gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spermine Synthase Deficiency Leads to Deafness and a Profound Sensitivity to α-Difluoromethylornithine* (2008)

Male gyro (Gy) mice, which have an X chromosomal deletion inactivating the SpmS and Phex genes, were found to be profoundly hearing impaired. This defect was due to alteration in polyamine content due to the absence of spermine synthase, the product of the SpmS gene. It was reversed by breeding the Gy strain with CAG/SpmS mice, a transgenic line that ubiquitously expresses spermine synthase under the control of a composite cytomegalovirus-IE enhancer/chicken beta-actin promoter. There was an almost complete loss of the endocochlear potential in the Gy mice, which parallels the hearing deficiency, and this was also reversed by the production of spermine from the spermine synthase transgene. Gy mice showed a striking toxic response to treatment with the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO). Within 2-3 days of exposure to DFMO in the drinking water, the Gy mice suffered a catastrophic loss of motor function resulting in death within 5 days. This effect was due to an inability to maintain normal balance and was also prevented by the transgenic expression of spermine synthase. DFMO treatment of control mice or Gy-CAG/SpmS had no effect on balance. The loss of balance in Gy mice treated with DFMO was due to inhibition of polyamine synthesis because it was prevented by administration of putrescine. Our results are consistent with a critical role for polyamines in regulation of Kir channels that maintain the endocochlear potential and emphasize the importance of normal spermidine:spermine ratio in the hearing and balance functions of the inner ear.
A new method for depth of interaction determination in PET detectors (2016)

A new method for obtaining depth of interaction (DOI) information in PET detectors is presented in this study, based on sharing and redirection of scintillation light among multiple detectors, together with attenuation of light over the length of the crystals. The aim is to obtain continuous DOI encoding with single side readout, and at the same time without the need for one-to-one coupling between scintillators and detectors, allowing the development of a PET scanner with good spatial, energy and timing resolutions while keeping the complexity of the system low. A prototype module has been produced and characterized to test the proposed method, coupling a LYSO scintillator matrix to a commercial SiPMs array. Excellent crystal separation is obtained for all the scintillators in the array, light loss due to depolishing is found to be negligible, energy resolution is shown to be on average 12.7% FWHM. The mean DOI resolution achieved is 4.1 mm FWHM on a 15 mm long crystal and preliminary coincidence time resolution was estimated in 353 ps FWHM.
Detection capability for chrome defect of tri-tone PSM (2003)

The semiconductor industry continuously shrink the linewidths and the smaller linewidths are easily affected by the defects. The defects have to be detected to prevent printed images on wafers. This paper will present the detection capability of current inspection machines for chrome defects on attenuated MoSiN layer and simulation results for the effect of chrome defect on attenuated layer. Two inspection machines based on i-line light source were used for comparison of detection capability for chrome defect on attenuated layer. The effect of chrome defect on attenuated MoSiN layer was evaluated with MSM 100 at 248 nm wavelength.
Physics-Based Rendering (2021)

This chapter discusses physics-based rendering at a high level, defines the units and terms used in the area, and provides a brute force “path tracing” algorithm that can produce very accurate images very slowly. A simple one would be a simple array of sensors and a box with a small hole in it so it acts like a pinhole camera. The pinhole camera will produce very sharp images just like a real pinhole camera will. But it will need long exposures because very few photons are lucky enough to make it through the pinhole before being absorbed. Something usually done in graphics is to reverse time and send rays from the camera and record them when they hit the light. The most important quantity of radiance, but most graphics people if they do learn what radiance is map it to the intuitive concepts of brightness/color/intensity, and in practice, the works 99% of the time.
G Protein–Coupled Receptor Connectivity to NF-κB in Inflammation and Cancer (2008)

