gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Conformational Studies of Mono- and Bicyclic Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein-Derived Agonists (1997)

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is expressed in a wide variety of cells where it acts as an autocrine and/or paracrine factor involved in regulation of cellular growth, differentiation, and embryonic development. It may also play a physiological endocrine role in calcium transport across the placenta or during lactation. The N-terminal portion, PTHrP-(1-34), retains all the calciotropic parathyroid hormone-like activity and is a lead structure for the design of novel, bone anabolic agents for the treatment of bone disorders such as osteoporosis. To characterize the putative bioactive conformation, we have carried out a detailed structural analysis of a series of three conformationally constrained PTHrP-(1-34)-based mono- and bicyclic lactam-containing biologically active analogs: (III) The conformational properties were studied by circular dichroisim, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, distance geometry calculations, and molecular dynamic simulations in water/trifluoroethanol (TFE) mixtures. The helical content in water of both monocyclic analogs I and II is approximately 22%; that of the bicyclic analog III is approximately 40%. In 30% TFE, all analogs reached a maximal helical content of 80%, corresponding to 26 or 27 residues out of 34 in a helical conformation. High-resolution structures obtained with 50:50 TFE/water revealed that all three analogs display two helical domains and a hinge region around Gly12-Lys13. The highly potent mono- and bicyclic agonists I and III display a second hinge around Arg19-Arg20 which is shifted to Ser14-Asp17 in the weakly potent monocyclic agonist II. We suggest that the presence and localization of discrete hinges in the sequence together with the high propensity for helicity of the C-terminal sequence and the enhancement of helical nucleation at the N-terminal sequence are essential for generating a PTH/PTHrP receptor-compatible bioactive conformation.
Genetics insight into the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia spectrum (2017)

Recent genetic discoveries have dramatically changed our understanding of two major neurodegenerative conditions. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are common, devastating diseases of the brain. For decades, ALS and FTD were classified as movement and cognitive disorders, respectively, due to their distinct clinical phenotypes. The recent identification of <i>chromosome 9 open reading frame 72</i> (<i>C9orf72</i>) as the major gene causative of familial forms of ALS and FTD uncovered a new reality of a continuous FTD/ALS spectrum. The finding that up to 50% of all patients present some degree of ALS <i>and</i> FTD phenotypes supports this ALS/FTD continuum. Now >100 genes are known to contribute to ALS/FTD, with a few major contributors that are reviewed below. The low penetrance of <i>C9orf72</i> mutations, its contribution to sporadic cases, and its combination with other genes support an oligogenic model where two or more genes contribute to disease risk, onset, progression and phenotype: from 'pure' ALS or FTD to combined ALS/FTD. These advances in the genetics of ALS/FTD will soon lead to a better mechanistic understanding of the pathobiology of the disease, which should result in the development of effective therapies in the near future.
Generalization of the Rouard method to an absorbing thin-film stack and application to surface plasmon resonance (2006)

In the context of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) kinetic biochips, it is important to model the SPR phenomenon (i.e., extinction of reflectivity) toward biochip design and optimization. The Rouard approach that models reflectivity off a thin-film stack is shown to be extendable to any number of absorbing layers with no added complexity. Using the generalized Rouard method, the effect of SPR is simulated as a function of the wavelength for various metal thicknesses. Given an optimal metal thickness, the dependence of SPR on the angle of incidence and wavelength is also demonstrated. Such a model constitutes a potential basis for the efficient design and optimization of multidimensional sensors.
Quantum interference of surface states in bismuth nanowires probed by the Aharonov-Bohm oscillatory behavior of the magnetoresistance (2008)

