gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diverse firewall design (2004)

Firewalls are safety-critical systems that secure most private networks. An error in a firewall either leaks secret information from its network or disrupts legitimate communication between its network and the rest of the Internet. How to design a correct firewall is therefore an important issue. In this paper, we propose the method of diverse firewall design, which is inspired by the well-known method of design diversity for building fault-tolerant software. Our method consists of two phases: a design phase and a comparison phase. In the design phase, the same requirement specification of a firewall is given to multiple teams who proceed independently to design different versions of the firewall. In the comparison phase, the resulting multiple versions are compared with each other to find out all the discrepancies between them, then each discrepancy is further investigated and a correction is applied if necessary. The technical challenge in the method of diverse firewall design is how to discover all the discrepancies between two given firewalls. We present a series of three efficient algorithms for solving this problem: (I) a construction algorithm for constructing an equivalent ordered firewall decision diagram from a sequence of rules, (2) a shaping algorithm for transforming two ordered firewall decision diagrams to become semi-isomorphic without changing their semantics, and (3) a comparison algorithm for detecting all the discrepancies between two semi-isomorphic firewall decision diagrams.
Primary structure of the S peplomer gene of bovine coronavirus and surface expression in insect cells (1990)

The nucleotide sequence of the S peplomer gene of bovine coronavirus (BCV) has been determined. A single open reading frame of 4089 nucleotides encodes a polypeptide of 150K with 20 potential sites for addition of N-linked oligosaccharides. Expression of the cloned BCV S gene by a recombinant of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus resulted in production of a 180K glycosylated polypeptide which was transported to the surface of the cell. Comparison of the BCV S gene with the analogous genes of murine hepatitis viruses shows that the BCV S polypeptide contains a unique domain of 138 amino acids not present in murine hepatitis virus strain JHM, but which has a partially homologous counterpart in strain A59. This domain accounts for most of the differences in size of the S gene products of these coronaviruses.
Roadmap on organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite semiconductors and devices (2021)

Metal halide perovskites are the first solution processed semiconductors that can compete in their functionality with conventional semiconductors, such as silicon. Over the past several years, perovskite semiconductors have reported breakthroughs in various optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells, photodetectors, light emitting and memory devices, and so on. Until now, perovskite semiconductors face challenges regarding their stability, reproducibility, and toxicity. In this Roadmap, we combine the expertise of chemistry, physics, and device engineering from leading experts in the perovskite research community to focus on the fundamental material properties, the fabrication methods, characterization and photophysical properties, perovskite devices, and current challenges in this field. We develop a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art and offer readers an informed perspective of where this field is heading and what challenges we have to overcome to get to successful commercialization.
Table S1 from PF-06804103, A Site-specific Anti-HER2 Antibody–Drug Conjugate for the Treatment of HER2-expressing Breast, Gastric, and Lung Cancers (2023)

<p>ADC retention times by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC).</p>
Isolation of native petroleum fractions for lowering interfacial tensions in aqueous-alkaline system (1978)

Both vacuum distillation and solvent fractionation were employed to segregate the native components of 3 crude petroleum samples from Upper Jones, Upper Main Zone and Lower Main zones from the Huntington Beach field. Two of these samples were recovered by waterflood recovery and one by primary recovery. Using proton NMR, IR, and elemental microanalysis, carbon aromaticity (f/sub a/) and hydrogen aromaticity (h/sub a/) were calculated for the primary recovery set of a fractionated and distilled petroleum components. The plots of f/sub a/ vs. H/C (atomic hydrogen to atomic carbon ratio) and that of h/sub a/ vs. H/C yielding a linear relationship suggest that components retained their native state after fractionation. The distillate fractions from the primarily recovered petroleum also was analyzed for interfacial surface tension. The low surface tension (0.03 dynes/cm) in an aqueous alkaline system approaches the desired surface tension for surfactants. The scientific basis of some of the low surface tension components will be explained. (20 refs.)
ChemInform Abstract: Cross‐Reactive Chemical Sensor Arrays (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Alterations of angiotensin II receptor levels in full‐thickness excisional wounds in rat skin (1996)

Angiotensin II was recently shown to have a growth-promoting role after vascular injury and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. In addition, angiotensin II may play a role in dermal wound repair. In this article, alterations in angiotensin II receptor levels in tissue harvested from full-thickness excisional dermal wounds in adult Sprague-Dawley rats were examined. A 2.25 cm(2) full-thickness excision of the dorsal skin was made under general anesthesia, and the tissue was harvested on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 after wounding. The level of (125)I-Sar(1).IIe(8)-angiotensin II bound to membrane preparations of both granulation tissue and wound edge increased from day 1, peaked on day 5, and returned to nonsurgical levels by day 10. In both granulation and wound edge segments of the injured skin, the maximum binding on postoperative day 5 was about twice that of postoperative day 1 tissue or control skin. Competitive binding studies with angiotensin II type 1 receptor or type 2 receptor antagonists (DuP 753 and CGP 42112B, respectively) showed that the receptors present in the healing dermal tissue from the adult rat were almost entirely of the type 1 receptor form.
Thermochromic Polymers (2003)

