gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highly sensitive and tunable detection of far-infrared radiation by quantum Hall devices (2001)

We studied far-infrared (FIR) response due to cyclotron resonance (CR) of two-dimensional electron gas systems in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures by using cyclotron radiation from n-InSb devices as the illumination source. We examined the dependence of the FIR response on different experimental parameters, including the aspect ratio of Hall bars, electron mobility, bias current, illumination intensity, magnetic field, and lattice temperature. A strong photoresponse emerges only in the vicinity of integer quantum Hall effect (IQHE) regimes. Time-resolved measurements show that the recombination lifetime of excited carriers depends largely on the electron mobility, ranging from 5 μs to 1 ms at 4.2 K. The temporal decay of photoresponse is nonexponential in higher-mobility samples, whereas it is exponential with a single time constant in lower-mobility samples. This, together with the relatively large time constants, suggests that the FIR response is induced through multitrapping processes, in which excited carriers in Landau levels are repeatedly captured by localized states and reexcited to delocalized states. This multitrapping process is suggested to be promoted by the CR-induced heating of the electron system. Theoretical calculation based on the electron heating model reasonably reproduces characteristic dependence of the photoresponse on the magnetic field in the vicinity of IQHE plateaus. The IQHE Hall bars serve as a high-sensitive narrow-band FIR detector, where the highest sensitivity reaches ∼108 V/W. Tunability of the detector is demonstrated by varying the electron density. We discuss briefly the design of high-sensitive FIR detectors using the IQHE Hall bars.
Surface silicon nanostructure for enhancement of blue light absorption (2021)

To enhance blue light absorption, a nanohole-array was designed and fabricated on the surface of silicon. The absorptivity of the silicon/nanohole-array composite structure was simulated with the finite-difference time-domain method. The result showed that, when the air filling factor f = 0.45, the period P = 400 nm, and the hole depth d = 0.5 μm, the absorptivity of the silicon was greater than 0.85 in the blue band and the average light absorption gain was about 0.61. A nanohole-array was fabricated with these structural parameters. The experimental results showed that the blue absorptivity of the silicon was greater than 0.91 and the average light absorption gain was about 0.63. For incident light at an angle of 60°, the absorptivity was greater than 0.73 in the blue band. The research demonstrated that the blue light could be absorbed at the deeper position of Si through the nanohole-array. This research may serve as a reference for the design and fabrication of silicon optoelectronic devices with high blue light quantum efficiency.
Beyond Food Promotion: A Systematic Review on the Influence of the Food Industry on Obesity-Related Dietary Behaviour among Children (2015)

An increased consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor food and beverages as a result of a changing obesogenic environment contributes substantially to the increasing prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity. This paper reviews the nature and extent of food industry influences which expose children to commercial influences and thus might affect unhealthy dietary behaviour and finally contributes to obesity. A systematic search of nine electronic databases (including PubMed, PsycINFO, EconLit) and reference lists of original studies and reviews using key search terms identified 1900 articles. Of these only thirty-six articles met the inclusion and quality criteria. A narrative synthesis of the reviewed studies revealed six key obesogenic environments by which the food industry possibly influences obesity-related dietary behaviours in young children. These were schools, retailers, mass media "television", mass media "internet", home and promotional campaigns. Identifying these obesogenic environments is critical for monitoring and controlling the food industry, the development of effective environmental-level interventions to prevent childhood overweight and obesity and to identify knowledge gaps to be addressed in future research to support informed decisions of policy makers.
Branched Chain Metabolic Support (1984)