We report the observation of an oscillatory dependence of the low-temperature resistance of individual single-crystal bismuth nanowires on the Aharonov-Bohm phase of the magnetic flux threading the wire. 55 and $75\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ wires were investigated in magnetic fields of up to $14\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$. For $55\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ nanowires, longitudinal magnetoresistance periods of 0.8 and $1.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$ that were observed at magnetic fields over $4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$ are assigned to $h∕2e$ to $h∕e$ magnetic flux modulation. The same modes of oscillation were observed in $75\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ wires. The observed effects are consistent with models of the Bi surface where surface states give rise to a significant population of charge carriers of high effective mass that form a highly conducting tube around the nanowire. In the $55\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ wires, the Fermi energy of the surface band is estimated to be $18\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$. An interpretation of the magnetoresistance oscillations in terms of a subband structure in the surface state band caused by quantum interference in the tube is presented.
Low Dielectric Constant—The Substrate of the Future (1987)

Low dielectric constant printed circuit board materials are becoming available. There are four or more materials that can produce boards with a dielectric constant of 28. This paper will discuss the electrical and system advantages of having a lower dielectric constant, and the advantages and disadvantages of each of the principal new materials. In particular, the use of lower dielectric to increase circuit density will be stressed, rather than the more usual expectation that the lower dielectric constant will be used to increase propagation velocity or reduce capacitance. The increase in circuit density will reduce the size of boards, and achieve the reduction in propagation delay even though the capacitance and characteristic impedance are unchanged.
Effects of stress cycles on static and dynamic Young's moduli in Castlegate sandstone (2026)

It is well reported in the literature that the static moduli of rock determined from stress-strain testing are characteristically lower than dynamic moduli. We demonstrate that with a consistent definition of the static elastic modulus in terms of small load-unload cycles, the difference between static and dynamic moduli is negligible for Castlegate sandstone. This result is based on a series of stress-cycling measurements on room-dry Castlegate sandstone (UCS = 16 MPa) where we have made simultaneous measurements of both the static stress-strain behavior and the dynamic sound speeds (P and S) on the same sample of rock during unconfined, uniaxial compression. These tests include three “major” load-unload cycles up to 70% of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and ten minor load-unload cycles of about 6% of UCS. The static minor cycle Young’s modulus is similar to the dynamic Young’s modulus at 10 MPa axial stress and has the value 10 GPa (to within 10%). We work with dry material to focus on the fundamental issues of modulus differences since fluid effects are described in the literature.
Attitudes and Aspirations in a Diverse World: The Project StORe Perspective on Scientific Repositories (2008)

Project StORe was conceived as an initiative to apply digital library technologies in the creation of new value for published research. Ostensibly a technical project, its primary objective was the design of middleware to enable bi-directional links between source repositories containing research data and output repositories containing research publications. Hence, researchers would be able to navigate directly from within an electronic article to the source or synthesised data from which that article was derived. To achieve a product that directly reflects user needs, a survey of researchers was conducted across seven scientific disciplines. This survey exposed the spectrum of cultural pressures, preferences and prejudices that influence the research process, as well as a range of practices in the production and management of research data. Aspects of the research environment revealed by the survey are considered in this paper in the context of repository use and, more broadly, the requirements, roles and responsibilities necessary to good data management.
Thermopile infrared array sensor for human detector application (2014)

This paper reports the design of thermopile infrared sensor for human detector application. Sensitivity and response time of thermopile infrared sensor element are important for human detector application. In order to fulfill the specification, we developed S-shaped structure for thermopile infrared sensor element and fabrication process of chip scale vacuum package for mass production of the thermopile infrared sensors. As the result, 140V/W sensitivity and 17msec response time of the thermopile infrared sensor element are achieved. The thermopile infrared sensor is all fabricated by CMOS processes.
A leakage-suppression technique for phase-locked systems in 65nm CMOS (2009)

