gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influences of Load Command Signals on the Operation Characteristics of Coal-Fired Power Plants During Loading up Processes (2017)

In recent years an increasing number of coal-fired power plants are forced to take part in load cycling to balance the electricity demands and supplies in China. Therefore, the investigation of energy consumption characteristics of power plants during transient processes is necessary and valuable. In this paper, the loading up processes of a power plant with several formats of load commands, such as linear, parabolic, sine and exponential functions were simulated, and the energy consumption characteristics of the power plant were presented. Furthermore, the operation characteristics including flexibility, safety and generation cost were compared. Results show that: when the unit increases load with the same average cycling loading rate, the max difference of standard coal consumption rates is 1.03 g/(kW h), which decreases with the increase of average cycling rate. The excellent signal formats have the following features: the instantaneous cycling rates are small in the ending of a transient process while they have high values in the beginning and mid-stage of the process. (CSPE)
A Facile, Alternative Synthesis of 4‘-Thioarabinonucleosides and Their Biological Activities (1997)

4'-Thioarabinonucleosides, which are potential antiviral agents, were synthesized from D-glucose. 1,4-Anhydro-4-thioarabitol (8), which can be derived from diacetone glucose in nine steps, was subjected to Pummerer rearrangement after protection of the hydroxyl groups to give 1-O-acetyl-4-thioarabinose (11), which was condensed with nucleobases to give 4'-thioarabinonucleosides. The 5-substituted-4'-thioaraU (6a-e) derivatives showed anti-HSV-1 activity (ED50 = 0.43-3.50 micrograms/mL). 4'-ThioaraG (6h) and 2,6-diaminopurine 4'-thioarabinonucleoside (4'-thioaraDAP, 6g) showed antiviral activity against several herpes viruses and were particularly potent against human cytomegalovirus (0.010 and 0.022 microgram/mL, respectively).
Improved Device Characteristics in Charge-Trapping-Engineered Flash Memory Using High-k Dielectrics (2009)

The much shallower trap energy in Si3N4 of [poly-Si]-SiO2-Si3N4-SiO2-Si (SONOS) charge-trapping flash (CTF) device than conventional poly-Si floating gate flash is the fundamental challenge for CTF device. We have pioneered the high-k trapping layer CTF memory to increase the trapping energy, where the AlGaN has a large conduction band offset to barrier oxide layer close to conventional poly-Si floating gate. Further device performance improvement is achieved using the novel Charge-Trapping-Engineered Flash (CTEF) device with double barriers for carrier confinements and double shallow-/deep-trapping layers for charge storage. Excellent memory device integrities of large extrapolated 10-year retention of 3.8 V at 150oC, 4 logic levels MLC operation, very fast 100 us write speed and good 100,000 cycling stress are measured at the same time. These excellent results may allow further down-scaling the flash memory for additional nodes.
HiFi-GAN: High-Fidelity Denoising and Dereverberation Based on Speech Deep Features in Adversarial Networks (2020)

Real-world audio recordings are often degraded by factors such as noise, reverberation, and equalization distortion. This paper introduces HiFi-GAN, a deep learning method to transform recorded speech to sound as though it had been recorded in a studio. We use an end-to-end feed-forward WaveNet architecture, trained with multi-scale adversarial discriminators in both the time domain and the time-frequency domain. It relies on the deep feature matching losses of the discriminators to improve the perceptual quality of enhanced speech. The proposed model generalizes well to new speakers, new speech content, and new environments. It significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baseline methods in both objective and subjective experiments.
Saturated and Unsaturated Wax Esters Produced by <i>Acinetobacter</i> sp. HO1‐N Grown on C<sub>16</sub>‐C<sub>20</sub><i>n</i>‐Alkanes (1982)

Abstract The wax ester compositions produced by the action of Acinetobacter sp. HO1‐N on n‐alkanes (C 16 through C 20 ) were analyzed using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The wax esters contained, surprisingly, a large percentage of mono‐and diunsaturated components. The acyl and alkoxy segments are reported for each wax ester component. Also, the positions of the carbon‐carbon double bonds in the wax esters produced from the C 16 and C 20 n‐alkanes are reported. These microbial‐produced wax ester mixtures bear a close chemical similarity to those of sperm whale and jojoba oils.
Characterization of line-defect-waveguide lasers in two-dimensional photonic-crystal slabs (2004)

Here we investigate a line-defect-waveguide laser in a two-dimensional photonic-crystal slab. The change δλ in lasing wavelength for a change δW in waveguide width is found to be extremely large: δλ∕δW=2. It is two orders of magnitude greater than that for a conventional distributed-feedback laser. An investigation of the electromagnetic-field distribution at the waveguide-mode edge is made, giving an indication of the cavity-mode structure for lasing oscillation. Fourier transform analysis reveals that the extremely large tunability originates from the “zigzag” mode behavior of the line-defect waveguide in the photonic crystal, due to two-dimensional distributed feedback and reflection.
Identification of a prenatal profile of Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS): A review of 53 CdLS pregnancies (2012)

