gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Separating Signal from Noise Using Patch Recurrence across Scales (2013)

Recurrence of small clean image patches across different scales of a natural image has been successfully used for solving ill-posed problems in clean images (e.g., super-resolution from a single image). In this paper we show how this multi-scale property can be extended to solve ill-posed problems under noisy conditions, such as image denoising. While clean patches are obscured by severe noise in the original scale of a noisy image, noise levels drop dramatically at coarser image scales. This allows for the unknown hidden clean patches to "naturally emerge" in some coarser scale of the noisy image. We further show that patch recurrence across scales is strengthened when using directional pyramids (that blur and sub sample only in one direction). Our statistical experiments show that for almost any noisy image patch (more than 99%), there exists a "good" clean version of itself at the same relative image coordinates in some coarser scale of the image. This is a strong phenomenon of noise-contaminated natural images, which can serve as a strong prior for separating the signal from the noise. Finally, incorporating this multi-scale prior into a simple denoising algorithm yields state-of-the-art denoising results.
Skin erythema meter (1990)

The skin erythema meter is a fibre-optic, dual wavelength reflectance meter which measures the reflectance of the skin on two wavelengths, one the blood/haemoglobin absorption band (555 nm) and another a reference (660 nm). The instrument consists of a fibre-optic sensor head, a microprocessor-based control and analysis unit and a plotter, and it presents the relation between the measured reflectance results in terms of a reflectance index (R(555nm):R(660nm)). The measurement cycle, including printing, takes 5 seconds. Stability tests on the erythema meter (constant distance, reference object) showed the standard deviation of the reflectance index to be +/- 0.1%, while that in repeatability tests was <+1- 0.5% for skin and <+1- 0.2% for paper with hand-held positioning and repetition. The dynamic change in the reflectance index was about 30% with strong irritation. Results of various irritation test series on human skin are also presented. Finally, the performance and applicability of the skin erythema meter with respect to allergy test procedures, irritancy testing and measurement of UV-induced erythema are discussed.
Noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Thermography of Recurrent Rectal Carcinoma in a 1.5 Tesla Hybrid System (2005)

To implement noninvasive thermometry, we installed a hybrid system consisting of a radiofrequency multiantenna applicator (SIGMA-Eye) for deep hyperthermia (BSD-2000/3D) integrated into the gantry of a 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance (MR) tomograph Symphony. This system can record MR data during radiofrequency heating and is suitable for application and evaluation of methods for MR thermography. In 15 patients with preirradiated pelvic rectal recurrences, we acquired phase data sets (25 slices) every 10 to 15 minutes over the treatment time (60-90 minutes) using gradient echo sequences (echo time = 20 ms), transformed the phase differences to MR temperatures, and fused the color-coded MR-temperature distributions with anatomic T1-weighted MR data sets. We could generate one complete series of MR data sets per patient with satisfactory quality for further analysis. In fat, muscle, water bolus, prostate, bladder, and tumor, we delineated regions of interest (ROI), used the fat ROI for drift correction by transforming these regions to a phase shift zero, and evaluated the MR-temperature frequency distributions. Mean MR temperatures (T(MR)), maximum T(MR), full width half maximum (FWHM), and other descriptors of tumors and normal tissues were noninvasively derived and their dependencies outlined. In 8 of 15 patients, direct temperature measurements in reference points were available. We correlated the tumor MR temperatures with direct measurements, clinical response, and tumor features (volume and location), and found reasonable trends and correlations. Therefore, the mean T(MR) of the tumor might be useful as a variable to evaluate the quality and effectivity of heat treatments, and consequently as optimization variable. Feasibility of noninvasive MR thermography for regional hyperthermia has been shown and should be further investigated.
Printability verification for double-patterning technology (2008)