In nanoscale CMOS processes, the leakage current is becoming one of the important issues to cope with for high-performance analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits. For digital circuits, the leakage current results in a high stand-by power consumption. For analog circuits, it degrades the accuracy and performance. PLLs are widely used in various wireline and wireless communication systems. For a phase/frequency detector (PFD) and a divider in a PLL, the leakage current increases the in-band phase noise and jitter. For a VCO, the leakage current alters the common-mode voltage, and as a result the VCO may not operate at a low frequency. For a charge pump (CP) and a loop filter, the leakage current induces a steady phase error and jitter. It is because the leakage current charges or discharges the loop filter while the CP is off. Since a PLL usually needs a large capacitor in its loop filter, the MOS capacitor is often used to save the area. However, the large MOS capacitor suffers from the large leakage current in a nanoscale CMOS process.
Abstract B36: Novel immunodeficient rat models capable of supporting the growth of human tumor xenografts (2018)

Abstract Mouse models of human cancer have paved the way for studying cancer biology and genomics and their effects on cancer growth kinetics, propensity for metastasis, and treatment response. In addition, human cancer xenografts provide the opportunity to study cancer cell interactions with host stroma and tumor morphology. A plethora of genetically immunodeficient mouse models exist with different immune phenotypes, resulting in significant variability in tumor take rates and growth kinetics for a wide range of human cancer cell lines and patient-derived xenografts (PDX). Inconsistent or poor growth in these immunodeficient models have made downstream analysis and drug efficacy testing difficult. As a result, a significant number of mice are needed for drug efficacy screening to achieve a cohort of animals with tumors of similar size with similar tumor growth kinetics for treatment. It is possible that these cell lines might grow more consistently in a different immunodeficient model, such as an immunodeficient rat. Until recently, the only immunodeficient rat that existed was the nude (NIH-Foxn1rnu; RNU) rat. This rat lacks T cells, but maintains a normal repertoire of all other immune cells, including B and NK cells. As such, there are a limited number of human cancer cell lines that can survive in the nude rat. We have created a genetically modified rat with a functional mutation of the Rag2 gene (Sprague Dawley – Rag2 null; SDR), resulting in a loss of mature B and T cells. In addition, we have created a Rag2/Il2rg double knockout rat (Sprague Dawley – Rag2; Il2rg null; SRG) that lacks mature B cells, T cells, and has fewer NK cells than wild-type Sprague Dawley rats. We have shown that the SDR rat is permissive for solid tumor growth of the human acute lymphocytic leukemia REH cell line, human glioblastoma U87MG cell line, human non-small cell lung cancer H358 cell line, and cell lines derived from ovarian and endometrial PDX samples. In some cases, tumor growth kinetics are superior in the SDR rat compared with immunodeficient mouse models. We have demonstrated that the human prostate cancer cell line, VCaP, which has poor engraftment efficiency and growth kinetics in the mouse, grows well in the SRG rat. The SRG rat is currently being validated for growth kinetics of other human cancer cell lines and PDX tissues. In addition, we are developing several disseminated human leukemia models in the SRG rat and creating immune-humanized mice and rats to be used in conjunction with human tumor xenografts for immunotherapy efficacy studies. Citation Format: Fallon K. Noto, Kamesh Ravi, Angela Arey, Christopher McClain, Wei Zhang, Goutham Narla, Jack Crawford, Tseten Yeshi. Novel immunodeficient rat models capable of supporting the growth of human tumor xenografts [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Modeling Cancer in Mice: Technology, Biology, and Beyond; 2017 Sep 24-27; Orlando, Florida. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B36.
日治時期熊谷良正《臺灣語之研究》的幾點觀察: 林香薇撰 (2020)

本文從熊谷良正臺語著作《臺灣語之研究》（1931）入手，透過對「予hōo」、「共 kā」、「佮kah」、「落loh」、「愛ai」、「親像tshin-tshiūnn」等詞彙的探討，觀察該書漢字書寫與語法功能、多義詞的義項畫分、漢字與形音義關係、詞彙與語用分工等問題，並與陳輝龍的《臺灣語法》（1934）、小川尚義編的《臺日大辭典》（1931～1932）相互比較，以釐清日治時期熊谷良正的臺語運用，並呈現他對臺語研究的貢獻。
Anti-Breast Cancer Potential of Quercetin via the Akt/AMPK/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Signaling Cascade (2016)

The Akt/adenosine monophosphate protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has emerged as a critical signaling nexus for regulating cellular metabolism, energy homeostasis, and cell growth. Thus, dysregulation of this pathway contributes to the development of metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2diabetes, and cancer. We previously reported that a combination of grape polyphenols (resveratrol, quercetin and catechin: RQC), at equimolar concentrations, reduces breast cancer (BC) growth and metastasis in nude mice, and inhibits Akt and mTOR activities and activates AMPK, an endogenous inhibitor of mTOR, in metastatic BC cells. The objective of the present study was to determine the contribution of individual polyphenols to the effect of combined RQC on mTOR signaling. Metastatic BC cells were treated with RQC individually or in combination, at various concentrations, and the activities (phosphorylation) of AMPK, Akt, and the mTOR downstream effectors, p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) and 4E binding protein (4EBP1), were determined by Western blot. Results show that quercetin was the most effective compound for Akt/mTOR inhibition. Treatment with quercetin at 15μM had a similar effect as the RQC combination in the inhibition of BC cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. However, cell cycle analysis showed that the RQC treatment arrested BC cells in the G1 phase, while quercetin arrested the cell cycle in G2/M. In vivo experiments, using SCID mice with implanted tumors from metastatic BC cells, demonstrated that administration of quercetin at 15mg/kg body weight resulted in a ~70% reduction in tumor growth. In conclusion, quercetin appears to be a viable grape polyphenol for future development as an anti BC therapeutic.
Changes in Quality of Life (QoL) and Depressive Symptoms in a Long-term Open-label Extension (OLE) of Eslicarbazepine Acetate (ESL) Monotherapy Studies in Adults with Refractory Partial-onset Seizures (POS) (P1.234) (2015)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 (QOLIE-31) and Montgomery- Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores during the first 12 months of an ESL monotherapy extension period. BACKGROUND: Two 18-week double-blind studies demonstrated that ESL monotherapy is effective in patients with POS not well controlled by 1-2 antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). ESL is not approved for use as monotherapy. In the OLE study (093-050), 57[percnt] remained on ESL monotherapy (mean 1609 mg QD); improvements in seizure control were maintained. We have analyzed QoL and depressive symptoms during the OLE phase. DESIGN/METHODS: Patients who received 蠅3 weeks of double-blind ESL (1200/1600mg QD) were eligible for the OLE (ESL 800-2400mg QD, plus 1 or 2 additional AEDs). QOLIE-31 and MADRS scores were assessed for the ITT population after 6 and 12 months of OL treatment (at 03/21/2014), using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A total of 274 patients entered the OLE (median age 37 years; 84[percnt] Caucasian; 36[percnt] had epilepsy for 蠅20 years; 70[percnt] and 30[percnt] had been taking 1 and 2 AEDs, respectively). QOLIE-31 overall scores increased between baseline (59.3±16.6; mean±SD [n=259]) and the 6-month and 12-month visits (64.5±16.8 [n=223]; 67.1±16.3 [n=166]). QOLIE-31 subscale scores increased slightly. Mean MADRS total score was 6.9±6.8 at baseline (n=274), versus 5.3±6 after six months (n=234), and 4.9±6.1 after 12 months (n=178). MADRS subscale scores were unchanged or slightly decreased. Among patients who discontinued early (n=78), mean QOLIE-31 score declined by 2.5 points, and mean MADRS score increased by 2.2 points between baseline and discontinuation/end of study. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with POS, improvements in QoL (QOLIE-31) and depressive symptoms (MADRS) in double-blind ESL monotherapy studies were maintained/increased in patients who completed 12 months of OL treatment. Improvements in QOLIE-31 score met the criterion for a minimally clinically important difference (蠅 5 points).
Natural Killer Cells: From Basic Research to Treatments (2011)

SPECIALTY GRAND CHALLENGE article Front. Immunol., 03 June 2011Sec. NK and Innate Lymphoid Cell Biology volume 2 - 2011 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2011.00018
Mutations in the MATP gene in five German patients affected by oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (2004)

Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is caused by a deficiency of melanin synthesis and characterized by generalized hypopigmentation of skin, hair, and eyes. Due to the hypopigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium, OCA is usually associated with congenital visual impairment, in addition to an increased risk of skin cancer. OCA is a genetically heterogeneous disease with distinct types resulting from mutations in different genes involved in the pathway which results in pigmentation. OCA1 is associated with mutations in the TYR gene encoding tyrosinase. OCA2 results from mutations in the P gene encoding the P protein and is the most common form of OCA. OCA3, also known as rufous/red albinism, is caused by mutations in the TYRP1 gene, which encodes the tyrosinase-related protein 1. Recently, OCA4 was described as a new form of OCA in a single patient with a splice site mutation in the MATP gene (or AIM1), the human ortholog of the murine underwhite gene. The similarity of MATP to transporter proteins suggests its involvement in transport functions, although its actual substrate is still unclear. We screened 176 German patients with albinism for mutations within the MATP gene and identified five individuals with OCA4. In this first report on West European patients, we describe 10 so far unpublished mutations, as well as two intronic variations, in addition to two known polymorphisms.
The Role of Titanium Surface Microtopography on Adhesion, Proliferation, Transformation, and Matrix Deposition of Corneal Cells (2016)

This study suggests that Ti surface topography regulates corneal cell behavior in a tissue-dependent manner that varies across the corneal strata. Contrary to the accepted paradigm, smooth surface topography can enhance cell adhesion and proliferation and increase matrix deposition by corneal cells.
A Direct PCR Approach to Accelerate Analyses of Human-Associated Microbial Communities (2012)

Since the composition of the human microbiome is highly variable both within and between individuals, researchers are increasingly reliant on high-throughput molecular approaches to identify linkages between the composition of these communities and human health. While new sequencing technologies have made it increasingly feasible to analyze large numbers of human-associated samples, the extraction of DNA from samples often remains a bottleneck in the process. Here we tested a direct PCR approach using the Extract-N-Amp Plant PCR Kit to accelerate the 16S rRNA gene-based analyses of human-associated bacterial communities, directly comparing this method to a more commonly-used approach whereby DNA is first extracted and purified from samples using a series of steps prior to PCR amplification. We used both approaches on replicate samples collected from each of five body habitats (tongue surface, feces, forehead skin, underarm skin, and forearm skin) from four individuals. With the exception of the tongue samples, there were few significant differences in the estimates of taxon richness or phylogenetic diversity obtained using the two approaches. Perhaps more importantly, there were no significant differences between the methods in their ability resolve body habitat differences or inter-individual differences in bacterial community composition and the estimates of the relative abundances of individual taxa were nearly identical with the two methods. Overall, the two methods gave very similar results and the direct PCR approach is clearly advantageous for many studies exploring the diversity and composition of human-associated bacterial communities given that large numbers of samples can be processed far more quickly and efficiently.
<title>Edge enhancement to improve visualizations of tube/line placement in x-ray imaging</title> (1995)

A nonlinear unsharp masking algorithm designed specifically to improve visualization of tube and line placements in chest x-ray imaging is presented in this paper. This algorithm was incorporated as an on-demand button in the design of a PACS display console. To address the concerns of radiologists about the artifacts accompanying image processing operations, we utilized a window-shade display scheme that shows both processed and unprocessed images simultaneously in the same display window at full resolution. We have found that the new algorithm enhances more details in low contrast areas without more over-shootings at high contrast edges. This algorithm is beneficial to tube/line placement examinations since the tips of tubes and lines are typically located in the areas of high brightness and low contrast. Preliminary results indicate that our modified unsharp masking algorithm as an option in a PACS workstation leads to better visualizations of tube-placement position for MICU physicians.
Recovery semantics for a DB/DC system (1973)

Presented is a unified, systematic view of integrity/recovery as it relates to a data-processing system—whether man, machine, or both.