gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Towards Safe Deep Learning: Unsupervised Defense Against Generic Adversarial Attacks (2018)

Recent advances in adversarial Deep Learning (DL) have opened up a new and largely unexplored surface for malicious attacks jeopardizing the integrity of autonomous DL systems. We introduce a novel automated countermeasure called Parallel Checkpointing Learners (PCL) to thwart the potential adversarial attacks and significantly improve the reliability (safety) of a victim DL model. The proposed PCL methodology is unsupervised, meaning that no adversarial sample is leveraged to build/train parallel checkpointing learners. We formalize the goal of preventing adversarial attacks as an optimization problem to minimize the rarely observed regions in the latent feature space spanned by a DL network. To solve the aforementioned minimization problem, a set of complementary but disjoint checkpointing modules are trained and leveraged to validate the victim model execution in parallel. Each checkpointing learner explicitly characterizes the geometry of the input data and the corresponding high-level data abstractions within a particular DL layer. As such, the adversary is required to simultaneously deceive all the defender modules in order to succeed. We extensively evaluate the performance of the PCL methodology against the state-of-the-art attack scenarios, including Fast-Gradient-Sign (FGS), Jacobian Saliency Map Attack (JSMA), Deepfool, and Carlini&WagnerL2 algorithm. Extensive proof-of-concept evaluations for analyzing various data collections including MNIST, CIFAR10, and ImageNet corroborate the effectiveness of our proposed defense mechanism against adversarial samples.
Identification and Characterization of Two Thrombin-activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor Isoforms (1998)

Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is synthesized by the liver and is thought to circulate in plasma as a plasminogen-bound zymogen. When it is activated by the thrombin/thrombomodulin complex, activated TAFI exhibits carboxypeptidase B-like activity. To study the structure-function relationship of TAFI, we expressed recombinant human TAFI in insect cells. During the cloning of TAFI cDNA from several human liver cDNA libraries, we identified a second TAFI cDNA which differed from the published sequence at 2 positions. One of these sequences resulted in a substitution of alanine for threonine at residue 147, the other was a silent mutation. These substitutions were found in several cDNA libraries from different sources. Using Southern blot analysis, we confirmed the existence of this TAFI polymorphism in the population. In order to compare the activation and activity of TAFI isoforms, we expressed both isoforms in the baculovirus expression system, and compared the enzyme kinetics of the purified proteins. The molecular weight of recombinant TAFI is lower than plasma TAFI due to differences in glycosylation. The two recombinant TAFI isoforms had similar activation kinetics and the activated enzymes had similar carboxypeptidase B-like activity towards small molecule substrates. Their ability to retard clot lysis was found to be similar in a plate clot lysis assay.
THREE-POINT METHOD FOR FAST AND ROBUST FIELD MAPPING FOR EPI GEOMETRIC DISTORTION CORRECTION (2007)

Because of its superb temporal resolution, echo planar imaging (EPI) is widely used for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and monitoring dynamic processes. EPI suffers from geometric distortions caused by magnetic field inhomogeneities, and although these distortions can be corrected by field mapping, current methods require lengthy auxiliary image acquisitions and/or phase unwrapping. We present a 3-point method for field mapping that circumvents these problems and is robust to additive noise. Results demonstrate that the performance of this approach is markedly better than the standard two-point method and is comparable to methods requiring much longer auxiliary image acquisitions
ChemInform Abstract: POTENTIAL HISTAMINE H2‐RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS. 3. METHYLHISTAMINES (1976)

Abstract Verschiedene Methyl‐Histamine werden hergestellt und auf ihr pharmakologisches Verhalten, z.B. als Histamin‐Antagonisten,untersucht.
A 1-D Heterodyne Lens-Free Optical Phased Array Camera With Reference Phase Shifting (2018)

This paper presents the first integrated silicon photonics optical phased array (OPA) receiver with imaging capabilities. A 32-element one-dimensional (1-D) OPA with an overall aperture size of 96 × 50 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}^2$</tex-math></inline-formula> is used to generate an electrically steerable “gazing beam.” The OPA receiver elements couple the incident light to on-chip waveguides that is processed as a phased array receiver. To minimize signal loss and enhance sensitivity, a heterodyne architecture with phase shifters in the local reference path is utilized. The OPA receiver can provide fully programmable angular selectivity with a grating-lobe-free field-of-view of 30° and a gazing beamwidth of 0.74°.
An efficient adaptive circular Viterbi algorithm for decoding generalized tailbiting convolutional codes (1994)

Viterbi decoding algorithms for convolutional codes are being considered for a number of applications in cellular mobile radio systems. There are three classes of Viterbi decoders depending on the nature of the formatting of the data: continuous decoding with a finite path memory, blockwise decoding with a terminating tail (known to the decoder), and blockwise decoding without a known tail. The latter class is also known as decoding of tailbiting convolutional codes. In this case, a coded message begins and ends in the same state which is unknown to the receiver. The authors present a class of Viterbi algorithms for tailbiting convolutional codes. These algorithms are used in blockwise transmission to save the overhead of a known tail. They call the new algorithm the circular Viterbi algorithm (CVA). The basic ideas are: (1) continue conventional seamless continuous Viterbi decoding beyond the block boundary by recording and repeating the received block of (soft) symbols; (2) start the decoding process in all states; and (3) end the decoding process either adaptively or with a fixed length. Three robust adaptive stopping rules are constructed and evaluated. Simulation results and comparison to previously known algorithms as well as the optimum algorithm are presented. The amount of computation required for previously reported iterative algorithms tends to increase dramatically as the channel bit error rate (BER) increases. In one reported instance, computation increased by over 900% while decoded BER increased from 8/spl times/10/sup /spl minus/6/ to 8/spl times/10/sup /spl minus/3/. For the same example, the CVA increase in computation was 11.4% and the worst case decoded BER was 4/spl times/10/sup /spl minus/3/. The authors conclude that for noisy channels the CVA decodes in a much shorter time with better performance than previously published iterative algorithms.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Application of chromatic filtering to process monitoring of CW laser welding (1999)

The chromatic filtering of thermal radiation has been applied to the process monitoring and the auto-focus control in pulsed laser welding. The transmittance of thermal radiation from a weld pool depends on a position of radiation source in a weld pool and on the distance of the weld pool from a focusing lens. Its dependence has been analyzed to monitor the variations in weld pool size and to control the focus shift in a pulsed laser welding. The chromatic filtering has many advantages if the thermal radiation is measured when the weld pool size is reduced to the laser spot size. This requirement is easily satisfied in a pulsed laser welding by measuring the thermal radiation between the laser pulses during the cooling stage. However, it can not be satisfied for CW laser welding where the weld pool size is always larger than the laser spot size except at the beginning of laser welding. To apply the chromatic filtering to a CW laser welding, the algorithm measuring the size of a weld pool is analyzed and the requirements to obtain a reference size in measuring the increment or the decrement of weld pool size from that reference size in absolute value are shown. This weld pool size variation is used in monitoring the power variation at a workpiece or the weld depth in a CW laser welding. However, this weld pool size monitoring depends on the focus shift. Therefore, to make it useful in industry, it is essential to keep the focus position in some range required in the weld pool size monitoring. The optimization of optical parameters to minimize the induced error from a power variation in the focus shift monitoring is shown. It turns out that the focus shift can be controlled in the required range at the weld pool size of up to 1.5 times the laser spot size. In conclusion, the weld pool size variation can be monitored and the focus shift can be controlled in the required range in a CW laser welding as well as in a pulsed laser welding.
Production of galactooligosaccharides with .BETA.-galactosidase. (1989)

β-Galactosidases (lactases) from various origins give different kinds of linkage and size of oligosaccharides. In the first chapter, enzyme sources, mechanism of transgalactosylation reactions, and structures of oligosaccharides were briefly introduced. Galactooligosaccharides (TOS) which consist of tri, tetra-, penta-, and hexasaccharides were formed from lactose by transgalactosylation reactions of Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase.TOS were a non-absorbable sugar and selectively utilized by all of the Bifidobacterium species in vitro. Administration of TOS caused remarkable increase in the number of Bifidobacterium and decrease in the number of Bacteroides in fecal flora. The improvement of intestinal microflora by TOS led to the suppression of putrefaction in the gut. It was concluded that TOS were a superior bifidus growth-promoting factor. For the large-scale production of TOS, the optimum conditions of transgalactosylation reactions and the manufacturing process were investigated. The amount of TOS were increased together with increase in initial lactose by A. oryzae S-galactosidase, and the maximum TOS formed were 30% by weight of total sugar. After transgalactosylation reactions with A .oryzae enzyme, second reactions with Streptococcus thermophilus β-galactosidase gave rise to TOS content and to sweetness, which were of a desirable sugar composition for food applications. A, oryzae β-galactosidase was immobilized by glutaraldehyde crosslinking on the ion-exchange resin for the continuous production of TOS. Half-life of this immobilized enzyme was 192 days at 55°C. High-grade TOS could be obtained from the reaction mixture by chromatographic separation with sodium-form cation-exchange resin.
Single depressed-index cladding ridge waveguide laser with a low aspect ratio (1993)

A novel ridge waveguide semiconductor laser diode is introduced, which contains a single depressed-index cladding layer. Deployment of this layer significantly reduces the transverse beam divergence, while maintaining reasonable values for the optical confinement factor, Γ, and the lateral index step. For lasers with 500 Å active layers and ridge widths of 4 μm, we measured transverse and lateral far-field beam divergences of 16.4° and 8.2°, respectively, and threshold currents of 67 mA for 500-μm-long devices.
Full Wavefield Inversion of Ocean Bottom Node Data (2013)

We present the first 3D field encoded-simultaneous-source full wavefield inversion (ESSFWI) on an Ocean Bottom Node (OBN) survey. The inversion was performed using an acoustic VTI model with fixed anisotropy parameters. ESSFWI achieves an order of magnitude speed up in computation time compared to conventional sequential-source FWI without degrading the inversion results. Reverse time migration using inverted P-wave velocities shows a substantial improvement in the seismic images over those obtained from initial velocities, especially in subsalt regions.
One meter deployable reflectarray antenna for earth science radars (2017)

This paper describes the development of a 1-m deployable reflectarray antenna which is designed to fit in a 6U (10×20×30cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ) class CubeSats. It operates at 35.75 GHz for the measurement of atmospheric processes over a short, evolutionary timescale. It deploys into a 98.6 cm × 82.1cm flat reflector. This antenna provides a gain of 48.0 dBi and an aperture efficiency of 44%. It consists of a cassegrain reflectarray using 14 deployable panels, one fixed panel and a telescoping feed and subreflector.
Development of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Sensors for Chemical Warfare Agents (2004)

o protect personnel from hazardous materials, substances must be unambiguously detected in real time. This goal is being pursued with the application of a wide range of technologies. Most chemical sensors must strike a compromise between sensitivity and selectivity to meet the real-time goal. The sensor platform described in this article is designed to eliminate any such compromise. Thus far, we have successfully synthesized the complexes that will form a foundation for molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The demonstration allows us to pursue incorporation of our MIP into the waveguide sensor system. The platform can also be adapted to many other hazardous substances, such as nerve gases or pesticides, by the preparation and substitution of other MIPs.
Detection of full fragile X mutation (1992)

In fragile X syndrome, the most common inherited cause of mental deficiency, the underlying mutation is a large increase in the number of CGG repeats in a gene on chromosome X. We have developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to amplify across the full mutation in affected individuals. In this report, a fragile X family including a positive prenatally diagnosed fetus was analysed by PCR, and the results are consistent with direct genomic Southern blot analysis. Genetic screening of at-risk populations for fragile X can now be achieved by PCR rapidly, inexpensively, and on small samples.
Visible free-electron-laser oscillator. Final report (1987)

The first visible linac free-electron-laser (FEL) oscillator was operated above threshold at the wavelength of 526 nm with and without a taper. Peak output power of 170 kW with a macropulse average power of 1.1 watts was observed. The cavity dielectric mirrors were damaged at approximately 140 kW/cm/sup 2/ of average power in the presence of UV from the FEL harmonics. The gain and efficiency were much less than predicted due to developed wiggler field errors.
Mode Transition Matrix for Multimode Optical Fiber Systems (1991)

This report discusses the Mode Transition Matrix formalism for determining the loss exhibited by a multimode, passive fiber optic component. This report presents a theoretical discussion of the technique including a detailed description of the approximations made by the matrix formalism. The report experimentally verifies that the modal properties of passive components can be described using a two dimensional matrix. This matrix description allows an accurate prediction of the device's loss when incorporated in a concatenation with other fiber optic components. Finally, the report introduces an invention which allows the mode transition matrix to be determined quickly and accurately. This invention uses fiber optic switches and mode filters to determine the transition matrix and therefore does not require a measurement of the fiber's near field pattern.
Photopolymerized Electrolytes For Electrochromic Devices (1994)

Thin ion-conducting electrolyte films for use in electrochromic devices now fabricated relatively easily and quickly with any of class of improved formulations containing ultraviolet-polymerizable components. Formulations are liquids in their monomeric forms and self-supporting, transparent solids in their polymeric forms. Thin solid electrolytes form quickly and easily between electrode-bearing substrates. Film thus polymerized acts not only as solid electrolyte but also as glue holding laminate together: feature simplifies fabrication by reducing need for sealants and additional mechanical supports.
Retrieval of atmospheric particles optical properties by combining ground-based and spaceborne lidar elastic scattering profiles (2007)

A simple algorithm is derived to retrieve the aerosol backscattering and extinction vertical profiles from simultaneously detected ground and space elastic lidar signals, without any a priori hypothesis on aerosol particles properties. This technique can be applied at any wavelength whenever two "counter looking" lidars are available and the atmosphere can be considered horizontally homogeneous in a spatial scale of the order of the distance between the two lidar beams. To test the accuracy of the algorithm a numerical simulation has been performed. Moreover, it has been applied in a real case to level 1 products from CALIPSO.
Photochemical Internalization: A New Tool for Drug Delivery (2007)

The utilisation of macromolecules in the therapy of cancer and other diseases is becoming increasingly important. Recent advances in molecular biology and biotechnology have made it possible to improve targeting and design of cytotoxic agents, DNA complexes and other macromolecules for clinical applications. In many cases the targets of macromolecular therapeutics are intracellular. However, degradation of macromolecules in endocytic vesicles after uptake by endocytosis is a major intracellular barrier for the therapeutic application of macromolecules having intracellular targets of action. Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a novel technology for the release of endocytosed macromolecules into the cytosol. The technology is based on the activation by light of photosensitizers located in endocytic vesicles to induce the release of macromolecules from the endocytic vesicles. Thereby, endocytosed molecules can be released to reach their target of action before being degraded in lysosomes. PCI has been shown to stimulate intracellular delivery of a large variety of macromolecules and other molecules that do not readily penetrate the plasma membrane, including type I ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), DNA delivered as gene-encoding plasmids or by means of adenovirus or adeno-associated virus, peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) and chemotherapeutic agents such as bleomycin and in some cases doxorubicin. PCI of PNA may be of particular importance due to the low therapeutic efficacy of PNA in the absence of an efficient delivery technology and the 10-100-fold increased efficacy in combination with PCI. The efficacy and specificity of PCI of macromolecular therapeutics has been improved by combining the macromolecules with targeting moieties, such as the epidermal growth factor. In general, PCI can induce efficient light-directed delivery of macromolecules into the cytosol, indicating that it may have a variety of useful applications for site-specific drug delivery as for example in gene therapy, vaccination and cancer treatment.
Optical QPSK regeneration using dual-pump degenerate phase-sensitive amplification (2012)

Optical phase regeneration of QPSK by employing two signal conjugates in a dual-pump degenerate phase-sensitive amplifier is verified via simulations. Phase error standard deviation of 12.827° is reduced to 3.357°. We further verify this scheme's scalability to support 8PSK.
An active-optic x-ray fluorescence analyzer with high energy resolution, large solid angle coverage, and a large tuning range (2008)

A crystal-optic x-ray fluorescence energy analyzer has been designed and tested, which combines the features of electron-volt energy resolution, large solid angle coverage, and tunability over several kilo-electron-volts. The design is based upon the principle of active optics, with ten actuators available to optimally adjust the shape of a silicon crystal used in the Bragg geometry. In most applications the shape is that of a logarithmic spiral for high energy resolution with a spatially nonresolving detector, but a wide range of other shapes is also possible for applications such as imaging or single-shot spectroscopy in a spectral range of the operator's choosing.
Reconstruction of MRI data encoded with arbitrarily shaped, curvilinear, nonbijective magnetic fields (2010)

A basic framework for image reconstruction from spatial encoding by curvilinear, nonbijective magnetic encoding fields in combination with multiple receivers is presented. The theory was developed in the context of the recently introduced parallel imaging technique using localized gradients (PatLoc) approach. In this new imaging modality, the linear gradient fields are generalized to arbitrarily shaped, nonbijective spatial encoding magnetic fields, which lead to ambiguous encoding. Ambiguities are resolved by adaptation of concepts developed for parallel imaging. Based on theoretical considerations, a practical algorithm for Cartesian trajectories is derived in the case that the conventional gradient coils are replaced by coils for PatLoc. The reconstruction method extends Cartesian sensitivity encoding (SENSE) reconstruction with an additional voxelwise intensity-correction step. Spatially varying resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and truncation artifacts are described and analyzed. Theoretical considerations are validated by two-dimensional simulations based on multipolar encoding fields and they are confirmed by applying the reconstruction algorithm to initial experimental data.
Left ventricle endocardium segmentation for cardiac CT volumes using an optimal smooth surface (2009)

We recently proposed a robust heart chamber segmentation approach based on marginal space learning. In this paper, we focus on improving the LV endocardium segmentation accuracy by searching for an optimal smooth mesh that tightly encloses the whole blood pool. The refinement procedure is formulated as an optimization problem: maximizing the surface smoothness under the tightness constraint. The formulation is a convex quadratic programming problem, therefore has a unique global optimum and can be solved efficiently. Our approach has been validated on the largest cardiac CT dataset (457 volumes from 186 patients) ever reported. Compared to our previous work, it reduces the mean point-to-mesh error from 1.13 mm to 0.84 mm (22% improvement). Additionally, the system has been extensively tested on a dataset with 2000+ volumes without any major failure.