gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Error Characterization, Mitigation, and Recovery in Flash-Memory-Based Solid-State Drives (2017)

NAND flash memory is ubiquitous in everyday life today because its capacity has continuously increased and cost has continuously decreased over decades. This positive growth is a result of two key trends: 1) effective process technology scaling; and 2) multi-level (e.g., MLC, TLC) cell data coding. Unfortunately, the reliability of raw data stored in flash memory has also continued to become more difficult to ensure, because these two trends lead to 1) fewer electrons in the flash memory cell floating gate to represent the data; and 2) larger cell-to-cell interference and disturbance effects. Without mitigation, worsening reliability can reduce the lifetime of NAND flash memory. As a result, flash memory controllers in solid-state drives (SSDs) have become much more sophisticated: they incorporate many effective techniques to ensure the correct interpretation of noisy data stored in flash memory cells. In this article, we review recent advances in SSD error characterization, mitigation, and data recovery techniques for reliability and lifetime improvement. We provide rigorous experimental data from state-of-the-art MLC and TLC NAND flash devices on various types of flash memory errors, to motivate the need for such techniques. Based on the understanding developed by the experimental characterization, we describe several mitigation and recovery techniques, including 1) cell-to-cell interference mitigation; 2) optimal multi-level cell sensing; 3) error correction using state-of-the-art algorithms and methods; and 4) data recovery when error correction fails. We quantify the reliability improvement provided by each of these techniques. Looking forward, we briefly discuss how flash memory and these techniques could evolve into the future.
First-principles study of methane dehydrogenation on a bimetallic Cu/Ni(111) surface (2009)

We present density-functional theory calculations of the dehydrogenation of methane and CH(x) (x=1-3) on a Cu/Ni(111) surface, where Cu atoms are substituted on the Ni surface at a coverage of 14 monolayer. As compared to the results on other metal surfaces, including Ni(111), a similar activation mechanism with different energetics is found for the successive dehydrogenation of CH(4) on the Cu/Ni(111) surface. In particular, the activation energy barrier (E(act)) for CH-->C+H is found to be 1.8 times larger than that on Ni(111), while E(act) for CH(4)-->CH(3)+H is 1.3 times larger. Considering the proven beneficial effect of Cu observed in the experimental systems, our findings reveal that the relative E(act) in the successive dehydrogenation of CH(4) plays a key role in impeding carbon formation during the industrial steam reforming of methane. Our calculations also indicate that previous scaling relationships of the adsorption energy (E(ads)) for CH(x) (x=1-3) and carbon on pure metals also hold for several Ni(111)-based alloy systems.
A New Tetranortriterpenoid from <i>Trichilia </i><i>h</i><i>avanensis</i> (2003)

A new triterpenoid, 1beta,2beta;21,23-diepoxy-7alpha-hydroxy-24,25,26,27-tetranor-apotirucalla-14,20,22-trien-3-one (1), has been isolated from an acetone extract of seeds of Trichilia havanensis, along with other known limonoids. The structure of 1 was established by spectroscopic methods, particularly by 1D and 2D NMR studies. Compound 1 was tested as an antifeedant agent against Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae, showing a significant antifeedant activity at 300 ppm.
Comparative Rate-Distortion-Complexity Analysis of HEVC and AVC Video Codecs (2012)

