gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Turn-On and Near-Infrared Fluorescent Sensing for 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Based on Hybrid (Gold Nanorod)−(Quantum Dots) Assembly (2011)

In this study, we design a FRET system consisting of gold nanorod (AuNR) and quantum dots (QDs) for turn-on fluorescent sensing of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in near-infrared region. The amine-terminated AuNR and carboxyl-terminated QDs first form a compact hybrid assembly through amine-carboxyl attractive interaction, which leads to a high-efficiency (>92%) FRET from QDs to AuNRs and an almost complete emission quenching. Next, added TNT molecules break the preformed assembly because they can replace the QDs around AuNRs, based on the specific reaction of forming Meisenheimer complexes between TNT and primary amines. Thus, the FRET is switched off, and a more than 10 times fluorescent enhancement is obtained. The fluorescence turn-on is immediate, and the limit of detection for TNT is as low as 0.1 nM. Importantly, TNT can be well distinguished from its analogues due to their electron deficiency difference. The developed method is successfully applied to TNT sensing in real environmental samples.
Recent advances on LSA in standardization, regulation, research and architecture design (2014)

This article describes advances in regulation, standardization and research for Licensed Shared Access (LSA) in Europe and in USA. Different approaches for defining the spectrum sharing access system are taken by the European Standardization Institute (ETSI) focusing on a 2 tier access hierarchy and by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) authority in USA focusing on a 3 tier access hierarchy. As shown in regard to the architecture design, LSA identifies a viable candidate for both approaches in that it supports different spectrum sharing modes such as static, semi-static and dynamic sharing.
Can we trust digital image forensics? (2007)

Compared to the prominent role digital images play in nowadays multimedia society, research in the field of image authenticity is still in its infancy. Only recently, research on digital image forensics has gained attention by addressing tamper detection and image source identification. However, most publications in this emerging field still lack rigorous discussions of robustness against strategic counterfeiters, who anticipate the existence of forensic techniques. As a result, the question of trustworthiness of digital image forensics arises. This work will take a closer look at two state-of-the-art forensic methods and proposes two counter-techniques; one to perform resampling operations undetectably and another one to forge traces of image origin. Implications for future image forensic systems will be discussed.
Non-Contact Respiration Monitoring and Body Movements Detection for Sleep Using Thermal Imaging (2020)

Monitoring of respiration and body movements during sleep is a part of screening sleep disorders related to health status. Nowadays, thermal-based methods are presented to monitor the sleeping person without any sensors attached to the body to protect privacy. A non-contact respiration monitoring based on thermal videos requires visible facial landmarks like nostril and mouth. The limitation of these techniques is the failure of face detection while sleeping with a fixed camera position. This study presents the non-contact respiration monitoring approach that does not require facial landmark visibility under the natural sleep environment, which implies an uncontrolled sleep posture, darkness, and subjects covered with a blanket. The automatic region of interest (ROI) extraction by temperature detection and breathing motion detection is based on image processing integrated to obtain the respiration signals. A signal processing technique was used to estimate respiration and body movements information from a sequence of thermal video. The proposed approach has been tested on 16 volunteers, for which video recordings were carried out by themselves. The participants were also asked to wear the Go Direct respiratory belt for capturing reference data. The result revealed that our proposed measuring respiratory rate obtains root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.82±0.75 bpm. The advantage of this approach lies in its simplicity and accessibility to serve users who require monitoring the respiration during sleep without direct contact by themselves.
Efficiency-Optimized Flux-Weakening Control of PMSM Incorporating Speed Regulation (2007)

This paper presents an efficiency-optimized flux-weakening control scheme for permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) incorporating speed regulation. It is robust to variations of DC bus voltage and load level with optimized efficiency, especially under light load conditions. The developed speed/flux-weakening controller (SFWC) automatically generates the required demagnetizing current and produces torque component at high speeds based on the d-q current cross-coupling effect. By introducing a voltage constant adaptive to load level, the demagnetizing current can be optimized resulting in less copper losses and higher efficiency. Moreover, the proposed control scheme is able to achieve both flux-weakening and speed regulation simultaneously using only one regulator, in contrast to conventional two-loop (d-q-axis) control methods. Both computer simulation and experimental results are provided to verify its feasibility.
Influence of Agronomic Factors and Extraction Rate on the Acrylamide Contents in Yeast-Leavened Breads (2006)

Because the impact of agronomical factors on bakery products quality is still an insufficiently studied field, acrylamide contents of breads produced from flours of nine wheat, two rye, and two spelt varieties harvested in 2003 and 2004 were investigated. It could be demonstrated that acrylamide content in bread strongly depends on the cultivar, with extremes differing by a factor of 5.4 due to marked differences in free asparagine and crude protein contents. Nitrogen fertilization also resulted in elevated amino acid and protein contents, thus increasing acrylamide levels from 10.6 to 55.6 mug/kg. Independent of fertilization, harvest year turned out to be another factor influencing acrylamide formation. Breads produced from 2003 flours showed significantly higher acrylamide contents than those of 2004, which was ascribed to favorable light and temperature conditions during the cultivation period, thus enhancing amino acid and protein contents. Sprouting of the grain also resulted in significantly higher acrylamide levels, which was attributed to elevated enzyme activities and the formation of precursors from protein and starch. Furthermore, bakery products made from flours with higher extraction rates were shown to contain higher acrylamide levels resulting from extracted free asparagine and protein from the aleuron layers of the cereal grain.
Maximal migration of human smooth muscle cells on fibronectin and type IV collagen occurs at an intermediate attachment strength (1993)

Although a biphasic dependence of cell migration speed on cell-substratum adhesiveness has been predicted theoretically, experimental data directly demonstrating a relationship between these two phenomena have been lacking. To determine whether an optimal strength of cell-substratum adhesive interactions exists for cell migration, we measured quantitatively both the initial attachment strength and migration speed of human smooth muscle cells (HSMCs) on a range of surface concentrations of fibronectin (Fn) and type IV collagen (CnIV). Initial attachment strength was measured in order to characterize short time-scale cell-substratum interactions, which may be representative of dynamic interactions involved in cell migration. The critical fluid shear stress for cell detachment, determined in a radial-flow detachment assay, increased linearly with the surface concentrations of adsorbed Fn and CnIV. The detachment stress required for cells on Fn, 3.6 +/- 0.2 x 10(-3) mu dynes/absorbed molecule, was much greater than that on CnIV, 5.0 +/- 1.4 x 10(-5) mu dynes/absorbed molecule. Time-lapse videomicroscopy of individual cell movement paths showed that the migration behavior of HSMCs on these substrates varied with the absorbed concentration of each matrix protein, exhibiting biphasic dependence. Cell speed reached a maximum at intermediate concentrations of both proteins, with optimal concentrations for migration at 1 x 10(3) molecules/micron2 and 1 x 10(4) molecules/micron2 on Fn and CnIV, respectively. These optimal protein concentrations represent optimal initial attachment strengths corresponding to detachment shear stresses of 3.8 mu dyne/micron2 on Fn and 1.5 mu dyne/micron2 on CnIV. Thus, while the optimal absorbed protein concentrations for migration on Fn and CnIV differed by an order of magnitude, the optimal initial attachment strengths for migration on these two proteins were very similar. Further, the same minimum strength of initial attachment, corresponding to a detachment shear stress of approximately 1 mu dyne/micron2, was required for movement on either protein. These results suggest that initial cell-substratum attachment strength is a central variable governing cell migration speed, able to correlate observations of motility on substrata differing in adhesiveness. They also demonstrate that migration speed depends in biphasic manner on attachment strength, with maximal migration at an intermediate level of cell-substratum adhesiveness.
Minireview: Role Of Orphan Nuclear Receptors in Cancer and Potential as Drug Targets (2013)

The nuclear orphan receptors for which endogenous ligands have not been identified include nuclear receptor (NR)0B1 (adrenal hypoplasia congenita critical region on chromosome X gene), NR0B2 (small heterodimer partner), NR1D1/2 (Rev-Erbα/β), NR2C1 (testicular receptor 2), NR2C2 (testicular receptor 4), NR2E1 (tailless), NR2E3 (photoreceptor-specific NR [PNR]), NR2F1 chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor 1 (COUP-TFI), NR2F2 (COUP-TFII), NR2F6 (v-erbA-related protein), NR4A1 (Nur77), NR4A2 (Nurr1), NR4A3 (Nor1), and NR6A1 (GCNF). These receptors play essential roles in development, cellular homeostasis, and disease including cancer where over- or underexpression of some receptors has prognostic significance for patient survival. Results of receptor knockdown or overexpression in vivo and in cancer cell lines demonstrate that orphan receptors exhibit tumor-specific pro-oncogenic or tumor suppressor-like activity. For example, COUP-TFII expression is both a positive (ovarian) and negative (prostate and breast) prognostic factor for cancer patients; in contrast, the prognostic activity of adrenal hypoplasia congenita critical region on chromosome X gene for the same tumors is the inverse of COUP-TFII. Functional studies show that Nur77 is tumor suppressor like in acute leukemia, whereas silencing Nur77 in pancreatic, colon, lung, lymphoma, melanoma, cervical, ovarian, gastric, and some breast cancer cell lines induces one or more of several responses including growth inhibition and decreased survival, migration, and invasion. Although endogenous ligands for the orphan receptors have not been identified, there is increasing evidence that different structural classes of compounds activate, inactivate, and directly bind several orphan receptors. Thus, the screening and development of selective orphan receptor modulators will have important clinical applications as novel mechanism-based agents for treating cancer patients overexpressing one or more orphan receptors and also for combined drug therapies.
On the carbonitrothermic reduction of vanadium pentoxide (2001)

Vanadium nitride was prepared by heating a mixture of vanadium pentoxide and graphite powder under a flowing nitrogen atmosphere. The resultant nitride was evaluated by powder X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis. The effects of various experimental parameters, such as oxide-to-carbon ratio, nitrogen flow rate, nitriding temperature and time, compacting pressure, etc., on the extent of nitridation as well as the purity of the vanadium nitride, were studied.
SoliAudit: Smart Contract Vulnerability Assessment Based on Machine Learning and Fuzz Testing (2019)

Blockchain has flourished in recent years. As a decentralized system architecture, smart contracts give the blockchain a user-defined logical concept. The smart contract is an executable program that can be used for automatic transactions on the Ethereum blockchain. In 2016, the DAO attack resulted in the theft of 60M USD due to unsafe smart contracts. Smart contracts are vulnerable to hacking because they are difficult to patch and there is a lack of assessment standards for ensuring their quality. Hackers can exploit the vulnerabilities in smart contracts when they have been published on Ethereum. Thus, this study presents SoliAudit (Solidity Audit), which uses machine learning and fuzz testing for smart contract vulnerability assessment. SoliAudit employs machine learning technology using Solidity machine code as learning features to verify 13 kinds of vulnerabilities, which have been listed as Top 10 threats by an open security organization. We also created a gray-box fuzz testing mechanism, which consists of a fuzzer contract and a simulated blockchain environment for on-line transaction verification. Different from previous research systems, SoliAudit can detect vulnerabilities without expert knowledge or predefined patterns. We subjected SoliAudit to real-world evaluation by using near 18k smart contracts from the Ethereum blockchain and Capture-the-Flag samples. The results show that the accuracy of SoliAudit can reach to 90% and the fuzzing can help identify potential weaknesses, including reentrancy and arithmetic overflow problems.
Remote security management server for IoT devices (2017)

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are exposed to many security vulnerabilities and various security threats because they are resource-constrained and heterogeneous devices are interconnected to provide various application services. In this paper, we propose the functional architecture of remote security management server to improve security and safety of IoT devices in the IoT environment. The remote security management server provides and manages various security functions integrally and systematically. Accordingly, various infringement incidents that may occur in the IoT environment can be prevented in advance, and damage can be minimized by enabling quick and effective countermeasures even if a severe attack occurs.
INHIBITION OF JAK3 TYROSINE KINASE BY PNU156804 BLOCKS RAT HEART ALLOGRAFT REJECTION. (2000)

Wang, Mou-Er2; Kirken, Robert A.1; Behbod, Fariba1; Erwin-Cohen, Rebecca1; Stepkowski, Stanislaw M.2; Kahan, Barry D.2 Author Information
Rapid Screening of Taxol Metabolites in Human Microsomes by Liquid Chromatography/ Electrospray Ionization‐Mass Spectrometry (1996)

Liquid chromatography with an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface has been applied to study the anticancer drug taxol and its metabolites after incubation with human hepatic microsomes. The parent drug and its metabolites were monitored in the positive-ionization mode. Since ESI gave only quasi-molecular ions for taxol and its analogues, collision-induced dissociation experiments were carried out in order to generate fragment ions, by increasing the cone voltage at the ESI source. The product-ion mass spectra of taxol and its metabolites contained diagnostic fragment ions, which enabled the presence of hydroxylated and deacetylated metabolites of taxol to be established.
The kinetics of insecticide action. Part IV: the in‐vivo distribution of pyrethroid insecticides during insect poisoning (1990)

Abstract The distribution of pyrethroids in insects has been studied using a combination of mathematical modelling and experimental observation. This approach has resulted in the formulation of a physiological model of the pharmaco‐kinetics of cypermethrin applied topically to larvae of Spodoptera littoralis. Development of this model from simpler two‐ and three‐compartment models is described. Simple models, whilst capable of complex behaviour, consider only the average rates and magnitudes of pharmaco‐kinetic processes over whole animals, and cannot account for differences in concentration of insecticide between individual tissues. This can be achieved by using physiological models, but these require more experimental information for their validation. Moreover, unless simplifying assumptions are made, analytical solutions are not feasible for the large number of equations necessary to define such models. The modelling studies prompted an investigation of (1) in‐vivo binding of insecticide to insect tissues, (2) the sizes of body compartments, and (3) the factors which affect the distribution of toxicant between these compartments. Binding has a marked effect on pharmacokinetic profiles and may result in oscillatory behaviour. During poisoning, the total bound cypermethrin increases proportionally to the cube root of the elapsed time. This results in a rapid rate of increase over early elapsed times (< 3h) which slows to approach a more linear form thereafter. Average sizes for the body compartments of larvae of Spodoptera littoralis Boisd, and the steady‐state distribution of cypermethrin in these compartments are described. Although the haemolymph, which acts as the main distributive phase during poisoning, forms the largest compartment by volume, it has a low affinity for cypermethrin and distribution reaches steady state within 5 min after topical application. The nerve cord (the target tissue), which is the smallest compartment, has the highest steady‐state concentration of cypermethrin. The distribution of cypermethrin in larval tissues is related to the ratios of tissue dry matter to water content.
Blockchain-Based Agri-Food Supply Chain: A Complete Solution (2020)

Supply chains are evolving into automated and highly complex networks and are becoming an important source of potential benefits in the modern world. At the same time, consumers are now more interested in food product quality. However, it is challenging to track the provenance of data and maintain its traceability throughout the supply chain network. The traditional supply chains are centralized and they depend on a third party for trading. These centralized systems lack transparency, accountability and auditability. In our proposed solution, we have presented a complete solution for blockchain-based Agriculture and Food (Agri-Food) supply chain. It leverages the key features of blockchain and smart contracts, deployed over ethereum blockchain network. Although blockchain provides immutability of data and records in the network, it still fails to solve some major problems in supply chain management like credibility of the involved entities, accountability of the trading process and traceability of the products. Therefore, there is a need of a reliable system that ensures traceability, trust and delivery mechanism in Agri-Food supply chain. In the proposed system, all transactions are written to blockchain which ultimately uploads the data to Interplanetary File Storage System (IPFS). The storage system returns a hash of the data which is stored on blockchain and ensures efficient, secure and reliable solution. Our system provides smart contracts along with their algorithms to show interaction of entities in the system. Furthermore, simulations and evaluation of smart contracts along with the security and vulnerability analyses are also presented in this work.
Engineering Delivery Vehicles for Genome Editing (2016)

The field of genome engineering has created new possibilities for gene therapy, including improved animal models of disease, engineered cell therapies, and in vivo gene repair. The most significant challenge for the clinical translation of genome engineering is the development of safe and effective delivery vehicles. A large body of work has applied genome engineering to genetic modification in vitro, and clinical trials have begun using cells modified by genome editing. Now, promising preclinical work is beginning to apply these tools in vivo. This article summarizes the development of genome engineering platforms, including meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9, and their flexibility for precise genetic modifications. The prospects for the development of safe and effective viral and nonviral delivery vehicles for genome editing are reviewed, and promising advances in particular therapeutic applications are discussed.
Risk perceptions of health and safety in cruising (2020)

Cruise holidays have become increasingly popular in the past two decades, with passenger numbers increasing every year. The global COVID-19 pandemic resulted in several cruise ships being held in quarantine or stranded at sea with mass disruption and cancelled holidays for millions of vacationers. The pandemic highlights the significance of risk perceptions as risk influences travel decision-making. Little research exists on risk perceptions in ocean cruising, or how risk potentially influences tourists' decision-making for a cruise as a holiday. Findings revealed a cruise is perceived as a safe holiday, but health risks are a significant concern. Non-cruisers perceive more risk in getting sick onboard, and cruisers develop strategies to minimize risks, and both groups acknowledge risk is inherent in travel. Findings reveal critical insight into how both cruisers and non-cruisers interpret health and safety risks in cruising, and is a significant empirical contribution to understanding risk in relation to cruising.
Visible and near-infrared laser dazzling of CCD and CMOS cameras (2018)

Imaging systems have found widespread applications in science and technology, in the civilian and military domains, ranging from detection, identification, recognition and videosurveillance. The interaction between laser light and the electro-optical sensors and optical devices present in these imaging systems is of great relevance, as they are very sensitive to intense light fluxes. From this point of view, coherent light sources such as lasers can prevent proper operation, or even cause irreversible damage to the sensors. In this work, visible and near-infrared lasers were employed to dazzle CCD and CMOS cameras, including wide field of view (WFOV) optics, commonly present in actual micro unmanned aerial vehicles (micro-UAVs). The influence of various parameters such as laser wavelength, irradiance and incidence angle on dazzling were studied. The present work contributes to a better understanding of dazzling effects on CCD and CMOS optical sensors, and will be useful in designing optoelectronic countermeasures.
PARALLEL, THREE-DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT MESH GENERATION BASED ON OCTREE DATA STRUCTURES (2000)

This paper describes the implementation of a three-dimensional mesh generation program based on octree data structures, capable of generating large meshes, operating in a parallel, distributed memory computing under the Single-Program, Multiple-Data model of computation. In order to compensate for the limitations in the standard octree technique, some enhancements to it are developed and implemented, based on the authors' previous work 12 for two-dimensional problems. Also, communication routines are developed for the exchange of information among processors. Using both the enhanced data structures and the communication routines developed, algorithms are then created for performing the octree mesh generation. Finally, some test runs are carried out on sample meshes in a cluster of Linux workstations using the MPICH library and GNU C compiler, and graphs of computing time vs number of processors are obtained.