A prospective, randomized, double-blind trial of the nutritional effects of branched chain modified amino acid solutions was undertaken in 23 surgical patients within 24 hours of the onset of major general surgery, polytrauma, or sepsis. The effects were evaluated in the absence of abnormalities of oxygen transport and perfusion in an isocaloric/isonitrogenous setting where the major difference between the groups was the amount of branched chain amino acids received. Both groups received balanced parenteral nutrition with 1.5 gm/kg/day of amino acids, 30 calories/kg/day of glucose, and 7 calories/kg/day of fat. At the end of the 7-day study interval, the group receiving the branched chain enriched therapy at 0.7 gm/kg/day of branched chain amino acids had improved nitrogen retention; an elevation of their absolute lymphocyte count from 800 to 1800/mm3, a reversal of anergy to recall skin test antigens in 60% of the patients, and improved plasma transferrin levels (p less than 0.03). Nutritional support using the modified amino acid metabolic support solutions has beneficial effects during the stress interval that do not seem as achievable with current commercially available nutritional support regimens.
Land-Mobile Radio System Engineering (1993)

From the Publisher:
This applications-engineering reference presents the science and the art of system design procedures in land-mobile radio system engineering. Includes chapter-end problems (and solutions) that provide insight into how the theory and various analytical procedures are used in practice. It is supported by 117 figures, 28 tables, and 453 equations.
Coherent Manipulation of Coupled Electron Spins in Semiconductor Quantum Dots (2005)

We demonstrated coherent control of a quantum two-level system based on two-electron spin states in a double quantum dot, allowing state preparation, coherent manipulation, and projective readout. These techniques are based on rapid electrical control of the exchange interaction. Separating and later recombining a singlet spin state provided a measurement of the spin dephasing time, T2*, of approximately 10 nanoseconds, limited by hyperfine interactions with the gallium arsenide host nuclei. Rabi oscillations of two-electron spin states were demonstrated, and spin-echo pulse sequences were used to suppress hyperfine-induced dephasing. Using these quantum control techniques, a coherence time for two-electron spin states exceeding 1 microsecond was observed.
Noble metal catalysts for monolithic converters (2010)

Catalytic combustion of pollutants released from th e vehicular exhaust is one of the best methods to decrease their concentration before their release t o the atmosphere. The catalyst help to bring about the reduction of these pollutants at a much lower t emperature as compared to homogenous combustion reactions. In this paper a review about the noble metal catalysts used for gasoline vehicles is carried out. These noble metal catalyst s although expensive and limited in supply are the best option for reduction of the pollutants hydroca rbons, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen released from the vehicular exhaust.
Gas Turbine Fuel Injection Technology (2005)

This paper discusses the major drivers for innovation in the gas turbine fuel injection market with a major emphasis on a historical account of the progress made to date and the expected drivers for innovation in the coming years. A number of novel injector designs are presented that include Lean Direct Injection (LDI) Macrolaminate Modules, and various Lean Prevaporized Premixer (LPP) designs for power generation applications. The challenges that face fuel injection manufacturers are outlined.
An Efficient, Scalable Process for Benzphetamine Hydrochloride (2014)

Commercial manufacturing of benzphetamine hydrochloride along with its impurity profiling is disclosed. Deoxygenation of pseudoephedrine is reported with ∼100% retention by shielding the amine group as its tert-butyl carbamate, which is very straightforward to eliminate at the end. Four unknown process-related impurities are isolated from the samples of final API and characterized on the basis of their NMR and mass spectral analysis. Structures of the isolated impurities are confirmed by independent syntheses and coinjecting with the isolated one.
Recreating the Microenvironment of the Native Cornea for Tissue Engineering Applications (2009)

A viable tissue-engineered corneal replacement needs to be transparent and mechanically resilient. One necessary element for achieving this level of functionality is a scaffolding material that minimizes backscattered light, supports cellular growth, and maintains the transparent cellular phenotype. We hypothesize that the best scaffolding material will mimic the microenvironment of the natural corneal extracellular matrix (ECM). This work describes a method for electrospinning collagen type I fibers that replicates the unique morphology and arrangement of collagen type I fibers in the native cornea. In the cornea the collagen type I fibers are approximately 30 nm in diameter and aligned within stacked lamellae. After comparing several methods, the optimal method for creating uniformly aligned fibers was achieved by electrospinning onto a dual plate device with a quartz glass substrate. The fibers were crosslinked in glutaraldehyde vapor for 3 days and then further crosslinked and sterilized with liquid glutaraldehyde. Rabbit corneal fibroblasts were cultured on the fiber constructs for 7 days. Qualitative analysis of the cell morphology and intracellular protein expression suggests that the electrospun fibers provide a viable scaffold material for engineering a corneal tissue replacement.
3D helping hands (2012)

There is currently a strong need for collaborative systems with which two or more participants interact over a distance on a task involving tangible artifacts (e.g., a machine, a patient, a tool). The present paper focuses on the specific category of remote-collaboration systems where hand gestures are used by a remote helper to assist a physically distant worker to perform manual tasks. Existing systems use a combination of video capturing, 2D monitors or 2D projectors, however displaying a video of the remote workspace and allowing helpers to gesture over the video does not provide helpers with sufficient understanding of the spatial relationships between remote objects and between their hands and the remote objects. In this paper we introduce our tele-presence Mixed Reality system for remote collaboration on physical tasks based on real-time capture and rendering of the remote workspace and of the helper's hands. We improve on previous 2D systems introducing 3D capturing and rendering, and exploiting the possibility offered by the use of real 3D data to increase the feeling of immersion offered by the system using head tracking, stereoscopic rendering, inter-occlusion handling and virtual shadowing. We performed initial usability test of our system to verify if users are satisfied with the spatial awareness the system provides.
Environmentally Safe Salt Replacement for Fracturing Fluids (1991)

ABSTRACT The use of salts, such as potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl), as temporary clay stabilizers during oil well drilling, completions and servicing has been in practice for many years. Their effectiveness in this practice has been well established throughout the industry. However, because of the bulk and potential environmental hazards associated with the salts, many operators have begun to search out alternatives to their use. Recent research has developed a relationship between physical properties of various cations (K+, Na+, etc.) and their efficiency as temporary clay stabilizers. These physical properties were then utilized to synthesize an organic cation with a higher efficiency as a clay stabilizer than the typical salts now used in the oil industry. This allows much lower salt concentrations to be used to obtain the same clay stabilizing effectiveness. The liquid product has proven to be much easier to handle and transport. It has been shown to be environmentally compatible and is biodegradable in its diluted form. Its effectiveness in fracturing operations has been extensively proven in numerous treatments in various formations throughout the U.S. and Canada.
Oral Primo-Colonizing Bacteria Modulate Inflammation and Gene Expression in Bronchial Epithelial Cells (2020)

The microbiota of the mouth disperses into the lungs, and both compartments share similar phyla. Considering the importance of the microbiota in the maturation of the immunity and physiology during the first days of life, we hypothesized that primo-colonizing bacteria of the oral cavity may induce immune responses in bronchial epithelial cells. Herein, we have isolated and characterized 57 strains of the buccal cavity of two human newborns. These strains belong to <i>Streptococcus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus</i>, <i>Enterococcus</i>, <i>Rothia</i> and <i>Pantoea</i> genera, with <i>Streptococcus</i> being the most represented. The strains were co-incubated with a bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B), and we established their impact on a panel of cytokines/chemokines and global changes in gene expression. The <i>Staphylococcus</i> strains, which appeared soon after birth, induced a high production of IL-8, suggesting they can trigger inflammation, whereas the <i>Streptococcus</i> strains were less associated with inflammation pathways. The genera <i>Streptococcus</i>, <i>Enterococcus</i> and <i>Pantoea</i> induced differential profiles of cytokine/chemokine/growth factor and set of genes associated with maturation of morphology. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the microorganisms, primo-colonizing the oral cavity, impact immunity and morphology of the lung epithelial cells, with specific effects depending on the phylogeny of the strains.
Three-Dimensional Dynamic Simulation of the 1992 Landers Earthquake (1997)

