gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multicast routing in 3-stage Clos ATM switching networks (1994)

An approach to building a large ATM switch is to simply set up a regularly-structured network in which smaller switch modules are interconnected. Routing is an issue if there are multiple paths from any input to any output in such a network. We focus on the 3-stage Clos network, not only because it is the architecture of choice for several potential switch manufacturers, but also because its high connectivity poses a stringent test on routing algorithms. One optimal and two heuristic algorithms have been designed and tested. Our results show that the heuristic algorithms can find multicast routes that are close to optimal within a response time that is significantly lower than that of the optimal algorithm. Further analysis of the experimental data suggests a hybrid implementation in which the optimal and heuristic algorithms are run in parallel with a set time limit. Finally, although this paper is motivated by the Clos switching network, the algorithms and the discussion here also apply to communications networks with a two-hop structure.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Studies on griseolic acid derivatives. IV Synthesis and phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity of acylated derivatives of griseolic acid. (1987)

Mono-, di-or triacylated griseolic acid derivatives were synthesized by selective acylation or by selective hydrolysis of the polyacylated derivatives. The inhibitory activities of these compounds against adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate or guanosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate phosphodiesterase were investigated to clarify the structure activity relationship. Acylation of the amino group of the adenine moiety greatly reduced the inhibitory activity. On the other hand, acylation of the hydroxy groups at the 7'- and 2'-position had relatively little effect on the inhibitory activity.
Smartloss: A Personalized Mobile Health Intervention for Weight Management and Health Promotion (2016)

SmartLoss functions as a virtual weight management clinic that relies upon empirical weight loss research and behavioral theory to promote behavior change and weight loss.
A SEX ATTRACTANT FOR MALES OF THE DARKSIDED CUTWORM, <i>EUXOA MESSORIA</i> (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) (1977)

Abstract Field testing of a large number of synthetic compounds and several combinations of them revealed that male moths of the darksided cutworm, Euxoa messoria (Harris), were attracted to combinations of Z -7-hexadecen-1-yl acetate and Z -11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate. The most satisfactory attractants were combinations of these two compounds in ratios of 1:20 or 1:40. The presence of small amounts of the corresponding E -isomers did not interfere with the attractant. The diene, Z -7, Z -11-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate, in combination with Z -11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate also attracted the males, but there was no advantage in using the diene in place of Z -7-hexadecen-1-yl acetate.
Electrochemical cell with a graphite intercalation compound cathode. [Li/BF/sub 3/, AsF/sub 5/, or PF/sub 5/ or similar materials] (1977)

A battery is disclosed having a nonaqueous electrolyte, an alkali metal anode, and a cathode comprising a compound of graphite formed by reacting graphite with ClF/sub 3/ and a Lewis acid fluoride of an element selected from B, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, P, As, Sb, Bi, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, and Ta. 1 table.
Dictionary-based order-preserving string compression for main memory column stores (2009)

Column-oriented database systems [19, 23] perform better than traditional row-oriented database systems on analytical workloads such as those found in decision support and business intelligence applications. Moreover, recent work [1, 24] has shown that lightweight compression schemes significantly improve the query processing performance of these systems. One such a lightweight compression scheme is to use a dictionary in order to replace long (variable-length) values of a certain domain with shorter (fixedlength) integer codes. In order to further improve expensive query operations such as sorting and searching, column-stores often use order-preserving compression schemes.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Designer DNA Using Cyclic Reversible Termination and a Universal Template (2020)

Phosphoramidite chemistry remains the industry standard for DNA synthesis despite significant limitations on the length and yield of the oligonucleotide, time restrictions, and hazardous waste production. Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis of single-stranded oligos on a solid surface by DNA polymerases and reverse transcriptases. We report the extension of surface-bound oligonucleotides enabled by transient hybridization of as few as two bases to a neighboring strand. When multiple hybridization structures are possible, each templating a different base, a DNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase can extend the oligonucleotide with any of the complementary bases. Therefore, the sequence of the newly synthesized fragment can be controlled by adding only the desired base as a substrate to the reaction solution. We used this enzymatic approach to synthesize a 20 base oligonucleotide by incorporating reversible terminator dNTPs through a two-step cyclic reversible termination process with a corrected stepwise efficiency over 98%. In our approach, a nascent DNA strand that serves as both primer and template is extended through polymerase-controlled sequential addition of 3′-reversibly blocked nucleotides followed by subsequent cleavage of the 3′-capping group. This process enables oligonucleotide synthesis in an environment not permitted by traditional phosphoramidite methods, eliminates the need for hazardous chemicals, has the potential to provide faster and higher yield results, and synthesizes DNA on a solid support with a free 3′ end.
Overexpression of the NOTCH1 Intracellular Domain Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Alters the Neuroendocrine Phenotype of Medullary Thyroid Cancer Cells (2006)

