gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Band Alignment of 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Heterojunctions (2016)

It is critically important to characterize the band alignment in semiconductor heterojunctions (HJs) because it controls the electronic and optical properties. However, the well‐known Anderson's model usually fails to predict the band alignment in bulk HJ systems due to the presence of charge transfer at the interfacial bonding. Atomically thin 2D transition metal dichalcogenide materials have attracted much attention recently since the ultrathin HJs and devices can be easily built and they are promising for future electronics. The vertical HJs based on 2D materials can be constructed via van der Waals stacking regardless of the lattice mismatch between two materials. Despite the defect‐free characteristics of the junction interface, experimental evidence is still lacking on whether the simple Anderson rule can predict the band alignment of HJs. Here, the validity of Anderson's model is verified for the 2D heterojunction systems and the success of Anderson's model is attributed to the absence of dangling bonds (i.e., interface dipoles) at the van der Waal interface. The results from the work set a foundation allowing the use of powerful Anderson's rule to determine the band alignments of 2D HJs, which is beneficial to future electronic, photonic, and optoelectronic devices.
A fast response and large electrically tunable-focusing imaging system based on switching of two modes of a liquid crystal lens (2010)

We demonstrated a fast response and large tunable focusing imaging system consisting of a lens module and a liquid crystal (LC) lens based on the switching of two modes of a LC lens: the negative LC lens and positive LC lens. By discarding the conventional operation of a positive LC lens only in the imaging system, large tunable focusing range can be achieve from 300 to 10 cm owning to the phase change between the positive and the negative LC lens; meanwhile, the response time is fast (∼433 ms). The potential applications are autofocused cell phones, and cameras.
Vigilante (2005)

Worm containment must be automatic because worms can spread too fast for humans to respond. Recent work has proposed network-level techniques to automate worm containment; these techniques have limitations because there is no information about the vulnerabilities exploited by worms at the network level. We propose Vigilante, a new end-to-end approach to contain worms automatically that addresses these limitations. Vigilante relies on collaborative worm detection at end hosts, but does not require hosts to trust each other. Hosts run instrumented software to detect worms and broadcast self-certifying alerts (SCAs) upon worm detection. SCAs are proofs of vulnerability that can be inexpensively verified by any vulnerable host. When hosts receive an SCA, they generate filters that block infection by analysing the SCA-guided execution of the vulnerable software. We show that Vigilante can automatically contain fast-spreading worms that exploit unknown vulnerabilities without blocking innocuous traffic.
Side population in adult murine epidermis exhibits phenotypic and functional characteristics of keratinocyte stem cells (2006)

Based on functional studies in the bone marrow, it has been suggested that the ability to efflux Hoechst 33342 may represent a universal stem cell trait. In this phenotypic and functional characterization of the Hoechst side population (SP) in adult murine epidermis, we demonstrate that these cells are a rare subset of the keratinocyte stem cell-enriched alpha(6)(bri)CD71(dim) fraction comprising SSC(low)/K14(+)/CD34(-)/Oil red O(-)/c-kit(-)/CD45(-) keratinocytes. Epidermal SPs have the smallest cell and nuclear size but exhibit the highest nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of any fraction examined, consistent with a primitive cell type. Although SPs demonstrated poor cumulative in vitro proliferative output, they exhibited sustained epidermal tissue-regenerative activity in vivo compared with unfractionated and non-SP cells. Collectively, these results indicate that the epidermal SP contains the most potent keratinocyte stem cell population in skin epithelium.
Acute impact of apheresis on oxidized phospholipids in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (2012)

