gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The cruise industry and the COVID-19 outbreak (2020)

The movement of cruise ships has the potential to be a major trigger of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreaks. In Australia, the cruise ship Ruby Princess became the largest COVID-19 epicenter. When the Ruby Princess arrived at the Port of Sydney in New South Wales on March 19, 2020, approximately 2700 passengers disembarked. By March 24, about 130 had tested positive for COVID-19, and by March 27, the number had increased to 162. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the cruise industry and the COVID-19 outbreak. We take two perspectives: the first analysis focuses on the relationship between the estimated number of cruise passengers landing and the number of COVID-19 cases. We tracked the movement of all ocean cruise ships around the world using automatic identification system data from January to March 2020. We found that countries with arrival and departure ports and with ports that continued to accept cruise ships until March have a higher COVID-19 infection rate than countries that did not. The second analysis focuses on the characteristics of cruise ships infected with COVID-19. For this purpose, we utilize the list named "Cruise ships affected by COVID-19" released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. As a result, cruise ships infected with COVID-19 were large in size and operated regular cruises that sailed from the same port of arrival and departure to the same ports of call on a weekly basis.
<i>NKX3.1</i> Haploinsufficiency Is Prognostic for Prostate Cancer Relapse following Surgery or Image-Guided Radiotherapy (2011)

Our results support the use of genomic predictors, such as NKX3.1 status, in needle biopsies for personalized approaches to prostate cancer management.
An edge-defined technique for fabricating submicron metal–semiconductor field effect transistor gates (1990)

A new technique has been developed to fabricate submicron gates in GaAs metal–semiconductor field effect transistors (MESFETs) using simple contact lithography. The technique employs a multiple layer resist structure and angle evaporation to define a conformal aluminum mask above the wafer surface. The gate length of the aluminum mask is well controlled by an evaporation angle and a resist thickness. The pattern transfer to the wafer surface is compatible with a recessed gate technology. In a production environment, the process is capable of producing quarter-micron MESFETs with less than ±150 Å (1σ) gate length variation across a 2-in. wafer.
Epidemiologic study of the prevalence and severity of myopia among schoolchildren in Taiwan in 2000 (2001)

Background and purpose A nationwide survey was performed in 2000 to determine the prevalence and severity of myopia among schoolchildren in Taiwan and to compare these findings with the results of the last survey performed in 1995. Methods We first divided the whole island into regions according to developmental grade scores and then sampled with the probability proportional to the size of the population within each stratum. A total of 10,889 students were enrolled, including 5,664 boys and 5,225 girls, with ages ranging from 7 to 18 years. The refractive status and corneal radius of each student were measured with an autorefractometer under cycloplegia and checked with retinoscopy. Axial length was measured using biometric ultrasound. Results The myopia rate increased from 20% at 7 years, to 61% at 12 years, and 81% at 15 years. A myopic rate of 84% was found for schoolchildren aged 16 years through 18 years. The mean refractive index reached myopic status at the age of 8, and increased to -4.12 D in girls and -3.15 D in boys at the age of 18 years. The prevalence of high myopia (> -6.0 D) at the age of 18 years was 24% in girls and 18% in boys. The increase in axial length corresponded with the progression of myopia. The anterior chamber depth was slightly deeper from 7 years to 13 years and then remained stable. The lens thickness decreased from 7 years to 11 years. After age 15, further thickening of the lens was correlated with both age and severity of myopia. However, the corneal curvature was not related to age or severity of myopia. Girls had a higher prevalence and more severe degree of myopia than boys. Children in urban areas had a higher prevalence and more severe degree of myopia than children in rural areas. Conclusion The prevalence and severity of myopia in schoolchildren in Taiwan in 2000 increased compared to 1995, with the most severe increases occurring in younger age groups. Thus, preventing schoolchildren developing myopia at a young age may slow down the increase in severity of myopia in Taiwan.
Nanotracing and cavity-ring down spectroscopy: A new ultrasensitive approach in large molecule drug disposition studies (2018)

