gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Complementary roles of neurotrophin 3 and a <i>N-</i> methyl- <scp>d</scp> -aspartate antagonist in the protection of noise and aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity (2000)

Recent progress has been made regarding the prevention of hearing loss. However, the complete protection of both hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons, with restored function, has not yet been achieved. It has been shown that spiral ganglion neuronal loss can be prevented by neurotrophin 3 (NT3) and hair cell damage by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. Here we demonstrate that the combined treatment with MK801, a NMDA antagonist, and NT3 protect both cochlear morphology and physiology from injury. Pretreatment with MK801 prevented hearing loss and the dendrites of the spiral ganglion neurons from swelling after noise-induced damage. The acute phase of insult with the aminoglycoside antibiotic amikacin resulted in swollen afferent dendrites beneath the inner hair cells. The chronic phase resulted in complete hair cell loss and near-complete loss of spiral ganglion neurons. This damage caused a near-complete loss of hearing sensitivity as displayed by elevated (>90-dB sound pressure levels) auditory brainstem response thresholds. The treatment of amikacin-exposed animals with MK801 gave only a partial protection of hearing. However, the combined treatment with NT3 and MK801 in the amikacin-comprised ear resulted in improved mean hearing within 20 dB of normal. Furthermore, hair cell loss was prevented in these animals and spiral ganglion neurons were completely protected. These results suggest that the NMDA antagonist MK801 protects against noise-induced excitotoxicity in the cochlea whereas the combined treatment of NT3 and MK801 has a potent effect on preserving both auditory physiology and morphology against aminoglycoside toxicity.
Analysis of Safety and Tolerability Data Obtained from Over 1,500 Patients Receiving Topiramate for Migraine Prevention in Controlled Trials (2008)

Topiramate is generally safe and reasonably well tolerated for the prevention of migraine in adults. The most common topiramate-associated AEs were mild or moderate in severity and occurred more frequently during titration to target doses.
An alternative technique to create the pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. (1995)

A method for creating the pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery in 200 patients used the Lazarus-Nelson technique. A needle half the diameter of the Veress needle was used. A guide wire followed by a catheter with multiple side ports allowed for rapid infusion of CO2. A technique used safely in hundreds of thousands of peritoneal lavages gives the surgeon a safe and rapid technique to create a pneumoperitoneum.
Odd-Harmonic Digital Repetitive Control of a Single-Phase Current Active Filter (2004)

Shunt active power filters have been proved as useful elements to correct distorted currents caused by nonlinear loads in power distribution systems. This work presents an all-digital approach, based on the repetitive control technique, for their control. In particular, a special digital repetitive plug-in controller for odd-harmonic discrete-time periodic references and disturbances is used. This approach does not introduce high gain at those frequencies for which it is not needed, and thus it improves robustness. Additionally, the necessary data memory capacity is lower than in traditional repetitive controllers. The design is performed for the particular case of single-phase shunt active filter with a full-bridge boost topology. Several experimental results are also presented to show the good behavior of the closed-loop system.
Regression of Experimental Brain Tumors with 6-Thioxanthine and <i>Escherichia coli gpt</i> Gene Therapy (1997)

The identification of transgenes with antitumor activity is critical to the development of gene therapy of cancer. Retrovirus-mediated transfer of the Escherichia coli gpt gene into rat C6 glioma cells without subsequent selection still inhibited the proliferation of this mixed polyclonal population upon addition of the prodrug, 6-thioxanthine, with an ID50 of 4.1 microM, whereas parental C6 cells were not affected at a concentration of 500 microM. In a time-course assay, effects of the prodrug on the mixed polyclonal cell proliferation required at least 10 days of exposure. In mixed co-cultures, a bystander effect was not present over the first 4 days of prodrug exposure, but required trypsinization of the co-cultures and replating at lower densities. This "modified" bystander assay thus revealed a 50% decrease in C6 cell proliferation, even when the initial ratio of gpt-expressing to parental C6 cells was as low as 1:19. In a nude mouse model of subcutaneous tumors, co-grafts of C6 glioma and gpt-retrovirus producer cells displayed retarded growth upon exposure to 6-thioxanthine (6-TX). In a nude mouse model of intracerebral tumors, grafting of the gpt-retrovirus producer cells leads to an 80% reduction in intracerebral tumor volumes after 6-TX treatment. This reduction results in a 28% increase in the mean time of survival of animals that harbor intracerebral tumors (p < 0.0005). These antitumor effects indicate that the gpt/6-TX enzyme/prodrug pair is a promising alternative to the thymidine kinase gene and ganciclovir combination in the gene therapy of cancer.
Study and realization on the internal impedance of single cell on-line detector (2008)

