gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interactive Web Information Retrieval Using WordBars (2006)

It is common for Web searchers to have difficulties crafting queries to fulfil their information needs. Even when they provide a good query, users often find it challenging to evaluate the results of their Web searches. Sources of these problems include the lack of support for query refinement, and the static nature of the list-based representations of Web search results. To address these issues, we have developed WordBars, an interactive tool for Web information retrieval. WordBars visually represents the frequencies of the terms found in the first 100 document surrogates returned from the initial query. This system allows the users to interactively re-sort the search results based on the frequencies of the selected terms within the document surrogates, as well as to add and remove terms from the query, generating a new set of search results. Examples illustrate how WordBars can provide valuable support for query refinement and search results exploration, both when specific and vague initial queries are provided
Large-aperture low-loss fibre-optic Raman amplifier of 1.3 μm signals with 30 dB gain (1995)

The first fibre-optic Raman amplifier of signals for wavelengths in the range 1.3 μm was developed. The gain was 30 dB when the amplifier was pumped with 350 mW of 1.24 μm radiation. A high amplification efficiency was achieved when the active medium was a large-aperture low-loss single-mode optical fibre made of quartz glass with an enhanced germanium content in the core.
The Clinical-Grade 42-Kilodalton Fragment of Merozoite Surface Protein 1 of<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>Strain FVO Expressed in<i>Escherichia coli</i>Protects<i>Aotus nancymai</i>against Challenge with Homologous Erythrocytic-Stage Parasites (2004)

A 42-kDa fragment from the C terminus of major merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) is among the leading malaria vaccine candidates that target infection by asexual erythrocytic-stage malaria parasites. The MSP1(42) gene fragment from the Vietnam-Oak Knoll (FVO) strain of Plasmodium falciparum was expressed as a soluble protein in Escherichia coli and purified according to good manufacturing practices. This clinical-grade recombinant protein retained some important elements of correct structure, as it was reactive with several functional, conformation-dependent monoclonal antibodies raised against P. falciparum malaria parasites, it induced antibodies (Abs) that were reactive to parasites in immunofluorescent Ab tests, and it induced strong growth and invasion inhibitory antisera in New Zealand White rabbits. The antigen quality was further evaluated by vaccinating Aotus nancymai monkeys and challenging them with homologous P. falciparum FVO erythrocytic-stage malaria parasites. The trial included two control groups, one vaccinated with the sexual-stage-specific antigen of Plasmodium vivax, Pvs25, as a negative control, and the other vaccinated with baculovirus-expressed MSP1(42) (FVO) as a positive control. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Ab titers induced by E. coli MSP1(42) were significantly higher than those induced by the baculovirus-expressed antigen. None of the six monkeys that were vaccinated with the E. coli MSP1(42) antigen required treatment for uncontrolled parasitemia, but two required treatment for anemia. Protective immunity in these monkeys correlated with the ELISA Ab titer against the p19 fragment and the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain 2 fragment of MSP1(42), but not the MSP1(42) protein itself or the EGF-like domain 1 fragment. Soluble MSP1(42) (FVO) expressed in E. coli offers excellent promise as a component of a vaccine against erythrocytic-stage falciparum malaria.
Comparison of Traditional and Digital Rock Physics Techniques to Determine the Elastic Core Parameters in Cretaceous Formations, Abu Dhabi (2010)

Abstract Knowledge of the elastic properties of rock, such as Vp, Vs, and Poisson’s ratio, is required input to accurate and rigorous reservoir description. Traditionally, these values had been acquired from log data or direct measurement in a physical laboratory. Recent advances in imaging and image processing, together with improved availability of high performance computing, gave rise to digital techniques for investigating the properties of rock samples. These techniques are based on high-resolution imaging of the rock’s pore space, segmentation of the images into pores and various minerals and simulation of the physical processes controlled by the desired rock properties. These techniques form the novel discipline of digital rock physics (DRP). The goal of the current work is to validate the results of DRP measurements of elastic parameters by comparing them with the results obtained in traditional physical laboratories. This study includes eight core plugs from a Cretaceous formation, representing four reservoir rock types. Multiple sub-samples of each core plug were taken and analyzed using the digital rock physics technique. Our DRP computations are compared with the results of physical measurements of the elastic properties on samples from Cretaceous formations under various stress conditions. The latter measurements were conducted on regular core plugs, several cm in size, much larger than the digital rock samples used in this study. Although some of the physical data represent samples from wells different from where the digital samples used here were extracted, these physical samples cover the rock types included in the study. The elastic property values obtained in the digital rock physics laboratory closely match the results of physical measurements conducted at effective stress about 30 MPa. This validation of elastic measurements using DRP ensures quick and reliable data acquisition, at significantly lower costs.
Construction of embedded Markov decision processes for optimal control of non-linear systems with continuous state spaces (2011)

