gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Toward Ubiquitous Environmental Gas Sensors—Capitalizing on the Promise of Graphene (2010)

Atomically thin sheets of carbon known as "graphene" have captured the imagination of much of the scientific world during the past few years. Although these single sheets of graphite were under our noses for years-within technologies ranging from the humble pencil, which has been around since at least 1565 (Petroski, H. The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance; Alfred A. Knopf: New York, 1993), to modern nuclear reactors-graphene was merely considered as part of graphite's crystal structure until 2004, when Novoselov, Geim, and colleagues (Science 2004, 306, 666-669) first presented some of the surprising electrical properties of graphene layers they had isolated by mechanically peeling sheets off graphite crystals. Today, graphene's unique electronic structures and properties, bolstered by other intriguing properties discovered in the intervening years, threaten the dominance of carbon nanotubes, a more mature allotrope of carbon, in potential applications from electronics to sensors. In this review, we will consider the promise of graphene for producing small-scale gas sensors for environmental monitoring.
CRITERIA OF INTACTNESS AND THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY OF SPINACH CHLOROPLAST PREPARATIONS (1975)

SUMMARY Chloroplast preparations capable of rapid rates of photosynthesis contain large numbers of intact (Class A) chloroplasts and smaller numbers of ruptured (Class C) chloroplasts. It is suggested that there is also a third or intermediate class in which the envelope has re‐sealed following rupture and release of stromal protein. The number of re‐sealed chloroplasts seems to be lowest in preparations containing the largest proportion of Class A chloroplasts. Assays for intactness based on the ability of Class C chloroplasts to utilize ferricyanide as a Hill oxidant are quick and convenient but do not distinguish between Class A and re‐sealed chloroplasts. If it is assumed that there is an inverse linear relationship between percentage intactness and ability to react with ferricyanide, such assays over‐estimate the proportion of intact chloroplasts and, therefore, underestimate their photosynthetic activity and protein content when these are expressed on a chlorophyll basis.
Capillary origami and superhydrophobic membrane surfaces (2013)

Capillary origami uses surface tension to fold and shape solid films and membranes into three-dimensional structures. It uses the fact that solid surfaces, no matter how hydrophobic, will tend to adhere to and wrap around the surface of a liquid. In this work, we report that a superhydrophobic coating can be created, which can completely suppress wrapping as a contacting water droplet evaporates. We also show that using a wetting azeotropic solution of allyl alcohol, which penetrates the surface features, can enhance liquid adhesion and create more powerful Capillary Origami. These findings create the possibility of selectively shaping membrane substrates.
Antilipoxygenase activity of amyrin triterpenes. (1992)

Triterpenes--alpha-amyrin acetate, beta-amyrin acetate and beta-amyrin were tested for their effects on the synthesis of 5-lipoxygenase products in human neutrophils. All the triterpenes reduced 5-HETE synthesis without effect on LTB4 synthesis. The relative effects suggest that 5-HETE inhibition can explain the antiarthritic activity possessed by these compounds.
Purification of brain tubulin-tyrosine ligase by biochemical and immunological methods. (1985)

Tubulin-tyrosine ligase (TTL), the enzyme responsible for the reversible addition of a tyrosine residue at the carboxyl end of alpha-tubulin, has been purified from porcine brain using a purification scheme based on standard biochemical procedures. The enzyme preparation was nearly homogeneous (purity greater than 95%), was free of tubulin, and could be stored in the presence of glycerol for several months without loss in activity. To develop a more convenient purification of TTL, we have isolated mouse hybridoma cells secreting antibodies to TTL. These monoclonal antibodies recognize TTL not only in brain tissue but also in the liver of various mammals. Monoclonal antibodies isolated from ascites fluid allowed a rapid purification of TTL from a crude brain extract. TTL stayed bound to the immunoaffinity column in 1.5 M NaCl and was eluted with 3 M MgCl2. Highly active TTL was recovered nearly quantitatively at greater than 95% purity and could be stabilized in the presence of glycerol. Glycerol gradient centrifugation, SDS gel electrophoresis and immunoblots identified TTL as a monomeric protein with an apparent polypeptide molecular weight of about 40,000. A one to one complex of TTL with alpha beta-tubulin was observed by gradient centrifugation.
V1a vasopressin receptors maintain normal blood pressure by regulating circulating blood volume and baroreflex sensitivity (2006)

Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) is a hormone that is essential for both osmotic and cardiovascular homeostasis, and exerts important physiological regulation through three distinct receptors, V1a, V1b, and V2. Although AVP is used clinically as a potent vasoconstrictor (V1a receptor-mediated) in patients with circulatory shock, the physiological role of vasopressin V1a receptors in blood pressure (BP) homeostasis is ill-defined. In this study, we investigated the functional roles of the V1a receptor in cardiovascular homeostasis using gene targeting. The basal BP of conscious mutant mice lacking the V1a receptor gene (V1a-/-) was significantly (P < 0.001) lower compared to the wild-type mice (V1a+/+) without a notable change in heart rate. There was no significant alteration in cardiac functions as assessed by echocardiogram in the mutant mice. AVP-induced vasopressor responses were abolished in the mutant mice; rather, AVP caused a decrease in BP, which occurred in part through V2 receptor-mediated release of nitric oxide from the vascular endothelium. Arterial baroreceptor reflexes were markedly impaired in mutant mice, consistent with a loss of V1a receptors in the central area of baroreflex control. Notably, mutant mice showed a significant 9% reduction in circulating blood volume. Furthermore, mutant mice had normal plasma AVP levels and a normal AVP secretory response, but had significantly lower adrenocortical responsiveness to adrenocorticotropic hormone. Taken together, these results indicate that the V1a receptor plays an important role in normal resting arterial BP regulation mainly by its regulation of circulating blood volume and baroreflex sensitivity.
A Class-oriented Approach to Building a Paraphrase Corpus (2005)

Towards deep analysis of composi-tional classes of paraphrases, we have examined a class-oriented framework for collecting paraphrase examples, in which sentential paraphrases are col-lected for each paraphrase class sep-arately by means of automatic can-didate generation and manual judge-ment. Our preliminary experiments on building a paraphrase corpus have so far been producing promising results, which we have evaluated according to cost-efficiency, exhaustiveness, and re-liability.
Culturing of human peripheral blood cells reveals unsuspected lymphocyte responses relevant to HIV disease (2008)

Recombinant HIV-Tat (Tat) induces extensive apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) cultured in typical CO2 incubators, which are equilibrated with air (21% O2). However, as we show here, Tat apoptosis induction fails in PBMCs cultured at physiological oxygen levels (5% O2). Under these conditions, Tat induces PBMCs to divide, efficiently primes them for HIV infection, and supports virus production by the infected cells. Furthermore, Tat takes only 2 h to prime PBMCs under these conditions. In contrast, PHA/IL-2, which is widely used to prime cells for HIV infection, takes 2-3 days. These findings strongly recommend culturing primary cells at physiological oxygen levels. In addition, they suggest HIV-Tat as a key regulator of HIV disease progression.
Fault-tolerant broadcasts in CAN (2002)

Fault-tolerant distributed systems based on field-buses may take advantage from reliable and atomic broadcast. There is a current belief that CAN native mechanisms provide atomic broadcast. In this paper, we dismiss this misconception, explaining how network errors may lead to: inconsistent message delivery; generation of message duplicates. These errors may occur when faults hit the last two bits of the end of frame delimiter. Although rare, its influence cannot be ignored, for highly fault-tolerant systems. Finally, we give a protocol suite that handles the problem effectively.
New PDC Technology Significantly Improves Performance in Drilling Deep Khuff Wells for a Major Operator in Abu Dhabi (2005)

