gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
American Academy of Neurology policy on expert medical testimony (2004)

<h3>ABSTRACT</h3> We evaluated the impact of the centralisation of three acute stroke units into a single hyperacute stroke unit within a large urban and rural NHS trust in North East England in June 2015. We performed retrospective interrupted time series analyses of 4,305 stroke patients admitted between 1 April 2013 and 31 December 2017 utilising data recorded for the Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme. Centralisation was ­associated with reductions in total length of inpatient stay (–4.9 days [95% CI: –8.1 to –1.7]). Time from admission to thrombolysis shortened by 26.0 minutes (95% CI: –40.0 to –12.1), and time from admission to brain imaging for thrombolysed patients improved by 16.2 minutes (95% CI: –22.0 to –10.4). Time from stroke onset to hospital admission, mortality and dependency (as measured by median modified Rankin Scale) were unaffected by centralisation. This study provides further evidence to support the centralisation of acute stroke services in England.
Nanopore sequencing data analysis: state of the art, applications and challenges (2017)

The nanopore sequencing process is based on the transit of a DNA molecule through a nanoscopic pore, and since the 90s is considered as one of the most promising approaches to detect polymeric molecules. In 2014, Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) launched a beta-testing program that supplied the scientific community with the first prototype of a nanopore sequencer: the MinION. Thanks to this program, several research groups had the opportunity to evaluate the performance of this novel instrument and develop novel computational approaches for analyzing this new generation of data. Despite the short period of time from the release of the MinION, a large number of algorithms and tools have been developed for base calling, data handling, read mapping, de novo assembly and variant discovery. Here, we face the main computational challenges related to the analysis of nanopore data, and we carry out a comprehensive and up-to-date survey of the algorithmic solutions adopted by the bioinformatic community comparing performance and reporting limits and advantages of using this new generation of sequences for genomic analyses. Our analyses demonstrate that the use of nanopore data dramatically improves the de novo assembly of genomes and allows for the exploration of structural variants with an unprecedented accuracy and resolution. However, despite the impressive improvements reached by ONT in the past 2 years, the use of these data for small-variant calling is still challenging, and at present, it needs to be coupled with complementary short sequences for mitigating the intrinsic biases of nanopore sequencing technology.
The Accurate Control of Ultrafiltration (1978)

An apparatus has been contructed to regulate ultrafiltration accurately during dialysis. The principle of the apparatus is that, per unit of time, exactly the same amount of dialysate is introduced into the dialyzer as is discharged from it. The apparatus consists of two isovolumetric pumps connected in line. The four compartments of the two pumps must change their functions at every pump stroke. This is a accomplished by a switching system. There is a continuously closed dialysate circuit. The fluid extracted from this circuit will be replenished from the blood compartment of the dialyzer. Ultrafiltration is regulated by a simple peristaltic pump, which sucks the fluid out of the closed dialysate circuit. The isovolumetric pumps and the switching system are driven by the elevated pressure of the dialysate (0.5--1.0 atm). The apparatus can be used in single pass dialysis. Dialysis in accordance with the Bergström principle can be simply performed. In over 5,000 dialyses with several types of dialyzers, ultrafiltration was always accurate within the measuring limits. Considerable improvement was noticed in the well-being of the patients; hypotension, nausea, vomiting and muscle cramps were not seen.
Process centering OPC using design intent to improve yield (2005)

As the industry moves to 90nm and below, the size of our process windows are rapidly decreasing. The process window is often not considered during optical proximity correction (OPC) which must match the printed wafer to the original design target for a single process point. This process point is usually at 'best exposure' and 'best defocus'. The results can be verified under different defocus conditions but it is generally assumed that the printed pattern will yield well for a range of defocus and exposure conditions. At 90nm or smaller this assumption is breaking down as the final yield of products is greatly reduced due to low pattern quality under even relatively small process variations. Instead of optimizing the OPC results using a single model a multi-model approach is proposed where the pattern is optimized using two or more process points. The final printed image is optimized to both minimize the overall CD variations across a process as well as centering this variation with respect to the original target edges in CD critical areas. To maximize the benefits of this technique we also provide more freedom to OPC by making use of design intent to vary the print requirement in different areas of the design. In this paper we describe the process centering methodology and its use of design intent. To evaluate the benefits of this technique a metric is also proposed and used to quantify experimental results. Results are compared with those of a traditional OPC flow.
Erratum: ‘‘Optical properties of dilute hydrogen tungsten bronze thin films’’ [J. Appl. Phys. <b>69</b>, 7788 (1991)] (1992)

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LPCVD Me-Si-N (Me = Ta, Ti, W, Re) diffusion barriers in Si/SiO,/Cu metallizations (1998)

Summary form only given. Copper is the most widely accepted material for advanced metallization especially as interconnects for future semiconductor devices. However, copper is a fast diffuser in silicon and other materials of integrated circuits during thermal treatments. Highly effective diffusion barriers are thus essential if copper is to become the future metal interconnect. This study deals with LPCVD ternary silicides Me-Si-N (Me= Re, W, Ti, Ta) deposited on SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /Si substrates, starting from silane, in situ fabricated metal chlorides, ammonia, hydrogen and argon. A thermodynamic investigation allowed classification of the four materials in different categories according to the stability of metal nitrides MeN.
Scheduling method for networked control system with resource constraints based on fuzzy feedback priority and variable sampling period (2016)

A scheduling method based on fuzzy feedback priority and variable sampling period for a networked control system with resource constraints is proposed in this paper. Firstly, each control loop weight is adjusted dynamically according to a control loop data transmission error through a quadratic square root mapping function. A different weight is given for each loop. A fuzzy feedback priority scheduling strategy is designed combined with dynamic weight, system output and system output error rate. The priority of each control loop is adjusted dynamically. Then, considering the current network status, the new network utilization is predicted through proportional control. A least-squares support vector machine (LSSVM) algorithm is used for controlled loop packet transmission time prediction. A variable sampling period for each control loop is determined by using a controlled loop dynamic weight, network utilization and data transmission time. Finally, a fuzzy feedback priority scheduler and variable sampling period scheduler are combined. The merits of the two schedulers are utilized to achieve the optimization goal. A simulation experiment is carried out using the True Time toolbox. Simulation results show that the scheduling method can make the network utilization rate converge to the desired value under resource constraints, improve the output response performance of the control loop, reduce the integral absolute error value of the control loop and decrease the data transmission time of the control loop. The networked control system performance is improved and the scheduling method of this paper is effective.
Loss of Cell Wall Mannosylphosphate in Candida albicans Does Not Influence Macrophage Recognition (2004)

The outer layer of the cell wall of the human pathogenic fungus Candida albicans is enriched with heavily mannosylated glycoproteins that are the immediate point of contact between the fungus and cells of the host, including phagocytes. Previous work had identified components of the acid-labile fraction of N-linked mannan, comprising beta-1,2-linked mannose residues attached via a phosphodiester bond, as potential ligands for macrophage receptors and modulators of macrophage function. We therefore isolated and disrupted the CaMNN4 gene, which is required for mannosyl phosphate transfer and hence the attachment of beta-1,2 mannose oligosaccharides to the acid-labile N-mannan side chains. With the mannosylphosphate eliminated, the mnn4Delta null mutant was unable to bind the charged cationic dye Alcian Blue and was devoid of acid-labile beta-1,2-linked oligomannosaccharides. The mnn4Delta mutant was unaffected in cell growth and morphogenesis in vitro and in virulence in a murine model of systemic C. albicans infection. The null mutant was also not affected in its interaction with macrophages. Mannosylphosphate is therefore not required for macrophage interactions or for virulence of C. albicans.
ISOLATION OF AN EXTREME THERMOPHILE AND THERMOSTABILITY OF ITS TRANSFER RIBONUCLEIC ACID AND RIBOSOMES (1971)

An extreme thermophile has been isolated from a Japanese thermal spa. To elucidate the molecular basis of thermophily, chemical and physical natures of the cell constituents of the microorganism are under investigation. In this communication the bacterial properties of the thermophile and the heat stability of t-RNA and ribosomes will be described.
Virtual reality in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disorders (2017)

Mental health problems are inseparable from the environment. With virtual reality (VR), computer-generated interactive environments, individuals can repeatedly experience their problematic situations and be taught, via evidence-based psychological treatments, how to overcome difficulties. VR is moving out of specialist laboratories. Our central aim was to describe the potential of VR in mental health, including a consideration of the first 20 years of applications. A systematic review of empirical studies was conducted. In all, 285 studies were identified, with 86 concerning assessment, 45 theory development, and 154 treatment. The main disorders researched were anxiety (n = 192), schizophrenia (n = 44), substance-related disorders (n = 22) and eating disorders (n = 18). There are pioneering early studies, but the methodological quality of studies was generally low. The gaps in meaningful applications to mental health are extensive. The most established finding is that VR exposure-based treatments can reduce anxiety disorders, but there are numerous research and treatment avenues of promise. VR was found to be a much-misused term, often applied to non-interactive and non-immersive technologies. We conclude that VR has the potential to transform the assessment, understanding and treatment of mental health problems. The treatment possibilities will only be realized if - with the user experience at the heart of design - the best immersive VR technology is combined with targeted translational interventions. The capability of VR to simulate reality could greatly increase access to psychological therapies, while treatment outcomes could be enhanced by the technology's ability to create new realities. VR may merit the level of attention given to neuroimaging.
The apolipoprotein B gene is constitutively expressed in HepG2 cells: regulation of secretion by oleic acid, albumin, and insulin, and measurement of the mRNA half-life. (1989)

The objective of this study was to establish conditions whereby apoB secreted from HepG2 cells could be regulated over a wide range, and to determine whether changes of output were correlated with the level of apoB mRNA. The presence of oleate (complexed to 3% albumin at a molar ratio of 1.7:1) resulted in a 3.5-fold stimulation of apoB secretion that was apparent after only 3 h. Insulin halved the rate of apoB output and the inhibition was detectable within the physiological insulin range, but was not apparent until 12-16 h. Albumin in the culture medium had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on apoB production. Overall, apoB secretion from HepG2 cells was modulated over a 7-fold range. However, when apoB mRNA was assayed by slot-blot hybridization, no change was detectable under any of the conditions that modulated apoB output. Quantitative solution hybridization was used to confirm that oleate did not affect the level of apoB mRNA. Kinetic analysis of the decay of [3H]uridine-labeled apoB mRNA showed that the half-life of apoB mRNA was 16 h. We conclude from these studies that the apoB gene is constitutively expressed in HepG2 cells and that the mechanism of acute regulation of apoB production by these cells must involve co- or post-translational processes.
The Epidermis as a Bioreactor: Topically Regulated Cutaneous Delivery into the Circulation (2002)

Previous studies have documented that the skin can be used as a bioreactor to produce proteins for systemic release to treat diseases. A gene-switch system has been developed that allows regulated expression of therapeutic genes. To determine whether this system could be used in the skin, we developed a transgenic mouse model in which expression of a therapeutic gene could be topically induced in epidermal keratinocytes. After a single induction, high levels of the therapeutic protein, human growth hormone (hGH), were released from keratinocytes into the circulation. The serum levels of hGH were dependent on the amount of inducer applied, and repeated induction resulted in increased weight gain by transgenic versus control mice. Furthermore, physiological levels of hGH were detected in the serum of nude mice after topical induction of small transgenic skin grafts. These results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of using the gene-switch system to regulate the delivery of therapeutic proteins into the circulation via genetically modified keratinocytes.
THE QUEST FOR SPECIALIST TEACHERS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION DELIVERY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIAN CHILD (2016)

This paper examined the need to engage specialist teachers in Early Childhood Education delivery for sustainable development of Nigeria children. The study focuses, on the concept of early childhood/pre-primary education, the purpose of early childhood/pre-primary education which among others includes importance of specialist teachers for early childhood/pre-primary education delivery, professional ethics and early childhood/pre-primary education and early childhood/pre-primary education for sustainable development. The study concluded that every nation of the world ascribes for quality education. The quality of education of any country depends on the quality of her teachers. Early childhood education being the foundation of all levels of education should be handled by teachers who are specialists in the area, well trained and certificated by recognized higher institutions. It was recommended that regular workshops, conferences and other teacher-development programmes be organized for the serving teachers to update their knowledge with the latest research findings.
KIT Inhibition by Imatinib in Patients with Severe Refractory Asthma (2017)

In patients with severe asthma, imatinib decreased airway hyperresponsiveness, mast-cell counts, and tryptase release. These results suggest that KIT-dependent processes and mast cells contribute to the pathobiologic basis of severe asthma. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01097694 .).
Two Mononuclear Iron(II) Spin‐Crossover Complexes with a N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Coordination Sphere (2013)

Abstract Two mononuclear spin‐crossover compounds Fe( L 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) and Fe( L 2 ) 2 ( 2 ) {H L 1 = 2‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐ N′ ‐[1‐(pyridine‐2‐yl)butylidene]benzohydrazide, H L 2 = 2‐hydroxy‐ N′ ‐[1‐(pyridine‐2‐yl)butylidene]benzohydrazide} were successfully synthesized. The magnetic measurements of the compounds revealed different thermal magnetic behavior. Compound 1 undergoes a gradual complete thermal spin crossover (SCO) with T 1/2↑/↓ = 243/240 K and a hysteresis loop of 3 K. Compound 2 shows a gradual incomplete SCO during the measurable temperature region with T 1/2 ≈ 330 K. Through the comparison of the magnetic and structural results for 1 and 2 with previously reported related compounds, the alkyl substitutions of the ligand were considered to affect the ligand‐field strength and hydrogen‐bonding interactions. In addition, photomagnetism results showed an 87 % photoconversion and 36 K of T (LIESST) (LIESST = light‐induced excited spin‐state trapping) for compound 1 . The results enrich the knowledge on how to control the spin‐crossover behavior in the new system.
Generation of neutral and high-density electron–positron pair plasmas in the laboratory (2015)

