gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Probing the dynamics of nanoparticle formation from a precursor at atomic resolution (2019)

Control of reduction kinetics and nucleation processes is key in materials synthesis. However, understanding of the reduction dynamics in the initial stages is limited by the difficulty of imaging chemical reactions at the atomic scale; the chemical precursors are prone to reduction by the electron beams needed to achieve atomic resolution. Here, we study the reduction of a solid-state Pt precursor compound in an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope by combining low-dose and in situ imaging. The beam-sensitive Pt precursor, K<sub>2</sub>PtCl<sub>4</sub>, is imaged at atomic resolution, enabling determination of individual (K, Pt, Cl) atoms. The transformation to Pt nanoclusters is captured in real time, showing a three-stage reaction including the breaking of the ionic bond, formation of PtCl<sub>2</sub>, and the reduction of the dual-valent Pt to Pt metal. Deciphering the atomic-scale transformation of chemicals in real time using combined low-dose and in situ imaging brings new possibility to study reaction kinetics in general.
Near re-entrant dense pattern optical multipass cell (2023)

A multiple pass optical cell and method comprising providing a pair of opposed mirrors, one cylindrical and one spherical, introducing light into the cell via an entrance mechanism, and extracting light from the cell via an exit mechanism, wherein the entrance mechanism and exit mechanism are coextensive or non-coextensive.
<title>Crystallographic engineering in high-performance piezoelectric crystals</title> (1999)

Crystallographic engineering, a concept to utilize crystal anisotropy as well as an engineered domain configuration, resulted in significant enhancement in piezoelectric activity for normal ferroelectric BaTiO<SUB>3</SUB> crystals. Electromechanical couplings (k<SUB>33</SUB>) approximately 85 percent and piezoelectric coefficients (d<SUB>33</SUB>) as high as 500 pC/N, higher or comparable to those of lead based ceramics such as PZT and significantly larger than those of tetragonal BaTiO<SUB>3</SUB> crystals, were detected from crystallographically engineered orthorhombic BaTiO<SUB>3</SUB> crystals. Orthorhombic BaTiO<SUB>3</SUB> phase could be stabilized by Zr-doping at room temperature and enhanced electromechanical coupling (k<SUB>33</SUB>) approximately 75 percent was detected also by using crystallographic engineering. Macroscopic symmetry was suggested for <001> poled rhombohedral (3m) and orthorhombic (2mm) crystals, based on the engineered domain configuration.
Low-temperature Storage of Garlic for Spring Planting (2004)

Garlic bulbs ( Allium sativum L.) harvested in the summer are often stored at room temperature between the time of harvest and curing and either consumption or planting in the fall. The quality of these bulbs usually deteriorates dramatically by 6 months after harvest. Garlic bulbs were placed at -3, 0, or 5 °C for ≈6 months to determine if bulbs could be maintained for spring planting. Response to cold-storage conditions was cultivar dependent. We found that most cured garlic bulbs stored at -3 °C for 6 months successfully formed cloves within bulbs when planted in the following spring. Unlike the high-quality bulbs formed after -3 °C storage, bulbs stored at 0 °C for 6 months often formed side cloves and had loose wrappers. In another study, garlic bulbs stored at 0, 5, 15, or 23 °C exhibited a higher rate of shoot elongation within the cloves during storage than bulbs stored at -3 °C. After 9 months of -3 °C storage, bulbs then held at room temperature retained the quality characteristics of freshly harvested garlic (firmness, taste) for at least 2 months. These studies suggest that cured garlic can be spring planted and consumed year-round when bulbs are stored at -3 °C.
PAPNET analysis of reportedly negative smears preceding the diagnosis of a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or carcinoma. (1994)

One hundred fourteen cervical smears obtained from 18 women developing biopsy-proven high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and two with invasive squamous carcinomas were analyzed by two pathologists using the PAPNET neural network-based automated screening system (PAPNET Analyses A and B). The smears were originally reported as negative and had been previously rescreened and reclassified according to The Bethesda System. Using the PAPNET video displays of 128 potentially abnormal cellular images per smear, each reviewer (PAPNET A and B) determined whether a smear required conventional rescreening. Results of the PAPNET triage were compared with the reclassification diagnoses of the smears by conventional microscopy. PAPNET Analysis A selected eight (14%) smears reclassified as negative, 25 (69%) as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, and 15 (71%) as squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) for rescreening. In PAPNET Analysis A, two (10%) SILs were not selected for rescreening, and four (19%) were considered unsatisfactory for analysis. PAPNET Analysis B selected 21 (37%) smears reclassified as negative, 25 (69%) as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, and 18 (86%) as SIL for review. In PAPNET Analysis B, two (10%) SILs were missed, and one (5%) smear was unsatisfactory for analysis. Each PAPNET analysis selected smears for rescreening in 19 (95%) of 20 patients and detected SILs in 10 patients that were missed in the original screening. Using PAPNET, SILs would have been detected a median of 56 months (PAPNET A) and 62 months (PAPNET B) before their actual discovery. These preliminary data suggest that PAPNET may help detect SILs missed in routine cytologic screening.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
RF IC design challenges (2002)

