gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Pattern Formation in Electron-Beam-Induced Etching (2015)

We report highly ordered topographic patterns that form on the surface of diamond, span multiple length scales, and have a symmetry controlled by the precursor gas species used in electron-beam-induced etching (EBIE). The pattern formation dynamics reveals an etch rate anisotropy and an electron energy transfer pathway that is overlooked by existing EBIE models. We, therefore, modify established theory such that it explains our results and remains universally applicable to EBIE. The patterns can be exploited in controlled wetting, optical structuring, and other emerging applications that require nano- and microscale surface texturing of a wide band-gap material.
Regulation of plant growth with triacontanol (1985)

Triacontanol (TRIA) is synthesized by plants and is a component of most biological material. New formulations of TRIA have shown activity with femtomolar doses. Exogenous applications of TRIA regulate directly or indirectly several physiological and biochemical processes. Many studies have shown that TRIA can increase the yield of crops but the results have not been sufficiently consistent in the U.S. to recommend its use commercially. Several experiments suggest TRIA, a metabolite of TRIA, or a secondary messenger, moves rapidly in plants after initial application. Additionally, several enzymes relating to carbohydrate metabolism increase in activity following TRIA treatment. Warm temperatures before foliar applications improved the plants response to TRIA. Many compounds have an antagonistic effect on the response of plants to TRIA. The most significant are phthalate esters which commonly occur in water and the research environment. TRIA has elicited many growth responses in plants with a rapidity not shown for other plant hormones or growth regulators.
<title>Bit error sources in 3D optical memory: experiments and models</title> (1998)

The photoactive protein, bacteriorhodopsin (BR), may be used as the recording medium in optical three-dimensional memories. Experiments with a sequential, one-photon read/write scheme have shown promising results. In this scheme a planar laser beam activates a narrow slice of the medium, so that the bit patterns of the slice can be read independently of the rest of the memory. This gives rise to a paged memory architecture with approximately 100 Megabytes/page. Experimental images taken of the activated pages show bit patterns subject to degradation, which may be attributed to intensity variations within the activation beam. These intensity gradients are believed to be the result of refraction within the memory page. Writing a bit in the memory changes the index of refraction within the activated memory volume illuminated by the write beam. Bit error rates are directly related to the proportion of 0s and 1s written into the memory page, with minimum error rates recorded at a 50/50 ratio. In addition to experiments with prototype BR memories, we report on a computer model for the activation phase of the memory read cycle. This model may be used to study various schemes for placing the bits within a memory page and ensuring that the distribution of 0s and 1s is uniform.
Elimination of Mutual Flux Effect on Rotor Position Estimation of Switched Reluctance Motor Drives Considering Magnetic Saturation (2014)

In this letter, an approach to eliminate the mutual flux effect on the rotor position estimation of switched reluctance motor drives without a priori knowledge of mutual flux is proposed, while operating in both linear and saturated magnetic regions. Considering magnetic saturation, the incremental-inductance estimation using the phase current slope difference method can be classified into three modes: Modes I-III. At positive-current-slope and negative-current-slope sampling point of one phase, the sign of current slope of the other phase changes in Modes I and II, but does not change in Mode III. Theoretically, the incremental-inductance estimation error introduced by the mutual flux is both rotor position and phase current dependent, which is ±1% to ±7% for the studied motor in Modes I and II. However, in Mode III, the mutual flux effect does not exist. Therefore, two methods are proposed to ensure that the incremental-inductance estimation is working in Mode III exclusively. The first one is variable-sampling incremental-inductance estimation for the outgoing phase and the other is the variable-hysteresis-band current control for the incoming phase. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method improves position estimation accuracy by 2° compared with the conventional method without variable-sampling and variable-hysteresis-band current control.
An Analysis of the Sensitivity of Active Shape Models to Initialization When Applied to Automatic Facial Landmarking (2012)

Active Shape Models (ASMs) have recently gained popularity for performing automatic facial landmark fitting. Their demonstrated ability to generalize and fit unseen faces make them ideal candidates for this task unlike the traditional Active Appearance Model (AAM)-based approaches, which have difficulty in accurately landmarking unseen images. Given a test image, a face detector is used to determine the locations, orientations and sizes of faces in the image. Facial landmarking algorithms, such as ASMs, are initialized based on these parameters. In this paper, we conduct a series of experiments to exhaustively evaluate the tolerance of three popular ASMs to initialization perturbations (translation, rotation, and scaling in size) of the face detected, a topic that has not been analyzed in depth to date. Our results are consistent across different databases, provide an understanding of the role initialization plays in the landmark fitting process and serve as a performance gauge that could be considered when comparing facial landmarking algorithms.
Antisense inhibition of pectin esterase gene expression in transgenic tomatoes (1993)

