gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermomechanical Reliability of Nickel Pillar Interconnections Replacing Flip-Chip Solder Without Underfill (2008)

Interconnect technologies between ICs and packages or boards have a significant impact on the IC performance and packaging density. Today, the interconnections are typically accomplished with either wire bonding or flip-chip solders. While both of these technologies are incremental, they also run into either electrical or mechanical barriers as they are extended to higher density of interconnections. Downscaling traditional solder bump interconnect might not satisfy the thermomechanical reliability requirements at very fine-pitches. Alternate interconnection approaches such as compliant interconnects typically require lengthy connections and are therefore limited in terms of electrical properties, although expected to meet the mechanical requirements. This paper reports fine-pitch interconnection technologies using nano-structured nickel as primary interconnection material. The nano-grained nickels are produced by electroplating process. The primary nano-structured interconnects are assembled with different bonding methods to provide organic compatible low-temperature fabrication. Au-Sn and Sn-Cu are used for solder-based assembly of nano-nickel interconnections. Low modulus anisotropic conductive films (ACFs) are also used as an alternate bonding route of the solders. No underfilling is used in all the interconnect structures evaluated in this paper. Assembly are accomplished on different coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) substrates including FR-4 with 18 ppm/degC, advanced organic substrates with 10 ppm/degC, novel low CTE (3 ppm/degC) substrates based on carbon-silicon carbide (C-SiC). The thermomechanical reliability of all the nano-interconnects assembled on different CTE substrates with different bonding approaches is evaluated by thermal shock testing and finite-element analysis. Nano-nickel interconnects bonded with the ACF showed the highest reliability withstanding 1500 cycles. In all cases, no apparent failure was observed in the primary nano-nickel metal interconnects. This technology is expected to be easily downscaled to submicrometer and nano-scale unlike the current solder technologies leading to true nano-interconnections.
<title>Ablation of work hardening layers against stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel by repetitive femtosecond laser pulses</title> (2004)

Femtosecond laser pulses successfully ablated the work hardening layers on SUS316L used in boiling water reactors. The measurement of hardness inside the material clarified this new technique to reduce the risk of Stress Corrosion Cracking.
Efficiently computing Φ-nodes on-the-fly (1995)

Recently, Static Single-Assignment Form and Sparse Evaluation Graphs have been advanced for the efficient solution of program optimization problems. Each method is provided with an initial set of flow graph nodes that inherently affect a problem's solution. Other relevant nodes are those where potentially disparate solutions must combine. Previously, these so-called φ-nodes were found by computing the iterated dominance frontiers of the initial set of nodes, a process that could take worst-case quadratic time with respect to the input flow graph. In this article we present an almost-linear algorithm for determining exactly the same set of φ-nodes.
Spin–orbit torques in structures with asymmetric dusting layers (2020)

Current-induced spin–orbit torques (SOTs) in heavy metal/ferromagnet heterostructures have emerged as an efficient method for magnetization switching with applications in nonvolatile magnetic memory and logic devices. However, experimental realization of SOT switching of perpendicular magnetization requires an additional inversion symmetry breaking, calling for modifications of the conventional SOT heterostructures. In this work, we study SOTs and deterministic switching of perpendicular magnetization by inserting different asymmetric dusting layers at the heavy metal/ferromagnet interface. Similar to the previous works with lateral structural asymmetry, we study the emergence of current-induced perpendicular effective magnetic fields (Hzeff). By examining three different material combinations of heavy metal/dusting layers (W/IrMn, Pt/IrMn, and W/Ta), we shed light on the origins of Hzeff; we show that Hzeff is generically created in all the studied asymmetric structures, has a close correlation with the interfacial magnetic anisotropy, and is independent of the signs of spin Hall angles of the materials. Furthermore, we show that the induction of Hzeff enables field-free deterministic SOT switching of perpendicular magnetization. Our results can be used in designing SOT heterostructures for practical applications in nonvolatile technologies.
Monolithic integration of individually addressable light-emitting diode color pixels (2017)