For keeping pace with Moore's Law of reducing the feature sizes on integrated circuits, the driving forces have been reductions in the exposure-tool wavelength, and increases in the lens numerical aperture (NA). With extreme ultra-violet (EUV) lithography and 3rd-generation immersion delayed for production use, these driving forces are now stalled at a wavelength of 193 nm and an NA of 1.35. Therefore, double-patterning technology (DPT) is needed for printing 22 nm device node features. With DPT, a 22 nm layout is split into two patterns. Each pattern is printed using 32 nm node lithography technology, and the original pattern is recovered by a logical summation (the Boolean OR operation) of these two separately exposed patterns. DPT presents several challenges for printability verification. First, the etch target can be very different from the resist target because significant biasing is used to improve the lithography process window. Second, overlaps between the two patterns produce new problems such as sharp-cornered pinching at pattern junctions, and bridging between patterns. Finally, there are additional process variations: misalignment between the two patterns, and twice as many dose and defocus dimensions. We present results from a full-chip DPT-verification tool that addresses these challenges. We also provide examples of lithography problems that are specific to DPT, and describe possible guidance for the resolution enhancement techniques (RET) and design tools.
160 × 120 pixels optically readable bimaterial infrared detector (2003)

We have been studying the "Optically Readable Bimaterial Infrared Detector" based on surface micro-machining wafer process technology to realize an inexpensive infrared camera. This paper reports that we have developed a detector by incorporating the new "Cancel Structure" and we have successfully obtained an infrared image without a thermo-electric (TE) cooler.
Detection of an interferon antagonist, sarcolectin, in human sarcomas and muscles (1984)

In a variety of human sarcomas we detected the presence of a sarcolectin which reversed an established antiviral protection induced by interferon (IFN). For the same protein concentration, this biological activity was significantly increased when compared to that of normal muscles. All the biological characteristics were comparable to those of a sarcolectin found in hamster tissues; namely the capacity to agglutinate cells and its inhibition by specific sugars, migration in sodium dodecyl sulfate gel, and pepsin, heat and sodium dodecyl sulfate stability. Except for its anti-IFN function and cell agglutinating activity, the biological significances of this sarcolectin is presently poorly understood.
RNA Interference inhibits Hepatitis B Virus of different genotypes in Vitro and in Vivo (2010)

Such siRNA suggests an alternate way of inhibiting various HBV genotypes in vitro and in vivo, promising advances in the treatment of HBV.
Out-of-core simplification of large polygonal models (2000)

We present an algorithm for out-of-core simplification of large polygonal datasets that are too complex to fit in main memory. The algorithm extends the vertex clustering scheme of Rossignac and Borrel [13] by using error quadric information for the placement of each cluster's representative vertex, which better preserves fine details and results in a low mean geometric error. The use of quadrics instead of the vertex grading approach in [13] has the additional benefits of requiring less disk space and only a single pass over the model rather than two. The resulting linear time algorithm allows simplification of datasets of arbitrary complexity.
Regulation of the acid‐labile subunit of the insulin‐like growth factor ternary complex in patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus and severe burns (1996)

Serum ALS levels were diminished in children with untreated IDDM and were partially restored after the initiation of insulin therapy. Serum ALS levels were also diminished in patients with severe burn injury and restored by insulin treatment. Addition of GH to insulin therapy did not significantly increase serum ALS levels over levels obtained during insulin therapy alone. These decreases in serum ALS were smaller than the decrease in serum IGF-I concentrations in both conditions, suggesting that IGF-I is the limiting factor for the ternary complex formation in the catabolic states. Insulin may regulate circulating ALS levels in catabolic states and helps to restore the IGF system.
Combining T-cell-specific activation and in vivo gene delivery through CD3-targeted lentiviral vectors. (2020)

