gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diastereoselective and Enantiospecific Direct Reductive Amination in Water Catalyzed by Palladium Nanoparticles Stabilized by Polyethyleneimine Derivatives (2013)

Alkylated polyethylenimine or homochiral polyethylenimine derivatives, or both, were used to stabilize palladium nanoparticles dispersed in water. Such constructs have hydrophobic regions that enabled the aqueous biphasic hydrogenation of imines formed in situ by the reaction of ketones and chiral primary amines. In the presence of MgCl2, good yields of the direct amination product were obtained with high diastereoselectivity. In the presence of a homochiral polyethylenimine, enantiospecific direct amination was observed via kinetic resolution, ostensibly as a result of preferred access of one enantiomer to the achiral reaction center.
An explanation of SRS beam cleanup in graded-index fibers and the absence of SRS beam cleanup in step-index fibers (2007)

Beam cleanup via stimulated Raman scattering in multimode fibers is modeled by numerically considering the competition between the Stokes modes of graded-index and step-index fibers. The relative gain of each Stokes mode is calculated by considering the overlap the various pump and Stokes modes of the fibers. Mode competition in a graded-index fiber favors the LP(01) Stokes mode while mode competition in a step-index fiber does not favor the LP(01) Stokes mode. This model explains why beam cleanup has only been reported for graded-index fibers and not for step-index fibers.
Sample preparation with fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction for capillary electrophoretic separation of tricyclic antidepressant drugs in human urine (2001)

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a solvent-free sample preparation technique using a thin coating attached to the surface of a fused silica-fiber as the extraction medium, which has been successfully applied to the analysis of a wide variety of compounds by coupling to gas chromatography (GC). In recent years, in-tube SPME using GC capillary column as the extraction medium has also been developed and coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) for the preconcentration of nonvolatile compounds. In this study, an on-line interface between the fiber-in-tube SPME and capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been developed, and the preconcentration and separation of four tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) drugs, amitriptyline, imipramine, nortriptyline, and desipramine, were performed with the hyphenated system. Under the optimized condition, a better extraction performance than conventional in-tube SPME was obtained, even the length of the extraction medium was much shorter. The results clearly indicated that the fiber was working effectively as an extraction medium. For the separation of these four TCAs, capillary electrophoretic separation with beta-cyclodextrin as the buffer additive has been employed and the application of the developed system to the analysis of complex sample mixtures in a biological matrix is also demonstrated.
A Mutational Analysis Defines <i>Vibrio fischeri</i> LuxR Binding Sites (2007)

Vibrio fischeri quorum sensing involves the LuxI and LuxR proteins. The LuxI protein generates the quorum-sensing signal N-3-oxohexanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (3OC6-HSL), and LuxR is a signal-responsive transcriptional regulator which activates the luminescence (lux) genes and 17 other V. fischeri genes. For activation of the lux genes, LuxR binds to a 20-base-pair inverted repeat, the lux box, which is centered 42.5 base pairs upstream of the transcriptional start of the lux operon. Similar lux box-like elements have been identified in only a few of the LuxR-activated V. fischeri promoters. To better understand the DNA sequence elements required for LuxR binding and to identify binding sites in LuxR-regulated promoters other than the lux operon promoter, we have systematically mutagenized the lux box and evaluated the activity of many mutants. By doing so, we have identified nucleotides that are critical for promoter activity. Interestingly, certain lux box mutations allow a 3OC6-HSL-independent LuxR activation of the lux operon promoter. We have used the results of the mutational analysis to create a consensus lux box, and we have used this consensus sequence to identify LuxR binding sites in 3OC6-HSL-activated genes for which lux boxes could not be identified previously.
Improved Forwarding Architecture and Resource Management for Multi-Core Software Routers (2009)

