gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Defending against distributed denial-of-service attacks with max-min fair server-centric router throttles (2005)

Our work targets a network architecture and accompanying algorithms for countering distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks directed at an Internet server. The basic mechanism is for a server under stress to install a router throttle at selected upstream routers. The throttle can be the leaky-bucket rate at which a router can forward packets destined for the server. Hence, before aggressive packets can converge to overwhelm the server, participating routers proactively regulate the contributing packet rates to more moderate levels, thus forestalling an impending attack. In allocating the server capacity among the routers, we propose a notion of level-k max-min fairness. We first present a control-theoretic model to evaluate algorithm convergence under a variety of system parameters. In addition, we present packet network simulation results using a realistic global network topology, and various models of good user and attacker distributions and behavior. Using a generator model of web requests parameterized by empirical data, we also evaluate the impact of throttling in protecting user access to a web server. First, for aggressive attackers, the throttle mechanism is highly effective in preferentially dropping attacker traffic over good user traffic. In particular, level-k max-min fairness gives better good-user protection than recursive pushback of max-min fair rate limits proposed in the literature. Second, throttling can regulate the experienced server load to below its design limit - in the presence of user dynamics - so that the server can remain operational during a DDoS attack. Lastly, we present implementation results of our prototype on a Pentium III/866 MHz machine. The results show that router throttling has low deployment overhead in time and memory.
Design of multiplierless elliptic IIR filters with a small quantization error (1999)

We present a new technique for the design of multiplierless IIR elliptic filters. The multiplierless filter has all multiplication constants implemented with a small number of shifters and adders. The proposed technique is based on sensitivity analysis. An analytical expression for amplitude response sensitivity is derived for the filter structures consisting of two allpass subfilters in parallel. It is shown that the amplitude response sensitivity to some constant x can be expressed as a product of the filter reflectance function and the phase sensitivity of the allpass section that implements the constant. The closed-form expressions for the phase sensitivities of the first- and second-order allpass sections are also developed. It is shown in the paper that the (n+1)/2 most sensitive constants can be directly controlled by the transfer function parameters if the transfer function is derived by the bilinear transformation from an elliptic minimal Q-factors (EMQF) analog prototype. This way, (n+1)/2 multiplication constants can be implemented without quantization, leaving the filter characteristic strictly elliptic. This is achieved for a class of low-noise allpass sections and for the wave lattice digital filter as well. The quantization of the remaining (n-1)/2 less-sensitive constants is performed using the phase-tolerance scheme and phase-sensitivity functions. The proposed design technique is straight-forward and, consequently, very fast. The application is demonstrated on the examples of narrowband, wideband, and halfband filters.
A scheduling algorithm for relative delay differentiation (2002)

An important issue in the design of multi-service IP networks is to find appropriate mechanisms to provide different levels of quality of service (QoS) for different types of applications. In this paper, scheduling mechanisms for real-time traffic in a differentiated services IP network are studied. A new scheduling algorithm called weighted earliest due date (WEDD) is proposed that provides tunable delay differentiation for real-time applications like voice over IP. WEDD is an enhancement of the earliest due date (EDD) scheduler in the sense that not only different deadlines but also different deadline violation probabilities are provided. The ratios of the violation probabilities are directly defined by a set of parameters. Simulation studies are performed to show that the scheduler is able to maintain the specified ratios under various load conditions.
The Orbiting Carbon Observatory instrument optical design (2004)

The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) will measure the distribution of total column carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere from an Earth-orbiting satellite. Three high-resolution grating spectrometers measure two CO2 bands centered at 1.61 and 2.06 μm and the oxygen A-band centered at 0.76 μm in the near infrared region of the spectrum. This paper presents the optical design and highlights the critical optical requirements flowed down from the scientific requirements. These requirements necessitate a focal ratio of f/1.9, a spectral resolution of 20,000, and precedence-setting requirements for polarization stability and the instrument line shape function. The solution encompasses three grating spectrometers that are patterned after a simple refractive spectrometer approach consisting of an entrance slit, a two-element collimator, a planar reflection grating, and a two-element camera lens. Each spectrometer shares a common field of view through a single all-reflective telescope. The light is then re-collimated and passed through a relay system, separating the three bands before re-imaging the scene onto each of the spectrometer entrance slits using an all-reflective inverse Newtonian re-imager.
A Quantitative Analysis of Pressure and Shear in the Effectiveness of Support Surfaces (1998)

