gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Effect of Employing Inflow Control Devices on the Injection Well on the SAGD Process Efficiency Using an Integrated Production Modeling (2018)

Abstract Hot steam preparation for so long as of in the Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) process has proved very costly. The "Fort McMurray" reservoir in Alberta, as a large Canadian heavy oil resource, has undergone SAGD, to reach acceptable production rates. The published data was used to investigate new methods, such as that introduced in this paper, for further enhancing this popular heavy oil recovery method. Lack of a uniform steam distribution along the horizontal injection well has demonstrated itself as a major challenge since a considerable portion of hot steam enters the reservoir through perforations near the heel. Thus, regions connected to the toe section of the well do not receive the heat required for equally reducing the heavy oil viscosity. On the other hands, Inflow Control Devices (ICDs) have been used successfully to create a uniform pressure distribution along horizontal wells by providing an extra pressure against the fluid flow near the wellbore. This paper is aimed at conducting the simulation of injection/production systems in the SAGD process on the "Fort McMurray" reservoir. Three scenarios were defined to accurately investigate the effect of employing ICDs on the cumulative oil production as the objective function. The first scenario was designed and run with only one production well to highlight reservoir's poor ability in naturally delivering the oil to the surface. In the second scenario, an injection well was introduced through which hot steam was to be injected, to simulate the SAGD process and in the final case; this injection well was equipped with ICDs. Finally, results indicated a dramatic rise from 3.96 to 6.39 MMSTB in the cumulative oil production as a consequence of implementing ICDs in the injection well in the end of the injection/production period. Moreover, the recovery factor, initially was equal to 40.5%, was improved to 65.2%. Toe temperature, as another parameter to be monitored, experienced an increase of almost 75 °F and reached 400 °F following the use of these devices. In this study, ICDs that had been mostly used in production wells, were utilized to make a smart injection well in the SAGD process which according to simulation results, were successful. Moreover, an integrated production modeling approach saw the reservoir, wells and surface facilities taken into account simultaneously to monitor the effect of interaction of different parts of the production system on eachother.
Brain Enzyme Levels in CSF after Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation in Dogs: Markers of Damage and Predictors of Outcome (1988)

Levels of brain creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LD) in CSF after cardiac arrest were studied in dog models. Ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest lasting 10 min or asphyxiation cardiac arrest lasting 0-10 min was followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation and 96-h intensive care. Outcome was scored as neurologic deficit (0% = normal, 100% = brain death) and overall performance category (1 = normal, 5 = death). Both measures correlated with EEG return time after asphyxiation cardiac arrest, but not after ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Peak activity of enzymes in CSF at 48-72 h post arrest correlated with outcome, and CK was the best predictor. Brain histopathologic damage score at autopsy 96 h post arrest correlated with CK level in CSF (r = 0.79, n = 39) and neurologic deficit (r = 0.70, n = 50). Ischemic neuronal changes occurred after ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest of 10 min, and neuronal changes plus microinfarcts occurred after asphyxiation cardiac arrest of 1.5-10 min. Brain enzymes were decreased at 6 h post arrest in regions with worst histologic damage (gray matter of neocortex, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, cerebellum). Brain CK decreased further, ASAT remained low, and LD increased at 72 h after arrest. The temporal changes in CK level paralleled the temporal ischemic neuronal changes in the brain, and time to peak activity was unaffected by the severity of the ischemic insult. Peak activity of individual enzymes in CSF was determined predominantly by the brain concentration, but was also influenced by rate of decomposition. This "chemical brain biopsy method" represents a useful adjunctive tool to predict permanent, severe brain damage during comatose states after cardiac arrest and resuscitation.
Construction of leaky strains and extracellular production of exogenous proteins in recombinant <scp> <i>E</i> </scp> <i>scherichia coli</i> (2014)

In this study, a strategy of the construction of leaky strains for the extracellular production of target proteins was exploited, in which the genes mrcA, mrcB, pal and lpp (as a control) from Escherichia coli were knocked out by using single- and/or double-gene deletion methods. Then the recombinant strains for the expression of exogenous target proteins including Trx-hPTH (human parathyroid hormone 1-84 coupled with thioredoxin as a fusion partner) and reteplase were reconstructed to test the secretory efficiency of the leaky strains. Finally, the fermentation experiments of the target proteins from these recombinant leaky strains were carried out in basic media (Modified R media) and complex media (Terrific Broth media) in flasks or fermenters. The results demonstrated that the resultant leaky strains were genetically stable and had a similar growth profile in the complex media as compared with the original strain, and the secretory levels of target proteins into Modified R media from the strains with double-gene deletion (up to 88.9%/mrcA lpp-pth) are higher than the excretory levels from the strains with single-gene deletion (up to 71.1%/lpp-pth) and the host E. coli JM109 (DE3) (near zero). The highest level of extracellular production of Trx-hPTH in fermenters is up to 680 mg l(-1).
Evaluation of CNS activity of<i>Bramhi Ghrita</i> (2005)

OBJECTIVE: To eavaluate the CNS activity of Bramhi Ghrita, a polyherbal formulation containing <i>Bacopa monneri, Evolvulus alsinoids, Acorus calamus, Saussurea lappa</i> and <i>cow's ghee</i>. <br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of Bramhi Ghrita on motor coordination, behavior, sleep, convulsions, locomotion and analgesia was evaluated in mice using standard procedures. <br>RESULTS: The formulation exhibited reduced alertness, spontaneous locomotor activity and reactivity. It also antagonized the behavioral effects of d-amphetamine, potentiated the pentobarbitone-induced sleep and increased the pain threshold. Bramhi Ghrita protected mice from maximum electroshock and pentylene tetrazole-induced convulsions. <br>
Assessing the Essentiality of Leishmania donovani Nitroreductase and Its Role in Nitro Drug Activation (2012)

The nitroimidazole fexinidazole has potential as a safe and effective oral drug therapy for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. To date, nitroheterocyclics have not been used in the treatment of leishmaniasis, and relatively little is known about their mechanism of action. In African trypanosomes, nitro drugs are reductively activated by a type I nitroreductase (NTR), absent in mammalian cells. Modulation of nitroreductase levels in Trypanosoma brucei directly affected sensitivity to nitro compounds, with reduced concentrations of the enzyme leading to moderate nitro drug resistance. In view of the progression of fexinidazole into clinical development for visceral leishmaniasis, here we assess the essentiality of the nitroreductase in Leishmania donovani and the effect of modulating nitroreductase levels on susceptibility to fexinidazole. The failure to directly replace both endogenous copies of the NTR gene, except in the presence of an ectopic copy of the gene, suggests that the NTR gene is essential for the growth and survival of L. donovani promastigotes. Loss of a single chromosomal copy of the L. donovani NTR gene resulted in parasites that were mildly resistant (<2-fold) to the predominant in vivo metabolite of fexinidazole, while parasites overexpressing NTR were 18-fold more susceptible. These data confirm that Leishmania NTR plays a pivotal role in fexinidazole activation. Reliance on a single enzyme for prodrug activation may leave fexinidazole vulnerable to the emergence of drug resistance. However, the essentiality of the NTR in L. donovani promastigotes, combined with the limited resistance shown by NTR single knockout cells, suggests that the potential for the spread of NTR-based resistance to fexinidazole may be limited.
A helicopter powertrain diagnostics and prognostics demonstration (2002)

The SH-60 Helicopter Integrated Diagnostic System (HIDS) program was initiated as a proof-of-concept effort to develop, demonstrate, and integrate available and advanced mechanical diagnostic technologies for propulsion and power drive system monitoring. Included in these technologies were various rule based and model based analysis techniques which were applied to demonstrate and validate various levels of diagnostic and prognostic capabilities. These will be discussed. Since spalling of the SB 2205 roller bearing integral inner race is the most common dynamic component cause for gearbox removal in the SH-60, it was tested as part of the HIDS effort. Using this as a case example, diagnostic methods are used to identify the fault, and means of applying prognostics are discussed. Other more recent examples of "seeded faults" are also discussed as case studies demonstrating various degrees of diagnostic and prognostic capabilities. Relative rating of the performance of the different analysis techniques evaluated will also be discussed. As used in this paper, prognostics is the capability to provide early detection of the precursor and/or incipient fault condition to a component or sub-element failure condition; and to have the technology and means to manage and predict the progression of this fault condition to component failure. This prognostic philosophy is further embellished; using examples from the HIDS past and current "seeded fault" data base to define accomplishments and discuss additional demonstration requirements. Finally, a full description, major accomplishments, status and planned efforts for the current Helicopter Transmission Test Facility (HTTF) are presented.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of Isoquinolines via Nickel-Catalyzed Annulation of 2-Iodobenzaldimines with Alkynes:  Evidence for Dual Pathways of Alkyne Insertion (2005)

[reaction: see text] A wide range of substituted isoquinolines were synthesized via a highly efficient nickel-catalyzed annulation of the tert-butyl imines of 2-iodobenzaldehydes and various alkynes; examination of the regiochemistry of isoquinolines synthesized indicates that there are two different alkyne insertion pathways for the catalytic reactions.
Biological Dressings in Burns—A Review (1980)

A history of the development of the various biological dressings is presented. Substances currently in use--homografts, heterografts (including amniotic membranes), collagen-based dressings, and synthetic films--are reviewed in terms of their indications for use, method of application, future, and advantages and disadvantages.
An Activated Protein C Analog With Reduced Anticoagulant Activity Extends the Therapeutic Window of Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Ischemic Stroke in Rodents (2012)

