gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neutralization of bovine papillomavirus by antibodies to L1 and L2 capsid proteins (1994)

We have generated four mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to bovine papillomavirus virions that bound type-specific, adjacent, and conformationally dependent epitopes on the L1 major capsid protein. All four MAbs were neutralizing at ratios of 1 MAb molecule per 5 to 25 L1 molecules, but only three effectively blocked binding of the virus to the cell surface. Therefore, antibodies can prevent papillomavirus infection by at least two mechanisms: inhibition of cell surface receptor binding and a subsequent step in the infectious pathway. The neutralizing epitopes of the bovine papillomavirus L2 minor capsid protein were mapped to the N-terminal half of L2 by blocking the neutralizing activity of full-length L2 antiserum with bacterially expressed peptides of L2. In addition, rabbit antiserum raised against amino acids 45 to 173 of L2 had a neutralizing titer of 1,000, confirming that at least part of the N terminus of L2 is exposed on the virion surface.
Dissimilar Metal Joining of Aluminum Alloys to Steel in MIG Braze Welding by using the advanced Hot-dip Aluminized Steel Sheet (2009)

Dissimilar metal joining of aluminum alloys to steel is generally difficult to be in practical use because of a formation of brittle intermetallic Fe-Al compound(IMC) at the interface of the joint. The authors have been researching in order to minimize the thickness of this brittle IMC and have found that the formation of this brittle IMC is prevented in the region that is effective in getting the good joint strength by using the advanced hot-dip-aluminized steel sheet and by adopting the suitable joining conditions.In particular this paper focuses the joinability in case of MIG braze welding which is expected to be the main and important joining method for structures.
Integrated Track Stability Assessment and Monitoring System (ITSAMS) (2006)

The Federal Railroad Administration’s (FRA) Office of Research and Development sponsored a project to develop a mobile rail track surface and sub-surface surveying system capable of collecting data from a variety of remote sensing instrumentation and integrate this data with other site-specific data to assist in monitoring rail track behavior over time. The mobile surveying system was developed to be modular and adaptable to a variety of platforms and successfully integrated with High Accuracy Differential Global Positioning System (HADGPS) technology, resulting in the capability of measuring top of the track coordinates with centimeter precision at a variety of speeds. The mobile surveying systems were used to collect data from several geo-technically vulnerable sites located on active rail corridors in the State of West Virginia, and a statewide Web-based Geographical Information System (GIS) was developed to store and display the data collected from the field experimentation program, in addition to facilitating the integration of other geo-spatial information. It is complimented by a state-of-the-art information technology system constructed with multi-terabyte storage capacity in order to perform comparative studies over time of selected rail corridors in West Virginia. The mobile surface surveying system has also been used in other states to evaluate its application for measuring track shift at curves, derailment analyses, and rail yard surveying.
Laser synthesis of transition metal compounds (1987)

Laser synthesis is precipitation of fine refractory powders by pyrolytic decomposition of gaseous reactants. Laser synthesis of transition metal containing powders from volatile species using cw CO2 lasers as the energy source is described. Although few transition metal complexes combine volatility with appropriate IR absorption bands, energy could be coupled into gas mixtures using small molecules as absorbers.
DTS Multi-Channel 96 kHz Audio Compression (1999)

This paper presents DTS multi-channel audio coding technology that operates at a sampling frequency of up to 96 kHz and remains compatible with existing DTS audio coding technology which delivers 5.1 channel audio at a sampling frequency of up to 48 kHz. High-sampling frequency (up to 96 kHz) multi-channel audio is decomposed into core audio (up to 48 kHz) and a residual (difference). The core audio is encoded using existing DTS audio coder to produce a core bit stream which is fully compatible with existing DTS decoders in the market. The residual is encoded using technologies that extend the sampling frequency to up to 96 kHz and can even improve the quality of the core audio. The compressed residual is attached as an extension to the core bit stream. The extension bit stream is ignored by the existing DTS decoders but can be decoded by extended DTS decoders. The encoding algorithm can deliver 96 kHz multi-channel audio at 24 bits per sample with a bit rate of up to 4.5 Mbps. Details of the main processing blocks of the core and extended decoding algorithms, their computational loads and memory requirements are presented. One implementation is described of a 5.1 channel, 96 kHz, 24-bit decoding process operating on dual SHARC 21065L 32-bit floating-point processors. This particular configuration confines all the essential high sampling rate operations to the second processor, allowing a simple hardware upgrade path to be considered for the 96/24 'high definition' audio format.
Expanding the Fluorine Chemistry of Living Systems Using Engineered Polyketide Synthase Pathways (2013)

