gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Underwater mass spectrometers for in situ chemical analysis of the hydrosphere (2001)

Underwater mass spectrometry systems can be used for direct in situ detection of volatile organic compounds and dissolved gases in oceans, lakes, rivers and waste-water streams. In this work we describe the design and operation of (1) a linear quadrupole mass filter and (2) a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer interfaced, in each case, with a membrane introduction/fluid control system and packaged for underwater operation. These mass spectrometry systems can operate autonomously, or under user control via a wireless rf link. Detection limits for each system were determined in the laboratory using pure solutions. The quadrupole mass filter system provides detection limits in the 1-5 ppb range with an upper mass limit of 100 amu. Its power requirement is approximately 95 Watts. The ion trap system has detection limits well below 1 ppb, an upper mass limit of 650 amu and MS/MS capability. Its power consumption is on the order of 150 Watts. The present membrane limits analysis to non-polar compounds (<300 amu) with analysis cycles of 5-15 minutes. Deployments of both types of instruments are described, along with a discussion of the challenges associated with in-water mass spectrometry and descriptions of alternative in-water mass spectrometer configurations.
Detection of abnormal time-frequency components of the QT interval using a wavelet transformation technique (2002)

ECG repolarization abnormalities are likely to be manifested by different time-frequency (TF) components but no specific technique to detect them has yet been proposed. This study aims to describe the usefulness of a time-scale technique for the analysis of the repolarization segment components. Affected patients with Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) were used as group of patients with abnormalities in repolarization. Time-scale (TS) analysis of the repolarization interval revealed modification of the TF components with different shapes according to the leads. Comparison of ROC curves for QTc measurements and wavelet parameters demonstrates that wavelets are able to quantify T wave prolongation without the need for T endpoint determination.
The antibody response in mice to carrier-free synthetic polymers of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> circumsporozoite repetitive epitope is I-Ab-restricted: possible implications for malaria vaccines. (1986)

The immunogenicity of a novel synthetic peptide consisting of an average of 40 (Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro) repeats of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum, (NANP)40, was studied in mice without using any carrier proteins. First, high titers of anti-(NANP)40 antibodies could be obtained after immunization of C57BL/6 mice. These antibodies also reacted with an extract of mosquitoes infected with P. falciparum sporozoites. C57BL/6 nu/nu mice did not produce antibodies against (NANP)40. Secondly, when 14 strains of mice with nine different H-2 haplotypes were immunized with (NANP)40 without carrier, only H-2b mice were found to produce anti-(NANP)40 antibodies, whereas all non-H-2b mice were consistently unresponsive. This response was demonstrated to be I-A-linked by using recombinant and mutant mice. I-Ab [B10.A(5R)] mice produced anti-(NANP)40 antibodies as well as H-2b inbred mice. B6CH-2bm12 I-Ab-mutant mice showed only a very low response. Third, the antibody response against (NANP)40 could be induced in nonresponder mice by immunization with the peptide coupled to a carrier protein. In view of the existence of such an exceptional H-2b restriction in the response to sporozoite synthetic peptides in mice, the triggering of peptide-specific T cell responses in humans receiving sporozoite malaria vaccines might be difficult to achieve.
Side-scan Doppler lidar for offshore wind energy applications (2012)

A field demonstration was done from Virginia Beach, Virginia, to show the use of high-energy (250-mJ) eyesafe Doppler lidar for measurements of offshore wind. The lidar is located onshore and pointed near-horizontally to reach a target area many kilometers away. In sample measurements, the lidar scan's hypothetical turbine is located 6 km away. For one beam elevation of interest, the horizontal wind vector is measured by scanning the beam in azimuth. The elevation can then be changed to profile the wind at many altitudes. An example measurement is shown in which wind vector is determined at six altitudes covering the height of a supposed turbine and above. In addition to the wind vector, wind shear is measured across a turbine blade span width. Over a two-week period in October 2011, range capability was found to vary from 4.5 to 17 km depending on weather and aerosol backscatter conditions. A comparison was made with an anemometer to validate the lidar's measurements.
Layer Protecting the Surface of Zirconium Used in Nuclear Reactors (2016)

