gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxygenation of the Endocannabinoid, 2-Arachidonylglycerol, to Glyceryl Prostaglandins by Cyclooxygenase-2 (2000)

Cyclooxygenases (COX) play an important role in lipid signaling by oxygenating arachidonic acid to endoperoxide precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxane. Two cyclooxygenases exist which differ in tissue distribution and regulation but otherwise carry out identical chemical functions. The neutral arachidonate derivative, 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), is one of two described endocannabinoids and appears to be a ligand for both the central (CB1) and peripheral (CB2) cannabinoid receptors. Here we report that 2-AG is a substrate for COX-2 and that it is metabolized as effectively as arachidonic acid. COX-2-mediated 2-AG oxygenation provides the novel lipid, prostaglandin H(2) glycerol ester (PGH(2)-G), in vitro and in cultured macrophages. PGH(2)-G produced by macrophages is a substrate for cellular PGD synthase, affording PGD(2)-G. Pharmacological studies reveal that macrophage production of PGD(2)-G from endogenous sources of 2-AG is calcium-dependent and mediated by diacylglycerol lipase and COX-2. These results identify a distinct function for COX-2 in endocannabinoid metabolism and in the generation of a new family of prostaglandins derived from diacylglycerol and 2-AG.
IC truly random number generators based on regular & chaotic sampling of chaotic waveforms (2011)

Two random number generation methods based on regular and chaotic sampling of chaotic waveforms are introduced. IC truly random number generators based on these methods are also presented. Simulation and experimental results, verifying the feasibilities and correct operations of the circuits, are given. Numerical models for the proposed TRNG designs have been developed leading the realization of the random number generator circuits. Moreover, a feedback strategy including offset and frequency compensation circuits have been developed in order to maximize the statistical quality of the output sequence and to be robust against external interference, parameter variations and attacks. Prototype chips have been fabricated by using HHNEC's 0.25 µm eFlash process with a supply voltage of 2.5V, which feature throughput in the order of a few Mbps and fulfill the NIST-800-22 statistical test suites for randomness without post-processing.
Electrochemiluminescence-Based Quantitation of Classical Clinical Chemistry Analytes (1996)

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-based assays are described for the quantitation of potentially any clinical analyte that can be linked to a β-nicotinamide adenine cofactor-requiring or hydrogen peroxide-forming enzyme. Light was emitted when an appropriate voltage was applied to an electrode immersed in a solution containing the inorganic luminescent complex, ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridyl), and either NAD(P)H or H2O2. The detection of H2O2 required oxalate as a coreactant. The amount of emitted light directly related to the concentration of NAD(P)H or H2O2. Five classical clinical analytes were quantitated using different formats: glucose (coupled to both NADH- and H2O2-producing enzymes), ethanol (two NADH-producing enzymes in series), carbon dioxide (NADH-depleting enzyme), cholesterol (H2O2-forming enzyme), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (temporal measurement of catalytic NADPH formation). Satisfactory correlations were found between ECL and conventional spectrophotometric analyses. The wide assortment of formats used to quantitate clinical analytes indicates that many other similarly coupled analytes may also be quantitated by ECL.
Emulsifying Activities of Purified Alasan Proteins from <i>Acinetobacter radioresistens</i> KA53 (2001)

The bioemulsifier of Acinetobacter radioresistens KA53, referred to as alasan, is a high-molecular-weight complex of polysaccharide and protein. The emulsifying activity of the purified polysaccharide (apo-alasan) is very low. Three of the alasan proteins were purified by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and had apparent molecular masses of 16, 31, and 45 kDa. Emulsification assays using the isolated alasan proteins demonstrated that the active components of the alasan complex are the proteins. The 45-kDa protein had the highest specific emulsifying activity, 11% higher than the intact alasan complex. The 16- and 31-kDa proteins gave relatively low emulsifying activities, but they were significantly higher than that of apo-alasan. The addition of the purified 16- and 31-kDa proteins to the 45-kDa protein resulted in a 1.8-fold increase in the specific emulsifying activity and increased stability of the oil-in-water emulsion. Fast-performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated that the 45-kDa protein forms a dimer in nondenaturing conditions and interacts with the 16- and 31-kDa proteins to form a high-molecular-mass complex. The 45-kDa protein and the three-protein complex had substrate specificities for emulsification and a range of pH activities similar to that of alasan. The fact that the purified proteins are active emulsifiers should simplify structure-function studies and advance our understanding of their biological roles.
Baseline hepatitis C virus resistance-associated substitutions present at frequencies lower than 15% may be clinically significant (2018)

