gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Subpopulations of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells impair T cell responses through independent nitric oxide‐related pathways (2013)

The accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in tumor-bearing hosts is a hallmark of malignancy-associated inflammation and a major mediator for the induction of T cell suppression in cancer. MDSC can be divided phenotypically into granulocytic (G-MDSC) and monocytic (Mo-MDSC) subgroups. Several mechanisms mediate the induction of T cell anergy by MDSC; however, the specific role of these pathways in the inhibitory activity of MDSC subpopulations remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effector mechanisms by which subsets of tumor-infiltrating MDSC block T cell function. We found that G-MDSC had a higher ability to impair proliferation and expression of effector molecules in activated T cells, as compared to Mo-MDSC. Interestingly, both MDSC subgroups inhibited T cells through nitric oxide (NO)-related pathways, but expressed different effector inhibitory mechanisms. Specifically, G-MDSC impaired T cells through the production of peroxynitrites (PNT), while Mo-MDSC suppressed by the release of NO. The production of PNT in G-MDSC depended on the expression of gp91(phox) and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), while inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mediated the generation of NO in Mo-MDSC. Deletion of eNOS and gp91(phox) or scavenging of PNT blocked the suppressive function of G-MDSC and induced anti-tumoral effects, without altering Mo-MDSC inhibitory activity. Furthermore, NO-scavenging or iNOS knockdown prevented Mo-MDSC function, but did not affect PNT production or suppression by G-MDSC. These results suggest that MDSC subpopulations utilize independent effector mechanisms to regulate T cell function. Inhibition of these pathways is expected to specifically block MDSC subsets and overcome immune suppression in cancer.
High-quality linear interpolation for demosaicing of Bayer-patterned color images (2004)

This paper introduces a new interpolation technique for demosaicing of color images produced by single-CCD digital cameras. We show that the proposed simple linear filter can lead to an improvement in PSNR of over 5.5 dB when compared to bilinear demosaicing, and about 0.7 dB improvement in R and B interpolation when compared to a recently introduced linear interpolator. The proposed filter also outperforms most nonlinear demosaicing algorithms, without the artifacts due to nonlinear processing, and a much reduced computational complexity.
Piezoelectric effect of crystal nanodomains on the friction force (2022)

Reduction and control of the friction force are important from the viewpoint of energy conservation, and novel approaches for achieving this are desirable. The friction force of the boron-doped zinc oxide (B-ZnO) coating on a stainless-steel type-440C substrate was moderated by controlling the B-ZnO crystal nanodomains' piezoelectric effect. The nanoscale and macroscale friction forces, as well as the B-ZnO coating's piezoelectric effect, were measured using lateral force microscopy, friction and wear meter, and piezo response microscopy devices, respectively. The distribution of the friction force's magnitude agreed well with that of the piezoelectric effect. The present study suggests that the friction force can be moderated by controlling the piezoelectric effect in the coating's nanodomains, which constitutes one method for controlling the friction force.
Quarantine Procedure for Hawaiian Papayas Using Heat and Cold Treatments1 (1984)

A new quarantine procedure for Hawaii-grown papaya is proposed. The system is based on knowledge of the biology of the insects on papayas, the lethal effects of the standard heat treatment applied to papayas for decay control, cold treatment in transit, and appropriate quality control procedures. This system, which requires fruit to be picked between colorbreak and one-quarter ripe, heat treated by immersion in 49°C water, and held at 8 to 9°C for 10 days during surface transport, may replace the current ethylene dibromide fumigation procedure for papayas that are shipped by surface transport. The system was tested successfully under commercial conditions.
Effect of Torrefaction on Bio-oil Upgrading over HZSM-5. Part 2: Byproduct Formation and Catalyst Properties and Function (2012)

