gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simulation studies of silicon electro-optic waveguide devices (1990)

Novel three-terminal field effect transistor (FET) optical waveguides are simulated to demonstrate that crystalline silicon is a credible material for guided-wave optics. Unlike LiBNO 3 , silicon does not exhibit a linear electro-optic (Pocket's) effect, and second-order effects, such as the Kerr effect, are too small for practical optical switch applications. Therefore, refractive-index changes based on charge refraction are used. To create a silicon electro-optic phase modulator, the device must be able to move electrons and holes within a confined waveguiding region to induce a charge refraction effect. If a sufficient concentration of charge carriers can be injected or depleted, the refractive index of the waveguide will be altered and an electro-optic phase modulator can be designed by using the index of refraction changes induced in the waveguide.
A 35 fJ 10b 160 MS/s pipelined-SAR ADC with decoupled flip-around MDAC and self-embedded offset cancellation (2011)

A Time-Interleaved (TI) pipelined-SAR ADC with on-chip offset cancellation technique is presented. The design reuses the SAR ADC to perform offset cancellation, which significantly saves calibration area, power and time. A 6 bit capacitive DAC is built as a flip-around MDAC for low inter-stage gain implementation. The capacitive attenuation solutions in both 1 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> and 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> DACs minimize the power dissipation and optimize conversion speed. Measurements of a 65nm CMOS prototype operating at 160MS/s and 1.1V supply show 2.72mW total power consumption. The SNDR is 55.4dB and the FoM as low as 35fJ/conv.-step.
Lethal Factor Toxemia and Anti-Protective Antigen Antibody Activity in Naturally Acquired Cutaneous Anthrax (2011)

Cutaneous anthrax outbreaks occurred in Bangladesh from August to October 2009. As part of the epidemiological response and to confirm anthrax diagnoses, serum samples were collected from suspected case patients with observed cutaneous lesions. Anthrax lethal factor (LF), anti-protective antigen (anti-PA) immunoglobulin G (IgG), and anthrax lethal toxin neutralization activity (TNA) levels were determined in acute and convalescent serum of 26 case patients with suspected cutaneous anthrax from the first and largest of these outbreaks. LF (0.005-1.264 ng/mL) was detected in acute serum from 18 of 26 individuals. Anti-PA IgG and TNA were detected in sera from the same 18 individuals and ranged from 10.0 to 679.5 μg/mL and 27 to 593 units, respectively. Seroconversion to serum anti-PA and TNA was found only in case patients with measurable toxemia. This is the first report of quantitative analysis of serum LF in cutaneous anthrax and the first to associate acute stage toxemia with subsequent antitoxin antibody responses.
Specificity analysis and mechanism of aurone synthesis catalyzed by aureusidin synthase, a polyphenol oxidase homolog responsible for flower coloration (2001)

Aureusidin synthase, which plays a key role in the yellow coloration of snapdragon flowers, is a homolog of plant polyphenol oxidase (PPO). The enzyme specifically acted on chalcones with a 4-monohydroxy or 3,4-dihydroxy B-ring to produce aurones, for whose production the oxidative cyclization of chalcones must be preceded by 3-oxygenation. However, it exhibited virtually no PPO activity toward non-chalcone phenolics. The enzyme was competitively inhibited by phenylthiourea, a specific PPO inhibitor. These results led us to propose a mechanism of aurone synthesis by aureusidin synthase on the basis of known PPO-catalyzed reactions and conclude that the enzyme is a chalcone-specific PPO specialized for aurone biosynthesis.
Palmitoylation of CKAP4 by DHHC2 regulates APF‐mediated signaling (2008)