This paper analyzes the rate-distortion-complexity of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) reference video codec (HM) and compares the results with AVC reference codec (JM). The examined software codecs are HM 6.0 using Main Profile (MP) and JM 18.0 using High Profile (HiP). These codes are benchmarked under the all-intra (AI), random access (RA), low-delay <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</i> (LB), and low-delay <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P</i> (LP) coding configurations. In order to obtain a fair comparison, JM HiP anchor codec has been configured to conform to HM MP settings and coding configurations. The rate-distortion comparisons rely on objective quality assessments, i.e., bit rate differences for equal PSNR. The complexities of HM and JM have been profiled at the cycle level with Intel VTune on Intel Core 2 Duo processor. The coding efficiency of HEVC is drastically better than that of AVC. According to our experiments, the average bit rate decrements of HM MP over JM HiP are 23%, 35%, 40%, and 35% under the AI, RA, LB, and LP configurations, respectively. However, HM achieves its coding gain with a realistic overhead in complexity. Our profiling results show that the average software complexity ratios of HM MP and JM HiP encoders are 3.2× in the AI case, 1.2× in the RA case, 1.5× in the LB case, and 1.3× in the LP case. The respective ratios with HM MP and JM HiP decoders are 2.0×, 1.6×, 1.5×, and 1.4×. This paper also reveals the bottlenecks of HM codec and provides implementation guidelines for future real-time HEVC codecs.
A three-step method for the de-embedding of high-frequency S-parameter measurements (1991)

The authors propose a general method of deembedding S-parameter measurements of the device-under-test (DUT) for which typical parasitics associated with probe pads and interconnect-metal lines can be deembedded from the measurement. The DUT is the analog silicon bipolar junction transistor including the pad and interconnects. This method includes the subtraction of the parasitic shunt y-parameters of the on-wafer open calibration pattern as well as the subtraction of the parasitic series z-parameters on the on-wafer open circuit which are taken from measurements of the short and through circuits. It is demonstrated that the calculated power loss for the pad and interconnect parasitics can be comparable to the power consumption of the advanced bipolar transistor at high frequencies (>or=10 GHz). A knowledge of the magnitude and type of parasitic deembedding circuit elements can aid the device engineer in the analysis of the error associated with deembedding.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Development of Mn-Cu shape memory alloys for repair applications (1996)

Abstract Presented in this paper are the results of an investigation into the shape memory properties of Mn-Cu alloys. The martensite to austenite transformation temperature was observed to range from -200°C to 200°C. The transformation temperature was found to be heavily dependent upon the copper content of the alloy. Dynamical mechanical test results were used to identify the temperature and magnitude of the transformation. The effect of repeated temperature and load cycles on the shape memory effect was investigated. Initial results indicate that the thermal and mechanical processing history of the alloy are very important in obtaining repeatable and desirable properties from the alloy.
High‐frequency proximity heating for injection molding applications (2006)

Abstract High‐frequency proximity heating was used to rapidly heat injection molds. The principle is based on the proximity effect between a pair of mold inserts facing each other with a small gap and forming a high‐frequency electric loop. Because of the proximity effect, the high‐frequency current will flow at the inner surfaces of the facing pair, thus selectively heating the mold surface. With this method, the electrical insulation layer beneath the mold surface can be eliminated, resulting in a mold insert made of a single metal. A mold with a cavity of 25 × 50 mm 2 was constructed with careful design on its electrical, structural, and thermal performance. Air pockets with reinforcing ribs were embedded right beneath the mold surface for enhancing the heating performance. The resulting mold cavity can be rapidly heated from room temperature to about 240°C in 5 s with an apparent heating power of 93 W/cm 2 . The new mold heating method was applied to thin‐wall molding and micromolding, and in all testing cases, short cycle times less than a minute were achieved. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:938–945, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Threshold-pivoting in parallel Gaussian elimination for improved efficiency (1995)

The use of threshold pivoting with the purpose to reduce fill-in during sparse Gaussian elimination has been generally acknowledged. Here we describe the application of threshold pivoting in dense Gaussian elimination for improving the performance of a parallel implementation. We discuss the effect on the numerical stability and conclude that the consequences are only of minor importance as long as the threshold is not chosen too small. Keywords: Gaussian elimination, LU factorisation, threshold pivoting, parallel applications. 1 Introduction The Parallel Scientific Computing and Simulation group - PSCS group - is involved in many aspects of Scientific Computing, which to a &apos;working definition&apos; by Golub and Ortega can be described as: &quot;the collection of tools, techniques, and theories required to solve on a computer mathematical models of problems in science and engineering&quot; [4]. In many cases, these mathematical models contain (very) large linear systems; the size being determined by ...
Real-Time Distributed Control for Smart Electric Vehicle Chargers: From a Static to a Dynamic Study (2014)

