gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Integrated Fracture and Reservoir Model for Well Spacing Optimization in Unconventional Reservoirs With 3D Natural Fractures (2023)

Abstract This study presents a new workflow by integrating a robust 3D hydraulic fracture propagation model in conjunction with reservoir simulation through the embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM). Specifically, the hydraulic fracture model is applied to simulate more realistic fracture geometry considering 3D geomodel with rescue format and 3D natural fractures. Multiple wells with varying well spacing are considered. After fracture simulation, the predicted hydraulic fractures, activated natural fractures, and non-activated natural fractures are easily transferred to the reservoir simulator. The EDFM method can accurately and efficiently deal with the 3D complex fractures. It can avoid the complex gridding process and low computational efficiency of the traditional local grid refinement method. Based on long-term performance of different scenarios with varying well spacing, the optimal well spacing is determined. The new workflow was applied to optimize well spacing in a real shale gas case with 3D geomodel and natural fractures. The geomodel with rescue format, 3D natural fracture, 3D non-uniform distribution of stress and rock properties are all honored in the fracture model. Two horizontal wells with varying well spacing of 200 m, 300 m, and 400 m with actual completion data were considered and simulated. Subsequently, the same reservoir and fracture model was used to perform production simulation for 20 years. The distribution of heterogenous properties in matrix was considered. By comparing the estimated ultimate recovery of different well spacing scenarios, the optimal well spacing was identified. This work, for the first time, performs well spacing optimization by coupling fracture model and reservoir model considering more realistic geomodel and fracture system. This new workflow significantly improves the accuracy and efficiency of well spacing optimization process in unconventional oil and gas reservoirs compared to the traditional workflow presented in the literature.
ICONE15-10642 NEW GELS FORMING SOLID TILES FOR NUCLEAR DECONTAMINATION (2007)

Within the context of nuclear plants maintenance and later dismantling, we report an attractive new decontamination technique leading to the reduction of the liquid secondary effluents volume [1]. It is based on the use of new colloidal silica gels sprayed on metallic surfaces to decontaminate and the removal of the gel containing the pollutants without water rinsing. This process is applied as following. First, the gel is sprayed onto the surface to be cleaned. Then, because the gel is able to dry at room temperature in a few hours, a thin thickness of the contaminated surface is corroded. During the drying, the gel cracks and leads to the formation of solid tiles, coming off more or less easily from the surface. Last, the final solid particles containing the pollutants are removed from the surface and recovered by vacuum cleaning or by brushing. During the past years, different specific formulations were developed to decontaminate metals such as stainless steel, aluminium or lead. This paper is an overview of fundamental studies conducted by the CEA on this new gel decontamination technique. Main aspects of gel feature (chemical composition, rheology, stability) are developed. Besides, the efficiency results obtained at the conclusion of the process application led on in a real contaminated hot cell at the CEA Marcoule are detailed.
Seed Set in an Apomictic BC<sub>3</sub> Pearl Millet (1998)

The aposporous apomictic mode of reproduction has been transferred from Pennisetum squamulatum into pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) through a trispecific double-cross hybrid that was subsequently backcrossed (BC) to tetraploid (4x) pearl millet. A partially male-fertile, obligately apomictic plant, 169-46, was selected in the BC3 generation. A negative feature of 169-46 is the low seed set on open- or cross-pollinated inflorescences. Histological analysis of 169-46 ovaries revealed that endosperm cells degenerated 4 d after pollination in up to 80% of the ovaries. Counts of central-cell nuclei in mature embryo sacs showed that, despite the general observations of a single central-cell nucleus in apomictic species such as P. squamulatum, 169-46 ovaries produced embryo sacs with two central-cell nuclei about 80% of the time. The central-cell nuclei of 169-46 are unreduced (ca. 4x each) and when fused and fertilized by a sperm from 4x pearl millet (n=2x) produced an endosperm with a 4: 1 maternal (m) to paternal (p) genome ratio. Since the maternal and paternal genotypes are from a similar genetic background (the 169-46 genotype is composed of greater than 90% 4x pearl millet), the maternal:paternal ploidy ratio in the endosperm should equal the maternal:paternal endosperm balance ratio. This 4m: 1p endosperm imbalance is believed to be the primary cause of seed set failure in 169-46. Selection of apomictic genotypes with a 4x central cell may prevent this imbalance and increase seed set.
A method of analytic phase correction in magnetic resonance imaging and its application to blood‐flow imaging (1988)

Abstract The blood‐flow measurements using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals are categorized roughly into three groups depending upon the nature of underlying information: intensity, frequency or phase. Among them, the method utilizing phase information is attracting particular attention. Since the phase is sensitive to the instrument imperfections, it has been customary to carry out image calculation with corrective image data measured separately. In this case, not only does multiple imaging require time, but image displacement due to the patient's movement comes into question. In this study, the quantitative relationship between the instrument imperfections and the phase shift of image was clarified, a corrective method was established, and the effect of a gradient magnetic field contained in the pulse sequence on a moving material was analyzed. Consequently, it has become possible to determine the velocity of blood flow perpendicular to the cross section with single scan. Finally, the experimental results of velocity measurement using the blood‐flow phantom was compared with the results of simulation.
Design of Honeycombs for Modulus and Yield Strain in Shear (2011)

The low in-plane modulus of honeycombs may be used for compliant structures with a high elastic limit while maintaining a required modulus. Numerical and finite element (FE) studies for a functional design of honeycombs having a high shear strength, (τpl*)12 and a high shear yield strain, (γpl*)12 are conducted with two material selections—mild-steel (MS) and polycarbonate (PC) and five honeycomb configurations, when they are designed to be a target shear modulus, G12* of 6.5 MPa. A numerical study of cellular materials theory is used to explore the elastic limit of honeycombs. FE analysis is also employed to validate the numerical study. Cell wall thicknesses are found for each material to reach the target G12* for available cell heights with five honeycomb configurations. Both MS and PC honeycombs can be tailored to have the G12* of 6.5 MPa with 0.1–0.5 mm and 0.3–2.2 mm cell wall thicknesses, respectively, depending on the number of vertical stacks, N. The PC auxetic honeycomb with θ= −20 deg shows high shear flexibility, when honeycombs are designed to be the G12* of 6.5 MPa; a 0.72 MPa (τpl*)12 and a 13% (γpl*)12. The authors demonstrate a functional design with cellular materials with a large design space through the control of both material and geometry to generate a shear flexible property.
Method And Apparatus For Production Of Bi-213 From The Activity Ac-225 Source (2005)

A method and apparatus for isolating and purifying a .sup.213 Bi radioactive isotope from an .sup.225 Ac source using a primary column and a primary sorbent which preferentially retains .sup.225 Ac over .sup.213 Bi when exposed to a compatible solvent in combination with a secondary column having a secondary sorbent which retains .sup.213 Bi when exposed to a mixture of the compatible solvent and .sup.213 Bi. A "compatible solvent" is a solvent which will preferentially remove .sup.213 Bi radioactive isotopes from a primary sorbent without removing .sup.225 Ac radioactive isotopes, and then allow .sup.213 Bi radioactive isotopes removed from the primary sorbent to be retained on a secondary sorbent, without having to dilute or otherwise chemically or physically modify the compatible solvent in between exposure to the primary and secondary sorbents.
Experiments with Radiopaque Perfluorocarbon Emulsions for Selective Opacification of Organs and Total Body Angiography (1980)

Emulsions of radiopaque perfluorocarbon with small particle size were prepared by sonication and concentrated by centrifugation. The emulsions were well tolerated when given intravenously to rats in a dose up to 20 ml/kg. Whole-body angiograms were obtained for up to 6 hours after injection with visualization of vessels smaller then 1 mm. Hepatosplenograms were obtained after 2 hours and for several days after injections of radiopaque perfluorocarbon. Contrast enhancement was also seen in the myocardium, ovaries, adrenal glands, and intestines with brominated perfluorocarbon emulsions.
Challenges of data center thermal management (2005)

The need for more performance from computer equipment in data centers has driven the power consumed to levels that are straining thermal management in the centers. When the computer industry switched from bipolar to CMOS transistors in the early 1990s, low-power CMOS technology was expected to resolve all problems associated with power and heat. However, equipment power consumption with CMOS has been rising at a rapid rate during the past 10 years and has surpassed power consumption from equipment installed with the bipolar technologies 10 to 15 years ago. Data centers are being designed with 15–20-year life spans, and customers must know how to plan for the power and cooling within these data centers. This paper provides an overview of some of the ongoing work to operate within the thermal environment of a data center. Some of the factors that affect the environmental conditions of data-communication (datacom) equipment within a data center are described. Since high-density racks clustered within a data center are of most concern, measurements are presented along with the conditions necessary to meet the datacom equipment environmental requirements. A number of numerical modeling experiments have been performed in order to describe the governing thermo-fluid mechanisms, and an attempt is made to quantify these processes through performance metrics.
Yellow Fluorescent Semiconducting Polymer Dots with High Brightness, Small Size, and Narrow Emission for Biological Applications (2014)

Cross-linked polymer dots with intense and narrow yellow emission were designed using boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) polymer as the acceptor and poly[9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl-<i>co</i>-1,4-benzo-{2,1'-3}-thiadiazole] (PFBT) polymer as the donor. The emission fwhm's of the polymer dots (Pdots) were 37 nm. CL-BODIPY 565 Pdots were about 5 times brighter than commercial quantum dots (Qdots) 565 under identical experimental conditions. Specific cellular targeting indicated that the small, bright, and narrow emissive CL-BODIPY 565 Pdots are promising probes for biological applications.
Surface mounted and scanning periodic field eddy-current sensors for structural health monitoring (2003)

Many aircraft components originally designed to last the design life of the aircraft without experiencing cracking (i.e., safe-life components) are now failing in service due to multiple site damage in locations not considered critical in original fatigue evaluations. For safe-life components that must now be managed by damage tolerance methods, periodic inspections are generally far more costly than for components originally designed with planned inspections. Often, the high cost of these inspections is associated with disassembly and surface preparation. This paper describes (1) surface mountable eddy-current sensors for periodic or continuous monitoring of difficult-to-access locations (e.g., in fuel tanks); (2) high resolution scanning eddy-current sensor arrays for imaging of subsurface cracks and corrosion using inductive sensing elements; and (3) a new giant magnetoresistive sensor with a shaped field drive winding for sensitivity to deeply buried flaws in aircraft structures.
Generation and Characterization of Murine Monoclonal Antibodies anti-PBP2a of Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2015)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a multidrug-resistant bacterium that causes serious infections worldwide. This pathogen is resistant to all beta lactam antibiotics due the presence of PBP2a, a transpeptidase enzyme that presents very low beta-lactam affinity. Here we report the generation and characterization of mouse monoclonal antibodies to PBP2a of MRSA strains. Two clones were obtained and characterized by immunoassays (ELISA, avidity index determination, and immunoblotting), isotyping, association/dissociation rate constants by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and flow cytometry. Clone 38, which showed the best avidity and affinity, bound to PBP2a located on the bacterial surface by flow cytometry. Further studies are warranted in order to evaluate if these antibodies may help inhibit bacterial growth and be used to treat infections by MRSA.
Discovery of a Potent Pyrazolopyridine Series of γ-Secretase Modulators (2011)

The synthesis and structure-activity relationship of a novel series of pyrazolopyridines are reported. These compounds represent a new class of γ-secretase modulators that demonstrate good in vitro potency in inhibiting Aβ42 production. Examples with statistically significant in vivo efficacy in reducing the production of rat cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42 were also identified.
Expression in <i>Escherichia coli</i> of the <i>Cellulomonas fimi</i> Structural Gene for Endoglucanase B (1988)