Zirconium alloys nuclear fuel pins' surfaces were covered by compact and homogeneous polycrystalline diamond layers consisting of sp(3) and sp(2) carbon phases with a high crystalline diamond content and low roughness. Diamond withstands very high temperatures, has excellent thermal conductivity and low chemical reactivity, it does not degrade over time and (important for the nuclear fuel cladding) being pure carbon, it has perfect neutron cross-section properties. Moreover, polycrystalline diamond layers consisting of crystalline (sp(3)) and amorphous (sp(2)) carbon phases could have suitable thermal expansion. Zirconium alloys coated with polycrystalline diamond film are protected against undesirable changes and processes. Further, the polycrystalline diamond layer prevents the reaction between the alloy surface and water vapor. During such reaction, water molecules dissociate and initiate formation of zirconium dioxide and hydrogen, accompanied by the release of large amount of heat. Thus the protective layer prevents the formation of hydrogen and the release of reaction heat. Few relevant patents to the topic have been reviewed and cited.
A Novel Algorithm for Wafer Sojourn Time Analysis of Single-Arm Cluster Tools With Wafer Residency Time Constraints and Activity Time Variation (2014)

This paper addresses the scheduling problem of single-arm cluster tools with both wafer residency time constraints and activity time variation in semiconductor manufacturing. Based on a Petri net model developed in our previous work, polynomial algorithms are proposed to obtain the exact upper bound of the wafer sojourn time delay for the first time. With the obtained results, one can check the feasibility of a given schedule or find a feasible and optimal one if it exists. Illustrative examples are given to show the applications of the proposed method.
ScAlN etch mask for highly selective silicon etching (2017)

This work reports the utilization of a recently developed film, ScAlN, as a silicon etch mask offering significant improvements in high etch selectivity to silicon. Utilization of ScAlN as a fluorine chemistry based deep reactive ion etch mask demonstrated etch selectivity at 23 550:1, four times better than AlN, 11 times better than Al2O3, and 148 times better than silicon dioxide with significantly less resputtering at high bias voltage than either Al2O3 or AlN. Ellipsometry film thickness measurements show less than 0.3 nm/min mask erosion rates for ScAlN. Micromasking of resputtered Al for Al2O3, AlN, and ScAlN etch masks is also reported here, utilizing cross-sectional scanning electron microscope and confocal microscope roughness measurements. With lower etch bias, the reduced etch rate can be optimized to achieve a trench bottom surface roughness that is comparable to SiO2 etch masks. Etch mask selectivity enabled by ScAlN is likely to make significant improvements in microelectromechanical systems, wafer level packaging, and plasma dicing of silicon.
A Graph-Convolutional Neural Network Model for the Prediction of Chemical Reactivity (2018)

We present a supervised learning approach to predict the products of organic reactions given their reactants, reagents, and solvent(s). The prediction task is factored into two stages comparable to manual expert approaches: considering possible sites of reactivity and evaluating their relative likelihoods. By training on hundreds of thousands of reaction precedents covering a broad range of reaction types from the patent literature, the neural model makes informed predictions of chemical reactivity. The model predicts the major product correctly over 85% of the time requiring around 100 ms per example, a significantly higher accuracy than achieved by previous machine learning approaches, and performs on par with expert chemists with years of formal training. We gain additional insight into predictions via the design of the neural model, revealing an understanding of chemistry qualitatively consistent with manual approaches.
Antigenic Analysis of Chlamydiae by Two-Dimensional Immunoelectrophoresis (1975)