Recent technological advances in commodity server architectures, with multiple multi-core CPUs, integrated memory controllers, high-speed interconnects and enhanced network interface cards, provide substantial computational capacity and thus an attractive platform for packet forwarding. However, to exploit this available capacity, we need a suitable software platform that allows effective parallel packet processing and resource management. In this paper, we at first introduce an improved forwarding architecture for software routers that enhances parallelism by exploiting hardware classification and multi-queue support, already available in recent commodity network interface cards. After evaluating the original scheduling algorithm of the widely-used Click modular router, we propose solutions for extending this scheduler for improved fairness, throughput and more precise resource management. To illustrate the potential benefits of our proposal, we implement and evaluate a few key elements of our overall design.
Dysplasia classification: pathology in disgrace? (2001)

Grading of dysplasia is demanded almost daily from most diagnostically active pathologists. It is also notoriously subjective and lacks intra- and inter-observer reproducibility. This is partly due to the lack of validated morphological criteria, upon which pathologists have reached consensus. It is largely due to the biological nature of the evolution of dysplasia, not in discrete steps but as a continuum. Better morphological definition, but also fundamental research into the nature of the process, is necessary to resolve this issue.
Cell Wall–Associated Mechanisms of Disease Resistance and Susceptibility (2007)

The plant cuticle and cell wall separate microbial pathogens from the products of plant metabolism. While microbial pathogens try to breach these barriers for colonization, plants respond to attempted penetration by a battery of wall-associated defense reactions. Successful pathogens circumvent or suppress plant nonself recognition and basal defense during penetration and during microbial reproduction. Additionally, accommodation of fungal infection structures within intact cells requires host reprogramming. Recent data highlight that both early plant defense to fungal penetration and host reprogramming for susceptibility can function at the host cell periphery. Genetic evidence has also widened our understanding of how fungal pathogens are restricted during penetration at the plant cell wall. This review summarizes the current view of how plants monitor and model their cell periphery during interaction with microbial invaders.
Design and Control of a 3 kW Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles (2015)

This paper aims to study a 3 kW wireless power transfer system for electric vehicles. First, the LCL-LCL topology and LC-LC series topology are analyzed, and their transfer efficiencies under the same transfer power are compared. The LC-LC series topology is validated to be more efficient than the LCL-LCL topology and thus is more suitable for the system design. Then a novel q-Zsource-based online power regulation method which employs a unique impedance network (two pairs of inductors and capacitors) to couple the cascaded H Bridge to the power source is proposed. By controlling the shoot-through state of the H Bridge, the charging current can be adjusted, and hence, transfer power. Finally, a prototype is implemented, which can transfer 3 kW wirelessly with ~95% efficiency over a 20 cm transfer distance.
Characterization of Three-Dimensional Capacitor Prepared by Oxide Recess in Shallow Trench Isolation (2004)

In this paper, we present a new process flow to increase cell capacitance in planar dynamic random access memory cells designed for system-on-chip applications. Silicon dioxide of shallow trench isolation (STI) under capacitor electrodes is recessed to increase cell capacitance. It appears that the cell capacitance is increased to 25% when the STI recess is 0.15 μm. The recession slightly decreases junction leakage current due to annealing of defects and also relief of STI stress. These combined effects increase refresh time about 50% in 1 Mb memory array. The distribution of breakdown voltage in capacitor oxide shows similar behavior compared with samples without STI recessed. Also, the lifetime of the capacitor oxide evaluated from the Weibull method exceeds 2000 years. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Review: Current International Research into Cellulosic Fibres and Composites (2001)

Abstract This paper provides an overview of recent progress made in the area of cellulose nanofibre-based nanocomposites. An introduction into the methods used to isolate cellulose nanofibres (nanowhiskers, nanofibrils) is given, with details of their structure. Following this, the article is split into sections dealing with processing and characterisation of cellulose nanocomposites and new developments in the area, with particular emphasis on applications. The types of cellulose nanofibres covered are those extracted from plants by acid hydrolysis (nanowhiskers), mechanical treatment and those that occur naturally (tunicate nanowhiskers) or under culturing con-ditions (bacterial cellulose nanofibrils). Research high-lighted in the article are the use of cellulose nanowhiskers for shape memory nanocomposites, analysis of the inter-
Fluxless soldering in air and nitrogen (2002)