This paper describes the challenges in designing RF integrated circuits for wireless transceiver applications. Receiver architectures such as heterodyne, homodyne, and image-reject topologies are presented and two transmitter architectures, namely, one-step and two-step configurations are studied. The design of building blocks such as low-noise amplifiers, mixers, and oscillators is also considered.
FFT Processor for OFDM Channel Estimation (2007)

Pilot-assisted channel estimation for communication systems employing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulation requires significant signal processing at the receiver if the correlation among the frequency-domain channel coefficients is to be exploited in order to improve accuracy. In this work, a conventional FFT processor is extended to support all operations required by a selected channel estimation algorithm, so that both OFDM de/modulation and channel estimation can be efficiently performed on the same hardware unit. The silicon complexity of the extended processor, which was prototyped in a real-time testbed using FPGAs, is compared to a conventional FFT processor.
Log-linear Combinations of Monolingual and Bilingual Neural Machine Translation Models for Automatic Post-Editing (2016)

This paper describes the submission of the AMU (Adam Mickiewicz University) team to the Automatic Post-Editing (APE) task of WMT 2016. We explore the application of neural translation models to the APE problem and achieve good results by treating different models as components in a log-linear model, allowing for multiple inputs (the MT-output and the source) that are decoded to the same target language (post-edited translations). A simple string-matching penalty integrated within the log-linear model is used to control for higher faithfulness with regard to the raw machine translation output. To overcome the problem of too little training data, we generate large amounts of artificial data. Our submission improves over the uncorrected baseline on the unseen test set by -3.2% TER and +5.5% BLEU and outperforms any other system submitted to the shared-task by a large margin.
Recent Advances in Photoalignment Liquid Crystal Polarization Gratings and Their Applications (2021)

Liquid crystal (LC) circular polarization gratings (PGs), also known as Pancharatnam–Berry (PB) phase deflectors, are diffractive waveplates with linearly changed optical anisotropy axes. Due to the high diffraction efficiency, polarization selectivity character, and simple fabrication process, photoalignment LC PGs have been widely studied and developed especially in polarization management and beam split. In this review paper, we analyze the physical principles, show the exposure methods and fabrication process, and present relevant promising applications in photonics and imaging optics.
Mechanism of Photogenerated Reactive Oxygen Species and Correlation with the Antibacterial Properties of Engineered Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles (2012)

Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the most important antibacterial mechanisms of engineered nanoparticles (NPs). To elucidate the ROS generation mechanisms, we investigated the ROS production kinetics of seven selected metal-oxide NPs and their bulk counterparts under UV irradiation (365 nm). The results show that different metal oxides had distinct photogenerated ROS kinetics. Particularly, TiO(2) nanoparticles and ZnO nanoparticles generated three types of ROS (superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, and singlet oxygen), whereas other metal oxides generated only one or two types or did not generate any type of ROS. Moreover, NPs yielded more ROS than their bulk counterparts likely due to larger surface areas of NPs providing more absorption sites for UV irradiation. The ROS generation mechanism was elucidated by comparing the electronic structures (i.e., band edge energy levels) of the metal oxides with the redox potentials of various ROS generation, which correctly interpreted the ROS generation of most metal oxides. To develop a quantitative relationship between oxidative stress and antibacterial activity of NPs, we examined the viability of E. coli cells in aqueous suspensions of NPs under UV irradiation, and a linear correlation was found between the average concentration of total ROS and the bacterial survival rates (R(2) = 0.84). Although some NPs (i.e., ZnO and CuO nanoparticles) released toxic ions that partially contributed to their antibacterial activity, this correlation quantitatively linked ROS production capability of NPs to their antibacterial activity as well as shed light on the applications of metal-oxide NPs as potential antibacterial agents.
Capsaicin 8% patch versus oral pregabalin in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain (2015)

