gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement-based scatter correction for cone-beam CT in radiation therapy (2009)

Cone-beam CT (CBCT) is being increasingly used in modern radiation therapy. However, as compared to conventional CT, the degraded image quality of CBCT hampers its applications in radiation therapy. Due to the large volume of x-ray illumination, scatter is considered as one of the fundamental limitations of CBCT image quality. Many scatter correction algorithms have been proposed in the literature, while drawbacks still exist. In this work, we propose a correction algorithm which is particularly useful in radiation therapy. Since the same patient is scanned repetitively during one radiation treatment course, we measure the scatter distribution in one scan, and use the measured scatter distribution to estimate and correct scatter in the following scans. A partially blocked CBCT is used in the scatter measurement scan. The x-ray beam blocker has a strip pattern, such that the whole-field scatter distribution can be estimated from the detected signals in the shadow region and the patient rigid transformation can be determined from the reconstructed image using the illuminated detector projection data. From the derived patient transformation, the measured scatter is then modified accordingly and used for scatter correction in the following regular CBCT scans. The proposed method has been evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations and physical experiments on an anthropomorphic chest phantom. The results show a significant suppression of scatter artifacts using the proposed method. Using the reconstruction in a narrow collimator geometry as a reference, the comparison also shows that the proposed method reduces reconstruction error from 13.2% to 3.8%. The proposed method is attractive in applications where a high CBCT image quality is critical, for example, dose calculation in adaptive radiation therapy.
Novel Nuclear Factor-KappaB Targeting Peptide Suppresses β-Amyloid Induced Inflammatory and Apoptotic Responses in Neuronal Cells (2016)

In the central nervous system (CNS), activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κβ) is associated with both neuronal survival and increased vulnerability to apoptosis. The mechanisms underlying these dichotomous effects are attributed to the composition of NF-κΒ dimers. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), β-amyloid (Aβ) and other aggregates upregulate activation of p65:p50 dimers in CNS cells and enhance transactivation of pathological mediators that cause neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Hence selective targeting of activated p65 is an attractive therapeutic strategy for AD. Here we report the design, structural and functional characterization of peptide analogs of a p65 interacting protein, the glucocorticoid induced leucine zipper (GILZ). By virtue of binding the transactivation domain of p65 exposed after release from the inhibitory IκΒ proteins in activated cells, the GILZ analogs can act as highly selective inhibitors of activated p65 with minimal potential for off-target effects.
Response-Time Measurement in Survey Research A Method for Cati and a New Look at Nonattitudes (1991)

The paper introduces a methodology for measuring accurately the time it takes respondents to answer questions in computer-assisted telephone surveys. The methodology, which is completely invisible to respondents, comprises a computer “clock,” capable of timing responses with millisecond accuracy, and a “voice-key” that converts sounds emitted by respondents into signals capable of triggering the computer clock. Response times to questions on a range of attitude questions, including stable and unstable attitudes, were measured. The results revealed orderly norms in the latencies associated with various types of survey questions. The latencies associated with the expression of stable and unstable attitudes are discussed in the context of the notion of “nonattitudes” and shed new light on this controversial thesis. Overall, our results demonstrate that response latencies can be measured precisely and reliably in telephone surveys and that the data from such measurement open new windows on the cognitive dynamics of survey responses.
On pilot design for interference limited OFDM systems (2011)

Modern cellular networks are inherently interference limited, and therefore, pilot design is extremely important to the overall system performance. The pilots have to be carefully arranged and modulated to track the fading channel as well as to suppress the interference efficiently. 4G wireless systems based on OFDMA use pilot design strategies that can be classified as `Data on Pilot' and `Pilot on Pilot'. In this paper, a `Null on Pilot' scheme that uses null tones and pilot tones to avoid most of the interference on the pilots is considered. Various design aspects of these three pilot schemes are discussed in detail. The channel estimation, interference covariance estimation, link performance with different interference profiles, and system throughput are analyzed and compared with these pilot schemes. It is shown that the popular approach of `Data on Pilot' scheme is inferior to the other two approaches in exploiting the post-processing SNR gain of MMSE interference suppression receivers. The performances of `Null on Pilot' and `Pilot on Pilot' are quite similar.
Singular Point Source MOS Cell Concept (S-MOS) Implemented on a Narrow Mesa Trench IGBT (2021)