A three-step bio-oil production process involving torrefaction pretreatment (225, 250, or 275 °C at 20 min hold time), pyrolysis (500 °C, two heating rates), and secondary catalytic processing over HZSM-5 (at 400, 450, or 500 °C) was studied to determine how treatments affected byproduct formation and catalyst properties and function. Torrefaction pretreatment significantly reduced average yields (%, w/w of feed) of reactor char (100% reduction), catalyst coke (21.4%), and catalyst tar (8.1%) relative to the best-case conditions using non-torrefied feedstock. The yields of chemical components, including levoglucosan, formic acid, acetic acid, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), were significantly reduced in intermediate fast-pyrolysis bio-oil (FPO) derived from torrefied feedstock, while for intermediate slow-pyrolysis bio-oil (SPO), yields of levoglucosan, acetic acid, and 5-HMF were reduced. However, in terms of concentration, only furfural showed a significant correlation with the torrefaction temperature. Both furfural and formic acid indicated correlations with coke formation, although these were negative correlations. For formic acid, a decreased coke yield with an increasing concentration was attributed to the formation of H2 from the thermal decomposition. Combined coke, char, and tar yield significantly decreased with an increasing torrefaction temperature, decreasing formic acid, acetic acid, and furfural concentrations, and an increasing levoglucosan concentration to a minimum of 14.4% (w/w of bio-oil feed). Torrefaction also increased catalyst effectiveness for minimizing changes to pore size, pore volume, and surface area upon upgrading FPO but reduced effectiveness for SPO processing. Torrefaction of biomass prior to slow pyrolysis more effectively maintained weak and strong acid site density after catalytic processing, although no clear effect of torrefaction was seen for FPO-processing catalysts.
Worldwide Distribution of the MYH9 Kidney Disease Susceptibility Alleles and Haplotypes: Evidence of Historical Selection in Africa (2010)

MYH9 was recently identified as renal susceptibility gene (OR 3-8, p < 10(-8)) for major forms of kidney disease disproportionately affecting individuals of African descent. The risk haplotype (E-1) occurs at much higher frequencies in African Americans (> or = 60%) than in European Americans (< 4%), revealing a genetic basis for a major health disparity. The population distributions of MYH9 risk alleles and the E-1 risk haplotype and the demographic and selective forces acting on the MYH9 region are not well explored. We reconstructed MYH9 haplotypes from 4 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning introns 12-23 using available data from HapMap Phase II, and by genotyping 938 DNAs from the Human Genome Diversity Panel (HGDP). The E-1 risk haplotype followed a cline, being most frequent within sub-Saharan African populations (range 50-80%), less frequent in populations from the Middle East (9-27%) and Europe (0-9%), and rare or absent in Asia, the Americas, and Oceania. The fixation indexes (F(ST)) for pairwise comparisons between the risk haplotypes for continental populations were calculated for MYH9 haplotypes; F(ST) ranged from 0.27-0.40 for Africa compared to other continental populations, possibly due to selection. Uniquely in Africa, the Yoruba population showed high frequency extended haplotype length around the core risk allele (C) compared to the alternative allele (T) at the same locus (rs4821481, iHs = 2.67), as well as high population differentiation (F(ST(CEU vs. YRI)) = 0.51) in HapMap Phase II data, also observable only in the Yoruba population from HGDP (F(ST) = 0.49), pointing to an instance of recent selection in the genomic region. The population-specific divergence in MYH9 risk allele frequencies among the world's populations may prove important in risk assessment and public health policies to mitigate the burden of kidney disease in vulnerable populations.
IMPROVED SEX ATTRACTANT BLEND FOR ADULT MALES OF THE GLASSY CUTWORM, <i>CRYMODES DEVASTATOR</i> (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) (1980)

