gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitation of somatostatin receptor type 2 in neuroendocrine (merkel cell) carcinoma of the skin by competitive RT-PCR (1999)

Merkel cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but highly aggressive small-cell tumor affecting the skin and, rarely, the lymph nodes (in the absence of a primary site). MCC expresses several neuroendocrine markers, but no data are available on the presence of somatostatin receptors (SSTR) in this tumor. SSTR type 2, mostly detected in normal and neoplastic nervous and neuroendocrine cells, bind the somatostatin analog octreotide with the highest affinity. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of SSTR2 mRNA in MCC, to quantitate their occurrence in individual tumors, and to correlate the presence of SSTR2s with tumor progression and outcome. SSTR2 mRNA was present in 9/10 cases of primary or metastatic MCC by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Southern blot. A variable amount of receptors was found, spanning at least two log units (106–108 mol/μg RNA). Presence of SSTR2 was not correlated with clinical parameters or evolution. It is concluded that MCC shares the property of other neuroendocrine tumors of expressing SSTR2; in a subset of MCC, endowed with high amounts of SSTR2 Octreotide may be an adjunct in the therapeutic strategy for these tumors.
A business-mapping approach to multi-criteria group selection of collection centers and recovery facilities (2004)

For a prospective reverse supply chain to operate efficiently, the designing of that chain must involve selection of collection centers and recovery facilities that have sufficient success potentials. In this paper, we proposed a three-phase selection approach. In the first phase of the approach, we identified criteria for evaluation of the alternatives (collection centers and recovery facilities), for each group participating in the reverse supply chain. In the second phase, we gave weights to the criteria of each group using the eigen vector method, and then, employed the TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) to find the success potential of each alternative, as evaluated by that group. Then, in the third and final phase, we used Borda's choice rule to combine individual success potentials of each alternative into a maximized consensus ranking. We also employ a GIS-based application, MapLand, to "map" the results obtained in the second and the third phases of our approach.
Radar Data Cube Analysis for Fall Detection (2018)

In recent years, radar has been employed as a fall detector, due to its superior sensing capabilities and penetration through walls. In this paper, we introduce a multi-linear subspace fall detection scheme that exploits the three radar signal variables: slow-time, fast-time, and Doppler frequency. The proposed approach attempts to find the optimum orthonormal subspaces that minimize the reconstruction error for different modes of the radar data cube. Experimental results based on real radar data obtained from multiple subjects and aspect angles demonstrate that the proposed multi-dimensional principal component analysis (MPCA) yields the highest overall classification accuracy among other methods including physically interpretable pre-defined features and spectrogram-based standard PCA.
Prenatal Vitamins, One-carbon Metabolism Gene Variants, and Risk for Autism (2011)

Periconceptional use of prenatal vitamins may reduce the risk of having children with autism, especially for genetically susceptible mothers and children. Replication and mechanistic investigations are warranted.
cGAS is essential for the antitumor effect of immune checkpoint blockade (2017)

cGMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates innate immune responses. cGAS catalyzes the synthesis of cGAMP, which functions as a second messenger that binds and activates the adaptor protein STING to induce type I interferons (IFNs) and other immune modulatory molecules. Here we show that cGAS is indispensable for the antitumor effect of immune checkpoint blockade in mice. Wild-type, but not cGAS-deficient, mice exhibited slower growth of B16 melanomas in response to a PD-L1 antibody treatment. Consistently, intramuscular delivery of cGAMP inhibited melanoma growth and prolonged the survival of the tumor-bearing mice. The combination of cGAMP and PD-L1 antibody exerted stronger antitumor effects than did either treatment alone. cGAMP treatment activated dendritic cells and enhanced cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens to CD8 T cells. These results indicate that activation of the cGAS pathway is important for intrinsic antitumor immunity and that cGAMP may be used directly for cancer immunotherapy.
Development and Type Test of a Single-Break 126-kV/40-kA–2500-A Vacuum Circuit Breaker (2015)

The objective of this paper is to present a 126-kV/40-kA-2500-A single-break vacuum circuit breaker (VCB) and its type test results based on the IEC 62271-100: 2006 and GB1984-2003 standards. A single-break 126-kV vacuum interrupter (VI), with a pair of 2/3 coil-type contacts, is used in the 126-kV VCB. The external insulation of the VI is provided by SF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> at 0.1 MPa. A spring-type operating mechanism is used to provide a closing velocity of 1.15 m/s, which is an average velocity for 4 mm before the moving contact mates with the stationary contact. The opening velocity within 20 mm, which is 1/3 of a full contact stroke of 60 mm, is 3.5 m/s. Two kinds of test circuits are used in the type tests to verify the making and breaking capabilities of this 126-kV VCB prototype. One is a direct test circuit for test duty cycles, such as out-of-phase making and breaking test duties, that is, OP1 and OP2; capacitive current switching test of class C1, that is, CC1/LC1 and CC2/LC2. The other is a synthetic circuit, used for tests, such as the terminal fault test, the short-line fault test, the double earth fault test, and the electrical endurance test of class E2. The dielectric tests of a 230-kV/1 min power frequency voltage withstand test and a 550-kV lightning impulse voltage withstand test were used to verify the dielectric withstand performance of the VCB. Experiment results presented in this paper showed that the 126-kV/40 kA-2500 A single-break VCB passed the type tests according to IEC 62271-100 and GB1984-2003.
A New Well Positioning Technique: Access-Independent Ranging Solution for Providing Accurate Well Completion (2017)

