gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
B-Spline Parameterized Joint Optimization of Reconstruction and K-Space Trajectories (BJORK) for Accelerated 2D MRI (2022)

Optimizing k-space sampling trajectories is a promising yet challenging topic for fast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This work proposes to optimize a reconstruction method and sampling trajectories jointly concerning image reconstruction quality in a supervised learning manner. We parameterize trajectories with quadratic B-spline kernels to reduce the number of parameters and apply multi-scale optimization, which may help to avoid sub-optimal local minima. The algorithm includes an efficient non-Cartesian unrolled neural network-based reconstruction and an accurate approximation for backpropagation through the non-uniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) operator to accurately reconstruct and back-propagate multi-coil non-Cartesian data. Penalties on slew rate and gradient amplitude enforce hardware constraints. Sampling and reconstruction are trained jointly using large public datasets. To correct for possible eddy-current effects introduced by the curved trajectory, we use a pencil-beam trajectory mapping technique. In both simulations and in- vivo experiments, the learned trajectory demonstrates significantly improved image quality compared to previous model-based and learning-based trajectory optimization methods for 10× acceleration factors. Though trained with neural network-based reconstruction, the proposed trajectory also leads to improved image quality with compressed sensing-based reconstruction.
On the design of the Axel and DuAxel rovers for extreme terrain exploration (2012)

The solar system's most scientifically tantalizing terrain remains out of reach for traditional planetary rovers, which are typically limited to driving on slopes below 30 degrees. This paper details the design of a novel robotic explorer that would open access to these previously inaccessible locales, such as Martian crater walls where evidence of salty water was recently detected, Lunar polar craters where evidence of water ice was detected, and Lunar and Martian lava tubes for future habitability. The Axel rover is a two-wheeled robot capable of rappelling down steep (even vertical) slopes supported by a tether. The DuAxel rover is comprised of two Axel vehicles docked to a central module. Unrestricted by tether length, this four-wheeled system would be capable of driving long distances from a safe landing zone to the extreme terrain of interest. Once in the vicinity of terrain in which the tether would be required, one of the Axel rovers could undock from the central chassis and rappel downslope. The other Axel and central chassis would remain topside to act as an anchor and to provide line of site to Earth (for communications) and the Sun (for energy). As the detached Axel descends into the area of interest, it would receive power and relays data through conductors in its tether. Each Axel would carry a suite of instruments in a bay that would be tucked inside the wheels. Because of the novel configuration of Axel's major degrees of freedom, these instruments could be precisely pointed at targets at any desired downslope spatial separation. These instruments could then be deployed into close proximately to the ground by means of a simple mechanism, allowing for detailed study of the strata on the slope. Axel could accommodate a host of instruments, including a microscopic imager, infrared spectrometers, thermal probes, and sample collection devices. This paper will describe the design of both the latest generation of Axel and DuAxel systems and their instrument/sampling mechanisms. Results from recent field trials at a rock quarry in California and a Martian analog site in the desert of Arizona will be described.
[HPLC fingerprint of Herba Senecionis Scandentis and its ESI-MS analysis]. (2008)

HPLC fingerprint facilitate the evaluation of the quality of Herba Senecionis Scandentis.
Comminuted Fractures of the Radial Head (2006)

