gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An On-Vehicle Fuel Driveability Index Sensor (2004)

The driveability of a vehicle is important to both drivers and vehicle manufacturers. Good driveability can provide drivers with a better driving experience and can result in lower vehicle emissions. The driveability is closely related to the volatility of the fuel used, which is characterized by the driveability index (DI). A sensor of fuel DI has been fabricated and tested on a vehicle. One version is a metal sensor which has an interdigitated cube structure. The sensor element is located in the vapor dome of the fuel tank and is bathed in fuel while the fuel pump is on. After the pump is turned off, a reproducible volume of fuel is retained between the capacitor plates in the sensor element. The sensor element heats the fuel sample, causing it to evaporate while the temperature and remaining liquid volume are monitored. Fuels with different volatility yield differing evaporation rates. By monitoring the fuel level rate of decline as a function of its temperature, a characteristic curve related to the fuel volatility is measured. Six nonoxygenated fuels were used to test the sensor concept. It was found that there was a good correlation between the sensor result and the fuel DI.
Retrotransposons Control Fruit-Specific, Cold-Dependent Accumulation of Anthocyanins in Blood Oranges (2012)

Traditionally, Sicilian blood oranges (Citrus sinensis) have been associated with cardiovascular health, and consumption has been shown to prevent obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet. Despite increasing consumer interest in these health-promoting attributes, production of blood oranges remains unreliable due largely to a dependency on cold for full color formation. We show that Sicilian blood orange arose by insertion of a Copia-like retrotransposon adjacent to a gene encoding Ruby, a MYB transcriptional activator of anthocyanin production. The retrotransposon controls Ruby expression, and cold dependency reflects the induction of the retroelement by stress. A blood orange of Chinese origin results from an independent insertion of a similar retrotransposon, and color formation in its fruit is also cold dependent. Our results suggest that transposition and recombination of retroelements are likely important sources of variation in Citrus.
Rapid Conventional and Microwave-Assisted Decarboxylation of L-Histidine and Other Amino Acids via Organocatalysis with R-Carvone Under Superheated Conditions (2015)

This article reports a new methodology taking advantage of superheated chemistry via either microwave or conventional heating for the facile decarboxylation of alpha amino acids using the recoverable organocatalyst, R-carvone. The decarboxylation of amino acids is an important synthetic route to biologically active amines, and traditional methods of amino acid decarboxylation are time consuming (taking up to several days in the case of L-histidine), are narrow in scope, and make use of toxic catalysts. Decarboxylations of amino acids including L-histidine occur in just minutes while replacing toxic catalysts with green catalyst, spearmint oil. Yields are comparable to or exceed previous methods and purification of product ammonium chloride salts is aided by an isomerization reaction of residual catalyst to phenolic carvacrol. The method has been shown to be effective for the decarboxylations of a range of natural, synthetic, and protected amino acids.
Artificial design for new ferroelectrics using nanosheet-architectonics concept (2015)

Control over the emergence of ferroelectric order remains a fundamental challenge for the rational design of artificial materials with novel properties. Here we report a new strategy for artificial design of layered perovskite ferroelectrics by using oxide nanosheets (high-k dielectric Ca2Nb3O10 and insulating Ti0.87O2) as a building block. We approached the preparation of superlattice films by a layer-by-layer assembly involving Langmuir-Blodgett deposition. The artificially fabricated (Ti0.87O2/Ca2Nb3O10)2(Ti0.87O2) superlattices are structurally unique, which is not feasible to create in the bulk form. By such an artificial structuring, we found that (Ti0.87O2/Ca2Nb3O10)2(Ti0.87O2) superlattices possess a new form of interface coupling, which gives rise to ferroelectricity with a good fatigue-free characteristic. Considering the flexibility of self-assembled nanosheet interfaces, this technique provides a route to synthesize a new kind of layered ferroelectric oxides.
Geometric Frustration of 2D Dopants in Silicon: Surpassing Electrical Saturation (1999)

