gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dependence of tissue optical properties on solute-induced changes in refractive index and osmolarity (1996)

Additions of a solute/carbohydrate in tissue affect the size of tissue cells and the refractive indexes of the extra- and intracellular fluids, and thus the overall tissue scattering properties. We use both the Rayleigh- Gans and Mie theory approximation in calculating effects of the osmolarity and refractive indexes on the reduced scattering coefficient of tissue, and employ photon diffusion theory to associate the reduced scattering coefficient to the mean optical path length. The calculations show that changes of scattering in tissue depend not only on the change in extracellular refractive index but also on the change in osmolarity, and thus on the change in cell size and volume fraction. Experimentally, we have utilized time-domain and frequencydomain NIR techniques to measure the changes of optical properties caused by an addition of a solute in tissue models and in perfused rat livers. The temperature-dependent path length measurement of the perfused liver confirms the dependence of tissue scattering on the tissue cell size. The results obtained from the liver with three kinds of carbohydrate perfusion display different scattering aspects and can be well explained by changes in cell size and in extracellular as well as intracellular refractive indexes. The consistency between the theoretical and experimental results confirms the dependence of optical properties in (liver) tissue on both tissue osmolarity and relative refractive indexes between the extracellular and intracellular compartments. This study suggests that the NIR technique is a novel and useful tool for noninvasive, physiological monitoring.
Discordance in <scp><i>HER2</i></scp> gene amplification in circulating and disseminated tumor cells in patients with operable breast cancer (2013)

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene amplification in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) might be useful for modifying Herceptin therapy in breast cancer. In the process of investigating the utility of a microfluidic platform for detecting HER2 gene amplification in these cells, we observed novel results on discordance of HER2 status. Peripheral blood (8.5 mL) and bone marrow (BM) (7.5-10 mL) were collected prospectively from patients with clinical stages I-IV breast cancer. Mononuclear cells were recovered, stained with cytokeratin (CK), CD45, and DAPI, and processed through microfluidic channels for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). A ratio of HER2:CEP17 >2 in any CK+/CD45 or CK-/CD45 cell was regarded as positive for HER2 gene amplification. Peripheral blood from 95 patients and BM from 78 patients were studied. We found CK+/CD45-/DAPI+ CTCs in 27.3% of patients. We evaluated HER2 gene amplification by FISH in 88 blood and 78 BM specimens and found HER2+ CTCs in 1 of 9 (11.1%) and HER2+ DTCs (27.2%) in 3 of 11 patients with HER2+ primary tumor. Among patients with a HER2- primary tumor, 5 of 79 had HER2+ CTCs (6.3%) and 14 of 67 had HER2+ DTCs (20.8%). The overall rate of discordance in HER2 status was 15% between primary tumor and CTCs and 28.2% between primary tumor and DTCs. HER2 was amplified in CTCs and DTCs in a portion of both HER2+ and HER2- primary tumors. HER2 discordance was more frequent for DTCs. The clinical implications of evaluating HER2 status in CTCs and DTCs in breast cancer needs to be established in prospective clinical trials. The cell enrichment and extraction microfluidic technology provides a sensitive platform for evaluation of HER2 gene amplification in CTCs and DTCs.
Takayasu's Disease Associated with Ulcerative Colitis. (1994)

A 14-year-old female with ulcerative colitis developed right anterior cervical pain and high fever. Cervical contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT) showed a wall thickness of the right common carotid artery which suggested aortitis. Her pulmonary angiography demonstrated a narrowing of the pulmonary arteries and she was diagnosed as having Takayasu's disease associated with ulcerative colitis. HLA analysis showed Bw52 and DR2 haplotype, which is frequently found in patients with Takayasu's disease associated with ulcerative colitis.
Frank van der Merwe Growth of ALD ZnO Studied by X-ray Diffraction (2010)

Abstract not Available.
A Modular Approach to Polymer Architecture Control via Catenation of Prefabricated Biomolecular Segments:  Polymers Containing Parallel β-Sheets Templated by a Phenoxathiin-Based Reverse Turn Mimic (1997)

