gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Physical and electrical properties of low temperature (&lt;100 °C) SiO2 films deposited by electron cyclotron resonance plasmas (2003)

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) films have been deposited at temperatures less than 100 °C in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma reactor from a gas phase combination of O2, SiH4, and He. The ECR configuration provides a highly ionized plasma density with low ion energies that gives efficient dehydrogenation of the growing material while minimizing defect creation. The effects of the O2/SiH4 gas flow ratio and He gas flow rate, microwave power and gas pressure on the physical and electrical properties of the film are reported. The physical characterization of the material gives a refractive index of 1.45, an etch rate in buffered HF below 3 nm/s and a hydrogen content of less than 2 at. %. Electrical tests reveal a resistivity in excess of 1014 Ω cm, an average breakdown strength of 4 MV/cm, fixed charge and interface state densities of 1011 cm−2 and 1012 eV−1 cm−2, respectively. This has been mainly achieved by using a O2/SiH4 gas flow ratio of about 2, while working in the low pressure regime below 5 mTorr and at moderate microwave powers of up to 1000 W. A strong correlation between the physiochemical and electrical properties of the deposited film was observed over the entire range of process parameters.
Survey of E-Commerce Modeling and Optimization Strategies (2005)

Electronic commerce is impacting almost all commercial activities. The resulting emerging commercial activities bring with them many new modeling and optimization problems. This survey reviews pioneering works in this new area, covering topics in advertising strategy, web page design, automatic pricing, auction methods, brokerage strategy, and customer behavior analysis. Mathematical models for problems in these areas and their solution algorithms are discussed. In addition to presenting and commenting on these works, we also discuss possible extensions and related problems. The objective of this survey is to encourage more researchers to pay attention to this emerging area.
The peculiar object HD 44179 /'The red rectangle'/ (1975)

A strong infrared source detected in the AFCRL sky survey is confirmed, and is identified with the binary star HD 44179, embedded in a peculiar nebula. UBVRI and broad-band photometry between 2.2 and 27 microns are combined with blue, red, and near-infrared spectra, polarimetry and spectrophotometry of the star, and a range of direct and image-tube photographs of the nebula, to suggest a composite model of the system. In this model, the infrared radiation derives from thermal emission by dust grains contained in a disklike geometry about the central object, which appears to be of spectral type B9-A0 III and which may be in pre-main-sequence evolution. Two infrared emission features are found, peaking at 8.7 and 11.3 microns, the latter corresponding to the feature seen in the spectrum of the planetary nebula NGC 7027. The complex nebular structure is discussed on the basis of photographs through narrow-band continuum and emission-line filters. The polarization data support the suggestion of a disk containing some large particles. No radio continuum emission is detected.
Acrylamide-Based Copolymers Bearing Photoreleasable Thiols for Subsequent Thiol–Ene Functionalization (2012)

A new set of monomers is presented in order to incorporate thiols into radical polymers using a protecting chemistry/photocleavage route. The (co)polymerization kinetics of an o-nitrobenzyl thioether-containing acrylamide derivative are reported. The presence of the o-nitrobenzyl moiety is found to strongly affect the polymerization. Nevertheless, water-soluble copolymers with N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm) as a comonomer are obtained either by free radical polymerization (10 000 ≤ Mn ≤ 17 500 g mol–1; 1.5 ≤ PDI ≤ 1.8) or by reversible addition–fragmentation transfer (RAFT)-mediated controlled/living radical polymerization (2000 ≤ Mn ≤ 5700 g mol–1; 1.1 ≤ PDI ≤ 1.2). Deprotection under UV light (λ = 366 nm) at ambient temperature is followed by UV/vis monitoring of the protecting group release, which proceeds to completion between 40 min and 2 h within the studied range of concentration as demonstrated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Thiol–maleimide addition is subsequently carried out and found to proceed with a nearly quantitative yield (ca. 90%) as measured by 1H NMR. Different block copolymers (9400 ≤ Mn ≤ 16 500 g mol–1; 1.3 ≤ PDI ≤ 1.4) with a PDMAAm water-soluble block, a polystyrene hydrophobic block, or a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) thermosensitive block as the first segment and possessing the photoreleasable thiol moieties in the second block are subsequently synthesized by RAFT-mediated polymerization. We finally demonstrate the orthogonal sequential deprotection and reaction with benzyl maleimide of two different thiol species originating from the thiocarbonylthio functionality and the o-nitrobenzyl protected lateral groups, respectively.
The impact of relaying strategies on the performnance in cellular system (2006)

