gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advanced Screen Content Coding Using Color Table and Index Map (2014)

This paper presents an advanced screen content coding solution using color table and index map (cTIM) method. This cTIM scheme is implemented in the range extensions of high-efficiency video coding (HEVC-RExt) as an additional tool of intracoding to complement conventional spatial angular prediction to better exploit the screen content redundancy. For each coding unit, a number of major colors will be selected to form the color table, then the original pixel block is translated to the corresponding index map. A 1D or hybrid 1D/2D string match scheme is introduced to derive matched pairs of index map for better compression. Leveraging the color distribution similarity between neighboring image blocks, color table merge is developed to carry it implicitly. For those blocks that color table has to be signaled explicitly, intertable color sharing and intratable color differential predictive coding are applied to reduce the signaling overhead. Extensive experiments have been performed and they have demonstrated the significant coding efficiency improvement over conventional HEVC-RExt, resulting in 26%, 18%, and 15% bit rate reduction at lossless case and 23%, 19%, and 13% Bjontegaard Delta-rate improvement at lossy scenario of typical screen content with text and graphics, for respective all intra, random access, and low-delay using B picture encoder settings. Detailed performance study and complexity analysis (as well as the comparison with other algorithms) have been included as well to evidence the efficiency of proposed algorithm.
WDM fiber laser sources (2001)

Two novel simple and flexible WDM laser sources are demonstrated using loop erbium-doped fiber amplifier configuration. The loop serves as a mirror and as an amplification medium. The laser cavity was made form loop mirror and either a set of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in the first design, or a 100 percent reflecting mirror in the second scheme. The FBGs select the proper lasing wavelengths in the first technique, while a combination of stress induced effect of erbium-doped fiber and the presence of fused fiber filter in the laser cavity determine the lasing wavelengths in the second design. The FBGs can be placed either in parallel or in series at the input of the loop configuration. Optical attenuators are placed in front of the FBG to control the flatness of the laser source output and determine the required lasing condition for each wavelength to avoid competition of the different lasing wavelengths. This configuration is flexible for adding any number of wavelengths as long as enough amplified spontaneous emission is generated in the loop. Signal to noise ratio as high as 55-dB can be achieved.
Functional imaging with FENSI: Flow‐enhanced signal intensity (2007)

Flow measurement methods for functional MRI (fMRI) are desirable as they are more closely tied to neuronal activity than the commonly used blood oxygenation techniques. In this work we introduce a flow-based functional imaging method. The method, called flow enhancement of signal intensity (FENSI), is an extension of the diffusion enhancement of signal and resolution (DESIRE) method from MR microscopy. The FENSI method offers a localized flow-weighted signal across a very thin slice (0.4 mm in this study) that provides a signal enhancement that is dependent on the velocity and direction of the flow. The FENSI method was implemented on a human 3 T system and applied to a blocked visual cognitive task. Activation maps showed good localization and the measured signal changes of around 10% were in good agreement with the predicted enhancements.
High Voltage DC Power Supply With Input Parallel and Output Series Connected DC-DC Converters (2022)

A modular 36 kV, 24 A crowbarless dc power supply with input parallel and output series connected 500 V, 24 A dc–dc converters is employed for biasing high power radio frequency (RF) amplifiers. Control system having both feed-forward and feedback control is implemented for fine regulation of its output voltage. An optimized control strategy having unique output ripple free capability is adopted. Active redundancy is incorporated to improve the reliability of this power supply significantly. Input section and output section are independent of each other, so the variations in input line voltage and control of output voltage do not affect input and output performances of this power supply. The adopted scheme neither needs any line filter nor needs any crowbar for biasing RF amplifiers. This power supply achieves input power factor ≥ 0.97, current THD ≤ 6%, output ripple ≤ 0.25% and output voltage stability ≤ 0.4%.
Measurement of electrical properties of biological tissue at radio frequencies using magnetic resonance imaging (2015)

