gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parallax rectification for spectrally-coded plenoptic cameras (2015)

Spectrally-coded plenoptic cameras have been developed for single-snapshot spectral imaging. Whereas reconstruction of spectral images from plenoptic sensor data has been studied in the past, rectification of those images according to a depth distribution in the scene has not been investigated. In this paper we describe a spectral parallax rectification algorithm for plenoptic cameras. The algorithm is designed to handle flexible filter partitions in the aperture and the small baselines inherent to plenoptic cameras. We demonstrate the algorithm's performance using checkerboard and captured scene data.
Capillary Foams: Formation Stages and Effects of System Parameters (2017)

Foams are concentrated dispersions of gas bubbles in a continuous liquid phase. They are ubiquitous in nature and familiar from beer, frothed milk, and bubble baths; moreover, they play important roles in industrial applications ranging from petrochemicals to pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics. Recently, we reported the discovery of “capillary foams”, a new class of stable foams obtained by frothing a suspension of colloidal particles in the presence of a small amount of oil. In this study, we explored in more detail the formation stages of capillary foams and found that particle networks are formed first, which then entrap the gas bubbles (in this case, air bubbles). We further investigated the influence of particle concentration and wettability on the formation of capillary foams. As the fraction of particles is increased, the foam volume first increases and then reaches a plateau value. Finally, capillary foams were prepared at different oil fractions, using oils with different interfacial properties. Our study shows that oil spreading has a strong effect on both the amount of oil needed to obtain stable foams and on the foam stability. A detailed understanding of the foam formation and the effects of material and process parameters lays a foundation for the targeted development of capillary foams toward future applications, which may range from the fabrication of load-bearing, lightweight porous materials, to enhanced oil recovery, advanced froth flotation, wastewater treatment, and oil spill remediation.
Development status of rotating machines employing superconducting field windings (2004)

Superconducting rotating machines have looked promising since multifilamentary niobium-titanium (NbTi) superconductors became available in the mid-1960s. Both dc homopolar and ac synchronous machines were successfully tested from the 1970s to the 1990s. Three different 70-MW generators were recently demonstrated by the SuperGM project in Japan. However, economic considerations with respect to competitive cost combined with the requirement for liquid helium cooling did not make these machines commercially attractive. On the other hand, high-temperature superconductors (HTSs) can operate at much higher temperatures (30-40 K), providing much larger thermal margin and simpler cooling systems. This refrigeration advantage has provided new impetus to the development of such machines for commercial applications. In the last few years, a number of superconducting rotating machines with HTS field windings have been demonstrated and several projects are currently transitioning to advanced development stages. HTS machines with ratings from a few kilowatts to several megawatts have been demonstrated in the United States and Europe. Currently, large high-torque ship propulsion motors, large generator prototypes, and synchronous condensers are under development and are expected to be commercially available in the next few years. Prospects for improved life cycle cost, smaller size, less weight, and higher efficiency benefits are providing incentives for the development of these larger rating HTS machines. This paper reviews the past and recent progress on the worldwide development of industrial-grade superconducting rotating machines utilizing low-temperature superconductor and HTS field windings and provides an outlook on the benefits and opportunities of this new technology.
Metabolism of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2 to activated dihydroxyvitamin D 2 metabolites decreases endogenous 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 in rats and monkeys. (1995)

The vitamin D analog 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2 (1 alpha-OHD2) is under development for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism and metabolic bone disease. This analog is metabolized in vivo to the natural active dihydroxylated metabolite of vitamin D2, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 [1 alpha,25-(OH)2D2]. To study the metabolism of this analog, an assay involving HPLC separation and purification of metabolites followed by RRA with the vitamin D receptor was developed to quantitate the active metabolites of the analog and the endogenous active metabolite of vitamin D3, 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3, from the same blood sample. This assay was used to determine blood levels of active dihydroxylated vitamin D compounds in rats and monkeys treated with oral 1 alpha-OHD2. As the circulating 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D2 level increased dose dependently in these rats and monkeys, a concomitant decrease in the endogenous 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 was observed. In rats orally administered more than 2.5 micrograms 1 alpha-OHD2/kg.day, a second active metabolite of 1 alpha-OHD2, 1 alpha,24-(OH)2D2, was detected in concentrations similar to those of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D2. These results indicate that the regulatory control of endogenous vitamin D metabolism as well as analog metabolism must be considered when assessing the therapeutic potential of a vitamin D analog.
Controlled Synthesis and Single-Particle Imaging of Bright, Sub-10 nm Lanthanide-Doped Upconverting Nanocrystals (2012)

