gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analytical Model to Estimate the Downhole Casing Wear Using the Total Wellbore Energy (2013)

The increasing complexities of wellbore geometry imply an increasing potential of damage resulting from the casing-wear downhole. Much work has been done to quantify and estimate wear in casing; however, the results of such predictions have been mixed. While the locations of critical-wear areas along the casing string have been predicted fairly accurately, quantifying the actual amount of casing wear has been a magnitude off. A mathematical model that describes this casing wear in terms of the total wellbore energy has been developed and used to estimate the depth of the wear groove and the wear volume downhole. The wellbore energy provides a mathematical criterion to quantify the borehole quality and incorporates the parameters, borehole curvature, and the wellbore torsion. The casing wear observed downhole is also an integral function of these two parameters. Hence, a combined “wear-energy” model has been proposed to estimate the casing wear in curved sections of the wellbore that have the drill string lying on its low side. The fundamental assumption of this model is that the volume worn away from the casing wall is proportional to the work done by friction on its inner wall by the tool joints only. It also assumes that the primary mechanism for casing wear is the rotation of the drill string, and the wear caused during tripping is insignificant. The borehole torsion models of wellbore trajectory, namely spatial-arc, natural-curve, cylindrical-helix, and constant-tool face, have been incorporated separately to enhance the accuracy of estimating the wear volume downhole. The wear-energy model for a detailed analysis of a practical example using real-time well survey data will be presented. Wear zones along the wellbore have been identified using a mathematical criterion of the “contact zone parameter.” The wear-groove depths for each contact zone along with an equivalent average wear for the curved section of the wellbore have been estimated. The wear volumes predicted by the various curvature and torsion models of wellbore energy have been graphically studied. The wellbore torsion has been found to significantly impact the casing-wear downhole.
Non-Invasive Diagnostic Tests for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (2010)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinico-pathologic spectrum of conditions ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although simple or bland steatosis follows a relatively benign clinical course, NASH can potentially progress to cirrhosis (approximately 10 to 15 percent) and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD occurs in an estimated 25 to 30 percent of the US general population, while NASH is reported in 2 to 3 percent of the population. Even though common explanation for the increased prevalence of NAFLD is the increased rate of obesity, the risk of developing NAFLD and NASH is not limited to overweight and obese individuals. Currently, the only way to diagnose NASH or to assess the stage of fibrosis is by obtaining a liver biopsy. Liver biopsy is invasive, expensive, and associated with potential risks, including post biopsy pain, bleeding, organ perforation, and even death; serious complications can occur in 0.3 percent of liver biopsies with 0.01 percent being fatal. This review examines the current strategies for development of the non-invasive techniques that will one day replace liver biopsy and serve as a non-invasive gold standard for the diagnosis and staging of NASH.
Gradient‐based Interpolation and Sampling for Real‐time Rendering of Inhomogeneous, Single‐scattering Media (2008)

Abstract We present a real‐time rendering algorithm for inhomogeneous, single scattering media, where all‐frequency shading effects such as glows, light shafts, and volumetric shadows can all be captured. The algorithm first computes source radiance at a small number of sample points in the medium, then interpolates these values at other points in the volume using a gradient‐based scheme that is efficiently applied by sample splatting. The sample points are dynamically determined based on a recursive sample splitting procedure that adapts the number and locations of sample points for accurate and efficient reproduction of shading variations in the medium. The entire pipeline can be easily implemented on the GPU to achieve real‐time performance for dynamic lighting and scenes. Rendering results of our method are shown to be comparable to those from ray tracing.
A generational on-the-fly garbage collector for Java (2000)

An on-the-fly garbage collector does not stop the program threads to perform the collection. Instead, the collector executes in a separate thread (or process) in parallel to the program. On-the-fly collectors are useful for multi-threaded applications running on multiprocessor servers, where it is important to fully utilize all processors and provide even response time, especially for systems for which stopping the threads is a costly operation. In this work, we report on the incorporation of generations into an on-the-fly garbage collector. The incorporation is non-trivial since an on-the-fly collector avoids explicit synchronization with the program threads. To the best of our knowledge, such an incorporation has not been tried before. We have implemented the collector for a prototype Java Virtual Machine on AIX, and measured its performance on a 4-way multiprocessor. As for other generational collectors, an on-the-fly generational collector has the potential for reducing the overall running time and working set of an application by concentrating collection efforts on the young objects. However, in contrast to other generational collectors, on-the-fly collectors do not move the objects; thus, there is no segregation between the old and the young objects. Furthermore, on-the-fly collectors do not stop the threads, so there is no extra benefit for the short pauses obtained by generational collection. Nevertheless, comparing our on-the-fly collector with and without generations, it turns out that the generational collector performs better for most applications. The best reduction in overall running time for the benchmarks we measured was 25%. However, there were some benchmarks for which it had no effect and one for which the overall running time increased by 4%.
Interactive visualization of human-machine dialogs (2005)

