gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CD4+ T Cells Are Not Required for the Induction of Dengue Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cell or Antibody Responses but Contribute to Protection after Vaccination (2010)

The contribution of T cells to the host response to dengue virus (DENV) infection is not well understood. We previously demonstrated a protective role for CD8(+) T cells during primary DENV infection using a mouse-passaged DENV strain and IFN-α/βR(-/-) C57BL/6 mice, which are susceptible to DENV infection. In this study, we examine the role of CD4(+) T cells during primary DENV infection. Four I-A(b)-restricted epitopes derived from three of the nonstructural DENV proteins were identified. CD4(+) T cells expanded and were activated after DENV infection, with peak activation occurring on day 7. The DENV-specific CD4(+) T cells expressed intracellular IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2, and CD40L, and killed peptide-pulsed target cells in vivo. Surprisingly, depletion of CD4(+) T cells before DENV infection had no effect on viral loads. Consistent with this observation, CD4(+) T cell depletion did not affect the DENV-specific IgG or IgM Ab titers or their neutralizing activity, or the DENV-specific CD8(+) T cell response. However, immunization with the CD4(+) T cell epitopes before infection resulted in significantly lower viral loads. Thus, we conclude that whereas CD4(+) T cells are not required for controlling primary DENV infection, their induction by immunization can contribute to viral clearance. These findings suggest inducing anti-DENV CD4(+) T cell responses by vaccination may be beneficial.
Laser Ablation of Carbon with High-Pulse-Rate Nanosecond and Picosecond Lasers (1998)

We discuss and demonstrate a novel technique for the deposition of high quality thin films via pulsed laser deposition (PLD) using high repetition rate (up to several tens of MHz) picosecond or nanosecond laser pulses. Differences between this method and conventional PLD arise because the pulse energy is markedly reduced compared with the conventional high-energy low repetition rate lasers used for PLD and this significantly improves the quality of the films due to the large decrease (up to nine orders of magnitude) in the number of particles evaporated during a single laser pulse. This effectively eliminates the major disadvantage of PLD which is the formation of particulates in the film.
Secure random number generation using chaotic circuits (1990)

The authors suggest a class of circuits for generating secure pseudo-random numbers and estimate the security of these generators from the information loss property of chaotic systems. For a generator implemented using a chaotic DPLL (digital phase-locked loop), two important cases are considered: (1) given no prior information concerning the initial conditions of a continuously running circuit, the length of time one should wait after taking a bit before one can securely take another bit is established; and (2) given knowledge of the initial conditions at startup (up to measurement and noise uncertainty), the length of time one should wait before starting the bit sampling is shown.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Peripheral Refraction and Aberration Profiles with Multifocal Lenses (2017)

Based on the hypothesis that myopic retinal defocus counters eye growth, center-near multifocal lenses exhibited the preferred on-axis features, i.e., producing a central myopic shift at near compared to the control. The center-distance lens exhibited preferred off-axis features, producing relative peripheral myopia, which increased further during accommodation.
Spatial Fourier Transform Analysis of Polishing Pad Surface Topography (2012)

The spatial Fourier transform analysis is proposed to quantitatively evaluate the irregular topography of the conditioned chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) pad surface. We discuss the power spectrum in the spatial wavelengths of the surface topographies corresponding to polishing time. We conclude that the spatial wavelength of less than 5 µm in the topography yielded high material removal rates.
A low complexity square root MMSE MIMO Decoder (2010)

As MIMO technology proliferates in the latest wireless communication systems, efficient architectures for MIMO Decoding are being pursued. An alternative formulation of the MMSE MIMO Decoder for spatial multiplexing MIMO systems called the square root MMSE MIMO Decoder based on QR decomposition has appeared in the literature. It avoids inverting the upper triangular matrix but at the cost of dealing with a larger matrix, the extended channel matrix. In this paper, we present an approach based on the square root MMSE scheme where we don't pay the price for the extended channel matrix in terms of increased hardware resources but at the same time benefit from its better fixed precision properties thereby achieving a solution with much lower complexity. We present a scalable, systolic array based solution where the systolic array scales with the number of transmit antennas and not with the number of receive antennas. Hence, the complexity of the MIMO Decoder does not increase even as the number of antennas at the receiver (base-station) is increased.
Spread spectrum clock Generator with delay cell array to reduce electromagnetic interference (2005)