Genetic modification of T lymphocytes is a key issue in research and therapy. Conventional lentiviral vectors (LVs) are neither selective for T cells nor do they modify resting or minimally stimulated cells, which is crucial for applications, such as efficient in vivo modification of T lymphocytes. Here, we introduce novel CD3-targeted LVs (CD3-LVs) capable of genetically modifying human T lymphocytes without prior activation. For CD3 attachment, agonistic CD3-specific single-chain variable fragments were chosen. Activation, proliferation, and expansion mediated by CD3-LVs were less rapid compared with conventional antibody-mediated activation owing to lack of T-cell receptor costimulation. CD3-LVs delivered genes not only selectively into T cells but also under nonactivating conditions, clearly outperforming the benchmark vector vesicular stomatitis-LV glycoproteins under these conditions. Remarkably, CD3-LVs were properly active in gene delivery even when added to whole human blood in absence of any further stimuli. Upon administration of CD3-LV into NSG mice transplanted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, efficient and exclusive transduction of CD3+ T cells in all analyzed organs was achieved. Finally, the most promising CD3-LV successfully delivered a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) into T lymphocytes in vivo in humanized NSG mice. Generation of CAR T cells was accompanied by elimination of human CD19+ cells from blood. Taken together, the data strongly support implementation of T-cell-activating properties within T-cell-targeted vector particles. These particles may be ideally suited for T-cell-specific in vivo gene delivery.
Chemical Modulators for Targeting Autism Spectrum Disorders: From Bench to Clinic (2022)

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by diverse behavioral symptoms such as repetitive behaviors, social deficits, anxiety, hyperactivity, and irritability. Despite their increasing incidence, the specific pathological mechanisms of ASD are still unknown, and the degree and types of symptoms that vary from patient to patient make it difficult to develop drugs that target the core symptoms of ASD. Although various atypical antipsychotics and antidepressants have been applied to regulate ASD symptoms, these drugs can only alleviate the symptoms and do not target the major causes. Therefore, development of novel drugs targeting factors directly related to the onset of ASD is required. Among the various factors related to the onset of ASD, several chemical modulators to treat ASD, focused on serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and glutamate receptors, microbial metabolites, and inflammatory cytokines, are explored in this study. In particular, we focus on the chemical drugs that have improved various aspects of ASD symptoms in animal models and in clinical trials for various ages of patients with ASD.
Probing the Molecular Structure of the Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channel (1988)

The brain's default mode network consists of discrete, bilateral and symmetrical cortical areas, in the medial and lateral parietal, medial prefrontal, and medial and lateral temporal cortices of the human, nonhuman primate, cat, and rodent brains. Its ...Read More
Management of impotence (1993)

Impotence affects an estimated 10 million American men. The cause is usually organic in men over age 50; psychogenic impotence is more common in younger men. Vascular disease is the most common cause of impotence. Evaluation in patients with impotence includes thorough history taking and diagnostic testing. Once the cause of impotence is determined, appropriate management can be chosen. Current therapeutic options include vacuum tumescence devices, self-injection, oral therapy, psychotherapy, and penile prostheses.
Hydrogen Peroxide. Ubiquitous in Cell Culture and In vivo? (2000)

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is widely regarded as a cytotoxic agent whose levels must be minimized by the action of antioxidant defence enzymes. In fact, H2O2 is poorly reactive in the absence of transition metal ions. Exposure of certain human tissues to H2O2 may be greater than is commonly supposed; levels of H2O2 in the human body may be controlled not only by catabolism but also by excretion, and H2O2 could play a role in the regulation of renal function and as an antibacterial agent in the urine. Cell culture is a widely used method for the investigation of "physiological" processes such as signal transduction and regulation of gene expression, but chemical reactions involving cell culture media are rarely considered. Addition of reducing agents to commonly used cell-culture media can lead to generation of substantial amounts of H2O2. Some or all of the reported effects of ascorbic acid and polyphenolic compounds (e.g., quercetin, catechin, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate) on cells in culture may be due to H2O2 generation by interaction of these compounds with cell culture media.
Optimum receivers with fiber gratings (2002)

Summary form only given. We demonstrate such a matched fibre grating filter experimentally by generating an optical pulse from the cw output (O dBm) of a tunable laser diode by using a LiNbO/sub 3/ Mach-Zehnder modulator together with a pulse generator (HP 8131A, risetime 110 ps).
Regulation of Expression of Nitrate and Dinitrogen Assimilation by <i>Anabaena</i> Species (1983)