A unique process is described wherein solder reflow and joining can be effectively performed without flux in air or in nitrogen. The process involves first converting surface oxides to a new compound which permits reflow and joining to occur. A simple tool has been designed and built for the surface conversion-it is called 'PADS' for Plasma Assisted Dry Soldering. An optimized cycle has been defined and utilized to pre-treat solder components prior to reflow. After the PADS pre-treatment, samples can be stored in air for up to one week, or in nitrogen for up to two weeks, before the reflow/join operation is performed. Characterization of the soldering processes were done quantitatively with wetting balance, balling, spreading, and joining metrics. Excellent results were obtained-for example, balling and wetting indexes up to 100% in air and nitrogen. Dependencies of heating rates and ambient gas were determined. Post reflow temperature/humidity corrosion tests were performed up to 334 hours at 85/spl deg/C/85RH. X-ray emission analysis of the surface films was done at all phases of the process, including varying the starting oxide thickness by oxidation and etching procedures. This process eliminates flux, flux dispensing, flux cleaning, flux cleaning solvents, and disposal of the spent chemicals. It is concluded that the technique is not only viable, but recommended for both fast and slow soldering processes, with very simple tooling, and improved process windows compared to alternative fluxless processes which have been reported.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
New technique for the suppression of triple-transit signals in surface-acoustic-wave delay lines (1972)

An LiNbO3 surface-acoustic-wave delay line has been constructed which has an 8½ dB single-transit loss and a triple-transit suppression (relative to the single transit) greater than 40 dB over a 25% bandwidth. The device uses a multistrip coupler to divert the unwanted acoustic reflection into an acoustic absorber. No extra production steps are required.
Development of an in-house loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and evaluation in sputum samples of Nepalese patients (2008)

A number of nucleic acid amplification assays (NAAs) have been employed to detect tubercle bacilli in clinical specimens for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis. Among these, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is an NAA possessing superior isothermal reaction characteristics. In the present study, a set of six specific primers targeting the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16S rRNA gene with high sensitivity was selected and a LAMP system (MTB-LAMP) was developed. Using this system, a total of 200 sputum samples from Nepalese patients were investigated. The sensitivity of MTB-LAMP in culture-positive samples was 100 % (96/96), and the specificity in culture-negative samples was 94.2 % (98/104, 95 % confidence interval 90.5-97.9 %). The positive and negative predictive values of MTB-LAMP were 94.1 and 100 %, respectively. These results indicate that this MTB-LAMP method may prove to be a powerful tool for the early diagnosis of TB.
Amniotic fluid: Source of trophic factors for the developing intestine (2016)

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a complex system, which changes in response to requirements of the body. GIT represents a barrier to the external environment. To achieve this, epithelial cells must renew rapidly. This renewal of epithelial cells starts in the fetal life under the influence of many GIT peptides by swallowing amniotic fluid (AF). Development and maturation of GIT is a very complex cascade that begins long before birth and continues during infancy and childhood by breast-feeding. Many factors like genetic preprogramming, local and systemic endocrine secretions and many trophic factors (TF) from swallowed AF contribute and modulate the development and growth of the GIT. GIT morphogenesis, differentiation and functional development depend on the activity of various TF in the AF. This manuscript will review the role of AF borne TF in the development of GIT.
Empirical Risk Minimization of Graphical Model Parameters Given Approximate Inference, Decoding, and Model Structure (2011)

Graphical models are often used “inappropriately,” with approximations in the topology, inference, and prediction. Yet it is still common to train their parameters to approximately maximize training likelihood. We argue that instead, one should seek the parameters that minimize the empirical risk of the entire imperfect system. We show how to locally optimize this risk using back-propagation and stochastic metadescent. Over a range of synthetic-data problems, compared to the usual practice of choosing approximate MAP parameters, our approach significantly reduces loss on test data, sometimes by an order of magnitude. 1
The Roles of Noncardiomyocytes in Cardiac Remodeling (2020)

