gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoconductive semiconductor switches (1997)

Optically activated GaAs switches operated in their high-gain mode are being used or tested for pulsed power applications as diverse as low-impedance, high-current firing sets in munitions; high impedance, low-current Pockels cell or Q-switch drivers for lasers; high-voltage drivers for laser diode arrays; high-voltage, high-current, compact accelerators; and pulsers for ground penetrating radar. This paper will describe the properties of high-gain photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSS), and how they are used in a variety of pulsed power applications. For firing sets, we have switched up to 7 kA in a very compact package. For driving Q switches, the load is the small (30 pF) capacitance of the Q switch which is charged to 6 kV. We have demonstrated that we can modulate a laser beam with a subnanosecond rise time. Using PCSS, we have demonstrated gain switching a series-connected laser diode array, obtaining an optical output with a peak power of 50 kW and a pulse duration of 100 ps. For accelerators, we are using PCSS to switch a 260 kV, 60 kA Blumlein. A pulser suitable for use in ground-penetrating radar has been demonstrated at 100 kV, 1.3 kA. This paper will describe the specific project requirements and switch parameters in all of these applications, and emphasize the switch research and development that is being pursued to address the important issues.
<i>A priori</i> prediction of breast tumour response to chemotherapy using quantitative ultrasound imaging and artificial neural networks (2019)

// Hadi Tadayyon 1 , 2 , Mehrdad Gangeh 1 , 2 , Lakshmanan Sannachi 1 , 2 , Maureen Trudeau 3 , Kathleen Pritchard 3 , Sonal Ghandi 3 , Andrea Eisen 3 , Nicole Look-Hong 4 , Claire Holloway 4 , Frances Wright 4 , Eileen Rakovitch 5 , 6 , Danny Vesprini 5 , 6 , William Tyler Tran 5 , 6 , Belinda Curpen 7 and Gregory Czarnota 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 1 Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada 2 Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada 3 Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada 4 Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada 5 Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada 6 Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada 7 Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Correspondence to: Gregory Czarnota, email: gregory.czarnota@sunnybrook.ca Keywords: quantitative ultrasound; artificial neural networks; ultrasound spectroscopy; tumour response assessment; prognostic biomarker Received: November 26, 2018     Accepted: May 13, 2019     Published: June 11, 2019 ABSTRACT We demonstrate the clinical utility of combining quantitative ultrasound (QUS) imaging of the breast with an artificial neural network (ANN) classifier to predict the response of breast cancer patients to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) administration prior to the start of treatment. Using a 6 MHz ultrasound system, radiofrequency (RF) ultrasound data were acquired from 100 patients with biopsy-confirmed locally advanced breast cancer prior to the start of NAC. Quantitative ultrasound mean parameter intensity and texture features were computed from the tumour core and margin, and were compared to the clinical/pathological response and 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) of patients. A multi-parametric QUS model in conjunction with an ANN classifier predicted patient response with 96 ± 6% accuracy, and a 0.96 ± 0.08 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), compared to 65 ± 10 % accuracy and 0.67 ± 0.14 AUC achieved using a K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) algorithm. A separate ANN model predicted patient RFS with 85 ± 7% accuracy, and a 0.89 ± 0.11 AUC, whereas the KNN methodology achieved a 58 ± 6 % accuracy and a 0.64 ± 0.09 AUC. The application of ANN for classifying patient response based on tumour QUS features performs well in terms of predicting response to chemotherapy. The findings here provide a framework for developing personalized a priori chemotherapy selection for patients that are candidates for NAC, potentially resulting in improved patient treatment outcomes and prognosis.
Hybrid robotic/virtual pan-tilt-zom cameras for autonomous event recording (2013)