A biomolecular Lego set modular method whereby prefabricated building blocks are linked block by block has been developed and applied to the synthesis of peptide-based polymers containing parallel β-sheets induced by phenoxathiin derivatives acting as reverse turn mimics. Spectroscopic studies show that phenoxathiin is an effective template for β-sheet formation allowing even weak hydrogen acceptors such as ester amides to exist almost exclusively in intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded conformations. Replacing the phenoxathiin derivative with flexible hydrocarbon chains results in substantial loss of intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Solid state FTIR of the polymers revealed that the expected parallel β-sheets were retained in the polymer solely due to the presence of the rigid phenoxathiin template. Conformationally unrestricted units incapable of inducing sheet formation provide mostly random coils and contribute to interchain and intersheet antiparallel hydrogen bonding. The nature of the β-sheet domains has been confirmed through study of model octapeptides. DSC and TGA studies reveal that as the flexibility of the linkers decreases Tg and onset decomposition temperature also decrease. Powder X-ray diffraction of the unoriented polymers shows that they are semicrystalline.
Statistical method to identify key anthropometric parameters in hrtf individualization (2011)

This paper identifies the main anthropometric parameters which strongly influence the head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) in a direct physical way using statistical analysis on HRTF measured data. Principle component analysis is separately performed on the head-related impulse responses of all subjects at each direction for each ear to extract the individual information. Then the individual information, along with all anthropometric parameters, is introduced in the multiple linear regression analysis, where F statistic and t statistic are used to characterize the key parameters having strong direct physical effect on the HRTFs. Ultimately, combining with the results of the analysis of the inter-parameter correlations, only eight anthropometric parameters out of 27 are identified as the crucial elements in the role of spatial localization, which provides a guide for efficient HRTF individualization using key anthropometric parameters.
The <i>in vivo</i> neuromodulatory effects of the herbal medicine ginkgo biloba (2001)

Extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves are consumed as dietary supplements to counteract chronic, age-related neurological disorders. We have applied high-density oligonucleotide microarrays to define the transcriptional effects in the cortex and hippocampus of mice whose diets were supplemented with the herbal extract. Gene expression analysis focused on the mRNAs that showed a more than 3-fold change in their expression. In the cortex, mRNAs for neuronal tyrosine/threonine phosphatase 1, and microtubule-associated tau were significantly enhanced. Hyperphosphorylated tau is the major constituent of the neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. The expression of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-2, calcium and chloride channels, prolactin, and growth hormone (GH), all of which are associated with brain function, were also up-regulated. In the hippocampus, only transthyretin mRNA was upregulated. Transthyretin plays a role in hormone transport in the brain and possibly a neuroprotective role by amyloid-beta sequestration. This study reveals that diets supplemented with Ginkgo biloba extract have notable neuromodulatory effects in vivo and illustrates the utility of genome-wide expression monitoring to investigate the biological actions of complex extracts.
Shelterin-Mediated Telomere Protection (2018)

For more than a decade, it has been known that mammalian cells use shelterin to protect chromosome ends. Much progress has been made on the mechanism by which shelterin prevents telomeres from inadvertently activating DNA damage signaling and double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways. Shelterin averts activation of three DNA damage response enzymes [the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinases and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1)], blocks three DSB repair pathways [classical nonhomologous end joining (c-NHEJ), alternative (alt)-NHEJ, and homology-directed repair (HDR)], and prevents hyper-resection at telomeres. For several of these functions, mechanistic insights have emerged. In addition, much has been learned about how shelterin maintains the telomeric 3' overhang, forms and protects the t-loop structure, and promotes replication through telomeres. These studies revealed that shelterin is compartmentalized, with individual subunits dedicated to distinct aspects of the end-protection problem. This review focuses on the current knowledge of shelterin-mediated telomere protection, highlights differences between human and mouse shelterin, and discusses some of the questions that remain.
Activity of quinolones in the Ames Salmonella TA102 mutagenicity test and other bacterial genotoxicity assays (1993)

Eight quinolones were examined for their bacterial mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella TA102 assay and for their effects in other bacterial genotoxicity assays. In the quantitative Ames plate incorporation assay, all eight quinolones induced His+ deletion reversion in Salmonella tester strain TA102, with maximum reversion observed at about two to eight times the MIC. The quinolones also induced the SOS response. At quinolone concentrations close to the MIC, SOS cell filamentation gene sulA was induced in sulA::lacZ fusion strain Escherichia coli PQ37. RecA-mediated cleavage of lambda repressor in lambda::lacZ fusion strain E. coli BR513 was measurable at about 10 times the MIC, though no induction occurred at 20 micrograms of nalidixic or oxolinic acid per ml. Genotoxicity of quinolones also was observed in the Bacillus subtilis DNA repair assay, in which the mutant strain M45 (recA) was more susceptible to quinolones than its parent strain, H17 (rec+). The results from these analyses indicate that quinolones induce SOS functions and are mutagenic in bacteria; these properties correspond to their antimicrobial activities.
Fuzzy logic based coordinated control of battery energy storage system and dispatchable distributed generation for microgrid (2015)

Microgrid is a good option to integrate renewable energy sources (RES) into power systems. In order to deal with the intermittent characteristics of the renewable energy based distributed generation (DG) units, a fuzzy-logic based coordinated control strategy of a battery energy storage system (BESS) and dispatchable DG units is proposed for the microgrid management system (MMS). In the proposed coordinated control strategy, the BESS is used to minimize active power exchange at the point of common coupling of the microgrid for grid-connected operation, and is used for frequency control for island operation. The efficiency of the proposed control strategy was tested by case studies using DIgSILENT/PowerFactroy.
CMAS‐Resistant Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBC) (2009)

Electron beam‐physical vapor‐deposited thermal barrier coatings (TBC) are susceptible to damage due to environmental contaminants such as calcium–magnesium–aluminum–silicon oxide systems (CMAS). This paper discusses various approaches of modifying TBC for enhanced protection against CMAS attack. Methodologies were explored with various coating systems maintaining functionality as nonwetting, sacrificial, and impervious to CMAS attack. In the brief isothermal (1260°C/10 min) tests, a nearly crack‐free and reglazed Pd coating provided substantial protection from the CMAS attack. Approaches that provided some minor improvements need further optimization to better assess their viability.
Livestock nutrient management concerns: regulatory and legislative overview (1999)

A greater focus on manure nutrient disposition from concentrated animal-feeding operations has developed from environmentalists, concerned citizens, and regulatory agencies. The establishment and enforcement of manure nutrient regulations will alter the future of livestock production. Proposed legislation and strategies may provide a false sense of security regarding environmental preservation or restoration and may impose monitoring and record keeping on the livestock operators. Existing regulations and proposed regulations and strategies are presented. Implications of legislation and proposed strategies, policies, and regulations are discussed. Livestock operations will need to comply with regulations to remain in business and to minimize environmental liability.
A physical database design evaluation system for CODASYL databases (1988)

An interactive design tool for designing CODASYL databases is described. The system is composed of three main modules: a user interface, a transaction analyzer, and a core module. The user interface allows a designer to enter interactively information concerning a database design which is to be evaluated. The transaction analyzer allows the designer to specify the processing requirements in terms of typical logical transactions to be executed against the database and translates these logical transaction into physical transaction which access and manipulate the physical databases. The core module is the implementation of a set of analytical models and cost formulas developed for the manipulation of indexed sequential and hash-based files and CODASYL sets. These models and formulas account for the situation in which occurrences of multiple record types are stored in the same area. Also presented are the results of a series of experiments in which key design parameters are varied. The system is implemented in UCSD Pascal running on IBM PCs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A 24-Week, Randomized, Treat-to-Target Trial Comparing Initiation of Insulin Glargine Once-Daily With Insulin Detemir Twice-Daily in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled on Oral Glucose-Lowering Drugs (2010)

In insulin-naive type 2 diabetic patients, glargine reached similar control as detemir, with more weight gain, but required significantly lower doses.
ChemInform Abstract: THE TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF FRAGRANT COMPOUNDS FROM JASMINE OIL (1978)

Abstract (?‐Tuberolacton (XI) und (iHasminlacton (XII) werden nach angegebenem Schema dargestellt (z.T.
On the capacity of interference channels with one cooperating transmitter (2008)

Abstract Inner and outer bounds are established on the capacity region of two‐sender, two‐receiver interference channels (IC) where one transmitter knows both messages. The transmitter with this extra message knowledge is referred to as being cognitive. The inner bound is based on strategies that generalise prior work, and includes rate‐splitting, Gel'fand‐Pinsker (GP) coding and cooperative transmission. A general outer bound is based on the Nair‐El Gamal outer bound for broadcast channels (BCs). A simpler bound is presented for the case in which one of the decoders can decode both messages. The bounds are evaluated and compared for Gaussian channels. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transgenic expression of delta-6 and delta-15 fatty acid desaturases enhances omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid accumulation in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (2014)

In the blue-green alga Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, overexpression of endogenous and exogenous genes encoding PUFA desaturases markedly increased accumulation of ALA and SDA and decreased accumulation of linoleic acid and γ-linolenic acid. This study lays the foundation for increasing the fatty acid content of cyanobacteria and, ultimately, for producing nutritional and medicinal products with high levels of essential ω-3 PUFAs.
‘Alternatives’ to austerity: A critique of financialized infrastructure in India and beyond (2017)