The capsaicin 8% patch provided non-inferior pain relief to an optimized dose of pregabalin in PNP, with a faster onset of action, fewer systemic side effects and greater treatment satisfaction.
Photoluminescence of CdSe Nanoparticles in the Presence of a Hole Acceptor:  <i>n</i>-Butylamine (2001)

Addition of butylamine to a solution of colloidal CdSe nanoparticles (NPs) caused a decrease in fluorescence intensity, with no effect on the picosecond bleach recovery of the exciton formation or on the luminescence dynamics. The relative fluorescence quantum yield was found to decrease with increasing butylamine concentration and to level off at high concentrations, but the fluorescence lifetimes were not influenced. The nonlinear concentration dependence of the fluorescence quantum yield did not follow the Stern−Volmer equation. This is in agreement with the observation that the CdSe luminescence lifetime was not affected by the addition of butylamine. A mechanism is proposed in which the emission observed in CdSe is assumed to result from the combination of surface-trapped electrons and holes. n-Butylamine occupies hole sites, thus blocking the recombination process, which results in decreasing the density of luminescent centers. These results will be discussed in terms of the nature of the binding sites of the amine on the nanoparticle surface.
The Potential of super absorbent polymers from diaper wastes to enhance water retention properties of the soil (2020)

The management of disposable diapers is a major problem. Moreover, light-textured soils are characterized by low water holding capacity and excessive drainage, thus significant portion of irrigation water is lost below the root zone. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the potential of recycling disposable baby diapers to conserve soil moisture in light-textures soils. The water absorbency [water absorption capacity (WAC) and water absorption rate (WAR)] of the recovered Super absorbent polymers (SAPs), from diapers, was evaluated and described under different ionic solute strengths (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 dS m -1 ) at different time periods. Additionally, several swelling measurements of the SAPs were determined when added to sandy clay loam soil using different levels [0.0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.6% (w/w)] for five rewetting cycles (over a period of 6 months). As the swelling time increased, the WAC increased, while WAR decreased. However, both WAC and WAR were reduced as the solution salinity increased. The recovered SAPs exhibited WAC of 311.0 and 111.0 g g -1 in solution of 0.0 and 3.0 dS m -1 , respectively. Polynomials functions were used to calculate the equilibrium time and threshold solute concentration for the SAPs. The average equilibrium time was 4.5 minutes and the threshold solute concentration was 2.78 dS m -1 . At SAPs concentration of 1.6%, the water retained by the soil increased by 2.6 folds. The specific amount of water retained (SWR) by SAPs in the SAPs-soil mixture was decreased with repeating wetting, thus, after 6 months, the average WHC of the soil was decreased by 14% compared to initial wetting. The recycling of baby diapers might have a great potential to conserve soil moisture in light soils using water of good quality. However, since the SAPs in diapers are Na + based, further research is needed to explorer the impact of such treatment on soil chemical properties.
Motion vector size-compensation based method for very low bit-rate video coding (2000)

In this paper, a new method to achieve better compression efficiency in low bit-rate video coding is proposed. It is based on a global bit-rate reduction at a macroblock level, optimizing the number of bits to code each macroblock as a whole by means of motion vector and headers size compensation. The selection of the best motion vector and different coding modes for each block of the current picture is made depending not only on trying to choose the best prediction for the block, but also on the number of bits to code the associate headers, introducing some kind of penalization in the cost function. This method improves efficiency in video compression for all qualities, but especially for low-quality video coding, whose efficiency improvement can reach 17%. Its implementation is simple, and compatible with mast video-compression standards (H.263, MPEG, etc.). Results of the algorithm in a state-of-the-art H.263+ codec are presented, and demonstrate that the efficiency enhancement is achieved with minimal time-processing increase, and even decrease, in some conditions.
Unsupervised incremental learning for improved object detection in a video (2012)

Most common approaches for object detection collect thousands of training examples and train a detector in an offline setting, using supervised learning methods, with the objective of obtaining a generalized detector that would give good performance on various test datasets. However, when an offline trained detector is applied on challenging test datasets, it may fail in some cases by not being able to detect some objects or by producing false alarms. We propose an unsupervised multiple instance learning (MIL) based incremental solution to deal with this issue. We introduce an MIL loss function for Real Adaboost and present a tracking based effective unsupervised online sample collection mechanism to collect the online samples for incremental learning. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by improving the performance of a state of the art offline trained detector on the challenging datasets for pedestrian category.
Multilayer Construction with Various Ceramic Films for Electronic Devices Fabricated by Aerosol Deposition (2006)

