gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alpha-Cyclodextrin Sulphate, an anti-HIV Agent, Retains its Antiviral Effect in the Presence of Hydrocortisol Phosphate (1993)

Cyclodextrin sulphates alpha (a) and beta (b) were found to be inhibitors of replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); the same cells were also stimulated to proliferate (Anand et al., 1990). B-Cyclodextrin sulphate was also found to stimulate another, more complex, cell proliferation-neovascularization process in rabbit cornea (Folkman et al., 1989). Since the process of neovascularization is generally associated with progression of tumour growth and other pathologies, it is obvious that its stimulation by an antiviral compound may be a serious side effect. Nevertheless endotoxin-induced neovascularization can be suppressed by simultaneous treatment with b-cyclodextrin sulphate and glucocorticoids (Folkman et al., 1989). The same co-treatment may possibly be used to improve antiviral action of cyclodextrin sulphates, but such a combination therapy may not be free of complications. Glucocorticoids also affect the stability of various cellular membranes. Treatment of cells in vitro by glucocorticoids is known to stabilize their lysozymes. Glucocorticoids affect both the proliferative capacity of the cells (Cristofalo, 1972) and cytopathic effects of rabies viral infection. Furthermore, it has been reported that the cytopathic effects of rabies and of yellow fever viruses were inhibited while those of the polio virus were only mildly affected (Hannoun et al., 1965). Consequently, in this work we evaluated effects of a glucocorticoid and of glucocorticoid-a-cyclodextrin sulphate combination on HIV-1 replication.
An acquisition and image reconstruction scheme for reduced x-ray exposure dynamic 3D CTA (2008)

We present Computed Tomography (CT) acquisition and reconstruction schemes for low-dose neuro-angiography based on the method of HighlY constrained back PRojection (HYPR). Simulated and experimental low X-ray radiation dose scans were prepared using the techniques of interleaved view angle under-sampling and tube current reduction. Dynamic CT Angiograms (CTAs) were produced for both standard and low dose images sets. The spatial correlation coefficient, r, between the two reconstruction approaches was determined for each time frame and the SNR and CNR values in arterial ROIs were calculated. The undersampled HYPR reconstructions produced r values of > 0.95 at undersampling and dose reduction factors of 10 and SNR and CNR were more than doubled using HYPR techniques at a tube current of 25 mA. HYPR approaches to contrast enhanced neuro-imaging provide not only volumetric brain hemodynamics but also the ability to produce high quality maps of standard perfusion parameters. The synergy of volumetric hemodynamics and assessment of tissue function provides the medical imaging community with high quality diagnostic information at a fraction of the radiation dose in a single contrast-enhanced scan.
Discovering signature of social networks with application to community detection (2014)

Today, any online social media collects a huge volume of data not just about who is linked with whom (aka link data) but also, about who is interacting with whom (aka interaction data). The presence of both variety and volume in these datasets pose new challenges, and thereby opportunities for the field of social network analysis (SNA). Traditionally, SNA techniques are designed to work only with the link data. Recently, there have been some attempts to analyze link data in conjunction with interaction data. In this paper, we advance this research agenda further by introducing a notion called signature of a social network and propose an efficient approach to compute it. The signature of a social network is essentially a sparse subgraph of the original social network such that it succinctly captures key information contained within the data sources (both linked and interaction data). The signature of a social network need not be unique. The value behind computing such a signature stems from the fact that once computed, any subsequent SNA (e.g. community detection, influence propagation, etc.) becomes much faster while not compromising much with quality. The concept of importance weights of the edges has been the guiding principle for us behind the idea of signature of a social network. In our approach, we start with deriving importance weights of the edges based on the information contained in these data sources. Next, we apply a novel graph sparsification technique to generate signature of the given social network by dropping edges that are not so informative. We demonstrate the efficacy of the signature of social network with an application to community detection on certain well-known social network datasets such as Digg, Youtube, Epinions, DBLP, and Amazon. We obtained effective community detection results on these datasets using our proposed approach while achieving about 40 times speed-up.
Multi-client quantum key distribution using wavelength division multiplexing (2011)

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) exploits the rules of quantum mechanics to generate and securely distribute a random sequence of bits to two spatially separated clients. Typically a QKD system can support only a single pair of clients at a time, and so a separate quantum link is required for every pair of users. We overcome this limitation with the design and characterization of a multi-client entangled-photon QKD system with the capacity for up to 100 clients simultaneously. The time-bin entangled QKD system includes a broadband down-conversion source with two unique features that enable the multi-user capability. First, the photons are emitted across a very large portion of the telecom spectrum. Second, and more importantly, the photons are strongly correlated in their energy degree of freedom. Using standard wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) hardware, the photons can be routed to different parties on a quantum communication network, while the strong spectral correlations ensure that each client is linked only to the client receiving the conjugate wavelength. In this way, a single down-conversion source can support dozens of channels simultaneously--and to the extent that the WDM hardware can send different spectral channels to different clients, the system can support multiple client pairings. We will describe the design and characterization of the down-conversion source, as well as the client stations, which must be tunable across the emission spectrum.
<title>Adaptive motion artifact suppression in CT</title> (1996)

It is well known that the respiratory motion during computed tomography (CT) causes artifacts that can mimic disease and could lead to mis-diagnosis. In this paper, we present an adaptive weighting scheme for motion artifacts suppression. The weighting scheme is based on the observation that the motion artifacts are caused by the inconsistency in the projection data set at the beginning and end of a scan. In general, the larger the discrepancy between the projections in these two segments, the more pronounced the artifacts. We make use of the redundant data samples in a CT scan and try to minimize the contributions of these views to the final image. By incorporating the information obtained from the external patient motion measurements, the amount of suppression can be tailored to the data set to achieve the best compromise between the patient motion artifacts and the image noise. This method has been applied to real patient scans and its advantages have been demonstrated.
Superbroadband or multiwavelength transmitter for optical fiber communication systems (2002)

This paper describes a novel technical approach to build a multiwavelength laser source for WDM applications. Contrary to conventional tunable laser sources that can switch between different lasing wavelength in a given wavelength band, the superbroadband laser simultaneously emits at multiple wavelengths. The basic idea of this system is to maintain simultaneous lasing operation in an optical active gain medium at different wavelengths. The system uses a novel dispersive cavity. By designing this cavity structure appropriately, the system creates its own microcavities each lasing at a different wavelength within the fluorescence band of the gain medium. The experimental results of the superbroadband and multifrequency lasing are demonstrated on the basis of a LiF:F/sub 2//sup -/ color center medium. A simultaneous generation across the whole emission region of the LiF:F/sub 2//sup -/ active medium (1.1-1.24 /spl mu/m) with efficiency of 15 % and a simultaneous frequency doubling in the visible green-red spectral region (0.55-0.62 /spl mu/m) was achieved as well as a regime of multi frequency lasing with a special pre-assigned spectral distribution (20 independent lines were obtained and up to hundreds of lines possible) was realized by placing a special mask or image controller into the pump beam. For applications in communications systems a version of this superbroadband laser using a semiconductor active gain material operating in one of the telecommunication wavelength bands around 1.3 or 1.5 /spl mu/m is proposed.
Acoustic Resonances in Chicken Eggs (1992)

Abstract We report the first acoustical vibration studies on chicken eggs. Measurements of the acoustic resonances offer the potential of simple, noninvasive, and rapid characterization of eggs. The technique appears at least partially sensitive to yolk puncture, shell cracks, and the presence of Salmonella bacteria. There may be practical quality control applications.
Process of continuous cleaning of waste gases with active carbon. Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Reinigung von Abgasen mit Aktivkohle (1985)

The invention refers to a process for cleaning waste gases by adsorption and chemi-sorption of gaseous noxious substances in active carbon with simultaneous desorption of these substances or their reaction products. The process is carried out with 100 to 800 g acceleration in a screen centrifuge, in the rotor of which there is a layer of fine grained or fibrous active carbon. The waste gas flows through this layer from outside to inside. The noxious substances are washed out with the desorption material in counterflow to the waste gas.
Low-dose, simple, and fast grating-based X-ray phase-contrast imaging (2010)

Phase sensitive X-ray imaging methods can provide substantially increased contrast over conventional absorption-based imaging and therefore new and otherwise inaccessible information. The use of gratings as optical elements in hard X-ray phase imaging overcomes some of the problems that have impaired the wider use of phase contrast in X-ray radiography and tomography. So far, to separate the phase information from other contributions detected with a grating interferometer, a phase-stepping approach has been considered, which implies the acquisition of multiple radiographic projections. Here we present an innovative, highly sensitive X-ray tomographic phase-contrast imaging approach based on grating interferometry, which extracts the phase-contrast signal without the need of phase stepping. Compared to the existing phase-stepping approach, the main advantages of this new method dubbed "reverse projection" are not only the significantly reduced delivered dose, without the degradation of the image quality, but also the much higher efficiency. The new technique sets the prerequisites for future fast and low-dose phase-contrast imaging methods, fundamental for imaging biological specimens and in vivo studies.
Synthesis of Deserpidine from Reserpine (2005)

The Rauwolfia alkaloids reserpine (1) and deserpidine (2), two alkaloids from Rauwolfia species, have been widely used for their antihypertensive action. Deserpidine (2) is a compound with limited availability from natural sources, and its synthesis from 1 in six steps (41% overall yield) is reported here.
RimNet: A deep 3D multimodal MRI architecture for paramagnetic rim lesion assessment in multiple sclerosis (2020)

The proposed prototype showed promising performance, supporting the usage of RimNet for speeding up and standardizing the paramagnetic rim lesions analysis in MS.
Host Recognition in the <i>Rhizobium</i>-Soybean Symbiosis (1985)

Rhizobium japonicum mutant strain HS111 was previously shown to be defective in the rate of initiation of infection leading to subsequent nodule formation (1984 Plant Physiol 74: 84-89). Mutant strain HS111's defect in nodulation can be phenotypically reversed to wild type levels by pretreatment with root exudates from all soybean varieties that have been tested. The data indicate that lectin-Rhizobium interaction is necessary for the phenotypic reversal of the nodulation characteristics of mutant strain HS111. Pretreatment of strain HS111 with soybean seed lectin mimics the effect of root exudate pretreatment. In addition, the presence of 30 millimolar d-galactose, a hapten of soybean seed lectin, in the root exudate or soybean seed lectin pretreatment solution prevents enhancement of nodulation of strain HS111. Pretreatment of mutant strain HS111 in soybean root exudate which has had galactose-specific lectin(s) removed by affinity chromatography (affinity eluate) results in no enhancement of nodulation by strain HS111. Lectin(s) subsequently removed from the affinity column possesses 100% of the stimulatory activity originally found in the root exudate. Pretreatment of strain HS111 in root exudate from a soybean seed line (T102) known to lack seed lectin due to an insertion in the structural gene results in the reversal of the defective nodulation phenotype. This latter result indicates that the lectin found in soybean root exudate is genetically distinct from the seed lectin. It is apparently this root lectin that is involved in nodulation.
Islet Amyloid Polypeptide: Structure, Function, and Pathophysiology (2015)

The hormone islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP, or amylin) plays a role in glucose homeostasis but aggregates to form islet amyloid in type-2 diabetes. Islet amyloid formation contributes to β-cell dysfunction and death in the disease and to the failure of islet transplants. Recent work suggests a role for IAPP aggregation in cardiovascular complications of type-2 diabetes and hints at a possible role in type-1 diabetes. The mechanisms of IAPP amyloid formation in vivo or in vitro are not understood and the mechanisms of IAPP induced β-cell death are not fully defined. Activation of the inflammasome, defects in autophagy, ER stress, generation of reactive oxygen species, membrane disruption, and receptor mediated mechanisms have all been proposed to play a role. Open questions in the field include the relative importance of the various mechanisms of β-cell death, the relevance of reductionist biophysical studies to the situation in vivo, the molecular mechanism of amyloid formation in vitro and in vivo, the factors which trigger amyloid formation in type-2 diabetes, the potential role of IAPP in type-1 diabetes, the development of clinically relevant inhibitors of islet amyloidosis toxicity, and the design of soluble, bioactive variants of IAPP for use as adjuncts to insulin therapy.
Detection of <i>Escherichia Coli</i> O157:H7 in Cattle Feces Using a Polymerase Chain Reaction—Based Fluorogenic 5′ Nuclease (TaqMan®) Detection Assay after Secondary Enrichment (2003)

Currently, methods for recovering and identifying Escherichia coli O157:H7 from cattle feces are inconsistent and hindered by their inability to specifically and rapidly detect small numbers of organisms from this complex and highly variable matrix. A standard approach for isolating and characterizing E. coli O157:H7 from cattle feces was compared with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based 5' nuclease assay specific for E. coli O157:H7 that included a secondary enrichment step. The PCR-based method proved a better indicator of the presence of the organism than the culture procedure. Retests indicated that the inclusion of a secondary enrichment step and the subsequent analysis by the 5' nuclease assay were reproducible and specific. Escherichia coli O157:H7 could be detected in fecal samples that were otherwise negative after a primary enrichment step, immunomagnetic separation, and plating onto sorbitol MacConkey agar plates containing cefixime and tellurite (CT-SMAC). In samples that were initially identified as culture positive but PCR negative, retesting of the culture isolates on CT-SMAC indicated that the sorbitol fermentation interpretations could frequently not be repeated in retests, whereas retesting using the 5' nuclease assay on the original samples demonstrated a high level of agreement with the initial PCR conclusions. These results indicate the necessity of confirmatory evaluation of isolates culturally recovered by standard cultural methods that involve the interpretation of CT-SMAC. The high level of disagreement between initial culture results and retests, and the high level of agreement between initial PCR results and retests, indicates the advantages of a gene-based detection system for identifying E. coli O157:H7 in cattle feces. Screening large numbers of fecal samples for E. coli O157:H7 would appear to be feasible by integrating the use of enrichment media in serial rounds of incubation with a PCR-based fluorogenic detection procedure in high throughput detection systems that had automated liquid-handling capabilities.
Ultrathin micromolded 3D scaffolds for high-density photoreceptor layer reconstruction (2021)

Polymeric scaffolds are revolutionizing therapeutics for blinding disorders affecting the outer retina, a region anatomically and functionally defined by light-sensitive photoreceptors. Recent engineering advances have produced planar scaffolds optimized for retinal pigment epithelium monolayer delivery, which are being tested in early-stage clinical trials. We previously described a three-dimensional scaffold supporting a polarized photoreceptor monolayer, but photoreceptor somata typically occupy multiple densely packed strata to maximize light detection. Thus, patients with severe photoreceptor degeneration are expected to extract greater benefits from higher-density photoreceptor delivery. Here, we describe the microfabrication of a biodegradable scaffold patterned for high-density photoreceptor replacement. The "ice cube tray" structure optimizes mechanical properties and cell-to-biomaterial load, enabling production of a multicellular photoreceptor layer designed for outer retinal reconstruction. Our approach may also be useful in the production of a multitude of micro- and nanoscale structures for multilayered cell delivery in other tissues.
Low rate TCP denial-of-service attack detection at edge routers (2005)

Low rate TCP denial-of-service attacks are a new type of DoS attacks that are carefully orchestrated to exploit the fixed minimum TCP RTO property and thereby deny services to legitimate users. This type of attacks is different from traditional flood-based attacks and hence conventional solutions to detect these attacks are not applicable. We propose a novel approach to detect these attack flows at edge routers. A flow exhibiting a periodic pattern is marked malicious if its burst length is greater than or equal to RTTs of other connections with the same server and its time period is equal to the fixed minimum RTO. A carefully designed light weight data structure is proposed to store the necessary flow history at edge routers. Simulation results show that such flows can be detected by our proposed approach, which does not require any modification to TCP congestion control algorithms like randomizing the fixed minimum RTO.
Observation of Subcellular Metabolite Gradients in Single Cells by Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (2012)

Mikroschnitte und Analysen von Zellen durch die Titeltechnik wurden genutzt, um die Kompartimentalisierung von Metaboliten in subzellulären Domänen zu untersuchen. Experimente an Pflanzen-Epidermiszellen weisen auf deutlich unterschiedliche Metabolitenprofile für Zellkern und Zytoplasma hin. Die Technik kann auch auf andere Zellarten angewendet werden und könnte mechanistische Einblicke liefern, die im Zusammenhang mit Krankheiten und Wirkstofftransport wichtig sind.
Strain Rate Sensitivity of Alloy 718 Stress Corrosion Cracking (1991)

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) tests were conducted in 36O'C pressurizedwater-reactor (PWR) primary water using Alloy 718 heat-treated to produce precipitate-free grain boundaries. Fatigue precracked, 12.5-mm-thick compact fracture specimens were loaded at displacement rates from 2.5 x lOwa to 2.5 x lo-lo m/set. At the fastest displacement rate no SCC is observed. At the slowest displacement rate, SCC is observed but
[Novel renal function marker, ATP--establishing the normal range, cases of anti-tumor drags administration for urinary-track tumor, diabetic diseases and a newborn baby]. (2002)

Urinary free ATP assay by the firefly luciferin-luciferase method is a rapid and simple method for determining renal function, especially uriniferous tubule function. Normal range of urinary free ATP concentration, daily ATP excretion in urine, urinary ATP/creatinine value and ATP decomposition activity in urine is 1.1 x 10(-9)-3.4 x 10(-8) M, 4.0 x 10(-9)-4.1 x 10(-8) mole, 5.0 x 10(-13)-5.9 x 10(-11) mol/mgCr and 100-77% express for the remaining rate of additional ATP, respectively. A significant correlation was found between free ATP concentration and daily ATP excretion in urine with a correlation coefficient of 0.84. In cases of anti-tumor drug(cisplatin = cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II) administration for urinary-track tumor, abnormal urinary free ATP concentration and ATP decomposition activity in urine were clearly demonstrated after a few days of cisplatin administration. The appearance of a tendency toward abnormal relative ATP values were similar to changes in beta 2-MG and NAG values. Diabetic patients often demonstrate unusually high values of urinary free ATP concentration. In asphyxia of the newborn, urinary ATP/creatinine value were significantly higher than those in healthy newborn, but urinary NAG values did not differ.
Dual role of alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (1997)

The alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase gene aldB is clustered with the genes for the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. It can be transcribed with BCAA genes under isoleucine regulation or independently of BCAA synthesis under the control of its own promoter. The product of aldB is responsible for leucine sensibility under valine starvation. In the presence of more than 10 microM leucine, the alpha-acetolactate produced by the biosynthetic acetohydroxy acid synthase IlvBN is transformed to acetoin by AldB and, consequently, is not available for valine synthesis. AldB is also involved in acetoin formation in the 2,3-butanediol pathway, initiated by the catabolic acetolactate synthase, AlsS. The differences in the genetic organization, the expression, and the kinetics parameters of these enzymes between L. lactis and Klebsiella terrigena, Bacillus subtilis, or Leuconostoc oenos suggest that this pathway plays a different role in the metabolism in these bacteria. Thus, the alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase from L. lactis plays a dual role in the cell: (i) as key regulator of valine and leucine biosynthesis, by controlling the acetolactate flux by a shift to catabolism; and (ii) as an enzyme catalyzing the second step of the 2,3-butanediol pathway.