A novel application of scanning transmission electron microscopy, combined with data from x-ray absorption spectroscopy, establishes that high concentrations of $n$-type Sb dopants distributed within a two-dimensional (2D) layer in Si can contribute up to an order of magnitude higher free-carrier density than similar dopant concentrations distributed over a three-dimensional region. This difference is explained using a simple model in which formation of electrically deactivating centers is inhibited by solely geometric constraints. It should be possible to extend these ideas for obtaining even higher free-carrier densities in Si from 2D layers of Sb and other group V donors.
Lipobeads as Drug Delivery Sysytems (2006)

A relatively new type of nanoparticles – lipobeads – a liposome-hydrogel assembly is a novel drug delivery system. Due to their bi-compartmental structure, lipobeads are of great potential for application as drug carriers with high therapeutic efficiency. It was shown that aggregation of lipobeads and its reversibility can be controlled by the hydrophobic modification of nanogels and their thermal or ionic collapsing within lipobeads. The discovered reversible and irreversible aggregation was proposed as a key step for designing two types of the so-called combined drug delivery systems. Their novelty and advantages were discussed.
Inhibitors of protein farnesylation 1998 (1998)

Protein farnesyltransferase (PFTase) inhibitors are being studied as mechanistically novel antitumour agents. Whilst the antiproliferative effects of PFTase inhibitors are well-documented in cell culture and rodent animal models, clinical studies which began in 1997 should soon reveal their utility in human cancer patients. This review summarises the scientific and patent literature covering PFTase inhibition that has been published since the previous two updates [1,2]. New biology with a potential impact on the utility of PFTase inhibitors is reviewed first, followed by a discussion of new PFTase inhibitors. As in earlier updates, compounds are grouped according to their kinetic mechanism of PFTase inhibition.
Wide-Temperature-Range Integrated Operational Amplifier (2007)

A document discusses a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) complementary metal oxide/semiconductor (CMOS) integrated- circuit operational amplifier to be replicated and incorporated into sensor and actuator systems of Mars-explorer robots. This amplifier is designed to function at a supply potential less than or equal to 5.5 V, at any temperature from -180 to +120 C. The design is implemented on a commercial radiation-hard SOI CMOS process rated for a supply potential of less than or equal to 3.6 V and temperatures from -55 to +110 C. The design incorporates several innovations to achieve this, the main ones being the following: NMOS transistor channel lengths below 1 m are generally not used because research showed that this change could reduce the adverse effect of hot carrier injection on the lifetimes of transistors at low temperatures. To enable the amplifier to withstand the 5.5-V supply potential, a circuit topology including cascade devices, clamping devices, and dynamic voltage biasing was adopted so that no individual transistor would be exposed to more than 3.6 V. To minimize undesired variations in performance over the temperature range, the transistors in the amplifier are biased by circuitry that maintains a constant inversion coefficient over the temperature range.
Human acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase-1 is a homotetrameric enzyme in intact cells andin vitro. (2000)

Page 36141, Fig. 1: The 10th line of the legend should read: construct ACAT1-HA1. Page 36140: The last line should read: in 50 mm potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.5% CHAPS and 1 m KCl.
Transient Thermal Analysis on Cell Stack Design for Lithium-Ion Battery Backup Unit in Data Center (2020)

Lithium ion battery solution has attracted much research interest owing to its high energy storage density, outstanding discharging performance, and long service life. Battery backup unit (BBU) is designed to take over immediately power delivery when power outage or power surge occurs, providing enough time for data center to back up data. Transient analysis of the heat transfer process once the battery discharging starts is important since the data backup duration is short, typically in several minutes and the discharge current can be higher than 10C. It is crucial to make sure that the battery cells in backup units are not overheated during this process. In this study, transient thermal analysis was performed for a battery backup unit during discharging which was cooled by forced air flow. A lumped thermal model for a single cell was implemented after determining the heat generation during cell discharging and the equivalent homogenous thermo-physical properties within the cell. Battery skin temperature was measured during discharging and the experiment data were compared to validate the lumped thermal model. Thermal performance of the air-cooled BBU with different cell stacking designs are simulated and discussed.
Molecules of the Quinoline Family Block Tau Self-Aggregation: Implications Toward a Therapeutic Approach for Alzheimer's Disease (2012)

The neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) generated by self-aggregation of anomalous forms of tau represent a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These lesions begin to form long before the clinical manifestation of AD, and its severity is correlated with cognitive impairment in patients. We focused on the search for molecules that interact with aggregated tau of the Alzheimer's type and that may block its aggregation before the formation of NFTs. We show that molecules from a family of quinolines interact specifically with oligomeric forms of tau, inhibiting their assembly into AD filaments. The quinolines 2-(4-methylphenyl)-6-methyl quinoline (THQ-4S) and 2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-methylquinoline (THQ-55) inhibited in vitro aggregation of heparin-induced polymers of purified brain tau and aggregates of human recombinant tau. They also interact with paired helical filaments (PHFs) purified from AD postmortem brains. In vitro studies indicated a significantly lower inhibitory effect of amyloid-β42 on the aggregation, suggesting that tau aggregates are specific targets for quinoline interactions. These compounds showed highly lipophilic properties as corroborated with the analysis of total polar surface areas, and evaluation of their molecular properties. Moreover, these quinolines exhibit physical chemical properties similar to drugs able to penetrate the human brain blood barrier. Docking studies based on tau modeling, as a structural approach to the analysis of the interaction of tau-binding ligands, indicated that a C-terminal tau moiety, involved in the formation of PHFs, seems to be a site for binding of quinolines. Studies suggest the potential clinical use of these quinolines and of their derivatives to inhibit tau aggregation and possible therapeutic routes for AD.
Slot waveguides with a flattened near-zero dispersion and a small effective mode area (2009)

We propose a dispersion-flattened silicon slot waveguide for on-chip nonlinear applications, which exhibits a flat near-zero dispersion within ±150 ps/nm/km over a 244-nm wavelength bandwidth. Its effective mode area is as small as 0.04 µm2.
Reduction of Blood Glucose Measurements to Calibrate Subcutaneous Glucose Sensors: A Bayesian Multiday Framework (2017)

Reducing the need of calibrations facilitates the adoption of CGM technology both in terms of ease of use and cost, an obvious prerequisite for its use as replacement of traditional SMBG devices.
Figure S1 from PF-06804103, A Site-specific Anti-HER2 Antibody–Drug Conjugate for the Treatment of HER2-expressing Breast, Gastric, and Lung Cancers (2023)

<p>In vivo efficacy of site-specific anti-HER2 vc0101 4 DAR ADCs in N87 xenograft tumor model.</p>
Global Explanations of Neural Networks (2019)

A barrier to the wider adoption of neural networks is their lack of interpretability. While local explanation methods exist for one prediction, most global attributions still reduce neural network decisions to a single set of features. In response, we present an approach for generating global attributions called GAM, which explains the landscape of neural network predictions across subpopulations. GAM augments global explanations with the proportion of samples that each attribution best explains and specifies which samples are described by each attribution. Global explanations also have tunable granularity to detect more or fewer subpopulations. We demonstrate that GAM's global explanations 1) yield the known feature importances of simulated data, 2) match feature weights of interpretable statistical models on real data, and 3) are intuitive to practitioners through user studies. With more transparent predictions, GAM can help ensure neural network decisions are generated for the right reasons.
Eradication of Acute Myeloid Leukemia with FLT3 Ligand–Targeted miR-150 Nanoparticles (2016)

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a common and fatal form of hematopoietic malignancy. Overexpression and/or mutations of FLT3 have been shown to occur in the majority of cases of AML. Our analysis of a large-scale AML patient cohort (N = 562) indicates that FLT3 is particularly highly expressed in some subtypes of AML, such as AML with t(11q23)/MLL-rearrangements or FLT3-ITD. Such AML subtypes are known to be associated with unfavorable prognosis. To treat FLT3-overexpressing AML, we developed a novel targeted nanoparticle system: FLT3 ligand (FLT3L)-conjugated G7 poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) nanosized dendriplex encapsulating miR-150, a pivotal tumor suppressor and negative regulator of FLT3 We show that the FLT3L-guided miR-150 nanoparticles selectively and efficiently target FLT3-overexpressing AML cells and significantly inhibit viability/growth and promote apoptosis of the AML cells. Our proof-of-concept animal model studies demonstrate that the FLT3L-guided miR-150 nanoparticles tend to concentrate in bone marrow, and significantly inhibit progression of FLT3-overexpressing AML in vivo, while exhibiting no obvious side effects on normal hematopoiesis. Collectively, we have developed a novel targeted therapeutic strategy, using FLT3L-guided miR-150-based nanoparticles, to treat FLT3-overexpressing AML with high efficacy and minimal side effects. Cancer Res; 76(15); 4470-80. ©2016 AACR.
Wearout Resilience in NoCs Through an Aging Aware Adaptive Routing Algorithm (2014)

