gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced nonlinearities using plasmonic nanoantennas (2012)

Abstract In this paper, we review and discuss how nanoantennas may be used to largely enhance the nonlinear response of optical materials. For single nanoantennas, there have been tremendous advancements in understanding how to exploit the local field enhancement to boost the nonlinear susceptibility at the surface or sharp edges of plasmonic metals. After an overview of the work in this area, we discuss the possibility of controlling the optical nonlinear response using nanocircuit concepts and of significantly enhancing various nonlinear optical processes using planar arrays of plasmonic nanoantennas loaded with χ (2) or χ (3) nonlinear optical materials, forming ultrathin, nanometer‐scale nonlinear metasurfaces, as optical nanodevices. We describe how this concept may be used to boost the efficiency of nonlinear wave mixing and optical bistability, due to the large local field enhancement at the nonlinear nanoloads associated with the plasmonic features of suitably tailored nanoantenna designs. We finally discuss three exciting applications of the proposed nonlinear metasurface: dramatically‐enhanced frequency conversion efficiency, efficient phase‐conjugation for super‐resolution imaging and large optical bistabilities.
Heparanase modulates heparinoids anticoagulant activities via non-enzymatic mechanisms (2007)

A key element for the physiological restriction of blood coagulation at the endothelial cell surface is its non-thrombogenic property, mainly attributed to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Heparanase is an endo-beta-D-glucuronidase with specific heparan sulfate degrading activity, which is produced and stored in platelets, and is released upon their activation. We examined the effects of heparanase pro-enzyme on coagulation functions, predominantly under physiological conditions. While heparanase pro-enzyme does not directly affect coagulation protein activities, it has profound effects on heparinoid-mediated regulation of coagulation responses, apparently via mechanisms that do not involve its enzymatic activity. Heparanase pro-enzyme reverses the anti-coagulant activity of unfractionated heparin on the coagulation pathway as well as on thrombin activity. In addition, heparanase pro-enzyme abrogated the factor X inhibitory activity of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). The pro-coagulant effects of the non-active heparanase were also exerted by its major functional heparin-binding peptide. Finally, the effects of heparanase on the activity of factor VII activating protease that is auto-activated by heparinoids indicated a complete antagonistic action of heparanase in this system. Altogether, heparanase pro-coagulant activities that were also demonstrated in plasma samples from patients under LMWH treatment, point to a possible use of this molecule as antagonist for heparinoid treatment.
A novel optical method for the evaluation of the ratio of Poisson's ratio to the modulus of elasticity of optically transparent materials (1978)

A novel optical method is presented for the evaluation of the ratio of Poisson's ratio of the modulus of elasticity, and, if the modulus of elasticity is known, the Poisson's ratio with non-touching and simple techniques can also be evaluated. The method is based on interferometry of cracked specimens.
Constitutive Expression of a <i>miR319</i> Gene Alters Plant Development and Enhances Salt and Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Creeping Bentgrass (2013)

MicroRNA319 (miR319) is one of the first characterized and conserved microRNA families in plants and has been demonstrated to target TCP (for TEOSINTE BRANCHED/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS [PCF]) genes encoding plant-specific transcription factors. MiR319 expression is regulated by environmental stimuli, suggesting its involvement in plant stress response, although experimental evidence is lacking and the underlying mechanism remains elusive. This study investigates the role that miR319 plays in the plant response to abiotic stress using transgenic creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) overexpressing a rice (Oryza sativa) miR319 gene, Osa-miR319a. We found that transgenic plants overexpressing Osa-miR319a displayed morphological changes and exhibited enhanced drought and salt tolerance associated with increased leaf wax content and water retention but reduced sodium uptake. Gene expression analysis indicated that at least four putative miR319 target genes, AsPCF5, AsPCF6, AsPCF8, and AsTCP14, and a homolog of the rice NAC domain gene AsNAC60 were down-regulated in transgenic plants. Our results demonstrate that miR319 controls plant responses to drought and salinity stress. The enhanced abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic plants is related to significant down-regulation of miR319 target genes, implying their potential for use in the development of novel molecular strategies to genetically engineer crop species for enhanced resistance to environmental stress.
Real-time high definition H.264 video decode using the Xbox 360 GPU (2007)

The Xbox 360 is powered by three dual pipeline 3.2 GHz IBM PowerPC processors and a 500 MHz ATI graphics processing unit. The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is a special-purpose device, intended to create advanced visual effects and to render realistic scenes for the latest Xbox 360 games. In this paper, we report work on using the GPU as a parallel processing unit to accelerate the decoding of H.264/AVC high-definition (1920x1080) video. We report our experiences in developing a real-time, software-only high-definition video decoder for the Xbox 360.
Cell Cycle Dependence of DNA-dependent Protein Kinase Phosphorylation in Response to DNA Double Strand Breaks (2005)

DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), consisting of Ku and DNA-PKcs subunits, is the key component of the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA double strand break (DSB) repair. Although the kinase activity of DNA-PKcs is essential for NHEJ, thus far, no in vivo substrate has been conclusively identified except for an autophosphorylation site on DNA-PKcs itself (threonine 2609). Here we report the ionizing radiation (IR)-induced autophosphorylation of DNA-PKcs at a novel site, serine 2056, the phosphorylation of which is required for the repair of DSBs by NHEJ. Interestingly, IR-induced DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation is regulated in a cell cycle-dependent manner with attenuated phosphorylation in the S phase. In contrast, DNA replication-associated DSBs resulted in DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation and localization to DNA damage sites. These results indicate that although IR-induced DNA-PKcs phosphorylation is attenuated in the S phase, DNA-PKcs is preferentially activated by the physiologically relevant DNA replication-associated DSBs at the sites of DNA synthesis.
Enabling large load transitions on multicylinder recompression HCCI engines using fuel governors (2013)

The fuel governor control design methodology presented in [1] is extended and experimentally validated on a multicylinder recompression homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. This strategy regulates desired combustion phasing during load transitions across the HCCI load range. A baseline controller tracks combustion phasing by manipulating valve and fuel injection timings. A reference governor is then added on to the compensated system to modify the fuel injection amount by enforcing actuator constraints. Experimental results show improved transient responses of combustion phasing and load during load transitions, when the possibility of constraint violations exists. The nonlinear fuel governor predicts future model trajectories in real-time, and enables larger load transitions than were possible with the baseline controller alone. The complexity and computational overhead of this strategy are reduced by developing a linearized fuel governor, which is shown to work well in the entire HCCI load range and for small variations in engine speed.
A photodevelopment silver stain for the rapid visualization of proteins separated on polyacrylamide gels (1984)

Abstract By using light (“photodevelopment”) to develop a metallic silver image of proteins separated on polyacrylamide gels, it is possible to visualize protein and nucleic acid patterns within 10 min after electrophoretic separation. This light catalyzed silver stain is based on establishing gel conditions in which ionic silver is reduced to silver metal in the presence of light energy at a different rate in gel regions containing biopolymers (such as proteins or nucleic acids) than the rate of reduction in regions which are devoid of such biopolymers. This photodevelopment method requires only two solutions: a solution to “fix” the proteins and a solution containing silver ions, which produces an image when exposed to light. This type of protein stain has achieved a sensitivity of 0.5 ng of protein. DNA separated on polyacrylamide may also be visualized with this stain. However, DNA generally produces a negative image. Studies of photodevelopment silver stains allow further insight into the processes which are involved in the ability of silver to form images of biopolymers separated by electrophoresis.
DVQA: Understanding Data Visualizations via Question Answering (2018)

Bar charts are an effective way to convey numeric information, but today's algorithms cannot parse them. Existing methods fail when faced with even minor variations in appearance. Here, we present DVQA, a dataset that tests many aspects of bar chart understanding in a question answering framework. Unlike visual question answering (VQA), DVQA requires processing words and answers that are unique to a particular bar chart. State-of-the-art VQA algorithms perform poorly on DVQA, and we propose two strong baselines that perform considerably better. Our work will enable algorithms to automatically extract numeric and semantic information from vast quantities of bar charts found in scientific publications, Internet articles, business reports, and many other areas.
Threshold-Free Interference Cancellation Method for Automotive FMCW Radar Systems (2018)

Radar systems are key components for today's advanced driver assistance systems such as adaptive cruise control or emergency brake assistants. Along with the rising utilization of radars in modern cars, the issue of interference amongst themselves arises. It has been shown in previous work that interference between different frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar systems leads to an increased noise floor. This may severely impact the detectability of objects, especially those with a small radar cross section like pedestrians. In this work we propose a novel concept to mitigate interference in FMCW radar transceivers using digital signal processing. The actual interference cancellation is carried out in frequency domain taking into account a sequence of FMCW chirps. Therewith noise suppression is performed, the interference is cancelled, and the object information is retained in the radar image. In contrast to existing interference cancellation concepts, no threshold needs to be chosen in advance. We prove our method with simulation results, and compare it to existing work.
Slow and Fast‐Release Boron Sources in Potash Fertilizers: Spatial Variability, Nutrient Dissolution and Plant Uptake (2018)

Core Ideas A dual‐release boron (B) fertilizer can reduce the risks of seedling toxicity and leaching. Muriate of potash (MOP) was co‐compacted with slow‐ and fast‐release B sources. MOP+B resulted in a more uniform B spatial distribution compared to traditional bulk‐blends. Incorporation of colemanite in the formulation slowed the release of B from the MOP+B fertilizers. This novel B fertilizer may improve the synchrony between nutrient availability and crop demand. Boron (B) supply to crops is a challenging fertilization practice, due to its high mobility in soil, its narrow window between deficiency and toxicity and the necessity to evenly apply this micronutrient to the soil. We aimed to increase B fertilizer efficacy through the use of slow‐ and fast‐release borate compounds in a macronutrient carrier fertilizer. Borax, ulexite, and colemanite (alone or combined) were compacted with muriate of potash (MOP) to produce B‐enriched fertilizers varying in proportion of water‐soluble B. One such fertilizer was assessed for spatial B distribution compared with a bulk blend equivalent in a soil tray, while others were assessed for nutrient release in a soil column, and canola ( Brassica napus L.) growth in a leached and non‐leached pot trial. The compacted MOP+B fertilizer improved B distribution in soil compared to a simulated bulk blend. The release of B was fastest for borax (>93% released within 2.5 pore volumes [PV]) and slowest for colemanite (<20% released after 20 PV). The combination of slow‐ and fast‐release B sources resulted in initial fast‐release of B followed by a constant slower B release. In leached soil, the higher B losses (up to 80% of applied B) resulted in lower canola B uptake with increasing borax and decreasing colemanite in the formulation. In non‐leached soils, there was no difference in B uptake among fertilizer treatments. The use of dual release B sources in MOP+B fertilizer formulations effectively addresses the risk of B loss, and better matches crop B demands during growth.
Alignment of guest–host liquid crystals with polarized laser light (1992)

Abstract Surface-mediated alignment of nematic liquid crystals with polarized laser light was reported recently [1]. In this communication we describe the alignment of a guest–host liquid crystal medium with polarized laser light. Liquid crystals in the illuminated region orient perpendicular to the direction of the laser polarization and remain aligned in the absence of laser radiation. The liquid crystals can be reoriented again by subsequent illumination. The kinetic feature of this surface-mediated liquid crystal orientation is characterized by the presence of coexisting liquid crystal regions of directors pointing away from the initial alignment.
In Vivo Neutralization of α-Cobratoxin with High-Affinity Llama Single-Domain Antibodies (VHHs) and a VHH-Fc Antibody (2013)

Small recombinant antibody fragments (e.g. scFvs and VHHs), which are highly tissue permeable, are being investigated for antivenom production as conventional antivenoms consisting of IgG or F(ab')2 antibody fragments do not effectively neutralize venom toxins located in deep tissues. However, antivenoms composed entirely of small antibody fragments may have poor therapeutic efficacy due to their short serum half-lives. To increase serum persistence and maintain tissue penetration, we prepared low and high molecular mass antivenom antibodies. Four llama VHHs were isolated from an immune VHH-displayed phage library and were shown to have high affinity, in the low nM range, for α-cobratoxin (α-Cbtx), the most lethal component of Naja kaouthia venom. Subsequently, our highest affinity VHH (C2) was fused to a human Fc fragment to create a VHH2-Fc antibody that would offer prolonged serum persistence. After in planta (Nicotiana benthamiana) expression and purification, we show that our VHH2-Fc antibody retained high affinity binding to α-Cbtx. Mouse α-Cbtx challenge studies showed that our highest affinity VHHs (C2 and C20) and the VHH2-Fc antibody effectively neutralized lethality induced by α-Cbtx at an antibody:toxin molar ratio as low as ca. 0.75×:1. Further research towards the development of an antivenom therapeutic involving these anti-α-Cbtx VHHs and VHH2-Fc antibody molecules should involve testing them as a combination, to determine whether they maintain tissue penetration capability and low immunogenicity, and whether they exhibit improved serum persistence and therapeutic efficacy.
A new modulation strategy for improved DC bus utilization in hard and soft switched multilevel inverters (2002)

Multilevel inverters provide an attractive solution for high power, high voltage applications. While the multilevel topology permits higher voltages using devices of lower ratings, the DC link voltage balancing problem is a serious drawback which limits the applicability of multilevel topologies for motor drives. So far, redundant state selection has been the only method for regulating the capacitor voltages which results in a limited voltage capability. A new control strategy to improve the DC bus utilization, while generating low THD voltages is introduced. The proposed scheme is independent of the type of multilevel inverter topology and can be used for both hard and soft switching inverters. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the validity of control scheme.
An electron gun for a sheet beam klystron (2003)

Calabazas Creek Research, Inc. is developing rectangular, gridded, thermionic, dispenser-cathode gun for sheet beam devices. The first application is expected to be klystrons for use in advanced particle accelerators and colliders. The current generation of accelerators typically use klystrons with a cylindrical beam generated by a Pierce-type electron gun. As RF power is pushed to higher levels, space charge forces in the electron beam limit the amount of current that can be transmitted at a given voltage. The options are to increase the beam voltage leading to problems with X-ray shielding and modulator and power supply design, or to develop new techniques for lowering the space charge forces in the electron beam. The current program addresses issues related to beam formation at the emitter surface, design and implementation of shadow and control grids in a rectangular geometry, and is directed toward a robust, cost-effective, and reliable mechanical design. A prototype device will be developed that will operate at 415 kV, 250 A and be designed for an 80 MW, X-Band, sheet-beam klystron. The cathode will have 100 cm/sup 2/ of cathode area with an average cathode current loading of 2.5 A/cm/sup 2/. For short pulse formation, the use of a grid was chosen. We will report the electrostatic and beam optics design in both 2- and 3-D as well as a thermal-mechanical analysis of the cathode region.
Pimavanserin in Alzheimer's Disease Psychosis: Efficacy in Patients with More Pronounced Psychotic Symptoms (2019)

Pimavanserin demonstrated significant efficacy in AD psychosis in patients with higher baseline severity of psychotic symptoms (NPI-NH-PS ≥12). Treatment with pimavanserin showed an acceptable tolerability profile.
Semi‐suspension polymerization process (1996)

Abstract A novel heterogeneous polymerization process for synthesizing particulate with a wide range of properties has been developed. This process, which is called semi ‐ suspension polymerization (SSP), consists of two steps. In the first step a mixture of monomer, polymer, initiator, and other required ingredients is prepared by means of a non‐ suspension polymerization process. In the second step, this mixture is suspended in the continuous phase and is polymerized to complete conversion. The properties of the semi‐polymerized mixture prepared in the first step as well as the rate of polymerization in the second step can be used to control inter‐droplet and/or intra‐particle mass transfer. This unique capability allows control of the mass transfer between and within particles during the suspension polymerization, thereby enabling synthesis of particulate with a wide range of molecular properties and morphologies unattainable by conventional suspension polymerization. The characteristics of this process and its advantages/limitations will be discussed.
Human Herpesvirus Type 8 Interleukin-6 Homologue Is Functionally Active on Human Myeloma Cells (1998)

Seroepidemiology and polymerase chain reaction studies have strongly suggested that human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, Castleman's disease, and body cavity-based lymphoma. The genome of HHV-8 harbors a viral analogue of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene. The amino acid sequence of the viral IL-6 (vIL-6) protein is 24.7% identical to human IL-6 (hIL-6). IL-6 as a B-cell growth and differentiation factor is known to play an essential role in the pathophysiology of B-cell tumors. Thus, it seems possible that virus-encoded IL-6 contributes to malignant growth of HHV-8–positive B-cell lymphatic tumors. We have tested a preparation of HHV-8–derived IL-6 for the ability to promote the proliferation of the human myeloma cell line INA-6, which is strictly dependent on exogenous IL-6 for growth and survival. Viral IL-6 significantly induced DNA synthesis of INA-6 cells, but required much more protein on a weight basis when compared with hIL-6 for maximal proliferation. The proliferative effect of vIL-6 was almost completely inhibited by a combination of anti–IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and anti-gp130 antibodies or IL-6R superantagonist Sant7 and anti-gp130 antibodies. This report demonstrates that vIL-6 has proliferative activity on human cells and that the IL-6R and gp130 are involved in vIL-6 signaling in the myeloma cell line INA-6.
Giant electric-field-induced magnetic anisotropy reorientation with patterned electrodes on a Ni thin film/lead zirconate titanate heterostructure (2014)

This study reports a method of using patterned electrodes on a piezoelectric substrate to generate local strain to control magnetic properties of individual magnetic units. By operating different effective electrode pairs on a piezoelectric substrate, a local bi-axial strain is generated. This rotates the magnetic anisotropy of a 35 nm thick and 0.5 mm diameter Ni island through the magnetoelastic effect. The electric-field-induced magnetic anisotropy exhibits an anisotropy field up to 600 Oe and a 75% change in magnetic remanence.
Single spatial light modulator joint transform correlator (1989)

We describe a joint Fourier transform image correlator that employs thresholding at both the input plane and the Fourier plane. This suggests using a single binary spatial light modulator (SLM) to read in sequentially the binarized input signal and the binarized Fourier transform interference intensity. The performance of the single SLM joint Fourier transform correlator (JTC) is compared with that of the classical JTC in the areas of correlation peak intensity, peak-to-sidelobe ratio, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and correlation width. We show that the single SLM JTC outperforms the classical JTC in all such areas. Using a single binary SLM results in significant reduction in cost, size and complexity of the system.