gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Nonlinear Optics (2017)

Since the early days of nonlinear optics in the 1960s, the field has expanded dramatically, and is now a vast and vibrant field with countless technological applications. Providing a gentle introduction to the principles of the subject, this textbook is ideal for graduate students starting their research in this exciting area. After basic ideas have been outlined, the book offers a thorough analysis of second harmonic generation and related second-order processes, before moving on to third-order effects, the nonlinear optics of short optical pulses and coherent effects such as electromagnetically-induced transparency. A simplified treatment of high harmonic generation is presented at the end. More advanced topics, such as the linear and nonlinear optics of crystals, the tensor nature of the nonlinear coefficients and their quantum mechanical representation, are confined to specialist chapters so that readers can focus on basic principles before tackling these more difficult aspects of the subject.
Galectin-3 modulates the EGFR signalling-mediated regulation of Sox2 expression via c-Myc in lung cancer (2015)

Galectin-3 is a ubiquitous lectin exerting multiple cellular functions such as RNA splicing, protein trafficking and apoptosis. Its expression is positively correlated with the poor prognosis in lung cancer patients. Galectin-3 can promote cancer progression through its effects on cell proliferation, cell survival or cancer metastasis. However, the role of galectin-3 in the regulation of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) is still unclear. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that galectin-3 might regulate lung CSCs via the EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway. In our study, galectin-3 facilitated EGFR activation and enhanced the sphere formation activity of lung cancer cells. Furthermore, galectin-3 promoted Sox2 expression in an EGFR activation-dependent manner; importantly, forced expression of Sox2 blunted the effect of galectin-3 knockdown on lung cancer sphere formation ability. These results suggest that galectin-3 promotes EGFR activation leading to the upregulation of Sox2 expression and lung CSCs properties. Moreover, we showed that the carbohydrate-binding activity of galectin-3 was important for the regulation of EGFR activation, Sox2 expression and sphere formation. We have recently reported that c-Myc is a transcriptional activator of Sox2. We further found that galectin-3 enhanced c-Myc protein stability leading to increased c-Myc binding to the Sox2 gene promoter. We also examined the effect of the stemness factors, Oct4, Nanog and Sox2 on the expression of galectin-3. We found that Oct4 enhanced galectin-3 expression. Our results together suggest that galectin-3 enhances lung cancer stemness through the EGFR/c-Myc/Sox2 axis; Oct4, in turn, promotes galectin-3 expression, forming a positive regulatory loop in lung CSCs.
Gene expression profiling in a renal cell carcinoma cell line: dissecting VHL and hypoxia-dependent pathways. (2003)

The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor, pVHL, is a key player in one of the best characterized hypoxia signaling pathways, the VHL-hypoxia-inducible factor (VHL-HIF) pathway. To better understand the role of VHL in the hypoxia signaling pathways of tumor cells, we used serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) to investigate hypoxia-regulated gene expression in renal carcinoma cells (786-0), with and without VHL. The gene expression profiles of the cancer cells were compared to SAGE profiles from normal renal proximal tubule cells grown under both normoxia and hypoxia. The data suggest that the role of VHL as a tumor suppressor may be more complex than previously thought. Further, the data reveal that renal carcinoma cells have evolved an alternative hypoxia signaling pathway(s) compared with normal renal cells. These alternative hypoxia pathways demonstrate VHL-dependent and VHL-independent regulation. The genes involved in such pathways include those with potential importance in the physiological and pathological regulation of tumor growth and angiogenesis. Some of the genes identified as showing overexpression in the cancer cells, particularly those encoding secreted or membrane-bound proteins, could be potential biomarkers for tumors or targets for rational therapeutics that are dependent on VHL status.
Automatic Suggestion for PubMed Query Reformulation (2012)

