gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Revisiting Swapping in User-Space With Lightweight Threading (2023)

Memory-intensive applications, such as in-memory databases, caching systems, and key-value stores, are increasingly demanding larger main memory to fit their working sets. Conventional swapping can enlarge the memory capacity by paging out inactive pages to backend stores. However, existing swapping solutions suffer several performance and compatibility issues, making them unsuitable for high-concurrency and memory-intensive applications. In this article, we redesign the swapping system and propose Lightswap, a high-performance user-space swapping solution that supports paging with both local SSDs and remote memories. First, to avoid kernel involvement, we propose to leverage the extended Berkeley packet filter (eBPF) for handling page faults (PFs) in user space and further eliminate the heavy I/O stack with the help of user-space I/O drivers. Then, we co-design the PF handling with lightweight thread (LWT) scheduling to improve system throughput and reduce the end-to-end PF latency. Finally, we propose a try-catch framework in Lightswap to deal with swap-in errors which have been exacerbated by the scaling in process technology. We implement Lightswap in our production-level system and evaluate it with various benchmarks. Results show that Lightswap achieves scalable PF notification latency ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4 \mu \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> under 128 LWTs), reduces the PF handling latency by 3–5 times, and improves the throughput of memcached by more than 40% compared with the state-of-art swapping systems.
19세기 기획특집 : 〈오유란전〉의 향유충과 창작기법의 의의 (2003)

본 연구는 황산 이종린의 과 의 실상과 존재의 의의에 대해 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이종린의 두 작품은 기존 연구자들에게 많은 관심을 받지 못한 작품이며, 연구의 성과가 아직 충분치 않은 상태이다. 본고는 에 대한 기존 연구들의 업적을 인정하고, 일정부분 수용하면서, 이 작품에 대해 기존 연구와는 다른 전제 설정하는 것으로 연구의 출발점으로 삼고자 한다. 기존 연구자들은 을 개화기의 독특한 문학작품으로 설정하여 문학사적 맥락이 전혀 없는 것으로 기존 논의에서는 주장하였다. 그러나, 이러한 주장은 한문 희곡 전통과 개화기의 공연사적 맥락에서 작품을 살피지 않은 것에서 기인한 결과라 여겨진다. 은 의 번역본으로 알려졌기에 더욱 연구자들의 적극적인 관심을 받지 못한 작품이다. 한글 번역본으로만 인식되어 작품 내적인 특성에 대해 전연 평가를 받고 있지 못하는 에 대해 진지하게 접근을 시도하여 과의 관계에서의 위치 외에 개별 작품으로서의 위치를 설정하고자 하였다. 이 으로 개작되면서, 에서 보이지 않았던 특성들을 근거로 작가의 개작 의도에 대해서 생각해 보았다. 특히, 개작 과정에서 적극적으로 공연희곡적인 관심으로 탈바꿈시켰다는 것에 주목하여, 이 형식적으로 공연희곡을 지향했다는 점을 밝히고자 하였다. 궁극적으로, 이 작품들이 개화기 시대의 문학사에서 어떠한 위치를 차지하고 있는지, 어떠한 존재 의의를 지닐 수 있는지 고민하였다. 결과적으로, 은 우리나라의 한문희곡 창작의 전통 속에서 나타난 문학으로써, 희곡문학의 일방적인 서구 이식론에 대응한 전통의 계승과 창조라는 점에서 볼 때 그 의의가 부각된다. 은 작자의 공연희곡으로의 적극적 개작 의도가 다분히 포함되어 있어, 의 단순 번역본 이상의 의의를 찾을 수 있는 작품이다. 실제적 작품 분석을 결과로 볼 때, 은 1910년대의 판소리를 근간으로 하는 창극 공연 상황과 밀접한 관련을 맺고 있다. 특히, 이 작품은 1910년대의 우리나라의 공연 공간를 비롯하여 공연문화사적 분위기와 상황을 짐작할 수 있게 하는 자료로서의 의의도 찾아볼 수 있다.
Proactive dynamic resource management in virtualized data centers (2011)

Dynamically reassigning virtual machines (VMs) to servers is a widely addressed idea to save energy in data centers. VMs are consolidated in times of low overall resource demand. Unused servers are switched off to save energy. Mainly two major challenges must be addressed to realize this approach. First, the resource demand of VMs expected in the future must be estimated to take care of delays caused by VM migrations and server startups. An upcoming resource shortage must have been resolved right before it actually occurs. Second, a scheduling algorithm is needed that, based on a current distribution of VMs to servers, can guarantee to find a sequence of operations that resolves any upcoming resource shortage right in time. Within this paper, we present a novel approach that addresses both of these challenges. In contrast to previous work, this approach can guarantee not to cause any resource shortages, if the actual resource demand of the VMs meets the expected one. We performed a simulation based evaluation with a set of VMs. The underlying resource demand time series were measured in a data center operated by a medium-sized IT service provider. A data center model was used to estimate the energy consumption. Overall energy savings of about 23% could be achieved compared to a static approach. Resource shortages occurred in less than 0.1% of time. They could be resolved by the approach in less then 20 minutes.
Preparation and Characterization of Alkali-Swellable Carboxylated Latexes (1981)

Latexes prepared with ionogenic monomers containing carboxylic acid groups are a special class of latexes which have wide industrial application in carpet backing, adhesives, surface coatings, and paper coating. These are usually prepared using monomers such as itaconic, acrylic, methacrylic, maleic, fumaric and crotonic acids. These carboxyl-containing monomers are copolymerized with the main monomer and contribute to the stability of the latex, and exhibit alkali-swelling and/or dissolving behavior with increasing pH. The alkali-swelling and dissolving behavior of carboxylated latexes has been qualitatively correlated to the glass transition temperature (Tg), hydrophilicity and molecular weight of latex polymers, and the carboxyl content and their distribution within the latex particles (1-5). These investigations have been useful in understanding the swelling and dissolving behavior of carboxylated latexes. However, no consideration was given to the effect of polymerization procedure and method of monomer addition on the properties of carboxylated latex systems used in these studies.
Inputs of Coma: Static Detection of Denial-of-Service Vulnerabilities (2009)

As networked systems grow in complexity, they are increasingly vulnerable to denial-of-service (DoS) attacks involving resource exhaustion. A single malicious "input of coma" can trigger high-complexity behavior such as deep recursion in a carelessly implemented server, exhausting CPU time or stack space and making the server unavailable to legitimate clients. These DoS attacks exploit the semantics of the target application, are rarely associated with network traffic anomalies, and are thus extremely difficult to detect using conventional methods.We present SAFER, a static analysis tool for identifying potential DoS vulnerabilities and the root causes of resource-exhaustion attacks before the software is deployed. Our tool combines taint analysis with control dependency analysis to detect high-complexity control structures whose execution can be triggered by untrusted network inputs.When evaluated on real-world networked applications, SAFER discovered previously unknown DoS vulnerabilities in the Expat XML parser and the SQLite library, as well as a new attack on a previously patched version of the wu-ftpd server. This demonstrates the importance of understanding and repairing the root causes of DoS vulnerabilities rather than simply blocking known malicious inputs.
Myelination of the Nervous System: Mechanisms and Functions (2014)

Myelination of axons in the nervous system of vertebrates enables fast, saltatory impulse propagation, one of the best-understood concepts in neurophysiology. However, it took a long while to recognize the mechanistic complexity both of myelination by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and of their cellular interactions. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of myelin biogenesis, its lifelong plasticity, and the reciprocal interactions of myelinating glia with the axons they ensheath. In the central nervous system, myelination is also stimulated by axonal activity and astrocytes, whereas myelin clearance involves microglia/macrophages. Once myelinated, the long-term integrity of axons depends on glial supply of metabolites and neurotrophic factors. The relevance of this axoglial symbiosis is illustrated in normal brain aging and human myelin diseases, which can be studied in corresponding mouse models. Thus, myelinating cells serve a key role in preserving the connectivity and functions of a healthy nervous system.
Greenhouse Gas Laser Imaging Tomography Experiment (GreenLITE) (2016)

Exelis has recently developed a novel laser-based instrument to aid in the autonomous real-time monitoring and mapping of CO2 concentration over a two-dimensional area. The Greenhouse gas Laser Imaging Tomography Experiment (GreenLITE) instrument uses two transceivers and a series of retroreflectors to continuously measure the differential transmission over a number of overlapping lines of sight or “chords”, forming a plane. By inverting the differential transmission measurements along with locally measured temperature (T), pressure (P) and relative humidity (RH) the average concentration of CO2 along each chord can be determined and, based on the overlap between chords, a 2D map of CO2 concentration over the measurement plane can be estimated. The GreenLITE system was deployed to the Zero Emissions Research and Technology (ZERT) center in Bozeman, Montana, in Aug-Sept 2014, where more than 200 hours of data were collected over a wide range of environmental conditions, while utilizing a controlled release of CO2 into a segmented underground pipe [1]. The system demonstrated the ability to identify persistent CO2 sources at the test facility and showed strong correlation with an independent measurement using a LI-COR based system. Here we describe the measurement approach, instrument design, and results from the deployment to the ZERT site.
Advanced regular-sampled PWM control techniques for drives and static power converters (1995)

Regular-sampled PWM techniques have been developed to reproduce the harmonic-elimination and harmonic minimization PWM power convertor characteristics. These new regular-sampled PWM control strategies significantly reduce the computational requirements for real-time microprocessor-based PWM implementation. This results in simplified and more efficient microprocessor software/hardware requirements, leading to real-time PWM generation with minimized harmonics, suitable for drives and uninterruptible power supplies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Imaging Complex Fault Structures On-shore Oman Using Optimal Transport Full Waveform Inversion (2020)

Summary Broadband high-density surveys have opened the way for the application of full-waveform inversion (FWI) on land. For these surveys, initial FWI results were promising. They demonstrated that land FWI can be an effective tool for velocity model building. However, despite these successes, difficulties remain associated with cycle skipping, and with convergence at high frequencies. Multi-dimensional Optimal Transport (OT) FWI has been shown to offer a solution for the inversion of low frequencies, with a better mitigation of the cycle skipping problem. We present the results of a workflow, which updates with multi-dimensional OT-FWI to 16 Hz a velocity model for a land dataset from the Sultanate of Oman. The study is based on a modern full-azimuth long-offset dense broadband surface seismic survey. The geological context is a complex strike-slip fault system, causing sharp lateral velocity variations in the faulted area. Until recently, imaging beneath the faulted area was challenging due to the wavefield complexity induced by the lateral velocity variations. Previous attempts at building an accurate velocity model using ray-based tomography failed due to difficult horizon interpretation and residual move-out picking on migrated gathers. We show that using multi-dimensional OT-FWI leads to significant improvement concerning all these issues.
Identification of Novel Methylation Markers in Cervical Cancer Using Restriction Landmark Genomic Scanning (2008)

Aberrant methylation of CpG islands in gene promoters often represents an early clonal event in carcinogenesis. Accordingly, defining methylation profiles may be useful for developing marker panels for early detection or predicting the risk of cancer precursors. To identify specific genes frequently methylated in cervical cancer, we conducted methylation profiling of 20 primary human cervical cancers using NotI-based restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS). Of 2,172 RLGS fragments analyzed (average, 1,753 CpG islands per patient), 186 RLGS fragments were lost in at least one tumor and 40 were lost in three or more. Methylation was identified in 19 (95%) of 20 tumor samples compared with normal DNA. Bisulfite sequencing was conducted to confirm RLGS results. Of the confirmed markers frequently methylated, we developed Methylight assays for two corresponding genes, nucleolar protein 4 (NOL4), and lipoma HMGIC fusion partner-like protein 4 (LHFPL4), which were methylated in 85% and 55% of cancers, respectively. Using these assays, we further confirmed frequent CpG island methylation in the original cancers and in another independent series of 15 cervical cancers. We also showed methylation at a reduced frequency in a set of carefully reviewed cytology specimens demonstrating cells exfoliated from cancer precursor lesions. In summary, we identified, for the first time, NOL4 and LHFPL4 as novel methylation targets specific for cervical cancer. Inclusion of NOL4 and LHFPL4 in evaluating methylation panels for early detection, risk prediction, and etiologic research on cervical cancer is warranted.
Deep Penetration of Targeted Nanobubbles Enhanced Cavitation Effect on Thrombolytic Capacity (2019)

Sonothrombolysis with microbubbles can enhance the dissolution of thrombus through the cavitation effect of microbubbles under ultrasound irradiation. However, the detailed mechanism of thrombolysis with microscaled or nanoscaled bubbles is still not so clear. This study compared the thrombolytic capacity of cRGD-targeted or nontargeted bubbles with different particle sizes combined with urokinase (UK). The size of the microscaled bubbles (Mbs or Mbs-cRGD) was mostly approximately 3 μm, while the nanoscaled bubbles (Nbs or Nbs-cRGD) were mainly around 220 nm. <i>In vitro</i> testing was performed on an extracorporeal circulation device that mimics human vascular thromboembolism. The rabbit clots in Mbs with UK groups showed peripheral worm-like dissolution, while the clots in Nbs with UK groups showed internal fissure-like collapse. In addition, the thrombolysis rate of Nbs-cRGD with the UK group was the highest. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopic images showed that the fibrin network was the most severely damaged by the Nbs-cRGD, and most of the fibrin strands were dissolved. Especially, the Nbs-cRGD can penetrate much deeper than Mbs-cRGD into the thrombus and loosen the fibrin network. Taken together, benefiting from the specific identification and deep penetration to thrombus, our developed novel targeted Nbs may have broad application prospects in the clinic.
Peer-to-Peer Error Recovery for Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Networks (2006)

Media companies (and other organizations with large amounts of digital content) require prompt broadcast of extremely large files from a single source to a collection of geographically dispersed destinations. Due to the high cost of terrestrial networks of sufficient bandwidth, satellite networks are commonly used for such transfers. However, current satellite transfers rely on expensive error correction via forward error correction and whole-file retransmission. This paper presents a new, hybrid solution combining the advantages of satellite and terrestrial networks to provide cost-effective reliable file transfer. Specifically, we propose a new peer-to-peer scheme exploiting fast terrestrial networks and multiple receivers to recover from high loss rates (5% or more) in near real-time (latency < 400ms). This solution is efficient, robust under variable packet loss and connectivity, user tunable, scales well, and doubles bandwidth compared to existing approaches. The system has been validated via extensive simulations using a terrestrial network based on the AT&T common backbone core network
Relationship of host immune status to tumor cell arrest, distribution, and survival in experimental metastasis (1977)

The kinetics of initial arrest in organs, distribution, survival, and fate of 125I-iododeoxyuridine-labeled B16 melanoma tumor cells injected intravenously into normal, tumor-sensitized and immune manipulated syngeneic and allogeneic mice were investigated. Groups of animals were killed at intervals ranging from two minutes to 14 days after intravenous tumor cell injection. Lungs, liver, spleen and blood were collected from each animal and processed so that radioactivity associated with DNA of tumor cells viable at the time of sacrifice could be monitored. The following conclusions can be made: initial tumor cell arrest in organs is influenced by the host immune status but it does not correlate with the survival kinetics or development into tumors. The same tumor, which was rejected in mice after a subcutaneous tumor challenge, grew in the lungs after intravenous injection. Therefore, rejection of a subcutaneous challenge as the sole criterion of host immunity to neoplasms should be questioned. Allogeneic animals are not appropriate for use as a model system for the study of experimental metastasis. Animals sensitized to a tumor exhibit kinetic patterns of tumor cell arrest and survival that differ from normal syngeneic hosts.
Decentralized Collaborative Learning of Personalized Models over\n Networks (2016)

We consider a set of learning agents in a collaborative peer-to-peer network,\nwhere each agent learns a personalized model according to its own learning\nobjective. The question addressed in this paper is: how can agents improve upon\ntheir locally trained model by communicating with other agents that have\nsimilar objectives? We introduce and analyze two asynchronous gossip algorithms\nrunning in a fully decentralized manner. Our first approach, inspired from\nlabel propagation, aims to smooth pre-trained local models over the network\nwhile accounting for the confidence that each agent has in its initial model.\nIn our second approach, agents jointly learn and propagate their model by\nmaking iterative updates based on both their local dataset and the behavior of\ntheir neighbors. To optimize this challenging objective, our decentralized\nalgorithm is based on ADMM.\n
Ultra-fast co-sensitization and tri-sensitization of dye-sensitized solar cells with N719, SQ1 and triarylamine dyes (2012)

This paper describes the synthesis of a new, yellow triphenylamine dye, 4-[2-(4-diphenylaminophenyl)vinyl]benzoic acid] (6), with a sorption maximum at 380 nm in solution for which EQE data show shifts to 420 nm on sorption to TiO2. The performance of this dye has been measured in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) devices, showing η = 2.6% for 1 cm2 devices. Light soaking of (6) shows excellent long-term stability with <10% variation in device performance over 1800 h. Full characterization data are reported for (6) and the intermediates used in its synthesis including single-crystal X-ray structural analysis of all compounds. The paper also describes the ultra-fast dye sensitization and co-sensitization of TiO2 photo-electrodes in 5 minutes using one or two dyes and the first example of ultra-fast tri-sensitization. The dyes tested include the ruthenium dye N719, the squaraine dye SQ1, the red triphenylamine dye 2-cyano-3-{4-[2-(4-diphenylaminophenyl)vinyl]phenyl}acrylic acid (5) and (6). DSC efficiencies of 7.5% have been achieved for 1 cm2 devices co-sensitized using (6) and N719. These efficiencies exceed those recorded for single dye devices and EQE measurements confirm efficient photon capture from two or more dyes in a single photo-electrode. Photo-acoustic calorimetry (PAC) has also been used to measure the energy of the charge separation states formed for (6) and N719, showing a larger value (1.47 eV) for (6) compared to N719 (1.08 eV), whilst a TiO2 film co-sensitized with both (6) and N719 gave an intermediate value (1.28 eV). These data have been used to calculate dye HOMO, LUMO and λmax levels for (6) and N719 leading to important insights for future successful co-sensitization.
Effects of shear induced crystallization on the rheology and ageing of hard sphere glasses (2008)

The rheological properties of highly concentrated suspensions of hard sphere particles are studied with particular reference to the rheological response of shear induced crystals. Using practically monodisperse hard spheres, we prepare shear induced crystals under oscillatory shear and examine their linear and non-linear mechanical responses in comparison with their glassy counterparts at the same volume fraction. It is evident, that shear induced crystallization causes a significant drop in the elastic and viscous moduli due to structural rearrangements that ease flow. For the same reason the critical (peak of G″) and crossover (overlap of G′ and G″) strain are smaller in the crystal compared to the glass at the same volume fraction. However, when the distance from the maximum packing in each state is taken into account the elastic modulus of the crystal is found to be larger than the glass at the same free volume, suggesting a strengthened material due to long range order. Finally, shear induced crystals counter-intuitively exhibit similar rheological ageing to the glass (with a logarithmic increase of G′), indicating that the shear induced structure is not at thermodynamic equilibrium.
The race for an artificial general intelligence: implications for public policy (2019)

An arms race for an artificial general intelligence (AGI) would be detrimental for and even pose an existential threat to humanity if it results in an unfriendly AGI. In this paper, an all-pay contest model is developed to derive implications for public policy to avoid such an outcome. It is established that, in a winner-takes-all race, where players must invest in R&D, only the most competitive teams will participate. Thus, given the difficulty of AGI, the number of competing teams is unlikely ever to be very large. It is also established that the intention of teams competing in an AGI race, as well as the possibility of an intermediate outcome (prize), is important. The possibility of an intermediate prize will raise the probability of finding the dominant AGI application and, hence, will make public control more urgent. It is recommended that the danger of an unfriendly AGI can be reduced by taxing AI and using public procurement. This would reduce the pay-off of contestants, raise the amount of R&D needed to compete, and coordinate and incentivize co-operation. This will help to alleviate the control and political problems in AI. Future research is needed to elaborate the design of systems of public procurement of AI innovation and for appropriately adjusting the legal frameworks underpinning high-tech innovation, in particular dealing with patenting by AI.
Joint MR-PET Reconstruction Using a Multi-Channel Image Regularizer (2016)

While current state of the art MR-PET scanners enable simultaneous MR and PET measurements, the acquired data sets are still usually reconstructed separately. We propose a new multi-modality reconstruction framework using second order Total Generalized Variation (TGV) as a dedicated multi-channel regularization functional that jointly reconstructs images from both modalities. In this way, information about the underlying anatomy is shared during the image reconstruction process while unique differences are preserved. Results from numerical simulations and in-vivo experiments using a range of accelerated MR acquisitions and different MR image contrasts demonstrate improved PET image quality, resolution, and quantitative accuracy.
The electrothermal ramjet (1983)

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.