Phosphorescent nanocrystals that upconvert near-infrared light to emit at higher energies in the visible have shown promise as photostable, nonblinking, and background-free probes for biological imaging. However, synthetic control over upconverting nanocrystal size has been difficult, particularly for the brightest system, Yb(3+)- and Er(3+)-doped β-phase NaYF(4), for which there have been no reports of methods capable of producing sub-10 nm nanocrystals. Here we describe conditions for the controlled synthesis of protein-sized β-phase NaYF(4): 20% Yb(3+), 2% Er(3+) nanocrystals, from 4.5 to 15 nm in diameter. The size of the nanocrystals was modulated by varying the concentration of basic surfactants, Y(3+):F(-) ratio, and reaction temperature, variables that also affected their crystalline phase. Increased reaction times favor formation of the desired β-phase nanocrystals while having only a modest effect on nanocrystal size. Core/shell β-phase NaYF(4): 20% Yb(3+), 2% Er(3+)/NaYF(4) nanoparticles less than 10 nm in total diameter exhibit higher luminescence quantum yields than comparable >25 nm diameter core nanoparticles. Single-particle imaging of 9 nm core/shell nanoparticles also demonstrates that they exhibit no measurable photobleaching or blinking. These results establish that small lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles can be synthesized without sacrificing brightness or stability, and these sub-10 nm nanoparticles are ideally suited for single-particle imaging.
Nuclear magnetic resonance for measuring gas energy content. Final report, September 1986-April 1988 (1988)

This research is directed toward evaluating the feasibility of using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to measure gas energy content and density. The hydrogen NMR properties of pure hydrocarbon gases, natural gases, and mixtures of gases were measured over wide ranges of temperature and pressure. The data were analyzed to determine the potential and limitations of NMR for determining the calorific value of the gas, the composition, and gas density. Results are very favorable to the practical use of simple NMR apparatus for online measurements of gas energy content, density, and compressibility factors. References obtained during a literature search are listed.
Clinical evaluation of cochlear implant sound coding taking into account conjectural masking functions, MP3000™ (2011)

Efficacy of the SPEAK and ACE coding strategies was compared with that of a new strategy, MP3000™, by 37 European implant centers including 221 subjects. The SPEAK and ACE strategies are based on selection of 8-10 spectral components with the highest levels, while MP3000 is based on the selection of only 4-6 components, with the highest levels relative to an estimate of the spread of masking. The pulse rate per component was fixed. No significant difference was found for the speech scores and for coding preference between the SPEAK/ACE and MP3000 strategies. Battery life was 24% longer for the MP3000 strategy. With MP3000 the best results were found for a selection of six components. In addition, the best results were found for a masking function with a low-frequency slope of 50 dB/Bark and a high-frequency slope of 37 dB/Bark (50/37) as compared to the other combinations examined of 40/30 and 20/15 dB/Bark. The best results found for the steepest slopes do not seem to agree with current estimates of the spread of masking in electrical stimulation. Future research might reveal if performance with respect to SPEAK/ACE can be enhanced by increasing the number of channels in MP3000 beyond 4-6 and it should shed more light on the optimum steepness of the slopes of the masking functions applied in MP3000.
The blocker tag (2003)

