gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Searching for candidate genes in acute lung injury: SNPs, Chips and PBEF. (2005)

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a devastating illness, occurring in the setting of sepsis, with genetic variations contributing to ALI susceptibility and severity. We utilized the "candidate gene approach" with extensive expression profiling in animal and human ALI models to identify novel candidate genes. We noted significant expression of pre-B-cell colony enhancing factor (PBEF), a gene not previously associated with lung pathophysiology. This finding was validated by molecular, biochemical and immunohistochemical approaches with increased levels of PBEF also detected in human BAL and serum. DNA sequencing identified two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PBEF promoter (T-1001G, C-1543T), which were genotyped in a Caucasian cohort of sepsis-associated ALI patients. Carriers of the GC haplotype exhibited a 5.7-fold relative ALI risk compared to controls associated with increased PBEF promoter activity. These studies demonstrate the successful application of genomic technologies in the identification of novel candidate genes in complex lung disease.
Use of the polysilicon gate layer for local interconnect in a CMOS technology incorporating LDD structures (1988)

In conventional single-level polysilicon technologies, the polysilicon gate layer can be used as an interconnect layer through buried contacts between polysilicon and one type of junction (usually n/sup +/) in the underlying substrate. The formation and characteristics of buried contacts between n/sup +/ and p/sup +/ junctions and a single polysilicon gate layer are discussed. In addition, it is shown that the obstacles posed by the inclusion of oxide-sidewall spacers (common in present-day VLSI CMOS technologies) are surmountable with respect to the formation of useful buried contacts and the resultant local interconnect level that they provide.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Rewritable artificial magnetic charge ice (2016)

From a bar to a charge, magnetically Artificial spin ices are arrays of nanoscale bar magnets that can mimic the behavior of naturally occurring “frustrated” magnetic materials. Usually the arrays take the form of a square lattice with the bar magnets perpendicular to its sides. Wang et al. “broke up” each bar into a positive and negative magnetic charge. Working backward from an array of these charges, they designed a structure that has bar magnets oriented not only perpendicularly to the sides of the square lattice but also diagonally. Compared to the traditional one, this structure was much more controllable by global and local magnetic fields. Science , this issue p. 962
Series-Resonator Buck Converter—Viability Demonstration (2021)

The series-capacitor buck converter doubles the duty ratio, and equalizes the current between two phases. A series-resonator buck converter is realized by adding a resonant tank in series with the series capacitor C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sub> . All switches turn on at zero voltage, and the low-side switches turn off at zero current. The resonant tank generates additional loss and increases the voltage stress of the low-side switches. A 2-MHz prototype with a peak efficiency of 98.5%, 48 V at the input and 7 V, 20 A at the output was built to demonstrate the viability of the topology.
Difference between ejection times measured at two different peripheral locations as a novel marker of vascular stiffness (2017)

Pulse wave velocity (PWV) has been recommended as an arterial damage assessment tool and a surrogate of arterial stiffness. However, the current technology does not allow to measure PWV both continuously and in real-time. We reported previously that peripherally measured ejection time (ET) overestimates ET measured centrally. This difference in ET is associated with the inherent vascular properties of the vessel. In the current study we examined ETs derived from plethysmography simultaneously at different peripheral locations and examined the influence of the underlying arterial properties on ET prolongation by changing the subject's position. We calculated the ET difference between two peripheral locations (ΔET) and its corresponding PWV for the same heartbeat. The ΔET increased with a corresponding decrease in PWV. The difference between ΔET in the supine and standing (which we call ET index) was higher in young subjects with low mean arterial pressure and low PWV. These results suggest that the difference in ET between two peripheral locations in the supine vs standing positions represents the underlying vascular properties. We propose ΔET in the supine position as a potential novel real-time continuous and non-invasive parameter of vascular properties, and the ET index as a potential non-invasive parameter of vascular reactivity.
New tools for detecting latent tuberculosis infection: evaluation of RD1-specific long-term response (2009)