Impedance measurement is a method by which the condition of a battery may be assessed. The realization of on-line monitoring of internal resistance of single cell is important to improve the safe operation of the battery backup system. At present there are many internal resistance measuring methods, such as the density method, the terminal voltage method, the momentary load test method, etc. After compared and analyzed their advantages and disadvantages, a new method to measure internal resistance of single cell on-line is introduced, namely AC injection method. A new detector based on the proposed method is introduced. Experimental results have proved that the project is quite operational and effective.
Spatiotemporal Event Forecasting from Incomplete Hyper-local Price Data (2017)

Hyper-local pricing data, e.g., about foods and commodities, exhibit subtle spatiotemporal variations that can be useful as crucial precursors of future events. Three major challenges in modeling such pricing data include: i) temporal dependencies underlying features; ii) spatiotemporal missing values; and iii) constraints underlying economic phenomena. These challenges hinder traditional event forecasting models from being applied effectively. This paper proposes a novel spatiotemporal event forecasting model that concurrently addresses the above challenges. Specifically, given continuous price data, a new soft time-lagged model is designed to select temporally dependent features. To handle missing values, we propose a data tensor completion method based on price domain knowledge. The parameters of the new model are optimized using a novel algorithm based on the Alternative Direction Methods of Multipliers (ADMM). Extensive experimental evaluations on multiple datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach.
Yokeless switched reluctance motors (2006)

This paper introduces a novel switched reluctance motor (SRM) that has a yokeless rotor and a stator configuration that uses substantially less back iron (yoke-less) than conventional types. The consequence of this unique yokeless rotor and yoke-less stator configuration, results in an extremely efficient torque generation mechanism and a very high power density motor. Simulation and experimental results are presented to show the potential advantages of the motor over conventional SRM.
It's COMPASlicated: The Messy Relationship between RAI Datasets and Algorithmic Fairness Benchmarks (2021)

Risk assessment instrument (RAI) datasets, particularly ProPublica's COMPAS dataset, are commonly used in algorithmic fairness papers due to benchmarking practices of comparing algorithms on datasets used in prior work. In many cases, this data is used as a benchmark to demonstrate good performance without accounting for the complexities of criminal justice (CJ) processes. However, we show that pretrial RAI datasets can contain numerous measurement biases and errors, and due to disparities in discretion and deployment, algorithmic fairness applied to RAI datasets is limited in making claims about real-world outcomes. These reasons make the datasets a poor fit for benchmarking under assumptions of ground truth and real-world impact. Furthermore, conventional practices of simply replicating previous data experiments may implicitly inherit or edify normative positions without explicitly interrogating value-laden assumptions. Without context of how interdisciplinary fields have engaged in CJ research and context of how RAIs operate upstream and downstream, algorithmic fairness practices are misaligned for meaningful contribution in the context of CJ, and would benefit from transparent engagement with normative considerations and values related to fairness, justice, and equality. These factors prompt questions about whether benchmarks for intrinsically socio-technical systems like the CJ system can exist in a beneficial and ethical way.
<title>Micro-object handling under SEM by vision-based automatic control</title> (1998)