New therapeutic biological entities such as bispecific antibodies targeting tissue or specific cell populations form an increasingly important part of the drug development portfolio. However, these biopharmaceutical agents bear the risk of extensive target-mediated drug disposition or atypical pharmacokinetic properties as compared to canonical antibodies. Pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution studies become therefore more and more important during lead optimization. Biologics present, however, greater analytical challenges than small molecule drugs due to the mass and selectivity limitation of mass spectrometry and ligand-binding assay, respectively. Radiocarbon (14C) and its detection methods, such as the emerging 14C cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS), thus can play an important role in the large molecule quantitation where a 14C-tag is covalently bound through a stable linker. CRDS has the advantage of a simplified sample preparation and introduction system as compared to accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and can be accommodated within an ordinary research laboratory. In this study, we report on the labeling of an anti-IL17 IgG1 model antibody with 14C propionate tag and its detection by CRDS using it as nanotracer (2.1 nCi or 77.7 Bq blended with the therapeutic dose) in a pharmacokinetics study in a preclinical species. We compare these data to data generated by AMS in parallel processed samples. The derived concentration time profiles for anti-IL17 by CRDS were in concordance with the ones derived by AMS and γ-counting of an 125I-labeled anti-IL17 radiotracer and were well described by a 2-compartment population pharmacokinetic model. In addition, antibody tissue distribution coefficients for anti-IL17 were determined by CRDS, which proved to be a direct and sensitive measurement of the extravascular tissue concentration of the antibody when tissue perfusion was applied. Thus, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates that trace 14C-radiolabels and CRDS are an ultrasensitive approach in (pre)clinical pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution studies of new therapeutic entities.
Associates with Etiquette: Meta-Communication to Make Human-Automation Interaction more Natural, Productive and Polite (2001)

this paper illustrates the benefits to be derived from designing adaptive automation around such an etiquette, using examples from our work on the Rotorcraft Pilot&apos;s Associate (RPA). We then go on to discuss the `etiquette&apos; of human-machine interactions and propose a tentative initial list of etiquette rules to stimulate future work
Controlled Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Between ZnO Nanoparticles and Fluorophores in Layer-by-Layer Assemblies (2010)

We controlled the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between ZnO nanoparticles and rhodamine B (RB) within multilayered thin films prepared by the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembling method. Positively charged ZnO nanoparticles and RB-labeled poly(allyamine hydrochloride) (RB-PAH) were accurately incorporated into LbL assemblies of polyelectrolytes. The distance between ZnO nanoparticles and RB-PAH was adjusted by varying the number of layers of pure polyelectrolytes, leading to the controlled FRET from ZnO nanoparticles to RB-PAH.
In vivo imaging of monoaminergic nerve terminals in normal and MPTP‐lesioned primate brain using positron emission tomography (PET) and [<sup>11</sup>C]tetrabenazine (1993)

The first successful in vivo imaging of monoamine vesicular transporters in the living primate brain is described, using [11C]tetrabenazine ([11C]TBZ) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Radioligand uptake into brain is rapid, and at short time periods (10-30 minutes) the higher uptake and retention of the radiotracer in the more densely dopaminergic innervated striatum is clearly visualized. Specific binding in striatum can be entirely blocked with co-administration of a pharmacological dose (1 mg/kg i.v.) of tetrabenazine. In a unilaterally MPTP-lesioned monkey, specific binding of radioligand was absent in the striatum on the lesioned side, with no effect on radiotracer distribution in the cortex, cerebellum or contralateral striatum. PET imaging with [11C]TBZ provides a new approach to the in vivo study of monoaminergic neurons and their loss in neurodegenerative diseases.
DETECTION OF RING ARTIFACTS IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGES (2016)

International audience
Identification of<i>IRAK1</i>as a risk gene with critical role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (2009)

