gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MgZnO High Voltage Thin Film Transistors on Glass for Inverters in Building Integrated Photovoltaics (2016)

Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) have attracted considerable interests because of its aesthetically attractive appearance and overall low cost. In BIPV, system integration on a glass substrate like windows is essential to cover a large area of a building with low cost. However, the conventional high voltage devices in inverters have to be built on the specially selected single crystal substrates, limiting its application for large area electronic systems, such as the BIPV. We demonstrate a Magnesium Zinc Oxide (MZO) based high voltage thin film transistor (HVTFT) built on a transparent glass substrate. The devices are designed with unique ring-type structures and use modulated Mg doping in the channel - gate dielectric interface, resulting in a blocking voltage of over 600 V. In addition to BIPV, the MZO HVTFT based inverter technology also creates new opportunities for emerging self-powered smart glass.
Enzymatic Regeneration of 3′-Phosphoadenosine-5′-Phosphosulfate Using Aryl Sulfotransferase for the Preparative Enzymatic Synthesis of Sulfated Carbohydrates (1999)

A cost-efficient preparative enzymatic sulfation of oligosaccharides has been developed. Starting from adenosine 3'5'-diphosphate (PAP), the sulfate donating and highly expensive cofactor 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS, 1) can be regenerated by using a recombinant aryl sulfotransferase and p-nitrophenyl sulfate. This system averts product inhibition by PAP and can serve as a continuous spectrophotometric assay for the activity of any sulfotransferase enzyme.
Characteristics and applications of high performance, tunable, fiber Fabry-Perot filters (1991)

In 1987, Stone and Stulz described three configurations of fiber Fabry-Perot (FFP) interferometric filters that could span a wide spectrum of bandwidths and tuning ranges. 1 In 1990, the author commercialized a filter based on the above work providing researchers with a stable, field-worthy, manufacturable optical filter with optimum performance. 2
ChemInform Abstract: INHIBITORS OF PHENYLETHANOLAMINE N‐METHYLTRANSFERASE AND EPINEPHRINE BIOSYNTHESIS. 2. 1,2,3,4‐TETRAHYDROISOQUINOLINE‐7‐SULFONANILIDES (1981)

Abstract Das Sulfonylchlorid (I) ergibt die Sulfonamide (II), die zu den Verbindungen (III) desacetyliert werden.
Pipelined Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Calculation (2007)

Traditional methods to calculate CRC suffer from diminishing returns. Doubling the data width doesn't double the maximum data throughput, the worst case timing path becomes slower. Feedback in the traditional implementation makes pipelining problematic. However, the on chip data width used for high throughput protocols is constantly increasing. The battle of reducing static power consumption is one factor driving this trend towards wider data paths. This paper discusses a method for pipelining the calculation of CRC's, such as ISO-3309 CRC32. This method allows independent scaling of circuit frequency and data throughput by varying the data width and the number of pipeline stages. Pipeline latency can be traded for area while slightly affecting timing. Additionally it allows calculation over data that isn't the full width of the input. This often happens at the end of the packet, although it could happen in the middle of the packet if data arrival is bursty. Finally, a fortunate side effect is that it offers the ability to efficiently update a known good CRC value where a small subset of data in the packet has changed. This is a function often desired in routers, for example updating the TTL field in IPv4 packets.
Cryopreservation as a Key Element in the Successful Delivery of Cell-Based Therapies—A Review (2020)

Cryopreservation is a key enabling technology in regenerative medicine that provides stable and secure extended cell storage for primary tissue isolates and constructs and prepared cell preparations. The essential detail of the process as it can be applied to cell-based therapies is set out in this review, covering tissue and cell isolation, cryoprotection, cooling and freezing, frozen storage and transport, thawing, and recovery. The aim is to provide clinical scientists with an overview of the benefits and difficulties associated with cryopreservation to assist them with problem resolution in their routine work, or to enable them to consider future involvement in cryopreservative procedures. It is also intended to facilitate networking between clinicians and cryo-researchers to review difficulties and problems to advance protocol optimization and innovative design.
Fine-Time Assistance for GNSS using Wi-Fi (2011)

