gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Approach to Gas Control Simulation (2006)

Gas Pipelines are usually designed to operate in steady state, but in practice most pipelines deliver transient loads. Transient loads degrade total delivery capacity and lose revenue. This paper uses simple examples to quantify such losses and shows how to keep from losing more in practice. The challenge to pipeline operators is to minimize lost capacity by choosing opportunities wisely and exercising skillful control. Look-forward hydraulic simulation has long been used to evaluate spot transportation opportunities and their impact on prior delivery commitments. Gas Control tests control strategies with simulation using a “What-if Study”: If a load appears, “What if we respond this way?” The control selection is often driven by the number of alternate strategies that can be analyzed in the time available for a decision. Thus, while the selected strategy might be reasonable, it may not be optimal for the pipeline company, just the best they had time to try. Through studying example events, this paper describes a completely new approach to What-if Studies. It introduces the use of real-time transient optimization technology to allow the engineer, operator, or even the marketer to get answers for the completely different “What-if” question, namely “What control strategy is best if the network must respond to a specific event?” This replaces manual-iterative look-ahead simulations by mathematical optimization. For each possible load event this cutting-edge technology presents the highest-profit strategy, if one is feasible. Moreover, if delivering the load is infeasible it can determine the alternate strategy that makes the most profit, such as which loads to shed, when, and by how much.
Estimation of displacement vectors and strain tensors in elastography using angular insonifications (2005)

We describe a new method for estimating all the components of the tissue displacement vector following a quasi-static compression. The method uses displacements estimated from radiofrequency echo-signals along multiple ultrasound beam insonification directions. At each spatial location in the compressed medium, orthogonal tissue displacements in both the axial and lateral directions with respect to the direction of the applied compression are estimated using least squares solutions. The components of the corresponding normal and shear strain tensors are then estimated. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the utility of this technique for the computation of the normal and shear strain tensors.
Protecting User Privacy (2019)

The overturning of the Internet Privacy Rules by the Federal Communications Commissions (FCC) in late March 2017 allows Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to collect, share and sell their customers' Web browsing data without their consent. With third-party trackers embedded on Web pages, this new rule has put user privacy under more risk. The need arises for users on their own to protect their Web browsing history from any potential adversaries. Although some available solutions such as Tor, VPN, and HTTPS can help users conceal their online activities, their use can also significantly hamper personalized online services, i.e., degraded utility. In this paper, we design an effective Web browsing history anonymization scheme, PBooster, aiming to protect users' privacy while retaining the utility of their Web browsing history. The proposed model pollutes users' Web browsing history by automatically inferring how many and what links should be added to the history while addressing the utility-privacy trade-off challenge. We conduct experiments to validate the quality of the manipulated Web browsing history and examine the robustness of the proposed approach for user privacy protection.
Normal-incidence intersubband and interband optical transitions in GaSb-InAs superlattices (1995)

Two interesting interband and intersubband optical transitions in the range of infrared wavelength were demonstrated using a type II GaSb-InAs superlattice structure. The interband transition results from the coupling between the wave functions of the first conduction and the first heavy-hole subband when Zn-doped GaSb p-type cap and buffer layers are used. On the other hand, the intersubband transition, which is a result of the strong mixing of the heavy-hole band and the light-hole band, was achieved by using InAs n-type cap and buffer layers. The wavelengths of interband and intersubband transitions is in the ranges of 3-5 μm and 8-14 μm, respectively. Consequently, there is a possibility of fabricating infrared photodetectors with the GaSb-InAs superlattices.
A Capacitor Voltage-Balancing Method for Nested Neutral Point Clamped (NNPC) Inverter (2015)

A capacitor voltage-balancing method for a nested neutral point clamped (NNPC) inverter is proposed in this paper. The NNPC inverter is a newly developed four-level voltage-source inverter for medium-voltage applications with properties such as operating over a wide range of voltages (2.4–7.2 kV) without the need for connecting power semiconductor in series and high-quality output voltage. The NNPC topology has two flying capacitors in each leg. In order to ensure that the inverter can operate normally and all switching devices share identical voltage stress, the voltage across each capacitor should be controlled and maintained at one-third of dc bus voltage. The proposed capacitor voltage-balancing method takes advantage of redundancy in phase switching states to control and balance flying capacitor voltages. Simple and effective logic tables are developed for the balancing control. The proposed method is easy to implement and needs very few computations. Moreover, the method is suitable for and easy to integrate with different pulse width modulation schemes. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method is verified by simulation and experiment.
EUROPIUM-YTTRIUM IRON-GALLIUM GARNET FILMS GROWN BY LIQUID PHASE EPITAXY ON GADOLINIUM GALLIUM GARNET (1972)

(Eu,Y)3(Fe,Ga)5012 garnets have desirable magnetic properties for bubble domain applications and can be grown as epitaxial thin films on simple Gd3Ga5012 substrate crystals. These films have the general formula EuRY3−RFe5−xGax012 and are in the composition range of the prototype Eu.5Y2.5Fe4Ga012. Room temperature magnetization can be estimated from the expression 4πM = 1170 − 120.R − 790.x. Uniaxial anisotropy in these films results from biaxial compressive stress induced by a lattice mismatch with the GGG substrates (ao = 12.384 Å) . Lattice parameters for films grown from Pb0‐B203 fluxed melts by the LPE method are ao = 12.376 + 0.041·R − 0.015·x + 0.013·p, where p = wt.% Pb incorporated into the films. The effects of growth parameters on Ga content and Pb incorporation in these films are discussed. The Ga‐ and Pb‐contents of films are critical factors in determining magnetization and anisotropy, respectively.
Detecting Signal Structure from Randomly-Sampled Data (2007)

Recent theoretical results in Compressive Sensing (CS) show that sparse (or compressible) signals can be accurately reconstructed from a reduced set of linear measurements in the form of projections onto random vectors. The associated reconstruction consists of a nonlinear optimization that requires knowledge of the actual projection vectors. This work demonstrates that random time samples of a data stream could be used to identify certain signal features, even when no time reference is available. since random sampling suppresses aliasing a small (sub-Nyquist) set of samples can represent high-bandwidth signals. Simulations were carried out to explore the utility of such a procedure for detecting and classifying signals of interest.
Oral treatment with β‐lactoglobulin peptides prevents clinical symptoms in a mouse model for cow's milk allergy (2013)

Prior exposure to specific peptides of β-lactoglobulin reduces the allergic response to whey, which may involve regulatory dendritic and T cells. Combining peptides with a sGOS/lcFOS/pAOS-containing diet enhances this effect.
Neuromuscular disruption with ultrashort electrical pulses (2006)

Experimental studies on single cells have shown that application of pulsed voltages, with submicrosecond pulse duration and an electric field on the order of 10 kV/cm, causes sudden alterations in the intracellular free calcium concentration, followed by immobilization of the cell. In order to examine electrical stimulation and incapacitation with such ultrashort pulses, experiments on anesthetized rats have been performed. The effect of single, 450 nanosecond monopolar pulses have been compared with that of single pulses with multi-microsecond duration (TASER pulses). Two conditions were explored: 1. the ability to elicit a muscle twitch, and, 2. the ability to suppress voluntary movement by using nanosecond pulses. The second condition is relevant for neuromuscular incapacitation. The preliminary results indicate that for stimulation microsecond pulses are advantageous over nanosecond pulses, whereas for incapacitation, the opposite seems to apply. The stimulation effects seem to scale with electrical charge, whereas the disruption effects don't follow a simple scaling law. The increase in intensity (time of incapacitation) for a given pulse duration, is increasing with electrical energy, but is more efficient for nanosecond than for microsecond pulses. This indicates different cellular mechanisms for incapacitation, most likely subcellular processes, which have been shown to become increasingly important when the pulse duration is shortened into the nanosecond range. If further studies can confirm these initial results, consequences of reduced pulse duration are a reduction in weight and volume of the pulse delivery system, and likely, because of the lower required energy for neuromuscular incapacitation, reduced safety risks.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND INTERCONVERSION OF OXEPANES AND BICYCLO(3.2.1)OCTANES (1985)

Abstract Entsprechend dem Formelschema werden in einer vielstufigen Synthesqausgehend vom Dithian (I) bzw. dem Keton (VIII), die epimeren Oxepane (V) und (VI) bzw. die Hemiketale (X) und (XI) hergestellt.
Challenges for mid-IR interband cascade lasers (2009)

We review the state-of-the-art performance of interband cascade lasers emitting in the 3-5 μm spectral band and discuss the prospects for future improvements. New five-stage designs produce a combination of pulsed roomtemperature threshold current densities of 400-500 A/cm<sup>2</sup> and internal losses as low as ≈ 6 cm<sup>-1</sup> for broad-area devices. A 4.4-μm-wide ridge fabricated from one of these wafers and emitting at 3.7 μm lased cw to 335 K, which is the highest cw operating temperature for any semiconductor laser in the 3.0-4.6 μm spectral range. A 10-μm-wide ridge with high-reflection and anti-reflection facet coatings produced up to 59 mW of cw power at 298 K, and displayed a maximum wall-plug efficiency of 3.4%. Corrugated-sidewall distributed-feedback lasers from similar material produce 45 mW of cw power in a single spectral mode at -20°C, with maximum wall-plug efficiency of 7.6%. The current tuning range for temperatures between 0 and 25°C is ≥11 nm.
A pilot feasibility study of treating overactive bladder patients with percutaneous saphenous nerve stimulation (2018)

Electrical activation of the SAFN was consistently achieved using anatomical landmarks and patient feedback. The procedure was well tolerated and, based on our small cohort of patients, appears efficacious, and safe. This pilot study provides early feasibility data that points to a promising new intervention for treating OAB.
On further treatment of oxidic‐hydroxidic compounds in partly discharged electrodes on the basis of structural investigations of manganese dioxide (1994)

Abstract The effects of further treatment of aquoxide electrodes, e.g. storage in the electrolyte, washing and drying are studied by means of X‐ray investigations. These methods of treatment lead to the disappearance of the reflections of β ‐Mn(OH) 2 which is formed initially in a partly discharged electrode. Simultaneously new reflections arise, showing the formation of β ‐MnOOH.
Leukodepletion Filters-Derived CD34+ Cells As a Cell Source to Study Megakaryocyte Differentiation and Platelet Formation (2021)

The in vitro expansion and differentiation of human hematopoietic progenitors into megakaryocytes capable of elongating proplatelets and releasing platelets allows an in-depth study of the mechanisms underlying platelet biogenesis. Available culture protocols are mostly based on hematopoietic progenitors derived from bone marrow or cord blood raising a number of ethical, technical, and economic concerns. If there are already available protocols for obtaining CD34 cells from peripheral blood, this manuscript proposes a straightforward and optimized protocol for obtaining CD34+ cells from leukodepletion filters readily available in blood centers. These cells are isolated from leukodepletion filters used in the preparation of blood transfusion products, corresponding to eight blood donations. These filters are meant to be discarded. A detailed procedure to collect hematopoietic progenitors identified as CD34+ cells from these filters is described. The method to obtain mature megakaryocytes extending proplatelets while discussing their phenotypic evolution is also detailed. Finally, the protocol present a calibrated pipetting method, to efficiently release platelets that are morphologically and functionally similar to native ones. This protocol can serve as a basis for evaluating pharmacological compounds acting at various steps of the process to dissect the underlying mechanisms and approach the in vivo platelet yields.
Versatile genetic assembly system (VEGAS) to assemble pathways for expression in<i>S. cerevisiae</i> (2015)

We have developed a method for assembling genetic pathways for expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our pathway assembly method, called VEGAS (Versatile genetic assembly system), exploits the native capacity of S. cerevisiae to perform homologous recombination and efficiently join sequences with terminal homology. In the VEGAS workflow, terminal homology between adjacent pathway genes and the assembly vector is encoded by 'VEGAS adapter' (VA) sequences, which are orthogonal in sequence with respect to the yeast genome. Prior to pathway assembly by VEGAS in S. cerevisiae, each gene is assigned an appropriate pair of VAs and assembled using a previously described technique called yeast Golden Gate (yGG). Here we describe the application of yGG specifically to building transcription units for VEGAS assembly as well as the VEGAS methodology. We demonstrate the assembly of four-, five- and six-gene pathways by VEGAS to generate S. cerevisiae cells synthesizing β-carotene and violacein. Moreover, we demonstrate the capacity of yGG coupled to VEGAS for combinatorial assembly.
<title>Achromatization of optical waveguide components</title> (1991)

An investigation aimed at reducing chromatic variations in the performance of optical waveguide devices is described. Methods to achromatize the characteristics of integrated optics lenses, input/output couplers, and beam-splitters are presented with the goal of eliminating, or minimizing, any performance variations over a wavelength interval at least on the order of the operating range of presently available laser diode sources. It is shown that an achromatic waveguide lens can be made using a mode-index/diffractive doublet. With this approach, it is possible to cancel the longitudinal chromatic aberrations of the refractive lens with an appropriate diffractive component. Achromatic input/output couplers are described which use an external diffraction grating to correct for the angular dispersion of either prism or grating couplers. It is shown that double grating couplers can be used to obtain an achromatic wavelength range on the order of ten nanometers, and that hybrid prism/grating couplers can yield an achromatic range of several hundred nanometers. It is also shown that the angular chromatic dispersion of waveguide grating beam-splitters can be corrected using a second grating that is appropriately specified. This permits a guided optical beam to be split into two or more separate beams whose directions are independent of wavelength. These achromatic waveguide components can be combined in various configurations to reduce the wavelength sensitivity of devices such as optical disk pickup heads.
Spatially Distributed Multi-Input Interferometric Receiver for 5G Wireless Systems and Beyond (2018)

This paper presents a spatially distributed multiinput direct conversion receiver architecture based on interferometric correlations of wave signals for fifth generation systems and beyond. The proposed receiver scheme inherits the advantages of conventional six-port receivers. The spatially distributed multi-input architecture is based on the use of a set of equally spaced four antenna elements instead of using a six-port junction composed of four hybrid couplers or other alternative circuit-based topologies. In this paper, the mathematical modeling of the proposed receiver is derived and presented. Then, an experimental test bench that is fabricated to operate around 5 GHz is introduced in order to validate the proposed scheme and its theoretical results. Various modulations including BPSK, QPSK, QAM-16, and QAM-32 have been successfully studied and demonstrated by this receiver at a relatively low date rate of 1 mega symbol per second with a maximum error vector magnitude of 10.3%. The maximum bit rate is fundamentally limited by the speed of power detectors, which is linked to their high rise time in our experiments. It is anticipated that multiple hundred megabits and gigabits per second can be achieved with the proposed direct conversion receiver if higher speed power detectors are used.
Turning Erythrocytes into Functional Micromotors (2014)

Attempts to apply artificial nano/micromotors for diverse biomedical applications have inspired a variety of strategies for designing motors with diverse propulsion mechanisms and functions. However, existing artificial motors are made exclusively of synthetic materials, which are subject to serious immune attack and clearance upon entering the bloodstream. Herein we report an elegant approach that turns natural red blood cells (RBCs) into functional micromotors with the aid of ultrasound propulsion and magnetic guidance. Iron oxide nanoparticles are loaded into the RBCs, where their asymmetric distribution within the cells results in a net magnetization, thus enabling magnetic alignment and guidance under acoustic propulsion. The RBC motors display efficient guided and prolonged propulsion in various biological fluids, including undiluted whole blood. The stability and functionality of the RBC motors, as well as the tolerability of regular RBCs to the ultrasound operation, are carefully examined. Since the RBC motors preserve the biological and structural features of regular RBCs, these motors possess a wide range of antigenic, transport, and mechanical properties that common synthetic motors cannot achieve and thus hold considerable promise for a number of practical biomedical uses.
Ultrathin and Wearable Microtubular Epidermal Sensor for Real‐Time Physiological Pulse Monitoring (2017)

A flexible, stretchable, soft, and ultrathin wearable microtubular sensor that is highly sensitive to mechanical perturbations is developed. The sensor comprises a unique architecture consisting of a liquid‐state conductive element core within a soft silicone elastomer microtube. The microtubular sensor can distinguish forces as small as 5 mN and possesses a high force sensitivity of 68 N −1 . The microtubular sensor occupies a tiny footprint of 120 µm in diameter, approximately the cross‐section of a strand of hair. Superior sensing capabilities of the sensor are reported to detect perturbations from pulsatile air flows and demonstrate its applicability in continuous and imperceptible real‐time monitoring of arterial pulse waves.
Basil Downy Mildew (<i>Peronospora belbahrii</i>): Discoveries and Challenges Relative to Its Control (2015)

Basil (Ocimum spp.) is one of the most economically important and widely grown herbs in the world. Basil downy mildew, caused by Peronospora belbahrii, has become an important disease in sweet basil (O. basilicum) production worldwide in the past decade. Global sweet basil production is at significant risk to basil downy mildew because of the lack of genetic resistance and the ability of the pathogen to be distributed on infested seed. Controlling the disease is challenging and consequently many crops have been lost. In the past few years, plant breeding efforts have been made to identify germplasm that can be used to introduce downy mildew resistance genes into commercial sweet basils while ensuring that resistant plants have the correct phenotype, aroma, and tastes needed for market acceptability. Fungicide efficacy studies have been conducted to evaluate current and newly developed conventional and organic fungicides for its management with limited success. This review explores the current efforts and progress being made in understanding basil downy mildew and its control.
Thin film breakup by electric fields: Development of microfluidic applications in de-emulsification (2006)

Stability of emulsions, deemulsification of microemulsions by coalescing the dispersed phase using chemical additives or external forces, and stability of thin liquid films are of paramount importance in a wide array of industrial applications. Fundamental to all these processes is a clear understanding of the role of different physical and chemical factors on the stability of a thin film formed by one fluid phase in another. Several experimental techniques are currently available to explore the thermodynamic properties and stability of thin films, such as, micropipettes and thin film cells employing a porous plate, all of which provide a platform for following a thin film in a macroscopic sense. Setting up these experimental techniques to quantitatively and reproducibly measure thin film behaviour requires considerable time and dexterity. A novel microfluidic chip has been developed to study the break up of oily thin films in aqueous media under the influence of an externally applied electrical field. The basic concept involves two crossing micro channels etched into the surface of a glass substrate. Carefully designing the intersection of the two perpendicular channels can lead to formation of a film at the intersection. One channel would be filled with oil and the second channel, divided to half by oil channel, would deliver two water droplets toward the oil channel from both sides. Once the thin liquid film is created, an electrical potential difference can be applied across the channel. The electrical stresses developed at the interfaces of the two fluids forming the film will lead to a collapse of the film beyond a certain threshold voltage. The break up of the film was performed using a ramped DC potential, and a series of capacitance measurements determined the variation of the capacitance of the film with regards to the film thickness. This new microfluidics chip shows promise as a low cost, reproducible, microscale measurement tool to study the thermodynamic behaviour and stability of thin liquid films.