gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emerging Issues in Mapping Urban Impervious Surfaces Using High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images (2023)

Urban impervious surface (UIS) is a key parameter in climate change, environmental change, and sustainability. UIS extraction has been evolving rapidly in the past decades. However, high-resolution impervious surface mapping is a long-term need. There is an urgent requirement for impervious surface mapping from high-resolution remote sensing imagery. In this paper, we compare current extraction methods in terms of extraction units and extraction models and summarize their strengths and limitations. We discuss the challenges in impervious surface estimation from high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery in terms of selection of spatial resolution, spectral band, and extraction method. The uncertainties caused by clouds and snow, shadows, and vegetation occlusion are also analyzed. Automated sample labeling and remote sensing domain knowledge are the main directions in impervious surface extraction using deep learning methods. We should also focus on using continuous time series of high-resolution imagery and multi-source satellite imagery for dynamic monitoring of impervious surfaces.
The stress response to ionizing radiation involoves c-Abl-dependent phosphorylation of SHPTP1. (1996)

c-Abl is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that is activated by certain DNA-damaging agents. The present studies demonstrate that nuclear c-Abl binds constitutively to the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHPTP1. Treatment with ionizing radiation is associated with c-Abl-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of SHPTP1. The results demonstrate that the SH3 domain of c-Abl interacts with a WPDHGVPSEP motif (residues 417-426) in the catalytic domain of SHPTP1 and that c-Abl phosphorylates C terminal Y536 and Y564 sites. The functional significance of the c-Abl-SHPTP1 interaction is supported by the demonstration that, like c-Abl, SHPTP1 regulates the induction of Jun kinase activity following DNA damage. These findings indicate that SHPTP1 is involved in the response to genotoxic stress through a c-Abl-dependent mechanism.
Detection of weak link superconductivity by magnetically modulated electrical resistance (1989)

A new technique, based on observing the effect of magnetic field modulation on the DC resistance of superconductors, sensitively detects the presence of weak links in granular high temperature superconductors. The phase detected response to the magnetic modulation shows a peak at Tc for both metallic and ceramic superconductors, analogous to that observed in magnetically modulated microwave absorption. A second peak, attributed to weak links, is observed below Tc in the ceramic oxide superconductors when tailing is present in the resistance vs. temperature curve.
40.4: An Electrophoretic LCD: Switching with Threshold and Video Rate (2007)

Abstract Here is presented an electrophoretic liquid crystal (EPLC) display, which employs a suspension of pigments with liquid crystals and exhibits switching with threshold and fast response, enabling video rate. The dielectric anisotropy of the LC medium, allowing by applying voltage switching between states with high and low dielectric permittivity, is responsible for this unusual electrophoretic switching.
Anti–Aquaporin‐4 monoclonal antibody blocker therapy for neuromyelitis optica (2011)

Our results provide proof of concept for a therapy of NMO with blocking antibodies. The broad efficacy of antibody inhibition is likely due to steric competition because of its large physical size compared to AQP4. Blocker therapy to prevent binding of pathogenic autoantibodies to their targets may be useful for treatment of other autoimmune diseases as well.
A comparison of Monte Carlo dropout and bootstrap aggregation on the performance and uncertainty estimation in radiation therapy dose prediction with deep learning neural networks (2020)

Recently, artificial intelligence technologies and algorithms have become a major focus for advancements in treatment planning for radiation therapy. As these are starting to become incorporated into the clinical workflow, a major concern from clinicians is not whether the model is accurate, but whether the model can express to a human operator when it does not know if its answer is correct. We propose to use Monte Carlo dropout (MCDO) and the bootstrap aggregation (bagging) technique on deep learning models to produce uncertainty estimations for radiation therapy dose prediction. We show that both models are capable of generating a reasonable uncertainty map, and, with our proposed scaling technique, creating interpretable uncertainties and bounds on the prediction and any relevant metrics. Performance-wise, bagging provides statistically significant reduced loss value and errors in most of the metrics investigated in this study. The addition of bagging was able to further reduce errors by another 0.34% for Dmean and 0.19% for Dmax, on average, when compared to the baseline framework. Overall, the bagging framework provided significantly lower MAE of 2.62, as opposed to the baseline framework's MAE of 2.87. The usefulness of bagging, from solely a performance standpoint, does highly depend on the problem and the acceptable predictive error, and its high upfront computational cost during training should be factored in to deciding whether it is advantageous to use it. In terms of deployment with uncertainty estimations turned on, both frameworks offer the same performance time of about 12 seconds. As an ensemble-based metaheuristic, bagging can be used with existing machine learning architectures to improve stability and performance, and MCDO can be applied to any deep learning models that have dropout as part of their architecture.
On the nozzle geometry of a transferred plasma cutting torch for the arc stabilization with swirl flow (1995)

In the plasma cutting process, the arcjet with high specific energy is required to get good cut quality in the dross-free cutting. For this purpose, it is necessary to stabilize the arc with gas flow rate lower than the conventional torches. The present paper discusses the nozzle shape that effectively stabilizes the arc by the swirl flow. The pressure measurement inside the large-scale model-nozzle indicates that the nozzle shape can be optimized to create a large pressure gradient for the arc stabilization with a constant gas flow rate. The metal cutting test by the nozzle with optimum shape shows a remarkable improvement in arc stabilization.
Versatile Design Strategy for Highly Luminescent Vacuum-Evaporable and Solution-Processable Tridentate Gold(III) Complexes with Monoaryl Auxiliary Ligands and Their Applications for Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Devices (2017)

A new class of brightly blue-green-emitting arylgold(III) complexes has been synthesized, characterized, and applied as phosphorescent dopants in the fabrication of solution-processable and vacuum-deposited organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). These arylgold(III) complexes can be readily synthesized by reacting the corresponding arylboronic acids with the gold(III) precursor complexes in a one-pot Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. When compared to the structurally related alkynylgold(III) complex, arylgold(III) complexes 1 and 2 exhibit much higher photoluminescence quantum yields in solution state. High photoluminescence quantum yields are also observed in solid-state thin films. More importantly, the solid-state emission spectra show strong resemblance to those in solution, irrespective of the dopant concentration, leading to significant improvement in the color purity of the OLEDs by suppressing any excimer emission resulting from the π-stacking of the tridentate ligand. High performance solution-processable and vacuum-deposited blue-green-emitting OLEDs have also been realized, with maximum external quantum efficiencies of 7.3% and 14.7%, respectively, representing the first demonstration of efficient blue-green-emitting OLEDs based on cyclometalated arylgold(III) complexes.
Purification of a 24-kD protease from apoptotic tumor cells that activates DNA fragmentation. (1994)

We report the purification of a protease from tumor cells undergoing apoptosis that is involved in activating DNA fragmentation. Initial studies revealed that two inhibitors of serine proteases, N-1-tosylamide-2-phenylethylchloromethyl ketone and carbobenzoxy-Ala-Ala-borophe (DK120), suppressed tumor necrosis factor or ultraviolet (UV) light-induced DNA fragmentation in the U937 histiocytic lymphoma as well as UV light-induced DNA fragmentation in the BT-20 breast carcinoma, HL-60 myelocytic leukemia, and 3T3 fibroblasts. The protease was purified by affinity chromatography with DK120 as ligand and showed high activity on a synthetic substrate preferred by elastase-like enzymes (Ala-Ala-Pro-Val p-nitroanilide), but was inactive on the trypsin substrate, N-alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine thiobenzyl ester, or the chymotrypsin substrate, Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe p-nitroanilide. The activity of the DK120-binding protease purified from U937 cells undergoing apoptosis was increased approximately 10-fold over that recovered from normal cells. Further purification to homogeneity by heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography followed by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography revealed a single band of 24 kD on a silver-stained sodium dodecyl sulfate gel. In addition to protease activity, the purified enzyme induced DNA fragmentation into multiples of 180 basepairs in isolated U937 nuclei. These findings suggest the 24-kD protease is a novel enzyme that activates DNA fragmentation in U937 cells undergoing apoptosis.
Enhanced Temporal Resolution with Ion Channel-Functionalized Sensors Using a Conductance-Based Measurement Protocol (2016)

The binding of a target analyte to an ion channel (IC), which is readily detected electrochemically in a label-free manner with single-molecule selectivity and specificity, has generated widespread interest in using natural and engineered ICs as transducers in biosensing platforms. To date, the majority of developments in IC-functionalized sensing have focused on IC selectivity or sensitivity or development of suitable membrane environments and aperture geometries. Comparatively little work has addressed analytical performance criteria, particularly criteria required for temporal measurements of dynamic processes. We report a measurement protocol suitable for rapid, time-resolved monitoring (≤30 ms) of IC-modulated membrane conductance. Key features of this protocol include the reduction of membrane area and the use of small voltage steps (10 mV) and short duration voltage pulses (10 ms), which have the net effect of reducing the capacitive charging and decreasing the time required to achieve steady state currents. Application of a conductance protocol employing three sequential, 10 ms voltage steps (−10 mV, −20 mV, −30 mV) in an alternating, pyramid-like arrangement enabled sampling of membrane conductance every 30 ms. Using this protocol, dynamic IC measurements on black lipid membranes (BLMs) functionalized with gramicidin A were conducted using a fast perfusion system. BLM conductance decreased by 76 ± 7.5% within 30 ms of switching from solutions containing 0 to 1 M Ca2+, which demonstrates the feasibility of using this approach to monitor rapid, dynamic chemical processes. Rapid conductance measurements will be broadly applicable to IC-based sensors that undergo analyte-specific gating.
Treatment of Obesity Using GH (2006)

The obesity epidemic calls for complementary treatment possibilities in addition to lifestyle changes. One of the important regulators of lipid homeostasis is growth hormone (GH). Clinical trials have tested if GH can reduce obesity in humans. The mechanisms underlying the response to GH administration have also been investigated in animal models of human obesity. A literature search yielded 19 randomized placebo-controlled clinical studies and several animal studies investigating chronic GH treatment of obesity. Significant effects were found in some of the larger trials. One clinical trial showed significantly increased weight loss due to GH treatment, and in seven trials, a significant reduction of fat mass was found. The improvements observed were modest, but even minor improvements have been shown to be beneficial, especially if the reduction in fat mass includes visceral adipose tissue, as was reported in three of six trials. In principle, animal data support the clinical observations although the reduction of fat mass was more dramatic than observed in humans. The mechanisms resulting in lipid mobilization most likely include adipose tissue lipo-protein lipase (LPL) inhibition and antagonization of the anti-lipolytic activity of insulin. By feeding a restricted amount of a high fat diet to GH exposed rats hyper-insulinemia was avoided, loss of body fat was accelerated and metabolic markers were improved. Provision of a diet suitable for the metabolic conditions during GH treatment shows promise for improving metabolic control and can perhaps increase the efficacy and/or widen the therapeutic window of GH.
Isolation of a Δ5 Desaturase Gene from <i>Euglena gracilis</i> and Functional Dissection of Its HPGG and HDASH Motifs (2012)

Delta (Δ) 5 desaturase is a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of health-beneficial long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) via the "desaturation and elongation" pathways. A full length Δ5 desaturase gene from Euglena gracilis (EgΔ5D) was isolated by cloning the products of polymerase chain reaction with degenerate oligonucleotides as primers, followed by 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The whole coding region of EgΔ5D was 1,350 nucleotides in length and encoded a polypeptide of 449 amino acids. BlastP search showed that EgΔ5D has about 39 % identity with a Δ5 desaturase of Phaeodactylum tricornutum. In a genetically modified dihomo-gamma-linoleic acid (DGLA, C20:3n-6) producing Yarrowia lipolytica strain, EgΔ5D had strong Δ5 desaturase activity with DGLA to ARA conversion of more than 24 %. Functional dissection of its HPGG and HDASH motifs demonstrated that both motifs were important, but not necessary in the exact form as encoded for the enzyme activity of EgΔ5D. A double mutant EgΔ5D-34G158G with altered sequences within both HPGG and HDASH motifs was generated and exhibited Δ5 desaturase activity similar to the wild type EgΔ5D. Codon optimization of the N-terminal region of EgΔ5D-34G158G and substitution of the arginine with serine at residue 347 improved substrate conversion to 27.6 %.
Heterodimerisation of G protein-coupled receptors: implications for drug design and ligand screening (2010)

For the improvement of novel drug discovery, more structural and functional information on the process of receptor oligomerisation is needed, and the realisation that the function of GPCRs can be greatly influenced by other interacting receptors or proteins also demands consideration in the lead-compound developing process in order to achieve better therapeutic agents.
Dpath software reveals hierarchical haemato-endothelial lineages of Etv2 progenitors based on single-cell transcriptome analysis (2017)

Developmental, stem cell and cancer biologists are interested in the molecular definition of cellular differentiation. Although single-cell RNA sequencing represents a transformational advance for global gene analyses, novel obstacles have emerged, including the computational management of dropout events, the reconstruction of biological pathways and the isolation of target cell populations. We develop an algorithm named dpath that applies the concept of metagene entropy and allows the ranking of cells based on their differentiation potential. We also develop self-organizing map (SOM) and random walk with restart (RWR) algorithms to separate the progenitors from the differentiated cells and reconstruct the lineage hierarchies in an unbiased manner. We test these algorithms using single cells from Etv2-EYFP transgenic mouse embryos and reveal specific molecular pathways that direct differentiation programmes involving the haemato-endothelial lineages. This software program quantitatively assesses the progenitor and committed states in single-cell RNA-seq data sets in a non-biased manner.
FMRP RNA targets: identification and validation (2005)

The Fragile X Syndrome is caused by the loss of function of the FMR1 gene (Pieretti et al. 1991. Cell 66, 817-822; O'Donnell & Warren 2002. Annu Rev Neurosci 25, 315-338]. Identification of the RNA targets to which FMRP binds is a key step in understanding the function of the protein and the cellular defects caused by its absence (Darnell et al. 2004 Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 10, 49-52). Here we discuss the current understanding of FMRP as an RNA-binding protein, the different approaches that have been taken to identify FMRP RNA targets and the relevance of some of these approaches to FMRP biology. In addition, we present evidence that point mutations in the K-homology (KH)1 or KH2 domains of FMRP abrogate its polyribosome association in transfected neuroblastoma cells but that the deletion of the RGG box does not. This suggests that RNA binding by the RGG box of FMRP may mediate other aspects of cellular mRNA metabolism such as mRNA localization or that it may have a role downstream of polyribosome association.
Longitudinal Monitoring of the Development of Antifilarial Antibodies and Acquisition of Wuchereria bancrofti in a Highly Endemic Area of Haiti (2012)

Antifilarial antibody testing has been established as a sensitive and specific method of diagnosing lymphatic filariasis. However, the development of serological responses to specific filarial antigens and their relationship to acquisition of infection is poorly understood. In order to evaluate whether the development of antigen specific antifilarial antibodies precedes microfilaremia and antigenemia, we compared the antibody responses of serum samples collected between 1990 and 1999 from a cohort of 142 Haitian children followed longitudinally. Antigen status was determined using the Og4C3 ELISA and the presence of microfilaremia was detected using microscopy. Antibody responses to Wb123, a Wuchereria bancrofti L3 antigen, were measured using a Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System (LIPS) assay. Antibody responses to Bm14 and Bm33, Brugia malayi antigens and to a major surface protein (WSP) from Wolbachia were analyzed using a multiplex bead assay. Over follow-up, 80 (56%) of the children became antigen-positive and 30 (21%) developed microfilaremia. Detectable antibody responses to Bm14, Bm33, Wb123, and WSP developed in 95%, 100%, 92%, and 29% of children, respectively. With the exception of WSP, the development of antibody responses generally preceded detection of filarial antigen. Our results show that antifilarial antibody responses can serve as an important epidemiological indicator in a sentinel population of young children and thus, may be valuable as tool for surveillance in the context of lymphatic filariasis elimination programs.
Wearable Potentiometric Chloride Sweat Sensor: The Critical Role of the Salt Bridge (2016)

