gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction Explained (2017)

The theory and working principle of fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) is presented that eloquently explains the mystery behind this new and powerful sample preparation technique. FPSE innovatively integrates the benefits of sol-gel coating technology and the rich surface chemistry of cellulose/polyester/fiberglass fabric, resulting in a microextraction device with very high sorbent loading in the form of an ultra-thin coating. This porous sorbent coating and the permeable substrate synergistically facilitate very fast extraction equilibrium. The flexibility of the FPSE device allows for direct insertion into original, unmodified samples of different origin. Strong chemical bonding between the sol-gel sorbent and the fabric substrate permits the exposure of FPSE devices to any organic solvent for analyte back-extraction/elution and to highly acidic or basic environments (pH 1-12) if required. A sol-gel derived sorbent, highly polar sol-gel poly(ethylene glycol) coating, was generated on cellulose substrates. Five cm2 segments of these coated fabrics were used as the FPSE devices for sample preparation using direct immersion. An important class of environmental pollutants, substituted phenols, was used as model compounds to evaluate the extraction performance of FPSE. The high primary contact surface area (PCSA) of the FPSE device and porous structure of the sol-gel coatings resulted in very high sample capacities and incredible extraction sensitivities for both the compound classes in a relatively short period of time. Different extraction parameters were evaluated and optimized. The new extraction devices demonstrated part per trillion level detection limits for substituted phenols, a wide range of detection linearity, and good performance reproducibility.
Improved second-harmonic two-wavelength interferometer with refractive index correction without effect modulation (2003)

Refractive index fluctuations due to changing environmental conditions or due to air turbulence can significantly influence the measurement uncertainty of interferometric length measurements in air ambiance. A two wavelength interferometer is to some extend capable of measuring synchronously a path difference and the integral refractive index along this path difference. The best performance is achieved using two harmonically correlated optical fields like in a second harmonic interferometer. We developed a new type of a second harmonic two wavelength interferometer based on a double heterodyne interferometer with electronic frequency multiplication of one heterodyne frequency. The optical setup of the interferometer uses a measurement and a reference interferometer, both with spatially separated measurement and reference beam to avoid optical nonlinearities and reduce the influence of mechanical vibrations. The phase difference between measurement and reference interferometer is kept constant which reduces possible nonlinearities of the phase analysis. The system is capable of measuring the integral index of refraction without any effect modulation like e.g. a variation of the path difference which makes the design also applicable for absolute measuring interferometry. First experimental results will be presented
Backpressure with Adaptive Redundancy (BWAR) (2012)

Backpressure scheduling and routing, in which packets are preferentially transmitted over links with high queue differentials, offers the promise of throughput-optimal operation for a wide range of communication networks. However, when the traffic load is low, due to the corresponding low queue occupancy, backpressure scheduling/routing experiences long delays. This is particularly of concern in intermittent encounter-based mobile networks which are already delay-limited due to the sparse and highly dynamic network connectivity. While state of the art mechanisms for such networks have proposed the use of redundant transmissions to improve delay, they do not work well when the traffic load is high. We propose in this paper a novel hybrid approach that we refer to as backpressure with adaptive redundancy (BWAR), which provides the best of both worlds. This approach is highly robust and distributed and does not require any prior knowledge of network load conditions. We evaluate BWAR through both mathematical analysis and simulations based on a cell-partitioned model. We prove theoretically that BWAR does not perform worse than traditional backpressure in terms of the maximum throughput, while yielding a better delay bound. The simulations confirm that BWAR outperforms traditional backpressure at low load, while outperforming a state of the art encounter-routing scheme (Spray and Wait) at high load.
Multicell OFDMA Downlink Resource Allocation Using a Graphic Framework (2009)

A novel practical low-complexity multicell orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) downlink channel-assignment method that uses a graphic framework is proposed in this paper. Our solution consists of two phases: 1) a coarse-scale intercell interference (ICI) management scheme and 2) a fine-scale channel-aware resource-allocation scheme. In the first phase, state-of-the-art ICI management techniques such as ICI coordination (ICIC) and base-station cooperation (BSC) are incorporated in our framework. In particular, the ICI information is acquired through inference from the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">diversity</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">set</i> of mobile stations and is presented by an interference graph. Then, ICIC or BSC is mapped to the MAX <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> -CUT problem in graph theory and is solved in the first phase. In the second phase, channel assignment is accomplished by taking instantaneous channel conditions into account. Heuristic algorithms are proposed to efficiently solve both phases of the problem. Extensive simulation is conducted for various practical scenarios to demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed solution compared with the conventional OFDMA allocation scheme. The proposed scheme can be used in next-generation cellular systems such as the 3GPP Long-Term Evolution and IEEE 802.16 m.
Guanine anchoring: a strategy for specific targeting of a G-quadruplex using short PNA, LNA and DNA molecules (2020)

Two separate structural elements of a G-quadruplex (G4), a vacant site and a flanking single-strand, provide an opportunity for specific targeting of a particular G4 structure via dual recognition. Here, we show that a short peptide nucleic acid (PNA) can specifically recognize and bind to a G4 at sub-micromolar affinity based on both G-tetrad vacant site filling and complementary duplex formation. This sequence-guided guanine-anchoring strategy can be further developed for specific targeting of G4 structures using short DNA, LNA and PNA strands.
A study on the viscous damping effect for diaphragm-based acoustic MEMS applications (2007)

With miniaturization, better performance and inexpensive devices can be realized with coveted features such as improved reliability, faster response time, cost effectiveness and mass production capability. For miniaturized mechanical structures, viscous damping dominates the dissipation mechanism, which can have an adverse effect on both the frequency response characteristics and the mechanical–thermal noise. For silicon condenser microphones, an optimized viscous damping value has its origin in a well-designed backplate structure. There is an optimum acoustic hole location in the backplate and it is concluded that the location of acoustic holes has more influence on the microphone performance than the number of holes in the backplate. It is also demonstrated experimentally, via a PZT/Si diaphragm-based acoustic device, that its frequency response characteristics can be optimized by attaching a silicon backplate with optimized slots and holes. The bandwidth of the acoustic device is approximately 16 kHz with an estimated A-weighted mechanical–thermal noise of 28.6 dB(A).
Development of narrow-band fluorescence index for the detection of aflatoxin contaminated corn (2011)

Aflatoxin is produced by the fungus <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> when the fungus invades developing corn kernels. Because of its potent toxicity, the levels of aflatoxin are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US, allowing 20 ppb (parts per billion) limits in food, and feed intended for interstate commerce. Currently, aflatoxin detection and quantification methods are based on analytical tests. These tests require the destruction of samples, can be costly and time consuming, and often rely on less than desirable sampling techniques. Thus, the ability to detect aflatoxin in a rapid, non-invasive way is crucial to the corn industry in particular. This paper described how narrow-band fluorescence indices were developed for aflatoxin contamination detection based on single corn kernel samples. The indices were based on two bands extracted from full wavelength fluorescence hyperspectral imagery. The two band results were later applied to two large sample experiments with 25 g and 1 kg of corn per sample. The detection accuracies were 85% and 95% when 100 ppb threshold was used. Since the data acquisition period is significantly lower for several image bands than for full wavelength hyperspectral data, this study would be helpful in the development of real-time detection instrumentation for the corn industry.
Novel Detection Scheme for X-Ray Small-Angle Scattering (2018)

X-ray imaging techniques, including x-ray radiography and computed tomography, have been in use for decades and proven effective and indispensable in diagnosis and therapy due to their fine resolution and fast acquisition speed. However, the innate disadvantage of x-ray is the poor soft tissue contrast. Small-angle scattering signals were shown to provide unique information about the abnormality of soft tissues that is complementary to the traditional attenuation image. Currently, there is no effective small-angle scattering detection system. In this paper, we propose a new "collimation" design dedicated to capture a small-angle scattering radiographic image directly, which carries critical pathological information for differentiation between normal and abnormal tissues. Our design consists of two interlaced gratings so that both the primary flux and Compton scattering photons are effectively blocked to leave the apertures mainly open to small-angle scattering photons. Theoretical analysis and Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that small-angle scattering radiography is feasible with our proposed technology.
A clear correlation between WT1-specific Th response and clinical response in WT1 CTL epitope vaccination. (2010)

Clinical studies of WT1-targeted cancer vaccine are being performed. However, WT1-specific Th response in cancer patients remains unclear. Using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, we investigated IFN-gamma and IL-10 mRNA expression from Th cells by stimulation with helper peptide WT1(332). Seventeen patients, of whom 10 had achieved stable disease and the remaining 7 had progressive disease, were weekly vaccinated with WT1 CTL epitope (modified WT1(235)) and examined for WT1(332)-specific Th response. A clear correlation between WT1(332)-specific Th response and clinical response was observed at 4 weeks post-vaccination. In patients who responded, a clear inverse correlation between IL-10-type and IFN-gamma-type WT1(332)-specific Th response was detected at pre- and 4 weeks post-vaccination, and the shift of the Th response from IL-10-type dominancy at early phase to IFN-gamma-type dominancy at late phase was observed. From this study we concluded that occurrence of WT1(332)-specific Th response could predict good clinical response of WT1 CTL epitope vaccination.
Group-scheduling for optical burst switched (OBS) networks (2004)

To date, all of the proposals for burst-scheduling techniques have considered scheduling individual bursts. We introduce a new scheme called OBS group scheduling. In this approach, a burst is represented by an interval of time. The process of scheduling a number of bursts, thus, turns to be a process of fitting a set of the corresponding time intervals on a channel time line that represents a channel-time resource. By doing so, we can formulate the scheduling process as a combinatorial optimization problem. Then, graph theory is applied to schedule as many non-overlapping intervals as possible onto the channel time line. The underlying concept of the group scheduling is that of briefly delaying the scheduling of a burst so that a much better decision can be made about a number of bursts all-together. This scheme is shown, through simulations, to improve performance in terms of burst loss probability and channel utilization over existing schemes.
Imaging application based on an electrically tunable polarization-independent liquid crystal microlens array (2017)

Polarization-independent microlens array based on liquid crystal (PI-LCMLA) has been an interesting and important topic in optoelectronic application. In this study, a polarization-independent microlens array using double layered nematic liquid crystals (LC) with orthogonal alignment is proposed and demonstrated. Two orthogonal LC layers are separated by a double-sided indium-tin oxide silica. Further optical experiments and investigations reveals that the PILCMLA can work in polarization and polarization-insensitive mode by operating the driving voltages. The normalized focusing intensity is no polarization dependence on the incident light. Several raw images at different working modes are obtained through by utilizing this novel configuration with low applied voltages. With advantages in high optical efficiency, simple manufacture, electrically tunable focal length, low power consumption, polarization independence and multi operation modes, this device can not only be used for imaging application but also has many potential applications in optical systems.
Hardware efficient FIR compensation filter for delta sigma modulator analog to digital converters (2005)

A design procedure is presented for a hardware efficient FIR compensation filter as a component in a delta sigma modulator analog to digital converter using cascaded sine low pass filters. The combination of the sine low pass filters and the hardware efficient FIR compensation filter results in a 21% saving in hardware (chip area) compared to a single FIR low pass filter.
Vapor-Phase Metalation by Atomic Layer Deposition in a Metal–Organic Framework (2013)

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have received attention for a myriad of potential applications including catalysis, gas storage, and gas separation. Coordinatively unsaturated metal ions often enable key functional behavior of these materials. Most commonly, MOFs have been metalated from the condensed phase (i.e., from solution). Here we introduce a new synthetic strategy capable of metallating MOFs from the gas phase: atomic layer deposition (ALD). Key to enabling metalation by ALD In MOFs (AIM) was the synthesis of NU-1000, a new, thermally stable, Zr-based MOF with spatially oriented -OH groups and large 1D mesopores and apertures.
Determining the Optimal Window Length for Pattern Recognition-Based Myoelectric Control: Balancing the Competing Effects of Classification Error and Controller Delay (2011)

Pattern recognition-based control of myoelectric prostheses has shown great promise in research environments, but has not been optimized for use in a clinical setting. To explore the relationship between classification error, controller delay, and real-time controllability, 13 able-bodied subjects were trained to operate a virtual upper-limb prosthesis using pattern recognition of electromyogram (EMG) signals. Classification error and controller delay were varied by training different classifiers with a variety of analysis window lengths ranging from 50 to 550 ms and either two or four EMG input channels. Offline analysis showed that classification error decreased with longer window lengths (p < 0.01 ). Real-time controllability was evaluated with the target achievement control (TAC) test, which prompted users to maneuver the virtual prosthesis into various target postures. The results indicated that user performance improved with lower classification error (p < 0.01 ) and was reduced with longer controller delay (p < 0.01 ), as determined by the window length. Therefore, both of these effects should be considered when choosing a window length; it may be beneficial to increase the window length if this results in a reduced classification error, despite the corresponding increase in controller delay. For the system employed in this study, the optimal window length was found to be between 150 and 250 ms, which is within acceptable controller delays for conventional multistate amplitude controllers.
Synthesis of Pyrido[2,3‐d]pyridazines and Pyrazino[2,3‐d]‐pyridazines — Novel Classes of GABA<sub>A</sub> Receptor Benzodiazepine Binding Site Ligands. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
[Computer-aided diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases]. (1990)

We are developing an automated method for determination of quantitative physical measures of lung textures in digital chest radiographs in order to detect and characterize interstitial lung disease. We describe a scheme of our approach for lung texture analysis, an automated classification method for distinction between normal and abnormal lungs with interstitial disease, and the effect of digital parameters on the accuracy of this computerized analysis, as well as applications of this method to the ILO pneumoconioses standard radiographs. The root-mean-square (rms) variation and the first moment of the power spectrum of the lung texture were determined as quantitative texture measures based on a frequently analysis of lung textures, which represent the magnitude and coarseness (or fineness) of the lung textures, respectively. The computerized classification method is based on the analysis of these texture measures and on a data base derived from clinical cases. This classification method includes three independent tests, one for a definitely abnormal focal pattern, one for a relatively localized abnormal pattern, and one for a diffuse abnormal pattern. A comparison of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves obtained by radiologists and by means of the computerized classification method indicates that the computerized approach may provide performance similar to human observers in distinguishing lungs with mild interstitial disease from normal lungs. By investigating the effect of digital parameters such as pixel size, ROI size and the number of quantization levels on these texture measures obtained from the lung texture analysis and the performance of this computerized method, we attained a useful guide in the design of this computerized scheme. Texture measures obtained from computer analysis of the ILO pneumoconioses standard radiographs corresponded closely with the ILO classification categories for small opacities, though it was necessary for a qualified radiologist to identify representative areas in each ILO radiograph because of the inhomogeneous distribution of texture patterns in these standard radiographs. Our results suggest strongly that this computerized method can be a valuable aid to radiologists in their assessment of interstitial lung diseases.
Negative stiffness device for seismic protection of structures: An analytical and experimental study (2011)

Structural weakening and damping is an approach previously proposed for the reduction of seismic forces and drifts in structures. While this approach is very efficient, it requires a reduction in strength, which will result in inelastic excursions and permanent deformation of the structural system during the seismic event. This paper describes a true Negative Stiffness Device (NSD) that can emulate weakening of the structural system without inelastic excursions and permanent deformations. The Negative Stiffness Device (NSD) is a self contained device that produces a force which is in the same direction as the imposed displacement, thus the name “negative stiffness”. The device is inherently unstable but when installed in a structure transfers a force at its installation level which in turn reduces all forces, drifts and accelerations above that level. The NSD is therefore capable of limiting the forces developed in a structure without any yielding which could lead to permanent deformations. The NSD was developed at the University at Buffalo (UB), Rice University and Taylor Devices Inc. and tested on a shake table by authors in a three storied structural model isolated with elastomeric bearings. The NSD consists of a highly compressed spring in a double negative stiffness magnification mechanism. In order to ensure a considerable amount of positive stiffness of the global system around small displacements to minimize wind vibrations a so called gap spring assembly (GSA) mechanism is implemented which delays the engagement of the device by a prescribed displacement. Moreover, the device employs double containment chevron braces that contain the large vertical forces needed for the development of negative stiffness without transferring these forces to the structure. This paper describes the development of analytical and computational tools that describe the behavior of the device and presents results for the experimental verification of these tools. Apostolos A. Sarlis, Dharma Theja R Pasala, Michael C. Constantinou, Andrei M. Reinhorn, Satish Nagarajaiah and Douglas Taylor 2
A Strain of the Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae for Controlling Subterranean Termites (2005)

Alates of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, collected after swarming in 2002 died within 48 h, and the cadavers were visibly infected with a fungus. Fungi were picked from the cadavers, transferred to media, and ultimately isolated to purity. The individual fungal cultures were then used to infect Formosan subterranean termite workers. A single fungal isolate, C4-B, taxonomically identified as Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff), was found to cause rapid mortality of Formosan subterranean termite alates. This is the first report of a biological control agent for termite alates. In initial experiments, C4-B was more lethal to both alates and workers compared with M. anisopliae strain ESC 1, previously marketed as the termite biocontrol agent BioBlast. Dose–response assays in which Formosan subterranean termite alates were exposed to a known concentration of C4-B spores revealed that 106 spores/μl killed 100% of the alates in 3 d, both 105 and 104 spores/μl in 6 d, 103 spores/μl in 9 d, and 100 spores/μl in 12 d. Assays with workers demonstrated that 106 and 105 spores/μl killed 100% of the workers in 6 d. In an experiment to test the transfer of inoculum from infected workers to uninfected nestmates, 62.8% of the workers died in 21 d when only 20% of the workers had been inoculated. Mortality of alates caused by C4-B was tested at two field sites by dispersing fungal spores on grassy lawns and collecting alates from the treated areas. Alates thus infected showed 100% mortality by day 5, whereas only 64.8% of untreated control alates from the same collection area were dead on that day.
Improvement in photorefractive corneal laser surgery results using an active eye-tracking system (2001)

The use of active eye tracking appeared to improve the optical and visual outcomes but did not affect the refractive outcome after photorefractive laser surgery.