gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laser beam machined free‐standing terahertz metamaterials (2015)

The use of laser ablation of a thin metal film, which allows for rapid prototyping of various free‐standing terahertz devices, is reported. The technique will provide a simple way to fabricate devices without complicated photolithography procedures. This could be a solution for a multitude of new optical elements for the terahertz regime. The fabricated samples are free‐standing films and, hence, benefit from the absence of a supporting dielectric substrate, which could induce dispersion, losses or alter the reflection properties. Three devices are demonstrated: a wire‐grid polariser, a polarisation converter and bandpass filters, and their performance is characterised.
Energy Management in Chemical Industry (2010)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Management of Energy Resources 2.1. Power Generation and Raw Materials 2.2. Regulatory Aspects 2.3. Process Design Economics 3. Energy Management in Chemical Process Operations 3.1. Process Development 3.1.1. Development of New Processes 3.1.2. Reevaluation of Existing Processes 3.2. Plant Design 3.2.1. Exergy Analysis 3.2.2. Process Operation Parameters 3.2.3. Pinch Technology 3.3. Equipment Design 3.3.1. Design of Distillation Columns 3.3.2. Heat Exchanger Design 3.4. Plant Operation 3.4.1. Control Design and Strategy 3.4.2. Plant Information Systems 3.4.3. Electrical Energy 3.5. Production Site Management 4. Conclusion
Immunization with Outer Membrane Proteins of<i>Pasteurella multocida</i>(6:B) Provides Protection in Mice (2006)

The immunoprotective efficacy of Pasteurella multocida (6:B) outer membrane proteins (OMPs) was examined in the mouse model. Bacterial OMPs were extracted using sarkosyl method and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Prototype vaccines were prepared using OMPs with adjuvants including dioleoyl phosphatidyl choline-based liposome and Montanide ISA206 water-in oil-in water emulsion. Antibody response to the vaccine was monitored using indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The results of the study showed that immunized mice had high titre with both the formulations. The vaccinated mice were able to survive a live virulent bacterial challenge. Based on the findings of the study it can be inferred that OMPs are important determinants of immunoprotection hence can serve as vaccine candidates against haemorrhagic septicaemia.
Expression of CD40 and Its Ligand, CD40l, in Intestinal Lesions of Crohn's Disease (1999)

The local accumulation of CD40L+ together with CD40+ cells within intestinal lesions of Crohn's disease suggests the involvement of this co-stimulatory pathway.
Intracellular trafficking of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins and free GPIs in Leishmania mexicana (2002)

Free glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are an important class of membrane lipids in many pathogenic protozoa. In this study, we have investigated the subcellular distribution and intracellular trafficking of an abundant class of free GPIs [termed glycosylinositolphospholipids (GIPLs)] in Leishmania mexicana promastigotes. The intracellular transport of the GIPLs and the major GPI-anchored glycoprotein gp63 was measured by following the incorporation of these molecules into sphingolipid-rich, detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) in the plasma membrane. In metabolic-labelling experiments, mature GIPLs and gp63 were transported to DRMs in the plasma membrane with a t1/2 of 70 and 40min, respectively. Probably, GIPL transport to the DRMs involves a vesicular mechanism, as transport of both the GIPLs and gp63 was inhibited similarly at 10°C. All GIPL intermediates were quantitatively recovered in Triton X-100-soluble membranes and were largely orientated on the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum, as shown by their sensitivity to exogenous phosphatidylinositol-specific phospho-lipase C. On the contrary, a significant proportion of the mature GIPLs (≈50% of iM4) were accessible to membrane-impermeable probes on the surface of live promastigotes. These results suggest that the GIPLs are flipped across intracellular or plasma membranes during surface transport and that a significant fraction may populate the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane. Finally, treatment of L. mexicana promastigotes with myriocin, an inhibitor of sphingolipid biosynthesis, demonstrated that ongoing sphingolipid biosynthesis is not required for the plasma-membrane transport of either gp63 or the GIPLs and that DRMs persist even when cellular levels of the major sphingolipid are depleted by 70%.
Characterization of CdTe Detectors for Quantitative X-ray Spectroscopy (2009)