The 3K3A-APC extends the therapeutic window of tPA for ischemic stroke in rodents. Therefore, this combination therapy also should be considered for treating stroke in humans.
Generation of optimal parting direction based on undercut features in injection molded parts (1999)

An algorithm has been developed for the automated recognition of undercut features for determining the optimal parting direction of injection molded parts. On the basis of the 3-D solid model of a molded part described in Boundary Representation (B-Rep), the geometrical entities and the information of a solid model and their topological relationships are extracted. According to these information, the criteria under which the undercut feature is formed are set up and the undercut feature directions (the withdrawal directions of side-cores or side-cavities) are identified. The optimal parting direction is chosen based on the criterion of maximizing undercut feature volumes in each undercut feature group. Through the case studies on industrial parts, the methodology developed is found to be efficient and effective in determining the undercut features and the optimal parting direction automatically.mining the optimal parting direction of injection molded parts. On the basis of the 3-D solid model of a molded part described in Boundary Representation (B-Rep), the geometrical entities and the information of a solid model and their topological relationships are extracted. According to these information, the criteria under which the undercut feature is formed are set up and the undercut feature directions (the withdrawal directions of side-cores or side-cavities) are identified. The optimal parting direction is chosen based on the criterion of maximizing undercut feature volumes in each undercut feature group. Through the case studies on industrial parts, the methodology developed is found to be efficient and effective in determining the undercut features and the optimal parting direction automatically.
Implications of isoform multiplicity of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in the pathogenesis of auditory-pigmentary syndromes. (1999)

Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is the human homolog of a basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper protein (Mitf), encoded by the mouse microphthalmia locus. Mutations in the MITF gene have been identified in some patients with Waardenburg syndrome type 2 (WS2), which is a dominantly inherited disorder, characterized by varying combinations of sensorineural hearing loss and pigmentary disturbances. Furthermore, mice with mutations at the Mitf locus are associated with various phenotypes, such as white coat color, small eyes, a deficiency in mast cells, and osteopetrosis. Thus, MITF/Mitf may play an important role in differentiation of melanocytes and some other cell types. Recently we have identified two MITF isoforms with extended amino-termini, MITF-A and MITF-H. Both isoforms possess unique amino-termini that are different from the amino-terminus of the originally identified melanocyte-specific MITF (MITF-M). MITF-M mRNA is exclusively expressed in melanocytes and pigmented melanoma cells, whereas MITF-A and MITF-H mRNA are widely expressed in many cell types, including retinal pigment epithelium. Transient transfection assays suggested that these isoforms possess differential transactivation capacity. It is therefore conceivable that the previously identified mutations may alter the functions of not only MITF-M but also MITF-A and MITF-H. Possible implications of the MITF isoform multiplicity in the pathogenesis of auditory-pigmentary disorders are discussed.
Systematic computation with functional gene-sets among leukemic and hematopoietic stem cells reveals a favorable prognostic signature for acute myeloid leukemia (2015)

The proposed algorithms and computational framework will harness systems biology research because they efficiently translate gene-sets (rather than single genes) into biological discoveries about AML and other complex diseases.
Electron field emission from SiC/Si heterostructures synthesized by carbon implantation using a metal vapor vacuum arc ion source (1998)

A remarkably low turn-on field of about 1 V/μm has been observed in electron field emission from planar SiC/Si heterostructures formed by high dose C implantation into Si using a metal vapor vacuum arc ion source. An implant energy of 35 keV was used to a dose of 1.0×1018 ions/cm2 with subsequent annealing in nitrogen at 1200 °C for 2 h. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that a thin surface stoichiometric SiC layer, with a thickness of about 150 nm, had been formed. Atomic force microscopy showed that there are densely distributed small protrusions formed on the surface. The formation of a thin surface stoichiometric SiC layer and the formation of densely distributed small protrusions on the surface are believed to be the two factors responsible for the efficient electron field emission.
3D architecture of Ductal Carcinoma in situ from image reconstructions (2012)

Ductal Carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a pre-invasive carcinoma of the breast that exhibits several distinct morphologies. The staging of the disease is often based on 2-dimensional (2D) slices from tissue samples stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Therefore, much of the 3-dimensional (3D) structure of the carcinoma is unknown. We develop a method for producing 3D reconstructions of DCIS specimens from serial sections. This includes an alignment, duct segmentation, cribra segmentation and 3D reconstruction method. Our results show that there are different 3D architectures of cribriform DCIS classified by 2D histological slices. We conclude that the 3D morphology of the disease is complex and may provide additional clinical information than the classical 2D approach.
Textural Properties of Mozzarella Cheese Analogs Manufactured from Soybeans (1982)