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) is a multisystem developmental disorder characterized by growth retardation, cognitive impairment, external and internal structural malformations, and characteristic facial features. Currently, there are no definitive prenatal screening measures that lead to the diagnosis of CdLS. In this study, documented prenatal findings in CdLS syndrome were analyzed towards the development of a prenatal profile predictive of CdLS. We reviewed 53 cases of CdLS (29 previously reported and 24 unreported) in which prenatal observations/findings were available. The review of these cases revealed a pattern of sonographic findings, including obvious associated structural defects, growth restriction, as well as a more subtle, but strikingly characteristic, facial profile, and suggestive of a recognizable prenatal ultrasonographic profile for CdLS. In addition, the maternal serum marker, PAPP-A, may be reduced and fetal nuchal translucency (NT) may be increased in some pregnancies when measured at an appropriate gestational age. In conclusion, CdLS can be prenatally diagnosed or readily ruled out in a family with a known mutation in a CdLS gene. The characteristic ultrasonographic profile may allow for prenatal diagnosis of CdLS in (1) subsequent pregnancies to a couple with a prior child with CdLS in whom a mutation has not been identified or (2) when there are unexplained pregnancy signs of fetal abnormality, such as oligo- or polyhydramnios, a low maternal serum PAPP-A level and/or increased NT, fetal growth retardation, or structural anomalies consistent with CdLS.
CD200 facilitates the isolation of corneal epithelial cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (2018)

The in vitro induction of corneal epithelial cells (CECs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represents a new strategy for obtaining CE stem/progenitor cells for the surgical reconstruction of a diseased or injured ocular surface. The clinical promise of this strategy is considerable, but if the approaches' potential is to be realised, robust methods for the purification of iPSC-derived CE lineage cells need to be developed to avoid contamination with other cells that may carry the risk of unwanted side effects, such as tumorigenesis. Experiments conducted here revealed that during CEC isolation, CD200-negative selection using a cell sorter considerably reduced the contamination of the cell population with various non-CECs compared with what could be achieved using TRA-1-60, a conventional negative marker for CECs. Furthermore, CD200-negative sorting did not affect the yield of CECs nor that of their stem/progenitor cells. Single-cell gene expression analysis for CEC sheets obtained using CD200-negative sorting showed that all analysed cells were CE-lineage cells, expressing PAX6, delta-N p63, and E-cadherin. Non-CECs, on the other hand, expressed non-CEC genes such as FGFR1 and RPE65. CD200, thus, represents a robust negative marker for purification of induced CE lineage cells, which is expressed by undifferentiated iPSCs and non-CECs, including iPSC-derived neural and retinal cells.
Generation of Gaseous ClO<sub>2</sub> from Thin Films of Solid NaClO<sub>2</sub> by Sequential Exposure to Ultraviolet Light and Moisture (2017)

We report that thin films of solid sodium chlorite (NaClO<sub>2</sub>) can be photochemically activated by irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light to generate gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO<sub>2</sub>) upon subsequent exposure to moisture. The limiting role of water in the reaction is evidenced by an increase in yield of ClO<sub>2</sub> with relative humidity of the gas stream passed over the UV-activated salt. The UV-activated state of the NaClO<sub>2</sub> was found to possess a half-life of 48 h, revealing the presence of long-lived UV activated species that subsequently react with water to produce gaseous ClO<sub>2</sub>. The yield of ClO<sub>2</sub> was determined to be proportional to the surface area of NaClO<sub>2</sub> particles projected to the incident illumination, consistent with activation of a ∼10 nm-thick layer of NaClO<sub>2</sub> at the surface of the micrometer-sized salt crystals (for an activation wavelength of 254 nm). We also found that the quantity of ClO<sub>2</sub> released can be tuned ∼10-fold by varying wavelength of UV irradiation and relative humidity of the gas stream passed over the UV-activated NaClO<sub>2</sub>. The UV-activated species were not detectable by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, indicating that the activated intermediate is not an excited triplet state of ClO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>. Additionally, neither X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nor Raman spectroscopy, nor attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy revealed the identity of the activated intermediate species. The ability to preactivate solid phase chlorite salt for subsequent generation of ClO<sub>2</sub> upon exposure to moisture suggests the basis of new materials and methods that permit triggered release of ClO<sub>2</sub> in contexts that use its disinfectant properties.
Reduced-Complexity Robust MIMO Decoders (2013)