We measured oxidized phospholipids (OxPL), lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) pre- and postapheresis in 18 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and with low(∼10 mg/dl; range 10-11 mg/dl), intermediate (∼50 mg/dl; range 30-61 mg/dl), or high (>100 mg/dl; range 78-128 mg/dl) Lp(a) levels. By using enzymatic and immunoassays, the content of OxPL and Lp-PLA(2) mass and activity were quantitated in lipoprotein density fractions plated in microtiter wells, as well as directly on apoB-100, Lp(a), and apoA-I immunocaptured within each fraction (i.e., OxPL/apoB and Lp-PLA(2)/apoB). In whole fractions, OxPL was primarily detected in the Lp(a)-containing fractions, whereas Lp-PLA(2) was primarily detected in the small, dense LDL and light Lp(a) range. In lipoprotein capture assays, OxPL/apoB and OxPL/apo(a) increased proportionally with increasing Lp(a) levels. Lp-PLA(2)/apoB and Lp-PLA(2)/apoA-I levels were highest in the low Lp(a) group but decreased proportionally with increasing Lp(a) levels. Lp-PLA(2)/apo(a) was lowest in patients with low Lp(a) levels and increased proportionally with increasing Lp(a) levels. Apheresis significantly reduced levels of OxPL and Lp-PLA(2) on apoB and Lp(a) (50-75%), particularly in patients with intermediate and high Lp(a) levels. In contrast, apheresis increased Lp-PLA(2)-specific activity (activity/mass ratio) in buoyant LDL fractions. The impact of apheresis on Lp(a), OxPL, and Lp-PLA(2) provides insights into its therapeutic benefits beyond lowering apoB-containing lipoproteins.
Experimental application of xenogenous antlerogenic cells in replacement of auricular cartilage in rabbits (2008)

Implanted antlerogenic cells were not rejected and possibly took part in the reconstruction of missing sections of the scaffolding of the rabbits' ear cartilages (although the mechanism is yet unknown). Low immunogenicity of AC, simplicity, efficiency, and low costs of production of implant material are the benefits of this method. Further research should unequivocally answer the question whether the MIC-1 cells are or are not the long-sought-after ideal material for the reconstruction of cartilaginous tissue lesions in various species, including human.
Apparatus for Testing Flat Specimens of Thermal Insulation (2005)

An apparatus has been developed to implement an improved method of testing flat-plate specimens of thermal-insulation materials for cryogenic application. The method includes testing under realistic use conditions that could include vacuum and mechanical loading at a pressure up to 70 psi (=0.48 MPa). The apparatus can accommodate a rigid or flexible specimen having thickness up to 1.25 in. (=3.2 cm) and diameters between 6 and 10 in. (about 15.2 and 25.4 cm, respectively). Typical test conditions include boundary temperatures between 77 K and 373 K and vacuum/interstitial gas filling at a pressure between 10(exp -6) torr (=1.3 x 10(exp -4) Pa) and 760 torr (atmospheric pressure =0.1 MPa). The interstitial gas could be N2, He, CO2, or any other suitable gas to which the insulation is expected to be exposed in use. Relative to prior apparatuses and testing methods, this apparatus and the testing method that it implements offer advantages of relative simplicity and ease of use. The basic principle of operation of the apparatus is that of boil-off calorimetry, using liquid nitrogen or any other suitable liquid that boils at a desired temperature below ambient temperature. Comparative rates of flow of heat through the thicknesses of the specimens (heat-leak rates) and apparent-thermal-conductivity values are obtained from tests of specimens. Absolute values of heat-leak rates and apparent thermal conductivities are computed from a combination of (1) the aforementioned comparative values and (2) calibration factors obtained by testing reference specimens of materials that have known thermal-insulation properties. The apparatus includes a full complement of temperature sensors, a vacuum pump and chamber, a monitoring and control system, and tools and fixtures that enable rapid and reliable installation and removal of specimens. A specimen is installed at the bottom of the vacuum chamber, and a cold-mass assembly that includes a tank is lowered into position above and around the specimen (see figure). A spring-based compensating fixture helps to ensure adequate thermal contact with possibly irregular specimen surfaces. For a high-compression test, the springs can be replaced with spacers. A flat circular load cell at the bottom of the chamber measures the compressive load on the specimen. Once the desired compressive-load, temperature, and vacuum/gas-filling conditions are established, testing begins. During a test, all measurements are recorded by use of a portable data-acquisition system and a computer. The total heat-leak rate is measured and calculated as the boil-off flow rate multiplied by the latent heat of vaporization. The parasitic heat leak (to the side of the specimen and to the top and side of the cold-mass tank) is reduced to a small fraction of the total heat leak by use of a combination of multilayer-insulation (MLI) shield rings, reflective film, a fiberglass/epoxy centering ring, and a bulk fill of aerogel beads. This combination eliminates the need for a cryogenic guard chamber used in a typical prior apparatus to reduce the parasitic heat leak.
Realization of multifunctional shape-memory ferromagnets in all-<i>d</i>-metal Heusler phases (2015)

Heusler ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys (FSMAs) normally consist of transition-group d-metals and main-group p-elements. Here, we report the realization of FSMAs in Heusler phases that completely consist of d metals. By introducing the d-metal Ti into NiMn alloys, cubic B2-type Heusler phase is obtained and the martensitic transformation temperature is decreased efficiently. Strong ferromagnetism is established by further doping Co atoms into the B2-type antiferromagnetic Ni-Mn-Ti austenite. Based on the magnetic-field-induced martensitic transformations, collective multifunctional properties are observed in Ni(Co)-Mn-Ti alloys. The d metals not only facilitate the formation of B2-type Heusler phases but also establish strong ferromagnetic coupling and offer the possibility to tune the martensitic transformation.
Privacy-Adversarial User Representations in Recommender Systems. (2018)

Latent factor models for recommender systems represent users and items as low dimensional vectors. Privacy risks have been previously studied mostly in the context of recovery of personal information in the form of usage records from the training data. However, the user representations themselves may be used together with external data to recover private user information such as gender and age. In this paper we show that user vectors calculated by a common recommender system can be exploited in this way. We propose the privacy-adversarial framework to eliminate such leakage, and study the trade-off between recommender performance and leakage both theoretically and empirically using a benchmark dataset. We briefly discuss further applications of this method towards the generation of deeper and more insightful recommendations.
Format-agnostic adaptation using the MPEG-21 DIA framework (2004)

Part 7 of MPEG-21 entitled Digital Item Adaptation (DIA), is an emerging metadata standard defining protocols and descriptions enabling content adaptation for a wide variety of networks and terminals, with attention to format-independent mechanisms. The descriptions standardized in DIA provide a standardized interface not only to a variety of format-specific adaptation engines, but also to format-independent adaptation engines for scalable bit-streams. A fully format-independent engine contains a decision-taking module operating in a media-type and context independent manner, cascaded with a bit-stream adaptation module that models the bit-stream adaptation process as an XML transformation operating on a high-level syntax description of the bit-stream, with parameters derived from decisions taken. In this paper, we describe the DIA descriptions and underlying mechanisms that enable such fully format-independent scalable bit-stream adaptation. Further, a new model-based, compact and lightweight transformation language for scalable bit-streams is described for use in the bit-stream adaptation module. Fully format-independent adaptation mechanisms lead to universal adaptation engines that substantially reduce adoption costs for new media types and formats because the same delivery and adaptation infrastructure can be used for different types of scalable media, including proprietary and encrypted content.
Measurement of pentose phosphate-pathway activity in a single incubation with [1,6-13C2,6,6-2H2]glucose (1994)

The isotopically substituted molecule D-[1,6-13C2,6,6-2H2]glucose is introduced for measuring the relative activities of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and glycolysis in a single incubation. PPP activity in cultured cells was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of lactate produced by cells incubated with [1,6-13C2,6,6-2H2]glucose. Two other isotopes, [1,5,6-13C3]glucose and [6-13C,1,6,6-2H3]glucose, were not satisfactory for measurements of this activity. This method has four advantages over the traditional one in which 14CO2 production from [1-14C]glucose and [6-14C]glucose is compared: (1) repeated measurements can be made on a single set of cells, (2) only a single incubation is required, (3) extensive CO2 production by Krebs-cycle activity does not interfere with the measurements and (4) it is not necessary to measure the amount of glucose consumed in order to calculate relative activities of the PPP and glycolysis. Preliminary observation indicates that rat brain PPP activity may be measured in vivo with [1,6-13C2,6,6-2H2]glucose when combined with microdialysis techniques.
Robust estimation of signal and interference power in rayleigh fading channels (2006)

