gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SpyProxy: execution-based detection of malicious web content (2007)

This paper explores the use of execution-based Web content analysis to protect users from Internet-borne malware. Many anti-malware tools use signatures to identify malware infections on a user's PC. In contrast, our approach is to render and observe active Web content in a disposable virtual machine before it reaches the user's browser, identifying and blocking pages whose behavior is suspicious. Execution-based analysis can defend against undiscovered threats and zero-day attacks. However, our approach faces challenges, such as achieving good interactive performance, and limitations, such as defending against malicious Web content that contains non-determinism.

To evaluate the potential for our execution-based technique, we designed, implemented, and measured a new proxy-based anti-malware tool called SpyProxy. SpyProxy intercepts and evaluates Web content in transit from Web servers to the browser. We present the architecture and design of our SpyProxy prototype, focusing in particular on the optimizations we developed to make on-the-fly execution-based analysis practical. We demonstrate that with careful attention to design, an execution-based proxy such as ours can be effective at detecting and blocking many of today's attacks while adding only small amounts of latency to the browsing experience. Our evaluation shows that SpyProxy detected every malware threat to which it was exposed, while adding only 600 milliseconds of latency to the start of page rendering for typical content.
Offset Compound Gear Drive (2010)

The Offset Compound Gear Drive is an in-line, discrete, two-speed device utilizing a special offset compound gear that has both an internal tooth configuration on the input end and external tooth configuration on the output end, thus allowing it to mesh in series, simultaneously, with both a smaller external tooth input gear and a larger internal tooth output gear. This unique geometry and offset axis permits the compound gear to mesh with the smaller diameter input gear and the larger diameter output gear, both of which are on the same central, or primary, centerline. This configuration results in a compact in-line reduction gear set consisting of fewer gears and bearings than a conventional planetary gear train. Switching between the two output ratios is accomplished through a main control clutch and sprag. Power flow to the above is transmitted through concentric power paths. Low-speed operation is accomplished in two meshes. For the purpose of illustrating the low-speed output operation, the following example pitch diameters are given. A 5.0 pitch diameter (PD) input gear to 7.50 PD (internal tooth) intermediate gear (0.667 reduction mesh), and a 7.50 PD (external tooth) intermediate gear to a 10.00 PD output gear (0.750 reduction mesh). Note that it is not required that the intermediate gears on the offset axis be of the same diameter. For this example, the resultant low-speed ratio is 2:1 (output speed = 0.500; product of stage one 0.667 reduction and stage two 0.750 stage reduction). The design is not restricted to the example pitch diameters, or output ratio. From the output gear, power is transmitted through a hollow drive shaft, which, in turn, drives a sprag during which time the main clutch is disengaged.
Presentation of immunodominant epitopes from mixture of protein antigens is hierarchial (100.21) (2011)

Abstract Immunodominance is defined as restricted responsiveness of T cells to a few selected epitopes from complex antigens. We have established a reductionist cell-free antigen-processing system for MHC class II that constitutes five purified components: HLA-DR1, HLA-DM, and three cathepsins. This system successfully identified the physiologically selected epitopes from two model antigens. When applied for de novo epitope identification to LSA-NRC of malaria, or HA1-H5N1 (Avian Flu), the system selected epitopes that were confirmed to be immunodominant by their capacity to activate CD4+ T cells in HLA-DR1 positive human volunteers or transgenic mice (Hartman/Kim, et al. Nat Med 16, pp1333-1340 (2010). To evaluate our system to a mixture of the above antigens, the system identified the epitopes from both antigens. We tested the immunogenicity of epitopes and the parent proteins in HLA-DR1 transgenic mice immunized with the mixture of both HA1 and LSA-NRC in a recall T cell proliferation assay. T cells responded only to the HA1 and its immunodominant epitope, while little, if any stimulation against LSA-NRC and its dominant epitope were measured. These observations did not change even when the ratio of LSA-NRC:HA1was 2:1. These findings show a hierarchy for the selection of immunodominant epitopes of different proteins during antigen processing, which can be important in design of combination vaccines.
Hard magnetic bulk amorphous alloys (1997)