Automated spoken dialog systems require systematic procedures for evaluating performance and diagnosing problems. We present an interactive tool that provides graphical views of how callers navigate through such systems, enabling fine-grained analysis for system evaluation and business intelligence. The input is a feed of call-logs. The output is an empirical dialog trajectory analysis represented as stochastic finite state machines, accessible via the web. Complexity is managed by an automatic tokenization procedure that hides fine details until needed. Users can generate selective views of parts of the dialog at high resolution (with access to call data), or zoom out to a summary. The tool provides dialog system developers with all the information they need from a single source, and is in use with directed-dialog and natural-language applications.
Geometrical calibration for 3D x-ray imaging (1993)

Reconstructing a 3D structure from a set of its 2D X-ray projections requires that the source position and image plane orientation in 3D space be obtained with high accuracy for each of the imaging chain positions. This knowledge is generally obtained through a geometrical calibration of the data acquisition system. In this paper, we present a fully automatic method for such a geometrical calibration, well suited to a 3D X-ray imaging system which acquires sets of 2D projections during a rotation of the imaging chain. This method is based on (1) the use of a dedicated calibration phantom with reference points, (2) an automatic algorithm to detect and identify the reference points on the phantom's 2D X-Ray projections, and (3) the estimation of the imaging chain geometrical parameters by minimizing the reprojection mean quadratic error measured on these reference points. Results obtained both from simulation data and from data acquired on an experimental bench are presented.
Protective immunotherapy against seasonal allergy in horses (834.2) (2014)

The study objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of active and passive immunotherapy in horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), using a newly developed peptide and antibodies to the peptide. This peptide is part of an endogenous protein and has a sequence homology to some common environmental allergens. RAO is a type‐I immediate hypersensitivity response involving reaginic antibodies (IgE and IgG), and is a model for human asthma. Our hypothesis is that a protective immune response to asthma can be induced by active vaccination or by passive immunotherapy. Five RAO‐affected horses with a history of seasonal RAO, transpulmonary pressure >15 cm of H 2 O, and a clinical score (CS) of 5 and above were selected. Either of the two doses of the antibody, 0.1 mg/kg or 0.2 mg/kg, was administered subcutaneously to 2 horses each. A third dose 0.3 mg/kg was given to the fifth horse. The peptide (0.1 mg/kg) was used to vaccinate two additional RAO‐horses. After closely watching them for 2 days, they were returned to the pasture. Blood samples were collected on day 0 (pre‐immune sample), day 1 and every 7 th day for two months along with clinical scores. A dose related decrease in CS was observed in horses that received antibodies. The serum antibody titer was below detection levels by ELISA. The vaccinated horses showed significant protective antibody titer when the season arrived. The study suggests that protective immunotherapy early in the season has some therapeutic potential for RAO‐affected horses. Grant Funding Source : Supported by EHSP, LSU‐SVM
A metabolic biosignature of early response to anti-tuberculosis treatment (2014)

These results define a urine based TB-early treatment response biosignature (TB-ETRB) applicable to different parts of Africa, and provide proof-of-concept for further evaluation of this technology in monitoring clinical responses to TB therapy.
Passive catheter tracking with a controllable susceptibility effect (2013)

Background Due to the rich anatomic information available, MRI is an attractive tool for guiding endovascular interventions. Susceptibility artifact-based tracking using paramagnetic markers [1] is a simple and economical approach, but has been used with limited enthusiasm partly because of the image degradation that results from such devices. In this work, a susceptibility-based tracking catheter which can be mechanically turned ON and OFF [2] is presented with images in phantoms and animals studies.
Potent and Selective Conformationally Restricted Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors (2003)

Selective inhibition of the isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in pathologically elevated synthesis of nitric oxide has great therapeutic potential. We previously reported nitroarginine-containing dipeptide amides and some peptidomimetic analogues as potent and selective inhibitors of neuronal NOS (nNOS). Here we report conformationally restricted dipeptides derived from the dipeptide L-Arg(NO2)-L-Dbu-NH2 (8). The selectivities for nNOS over endothelial NOS and inducible NOS of the most potent nNOS inhibitor (10a) among these compounds are comparable to that of the parent compound. An unsubstituted amide bond is necessary for potency against nNOS. The stereochemistry of compound 10a was optimum for potency and selectivity and thus provides the binding conformation of the parent compound with nNOS.
The role of precisely matching fascicles in the quick recovery of nerve function in long peripheral nerve defects (2017)