Image shading in high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to radio-frequency (RF) wave propagation effects in biological tissue can be used to measure the electrical conductivity and relative permittivity of tissue in vivo. We describe a method to extract electrical properties of biological tissue from RF-shaded MR images without an explicit RF field mapping. The method is demonstrated on a meat sample and in the brain of a normal volunteer.
G protein signaling–biased mu opioid receptor agonists that produce sustained G protein activation are noncompetitive agonists (2021)

The ability of a ligand to preferentially promote engagement of one signaling pathway over another downstream of GPCR activation has been referred to as signaling bias, functional selectivity, and biased agonism. The presentation of ligand bias reflects selectivity between active states of the receptor, which may result in the display of preferential engagement with one signaling pathway over another. In this study, we provide evidence that the G protein-biased mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists SR-17018 and SR-14968 stabilize the MOR in a wash-resistant yet antagonist-reversible G protein-signaling state. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these structurally related biased agonists are noncompetitive for radiolabeled MOR antagonist binding, and while they stimulate G protein signaling in mouse brains, partial agonists of this class do not compete with full agonist activation. Importantly, opioid antagonists can readily reverse their effects in vivo. Given that chronic treatment with SR-17018 does not lead to tolerance in several mouse pain models, this feature may be desirable for the development of long-lasting opioid analgesics that remain sensitive to antagonist reversal of respiratory suppression.
Reactive two-photon fluorescent probes for biological imaging (2003)

Two-photon fluorescence microscopy is a prominent tool in biological imaging analysis. Many commercially available fluorescent dyes currently being used have sufficed for multiphoton based imaging of biological samples. While measured two-photon cross-sections (in Goppert Meyer, GM units) of some of the dyes are available, many exhibit relatively low two-photon cross-section values in the tunability range of Ti:sapphire lasers commonly used in multiphoton microscopy imaging. For example, Bodipy FL exhibits a maximum GM unit of 18 at 925 nm, compared to a range of 2-4 GM units from 775 - 875 nm. Furthermore, available fluorophores may be plagued with either low fluorescence quantum yield and/or the additional problem of rapid photobleaching upon exposure to the high peak power provided by the fs laser source. In order to address the demand for better performing dyes for two-photon based imaging, we have prepared a new series of reactive fluorophores tailored for multiphoton imaging. These fluorophores are based upon the fluorene ring system, known to exhibit high fluorescence quantum yields, typically > 0.7, and possess high photostability. They have been functionalized with various moieties to act, e.g., as efficient amine-reactive fluorescent probes for the covalent attachment onto amine-containing biomolecules. Single-photon spectral characteristics, as well as measured two-photon cross sections of a reactive fluorophore and its model conjugate in solution, as well as spectral characterizations of a bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate are presented.
Ionic Liquids as Lubricant Additives: A Review (2016)

In pursuit of energy efficiency and durability throughout human history, advances in lubricants have always played important roles. Ionic liquids (ILs) are room-temperature molten salts that possess unique physicochemical properties and have shown great potential in many applications with lubrication as one of the latest. While earlier work (2001-2011) primarily explored the feasibility of using ILs as neat or base lubricants, using ILs as lubricant additives has become the new focal research topic since the breakthrough in ILs' miscibility in nonpolar hydrocarbon oils in early 2012. This work reviews the recent advances in developing ILs as additives for lubrication with an attempt to correlate among the cationic and anionic structures, oil-solubility, and other relevant physicochemical properties, and lubricating behavior. Effects of the concentration of ILs in lubricants and the compatibility between ILs and other additives in the lubricant formulation on the tribological performance are described followed by a discussion of wear protection mechanism based on tribofilm characterization. Future research directions are suggested at the end.
Design of X-ray interferometer for phase-contrast X-ray microtomography (2000)

We tested an X-ray interferometer fabricated to improve the spatial resolution of phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography (CT). The main factor limiting the spatial resolution is the diffraction phenomenon in the crystal wafer of the interferometer. Improvement of the spatial resolution was attempted by thinning the wafer. A preliminary test was performed by checking interference patterns. Thinning the wafer from 1 to 0.24 mm showed clear improvement in the image quality.
Field Demonstrations of Chemiresistor and Surface Acoustic Wave Microchemical Sensors at the Nevada Test Site (2003)

No abstract prepared.
A Compact Ultra-Wideband Antenna for Time-and Frequency-Domain Applications (2005)

A new type of single-element wideband antenna is proposed that can provide wide bandwidth and consistent polarization over the frequency range for which the antenna is impedance matched. The antenna is composed of two parallel sectorial loop antennas (SLAs) that are connected along an axis of symmetry. The novel ultra-wideband coupled sectorial loop antenna has an 8.5:1 impedance bandwidth. The antenna has consistent radiation parameters over a 4:1 frequency range with excellent polarization purity over the entire 8.5:1 frequency range. Modified versions of this UWB antenna, with reduced metallic surfaces and similar radiation parameters, were also designed, fabricated, and measured. Measurement results indicate that these modifications do not adversely affect the UWB behavior of the antenna.
An elegant hardware-corroborated statistical repair and test methodology for conquering aging effects (2009)

We propose a new and efficient statistical-simulation-based test methodology for optimally selecting repair elements at beginning-of-life (BOL) to improve the end-of-life (EOL) functionality of memory designs. This is achieved by identifying the best BOL test/repair corner that maximizes EOL yield, thereby exploiting redundancy to optimize EOL operability with minimal BOL yield loss. The statistical approach makes it possible to identify such corners with tremendous savings in terms of test time and hardware. To estimate yields and search for the best repair corner the approach relies on fast conditional importance sampling statistical simulations. The methodology is versatile and can handle complex aging effects with asymmetrical distributions. Results are demonstrated on state-of-the-art dual-supply memory designs subject to statistical negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) effects, and hardware results are shown to match predicted model trends.
A new structure for tunable optical add-drop multiplexers (1996)

A novel design for tunable optical add-drop multiplexers is proposed and a prototype realised in microoptic technology. Tuning range larger than 8 nm and high isolation between add and drop ports (>55 dB) were measured.
Performance comparison of logical-address-to-physical-address algorithms for non-volatile memory (2003)

This paper focuses on the algorithms that convert the logical addresses to the physical addresses in utilizing flash memory devices. The logical address is given by the data host, and the physical address is the actually mapped address inside the non-volatile memory. This conversion is necessary because of the characteristics of the memory. Basically, the conversion is done with a look-up table which records every physical address change for a logical address. All of these algorithms are feasible in implementation. Their advantages are described individually. The choice depends on the look-up table size and allowed access time, etc.
Particle swarm optimization for radiation therapy planning (2015)

The main goal of radiation therapy is to deliver a lethal dose of radiation to the targeted tumor while minimizing the radiation exposure to the surrounding normal tissues and critical organs. Modern cancer therapy has benefited enormously from computer controlled treatment devices with increased precision and capability. However, this increased sophistication also creates new challenges for treatment planning. As the number of parameters in a treatment plan increases, the traditional computational approaches are no longer adequate to fully exploit the potential of the latest treatment devices. This is because at the heart of treatment planning is often a set of substantially non-trivial constrained geometric optimization problems. We introduce a new optimization framework based on Particle Swarm Optimization for planning radiotherapy, and demonstrated its potential by solving an open problem in radiation therapy treatment planning. Specifically, we have applied the new framework to Gamma Knife® radiosurgery and high-dose rate (HDR) prostate brachytherapy. Mathematically, Gamma Knife® radiosurgery is a ball-packing process whose goal is to "pack" some spherical high dose volumes into a tumor volume, while that of HDR brachytherapy is to find the trajectories of some spherical high dose volumes. Both problems are computationally intractable. There is no known algorithm for brachytherapy that can generate the trajectories, which is currently done manually by a physician. The new framework models the spherical high dose volume as kinetic particles and simulates the "swarm" of these particles through a potential field created based on medical constraints and prescriptions. The resulting stable swarm, further refined by least distance programming, is the final treatment plan. We have conducted experiments with real and simulated data. Our results show that the new framework is at least equivalent to current clinical systems, but in the case of HDR prostate brachytherapy it can significantly outperform current clinical systems. We expect that this new framework, due to its clinical advantage, simplicity, and ease of understanding will be widely implemented in clinics making significant impact to Gamma Knife® radiosurgery, HDR brachytherapy, and other radiation therapy modalities.
Spatial heterodyne spectroscopy: A non-scanned method for high-resolution interference spectroscopy (2003)