In Brief Purpose We compared pressure and shear among 3 support surfaces in a controlled laboratory setting. Methods In this comparative study, interface pressure and shear were measured in 11 healthy subjects with use of 3 different Medicare-approved, group 2 therapeutic support surfaces. Each surface was placed on 1 of 3 identical platforms, allowing for a fixed, 45-degree head-of-bed (HOB) elevation. Multiple pressure readings were taken at each test site and each HOB position until a measurement that was determined to be reliable was obtained. A shear force measurement was obtained using a noninvasive instrument of proprietary design, and a formula linking the effects of shear force and pressure was calculated. Data were then compared using analysis of variance; specific differences were identified using the post hoc Duncan test. Findings Pressure readings on the nonpowered fluid overlay device were lower at the trochanter than when compared with the powered, air-filled overlay (23.7 mm Hg vs 36.7 mm Hg; P = .017). Both the nonpowered fluid overlay and the powered air-filled mattress provided pressure readings at the sacrum with HOB elevation that were lower than those recorded on the powered air-filled overlay (16.2 mm Hg and 19.6 mm Hg vs 27.5 mm Hg, respectively; P < .001). Pressure measurements taken at the heels, supine sacrum, and scapula were not significantly different for any of the surfaces. Shear force readings were significantly lower on the nonpowered fluid overlay when compared with the powered air-filled overlay and powered air-filled mattress (79.3 g vs 257.82 g and 231.38 g, respectively; P = .015). Conclusions Measurements of shear obtained on the nonpowered fluid overlay support surface were significantly lower than those obtained on either of the powered support surfaces. Reduction in shear force might explain the accelerated healing observed in patients being treated with the nonpowered support surface. Randomized clinical trials to validate perceptions of enhanced healing rates are required. An investigation of a mathematic model for the assessment of shear and its contribution to the efficacy of support surfaces.
Implementing an IEEE-488 Bus Controller with Microprocessor Software (1980)

This paper describes a microprocessor software implementation of an IEEE-488 bus controller. The IEEE 488 is a defined standard for the interface between various devices which provides orderly communication between electronic instruments of differing manufacturers. Instrument designers are allowed wide latitude on how the interface is to be implemented and the degree of compatibility depending on the needs of the instrument. A software approach is straightforward and avoids the complexity found in a traditional logic circuit design solution.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression and Respiratory Function Improve after Ampakine Treatment in a Mouse Model of Rett Syndrome (2007)

Rett syndrome (RTT) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2). Although MeCP2 is thought to act as a transcriptional repressor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Mecp2 null mice, which develop an RTT-like phenotype, exhibit progressive deficits in BDNF expression. These deficits are particularly significant in the brainstem and nodose cranial sensory ganglia (NGs), structures critical for cardiorespiratory homeostasis, and may be linked to the severe respiratory abnormalities characteristic of RTT. Therefore, the present study used Mecp2 null mice to further define the role of MeCP2 in regulation of BDNF expression and neural function, focusing on NG neurons and respiratory control. We find that mutant neurons express significantly lower levels of BDNF than wild-type cells in vitro, as in vivo, under both depolarizing and nondepolarizing conditions. However, BDNF levels in mutant NG cells can be increased by chronic depolarization in vitro or by treatment of Mecp2 null mice with CX546, an ampakine drug that facilitates activation of glutamatergic AMPA receptors. Ampakine-treated Mecp2 null mice also exhibit marked functional improvement, characterized by restoration of normal breathing frequency and minute volume. These data demonstrate that BDNF expression remains plastic in Mecp2 null mice and raise the possibility that ampakine compounds could be of therapeutic value in the treatment of RTT.
DER PORSCHE-V8-MOTOR TYP 928 (1977)

IN DER VORLIEGENDEN ABHANDLUNG WIRD DIE TECHNIK DES NEU ENTWICKELTEN ACHTZYLINDER-V-PORSCHE-MOTORS BESCHRIEBEN. DABEI WIRD AUF FOLGENDE AUSGEWAEHLTE ENTWICKLUNGSSCHWERPUNKTE EINGEGANGEN. KURBELGEHAEUSE, KURBELWELLE UND PLEUEL, KOLBEN, ZYLINDERKOPF, ZYLINDERKOPFDICHTUNG, OELKREISLAUF, VENTILSTEUERUNG, ZAHNRIEMENTRIEB, KUEHLSYSTEM, GEMISCHAUFBEREITUNG UND ABGASANLAGE.
Blue Upconversion Characteristics of Thulium-doped Silica Fiber with High Germania Content (1998)

Intense blue upconversion luminescences were observed in a high-NA silica fiber doped with Tm 3+ and 25mol% GeO 2 by pumping with a 630-670nm laser. The intensities of two bands due to the 1 D 2 → 3 F 4 at 455nm and 1 G 4 → 3 H 6 transition at 480nm were changed with the pumping wavelength, power, and the fiber length. These phenomena were ascribed to the population inversion of the 3 F 4 excited state to the ground state and large population of the 3 H 4 , that are the intermediate excited levels for the 3 G 4 and 1 D 4 upconversions, respectively. The nonlinear power dependence of the population could be due to the relatively low-phonon-energy, high Tm 3+ -concentration and high pump-power density in the core of this high-NA fiber. The peak shift of the 480nm-band with the fiber length and a two-photon process of 1.2 µm luminescence band are also discussed.
Parametric Investigation of Circumferential Grooves on Compressor Rotor Performance (2010)