Abstract Two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis was utilized to study precipitins in hyperimmune rabbit serum made against chlamydiae and from patients with chlamydial infections. An antigen of Triton X-100-solubilized L2/434/Bu organisms with an electrophoretic mobility of 0.65 relative to bovine serum albumin at pH 8.6 was excised from the agarose gel of electrophorograms as antigen-antibody complexes and used to immunize rabbits. A monospecific antiserum to antigen 0.65 was obtained that reacted with Trachoma-LGV strains L2/434/Bu, B/TW-5/OT, and K/UW-31/Cx, but not with the mouse pneumonitis (Nigg) strain or the psittacosis strain meningopneumonitis (Cal-10). The Trachoma-LGV specificity of antigen 0.65 was further shown by indirect immunofluorescence straining with the monospecific antiserum of chlamydial inclusions in infected HeLa cells. Precipitins with a specificity for antigen 0.65 were identified in 15 of 18 sera from patients with diagnosed Chlamydia trachomatis infections LGV, trachoma, nongonococcal urethritis, and nongonococcal cervicitis by using monospecific antiserum to antigen 0.65 in the peak suppression test. Thus, antigen 0.65 appears to be a Trachoma-LGV-specific antigen that has considerable promise for serodiagnosis.
A novel scan chain diagnostics technique based on light emission from leakage current (2005)

Scan chain diagnostics have become more important than ever due to the increasing complexity of VLSI designs, as more and more scan latches/flip-flops are utilized in designs, especially in microprocessors. At the same time, the off-state leakage current of CMOS technology grows exponentially from one generation to the next one. This fact imposes a big challenge on the chip design, packaging, cooling, etc. However, innovative applications, based on the detection of light emission due to off-state leakage current (LEOSLC) have been developed for testing and diagnosing modern VLSI circuits. We show that LEOSLC can be used to effectively debug, diagnose, and localize defects in a broken scan chain.
EXTREMELY SCALABLE CROSS-POINT TOP-GATED HETEROJUNCTION TUNNELING-TRANSISTORS (2011)

Energy efficient hetero-junction tunneling transistors in a simple "cross-point" configuration that utilizes top gates are analyzed for use at extremely scaled sub-10 nm gate-lengths. The active tunneling region comprises of a vertical p ++/ n + heterojunction (for example formed at the cross point of p ++ SiGe / n + Si ), where modulation of the energy-bands in the gated n + Si region with a top-gate is used to control the degree of band overlap and tunneling distance and hence current. The sub-threshold swing characteristic of these devices is shown to be potentially highly immune to extreme downscaling to 6 nm gate length allowing for an intact and efficient switching behavior to be retained. The extreme scalability and ultra-low voltage operation could make such cross-point devices useful for alternative applications and architectures that require ultimate energy efficiency.
Epitaxial Thin Films of ATiO<sub>3–<i>x</i></sub>H<sub><i>x</i></sub> (A = Ba, Sr, Ca) with Metallic Conductivity (2012)

Epitaxial thin films of titanium perovskite oxyhydride ATiO(3-x)H(x) (A = Ba, Sr, Ca) were prepared by CaH(2) reduction of epitaxial ATiO(3) thin films deposited on a (LaAlO(3))(0.3)(SrAl(0.5)Ta(0.5)O(3))(0.7) substrate. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy detected a substantial amount and uniform distribution of hydride within the film. SrTiO(3)/LSAT thin film hydridized at 530 °C for 1 day had hydride concentration of 4.0 × 10(21) atoms/cm(3) (i.e., SrTiO(2.75)H(0.25)). The electric resistivity of all the ATiO(3-x)H(x) films exhibited metallic (positive) temperature dependence, as opposed to negative as in BaTiO(3-x)H(x) powder, revealing that ATiO(3-x)H(x) are intrinsically metallic, with high conductivity of 10(2)-10(4) S/cm. Treatment with D(2) gas results in hydride/deuteride exchange of the films; these films should be valuable in further studies on hydride diffusion kinetics. Combined with the materials' inherent high electronic conductivity, new mixed electron/hydride ion conductors may also be possible.
Crystalline oxides on semiconductors: a future for the nanotransistor (2004)