Monolithic integration of individually addressable light-emitting diode (LED) color pixels is reported. The integration is enabled by local strain engineering. The use of a nanostructured active region comprising one or more nanopillars allows color tuning across the visible spectrum. In the current work, integration of amber, green, and blue pixels is demonstrated. The nanopillar LEDs exhibit an electrical performance comparable to that of a conventional thin-film LED fabricated on the same wafer. The proposed platform uses only standard epitaxy and a similar process flow as a conventional LED. It is also shown that the emission intensity can be linearly tuned without shifting the color coordinate of individual pixels.
Preparation and characterization of a biodegradable mulch: Paper coated with polymerized vegetable oils (1999)

Kraft paper was coated with resins based on vegetable oils and then tested for mechanical properties, rate of biodegradation in soil, and ability to inhibit weed growth. Resins included oxidatively polymerized linseed oil (LO) and a polyester formed by the reaction of epoxidized soybean oil and citric acid (ESO–CA). Tensile strength of LO-coated paper (82 MPa) was slightly higher than uncoated paper (68 MPa), while the tensile strength of ESO–CA coated paper was somewhat lower (45 MPa). Elongations to break (3–8%) were similar for all samples. The rates of weight loss and tensile strength during soil burial decreased as follows: uncoated paper > LO coated paper > ESO–CA coated paper. The polymerized oils acted as barriers to penetration of microorganisms to the cellulosic fibers. Resin-coated papers inhibited weed growth for > 10 weeks, while uncoated paper was highly degraded and ineffective by 6–9 weeks. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 2159–2167, 1999
Single pulse imaging (2006)

A novel radar receiver processing technique is presented which utilizes the Doppler phase shift resulting from high-speed targets to produce a range/Doppler image from the return signal of a single radar pulse. Denoted as Single Pulse Imaging (SPI), this technique utilizes the general framework of the Multistatic Adaptive Pulse Compression (MAPC) algorithm and applies it to monostatic radar in which Doppler-shifted realizations of the transmitted waveform are treated as different waveforms that have illuminated different range profiles thereby resulting in the superposition of different signals at the receiver. The joint separation and pulse compression of the set of received signals produces a range/Doppler image whereby, given sufficient disparity in radial velocity (and thus sufficient Doppler phase-shift diversity), individual scatterers within the same range cell can be discerned.
Bandgap Narrowing in Non‐Fullerene Acceptors: Single Atom Substitution Leads to High Optoelectronic Response Beyond 1000 nm (2018)

Abstract Two narrow bandgap non‐fullerene acceptors (NBG‐NFAs), namely, COTIC‐4F and SiOTIC‐4F, are designed and synthesized for the fabrication of efficient near‐infrared organic solar cells (OSCs). The chemical structures of the NBG‐NFAs contain a D′‐D‐D′ electron‐rich internal core based on a cyclopentadithiophene (or dithienosilole) (D) and alkoxythienyl (D′) core, end‐capped with the highly electron‐deficient unit 2‐(5,6‐difluoro‐3‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐inden‐1‐ylidene)malononitrile (A), ultimately providing a A‐D′‐D‐D′‐A molecular configuration that enhances the intramolecular charge transfer characteristics of the excited states. One can thereby reduce the optical bandgap ( E g opt ) to as low as ≈1.10 eV, one of the smallest values for NFAs reported to date. In bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) OSCs, NBG‐NFA blends with the polymer donor PTB7‐Th yield power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of up to 9.0%, which is particularly high when compared against a range of NBG BHJ blends. Most significantly, it is found that, despite the small energy loss ( E g opt − e V OC ) of 0.52 eV, the PTB7‐Th/NBG‐NFA bulk heterojunction blends can yield short‐circuit current densities of up to 22.8 mA cm −2 , suggesting that the design and application of NBG‐NFA materials have substantial potential to further improve the PCE of OSCs.
Impact of Internal Entrainment on High Intensity Distributed Combustion (2015)

