gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential detergent sensitivity of extracellular vesicle subpopulations (2015)

Extracellular vesicles (including exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies) are currently attracting rapidly increasing attention from various fields of biology due to their ability to carry complex information and act as autocrine, paracrine and even endocrine intercellular messengers. In the present study we investigated the sensitivity of size-based subpopulations of extracellular vesicles to different concentrations of detergents including sodium dodecyl sulphate, Triton X-100, Tween 20 and deoxycholate. We determined the required detergent concentration that lysed each of the vesicle subpopulations secreted by Jurkat, THP-1, MiaPaCa and U937 human cell lines. We characterized the vesicles by tunable resistive pulse sensing, flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy. Microvesicles and apoptotic bodies were found to be more sensitive to detergent lysis than exosomes. Furthermore, we found evidence that sodium dodecyl sulphate and Triton X-100 were more effective in vesicle lysis at low concentrations than deoxycholate or Tween 20. Taken together, our data suggest that a combination of differential detergent lysis with tunable resistive pulse sensing or flow cytometry may prove useful for simple and fast differentiation between exosomes and other extracellular vesicle subpopulations as well as between vesicular and non-vesicular structures.
The Relative Sensitivity of Estuaries and Coastal Inlets to Engineering Works (1977)

Engineering works in estuaries, such as dredging, reclamation and barrage construction, may significantly modify the tidal prism and result in changes of the geometric characteristics of the estuary. With respect to such works, this paper aims to assess whether or not the throat inlet areas of estuaries are likely to be subjected to greater percentage changes than waterway areas in the tidal reaches upstream of such inlets. The paper compares, on an absolute quantitative basis, analogous relationships for these two regions that are indicative of geometric stability. Trends that exist in the individual relationships are discussed together with those apparent in a relative comparison.
THIRD HARMONIC SYSTEM AT FERMILAB*/FLASH (2015)

A 4-cavity 3.9 GHz cryomodule has been constructed at Fermilab and delivered to DESY. Its intended use is to linearize the non-linear beam energy-time profile produced by the 1.3 GHz accelerating gradient and thus improve the operating characteristics of FLASH for its users. First cold testing of the module is expected in the near future prior to its installation. We will report on the performance of the cavities, assembly and transport of the module as well as anticipated testing, installation, and commissioning plans.
A comparison of methods for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from artificially-contaminated dairy products using PCR (2000)

Rapid nucleic acid-based methods to detect human pathogens in foods are dependent on the reliability of the DNA or RNA extraction method used. Skim milk, non-fat dry milk, Cheddar and Brie cheese, and reconstituted whey powder were seeded with serially diluted (10(0)-10(7) cfu 10 ml(-1)) Escherichia coli O157:H7 and subjected to DNA extraction (i) directly from the food product using a solvent-based procedure and (ii) using a guanidinium isothiocyanate (GITC) procedure after previous bacterial concentration. Both the efficiency of DNA extraction and the overall PCR detection limits were evaluated. In almost all instances, the total DNA yield using the solvent method was greater than that obtained for the concentration method. However, the purity of the DNA obtained after bacterial concentration was significantly better than that obtained after organic extraction alone. PCR detection limits after each DNA recovery method varied with the specific food, ranging from 10(1) to 10(4) cfu ml(-1) for all products except whey powder. DNA yields and subsequent PCR detection limits for reconstituted whey powder were extremely poor, and neither procedural changes nor the addition of PCR enhancement agents were able to improve recovery and/or detection. It is concluded that the efficiency of DNA extraction is an extremely important and frequently overlooked variable impacting the overall detection limits of PCR-based detection strategies.
Preparation of a superhydrophobic rough surface (2006)

Abstract The relationship between the contact angles, surface tension, and surface roughness is reviewed. Numerical formulas related to the superhydrophobic rough surfaces of polymers are predicted with two approaches, the Wenzel and Cassie–Baxter models. With these models as a guide, an artificial superhydrophobic surface is created. Rough nylon surfaces mimicking the lotus leaf are created by the coating of a polyester surface with nylon‐6,6 short fibers via the flocking process. Poly(acrylic acid) chains aregrafted onto nylon‐6,6 surfaces, and this is followed by the grafting of 1 H, 1 H ‐perfluorooctylamine onto the poly(acrylic acid) chains. Water contact angles as high as 178° are achieved. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 253–261, 2007.
PCR-Free DNA Detection Using a Magnetic Bead-Supported Polymeric Transducer and Microelectromagnetic Traps (2006)

A fluorescent polymeric hybridization transducer supported on magnetic microbeads was investigated for the rapid, ultrasensitive, and sequence-specific detection of DNA. We show that the polymer derivative can be used to detect target DNA directly on magnetic particles by preparing "target-ready" microbeads grafted with the polymer and suitable DNA probes. A detection limit of approximately 200 target copies in a probed volume of 150 muL (1.4 copies/muL) was obtained for a DNA sequence specific to Candida albicans This detection scheme does not require the release of the hybridized target DNA prior to its detection or the labeling or amplification of the nucleic acids. Furthermore, we show that the fluorescence from these biosensing magnetic beads can be read while magnetically confined in a small volume by a microelectromagnetic trap, which offers the possibility of performing both the preconcentration and detection steps simultaneously on the same support. The combination of the fluorescent polymer biosensor with magnetic particle-assisted DNA preconcentration extends the application of this ultrasensitive biosensor to biological samples with complex matrixes and to integrated lab-on-a-chip platforms, where it could be used for fast multitarget DNA detection in point-of-care diagnostics and field analysis.
A Mobile Offloading Game Against Smart Attacks (2016)

Mobile devices, such as smartphones, can offload applications and data to the cloud via access points or base stations to reduce energy consumption and improve user experience. However, mobile offloading is vulnerable to smart attackers that use smart and programmable radio devices, such as universal software radio peripherals, to perform multiple types of attacks, such as spoofing and jamming, based on the radio environment and offloading transmissions. In this paper, a mobile offloading game is investigated that consists of three players: a mobile device that chooses its offloading rate, a smart attacker that determines its attack mode, and a security agent that decides whether or not to initiate full protection for the serving access point during the offloading. Nash and Stackelberg equilibria of the offloading game are derived and their existence conditions are discussed. A Q-learning-based mobile offloading strategy is proposed for mobile devices that are unaware of system parameters, such as the channel conditions, in dynamic radio environments. Simulation results show that the proposed offloading strategy can improve the utility of the mobile device and reduce the attack rate of smart attackers.
Membrane Crystallizers (2001)

Well-controlled crystallization is the best method for preparing materials that are extremely pure. Furthermore, it can also be highly advantageous by operating the crystallization so that the crystals pick up impurities from water. Crystal growth generally starts at solute concentrations at which the nucleation occurs; the growth rate, depending on the supersaturation degree, is determined by a combination of the nature of the growing crystal surface and the diffusional rate. The purpose of this work is to introduce an innovative methodology, the membrane crystallization, to produce crystals from solutions. For the present application, direct contact membrane distillationa separation process based on hydrophobic microporous membraneshas been employed to reach the supersaturation in the crystallization of NaCl from aqueous solutions: volatile components diffuse through the membrane pores as vapor by applying a temperature difference across the membrane which creates a gradient of the equilibrium partial pressures; that is the driving force for the operation. The experiments have been carried out in a laboratory plant for studying the distribution of crystal dimensions, nucleation, and growth rates as a function of the retention time, slurry density, temperature, and supersaturation level of the solution. The kinetic data and product size distribution obtained have been compared with the ones by traditional crystallizers.
Time-lapse well log analysis, fluid substitution, and AVO (2003)

Time-lapse seismic monitoring of reservoirs is based on changing seismic response due to fluid saturation, temperature, and pressure changes. The observable changes in seismic response can help locate bypassed oil, water- or gas-flood fronts, and heated zones.
Synthetic Data Generation and Adaption for Object Detection in Smart Vending Machines (2019)

