first contact to high dissolved solute concentration in a two-dimensional ideal porous layer for Rayleigh numbers $\mathcal{R}$ between $100$ and $5\times 10^4$ . The lower boundary is impenetrable. The upper boundary is saturated with dissolved solute and either impermeable or partially permeable to fluid flow. In the impermeable case, initially there is pure diffusion of solute away from the upper boundary, followed by the birth and growth of convective fingers. Eventually fingers interact and merge, generating complex downwelling plumes. Once the inter-plume spacing is sufficient, small protoplumes reinitiate on the boundary layer and are swept into the primary plumes. The flow is now in a universal regime characterized by a constant (dimensionless) dissolution flux $F=0.017$ (the rate at which solute dissolves from the upper boundary). The horizontally averaged concentration profile stretches as a simple self-similar wedge beneath a diffusive horizontal boundary layer. Throughout, the plume width broadens proportionally to $\sqrt{t}$ , where $t$ is (dimensionless) time. The above behaviour is parameter independent; the Rayleigh number only controls when transition occurs to a final $\mathcal{R}$ -dependent shut-down regime. For the constant-flux and shut-down regimes, we rigourously derive upscaled equations connecting the horizontally averaged concentration, vertical advective flux and plume widths. These are partially complete; a universal expression for the plume width remains elusive. We complement these governing equations with phenomenological boundary conditions based on a marginally stable diffusive boundary layer at the top and zero advective flux at the bottom. Making appropriate approximations in each regime, we find good agreement between predictions from this model and simulated results for both solutal and thermal convection. In the partially permeable upper boundary case, fluid from the convecting layer can penetrate an overlying separate-phase-solute bearing layer where it immediately saturates. The regime diagram remains almost the same as for the impermeable case, but the dissolution flux is significantly augmented. Our work is motivated by dissolution of carbon dioxide relevant to geological storage, and we conclude with a simple flux parameterization for inclusion in gravity current models and suggest that the upscaled equations could lay the foundation for accurate inclusion of dissolution in reservoir simulators.
Nanoplasmonics as nanofluidics: transport and sensing in flowthrough nanohole arrays (2011)

Metallic nanohole arrays support surface electromagnetic waves that enable enhanced optical transmission and may be exploited for sensing. Our group has been active in the application of enhanced optical transmission to chemical and biological sensing, and in the optofluidic integration nanohole arrays. Our recent work in this area is described here. Our research on the combined photonic and fluidic characteristics of flow-through nanohole arrays and their application to sensing is presented. Flow-through nanohole arrays provide a biomarker sieving capacity that is unique among plasmonic sensors as well as rapid transport of reactants to the sensing surface. Our experiments indicate a order of magnitude improvement in sensor response time for flow-through operation as compared to current flow-over sensing methods. Transport analysis results indicate that more than a 20-fold improvement may be expected for small biomolecules with rapid reaction kinetics.
Plant growth regulators (1973)

The disclosure herein pertains to the use of certain 3-[(naphthyl, or substituted-phenyl)imino]-phthalides, some of whose members are novel, to regulate the natural growth or development of plants.
Microcellular Foams (1993)

Microcellular materials exist in many forms. Methods for production of these materials are as varied as potential applications. This chapter reviews the technology of one class of microcellular materials, microcellular foams, which are sought for biomedical applications. Included is a description of several methods of foam production, foam morphologies, and present uses for microcellular foam materials. New methods of microcellular foam production and potential uses for the resultant foam materials are important to those interested in biomaterials and contemporary biomedical applications. It is for this reason that advances in microcellular foam formation are emphasized in the final section of this chapter. Increasingly, it is becoming evident that microcellular foams can be used effectively in many medical applications, particularly polymeric foam materials which are being investigated in this laboratory. For this reason, the focus of this chapter pertains to possible biomedical applications of polymeric microcellular foams. Types of Microcellular Foams The
Monolithic on-chip nonreciprocal photonics based on magneto-optical thin films (2016)

Monolithic integration of nonreciprocal optical devices on semiconductor substrates has been a long-sought goal of the photonics community. One promising route to achieve this goal is to deposit high quality magneto-optical (MO) oxide thin films directly on a semiconductor substrate. In this article, we will review our ongoing progress in material development and device engineering towards enabling a monolithically integrated, high-performance magneto-optical nonreciprocal photonics platform. In particular, we will discuss our recent work which has led to a new pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique of Ce or Bi substituted yttrium iron garnet (YIG) thin films with reduced thermal budget, simplified growth protocols and improved magneto-optical characteristics. These materials were incorporated in monolithic resonator and interferometer based isolator devices to demonstrate on-chip optical isolation with improved device figure of merit. Challenges and opportunities for monolithic magneto-optical devices will be discussed in the context of our latest material and device performance metrics.
NSM FRP Pile-Splice System for Prestressed Precast Concrete Piles (2022)

The use of prestressed precast concrete pile (PPCP) has been increasing because of the advantages provided including accelerating and facilitating the construction operation at a site and increasing the durability of foundation systems. For various reasons including the shipping and transportation limitations and variable soil conditions, casting PPCPs with shorter lengths and splicing them at the site to achieve the required length becomes unavoidable or advantageous. As such, various techniques have been implemented to splice PPCPs at the site in preplanned and unforeseen situations. However, the current systems have shortfalls limiting their applications. These shortcomings are vulnerability to corrosion, inability to develop the required strength capacities in unforeseen situations, and on occasion requiring time-consuming and costly procedures. This study introduces a new method for splicing PPCPs to overcome the limitations that exist in current pile splices. As such, a near-surface-mounted fiber-reinforced polymer (NSM FRP) pile-splice system is introduced as an alternative to current splice systems. The effectiveness and feasibility of the suggested splice system are investigated according to national building code requirements and state standard design specifications. Accordingly, to demonstrate the capability to develop the required capacity in tension, compression, and flexure, as well as constructability, a splice system was designed in this study for an 457-mm (18-in.)-square PPCP. The results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed splice in satisfying the requirements set by both design references. Furthermore, details developed for the splice system have demonstrated their constructability. The NSM FRP splice offers an economical, labor-friendly method of splicing, and provides an advantageous option especially for unforeseen situations where other techniques are either impractical or fail to develop the required capacity. It is expected that the results of this study will pave the way for the implementation of this system in future construction.
An Instrument for Spray Droplet Size and Velocity Measurements (1980)

Laser light scattering techniques that measure the size of single droplets at a time have experienced difficulties when applied to high number density sprays. This problem has been alleviated by developing the particle sizing interferometric method for the off-axis detection of scattered light. The method has the advantages of being insensitive to the absolute intensity of the light scattered and light absorbed by the droplet and measures the droplet size and velocity simultaneously. A theoretical description of the technique is given along with experimental verifications of the results. The experiments showed that the method can produce accurate in situ measurements of typical nozzle sprays when large off-axis light collection angles are used.