gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electromigration in aluminum damascene lines (1999)

Four different metallization processes for AlCu dual damascene are investigated with respect to their electromigration lifetime and compared to a metallization using subtractive metal etching. It is shown that the electromigration reliability lifetime depends strongly on the metal stack and the metallization process used. Three fill processes that employ PVD Ti and PVD Ti/TiN liners result in poor electromigration, while a process using CVD TiN leads to superior electromigration performance. In this particular case the current density had to be increased to values as high as 2.5 MA/cm2 in order to induce a statistically relevant number of fails in certain structures. Two of the most important parameters that determine the electromigration lifetime in damascene lines are (1) the quality of the Al sidewalls as determined for instance by the presence of a TiAl3 reaction layer and (2) the amount of TiAl3 formation that reduces the bulk AlCu thickness. The texture of the AlCu matrix is of less importance. In fact, the damascene lines with the longest lifetime have no significant TiAl3 formation and almost random texture. This is in contrast to electromigration of metal RIE structures where randomly textured lines generally have short electromigration lifetime. The excellent electromigration performance of the optimum damascene samples is attributed to the absence of an etched Al-SiO2 interface and the suppression of Ti-Al reactions. This results in reduced number of defects and void nucleation sites, and a low material diffusivity.
Symmetric Mach‐Zehnder‐type all‐optical switches and ultrafast all‐optical signal processing (2002)

Abstract Symmetric Mach‐Zehnder (SMZ) type all‐optical switches, namely, the SMZ, polarization‐discriminating SMZ (PD‐SMZ), and delayed interference signal wavelength converter (DISC), are described in detail. All of these all‐optical switches are characterized by push–pull operation and allow ultrafast switching not limited by the relaxation time of high‐efficiency nonlinear optical materials that are suitable for low‐power operations. They make possible a low‐chirp switching window of a quasi‐square type that is important in practice. Ultrafast all‐optical signal processing with an SMZ, namely, 168 → 10.5 Gbit/s error‐free DEMUX (using a hybrid‐integrated SMZ, HI‐SMZ), zero‐penalty optical signal pulse regeneration at 84 and 168 Gbit/s, and error‐free all‐optical wavelength conversion are reported. In experiments with pulse regeneration and wavelength conversion, the error rate is evaluated after DEMUX to 10.5 Gbit/s by HI‐SMZ because the signal light after signal processing has ultrahigh speed. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(2): 1–17, 2002
Periodic permanent magnet focusing in single and multiple beam klystrons (2016)

Calabazas Creek Research is developing several, high power, periodic permanent magnet (PPM) focused klystrons. PPM focusing offers reduced power consumption and low weight. We report on the design and testing of an S-band, pulsed klystron capable of providing 5 MW power for advanced medical and industrial accelerators, and on the design of the gun and magnetic structure for a PPM-focused, multiple beam klystron with a beam power of 320 kW CW.
Constitutive and modulated cytokine expression in two permanent human bone marrow stromal cell lines. (1996)

We present a detailed analysis of cytokine expression patterns of the two permanent human bone marrow stromal cell lines, L87/4 and L88/5. These cell lines, previously established in our laboratory, are highly radiotolerant without cell detachment and support long-term cultures of CD(34+)-enriched human cord blood cells. RT-PCR analysis of 22 different cytokines or cytokine receptor mRNAs showed an almost identical expression pattern in the two stromal cell lines compared to primary human Dexter-type stroma. Since stromal feeder lines employed in long-term cultures usually are irradiated and grown in media containing corticosteroids, we analyzed the impact of irradiation and dexamethasone on cytokine production in the two cell lines by RT-PCR, Northern blot analysis, bioassays, and RIAs. By RT-PCR analysis, constitutive mRNA expression of c-kit, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-11, Kit ligand (KL), LIF, M-CSF, MIP-1 alpha, TGF-beta, and TNF-alpha was demonstrated in both cell lines, with L87/4 a more potent cytokine producer than L88/5. Northern blot data showed an increase in mRNA levels for GM-CSF, IL-1 beta, and LIF by irradiation and IL-1 alpha treatment in both cell lines. IL-1 alpha-induced GM-CSF, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-11, and LIF mRNA levels were reduced by the addition of dexamethasone, whereas dexamethasone had no influence on the amounts of IL-1 alpha-induced G-CSF mRNA. L87/4 and, to a lower extent, L88/5 cells showed dexamethasone-dependent increases in KL mRNA, while KL mRNA levels were not stimulated by IL-1 alpha.
Experimental investigation of 4K pulse tube refrigerator. 4K pulse kan reitoki no jikkenteki hyoka (1993)

In order to find out how to reach 4K by the pulse tube method and the optimum configuration for the multiple stage pulse tube, experiments were carried out using pulse tube refrigerators of several different configuration types combined with a G-M cryocooler. The lowest temperature of 3.5K was obtained at the cold end of the pulse tube of the C- or D-type refrigerator in which the phase control system equipped at room temperature and the hot end of the pulse tube were connected by the stainless steel tube (that is called regenerative tube) with metallic balls inserted in it. The hot end of the final stage regenerator was precooled at 15 to 20K. The best operating condition was the mean operating pressure between 1.0 and 1.5MPa in a frequency range of about 1 to 2Hz. In the case of the D-type pulse tube that does not require precooling, cooling power of 88.5mW was obtained at the minimum reachable temperatures of 3.5K and 5K. Then, the configuration to efficiently obtain the cooling temperature of 4K was discussed considering the analyses of heat flow and heat loss which occur with the phase shift and the arrangement of the multi-stage pulse tube. 13 refs., 12 figs., 3 tabs.
Theory of Structure-Based Carbon Nanotube Separations by Ion-Exchange Chromatography of DNA/CNT Hybrids (2005)

Single-stranded DNA wrap helically around individual single-walled carbon nanotubes to form DNA/CNT hybrids, which are both stable and dispersible in aqueous solution. Subjected to ion-exchange chromatography, a hybrid elutes at an ionic strength that depends on the electronic character and diameter of the core nanotube, thus providing a mechanism for separating nanotubes by chirality. We present a theoretical model for this separation process that explains all the salient features observed experimentally to date, and provides accurate predictions for critical elution salt concentration. The competition between adsorption on the stationary phase and counterion condensation in the mobile phase is characterized by estimating the difference in free energy between the two states of the hybrid. Parametric study of the DNA wrapping geometry, SWNT dielectric properties, hybrid length, and diameter indicate that the elution is most sensitive to the hybrid's effective charge density, primarily governed by the DNA helical pitch. The model correctly predicts hybrids with metallic nanotubes are weaker binding than hybrids with semiconducting nanotubes and larger diameter nanotubes are eluted at later times.
MODC: Resilience for disaggregated memory architectures using task-based programming (2021)

Disaggregated memory architectures provide benefits to applications beyond traditional scale out environments, such as independent scaling of compute and memory resources. They also provide an independent failure model, where computations or the compute nodes they run on may fail independently of the disaggregated memory; thus, data that's resident in the disaggregated memory is unaffected by the compute failure. Blind application of traditional techniques for resilience (e.g., checkpoints or data replication) does not take advantage of these architectures. To demonstrate the potential benefit of these architectures for resilience, we develop Memory-Oriented Distributed Computing (MODC), a framework for programming disaggregated architectures that borrows and adapts ideas from task-based programming models, concurrent programming techniques, and lock-free data structures. This framework includes a task-based application programming model and a runtime system that provides scheduling, coordination, and fault tolerance mechanisms. We present highlights of our MODC prototype and experimental results demonstrating that MODC-style resilience outperforms a checkpoint-based approach in the face of failures.
Quantitative assessment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia using automated motion sensing technology (2012)