We propose a robust near maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding metric that is robust to channel estimation errors and is near optimal with respect to symbol error rate (SER). The solution involves an exhaustive search through all possible transmitted signal vectors; this search has exponential complexity, which is undesirable in practical systems. Hence, we also propose a robust sphere decoder to implement the decoding with substantially lower computational complexity. For a real 4 x 4 MIMO system with 256-QAM modulation and at SER of 10^{-3}, our proposed robust sphere decoder has a coding loss of only 0.5 dB while searching through 2360 nodes (or less) compared to a 65536 node search using the exact ML metric. This translates to up to 228 times fewer real multiplications and additions in the implementation. We derive analytical upper bounds on the pairwise codeword error rate and symbol error rate of our robust sphere decoder and validate these bounds via simulation.
Structured illumination microscopy using random intensity incoherent reflectance (2012)

Depth information is resolved from thick specimens using a modification of structured illumination. By projecting a random projection pattern with varied spatial frequencies that is rotated while capturing images, sectioning can be performed using an incoherent light source in reflectance only. This provides a low-cost solution to obtaining information similar to that produced in confocal microscopy and other methods of structured illumination, without the requirement of complex or elaborate equipment, coherent light sources, or fluorescence. The broad line width of the light emitting diode minimizes artifacts associated with speckle from the laser while also increasing the safety of the instrument. Single diffusers and cascaded diffusers are compared to provide the most efficient method for sectioning at depth. By using reflectance only, in vivo images are produced on a human subject, generating high-contrast images and providing depth information about subsurface objects.
Automated Video Capture for Quality Control during Colonoscopy: Real-Time Recognition of “Inside-the-Patient” Status (2007)

Purpose: Automated, objective quality control during colonoscopy requires three key components: (1) automated digitial video file generation, (2) automated metric extraction, and (3) automated report generation. Here we report on a novel, real-time image analysis technique that in completely automated fashion creates multiple digital video files each representing a single endoscopic procedure. Methods: Two endoscopy rooms were equiped with video digitizers and PC-compatible workstations. Endoscopy image streams were digitized and forwarded to the workstations where during four days algorithms in real-time (analysis rate: 30 frames per sec) determined whether an image was “outside-the-patient” (OTP) or “inside-the-patient” (ITP; see figure). The algorithms are based on presence of specific color features and movement. If an ITP signal was detected, a digitized video file was created consisting of the first moment the endoscope was determined to be ITP until a status was reached of several minutes OTP. This approach allows for temporal removal of the endoscope for cleaning, polyp retrieval or combined procedures consisting of rectal stump and ileostomy inspection. Results: Sixty-nine procedures were performed during the four days (see figure); all started with perianal or peristomal images and ended with several minutes of OTP or no signal (equipment turned off). A few procedures were short (flexible sigmoidoscopy, ileoscopy or an aborted colonoscopy). A combined ileoscopy and rectal stump inspection was represented as a single procedure. Three additional small files were recorded: two test files in which the colon was simulated on purpose by introducting the endoscope into an enclosed fist and one (1/70; 1%) false positive result when the endoscope was left on in proximity of a material with skin color. Conclusion: We successfully developed automated, real-time recognition of “inside-the-patient” endoscopy; our results form a first, important step towards real-time quality controlduringcolonoscopy.[figure1]Figure
Shadows: A Type-safe Framework for Dynamically Extensible Objects (1994)

In an object-oriented program, it is common to have a collection of interconnected objects of a variety of types. To manipulate such a collection, it is often desirable to be able to extend the functionality of the individual objects, in different ways for different and independent clients, and possibly for more than one client at a time. The complete set of potential clients may not be known when the code for the collection is compiled, or when the collection is actually built. Furthermore, it is desirable to be able to extend the functionality of the various objects in a type-safe manner. Shadowing is a flexible way to solve this problem that permits a collection of objects to be projected from one type-space to another. Internally, a simple form of run-time typing is used to provide type-safety. Both the shadow technology and the run-time typing technology use a specialized utility called autodefine that automates many of the implementation details.
Rotary hammer ultrasonic/sonic drill system (2008)

Subsurface sampling systems for future planetary robotic missions which include reliable methods of generating, acquiring, and delivering samples to a scientific instrument for analysis are of extreme importance to the success of future in situ and sample return missions. Operating at remote locations the sampler needs to deal with a variety of disparate rock sources while being essential to deliver samples in different forms and to accommodate the requirements of a wide range of scientific instruments. Existing highly efficient terrestrial drilling techniques have limited space applications due to their need for large axial forces and holding torques, high power consumption and inability to efficiently duty cycle, and the use of rigid handling platforms. This paper describes the work performed at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and Honeybee Robotics for the development of a rotary percussive drill that uses an ultrasonic/sonic drill/corer as the hammering device integrated in a sampling system capable of automatic operation in a Mars environment.
Bistable output from a coupled-resonator vertical-cavity laser diode (2000)

