gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improvement of Environmental Properties of Corrosion Inhibitors (1999)

Abstract The environmental fate of specialty chemicals is now being addressed. Water soluble corrosion inhibitors which might find their way into the ocean, navigable waters, or sensitive land areas should have acceptable environmental properties. This paper outlines laboratory investigation and field evaluation methodology for assessment and improvement of these properties. Since nearly all corrosion inhibitors used in petroleum recovery operations are blends, this investigation focused on solvents as well as active components. The following protocol was typically used in this investigation. Potential components were first corrosion tested in simple kettle tests using weight loss and linear polarization for evaluation. Interesting candidates were then subjected to Microtox evaluation; this is the least time consuming of environmental evaluations and gives general prediction of toxicity. Candidates which still showed promise were often blended and tested in kettle corrosion tests. Surviving candidates and blends were then subjected to EC50 tests using Skeletonema Costatum. Candidates which still showed promise were next subjected to biodegradability testing. Solvents of interest and commercially available inhibitors were also tested by EC50 and biodegradability methods. At this point many of the blends were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors in a laboratory flow loop. Potential components were first chosen from commercially available compounds, then from synthesized compounds with varying degrees of oxyalklation. These were often combined with other environmentally acceptable components known to act synergistically to inhibit corrosion. The final series of laboratory tests involved vapor pressure, environmental acceptability of vapors, and octanol/water partitioning of blends. The surviving blends were field tested first in oil wells using simple batch methods, then in continuous injection situations. This paper summarized the results of these tests plus some information for recent commercial applications.
Determination of arginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in human plasma by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with the isotope dilution technique (2004)

Arginine (ARG) is a substrate for endogenous nitric oxide (NO) production whereas its metabolite, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), acts as an inhibitor. Sufficient NO production is essential for cardiovascular key functions, thus elevated concentration levels of ADMA are related to a range of cardiovascular diseases. Owing to the lack of reliable methods for the measurement of ARG and ADMA in human plasma, concentration values determined with these methods can differ considerably. We present here a simple and very robust liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric method for the determination of ARG and ADMA utilizing isotope-labeled internal standards. Sample preparation requires only protein precipitation; the analytes were derivatized with o-phthalaldehyde-mercaptoethanol and separated on a reversed-phase C(18) column with gradient elution. The analytes were detected with an electrospray ionization ion trap instrument working in the full-scan single mass spectrometry mode. Concentration values obtained with this method for healthy controls were ARG = 63.9 +/- 23.9 microM and ADMA = 0.355 +/- 0.066 microM, with a normal range for ADMA from 0.225 to 0.485 microM. The corresponding values for end-stage chronic renal failure patients are ARG = 48.1 +/- 18.5 microM, p < 0.01 and ADMA = 0.673 +/- 0.134 M, p < 0.001.
Methylated-CpG island recovery assay-assisted microarrays for cancer diagnosis (2007)

Alterations in DNA methylation patterns occur in every type of human cancer and are considered a hallmark of malignant transformation. Most notable is the cancer-associated hypermethylation of CpG-rich sequences, the so-called CpG islands, which are often found near the 5' ends and promoters of genes. This CpG island methylation represents a positive signal that can be used to distinguish malignant tissue from normal tissue. Thus, characterization of CpG island hypermethylation has become a valuable tool for cancer detection and diagnosis. There are several methods used for detection of gene-specific DNA methylation. However, besides looking at individual genes, an even greater potential lies in the characterization of genome-wide changes of DNA methylation patterns in tumors. The authors propose that tumor type- and tumor subtype-specific DNA methylation patterns exist and can be exploited for the classification of cancers, their response to therapy and their metastatic potential, and thus may have predictive value. Various methods for genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation have been developed. These methods are described briefly and the methylated-CpG island recovery assay will be reviewed. This assay has been used in combination with microarray analysis to map CpG island methylation across cancer genomes.
Shared functional defect in IP3R-mediated calcium signaling in diverse monogenic autism syndromes (2015)

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects 2% of children, and is characterized by impaired social and communication skills together with repetitive, stereotypic behavior. The pathophysiology of ASD is complex due to genetic and environmental heterogeneity, complicating the development of therapies and making diagnosis challenging. Growing genetic evidence supports a role of disrupted Ca(2+) signaling in ASD. Here, we report that patient-derived fibroblasts from three monogenic models of ASD-fragile X and tuberous sclerosis TSC1 and TSC2 syndromes-display depressed Ca(2+) release through inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs). This was apparent in Ca(2+) signals evoked by G protein-coupled receptors and by photoreleased IP3 at the levels of both global and local elementary Ca(2+) events, suggesting fundamental defects in IP3R channel activity in ASD. Given the ubiquitous involvement of IP3R-mediated Ca(2+) signaling in neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity, gene expression and neurodevelopment, we propose dysregulated IP3R signaling as a nexus where genes altered in ASD converge to exert their deleterious effect. These findings highlight potential pharmaceutical targets, and identify Ca(2+) screening in skin fibroblasts as a promising technique for early detection of individuals susceptible to ASD.
CT motion artifact correction using pixel-specific back-projection (1992)

To reduce artifacts caused by respiratory motion in chest CT scans, an algorithm called pixel-specific back-projection (PSBP) has been developed. PSBP is an approximate filtered back-projection algorithm that corrects for in-plane motion by performing the reconstruction using a coordinate system that is specific to each pixel. The coordinate systems move according to the in-plane motion in the slice at the time the projection was acquired. PSBP reduced artifacts caused by motion in both simulated and patient scan data.
Optically addressed intrinsic multiple quantum well spatial light modulators (1995)

Recent demonstrations of perpendicular geometry GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well (MQW) structures as optically addressed spatial light modulators (OASLM) have shown that these devices can offer high speed [1] and high resolution [2].
PROGRAMMABLE COMPUTER GENERATED HOLOGRAMS USING FERROELECTRIC LIQUID CRISTAL MATERIALS AS PHASE MODULATORS (1996)

Abstract We discuss the use of smectic C liquidcristal materials for implementing programmable computer generated holograms. Our main emphasize is the realisation of versatile and high diffraction efficiency devices with programmability capability. Two types of liquid cristal materials are investigated: SmC*, with 22.5° and 43° tilt angles. Their respective ability to perform pure phase modulation and to optimise the diffraction efficiency are discussed. Furthermore, particular interest is given to the serial combination of fixed and programmable holograms. We limit our investigation to two diffractive elements which may be neither in contact nor imaged. Using the fractional Talbot effect, we show that particular configurations, where the first hologram is diffracted onto the second, are of much interest.
Staphylococcal display for combinatorial protein engineering of a head‐to‐tail affibody dimer binding the Alzheimer amyloid‐β peptide (2012)

We have previously generated an affibody molecule for the disease-associated amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, which has been shown to inhibit the formation of various Aβ aggregates and revert the neurotoxicity of Aβ in a fruit fly model of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we have investigated a new bacterial display system for combinatorial protein engineering of the Aβ-binder as a head-to-tail dimeric construct for future optimization efforts, e.g. affinity maturation. Using the bacterial display platform, we have: (i) demonstrated functional expression of the dimeric binder on the cell surface, (ii) determined the affinity and investigated the pH sensitivity of the interaction, (iii) demonstrated the importance of an intramolecular disulfide bond through selections from a cell-displayed combinatorial library, as well as (iv) investigated the effects from rational truncation of the N-terminal part of the affibody molecule on surface expression level and Aβ binding. Overall, the detailed engineering and characterization of this promising Aβ-specific affibody molecule have yielded valuable insights concerning its unusual binding mechanism. The results also demonstrated that our bacterial display system is a suitable technology for future protein engineering and characterization efforts of homo- or heterodimeric affinity proteins.
SiC photodetectors for industrial applications (2005)

Silicon carbide is a wide bandgap semiconductor with highly robust properties lending its applicability to robust electronics and sensors. Ultraviolet detection in particular is of interest for several industrial applications including those requiring a rugged sensing device. SiC photodetectors and their applications will be discussed, including examples of device design, fabrication and testing. Also, the fabrication and testing of separate avalanche and multiplication region avalanche photodiodes will be highlighted.
Laser pumping of 5kV silicon thyristors for fast high current rise-times (2010)

There are many applications currently using spark gap switches which would like to have the long lifetime of a solid state switch such as a silicon thyristor. This was not possible till now due to the relatively long turn-on times of silicon thyristors. The turn-on time of a silicon thyristor can be improved by providing the charge carriers using a laser source rather than an electrical source. Then the limit of the turn-on time is not the rate at which the charge carriers can be generated but on how fast the device can be seeded with photo-generated charge carriers. Previous experiments have tried to create devices based on fast optical gating of high voltage silicon thyristors. However, these used thick expensive prototype devices. We examined the use of standard commercial silicon thyristors. The advantage of using commercial thyristors is their lower cost and smaller thickness. Thinner devices have a faster turn-on time with lower optical energy requirements. We previously demonstrated 50 ns turn-on times using 125 W laser diode pumping of 5 kV commercial devices that were designed for electrical triggering and had been modified for optical triggering. These devices were tested at up to 5 kA peak current. This paper will describe how 500 W laser pumping of silicon thyristors achieves turn-on times of less than 40 ns using commercial devices designed for laser pumping and using a compact laser diode source.
Patterned implanted buried-oxide transistor structures (1986)

Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors have been fabricated with a buried-oxide layer implanted under only the source and drain regions. Tungsten selectively chemically vapor deposited over the polycrystalline-silicon gate electrode limited the oxygen-implanted area and provided a self-aligned structure. The surface of the source and drain regions was raised above that of the channel by the implanted oxide. The buried oxide formed under the source and drain regions joined smoothly with the surrounding field oxide. Some additional oxide was formed beneath the thermally grown field oxide by the implanted oxygen, and significant field oxide appears to have been removed by sputtering during the implantation. A simplified, nonoptimum, transistor-fabrication process produced depletion-mode, n-channel devices which exhibited transistor action.
Model-based Theory Combination (2008)

Traditional methods for combining theory solvers rely on capabilities of the solvers to produce all implied equalities or a pre-processing step that introduces additional literals into the search space. This paper introduces a combination method that incrementally reconciles models maintained by each theory. We evaluate the practicality and efficiency of this approach.
Origin of the Monochromatic Photoemission Peak in Diamondoid Monolayers (2008)

Recent photoemission experiments have discovered a highly monochromatized secondary electron peak emitted from diamondoid self-assembled monolayers on metal substrates. New experimental data and simulation results are presented to show that a combination of negative electron affinity and strong electron-phonon scattering is responsible for this behavior. The simulation results are generated using a simple Monte Carlo transport algorithm. The simulated spectra recreate the main spectral features of the measured ones.
Insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacilllus thuringiensis (1989)

characterized by its ability to produce crystalline inclusions during spor-ulation. TIhese inclusions consist of proteins exhibiting a highly specific insecticidal activity (reviewed in references 4 and 97). Many B. thuriuigiensis strains with different insect host spectra have been identified (9). TIhey ar-e classified into different serotypes or subspecies based on their flagellar antigens. Most strains are active against larvae of certain members of the Lepidoptera, but some show toxicity against dipterian (reviewed in refer-ence 22) or coleopteran (53) species. For several cryst.al-producing strains.
Effect of laminar velocity profile variation on mixing in microfluidic devices: The sigma micromixer (2008)

The effect of the laminar velocity profile and its variation on mixing phenomena at the reduced scale is studied. It is shown that the diffusive mass flux between two miscible streams, flowing laminar in a microchannel, is enhanced if the velocity at their diffusion interface is increased. Based on this idea, an in-plane passive micromixing concept is proposed and implemented in a working device (sigma micromixer). This mixer shows considerable mixing performance by periodically varying the flow velocity profile, such that the maximum of the profile coincides with the transversely progressing diffusion fronts repeatedly throughout the mixing channel.
Formation of linearly polarized light with axial symmetry by use of space-variant subwavelength gratings (2003)

We present a novel method for forming linearly polarized axially symmetric beams with various polarization orders that is based on computer-generated space-variant subwavelength gratings. We introduce and experimentally demonstrate that our space-variant polarization state manipulations are accompanied by a phase modification of a helical structure that results from the Pancharatnam-Berry phase. We have verified the polarization properties of our gratings for laser radiation at 10.6-microm wavelength.
Folate protection from congenital heart defects linked with canonical Wnt signaling and epigenetics (2010)

This review will enable better counseling of women by defining, during early pregnancy, a susceptible window of embryonic exposure leading to a high risk of cardiac defects, and provides a therapeutic means and the necessary timing for prevention of environmentally induced birth defects.
Symphony: A Scheduler for Client-Server Applications on Coprocessor-Based Heterogeneous Clusters (2011)

Coprocessors such as GPUs are increasingly being deployed in clusters to process scientific and compute-intensive jobs. In this work, we study if GPU-based heterogeneous clusters can benefit client-server applications. Specifically, we consider the practical situation where multiple client-server applications share a heterogeneous cluster (multi-tenancy), and experience unpredictable variations in incoming client request rates, including steep load spikes. Even for "compute-intensive" client-server applications, it is unclear if a GPU-based cluster can seamlessly deliver acceptable response times in the presence of multi-tenancy and load spikes. We argue that a cluster-level scheduler that is aware of application load, request deadlines and the heterogeneity is necessary in this situation. We propose a novel scheduler called Symphony that enables efficient, dynamic sharing of a GPU-based heterogeneous cluster across multiple concurrently-executing client-server applications, each with arbitrary load spikes. Symphony performs three key tasks: it (i) monitors the load on each application, (ii) collects past performance data and dynamically builds simple performance models of available processing resources and (iii) computes a priority for pending requests based on the above parameters and the requests' slack. Based on this, it reorders client requests across different applications to achieve acceptable response times. We also define how client-server applications should interact with a scheduler such as Symphony, and develop an API to this end. We deploy Symphony as user-space middleware on a high-end heterogeneous cluster with dual quad-core Xeon CPUs and dual NVIDIA Fermi GPUs. An evaluation using representative applications shows that in the presence of load spikes (i) Symphony incurs 2-20× fewer requests that do not meet response time constraints compared with other schedulers, and (ii) in order to achieve the same performance as Symphony, other schedulers need 2× more cluster nodes.
Cystine-knot peptides engineered with specificities for αIIbβ3 or αIIbβ3 and αvβ3 integrins are potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation (2010)

