gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Program slicing for hierarchical test generation (2003)

Sequential Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) is extremely computation intensive and produces good results only on relatively small designs. This paper develops an elegant theoretical basis, based on program slicing, for hierarchical ATPG which targets one module at a time and abstracts the rest of the design. The technique for obtaining a "constraint slice" for each embedded Module Under Test (MUT) within a design is described in detail. The technique has been incorporated in an automated tool for designs described in Verilog, and results on large benchmark circuits show the significant benefits of the approach.
Estimating Aboveground Biomass and Its Spatial Distribution in Coastal Wetlands Utilizing Planet Multispectral Imagery (2019)

Coastal salt marshes are biologically productive ecosystems that generate and sequester significant quantities of organic matter. Plant biomass varies spatially within a salt marsh and it is tedious and often logistically impractical to quantify biomass from field measurements across an entire landscape. Satellite data are useful for estimating aboveground biomass, however, high-resolution data are needed to resolve the spatial details within a salt marsh. This study used 3-m resolution multispectral data provided by Planet to estimate aboveground biomass within two salt marshes, North Inlet-Winyah Bay (North Inlet) National Estuary Research Reserve, and Plum Island Ecosystems (PIE) Long-Term Ecological Research site. The Akaike information criterion analysis was performed to test the fidelity of several alternative models. A combination of the modified soil vegetation index 2 (MSAVI2) and the visible difference vegetation index (VDVI) gave the best fit to the square root-normalized biomass data collected in the field at North Inlet (Willmott’s index of agreement d = 0.74, RMSE = 223.38 g/m2, AICw = 0.3848). An acceptable model was not found among all models tested for PIE data, possibly because the sample size at PIE was too small, samples were collected over a limited vertical range, in a different season, and from areas with variable canopy architecture. For North Inlet, a model-derived landscape scale biomass map showed differences in biomass density among sites, years, and showed a robust relationship between elevation and biomass. The growth curve established in this study is particularly useful as an input for biogeomorphic models of marsh development. This study showed that, used in an appropriate model with calibration, Planet data are suitable for computing and mapping aboveground biomass at high resolution on a landscape scale, which is needed to better understand spatial and temporal trends in salt marsh primary production.
The Spectral Efficiency analysis of the Spectrum Overlay technology of the TV band (2008)

In this paper, we discuss the spectral efficiency and coverage efficiency of WRAN (wireless regional area network) system in TV bands which are under standardization at the IEEE 802.22 WG. Instead of spectrum underlay technologies which have been used conventionally, spectrum overlay technology model will be the subject of analysis and simulations in this paper. The research results revealed that the increase of spectral reuse distance (guard distance) negatively affects the spectral and coverage efficiency. In WRAN system that uses spectrum overlay technologies and where the Tx power of TV stations and WRAN BSs are constant, decrease in both of the spectral efficiency and the coverage efficiency were observed in counter-proportion to the increasing guard distance at the size of given area (about 400 to 800 km).
True-single-phase all-N-logic differential logic (TADL) for very high-speed complex VLSI (1996)

A family of new logic circuits, called true-single-phase all-N-logic differential logic (TADL), are proposed and analyzed. The logic circuits are designed with only NMOS devices in the logic tree. Two kinds of sensing techniques are used for improving the speed operation, namely, the balanced sense amplifier for the differential-input TADL and the unbalanced sense amplifier for the single-input TADL. A complex function can be implemented in a TADL gate and high operation speed can be achieved without dc power dissipation. Only a true-single-phase clock is required to form the fully pipelined systems. Simulation results show that circuits designed by the TADL have the advantages of high-speed operation and low power-delay product.
Challenges in membrane-based liquid phase separations (2021)

Membranes are widely used in separation processes due to their low energy requirement, small footprint and simplicity. New membranes have been developed based on novel materials and fabrication techniques to address separation challenges in the field of membrane science. In the case of liquid phase separations, ion-ion separation and chiral resolution using membranes have attracted growing interest for their applications such as in high-value mineral extraction and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Furthermore, reverse osmosis operation favors ultra-high-pressure range for treating feed with higher salinity with higher water recovery. Herein we highlight the latest development and design approaches of single species-selective membranes and pressure-resistant membranes and discuss the current limitations of membrane separation in the liquid phase. We subsequently review recent advancement in the fabrication techniques that enable the making of these membranes from emerging materials.
Attenuation correction of four dimensional (4D) PET using phase-correlated 4D-computed tomography (2008)

