gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heterojunction TFET Scaling and resonant-TFET for steep subthreshold slope at sub-9nm gate-length (2013)

The Tunneling Field Effect Transistor (TFET) is of interest for future low-power technologies due to its steep subthreshold-slope (SS) [1, 2]. In addition to understanding TFET's prospects for future technology nodes [3], we also need to assess if it enables continued scaling required for increasing transistor density. GaSb/InAs heterojunction TFET (Het-j TFET) is one of the leading TFET options due to its high drive-current [4]. In this paper, double-gate (DG) and nanowire (NW) Het-j TFETs (Fig. 1) are atomisticly modeled and compared to a MOSFET down to Lg~9nm, i.e. ITRS 2022 node [5]. To achieve TFET characteristics superior to a MOSFET, its DG body has to be extremely thin, so a NW TFET is therefore preferred due to its more relaxed thickness and better transistor characteristics. A new device - the Resonant-TFET (R-TFET), is proposed, with SS~25mV/dec over ~3.5 decades of current, enabling the scaling of tunneling transistors to sub-9nm gate-lengths (Lg).
Solution Properties of Sulfate-Type Fluoro-Hybrid Anionic Surfactants with a Benzene Ring in Their Molecules (2004)

Two novel sulfate-type fluoro-hybrid anionic surfactants with a bezene ring in their molecules, F8H3OS and F6H5OS, were synthesized and their solution properties were investigated. Both of the hybrid surfactants were found to show an outstanding surface and interfacial tension lowering ability. F8H3OS formed compact micelles with small aggregation numbers and the micelles coagulated with increase in the surfactant concentration, while F6H5OS formed micelles at its low concentration and the micelles were transformed into vesicles at high concentrations of the surfactant.
Cell Surface Labeling and Mass Spectrometry Reveal Diversity of Cell Surface Markers and Signaling Molecules Expressed in Undifferentiated Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (2005)

Although interactions between cell surface proteins and extracellular ligands are key to initiating embryonic stem cell differentiation to specific cell lineages, the plasma membrane protein components of these cells are largely unknown. We describe here a group of proteins expressed on the surface of the undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cell line D3. These proteins were identified using a combination of cell surface labeling with biotin, subcellular fractionation of plasma membranes, and mass spectrometry-based protein identification technology. From 965 unique peptides carrying biotin labels, we assigned 324 proteins including 235 proteins that have putative signal sequences and/or transmembrane segments. Receptors, transporters, and cell adhesion molecules were the major classes of proteins identified. Besides known cell surface markers of embryonic stem cells, such as alkaline phosphatase, the analysis identified 59 clusters of differentiation-related molecules and more than 80 components of multiple cell signaling pathways that are characteristic of a number of different cell lineages. We identified receptors for leukemia-inhibitory factor, interleukin 6, and bone morphogenetic protein, which play critical roles in the maintenance of undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cells. We also identified receptors for growth factors/cytokines, such as fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, ephrin, Hedgehog, and Wnt, which transduce signals for cell differentiation and embryonic development. Finally we identified a variety of integrins, cell adhesion molecules, and matrix metalloproteases. These results suggest that D3 cells express diverse cell surface proteins that function to maintain pluripotency, enabling cells to respond to various external signals that initiate differentiation into a variety of cell types.
Linux Operating System Support for the SCC Platform - An Analysis. (2011)

The Single-Chip Cloud Computer (SCC) is an experimental many-core system created for research purposes by Intel Labs. In this paper, we analyze the necessary adjustments to run a Linux kernel on a processor core of the new processor design. Starting from the Intel-provided set of Linux modifications, we present an alternative strategy for creating a SCC-compliant kernel. Our approach allows to use recent versions with the prototype platform, provides better portability for future versions of Linux, and enables the utilization of latest kernel functionality such as virtualization for future research.
Internode Length in <i>Pisum</i> (1987)

The elongation response of the gibberellin (GA) deficient genotypes na, ls, and lh of peas (Pisum sativum L.) to a range of GA-precursors was examined. Plants possessing gene na did not respond to precursors in the GA biosynthetic pathway prior to GA(12)-aldehyde. In contrast, plants possessing lh and ls responded as well as wild-type plants (dwarfed with AMO-1618) to these compounds. The results suggest that GA biosynthesis is blocked prior to ent-kaurene in the lh and ls mutants and between ent-7alpha-hydroxykaurenoic acid and GA(12)-aldehyde in the na mutant. Feeds of ent-[(3)H]kaurenoic acid and [(2)H]GA(12)-aldehyde to a range of genotypes supported the above conclusions. The na line WL1766 was shown by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to metabolize [(2)H]GA(12)-aldehyde to a number of[(2)H]C(19)-GAs including GA(1). However, there was no indication in na genotypes for the metabolism of ent-[(3)H]kaurenoic acid to these GAs. In contrast, the expanding shoot tissue of all Na genotypes examined metabolised ent-[(3)H]kaurenoic acid to radioactive compounds that co-chromatographed with GA(1), GA(8), GA(20), and GA(29). However, insufficient material was present for unequivocal identification of the metabolites. The radioactive profiles from HPLC of extracts of the node treated with ent-[(3)H]kaurenoic acid were similar for both Na and na plants and contained ent-16alpha,17-dihydroxykaurenoic acid and ent-6alpha,7alpha,16beta,17-tetrahydroxykaurenoic acid (both characterized by GC-MS), suggesting that the metabolites arose from side branches of the main GA-biosynthetic pathway. Thus, both Na and na plants appear capable of ent-7alpha-hydroxylation.
A Comparative Cradle-to-Gate Life Cycle Assessment of Mid-Rise Office Building Construction Alternatives: Laminated Timber or Reinforced Concrete (2012)

