gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Energy Conversion via Metal Nanolayers (2019)

Current approaches for electric power generation from nanoscale conducting or semi-conducting layers in contact with moving aqueous droplets are promising as they show efficiencies of around 30 percent, yet, even the most successful ones pose challenges regarding fabrication and scaling. Here, we report stable, all-inorganic single-element structures synthesized in a single step that generate electrical current when alternating salinity gradients flow along its surface in a liquid flow cell. 10 nm to 30 nm thin nanolayers of iron, vanadium, or nickel produce several tens of mV and several microA cm^-2 at aqueous flow velocities of just a few cm s^-1. The principle of operation is strongly sensitive to charge-carrier motion in the thermal oxide nano-overlayer that forms spontaneously in air and then self terminates. Indeed, experiments suggest a role for intra-oxide electron transfer for Fe, V, and Ni nanolayers, as their thermal oxides contain several metal oxidation states, whereas controls using Al or Cr nanolayers, which self-terminate with oxides that are redox inactive under the experimental conditions, exhibit dramatically diminished performance. The nanolayers are shown to generate electrical current in various modes of application with moving liquids, including sliding liquid droplets, salinity gradients in a flowing liquid, and in the oscillatory motion of a liquid without a salinity gradient.
Language Modeling Approaches to Information Retrieval (2009)

This article surveys recent research in the area of language modeling (sometimes called statistical language modeling) approaches to information retrieval. Language modeling is a formal probabilistic retrieval framework with roots in speech recognition and natural language processing. The underlying assumption of language modeling is that human language generation is a random process; the goal is to model that process via a generative statistical model. In this article, we discuss current research in the application of language modeling to information retrieval, the role of semantics in the language modeling framework, cluster-based language models, use of language modeling for XML retrieval and future trends.
族群、學習風格與STS教學對國中生自然與生活科技學習成效之影響 ― 新住民子女是學習的弱勢者嗎？ The Effects of Ethnicity, Learning Styles, and STS (2012)

本研究目的在探討不同族群背景、學習風格與STS （ Science / Technology / Society）教學對國中生在自然與生活科技學習成效之影響，並評估其影響效果的關聯強度（ω2）。本研究採問卷調查法，樣本來源以立意抽樣方式取得國中一年級學生354人（中國籍和外國籍新住民子女169人，本國籍185人），同時選取擔任樣本學生班級之自然與生活科技教師44人。研究發現：一、中國籍新住民子女國中生的自然與生活科技學習成績高於本國籍國中生，也高於外國籍新住民子女國中生；族群與自然與生活科技成績僅有微弱的關聯強度；二、學習風格、STS教學與不同族群背景間皆沒有交互作用；三、學習風格與自然與生活科技成績間具有中等關聯強度。 The purpose of this study was to examine with a focus on children of new immigrants, the effects of ethnicity, learning styles, and STS (Science /Technology / Society) instruction on middle school students’ academic performance in natural sciences and technology, and to examine the strength of association (ω2) between the independent and dependent variables. The result revealed that there was no interaction among learning styles, STS instruction and ethnicity. However, there was a significant main effect for learning styles and ethnicity. Interestingly, students with Chinese nationality scored higher on the test of natural science and technology than the native Taiwanese students and foreign students. The strength of association between ethnicity and scores in natural science and technology was low.
Optical parametric oscillation in a random polycrystalline medium (2017)

We demonstrate an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on random phase matching in polycrystalline ZnSe. The OPO was pumped by Cr:ZnS laser pulses (2.35 μm, 62 fs, 79 MHz), had a pump threshold of 90 mW, and produced an ultrabroadband spectrum spanning 3–7.5 μm.
Biochemical markers, extracellular components in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis (2007)

Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis are common sequelae to diverse liver injuries in the tropics or Nigeria. The development of hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis is due to increased synthesis, deposition, and possibly reduced degradation of hepatic extracellular matrix components, especially collagens, such as interstitial type I and III, basement membrane type IV, microfibrillar type VI, and pericellular type V, non-collagenous proteins, such as laminin, fibronectin, undulin, etc., and various types of proteoglycans, such as hyaluronan, etc. In Nigeria, the common approach for diagnosing or assessing the activity of connective tissue in this organ is the histological examination of a biopsy, if one is performed by a specialist physician. The liver biopsy provides a static picture of the changes that have already taken place in the liver. Another possible method is (where the facilities are available) a quantitative assessment of the liver biopsy by biochemical determination of total collagen via hydroxyproline. Biopsy is an invasive method and cannot be repeated often enough in the bid to ensuring an intensive follow-up of the changes taking place during the course of antifibrotic treatment or therapy. Thus, serum or other biological fluid assays for connective tissue proteins, such as the aminoterminal propeptide of type III Procollagen PIIINP, or the dimeric carboxyterminal domain of type IV collagen known as NCl or PIVCP, laminin, and others are essentially non-invasive and can be carried out repeatedly. In addition, the measurement of certain enzymes of connective tissue proteins in serum may the reflect activity of liver fibrogenesis. They offer the potential for diagnosis and therapeutic control. However, it is very important to note that circulating biochemical markers of fibrogenesis, fibrolysis or both may not reflect hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis, since they are not liver-specific. Thus, the best diagnostic approach would be the identification and measurement in serum of the driving force of fibrogenic process.
Gene therapy targeting SARM1 blocks pathological axon degeneration in mice (2019)

Axonal degeneration (AxD) following nerve injury, chemotherapy, and in several neurological disorders is an active process driven by SARM1, an injury-activated NADase. Axons of SARM1-null mice exhibit greatly delayed AxD after transection and in models of neurological disease, suggesting that inhibiting SARM1 is a promising strategy to reduce pathological AxD. Unfortunately, no drugs exist to target SARM1. We, therefore, developed SARM1 dominant-negatives that potently block AxD in cellular models of axotomy and neuropathy. To assess efficacy in vivo, we used adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of the most potent SARM1 dominant-negative and nerve transection as a model of severe AxD. While axons of vehicle-treated mice degenerate rapidly, axons of mice expressing SARM1 dominant-negative can remain intact for >10 d after transection, similar to the protection observed in SARM1-null mice. We thus developed a novel in vivo gene therapeutic to block pathological axon degeneration by inhibiting SARM1, an approach that may be applied clinically to treat manifold neurodegenerative diseases characterized by axon loss.
Brief report: miR-290–295 regulate embryonic stem cell differentiation propensities by repressing pax6 (2013)

microRNAs of the miR-290-295 family are selectively expressed at high levels in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and have established roles in regulating self-renewal. However, the potential influence of these microRNAs on cell fate acquisition during differentiation has been overlooked. Here, we show that miR-290-295 regulate the propensity of mESCs to acquire specific fates. We generated a new miR-290-295-null mESC model, which exhibits increased propensity to generate ectoderm, at the expense of endoderm and mesoderm lineages. We further found that in wild-type cells, miR-290-295 repress Pax6 and ectoderm differentiation; accordingly, Pax6 knockdown partially rescues the mESCs differentiation impairment that is caused by loss of miR-290-295. Thus, in addition to regulating self-renewal, the large reservoir of miR-290-295 in undifferentiated mESCs fine-tunes the expression of master transcriptional factors, such as Pax6, thereby regulating the equilibrium of fate acquisition by mESC descendants.
Hydrogen sulfide generation by reaction of natural gas, sulfur, and steam. Report of investigations/1981 (1981)

One Bureau of Mines goal is to minimize the undesirable environmental impacts associated with industrial plants emitting waste gases containing SO/sub 2/. To help meet this goal, a regenerable flue gas desulfurization process was developed. This process, known as the citrate process, uses a buffered weak acid solution to absorb SO/sub 2/ from the waste gas. The absorbed SO/sub 2/ is reacted with H/sub 2/S to precipitate elemental sulfur and regenerate the solution for recycle. The H/sub 2/S feedstock for the process, if not otherwise available, may be produced by reacting two-thirds of the recovered elemental sulfur with natural gas and steam. Laboratory investigations and pilot plant operations were conducted by the Bureau to determine if H2S from the natural gas, sulfur, and steam reaction was suitable for the citrate process. The laboratory investigations, in which an H2S generator was integrated with other citrate process operations, provided a basis for design and operation of the pilot plant. The objective of the pilot plant was primarily to provide H2S for the citrate process pilot plant at the Bunker Hill Co. lead smelter in Kellogg, Idaho.
‘No change’ is not an option (2002)

Primary care is the cornerstone of our health services with more than three-quarters of NHS contacts being through general practices (Audit Commission, 2002). However, the work of general practices has changed considerably over the last 50 years, reflecting many organizational changes as well as numerous developments in clinical care, which have both extended life and enabled effective complex disease management outside hospitals. Unfortunately the hoped-for reduction in workload from the establishment of NHS Direct and Walk-in Centres has not been realised. Further, one-third of the workforce is approaching retirement age and despite intensive recruitment and retention initiatives many GP, practice nurse and community nurse vacancies remain unfilled. Compounded with this is the recognition that services need to be modernized so that they meet population needs, with the convenience of users taking precedence over established service delivery patterns. This has resulted in numerous tensions between the traditional model of service delivery focused around the GP and modern expectations which demand rapid access, uniform care standards and extended provision to minimize hospital contact (Audit Commission, 2002).
Development of a Minor Histocompatibility Antigen Vaccine Regimen in the Canine Model of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (2015)

These studies describe the first in vivo response to miHA vaccination in a large, outbred animal model without using recipient cells to sensitize the donor. This model provides a platform for ongoing experiments designed to define optimal miHA targets and develop protocols to directly vaccinate the recipient.
Nudge Nudge: A proximity based social application (2011)

Mobile phones are offering a wide set of functionalities capable of improving the user way of communicating with the world. Due to user mobility and to the inherent ubiquity of these devices, social relations are now being created and maintained using mobile social applications. To this aim, in this work, we present our application Nudge Nudge, a proximity based social application which aims to connect close people in both terms of geographic distance and personality.
Cell-mediated immunity in poultry (2004)

In avian species, adaptive immunity involves both humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses. Although humoral or antibody-mediated immune responses are particularly effective against extracellular antigens, CMI responses are specialized in the elimination of intracellular antigens; the latter include those that have entered cells via the endocytic pathway (exogenous antigens; e.g., phagocytosed bacteria) or were produced within the cell such as viral proteins and proteins resulting from neoplastic transformation of the cell (endogenous antigens). CMI responses, like most humoral immune responses, are tightly regulated and require "help" from T helper cells, specifically the type 1 T helper cells (Th1, hence, the name Th1 responses). Th1 cells are characterized by their production of cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-2 that drive CMI responses. The functional effectors of CMI responses are various immune cells including cytotoxic lymphocytes (cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells) and macrophages. Cytotoxic lymphocytes and macrophages are specialized in the elimination of endogenous and exogenous antigens, respectively. In the past decade, substantial progress has been made in defining the role and regulation of avian CMI responses. Other advances have addressed strategies that strengthen this arm of adaptive immunity to optimize defense as well as protection against neoplastic diseases and nonneoplastic diseases caused by intracellular pathogens.
Host receptors for bacteriophage adsorption (2016)

The adsorption of bacteriophages (phages) onto host cells is, in all but a few rare cases, a sine qua non condition for the onset of the infection process. Understanding the mechanisms involved and the factors affecting it is, thus, crucial for the investigation of host-phage interactions. This review provides a survey of the phage host receptors involved in recognition and adsorption and their interactions during attachment. Comprehension of the whole infection process, starting with the adsorption step, can enable and accelerate our understanding of phage ecology and the development of phage-based technologies. To assist in this effort, we have established an open-access resource--the Phage Receptor Database (PhReD)--to serve as a repository for information on known and newly identified phage receptors.
Growth of Methanogenic Bacteria in Pure Culture with 2-Propanol and Other Alcohols as Hydrogen Donors (1986)

Two types of mesophilic, methanogenic bacteria were isolated in pure culture from anaerobic freshwater and marine mud with 2-propanol as the hydrogen donor. The freshwater strain (SK) was a Methanospirillum species, the marine, salt-requiring strain (CV), which had irregular coccoid cells, resembled Methanogenium sp. Stoichiometric measurements revealed formation of 1 mol of CH(4) by CO(2) reduction, with 4 mol of 2-propanol being converted to acetone. In addition to 2-propanol, the isolates used 2-butanol, H(2), or formate but not methanol or polyols. Acetate did not serve as an energy substrate but was necessary as a carbon source. Strain CV also oxidized ethanol or 1-propanol to acetate or propionate, respectively; growth on the latter alcohols was slower, but final cell densities were about threefold higher than on 2-propanol. Both strains grew well in defined, bicarbonate-buffered, sulfide-reduced media. For cultivation of strain CV, additions of biotin, vitamin B(12), and tungstate were necessary. The newly isolated strains are the first methanogens that were shown to grow in pure culture with alcohols other than methanol. Bioenergetic aspects of secondary and primary alcohol utilization by methanogens are discussed.
A study of the effects of potassium addition to supported iron catalysts in the Fischer-Tropsch reaction (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA study of the effects of potassium addition to supported iron catalysts in the Fischer-Tropsch reactionDouglass G. Miller and Martin MoskovitsCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 21, 6081–6085Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100332a047https://doi.org/10.1021/j100332a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views527Altmetric-Citations82LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Layered Zeolite for Assembly of Two‐Dimensional Separation Membranes for Hydrogen Purification (2023)

