gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering of <i>N</i>‐acetylneuraminic acid on silver nanoparticle surface (2014)

N ‐Acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid, Neu5Ac) has recently gained interest as a potential marker for a variety of pathophysiological processes, although no Raman study has been reported for this important biomolecule. In this paper, the vibrational properties of Neu5Ac were studied by means of Raman, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and density functional theory calculations. By adsorption of Neu5Ac on silver nanoparticle surface, strongly enhanced Raman intensities are obtained, allowing easy measurement of small amounts of aqueous Neu5Ac (10 µl of a 10 −7 m solution) utilizing low laser power and short exposure time. The mechanism of adsorption of Neu5Ac on the silver surface is discussed on the basis of the experimental and theoretical results. This study demonstrates that SERS can provide an effective tool for development of a label‐free, rapid, and sensitive optical platform for identification of Neu5Ac. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Vector Approach to Safety Factors for Tubular Design (2017)

Summary Traditionally, the collapse safety factor (SF) is the ratio of tubular-collapse resistance to collapse load. The collapse resistance is usually calculated by use of formulas suggested by API TR 5C3 (2008) or ISO/TR 10400 (2007). If the collapse load is very small, whereas the tension stress and/or internal pressure are high, the collapse SF could be very large, which is unrealistic because the load point is close to the collapse envelope. This paper presents a vector approach for the collapse-SF calculation to overcome this problem. Moreover, the application of this vector approach can be properly extended to the calculation of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) connector SF for arbitrary load combinations. The new SF is named the vector SF. It is the multiplier that would scale the load-point vector to reach the strength envelope in stress space. It must meet the following requirement: When all the tubular loads (axial force, internal pressure, and external pressure) are scaled by this SF, the load point must fall exactly on the failure envelope. Therefore, for American Petroleum Institute (API) collapse, the new SF must simultaneously satisfy the API TR 5C3 (2008) collapse formulas and the through-load-point radial-line equation. Ridders' method (Ridders 1979) is used to solve the SF for a specific load case. The algorithm has been implemented in a casing-design computer program (Landmark 2017) and integrated with commercial software. This vector approach has been applied to both pipe body and connectors. Example cases are used to study the effect of the vector approach on the collapse-SF values. The collapse-SF value is observed to become much smaller when the effective axial stress (actual axial stress plus internal pressure) is very high, which is expected because of the much-smaller vector collapse resistance (at the cross point of the radial line with the collapse curve). When the effective axial stress is not positive, the collapse SF slightly changes. A North Sea high-pressure/high-temperature well is also presented. The results indicate that the vector collapse SF is more realistic. In particular, it is most conservative in load cases with high effective axial stresses. In summary, it is shown that the vector approach to calculate the SF is equivalent to the current method of comparing the von Mises equivalent stress with the material yield strength (YS). The vector SF has critical safety implications for load cases in which high effective axial stresses exist. Its software implementation can certainly assist well engineers with more-conservative and more-straightforward tubular design.
A Subsurface Upflow Wetland System for Removal of Nutrients and Pathogens in On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems (2010)

On-site sewage treatment and disposal systems, commonly referred to as a septic systems, consist basically of a septic tank and soil adsorption field or drainfield. It may represent a large fraction of nutrient loads and pathogen impacts in vadose zone and groundwater systems. It includes not only nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), but also pathogen indicators such as fecal coliform and Escherichia coli, which indicate the presence of other disease-causing bacteria flowing into the aquatic system and potentially adversely affecting public health. Constructed wetlands, an effective small-scale wastewater treatment system with low energy and maintenance requirements and operational costs, will cover current needs for nutrient and pathogen removal. In our study, a next-generation subsurface upflow wetland system that is filled with green sorption media (e.g., mixes of recycled and natural materials) along with selected plant species was tested as a substitute for the conventional drainfield in septic tank systems. Four parallel subsurface upflow wetlands (i.e., three planted versus one unplanted) were built to handle 454 L/day (120 gallons/day) of septic wastewater flow. It proved effective in removing both nutrients and pathogens. During the test run in 2009, the planted wetlands achieved a removal efficiency of 84.2%, 97.3%, 98.93%, and 99.92% in total nitrogen, total phosphorus, fecal coli, and E. coli, respectively. A stress test conducted in winter 2010 successfully verified the reliability of this treatment process. Denitrification and precipitation were shown to be the dominant pathways for removing N and P, as evidenced by mass balance and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analyses of CMY-1 and CMY-10, plasmidic class C β-lactamases with extended substrate spectrum (2004)