This paper presents numerical and experimental investigations about grooved casing treatment with the help of a high-speed small-scale compressor rotor. First, the numerical investigation seeks to offer a contribution of understanding the working mechanism by which circumferential grooves improve stall margin. It is found that stall margin gain due to the presence of circumferential grooves arises from the suction-injection effect and the near-tip unloading effect. Based on that, the philosophy of design of experiment is then set up. Finally, parametric studies are carried out through systematical experiments. It is found that the orthogonal experiment and the factorial analyses are successful in identifying the “best casing configuration” in terms of stall margin improvement. However, the ineffectiveness of the deduction from simulations suggests that the secondary flow circulations on stall margin gain should not be neglected, and the overall contribution of each groove to stall margin gain depends on its unloading effect and the compound effect of suction-injection. Further numerical investigation will focus on how to set up quantitative criteria to evaluate the compound effect of suction-injection and the unloading effect on stall margin gain respectively in each groove.
Landscape of combination therapy trials in breast cancer brain metastasis (2020)

Combination therapy has become a cornerstone in cancer treatment to potentiate therapeutic effectiveness and overcome drug resistance and metastasis. In this work, we explore combination trials in breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM), highlighting deficiencies in trial design and underlining promising combination strategies. On October 31, 2019, we examined ClinicalTrials.gov for interventional and therapeutic clinical trials involving combination therapy for BCBM, without limiting for date or location. Information on trial characteristics was collected. Combination therapies used in trials were analyzed and explored in line with evidence from the medical literature. Sixty-five combination therapy trials were selected (n = 65), constituting less than 0.7% of all breast cancer trials. Most trials (62%) combined ≥2 chemotherapeutic agents. Chemotherapy with radiation was main-stay in 23% of trials. Trastuzumab was mostly used in combination (31%), followed by lapatinib (20%) and capecitabine (15%). Common strategies involved combining tyrosine kinase inhibitors with thymidylate synthase inhibitors (6 trials), dual HER-dimerization inhibitors (3 trials), microtubule inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (3 trials), and HER-dimerization inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (3 trials). The combination of tucatinib and capecitabine yielded the highest objective response rate (83%) in early phase trials. The triple combination of trastuzumab, tucatinib and capecitabine lowered the risk of disease progression or death by 52% in patients with HER2-positive BCBM. Combining therapeutic agents based on biological mechanisms is necessary to increase the effectiveness of available anti-cancer regimens. Significant survival benefit has yet to be achieved in future combination therapy trials. Enhancing drug delivery through blood-brain barrier permeable agents may potentiate the overall therapeutic outcomes.
An authentication method on security association for mobile IP fast handoff (2005)

Mobile IP is an active approach to support the enhanced user mobility. But, the mobile IPv4 registration and fast handoff may make insecurity, latency and packets loss that are not desirable for some real-time systems. In this paper, we propose a new authentication method for mobile IP registration and fast handoff, which is base on the mobile IP joins with AAA basic model. We present an enhanced mobile IP/AAA model, add new function and role to the AAAF, and reduce the burden of AAAH and AAA networks. We realize the low handoffs latency by establishing a new bi-directional tunnel between NFA and OFA. This method can decrease the number of signaling messages to the home network, and reduce the signaling delay when a mobile node moves between foreign agents within the same visited domain. The new method can also improve the security of mobile IP registration and handoff.
Coplink: a case of intelligent analysis and knowledge management (1999)

Law enforcement agencies across the United States have begun to focus on innovative knowledge management technologies to aid in the analysis of criminal information. The use of such technologies can serve as intelligence tools to combat criminal activity by aiding in case investigation or even by predicting criminal activity. Funded by the National Institute of Justice, the University of Arizona's Artificial Intelligence Lab has teamed with the Tucson Police Department (TPD) to develop the Coplink Concept Space application, which serves to uncover relationships between different types of information currently existing in TPD's records management system. A small-scale field study involving real law enforcement personnel indicates that the use of Coplink Concept Space can reduce the time spent on the investigative task of linking criminal information as well as provide strong arguments for expanded development of similar knowledge management systems in support of law enforcement.
An overview of smoke control technology (1987)

Considerable advances in smoke control technology have occurred in the last few decades.
Path planning for semi-automated simulated robotic neurosurgery (2015)

