gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antibody response against a Leishmania donovani amastigote-stage-specific protein in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (1997)

The antibody response against an amastigote-specific protein (A2) from Leishmania donovani was investigated. Sera from patients with trypanosomiasis and various forms of leishmaniasis were screened for anti-A2 antibodies. Sera from patients infected only with L. donovani or Leishmania mexicana specifically recognized the A2 recombinant protein. These results were consistent with karyotype analyses which revealed that the A2 gene is conserved in L. donovani and L. mexicana strains. The potential of this antigen in diagnosis was further explored by screening a series of sera obtained from patients in regions of the Sudan and India where L. donovani is endemic. The prevalence of anti-A2 antibodies was determined by Western blotting for all samples. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an immunoprecipitation assay were also performed on some of the samples. Anti-A2 antibodies were detected by ELISA in 82 and 60% of the samples from individuals with active visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) from the Sudan and India, respectively, while the immunoprecipitation assay detected the antibodies in 92% of the samples from India. These data suggest that the A2 protein may be a useful diagnostic antigen for visceral leishmaniasis.
Polarization-Dependent Loss in Polarization Modulated Photonic Links: Model and Experiment (2015)

We investigate the effect of a discrete source of polarization-dependent loss in polarization-modulated optical links, using a Jones- and Stokes-vector description. We derive an expression for the output photocurrent in terms of the launch state and the link characteristics. We verify the theoretical description with an experimental investigation of a photonic link into which controlled polarization-dependent losses are introduced. The experimental results confirm a surprising theoretical conclusion: the distortion caused by polarization-dependent loss is equivalent to a simple system phase shift.
Targeted delivery of CRISPR interference system against <i>Fabp4</i> to white adipocytes ameliorates obesity, inflammation, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance (2019)

Obesity is an increasing pathophysiological problem in developed societies. Despite all major progress in understanding molecular mechanisms of obesity, currently available anti-obesity drugs have shown limited efficacy with severe side effects. CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) mechanism based on catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9) and single guide RNA (sgRNA) was combined with a targeted nonviral gene delivery system to treat obesity and obesity-induced type 2 diabetes. A fusion peptide targeting a vascular and cellular marker of adipose tissue, prohibitin, was developed by conjugation of adipocyte targeting sequence (CKGGRAKDC) to 9-mer arginine (ATS-9R). (dCas9/sgFabp4) + ATS-9R oligoplexes showed effective condensation and selective delivery into mature adipocytes. Targeted delivery of the CRISPRi system against <i>Fabp4</i> to white adipocytes by ATS-9R induced effective silencing of <i>Fabp4</i>, resulting in reduction of body weight and inflammation and restoration of hepatic steatosis in obese mice. This RNA-guided DNA recognition platform provides a simple and safe approach to regress and treat obesity and obesity-induced metabolic syndromes.
Flexible Electronics: High‐Speed, Low‐Voltage, and Environmentally Stable Operation of Electrochemically Gated Zinc Oxide Nanowire Field‐Effect Transistors (Adv. Funct. Mater. 14/2013) (2013)

Part of an enhanced-mode electrolyte-gated nanowire channel metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is illustrated. As reported by Subho Dasgupta and co-workers on page 1750, the complete nanowire and a part of the in-plane gate electrode are covered with a printed droplet of composite solid polymer electrolyte, working as a dielectric. A positive gate bias attracts cations (Li+) towards the nanowire channel resulting in accumulation of charge carriers and driving it to the conducting (ON) state.
CIDAN: Computing in DRAM with Artificial Neurons (2021)

Numerous applications such as graph processing, cryptography, databases, bioinformatics, etc., involve the repeated evaluation of Boolean functions on large bit vectors. In-memory architectures which perform processing in memory (PIM) are tailored for such applications. This paper describes a different architecture for in-memory computation called CIDAN, that achieves a 3X improvement in performance and a 2X improvement in energy for a representative set of algorithms over the state-of-the-art in-memory architectures. CIDAN uses a new basic processing element called a TLPE, which comprises a threshold logic gate (TLG) (a.k.a artificial neuron or perceptron). The implementation of a TLG within a TLPE is equivalent to a multi-input, edge-triggered flipflop that computes a subset of threshold functions of its inputs. The specific threshold function is selected on each cycle by enabling/disabling a subset of the weights associated with the threshold function, by using logic signals. In addition to the TLG, a TLPE realizes some non-threshold functions by a sequence of TLG evaluations. An equivalent CMOS implementation of a TLPE requires a substantially higher area and power. CIDAN has an array of TLPE(s) that is integrated with a DRAM, to allow fast evaluation of any one of its set of functions on large bit vectors. Results of running several common in-memory applications in graph processing and cryptography are presented.
Combining coregularization and consensus-based self-training for multilingual text categorization (2010)

We investigate the problem of learning document classifiers in a multilingual setting, from collections where labels are only partially available. We address this problem in the framework of multiview learning, where different languages correspond to different views of the same document, combined with semi-supervised learning in order to benefit from unlabeled documents. We rely on two techniques, coregularization and consensus-based self-training, that combine multiview and semi-supervised learning in different ways. Our approach trains different monolingual classifiers on each of the views, such that the classifiers' decisions over a set of unlabeled examples are in agreement as much as possible, and iteratively labels new examples from another unlabeled training set based on a consensus across language-specific classifiers. We derive a boosting-based training algorithm for this task, and analyze the impact of the number of views on the semi-supervised learning results on a multilingual extension of the Reuters RCV1/RCV2 corpus using five different languages. Our experiments show that coregularization and consensus-based self-training are complementary and that their combination is especially effective in the interesting and very common situation where there are few views (languages) and few labeled documents available.
A novel male sterility-fertility restoration system in plants for hybrid seed production (2015)

Hybrid seeds are used for stimulated crop production, as they harness heterosis. The achievement of complete male-sterility in the female-parent and the restored-fertility in F1-hybrids are the major bottlenecks in the commercial hybrid seed production. Here, we report a male sterility-fertility restoration system by engineering the in most nutritive anther wall layer tapetum of female and male parents. In the female parent, high-level, and stringent expression of Arabidopsis autophagy-related gene BECLIN1 was achieved in the tapetum, which altered the tapetal degeneration program, leading to male sterility. This works on our previously demonstrated expression cassette based on functional complementation of TATA-box mutant (TGTA) promoter and TATA-binding protein mutant3 (TBPm3), with modification by conjugating Long Hypocotyle in Far-Red1 fragment (HFR1(NT131)) with TBPm3 (HFR1(NT131)-TBPm3) to exercise regulatory control over it. In the male parent, tapetum-specific Constitutive photo-morphogenesis1 (COP1) was expressed. The F1 obtained by crossing these engineered parents showed decreased BECLIN1 expression, which was further completely abolished when COP1-mutant (COP1(L105A)) was used as a male parent, leading to normal tapetal development and restored fertility. The system works on COP1-HFR1 interaction and COP1-mediated degradation of TBPm3 pool (HFR1(NT131)-TBPm3). The system can be deployed for hybrid seed production in agricultural crops.
An ionic liquid-channel field-effect transistor (1992)

A theoretical and experimental study was carried out on a novel microfabricated device, an ionic liquid-channel field-effect transistor (ILCFET). The work was conducted to determine the feasibility of developing monolithic chemical analyzers for ions in solution. In these analyzers the ions are differentiated by mobility. The ILCFET provides a starting point to fabricate, understand, and model the more complex analyzers. The ILCFET resembles a MOSFET, except that the current flowing from the source to the drain is carried in thin channels by ions of a liquid electrolyte. The gate voltage induces an electric field, transverse to the current flow, which controls the channel conductance. Unlike MOSFETs, in which the channel conductance depends on one mobile charge carrier, holes or electrons, the ILCFET channel conductance depends on the concentrations of both cations and anions.
A Dual-Source Approach for 3D Pose Estimation from a Single Image (2015)

One major challenge for 3D pose estimation from a single RGB image is the acquisition of sufficient training data. In particular, collecting large amounts of training data that contain unconstrained images and are annotated with accurate 3D poses is infeasible. We therefore propose to use two independent training sources. The first source consists of images with annotated 2D poses and the second source consists of accurate 3D motion capture data. To integrate both sources, we propose a dual-source approach that combines 2D pose estimation with efficient and robust 3D pose retrieval. In our experiments, we show that our approach achieves state-of-the-art results and is even competitive when the skeleton structure of the two sources differ substantially.
Generation of high-power spatially structured beams using vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers (2017)

In this paper, we demonstrate the generation of high-power and spatially structured beams using vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers (VECSEL). At the fundamental wavelength, an intracavity mode-control element is first employed to generate a range of Hermite-Gaussian (HG) modes in a linear cavity. The same HG modes are then excited and frequency doubled in a V-cavity geometry to generate a rich variety of high-power spatially structured beams. The results compare well with our numerical modeling.
Iterative Local-Global Energy Minimization for Automatic Extraction of Objects of Interest (2006)

We propose a novel global-local variational energy to automatically extract objects of interest from images. Previous formulations only incorporate local region potentials, which are sensitive to incorrectly classified pixels during iteration. We introduce a global likelihood potential to achieve better estimation of the foreground and background models and, thus, better extraction results. Extensive experiments demonstrate its efficacy.
Data embedding in audio: where do we stand (1999)