There is a great demand for arrangement of micro objects smaller than 100 micrometers with high accuracy and reliability in order to construct micro devices. Since micro objects tend to adhere to other objects by electrostatic force, we can pick them up easily by contacting with a needle tip instead of grasping by tweezers. On the contrary, it is difficult to place them on a substrate. To solve this problem, we have proposed a handling method by controlling the facing area, i.e. picking up the object by contacting with the center of the tooltip plane, and placing it by contacting with the edge and also inclining the tool. However it is difficult to execute this operation by manual control, because it requires delicate control of the manipulator, not to break or flip away the object. In this study, we automate this pick-and-place operation by visual and force control. Moreover, to arrange micro objects with high accuracy and reliability, all necessary functions such as calibration, object search, and positioning are integrated, and an automatic handling system is constructed. We successfully demonstrate a completely automatic arrangement of several micro objects of 30 micrometers in diameter under SEM monitoring.
Dopamine Receptor Stimulation Modulates AMPA Receptor Synaptic Insertion in Prefrontal Cortex Neurons (2005)

Addiction is believed to involve glutamate-dependent forms of synaptic plasticity that promote the formation of new habits focused on drug seeking. We used primary cultures of rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons to explore mechanisms by which dopamine-releasing psychomotor stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamine influence synaptic plasticity, focusing on AMPA receptor trafficking because of its key role in long-term potentiation (LTP). Brief stimulation of D1 dopamine receptors increased surface expression of glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1)-containing AMPA receptors through a protein kinase A-dependent mechanism, by increasing their rate of externalization at extrasynaptic sites. Newly externalized GluR1 remained extrasynaptic under basal conditions but could be translocated into synapses by subsequent NMDA receptor activation. These results suggest that D1 receptors may facilitate LTP by increasing the AMPA receptor pool available for synaptic insertion. However, stimulation of D2 receptors decreased surface and synaptic GluR1 expression. These findings are discussed in the context of evidence that D1 and D2 receptors act independently rather than antagonistically in the intact PFC. D1 receptor facilitation of AMPA receptor synaptic insertion helps explain D1 receptor-dependent facilitation of LTP and learning in the normal brain. Abnormal engagement of this mechanism during unregulated dopamine release may account for maladaptive plasticity after repeated exposure to cocaine or amphetamine.
Polymer–nanoparticle interfacial behavior revisited: A molecular dynamics study (2011)

By tuning the polymer-filler interaction, filler size and filler loading, we use a coarse-grained model-based molecular dynamics simulation to study the polymer-filler interfacial structural (the orientations at the bond, segment and chain length scales, chain size and conformation), dynamic and stress-strain properties. Simulated results indicate that the interfacial region is composed of partial segments of different polymer chains, which is consistent with the experimental results presented by Chen et al. (Macromolecules, 2010, 43, 1076). Moreover, it is found that the interfacial region is within one single chain size (R(g)) range, irrespective of the polymer-filler interaction and the filler size, beyond which the bulk behavior appears. In the interfacial region, the orientation and dynamic behaviors are induced by the interfacial enthalpy, while the size and conformation of polymer chains near the filler are controlled by the configurational entropy. In the case of strong polymer-filler interaction (equivalent to the hydrogen bond), the innerest adsorbed polymer segments still undergo adsorption-desorption process, the transport of chain mass center in the interfacial region exhibits away from the glassy behavior, and no plastic-like yielding point appears in the stress-strain curve, which indicates that although the mobility of interfacial polymer chains is restricted, there exist no "polymer glassy layers" surrounding the filler. In addition, it is evidenced that the filler particle prefers selectively adsorbing the long polymer chains for attractive polymer-filler interaction, validating the experimental explanation of the change of the bound rubber (BR). In short, this work provides important information for further experimental and simulation studies of polymer-nanoparticle interfacial behavior.
Renin–angiotensin system blockade: Its contribution and controversy (2015)