The role of NOTCH1 as an oncogene or tumor suppressor appears to be cell type-specific. Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) cells characteristically express the transcription factor ASCL1 (achaete-scute complex-like 1) as well as high levels of the neuroendocrine (NE) markers calcitonin and chromogranin A (CgA). In this study, we show that the active NOTCH1 intracellular domain is absent in human MTC tumor tissue samples and MTC-TT cells. To determine the effects of NOTCH1 expression, we created a doxycycline-inducible NOTCH1 intracellular domain in MTC cells (TT-NOTCH cells). Treatment of TT-NOTCH cells with doxycycline led to dose-dependent induction of NOTCH1 protein with corresponding decreases in ASCL1 protein and NE hormones. ASCL1 promoter-reporter assay and Northern analysis revealed that ASCL1 reduction by NOTCH1 activation is predominantly via silencing of ASCL1 gene transcription. Overexpression of ASCL1 in MTC cells indicated that CgA expression is highly dependent on the levels of ASCL1. This was further confirmed by experiments using small interfering RNA against ASCL1, in which reduction in ASCL1 led to reduction in both CgA and calcitonin. Furthermore, we demonstrate that NOTCH1 signaling activation leads to ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but that reduction in NE markers is independent of ERK1/2 activation. Activation of NOTCH1 resulted in significant MTC cell growth inhibition. Notably, reduction in MTC cell growth was dependent on the level of NOTCH1 protein present. Moreover, no increase in growth upon expression of ASCL1 in NOTCH1-activated cells was observed, indicating that the growth suppression observed upon NOTCH1 activation is independent of ASCL1 reduction. Mechanistically, we show that MTC cell growth inhibition by NOTCH1 is mediated by cell cycle arrest associated with up-regulation of p21.
Implementation of Password Management System Using Ternary Addressable PUF Generator (2019)

One of the crucial cyber-attacks which has been reported is hacking the databases of users' identification and passwords. Surprisingly, the typical procedure in most networks is the saving of passwords or password hashes in the look-up tables, which can be accessed later via the identification of each user. This paper seeks to find a remedy to this problem by adding a hardware security layer to the hash function-based password management systems. Also, the hardware security module, which is utilized as a solution in this paper, accelerates the computationally intense cryptographic operations. Addressable PUF Generator (APG) is utilized as a hardware layer. A significant problem with PUFs, i.e., the instability of their responses, is addressed in this paper. Ternary APG is implemented by using the ternary PUFs to solve this problem. The architecture takes advantage of known technology modules such as SRAM PUFs, hash functions, and microcontrollers. Furthermore, the protocol is used as a solution in this paper does not need saving passwords or hash of passwords. To the best of our knowledge, this paper presents the first prototype implementation of ternary APG usage in the password management system.
Laboratory Simulation of Flow through a Perforation (2011)

Abstract API RP 19B Section 4 tests were established to evaluate perforator performance at field conditions. The question of how well such a small-scale laboratory test translates to downhole reality has long been raised. Furthermore, how accurately are downhole dynamics reproduced in single-shot, Section 4 tests, when in practice, an extensive formation is perforated with multiple shots? To address this question, flow fields for typical axial and radial API Section 4 flow targets were calculated using a general analytical model based on potential theory and compared with the calculated results of various downhole configurations with different shot densities. When compared with calculations of downhole flow, we show that both radial and axial API targets can yield flow patterns that differ considerably from those downhole, which could lead to erroneous interpretations of results and dynamic effects, such as cleanup. As expected, results show that a radial flow target tends to overestimate the flow into a downhole perforation depending on the shot density and that an axial flow target tends to underestimate the flow depending on target length. We discuss how to modify the API test core by attaching a low-permeability sleeve to create a more accurate downhole flow simulation. The result is a more representative test that better reproduces the initial static reservoir pressure and the post-shot flowing pressure. To illustrate the concept, we made several tests using modified and unmodified axial flow targets to compare flow efficiency through perforations. Initial results indicate a difference in flow between the two sets of targets, with the modified targets having lower flow efficiency. Finally, we offer some possible physical reasons to explain the difference.
Ice nucleation by monolayers of aliphatic alcohols (1991)