We reported previously (Steck et al. 1977) that equal-parts mixtures of (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald) and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac) attract male Crymodes devastator (Brace) moths to field traps, and that attraction is enhanced by incorporation of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:Ac) in the lure. During subsequent studies with sex lures for this species we discovered that (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Zll-16:OH) is much more effective than Z7-12:Ac as a trapping synergist. During 1978 many structural analogs of the sex attractant components were tested as lure synergists by adding 20% of each analog to a basic 2:l Z11-16:Ald + Z11-16:Ac lure, using numbers of males trapped as the criterion of effect. Z5- and Z7-10:Ac; Z5-, Z7-, and Z9-12:Ac; Z5-, Z7-, Z9-, and Z11-14:Ac; Z5-, Z7-, and Z9-16:Ac were tested in this way, as were the corresponding alcohols and aldehydes and Zll-16:OH. The ( E ) isomers of these along with E ll-16:Ald and E 11-16:Ac were finally tested.
High cycle life, cobalt free, AB5 metal hydride electrodes (1999)

Cobalt-free La(Ni,Sn) 5+x alloys have been identified as low cost, corrosion resistant electrodes for nickel-metal-hydride batteries. The structure of theses alloys are similar to non-stoichiometric La(Ni,Cu) 5+x compounds; i.e., they retain the P6/mmm space group while Ni dumbbells occupy La sites. Electrodes fabricated from some of these novel alloys have capacities and cyele lives equivalent to those made from commercial, battery grade, AB 5 alloys with cobalt.
Estimation of gap data using bow-tie filters for 3D time-of-flight PET (2010)

In many PET scanners, there exist gaps between detector blocks and the data corresponding to lines of response associated with these gaps are missing. The missing gap data must be estimated prior to image reconstruction in cases where the sinogram data are rebinned into lower dimensional formats or when filtered backprojection (FBP) is used. Both bilinear interpolation and filters enforcing data consistency conditions have been used for non-TOF PET data. Here we develop a method for gap filling for TOF data by iteratively applying a bow-tie filter in the Fourier domain. We use a Fourier rebinning method (FORET-2D) to rebin the 3D TOF PET data to 2D non-TOF data and then apply bow-tie filtering to each of the stacked 2D sinograms. The estimated gap data are extracted from the 3D TOF sinograms computed by inverse rebinning from the bow-tie filtered 2D non-TOF data. The procedure can be repeated iteratively to further refine the gap estimates. Preliminary results indicate that the new method provides improved estimates of the gap data compared to bilinear interpolation and reduces artifacts due to interpolation error.
A Frequency-Programmable Miniaturized Radio Frequency Transmitter for Animal Tracking (2021)

In animal tracking applications, smaller transmitters can reduce the impact of the transmitter on the tagged animal and thus provide more accurate data about animal behavior. By combining a novel circuit design and a newly developed micro-battery, we developed frequency-programmable and more powerful radio frequency transmitters that are about 40% smaller and lighter in weight than the smallest commercial counterpart for animal monitoring at the time of development. The new radio frequency transmitter has a miniaturized form factor for studying small animals. Designs of two coding schemes were developed: one transmits unmodulated signals (weight: 152 mg; dimensions: Ø 2.95 mm × 11.22 mm), and the other transmits modulated signals (weight: 160 mg; dimensions: Ø 2.95 mm × 11.85 mm). To accommodate different transmitter life requirements, each design can be configured to transmit in high or low signal strength. Prototypes of these transmitters were evaluated in the laboratory and exhibited comparable or longer service life and higher signal strength compared to their smallest commercial counterparts.
A Combined Scheme for Identification and Robust Torque Control of Hydraulic Actuators (2002)

This paper presents a combined scheme of identification and robust torque control for rotary hydraulic actuators. The composite controller consists of a dynamic feedback linearizing inner loop cascaded with an optimal l1 - H∞ feedback outer loop. The proposed controller allows the actuator to generate any desired torque irrespective of the actuator motion. In fact, the controller reduces significantly the impedance of the actuator as seen by its external load, making the system an ideal source of torque suitable for any robotics and automation applications. A through-out analysis relating to the stability of the internal unobservable dynamics is presented. An identification method to extract the parameters of nonlinear model of actuator dynamics and to estimate a bound for modeling uncertainty used for synthesize of the outer optimal controller, is presented. The theoretical results of the paper are illustrated experimentally on the pitch actuator of the Titan II, Schilling industrial robot.
New ytterbium-doped apatite crystals for flexible laser design (1994)

A new class of Yb-lasers is summarized in this article. The apatite family of crystals has been found to impose favorable spectroscopic and laser properties on the Yb{sup 3+} activator ion. Crystals of Yb-doped Ca{sub 5}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3}F, Sr{sub 5}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3}F, Ca{sub x}Sr{sub 5{minus}x}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3}F, and Sr{sub 5}(VO{sub 4}){sub 3}F have been grown and investigated. Several useful laser crystals have been identified which offer a variety of fundamental laser parameters for designing diode-pumped systems. In general, this class of materials is characterized by high emission cross sections (3.6--13.1 {times} 10{sup {minus}20} cm{sup 2}), useful emission lifetimes (0.59--1.26 msec), a strong pump band ({sigma}{sub abs} = 2.0--10.0 {times} 10{sup {minus}20} cm{sup 2}) and pump and extraction wavelengths near 900 and 1,045 nm, respectively. Efficient lasing has been demonstrated for several of the members of this class of materials, and high optical quality crystals have been grown by the Czochralski method.
New Anticoagulants Hirudin and Hirulog in the Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndromes (1995)

Thrombio plays a central role in thrombogenesis, It activates platelets, converts fibrinogen to tibrin, and activates factor XIII, which cross-links the fibrin thereby rendering it more resistant to lysis. Thrombin also arnplifies its own genertion by activating factors VII and V key coractors in the activation of factor X and prothrombin, respectively. Given the importance of thrombin in acute coronary syndromes the goal of most current antithrombotic strategies is to control thrombin generation or to inactivate thrombin. Although heparin has beeb the mainstay of antithrombotic treatment for arterial thrombosis, it has a number of funitations taht may be overcome by a new class of agents that interact directly with thrombin and block its activity. This review will focus on these new direct thrombin inhibitors and will a) review the mechanisms of action of the direct thrombin intibitors and other new aritithrombotics, and b) discuse the gromising experiental and clinical results with the direct thrombin inbibitors focusing on their use in acute coronary syndromes and coronary angioplasty.
Discrimination of Photon- and Dark-Initiated Signals in Multiple Gain Stage APD Photoreceivers (2013)

We demonstrate the ability of linear mode single carrier multiplication (SCM) avalanche photodiode (APD)-based optical receivers to discriminate single-photon-initiated avalanche events from dark-current-initiated events. Because of their random spatial origin in discrete regions of the depletion region, in the SCM APD the dark-generated carriers multiply differently than the photon-generated carriers. This causes different count distributions and necessitates different statistical descriptions of the signal contributions from photon- and dark-originating impulse responses. To include dark carriers in the performance models of the SCM APD, we considered the influence of the spatial origin of the ionization chains on a receiver's noise performance over the times the optical pulse is integrated by the receiver's decision circuits. We compare instantaneous (time-resolved) numeric and pseudo-DC analytical models to measured SCM APD data. It is shown that it is necessary to consider both the distribution of spatial origin and the instantaneous properties of the ionization chains to describe statistically an SCM APD receiver. The ability of SCM APD receivers to discriminate single photon events from single dark events is demonstrated, and the effective gain and excess noise contributions of the light- and dark-initiated avalanche events and their influence on receiver sensitivity and signal-to-noise characteristics are shown.
RL-LIM: Reinforcement Learning-based Locally Interpretable Modeling (2019)

Understanding black-box machine learning models is important towards their widespread adoption. However, developing globally interpretable models that explain the behavior of the entire model is challenging. An alternative approach is to explain black-box models through explaining individual prediction using a locally interpretable model. In this paper, we propose a novel method for locally interpretable modeling - Reinforcement Learning-based Locally Interpretable Modeling (RL-LIM). RL-LIM employs reinforcement learning to select a small number of samples and distill the black-box model prediction into a low-capacity locally interpretable model. Training is guided with a reward that is obtained directly by measuring agreement of the predictions from the locally interpretable model with the black-box model. RL-LIM near-matches the overall prediction performance of black-box models while yielding human-like interpretability, and significantly outperforms state of the art locally interpretable models in terms of overall prediction performance and fidelity.
Disk scheduling in video editing systems (2001)

Modern video servers support both video-on-demand and nonlinear editing applications. Video-on-demand servers enable the user to view video clips or movies from a video database, while nonlinear editing systems enable the user to manipulate the content of the video database. Applications such as video and news editing systems require that the underlying storage server be able to concurrently record live broadcast information, modify prerecorded data, and broadcast an authored presentation. A multimedia storage server that efficiently supports such a diverse group of activities constitutes the focus of this study. A novel real-time disk scheduling algorithm is presented that treats both read and write requests in a homogeneous manner in order to ensure that their deadlines are met. Due to real-time demands of movie viewing, read requests have to be fulfilled within certain deadlines; otherwise, they are considered lost. Since the data to be written into disk is stored in main memory buffers, write requests can be postponed until critical read requests are processed. However, write requests still have to be processed within reasonable delays and without the possibility of indefinite postponement. This is due to the physical constraint of the limited size of the main memory write buffers. The new algorithm schedules both read and write requests appropriately, to minimize the amount of disk reads that do not meet their presentation deadlines, and to avoid indefinite postponement and large buffer sizes in the case of disk writes. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm offers low violations of read deadlines, reduces waiting time for lower priority disk requests, and improves the throughput of the storage server by enhancing the utilization of available disk bandwidth.
Continuous Production of Macroporous Films: an Alternative to Breath Figure Assembly (2017)

Despite the need for sophisticated instrumentation, breath figure assembly (BFA) methods are restricted to produce macroporous films on a tiny scale so far. The current study narrates the fabrication of macroporous films in hollow fiber geometry which extends to adopt the method for continuous production of isoporous surfaces from commercially available low-priced polymer materials. The fabrication of the films in the hollow fiber geometry is carried out by a co-centric quadruple orifice spinneret through which four different liquids are co-extruded simultaneously: bore fluid (to fill the lumen of the fiber), support layer solution, glycerol, and an isoporous film forming solution through the outer most orifice. The extruded entities plunge into a coagulation bath after passing a definite air gap. The implementation of the concept of diffuse-in, droplet formation, and then condense-out behavior of glycerol in a co-extrusion method of hollow fiber spinning makes macroporous film formation possible in an interminable way sidestepping the use of breath figure assembly method. Moreover, the continuous film formation by the proposed mechanism is also authenticated in flat sheet geometry by employing two casting blades in a casting machine. The structure of the films is analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Substrate‐Catalyzed Electroless Gold Plating (1991)

Hydrazine is used as a reducing agent in a novel electroless gold plating formulation. Anodic polarization curves have shown that excess free cyanide, used to stabilize the gold cyanide complex, poisons hydrazine oxidation on gold but not on transition metals such as nickel and cobalt. This allows a new type of plating, "substrate‐catalyzed," which is neither immersion nor autocatalytic plating. This bath plates pure gold films at high initial rates up to 10 μm/h with exceptional bath stability and life.
Progress towards intersubband quantum-box lasers for highly efficient continuous wave operation in the mid-infrared (2009)

Intersubband Quantum-Box (IQB) lasers; that is, devices consisting of 2-D arrays of ministacks (i.e., 2-4 stages) intersubband QB emitters are proposed, as an alternative to 30-stage quantum-cascade (QC) devices, as sources for efficient room-temperature (RT) emission in the mid-infrared (4-6 µm) wavelength range. Preliminary results include: 1) the design of devices for operation with 50% wallplug efficiency at RT; 2) realization of a novel type of QC device: the deep-well (DW) QC laser, that has demonstrated at =4.7µm low temperature sensitivity of the threshold current, a clear indication of suppressed carrier leakage; 3) the formation of 2-D arrays at nanopoles by employing nanopatterning and dry etching; 4) the formation of 40nm-diameter, one-stage IQB structures on 100nm centers by preferential regrowth via metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE).