gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-resolution algorithms for clutter rejection (1990)

The detection of both point and extended targets in strongly cluttered environments, using spatial information, is presented. On the basis of an adaptive statistical model of the background clutter, the existence of a possible target region is detected by the triggering of a low-probability threshold, indicating an unlikely event when interpreted in the context of the cluttered background. This strategy is implemented in a proposed pre-processor whose purpose is to designate limited potential threat regions within the overall image, to which detectors incorporating prior knowledge of threat objects would subsequently be directed. By analogy with biological sensory systems, the pre-processor has a pre-attentive role, designed to achieve extensive preliminary data reduction in the form of clutter rejection. >
Introduction: reading Presocratic philosophy (2007)

Our primary interest in what follows will be in thinking about early Greek philosophers' views on such topics as the nature and origins of the world, our knowledge of it and how we should act within it. We shall also be interested in thinking about the arguments they offered for these conclusions. But there are some crucial questions and difficulties to be addressed before we can begin, since they bear on the nature of our evidence for early Greek philosophy and the nature of the context in which the early Greek philosophers lived and worked. These factors shaped first the production and then, in turn, the transmission of the philosophy we shall go on to consider, and therefore deserve to be given serious attention.
Glucuronoxylan xylanohydrolase. A unique xylanase with the requirement for appendant glucuronosyl units. (1991)

A new category of beta-(1----4)-xylan xylanohydrolases that exhibit a specific capacity to hydrolyze glucuronoxylans was characterized using heteroxylans prepared from Vigna (Vigna angularis Ohwi et Ohashi cv. Takara) and maize (Zea mays L.) cell walls together with appropriate derivatives as substrates. Glucuronopyranosyl moieties, as side chains, were prerequisite for enzyme-mediated hydrolysis of the beta-(1----4)-xylosyl linkages. The enzyme degraded glucuronoxylans derived from Vigna cell walls to yield a major oligomeric species (formula; see text) where Xyl represents xylose and GlcA represents glucuronic acid. The enzyme also degraded glucuronoarabinoxylans derived from maize cell walls to yield a major oligomeric species containing a single glucuronosyl side chain and a single unsubstituted beta 1----4Xyl pendant terminal. These results indicate that this xylanohydrolase recognizes glucuronosyl moieties inserted as monomeric side chains along the xylan backbone and mediates the hydrolysis of the beta-(1----4)-xylosyl linkage of the adjacent unsubstituted xylosyl residue in heteroxylans. This enzyme is the first xylanohydrolase identified that recognizes distinctly different sugars constituting side chains. We propose to designate this new enzyme as a glucuronoxylan xylanohydrolase to be abbreviated as glucuronoxylanase. Use of this unique enzyme demonstrated the presence of repeating units in heteroxylans in cell walls of higher plants.
The effects of random directional distributed flow in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (1987)

Capillary flow or microscopic random directional coherent flow as a model of perfusion is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. In the model, we assumed that molecular motion within a finite resolvable volume element (voxel) is a superposition of flow of randomly oriented small capillaries. In such a case, the observed signal from the capillary flow within a voxel will be attenuated in signal amplitude without any change in phase. Although this attenuation effect is similar to the diffusion phenomenon, it differs basically in the following aspects: since the motion in each capillary segment is coherent, phase cancellation occurs at even echoes due to spin rephasing, while the diffusion phenomenon is a purely random Brownian motion of the thermally agitated molecules, changing both in direction and speed during the measurement period. Because of the random character of diffusion, even-echo rephasing cannot be observed. Thus capillary flow or perfusionlike microscopic flow can be measured based on the above distinct flow characteristics, i.e., signal restoration at even echoes versus signal amplitude attenuation at odd echoes. By applying a suitable mathematical algorithm, information on the capillary flow alone can be extracted from the two separate distinct measurements, i.e., one with a single echo and the other with a double echo. Both a theoretical calculation of the capillary flow, as well as the experimental results with a human volunteer by a 0.6-T nuclear magnetic resonance imager, are presented.
An improved Fc function assay utilizing CMV antigen‐coated red blood cells generated with synthetic function–spacer–lipid constructs (2011)

Background and Objectives The Fc function assessment of immunoglobulin products is performed to confirm that the biological activity of immunoglobulin products is not affected by manufacturing and storage conditions. The European Pharmacopoeia (EP) test is cumbersome and time‐consuming especially with respect to the derivatization of red blood cells (RBC) with rubella antigen via tanninization. We investigated the KODE biosurface engineering technology for inserting specific antigens into red blood cell membranes to create kodecytes and evaluated their suitability for use in the Fc function assay. Materials and Methods Human RBC were derivatized with function–spacer–lipid (FSL) constructs comprising of a peptide epitope of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) surface protein, conjugated to a spacer and lipid tail. These kodecytes were used in an Fc function assay based on the monitoring of complement‐mediated haemolysis of immunoglobulin‐coated red cells. Optimization of FSL construct, immunoglobulin and complement concentration was undertaken. Fc values obtained for various immunoglobulin batches were compared with those from the EP‐based method. Carbohydrate‐bearing FSLs Galili (Galα1‐3Galβ1‐4GlcNAcβ), Galα1‐4GlcNAcβ and GalNAcα1‐3Galβ were also evaluated. Results Fc function indices determined with CMV peptide construct–coated red cells were comparable to those obtained with the EP‐based method with respect to specificity and precision. Carbohydrate‐bearing FSLs revealed Fc indices lower than expected. Conclusion The use of CMV kodecytes was shown to be a convenient means of generating red cells for the determination of Fc function of immunoglobulin products and offers the possibility of significantly reducing the time required to perform this assay.
Lasing at exciton transition in optically pumped gallium nitride nanopillars (2011)

We report the observation of room temperature lasing action in optically pumped GaN nanopillars. The nanopillars were fabricated by patterned etching and crystalline regrowth from a GaN substrate. When nanopillars were optically excited, a narrow emission peak emerged from the broad spontaneous emission background. The increasing rate is nine times faster than that of the spontaneous emission background, showing the onset of lasing action. The lasing occurs right at the center of spontaneous emission rather than the often reported redshifted wavelength. A spectroscopic ellipsometry analysis indicates that the gain of lasing action is provided by exciton transition.
Multiple-source network tomography (2003)

Assessing and predicting internal network performance is of fundamental importance in problems ranging from routing optimization to anomaly detection. The problem of estimating internal network structure and link-level performance from end-to-end measurements is called network tomography. This thesis investigates the general network tomography problem involving multiple sources and receivers, building on existing single source techniques. Using multiple sources potentially provides a more accurate and refined characterization of the internal network. The general network tomography problem is decomposed into a set of smaller components, each involving just two sources and two receivers. A novel measurement procedure is proposed which utilizes a packet arrival order metric to classify two-source, two-receiver topologies according to their associated model-order. Then a decision-theoretic framework is developed, enabling the joint characterization of topology and internal performance. A statistical test is designed which provides a quantification of the tradeoff between network topology complexity and network performance estimation.
Effects of rotating shift work on biomarkers of metabolic syndrome and inflammation (2007)

The odds ratio for MS in rotating shift workers compared with day workers was 1.51 (95% CI 1.01-2.25), independently of age and physical activity. Increased leucocyte count, a biological marker of systemic inflammation, was associated with rotating shift work.
Protection of Gastric Surface Epithelial Cells of Rats by 16, 16-Dimethyl Prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> and Sofalcone, a Synthetic Flavonoid Derivative of Sophoradin, against Ethanol (1988)

We studied the effects of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (dm-PGE2) and sofalcone, a new antiulcer agent developed in Japan, on ethanol damage to isolated surface epithelial cells (SEC) in vitro and gastric mucosa of rats in vivo. Rats were given 5 micrograms/kg dm-PGE2, 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg sofalcone, or the vehicle, intraperitoneally. In the in vitro study, damage of the SEC isolated from rats given dm-PGE2 or sofalcone was significantly less after exposure to 15% ethanol than for the SEC from the control rats. In the in vivo study, the 15% ethanol did not induce gross visible damage, but did cause surface epithelial damage in the control rats as judged by scanning electron microscopy. This damage was inhibited by dm-PGE2 or sofalcone. Damage from absolute ethanol was inhibited by both of the agents as judged by the gross appearance, but the surface epithelium was damaged in all rats. We concluded that dm-PGE2 and sofalcone protect gastric mucosa from gross damage caused by absolute ethanol, and protect SEC both in vivo and in vitro from being damaged by ethanol when the concentration of ethanol is 15%.
3D common image gathers from Reverse time migration (2010)

Wide azimuth acquisition (WAZ), together with reverse time migration (RTM), have greatly improved our capability to image the complex structures. To further take advantage of the advanced imaging techniques, we require RTM to output 3D common image gathers (CIGs) for different reflection angles and subsurface azimuth angles. In this paper, we introduce a straightforward method for computing 3D CIGs using the wavefields generated in RTM. We derive the RTM imaging condition for 3D CIGs based on true amplitude migration theory. The method adapts to both isotropic and VTI/TTI anisotropic migrations. The 3D CIGs retain the rich azimuth and reflection angle information carried in WAZ data. They can be used to build velocity models, invert anisotropy parameters and to analyze reservoir attributes. In the numerical section, we demonstrate our method using high resolution 3D CIGs on a synthetic dataset as well as on a WAZ dataset in the Gulf of Mexico.
Synoviocyte Infection with Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Is Neutralized by Human Synovial Fluid from Arthritis Patients and Depends on AAV Serotype (2007)

Intraarticular gene transfer with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors may allow efficient therapeutic transgene expression within the joint in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), allowing high expression of the protein within the joint, preventing both systemic diffusion and side effects. However, humans demonstrate antibodies against AAV, which can influence gene transfer. To better understand critical obstacles to intraarticular gene therapy with AAV, we have previously shown that synovial fluid (SF) contains IgG to AAV that neutralizes chondrocyte infection in vitro. Our objective was therefore to compare neutralization exerted by SF from RA patients for four different AAV serotypes (AAV serotypes 1, 2, 5, and 8) on human primary synoviocytes. Serotype 2 infected synoviocytes most efficiently followed, in decreasing order, by serotypes 1, 5, and 8. SF from all patients partially inhibited infection of synoviocytes by at least one of the four serotypes. Infection with serotypes 1 and 2 was the most inhibited by SF, whereas inhibition was weak for serotypes 5 and 8. Last, we have shown that inhibition of AAV1/interleukin (IL)-4 infection of synoviocytes by SF could be reversed by increasing the number of AAV1/IL-4 particles, with a dose-dependent effect. We conclude that the most infectious AAV serotypes (1 and 2) in synoviocytes are also the serotypes most neutralized by SF. Thus, serotype 5 seems to demonstrate the best infection efficiency:immunogenicity ratio for local use in articular diseases. These data may be useful for tailoring intraarticular AAV-mediated gene therapy to individual patients.
Buddhism in America (2016)

Buddhist history in the United States traces to the mid-19th century, when early scholars and spiritual pioneers first introduced the subject to Americans, followed soon by the arrival of Chinese immigrants to the West Coast. Interest in Buddhism was significant during the late Victorian era, but practice was almost completely confined to Asian immigrants, who faced severe white prejudice and legal discrimination. The Japanese were the first to establish robust, long-lasting temple networks, though they, too, faced persecution, culminating in the 1942 incarceration of 120,000 Japanese Americans, a severe blow to American Buddhism. Outside the Japanese American community, Buddhism grew slowly in the earlier decades of the 20th century, but it began to take off in the 1960s, aided soon by the lifting of onerous immigration laws and the return of large-scale Asian immigration. By the end of the 20th century American Buddhism had become extremely diverse and complex, with clear evidence of permanence in Asian American and other communities.
<title>Integrated multimodal human-computer interface and augmented reality for interactive display applications</title> (2000)

