gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lansoprazole Versus Lansoprazole plus Amoxicillin Treatment for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Patients with Gastric Ulcer (1995)

Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of gastritis and an important factor in duodenal ulcer relapse. Eradication of H. pylori has usually been achieved by triple therapy, a combination of bismuth salts and two antibiotics. The disadvantage of these regimens is the large number of tablets and the high incidence of side effects. A new H+,K(+)-ATPase inhibitor, lansoprazole (LPZ), has a strong acid inhibitory effect and an anti-H. pylori effect in vitro. These dual effects have an advantage for the eradication of H. pylori by LPZ alone or by a combination of LPZ and antibiotics. In this study, we investigated an anti-H. pylori effect of LPZ alone and LPZ plus low-dose amoxicillin and the relation between the status of H. pylori colonization and the endoscopic healing stage. LPZ monotherapy suppressed H. pylori but did not eradicate it. LPZ plus low-dose amoxicillin dual therapy eradicated H. pylori in 45.5% of patients with gastric ulcer disease. However, this rate is not satisfactory for eradication therapy. The optimal dosage and duration of treatment need to be specified. A high rate of healing to the endoscopic S2 stage was achieved by eradication of H. pylori and the recurrence of gastric ulcer was suppressed in patients in whom H. pylori was eradicated. The eradication of H. pylori may change the natural course of gastric ulcer disease as it does in duodenal ulcer disease.
Improving Machine Reading Comprehension via Adversarial Training (2019)

Adversarial training (AT) as a regularization method has proved its effectiveness in various tasks, such as image classification and text classification. Though there are successful applications of AT in many tasks of natural language processing (NLP), the mechanism behind it is still unclear. In this paper, we aim to apply AT on machine reading comprehension (MRC) and study its effects from multiple perspectives. We experiment with three different kinds of RC tasks: span-based RC, span-based RC with unanswerable questions and multi-choice RC. The experimental results show that the proposed method can improve the performance significantly and universally on SQuAD1.1, SQuAD2.0 and RACE. With virtual adversarial training (VAT), we explore the possibility of improving the RC models with semi-supervised learning and prove that examples from a different task are also beneficial. We also find that AT helps little in defending against artificial adversarial examples, but AT helps the model to learn better on examples that contain more low-frequency words.
A shape-deformable and thermally stable solid-state electrolyte based on a plastic crystal composite polymer electrolyte for flexible/safer lithium-ion batteries (2014)

A solid-state electrolyte with reliable electrochemical performance, mechanical robustness and safety features is strongly pursued to facilitate the progress of flexible batteries. Here, we demonstrate a shape-deformable and thermally stable plastic crystal composite polymer electrolyte (denoted as “PC-CPE”) as a new class of solid-state electrolyte to achieve this challenging goal. The PC-CPE is composed of UV (ultraviolet)-cured ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA) macromer/close-packed Al2O3 nanoparticles (acting as the mechanical framework) and succinonitrile-mediated plastic crystal electrolyte (serving as the ionic transport channel). This chemical/structural uniqueness of the PC-CPE brings remarkable improvement in mechanical flexibility and thermal stability, as compared to conventional carbonate-based liquid electrolytes that are fluidic and volatile. In addition, the PC-CPE precursor mixture (i.e., prior to UV irradiation) with well-adjusted rheological properties, via collaboration with a UV-assisted imprint lithography technique, produces the micropatterned PC-CPE with tunable dimensions. Notably, the cell incorporating the self-standing PC-CPE, which acts as a thermally stable electrolyte and also a separator membrane, maintains stable charge/discharge behavior even after exposure to thermal shock condition (=130 °C/0.5 h), while a control cell assembled with a carbonate-based liquid electrolyte and a polyethylene separator membrane loses electrochemical activity.
Does the Failure of the Expectations Hypothesis Matter for Long‐Term Investors? (2005)

ABSTRACT We solve the portfolio problem of a long‐run investor when the term structure is Gaussian and when the investor has access to nominal bonds and stock. We apply our method to a three‐factor model that captures the failure of the expectations hypothesis. We extend this model to account for time‐varying expected inflation, and estimate the model with both inflation and term structure data. The estimates imply that the bond portfolio of a long‐run investor looks very different from the portfolio of a mean‐variance optimizer. In particular, time‐varying term premia generate large hedging demands for long‐term bonds.
Fuzzy clustering and relevance ranking of web search results with differentiating cluster label generation (2010)

This paper introduces a prototype web search results clustering engine that enhances search results by performing fuzzy clustering on web documents returned by conventional search engines, as well as ranking the results and labeling the resulting clusters. This is done using a fuzzy transduction-based clustering algorithm (FTCA), which employs a transduction-based relevance model (TRM) to generate document relevance values. These relevance values are used to cluster similar documents, rank them, and facilitate a term frequency based label generator. The membership degrees of documents to fuzzy clusters also facilitates effective detection and removal of overly similar clusters. FTCA is compared against two other established web document clustering algorithms: Suffix Tree Clustering (STC) and Lingo, which are provided by the free open source Carrot <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> Document Clustering Workbench. To measure cluster quality, an extended version of the classic precision measurement is used to take into account relevance and fuzzy clustering, along with recall and F1 score. Results from testing on five different datasets show a considerable clustering quality and performance advantage over STC and Lingo in most cases.
Automatic document navigation for digital content remastering (2003)

This paper presents a novel method of automatically adding navigation capabilities to re-mastered electronic books. We first analyze the need for a generic and robust system to automatically construct navigation links into re-mastered books. We then introduce the core algorithm based on text matching for building the links. The proposed method utilizes the tree-structured dictionary and directional graph of the table of contents to efficiently conduct the text matching. Information fusion further increases the robustness of the algorithm. The experimental results on the MIT Press digital library project are discussed and the key functional features of the system are illustrated. We have also investigated how the quality of the OCR engine affects the linking algorithm. In addition, the analogy between this work and Web link mining has been pointed out.
Weather Info For All – Towards an Agriculture and Climate Advisory Service (2013)

The goal of this report is to build on the Svenska PostkodStiftelsen supported study of the weather and climate information needs of small-scale farming and fishing communities (Awiti et al. 2012) to increase support for the development of agriculture and climate advisory systems and services for farmers. The Svenska PostkodStiftelsen study has been used to highlight the need for community engagement in the creation of effective climate services for farmers. The findings were shared with the World Bank, the Global facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) and other development partners including the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the Group on Earth Observations (GEO). And the results are now helping shape part of a World Bank Concept note on a Regional Program for African National Meteorological and Hydrological Services. The World Bank initiative builds on several programs, including the Integrated African Strategy on Meteorology1, the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS)2 and the World Bank’s strategy for Africa3. The GFCS has four pillars – agriculture and food security, water, health, and disaster risk reduction. Building on the recommendations of the Svenska PostkodStiftelsen study (Awiti et al. 2012), the current report takes the next step to define the key components of an Agriculture and Climate Advisory Service that could be implemented in any African Country.
Evaluation of calibrated 1 and 10 mul loops and dipslide as compared to pipettes for detection of low count bacteriuria in vitroNote (2000)

Criteria for defining urinary tract infection have changed as the importance of low count bacteriuria in patients with symptoms of infection has been recognized. Little has been published, however, regarding the ability of routine laboratory methods to meet this new challenge. We compared 1 microl and 10 microl calibrated plastic loops (Nunc, Denmark), to a commonly used dipslide method (Uricult, Orion, Finland) using a 0.1 ml pipette as the gold standard. Four typical uropathogens, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. saprophyticus and E. faecalis, were mixed in pooled human urine in numbers representing low counts, i.e. 10(2), 10(3), and 10(4), together with 10(5) colony-forming units (cfu)/ml, and sampling with the four methods was performed 20 times for each with each bacterium and each dilution. Colony counts showed that in many cases the 1 microl loop did not deposit any bacteria on the agar plate when colony counts were lower than 10(4) cfu/ml. The 10 microl loop constantly deposited 1.5 times higher numbers of bacteria than predicted, which correlated with the results of weighing the amount of water sampled, i.e. 15.24 (1.55) microg (mean (SD)). The dipslide counts correlated with the 10 microl loop although the agar mounts on the slides absorbed water equal to about 200 microl. There were no significant differences in the counts of the four different bacteria. Variation coefficients increased with decreasing volumes sampled, but the 10 microl loop was found sufficiently exact to detect counts from 10(3) to 10(4), since only 10-fold multiples are usually reported for urine cultures.
Design and Analysis of Robust Low Voltage Static Random Access Memories (2012)

To my family ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During my graduate study, I have been supported by many people both inside and outside of the University of Michigan. I would like begin by expressing my gratitude to my advisor, Professor Dennis Sylvester, for his tremendous support and guidance. He has been a great mentor throughout my Ph.D. by showing directions in my works, encouraging me when I was down, and sharing me his passion as a scholar, as an innovator, and as an advisor. I would also like to thank Professor David Blaauw for practically being a co-advisor. He always has been enthusiastic and supportive in discussing and sharing new ideas and implementing them. I would like to thank Professor Trevor Mudge and Professor Kenn Oldham for being a member of my dissertation committee members and helping review my dissertation. Inside the university, I have worked with many intelligent and smart people. My special appreciation goes to Jae-sun Seo and Mingoo Seok. They have helped me in countless ways since I started my graduate study, even after they graduated from the university. Gregory Chen and Michael Wieckowski helped me to learn fundamental ideas related to SRAM design and tape-outs. Matthew Fojtik worked in designing CPU and preparing testing environments in Chapter III. Sudhir Satpathy and Bharan Giridhar helped me in developing ideas and designing circuits in Chapter IV. Yoon-myung Lee and I worked together in analyzing a new device in Chapter V. David Fick and Nathaniel Pinckney worked as student administrators of a server pool (vlsipool) for simulations and tape-outs. I also enjoyed having discussions with members in our
Mitigation of range folded clutter by a nonrecurrent waveform (2003)

This paper describes the application of a new nonrecurrent waveform (NRWF) to a relocatable over-the-horizon radar (ROTHR) located in southern Virginia. The waveform is designed to improve the detection of aircraft targets through the mitigation of long-range spread Doppler clutter (SDC) encountered during nighttime operations. A discussion of the NRWF and its principle of operation are included, along with a description of ROTHR modifications. The focus of the paper is the presentation of test results from engineering, clutter mitigation, and target detection tests conducted during January through April of 1997.
Using reflectance phase to estimate the acoustic response at the tympanic membrane (2004)

A common problem in ear-canal acoustics is to estimate the SPL and acoustic transfer functions (ATFs) at the tympanic membrane (TM) based on a response measured at a distal probe location, but standing waves complicate interpretation above 1.5 kHz. Transmission is well approximated up to 8 kHz by modeling the ear canal as a rigid-walled cylindrical tube; the model transforms measurements at the probe tip to those at the TM. Based on SPL and ATFs measured at the probe in 42 normal-hearing and 18 conductive-impaired ears from 0.25–8 kHz, the equivalent SPL and ATFs at the TM are calculated for ambient and pressurized conditions in the ear canal. Tube area is calculated based on probe-tip size, while tube length from probe to TM is calculated from the group delay of the reflectance phase averaged from 6 to 8 kHz. In normal-hearing ears, the mean (±standard deviation) of the SPL difference at the TM re: probe has a maximum of 9.2±3.8 dB at 3.7±0.8 kHz. The equivalent TM admittance has a wideband shape similar to in vivo measurements of umbo velocity level at constant SPL at the TM [Ruggero and Temchin, 2003]. [Work supported by NIH.]
CMOS-Compatible Synthesis of Large-Area, High-Mobility Graphene by Chemical Vapor Deposition of Acetylene on Cobalt Thin Films (2011)

We demonstrate the synthesis of large-area graphene on Co, a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible metal, using acetylene (C(2)H(2)) as a precursor in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-based method. Cobalt films were deposited on SiO(2)/Si, and the influence of Co film thickness on monolayer graphene growth was studied, based on the solubility of C in Co. The surface area coverage of monolayer graphene was observed to increase with decreasing Co film thickness. A thorough Raman spectroscopic analysis reveals that graphene films, grown on an optimized Co film thickness, are principally composed of monolayer graphene. Transport properties of monolayer graphene films were investigated by fabrication of back-gated graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs), which exhibited high hole and electron mobility of ∼1600 cm(2)/V s and ∼1000 cm(2)/V s, respectively, and a low trap density of ∼1.2 × 10(11) cm(-2).
On Nonblocking Folded-Clos Networks in Computer Communication Environments (2011)

Folded-Clos networks, also referred to as fat-trees, have been widely used as interconnects in large scale high performance computing clusters. The switching capability of such interconnects in computer communication environments, however, is not well understood. In particular, the concept of nonblocking interconnects, which is often used by system vendors, has only been studied in the telephone communication environment with the assumption of a centralized controller. Such "nonblocking'' networks do not support nonblocking communications in computer communication environments where the network control is distributed. This paper theoretically analyzes the conditions for folded-Clos networks to achieve nonblocking communications in computer communication environments with various routing schemes including deterministic routing and adaptive routing, and establishes nonblocking conditions.
Carvedilol Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation (1993)

The antiproliferative properties of carvedilol, a newly developed multiple-action antihypertensive agent, were evaluated in early passage cultured rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Carvedilol (10(-7)-10(-5) M) produced concentration-dependent decreases in basal and endothelin-1-stimulated mitogenesis of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. The IC50 for inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation by carvedilol in both basal and endothelin-1-stimulated rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells was approximately 1 microM. Carvedilol (10 microM) inhibited basal mitogenesis by approximately 65%, and endothelin-1-stimulated mitogenesis by approximately 95%. Carvedilol (1-10 microM) also produced significant concentration-dependent inhibition of the mitogenic response mediated by thrombin (0.5 U/ml), epidermal growth factor (1 nM), platelet-derived growth factor (1 nM), and angiotensin II (5 nM). Endothelin-1- or PDGF A/B-induced increases in cell number were also significantly inhibited by carvedilol (10 microM). The antimitogenic effect of carvedilol on cell growth was reversible. The inhibitory effect of carvedilol was not shared by other beta-adrenoceptor antagonists such as labetalol (10 microM), celiprolol (10 microM), or sotalol (10 microM), which did not significantly affect [3H]thymidine incorporation in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Propranolol (10 microM) was the only beta-adrenoceptor antagonist tested that inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation, with effects of approximately 50 and 75% on basal and endothelin-1-mediated stimulation, respectively. In contrast, celiprolol (10 microM) produced significant stimulation of DNA synthesis (125% over basal). The calcium channel antagonist nifedipine (10 microM) inhibited basal and endothelin-1-mediated mitogenesis by 58 and 72%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
1110. Selective Chemical Modification on Polyethylenimine and Its Effects on Transfection Efficiency and Cytotoxicity (2005)

Top of pageAbstract
Branched polyethylenimine 25,000 is an efficient cationic polymeric transfection agent that possesses both DNA condensation and endosome lytic functionalities. Its abundant primary, secondary and tertiary amine groups contribute to transfection activity as well as significant toxicity to cells. To better understand to what extend each type of amine group is responsible for transfection and toxicity, selective chemical modification was performed on individual primary, secondary amine groups or both types on PEI by acylation (charge elimination) or reductive amination (transformation to tertiary amines). The resulted PEI derivatives have different amounts of each type of amine groups and varied degrees of charge density. Here we show the synthesis of these derivatives and the characterization in relationship to DNA binding, transfection efficiency, and cytotoxicity. Our initial results suggest that primary amine groups are mainly responsible for high affinity of DNA binding and toxicity, and that selective elimination of a portion of the primary amine groups resulted in polymers with enhanced gene transfection efficiency and significantly reduced toxicity. Secondary amine groups also contributed to a certain degree of toxicity while polymers that contain tertiary amine groups to the entirety are still transfectionally competent. These results add to the existing knowledge about the structural details of PEI25,000 relevant to its biological activities.
Interactions between anthocyanins and organic food molecules in model systems (2004)

Abstract The interactions between different glucosidic anthocyanins (pelargonin, cyanin, delphinin, malvin and petunin) and some organic compounds (lactic, galacturonic, tannic, phenolic and sinapic acids; pyrogallol, furfural, pectin, cellulose, hydrolitic lignin) which are present in food-stuffs were investigated at pH 3.0–4.3 and 25 °C. The interactions were monitored by means of u.v.-VIS spectra and their different behaviours were highlighted by following changes in absorbance over a range of wavelengths (Δλ and ΔA). Significant effects on absorbance were detected and are discussed in terms of the phenomenon of co-pigmentation.
A Modified K-NN Algorithm for Holter Waveform Classification Based on Kernel Function (2008)

Several problems are existed when K-NN (K- nearest neighbor) method is used to classify the Holter waveforms: the data scale is too large; the classification algorithm needs training samples; the K-NN is a linear classification method. Therefore, this paper proposes a new K-NN algorithm; the algorithm is based on kernel function. Through this change, classification is transformed from linear to non-linear. The max-min distance algorithm and k-means clustering algorithm are used to form the training sample set for the modified K-NN algorithm. By this method, Holter waveforms are classified more correctly and automatically.
Perceived naturalness of spectrally distorted speech and music (2003)

We determined how the perceived naturalness of music and speech (male and female talkers) signals was affected by various forms of linear filtering, some of which were intended to mimic the spectral "distortions" introduced by transducers such as microphones, loudspeakers, and earphones. The filters introduced spectral tilts and ripples of various types, variations in upper and lower cutoff frequency, and combinations of these. All of the differently filtered signals (168 conditions) were intermixed in random order within one block of trials. Levels were adjusted to give approximately equal loudness in all conditions. Listeners were required to judge the perceptual quality (naturalness) of the filtered signals on a scale from 1 to 10. For spectral ripples, perceived quality decreased with increasing ripple density up to 0.2 ripple/ERB(N) and with increasing ripple depth. Spectral tilts also degraded quality, and the effects were similar for positive and negative tilts. Ripples and/or tilts degraded quality more when they extended over a wide frequency range (87-6981 Hz) than when they extended over subranges. Low- and mid-frequency ranges were roughly equally important for music, but the mid-range was most important for speech. For music, the highest quality was obtained for the broadband signal (55-16,854 Hz). Increasing the lower cutoff frequency from 55 Hz resulted in a clear degradation of quality. There was also a distinct degradation as the upper cutoff frequency was decreased from 16,845 Hz. For speech, there was a marked degradation when the lower cutoff frequency was increased from 123 to 208 Hz and when the upper cutoff frequency was decreased from 10,869 Hz. Typical telephone bandwidth (313 to 3547 Hz) gave very poor quality.
Effect of local macrophage depletion on cellular immunity and tolerance evoked by corneal allografts (2003)

Depletion of macrophages at the time of corneal allografting seems to render the grafts immunologically invisible to the recipients. This could explain why these grafts survive "indefinitely" without any other form of therapy.