Abstract Monolayers of aliphatic long chain alcohols (C n H 2n+1 OH) were found to induce nucleation of ice at temperatures approaching O°C in contrast to water‐soluble alcohols which are efficient antifreeze agents. The corresponding fatty acids and alcohols with bulky hydrophobic groups, induce ice nucleation at temperatures lower by as much as 12°C. The freezing point induced by the amphiphilic alcohols was found to be sensitive not only to area per molecule but also to chain length and parity, reaching higher temperatures for monolayers with n odd. Grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction studies performed on some of these alcohols at the air/water interface (at 5°C and at zero pressure), demonstrated the formation of crystalline two‐dimensional clusters with a distorted hexagonal cell whose dimensions resemble those of hexagonal ice. The catalysis of ice nucleation by these alcohol monolayers may be rationalized in terms of the structural match between the monolayer domains and the ab layer of hexagonal ice.
Identification of a novel protein with GDP dissociation inhibitor activity for the ras‐like proteins CDC42Hs and Rac 1 (1993)

We have recently cloned the human cDNA for a gene, denoted D4, that encodes a protein 67% identical to the bovine rhoGDI protein, a GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) for the ras-related rho-subtype proteins. We now present data on the cloning and structural analysis of the murine D4 cDNA and confirm its preferential expression in hematopoietic tissues. The predicted murine and human D4 proteins are almost 90% identical, indicating that D4 and rhoGDI are different genes and that they are probably members of a related family of genes. Functional studies with the human D4 protein demonstrate that D4 has GDI activity against the CDC42Hs and rac I proteins, but binds to these proteins with a significantly weaker affinity than does the rho-subtype GDI. These data suggest that D4, which will in subsequent communications be denoted as GDI.D4, might be a GDI for other known or as yet unidentified ras-like GTP-binding proteins. Alternatively, D4 could have other biochemical functions. During murine embryogenesis, D4 transcripts are detected in yolk-sac cells, where the earliest hematopoietic precursors are found. When these precursors undergo proliferation and differentiation in vitro, a dramatic increase in D4 expression is seen. D4 probably has a significant function during the growth and development of hematopoietic precursors.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Synthesis of N,N′‐Methylene‐2,2′‐azapyridocyanines. (1986)

Abstract Die Umsetzung der 2‐Aminopyridine (I) mit Diiodmethan (II) führt nur im Falle von (Ia) und (Ib) zu den im Titel genannten Verbindungen (III).
Will GNRH antagonists be worth the wait? (1992)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is also known as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), formerly luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF). Since this hormone regulates the secretion of both FSH and LH, we prefer to call it GnRH. GnRH antagonists, as the name implies, are a class of compounds that actively compete with GnRH for the GnRH receptor, thereby neutralizing the effects of GnRH by competitive receptor occupancy. In order to fully appreciate their potential clinical utility, it is first important to comprehend the critical role of GnRH in the regulation of the pituitary-gonadal axis and secondly to familiarize ourselves with the mechanisms of action of GnRH, GnRH agonists and GnRH antagonists.
Light based underwater wireless communications (2018)

Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) is a wireless communication technology that uses visible light to transmit data in underwater environment. Compared to radio-frequency (RF) and acoustic underwater techniques, UWOC has many advantages including large information bandwidth, unlicensed spectrum and low power requirements. This review paper provides an overview of the latest UWOC research. Additionally, we present a detailed description of transmitter and receiver technologies which are key components of UWOC systems. Moreover, studies investigating underwater optical channel models for both simple attenuation and the impact of turbulence including air bubbles and inhomogeneous salinity and temperature are also described. Future research challenges are identified and outlined.
Correlation of static aging effects on automotive catalysts (2014)

This study identifies and analyzes the effect that aging time and temperature have on the CO light‐off activity of three‐way catalyst samples, aged in a static air (oxidizing) atmosphere. The bench aging time (BAT) equation proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which describes aging as dependent upon time at temperature, was used to calculate a range of oven aging times and temperatures based on a RAT‐A engine bench aging cycle. CO light‐off tests carried out on cores aged between 800 and 900 °C have shown that it is the aging temperature that has the greatest effect on catalyst deterioration for static aging testing, with aging time having little effect. These results were in contradiction to the BAT equation, an industry norm for the aging of catalysts. This demonstrates that static aging, whilst showing how temperature affects aging, gives little or no time effects. The results have shown that static aging is not representative of actual aging on a vehicle. Progressive aging conducted at a temperature of 1000 °C was shown to cause a decrease in catalyst activity as the aging time increased. However, even in these extreme conditions, static aging gave a slower rate of aging with time when compared to engine aging as defined by the BAT equation. Overall, static aging in air has been shown to produce a greater increase in aging due to temperature than predicted by the BAT equation, but less aging due to aging time.
Abstract B55: Mutation of PlexinB1 in prostate cancer (2012)

Abstract Semaphorins are secreted proteins that have a role in chemotaxis and are implicated in cancer. Plexins are membrane-bound receptors for semaphorins. We have found a high frequency of mutations in the plexinB1 gene and overexpression of the protein in prostate tumours (Wong et al., 2007; PNAS 104: 19040-5) indicating a role for plexinB1 in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. The mutations of plexinB1 found in prostate tumours are functionally significant, increasing cell motility, invasive capacity, adhesion and inhibiting cell collapse. The mutations affect signalling pathways downstream of plexinB1, inhibiting Rac, Rnd, and R-Ras binding to plexinB1 and R-RasGAP activity. The mutations have the net effect of increasing cell motility by the loss of inhibitory pathways. We have now found that knockdown of endogenous plexinB1 in the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP inhibits anchorage-independent growth, while stimulation with semaphorin4D, the ligand for plexinB1, increases the migration and invasive capacity of LNCaP cells. These effects are reversed by expression of shRNA to plexinB1. Stimulation with semaphorin4D also results in ErbB2 and Akt activation. The opposite effects occur in the prostate cancer cell line PC3 in response to semaphorin4D. The opposite response of LNCaP and PC3 may be due to high levels of ErbB2 or c-Met expressed by the two cell lines respectively. These findings provide evidence for a subset of prostate tumours in which plexinB1 acts as a tumour-enhancing gene by activating ErbB2 and in which mutation of plexinB1 results in loss of cancer-inhibitory pathways. Citation Format: Magali Williamson, John Masters. Mutation of PlexinB1 in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr B55.
Engineering the spectral reflectance of microring resonators with integrated reflective elements (2010)

We present analysis and design of microring resonators integrated with reflective elements to obtain custom wavelength-selective devices. We introduce a graphical method that transforms the complicated design problem of the integrated structure into a simple task of designing a reflective element possessing an appropriate reflection profile. Configurations for obtaining a comb mirror, a single peak mirror, an ultranarrow band transmission filter, and a sharp transition mirror are presented as examples.
One-Pot, Two-Step, Practical Catalytic Synthesis of 2,5-Diformylfuran from Fructose (2003)

[reaction: see text] A practical, one-pot, two-step catalytic method is described for the synthesis of 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) from fructose via dehydration to 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF), followed by in situ catalytic air-oxidation.
Masks for 0.25-μm lithography (1994)

Specifications for photomasks to be used to print 0.25 micrometers structures have to be much tighter than mask specifications for today's most advanced 0.5 micrometers technologies. As optical lithography works closer to its resolution limit, line shortening, increased susceptibility to errors in mask manufacturing, and enhanced printing of mask defects has to be taken into account. Phase shift masks improve the process window of lithography and provide therefore more room for selective mask biasing. However, the additional parameters inherent to particular phase shift mask types (phase shift, transmission uniformity for attenuated phase shift masks, rim uniformity for rim-phase shift masks) contribute to the total error budget and need therefore to be controlled to very tight tolerances, too.
Thread-Shared Software Code Caches (2006)

Software code caches are increasingly being used to amortize the runtime overhead of dynamic optimizers, simulators, emulators, dynamic translators, dynamic compilers, and other tools. Despite the now-wide spread use of code caches, techniques for efficiently sharing them across multiple threads have not been fully explored. Some systems simply do not support threads, while others resort to thread-private code caches. Although thread-private caches are much simpler to manage, synchronize, and provide scratch space for, they simply do not scale when applied to many-threaded programs. Thread-shared code caches are needed to target server applications, which employ hundreds of worker threads all performing similar tasks. Yet, those systems that do share their code caches often have brute-force, inefficient solutions to the challenges of concurrent code cache access: a single global lock on runtime system code and suspension of all threads for any cache management action. This limits the possibilities for cache design and has performance problems with applications that require frequent cache invalidations to maintain cache consistency. In this paper, we discuss the design choices when building thread-shared code caches and enumerate the difficulties of thread-local storage, synchronization, trace building, in-cache lookup tables, and cache eviction. We present efficient solutions to these problems that both scale well and do not require thread suspension. We evaluate our results in DynamoRIO, an industrial-strength dynamic binary translation system, on real-world server applications. On these applications our thread-shared caches use an order of magnitude less memory and improve throughput by up to four times compared to thread-private caches.
Acousto optic devices in add/drop multiplexer nodes (1998)

Two advanced network demonstrators with optical add drop multiplexing (OADM) nodes integrating acousto optic devices are presented. Based on the obtained results, a new generation of acousto optic add/drop multiplexers for dense WDM networks has been developed. We present the latest fundamental progress in the development of acousto optic devices, based on the results obtained from the OADM nodes in the Italian PROMETEO field trial and the MOSAIC experimental network testbed.