The objective of this project was to quantify and compare the environmental impacts associated with alternative designs for a typical North American mid-rise office building. Two scenarios were considered; a traditional cast-in-place, reinforced concrete frame and a laminated timber hybrid design, which utilized engineered wood products (cross-laminated timber (CLT) and glulam). The boundary of the quantitative analysis was cradle-to-construction site gate and encompassed the structural support system and the building enclosure. Floor plans, elevations, material quantities, and structural loads associated with a five-storey concrete-framed building design were obtained from issued-for-construction drawings. A functionally equivalent, laminated timber hybrid design was conceived, based on Canadian Building Code requirements. Design values for locally produced CLT panels were established from in-house material testing. Primary data collected from a pilot-scale manufacturing facility was used to develop the life cycle inventory for CLT, whereas secondary sources were referenced for other construction materials. The TRACI characterization methodology was employed to translate inventory flows into impact indicators. The results indicated that the laminated timber building design offered a lower environmental impact in 10 of 11 assessment categories. The cradle-to-gate process energy was found to be nearly identical in both design scenarios (3.5 GJ/m2), whereas the cumulative embodied energy (feedstock plus process) of construction materials was estimated to be 8.2 and 4.6 GJ/m2 for the timber and concrete designs, respectively; which indicated an increased availability of readily accessible potential energy stored within the building materials of the timber alternative.
Large-area double-side pulsed laser deposition of YBa2Cu3O7−<i>x</i> thin films on 3-in. sapphire wafers (1996)

A pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique for YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) thin films with CeO2 buffer layers and gold contact films on both sides of 3-in. diameter sapphire wafers, which are applied for microwave strip-line filters, is described and some results of structural and compositional characterization are given. This large-area multilayer PLD technique allows for a homogeneous and reproducible YBCO deposition on both wafer sides with inductively measured critical current densities of 3×106–5×106 A/cm2 at 77 K with a YBCO thickness of 350–500 nm. The results indicate that PLD seems to have unique capabilities for fast deposition of high-quality large area oxide multilayers.
Variance reduction in Monte Carlo capacitance extraction (2005)

In this article we address efficiency issues in implementation of Monte Carlo algorithm For 3D capacitance extraction. Error bounds in statistical capacitance estimation are discussed. Methods to tighten them through variance reduction techniques are detailed. Sample values in implementation of Monte Carlo algorithm are completely determined by the first hop in random walk. This in turn facilitates application of variance reduction techniques like importance sampling and stratified sampling to be used effectively. Experimental results indicate average speedup of 16X in simple uniform dielectric technologies, 7.3X in technologies with layers of dielectrics and 4.6X in technologies having conformal dielectrics.
Two hemoglobin genes in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> : The evolutionary origins of leghemoglobins (1997)

We cloned two hemoglobin genes from Arabidopsis thaliana. One gene, AHB1, is related in sequence to the family of nonsymbiotic hemoglobin genes previously identified in a number of plant species (class 1). The second hemoglobin gene, AHB2, represents a class of nonsymbiotic hemoglobin (class 2) related in sequence to the symbiotic hemoglobin genes of legumes and Casuarina. The properties of these two hemoglobins suggest that the two families of nonsymbiotic hemoglobins may differ in function from each other and from the symbiotic hemoglobins. AHB1 is induced, in both roots and rosette leaves, by low oxygen levels. Recombinant AHB1 has an oxygen affinity so high as to make it unlikely to function as an oxygen transporter. AHB2 is expressed at a low level in rosette leaves and is low temperature-inducible. AHB2 protein has a lower affinity for oxygen than AHB1 but is similar to AHB1 in having an unusually low, pH-sensitive oxygen off-rate.
The system applications of novel methods of location and tracking of cellular mobiles (1999)

