gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rarefying Spectra of Whispering-Gallery-Mode Resonators (2007)

A method of cleaning the mode spectra of whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) optical resonators has been devised to make such resonators more suitable for use as narrow-band optical filters. The method applies, more specifically, to millimeter- sized whispering-gallery-mode optical resonators that are made of crystalline electro-optical materials and have ultrahigh values of the resonance quality factor (Q). The mode spectrum of such a resonator is typically dense, consisting of closely spaced families of modes; as such, the spectrum is not well suited for narrow-band filtering, in which there is a need for strong rejection of side modes. Cleaning as used here signifies rarefying the spectrum so that what remains consists mostly of a single desired family of modes or, at worst, a few mode families that are more widely spaced in frequency than are the mode families in the original, non-rarefied spectrum. The spectrum-cleaning method exploits the fact that various WGM mode families occupy various positions near the equator at the rim of a resonator disk. In this method, a damper in the form of a prism or other polished piece of material having an index of refraction greater than that of the resonator material is placed in contact with the rim of the resonator at such a position that the Qs of most or all of the undesired mode families are greatly reduced while the Q of the desired mode family is reduced by only a tolerably small amount. In an alternative method that has been considered, the mode spectrum would be cleaned through special design of the shape of the rim, but fabrication of the rim in a special shape is a complicated task. The advantage of the present method, relative to the alternative method, is that special shaping of the rim is not necessary and the damping prism can be emplaced after the resonator has been fabricated.
Diastereomeric Spirooxindoles as Highly Potent and Efficacious MDM2 Inhibitors (2013)

Small-molecule inhibitors that block the MDM2-p53 protein-protein interaction (MDM2 inhibitors) are being intensely pursued as a new therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. We previously published a series of spirooxindole-containing compounds as a new class of MDM2 small-molecule inhibitors. We report herein a reversible ring-opening-cyclization reaction for some of these spirooxindoles, which affords four diastereomers from a single compound. Our biochemical binding data showed that the stereochemistry in this class of compounds has a major effect on their binding affinities to MDM2, with >100-fold difference between the most potent and the least potent stereoisomers. Our study has led to the identification of a set of highly potent MDM2 inhibitors with a stereochemistry that is different from that of our previously reported compounds. The most potent compound (MI-888) binds to MDM2 with a Ki value of 0.44 nM and achieves complete and long-lasting tumor regression in an animal model of human cancer.
Sequential Oxidative/Reductive Bleaching and Dyeing of Wool in a Single Bath at Low Temperatures (1992)

A new bleaching and dyeing process applicable to wool involves a sequential oxidative/reductive bleaching combined with a subsequent dyeing in a single bath. Apart from dyebath bleaching processes in which the bleaching agent is added towards the end of the dyeing process when almost all the dye is exhausted, bleaching and subsequent dyeing are normally done in separate baths due to the sensitivity of the dyes to bleaching agents. In the latter process, it is important that all bleaching agents be thoroughly washed off before dyeing, because any residual bleaching agent (hydrogen peroxide, reductive bleach) may adversely affect the results. The newly developed single-bath process begins with an oxidative hydrogen peroxide bleaching followed by addition of thiourea to the residual hydrogen peroxide in the same bath. Thiourea dioxide formed by the resulting chemical reaction hydrolyzes in solution to sulfonate anion and urea. Sulfinate anion is a strong reducing agent and effects reductive bleaching. At the end of the reductive bleaching stage, a small amount of hydrogen peroxide is added to oxidize all the reductive sulfur species in solution to the sulfate anion, which together with the urea serves subsequently as a dye assist. Once the temperature of the bath is lowered, dyes may be added to the same bath. The new sequential single-bath bleaching/dyeing process results in much brighter pastel shades upon dyeing, due to better whiteness obtained initially with sequential oxidative/reductive bleaching. Furthermore, there is a reduction in processing time, temperature, and effluent compared with conventional procedures and the utilization of byproducts from the initial bleaching assists during the subsequent dyeing step.
Calculation of focal spot distortion in the Nike laser (1992)

