gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
JV Task-121 Electrochemical Synthesis of Nitrogen Fertilizers (2008)

An electrolytic renewable nitrogen fertilizer process that utilizes wind-generated electricity, N{sub 2} extracted from air, and syngas produced via the gasification of biomass to produce nitrogen fertilizer ammonia was developed at the University of North Dakota Energy & Environmental Research Center. This novel process provides an important way to directly utilize biosyngas generated mainly via the biomass gasification in place of the high-purity hydrogen which is required for Haber Bosch-based production of the fertilizer for the production of the widely used nitrogen fertilizers. Our preliminary economic projection shows that the economic competitiveness of the electrochemical nitrogen fertilizer process strongly depends upon the cost of hydrogen gas and the cost of electricity. It is therefore expected the cost of nitrogen fertilizer production could be considerably decreased owing to the direct use of cost-effective 'hydrogen-equivalent' biosyngas compared to the high-purity hydrogen. The technical feasibility of the electrolytic process has been proven via studying ammonia production using humidified carbon monoxide as the hydrogen-equivalent vs. the high-purity hydrogen. Process optimization efforts have been focused on the development of catalysts for ammonia formation, electrolytic membrane systems, and membrane-electrode assemblies. The status of the electrochemical ammonia process is characterized by a current efficiency of 43% using humidified carbon monoxide as a feedstock to the anode chamber and a current efficiency of 56% using high-purity hydrogen as the anode gas feedstock. Further optimization of the electrolytic process for higher current efficiency and decreased energy consumption is ongoing at the EERC.
Attenuated Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) Expressing a Mutant Form of ICP6 Stimulates a Strong Immune Response That Protects Mice against HSV-1-Induced Corneal Disease (2018)

We previously isolated a herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) mutant, KOS-NA, that carries two nonsynonymous mutations in <i>UL39</i>, resulting in L393P and R950H amino acid substitutions in infected cell protein 6 (ICP6). Our published data studying KOS-NA pathogenesis strongly suggest that one of these ICP6 substitutions expressed from KOS-NA, R950H, severely impaired acute viral replication in the eyes and trigeminal ganglia of mice after inoculation onto the cornea and consequently impaired establishment and reactivation from latency. Because of its significant neuroattenuation, we tested KOS-NA as a potential prophylactic vaccine against HSV-1 in a mouse model of corneal infection. KOS-NA stimulated stronger antibody and T cell responses than a replication-competent ICP0-null mutant and a replication-incompetent ICP8-null mutant optimized for immunogenicity. Immunizations with the ICP0<sup>-</sup>, ICP8<sup>-</sup>, and KOS-NA viruses all reduced replication of wild-type HSV-1 challenge virus in the corneal epithelium to similar extents. Low immunizing doses of KOS-NA and the ICP8<sup>-</sup> virus, but not the ICP0<sup>-</sup> virus, protected mice against eyelid disease (blepharitis). Notably, only KOS-NA protected almost completely against corneal disease (keratitis) and greatly reduced latent infection by challenge virus. Thus, vaccination of mice with KOS-NA prior to corneal challenge provides significant protection against HSV-1-mediated disease of the eye, even at a very low immunizing dose. These results suggest that KOS-NA may be the foundation of an effective prophylactic vaccine to prevent or limit HSV-1 ocular diseases.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> HSV-1 is a ubiquitous human pathogen that infects the majority of the world's population. Although most infections are asymptomatic, HSV-1 establishes lifelong latency in infected sensory neurons, from which it can reactivate to cause deadly encephalitis or potentially blinding eye disease. No clinically effective vaccine is available. In this study, we tested the protective potential of a neuroattenuated HSV-1 mutant (KOS-NA) as a vaccine in mice. We compared the effects of immunization with KOS-NA to those of two other attenuated viruses, a replication-competent (ICP0<sup>-</sup>) virus and a replication-incompetent (ICP8<sup>-</sup>) virus. Our data show that KOS-NA proved superior to the ICP0- and ICP8-null mutants in protecting mice from corneal disease and latent infection. With its significant neuroattenuation, severe impairment in establishing latency, and excellent protective effect, KOS-NA represents a significant discovery in the field of HSV-1 vaccine development.
Reducing bitvector satisfiability problems to scale down design sizes for RTL property checking (2002)