The objective was to capture levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) using body-worn motion sensors. Dopaminergic treatment in PD can induce abnormal involuntary movements, including choreatic dyskinesia (brief, rapid, irregular movements). Adjustments in medication to reduce LID often sacrifice control of motor symptoms, and balancing this tradeoff poses a significant challenge for management of advanced PD. Fifteen PD subjects with known LID were recruited and instructed to perform two stationary motor tasks while wearing a compact wireless motion sensor unit positioned on each hand over the course of a levodopa dose cycle. Videos of subjects performing the motor tasks were later scored by expert clinicians to assess global dyskinesia using the modified Abnormal Involuntary Rating Scale (m-AIMS). Kinematic features were extracted from motion data in different frequency bands (1-3Hz and 3-8Hz) to quantify LID severity and to distinguish between LID and PD tremor. Receiver operator characteristic analysis was used to determine thresholds for individual features to detect the presence of LID. A sensitivity of 0.73 and specificity of 1.00 were achieved. A neural network was also trained to output dyskinesia severity on a 0 to 4 scale, similar to the m-AIMS. The model generalized well to new data (coefficient of determination= 0.85 and mean squared error= 0.3). This study demonstrated that hand-worn motion sensors can be used to assess global dyskinesia severity independent of PD tremor over the levodopa dose cycle.
Imaging polymers, proteins and dna in aqueous solutions with the atomic force microscope (1989)

The atomic force microscope (AFM) is an instrument that can be used to image many samples of interest in biology and medicine. Images of polymerized amino acids, polyalanine and polyphenylalanine demonstrate the potential of the AFM for revealing the structure of molecules. Images of the protein fibrinogen which agree with TEM images demonstrate that the AFM can provide topographical data on larger molecules. Finally, images of DNA suggest the AFM may soon provide an easier and faster technique for DNA sequencing. The AFM consists of a microfabricated SiO 2 triangular shaped cantilever with a diamond tip affixed at the elbow to act as a probe. The sample is mounted on a electronically driven piezoelectric crystal. It is then placed in contact with the tip and scanned. The topography of the surface causes minute deflections in the 100 μm long cantilever which are detected using an optical lever.
A monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial–cadherin inhibits tumor angiogenesis without side effects on endothelial permeability (2002)

Vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) is an endothelial-specific, trans-membrane protein that promotes homophilic cell adhesion. Inhibition of VE-cadherin by the blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb) BV13 inhibited angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo. However, this effect was accompanied by a marked increase in lung and heart permeability. In the present paper, we characterize a different VE-cadherin mAb (BV14) that is able to inhibit angiogenesis without affecting vascular permeability. In vitro studies show that BV14, in contrast to BV13, did not increase paracellular permeability of endothelial monolayers and did not disrupt VE-cadherin clusters at junctions. However, both antibodies could inhibit formation of vascularlike structures in collagen gels and increase migration of endothelial cells into wounded areas. In vivo, BV14 and BV13 were equally active in inhibiting angiogenesis in the mouse cornea and in reducing the growth of hemangioma and C6 glioma. In contrast to BV13, BV14 did not change vascular permeability in all the organs tested and at any dose used. BV14 and BV13 bind to VE-cadherin extracellular repeats EC4 and EC1, respectively. We propose that, in resting vessels, where junctions are stable and well-structured, antibody binding to EC1 but not EC4 disrupts their organization and increases permeability. In contrast, in growing vessels, where endothelial cells are migrating and junctions are weaker, antibody binding to EC4 may be sufficient to disrupt cell-to-cell adhesion and inhibit assembly of new vascular structures.
Synthesis and characterization of cardanol‐grafted natural rubber—The solution technique (2007)

Abstract Cardanol, a by‐product of the cashew industry, has been recently proven to be a multifunctional additive (MFA) in rubbers. It is expected that grafting of cardanol onto natural rubber (NR) would impart inherent MFA characteristics to the rubber. Grafting has been carried out in solution using toluene as the solvent and a peroxide initiator. Optimized conditions of grafting reaction could be arrived at using a statistical tool namely orthogonal array testing strategy, keeping the maximum percentage of grafting as the selection criteria. Further studies were conducted to study the influence of monomer concentration and initiator concentrations. The effect of the reaction temperature and reaction time were also investigated. Characterization of grafted rubber was carried out with the help of infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and thermal analysis. IR spectrum of cardanol exhibited the characteristic peak of cardanol at 3356 cm −1 . Percent grafting (PG) of cardanol onto NR was determined by residual weight method. PG increased with increasing cardanol quantity reached an optimum and then decreased. The increase in reaction time and reaction temperature also caused increasing levels of the grafted cardanol. However, PG continuously increased with increasing initiator concentrations. Differential scanning calorimetry studies of the grafted NR showed a lower glass transition temperature than that of the raw NR, which is indicative of the plasticization effect of cardanol. The thermogravimetric analysis showed a higher thermo oxidative stability for cardanol‐grafted NR. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Abstract C58: Humanization and characterization of an anti-ErbB-3 murine monoclonal antibody. (2011)

Abstract Background: The signaling network downstream of the human epidermal growth factor receptors ErbB-1 and ErbB-2 have been extensively targeted by cancer therapeutics. Although initially efficacious in a subset of patients, drugs targeting these receptors led invariably to resistance which is often associated with reactivation of the ErbB-3/PI3K-Akt axis. This may be overcome by ErbB-3 ligands that abrogates receptor-mediated signaling. Methods: the murine MP-RM-1 monoclonal antibody that specifically binds ErbB-3 ectodomain was chimerized by replacing the murine constant regions with the human constant regions and humanized by gratfing Complementarity Determining Regions from the murine into a human antibody framework using a computer assisted molecular modelling. Recombinant genes were placed into the pCDNA3.1 expression vector and transfected into Chinese Hamster Ovary-S cells. Antibodies were screened on the basis of their ability to inhibit Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1)-induced activation of the ErbB-3/PI3K-Akt axis in IR-8 human melanoma cells (Table 1). Four antibody variants, i.e., cMP-RM-1 #1, hMP-RM-1 #6, hMP-RM-1 #10, and hMP-RM-1 #20, were selected and further tested for their ability to promote ErbB-3 downregulation and to inhibit in vitro and in vivo growth of tumor cells. Results: Four chimeric (c) and sixteen humanized (h) antibody variants were obtained. All variants showed to possess antigen binding affinity comparable to that of their parental antibody. Initial screening identified one chimeric (cMP-RM-1 #1) and three humanized (hMP-RM-1 #6, hMP-RM-1 #10, hMP-RM-1 #20) antibodies as the most effective in inhibiting ErbB-3/Akt phosphorylation and promotion of ErbB-3 downregulation. Further testing revealed the antibodies potently inhibited colony formation ability of tumor cells and halted growth of melanoma and ovarian cancer xenografts in nude mice. Treatment with the antibodies was associated with a decreased ErbB-3 and Akt phosphorylation and ErbB-3 expression in the excised tumor tissue. Conclusions: This successful production of chimeric/humanized antibodies possessing antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo may provide novel candidates for ErbB-3-targeted therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C58.
Mammalian Expression of Virus-Like Particles for Advanced Mimicry of Authentic Influenza Virus (2010)

This flexible mammalian influenza VLP system offers a superior alternative to the conventional reverse genetic vaccine platform without concerns over inadequate presentation of immune antigens or limitations imposed by the manipulation of real viruses.
Noninvasive detection of coronary artery disease (1994)

Recently, the authors focused on the application of the neural networks to improve the diagnostic capability of the acoustical approach. In order to improve the diagnostic ability for mis-diagnosed patients, the combination of the first four moments (mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis) of the extrema of the coefficients of wavelet transform applied to the diastolic heart sounds associated with coronary artery disease, as well as physical examination parameters, were used as the input pattern to the neural networks. The wavelet transform was chosen, since it is free from assumptions concerning the characteristics of the signal. Finally, using their nonlinear and multilayered architecture, fuzzy neural networks were applied to the diastolic heart sounds produced by coronary stenoses in order to capture fully all relevant information related to the patients' disease states.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Non-invasive optical techniques for the measurement of macular pigments (2003)

Clinical studies of carotenoid macular pigments (MP) and chronic retina disease have been limited by the lack of non-invasive, objective techniques. In this paper we describe anovel, noninvasive optical techniques based on the resonant Raman spectroscopy for the assessment of the carotenoid status of human retina in vivo. Using resonant excitation in the visible, we measure the Raman signals that originate from the single- and double-bond stretch vibrations of the π-conjugated carotenoid molecule's carbon backbone. MP Raman detector, robust device useful for routine measurements of MP concentration in a clinical setting, has been developed and tested in clinical studies in humans to validate its function and to begin to establish its role as a possible screening test for macular pathologies. We report our first results on using carotenoid Raman detection in imaging mode. The results on retinal Raman imaging reveal highly specific and quantitative information regarding the spatial distribution of macular pigments. We also compare Raman technology with others availabe today subjective and objective MP detection methods and show that Raman spectroscopic technology has tremendous potential as a breakthrough method for rapid screening of carotenoid antioxidant levels in large populations that are at risk for vision loss from age-related macular degeneration, the leading cause of blindness of the elderly in the developed world.
Detection scheme for a partially occluded pedestrian based on occluded depth in lidar–radar sensor fusion (2017)

Object detections are critical technologies for the safety of pedestrians and drivers in autonomous vehicles. Above all, occluded pedestrian detection is still a challenging topic. We propose a new detection scheme for occluded pedestrian detection by means of lidar–radar sensor fusion. In the proposed method, the lidar and radar regions of interest (RoIs) have been selected based on the respective sensor measurement. Occluded depth is a new means to determine whether an occluded target exists or not. The occluded depth is a region projected out by expanding the longitudinal distance with maintaining the angle formed by the outermost two end points of the lidar RoI. The occlusion RoI is the overlapped region made by superimposing the radar RoI and the occluded depth. The object within the occlusion RoI is detected by the radar measurement information and the occluded object is estimated as a pedestrian based on human Doppler distribution. Additionally, various experiments are performed in detecting a partially occluded pedestrian in outdoor as well as indoor environments. According to experimental results, the proposed sensor fusion scheme has much better detection performance compared to the case without our proposed method.
Conversion of <scp>D</scp>‐xylose to ethanol by the yeast <i>Pachysolen tannophilus</i> (1982)

The yeast Pachysolen tannophilus was found to be capable of converting D-xylose to ethanol. Batch cultures initially containing 50 g/L D-xylose yielded 0.34 g of ethanol per gram of pentose consumed. Aerobic conditions were required for cell growth but not for ethanol production. Both alcohol formation and growth were optimum when incubation temperature was 32 degrees C, when pH was near 2.5, and when D-xylose and ethanol concentrations did not exceed 50 and 20 g/L, respectively.
Laser Spark Ignition: Laser Development and Engine Testing (2004)

Evermore demanding market and legislative pressures require stationary lean-burn natural gas engines to operate at higher efficiencies and reduced levels of emissions. Higher in-cylinder pressures and leaner air/fuel ratios are required in order to meet these demands. Contemporary ignition systems, more specifically spark plug performance and durability, suffer as a result of the increase in spark energy required to maintain suitable engine operation under these conditions. This paper presents a discussion of the need for an improved ignition source for advanced stationary natural gas engines and introduces laser spark ignition as a potential solution to that need. Recent laser spark ignition engine testing with natural gas fuel including NOx mapping is discussed. A prototype laser system in constructed and tested and the results are discussed and solutions provided for improving the laser system output pulse energy and pulse characteristics.