gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Attenuation correction for MR table and coils for a sequential PET/MR system (2009)

A sequential PET/MR system like Philips Gemini TF PET/MR system generates attenuation correction map from an MR image instead of a CT or transmission image for PET reconstruction. One problem in MR-based attenuation correction is that the MR table and coils are invisible in MR images but they may contain high density materials which have to be compensated for attenuation. This work investigates the attenuation impacts of the Gemini TF PET/MR table and several clinical MR coils to MR-based PET attenuation correction. To compensated the impacts of the MR tables and coils, a template inserting based approach is proposed. Templates of the MR table and coils are generated from transmission scans of the table and coils, which are pre-install on the PET/MR system. For each PET/MR scan, templates are inserted into the attenuation map generated from the MR image at the corresponding location before PET image reconstruction. Phantom studies have shown that with this template based attenuation correction approach, the PET/MR table and coils can be properly compensated for PET attenuation.
Charge–Discharge Behavior of Bismuth in a Liquid Electrolyte for Rechargeable Batteries Based on a Fluoride Shuttle (2017)

Rechargeable batteries based on fluoride transfer have attracted attention because of the possibility of achieving high energy densities surpassing those of current lithium-ion batteries. Although the batteries of this type, fluoride shuttle batteries (FSBs), have been developed using solid electrolytes, most operate at relatively high temperatures, greater than 423 K. In addition, in attempts to fabricate FSBs using liquid electrolytes, only the discharge reactions have been investigated, and they still suffer from serious issues of reversibility. In the present study, we have prepared a fluoride-conducting liquid electrolyte by dissolving an organic fluoride in a room-temperature ionic liquid, yielding a FSB electrolyte with a high fluoride concentration (0.35 mol dm–3) and conductivity (2.5 mS cm–1). By using this electrolyte, we have demonstrated a rechargeable FSB working at room temperature that is constructed from Bi|BiF3 and PbF2|Pb couples as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively.
Automatic femur segmentation and condyle line detection in 3D MR scans for alignment of high resolution MR (2010)

This paper describes an automatic algorithm to extract the knee frame of reference from 3D MR isotropic scans. The method ultimately seeks to determine two lines that are tangent to the bottom of the condyles in an axial and a coronal plane. It consists of three major parts, initial detection of the knee joint using Hidden Markov Models, femur segmentation using Random Walker segmentation, and finally condyle detection. We demonstrate on 30 datasets that our algorithm is very robust and performs at the same level as a human reader.
Substrate recognition and selectivity of plant glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) from<i>Cucurbita moscata</i>and<i>Spinacea oleracea</i> (2003)

Stromal glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPAT) are responsible for the selective incorporation of saturated and unsaturated fatty-acyl chains into chloroplast membranes, which is an important determinant of a plant's ability to tolerate chilling temperatures. The molecular mechanisms of plant chilling tolerance were elucidated by creating chimeric GPATs between squash (Cucurbita moscata, chilling-sensitive) and spinach (Spinacea oleracea, chilling-tolerant) and the results were interpreted using structural information on squash GPAT determined by X-ray crystallography at 1.55 A resolution. Enzymatic analysis of the chimeric GPATs showed that the chimeric GPATs containing the spinach region from residues 128 to 187 prefer the 18:1 unsaturated fatty acid rather than 16:0 saturated fatty acid. Structure analysis suggests that the size and character of the cavity that is formed from this region determines the specific recognition of acyl chains.
Understanding Intrinsic Diversity in Web Search (2014)

Current research on Web search has focused on optimizing and evaluating single queries. However, a significant fraction of user queries are part of more complex tasks [Jones and Klinkner 2008] which span multiple queries across one or more search sessions [Liu and Belkin 2010; Kotov et al. 2011]. An ideal search engine would not only retrieve relevant results for a user's particular query but also be able to identify when the user is engaged in a more complex task and aid the user in completing that task [Morris et al. 2008; Agichtein et al. 2012]. Toward optimizing whole-session or task relevance, we characterize and address the problem of intrinsic diversity (ID) in retrieval [Radlinski et al. 2009], a type of complex task that requires multiple interactions with current search engines. Unlike existing work on extrinsic diversity [Carbonell and Goldstein 1998; Zhai et al. 2003; Chen and Karger 2006] that deals with ambiguity in intent across multiple users, ID queries often have little ambiguity in intent but seek content covering a variety of aspects on a shared theme. In such scenarios, the underlying needs are typically exploratory, comparative, or breadth-oriented in nature. We identify and address three key problems for ID retrieval: identifying authentic examples of ID tasks from post-hoc analysis of behavioral signals in search logs; learning to identify initiator queries that mark the start of an ID search task; and given an initiator query, predicting which content to prefetch and rank.
Challenges in the Design and Fabrication of a Lab-on-a-Chip Photoacoustic Gas Sensor (2014)

The favorable downscaling behavior of photoacoustic spectroscopy has provoked in recent years a growing interest in the miniaturization of photoacoustic sensors. The individual components of the sensor, namely widely tunable quantum cascade lasers, low loss mid infrared (mid-IR) waveguides, and efficient microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) microphones are becoming available in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatible technologies. This paves the way for the joint processes of miniaturization and full integration. Recently, a prototype microsensor has been designed by the means of a specifically designed coupled optical-acoustic model. This paper discusses the new, or more intense, challenges faced if downscaling is continued. The first limitation in miniaturization is physical: the light source modulation, which matches the increasing cell acoustic resonance frequency, must be kept much slower than the collisional relaxation process. Secondly, from the acoustic modeling point of view, one faces the limit of validity of the continuum hypothesis. Namely, at some point, velocity slip and temperature jump boundary conditions must be used, instead of the continuous boundary conditions, which are valid at the macro-scale. Finally, on the technological side, solutions exist to realize a complete lab-on-a-chip, even if it remains a demanding integration problem.
A practical framework for constructing structured drawings (2014)

We describe a novel theoretical framework for modeling structured drawings which contain one or more patterns of repetition in their constituent elements. We then present PatternSketch, a sketch-based drawing tool built using our framework to allow quick construction of structured drawings. PatternSketch can recognize and beautify drawings containing line segments, polylines, arcs, and circles. Users can employ a series of gestures to identify repetitive elements and create new elements based on automatically inferred patterns. PatternSketch leverages the programming-by-example (PBE) paradigm, enabling it to infer non-trivial patterns from a few examples. We show that PatternSketch, with its sketch-based user interface and a unique pattern inference algorithm, enables efficient and natural construction of structured drawings.
An Exploration of the Phase Dependency of a Transformer Circuit (2019)

A recently developed set of the equations for the phase dependent power and impedance of a transformer circuit shows that the power factor is adjustable. To adjust the impedance of the circuit to a desired value, the phase change of the flux should be controlled. In this study, the power equations of the transformer circuit are examined for high frequency cases, and the condition to maximize the difference in powers between the primary coil and the load is explored.
Strong metal-support interactions: Group VIII noble metals supported on transition metal oxides (1979)

Strong metal-support interaction between, e.g., platinum and a reducible transition metal oxide such as titanium dioxide, which occurs during high-temperature reduction and renders the noble metal unable to adsorb hydrogen or carbon monoxide, can be described by the formation of chemical bonds of mixed covalent-ionic character between the metal atom and the reduced cation of the transition metal oxide. A detailed mechanism for the bond formation is outlined which is consistent with previously published experimental data.
Rubber-Thermoplastic Compositions. Part V. Selecting Polymers for Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (1982)

Abstract Based on a few characteristics of the pure rubber and plastic components, rubber-plastic combinations can be selected, with a high probability of success, to give thermoplastic vulcanizates (by dynamic vulcanization) of good mechanical integrity and elastic recovery. The characteristics used in the selection are estimated surface energies, crystallinity of the hard phase (plastic) material and the critical chain length, of the rubber molecules, for entanglement. The best compositions are prepared when the surface energies of the rubber and plastic material are matched, when the entanglement molecular length of the rubber is low (high entanglement density) and when the plastic material is crystalline. Of course, it is required that neither the plastic, nor the rubber decompose in the presence of the other at temperatures required for melt mixing. Also, a curing system is required, appropriate for the rubber under the conditions of melt-mixing.
A Ubiquitous Splice Variant and a Common Polymorphism Affect Heterologous Expression of Recombinant Human SCN5A Heart Sodium Channels (2003)

Amino acid sequence variations in SCN5A are known to affect function of wild-type channels and also those with coexisting mutations; therefore, it is important to know the exact sequence and function of channels most commonly present in human myocardium. SCN5A was analyzed in control panels of human alleles, demonstrating that the existing clones (hH1, hH1a, hH1b) each contained a rare variant and thus none represented the common sequence. Confirming prior work, the H558R polymorphism was present in approximately 30% of subjects. Quantitative mRNA analysis from human hearts showed that a shorter 2015 amino acid splice variant lacking glutamine at position 1077 (Q1077del) made up 65% of the transcript in every heart examined. Age, sex, race, or structural heart disease did not affect this proportion of Q1077del. Estimated population frequencies for the four common variants were 25% SCN5A, 10% [H558R], 45% [Q1077del], and 20% [H558R;Q1077del], where the reference sequence SCN5A is GenBank AC137587. When expressed in HEK-293 cells, these common variants had a more positive mid-point of the voltage dependence of inactivation than the standard clone hH1. Also, channels containing Q1077 expressed smaller currents. When H558R was present with Q1077 ([H558R]), current expression was profoundly reduced despite normal trafficking to the cell surface. Thus, four variant sequences for SCN5A are commonly present in human myocardium and they exhibit functional differences among themselves and with the previous standard clone. These results have implications for the choice of background sequence for experiments with heterologous expression systems, and possibly implications for electrophysiological function in vivo.
Stereo+Kinect for High Resolution Stereo Correspondences (2013)

