gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Butyric acid prodrugs are histone deacetylase inhibitors that show antineoplastic activity and radiosensitizing capacity in the treatment of malignant gliomas (2005)

Histone modification has emerged as a promising approach to cancer therapy. We explored the efficacy of a novel class of histone deacetylase inhibitors in the treatment of malignant gliomas. Treatment of glioma cell lines with two butyric acid derivatives, pivaloylomethyl butyrate (AN-9) and butyroyloxymethyl butyrate (AN-1), induced hyperacetylation, increased p21(Cip1) expression, inhibited proliferation, and enhanced apoptosis. Histone deacetylase inhibitor-induced apoptosis was mediated primarily by caspase-8. Treatment of cells with AN-1 or AN-9 for 24 hours before exposure to gamma-irradiation potentiated further caspase-8 activity and resultant apoptosis. Clonogenic survival curves revealed marked reductions in cell renewal capacity of U251 MG cells exposed to combinations of AN-1 and radiation. Preliminary in vivo experiments using human glioma cell lines grown as xenografts in mouse flanks suggest in vivo efficacy of AN-9. The data suggest that novel butyric acid prodrugs provide a promising treatment strategy for malignant gliomas as single agents and in combination with radiation therapy.
Role of endothelium and hyperpolarization in CGRP-induced vasodilation of rabbit ophthalmic artery (1992)

The electromechanical effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on intact and endothelium-denuded rabbit ophthalmic arteries were studied. CGRP inhibited norepinephrine (NE)-induced contractions. In intact arteries after washout of CGRP the contractile sensitivity to NE was increased. Conversely, in endothelium-denuded arteries, the relaxation induced by CGRP was prolonged, and after washout of CGRP the contractile sensitivity to NE was diminished. In intact arteries NE contractions were enhanced by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), an inhibitor of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) synthesis, and in the presence of L-NMMA, CGRP-induced relaxations resembled those seen in endothelium-denuded arteries. This result suggests that there is an increased EDRF synthesis in intact arteries during NE stimulation and that CGRP may inhibit either the synthesis or the activity of EDRF. High concentrations of CGRP hyperpolarized the smooth muscle membrane both in intact and endothelium-denuded arteries. Hyperpolarizations were blocked by glibenclamide, indicating that they are mediated by activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. However, glibenclamide had little effect on the CGRP-induced relaxation. These results suggest that in normal physiological conditions CGRP-induced relaxation of the rabbit ophthalmic artery is mediated mainly by mechanisms other than hyperpolarization.
Control of growth and inflammatory response of macrophages and foam cells with nanotopography (2012)

Macrophages play an important role in modulating the immune function of the human body, while foam cells differentiated from macrophages with subsequent fatty streak formation play a key role in atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that nanotopography modulates the behavior and function of macrophages and foam cells without bioactive agent. In the present study, nanodot arrays ranging from 10- to 200-nm were used to evaluate the growth and function of macrophages and foam cells. In the quantitative analysis, the cell adhesion area in macrophages increased with 10- to 50-nm nanodot arrays compared to the flat surface, while it decreased with 100- and 200-nm nanodot arrays. A similar trend of adhesion was observed in foam cells. Immunostaining, specific to vinculin and actin filaments, indicated that a 50-nm surface promoted cell adhesion and cytoskeleton organization. On the contrary, 200-nm surfaces hindered cell adhesion and cytoskeleton organization. Further, based on quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction data, expression of inflammatory genes was upregulated for the 100- and 200-nm surfaces in macrophages and foam cells. This suggests that nanodots of 100- and 200-nm triggered immune inflammatory stress response. In summary, nanotopography controls cell morphology, adhesions, and proliferation. By adjusting the nanodot diameter, we could modulate the growth and expression of function-related genes in the macrophages and foam cell system. The nanotopography-mediated control of cell growth and morphology provides potential insight for designing cardiovascular implants.
Evaluation and clinically relevant applications of a fluorescent imaging analog to fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (2009)

A fluorescent analog to 2-deoxy-2 [(18)F] fluoro-D-glucose position emission tomography (FDG-PET) would allow for the introduction of metabolic imaging into intraoperative and minimally invasive settings. We present through in vitro and in vivo experimentation an evaluation of 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG), a fluorescently labeled glucose molecule, as a molecular beacon of glucose utilization. The competitive inhibition of 2-NBDG uptake by excess free glucose is directly compared against FDG uptake inhibition in cultured cells. 2-NBDG uptake in the brain of a mouse experiencing a generalized seizure is measured, as well as in subcutaneously implanted tumors in mice during fed and fasting states. Localization of 2-NBDG into malignant tissues is studied by laser scanning microscopy. The clinical relevance of 2-NBDG imaging is examined by performing fluorescence colonoscopy, and by correlating preoperative FDG-PET with intraoperative fluorescence imaging. 2-NBDG exhibits a similar uptake inhibition to FDG by excess glucose in the growth media. Uptake is significantly increased in the brain of an animal experiencing seizures versus control, and in subcutaneous tumors after the animals are kept nil per os (NPO) for 24 h versus ad libitum feeding. The clinical utility of 2-NBDG is confirmed by the demonstration of very high target-to-background ratios in minimally invasive and intraoperative imaging of malignant lesions. We present an optical analog of FDG-PET to extend the applicability of metabolic imaging to minimally invasive and intraoperative settings.
Energy-Efficient Memory Using Magneto-Electric Switching of Ferromagnets (2017)

Recent experiments on voltage-driven magneto-electric (ME) switching of ferromagnets has shown potential for future low-energy, high-speed, nonvolatile spintronic memory. In this letter, we first analyze two different ME devices-an ME magnetic-tunnel-junction (ME-MTJ) device and an ME-xnor device-with respect to writability, readability, and switching speed. The basic operational principle of ME devices is the fact that, by applying appropriate voltage pulses on the ME oxides in contact with their respective ferromagnets, a 180° switching of the magnetization direction can be achieved. Our analysis is based on a coupled stochastic magnetization dynamics and electron transport model. Subsequently, we show that the decoupled read/write path of ME-MTJs can be utilized to construct an energy-efficient dual-port memory, which can be instrumental in improving the memory throughput. Furthermore, we also propose a novel nonvolatile, content-addressable, memory that exploits the compact xnor operation enabled by the ME-xnor device.
Na <sup>+</sup> /H <sup>+</sup> Exchange Inhibition With HOE642 Improves Postischemic Recovery due to Attenuation of Ca <sup>2+</sup> Overload and Prolonged Acidosis on Reperfusion (2000)

HOE642 improves postischemic recovery by reducing Ca(2+) overload during ischemia and early reperfusion and by prolonging postischemic acidosis.
Ultrasound guided corticosteroid injection for plantar fasciitis: randomised controlled trial (2012)

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12610000239066.
The prevalence of primary dystonia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis (2012)

Dystonia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by sustained muscle contractions that produce repetitive movements and abnormal postures. Specific information on the prevalence of dystonia has been difficult to establish because the existing epidemiological studies of the condition have adopted different methodologies for case ascertainment, resulting in widely differing reported prevalence. Medline and Embase databases were searched using terms specific to dystonia for studies of incidence, prevalence, and epidemiology. All population-based studies reporting an incidence and/or prevalence of primary dystonia were included. Sixteen original studies were included in our systematic review. Fifteen studies reported the prevalence of dystonia, including 12 service-based and three population-based studies. We performed a meta-analysis on the results of the service-based studies, and were able to combine data on the prevalence of several dystonia subtypes. From these studies, we calculated an overall prevalence of primary dystonia of 16.43 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 12.09-22.32). The prevalence of dystonia reported in the three population-based studies appears higher than that reported in the service-based studies. Only 1 of the 16 studies reported an incidence of cervical dystonia. This corresponded to a corrected incidence estimate of 1.07 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI: 0.86-1.32). Despite numerous studies on the epidemiology of dystonia, attempting to determine an accurate prevalence of the condition for health services planning remains a significant challenge. Given the methodological limitations of the existing studies, our own prevalence estimate of primary dystonia likely underestimates the true prevalence of the condition.
A Review of Aspects of Oxidative Hair Dye Chemistry with Special Reference to N-Nitrosamine Formation (2013)

This review discusses a new aspect to the safety profile of oxidative hair dyes using data already in the public domain. These dyes contain secondary amines that are capable of forming potentially carcinogenic nitrosamine derivatives when exposed to atmospheric pollution. Numerous scientific articles confirm the existence of secondary amines in hair dyes (and their intermediates), the possibility of nitrosation by atmospheric NO<i><sub>x</sub></i> of secondary amines to give the <i>N-</i>nitrosamines, and the significant safety risks on <i>N</i>-nitrosamines. It is believed that such nitrosamine derivatives should be investigated more fully in the interests of consumer safety.
Spinal Cord Injury as a Complication of Elective Anterior Cervical Fusion (1975)

The true incidence of spinal cord injury as a complication of elective anterior discectomy and interbody fusion is not known. It would appear that the risk of encountering this complication increases if the surgical procedure includes instrumentation within the spinal canal. In 5 of the cases reported herein the cause for spinal cord injury was identifiable; in the remaining 5, the mechanism of injury is either obscure or not reported. All 10 patients reported had their surgery performed using the drill and dowel technique. The role of the posterior osteophyte in spondylosis and the rationale for routinely entering the spinal canal in order to decompress the spinal cord and nerve roots are examined. Since the majority of refractory disk problems that require surgery can be satisfactorily managed by discectomy and interbody fusion alone, routine instrumentation within the spinal canal may be an avoidable hazard in the majority of instances. The pathogenesis and prognosis of the anterior cord syndrome is reviewed, a possible etiology is suggested, and the anatomy, the autonomy and the importance of the anterior spinal artery system are noted. Its vulnerability in the treatment of degenerative disk disease and a possible mechanism for its occult impairment is mentioned.
Sensors for automotive telematics (2000)

This article reviews the current practice in sensors and sensor applications for automotive and traffic-control systems. Sensors to control engine fuelling, ignition and transmission (known as the powertrain) are reviewed and the likely course of future development is discussed in the light of regulatory and market requirements as well as trends in sensor design and manufacture. Sensor needs for suspension, braking and control of traction are also reviewed and the likely introduction of wheel and tyre sensors to enhance driving safety is discussed. The recent trend towards vehicle-mounted devices to sense the vehicle's environment (such as radar, optical, ultrasound, capacitive and image-based systems) and the implications of the introduction of safety-critical automotive systems such as adaptive cruise control are discussed. Sensors for initiating the deployment of safety systems such as airbags, together with transducers for disconnecting fuel pumps and vehicle batteries in the event of a crash, are reviewed. The paper includes a brief discussion of highway-based sensors for measuring vehicle speed and presence and concludes with a discussion of the likely future developments in the field.
Production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels by catalytic conversion of biomass-derived levulinic acid (2011)

Levulinic acid derived from ligno-cellulosic biomass has the potential to be utilized as a platform intermediate molecule in the production of renewable liquid fuels for the transportation sector. Herein we report a catalytic process for the conversion of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone (GVL) using a RuRe/C catalyst that is significantly more active than a traditional Ru/C catalyst. The bimetallic catalyst is active for the reduction of levulinic acid and simultaneous decomposition of formic acid with good stability in the presence of sulfuric acid, the homogeneous catalyst commonly used in the production of levulinic acid from carbohydrates. Results from techno-economic analyses show that the integration of this new process with catalytic decarboxylation of GVL to butene followed by alkene oligomerization could provide a cost-effective route for the conversion of ligno-cellulosic biomass to liquid hydrocarbon fuels.
Doping of semi-insulating polycrystalline silicon by B, P, and As implantation and diffusion (1994)

The formation of p- and n-type layers of semi-insulating polycrystalline silicon has been investigated by implantation and diffusion of B, P, and As. At room temperature the material resistivity can be changed by more than six orders of magnitude for both p- and n-type doping. A dramatic decrease of resistivity is observed for dopant concentrations above a threshold level which corresponds to the complete filling of midgap grain-boundary traps. The determination of this critical concentration allows the evaluation of the donor and acceptor grain-boundary trap densities which are found to lie in the range from 7 to 14×1012/cm2. The charged traps produce depletion layers and potential barriers at the grain boundaries; these barriers drive the free-carrier motion under external fields. Above the threshold concentration, the barrier height decreases with the increasing concentration of active dopant, going from ≊0.5 eV to nearly 0 and correspondingly the resistivity drops down. Thermionic emission and tunneling of the carriers through these intergrain barriers are assumed to be the main conduction mechanisms. This assumption fits the temperature dependence of resistivity and the predominance of one mechanism over the other depends upon temperature, oxygen concentration, and doping.
Robust loop shaping controller design for spectral models by quadratic programming (2007)

A quadratic programming approach is proposed to tune fixed-order linearly parameterized controllers for stable LTI plants represented by spectral models. The method is based on the shaping of the open-loop or closed-loop frequency functions in the Nyquist diagram. The quadratic error between a desired open loop transfer function and the actual open loop frequency function is minimized in the frequency domain subject to linear constraints guaranteeing stability and robustness margins by quadratic programming. Moreover, it is shown that the H infinity mixed sensitivity robust performance problem can be approximated by linear constraints and be integrated in the control design method. The method can directly consider multi- model as well as frequency-domain uncertainties. An application to a difficult benchmark problem illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Retrieval of sizes and total masses of particles in volcanic clouds using AVHRR bands 4 and 5 (1994)

The advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) sensor on polar orbiting NOAA satellites can discriminate between volcanic clouds and meteorological clouds using two‐band data in the thermal infrared. This paper is aimed at developing a retrieval of the particle sizes, optical depth, and total masses of particles from AVHRR two‐band data of volcanic clouds. Radiative transfer calculations are used with a semi‐transparent cloud model that is based on assumptions of spherical particle shape, a homogeneous underlying surface, and a simple thin cloud parallel to the surface. The model is applied to observed AVHRR data from a 13‐hour old drifting cloud from the August 19, 1992, eruption of Crater Peak/Spurr Volcano, Alaska. The AVHRR data fit in the range of results calculated by the model, which supports its credibility. According to the model results, the average of effective particle radius in the test frame of this cloud is in the range of 2 to 2.5 μm, the optical depth at 12 μm is about 0.60–0.65. The total estimated mass of ash in the air amounts to 0.24–0.31×10 6 tons, which is about 0.7–0.9% of the mass measured in the ashfall blanket. Sensitivity tests show that the mass estimate is more sensitive to the assumed ash size distribution than it is to the ash composition.
Mapping of human brown adipose tissue in lean and obese young men (2017)

Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) can be activated to increase glucose uptake and energy expenditure, making it a potential target for treating obesity and metabolic disease. Data on the functional and anatomic characteristics of BAT are limited, however. In 20 healthy young men [12 lean, mean body mass index (BMI) 23.2 ± 1.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; 8 obese, BMI 34.8 ± 3.3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>] after 5 h of tolerable cold exposure, we measured BAT volume and activity by <sup>18</sup>F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT). Obese men had less activated BAT than lean men (mean, 130 vs. 334 mL) but more fat in BAT-containing depots (mean, 1,646 vs. 855 mL) with a wide range (0.1-71%) in the ratio of activated BAT to inactive fat between individuals. Six anatomic regions had activated BAT-cervical, supraclavicular, axillary, mediastinal, paraspinal, and abdominal-with 67 ± 20% of all activated BAT concentrated in a continuous fascial layer comprising the first three depots in the upper torso. These nonsubcutaneous fat depots amounted to 1.5% of total body mass (4.3% of total fat mass), and up to 90% of each depot could be activated BAT. The amount and activity of BAT was significantly influenced by region of interest selection methods, PET threshold criteria, and PET resolutions. The present study suggests that active BAT can be found in specific adipose depots in adult humans, but less than one-half of the fat in these depots is stimulated by acute cold exposure, demonstrating a previously underappreciated thermogenic potential.
Direct Manipulation and Observation of the Rotational Motion of Single Optically Trapped Microparticles and Biological Cells in Microvortices (2004)

This paper describes a method for manipulating and monitoring the rotational motion of single, optically trapped microparticles and living cells in a microvortex. To induce rotation, we placed the microparticle at the center of rotation of the vortex and used the recirculating fluid flow to drive rotation. We have monitored the rotation of single beads (which ranged in diameter from a few micrometers to tens of micrometers) and living cells in a microvortex. To follow the rotation of a smooth and symmetrically shaped bead, we first ablated a small region ( approximately 1 microm) on the bead. An Ar(+) laser was then tightly focused ( approximately 0.5-microm spot size) onto the bead, and rotation was tracked by recording changes in the level of backscattered laser light as the ablated region repeatedly transited the laser focus. Using this method, we have followed bead rotation that varied in frequency from 0.15 to 100 Hz and have studied the effect of bead diameter on the rate of rotation at a given fluid flow rate. To monitor the rotation of single living cells, we selectively stained portions of B-lymphocytes with the fluorescent dye DiOC(6). We observed rotation by following changes in the fluorescence signal as the dye-stained region transited the laser focal volume. This technique provides a simple and sensitive method for controlling and monitoring the rotational motion of microparticles in a microfluidic environment.
Malware classification with recurrent networks (2015)

Attackers often create systems that automatically rewrite and reorder their malware to avoid detection. Typical machine learning approaches, which learn a classifier based on a handcrafted feature vector, are not sufficiently robust to such reorderings. We propose a different approach, which, similar to natural language modeling, learns the language of malware spoken through the executed instructions and extracts robust, time domain features. Echo state networks (ESNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are used for the projection stage that extracts the features. These models are trained in an unsupervised fashion. A standard classifier uses these features to detect malicious files. We explore a few variants of ESNs and RNNs for the projection stage, including Max-Pooling and Half-Frame models which we propose. The best performing hybrid model uses an ESN for the recurrent model, Max-Pooling for non-linear sampling, and logistic regression for the final classification. Compared to the standard trigram of events model, it improves the true positive rate by 98.3% at a false positive rate of 0.1%.
Stability of Human Recombinant Epoetin Alfa in Commonly used Neonatal Intravenous Solutions (1996)

We conclude that epoetin alfa should be mixed in intravenous fluids containing at least 0.05% protein.