gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel high-density infrared Schottky charge-coupled detector array (1986)

Silicon-infrared (IR) detector arrays normally consist of Schottky barrier detector elements connected via transfer gates to conventional charge-coupled device (CCD) shift registers. A novel device structure is described which incorporates both the detection and shift register functions into a single Schottky element. Advantages include the greatly increased detector fill factor and the possibility of constructing much larger detector arrays on a chip of given size.
Enhancement of off-resonant stimulated Raman scattering (1987)

The author predicts that bound atomic or molecular states can be dressed by an applied field in a fashion analogous to the pseudo-autoionising structure induced in a photoionising continuum. Just as the continuum structure can enhance the photoionisation rate, the induced virtual structure between real states can be used to enhance multiphoton processes by tuning one of the intermediate fields near this virtual resonance. The author concentrates on stimulated Raman scattering, but the connection to multiphoton absorption is pointed out.
Real-time wide-field-of-view passive millimeter-wave imaging processing (2002)

As a result of its relatively short wavelength coupled with relatively high penetration of many materials, millimeter- wave imaging provides a powerful tool for penetrating bad weather or the detecting of concealed articles. By using a passive approach such as that implemented here, it is possible to accomplish these tasks without generating any form of radiation that could be either be picked up by an enemy or raise health concerns. In this paper we will detail software and algorithm improvements that have resulted in significant enhancements to the quality of our imagery.
Automatic locking knee brace joint (1995)

This invention is an apparatus for controlling the pivotal movement of a knee brace comprising a tang-and-clevis joint that has been uniquely modified. Both the tang and the clevis have a set of teeth that, when engaged, can lock the tang and the clevis together. In addition, the tang is biased away from the clevis. Consequently, when there is no axial force (i.e., body weight) on the tang, the tang is free to pivot within the clevis. However, when an axial force is exerted on the tang, the tang is pushed into the clevis, both sets of teeth engage, and the tang and the clevis lock together.
Regulation of expression of the Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin determinant (1989)

The Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin determinant is composed of four contiguous genes encoded on the same DNA strand and denoted lktCABD, in the order of their genetic organization. To gain a better understanding of the expression and regulation of the leukotoxin, the transcripts and promoters of the lkt determinant were mapped. Northern (RNA) blot analysis revealed two sets of transcripts. One set was 3.7 and 3.4 kilobases long, encoded lktCA, and comprised approximately 90% of the transcripts, whereas the other set was 7.4 and 7.1 kilobases long and encoded lktCABD. Two promoters were present, and each had features similar to the Escherichia coli consensus promoter sequences. Both promoters were located upstream from lktC; they were separated by 258 base pairs, as mapped by primer extension analysis. These results suggest a mechanism of expression similar to that of the related E. coli hemolysin. Transcription initiated upstream from lktC at either promoter and continued through lktC and lktA to a rho-independent transcriptional termination signal in the lktA-lktB intercistronic region. This signal attenuated expression by terminating 90% of transcription to generate the 3.7- and 3.4-kilobase lktCA transcripts. The remaining readthrough transcription generated full-length 7.4- and 7.1-kilobase lktCABD transcripts. Expression of the leukotoxin was greatly reduced by growth at 30 degrees C, pH 6.5, and Fe2+ limitation. These conditions also modulated the expression of a number of other secreted proteins, which suggests that all of these secreted proteins are controlled by the same regulatory mechanism.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Synthetic Routes to Ruthenium—Indenylidene Olefin Metathesis Catalysts. (2011)

Abstract A novel procedure is elaborated for the preparation of a ruthenium complex, which is successfully applied as a catalyst in ring‐closing metathesis and cross‐metathesis reactions.
Self-Inactivating Alpharetroviral Vectors with a Split-Packaging Design (2010)

Accidental insertional activation of proto-oncogenes and potential vector mobilization pose serious challenges for human gene therapy using retroviral vectors. Comparative analyses of integration sites of different retroviral vectors have elucidated distinct target site preferences, highlighting vectors based on the alpharetrovirus Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) as those with the most neutral integration spectrum. To date, alpharetroviral vector systems are based mainly on single constructs containing viral coding sequences and intact long terminal repeats (LTR). Even though they are considered to be replication incompetent in mammalian cells, the transfer of intact viral genomes is unacceptable for clinical applications, due to the risk of vector mobilization and the potentially immunogenic expression of viral proteins, which we minimized by setting up a split-packaging system expressing the necessary viral proteins in trans. Moreover, intact LTRs containing transcriptional elements are capable of activating cellular genes. By removing most of these transcriptional elements, we were able to generate a self-inactivating (SIN) alpharetroviral vector, whose LTR transcriptional activity is strongly reduced and whose transgene expression can be driven by an internal promoter of choice. Codon optimization of the alpharetroviral Gag/Pol expression construct and further optimization steps allowed the production of high-titer self-inactivating vector particles in human cells. We demonstrate proof of principle for the versatility of alpharetroviral SIN vectors for the genetic modification of murine and human hematopoietic cells at a low multiplicity of infection.
Cytoplasmic BK <sub>Ca</sub> channel intron-containing mRNAs contribute to the intrinsic excitability of hippocampal neurons (2008)

High single-channel conductance K+ channels, which respond jointly to membrane depolarization and micromolar concentrations of intracellular Ca2+ ions, arise from extensive cell-specific alternative splicing of pore-forming alpha-subunit mRNAs. Here, we report the discovery of an endogenous BK(Ca) channel alpha-subunit intron-containing mRNA in the cytoplasm of hippocampal neurons. This partially processed mRNA, which comprises approximately 10% of the total BK(Ca) channel alpha-subunit mRNAs, is distributed in a gradient throughout the somatodendritic space. We selectively reduced endogenous cytoplasmic levels of this intron-containing transcript by RNA interference without altering levels of the mature splice forms of the BK(Ca) channel mRNAs. In doing so, we could demonstrate that changes in a unique BK(Ca) channel alpha-subunit intron-containing splice variant mRNA can greatly impact the distribution of the BK(Ca) channel protein to dendritic spines and intrinsic firing properties of hippocampal neurons. These data suggest a new regulatory mechanism for modulating the membrane properties and ion channel gradients of hippocampal neurons.
Integrated experimental and computational approach to laser machining of structural bone (2017)

This study describes the fundamentals of laser-bone interaction during bone machining through an integrated experimental-computational approach. Two groups of laser machining parameters identified the effects of process thermodynamics and kinetics on machining attributes at micro to macro. A continuous wave Yb-fiber Nd:YAG laser (wavelength 1070 nm) with fluences in the range of 3.18 J/mm<sup>2</sup>-8.48 J/mm<sup>2</sup> in combination of laser power (300 W-700 W) and machining speed (110 mm/s-250 mm/s) were considered for machining trials. The machining attributes were evaluated through scanning electron microscopy observations and compared with finite element based multiphysics-multicomponent computational model predicted values. For both groups of laser machining parameters, experimentally evaluated and computationally predicted depths and widths increased with increased laser energy input and computationally predicted widths remained higher than experimentally measured widths whereas computationally predicted depths were slightly higher than experimentally measured depths and reversed this trend for the laser fluence >6 J/mm<sup>2</sup>. While in both groups, the machining rate increased with increased laser fluence, experimentally derived machining rate remained lower than the computationally predicted values for the laser fluences lower than ∼4.75 J/mm<sup>2</sup> for one group and ∼5.8 J/mm<sup>2</sup> for other group and reversed in this trend thereafter. The integrated experimental-computational approach identified the physical processes affecting machining attributes.
Multichannel Diode Laser Array Optical Recording (1984)

We are reporting the use of a monolithic array of individually addressable diode lasers as the source for multichannel optical recording. Simultaneous recording of closely spaced tracks has been shown to be effective in achieving extremely high data rates. Such systems have, heretofore, used individually modulated beams formed by splitting the output of an argon ion laser. 1 Diode lasers are the preferred source for optical recording applications 2 and the use of a monolithic array of high-power, single-mode diode lasers, which can be modulated directly and independently, represents a significant advance towards the realization of compact, efficient high-performance recording systems.
Let web spammers expose themselves (2011)

This paper is concerned with mining link spams (e.g., link farm and link exchange) from search engine optimization (SEO) forums. To provide quality services, it is critical for search engines to address web spam. Several techniques such as TrustRank, BadRank, and SpamRank have been proposed for this purpose. Most of these methods try to downgrade the effects of the spam websites by identifying specific link patterns of them. However, spam websites have appeared to be more and more similar to normal or even good websites in their link structures, by reforming their spam techniques. As a result, it is very challenging to automatically detect link spams from the Web graph. In this paper, we propose a different approach, which detects link spams by looking at how web spammers make link spam happen. We find that web spammers usually ally with each other, and SEO forum is one of the major means for them to form the alliance. We therefore propose mining suspicious link spams directly from the posts in the SEO forums. However, the task is non-trivial because there are also other information and even noises contained in these posts, in addition to useful clues of link spam. To tackle the challenges, we first extract all the URLs contained in the posts of the SEO forums. Second, we extract features for the URLs from their relationships with forum users (potential spammers) and from their link structure in the web graph. Third, we build a semi-supervised learning framework to calculate the spam scores for the URLs, which encodes several heuristics such as spam websites usually linking to each other, and good websites seldom linking to spam websites. We tested our approach on seven major SEO forums. A lot of spam websites were identified, a significant proportion of which cannot be detected by conventional anti-spam methods. It indicates that the proposed approach can be a good complement of existing anti-spam techniques.
Angle-invariant imaging using a total internal reflection virtual aperture (2016)

Conventional lens stops, implemented with an absorptive physical aperture, have an angle-dependent projection that introduces field dependent loss and reduces diffraction-limited resolution. Retro-telephoto lenses obtain uniform response using aberration vignetting, but this results in low wide-angle resolution and significant lens volume. However, an angle-independent "virtual" aperture can be created by total internal reflection (TIR) from a thin low index layer inside the lens. We apply this to monocentric wide-angle imaging and find a simple relationship between the filtering layer index and radius and the resulting lens F/#. We provide two detailed designs of lenses with 12 mm focal length and a F/2.5 TIR stop, one using a low index adhesive within a solid fixed-focus lens, the other using an air cavity within an adjustable focus lens. We show the designs provide absolutely uniform resolution and light collection over an angle range of 84° and 106°, respectively, resulting in a dramatic improvement of both light collection and angular resolution per unit volume over conventional wide-angle lenses.
New family of plastic endoscope designs (1995)

We have explored a new family of 6 mm imaging endoscope designs for laparoscopes. These designs use a `solid' relay lens made up of plastic lens components bonded together in a repetitive fashion to form a long, monolithic relay element without air spaces. The lack of air spaces allows for the elimination of coatings and spacing elements. This simplifies construction and should considerably lessen cost. A four element objective lens is presented for the system which uses a plano-convex sapphire element as a combination window and lens element. The other three lens elements are plastic, and produce an image which is `buried' in the monolithic relay. Two designs are discussed, a relatively inexpensive, `single use' design, which incorporates easy-to-fabricate, low-temperature plastic lens elements, and a more expensive, `autoclavable' design, using high-temperature plastic lens elements. Both designs exhibit good optical resolution, and high optical throughput and contrast.
Synthesen von (1<i>R</i>)‐<i>cis</i>‐3‐(2′,2′‐Dihalovinyl)‐2, 2‐dimethylcyclopropan‐carbonsäuren <i>via Favorskii</i>‐Umlagerung von optisch aktiven Cyclobutanonen (1981)

Syntheses of (1 R )‐ cis ‐3‐(2′,2′‐Dihalovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropane Carboxylic Acids via Favorskii ‐rearrangement of Optically Active Cyclobutanones The cis ‐cyclobutanones 7 are resolved by means of optically active amine salts of their sodium hydrogen sulfite adducts. The desired (1 R )‐ cis ‐carboxylic acids 9 are obtained from the (+)‐ cis ‐cyclobutanones 7 via Favorskii ‐rearrangement and HX‐elimination. The recycling of undesired (−)‐ cis ‐cyclobutanones 7 is carried out in good yield by their racemization, thus rendering the total synthesis 1 + 2 → 9 chirally economic.
Dietary Effects of Allopurinol and Sulfinpyrazone on Development, Survival, and Reproduction of German Cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) (1992)

Diets containing two gout medications, allopurinol and sulfinpyrazone, were fed ad libitum to first- or second-instar German cockroaches for 15 wk or until 100% mortality was reached. Cockroaches fed greater than or equal to 0.10% allopurinol diets weighed significantly less than those fed the control diet. Mortality of cockroaches fed diets containing greater than or equal to 0.05% allopurinol was significantly greater than those fed the control diet. The LT50 (6.1 wk) of cockroaches fed diets containing 0.10% allopurinol was significantly less than those fed any other diet containing allopurinol. LT50s and slopes were proportional and inversely related, respectively, to percentage of allopurinol in the diet. The addition of sulfinpyrazone to allopurinol diets minimally enhanced the blatticidal nature of the diets. Nymphs fed diets containing greater than or equal to 0.05% allopurinol experienced significant delays in adult emergence. Cockroaches fed greater than or equal to 0.01% allopurinol diets aborted a significantly greater percentage of their oothecae than those fed the 0.001% allopurinol or control diets. Hatched oothecae from cockroaches fed the 0.01% allopurinol diet had significantly fewer nymphs than those fed the 0.001% allopurinol or control diets. Percentage of oothecae aborted and number of nymphs per hatched ootheca from cockroaches fed a 2% sulfinpyrazone diet did not differ significantly from the control.
Hybrid Timescale Dispatch Hierarchy for Combined Heat and Power System Considering the Thermal Inertia of Heat Sector (2018)

To better accommodate the uncertainty introduced by renewables and loads, a hybrid timescale dispatch hierarchy for the combined heat and power system is constructed in this paper, which coordinates the stages of day-ahead dispatch, intraday rolling dispatch, real-time dispatch, and automatic generation control to decompose the uncertainty step by step. Considering the different features of heat and power sector, heating units should have different dispatch intervals from power units in each dispatch stage. Therefore, a method considering the extra operation and maintenance costs of frequent adjustment, the operation modes of district heating network (DHN), and the heat storage capacity of buildings is developed to determine the optimal dispatch interval of each unit. The thermal inertia of heat sector is also integrated into the dispatch model to improve wind power consumption. The model of buildings directly links the indoor temperature with the temperature of supplied water and can be easily applied to determine the state of DHN. Results of the case study validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed dispatch method in terms of enhancing the economical efficiency and wind power consumption.
Novel Design Methods and a Tool Flow for Unleashing Dynamic Reconfiguration (2012)

During the last few years, there is an increasing interest in mixing software and hardware to serve efficiently different applications. This is due to the heterogeneity characterizing the tasks of an application which require the presence of resources from both worlds, software and hardware. Controlling effectively these resources through an integrated tool flow is a challenging problem and towards this direction only a few efforts exist. In fact, a framework that seamlessly exploits both resources of a platform for executing efficiently an application has not yet come into existence. Moreover, reconfigurable computing often incorporated in such platforms due to its high flexibility and customization, has not yet taken off due to the lack of exploiting its full capabilities. Thus, the capability of reconfigurable devices such as Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) to be dynamically reconfigured, i.e. reprogramming part of the chip while other parts of the same chip remain functional, has not yet taken off even in small-scale basis. The inherent difficulty in using the tools to control this technology has kept it back from being adopted by academia and industry alike. The FASTER (Facilitating Analysis and Synthesis Technologies for Effective Reconfiguration) project aims at introducing a design methodology and a tool flow that will enable designers to implement effectively and easily a system specification on a platform combining software and reconfigurable resources. The FASTER framework accepts as input a high-level description of the application and the architectural details of the target platform, and through certain steps it can enable the full use of the capabilities of the platform, while at the same time it should be flexible enough so as to balance efficiently performance, power and area. One of the main novelties is the incorporation of partial reconfiguration as an explicit design concept at an early stage of the design flow. We target different applications from the embedded, desktop and high-performance computing domains. In all cases we will demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in exploiting the inherent parallelism of applications and enabling the runtime adaptation of the platforms to the changing needs of the applications.
Designing mixed-metal supramolecular complexes (2001)

Mixed-metal supramolecular complexes are of interest in that they link multiple structural components into a large supramolecular array. Each subunit is designed to perform a simple act and those acts combine together to give rise to more complicated device functions. By variation of the nature or type of components used and their structural position within the supramolecular assembly, the type of functioning of the molecular device can be controlled. Our molecular design uses transition metal polyazine light absorbers (LA) and couples them through bridging ligands (BL) to other metal centers of interest. These additional metals can function as bioactive sites (BAS), electron acceptors (EA) and electron collectors (EC). An overview of our work in this area will be described with a focus on how component modulation allows these systems to be applicable to a large array of problems of interest including multifunctional DNA binding agents and photochemical molecular devices for light energy conversion.
Mueller matrix imaging for collagen scoring in mice model of pregnancy (2021)

Preterm birth risk is associated with early softening of the uterine cervix in pregnancy due to the accelerated remodeling of collagen extracellular matrix. Studies of mice model of pregnancy were performed with an imaging Mueller polarimeter at different time points of pregnancy to find polarimetric parameters for collagen scoring. Mueller matrix images of the unstained sections of mice uterine cervices were taken at day 6 and day 18 of 19-days gestation period and at different spatial locations through the cervices. The logarithmic decomposition of the recorded Mueller matrices mapped the depolarization, linear retardance, and azimuth of the optical axis of cervical tissue. These images highlighted both the inner structure of cervix and the arrangement of cervical collagen fibers confirmed by the second harmonic generation microscopy. The statistical analysis and two-Gaussians fit of the distributions of linear retardance and linear depolarization in the entire images of cervical tissue (without manual selection of the specific regions of interest) quantified the randomization of collagen fibers alignment with gestation time. At day 18 the remodeling of cervical extracellular matrix of collagen was measurable at the external cervical os that is available for the direct optical observations in vivo. It supports the assumption that imaging Mueller polarimetry holds promise for the fast and accurate collagen scoring in pregnancy and the assessment of the preterm birth risk.