Abstract Drilling the 12¼" and 8½" sections in offshore Abu Dhabi's Deep Khuff fields is very challenging due to an intricate geological sequence that consists of limestone, dolomite and shales that are highly interbedded with hard stringers. Historically, ADMA-OPCO, the operator, has attempted to efficiently drill the section using roller cone tungsten carbide inserts (TCI), natural diamond and polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) technology. PDC bits yielded better performance in terms of rate of penetration (ROP) and bit life over TCI bits. However, it required several PDC bits to drill the sections. Further detailed analysis produced optimum PDC designs that successfully established new benchmarks in the fields. The objective was to minimize the number of bit trips by enhancing PDC bits performance. This called for new PDC technology coupled with optimized motor drive. To address this challenge, ADMA-OPCO and bit vendor and other service companies worked together to seek optimized solutions to drill the interbedded rocks efficiently. This paper reviews the findings of the detailed study in drilling the 12¼" and 8½" sections in typical Deep Khuff wells. The study showed that PDC damage from encountering harder stringers was the primary impediment to achieving better performance. Subsequent to the recommendations, the challenges were overcome by utilizing new PDC cutting structure designs and advanced cutter technology along with optimized downhole motor assemblies. The resultant improvement is also demonstrated by examples from separate fields offshore Abu Dhabi where considerable savings were achieved in terms of footage drilled and cost per foot.
Gene expression profiles relate to SS18/SSX fusion type in synovial sarcoma (2005)

We applied 27k spotted cDNA microarray slides to assess gene expression profiles in 26 samples from 24 patients with synovial sarcomas (SS). The data were analyzed in relation to histopathologic type, cytogenetic aberrations, gene fusion type and development of distant metastases. Supervised analysis based on gene fusion type in 12 SS with SS18/SSX1 and 9 with SS18/SSX2 revealed significant differences in gene expression profiles. Among the discriminators were several genes that have previously been found to be upregulated in SS, including AXL, ZIC2, SPAG7, AGRN, FOXC1, NCAM1 and multiple metallothioneins. Histopathology and degree of cytogenetic complexity did not significantly influence expression, whereas a genetic signature that related to development of metastases could be discerned, albeit with a high false-positive rate. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate differentially expressed genes for the 2 major gene fusion variants in SS, SS18/SSX1 and SS18/SSX2, and thereby suggest that these result in different downstream effects.
Erythropoietin and Erythropoietin Receptor Expression in Head and Neck Cancer: Relationship to Tumor Hypoxia (2005)

The coexpression of erythropoietin and EPOR in tumor cells suggests that erythropoietin may potentially function as an autocrine or paracrine factor in head and neck cancer. The expression of the hypoxia-inducible protein erythropoietin in tumor cells correlates with levels of tumor hypoxia.
Depth- and range-dependent variation in the performance of aquatic telemetry systems: understanding and predicting the susceptibility of acoustic tag–receiver pairs to close proximity detection interference (2018)

Close proximity detection interference results from combinations of depth and distance that produce reflected signals arriving after a receiver's blanking interval has ended. Deployment scenarios resulting in CPDI can be predicted with the proposed mechanistic model. For deeper deployments, sea-surface reflections can produce CPDI conditions, resulting in transmission rejection, regardless of the reflective properties of the seafloor.
Structure and Function of the HMGI(Y) Family of Architectural Transcription Factors (2000)

The three known members of the HMGI(Y) family of high-mobility group (HMG) mammalian nonhistone nuclear proteins (HMG-I, HMG-Y, and HMGI-C) are thought to participate in numerous biological processes (transcription, replication, retroviral integration, genetic recombination, etc.) by virtue of their ability to recognize and alter the structure of both DNA and chromatin substrates. In vitro and in vivo the HMGI(Y) proteins preferentially bind to the narrow minor groove of stretches of AT-rich DNA by means of highly conserved peptide motifs called AT hooks. In vitro the HMGI(Y) proteins also have the ability to selectively bind to distorted DNA structures and to bend, unwind, and supercoil DNA substrates. Additionally, the HMGI(Y) proteins have the ability to interact with various protein transcription factors both in vitro and in vivo. Specific protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions permit the HMGI(Y) proteins to function as architectural transcription factors that regulate gene expression in vivo by controlling the formation of stereospecific multiprotein complexes on the AT-rich regions of certain gene promoters. Transcriptional overexpression of the HMGI(Y) genes is highly correlated with both cancerous transformation and increased metastatic potential of a number of different cancers, and chromosomal rearrangements involving AT-hook motifs have been associated with various types of benign human mesenchymal tumors. The levels of HMGI(Y) proteins in human cells have been proposed to be sensitive diagnostic indicators of both neoplastic transformation and metastatic progression. Drugs based on the AT-hook motif offer the potential for development of new tumor therapeutic reagents.
Predicting variability in nanoscale lithography processes (2009)