Formal bitvector theories have proven to be an adequate means of describing digital hardware at a higher level of design abstraction. Digital designs can be characterized by bitvector equations, such that design properties can be verified by determining satisfiability of such equations. Usually, satisfiability is checked in the Boolean domain by transforming systems of bitvector equations into Boolean formulae and afterwards applying bit-level verification techniques, like SAT and BDD procedures. The complexity of these methods often depends on the number of bit-level variables in the Boolean formulae, and thus depends on the sum of the widths of all bitvectors occurring in the equations. This paper presents a technique to reduce a system of equations over bitvectors of certain width into an equivalent system with smaller widths, while preserving satisfiability of the equations in a one-to-one fashion. The proposed reduction technique provides an efficient way to compute satisfying solutions of the original system from satisfying solutions found for the reduced system. We show how this technique can be used to speed up property checking of digital hardware by scaling down design sizes before verification.
Correcting limited-magnitude errors in the rank-modulation scheme (2010)

We study error-correcting codes for permutations under the infinity norm, motivated the rank-modulation scheme for flash memories. In this scheme, a set of n flash cells are combined to create a single virtual multi-level cell. Information is stored in the permutation induced by the cell charge levels. Spike errors, which are characterized by a limited-magnitude change in cell charge levels, correspond to a low-distance change under the infinity norm. We define codes protecting against spike errors, called limited-magnitude rank-modulation codes (LMRM codes), and present several constructions for these codes, some resulting in optimal codes. These codes admit simple recursive, and sometimes direct, encoding and decoding procedures. We also provide lower and upper bounds on the maximal size of LMRM codes both in the general case, and in the case where the codes form a subgroup of the symmetric group. In the asymptotic analysis, the codes we construct out-perform the Gilbert-Varshamov-like bound estimate.
Development of High-Sensitivity Ultrasonic Transducer in Air with Nanofoam Material (2005)

For a high-sensitivity ultrasonic transducer in air, it was considered that nanofoam be applied to its acoustic matching layer. Nanofoam is a porous material that is made by the sol-gel process. Since nanofoam has an extremely low acoustic impedance, it is effective for the acoustic matching layer of an ultrasonic transducer in air. In this study, we have fabricated an ultrasonic transducer that had two acoustic matching layers and estimated its acoustic properties. The two matching layers were made of silica nanofoam and porous ceramic. The sensitivity of the developed ultrasonic transducer was about twenty times higher than that of a conventional ultrasonic transducer in air.
Genetic evidence supports the development of SLC26A9 targeting therapies for the treatment of lung disease (2021)

Abstract Background Over 400 variants in the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator ( CFTR ) are CF-causing. CFTR modulators target variants to improve lung function, but marked variability in response exists and current therapies do not address all CF-causing variants highlighting unmet needs. Alternative epithelial ion channel/transporters such as SLC26A9 could compensate for CFTR dysfunction, providing therapeutic targets that may benefit all individuals with CF. Method We investigate the relationship between rs7512462, a marker of SLC26A9 activity, and lung function pre- and post-treatment with CFTR modulators in Canadian and US CF cohorts, in the general population, and in those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Results Rs7512462 CC genotype is associated with greater lung function in CF individuals with minimal function variants (for which there are currently no approved therapies; p=0.008); and for gating (p=0.033) and p.Phe508del/ p.Phe508del (p=0.006) genotypes upon treatment with CFTR modulators. In parallel, human nasal epithelia with CC and p.Phe508del/p.Phe508del after Ussing chamber analysis of a combination of approved and experimental modulator treatments show greater CFTR function (p=0.0022). Beyond CF, rs7512462 is associated with lung function in a meta-analysis of the UK Biobank and Spirometa Consortium (min p=2.74×0 -44 ) and provides p=0.0891 in an analysis of COPD case-control status in the UK Biobank defined by spirometry. Conclusion These findings support SLC26A9 as a therapeutic target to improve lung function for all people with CF and in individuals with other obstructive lung diseases.
In vitro culture of murine peritoneal and alveolar macrophages modulates phagocytosis of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and glucose transport (1996)

