gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of CWM Producing Method by Dry Type Pulverizer and Application for Low Rank Coal (1999)

Coal water mixture (CWM) is a useful technology as a coal fluidification method. Usually, the wet type ball mill is applied as the CWM producing method. However, there is a problem in that the electric power consumption of wet type ball mill is high and the consumption of expensive surface-active agent is also high. To lower the energy consumption and production cost of CWM, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) is trying to develop the CWM production method using the dry type pulverizer. In this report, to improve the fluidity of CWM, the production method of fine coal particles, which cause Brownian movement is investigated, and the protective colloid injection method is developed to reduce the CWM production cost. The protective colloid injection method can reduce the injection ratio of the surface-active agent by about 30% ∼ 50%. These technologies are developed for bituminous coal, and are also possible to apply for low rank coal like sub-bituminous coal and lignite.
Measurement and analysis of internal loss and injection efficiency for continuous-wave blue semipolar (202¯1¯) III-nitride laser diodes with chemically assisted ion beam etched facets (2016)

Continuous-wave blue semipolar (202¯1¯) III-nitride laser diodes were fabricated with highly vertical, smooth, and uniform mirror facets produced by chemically assisted ion beam etching. Uniform mirror facets are a requirement for accurate experimental determination of internal laser parameters, including internal loss and injection efficiency, which were determined to be 9 cm−1 and 73%, respectively, using the cavity length dependent method. The cavity length of the uncoated devices was varied from 900 μm to 1800 μm, with threshold current densities ranging from 3 kA/cm2 to 9 kA/cm2 and threshold voltages ranging from 5.5 V to 7 V. The experimentally determined internal loss was found to be in good agreement with a calculated value of 9.5 cm−1 using a 1D mode solver. The loss in each layer was calculated and in light of the analysis several modifications to the laser design are proposed.
An Implementation of Gaze Direction Recognition System using Difference Image Entropy (2009)

본 논문에서는 차영상 엔트로피 기반의 시선 인식 시스템을 제안한다. 차영상 엔트로피는 현재 입력된 영상과 참조 영상 또는 시선의 위치별 평균 영상들로부터 차영상을 획득하고, -255부터 +255까지의 히스토그램 빈도수를 이용하여 계산한다. 차영상 엔트로피 기반의 시선 인식방법은 2가지 방법이다. 1) 첫 번째 방법은 현재 입력된 영상과 시선 위치별 45개의 평균 영상들과의 차영상 엔트로피를 계산하여 현재 응시하고 있는 방향을 인식하고, 2) 두 번째 방법은 현재 입력된 영상과 45개의 참조 영상들과의 차영상 엔트로피를 계산하여 현재의 응시 방향을 인식한다. 참조 영상은 네 방향의 영상을 입력받아 시선 위치별 45개의 평균 영상을 이용하여 생성한다. 제안한 시스템의 성능을 평가하기 위해 PCA 기반의 시선 인식 시스템과 비교 실험을 하였고, 인식 방향은 좌상, 우상, 좌하, 우하 네 방향으로 하였으며, 45개의 참조 영상 또는 평균영상에 대하여 인식 영역을 변경하여 실험하였다. 실험 결과 차영상 엔트로피는 97.00%, PCA는 95.50%의 인식률을 보여 차영상 엔트로피 기반의 시스템이 PCA 기반의 시스템보다 1.50% 더 높은 인식률을 나타내었다. In this paper, we propose a Difference Image Entropy based gaze direction recognition system. The Difference Image Entropy is computed by histogram levels using the acquired difference image of current image and reference images or average images that have peak positions from <TEX>$-255{\sim}+255$</TEX> to prevent information omission. There are two methods about the Difference Image Entropy based gaze direction. 1) The first method is to compute the Difference Image Entropy between an input image and average images of 45 images in each location of gaze, and to recognize the directions of user's gaze. 2) The second method is to compute the Difference Image Entropy between an input image and each 45 reference images, and to recognize the directions of user's gaze. The reference image is created by average image of 45 images in each location of gaze after receiving images of 4 directions. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed system, we conduct comparison experiment with PCA based gaze direction system. The directions of recognition left-top, right-top, left-bottom, right-bottom, and we make an experiment on that, as changing the part of recognition about 45 reference images or average image. The experimental result shows that the recognition rate of Difference Image Entropy is 97.00% and PCA is 95.50%, so the recognition rate of Difference Image Entropy based system is 1.50% higher than PCA based system.
A polymorphism in the MTHFD1 gene increases a mother’s risk of having an unexplained second trimester pregnancy loss (2005)

Low maternal folate or vitamin B12 status has been implicated in numerous pregnancy complications including spontaneous abortion. The primary aim of this study was to test a polymorphism within the trifunctional folate enzyme MTHFD1 (5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase) for an association with a mother's risk of having an unexplained second trimester pregnancy loss. We genotyped 125 women who had at least one unexplained spontaneous abortion or intrauterine fetal death between 13 and 26 weeks gestation and 625 control women with no history of prior pregnancy loss. Our study is the first to identify an association between the MTHFD1 1958G-->A (R653Q) polymorphism and the maternal risk of having an unexplained second trimester pregnancy loss. Women who are MTHFD1 1958AA homozygous have a 1.64-fold increased risk of having an unexplained second trimester loss compared to women who are MTHFD1 1958AG or 1958GG [OR 1.64 (1.05-2.57), P = 0.03]. It has been reported that polymorphisms in 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), 677C-->T (A222V), transcobalamin II (TCII), 776C-->G (P259R), are associated with pregnancy loss. Both variants were tested in this study. Neither showed evidence of significantly affecting the maternal risk of having a second trimester pregnancy loss. In conclusion, the MTHFD1 1958AA genotype may be an important maternal risk factor to consider during pregnancy.
Omni-directional reflectors for light-emitting diodes (2006)

This article discusses possible solutions to limitations in light extraction efficiency of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) using new types of triple-layer omni-directional reflectors (ODRs). The ODRs have lower mirror losses than metal reflectors and distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). High-reflectivity ODRs have been incorporated into AlGaInP LEDs and GaInN LEDs. It is shown that the ODR significantly increases light extraction from ODR-LEDs as compared to reference LEDs employing a DBR or metal reflector. Other examples of innovative concepts to be presented include novel materials with unprecedented low-refractive index, which further enhance the optical properties of ODRs.
Controlling secondary breakdown of bipolar power transistors (1981)

An active ballasting technique used to fabricate an oxide passivated power transistor with f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</inf> of 50MHz and capable of continuously dissipating 250W with collector voltages above 200V will be reported. Saturation voltage at 10A is under 1V.
A pulsed detonation based multimode engine concept (2001)

Abstract A novel multi-mode implementation of pulseddetonation engines is investigated in this paper. Thevarious modes in this proposed concept are (asillustrated in Fig. [1]):(1) An ejector augmented pulse detonation rocket fortake off to moderate supersonic Mach numbers(2) A pulsed normal detonation wave mode atcombustion chamber Mach numbers less than theChapman-Jouguet Mach number,(3) An oblique detonation wave mode of operation forMach numbers in the airbreathing regime that arehigher than the Chapman-Jouguet Mach number,and(4) A pure Pulsed Detonation Rocket (PDR) mode ofoperation at high altitude.These various modes utilize a single flow path, inwhich an array of detonation tubes is placed. Frompresent considerations, 10 tubes will be placed acrossthe width of the engine, which fire sequentially in sucha manner as to make the maximum use of the incomingair mass and provide the smoothest possible operationof the device. These tubes could alternately be arrangedas load bearing struts that are embedded with rocketchambers. The advantage of such a mode is that a largerexhaust area is available for these tubes when operatingin the rocket mode and mixing properties are enhancedin the other modes when these tubes are used for fuelinjection alone.
Development of a double fiber probe with a single fiber Bragg grating for dimensional measurement of microholes with high aspect ratios (2014)

A fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based probe is developed by designing a novel double fiber structure to make the probe sensitive to both axial and radial contact displacements. A matched FBG pair interrogation system for the probe is modeled, and the best matched initial condition is found to make the probing system work in the linear and most sensitive mode. Actual measurements of ring gauges and fuel injection nozzles indicate that, for a microhole with an aspect ratio of greater than 14∶1, an axial resolution of 8 nm and a radial resolution of 30 nm can be achieved with the developed probe. It is therefore concluded that the double fiber probe with a single FBG developed can be used to measure high aspect ratio microholes.
A Pilot Controlled Trial of Transdermal Nicotine in the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (2002)

While the results of this study support previous research indicating that nicotinic receptor modulation may be a potentially useful strategy for the treatment of ADHD, therapeutic uses of nicotine are limited due to side effects. Thus, future research should investigate ways of improving the therapeutic index of nicotinic ligands in the treatment of ADHD, such as testing selective nicotinic antagonists alone or in combination with cholinergic agonists.
In-Memory Caching for Enhancing Subgraph Accessibility (2020)

Graphs have been utilized in various fields because of the development of social media and mobile devices. Various studies have also been conducted on caching techniques to reduce input and output costs when processing a large amount of graph data. In this paper, we propose a two-level caching scheme that considers the past usage pattern of subgraphs and graph connectivity, which are features of graph topology. The proposed caching is divided into a used cache and a prefetched cache to manage previously used subgraphs and subgraphs that will be used in the future. When the memory is full, a strategy that replaces a subgraph inside the memory with a new subgraph is needed. Subgraphs in the used cache are managed by a time-to-live (TTL) value, and subgraphs with a low TTL value are targeted for replacement. Subgraphs in the prefetched cache are managed by the queue structure. Thus, first-in subgraphs are targeted for replacement as a priority. When a cache hit occurs in the prefetched cache, the subgraphs are migrated and managed in the used cache. As a result of the performance evaluation, the proposed scheme takes into account subgraph usage patterns and graph connectivity, thus improving cache hit rates and data access speeds compared to conventional techniques. The proposed scheme can quickly process and analyze large graph queries in a computing environment with small memory. The proposed scheme can be used to speed up in-memory-based processing in applications where relationships between objects are complex, such as the Internet of Things and social networks.
Scenario driven data modelling: a method for integrating diverse sources of data and data streams (2011)

We provided an example where SDDM was applied to a complex data integration challenge. The process created a model of the emerging NDM-1 health threat, identified and filled gaps in that model, and constructed reliable software that monitored data streams based on the scenario derived multi-relational directed graph. The SDDM process significantly reduced the software requirements phase by letting the scenario and resulting multi-relational directed graph define what is possible and then set the scope of the user requirements. Approaches like SDDM will be critical to the future of data intensive, data-driven science because they automate the process of converting massive data streams into usable knowledge.
Low distortion laser welding of cylindrical components (2010)

Automotive components are for the most part cylindrical and thus the weld seams are of radial shape. Radial weld seams are usually produced by starting at a point on the component's surface rotating the component resulting in an overlap zone at the start/end of the weld. In this research, it is shown that the component's distortion strongly depends on the overlap of weld start and end. A correlation between overlap zone and distortion is verified by an experimental study. In order to reduce distortion generated by the overlap zone a special optics is used which allows shaping the laser beam into a ring shape which is then focused on the cylindrical surface and produces a radial ring weld seam simultaneously by one laser pulse. In doing this, the overlap zone is eliminated and distortion can be reduced. Radial weld seams are applied on precision samples and distortion is measured after welding. The distortion of the precision samples is measured by a tactile measuring method and a comparison of the results of welding with the ring optics to reference welds is done.
Numerical simulation of sonic boom focusing and its application to mission performance (2017)

This paper describes the effort undertaken to include numerical boom focusing on a lossy Burgers equation based sonic boom propagation tool called sBOOM. Traditional ray acoustics may break down during acceleration or other aircraft maneuvers that cause the ray tube area to approach zero. The paper describes a way to numerically predict focused sonic boom signatures using both Gill-Seebass similitude and the solution to the non-linear Tricomi equation that models the physics of boom focusing. The paper would then use this capability to determine focusing and non-focusing climb trajectories and their impact on mission performance.
In Vitro Pharmacological Profile of a New Small Molecule Bradykinin B2 Receptor Antagonist (2020)

We here report the discovery and early characterization of Compound 3, a representative of a novel class of small molecule bradykinin (BK) B<sub>2</sub> receptor antagonists, and its superior profile to the prior art B<sub>2</sub> receptor antagonists Compound 1 and Compound 2. Compound 3, Compound 2, and Compound 1 are highly potent antagonists of the human recombinant B<sub>2</sub> receptor (K<sub>b</sub> values 0.24, 0.95, and 1.24 nM, respectively, calcium mobilization assay). Compound 3 is more potent than the prior art compounds and icatibant in this assay (K<sub>b</sub> icatibant 2.81 nM). The compounds also potently inhibit BK-induced contraction of endogenous B<sub>2</sub> receptors in a human isolated umbilical vein bioassay. The potencies of Compound 3, Compound 2, Compound 1, and icatibant are (pA<sub>2</sub> values) 9.67, 9.02, 8.58, and 8.06 (i.e. 0.21, 0.95, 2.63, and 8.71 nM), respectively. Compound 3 and Compound 2 were further characterized. They inhibit BK-induced c-Fos signaling and internalization of recombinant human B<sub>2</sub> receptors in HEK293 cells, and do not antagonize the venous effects mediated by other G protein-coupled receptors in the umbilical vein model, including the bradykinin B<sub>1</sub> receptor. Antagonist potency of Compound 3 at cloned cynomolgus monkey, dog, rat, and mouse B<sub>2</sub> receptors revealed species selectivity, with a high antagonist potency for human and monkey B<sub>2</sub> receptors, but several hundred-fold lower potency for the other B<sub>2</sub> receptors. The <i>in vitro</i> off-target profile of Compound 3 demonstrates a high degree of selectivity over a wide range of molecular targets, including the bradykinin B<sub>1</sub> receptor. Compound 3 showed a lower intrinsic clearance in the microsomal stability assay than the prior art compounds. With an efflux ratio of 1.0 in the Caco-2 permeability assay Compound 3 is predicted to be not a substrate of efflux pumps. In conclusion, we discovered a novel chemical class of highly selective and very potent B<sub>2</sub> receptor antagonists, as exemplified by Compound 3. The compound showed excellent absorption in the Caco-2 assay, predictive of good oral bioavailability, and favourable metabolic stability in liver microsomes. Compound 3 has provided a significant stepping stone towards the discovery of the orally bioavailable B<sub>2</sub> antagonist PHA-022121, currently in phase 1 clinical development.
Correlation between the Critical-current Anisotropy and Microstructure of ex-situ Processed MgB2 Tapes Using Carbon-substitution Treatment (2014)

Abstract Correlation between the critical current anisotropy and the textured microstructure of the ex-situ processed MgB 2 tapes with the Fe sheath was studied to obtain basic data related to the commercial application of the ex-situ processed MgB 2 . E x situ processed MgB 2 tapes were fabricated using newly developed technique to substitute carbon for boron in the MgB 2 compound through the ex situ route. These MgB 2-x C x tapes showed comparable critical current anisotropy to that of pure MgB 2 tapes, but in higher magnetic fields because of their higher irreversible critical field than the pure MgB 2 tapes. The x-ray pole figure data show that the tape core texturing of the MgB 2-x C x tapes was moderate, but it was a slightly higher degree than that of the pure MgB 2 tapes. This result was consistent with results of the critical current anisotropy.
Scalable Methods for the Construction and Analysis of Virtual Combinatorial Libraries (2002)

One can distinguish between two kinds of virtual combinatorial libraries: viable and accessible . Viable libraries are relatively small in size, are assembled from readily available reagents that have been filtered by the medicinal chemist, and often have a physical counterpart. Conversely, accessible libraries can encompass millions or billions of structures, typically include all possible reagents that are in principle compatible with a particular reaction scheme, and they can never be physically synthesized in their entirety. Although the analysis of viable virtual libraries is relatively straightforward, the handling of large accessible libraries requires methods that scale well with respect to library size. In this work, we present novel, efficient and scalable techniques for the construction, analysis, and in silico screening of massive virtual combinatorial libraries.
Construction and Characterization of Bivalent <i>Shigella flexneri</i> 2a Vaccine Strains SC608(pCFAI) and SC608(pCFAI/LTB) That Express Antigens from Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2004)

An invasive strain of Shigella flexneri 2a (SC608) has been developed as a vector for the expression and delivery of heterologous antigens. SC608 is an aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd) derivative of SC602 (icsA iuc), a well-characterized live attenuated vaccine strain which has undergone several clinical trials in human volunteers. When administered orally at a single 10(4) (CFU) dose, SC602 is both immunogenic and efficacious against shigellosis. Using asd-based plasmid vectors, we designed SC608 to express the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) fimbrial subunit CfaB (CFA/I structural subunit) alone or in combination with the E. coli B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin (LTB). The expression of each heterologous protein in SC608 was verified by immunoblot analysis. Each strain was comparable to the parent strain, SC602, in a HeLa cell invasion assay. After intranasal immunizations of guinea pigs, serum and mucosal immune responses were detected against both Shigella lipopolysaccharide and heterologous ETEC antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and ELISPOT analysis. All immunized animals were subsequently protected against a challenge with wild-type S. flexneri 2a in a keratoconjunctivitis Sereny test. Serum antibodies generated against LTB and CfaB demonstrated antitoxin and agglutination activities, respectively. These results suggest that CfaB and LTB expressed in SC608 retain important conformational epitopes that are required for the generation of antibodies that have functional activities. These initial experiments demonstrate that a fully invasive Shigella vaccine strain can be engineered to deliver antigens from other diarrheal pathogens.
Three-dimensional Lithographic Microfabrication Based on Multiphoton-induced Wide Field Illumination (2008)

3D multiphoton laser writing microfabrication has good resolution but has relatively low throughput. We suggest 3D multiphoton-induced wide field illumination lithography, and it can be a viable high throughput system for patterning tissue engineering substrates.
High-Performance Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicle Charging with Enhanced Coupling Plate Design (2018)

This paper presents a capacitive wireless power transfer system for electric vehicle charging that achieves high efficiency and record-breaking power transfer density. This high performance is enabled by multi-MHz operation, innovatively designed matching networks, and enhancements in the design of the capacitive coupling plates. The enhanced coupling plate design includes the use of circular plates enveloped in a high-breakdown-strength dielectric material. This prevents arcing and allows kilowatt-scale power transfer across large air-gaps. Multiple 6.78-MHz 12-cm air-gap prototype capacitive WPT systems are built and tested to systematically validate these coupling plate design enhancements. The first system utilizes 150-cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> coupling plates constructed from square-shaped bare copper sheets, and is only able to transfer 146 W at an efficiency of 84% before arcing occurs between a coupling plate and the vehicle chassis. The coupling plates are then enveloped in a thin layer of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), enabling 590 W of power transfer at an efficiency of 88.4% before arcing intervenes again. The coupling plate design is then further enhanced by replacing the 150-cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> square plates with circular plates of the same area, also enveloped in a layer of PTFE. This system achieves a power transfer of 1125 W at an efficiency of 85%, corresponding to a power transfer density of 37.5 kW/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Finally, a prototype system with 118-cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> PTFE-enveloped circular coupling plates is shown to transfer 1217 W at an efficiency of 74.7%; hence, achieving a power transfer density of 51.6 kW/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , which exceeds the state-of-the-art for large air-gap capacitive WPT systems by more than a factor of two.