gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Correlation between perchloric‐acid‐soluble serum proteins, cellular immunity and tumor‐cell burden (1980)

Abstract Several in vitro ‐cultured neoplastic cells, particularly human mammary carcinoma and malignant melanoma cells, shed or secrete glycoproteins which are tumorspecific. These compounds contain N‐acetylneuraminic acid (NANA), and they differ from the bulk of serum proteins and glycoproteins in being soluble in perchloric acid. The present studies examined the relation between perchloric acid soluble serum proteins (PA‐proteins), and N‐acetylneuraminic acid (PA‐NANA) and the number of R3230 AdCa implanted into syngeneic Fischer rats. A graded number of R3230 AdCa cells from a mammary rat adenocarcinoma was implanted into separate groups (20 rats/group) of imbred 12‐ to 16‐week‐old female Fischer rats. At 0, 24,48, 72, 196 h, and at 6, 9, 12, 15 and 21 days after tumor cell implantation, blood was examined for protein and NANA levels, and spleen cells for migration inhibition. Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN)‐treated formalinized tumor cells were used as the antigen. Animals which received 100 R3230 AdCa cells/animal showed a progressive increase in PA‐proteins and PA‐NANA 48 h after implanting the tumor cells. The serum PA‐protein and PA‐NANA levels were time‐dependent and increased with the number of implanted tumor cells. Maximum levels were found in sera from blood drawn 196 h or later from animals which received 1,000 tumor cells/rat or more. At 72 h or more after tumor cell implantation, spleen cells from animals which received 100 or more R3230 AdCa cells per animal were inhibited on contact with VCN‐treated formalinized R3230 AdCa cells. The magnitude of inhibition increased with time and with number of implanted tumor cells. A maximum of 85% inhibition was attained with spleens from animals 196 h after implantation of 100 R3230 AdCa cell/animal, or from animals 72 h after implantation of 10 3 or 10 4 R3230 AdCa cells/animal.
Oil and Gas Wells: Enhanced Wellbore Casing Integrity Management through Corrosion Rate Prediction Using an Augmented Intelligent Approach (2019)

Wellbore integrity management for oil and gas wells plays a vital role throughout the typical lifespan of a well. Downhole casing leaks in oil- and gas-producing wells significantly affect their shallow water horizon, the environment, and fresh water resources. Additionally, downhole casing leaks may cause seepage of toxic gases to fresh water zones and the surface, through the casing annuli. Forecasting of such leaks and proactive measures of prevention will help eliminate their consequences and, in turn, better protect the environment. The objective of this study is to formulate an effective, robust, and accurate model for predicting the corrosion rate of metal casing string using artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. The input parameters used to train AI models include casing leaks, the percentage of metal loss, casing age, and average remaining barrier ratio (ARBR). The target parameter is the corrosion rate of the metal casing string. The dataset from which the AI models were trained was comprised of 250 data points collected from 218 wells in a giant carbonate reservoir that covered a wide range of practically reasonable values. Two AI tools were used: artificial neural networks (ANNs) and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference systems (ANFISs). A prediction comparison was made between these two tools. Based on the minimum average absolute percentage error (AAPE) and the highest coefficient of determination (R2) between the measured and predicted corrosion rate values, the ANN model proposed here was determined to be best for predicting the corrosion rate. An ANN-based empirical model is also presented in this study. The proposed model is based on the associated weights and biases. After evaluating the new ANN equation using an unseen validation dataset, it was concluded that the ANN equation was able to make predictions with a significantly lower AAPE and higher R2. Use of the proposed new equation is very cost-effective in terms of reducing the number of sequential surveys and experiments conducted. The proposed equation can be utilized without an AI engine. The developed model and empirical correlation are very promising and can serve as a handy tool for corrosion engineers seeking to determine the corrosion rate without training an AI model.
Digitized Radio-Over-Fiber Technologies for Converged Optical Wireless Access Network (2010)

With the rapid deployment of optical access networks and the growing availability of mature and cost-effective opto-electronic system technologies, a unified optical feeder network could provide seamless integration of both broadband optical and wireless access networks. Radio-over-fiber transmission has been studied extensively as a way of achieving such high levels of network integration as well as simplifying wireless base-stations. Digitized radio-over-fiber has recently been reported as a possible cost-effective pathway for achieving this by taking advantage of parallel developments in electronic sampling systems and signal processing. In this paper, we present a review of recent progress in key systems and network technologies that can support the distribution of multi-band wireless signals in a converged optical wireless access network.
A case study for the implementation of a stochastic bit stream neuron; the choice between electrical and optical interconnects (2002)

