gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The mechanism of ultraviolet bonding of perfluoropolyether lubricants (used in magnetic recording) (1993)

It has recently been reported that thin films of perfluoropolyethers can be bonded to a variety of substrates under illumination with 185-nm ultraviolet light. In the present work, the authors examine the mechanism through which the bonding of the perfluoropolyethers to the substrate takes place. The perfluoropolyethers undergo dissociative electron attachment caused by photoelectrons that are generated by the interaction of the ultraviolet light with the substrate. This dissociative electron attachment results in the formation of a negative ion and a radical. It is suggested that subsequent radical propagation and termination steps then cross-link the perfluoropolyether and bond it to the substrate.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Trade-Off between Power Consumption and Latency in Computer Networks (2011)

As the power consumed by computer networks is nearly independent from the load, networks consume much more power than necessary when the load is low. We analyze the influence of disabling network components on power consumption and latency of data transfers. We define two power consumption models and compare the power consumption necessary to achieve given upper limits of latency. Our results show that a trade-off between power consumption and latency exists; it is e.g. possible to conserve 39% of power when accepting a 20% latency increase in the nobel-germany network. We conclude that it is possible for networks to adapt to changing demands to conserve power while the latencies increase only slightly.
Oral Perceptual Discrimination of Viscosity Differences for Non-Newtonian Liquids in the Nectar- and Honey-Thick Ranges (2014)

Thickened liquids are frequently used in the management of oropharyngeal dysphagia. Previous studies suggest that compression of a liquid bolus between the tongue and the palate in the oral phase of swallowing serves a sensory function, enabling the tuning of motor behavior to match the viscosity of the bolus. However, the field lacks information regarding healthy oral sensory discrimination ability for small differences in liquid viscosity. We undertook to measure oral viscosity discrimination ability for five non-Newtonian xanthan gum-thickened liquids in the nectar- and honey-thick range. Xanthan gum concentration ranged from 0.5 to 0.87 % and increased by an average of 0.1 % between stimuli in the array. This translated to an average apparent viscosity increase of 0.2-fold between adjacent stimuli at 50 reciprocal seconds (/s). A triangle test paradigm was used to study stimulus discrimination in 78 healthy adults in two, sex-balanced age cohorts. Participants were provided 5-ml samples of liquids in sets of three; one liquid differed in xanthan gum concentration from the other two. Participants were required to sample the liquid orally and indicate which sample was perceived to have a different viscosity. A protocol of 20 sets (60 samples) allowed calculation of the minimum difference in xanthan gum concentration detected accurately. On average, participants were able to accurately detect a 0.38-fold increase in xanthan-gum concentration, translating to a 0.67-fold increase in apparent viscosity at 50/s. The data did not suggest the existence of a nonlinear point boundary in apparent viscosity within the range tested. No differences in viscosity discrimination were found between age cohorts or as a function of sex. The data suggest that for xanthan gum-thickened liquids, there may be several increments of detectably different viscosity within the ranges currently proposed for nectar- and honey-thick liquids. If physiological or functional differences in swallowing can be demonstrated for these smaller increments of detectably different viscosity, more narrowly defined categories of thickened liquids for dysphagia management will be warranted.
HDAC6 activity is a non-oncogene addiction hub for inflammatory breast cancers (2015)

Our finding that IBC cells are sensitive to HDAC6 inhibition provides a foundation to rapidly develop novel, efficient, and well-tolerated targeted therapy strategies for IBC patients.
Normative Volumetric Data of the Developing Hippocampus in Children Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (1999)

Our findings will be of help in evaluating vulnerable phases of the hippocampal formation with accelerated growth, thereby leading to a better understanding of the development of hippocampal sclerosis in early childhood.
Prostaglandin E2 receptor 2 overexpression in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung correlates with p16INK4A methylation and an unfavorable prognosis (2009)