These results indicate that IFN-gamma long-term response to M. tuberculosis RD1 antigens may be used to detect past infection with M. tuberculosis and may help to identify additional individuals with LTBI who resulted negative in the short-term tests. These data may provide useful information for improving immunodiagnostic tests for tuberculosis infection, especially in individuals at high risk for active TB.
A Framework for Optimizing Effort in Testing of System of Systems (2012)

The concept of System-of-System (SoS) is increasingly used in building large and complex software systems which essentially provide a set of required functionalities in a box to the customers. Testing System-of-Systems includes testing of individual systems, validating the interactions among the constituent systems and verifying the compliance of the service level constraints. Testing complete interactions of constituent systems and checking the compliance with service level constraints as and when they are plugged into the SoS requires significant effort. Therefore, there is a need for testing methodologies to validate such complex systems in a comprehensive and optimal way. In this paper, we propose a test framework based on knowledge characterization of constituent systems that are used to reduce the overall effort in validating the system of systems. The knowledge is characterized in terms of the different test parameters of constituent systems. A theoretical case study has been carried out on a next generation Network File System along with its constituent file systems to illustrate the efficacy of our framework.
Macrophage P2X4 receptors augment bacterial killing and protect against sepsis (2018)

The macrophage is a major phagocytic cell type, and its impaired function is a primary cause of immune paralysis, organ injury, and death in sepsis. An incomplete understanding of the endogenous molecules that regulate macrophage bactericidal activity is a major barrier for developing effective therapies for sepsis. Using an in vitro killing assay, we report here that the endogenous purine ATP augments the killing of sepsis-causing bacteria by macrophages through P2X4 receptors (P2X4Rs). Using newly developed transgenic mice expressing a bioluminescent ATP probe on the cell surface, we found that extracellular ATP levels increase during sepsis, indicating that ATP may contribute to bacterial killing in vivo. Studies with P2X4R-deficient mice subjected to sepsis confirm the role of extracellular ATP acting on P2X4Rs in killing bacteria and protecting against organ injury and death. Results with adoptive transfer of macrophages, myeloid-specific P2X4R-deficient mice, and P2rx4 tdTomato reporter mice indicate that macrophages are essential for the antibacterial, antiinflammatory, and organ protective effects of P2X4Rs in sepsis. Pharmacological targeting of P2X4Rs with the allosteric activator ivermectin protects against bacterial dissemination and mortality in sepsis. We propose that P2X4Rs represent a promising target for drug development to control bacterial growth in sepsis and other infections.
Thermal actuation of high frequency micromechanical resonators (2009)

This paper demonstrates the possibility of thermally actuating high-frequency micromechanical resonators. A single-mask fabrication process was used to fabricate high frequency single crystal silicon resonators on SOI substrates. The resonators where operated in a one-port configuration with parts of the resonator structure performing both thermal actuation and piezo-resistive sensing. Quality factors as high as 63,800 and resonance frequencies as high as 5.1 MHz have been demonstrated. It is shown theoretically and experimentally that thermal actuation is a more suitable approach for higher frequency resonators with dimensions in the lower microns and nanometer range.
The Reaction of Tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium with Self-Assembled Alkyltrichlorosilane Monolayers Possessing −OH, −NH<sub>2</sub>, and −CH<sub>3</sub> Terminal Groups (2005)