An amorphous phase in Ln-Fe-Al (Ln=Nd and Pr) systems is formed in wide composition ranges of 0 to 90 at% Fe and 0 to 93 at% Al by melt spinning. Ferromagnetic Ln/sub 90-x/Fe/sub x/Al/sub 10/ bulk amorphous alloys with high coercive force (/sub i/H/sub c/) at room temperature are obtained by copper mold casting. The maximum diameter of the cylindrical amorphous samples is 12 mm for the Nd-30%Fe-Al alloy and 3 mm for the Pr-30%Fe-Al alloys and decreases with deviating Fe content. The extremely high T/sub x//T/sub m/ and small /spl Delta/T/sub m/(=T/sub m/-T/sub x/), which are evaluated by the crystallization temperature (T/sub x/) and melting temperature (T/sub m/), are the reason for the achievement of large glass-forming ability in these systems. The bulk amorphous Ln/sub 60/Fe/sub 30/Al/sub 10/ alloys are ferromagnetic with the Curie temperature of 515 to 600 K which are higher than those for Nd-Fe and Pr-Fe binary amorphous ribbons. The remanence and /sub i/H/sub c/ are 0.089 to 0.122 T and 277 to 321 kA/m, respectively and the crystallization to Ln+Al/sub 2/Ln+/spl delta/ causes a ferromagnetic-to-paramagnetic transition. Thus, the hard magnetic properties are achieved only in the amorphous state.
Multirate Universal Radar Target Simulator for an Accurate Moving Target Simulation (2021)

This article presents a new universal radar target simulator (RTS) principle based on multirate sampling. The proposed concept enables a realistic emulation of moving targets independently of the radar type and signal and is suited for all common modulation types, such as frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW), chirp sequence (CS), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), and pseudorandom impulse sequences. This versatile applicability is achieved by delaying the radar signal with a time-variant delay that is changed continuously over time. Analog systems use mixing to simulate moving targets, which is not precise. Standard digital radio frequency memory (DRFM) systems with discrete programmable time delays, in contrast, typically drop or delay samples to simulate moving targets. This time-delay discretization, however, introduces discontinuities to waveforms and therefore creates spurious signals. These distortions particularly affect processing in the Doppler dimension. To overcome this disadvantage, the proposed multirate system simulates continuous target movement and the Doppler effect of real targets by using different sample rates for an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The resulting Doppler phase variation equals that of a real moving target exactly. With this multirate RTS, even slow-moving real-world targets can be mimicked accurately. The attractive properties of the proposed RTS concept are verified by real-world measurements with a 77-GHz demonstration system.
Antimicrobial Activity of Chicken NK-Lysin Against Eimeria Sporozoites (2008)

NK-lysin is an antimicrobial and antitumor polypeptide that is considered to play an important role in innate immunity. Chicken NK-lysin is a member of the saposin-like protein family and exhibits potent antitumor cell activity. To evaluate the antimicrobial properties of chicken NK-lysin, we examined its ability to reduce the viability of various bacterial strains and two species of Eimeria parasites. Culture supernatants from COS7 cells transfected with a chicken NK-lysin cDNA and His-tagged purified NK-lysin from the transfected cells both showed high cytotoxic activity against Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima sporozoites. In contrast, no bactericidal activity was observed. Further studies using synthetic peptides derived from NK-lysin may be useful for pharmaceutical and agricultural uses in the food animal industry.
Finite precision bit-width allocation using SAT-modulo theory (2009)

This paper explores the use of SAT-Modulo Theory in determination of bit-widths for finite precision implementation of numerical calculations, specifically in the context of scientific computing where division frequently occurs. Employing SAT-Modulo Theory leads to more accurate bounds estimation than those provided by other analytical methods, in turn yielding smaller bit-widths.
Capillary Barriers and Subtitle D Covers: Estimating Equivalency (1997)

Accumulating data on traditional compacted soil-surface covers are demonstrating that they are likely to degrade and have reduced effectiveness as long-term barriers; therefore, suitable alternatives are being examined. One possible alternative that is receiving increased attention is capillary barriers. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) allows for alternatives to be used, but requires that they achieve infiltration and erosion protection equivalent to that of designs contained in design guidance documents. A method of comparing a capillary barrier to a design that features a compacted soil layer that meets the minimum requirements for a solid-waste landfill cover (so-called Subtitle D) under identical, transient conditions is introduced in the present paper, allowing equivalency to be demonstrated. The approach uses daily climatic data rather than monthly or yearly averages, which can provide misleading results. The concept of adding a “transport layer” at the fine/coarse interface of the capillary barrier to laterally drain water and reduce the moisture content is also presented. Numerical modeling results for a variety of climates show that the capillary barriers may be equivalent (or better) compared to a Subtitle D cover at many locations. The inclusion of a transport layer may significantly improve capillary barrier performance.
A Doubly Axially Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyst for the Asymmetric Tandem Oxyfluorination of Enamides (2012)

Double agent: Enantioselective tandem oxyfluorination of enamides using a doubly axially chiral phosphoric acid catalyst is reported. The chiral phosphoric acid catalyst controls both a fluorination step, using a chiral anion phase-transfer strategy, and addition to the resulting imine under the guise of Brønsted acid catalysis. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Optimal Dynamic Cloud Network Control (2018)