Spatial Heterodyne Spectroscopy stands poised to play a significant role in astrophysics and atmospheric remote sensing from space and ground-based platforms. This paper will briefly describe the technique and applications in process.
Superconducting Properties of Highly Dense MgB2 Bulk Materials (2002)

Highly dense MgB2 policrystalline bulk materials, obtained by reactive liquid infiltration, have been characterized in their superconducting transport and magnetic properties in magnetic field and in a temperature range of interest for the MgB2 compound. The products have a granular morphology of composite nature and their overall density affects their properties. The irreversibility line, Bc1(T) values, magnetically measured current densities and the trapped magnetic field are evaluated by susceptibility curves and hysteresis curves, both obtained by SQUID magnetometry for samples of different density, up to 35K and up to 5T applied magnetic field. The experimental results have been compared with the best values reported in the literature for other bulk sintering techniques.
Successful operation of a scanning ion microscope with quadrupole mass filter (1976)

An ion microprobe has been combined with a quadrupole equipped secondary ion mass spectrometer. Operating the microprobe in the raster scanning mode, ion images with a lateral resolution of about 10 μ could be obtained. Moreover, the system provides stereoscopic imaging. In-depth profiling capabilities of the instrument are also described briefly.
An Efficient Near Blind Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation Scheme for MIMO-OFDM Systems (2008)

A novel technique for the estimation of carrier frequency offset (CFO) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based multiple input multiple output (MIMO) communication systems is proposed in this paper. While the conventional null subcarrier based methods estimate the CFO through a single global line search, the proposed method employs a two step procedure. Firstly the integer frequency offset is estimated by means of a cost function minimization over the trial integer offset values. Then the fractional frequency offset is estimated through a fine search over one subcarrier spacing on either side centered on zero offset reference after correcting the integer offset. We also propose a novel null subcarrier allocation scheme based on Fibonacci series, which ensures a CFO estimation range equal to the OFDM bandwidth. Furthermore, performance of the proposed frequency offset estimator is mathematically analyzed by deriving the Cramer-Rao lower bound and compared it with the mean square estimation error to demonstrate its efficiency. Our algorithm is shown to outperform a popular method reported in literature in terms of BER performance and estimation complexity.
A 2D Nearest-Neighbor Quantum Architecture for Factoring in Polylogarithmic Depth (2012)

We contribute a 2D nearest-neighbor quantum architecture for Shor's algorithm to factor an $n$-bit number in $O(\log^2(n))$ depth. Our implementation uses parallel phase estimation, constant-depth fanout and teleportation, and constant-depth carry-save modular addition. We derive upper bounds on the circuit resources of our architecture under a new 2D nearest-neighbor model which allows a classical controller and parallel, communicating modules. We also contribute a novel constant-depth circuit for unbounded quantum unfanout in our new model. Finally, we provide a comparison to all previous nearest-neighbor factoring implementations. Our circuit results in an exponential improvement in nearest-neighbor circuit depth at the cost of a polynomial increase in circuit size and width.
Improved shape memory properties and internal structures in Fe-Mn-Si-based alloys containing Nb and C (2003)