Organofluorines represent a rapidly expanding proportion of molecules that are used in pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, agrochemicals, and materials. Despite the prevalence of fluorine in synthetic compounds, the known biological scope is limited to a single pathway that produces fluoroacetate. Here, we demonstrate that this pathway can be exploited as a source of fluorinated building blocks for introduction of fluorine into natural-product scaffolds. Specifically, we have constructed pathways involving two polyketide synthase systems, and we show that fluoroacetate can be used to incorporate fluorine into the polyketide backbone in vitro. We further show that fluorine can be inserted site-selectively and introduced into polyketide products in vivo. These results highlight the prospects for the production of complex fluorinated natural products using synthetic biology.
Verifying an all fused silica miniature optical fiber tip pressure sensor performance with turbine engine field test (2005)

Pressure sensors are the key elements for industrial monitoring and control systems to lower equipment maintenance cost, improve fuel economy, reduce atmospheric pollution, and provide a safer workplace. However, the testing environment is usually harsh. For example, inside the turbine engine, temperatures might exceed 600°C and pressures might exceed 100psi (690kPa), where most current available sensors cannot survive. Moreover, due to the restricted space for installation, miniature size of the sensor is highly desirable. To meet these requirements, a novel type of all fused silica optic fiber tip pressure sensor with a 125μm diameter was developed. It is a diaphragm based pressure sensor in which a Fabry-Perot interferometer is constructed by the end face of an optical fiber and the surface of a diaphragm connected by a short piece of hollow fiber. The FP cavity length and the interference pattern will change according to ambient pressure variation. Its main improvement with respect to previously developed optical sensors, such as those utilizing techniques of wet etching, anodic bonding and sol-gel bonding, is the fact that no chemical method is needed during the cavity fabrication. Its dynamic pressure performance was verified in a turbine engine field test, demonstrating not only that it can safely and reliably function near the fan of a turbine engine for more than two hours, but also that its performance is consistent with that of a commercial Kulite sensor.
Micro-Fabricated DC Comparison Calorimeter for RF Power Measurement (2014)

Diode detection and bolometric detection have been widely used to measure radio frequency (RF) power. However, flow calorimeters, in particular micro-fabricated flow calorimeters, have been mostly unexplored as power meters. This paper presents the design, micro-fabrication and characterization of a flow calorimeter. This novel device is capable of measuring power from 100 μW to 200 mW. It has a 50-Ohm load that is heated by the RF source, and the heat is transferred to fluid in a microchannel. The temperature change in the fluid is measured by a thermistor that is connected in one leg of a Wheatstone bridge. The output voltage change of the bridge corresponds to the RF power applied to the load. The microfabricated device measures 25.4 mm × 50.8 mm, excluding the power supplies, microcontroller and fluid pump. Experiments demonstrate that the micro-fabricated sensor has a sensitivity up to 22 × 10⁻³ V/W. The typical resolution of this micro-calorimeter is on the order of 50 μW, and the best resolution is around 10 μW. The effective efficiency is 99.9% from 0−1 GHz and more than 97.5% at frequencies up to 4 GHz. The measured reflection coefficient of the 50-Ohm load and coplanar wave guide is less than −25 dB from 0−2 GHz and less than −16 dB at 2−4 GHz.
Multicore acceleration of priority-based schedulers for concurrency bug detection (2012)

Testing multithreaded programs is difficult as threads can interleave in a nondeterministic fashion. Untested interleavings can cause failures, but testing all interleavings is infeasible. Many interleaving exploration strategies for bug detection have been proposed, but their relative effectiveness and performance remains unclear as they often lack publicly available implementations and have not been evaluated using common benchmarks. We describe NeedlePoint, an open-source framework that allows selection and comparison of a wide range of interleaving exploration policies for bug detection proposed by prior work. Our experience with NeedlePoint indicates that priority-based probabilistic concurrency testing (the PCT algorithm) finds bugs quickly, but it runs only one thread at a time, which destroys parallelism by serializing executions. To address this problem we propose a parallel version of the PCT algorithm~(PPCT). We show that the new algorithm outperforms the original by a factor of 5x when testing parallel programs on an eight-core machine. We formally prove that parallel PCT provides the same probabilistic coverage guarantees as PCT. Moreover, PPCT is the first algorithm that runs multiple threads while providing coverage guarantees.
Modeling and Tracking of Transaction Flow Dynamics for Fault Detection in Complex Systems (2006)