The components of sweat provide an array of potential biomarkers for health and disease. Sweat chloride is of interest as a biomarker for cystic fibrosis, electrolyte metabolism disorders, electrolyte balance, and electrolyte loss during exercise. Developing wearable sensors for biomarkers in sweat is a major technological challenge. Potentiometric sensors provide a relatively simple technology for on-body sweat chloride measurement, however, equilibration between reference and test solutions has limited the time over which accurate measurements can be made. Here, we report on a wearable potentiometric chloride sweat sensor. We performed parametric studies to show how the salt bridge geometry determines equilibration between the reference and test solutions. From these results, we show a sweat chloride sensor can be designed to provide accurate measurements over extended times. We then performed on-body tests on healthy subjects while exercising to establish the feasibility of using this technology as a wearable device.
<title>Universal interactive image data acquisition and compression technology (UNIDAC) and its dual-use applications</title> (1995)

The limited channel capacity associated with telecommunication and data network necessitates applications of image data compression for teleimaging systems. The UNIDAC technology is based on the optical consolidation of lossy and lossless compressions controlled interactively by a remote image analyst. The UNIDAC technology incorporates the positive features of separate lossy (a high data compression ratio) and lossless (errorless image quality) image data compressions without their associated weaknesses. The high value of that data compression ratio achieved by the UNIDAC technology is based on the elimination of a positional statistical redundancy additionally to a spatial statistical redundancy, and on the sequential nature of the visual analysis. A positional statistical redundancy reflects the fact that the data essential for image analysis is enclosed not in the whole image, but rather in parts of it--i.e. the window (area) of interest. In the professional knowledge to locate the areas of interest within the lossy compressed image. Selected positional information for the window of interest is transmitted back to the image source. The lossless compressed/decompressed residual image data is then used to update the image in the window of interest to its original lossless, errorless image quality. The potential capabilities of the UNIDAC technology are illustrated by its application for such teleimaging systems as teleradiology, telepathology, telesurveillance, and telereconnaissance.
Alpha 4/180, a novel form of the integrin alpha 4 subunit. (1993)

The integrin alpha 4 beta 1 (VLA-4) is a versatile cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion receptor. The alpha 4 subunit can be expressed on the cell surface in two forms: an intact form (alpha 4/150) and a cleaved form (alpha 4/80,70). Here we have characterized a third form of alpha 4, called alpha 4/180. Although alpha 4/180 (M(r) 180, nonreduced) is different in size than alpha 4/150 (M(r) 150, nonreduced), these two forms are clearly related, as they (i) shared the same amino-terminal sequence, (ii) were both recognized in Western blots by an anti-alpha 4 COOH-terminal antiserum, (iii) migrated with the same apparent size and charge when reduced, and (iv) were both immunoprecipitated using anti-VLA-4 reagents. In pulse-chase experiments, precursors to both forms appeared simultaneously and matured at the same rate, indicating that one is most likely not the biosynthetic precursor of the other. Although reduction of alpha 4/180 to yield alpha 4/150 suggested the release of a cysteine-linked 30-kDa fragment, seven different biochemical techniques failed to identify such a fragment. Also, alpha 4/180 was converted to alpha 4/150 by incubation at pH 11, by treatment with EDTA at 56 degrees C, or by heating in the presence of elevated SDS levels. Together our findings suggest that alpha 4/180 and alpha 4/150 represent different conformations of the same alpha 4 polypeptide, with the former having anomalous slower migration in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This unusual biochemical feature of alpha 4 is not shared by other beta 1-associated integrin alpha subunits and suggests that VLA-4 has unique structural properties.
High‐resolution interline image sensors using two‐phase CCD technology (1994)

Abstract Two interline, 30 frames/second, high‐resolution image sensors are described that use two‐phase charge coupled device (CCD) technology. One is a two‐megapixel, interlaced high‐definition television, sensor, and the other is a 1‐megapixel, progressive‐scan sensor for machine vision applications. These sensors include features such as dual‐horizontal CCD readout, antiblooming protection, electronic shutter capability, low smear, and no lag.©1994 John Wiley & Sons Inc