This paper presents an improved scheme for the generation and adaption of synthetic images for the training of deep Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs) to perform the object detection task in smart vending machines. While generating synthetic data has proved to be effective for complementing the training data in supervised learning methods, challenges still exist for generating virtual images which are similar to those of the complex real scenes and minimizing redundant training data. To solve these problems, we consider the simulation of cluttered objects placed in a virtual scene and the wide-angle camera with distortions used to capture the whole scene in the data generation process, and post-processed the generated images with a elaborately-designed generative network to make them more similar to the real images. Various experiments have been conducted to prove the efficiency of using the generated virtual images to enhance the detection precision on existing datasets with limited real training data and the generalization ability of applying the trained network to datasets collected in new environment.
Optical inspection of nanoscale structures using a novel machine learning based synthetic image generation algorithm (2019)

In this paper, we present a novel interpretable machine learning technique that uses unique physical insights about noisy optical images and a few training samples to classify nanoscale defects in noisy optical images of a semiconductor wafer. Using this technique, we not only detected both parallel bridge defects and previously undetectable perpendicular bridge defects in a 9-nm node wafer using visible light microscopy [Proc. SPIE9424, 942416 (2015)], but we also accurately classified their shapes and estimated their sizes. Detection and classification of nanoscale defects in optical images is a challenging task. The quality of images is affected by diffraction and noise. Machine learning techniques can reduce noise and recognize patterns using a large training set. However, for detecting a rare "killer" defect, acquisition of a sufficient training set of high quality experimental images can be prohibitively expensive. In addition, there are technical challenges involved in using electromagnetic simulations and optimization of the machine learning algorithm. This paper proposes solutions to address each of the aforementioned challenges.
RESTful Web Service Matching Based on WADL (2015)

Service matching is essential for web services as increasing of demands of service discovery and composition. Many existing researches on Restful service matching try to mine their features such as term frequency and relationship by traditional semantic ways like clustering, pattern analysis and classification trees. However, we think that for Restful services many of these features could be easily obtained in view of application. Based on WADL (Web Application Description Language), the main idea of our matching model is application oriented semantic matching (AOSM). We will first analyze service application features such as functionality or design purpose of different parts of the service description, then give suitable semantic matching strategy based on these features. We think by introducing this analyzing method, the efficiency and precision of semantic matching will be improved compared to only using common semantic ways. Results from experiments demonstrate that the proposed matching method has achieved a precision rate to 86% and a recall rate to 82% for Restful web services we extracted from several platforms.
Side-Chain Conformation of the M2 Transmembrane Peptide Proton Channel of Influenza A Virus from <sup>19</sup>F Solid-State NMR (2007)

The M2 transmembrane peptide (M2TMP) of the influenza A virus forms a tetrameric helical bundle that acts as a proton-selective channel important in the viral life cycle. The side-chain conformation of the peptide is largely unknown and is important for elucidating the proton-conducting mechanism and the channel stability. Using a 19F spin diffusion NMR technique called CODEX, we have measured the oligomeric states and interhelical side chain-side chain 19F-19F distances at several residues using singly fluorinated M2TMP bound to DMPC bilayers. 19F CODEX data at a key residue of the proton channel, Trp41, confirm the tetrameric state of the peptide and yield a nearest-neighbor interhelical distance of approximately 11 A under both neutral and acidic pH. Since the helix orientation is precisely known from previous 15N NMR experiments and the backbone channel diameter has a narrow allowed range, this 19F distance constrains the Trp41 side-chain conformation to t90 (chi1 approximately 180 degrees , chi2 approximately 90 degrees ). This Trp41 rotamer, combined with a previously measured 15N-13C distance between His37 and Trp411, suggests that the His37 rotamer is t-160. The implication of the proposed (His37, Trp41) rotamers to the gating mechanism of the M2 proton channel is discussed. Binding of the antiviral drug amantadine to the peptide does not affect the F-F distance at Trp41. Interhelical 19F-19F distances are also measured at residues 27 and 38, each mutated to 4-19F-Phe. For V27F-M2TMP, the 19F-19F distances suggest a mixture of dimers and tetramers, whereas the L38F-M2TMP data indicate two tetramers of different sizes, suggesting side chain conformational heterogeneity at this lipid-facing residue. This work shows that 19F spin diffusion NMR is a valuable tool for determining long-range intermolecular distances that shed light on the mechanism of action and conformational heterogeneity of membrane protein oligomers.
Helical Superstructures from Charged Poly(styrene)-Poly(isocyanodipeptide) Block Copolymers (1998)

Amphiphilic block copolymers containing a poly(styrene) tail and a charged helical poly(isocyanide) headgroup derived from isocyano-L-alanine-L-alanine and isocyano-L-alanine-L-histidine were prepared. Analogous to low-molecular mass surfactants, these block copolymers self-assembled in aqueous systems to form micelles, vesicles, and bilayer aggregates. The morphology of these aggregates can be controlled by variation of the length of the poly(isocyanide) block, the pH, and the anion-headgroup interactions. The chirality of the macromolecules results in the formation of helical superstructures that have a helical sense opposite to that of the constituent block copolymers. The great variety of morphologies displayed by these block copolymers and the fact that they are easily accessible from poly(styrene) and different types of peptides open new opportunities for applications in the fields of life and materials sciences.
현대독일사회철학과 마르크스와의 관계 2 -"이론과 실천" 개념을 중심으로- (2011)

본고에서는 실천개념, 특히 자립성 문제를 중심으로 비판이론과 마르크스와의 관계를 살펴볼 것이다. 동구 마르크스주의자들은 비판이론의 이론과 실천 개념이 마르크스가 비판했던 청년헤겔학파 브루노 바우어의 ``순수비판``과 유사하다고 지적했다. 아도르노는 이를 인정했다. 그럼에도 아도르노는 구체적인 근거를 제시하지 않았다. 본 연구결과는 이론과 실천에 관한 한 아도르노의 비판이론은 ``마르크스적``이 아니라는 결론에 도달했다. 왜냐하면, a)바우어와 아도르노 둘 다 ``부정의 변증법``, 즉 ``분리, 단절, 순수``의 변증법을 사용했다. b)바우어는 아도르노처럼 이론의 자립성을 주장했다. c)바우어에게 실천의 주체는 ``비판적 철학자``로 볼 수 있다. 그러나 바우어가 대중을 ``이론의 적``으로 보았던 반면에, 마르크스는 대중, 즉 프롤레타리아트를 실천의 주체로 파악한다. 아도르노는 실천의 주체로서 프롤레타리아트를 부정한다. 이 점에서도 아도르노는 이미 ``마르크스적``이 아니다. 아도르노는 실천의 주체로서 부정하고 반역하는 정신을 제시한다.
Focal plane compression and enhancement sensors (2002)

We propose two novel integrations of sensing and processing on the focal plane; they are a compression sensor and an enhancement sensor. The image compression sensor can significantly reduce the amount of pixel data in order to overcome the communication bottle neck of high pixel rate imaging between sensor and peripherals. The image enhancement sensor aims at reducing random noise and getting wide dynamic range. The proposed sensor controls the storage time in each pixel, which results in no motion-blur and no saturation. Thus it is expected to have wide dynamic range, high temporal resolution in the moving area and high SNR in the static area.
Macromolecular design of polymeric materials (1997)

Rational design of well-defined polymeric materials. Part 1 Control of polymerization toward molecular design of polymers: structural control by living radical polymerization living cationic polymerization - design of polymerization and macromolecular structure macromolecular engineering by carbocationic polymers by living anionic polymerization controlled polymer synthesis with metalloporphyrins group transfer polymerization for controlled polymer architecture industrial applications of living polymerization stereospecific living polymerization of methacrylate and construction of stereoregular polymer architecture stereochemistry of anionic polymerization of polar vinyl monomers helical polymers and oligomers with molecular dissymetry activated monomer polymerization of cyclic monomers ring-opening polymerization of cyclic sulfides and imines macromolecular engineering of polylactones and polylactides by ring-opening polymerization coordination polymerization with high-activity catalyst and soluble coordination catalysts macrocyclic oligomers as precursors of high polymers in-site polycondensation for synthesis of high performance polymers design of reactive polymers and their applications polymer reactions for the synthesis of functional polymers synthetic design by modification of natural materials highly branched polymers - dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers star polymer synthesis molecular design of network polymers. Part 2 Molecular design of specialty polymers: acrylic copolymers by radical and anionic mechanisms and their practical applications fluoropolymers and fluoroelastomers. (Part contents).
Chondroitin sulfate and cytoplasmic domain-dependent membrane targeting of the NG2 proteoglycan promotes retraction fiber formation and cell polarization (2001)

Targeting of the NG2 proteoglycan to cellular retraction fibers was studied by expressing mutant NG2 molecules lacking specific structural elements of the proteoglycan. Both the cytoplasmic domain and the chondroitin sulfate chain of NG2 appear to have roles in sorting NG2 to subcellular microdomains destined to become retraction fibers. Neither of these structural features alone is sufficient to allow optimal targeting of NG2 to retraction fibers, but together they promote efficient localization of the proteoglycan to these sites. This pattern of NG2 sorting seems to be necessary for optimal retraction fiber formation, as cells expressing poorly targeted NG2 mutants are noticeably deficient in their ability to extend retraction fibers. Furthermore, retraction fiber formation correlates strongly with the tendency of cells to assume a polarized morphology with NG2-positive retraction fibers at one pole of the cell and actin-rich lamellipodia at the other. This polarization can be triggered either through engagement of NG2 by the substratum or by exposure to lysophosphatidic acid, a potent activator of the rho GTPase. These results suggest a possible role for NG2 in regulating rho-dependent mechanisms in the trailing processes of motile cells.
Large-Scale IoT Devices Firmware Identification Based on Weak Password (2020)

The growth of Internet-connected IoT devices brings many security issues, such as DDoS, weak password and embedded malware. The vulnerability analysis is a critical strategy to prevent security issues. Due to technical exclusivity of diverse manufacturers, their firmware is hard to patch timely and respectively. Therefore, the vulnerability of the device is closely related to the device firmware version. The identification of the firmware version is an essential prerequisite for protecting these devices from attack. With the increasing of IoT devices, device firmware identification is still a critical challenge. In this paper, we propose a new firmware identification method by analyzing webpages content directly based on a weak password. We extract the characteristics of the login page to identify the device type and brand, and then use classification and page segmentation to identify the model and firmware version of the device. We evaluated 74,307 devices to verify the effectiveness of our proposed method. Experimental results show that our method achieves an accuracy of 95.97%, superior to the other methods.
FRAMESHIFT SUPPRESSION IN <i>SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE</i>. IV. NEW SUPPRESSORS AMONG SPONTANEOUS CO-REVERTANTS OF THE GROUP II <i>HIS4-206</i> AND <i>LEU2-3</i> FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS (1982)

ICR-induced frameshift mutations at the his4 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been classified into several groups on the basis of their reversion and suppression properties. One group of externally suppressible his4 mutations, designated Group II, have been shown to contain +1 G:C insertions in glycine codons and are suppressed by any one of five suppressor mutations described previously (SUF1, SUF3, SUF4, SUF5, and SUF6). The suppressor genes are believed to encode glycine tRNAs containing four base anticodons.--An analysis of spontaneous co-revertants of the Group II frameshift mutation his4-206 and leu2-3 has revealed the existence of eleven new Group II-specific suppressor genes (SUF15 through SUF25). The locations of the new suppressor loci on the yeast genetic map have been determined.--By comparing the ability or inability of Group II-specific suppressors mapping at 16 different Group II his4 mutations, two subclasses of suppressors have been defined. One subclass suppresses his4-38 and his4-519, which contain the altered four base mRNA codons 5'-GGGU-3' and 5'-GGGG-3', respectively. The other subclass suppresses his4-38, but fails to suppress his4-519. The mechanism of tRNA-mediated frameshift suppression and the molecular basis for this division of the suppressors into two subclasses is discussed.
Territorial Asylum. By Atle Grahl-Madsen. (Published under the auspices of the Swedish Institute of International Law.) Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell; London, Rome, New York: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1980. Pp. xvi, 231. Index. $28. (1981)

Territorial Asylum. By Atle Grahl-Madsen. (Published under the auspices of the Swedish Institute of International Law.) Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell; London, Rome, New York: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1980. Pp. xvi, 231. Index. $28. - Volume 75 Issue 1