A combined forward and reverse genetic approach was undertaken to test the candidacy of IRAK1 (interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase-1) as an X chromosome-encoded risk factor for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In studying approximately 5,000 subjects and healthy controls, 5 SNPs spanning the IRAK1 gene showed disease association (P values reaching 10(-10), odds ratio >1.5) in both adult- and childhood-onset SLE, in 4 different ethnic groups, with a 4 SNP haplotype (GGGG) being strongly associated with the disease. The functional role of IRAK1 was next examined by using congenic mouse models bearing the disease loci: Sle1 or Sle3. IRAK1 deficiency abrogated all lupus-associated phenotypes, including IgM and IgG autoantibodies, lymphocytic activation, and renal disease in both models. In addition, the absence of IRAK1 reversed the dendritic cell "hyperactivity" associated with Sle3. Collectively, the forward genetic studies in human SLE and the mechanistic studies in mouse models establish IRAK1 as a disease gene in lupus, capable of modulating at least 2 key checkpoints in disease development. This demonstration of an X chromosome gene as a disease susceptibility factor in human SLE raises the possibility that the gender difference in SLE may in part be attributed to sex chromosome genes.
SAR405, a PIK3C3/Vps34 inhibitor that prevents autophagy and synergizes with MTOR inhibition in tumor cells (2015)

Autophagy plays an important role in cancer and it has been suggested that it functions not only as a tumor suppressor pathway to prevent tumor initiation, but also as a prosurvival pathway that helps tumor cells endure metabolic stress and resist death triggered by chemotherapeutic agents. We recently described the discovery of inhibitors of PIK3C3/Vps34 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, catalytic subunit type 3), the lipid kinase component of the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns3K). This PtdIns3K isoform has attracted significant attention in recent years because of its role in autophagy. Following chemical optimization we identified SAR405, a low molecular mass kinase inhibitor of PIK3C3, highly potent and selective with regard to other lipid and protein kinases. We demonstrated that inhibiting the catalytic activity of PIK3C3 disrupts vesicle trafficking from late endosomes to lysosomes. SAR405 treatment also inhibits autophagy induced either by starvation or by MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) inhibition. Finally our results show that combining SAR405 with everolimus, the FDA-approved MTOR inhibitor, results in a significant synergy on the reduction of cell proliferation using renal tumor cells. This result indicates a potential therapeutic application for PIK3C3 inhibitors in cancer.
Single-mode cw erbium–ytterbium glass laser at 15 μm (1993)

Single-mode operation of a continuous-wave Er:Yb:phosphate glass laser pumped at 980 nm by a InGaAs index-guided diode laser has been achieved for what is to our knowledge the first time. The maximum output power obtained at 1540 nm is 10 mW, and the width of the spectral line is less than 15 kHz.
A modified TCP-NewReno retransmission scheme for lossy network (1999)

We propose a modified TCP-NewReno for lossy networks where packet loss occurs because of an unreliable data link layer or lossy physical transport layer. Early research has shown that the scheme of TCP-NewReno or the scheme of reducing fast-retransmit threshold can effectively improve the TCP performance in lossy networks. However, through simulation, we show that these two schemes do not consider some unfavorable factors such as out of order packets delivery and retransmission losses. Then, we give some modification to TCP-NewReno. Simulation results show that our modification works well both for the LAN and WAN environments.
Release of β-endorphin and methionine-enkephalin into cerebrospinal fluid during deep brain stimulation for chronic pain (1993)