Phagocytosis by murine peritoneal macrophages (PM phi) of unopsonized Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a novel, glucose-dependent process occurring in concert with glucose or mannose transport via the GLUT1 facilitative transporter. The mechanism by which this transport triggers phagocytosis is not understood. The purpose of these investigations was to improve our understanding of this mechanism by delivery of an alternative sugar (fructose) to PM phi and to murine alveolar macrophages (AM phi). Fructose-cultured PM phi developed fructose-dependent phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa with increased glucose-dependent phagocytosis, GLUT1 expression, and [14C]glucose transport. Freshly explanted AM phi, which were unable to transport [14C]glucose or to ingest P. aeruginosa acquired the ability to transport glucose and to phagocytose P. aeruginosa with culture in either glucose or fructose. Both fructose- and glucose-cultured AM phi remained viable but incapable of measurable fructose transport or fructose-dependent phagocytosis. These studies suggest that an intracellular metabolite of fructose, glucose, and mannose is involved in triggering macrophage phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa. We demonstrate that delivery of appropriate substrates can substantially improve AM phi phagocytic function and may therefore possibly improve pulmonary host defense against P. aeruginosa.
Cathode-Driven Crossed-Field Amplifier (1987)

Experimental cathode-driven (circuit-on-emitting-sole) crossed-field amplifiers have been designed and built at S-band under a Navy program (Contract No. N00039-79-C-0295). Peak and average power levels achieved were approximately one uegawatt and 20 kilowatts, respectively. Gain was nominally 30 dB at efficiencies as high as 807. Operating voltages were typically near 30 kV. Cathode-anode (circuit) isolation was better than 20 dB. Noise measurements indicated superior noise performance. CDCFAs were operated reliably for hundreds of hours. There are good prospects that efficiency, gain, and cathode-anode isolation can be iuproved even further with this device.
Plastid marker‐gene excision by transiently expressed CRE recombinase (2006)

We report plastid marker-gene excision with a transiently expressed CRE, site-specific recombinase. This is a novel protocol that enables rapid removal of marker genes from the approximately 10,000 plastid genome copies without transformation of the plant nucleus. Plastid marker excision was tested in tobacco plants transformed with a prototype polycistronic plastid vector, pPRV110L, designed to express multiple genes organized in an operon. The pMHB10 and pMHB11 constructs described here are dicistronic and encode genes for herbicide (bar) and spectinomycin (aadA) resistance. In vector pMHB11, expression of herbicide resistance is dependent on conversion of an ACG codon to an AUG translation initiation codon by mRNA editing, a safety feature that prevents translation of the mRNA in prokaryotes and in the plant nucleus. In the vectors, the marker gene (aadA) is flanked by 34-bp loxP sites for excision by CRE. Marker excision by a transiently expressed CRE involves introduction of CRE in transplastomic leaves by agro-infiltration, followed by plant regeneration. In tobacco transformed with vectors pMHB10 and pMHB11, Southern analysis and PCR identified approximately 10% of the regenerated plants as marker-free.
A Chlorzoxazone‐Baclofen Combination Improves Cerebellar Impairment in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 (2020)

We identify a tight relationship between baclofen-chlorzoxazone concentrations needed to engage target and levels above which cerebellar function will be compromised. We propose to use this information for a novel clinical trial design, using sequential dose escalation within each subject, to identify dose levels that are likely to improve ataxia symptoms while minimizing toxicity. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Circulating HIV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells express CD38 and HLA-DR antigens (1993)