We consider the problem of constructing a suitable discrete-state approximation of an arbitrary non-linear dynamical system with continuous state space and discrete control actions that would allow close to optimal sequential control of that system by means of value or policy iteration on the approximated model. We propose a method for approximating the continuous dynamics by means of an embedded Markov decision process (MDP) model defined over an arbitrary set of discrete states sampled from the original continuous state space. The mathematical similarity between sets of barycentric coordinates (convex combinations) and probability mass functions is exploited to compute the transition matrices and initial state distribution of the MDP. Barycentric coordinates are computed efficiently on a Delaunay triangulation of the set of discrete states, ensuring maximal accuracy of the approximation and the resulting control policy.
A Sol-Gel Route to Very High Porosity Silica Aerogels (2024)

There is interest at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in very high porosity (ie. porosity > 99%), transparent silica aerogels for applications involving high energy charged particle detection via the Cerenkov effect, and for targets used in inertial confinement fusion experiments. Conventional silica sol-gel chemistry is limited for the production of transparent aerogels having porosities greater than 99% because gelation is either so slow or unachievable, and because, even when gelation is achieved, the large pore sizes result in loss of transparency. We have developed a two-step sol-gel process that bypasses the limitations of the conventional process and allows the formation of very high porosity silica aerogels which are transparent up to the highest achieved porosities. Silica aerogels characteristically have a high porosity (defined as the pore volume fraction within the bulk) because their nanometer sized particles link together to form a gel with an open three-dimensional structure which survives the removal of the liquid phase with minimal collapse. The transparency of aerogels also results from the smallness of the scattering objects (particles and pores) within the aerogel. According to Rayleigh's theory, transparency is assured when the average scatterer size is a fraction of the transmitted wavelength. This requires that the average scatterer size is less than 50nm as a condition for transparency of aerogels at visible wavelengths. Considering an ideal model for the aerogel as consisting of uniform spherical particles making up unit cells and the 50nm pore size limit, it can be shown that the average particle size must be less than 5nm to achieve porosities greater than 99% and still maintain transparency. However, the average particle and size pore measured for conventional aerogels is found to increase as the porosity is increased above 97%.
Performance Measurements of CMOS Position Sensitive Solid-State Photomultipliers (2010)

We have designed position sensitive solid-state photomultipliers (PS-SSPM) using a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process. Four variations of the PS-SSPM design were fabricated, however, one of the variations did not function properly. The remaining three functional variations were characterized for their energy and coincidence timing resolution, spatial resolution, and scintillator array imaging. Each PS-SSPM is 1.5 × 1.5 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , however, each device has different micro-pixel geometries and different micro-pixel electrical readout for event position sensing. When coupled to 1 × 1 × 20 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> LYSO, the energy resolution at 511 keV was measured as a function of bias. The same LYSO scintillator was used to measure the coincidence timing resolution. Results between the PS-SSPMs varied from 2.0 ns to 0.9 ns (FWHM) at 511 keV. Spatial resolution studies were conducted using a focused (15 μm beam spot diameter) pulsed 635 nm diode laser. For each PS-SSPM, the X and Y spatial resolution was measured between 70 and 75 μm (FWHM). Lastly, scintillator array images were generated using a CsI:Tl and LYSO array having 300 × 300 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 500 × 500 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> pixels respectively.
A new electric method for non-invasive continuous monitoring of stroke volume and ventricular volume-time curves (2012)

The results indicate that the HCP was able to track the changes in ventricular stroke volume reliably. Furthermore, the HCP produced ventricular volume-time curves that were consistent with the literature, and may be a diagnostic tool as well.
518 Heat Shocks Applied Either Before or After Wounding Reduced Browning of Lettuce Leaf Tissue (2000)

The wounds and injuries incurred during minimal processing of lettuce stimulates phenolic metabolism, which leads to tissue browning. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5.) is the first committed enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway and regulates its overall activity. The maximum activity of wound-induced PAL occurs sooner as the temperature increases from 0 to 25 °C, but the maximums are lower. A heat shock at 50 °C for 90 s protects minimally processed lettuce tissue against browning, helps to retain greenness, and decreases the production of phenolics when applied either after or before wounding. Browning is reduced when the heat shock is applied up to 36 h after wounding, while the maximum effect occurs around 6 h before cutting. Like the heat-shock treatment, a number of protein synthesis inhibitors (e.g., chloramphenicol, cycloheximide, emetine, and puromycin) reduced wound-induced PAL activity, but they did not prevent browning itself. These inhibitors seemed to cause chemical damage that promoted tissue browning. When cycloheximide was applied in combination with heat-shock treatments browning did not occur. Heat shocks appear to control tissue browning by more than just interfering with protein synthesis.
High-Throughput Energy-Efficient LDPC Decoders Using Differential Binary Message Passing (2014)