This paper deals with the problem of signal and interference power estimation in communication over wireless fading channels. In this work, a new class of estimators for joint estimation of signal and Gaussian interference variance is proposed. Our study includes developing a unified framework that covers the design and performance analysis of the estimators. The estimators addressed in this paper, namely maximum likelihood, minimum variance unbiased, best linear unbiased and sub-space estimators, require knowledge of eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the channel autocorrelation matrix. To relax this requirement, a tracking mechanism for least-squares estimation of the channel eigen-space is devised. Several aspects of the statistical characteristics of the resulting estimators are presented. As a salient feature, the proposed methods are suitably applicable to estimation of signal and interference power in wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) used in third generation (3G) mobile wireless communication systems
In situ tuning of a MEMS microphone using electrodeposited nanostructures (2009)

This paper presents a new method for in situ tuning of acoustic sensitivity in micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) microphones using silver metallic nano-electrodeposits. The nano-electrodeposits are electrochemically formed using an external dc bias under low power and at room temperature on an Ag-doped Ge 30 Se 70 solid electrolyte film integrated with the microphone diaphragm. The growth/retraction mechanism generates mass/stress redistribution on the diaphragm and this effect is used to manipulate microphone sensitivity to incoming acoustic waves. Acoustic measurements with a reference microspeaker demonstrate that the microphone can achieve a tuning range of 0.6 dB (7.2%). This technique is useful for a variety of microdevice applications, including sensitivity matching for directional microphones (e.g., in hearing aids), post-package trimming and resonant frequency tuning.
Viterbi detector architecture for high speed optical storage (2002)

We describe the architecture of a Viterbi detector in a partial response maximum likelihood (PRML) system of high speed optical storage. In the high speed optical system (CDROM 30/spl times/ or DVD ROM/RAM 4.5/spl times/), the analog signal from an optical pick-up is far from an ideal response. We have regarded it as an intersymbol interference (ISI) and solve this problem with the PRML system including a Viterbi detector. Eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM) and EFM+ code used in the DVD or CDROM, have a run length limited (RLL) characteristic, and its trellis diagram is different from the ordinary one. Several states and branches can be deleted. The Viterbi detector is designed for a 5 bit A/D converter up to a 120 MHz clock speed. A register exchange structure and a special overflow control logic are used for a high speed continuous input data stream.
Interband cascade lasers emitting at 4.6–6.1 µm (2016)

We report interband cascade lasers exhibiting improved performance in the λ = 4.6–6.1 µm spectral range. For pulsed operation at 300 K, the threshold current density of a broad area device emitting at λ ≈ 4.8 µm is 220 A/cm2, while its external differential quantum efficiency per stage is 33%.
The lipopolysaccharide (<i>R</i> type) as a common antigen of <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>. II. Use of hen antiserum to gonococcal lipopolysaccharide in a rapid slide test for the identification of <i>N</i>. <i>gonorrhoeae</i> from primary isolates and secondary cultures (1978)

An antiserum has been prepared in hens to R-type gonococcal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and used in a simple slide-agglutination test for the identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Anti-LPS serum agglutinated gonococcal cells representative of the four colony types of N. gonorrhoeae. Absorption of the antiserum with LPS removed the agglutinating activity. Secondary cultures (1120) were tested without observation of the colony type and all were agglutinated. No agglutination occurred with strains of Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria lactamica, non-pathogenic Neisseria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Branhamella catarrhalis, or with species of lactobacilli and Acinetobacter. Cross-reactivity of the antiserum occurred with some streptococci. The anti-LPS serum was used to identify N. gonorrhoeae in primary isolates from the cervix, urethra, and pharynx. Of 251 gonococcal isolates tested, 249 were agglutinated by the antiserum, while all of the corresponding second cultures were agglutinated. The antiserum did not agglutinate N. meningitidis found in primary isolates from pharyngeal specimens. Anti-LPS hen serum should be useful for the rapid identification of N. gonorrhoeae in primary isolates or secondary cultures.
A two-continuous-phase sulphur–asphalt composite—development and characterization (1979)

A two-continuous-phase sulfur–asphalt composite was developed for use as a road repair material. Two methods to obtain a continuous sulfur phase in a continuous asphalt phase are described. Scanning electron microscopy and mercury porosimetry technique provided evidence for a continuous sulfur phase. Mechanical properties—determined from hardness, uniaxial tension, and fracture energy measurements—of the two-continuous-phase sulfur–asphalt composite were studied at 22 and −31 °C. Mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced (up to 2% by volume of dacron fibers) sulfur–asphalt composites were also studied.
Flight Awareness Collaboration Tool Quick Start Guide (2019)

The Flight Awareness Collaboration Tool (FACT) is a web-based software tool that provides important information about winter weather operations to airline dispatchers and airport personnel. This document provides instructions on how to operate FACT. It reviews FACT goals, features, functions, controls, and data displays. The manual uses text and screen shots of the screens to guide new users on how to access FACT features. This manual is required for FACT distribution to airlines and airports and is needed as part of the NASA patent process.
High negative tunneling magnetoresistance in magnetic tunnel junctions with a ferrimagnetic CoFe–Gd electrode and a CoFe interface layer (2006)

Ferrimagnetic rare earth-transition metal alloys can display negatively spin polarized current and thus give rise to negative tunneling magnetoresistance in magnetic tunnel junctions. We show that a thin (∼15Å) ferromagnetic transition metal interlayer at the tunnel barrier interface can greatly enhance the negative magnetoresistance. By adjusting the relative thicknesses of the ferrimagnetic and ferromagnetic layers the coercivity can be varied by more than a hundredfold. The interface layer also significantly increases the temperature at which the device undergoes electrical breakdown.
Polymer‐Supported Triacetoxyborohydride: A Novel Reagent of Choice for Reductive Amination. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Optimization of Looped Airfoil Wind Turbine (LAWT™) Design Parameters for Maximum Power Generation (2016)

The looped airfoil wind turbine (LAWT™) is a patented new technology by EverLift Wind Tecnology, Inc. for generating power from wind. It takes advantage of the superior lift force of a linearly traveling wing compared to the rotating blades in conventional wind turbine configurations. Compared to horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines, the LAWT™ can be manufactured with minimal cost because it does not require complex gear systems and its blades have a constant profile along their length [1]. These considerations make the LAWT™ economically attractive for small-scale and decentralized power generation in rural areas. Each LAWT™ is estimated to generate power in the range of 10 kW to 1 MW. Due to various advantages, it is meaningful to determine the maximum power generation of a LAWT™ by optimizing the structural layout. In this study, CFD simulations were conducted using ANSYS Fluent to determine the total lift and drag coefficient for a cascade of airfoils. The k-kl-ω turbulence model was used to account for flow in the laminar-turbulent transition region. Given the lift and drag coefficients and the kinematics of the system, an analytical formula for the power generation of the LAWT™ was developed. General formulas were obtained for the average lift and drag coefficients so that the total power could be predicted for any number of airfoils in LAWT™. The spacing between airfoils was identified as the key design parameter that affected the power generation of the LAWT™. The results show that a marked increase in total power can be achieved if the optimum spacing between the airfoils is used.
A frequency demodulation approach to induction motor speed detection (2010)

Rotor slot harmonics are found in the stator current waveforms for most squirrel-cage induction motors. These harmonics are caused by the finite number of rotor slots in a motor, and their frequencies are inherently correlated with the motor's rotational speed. A frequency demodulation approach is proposed in this paper to continuously and accurately track the rotational speed for grid-connected induction motors during either dynamic or steady-state motor operations. First, a complex current vector is synthesized from polyphase electrical current measurements. Second, a local oscillator and mixer are cascaded with a digital filter to heterodyne a specific rotor slot harmonic and suppress adjacent interferences. A finite impulse response differentiator is then employed as a frequency demodulator to approximate the time derivative of the phase of this specific rotor slot harmonic, and resolves its instantaneous frequency. Finally the induction motor speed is calculated from this resolved instantaneous rotor slot harmonic frequency. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is capable of interleaving data acquisition with real-time computation, iteratively estimating motor speed on a sample-by-sample basis.