A neural network architecture is described which uses stochastic processing techniques to perform the weighted input multiplication, summation and thresholding processes of a neuron using the optimal amount of hardware. It is argued that the advantage of this approach is that it will allow large neural networks to be fabricated with relatively small amounts of hardware. The architecture allows a choice to be made between the speed and accuracy of processing, as well as a choice of hardware. Implementations of a bit stream neuron using electronic, optoelectronic and optical hardware are developed and their capabilities are compared based on speed of processing and network size. The aim of the study is to investigate the capabilities of optical logic in distributed processing systems, together with the use of the optical thyristor as logic elements. It is shown that optical processing and optical interconnection allows a simplification of the processing sequence and allows the parallelism of distributed systems to be utilised.
Pharmacotherapy for traumatic brain injury: a review. (1998)

Traumatic brain injury in the United States is a serious health problem: it is a significant factor in approximately half of all trauma-related deaths, and, leads to persistent, long-term neurologic dysfunction in survivors. Physiological changes that accompany brain trauma such as cardiovascular alterations, hypercapnia, hypoxiaischemia, metabolic dysfunction, and alterations in the endogenous neurochemical systems are associated with poor clinical outcome. Using a variety of animal models, experimental studies have begun to elucidate these neurochemical disturbances that underlie the behavioral deficits and the pathologic outcome. Modification of the post-traumatic neurochemical milieu can promote functional recovery. While a number of currently available pharmaceutical compounds have been reported to be effective in various animal models of TBI, their utility in the clinical setting has been disappointing [119]. New hope has arisen for the treatment of TBI, based upon new research findings regarding the development of novel pharmacological therapies for brain trauma. Reduction of brain temperature can maintain relative tissue homeostasis by lowering metabolic activity. Hypothermia has been attempted in patients over the past 50 years and recent experimental evidence suggests that posttraumatic hypothermia can attenuate EAA release and free-radical production [120]. In animal models, hypothermic treatment has attenuated post-traumatic neurologic motor dysfunction [121,122], improved histopathologic damage [123,124], and reduced the extent of cytoskeletal damage [120]. In addition, the armamentarium of potentially neuroprotective compounds, which has increased rapidly in the recent years, provides promising pharmacological therapies for the treatment of TBI.
Are primed CD4<sup>+</sup> T lymphocytes different from unprimed cells? (1994)

Primed and unprimed lymphocytes are usually classified as separate subsets of cells, based on phenotypic and functional distinctions. In the case of CD4+ T lymphocytes, primed cells are thought to proliferate more vigorously, quickly and easily, and to release a different profile of cytokines, than their naive equivalent. However, most of these data were obtained from studies in which populations of lymphocytes were compared before and after antigenic stimulation, and therefore did not distinguish between the effects resulting from the clonal expansion of specific precursor cells within such populations and those due to cell differentiation per se. We have investigated the contribution of precursor cell frequency to some of the functional changes observed in populations of CD4+ T cells following antigenic stimulation, using approaches in which antigen-specific precursor frequencies are high in both primary and secondary stimulations: mixed leukocyte reaction responses and cells from alpha beta T cell receptor transgenic mice. Our data suggest that when equivalent numbers of antigen-specific naive and previously primed CD4+ responder T cells are compared, there is no difference in their potency to proliferate but only the previously activated subset can generate cytokines such as interferon-gamma.
The Common Chymotrypsinogen C ( CTRC ) Variant G60G (C.180T) Increases Risk of Chronic Pancreatitis But Not Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis in a North American Population (2015)

The common CTRC variant c.180T acts as disease modifier that promotes progression from RAP to CP, especially in patients with CFTR or SPINK1 variants, alcohol, or smoking.
Grounded Textual Entailment (2018)

Capturing semantic relations between sentences, such as entailment, is a long-standing challenge for computational semantics. Logic-based models analyse entailment in terms of possible worlds (interpretations, or situations) where a premise P entails a hypothesis H iff in all worlds where P is true, H is also true. Statistical models view this relationship probabilistically, addressing it in terms of whether a human would likely infer H from P. In this paper, we wish to bridge these two perspectives, by arguing for a visually-grounded version of the Textual Entailment task. Specifically, we ask whether models can perform better if, in addition to P and H, there is also an image (corresponding to the relevant "world" or "situation"). We use a multimodal version of the SNLI dataset (Bowman et al., 2015) and we compare "blind" and visually-augmented models of textual entailment. We show that visual information is beneficial, but we also conduct an in-depth error analysis that reveals that current multimodal models are not performing "grounding" in an optimal fashion.
Effects of luminal fluid anions on calcium transport by proximal tubule (1984)