Cardiac remodeling is a common characteristic of almost all forms of heart disease, including cardiac infarction, valvular diseases, hypertension, arrhythmia, dilated cardiomyopathy and other conditions. It is not merely a simple outcome induced by an increase in the workload of cardiomyocytes (CMs). The remodeling process is accompanied by abnormalities of cardiac structure as well as disturbance of cardiac function, and emerging evidence suggests that a wide range of cells in the heart participate in the initiation and development of cardiac remodeling. Other than CMs, there are numerous noncardiomyocytes (non-CMs) that regulate the process of cardiac remodeling, such as cardiac fibroblasts and immune cells (including macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and mast cells). In this review, we summarize recent knowledge regarding the definition and significant effects of various non-CMs in the pathogenesis of cardiac remodeling, with a particular emphasis on the involved signaling mechanisms. In addition, we discuss the properties of non-CMs, which serve as targets of many cardiovascular drugs that reduce adverse cardiac remodeling.
Liposome-Based Bioassays (2020)

This review highlights the potential of using liposomes in bioassays. Liposomes consist of nano- or micro-sized, synthetically constructed phospholipid vesicles. Liposomes can be loaded with a number of reporting molecules that allow a dramatic amplification of the detection threshold in bioassays. Liposome-based sensors bind or react with the biological components of targets through the introduction of properly tailored vectors anchored on their external surface. The use of liposome-based formulations allows the set-up of bioassays that are rapid, sensitive, and often suitable for in-field applications. Selected applications in the field of immunoassays, as well as recognition/assessment of corona proteins, nucleic acids, exosomes, bacteria, and viruses are surveyed. The role of magnetoliposomes is also highlighted as an additional tool in the armory of liposome-based systems for bioassays.
Large area selective emitters/absorbers based on 2D tantalum photonic crystals for high-temperature energy applications (2013)

We report highly selective emitters based on high-aspect ratio 2D photonic crystals (PhCs) fabricated on large area (2 inch diameter) polycrystalline tantalum substrates, suitable for high-temperature operation. As an example we present an optimized design for a selective emitter with a cut-off wavelength of 2μm, matched to the bandgap of an InGaAs PV cell, achieving a predicted spectral selectivity of 56.6% at 1200K. We present a fabrication route for these tantalum PhCs, based on standard microfabrication processes including deep reactive ion etch of tantalum by an SF6 based Bosch process, achieving high-aspect ratio cavities (< 8:1). Interference lithography was used to facilitate large area fabrication, maintaining both fabrication precision and uniformity, with a cavity diameter variation of less than 2% across the substrate. The fabricated tantalum PhCs exhibit strong enhancement of the emittance at wavelengths below cut-off wavelength, approaching that of blackbody, and a steep cut-off between high and low emittance spectral regions. Moreover, detailed simulations and numerical modeling show excellent agreement with experimental results. In addition, we propose a surface protective coating, which acts as a thermal barrier coating and diffusion inhibitor, and its conformal fabrication by atomic layer deposition.
Anti-endothelial cell antibodies in idiopathic and systemic sclerosis associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (2005)

IgG antibodies from patients with idiopathic or SSc associated PAH express distinct reactivity profiles with macrovascular and microvascular endothelial cell antigens.
Hydrochloric Acid (2001)

[7647-01-0] ClH (MW 36.46) InChI = 1S/ClH/h1H InChIKey = VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N (strong Brønsted acid used for general acid catalysis; preparation of salts of amines; preparation of alkyl, allyl, aryl, benzyl, and vinyl chlorides; protodemetalation reagent; in combination with hydrogen peroxide is an in situ source of chlorine for the preparation of alkyl and aryl chlorides) Physical Data: aqueous solution: freezing point of ca. 31% solution −46 °C; forms constant boiling azeotrope containing 20.22% HCl with water (bp 108.58 °C/760 mmHg; d 1.096 g mL−1). Anhydrous gas: d 1.639 g L−1; mp −114.22 °C; bp −85.05 °C/760 mmHg. Solubility: very sol water, protic solvents, ethers. Form Supplied in: as anhydrous gas in cylinders; as aqueous solutions of various concentrations; widely available in all forms. Analysis of Reagent Purity: titration. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: hydrogen chloride is a corrosive, colorless, nonflammable gas which forms a white cloud when exposed to air; as concentrated solutions, hydrochloric acid is a colorless to light-yellow corrosive liquid which fumes when exposed to air; the acid can cause severe skin burns, damage to the respiratory and digestive tract, and/or visual damage; repeated exposure may cause dermatitis and photosensitization; the gas and solutions of hydrochloric acid should be handled with adequate ventilation and proper skin and eye protection. Use in a fume hood.
Expression of B<sub>1</sub> kinin receptors mediating paw edema and Formalin-induced nociception. Modulation by glucocorticoids (1995)