We identified CKAP4 as a major substrate of the palmitoyl acyl transferase DHHC2 using a novel proteomic method called Palmitoyl‐cysteine Identification, Capture and Analysis (PICA). CKAP4 is a reversibly palmitoylated and phosphorylated protein that links the ER to the cytoskeleton. It is also a high‐affinity receptor for APF, a small glycosylated peptide secreted from bladder epithelial cells of patients with interstitial cystitis. The ability of DHHC2‐mediated palmitoylation of CKAP4 to regulate the antiproliferative effects of APF in HeLa cells was investigated. Our data show that siRNA‐mediated knockdown of DHHC2 expression and consequent suppression of CKAP4 palmitoylation blocks the ability of APF to regulate proliferation. Immunocytochemistry revealed inhibition of CKAP4 trafficking to the plasma membrane following DHHC2 knockdown. Stable expression of a palmitoylation‐incompetent form of CKAP4 showed reduced binding to microtubules and significantly increased the rate of cell migration. These data suggest an important role for DHHC2‐mediated palmitoylation of CKAP4 in cancer‐related cellular behaviors and support the idea that DHHC2 is a tumor suppressor.
The micro-structure and composition evolution of Ti-Sb-Te alloy during reversible phase transition in phase change memory (2014)

We contrastively investigate the micro-structure and composition evolution of Ti0.53Sb2Te2.6 (TST) alloy in phase change memory cells respectively undergoing three repeated and 105 endurance operations. For the cell experiencing three repeated operations, the active phase change region is not formed while many small crystal grains are found in TST/W interfaces, and the composition of TST in phase change region is almost unchanged. However, for another cell going through endurance operation, the active region is clearly observed in TST layer with abnormally large residual grains, which are found in Ti-rich and Sb, Te-deficient composition.
A micromotion amplifier (2002)

A micromotion amplifier has been designed and characterized. Large displacements are produced when long beams are buckled by an axial loading actuator motion of 1-2 /spl mu/m. This buckling amplifies the small displacement and generates motions on the order of 100 /spl mu/m. The displacement is stabilized by proper choice of asymmetry in the buckling beams. Devices based on this method have been designed, fabricated and successfully tested to have substantial displacements. Theoretical modeling and finite element method (FEM) analysis predicted the relation between the loading actuator motion and the amplified motion.
<title>Optical biopsy fiber-based fluorescence spectroscopy instrumentation</title> (1996)

Native fluorescence spectroscopy of biomolecules has emerged as a new modality to the medical community in characterizing the various physiological conditions of tissues. In the past several years, many groups have been working to introduce the spectroscopic methods to diagnose cancer. Researchers have successfully used native fluorescence to distinguish cancerous from normal tissue samples in rat and human tissue. We have developed three generations of instruments, called the CD-scan, CD-ratiometer and CD-map, to allow the medical community to use optics for diagnosing tissue. Using ultraviolet excitation and emission spectral measurements on both normal and cancerous tissue of the breast, gynecology, colon, and aerodigestive tract can be separated. For example, from emission intensities at 340 nm to 440 nm (300 nm excitation), a statistically consistent difference between malignant tissue and normal or benign tissue is observed. In order to utilize optical biopsy techniques in a clinical setting, the CD-scan instrument was developed, which allows for rapid and reliable in-vitro and in-vivo florescence measurements of the aerodigestive tract with high accuracy. The instrumentation employs high sensitivity detection techniques which allows for lamp excitation, small diameter optical fiber probes; the higher spatial resolution afforded by the small diameter probes can increase the ability to detect smaller tumors. The fiber optic probes allow for usage in the aerodigestive tract, cervix and colon. Needle based fiber probes have been developed for in-vivo detection of breast cancer.
Kalman Filter-Based Microbubble Tracking for Robust Super-Resolution Ultrasound Microvessel Imaging (2020)

Contrast microbubble (MB)-based super-resolution ultrasound microvessel imaging (SR-UMI) overcomes the compromise in conventional ultrasound imaging between spatial resolution and penetration depth and has been successfully applied to a wide range of clinical applications. However, clinical translation of SR-UMI remains challenging due to the limited number of MBs detected within a given accumulation time. Here, we propose a Kalman filter-based method for robust MB tracking and improved blood flow speed measurement with reduced numbers of MBs. An acceleration constraint and a direction constraint for MB movement were developed to control the quality of the estimated MB trajectory. An adaptive interpolation approach was developed to inpaint the missing microvessel signal based on the estimated local blood flow speed, facilitating more robust depiction of microvasculature with a limited amount of MBs. The proposed method was validated on an ex ovo chorioallantoic membrane and an in vivo rabbit kidney. Results demonstrated improved imaging performance on both microvessel density maps and blood flow speed maps. With the proposed method, the percentage of microvessel filling in a selected blood vessel at a given accumulation period was increased from 28.17% to 74.45%. A similar SR-UMI performance was achieved with MB numbers reduced by 85.96%, compared to that with the original MB number. The results indicate that the proposed method substantially improves the robustness of SR-UMI under a clinically relevant imaging scenario where SR-UMI is challenged by a limited MB accumulation time, reduced number of MBs, lowered imaging frame rate, and degraded signal-to-noise ratio.
Cancer immunotherapy targeting the telomerase reverse transcriptase. (2006)

The human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is expressed in more than 85% of tumor cells but is usually not found in normal cells, which makes hTERT as an ideal tumor-associate antigen (TAA) to develop potential vaccine specifically destroying cancers without impairing normal tissues in human cancer immunotherapy. Here are reviewed the fundamental advances of studies on immunogenicity of hTERT or its peptides and the early clinical trials using the hTERT vaccine approach in the last decades.
SELF-REPAIR OF POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES FOR USE AS INFRASTRUCTURE MATERIALS (1998)

An investigation was made into the use of polymer matrix composites which have the ability to self-repair cracks due to mechanical loading for both pavements and bridges. The research focused on the cracking of hollow repair fibers dispersed in a matrix and the subsequent timed release of repair chemicals which result in the sealing of matrix cracks, the restoration of strength in damaged areas and the ability to retard crack propagation. Impact fracture and bend tests were performed on specimens and revealed the ability of this system to fill and repair cracks, restore strength, and retard crack growth. Testing of frame specimens revealed that repair of cracks can redistribute stresses to preferred locations throughout the structure. Applications of internal release to such diverse fields as airplane skins and other composites are underway in other work. This work was developed by Natural Process Design and full scale work was sponsored by the Transportation Research Board.
<i>In situ</i>Observation of Carbon-Nanopillar Tubulization Caused by Liquidlike Iron Particles (2004)

The tubulization process of amorphous carbon nanopillars was observed in situ by transmis-sion electron microscopy. Amorphous carbon nanopillars were transformed into graphitic tubules by annealing at 650-900 degrees C in the presence of iron nanoparticles. A molten catalyst nanoparticle penetrated an amorphous carbon nanopillar, dissolving it, and leaving a graphite track behind. An iron nanoparticle moved with its shape changing like an earthworm. We concluded that the tubulization mechanism is a solid-(quasiliquid)-solid mechanism where the carbon phase transformation is a kind of liquid phase graphitization of amorphous carbon catalyzed by liquefied metal-carbon alloy nanoparticles.
Audio and Visual Cues in a Two-Talker Divided Attention Speech-Monitoring Task (2005)

Although audiovisual (AV) cues are known to improve speech intelligibility in difficult listening environments, little is known about their role in divided attention tasks that require listeners to monitor multiple talkers at the same time. In this experiment, a call-sign-based multitalker listening test was used to evaluate performance in two-talker AV configurations that combined zero, one, or two channels of visual information (neither, one, or both talkers visible) with zero, one, or two channels of audio information (no audio, both talkers played from the same loudspeaker, and both talkers played through different, spatially separated loudspeakers). The results were analyzed to determine the relative performance levels that would occur with each AV configuration with target information that was equally likely to originate from either of the two talkers in the stimulus. The results indicate that spatial separation of the audio signals has the greatest impact on performance in multichannel AV speech displays and that caution should be used when presenting a visual representation of only a single talker unless that talker is known to be the highest priority talker in the combined AV stimulus. Potential applications of this research include the design of improved audiovisual speech displays for multichannel communications systems.
Exploration of structure-antifouling relationships of capsaicin-like compounds that inhibit zebra mussel (<i>Dreissena polymorpha</i>) macrofouling (2007)

Macrofouling of aquatic man-made structures by zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) poses significant economic burdens on commercial freshwater shipping and facilities utilising raw water. The negative environmental impact of some current antifouling technologies has limited their use and prompted investigation of non-organometallic and non-oxidising antifoulants as possible environment-friendly alternatives. The plant-derived natural product capsaicin and 18 other compounds with one or more capsaicin-like structural features were tested for their potential to inhibit zebra mussel byssal attachment at a single high concentration of 30 microM. Of these, three compounds displaying the highest levels of attachment inhibition where selected for further concentration-response testing. This testing revealed that capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-trans-6-nonenamide), N-vanillylnonanamide, and N-benzoylmonoethanolamine benzoate all inhibited byssal attachment with potency values (EC(50)) in the micromolar range. None of these compounds were lethal to adult specimens of the water flea, Daphnia magna, at concentrations that inhibited mussel byssal attachment.
A soluble endoplasmic reticulum factor as regenerative therapy for Wolfram syndrome (2020)

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated cell death is an emerging target for human chronic disorders, including neurodegeneration and diabetes. However, there is currently no treatment for preventing ER stress-mediated cell death. Here, we show that mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF), a neurotrophic factor secreted from ER stressed cells, prevents ER stress-mediated β cell death and enhances β cell proliferation in cell and mouse models of Wolfram syndrome, a prototype of ER disorders. Our results indicate that molecular pathways regulated by MANF are promising therapeutic targets for regenerative therapy of ER stress-related disorders, including diabetes, retinal degeneration, neurodegeneration, and Wolfram syndrome.
Microwave Pretreatment For Hydrolysis Of Cellulose (1993)

Microwave pretreatment enhances enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic wastes into soluble saccharides used as feedstocks for foods, fuels, and other products. Low consumption of energy, high yield, and low risk of proposed hydrolysis process incorporating microwave pretreatment makes process viable alternative to composting.
Temperature Dependence of a Sub-wavelength Compact Graphene Plasmon-Slot Modulator (2017)

We investigate a plasmonic electro-optic modulator with an extinction ratio exceeding 1 dB/um by engineering the optical mode to be in-plane with the graphene layer, and show how lowering the operating temperature enables steeper switching. We show how cooling Graphene enables steeping thus improving dynamic energy consumption. Further, we show that multi-layer Graphene integrated with a plasmonic slot waveguide allows for in-plane electric field components, and 3-dB device lengths as short as several hundred nanometers only. Compact modulators approaching electronic length-scales pave a way for ultra-dense photonic integrated circuits with smallest footprints
Design, Conformation, and Crystallography of 2-Naphthyl Phenyl Ethers as Potent Anti-HIV Agents (2016)

Catechol diethers that incorporate a 7-cyano-2-naphthyl substituent are reported as non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTIs). Many of the compounds have 1-10 nM potencies toward wild-type HIV-1. An interesting conformational effect allows two unique conformers for the naphthyl group in complexes with HIV-RT. X-ray crystal structures for <b>4a</b> and <b>4f</b> illustrate the alternatives.
3-Aminoquinazolinediones as a New Class of Antibacterial Agents Demonstrating Excellent Antibacterial Activity Against Wild-Type and Multidrug Resistant Organisms (2006)

The 3-aminoquinzolinediones represent a new series of antibacterial agents structurally related to the fluoroquinolones. They are inhibitors of bacterial gyrase and topoisomerase IV and demonstrate clinically useful antibacterial activity against fastidious Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, including multidrug- and fluoroquinolone-resistant organisms. These agents also demonstrate in vivo efficacy in murine systemic infection models.
Totally Endoscopic Magnetic Enteral Bypass by External Guided Rendez-Vous Technique (2011)

An endoscopic enteral bypass with magnetic anastomosis and magnetic tracking device was feasible. More accurate tracking and advanced techniques could enable endoscopic bypasses at multiple sites in the gastrointestinal tract.
Lithographic, Photochemical And O 2 RIE Properties Of Three Polysilane Copolymers (1988)

Polysilanes are high Si-content polymers containing backbone Si-Si bonds. Their high Si content makes them very resistant to removal by 02 reactive ion etching (RIE) while their Si-Si bonding results in strong transitions in the mid- and deep-UV regions. Mid-UV photolysis causes chain scission, a process used by IBM workers in two lithographic applications: as imaging layers in organometallic bilevel, 02-RIE-developed resistsl and as contrast enhancement materials for imaging with positive photoresists.
The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 central DNA flap is a crucial determinant for lentiviral vector nuclear import and gene transduction of human hematopoietic stem cells (2000)

Gene transfer in human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) has great potential for both gene therapy and the understanding of hematopoiesis. As HSCs have extensive proliferative capacities, stable gene transfer should include genomic integration of the transgene. Lentiviral vectors are now preferred to oncoretroviral vectors especially because they integrate in nondividing cells such as HSCs, thereby avoiding the use of prolonged cytokine stimulation. Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) has evolved a complex reverse transcription strategy including a central strand displacement event controlled in cis by the central polypurine tract (cPPT) and the central termination sequence (CTS). This creates, at the center of HIV-1 linear DNA molecules, a 99-nucleotide-long plus-strand overlap, the DNA flap, which acts as a cis-determinant of HIV-1 genome nuclear import. The reinsertion of the DNA flap sequence in an HIV-derived lentiviral vector promotes a striking increase of gene transduction efficiency in human CD34+ hematopoietic cells, and the complementation of the nuclear import defect present in the parental vector accounts for this result. In a short ex vivo protocol, the flap-containing vector allows efficient transduction of the whole hierarchy of human HSCs including both slow-dividing or nondividing HSCs that have multiple lymphoid and myeloid potentials and primitive cells with long-term engraftment ability in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice (NOD/SCID).
Design architectures for optically multiplexed imaging (2015)

Optically multiplexed imaging is the process by which multiple images are overlaid on a single image surface. Uniquely encoding the discrete images allows scene reconstruction from multiplexed images via post processing. We describe a class of optical systems that can achieve high density image multiplexing through a novel division of aperture technique. Fundamental design considerations and performance attributes for this sensor architecture are discussed. A number of spatial and temporal encoding methods are presented including point spread function engineering, amplitude modulation, and image shifting. Results from a prototype five-channel sensor are presented using three different encoding methods in sparse-scene star tracking demonstration. A six-channel optically multiplexed prototype sensor is used to reconstruct imagery from information rich dense scenes through dynamic image shifting.
Aerosol Jet Etching (1990)

A new etching technology, termed aerosol jet etching (AJE), has been successfully demonstrated and investigated to determine its suitability for microelectronics applications. This technology combines the excellent selectivity of wet chemical etching, the anisotropy of dry etching techniques, and low chemical usage. Experimental results and theoretical interpretations are given for patterned hydrofluoric acid etching of silicon dioxide layers on silicon. The effects of various operating parameters on etch rate, etched surface morphology, side wall profile, and anisotropy are described. These results are used to propose optimum operating conditions for AJE. Also, some unusual surface structures formed under certain conditions during AJE are-described.
The molecular and cellular basis of olfactory-driven behavior in<i>Anopheles gambiae</i>larvae (2008)

The mosquito Anopheles gambiae is the principal Afrotropical vector for human malaria. A central component of its vectorial capacity is the ability to maintain sufficient populations of adults. During both adult and preadult (larval) stages, the mosquitoes depend on the ability to recognize and respond to chemical cues that mediate feeding and survival. In this study, we used a behavioral assay to identify a range of odorant-specific responses of An. gambiae larvae that are dependent on the integrity of the larval antennae. Parallel molecular analyses have identified a subset of the An. gambiae odorant receptors (AgOrs) that are localized to discrete neurons within the larval antennae and facilitate odor-evoked responses in Xenopus oocytes that are consistent with the larval behavioral spectrum. These studies shed light on chemosensory-driven behaviors and represent molecular and cellular characterization of olfactory processes in mosquito larvae. These advances may ultimately enhance the development of vector control strategies, targeting olfactory pathways in larval-stage mosquitoes to reduce the catastrophic effects of malaria and other diseases.