Plasmid-encoded class C beta-lactamases, including CMY-1 and CMY-10, hydrolyze the lactam bonds of beta-lactam antibiotics, inducing therapeutic failure and a lack of eradication of clinical isolates by third-generation cephalosporins or cephamycins. Therefore, the enzymes are potential targets for developing agents against pathogens isolated from patients suffering from wound infection, urinary tract infection or pneumonia. CMY-1 and CMY-10 were purified and crystallized at 298 K. X-ray diffraction data from CMY-1 and CMY-10 crystals have been collected to 2.5 and 1.5 A resolution, respectively, using synchrotron radiation. The crystals of the two proteins are isomorphous and belong to the primitive monoclinic space group P2(1).
Design, Synthesis, Antiviral Activity, and Pre-Formulation Development of Poly-<i>L</i>-Arginine-Fatty Acyl Derivatives of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (2014)

The objective of this work was to design conjugates of anti-HIV nucleosides conjugated with fatty acids and cell-penetrating poly-L-arginine (polyArg) peptides. Three conjugates of polyArg cell-penetrating peptides with fatty acyl derivatives of alovudine (FLT), lamivudine (3TC), and emtricitabine (FTC) were synthesized. In general, the compounds exhibited anti-HIV activity against X4 and R5 cell-free virus with EC50 values of 1.5-16.6 μM. FLT-CO-(CH2)12-CO-(Arg)7 exhibited EC50 values of 2.9 μM and 3.1 μM against X4 and R5 cell-free virus, respectively. The FLT conjugate was selected for further preformulation studies by determination of solution state degradation and lipid solubility. The compound was found to be stable in neutral and oxidative conditions and moderately stable in heated conditions.
No evidence of drug‐induced pancreatitis in rats treated with exenatide for 13 weeks (2012)

Chronic administration of exenatide in ZDF rats resulted in the expected metabolic benefits and improved animal survival, with no adverse effects noted on pancreatic exocrine structure and function.
Association of Elevated Palmitate Content with Agronomic and Seed Traits of Soybean (1996)

Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes with elevated palmitate content in the seed oil have been developed for food and industrial applications. The objective of the study was to determine the association of elevated palmitate with agronomic and seed traits of soybean. Two high‐yielding cultivars with normal palmitate content of ≈110 g kg −1 were crossed to lines with the genotype fap2‐b fap2‐b fap4 fap4 that had an elevated palmitate content of ≈250 g kg −1 . From each of the two segregating populations, 27 F 3 ‐derived lines with elevated palmitate content and 27 with normal palmitate content were selected for replicated testing at two locations in Iowa in 1993 and 1994. The elevated palmitate lines had significantly reduced yield; later maturity; reduced lodging; elevated height; reduced seed weight, protein, oil, stearate, oleate, and linoleate; and elevated palmitate and linoleate than the normal‐palmitate lines. The magnitude of the negative association between elevated palmitate and seed yield was different between the crosses, which indicated that multiple high‐yielding parents with normal palmitate should be considered for developing cultivars with the fap2‐b fap2‐b fap4 fap4 genotype. The distributions for oil content of the elevated‐ and normal‐palmitate lines did not overlap; therefore, the oil content of cultivars with elevated palmitate is likely to be less than that of normal cultivars. The magnitude of the differences between the elevated‐ and normal‐palmitate lines for the other characteristics was not sufficient to preclude the development of acceptable cultivars with the fap2‐b fap2‐b fap4 fap4 genotype.
Characterization and chemistry of polyaldehyde microspheres (1984)