Abstract This paper presents an overview of the preparation, characterization, and potential application of thermochromic polymers. The term thermochromic describes materials which vary their color, color intensity, or transparency in response to temperature changes. Thermochromic effects have been observed in different types of polymer systems such as pure polymers, cross‐linked polymeric networks, polymer blends, and gels, whereby the origin of the thermochromic effect can be multifarious. The color can appear owing to absorption or owing to the physical effect of materials on light. The latter is called physical color and includes scattering and diffraction of light. Research in the field of thermochromic polymers has led to the discovery of novel effects producing thermochromism as well as to the development of thermochromic polymers with improved material properties. Moreover, rational design and optimization with a view to specific applications has started. Selected examples of the different classes of thermochromic polymers are presented and their characteristic material properties and potential applications are pointed out.
Effects of material processing in high temperature superconducting magnetic bearings (1991)

A study of the levitation forces related to superconducting bearing design was conducted on free-sintered and melt-textured Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ(YBCO) materials. Comparisons were made between free sintered, variously oriented, and randomly oriented melt-textured materials. Magnetic force measurements were also conducted on oriented YBCO before and after neutron irradiation. A magnetic bearing of new design utilizing the phenomenon of flux pinning was then fabricated using melt-textured YBCO with permanent magnets and a speed of 135 000 rpm was achieved. Rotational dissipation and magnetic stiffness measurements were performed on the bearing prototype.
Non-Peptide Cholecystokinin-B/Gastrin Receptor Antagonists Based on Bicyclic, Heteroaromatic Skeletons (1996)

A series of potent and selective cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptor antagonists based on the dibenzobicyclo[2.2.2]octane (BCO) skeleton which have recently been described were found to show species-dependent behavior when examined in rat and dog models. We now report the discovery of compounds in which the BCO skeleton has been replaced with bicyclic, heteroaromatic frameworks, such as a 5,6-disubstituted indole or benzimidazole. These new ligands maintain the affinity and selectivity profile of the previous compounds in vitro but show a much more consistent behavior pattern in vivo. Representative examples of this class of compound have been shown to inhibit pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion when administered intravenously at doses of 0.1 mumol kg-1 or less.
Three-Dimensional Gore Design Concept for High-Pressure Balloons (2001)

Anewdesign concept, named three-dimensionalgoredesign,isinvestigated forthedevelopmentof alargesuperpressure balloon capable of carrying a heavy payload. The theoretical and experimental studies are contrasted with the conventional natural shape balloon design. Each gore of the three-dimensional gore balloon has a bulge of small local radius between adjacent load tapes. This bulge is obtained not by e lm elongation but by adding excess e lm in both the circumferential and meridional directions. The longer edge of the gore is attached to the shorter load tape in a controlled shortening ratio. The e lm tension is zero in the meridian and extremely low in the circumferential direction in proportion to small local radius of a bulge. In addition, the maximum pressure of this balloon does not depend on the balloon volume. Test balloons of several sizes have been manufactured to cone rm the feasibility of the three-dimensional design concept. Indoor full ine ation tests and a e ight test of these balloons have been performed successfully.
Thermoelectric method for sequencing DNA (2011)

This study describes a novel, thermoelectric method for DNA sequencing in a microfluidic device. The method measures the heat released when DNA polymerase inserts a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate into a primed DNA template. The study describes the principle of operation of a laminar flow microfluidic chip with a reaction zone that contains DNA template/primer complex immobilized to the inner surface of the device's lower channel wall. A thin-film thermopile attached to the external surface of the lower channel wall measures the dynamic change in temperature that results when Klenow polymerase inserts a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate into the DNA template. The intrinsic rejection of common-mode thermal signals by the thermopile in combination with hydrodynamic focused flow allows for the measurement of temperature changes on the order of 10(-4) K without control of ambient temperature. To demonstrate the method, we report the sequencing of a model oligonucleotide containing 12 bases. Results demonstrate that it is feasible to sequence DNA by measuring the heat released during nucleotide incorporation. This thermoelectric method for sequencing DNA may offer a novel new method of DNA sequencing for personalized medicine applications.
Accuracy of the Magnetic Field Gradient Waveform Monitor Technique and Consequent Accuracy of Pre‐Equalized Gradient Waveform (2016)