The reactions of tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium, Ti[N(CH(3))(2)](4), with alkyltrichlorosilane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) terminated by -OH, -NH(2), and -CH(3) groups have been investigated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For comparison, a chemically oxidized Si surface, which serves as the starting point for formation of the SAMs, has also been investigated. In this work, we examined the kinetics of adsorption, the spatial extent, and stoichiometry of the reaction. Chemically oxidized Si has been found to be the most reactive surface examined here, followed by the -OH, -NH(2), and -CH(3) terminated SAMs, in that order. On all surfaces, the reaction of Ti[N(CH(3))(2)](4) was relatively facile, as evidenced by a rather weak dependence of the initial reaction probability on substrate temperature (T(s) = -50 to 110 degrees C), and adsorption could be described by first-order Langmuirian kinetics. The use of angle-resolved XPS demonstrated clearly that the anomalous reactivity of the -CH(3) terminated SAM could be attributed to reaction of Ti[N(CH(3))(2)](4) at the SAM/SiO(2) interface. Reaction on the -NH(2) terminated SAM proved to be the "cleanest", where essentially all of the reactivity could be associated with the terminal amine group. In this case, we found that approximately one Ti[N(CH(3))(2)](4) adsorbed per two SAM molecules. On all surfaces, there was significant loss of the N(CH(3))(2) ligand, particularly at high substrate temperatures, T(s) = 110 degrees C. These results show for the first time that it is possible to attach a transition metal coordination complex from the vapor phase to a surface with an appropriately functionalized self-assembled monolayer.
Laboratory Studies of a Low-Damage Corn-Shelling Machine (1980)

ABSTRACT A laboratory corn sheller was designed, constructed and tested to evaluate its ability to shell corn without causing appreciable kernel damage. The sheller consisted of three inclined rollers rotating in the same sense but at differential speeds. In this experimen-tal machine the ears were hand fed axially to the rollers through a guide. The sheller produced no measurable corn fines and caused only slight damage to the kernels. The ability of this machine to shell corn with little kernel damage suggests that it merits consideration for commercial applications. Multiple shelling units would be required, and mechanical means for orienting and feeding the ears would have to be developed.
Miniaturized digital high-angular-resolution laser irradiation detectors (HARLID) for laser warning receivers (LWR) (1997)

A miniaturized digital 1-band HARLID module using linear silicon detector arrays has been developed. These HARLID modules, which fit inside standard TO-8 packages, were designed to locate angularly a pulsed laser source within plus or minus 1 degree over a 90 degree field of view either in azimuth or elevation. The principle of operation of this new patented-module is based on the use of a Gray code ask to encode the angle of arrival of a laser beam. The electro- optical (E-O) performance of this new module has been evaluated in the laboratory. A laser warning receiver (LWR) demonstrator integrating two of these modules has been built and its E-O performance measured in the laboratory and in a field environment aboard a tank. A new 2-band HARLID module now under development will include a sandwich of Si and InGaAs detector arrays and will extend the spectral band of the HARLID from 0.4 to 1.7 micron while increasing significantly its responsivity at 1.064 micrometer. A study of its technical characteristics and limitations has been recently completed and future HARLID technology development plan established.
Channel reciprocity analysis for bi-directional shallow water acoustic communications (2017)

In underwater acoustic networks (UWANs) with bidirectional communication links, channel state information (CSI) plays an important role since having a good channel knowledge allows system performance enhancements. Two communicating nodes can use the information obtained by their respective channel estimation in order to adjust the transmission parameters to the channel characteristics. However forward channel estimation is generally different from the backward one. In this paper we investigate the acoustic channel reciprocity in a shallow water communication.
Parsimonious Inference on Convolutional Neural Networks: Learning and applying on-line kernel activation rules (2017)

A new, radical CNN design approach is presented in this paper, considering the reduction of the total computational load during inference. This is achieved by a new holistic intervention on both the CNN architecture and the training procedure, which targets to the parsimonious inference by learning to exploit or remove the redundant capacity of a CNN architecture. This is accomplished, by the introduction of a new structural element that can be inserted as an add-on to any contemporary CNN architecture, whilst preserving or even improving its recognition accuracy. Our approach formulates a systematic and data-driven method for developing CNNs that are trained to eventually change size and form in real-time during inference, targeting to the smaller possible computational footprint. Results are provided for the optimal implementation on a few modern, high-end mobile computing platforms indicating a significant speed-up of up to x3 times.
Epididymis-specific lipocalin promoters (2007)

