gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tunable Self‐Assembly of Triazole‐Linked Porphyrin–Polymer Conjugates (2013)

The convergence of supramolecular chemistry and polymer science offers many powerful approaches for building functional nanostructures with well-defined dynamic behaviour. Herein we report the efficient "click" synthesis and self-assembly of AB2 - and AB4 -type multitopic porphyrin-polymer conjugates (PPCs). PPCs were prepared using the copper(I)-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction, and consisted of linear polystyrene, poly(butyl acrylate), or poly(tert-butyl acrylate) arms attached to a zinc(II) porphyrin core via triazole linkages. We exploit the presence of the triazole groups obtained from CuAAC coupling to direct the self-assembly of the PPCs into short oligomers (2-6 units in length) via intermolecular porphyrinatozinc-triazole coordination. By altering the length and grafting density of the polymer arms, we demonstrate that the association constant of the porphyrinatozinc-triazole complex can be systematically tuned over two orders of magnitude. Self-assembly of the PPCs also resulted in a 6 K increase in the glass transition temperature of the bulk material compared to a non-assembling PPC. The modular synthesis and tunable self-assembly of the triazole-linked PPCs thus represents a powerful supramolecular platform for building functional nanostructured materials.
Identifying User Experience Dimensions for Mobile Incident Reporting in Urban Contexts (2013)

Research problem: Despite the increasing interests raised by incident reporting systems, it is still unclear what dimensions of user experience (UX) and other contextual factors should be taken into account for the various stages of declaring an incident using mobile-phone applications. Research questions: How do citizens perceive and describe urban incidents? What UX dimensions are important for reporting an incident with a mobile-phone application? What other (contextual) factors are important from the users' point of view when declaring incidents? Which of the UX dimensions and contextual factors are important when in the various phases during an incident declaration? Literature review: Overall, there is a lack of empirical research in the domain of incident reporting. In general, the UX dimensions-visual and aesthetic experience, emotion, stimulation, identification, meaning and value, and social relatedness/coexperience-are important when designing interactive systems. It also shows that incidents are related to the citizen's perception of the environment. Methodology: A triangulated method approach combining interviews, a survey of existing systems, and a model-based task analysis were applied. This allows us to present a generic task model for incident reporting with a detailed description of UX dimensions affected in the various subtasks. Results and conclusions: Our findings point out the effect of UX dimensions in the task engaged by users when reporting urban citizens. The overall UX is directly influenced by the perceived level of severity, inconvenience and involvement, the personal context, and the technological mobile context. We have found that while several UX dimensions are highly relevant, they are not equally distributed along the several subtasks that citizens engage when reporting incidents. This study shows that semistructured requirement interviews can provide information about UX dimensions and it highlights the importance of the identification of UX dimensions in early phases of the development process.
Detection of Measles Virus RNA in Air and Surface Specimens in a Hospital Setting (2015)

Measles virus (MeV) is known to be highly contagious, with an infectious period lasting from 4 days before to 4 days after rash onset. An unvaccinated, young, female patient with measles confirmed by direct epidemiologic link was hospitalized on day 5 after rash onset. Environmental samples were collected over the 4-day period of hospitalization in a single room. MeV RNA was detectable in air specimens, on surface specimens, and on respirators on days 5-8 after rash onset. This is the first report of environmental surveillance for MeV, and the results suggest that MeV-infected fomites may be present in healthcare settings.
An Optical Alignment Robot System (1987)

We have designed and built a robot system for the automated alignment of optical fibers. A generalized alignment problem consists of a photodetector and electro-optical circuitry contained in a package. This is a difficult task that requires very high precision (1gm) translational movement with little backlash, and high speed manipulation (> 5 mm/sec). The robot system has closed-loop computer control and intelligent feedback to allow active alignment of the system, i.e., the optical components need to be manipulated while monitoring the output of the optical system. High-precision adjustments are needed in three dimensions, with sub-micron step increments. The robot system consists of an xy stage and an x-y-z translation stage, with closed-loop feedback control. As the optical fiber is inserted into the package, the optical fiber comes in close proximity to the photodetector. The alignment of the optical fiber to the photodetector occurs by a device which grasps the optical fiber. The fiber is translated in three dimensions within the package. The optical power coupled into the fiber serves as the control signal. Optimum alignment time can be achieved in < 10 s despite the complications caused by localized minima, with -40 dB of peak coupling power. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the general problem of precision alignment.
An overview of JAK/STAT pathways and JAK inhibition in alopecia areata (2022)

Alopecia Areata (AA) is a common autoimmune disease characterized by non-scarring hair loss ranging from patches on the scalp to complete hair loss involving the entire body. Disease onset is hypothesized to follow the collapse of immune privilege of the hair follicle, which results in an increase in self-peptide/MHC expression along the follicular epithelium. Hair loss is associated with infiltration of the hair follicle with putatively self-reactive T cells. This process is thought to skew the hair follicle microenvironment away from a typically homeostatic immune state towards one of active inflammation. This imbalance is mediated in part by the dominating presence of specific cytokines. While interferon-γ (IFNγ) has been identified as the key player in AA pathogenesis, many other cytokines have also been shown to play pivotal roles. Mechanistic studies in animal models have highlighted the contribution of common gamma chain (γ<sub>c</sub>) cytokines such as IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 in augmenting disease. IFNγ and γ<sub>c</sub> cytokines signal through pathways involving receptor activation of Janus kinases (JAKs) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). Based on these findings, JAK/STAT pathways have been targeted for the purposes of therapeutic intervention in the clinical setting. Case reports and series have described use of small molecule JAK inhibitors leading to hair regrowth among AA patients. Furthermore, emerging clinical trial results show great promise and position JAK inhibitors as a treatment strategy for patients with severe or recalcitrant disease. Demonstrated efficacy from large-scale clinical trials of the JAK inhibitor baricitinib led to the first-in-disease FDA-approved treatment for AA in June of 2022. This review aims to highlight the JAK/STAT signaling pathways of various cytokines involved in AA and how targeting those pathways may impact disease outcomes in both laboratory and clinical settings.
Osteocalcin expression in primary bone tumors: in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical study (1995)

Osteocalcin is one of the most abundant noncollagenous proteins found in adult bone. It is a highly conserved gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein that is believed to be produced exclusively by osteoblasts. In this study, intracellular and extracellular localization of osteocalcin in osteosarcoma was examined with anti-osteocalcin antibody and in situ hybridization using a synthetic oligonucleotide. Immunohistochemically, osteoblastic osteosarcomas were all positive for osteocalcin. The chondroblastic osteosarcomas were positive on the neoplastic chondrocytes. The five fibroblastic osteosarcomas out of seven were positive for osteocalcin immunostaining over the neoplastic spindle cells. Five cases of osteoblastic osteosarcomas out of seven were positive for osteocalcin in situ hybridization. Two cases of chondroblastic osteosarcomas and three cases of fibroblastic osteosarcomas were positive for in situ demonstration of osteocalcin. The malignant tumor giant cells were positive for osteocalcin immunostaining 83%. They were also positive for in situ hybridization. The benign giant cells in five giant cell tumors and five aneurysmal bone cysts were negative for osteocalcin immunostaining. The benign giant cells in three chondroblastoma and three Paget's disease were positive for osteocalcin. In this study, the osteocalcin in situ hybridization and immunostaining has very important meaning for making differential diagnoses of, especially giant cell rich bone forming tumors.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(vinyl amine)‐based amphiphilic comb‐like dextran glycopolymers by a two‐step method (2005)