In this work, we combine the complementary depth sensors Kinect and stereo image matching to obtain high quality correspondences. Our goal is to obtain a dense disparity map at the spatial and depth resolution of the stereo cameras (4-12 MP). We propose a global optimization scheme, where both the data and smoothness costs are derived using sensor confidences and low resolution geometry from Kinect. A spatially varying search range is used to limit the number of potential disparities at each pixel. The smoothness prior is Based on available low resolution depth from Kinect rather than image gradients, thus performing better in both textured areas with smooth depth and texture-less areas with depth gradient. We also propose a spatially varying smoothness weight to better handle occlusion areas, and the relative contribution of the two energy terms. We demonstrate how the two sensors can be effectively fused to obtain correct scene depth in ambiguous areas, as well as fine structural details in textured areas.
All-Solid-State Reference Electrodes Based on Colloid-Imprinted Mesoporous Carbon and Their Application in Disposable Paper-based Potentiometric Sensing Devices (2015)

Reference electrodes are used in almost every electroanalytical measurement. Here, all-solid-state reference electrodes are described that employ colloid-imprinted mesoporous (CIM) carbon as solid contact and a poly(vinyl chloride) reference membrane to contact the sample. Such a reference membrane is doped with a moderately hydrophilic ionic liquid and a hydrophobic redox couple, leading to well-defined constant potentials at the interfaces of this membrane to the sample and to the solid contact, respectively. Due to the intrinsic properties of CIM carbon, reference electrodes with a CIM carbon solid contact exhibit excellent resistance to common interfering agents such as light and O2, with outstanding potential stability in continuous potentiometric measurements. The potential drift of CIM carbon-based reference electrodes without redox couple is as low as 1.7 μV/h over 110 h, making them the most stable all-solid-state reference electrodes reported so far. To demonstrate the compatibility of CIM carbon-based reference electrodes with miniaturized potentiometric systems, these reference electrodes were integrated into paper-based potentiometric sensing devices, successfully replacing the conventional reference electrode with its reference electrolyte solution. As a proof of concept, disposable paper-based Cl(-) sensing devices that contain stencil-printed Ag/AgCl-based Cl(-) selective electrodes and CIM carbon-based reference electrodes were constructed. These sensing devices are inexpensive, easy to use, and offer highly reproducible Cl(-) measurements with sample volumes as low as 10 μL.
Sensay analyticstm: A real-time speaker-state platform (2017)

Growth in voice-based applications and personalized systems has led to increasing demand for speech- analytics technologies that estimate the state of a speaker from speech. Such systems support a wide range of applications, from more traditional call-center monitoring, to health monitoring, to human-robot interactions, and more. To work seamlessly in real-world contexts, such systems must meet certain requirements, including for speed, customizability, ease of use, robustness, and live integration of both acoustic and lexical cues. This demo introduces SenSay AnalyticsTM, a platform that performs real-time speaker-state classification from spoken audio. SenSay is easily configured and is customizable to new domains, while its underlying architecture offers extensibility and scalability.
Automated fault uncertainty analysis in hydrocarbon exploration (2021)

Interpretation of faults in seismic data has a significant impact on hydrocarbon exploration, reservoir characterization, and field development workflows. Faults represent drilling hazards, often control fluid migration, and define the compartmentalization of reservoirs. Thus, a comprehensive and uncertainty-aware understanding of faulting in a reservoir is crucial for efficient development of hydrocarbon resources. Fault interpretation is typically performed manually, and hence is both time and labor intensive. Fault interpretations differ significantly due to the experience of the interpreter, the interpretation objectives (structural versus stratigraphic), the data preconditioning, and visualization settings. In addition to the human influences, seismic images also suffer from various imperfections such as velocity modeling errors and noise. Consequently, fault interpretation is subject to uncertainties, both in terms of whether a fault is present and, if so, the precise location, fault-network connectivity, and orientation. These uncertainties are very consequential in determining the underlying geological model. Our novel approach proposes to make estimation of fault uncertainty an integral part of any interpretation by leveraging modern cloud computing technologies and new efficiencies that can be gained through the automation of the fault interpretation process. We compute multiple fault attributes from a plurality of input image volumes which produces a statistically valuable population of fault attribute realizations. We leverage this redundancy to derive qualitative measures of fault uncertainty such as fault probability corridors that can guide an uncertainty-aware fault interpretation. Finally, we compute geometrical properties of fault-plane patches that we use to derive quantitative measures of fault dip and fault location perturbations.
Image Up-Sampling Using Discrete Wavelet Transform (2006)

Image up-sampling is found to be a very effective technique useful in today's digital image processing applications or rendering devices. In image upsampling, an image is enhanced from a lower resolution to a higher resolution with the degree of enhancement depending upon application requirements. It is known that the traditional interpolation based approaches for up-sampling, such as Bilinear or Bicubic interpolation, blur the resultant images Furthermore; in color imagery, these interpolation based up-sampling methods may have color infringing artifacts in the areas where the images contain sharp edges and fine textures. In this paper, we present an interesting up-sampling algorithm using 9/7 bi-orthogonal Spline filters based Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The proposed method preserves much of the sharp edge features in the image, and lessens the amount of color artifacts. Effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has been demonstrated based on evaluation of PSNR and * ab E quality metrics of the original image and the reconstructed image.
Assessment of wafer pattern prediction accuracy by introducing effectively equivalent mask patterns (2006)

Mask topography effects arise important components of optical image formation at 45nm node and beyond for attenuated Phase Shift Mask (attPSM). Since calculation of mask topography effects based on rigorous model is very costly, it is unrealistic for Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) and lithography design. This paper investigates an approximation model that takes mask topography effects into consideration. We propose the concept of Effectively Equivalent Mask Patterns (EEMP) method to obtain approximated optical images which include mask topography effects. We found mask space width is the main factor among mask topography effects. For realizing the EEMP method, we introduce and evaluate two approximation methods for mask topography effects. One is the simple space model and the other is the Proximity Mask Opening (PMO) model, which is a model of waveguide effects. EEMP with PMO model can improve prediction accuracy at both 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional patterns and increase in run time for EEMP with PMO model is 40 percent of that required for thin film simulations.
Transgenic potato ( <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> ) tubers synthesize the full spectrum of inulin molecules naturally occurring in globe artichoke ( <i>Cynara scolymus</i> ) roots (2000)

The ability to synthesize high molecular weight inulin was transferred to potato plants via constitutive expression of the 1-SST (sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase) and the 1-FFT (fructan: fructan 1-fructosyltransferase) genes of globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus). The fructan pattern of tubers from transgenic potato plants represents the full spectrum of inulin molecules present in artichoke roots as shown by high-performance anion exchange chromatography, as well as size exclusion chromatography. These results demonstrate in planta that the enzymes sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase and fructan:fructan 1-fructosyltransferase are sufficient to synthesize inulin molecules of all chain lengths naturally occurring in a given plant species. Inulin made up 5% of the dry weight of transgenic tubers, and a low level of fructan production also was observed in fully expanded leaves. Although inulin accumulation did not influence the sucrose concentration in leaves or tubers, a reduction in starch content occurred in transgenic tubers, indicating that inulin synthesis did not increase the storage capacity of the tubers.
Protection by attenuated and polyvalent vaccines against highly virulent strains of Marek's disease virus<sup>1</sup> (1982)

Tests confirmed that turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vaccine protected chickens poorly against challenge with the highly virulent Md5 strain of Marek's disease (MD) virus, especially in chickens with homologous HVT antibodies. The naturally avirulent SB-1 vaccine virus was likewise poorly protective against challenge with the Md5 strain. Homologous antibodies reduced the protective efficacy of both vaccines, but SB-1 was not affected by HVT antibodies. In order to provide better protection against strains of MD virus poorly protected against by HVT, such as Md5, the Md11 strain of MD virus was attenuated by 75 cell culture passages and evaluated for protective efficacy. This vaccine virus, designated Mdl 1/75C, provided good protection against challenge with Md5 and most other highly virulent MD viruses tested, but was less efficacious against challenge with the JM/102W strain, a prototype MD virus protected against well by HVT and SB-1 vaccines. Furthermore, its efficacy was consistently lower in chicks with HVT antibody. Thus, although HVT, SB-1, and Md11/75C were all efficacious against certain MD viruses, none of these vaccines protected optimally against all MD challenge viruses in all chickens. A polyvalent vaccine composed of Md11/75C, HVT and SB-1 viruses protected chickens better against a battery of five highly virulent MD challenge viruses, including three strains poorly protected against by HVT, than any single vaccine and was not influenced by HVT antibody. These data suggest that vaccinal immunity may be partially viral strain specific.