Abstract The chemical composition of polyacrolein (PA) microspheres of various types as well as polyglutaraldehyde (PGL) microspheres was elucidated. Nephelometric measurements were used for studying the stability properties of the polyaldehyde microspheres in different pH and salt concentrations. The stability of the aldehyde groups themselves at various pH and temperature was also determined. The polyaldehyde microspheres covalently bind amino ligands, e.g., proteins, antibodies, enzymes, and drugs in a single step. The effect of temperature and the influence of thiol compounds on the reaction between the polyaldehyde microspheres and amino ligands was examined. The reaction of the polyaldehyde microspheres with sodium hydrogen sulfite is also described.
The Core Histone N-Terminal Domains Are Required for Multiple Rounds of Catalytic Chromatin Remodeling by the SWI/SNF and RSC Complexes (1999)

SWI/SNF and RSC are large, distinct multi-subunit complexes that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to disrupt nucleosome structure, facilitating the binding of transcription factors or restriction enzymes to nucleosomes [Cote, J., Quinn, J., Workman, J. L., and Peterson, C. L. (1994) Science 265, 53-60 (1); Lorch, Y., Cairns, B. R., Zhang, M., and Kornberg, R. D. (1998) Cell 94, 29-34 (2)]. Here we have used a quantitative assay to measure the activities of these ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes using nucleosomal arrays reconstituted with hypoacetylated, hyperacetylated, or partially trypsinized histones. This assay is based on measuring the kinetics of restriction enzyme digestion of a site located within the central nucleosome of a positioned 11-mer array [Logie, C., and Peterson, C. L. (1997) EMBO J. 16, 6772-6782 (3)]. We find that the DNA-stimulated ATPase activities of SWI/SNF and RSC are not altered by the absence of the histone N-termini. Furthermore, ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling is also equivalent on all three substrate arrays under reaction conditions where the concentrations of nucleosomal array and either SWI/SNF or RSC are equivalent. However, SWI/SNF and RSC cannot catalytically remodel multiple nucleosomal arrays in the absence of the histone termini, and this catalytic activity of SWI/SNF is decreased by histone hyperacetylation. These results indicate that the histone termini are important for SWI/SNF and RSC function; and, furthermore, our data defines a step in the remodeling cycle where the core histone termini exert their influence. This step appears to be after remodeling, but prior to intermolecular transfer of the remodelers to new arrays.
Revealing Perceptible Backdoors, without the Training Set, via the Maximum Achievable Misclassification Fraction Statistic (2019)

Recently, a backdoor data poisoning attack was proposed, which adds mislabeled examples to the training set, with an embedded backdoor pattern, aiming to have the classifier learn to classify to a target class whenever the backdoor pattern is present in a test sample. Here, we address post-training detection of innocuous perceptible backdoors in DNN image classifiers, wherein the defender does not have access to the poisoned training set, but only to the trained classifier, as well as unpoisoned examples. This problem is challenging because without the poisoned training set, we have no hint about the actual backdoor pattern used during training. This post-training scenario is also of great import because in many practical contexts the DNN user did not train the DNN and does not have access to the training data. We identify two important properties of perceptible backdoor patterns - spatial invariance and robustness - based upon which we propose a novel detector using the maximum achievable misclassification fraction (MAMF) statistic. We detect whether the trained DNN has been backdoor-attacked and infer the source and target classes. Our detector outperforms other existing detectors and, coupled with an imperceptible backdoor detector, helps achieve post-training detection of all evasive backdoors.
Electron optical column for a multicolumn, multibeam direct-write electron beam lithography system (2000)

