gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrolyzer-Powered Flame Ionization Detector (1997)

We describe here a novel water electrolyzer-powered flame ionization detector (EFID), characterized by enhanced portability, reduced cost of operation and improved safety of operation and storage. A conventional FID operates with a hydrogen diffusion flame, which has a central flow of pure hydrogen and column effluents, surrounded by a much higher coaxial flow of pure air. In contrast, the EFID is based on the combustion of a premixed (unseparated), hydrogen and oxygen, stoichiometric gas mixture. This premixed gas mixture is provided by a simple water electrolyzer with low power and water consumption, without separation, compression, or pressure stabilization of the hydrogen and oxygen. The EFID is very similar to FID with two minor modifications: (a) The flame tip must have a narrow hole (∼250 μm) to prevent flame flashbacks. (b) The entire detector structure is maintained above 100 °C to prevent water condensation due to the lack of diluting air. The EFID sensitivity is similar to that of the FID, and up to twice improved detectivity is demonstrated with the EFID. The flame chemical ionization yield of the EFID linearly increases with the electrolysis current. The EFID response is linear over almost 6 orders of magnitude. The response is selective to carbon compounds where the response in aliphatic compounds is ∼30% lower than with aromatic compounds, and no observable difference for N-, S-, P-, and Cl-containing compounds. The use of splitless solvent injections with a megabore column (0.53 mm i.d.) quenches the flame. This flame extinction is eliminated by the use of a miniature air pump during the solvent elution time. Typical electrolyzer operating parameters are current of 1.5 A, 12 mL/day water consumption and 4 W electrolyzer power requirements. Thus, a relatively small size water electrolyzer can provide the total gas consumption of the EFID for up to 40 days before water replenishing is required. This EFID can also be operated either as an EFID or as an FID, simply by replacing the gas sources.
<title>Mass spectrometric immunoassay</title> (1996)

A general technique linking micro-scale affinity capture with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometric detection has been developed for the rapid, sensitive and accurate determination of antigens present in biological fluids. Strategies for the qualitative and quantitative determination of single and/or multiple antigens are presented.
Dynamic Map Building for an Autonomous Mobile Robot (1992)

This article presents an algorithm for autonomous map building and maintenance for a mobile robot. We believe that mobile robot navigation can be treated as a problem of tracking ge ometric features that occur naturally in the environment. We represent each feature in the map by a location estimate (the feature state vector) and two distinct measures of uncertainty: a covariance matrix to represent uncertainty in feature loca tion, and a credibility measure to represent our belief in the validity of the feature. During each position update cycle, pre dicted measurements are generated for each geometric feature in the map and compared with actual sensor observations. Suc cessful matches cause a feature's credibility to be increased. Unpredicted observations are used to initialize new geometric features, while unobserved predictions result in a geometric feature's credibility being decreased. We describe experimental results obtained with the algorithm that demonstrate successful map building using real sonar data.
Temporary Bonding and Debonding Technologies for Fan-Out Wafer-Level Packaging (2017)

Handheld consumer electronics are requiring more complex packaging designs to accommodate higher component densities and reduce form factor. Fan-out wafer-level packaging (FOWLP) has garnered much attention lately as a cost-effective way to achieve high interconnect density and manage larger I/O counts within an affordable package. Two principal approaches to manufacturing FOWLP components have evolved: chip-first and chip-last, which refer to the point in the process flow where the chips are attached and over-molded in the package. Many variants of these two main schemes are now starting to appear. Chip-first processes are more mature and have been in high-volume production for some time, while chip-last schemes are still largely in development. Both processing flows present unique substrate handling challenges that can be addressed by the use of a carrier support system. For example, reconstituted substrates formed in chip-first processes are prone to severe warping and bending, especially at high processing temperatures. Brewer Science is developing thermally stable polymeric adhesive systems and release agents for temporarily attaching reconstituted wafers and panels to a rigid carrier that mechanically stabilizes the substrates through processing and then allows the carrier to be separated with low force when processing is finished. Chip-first FOWLP processing also has two variants known as face-down and face-up. These designations refer to the position of the active face of the die with respect to the carrier when the dies are over-molded at the start of the process flow. While both variants have advantages and disadvantages, either flow can require that the substrate be "flipped" at some point so that processing on the opposing face of the die or package can be done. Transferring the reconstituted substrate from the original carrier to a temporarily bonded second carrier is often the most reliable way to mitigate downstream handling problems and preserve yield. Chip-last FOWLP processing usually starts with the build-up of a redistribution layer interconnect (RDL) on a carrier. The dies are flip chip-attached to the RDL and then over-molded near the very end of the process flow, which ensures that known good die (KGD) will not be lost in a defective package. In most cases, a temporary adhesive is not utilized to attach the build-up RDL to the carrier. Instead, the RDL is fabricated on a thin, laser-sensitive release layer that can be activated by exposure through the carrier at the point when separation is desired. On the other hand, some flows require the RDL to be flipped prior to die-attach, which again creates the need for a temporarily bonded carrier system to provide support. This paper will highlight how temporary bonding materials and processes can enable all of the prevailing FOWLP flows and explain how adhesives and release layer systems can be selected to achieve reliable performance.
Stationary intraoral tomosynthesis for dental imaging (2017)

