gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of a New Moving Collimator for Industrial Backscatter Imaging (2017)

Conventional direct radiography may fail to successfully produce images of corrosion in large pipes containing liquid and in tanks because the attenuation can be very high. It also fails when either side of the object is not accessible. These limitations do not exist in backscatter imaging because it is a one-sided imaging technique. However, backscatter imaging can be slow. In this study, the feasibility of a new backscatter imaging system based on a moving collimator that can produce images quickly is studied. Backscattered radiation from a broad-beam industrial X-ray machine is collimated by a special collimator to allow only parallel scattered radiation to pass and reach the image plate. Because part of the backscattered radiation can be stopped by the collimator septa, the collimator is put into motion; this allows a complete image to be revealed. An electro-mechanical system is designed to move the collimator either in steps or continuously. The distance, speed and direction of the movement are controlled by a smart motor using LabVIEW. Images of Polyvinylchloride (PVC) and aluminum objects are shown. Moving collimators can be added to existing radiographic systems to make them useful for both direct and backscatter imaging.
The effect of dietary energy density on growth performance of finishing swine treated with porcine somatotropin (1989)

A growth study (60 barrows averaging 125.4 lb) was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary energy density on growth performance of finishing pigs treated with porcine somatotropin (pST). Barrows were blocked on weight and allotted randomly to pens (2 barrows/pen, 5 pens/treatment). Barrows were injected daily with 4 mg pST and fed six experimental diets with four energy densities (1.37, 1.48, 1.60, or 1.71 Meal ME/lb) and four lysinc:energy ratios (4.0, 3.7, 3.4, or 3.2 g lysine/Mcal ME). Diets were formulated to contain at least 200% of NRC (1988) recommendations for essential nutrients. Increasing dietary energy density and adjusting the lysine:energy ratio to maintain 3.4 g lysine/Mcal ME decreased average daily feed intake and improved feed efficiency, but did not affect average daily gain. Increasing dietary energy density without adjusting the lysine:energy ratio increased average daily gain, decreased average daily feed intake, and improved feed efficiency linearly. These results indicate that finishing pigs injected daily with 4 mg pST and consuming 30 g lysine per day require approximately 9 Meal ME per day to optimize growth performance and efficiency.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 16, 1989
Preclinical absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and pharmacokinetics of a novel selective inhibitor of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) (2017)

1. Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) plays an important role in drug absorption, distribution and excretion. It is challenging to evaluate BCRP functions in preclinical models because commonly used BCRP inhibitors are nonspecific or unstable in animal plasma. 2. In this work, in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) assays and pharmacokinetic (PK) experiments in Bcrp knockout (KO) (Abcg2<sup>-/-</sup>) and wild-type (WT) FVB mice and Wistar rats were conducted to characterize the preclinical properties of a novel selective BCRP inhibitor (ML753286, a Ko143 analog). 3. ML753286 is a potent inhibitor for BCRP, but not for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) or major cytochrome P450s (CYPs). It has high permeability, but is not an efflux transporter substrate. ML753286 has low to medium clearance in rodent and human liver S9 fractions, and is stable in plasma cross species. Bcrp inhibition affects oral absorption and clearance of sulfasalazine in rodents. A single dose of ML753286 at 50-300 mg/kg orally, and at 20 mg/kg intravenously or 25 mg/kg orally inhibits Bcrp functions in mice and rats, respectively. 4. These findings confirm that ML753286 is a useful selective inhibitor to evaluate BCRP/Bcrp activity in vitro and in rodent model systems.
Dendritic cell CD40 targeting vaccines elicit CD8+ T cell-mediated therapeutic immunity against cancers (2017)

Abstract Dendritic cells (DCs) are major antigen-presenting cells that can efficiently cross-prime antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Antigen targeting to DCs through surface receptors is therefore a promising strategy to mount CD8+ CTL-mediated immunity against viral infections and cancers. We have previously reported that viral (Influenza HA and NP) and tumor antigen (MART-1) targeting to human DCs via CD40 resulted in greater antigen-specific functional CD8+ CTL responses in vitro. In this study, we have tested CD40 targeting prototype vaccines for HPV16-associated malignancies (anti-CD40-HPV16.E6/7) and prostate cancer (anti-CD40-PSA). Our data show that both anti-CD40-HPV16.E6/7 and anti-CD40-PSA prototype vaccines are able to activate antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the blood of head-and-neck and prostate cancer patients, respectively. We further demonstrate that the in vivo administration of anti-CD40-HPV16.E6/7 or anti-CD40-PSA plus poly(I:C) can mount tumor-specific CTL-mediated therapeutic and preventive immunity against the respective tumors in human CD40 transgenic mice. Data from this study support the clinical development of CD40 targeting vaccines against cancers and viral infections.
Monte Carlo Methods for Small Molecule High-Throughput Experimentation (2001)

By analogy with Monte Carlo algorithms, we propose new strategies for design and redesign of small molecule libraries in high-throughput experimentation, or combinatorial chemistry. Several Monte Carlo methods are examined, including Metropolis, three types of biased schemes, and composite moves that include swapping or parallel tempering. Among them, the biased Monte Carlo schemes exhibit particularly high efficiency in locating optimal compounds. The Monte Carlo strategies are compared to a genetic algorithm approach. Although the best compounds identified by the genetic algorithm are comparable to those from the better Monte Carlo schemes, the diversity of favorable compounds identified is reduced by roughly 60%.
Edge Detection as Part of the Demosaicing Process (2000)

Traditional image processing workflows place edge enhancement at the end of the process, after demosaicing, white balancing, and chromatic enhancement steps have been applied. This paper investigates employing the edge enhancement simultaneously with the demosaicing process.
Design Guidelines for Efficient Thermal Management of Mid-Infrared Quantum Cascade Lasers (2011)

Semiconductor quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) that emit mid-infrared light in the wavelength range 4-9 μm are unipolar and the laser emission is due to intersubband transitions in a repeated stack of multiple quantum wells. The thermal management of these devices is a challenge. The overheating of the active region (referred to as “core” throughout this paper) in these lasers decreases the optical power and ultimately results in laser failure. In this paper, a detailed finite element-based numerical modeling of the thermal behavior of these devices as well as the measurements performed to validate the models are presented. The studies include the effect of submount material, mounting schemes such as epi-side down or epi-side up mounting, and, finally, the effect of core geometry on the thermal impedance. Various core designs, such as the split core, are analyzed. Various experiments were conducted to correlate the results with the numerical modeling by measuring the thermal impedance between the laser diode's core and the bottom of the substrate as well as the temperature change within a pulse of a distributed feedback (DFB) QCL which emits in a single longitudinal mode of narrow linewidth. The temperature of the active core of a DFB QCL can be determined by measuring the lasing frequency, which changes with the temperature of the active core. By measuring the lasing frequency as a function of time within a pump current pulse, the temperature change in the active core region can be determined and thereby thermal conductance of the laser structure. In the conclusion, various recommendations for efficient thermal performance of these QCLs are provided.
Structural comparison of the <i>Pichia pastoris</i> alcohol oxidase genes (1989)

In methylotrophic yeasts, alcohol oxidase is the first enzyme in the methanol-utilization pathway. The genome of one such yeast, Pichia pastoris, contains two alcohol oxidase genes, AOX1 and AOX2. Sequence analysis indicated that each gene encodes a similar protein of 663 amino acids. The protein-coding regions of the genes were 92% and 97% homologous at the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence levels, respectively. In contrast to homology observed within the protein-coding portions of the AOX genes, no homology was found in either the 5' or 3' non-coding regions. Although alcohol oxidase is found in peroxisomes of P. pastoris, the AOX amino acid sequences did not contain a peptide sequence similar to the peroxisomal transport sequence found at the C-terminus of some peroxisomally located proteins in higher eukaryotes.
Direct and indirect measures of speech articulator motions using low power EM sensors (1999)

Many gerontologists propose definitions of wisdom. Usually these are "empirical," as opposed to a-priori or "real" definitions. In this article we defend an a-priori definition of wisdom. We briefly explain a-priori and empirical definitions, and how they relate to each other in research. After rejecting two classical a-priori definitions of wisdom, we present and defend our own, and examine its ability to predict key findings of recent empirical studies. Finally, we describe some implications of our approach for future empirical studies of wisdom.
Learning to Generate Time-Lapse Videos Using Multi-stage Dynamic Generative Adversarial Networks (2018)

Taking a photo outside, can we predict the immediate future, e.g., how would the cloud move in the sky? We address this problem by presenting a generative adversarial network (GAN) based two-stage approach to generating realistic time-lapse videos of high resolution. Given the first frame, our model learns to generate long-term future frames. The first stage generates videos of realistic contents for each frame. The second stage refines the generated video from the first stage by enforcing it to be closer to real videos with regard to motion dynamics. To further encourage vivid motion in the final generated video, Gram matrix is employed to model the motion more precisely. We build a large scale time-lapse dataset, and test our approach on this new dataset. Using our model, we are able to generate realistic videos of up to 128 Ã- 128 resolution for 32 frames. Quantitative and qualitative experiment results demonstrate the superiority of our model over the state-of-the-art models.
Diagnostic Evaluation of a Real‐Time RT‐PCR assay for Routine Diagnosis of Classical Swine Fever in Wild Boar (2006)

The aim of the study was to evaluate a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for routine diagnosis of classical swine fever (CSF) in wild boar by using 1000 spleen homogenates that were tested previously negative by virus isolation and 26 homogenates from which CSF virus could be isolated. All 26 positive samples in the virus isolation assay also were found to be positive in real-time RT-PCR. Additionally further 10 samples were detected by real-time RT-PCR out of the 1000 negative samples in the virus isolation. With a commercial CSF antigen-ELISA only 14 out of the 36 real-time RT-PCR positive samples could be detected. The sequence analysis of all ten samples that tested positive by real-time RT-PCR and negative by virus isolation revealed CSF virus-specific sequences. Based on the assumption that all samples with a CSF virus-specific sequence or positive in the virus isolation test originated from truly CSF virus-infected wild boar, the following sensitivity values were calculated as antigen-ELISA, 39%; virus isolation, 72% and real-time RT-PCR, 100%. The use of real-time RT-PCR instead of antigen-ELISA and virus isolation as a routine tool for control and eradication of CSF in wild boar populations is recommended.
Total Synthesis of Capsaicin Analogues from Lignin‐Derived Compounds by Combined Heterogeneous Metal, Organocatalytic and Enzymatic Cascades in One Pot (2014)

Abstract The total synthesis of capsaicin analogues was performed in one pot, starting from compounds that can be derived from lignin. Heterogeneous palladium nanoparticles were used to oxidise alcohols to aldehydes, which were further converted to amines by an enzyme cascade system, including an amine transaminase. It was shown that the palladium catalyst and the enzyme cascade system could be successfully combined in the same pot for conversion of alcohols to amines without any purification of intermediates. The intermediate vanillylamine, prepared with the enzyme cascade system, could be further converted to capsaicin analogues without any purification using either fatty acids and a lipase, or Schotten–Baumann conditions, in the same pot. An aldol compound (a simple lignin model) could also be used as starting material for the synthesis of capsaicin analogues. Using L ‐alanine as organocatalyst, vanillin could be obtained by a retro‐aldol reaction. This could be combined with the enzyme cascade system to convert the aldol compound to vanillylamine in a one‐step one‐pot reaction. magnified image
Radioprotectant Effects of Cu(II)(3,5-DIPS)2 (1987)

Ionizing radiation of oxygenated aqueous solution is known to produce superoxide as a secondary product of radiation,1–3 Part of the cellular injuries caused by radiation can be attributed to the acute increase of superoxide. Addition of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD) to the extracellular medium can significantly protect cultured cells against radiation damage.4 Adding Cu-Zn SOD to cultures of myoblasts protected them from a radiation-induced decrease in viability and altered morphology5 as well as chromosomal damage.6
Targeting CDK4/6 and the Cell Cycle in Combination with Bortezomib in the 5T33MM Myeloma Model. (2007)

Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) is ultimately fatal in part because no effective cell cycle-based therapy has been available to control tumor cell proliferation. Loss of cell cycle control in MM cells stems from coordinated deregulation of Cdk4-cyclin D1 or Cdk6 (Cdk4)-cyclin D2. PD 0332991 is the first orally bioactive small molecule that potently and specifically inhibits Cdk4 and Cdk6. It represents a promising cell cycle-based therapy for myeloma owing to its ability to potently inhibit Cdk4/6 and induce G1 cell cycle arrest in primary human myeloma cells in BM stromal cell co-cultures and to control tumor progression in a xenograft model. However, the efficacy of PD 0332991 in the presence of an intact immune system is unknown. To optimize therapeutic targeting of Cdk4/6 with PD 0332991, we investigated the effectiveness of PD 0332991 in inhibiting Cdk4/6 and controlling myeloma tumor progression in the immunocompetent, bone migrating 5T33MM model. By quantitative real-time PCR analysis, we found that these myeloma cells express a normal plasma cell transcription program such as upregulated Blimp-1 and loss of Bcl-6 expression. However, they proliferate aggressively due to Cdk4 overexpression and impaired p27Kip1 expression, thereby mimicking relapse disease in human myeloma. PD 0332991 potently inhibits Cdk4/6 phosphorylation of Rb in primary 5T33MM cells and induces G1 cell cycle arrest, both in vivo and ex vivo. Accordingly, treatment with PD 0332991 significantly prolongs the survival of tumor-induced 5T33MM mice; a mean of 35 days in the PD 0332991-treated group (N=9) versus 25 days in the vehicle-treated group (N=9, p&lt; 0.003). These findings demonstrate for the first time that PD 0332991 targets Cdk4/6 and controls tumor expansion in the presence of an intact immune system. To further optimize Cdk4/6 targeting in MM, we combined PD 0332991 with bortezomib, a cytotoxic drug widely used in MM treatment. Pretreatment of 5T33MMvt cells with PD 0332991 for 48 hours markedly augmented bortezomib killing, to the same level of twice the dose of bortezomib when it was used alone. These studies of PD 0332991 in the immunocompetent 5T33MM model demonstrate that, as a consequence of Cdk4/6 inhibition and induction of G1 arrest, PD 0332991 sensitizes MM cells to killing by a cytotoxic agent. Targeting Cdk4/6 in combination therapy, therefore, represents a novel and promising strategy for myeloma treatment.
Targeting Antibacterial Agents by Using Drug-Carrying Filamentous Bacteriophages (2006)

Bacteriophages have been used for more than a century for (unconventional) therapy of bacterial infections, for half a century as tools in genetic research, for 2 decades as tools for discovery of specific target-binding proteins, and for nearly a decade as tools for vaccination or as gene delivery vehicles. Here we present a novel application of filamentous bacteriophages (phages) as targeted drug carriers for the eradication of (pathogenic) bacteria. The phages are genetically modified to display a targeting moiety on their surface and are used to deliver a large payload of a cytotoxic drug to the target bacteria. The drug is linked to the phages by means of chemical conjugation through a labile linker subject to controlled release. In the conjugated state, the drug is in fact a prodrug devoid of cytotoxic activity and is activated following its dissociation from the phage at the target site in a temporally and spatially controlled manner. Our model target was Staphylococcus aureus, and the model drug was the antibiotic chloramphenicol. We demonstrated the potential of using filamentous phages as universal drug carriers for targetable cells involved in disease. Our approach replaces the selectivity of the drug itself with target selectivity borne by the targeting moiety, which may allow the reintroduction of nonspecific drugs that have thus far been excluded from antibacterial use (because of toxicity or low selectivity). Reintroduction of such drugs into the arsenal of useful tools may help to combat emerging bacterial antibiotic resistance.
Expression of MN/CA9 protein in Papanicolaou smears containing atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance is a diagnostic biomarker of cervical dysplasia and neoplasia (2000)

There is a clear association between MN/CA9 immunostaining of atypical cells and the presence of significant lesions in the cervix. Similarly, there is a clear association between lack of expression of MN/CA9 and the absence of cervical lesions. However, the screen does not allow discrimination between CIN I and atypia. The authors also found that, based on the combined patterns of morphology and immunostaining, they are able to discriminate between AIS and CIN II or III in AGUS Pap smear diagnoses. Thus, expression of the MN/CA9 antigen is indeed a discriminator of significant lesions in AGUS Pap smear diagnoses.
Evaluation of Reservoir Connectivity from Downhole Fluid Analysis, Asphaltene Equation of State Model and Advanced Laboratory Fluid Analyses (2012)

Abstract Characterization of complicated reservoir architecture with multiple compartments, baffles and tortuous connectivity is critical; additionally, reservoir fluids undergo dynamic processes (multiple charging, biodegradation and water/gas washes) that lead to complex fluid columns with significant property variation. Accurate understanding of both reservoir and fluids is critical for reserve assessment, field management and production planning. In this paper, a methodology is presented for reservoir connectivity analysis, which integrates reservoir fluid property distributions with an asphaltene Equation of State (EoS) model developed recently. The implications of reservoir fluid equilibrium are treated within laboratory experimentation and equation of state modeling. In addition to cubic EoS modeling for light end gradients, the industry's first asphaltene EoS the Flory-Huggins-Zuo EoS is successfully utilized for asphaltene gradients. This new EoS has been enabled by the resolution of asphaltene nanoscience embodied in the Yen-Mullins model. Specific reservoir fluid gradients, such as gas-oil ratio (GOR), composition and asphaltene content, can be measured in real time and under downhole conditions with downhole fluid analysis (DFA) conveyed by formation tester tools. Integration of the DFA methods with the asphaltene EoS model provides an effective method to analyze connectivity at the field scale, for both volatile oil/condensate gas reservoirs with large GOR variation, and black oil/mobile heavy oil fields with asphaltene variation in dominant. A field case study is presented that involves multiple stacked sands in five wells in a complicated offshore field. Formation pressure analysis is inconclusive in determining formation connectivity due to measurement uncertainties; furthermore, conventional PVT laboratory analysis does not indicate significant fluid property variation. In this highly under-saturated black oil field, measurement of asphaltene content using DFA shows significant variation and is critical for understanding the reservoir fluid distribution. When integrated with the asphaltene EoS model, connectivity across multiple sands and wells is determined with high confidence, and the results are confirmed by actual production data. Advanced laboratory fluid analysis, such as two-dimensional gas chromatography, is also conducted on fluid samples, which further confirms the result of the DFA and asphaltene EoS model.
Guided wave acousto-optic and electro-optic tunable filter designs with relaxed beam-splitter requirements (2000)

New designs for acousto-optic tunable filters and electro-optic tunable filters with the Mach-Zehnder configuration are proposed. The new designs differ from conventional designs in three respects: (1) polarizing beam splitters are not required, (2) the optical path difference for the waveguides between the beam splitters is a half-wavelength, and (3) the relative positions of the polarization coupling regions in the two waveguides are displaced in the propagation direction by half of the spatial period of the perturbation responsible for the coupling. Because the new designs provide an additional degree of freedom in achieving the required beam-splitter performance, they are expected to be much easier to fabricate than conventional filter designs with polarizing beam splitters.
Genome Sequence of the Probiotic Bacterium Sporolactobacillus vineae SL153 <sup>T</sup> (2012)

The novel Sporolactobacillus vineae SL153(T) strain has excellent intestinal adherence and growth inhibitory effect on pathogenic microorganisms, including Vibrio genus microorganisms, and therefore can be effectively used for the prevention and treatment of disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms. Here, we first report the draft genome sequence of a novel species in the genus Sporolactobacillus.