BACKGROUND: Satisfactory internal fixation of comminuted radial head fractures is often difficult to achieve, and radial head resection has been the accepted treatment. In this study, we compared the results of radial head resection with those of open reduction and internal fixation in patients with a comminuted radial head fracture. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with a Mason type-III radial head fracture (some with associated injuries) were enrolled in the study. Fifteen patients underwent radial head resection as the initial treatment (Group I), and thirteen patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation (Group II). The age at the operation averaged 41.1 and 38.2 years, respectively, and the duration of follow-up averaged ten and three years, respectively. The outcomes were assessed on the basis of pain, motion, radiographic findings, and strength measured with Cybex testing. The overall outcome was rated with the functional rating score described by Broberg and Morrey and with the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Elbow Assessment Form. RESULTS: Elbow motion averaged 15.5° (extension loss) to 131.4° (flexion) in Group I and 7.1° to 133.8° in Group II. The carrying angle and ulnar variance averaged 8.2° and 1.9 mm in Group I and 1.5° and 0.5 mm in Group II. Compared with Group II, Group I had a loss of strength in extension, pronation, and supination (p < 0.01). The Broberg and Morrey functional rating score averaged 81.4 points in Group I and 90.7 points in Group II (p = 0.0034). The score on the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Elbow Assessment Form averaged 87.3 points in Group I and 94.6 points in Group II (p = 0.0031). CONCLUSIONS: The patients in whom the comminuted radial head fracture was treated with open reduction and internal fixation had satisfactory joint motion, with greater strength and better function than the patients who had undergone radial head resection. These results support a recommendation for open reduction and internal fixation in the treatment of this fracture.
Wisdom of the Crowd: Incorporating Social Influence in Recommendation Models (2011)

Recommendation systems have received considerable attention recently. However, most research has been focused on improving the performance of collaborative filtering (CF) techniques. Social networks, indispensably, provide us extra information on people's preferences, and should be considered and deployed to improve the quality of recommendations. In this paper, we propose two recommendation models, for individuals and for groups respectively, based on social contagion and social influence network theory. In the recommendation model for individuals, we improve the result of collaborative filtering prediction with social contagion outcome, which simulates the result of information cascade in the decision-making process. In the recommendation model for groups, we apply social influence network theory to take interpersonal influence into account to form a settled pattern of disagreement, and then aggregate opinions of group members. By introducing the concept of susceptibility and interpersonal influence, the settled rating results are flexible, and inclined to members whose ratings are "essential".
Enhanced algorithm for autonomous parallel parking of a car-like mobile robot (2016)

Recently, several studies were implemented in the mobile robotics field showing the great interest in developing automated algorithms for performing daily tasks. This paper discusses the implementation of an enhanced algorithm in performing autonomous parallel parking for a car-like mobile robot based on the traditional geometric approach. The developed algorithm depends mainly on the geometric dimensions of the vehicle and its maximum steering angle. An enhancement of the traditional algorithm is introduced where the minimal allowed length of the parking space is reduced using new factors and equations. The suggested algorithm is independent of the initial position of the vehicle. A mobile robot simulator was developed using MatLab software to apply and evaluate the introduced algorithm.
Organization of surfactant micelles adsorbed on a polymer molecule in water : a neutron scattering study (1982)

Complex particles are formed in water by the spontaneous association of poly(ethylene oxide) macromolecules (PEO) with the small amphiphilic molecules of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). As a result, the phase diagram of dilute PEO + SDS solutions shows 2 singularities : a critical SDS concentration for the formation of the aggregates, and a stoichiometry. Small angle neutron scattering experiments on the stoichiometric aggregates are reported; the contrast variation method is used to determine separately the configuration of the polymer and that of the amphiphile in a PEO + SDS aggregate. The following structure is obtained : (i) each aggregate contains a single PEO macromolecule whose radius of gyration is comparable to that of a « free » PEO coil; (ii) the SDS molecules of the aggregate are clustered in subunits which are small spheres, 20 A in radius, similar to the micelles formed by pure SDS solutions at low ionic strengths; (iii) these subunits are adsorbed on the PEO strands; a distance between neighbouring subunits within the aggregate has been measured. Moreover, the contrast variation experiment shows that all the aggregates present in stoichiometric PEO + SDS solutions share the same composition.
Ad Hoc Classification of Radiology Reports (1999)

The ad hoc classifier system is a promising approach for the classification of large collections of medical documents. NegExpander can distinguish positive evidence from negative evidence when the negative evidence plays an important role in the classification.
Self-Organized Topological State with Majorana Fermions (2013)