The 1992 Landers, California, earthquake (magnitude 7.3) was modeled as the propagation of a spontaneous rupture controlled by a realistic prestress distribution with the use of a three-dimensional finite-difference method. The dynamic rupture reproduces the general slip pattern used to compute the initial stress distribution and generates near-fault ground motions at the surface similar to observations. The simulated rupture propagates on the fault along a complex path with highly variable speed and rise time, changing the magnitude and pattern of the stress significantly. The method provides the framework to estimate earthquake rupture parameters from recorded seismic and geodetic data.
[Chemotherapy combined with radiosurgery in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastasis]. (2002)

(1)Chemotherapy combined with radiosurgery in the treatment of brain metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer might be an effective regimen with modest side effect; (2)Relapsing and new lesions in the brain can not be controlled with this treatment.
Scaled Tortuosity Index: Quantification of Borehole Undulations in terms of Hole Curvature, Clearance and Pipe Stiffness (2012)

Abstract Wellbore tortuosity is a potential source of friction, which can lead to problems while running casing and completions. Describing a smooth trajectory qualitatively as one with the least amount of bends is easy. However, quantitative tortuosity indices based on survey trajectory data alone have shortcomings that make comparisons and interpretation very difficult: Their computational results depend on the survey interval (averaging effect). While 90-ft surveys hide important wellpath features, short spacing surveys might yield alarmingly high tortuosity, which does not reflect the curvature of the pipe in the borehole. Varying stiffness of the pipe and clearance between the pipe and borehole can have different levels of negative consequences with the same survey data. Stiffness and clearance have a direct impact on physical bending moments and sideforces, which drive frictional losses when moving pipe in an out of a borehole. The scale of the wellbore undulations relative to the clearances is relevant to be able to distinguish relatively benign undulations from tortuosity that limits wellbore construction. In formulating a scaled tortuosity index we have taken into account that actual hole curvature is not the curvature of the pipe in that hole, which is governed by stiffness and clearance. The main driver for the index is the bending moment profile along the pipe as it is positioned in the wellbore. The proposed index describes the total amount of required elastic energy (originating from these bending moments) to bend all the components in the string in all the required configurations to move it to total depth. The index is linked to nominal hole and casing sizes, (i.e. 7in casing in 8.5in hole) to make it applicable and comparable. Hence this concept is different from the existing dimensionless wellbore energy index.
High-performance MOS-capacitor-type Si optical modulator and surface-illumination-type Ge photodetector for optical interconnection (2016)

Abstract We developed a high-speed and high efficiency MOS-capacitor-type Si optical modulator (Si-MOD). We designed the optimum structure and demonstrated a very high modulation efficiency ( V π L ) of 0.28–0.30 V cm at 1.3 µm wavelength. We also demonstrated a high speed of 25 Gbps for the Si-MOD integrated with a Si-waveguide-coupled Ge photodetector (Ge-PD), and also high-speed operation of 15 Gbps with a CMOS driver. We further demonstrated a high modulation efficiency of 0.16 V cm with a low optical loss (α) of 3.5 dB/mm, using a carrier accumulation mode. In this case, the figure of merit (FOM) of α V π L is less than 7 dBV. We demonstrated a high-speed operation of 25 Gbps for the Si-MOD with a short phase shifter of 60 µm length. We also demonstrated a surface-illumination-type pin Ge-PD, which shows both a high bandwidth of 24 GHz and a high-efficiency of 0.8–0.9 A/W in the case of 30 µm Ge diameter.
Activity of Pyocin S2 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms (2011)

In cystic fibrosis patients, chronic lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the associated decline in lung function are the major cause of mortality. In this report, we show that pyocin S2 displays potent activity against P. aeruginosa biofilms, thus representing a potentially improved therapeutic option. Using an invertebrate model of P. aeruginosa infection, we also show that pyocin S2 is highly active in vivo.
Inhibition of pyruvate oxidation as a versatile stimulator of the hair cycle in models of alopecia (2021)

Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) are known to be responsible for the initiation of a new hair cycle, but typically remain quiescent for very long periods. In alopecia, or hair loss disorders, follicles can be refractory to activation for years or even permanently. Alopecia can be triggered by autoimmunity, age, chemotherapeutic treatment, stress, disrupted circadian rhythm or other environmental insults. We previously showed that hair follicle stem cells and the hair cycle can be manipulated by regulation of pyruvate entry into mitochondria for subsequent oxidation to fuel the TCA cycle in normal adult mice with typical hair cycling. Here, we present new data from our efforts to develop murine models of alopecia based on environmental triggers that have been shown to do the same in human skin. We found that inhibition of pyruvate transport into mitochondria can accelerate the hair cycle even during refractory hair cycling due to age, repeated chemotherapeutic treatment and stress. Hair cycle acceleration in these alopecia models led to the formation of histologically normal hair follicles within 30-40 days of treatment without any overt signs of toxicity or deleterious effects. Therefore, we propose inhibition of pyruvate entry into mitochondria as a versatile treatment strategy for alopecia in humans.
Web authentication methods using single sign on method and virtual keyboard (2015)

Data security assurance through a web or standalone application implies the development of security technologies and methods. User authentication, a security technology, allows access to data and information only to users which have an account and a password. Besides the well-known passwords users can chose other different authentication methods, i.e. electronic identity cards, smart cards or biometric methods, all of these being possible with some supplementary costs. A Single Sign On authentication method combined with a virtual keyboard represents a secure and efficient solution with low-costs implementation.
Neuroinflammation PET Imaging: Current Opinion and Future Directions (2020)

Neuroinflammation is a key pathologic hallmark of numerous neurologic diseases, however, its exact role in vivo is yet to be fully understood. PET imaging enables investigation, quantification, and tracking of different neuroinflammation biomarkers in living subjects longitudinally. One such biomarker that has been imaged extensively using PET is translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO). Although imaging TSPO has yielded valuable clinical data linking neuroinflammation to various neurodegenerative diseases, considerable limitations of TSPO PET have prompted identification of other more cell-specific and functionally relevant biomarkers. This review analyzes the clinical potential of available and emerging PET biomarkers of innate and adaptive immune responses, with mention of exciting future directions for the field.
Clonal proliferation of large granular lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis (1988)

Some patients with chronically elevated large granular lymphocyte (LGL) numbers have rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Since these patients also may have neutropenia and splenomegaly, their symptoms resemble those of patients diagnosed as having Felty's syndrome (FS). We studied the immunophenotypic and genotypic characteristics of mononuclear cells from patients with RA and neutropenia to better determine the extent of heterogeneity in this condition. Four patients had markedly increased numbers of LGLs, which expressed HNK-1 antigen and IgG Fc receptors. In contrast, the remaining 8 patients, who had FS, had normal LGL counts, and surface marker studies showed normal numbers of HNK-1 and IgG Fc receptor positive cells. Clonal rearrangement of the T cell receptor beta chain gene was demonstrated in all 4 patients with excess LGLs, whereas a germline configuration of this gene was present in all 6 FS patients in whom this was studied. These results suggest that there are diverse groups among patients with RA and neutropenia. Since prognosis may differ, it is important to recognize that some patients who are considered to have Felty's syndrome may have a clonal proliferation of LGLs.
Bistability in polymer-dispersed ferroelectric liquid crystals (1994)

The encapsulation of ferroelectric liquid crystal droplets in a polymer film provides a convenient method to get fast switching, flexible electro-optic light shutters. The polymer-dispersed ferroelectric liquid crystal films can be formed by photopolymerization due to a polymerization-induced phase separation. A uniform orientation of the liquid crystal is obtained by shear flow during this process. Our studies concerning the influence of the preparation parameters on the electro-optic properties show that a bistable electro-optic behavior can be achieved for high polymerization rates and low shear velocities.