This paper considers the semi-automated robotic surgical procedure for removing the brain tumor margins, where the manual operation is a tedious and time-consuming task for surgeons. We present robust path planning methods for robotic ablation of tumor residues in various shapes, which are represented in point-clouds instead of analytical geometry. Along with the path plans, corresponding metrics are also delivered to the surgeon for selecting the optimal candidate in the automated robotic ablation. The selected path plan is then executed and tested on RAVEN<sup>™</sup> II surgical robot platform as part of the semi-automated robotic brain tumor ablation surgery in a simulated tissue phantom.
Adaptive 2D cylindrical section phased array system for ultrasonic hyperthermia (2003)

A prototype 2D cylindrical section phased array, as part of an adaptive hyperthermia system, is used to examine the role of implantable acoustic sensors for phase aberration correction and motion compensation in ultrasound hyperthermia. After phase aberration correction and motion compensation, enhanced focal patterns are achieved even in the presence of significant aberration and motion. The limited number of acoustic sensors implanted inside a tumor in the clinic requires phase aberrations measured at one point to be extrapolated to other neighboring focal points. Significantly improved focal patterns can be obtained if phase aberrations and beam shifts are mainly caused by aberrators close to the array surface, and extrapolated focal points are close to measured points.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for Physical Progress Monitoring of Construction (2021)

The physical progress of a construction project is monitored by an inspector responsible for verifying and backing up progress information, usually through site photography. Progress monitoring has improved, thanks to advances in image acquisition, computer vision, and the development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, no comprehensive and simple methodology exists to guide practitioners and facilitate the use of these methods. This research provides recommendations for the periodic recording of the physical progress of a construction site through the manual operation of UAVs and the use of point clouds obtained under photogrammetric techniques. The programmed progress is then compared with the actual progress made in a 4D BIM environment. This methodology was applied in the construction of a reinforced concrete residential building. The results showed the methodology is effective for UAV operation in the work site and the use of the photogrammetric visual records for the monitoring of the physical progress and the communication of the work performed to the project stakeholders.
Using Expression and Genotype to Predict Drug Response in Yeast (2009)

Personalized, or genomic, medicine entails tailoring pharmacological therapies according to individual genetic variation at genomic loci encoding proteins in drug-response pathways. It has been previously shown that steady-state mRNA expression can be used to predict the drug response (i.e., sensitivity or resistance) of non-genotyped mammalian cancer cell lines to chemotherapeutic agents. In a real-world setting, clinicians would have access to both steady-state expression levels of patient tissue(s) and a patient's genotypic profile, and yet the predictive power of transcripts versus markers is not well understood. We have previously shown that a collection of genotyped and expression-profiled yeast strains can provide a model for personalized medicine. Here we compare the predictive power of 6,229 steady-state mRNA transcript levels and 2,894 genotyped markers using a pattern recognition algorithm. We were able to predict with over 70% accuracy the drug sensitivity of 104 individual genotyped yeast strains derived from a cross between a laboratory strain and a wild isolate. We observe that, independently of drug mechanism of action, both transcripts and markers can accurately predict drug response. Marker-based prediction is usually more accurate than transcript-based prediction, likely reflecting the genetic determination of gene expression in this cross.
Enhancement of photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid on CeO<sub>2</sub>/In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (2016)

The <italic>x</italic>CeO<sub>2</sub>/In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalysts were synthesized and used for photocatalytic decomposition of PFOA. The excellent activity and stability was derived from inhibition of electron-holes recombination caused by the charge transfer between CeO<sub>2</sub> and In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.
Removal of ampicillin sodium in solution using activated carbon adsorption integrated with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> oxidation (2011)

Abstract BACKGROUND: The removal of antibiotic ampicillin sodium using H 2 O 2 and modified granular activated carbon (GAC) is discussed. Two types of modified activated carbons were used in experiment to catalyze ·OH production from H 2 O 2 . One was modified with base (NaOH; called B‐GAC), the other was modified with Fe(NO 3 ) 3 (Fe‐GAC) and the nominal Fe metal loading was 5 wt%. In the experiment, pH, contact time, dosage of activated carbon and H 2 O 2 and initial concentration of ampicillin sodium were investigated to determine their influence on the removal efficiency. The stability of Fe‐GAC was also evaluated. RESULTS: With an initial ampicillin sodium concentration of 200 mg L −1 , 85.2% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 76.4% of total organic carbon (TOC) can be removed with 8.0 g L −1 of B‐GAC and 80 mg L −1 of H 2 O 2 (at pH 5.0). For the Fe‐GAC/H 2 O 2 process, with 5.0 g L −1 of activated carbon and 80 mg L −1 of H 2 O 2 , COD and TOC removal can be elevated to 91.2% and 79.5% (at pH 3.0), respectively. CONCLUSION: The integration of activated carbon and H 2 O 2 treatment was more effective for the removal of ampicillin from aqueous solution than using activated carbon alone. In the process, adsorption played a dominant role and the addition of a small amount of H 2 O 2 accelerated the reaction rate and improved the removal efficiency. pH also greatly affected removal efficiency. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry