gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Field Trial of the First Desanding System for Downhole Oil/Water Separation in a Heavy-Oil Application (1998)

Abstract Many wells producing medium or heavy oil from unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs experience high water production while still at relatively low recoveries. Water production causes numerous operational problems leading to increased operating and capital expenditures for higher volume artificial lift systems and water handling facilities. The recent development of Downhole Oil/Water Separation (DHOWS) systems has provided operators with an alternative approach to contend with increased water production to improve recovery from these reservoirs. PanCanadian Petroleum Ltd. has been an industry leader in the development and application of DHOWS technology, particularly with respect to its use in fields producing heavy oil. The use of DHOWS systems in such applications is complicated by the inherent production of sand with the viscous heavy oil. In the commercially available DHOWS systems, the solids that are produced tend to remain in the disposal water stream, which is reinjected downhole. Depending on the solids volume and well conditions, the solids may invade and plug the disposal zone or they may accumulate in the wellbore. In either case, these situations ultimately lead to a reduction in injectivity that reduces the effectiveness, or preclude the further use of a DHOWS system. This decline in injectivity has been observed in field trials with both progressing cavity pump (PCP) and electric submersible pump (ESP) DHOWS systems at PanCanadian's Hayter and Provost fields in northeastern Alberta, Canada (Figure 1). The accumulation of sand in the wellbore was confirmed during subsequent workovers. PanCanadian enlisted C-FER Technologies Inc. to develop a desanding separator unit for use in conjunction with the commercially available DHOWS systems. A desanding separator unit was designed to remove solids from the produced fluids and to commingle them with the concentrate oil stream produced to surface by the DHOWS system. Following a feasibility study that examined several different design options, a prototype desanding separator was built. The functionality of the separator unit was confirmed through controlled laboratory tests and the unit was subsequently tested in combination with a PCP-DHOWS system. 'The system was then installed in a PanCanadian well which had previously experienced injectivity problems with a DHOWS system. Initial results show that sand is being produced to surface and that the injectivity has remained relatively stable. This paper describes the prototype system developed and presents the results of the field trial conducted by PanCanadian. P. 225
Characterization and Optimization of a Tensioned Metastable Fluid Nuclear Particle Sensor Using Laser Based Profilimetry (2014)

State of the art neutron detectors lack capabilities required by the fields of homeland security, health physics, and even for direct in-core nuclear power monitoring. A new system being developed at Purdue’s Metastable Fluid and Advanced Research Laboratory in conjunction with S/A Labs, LLC provides capabilities the state of the art lacks, and simultaneously with beta (β) and gamma (γ) blindness, high (> 90% intrinsic) efficiency for neutron/alpha spectroscopy and directionality, simple detection mechanism, and lowered electronic component dependence. This system, the Tensioned Metastable Fluid Detector (TMFD) [3], provides these capabilities despite its vastly reduced cost and complexity compared with equivalent present day systems. Fluids may be placed at pressures lower than perfect vacuum (i.e. negative) [4, 5], resulting in tensioned metastable states. These states may be induced by tensioning fluids just as one would tension solids. The TMFD works by cavitation nucleation of bubbles resulting from energy deposited by charged ions or laser photon pileup heating of fluid molecules which are placed under sufficiently tensioned (negative) pressure states of metastability. The charged ions may be created from neutron scattering, or from energetic charged particles such as alphas, alpha recoils, fission fragments, etc. A methodology has been created to profile the pressures in these chambers by lasing, called Laser Induced Cavitation (LIC), for verification of a multiphysics simulation of the chambers. The methodology and simulation together have lead to large efficiency gains in the current Acoustically Tensioned Metastable Fluid Detector (ATMFD) system. This paper describes in detail the LIC methodology and provides background on the simulation it validates.
In situ thermoset molecular composites (1994)

Abstract The polymerization of rigid rod polymer precursors in a reactive matrix precursor, which is later cured in the mold, constitutes the in situ process. A poly‐azomethine (PAM) was used as the rigid rod molecule. The resin used was an epoxy. We discuss the prediction of mechanical properties using micromechanics equations for chopped fiber composites. The chemistry used to synthesize the rigid rod polymer PAM in the epoxy precursor is reviewed. Approaches to better control the cure of these epoxy systems through cure kinetics and cure rheology studies completes the thermoset in situ molecular composite process. There was a 71% increase in tensile modulus in comparison to that of the neat epoxy resin. Molecular modeling simulations and continuum mechanics are used to help understand these findings. PAM/epoxy systems were used as a matrix material in the fabrication of unidirectional glass fiber/(PAM/epoxy) structural composites. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Large, stratified, and mechanically functional human cartilage grown in vitro by mesenchymal condensation (2014)

The efforts to grow mechanically functional cartilage from human mesenchymal stem cells have not been successful. We report that clinically sized pieces of human cartilage with physiologic stratification and biomechanics can be grown in vitro by recapitulating some aspects of the developmental process of mesenchymal condensation. By exposure to transforming growth factor-β, mesenchymal stem cells were induced to condense into cellular bodies, undergo chondrogenic differentiation, and form cartilagenous tissue, in a process designed to mimic mesenchymal condensation leading into chondrogenesis. We discovered that the condensed mesenchymal cell bodies (CMBs) formed in vitro set an outer boundary after 5 d of culture, as indicated by the expression of mesenchymal condensation genes and deposition of tenascin. Before setting of boundaries, the CMBs could be fused into homogenous cellular aggregates giving rise to well-differentiated and mechanically functional cartilage. We used the mesenchymal condensation and fusion of CMBs to grow centimeter-sized, anatomically shaped pieces of human articular cartilage over 5 wk of culture. For the first time to our knowledge biomechanical properties of cartilage derived from human mesenchymal cells were comparable to native cartilage, with the Young's modulus of >800 kPa and equilibrium friction coeffcient of <0.3. We also demonstrate that CMBs have capability to form mechanically strong cartilage-cartilage interface in an in vitro cartilage defect model. The CMBs, which acted as "lego-like" blocks of neocartilage, were capable of assembling into human cartilage with physiologic-like structure and mechanical properties.
Soft apertures for reducing damage in high-power laser-amplifier systems (1974)

Soft apertures have been constructed for tailoring the spatial profile of a light beam to minimize harmful diffraction effects that lead to self- focusing and consequent damage while still enabling substantial energy extraction from amplifiers. (auth)
A Predictive-Adaptive, Multipoint Feedback Controller for Local Heat Therapy of Solid Tumors (1986)

Uniform heating of tumor tissue to therapeutic temperatures without damaging surrounding normal tissue is required for optimal local heat therapy of cancer. This paper describes an algorithm for on-line computer control that will allow the therapist to minimize the standard deviation of measured intratumoral temperatures. The method is applicable to systems incorporating multiple surface and/or interstitial applicators delivering microwave, radiofrequency, or ultrasonic power and operating under control of a small computer. The essential element is a novel predictive-adaptive control algorithm that infers relevant thermal parameters from the responses of multiple temperature sensors as each of the power applicators is briefly turned off. Applied power and effective perfusion are estimated from transient slope changes of the temperature-time curves for each sensor. By substituting these values into a system of linear equations derived from the bio-heat transfer equation, the small computer can calculate the optimal allocation of power among the various applicators ("knob settings") to generate most uniform intratumoral temperature distribution with the desired mean, or minimum, tumor temperature.
BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR: estimation of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) proviral load harbored by lymphocyte subpopulations in BLV-infected cattle at the subclinical stage of enzootic bovine leucosis (2014)

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is associated with enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. The present study reports the distribution of BLV provirus in peripheral blood mononuclear cell subpopulations isolated from BLV-infected cows at the subclinical stage of EBL as examined by cell sorting and a new quantitative real-time PCR method, BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR, to measure the proviral load of both known and novel BLV variants in BLV-infected animals. Phenotypic characterization of five BLV-infected but clinically normal cattle with a proviral load of > 100 copies per 1 x 105 cells identified a high percentage of CD5+ IgM+ cells (but not CD5-IgM+ B cells, CD4+ T cells, or CD8+T cells). These lymphocyte subpopulations were purified from three cattle by cell sorting or using magnetic beads, and the BLV proviral load was estimated using BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR. The CD5+ IgM+ B cell population in all animals harbored a higher BLV proviral load than the other cell populations. The copy number of proviruses infecting CD5- IgM+ B cells, CD4+ cells, and CD8+ T cells (per 1 ml of blood) was 1/34 to 1/4, 1/22 to 1/3, and 1/31 to 1/3, respectively, compared with that in CD5+ IgM+ B cells. Moreover, the BLV provirus remained integrated into the genomic DNA of CD5+ IgM+ B cells, CD5- IgM+ B cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells, even in BLV-infected cattle with a proviral load of <100 copies per 105 cells.
Antimalarial artemisinin analogs. Synthesis via chemoselective CC bond formation and preliminary biological evaluation (1999)

The peroxide bond in artemisinin trioxane lactone (1) withstood exposure to lithiothiazole and to lithiobenzothiazole; nucleophilic addition of these powerful organometallic reagents to only the lactone carbonyl group was observed. Likewise, trioxane aldehyde 5 reacted with organolithium, Grignard, and phosphorus ylide nucleophiles exclusively via carbonyl addition. Also, trioxane ketone 7b reacted with phenyllithium via only carbonyl addition. These chemoselective lactone, aldehyde, and ketone carbonyl addition reactions produced a series of new, enantiomerically pure, C-10 non-acetal derivatives of natural trioxane artemisinin having high in vitro antimalarial potencies.
Semiconductor‐Based Implantable Prosthetic Devices (2006)

Abstract Semiconductor‐based Implantable Prosthetic Devices are artificial devices embedded into the body to replace/rectify a functionality of a part of the body. The devices function as prosthetic devices by the operation of electronics, which is their core. This chapter describes such devices with specific emphasis to the design and functioning of the electronics. The chapter begins with an overview of existing implantable devices, both commercialized and those under development. The components of a generic implantable prosthetic device are described leading to a detailed discussion of the major components in the continuing sections. Design examples will be presented from an implantable retinal prosthetic device under development for replacing lost vision. The concluding section of the chapter presents a discussion on the challenges and future direction of these implantable devices.
Attention-based Hierarchical Deep Reinforcement Learning for Lane Change Behaviors in Autonomous Driving (2019)

Performing safe and efficient lane changes is a crucial feature for creating fully autonomous vehicles. Recent advances have demonstrated successful lane following behavior using deep reinforcement learning, yet the interactions with other vehicles on-road for lane changes are rarely considered. In this paper, we design a hierarchical Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithm to learn lane change behaviors in dense traffic. By breaking down overall behavior to sub-policies, faster and safer lane change actions can be learned. We also apply temporal and spatial attention to the DRL architecture, which helps the vehicle focus more on surrounding vehicles and leads to smoother lane change behavior. We conduct our experiments in the TORCS simulator and the results outperform the state-of-the-art deep reinforcement learning algorithm in various lane change scenarios.
<title>Application of thermoacoustic computed tomography to breast imaging</title> (1999)

Acoustic pressure waves are induced in soft tissue whenever time-varying radiation is absorbed. By recording these time- dependent pressure waves over a sufficient number of angles surrounding the tissue being imaged, it is possible to reconstruct the pattern of radiation absorption within the tissue in three dimensions with spatial resolution that is independent of the carrier frequency of the irradiating energy. We recently constructed the world's first thermoacoustic computed tomography (TACT) scanner, which exploits this physical interaction. Initial in vivo imaging of a human breast was performed using safe levels of 434 MHz radiation. Good soft tissue differentiation with 2 - 5 mm spatial resolution to a depth of 40 mm was achieved. The absorption properties of the breast and the irradiation pattern within the breast determined the TACT image contrast. The length of the RF pulse, the size of the transducers and their frequency response, the geometry of the detector array, and the reconstruction algorithm that was used determined the spatial resolution. We conclude that TACT imaging may have application to breast cancer detection.
Convenient Synthesis of Difluoromethyl Alcohols from Both Enolizable and Non‐Enolizable Carbonyl Compounds with Difluoromethyl Phenyl Sulfone (2005)

Abstract A general and efficient nucleophilic difluoromethylation of carbonyl compounds (both enolizable and non‐enolizable aldehydes and ketones) has been achieved by using a nucleophilic (phenylsulfonyl)difluoromethylation‐reductive desulfonylation strategy. Difluoromethyl phenyl sulfone acts as a difluoromethyl anion (“CF 2 H – ”) equivalent. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Allosteric Modulation of a Cannabinoid G Protein-coupled Receptor (2013)

The cannabinoid 1 (CB1) allosteric modulator, 5-chloro-3-ethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid [2-(4-piperidin-1-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-amide) (ORG27569), has the paradoxical effect of increasing the equilibrium binding of [(3)H](-)-3-[2-hydroxyl-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-4-[3-hydroxylpropyl]cyclohexan-1-ol (CP55,940, an orthosteric agonist) while at the same time decreasing its efficacy (in G protein-mediated signaling). ORG27569 also decreases basal signaling, acting as an inverse agonist for the G protein-mediated signaling pathway. In ligand displacement assays, ORG27569 can displace the CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist, N-(piperidiny-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide(SR141716A). The goal of this work was to identify the binding site of ORG27569 at CB1. To this end, we used computation, synthesis, mutation, and functional studies to identify the ORG27569-binding site in the CB1 TMH3-6-7 region. This site is consistent with the results of K3.28(192)A, F3.36(200)A, W5.43(279)A, W6.48(356)A, and F3.25(189)A mutation studies, which revealed the ORG27569-binding site overlaps with our previously determined binding site of SR141716A but extends extracellularly. Additionally, we identified a key electrostatic interaction between the ORG27569 piperidine ring nitrogen and K3.28(192) that is important for ORG27569 to act as an inverse agonist. At this allosteric site, ORG27569 promotes an intermediate conformation of the CB1 receptor, explaining ORG27569's ability to increase equilibrium binding of CP55,940. This site also explains ORG27569's ability to antagonize the efficacy of CP55,940 in three complementary ways. 1) ORG27569 sterically blocks movements of the second extracellular loop that have been linked to receptor activation. 2) ORG27569 sterically blocks a key electrostatic interaction between the third extracellular loop residue Lys-373 and D2.63(176). 3) ORG27569 packs against TMH6, sterically hindering movements of this helix that have been shown to be important for receptor activation.
Analysis of two new leukemia-associated antigens detected on human T- cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia using monoclonal antibodies (1983)

Two monoclonal antibodies (anti-3-3 and anti-3-40) were produced, which identify two new leukemia-associated antigens. Both antibodies reacted with most cell lines derived from patients with T lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), but were not detected on suspensions of normal hematopoietic cells (including thymocytes) by cytotoxicity, absorption, or indirect immunofluorescence assays. Analysis of fresh leukemic cells indicated that anti-3-3 only reacted with T-ALL cells, while anti-3-40 also reacted with some non-T, non-B ALL cells and a few acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) cells. The 3-40 antigen was also found histopathologically in frozen sections of several normal tissues, including the epithelial cells and a few lymphoid cells of the thymus, and some malignant tissues. The 3-3 antigen was not found in any tissue studied. A "double absorption"assay provided additional serologic evidence that the two antibodies identify different antigenic determinants. Biochemical analysis indicated that the molecules immunoprecipitated by anti-3-3 and anti-3-40 have molecular weights of 35,000-40,000 daltons. This study demonstrated that the 3-3 and 3-40 antigens are markers for human T-ALL and can be used along with the normal T-lymphocyte antigen, 3A1, to discriminate T-ALL from cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), and T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (T-CLL).
Plant Riboflavin Biosynthesis (1999)