Electron beam direct-write lithography systems are capable of meeting the resolution requirements of all future ITRS nodes and have a significant cost of ownership advantage over masked technologies, but these systems typically have very poor throughput due to space charge limitations. Ion Diagnostics has developed a multicolumn, multibeam (M×M™) direct-write system that circumvents the space charge limitations by spreading the electron current over the wafer. The resulting lithography system can achieve critical dimensions of less than 100 nm with production throughputs greater than 60 wafers per hour, independent of wafer size. In this article we describe the electron optical column used in this system. We have developed a novel, microfabricated electron gun that produces 32 parallel electron beams that are individually controlled and blanked and contain deflectors that allow the gun optics to act as a perfect lens. Each column is 2 cm×2 cm and can align and scan the 32 beams in parallel on the wafer. The wafer voltage is typically held at 50–100 kV, and backscattered electrons are collected for imaging and alignment information. Theoretical results and some performance results for a prototype column are presented.
Effects of Side Chain Branch Point on Self Assembly, Structure, and Electronic Properties of High Mobility Semiconducting Polymers (2018)

Semiconducting polymers exhibiting lyotropic liquid-crystalline (LC) mesophases allow for precise control over crystallinity and crystallite orientation using scalable equilibrium processing techniques. The ability to control morphologies from molecular to macroscopic scales is desirable for optimizing polymer electronic devices such as field-effect transistors. LC mesophases can form in semiconducting polymers with branched side chains, but steric repulsion from the side chain structure increases π-stacking distances. This change in unit cell negatively impacts electronic transport, negating any improvements gained by achieving more favorable mesostructures. Herein, we show that the π-stacking distance in cyclopentadithiophene-benzothiadiazole donor–acceptor copolymers is successively shortened by moving the branch point further away from the conjugated backbone. These materials retain their favorable LC properties, and the change in unit cell is accompanied by a monotonic increase in charge carrier mobility in field effect transistors. Mobility values span from ∼10–4 to 0.41 cm2 V–1 s–1, reaching their highest value when the branch point is furthest from the polymer backbone. In addition, these LC materials can be aligned across large length scales on rubbed polyimide, resulting in an improvement of charge carrier mobility by a factor of 56 when comparing transistors fabricated parallel and perpendicular to the alignment direction.
Electrochemical flue gas desulfurization (1981)

At the Georgia Institute of Technology a small test cell was used to investigate the electrochemical removal of sulfur dioxide from stack gases. The cell is a high temperature molten-salt cell which uses the eutectic of lithium, potassium, and sodium sulfates as the electrolyte. 7 refs.
Magnetization Dynamics of Reconfigurable 2D Magnonic Crystals (2017)

This chapter discusses recent works on magnetization dynamics of reconfigurable 2D magnonic crystals. At the focal point of realizing reconfigurable 2D MCs is the fundamental understanding of how dipolar interaction influences the magnetization dynamics. The chapter shows examples of design and fabrication strategies for creating nanomagnet networks with reconfigurable magnetic ground states. For instance, using rhomboid nano-magnet (RNM) networks, a reliable reconfiguration between ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic ground states can be realized. The deterministic magnetic ground-state configuration is achievable owing to inherent shape anisotropy that stabilizes the RNMs to a specific ground state upon field initialization along their short axis. The chapter outlines the effects of dipolar interaction on the magnetization dynamics in coupled nanomagnets and demonstrates its usefulness. It devotes to systematically studying the effect of dipolar interaction strength on the dynamic behavior of a single nanodisk as a function of the separation distance and cluster configuration of its neighboring nanodisks using the microfocused Brillouin light scattering (µ-BLS) technique.
Inhibitor peptide SNP‐1 binds to a soluble form of BST‐1/CD157 at a 2 : 2 stoichiometry (1999)