At high penetrations, uncontrolled electric vehicle (EV) charging has the potential to cause line and transformer congestion in the distribution network. Instead of upgrading components to higher nameplate ratings, we investigate the use of real-time control to limit EV load to the available capacity in the network. Inspired by rate control algorithms in computer networks such as TCP, we design a measurement-based, real-time, distributed, stable, efficient, and fair charging algorithm using the dual-decomposition approach. We show through extensive numerical simulations and power flow analysis on a test distribution network that this algorithm operates successfully in both static and dynamic settings, despite changes in home loads and the number of connected EVs. We find that our algorithm rapidly converges from large disturbances to a stable operating point. We show that in a test setting, for an acceptable level of overload, only 70 EVs could be fully charged without control, whereas up to around 700 EVs can be fully charged using our control algorithm. This compares well with the maximum supportable population of approximately 900 EVs. Our work also provides engineering guidelines for choosing the control parameters and setpoints in a distribution network.
Young People’s Perceptions of Sexual Assault in Residential Care: “It Does Happen a Lot” (2020)

The Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse (the Royal Commission) examined child sexual abuse within a wide range of institutions that provide services to children, this included residential facilities. The current study (funded by the Royal Commission) considers young people's perception of safety in residential care; specifically, the current study attended to the voices of young people who spoke about sexual harassment and assault in qualitative interviews. Interviews were conducted with young people aged between 13 and 21 years who were or had recently been in residential care. Participants were asked for their perceptions of situations in a series of vignettes describing various levels and types of sexual assault and harassment. During these interviews, the young people in this study voluntarily reported known incidences of sexual assault and harassment in varying levels, perpetrated by workers, individuals outside of residential care, and peers within residential care. Sexual assault and harassment was discussed in heteronormative and gendered ways with young men seen as perpetrators and protectors, and young women seen as being vulnerable. Further, it was evident from this study, that there were varying responses to these situations from workers within the residential care facilities.
A hardware/software-concurrent JPEG2000 encoder (2005)

We implement a JPEG2000 encoder based on a hardware/software co-design methodology. We emphasize on the concurrent execution of hardware accelerator IPs and software running on the CPU. In an SOC platform, sequential hardware acceleration of DWT and EBCOT Tier-1 coding gives us 70% reduction in total execution time. The proposed concurrent scheme achieves additional 14% saving. We describe our experience in bringing up such a system.
Doppler Influence on Waveform Orthogonality in 79 GHz MIMO Phase-Coded Automotive Radar (2019)

Utilization of phase-coded waveforms in automotive MIMO radars for short to medium range applications is studied. Performances of three most-promising binary code families (Gold, APAS and ZCZ sequences) are compared. Design trade-offs of practical implementation of phased-coded waveforms for MIMO radar are analyzed for the first time for a possible future System on Chip implementation. Orthogonality of the waveforms in case of moving targets is analyzed. The implications of the code properties for the Range-Doppler map, as well as the Range-Angular map, are pointed out. Doppler frequency shift impact on such performance indicators as the target peak power and range sidelobe levels in the range-Doppler plane, as well as the range and azimuth sidelobe behavior, and the angular error in the azimuthal plane have been comprehensively studied for the first time. It is shown that the time-staggered transmit scheme with autocorrelation properties only (while introducing azimuthal errors) results in improved performance compared to code division multiplexing with auto- and cross-correlation properties.
[Effect of the action of rotary diamond instruments on the enamel and dentine. Scanning electron microscopic study]. (1983)