Abstract Poly(vinyl amine) (PVAm)‐based amphiphilic glycopolymers were synthesized by a two‐step method, that is dextran molecules (Dex, M w = 1500) were attached to the PVAm backbone by reacting amine groups with dextran lactone, and then, hexanoyl groups (Hex) were attached by reacting the PVAm free amine groups with N ‐(hexanoyloxy)succinimide. By adjustment of the feed ratios of Dex/Hex, amphiphilic comb‐like glycopolymers with various hydrophilic and hydrophobic balances were prepared, and their structures were characterized by 1 H NMR. Surface activity of the amphiphilic glycopolymers at the air/water interface was demonstrated by reduction in water surface tension. Adsorption of the amphiphilic glycopolymers at the solid/water interface was examined on octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)‐coated coverslips by water contact angle measurements. The results show that the amphiphilic glycopolymers need about 20 mol % of dextran attachment to make an effective hydrophilic coating. In comparison with the one‐step reaction by addition of dextran lactone and alkyl succinimide simultaneously, the two‐step approach can attach Dex on PVAm as high as possible in the first step, and offers quantitative advantages in controlling the ratio of hydrophilic and hydrophobic chains along the PVAm backbone, resulting in increased water solubility for the final amphiphilic glycopolymers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 192–199, 2006
Enzymatic interesterification of blends of castor oil and some oils rich in saturated fatty acids (1999)

Interesterification of castor oil blended with some oils rich in saturated fatty acids was done with the help of 1,3-specific lipase from Mucor miehei in order to alter its viscosity characteristics and adhesion properties by the introduction of saturated fatty acid molecules. The interesterification was done by an oil blend ratio of 50 : 50. 10% enzyme were used. Temperature was kept at 60 °C under 2—5 mm Hg pressure with constant stirring, and the reactions were carried out for 6 h. The products were filtered to remove the enzyme and then analyzed for slip point, specific gravity, and kinematic viscosity. The slip point of the interesterified products was found to be much lower than the parent blend and was in the range of 15—25 °C. Specific gravity and iodine value of the products were in comparison with the theoretical ones. A very large depression in kinematic viscosity was found with every interesterified product from original castor oil and also from the blends at three different temperatures. Enzymatische Umesterung von Castorölgemischen und einigen Ölen reich an gesättigten Fettsäuren.Die Umesterung von Castoröl, das mit Ölen reich an gesättigten Fettsäuren gemischt wurde, geschah mit Hilfe der 1,3-spezifischen Lipase von Mucor miehei, um die Eigenschaften bezüglich Viskosität und Adhäsion durch die Einführung von gesättigten Fettsäuremolekülen zu ändern. Die Umesterung wurde durch ein Mischungsvehäln des Öls von 50:50 erreicht. Es wurde zehnprozentigs Enzym verwendet. Die Temperatur wurde bei 60 °C und einem Druck von 2— 5 mm Hg unter kontinuierlichem Rühren gehalten, und die Reaktionen wurden über sechs Stunden ausgeführt. Die Produkte wurden gefiltert, um das Enzym zu entfernen und dann analysiert im Hinblick auf Fließschmelzpunkt, spezifische Schwerkraft und kinematische Viskosität. Es stellte sich heraus, daß der Fließschmelzpunkt der umgeesterten Produkte viel niedriger lag als bei der ursprünglichen Mischung und im Bereich zwischen 15 und 25 °C lag. Spezifische Gravitation und Iodidwerte der Produkte waren vergleichbar mit den theoretischen Angaben. Ein sehr großer Rückgang der kinematischen Viskosität wurde bei jedem umgeesterten Produkt aus reinem Castoröl und aus den Gemischen bei drei verschiedenen Temperaturen gefunden.
Review and comparison of temporal- and spatial-phase shift speckle pattern interferometry for 3D deformation measurement (2013)

High accuracy full field three dimensional (3D) deformation measurements have always been an essential problem for the manufacturing, instrument, and aerospace industry. 3D deformations, which can be translated further into 3D strain and stress, are the key parameter for design, manufacturing and quality control. Due to the fast development of the manufacturing industry, especially in the automobile and airspace industry, rapid design and optimization concepts have already widely accepted. These concepts all require the support of rapid, high sensitive and accuracy 3D deformation measurement. Advanced optical methods are gaining widely acceptance for deformation and stain measurement by industry due to the advantages of non-contact, full-field and high measurement sensitivity. Of these methods, Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) is the most sensitive and accurate method for 3D deformation measurement in micro and sub micro-level. ESPI measures deformation by evaluating the phase difference of two recorded speckle interferograms under different loading conditions. Combined with a phase shift technique, ESPI systems can measure the 3D deformation with dozens of nanometer level sensitivity. Cataloged by phase calculation methods, ESPI systems can be divided into temporal phase shift ESPI systems and spatial phase shift ESPI system. This article provides a review and a comparison of temporal and spatial phase shift speckle pattern interferometry for 3D deformation measurement. After an overview of the fundamentals of ESPI theory, temporal phase-shift and spatial phase-shift techniques, 3D deformation measurements by the temporal phase-shift ESPI which is suited well for static measurement and by the spatial phase-shift ESPI which is particularly useful for dynamic measurement will be discussed in detail. Basic theory, brief derivation and different optical layouts for the two systems will be presented. The potentials and limitations of the both ESPI systems will be demonstrated by examples of precise and simultaneous measurement of 3D deformations under either static or dynamic loadings.
Naturally Occurring Hybrids Between Sugarbeet and Beta Macrocarpa in the Imperial Valley of California (1975)

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Comparative Therapeutic Effects of Velaglucerase Alfa and Imiglucerase in a Gaucher Disease Mouse Model (2010)

Gaucher disease type 1 is caused by the defective activity of the lysosomal enzyme, acid beta-glucosidase (GCase). Regular infusions of purified recombinant GCase are the standard of care for reversing hematologic, hepatic, splenic, and bony manifestations. Here, similar in vitro enzymatic properties, and in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) and therapeutic efficacy of GCase were found with two human GCases, recombinant GCase (CHO cell, imiglucerase, Imig) and gene-activated GCase (human fibrosarcoma cells, velaglucerase alfa, Vela), in a Gaucher mouse, D409V/null. About 80+% of either enzyme localized to the liver interstitial cells and <5% was recovered in spleens and lungs after bolus i.v. injections. Glucosylceramide (GC) levels and storage cell numbers were reduced in a dose (5, 15 or 60 U/kg/wk) dependent manner in livers (60-95%) and in spleens ( approximately 10-30%). Compared to Vela, Imig (60 U/kg/wk) had lesser effects at reducing hepatic GC (p = 0.0199) by 4 wks; this difference disappeared by 8 wks when nearly WT levels were achieved by Imig. Anti-GCase IgG was detected in GCase treated mice at 60 U/kg/wk, and IgE mediated acute hypersensitivity and death occurred after several injections of 60 U/kg/wk (21% with Vela and 34% with Imig). The responses of GC levels and storage cell numbers in Vela- and Imig-treated Gaucher mice at various doses provide a backdrop for clinical applications and decisions.
Fluid Retention over the Menstrual Cycle: 1-Year Data from the Prospective Ovulation Cohort (2011)

We report menstrual and mid-cycle patterns of self-reported "fluid retention" in 765 menstrual cycles in 62 healthy women. Self-reported "fluid retention," commonly described as bloating, is one element of the clinical assessment and diagnosis of premenstrual symptoms. These daily diary data were collected as part of an observational prospective one-year study of bone changes in healthy women of differing exercise characteristics. Ovulation was documented by quantitative basal temperature analysis, and serum estradiol and progesterone levels were available from initial and final cycles. Fluid retention scores (on a 0-4 scale) peaked on the first day of menstrual flow (mean ± SE : 0.9 ± 0.1), were lowest during the mid-follicular period, and gradually increased from 0.22 ± 0.05 to 0.50 ± 0.09 over the 11 days surrounding ovulation. Mid-cycle, but not premenstrual, fluid scores tended to be lower in anovulatory cycles (ANOVA P = 0.065), and scores were higher around menstruation than at midcycle (P < 0.0001). Neither estradiol nor progesterone levels were significantly associated with fluid retention scores. The peak day of average fluid retention was the first day of flow. There were no significant differences in women's self-perceived fluid retention between ovulatory and anovulatory cycles.
Multiresolution edge detection (2003)

The neural network implementation of some commonly used edge detectors is reviewed and compared. Edge detection is scale-dependent. Edges are visible only over a range of scales. Multiple scale analysis of the input image is required to have a complete description of the edges. The authors propose a compact pyramidal multi-level neural net architecture for image representation at multiple spatial scales. Lateral weighted links within a level compute edge localization and intensity gradient. Feedback between successive levels is used to reinforce and refine the position of true edges.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Frequent loss of RUNX3 gene expression in remnant stomach cancer and adjacent mucosa with special reference to topography (2005)

Our previous studies suggest that a lack of RUNX3 function is causally related to the genesis and progression of human gastric cancer. This study was conducted to determine whether alteration of RUNX3 gene expression could be detected in the normal-looking gastric remnant mucosa, and to ascertain any difference in the potential of gastric carcinogenesis between the anastomotic site and other areas in the remnant stomach after distal gastrectomy for peptic ulcer (RB group) or gastric cancer (RM group), by analysing RUNX3 expression with special reference to topography. A total of 89 patients underwent distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer from the intact stomach (GCI group) and 58 patients underwent resection of the remnant stomach for gastric cancer (RB group: 34 cases, RM group: 24 cases). We detected RUNX3 and gene promoter methylation by in situ hybridisation, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and methylation-specific PCR. The interval between the initial surgery and surgery for remnant gastric cancer (interval time) was 10.4 years in the RM group, and 27.5 years in the RB group. Cancers in the RB group were significantly more predominant in the anastomosis area (P<0.05). Within the tumour, downregulation of RUNX3 expression ranged from 74.7 to 85.7% in the three groups. The rate of downregulation of RUNX3 of adjacent mucosa was 39.2% (11 in 28 cases) in RB and 47.6% (10 in 21 cases) in RM, which are significantly higher than that of the GCI group (19.5%, 17 in 87 cases). In noncancerous mucosa of the remnant stomach in the RB group, RUNX3 expression decreased more near the anastomosis area. In the RM group, however, there were no significant differences in RUNX3 expression by sampling location. Based on RUNX3 downregulation and clinical features, residual stomach mucosa of the RM group would have a higher potential of gastric carcinogenesis compared to the RB or GCI group. Gastric stump mucosa of the RB group has higher potential especially than other areas of residual stomach mucosa. Measurement of RUNX3 expression and detection of RUNX3 methylation in remnant gastric mucosa may estimate the forward risk of carcinogenesis in the remnant stomach.
Identification of early biomarkers of inflammation produced by keratinocytes exposed to jet fuels jet A, JP-8, and JP-8(100) (2000)

The purpose of this study was to identify biomarkers of inflammation in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) exposed to three jet fuel mixtures, Jet A, JP8, and JP8(100). NHEK were treated over 24 hours with 0.1% jet fuels, and mRNA production and protein release of two proinflammatory cytokines, IL-8 and TNF-alpha, were determined. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), NHEK were found to release both TNF-alpha and IL-8 in response to exposure to all three jet fuels. IL-8 release was noted within 8 hours and continued to rise through 24 hours compared to controls. Maximal levels of TNF-alpha release were seen at 4 hours and decreased in a time-dependent manner, although these levels remained above control levels at all time points assayed. mRNA for IL-8 was elevated 4 hours following exposure to the fuels, which was detected via a quantitative competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). mRNA for TNF-alpha was detected at all time points assayed but was not quantified. These results demonstrate that jet fuels induce the production and release of proinflammatory cytokines in NHEK and thus create the potential for chronic inflammation, which may contribute to the development or progression of disease states in the skin.