gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of calcium channel opening by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (1990)

The subsecond mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ by IP3 was measured with rapid mixing techniques to determine how cells achieve rapid rises in cytosolic [Ca2+] during receptor-triggered calcium spiking. In permeabilized rat basophilic leukemia cells at 11 degrees C, more than 80% of the 0.7 fmol of Ca2+/cell sequestered by the ATP-driven pump could be released by IP3. Half of the stored Ca2+ was released within 200 ms after addition of saturating (1 microM) IP3. The flux rate was half-maximal at 120 nM IP3. Ca2+ release from fully loaded stores was highly cooperative; the Hill coefficient over the 2-40 nM range was greater than 3. The delay time of channel opening was inversely proportional to [IP3], increasing from 150 ms at 100 nM IP3 to 1 s at 15 nM, indicating that the rate-limiting step in channel opening is IP3 binding. Multiple binding steps are required to account for the observed delay and nonexponential character of channel opening. A simple model is proposed in which the binding of four IP3 molecules to identical and independent sites leads to channel opening. The model agrees well with the data for KD = 18 nM, kon = 1.2 X 10(8) M-1 s-1, and koff = 2.2 s-1. The approximately 1-s exchange time of bound IP3 indicates that the channel gating sites are distinct from binding sites having approximately 100-s exchange times that were previously found with radiolabeled IP3. The approximately 1-1s response time of [Ca2+] to a rapid increase in IP3 level can account for observed rise times of calcium spikes.
Synthesis of Medium-Sized Ring Compounds Using Enyne Metathesis (2001)

A novel procedure for the synthesis of medium-sized ring compounds was developed using ruthenium-catalyzed enyne metathesis. When a CH2Cl2 solution of an enyne having a heteroatom in a tether was stirred in the presence of benzylidene ruthenium carbene complex 1 (10 mol%) at room temperature or upon heating overnight, a medium-sized ring compound was obtained in high yield. In this reaction, the reaction rate of enyne having two heteroatoms in a tether with 1 was accelerated compared with that of enyne having one heteroatom. Various eight- and nine-membered ring compounds were synthesized. Enyne having terminal alkyne gave the desired eight-membered ring compound, but under ethylene gas, the reaction rate decreased.
Predicting hardware failure using machine learning (2016)

The Weibull distribution has historically been the Reliability Engineer's best tool for describing the probability of failures over time [1]. While this technique is very accurate at describing failure distributions for large populations of components, it works very poorly at predicting the time until failure of an individual component. The mean time until failure is often used to predict times until failure of individual components, but this value may vary greatly with actual times until failure. With the advent of machine learning techniques, the ability to learn from past behavior in order to predict future behavior makes it possible to predict an individual component's time until failure much more accurately. In this paper, we explore the predictive abilities of a machine learning technique to improve upon our ability to predict individual component times until failure in advance of actual failure. Once failure is predicted, an impending problem can be fixed before it actually occurs. This paper brings to light a machine learning approach for predicting individual component times until failure that we will show is far more accurate than the traditional MTBF approach. The algorithm built was able to monitor the health of 14 hardware samples and notify us of an impending failure well ahead of actual failure, providing adequate time to fix the problem before actual failure occurred.
Bone marrow edema: pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and imaging (2008)

Bone marrow edema (BME) has been a topic of increasing interest in the literature in recent years. BME is associated with numerous pathologies and is becoming recognized not only as a considerable pain generator, but also as an entity which is, in some cases, significantly linked to the worsening of patient prognosis. To date, no thorough imaging review of BME has been published. An electronic literature search was conducted through PubMed with a time parameter of January 1975 through December 2007. The primary search parameter was "bone marrow edema." Over 800 papers were listed as written in English and involving humans. Other refining parameters included "AND syndrome," "AND transient," "AND arthritis," "AND infection," "AND tumor," "AND neoplasm," "AND iatrogenic," "AND radiation therapy," and "AND inflammation." More current articles were favored over dated articles on the same topic. A total of 106 journal articles were collected concerning BME and multiple pathologic processes. The data contained therein was compiled and organized into a comprehensive format. BME can be caused by, and found concurrent with, a broad spectrum of pathologies which exhibit a variety of imaging findings. BME is also associated with the deterioration of certain pathologies. This presentation is a comprehensive discussion of different pathological conditions inducing or associated with BME. Differential diagnosis through appropriate imaging is vital to case management and could contribute to the prevention or decreased progression of certain pathologies. Continued investigation into the imaging of BME and its associated diseases, as well as the effect of BME on prognosis, is warranted.
Structure of Nitric Oxide Synthase Oxygenase Dimer with Pterin and Substrate (1998)

Crystal structures of the murine cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase oxygenase dimer with active-center water molecules, the substrate L-arginine (L-Arg), or product analog thiocitrulline reveal how dimerization, cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin, and L-Arg binding complete the catalytic center for synthesis of the essential biological signal and cytotoxin nitric oxide. Pterin binding refolds the central interface region, recruits new structural elements, creates a 30 angstrom deep active-center channel, and causes a 35 degrees helical tilt to expose a heme edge and the adjacent residue tryptophan-366 for likely reductase domain interactions and caveolin inhibition. Heme propionate interactions with pterin and L-Arg suggest that pterin has electronic influences on heme-bound oxygen. L-Arginine binds to glutamic acid-371 and stacks with heme in an otherwise hydrophobic pocket to aid activation of heme-bound oxygen by direct proton donation and thereby differentiate the two chemical steps of nitric oxide synthesis.
The critical early proinflammatory events associated with idiopathic pneumonia syndrome in irradiated murine allogeneic recipients are due to donor T cell infusion and potentiated by cyclophosphamide. (1997)

We have hypothesized that lung damage occurring in the peri-bone marrow transplant (BMT) period is critical for the subsequent generation of idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS), a major complication following human BMT. The proinflammatory events induced by a common pre-BMT conditioning regimen, cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan(R)) (Cy) and total body irradiation, were analyzed in a murine BMT model. Electron microscopy indicated that Cy exacerbated irradiation-induced epithelial cell injury as early as day 3 after BMT. Allogenicity was an important contributing factor to lung injury as measured by lung wet and dry weights and decreased specific lung compliance. The most significant pulmonary dysfunction was seen in mice receiving both allogeneic T cells and Cy conditioning. IPS was associated with an influx of T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils early post-BMT. Hydroxyproline levels were not increased, indicating that the injury was not fibrotic early post-BMT. As early as 2 h after chemoradiation, host macrophages increased in number in the lung parenchyma. Continued increases in macrophages occurred if splenic T cells were administered with the donor graft. The expression of costimulatory B7 molecules correlated with macrophage numbers. Frequencies of cells expressing mRNA for the inflammatory proteins TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and TGFbeta were increased. Cy accelerated the upregulation of TGFbeta and increase in host macrophages. The exacerbation of macrophage activation and severity of IPS was dependent on allogeneic T cells, implicating immune-mediated mechanisms as critical to the outcome of IPS. This demonstration of early injury after BMT indicates the need for very early therapeutic intervention before lung damage becomes profound and irreversible.
UK trunking system signalling standard—protocol aspects (1987)

In the UK, a standard signalling protocol has been defined for trunked private mobile radio systems in Band III. This paper describes the operation of some key aspects of the protocol: the contention control mechanisms, the control channel procedures for call set-up and the signalling formats. Also, results are presented from a computer evaluation of the protocol.
Alberto Pérez Calvo (2014)

Esta semblanza biográfica está dedicada al profesor Alberto Pérez Calvo, que ha sido catedrático de Derecho Constitucional en la Universidad Pública de Navarra, durante más de dos décadas. Nacido en Tudela en 1944, obtuvo su doctorado en Derecho por la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Valladolid. Enseñó en esta Facultad de Derecho, y en las de las universidades de Salamanca, Alcalá, y Pública de Navarra. Ha tenido una larga experiencia internacional en Francia, Italia, Suiza, Moldavia, Polonia, Turquía, Canadá, Estados Unidos, Bolivia, México y Túnez. En 2003 fue premiado con el Doctorado Honoris Causa por la Universidad Nancy-2 (Francia). Ha desarrollado asimismo una amplia carrera como servidor público, desde el puesto de director general de Administraciones Públicas. Sus principales contribuciones y publicaciones se han centrado en el estudio de la estructura del Estado, de las Comunidades Autónomas en España, la idea de Nación, la institución del Defensor del Pueblo, la Unión Europea, y la teoría general del derecho público.
Negative Regulation of RANKL-induced Osteoclastic Differentiation in RAW264.7 Cells by Estrogen and Phytoestrogens (2005)

We studied estrogen effects on osteoclastic differentiation using RAW264.7, a murine monocytic cell line. Differentiation, in response to RANKL and colony-stimulating factor 1, was evaluated while varying estrogen receptor (ER) stimulation by estradiol or nonsteroidal ER agonists was performed. The RAW264.7 cells were found to express ERalpha but not ERbeta. In contrast to RANKL, which decreased ERalpha expression and induced osteoclast differentiation, 10 nm estradiol, 3 microm genistein, or 3 microm daidzein all increased ERalpha expression, stimulated cell proliferation, and decreased multinucleation, with the effects of estrogen > or = daidzein > genistein. However, no estrogen agonist reduced RANKL stimulation of osteoclast differentiation markers or its down-regulation of ERalpha expression by more than approximately 50%. Genistein is also an Src kinase antagonist in vitro, but it did not decrease Src phosphorylation in RAW264.7 cells relative to other estrogen agonists. However, both phytoestrogens and estrogen inhibited RANKL-induced IkappaB degradation and NF-kappaB nuclear localization with the same relative potency as seen in proliferation and differentiation assays. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the direct effects of estrogen on osteoclast precursor differentiation and shows that, in addition to effecting osteoblasts, estrogen may protect bone by reducing osteoclast production. Genistein, which activates ERs selectively, inhibited osteoclastogenesis less effectively than the nonselective phytoestrogen daidzein, which effectively reproduced effects of estrogen.
Sensitivity analysis for mistakenly adjusting for mediators in estimating total effect in observational studies (2017)

