gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Properties of TiO<sub>2</sub>‐based transparent conducting oxides (2010)

Abstract The development and properties of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )‐based transparent conducting oxides (TCO), which exhibit properties comparable to those of In 2– x Sn x O 3 (ITO), are reviewed in this article. An epitaxial thin film of anatase Ti 0.94 Nb 0.06 O 2 exhibited a resistivity ( ρ ) of 2.3 × 10 −4 Ω cm and internal transmittance of ∼95% in the visible light region. Furthermore, we prepared polycrystalline films with ρ of 6.4 × 10 −4 Ω cm at room temperature on glass substrates by using sputtering. We focus on characteristics unique to TiO 2 ‐based TCO, such as a high refractive index, high transmittance in infrared, and high stability in reducing atmospheres. Possible applications of TiO 2 ‐based TCOs, as well as the mechanism of the transparent conducting properties found in this d‐electron‐based TCO, are discussed in this review. magnified image Photograph showing TiO 2 ‐based TCO on a transparent plastic film. Note that the film appears greenish due to interference in the film originating from its high refractive index. This high refractive index is one of the unique characteristics of TiO 2 ‐based TCO.
Magnetization transfer weighted imaging in the upper cervical spinal cord using cerebrospinal fluid as intersubject normalization reference (MTCSF imaging) (2005)

The magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) is a reliable measure of MT effects because it employs an internal standard that allows quantitative comparison between subjects, independent of other contrasts, coil loading, and coil sensitivity profiles. However, at very high spatial resolution in the spinal cord at 1.5 T, the use of MTR quantification has been hampered by low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and acute sensitivity to motion. Here, the suitability of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as an alternative inter-subject MT signal intensity reference for the spine is evaluated. Contrary to MTR, this so-called MTCSF internal standard does not remove interfering T(1), T(2), and spin density contrast and is not expected to be able to discriminate between myelination and inflammation effects. However, it can detect initial changes in myelination when signal alterations are not yet detectable by conventional MRI. As a first example, this is demonstrated for the noninflammatory spinal cord white matter disease adrenomyeloneuropathy.
Broadband Distributed-Feedback Quantum Cascade Laser Array Operating From 8.0 to 9.8 $\mu$m (2009)

An ultra-broadband distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser array was fabricated, using a heterogeneous cascade based on two bound-to-continuum designs centered at 8.4 and 9.6 mum. This array emitted in a range over 220 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> near a 9-mu m wavelength, operated in pulsed mode at room temperature. The output power of the array varied between 100- and 1100-mW peak intensity.
Improvement of the Fourier Transform Near Infrared Method to Evaluate Extra Virgin Olive Oils by Analyzing 1,2‐Diacylglycerols and 1,3‐Diacylglycerols and Adding Unesterified Fatty Acids (2018)

Extra virgin olive oils (EVOO) command higher prices because they contain health-promoting nutrients and desirable sensory characteristics. Many targeted methods have limited success in determining olive oil authenticity. Therefore, attention has been paid to rapid spectroscopic methods that provide the composition of multiple components. A Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) method was reported that identified five major fatty acids and volatiles in EVOO, plus four models that identify common adulterants and their content. However, it did not include diacylglycerol (DAG) and unesterified fatty acids (FFA) known to be associated with freshness of the oil. The newly improved FT-NIR method now includes 1,2-DAG and 1,3-DAG models based on the DAG isomer content in freshly prepared EVOO, and a FFA model based on quantitative addition of oleic acid. The new FT-NIR method was used to reassess previously used EVOO products to evaluate their freshness. Based on these results and review of the published data, we propose several revisions to the EVOO regulation: limit FFA to ≤0.5%, include 1,2-DAG and 1,3-DAG in standard, place no limit on 1,2-DAG because it characterizes the oils, set the 1,3-DAG content to ≤1.0%, and lower the content of 18:2n-6 to 1.5%.
Abstract 393: The SHrN™ scid hairless NOD mouse model: Development and characterization (2010)