Membrane separation is an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly process. Two-dimensional (2D) molecular sieving membranes featuring unique nanopores and low transport resistance have the potential to achieve highly permeable and selective mixture separation with low energy consumption. High-aspect-ratio zeolite nanosheets with intrinsic molecular-sieving pores perpendicular to the layers are desirable building blocks for fabricating high-performance 2D zeolite membrane. However, a wider application of 2D zeolitic membranes is restricted by the limited number of recognized zeolite nanosheets. Herein, we report a swollen layered zeolite, ECNU-28, with SZR topology and eight-member ring (8-MR, 3.0 Å×4.8 Å) pores normal to the nanosheets. It can be easily exfoliated to construct 2D membrane, which shows a high hydrogen selectivity up to 130 from natural gas and is promising for hydrogen purification and greenhouse gas capture.
Black Rats, Island Characteristics, and Colonial Nesting Birds in the Mediterranean: Consequences of an Ancient Introduction (2000)

Abstract: The devastation of island faunas by alien species has been instrumental in raising concerns about the global threat to biological diversity. Colonial nesting species, often restricted to islands, have been affected severely. Eradication of introduced species as a means to alleviate the problem is usually done with little or no understanding of the mechanisms governing interactions between introduced and native species. Such an understanding could help target management action. We analyzed how island area, rock substrate, bird species biology, and presence of an introduced species, the black rat ( Rattus rattus ), interact to explain the distribution and abundance of colonial nesting birds on a set of 72 islands from six archipelagos in the western Mediterranean. Rats were introduced to this region over 2000 years ago, and these communities have had time to reach an equilibrium. Using general linear models, we show that rats have affected species distributions more on the smaller islands and on islands with an acidic or neutral rock substrate; larger bird species are more resistant. On the smaller islands, where rat densities are highest, larger colonial birds are negatively affected. On larger islands, where rat densities are lower and fluctuate form year to year, larger colonial birds can maintain healthy populations despite the presence of rats. Although rats caused local extinction or reduction in bird abundance, the presence of islands varying in size and/or substrate allowed most archipelagos to retain their suite of colonial nesting bird species, despite a presumably reduced abundance for most species.
Effect of Carbon Dioxide Therapy on Diabetic Foot Ulcer (2015)

Ulceration of diabetic foot represents one of the most concerning complications associated with uncontrolled blood sugar in diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study is to evaluate the condition of twenty-two diabetic patients with different degrees of ulceration in their feet after daily secessions of carbon dioxide therapy. Blood flow to the affected foot was measured by Doppler; also the size, color, degree of ulceration and sensation of the ulcerative area were all evaluated. Results showed improvement of blood flow to the affected foot as well as improvement in the sensation and color of the ulcerative area. It was concluded that carbon dioxide therapy of diabetic foot was promising and needed thorough investigation to be brought widely into application.
Structural and electronic properties of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Co</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Al</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Co</mml:mi></mml:math>magnetic tunnel junction from first principles (2000)

A detailed first-principles study of the atomic and electronic structure of the $\mathrm{Co}/{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}/\mathrm{Co}$ magnetic tunnel junction has been performed in order to elucidate the key features determining the spin-dependent tunneling. The atomic structure of the multilayer with the O- and Al-terminated interfaces between fcc Co(111) and crystalline $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}(0001)$ has been optimized using self-consistent spin-polarized calculations within density-functional theory and the generalized gradient approximation. We found that the relaxed atomic structure of the O-terminated interface is characterized by a rippling of the Co interfacial plane, the average Co-O bond length being 2.04 \AA{} which is within 5% of that in bulk CoO. The corresponding electronic structure is influenced by the covalent bonding between the O $2p$ and Co $3d$ orbitals resulting in exchange-split bonding and antibonding states and an induced magnetic moment of 0.07${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ on the interfacial oxygen atoms. The Al-terminated interface contains Co-Al bonds with an average bond length of 2.49 \AA{} compared to 2.48 \AA{} in bulk CoAl. Due to charge transfer and screening effects the Co interfacial layer acquires a negative charge which results in a reduced magnetic moment of $1.15{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ per Co atom. We found that the electronic structure of the O-terminated $\mathrm{Co}/{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}/\mathrm{Co}$ tunnel junction exhibits negative spin polarization at the Fermi energy within the first few monolayers of alumina but it eventually becomes positive for distances beyond 10 \AA{}.