Silicon diodes have traditionally been the detectors of choice for quantitative X-ray spectroscopy. Their response has been very well characterized and existing software algorithms process the spectra for accurate, quantitative analysis. But Si diodes have limited sensitivity at energies above 30 keV, while recent regulations require measurement of heavy metals such as lead and mercury, with K X-ray emissions well above 30 keV. Measuring the K lines is advantageous to reduce the interference between the L lines of these elements with each other and with the K lines of light elements. CdTe has much higher stopping power than Si, making it attractive for measuring higher energies, but the quality and reproducibility of its spectra have limited its use in the energy range of characteristic X-rays, <100 keV. CdTe detectors have now been optimized for energies <100 keV, yielding electronic noise of 500 eV for a 5 mm times 5 mm times 0.75 mm device. This provides adequate energy resolution for distinguishing characteristic X-ray peaks >30 keV. The response function of these CdTe detectors differs in important ways from that of Si detectors, requiring changes to the X-ray analytical software used to process the spectra. This paper will characterize the response of the latest generation of high resolution CdTe detectors at the energies of characteristic X-rays. It will present effects important for X-ray analysis, including the peak shape arising from hole tailing, escape peaks, spectral background, linearity, and stability. Finally, this paper will present spectral processing algorithms optimized for CdTe, including peak shape and escape peak algorithms.
1 Chemical and Biological Properties of Cytotoxic α-(N)-Heterocyclic Carboxaldehyde Thiosemicarbazones (1995)

This chapter discusses chemical and biological properties of cytotoxic α-(N)-heterocyclic carboxaldehyde. Ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase is a critical enzyme in the de novo synthesis of the deoxyribonucleotide precursors of DNA and, as such, is essential for cellular replication. Thus, its presence and activity is closely correlated with cellular growth rates. It seems reasonable that a strong inhibitor of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase would be a useful weapon in the therapeutic armamentarium against cancer. Several different classes of agents are relatively specific inhibitors of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase. These have included α-(N)-heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones (HCTs), hydroxyurea, N-hydroxy-N´-aminoguanidine derivatives and polyhydroxybenzohydroxamates. The HCTs, as a class, are among the most potent known inhibitors of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, being 80-5000 times more effective, depending upon the HCT, than hydroxyurea, a clinically useful anticancer agent. The primary metabolic lesion created by the HCTs is interference with the biosynthesis of DNA, an action resulting from the potent inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase activity.
Improved fiber-optic interferometer for atomic force microscopy (1989)

A high-sensitivity fiber-optic displacement sensor for atomic force microscopy is described. The sensor is based on the optical interference occurring in the micron-sized cavity formed between the cleaved end of a single-mode optical fiber and the microscope cantilever. As a result of using a diode laser light source and all-fiber construction, the sensor is compact, mechanically robust, and exhibits good low-frequency noise behavior. Peak-to-peak noise in a dc to 1 kHz bandwidth is less than 0.1 Å. Images are presented demonstrating atomic resolution of graphite and magnetic force imaging of bits written on a magnetic disk.
Young's Modulus of Single-Crystal Fullerene Nanotubes (2011)

We performed bending tests on single-crystal nanotubes composed of fullerene C 70 molecules by in situ transmission electron microscopy with measurements of loading forces by an optical deflection method. The nanotubes with the outer diameters of 270–470 nm were bent using simple-beam and cantilever-beam loading by the piezomanipulation of silicon nanotips. Young's modulus of the nanotubes increased from 61 GPa to 110 GPa as the outer diameter decreased from 470 nm to 270 nm. Young's modulus was estimated to be 66% of that of single-crystal C 60 nanotubes of the same outer diameter.
The evolution and use of skin explants: potential and limitations for dermatological research. (2011)