In high-speed digital systems, most of the electromagnetic interference (EMI) from the system is caused by high-speed digital clock drivers and synchronized circuits. To reduce the EMI from the system clocks, spread spectrum clock (SSC) techniques that modulate the system clock frequency have been proposed. A conventional SSC generator (SSCG) has been implemented with a phase locked loop (PLL) by controlling a period jitter. However, the conventional SSCG with PLL becomes more difficult to implement at higher clock frequencies, in the gigahertz range, because of the random period jitter of the PLL. Furthermore, the attenuation of EMI is decreased due to the random period jitter of the PLL. To overcome the problems associated with the random period jitter, we propose an SSCG with a delay cell array (DCA), which controls the position of clock transitions with a triangular modulation profile. Measurement and simulation have demonstrated that the proposed SSCG with DCA is easier to implement and more effective in attenuating the EMI compared with the conventional SSCG with PLL. The proposed SSCG with DCA was implemented on a chip using a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS process and achieved a 9-dB attenuation of the EMI at 390 MHz.
Low complexity algorithm for optimal hard decoding of convolutional codes (2003)

It is well known that convolutional codes can be optimally decoded by the Viterbi algorithm (VA). We propose an optimal hard decoding technique where the VA is applied to identify the error vector rather than the information message. We show that, with this type of decoding, the exhaustive computation of a vast majority of state to state iterations is unnecessary. Hence, under certain channel conditions, optimum performance is achievable with an order of magnitude reduction in complexity. Besides, additional complexity reduction can be achieved by detecting the frames which have a low probability of being successfully decoded.
A Software Object for Providing a Display of a Scrolling Graph. (1996)

Abstract : A software object for providing a display of a scrolling real time graph includes a window, a fixed axis within the window, a scrolling axis within the window, axis labels, a plot, and means for viewing obscured regions of the graph.
MATE-Seq: microfluidic antigen-TCR engagement sequencing (2019)

Adaptive immunity is based on peptide antigen recognition. Our ability to harness the immune system for therapeutic gain relies on the discovery of the T cell receptor (TCR) genes that selectively target antigens from infections, mutated proteins, and foreign agents. Here we present a method that selectively labels peptide antigen-specific CD8+ T cells using magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with peptide-MHC tetramers, isolates these specific cells within an integrated microfluidic device, and directly amplifies the TCR genes for sequencing. Critically, the identity of the peptide recognized by the TCR is preserved, providing the link between peptide and gene. The platform requires inputs on the order of just 100 000 CD8+ T cells, can be multiplexed for simultaneous analysis of multiple peptides, and performs sorting and isolation on chip. We demonstrate 1000-fold sensitivity enhancement of detecting antigen-specific TCRs relative to bulk analysis and simultaneous capture of two virus antigen-specific TCRs from a population of T cells.
Biodegradable Mulches from Renewable Resources (2000)

ABSTRACT Kraft paper was impregnated with vegetable oil-based resins and then tested for wet strength, rate of biodegradation in soil and the ability to inhibit weed growth. Resins included oxidatively polymerized soybean and linseed oils and a polyester formed by the reaction of epoxidized soybean oil and citric acid. Wet strengths were significantly higher for resin coated papers (4–10 MPa) than uncoated paper (0.5 MPa). Rates of weight loss during soil burial for resin coated papers (40–90% oil added) were about 1/2 to 1/5 of those for uncoated papers or paper coated with unpolymerized oils. When tested as mulches on the top of soil, resin coated papers maintained their integrity for 8–12 weeks while uncoated paper largely disintegrated by 8 weeks. Coating with unpolymerized oils also inhibited disintegration and weed growth although not as much as coating with polymerized oils.
High-efficiency, Ge-on-SOI lateral PIN photodiodes with 29 GHz bandwidth (2004)

