gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Preface to the Study of Modern Jewish Political Thought (2003)

U niversalism or particularism? That was the issue debated around 1890 within a student circle in Berlin. One speaker was A. L. Helphand, a revolutionary better known later by his pen name, Parvus. In ensuing years this curious figure helped to shape Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution; he was expelled from German Social Democracy for corruption, and, after he became the kaiser's agent, he helped to arrange Lenin's passage to the Finland Station.
Significant differences in alkaloid content of Coptis chinensis (Huanglian), from its related American species (2009)

Abstract Background The growing popularity of Chinese herbal medicine in the United States has prompted large-scale import of raw herbs from Asia. Many of the Asian herbs have phylogenetically related North American species. We compared three phylogenetically related species, namely Coptis chinensis ( Huanglian ), Hydrastis canadensis and Coptis trifolia to show whether they can be substituted by one another in terms of alkaloid content. Methods We used microwave assisted extraction to obtain alkaloids berberine, coptisine, palmatine and hydrastine. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify each alkaloid. Results Hydrastis canadensis has the most berberine, whereas Coptis trifolia has the most coptisine. Hydrastine and palmatine were unique to Hydrastis canadensis and Coptis chinensis respectively. Conclusion Neither Hydrastis canadensis nor Coptis trifolia contains all the alkaloids found in Coptis chinensis used in Chinese medicine. Substitutes of this Chinese species by its American relatives are not recommended.
Tin(iv) sulfide–alkylamine composite mesophase: a new class of thermotropic liquid crystals (1997)

The synthesis, structural characterization, thermal, electronic, optical birefringence and electrical properties of a new class of semiconducting tin sulfide based thermotropic liquid crystals (LCs), Meso-SnS-n, are described for the first time. The as-synthesized crystalline form of Meso-SnS-1 has a structure that is based upon well registered yet poorly ordered porous tin(iv) sulfide layers between which are sandwiched well organized hexadecylamine bilayers. On warming this material to around 45 °C the hexadecylamine bilayer first becomes disordered while the porous tin(iv) sulfide sheets remain registered. This is followed, around 85 °C, by a transition where both the alkylamine bilayer and the porous tin(iv) sulfide lamellae become liquid crystalline at which point the intralayer but not the interlayer registry is lost. The liquid-crystal organic–inorganic composite phase has either a nematic or smectic C structure. Electrically, the room-temperature ordered phase has a conductivity of 5.3×10–8 Ω–1 cm–1 which increases by more than a 1000 times on transforming to the LC phase where it behaves as a semiconducting metallogen. The conductivity of Meso-SnS-1 cycles reversibly with temperature and displays discontinuities that are coincident with the crystal–semiliquid crystal and semiliquid crystal–liquid crystal thermal transitions that are defined by differential scanning calorimetry and variable-temperature powder X-ray diffraction. Meso-SnS-1 readily forms electrically conducting thin films which are able to reversibly adsorb molecules like H2O and CO2 . These properties bode well for the use of this new class of inorganic semiconducting LCs for electro-optical displays and chemical sensing applications.
Two Different Bacterial Community Types Are Linked with the Low-Methane Emission Trait in Sheep (2014)

The potent greenhouse gas methane (CH4) is produced in the rumens of ruminant animals from hydrogen produced during microbial degradation of ingested feed. The natural animal-to-animal variation in the amount of CH4 emitted and the heritability of this trait offer a means for reducing CH4 emissions by selecting low-CH4 emitting animals for breeding. We demonstrate that differences in rumen microbial community structure are linked to high and low CH4 emissions in sheep. Bacterial community structures in 236 rumen samples from 118 high- and low-CH4 emitting sheep formed gradual transitions between three ruminotypes. Two of these (Q and S) were linked to significantly lower CH4 yields (14.4 and 13.6 g CH4/kg dry matter intake [DMI], respectively) than the third type (H; 15.9 g CH4/kg DMI; p<0.001). Low-CH4 ruminotype Q was associated with a significantly lower ruminal acetate to propionate ratio (3.7±0.4) than S (4.4±0.7; p<0.001) and H (4.3±0.5; p<0.001), and harbored high relative abundances of the propionate-producing Quinella ovalis. Low-CH4 ruminotype S was characterized by lactate- and succinate-producing Fibrobacter spp., Kandleria vitulina, Olsenella spp., Prevotella bryantii, and Sharpea azabuensis. High-CH4 ruminotype H had higher relative abundances of species belonging to Ruminococcus, other Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Catabacteriaceae, Coprococcus, other Clostridiales, Prevotella, other Bacteroidales, and Alphaproteobacteria, many of which are known to form significant amounts of hydrogen. We hypothesize that lower CH4 yields are the result of bacterial communities that ferment ingested feed to relatively less hydrogen, which results in less CH4 being formed.
ATTENUATION OF ALCOHOL INTAKE BY EXTRACT OF HYPERICUM PERFORATUM (ST JOHN'S WORT) IN TWO DIFFERENT STRAINS OF ALCOHOL-PREFERRING RATS (1999)

Extract of the common plant Hypericum perforatum L. (St John's Wort, SJW) has been used successfully for the treatment of mild to moderate depression since ancient times and has recently been studied clinically. Depression and alcoholism have some neurochemical similarities, such as low brain serotonin activities. Thus, we hypothesized that SJW extract, which contains 0.22% hypericin and 4.05% hyperforin, also may be effective in suppressing alcohol intake. To test this hypothesis, the effects of SJW extract on voluntary alcohol intake were studied in two different genetic animal models of human alcoholism: fawn-hooded (FH) and high-alcohol drinking (HAD) rats. FH and HAD rats received a single oral administration (5 ml/kg) of either vehicle or one of the five doses (100, 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg) of SJW extract. The oral administration of SJW extract significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced alcohol intake in both FH and HAD rats. In a third study, FH rats did not develop tolerance to the suppressant effects of SJW on alcohol intake and preference following oral administration of (400 mg/kg) of the extract for 15 consecutive days. These promising findings suggest that SJW extract should be evaluated clinically as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of alcoholism.
Thwarting analog IC piracy via combinational locking (2017)

With a relatively small number of components, analog ICs are much more vulnerable to piracy, and especially reverse engineering, than many digital ICs. However, analog IC security has received much less research attention than digital ICs. We introduce a combinational locking technique using configurable current mirror for analog IC protection. The locking circuit is designed by applying Satisfiability Modulo Theories. With the locking system, only a single key value can make analog IC operate properly while the other key values result in significant performance degradation or malfunction. Moreover, circuit output is not monotone function with respect to key values and thus systematic attack is difficult to be effective. Experimental results demonstrate that this technique can largely thwart analog IC piracy with limited overhead.
Mobile IPTV: Approaches, Challenges, Standards, and QoS Support (2009)

IPTV is defined as multimedia services, such as TV, video, audio, text, graphics, and data, delivered over IP-based networks managed to support quality of service (QoS), quality of experience, security, interactivity, and reliability. Mobile IPTV extends those services to mobile networks. The authors discuss mobile IPTV standardization's status, related approaches in the field, and technical challenges to enhancing mobile IPTV services. Given the critical role of QoS in the technology's widespread adoption, the authors also propose an efficient signaling scheme to support QoS for seamless mobile IPTV services.
Cellular Heparan Sulfate Negatively Modulates Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1) Responsiveness in Epithelial Cells (2006)

Cell-surface proteoglycans have been shown to modulate transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta responsiveness in epithelial cells and other cell types. However, the proteoglycan (heparan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate) involved in modulation of TGF-beta responsiveness and the mechanism by which it modulates TGF-beta responsiveness remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that TGF-beta1 induces transcriptional activation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and growth inhibition more potently in CHO cell mutants deficient in heparan sulfate (CHO-677 cells) than in wild-type CHO-K1 cells. 125I-TGF-beta1 affinity labeling analysis of cell-surface TGF-beta receptors reveals that CHO-K1 and CHO-677 cells exhibit low (<1) and high (>1) ratios of 125I-TGF-beta1 binding to TbetaR-II and TbetaR-I, respectively. Receptor-bound 125I-TGF-beta1 undergoes nystatin-inhibitable rapid degradation in CHO-K1 cells but not in CHO-677 cells. In Mv1Lu cells (which, like CHO-K1 cells, exhibit nystatin-inhibitable rapid degradation of receptor-bound 125I-TGF-beta1), treatment with heparitinase or a heparan sulfate biosynthesis inhibitor results in a change from a low (<1) to a high (>1) ratio of 125I-TGF-beta1 binding to TbetaR-II and TbetaR-I and enhanced TGF-beta1-induced transcriptional activation of PAI-1. Sucrose density gradient analysis indicates that a significant fraction of TbetaR-I and TbetaR-II is localized in caveolae/lipid-raft fractions in CHO-K1 and Mv1Lu cells whereas the majority of the TGF-beta receptors are localized in non-lipid-raft fractions in CHO-677 cells. These results suggest that heparan sulfate negatively modulates TGF-beta1 responsiveness by decreasing the ratio of TGF-beta1 binding to TbetaR-II and TbetaR-I, facilitating caveolae/lipid-raft-mediated endocytosis and rapid degradation of TGF-beta1, thus diminishing non-lipid-raft-mediated endocytosis and signaling of TGF-beta1 in these epithelial cells.
Epoxidized cardanol-based prepolymer as promising biobased compatibilizing agent for PLA/PBAT blends (2020)

Epoxidized cardanol-based prepolymer (ECP) generated from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) was successfully used as biobased compatibilizer/chain extender for poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) (80:20 wt%) blends. The reactive compatibilization effectiveness of different amounts of this biobased additive was compared with that of a petroleum-derived glycidyl-based copolymer, namely Joncryl ADR4300 (ADR) in term of mechanical, dynamic-mechanical and thermal properties, as well as rheological and morphological aspects. The addition of 3 wt% of ECP resulted in significant improvement of yield stress, elongation at break, Young modulus and toughness. The results obtained with this additive were similar or even superior to those observed for ADR. A sea-island-type morphology with very small PBAT domains was also reached with the compatibilization, as indicated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The compatibilization was also suggested from the slight increase of the glass transition temperature of the PBAT phase and also a decrease in crystallinity degree of PLA phase. The results presented in this work open new possibilities for developing cost-effective biobased and/or biodegradable materials for food packaging applications.
Nucleotide sequence analysis of human T-cell leukemia virus type II. (1984)

The total nucleotide sequence of an infectious clone of human T-cell leukemia virus type II (HTLV-II) provirus was determined. The provirus has 8,952 nucleotides with a long terminal repeat (LTR) at each end. The LTR consists of 341 +/- 1 bases of U3, 248 +/- 1 bases of R, and 201 bases of U5 regions. There are gag, pol, and env coding frames in this order from the 5' end of the provirus as in other avian or mammalian retroviruses. A coding frame that can code 178 amino acid residues found between gag and pol is supposed to be for a protease that hydrolyses a gag precursor protein to matured gag proteins. The gag and protease genes and the pol and env genes, respectively, partly overlap. In the region termed X between env and 3' LTR, there are three major open reading frames. Oligopeptides deduced from the sequence of one of the open reading frame in HTLV-I were synthesized chemically, and antibodies against these peptides were raised in rabbits. With these antibodies, 41 kdalton and 38 kdalton proteins were detected in cells infected with HTLV-I and HTLV-II, respectively.
Systematic Study of the Effects of Polyamines on Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (2014)

While negatively charged organic additives are widely used as an effective means to control CaCO3 precipitation, positively charged additives are generally considered to be much less active. Nevertheless, the cationic polyelectrolyte poly(allylamine hydrochloride) has recently been shown to exert significant control over CaCO3 precipitation, driving the formation of thin films and fibers, and other examples suggest that many positively charged additives promote vaterite formation. This article aims to bring together these sometimes conflicting views of the activity of positively charged additives. The effect of a series of polyamines on CaCO3 precipitation was studied, where the polyamines were selected such that the amine group type, the pKa value (of the corresponding conjugated acid), the molecular weight, and the side chain length of the polymers could be evaluated. The results unambiguously demonstrate that polyamines carrying primary amine groups are capable of exerting a significant effect and that the activity of this class of polyamines is strongly dependent on the length of the side chain. In contrast, polyamines comprising with quaternary amines have negligible effect, despite carrying a permanent positive charge. The activity of the most active polyamines therefore depends on their ability to complex with carbonate ions present in solution, and electrostatic attraction alone is not sufficient.
Prismatic imaging polarimeter calibration for the infrared spectral region (2008)

The calibration of a complete Stokes birefringent prismatic imaging polarimeter (BPIP) in the MWIR is demonstrated. The BPIP technique, originally developed by K. Oka, is implemented with a set of four Yttrium Vanadate (YVO(4)) crystal prisms. A mathematical model for the polarimeter is presented in which diattenuation due to Fresnel effects and dichroism in the crystal are included. An improved polarimetric calibration technique is introduced to remove the diattenuation effects, along with the relative radiometric calibration required for the BPIP operating with a thermal background and large detector offsets. Data demonstrating emission polarization are presented from various blackbodies, which are compared to data from our Fourier transform infrared spectropolarimeter.
A Novel Chemically Modified Curcumin Reduces Severity of Experimental Periodontal Disease in Rats: Initial Observations (2014)

Tetracycline-based matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) inhibitors are currently approved for two inflammatory diseases, periodontitis and rosacea. The current study addresses the therapeutic potential of a novel pleiotropic MMP-inhibitor not based on an antibiotic. To induce experimental periodontitis, endotoxin (LPS) was repeatedly injected into the gingiva of rats on one side of the maxilla; the contralateral (control) side received saline injections. Two groups of rats were treated by daily oral intubation with a chemically modified curcumin, CMC 2.24, for two weeks; the control groups received vehicle alone. After sacrifice, gingiva, blood, and maxilla were collected, the jaws were defleshed, and periodontal (alveolar) bone loss was quantified morphometrically and by μ-CT scan. The gingivae were pooled per experimental group, extracted, and analyzed for MMPs (gelatin zymography; western blot) and for cytokines (e.g., IL-1β; ELISA); serum and plasma samples were analyzed for cytokines and MMP-8. The LPS-induced pathologically excessive bone loss was reduced to normal levels based on either morphometric (P = 0.003) or μ-CT (P = 0.008) analysis. A similar response was seen for MMPs and cytokines in the gingiva and blood. This initial study, on a novel triketonic zinc-binding CMC, indicates potential efficacy on inflammatory mediators and alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis and warrants future therapeutic and pharmacokinetic investigations.
Hereditary multiple fibrofolliculomas with trichodiscomas and acrochordons (1977)

• In a sibship of nine, six members had hereditary medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Two of those with thyroid neoplasms and two without had numerous small papular skin lesions. These proved to be a type of pilar tumor that we named fibrofolliculoma. Further investigation of the total kindred of 70 showed no other evidence of thyroid neoplasm. Skin tumors only appeared after the age of 25 years. Fifteen of 37 members older than the age of 25 years exhibited the typical skin lesions. Obviously, the original sibship was the repository of two dominantly inherited traits. The fibrofolliculoma is characterized by abnormal hair follicles with epithelial strands extending out from the infundibulum of the hair follicle into a hyperplastic mantle of specialized fibrous tissue. Associated skin lesions in this kindred were trichodiscomas and acrochordons. (<i>Arch Dermatol</i>113:1674-1677, 1977)
A New Approach to Validate GaN FET Reliability to Power-Line Surges Under Use-Conditions (2019)

The robustness of FETs to power-line surges has a tremendous impact on field reliability and is an important consideration for the adoption of new technologies like GaN. The methodology for silicon FETs, however, is not suitable for GaN because of the low avalanching energy capability of present-day GaN FETs. However, GaN FETs have better transient overvoltage capability than Si FETs, providing the ability to operate through surge without avalanching. This paper defines, for the first time, a methodology for the surge rating of GaN FETs using their superior transient overvoltage capability. It leads to a device-level surge parametric specification, an important consideration for the design of surge-robust power supplies using GaN. GaN FETs are shown to be robust to power line surges under actual operating conditions for the first time. This seminal work results in a comprehensive methodology for surge-robust power supply design with GaN.
Analysis of the Operating Mechanism of O2O Business Model in the Retail Industry Under the Internet Plus Era (2016)

With the rapid development of Internets (mobile Internet or Internet of Things), “Internet Plus” has been integrated into all fields of society and economy as a brand new economic form. Therefore to keep Retail Industry, one of our conventional industry growing healthy and to maintain its sustainability, it is imperative to adjust consistently the Retail Industry’s marketing strategy and transform its pure bricks-and-mortar operating to fit into the impact of internet technology on the industry.
Operative Management of Distal Radial Fractures with 2.4-Millimeter Locking Plates (2009)

Internal fixation of displaced distal radial fractures with implants featuring locking screw fixation can result in good-to-excellent outcomes with a limited number of complications.
Development of o.a.s.i.s., a new automated blood culture system in which detection is based on measurement of bottle headspace pressure changes (1994)

o.a.s.i.s. (Unipath Ltd., Basingstoke, United Kingdom) is a new automated blood culture system. The metabolism of microorganisms is detected by measuring changes in the pressure of the headspace of blood culture bottles. These changes are measured by monitoring the position of a flexible sealing septum, every 5 min, with a scanning laser sensor. This noninvasive system can detect both gas absorption and production and does not rely solely on measuring increasing carbon dioxide levels. A research prototype instrument was used to carry out an evaluation of the media, the detection system, and its associated detection algorithm. In simulated blood cultures, o.a.s.i.s. supported growth and detected a range of clinical isolates. Times to positivity were significantly shorter in o.a.s.i.s. than in the BACTEC 460 system. Results of a clinical feasibility study, with a manual blood culture system as a control, confirmed that o.a.s.i.s. was able to support the growth and detection of a variety of clinically significant organisms. On the basis of these findings, full-scale comparative clinical trials of o.a.s.i.s. with other automated blood culture systems are warranted.
Nuclear Factor-κB Induction by Visfatin in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells (2008)

Visfatin-induced NF-kappaB signaling in human endothelial cells affects the activation of gelatinases MMP-2 and -9, suggesting an important role of visfatin in the pathogenesis of vascular inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Glucocorticoids have a role in renal cortical expression of the SNAT3 glutamine transporter during chronic metabolic acidosis (2006)

Glucocorticoids are involved in many aspects of regulation of acid-base homeostasis, including the stimulation of renal ammoniagenesis during chronic metabolic acidosis. Plasma glutamine is the principal substrate for ammoniagenesis under these conditions. Expression of the System N glutamine transporter SNAT3 is increased in the renal proximal tubules during acidosis. In vivo studies in rats using 1) sham and adrenalectomized rats, 2) the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486, and 3) dexamethasone treatment demonstrated involvement of glucocorticoids in regulation of SNAT3 expression. Adrenalectomy attenuated the acidosis-induced increase in renal cortical SNAT3 mRNA approximately 40%, and treatment with dexamethasone (1 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) sc) partially reversed this effect. RU486 also blunted the acidosis-induced increase in SNAT3 expression approximately 50%. Chronic dexamethasone treatment (0.1 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) sc, 6 days) of normal rats slightly increased SNAT3 expression. In all cases, renal glutamine arteriovenous difference mirrored SNAT3 expression and activity in the proximal tubules, suggesting that SNAT3 regulates glutamine uptake during acidosis. These studies indicate that glucocorticoids regulate acid-base homeostasis during metabolic acidosis in part by regulating expression of the System N transporter SNAT3.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of<i>Zanthoxylum avicennae</i>(Lam.) DC Leaves (Rutaceae) from Vietnam (2012)

Abstract The volatile components of the essential leaf oil of Zanthoxylum avicennae (Lam.) DC (Rutaceae) from Nghean province (Vietnam) were analyzed by means of capillary GC and GC-MS as well as in some cases by background subtraction of co-eluting compounds. Out of more than fifty identified compounds, the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons β-caryophyllene (17.01 %) and α-humulene (10.38 %) as well as the monoterpene hydrocarbons α-pinene (10.07 %) and β-phellandrene, were determined to be the major individual constituents of the essential oil. Further mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, such as α-terpinene, (E)-β-ocimene, λ-terpinene, germacrene D and β-selinene, were found in concentrations higher than 3.0 %.