Abstract Magnetic ranging has been used in heavy oil drilling environments, primarily in steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) applications, to eliminate accumulated directional survey errors. SAGD applications require drilling several pairs of horizontal, parallel wells separated by a few meters. More than 2,000 well pairs have been drilled using a ranging technique in which a device generating a magnetic field is deployed in one of the SAGD wells, and a device to measure the magnetic field is deployed in the adjacent SAGD well. This ranging technique has succeeded in accurately controlling the desired separations and directions relatively between the well pairs. However, the cost for access to both wellbores of the well pair has created a high demand for new ranging techniques that require access to only drilling wellbore. This paper presents a new well positioning method that provides innovative magnetic ranging without access to the wellbore of a target well through the use of surface excitation. The surface excitation is connected to the wellhead of the target well to transmit a current signal along the cased-hole target well; the array gradiometer in the nearby drilling well receives the corresponding magnetic fields and calculates the relative distance and direction between the two wells. The active magnetic, wellbore access-independent, magnetic ranging system provides several advantages over currently available systems, including reduced cost and risk to the operator, improved equipment logistics, elimination of the wireline ranging tool deployment, and reduced personnel to deliver the service, relative to current commercial systems. Various laboratory tests and field trials based on a discovery tool were conducted exclusively in SAGD wells to validate the proposed concept and to demonstrate the capabilities of providing reliable and accurate ranging data for relative well positioning and well placement applications. The results show excellent agreement on ranging distance and direction measurements between the discovery tool and the industry standard tool. The described logging while drilling (LWD) technique presents an alternative ranging method to existing wireline techniques in SAGD applications. It is also applicable in wellbore intersection and well positioning applications without a target wellbore access.
Designing ScratchJr (2013)

ScratchJr is a graphical programming language based on Scratch and redesigned for the unique developmental and learning needs of children in kindergarten to second grade. The creation of ScratchJr addresses the relative lack of powerful technologies for digital creation and computer programming in early childhood education. ScratchJr will provide software for children to create interactive, animated stories as well as curricula and online resources to support adoption by educators. This paper describes the goals and challenges of creating a developmentally appropriate programming tool for children ages 5-7 and presents the path from guiding principles and studies with young children to current ScratchJr designs and plans for future work.
Stereoselectivity in the formation of heterocyclic amine oxides (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStereoselectivity in the formation of heterocyclic amine oxidesYouval Shvo and Edward D. KaufmanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 10, 2148–2152Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00323a035https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00323a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views468Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Reference values for residual volume, functional residual capacity and total lung capacity. ATS Workshop on Lung Volume Measurements. Official Statement of The European Respiratory Society (1995)

Reference values play an important role in establish-ing whether, in an individual, measured volumes fall within a range to be expected for a healthy person of the same sex, similar stature, age, and other characteristics. Hence, reference values should be chosen that are appro-priate to the person being investigated. Ideally, the refe-rence values should be consistent; in the context of this paper, it implies that predictions for the various lung vol-umes have been derived from the same reference popu-lation, with the same techniques. Comparing measured with reference values is fraught with difficulties, as it may lead to disease going undetected. This is because the scatter in predicted values is sufficiently large to allow a sick person to lose, e.g. much of his total lung capacity (TLC), whilst still remaining in the range observed
Polarization-Insensitive Phase Modulators Based on an Embedded Silicon-Graphene-Silicon Waveguide (2019)

A polarization-insensitive phase modulator concept is presented, based on an embedded silicon-graphene-silicon waveguide. Simulation results show that the effective mode index of both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes in the silicon-graphene-silicon waveguide undergoes almost the same variations under different biases across a broad wavelength range, in which the real-part difference is less than 1.2 × 10−3. Based on that, a polarization-insensitive phase modulator is demonstrated, with a 3-dB modulation bandwidth of 135.6 GHz and a wavelength range of over 500 nm. Moreover, it has a compact size of 60 μm, and a low insertion loss of 2.12 dB. The proposed polarization-insensitive waveguide structure could be also applied to Mach-Zehnder modulators and electro-absorption modulators.
The Tungsten Formylmethanofuran Dehydrogenase from <i>Methanobacterium Thermoautotrophicum</i> Contains Sequence Motifs Characteristic for Enzymes Containing Molybdopterin Dinucleotide (1995)

Formylmethanofuran dehydrogenases are molybdenum or tungsten iron-sulfur proteins containing a pterin dinucleotide cofactor. We report here on the primary structures of the four subunits FwdABCD of the tungsten enzyme from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum which were determined by cloning and sequencing the encoding genes fwdABCD. FwdB was found to contain sequence motifs characteristic for molybdopterin-dinucleotide-containing enzymes indicating that this subunit harbors the active site. FwdA, FwdC and FwdD showed no significant sequence similarity to proteins in the data bases. Northern blot analysis revealed that the four fwd genes form a transcription unit together with three additional genes designated fwdE, fwdF and fwdG. A 17.8-kDa protein and an 8.6-kDa protein, both containing two [4Fe-4S] cluster binding motifs, were deduced from fwdE and fwdG. The open reading frame fwdF encodes a 38.6-kDa protein containing eight binding motifs for [4Fe-4S] clusters suggesting the gene product to be a novel polyferredoxin. All seven fwd genes were expressed in Escherichia coli yielding proteins of the expected size. The fwd operon was found to be located in a region of the M. thermoautotrophicum genome encoding molybdenum enzymes and proteins involved in molybdopterin biosynthesis.
Jointly reduced inhibition and excitation underlies circuit-wide changes in cortical processing in Rett syndrome (2016)

Rett syndrome (RTT) arises from loss-of-function mutations in methyl-CpG binding protein 2 gene (Mecp2), but fundamental aspects of its physiological mechanisms are unresolved. Here, by whole-cell recording of synaptic responses in MeCP2 mutant mice in vivo, we show that visually driven excitatory and inhibitory conductances are both reduced in cortical pyramidal neurons. The excitation-to-inhibition (E/I) ratio is increased in amplitude and prolonged in time course. These changes predict circuit-wide reductions in response reliability and selectivity of pyramidal neurons to visual stimuli, as confirmed by two-photon imaging. Targeted recordings reveal that parvalbumin-expressing (PV<sup>+</sup>) interneurons in mutant mice have reduced responses. PV-specific MeCP2 deletion alone recapitulates effects of global MeCP2 deletion on cortical circuits, including reduced pyramidal neuron responses and reduced response reliability and selectivity. Furthermore, MeCP2 mutant mice show reduced expression of the cation-chloride cotransporter KCC2 (K<sup>+</sup>/Cl<sup>-</sup> exporter) and a reduced KCC2/NKCC1 (Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>/Cl<sup>-</sup> importer) ratio. Perforated patch recordings demonstrate that the reversal potential for GABA is more depolarized in mutant mice, but is restored by application of the NKCC1 inhibitor bumetanide. Treatment with recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 restores responses of PV<sup>+</sup> and pyramidal neurons and increases KCC2 expression to normalize the KCC2/NKCC1 ratio. Thus, loss of MeCP2 in the brain alters both excitation and inhibition in brain circuits via multiple mechanisms. Loss of MeCP2 from a specific interneuron subtype contributes crucially to the cell-specific and circuit-wide deficits of RTT. The joint restoration of inhibition and excitation in cortical circuits is pivotal for functionally correcting the disorder.
Stem/Progenitor Cells in Lung Development, Injury Repair, and Regeneration (2008)

At least two populations of epithelial stem/progenitor cells give rise to the lung anlage, comprising the laryngo-tracheal complex versus the distal lung below the first bronchial bifurcation. Amplification of the distal population requires FGF9-FGF10-FGFR2b-Sprouty signaling. Residual pools of adult stem cells are hypothesized to be the source of lung regeneration and repair. These pools have been located within the basal layer of the upper airways, within or near pulmonary neuroendocrine cell rests, at the bronchoalveolar junction as well as within the alveolar epithelial surface. Rapid repair of the denuded alveolar surface after injury is clearly key to survival. Strategies to enhance endogenous alveolar epithelial repair could include protection of epithelial progenitors from injury and/or stimulation of endogenous progenitor cell function. Protection with inosine or FGF signaling are possible small molecule therapeutic options. Alternatively, exogenous stem/progenitor cells can be delivered into the lung either intravenously, intratracheally, or by direct injection. Sources of exogenous stem/progenitor cells that are currently under evaluation in the context of acute lung injury repair include embryonic stem cells, bone marrow- or fat-derived mesenchymal stem cells, circulating endothelial progenitors, and, recently, amniotic fluid stem/progenitor cells. Further work will be needed to translate stem/progenitor cell therapy for the lung.
Hand Drawn Optical Circuit Recognition (2016)

Electrical diagram is foundation of studies in electrical science. A circuit diagram convey many information about the system. Behind any device there are plenty of electrical ingredients which perform their specific tasks, today all the electrical software tools failed to effectively convert the information automatically from a circuit image diagram to digital form. Hence electrical engineers should manually enter all information into computers, and this process takes time and bring errors with high probability. Moreover, when the diagram is hand drawn, the problem is more complicated for any electrical analysis. Thus, in this paper we propose a new method using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to make a machine that can directly read the electrical symbols from a hand drawn circuit image. The recognition process involves two steps: first step is feature extraction using shape based features, and the second one is a classification procedure using ANN through a back propagation algorithm. The ANN was trained and tested with different hand drawn electrical images. The results show that our proposal is viable and brings good performances.
Cucumber ( <i>Cucumis sativus</i> ) and melon ( <i>C. melo</i> ) have numerous wild relatives in Asia and Australia, and the sister species of melon is from Australia (2010)

Among the fundamental questions regarding cultivated plants is their geographic origin and region of domestication. The genus Cucumis, which includes cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and melon (Cucumis melo), has numerous wild African species, and it has therefore been assumed that melon originated in Africa. For cucumber, this seemed less likely because wild cucumbers exist in India and a closely related species lives in the Eastern Himalayas. Using DNA sequences from plastid and nuclear markers for some 100 Cucumis accessions from Africa, Australia, and Asia, we show here that melon and cucumber are of Asian origin and have numerous previously overlooked species-level relatives in Australia and around the Indian Ocean. The wild progenitor of C. melo occurs in India, and our data confirm that the Southeast Asian Cucumis hystrix is the closest relative of cucumber. Most surprisingly, the closest relative of melon is Cucumis picrocarpus from Australia. C. melo diverged from this Australian sister species approximately 3 Ma, and both diverged from the remaining Asian/Australian species approximately 10 Ma. The Asian/Australian Cucumis clade comprises at least 25 species, nine of them new to science, and diverged from its African relatives in the Miocene, approximately 12 Ma. Range reconstruction under maximum likelihood suggests Asia as the ancestral area for the most recent common ancestor of melon and cucumber, fitting with both having progenitor populations in the Himalayan region and high genetic diversity of C. melo landraces in India and China. Future investigations of wild species related to melon and cucumber should concentrate on Asia and Australia.
New Insights into Osteogenic and Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Potential Clinical Applications for Bone Regeneration in Pediatric Orthopaedics (2013)

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are pluripotent adult stem cells capable of being differentiated into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. The osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs is regulated either by systemic hormones or by local growth factors able to induce specific intracellular signal pathways that modify the expression and activity of several transcription factors. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and Wnt signaling-related molecules are the major factors critically involved in the osteogenic differentiation process by hMSCs, and SRY-related high-mobility-group (HMG) box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) is involved in the chondrogenic one. hMSCs have generated a great interest in the field of regenerative medicine, particularly in bone regeneration. In this paper, we focused our attention on the molecular mechanisms involved in osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of hMSC, and the potential clinical use of hMSCs in osteoarticular pediatric disease characterized by fracture nonunion and pseudarthrosis.
Image analysis for efficient categorization of image-based spam e-mail (2005)

To circumvent prevalent text-based anti-spam filters, spammers have begun embedding the advertisement text in images. Analogously, proprietary information (such as source code) may be communicated as screenshots to defeat text-based monitoring of outbound e-mail. The proposed method separates spam images from other common categories of e-mail images based on extracted overlay text and color features. No expensive OCR processing is necessary. Our method works robustly in spite of complex backgrounds, compression artifacts, and a wide variety of formats and fonts of overlaid spam text. It is also demonstrated successfully to detect screen-shots in outbound e-mail.
An unusual cause of food-induced anaphylaxis in mothers (2017)

The supplementation of GOS into milk and beverages in the Asian region should take into account the rare chance of allergenicity of GOS in the atopic population.
Synthesis and Vasorelaxant and Platelet Antiaggregatory Activities of a New Series of 6-Halo-3-phenylcoumarins (2010)

A series of 6-halo-3-hydroxyphenylcoumarins (resveratrol-coumarins hybrid derivatives) was synthesized in good yields by a Perkin reaction followed by hydrolysis. The new compounds were evaluated for their vasorelaxant activity in intact rat aorta rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine (PE), as well as for their inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation induced by thrombin in washed human platelets. These compounds concentration-dependently relaxed vascular smooth muscle and some of them showed a platelet antiaggregatory activity that was up to thirty times higher than that shown by trans-resveratrol and some other previously synthesized derivatives.