gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two-photon in vivo flow cytometry using a fiber probe (2009)

We have demonstrated the use of a double-clad fiber probe to conduct two-photon excited flow cytometry <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. We conducted two-channel detection to measure fluorescence at two distinct wavelengths simultaneously. Because the scattering and absorption problems from whole blood were circumvented by the fiber probe, the detected signal strength from the cells were found to be similar in PBS and in whole blood. We achieved the same detection efficiency of the membrane-binding lipophilic dye DiD labeled cells in PBS and in whole blood. High detection efficiency of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing cells in whole blood was demonstrated. DiD-labeled untransfected and GFP-transfected cells were injected into live mice and the circulation dynamics of the externally injected cells were monitored. The detection efficiency of GFP-expressing cells <i>in vivo</i> was consistent with that observed in whole blood.
A novel microRNA-1207-3p/FNDC1/FN1/AR regulatory pathway in prostate cancer (2017)

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cause of cancer-specific deaths in the U.S. Unfortunately, the underlying molecular mechanisms for its development and progression remain unclear. Studies have established that microRNAs (miRNAs) are dysregulated in PCa. The intron-derived microRNA-1207-3p (miR-1207-3p) is encoded at the non-protein coding gene locus <i>PVT1</i> on the 8q24 human chromosomal region, an established PCa susceptibility locus. However, miR-1207-3p in PCa had not previously been investigated. Therefore, we explored if miR-1207-3p plays any regulatory role in PCa. We discovered that miR-1207-3p is significantly underexpressed in PCa cell lines in comparison to normal prostate epithelial cells, and that increased expression of microRNA-1207-3p in PCa cells significantly inhibits proliferation, migration, and induces apoptosis via direct molecular targeting of fibronectin type III domain containing 1 (FNDC1). Our studies also revealed significant overexpression of FNDC1, fibronectin (FN1) and the androgen receptor (AR) in human PCa cell lines as well as tissues, and FNDC1, FN1, and AR positively correlate with aggressive PCa. These findings, recently published in Experimental Cell Research, are the first to describe a novel miR-1207-3p/FNDC1/FN1/AR novel regulatory pathway in PCa.
From confluent human iPS cells to self-forming neural retina and retinal pigmented epithelium (2014)

Significance Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) could be used as an unlimited source of retinal cells for the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases. The production of retinal cells from hiPSCs for personalized therapeutic approaches must comply with certain criteria, such as safety, efficiency, reproducibility, and low production cost. Here, we report a simple and scalable retinal differentiation process for the generation of retinal pigmented epithelial cells and neural retinal tissues containing retinal progenitor cells. These progenitors can be differentiated into all retinal cell types, including retinal ganglion cells and precursors of photoreceptors, which could find important applications in regenerative medicine. This method also provides an accessible in vitro model to investigate mechanisms involved in human retinogenesis and retinal diseases.
An interdigital transducer for ultrasonic nondestructive testing (1982)

A technique for nondestructive testing of materials is described, which uses two arched interdigital transducers operating at a liquid-solid interface. The transducer has a frequency-dependent radiation angle. Two pairs of arched interdigital electrodes on the same surface of a piezoelectric substrate are not in contact with the liquid. Basic performance of the transducer and acoustic imaging results are presented.
Solubilization of Carbon Nanofibers with a Covalently Attached Hyperbranched Poly(ether ketone) (2008)

Because 5-phenoxyisophthalic acid, an A2B monomer (where A denotes an acid functionality and B an activated aromatic C−H), was easily polymerized via a Friedel–Crafts acylation in poly(phosphoric acid)/phosphorus pentoxide [PPA/P2O5; 1:4 (w/w)] to form a CO2H-terminated hyperbranched poly(ether ketone), HPB-PEK, it was polymerized in the presence of various amounts (1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt %) of vapor-grown carbon nanofibers (VGCNFs) under similar reaction conditions to form polymers grafted to VGCNFs. Considering the potential of cross-linking reactions during polycondensation processes because of the multifunctionality existing in each reacting species, it is remarkable that no gelation was observed for all of the in situ synthesis experiments conducted. The collective evidence based on the data from Soxhlet extraction (mass balance), elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy of the resulting materials implicates that, under our reaction conditions, most of the HPB-PEK (>93 wt % estimated) was grafted to the surfaces of VGCNFs, resulting in the formation of highly coated nanofibers. The grafted (HPB-PEK)-g-VGCNF materials were practically insoluble in dichlorobenzene or toluene but showed distinctly improved solubility in polar solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformaide, dimethylacetamide, and ethanol and even higher solubility in a ethanol/triethylamine mixture or in a 10% aqueous ammonia solution, apparently promoted by the numerous peripheral CO2H groups. From the intrinsic viscosity data analysis, all (HPB-PEK)-g-VGCNFs appeared to behave like an organic polymer in dilute solution and show rodlike character with increasingly shorter/smaller HPB-PEK grafts. As a way to determine both the ease in performing a chemical transformation on the periphery of the hyperbranched component of the resulting (HPB-PEK)-g-VGCNF and the end-group effect on some of their physical properties, the carboxylic acid end groups of the 10 wt % (HPB-PEK)-g-VGCNF were converted to benzothiazole, dodecyl ester, and amine end groups. As an example of how these transformations alter the physical properties, the dodecyl-terminated nanocomposite displayed an excellent solubility in chloroform and a much lower Tg than the CO2H-terminated (HPB-PEK)-g-VGCNF.
Universal evaluation of combined standard uncertainty for rotating-element spectroscopic ellipsometers (2016)

