gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TH‐A‐220‐06: Four‐Dimensional MRI/CT Based Auto‐Adaptive Segmentation for Real‐Time Radiotherapy in Lung Cancer Treatment (2011)

Purpose: To enable real‐time magnetic resonance (MR)/computer tomography (CT) image‐guided radiotherapy (IGRT) and to reduce treatment planning durations in the radiotherapy of lung cancer through the design and implementation of computationally efficient four‐dimensional (4D) MR/CT based automated segmentation algorithms. Methods: Hyperpolarized helium‐3 (HP3He) and proton‐density 4DMRI lung data was acquired for six subjects. Thoracic 4DCT data often subjects with lung cancer was also acquired. Automated segmentation was performed using a novel Morphological Processing and Successive Localization (MPSL) approach. Three different MPSL segmentation algorithms were developed to segment the regions of tumor, body and lung respectively. MPSL segmentation: A mask that includes the intensity range of the region‐of‐interest was generated. Then morphological processing (and/or reconstruction) was performed to separate the target volume(s) from other regions. Then the different connected regions were labeled using the union‐find algorithm and their areas/volumes were calculated. A limit on the maximum/minimum possible area/volume of the target volume was used as a filter to segment the target volume. Morphological processing/reconstruction were performed again to create the final contours. Results: MPSL was shown to successfully segment the regions‐of‐interest (tumors, lung and body) from the images with both high and low signal‐to‐ noise ratio. With the use of 3D processing and successive localization MPSL was shown to separately classify tumor and diaphragm (that may appear within the 2D contours of the lung). MPSL segmentation was compared with manual segmentation. Average computational time for achieving automated lung segmentation using MPSL on one phase volume (128×128×128) of 4D HP3He MR data was 0.5s. For proton‐density 4DMRI data, the average time for automated segmentation of body and lung on one phase volume (128×128×128) was 2s. Conclusions: With the computation speed of the order of seconds for achieving automated segmentation, MPSL has realistic potential for application in real‐time image‐guidance for adaptive radiotherapy.
Inspiratory lung impedance in COPD: effects of PEEP and immediate impact of lung volume reduction surgery (2001)

Frequency-dependent characteristics of lung resistance (RL) and elastance (EL) are sensitive to different patterns of airway obstruction. We used an enhanced ventilator waveform (EVW) to measure inspiratory RL and EL spectra in ventilated patients during thoracic surgery. The EVW delivers an inspiratory flow waveform with enhanced spectral excitation from 0.156 to 8.1 Hz. Estimates of the coefficients in a trigonometric approximation of the EVW flow and transpulmonary pressure inspirations yielded inspiratory RL and EL spectra. We applied the EVW in a group with mild obstruction undergoing various thoracoscopic procedures (n = 6), and another group with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing lung volume reduction surgery (n = 8). Measurements were made at positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 0, 3, and 6 cmH(2)O. Inspiratory RL was similar in both groups despite marked differences in spirometry. The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients demonstrated a pronounced frequency-dependent increase in inspiratory EL consistent with severe heterogeneous peripheral airway obstruction. PEEP appears to have beneficial effects by reducing peripheral airway resistance. Lung volume reduction surgery resulted in increased inspiratory RL and EL at all frequencies and PEEPs, possibly due to loss of diseased lung tissue, pulmonary edema, increased mechanical heterogeneity, and/or an improvement in airway tethering.
A coherent frequency-domain THz spectrometer with a signal-to-noise ratio of 60 dB at 1 THz (2008)

A terahertz frequency domain spectrometer is implemented using two ErAs:GaAs photomixers in a highly compact configuration, utilizing all solid-state components and no moving parts. Digital signal processing electronics provide precise frequency control and yield ~200 MHz accuracy of the THz signal frequency. Continuous frequency sweeping is demonstrated with better than 1 GHz resolution from 200 GHz to 1.85 THz. The coherent detection sensitivity is shown to be in good agreement with previous theoretical predictions and yields a signal-to-noise ratio of 80 dB*Hz at 200 GHz and 60 dB*Hz at 1 THz through a path length in air of one foot.
Performance Prediction in Adaptive Mimo Systems (2009)

In multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems, predicting performance prior to data transmission remains a difficult problem. This paper proposes an algorithm to predict the average bit error rate (BER) and packet error rate (PER) of a MIMO system, after decoding the error correction code (ECC). Since the algorithm makes no a-priori assumptions about the channel, it is applicable to a wide variety of random channels. In our results, we show a good match between the predicted BER and PER, and the BER, PER from simulated data transmission.
Rare-Earth Pentaphosphates for Miniaturized Laser Applications. (1977)

Neodymium pentaphosphate (DPPN) has recently emerged as a new laser compound offering a considerable improvement in operating efficiency over existing materials. Up to thirty times more Nd can be incorporated than in Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet, without substantial fluorescence quenching, linewidth broadening, life-time reduction and optical degradation of the crystal. The evaluation and testing of NdPP lasers in prototype components using optical pumping has been hindered due to the limited size, availability and quality of the single crystals. Unique modifications of conventional solution growth techniques have been devised which have yielded the largest crystals (greater than 1 cm) of NdPP currently available. Ambient control, growth temperature, rare-earth oxide to phosphoric acid ratio, and seeding were found to greatly influence nucleation, growth rate and crystal quality. An as-grown crystal of NdPP containing 10 percent yttrium, 2.5 x 3.5 x2.2 mm thick, produced 0.24 watts of output power for 1.0 watt of absorbed power using longitudinal pumping with a repetitively pulsed argon laser; the conversion efficiency is approximately 24 percent. (Author)
Optical Frequency Comb Generation from a Monolithic Micro-Resonator via the Kerr Nonlinearity (2007)

It is shown that the cascaded optical sidebands generated via optical parametric oscillations in a monolithic microcavity are equidistant down to a resolution bandwidth limited level of 2 kHz. (Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals and Applications, 2007) Article not available.
Promoting Effect of H<sub>2</sub>O Addition on C−O Bond Cleavage and Hydrogenation of Dinaphthyl Ether over MoS<sub>2</sub> Catalyst in Situ Generated from Ammonium Tetrathiomolybdate (2002)

Model reactions of 2,2‘-dinaphthyl ether (DNE) were carried out to examine the effects of water addition on C−O bond cleavage and aromatic hydrogenation using MoS2 catalyst in situ generated from ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATTM) in a microreactor at 350−425 °C under H2 pressure. The use of ATTM significantly increased DNE conversion at 350−400 °C. Addition of water dramatically increased DNE conversion with ATTM at lower temperature (350 °C). There exists an optimum range of the ratio of added water to ATTM for the catalytic conversion of DNE; too high or too low a H2O/ATTM ratio was found to give the result very similar to the test without water addition. However, water addition alone does not improve conversion of DNE. To clarify the role of H2O, two-step tests were carried out, in which MoS2 catalyst was prepared using ATTM in the presence of tridecane with and without water, and then DNE was added to the reactor and hydrogenated with and without added water. After the preparation of the active MoS2 catalyst from ATTM and water, the hot removal of water prior to the hydrogenation led to complete conversion of DNE. On the other hand, after the preparation of the active MoS2 catalyst from ATTM alone, an addition of water inhibits the conversion of DNE. These results suggest that more active MoS2 catalyst is generated from ATTM in the presence of a proper amount of water which is effective for C−O bond cleavage and hydrogenation of DNE, but water itself does not have a promoting effect on DNE conversion under the conditions employed. These results also point to an effective and simple way of preparing highly active MoS2 catalysts by using H2O.
Performance of the Microsprayer, with Application for Pheromone-Mediated Control of Insect Pests (1999)