Summary form only given. Data embedding algorithms embed binary streams in host multimedia signals. The embedded data can add features to the host multimedia signal or provide copyright protection. We review requirements for transparent data embedding techniques in audio signals. We describe and contrast current approaches to data embedding in audio. In particular, we emphasize the advantages and limitations of the various approaches. We also describe possible signal processing and protocol level attacks on audio watermarking algorithms. We conclude with a discussion of future research directions.
Tissue contrast imaging by polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (2009)

A tissue discriminating tomographic imaging by polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is reported. The PS-OCT provides a standard OCT and polarization sensitive phase retardation OCT. These images are processed by newly developed algorithm which classifies each pixel in the OCT image to tissue types based on the optical properties of the pixels. This method successfully classify the tissues in an anterior eye segment.
Supercapacitor Electrolyte Solvents with Liquid Range Below -80 C (2010)

A previous NASA Tech Brief ["Low-Temperature Supercapacitors" (NPO-44386) NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 32, No 7 (July 2008), page 32] detailed ongoing efforts to develop non-aqueous supercapacitor electrolytes capable of supporting operation at temperatures below commercially available cells (which are typically limited to charging and discharging at > or equal to -40 C). These electrolyte systems may enable energy storage and power delivery for systems operating in extreme environments, such as those encountered in the Polar regions on Earth or in the exploration of space. Supercapacitors using these electrolytes may also offer improved power delivery performance at moderately low temperatures (e.g. -40 to 0 C) relative to currently available cells, offering improved cold-cranking and cold-weather acceleration capabilities for electrical or hybrid vehicles. Supercapacitors store charge at the electrochemical double-layer, formed at the interface between a high surface area electrode material and a liquid electrolyte. The current approach to extending the low-temperature limit of the electrolyte focuses on using binary solvent systems comprising a high-dielectric-constant component (such as acetonitrile) in conjunction with a low-melting-point co-solvent (such as organic formates, esters, and ethers) to depress the freezing point of the system, while maintaining sufficient solubility of the salt. Recent efforts in this area have led to the identification of an electrolyte solvent formulation with a freezing point of -85.7 C, which is achieved by using a 1:1 by volume ratio of acetonitrile to 1,3-dioxolane
Evaluating the human-computer interaction of ‘ECGSim’: A virtual simulator to aid learning in electrocardiology (2015)

Studying electrocardiography is intellectually challenging since it involves a myriad of theories and complex associations. For example, the electrocardiogram (ECG) is a non-invasive recording of the electrical activity of the heart and its interpretation requires an intricate understanding of how these electrical signals relate to cardiac mechanics (referred to as the electromechanical link). Furthermore, it is often difficult to revert signals recorded from the body surface to the internal health of an organ. To help alleviate these challenges, the ECGSim software application was developed to allow visual learners to modify transmembrane potentials on the myocardium and view how these changes affect the ECG at the body surface. ECGSim is based on a state of the art complex `forward model' that can be used to aid understanding of how the electrical activity propagates from the myocardium to the epidermis. However, to maximize the uptake of ECGSim, this study quantifies and validates its usability using a series of metrics.
Instantons in self-organizing logic gates (2017)

Self-organizing logic is a recently-suggested framework that allows the solution of Boolean truth tables "in reverse," i.e., it is able to satisfy the logical proposition of gates regardless to which terminal(s) the truth value is assigned ("terminal-agnostic logic"). It can be realized if time non-locality (memory) is present. A practical realization of self-organizing logic gates (SOLGs) can be done by combining circuit elements with and without memory. By employing one such realization, we show, numerically, that SOLGs exploit elementary instantons to reach equilibrium points. Instantons are classical trajectories of the non-linear equations of motion describing SOLGs, and connect topologically distinct critical points in the phase space. By linear analysis at those points, we show that these instantons connect the initial critical point of the dynamics, with at least one unstable direction, directly to the final fixed point. We also show that the memory content of these gates only affects the relaxation time to reach the logically consistent solution. Finally, we demonstrate, by solving the corresponding stochastic differential equations, that since instantons connect critical points, noise and perturbations may change the instanton trajectory in the phase space, but not the initial and final critical points. Therefore, even for extremely large noise levels, the gates self-organize to the correct solution. Our work provides a physical understanding of, and can serve as an inspiration for, new models of bi-directional logic gates that are emerging as important tools in physics-inspired, unconventional computing.
Multilayer chaotic encryption for secure communications in packet switching networks (2002)

A new, efficient algorithm for secure digital communications in packet switching networks is presented. The symmetric cipher proposed exploits the intrinsic synchronization between sender and receiver offered by the network. The key is dynamically adapted by means of a multilayer architecture, the advantage of which is to provide a scalable degree of security. Several interesting features of the multilayer chaotic encryption (MCE) algorithm are presented in relation to a secure transmission of data over the Internet protocol (IP). In particular, the paper shows how the MCE can be efficiently applied within the transport layer security (TLS) protocol, which is currently being standardized by the IETF for secure data transmission over the IP.
One-pot synthesis and characterization of chalcopyrite CuInS<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles (2014)