We present for the first time a universal expression for the combined standard uncertainty for all types of rotating-element spectroscopic ellipsometers (RE-SEs). Specifically, we introduce general model functions as universal analytic expressions for the combined standard uncertainties of the ellipsometric sample parameters. The model functions are expressed as functions of influencing quantities that are not known exactly. The detailed expressions for the model functions are provided for the common RE-SEs. Our approach can be used for instrumentation, standardization, simulation, metrology, optimization of measurement conditions, and performance comparison between RE-SEs.
Memory power reduction for the high-speed implementation of turbo codes (2002)

Reliable data-transmission is a very important issue for wireless communication systems. Data-transmission with near-optimal bit error rates at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) can be achieved by applying turbo codes. However, the decoding of turbo codes is done in an iterative way and the hardware implementation of a turbo decoder for high bit rates is challenging. This is partly due to the inherent decoding latency of the maximum-a-posteriori (MAP)-algorithm, which is the key building block of the decoder. Moreover, power consumption in the MAP-algorithm turns out to be a problem at high data rates. An analysis of power consumption in the MAP-algorithm has indicated a bottleneck in memory accesses. Therefore, the data transfer and storage exploration (DTSE) methodology, developed at IMEC, has been applied. This paper extensively describes some DTSE-optimizations for the MAP-algorithm in the context of the entire methodology. Applying the DTSE-methodology has allowed the required data rates for wireless digital communications to be reached. Moreover, it has also resulted in reduced power consumption and lower latency.
Modeling of Signal and Power Integrity in System on Package Applications (2007)

We present a method for fast analysis of signal and power integrity in system-on-package applications based on a recently developed multilayered finite difference method (M- FDM). First we present a rapid solver that can be used to extract materials properties of dielectrics. The extracted frequency- dependent dielectric constant and loss tangent can then be used in any field simulator for improved accuracy. Then we present M- FDM for simulation of system-on-package applications. In order to accurately model multilayered planar structures, which are three dimensional, M-FDM combines two-dimensional models for power/ground planes using a multilayered unit cell approach. In this way, noise coupling can be considered not only in the transversal direction between two planes, but also vertically from one plane pair to another through the apertures and via holes. For a co-simulation of signal and power integrity, transmission line models also need to be included. The interaction between the signal transmission and power distribution modes is taken into account using a modal decomposition technique. An equivalent circuit model becomes available based on this finite difference approximation as well. Based on this network representation, second order effects such as fringe and gap fields can be included in M-FDM using equivalent circuit models for these fields. This results in a very accurate method that can be used for fast analysis of signal and power integrity in arbitrary package and board designs having any stack-up configuration and number of layers.
Progress in high-power continuous-wave quantum cascade lasers [Invited] (2017)

Multi-watt continuous-wave room temperature operation with efficiency exceeding 10% has been demonstrated for quantum cascade lasers essentially in the entire mid-wave and long-wave infrared spectral regions. Along with interband cascade lasers, these devices are the only room-temperature lasers that directly convert electrical power into mid- and long-infrared optical power. In this paper, we review the progress in high-power quantum cascade lasers made over the last 10 years. Specifically, an overview of the most important active region, waveguide, and thermal design techniques is presented, and various aspects of die packaging for high-power applications are discussed. Prospects of power scaling with lateral device dimensions for reaching optical power level in the range from 10 W to 20 W are also analyzed. Finally, coherent and spectral beam-combining techniques for very high-power infrared platforms are discussed.
Accurate forward road geometry estimation for collision warning applications (2003)

This paper describes a new model and method for accurate estimation of forward path geometry of an automobile. In this work, the forward geometry is modeled by two contiguous clothoid segments with different geometries, but continuous curvature across the transition between them. This results in a closed-form parametric expression of the same polynomial order as previous models. A recursive estimation method based on the new road model is also described. The performance evaluation of the proposed method on various simulated road geometries and comparisons with previous approaches demonstrate the feasibility and higher accuracy of the proposed method. This higher accuracy comes without a concomitant increase in computational cost or/and sensitivity to noise. The high accuracy estimation of forward path or road geometry is directly useful in applications that rely on detecting targets in the forward path of the host vehicle, e.g., adaptive cruise control and automotive collision warning.
Extraction of Lipids from Municipal Wastewater Plant Microorganisms for Production of Biodiesel (2007)