Complex intracellular network interactions regulate gene expression and cellular behavior. Whether at the site of inflammation or within a tumor, individual cells are exposed to a plethora of signals. The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) regulates genes that control key cellular activities involved in inflammatory diseases and cancer. NF-kappaB is regulated by several distinct signaling pathways that may be activated individually or simultaneously. Multiple ligands and heterologous cell-cell interactions have an impact on NF-kappaB activity. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily makes up the largest class of transmembrane receptors in the human genome and has multiple molecularly distinct natural ligands. GPCRs regulate proliferation, differentiation, and chemotaxis and play a major role in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Both GPCRs and NF-kappaB have been, and continue to be, major targets for drug discovery. A clear understanding of network interactions between GPCR signaling pathways and those that control NF-kB may be valuable for the development of better drugs and drug combinations.
A database of germline p53 mutations in cancer-prone families (1998)

We created a comprehensive database covering all published cases of germline p53 mutations. The current version lists 580 tumours in 448 individuals belonging to 122 independent pedigrees. The database describes each p53 mutation (type of the mutation, exon and codon affected by the mutation, nucleotide and amino acid change), each family (family history of cancer, diagnosis of Li-Fraumeni syndrome), each affected individual (sex, generation, p53 status, from which parent the mutation was inherited) and each tumour (type, age of onset, p53 status-loss of heterozygosity, immunostaining). Each entry contains the original reference(s). The database is freely available and can be obtained from http://www.lf2.cuni.cz
User-elicited dual-hand interactions for manipulating 3D objects in virtual reality environments (2018)

Abstract Virtual reality technologies (VR) have advanced rapidly in the last few years. Prime examples include the Oculus RIFT and HTC Vive that are both head-worn/mounted displays (HMDs). VR HMDs enable a sense of immersion and allow enhanced natural interaction experiences with 3D objects. In this research we explore suitable interactions for manipulating 3D objects when users are wearing a VR HMD. In particular, this research focuses on a user-elicitation study to identify natural interactions for 3D manipulation using dual-hand controllers, which have become the standard input devices for VR HMDs. A user elicitation study requires potential users to provide interactions that are natural and intuitive based on given scenarios. The results of our study suggest that users prefer interactions that are based on shoulder motions (e.g., shoulder abduction and shoulder horizontal abduction) and elbow flexion movements. In addition, users seem to prefer one-hand interaction, and when two hands are required they prefer interactions that do not require simultaneous hand movements, but instead interactions that allow them to alternate between their hands. Results of our study are applicable to the design of dual-hand interactions with 3D objects in a variety of virtual reality environments.
Synaptic Overflow of Dopamine in the Nucleus Accumbens Arises from Neuronal Activity in the Ventral Tegmental Area (2020)

Dopamine concentrations fluctuate on a subsecond time scale in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of awake rats. These transients occur in resting animals, are more frequent following administration of drugs of abuse, and become time–locked to cues predicting reward. Despite their importance in various behaviors, the origin of these signals has not been demonstrated. Here we show that dopamine transients are evoked by neural activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a brain region containing dopaminergic cell bodies. The frequency of naturally occurring dopamine transients in a resting, awake animal was reduced by a local ventral tegmental area (VTA) microinfusion of either lidocaine or (±)2-amino,5-phosphopentanoic acid (AP-5), an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that attenuates phasic firing. When dopamine increases were pharmacologically evoked by noncontingent administration of cocaine, intra-VTA infusion of lidocaine or AP-5 significantly diminished this effect. Dopamine transients acquired in response to a cue during intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) were also attenuated by intra-VTA microinfusion of AP-5, and this was accompanied by an increase in latency to lever press. The results from these three distinct experiments directly demonstrate, for the first time, how neuronal firing of dopamine neurons originating in the VTA translates into synaptic overflow in a key terminal region, the NAc shell.
Network Scaling with Aggregate LSPs (2008)

This document defines a means for an Multiprotocol Label Switched
network to summarize routes while maintaining end-to-end LSP
connectivity thereby reducing the number of host routes that need to
be carried within the interior gateway protocol.Contents
Thermoelectric properties of highly oriented Ca2.7Bi0.3Co4O9 fabricated by rolling process (2009)