Different models have been developed to understand the biology of skin or to test pharmaceutical/cosmetic products. These models can be in vitro models that possess advantages such as mono and co-culture models in 2D, which are very reproducible, or organotypic models (skin explant and reconstructed skin) that present a 3D organisation. Animal or human in vivo models allow studies that are closer to reality. In virtuo models developed on computers control all known parameters and do not require animals. The major limitations of these models are the lack of 3D structure for in vitro culture, the variability of results from organotypic models, ethical problems inherent to human and animal tests and the presence of numerous unknown parameters in in virtuo systems. Despite their limitations, skin explants seem to be an interesting model for studies. Skin explants may be kept from a few hours to 10-14 days on supports or directly in culture medium. These explants are generally cultivated at 37 °C, 5% CO(2), preferentially in serum-free conditions. Three basic techniques are used to characterise these models: histological stains, proliferation, apoptosis and cytotoxicity tests. Skin explants could be a very convenient model to study wound-healing, inflammation processes, autoimmune diseases, malignant transformation, stress, ageing, and to serve as screening tests.
A 130-kDa protein on endothelial cells binds to amino acids 15-42 of the B beta chain of fibrinogen. (1992)

Factors which stimulate the release of von Willebrand factor (vWf) from endothelial cell Weibel-Palade bodies and which induce the expression of the leukocyte-binding adhesion molecule P-selectin (PADGEM, GMP-140, CD62) on the endothelial cell surface remain incompletely characterized. Fibrin but not fibrinogen is a potent stimulus for the release of stored von Willebrand factor from endothelial cells. Removal of fibrinopeptides A and B from fibrinogen occurs during the formation of fibrin, and the removal of fibrinopeptide B is a requirement for fibrin to induce vWf secretion. The cleavage of fibrinopeptide A by reptilase enzyme forms a fibrin gel yet it is incapable of stimulating Weibel-Palade body degranulation. As a consequence of removing fibrinopeptide B, B beta 15-42 becomes the new NH2 terminus of the beta chain of fibrin. We have shown that the peptide B beta 15-42 in solution inhibits the release of vWf stimulated by fibrin. In addition, B beta 15-42 coupled to ovalbumin supports the binding and spreading of endothelial cells, while a scrambled form of this peptide coupled to the same carrier does not. We investigated whether these determinants near the amino terminus of the beta chain of fibrin bind to a specific protein on the surface of endothelial cells. A 130-kDa protein was isolated from surface-labeled human umbilical vein endothelial cells by specific binding to B beta 15-42 immobilized on Sepharose. This glycoprotein was eluted with the B beta 15-42 peptide in solution but not with the scrambled form of this peptide. The fibrin-derived peptides B beta 19-26 and B beta 37-56-cysteine were also incapable of eluting the 130-kDa protein bound to immobilized B beta 15-42 as were the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine RGDS tetrapeptide and EDTA. The 130-kDa protein is recognized neither by antibodies to the known integrins found on endothelial cells nor by antibodies to CD31 (endoCAM, PECAM-1), a member of the immunoglobulin family of receptors found on endothelial cells. The beta chain of fibrin thus contains a sequence near its amino terminus which specifically binds to what is likely a novel endothelial cell surface protein. This glycoprotein may promote endothelial cell adhesion to fibrin during the wound healing process and is a candidate for a receptor involved in fibrin-mediated release of Weibel-Palade bodies from endothelial cells.
Structural and Histological Analysis of Leydig Cell Steroidogenic Function (2007)

This chapter summarizes the morphological criteria to identify the fetal and adult Leydig cells in the rat testis at the light and electron microscopic levels. LH receptor and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase are the most important functional markers that can be used to characterize the androgen-producing Leydig cells. The focus of this chapter is on the structure, ultrastructure, steroidogenic function, and ontogenesis of fetal and adult Leydig cells.
In vivo action of the anticoccidial diclazuril (Clinacox) on the developmental stages of Eimeria tenella: a histological study. (1988)