Abstract Municipal wastewater treatment plants in the USA produce over 6.2 × 10 6 t of dried sewage sludge every year. This microorganism‐rich sludge is often landfilled or used as fertilizer. Recent restrictions on the use of sewage sludge, however, have resulted in increased disposal problems. Extraction of lipids from sludge yields an untapped source of cheap feedstock for biodiesel production. Solvents used for extraction in this study include n ‐hexane, methanol, acetone, and supercritical CO 2 . The gravimetric yield of oil was low for nonpolar solvents, but use of polar solvents gave a considerably increased yield; however, the percentage of saponifiable material was less. Extraction of lipids with a mixture of n ‐hexane, methanol, and acetone gave the largest conversion to biodiesel compared with other solvent systems, 4.41% based on total dry weight of sludge. In situ transesterification of dried sludge resulted in a yield of 6.23%. If a 10% dry weight yield of fatty acid methyl esters is assumed, the amount of biodiesel available for production in the USA is 1.4 × 10 6 m 3 /year. Outfitting 50% of municipal wastewater plants for lipid extraction and transesterification could result in enough biodiesel production to replace 0.5% of the national petroleum diesel demand (0.7 × 10 6 m 3 ).
WDM systems with unequally spaced channels (1995)

Crosstalk due to four-wave mixing (FWM) is the dominant nonlinear effect in long-haul multichannel optical communication systems employing dispersion-shifted fiber. A method is discussed to find non-uniform channel separations for which no four-wave mixing product is superimposed on any of the transmitted channels, therefore suppressing FWM crosstalk. The residual crosstalk, due to channel power depletion only, is analytically evaluated for intensity-modulated repeaterless wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) systems and compared to experimental results. The theory includes the effect of the channel depletion on the amplitude of each phase-matched FWM wave. The probability of error is evaluated including the statistics of the pattern dependent channel depletion. The BER curve computed for an 8-channel WDM system is found to be in good agreement with experimental results. In the experiment, repeaterless transmission of eight 10 Gb/s WDM channels over 137 km (11 Tb/s-km) of dispersion-shifted fiber was demonstrated and error-free operation was achieved over a wide range of input powers using unequally spaced channels. The same system with equally spaced channels could not achieve a probability of error lower than 10/sup -6/. The use of unequal channel spacing allowed fiber input power to be increased by as much as 7 dB, which could be translated into a fivefold increase of the bit rate per channel (and therefore of the system capacity), or to an increase in the system length of about 30 km.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Thin film resistors and capacitors for advanced packaging (2002)

Integrated passive components are important for high frequency hybrid microelectronics. We have fabricated resistors using reactively sputtered TaN/sub x/ (x<0.5) and Ta/sub 2/Si thin films. We report on the resistivity, temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), microstructure, composition, and thermal stability as a function of deposition conditions. The resistivity can be tuned, for example, by varying the nitrogen concentration. We have also fabricated capacitors with high capacitance density (70 nF/cm/sup 2/) using Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ dielectric films. The Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ dielectric films were prepared by various methods such as reactively sputtered Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/, anodization of reactively sputtered TaN,, and anodization of Ta,Si films. We report on the capacitance density, leakage current, breakdown voltage, and dissipation factor up to high frequencies. We also report on the temperature coefficient of capacitance (TCC) and thermal stability of these capacitors during subsequent processing. A variety of analytical techniques were used to characterize the film properties. These anodic Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ capacitors have exceptionally low leakage currents (<1 nA/cm/sup 2/ at 10 V), high breakdown fields (>4 MV/rm), and high capacitance densities (70 nF/cm/sup 2/). The ac measurements of the capacitors showed ideal behavior up to 10 MHz Generally, anodic capacitors degrade upon subsequent processing above 200/spl deg/C due to dielectric and electrode metal interaction. By engineering the dielectric and the electrode materials, we have fabricated anodic Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ capacitors that are stable up to 350/spl deg/C with excellent capacitor properties. These capacitors are useful as integrated passive components for advanced packaging applications.
Noise can speed Markov chain Monte Carlo estimation and quantum annealing (2019)

Carefully injected noise can speed the average convergence of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimates and simulated annealing optimization. This includes quantum annealing and the MCMC special case of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. MCMC seeks the solution to a computational problem as the equilibrium probability density of a reversible Markov chain. The algorithm must cycle through a long burn-in phase until it reaches equilibrium because the Markov samples are statistically correlated. The special injected noise reduces this burn-in period in MCMC. A related theorem shows that it reduces the cooling time in simulated annealing. Simulations showed that optimal noise gave a 76% speed-up in finding the global minimum in the Schwefel optimization benchmark. The noise-boosted simulations found the global minimum in 99.8% of trials compared with only 95.4% of trials in noiseless simulated annealing. Simulations also showed that the noise boost is robust to accelerated cooling schedules and that noise decreased convergence times by more than 32% under aggressive geometric cooling. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that optimal noise gave a 42% speed-up in finding the minimum potential energy configuration of an eight-argon-atom gas system with a Lennard-Jones 12-6 potential. The annealing speed-up also extends to quantum Monte Carlo implementations of quantum annealing. Noise improved ground-state energy estimates in a 1024-spin simulated quantum annealing simulation by 25.6%. The quantum noise flips spins along a Trotter ring. The noisy MCMC algorithm brings each Markov step closer on average to equilibrium if an inequality holds between two expectations. Gaussian or Cauchy jump probabilities reduce the noise-benefit inequality to a simple quadratic inequality. Simulations show that noise-boosted simulated annealing is more likely than noiseless annealing to sample high probability regions of the search space and to accept solutions that increase the search breadth.
Gradient-Based Cluster Space Navigation for Autonomous Surface Vessels (2014)

This paper presents an experimentally demonstrated gradient-based multirobot technique for adaptively navigating within a parameter field. To implement this technique, simultaneous measurements of the parameter are made at different locations within the field by a spatially controlled cluster of mobile robots. These measurements are shared in order to compute a local gradient of the field. Depending on the task to be achieved, the multirobot cluster is directed with respect to this direction. Moving in or opposite to the gradient direction allows efficient navigation to local maxima/minima in the field, a capability of interest for applications such as detecting pollution sources or the location of resource-starved areas. Moving perpendicular to the gradient direction allows parameter contours to be navigated, a behavior useful for applications such as defining the extent of a field or establishing a safety perimeter at a defined field level. This paper describes the multirobot control technique which combines a full degree-of-freedom “cluster space” multirobot controller with a gradient-based adaptive navigation capability. Verification of the technique through field experiments using a fleet of three robotic kayaks is also presented. Finally, a discussion of results, a review of challenges, and a review of ongoing and future work are presented.
P3-16-01: Safety Profile and Clinical Activity of Single-Agent BKM120, a Pan-Class I PI3K Inhibitor, for the Treatment of Patients with Metastatic Breast Carcinoma. (2011)

Abstract Background Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is critical to cancer cell growth, survival, and metabolism. BKM120 is an oral pan-class I (α, β, γ, δ) PI3K inhibitor that has demonstrated in vitro and in vivo tumor cell growth inhibition in a range of cancer types including breast cancer. Materials and methods: The Phase I study CBKM120X2101 investigating single-agent daily BKM120 in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors has been recently completed with the maximum tolerated dose established at 100 mg/day. Here, we report the analysis of metastatic breast carcinoma (MBC) pts enrolled in this study. Results: Overall, 83 pts have enrolled, 21 of whom have MBC. At the cut-off date of 25th February 2011, 20 MBC pts were evaluable: 1 pt at 80 mg, 1 pt at 150 mg and 18 pts at 100 mg. Patient characteristics were as follows: median age 55 years (range 37–71); performance status ECOG 0/1/2 for 7/12/1 pts, respectively; visceral disease was reported in 16 pts, including liver, 10 pts (50%); lung, 9 pts (45%); and pleura, 5 pts (25%); all pts had &gt;3 lines of systemic therapy (3-12). The median time from last treatment and study entry was 46 days (29-235). The median duration of BKM120 treatment administered was 7.5 weeks (1.0−96.4). The most frequent grade 3 drug-related adverse events (AEs) were: transaminases increase, 4 pts; psychiatric disorders, 3 pts, consisting of anxiety, affective disorder, and mood alteration (1 pt each); diarrhea, 2 pts; fatigue, 2 pts; and hyperglycemia, 1 pt. The only grade 4 drug-related AE was hyperglycemia, reported in 1 pt at 150 mg. Most AEs were manageable with treatment interruption and dose reductions. Eighteen pts were evaluable for objective tumor response by RECIST. Two pts (11%) exhibited partial responses, which were confirmed in a triple-negative MBC pt, and unconfirmed in an ER+ HER2− MBC pt. For these 2 pts, the treatment duration was 29+ (ongoing) and 6 months, respectively. An additional 9 pts (50%) had stable disease, lasting &gt;4 months in 7 pts (35%). Conclusions: This preliminary analysis showed that BKM120 has single-agent activity in heavily pretreated pts with MBC, and an acceptable safety profile. Molecular profiling and updated pharmacokinetic results will be presented at the meeting. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-16-01.