Several studies have described p16INK4A and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) co-alterations in various solid tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we examined the correlation between PGE2 receptor 2 (EP2) expression and p16INK4A methylation in NSCLC, and the association with clinicopathological features and prognostic significance. We retrospectively reviewed 88 NSCLC patients who underwent resection from July 1993 to May 1997. The tumors included 43 adenocarcinomas, 39 squamous cell carcinomas, and 6 large cell carcinomas. EP2 expression was determined by immunostaining, and p16INK4A methylation was analyzed by methylation specific PCR. EP2 was overexpressed in 44% of NSCLC patients, 61% of adenocarcinoma cases, 28% of squamous cell carcinoma cases, and 33% of large cell carcinoma cases. EP2 expression positively correlated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.034), especially in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (P<0.009). Methylation of p16INK4A was detected in 34% of NSCLC patients, 23% of adenocarcinoma cases, 44% of squamous cell carcinoma cases, and 50% of large cell carcinoma cases. In patients with squamous cell carcinoma, EP2 overexpression correlated with poor prognosis with a relative risk of 2.4 (confidence interval 2.1-51.8, P<0.003), and positively correlated with p16INK4A methylation (P<0.024). Adenocarcinoma patients with p16INK4A methylation had poor prognosis with a relative risk of 2.4 (confidence interval 1.8-69.7, P<0.009), but this was not correlated with EP2 expression. In conclusion, EP2 overexpression was common in NSCLCs, especially in adenocarcinomas. Synchronous alteration of p16INK4A and EP2 may accelerate progression of squamous cell carcinomas. These two alterations may differentially affect pathogenesis among subtypes of NSCLC.
PHARMACOKINETICS OF FLUORESCENT POLYPORPHYRIN PHOTOFRIN II IN NORMAL RAT TISSUE AND RAT BLADDER TUMOR (1992)

The transient behavior of the molecular components responsible for fluorescence emission of the photosensitizing polyporphyrin Photofrin II has been studied quantitatively in the liver, small intestines, bladder and muscles of rats. Relative concentrations of the substance were determined fluorometrically in vivo using a Kr(+)-laser (wavelength = 406.7 nm) and a mercury arc lamp (wavelength = 405 or 550 nm) for fluorescence excitation of Photofrin II. Fluorescence was detected at the maxima of the emission bands, at 630 or 690 nm. The results of the experiments show that Photofrin II can be clearly detected by its fluorescence in all the organs investigated from 3 h up to at least 28 days after systemic application of the substance. Within this investigational period the fluorescing components of Photofrin II are released continuously from the organs. In all the tissues examined, an initial decrease with time constants between 2 and 42 h followed by a slow decay with time constants between about 300 and 600 h can be observed. In addition the pharmacokinetics of the fluorescent components of Photofrin II in chemically induced rat bladder tumors with different stages of malignancy were compared to healthy rat bladder tissue. In a time range of 2-10 days after intravenous injection Photofrin II shows a fluorescence 2-5 times brighter in rat bladder tumors than in healthy bladder tissue.
Dual-Fuel PCI Combustion Controlled by In-Cylinder Stratification of Ignitability (2006)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A concept of dual-fuel, Premixed Compression Ignition (PCI) combustion controlled by two fuels with different ignitability has been developed to achieve drastically low NOx and smoke emissions. In this system, isooctane, which was used to represent high-octane gasoline, was supplied from an intake port and diesel fuel was injected directly into an engine cylinder at early timing as ignition trigger. It was found that the ignition timing of this PCI combustion can be controlled by changing the ratio of amounts of injected two fuels and combustion proceeds very mildly by making spatial stratifications of ignitability in the cylinder even without EGR, as preventing the whole mixture from igniting simultaneously. The operable range of load, where NOx and smoke were less than 10ppm and 0.1 FSN, respectively, was extended up to 1.2MPa of IMEP using an intake air boosting system together with dual fueling.</div>
Depolarization stimulates initial calcitonin gene-related peptide expression by embryonic sensory neurons in vitro. (1998)

The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is expressed by one-third of adult rat lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, many of which mediate pain sensation or cause vasodilation. The factors that regulate the developmental expression of CGRP are poorly understood. Embryonic DRG neurons initially lack CGRP. When these neurons were stimulated in culture by serum or persistent 50 mM KCl application, the same percentage of CGRP-immunoreactive (CGRP-IR) neurons developed in vitro as was seen in the adult DRG in vivo. The addition of the L-type calcium channel blockers, 5 microM nifedipine or 10 microM verapamil, dramatically decreased the proportion of CGRP-IR neurons that developed, although the N-type calcium channel blocker, 2.5 microM omega-conotoxin, was less effective. By contrast, the sodium channel blocker 1 microM tetrodotoxin had no effect on CGRP expression after depolarization. Fura-2 ratiometric imaging demonstrated that mean intracellular free calcium levels increased from 70 to 135 nM with chronic depolarization, and the addition of nifedipine inhibited that increase. Only a subpopulation of neurons had elevated calcium concentrations during chronic depolarization, and they were correlated with CGRP expression. Key signal transduction pathways were tested pharmacologically for their role in CGRP expression after depolarization; the addition of the CaM kinase inhibitor KN-62 reduced the proportion of CGRP-IR neurons to basal levels. By contrast, protein kinase A and protein kinase C were not implicated in the depolarization-induced CGRP increases. These data suggest that depolarization and the subsequent Ca2+-based signal transduction mechanisms play important roles in the de novo expression of CGRP by specific embryonic DRG neurons.
Public Enforcement/Private Monitoring: Evaluating a New Approach to Regulating the Minimum Wage (2005)

This paper examines compliance with federal minimum wage laws in the U.S. apparel industry and analyzes the impact of new methods of intervention designed to improve regulatory performance. Drawing on data from a randomized survey of apparel contractors, the author evaluates the impact of agreements between manufacturers and the government used to monitor contractor behavior as a means of improving compliance outcomes. Several non-regulatory variables predicted by theory to be important influences—the level of work skills, for example, and product market factors related to the elasticity of labor demand—are indeed found to be correlated with compliance. Nonetheless, stringent forms of contractor monitoring are associated with substantial reductions in violations of minimum wage standards. The results suggest that well-designed public/private monitoring efforts can lead to significant improvements in compliance with labor standards.
5′-Terminal nucleotide variations in human cytoplasmic tRNA<sup>HisGUG</sup> and its 5′-halves (2016)

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are fundamental adapter components of translational machinery. tRNAs can further serve as a source of tRNA-derived noncoding RNAs that play important roles in various biological processes beyond translation. Among all species of tRNAs, tRNA<sup>HisGUG</sup> has been known to uniquely contain an additional guanosine residue at the -1 position (G<sub>-1</sub>) of its 5'-end. To analyze this -1 nucleotide in detail, we developed a TaqMan qRT-PCR method that can distinctively quantify human mature cytoplasmic tRNA<sup>HisGUG</sup> containing G<sub>-1</sub>, U<sub>-1</sub>, A<sub>-1</sub>, or C<sub>-1</sub> or lacking the -1 nucleotide (starting from G<sub>1</sub>). Application of this method to the mature tRNA fraction of BT-474 breast cancer cells revealed the presence of tRNA<sup>HisGUG</sup> containing U<sub>-1</sub> as well as the one containing G<sub>-1</sub> Moreover, tRNA lacking the -1 nucleotide was also detected, thus indicating the heterogeneous expression of 5'-tRNA<sup>HisGUG</sup> variants. A sequence library of sex hormone-induced 5'-tRNA halves (5'-SHOT-RNAs), identified via cP-RNA-seq of a BT-474 small RNA fraction, also demonstrated the expression of 5'-tRNA<sup>HisGUG</sup> halves containing G<sub>-1</sub>, U<sub>-1</sub>, or G<sub>1</sub> as 5'-terminal nucleotides. Although the detected 5'-nucleotide species were identical, the relative abundances differed widely between mature tRNA and 5'-half from the same BT-474 cells. The majority of mature tRNAs contained the -1 nucleotide, whereas the majority of 5'-halves lacked this nucleotide, which was biochemically confirmed using a primer extension assay. These results reveal the novel identities of tRNA<sup>HisGUG</sup> molecules and provide insights into tRNA<sup>HisGUG</sup> maturation and the regulation of tRNA half production.
Strategies of interactive art (2010)

An interactive artwork takes on the shape of an event. An artist does not make a final, completed piece of art, instead produces an area of activity for the receivers, whose interactive actions bring to life an artwork-event. Regardless of what shape the final product of an artist's activity takes on, an interactive artwork finds its final formation only as a result of participative behavior of the viewers. The latter ones in that way become participants, performers, executors, or (co)creators of an artwork-event.What I consider the basic area of research in interactive art are the strategies organizing fields of activity for the receivers-participants. They can be understood as scores that project the interactive behavior of the receivers.The typology I put forward in this essay distinguish eight strategies of interactive art: strategy of instrument, game, archives, labyrinth, rhizome, system, network, and spectacle. The analysis of individual strategies reveals that all the common elements that occur there and characterizing an interactive experience en globe are organized differently each time. These elements are interface, interactions, data (database), data organization (hypertext, cybertext), software/hardware system, relations among participants, and performance/spectacle. In every strategy, a different factor takes a position superior to others and plays the basic role in the process of organizing interactive activities of the receivers. This means that it is not the occurrence within the frames of individual strategies of elements that are different each time, but their organization and hierarchy different each time that play a decisive role in providing strategies with their specific character.Discussing all strategies I shall distinguish their basic characteristic features but also pay attention to its range and variety of its forms observed so far. The latter aim I shall realize by pointing out to various actual examples of artistic usage of particular strategies.
F-DIT-V: An Automated Video Classification Tool for Facial Weakness Detection (2019)

Facial weakness is a common presenting sign of several neurological diseases including stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and Bell's palsy. Tools to improve the accuracy of facial weakness detection can prompt quicker evaluation into these diseases possibly resulting in earlier diagnoses. In this study, we propose an automated video classification detection tool, Facial Deficit Identification Tool for Videos (F-DIT-V), for facial weakness detection. This tool exploits Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) features to perform more accurate facial weakness detection for a given video. Using experimental data we demonstrate that F-DIT-V achieves a classification accuracy of 92.9%, precision of 93.6%, recall of 92.8%, and specificity of 94.2%. F-DIT-V is able to achieve higher and more reliable performance compared to existing (e.g. LBP-TOP, RNN-based) methods which are widely used in previous and current studies for facial weakness video classification. As the proposed camera-based analysis system requires no extra hardware, F-DIT-V could be implemented in a low-cost, portable, and easy to use format for generalizability to real world settings.
Generation of multicomponent atomic Schrödinger cat states of up to 20 qubits (2019)

Multipartite entangled states are crucial for numerous applications in quantum information science. However, the generation and verification of multipartite entanglement on fully controllable and scalable quantum platforms remains an outstanding challenge. We report the deterministic generation of an 18-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and multicomponent atomic Schrödinger cat states of up to 20 qubits on a quantum processor, which features 20 superconducting qubits, also referred to as artificial atoms, interconnected by a bus resonator. By engineering a one-axis twisting Hamiltonian, the system of qubits, once initialized, coherently evolves to multicomponent atomic Schrödinger cat states-that is, superpositions of atomic coherent states including the GHZ state-at specific time intervals as expected. Our approach on a solid-state platform should not only stimulate interest in exploring the fundamental physics of quantum many-body systems, but also enable the development of applications in practical quantum metrology and quantum information processing.
The Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic Rabbit Is a Suitable Experimental Model to Study Differences in Tissue Response Between Intimal and Medial Injury After Balloon Angioplasty (1997)

The study evaluates whether the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbit is an adequate model to study mechanisms that underlie differences in tissue response after postangioplasty injury. Postangioplasty studies of human coronary arteries have revealed that healing and restenotic processes differ depending on whether the laceration is limited to the atherosclerotic plaque or whether injury extends into the media. Forty-five homozygous WHHL rabbits underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the left subclavian artery. The inflated arterial segment was studied histologically at 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days, using conventional and immunohistochemical techniques to identify macrophages, smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypes, and cell proliferation. Electron microscopy was done to study reendothelialization. There were marked differences in response between those segments with medial injury and those with injury limited to the atherosclerotic plaque tissues. The latter category shows a distinct retardation in redifferentiation of SMCs, confirming previous observations in human coronary arteries. In these segments, moreover, cell proliferation occurred mainly in macrophages and spindle cells. Medial injury showed a more florid fibrocellular response, as in human coronary arteries, with cell proliferation initially confined to areas with dedifferentiated SMCs in the preexistent media and, once neointimal tissue was formed, among spindle cells also. The similarities with the repair processes encountered in postangioplasty human coronary arteries suggest that the WHHL rabbit is an adequate model to study differences in the response related to different types of angioplasty injury.
Niclosamide blocks glucagon phosphorylation of Ser552 on β-catenin in primary rat hepatocytes via PKA signalling (2016)

Recently, it has been found that glucagon is able to activate the β-catenin signalling pathway leading to increased cyclin D1 and c-Myc expression in liver. Therefore the main aim of the present study is to determine whether the effect of glucagon activating β-catenin signalling leading to increased target gene expression is mediated through cAMP activation of PKA (protein kinase A). Primary rat hepatocytes were incubated with insulin, glucagon or adrenaline (epinephrine) and a range of inhibitors of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), Wnt, mitochondrial uncoupler (niclosamide) or PKA inhibitors to dissect out the pathway leading to increased Ser(552) phosphorylation on β-catenin following glucagon exposure. In primary rat hepatocytes, we found that short exposure to glucagon or adrenaline caused a rapid increase in Ser(552) phosphorylation on β-catenin that leads to increased cyclin D1 and c-Myc expression. A range of PI3K and Wnt inhibitors were unable to block the effect of glucagon phosphorylating β-catenin. Interestingly, both niclosamide and the PKA inhibitor H89 blocked the glucagon effect on β-catenin signalling, leading to a reduction in target gene expression. Likewise, niclosamide inhibited cAMP levels and the direct addition of db-cAMP (dibutyryl-cAMP sodium salt) also resulted in Ser(552) phosphorylation of β-catenin. We have identified a new pathway via glucagon signalling that leads to increased β-catenin activity that can be reversed with the antihelminthic drug niclosamide, which has recently shown promise as a potential treatment of T2D (Type 2 diabetes). This novel finding could be useful in liver cancer treatment, particularly in the context of T2D with increased β-catenin activity.
Measurement Techniques for Cellular Biomechanics <i>In Vitro</i> (2008)

Living cells and tissues experience mechanical forces in their physiological environments that are known to affect many cellular processes. Also of importance are the mechanical properties of cells, as well as the microforces generated by cellular processes themselves in their microenvironments. The difficulty associated with studying these phenomena in vivo has led to alternatives such as using in vitro models. The need for experimental techniques for investigating cellular biomechanics and mechanobiology in vitro has fueled an evolution in the technology used in these studies. Particularly noteworthy are some of the new biomicroelectromechanical systems (Bio-MEMS) devices and techniques that have been introduced to the field. We describe some of the cellular micromechanical techniques and methods that have been developed for in vitro studies, and provide summaries of the ranges of measured values of various biomechanical quantities. We also briefly address some of our experiences in using these methods and include modifications we have introduced in order to improve them.