Abstract The magnetic field gradient waveform monitor ( MFGM ) technique permits characterization of the temporal evolution of magnetic field gradients in magnetic resonance ( MR ) instruments ( MRIs ). Knowledge of the gradient waveform performance permits the development of further techniques, such as gradient waveform pre‐equalization, that correct and optimize gradient waveform distortions due to eddy currents induced during the application of switched magnetic fields and other system limitations. The accuracy of the MFGM technique is important since the overall uncertainty of the gradient waveform measurement will propagate into an uncertainty in corrected gradient waveforms impacting the precision of the resulting MR / MRI measurements. The accuracy of MFGM is investigated through a treatment of the noise present in a MRI . A noisy receiver model provides the basis for characterization of the noise and permits examination of the overall impact of noise on the phase accumulated in a pure‐phase encoded MR signal. Ultimately, a relationship between the signal‐to‐noise ratio of a measurement and the corresponding MFGM uncertainty is developed. The theoretical development is supported through simulation in conjunction with experimental results. The propagation of uncertainties to gradient waveform pre‐equalization is also discussed.
Optical pulse shaping for selective excitation of coherent molecular vibrations by stimulated Raman scattering (2009)

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) can be used to identify biological molecules from their vibrational spectra in tissue. A single double-chirped broadband optical pulse can excite a broad spectrum of resonant molecular vibrations in the fingerprint spectral region. Such a pulse also excites nonresonant CARS, particularly from water. We describe a theoretical technique to design an optical pulse to selectively excite coherent vibrations in a target molecular species so that the CARS signal generated is increased. The signal from other molecules is reduced, since the incident pulse does not excite them to have coherent vibrations. As an example, we apply the technique to design pulses to elicit increased CARS signal from a mixture of one or more of the alcohols methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol. We also show how such pulse designs can be used to selectively excite one member of closely related complex biological species. As measured interferometrically, the CARS signal from three phosphodiester stretch modes of DNA can be increased to more than ten times that of the analogous signal from RNA when the pulse design technique is used.
Practical joint domain localised adaptive processing in homogeneous and nonhomogeneous environments. Part 2: Nonhomogeneous environments (2000)

The second part of this two-part paper deals with space–time adaptive processing (STAP) in nonhomogeneous environments. This paper introduces a new two-dimensional non-statistical, direct data domain (D3) STAP algorithm and a hybridisation of this D3 approach with the joint domain localised (JDL) algorithm. The D3 algorithm replaces the non-adaptive transform used in Part 1 thereby suppressing discrete interference. A second stage of statistical processing in the angle–Doppler domain suppresses residual correlated interference. This new two-stage hybrid STAP technique allows for the application of the JDL algorithm within range cells determined to be nonhomogeneous. The development here draws heavily on the formulation presented in Part 1 of this paper. The work presented brings together two different aspects of STAP research: statistical and D3 processing. In doing so, this research fulfils an important need in the context of practical STAP, particularly knowledge-based algorithms. The envisioned system uses multi-pass processing to determine key information regarding the interference scenario. Depending on the homogeneity of the interference, the algorithm in Part 1 or that in Part 2 of the paper may be used.
Ultraviolet rotational Raman spectroscopy with an atomic resonance filter (1998)

A new approach for pure rotational Raman imaging based on a dispersive filter paired with a tunable narrow line-width laser source has been developed. The dispersive filter simultaneously captures multiple rotational Raman lines while maintaining capabilities for 1D spatially resolved measurements. A theoretical model for the filter has been developed and verified and preliminary 1-D images of rotational Raman scattering from CO2
Amino-Terminal Propeptide of C-Type Natriuretic Peptide and Linear Growth in Children: Effects of Puberty, Testosterone, and Growth Hormone (2007)

NTproCNP levels increase during growth-promoting therapy and are increased during puberty in boys. This novel biomarker of growth may have clinical utility in the evaluation of children with short stature and for monitoring growth-promoting therapy.
Photoinduced Optical Anisotropy in Amorphous Films of Liquid Crystalline Polymers (1994)

Abstract Amorphous, optically isotropic films of photochromic liquid crystalline copolymers have been prepared and irradiated with linearly polarized light. In this way high values of dichroism and birefringence have been induced.
Deletion of the H240R Gene in African Swine Fever Virus Partially Reduces Virus Virulence in Swine (2023)