The authors systematically studied the release of the endogenous opioid peptides beta-endorphin and methionine (met)-enkephalin into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during deep brain stimulation in patients suffering from otherwise intractable chronic pain. Nine patients were included in the study; six had stimulation electrodes placed in both the periventricular gray matter (PVG) and the thalamic nucleus ventralis posterolateralis (VLP) and three in the PVG only. Immunoreactivity of beta-endorphin and met-enkephalin (beta-EPir and MEir, respectively) was measured by radioimmunoassays in ventricular and lumbar CSF samples obtained before, during, and after stimulation. Prestimulation concentrations of beta-EPir and MEir were lower in ventricular than in lumbar CSF (6.6 +/- 0.5 vs. 13.7 +/- 1.0 pmol/liter, p = 0.0001, for beta-EPir; 33.6 +/- 5.1 vs. 48.3 +/- 3.2 pmol/liter, p < 0.05, for MEir). Ventricular CSF concentrations of both beta-EPir and MEir increased significantly during PVG stimulation, whereas VPL stimulation was without effect. No changes were seen in lumbar CSF levels of the peptides during stimulation in either site. A significant inverse relationship was found between the "during:before stimulation" ratios of visual analog scale ratings and beta-EPir levels during PVG stimulation. The beta-EPir and MEir concentration during:before stimulation ratios were positively correlated, whereas no correlation was present in prestimulation samples from ventricular or lumbar CSF. High-performance liquid chromatography of ventricular CSF pools obtained during PVG stimulation revealed that major portions of beta-EPir and MEir eluted as synthetic beta-endorphin and met-enkephalin, respectively, thus documenting the release of beta-endorphin and met-enkephalin into ventricular CSF during PVG stimulation. The finding of a direct relationship between beta-EPir release and pain alleviation may suggest a role for beta-endorphin in the analgesic mechanism of PVG stimulation.
A Power Efficient Output Capacitor-Less LDO Regulator with Auto-Low Power Mode and Using Feed-Forward Compensation (2019)

An output capacitor-less low-drop out (LDO) regulator using a feed-forward compensation is presented in this paper. The power stage; implemented using flipped-voltage-follower (FVF) stage along with the feed-forward compensation stabilizes the LDO for the entire range of load current and load capacitor. The LDO uses only 1pF of compensation capacitor and consumes quiescent current of 28μA in active mode and 3μA in low power (LP) mode. A load current sensor is used to sense ultra-low power and automatically switch to LP mode. The proposed LDO was implemented in TSMC-65nm for an input of 1.2 V, output of 0.9V to 1.1V and achieves settling time of <;1μs with undershoot/overshoot of ~250mV for 10mA load current.
Unified approach to image distortion (2003)

We propose a new unified approach to deal with two-formulations of image distortion and a method for estimating the distortion parameters by using the both formulations; the two formulations have been developed separately. The proposed method is based on image registration and consists of nonlinear optimization to estimate parameters including view change and radial distortion. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach works well for both formulations.
Serum Level of Interleukin-37 and Expression of Its mRNA in Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients: Possible Role in Osteoporosis. (2016)

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the axial skeleton.Interleukin-37 (IL-37) is a member of IL-1 family cytokines, that downregulate expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in chronic inflammatory diseases. The aim of the work is to investigate role of IL-37 in AS disease activity and osteoporosis. Twenty-five patients with AS and 25 controls were enrolled into this study. They were subjected to full clinical examination including assessment of disease activity according to the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI). Serum IL-37 levels and IL-37 mRNA relative concentration were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)‎ and quantitative reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) respectively. Bone mineral density (BMD) was determined using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Spine radiographs were scored using the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS). Mean serum IL-37 level was significantly higher in AS patients compared with the ‎controls (P < 0.001) and significantly elevated in AS ‎patients with osteoporosis (P < 0.05). IL-37 mRNA gene expression showed a significant increase expression in active AS patient (25 folds) as well as in inactive patient (12 folds) as compared to ‎controls‎.‎ In conclusion, serum IL-37 and its mRNA expression is increased in ‎AS patients with special ‎consideration in patient with Osteoporosis and ‎correlates with disease activity and ‎BMD which indicate that IL-37 may provide a novel research ‎target for pathogenesis and therapy of AS.‎.
Reflective Color Filters and Monolithic Color Printing Based on Asymmetric Fabry–Perot Cavities Using Nickel as a Broadband Absorber (2016)

Fabry-Perot cavities-based reflective color filters are proposed using a thin nickel (Ni) layer as a broadband absorber to obtain abundant structural colors with high saturation and brightness operating at visible range. Combined with grayscale patterning techniques, high-resolution, high-contrast, monolithic color printing could be achieved enabled by this reflective color-filter configuration.
Vision : Proton therapy (2009)

The first patients were treated with proton beams in 1955 at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in California. In 1970, proton beams began to be used in research facilities to treat cancer patients using fractionated treatment regimens. It was not until 1990 that proton treatments were carried out in hospital-based facilities using technology and techniques that were comparable to those for modern photon therapy. Clinical data strongly support the conclusion that proton therapy is superior to conventional radiation therapy in a number of disease sites. Treatment planning studies have shown that proton dose distributions are superior to those for photons in a wide range of disease sites indicating that additional clinical gains can be achieved if these treatment plans can be reliably delivered to patients. Optimum proton dose distributions can be achieved with intensity modulated protons (IMPT), but very few patients have received this advanced form of treatment. It is anticipated widespread implementation of IMPT would provide additional improvements in clinical outcomes. Advances in the last decade have led to an increased interest in proton therapy. Currently, proton therapy is undergoing transitions that will move it into the mainstream of cancer treatment. For example, proton therapy is now reimbursed, there has been rapid development in proton therapy technology, and many new options are available for equipment, facility configuration, and financing. During the next decade, new developments will increase the efficiency and accuracy of proton therapy and enhance our ability to verify treatment planning calculations and perform quality assurance for proton therapy delivery. With the implementation of new multi-institution clinical studies and the routine availability of IMPT, it may be possible, within the next decade, to quantify the clinical gains obtained from optimized proton therapy. During this same period several new proton therapy facilities will be built and the cost of proton therapy is expected to decrease, making proton therapy routinely available to a larger population of cancer patients.
Effective flicker removal from periodic intra frames and accurate flicker measurement (2008)

Flicker at periodic Intra-coded frames is a commonly seen video coding artifact, especially in low or medium bit rate coding. In this paper, a novel two-pass scheme is proposed to effectively remove I-frame flicker. The scheme involves a first pass of simplified P-frame coding to derive the no-flicker reference of the current frame, which is then taken as the target frame and coded with small quantization scales in the second pass of actual I-frame coding. Extensive experiment results demonstrate that our scheme successfully removes I-frame flicker, and greatly enhances the overall perceptual quality of coded video. Another contribution of this paper is a novel flicker distortion metric, which is superior than the existing metric, and can accurately measure flicker for any single frame.
Supercurrent in Nb/InAs-nanowire/Nb Josephson junctions (2012)

We report on the fabrication and measurements of planar mesoscopic Josephson junctions formed by InAs nanowires coupled to superconducting Nb terminals. The use of Si-doped InAs-nanowires with different bulk carrier concentrations allowed to tune the properties of the junctions. We have studied the junction characteristics as a function of temperature, gate voltage, and magnetic field. For junctions with high doping concentrations in the nanowire, Josephson supercurrent values up to 100 nA are found. Owing to the use of Nb as superconductor, the Josephson coupling persists at temperatures up to 4 K. In all junctions, the critical current monotonously decreased with the magnetic field, which can be explained by a recently developed theoretical model for the proximity effect in ultra-small Josephson junctions. For the low-doped Josephson junctions, a control of the critical current by varying the gate voltage has been demonstrated. We have studied conductance fluctuations in nanowires coupled to superconducting and normal metal terminals. The conductance fluctuation amplitude is found to be about 6 times larger in superconducting contacted nanowires. The enhancement of the conductance fluctuations is attributed to phase-coherent Andreev reflection as well as to the large number of phase-coherent channels due to the large superconducting gap of the Nb electrodes.
Industrial Case Studies (2013)

This chapter contains sections titled: Synopsis Introduction A Brief History of Industrial FT Development Industrial FT Facilities Perspectives on Industrial Developments References