Abstract The SHrN™ scid hairless NOD mouse was developed to provide a hairless triple-immunodeficient mouse model to the research community. The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse carrying the Prkdcscid mutation (NOD scid mouse) is an established xenograft model for humanization, oncology, and immunology research. It has proven to be particularly useful in elucidating mechanisms of spontaneous lymphoma and thymic tumors, prostate cancer research, and the engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells. As scid mice are haired, it is often necessary to shave these mice to facilitate tumor observation and evaluation. However, shaving animals does not prevent autofluorescence of hair follicles while imaging scid mice. We have transferred the hairless mutation (Hrhr) from the outbred HsdOla:MF1-Hrhr to the NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/NCrHsd mouse to generate the inbred hairless NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Hrhr/NCrHsd mouse, or commonly named scid hairless NOD (SHrN™). Herein we describe the breeding program utilized to generate the SHrN™ model using marker assisted backcrossing methodology. A combination of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) allelic discrimination and quantitative PCR (QPCR) analysis was employed to genotype offspring for the Prkdcscid and Hrhr mutations. SNP genotypes were determined using the Fluidigm Biomark™ High Throughput SNP Genotyping Platform. In each backcross generation, a total of 560 SNPs was measured on all offspring homozygous for Prkdcscid and heterozygous for Hrhr to select the most optimal breeders with the highest percentage of NOD genetic background. Littermates identified to have a genetic background 99% concordant to the NOD mouse were sibling-mated to produce F1 breeders homozygous for both Prkdcscid and Hrhr mutations. The immunologic characteristics of this model are also described, which include B and T cell deficiency, a functional deficit of NK cells, and decreased macrophage and complement function. As the least leaky, most immunocompromised hairless model available, the SHrN™ model will become a valuable enhancement to oncology and immunology research, with particular benefit to imaging technology studies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 393.
Copper circulation in two tidally influenced marinas studied with the use of a Nafion polymer probe (1999)

Being able to measure the levels, and predict the movement of an anthropogenic trace metal released into a marine or estuarine environment is a major focus in coastal pollution studies. One major source of trace metal contamination in these environments is from ionic-copper-containing antifouling paints on ship hulls. Because ionic copper [Cu (I) + Cu (II)] complexes with organic ligands in the aquatic environment, there is a need for a quick and reliable measurement method to determine its levels. The organic dye, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (bathocuproine = BCP), embedded in the polymer Nafion 117, is such a reliable method. This procedure provides for the development of a probe capable of directly measuring Cu (I) in seawater. Measurement numbers are within 17% of the values obtained with the aqueous BCS standard method procedure. With this Nafion probe, it is possible to test for Cu (I), and, with a method modification, for Cu (II). The probe also allows the study of the movement of the ionic copper relative to the water movements in a basin. Results from this study indicate that ionic copper circulates, mixes, and releases from the basins or harbors with the tide. The circulation and mixing are functions of the basin flushing rate and exchange ratio. Nafion impregnated with bathocuproine (BCP) is a rapid method useful for detecting Cu (I) releases into the marine environment. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 3:3–18, 1999
One-pot Synthesis of Phosphorus-modified AEI Zeolites Derived by the Dual-template Method as a Durable Catalyst with Enhanced Thermal/Hydrothermal Stability for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO<i><sub>x</sub></i> by NH<sub>3</sub> (2015)

Phosphorus-modified AEI zeolites, synthesized by the dual-template method using a mixture of N,N-diethyl-2,6-dimethylpiperidinium and tetraethyl phosphonium cations, exhibited excellent thermal/hyd...
Polynomial-metamodel assisted fast power optimization of Nano-CMOS PLL components (2012)