Endoglucanase B (EB) of Cellulomonas fimi has an M(r) of 110,000 when it is produced in Escherichia coli. The level of expression of the cenB gene (encoding EB) was significantly increased by replacing its normal transcriptional and translational regulatory signals with those of the E. coli lac operon. EB was purified to homogeneity from the periplasmic fraction of E. coli in one step by affinity chromatography on microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel). Alignment of the NH(2)-terminal amino acid sequence with the partial nucleotide sequence of a fragment of C. fimi DNA showed that EB is preceded by a putative signal polypeptide of 33 amino acids. The signal peptide functions and is processed correctly in E. coli, even when its first 15 amino acids are replaced by the first 7 amino acids of beta-galactosidase. The intact EB polypeptide is not required for enzymatic activity. Active polypeptides with M(r)s of 95,000 and 82,000 also appear in E. coli, and a deletion mutant of cenB encodes an active polypeptide with an M(r) of 72,000.
Enhancement of Oligodendrocyte Differentiation from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells by an Activator of gp130 Signaling (2004)

Embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst-stage embryos are a potential large scale source of oligodendrocytes and of their progenitors for transplantation into the central nervous system for the repair of demyelinating lesions. We found previously that interleukin-6 (IL-6) fused to its soluble receptor (IL-6R), a potent activator of the gp130 receptor, induces myelin gene expression in Schwann cells of embryonic dorsal root ganglia. Like leukemia inhibitory factor, IL-6R/IL-6 inhibits the differentiation of murine ES cells into embryoid bodies. In the present study, we show that this recombinant cytokine may be efficiently used to stimulate the differentiation of oligodendrocytes if added to ES cell-derived neural precursors. IL-6R/IL-6 leads to an increase in early chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan positive and late O4 positive progenitors and to a stimulation of maturation into O1 and myelin basic protein expressing oligodendrocytes. Expression of the genes for transcription factor genes Olig-1 and Sox10, which appear early in the oligodendrocyte lineage, was stimulated by IL-6R/IL-6 addition. We conclude that this cytokine can significantly enhance the derivation of oligodendrocytes from ES cells.
Acyl‐Coenzyme‐A Synthetase I from <i>Candida lipolytica</i> (1979)

Acyl-coenzyme-A synthetase I from Candida lipolytica has been purified to homogeneity as evidenced by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of dodecylsulfate as well as by Ouchterlony double-diffusion analysis. The purification procedure involves resolution of cellular particles with Triton X-100 and chromatography on phosphocellulose, Blue-Sepharose and Sephadex G-100. The purified enzyme exhibits a specific activity of 20--24 U/mg protein at 25 degree C, which is about 100-fold higher than those of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases hitherto reported. The molecular weight of the enzyme has been estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecylsulfate to be approximately 84 000. The enzyme is specific for fatty acids with 14--18 carbon atoms regardless of the degree of unsaturation. Studies with the use of specific antibody to acyl-CoA synthetase I have indicated that this enzyme is immunochemically distinguishable from acyl-CoA synthetase II.
A 24-channel WDM transmitter for access networks using a loop-back spectrally-sliced light-emitting diode (1997)

A 24-channel WDM transmitter for local access has been demonstrated by applying a novel loop-back spectral slicing, optical delay, and multiplexing method to a LED. Set-and-forget transmitter operation at 50 Mb/s with self-aligned channel wavelengths was realized.
High-temperature interband cascade lasers emitting at λ=3.6–4.3μm (2007)

The authors report the operating characteristics of ten-stage interband cascade lasers from two wafers with room-temperature wavelengths of 4.1 and 4.3μm. For 150-μm-wide stripes, the threshold current densities are as low as 4.8A∕cm2 at 78K (cw) and 1.15kA∕cm2 at room temperature (pulsed). At 78K, the cw wall-plug efficiency for an 11-μm-wide ridge with 0.5-mm-long cavity and coated facets is 27%, while a 3-mm-long cavity emits a maximum cw power of 200mW. Devices from the two wafers have maximum cw operating temperatures of 261K (λ≈4.0μm) and 243K (λ≈4.2μm).
Collaborative Measurements of Upload Speeds in P2P Systems (2010)

In this paper, we study the theory of collaborative upload bandwidth measurement in peer-to-peer environments. A host can use a bandwidth estimation probe to determine the bandwidth between itself and any other host in the system. The problem is that the result of such a measurement may not necessarily be the sender's upload bandwidth, since the most bandwidth restricted link on the path could also be the receiver's download bandwidth. In this paper, we formally define the bandwidth determination problem and devise efficient distributed algorithms. We consider two models, the free-departure and no-departure model, depending on whether hosts keep participating in the algorithm even after their bandwidth has been determined. We present lower bounds on the time-complexity of any collaborative bandwidth measurement algorithm in both models. We then show how, for realistic bandwidth distributions, the lower bounds can be overcome. Specifically, we present O(1) and O(log log n)-time algorithms for the two models. We corroborate these theoretical findings with practical measurements on a implementation on PlanetLab.
Controlling the Architecture, Coordination, and Reactivity of Nanoparticle Coating Utilizing an Amino Acid Central Scaffold (2015)

We have developed a versatile strategy to prepare a series of multicoordinating and multifunctional ligands optimized for the surface-functionalization of luminescent quantum dots (QDs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) alike. Our chemical design relies on the modification of l-aspartic acid precursor to controllably combine, through simple peptide coupling chemistry, one or two lipoic acid (LA) groups and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) moieties in the same ligand. This route has provided two sets of modular ligands: (i) bis(LA)-PEG, which presents two lipoic acids (higher coordination) appended onto a single end-functionalized PEG, and (ii) LA-(PEG)2 made of two PEG moieties (higher branching, with various end reactive groups) appended onto a single lipoic acid. These ligands are combined with a new photoligation strategy to yield hydrophilic and reactive QDs that are colloidally stable over a broad range of conditions, including storage at nanomolar concentration and under ambient conditions. AuNPs capped with these ligands exhibit excellent stability in various biological conditions and improved resistance against NaCN digestion. This route also provides compact nanocrystals with tunable surface reactivity. As such, we have covalently coupled QDs capped with bis(LA)-PEG-COOH to transferrin to facilitate intracellular uptake. We have also characterized and quantified the coupling of dye-labeled peptides to QD surfaces using fluorescence resonance energy transfer interactions in QD-peptide-dye assemblies.
ChemInform Abstract: Guest‐Induced Emergent Properties in Metal‐Organic Frameworks (2015)

Abstract Review: 82 refs.
Single Cycle Structure-Based Humanization of an Anti-Nerve Growth Factor Therapeutic Antibody (2012)

Most forms of chronic pain are inadequately treated by present therapeutic options. Compelling evidence has accumulated, demonstrating that Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) is a key modulator of inflammatory and nociceptive responses, and is a promising target for the treatment of human pathologies linked to chronic and inflammatory pain. There is therefore a growing interest in the development of therapeutic molecules antagonising the NGF pathway and its nociceptor sensitization actions, among which function-blocking anti-NGF antibodies are particularly relevant candidates.In this respect, the rat anti-NGF αD11 monoclonal antibody (mAb) is a potent antagonist, able to effectively antagonize rodent and human NGF in a variety of in vitro and in vivo systems. Here we show that mAb αD11 displays a significant analgesic effect in two different models of persistent pain in mice, with a remarkable long-lasting activity. In order to advance αD11 mAb towards its clinical application in man, anti-NGF αD11 mAb was humanized by applying a novel single cycle strategy based on the a priori experimental determination of the crystal and molecular structure of the parental Fragment antigen-binding (Fab). The humanized antibody (hum-αD11) was tested in vitro and in vivo, showing that the binding mode and the NGF neutralizing biological activities of the parental antibody are fully preserved, with even a significant affinity improvement. The results firmly establish hum-αD11 as a lead candidate for clinical applications in a therapeutic area with a severe unmet medical need. More generally, the single-cycle structure-based humanization method represents a considerable improvement over the standard humanization methods, which are intrinsically empirical and require several refinement cycles.
W-band CTS planar array (2003)

A low profile, Continuous Transverse Stub (CTS) planar array with electronic micro-scanning capabilities has been demonstrated at 94 GHz. The array is partitioned into four subarrays; each subarray consisting of a one piece, low cost, light weight plastic array with 33 radiating elements. Each subarray has an antenna beam squint of 30 degrees and an aperture efficiency of 60 percent. The full array has a gain of 34.6 dB, W-band phase shifters provide the electronic beam microscan steering capability. This new planar antenna is the first time CTS elements have been arrayed in this manner and represents a state-of-the-art advancement in millimeter-wave antenna technology both in performance and cost.