ABSTRACT Mozzarella cheese analogs were produced from soybeans or soy protein products, gelatin, gum arabic and other ingredients. The method for production of the cheese analog consisted of the following: (1) mixing at controlled temperatures to obtain a homogeneous mass, and (2) tempering at a temperature of 4°C for 24 hr. Several analog formulations were evaluated and the factors such as pH, fat content, salt content, influencing textural characteristics were studied with an Instron Universal testing machine and a modified Weissenberg test. The physical and functional properties of the final product were found to be similar to those of natural mozzarella cheese (low moisture part‐skim) tested and evaluated with the same experimental methods.
Female mice lacking cholecystokinin 1 receptors have compromised neurogenesis, and fewer dopaminergic cells in the olfactory bulb (2013)

Neurogenesis in the adult rodent brain is largely restricted to the subependymal zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG). We examined whether cholecystokinin (CCK) through actions mediated by CCK1 receptors (CCK1R) is involved in regulating neurogenesis. Proliferating cells in the SVZ, measured by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) injected 2 h prior to death or by immunoreactivity against Ki67, were reduced by 37 and 42%, respectively, in female (but not male) mice lacking CCK1Rs (CCK1R(-/-)) compared to wild-type (WT). Generation of neuroblasts in the SVZ and rostral migratory stream (RMS) was also affected, since the number of doublecortin (DCX)-immunoreactive (ir) neuroblasts in these regions decreased by 29%. In the SGZ of female CCK1R(-/-) mice, BrdU-positive (+), and Ki67-ir cells were reduced by 38 and 56%, respectively, while DCX-ir neuroblasts were down 80%. Subsequently, the effect of reduced SVZ/SGZ proliferation on the generation and survival of mature adult-born cells in female CCK1R(-/-) mice was examined. In the OB granule cell layer (GCL), the number of neuronal nuclei (NeuN)-ir and calretinin-ir cells was stable compared to WT, and 42 days after BrdU injections, the number of BrdU+ cells co-expressing GABA- or NeuN-like immunoreactivity (LI) was similar. Compared to WT, the granule cell layer of the DG in female CCK1R(-/-) mice had a similar number of calbindin-ir cells and BrdU+ cells co-expressing calbindin-LI 42 days after BrdU injections. However, the OB glomerular layer (GL) of CCK1R(-/-) female mice had 11% fewer NeuN-ir cells, 23% less TH-ir cells, and a 38% and 29% reduction in BrdU+ cells that co-expressed TH-LI or GABA-LI, respectively. We conclude that CCK, via CCK1Rs, is involved in regulating the generation of proliferating cells and neuroblasts in the adult female mouse brain, and mechanisms are in place to maintain steady neuronal populations in the OB and DG when the rate of proliferation is altered.
Enhanced Positioning Algorithm of ARPS for Improving Accuracy and Expanding Service Coverage (2016)

The airborne relay-based positioning system (ARPS), which employs the relaying of navigation signals, was proposed as an alternative positioning system. However, the ARPS has limitations, such as relatively large vertical error and service restrictions, because firstly, the user position is estimated based on airborne relays that are located in one direction, and secondly, the positioning is processed using only relayed navigation signals. In this paper, we propose an enhanced positioning algorithm to improve the performance of the ARPS. The main idea of the enhanced algorithm is the adaptable use of either virtual or direct measurements of reference stations in the calculation process based on the structural features of the ARPS. Unlike the existing two-step algorithm for airborne relay and user positioning, the enhanced algorithm is divided into two cases based on whether the required number of navigation signals for user positioning is met. In the first case, where the number of signals is greater than four, the user first estimates the positions of the airborne relays and its own initial position. Then, the user position is re-estimated by integrating a virtual measurement of a reference station that is calculated using the initial estimated user position and known reference positions. To prevent performance degradation, the re-estimation is performed after determining its requirement through comparing the expected position errors. If the navigation signals are insufficient, such as when the user is outside of airborne relay coverage, the user position is estimated by additionally using direct signal measurements of the reference stations in place of absent relayed signals. The simulation results demonstrate that a higher accuracy level can be achieved because the user position is estimated based on the measurements of airborne relays and a ground station. Furthermore, the service coverage is expanded by using direct measurements of reference stations for user positioning.
Explorative Data Analysis: from machine learning to discovery support systems (2009)

Classic Data Analysis is based on the assumption that the type of models or patterns sought for – such as association rules or decision trees – is known in advance. In reality, however, users often do not have sufficient insights into the underlying system to be able to limit the choice of models appropriately before the data analysis process begins. Worse, still, the users often do not even know what types of patterns they would consider interesting.