Continuous technology scaling has made aging mechanisms, such as negative bias temperature instability and electromigration primary concerns in network-on-chip (NoC) designs. In this paper, we extensively analyze the effects of these aging mechanisms on NoC routers and links. We observe a critical need of a robust aging-aware routing algorithm that not only reduces power-performance overheads caused due to aging degradation, but also minimizes the stress experienced by heavily utilized routers and links. To solve this problem, we propose an aging-aware adaptive routing algorithm and a router microarchitecture that routes the packets along the paths, which are both least congested and experience minimum aging degradation. After an extensive experimental analysis using real workloads, we observe 13% and 12.17% average overhead reduction in network latency and energy-delay product per flit, a 10.4% improvement in performance, and a 60% improvement in mean time to failure using our aging-aware routing algorithm.
Identification of Novel Purine and Pyrimidine Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors with Distinct Molecular Interactions and Tumor Cell Growth Inhibition Profiles (2000)

Substituted guanines and pyrimidines were tested as inhibitors of cyclin B1/CDK1 and cyclin A3/CDK2 and soaked into crystals of monomeric CDK2. O6-Cyclohexylmethylguanine (NU2058) was a competitive inhibitor of CDK1 and CDK2 with respect to ATP (Ki values: CDK1, 5 +/- 1 microM; CDK2, 12 +/- 3 microM) and formed a triplet of hydrogen bonds (i.e., NH-9 to Glu 81, N-3 to Leu 83, and 2-NH2 to Leu 83). The triplet of hydrogen bonding and CDK inhibition was reproduced by 2,6-diamino-4-cyclohexylmethyloxy-5-nitrosopyrimidine (NU6027, Ki values: CDK1, 2.5 +/- 0.4 microM; CDK2, 1.3 +/- 0.2 microM). Against human tumor cells, NU2058 and NU6027 were growth inhibitory in vitro (mean GI50 values of 13 +/- 7 microM and 10 +/- 6 microM, respectively), with a pattern of sensitivity distinct from flavopiridol and olomoucine. These CDK inhibition and chemosensitivity data indicate that the distinct mode of binding of NU2058 and NU6027 has direct consequences for enzyme and cell growth inhibition.
Data hiding in halftone images by conjugate error diffusion (2003)

In this paper, we propose a method called Data Hiding by Conjugate Error Diffusion (DHCED) to hide invisible patterns in two or more error diffused halftone images such that the hidden patterns would appear on the halftone images when they are overlaid. A binary visual pattern is hidden in two halftone images by applying Conjugate Error Diffusion. Simulation results show that the two halftone images have good visual quality, and the hidden pattern is visible when the two halftone images are overlaid. Compared with the old proposed method, Data Hiding by Stochastic Error Diffusion (DHSED), the contrast between the hidden pattern and the background is greatly improved. The minor trace of edge generated by the phase change of DHSED is also eliminated.
DESIGN OF A MICROFABRICATED, TWO-ELECTRODE PHASE-CONTRAST ELEMENT SUITABLE FOR ELECTRON \nMICROSCOPY (2006)

