gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Asphaltene Grading in Oil Reservoirs (2010)

Reservoir fluids frequently reveal complex phase behaviors in hydrocarbon columns owing to the effects of gravity, thermal diffusion, biodegradation, active charging, water washing, seals leaking, and so on. In addition, the formation compartmentalization often causing discontinuous distributions of fluid compositions and properties makes the proper fluid characterization and reservoir architecture even more challenging yet compelled. The recognition of compositional grading and flow barriers becomes a key to accurate formation evaluation in a cost effective manner. Downhole fluid analysis (DFA) of asphaltene gradients provides an excellent method to delineate the complexity of black oil columns. In this paper, a methodology was developed to estimate downhole asphaltene variations with depths using an equation-of-state (EOS) approach coupled with DFA measurements. DFA tools were used to determine fluid compositions of CO2, C1, C2, C3-C5, C6+, gas-oil ratio (GOR), density and the coloration (optical density) associated with asphaltene contents at downhole conditions. The delumping and characterization procedures proposed by Zuo et al. (2008) were employed to obtain the detailed compositions excluding asphaltenes. In addition, a molar mass distribution of asphaltenes was described by a three-parameter Gamma probability function. The Gaussian quadrature method was used to generate asphaltene pseudocomponents. Five pseudocomponents were employed to represent the normal asphaltene nanoaggregates. Asphaltene distributions in oil columns were computed by tuning the molar mass of asphaltene nanoaggregates against the DFA coloration logs at a reference depth. The methodology was successfully applied to investigate black oil reservoir connectivity (or flow barriers) for offshore field cases. The analysis results were consistent with the subsequent production data and analytical chemistry. Furthermore, for simplicity, it is reasonable to assume that asphaltenes have average properties such as molar mass in entire oil columns. The results obtained in this work demonstrate that the proposed method provides a useful tool to reduce the uncertainties related to reservoir compartmentalization and to optimize the DFA logging during acquisition.
The radon-split method for helical cone-beam CT and its application to nongated reconstruction (2006)

The mathematical analysis of exact filtered back-projection algorithms is strictly related to Radon inversion. We show how filter-lines can be defined for the helical trajectory, which serve for the extraction of contributions of particular kinds of Radon-planes. Due to the Fourier-slice theorem, Radon-planes with few intersections with the helix are associated with low-frequency contributions to transversal slices. This insight leads to different applications of the new method. The application presented here enables the incorporation of an arbitrary amount of redundant data in an approximate way. This means that the back-projection is not restricted to an n-Pi interval. A detailed mathematical analysis, in which we demonstrate how the defined filter-lines work, concludes this paper.
Isolation and Culture of Human Fungiform Taste Papillae Cells (2012)

Taste cells are highly specialized, with unique histological, molecular and physiological characteristics that permit detection of a wide range of simple stimuli and complex chemical molecules contained in foods. In human, individual fungiform papillae contain from zero to as many as 20 taste buds. There is no established protocol for culturing human taste cells, although the ability to maintain taste papillae cells in culture for multiple cell cycles would be of considerable utility for characterizing the molecular, regenerative, and functional properties of these unique sensory cells. Earlier studies of taste cells have been done using freshly isolated cells in primary culture, explant cultures from rodents, or semi-intact taste buds in tissue slices. Although each of these preparations has advantages, the development of long-term cultures would have provided significant benefits, particularly for studies of taste cell proliferation and differentiation. Several groups, including ours, have been interested in the development and establishment of taste cell culture models. Most attempts to culture taste cells have reported limited viability, with cells typically not lasting beyond 3-5 d. We recently reported on a successful method for the extended culture of rodent taste cells. We here report for the first time the establishment of an in vitro culture system for isolated human fungiform taste papillae cells. Cells from human fungiform papillae obtained by biopsy were successfully maintained in culture for more than eight passages (12 months) without loss of viability. Cells displayed many molecular and physiological features characteristic of mature taste cells. Gustducin and phospholipase C β2, (PLC-β2) mRNA were detected in many cells by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by sequencing. Immunocytochemistry analysis demonstrated the presence of gustducin and PLC-β2 expression in cultured taste cells. Cultured human fungiform cells also exhibited increases in intracellular calcium in response to appropriate concentrations of several taste stimuli indicating that taste receptors and at least some of the signalling pathways were present. These results sufficient indicate that taste cells from adult humans can be generated and maintained for at least eight passages. Many of the cells retain physiological and biochemical characteristics of acutely isolated cells from the adult taste epithelium to support their use as a model taste system. This system will enable further studies of the processes involved in proliferation, differentiation and function of mammalian taste receptor cells in an in vitro preparation. Human fungiform taste papillae used for establishing human fungiform cell culture were donated for research following proper informed consent under research protocols that were reviewed and approved by the IRB committee. The protocol (#0934) was approved by Schulman Associates Institutional Review Board Inc., Cincinnati, OH. Written protocol below is based on published parameters reported by Ozdener et al. 2011.
A new catalyst platform: zeolite Beta from template-free synthesis (2013)

Structural analysis and catalytic testing revealed that zeolite Beta from template-free synthesis introduces new possibilities in catalysis, as a result of its unprecedentedly high density of active sites with exceptional stability and distinctively ordered nature. Highly active and selective catalysts were obtained either by using it in the Al-rich form (e.g. alkylation) or after post-synthesis treatments (e.g. acylation). Such versatility made possible by this novel synthesis route constitutes a new toolbox for catalysis.
Label‐free spectrochemical probe for determination of hemoglobin glycation in clinical blood samples (2018)

Glycated hemoglobin, HbA1c, is an important biomarker that reveals the average value of blood glucose over the preceding 3 months. While significant recent attention has been focused on the use of optical and direct molecular spectroscopic methods for determination of HbA1c, a facile test that minimizes sample preparation needs and turnaround time still remains elusive. Here, we report a label-free approach for identifying low, mid and high-HbA1c groups in hemolysate and in whole blood samples featuring resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy and support vector machine (SVM)-based classification of spectral patterns. The diagnostic power of RR measurements stems from its selective enhancement of hemoglobin-specific features, which simultaneously minimizes the blood matrix spectral interference and permits detection in the native solution. In this pilot study, our spectroscopic observations reveal that glycation of hemoglobin results in subtle but reproducible changes even when detected in the whole blood matrix. Leveraging SVM analysis of the principal component scores determined from the RR spectra, we show high degree of accuracy in classifying clinical specimen. We envisage that the promising findings will pave the way for more extensive clinical specimen investigations with the ultimate goal of translating molecular spectroscopy for routine point-of-care testing.
When Not to Classify: Detection of Reverse Engineering Attacks on DNN Image Classifiers (2018)

This paper addresses detection of a reverse engineering (RE) attack targeting a deep neural network (DNN) image classifier; by querying, RE's aim is to discover the classifier's decision rule. RE can enable test-time evasion attacks, which require knowledge of the classifier. Recently, we proposed a quite effective approach (ADA) to detect test-time evasion attacks. In this paper, we extend ADA to detect RE attacks (ADA-RE). We demonstrate our method is successful in detecting "stealthy" RE attacks before they learn enough to launch effective test-time evasion attacks.
Spectral prediction and dot surface estimation models for halftone prints (2003)

We propose a new spectral prediction model as well as new approaches for modeling ink spreading which occurs when printing ink layer superpositions. The spectral prediction model enhances the classical Clapper-Yule model by taking into account the fact that proportionally more incident light through a given colorant surface is reflected back onto the same colorant surface than onto other colorant surfaces. This is expressed by a weighted mean between a component specifying the part of the incident light which exits through the same colorant as the colorant from which it enters (Saunderson corrected Neugebauer component) and a component specifying the part of the incident light whose emerging light components exit from all colorants, with a probability to exit from a given colorant equal to that colorant surface coverage (Clapper-Yule component). We also propose two models for taking into account ink spreading, a phenomenon which occurs when printing an ink halftone in superposition with one or several solid inks. Besides the physical dot gain present within a single ink halftone print, we consider in the first model the ink spreading which occurs when an ink halftone is printed on top of one or two solid inks. In the second more advanced model, we generalize this concept to ink halftones printed on top or below solid inks. We formulate for both ink spreading models systems of equations which allow to compute effective ink coverages as a combination of the individual ink coverages which occur in the different superposition cases. The new spectral prediction model combined with advanced ink spreading yields excellent spectral predictions for clustered-dot color halftone prints, both in the case of offset (75 to 150 lpi) and in the case of thermal transfer printers (50 to 75 lpi).
A quantitative luminescence imaging system for biochemical diagnostics (1990)

A prototype quantitative low-light-level imaging system, capable of providing calibrated gray-scale imagery of radio-frequency (rf) stimulated chemiluminescence distributions in biological samples, has been developed by these authors. The quantitative luminescence imaging system (QLIS) represents a significant advance in the experimental instrumentation used for the study of such reactions, in that the system allows time-resolved and spatially resolved quantitative analyses to be performed. Measurements of chemiluminescence have traditionally been made by using individual photon counting photomultiplier tubes, integrating over the spatial volume and over time. The QLIS provides imagery at video rates, in which individual or integrated multiple frames can be calibrated to give a quantified image of the two-dimensional distribution of chemiluminescence in the sample. The system has a temporal resolution of 1/30th of a second, spatial resolution of 0.25 mm, a 40-mm-diam linear field of view, and a radiometric sensitivity range of 10−3–10−8 W/m2 sr. Radiometric calibration of the video imagery is accomplished with a self-luminous light source of known radiance and spectral content. The concept can be implemented for measurement at three scales: using a microscope for microscopic-scale measurements; using a wire mesh rf waveguide for medium-scale samples contained in a flat, cylindrical sample cell; or in an anechoic chamber for small- to human-body-sized samples. The prototype system has been implemented at the medium scale, with a wire mesh waveguide. Efforts are under way for development of the other two systems.
Determination of thermal conductance of bonding layers in IR photoconductors (1975)

A closed-form solution to the heat conduction equation was derived which treats all pertinent details of detector construction. This solution is used to calculate the recovery of the detector voltage following the laser pulse using measured values of the detector resistance as a function of temperature. The thermal conductances of the two bonding layers can be determined empirically by fitting the model to the experimental thermal recovery data.
Design optimization of holey fibers to realize zero dispersion in 500 nm band and suppressed higher-order modes propagation (2008)

Design optimization of holey fiber with zero dispersion in visible region was performed. The zero dispersion wavelength was successfully shifted to 510 nm while suppressing propagation of higher-order modes.
Distributed Scheduling Algorithms for Crosspoint-Buffered Switches (2014)

Given the rapid increase in traffic, greater demands have been put on high-speed switching systems. Such systems have to simultaneously meet several constraints, e.g., high throughput, low delay and low complexity. This makes it challenging to design an efficient scheduling algorithm, and has consequently drawn considerable research interest. However, previous results either cannot provide a $100\%$ throughput guarantee without a speedup, or require a complex centralized scheduler. In this paper, we design a {\it distributed} $100 \%$ throughput algorithm for crosspoint buffered switches, called DISQUO, with very limited message passing. We prove that DISQUO can achieve $100\%$ throughput for any admissible Bernoulli traffic, with a low time complexity of $O(1)$ per port. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first distributed algorithm that can provide a $100\%$ throughput for a crosspoint buffered switch.
Distributed forensics and incident response in the enterprise (2011)

Remote live forensics has recently been increasingly used in order to facilitate rapid remote access to enterprise machines. We present the GRR Rapid Response Framework (GRR), a new multi-platform, open source tool for enterprise forensic investigations enabling remote raw disk and memory access. GRR is designed to be scalable, opening the door for continuous enterprise wide forensic analysis. This paper describes the architecture used by GRR and illustrates how it is used routinely to expedite enterprise forensic investigations.
Elijopyrones A-D: New α-pyrones from a Marine Actinomycete (1995)

Abstract Elijopyrones A-D (1–4) were isolated from a cultured marine actinomycete (isolate CNB-880). The producing strain was obtained from a sediment collected from the San Elijo Lagoon, Cardiff, California. The structures of the new compounds were determined by comprehensive spectral analyses.
Planar Polymer Light Guide Networks: Application To Differential Position Sensors (1989)

This paper describes the concept of large scale planar polymer light guide networks for automotive applications. These networks are cost effective, easy to fabricate, and easy to install in vehicles. They may incorporate data links, multiplexers, and couplers for communication purposes, as well as sensors, switches, and displays. Fabrication is achieved by cutting a thin sheet of polymer, or compression molding optical grade resin into the desired network topology. Examples of integratable parts are given, including a novel, reflective-type position sensor. The particular sensor we tested exhibited linear response over its designed range. Through normalization of the differential output, the response of the sensor was unaffected by light source intensity fluctuations, and by variations of the distance between the sensor extremities and the moving part. This simple position sensor demonstrates many of the advantages of planar polymer networks, including that of extending the one dimensional geometry of fiber optics into two dimensions.
Crafting technology with circuit stickers (2015)

Chibitronics circuit stickers are a new toolkit for crafting with electronics. Circuit stickers are modular, flexible circuit components with conductive adhesive pads. They feel like stickers but behave like electronic units and can be stuck to any conductive connector, such as copper foil tape, conductive ink or conductive thread, to make circuits. The toolkit includes, LEDs, sensors, pre-programmed function generators and a programmable microcontroller. Along with the circuit stickers, we have also created a suite of educational support resources such as the Circuit Sticker Sketchbook, which contains lessons and activities for crafting circuits onto templates inside the book. In this paper we describe the design and initial public adoption of the Chibitronics circuit sticker toolkit.
Combined Application of Reactive Compounds in Nonaqueous Swelling Solvents for Flame- and Shrink-Resistant Wool (1977)

A new way to produce wool that is both flame resistant and machine washable is by simultaneous treatment with tetrabromophthalic anhydride and tolylene diisocyanate in hot cresol. The treatment illustrates the combined application of wool-reactive compounds in nonaqueous swelling solvents for multiple benefits.
Systolic super summation (1988)

A principal limitation in accuracy for scientific computation performed with floating-point arithmetic is due to the computation of repeated sums, such as those that arise in inner products. A systolic super summer of cellular design is proposed for the high-throughput performance of repeated sums of floating-point numbers. The apparatus receives pipelined inputs of streams of summands from one or many sources. The floating-point summands are converted into a fixed-point form by a sieve-like pipelined cellular packet-switching device with signal combining. The emerging fixed-point numbers are then summed in a corresponding network of extremely long accumulators (i.e., super accumulators). At the cell level, the design uses a synchronous model of VLSI. The amount of time the apparatus needs to compute an entire sum depends on the values of summands; at this architectural level, the design is asynchronous. The throughput per unit area of hardware approaches that of a tree network, but without the long wire and signal propagation delay that are intrinsic to tree networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of ZnO and CuO on the Sintering Temperature and Piezoelectric Properties of a Hard Piezoelectric Ceramic (2006)

Hard piezoelectrics with high dielectric and piezoelectric constants are used for high‐power applications. However, the sintering temperature of these ceramics is high, around 1200°C, restricting the usage of cheap base metal electrodes in fabrication of multi‐layer components. This study investigates the effect of CuO and ZnO on the sintering temperature of a hard piezoelectric, APC 841, which is a MnO 2 ‐ and Nb 2 O 5 ‐modified PZT. The addition of CuO decreased the sintering temperature through the formation of a liquid phase. However, the piezoelectric properties of the CuO‐added ceramics sintered at ≤950°C were lower than the desired values. The addition of ZnO resulted in a significant improvement in the piezoelectric properties. This enhancement was attributed to the formation of a homogeneous microstructure with large grains. The APC 841+0.2 wt% CuO+1.1 wt% ZnO ceramics sintered at 950°C showed excellent piezoelectric and dielectric properties with values of k p =0.532, Q m =750, d 33 =351 pC/N, ɛ 33 /ɛ o =1337, and T c =280°C.
Fan‐beam intensity modulated proton therapy (2013)

Fan beam proton therapy is a method of delivering intensity modulated proton therapy which may be employed as an alternative to magnetic scanning systems. A fan beam of protons can be created by a set of quadrupole magnets and modified by a dual-purpose range and intensity modulator. This can be used to deliver inversely planned treatments, with spot intensities optimized to meet user defined dose objectives. Additionally, the ability of a fan beam delivery system to effectively treat multiple beam spots simultaneously may provide advantages as compared to spot scanning deliveries.
Deterministic Part-of-Speech Tagging with Finite-State Transducers (1997)

Stochastic approaches to natural language processing have often been preferred to rule-based approaches because of their robustness and their automatic training capabilities.This was the case for part-of-speech tagging until Brill showed how state-of-the-art part-of-speech tagging can be achieved with a rule-based tagger by inferring rules from a training corpus.However, current implementations of the rule-based tagger run more slowly than previous approaches.In this paper, we present a finite-state tagger, inspired by the rule-based tagger, that operates in optimal time in the sense that the time to assign tags to a sentence corresponds to the time required to follow a single path in a deterministic finite-state machine.This result is achieved by encoding the application of the rules found in the tagger as a nondeterministic finite-state transducer and then turning it into a deterministic transducer.The resulting deterministic transducer yields a part-of-speech tagger whose speed is dominated by the access time of mass storage devices.We then generalize the techniques to the class of transformation-based systems.
Data Valuation using Reinforcement Learning (2020)

A method includes obtaining a set of training samples. During each of a plurality of training iterations, the method also includes sampling a batch of training samples from the set of training samples. The method includes, for each training sample in the batch of training samples, determining, using a data value estimator, a selection probability. The selection probability for the training sample is based on estimator parameter values of the data value estimator. The method also includes selecting, based on the selection probabilities of each training sample, a subset of training samples from the batch of training samples, and determining, using a predictor model with the subset of training samples, performance measurements. The method also includes adjusting model parameter values of the predictor model based on the performance measurements, and updating the estimator parameter values of the data value estimator based on the performance measurements.
<i>T</i><sub>2</sub> relaxometry with indirect echo compensation from highly undersampled data (2012)

The CURLIE reconstruction combined with SEPG fitting enables accurate T2 estimation from highly undersampled multi-echo spin-echo radial data thus, yielding a fast T2 mapping method without errors caused by indirect echoes.