gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Natural killer (NK)-like cytotoxic activity of allospecific T cell receptor-gamma,delta+ T cell clones. Distinct receptor-ligand interactions mediate NK-like and allospecific cytotoxicity. (1989)

We recently generated a series of human alloantigen-specific, CD3+,TCR-gamma,delta+ clones by stimulating CD3+,CD4-,CD8- T cells from normal individuals with allogeneic lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL). As reported previously, these clones display cytotoxic activity against their specific stimulators but not against irrelevant LCL. Further studies of these and other TCR-gamma,delta+ clones, described in this report, indicate that most but not all of these clones express the NK cell associated marker, NKH-1 or Leu-19, and kill NK-sensitive targets such as the K562 and Molt 4 lines, but not an irrelevant LCL or NK-resistant line, Raji. TCR-gamma,delta+ clones which lacked expression of Leu-19 lysed their allospecific targets but had no detectable NK activity. The allospecific cytotoxicity of Leu-19+ and Leu-19- clones was inhibited by mAb to CD3 or the TCR delta-chain. In contrast, the NK-like activity of the Leu-19+ clones was enhanced by these antibodies over a wide range of antibody concentration. Although mAb to LFA-1 markedly inhibited both the allospecific and NK-like activity of these clones, an HLA class I framework specific mAb (W6/32) had no effect on NK-like cytolysis but did inhibit allospecific killing, suggesting that the target structures on the surface of allospecific and NK-sensitive cells are distinct. The receptors utilized by the TCR-gamma,delta+ clones to recognize NK-sensitive and allospecific targets are also distinct, since killing of NK-sensitive targets was blocked by the presence of cold (unlabeled) NK-sensitive cells but not by cold allospecific targets, whereas allospecific cytolysis was inhibited by cold allospecific targets but not by NK-sensitive cells. We conclude that some CD3+,TCR-gamma,delta+ clones exhibit NK-like as well as allospecific killing and that these two activities are mediated by distinct receptor-ligand interactions.
Reverse transcriptase inhibition potentiates target therapy in BRAF-mutant melanomas: effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, DNA-damage, ROS induction and mitochondrial membrane depolarization (2020)

Abstract Target therapies based on BRAF and MEK inhibitors (MAPKi) have changed the therapeutic landscape for metastatic melanoma patients bearing mutations in the BRAF kinase. However, the emergence of drug resistance imposes the necessity to conceive novel therapeutic strategies capable to achieve a more durable disease control. In the last years, retrotransposons laying in human genome have been shown to undergo activation during tumorigenesis, where they contribute to genomic instability. Their activation can be efficiently controlled with reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) frequently used in the treatment of AIDS. These drugs have demonstrated anti-proliferative effects in several cancer models, including also metastatic melanoma. However, to our knowledge no previous study investigated the capability of RTIs to mitigate drug resistance to target therapy in BRAF-mutant melanomas. In this short report we show that the non-nucleoside RTI, SPV122 in combination with MAPKi strongly inhibits BRAF-mutant melanoma cell growth, induces apoptosis, and delays the emergence of resistance to target therapy in vitro . Mechanistically, this combination strongly induces DNA double-strand breaks, mitochondrial membrane depolarization and increased ROS levels. Our results shed further light on the molecular activity of RTI in melanoma and pave the way to their use as a novel therapeutic option to improve the efficacy of target therapy.
Demonstration of Spin Polarization Switching at 2.2 TBit/sec for Proposed Spin-Photon Memory (2009)

New type of non-volatile high-speed optical memory is proposed, which utilize the magnetization reversal of nanomagnet by spin-polarized photo-excited electrons. To verify high speed of proposed demultiplexing method, the switching of spin polarization at 2.2 TGz was demonstrated
Enzyme-Responsive PEG–Dendron Hybrids as a Platform for Smart Nanocarriers (2015)