Relaying has recently emerged as a field of more and more interest for researchers. In the strategies we use certain mobile terminals that have good communication links with the base station to act as relay nodes for those that do not have. Provided that the subscriber density is not very low, relaying via wireless terminals can have a significant impact on transmission power, SIR, and the proportion of content. This is mainly due to the fact that the signals only have to travel through shorter distances and/or improved line-of-sight paths. In this paper, we only investigated two-hop relaying and the effects of relay node selection strategies on system performance. Simulation results show that the system coverage can be improved according to different relay node selection schemes.
Optimizing Wireless Power Transfer From Multiple Transmit Coils (2018)

The widespread need for ubiquitous power delivery is driving the commercialization of inductive wireless power transfer (WPT). Wireless power transfer systems, however, are plagued by low efficiency. To combat this, we propose a new approach to maximize the efficiency of inductive WPT using multiple coil charging systems. The use of multiple coils can potentially allow the system to efficiently adapt to magnetic field propagation conditions, similar to the way multiple antennas are used to adapt to channel conditions in wireless communication systems. We consider a multiple-input single-output WPT system using near-field inductive coupling. While such systems have been extensively studied in previous work using lumped resistance, inductance, and capacitance (RLC) circuit models to analyze their behavior, the difficulty of constructing tractable and realistic circuit models has limited the ability to accurately predict and optimize the performance of these systems. The main innovation in this paper is to take a more abstract approach to modeling the WPT system as a linear circuit whose input-output relationship is expressed in terms of a small number of unknown parameters that can be thought of as transimpedances and gains. The crucial advantage of this approach is the economy of the representation, i.e., the number of unknown model parameters can be much smaller than the number of lumped circuit elements required for a complete and accurate RLC circuit representation. We present simple derivations for the optimal voltage excitations to be applied at the transmitters to maximize power transfer efficiency as well as suboptimal excitations which are less computationally intensive. A simple procedure, which we call circuit sounding, for estimating the unknown parameters using a small set of direct measurements is described. We outline a series of experiments with four transmit coils and two receive coils that verify the model and show that the optimal solution can achieve higher efficiencies than those of previously known methods.
High efficiency solar cells for space applications (2004)

The present paper is a review of the current situation in high efficiency solar cell for production of energy for special applications. The comparison of the most popular Si, GaAs, InGaP and InP solar cells, as well as their parameter variation with increasing temperature, radiation treatments and improving design have been analyzed. The conditions of the solar cell operation in the space and the requirements for modern advanced devices are discussed as well.
Changes in Local S4 Environment Provide a Voltage-sensing Mechanism for Mammalian Hyperpolarization–activated HCN Channels (2003)