Colorless Distributed Combustion (also referred to as CDC) has been shown to provide ultra-low emissions and enhanced performance of high intensity gas turbine combustors. To achieve distributed combustion, the flowfield needs to be tailored for adequate mixing between reactants and hot reactive species from within the combustor to result in high temperature low oxygen concentration environment prior to ignition. Such reaction distribution results in uniform thermal field and also eliminates any hot spots for mitigating NOx emission. Though CDC have been extensively studied using a variety of geometries, heat release intensities, and fuels, the role of internally recirculated hot reactive gases needs to be further investigated and quantified. In this paper, the impact of internal entrainment of reactive gases on flame structure and behavior is investigated with focus on fostering distributed combustion and providing guidelines for designing future gas turbine combustors operating in distributed combustion mode. To simulate the recirculated gases from within the combustor, a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide is introduced to the air stream prior to mixing with fuel and subsequent combustion. Increase in the amounts of nitrogen and carbon dioxide (simulating increased entrainment), led to volume distributed reaction over a larger volume in the combustor with enhanced and uniform distribution of the OH* chemiluminescence intensity. At the same time, the bluish flame stabilized by the swirler is replaced with a more uniform almost invisible bluish flame. The increased recirculation also reflected on the pollutants emission, where NO emissions were significantly decreased for the same amount of fuel burned. Lowering oxygen concentration from 21% to 15% (due to increased recirculation) resulted in 80∼90% reduction in NO with no impact on CO emission with sub PPM NO emission achieved at an equivalence ratio of 0.7. Flame stabilization at excess recirculation can be achieved using preheated nitrogen and carbon dioxide, achieving true distributed conditions with oxygen concentration below 13%.
Removal of sea‐surface‐related wavefields and source replacement in CSEM data processing (2008)

For a controlled‐source electromagnetic (CSEM) survey in a shallow‐water environment, the presence of the sea surface significantly hinders the interpretation of the measured data. The electromagnetic (EM) wavefields are disturbed by the sea surface. The removal of the sea‐surface‐related wave phenomena from the data is an important step in order to robustly interpret the collected data. We propose a processing method by which the sea‐surface‐related multiples would be removed, while a priori knowledge of the EM source wavelet becomes superfluous. The governing equations are obtained from an appropriate application of the EM reciprocity theorem that relates, on one side, the EM fields in the actual measurement configuration including the sea surface and on the other side, the EM fields in a desired source configuration and in the absence of the sea surface, where the water layer is extended to infinity.
Preparation of New Wittig Reagents and Their Application to the Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Phosphonates (1996)

The Wittig reagent [(diethoxyphosphinyl)methylidene]triphenylphosphorane (1b) has been successfully synthesized for the first time via its phosphonium triflate salt (4a), by treating (diethoxyphosphinyl)methyl triflate with triphenylphosphine. The procedure has been applied to the synthesis of other phosphoranes and phosphonium salts. The new Wittig reagents thus synthesized were treated with various aldehydes and an activated ketone, affording the corresponding alpha,beta-unsaturated phosphonates. Triphenylphosphorane 1b and triphenylphosphonium 4a led to both cis and trans isomers with the latter being predominant, while trans isomers were almost exclusively formed when tributyl reagents (1c and 4d) were used.
Formulation for Pressure-Composition Isotherms of Hydrogen in Hydrogen-Absorbing Rare Earth-Ni Alloys (1992)

The pressure-composition (P-C) isotherm of hydrogen in alloys is important for the practical use of hydrogen-absorbing alloys. A numerical expression method was developed for the plateau region of the P-C isotherm in LaNi5, LaNi4.8Mn0.2 and La0.8Y0.2Ni5 alloys with the CaCu5 structure.Samples were prepared by using argon arc melting and annealing. The desorption isotherms at 298 K were used for testing the numerical expression. The regular solution model with a term proportional to hydrogen composition as an excess chemical potential was applied to the solid solution and hydride phase region. A normal cummulative distribution function (ncdf) model with composition as frequency was applied to the plateau region.All the isotherms were expressed accurately with the models employed and characteristic parameters of the alloys were obtained. The changes in the micro-structural heterogeneity in the alloys by annealing and the Mn or Y substitution were in accordance with those in the standard deviation (σ) of the ncdf which presents the plateau slopes.Consequently, the normal cummulative distribution function model for the plateau region was found to be helpful for the development of the alloys because σ presents both the plateau slope and the micro-structural heterogeneity in the alloys.
Chat2Doc (2017)