We present a method to generate aesthetic video from a robotic camera by incorporating a virtual camera operating on a delay, and a hybrid controller which uses feedback from both the robotic and virtual cameras. Our strategy employs a robotic camera to follow a coarse region-of-interest identified by a realtime computer vision system, and then resamples the captured images to synthesize the video that would have been recorded along a smooth, aesthetic camera trajectory. The smooth motion trajectory is obtained by operating the virtual camera on a short delay so that perfect knowledge of immediate future events is known. Previous autonomous camera installations have employed either robotic cameras or stationary wide-angle cameras with subregion cropping. Robotic cameras track the subject using realtime sensor data, and regulate a smoothness-latency trade-off through control gains. Fixed cameras post-process the data and suffer significant reductions in image resolution when the subject moves freely over a large area.
Voxel magnetic field disturbance from remote vasculature in BOLD fMRI (2011)

The mechanism of blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) lies in the detection of blood-induced magnetic field disturbance during brain activity. A magnetic dipole induces a magnetic field in 3D space, which is represented by a 3D kernel that shows orientation-dependent decay in space (with a radial distant decay factor of 1/r<sup>3</sup>), bipolar values, and revolution symmetry. By representing the intravascular blood space with a pack of magnetic dipoles, we can use the 3D kernel to calculate the BOLD fieldmap by a 3D convolution. In our implementation, a vasculature-laden voxel of interest (VOI) is represented by a matrix at a grid resolution(~1micron), and the intravascular space is filled with macroscopic blood magnetic dipoles (each is defined for a matrix element sitting in the blood space). Based on the magnetic dipole model of blood magnetization and the convolution algorithm, we calculate the effect of exterior vasculature (from nearest neighborhood as well as from farther or remote surrounding) on the BOLD fieldmap at the VOI. Our results show that only vessels at the VOI boundary region impose a noticeable influence, and this effect increases slightly with vessel size. The effect of remote vasculature (sitting in voxels outside the nearest neighborhood) is ignorable. We also discuss the case of asymmetrical surroundings.
Graft copolymers by atom transfer polymerization (2002)

Various graft copolymers have been prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using both “grafting through” and “grafting fromõ approaches. The synthesis and some properties are reviewed.
Simultaneous EEG/fMRI Reveals Spatiotemporal Correlates of Baseball Pitch Recognition (2013)

pitch trajectories (Fastball, Curveball, and Slider), while we simultaneously recorded BOLD fMRI at 3x3x3 mm, using a 3T scanner, and scalp EEG, using our custom-built 43channel EEG system [6]. Each trial consisted of a letter cue (“F”-Fastball, “C”-Curveball, “S”-Slider) and countdown bar, the simulated pitch, and then a (+/-) feedback sign to indicate if the subject was correct on the trial (Fig. 1) . Subjects were instructed to respond when the pitch matched the cue and before the pitch ended. There were a total 450 trials over 5 scans with a 60/40 split between Go/NoGo. We performed standard preprocessing on all data [6]. We used logistic regression with a sliding window [7] on stimulus-locked epochs to discriminate between combinations of Correct Go,Correct NoGo, and Incorrect NoGo trials using the EEG data. We first analyzed the BOLD signal using a traditional event related analysis. For the single-trial variability analysis, we analyzed the BOLD signal by correlating the trial-to-trial variability of the EEG classifiers within each class with the BOLD data, similar to the approach of Goldman et al. (see [6] for details). Results are presented at the group level.
Constitutive salicylic acid‐dependent signaling in <i>cpr1 and cpr6</i> mutants requires PAD4 (2001)

Salicylic acid (SA)-dependent signaling controls activation of a set of plant defense mechanisms that are important for resistance to a variety of microbial pathogens. Many Arabidopsis mutants that display altered SA-dependent signaling have been isolated. We used double mutant analysis to determine the relative positions of the pad4, cpr1, cpr5, cpr6, dnd1 and dnd2 mutations in the signal transduction network leading to SA-dependent activation of defense gene expression and disease resistance. The pad4 mutation causes failure of SA accumulation in response to infection by certain pathogens, while the other mutations cause constitutively high levels of SA, defense gene expression and resistance. The cpr1 pad4, cpr5 pad4, cpr6 pad4, dnd1 pad4 and dnd2 pad4 double mutants were constructed and assayed for stature, presence of spontaneous lesions, resistance to Pseudomonas syringae and Peronospora parasitica, SA levels, expression of PAD4, PR-1 and PDF1.2, and accumulation of camalexin. We found that the effects of the cpr1 and cpr6 mutations on SA-dependent gene expression are completely dependent on PAD4 function. In contrast, SA accumulation in the lesion-mimic mutant cpr5 is partially PAD4-independent, while in dnd1 and dnd2 mutants it is completely PAD4-independent. A model describing a possible arrangement of activities in the signal transduction network is presented.
Discrete-time model reference adaptive control of nonlinear dynamical systems using neural networks (1996)