Mesio-occluso-distal cavities were prepared "in vitro" on human teeth using cylindrical diamond instruments of fine granulometry and operating at high and very high speeds. The surface states obtained on enamel and dentine were examined with scanning electron microscopy. The striae produced by these instruments appeared as well marked straight ridges and depressions the depths of which were higher than those produced by steel and tungsten carbide burs. Along cavo-surface angles, superficial prism fractures and/or border irregularities were visible, especially in relation to the cutting plane orientation versus the prism axes. A highly adhering smear layer on enamel walls was observed. The rotational direction of the diamond instruments did not appear to affect the quality of the cavo-surface box angles as it did for steel and tungsten carbide burs.
Siglec-15 as an Emerging Target for Next-generation Cancer Immunotherapy (2020)

Immunomodulatory agents blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway have shown a new way to treat cancer. The explanation underlying the success of these agents may be the selective expression of PD-L1 with dominant immune-suppressive activities in the tumor microenvironment (TME), supporting a more favorable tumor response-to-toxicity ratio. However, despite the big success of these drugs, most patients with cancer show primary or acquired resistance, calling for the identification of new immune modulators in the TME. Using a genome-scale T-cell activity array in combination with bioinformatic analysis of human cancer databases, we identified Siglec-15 as a critical immune suppressor with broad upregulation on various cancer types and a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. Siglec-15 has unique molecular features compared with many other known checkpoint inhibitory ligands. It shows prominent expression on macrophages and cancer cells and a mutually exclusive expression with PD-L1, suggesting that it may be a critical immune evasion mechanism in PD-L1-negative patients. Interestingly, Siglec-15 has also been identified as a key regulator for osteoclast differentiation and may have potential implications in bone disorders not limited to osteoporosis. Here, we provide an overview of Siglec-15 biology, its role in cancer immune regulation, the preliminary and encouraging clinical data related to the first-in-class Siglec-15 targeting mAb, as well as many unsolved questions in this pathway. As a new player in the cancer immunotherapeutic arena, Siglec-15 may represent a novel class of immune inhibitors with tumor-associated expression and divergent mechanisms of action to PD-L1, with potential implications in anti-PD-1/PD-L1-resistant patients.
Driving Rho GTPase activity in endothelial cells regulates barrier integrity (2009)

In the past decade understanding of the role of the Rho GTPases RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 has been developed from regulatory proteins that regulate specific actin cytoskeletal structures - stress fibers, lamellipodia and filopodia - to complex integrators of cytoskeletal structures that can exert multiple functions depending on the cellular context. Fundamental to these functions are three-dimensional complexes between the individual Rho GTPases, their specific activators (GEFs) and inhibitors (GDIs and GAPs), which greatly outnumber the Rho GTPases themselves, and additional regulatory proteins. By this complexity of regulation different vasoactive mediators can induce various cytoskeletal structures that enable the endothelial cell (EC) to respond adequately. In this review we have focused on this complexity and the consequences of Rho GTPase regulation for endothelial barrier function. The permeability inducers thrombin and VEGF are presented as examples of G-protein coupled receptor- and tyrosine kinase receptor-mediated Rho GTPase activation, respectively. These mediators induce complex but markedly different networks of activators, inhibitors and effectors of Rho GTPases, which alter the endothelial barrier function. An interesting feature in this regulation is that Rho GTPases often have both barrier-protecting and barrier-disturbing functions. While Rac1 enforces the endothelial junctions, it becomes part of a barrier-disturbing mechanism as activator of reactive oxygen species generating NADPH oxidase. Similarly RhoA is protective under basal conditions, but becomes involved in barrier dysfunction after activation of ECs by thrombin. The challenge and promise lies in unfolding this complex regulation, as this will provide leads for new therapeutic opportunities.
Modified Atmosphere Packaging to Maintain Direct‐Set Cottage Cheese Quality (1994)

ABSTRACT Direct‐set cottage cheese packaged in barrier containers was flushed with 100% CO 2 75% CO 2 :25% N 2 , 100% N 2, or air, and stored at 4°C for 28 days. Quality was assessed by sensory, microbiological, and chemical tests. No change was observed in headspace gas composition during storage. Psychrotrophic and lactic acid bacteria counts increased for air‐treated samples, but counts for cottage cheese packaged under modified atmospheres remained unchanged. Product discoloration was not observed. Acidity increased over storage life, but lactic acid did not contribute towards increased acidity. Sensory characteristics of cottage cheese packaged under modified atmospheres remained satisfactory after 28 days, with 100% CO 2 best.
Blood–Brain Barrier KCa3.1 Channels (2014)

BBB endothelial cells exhibit KCa3.1 protein and activity and pharmacological blockade of KCa3.1 seems to provide an effective therapeutic approach for reducing cerebral edema formation in the first 3 hours of ischemic stroke.
Effect of tocilizumab on clinical outcomes at 15 days in patients with severe or critical coronavirus disease 2019: randomised controlled trial (2021)

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04403685.
Research on Quality Cost Control Management Strategy of Engineering Project (2020)

For all engineering projects, ensuring that the quality of the project is okay will not only bring economic benefits and credibility to the enterprise, but also promote the development of the national economy. This article first analyzes and introduces the related theoretical concepts of quality cost control management. Second, it analyzes and analyzes the problems and deficiencies in quality cost management of engineering projects. Finally, according to the problems found, this paper proposes the corresponding aspects. The corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are of certain significance for the control and management of quality costs of similar projects in the future.
The human eye expresses high levels of CB1 cannabinoid receptor mRNA and protein (2000)

We used reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to detect the expression of the central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2, respectively) mRNA, and Western blotting to show the presence of the CB1 protein in subregions of the human eye. CB2 mRNA transcripts were undetectable, while levels of CB1 mRNA were significantly expressed in the human retina (25.8 +/- 2.46%), ciliary body (210 +/- 11.55%) and iris (62.7 +/- 5.94%) when compared with those of the normalizing reference gene beta2 microglobulin. The CB1 gene encodes a functional protein which is detected in its glycosylated (63 kDa) and unglycosylated (54 kDa) form in the same areas by a specific purified antibody raised against the amino terminus (residues 1-77) of the CB1 receptor. These results further support the proposed role of the CB1 receptor in controlling intraocular pressure, helping to explain the antiglaucoma properties of marijuana.
Antigenic similarity between plasma membrane proteins of fetal hamster cells and simian virus 40 tumor surface antigens. (1980)

Abstract Both simian virus 40 (SV40)-induced viral oncogenesis and the transplantation of SV40-transformed tumor cells in hamsters can be prevented by the immunization of animals with intact fetal cells from primiparous females. The fetal determinants responsible for inducing transplantation resistance are temporally expressed on the surface of intact embryonic cells through the 11th day of gestation and are no longer detectable thereafter by direct immunization techniques. We now report that crude plasma membrane preparations from both 10-day-old and 14-day-old fetal cells and 3 m KCl extracts of these membranes are capable of inducing similar protection in hamsters against a challenge with SV40-transformed hamster sarcoma cells. In addition, spleen cells from adult hamsters immunized against SV40 tumor surface antigens will undergo a proliferative response in vitro in the presence of homologous tumor cells and 10-day-old fetal cells but not 14-day-old fetal cells. These results confirm the observation that midgestation hamster embryo cells express antigen(s) that is cross-reactive with the tumor-associated transplantation antigen(s) on SV40-transformed hamster sarcoma cells. Splenocytes sensitized to SV40 tumor surface antigens will proliferate in the presence of the plasma membranes from hamster sarcoma cells, 10-day-old and 14-day-old fetal cells, or 3 m KCl extracts of these membranes. Such sensitized splenocytes will not proliferate in the presence of the intact heterologous chemically transformed tumor cells, their plasma membranes, or 3 m KCl extracts or their plasma membranes. These findings suggest that such fetal determinants reside cryptically within the membranes of term embryo tissue even though their antigenicity and immunogenicity is restricted.
Research Review (2014)

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