An electronically controlled device has been designed to provide reliable, precise, season-long release of insect pheromones without the need for maintenance, refilling, or component replacement. The operational performance of this dispenser technology was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions throughout the summer of 1998 in orchards of Michigan apple (Malus spp.). A simple electronic circuit controlled the opening of an automotive fuel injector connected to a pressurized canister containing pheromone solution. By controlling the duration and frequency of pheromone release and the concentration of pheromone within the canister, this device, referred to as the Microsprayer, dispensed a desired quantity of pheromone to achieve mating disruption. Containment of multiple pheromones within the light- and oxygen-free environment provided release of active ingredients throughout the growing season for disruption of mating by >1 pest insect species. The volume released increased linearly with canister pressure, and this increase was positively correlated with ambient temperature. The spatial pattern of primary pheromone deposition was measured, in still air the largest volume deposited was ≈80 cm from the point of release. Release from increasing heights above a target surface caused an exponential reduction in the volume of liquid reaching the surface because of solvent evaporation. In orchard trials, microsprayers powered by single 0.5 A Hr 9 V lithium batteries released pheromone every 170 s for 5 mo without appreciable voltage drop. Weight loss from the microsprayers was steady and predictable, and canister pressure remained above 50 psi for the duration of the season. This device shows promise for practical control of insect pests amenable to pheromone mating disruption.
Abstract 17168: Stroke Stabilization Following Repetitive Xenon Liposomal Delivery (2018)

Introduction: Stroke is a leading cause of brain injury. Most stroke survival has long-term disability due to cerebral damage. We have demonstrated that xenon(Xe) liposomal injection provides novel neuroprotection. Hypothesis: Repetitive Xe-liposomal administration over a longer period post stroke results in brain protection. Methods: Stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) for 6 hours. Xe-liposomes were intravenously administrated for varying duration and time periods to investigate the administration frequency and administration duration. Infarct size was evaluated by TTC staining. Forelimb placing/Grid walking were conducted to evaluate neurological function. Results: MCA occlusion for 6 hours generated a 23%±2.8% infarct volume. Repetitive injections at every one hour for 5 injections effectively reduced infract volume(3.8%±0.2%,p<0.05) than a single injection(11%±2.3). Extending Xe liposomal treatment to 3 days further decreased infarct volume to 1.9%%±0.7 (p<0.01,Fig.1A). Behavior tests results are correlated with TTC staining(Fig. 1B). Conclusions: Repetitive Xe-liposomal administration over the first 6 hours following MCAO and extending daily administration results in brain stabilization.This novel method may help may help extend the time window for stroke treatment.
Positional update handling in column stores (2010)

In this paper we investigate techniques that allow for on-line updates to columnar databases, leaving intact their high read-only performance. Rather than keeping differential structures organized by the table key values, the core proposition of this paper is that this can better be done by keeping track of the tuple position of the modifications. Not only does this minimize the computational overhead of merging in differences into read-only queries, but this makes the differential structure oblivious of the value of the order keys, allowing it to avoid disk I/O for retrieving the order keys in read-only queries that otherwise do not need them - a crucial advantage for a column-store. We describe a new data structure for maintaining such positional updates, called the Positional Delta Tree (PDT), and describe detailed algorithms for PDT/column merging, updating PDTs, and for using PDTs in transaction management. In experiments with a columnar DBMS, we perform microbenchmarks on PDTs, and show in a TPC-H workload that PDTs allow quick on-line updates, yet significantly reduce their performance impact on read-only queries compared with classical value-based differential methods.
Selective area multilayer graphene synthesis using resistive nanoheater probe (2023)

Graphene has been a material of interest due to its versatile properties and wide variety of applications. However, production has been one of the most challenging aspects of graphene and multilayer graphene (MLG). Most synthesis techniques require elevated temperatures and additional steps to transfer graphene or MLG to a substrate, which compromises the integrity of the film. In this paper, metal-induced crystallization is explored to locally synthesize MLG directly on metal films, creating an MLG-metal composite and directly on insulating substrates with a moving resistive nanoheater probe at much lower temperature conditions (~ 250 °C). Raman spectroscopy shows that the resultant carbon structure has properties of MLG. The presented tip-based approach offers a much simpler MLG fabrication solution by eliminating the photolithographic and transfer steps of MLG.
Numerical and Experimental Investigations on Welding Deformation (2008)