Most physical systems known to date tend to resist entering the topological phase and must be fine-tuned to reach that phase. Here, we introduce a system in which a key dynamical parameter adjusts itself in response to the changing external conditions so that the ground state naturally favors the topological phase. The system consists of a quantum wire formed of individual magnetic atoms placed on the surface of an ordinary s-wave superconductor. It realizes the Kitaev paradigm of topological superconductivity when the wave vector characterizing the emergent spin helix dynamically self-tunes to support the topological phase. We call this phenomenon a self-organized topological state.
Prolonging Charge Separation in P3HT−SWNT Composites Using Highly Enriched Semiconducting Nanotubes (2010)

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have potential as electron acceptors in organic photovoltaics (OPVs), but the currently low-power conversion efficiencies of devices remain largely unexplained. We demonstrate effective redispersion of isolated, highly enriched semiconducting and metallic SWNTs into poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). We use these enriched blends to provide the first experimental evidence of the negative impact of metallic nanotubes. Time-resolved microwave conductivity reveals that the long-lived carrier population can be significantly increased by incorporating highly enriched semiconducting SWNTs into semiconducting polymer composites.
A modified clock scheme for a low power BIST test pattern generator (2002)

In this paper, we present a new low power test-per-clock BIST test pattern generator that provides test vectors which can reduce the switching activity during test operation. The proposed low power/energy BIST technique is based on a modified clock scheme for the TPG and the clock tree feeding the TPG. Numerous advantages can be found in applying such a technique during BIST.
The Incidence and Genetic Variability of Small Round‐Structured Viruses in Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis in The Netherlands (1997)

Small round-structured viruses (SRSV) are a group of RNA viruses that can cause gastroenteritis in persons of all ages. To determine the incidence of SRSV-associated gastroenteritis in The Netherlands and to study the genetic variability of outbreak strains, all outbreaks that were reported to the epidemiologists of the regional health services in 1996 were investigated using a standardized protocol. In 60 (87%) of the 69 reported outbreaks, SRSV could be detected, showing the etiologic significance of SRSV in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in The Netherlands. Of these outbreaks, 84% occurred in semiclosed communities, such as nursing homes (59%) and hospital wards (25%). Sequence analysis of the outbreak strains revealed that the majority of the strains from January to November 1996 formed a tight cluster within genogroup II SRSV. In November 1996, a shift toward genogroup I SRSV occurred, suggesting a change to a new predominant strain.
Denoising your Monte Carlo renders (2015)

Monte Carlo integration is firmly established as the basis for most practical realistic image synthesis algorithms because of its flexibility and generality. However, the visual quality of rendered images often suffers from estimator variance, which appears as visually distracting noise. The current shift in the computer graphics industry towards Monte Carlo rendering has sparked renewed interest in effective, practical noise reduction techniques that are applicable to a wide range of rendering effects, and easily integrated into existing production pipelines.
Optically Controlled Millimeter Wave Phase Shifter In A Metallic Waveguide (1987)

Analytical and experimental results of an optically controlled millimeter wave phase shifter enclosed in a metallic waveguide are presented. The analysis predicts that large phase shifts and low attenuation can be achieved with this configuration. An experimental study of the feasibility of inducing phase shift in a 94 GHz signal propagating in a metallic waveguide inhomogeneously filled with a silicon slab, is reported.
Verdamping uit ligbodems van vrijloopstallen : oriënterende modelberekeningen = Water evaporation from bedding in dairy cattle freestall barns : model approach (2009)

Verdamping vanuit vrijloopstalbodems werd modelmatig benaderd. De berekende verdamping uit uitgescheiden urine- en fecesvocht is veel lager in Nederland dan in Israël
Optical properties and electronic structure of poly(1,4-<b><i>bis</i></b>(2-thienyl)-2,5-dialkoxy phenylene) (1997)

Optical properties and electronic structure of a new fusible and soluble conducting polymer based on poly(p-phenylene), poly(1,4- bis(2-thienyl)-2,5-dialkoxy phenylene) (ROPBTP), are investigated. From the optical absorption edge, the band gap of ROPBTP has been evaluated to be about 2.3 eV. The electronic structure of ROPBTP is similar to that of poly(2,5-dialkoxy-p-phenylene vinylene) (ROPPV). Electrochromism from orange to blue is observed in ROPBTP upon electrochemical oxidation and strong yellowish-green emission as strong as that from ROPPV is observed in an electroluminescence device with Al/ROPBTP/ITO structure. The thermochromic behaviour of ROPBTP is a little different from that of poly(3-alkylthiophene) (PAT), which difference is discussed by taking differences in molecular structures into account.
O→S Relay Deprotection: A General Approach to Controllable Donors of Reactive Sulfur Species (2018)

Reactive sulfur species (RSS) are biologically important molecules. Among them, H<sub>2</sub> S, hydrogen polysulfides (H<sub>2</sub> S<sub>n,</sub> n>1), persulfides (RSSH), and HSNO are believed to play regulatory roles in sulfur-related redox biology. However, these molecules are unstable and difficult to handle. Having access to their reliable and controllable precursors (or donors) is the prerequisite for the study of these sulfur species. Reported in this work is the preparation and evaluation of a series of O-silyl-mercaptan-based sulfur-containing molecules which undergo pH- or F<sup>-</sup> -mediated desilylation to release the corresponding H<sub>2</sub> S, H<sub>2</sub> S<sub>n</sub> , RSSH, and HSNO in a controlled fashion. This O→S relay deprotection serves as a general strategy for the design of pH- or F<sup>-</sup> -triggered RSS donors. Moreover, we have demonstrated that the O-silyl groups in the donors could be changed into other protecting groups like esters. This work should allow the development of RSS donors with other activation mechanisms (such as esterase-activated donors).
Increased Glycosylation of Serum Albumin in Diabetes Mellitus (1980)

The level of glycosylated albumin has been determined in the serum of normal and diabetic subjects after purification of the albumin to apparent homogeneity. The sugar was released from the albumin preparations as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) after 24 h of hydrolysis in 2 N acetic acid at 92 degrees C, and it was assayed by the thiobarbituric acid reaction. The mean value for glycosylated albumin, expressed as picomoles of HMF per nanomole of albumin, obtained from 10 normal control and 65 diabetic subjects, was 64 and 124, respectively. The level of glycosylated albumin correlates with the mean blood glucose concentration (n = 55, r = 0.715), but not with the fasting blood sugar concentrations. Moreover, a linear relationship was observed between the amounts of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAIa-c) and glycosyl-albumin (n = 74, r = 0.88). In an insulin-treated diabetic patient, there was a different temporal relationship between blood glucose concentrations and glycosylated hemoglobin and albumin levels. While HbAIa-c was lowered by only 15% after 20 days, glycosylated albumin had dropped by more than 50% during the same time. Our results indicate that glycosylated albumin might provide a valuable tool to assess the average blood sugar levels between shorter intervals, since the turnover of serum albumin is considerably faster than that of HbAIa-c.
Wild‐type ovule development in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>: a light microscope study of cleared whole‐mount tissue (1995)

A detailed morphological description of wild‐type ovule development in Arabidopsis thaliana is presented. The entire process from the formation of the ovule protrusion until the eight‐nuclear endosperm stage is described. The study is based on a light‐microscopical analysis of stained and subsequently optically cleared whole‐mount ovules. It is supplemented by confocal laser scanning microscopy of propidium iodide‐stained whole‐mount ovules. It has been shown that the combination of both techniques eliminates the need for sections to a large extent, and hence allows the rapid morphological inspection of a large number of ovules in Arabidopsis . The ovule constitutes a relatively simple organ. During development, three discrete major pattern elements are laid down along the proximal‐distal axis: the nucellus at the distal end (harbors the megaspore/gametophyte lineage), the chalaza (flanked by the integuments) and the funiculus (includes the vascular strand) at the proximal end. These three pattern elements already appear at a very early stage, when the initially formed protrusion, consisting of files of uniform cells, is transformed into a patterned primordium. Subsequent morphogenesis results in the manifestation of the morphological characters of each pattern element. It was possible to dissect this developmental process into distinct, morphologically discernible steps at a high resolution. A classification scheme of ovule developmental stages is proposed, which is based on ovule‐specific, discrete, and easy‐to‐score markers.
Tissue and cell imaging in situ: potential for applications in pathology and endoscopy (2003)

Morphological sciences have recently experienced a significant technological breakthrough that offers new opportunities for cell and tissue imaging in situ but also raises new challenges to pathologists, who must adapt to a rapidly evolving environment. New partners, such as cell and molecular biologists, have provided pathologists with highly powerful tools for cell and subcellular imaging. They include: (a) the adaptation of techniques derived from molecular biology and cytogenetics, (b) the development of new microscopic tools, such as confocal microscopy, and (c) the emergence of new preparative techniques, such as microdissection or tissue arrays. However, recent technological progresses in various fields, from endoscopy to genomics, also raise new challenges to pathologists. Pathologists must therefore be prepared to redefine their area of expertise: this will be achieved through a continuous collaboration with all the partners involved in cell and tissue imaging and analysis but also by emphasising the importance of the informations provided by cell and tissue imaging in situ.
Luminescence of Terbium‐Activated Alkali Rare Earth Metaphosphate Glasses (1979)

Excitation and emission spectra of Tb3+ were measured in alkali yttrium terbium metaphosphate glasses having the general composition. The effects of Tb concentration, Ce codoping, and alkali and its concentration on the intensities of Tb3+emission at the 4f—5d transition bands were investigated. The Tb3+ emission was anomalously enhanced at a Tb concentration where the population of Tb3+‐Tb3+ pairs becomes maximum. Sensitization of Tb3+ emission at the f—d bands was found to take place at a very low Ce concentration (<100 ppm), whereas the sensitization via the direct energy transfer from the Ce3+absorption band occurred at higher Ce concentrations. The intensities of Tb3+emission was found to increase in the order of Li, Na, K, when is fixed, and with increasing alkali, when is fixed.
Has the bug really been fixed? (2010)

Software has bugs, and fixing those bugs pervades the software engineering process. It is folklore that bug fixes are often buggy themselves, resulting in bad fixes, either failing to fix a bug or creating new bugs. To confirm this folklore, we explored bug databases of the Ant, AspectJ, and Rhino projects, and found that bad fixes comprise as much as 9% of all bugs. Thus, detecting and correcting bad fixes is important for improving the quality and reliability of software. However, no prior work has systematically considered this bad fix problem, which this paper introduces and formalizes. In particular, the paper formalizes two criteria to determine whether a fix resolves a bug: coverage and disruption. The coverage of a fix measures the extent to which the fix correctly handles all inputs that may trigger a bug, while disruption measures the deviations from the program's intended behavior after the application of a fix. This paper also introduces a novel notion of distance-bounded weakest precondition as the basis for the developed practical techniques to compute the coverage and disruption of a fix.
Perturbation of the human T-cell antigen receptor-T3 complex leads to the production of inositol tetrakisphosphate: evidence for conversion from inositol trisphosphate. (1986)

Antibodies directed against the T-cell antigen receptor-T3 complex mimic antigen and lead to cellular changes consistent with activation. When cells of the human T-cell line Jurkat were stimulated with a monoclonal antibody directed against T3, inositol phosphates were produced. In addition to inositol trisphosphate, which is the product of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate cleavage, a second inositol polyphosphate was formed. This compound was more polar than inositol trisphosphate but less polar than inositol pentakisphosphate. It cochromatographed with inositol tetrakisphosphate from ostrich erythrocytes. In permeabilized Jurkat cells, this compound was shown to be formed from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, but only in the presence of ATP, and 32P was incorporated into it from [gamma-32P]ATP. There also was coincident formation of inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate. We conclude that the more polar compound is inositol tetrakisphosphate, which is formed by phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and may be the precursor of inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate.