gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parallel, miniaturized scanning probe microscope for defect inspection and review (2014)

With the device dimensions moving towards the 1X node, the semiconductor industry is rapidly approaching the point where 10 nm defects become critical. Therefore, new methods for improving the yield are emerging, including inspection and review methods with sufficient resolution and throughput. Existing industrial tools cannot anymore fulfill these requirements for upcoming smaller and 3D features, since they are performing at the edge of their performance. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has the ability to accurately measure dimensions in the micrometer to nanometer scale. Examples of applications are surface roughness, channel height and width measurement, defect inspection in wafers, masks and flat panel displays. In most of these applications, the target area is very large, and, therefore, the throughput of the measurement plays an important role in the final production cost. Single SPM has never been able to compete with other inspection systems in terms of measurement speed, thus has not fulfilled the industry needs in throughput and cost. Further increase of the speed of the single SPM helps, but it still is far from the required throughput and, therefore, insufficient for high-volume manufacturing. Over the past three years, we have developed a revolutionary concept for a multiple miniaturized SPM heads system, which can inspect and measure many sites in parallel. The very high speed of each miniaturized SPM unit allow the user to scan many areas, each with the size of tens of micrometers, in a few seconds. This paper presents an overview of the technical developments and experimental results of the parallel SPM system for wafer and mask inspection.
Robust Speech Recognition Using a Cepstral Minimum-Mean-Square-Error-Motivated Noise Suppressor (2008)

We present an efficient and effective nonlinear feature-domain noise suppression algorithm, motivated by the minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) optimization criterion, for noise-robust speech recognition. Distinguishing from the log-MMSE spectral amplitude noise suppressor proposed by Ephraim and Malah (E&M), our new algorithm is aimed to minimize the error expressed explicitly for the Mel-frequency cepstra instead of discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spectra, and it operates on the Mel-frequency filter bank's output. As a consequence, the statistics used to estimate the suppression factor become vastly different from those used in the E&M log-MMSE suppressor. Our algorithm is significantly more efficient than the E&M's log-MMSE suppressor since the number of the channels in the Mel-frequency filter bank is much smaller (23 in our case) than the number of bins (256) in DFT. We have conducted extensive speech recognition experiments on the standard Aurora-3 task. The experimental results demonstrate a reduction of the recognition word error rate by 48% over the standard ICSLP02 baseline, 26% over the cepstral mean normalization baseline, and 13% over the popular E&M's log-MMSE noise suppressor. The experiments also show that our new algorithm performs slightly better than the ETSI advanced front end (AFE) on the well-matched and mid-mismatched settings, and has 8% and 10% fewer errors than our earlier SPLICE (stereo-based piecewise linear compensation for environments) system on these settings, respectively.
Manufacture and design of composite grids (1997)

Grid structures have been in use for decades. Many were made of reinforced concrete or metals. Grids made of composite materials offer high stiffness and strength at low mass that are competitive with traditional composite laminates. Commonly available manufacturing processes such as filament winding, pultrusion and tubes made from female molds are used to produce composite grids. Cost effective grids can then be made in large sizes and quantities. Grids derive their global stiffness and strength from their ribs. They are fundamentally different from laminates which derive theirs from plies. The models for stiffness and failure modes can be viewed as simple extensions of laminated plate theory. It is hoped that grids will emerge as one of the common structural forms along with solid, stiffened and sandwich panels. Potential applications of composite grids are also mentioned.
Stabilizing the soliton laser (1986)

In the soliton laser, feedback from a pulse-shaping fiber enables the production of ultrafast pulses of controlled shape and width. Successful operation, however, requires maintenance of the correct optical phase of this feedback. We describe a simple but effective servo control that locks to the required phase, while simultaneously stabilizing output power. We also show that the stabilized soliton laser action involves passive mode-locking. Finally, we describe experiments that reveal, in considerable detail, how the pulse shaping takes place. In particular, our experiments show that closure is not required separately of the laser's two coupled cavities.
Single-Molecule Sequencing Enables Long Cell-Free DNA Detection and Direct Methylation Analysis for Cancer Patients (2022)

A previously unidentified long cfDNA population was revealed in cancer patients. The presence and direct methylation analysis of these molecules open new possibilities for cancer liquid biopsy.
Adiabatic dynamic logic (1995)

With adiabatic techniques for capacitor charging, theory suggests that it should be possible to build gates with arbitrarily small energy dissipation. In practice, the complexity of adiabatic approaches has made them impractical. We describe a new CMOS logic family-adiabatic dynamic logic (ADL)-that is the result of combining adiabatic theory with conventional CMOS dynamic logic. ADL gates are simple, general, readily cascadable, and may be fabricated in a standard CMOS process. A chain of 1000 ADL inverters has been constructed in 0.9 /spl mu/m CMOS and successfully tested at 250 MHz. This result, together with comprehensive circuit simulation, suggest that ADL offers an order of magnitude reduction in power consumption over conventional CMOS circuitry.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Optimal radio resource management in multihop relay networks (2008)

Multihop relay networks (MR) use relay stations (RS) to extend or enhance the coverage of a base station (BS) in a cellular network. The base station is attached to a wired backhaul. Relay stations use wireless transmission to connect to the base station and to the mobile stations (MS), while direct BS-MS connection is also possible. Low cost relay technologies are recently proposed for OFDM based broadband wireless technologies. Especially for low-cost relay stations that have single radio interface how to share the channels and allocate proper amount of bandwidth/power to the base station (BS), relay stations (RSs) and the mobile stations (MSs) is an important issue. This work develops methods for radio resource management in MR networks supporting heterogeneous traffic. We propose a scheduling method, where the transmission of base station to each relay station and transmissions of each relay station to its respective mobile stations (i.e. composite links) are scheduled in a TDMA fashion and the resource allocation in those microcells are performed in an OFDMA manner. We numerically evaluate the performance of our proposed scheme with respect to a number of parameters.
Coupled parallel waveguide semiconductor laser (1984)

The operation of a new type of tunable laser, where the two separately controlled individual lasers are placed vertically in parallel, has been demonstrated. One of the cavities (‘‘control’’ cavity) is operated below threshold and assists the longitudinal mode selection and tuning of the other laser. With a minor modification, the same device can operate as an independent two-wavelength laser source.
Extreme ultraviolet light production from a ZaP flow z-pinch xenon plasma (2008)

Abstract. A potential alternative extreme ultraviolet EUV light sourcefor lithography is studied. The ZaP z-pinch Flow Z-Pinch experiment isstudying the effect of sheared ﬂow on gross plasma stability. In the ex-periment, hydrogen gas is used to produce plasma with quiescent peri-ods in the magnetic mode activity, which are 2000 times longer thanother plasma concepts for creating EUV light, in a conﬁguration with 300times the volume. Similar results are found with xenon gas. An EUVdetector designed using an AXUV100, silicon/zirconium ﬁltered photodi-ode with an 11- to 18-nm bandpass is used to detect EUV emissionswithin that spectrum and the total power of the emissions. EUV emis-sions in 17.4% of the z-pinch have lasted longer than 16 s, with anaverage power of 550 kW. The total EUV power potential inband at13.5 nm from 17.4% of the z-pinch is calculated to be 140 W at theintermediate focus, with a total 100-cm z-pinch emission potential of800 W at 1 kHz. Based on this information, the ZaP Flow Z-Pinch ex-periment is a promising EUV light source for lithography if properlyscaled and optimized for EUV light production.
Secukinumab induction and maintenance therapy in moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II regimen-finding study (2012)