The image quality in a conventional positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scanner is degraded by respiratory motion because of erroneous attenuation correction when three-dimensional image acquisition is used. To overcome this problem, time-resolved data acquisition (4D) is required. For this, a Siemens Biograph 16 PET/CT scanner has been modified and its normal capability has been extended to a true 4D-PET/4D-CT imaging device including phase-correlated attenuation correction. To verify the correct functionality of this device, experiments on a respiratory motion phantom that allowed movement in two dimensions have been performed. The measurements showed good spatial correlation as well as good time synchronization between the PET and CT data. Furthermore, the motion pattern of the phantom and the shape of the activity distribution have been examined, and the volume of the reconstructed PET images has been analyzed. The results demonstrate the feasibility of such a procedure, and we therefore recommend that 4D-PET data should be reconstructed using 4D-CT data, which can be acquired on the same machine.
Ca channels in adrenal glomerulosa cells: K+ and angiotensin II increase T-type Ca channel current. (1988)

Ca channel currents were studied in freshly dispersed bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells to better understand the control of aldosterone secretion by extracellular K concentration (Ko) and angiotensin II (AII). The whole-cell variation of the patch voltage clamp technique was used. Two types of Ca channels were found. One type is similar to the "T-type" Ca channels found in many excitable cells. These channels deactivate slowly (tau approximately equal to 7 ms at -75 mV) and inactivate rapidly during strong depolarizations. The second channel type activates and inactivates at more positive potentials than the T-type Ca channels and deactivates rapidly. These channels are similar to the "L-type" Ca channels found in muscle and nerve. Our studies provide three reasons for concluding that T-type Ca channels have an important role in mediating stimulus-secretion coupling in response to high K+ or AII: (i) aldosterone secretion and steady-state current through T-type Ca channels are biphasic functions of Ko and both increase in parallel for Ko = 2-10 mM; (ii) nitrendipine blocks the T-type Ca channels and the stimulation of aldosterone secretion by high K+ or AII with similar potency; (iii) AII increases Ca entry through the T-type Ca channels.
Hepatology Highlights (2017)

1Division of Gastroenterology & HepatologyWeill Cornell Medical College/NewYork‐Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNY 2Universität BernBernSwitzerland
Two New Quaternary Alkaloids and Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Active Constituents from <i>Corydalis saxicola</i> (2007)

Two new quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids, saxicolalines A (1) and N-methylnarceimicine (2), together with sixteen known alkaloids (3 - 18) were isolated from Corydalis saxicola Bunting. The structures of saxicolalines A (1) and N-methylnarceimicine (2) were established based on spectral methods including 1D, 2D NMR (COSY, HMQC, HMBC) and HR-ESI-MS. The anti-HBV activities of ten main alkaloids were evaluated. Among the tested compounds, dihydrochelerythrine (8) exhibited the most potent activity against HBsAg and HBeAg secretions with IC50 < 0.05 microM, SI > 3.5, respectively.
Combining technology mapping with post-placement resynthesis for performance optimization (2002)

This paper presents an innovative two-phase approach which combines technology mapping with logic resynthesis for minimizing the post-placement delays. The main idea is to alleviate the effect of inaccurate delay models in the mapping phase and to use a more accurate post-placement delay model in the logic resynthesis phase. To achieve this, our mapping phase disables the operations which may provide unpredictable effects on the circuit performance and leave them to be solved in the resynthesis phase. In the resynthesis phase, a post-placement delay model is extracted from the placement of the circuits. The techniques developed in our resynthesis algorithm are remapping, signal substitution, and gate duplication. Based on a wide range of benchmark examples, experimental results show that our approach provides 17% reduction in terms of post-placement delays when compared with SIS-1.2.
Altered expression of genes for Kir ion channels in dilated cardiomyopathy (2013)

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a multifactorial disease characterized by left ventricular dilation that is associated with systolic dysfunction and increased action potential duration. The Kir2.x K⁺ channels (encoded by KCNJ genes) regulate the inward rectifier current (IK1) contributing to the final repolarization in cardiac muscle. Here, we describe the transitions in the gene expression profiles of 4 KCNJ genes from healthy or dilated cardiomyopathic human hearts. In the healthy adult ventricles, KCNJ2, KCNJ12, and KCNJ4 (Kir2.1-2.3, respectively) genes were expressed at high levels, while expression of the KCNJ14 (Kir2.4) gene was low. In DCM ventricles, the levels of Kir2.1 and Kir2.3 were upregulated, but those of Kir2.2 channels were downregulated. Additionally, the expression of the DLG1 gene coding for the synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97) anchoring molecule exhibited a 2-fold decline with increasing age in normal hearts, and it was robustly downregulated in young DCM patients. These adaptations could offer a new aspect for the explanation of the generally observed physiological and molecular alterations found in DCM.
Professional iPhone Programming with MonoTouch and .NET/C# (2010)