Peripheral nerve injury therapy in the clinic remains less than satisfactory. The gold standard of treatment for long peripheral nerve defects is autologous nerve grafts; however, numerous clinical complications are associated with this treatment. As tissue engineering has developed, tissue-engineered nerve grafts (TENGs) have shown potential applications as alternatives to autologous nerve grafts. To verify the important role of the biomimetic pathway of fascicle design in TENGs, we designed an animal model to study the role of the precise matching of fascicles in the effectiveness of nerve function recovery. 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into three groups (eight/group) that corresponded to 100% fascicle matching (100%FM), 50%FM and 0%FM. We selected Sprague-Dawley rat long-gap (15 mm) sciatic nerve defects. In the 6 weeks after surgery, we found that the 100%FM group showed the most effective functional recovery among the three groups. The 100%FM group showed better functional recovery on the basis of the sciatic functional index than the 50%FM and 0%FM groups. According to histological evaluation, the 100%FM group showed more regenerating nerve fibres. Moreover, in terms of the prevention of muscle atrophy, the 100%FM group showed excellent physiological outcomes. The 100%FM as tissue-engineered scaffolds can enhance nerve regeneration and effective functional recovery after the repair of large nerve defects. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for future TENG designs including biomimetic fascicle pathways for repairing long nerve defects.
Power unbalanced polarization-division-multiplexing for efficient bandwidth utilization (2003)

Summary form only given. There has recently been a capacity explosion of optical fiber links due to techniques such as WDM. However, WDM high-capacity systems are straining to accommodate either smaller channel wavelength spacing or wider wavelength range in order to continue the growth in capacity. Channel spacings are limited by many factors, including: optical filters, wavelength drifts, signal bandwidth, EDFA bandwidth, and dispersion and nonlinearities. One method of readily increasing the utilization of the available bandwidth is polarization-division-multiplexing (PDM), in which independent signals are simultaneously transmitted on orthogonal polarizations. However, PDM has traditionally been thought to be fairly impractical because of randomly varying fiber birefringence that scrambles a signal's state-of-polarization (SOP) during propagation. Under such conditions, two data streams on two orthogonal polarizations cannot be demultiplexed at the receiver since the input SOP is not easily recoverable. We propose and experimentally implement a method of multiplexing two orthogonal polarizations of the same wavelength in a power ratio of 1:2 to facilitate the straightforward decoding of the two data channels. Our technique effectively replicates a 4-ray optical signal, and does not require the demultiplexing of the two orthogonal polarizations and the recovery of the input SOP at the receiver.
Defining strong privacy for RFID (2009)

In this work, we consider privacy in Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) systems. Our contribution is twofold: (i) We propose a simple, formal definition of strong privacy useful for basic analysis of RFID systems, as well as a different (weaker) definition applicable to multiverifier systems; (ii) We apply our definition to reveal vulnerabilities in several proposed privacy-enhancing RFID protocols; and (iii) We formally analyze and suggest improvements to hash-locks, one of the first privacy-enhancing RFID protocols in the literature.
Secondary structure assignment of mouse SOCS3 by NMR defines the domain boundaries and identifies an unstructured insertion in the SH2 domain (2005)

SOCS3 is a negative regulator of cytokine signalling that inhibits Janus kinase-signal transduction and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) mediated signal tranduction by binding to phosphorylated tyrosine residues on intracellular subunits of various cytokine receptors, as well as possibly the JAK proteins. SOCS3 consists of a short N-terminal sequence followed by a kinase inhibitory region, an extended SH2 domain and a C-terminal suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) box. SOCS3 and the related protein, cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein, are unique among the SOCS family of proteins in containing a region of mostly low complexity sequence, between the SH2 domain and the C-terminal SOCS box. Using NMR, we assigned and determined the secondary structure of a murine SOCS3 construct. The SH2 domain, unusually, consists of 140 residues, including an unstructured insertion of 35 residues. This insertion fits the criteria for a PEST sequence and is not required for phosphotyrosine binding, as shown by isothermal titration calorimetry. Instead, we propose that the PEST sequence has a functional role unrelated to phosphotyrosine binding, possibly mediating efficient proteolytic degradation of the protein. The latter half of the kinase inhibitory region and the entire extended SH2 subdomain form a single alpha-helix. The mapping of the true SH2 domain, and the location of its C terminus more than 50 residues further downstream than predicted by sequence homology, explains a number of previously unexpected results that have shown the importance of residues close to the SOCS box for phosphotyrosine binding.
Two‐point interference method for suppression of ghost artifacts due to motion (1993)