Angiotensin II is a key biological peptide in the renin-angiotensin system that regulates blood pressure and renal hemodynamics, and extensive experimental studies have shown that angiotensin II promotes diverse fibrotic changes and induces neovascularization in several inflammatory diseases. It is known that angiotensin II can be controlled using renin-angiotensin system blockade when angiotensin II is the main factor inducing a particular disease, and renin-angiotensin system blockade has assumed a central role in the treatment of inflammatory nephritis, cardiovascular disorders and retinopathy. In contrast, renin-angiotensin system blockade was found to have not only these effects but also other functions, such as inhibition of cancer growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Numerous studies have sought to elucidate the mechanisms and support these antitumor effects. However, a recent meta-analysis showed that renin-angiotensin system blockade use might in fact increase the incidence of cancer, so renin-angiotensin system blockade use has become somewhat controversial. Although the renin-angiotensin system has most certainly made great contributions to experimental models and clinical practice, some issues still need to be resolved. The present review discusses the contribution and controversy surrounding the renin-angiotensin system up to the present time.
Skin Mast Cells Contribute to Sporothrix schenckii Infection (2020)

<b>Background:</b><i>Sporothrix schenckii</i> (<i>S. schenckii</i>), a dimorphic fungus, causes sporotrichosis. Mast cells (MCs) have been described to be involved in skin fungal infections. The role of MCs in cutaneous sporotrichosis remains largely unknown. <b>Objectives:</b> To characterize the role and relevance of MCs in cutaneous sporotrichosis. <b>Methods:</b> We analyzed cutaneous sporotrichosis in wild-type (WT) mice and two different MC-deficient strains. <i>In vitro</i>, MCs were assessed for <i>S. schenckii</i>-induced cytokine production and degranulation after incubation with <i>S. schenckii</i>. We also explored the role of MCs in human cutaneous sporotrichosis. <b>Results:</b> WT mice developed markedly larger skin lesions than MC-deficient mice (> 1.5 fold) after infection with <i>S. schenckii</i>, with significantly increased fungal burden. <i>S. schenckii</i> induced the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-1β by MCs, but not degranulation. <i>S. schenckii</i> induced larger skin lesions and higher release of IL-6 and TNF by MCs as compared to the less virulent <i>S. albicans</i>. In patients with sporotrichosis, TNF and IL-6 were increased in skin lesions, and markedly elevated levels in the serum were linked to disease activity. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings suggest that cutaneous MCs contribute to skin sporotrichosis by releasing cytokines such as TNF and IL-6.
Photocatalytic Decomposition of N2O at Room Temperature (1992)

Abstract Decomposition of N2O into N2 and O2 at room temperature was demonstrated on a Pt/TiO2 photocatalyst in the presence of water vapor. The photocatalytic activity was enhanced by the participation of photocatalytic decomposition of water.
[Preliminary inquiry into the difference in sex ratio at birth in China]. (1985)

Based on population statistics from China's 2nd and 3rd national censuses, China's unusually high male/female birth rates are examined. It appears that the lower male/female birth rates are generally found in China's minority-populated autonomous regions. Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibet) has the nation's lowest male/female birth ratio of 101.3; the highest ratio, 112.5, is in Anhui province; the national average for 1981 was 108.47. Although geographic, socioeconomic, and other factors may be attributed to regional differences, it is maintained that the high male/female birth rate is universal throughout China. The significant difference between the relatively high male/female birth rate in China's urban areas in 1981 (109.9), and the lower rate in the rural areas (107.6) is challenged by the author, who suggests that China's urban statistics are unquestionably more reliable than the rural statistics. The author suggests that factors such as the importance of raising male offspring, China's traditionally male-dominated family system, and the desire for male farm workers is strongest in China's rural sector. The current male/female birth rate is not a recent trend; prior to 1949, the male/female birth rate ranged from 110 to 115.
One-step surface modification for irreversible bonding of various plastics with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomer at room temperature (2014)

Here, we introduce a simple and facile method for bonding poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) to various plastics irreversibly via a one-step chemical treatment at room temperature. This was mediated by poly[dimethylsiloxane-co-(3-aminopropyl)methylsiloxane] (amine-PDMS linker), a chemical composed of a PDMS backbone incorporating an amine side group. Room temperature anchoring of the linker was achieved via a reaction between the amine functionality of the linker and the carbon backbone of the plastics, thereby producing urethane bonds. This resulted in the PDMS functionality being exposed on the plastic surface, mimicking the surface properties of bulk PDMS. Following corona treatment of the PDMS-modified plastic and a sheet of PDMS, the two surfaces were placed in contact with each other and heated at 80 °C for 1 h. This resulted in permanent bonding between PDMS and the plastic. To examine the effectiveness of the amine-PDMS linker coating procedure, the surfaces were characterized by measuring water contact angles and by employing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Polycarbonate (PC), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(vinylchloride) (PVC), and polyimide (PI) were bonded successfully to PDMS using this method, with bond strengths of PC, PET, and PVC with PDMS measured to be approximately 428.5 ± 17.9, 361.7 ± 31.2, and 430.0 ± 14.9 kPa, respectively. The bond strength of a PC-PC homogeneous assembly, also realized using the proposed method, was measured to be approximately 343.9 ± 7.4 kPa. Delamination tests revealed that the PC-PC assembly was able to withstand intense introduction of a liquid whose per-minute injection volume was approximately 278 times greater than the total internal volume of the microchannel fabricated in PC. This demonstrated the robustness of the seal formed using the proposed technique.
Pollen analysis of honeys from Mediterranean region of Anatolia (2007)

Twenty‐five samples of honey from different localities of the province, Anatolia, in the Mediterranean were examined for pollen content. Eleven samples were unifloral (>45% pollen of one taxon in sample) with three being unifloral for Apiaceae, two for Pimpinella anisum, two for Raphanus raphanistrum, one for Eucalyptus spp. one for Cirsium sp., one for Plantago sp. and one for Ulmus sp. Pollen analysis indicated 91 pollen forms of which 70 came from nectariferous and 21 from nectarless plants. The honeys had contained 14 to 36 different types of pollen. The average number of pollen types per honey was 22. Secondary pollen components were from 11 taxa: Anthemis sp., Astragalus sp., Citrus sp., Euphorbia sp., Ferula sp., Rosa sp., Rhamnus sp., Olea europaea, Salix sp., Pimpinella anisum and Trifolium sp. Fifty‐nine pollen types occurred as ‘important minor’ types. Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae were the most represented families. Although, the honeys of citrus were collected throughout southern Anatolia, Citrus sp. was not particularly attractive to foragers nor was it major pollen or nectar sources in this region.
Hydrodynamic interaction between gas bubbles in liquid (1976)

A calculation is given of the velocity which a cloud of identical gas bubbles acquires when the liquid in which the cloud is immersed is impulsively accelerated. From the results an expression follows for the effective virtual mass of a bubble in a gas-bubble/liquid mixture. Further consideration is given to that part of the momentum flux in the mixture associated with relative motion between liquid and bubbles. An expression for this quantity is derived which appears to differ from the one used in practice. It is shown that qualitative support for the expression obtained here is provided by experimental observations reported in the literature.
Implication of Tumor Microenvironment in Chemoresistance: Tumor-Associated Stromal Cells Protect Tumor Cells from Cell Death (2012)

Tumor development principally occurs following the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in tumor cells. These changes pave the way for the transformation of chemosensitive cells to chemoresistant ones by influencing the uptake, metabolism, or export of drugs at the cellular level. Numerous reports have revealed the complexity of tumors and their microenvironment with tumor cells located within a heterogeneous population of stromal cells. These stromal cells (fibroblasts, endothelial or mesothelial cells, adipocytes or adipose tissue-derived stromal cells, immune cells and bone marrow-derived stem cells) could be involved in the chemoresistance that is acquired by tumor cells via several mechanisms: (i) cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions influencing the cancer cell sensitivity to apoptosis; (ii) local release of soluble factors promoting survival and tumor growth (crosstalk between stromal and tumor cells); (iii) direct cell-cell interactions with tumor cells (crosstalk or oncologic trogocytosis); (iv) generation of specific niches within the tumor microenvironment that facilitate the acquisition of drug resistance; or (v) conversion of the cancer cells to cancer-initiating cells or cancer stem cells. This review will focus on the implication of each member of the heterogeneous population of stromal cells in conferring resistance to cytotoxins and physiological mediators of cell death.