A multilayer discrete-time neural net (NN) controller is presented for the direct model reference adaptive control of a class of multi-input multi-output (MIM0) nonlinear dynamical systems. The nonlinear dynamical system is assumed to be controllable and its state vector is available for measurement. The NN controller exhibits learning-while-functioning features instead of learning-then-control so that control is immediate with no explicit learning phase needed. The tracking error between the output of a nonlinear plant and an ideal linear model converges within a very short time. Persistence of excitation (PE) is not needed, linearity in the parameters is not required, and certainty equivalence is not used. This overcomes several limitations of standard adaptive control. The novel weight tuning paradigm for the NN controller is based on the well-known delta rule but includes a modification to the learning rate parameter plus a correction term. It guarantees tracking as well as bounded NN weights in non-ideal situations so that a persistency of excitation conditions on the internal signals is not needed. It is found that the constant learning rate parameter at a given layer should decrease with the number of hidden-layer neurons present in that particular layer; this is a major drawback often documented in the NN control literature. This drawback is easily overcome by employing a projection algorithm at each layer. Theoretical analysis is justified through extensive simulation studies.
Heat assisted magnetic recording with a fully integrated recording head (2007)

Scaling the areal density, while maintaining a proper balance between media signal-to-noise, thermal stability and writability will soon require an alternative recording technology. Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR) can achieve this balance by allowing high anisotropy media to be written by heating the media during the writing process (e.g. by laser light) to temporarily lower the anisotropy. Three major challenges of designing a HAMR head that tightly focuses light and collocates it with the magnetic field are discussed: 1) Magnetic Field Delivery, 2)Optical Delivery, and 3) Integration of Magnetic & Optical Field Delivery Components. Thousands of these HAMR heads were built into sliders and HGAs, and optical and scanning electron micrograph images are shown. Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) characterization of the HAMR head shows that the predicted ~λ/4 full-width half-maximum (FWHM) spot size can be achieved using 488 nm light (124 nm was achieved). SNOM images also show that wafer level fabricated apertures were able to effectively eliminate sidelobes from the focused spot intensity profile. An MFM image of HAMR media shows that Non-HAMR (laser power off) was not able to write transitions in the HAMR specific media even at very high write currents, but transitions could be written using HAMR (laser power on), even at lower write currents. A cross-track profile is shown for a fully integrated HAMR head where the magnetic pole physical width is ~350 nm, but the written track is ~200nm, which demonstrates HAMR. A HAMR optimization contour shows that there is an optimum write current and laser power and that simply going to the highest write current and laser power does not lead to the best recording. Lastly, some prospects for advancing HAMR are given and a few key problems to be solved are mentioned.
Immunity to Sand Fly Salivary Protein LJM11 Modulates Host Response to Vector-Transmitted Leishmania Conferring Ulcer-Free Protection (2012)

Leishmania vaccines that protect against needle challenge fail against the potency of a Leishmania-infected sand fly transmission. Here, we demonstrate that intradermal immunization of mice with 500 ng of the sand fly salivary recombinant protein LJM11 (rLJM11) from Lutzomyia longipalpis, in the absence of adjuvant, induces long-lasting immunity that results in ulcer-free protection against Leishmania major delivered by vector bites. This protection is antibody independent and abrogated by depletion of CD4(+) T cells. Two weeks after challenge, early induction of IFN-γ specifically to rLJM11 correlates to diminished parasite replication in protected animals. At this time point, Leishmania-specific induction of IFN-γ in these mice is low in comparison with its high level in non-protected controls. We hypothesize that early control of parasites in a T-cell helper type 1 environment induced by immunity to LJM11 permits the slow development of Leishmania-specific immunity in the absence of open ulcers. Leishmania-specific immunity observed 5 weeks after infection in rLJM11-immunized mice shows a twofold increase over controls in the percentage of IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells. We propose LJM11 as an immunomodulator that drives an efficient and controlled protective immune response to a sand fly-transmitted Leishmania somewhat mimicking "leishmanization"-induced protective immunity but without its associated lesions.
Development of a Human Thymic Organ Culture Model for the Study of HIV Pathogenesis (1995)