A truncated form of the Agouti-related protein (AgRP), a member of the cystine-knot family, has shown promise as a scaffold for engineering novel peptides with new molecular recognition properties. In this study, we replaced a constrained six amino acid loop in AgRP with a nine amino acid loop containing an Arg-Gly-Asp integrin recognition motif, and randomized the neighboring residues to create a library of approximately 20 million AgRP variants. We displayed the AgRP mutants as fusions on the surface of yeast and used high-throughput fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate peptides that bound specifically to the platelet integrin α(IIb)β(3), a clinically important target for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. These AgRP peptides had equilibrium dissociation (K(D)) constants for α(IIb)β(3) integrin ranging from 60 to 90 nM, and did not bind to α(v)β(3), α(v)β(5), or α(5)β(1) integrins. Using an alternate library screening strategy, we identified AgRP peptides that bound to both α(IIb)β(3) and α(v)β(3) integrins with K(D) values ranging from 40 to 70 nM and 20 to 30 nM, respectively, and did not bind to α(v)β(5) or α(5)β(1) integrins. Unique consensus sequences were identified within both series of AgRP peptides suggesting alternative molecular recognition events that dictate different integrin binding specificities. In addition, the engineered AgRP peptides prevented platelet aggregation as well as or slightly better than the FDA-approved cyclic peptide eptifibatide. Collectively, these data demonstrate that cystine-knot peptides can be generated with high affinity and specificity to closely-related integrins, and provide insights into molecular interactions between small, structured peptide ligands and their receptors.
Formal methods for generating protocol conformance test sequences (1990)

The four major methods of conformance test generation reported in the literature are reviewed: transition tours; distinguishing sequences; characterizing sequences; and unique input/output sequences. These methods are used to test the control portion of a protocol specification. The conformance testing concepts developed in the standards world are summarized. Their relationship with the four formal methods is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Formation of Five-Membered Carbocycles from <scp>d</scp>-Glucose: A Concise Synthesis of 4-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentenone (2019)

Abstract A concise synthesis of 4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentenone (1) has been accomplished from d-glucose by a three-step sequence that features a catalyst-free hydrothermal reaction of d-glucal, which is readily obtained from d-glucose. Optimization of the reaction conditions for synthesizing 1 was performed by changing the temperature and reaction time. The treatment of d-glucal under the optimal conditions, i.e., at 120 °C for 24 h, provided 1 in the highest isolated yield of 61%. 1 would become a versatile intermediate for the synthesis of various fine chemicals having a cyclopentenone structure from cellulosic biomass.
High-Power Piezoelectric Characteristics of C-Axis Crystal-Oriented (Sr,Ca)<sub>2</sub>NaNb<sub>5</sub>O<sub>15</sub> Ceramics (2012)

The high-power piezoelectric characteristics of c -axis crystal-oriented (Sr,Ca) 2 NaNb 5 O 15 (SCNN) ceramics were studied by the constant-motional-current driving method, and compared with those of the randomly oriented ceramics superior to those of hard Pb(Ti,Zr)O 3 (PZT) ceramics. The c -axis crystal-oriented SCNN ceramic showed a large Lotgering factor of 0.98. The effective piezoelectric constant d 33 * was 260 pm/V, as large as those of hard PZT ceramics. In the 31-mode of the rectangular plate, the quality factor, Q , was five times larger than that of the randomly oriented ceramic, and almost constant at approximately 3300 up to the maximum vibration velocity of 1.84 m/s rms. The resonant frequency change was also stable up to a vibration velocity of 1.84 m/s rms. The change was approximately +0.05% in the driving range, which was much smaller than that of +0.8% of the randomly oriented ceramic. The high-power piezoelectric characteristics were also clarified by a comparison with the mechanical characteristics. Therefore, the highly c -axis crystal-oriented SCNN ceramics are good candidates for high-power piezoelectric applications in comparison with hard PZT ceramics.
Anisotropic Growth of Nanostructures in Germanium Electroplating (2007)

An anisotropic growth of nanostructures was observed when germanium was electroplated on a patterned silicon substrate from a nonaqueous solution. Instead of an isotropic growth of mushroom cap expected for electroplating through mask, wire-shaped and wall-shaped structures were obtained, respectively, on via and stripe patterns on silicon substrate. The presence of water in the electrolyte and a high current density were found critical to the anisotropic growth. A passivation of outer surface of the deposit is believed to be involved and prohibits the lateral growth of the deposit.