Anabaena sp. strain 7120 appeared more responsive to nitrogen control than A. cylindrica. Growth in the presence of nitrate strongly repressed the differentiation of heterocysts and fixation of dinitrogen in Anabaena sp. strain 7120, but only weakly in A. cylindrica. Nitrate assimilation by ammonium-grown cultures was strongly repressed in Anabaena sp. strain 7120, but less so in A. cylindrica. The repressive effect of nitrate on dinitrogen assimilation in Anabaena sp. strain 7120, compared to A. cylindrica, did not correlate with a greater rate of nitrate transport, reduction to ammonium, assimilation into amino acids, or growth. Although both species grew at similar rates with dinitrogen, A. cylindrica grew faster with nitrate, incorporated more NO(3) into amino acids, and assimilated (transported) nitrate at the same rate as Anabaena sp. strain 7120. Full expression of nitrate assimilation in the two species occurred within 2.5 h (10 to 14% of their generation times) after transfer to nitrate medium. The induction and continued expression of nitrate assimilation was dependent on protein synthesis. The half-saturation constants for nitrate assimilation and for nitrate and ammonium repression of dinitrogen assimilation have ecological significance with respect to nitrogen-dependent growth and competitiveness of the two Anabaena species.
Cytotoxic Action of Juglone and Plumbagin:  A Mechanistic Study Using HaCaT Keratinocytes (2003)

Juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) and plumbagin (5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) are yellow pigments found in black walnut (Juglans regia). Herbal preparations derived from black walnut have been used as hair dyes and skin colorants in addition to being applied topically for the treatment of acne, inflammatory diseases, ringworm, and fungal, bacterial, or viral infections. We have studied the cytotoxicity of these quinones to HaCaT keratinocytes. Exposure to juglone or plumbagin (1-20 microM) resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability. The cytotoxicity of these quinones is due to two different mechanisms, namely, redox cycling and reaction with glutathione (GSH). Redox cycling results in the generation of the corresponding semiquinone radicals, which were detected by electron paramagnetic resonance. Incubation of keratinocytes with the quinones generated hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and resulted in the oxidation of GSH to GSSG. Depletion of GSH by buthionine sulfoximine enhanced semiquinone radical production, increased H(2)O(2) generation, and produced greater cytotoxicity, suggesting that GSH plays an important protective role. Both quinones decreased the intracellular levels of GSH. However, plumbagin stoichiometrically converted GSH to GSSG, indicating that redox cycling is its main metabolic pathway. In contrast, much of the GSH lost during juglone exposure, especially at the higher concentrations (10 and 20 microM), did not appear as GSSG, suggesting that the cytotoxicity of this quinone may also involve nucleophilic addition to GSH. Our findings indicate that topical preparations containing juglone and plumbagin should be used with care as their use may damage the skin. However, it is probable that the antifungal, antiviral, and antibacterial properties of these quinones are the result of redox cycling.
Fluidic switching and tuning of Fabry-Perot antenna (2015)

A Fabry-Perot Cavity (FPC) antenna with an integrated fluidic channel is proposed. The channel housing is filled with air or deionized (DI) water. The fluidic channel provides the control of the resonant frequencies of the FPC antenna and makes the antenna switch on/off. A tunable range is from 10.4GHz to 7.3GHz and from 11.7GHz to 11.1GHz when DI water is injected into the channel. The effects of the air and DI water in the FPC design are investigated.
Characteristics of protein removal in hemodiafiltration. (1994)

The on-line HDF system with central supply of the dialysis solution has been developed, which enables us to give more patients HDF treatment at the same time. The high quality infusate was made of dialysis solution by consecutive ultrafiltration with three different filters. The technical notes on assuring accurate infusion rates were also made. From the standpoint of preventing dialysis-related amyloidosis, more aggressive methods to eliminate beta 2-m and larger proteins were described. The RR in the plasma level of beta 2-m was excellent, ranging from 0.75 to 0.84 in all patients. The efficient removal favorably diminishes the overload and the uptake of beta 2-m molecules by inflammatory cells. The aggressive removal of larger proteins is shown to relieve some of the local and systemic inflammatory processes. Taken together, it is possible that the release of amyloidogenic metabolites can be suppressed by proper HDF therapy. The proof of the clinical effectiveness of such a strategy awaits a long-term observation and criticism.
Discovery and Optimization of a Series of Benzofuran Selective ERAP1 Inhibitors: Biochemical and <i>In Silico</i> Studies (2021)

ERAP1 is a key aminopeptidase involved in peptide trimming before major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presentation. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the ERAP1 gene can lead to impaired trimming activity and affect ERAP1 function. ERAP1 genetic variations have been linked to an increased susceptibility to cancer and autoimmune disease. Here, we report the discovery of novel ERAP1 inhibitors using a high throughput screening approach. Due to ERAP1 broad substrate specificity, the hit finding strategy included testing inhibitors with a range of biochemical assays. Based on the hit potency, selectivity, and <i>in vitro</i> absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity, the benzofuran series was selected. Fifteen derivatives were designed and synthesized, the compound potency was improved to the nanomolar range, and the structure-activity relationship supported by modeling studies.
PRMT5 is required for cell-cycle progression and p53 tumor suppressor function (2009)

Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) mediate the transfer of methyl groups to arginines in proteins involved in signal transduction, transcriptional regulation and RNA processing. Tumor suppressor p53 coordinates crucial cellular processes, including cell-cycle arrest and DNA repair, in response to stress signals. Post-translational modifications and interactions with co-factors are important to regulate p53 transcriptional activity. To explore whether PRMTs modulate p53 function, we generated multiple cell lines in which PRMT1, CARM1 and PRMT5 are inducibly knocked down. Here, we showed that PRMT5, but not PRMT1 or CARM1, is essential for cell proliferation and PRMT5 deficiency triggers cell-cycle arrest in G1. In addition, PRMT5 is required for p53 expression and induction of p53 targets MDM2 and p21 upon DNA damage. Importantly, we established that PRMT5 knockdown prevents p53 protein synthesis. Furthermore, we found that PRMT5 regulates the expression of translation initiation factor eIF4E and growth suppression mediated upon PRMT5 knockdown is independent of p53 but is dependent on eIF4E. Taken together, we uncovered that arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 is a major pro-survival factor regulating eIF4E expression and p53 translation.
Theoretical Study of Urea and Thiourea. 2. Chains and Ribbons (2000)

One-dimensional hydrogen-bonding aggregates of urea and thiourea corresponding to the two patterns, chains and ribbons, which are found in crystal structures of these molecules have been studied using ab initio and semiempirical molecular orbital theory. In accord with experimental evidence, long chains are found to be more stable than comparably sized ribbons for urea, although ribbons are favored for dimers and small aggregates. Thiourea ribbons are favored over chains for all aggregates, large and small, again in agreement with the experimental crystal structure. Thus, cooperative interactions dictate the hydrogen-bonding structure for urea, but not thiourea, crystals. Various ab initio (HF, MP2, and B3PW91 all the with the D95** basis set) and semiempirical (AM1 and SAM1) molecular orbital calculations were used for this study.
Authoritative practice with child neglect: Integrating family support and child protection (2015)

Child neglect accounts for the highest proportion of substantiated cases of maltreatment in high income countries. It is associated with profound effects on children’s wellbeing and development in the short and long term. Practitioners from all disciplines struggle to find effective responses to neglected children, especially in the context of systems that are built around a forensic-investigative core. Based on a body of research undertaken in the UK and informed by an international literature review, this paper proposes that a model of authoritative practice is required when working with neglect. Practitioners working in all settings need to combine empathic support for parents with a sharp focus on the needs of children for care and protection.
Efficient Dynamic Computer Simulation of Robotic Mechanisms (1982)

The Newton-Euler formulation of the equations of motion of an open-loop kinematic chain is used within a dynamic computer simulation of a robotic mechanism. Four different methods are presented for obtaining the joint variable accelerations given the joint positions, velocities, and input torques or forces. Each of these methods was programmed in FORTRAN and then executed on a CYBER 175 digital computer. This paper contains a comparison of the computational complexity of these methods and the execution time of the programs which implement them.