Query reformulation is an interactive process of revising user queries according to the query results. To assist biomedical researchers in this process, we present novel methods for automatically generating query reformulation suggestions. While previous work on query reformulation focused on addition of words to user queries, our method can deal with three types of query reformulation (i.e., addition, removal and replacement). The accuracy of the method for the addition type is ten times better than PubMed's "Also try", while the execution time is short enough for practical use.
[Expression and significance of C-kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFRbeta) in esophageal carcinoma]. (2006)

The strong expression rate of PDGFRbeta is significantly higher in tumor tissues than in para-tumor and normal tissues. The strong expression rate of C-kit in normal esophageal tissues is low, and it is lower in para-tumor and tumor tissues.
Antitumor effects of dopaminergic blockers in mice bearing Ehrlich tumors. (1991)

We determined the effect of 13 days of treatment with 2.0 mg/kg haloperidol, 30.0 mg/kg metoclopramide or 4.0 mg/kg domperidone on the number of tumor cells of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. The three dopaminergic blockers significantly reduced the number of tumor cells of experimental mice. The mean +/- SEM number of tumor cells x 10(6)/ml saline lavage was 25.5 +/- 5.9 for the haloperidol group, 36.8 +/- 4.7 for the metoclopramide group, 25.3 +/- 3.5 for the domperidone group and 54.0 +/- 9.0 for the control mice (treated with 0.9% NaCl). In a second experiment, treatment with 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg haloperidol showed that the antitumor effect of this drug was dose dependent. The possible mechanisms underlying these results (such as an increase in prolactin levels or a direct action of these drugs on lymphocytes) are discussed in light of the specific pharmacological properties of each dopaminergic blocker.
A terminology for talking about privacy by data minimization: Anonymity, Unlinkability, Undetectability, Unobservability, Pseudonymity, and Identity Management (2010)

Based on the nomenclature of the early papers in the field privacy by data minimization, we develop a terminology which is both expressive and precise. More particularly, we define anonymity, unlinkability, linkability, undetectability, unobservability, pseudonymity (pseudonyms and digital pseudonyms, and their attributes), identifiability, identity, partial identity, digital identity and identity management. In addition, we describe the relationships between these terms, give a rationale why we define them as we do, and sketch the main mechanisms to provide for the properties defined.
<title>True motion vectors for robust video transmission</title> (1998)

In this paper, we make use of true motion vectors for better error concealment. Error concealment in video is intended to recover the loss due to channel noise by utilizing available picture information. In our work, we do not change the syntax and thus no additional bits are required. This work focuses on improving the error concealment with transmitted true motion vectors. That is, we propose a 'true' motion estimation at the encoder while using a post-processing error concealment scheme that exploits motion interpolation at the decoder. Given the location of the lost regions and various temporal error concealment techniques, we demonstrate that our true motion vectors perform better than the motion vectors found by minimal-residue block-matching. Additionally, we propose a new error concealment technique that improves reconstruction quality when the previous frame has been heavily damaged. It has been observed that in the case of a heavily damaged frame, better predictions can be made from the past reference frame, rather than the current reference frame which is damaged. This is accomplished by extrapolating the decoded motion vectors so that they correspond to the past reference frame.
Einleitung (1983)

In der Literatur1–4 wurde das Chrom(III)oxid zuerst in die Gruppe der durch Metallunterschuß defektelektronenleitenden Oxide eingeordnet. K. HAUFFE und J. BLOCK5, die die elektrische Leitfähigkeit des Chrom(III)oxids bis 1200°C untersuchten, konnten jedoch die von der WAGNER-SCHOTTKY’schen Fehlordnungstheorie geforderte Sauerstoffdruckabhängigkeit der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit experimentell nicht beobachten. In einer privaten Mitteilung wies C. WAGNER6 darauf hin, daß sich die experimentell gewonnenen Ergebnisse erklären lassen, wenn man das Chrom(III)oxid als Eigenhalbleiter auffaßt.
Unsupervised Speaker Adaptation based on the Cosine Similarity for Text-Independent Speaker Verification. (2010)

This paper proposes a new approach to unsupervised speaker adaptation inspired by the recent success of the factor analysisbased Total Variability Approach to text-independent speaker verification [1]. This approach effectively represents speaker variability in terms of low-dimensional total factor vectors and, when paired alongside the simplicity of cosine similarity scoring, allows for easy manipulation and efficient computation [2]. The development of our adaptation algorithm is motivated by the desire to have a robust method of setting an adaptation threshold, to minimize the amount of required computation for each adaptation update, and to simplify the associated score normalization procedures where possible. To address the final issue, we propose the Symmetric Normalization (S-norm) method, which takes advantage of the symmetry in cosine similarity scoring and achieves competitive performance to that of the ZT-norm while requiring fewer parameter calculations. In our subsequent experiments, we also assess an attempt to completely replace the use of score normalization procedures with a Normalized Cosine Similarity scoring function [3]. We evaluated the performance of our unsupervised speaker adaptation algorithm under various score normalization procedures on the 10sec-10sec and core conditions of the 2008 NIST SRE dataset. Using no-adaptation results as our baseline, it was found that the proposed methods are consistent in successfully improving speaker verification performance to achieve state-ofthe-art results. 1.
Target Reprogramming Lysosomes of CD8+ T Cells by a Mineralized Metal–Organic Framework for Cancer Immunotherapy (2021)

T cell immunotherapy holds significant challenges in solid tumors, mainly due to the T cells' low activation and the decreased synthesis-release of therapeutic proteins, including perforin and granzyme B, which are present in lysosomes. In this study, a lysosome-targeting nanoparticle (LYS-NP) is developed by way of a mineralized metal-organic framework (MOF) coupled with a lysosome-targeting aptamer (CD63-aptamer) to enhance the antitumor effect of T cells. The MOF synthesized from Zn<sup>2+</sup> and dimethylimidazole has good protein encapsulation and acid sensitivity, and is thus an ideal lysosomal delivery vector. Calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub> ) is used to induce MOF mineralization, improve the composite material's stability in encapsulating therapeutic protein, and provide calcium ions with synergistic effects. Before mineralization, perforin and granzyme B-T cell-needed therapeutic proteins for tumors-are preloaded with the MOF. Moreover, T cells are pretreated with processed tumor-specific antigens to activate or produce memory before reprogramming the lysosomes, facilitating the T cell receptor (TCR) for release of the therapeutic proteins. Using T cells recombined by LYS-NPs, a significant enhancement of breast cancer control is confirmed.
Calcium regulation of ciliary activity in rabbit tracheal epithelial explants and outgrowth. (1986)

Ciliated epithelial cells from rabbit trachea were employed to examine the role of Ca2+ in the regulation of ciliary motility. Tracheal explants and outgrowths were maintained in culture, and ciliary frequency was determined using a photomultiplier interfaced with a spectrum analyzer capable of Fast Fourier transform analysis. Relative cellular Ca2+ levels were determined by measuring 45Ca2+ uptake and efflux. Elevated cellular Ca2+, from exposure to 10(-5) M calcium ionophore A23187, led to an increase in ciliary frequency followed by inhibition of motility after prolonged treatment. A decrease in ciliary frequency was observed upon lowering intracellular Ca2+ by exposing the epithelium to 1 mM EGTA. Exposure of ciliated cells to 10(-4) M trifluoperazine resulted in inhibition of ciliary motility, a result suggesting a possible role for calmodulin- or phospholipid-sensitive Ca2+-dependent protein kinases in ciliary function. These results support the hypothesis that intracellular Ca2+ is actively involved in modulating the frequency of ciliary beat.
Distributed discrimination of strain and temperature based on Brillouin dynamic grating in an optical fiber (2013)

This paper reviews distributed discrimination of strain and temperature by use of an optical fiber based on fiber optic nerve systems. The preliminary method based on multiple resonance peaks of the Brillouin gain spectrum in a specially-designed fiber is firstly introduced. The complete discrimination of strain and temperature based on the Brillouin dynamic grating in a polarization maintaining fiber is extensively presented. The basic principle and two experimental schemes of distributed discrimination based on fiber optic nerve systems are demonstrated. The performance of the high discriminative accuracy (0.1 °C–0.3°C and 5 μɛ–12μɛ) and high spatial resolution (∼10 cm) with the effective measurement points of about 50 for a standard system configuration or about 1000 for a modified one will be highly expected in real industry applications.
Tissue Engineering Auricular Cartilage Using Late Passage Human Auricular Chondrocytes (2018)

These data indicate that late passage HAuCs (up to passage 5) form elastic cartilage that is histologically, biochemically, and biomechanically similar to native human elastic cartilage and have the potential to be used for auricular cartilage engineering.
Learning lessons from disaster recovery : the case of Bangladesh (2005)

This report summarizes the findings of a country case study on Bangladesh, which is part of a ProVention Consortium initiative aimed at learning lessons from recovery efforts following major natural disasters. The ProVention Consortium is an international network of public, private, non-governmental, and academic organizations, dedicated in reducing the impacts of disasters in developing countries. The activity was managed by the Bank, and benefited from the guidance and conceptual inputs of a number of ProVention partners. Bangladesh was selected as a case study, given it is representative of a predominantly agricultural developing country, with high levels of rural poverty; in addition, it is extremely susceptible to natural hazards, especially floods. A particular focus of this study has been on the recovery of poorer households, as these households are usually most in need of external support following major natural disasters. This report focuses on lessons from the recovery period following the 1998 floods. Bangladesh is a country highly vulnerable to a number of hazards, including cyclones, droughts, flooding and earthquakes. Furthermore, the report also highlights the severe flooding experienced during the 2004 monsoon season, and the December 26, 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean that also affected Bangladesh's coastline. As indicated in this study, the impacts of these events suggest that several factors continue to contribute to the country's vulnerability to disasters, including rapid urbanization, population growth, inadequate maintenance of infrastructure systems, and poor environmental management. Main lessons learned from this study address policy and planning, and best ways to supporting livelihoods. Greater attention needs to be paid to the effect of recovery efforts on different groups among the poor, including female-headed households. Some of the areas that need greater attention are: the effects of food imports and agricultural credit on agricultural labor wage rates; the impact of infrastructure interventions on livelihoods; and the impact on gender inequality.
Ka-band electronically scanned artificial impedance surface antenna (2016)

An electronically scanned artificial impedance surface antenna (AISA) operating in the Ka-band was developed and measured. The AISA operates between 27-34 GHz and can scan electronically up to +/- 60 degrees in one dimension. A novel impedance surface unit cell using PIN diodes is designed in order to minimize losses of the surface-wave mode. The reduced losses allow the antenna to operate at much higher frequencies as compared to previous AISAs. The antenna uses a binary modulation based on the two states of the PIN diodes. The measured aperture efficiency is 30% at 30 GHz.
Boiling heat transfer from mechanically fabricated porous tubes at atmospheric and superatmospheric pressures (1999)

Experiments on pool boiling heat transfer from a circumference-interrupted T-finned (CIT) tube and a Thermoexcel-E tube are conducted at system pressures ranging from 1 to 6 bars, with ethyl alcohol and R-113 as the working media. The strong effects of system pressure on the excellent boiling heat transfer performance of the two enhanced boiling tubes are presented. Based on the analyses of boiling vapor-liquid two-phase flow and heat transfer within the microchannels of the two mechanically fabricated porous layers, and by synthesizing experimental data, semiempirical correlations are established for predicting the boiling heat transfer performance of CIT and Thermoexcel-E tubes separately at atmospheric and superatmospheric pressures.© 1999 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 28(8): 640-648, 1999
PD-1 and PD-L1: architects of immune symphony and immunotherapy breakthroughs in cancer treatment (2023)

PD-1 (Programmed Cell Death Protein-1) and PD-L1 (Programmed Cell Death Ligand-1) play a crucial role in regulating the immune system and preventing autoimmunity. Cancer cells can manipulate this system, allowing them to escape immune detection and promote tumor growth. Therapies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway have transformed cancer treatment and have demonstrated significant effectiveness against various cancer types. This study delves into the structure and signaling dynamics of PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1/PD-L2, the diverse PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and their efficacy, and the resistance observed in some patients. Furthermore, this study explored the challenges associated with the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor treatment approach. Recent advancements in the combination of immunotherapy with chemotherapy, radiation, and surgical procedures to enhance patient outcomes have also been highlighted. Overall, this study offers an in-depth overview of the significance of PD-1/PD-L1 in cancer immunotherapy and its future implications in oncology.
Homeostasis of plasma membrane viscosity in fluctuating temperatures (2011)

Temperature has a direct effect at the cellular level on an organism. For instance, in the case of biomembranes, cooling causes lipids to lose entropy and pack closely together. Reducing temperature should, in the absence of other factors, increase the viscosity of a lipid membrane. We have investigated the effect of temperature variation on plasma membrane (PM) viscosity. We used dispersion tracking of photoactivated green fluorescent protein (GFP) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching in wild-type and desaturase mutant Arabidopsis thaliana plants along with membrane lipid saturation analysis to monitor the effect of temperature and membrane lipid composition on PM viscosity. Plasma membrane viscosity in A. thaliana is negatively correlated with ambient temperature only under constant-temperature conditions. In the more natural environment of temperature cycles, plants actively manage PM viscosity to counteract the direct effects of temperature. Plasma membrane viscosity is regulated by altering the proportion of desaturated fatty acids. In cold conditions, cell membranes accumulate desaturated fatty acids, which decreases membrane viscosity and vice versa. Moreover, we show that control of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2)-dependent lipid desaturation is essential for this homeostasis of membrane viscosity. Finally, a lack of FAD2 function results in aberrant temperature responses.
NMR-based screening: a powerful tool in fragment-based drug discovery (2007)

A graphical abstract is available for this content
Sodium Butyrate‐Mediated Sp3 Acetylation Represses Human Insulin‐Like Growth Factor Binding Protein‐3 Expression in Intestinal Epithelial Cells (2006)

This study demonstrates that butyrate increases the acetylation of a nonhistone protein, Sp3, catalyzed by p300 acetyltransferase activity.
<title>Self-aligned laser-fiber coupling using tin/gold (20/80) solder on micro-optical silicon benches</title> (2000)

The efficiency of laserdiode-monomode fiber coupling is one of the essential assignments for interactive optical telecommunications. In this paper, we present our investigations and results of the development of such couplers, especially of a soldering process for hybridly joining a laser on a silicon microoptical bench by self adjustment. To achieve the necessary adjustment tolerances of better than 0.5 micrometers , the influence of the solder height for the self-alignment process is simulated with respect to the lowest allowable solder thickness, which still generates the necessary alignment forces. Because of the excellent properties at their coupling facet U-grooves were fabricated to mount the fiber by deep and high precision anisotropic reactive ion etching of silicon using SF<SUB>6</SUB>/CBrF<SUB>3</SUB> gas- mixtures. The solder was deposited in buried structures by electroplating gold and tin at the eutectic ratio to allow optimum adjustment in vertical and lateral dimensions. Furthermore, the results of a fluxless soldering process in a UV-light activated forming gas atmosphere is presented and compared to the simulations. The measurement of the coupling efficiency to fibers will also be illustrated. The design of the microoptical bench allows to extend the system by incorporating e.g. a faraday rotator or other optoelectronic integrated circuits, like transceivers.