Highly oriented, Bi-substituted Ca3Co4O9(Ca2.7Bi0.3Co4O9) was processed by the rolling method and its thermoelectric properties were investigated. The electrical conductivity (σ), Seebeck coefficient (α), thermal conductivity (k) and ZT value at 870 K were 123.4 S/cm, 172.7 μV/K, 2.1 W/mK, and 0.152, respectively. The electrical conductivity was about 1.5 times higher than that of a conventionally sintered sample. This rolling process is a very powerful method to produce a plate-like particle orientation in a ceramic microstructure and will be useful in the mass production of thermoelectric elements in powder injection molding (PIM).
Improving oxygen barrier properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by incorporating isophthalate. II. Effect of crystallization (2005)

Abstract The present study examined crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and a series of random and blocky copolymers in which up to 30% of the terephthalate was replaced with isophthalate. Isothermal crystallization kinetics and direct observation of the spherulitic morphology revealed that the blocky copolymers crystallized more rapidly than PET, at least in part, as the result of enhanced spherulite nucleation. The statistical copolymers with 10 and 20% isophthalate achieved almost the same level of crystallinity as that of the blocky copolymers. The statistical copolymers with 10% isophthalate crystallized almost as fast as PET, although the statistical copolymer with 20% isophthalate crystallized much more slowly. Crystallization substantially reduced the oxygen permeability. Analysis of oxygen‐transport parameters in terms of a two‐phase structural model that considered a dispersion of lower‐permeability spherulites in an amorphous matrix of higher permeability revealed that dedensification of the PET interlamellar amorphous regions was responsible for the unexpectedly high oxygen solubility of crystallized PET. In contrast, copolymerization with isophthalate prevented dedensification of the interlamellar amorphous regions. As a result, crystallization was more effective in reducing the oxygen permeability. It was speculated that segregation of kinked isophthalate units to the amorphous regions of the spherulite relieved constraint on the interlamellar amorphous chain segments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1629–1642, 2005
Receiver Jitter Tracking Characteristics in High-Speed Source Synchronous Links (2011)

High-speed links which employ source synchronous clocking architectures have the ability to track correlated jitter between clock and data channels up to high frequencies. However, system timing margins are degraded by channel skew between clock and data signals and high-frequency loss. This paper describes how these key channel effects impact the jitter performance and influence the clocking architecture of high-speed source synchronous links. Tradeoffs in complexity and jitter tracking performance of common per-channel de-skew circuits are discussed, along with how band-pass filtering can be leveraged to provide additional jitter filtering at the receiver. Jitter tolerance analysis for a 10 Gb/s system shows that a near all-pass delay-locked loop (DLL) and phase-interpolator- (PI-) based de-skew performs best under low skew conditions, while, at high skew, architectures which leverage band-pass clock filtering or a phase-locked loop (PLL) for increased jitter filtering are more suitable. De-skew based on injection-locked oscillators (ILOs) offer a reduced complexity design and competitive jitter tolerance over a wide skew range.
Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an HIV Dental Clinic (1995)

Our investigation suggests that MDR-TB transmission may have occurred between two DWs in an HIV dental clinic. Opportunities for transmission of TB among dental staff and patients were identified. TB surveillance programs for DWs and appropriate infection control strategies, including worker education, are needed to monitor and minimize exposure to TB in dental settings providing care to patients at risk for TB.
Characterization of a pathogenesis-related protein 4 (PR-4) induced in Capsicum chinense L3 plants with dual RNase and DNase activities (2010)

Resistance conferred by the L(3) gene is active against most of the tobamoviruses, including the Spanish strain (PMMoV-S), a P(1),(2) pathotype, but not against certain strains of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), termed as P(1),(2),(3) pathotype, such as the Italian strain (PMMoV-I). PMMoV-S induces a hypersensitive reaction (HR) in C. chinense PI159236 plant leaves with the formation of necrotic local lesions and restriction of the virus at the primary infection sites. In this paper, a C. chinense PR-4 protein induced during both the compatible and the incompatible interactions has been identified. It was strongly associated with HR induction and to a lesser extent with the compatible interaction, but only in the later stages of infection. Moreover, it was found to accumulate during the necrogenic reaction induced by Potato virus X. The C. chinense PR-4 protein belongs to the PR-4 protein subgroup II, based on the absence of a hevein domain. Furthermore, it is shown that the purified protein does not have chitinase activity, as previously proposed for PR-4 proteins. Instead, it has both RNase and DNase activity, although its contribution to the bulk activity of nucleases in infected plants is very low.
Possible role of the gut microbiota–brain axis in the antidepressant effects of (R)-ketamine in a social defeat stress model (2017)

Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiota-brain axis plays a role in the pathogenesis of depression, thereby contributing to the antidepressant actions of certain compounds. (R)-ketamine has a greater potency and longer-lasting antidepressant effects than (S)-ketamine. Here, we investigated whether the gut microbiota plays a role in the antidepressant effects of these two ketamine enantiomers. The role of the gut microbiota in the antidepressant effects of ketamine enantiomers in a chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model of depression was examined using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of fecal samples. At the phylum level, CSDS-susceptible mice showed alterations in the levels of Tenericutes and Actinobacteria; however, neither ketamine enantiomers influenced these alterations. At the class level, both ketamine enantiomers significantly attenuated the increase in the levels of Deltaproteobacteria in the susceptible mice after CSDS. Furthermore, (R)-ketamine, but not (S)-ketamine, significantly attenuated the reduction in the levels of Mollicutes in the susceptible mice. At the genus level, both ketamine enantiomers significantly attenuated the decrease in the levels of Butyricimonas in the susceptible mice. Notably, (R)-ketamine was more potent than (S)-ketamine at reducing the levels of Butyricimonas in the susceptible mice. In conclusion, this study suggests that the antidepressant effects of two enantiomers of ketamine in CSDS model may be partly mediated by the restoration of the gut microbiota. Furthermore, the specific effect of (R)-ketamine on the levels of Mollicutes and Butyricimonas may explain its robust antidepressant action.
Time Series Classification With Multivariate Convolutional Neural Network (2018)

Time series classification is an important research topic in machine learning and data mining communities, since time series data exist in many application domains. Recent studies have shown that machine learning algorithms could benefit from good feature representation, explaining why deep learning has achieved breakthrough performance in many tasks. In deep learning, the convolutional neural network (CNN) is one of the most well-known approaches, since it incorporates feature learning and classification task in a unified network architecture. Although CNN has been successfully applied to image and text domains, it is still a challenge to apply CNN to time series data. This paper proposes a tensor scheme along with a novel deep learning architecture called multivariate convolutional neural network (MVCNN) for multivariate time series classification, in which the proposed architecture considers multivariate and lag-feature characteristics. We evaluate our proposed method with the prognostics and health management (PHM) 2015 challenge data, and compare with several algorithms. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method outperforms the other alternatives using the prediction score, which is the evaluation metric used by the PHM Society 2015 data challenge. Besides performance evaluation, we provide detailed analysis about the proposed method.
Photocurrent responses associated with heterogeneous electron transfer at liquid/liquid interfaces (1998)

Photocurrent measurements originating from the electron transfer between photoexcited water soluble porphyrins and hydrophobic redox species are studied at the polarised water/1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) interface.
The Tonoplast-Localized Sucrose Transporter in Populus (PtaSUT4) Regulates Whole-Plant Water Relations, Responses to Water Stress, and Photosynthesis (2012)

The Populus sucrose (Suc) transporter 4 (PtaSUT4), like its orthologs in other plant taxa, is tonoplast localized and thought to mediate Suc export from the vacuole into the cytosol. In source leaves of Populus, SUT4 is the predominantly expressed gene family member, with transcript levels several times higher than those of plasma membrane SUTs. A hypothesis is advanced that SUT4-mediated tonoplast sucrose fluxes contribute to the regulation of osmotic gradients between cellular compartments, with the potential to mediate both sink provisioning and drought tolerance in Populus. Here, we describe the effects of PtaSUT4-RNA interference (RNAi) on sucrose levels and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) induction, photosynthesis, and water uptake, retention and loss during acute and chronic drought stresses. Under normal water-replete growing conditions, SUT4-RNAi plants had generally higher shoot water contents than wild-type plants. In response to soil drying during a short-term, acute drought, RNAi plants exhibited reduced rates of water uptake and delayed wilting relative to wild-type plants. SUT4-RNAi plants had larger leaf areas and lower photosynthesis rates than wild-type plants under well-watered, but not under chronic water-limiting conditions. Moreover, the magnitude of shoot water content, height growth, and photosynthesis responses to contrasting soil moisture regimes was greater in RNAi than wild-type plants. The concentrations of stress-responsive RFOs increased in wild-type plants but were unaffected in SUT4-RNAi plants under chronically dry conditions. We discuss a model in which the subcellular compartmentalization of sucrose mediated by PtaSUT4 is regulated in response to both sink demand and plant water status in Populus.
Optimum measurement criteria for the axial derivative intensity used in transport of intensity-equation-based solvers (2014)

For several years, scientific, industrial, and biological fields have benefited from knowledge of phase information, which allows for the revealing of hidden features of various objects. An alternative to interferometry is single-beam phase retrieval techniques that are based on the transport of intensity equation, which describes the relation between the axial derivative of the intensity and the phase distribution for a given plane in the Fresnel region. The estimation of the axial intensity derivative is obtained from a series of intensity measurements, where the accuracy is subject to an optimum separation between the measurement planes depending on the number of planes, the level of noise, and the actual object phase distribution. In this Letter, a quantitative analysis of the error in estimated axial derivative is carried out and a model is reported that describes the interdependence between these parameters. The results of this work allow for estimation of the optimum separation between measurement planes with minimal error in the axial derivative.
Photonic band-gap formation, light diffusion, and localization in photonic amorphous diamond structures (2010)

We report experimental and numerical studies on photonic band-gap (PBG) formation and light propagation in a recently proposed unique photonic structure, ``photonic amorphous diamond (PAD).'' PADs have been fabricated in a microwave regime, and the formation of a full three-dimensional (3D) PBG has been substantiated experimentally. This proves unambiguously that periodicity is not essential to the realization of a 3D-PBG, contrary to the common belief. The 3D-PBG has been demonstrated to be completely isotropic, regardless of the light polarization direction, which, in principle, cannot be realized in conventional photonic crystals. In passbands, the PAD has exhibited diffusive light propagation, where the scattering strength increases significantly as the frequency approaches the band edge, indicating a precursor of light localization. Localized states have indeed been identified at the band edges by a numerical calculation. Numerical studies have also indicated that the picture of dielectric and air bands in conventional photonic crystals can be applied to the PBG formation in PAD as well. These findings provide different insights into the physical origin of PBGs and issues such as light diffusion and localization in photonic materials.
Chronic subdural hematoma: drainage vs. no drainage. (2011)

Concerning the complete neurological recovery and the recurrence rate of CSDH treatment, there were more complete neurological recovery cases and a lower recurrence rate of CSDH cases in the drainage group but there was no statistical significant difference.
Discrete event simulation in a semiconductor assembly area (1997)

This paper discusses a simulation experience in semiconductor assembly manufacturing areas. Much research on semiconductor wafer fabrication and final test areas has been active, however, not much research has been done in a semiconductor assembly area. Because of its characteristics of mass production and the stochastic nature of simulation, practical application of simulation to the semiconductor assembly area has many problems. In this paper we present an analysis of manufacturing performances in a specific semiconductor assembly area.