In this paper, we present energy-efficient architectures for decoders of low-density parity check (LDPC) codes using the differential decoding with binary message passing (DD-BMP) algorithm and its modified variant (MDD-BMP). We also propose an improved differential binary (IDB) decoding algorithm. These algorithms offer significant intrinsic advantages in the energy domain: simple computations, low interconnect complexity, and very high throughput, while achieving error correction performance up to within 0.25 dB of the offset min-sum algorithm. We report on fully parallel decoder implementations of (273, 191), (1023, 781), and (4095, 3367) finite geometry-based LDPC codes in 65 nm CMOS. Using the MDD-BMP algorithm, these decoders achieve respective areas of 0.28 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , 1.38 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and 15.37 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , average throughputs of 37 Gbps, 75 Gbps, and 141 Gbps, and energy efficiencies of 4.9 pJ/bit, 13.2 pJ/bit, and 37.9 pJ/bit with a 1.0 V supply voltage in post-layout simulations. At a reduced supply voltage of 0.8 V, these decoders achieve respective throughputs of 26 Gbps, 54 Gbps, and 94 Gbps, and energy efficiencies of 3.1 pJ/bit, 8.2 pJ/bit, and 23.5 pJ/bit. We also report on a fully parallel implementation of IDB for the (2048, 1723) LDPC code specified in the IEEE 802.3an (10GBASE-T) standard. This decoder achieves an area of 1.44 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , average throughput of 172 Gbps, and an energy efficiency of 2.8 pJ/bit with a 1.0 V supply voltage; at 0.8 V, it achieves throughput of 116 Gbps and energy efficiency of 1.7 pJ/bit.
Materials processing with atmospheric-pressure plasma jets (2002)

Summary form only given. Atmospheric-pressure plasma jets can be used for a wide range of materials processing applications, including surface cleaning and modification, selective etching, and thin-film deposition. The plasma source consists of two closely spaced electrodes through which helium and other gases flow (O/sub 2/, CF/sub 4/, etc.). A variety of electrode configurations can be used, and the source is suitable for continuous and large-area processing of materials. Another advantage of the plasma jet is that it achieves etching and deposition rates that are higher than those obtained in low-pressure plasmas. At the meeting, the plasma source will be described in detail, and results for several materials processing applications will be presented.
Massive MIMO is a Reality -- What is Next? Five Promising Research Directions for Antenna Arrays (2019)

Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) is no longer a "wild" or "promising" concept for future cellular networks - in 2018 it became a reality. Base stations (BSs) with 64 fully digital transceiver chains were commercially deployed in several countries, the key ingredients of Massive MIMO have made it into the 5G standard, the signal processing methods required to achieve unprecedented spectral efficiency have been developed, and the limitation due to pilot contamination has been resolved. Even the development of fully digital Massive MIMO arrays for mmWave frequencies - once viewed prohibitively complicated and costly - is well underway. In a few years, Massive MIMO with fully digital transceivers will be a mainstream feature at both sub-6 GHz and mmWave frequencies. In this paper, we explain how the first chapter of the Massive MIMO research saga has come to an end, while the story has just begun. The coming wide-scale deployment of BSs with massive antenna arrays opens the door to a brand new world where spatial processing capabilities are omnipresent. In addition to mobile broadband services, the antennas can be used for other communication applications, such as low-power machine-type or ultra-reliable communications, as well as non-communication applications such as radar, sensing and positioning. We outline five new Massive MIMO related research directions: Extremely large aperture arrays, Holographic Massive MIMO, Six-dimensional positioning, Large-scale MIMO radar, and Intelligent Massive MIMO.
5′ Flanking DNA Sequences Direct Cell‐Specific Expression of Rat Tyrosine Hydroxylase (1989)

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is selectively expressed in catecholaminergic neurons and in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Constructs in which 5' flanking sequences of the rat TH gene directed expression of bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) were transfected into cell lines and assayed for transient expression of CAT. In most nonexpressing cell lines, CAT levels were less than 5% of that found in a TH-positive pheochromocytoma line (PC8b). In two lines described here, a rat anterior pituitary cell line (GH4) and a rat fibroblast line (Fr3T3), CAT expression reached 12 and 20%, respectively, of the PC8b level. Greater than 90% of the PC8b activity was lost when sequences between -212 and -187 (in relation to the transcriptional initiation site) were deleted. Further deletions that removed the cyclic AMP response element (CRE) (-45) and the TATA box at -29 reduced transcriptional activity to background in all three lines. These data suggest that 212 nucleotides of the 5' sequence are sufficient for pheochromocytoma expression and that information between -212 and -187, which includes an AP1 site (-206 to -200), is essential for full transcriptional activity. In addition, sites for other protein transcription factors (AP2, POU/Oct, SP1, and CRE) reside between -221 and -38 and are largely conserved between the human and rat gene.
Possibilities for Improvements in Liquid-Metal Reactors Using Liquid-Metal Magnetohydrodynamic Energy Conversion (1990)

Possibilities for increasing efficiency, simplifying the design of the energy conversion system, and reducing the probability of sodium/water interaction in liquid-metal reactors (LMRs) using liquid-metal magnetohydrodynamic (LMMHD) energy conversion technology are investigated. Of the six different LMMHD power conversion systems considered, the LMMHD Rankine steam cycle offers the highest efficiency—up to 15% greater than a conventional LMR. The LMMHD Ericsson gas cycles, on the other hand, offer a significantly simplified and compact LMR plant design. All the LMMHD power conversion systems eliminate the sodium/water interaction problem. In addition to commercial applications, LMMHD energy conversion technology opens interesting new possibilities for special terrestrial as well as space applications of LMRs.
Expression of cripto, a Novel Gene of the Epidermal Growth Factor Family, in Human Gastrointestinal Carcinomas (1991)

The expression of mRNA for cripto gene, a novel transforming gene of the epidermal growth factor family, was examined in 20 alimentary tract carcinoma cell lines, 60 surgically resected tumor tissues and their adjacent normal mucosas. Although the cripto mRNA was not detected in esophageal carcinomas or in normal mucosas, it was detected in gastric and colorectal carcinomas. In gastric carcinomas, 2.2 kb cripto mRNA was detected in one cell line, all the gastric carcinoma tissues and their adjacent normal mucosas. Of 23 gastric tumor tissues 8 (34.8%) exhibited a higher mRNA level than normal gastric mucosas. cripto mRNA was detected in 2 out of 6 colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Interestingly, 18 (81.8%) out of 22 colorectal carcinoma specimens expressed a higher level of cripto mRNA than that in normal mucosas. The level of the expression was higher than that in gastric carcinoma tissues. The expression was also correlated to tumor stage of colorectal carcinomas.
Decision tree fields (2011)

This paper introduces a new formulation for discrete image labeling tasks, the Decision Tree Field (DTF), that combines and generalizes random forests and conditional random fields (CRF) which have been widely used in computer vision. In a typical CRF model the unary potentials are derived from sophisticated random forest or boosting based classifiers, however, the pairwise potentials are assumed to (1) have a simple parametric form with a pre-specified and fixed dependence on the image data, and (2) to be defined on the basis of a small and fixed neighborhood. In contrast, in DTF, local interactions between multiple variables are determined by means of decision trees evaluated on the image data, allowing the interactions to be adapted to the image content. This results in powerful graphical models which are able to represent complex label structure. Our key technical contribution is to show that the DTF model can be trained efficiently and jointly using a convex approximate likelihood function, enabling us to learn over a million free model parameters. We show experimentally that for applications which have a rich and complex label structure, our model achieves excellent results.
Current approaches to analogue instrumentation design in electrical impedance tomography (1996)

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a novel medical imaging method, which allows reconstructed tomographic images of the internal impedance of a subject to be made with the use of a ring of electrodes. High precision impedance measurements are needed, because the image reconstruction process is ill-conditioned and small errors in measurement can lead to large errors in the final image. In practice, there are formidable instrumentation problems, due to the interaction of finite current drive output impedance, recording amplifier common mode rejection, and unequal skin-electrode impedances. A number of different EIT systems have been constructed or are under development. These employ differing strategies, such as additional electrodes, multiple electrode current injection, or recording at multiple frequencies, to improve image accuracy. This paper reviews the nature of the instrumentation problems and the designs employed by differing groups in attempting to overcome them.
Electrical stimulation of retina in blind humans (2004)

A prototype electronic retinal prosthesis has been tested in two subjects. The system features an implanted retinal stimulator and an external system for image acquisition, processing, and telemetry. Subjects can perceive light when each of the 16 electrodes were activated. Stimulus thresholds ranged from 28 to 1417 /spl mu/A. Strength duration curves were obtained in all two subjects. Dynamic range for the brightness of the stimulus was demonstrated. Using the camera, the subjects were able to locate objects and determine the direction of movement.