A Singular Point Source MOS (S-MOS) cell concept suitable for power MOS based devices is presented. The S-MOS differs from a standard Planar or Trench MOS cell in the manner by which the total channel width per device area is devised. The S-MOS single cell channel width is defined as the peripheral length of a line running approximately along the N++ source and P channel junction which is positioned on a gated trench side-wall. The length of the line is established from a singular point implant source for forming the N++ source region which geometrically corresponds to the shape of the N++/P junction. The N++ and P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Channel</sub> profiles achieved are similar to those for a planar cell, but for the S-MOS, they are situated on a trench side-wall. The total device channel width will therefore depend on the total number of gated trench side-walls per chip. The S-MOS provides a unique approach for MOS cell layout designs and is applicable to different MOS based power devices. In this paper, the S-MOS is implemented on a 1200V IGBT by means of 3D-TCAD simulations while providing results highlighting the potential advantages with respect to the device static and dynamic performance.
Apparatus and method for improving electrostatic precipitator performance by plasma reactor conversion of SO.sub.2 to SO.sub.3 (1999)

An apparatus and process that utilize a low temperature nonequilibrium plasma reactor, for improving the particulate removal efficiency of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) are disclosed. A portion of the flue gas, that contains a low level of SO.sub.2 O.sub.2 H.sub.2 O, and particulate matter, is passed through a low temperature plasma reactor, which defines a plasma volume, thereby oxidizing a portion of the SO.sub.2 present in the flue gas into SO.sub.3. An SO.sub.2 rich flue gas is thereby generated. The SO.sub.3 rich flue gas is then returned to the primary flow of the flue gas in the exhaust treatment system prior to the ESP. This allows the SO.sub.3 to react with water to form H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 that is in turn is absorbed by fly ash in the gas stream in order to improve the removal efficiency of the EPS.
GENERALIZEDSERIAL SCHEDULES FOR ITERATIVE DECODINGOF LDPC CODES (2008)

Efficient serial decoding schedules for LDPC codes are de­ scribed. The schedules are based on dividing the Tanner graph to sub-graphs. This yields an improvement in complexity and performance over the standard schedules. An application of the introduced schedules to decoding codes based on lifted graphs is described. An analysis based on density evolution is presented and is used to predict the behavior of different schedules.
Encrypted optical memory using double random phase encoding (1996)

We describe an encrypted optical memory using double random phase encoding at the input plane and the Fourier plane. This technique allows the images to be stored as independent white complex stationary processes. Experimental results and computer simulations are presented.
25.7 Time-Borrowing Fast Mux-D Scan Flip-Flop with On-Chip Timing/Power/V<sub>MIN</sub> Characterization Circuits in 10nm CMOS (2020)

Flip-flops (FFs) are key building blocks in high-performance microprocessors, discrete graphics, and hardware accelerators [1]-[3], where pushing frequency has become increasingly critical due to emerging applications, such as AI, machine learning, autonomous driving and security. Time-borrowing (TB) FFs enable a means to fix outlier max-delay paths by reducing process variation and clock skew/jitter margins, resulting in higher frequency operation [4]. However, use of TB FFs is challenging due to higher power cost and lack of area compatibility with conventional FFs for post-placement insertion. Furthermore, increased design complexity require FFs with scan circuits, utilizing either level-sensitive scan design (LSSD), which grows the area significantly with no delay overhead, or the alternate area-efficient rnux-D scan with higher delay. We present a TB fast mux-D scan FF without scan-mux delay overhead and timing, power, and VMIN characterization circuits fabricated in 10nm CMOS, occupying 0.682mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (Fig. 25.7.7). The fast rnux-D FF achieves: (i) measured rise/fall mean setup time improvement of 17ps/16ps and 19ps/52ps rise/fall mean TB window with 36ps worst-case delay gain for the critical path at 650mV, 25°C; (ii) only 8% energy overhead for single-bit and iso-energy for dual-bit at typical 25% data activity; (iii) 150mVVMIN improvement due to write-back elimination; (iv) single/dual-bit cell area compatibility with mux-D FF for post-placement swapping; and, (v) 7.2% block-level performance gain.
Classification performance of various real-life data sets when the features are discretized (2002)

