gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fetuin-B, a second member of the fetuin family in mammals (2000)

A set of orthologous plasma proteins found in human, sheep, pig, cow and rodents, now collectively designated fetuin-A, constitutes the fetuin family. Fetuin-A has been identified as a major protein during fetal life and is also involved in important functions such as inhibition of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity, protease inhibitory activities and development-associated regulation of calcium metabolism and osteogenesis. Furthermore, fetuin-A is a key partner in the recovery phase of an acute inflammatory response. We now describe a second protein of the fetuin family, called fetuin-B, which is found at least in human and rodents. On grounds of domain homology, overall conservation of cysteine residues and chromosomal assignments of the corresponding genes in these species, fetuin-B is unambiguously a paralogue of fetuin-A. Yet, fetuin-A and fetuin-B exhibit significant differences at the amino acid sequence level, notably including variations with respect to the archetypal fetuin-specific signature. Differences and similarities in terms of gene regulation were also observed. Indeed, studies performed during development in rat and mouse showed for the first time high expression of a member of the fetuin family in adulthood, as shown with the fetuin-B mRNA in rat. However, like its fetuin-A counterpart, the fetuin-B mRNA level is down-regulated during the acute phase of experimentally induced inflammation in rat.
A 66pW discontinuous switch-capacitor energy harvester for self-sustaining sensor applications (2016)

We present a discontinuous harvesting approach for switch capacitor DC-DC converters that enables ultra-low power energy harvesting. By slowly accumulating charge on an input capacitor and then transferring it to a battery in burst-mode, switching and leakage losses in the DC-DC converter can be optimally traded-off with the loss due to non-ideal MPPT operation. The harvester uses a 15pW mode controller, an automatic conversion ratio modulator, and a moving sum charge pump for low startup energy upon a mode switch. In 180nm CMOS, the harvester achieves >40% end-to-end efficiency from 113pW to 1.5μW with 66pW minimum input power, marking a >10× improvement over prior ultra-low power harvesters.
Long-Term Effects of the Oral Adsorbent, AST-120, in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure (2009)

The oral adsorbent AST-120 has been widely used in Japan to delay the initiation of dialysis therapy in patients with chronic renal failure. This study evaluated the long-term effects of AST-120 in patients with chronic renal failure who had not previously undergone dialysis. One hundred out-patients were prospectively enrolled and prescribed 6 g/day oral AST-120 for >or= 1 year. The clinical effectiveness of AST-120 was evaluated by comparing changes in the slope of the reciprocal serum creatinine-time plot (1/sCr slope) before and after AST-120 administration. The 1/sCr slope improved significantly after >or= 1 year of AST-120 treatment and greatest improvement was observed in patients with the longest AST-120 administration period (> 30 months). The results suggest that long-term treatment with AST-120 may be beneficial for chronic renal failure patients in the pre-dialysis stage.
Varespladib (LY315920) and Methyl Varespladib (LY333013) Abrogate or Delay Lethality Induced by Presynaptically Acting Neurotoxic Snake Venoms (2020)

The phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> (PLA<sub>2</sub>) inhibitor Varespladib (LY315920) and its orally bioavailable prodrug, methyl-Varespladib (LY333013) inhibit PLA<sub>2</sub> activity of a wide variety of snake venoms. In this study, the ability of these two forms of Varespladib to halt or delay lethality of potent neurotoxic snake venoms was tested in a mouse model. The venoms of <i>Notechis scutatus</i>, <i>Crotalus durissus terrificus</i>, <i>Bungarus multicinctus,</i> and <i>Oxyuranus scutellatus</i>, all of which have potent presynaptically acting neurotoxic PLA<sub>2</sub>s of variable quaternary structure, were used to evaluate simple dosing regimens. A supralethal dose of each venom was injected subcutaneously in mice, followed by the bolus intravenous (LY315920) or oral (LY333013) administration of the inhibitors, immediately and at various time intervals after envenoming. Control mice receiving venom alone died within 3 h of envenoming. Mice injected with <i>O. scutellatus</i> venom and treated with LY315920 or LY333013 survived the 24 h observation period, whereas those receiving <i>C. d. terrificus</i> and <i>B. multicinctus</i> venoms survived at 3 h or 6 h with a single dose of either form of Varespladib, but not at 24 h. In contrast, mice receiving <i>N. scutatus</i> venom and then the inhibitors died within 3 h, similarly to the control animals injected with venom alone. LY315920 was able to reverse the severe paralytic manifestations in mice injected with venoms of <i>O. scutellatus, B. multicinctus,</i> and <i>C. d. terrificus.</i> Overall, results suggest that the two forms of Varespladib are effective in abrogating, or delaying, neurotoxic manifestations induced by some venoms whose neurotoxicity is mainly dependent on presynaptically acting PLA<sub>2</sub>s. LY315920 is able to reverse paralytic manifestations in severely envenomed mice, but further work is needed to understand the significance of species-specific differences in animal models as they compare to clinical syndromes in human and for potential use in veterinary medicine.
The Chylomicron: Relationship to Atherosclerosis (2011)

The B-containing lipoproteins are the transporters of cholesterol, and the evidence suggests that the apo B48-containing postprandial chylomicron particles and the triglyceride-rich very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles play an important part in the development of the plaque both directly and indirectly by their impact on LDL composition. The ratio of dietary to synthesised cholesterol is variable but tightly regulated: hence intervention with diet at best reduces serum cholesterol by <20% andusually <10%. Statins are the mainstay of cholesterol reduction therapy, but they increase cholesterol absorption, an example of the relationship between synthesis and absorption. Inhibition of cholesterol absorption with Ezetimibe, an inhibitor of Niemann Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1-L1), the major regulator of cholesterol absorption, increases cholesterol synthesis and hence the value of adding an inhibitor of cholesterol absorption to an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis. Apo B48, the structural protein of the chylomicron particle, is synthesised in abundance so that the release of these particles is dependent on the amount of cholesterol and triglyceride available in the intestine. This paper will discuss cholesterol absorption and synthesis, chylomicron formation, and the effect of postprandial lipoproteins on factors involved in atherosclerosis.
Temperature dependent resonant X-ray diffraction of single-crystalline Ge2Sb2Te5 (2013)

The element distribution in the crystal structure of the stable phase of the well-known phase-change material Ge2Sb2Te5 was determined at temperatures up to 471 °C using single crystals synthesized by chemical transport reactions. Because of the similar electron count of Sb and Te, the scattering contrast was enhanced by resonant diffraction using synchrotron radiation (beamline ID11, ESRF). A simultaneous refinement on data measured at the K-absorption edges of Sb and Te as well as at additional wavelengths off the absorption edges yielded reliable occupancy factors of each element on each position (a = 4.2257(2) Å, c = 17.2809(18) Å, Pm1, R1 (overall) = 0.037). The dispersion correction terms Δf′ were refined and match experimental ones obtained from fluorescence spectra by the Kramers–Kronig transform. The structure contains distorted rocksalt-type blocks of nine alternating cation and anion layers, respectively, which are separated by van der Waals gaps between Te atom layers. Ge atoms prefer the cation positions near the center of the rocksalt-type block (occupancy factors Ge0.60(4)Sb0.36(2)), Sb atoms the one near the van der Waals gap (Ge0.33(7)Sb0.66(4)). Anti-site disorder is not significant. During heating up to 471 °C and subsequent cooling, a reversible structural distortion was observed. The refinements show that with increasing temperature the first pair of anion and cation layers next to the van der Waals gap becomes slightly detached from the block and increasingly resembles a GeTe-type layer. Thus, the difference between interatomic distances in the 3 + 3 cation coordination sphere of the mixed Ge–Sb position next to the gap becomes more pronounced. The element distribution, in contrast, neither changes during the heating experiment nor upon long-time annealing. Thus, the behavior of 9P-Ge2Sb2Te5 single crystals is predominantly under thermodynamic control.
Photo-affinity labeling (PAL) in chemical proteomics: a handy tool to investigate protein-protein interactions (PPIs) (2016)

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) trigger a wide range of biological signaling pathways that are crucial for biomedical research and drug discovery. Various techniques have been used to study specific proteins, including affinity chromatography, activity-based probes, affinity-based probes and photo-affinity labeling (PAL). PAL has become one of the most powerful strategies to study PPIs. Traditional photocrosslinkers are used in PAL, including benzophenone, aryl azide, and diazirine. Upon photoirradiation, these photocrosslinkers (Pls) generate highly reactive species that react with adjacent molecules, resulting in a direct covalent modification. This review introduces recent examples of chemical proteomics study using PAL for PPIs.
Analogues and Analogue Inhibitors of ppp(A2′p)<sub>n</sub>A (1983)

Higher Oligomers of ppp(A2′p) n together with (A2′p) n A, (A2′p) 2 A3′OCH 3 , (A2′p) 2 A2′,3′CH 2 , (A2′p) 2 dA, (dA2′p) 2 dA, their 5′‐monophosphates and 5′‐S‐methylphorothioates have been investigated for relative stability and biological activity in mouse and human cells and mouse, human, and rabbit cell‐free systems. The oligomers from trimer to heptamer inhibited protein and DNA synthesis when introduced into intace mouse cells and activated the ppp(A2′p) n A‐dependent RNase at below nanomolar concentrations in mouse cell extracts. The 5′‐diphosphates pp(A2′p) 2 A and corresponding analogues were active both in cell‐free systems and on introduction into intact cells. The exception to this was the all 3′‐deoxyadenosine analogue pp(dA2′p) 2 dA which failed to activate the ppp(A2′p) n A‐dependent nuclease in the mouse L and human (Daudi and HeLa) cell extracts tested. Of the active analogues the 3′‐OCH 3 appeared to be the most stable in the cells and systems employed. On the other hand the non‐phosphorylated ‘core’ (A2′p) 2 A and its 3′‐sunstituted analogues were inactive in mouse L and Ehrlich acites tumours cell‐free systems and had to effect on intact (non‐permeabilised) 3T3 cells. The 5′‐monophoshate, p(A2′p) 2 A, can act as an inhibitor of ppp(A2′p) n A in mouse cell‐free systems [Torrence, Imai and Johnston (1981) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 78 , 5993‐59997]. Here in intact mouse L cells or extracts from interferon‐treated human (Daudi) cells, however, it mimicked the action of ppp(A2′p) 2 A, possibly through conversion to the 5′‐diphosphate or 5′‐S‐methylphosphorothioate derivatives of the 3′‐substituted analogues are both more stable to exonucleolytic cleavage and unlikely to be converted to the 5′‐diphosphated or 5′‐triphosphates. They are analogue inhibitors of ppp(A2′p) n A in mouse L cell extracts. How widely they will be effective in a variety of cell‐free systems and intact cells remains to be established. The 5′‐diphosphate pp(A2′p) 2 A and corresponding analogues were not equally active, nor was the CH 3 Sp(A2′p) 2 A2′,3′CH 2 equally effective as an analogue inhibitor, in different cell‐free systems. This emphasises the apparent differences in the properdties of the ppp(A2′p) n A‐dependent RNases from different sources. Accordingly, in looking for a generally effective analogue inhibitor of ppp(A2′p) 2 A its activity in a variety of extracts should be tested and in any search for further analogues for potential clincial use human cells and extracts should be employed.
Preparation and evaluation of chiral stationary phases based on N,N-2,4-(or 4,6)-disubstituted 4,5-(or 2,5)-dichloro-1,3-dicyanobenzene (2000)