As the complexity of mixed-signal systems grows, the challenges of their design becomes exponentially more difficult. In order to mitigate this problem, this paper proposes a two stage approach that uses accurate metamodels and efficient algorithms for fast mixed-signal system optimization. The different components of a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) are considered as case study. First, the metamodel creation process is presented. A simulated annealing based optimization algorithmis then introduced for power optimization of the components. It is shown that the metamodel approach speeds up the optimization phase by 2000× with very good accuracy. The power consumption of the circuits is decreased by 22% for the baseline design and is within 8% of the circuit netlist-based, but computationally expensive approach.
Recent developments in the synthesis and functionalization of conducting poly(thiophenes) (1989)

Abstract The mechanism of the electropolymerization of thiophene derivatives has been investigated by varying the electrosynthesis conditions and the monomer structure. The results of these analyses led to the definition of optimized electrosynthesis conditions allowing the control of the electrical and electrochemical properties of poly(thiophenes). On the basis of these results, the properties of these polymers have been modified by means of a new one‐step electrosynthesis of conducting composite materials and by the direct electropolymerization of tailor‐made functionalized monomers. For this purpose, the steric conditions associated to the various possibilities of covalent derivatization have been analyzed, leading to the definition of a “functionalization space”, compatible with the preservation of high conductivity and electrochemical reversibility in the resulting polymers. This concept has been applied to the synthesis of highly conducting chiral poly(thiophenes) on which an effect of enantioselective molecular recognition has been demonstrated for the first time.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Vancomycin Aglycon Analogues That Bear Modifications in the N-Terminal <scp>d</scp>-Leucyl Amino Acid (2009)

The synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of vancomycin aglycon analogues bearing alternative residue 1 N-methyl-D-amino acids are described. The analogues were prepared to define whether H-bonding d-amino acids could improve the affinity for the model ligands N,N'-Ac(2)-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala (2) and N,N'-Ac(2)-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Lac (3) and improve antimicrobial activity against vancomycin-sensitive or vancomycin-resistant bacteria. Additionally, a series of analogues with appended nucleophiles (hydrazines and amines) on the residue 1 D-amino acids are described that were examined for their ability to react with the C-terminal ester of 3, forming a covalent attachment of L-Lys-D-Ala to the natural product analogues.
A cryogen-free ultralow-field superconducting quantum interference device magnetic resonance imaging system (2014)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at microtesla fields using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) detection has previously been demonstrated, and advantages have been noted. Although the ultralow-field SQUID MRI technique would not need the heavy superconducting magnet of conventional MRI systems, liquid helium required to cool the low-temperature detector still places a significant burden on its operation. We have built a prototype cryocooler-based SQUID MRI system that does not require a cryogen. The SQUID detector and the superconducting gradiometer were cooled down to 3.7 K and 4.3 K, respectively. We describe the prototype design, characterization, a phantom image, and areas of further improvements needed to bring the imaging performance to parity with conventional MRI systems.
Predicting HDD failures from compound SMART attributes (2017)

Hard Disk Drives (HDD s) sometimes fail with no apparent reason; some SMART (Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology) attributes present strong correlations with drive failures[3], yet a drive may also fail without (supposedly) any previous indication. Most of the host systems today utilize alert-methods which are reactive by nature-a drive is indicated to fail when some SMART attribute exceeds its vendor defined threshold for valid operation[4]. This approach does not take the cross correlation between different attributes into account and the fact that thresholds vary across different vendors.
Bulk crystal growth of Ga2O3 (2018)

This paper describes the bulk crystal growth of β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> using edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) process. We first describe the method of the crystal growth and show that large-size crystal with width of up to 6 inch can be grown. Then, we discuss the way to control electrical properties. In the discussion, we give some experimental results of residual impurity measurement, intentional doping using Si and Sn for n-type doping and Fe for insulating doping.
Copper- and Palladium-Containing Perovskites: Catalysts for the Ullmann and Sonogashira Reactions (2005)