We propose the use of "selective blocking" by "blocker tags" as a way of protecting consumers from unwanted scanning of RFID tags attached to items they may be carrying or wearing.While an ordinary RFID tag is a simple, cheap (e.g. five-cent) passive device intended as an "electronic bar-code" for use in supply-chain management, a blocker tag is a cheap passive RFID device that can simulate many ordinary RFID tags simultaneously. When carried by a consumer, a blocker tag thus "blocks" RFID readers. It can do so universally by simulating all possible RFID tags. Or a blocker tag can block selectively by simulating only selected subsets of ID codes, such as those by a particular manufacturer, or those in a designated "privacy zone.We believe that this approach, when used with appropriate care, provides a very attractive alternative for addressing privacy concerns raised by the potential (and likely) widespread use of RFID tags in consumer products.We also discuss possible abuses arising from blocker tags, and means for detecting and dealing with them.
Intermittent Contact−Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (IC−SECM): A New Approach for Tip Positioning and Simultaneous Imaging of Interfacial Topography and Activity (2010)

A new scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) tip positioning method that allows surface topography and activity to be resolved simultaneously and independently is presented. The tip, controlled by a piezoelectric positioner operated in closed loop, is oscillated normal to the substrate surface. Changes in the oscillation amplitude, caused by the intermittent contact (IC) of the tip with the substrate surface, are used as a feedback signal to control the tip height. The method is illustrated with amperometric feedback approach curve measurements to inert (insulating) and active (conducting) substrates using 12.5 and 1 microm radii Pt disk electrodes. Imaging of gold bands on a glass substrate demonstrates the capabilities for simultaneous topography and activity mapping. The prospect for using IC methodology more widely with other types of tips is highlighted briefly.
Automated test system for digital TV receivers (2002)

The quality of a digital TV receiver is related to the quality of the images it produces. This paper describes the design of an automated test system for testing the image quality of digital TV receivers.
Improved Collapse Resistance of UOE Line Pipe With Thermal Aging For Deepwater Applications (2007)

UOE pipe has a strength anisotropy and distribution developed by cold forming. Since a decrease in the compressive yield stress in the circumferential direction causes lower collapse resistance, the drawn ratio should be allowable for pipeline design. The collapse resistance of UOE pipe with and without thermal aging was evaluated using the full body collapse test and numerical simulation by FEA. The results show that decreased yield stress is recovered by thermal aging during anticorrosion coating and it exceeds the specified yield stress for the specially designed material.
Uninitialized, globally optimal, graph-based rectilinear shape segmentation - the opposing metrics method (2007)

We present a new approach for the incorporation of shape information into a segmentation algorithm. Unlike previous approaches to the problem, our method requires no initialization, is non-iterative and finds a steady-state (i.e., global optimum) solution. In the present work, we are specifically focused on the segmentation of rectilinear shapes. The key idea is to use the fact that certain shape classes optimize the ratio of specific metrics, which can be expressed as graph Laplacian matrices applied to indicator vectors. We show that a relaxation of the binary formulation of this problem allows a global solution via generalized eigenvectors. The approach is tested on both synthetic examples and natural images.
Cancer therapeutic approach based on conformational stabilization of mutant p53 protein by small peptides (2016)

The p53 tumor suppressor serves as a major barrier against malignant transformation. Over 50% of tumors inactivate p53 by point mutations in its DNA binding domain. Most mutations destabilize p53 protein folding, causing its partial denaturation at physiological temperature. Thus a high proportion of human tumors overexpress a potential potent tumor suppressor in a non-functional, misfolded form. The equilibrium between the properly folded and misfolded states of p53 may be affected by molecules that interact with p53, stabilizing its native folding and restoring wild type p53 activity to cancer cells. To select for mutant p53 (mutp53) reactivating peptides, we adopted the phage display technology, allowing interactions between mutp53 and random peptide libraries presented on phages and enriching for phage that favor the correctly folded p53 conformation. We obtained a large database of potential reactivating peptides. Lead peptides were synthesized and analyzed for their ability to restore proper p53 folding and activity. Remarkably, many enriched peptides corresponded to known p53-binding proteins, including RAD9. Importantly, lead peptides elicited dramatic regression of aggressive tumors in mouse xenograft models. Such peptides might serve as novel agents for human cancer therapy.
FLID-DL: congestion control for layered multicast (2002)