With the ever increasing calls to the emergency services being made from cellular phones, projected to be 130,000 calls per day by the end of this century in the USA alone, safety (and security) is the prime factor in determining the user's location, especially when 25% of these users do not know their location when placing the call or have difficulty in describing their exact location. Knowledge of one's position also enables and facilitates other diverse applications such as: accident reporting, roadside assistance, fraud detection, automated billing, navigational services, vehicle position location, fleet management and cargo tracking. On the more ominous side, people/vehicle tracking can be enabled though this has the beneficial application of being able to locate a lost child, potential terrorists and thieves including vehicle recovery or be of use in traffic management systems. The knowledge of cellular traffic density with the added knowledge of positional information will enable the wireless providers to optimise cellular coverage areas and introduce intra-cellular zonal billing in order to control traffic and or generate extra revenue. Engineering benefits include the accurate placement of new cell sites, an improvement in the response time to solve traffic engineering and RF interference problems, improvement of the call quality, reduction in dropped and blocked calls and an improvement in customer service. This paper describes these applications in greater detail, including the current commercial implementations and applications of cellular location technology.
An augmented reality system for teaching sequential tasks to a household robot (2011)

We present a method of instructing a sequential task to a household robot using a hand-held augmented reality device. The user decomposes a high-level goal such as “prepare a drink” into steps such as delivering a mug under a kettle and pouring hot water into the mug. The user takes a photograph of each step using the device and annotates it with necessary information via touch operation. The resulting sequence of annotated photographs serves as a reference for review and reuse at a later time. We created a working prototype system with various types of robots and appliances.
Purification of Influenza B virus Hemagglutinin by isoelectric focusing. (2004)

Influenza viruses cause recurring illnesses in individuals and recurring epidemics in the general population, affecting hundreds of millions of people every year. Today, annual vaccination is the most effective means of controlling influenza. To further optimise influenza vaccines and to improve the performance of tests used in the evaluation of vaccine response for characterisation of isolates, a new method for purification of the surface antigens of influenza viruses based on isoelectric focusing method has been standardised and evaluated.
Antenna–load interactions at optical frequencies: impedance matching to quantum systems (2012)

The goal of antenna design at optical frequencies is to deliver optical electromagnetic energy to loads in the form of, e.g., atoms, molecules or nanostructures, or to enhance the radiative emission from such structures, or both. A true optical antenna would, on a qualitatively new level, control the light-matter interaction on the nanoscale for controlled optical signal transduction, radiative decay engineering, quantum coherent control, and super-resolution microscopy, and provide unprecedented sensitivity in spectroscopy. Resonant metallic structures have successfully been designed to approach these goals. They are called optical antennas in analogy to radiofrequency (RF) antennas due to their capability to collect and control electromagnetic fields at optical frequencies. However, in contrast to the RF, where exact design rules for antennas, waveguides, and antenna-load matching in terms of their impedances are well established, substantial physical differences limit the simple extension of the RF concepts into the optical regime. Key distinctions include, for one, intrinsic material resonances including quantum state excitations (metals, metal oxides, semiconductor homo- and heterostructures) and extrinsic resonances (surface plasmon/phonon polaritons) at optical frequencies. Second, in the absence of discrete inductors, capacitors, and resistors, new design strategies must be developed to impedance match the antenna to the load, ultimately in the form of a vibrational, electronic, or spin excitation on the quantum level. Third, there is as yet a lack of standard performance metrics for characterizing, comparing and quantifying optical antenna performance. Therefore, optical antenna development is currently challenged at all the levels of design, fabrication, and characterization. Here we generalize the ideal antenna-load interaction at optical frequencies, characterized by three main steps: (i) far-field reception of a propagating mode exciting an antenna resonance, (ii) subsequent transformation of that mode into a nanoscale spatial localization, and (iii) near-field coupling via an enhanced local density of states to a quantum load. These three steps define the goal of efficient transformation of incident radiation into a quantum excitation in an impedance-matched fashion. We review the physical basis of the light-matter interaction at the transition from the RF to optical regime, discuss the extension of antenna theory as needed for the design of impedance-matched optical antenna-load coupled systems, and provide several examples of the state of the art in design strategies and suggest future extensions. We furthermore suggest new performance metrics based on the combination of electric vector field, field enhancement and capture cross section measurement to aid in comparison between different antenna designs and optimization of optical antenna performance within the physical parameter space.
IS-IS Application-Specific Link Attributes (2020)

Existing traffic engineering related link attribute advertisements
have been defined and are used in RSVP-TE deployments. Since the
original RSVP-TE use case was defined, additional applications (e.g.,
Segment Routing Policy, Loop Free Alternate) that also make use of the
link attribute advertisements have been defined . In cases where
multiple applications wish to make use of these link attributes, the
current advertisements do not support application-specific values for
a given attribute, nor do they support indication of which
applications are using the advertised value for a given link. This
document introduces new link attribute advertisements that address
both of these shortcomings.
Overcoming the Challenges of Building 3D Stochastic Reservoir Models Using Conceptual Geological Models—A Case Study (2007)