A miniature electrostatic element has been designed to selectively apply a 90 degrees phase shift to the unscattered beam in the back focal plane of the objective lens, in order to realize Zernike-type, in-focus phase contrast in an electron microscope. The design involves a cylindrically shaped, biased-voltage electrode, which is surrounded by a concentric grounded electrode. Electrostatic calculations have been used to determine that the fringing fields in the region of the scattered electron beams will cause a negligible phase shift as long as the ratio of electrode length to the transverse feature size is greater than 5:1. Unlike the planar, three-electrode einzel lens originally proposed by Boersch for the same purpose, this new design does not require insulating layers to separate the biased and grounded electrodes, and it can thus be produced by a very simple microfabrication process. Scanning electron microscope images confirm that mechanically robust devices with feature sizes of approximately 1 microm can be easily fabricated. Preliminary experimental images demonstrate that these devices do apply a 90 degrees phase shift between the scattered and unscattered electrons, as expected.
Bio‐Derived Polymers for Sustainable Lithium‐Ion Batteries (2016)

Biologically derived organic molecules are a cost‐effective and environmentally benign alternative to the widely used metal‐based electrodes employed in current energy storage technologies. Here, the first bio‐derived pendant polymer cathode for lithium‐ion batteries is reported. The redox moiety is flavin and is derived from riboflavin (vitamin B 2 ). A semi‐synthetic methodology is used to prepare the pendant polymer, which is composed of a poly(norbornene) backbone and pendant flavin units. This semi‐synthetic approach reduces the number of chemical transformations required to form this new functional material. Lithium‐ion batteries incorporating this polymer have a 125 mAh g −1 capacity and an ≈2.5 V operating potential. It is found that charge transport is greatly improved by forming hierarchical structures of the polymer with carbon black, and new insight into electrode degradation mechanisms is provided which should be applicable to polymer electrodes in general. This work provides a foundation for the use of bio‐derived pendant polymers in sustainable, high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries.
A Practical Ply-Based Appearance Modeling for Knitted Fabrics (2021)

Abstract Modeling the geometry and the appearance of knitted fabrics has been challenging due to their complex geometries and interactions with light. Previous surface-based models have difficulties capturing fine-grained knit geometries; Micro-appearance models, on the other hands, typically store individual cloth fibers explicitly and are expensive to be generated and rendered. Further, neither of the models offers the flexibility to accurately capture both the reflection and the transmission of light simultaneously. In this paper, we introduce an efficient technique to generate knit models with user-specified knitting patterns. Our model stores individual knit plies with fiber-level detailed depicted using normal and tangent mapping. We evaluate our generated models using a wide array of knitting patterns. Further, we compare qualitatively renderings to our models to photos of real samples.
An Analysis Of Novel Antibody Repertoires In Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: Do Particular Antibody Genes Recognize Gray Matter Cellular Targets? (P6.157) (2014)

Objective: Our goal for this project was to identify the antigens that antibodies expressed by B cells from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients react against. Background: Previous data generated from our lab on the antibody genetics has led to the recognition that patterns of mutation accumulation in the antibody genes of B cells in the central nervous system (CNS) of MS patients are unique and can be used to predict clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) conversion to MS with 94% accuracy. This Antibody Gene Signature (AGS) represents a set of novel, potentially diagnostic biomarker that is currently in clinical trials (http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/diogenix-msprecise-identifies-early-stage-patients-with-multiple-sclerosis-177841251.html) and provides a method to categorize patients early in their disease course in order to provide prompt treatment and prevent extensive CNS damage. Methods: We cloned and expressed more than 30 recombinant human antibodies (rhAbs) that contain the MS-AGS mutations from single cerebrospinal fluid derived B cells isolated from patients with clinically definite MS, patients with one attack of optic neuritis and patients with one attack of transverse myelitis, and tested their capacity to bind to brain tissue. Results: We found that these MS-AGS enriched antibodies from both established MS patients and patients at high risk to develop MS, bind to human and mouse brain gray matter tissue with high specificity, but do not bind to human or mouse brain white matter tissue. Confocal microscopy confirms that neurons and astrocytes in the brain gray matter tissue are recognized by these antibodies. Some of these antibodies recognize both neurons and astrocytes in the gray matter, whereas others are specific for a single cell type. Conclusions: We hypothesize that AGS-enriched rhAbs and B cells expressing these antibodies could be participating in gray matter disease pathology in both early CIS and later MS stages. Study Supported By: National MS Society and DioGenix