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease that affects wild and domestic swine. Currently, the disease is present as a pandemic affecting pork production in Eurasia and the Caribbean region. The etiological agent of ASF is a large, highly complex structural virus (ASFV) harboring a double-stranded genome encoding for more than 160 proteins whose functions, in most cases, have not been experimentally characterized. We show here that deletion of the ASFV gene <i>H240R</i> from the genome of the highly virulent ASFV-Georgia2010 (ASFV-G) isolate partially decreases virus virulence when experimentally inoculated in domestic swine. ASFV-G-∆H240R, a recombinant virus harboring the deletion of the <i>H240R</i> gene, was produced to evaluate the function of the gene in the development of disease in pigs. While all animals intramuscularly inoculated with 10<sup>2</sup> HAD<sub>50</sub> of ASFV-G developed a fatal form of the disease, forty percent of pigs receiving a similar dose of ASFV-G-∆H240R survived the infection, remaining healthy during the 28-day observational period, and the remaining sixty percent developed a protracted but fatal form of the disease compared to that induced by ASFV-G. Additionally, all animals inoculated with ASFV-G-∆H240R presented protracted viremias with reduced virus titers when compared with those found in animals inoculated with ASFV-G. Animals surviving infection with ASFV-G-∆H240R developed a strong virus-specific antibody response and were protected against the challenge of the virulent parental ASFV-G.
Cellular Suicide Therapy of Malignant Disease (2000)

Adoptive cellular therapy is developing as a supplement or alternative to chemotherapy and/or radiation for malignant disease. Our focus is two ongoing clinical studies with transgeneic (genetically altered) cellular therapy; one uses allogeneic (from another person) lymphocytes to treat leukemia, and the second uses xenogeneic (from another species) fibroblast cells genetically altered to contain a toxin-producing suicide gene to treat ovarian cancer.
Scheduling Batch and Heterogeneous Jobs with Runtime Elasticity in a Parallel Processing Environment (2012)

Today's schedulers for a parallel processing environment are generally optimized for submit-time elasticity of batch jobs only, where resource needs are specified only at submission time. They are not designed for runtime elasticity of heterogeneous workloads comprising both batch and interactive jobs. By runtime elasticity it is meant that resource requirements for a job can change during its execution. This paper examines today's workload models and schedulers from this novel perspective. We show the need for an extended workload model with runtime elasticity. We then propose Delayed-LOS and Hybrid-LOS, two novel scheduling algorithms that improve and build on an existing Dynamic Programming based scheduler (LOS) designed only for batch jobs. While Delayed-LOS improves significantly over LOS, Hybrid-LOS is specifically designed for heterogeneous parallel workloads. We further propose elastic versions of these algorithms that incorporate runtime elasticity as well. Extensive simulations with GridSim framework demonstrate that Delayed-LOS & Hybrid-LOS improve average utilization by up to 4.1% & 4.55%, thereby reducing mean job-waiting time and slowdown by up to 31.88% & 25.31% and 30.3% & 24.29%, respectively.
Joint interleaver and trellis code design (2002)

Trellis coded modulation is often combined with some form of interleaving to mitigate correlation between the attenuation (fading) suffered by adjacent symbols. A common assumption has the interleaver producing a sequence of symbols with essentially independent fading. In fact, the dependence originally present in the fading is merely permuted by the interleaver. This paper presents a trellis code design technique that includes the post-interleaver correlation in the design metrics. Bit error rate simulations demonstrate that the new design technique provides a dramatic performance improvement when fading or interference is severe and strongly correlated.
DICER1/ <i>Alu</i> RNA dysmetabolism induces Caspase-8–mediated cell death in age-related macular degeneration (2014)

Geographic atrophy, an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) characterized by death of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), causes untreatable blindness in millions worldwide. The RPE of human eyes with geographic atrophy accumulates toxic Alu RNA in response to a deficit in the enzyme DICER1, which in turn leads to activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and elaboration of IL-18. Despite these recent insights, it is still unclear how RPE cells die during the course of the disease. In this study, we implicate the involvement of Caspase-8 as a critical mediator of RPE degeneration. Here we show that DICER1 deficiency, Alu RNA accumulation, and IL-18 up-regulation lead to RPE cell death via activation of Caspase-8 through a Fas ligand-dependent mechanism. Coupled with our observation of increased Caspase-8 expression in the RPE of human eyes with geographic atrophy, our findings provide a rationale for targeting this apoptotic pathway in this disease.
Abnormal calcium handling in atrial fibrillation is linked to up-regulation of adenosine A2A receptors (2010)

Atrial fibrillation patients show increased A(2A)R expression that may account for the high baseline level of spontaneous SR calcium release seen in myocytes from these patients, and the ability of A(2A)R antagonists to reduce this abnormal calcium release points to the A(2A)R as a novel molecular target in AF.