Recently we have identified a 15-mer peptide, SNP-1, by a random phage library that can bind to bone marrow stromal cell antigen-1 (BST-1)/CD157 [Sato, A., Yamamoto, S., Ishihara, K., Hirano, T. & Jingami, H. (1999) Biochem. J. 337, 491-496]. SNP-1 inhibits BST-1 ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity uncompetitively with a Ki value of 180 +/- 40 nM. In this study we analysed biophysically the SNP-1 binding to a soluble form of BST-1 (sBST-1). Equilibrium binding data of wild-type SNP-1 from surface plasmon resonance studies gave a Kd value of 500 +/- 35 nM. Titration calorimetry analysis showed that the binding reaction is exothermic at 20 degrees C. The values of Kd = 211 nM, enthalpy change, DeltaH = -18.68 kcal.mol-1, and saturated molar ratio of bound SNP-1 per sBST-1, N = 0.8 mol.mol-1 were obtained. On the basis of the molecular masses of SNP-1 and sBST-1 calculated by analytical ultracentrifugation, the stoichiometry of the binding was determined to be 2 : 2. Electron microscopy also revealed the dimer form of sBST-1. To delineate the core residue of SNP-1 responsible for binding, each amino acid residue has been replaced by alanine. A region from amino acid residues 7-12 appeared to be critical for the SNP-1 binding to sBST-1. The substitution of the first residue, His, to Ala led to a reduction in binding, suggesting that the N-terminal residue is also crucial.
Asynchronous interpolated servo detection algorithms (2005)

Recording systems for disk drives read and detect data from tracks consisting of "read" data sectors and "servo" sectors between read sectors. In this work, we (1) present a new asynchronous servo detection algorithm based on interpolation (2) quantitatively demonstrate improvements in performance of the asynchronous algorithm over the prior synchronous algorithm in the presence of moderate to high RI. Lastly, we propose to use an asynchronous algorithm, which dispenses with the baud rate timing loop and uses an asynchronously sampled ADC output for servo detection.
2D printing of graphene: a review (2019)

Abstract The exceptional properties of graphene have inspired widespread efforts to integrate this two-dimensional (2D) material in functional applications in recent years. Within the broad spectrum of graphene processing frameworks, low-cost methods such as scalable, liquid-phase patterning are typically considered among the most straightforward routes for device integration. These ink-based printing methods require parallel research in graphene dispersion engineering, print process optimization, and post-processing methods to enhance target functional properties for a wide range of device applications in flexible electronics, energy storage, display technologies, and sensing. This review examines the current state-of-the-art and future prospects for integrating graphene and graphene composites with these versatile printing techniques to accelerate the development of scalable and low-cost graphene-based devices.
The Synthesis of a New Family of Anion Receptors and the Studies of Their Effect on Ion Pair Dissociation and Conductivity of Lithium Salts in Nonaqueous Solutions (1996)

A new family of anion receptors, based on aza‐ether compounds, has been synthesized. These compounds can have either cyclic or linear aza‐ether structures in which the amine hydrogen is substituted with electron withdrawing groups such as . When these compounds are added to lithium salt nonaqueous electrolytes, such as LiCl/tetrahydrofuran (THF) or LiBr/THF solutions, the ionic conductivity can be dramatically increased. Near‐edge x‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy studies show that anions are complexed with the nitrogen groups in these compounds. The increase in ionic conductivity, the degree of complexation, and the stability of the complexes are related to the anion size and the structure of the aza compound. Unlike conventional anion complexing agents these compounds are not based on positively charged sites, Lewis acid metal centers, or hydrogen bonding, so they have the potential to be used as additives in lithium battery electrolytes. Details of the synthesis of several of these compounds are given. They can be synthesized with various geometries to accomodate polyatomic anions.
<title>Automated detection of clustered microcalcifications in digital mammograms using wavelet processing techniques</title> (1994)

A computerized scheme for the automated detection of clustered microcalcifications in digital mammograms is being developed. This scheme is part of an overall package for computer-aided diagnosis (CAD), the purpose of which is to assist radiologists in detecting and diagnosing breast cancer. One important step in the computer detection scheme is to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of microcalcifications by suppressing the background structure of the breast image in order to increase the sensitivity and/or to reduce the false-positive rate. To achieve this, we employ an approach using the wavelet transform in this paper. Digitized mammograms are decomposed by using the wavelt transform and then reconstructed from transform coefficients modified at several levels in the transform space. Various types of wavelets are examined, and the Least Asymmetric Daubechies' wavelets are chosen to detect clustered microcalcifications in mammograms. The images reconstructed from several different scales are subjected to our CAD scheme, and their performances are evaluated using 39 mamograms containing 41 clusters. Preliminary results show a sensitvity of appromimately 85 percent with a flase-positive rate of 5 clusters per image.