gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Genetic Alphabet Expansion Provides Versatile Specificities and Activities of Unnatural-Base DNA Aptamers Targeting Cancer Cells (2018)

The potential of genetic alphabet expansion technologies using artificial extra base pairs (unnatural base pairs) has been rapidly expanding and increasing. We present that the hydrophobic unnatural base, 7-(2-thienyl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (Ds), which acts as a fifth letter in a DNA library, provides a series of high-affinity DNA aptamers with versatile binding specificities and activities to cancer cells. These Ds-containing DNA aptamers were generated by a method called cell-ExSELEX to target three breast cancer cell lines: MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and T-47D. Aptamer 14A-MCF7, which targets MCF7 cells, specifically binds to MCF7 cells, but not other cancer cell lines. Aptamer 07-MB231, which targets MDA-MB-231 cells, binds to a series of metastatic bone and lung cancer cell lines. Aptamer 05-MB231 targets MDA-MB-231 cells, but it also binds to all of the cancer and leukemia cell lines that we examined. None of these aptamers bind to normal cell lines, such as MCF10A and HUVEC. In addition, aptamers 14A-MCF7 and 05-MB231 are internalized within the cancer cells, and aptamer 05-MB231 possesses anti-proliferative properties against most cancer cell lines that we examined. These aptamers and the generation method are broadly applicable to cancer cell imaging, biomarker discovery, cancer cell profiling, anti-cancer therapies, and drug delivery systems.
3D Surface Rendered MR Images of the Brain and its Vasculature (1991)

Both time-of-flight and phase contrast magnetic resonance angiography images are combined with stationary tissue images to provide data depicting two contrast relationships yielding intrinsic discrimination of brain matter and flowing blood. A computer analysis is based on nearest neighbor segmentation and the connection between anatomical structures to partition the images into different tissue categories: from which, high resolution brain parenchymal and vascular surfaces are constructed and rendered in juxtaposition, aiding in surgical planning.
Design of a mechanism for biaxial rotation of a wing for a hovering vehicle (2006)

This paper presents a novel mechanism to actuate the wings of a hovering micro air vehicle (MAV). The mechanism uses a single actuator, but each wing can rotate about two orthogonal axes. The goal of this work is to design a light-weight compact mechanism that flaps the wings, inspired from the wing motion of hummingbird and hovering insects, to generate enough lift for the vehicle to hover. This paper explains in detail the proposed mechanism and its working prototypes. Also, the paper presents a dynamic simulation of the mechanism. The proposed dynamic simulation is used to predict the theoretical lift of the ornithopter. Further, the theoretical model is supported by actual experimental data collected from the prototype. The experimental data shows that the vehicle has the potential to develop enough lift to hover.
Implementation of active queue management in a combined input and output queued switch (2004)

This paper investigates the implementation of a class of active queue management algorithm (AQM) whose measure of congestion includes packet arrival rate, such as REM and GREEN, in a combined input and output queued (CIOQ) switch. We propose a structure with one AQM per output port and we analyze the constraints on the switch fabric speed that this imposes. A two queue model of a CIOQ switch is developed and simulated to validate our design and compare its performance with a tail-drop queue switch.
Silicon nitride enhances osteoprogenitor cell growth and differentiation via increased surface energy and formation of amide and nanocrystalline HA for craniofacial reconstruction (2019)