Despite recent advances in dental radiography, the diagnostic accuracies for some of the most common dental diseases have not improved significantly, and in some cases remain low. Intraoral x-ray is the most commonly used x-ray diagnostic tool in dental clinics. It however suffers from the typical limitations of a 2D imaging modality including structure overlap. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) uses high radiation dose and suffers from image artifacts and relatively low resolution. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of developing a stationary intraoral tomosynthesis (s-IOT) using spatially distributed carbon nanotube (CNT) x-ray array technology, and to evaluate its diagnostic accuracy compared to conventional 2D intraoral x-ray. A bench-top s-IOT device was constructed using a linear CNT based X-ray source array and a digital intraoral detector. Image reconstruction was performed using an iterative reconstruction algorithm. Studies were performed to optimize the imaging configuration. For evaluation of s-IOT’s diagnostic accuracy, images of a dental quality assurance phantom, and extracted human tooth specimens were acquired. Results show s-IOT increases the diagnostic sensitivity for caries compared to intraoral x-ray at a comparable dose level.
Structure—Activity Relationships for alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists and Antagonists (1988)

This chapter extends the discussion provided in Chapter 1 by providing an overview of the development of criteria for subclassification of alpha-adrenergic receptors into alpha-1 vs alpha-2 adrenergic receptor sybtypes and of more recent data suggesting the existence of subtypes of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. A compendium of structure—activity data is then provided that ultimately permits a description of the structural requirements for the ligand-binding site of an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor.
Integration of T-type half-open photoacoustic cell and fiber-optic acoustic sensor for trace gas detection (2019)

We present a novel T-type half-open resonant photoacoustic (PA) cell for trace gas detection. The T-type PA cell has just one buffer volume, and a fiber-optic acoustic sensor is placed at one end of the resonator. Compared with the conventional H-type PA cell, the first-order resonant frequency of the T-type PA cell is reduced by half and the PA signal is enhanced with the same resonator. The T-type resonant PA cell was used in acetylene (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>) gas detection system based on PA spectroscopy. Experimental results show that the minimum detectable limit of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> is calculated to be 0.70 parts per billion (ppb), which is lower than the traditional H-type PA cell.
2D‐GRAPPA‐operator for faster 3D parallel MRI (2006)

When using parallel MRI (pMRI) methods in combination with three-dimensional (3D) imaging, it is beneficial to subsample the k-space along both phase-encoding directions because one can then take advantage of coil sensitivity variations along two spatial dimensions. This results in an improved reconstruction quality and therefore allows greater scan time reductions as compared to subsampling along one dimension. In this work we present a new approach based on the generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (GRAPPA) technique that allows Fourier-domain reconstructions of data sets that are subsampled along two dimensions. The method works by splitting the 2D reconstruction process into two separate 1D reconstructions. This approach is compared with an extension of the conventional GRAPPA method that directly regenerates missing data points of a 2D subsampled k-space by performing a linear combination of acquired data points. In this paper we describe the theoretical background and present computer simulations and in vivo experiments.
Synthesis and the Luminescent Properties of Silicate NaAlSiO<sub>4</sub>:Eu<sup>2+</sup> Phosphor Using SiO Powder as a Silica Source (2013)

A yellow-emitting NaAlSiO 4 :Eu 2+ phosphor was synthesized using SiO powder as a reducing agent and a silica source material. The emission intensity of the NaAlSiO 4 :Eu 2+ phosphor synthesized using SiO powder is higher than that of a sample produced using a conventional silicate phosphor synthesis reaction using SiO 2 powder. The ratio of non-reduced Eu 3+ ions in the NaAlSiO 4 :Eu 2+ phosphor synthesized using SiO powder was decreased by the reduction effect of SiO powder.
SU-FF-T-155: Four-Dimensional Inverse Treatment Planning with Inclusion of Implanted Fiducials in IMRT Segmented Fields (2009)