Diclazuril, a new benzeneacetonitrile anticoccidial, has potent activity against various stages of Eimeria tenella. A single treatment of experimentally infected chickens during the prepatent phase (up to day 5) results in a complete interruption of the life cycle and oocyst shedding. The first- and second-generation schizonts show extensive degenerative changes that finally result in a complete loss of the parasitic stage. The degeneration is characterized by loss of internal structure, the appearance of many intracytoplasmic vacuoles, and incomplete merogony. The merozoites themselves show similar degenerative changes, including the presence of numerous small vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Diclazuril is also effective against both the micro- and macrogametocytes that have a ballooned appearance and loose their internal structure completely. In the macrogametocytes, wall-forming bodies either do not develop or disappear rapidly. Development of typical caecal lesions is prevented when treatment with diclazuril is initiated before large numbers of second-generation schizonts appear, i.e., day 3. It is concluded that diclazuril is lethal against both the asexual and the sexual stages of E. tenella. At the proposed use level of 1 ppm in the feed, the life cycle is interrupted at a very early stage and lesion development and oocyst shedding are completely prevented.
Aqueous phase synthesis of CdTe quantum dots for biophotonics (2010)

Over the past few years, CdTe quantum dots have been demonstrated as powerful probes for biophotonics applications. The aqueous phase synthesis technique remains the best approach to make high quality CdTe QDs in a single-pot process. CdTe QDs prepared directly in the aqueous phase can have quantum yield as high as 80%. In addition, the surface of CdTe QDs prepared using the aqueous phase technique is functionalized with reactive groups that enable them to be directly conjugated with specific ligands for targeted delivery and sensing. In this contribution, we review recent progress in fabricating aqueous CdTe QDs and exploiting their optical properties in novel approaches to biomedical imaging and sensing applications.
Harvesting energy from low-frequency excitations through alternate contacts between water and two dielectric materials (2017)

Recent studies have demonstrated the benefits of water-dielectric interfaces in electrostatic energy harvesting. Most efforts have been focused on extracting the kinetic energy from the motions of water drops on hydrophobic surfaces, and thus, the resulting schemes inherently prefer cases where the water drops move at a high speed, or vibrate at a high frequency. Here we report a method for directly harvesting ambient mechanical energy as electric potential energy through water droplets by making alternate contacts with CYTOP and PTFE thin films. Because CYTOP and PTFE acquire significantly different surface charge densities during contact with water, such a difference can be utilized to effectively generate electricity. We demonstrate this concept using prototype devices fabricated on silicon substrates with a simple procedure. In the experiments conducted, a water drop of 400 μL alone could generate a peak open-circuit voltage of 42 V under a 0.25 Hz vibration. Under a 2.5 Hz vibration, the peak open-circuit voltage reached 115 V under an external bias of 8 V. The demonstrated efficiency is orders of magnitude higher than those of existing devices of similar dimensions.
On obtaining shape from color shading (1993)

Abstract Color and Grassmann‐Cayley Coordinates of Shape are considered in this article. The image irradiance equation for colored surfaces and the Grassman manifold λ of orbits Q = {B · h + c; detB ≠ 0} Where c is a vector sweeping the color space H, B is a 3 × 3 matrix, and h(x, y) is the color image of a Lambertian surface assumed to be a linear vector‐function of the normal vectors. Different orbits Q(n) correspond to different shapes but they are invariant under color and illuminant transformation. Coordinates of an orbit Q in λ can be computed as 3 × 3 (2 × 2, sometimes) determining the elements of which are values of some linear functionals (receptive fields) of h(x, y) . Based on the approach, a shape‐from‐shading algorithm was developed and successfully tested on the threeband color images of various real objects (an egg, cylinders and cones made of paper, etc.). © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
SPIDER: Fault resilient SDN pipeline with recovery delay guarantees (2016)

When dealing with node or link failures in Software Defined Networking (SDN), the network capability to establish an alternative path depends on controller reachability and on the round trip times (RTTs) between controller and involved switches. Moreover, current SDN data plane abstractions for failure detection (e.g. OpenFlow “Fast-failover”) do not allow programmers to tweak switches' detection mechanism, thus leaving SDN operators still relying on proprietary management interfaces (when available) to achieve guaranteed detection and recovery delays. We propose SPIDER, an OpenFlow-like pipeline design that provides i) a detection mechanism based on switches' periodic link probing and ii) fast reroute of traffic flows even in case of distant failures, regardless of controller availability. SPIDER can be implemented using stateful data plane abstractions such as OpenState or Open vSwitch, and it offers guaranteed short (i.e. ms) failure detection and recovery delays, with a configurable trade off between overhead and failover responsiveness. We present here the SPIDER pipeline design, behavioral model, and analysis on flow tables' memory impact. We also implemented and experimentally validated SPIDER using OpenState (an OpenFlow 1.3 extension for stateful packet processing), showing numerical results on its performance in terms of recovery latency and packet losses.
Response of Intestinal Microbiota to Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Chickens (2013)

Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been used as feed additives to improve average daily weight gain and feed efficiency in food animals for more than five decades. However, use of AGPs is associated with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant human pathogens of animal origin, posing a significant threat to food safety and public health. Thus, development of novel alternatives to AGPs is important to mitigate antimicrobial resistance in foodborne pathogens. To achieve this goal, the mode of action of AGPs should be elucidated. In this study, the response of the chicken gut microbiota to AGPs was examined using two culture-independent approaches: phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) biomarker analysis and 16S rDNA clone library sequencing. PLFA analysis showed that AGP tylosin treatment changed composition of the microbiota in various intestinal sites; however, total viable bacterial biomass in intestine was not affected by tylosin treatment. PLFA analysis also revealed an abundant viable fungal population in chicken microbiota. Eight 16S rDNA libraries (96 clones per library) were constructed using ileal samples from chickens that received either antibiotic-free or medicated feed. The 16S rDNA clone analysis of the growth-relevant samples showed the AGP treatment influenced the diversity of ileum microbiota in the chickens primarily in the Firmicutes division. In particular, Lactobacillus spp. populations in the ileum of AGP-treated chickens were significantly lower than those from chickens receiving antibiotic-free feed. Together, this study revealed novel features of the intestinal microbiota in response to AGP treatment and suggested approach to develop potential alternatives to AGPs for mitigation of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne pathogens.
Fast Power- and Slew-Aware Gated Clock Tree Synthesis (2011)

Clock tree synthesis plays an important role on the total performance of chip. Gated clock tree is an effective approach to reduce the dynamic power usage. In this paper, two novel gated clock tree synthesizers, power-aware clock tree synthesizer (PACTS) and power- and slew-aware clock tree synthesizer (PSACTS), are proposed with zero skew achieved based on Elmore RC model. In PACTS, the topology of the clock tree is constructed with simultaneous buffer/gate insertion, which reduces the switched capacitance. In PSACTS, a more practical clock slew constraint is applied. Compared to previous works, clock tree synthesis is done first and followed by the insertions of clock gates. The clock slew changes a lot after the insertions of clock gates in real cases. In our work, the clock tree is constructed simultaneously with the insertions of clock gates. This ensures the limitation of the clock slew can be strictly satisfied while the limitation of the clock slew is always applied in the real design. The experimental results show that the power cost of our work is smaller and the runtime is reduced. The slew rate constraint is satisfied with a small clock skew from SPICE estimation. Generally, our work has better performance, improved efficiency and is more practical to be applied in the industry.
Progression of prostate carcinoma is promoted by adipose stromal cell-secreted CXCL12 signaling in prostate epithelium (2021)

Aggressiveness of carcinomas is linked with tumor recruitment of adipose stromal cells (ASC), which is increased in obesity. ASC promote cancer through molecular pathways not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in prostate tumors is promoted by obesity and suppressed upon pharmacological ASC depletion in HiMyc mice, a spontaneous genetic model of prostate cancer. CXCL12 expression in tumors was associated with ASC recruitment and localized to stromal cells expressing platelet-derived growth factor receptors Pdgfra and Pdgfrb. The role of this chemokine secreted by stromal cells in cancer progression was further investigated by using tissue-specific knockout models. ASC deletion of CXCL12 gene in the Pdgfr + lineages suppressed tumor growth and EMT, indicating stroma as the key source of CXCL12. Clinical sample analysis revealed that CXCL12 expression by peritumoral adipose stroma is increased in obesity, and that the correlating increase in Pdgfr/CXCL12 expression in the tumor is linked with decreased survival of patients with prostate carcinoma. Our study establishes ASC as the source of CXCL12 driving tumor aggressiveness and outlines an approach to treatment of carcinoma progression.