Sharing multimedia via messaging apps is widely used. However, the timeline structure makes it difficult to retrieve content shared over time. It is not possible to organize accumulated knowledge so that it is concise for future use and easy access. So far, no system exists that combines the easy-to-use interface of a messaging app with a knowledge extraction system that can create multimedia documents and allows users to store and edit content for future use. In this paper, we propose a system that will enable individuals to collect, store, and automatically extract procedural knowledge from their messaging interactions. The system uses the well-known chat interface to communicate and adds the capability for users to tag text and media to organize content. It also adds a new thread-like structure to the previously only linear timeline of a chat. Knowledge from the chat can then be extracted into a high-quality multimedia document.
Oxygen’s Role in Aqueous Gold Cluster Synthesis (2016)

The presence of oxygen in thiolate-protected gold nanoparticle synthesis influences product distribution. Oxygen’s diradical nature underlies this effect, and oxygen can be replaced with radical initiators in the synthesis of organosoluble gold nanoclusters. The role of O2 in the synthesis of water-soluble clusters such as Au102(p-MBA)44, Au25(SR)18, as well as the thiol etching of water-soluble colloidal gold particles is not yet established. Herein it is shown that radicals, either from O2 or from radical initiators such as 4-hydroxy-TEMPO, are necessary components for synthesis of water-soluble thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters, as well as the etching of aqueous colloidal gold by thiols. Furthermore, air-free synthetic routes to water-soluble gold nanoclusters Au102(SR)44 and Au25(SR)18 are described. Overall, the understanding of the role of radicals in the synthesis of water-soluble gold clusters will allow standardization of often difficult to reproduce syntheses that attract increasing attention for biological applications.
Translational Detection of Nonproteinogenic Amino Acids Using an Engineered Complementary Cell-Free Protein Synthesis Assay (2020)

We developed a simple and rapid method for analyzing nonproteinogenic amino acids that does not require conventional chromatographic equipment. In this technique, nonproteinogenic amino acids were first converted to a proteinogenic amino acid through in vitro metabolism in a cell extract. The proteinogenic amino acid generated from the nonproteinogenic precursors were then incorporated into a reporter protein using a cell-free protein synthesis system. The titers of the nonproteinogenic amino acids could be readily quantified by measuring the activity of reporter proteins. This method, which combines the enzymatic conversion of target amino acids with translational analysis, makes amino acid analysis more accessible while minimizing the cost and time requirements. We anticipate that the same strategy could be extended to the detection of diverse biochemical molecules with clinical and industrial implications.
Fluorescence-Detected Mid-Infrared Photothermal Microscopy (2021)

Mid-infrared photothermal microscopy is a new chemical imaging technology in which a visible beam senses the photothermal effect induced by a pulsed infrared laser. This technology provides infrared spectroscopic information at submicrometer spatial resolution and enables infrared spectroscopy and imaging of living cells and organisms. Yet, current mid-infrared photothermal imaging sensitivity suffers from a weak dependence of scattering on the temperature, and the image quality is vulnerable to the speckles caused by scattering. Here, we present a novel version of mid-infrared photothermal microscopy in which thermosensitive fluorescent probes are harnessed to sense the mid-infrared photothermal effect. The fluorescence intensity can be modulated at the level of 1% per Kelvin, which is 100 times larger than the modulation of scattering intensity. In addition, fluorescence emission is free of interference, thus much improving the image quality. Moreover, fluorophores can target specific organelles or biomolecules, thus augmenting the specificity of photothermal imaging. Spectral fidelity is confirmed through fingerprinting a single bacterium. Finally, the photobleaching issue is successfully addressed through the development of a wide-field fluorescence-detected mid-infrared photothermal microscope which allows video rate bond-selective imaging of biological specimens.
Auxin Controls Gravitropic Setpoint Angle in Higher Plant Lateral Branches (2013)

Lateral branches in higher plants are often maintained at specific angles with respect to gravity, a quantity known as the gravitropic setpoint angle (GSA) [1]. Despite the importance of GSA control as a fundamental determinant of plant form, the mechanisms underlying gravity-dependent angled growth are not known. Here we address the central questions of how stable isotropic growth of a branch at a nonvertical angle is maintained and of how the value of that angle is set. We show that nonvertical lateral root and shoot branches are distinguished from the primary axis by the existence of an auxin-dependent antigravitropic offset mechanism that operates in tension with gravitropic response to generate angled isotropic growth. Further, we show that the GSA of lateral roots and shoots is dependent upon the magnitude of the antigravitropic offset component. Finally, we show that auxin specifies GSA values dynamically throughout development by regulating the magnitude of the antigravitropic offset component via TIR1/AFB-Aux/IAA-ARF-dependent auxin signaling within the gravity-sensing cells of the root and shoot. The involvement of auxin in controlling GSA is yet another example of auxin's remarkable capacity to self-organize in development [2] and provides a conceptual framework for understanding the specification of GSA throughout nature.
Comparative analysis of the<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>histidine-rich proteins HRP-I, HRP-II and HRP-III in malaria parasites of diverse origin (1987)

Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IRBC) synthesize 3 histidine-rich proteins: HRP-I or the knob-associated HRP, HRP-II and HRP-III or SHARP. In order to distinguish these proteins immunochemically we prepared monoclonal antibodies which react with HRP-I, HRP-II and HRP-III, and rabbit antisera against synthetic peptides derived from the HRP-II and HRP-III sequences. A comparative analysis of diverse P. falciparum parasites was made using these antibodies and immunoprecipitation or Western blotting. HRP-I (Mr 80,000-115,000) was identified in all knob-positive P. falciparum parasites including isolates examined directly from Gambian patients. However, this protein was of lower abundance in these isolates and in 6 knob-positive, culture-adapted parasites compared to Aotus monkey-adapted parasites or culture-adapted parasites studied previously. HRP-II (Mr 60,000-105,000) was identified in all P. falciparum parasites regardless of knob-phenotype, and was recovered from culture supernatants as a secreted water-soluble protein. Within IRBC, HRP-II was found as a complex of several closely spaced bands. Cell surface radio-iodination of IRBC from several isolates and immunoprecipitation with a rabbit antiserum against the HRP-II repeat sequence identified HRP-II as a surface-exposed protein. Like HRP-I, the abundance of HRP-II was lower in the Gambian isolates than with Aotus monkey-adapted parasites studied earlier. Neither HRP-I nor HRP-II were identified in a knob-positive isolate of P. malariae collected from a Gambian patient. Analogues of these HRP were also absent from asexual parasites of diverse primate and murine malaria species screened with this panel of antibodies. HRP-III (Mr 40,000-55,000) was distinguished by its lower apparent size and by specific reaction with rabbit antibody against its 5-mer repeat sequence. HRP-III was of lowest abundance compared with the other two HRP. These antibody reagents and distinguishing properties should prove useful in studies on the separate functions of the 3 P. falciparum HRP.
Large scale preparation of melamine‐based superplasticizing admixtures. II. Pilot plant studies (1989)

Abstract The standard procedure for preparing sulfonated melamine–formaldehyde (SMF) resins was slightly modified to prepare an effective more concentrated resin. SMF resins were prepared on a 200‐L pilot plant reactor according to the standard, optimized and slightly modified procedures. In all cases, properties of resins prepared were similar to those which were prepared in a small scale equipment. The scaling up from the 10‐ to the 200‐L reactors was based on a constant agitator tip speed.