Purpose: To develop a 4D inverse planning strategy capable of controlling the appearance of the implanted fiducial(s) in segmented IMRT fields for cine MV or combined MV/kV image-guided IMRT. Method: This work is focused on enhancing the visibility of the implanted fiducial(s) in 4D IMRT inverse planning, whose goal is to derive a set of time-resolved (or phase-tagged) MLC segments to cater for the motion of the patient anatomy extracted from the emerging 4D images. The task is to optimize the shapes and weights of all the segments for each incident beam, with the fiducial(s) being forced/encouraged to be inside the segmented fields. The system is modeled by a quadratic objective function with inclusion of a hard/soft constraint characterizing our level of preference for the fiducial(s) to be included in the segmented fields. A simulated annealing algorithm is employed to optimize the system. The proposed technique is demonstrated using two clinical cases. Results: A segment-based inverse planning framework for 4D radiation therapy, capable of providing tempo-spatially optimized IMRT plans, has been established. Furthermore, using the described 4D optimization approach, it is demonstrated that the MLC-blockage of the implanted fiducial(s) during the segmented delivery is avoided without severely compromising the final dose distribution. Conclusions: The visibility of implanted fiducials in 4D IMRT can be improved without significantly deteriorating find dose distribution. This is a foundation for us to use cine MV or combined MV/KV to effectively guide the 4D IMRT delivery.
Optoelectronics Devices Based on Zinc Oxide Thin Films and Nanostructures (2011)

Optoelectronics devices based on ZnO thin films and nanostructures are discussed in this dissertation. A ZnO homojunction LED was demonstrated. Sb-doped p-type ZnO and Ga-doped n-type ZnO on Si (100) substrate were used for the LED device. After achieving ohmic contacts on both types of ZnO, the device showed rectifying current-voltage (I-V) characteristics. Under forward bias, the device successfully showed ultraviolet emissions. The emission properties were analyzed and the emission was confirmed to come from ZnO near band edge emissions. Further analysis showed that the emission mainly comes from the p-type layer of the device. A ZnO ultraviolet laser diode was fabricated and demonstrated. The device consists of Sb-doped p-type ZnO layer and Ga-doped n-type ZnO layer. In between p-layer and n-layer, a thin MgZnO/ZnO/MgZnO quantum well structure was inserted. In this device, random lasing mechanism plays an important role. When the diode was biased, the generation of light was enhanced by the carrier localization effect from the quantum well. The light was scattered between the ZnO random grain boundaries. Since the scattering effect can be so intense that some of the light can return to its original place to form close travel loop, as "random laser cavity". As long as the gain can overcome loss from scattering and material loss, lasing action can be demonstrated. An improved ZnO LED device was grown and characterized. The device grown on c-plane sapphire substrate can favor ultimate device applications due to the improved crystal quality of ZnO and the possibility of getting single crystallinity. A double heterostructure (MgZnO/ZnO/MgZnO) was also inserted in between p-layer and n-layer of the device to enhance the light output. The device showed much enhanced output power of 457 nW, which is two orders stronger than the LED fabricated on Si substrate. The optimization of high quality ZnO thin film on c-plane sapphire substrate was discussed. The devices in chapter two, three and four utilized Si or sapphire substrate, and are all in polycrystalline nature. To solve this problem and get the basis of high output power LEDs and lasers, single crystalline, two dimensional surface ZnO thin films were grown in chapter five. MgO/ZnO double buffer layers were used to accommodate the lattice mismatch. MgO thickness was found to be very important in achieving good ZnO thin film. An optimized growth also yields low background electron concentration and high mobility, which can enable future high quality p-type ZnO engineering. Our research was also expanded from ZnO thin films to ZnO nanostructures. The purpose of chapter six is to demonstrate a ZnO nanowire laser. ZnO nanowires are an excellent cavity and itself is a great gain material. We expanded Sb-doped p-type ZnO from thin films to ZnO nanowires. A p-type ZnO nanowire/n-type ZnO thin film p-n junction was achieved. The device showed lasing action when injection current was larger than ~50 mA. The lasing mechanism and gain/feedback were also discussed in detail.
Reflective LCD with high reflectance and color reproducibility for reduced eye strain (2016)

Abstract We fabricated a prototype of a 434‐ppi 5.9‐in reflective liquid crystal display for use as an e‐book reader. With high‐level optical characteristics with a reflectance of 28.7% and an NTSC ratio of 37%, we achieved eye‐friendly reflective liquid crystal display.
Inorganic esters of novolacs (1968)

Abstract Reaction of conventional novolacs with polyfunctional materials is known to yield crosslinked infusible products. Surprisingly, high proportions of polyfunctional phosphorus derivatives can be esterfied with o , o ′‐linked novolacs without encountering gelation. Soluble, fusible resins of high phosphate content, which possess improved flame retardance, are conveniently obtained. We attribute this result to the formation of cyclic esters in preference to crosslinking, as evidenced by the formation, in good yield, of the eight‐membered heterocyclic compound C 27 H 31 O 4 P from o , o ′‐methylenebis( p ‐ tert ‐butylphenol) and phenyl phosphorodichloridate. Relatively large amounts of polyfunctional derivatives of boron and silicon can also be reacted with o , o ′‐linked novolacs, presumably in a similar manner. Novolacs partially reacted with phosphorus, boron, or silicon derivatives and retaining some phenolic hydroxyl cure readily with hexamethylenetetramine, yielding products exceptionally low in volatile loss at 400°C.
Gray-level grouping (GLG): an automatic method for optimized image contrast Enhancement-part I: the basic method (2006)

Contrast enhancement has an important role in image processing applications. Conventional contrast enhancement techniques either often fail to produce satisfactory results for a broad variety of low-contrast images, or cannot be automatically applied to different images, because their parameters must be specified manually to produce a satisfactory result for a given image. This paper describes a new automatic method for contrast enhancement. The basic procedure is to first group the histogram components of a low-contrast image into a proper number of bins according to a selected criterion, then redistribute these bins uniformly over the grayscale, and finally ungroup the previously grouped gray-levels. Accordingly, this new technique is named gray-level grouping (GLG). GLG not only produces results superior to conventional contrast enhancement techniques, but is also fully automatic in most circumstances, and is applicable to a broad variety of images. An extension of GLG, selective GLG (SGLG), and its variations will be discussed in Part II of this paper. SGLG selectively groups and ungroups histogram components to achieve specific application purposes, such as eliminating background noise, enhancing a specific segment of the histogram, and so on. The extension of GLG to color images will also be discussed in Part II.
Ets Factors Regulate Neural Stem Cell Depletion and Gliogenesis in Ras Pathway Glioma (2016)

(Cell Reports 12, 258–271; July 14, 2015) In the originally published version of this paper, author Terrence Town was inadvertently left off the author list. His name has now been added to the author list online. The authors apologize for the oversight. Ets Factors Regulate Neural Stem Cell Depletion and Gliogenesis in Ras Pathway GliomaBreunig et al.Cell ReportsJuly 2, 2015In BriefBreunig et al. report that increased Ras signaling functions to deplete neural stem cells and expand glial progenitors in gliomagenesis. Inhibition of the upregulated Ets signaling downstream of Ras is sufficient to inhibit glioma formation by attenuating the gliogenesis necessary for tumor propagation. Full-Text PDF Open Access
Long-Term Fluorescent Cellular Tracing by the Aggregates of AIE Bioconjugates (2013)

There is a great demand for long-term cellular tracers because of their great importance in monitoring biological processes, pathological pathways, therapeutic effects, etc. Herein we report a new type of fluorescence "turn-on" probe for tracing live cells over a long period of time. We synthesized the fluorogenic probe by attaching a large number of tetraphenylethene (TPE) labels to a chitosan (CS) chain. The resultant TPE-CS bioconjugate shows a unique aggregation-induced emission (AIE) behavior. It is nonfluorescent when dissolved but becomes highly emissive when its molecules are aggregated. The AIE aggregates can be readily internalized by HeLa cells. The cellular staining by the TPE-CS aggregates is so indelible that it enables cell tracing for as long as 15 passages. The internalized AIE aggregates are kept inside the cellular compartments and do not contaminate other cell lines in the coculture systems, permitting the differentiation of specific cancerous cells from normal healthy cells.
Reversible variable length codes (1995)

Proposes some reversible variable length codes (RVLCs) which can be decoded instantaneously both in the forward and backward directions and have high transmission efficiency. These codes can be used, for example, in the backward reconstruction of video signals from the data last received when some signal is lost midway in the transmission. Schemes for a symmetrical RVLC requiring only a single code table and for an asymmetrical RVLC having short average code length are introduced. They compare favorably with other reversible codes such as B2 codes in several aspects.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Strain-Induced Spectral Red-Shifting from Nanoscale Frustum Arrays Fabricated over InGaN/GaN Quantum Wells for Light-Emitting Applications (2020)

While spectral blue-shifting caused by nanostructuring of InGaN/GaN quantum wells has been widely reported for altering the emission color of light-emitting diodes, the same cannot be said for spectral red-shifting. It is well-known that nanostructuring of the quantum wells gives rise to relaxation of the strain incurred in the quantum wells, reducing the quantum confined stark effect with a consequence of spectral shifting to shorter wavelengths. In this report, we demonstrate a nanostructure configuration that produces the opposite effect, spectral red-shifting, by increasing the strain in the quantum wells through the formation of an inverted nanoconical-frustum array over the quantum wells, without allowing the nanostructures to penetrate through the quantum wells. Under such conditions, spectral red-shifting of the photoluminescence spectrum can be observed, consistent with the prediction of strain induction in the quantum wells by molecular dynamics simulations. Experimentally, spectral red-shift of the photoluminescence spectrum by up to 7.6 nm has been observed, when the proposed nanostructures are fabricated on InGaN/GaN quantum wells grown on a c-plane sapphire substrate with a nominal emission wavelength of ∼560 nm.