Regioselective functionalization of 2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1, 3-dicyanobenzene (TCDCB) by nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine at C(4) with L-Ala, L-Phe or L-Pro, followed by amide-bond formation to lipophilic amines containing strong pi-donor group, and by final introduction of the spacer 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilyl (APTES), provided a number of new brush-type chiral selectors in the form of 1-2:1 mixture of 2,4 and 4,6-di(alkyl)amino regioisomers (8/9, 10/11, 12/13, 14/15, 20/21, 23/24). Linking these to silica gel (Nucleosil 100-5) gave new chiral stationary phases for HPLC columns (CSP I-CSP VI). Being strong pi-basic selectors, most of these columns exhibited good resolution properties for pi-acid test racemates (TR 1-TR 9), specifically rac 3, 5-dinitrobenzoyl-alpha-amino acid isopropyl-esters (DNB-AA). CSP V [1,3-dicyano-2,5(5,6)-dichloro-6(2)-(gamma'-silica bound propylamino)-4-N-¿[N-butyl]-N'-[(1R)-cyclohexylethyl]-N'-[napht hylmet hyl]acetamido¿-aminobenzene] and particularly the dipeptide-containing CSP VI [2,5(5,6)-dichloro-6(2)-(gamma'-silica bound propylamino)-4-N-(3', 5'-dimethylanilido)-L-alanyl-L-prolyl-aminobenzene] proved to have the highest efficiency, comparable with the best commercial brush-type columns with pi-donor properties. Further evidence revealed that multiple hydrogen bonding via the amide group in the chiral environment and pi-pi interaction play a major role in chiral recognition, whereas steric perturbations via nonbonding VDW interactions contribute substantially only to the resolution of CSP III [2,5(5,6)-dichloro-6(2)-(gamma'-silica bound propylamino)-4-N-(cyclohexylamido)-L-alanyl-aminobenzene]. This contribution is minor for the other CSPs.
The Affordance Template ROS package for robot task programming (2015)

This paper introduces the Affordance Template ROS package for quickly programming, adjusting, and executing robot applications in the ROS RViz environment. This package extends the capabilities of RViz interactive markers [1] by allowing an operator to specify multiple end-effector waypoint locations and grasp poses in object-centric coordinate frames and to adjust these waypoints in order to meet the run-time demands of the task (specifically, object scale and location). The Affordance Template package stores task specifications in a robot-agnostic JSON description format such that it is trivial to apply a template to a new robot. As such, the Affordance Template package provides a robot-generic ROS tool appropriate for building semi-autonomous, manipulation-based applications. Affordance Templates were developed by the NASA-JSC DARPA Robotics Challenge (DRC) team and have since successfully been deployed on multiple platforms including the NASA Valkyrie and Robonaut 2 humanoids, the University of Texas Dreamer robot and the Willow Garage PR2. In this paper, the specification and implementation of the affordance template package is introduced and demonstrated through examples for wheel (valve) turning, pick-and-place, and drill grasping, evincing its utility and flexibility for a wide variety of robot applications.
Functional Reconstitution of a Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel in Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (2011)

Voltage-gated ion channels are key players in cellular excitability. Recent studies suggest that their behavior can depend strongly on the membrane lipid composition and physical state. In vivo studies of membrane/channel and channel/channel interactions are challenging as membrane properties are actively regulated in living cells, and are difficult to control in experimental settings. We developed a method to reconstitute functional voltage-gated ion channels into cell-sized Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) in which membrane composition, tension and geometry can be controlled. First, a voltage-gated potassium channel, KvAP, was purified, fluorescently labeled and reconstituted into small proteoliposomes. Small proteoliposomes were then converted into GUVs via electroformation. GUVs could be formed using different lipid compositions and buffers containing low (5 mM) or near-physiological (100 mM) salt concentrations. Protein incorporation into GUVs was characterized with quantitative confocal microscopy, and the protein density of GUVs was comparable to the small proteoliposomes from which they were formed. Furthermore, patch-clamp measurements confirmed that the reconstituted channels retained potassium selectivity and voltage-gated activation. GUVs containing functional voltage-gated ion channels will allow the study of channel activity, distribution and diffusion while controlling membrane state, and should prove a powerful tool for understanding how the membrane modulates cellular excitability.
Feasibility study on measurement of magnetocardiography (MCG) using fluxgate magnetometer (2018)

This paper reports the feasibility of measuring weak magnetic fields generated by the electrical activity of the heart using a portable tri-axial fluxgate magnetometer inside a magnetically shielded room. Measurement of Magnetocardiogram (MCG) signals could be successfully demonstrated from a healthy subject using a novel set-up involving a reference fluxgate sensor which simultaneously measures the magnetic fields associated with the ECG waveform measured on the same subject. The timing information provided by R wave peaks of ECG recorded by the reference sensor is utilized to generate trigger locked average of the sensor output of the measurement fluxgate, and extract MCG signals in all the three orthogonal directions (X, Y and Z) on the anterior thorax. It is expected that such portable room temperature measurements using fluxgate sensor could assist in validating the direction of the equivalent current dipole associated with the electrical activity of the human heart. This is somewhat difficult in conventional MCG measurements using SQUID sensors, which usually furnish only the z component of the magnetic field and its spatial derivatives.
Attitudes, Training Experiences, and Professional Expectations of US General Surgery Residents (2009)

General surgery residents' attitudes, experiences, and expectations regarding training reflect both high levels of satisfaction and sources of strain. These factors vary by sex and training year.
Clinical relevance of airway remodelling in airway diseases (2007)

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are characterised by airflow obstruction, airway remodelling (measurable structural change) and inflammation. The present review will examine the relationship between airway remodelling in these two conditions with respect to symptoms, abnormal lung function, airway hyperresponsiveness and decline in lung function. The potential for remodelling to be a protective response will also be discussed. Asthma is associated with variable symptoms and changes in lung function and also fixed abnormalities of lung function and an increased rate of decline in lung function with age. There is a relative preservation of the relaxed airway lumen dimensions, prominent thickening of the smooth muscle layer and reduced airway distensibility. The severity of asthma is related to the degree of airway remodelling, which is most marked in cases of fatal asthma. In COPD, symptoms are persistent and predictable but also progressive and are related to fixed abnormalities of lung function. Remodelling is associated with narrowing of the airway lumen and an increased thickness of the airway wall, although not usually to the extent seen in asthma. COPD is most often due to smoking where there is also remodelling of the parenchyma that may contribute to symptoms.
Graphitic Carbon Nitride Polymers toward Sustainable Photoredox Catalysis (2015)

As a promising two-dimensional conjugated polymer, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) has been utilized as a low-cost, robust, metal-free, and visible-light-active photocatalyst in the field of solar energy conversion. This Review mainly describes the latest advances in g-C3 N4 photocatalysts for water splitting. Their application in CO2 conversion, organosynthesis, and environmental purification is also briefly discussed. The methods to modify the electronic structure, nanostructure, crystal structure, and heterostructure of g-C3 N4 , together with correlations between its structure and performance are illustrated. Perspectives on the challenges and opportunities for the future exploration of g-C3 N4 photocatalysts are provided. This Review will promote the utilization of g-C3 N4 materials in the fields of photocatalysis, energy conversion, environmental remediation, and sensors.
Performance comparison of slow‐light coupled‐resonator optical gyroscopes (2009)

Abstract We investigate the connection between group velocity and rotation sensitivity in a number of resonant gyroscope designs. Two key comparisons are made. First, we compare two conventional sensors, namely a resonant fiber optic gyroscope (RFOG) and an interferometric fiber optic gyroscope (FOG). Second, we compare the RFOG to several recently proposed coupled‐resonator optical waveguide (CROW) gyroscopes. We show that the relationship between loss and maximum rotation sensitivity is the same for both conventional and CROW gyroscopes. Thus, coupling multiple resonators together cannot enhance rotation sensitivity. While CROW gyroscopes offer the potential for large group indices, this increase of group index does not provide a corresponding increase in the maximum sensitivity to rotation. For a given footprint and a given total loss, the highest sensitivity is shown to be achieved either in a conventional RFOG utilizing a single resonator, or a conventional FOG.
Growth of High Quality, MOCVD Grown Ga-Polar GaN Layers on GaN Substrates after Novel Reactive Ion Etching (1999)

In this paper we present morphological, structural, optical and chemical characteristics of GaN homoepitaxial layers grown by MOCVD on Ga-polar (0001) substrates prepared using a novel reactive ion etching (RIE) procedure. The layers show microscopically featureless morphology and exhibit the step-flow growth mode with step heights of c/2 as evidenced by DIC optical and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Cross-sectional TEM illustrated the absence of threading defects. Low temperature (4.2 K) photoluminescence from this defect-free layer shows donor- and acceptor-bound exciton peaks with linewidth below 1 meV. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy revealed an abrupt change of the concentration of all the typical contaminants (O, C, Si, H) across the epilayer/substrate interface. The results indicate that the RIE process based on Ar–SiCl4–SF6 chemistry is the right tool for preparing Ga-polar GaN substrates for the growth of high quality homoepitaxial layers.