Abstract In this paper we will broadly review the promises and advantages that crystalline‐oxides‐on‐semiconductors will bring to semiconductor technology. The central issue in the epitaxial oxide semiconductor system is the role of the interface. Preparation of the semiconductor surface is essential to successful, high quality, crystalline oxide formation. Furthermore, the chemical nature of the surface then controls such fundamental properties of the system as band offsets, band bending and transport. Drawing on recent accomplishments in determining key features in the structural and electronic properties of prototype Si/(Sr,Ba)O interfaces [R. A. McKee, F. J. Walker, M. Buongiorno Nardelli, W. A. Shelton, and G. M. Stocks, Science 300 , 1726 (2003)], we will then illustrate how high‐performance simulations combined with experiments have been able to characterize an interface phase whose structure‐specific chemical bonding is fundamental in determining the properties of the semiconductor/crystalline oxide system. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Unidirectional operation of waveguide diode ring lasers (1997)

A method of providing asymmetric feedback in the triangular ring laser structure was devised through the simple alterations of the waveguide shape. Two kinds of alterations were designed and implemented, one being the “optical diode,” the other being the tapered waveguide. Unidirectional operation was achieved for the ring lasers, with a single-beam slope efficiency of 0.23 W/A, which was the highest single-beam slope efficiency reported for semiconductor ring lasers.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthesis of Photochromic Polymers via ROMP. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulators (1987)

The ferroelectric liquid-crystal (FLC) phase is a relatively new development in liquid crystals. The basic symmetry restrictions demanded by ferroelectricity are met by the chiral smectic-C liquid-crystal phase. The chirality or lack of mirror symmetry at molecular level gives rise to a spiral polarity or helioelectric structure. The helix can be unwound by an applied electric field to create a uniform FLC. However, this is not the most favorable device arrangement.
3D Anisotropic Hybrid Network: Transferring Convolutional Features from 2D Images to 3D Anisotropic Volumes (2017)

While deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) have been successfully applied for 2D image analysis, it is still challenging to apply them to 3D anisotropic volumes, especially when the within-slice resolution is much higher than the between-slice resolution and when the amount of 3D volumes is relatively small. On one hand, direct learning of CNN with 3D convolution kernels suffers from the lack of data and likely ends up with poor generalization; insufficient GPU memory limits the model size or representational power. On the other hand, applying 2D CNN with generalizable features to 2D slices ignores between-slice information. Coupling 2D network with LSTM to further handle the between-slice information is not optimal due to the difficulty in LSTM learning. To overcome the above challenges, we propose a 3D Anisotropic Hybrid Network (AH-Net) that transfers convolutional features learned from 2D images to 3D anisotropic volumes. Such a transfer inherits the desired strong generalization capability for within-slice information while naturally exploiting between-slice information for more effective modelling. The focal loss is further utilized for more effective end-to-end learning. We experiment with the proposed 3D AH-Net on two different medical image analysis tasks, namely lesion detection from a Digital Breast Tomosynthesis volume, and liver and liver tumor segmentation from a Computed Tomography volume and obtain the state-of-the-art results.
THE FACILE SYNTHESIS OF LACTONES (1976)

Abstract Direct lactonization of ω-hydroxy acids, HO(CH22)nCOOH with n=5, 7, 10, 11, 14, has been successfully carried out under mild conditions in good yields by the treatment with 1-methyl-2-chloropyridinium iodide in the presence of triethylamine. In the case of the acid with n=6, only lactide has been produced.
Optically compensated zoom lens design in the infrared (2005)

In this paper the construction of both mechanically and optically compensated zoom lenses is discussed. Particular attention is paid to the Computer Optics Inc. Infrared Optically Compensated Zoom Lens.
Laminated Object Manufacturing of 3D‐Printed Laser‐Induced Graphene Foams (2018)

Laser-induced graphene (LIG), a graphene structure synthesized by a one-step process through laser treatment of commercial polyimide (PI) film in an ambient atmosphere, has been shown to be a versatile material in applications ranging from energy storage to water treatment. However, the process as developed produces only a 2D product on the PI substrate. Here, a 3D LIG foam printing process is developed on the basis of laminated object manufacturing, a widely used additive-manufacturing technique. A subtractive laser-milling process to yield further refinements to the 3D structures is also developed and shown here. By combining both techniques, various 3D graphene objects are printed. The LIG foams show good electrical conductivity and mechanical strength, as well as viability in various energy storage and flexible electronic sensor applications.
THE INFLUENCE OF SILK FIBROIN 3D SCAFFOLD COMPOSITION FOR IN VITRO BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING (2010)

Scaffold composition, configuration and resulting properties critically affects tissue development. In this study, we evaluated the influence of silk fibroin concentration (6 or 17%) and correspondent processing method (aqueous or HFIP-derived) and three- dimensional scaffold structure (lamellar or porous, with distinct pore size) on bone tissue formation by osteogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue derived stem cells (hASC). We observed that very similar bone tissue was formed in all silk fibroin scaffold groups, evaluated by alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium production, collagen type I deposition and scaffold bone volume fraction.
Dual LDA - an effective feature space reduction method for face recognition (2006)

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is a popular feature extraction technique that aims at creating a feature set of enhanced discriminatory power. The authors introduced a novel approach dual LDA (DLDA) and proposed an efficient SVD-based implementation. This paper focuses on feature space reduction aspect of DLDA achieved in course of proper choice of the parameters controlling the DLDA algorithm. The comparative experiments conducted on a collection of five facial databases consisting in total of more than 10000 photos show that DLDA outperforms by a great margin the methods reducing the feature space by means of feature subset selection.
A novel surface‐stabilized monostable ferroelectric LCD (1993)

Abstract— A new type of analog gray‐scale display based on a surface‐stabilized ferroelectric LCD is presented. A SmC* phase with a long pitch was employed so that the alignment direction of the liquid‐crystal molecules shows monostability along the rubbing direction for the uniaxial orientation of the substrate. Modulation with an electric field produces an analog gray‐scale display. An antiparallel cell shows regular arrays of stripes (2.3‐μm pitch) which are parallel to the rubbing direction and show monostable behavior. Due to the two types of stripes aligning alternately in the cell, the optical transmission increases with increasing voltage in two stages: a linear response and small transmission change from 0 to 5 V, and a stepwise and large response in the range of greater than 5 V. By eliminating the striped texture in the cell with an electrical treatment, the contrast ratio (>80), the linearity (the analog gray scale in the low‐driving‐field region <4 V/2 μm), and the response times (on the order of 1 ms) of the surface‐stabilized monostable ferroelectric LCD (SSMFLCD) can be improved significantly.
Leveraging the Trusted Clinician: Documenting Disease Management Program Enrollment (2007)

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that an integrated disease management (IDM) protocol (patent-pending), which combines telephonic-delivered disease management (TDM) with a worksite-based primary care center and pharmacy delivery, would yield higher contact and enrollment rates than traditional remote disease management alone. IDM is characterized by the combination of standard TDM with a worksite-based primary care and pharmacy delivery protocol led by trusted clinicians. This prospective cohort study tracks contact and enrollment rates for persons assigned to either IDM or traditional TDM protocols, and compares them on contact and enrollment efficiency. The IDM protocol showed a significant improvement in contact and enrollment rates over traditional TDM. Integrating a worksite-based primary care and pharmacy delivery system led by trusted clinicians with traditional TDM increases contact and enrollment rates, resulting in higher patient engagement. The IDM protocol should be adopted by employers seeking higher returns on their investment in disease management programming.