Disease-associated enzymes are highly promising stimuli for the enzyme-responsive disassembly of smart micellar carriers of drugs and imaging probes. Together with this great potential, the use of enzymes raises many challenges compared to other types of stimuli such as pH, temperature, or light. Unlike these nearly ‘dimensionless’ stimuli, an enzyme, which can be of an approximately similar size as the carrier, must reach the enzyme-sensitive moieties that are spread along the backbone of the polymer and might be hidden inside the hydrophobic cores of the self-assembled structures. Recent publications demonstrate the utilization of well-defined dendron-based hybrids as highly modular tools to study the molecular mechanisms of enzymatically induced disassembly. A simple polyethylene glycol–dendron hybrid bearing hydrophobic enzymatically cleavable end-groups allowed us to address key questions in this field. Using this system, we obtained high molecular resolution of the enzymatically induced disassembly process and were able to evaluate whether the enzyme penetrates through the micelle’s shell into its core, or interacts with the polymers in their monomeric form only, which is in equilibrium with the assembled state. The kinetic studies clearly indicate an equilibrium-based mechanism that fits very well with kinetic data for other enzyme-responsive polymeric amphiphiles.
A modified control scheme to alleviate DC voltage stress in active clamp PFC AC/DC converter with universal input (2003)

A modified control scheme is proposed to alleviate bulk capacitor voltage stress in active clamp bi-flyback power factor correction (PFC) AC/DC converter with universal input. In the proposed control scheme, the auxiliary switch is turned on with a fixed narrow pulse-width, rather than the conventional complimentary signal of the main switch. As a result, the proposed technique will substantially suppress the DC voltage well below 400 V under the entire input range. The improved performance was experimentally verified through a 28 V, 5.35 A prototype.
Tuning a Multiscale Model of Abdominal Aortic Hemodynamics to Incorporate Patient-Specific Features of Flow and Pressure Waveforms (2009)

Computational models enable the calculation of quantities that are impractical or impossible to measure and the prediction of physiological changes due to interventions. In order to be useful, cardiovascular models must be both rooted in physical principles and designed such that measured or otherwise desired features of the cardiovascular system are reproduced. The former requirement has motivated the development of image-based anatomic models, patient-specific inflow boundary conditions, deformable vascular walls, outflow boundary conditions that represent the influence of the downstream circulation, and multiscale models. The development of approaches to address the latter requirement, reproducing desired features of the circulation, is a critical area of modeling research that has received comparatively little attention.
Emerging Techniques in Gravel Packing Open-Hole Horizontal Completions in High-Performance Wells (2000)

Abstract Gravel-packing of open-hole highly-deviated or horizontal wells is increasingly becoming a common practice, especially in deep water and sub-sea completion environments where production rates may reach up to 50,000 BOPD or 250 MMSCFD. In these wells, reliability of the sand face completion, in addition to other factors, is of utmost importance due to the prohibitively high cost of intervention or side-tracking and the very high hydrocarbon recoveries required per well. To date the norm in gravel-packing such wells is water-packing or shunt-packing with water-based fluids. With both techniques, filter-cake removal treatments are conventionally done through coiled tubing after gravel packing, pulling out of the hole with the service tool and running in with the production/injection tubing. Furthermore, because conventional gravel-pack carrier fluids are water-based (brine or viscous fluids), water-based drilling fluids are traditionally used to drill the reservoir section to ensure compatibility and improve wellbore cleanup, even if the upper hole is drilled with a synthetic/oil-based drilling fluid. In this paper, we discuss several novel techniques that can substantially improve return on investment in gravel packing of open-hole horizontal completions, through reduced cost and process time, improved fluid management practices, increased productivity and/or reduced risk of future interventions, so mitigating against the risk of sand face completion failure or under-performance. The proposed techniques include: Simultaneous gravel-packing and filter-cake removal with water-based carrier fluids when the reservoir is drilled with a water-based drilling fluid: laboratory data relevant to gravel-packing are given and field case histories are discussed in detail.Simultaneous gravel-packing and cake cleanup with either water or a synthetic/oil-based carrier fluid when the reservoir is drilled with a synthetic/oil-based drilling fluid: laboratory data on cake removal while gravel packing are presented for both water-based and oil-based carrier fluids along with data on kinetics of cake removal.a new service tool that utilizes wash-pipe as continuous tubing and thus allows spotting of breaker treatments immediately after gravel packing: detailed description of the tool and its operation is given.Gravel-packing of highly-deviated or horizontal wells above fracturing pressure. Benefits offered by each of the proposed techniques are discussed in detail along with their current limitations.
Potential T Cell-Intrinsic Regulatory Roles for IRF5 via Cytokine Modulation in T Helper Subset Differentiation and Function (2020)

Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 (IRF5) is one of nine members of the IRF family of transcription factors. Although initially discovered as a key regulator of the type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokine arm of the innate immune response, IRF5 has now been found to also mediate pathways involved in cell growth and differentiation, apoptosis, metabolic homeostasis and tumor suppression. Hyperactivation of IRF5 has been implicated in numerous autoimmune diseases, chief among them systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SLE is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease in which patients often share similar characteristics in terms of autoantibody production and strong genetic risk factors, yet also possess unique disease signatures. <i>IRF5</i> pathogenic alleles contribute one of the strongest risk factors for SLE disease development. Multiple models of murine lupus have shown that loss of <i>Irf5</i> is protective against disease development. In an attempt to elucidate the regulatory role(s) of IRF5 in driving SLE pathogenesis, labs have begun to examine the function of IRF5 in several immune cell types, including B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. A somewhat untouched area of research on IRF5 is in T cells, even though <i>Irf5</i> knockout mice were reported to have skewing of T cell subsets from T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) toward T helper 2 (Th2), indicating a potential role for IRF5 in T cell regulation. However, most studies attributed this T cell phenotype in <i>Irf5</i> knockout mice to dysregulation of antigen presenting cell function rather than an intrinsic role for IRF5 in T cells. In this review, we offer a different interpretation of the literature. The role of IRF5 in T cells, specifically its control of T cell effector polarization and the resultant T cell-mediated cytokine production, has yet to be elucidated. A strong understanding of the regulatory role(s) of this key transcription factor in T cells is necessary for us to grasp the full picture of the complex pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases like SLE.
Discovery and Mechanistic Study of Benzamide Derivatives That Modulate Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly (2017)

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health problem. Although the currently approved medications can reliably reduce the viral load and prevent the progression of liver diseases, they fail to cure the viral infection. In an effort toward discovery of novel antiviral agents against HBV, a group of benzamide (BA) derivatives that significantly reduced the amount of cytoplasmic HBV DNA were discovered. The initial lead optimization efforts identified two BA derivatives with improved antiviral activity for further mechanistic studies. Interestingly, similar to our previously reported sulfamoylbenzamides (SBAs), the BAs promote the formation of empty capsids through specific interaction with HBV core protein but not other viral and host cellular components. Genetic evidence suggested that both SBAs and BAs inhibited HBV nucleocapsid assembly by binding to the heteroaryldihydropyrimidine (HAP) pocket between core protein dimer-dimer interfaces. However, unlike SBAs, BA compounds uniquely induced the formation of empty capsids that migrated more slowly in native agarose gel electrophoresis from A36V mutant than from the wild-type core protein. Moreover, we showed that the assembly of chimeric capsids from wild-type and drug-resistant core proteins was susceptible to multiple capsid assembly modulators. Hence, HBV core protein is a dominant antiviral target that may suppress the selection of drug-resistant viruses during core protein-targeting antiviral therapy. Our studies thus indicate that BAs are a chemically and mechanistically unique type of HBV capsid assembly modulators and warranted for further development as antiviral agents against HBV.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> HBV core protein plays essential roles in many steps of the viral replication cycle. In addition to packaging viral pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) and DNA polymerase complex into nucleocapsids for reverse transcriptional DNA replication to take place, the core protein dimers, existing in several different quaternary structures in infected hepatocytes, participate in and regulate HBV virion assembly, capsid uncoating, and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) formation. It is anticipated that small molecular core protein assembly modulators may disrupt one or multiple steps of HBV replication, depending on their interaction with the distinct quaternary structures of core protein. The discovery of novel core protein-targeting antivirals, such as benzamide derivatives reported here, and investigation of their antiviral mechanism may lead to the identification of antiviral therapeutics for the cure of chronic hepatitis B.
Comparison of Aromatic Dithiophoshinic and Phosphinic Acid Derivatives for Minor Actinide Extraction (2008)