The positively charged S4 transmembrane segment of voltage-gated channels is thought to function as the voltage sensor by moving charge through the membrane electric field in response to depolarization. Here we studied S4 movements in the mammalian HCN pacemaker channels. Unlike most voltage-gated channel family members that are activated by depolarization, HCN channels are activated by hyperpolarization. We determined the reactivity of the charged sulfhydryl-modifying reagent, MTSET, with substituted cysteine (Cys) residues along the HCN1 S4 segment. Using an HCN1 channel engineered to be MTS resistant except for the chosen S4 Cys substitution, we determined the reactivity of 12 S4 residues to external or internal MTSET application in either the closed or open state of the channel. Cys substitutions in the NH2-terminal half of S4 only reacted with external MTSET; the rates of reactivity were rapid, regardless of whether the channel was open or closed. In contrast, Cys substitutions in the COOH-terminal half of S4 selectively reacted with internal MTSET when the channel was open. In the open state, the boundary between externally and internally accessible residues was remarkably narrow (approximately 3 residues). This suggests that S4 lies in a water-filled gating canal with a very narrow barrier between the external and internal solutions, similar to depolarization-gated channels. However, the pattern of reactivity is incompatible with either classical gating models, which postulate a large translational or rotational movement of S4 within a gating canal, or with a recent model in which S4 forms a peripheral voltage-sensing paddle (with S3b) that moves within the lipid bilayer (the KvAP model). Rather, we suggest that voltage sensing is due to a rearrangement in transmembrane segments surrounding S4, leading to a collapse of an internal gating canal upon channel closure that alters the shape of the membrane field around a relatively static S4 segment.
It's Time to Redefine Moore's Law Again (2017)

The familiar story of Moore's law is actually inaccurate. This article corrects the story, leading to different projections for the future. Moore's law is a fluid idea whose definition changes over time. It thus doesn't have the ability to "end," as is popularly reported, but merely takes different forms as the semiconductor and computer industries evolve.
Geometric, Spatial Path Tracking Using Non-Redundant Manipulators via Speed-Ratio Control (2010)

Path tracking can be accomplished by separating the control of the desired trajectory geometry and the control of the path variable. Existing methods accomplish tracking of up to third-order geometric properties of planar paths and up to second-order properties of spatial paths using non-redundant manipulators, but only in special cases. This paper presents a novel methodology that enables the geometric tracking of a desired planar or spatial path to any order with any non-redundant regional manipulator. The governing first-order coordination equation for a spatial path-tracking problem is developed, the repeated differentiation of which generates the coordination equation of the desired order. In contrast to previous work, the equations are developed in a fixed global frame rather than a configuration-dependent canonical frame, providing a significant practical advantage. The equations are shown to be linear, and therefore, computationally efficient. As an example, the results are applied to a spatial 3-revolute mechanism that tracks a spatial path. Spatial, rigid-body guidance is achieved by applying the technique to three points on the end-effector of a six degree-of-freedom robot. A spatial 6-revolute robot is used as an illustration.
Impairment of Cellulose Synthases Required for<i>Arabidopsis</i>Secondary Cell Wall Formation Enhances Disease Resistance (2007)

Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthases (CESAs) contained in plasma membrane-localized complexes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, three types of CESA subunits (CESA4/IRREGULAR XYLEM5 [IRX5], CESA7/IRX3, and CESA8/IRX1) are required for secondary cell wall formation. We report that mutations in these proteins conferred enhanced resistance to the soil-borne bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum and the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina. By contrast, susceptibility to these pathogens was not altered in cell wall mutants of primary wall CESA subunits (CESA1, CESA3/ISOXABEN RESISTANT1 [IXR1], and CESA6/IXR2) or POWDERY MILDEW-RESISTANT5 (PMR5) and PMR6 genes. Double mutants indicated that irx-mediated resistance was independent of salicylic acid, ethylene, and jasmonate signaling. Comparative transcriptomic analyses identified a set of common irx upregulated genes, including a number of abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive, defense-related genes encoding antibiotic peptides and enzymes involved in the synthesis and activation of antimicrobial secondary metabolites. These data as well as the increased susceptibility of ABA mutants (abi1-1, abi2-1, and aba1-6) to R. solanacearum support a direct role of ABA in resistance to this pathogen. Our results also indicate that alteration of secondary cell wall integrity by inhibiting cellulose synthesis leads to specific activation of novel defense pathways that contribute to the generation of an antimicrobial-enriched environment hostile to pathogens.
ACES (Accelerated Chest Pain Evaluation With Stress Imaging) Protocols Eliminate Testing Disparities in Patients With Chest Pain (2019)