CD38, a molecule with multilineage distribution but unknown function, and the MHC class II molecule HLA-DR (DR) have markedly elevated levels of expression on CD8+ cells of HIV-infected people. This study investigated the expression of CD38 and DR Ag on circulating HIV-specific CD8+ CTL in HIV-seropositive subjects. Purified CD8+ lymphocytes from 22 participants in the University of California at Los Angeles Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study were screened for CTL activity against autologous EBV-immortalized lymphoblast targets infected with vaccinia vectors that carried HIVIIIB gag, pol, and env genes. Sixty-seven percent (14 of 21), 64% (14 of 22), and 9% (2 of 22), respectively, of the subjects had HIV-specific CD8+ CTL activity against gag, pol, and env proteins. CD8+ cells from 11 of the subjects who had high CTL activity were then FACS-separated using three-color immunofluorescence sorting. Circulating DR-CD38- CD8+ cells had little activity. Highly purified DR+CD38+ CD8+ cells had higher HIV-specific CTL activity than other CD8+ cells. DR+CD38- or DR-CD38+ CD8+ cells also mediated significant activity, but only about half as much on a per cell basis as DR+CD38+ CD8+ cells. This is the first report that the CD38 molecule is expressed in vivo on Ag-specific CD8+ CTL, and confirms previous reports that DR is expressed on these cells. Both asymptomatic HIV-seropositive subjects (144 +/- 132/mm3) and AIDS patients (253 +/- 178/mm3) had markedly elevated levels of DR+CD38+ CD8+ cells compared with the levels in HIV-seronegative controls (7 +/- 3/mm3). However, the level of anti-HIV CTL activity was not correlated with the level of DR+CD38+ CD8+ cells, indicating that enumeration of this lymphocyte population by flow cytometry most likely will not be a useful surrogate for measuring functional CTL activity. Low levels of HIV-specific CTL activity, especially against gag, were correlated with lower CD4+ cells numbers, suggesting that the loss of CD8+ T cell cytotoxic activity against HIV that has been reported to occur with advancing HIV disease progression may reflect in part the extent of CD4+ cell immunodeficiency in HIV-infected subjects.
Digitally Integrated Self-Trained Predistortion Curve Finder for Passive Sweep Linearization of Semiconductor Lasers (2019)

This paper reports a digitally integrated, self-trained predistortion curve finder for linearly frequency-swept semiconductor lasers. In this method, we introduce an iteration machine to train the laser current curves by utilizing the feedback signals from the laser's output. By measuring the phase and frequency information of lasers, we find that the predistortion finder in our design can generate various high sweep velocities (THz/ms) of lasers in 1 s with phase error range less than π/2. This method is universal for semiconductor lasers at any sweep frequency velocity.
Glucose Response to Fast- and Long-Acting Insulin in People with Type 2 Diabetes (2021)

In type 2 diabetes (T2D), injections with long-acting insulin can become necessary to regulate blood glucose and avoid long-term complications. However, finding a safe and effective insulin dose, a process known as titration, is both challenging and time demanding. In this paper, we propose a new method for safe and rapid identification of a personalized insulin dose with long-acting insulin through short-term use of fast-acting insulin in an artificial pancreas (AP). To illustrate this novel concept, we simulate our method by modelling the glucose response to fast-and long-acting insulin in people with T2D. We apply a simple control-algorithm for the AP to adjust the insulin infusion rate during fasting periods. In this case-study, we simulate an insulin naïve T2D patient on AP treatment for one week, gradually adjusting the insulin infusion rate. After one week, we convert the insulin infusion rate, unit-to-unit, to a daily injection of long-acting insulin. We compare our method to titration with the standard of care 2-0-2 algorithm. Our simulations indicate that we can reduce the titration period from five weeks to a single week, whilst easing the burden on the patient.
Membrane Considerations for the All-Iron Hybrid Flow Battery (2023)

The all-iron flow battery is currently being developed for grid scale energy storage. As with all flow batteries, the membrane in these systems must meet stringent demands for ionic conductivity while limiting unwanted reactant (Fe 3+ ) crossover. In addition, for the all-iron chemistry proton transport across the membrane is highly desirable to maintain the pH levels in the negative and positive electrolytes. Two membranes are considered, Nafion and an in-house developed composite based on Daramic (a commercial microporous separator) and poly(vinyl alcohol). Their performance is compared for various metrics specific to the all-iron flow battery chemistry.
Digital signal processing techniques for multi-core fiber transmission using self-homodyne detection schemes (2014)

We discuss digital signal processing (DSP) techniques for self-homodyne detection (SHD), multi-core fiber (MCF) transmission links, and related technologies. We focus on exploiting the reduced phase noise of self-homodyne multicore fiber (SH-MCF) systems to enable DSP resource savings and describe digital receiver architectures that mixes signal and local oscillator in the digital domain.
AlGaInP light-emitting diode with metal reflector structure (2004)

A high brightness AlGaInP LED with a high reflectivity metal reflector structure was proposed. The AlGaInP LED layers with metal reflector is bonded to the high thermal conductivity silicon substrate by using indium as a solder. Because the light that would otherwise be absorbed by the opaque GaAs substrate is reflected by the high reflectivity metal reflector, the brightness is significantly improved. The high current operating characteristics are also improved by replacing the GaAs substrate with silicon substrate. The luminous efficiency of the new structure AlGaInP LED can achieve more than 40 lm/W in the dominant wavelength range from 585nm to 625nm.
Path delay testing: variable-clock versus rated-clock (2002)

There are two methods for applying path delay tests to a sequential circuit. We show that all path delay faults that can affect the rated-clock operation of the circuit are testable by the variable-clock method. Also, all path delay faults that are untestable by the variable-clock method are, in fact, untestable by the rated-clock method. However, some faults tested by the variable-clock method may be incapable of affecting the rated-clock operation. Our study is based on a finite-state machine model in which fault-free transitions are shown by green arcs. Faulty transitions are shown by red arcs. A test traverses successive arcs until a faulty output occurs. A variable-clock test can exercise more flexibility in selecting from green and red arcs. It can cover all functional paths, but may find only a proper subset of untestable paths. Our analysis assumes a delay fault, consisting of either a singly-testable path or multiply-testable paths, and hence corresponds to non-robust detection.
Hypervariable Region 1 Differentially Impacts Viability of Hepatitis C Virus Strains of Genotypes 1 to 6 and Impairs Virus Neutralization (2010)

Hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) E2 envelope glycoprotein has been implicated in virus neutralization and persistence. We deleted HVR1 from JFH1-based HCV recombinants expressing Core/E1/E2/p7/NS2 of genotypes 1 to 6, previously found to grow efficiently in human hepatoma Huh7.5 cells. The 2a(ΔHVR1), 5a(ΔHVR1), and 6a(ΔHVR1) Core-NS2 recombinants retained viability in Huh7.5 cells, whereas 1a(ΔHVR1), 1b(ΔHVR1), 2b(ΔHVR1), 3a(ΔHVR1), and 4a(ΔHVR1) recombinants were severely attenuated. However, except for recombinant 4a(ΔHVR1), viruses eventually spread, and reverse genetics studies revealed adaptive envelope mutations that rescued the infectivity of 1a(ΔHVR1), 1b(ΔHVR1), 2b(ΔHVR1), and 3a(ΔHVR1) recombinants. Thus, HVR1 might have distinct functional roles for different HCV isolates. Ultracentrifugation studies showed that deletion of HVR1 did not alter HCV RNA density distribution, whereas infectious particle density changed from a range of 1.0 to 1.1 g/ml to a single peak at ∼1.1 g/ml, suggesting that HVR1 was critical for low-density HCV particle infectivity. Using chronic-phase HCV patient sera, we found three distinct neutralization profiles for the original viruses with these genotypes. In contrast, all HVR1-deleted viruses were highly sensitive with similar neutralization profiles. In vivo relevance for the role of HVR1 in protecting HCV from neutralization was demonstrated by ex vivo neutralization of 2a and 2a(ΔHVR1) produced in human liver chimeric mice. Due to the high density and neutralization susceptibility of HVR1-deleted viruses, we investigated whether a correlation existed between density and neutralization susceptibility for the original viruses with genotypes 1 to 6. Only the 2a virus displayed such a correlation. Our findings indicate that HVR1 of HCV shields important conserved neutralization epitopes with implications for viral persistence, immunotherapy, and vaccine development.
Synthesis and in Vivo Antitumor Activity of Poly(<scp>l</scp>-glutamic acid) Conjugates of 20(<i>S</i>)-Camptothecin (2002)

Poly-alpha-(l-glutamic acid) (PG) conjugates of 20(S)-camptothecin (1, CPT) displayed improved aqueous solubility compared to CPT, were stable in aqueous solution at neutral pH, and were potent antitumor agents in vivo. Evaluation of PG molecular weight, CPT loading, aqueous solubility, and CPT equivalent dosing with respect to in vivo antitumor potencies of various linked conjugates led to identification of a preferred conjugate composition.