gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Orbiter Return to Flight Entry Aeroheating (2006)

The Columbia accident on February 1, 2003 began an unprecedented level of effort within the hypersonic aerothermodynamic community to support the Space Shuttle Program. During the approximately six month time frame of the primary Columbia Accident Investigation Board activity, many technical disciplines were involved in a concerted effort to reconstruct the last moments of the Columbia and her crew, and understand the critical events that led to that loss. Significant contributions to the CAIB activity were made by the hypersonic aerothermodynamic community(REF CAIB) in understanding the re-entry environments that led to the propagation of an ascent foam induced wing leading edge damage to a subsequent breech of the wing spar of Columbia, and the subsequent breakup of the vehicle. A core of the NASA hypersonic aerothermodynamics team that was involved in the CAIB investigation has been combined with the United Space Alliance and Boeing Orbiter engineering team in order to position the Space Shuttle Program with a process to perform in-flight Thermal Protection System damage assessments. This damage assessment process is now part of the baselined plan for Shuttle support, and is a direct out-growth of the Columbia accident and NASAs response. Multiple re-entry aeroheating tools are involved in this damage assessment process, many of which have been developed during the Return To Flight activity. In addition, because these aeroheating tools are part of an overall damage assessment process that also involves the thermal and stress analyses community, in addition to a much broader mission support team, an integrated process for performing the damage assessment activities has been developed by the Space Shuttle Program and the Orbiter engineering community. Several subsets of activity in the Orbiter aeroheating communities support to the Return To Flight effort have been described in previous publications (CFD?, Cavity Heating? Any BLT? Grid Generation?). This work will provide a description of the integrated process utilized to perform Orbiter tile damage assessment, and in particular will seek to provide a description of the integrated aeroheating tools utilized to perform these assessments. Individual aeroheating tools will be described which provide the nominal re-entry heating environment characterization for the Orbiter, the heating environments for tile damage, heating effects due to exposed Thermal Protection System substrates, the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics for the description of tile cavity heating, and boundary layer transition prediction. This paper is meant to provide an overall view of the integrated aeroheating assessment process for tile damage assessment as one of a sequence of papers on the development of the boundary layer transition prediction capability in support of Space Shuttle Return To Flight efforts.
MICs of Oxazolidinones for <i>Rhodococcus equi</i> Strains Isolated from Humans and Animals (2000)

Eperezolid and linezolid are representatives of a new class of orally active, synthetic antimicrobial agents. The in vitro activity values (MICs) of linezolid, eperezolid, and comparator antibiotics against 102 strains of Rhodococcus equi isolated from humans and animals were determined. Linezolid was more active than eperezolid against the strains tested; premafloxacin was the most active comparator antibiotic.
Distal Cleavage of 3-Chlorocatechol by an Extradiol Dioxygenase to 3-Chloro-2-Hydroxymuconic Semialdehyde (1998)

A 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase from the naphthalenesulfonate-degrading bacterium Sphingomonas sp. strain BN6 oxidized 3-chlorocatechol to a yellow product with a strongly pH-dependent absorption maximum at 378 nm. A titration curve suggested (de)protonation of an ionizable group with a pKa of 4.4. The product was isolated, purified, and converted, by treatment with diazomethane, to a dimethyl derivative and, by incubation with ammonium chloride, to a picolinic acid derivative. Mass spectra and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data for these two derivatives prove a 3-chloro-2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde structure for the metabolite, resulting from distal (1,6) cleavage of 3-chlorocatechol. 3-Methylcatechol and 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl are oxidized by this enzyme, in contrast, via proximal (2,3) cleavage.
A review of bioluminescent ATP techniques in rapid microbiology (1989)

Use of firefly luciferase to assay adenosine triphosphate (ATP) extracted from microorganisms provides an easy means to enumerate microbes within minutes. The small amount of light produced is proportional to ATP and thus microbial number. The average bacterium contains around 10(-15) g ATP per cell. Present reagents permit detection of 10(3) cells per tube. Luminometers currently on the market detect about 10(-12) g ATP. Proper extraction of ATP from the microbes is an essential part of any protocol, as is the removal of non-microbial ATP from, for example, somatic cells also present in samples. The technique may be applied to a wide range of samples, for example food and beverages and clinical samples such as urine. The ATP assay gives a global measure of microbial numbers, i.e. it is not species specific unless a species separation step is included in the protocol.
Segment polarity gene interactions modulate epidermal patterning in <i>Drosophila</i> embryos (1993)

Each segment of a Drosophila larva shows a precisely organized pattern of cuticular structures, indicating diverse cellular identities in the underlying epidermis. Mutations in the segment polarity genes alter the cuticle pattern secreted by the epidermal cells; these mutant patterns provide clues about the role that each gene product plays in the development of wild-type epidermal pattern. We have analyzed embryos that are multiply mutant for five key patterning genes: wingless, patched, engrailed, naked and hedgehog. Our results indicate that wild-type activity of these five segment polarity genes can account for most of the ventral pattern elements and that their gene products interact extensively to specify the diverse cellular identities within the epidermis. Two pattern elements can be correlated with individual gene action: wingless is required for formation of naked cuticle and engrailed is required for formation of the first row of denticles in each abdominal denticle belt. The remaining cell types can be produced by different combinations of the five gene activities. wingless activity generates the diversity of cell types within the segment, but each specific cell identity depends on the activity of patched, engrailed, naked and hedgehog. These molecules modulate the distribution and interpretation of wingless signalling activity in the ventral epidermal cells and, in addition, each can contribute to pattern through a pathway independent of the wingless signalling pathway.
Understanding queries in a search database system (2010)

It is well known that a search engine can significantly benefit from an auxiliary database, which can suggest interpretations of the search query by means of the involved concepts and their interrelationship. The difficulty is to translate abstract notions like concept and interpretation into a concrete search algorithm that operates over the auxiliary database. To surpass existing heuristics, there is a need for a formal basis, which is realized in this paper through the framework of a search database system, where an interpretation is identified as a parse. It is shown that the parses of a query can be generated in polynomial time in the combined size of the input and the output, even if parses are restricted to those having a nonempty evaluation. Identifying that one parse is more specific than another is important for ranking answers, and this framework captures the precise semantics of being more specific; moreover, performing this comparison between parses is tractable. Lastly, the paper studies the problem of finding the most specific parses. Unfortunately, this problem turns out to be intractable in the general case. However, under reasonable assumptions, the parses can be enumerated in an order of decreasing specificity, with polynomial delay and polynomial space.
ATP2A2 Mutations in Darier's Disease: Variant Cutaneous Phenotypes Are Associated with Missense Mutations, But Neuropsychiatry Features Are Independent of Mutation Class (1999)

Darier's disease (DD) is an autosomal dominant skin disorder characterized clinically by multiple keratotic papules, and histologically by focal loss of adhesion between epidermal cells (acantholysis) and by abnormal keratinization. Variant forms of cutaneous phenotype, sometimes familial, have been described. Associated neuropsychiatric features, including mental handicap, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and epilepsy, have also been reported. The cause of DD was shown recently to be mutation in the ATP2A2 gene at 12q24.1, which encodes the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase type 2 (SERCA2). Here, we show that while both common isoforms of SERCA2 are expressed in the cytoplasm of cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts, in adult skin sections only the longer isoform, SERCA2b, was expressed abundantly in epidermal structures. Extended mutation analysis in European DD patients using single-strand conformation polymorphism and/or direct sequencing identified 40 different patient-specific mutations in 47 families. The majority (23/40) were likely to result in nonsense-mediated RNA decay. The remaining 17 were missense mutations distributed throughout the protein and were associated significantly with atypical clinical features. The clearest association was with the familial haemorrhagic variant where all four families tested had a missense mutation. Three of the families (one Scottish family and two unrelated Italian families) exhibited the same N767S substitution in the M5 transmembrane domain, and a fourth family, from Sweden, had a C268F substitution in the M3 transmembrane domain. Neuropsychiatric features did not appear to be associated with a specific class of mutation and may be an intrinsic, but inconsistent, effect of defective ATP2A2 expression.
77 GHz SiGe based bipolar transceivers for automotive radar applications &#x2014; An industrial perspective (2011)

Radar sensors operating in the 76-81 GHz range are considered key for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) like adaptive cruise control (ACC), collision mitigation and avoidance systems (CMS) or lane change assist (LCA). These applications are the next wave in automotive safety systems and have thus generated increased interest in lower-cost solutions especially for the mm-wave front-end (FE) section. Today, most of the radar sensors in this frequency range use GaAs based FEs. These multi-chip GaAs FEs are a main cost driver in current radar sensors due to their low integration level. The step towards monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) based on a 200 GHz ft silicon-germanium (SiGe) technology integrating all needed RF building blocks (mixers, VCOs, dividers, buffers, PAs) on an single die does not only lead to cost reductions but also benefits the testability of these MMICs. This is especially important in the light of upcoming functional safety standards like ASIL-D and ISO26262.
Molecular Diversity of <i>Lactobacillus</i> spp. and Other Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Human Intestine as Determined by Specific Amplification of 16S Ribosomal DNA (2002)

A Lactobacillus group-specific PCR primer, S-G-Lab-0677-a-A-17, was developed to selectively amplify 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from lactobacilli and related lactic acid bacteria, including members of the genera Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, and WEISSELLA: Amplicons generated by PCR from a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) tract samples, including those originating from feces and cecum, resulted predominantly in Lactobacillus-like sequences, of which ca. 28% were most similar to the 16S rDNA of Lactobacillus ruminis. Moreover, four sequences of Leuconostoc species were retrieved that, so far, have only been detected in environments other than the GI tract, such as fermented food products. The validity of the primer was further demonstrated by using Lactobacillus-specific PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the 16S rDNA amplicons of fecal and cecal origin from different age groups. The stability of the GI-tract bacterial community in different age groups over various time periods was studied. The Lactobacillus community in three adults over a 2-year period showed variation in composition and stability depending on the individual, while successional change of the Lactobacillus community was observed during the first 5 months of an infant's life. Furthermore, the specific PCR and DGGE approach was tested to study the retention in fecal samples of a Lactobacillus strain administered during a clinical trial. In conclusion, the combination of specific PCR and DGGE analysis of 16S rDNA amplicons allows the diversity of important groups of bacteria that are present in low numbers in specific ecosystems to be characterized, such as the lactobacilli in the human GI tract.
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus of salmonids: biological and antigenic features of a pathogenic strain and of a non‐pathogenic variant selected in RTG‐2 cells (1978)

Abstract. A non‐pathogenic cell culture adapted variant was obtained from a normally pathogenic strain of IPN virus (Sp type) after several passages in RTG‐2 cells. This cell culture modified (CCA) strain was compared with the original wild (W) strain in various tests. Cross neutralization tests showed no obvious antigenic difference between the two. However the CCA strain was neutralized by a 1:5000 dilution of normal trout serum whereas the W strain was not. In RTG‐2 cells, CCA strain gave both large and small plaques, whereas the W strain gave only small ones. Both virus strains were heat sensitive and labile to cyclic freezing and thawing. The CCA virus was more stable in storage at 4°C under different pH conditions and its growth in RTG‐2 cells was more rapid. The rt (supraoptimal temperature at which viral yield is depressed by 90%) appeared to be 19‐20°C for the CCA strain and 18‐19°C for the W strain. Pre‐treatment of RTG‐2 cells with ultraviolet inactivated CCA virus could inhibit growth of W virus, but had no effect on replication of homologous virus.
Digital Image Analysis for Diagnosis of Skin Tumors (2008)

Between 1987 and 2007, different groups developed digital image analysis systems for the diagnosis of benign and malignant skin tumors. As the result of significant differences in the technical devices, the number, the nature and benign/malignant ratio of included skin tumors, different variables and statistical methods any comparison of these different systems and their results is difficult. For the use and comparison of the diagnostic performance of different digital image analysis systems in the future, some principle basic conditions are required: All used systems should have a standardized recording system and calibration. First, melanocytic and nonmelanocytic lesions should be included for the development of the diagnostic algorithms. Critical analyses of the results should answer the question if in future only melanocytic lesions should be analyzed or all pigmented and nonpigmented lesions. This will also lead to the answer if only dermatologists or all specialities of medical doctors will use such a system. All artifacts (eg, hairs, air bubbles) should be removed. The number of variables should be chosen according to the number of included melanomas. A high number of benign skin lesions should be included. Of all lesions only 10% or better less should be invasive melanomas. Each system should be developed by a training-set and controlled by an independent test-set. Each system should be controlled by the user with the final decision and responsibility and tested by independent users without any conflict of financial interest.
Granular lift forces predict vertical motion of a sand-swimming robot (2011)

Previously we modeled the undulatory subsurface locomotion of the sandfish lizard with a sand-swimming robot which displayed performance comparable to the organism. In this work we control the lift forces on the robot by varying its head shape and demonstrate that these granular forces predict the vertical motion of the robot. Inspired by the tapered head of the sandfish lizard, we drag a wedge shaped object horizontally and parallel to its lower face through a granular medium and show that by varying the angle of the upper leading surface of the wedge, α, the lift force can be varied from positive to negative. Testing the robot with these wedges as heads results in vertical motion in the same direction as the lift force in the drag experiments. As the robot moves forward, the force on its head normal to the body plane results in a net torque imbalance which pitches the robot causing it to rise or sink within the medium. Since repeatedly varying α for a wedge head to achieve a desired lift is impractical, we test robot heads that approximate a wedge head inclined at varying angles by changing the angle of the bottom and top surfaces of the wedge, and show that similar lift control is achieved. Our results provide principles for the construction of robots that will be able to follow arbitrary trajectories within complex substrates like sand, and also lend support to hypotheses that morphological adaptations of desert-dwelling organisms aid in their subsurface locomotion.
When rewards go wrong: A tale of five motivational misdirects (2012)

At the heart of most performance management systems is a reward program. However, even when we are doing everything else right, rewards can go wrong. Here, we explore five ways that external incentives can damage performance, from destroying altruistic behavior to distracting people from the task. Fortunately, most of these downfalls are avoidable. While not every behavior is suitable for pay-for-performance, we can provide rewards that are rewarding, helping to encourage the behavior we value.
Variable Polarization/Frequency Division Multiplexing (VPFDM) for Satellite Communications (2006)

To realize advanced broadband mobile satellite communications, this paper proposes a new wireless access approach named variable polarization frequency division multiplexing (VPFDM); it assigns the resources created by dual polarization states as well as frequency bandwidth to customers. The most significant problem in using dual polarization is cross-polarization interference. For satellite communications, when existing terminals and/or satellites employs asynchronous frequency conversion of V/H polarizations, received signals undergo a mixture of frequency offsets. Aiming to overcome this satellite-specific problem, we propose a novel VPFDM modem that can handle multi-carrier multi-rate dual polarization signals. The results of simulations and experiments show that the proposed modem is applicable to satellite communications.
Preparation of monodisperse polymer particles from 4‐vinylpyridine (1997)

Abstract Dispersion polymerization of 4‐vinylpyridine was performed by using polystyrene‐ block ‐polybutadiene as stabilizer in a mixture of N , N ‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and toluene to produce polymer particles. The weight ratio of the solvents affects the particle size and dispersity. In the range of DMF content from 5 to 20 wt.‐%, uniform particles of a diameter of ca. 1 μm were obtained. The present system was expanded to the preparation of monodisperse particles of poly[(4‐vinylpyridine)‐ co ‐(methacrylic acid)].
Resveratrol prevents fibrosis, NF‐<i>κ</i>B activation and TGF‐<i>β</i> increases induced by chronic CCl<sub>4</sub> treatment in rats (2007)

Resveratrol is a nonflavonoid polyphenol with antioxidant, anticancer and antiinflammatory properties. Moreover, it has been reported that this compound inhibits NF-kappaB, which regulates the transcription of several genes including cytokines such as the profibrogenic TGF-beta. The aim of this work was to evaluate the pharmacological effects of resveratrol on CCl(4)-induced cirrhosis in the rat. Four groups were formed: the control group that received the vehicles only; the CCl(4) group that received the toxin (0.4 g kg(-1), i.p., three times a week, for 8 weeks); the CCl(4) plus resveratrol (10 mg kg(-1), daily) group; and the resveratrol alone group. Alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubins were increased by CCl(4), but resveratrol afforded some degree of protection. Glycogen was decreased markedly by CCl(4) and resveratrol prevented almost completely this effect. No antioxidant effect of resveratrol was observed. One of the most prominent effects was on fibrosis which increased near 5-fold (hydroxyproline) in the CCl(4) group; resveratrol preserved the content of collagen. These results were corroborated by histopathology. To elucidate the antifibrogenic mechanism of resveratrol, the activation of NF-kappaB and the production of TGF-beta were measured; in both cases CCl(4) increased them and resveratrol abolished them; however, changes in NF-kappaB were modest and did not reach statistical significance, while the increase in TGF-beta was about three fold and resveratrol decreased it under control values. Together, the present results indicate that resveratrol possesses a strong antifibrogenic effect at least in the CCl(4) model of cirrhosis. Moreover, the action mechanism is probably associated with its ability to reduce NF-kappaB activation and TGF-beta content.
Synthesis of Multivalent Neoglyconjugates of MUC1 by the Conjugation of Carbohydrate-Centered, Triazole-Linked Glycoclusters to MUC1 Peptides Using Click Chemistry (2012)

The efficient synthesis of multivalent neoglycoconjugates of MUC1 is reported, which utilizes Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuACC) of azide-functionalized GlcNAc-centered neoglycotetrasaccharide clusters to the MUC1 peptide sequence that was equipped with a propargylglycine residue for "click chemistry". In turn the azido-GlcNAc-centered neoglycoclusters were assembled by reaction of a GlcNAc core containing peripheral propargyl functionalities with an appropriate azido-functionalized monosaccharide. The resulting suitably substituted tetrasaccharyl triazole cluster can be easily appended to a range of acetylene-functionalized peptides to produce neoglycoconjugates of biologically important glycopeptides. As proof of principle, the click neoglycoclusters prepared herein were ligated to the MUC1 peptide sequence.