The bioactive silicon nitride (Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) has been FDA cleared for use as spinal intervertebral arthrodesis devices. Because its surface properties promote bone ongrowth and ingrowth, it also has the potential to benefit craniofacial reconstruction. Thus, the aim of this work was to determine whether the surface properties of Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> could enhance the osteoblast cell growth, differentiation and nucleation of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals compared to conventional implant materials such as titanium (Ti) and polyether ether ketone (PEEK). X-ray absorbance near-edge structure analysis (XANES) indicated the presence of Si-Si, Si-O and Si-N bonding. Surface wettability studies confirmed that Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> exhibits the lowest contact angle and highest surface energy. Cell culture studies showed that osteoblast growth was enhanced on Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> after 1 day and up to 7 days. Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> surface induced highest surface coverage and thickness of nanocrystalline HA (211) and (203) in cell-free in vitro studies after 7 days of culture. Raman spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of surface functional groups consisting of phosphate and carbonate species. Interestingly, Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> surface showed amide and hydroxyproline groups, the precursors to collagen, which were not observed on Ti and PEEK surfaces. Furthermore, Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> surface indicated high expression of RUNX2, enhanced cell differentiation and dense collagenous ECM after 30 days of the in vitro study. The present study concluded that Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> surface enhances osteoprogenitor cell adhesion, growth, RUNX2 expression and ECM formation via the coupled effects of higher surface energy and the presence of amide and nanocrystalline HA functional groups.
Vertically aligned BaTiO<sub>3</sub>nanowire arrays for energy harvesting (2013)

Nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS) developed using piezoelectric nanowires (NWs) have gained immense interest in energy harvesting applications as they are able to convert several different forms of mechanical energy sources into electric power and thereby function as reliable power sources for ultra-low power wireless electronics. In this work, a piezoelectric NEMS vibrational energy harvester is fabricated through the development of a synthesis process for vertically aligned barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanowire (NW) arrays directly on a conductive substrate. These poled ferroelectric NW arrays are characterized through direct vibration excitation and demonstrated to provide efficient harvesting of mechanical vibrational energy producing an average power density of ∼6.27 μW cm−3 from 1g acceleration. In order to substantiate the superior energy harvesting performance of the newly developed BaTiO3 NW arrays, a direct comparison is made with conventional ZnO NW arrays. Here, we clearly report that the ferroelectric BaTiO3 NW NEMS energy harvester has ∼16 times greater power density than the ZnO NW NEMS energy harvester from the same acceleration input.
NO.sub.x reduction method (1996)

A method of reducing oxides of nitrogen (NO.sub.X) in the exhaust of an internal combustion engine includes producing oxygen enriched air and nitrogen enriched air by an oxygen enrichment device. The oxygen enriched air may be provided to the intake of the internal combustion engine for mixing with fuel. In order to reduce the amount of NO.sub.X in the exhaust of the internal combustion engine, the molecular nitrogen in the nitrogen enriched air produced by the oxygen enrichment device is subjected to a corona or arc discharge so as to create a plasma and as a result, atomic nitrogen. The resulting atomic nitrogen then is injected into the exhaust of the internal combustion engine causing the oxides of nitrogen in the exhaust to be reduced into nitrogen and oxygen. In one embodiment of the present invention, the oxygen enrichment device that produces both the oxygen and nitrogen enriched air can include a selectively permeable membrane.
The Global Positioning System Geodesy Odyssey (2002)

ABSTRACT: Fundamental to GPS operation and application are the computational developments that have led to accurate user positioning. This paper reviews some of these developments from a historical perspective. The developmental odyssey begins with the events leading to initial GPS operation. Early developments in satellite geodesy, which led to the development of the GPS constellation, are briefly reviewed. A chronology of the incremental improvements in satellite orbit determination is presented. Contributions basic to GPS operation and accuracy, including coordinate frame definition and software development for user absolute and differential/kinematic positioning, are reviewed. Applications are also discussed, including surveying and mapping, geodynamics, and spaceborne geodesy, which have motivated the most stringent accuracy requirements for GPS. The paper ends with a discussion of expected future geodetic capabilities and then a summary of the impact of GPS geodesy contributions on the user community.
Characterization of the herpesvirus saimiri ORF73 gene product (2000)

The herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) gene product encoded by ORF73 shares a limited homology with the ORF73 encoded protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). It has recently been shown that the KSHV ORF73 protein is expressed during a latent infection and co-localizes with host cell chromosomes, suggesting that it plays a role in episomal maintenance by tethering viral genomes to host cell chromosomes. At present the role of the HVS ORF73 gene product is unknown. However, the expression of HVS ORF73 in a stably transduced human carcinoma cell line, where the HVS genome persists as a non-integrated circular episome, has recently been shown. In this report, the characterization of the HVS ORF73 protein and the mapping of its functional domains are described. The results suggest that the HVS ORF73 gene encodes a 64 kDa nuclear protein. Moreover, the amino terminus contains two functional nuclear localization signals, whereas the carboxy terminus is required for the distinctive speckled nuclear distribution pattern as observed with both the HVS and KSHV ORF73 proteins.
Single-stage, single-switch input-current-shaping technique with reduced switching loss (1999)

In this paper, a new single-stage, single-switch input-current-shaping (S/sup 4/ICS) technique which features substantially reduced turn-on switching loss of the switch in a S/sup 4/ICS flyback topology is described. In the proposed technique, the turn-on switching loss due to the discharging of the output capacitance of the switch is reduced by turning on the switch when its voltage is minimum. To achieve the turn-on loss reduction for a wide range of line and load conditions, the flyback transformer is continuously operated at the boundary of the continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) by employing a variable-frequency control. The performance of the new S/sup 4/ICS flyback technique was evaluated on a 70-W (20-V/3.5-A) experimental prototype.
Low-cost manufacturing strategy for miniature packaging (2002)

The common view is that as packages decrease in size, as with chip scale packages (CSPs), the cost becomes a major impediment to implementation for high volume production. However, cost is only one aspect. In some cases, even though the cost is higher than standard equivalent surface mount packages, CSPs are still used due to the benefits obtained from miniaturization. Furthermore, current market trends show that CSP costs are falling rapidly, at least with the high volume memory products. In the longer term, the adoption of CSPs will match with the ability of the PCB infrastructure to supply cost-effective substrates. This paper discusses a manufacturing approach for CSPs to produce lower overall cost-of-ownership. The strategy centers on an organic substrate-based CSP that simplifies the back end manufacturing flow, from chip attach to wire bonding to molding through testing and singulation. Devices are attached to the strip-like substrate with designs routed out into a matrix format. This design allows the various assembly operations to be performed on existing equipment tailored previously for leadframe-based packages rather than with dedicated (and expensive) tools. Hence, more flexibility can be obtained from the assembly facilities, which are already equipped with standard equipment, boosting at the same time the machines utilization efficiency. The concept has been demonstrated for 8-lead devices and below. It has been extended to 16-, 20-, 24-, 28-, 48-, 64-, and 100-lead devices, with higher pin counts under development.
SILENCING OF APPLE PROTEINS THAT INTERACT WITH DSPE, A PATHOGENICITY EFFECTOR FROM ERWINIA AMYLOVORA, AS A STRATEGY TO INCREASE RESISTANCE TO FIRE BLIGHT (2004)

ISHS XI Eucarpia Symposium on Fruit Breeding and Genetics SILENCING OF APPLE PROTEINS THAT INTERACT WITH DSPE, A PATHOGENICITY EFFECTOR FROM ERWINIA AMYLOVORA, AS A STRATEGY TO INCREASE RESISTANCE TO FIRE BLIGHT
Transverse ring RF line for CO/sub 2/ laser (1987)

A gas filled waveguide laser tube is described for use in a Fabry-Perot cavity to generate electromagnetic radiation (EMR) within a far-infrared band of wavelengths, comprising: an elongated tube of dielectric material having a cross-section necessary to achieve a desired moding or polarization, the tube being characterized by low loss propagation of high frequency EMR; a pair of end caps hermetically sealing the ends of the tube, the caps being transparent to the far-infrared band of EMR; an ionizable polyatomic gas at low pressure within the tube; a pair of diametrically opposed line conductors extending along the axis of the tube for at least the length of the gas filled portion thereof and; a series of ring shaped electrodes having a defined cross-section alternately connected to the conductors and extending around and touching the tube normal to the axis thereof for at least 75% of its circumference, the rings being electrically coupled to the line conductors to form a transmission line for RF excitation.
Write and erase waveforms for high-resolution AC plasma display panels (1981)

The successful operation of ac plasma display panels (PDP) depends on the optimization of panel parameters such as chamber gap, gas pressure, line width, and the use of half or full-select cancellation techniques. As resolution increases, however, so does the importance of the write and erase waveforms. A unique set of write and erase waveforms which are specifically designed to optimize the performance of high-resolution PDP's are discussed.
Species-Specific Identification of Campylobacters by PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and PCR Targeting of the Gyrase B Gene (2008)

PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of a 960-bp fragment of the Campylobacter gyrB gene with either DdeI or XspI restriction enzymes generated unique digestion patterns for 12 different Campylobacter species. In addition, PCR assays using species-specific primer sets targeting gyrB were specific for the respective Campylobacter species. Therefore, PCR-RFLP analysis and species-specific PCR assays based on the gyrB gene provide valuable tools for rapid and unambiguous identification of the majority of Campylobacter species.
Silicone elastomer map: design the ideal elastomer (2019)

Soft, stretchable and light-weight transducers are most sought after for research on advanced applications like stretchable electronics, soft robotics and energy harvesters. Stretchable electronics require elastomers that have high elongation at break, high dielectric permittivity and high breakdown strength. Commercial silicone elastomer formulations often do not encompass all the necessary properties required to function effectively as stretchable transducers but they are used out of familiarity. In this study, most commonly used commercial silicone formulations are formulated with different stoichiometry and also blends of these formulations are made in order to manipulate their resulting properties. The properties of these blends like ultimate stress and strain, Young’s modulus, dielectric permittivity and breakdown strength are investigated and mapped to identify those that have the best suited properties for fabricating soft stretchable devices. On a research level, Sylgard 184, Sylgard 186, Ecoflex 00-50, Ecoflex 00-30 and Ecoflex 00-10 are widely used for fabricating such soft devices and hence they will be worked upon in this study. The elastomers obtained using the methods of mixing illustrated here can act as a starting point for conceptualizing the feasibility of a product on research level.
Self-healing materials for autonomous cable repair (2017)

Self-healing materials are capable, when damaged, of responding to restore the pre-damage properties of an asset. This is of particular interest for high-value electrical assets which cannot be routinely accessed for preventive maintenance or repair, such as underground or offshore cables. The incorporation of self-healing materials would effectively allow these systems to maintain themselves, resulting in enhanced resilience, lower failure rates, and longer operational lifetimes. Here, the authors demonstrate self-repair systems for extruded polymeric cables containing an extruded polymer self-repair layer, and self-healing fluids for legacy fluid-filled circuits. Both self-healing candidates have been formulated for their specific applications and demonstrate excellent efficacy, with ability to move to large-scale trials planned for the near future in advance of routine deployment.
Consistent interactive segmentation of pulmonary ground glass nodules identified in CT studies (2004)

Ground glass nodules (GGNs) have proved especially problematic in lung cancer diagnosis, as despite frequently being malignant they characteristically have extremely slow rates of growth. This problem is further magnified by the small size of many of these lesions now being routinely detected following the introduction of multislice CT scanners capable of acquiring contiguous high resolution 1 to 1.25 mm sections throughout the thorax in a single breathhold period. Although segmentation of solid nodules can be used clinically to determine volume doubling times quantitatively, reliable methods for segmentation of pure ground glass nodules have yet to be introduced. Our purpose is to evaluate a newly developed computer-based segmentation method for rapid and reproducible measurements of pure ground glass nodules. 23 pure or mixed ground glass nodules were identified in a total of 8 patients by a radiologist and subsequently segmented by our computer-based method using Markov random field and shape analysis. The computer-based segmentation was initialized by a click point. Methodological consistency was assessed using the overlap ratio between 3 segmentations initialized by 3 different click points for each nodule. The 95% confidence interval on the mean of the overlap ratios proved to be [0.984, 0.998]. The computer-based method failed on two nodules that were difficult to segment even manually either due to especially low contrast or markedly irregular margins. While achieving consistent manual segmentation of ground glass nodules has proven problematic most often due to indistinct boundaries and interobserver variability, our proposed method introduces a powerful new tool for obtaining reproducible quantitative measurements of these lesions. It is our intention to further document the value of this approach with a still larger set of ground glass nodules.
Improvements in Spatial and Color Adaptive Gamut Mapping Algorithms (2008)

Two spatial and color adaptive gamut mapping algorithms have recently been introduced. We propose and evaluate a set of modifications to improve their results. Modifications include a change in the image decomposition in two bands with an initial Black Point Compensation (BPC) applied to the low-pass band followed by an adaptive merging of the two bands.
Exploiting Optical Asymmetry for Controlled Guiding of Particles with Light (2016)

Conventional methods of manipulating particles with light, such as optical tweezers and optical tractor beams, rely on beam-shaping to realize complex electromagnetic field profiles and are thus sensitive to scattering. Here, we show that, by introducing tailored optical asymmetry in the particle, we can realize a novel guiding method that is controllable by the frequency of light, without regard to the direction or the shape of the light beam. With detailed stochastic simulations, we demonstrate guiding of a two-faced nanoparticle where the optically induced thermophoretic drift serves as the propulsion mechanism. Exploiting the difference in resonant absorption spectra of the two materials, we create a bidirectional local thermal gradient that is externally switchable. This is advantageous because the frequency of a light beam, unlike its shape or coherence, is preserved even in strongly scattering environments. Since this approach is insensitive to scattering and applicable to many particles at once, as well as particles that cannot be optically resolved, it may enable useful applications in biology, microfluidics, in vivo tasks, and colloidal science.
Passband switchable microwave photonic multiband filter (2015)

A reconfigurable microwave photonic (MWP) multiband filter with selectable and switchable passbands is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, with a maximum of 12 simultaneous passbands evenly distributed from 0 to 10 GHz. The scheme is based on the generation of tunable optical comb lines using a two-stage Lyot loop filter, such that various filter tap spacings and spectral combinations are obtained for the configuration of the MWP filter. Through polarization state adjustment inside the Lyot loop filter, an optical frequency comb with 12 different comb spacings is achieved, which corresponds to a MWP filter with 12 selectable passbands. Center frequencies of the filter passbands are switchable, while the number of simultaneous passbands is tunable from 1 to 12. Furthermore, the MWP multiband filter can either work as an all-block, single-band or multiband filter with various passband combinations, which provide exceptional operation flexibility. All the passbands have over 30 dB sidelobe suppression and 3-dB bandwidth of 200 MHz, providing good filter selectivity.
Lightdrum—Portable Light Stage for Accurate BTF Measurement on Site (2017)

We propose a miniaturised light stage for measuring the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) and the bidirectional texture function (BTF) of surfaces on site in real world application scenarios. The main principle of our lightweight BTF acquisition gantry is a compact hemispherical skeleton with cameras along the meridian and with light emitting diode (LED) modules shining light onto a sample surface. The proposed device is portable and achieves a high speed of measurement while maintaining high degree of accuracy. While the positions of the LEDs are fixed on the hemisphere, the cameras allow us to cover the range of the zenith angle from 0 ∘ to 75 ∘ and by rotating the cameras along the axis of the hemisphere we can cover all possible camera directions. This allows us to take measurements with almost the same quality as existing stationary BTF gantries. Two degrees of freedom can be set arbitrarily for measurements and the other two degrees of freedom are fixed, which provides a tradeoff between accuracy of measurements and practical applicability. Assuming that a measured sample is locally flat and spatially accessible, we can set the correct perpendicular direction against the measured sample by means of an auto-collimator prior to measuring. Further, we have designed and used a marker sticker method to allow for the easy rectification and alignment of acquired images during data processing. We show the results of our approach by images rendered for 36 measured material samples.