Electron-positron pair plasmas represent a unique state of matter, whereby there exists an intrinsic and complete symmetry between negatively charged (matter) and positively charged (antimatter) particles. These plasmas play a fundamental role in the dynamics of ultra-massive astrophysical objects and are believed to be associated with the emission of ultra-bright gamma-ray bursts. Despite extensive theoretical modelling, our knowledge of this state of matter is still speculative, owing to the extreme difficulty in recreating neutral matter-antimatter plasmas in the laboratory. Here we show that, by using a compact laser-driven setup, ion-free electron-positron plasmas with unique characteristics can be produced. Their charge neutrality (same amount of matter and antimatter), high-density and small divergence finally open up the possibility of studying electron-positron plasmas in controlled laboratory experiments.
Performance analysis of adaptive scheduling in integrated services UMTS networks (2003)

For an integrated services UMTS network serving speech and data calls, we propose, evaluate and compare different scheduling schemes, which dynamically adapt the shared data transport channel rates to the varying speech traffic load. Within each cell, the assigned data transfer resources are distributed over the present data flows according to certain fairness objectives. The performance of the adaptive schemes is numerically evaluated by means of analytical performance optimisation methods in combination with Monte Carlo simulations.
Lunar resources (2015)

There is growing interest in the possibility that the resource base of the Solar System might in future be used to supplement the economic resources of our own planet. As the Earth’s closest celestial neighbour, the Moon is sure to feature prominently in these developments. In this paper I review what is currently known about economically exploitable resources on the Moon, while also stressing the need for continued lunar exploration. I find that, although it is difficult to identify any single lunar resource that will be sufficiently valuable to drive a lunar resource extraction industry on its own (notwithstanding claims sometimes made for the 3 He isotope, which are found to be exaggerated), the Moon nevertheless does possess abundant raw materials that are of potential economic interest. These are relevant to a hierarchy of future applications, beginning with the use of lunar materials to facilitate human activities on the Moon itself, and progressing to the use of lunar resources to underpin a future industrial capability within the Earth-Moon system. In this way, gradually increasing access to lunar resources may help ‘bootstrap’ a space-based economy from which the world economy, and possibly also the world’s environment, will ultimately benefit.
Zero-Shot Recognition via Direct Classifier Learning with Transferred Samples and Pseudo Labels (2017)

As an interesting and emerging topic, zero-shot recognition (ZSR) makes it possible to train a recognition model by specifying the category's attributes when there are no labeled exemplars available. The fundamental idea for ZSR is to transfer knowledge from the abundant labeled data in different but related source classes via the class attributes. Conventional ZSR approaches adopt a two-step strategy in test stage, where the samples are projected into the attribute space in the first step, and then the recognition is carried out based on considering the relationship between samples and classes in the attribute space. Due to this intermediate transformation, information loss is unavoidable, thus degrading the performance of the overall system. Rather than following this two-step strategy, in this paper, we propose a novel one-step approach that is able to perform ZSR in the original feature space by using directly trained classifiers. To tackle the problem that no labeled samples of target classes are available, we propose to assign pseudo labels to samples based on the reliability and diversity, which in turn will be used to train the classifiers. Moreover, we adopt a robust SVM that accounts for the unreliability of pseudo labels. Extensive experiments on four datasets demonstrate consistent performance gains of our approach over the state-of-the-art two-step ZSR approaches.
<i>N</i>-Substituted 2-(2,6-Dinitrophenylamino)propanamides:  Novel Prodrugs That Release a Primary Amine via Nitroreduction and Intramolecular Cyclization (1999)

A series of N-dinitrophenylamino acid amides [(4-CONHZ-2, 6-diNO2Ph)N(R)C(X,Y)CONHPhOMe] were prepared as potential bioreductive prodrugs and reduced radiolytically to study their rates of subsequent intramolecular cyclization. Compounds bearing a free NH group (R = H) underwent rapid cyclization in neutral aqueous buffers (t1/2 < 1 min) following 4-electron reduction, with the generation of a N-hydroxydihydroquinoxalinone and concomitant release of 4-methoxyaniline. Amine release from analogous N-methyl analogues (R = Me) was relatively slow. These results are consistent with intramolecular cyclization of a monohydroxylamine intermediate. The high rates of cyclization/extrusion by these very electron-deficient hydroxylamines suggest that the process is greatly accelerated by the presence of an H-bonding "conformational lock" between the anilino NH group and the adjacent o-nitro group (Kirk and Cohen, 1972). Changes in the phenylcarboxamide side chain or in C-methylation in the linking chain had little effect on the rate of cyclization. The model compounds had 1-electron reduction potentials in the range appropriate for cellular reduction (-373 mV for a measured example) and appeared suitable for development as prodrugs that release amine-based effectors following enzymic or radiolytic reduction. Prodrug examples containing 4-aminoaniline mustard and 5-amino-1-(chloromethyl)benz[e]indoline alkylating units were evaluated but were not activated efficiently by cellular nitroreductases. However, cell killing by the radiation-induced reduction of the latter prodrug was demonstrated.