We report a monolithic coupled-resonator vertical-cavity laser with an ion-implanted top cavity and a selectively oxidized bottom cavity which exhibits bistable behavior in the light output versus injection current. Large bistability regions over current ranges as wide as 18 mA have been observed with on/off contrast ratios of greater than 20 dB. The position and width of the bistability region can be varied by changing the bias to the top cavity. Switching between on and off states can be accomplished with changes as small as 250 μW to the electrical power applied to the top cavity. The bistable behavior is the response of the nonlinear susceptibility in the top cavity to the changes in the bottom intracavity laser intensity as the bottom cavity reaches the thermal rollover point.
Utilizing Real-World Transportation Data for Accurate Traffic Prediction (2012)

For the first time, real-time high-fidelity spatiotemporal data on transportation networks of major cities have become available. This gold mine of data can be utilized to learn about traffic behavior at different times and locations, potentially resulting in major savings in time and fuel, the two important commodities of 21st century. As a first step towards the utilization of this data, in this paper, we study the real-world data collected from Los Angeles County transportation network in order to incorporate the data's intrinsic behavior into a time-series mining technique to enhance its accuracy for traffic prediction. In particular, we utilized the spatiotemporal behaviors of rush hours and events to perform a more accurate prediction of both short-term and long-term average speed on road-segments, even in the presence of infrequent events (e.g., accidents). Our result shows that taking historical rush-hour behavior we can improve the accuracy of traditional predictors by up to 67% and 78% in short-term and long-term predictions, respectively. Moreover, we can incorporate the impact of an accident to improve the prediction accuracy by up to 91%.
Universal and Fault-Tolerant Multiphase Digital PWM Controller IC for High-Frequency DC-DC Converters (2007)

This paper describes a flexible 4-phase digital PWM controller IC that can be used with interleaved, multi-output, and parallel dc-dc switching converters operating at frequencies up to 10 MHz. The IC can be programmed to operate with any number of phases and it is fault-tolerant. If during interleaved mode a failure in one of the phases occurs, it automatically switches to operation with reduced number of phases by disabling the critical phase and adjusting the angles of the remaining ones. The key element of this IC is a new multi-phase digital-pulse width modulator (MDPWM) that utilizes a programmable counter, a delay line, and a digital logic with variable numbers representation. This IC is realized in a standard 0.18 μm CMOS process and exhibits low power consumption of 45 μA/MHz per phase. The controller operation is also experimentally verified with a 1 MHz, 25 W, 4-phase interleaved buck converter.
Asymmetric Synthesis of the Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitor Torcetrapib (2006)

Previously our group reported synthetic efforts used to synthesize kilogram quantities of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor torcetrapib, 1, via a mid-stage resolution. This account describes research conducted to develop an asymmetric route to this clinical candidate suitable for long-term manufacturing. The first asymmetric center is established via coupling of (R)-3-aminopentanenitrile to a trifluoromethylarene. After elaboration of the nitrile to a suitable precursor, a key step in the synthesis is diastereoselective cyclization of immonium ion 7 to provide the tetrahydroquinoline core. This approach also permitted a streamlined sequence to complete the synthesis of 1. Development of the process and synthetic rationale are described.
Microscopic medical image classification framework via deep learning and shearlet transform (2016)

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in US after cardiovascular disease. Image-based computer-aided diagnosis can assist physicians to efficiently diagnose cancers in early stages. Existing computer-aided algorithms use hand-crafted features such as wavelet coefficients, co-occurrence matrix features, and recently, histogram of shearlet coefficients for classification of cancerous tissues and cells in images. These hand-crafted features often lack generalizability since every cancerous tissue and cell has a specific texture, structure, and shape. An alternative approach is to use convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to learn the most appropriate feature abstractions directly from the data and handle the limitations of hand-crafted features. A framework for breast cancer detection and prostate Gleason grading using CNN trained on images along with the magnitude and phase of shearlet coefficients is presented. Particularly, we apply shearlet transform on images and extract the magnitude and phase of shearlet coefficients. Then we feed shearlet features along with the original images to our CNN consisting of multiple layers of convolution, max pooling, and fully connected layers. Our experiments show that using the magnitude and phase of shearlet coefficients as extra information to the network can improve the accuracy of detection and generalize better compared to the state-of-the-art methods that rely on hand-crafted features. This study expands the application of deep neural networks into the field of medical image analysis, which is a difficult domain considering the limited medical data available for such analysis.
Fecal microbial DNA markers serve for screening colorectal neoplasm in asymptomatic subjects (2020)

Quantitation of fecal microbial DNA markers may serve as a new test, stand alone, or in combination with FIT for screening colorectal neoplasm in asymptomatic subjects.