To determine whether the anion composition of tubule fluid affects calcium absorption by the renal proximal tubule, in vivo microperfusion techniques were employed in anesthetized rats. Experiments were designed so that total calcium and sodium concentrations were kept constant in fluids entering the tubule. A control solution, in which the main anion was chloride, was modified either by addition of ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetra-acetic acid or by replacing most of the chloride with nitrate, thiocyanate, sulfate, or citrate. Sufficient mannitol was added to the perfusion fluids to reduce net fluid flux to near zero. Net fluxes of calcium and sodium were calculated from measurements of total concentrations in perfused and collected fluids. Electrochemical driving forces across the tubule wall were calculated from measurements of transepithelial voltage and of Ca2+ activity in perfused and collected fluids. Results showed that calcium absorption by the proximal tubule depends on both the luminal Ca2+ activity and the transepithelial voltage. With zero transepithelial electrochemical driving force calcium absorption was significantly different from zero. Calcium and sodium transport rates were seen to vary independently. We conclude that the calcium absorptive mechanism involves active transport and can be dissociated from the sodium transport pathway. Calcium transport is also affected by changes in transepithelial electrochemical driving forces with an apparent permeability similar to values reported for sodium and potassium.
Transplantation of Thymic Tissue into Patients With AIDS (1987)

Thymic epithelial fragments were transplanted into 15 patients in an advanced stage of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). One patient was given interleukin 2 in addition to thymic tissue. We demonstrated the following: Thymic epithelial fragments cultured before transplantation to remove T cells survived for months after transplantation in eight of 15 patients and seemed to be responsible for a partial, selective, but transient repopulation of the circulating T-cell pool. The absolute number of T8 cells, but not T4 cells, increased three to four weeks after the procedure in eight of the 15 subjects. This increase in T8 cells was associated with clinical improvement in some cases and increased T-cell responsiveness in vitro. Thymic tissue transplantation as a single therapeutic maneuver is unlikely to reconstitute the immune system of patients with AIDS, but the potential of the approach, used in combination with agents that block replication of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III, deserves further study.
Lyra2: Efficient Password Hashing with High Security against Time-Memory Trade-Offs (2016)

We present Lyra2, a password hashing scheme (PHS) based on cryptographic sponges. Lyra2 was designed to be strictly sequential for a given number of cores (i.e., not easily parallelizable beyond that number), providing strong security even against attackers using custom hardware or GPUs. At the same time, it is very simple to implement in software and allows legitimate users to fine tune its memory and processing costs according to the desired level of security against brute force password-guessing. Lyra2 is an improvement of the recently proposed Lyra algorithm, providing an even higher security level against different attack venues and overcoming some limitations of this and other existing schemes.
Self-organizing neural network character recognition on a massively parallel computer (1990)

Two neural-network-based methods are combined to develop font-independent character recognition on a distributed array processor. Feature localization and noise reduction are achieved using least-squares optimized Gabor filtering. The filtered images are then presented to an ART-1-based learning algorithm which produces self-organizing sets of neural network weights used for character recognition. Implementation of these algorithms on a highly parallel computer with 1024 processors allows high-speed character recognition to be achieved in 8 ms/image with greater than 99% accuracy on machine print and 80% accuracy on unconstrained hand-printed characters
Development and Applications of Fluorescent Indicators for Mg<sup>2+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup> (2011)

In a study of the spectroscopic behavior of two Schiff base derivatives, salicylaldehyde salicylhydrazone (1) and salicylaldehyde benzoylhydrazone (2), Schiff base 1 has high selectivity for Zn(2+) ion not only in abiotic systems but also in living cells. The ion selectivity of 1 for Zn(2+) can be switched for Mg(2+) by swapping the solvent from ethanol-water to DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide)-water mixtures. Imine 2 is a good fluorescent probe for Zn(2+) in ethanol-water media. Many other ions tested, such as Li(+), Na(+), Al(3+), K(+), Ca(2+), Cr(3+), Mn(2+), Fe(3+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), Cu(2+), Ag(+), Cd(2+), Sn(2+), Ba(2+), Hg(2+), and Pb(2+), failed to induce any spectral change in various solvents. The selectivity mechanism of 1 and 2 for metal ions is based on a combinational effect of proton transfer (ESPT), C═N isomerization, and chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF). The coordination modes of the complexes were investigated.
Depth from defocus using the mean spectral ratio (2014)

Depth from defocus aims to estimate scene depth from two or more photos captured with differing camera parameters, such as lens aperture or focus, by characterizing the difference in image blur. In the absence of noise, the ratio of Fourier transforms of two corresponding image patches captured under differing focus conditions reduces to the ratio of the optical transfer functions, since the contribution from the scene cancels. For a focus or aperture bracket, the shape of this spectral ratio depends on object depth. Imaging noise complicates matters, introducing biases that vary with object texture, making extraction of a reliable depth value from the spectral ratio difficult. We propose taking the mean of the complex valued spectral ratio over an image tile as a depth measure. This has the advantage of cancelling much of the effect of noise and significantly reduces depth bias compared to characterizing only the modulus of the spectral ratio. This method is fast to calculate and we do not need to assume any shape for the optical transfer function, such as a Gaussian approximation. Experiments with real world photographic imaging geometries show our method produces depth maps with greater tolerance to varying object texture than several previous depth from defocus methods.
Erythropoietin prevents the acute myocardial inflammatory response induced by ischemia/reperfusion via induction of AP-1 (2005)

Objective: Erythropoietin (EPO) prevents the myocardial dysfunction induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Since I/R-induced myocardial dysfunction is associated with an acute inflammatory response, we assessed the anti-inflammatory properties of EPO using in vitro and in vivo models of I/R.
The MHETA Execution Model for Heterogeneous Clusters (2005)

The availability of inexpensive "off the shelf" machines increases the likelihood that parallel programs run on heterogeneous clusters of machines. These programs are increasingly likely to be out of core, meaning that portions of their datasets must be stored on disk during program execution. This results in significant, per-iteration, I/O cost. This paper describes an execution model, called MHETA, which is the key component to finding an effective data distribution on heterogeneous clusters. MHETA takes into account computation, communication, and I/O costs of iterative scientific applications. MHETA uses automatically extracted information from a single iteration to predict the execution time of the remaining iterations. Results show that MHETA predicts with on average 98% accuracy the execution time of several scientific benchmarks (with and without prefetching) and one full-scale scientific program that utilize pipelined and other communication. MHETA is thus an effective tool when searching for the most effective distribution on a heterogeneous cluster.
A robust type I interferon gene signature from blood RNA defines quantitative but not qualitative differences between three major IFN  drugs in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (2015)

We analysed gene expression microarray data from whole blood samples from 228 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients either untreated or treated with one of three alternative commonly used interferon beta (IFNβ) disease modifying drugs: Avonex (×1 weekly), Betaseron (every second day) or Rebif (×3 weekly). Patient injections were not timed to coordinate sample collections, thus providing a global transcriptomic profile for each population of patients studied. Three hundred and fifty one genes were significantly differentially expressed by at least one of the IFNβ drugs. Despite the different drug sources with distinct injection and dosage protocols, a striking similarity was found in the identity and functional classes of the differentially expressed genes induced. Using the 25 most-upregulated genes, we defined a robust IFNβ gene expression signature that quantifies the IFN activation state per blood sample collected irrespective of the type of IFNβ therapy. This 25-gene signature also defined basal IFN activation states among untreated MS patients, which differed among individuals but remained relatively constant per patient with time. The maximum drug-induced IFN-activation state was similar for all three drugs despite a 1.7-2.0-fold diminished average effect for Avonex. This and a more erratic effect of Avonex per patient across longitudinal measurements is likely a result of its reduced injection frequency. In summary, we have defined a robust blood-derived type I IFN gene signature from MS patients. This signature could potentially serve to generically quantify the systemic Type I IFN activation status for any other clinical manifestation, inclusive of other autoimmune diseases.
Utilization of a right-handed coiled-coil protein from archaebacterium Staphylothermus marinus as a carrier for cisplatin. (2009)

RHCC can be used as a carrier of cisplatin without abrogating the effect of the drug.
Role of neuraminidase-dependent adherence in Bacteroides fragilis attachment to human epithelial cells (1990)

Of 50 B. fragilis strains isolated from clinical samples we have demonstrated that 24 (48%) possess an adhesin that mediates a neuraminidase-dependent attachment of B. fragilis to mammalian epithelial cells, but does not mediate any association with human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. This ligand interacts with a mammalian cell receptor that contains a galactoside residue, exposed after neuraminidase pretreatment. Our results suggest a possible role for cell associated neuraminidase in mediating a two step adherence mechanism.
Cavity-induced microstreaming for simultaneous on-chip pumping and size-based separation of cells and particles (2014)

We present a microfluidic platform for simultaneous on-chip pumping and size-based separation of cells and particles without external fluidic control systems required for most existing platforms. The device utilizes an array of acoustically actuated air/liquid interfaces generated using dead-end side channels termed Lateral Cavity Acoustic Transducers (LCATs). The oscillating interfaces generate local streaming flow while the angle of the LCATs relative to the main channel generates a global bulk flow from the inlet to the outlet. The interaction of these two competing velocity fields (i.e. global bulk velocity vs. local streaming velocity) is responsible for the observed separation. It is shown that the separation of 5 μm and 10 μm polystyrene beads is dependent on the ratio of these two competing velocity fields. The experimental and simulation results suggest that particle trajectories based only on Stokes drag force cannot fully explain the separation behavior and that the impact of additional forces due to the oscillating flow field must be considered to determine the trajectory of the beads and ultimately the separation behavior of the device. To demonstrate an application of this separation platform with cellular components, smaller red blood cells (7.5 ± 0.8 μm) are separated from larger K562 cells (16.3 ± 2.0 μm) with viabilities comparable to those of controls based on a trypan blue exclusion assay.