What .NET C# developers need to enter the hot field of iPhone apps. iPhone applications offer a hot opportunity for developers. Until the open source MonoTouch project, this field was limited to those familiar with Apple's programming languages. Now .NET and C# developers can join the party. This Wrox guide is the first book to cover MonoTouch, preparing developers to take advantage of this lucrative opportunity.: MonoTouch opens the field of iPhone app development to .NET and C# developers for the first time; the Wrox reputation among .NET developers assures them that this guide covers everyt
Flexible freestanding sandwich-structured sulfur cathode with superior performance for lithium–sulfur batteries (2014)

Flexible freestanding sandwich-structured sulfur cathodes are developed for lithium–sulfur batteries, which exhibit excellent cycling stability and rate capability. A high areal capacity of ∼4 mA h cm<sup>−2</sup> is also demonstrated based on this new cathode configuration.
White spots reduction by ultimate proximity metal gettering at carbon complexes formed underneath contact area in CMOS image sensors (2016)

White spots reduction by the ultimate proximity metal-gettering technology for CMOS image sensors is demonstrated. Metal contaminants in photodiodes (PDs) causing white spots can be captured by carbon complexes, as metal gettering sites, formed underneath contact areas in CMOS image sensors without any layout area penalty. High density carbon complexes take advantage of the ultimate proximity to PDs to trap not only Fe and Ni as fast diffusion metal but also W as slow diffusion metal. The optimization of the gettering site layout resulted in neither the increase of mean dark current nor the degradation of transistor performances in the pixel area. Furthermore, the optimization of the C implantation and post treatment (PT) effectively reduced white spots by about one order. This ultimate proximity metal gettering is a promising technology for high image-quality CMOS image-sensors.
Cross-Licensing (2018)

Cross-licensing is an exchange of rights by firms to use each other’s property. Patent cross-licensing is used widely in complex technology industries such as ICT and pharmaceuticals to provide ‘freedom to design’ without risk of infringement, to avoid litigation and to round out product lines. Cross-licenses typically involve balancing royalty payments based on the net contributions of each party’s patents to the other’s products. If contributions balance, the licenses may occasionally be royalty-free.
Distributed Radiation Monitoring Via a Secure Wireless Sensor Platform (2008)

Sensors have long been used to monitor radiation emanating from nuclear materials throughout their life cycle. However, many of these systems have relied on area monitoring techniques which are designed to detect background changes or hard-wired installations focused on item monitoring that can be costly to install [4]. Current revolutions in low-power wireless devices could be used to improve the feasibility of utilizing radiation monitoring for nuclear safeguards that require item monitoring. Wireless sensors provide easier setup, lower install cost, and more flexibility in dynamically changing environments. The requirements of a wireless sensor platform for use in distributed radiation monitoring applications were investigated. This paper will discuss a proposed platform to meet the requirements of nuclear safeguards, and attempt to estimate the power consumption and battery life of this device. This extends previous work done on developing a similar Ethernet connected platform [5]. At the time of this paper, a complete design and final testing of the platform has not yet been accomplished, and is planned as future work. Introduction Commercial off-the Shelf (COTS) technology has always had a significant influence on the device communication techniques deployed in nuclear safeguards. Advances in outside markets are frequently adapted by nuclear safeguards efforts to provide more cost-effective and more secure monitoring methods [1]. Recent developments in wireless technologies, and particularly low power wireless sensor networks, are just the type of advancements that may be adaptable to current and future safeguards monitoring needs. Sensors have long been used to monitor nuclear materials throughout their life cycle. In the past these sensors have been hardwired or required a human operator. Wireless sensor networks would make item monitoring more practical, less costly, and reduce the need for on-site operation. Wireless sensors would be easier to setup, and more flexible in dynamically changing environments. This paper discusses the necessary elements of a successful wireless platform for distributed radiation monitoring, and a proposed platform to meet these needs. The main focus of the work has been the power requirements, and a rough analysis of the proposed platform's battery life was completed. First, the paper will discuss some requirements for such a wireless platform, specific to the application of nuclear material monitoring. Then a detailed discussion of a proposed platform to meet these needs will be presented, and the analyses of the battery life along with the assumptions made in this calculation. Finally the paper will conclude with a discussion of some potential limitations of the design, and areas of future work.
Dopamine signaling and myopia development: What are the key challenges (2017)

In the face of an "epidemic" increase in myopia over the last decades and myopia prevalence predicted to reach 2.5 billion people by the end of this decade, there is an urgent need to develop effective and safe therapeutic interventions to slow down this "myopia booming" and prevent myopia-related complications and vision loss. Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter in the retina and mediates diverse functions including retina development, visual signaling, and refractive development. Inspired by the convergence of epidemiological and animal studies in support of the inverse relationship between outdoor activity and risk of developing myopia and by the close biological relationship between light exposure and dopamine release/signaling, we felt it is timely and important to critically review the role of DA in myopia development. This review will revisit several key points of evidence for and against DA mediating light control of myopia: 1) the causal role of extracellular retinal DA levels, 2) the mechanism and action of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors and 3) the roles of cellular/circuit retinal pathways. We examine the experiments that show causation by altering DA, DA receptors and visual pathways using pharmacological, transgenic, or visual environment approaches. Furthermore, we critically evaluate the safety issues of a DA-based treatment strategy and some approaches to address these issues. The review identifies the key questions and challenges in translating basic knowledge on DA signaling and myopia from animal studies into effective pharmacological treatments for myopia in children.
Sequential Activation of Ground Pads Reduces Skin Heating During Radiofrequency Tumor Ablation: <i>In Vivo</i> Porcine Results (2009)

Skin burns below ground pads during monopolar RF ablation are increasingly prevalent, thereby hindering the development of higher power RF generators capable of creating larger tumor ablation zones in combination with multiple or new applicators. Our goal was to evaluate reduction in skin temperatures via additional ground pads in an in vivo porcine model. Three ground pads placed on the animal's abdomen were activated either simultaneously or sequentially, where activation timing was adjusted to equilibrate skin temperature below each pad. Thirteen RF ablations (n = 4 simultaneous at 300 W, n = 5 sequential at 300 W, and n = 4 sequential at 375 W) were performed for 12 min via two internally cooled cluster electrodes placed in the gluteus maximus of domestic swine. Temperature rise at each pad and burn degree as determined via histology were compared. Ablation zone size was determined via T2-weighted MRI. Maximum temperature rise was significantly higher with simultaneous activation than with either of the sequential activation group (21.4 degrees C versus 8.1 degrees C or 9.6 degrees C, p < 0.01). Ablation zone diameters during simultaneous (300 W) and sequential activations (300 and 375 W) were and 6.9 +/- 0.3, 5.6 +/- 0.3, and 7.5 +/- 0.6 cm, respectively. Sequential activation of multiple ground pads results in significantly lower skin temperatures and less severe burns, as measured by histological examination.
Toll-like receptor 9 agonist enhances anti-tumor immunity and inhibits tumor-associated immunosuppressive cells numbers in a mouse cervical cancer model following recombinant lipoprotein therapy (2014)

These findings suggest that the dramatic anti-tumor effects of the recombinant lipoprotein together with CpG ODN may reflect the amplification of CTL responses and the repression of the immunosuppressive environment. This promising approach could be applied for the development of additional therapeutic cancer vaccines.
Natural Disaster Hotspots: A Global Risk Analysis (2005)

Earthquakes, floods, drought, and other natural hazards cause tens of thousands of deaths, hundreds of thousands of injuries, and billions of dollars in economic losses each year around the world. As the recognition grows that natural disaster risk must be addressed as a development issue rather than one strictly of humanitarian assistance, so must our efforts to develop the tools to effectively mainstream disaster risk management into development activities. This project has attempted to develop a global, synoptic view of the major natural hazards, assessing risks of multiple disaster-related outcomes and focusing in particular on the degree of overlap between areas exposed to multiple hazards. The overall goal is to identify geographic areas of highest disaster risk potential in order to better inform development efforts.
Molecular Chromophore–Catalyst Assemblies for Solar Fuel Applications (2015)

As the world’s population increases, the U.S. Department of Energy has estimated that energy consumption will increase with it, increasing from 5.7 × 10<sup>20</sup> J in 2012 to 8.1 × 10<sup>20</sup> J in 2040. This projection takes into account population growth, average gross domestic product per capita, and globally averaged energy intensity. At the same time, there is an increased understanding of the importance of integrating good environmental practices with stimulating economic growth and leadership provided by international organizations, such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Most of the increases in energy consumption will come from emerging economies in Asia, Africa, and South America where goals, priorities, and challenges are diverse. To meet these demands there is a need to develop alternate energy sources. Although renewable and nuclear energy are growing by 2.5% a year, fossil fuels are still projected to make up at least 80% of the global energy supply in 2040.
Fast Atom Beam Etching of Glass Materials with Contact and Non-Contact Masks (1997)

Fast atom beam (FAB) etching of multicomponent glass and silica glass was performed using a contact mask (electron beam resist) and two non-contact masks (typically 5-µ m-diameter particles and a copper mesh with a 5 µ m line width and 20 µ m line spacing). FAB etching of a multi component glass substrate with the micro-particle mask successfully fabricated a precisely projected, 1.0-µ m-high outline pattern on the substrate. FAB etching of a silica glass substrate with the copper-mesh mask, which was separated from the substrate by about 100 µ m, successfully produced a projected, 34-nm-high outline pattern on the substrate. A combination of electron beam lithography with FAB etching on silica glass successfully fabricated nano-scale ultrafine patterns whose aspect ratio was higher than 7 (50 nm line width and 360 nm height). In all three fabrications, the side walls and etched surfaces were very smooth and were perpendicular to each other.