We describe fair layered increase/decrease with dynamic layering (FLID-DL): a new multirate congestion control algorithm for layered multicast sessions. FLID-DL generalizes the receiver-driven layered congestion control protocol (RLC) introduced by Vicisano et al. (Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, San Francisco, CA, , p.996-1003, Mar. 1998)ameliorating the problems associated with large Internet group management protocol (IGMP) leave latencies and abrupt rate increases. Like RLC, FLID-DL, is a scalable, receiver-driven congestion control mechanism in which receivers add layers at sender-initiated synchronization points and leave layers when they experience congestion. FLID-DL congestion control coexists with transmission control protocol (TCP) flows as well as other FLID-DL sessions and supports general rates on the different multicast layers. We demonstrate via simulations that our congestion control scheme exhibits better fairness properties and provides better throughput than previous methods. A key contribution that enables FLID-DL and may be useful elsewhere is dynamic layering (DL), which mitigates the negative impact of long IGMP leave latencies and eliminates the need for probe intervals present in RLC. We use DL to respond to congestion much faster than IGMP leave operations, which have proven to be a bottleneck in practice for prior work.
Effect of the Deficiency of Spinal PSD-95/SAP90 on the Minimum Alveolar Anesthetic Concentration of Isoflurane in Rats (2001)

The results indicate not only a significant decrease in MAC for isoflurane but also an attenuation in the NMDA-induced increase in isoflurane MAC in the PSD-95/SAP90 antisense-treated animals, which suggests that PSD-95/SAP90 may mediate the role of the NMDA receptor in determining the MAC of inhalational anesthetics.
Abstract: A practical approach to helium leak detector applications (1975)

A helium mass spectrometer leak detector is simply a helium partial pressure gauge, combined with a supporting vacuum system for maintaining a suitable operating pressure. Although calibrated normally in std cc/sec the readout is accurate only when testing small devices directly connected to the leak detector. Locating and measuring leaks in large systems and small hermetically sealed devices are discussed. The use of pressure probe techniques will also be covered.
Control of Radical Polymerizations by Metalloradicals (1998)

Cobalt(II) porphyrin complexes ((por)CoII·) are used to illustrate how metalloradicals (M·) can function to control radical polymerization through both chain transfer catalysis and living polymerization. Chain transfer catalysis (CTC) is best achieved when there are minimal steric demands. This allows β-hydrogen abstraction from oligomer radicals by M·, as illustrated by the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of tetraanisylporphyrinato cobalt(II). When β-H abstraction from the oligomer radical is precluded by sterics, then a metalloradical mediated living radical polymerization (LRP) can occur. Radical polymerization initiated and mediated by organo-cobalt tetramesitylporphyrin complexes manifest high living character as shown by the linear increase in Mn with conversion, formation of block copolymers and relativity low polydispersity homo and block copolymers. Kinetic studies provide rate and activation parameters for the living radical polymerization process.
Pentameric IgM Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Human β2-Microglobulin Are More Potent at Inducing Apoptosis in Multiple Myeloma Cells (2008)