We synthesized tetragonal chalcopyrite CuInS<sub>2</sub> (CIS) nanoparticles from molecular single source precursors, (Ph<sub>3</sub>P)<sub>2</sub>Cu-(μ-SEt)<sub>2</sub>In(SEt)<sub>2</sub>, by a one-pot reaction in the presence of 3-mercaptopropionic acid at reaction times of 3 hours or less with high yields.
Investigations on Driver Unique Identification from Smartphone’s GPS Data Alone (2018)

Driver identification is an emerging area of interest in vehicle telematics, automobile control, and insurance. Recent body of works indicates that it may be possible to uniquely identify a driver using multiple dedicated sensors. In this paper, we present an approach for driver identification using smartphone GPS data alone. For our experiments, we collected data from 38 drivers for two months. We quantified the driver’s natural style by extracting a set of 137 statistical features from data generated for each completed trip. The analysis shows that, for the “driver identification” problem, an average accuracy of 82.3% is achieved for driver groups of 4-5 drivers. This is comparable to the state of the arts where mostly a multisensor approach has been taken. Further, it is shown that certain behavioral attributes like high driving skill impact identification accuracy. We observe that Random Forest classifier offers the best results. These results have great implications for various stakeholders since the proposed method can identify a driver based on his/her naturalistic driving style which is quantified in terms of statistical parameters extracted from only GPS data.
Lead-Iron Phosphate Glass: A Stable Storage Medium for High-Level Nuclear Waste (1984)

Results are presented which show that lead-iron phosphate glasses are a promising new waste form for the safe immobilization of both high-level defense and high-level commercial radioactive waste. Relative to the borosilicate nuclear waste glasses that are currently the "reference" waste form for the long-term disposal of nuclear waste, lead-iron phosphate glasses have several distinct advantages: (i) an aqueous corrosion rate that is about 1000 times lower, (ii) a processing temperature that is 100 degrees to 250 degrees C lower, and (iii) a much lower melt viscosity in the temperature range from 800 degrees to 1000 degrees C. Most significantly, the lead-iron phosphate waste form can be processed using a technology similar to that developed for borosilicate nuclear waste glasses.
The Specific Genes for Lantibiotic Mutacin II Biosynthesis in <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> T8 Are Clustered and Can Be Transferred En Bloc (1999)

Mutacin II is a ribosomally synthesized peptide lantibiotic produced by group II Streptococcus mutans. DNA sequencing has revealed that the mutacin II biosynthetic gene cluster consists of seven specific open reading frames: a regulator (mutR), the prepromutacin structural gene (mutA), a modifying protein (mutM), an ABC transporter (mutT), and an immunity cluster (mutFEG). Transformations of a non-mutacin-producing strain, S. mutans UA159, and a mutacin I-producing strain, S. mutans UA140, with chromosomal DNA from S. mutans T8 with an aphIII marker inserted upstream of the mutacin II structural gene yielded transformants producing mutacin II and mutacins I and II, respectively.
Keratin 17 testing in pancreatic cancer needle aspiration biopsies predicts survival (2021)

K17 has been identified as a robust and independent prognostic biomarker that stratifies clinical outcomes for cases that are diagnosed by NAB. Testing for K17 also has the potential to inform clinical decisions for optimization of chemotherapeutic interventions.
Quantitative Separation of Roots from Compacted Soil Profiles by the Hydropneumatic Elutriation System<sup>1</sup> (1982)

Abstract Knowledge of plant root responses to both favorable and unfavorable soil conditions is fundamental to our understanding of the complex root soil interface. One of the greatest hindrances to the frequent measurements of the morphological and physiological responses of plant roots to soil environmental conditions has been the absence of an inexpensive method for quantitatively separating the soil from roots and other biological materials. The objectives of this study were to develop an inexpensive and quantitative method for separating roots from soils of field and greenhouse experiments and to determine the influence of soil type, pretreatment and plant type on the efficiency of separation. A mechanized system which separated roots from soil materials was constructed which combines the kinetic energy of pressurized spray jets and the low energy of air flotation. Root elutriation systems were fabricated from commercially available components at a cost of less than $25 per unit excluding labor. A manifold of these units was assembled to increase operator efficiency. Quantitative separation of roots is achieved by a closed system of mechanical separations using water and air to isolate and deposit roots on a submerged sieve. Washing times range from 3 to 10 min and is a function of soil texture, plant species, concentration of the dispersing agent and soaking time. Utilizing a manifold of nine separation units and two personnel, an average of 60 samples could be separated per hour. Water consumption per unit ranges from 2.1 to 3.4 liters per minute. This method, in combination with a powered soil sampler, appears to provide a rapid, quantitative and inexpensive approach for measuring plant root responses to soil biological, chemical, and physical stresses.