gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Write Error Rate and Read Disturbance in Electric-Field-Controlled Magnetic Random-Access Memory (2016)

We report experimental results on write error rate and read disturbance as a function of read/write pulse width and amplitude in electric-field-controlled magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). Results are shown for 50 nm perpendicular MTJs. We also design and simulate the performance of a 256 kilobit (Kbit) magneto-electric random-access memory (MeRAM) macro in a 28 nm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process, based on the measured MTJ device data. The results show that existing electric-field-controlled MTJs are capable of delivering write error rates below <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10^{{-9}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> for 10 ns total write and verify time and read disturbance below <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10^{{-16}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> for 2 ns read time in a 256 Kbit MeRAM array.
Inhibiting Interfacial Recombination Events in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells using Self-Assembled Bilayers (2015)

The rate and efficiency of electron transfer events at the semiconductor-dye-electrolyte interface is of critical importance to the overall performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells. In this work, we introduce self-assembled bilayers composed of a metal oxide electrode, bridging molecules, linking ions, and dye as an effective strategy to manipulate interfacial electron transfer events at the photoanode of DSSCs. Spectroelectrochemical measurements including current-voltage, incident photon-to-current efficiency, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are used to quantify interfacial electron transfer and transport events with respect to the length of the bridging molecules. The general trend in increased lifetime and diffusion length in TiO2 as well as an increase in open circuit voltage with bridge length indicate that the bilayer is an effective strategy in inhibiting the TiO2(e(-)) to redox mediator recombination events. However, the increased separation between the dye and the semiconductor also reduces the electron injection rate resulting in a decrease in photocurrent as the bridge length increases. The observed enhancement in open circuit voltages are far outweighed by the significant decrease in photocurrent and thus overall device performance decreases with increasing bridge length.
Basal Cell–derived WNT7A Promotes Fibrogenesis at the Fibrotic Niche in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (2022)

Loss of epithelial integrity, bronchiolarization, and fibroblast activation are key characteristics of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Prolonged accumulation of basal-like cells in IPF may impact the fibrotic niche to promote fibrogenesis. To investigate their role in IPF, basal cells were isolated from IPF explant and healthy donor lung tissues. Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to assess differentially expressed genes in basal cells. Basal cell and niche interaction was demonstrated with the sLP-mCherry niche labeling system. Luminex assays were used to assess cytokines secreted by basal cells. The role of basal cells in fibroblast activation was studied. Three-dimensional organoid culture assays were used to interrogate basal cell effects on AEC2 (type 2 alveolar epithelial cell) renewal capacity. Perturbation was used to investigate WNT7A function <i>in vitro</i> and in a repetitive bleomycin model <i>in vivo</i>. We found that WNT7A is highly and specifically expressed in basal-like cells. Proteins secreted by basal cells can be captured by neighboring fibroblasts and AEC2s. Basal cells or basal cell-conditioned media activate fibroblasts through WNT7A. Basal cell-derived WNT7A inhibits AEC2 progenitor cell renewal in three-dimensional organoid cultures. Neutralizing antibodies against WNT7A or a small molecule inhibitor of Frizzled signaling abolished basal cell-induced fibroblast activation and attenuated lung fibrosis in mice. In summary, basal cells and basal cell-derived WNT7A are key components of the fibrotic niche, providing a unique non-stem cell function of basal cells in IPF progression and a novel targeting strategy for IPF.
BTLA: new biomarker for a highly proliferative CD8+ TIL subset associated with melanoma regression during adoptive cell therapy (P2189) (2013)

Abstract Adoptive T cell therapy using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) expanded ex vivo with high-dose IL-2 is a promising approach for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Recently, our lab demonstrated the importance of CD8+ T cells expressing B and T lymphocyte attentuator (BTLA) with a positive clinical response. This suggests that functional differences may exist between CD8+BTLA+ and CD8+BTLA- cells resulting in the differential therapeutic potency of TIL in treated patients. Here, we isolated BTLA+ and BTLA- CD8+ TIL from metastatic melanoma patients accrued in a Phase II clinical trial at MD Anderson and performed functional assays measuring proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine production, and CTL activity as well as differences in global gene expression profiles between the subsets using microarray analysis. Overall, BTLA appears to be a new and powerful biomarker distinguishing a less differentiated, more highly active and polyfunctional CD8+ T cell subset with high responsiveness to IL-2. As BTLA ligation by its binding partner HVEM (which is expressed on melanoma cells) results in a decreased proliferative responsiveness to anti-CD3 stimulation, paradoxically, BTLA signaling however may still serve as a negative co-inhibitory molecule. Our results also underscore that increased expression of T cell co-inhibitory molecules may not be necessarily markers of "exhaustion", but markers of more highly-activated, responsive T cells susceptible to negative regulation.
A Fault-Location Method for Application With Current Differential Relays of Three-Terminal Lines (2007)