A new extractant for the separation of actinide(III) and lanthanide(III), bis(otrifluoromethylphenyl) phosphinic acid (O-PA) was synthesized. The synthetic route employed mirrors one that was employed to produce the sulfur containing analog bis(otrifluoromethylphenyl) dithiophosphinic acid (S-PA). Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy was used for elementary characterization of the new O-PA derivative. This new O-PA extractant was used to perform Am(III)/Eu(III) separations and the results were directly compared to those obtained in identical separation experiments using S-PA, an extractant that is known to exhibit separation factors of ~100,000 at low pH. The separations data are presented and discussed in terms comparing the nature of the oxygen atom as a donor to that of the sulfur atom in extractants that are otherwise identical.
MEMS-based force-detected nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer for in situ planetary exploration (2002)

NMR is the most widely used spectroscopic technique for characterization of molecular structures and reactions. NMR is especially powerful in detecting the presence of water and distinguishing between arbitrary physisorbed and chemisorbed states. This ability is particularly important in the search for extraterrestrial life on planets such as Mars, where there are strong indications that liquid water exists or has existed previously. Conventional NMR technology based on magnetic induction is unsuitable for remote applications because these instruments are heavy and require excessive power. We recently demonstrated a new NMR technology based on magnetic force detection that is suitable for NMR analysis in remote environments and on small samples. This paper details our efforts toward realizing this technology on small scales using a MEMS approach. Applications of this new MEMS-based NMR method to planetary exploration are discussed.
Design and Development of Steel Breakaway Posts (2000)

The current generation of NCHRP Report 350-compliant guardrail terminals all use wooden breakaway posts in the terminal section. The first two end posts are typically breakaway cable terminal posts inserted into steel foundation tubes that are joined with a ground strut to provide the anchorage capacity. Wood is readily available and inexpensive, but it also has many drawbacks. The quality of the wood and the associated breaking forces vary widely. The strength of a wooden post is affected by many factors, including post size, ring density, knot location and size, cracks and checks, species, and moisture content. Results are presented of an effort to design and develop steel breakaway posts for guardrail terminals. The breakaway steel post system described has been successfully tested for use in a tangent terminal. The post exhibited consistent strength for redirection impacts and failed at very low loads during head-on impacts. The breakaway steel post actually improved the redirective performance of the SKT-350 during a 2020-kg (4,450-lb) pickup truck impact at the beginning of the length of need. These breakaway steel posts have been shown to meet NCHRP Report 350 performance criteria and should provide highway agencies with an alternative where wood posts are unacceptable.
Experimental Demonstration of Tunable Optical Channel Slicing and Stitching to Enable Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (2017)

A tunable optical channel slicing and stitching scheme is experimentally demonstrated in QPSK/16QAM systems. Its application to dynamic bandwidth allocation in WDM channels brings >6dB OSNR improvement at 1e-3 BER comparing to direct channel insertion.
Critical Dimension Measurement Technology Using CD-SEM (2006)

The design rule of semiconductor devices in 1984s, when optical microscope was used for critical dimension measurement of device patterns, was around 1.3 µm. Instead of the optical microscope which did not provide enough resolution for the further device shrinkage, CD-SEM (Critical-Dimension Scanning Electron Microscope) was used for 1 µm or smaller design rule. This report introduces recent CD-SEM technologies and future prospect for such smaller design rule. Furthermore, evaluation of CD-measurement accuracy is introduced. It consists of short-term and long-term repeatabilities and tool-to-tool matching. A new linewidth-measurement algorithm is implemented for better short-term repeatability. A method of contrast-gradient is used for tool-to-tool matching. A traceable standard-sample for magnification calibration is also used.
Regulation of Hepatitis B Virus mRNA Expression in a Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Transgenic Mouse Model by IFN-γ-Secreting T Cells After DNA-Based Immunization (1998)

Abstract The immunotherapeutic effect of DNA-mediated immunization against chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been evaluated in transgenic mice expressing the sequences that code for the envelope proteins of HBV in the liver. In this model of HBV chronic carriers, a single i.m. injection of plasmid DNA encoding HBV envelope proteins is sufficient to generate specific immune responses leading to the clearance of the transgene expression product and the control of HBV mRNA. The relative contributions of the T cell subpopulations induced by DNA immunization were examined using adoptive transfer experiments. It was shown that either CD8+ or CD4+ T lymphocytes from immunocompetent DNA-immunized animals were sufficient to control viral gene expression in the livers of the recipient transgenic mice. This effect was mediated by a cytokine-dependent mechanism common to both T cell subpopulations; this mechanism did not require cell lysis, but did involve the production of IFN-γ by the activated T cells.
Facile Fabrication and Superparamagnetism of Silica‐Shielded Magnetite Nanoparticles on Carbon Nitride Nanotubes (2009)

Abstract Using conventional methods to synthesize magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) with uniform size is a challenging task. Moreover, the degradation of magnetic NPs is an obstacle to practical applications. The fabrication of silica‐shielded magnetite NPs on carbon nitride nanotubes (CNNTs) provides a possible route to overcome these problems. While the nitrogen atoms of CNNTs provide selective nucleation sites for NPs of a particular size, the silica layer protects the NPs from oxidation. The morphology and crystal structure of NP–CNNT hybrid material is investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction. In addition, the atomic nature of the N atoms in the NP–CNNT system is studied by near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (nitrogen K‐edge) and calculations of the partial density of states based on first principles. The structure of the silica‐shielded NP–CNNT system is analyzed by TEM and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy mapping, and their magnetism is measured by vibrating sample and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometers. The silica shielding helps maintain the superparamagnetism of the NPs; without the silica layer, the magnetic properties of NP–CNNT materials significantly degrade over time.
Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization (2014)

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST). In this technique the chemical properties of organic photochromic molecules that undergo single-photon reactions are exploited, enabling rapid top-down nanopatterning over large areas at low light intensities, thereby, allowing for the circumvention of the far-field diffraction barrier.(4) Simple, cost-effective, high throughput and resolution alternatives to nanopatterning are being explored, such as, two-photon polymerization(5,6), beam pen lithography (BPL)(7), scanning electron beam lithography (SEBL), and focused ion beam (FIB) patterning. However, multi-photon approaches require high light intensities, which limit their potential for high throughput and offer low image contrast. Although, electron and ion beam lithographic processes offer increased resolution, the serial nature of the process is limited to slow writing speeds, which also prevents patterning of features over large areas. Beam-pen lithography is an approach towards parallel near-field optical lithography. However, the gap between the source of the beam and the surface of the photoresist needs to be controlled extremely precisely for good pattern uniformity and this is very challenging to accomplish for large arrays of beams. Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST) is an alternative optical nanopatterning technique for patterning sub-wavelength features(1-3). Since this technique uses single photons instead of electrons, it is extremely fast and does not require high light intensities(1-3), opening the door to massive parallelization.