A two-point interference method is introduced for suppression of ghosting due to motion in magnetic resonance imaging. The method requires only two time-interleaved data acquisitions, without any monitoring of the motion. A postprocessing technique is used to produce a weighted sum of the two acquired images, in which ghosts are suppressed by interference through an automatic regional tuning procedure. The appropriate complex weighting factors are regionally chosen by minimizing the "gradient energy," which is defined as the sum of squared pixel values in the partial-derivative maps. The method was tested in both phantoms and volunteers with a variety of imaging protocols. The level of ghost suppression with the two-point method was found to be comparable to that of the three-point method described previously by the authors.
Genetic and Functional Evidence Supporting <i>SUMO4</i> as a Type 1 Diabetes Susceptibility Gene (2006)

Genomewide linkage analyses since the early 1990s suggested over 20 genomic intervals that may contain susceptibility genes for type 1 diabetes. However, the identification of the specific genes in these intervals presents a formidable challenge due to a number of difficulties associated with genetic mapping and cloning of genes implicated in complex diseases. One of the difficulties is due to the presence of many weak and different susceptibility genes in different patients and populations, a phenomenon known as genetic heterogeneity. In 2004, we reported the cloning of a novel small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) gene, SUMO4, in the IDDM5 interval on chromosome 6q25, and presented strong genetic and functional evidence suggesting that SUMO4 is a susceptibility gene for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). In this article, we will summarize genetic association data suggesting that SUMO4 is consistently associated with T1DM in the Asian populations while the association is more heterogeneous in the Caucasian populations. We will also discuss the possible molecular pathways through which sumoylation may regulate T1DM and autoimmunity.
Metabolic abnormalities in cobalamin (vitamin B <sub>12</sub> ) and folate deficiency (1993)

Mammalian cells contain two Cbl-dependent enzymes, L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and methionine synthase. The former requires adenosyl-Cbl and catalyzes the conversion of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. The latter requires CH3-Cbl and catalyzes the conversion of 5-CH3-tetrahydrofolate and homocysteine to tetrahydrofolate and methionine, respectively. Biochemical abnormalities related to a decrease in the activity of methionine synthase are thought to be responsible for the indistinguishable hematologic abnormalities seen in both Cbl and folate deficiency. The biochemical basis for the neuropsychiatric abnormalities seen in Cbl deficiency, but not in folate deficiency, is not known although hypotheses have been proposed that implicate one or the other of the two Cbl-dependent enzymes. Recent studies have shown that levels of serum methylmalonic acid, 2-methylcitric acids I and II, total homocysteine, and cystathionine are elevated in most patients with Cbl deficiency and that total homocysteine, cystathionine, N,N-dimethylglycine, and N-methylglycine are elevated in most patients with folate deficiency. Analysis of these metabolic abnormalities in various patient groups fails to support hypotheses that either L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase or methionine synthase alone are responsible for the neuropsychiatric abnormalities. We suggest that they may result from a third, unknown mammalian Cbl-dependent enzyme or from a combined deficiency of both Cbl-dependent enzymes together with an unknown genetic or environmental factor.
Extension of the focusable mass range in distance‐of‐flight mass spectrometry with multiple detectors (2012)

These results are the first experimental verification that constant-momentum acceleration (CMA)-DOFMS provides energy focus across an extended detection length. Evidence presented demonstrates that DOFMS is amenable to detection with (at least) a 100-mm detector surface. These results indicate that DOFMS is well suited for detection of broader mass ranges.
Les causes, la prévention et le traitement des arrêts de la fermentation alcoolique (1983)

<p style="text-align: justify;">In complete nutritive medium rich in sugar, such as grape must, the inhibition of alcoholic fermentation is caused by substances produced by the yeast which, acting synergistically with ethanol, are toxic to the yeasts themselves. Among these are decanoic and octanoic acids and their corresponding ethyl esters ; their adsorption by yeast ghosts permits the prevention and treatment of fermentation stoppages (Patent n° 8309215).</p>
Stimulated Brillouin scattering in silicon photonics (2013)

Strong light-boundary interactions fundamentally alter the nature of traveling-wave photon-phonon coupling at nanoscales. Harnessing these interactions, stimulated Brillouin scattering is demonstrated silicon nano-photonics for the first time through a new class of hybrid photonic-phononic waveguides.