Abstract Construction of reliable 3-D geological models for reservoir simulation requires a detailed understanding of facies distribution and connectivity within the interval of interest. In particular, it relies on lateral and vertical variabilities in reservoir quality within and between different flow units. Despite thorough data integration and interpretation, several challenges were encountered while integrating geological knowledge into a 3-D stochastic geological model. Some unconventional approaches had to be taken in order to best reflect the geological understanding of the reservoirs while using commercially available software. For example, the 3-D stochastic facies modelling of the reservoir units was based on conceptual geological models. Models were constructed for each reservoir zone through the analysis and integration of core and log data from 50 wells in the study area. However, it was seen that utilising either object modelling or pixel-based modelling methods alone would not generate stochastic models that adequately honoured the conceptual geological model. Consequently, the two modelling methods were used together to generate combined models. A further challenge was to determine adequate facies proportions for each reservoir zone. The direct use of facies statistics from well logs in stochastic modeling lead to unrealistic facies distributions. To overcome this, dummy wells were added to make facies proportions matches the conceptual models rather than basing it on the existing wireline logs alone. Taking these unconventional approaches lead to a greater accuracy of reservoir and porosity distribution around the reservoir. Moreover, the methodology used in this study provides new ideas that can be used in modeling other fields with fluvial depositional settings.
The Commonality of Risk Factors for Nosocomial Colonization and Infection with Antimicrobial-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Enterococcus</i>, Gram-Negative Bacilli, <i>Clostridium difficile</i>, and <i>Candida</i> (2002)

Recent years have witnessed a rapidly growing crisis in antimicrobial resistance, especially among microorganisms that cause nosocomial infection. To better understand common risk factors among multiresistant organisms, this review explores risk factors for nosocomial infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, Clostridium difficile, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacilli, and Candida. This review comprises data from 74 published studies; 53 (71%) were retrospective studies and addressed few risk factors or did not quantify risk. The analysis shows impressive commonality of risk factors across these diverse multiresistant organisms: advanced age; underlying diseases and severity of illness; inter-institutional transfer of the patient, especially from a nursing home; prolonged hospitalization; gastrointestinal surgery or transplantation; exposure to invasive devices of all types, especially central venous catheters; and exposure to antimicrobial drugs, especially cephalosporins. More restricted use of antibiotics, especially cephalosporins, and strategies to prevent medical device-related infection and cross-infection in the hospital would yield benefit with all types of resistant organisms. Preemptive isolation of all patients with risk factors for infection by resistant organisms would very likely reduce secondary spread within the hospital. Conversely, programs that focus on only one organism or one antimicrobial drug are unlikely to succeed. Prospective studies of sufficient size that address all potential risk factors, especially individual anti-infective agents, and that use matched controls who are shown by surveillance cultures to be free of colonization by resistant organisms would enhance understanding of the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in institutions and guide efforts to develop more effective strategies for prevention.
Sparse Variational Bayesian SAGE Algorithm With Application to the Estimation of Multipath Wireless Channels (2011)

In this paper, we develop a sparse variational Bayesian (VB) extension of the space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm for the high resolution estimation of the parameters of relevant multipath components in the response of frequency and spatially selective wireless channels. The application context of the algorithm considered in this contribution is parameter estimation from channel sounding measurements for radio channel modeling purpose. The new sparse VB-SAGE algorithm extends the classical SAGE algorithm in two respects: i) by monotonically minimizing the variational free energy, distributions of the multipath component parameters can be obtained instead of parameter point estimates and ii) the estimation of the number of relevant multipath components and the estimation of the component parameters are implemented jointly. The sparsity is achieved by defining parametric sparsity priors for the weights of the multipath components. We revisit the Gaussian sparsity priors within the sparse VB-SAGE framework and extend the results by considering Laplace priors. The structure of the VB-SAGE algorithm allows for an analytical stability analysis of the update expression for the sparsity parameters. This analysis leads to fast, computationally simple, yet powerful, adaptive selection criteria applied to the single multipath component considered at each iteration. The selection criteria are adjusted on a per-component-SNR basis to better account for model mismatches, e.g., diffuse scattering, calibration and discretization errors, allowing for a robust extraction of the relevant multipath components. The performance of the sparse VB-SAGE algorithm and its advantages over conventional channel estimation methods are demonstrated in synthetic single-input-multiple-output (SIMO) time-invariant channels. The algorithm is also applied to real measurement data in a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) time-invariant context.
Concomitant alterations in intragastric pH and ascorbic acid concentration in patients with <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> gastritis and associated iron deficiency anaemia (2003)

Patients with unexplained IDA and H pylori gastritis present concomitant changes in intragastric pH and AA that may justify impaired alimentary iron absorption and consequent IDA.