As lithography process nodes shrink to sub-wavelength levels generating acceptable layout patterns becomes a challenging problem. Traditionally, complex convolution based lithography simulations are used to estimate areas of high variability. These methods are slow and infeasible for large scale full chip analysis. This work proposes a solution to this problem by using machine learning techniques to identify layout areas that are more prone to variability. A novel target layout representation is proposed, and the latest support vector machine (SVM) algorithms are used to detect variability within standard cells and between cells in a simulated full chip layout.
Impact of velocity distribution assumption on simplified laser speckle imaging equation (2008)

Since blood flow is tightly coupled to the health status of biological tissue, several instruments have been developed to monitor blood flow and perfusion dynamics. One such instrument is laser speckle imaging. The goal of this study was to evaluate the use of two velocity distribution assumptions (Lorentzian- and Gaussian-based) to calculate speckle flow index (SFI) values. When the normalized autocorrelation function for the Lorentzian and Gaussian velocity distributions satisfy the same definition of correlation time, then the same velocity range is predicted for low speckle contrast (0 < C < 0.6) and predict different flow velocity range for high contrast. Our derived equations form the basis for simplified calculations of SFI values.
Brincar com a "bunda no tapete" (2018)

O presente artigo aborda e analisa as manifestações do protagonismo infantil por meio das experessões lúdicas das próprias crianças. Nesta perspectiva este estudo se propõe a olhar para as crianças de forma muito particular, pois suas vivências e experiências lúdicas são diferentes em cada lugar e, por isso, temos que compre- endê-las em seu próprio contexto sociocultural. Terá como principal referência teórica para o estudo e para a análise das expressões brincantes das crianças os fundamentos de William Corsaro e Marita Redin que destacam a importância das experiências brincantes espontâneas e coletivas como manifestações culturais, fundantes para a livre criação da criança, bem como para a manifestação de ações protagônicas, inventivas e criativas. Destaca- se ainda a importância e o papel do/a professor/a na mediação desse processo. Configura-se numa pesquisa exploratória qualitativa, que tem na etnografia e na fenomenologia as bases metodológicas para a sua condução, cujo intuito é compreender as manifestações do protagonismo infantil por meio de experiências lúdicas no coti- diano de uma turma de crianças de Pré-Escola, num município da Encosta da Serra/RS. Para tanto, as pesquisa- doras observaram as expressões lúdicas das crianças durante um momento de brincadeira livre e espontânea vivenciadas cotidianamente na instituição educativa, descrevendo-as no caderno de campo para posterior análi- se. Neste artigo, faz-se um recorte do estudo e compartilha-se uma das observações, a partir da qual elaboram-se perspectivas e significações do protagonismo infantil, dentre muitas outras interpretações possíveis, que se en- contram na mediação desse processo.
Optimization of a tensegrity wing for biomimetic applications (2006)

Current attempts to build fast, efficient, and maneuverable underwater vehicles have looked to nature for inspiration. However, they have all been based on traditional propulsive techniques, i.e. rotary motors. In the current study a promising and potentially revolutionary approach is taken that overcomes the limitations of these traditional methods-morphing structure concepts with integrated actuation and sensing. Inspiration for this work comes from the manta ray (Manta birostris) and other batoid fish. These creatures are highly maneuverable but are also able to cruise at high speeds over long distances. In this paper, the structural foundation for the biomimetic morphing wing is a tensegrity structure. A preliminary procedure is presented for developing morphing tensegrity structures that include actuating elements. A shape optimization method is used that determines actuator placement and actuation amount necessary to achieve the measured biological displacement field of a ray. Lastly, an experimental manta ray wing is presented that measures the static and dynamic pressure field acting on the ray's wings during a normal flapping cycle.
Electrophysiological Properties of a New Permanent Endocardial Lead for Uni‐ and Bipolar Pacing (1982)

Unipolar and bipolar electrode systems were compared for electrogram amplitudes and slew rates, signal source impedance, and myocardial stimulation threshold and resistance in 15 consecutive patients who received a new endocardial electrode (Cordis 325-161). The bipolar electrograms showed the highest amplitude in nine of the patients (60%). The unipolar and bipolar electrograms were equal in four patients (26.7%), whereas the unipolar electrograms were highest in only two patients (13.3%). The difference in mean amplitude between bipolar (11.1 mV) and unipolar (10.1 mV) electrograms was statistically significant (p 0.05). Mean slew rates were almost equal (1.7 versus 1.6 V/s; p greater than 0.1). The bipolar electrode system always gave somewhat higher signal source impedance than the unipolar system (p 0.001). The current threshold was significantly lower during bipolar pacing (0.59 mA) in constant current pacing mode, than during unipolar pacing (0.65 mA) (p less than 0.05). No significant differences were found during constant voltage pacing. Stimulation resistance was highest in the bipolar electrode system (p less than 0.001). We conclude that the bipolar electrode system is as good as, or better than, the unipolar system both for ventricular sensing and for pacing.
Tunable Ionic Liquids for Gas Separation: Solubility Studies for Thermodynamic Analysis (2022)

Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts with a melting temperature below 100°C and a large liquidus range over 300°C. ILs have many beneficial properties; most notably they are negligibly volatile under normal operating conditions. ILs are being investigated for a variety of applications including reaction media, separation solvents, non-volatile electrolytes, heat transfer fluids, and gas capture. Our research interest focuses specifically on how ILs can be designed for specific and selective gas separations. One potential application for this research is the separation of industrial flue gases for removal of environmentally hazardous gases. The ILs' negligible vapor pressure and tunable properties make them ideal to replace volatile and/or corrosive solvents currently being used for these processes. To this end, gases of interest to our study include carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, and light hydrocarbons, as well as mixtures of these gases. <p>Selection of different combinations of anions and cations influences the physical properties and functionality of an IL. Thus, one objective of this work was to determine the thermophysical property relationships between ILs and the gases of interest by making systematic changes to both the anion and cation. Overall, the anion was found to influence the thermophysical properties to a larger degree than changes to the cation. Gases dissolve in ILs via a physical absorption mechanism, a chemical complexation mechanism, or a combination of the two. The physical absorption of gas increased with increased fluorination; the effect was most pronounced with fluorination on the anion. Additionally, even common ILs like 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([hmim][Tf2N]) were found to have excellent selectivity for CO2 relative to N2 and other components in flue gas based on pure physical absorption. Importantly, ILs also exhibit high absorption capacity for SO2 without degradation of the IL. </p><p>However, ILs designed for chemical absorption, those which contain acetate or amine functional groups, were found to be superior to physical absorbing ILs. These efforts have resulted in a ten fold increase in the carrying capacity of ILs for CO2 while maintaining good selectivity relative to other flue gas components. However, preliminary calculations suggest that successful competition with amine-based scrubbing techniques requires a higher carrying capacity for CO2.</p>
Efficient Fetal-Maternal ECG Signal Separation from Two Channel Maternal Abdominal ECG via Diffusion-Based Channel Selection (2017)

There is a need for affordable, widely deployable maternal-fetal ECG monitors to improve maternal and fetal health during pregnancy and delivery. Based on the diffusion-based channel selection, here we present the mathematical formalism and clinical validation of an algorithm capable of accurate separation of maternal and fetal ECG from a two channel signal acquired over maternal abdomen. The proposed algorithm is the first algorithm, to the best of the authors' knowledge, focusing on the fetal ECG analysis based on two channel maternal abdominal ECG signal, and we apply it to two publicly available databases, the PhysioNet non-invasive fECG database (adfecgdb) and the 2013 PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge (CinC2013), to validate the algorithm. The state-of-the-art results are achieved when compared with other available algorithms. Particularly, the <i>F</i><sub>1</sub> score for the R peak detection achieves 99.3% for the adfecgdb and 87.93% for the CinC2013, and the mean absolute error for the estimated R peak locations is 4.53 ms for the adfecgdb and 6.21 ms for the CinC2013. The method has the potential to be applied to other fetal cardiogenic signals, including cardiac doppler signals.