The development of effective therapies for the treatment of AIDS would be facilitated by a better understanding of HIV pathogenesis in vivo. While some aspects of pathogenesis may be assessed by standard tissue culture assays, in vivo animal models may provide clues to other aspects of HIV-mediated progression toward AIDS. Current animal models include primate models for the study of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and HIV, SCID-hu and hu-PBL SCID mouse models for the study of HIV, and feline models for the study of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). In general these models are costly and labor intensive. We have developed a simple human fetal thymic organ culture (TOC) system that is permissive for HIV infection and that exhibits pathology similar to that observed in vivo. A key feature of this system is the time-dependent destruction of thymocytes typified by the preferential loss of CD4-expressing cells. HIV-mediated thymocyte destruction occurs by a process involving programmed cell death. We have infected TOC with a panel of HIV isolates and found that the resulting viral replicative and pathogenic profiles are similar to those seen in the SCID-hu Thy/Liv mouse, yet different from profiles observed in standard PHA-blast tissue culture assays. In addition, we find that TOC may be used to assess efficacy of antiviral agents such as AZT (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine) and ddI (2',3'-dideoxyinosine) in blocking both viral replication and virus-induced pathology. These results indicate that this model is amenable to the systematic manipulation, analysis, and characterization of a variety of HIV virus isolates and antiviral therapies.
Alternative strategy for a safe rechargeable battery (2016)

The advent of a Li<sup>+</sup> or Na<sup>+</sup> glass electrolyte with a cation conductivity <italic>σ</italic><sub>i</sub> > 10<sup>−2</sup> S cm<sup>−1</sup> at 25 °C and a motional enthalpy Δ<italic>H</italic><sub>m</sub> = 0.06 eV that is wet by a metallic lithium or sodium anode is used to develop a new strategy for an all-solid-state, rechargeable, metal-plating battery.
Matched-condition robust Dynamic Noise Adaptation (2011)

In this paper we describe how the model-based noise robustness algorithm for previously unseen noise conditions, Dynamic Noise Adaptation (DNA), can be made robust to matched data, without the need to do any system re-training. The approach is to do online model selection and averaging between two DNA models of noise: one that is tracking the evolving state of the background noise, and one clamped to the null mis-match hypothesis. The approach, which we call DNA with (matched) condition detection (DNA-CD), improves the performance of a commerical-grade speech recognizer that utilizes feature-space Maximum Mutual Information (fMMI), boosted MMI (bMMI), and feature-space Maximum Likelihood Linear Regression (fMLLR) compensation by 15% relative at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) below 10 dB, and over 8% relative overall.
Multifunctional Magnetic Nanowires for Biomagnetic Interfacing Concepts (2006)

Abstract : A technique of increasing importance in biotechnology is the manipulation of cells and biomolecules with small magnetic particles. In this research program, we developed a new type of carrier particle, multifunctional magnetic nanowires, which possess tunable magnetic and chemical properties. These nanowires can carry out multiple tasks e.g. binding multiple types of molecules, probing chemical activity in specific regions of a cell, and responding to light as well as to magnetic fields. Among the DoD relevant applications envisioned for the nanowires are new techniques for biosensing, novel approaches to tissue engineering, and a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches including rapid drug delivery, gene therapy and high-efficiency cell sorting. This program carried out the development steps necessary to demonstrate the feasibility of these applications.
Whole-chip ESD protection scheme for CMOS mixed-mode IC's in deep-submicron CMOS technology (2002)