With the prevalence of Internet services and the increase of their complexity, there is a growing need to improve their operational reliability and availability. While a large amount of monitoring data can be collected from systems for fault analysis, it is hard to correlate this data effectively across distributed systems and observation time. In this paper, we analyze the mass characteristics of user requests and propose a novel approach to model and track transaction flow dynamics for fault detection in complex information systems. We measure the flow intensity at multiple checkpoints inside the system and apply system identification methods to model transaction flow dynamics between these measurements. With the learned analytical models, a model-based fault detection and isolation method is applied to track the flow dynamics in real time for fault detection. We also propose an algorithm to automatically search and validate the dynamic relationship between randomly selected monitoring points. Our algorithm enables systems to have self-cognition capability for system management. Our approach is tested in a real system with a list of injected faults. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach and algorithms
Isolation and Characterization of Novel Human Immunodeficiency Virus Integrase Inhibitors from Fungal Metabolites (1999)

We have identified a series of novel inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase by randomly screening natural product extracts using an in vitro biochemical assay designed to identify inhibitors of integrase-catalysed strand transfer. Equisetin recovered from the fungus Fusarium heterosporum and a novel enantiomeric homologue of equisetin from Phoma sp. were isolated as inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase in vitro. Two additional analogues, a novel decalin derivative, integric acid, and oteromycin were also discovered to be inhibitors of integrase. Equisetin and related compounds inhibit 3' end-processing and strand transfer as well as disintegration catalysed by either the full-length enzyme or the truncated integrase core domain (amino acids 50-212). These compounds also inhibit strand transfer reactions catalysed by stable complexes assembled in vitro and integration reactions catalysed by pre-integration complexes isolated from HIV-1-infected cells. The compounds described in this report are structurally novel and mechanistically distinct from many previously described inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. These results demonstrate the utility of using an appropriately configured assay to identify compounds that are effective post-assembly and the potential of isolating novel integrase inhibitors from complex natural product extracts.
Simple in vitro translation assay to analyze inhibitors of rhinovirus proteases (1996)

We have developed a simple in vitro translation method to analyze compounds that inhibit the rhinovirus 3C protease in peptide substrate assays but demonstrate no antiviral activity. This complementary assay, which provides both qualitative and quantitative results, detects the inhibition of the 3CD protease in the native polyprotein form.
Visual Analytics for Spatial Clustering: Using a Heuristic Approach for Guided Exploration (2013)

We propose a novel approach of distance-based spatial clustering and contribute a heuristic computation of input parameters for guiding users in the search of interesting cluster constellations. We thereby combine computational geometry with interactive visualization into one coherent framework. Our approach entails displaying the results of the heuristics to users, as shown in Figure 1, providing a setting from which to start the exploration and data analysis. Addition interaction capabilities are available containing visual feedback for exploring further clustering options and is able to cope with noise in the data. We evaluate, and show the benefits of our approach on a sophisticated artificial dataset and demonstrate its usefulness on real-world data.
478. Preinjection of Free DiC14-Amidine Liposome and Dexamethasone Synergistically Enhance the Intravenous Transfection Efficiency of Cationic Lipid/DNA Lipoplex (2004)

A new approach for generating cationic lipids for gene delivery bearing pyridinium polar heads was described recently 1. It is based on the reaction of pyrylium salts with primary amines thus generating the polar head and the linker of the non-viral transfection vector in a single, high yield step. The versatility of the synthesis allows the choice of a large variety of aliphatic or aromatic linkers, yielding cationic lipids such as 1–4, some of which act better than commercial transfection systems. The method also allows the easy access to the class of gemini surfactants such as 5 and congeners, and the facile choice of the counterion of the final positively charged species. Additionally, the use of styryl pyrylium salts can yield fluorescent transfection systems and membrane markers such as 6. Detailed insights into their chemical synthesis and transfection properties on different tumor cell lines are presented, together with a complete structure - activity relationship study for each class of lipophilic pyridinium compounds Figure 1.
Design and Performance of a Converter Optimized AC Machine (1984)

The design and performance of a unique concentrated winding machine specifically designed for operation with a static power converter is described. When operating in tonjunction with a converter supply, the machine is theoretically capable of 15 percent more power output for the same active copper and iron than a conventionally designed synchronous machine of the same rating. The performance of the machine operating as a generator feeding a rectifier load is described, the theoretical predictions are compared with test. The potential of such a machine operating as a motor is also described.
Silicon angular rate sensor for automotive applications with piezoelectric drive and piezoresistive read-out (2002)

In this work a silicon angular rate sensor for automotive applications with a new architecture is presented. It is based on the vibrating tuning fork principle with excitation direction of the tines perpendicular to the wafer surface. This arrangement allows the design of tines with significant inertial masses which lead to substantial signal. The oscillation of the tines is excited by a piezoelectric drive using an AlN thin film layer. The angular rate to be measured causes a torsional oscillation of the stem. The torsional amplitude is proportional to the angular rate and is measured by a piezoresistive read-out structure. We use silicon bulk micromachining based on a new twofold SOI-technique.
Cyber Attack Resilient Distance Protection and Circuit Breaker Control for Digital Substations (2018)

This paper proposes new concepts for detecting and mitigating cyber attacks on substation automation systems by domain-based cyber–physical security solutions. The proposed methods form the basis of a distributed security domain layer that enables protection devices to collaboratively defend against cyber attacks at substations. The methods utilize protection coordination principles to cross check protection setting changes and can run real-time power system analysis to evaluate the impact of the control commands. The transient fault signature (TFS)-based cross-correlation coefficient algorithm has been proposed to detect the false sampled values data injection attack. The proposed functions were verified in a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation using commercial relays and a real-time digital simulator (RTDS). Various types of cyber intrusions are tested using this test bed to evaluate the consequences and impacts of cyber attacks to power grid as well as to validate the performance of the proposed research-grade cyber attack mitigation functions.
Radial-basis-function-based nuclear magnetic resonance heavy oil viscosity prediction model for a Kuwait viscous oil field (2016)

Characterizing heavy oil viscosity by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation time ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) measurements is much more challenging than characterizing light oil viscosities. Crude oils contain a wide range of hydrocarbons, resulting in broad [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] distributions that vary with the oil composition. Most often, a single geometric mean value [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] is correlated with the crude oil viscosity, which cannot accurately account for the inherent complexity of the oil constituent information. Furthermore, as the viscosity increases, some of the protons in the oil relax too quickly to be observable by logging or laboratory NMR instruments. This results in deficiencies of relaxation time and signal amplitude that give rise to apparent [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] distributions ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) and apparent hydrogen index ([Formula: see text]). Using [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] distributions in NMR viscosity models could produce erroneous heavy oil viscosity estimations. Several attempts have been made to overcome these challenges by taking into account [Formula: see text] at a fixed interecho time (TE), or a TE-dependent [Formula: see text]. We have developed a new radial-basis-function-based heavy oil viscosity model using the entire [Formula: see text] distribution, rather than [Formula: see text], with an option of including the NMR-derived [Formula: see text]. Because both of these quantities are TE dependent, it is desirable to include multiple TE data to develop the model. In addition, the principal component analysis (PCA) method was applied to extract major variations of features embedded in the [Formula: see text] distributions, while discarding distribution features that are derived from random noise. The coefficients of the RBFs were derived using laboratory NMR [Formula: see text] measurements at ambient and elevated temperatures between 23.5°C and 39.5°C and corresponding viscosity measurements on 50 oil samples. These oil samples were collected from different parts of a shallow viscous oil reservoir in Kuwait. It was observed that the use of this newly developed RBF method showed significant improvement in terms of the reliability of the viscosity prediction compared to some recently published heavy oil viscosity correlations.
Ruthenium-Based Complexes Bearing Quaternary Ammonium Tags as Versatile Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis: From the Discovery to Practical Applications (2020)

This personal account describes the development and fine-tuning of pH-neutral quaternary-ammonium-tagged ruthenium-based complexes, their use as versatile catalysts for olefin metathesis, and the application of that transformation in the synthesis of complex molecules.
Automatically Tagging Entities with Descriptive Phrases (2011)

We consider the problem of entity tagging: given one or more named entities from a specific domain, the goal is to automatically associate descriptive phrases, referred to as etags (entity tags), to each entity. Consider a product catalog containing product names and possibly short descriptions. For a product in the catalog, say Ricoh G600 Digital Camera, we want to associate etags such as “water resistant”, rugged” and “outdoor” to it, even though its name or description does not mention those phrases. Entity tagging can enable more effective search over entities. We propose to leverage signals in web documents to perform such tagging. We develop techniques to perform such tagging in a domain independent manner while ensuring high precision and high recall.