Distributed cloud networking enables the deployment of a wide range of services in the form of interconnected software functions instantiated over general purpose hardware at multiple cloud locations distributed throughout the network. We consider the problem of optimal service delivery over a distributed cloud network, in which nodes are equipped with both communication and computation resources. We address the design of distributed online solutions that drive flow processing and routing decisions, along with the associated allocation of cloud and network resources. For a given set of services, each described by a chain of service functions, we characterize the cloud network capacity region and design a family of dynamic cloud network control (DCNC) algorithms that stabilize any service input rate inside the capacity region, while achieving arbitrarily close to minimum resource cost. The proposed DCNC algorithms are derived by extending Lyapunov drift-plus-penalty control to a novel multi-commodity-chain (MCC) queuing system, resulting in the first throughput and cost optimal algorithms for a general class of MCC flow problems that generalizes traditional multi-commodity flow by including flow chaining, flow scaling, and joint communication/computation resource allocation. We provide throughput and cost optimality guarantees, convergence time analysis, and extensive simulations in representative cloud network scenarios.
Molecular evolution of the synapsin gene family (1999)

Synapsins, a family of synaptic vesicle proteins, play a crucial role in the regulation of neurotransmission and synaptogenesis. They have been identified in a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate species, including human, rat (Rattus norvegicus), cow (Bos taurus), longfin squid (Loligo pealei), and fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). Here, synapsins were cloned from three additional species: frog (Xenopus laevis), lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis), and nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans). Synapsin protein sequences from all these species were then used to explore the molecular phylogeny of these important neuronal phosphoproteins. The ancestral condition of a single synapsin gene probably gave rise to the vertebrate synapsin gene family comprised of at least three synapsin genes (I, II, and III) in higher vertebrates. Synapsins possess multiple domains, which have evolved at different rates throughout evolution. In invertebrate synapsins, the most conserved domains are C and E. During the evolution of vertebrates, at least two gene duplication events are hypothesized to have given rise to the synapsin gene family. This was accompanied by the emergence of an additional conserved domain, termed A. J. Exp. Zool. ( Mol. Dev. Evol. ) 285:360–377, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Antibodies Against the Inward Rectifying Potassium Channel KIR4.1 Precede the Onset of Multiple Sclerosis (S53.007) (2014)

Objective To determine whether inward rectifying potassium channel KIR4.1 antibodies can be detected in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients before the onset of disease. Background Antibodies against KIR4.1 are found in a subpopulation of adults and children with clinically isolated syndrome or MS. However, it is unknown whether the antibody response to KIR4.1 precedes the onset of MS or emerges after the disease is already established. Design/Methods We screened plasma samples from 16 healthy blood donors with subsequent diagnosis of MS (pre-MS) for KIR4.1 specific antibodies by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay based on homotetrameric KIR4.1 protein. First, we investigated samples collected a few months (2-9) before the first clinical attack. As control group we investigated 16 age and sex matched healthy blood donors without notification of a later MS. In a second step, we aimed to investigate additional time-points before (up to 6 years) and after disease onset in those KIR4.1 antibody positive patients. Mann-Whitney-test was used to compare groups. Results Pre-clinical MS patients had significantly higher KIR4.1 antibody titer than healthy controls (p=0.0185). 7 pre-clinical MS patients were considered positive for KIR4.1 antibodies, 2 showed borderline activity and 7 were negative. All healthy controls were negative for KIR4.1 antibodies. In the longitudinal analysis, KIR4.1 antibodies were found in pre-clinical MS patients several years before the first clinical attack. Antibody titer varied at different time points during pre-MS in individual patients. Titers before and after disease onset did not differ significantly in those patients analyzed. Conclusions KIR4.1 antibodies are present in plasma of MS patients long before the onset of the first disease symptoms.
Color gamut mapping by minimizing perceptual differences between images (1998)

As various color devices become widespread and the importance of color control in these devices becomes more significant, the mismatch of color gamut among color devices is creating a bottleneck. In this paper, color gamut mapping is formulated as a problem of optimization with constraint, and a new color gamut mapping method is proposed in order to preserve the relative correlation among adjacent pixels. The quantity to be minimized is that of perceptual difference between the original image and the reproduced image. This is expanded and defined as a method that considers the relative correlation among adjacent pixels, and not the average color difference as is done in conventional methods. Also, we describe the constraint related to the gamut used in a mutual color conversion system performed by neural nets. Finally, the proposed method is applied to color reproduction on a color printer and to evaluate the effectiveness through visual evaluation experiments. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 29(10): 46–56, 1998
Dynamic observation of pulmonary perfusion using continuous arterial spin‐labeling in a pig model (2001)

The continuous arterial spin-labeling (CASL) method of perfusion MRI is used to observe pulmonary perfusion dynamically in an animal model. Specifically, a respiratory-triggered implementation of the CASL method is used with approximate spatial resolution of 0.9 x 1.8 x 5.0 mm (0.008 cc) and 2-minute temporal resolution. Perfusion MRI is performed dynamically during repeated balloon occlusion of a segmental pulmonary artery, as well as during pharmacological stimulation. A total of three Yorkshire pigs were studied. The results demonstrate the ability of the endogenous spin-labeling method to characterize the dynamic changes in pulmonary perfusion that occur during important physiological alterations.
Complexity-Reduced Iterative MAP Receiver with Partial Sphere Decoding in Spatial Multiplexing System (2006)

In this paper, a partial sphere decoding approach is proposed to reduce the computational complexity of implementing the iterative MAP receiver for spatial multiplexing system, in which the complexity prohibitively increases with the number of transmit antennas and modulation order. The proposed approach considers only a subset of symbols with high a priori probabilities, i.e., more reliable ones, which allows for reducing the dimension of detection space. We design a novel reliability estimator which is used for dividing two subvectors according to reliability of individual symbol in the initial stage. Furthermore, a cost function-based partial MAP rule is applied to those subvectors so as to correct the initial estimation error in the course of iterative detection and decoding process. We have shown that the overall complexity of sphere decoding can be reduced by almost order of 2 in terms of floating point operations while maintaining the BER performance as close as 0.7dB to the conventional approach.
Branched polyesteramide acrylate (2009)

The present invention relates to a method for preparing a branched non dendrimeric macromolecule, comprising: a) M providing an addition product of an a) olefinically unsaturated compound and an amine comprising at least two hydroxyl groups; and b) esterifying at least part of the hydroxyl groups of the addition product with an olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid, an olefinically unsaturated carboxylate anion or an olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride. The invention further relates to macromolecules obtainable by a method of the invention.
High porosity metallic glass foam: A powder metallurgy route (2007)

A powder metallurgy route to the fabrication of metallic glass foam is introduced. The method involves consolidating metallic glass powder blended with blowing agent particulates to produce expandable precursors, capable of yielding foams with porosities as high as 86%. The foams are found to inherit the strength of the parent metallic glass and to be able to deform heavily toward full densification absorbing high amounts of energy.
Aryl and Arylalkyl Substituted 3‐Hydroxypyridin‐2(1<i>H</i>)‐ones: Synthesis and Evaluation as Inhibitors of Influenza A Endonuclease (2019)

Seasonal influenza infections are associated with an estimated 250-500 000 deaths annually. Resistance to the antiviral M2 ion-channel inhibitors has largely invalidated their clinical utility. Resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors has also been observed in several influenza A virus (IAV) strains. These data have prompted research on inhibitors that target the cap-snatching endonuclease activity of the polymerase acidic protein (PA). Baloxavir marboxil (Xofluza®), recently approved for clinical use, inhibits cap-snatching endonuclease. Resistance to Xofluza® has been reported in both in vitro systems and in the clinic. An X-ray crystallographic screening campaign of a fragment library targeting IAV endonuclease identified 5-chloro-3-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-one as a bimetal chelating agent at the active site. We have reported the structure-activity relationships for 3-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-ones and 3-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-ones as endonuclease inhibitors. These studies identified two distinct binding modes associated with inhibition of this enzyme that are influenced by the presence of substituents at the 5- and 6-positions of 3-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-ones. Herein we report the structure-activity relationships associated with various para-substituted 5-phenyl derivatives of 6-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-ones and the effect of using naphthyl, benzyl, and naphthylmethyl groups as alternatives to the p-fluorophenyl substituent on their activity as endonuclease inhibitors.
Real-time On-line Learning of Transformed Hidden Markov Models from Video (2003)

The transformed hidden Markov model is a temporal model that captures three typical causes of variability in video scene/object class, appearance variability within the class, and image motion. In our previous work, we showed that an exact EM algorithm can jointly learn the appearances of multiple objects and/or poses of an object, and track the objects or camera motion in video, starting simply from random initialization. As such, this model can serve as a basis for both video clustering and object tracking applications. However, the original algorithm requires a significant amount of computation that renders it impractical for video clustering and its off-line nature makes it unsuitable for real-time tracking applications. In this paper, we propose a new, significantly faster, on-line learning algorithm that enables real-time clustering and tracking. We demonstrate that the algorithm can extract objects using the constraints on their motion and also perform tracking while the appearance models are learned. We also demonstrate the clustering results on an example of typical unrestricted personal media the vacation video.
2.4 GHz wide‐bandwidth inverted‐F antenna for capsule endoscope (2019)

Abstract This article presents an inverted‐F antenna for a capsule endoscope. The antenna presented operates within the 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical band, and has a wide bandwidth of 151 MHz with an antenna gain of −3.13 dBi. The antenna has a ring shape, and thus the antenna does not obstruct the view of the camera used for a capsule endoscope. The proposed antenna has an advantage in that it can be applied for a capsule endoscope supporting bidirectional photography, and the performance of the antenna is affected less by human tissue.