The biases were more sensitive to the variation of effects of exposure-mediator than the effects of mediator-outcome when adjusting for the mediator in the absence of unobserved confounders, while the biases were more sensitive to the variation of effects of mediator-outcome than those of exposure-mediator in the presence of an unobserved confounder.
Improved DNN-based segmentation for multi-genre broadcast audio (2016)

Automatic segmentation is a crucial initial processing step for processing multi-genre broadcast (MGB) audio. It is very challenging since the data exhibits a wide range of both speech types and background conditions with many types of non-speech audio. This paper describes a segmentation system for multi-genre broadcast audio with deep neural network (DNN) based speech/non-speech detection. A further stage of change-point detection and clustering is used to obtain homogeneous segments. Suitable DNN inputs, context window sizes and architectures are studied with a series of experiments using a large corpus of MGB television audio. For MGB transcription, the improved segmenter yields roughly half the increase in word error rate, over manual segmentation, compared to the baseline DNN segmenter supplied for the 2015 ASRU MGB challenge.
A Survey of SQL Injection Attack Detection and Prevention (2014)

Structured Query Language Injection Attack (SQLIA) is the most exposed to attack on the Internet. From this attack, the attacker can take control of the database therefore be able to interpolate the data from the database server for the website. Hence, the big challenge became to secure such website against attack via the Internet. We have presented different types of attack methods and prevention techniques of SQLIA which were used to aid the design and implementation of our model. In the paper, work is separated into two parts. The first aims to put SQLIA into perspective by outlining some of the materials and researches that have already been completed. The section suggesting methods of mitigating SQLIA aims to clarify some misconceptions about SQLIA prevention and provides some useful tips to software developers and database administrators. The second details the creation of a filtering proxy server used to prevent a SQL injection attack and analyses the performance impact of the filtering process on web application.
Development of an Electromagnetic Energy Harvester for Monitoring Wind Turbine Blades (2011)

Wind turbine blades experience tremendous stresses while in operation. Failure of a blade can damage other components or other wind turbines. This research focuses on developing an electromagnetic energy harvester for powering structural health monitoring (SHM) equipment inside a turbine blade. The harvester consists of a magnet inside a tube with coils outside the tube. The changing orientation of the blade causes the magnet to slide along the tube, inducing a voltage in the coils which in turn powers the SHM system. This thesis begins with a brief history of electromagnetic energy harvesting and energy harvesters in rotating environments. Next a model of the harvester is developed encompassing the motion of the magnet, the current in the electrical circuit, and the coupling between the mechanical and electrical domains. The nonlinear coupling factor is derived from Faraday's law of induction and from modeling the magnet as a magnetic dipole moment. Three experiments are performed to validate the model: a free fall test to verify the coupling factor expression, a rotating test to study the model with a load resistor circuit, and a capacitor charging test to examine the model with an energy storage circuit. The validated model is then examined under varying tube lengths and positions, varying coil sizes and positions, and variations in other parameters. Finally a sample harvester is presented that can power an SHM system inside a large scale wind turbine blade spinning up to 20 RPM and can produce up to 14.1 mW at 19 RPM.
Cell-Mediated Immunity to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Infections in Mice (1978)

The T cell-mediated immune responses of mice against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) were assessed by measuring direct primary foot pad swelling after local VSV infection and cytotoxic activity in spleens. The cytolytic activity was mediated by T cells since it was anti-theta + complement sensitive, was restricted by the K and D region but not the I region of H-2 and rapidly increased after 4 days but decreased 8 days after systemic or local infection. Cytolytic activity was virus-specific as reciprocally tested with VSV and vaccina virus immune T cells. Measurable activity on day 7 depended on infectious virus dose, virus virulence, and non-H-2 genetic background of the host. More than half of the cytolytic activity wasblocked specifically by either immune anti-H2 or rabbit anti-VSV antisera. Analysis of the kinetics of appearance of antigenic changes using metabolic inhibitors, revealed that the changes that rendered target cells susceptible to lysis after infection, occurred within the first hour after infection.
A biocatalytic hydrogenation of carboxylic acids (2012)

The hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus catalyses the hydrogenation of a broad range of carboxylic acids selectively to the corresponding primary alcohols. Other functional groups such as isolated C=C-double bonds are not touched. The chemoselectivity of the carboxylate reduction may be directed towards aldehydes by simple medium engineering.
Chromosomal Cephalosporinases Responsible for Multiple Resistance to Newer β-Lactam Antibiotics (1987)

Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ...Read More
Protection against Code Obfuscation Attacks Based on Control Dependencies in Android Systems (2014)

In Android systems, an attacker can obfuscate an application code to leak sensitive information. TaintDroid is an information flow tracking system that protects private data in smartphones. But, TainDroid cannot detect control flows. Thus, it can be circumvented by an obfuscated code attack based on control dependencies. In this paper, we present a collection of obfuscated code attacks on TaintDroid system. We propose a technical solution based on a hybrid approach that combines static and dynamic analysis. We formally specify our solution based on two propagation rules. Finally, we evaluate our approach and show that we can avoid the obfuscated code attacks based on control dependencies by using these propagation rules.
Digital Whitening Techniques for Improving Spread Spectrum Communications Performance in the Presence of Narrowband Jamming and Interference (1978)

Narrowband jamming and interference due to other users in spread spectrum communication systems can be effectively suppressed by using digital whitening. As a result, an impressive improvement in receiver performance can be obtained. The digital whitening is accomplished using a transversal filter whose coefficients are selected by either a Wiener algorithm or a maximum entropy algorithm. Filters obtained by use of these algorithms are evaluated for various jamming and signaling conditions and are found to exhibit comparable performance over a wide range of input signal-to-noise ratios.
SD-101 in Combination with Pembrolizumab in Advanced Melanoma: Results of a Phase Ib, Multicenter Study (2018)

PD-1 inhibitors are approved for treating advanced melanoma, but resistance has been observed. This phase Ib trial evaluated intratumoral SD-101, a synthetic CpG oligonucleotide that stimulates Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with unresectable or metastatic malignant melanoma. The most common adverse events related to SD-101 were injection-site reactions and transient, mild-to-moderate "flu-like" symptoms. Among the 9 patients naïve to anti-PD-1 therapy, the overall response rate (ORR) was 78%. The estimated 12-month progression-free survival rate was 88%, and the overall survival rate was 89%. Among 13 patients having prior anti-PD-1 therapy, the ORR was 15%. RNA profiling of tumor biopsies demonstrated increased CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, natural killer cells, cytotoxic cells, dendritic cells, and B cells. The combination of intratumoral SD-101 and pembrolizumab was well tolerated and induced broad immune activation in the tumor microenvironment with durable tumor responses in both peripheral and visceral lesions.<b>Significance:</b> These early data demonstrate that the combination of pembrolizumab with intratumoral SD-101 is well tolerated and can induce immune activation at the tumor site. Combining an intratumoral TLR9 innate immune stimulant with PD-1 blockade can potentially increase clinical efficacy with minimal additional toxicity relative to PD-1 blockade alone. <i>Cancer Discov; 8(10); 1250-7. ©2018 AACR.</i> <i>This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1195</i>.
Relaxed Parameter Sharing: Effectively Modeling Time-Varying Relationships in Clinical Time-Series (2019)

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are commonly applied to clinical time-series data with the goal of learning patient risk stratification models. Their effectiveness is due, in part, to their use of parameter sharing over time (i.e., cells are repeated hence the name recurrent). We hypothesize, however, that this trait also contributes to the increased difficulty such models have with learning relationships that change over time. Conditional shift, i.e., changes in the relationship between the input X and the output y, arises when risk factors associated with the event of interest change over the course of a patient admission. While in theory, RNNs and gated RNNs (e.g., LSTMs) in particular should be capable of learning time-varying relationships, when training data are limited, such models often fail to accurately capture these dynamics. We illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of complete parameter sharing (RNNs) by comparing an LSTM with shared parameters to a sequential architecture with time-varying parameters on prediction tasks involving three clinically-relevant outcomes: acute respiratory failure (ARF), shock, and in-hospital mortality. In experiments using synthetic data, we demonstrate how parameter sharing in LSTMs leads to worse performance in the presence of conditional shift. To improve upon the dichotomy between complete parameter sharing and no parameter sharing, we propose a novel RNN formulation based on a mixture model in which we relax parameter sharing over time. The proposed method outperforms standard LSTMs and other state-of-the-art baselines across all tasks. In settings with limited data, relaxed parameter sharing can lead to improved patient risk stratification performance.
The impact of standardisation in MV circuit breaker panels (2000)

The authors describe how, in recent years, manufacturers of medium voltage switchgear and related types of equipment have been under pressure from electricity distribution companies and industrial end users to increase product quality, reliability and ease of commissioning whilst still reducing ownership cost and size.