The Nike laser is a 3-5-kJ KrF facility under construction at the Naval Research Laboratory to address technological and physics issues of direct-drive laser fusion. One of the key issues is the ability to produce a focal spot whose time-averaged intensity is smooth and controllable to within a few percent. To accomplish this, Nike will implement the echelon-free ISI technique,1 in which the desired focal profile F(r) formed at the output of a spatially and temporally incoherent oscillator2 is imaged onto the target through the laser system. Because the amplifier stages are located in the quasifar-field of F (r), the large scale gain and phase non uniformities that they inevitably produce will have little effect on the image. However, small-scale phase nonuniformities can perturb the image, and must be minimized to maintain good control over it. The compensation of systematic phase aberrations in the Nike optical design has been discussed earlier.3 Here, we report on numerical simulations of profile distortion due to random phase nonuniformities, self-phase modulation, and self-seeded stimulated rotational Raman scattering (SRRS), and describe the steps being taken to minimize these effects.
Materials processing via variable frequency microwave irradiation (1995)

Variable Frequency Microwave (VFM) irradiation is a new technique applied to advanced materials to overcome the reported problems with uniform scale-up and repeatable control of microwave energy inside a material. A broadband, variable frequency microwave source is used to provide tuning to an optimum incident frequency and then sweeping around that central frequency, as required, for uniform distribution of the microwave energy. This approach has been employed in evaluating microwave processing benefits for several advanced material systems. Results of these trials plus the comparison of variable to fixed frequency processing is reviewed.
A new calibration method for industrial robots (2001)

This paper presents a new calibration method for industrial robots. The calibration method is based on a combination of inclinometer and LVDT measurements and is very simple to use. The inclinometers measure the deviation from the gravity direction of a measurement rod and the LVDT sensor measures the length of the rod. The inclinometers can be used without any pre-calibration and the whole equipment is inexpensive, portable and robust.
Electrically tunable, room-temperature quantum-cascade lasers (1999)

Electrical tuning of two-section quantum-cascade lasers is systematically investigated as a function of temperature and optical power. In pulsed operation, the active region design exhibits a low threshold current density (5.2 kA/cm2), a high peak (100 mW), and average (3 mW) powers at 300 K. The strong linear Stark tuning of the laser transition allows large tuning ranges of 40 cm−1, corresponding to a wavelength tune from 9.75 to 10.15 μm at 260 K for a peak optical output power of 10 mW. The tuning range is still 20 cm−1 at the same optical output power at T=300 K.
Simultaneous electrical and mechanical resonance drive for large signal amplification of micro resonators (2018)

Achieving large signal-noise ratio using low levels of excitation signal is key requirement for practical applications of micro and nano electromechanical resonators. In this work, we introduce the double electromechanical resonance drive concept to achieve an order-of-magnitude dynamic signal amplification in micro resonators. The concept relies on simultaneously activating the micro-resonator mechanical and electrical resonance frequencies. We report an input voltage amplification up to 15 times for a micro-resonator when its electrical resonance is tuned to match the mechanical resonance that leads to dynamic signal amplification in air (Quality factor enhancement). Furthermore, using a multi-frequency excitation technique, input voltage and vibrational amplification of up to 30 times were shown for the same micro-resonator while relaxing the need to match its mechanical and electrical resonances.
Improved integrating-sphere throughput with a lens and nonimaging concentrator (1995)

A reflectometer design utilizing an integrating sphere with a lens and nonimaging concentrator is described. Compared with previous designs where a collimator was used to restrict the detector field of view, the concentrator-lens combination significantly increases the throughput of the reflectometer. A procedure for designing lens-concentrators is given along with the results of parametric studies. The measured angular response of a lens-concentrator system is compared with ray-trace predictions and with the response of an ideal system.
Design and performance of a novel electrospray interface (1992)

In this work a new electrospray system has been developed which employs heat as a means of desolvation and requires no counterflow of heated gas. This article describes the operation and performance of this device, with particular emphasis on the differences between it and those described earlier. Results are presented that illustrate the dependence of signal intensity on ion source and spray chamber temperatures and on the composition and flow rate of mobile phase into the electrospray. Results on proteins electrosprayed from aqueous solutions are presented including a bacterial protease which has a tight tertiary structure. The ability to obtain fragmentation data by collisionally induced dissociation in the interface is also discussed.
Minimization of dead‐periods in MRI pulse sequences for imaging oblique planes (1994)

With the advent of breath-hold MR cardiac imaging techniques, the minimization of TR and TE for oblique planes has become a critical issue. The slew rates and maximum currents of gradient amplifiers limit the minimum possible TR and TE by adding dead-periods to the pulse sequences. We propose a method of designing gradient waveforms that will be applied to the amplifiers instead of the slice, readout, and phase encoding waveforms. Because this method ensures that the gradient amplifiers will always switch at their maximum slew rate, it results in the minimum possible dead-period for given imaging parameters and scan plane position. A GRASS pulse sequence has been designed and ultra-short TR and TE values have been obtained with standard gradient amplifiers and coils. For some oblique slices, we have achieved shorter TR and TE values than those for nonoblique slices.
Nanogel-based antigen-delivery system for nasal vaccines (2013)

Nasal vaccination is considered a potent and practical immunization route for the induction of effective immunity to infectious diseases. Successful nasal vaccines require efficient delivery to, and retention of antigens within, nasal mucosa, including both the inductive (e.g., nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissues) and effector (e.g., turbinate covered with single-layer epithelium) tissues, where antigen-specific immune responses are initiated and executed, respectively. We developed an approach towards successful nasal vaccination by using self-assembled nano-sized hydrogel particles, known as nanogels, which are composed of a cationic type of cholesteryl group-bearing pullulan. Here, we review the merging of nanotechnological and immunological concepts leading to the development of next-generation nasal vaccines, and demonstrate the applicability of novel nanogel-based vaccine for the prevention of infectious diseases.
A Hexamer of a Peptide Derived from Aβ<sub>16–36</sub> (2017)

The absence of high-resolution structures of amyloid oligomers constitutes a major gap in our understanding of amyloid diseases. A growing body of evidence indicates that oligomers of the β-amyloid peptide Aβ are especially important in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. In many Aβ oligomers, the Aβ monomer components are thought to adopt a β-hairpin conformation. This paper describes the design and study of a macrocyclic β-hairpin peptide derived from Aβ<sub>16-36</sub>. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and size exclusion chromatography studies show that the Aβ<sub>16-36</sub> β-hairpin peptide assembles in solution to form hexamers, trimers, and dimers. X-ray crystallography reveals that the peptide assembles to form a hexamer in the crystal state and that the hexamer is composed of dimers and trimers. Lactate dehydrogenase release assays show that the oligomers formed by the Aβ<sub>16-36</sub> β-hairpin peptide are toxic toward neuronally derived SH-SY5Y cells. Replica-exchange molecular dynamics demonstrates that the hexamer can accommodate full-length Aβ. These findings expand our understanding of the structure, solution-phase behavior, and biological activity of Aβ oligomers and may offer insights into the molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease.
INDUCTION OF ANTITHROMBIN III (AT III) ANTIBODIES BY IMMUNIZATION WITH SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES (1987)

The primary structure of AT III was examined in respect of potential antigenic sites. The topics were the determination of the hydrophilicity, hydropathy, acrophilicity and the propensities for alpha-helices, B-turns and 13-sheets. The peptides AT III 21-34, 21-42, 129 - 140, 226 - 240 and 343 -363 were synthesized using the solid phase peptide synthesis methode. The subsequent purification of the crude peptides was achieved by h.p.I.e. or by ion exchange chromatography. The peptides were coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanine (KLH) via thioether bonds. Antisera against KLH-peptides were raised in rabbits (n = 25) and tested with AT III-coated polystyrene tubes; bound antibodies were detected with anti-rabbit-IgG-peroxidase. Obtained antisera were further purified by immuno-adsorption using immobilized AT III. Polystyrene tubes were coated with purified peptide antibodies and binding of AT III was studied with enzyme immunoassay technique (EIA) using anti-AT III-peroxidase. As a result, immunoreactivity of rabbit antisera against synthetic peptides of AT III could be achieved. The obtained antibodies against the individual synthetic peptides as well as their mixtures exhibited specific binding to AT III when tested with EIA.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Vicinal All‐Carbon Quaternary Centers via Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation (2018)

Abstract The development of the first enantioselective transition‐metal‐catalyzed allylic alkylation providing access to acyclic products bearing vicinal all‐carbon quaternary centers is disclosed. The iridium‐catalyzed allylic alkylation reaction proceeds with excellent yields and selectivities for a range of malononitrile‐derived nucleophiles and trisubstituted allylic electrophiles. The utility of these sterically congested products is explored through a series of diverse chemo‐ and diastereoselective product transformations to afford a number of highly valuable, densely functionalized building blocks, including those containing vicinal all‐carbon quaternary stereocenters.
Geographic Differences in Genetic Susceptibility to IgA Nephropathy: GWAS Replication Study and Geospatial Risk Analysis (2012)

IgA nephropathy (IgAN), major cause of kidney failure worldwide, is common in Asians, moderately prevalent in Europeans, and rare in Africans. It is not known if these differences represent variation in genes, environment, or ascertainment. In a recent GWAS, we localized five IgAN susceptibility loci on Chr.6p21 (HLA-DQB1/DRB1, PSMB9/TAP1, and DPA1/DPB2 loci), Chr.1q32 (CFHR3/R1 locus), and Chr.22q12 (HORMAD2 locus). These IgAN loci are associated with risk of other immune-mediated disorders such as type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, or inflammatory bowel disease. We tested association of these loci in eight new independent cohorts of Asian, European, and African-American ancestry (N = 4,789), followed by meta-analysis with risk-score modeling in 12 cohorts (N = 10,755) and geospatial analysis in 85 world populations. Four susceptibility loci robustly replicated and all five loci were genome-wide significant in the combined cohort (P = 5×10⁻³²-3×10⁻¹⁰), with heterogeneity detected only at the PSMB9/TAP1 locus (I² = 0.60). Conditional analyses identified two new independent risk alleles within the HLA-DQB1/DRB1 locus, defining multiple risk and protective haplotypes within this interval. We also detected a significant genetic interaction, whereby the odds ratio for the HORMAD2 protective allele was reversed in homozygotes for a CFHR3/R1 deletion (P = 2.5×10⁻⁴). A seven-SNP genetic risk score, which explained 4.7% of overall IgAN risk, increased sharply with Eastward and Northward distance from Africa (r = 0.30, P = 3×10⁻¹²⁸). This model paralleled the known East-West gradient in disease risk. Moreover, the prediction of a South-North axis was confirmed by registry data showing that the prevalence of IgAN-attributable kidney failure is increased in Northern Europe, similar to multiple sclerosis and type I diabetes. Variation at IgAN susceptibility loci correlates with differences in disease prevalence among world populations. These findings inform genetic, biological, and epidemiological investigations of IgAN and permit cross-comparison with other complex traits that share genetic risk loci and geographic patterns with IgAN.
ChemInform Abstract: Pharmacologic and Chemical Adjuvants in Tumor Virotherapy (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Two-frequency fibre Raman laser (2004)

A new scheme of a fibre Raman laser emitting at two wavelengths is proposed. The scheme uses a one-stage Raman converter with the output Bragg grating with the reflectivity above 99%. Lasing at two wavelengths is achieved due to the overlap of the output emission spectrum with the reflection spectrum of the output Bragg grating.
Simultaneous foreground, background, and alpha estimation for image matting (2010)

Image matting is the process of extracting a soft segmentation of an object in an image as defined by the matting equation. Most current techniques focus largely on computing the alpha values of unknown pixels and treat computation of the foreground and background colors as an afterthought, if at all. However, for many applications, such as compositing an object into a new scene or deleting an object from the scene, the foreground and background colors are vital for an acceptable answer. We propose a method of solving for the foreground, background, and alpha of an unknown region in an image simultaneously. This allows for novel constraints to be placed directly on the foreground and background as well as on alpha. We show through both visual results and quantitative measurements on standard datasets that this approach produces more accurate foreground and background values at each pixel while maintaining competitive results on the alpha matte.
From atoms to integrated circuit chips, blood cells, and bacteria with the atomic force microscope (1990)

The atomic force microscope (AFM) can now bridge the gap from imaging objects that can be seen with an optical microscope to imaging atoms: a range in magnification of 104. High magnification images of germanium show single atoms separated by 0.4 nm while low magnification images of entire cells and portions of an integrated circuit chip provide lateral and vertical information over a range of 25 μm.
Deep Feature Learning for Graphs (2017)

This paper presents a general graph representation learning framework called DeepGL for learning deep node and edge representations from large (attributed) graphs. In particular, DeepGL begins by deriving a set of base features (e.g., graphlet features) and automatically learns a multi-layered hierarchical graph representation where each successive layer leverages the output from the previous layer to learn features of a higher-order. Contrary to previous work, DeepGL learns relational functions (each representing a feature) that generalize across-networks and therefore useful for graph-based transfer learning tasks. Moreover, DeepGL naturally supports attributed graphs, learns interpretable features, and is space-efficient (by learning sparse feature vectors). In addition, DeepGL is expressive, flexible with many interchangeable components, efficient with a time complexity of $\mathcal{O}(|E|)$, and scalable for large networks via an efficient parallel implementation. Compared with the state-of-the-art method, DeepGL is (1) effective for across-network transfer learning tasks and attributed graph representation learning, (2) space-efficient requiring up to 6x less memory, (3) fast with up to 182x speedup in runtime performance, and (4) accurate with an average improvement of 20% or more on many learning tasks.
Evaluation of DC-DC buck-boost partial power converters for EV fast charging application (2021)

This paper presents a comparison of buck-boost partial power converters (PPC) for the DC-DC conversion stage of an electrical vehicle (EV) fast charging station. By using a DC-DC buck-boost structure, the proposed fast charger can operate with wide output voltage range. The proposed topology can be used to charge either 400V or 800V batteries. Since the PCC only processes a fraction of the total power, high efficiency is obtained. Two different buck-boost PPC topologies are compared. First structure consider two-quadrant switches in order to obtain bipolar voltage, while the second structure uses an unfolding bridge to change the voltage polarity. Results show that the first solution with two-quadrant switches allows better efficiency. The proposed converter operation is then evaluated for fast charging applications for both 400V and 800V batteries, showing high efficiency up to 99%, making the proposed solution very attractive for fast charging application.
Patterning of the neural ectoderm of <i>Xenopus laevis</i> by the amino-terminal product of hedgehog autoproteolytic cleavage (1995)

The patterns of embryonic expression and the activities of Xenopus members of the hedgehog gene family are suggestive of role in neural induction and patterning. We report that these hedgehog polypeptides undergo autoproteolytic cleavage. Injection into embryos of mRNAs encoding Xenopus banded-hedgehog (X-bhh) or the amino-terminal domain (N) demonstrates that the direct inductive activities of X-bhh are encoded by N. In addition, both N and X-bhh pattern neural tissue by elevating expression of anterior neural genes. Unexpectedly, an internal deletion of X-bhh (delta N-C) was found to block the activity of X-bhh and N in explants and to reduce dorsoanterior structures in embryos. As elevated hedgehog activity increases the expression of anterior neural genes, and as delta N-C reduces dorsoanterior structures, these complementary data support a role for hedgehog in neural induction and anteroposterior patterning.
Broadband Omni-resonant Enhancement in Near-Infrared Quantum-Efficiency of a Thin Film Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell (2019)

By embedding an amorphous-silicon thin-film solar cell in an omni-resonant micro-cavity, we demonstrate a broadband boost in the near-infrared optical absorption and concomitant enhancement in the quantum efficiency.