A care pathway with the expectation for stress imaging eliminates the racial disparity among AA and White participants with chest pain in the acquisition of index-visit cardiovascular testing.
Simultaneous switching noise: influence of plane-plane and plane-signal trace coupling (1995)

The paper presents an aspect of simultaneous switching noise (SSN) for CMOS drivers in packages with power distribution planes. The analysis takes into account the interactions between power distribution planes and signal traces. Coupling between these have a significant effect on the noise and must be taken into account. A model for the interaction between the signal conductors and the current paths in the power distribution planes is presented. The presence of the signal conductors is seen to have a significant impact on the SSN. The magnitude of the noise is strongly dependent on the relative positions of the signal conductors and the power and ground plane pin connections. Power and ground planes sufficiently close to each other also have significant mutual inductive coupling. This coupling will cause noise to be observed in both distribution planes, even though switching current flows in only one plane. This effect is explained.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mobility as a Service: A Critical Review of Definitions, Assessments of Schemes, and Key Challenges (2017)

Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is a recent innovative transport concept, anticipated to induce significant changes in the current transport practices. However, there is ambiguity surrounding the concept; it is uncertain what are the core characteristics of MaaS and in which way they can be addressed. Further, there is a lack of an assessment framework to classify their unique characteristics in a systematic manner, even though several MaaS schemes have been implemented around the world. In this study, we define this set of attributes through a literature review, which is then used to describe selected MaaS schemes and existing applications. We also examine the potential implications of the identified core characteristics of the service on the following three areas of transport practices: travel demand modelling, a supply-side analysis, and designing business model. Finally, we propose the necessary enhancements needed to deliver such an innovative service like MaaS, by establishing the state of art in those fields.
Integrative Proteomics and Tissue Microarray Profiling Indicate the Association between Overexpressed Serum Proteins and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (2012)

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Clinically, the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can be improved by the early detection and risk screening among population. To meet this need, here we describe the application of extensive peptide level fractionation coupled with label free quantitative proteomics for the discovery of potential serum biomarkers for lung cancer, and the usage of Tissue microarray analysis (TMA) and Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) assays for the following up validations in the verification phase. Using these state-of-art, currently available clinical proteomic approaches, in the discovery phase we confidently identified 647 serum proteins, and 101 proteins showed a statistically significant association with NSCLC in our 18 discovery samples. This serum proteomic dataset allowed us to discern the differential patterns and abnormal biological processes in the lung cancer blood. Of these proteins, Alpha-1B-glycoprotein (A1BG) and Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein (LRG1), two plasma glycoproteins with previously unknown function were selected as examples for which TMA and MRM verification were performed in a large sample set consisting about 100 patients. We revealed that A1BG and LRG1 were overexpressed in both the blood level and tumor sections, which can be referred to separate lung cancer patients from healthy cases.
Complex alternative splicing partially inactivates the human chorionic somatomammotropin-like (hCS-L) gene. (1994)

The human growth hormone/human chorionic somatomammotropin (hGH/hCS) gene cluster contains five genes: hGH-N, hGH-V, hCS-A, hCS-B, and hCS-L. The expression of the first four genes has been well documented. In contrast, the hCS-L gene has been considered a pseudogene inactivated by loss of the normal intron 2 splice donor site. Previously our laboratory has shown that hCS-L transcripts are present in human placenta and that their levels are induced during the second trimester. More detailed studies of hCS-L transcript processing and mRNA structure are hindered by overwhelming levels of the structurally similar hCS-A and hCS-B transcripts in the placenta. To circumvent this problem, we have established stably transfected cell lines selectively expressing the hCS-L gene. Analysis of hCS-L mRNA from these cell lines demonstrates at least five major alternative splicing pathways, four of which could be confirmed qualitatively by parallel analysis of placental RNA. This analysis reveals an unexpectedly high frequency of exon 2 skipping (73%) as well as utilization of three competing exon 3 splice acceptor sites. Since exon 2 encodes the signal peptide, the majority of hCS-L transcripts are unable to express a secreted protein. Three of the defined hCS-L mRNAs contain an extended open reading frame similar to that present in the functional GH and CS genes. All three of these hCS-L transcripts are of minor abundance and only two, hCS-L(L) and hCS-L(L'), contain exon 2. In vitro translation and signal peptide processing of hCS-L(L) mRNA yields a 20-kDa hCS-L isoform in vitro. These data confirm the placental expression of the hCS-L gene, demonstrate surprising complexity in the splicing of its transcripts, predict that the majority of processed hCS-L mRNAs are nonfunctional, and identify specific, low abundance mRNAs that may encode novel gestational hormones.
Curcumin nanodisk-induced apoptosis in mantle cell lymphoma (2011)