Bradykinin (BK) and Tyr8-BK induced graded rat paw edema with EC50 values of 1.9 and 1.1 nmol/paw, while des-Arg9-BK (DABK, up to 300 nmol/paw) was marginally effective. Tyr8-BK, but not DABK, also caused a dose-related increase in mouse paw edema, with an EC50 of 1.3 nmol/paw. The response to Tyr8-BK (10 nmol/paw) in rat paw edema was antagonized by B2 receptor antagonists (HOE-140 or NPC 17731, 30 nmol/paw) but not by the B1 antagonist des-Arg9[Leu8]BK (DALBK, 100 nmol/paw). Daily intraplantar injections of Tyr8-BK (10 nmol/paw) for 7 days caused progressive desensitization (D) of edema in sham-operated and adrenalectomized Wistar rats. DABK (100 nmol/paw) caused marked paw edema in D paws from both groups, which was inhibited by DALBK (100 nmol/paw) and by dexamethasone (0.5mg/kg, s.c.). Systemic injection of lipopolysaccharide (10 micrograms/mouse, 24 h prior) potentiated the first and second phases of Formalin-induced pain but had no effect on paw edema. Coinjection of DABK (2-22 nmol/paw) with low doses of Formalin in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice, which had no effect on naive animals, dose dependently potentiated both phases of Formalin-induced pain but did not modify paw edema. These effects were antagonized by DALBK with ID50 values of 21.9 (first phase) and 64.1 (second phase) nmol/paw. Thus, both progressive desensitization of B2 receptors and systemic treatment with lipopolysaccharide induce a glucocorticoid-sensitive upregulation of B1 receptors mediating paw edema in the rat and Formalin-induced nociception in mice. These results suggest that induction of upregulation of B1 receptors may play important roles in controlling inflammatory processes and hyperalgesia.
Coherent control of light-matter interactions in polarization standing waves (2016)

We experimentally demonstrate that standing waves formed by two coherent counter-propagating light waves can take a variety of forms, offering new approaches to the interrogation and control of polarization-sensitive light-matter interactions in ultrathin (subwavelength thickness) media. In contrast to familiar energy standing waves, polarization standing waves have constant electric and magnetic energy densities and a periodically varying polarization state along the wave axis. counterintuitively, anisotropic ultrathin (meta)materials can be made sensitive or insensitive to such polarization variations by adjusting their azimuthal angle.
Improved Electrochemical Performance of LiFePO<sub>4</sub>@N-Doped Carbon Nanocomposites Using Polybenzoxazine as Nitrogen and Carbon Sources (2016)

Polybenzoxazine is used as a novel carbon and nitrogen source for coating LiFePO<sub>4</sub> to obtain LiFePO<sub>4</sub>@nitrogen-doped carbon (LFP@NC) nanocomposites. The nitrogen-doped graphene-like carbon that is in situ coated on nanometer-sized LiFePO<sub>4</sub> particles can effectively enhance the electrical conductivity and provide fast Li<sup>+</sup> transport paths. When used as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, the LFP@NC nanocomposite (88.4 wt % of LiFePO<sub>4</sub>) exhibits a favorable rate performance and stable cycling performance.
MILP optimal path planning for real-time applications (2006)

This paper presents several efficient solution techniques specific to the optimal path planning of an autonomous vehicle. Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) is the underlying problem formulation, from which an optimal solution can be obtained through the use of a commercially available MILP solver such as CPLEX. The solution obtained is optimal in terms of the cost function specified in terms of fuel, time, altitude, etc. Several techniques are introduced to reduce the complexity of the underlying mathematical problems as to help make the path planning approach suitable for running in a mission-critical real-time environment. Some of these techniques may be applicable to other optimal path planning approaches