Our results suggests that RAS study should include all three HCV DAA target proteins and minority mutants should be considered as clinically relevant.
Effect of dietary protein quality and fatty acid composition on plasma lipoprotein concentrations and hepatic triglyceride fatty acid synthesis in obese cats undergoing rapid weight loss (2000)

In cats undergoing rapid weight loss there is neither increased triglyceride synthesis nor decreased transport of very low density lipoproteins from the liver, suggesting that their involvement in the development of hepatic lipidosis may be minimal.
Hexagonal boron nitride and 6H-SiC heterostructures (2013)

Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) epilayers were grown on n-type 6H-SiC substrates via metal organic chemical vapor deposition. X-ray diffraction measurements confirmed that the epilayers are of single hexagonal phase. Photoluminescence (PL) studies revealed a dominant band edge emission at around 5.5 eV, similar to the PL spectra of hBN epilayers grown on sapphire. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the hBN/6H-SiC heterostructure were measured and the results were utilized to determine the band offsets of the hBN/6H-SiC heterojunctions. The analysis yielded the conduction and valence band offsets (ΔEC and ΔEV) of the hBN/6H-SiC heterointerface of about 2.3 and 0.7 (±0.2) eV, respectively, giving a ΔEC/ΔEg value of around 76%. The measured band offsets are in reasonable agreement with values deduced from the band alignments between hBN, AlN, and 6H-SiC obtained from independent experimental data and theoretical calculations.
<i>HER2</i> testing in breast cancer by quantitative PCR: technical and clinical considerations. (2015)

e11619 Background: HER2 gene is amplified and/or overexpressed in approximate 15% to 20% of primary breast cancers. Knowing the HER2 status is therefore essential for making right decision. Quantitative PCR is originally designed for analyzing gene expression, and now is gaining wide use in molecular diagnostics. We made some key changes to the steps and streamlined the whole process to provide a convenient method for determining the HER2expression level in breast cancer patients. Methods: A total of 80 freshly-frozen or FFPE breast tumor samples, with a minimal of 30% tumor cell content, were collected from three different locations. Total RNA was extracted by a dual process and was adjusted to a concentration of 25 ng/ml. The same amount of RNA from each sample was analyzed by RT-PCR. Result was reported automatically as delta Ct (ΔCt) respect to a cutoff reference point (CRP), which was derived from a tumor HER2 mRNA population study and monitored in each assay with a traceable material, synthetic oligo. The ΔCtvalue then was used for determination of HER2 expression level. Results: We simplified quantitative PCR steps and optimized assay process by incorporating a self quality control mechanism. Our studies demonstrated that the improved method had a linear range up to 7-order magnitude with less than 8% intra- and inter-assay variance. We established criteria for using total RNA as assay normalizer; therefore, eliminated the needs for choosing a particular reference gene. We introduced a new scoring system based on a CRP, which produced consistent/comparable scoring results on different PCR machines and in different laboratories. A comparison study with FISH revealed an overall 90% agreement. Our method was also suitable for HER2 testing in blood samples, making it feasible to track patient HER2level after clinical intervention. Conclusions: HER2 testing by quantitative PCR method is accurate, consistent, and cost-effective. The whole process can be accomplished in less than 3 hours. The improved method also circumvents many drawbacks associated with testing by IHC and FISH. It is beyond doubt that adoption of quantitative PCR represents a new trend in HER2 testing and would improve clinical outcomes.
Antiestrogenic and anticancer activities of peptides derived from the active site of alpha‐fetoprotein (2009)

Cyclo[EKTOVNOGN] (AFPep), a cyclic 9-amino acid peptide derived from the active site of alpha-fetoprotein, has been shown to prevent carcinogen-induced mammary cancer in rats and inhibit the growth of ER(+) human breast cancer xenografts in mice. Recently, studies using replica exchange molecular dynamics predicted that the TOVN region of AFPep might form a dynamically stable putative Type I beta-turn, and thus be biologically active without additional amino acids. The studies presented in this paper were performed to determine whether TOVN and other small analogs of AFPep would inhibit estrogen-stimulated cancer growth and exhibit a broad effective-dose range. These peptides contained nine or fewer amino acids, and were designed to bracket or include the putative pharmacophoric region (TOVN) of AFPep. Biological activities of these peptides were evaluated using an immature mouse uterine growth inhibition assay, a T47D breast cancer cell proliferation assay, and an MCF-7 breast cancer xenograft assay. TOVN had very weak antiestrogenic activity in comparison to AFPep's activity, whereas TOVNO had antiestrogenic and anticancer activities similar to AFPep. OVNO, which does not form a putative Type I beta-turn, had virtually no antiestrogenic and anticancer activities. A putative proteolytic cleavage product of AFPep, TOVNOGNEK, significantly inhibited E(2)-stimulated growth in vivo and in vitro over a wider dose range than AFPep or TOVNO. We conclude that TOVNO has anticancer potential, that TOVNOGNEK is as effective as AFPep in suppressing growth of human breast cancer cells, and that it does so over a broader effective-dose range.
Intranasal Interferon- 2, Treatment of Experimental Rhinoviral Colds (1984)

The therapeutic efficacy of recombinant interferon-alpha 2 (HuIFN-alpha 2) in experimental infection with rhinovirus type 39 was assessed in two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Adult volunteers (serum neutralizing antibody titer, less than or equal to 1:2) were given 9 X 10(6) international units of HuIFN-alpha 2 three times a day for five days by intranasal spray (study 1) or drops (study 2) beginning 28 hr after rhinovirus inoculation. HuIFN-alpha 2 did not prevent rhinovirus infection or colds in either study. Treatment by nasal drops and to a lesser extent by spray was associated with significant reductions in duration and quantity of viral shedding. Treatment by drops was associated with significant but modest effects on nasal symptom scores and trends toward reduced quantities of production of nasal mucus. Despite lower nasal wash concentrations of interferon, HuIFN-alpha 2 drops appeared to have greater antiviral activity and therapeutic efficacy than did HuIFN-alpha 2 spray. These findings suggest that HuIFN-alpha 2 may not be therapeutically useful in treating naturally occurring rhinoviral colds.
Fabrication process of pzt piezoelectric cantilever unimorphs using surface micromachining (1997)

Abstract This paper discusses the fabrication process and challenges for fabrication of piezoelectric cantilever beam microaccelerometers by using surface micromachining techniques. PZT thin films were used as the piezoelectric material to detect the acceleration of the cantilever beam. In this paper, we discuss in detail the process challenges encountered in piezoelectric microaccelerometers. These major challenges include PZT thin film deposition and encapsulation during final micromachining membrane release.
Experimental Phase Separation Differential Chaos Shift Keying Wireless Communication Based on Matched Filter (2019)

New findings have been identified recently for chaos application in communication systems, including the simplest matched filter to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the ability to resist multi-path propagation. However, chaos has a broad band frequency spectrum, which impedes its application in the conventional wireless communication systems due to the antenna and transducer bandwidth. To deal with such problem, the chaos generated by a second order hybrid system (SOHS) with a fixed basis function is used for Differential Chaos Shift Keying (DCSK) communication. A sinusoidal and its orthogonal signal are used to separate the reference signal and the information bearing signal, which are transmitted in the wireless channel. In such a way, the obstacle to broadband signal transmission in a wireless channel is overcome. A matched filter, using the convolution of the received signal and the time reverse of the basis function, maximizes the SNR at the receiver. Moreover, the proposed SOHS-DCSK provides an additional bitstream due to the chaotic signal generated by the SOHS, being capable to encode information as well. The two information sub-streams can be transmitted simultaneously in the proposed method, which possesses different bit transmission rates and reliability. In this way, the High Priority (HP) information bits are transmitted at a low transmission rate, while the Low Priority (LP) information bits are transmitted at a higher transmission rate. Hence, the proposed SOHS-DCSK method not only provides a higher data transmission rate as compared to the conventional DCSK but also makes the transmitted signal to be compatible with the conventional transducer and antenna. Due to the matched filter used, the proposed method achieves a lower bit error rate of the HP information as compared to the other existing enhanced DCSK variants for both additive white Gaussian noise channel and wireless communication channel. The numerical simulations and experiments based on the wireless open-access research platform show the validity and superiority of the proposed method.
Reply to "Comment on Protocol for Direct Counterfactual Quantum Communication" (2014)

In reply to Vaidman's Comment [arXiv:1304.6689], we show that his claim that our Protocol for Direct Counterfactual Quantum Communication [PRL 110, 170502 (2013), arXiv:1206.2042] is counterfactual only for one type of information bit is wrong.
A Prototype Pyrolyzer for Solid Waste Resource Recovery in Space (2001)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Pyrolysis processing is one of several options for solid waste resource recovery in space. It has the advantage of being relatively simple and adaptable to a wide variety of feedstocks and it can produce several usable products from typical waste streams. The objective of this study is to produce a prototype mixed solid waste pyrolyzer for spacecraft applications. A two-stage reactor system was developed which can process about 1 kg of waste per cycle. The reactor includes a pyrolysis chamber where the waste is heated to temperatures above 600°C for primary pyrolysis. The volatile products (liquids, gases) are transported by a N<sub>2</sub> purge gas to a second chamber which contains a catalyst bed for cracking the tars at temperatures of about 1000 °C −1100 °C. The tars are cracked into carbon and additional gases. Most of the carbon is subsequently gasified by oxygenated volatiles (CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O) from the first stage. In a final step, the temperature of the first stage can be raised and the purge gas switched from N<sub>2</sub> to CO<sub>2</sub> in order to gasify the remaining char in the first stage and the remaining carbon deposits in the second stage. Alternatively, the char can be removed from the first stage and saved as a future source of CO<sub>2</sub> or used to make activated carbon. The product gases from the pyrolyzer will be rich in CO and cannot be vented directly into the cabin. However, they can be processed in a shift reactor or sent to a high temperature fuel cell. A control system based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) is being developed for the reactor system. ANN models are well suited to describing the complicated relationships between the composition of the starting materials, the process conditions and the desired product yields.</div>
Radial‐Position‐Controlled Doping of CdS/ZnS Core/Shell Nanocrystals: Surface Effects and Position‐Dependent Properties (2009)

Energy transfer in doped semiconductor nanocrystals: Mn-doped CdS/ZnS nanocrystals show interesting photoluminescence and EPR properties that are strongly dependent on the radial position of Mn dopants inside nanocrystals (see graphic). Furthermore, the results suggest a two-step mechanism for the energy transfer inside the doped nanocrystals.This paper reports a study of the surface effects and position-dependent properties of Mn-doped CdS/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals, which were prepared by using a three-step synthesis method. The Mn-doping level of these nanocrystals was determined by a combination of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. These nanocrystals were further characterized by using transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. First, we found that injecting a large excess of zinc stearate at the end of nanocrystal synthesis can sufficiently eliminate the surface-trap states from the doped CdS/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals and enhance their photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY). Second, our results demonstrate that the Mn-PL QY is determined by the product of the efficiency of energy transfer from an exciton inside the CdS core to a Mn ion (Phi(ET)) and the efficiency of the emission from the Mn ion (Phi(Mn)). Third, Phi(Mn) strongly depends on the radial position of Mn ions in the doped core/shell nanocrystals. The position-dependent changes of Phi(Mn) nearly perfectly correlate to those of the linewidth of Mn EPR peaks: the higher the Phi(Mn), the narrower the linewidth of the Mn EPR peak. Fourth, the results demonstrate that Phi(ET) depends on the Mn-doping level as well as the inverse sixth power of the distance between a Mn ion and the center of its host nanocrystal. Accordingly, we propose a two-step mechanism for the energy transfer: 1) the energy transfer from an exciton inside the CdS core to a bound exciton around a Mn center, which is the rate-determining step and follows the Förster mechanism, and 2) the energy transfer from the bound exciton to the Mn center, which might follow a mechanism such as dark exciton (triplet exciton) or Auger transfer.
An Improved Three-Weight Message-Passing Algorithm (2013)

We describe how the powerful "Divide and Concur" algorithm for constraint satisfaction can be derived as a special case of a message-passing version of the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) algorithm for convex optimization, and introduce an improved message-passing algorithm based on ADMM/DC by introducing three distinct weights for messages, with "certain" and "no opinion" weights, as well as the standard weight used in ADMM/DC. The "certain" messages allow our improved algorithm to implement constraint propagation as a special case, while the "no opinion" messages speed convergence for some problems by making the algorithm focus only on active constraints. We describe how our three-weight version of ADMM/DC can give greatly improved performance for non-convex problems such as circle packing and solving large Sudoku puzzles, while retaining the exact performance of ADMM for convex problems. We also describe the advantages of our algorithm compared to other message-passing algorithms based upon belief propagation.
<title>Two Proposed Holographic Numerical Optical Processors</title> (1979)

Two numerical optical processor configurations are presented. Both systems are based on holographic recording (to form the processing element) and holographic reconstruction (to perform the numerical processing). In these systems, pairs or arrays of pairs of binary words are presented as the input. The output may be the addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, or other operation on the pairs of words. There is one binary word answer for each pair of binary word inputs. Both numerical optical processor configurations use holographic wavefront addition and subtraction to construct Boolean logic operations. However, as contrasted with constructing arithmetic operations through multiple steps of combinational logic, a single-step truth-table look-up processor is devised. Numerical results are obtained with a single optical pass through the system. Both systems require only a limited part of the complete truth table to be recorded. The first system is based on the EXCLUSIVE OR operation performed holographically on binary arrays. The second system, more complex but more powerful, performs an operation that is equivalent to two levels of logic, a NAND and OR followed by another OR operation. For both the EXCLUSIVE OR numerical optical processor and the NAND-OR-OR numerical optical processor, the array sizes during recording and readout and the number of superposed recordings needed are presented and discussed.
Genetic basis of the highly efficient yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus: complete genome sequence and transcriptome analyses (2015)

This study reveals many gene resources for the ability to assimilate various sugars in addition to species-specific genes in K. marxianus, and the molecular basis of its attractive traits for industrial applications including high-temperature fermentation. Especially, the thermotolerance trait may be achieved by an integrated mechanism consisting of various strategies. Gene resources and transcriptome data of the yeast are particularly useful for fundamental and applied researches for innovative applications.
Reconfigurable and Foldable Monolithic Reflectarray (2020)

In this paper, we propose a novel reconfigurable ReflectArray (RA) with multiple apertures for Cubesat applications. The design consists of a central RA with two or more folding panels connected using a surrogate hinge. Depending on the folding direction of these panels (forward or backward), a new RA aperture is formed. The proposed RA with the folding panels and corresponding hinges are printed on a single PCB board. A design of such an RA with two foldable panels is presented. This RA has two different single pencil beams pointing at <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(\theta=30^{o},\phi=0^{o})$</tex> and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(\theta=-30^{o},\ \phi=0^{o})$</tex> , as well as a dual-beam pattern with beam peaks at <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(\theta=\pm 30^{o},\ \phi=0^{o})$</tex> operating in the Ku-band at 16 GHz. Key advantages of this RA for CubeSat applications include small stowed volume, low fabrication cost, and reduced complexity.