Corrected by: Copper- and Palladium-Containing Perovskites: Catalysts for the Ullmann and Sonogashira ReactionsSynlett 2005; 2005(09): 1490-1490DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-869842
Characterization of an<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>DNA hypomethylation mutant (1995)

We have recently isolated two Arabidopsis thaliana DNA hypomethylation mutations, identifying the DDM1 locus, that cause a 70% reduction in genomic 5-methylcytosine levels [1]. Here we describe further phenotypic and biochemical characterization of the ddm1 mutants. ddm1/ddm1 homozygotes exhibited altered leaf shape, increased cauline leaf number, and a delay in the onset of flowering when compared to non-mutant siblings in a segregating population. Our biochemical characterization investigated two possible mechanisms for DNA hypomethylation. In order to see if ddm1 mutations affect DNA methyltransferase function, we compared DNA methyltransferase activities in extracts from wild-type and ddm1 mutant tissues. The ddm1 mutant extracts had as much DNA methyltransferase activity as that of the wild-type for both the CpI and CpNpG substrates suggesting that the DDM1 locus does not encode a DNA methyltransferase. Moreover, the ddm1 mutations did not affect the intracellular level of S-adenosylmethionine, the methyl group donor for DNA methylation. The possibility that the DDM1 gene product functions as a modifier of DNA methylation is discussed.
Car-2-X and Pedestrian Safety: Innovative Collision Avoidance System (2010)

Traffic accidents involving pedestrians or cyclists cause thousands of fatalities and serious injuries each year. This article presents an innovative approach for a collision avoidance system that aims to reduce these accidents. The different architectural approaches utilizing ad hoc and/or cellular technologies and various processing setups are discussed, and a physical analysis of the system time available between detection, warning, and reaction is presented in order to provide an overview of the time constraint.
Noise reduction in dual-source CT scanning (2011)

With dual source CT, special attention has to be paid to scattered radiation. X-ray quanta from the second source (tube B) get scattered from the object in the scan field and are registered by the first detector (detector A) and vice versa ("cross scattered radiation"). Depending on object and CT scan parameters, the ratio of scattered radiation intensity s over primary radiation intensity <i>p</i> can even exceed unity. In order to restore contrast and to avoid artifacts, the scattered radiation signal needs to be determined and subtracted from the measured signal. However, the thus corrected projections experience a noise increase proportional to <i>√(1+s/p)</i>. In CT, line integrals are often redundantly measured. With dual source CT, the rays within redundant projection data can be differently affected by cross-scattered radiation. Typically, rays which are complementary to those that experience maximum scattered intensity are affected by rather low scattered intensity. The current work presents a noise-weighted reconstruction scheme, depending on the scatter-to-primary ratio <i>s/p</i>, which leads to a minimal noise increase in these situations. The proposed weighting scheme can also be combined with other means of noise reduction in the case of scattered radiation correction, e.g. a subsequent spatial signal filtering. The effect of the weighting scheme is evaluated with phantom scans using typical dual energy CT parameter settings. For a water cylinder of 40 cm diameter, the weighting scheme leads to a pixel noise reduction of up to 16%. For a semi-anthropomorphic liver phantom a noise decrease of up to 5% was observed.
Amplifications and deletions in clinical ovarian cancer detected by Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) (1993)

Paraquat and diquat were shown to interfere significantly in the measurement of plasma creatinine by the alkaline picrate (Jaffé) reaction in a young man who ingested a massive dose of a mixture of the 2 herbicides. It is likely that these bipyridylium compounds react in a manner similar but at different rates compared with creatinine in the Jaffé reaction.
Development of a Real-Time Elemental Mapping System in a Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (2000)

Abstract The ability to obtain elemental maps in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) or scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is extremely useful in the analysis of materials, and semiconductor devices such as ULSI's and GMR heads. Hitachi has developed a new type of elemental mapping system, consisting of a STEM (Hitachi, HD-2000) equipped with a two-window electron energy filter. In-situ calculation of the energy-filtered signal makes it possible to observe real time elemental mapping images with nanometer resolution. Figure 1 shows a schematic of the elemental mapping system. In the STEM, electrons are generated from a cold field emission gun and accelerated to a potential of 200 kV. The electrons arc focused by the objective lens into a small probe (&lt;1 nm), which is then rastered over the specimen using scanning coils. Transmitted electrons are collected by an energy filter, which is located beneath the specimen., and consists of quadrupole lenses, a magnetic prism spectrometer and two kinds of electron beam energy detectors.
An efficient maximum likelihood carrier frequency offset estimation technique for OFDM systems (2008)

In this paper, we propose a hybrid scheme for the carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation in OFDM communication systems. The main novelty of the approach is the judicious combination of two methods so as to reduce the bandwidth overhead and computational complexity without compromising the estimation range. The cyclic prefix (CP) associated with the OFDM symbols are used for the fractional frequency offset estimation. The integer frequency offset is estimated by means of a cost function minimization employing a few null subcarriers, which are allocated using a modified Fibonacci series. Performance of the frequency offset estimator is mathematically analyzed by deriving the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) and is compared with the mean square error performance of the estimator. For moderate SNRs, our algorithm is shown to outperform some existing methods in terms of MSE (and thereby BER) performance, training overhead and receiver complexity.
No reference PSNR estimation for compressed pictures (2003)

Many user-end applications require an estimate of the quality of coded video or images without having access to the original, i.e. a no-reference quality metric. Furthermore, in many such applications, the compressed video bitstream is also not available. The paper describes methods for using the statistical properties of the coded video data to estimate the quantization error caused by compression without accessing either the original pictures or the bitstream. A commonly used quality metric, the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is subsequently computed from the estimated quantization error. Since quantization error is the most significant loss incurred during typical coding schemes, the estimated PSNR, or any PSNR-based quality metric may be used to gauge the overall quality of the pictures.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Oils (2005)

Abstract Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a name given to a mixture of geometric and positional isomers of linoleic acid having conjugated double bonds. Depending on the position and cis‐trans‐configuration of conjugated double bonds, 54 isomers are possible, of which 14 isomers have been identified in commercial products. CLA was first produced in 1935 via alkali treatment of polyunsaturated fatty acid rich oils. The early research used CLA mainly as a marker for the study of fat metabolism because of its high UV absorbency compared with nonconjugated fat. From the 1980's, the research interest has increased in its biological properties, particularly its role in cancer, diabetes, and fat metabolism regulation. The present chapter discusses the metabolism, uses, method of production, and analysis of CLA.
Combustion fuel injection system (1992)

Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary is an uncommon neoplasm. The adult form progresses slowly and often is diagnosed in an early stage of disease. Surgery is indicated. The juvenile forms are more exceptional and more aggressive. A prolonged post therapeutic follow-up is necessary because of the risk of recurrences, late and exceptional for the adult form but frequent and early for the juvenile form.
Stumble detection and classification for an intelligent transfemoral prosthesis (2010)

This paper describes an approach for the real-time detection of stumble for use in an intelligent lower limb prosthesis, using accelerometers mounted on the prosthesis, and also describes an algorithm that classifies the stumble response as either an elevating or lowering type response. In order to validate the proposed approach, the investigators collected stumble data on 10 healthy subjects using accelerometers affixed to the subjects in a manner consistent with similar instrumentation on a transfemoral prosthesis. The proposed algorithms were shown to correctly identify stumbling and correctly classify the stumble response for all 19 stumbles and 34 control strides collected in the experiments.
Optimal Control of Variable Geometry Turbocharged Diesel Engines With Exhaust Gas Recirculation (1999)

Abstract This paper presents results on the optimal transient control of diesel engines with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and a variable geometry turbocharger (VGT). The implications of these results for feedback controller design axe discussed.