Summary Tomato plants ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig) were transformed with chimaeric pectin esterase (PE; EC 3.1.1.11) antisense RNA genes, based on a cDNA isolated from a tomato fruit library. PE enzyme activity in ripe fruit of these plants was reduced by up to 93%, as a result of inhibition of PE mRNA accumulation from an endogenous gene, or genes. No major differences in fruit development and ripening were apparent, although pectin remained more heavily esterified (methylated) at all stages of fruit development, thus confirming that PE has a role in pectin de‐esterification in vivo . PE enzyme activity was unaffected in leaves or roots of the transformants, although antisense RNA transcripts were detected. This observation, and immunological differences between PE isoenzymes in leaves and roots compared to fruit, indicate differential expression of PE isoenzymes in these organs.
Designing advanced filters for macroparticle removal from cathodic arc plasmas (1999)

Curved magnetic filters are commonly used with cathodic arcs to remove macroparticles from the plasma stream, making them suitable for the preparation of smooth, dense and defect-free films. Plasma losses associated with these filters are rather high. The highest reported ion current transported through a curved macroparticle filter is 2.5% of the arc current. In this paper we show that it is possible to finely control both the shape and spatial position of the plasma beam as it passes through a curved magnetic filter by the addition of strategically placed current-carrying wires. Our modifications consisted of additional current loops at the entrance and exit of the filter to reduce the divergence of magnetic field lines there; a number of conducting wires were also placed outside the filter along its length to centre the beam in the filter. We were able to improve the plasma transport efficiency by modifying the paths of magnetic field lines through the 90° filter with the aid of computer calculation, achieving a filtered titanium ion current up to 6.3% of the arc current.
A Systematic Kinetic Study in Reversible Chain Transfer Catalyzed Polymerizations (RTCPs) with Germanium, Tin, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen Catalysts (2010)

Abstract This paper reports a systematic kinetic study on the reversible activation processes and polymerization rates in the reversible chain transfer catalyzed living radical polymerizations (RTCPs) of styrene (St) and methyl methacrylate with germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) catalysts. The pseudo‐first‐order activation rate constant k act significantly depended on monomers and the elements and substituents of the catalysts. For the St polymerization at 80 °C, k act increased in the order of PI 3 (P catalyst) < p ‐tolyl germanium triiodide (tolyl‐GeI 3 ) (Ge catalyst) < N ‐iodosuccinimide (NIS) (N catalyst) < SnI 4 (Sn catalyst) < GeI 4 (Ge catalyst) at the same catalyst concentration. The polymerization rate was somewhat retarded in the studied systems due to the cross‐termination between the propagating radical and the catalyst radical in situ formed in the polymerization. magnified image
Optimal flux magnitude tracking with application to fault-tolerant control of wind turbine generators (2013)

This paper concerns with wind turbine generator fault-tolerant control that avoids system shut-down and enables safe operation with less than nominal power production. We focus on generator stator isolation inter-turn fault that can be characterized before triggering the safety device and applied for any type of generator used in wind turbines. A low complexity model predictive tracking controller is proposed to achieve very accurate flux modulation that prevents the fault propagation while power delivery under fault is deteriorated as less as possible compared to healthy machine conditions. Presented fault-tolerant control strategy is developed taking into account its modular implementation and installation in available control systems of existing wind turbines to extend their life cycle and energy production. Simulation results for the case of a 700 kW wind turbine are presented.
CO Gas Identification by Use of Complex Impedance of pn Heterocontact Comprising of Na-Added CuO and ZnO (1994)

To improve the gas selectivity for carbon monoxide from hydrogen, the complex impedance characteristics under DC bias voltages were studied on a pn semiconductor heterocontact comprised of 1mol%Na2O-added CuO (as a p-type semiconductor) and ZnO (as an n-type), in the atmosphere of air-balanced CO or H2 gas (concentration: 4000ppm) at 250 and 400°C. In this heterocontact system, the capacitance component of the equivalent-circuit at the interface at 250°C was larger in the CO mixture, but smaller in the H2 mixture than that in air. As the results of characteristic changes of the equivalent-circuit components to each ambient gas at 250°C, it was shown that CO gas was selectively distinguishable from H2 gas by using a decrease in the absolute value of reactance at 10kHz under the bias voltage of -1V. Moreover, the identification of CO and H2 gases was shown to be feasible by DC bias dependence of reactance at a fixed frequency and by frequency dependence of reactance at a fixed DC bias. The CO gas identification by use of Na-modified CuO/ZnO was found to be feasible at a lower temperature of 250°C than that for Na-free CuO/ZnO (at 400°C).
Precision synbiotics increase gut microbiome diversity and improve gastrointestinal symptoms in a pilot open-label study for autism spectrum disorder (2022)