This paper presents a new method for locating faults on three-terminal power lines. Estimation of a distance to fault and indication of a faulted section is performed using three-phase current from all three terminals and additionally three-phase voltage from the terminal at which a fault locator is installed. Such a set of synchronized measurements has been taken into consideration with the aim of developing a fault-location algorithm for applications with current differential relays of three-terminal lines. The delivered fault-location algorithm consists of three subroutines designated for locating faults within particular line sections and a procedure for indicating the faulted line section. Testing and evaluation of the algorithm has been performed with fault data obtained from versatile Alternate Transients Program-Electromagnetic Transients Program simulations. The sample results of the evaluation are reported and discussed.
Regulation of <i>VRN-1</i> Vernalization Genes in Normal and Transgenic Polyploid Wheat (2005)

Vernalization, the requirement of a long exposure to low temperatures to accelerate flowering, is an essential adaptation of plants to cold winters. The vernalization gene VRN-1 plays an important role in this process in diploid (Triticum monococcum) and polyploid wheat (Triticum aestivum). We have recently shown that the diploid wheat VRN-A(m)1 gene was similar to the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L. Heynh.) APETALA1 meristem identity gene. We also showed that dominant Vrn-A(m)1 alleles were the result of loss-of-function mutations in regulatory regions recognized by a VRN-1 repressor, likely VRN-2. This model predicts that only the dominant Vrn-1 allele will be transcribed in lines carrying both recessive and dominant alleles. Here, we confirm this prediction in young isogenic lines of hexaploid wheat carrying different dominant Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, and Vrn-D1 alleles, and also in heterozygous VRN-1 diploid wheat plants. However, a few weeks later, transcripts from the recessive alleles were also detected in both the polyploid and heterozygous diploid spring plants. Transcription of the recessive alleles was preceded by a reduction of the transcript levels of VRN-2. These results suggest that the dominant Vrn-1 allele or a gene regulated by VRN-1 down-regulates the VRN-2 repressor facilitating the transcription of the recessive alleles in unvernalized plants. We also show here that the level of VRN-1 transcripts in early developmental stages is critical for flowering initiation. A reduction of VRN-1 transcript levels by RNA interference delayed apex transition to the reproductive stage, increased the number of leaves, and delayed heading time by 2 to 3 weeks. We hypothesize that the coordinated transcription of dominant and recessive alleles may contribute to an earlier attainment of the VRN-1 transcript level threshold required to trigger flowering initiation in polyploid wheat.
THz Imaging System for <i>in vivo</i> Human Cornea (2017)

Terahertz (THz) imaging of corneal tissue water content (CTWC) is a proposed method for early, accurate detection and study of corneal diseases. Despite promising results from <i>ex vivo</i> and <i>in vivo</i> cornea studies, interpretation of the reflectivity data is confounded by the contact between corneal tissue and rigid dielectric window used to flatten the imaging field. This work develops a novel imaging system and image reconstruction methods specifically for nearly spherical targets such as human cornea. A prototype system was constructed using a 650 GHz multiplier source and Schottky diode detector. Resolution and imaging field strength measurement from characterization targets correlate well with those predicted by the quasioptical theory and physical optics analysis. Imaging experiments with corneal phantoms and <i>ex vivo</i> corneas demonstrate the hydration sensitivity of the imaging system and reliable measurement of CTWC. We present successful acquisition of non-contact THz images of <i>in vivo</i> human cornea, and discuss strategies for optimizing the imaging system design for clinical use.
Measurement of Chromatic Dispersion of Optical Fibers Using Wavelength-Tunable Soliton Pulses (2000)

The chromatic dispersion of optical fibers is measured using a compact wavelength-tunable soliton pulse generation system. In this system, an ultrashort optical pulse can be generated in a wide wavelength region and the wavelengths of the optical pulses can be changed simply by varying the fiber input power. Since the system is compact and changing the wavelength is very easy, measurement of the chromatic dispersion can be demonstrated easily using a simple setup. The magnitudes of the second- and third-order dispersions in the optical fibers are measured in the wide wavelength region from 1.32 to 1.93 µm. Since the pulse width of the soliton pulse is as narrow as 200 fs, the dispersion of the fiber can be measured in an optical fiber as short as 10 m.
Polar codes for channels with deletions (2017)