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a pre-germinal center neoplasm characterized by cyclin D1 overexpression resulting from t(11;14)(q13;q32). Since MCL is incurable with standard lymphoma therapies, new treatment approaches are needed that target specific biologic pathways. In the present study, we investigated a novel drug delivery nanovehicle enriched with the bioactive polyphenol, curcumin (curcumin nanodisks; curcumin-ND). Cells treated with curcumin-ND showed a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis. This was accompanied by enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, inhibited curcumin-ND induced apoptosis, suggesting that ROS generation plays a role in curcumin action on MCL cells. Curcumin-ND decreased cyclin D1, pAkt, pIκBα, and Bcl(2) protein. In addition, enhanced FoxO3a and p27 expression as well as caspase-9, -3, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage were observed. Curcumin-ND treatment led to enhanced G(1) arrest in two cultured cell models of MCL.
Dysregulation of Semaphorin7A/β1-integrin signaling leads to defective GnRH-1 cell migration, abnormal gonadal development and altered fertility (2011)

Reproduction in mammals is dependent on the function of specific neurons that secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH-1). These neurons originate prenatally in the nasal placode and migrate into the forebrain along the olfactory-vomeronasal nerves. Alterations in this migratory process lead to defective GnRH-1 secretion, resulting in heterogeneous genetic disorders such as idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH), and other reproductive diseases characterized by the reduction or failure of sexual competence. Combining mouse genetics with in vitro models, we demonstrate that Semaphorin 7A (Sema7A) is essential for the development of the GnRH-1 neuronal system. Loss of Sema7A signaling alters the migration of GnRH-1 neurons, resulting in significantly reduced numbers of these neurons in the adult brain as well as in reduced gonadal size and subfertility. We also show that GnRH-1 cells differentially express the Sema7 receptors β1-integrin and Plexin C1 as a function of their migratory stage, whereas the ligand is robustly expressed along developing olfactory/vomeronasal fibers. Disruption of Sema7A function in vitro inhibits β1-integrin-mediated migration. Analysis of Plexin C1(-/-) mice did not reveal any difference in the migratory process of GnRH-1 neurons, indicating that Sema7A mainly signals through β1-integrin to regulate GnRH-1 cell motility. In conclusion, we have identified Sema7A as a gene implicated in the normal development of the GnRH-1 system in mice and as a genetic marker for the elucidation of some forms of GnRH-1 deficiency in humans.
Automatic singularity avoidance using joint variations in robot task modification (1994)

The research community has addressed the need to improve the flexibility of robot systems. Two particular concepts that have resulted from this research are off-line programming and modular tooling. These concepts are directed at allowing the robot system to be used to perform a variety of tasks with minimal setup time and to allow easy replication of an application. Both of these concepts require that the robot system have the ability to measure the position and orientation of features in the workspace. These measurements can then be used to perform coordinate transformations on each of the task data points. These modified task data points then, theoretically, facilitate the performance of the task by the robot system without human intervention.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Clinical Use of Nerve Conduits in Peripheral-Nerve Repair: Review of the Literature (2002)

The use of nerve conduits has evolved from a previous experimental idea to a clinical reality over the last ten years. An overview of the literature on the clinical use of nerve conduits in peripheral-nerve repair is presented.