Our goal is to decipher which DNA sequences are required for tissue-specific expression of epididymal genes. At least 6 epididymis-specific lipocalin genes are known. These are differently regulated and regionalized in the epididymis. Lipocalin 5 (Lcn5 or mE-RABP) and Lipocalin 8 (Lcn8 or mEP17) are homologous genes belonging to the epididymis-specific lipocalin gene cluster. Both the 5 kb promoter fragment of the Lcn5 gene and the 5.3 kb promoter fragment of the Lcn8 gene can direct transgene expression in the epididymis (Lcn5 to the distal caput and Lcn8 to the initial segment), indicating that these promoter fragments contain important cis-regulatory element(s) for epididymis-specific gene expression. To define further the fragments regulating gene expression, the Lcn5 promoter was examined in transgenic mice and immortalized epididymal cell lines. After serial deletion, the 1.8 kb promoter fragment of the Lcn5 gene was sufficient for tissue-specific and region-specific gene expression in transgenic mice. Transient transfection analysis revealed that a transcription factor forkhead box A2 (Foxa2) interacts with androgen receptor and binds to the 100 bp fragment of the Lcn5 promoter between 1.2 kb and 1.3 kb and that Foxa2 expression inhibits androgen-dependent induction of the Lcn5 promoter activity. Immunohistochemistry indicated a restricted expression of Foxa2 in the epididymis where endogenous Lcn5 gene expression is suppressed and that the Foxa2 inhibition of the Lcn5 promoter is consistent with the lack of expression of Lcn5 in the corpus and cauda. Our approach provides a basic strategy for further analysis of the epididymal lipocalin gene regulation and flexible control of epididymal function.
Development of a novel loosely wound helical coil for interstitial radiofrequency thermal therapy (2006)

We have developed a novel, radiofrequency thermal therapy device designed to improve local control of large solid tumours using heat in the range 55-90 degrees C. The device is a solenoid or helical coil designed to be loosely wound inside a tumour and excited with radiofrequency energy. Typically, we associate a uniform axially directed magnetic field with a solenoid coil, which when time varying, results in an electric field inside the coil, which lies mainly in the circumferential direction. In addition to this magnetically induced electric field, there exists a less familiar axially directed electric field inside the coil. Previous investigators have demonstrated the presence of this secondary axial electric field both experimentally and theoretically. Our design exploits the size and uniformity of these electric fields, for heating and coagulating a large tissue volume with a single applicator. The loosely wound solenoid is constructed from Nitinol, an electrically conductive shape memory alloy that permits the minimally invasive percutaneous insertion of the coil through a single cannulating delivery needle. To demonstrate the potential of this device and to determine the optimal frequency of operation, phantom tissue models and finite-element calculation models using COMSOL 3.2 were used to characterize frequency- and geometry-dependent trends in absorption rate density (ARD), which is proportional to electric field intensity. Radial and axial ARD profiles were measured, calculated and evaluated to determine the frequency and geometry best suited for producing large, homogenous coagulation volumes. Based on the trade-off between radial and axial uniformities of the ARD profiles, a 2 cm diameter coil with a 4 cm length and 1 cm pitch, operated at 27.12 MHz, produced the optimal heating pattern, as determined using tissue-mimicking phantom models.
NMR Response of Brine, Oil, and Methane in Organic Rich Shales (2014)

Abstract The application of NMR methods to evaluate the fluid content in hydrocarbon reservoirs requires the understanding of the NMR response of the fluids present in the rock. The presence of multiple fluids which can be in liquid, gaseous or adsorbed phase in nanometer size pores (associated with various minerals and organic matter) add another degree of complexity to the interpretation of NMR data in shales. This report presents the findings of a laboratory study on the NMR responses of brine, oil and methane in shales. The acquisition of the NMR data was made at 2MHz. NMR T2 distributions were acquired at TE = 0.2ms on companion core plugs from the Haynesville shale and at TE = 0.3ms for Barnett and Woodford shale samples. The NMR T2 distributions acquisitions were conducted on samples saturated with brine (2.5% KCl) and oil (dodecane). The NMR T2 data acquired on the native state samples (as received) showed a bimodal distribution with the dominant peak at T2 less or equal to 1ms. After saturation in parallel with oil and brine with increasing saturation pressures we observed in the case of brine an increase in amplitude of the NMR peak located at T2 less or equal to 1ms. At higher saturation pressures we observed a shift in the T2 time of this peak toward longer T2 times. When the samples were saturated with oil and the saturation pressure increased we observed the development of second NMR T2 peaks around 6-20 ms with no substantial increase of the peaks at T2 less than 1ms; the observed distributions are bimodal. The measurements with methane were conducted at TE = 0.3ms on 2 Haynesville core plugs at a methane pressure of 4000 psi and a confining pressure of 5000psi. The NMR T2 distributions that were essentially unimodal in the as received state with a peak at 0.35-0.4ms, evolved into a bimodal distribution in response to the injection of methane. The first peak was observed at the same T2 time as in the as received state with no substantial change in amplitude and second peak was located at 10-20ms ms. This results show that the NMR response of methane and oil is similar. Monitoring the saturations increase with NMR show that brine can enter the entire pores spectrum while oil and methane have access only to a fraction of the pore space.
Car make and model recognition using 3D curve alignment (2014)

We present a new approach for recognizing the make and model of a car from a single image. While most previous methods are restricted to fixed or limited viewpoints, our system is able to verify a car's make and model from an arbitrary view. Our model consists of 3D space curves obtained by backprojecting image curves onto silhouette-based visual hulls and then refining them using three-view curve matching. We also build an appearance model of taillights which is used as an additional cue. Our approach is able to verify the exact make and model of a car over a wide range of viewpoints and background clutter.
Planar high-numerical-aperture low-loss focusing reflectors and lenses using subwavelength high contrast gratings (2010)

We propose planar, high numerical aperture (NA), low loss, focusing reflectors and lenses using subwavelength high contrast gratings (HCGs). By designing the reflectance and the phase of non-periodic HCGs, both focusing reflectors and lenses can be constructed. Numerical aperture values as high as 0.81 and 0.96 are achieved for a reflector and lens with very low losses of 0.3 and 0.2 dB, respectively. The design algorithm is also shown to be readily extended to a 2D lens. Furthermore, HCG optics can simultaneously focus the reflected and transmitted waves, with important technological implications. HCG focusing optics are defined by one-step photolithography and thus can be readily integrated with many devices including VCSELs, saturable absorbers, telescopes, CCDs and solar cells.
Resonator Filters Using Shear Horizontal-Type Leaky Surface Acoustic Wave Consisting of Heavy-Metal Electrode and Quartz Substrate (2004)

The authors have succeeded in exciting a new type of leaky surface acoustic wave (LSAW) having only a shear horizontal (SH) component that has a large electromechanical coupling factor, a large reflection coefficient, and excellent temperature stability, by combining interdigital transducers (IDTs) and reflectors made of heavy-metal films such as gold (Au), tantalum (Ta), and tungsten (W) on the ST-cut 90/spl deg/ X propagation (direction perpendicular to the X-axis) quartz substrate. This LSAW does not have a propagation decay. The square of the electromechanical coupling factor is 2.1-2.7 times larger than, the reflection coefficient is 30 times larger than, and the temperature characteristic is the same as those of a Rayleigh wave on an ST-cut X propagation quartz substrate. The authors applied this SH LSAW to resonators and resonator filters. As a result, we succeeded in developing the low loss and very small-sized resonators and resonator filters (1/5-1/4 of conventional device sizes) with IDTs with a small number of finger pairs and very small reflectors, for the first time.
Single-polarity charge sensing in ionization detectors using coplanar electrodes (1994)

A new method to preferentially sense the collection of single-polarity charge carriers in ionization detectors is presented. It uses coplanar electrodes to closely emulate the function of Frisch grids commonly employed in gas and liquid ionization detectors. The coplanar electrode structure allows for easy implementation on semiconductor detectors. This method can be used to obtain good energy resolution from detectors in which only one polarity type of carriers is efficiently collected. Experimental results using a CdZnTe detector demonstrate the effectiveness of this method.