Prediction of welding distortion of different materials and welding joints in reasonable time is essential in the welding industry. In this paper, a three dimensional thermo-elastic-plastic finite element method (FEM) using an in-house finite element code of iterative substructure method (ISM) is developed to precisely predict welding distortion in bead on plate welding and fillet welding with SUS304 stainless steel and SS400 carbon steel. In addition, the corresponding experiments are carried out to validate the predicted results. Research results show the predicted results by ISM match the experimental results very well. In the condition of different welding heat inputs, the welding heat input plays an important role in welding distortion. Material properties of stainless steel and carbon steel play a larger role in welding distortion when welding heat input is the same. Further, for bead on plate welding of thin plate, both large distortion theory and small distortion theory are computed. The results show that using large distortion theory is more accurate in predicting welding distortion in thin plate welding.
Log Complex Color for Visual Pattern Recognition of Total Sound (2019)

While traditional audio visualization methods depict amplitude intensities vs. time, such as in a time-frequency spectrogram, and while some may use complex phase information to augment the amplitude representation, such as in a reassigned spectrogram, the phase data are not generally represented in their own right. By plotting amplitude intensity as brightness/saturation and phase-cycles as hue-variations, our complex spectrogram method displays both amplitude and phase information simultaneously, making such images canonical visual representations of the source wave. As a result, the original sound may be precisely reconstructed (down to the original phases) from an image, simply by reversing our process. This allows humans to apply our highly developed visual pattern recognition skills to complete audio data in new way.
KUZ, a Conserved Metalloprotease-Disintegrin Protein with Two Roles in <b> <i>Drosophila</i> </b> Neurogenesis (1996)

During neurogenesis in Drosophila both neurons and nonneuronal cells are produced from a population of initially equivalent cells. The kuzbanian (kuz) gene described here is essential for the partitioning of neural and nonneuronal cells during development of both the central and peripheral nervous systems in Drosophila. Mosaic analyses indicated that kuz is required for cells to receive signals inhibiting the neural fate. These analyses further revealed that the development of a neuron requires a kuz-mediated positive signal from neighboring cells. The kuz gene encodes a metalloprotease-disintegrin protein with a highly conserved bovine homolog, raising the possibility that kuz homologs may act in similar processes during mammalian neurogenesis.
Automatic coupled segmentation of endo- and epicardial borders in 3D echocardiography (2008)

In this paper, we present an extension of a computationally efficient Kalman filter based tracking framework to allow simultaneous tracking of several deformable models in volumetric data. The models are coupled through shared transform nodes in a hierarchical structure to enforce common position, orientation and scaling, but are allowed to alter shape independently. Automatic tracking of the endo- and epicardial border using two Doo-Sabin subdivision surfaces in 3D echocardiography serves as exemplary application. Fully automatic endo- and epicardial surface is demonstrated in a simulation and 5 in-vivo recordings of high image quality. The estimated myocardial volumes is overestimated by 4.2 ml (7.0%) compared to ground truth in the simulation, whereas the volumes in the in-vivo recordings are on average underestimated by 10.7 ml (8.0%) compared to independent reference segmentations.
A Conspicuous Connection: Structure Defines Function for the Phosphatidylinositol-Phosphate Kinase Family (2007)

The phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) kinases are a unique family of enzymes that generate an assortment of lipid messengers, including the pivotal second messenger phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI4,5P2). While members of the PIP kinase family function by catalyzing a similar phosphorylation reaction, the specificity loop of each PIP kinase subfamily determines substrate preference and partially influences distinct subcellular targeting. Specific protein-protein interactions that are unique to particular isoforms or splice variants play a key role in targeting PIP kinases to appropriate subcellular compartments to facilitate the localized generation of PI4,5P2 proximal to effectors, a mechanism key for the function of PI4,5P2 as a second messenger. This review documents the discovery of the PIP kinases and their signaling products, and summarizes our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the localized generation of PI4,5P2 by PIP kinases for the regulation of cellular events including actin cytoskeleton dynamics, vesicular trafficking, cell migration, and an assortment of nuclear events.
The distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Turkish patients (1995)

The distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes was investigated in 89 HCV-infected Turkish patients. Blood samples were collected from haemodialysis patients (n = 45), chronic liver disease (CLD) patients (n = 38), acute non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis patients (n = 2) and blood donors (n = 4). HCV RNA sequences were amplified in the 5' non-coding region and were typed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The predominant genotype was 1b (75.3%), followed by 1a (19.1%), 2 (3.4%) and 4 (2.2%). While there was no significant difference in the distribution of HCV genotypes with respect to age, sex, transfusion history, alanine aminotransferase levels or liver histology (in the CLD group), type 1a-infected patients were younger than type 1b-infected patients (P < 0.05) in the haemodialysis group. Serological reactivity to recombinant HCV proteins was assessed in 58 samples using the Chiron RIBA-2 assay. The reactivity of samples from patients infected with type 1b with 5-1-1 and c100 antigens was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the reactivity of samples from those infected with type 1a. These results, together with the results of two previous studies, indicate that HCV genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 are prevalent in different frequencies in the Turkish population. Determination of the genotype distribution of HCV in a geographical area may provide important clues for studying the epidemiology, transmission and pathogenesis of HCV-related diseases and may also aid in improving serological assays to detect HCV infection.
Measurement of vitamin B12 absorption in a human subject using 14C‐B12 (2006)

Malabsorption is the primary cause of B12 deficiency in older adults. The Schilling test has been the gold standard for assessing B12 absorption, but is now rarely used in clinical diagnosis because it requires ingestion of gamma‐emitting 57Co‐B12 and 24h urine collection, and has limited sensitivity and specificity. We have developed a method for microbial synthesis of 14C‐B12 using S. typhimurium incubated with the dedicated precursors dicyanocobinamide and 14C‐dimethylbenzimidazole. The 14C‐B12 has been used in a human subject (male, 40y) to assess absorption. 14C‐B12 was measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), which detects trace levels of 14C in biological samples. After oral consumption (1.5 ug, 59 nCi), 14C‐B12 first appeared in the plasma 3h post‐dose, with peak plasma level at 7h. Urinary and fecal excretion was maximal over the first 24h. Thus, 14C‐B12 is efficiently absorbed and AMS is sufficiently sensitive to detect 14C‐B12 with high precision above background in biological samples. 14C‐B12 is now being used to assess absorption in patients suspected of having pernicious anemia. It is expected that this novel diagnostic test will have better sensitivity and specificity than the Schilling test, and will reduce the radioactive burden on the patient and eliminate the need for 24h urine collection. NIH DK064302 , Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab
Arsenoplatin-1 Is a Dual Pharmacophore Anticancer Agent (2019)

Arsenoplatins are adducts of two chemically important anticancer drugs, cisplatin and arsenic trioxide, that have a Pt(II) bond to an As(III) hydroxide center. Screens of the NCI-60 human tumor cell lines reveal that arsenoplatin-1 (AP-1), [Pt(μ-NHC(CH<sub>3</sub>)O)<sub>2</sub>ClAs(OH)<sub>2</sub>], the first representative of this novel class of anticancer agents, displays a superior activity profile relative to the parent drugs As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> or cisplatin in a majority of cancer cell lines tested. These activity profiles are important because the success of arsenic trioxide in blood cancers (such as APL) has not been seen in solid tumors due to the rapid clearance of arsenous acid from the body. To understand the biological chemistry of these compounds, we evaluated interactions of AP-1 with the two important classes of biomolecules-proteins and DNA. The first structural studies of AP-1 bound to model proteins reveal that platinum(II) binds the Nε of His in a manner that preserves the Pt-As bond. We find that AP-1 readily enters cells and binds to DNA with an intact Pt-As bond (Pt:As ratio of 1). At longer incubation times, however, the Pt:As ratio in DNA samples increases, suggesting that the Pt-As bond breaks and releases the As(OH)<sub>2</sub> moiety. We conclude that arsenoplatin-1 has the potential to deliver both Pt and As species to a variety of hematological and solid cancers.