ABSTRACT The use of prebiotics and probiotics to improve symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has varied from study to study, indicating the complex and heterogeneous nature of the disorder and the behaviors and gastrointestinal symptoms associated with ASD. There is a wide variety in the severity of symptoms and developmental impediments across the population. Gut microbiome studies have also shown unique but varied microbial signatures in ASD. While there have been successes in pre-clinical and clinical trials with prebiotic and probiotic components, the limited population sizes have promising yet inconclusive results. This study addresses this issue by 1) enrolling an ASD cohort of 296 children and adults and comparing their deep DNA metagenomic sequencing of gut microbiomes to that of an age-matched neurotypical cohort and 2) individually formulating a precision synbiotic (probiotic and prebiotic) tailored towards each individual’s needs and conducting pre/post evaluations of ASD and GI symptoms and longitudinal whole genome microbiome sequencing. At baseline, there was significantly lower microbiome diversity in the ASD group relative to controls. Microbes, pathways, and gene families significantly differed between the two populations. The ASD microbiome had higher abundances of pathogens, such as Shigella, Klebsiella, Mycobacterium , and Clostridium , but lower abundances of beneficial microbes, including Faecalibacterium . With a 3-month synbiotic supplementation, the microbiome diversity of the 170 ASD participants completing the study increased and became closer to the neurotypical controls. Significant shifts in microbial and pathway abundances were also measured at the second ASD timepoint. In addition to changes in the gut microbiome, there was a significant reduction in gastrointestinal discomfort. There were also improvements in some ASD-related symptoms; however, we cannot exclude that these were potentially due to the open-label nature of the study. Changes in the gut microbiome composition and functional capacity, along with a reduction in gastrointestinal symptoms and potential changes in behavior, highlight the importance of metagenomics, longitudinal studies, and the potential for therapeutic microbial supplementation in ASD.
<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>Contains 3<i>rlrA</i>Pilus Variants That Are Clonally Related (2008)

On the basis of S. pneumoniae genotype, it is possible to predict the incidence of the rlrA pilus operon in a collection of pneumococcal isolates. This will facilitate the development of a protein vaccine.
Retroviruses in autoimmune liver disease: genetic or environmental agents? (1999)

Retroviruses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several human autoimmune conditions including Sjögren's syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, immune mediated diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. The human intracisternal A type particle derived from Sjögren's syndrome patients' salivary glands was the first retrovirus to be isolated from a human autoimmune disorder but the agent has yet to be cloned. In primary biliary cirrhosis patients, virus like particles have been observed by electron microscopy in biliary epithelium, endogenous retroviral sequences have been cloned from liver samples, and antibody reactivity to the human intracisternal A type particle has been observed in the majority of patients tested. However, there is no evidence to link the endogenous retroviral sequences in primary biliary cirrhosis patients to the retroviral antibody reactivity or virus like particles. In other patients with liver disease, reactivity to the human intracisternal A type particle was observed in a small but significant proportion of patients with hepatitis C virus infection. If the intracisternal A type particle is an endogenous retrovirus, it is interesting to speculate that hepatitis C virus infection may modulate the endogenous retroviral expression, as chronic hepatitis C has been linked with the development of Sjögren's syndrome. Furthermore, many patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection have reactivity to an autoantigen of unknown significance known as GOR that has protein sequence homology with both hepatitis C virus nucleocapsid protein as well as HTLV-1 gag. This may be an another example of an endogenous retroviral protein acting as an autoantigen in liver disease patients. At this time, there is little evidence to suggest that endogenous retroviruses are infectious agents that cause autoimmune disease but they may be implicated as either genetic elements or antigens. Further studies will be required to characterize the role that both exogenous and endogenous retroviruses play in the pathogenesis of autoimmune liver diseases.
Low-loss electron images of uncoated photoresist in the scanning electron microscope (1986)

Low voltage scanning electron microscopy is an important part of microelectronic inspection technique. This makes it possible to examine devices without changing the electrical properties, and to examine nonconducting samples such as photoresist without the use of a surface metal layer. The secondary electron imaging method suffers, however, from the difficulty that the image can be spoiled by slight charging of the specimen by the incident electron beam. This problem can be solved by the use of the low-loss electron image.
Deep State Space Models for Time Series Forecasting (2018)

We present a novel approach to probabilistic time series forecasting that combines state space models with deep learning. By parametrizing a per-time-series linear state space model with a jointly-learned recurrent neural network, our method retains desired properties of state space models such as data efficiency and interpretability, while making use of the ability to learn complex patterns from raw data offered by deep learning approaches. Our method scales gracefully from regimes where little training data is available to regimes where data from millions of time series can be leveraged to learn accurate models. We provide qualitative as well as quantitative results with the proposed method, showing that it compares favorably to the state-of-the-art.
Emergence of self-organized long-period fiber gratings in supercontinuum-generating optical fibers (2009)

