gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultra-high throughput string matching for deep packet inspection (2010)

Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) involves searching a packet's header and payload against thousands of rules to detect possible attacks. The increase in Internet usage and growing number of attacks which must be searched for has meant hardware acceleration has become essential in the prevention of DPI becoming a bottleneck to a network if used on an edge or core router. In this paper we present a new multi-pattern matching algorithm which can search for the fixed strings contained within these rules at a guaranteed rate of one character per cycle independent of the number of strings or their length. Our algorithm is based on the Aho-Corasick string matching algorithm with our modifications resulting in a memory reduction of over 98% on the strings tested from the Snort ruleset. This allows the search structures needed for matching thousands of strings to be small enough to fit in the on-chip memory of an FPGA. Combined with a simple architecture for hardware, this leads to high throughput and low power consumption. Our hardware implementation uses multiple string matching engines working in parallel to search through packets. It can achieve a throughput of over 40 Gbps (OC-768) when implemented on a Stratix 3 FPGA and over 10 Gbps (OC-192) when implemented on the lower power Cyclone 3 FPGA.
Degradation Kinetics during Oxygen Electrocatalysis on Perovskite-Based Surfaces in Alkaline Media (2018)

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during alkaline water electrolysis is the bottleneck of water splitting. Perovskite materials have been particularly proposed as good and economically reasonable electrocatalysts for the OER, showing promise and advantages with respect to classic metallic electrodes. However, the degradation of perovskites during catalysis limits their service lifetime. Recently, the material BaCo<sub>0.98</sub>Ti<sub>0.02</sub>O<sub>3-δ</sub>:Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> was shown to be electrocatalytically and chemically stable during water electrolysis even under industrially relevant conditions. The lifetime of this perovskite-based system is prolonged by a factor of 10 in comparison to that of Pr<sub>0.2</sub>Ba<sub>0.8</sub>CoO<sub>3-δ</sub> and is comparable to that of industrially applied electrodes. Here we report on the degradation kinetics of several OER catalysts at room temperature, comparatively studied by monitoring the oxygen evolution at microelectrodes. A decrease in the reaction rate within a maximum of 60 s is observed, which is related to chemical and/or structural changes at the oxide surface.
A mutation in <i>NLA</i>, which encodes a RING‐type ubiquitin ligase, disrupts the adaptability of <i>Arabidopsis</i> to nitrogen limitation (2007)

Abundant nitrogen is required for the optimal growth and development of plants, while numerous biotic and abiotic factors that consume soil nitrogen frequently create a nitrogen limitation growth condition. To cope with this, plants have evolved a suite of adaptive responses to nitrogen limitation. However, the molecular mechanism governing the adaptability of plants to nitrogen limitation is totally unknown because no reported mutant defines this trait. Here we isolated an Arabidopsis mutant, nla (nitrogen limitation adaptation), and identified the NLA gene as an essential component in this molecular mechanism. Supplied with insufficient inorganic nitrogen (nitrate or ammonium), the nla mutant failed to develop the essential adaptive responses to nitrogen limitation, but senesced much earlier and more rapidly than did the wild type. Under other stress conditions including low phosphorus nutrient, drought and high temperature, the nla mutant did not show this early senescence phenotype, but closely resembled the wild type in growth and development. Map-based cloning of NLA revealed that this gene encodes a RING-type ubiquitin ligase, and nla is a deletion mutation which does not code for the RING domain in the NLA protein. The NLA protein is localized to the nuclear speckles, where this protein interacts with the Arabidopsis ubiquitin conjugase 8 (AtUBC8). In the nla mutant, the deletion of the RING domain from NLA altered its subcellular localization, disrupted the interaction between NLA and AtUBC8 and caused the early senescence phenotype induced by low inorganic nitrogen. All the results indicate that NLA is a positive regulator for the development of the adaptability of Arabidopsis to nitrogen limitation.
Realizing Multilevel Snapshots in Dynamically Changing Virtualized Storage Environments (2006)

The capability of making an immediate point-in-time copy of large data sets has become an essential feature for storage management solutions. These copies, also called snapshots, are required for backup purpose, recovery, and to work on real data for testing applications. Depending on an application’s needs, different capabilities, like one-level read-only snapshots or rewritable ones are required. Besides their functionality, snapshot implementations are also differentiated with respect to their location and how they enable different stages of access to the duplicated data. Significant problems, like preserving consistency, arise when using snapshots in distributed environments with multiple accessing servers, and in which the configuration might change at any time. This paper describes a useful way to integrate a snapshot implementation that provides multiple levels of data access. We introduce a consistency preserving protocol for the storage virtualization solution V:DRIVE and present benchmark results for various snapshot scenarios.
Virtual Reality Social Cognition Training for children with high functioning autism (2016)

Virtual reality appears to be a promising and motivating platform to safely practice and rehearse social skills for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). However, the literature to date is subject to limitations in elucidating the effectiveness of these virtual reality interventions. This study investigated the impact of a Virtual Reality Social Cognition Training to enhance social skills in children with ASD. Thirty children between the ages of 7–16 diagnosed with ASD completed 10, 1-h sessions across 5 weeks. Three primary domains were measured pre-post: emotion recognition, social attribution, attention and executive function. Results revealed improvements on measures of emotion recognition, social attribution, and executive function of analogical reasoning. These preliminary findings suggest that the use of a virtual reality platform offers an effective treatment option for improving social impairments commonly found in ASD.
Graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers on modified cottons. XVIII. Grafting of methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile on cotton treated with <i>N</i>‐methylol crosslinking agents using tetravalent cerium as initiator (1981)

Abstract Ce IV ‐induced grafting of methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile on cotton fibers crosslinked with dimethylol ethylene urea, dimethylol dihydroxyethylene urea, and dimethylol carbamate was investigated. The graft yields obtained with crosslinked cotton were signifcantly lower than the untreated cotton, irrespective of the crosslinking agent and the monomer used. However, the extent and rate of grafting depended upon the degree of crosslinking and the nature of monomer. Based on the magnitude of grafting and Ce IV consumption during grafting and oxidation of the untreated and crosslinked cottons, the different reactions occurring during grafting of vinyl monomers on these modified cottons were elucidated.
Microstrip antennas with suppressed radiation in horizontal directions and reduced coupling (2005)

Microstrip (patch) antennas usually strongly radiate in directions along the ground plane. This effect causes unwanted radiation patterns and increased coupling among array elements. Dielectric polarization currents are identified as physical sources of this radiation. A general technique is proposed to compensate these currents and suppress radiation in horizontal directions.
Genetic and management factors that influence the susceptibility of cattle to<i>Mycobacterium bovis</i>infection (2002)

Genetic variation in the susceptibility of cattle to Mycobacterium bovis infection exists in differences between families and species, but not breeds. Susceptibility to M. bovis infection increases with age of cattle. Natural exposure to M. bovis or environmental mycobacteria may assist in the development of specific immunity, but there is no direct evidence for such immunological priming of tuberculosis resistance in cattle. This has, however, been demonstrated in humans and other animals. Since non-specific mechanisms have a role in protective immunity, developing an effective vaccine will be difficult, even though some protection of other species has been achieved. Immunological suppression in the periparturient period can produce anergic reactors, which may act as a constant source of infection for cattle-to-cattle transmission. Circumstantial evidence suggests that an adequate intake of mineral, vitamin and protein reduces the susceptibility of cattle. Although weather patterns have been implicated in the susceptibility of herds to M. bovis infection, there is insufficient information to determine the risk factors precisely. It is concluded that some reduction in the susceptibility of cattle to M. bovis infection can be achieved by modifications to the management system to minimize risk factors, but that a considerable amount of further research is required.
Intensity-Modulated Radiosurgery: Improving Dose Gradients and Maximum Dose Using Post Inverse-Optimization Interactive Dose Shaping (2007)

Intensity-modulated radiosurgery (IMRS) for brain metastases and arterio-venous malformations (AVM) using a serial tomotherapy system (Nomos Corp., Cranberry Township, PA) has been delivered in >150 cases over the last 5 years. A new software tool provided within the Corvus inverse planning software (ActiveRx) allows for post inverse planning re-optimization and individualization of the dose distribution. We analyzed this tool with respect to increasing the steepness of the dose gradient and in-target dose inhomogeneity while maintaining conformity. Fifteen clinically delivered IMRS plans for solitary brain metastases provided the basis for this analysis. The clinical IMRS plans were copied and the ActiveRx module was opened. The toolset in ActiveRx includes a hot spot eraser, a pencil tool to redefine isodose lines and a drag and drop tool, allowing reshaping of existing isodose lines. To assess changes in the steepness of the dose gradient and dose homogeneity, the 100%, 90%, 50% and 25% isodose volume, the volume of the target, maximum dose and mean dose to the target were recorded. We also recorded total monitor units and calculated treatment delivery times. Target volumes ranged from 0.6 to 14.1 cm(3) (mean/median 3.9/1.8 cm(3)). Mean RTOG conformity index (CI) of plans clinically delivered was 1.23+/-0.31; mean homogeneity index (HI) was 115+/-5%. After using the ActiveRx tool-set, the mean CI was slightly improved to 1.14+/-0.1, with an associated increase in HI to 141+/-10%. The average, respective Ian Paddick CI for the 100%, 90% 50% and 25% isodose lines were 0.79 vs. 0.83, 0.44 vs. 0.59, 0.12 vs. 0.19, and 0.04 vs. 0.07, representing significant improvements after using ActiveRx post-optimization. Total MU were reduced by a mean of 12.3% using ActiveRx, shortening estimated treatment delivery times by 3.2 minutes on average. A post inverse planning optimization tool for IMRS plans allowed for statistically significant improvements in the steepness of the dose gradient, and increased maximum and mean target doses compared to clinically delivered plans that were already considered excellent. Gains were especially pronounced in the reduction of normal brain tissue included into the 90%, and 50% isodose lines. We have since made this process part of the clinical routine for all cranial IMRS procedures.
Radar target discrimination by convolution of radar return with extinction-pulses and single-mode extraction signals (1986)

A new method of radar target discrimination and identification is presented. This new method is based on the natural frequencies of the target. It consists of synthesizing aspect-independent discriminant signals, called extinction-pulses (E-pulses) and single-mode extraction signals which, when convolved numerically with the late-time transient response of an expected target, lead to zero or single-mode responses. When the synthesized, discriminant signals for an expected target are convolved with the radar return from a different target, the resulting signal will be significantly different from the expected zero or single-mode responses, thus, the differing targets can be discriminated. Theoretical synthesis of discriminant signals from known target natural frequencies and experimental synthesis of them for a complex target from its measured pulse response are presented. The scheme has been tested with measured responses of various targets in the laboratory.
Comparison between Nafion® and a Nafion® Zirconium Phosphate Nano‐Composite in Fuel Cell Applications (2006)

Abstract A comparative investigation of the electrical, mechanical, and chemical behaviour of zirconium phosphate‐Nafion® composite membranes and Nafion® by means of ex‐situ measurements, as well as with fuel cell operation, reveals a slight reduction of ionic conductivity, a significant improvement of mechanical stability, and increased water retention for the composite materials. The overall efficiency at 130 °C is increased during direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) operation because the reduction in the ionic conductivity is overcompensated for by the decrease in methanol crossover. With H 2 as the fuel, the slight reduction in overall efficiency corresponds to the decrease in ionic conductivity. The dimensional stability of the membrane and the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is significantly improved for operating temperatures above 100 °C. A model for the microstructure‐property relation for PFSA‐Zr(HPO 4 ) 2 · n H 2 O composite membranes is presented, based on the experimental results from membranes with varying filler contents and distributions, obtained through different synthesis routes. It is aimed at the improvement of water distribution in the membrane upon fuel cell operation.
An approach to object-oriented component customization for real-time software development (2003)

To reuse components in component-based real-time software development, especially the ones acquired from external sources, a component must satisfy its real-time constraints, such as thread priority and thread synchronization, to satisfy system real-time requirements. Since real-time applications have various real-time requirements, the ability to customize components for various real-time constraints is needed. Hence, the components to be used in real-time software development must have a set of well-defined features to facilitate component customization. Furthermore, since there are many techniques available for addressing real-time requirements, the features themselves must also be customizable to support these techniques used in a particular type of real-time applications. In this paper, an object-oriented component customization approach, including component customization and framework extension, for real-time applications software development, is presented.
Overview of Digital Television Development Worldwide (2006)

This special issue of the proceedings of the IEEE presents a systematical and complete tutorial on digital television (DTV), produced by a team of DTV experts worldwide. This introductory paper puts the current DTV systems into perspective and explains the historical background and different evolution paths that each system took. The main focus is on terrestrial DTV systems, but satellite and cable DTV are also covered,as well as several other emerging services.
Effects of Polyimide Pyrolysis Conditions on Carbon Molecular Sieve Membrane Properties (1996)

In previous research, carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes for gas separations have been produced using either a vacuum pyrolysis or an inert purge pyrolysis technique on a precursor which is often polymeric. This study compares both techniques using the same polyimide precursor material. Additional pyrolysis variables included the type of “inert” purge gas (argon, helium, and carbon dioxide), purge flow rate, and temperature. Vacuum pyrolysis produced more selective but less productive CMS membranes than the inert purge pyrolyzed membranes. “High” purge gas flow rates (i.e., 200 standard cubic centimeters per minute or cm3(STP)/min) produced a much higher permeability, but lower selectivity membrane compared to those produced in a “low” purge flow rate (20 cm3(STP)/min). By raising the pyrolysis temperature from 550 to 800 °C, the effective pore size was reduced, thereby making the CMS membranes more selective but less productive. Mixed gas tests using oxygen/nitrogen and hydrogen/nitrogen mixtures were used to evaluate membrane performance.
Potassium-Ion Recovery with a Polypyrrole Membrane Electrode in Novel Redox Transistor Electrodialysis (2020)

Conductive polymers are potential selective ion-exchange membrane materials. In this study, a novel redox transistor electrodialyzer consisting of two chambers separated by a polypyrrole (PPy) membrane electrode was designed for potassium ion (K<sup>+</sup>) recovery from water. The PPy membrane electrode was fabricated by depositing PPy on a stainless-steel wire mesh through the electrochemical method. Based on ion-exchange results, the PPy membrane exhibited electrodialysis selectivity for K<sup>+</sup> in the presence of Na<sup>+</sup>, with a K<sup>+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> separation factor of 2.10. Adding modified active carbon to PPy provided a larger electroactive area and better conductivity, resulting in higher ion-exchange capacity (1.04 mmol/L) compared with the original PPy membrane. Even for seawater containing a very low concentration of K<sup>+</sup> (16.18 mmol/L), the PPy membrane still demonstrated K<sup>+</sup> selectivity (separation factor of 2.18). Energy consumption in the electrodialyzer was 3.80 kW h/kg K, which was 37% lower than that in traditional electrodialysis. Furthermore, the PPy membrane exhibited antiscaling/fouling ability with the help of a pulse voltage. These findings highlight a novel redox transistor electrodialysis process with great potential application in K<sup>+</sup> recovery from wastewater with relatively low energy consumption.
Big Data as a research proposal applied to Data Quality for the correct Government of an ICT Ecosystem (2023)

The term "data" derives from the Latin DATUM and its meaning is what is given in the sense of what happens.Big Data is the terminology used to designate large volumes of data that are generated with a certain speed in the generation of information and variety in the format in which it is stored.The object of the article is to determine the factors that define the global quality of the information in terms of variables of information units by means of marking according to the typologies of errors presented in the methodology of this research.It is concluded that for the purposes of adequate data governance, it is necessary to consider small errors in the data sources so that the data can be used by the industry in different applications through professionals trained for this purpose.Being the valid research hypothesis where, there is the following proportional relationship: when the value tends to 1 there is high quality of the information and when it tends to 0 there is low quality, according to the observations made, this being a directly proportional relationship between the measurable variables and the categorical quality.
Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Amniotic Fluid Cells by Reprogramming with Two Factors in Feeder-free Conditions (2012)

The ectopic expression of transcription factors for reprogramming human somatic cells to a pluripotent state represents a valuable resource for the development of in vitro-based models for human disease and has great potential in regenerative therapies. However, the majority of studies have used skin fibroblasts to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that typically require the enforced expression of several transcription factors, thereby posing a mutagenesis risk by the insertion of viral transgenes. To reduce this risk, iPSCs have been generated with OCT4 and KLF4 from human neural stem cells that endogenously express the remaining reprogramming factors. However, human neural stem cells are rare and difficult to obtain. Here, we show that iPSCs can be generated from human amniotic fluid cells (hAFCs) with two transcription factors: OCT4 and KLF4. Furthermore, iPSCs can be readily derived from hAFCs in a feeder-free conditions, thereby eliminating the potential variability caused by using feeder cells. Our results indicate that hAFCs represent an accessible source of cells that can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells with two Yamanaka factors. Therefore, hAFCs may become a preferred cell type in the future for safe reprogramming without any exogenous genetic material.
Prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced mitogenesis in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts: role of protein kinase-C-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation (1993)

Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) stimulates DNA synthesis in osteoblasts through phospholipase-C-dependent increases in intracellular calcium and protein kinase-C (PKC) activity. We present evidence that stimulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation by PKC is an additional component of the signaling pathways involved in PGF2 alpha-stimulated DNA synthesis in MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells. Mitogenic doses of PGF2 alpha (42 nM) rapidly induced tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple substrates in these osteoblast-like cells. PGF2 alpha stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of new proteins with apparent mol wt of 87, 80, 50, 47, 36, and 33 kilodaltons and up-regulated phosphorylation of preexisting tyrosine components with mol wt of 123, 112, 68, and 56 kilodaltons. Stimulation of PKC by 1.6 microM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate mimicked the pattern of PGF2 alpha-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation, whereas PKC-deficient cells (induced by overnight pretreatment with 16 microM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) were refractory to PGF2 alpha-stimulated protein tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA synthesis. The tyrosine kinase inhibitors tyrphostin and genistein blocked PGF2 alpha-stimulated DNA synthesis and protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor orthovanadate prolonged PGF2 alpha-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation; these findings are consistent with activation of a putative tyrosine kinase. Calcium/calmodulin antagonists also inhibited PGF2 alpha-stimulated DNA synthesis, but the calcium-signaling pathway played no role in PGF2 alpha-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Our findings suggest that cross-talk between receptor-mediated activation of PKC and protein tyrosine phosphorylation is an important distal signaling pathway necessary for PGF2 alpha-induced DNA synthesis in osteoblast-like cells.