The Bayesian data reduction algorithm is applied to a collection of thirty real-life data sets primarily found at the University of California at Irvine's Repository of Machine Learning databases. The algorithm works by finding the best performing quantization complexity of the feature vectors, and this makes it necessary to discretize all continuous valued features. Therefore, results are given by showing the initial quantization of the continuous valued features that yields best performance. Further, the Bayesian data reduction algorithm is also compared to a conventional linear classifier, which does not discretize any feature values. In general, the Bayesian data reduction algorithm outperforms the linear classifier by obtaining a lower probability of error, as averaged over all thirty data sets.
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of new arylfluoronaphthyridine antibacterial agents (1986)

Novel arylfluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acids have been prepared and their antibacterial activity evaluated. These derivatives are characterized by having a fluorine atom at the 6-position, substituted amino groups at the 7-position, and substituted phenyl groups at the 1-position. The in vitro antibacterial potency is greatest when the 1-substituent is either p-fluorophenyl or o,p-difluorophenyl and the 7-substituent is a 3-amino-1-pyrrolidinyl group. 1-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-amino-1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,4-dihydro- 4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid (38) was found to possess excellent in vitro potency and in vivo efficacy.
Novel artificial embedded circuit meta-material for design of tunable electro-ferromagnetic permeability medium (2003)

Utilizing the available materials in nature, one can easily obtain a dielectric medium with almost any desired permittivity; however, the atoms and molecules of natural materials, or their mixtures, prove to be a rather restrictive set when one tries to achieve a desired permeability at a desired frequency, specially in the Gigahertz range. The ability to design materials with both /spl epsi/ and /spl mu/ parameters would represent tremendous progress in technology. The main challenge in this paper is to design a novel artificial periodic tunable embedded circuit meta-material to successfully present a medium with both dielectric (/spl epsi/) and magnetic (/spl mu/) properties. The building block unit cell of the proposed structure is a miniaturized high Q tank circuit terminated to the ferro-electric material. The transmission line approach and FDTD technique are applied to successfully obtain the constitutive parameters of the periodic meta-material and highlight the unique characteristics of the medium.
Investigation of the Interaction of Modal and Chromatic Dispersion in VCSEL–MMF Channels (2012)

We develop a complete theoretical model to explain the interaction of modal and chromatic dispersion in optical channels based on vertical cavity surface emitting lasers and multimode fibers. We propose an original formalism to estimate the magnitude of this interaction on the channel bandwidth and mode partition noise power penalty within traditional communication system link models. Simulation results are experimentally validated.
Comparative Genomics of Three Strains of <i>Ehrlichia ruminantium</i> (2006)

The tick-borne Rickettsiale Ehrlichia ruminantium (E. ruminantium) is the causative agent of heartwater in Africa and the Caribbean. Heartwater, responsible for major losses on livestock in Africa represents also a threat for the American mainland. Three complete genomes corresponding to two different groups of differing phenotypes, Gardel and Welgevonden, have been recently described. One genome (Erga) represents the Gardel group from Guadeloupe Island and two genomes (Erwo and Erwe) belong to the Welgevonden group. Erwo, isolated in South Africa, is the parental strain of Erwe, which was maintained for 18 years in Guadeloupe under different culture conditions than Erwo. The three strains display genomes of differing sizes with 1,499,920 bp, 1,512,977 bp, and 1,516,355 bp for Erga, Erwe, and Erwo, respectively. Gene sequences and order are highly conserved between the three strains, although several gene truncations could be pinpointed, most of them occurring within three regions of accumulated differences (RAD). E. ruminantium displays a strong leading/lagging compositional bias inducing a strand-specific codon usage. Finally, a striking feature of E. ruminantium is the presence of long intergenic regions containing tandem repeats. These repeats are at the origin of an active process, specific to E. ruminantium, of genome expansion/contraction based on the addition or removal of tandem units.
TRANS: efficient sequential verification of loop-free circuits (2003)

Bischoff et al. (1997) proposed a method for reducing sequential verification of loop-free circuits to combinational verification, by constructing and comparing the so called Timed (ternary) Binary Decision Diagrams (TBDDs). Ranjan et al. (1999) independently re-discovered a similar method. We propose a much more simple and efficient algorithm for constructing TBDDs. Furthermore, we prove the soundness of the algorithm, and describe very briefly a (restricted) new algorithm for generating sequential counter examples. These algorithms are implemented in Intel's sequential verification engine, TRANS.
Applying real-time noninvasive pressure estimation obtained from subharmonic contrast microbubble signals (2008)

The long term goal of this project is to monitor and quantify intra-cardiac pressures via contrast-enhanced subharmonic imaging (SHI). Our group has proposed the concept of subharmonic aided pressure estimation (SHAPE) utilizing microbubble-based contrast agent signals for the noninvasive estimation of hydrostatic blood pressures in heart cavities and major blood vessels. An experimental system for in vitro SHAPE was constructed based on two single-element transducers assembled confocally at a 60deg angle to each other. Changes in the first, second, and subharmonic amplitudes of six different ultrasound contrast agents were measured in vitro at hydrostatic pressures from 0-186 mmHg, acoustic pressures from 0.35-0.60 MPa and frequencies of 2.5-6.6 MHz. The optimal parameters for SHAPE were determined using linear regression analysis and implemented on a Logiq 9 scanner (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI). Over the pressure range studied the first and second harmonic amplitudes reduced approximately 2 dB for all contrast agents. Over the same pressure range, the subharmonic amplitudes decreased by 10-14 dB and excellent linear regressions were achieved with the hydrostatic pressure variations (r <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ges 0.98, p < 0.001). The optimal sensitivity was achieved at a transmit frequency of 2.5 MHz at a 0.35 MPa acoustic pressure using Sonazoid (GE Healthcare, Oslo, Norway). A Logiq 9 scanner was modified to implement SHI on a convex transducer with a frequency range from 1.5-4.5 MHz. In conclusion, subharmonic contrast signals are a good indicator of hydrostatic pressure. Real-time SHAPE has been implemented on a commercial scanner and offers the possibility of allowing pressure gradients in the heart to be obtained noninvasively.
ChemInform Abstract: Regiospecific Hydrogenation of Quinolines and Indoles in the Heterocyclic Ring. (1988)

Abstract The hydrogenation of 2‐methylquinoline (I) is performed in the presence of various metallic catalysts adsorbed on alumina to yield the 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro derivative (II) as the main product, together with the 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydroquinoline (III).
PREDICTION OF FATIGUE LIFE BY X‐RAY DIFFRACTION METHODS (1979)

Abstract— X‐ray double crystal diffractometry and reflection topography were employed to examine the defect structure induced by fatigue of A1 2024 specimens. Analysis after various amounts of tension compression cycling revealed that the excess dislocation density in the surface layer increased rapidly early in the fatigue life, and maintained virtually a plateau value from 20 to 90% of the life. Beyond 90%, the excess dislocation density increased rapidly again to a critical value at failure. Investigation of the defect distribution in depth showed that the excess dislocation density in the bulk material, by contrast to the surface layer, increased more gradually during the life. Using deeply penetrating molybdenum radiation, the grains in the bulk could be analyzed, and thus the fatigue life and onset of failure could be predicted nondestructively. It was also shown that, after removal of the surface layer, the defect structure induced in the bulk by prior cycling was unstable. The resultant extension of fatigue life by surface layer removal was explained on the basis of this structural instability of the bulk material.
The NMR blood flowmeter-theory and history (1981)

Research for the application of NMR principles to the noninvasive measurement of blood flow in humans began at the National Heart,Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) in 1956, and has continued to the present at a number of institutions. In addition to NHLBI, contributions for the development of blood flowmeters by the University of California, Berkeley and by the Medical College of Wisconsin are described in this peper. The NMR theory applicable to blood flowmeters is also presented, as well as design criteria of NMR blood flowmeters.
Production of Solvent-Free Isomerized Extracts (1977)

Extraction of hops using liquid carbon dioxide provides a convenient method of obtaining a high-quality yellow product which usually contains over 90% of the available α-acids in the original hops. Under suitably controlled conditions, this solvent does not extract significant amounts of hard resins, fats, waxes, or pigmented materials. Brewing trials using these extracts gave beers of clean flavor which could not be distinguished by taste or analysis from control beers which were hopped in the usual way. Extracts obtained using liquid carbon dioxide can be converted into soluble isomerized extracts, in high yield, by a process involving three simple stages. The isomerized extracts produced in this way are free of residual organic solvents and can be added directly to bright beer without the formation of haze. The resulting beers had a satisfactory shelf life and showed no tendency to gush.
Highly Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Malonate and β-Ketoester to Nitroalkenes:  Asymmetric C−C Bond Formation with New Bifunctional Organic Catalysts Based on Cinchona Alkaloids (2004)

The development of readily accessible bifunctional chiral catalysts is a desirable yet challenging goal in catalytic asymmetric synthesis. In this communication, we describe the development of a new class of readily accessible chiral bifunctional organic catalysts that could be derived in one or two steps in high yield from either quinidine or quinine. These catalysts have been shown to catalyze a highly enantioselective conjugate addition of methyl and ethyl malonates and beta-ketoesters to a broad range of beta-substituted nitroalkenes, an synthetically important C-C bond-forming reaction utilizing readily available starting materials. This new catalytic asymmetric reaction proceeds in 91-98% ee and 71-99% yield.
Characterization of an Acetyl Xylan Esterase from the Anaerobic Fungus <i>Orpinomyces</i> sp. Strain PC-2 (1999)

A 1,067-bp cDNA, designated axeA, coding for an acetyl xylan esterase (AxeA) was cloned from the anaerobic rumen fungus Orpinomyces sp. strain PC-2. The gene had an open reading frame of 939 bp encoding a polypeptide of 313 amino acid residues with a calculated mass of 34,845 Da. An active esterase using the original start codon of the cDNA was synthesized in Escherichia coli. Two active forms of the esterase were purified from recombinant E. coli cultures. The size difference of 8 amino acids was a result of cleavages at two different sites within the signal peptide. The enzyme released acetate from several acetylated substrates, including acetylated xylan. The activity toward acetylated xylan was tripled in the presence of recombinant xylanase A from the same fungus. Using p-nitrophenyl acetate as a substrate, the enzyme had a K(m) of 0.9 mM and a V(max) of 785 micromol min(-1) mg(-1). It had temperature and pH optima of 30 degrees C and 9.0, respectively. AxeA had 56% amino acid identity with BnaA, an acetyl xylan esterase of Neocallimastix patriciarum, but the Orpinomyces AxeA was devoid of a noncatalytic repeated peptide domain (NCRPD) found at the carboxy terminus of the Neocallimastix BnaA. The NCRPD found in many glycosyl hydrolases and esterases of anaerobic fungi has been postulated to function as a docking domain for cellulase-hemicellulase complexes, similar to the dockerin of the cellulosome of Clostridium thermocellum. The difference in domain structures indicated that the two highly similar esterases of Orpinomyces and Neocallimastix may be differently located, the former being a free enzyme and the latter being a component of a cellulase-hemicellulase complex. Sequence data indicate that AxeA and BnaA might represent a new family of hydrolases.