Ge has tremendous potential for high-speed operation at /spl lambda/=850 nm, an important wavelength for short range highly-parallel interconnects, because the absorption length of Ge is only a few hundred nm. However, for thin Ge-on-Si detectors, the Ge film must be isolated from the underlying Si in order to prevent collection of slow carriers generated deep within the substrate. In this work, we present results of lateral PIN photodetectors fabricated using Ge films deposited on ultra-thin silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates. These devices have bandwidths as high as 29 GHz, and the highest bandwidth-efficiency product reported to date for a group-IV photodetector.
Bathymetry mapping and sea floor classification using multispectral satellite data and standardized physics-based data processing (2011)

Multispectral satellite data (WordView-2, IKONOS, QuickBird) are used to map bathymetry and spectral sea floor classes in a range of coastal areas. The standardized physics-based data processing integrates MODIS satellite data for the radiometric intercalibration and estimates of turbidity. This process includes corrections for sunglitter, the adjacency and the atmospheric effect. The water depth is calculated iteratively in combination with the spectral unmixing of the respective bottom reflectance on base of the subsurface reflectance. The final step of the processing classifies the bottom reflectance due to the spectral signature of different bottom types and biota using a specific cluster and classification approach. The comparison with in situ data at different sites worldwide proves the approach, but also emphasizes the necessity of radiometric well calibrated satellite data.
SLOTTED RAIL GUARDRAIL TERMINAL (1995)

A slotted rail terminal (SRT) for W-beam guardrails was successfully developed and crash-tested in accordance with requirements set forth in NCHRP Report 230. The SRT design is intended as a retrofit or replacement of the standard breakaway cable terminal (BCT) and has better impact performance than the eccentric loader terminal and the modified eccentric loader terminal. The slotted rail concept involves cutting three longitudinal 12.7 mm ('/2 in.) wide slots into the W-beam rail, one at each peak and valley in the cross section, to reduce the buckling strength while maintaining the tensile capacity. The reduced buckling strength of the slotted rail allows for controlled buckling of the rail, which greatly reduces the yaw rate of the impacting vehicle, thereby minimizing the potential for the buckled rail to directly contact or penetrate the occupant compartment. The SRT terminal is expected to be less sensitive to installation details because the buckling of the rail is controlled by the slots and is at a force level substantially lower than the unmodified W-beam rail. A slot guard is attached to the downstream end of each set of slots to prevent extension of the slots and rupture of the rail. To help reduce inventory and control cost, the SRT terminal uses many of the standard components used with the BCT and other flared terminals. In addition, the layout and configuration of the SRT terminal is similar to that of the standard BCT terminal to facilitate easy retrofit.
Cloning and Mapping of a Novel Nodulation Region from <i>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</i> by Genetic Complementation of a Deletion Mutant (1988)

The phenotypes of a set of Bradyrhizobium japonicum 110 mutants with large deletions in the region of symbiotic gene cluster I were tested. The majority of the mutants showed a delayed nodulation on soybean and, by mixed-infection experiments, were found to be strongly reduced in their competitiveness. Phenotypic comparison of mutants with different deletion endpoints allowed a preliminary localization of two genomic regions, called nod-1 and nod-2, which were required for normal nodulation on soybean. Loss of nod-1 was found to result in a Nod phenotype on cowpea, mung bean, and siratro. A recombinant cosmid was identified which fully restored nodulation ability of a mutant lacking nod-1. Using Tn5-containing derivatives and subclones of this cosmid for complementation, we delimited the nod-1 region to a DNA segment of 3.1 to 3.5 kilobase pairs.
CMOS-Compatible Catalyst for MacEtch: Titanium Nitride-Assisted Chemical Etching in Vapor phase for High Aspect Ratio Silicon Nanostructures (2019)

Metal-assisted chemical etching (MacEtch) is an emerging anisotropic chemical etching technique that has been used to fabricate high aspect ratio semiconductor micro- and nanostructures. Despite its advantages in unparalleled anisotropy, simplicity, versatility, and damage-free nature, the adaptation of MacEtch for silicon (Si)-based electronic device fabrication process is hindered by the use of a gold (Au)-based metal catalyst, as Au is a detrimental deep-level impurity in Si. In this report, for the first time, we demonstrate CMOS-compatible titanium nitride (TiN)-based MacEtch of Si by establishing a true vapor-phase (VP) MacEtch approach in order to overcome TiN-MacEtch-specific challenges. Whereas inverse-MacEtch is observed using conventional liquid phase MacEtch because of the limited mass transport from the strong adhesion between TiN and Si, the true VP etch leads to forward MacEtch and produces Si nanowire arrays by engraving the TiN mesh pattern in Si. The etch rate as a function of etch temperature, solution concentration, TiN dimension, and thickness is systematically characterized to uncover the underlying nature of MacEtching using this new catalyst. VP MacEtch represents a significant step toward scalability of this disruptive technology because of the high controllability of gas phase reaction dynamics. TiN-MacEtch may also have direct implications in embedded TiN-based plasmonic semiconductor structures for photonic applications.
Biomaterials from sugars: ring-opening polymerization of a carbohydrate lactone (2008)

The preparation of a novel carbohydrate lactone is reported, in excellent yield, from d-gluconolactone; ring-opening polymerization of the lactone yields a functionalized cyclic aliphatic polyester.
A zero-voltage and zero-current switching three-level DC/DC converter (2002)

This paper presents a novel zero-voltage and zero-current switching (ZVZCS) three-level DC/DC converter. This converter overcomes the drawbacks presented by the conventional zero-voltage switching (ZVS) three-level converter, such as high circulating energy, severe parasitic ringing on the rectifier diodes, and limited ZVS load range for the inner switches. The converter presented in this paper uses a phase-shift control with a flying capacitor in the primary side to achieve ZVS for the outer switches. Additionally, the converter uses an auxiliary circuit to reset the primary current during the freewheeling stage to achieve zero-current switching (ZCS) for the inner switches. The principle of operation and the DC characteristics of the new converter are analyzed and verified on a 6 kW, 100 kHz experimental prototype.
CRISPR-Cas9, a tool to efficiently increase the development of recombinant African swine fever viruses (2018)

African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a highly contagious disease called African swine fever. This disease is often lethal for domestic pigs, causing extensive losses for the swine industry. ASFV is a large and complex double stranded DNA virus. Currently there is no commercially available treatment or vaccine to prevent this devastating disease. Development of recombinant ASFV for producing live-attenuated vaccines or studying the involvement of specific genes in virus virulence has relied on the relatively rare event of homologous recombination in primary swine macrophages, causing difficulty to purify the recombinant virus from the wild-type parental ASFV. Here we present the use of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system as a more robust and efficient system to produce recombinant ASFVs. Using CRISPR-Cas9 a recombinant virus was efficiently developed by deleting the non-essential gene 8-DR from the genome of the highly virulent field strain Georgia07 using swine macrophages as cell substrate.
Recovery of Digital Information Stored in Living Plant Leaf Photosynthetic Apparatus as Fluorescence Signals (1997)

A CCD (charge-coupled device)-equipped, imaging spectroscopic instrument is discussed that can be reversible and rapidly reconfigured to image photosynthetic fluorescence, allowing two-dimensional spatial estimates of fluorescence quantum yield ( Y′). Y′ images of leaf areas with immediately functional photosynthetic apparatus appear smooth and uniform and are much less affected by variations in chlorophyll content and light path through the leaf. However, areas of the leaf where the photosynthetic apparatus has different light history, pathology, or other damage generate different Y′ value images. This characteristic allowed storage and recovery of images from leaves. Extending this finding, we prepared binary data coding for the value of π to 99 decimal places (100 digits), on living leaves. The images containing the binary codes for these digits can be “read” by eye, because the human brain interprets visual data with great skill. However, it was necessary to enhance the images to facilitate instrument “reading”. A program was developed to enhance the images and “read” the data images with no errors. The photosynthetic mechanism involved (nonphotochemical quenching), the role of leaf age and germplasm variation, and the potential applications of this finding in terms of bioelectronics are discussed.
Fluorinated Rhodacyanine (SJL-01) Possessing High Efficacy for Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) (2009)

Anti-Leishmania in vitro and in vivo activities of various rhodacyanine derivatives have been examined. Among them, the fluorinatied variant SJL-01 (8) showed IC(50) of 0.011 microM against Leishmania donovani strain MHOM/ET/67/L82 (selective index of >15000) and 95-97% inhibition against L. donovani strain MHOM/ET/67/HU in female BALB/c mice by 1.3-12.5 mg/kg x 5 iv administrations. Negative results on chromosomal aberration test and in vitro micronucleus test suggest that compound 8 is a hopeful candidate for visceral leishmaniasis (VL).
Initial Developments of a Low-Drag, Variable-Depth Acoustic Liner (2019)

The purpose of this study is to assess the acoustic performance and relative drag of a new type of variable depth liner containing pairs of resonators coupled together by shared inlet volumes just below the facesheet. This type of liner has the potential to achieve a targeted impedance with fewer openings in the facesheet, and therefore less drag, than previous designs. To better understand the limitations of the concept, three sets of samples were designed and tested in the NASA Langley normal incidence and grazing flow impedance tubes. Each set of samples consisted of a baseline variable depth liner with straight chambers, and a prototype liner with shared inlet volumes. Measurements conducted in both the normal incidence and grazing flow impedance tubes confirm that the prototype liner can achieve the same impedance as the baseline variable depth liner at discrete frequencies with 50% less open area. This results in a 75% reduction in the drag penalty relative to the baseline design. The proposed concept is not, however, able to achieve a flat, broadband impedance as effectively as the baseline liner. So, while the proposed concept is well suited for multitonal design metrics, tradeoffs must be made between liner drag and acoustic performance when broadband attenuation is required. \n\n\n\n\n
End-to-End Rate-Distortion Optimized Mode Selection for Multiple Description Video Coding (2006)

Multiple description (MD) video coding can be used to reduce the detrimental effects caused by transmission over lossy packet networks. Each approach to MD coding consists of a tradeoff between compression efficiency and error resilience. How effectively each method achieves this tradeoff depends on the network conditions as well as on the characteristics of the video itself. This paper proposes an adaptive MD coding approach which adjusts to these conditions through the use of adaptive MD mode selection. The encoder in this system is able to accurately estimate the expected end-to-end distortion, accounting for both coding and packet-loss-induced distortions, as well as for the bursty nature of channel losses and the effective use of multiple transmission paths. With this model of end-to-end expected distortion, the encoder selects between MD coding modes in a rate-distortion optimized manner to most effectively trade-off compression efficiency for error resilience. We show how this approach adapts to the local characteristics of the video as well as to current network conditions and demonstrate the resulting gains in performance.
Electrical impedance myography at frequencies up to 2 MHz (2008)

Extension of the frequency range of electrical impedance myography (EIM) to 2 MHz discloses a major rise in the reactance of muscle above 3-500 kHz, together with a slow decrease in the resistance consonant with the Kramers-Kronig relations. This 'upturn' phenomenon is found when the distant current electrode configuration of EIM is employed, but not when the current electrodes are placed close to the voltage measuring area. In that case the impedance qualitatively mimics the commonly used 3-element resistor-capacitor model. The possibility that the upturn is an artifact of the measuring system rather than a true property of the tissue is examined in detail. In particular, experiments are reported which argue against the transmission line mechanism proposed to explain similar increases in reactance in some high frequency whole-body BIA studies. Also, scaling of X versus R plots for muscle segments of different lengths strongly suggests that the upturn is as much a property of the underlying tissue as is the low frequency maximum in reactance.