A localized long-period fiber grating emerges in a silica optical fiber transmitting femtosecond pulse-induced supercontinuum. Simultaneously, a specific higher-order fiber cladding mode associated with the grating gains amplification at the expense of the fiber core mode. The grating has a period dependent on the dielectric structure of the fiber and is therefore classified as a self-organized structure.
Polycaprolactone / bioactive glass hybrid scaffolds for bone regeneration (2018)

Abstract Bioactive glasses (BG) bond to bone and stimulate bone regeneration, but they are brittle. Inorganicorganic hybrids appear as promising bone substitutes since they associate the bone mineral forming ability of BG with the toughness of polymers. Hybrids comprised of polycaprolactone (PCL) and SiO 2 -CaO BG were produced by sol-gel chemistry and processed into porous scaffolds with controlled pore and interconnection sizes. The obtained scaffolds are highly flexible, meaning that PCL effectively introduces toughness. Apatite formation is observed within 24 hours of immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) and is not limited to the surface as the entire hybrid progressively changes into bone-like minerals. The degradation rate is suitable for bone regeneration with a 13.2% weight loss after 8 weeks of immersion. Primary osteoblasts cultured in scaffolds demonstrate that the samples are not cytotoxic and provide good cell adhesion. The in vivo study confirms the bioactivity, biocompatibility and suitable degradation rate of the hybrid. A physiological bone made of trabeculae and bone marrow regenerates. The structure and kinetic of bone regeneration was similar to the implanted commercial standard based on bovine bone, demonstrating that this new synthetic PCL-BG hybrid could perform as well as animal-derived bone substitutes.
Diabetic Retinopathy Early Detection Based on OCT and OCTA Feature Fusion (2019)

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the major causes of blindness worldwide. It is a diabetes complication that occurs after the damage of the blood vessels in the light-sensitive tissue in the retina. So, early detection of DR could reduce the severity of the disease and help ophthalmologists in treating and investigating it more efficiently. In this paper, we developed a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system that can detect early signs of DR using both optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images. Our system is able to segment the blood vessels from two retinal plexuses using OCTA images. Also, it segments twelve different retinal layers from OCT scans. Then, seven different features are extracted from both segmented OCTA plexuses and OCT layers. Finally, these features are fused to generate a comprehensive diagnostic non-invasive tool for detecting early signs of DR. A total number of 76 cases (23 normal and 53 DR) were used in evaluating the performance of the proposed systems. Using 4-fold cross-validation, our proposed system achieved an average accuracy of 100%. These results show the potential of the proposed system.
GHz ultrasonics for on chip delay lines, communications, timing, memory, and sensing (2017)

Integrated GHz ultrasonics on planar systems such as CMOS chips are enabled by integration of fast, deep sub-micron transistors and GHz thin film piezoelectric transducers. Precision and stability in a delay element block is one of the key specifications that directly impacts all the applications. We have implemented a pulse-echo transmit-receive ultrasonic delay element that is stable over time and has a novel diffraction based zero temperature coefficient of delay at two temperatures. The silicon bulk wave propagation leads to stable operation owing to low loss within silicon and large mode volume.
Combining card marking with remembered sets (1998)

We consider the combination of card marking with remembered sets for generational garbage collection as suggested by Hosking and Hudson [3]. When more than two generations are used, a naive implementation may cause excessive and wasteful scanning of the cards and thus increase the collection time. We offer a simple data structure and a corresponding algorithm to keep track of which cards need be scanned for which generation. We then extend these ideas for the Train Algorithm of [4]. Here, the solution is more involved, and allows tracking of which card should be scanned for which car-collection in the train.
Method and apparatus for determining the viability and survival of sensory-neural elements within the inner ear (1986)

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DeepCopy: Grounded Response Generation with Hierarchical Pointer\n Networks (2019)

Recent advances in neural sequence-to-sequence models have led to promising\nresults for several language generation-based tasks, including dialogue\nresponse generation, summarization, and machine translation. However, these\nmodels are known to have several problems, especially in the context of\nchit-chat based dialogue systems: they tend to generate short and dull\nresponses that are often too generic. Furthermore, these models do not ground\nconversational responses on knowledge and facts, resulting in turns that are\nnot accurate, informative and engaging for the users. In this paper, we propose\nand experiment with a series of response generation models that aim to serve in\nthe general scenario where in addition to the dialogue context, relevant\nunstructured external knowledge in the form of text is also assumed to be\navailable for models to harness. Our proposed approach extends\npointer-generator networks (See et al., 2017) by allowing the decoder to\nhierarchically attend and copy from external knowledge in addition to the\ndialogue context. We empirically show the effectiveness of the proposed model\ncompared to several baselines including (Ghazvininejad et al., 2018; Zhang et\nal., 2018) through both automatic evaluation metrics and human evaluation on\nCONVAI2 dataset.\n