A polar coding scheme for channels with deletions has been proposed recently, in which the information bits are pre-coded with CRC that helps to detect the location of deletions with high precision. Successive Cancellation (SC) decoding then treats these symbols as simple erasures. Given d as the number of deleted symbols, the decoding algorithm requires to check all ( <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</sup> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</sub> ) combinations of the deleted locations to find one that agrees with the CRC. This escalates the overall decoding complexity to O(N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d+1</sup> log N), which is not practical even when d is a small number. In this paper, we propose an alternative decoding method for polar codes in presence of deletion errors. This method can be regarded as an extension of SC decoding to the deletion channel. The proposed algorithm is based on the recursive structure of polar codes and it directly adopts the outputs of deletion channel to perform decoding without any preprocessing. In other words, it is no longer required to check all ( <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</sup> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</sub> ) possible locations of the deletions. Instead, each node in the proposed polar decoder propagates its uncertainty about deletion pattern to the nodes in the next decoding layer. Eventually, with high probability, the correct deletion pattern becomes visible when the last polar bit-channel is decoded. The resulting decoding complexity is only O(d <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> N log N), which scales polynomially rather than exponentially with the number of deletions.
Statistical service assurances for applications in utility grid environments (2002)

We focus on techniques to support admission control and advance resource reservation for applications acquiring information technology (IT) resources from utility grid environments. Utility grid environments offer programmatic access to resources for complex multi-tier applications. In particular we consider business applications which require resources continuously but that have resource demands that change regularly based on factors such as time of day and day of week. We present a statistical demand profile approach for characterizing time varying application resource requirements along with a method that provides statistical assurances regarding the number of resources needed to satisfy the combined requirements of many applications over time. We illustrate the feasibility of our approach with a case study that uses resource utilization information from 48 data center servers. Simulation experiments explore the sensitivity of the assurances to correlations between application resource demands and the precision of the demand profiles.
Vaccination with soluble Aβ oligomers generates toxicity‐neutralizing antibodies (2001)

In recent studies of transgenic models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), it has been reported that antibodies to aged beta amyloid peptide 1-42 (Abeta(1-42)) solutions (mixtures of Abeta monomers, oligomers and amyloid fibrils) cause conspicuous reduction of amyloid plaques and neurological improvement. In some cases, however, neurological improvement has been independent of obvious plaque reduction, and it has been suggested that immunization might neutralize soluble, non-fibrillar forms of Abeta. It is now known that Abeta toxicity resides not only in fibrils, but also in soluble protofibrils and oligomers. The current study has investigated the immune response to low doses of Abeta(1-42) oligomers and the characteristics of the antibodies they induce. Rabbits that were injected with Abeta(1-42) solutions containing only monomers and oligomers produced antibodies that preferentially bound to assembled forms of Abeta in immunoblots and in physiological solutions. The antibodies have proven useful for assays that can detect inhibitors of oligomer formation, for immunofluorescence localization of cell-attached oligomers to receptor-like puncta, and for immunoblots that show the presence of SDS-stable oligomers in Alzheimer's brain tissue. The antibodies, moreover, were found to neutralize the toxicity of soluble oligomers in cell culture. Results support the hypothesis that immunizations of transgenic mice derive therapeutic benefit from the immuno-neutralization of soluble Abeta-derived toxins. Analogous immuno-neutralization of oligomers in humans may be a key in AD vaccines.
Multicarrier modulation with data dependent frequency domain redundancy (2003)

Discrete multitone (DMT) modulation uses a time domain cyclic prefix to allow for simplified equalization at the receiver. It is shown that data dependent frequency domain redundancy can be added at the transmitter which allows standard DMT demodulation at the receiver without requiring a cyclic prefix. Benefits include the ability to add redundancy to subchannels with small capacities such that the resulting data rate loss is minimized with respect to methods which use a cyclic prefix, and that the prefix length can be dynamically adjusted for different channel conditions while maintaining a fixed frame and transform size.
Review of Underwater Welding Technology (1981)

This paper reviews the present state-of-the-art of welding technology which is rapidly expanding. After a brief introduction, a discussion is made on how underwater welding technologies and their applications have developed. The paper then discusses the status of underwater welding techniques currently in use. A short discussion is also given on technical problems associated with underwater welding.
Design of a 2D Haptic System With Passive Variable Stiffness Using Permanent Magnets for Upper-Limb Rehabilitation (2017)

This paper presents a design of variable stiffness actuation system based on on the force interactions caused by permanent magnets. The system is designed for rehabilitation of the upper limb with the goal to enhance rehabilitation in both clinical and home environments. The proposed active rehabilitation system is composed of a lightweight 6-axes robotic arm to move the patients hand in the desired trajectory. The interaction stiffness is controlled by the mechanism attached to the end-effector. For this purpose, repelling magnet pairs in linear antagonistic configuration are used to control the stiffness of the handle. Stiffness in the mechanism can be controlled via adjusting the distance between the magnets. A mathematical model is presented to analyze the range of adjustable variable stiffness for this mechanism.
A Zero-Voltage-Switching Contour-Based Outphasing Power Amplifier (2012)

A parallel class-E modified Chireix outphasing power amplifier (PA) that can maintain high efficiency across a wide output power range is presented. The architecture presented essentially implements a zero voltage switching (ZVS) contour-based PA using a modified Chireix outphasing structure. It utilizes the inherent load modulation present in the outphasing scheme and combines it with duty cycle modulation to satisfy ZVS conditions over a wide range of output powers. Thus, a ZVS contour-based PA is realized, and the amplifier maintains high efficiency for about 9-dB back-off of output power. Beyond the 9-dB range, simple outphasing is performed to extend the dynamic range up to about 30 dB. The proposed PA, implemented using discrete components on an FR4 printed circuit board, achieves a dynamic range of 30 dB with a peak power of 29 dBm and a peak drain efficiency of 65% at about 6-dB back-off from the peak output power at 100 MHz from a 3-V supply.
Meningococcal vaccine development: a novel approach (1998)

Neisseria meningitidis is a major world-wide cause of meningitis. Effective capsular polysaccharide (CPS) vaccines that elicit CPS-specific bactericidal (BC) antibodies were previously developed and licensed to protect against meningococcal disease. However, due to their T-cell independent character, CPS vaccines are useless in infants and do not provide immunological memory or long-lasting protection in adults. CPS-protein conjugate vaccines are being developed to improve and broaden vaccine efficacy by creating T-cell dependent antigens. However, group B meningococci (GBM) are responsible for nearly half of meningococcal disease and possess a CPS, composed of polysialic acid, that is poorly immunogenic. N-propionyl (NPr) modification of the GBM polysaccharide (GBMP) has enhanced its immunogenicity, but BC antibodies are not induced at high levels, even when conjugated to conventional protein carriers, unless adjuvants stronger than aluminium hydroxide are used. We have chosen to couple the NPr-GBMP by reductive amination to a recombinant GBM class 3 porin (rPorB), which we have shown to modulate the immune response in animals towards the production of CPS-specific BC antibodies. We have also combined this conjugate with similar CPS-rPorB conjugates for groups A and C meningococci to form a trivalent A/B/C conjugate vaccine. This trivalent meningococcal vaccine has been shown to be safe and highly immunogenic in mice and non human primates, generating CPS-specific BC antibodies for each of the 3 major serogroups, which should provide world-wide protection against meningococcal disease.
Aluminum Foil/Carbon Nanotube Thermal Interface Materials (2007)

Vertically oriented carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays have been simultaneously synthesized at relatively low growth temperatures (i.e., &lt; 700°C) on both sides of aluminum foil via plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The resulting CNT arrays were highly dense, and the average CNT diameter in the arrays was approximately 10 nm, much smaller than in previous work. Also, the CNT arrays were smaller in height than the arrays in previous work. At moderate pressures, the aluminum foil/CNT material achieves resistances as low as 10 mm2·K/W for relatively smooth and flat interfaces, similar to previous work. However, the aluminum foil/CNT material performs relatively poor for less ideal, rougher interfaces presumably due to the small height and very close packing of CNTs that decreases the materials ability to fill interfacial voids and conform to the geometry of the mating surfaces. It is also possible that the aluminum foil was slightly stiffened during CNT growth (through hydrogen embrittlement), which could further reduce the conformability of the aluminum foil/CNT material.
Isolation, purification, and characterization of fragment B, the NH2-terminal half of the heavy chain of tetanus toxin (1989)

Fragment B, the N-terminal half of the heavy chain, an important domain of the tetanus neurotoxin molecule, was isolated for the first time. Tetanus toxin (composed of three domains, A, B, and C) was prepared from culture filtrates. Fragment A-B, derived from the toxin treated mildly with papain, was used for the isolation of fragment B. Fragment A-B obtained was dissociated into fragments A and B by reduction with 100 mM dithiothreitol and treatment with 2 M urea. Fragment B was separated from fragment A by ion-exchange column chromatography on a Mono Q column equilibrated with 20 mM Tris hydrochloride buffer (pH 7.6), containing 1 mM dithiothreitol and 2 M urea, in a fast-protein liquid chromatography system by elution with a linear gradient of 0 to 0.5 M NaCl. Fragment B was obtained in two forms having molecular weights of 48,000 +/- 2,000, which were indistinguishable by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis or antigenic specificity, but distinguishable on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis without sodium dodecyl sulfate and on isoelectric focusing (pI 6.7 and 7.3). The recovery of fragment B was 50 to 72% of that of fragment A-B on a molar basis. Purified fragment B was not toxic to mice on intravenous or intramuscular injection at doses of up to 100 micrograms, but was found to form channels (ca. 2.3 pS) in a lipid bilayer membrane by a patch clamp technique. The role of domain B of the tetanus toxin molecule in the mechanism of action of the toxin is discussed.