Background Interleukin (IL)-17A has major proinflammatory activity in psoriatic lesional skin. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of secukinumab, a fully human IgG1κ monoclonal anti-IL-17A antibody, in moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis in a phase II regimen-finding study. Methods A total of 404 patients were randomized to subcutaneous placebo (n = 67) or one of three secukinumab 150 mg induction regimens: single (week 0; n = 66), early (weeks 0, 1, 2, 4; n = 133) and monthly (weeks 0, 4, 8; n = 138 patients). The primary outcome was ≥ 75% improvement from baseline Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score (PASI 75) at week 12. PASI 75 responders from active treatment arms at week 12 were rerandomized to either a fixed-interval (secukinumab 150 mg at weeks 12 and 24; n = 65) or a treatment-at-start-of-relapse maintenance regimen (secukinumab 150 mg at visits at which a start of relapse was observed; n = 67). Results At week 12, early and monthly induction regimens resulted in higher PASI 75 response rates vs. placebo (54·5% and 42·0% vs. 1·5%; P < 0·001 for both). Among PASI 75 responders at week 12 entering the maintenance period, PASI 75 and PASI 90 achievement at least once from week 20 to week 28 was superior with the fixed-interval regimen [85% (n = 55) and 58% (n = 38), respectively] vs. the start-of-relapse regimen [67% (n = 45), P = 0·020, and 21% (n = 14), respectively]. Fifteen weeks after last study drug administration, < 10% of patients in the fixed-interval and start-of-relapse groups experienced a start of relapse. No immunogenicity was observed, and no injection-site reactions were reported. Reported cases of neutropenia were mild-to-moderate (≤ grade 2); none was associated with clinically significant adverse events or resulted in study discontinuation. Due to the brief duration of the safety assessment, no firm conclusions can be drawn regarding long-term safety. Conclusions Secukinumab shows efficacy for induction and maintenance treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis.
Silicon photonic wire biosensors: Sensing, instrumentation, and applications (2011)

Photonic wire evanescent field (PWEF) sensor chips have been developed for multiplexed label free molecular detection. The sensors are made using 260 nm × 450 nm cross-section silicon waveguides folded into spirals less than 200 μm in diameter, but with an overall sensor length of more than a millimeter. The long propagation length gives a response to molecular binding much better than currently available tools for label-free molecular sensing. These sensors can be arrayed at densities up to ten or more per square millimeter. This talk reviews our ongoing work on the photonic wire sensor chip design and layout, on-chip integrated fluidics, optical coupling, and chip interrogation using arrays of grating couplers formed using sub-wavelength patterned structures. The goal is to develop a commercially viable sensor platform by addressing cost-of-instrumentation, cost per measurement, ease-of-use, and by increasing the number of sensors that can be simultaneously monitored.
Effect of Trapped Fluid on Expandable Liner Hanger Performance in Geothermal Applications (2022)

Abstract A metal-to-metal sealing expandable liner hanger (ELH) was designed for high pressure/high temperature (HPHT) applications [1]. It has been proven to be very robust for geothermal applications in deep well simulator testing, with temperatures up to 575°F. A potential scenario when using this ELH for geothermal applications is that fluid could be trapped between the expanded hanger and casing ID. The trapped fluid can induce a pressure change from a significant temperature rise because fluids typically have much higher thermal expansion coefficients than metals. When the temperature rises, the trapped fluid can generate significant pressure between the hanger and the casing. On the other hand, the volume change on the cavities can reduce the trapped pressure if the temperature change is not large enough and may help to increase anchoring capacity. The full fluid-structural interaction needs to be considered to accurately evaluate the effect of trapped fluid on expandable liner hanger performance. This paper illustrates how a surfaced-based fluid cavity finite element model can be utilized to simulate fluid-structural interaction between the structure and the trapped fluid [2, 3]. The model accounts for the coupling between the deformation of the surrounding structure and the pressure from the trapped fluid acting on the structure. This methodology was applied to investigate the effects of trapped fluid on the ELH performance when subjected to high pressure/high temperature applications. With a specific well condition in consideration, it was observed that: 1) the pocket (cavity) pressure after expansion was lower than the hydrostatic pressure, as per design intention; 2) the net effect was that the hydrostatic pressure squeezed the hanger which improved the ELH hang weight capacity. In the extreme well conditions where the trapped fluid pressure may reduce the hanger anchor capacity, a novel design concept was developed to mitigate trapped fluid pressure effect.
Synthesis of Crystalline Black Phosphorus Thin Film on Sapphire (2018)

Black phosphorus (BP) has recently attracted significant attention due to its exceptional physical properties. Currently, high-quality few-layer and thin-film BP are produced primarily by mechanical exfoliation, limiting their potential in future applications. Here, the synthesis of highly crystalline thin-film BP on 5 mm sapphire substrates by conversion from red to black phosphorus at 700 °C and 1.5 GPa is demonstrated. The synthesized ≈50 nm thick BP thin films are polycrystalline with a crystal domain size ranging from 40 to 70 µm long, as indicated by Raman mapping and infrared extinction spectroscopy. At room temperature, field-effect mobility of the synthesized BP thin film is found to be around 160 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> along armchair direction and reaches up to about 200 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> at around 90 K. Moreover, red phosphorus (RP) covered by exfoliated hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) before conversion shows atomically sharp hBN/BP interface and perfectly layered BP after the conversion. This demonstration represents a critical step toward the future realization of large scale, high-quality BP devices and circuits.
CCN3/CCN2 regulation and the fibrosis of diabetic renal disease (2010)

Prior work in the CCN field, including our own, suggested to us that there might be co-regulatory activity and function as part of the actions of this family of cysteine rich cytokines. CCN2 is now regarded as a major pro-fibrotic molecule acting both down-stream and independent of TGF-beta1, and appears causal in the disease afflicting multiple organs. Since diabetic renal fibrosis is a common complication of diabetes, and a major cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD), we examined the possibility that CCN3 (NOV), might act as an endogenous negative regulator of CCN2 with the capacity to limit the overproduction of extracellular matrix (ECM), and thus prevent, or ameliorate fibrosis. We demonstrate, using an in vitro model of diabetic renal fibrosis, that both exogenous treatment with CCN3 and transfection with the over-expression of the CCN3 gene in mesangial cells markedly down-regulates CCN2 activity and blocks ECM over-accumulation stimulated by TGF-beta1. Conversely, TGF-beta1 treatment reduces endogenous CCN3 expression and increases CCN2 activity and matrix accumulation, indicating an important, novel yin/yang effect. Using the db/db mouse model of diabetic nephropathy, we confirm the expression of CCN3 in the kidney, with temporal localization that supports these in vitro findings. In summary, the results corroborate our hypothesis that one function of CCN3 is to regulate CCN2 activity and at the concentrations and conditions used down-regulates the effects of TGF-beta1, acting to limit ECM turnover and fibrosis in vivo. The findings suggest opportunities for novel endogenous-based therapy either by the administration, or the upregulation of CCN3.
The Bicyclic Intermediate Structure Provides Insights into the Desuccinylation Mechanism of Human Sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) (2012)

Sirtuins are pivotal regulators in various cellular processes, including transcription, DNA repair, genome stability, and energy metabolism. Their functions have been generally attributed to NAD-dependent deacetylase activity. However, human SIRT5 (sirtuin 5), which has been reported to exhibit little deacetylase activity, was recently identified as an NAD-dependent demalonylase and desuccinylase. Biochemical studies suggested that the mechanism of SIRT5-catalyzed demalonylation and desuccinylation is similar to that of deacetylation catalyzed by other sirtuins. Previously, we solved the crystal structure of a SIRT5-succinyl-lysine peptide-NAD complex. Here, we present two more structures: a binary complex of SIRT5 with an H3K9 succinyl peptide and a binary complex of SIRT5 with a bicyclic intermediate obtained by incubating SIRT5-H3K9 thiosuccinyl peptide co-crystals with NAD. To our knowledge, this represents the first bicyclic intermediate for a sirtuin-catalyzed deacylation reaction that has been captured in a crystal structure, thus providing unique insights into the reaction mechanism. The structural information should benefit the design of specific inhibitors for SIRT5 and help in exploring the therapeutic potential of targeting sirtuins for treating human diseases.
Development of <sup>68</sup>Ga-Labeled Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery and Diagnostics with PET (2022)

Targeted delivery of diagnostics and therapeutics offers essential advantages over nontargeted systemic delivery. These include the reduction of toxicity, the ability to reach sites beyond biological barriers, and the delivery of higher cargo concentrations to diseased sites. Virus-like particles (VLPs) can efficiently be used for targeted delivery purposes. VLPs are derived from the coat proteins of viral capsids. They are self-assembled, biodegradable, and homogeneously distributed. In this study, hepatitis E virus (HEV) VLP derivatives, hepatitis E virus nanoparticles (HEVNPs), were radiolabeled with gallium-68, and consequently, the biodistribution of the labeled [<sup>68</sup>Ga]Ga-DOTA-HEVNPs was studied in mice. The results indicated that [<sup>68</sup>Ga]Ga-DOTA-HEVNPs can be considered as promising theranostic nanocarriers, especially for hepatocyte-targeting therapies.
A novel 3D wavelet‐based filter for visualizing features in noisy biological data (2005)

Summary We have developed a three-dimensional (3D) wavelet-based filter for visualizing structural features in volumetric data. The only variable parameter is a characteristic linear size of the feature of interest. The filtered output contains only those regions that are correlated with the characteristic size, thus de-noising the image. We demonstrate the use of the filter by applying it to 3D data from a variety of electron microscopy samples, including low-contrast vitreous ice cryogenic preparations, as well as 3D optical microscopy specimens.
Treatment of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias with Implantable Automatic Cardioverter-Defibrillator (1983)

SummaryThe automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator is an electronic device designed to continuously monitor the heart, identify malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and then to deliver effective countershock to restore normal rhythm. There are two defibrillating electrodes which are also used for waveform analysis; one is located in the superior vena cava, the other is placed over the cardiac apex. A third bipolar right ventricular electrode serves for rate counting and R-wave synchronization. When ventricular fibrillation occurs, a 25 joule pulse is delivered; when ventricular tachycardia faster then a preset rate is detected, the discharge is R-wave synchronized. The device can recycle three times if required. Special batteries can deliver over 100 shocks or provide a 3 year monitoring life. Implantation of the device is made either through a thoracotomy or by a subxiphoid approach. Thus far, the device has been implanted in over 100 survivors of a follow-up period up to 39 months (average 9 months). Acceleration of ventricular tachycardia to a faster rhythm or to ventricular fibrillation occurred only rarely and is dealt with most successfully through recycling. Actuarial analysis has indicated 22.9% one-year total mortality, a 52% decrease from the 48% mortality which would be expected in the same group of patients without the device; the mortality attributed to arrhythmias was only 8.5%. Thus, the automatic cardioverter-defibrillator can reliably identify and correct potentially lethal ventricular tachyarrhythmias, leading to a substantial increase in survival in properly selected high-risk patients.
Preventive Vaccination with Telomerase Controls Tumor Growth in Genetically Engineered and Carcinogen-Induced Mouse Models of Cancer (2008)

The telomerase reverse transcriptase, TERT, is an attractive target for human cancer vaccination because its expression is reactivated in a conspicuous fraction of human tumors. Genetic vaccination with murine telomerase (mTERT) could break immune tolerance in different mouse strains and resulted in the induction of both CD4+ and CD8+ telomerase-specific T cells. The mTERT-derived immunodominant epitopes recognized by CD8+ T cells were further defined in these mouse strains and used to track immune responses. Antitumor efficacy of telomerase-based vaccination was investigated in two cancer models closely resembling human diseases: the TRAMP transgenic mice for prostate cancer and a carcinogen-induced model for colon cancer. TERT overexpression in tumor lesions was shown in both models by immunohistochemistry, thus reinforcing the similarity of these tumors to their human counterparts. Repeated immunizations with mTERT-encoding DNA resulted in a significant delay of tumor formation and progression in both the prostate cancer and the colon cancer models. Moreover, evaluation of the intratumoral infiltrate revealed the presence of telomerase-specific T cells in vaccinated mice. The safety of vaccination was confirmed by the absence of histomorphologic changes on postnecropsy analysis of several organs and lack of adverse effects on blood cell counts. These results indicate that TERT vaccination can elicit antigen-specific immunosurveillance and imply this antigen as a potential candidate for preventive cancer vaccines.
Production and Some Properties of Branched Cyclodextrins. (1991)

(CDs,tt cyclomaltooligosaccharides) with maltosyl and panosyl branches were produced from maltose or panose and CDs by the reverse action of pullulanase.