It has recently been found that the shape memory properties of Fe-Mn-Si-based alloys are notably improved by addition of small amounts of Nb and C elements. In these newly modified alloys, the so-called training process is replaced by a simpler thermomechanical treatment. For example, in an Fe-28Mn-6Si-5Cr-0.5NbC alloy (mass %), a combination of pre-rolling at 870 K followed by 10 min ageing at 1070 K results in a shape recovery of 90% for 4% initial strain and a shape recovery stress of 295 MPa for 4.5% initial strain. In this work, we present the shape memory properties of the samples pre-rolled up to 20% in Fe-28Mn-6Si-5Cr-0.5NbC, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of the stress-induced martensite. Detailed discussion is made on the relations between the microstructures observed by AFM and TEM and the shape recovery and shape recovery stress, and the main factors responsible for drastic improvement of the shape memory properties in this alloy system are drawn.
Novel Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Phenotypic Resistance to Maturation, Protease, Reverse Transcriptase, and Integrase HIV Inhibitors Based on 3′Gag(p2/p7/p1/p6)/PR/RT/INT-Recombinant Viruses: a Useful Tool in the Multitarget Era of Antiretroviral Therapy (2011)

Twenty-six antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), targeting five different steps in the life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), have been approved for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Accordingly, HIV-1 phenotypic assays based on common cloning technology currently employ three, or possibly four, different recombinant viruses. Here, we describe a system to assess HIV-1 resistance to all drugs targeting the three viral enzymes as well as viral assembly using a single patient-derived, chimeric virus. Patient-derived p2-INT (gag-p2/NCp7/p1/p6/pol-PR/RT/IN) products were PCR amplified as a single fragment (3,428 bp) or two overlapping fragments (1,657 bp and 2,002 bp) and then recombined into a vector containing a near-full-length HIV-1 genome with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae uracil biosynthesis gene (URA3) replacing the 3,428 bp p2-INT segment (Dudley et al., Biotechniques 46:458-467, 2009). P2-INT-recombinant viruses were employed in drug susceptibility assays to test the activity of protease (PI), nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase (NRTI), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTI), and integrase strand-transfer (INSTI) inhibitors. Using a single standardized test (ViralARTS HIV), this new technology permits the rapid and automated quantification of phenotypic resistance for all known and candidate antiretroviral drugs targeting all viral enzymes (PR, RT, including polymerase and RNase H activities, and IN), some of the current and potential assembly inhibitors, and any drug targeting Pol or Gag precursor cleavage sites (relevant for PI and maturation inhibitors) This novel assay may be instrumental (i) in the development and clinical assessment of novel ARV drugs and (ii) to monitor patients failing prior complex treatment regimens.
Encapsulated cells producing retroviral vectors for in vivo gene transfer. (2002)

The implantation of such capsules containing cells that continually produce retroviral vector particles may be of use for in vivo gene therapy strategies. The data presented demonstrate the feasibility of the concept.
Ground plane booster antenna technology for smartphones and tablets (2016)

Wireless handheld devices, such as smartphones and tablets, are personal gadgets with multiple functionalities in addition to communication. As the space reserved for antennas is reduced in order to integrate other components such as large displays and batteries, there is a strong need to design small and multiband antennas as well as easy to integrate. In this letter, a novel approach that uses an electrically small nonresonant element of only 125 mm3 for smartphones and 250 mm3 for tablets for multiband operation is shown to demonstrate the feasibility. Results conclude that said small element can provide operation at two different frequency regions thanks to the proper excitation of the radiation modes in the ground plane; therefore said non-resonant element is referred as a ground plane booster. This fact opens a window to a new path in the antenna design, in which the antenna complexity is reduced to a small-multiband and very simple element easy to manufacture as surface mounted device (SMD) component and easy to integrate in emerging mobile platforms. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:1289–1294, 2016