Aerosol deposition (AD) is applicable as a fabrication technology for microstructures comprising different materials. We used this method for electronic devices that consist of ceramic films and metal electrodes. Various ceramic thick films (5–50 μm thickness), for example, Al 2 O 3 , 2MgO·SiO 2 , and BaTiO 3 , were deposited on substrates using room‐temperature aerosol deposition. The dielectric constant of BaTiO 3 was 78 at 1 MHz. Multilayer constructions with ceramic films and copper electrodes were obtained using aerosol deposition and sputtering. During deposition, photoresist film masks were applied to produce patterns of ceramic films and connections between upper and lower electrodes through the ceramic films.
Deep Variation Autoencoder with Topic Information for Text Similarity (2018)

Representation learning is an essential process in the text similarity task. The methods based on neural variational inference first learn the semantic representation of the texts, then measure the similarity of these texts by calculating the cosine similarity of their representations. However, it is not generally desirable that using the neural network simply to learn semantic representation as it cannot capture the rich semantic information completely. Considering that the similarity of context information reflects the similarity of text pairs in most cases, we integrate the topic information into a stacked variational autoencoder in process of text representation learning. The improved text representations are used in text similarity calculation. Experiment result shows that our approach obtains the state-of-art performance.
Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid controlled delivery of disulfiram to target liver cancer stem-like cells (2016)

Disulfiram (DS), an anti-alcoholism drug, shows very strong cytotoxicity in many cancer types. However its clinical application in cancer treatment is limited by the very short half-life in the bloodstream. In this study, we developed a poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-encapsulated DS protecting DS from the degradation in the bloodstream. The newly developed DS-PLGA was characterized. The DS-PLGA has very satisfactory encapsulation efficiency, drug-loading content and controlled release rate in vitro. PLGA encapsulation extended the half-life of DS from shorter than 2minutes to 7hours in serum. In combination with copper, DS-PLGA significantly inhibited the liver cancer stem cell population. CI-isobologram showed a remarkable synergistic cytotoxicity between DS-PLGA and 5-FU or sorafenib. It also demonstrated very promising anticancer efficacy and antimetastatic effect in liver cancer mouse model. Both DS and PLGA are FDA approved products for clinical application. Our study may lead to repositioning of DS into liver cancer treatment.
Jubail lndustrial City Railway - Short Distances, Large Volumes (2008)

Jubail Industrial City is located on the eastern coast of Saudi Arabia. Rapid development of the industrial facilities within the city is expected to occur over the next 20 years, potentially quadrupling the solid product output. The Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu (RC) are looking to facilitate this development by the construction of an industrial railway to serve the industries and the adjacent King Fahd Industrial Port (KFIP) and Jubail Commercial Port (JCP). This will coincide with planned developments of Saudi Arabia's railway network that includes the construction of the Saudi landbridge from Riyadh to Jeddah and a link from Dammam to Jubail. This paper examines the freight task presented by the needs of the Individual industries within the city and how rail can be Implemented to meet these needs. The challenge of the integration of rail alignment planning Within existing and future Infrastructure is addressed, with the definition of operational requirements for the railway, and the definition of infrastructure and rolling stock to meet the task. In addition, the economic aspects of the implementation of the railway are discussed. This paper concludes with a summary of the key success factors in the concept planning of the railway, and that such a railway is becoming increasingly viable with the expanding regional network.
Deep Learning for mmWave Beam and Blockage Prediction Using Sub-6 GHz Channels (2020)

Predicting the millimeter wave (mmWave) beams and blockages using sub-6 GHz channels has the potential of enabling mobility and reliability in scalable mmWave systems. Prior work has focused on extracting spatial channel characteristics at the sub-6 GHz band and then use them to reduce the mmWave beam training overhead. This approach still requires beam refinement at mmWave and does not normally account for the different dielectric properties at the different bands. In this paper, we first prove that under certain conditions, there exist mapping functions that can predict the optimal mmWave beam and blockage status directly from the sub-6 GHz channel. These mapping functions, however, are hard to characterize analytically which motivates exploiting deep neural network models to learn them. For that, we prove that a large enough neural network can predict mmWave beams and blockages with success probabilities that can be made arbitrarily close to one. Then, we develop a deep learning model and empirically evaluate its beam/blockage prediction performance using a publicly available dataset. The results show that the proposed solution can predict the mmWave blockages with more than 90% success probability and can predict the optimal mmWave beams to approach the upper bounds while requiring no beam training overhead.
Early detection of COPD in primary care: screening by invitation of smokers aged 40 to 55 years. (2004)

This method of inviting relatively young smokers selected a population of smokers with a high incidence of COPD, and may be one way of identifying smokers with COPD in the early stages.