A whole-chip ESD protection scheme with the ESD-connection diodes and a substrate-triggering field-oxide device (STFOD) are proposed to protect mixed-mode CMOS IC's against ESD damage. The STFOD is triggered on by the substrate-triggering technique to make an area-efficient VDD-to-VSS ESD clamp circuit. The ESD-connection diodes provide the current discharging paths among the multiple separated power lines to avoid the ESD damage located at the digital-analog interface. This whole-chip ESD protection scheme has been practically verified in an L-bits DAC chip in a 0.6-/spl mu/m CMOS process with a pin-to-pin ESD robustness of above 4 KV.
Finding min-repros in database software (2009)

Testing and debugging database system applications is often challenging and time consuming. A database tester (or DB tester for short) has to detect a problem, determine why it happened, set up an environment to reproduce it, and then create a fix to resolve the problem. In many cases, problems appear in complex scenarios, and thus the setup to reproduce a problem may be large and difficult to understand. This makes the task of finding the root cause of a problem very challenging. As a consequence, a very arduous task for a DB tester is finding a min-repro -- a process of weeding out irrelevant inputs and finding the simplest way to reproduce a problem. Currently, a great deal of searching for minrepros is carried out manually using non-database-specific tools, which is both slow and error-prone. In this paper, we present a system designed to ease and speed up searches for minrepros in database-related products. The min-repro system employs several effective tools, including: the novel simplification transformations, the high-level language for creating custom scripts and automation, the record-and-replay functionality, and the visualization of results and the search space. In addition to the standard application mode, the min-repro system can be interacted with in the game mode. The latter can provide an intrinsically motivating environment for developing successful search strategies, which can be data-mined and generalized into search patterns and used as recommendations for DB testers.
Mixed-mode resonator using TE101 cavity mode and TE01d dielectric mode (2016)

In this paper a new class of in-line filters with pseudoelliptic responses based on mixed-mode resonators is presented. The mixed-mode resonator consists of a cavity with a suspended high permittivity dielectric puck at its center. Both cavity TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">101</sub> mode and dielectric TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01δ</sub> mode are exploited. This structure realizes the transverse doublet topology and it is capable of a transmission zero that can be easily positioned in both upper and lower stop-band. Couplings are controlled by both irises width and puck rotation. Mixed-mode resonators can be used as building blocks to obtain higher order filters by cascading them through non-resonating nodes. Such filters are capable of transmission zeros very close to the pass-band, resulting in a very high selectivity. Furthermore the presence of the dielectric puck leads to a very compact structure with a stable behavior in temperature.
Effect of saccharides on the freezing and thawing of liposome dispersion. (1986)

The cryoprotective activities of saccharides on liposome dispersion prepared from a mixture of egg yolk lecithin and dicetylphosphate (10 : 1 in molar ratio) were investigated in terms of the leakage of the entrapped marker (calcerin), and the changes of the turbidity and the half band-width of CH2 signals in the 1H-NMR spectrum. In the presence of more than 100 mM D-glucose in both the inner and outer aqueous phases of liposomes (concentration of phospholipid; 6.4mM), the liposome dispersion was stable to freezing at -70°C. D-Galactose, D-mannose, maltose and maltotriose showed similar activities to D-glucose. However, maltopentaose and DextranT-100 had no cryoprotective effect on the liposome dispersion. Sodium chloride, potassium chloride and urea also showed cryoprotective activities above their eutectic temperatures. The mechanism of the cryoprotective action of saccharides on the freezing of liposomes is discussed in terms of differential scanning calorimetry data and Raman spectra of aqueous saccharide solutions at low temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSELECTIVE INTRODUCTION OF STEROID SIDE CHAINS. SYNTHESIS OF CHENODEOXYCHOLIC ACID (1984)

Abstract Ausgehend von dem aus dem Androstendion (Ia) mikrobiologisch leicht zugänglichen Alkohol (Ib) wird die Titelverbindung (VIII) wie im Formelschema angegeben synthetisiert.