Current infrastructure development across the globe is described as an ‘alternative’ to austerity and as a nationalist riposte to globalization. From the UK to India to the US, it is represented as a way of reviving the fortunes of the ‘common man’ and a dispossessed, male working class. This article, based on research in the waterscape of the Hooghly River in India and World Bank initiatives, argues that current policies of financialized infrastructure are a false alternative to austerity and are a continuation of a longer historical process. These policies have emerged from the gradual movement of fiscal control from governments to central banks, commercial banks and financial markets. This began with the financialization of sovereign debt in the 1980s–90s, which led to fiscal constraint within the public sector. Such policies eroded the material forms of state‐provided public works and led to private sector accumulation through public‐private partnerships and financial market speculation. Now governments are turning to commercial banks and financial markets to solve the problem of infrastructures starved of capital, even though it is the governance of the economy through these networks that has generated the current ‘infrastructure deficit’. Anthropologists now need to take part in public debates by revealing the financial predation on infrastructures and arguing for a renaming of them as citizens' commons for the public good. Ultimately, it is through a combination of ethnographies of austerity and analyses of the political economy of finance that anthropologists can challenge current inequalities.
The Systematic Form of a Class of Regular Structured LDPC Codes (2013)

In this paper, we propose a systematic form about a class of regular structured LDPC codes. This class of LDPC codes is quasi-cyclic code with variable node degree d <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">v</sub> = 2 on the Tanner graph. The defining parity-check matrices are composed of circulant permutation matrices. By columns permutation, we can locate the information bits and parity check bits easily. Furthermore, the values of associated parity check bits can be calculated directly on the Tanner graph.
Medium access control protocol for wireless, transparent ATM access (2002)

This paper describes a MAC protocol called DSA++ that allows the full integration of mobile ATM terminals into an ATM network by extending the statistical multiplexing from ATM multiplexers on the air interface, offering capacity on demand. The DSA++ protocol offers functions necessary for the implementation of a resource scanning algorithm and power saving mode in the mobile station as well as a dynamic frequency selection algorithm in the base station.
Comparison of nebulized and sprayed topical anaesthesia for fibreoptic bronchoscopy (1992)

We compared the efficacy of nebulized (N) and sprayed (S) topical anaesthesia prior to fibreoptic bronchoscopy in a blinded study involving 54 patients aged 57 +/- 26 yrs (mean +/- SD). Cough frequency, recorded on cassette tape, was the index of efficacy. All patients received 100 mg lignocaine sprayed into the pharynx, or nebulized in random order prior to bronchoscopy, and all received intravenous diazepam sedation. Each patient received a further 100 mg of lignocaine solution through the bronchoscope onto the vocal cords and major airways during the procedure. No significant difference was found in overall cough frequency between N and S groups (8.7 +/- 6.9 coughs.min-1 N vs 10.5 +/- 6.0 S), and cough frequency was also similar between N and S during the periods above and below the vocal cords. Furthermore, no differences were found in cough frequency between N and S among smokers, patients with asthma and COPD, and patients who had a biopsy procedure, although a trend was seen in all comparisons towards a lower cough frequency with the nebulized route. Most patients in the S group found the spray unpleasant, whereas only one in the N group complained. We conclude that nebulized and sprayed lignocaine have similar efficacy as topical anaesthetics in fibreoptic bronchoscopy, but patient preference favours the nebulized route.
Mitoprotective therapy preserves chondrocyte viability and prevents cartilage degeneration in an ex vivo model of posttraumatic osteoarthritis (2018)

This study is the first investigation of cardiolipin-targeted mitoprotective therapy in cartilage. These results suggest that even when treatment is delayed by up to 12 h after injury, mitoprotection may be a useful strategy in the prevention of PTOA. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 9999:1-10, 2018.
Attitude determination of spinning objects (2016)

This paper discusses a method for determining the deviation of the axis of rotation using phased GLONASS / GPS satellite systems equipment equipped with a two-antenna interferometer. Formulas for determining the angular position of the axis of rotation have been developed to determine the angular position of the axis of rotation and to determine the current attitude of the antenna system. Accuracy characteristics of the suggested method are studied in this paper.
Accelerated stability studies of a polyherbal preparation (eazmov(r)) capsule. (1999)

The stability of Eazmov capsule in accelerated condition ie by exposing it to the temperature at 45°C and 40°C with 75% relative humidity was studied. The samples were periodically anallysed upto six months for their organoleptic characteristics, assay of active plant ingredients and the DPTLC finger printing and their peak area analysis, which were found to be stable/ consistent during the period of study. The change in quantifiable components was within 90% of the initial amount, indicating e stability of product for more than three years at room temperature.