Abstract Multiple myeloma is still an incurable plasma malignancy because patients are prone to quickly relapse after conventional treatment or even high-dose chemotherapy. At the present time, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are being successfully used to treat cancers. We recently discovered that anti-β2-microglobulin (β2M) mAbs (IgG1 isotype) induced myeloma cell apoptosis (Yang et al., Cancer Cell2006; 10:295–307). The mAbs bind, cross-link, and recruit surface β2M/MHC class I molecules on myeloma cells to lipid rafts where downstream signaling pathways are activated. Therefore, it is possible that enhancing the capacity of the mAbs to cross-link surface MHC class I could further improve the efficacy of mAb-induced myeloma cell apoptosis. To examine this hypothesis, we generated anti-β2M mAbs of IgM isotype with a pentameric structure. By using Annexin V and TUNEL assays, we showed that, compared with monomeric IgG mAbs, IgM anti-β2M mAbs exhibit stronger tumoricidal activity on all six myeloma cell lines and primary myeloma cells isolated from five myeloma patients in dose- and time-dependent manner. About 80% to 90% of myeloma cells were apoptotic when treated with IgM mAb at a concentration as low as 20 mg/mL in a 12-hour culture. Furthermore, IgM anti-β2M mAbs, which at the same dose had stronger therapeutic efficacy than IgG mAbs in vivo, had greatly reduced tumor burdens and retarded tumor growth in SCID mice. To examine whether the pentameric structure plays an important role in IgM mAb-mediated tumoricidal activity, IgM mAbs were treated with β-mercaptoethanol (2ME), a specific agent that breaks the J-chain of IgM antibody leading to irreversible disruption of the IgM pentameric structure. By using native gel electrophoresis, we confirmed that without 2ME treatment, IgM mAbs were pentamers with one band of 950 kDa. After treatment with 2ME, IgM mAbs displayed a strong band in 175 kDa (monomer), indicating that 2ME completely broke pentamers to monomers. Furthermore, we found that the addition of 2ME-pretreated IgM mAbs to cell culture induced much weaker myeloma cell apoptosis than pentameric IgM mAbs. By using Western blot analysis, we further showed that 2ME-pretreated IgM mAbs induce weaker JNK activation and caspase-9, -8, -3, and PARP cleavage. By using confocal microscopy, we showed that 2ME-pretreated IgM mAbs are much less efficient at recruiting β2M/MHC class I molecules into lipid rafts on myeloma cells, although 2ME-pretreated IgM mAbs bound well to myeloma cell surface. Thus, our findings indicate that enhancing cross-linking of surface β2M/MHC class I molecules may be a novel approach to improve the antimyeloma efficacy of the mAbs. This study also suggests that our IgM anti-β2M mAbs may be a better therapeutic agent for future clinical application.
Buspirone blocks motion sickness and xylazine-induced emesis in the cat. (1987)

Cats were tested for motion sickness following s.c. pretreatment with four doses of buspirone. Buspirone blocked motion sickness with an ED50 of 0.46 mg . kg-1 base. Buspirone pretreatment (4.0 mg . kg-1 base) also significantly blocked vomiting in cats later injected with 0.66 mg . kg-1 (base) s.c. of the emetic drug xylazine. The results are interpreted as showing that buspirone is acting at the vomiting center, the point of convergence for the separate mechanisms subserving chemically-induced emesis and motion sickness.
A Unique Substrate Binding Mode Discriminates Membrane Type-1 Matrix Metalloproteinase from Other Matrix Metalloproteinases (2002)

In our study, we characterized the substrate recognition properties of membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP; also known as MMP-14), a key enzyme in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. A panel of optimal peptide substrates for MT1-MMP was identified using substrate phage display. The substrates can be segregated into four groups based on their degree of selectivity for MT1-MMP. Substrates with poor selectivity for MT1-MMP are comprised predominately of the Pro-X-X- downward arrow-X(Hy) motif that is recognized by a number of MMPs. Highly selective substrates lack the characteristic Pro at the P(3) position; instead they contain an Arg at the P(4) position. This P(4) Arg is essential for efficient hydrolysis and for selectivity for MT1-MMP. Molecular modeling indicates that the selective substrates adopt a linear conformation that extends along the entire catalytic pocket of MT1-MMP, whereas non-selective substrates are kinked at the conserved P(3) Pro residue. Importantly, the selective substrates can be made non-selective by insertion of a proline kink at P(3), without significantly reducing overall k(cat)/K(m) values. Altogether the study provides a structural basis for selective and non-selective substrate recognition by MT1-MMP. The findings in this report are likely to explain several aspects of MT1-MMP biology.