Lumazine synthase, which catalyzes the penultimate step of riboflavin biosynthesis, has been cloned from three higher plants (spinach, tobacco, and arabidopsis) through functional complementation of an Escherichia coli auxotroph. Whereas the three plant proteins exhibit some structural similarities to known microbial homologs, they uniquely possess N-terminal polypeptide extensions that resemble typical chloroplast transit peptides. In vitro protein import assays with intact chloroplasts and immunolocalization experiments verify that higher plant lumazine synthase is synthesized in the cytosol as a larger molecular weight precursor protein, which is post-translationally imported into chloroplasts where it is proteolytically cleaved to its mature size. The authentic spinach enzyme is estimated to constitute <0.02% of the total chloroplast protein. Recombinant "mature" spinach lumazine synthase is expressed in E. coli at levels exceeding 30% of the total soluble protein and is readily purified to homogeneity using a simple two-step procedure. Apparent V(max) and K(m) values obtained with the purified plant protein are similar to those reported for microbial lumazine synthases. Electron microscopy and hydrodynamic studies reveal that native plant lumazine synthase is a hollow capsid-like structure comprised of 60 identical 16.5-kDa subunits, resembling its icosahedral counterparts in E. coli and Bacillus subtilis.
Microbial Solubilization of Coal (1986)

Several different strains of fungi have been shown to solubilize some types of low-ranked coal, apparently by an extracellular process. Oxidative pretreatment enhances the microbial action, allowing the use of a variety of coal feedstocks. The resulting product, which is primarily a mixture of polar organic compounds with moderate to high molecular weights and a high degree of aromaticity, is water-soluble. Possible processing concepts include the use of continuous bioreactors configured as either fixed or fluidized beds.
Dual-tapered-piston (DTP) module cooling for IBM Enterprise System/9000 systems (1992)

The water-cooled thermal conduction modules (TCMs) in the IBM Enterprise System/9000™ (ES/9000™) systems require a fourfold thermal improvement over TCMs in the 3090™ system. An examination of the thermal/mechanical tolerance relationships among the chips, substrate, and cooling hardware showed that a cylindrical piston would not meet this requirement. The piston was redesigned with a cylindrical center section and a taper on each end. This shape minimizes the gap between the piston and “hat” while retaining intimate contact between the piston face and chip surface during all assembly conditions. Numerical and analytical models demonstrate that this new piston shape, coupled with improved conductivity of the cooling hardware materials, exceeds ES/9000 system needs. These models were verified by tests conducted on single-site and full-scale modules in the laboratory and by tests on actual ES/9000 systems.
<title>Uncooled infrared detectors and focal plane arrays</title> (1998)

Over the past several years, uncooled IR detectors and focal plane arrays have been rapidly developed. Impressive progress has been made in both resistive microbolometers and pyroelectric thin-film detectors with noise equivalent temperature differences projected to be 10 to 20 mK with F/1 optics for such structures. Noise equivalent temperature of 50 mK bulk pyroelectric detectors and thin film resistive microbolometers are already demonstrated and in production. Other novel schemes, such as bimaterial capacitors, are also promising for uncooled IR detection. The US Army Research Laboratory is involved in developing ferroelectric materials to take advantage of the pyroelectric properties. The goal is to develop crystal oriented thin films to further improve detector performance. In this presentation, the operating principle of resistive microbolometers and pyroelectric detectors, and recent progress of uncooled RI focal plane arrays are discussed. In addition, the uncooled RI detector program at the Army Research Laboratory, that includes research facilities for and research efforts toward uncooled detectors and focal plane arrays is presented.
Integrated 2.4 GHz CMOS quadrature VCO with symmetrical spiral inductors and differential varactors (2003)

A 2.4 GHz CMOS quadrature VCO is presented. By using symmetrical inductors and differential varactors, the circuit has been integrated into a single chip completely. The principles of this VCO are described. A prototype is fabricated in 0.25 um single-poly five-metal CMOS standard digital process. The measured results show that the proposed VCO could generate quadrature LO signals with a tuning range of more than 300 MHz and phase noise -104.33 dBc/Hz at 600 kHz offset/spl ogr/2.41 GHz (when only one port of differential outputs is measured). It consumes 21 mA when VDD=2.5 V (Including 8 mA output buffers). Die area is only 0.83/spl times/0.68 mm/sup 2/. This VCO could be used in many integrated wireless transceivers.