We describe new systems for improved integrated multimodal human-computer interaction and augmented reality for a diverse array of applications, including future advanced cockpits, tactical operations centers, and others. We have developed an integrated display system featuring: speech recognition of multiple concurrent users equipped with both standard air- coupled microphones and novel throat-coupled sensors (developed at Army Research Labs for increased noise immunity); lip reading for improving speech recognition accuracy in noisy environments, three-dimensional spatialized audio for improved display of warnings, alerts, and other information; wireless, coordinated handheld-PC control of a large display; real-time display of data and inferences from wireless integrated networked sensors with on-board signal processing and discrimination; gesture control with disambiguated point-and-speak capability; head- and eye- tracking coupled with speech recognition for 'look-and-speak' interaction; and integrated tetherless augmented reality on a wearable computer. The various interaction modalities (speech recognition, 3D audio, eyetracking, etc.) are implemented a 'modality servers' in an Internet-based client-server architecture. Each modality server encapsulates and exposes commercial and research software packages, presenting a socket network interface that is abstracted to a high-level interface, minimizing both vendor dependencies and required changes on the client side as the server's technology improves.
Lung cancer and COVID-19: ensuring patients stay safe (2021)

We need to work together to tackle the large drop in referrals for lung cancer in England during the pandemic
Improved effectiveness from a real time LISP garbage collector (1982)

This paper describes a real-time garbage collection algorithm for list processing systems. We identify two efficiency problems inherent to real-time garbage collectors, and give some evidence that the proposed algorithm tends to reduce these problems. In a virtual memory implementation, the algorithm restructures the cell storage area more compactly, thus reducing working sets. The algorithm also may provide a more garbage-free storage area at the end of the collection cycle, although this claim really must await empirical verification.
Generation of fast-switching As2 and P2 beams from AsH3 and PH3 for gas-source molecular-beam epitaxial growth of InGaAs/InP multiple quantum well and superlattice structures (1993)

In an attempt to maximize the cracking and dimerization efficiencies with the use of Ta baffling, a severe memory effect was observed which necessitated excessive growth pause durations for group V beam switching. This memory effect was significantly reduced by the implementation of separate Ta-tube catalytic hydride crackers for each group V source. A comparison of W and Ta tubes revealed that the catalytic effect which was observed for the decomposition of AsH3 and PH3 on a Ta surface was not observed for a W surface. The improved high-conductance design yielded cracking and dimerization efficiencies on the order of 99% and 90%, respectively. Switching characteristics have been studied using time-resolved quadrupole mass spectrometry, and switching times of &lt;1 s have been achieved for As2 and P2 with significantly longer switching times observed for As4. Multiple layer heterostructures have been grown with the baffled/common cracker and the separate open-tube crackers for evaluation of the memory effects by secondary ion mass spectrometry. InGaAs/InP quantum well structures have been grown with the fast-switching crackers. Double crystal x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and low temperature photoluminescence (PL) characterization suggest that the interfaces obtained with the fast-switching crackers are abrupt to within ∼5 Å when short growth interuptions (∼10 s) are used. However, low temperature (5 K) PL excitation spectra indicate that an interface asymmetry is present. These data suggest that despite verification of fast As2 and P2 switching using time-resolved quadrupole mass spectrometry, growth pause optimization, and group III flux stabilization are still required in order to obtain optimal interface quality for InGaAs/InP heterostructures.
Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition for atherosclerosis in high-risk subjects (2011)

Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a popular non-invasive method of waveform contour analysis in assessing arterial stiffness. Although stiffness index (SI) is a good parameter in assessing atherosclerosis, it dose not perform in aged and arterial stiffness patients, because of their ill-defined diastolic peaks in digital volume pulse (DVP) waveforms. To overcome the limitation, we use the mathematical model Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) to processing the record signals, the signals were decomposed into eight intrinsic mode functions (IMF 1-8), of which IMF5 was found to be the desired signal with a discernible diastolic peak. This study demonstrate a good agreement of SI <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Original</sub> (calculate by original data) and SI <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">EEMD</sub> (calculated by IMF5). The results showed significant differences in SI <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">EEMD</sub> from the healthy aged and hypertension patients. Therefore, we successfully applied a mathematical model EEMD in processing the DVP signals, and assessed arterial stiffness in patients by SI <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">EEMD</sub> .
Purification of bromoperoxidase from Pseudomonas aureofaciens (1985)

A Bromoperoxidase has been isolated and purified from Pseudomonas aureofaciens ATCC 15926 mutant strain ACN. The purified enzyme was homogeneous as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. This bromoperoxidase can utilize bromide ions in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and a halogen acceptor for the catalytic formation of carbon-halogen bonds. The homogeneous enzyme also has peroxidase and catalase activity. Based on the results from gel filtration and ultracentrifugation, the molecular weight of this procaryotic bromoperoxidase is 155,000 to 158,000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows a single band having the mobility of a 77,000-molecular-weight species. We thus conclude that this bromoperoxidase exists in solution as a dimeric species. The heme prosthetic group of bromoperoxidase is ferriprotoporphyrin IX. The spectral properties of the native and reduced enzyme are reported. This bromoperoxidase is the first halogenating enzyme purified from procaryotic sources.
Epidural Electrical Stimulation in Severe Limb Ischemia (1985)

Peripheral vascular disease of the extremities causes ischemic pain and, at times, skin ulcerations and gangrene. It has been suggested that epidural spinal electrical stimulation (ESES) could improve peripheral circulation. Since 1978 we have used ESES in 34 patients with severe limb ischemia; all had resting pain and most had ischemic ulcers. Arterial surgery was technically impossible. Twenty-six patients had arteriosclerotic disease, one had Buerger's disease, and seven had severe vasospastic disorders. Ninety-four per cent of the patients experienced pain relief. ESES healed ulcers in 50% of those with preoperative nonhealing skin ulcerations. Seventy per cent of the patients showed improved skin temperature recordings. Only 38% of the stimulated arteriosclerotic patients underwent amputations during a mean followup period of 16 months, as compared to 90% of a comparable group of unstimulated patients. ESES is very promising in severe limb ischemia where reconstructive surgery is impossible or has failed.
Move blocking strategies in receding horizon control (2004)

In order to deal with the computational burden of optimal control, it is common practice to reduce the degrees of freedom by fixing the input or its derivatives to be constant over several time-steps. This policy is referred to as "move blocking". This paper addresses two issues. First, a survey of various move blocking strategies is presented and the shortcomings of these blocking policies, such as the lack of stability and constraint satisfaction guarantees, are illustrated. Second, a novel move blocking scheme, "moving window blocking" (MWB), is presented. In MWB, the blocking strategy is time-dependent such that the scheme yields stability and feasibility guarantees for the closed-loop system. Finally, the results of a large case-study are presented that illustrate the advantages and drawbacks of the various control strategies discussed in this paper.
Study on Non-Textbased Information Retrieval - State of the Art - (1995)

no abstract
NO(x) emissions from radiant gas burners (1988)

The generation of NO(x) by a modified domestic radiant gas burner was found to depend mainly on the level of primary aeration, and to a lesser extent on the gas input rate and tile surface temperature. Significant reductions in NO(x) emission from radiant burners were achieved by using excess air in the primary mixture. Further tests with an experimental radiant burner, in which combustion air was selectively replaced by an oxygen/argon mixture, indicated that NO(x) formation in conditions of high primary aeration was mainly by the prompt mechanism.