This paper presents a method by which a GNSS receiver equipped with Wi-Fi can receive fine-time assistance from another Wi-Fi enabled device which knows the time of day accurately. This system is based par tly on mechanisms in IEEE 802.11v. Using this method the benefits of fine-time assistance such as lower comp lexity for acquisition, faster time to first fix, and improved sensitivity can be applied to a broader set of devices without any newly installed permanent infrastructure. Instead of such infrastructure devices collaborate or cooperate wit h each other.
Transformation of 3-(2,2-Dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylates to the Corresponding 2,2-Dibromoethenyl Analogs by Halogen Exchange Reaction (1986)

Abstract The title transformation is effected with aluminium tribromide or related reagents in over 80% yields without cis-trans isomerization or epimerization. Efficient removal of hydrogen bromide is essential for optimum yields of the desired products. Use of boron tribromide instead of aluminium tribromide results in opening of the cyclopropane ring with no halogen exchange.
A novel BK channel-targeted peptide suppresses sound evoked activity in the mouse inferior colliculus (2017)

Large conductance calcium-activated (BK) channels are broadly expressed in neurons and muscle where they modulate cellular activity. Decades of research support an interest in pharmaceutical applications for modulating BK channel function. Here we report a novel BK channel-targeted peptide with functional activity in vitro and in vivo. This 9-amino acid peptide, LS3, has a unique action, suppressing channel gating rather than blocking the pore of heterologously expressed human BK channels. With an IC<sub>50</sub> in the high picomolar range, the apparent affinity is higher than known high affinity BK channel toxins. LS3 suppresses locomotor activity via a BK channel-specific mechanism in wild-type or BK channel-humanized Caenorhabditis elegans. Topical application on the dural surface of the auditory midbrain in mouse suppresses sound evoked neural activity, similar to a well-characterized pore blocker of the BK channel. Moreover, this novel ion channel-targeted peptide rapidly crosses the BBB after systemic delivery to modulate auditory processing. Thus, a potent BK channel peptide modulator is open to neurological applications, such as preventing audiogenic seizures that originate in the auditory midbrain.
INACCURACIES OF ANISOTROPIC MAGNETO-RESISTANCE ANGLE SENSORS DUE TO ASSEMBLY TOLERANCES (2012)

A large class of angle sensors uses a small permanent magnet attached to the rotor. The magnet is polarized perpendicularly to the axis of rotation, and a magnetic fleld sensor is placed ahead on the axis. The sensor circuit consists of two full bridges at 45 - , each having four anisotropic magneto-resistive (AMR) elements. Even though the electronic system may be calibrated to have nearly no errors like ofiset, nonlinearity, and mismatch, still signiflcant angle errors may result from assembly tolerances of the magnet and the sensor. This work gives an analytical description of the angle error caused by tilts and eccentricities of magnet and sensor elements against the axis of rotation. Particular emphasis is given to worst case combinations of all tolerances. One part of the angle error can be cancelled by an optimized layout of the AMR-resistors. The remaining part is identical to the case of giant magneto-resistive (GMR) angle sensors. Errors of both AMR and GMR angle sensors are efiectively reduced by identical optimization of the shape of magnets. One such optimized shape is disclosed.
Interference Estimation in Presence of Noise for Broadband Wireless Packet Networks (2002)

It has been shown that link adaptation and power control can improve performance of our future wireless packet networks. Realizing the expected performance gain of these techniques requires accurate prediction of future interference power. In this paper, we propose a new method based on Kalman filtering for interference estimation. The new method is devised by observing: a) it is possible to identify fairly accurately the number of active co-channel interferers in the cellular networks and b) interference power is positively correlated with the number of active interferers. The new technique uses a two-dimensional Kalman filter to exploit that correlation to enhance prediction accuracy. Using a cellular network with 1/3 frequency reuse and partial traffic loading, performance of the new method is compared with a simplified method using a one-dimensional Kalman filter where the number of active interferers is not considered. Further, the new method is compared with the traditional exponential filtering. Since the proposed and simplified methods track interference and measurement errors separately, their predictions represent closely the best estimation by exponential filtering with the optimal parameter. In addition, for a typical network environment, the twodimensional method yields the lowest prediction errors for a wide range of parameters, and provides a 0.5 dB improvement for the 90th percentile estimation error over the simplified method due to exploitation of the positive correlation between interference and number of active interferers. ________________ * A version of this paper will be presented at IEEE VTC 2001, Atlantic City, NJ, Oct. 2002. -21.
A Novel Technique for Monitoring Hydrate Safety Margin (2011)

Abstract A novel technique has been developed for optimizing hydrate inhibitor dose rates by monitoring the actual hydrate safety margin. The technique is based on measuring acoustic velocity and electrical conductivity in an aqueous sample taken from the pipeline/separator. The developed system then determines salt and organic inhibitor concentration (e.g., methanol, mono ethylene glycol, kinetic hydrate inhibitors, etc). In the case of thermodynamic inhibitors the information is then fed to a thermodynamic model determining the hydrate stability zone. Superimposing the pipeline operating conditions (e.g., P&T profile) the developed system can determine the hydrate safety margin. The system can provide warning if the operating conditions is inside the hydrate stability zone or too much inhibitor is being injected. The technique can be used in optimizing inhibitor injection rates, reducing the impact on the environment and operational costs. It can also improve the production system reliability by constant monitoring hydrate safety margin and protecting the system against pump malfunction and/or changes in process variables (e.g., water cut). The above technique has been developed through a joint industry project and its performance has been intensively evaluated using the synthetic samples and real produced water samples by the authors, the project sponsors and field trials. The results demonstrate that this system can be used for different inhibitor systems including methanol-salt, mono ethylene glycol-salt, and kinetic hydrate inhibitor-salt systems with good accuracy. The developed system can have a major impact on reducing the inhibitor injection rates, reducing environmental impact, and improving the reliability of production systems against risks associated with hydrate formation. The developed system can be lab based, mobile unit or on-line with near real time taking samples from live pipelines/separators.
Characterization of large area flexible plastic solar cells based on conjugated polymer/fullerene composites (1999)

The development of solar cells based on composites of organic conjugated semi‐conducting polymers with fullerene derivatives can provide a new method in the exploitation of solar energy. Organic solar cells must fulfill the criteria of stability, efficiency and reduction of production costs to find new applications. Specially, the bulk donor‐acceptor heterojunctions between conjugated polymers and fullerenes have been successfully utilized for photovoltaic devices with high carrier collection efficiency compared to the devices made from single components. In this work we present measurements of the photovoltaic response of bulk donor‐acceptor heterojunction between the conjugated polymer (as a donor, D) poly(3‐ octylthiophene), P3OT and fullerenes, (as acceptor, A), deposited between indium tin oxide and aluminum electrodes. These devices are based on ultrafast, reversible, metastable photoinduced electron transfer and charge separation. The quality and homogeneity of composite films as well as the choice of the substrates strongly influence the efficiency of the solar cells. One of the most important limiting factors in the performance of this present types of molecular solar cells based on interpenetrating networks of conjugated polymers and fullerene derivatives is the charge carrier transport in the active layer. This transport is driven by the electrical field provided externally by the top and bottom electrodes with different work functions. We present here efficiency and stability studies on large area (6 cm × 6 cm) flexible plastic solar cells with monochromatic energy conversion efficiency η e about 1.4% and carrier collection efficiency nearly 20%.
Correlation and comparison of magnetic and electric detection of small intestinal electrical activity (1997)

The small intestinal basic electrical rhythm (BER) was detected simultaneously with serosal electrodes and a transabdominal superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer in anesthetized rabbits. We induced mesenteric ischemia to correlate serosal electrode recording of changes in BER with the SQUID magnetometer. The BER frequency was obtained by spectral analysis of the data using Fourier and autoregressive techniques. There was a high degree of correlation (r = 0.96) between the BER frequency determined using the serosal electrodes and the BER frequency ascertained from SQUID data. Additionally, the effects of an electrical insulator on the external electric and magnetic fields were studied in the rabbit model. The presence of an insulator profoundly attenuates external electric potentials recorded by cutaneous electrodes but does not significantly affect external magnetic fields or serosal potentials. We conclude that SQUID magnetometers could noninvasively record small intestinal BER that was highly correlated with the activity recorded by invasive serosal electrodes. The advantages of magnetic field measurements have encouraged us to investigate clinical applications.
A Fungal Immunotherapeutic Vaccine (NDV-3A) for Treatment of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis—A Phase 2 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial (2018)

NCT01926028.
Full range complex ultrahigh sensitive optical microangiography (2011)

This Letter presents a useful method that combines the full range complex Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) with the ultrahigh sensitive optical microangiography (OMAG) to achieve full range complex imaging of blood flow within microcirculatory tissue beds in vivo. We propose to use the fast scanning axis to realize the full range complex imaging, while using the slow axis to achieve OMAG imaging of blood flow. We demonstrate the proposed method by using a high speed 1310 nm OCT/OMAG system running at 92 kHz line scan rate to image the flow phantoms in vitro, and the blood flows in tissue beds in vivo.
Slope-Assisted Brillouin Optical Wavemeter (2022)

We introduce a slope-assisted Brillouin optical wavemeter. Existing Brillouin-based spectrum analyzers measure the Brillouin gain as the frequency of a pump laser is swept across the frequency band of interest. However, this process is slow since only one spectral channel is measured at a time and the spectral resolution is typically limited to the Brillouin gain linewidth. In this work, we introduce a technique that uses both the Brillouin gain and phase to construct a single-shot wavemeter with frequency resolution orders of magnitude below the Brillouin linewidth. We also show that combining information from the Stokes and anti-Stokes interactions allows us to reduce the sensitivity to environmental fluctuations such as temperature, enabling a robust system with frequency noise of 20 Hz/ <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\surd $ </tex-math></inline-formula> Hz. This noise level enables a measurement of a 200 Hz frequency shift with a 10 ms measurement.
Flip chip for AMD K6 microprocessor (2002)

Flip-chip technology in the form of Controlled Collapse Connection (C4) was adopted for the AMD K6 microprocessor. The need arose from the pad limitations of wire-bond technology. The necessity of more pads for connectivity resulted in growth of die size. This would have impacted the net die per wafer and, therefore, the capacity of the wafer fabrication facilities. In addition, flip-chip technology afforded increased electrical performance. The paper describes the various materials/processes that were developed and qualified for manufacturing. The paper presents improvement to various traditional processes of flux application, flux cleaning, and underfill. The criterion used for the material and process development is described. In addition, reliability data are presented for two assembly sites, one in the US and the other in Malaysia. The data includes accelerated thermal cycles at two different conditions, and various underfill materials and cleaning methods. Also presented are the improvement to solder joint reliability due to use of underfill. In this particular application, it turned out to be at least 50X. The Malaysian facility is the first outside the United States to practice flip-chip technology in high-volume manufacturing for microprocessor application. This presented significant challenges in developing both equipment and support infrastructure. The paper concludes with a typical line layout of a high volume manufacturing line.
Evaluation of Sub-Zero and Residence Times After Continuous Versus Multiple Intermittent Cryogen Spray Cooling Exposure on Human Skin Phantom (2004)

Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is used to minimize the risk of epidermal damage during various laser dermatologic surgeries. However, as the application of single or multiple cryogen spurts becomes available on some commercial lasers devices, it is necessary to determine the optimal CSC parameters for different laser surgeries. The objective of this study was to measure the time the sprayed surface of a human skin phantom (HSP) remains below water freezing temperature 0°C, referred to as subzero time (ts), and below the cryogen boiling temperature −26°C, referred to as residence time (tr), as well as the minimum surface temperature (Tmin) and the time at which Tmin occurs (tTmin) for two HSP-initial temperatures (20 °C and 70 °C) during and after the application of single (SCS) and multiple cryogen spurts (MCS). For this propose, a HSP was used to measure ts, tr, Tmin, and tTmin for nine sequences: one SCS of ΔtT = TCT = 40 ms; four MCS sequences, all adding to a ΔtT of 40 ms but with different TCT up to 110 ms and, finally; four SCS that matched the TCT of the four MCS sequences, but lead to different ΔtT. Our results show that the differences between SCS and MCS sequences with the same TCT are negligible for all variables measured (ts, tr, Tmin, tTmin). Moreover, in this interval (40 ms ≤ TCT ≤ 110 ms), this variables show a remarkable linear dependence with the TCT.
Large Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy and Voltage Controlled Magnetic Anisotropy Effects at CoFe/MgO Interface (2021)

The ongoing thrust in big data mining and artificial intelligence is critically demanding the high-density and fast access data storage, which cannot be fulfilled with current computation architecture due to the slow access speed of memory. Using the nonvolatile memory (NVM) element with high density and high speed can potentially tackle this impasse in the journey of next-generation computing [1] . Among several others, magnetic random-access memory (MRAM) is one of the promising NVM elements [2] . The basic building block of MRAM is a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), where the resistance state of the device can be modulated by manipulating the spin state of the magnetic layers via the current or magnetic field. Magnetization manipulation by voltage is an attractive alternative as it reduces the energy consumption by orders of magnitude with faster write/read operation and provides a higher density memory solution compared with current-controlled devices. The common route to use the voltage for this purpose is by exploiting the voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) effect at the magnetic layer/ MgO interface [3] . Upon the application of voltage, the modification of the electronic occupation states of the d orbitals of the ferromagnetic electrode at the interface modulates the magnetic anisotropy. Additionally, the electric field-induced magnetic dipole moment and the Rashba effect are also proposed mechanisms for the origin of the VCMA effect [4] . In addition to the large VCMA effect for the writing operation, high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) is required for thermal stability of data retention in MRAM devices [5] . The enhancement in PMA and VCMA effect in the CoFe/MgO system has resulted from the insertion of a thin metallic dusting layer (e.g. Ir, Mg, Pd, Hf) at the CoFe/MgO interface but at the expense of reducing magnetic moment [6] . In this work, we have demonstrated a large enhancement in PMA, the coercive field of the CoFe layer, and the VCMA effect with the insertion of thin, novel metallic dusting layers between CoFe and MgO layers without any reduction in magnetic moment. These results demonstrate that the engineering of the ferromagnet/MgO interface with the insertion of a suitable metallic dusting layer can provide a pathway to develop high-density voltage-driven spintronic devices.
Crystalline Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators: Recent Advances and Future Trends (2009)

We review a variety of linear and nonlinear optical phenomena recently observed in ultra-high-Q crystalline whispering gallery mode resonators, and speculate on the future trends in the development of the field. Practical applications of these resonators in optics and microwave photonics are also discussed.
GAP Peptide Synthesis through the Design of a GAP Protecting Group: An Fmoc/<i>t</i>Bu Synthesis of Thymopentin Free from Polymers, Chromatography and Recrystallization (2016)

A novel method for Fmoc/tBu solution-phase peptide synthesis and the development of a new benzyl-type GAP protecting group is reported. This new GAP protecting group is utilized in place of a polymer support, facilitating C→N Fmoc peptide synthesis without chromatography, recrystallization, or polymer supports. The GAP group can be added and removed in high yield, and was used to synthesize over 1 gram of the immunostimulant, thymopentin, in high overall yield (83%) and purity (99%).