gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
N4ITK: Nick's N3 ITK Implementation For MRI Bias Field Correction (2010)

Several algorithms exist for correcting the nonuniform intensity in magnetic resonance images caused by field inhomogeneities. These algorithms constitute important preprocessing steps for subsequent image analysis tasks. One such algorithm, known as parametric bias field correction (PABIC), has already been implemented in ITK. Another popular algorithm is the nonuniform intensity normalization (N3) approach. A particularly salient advantage of this algorithm is that it does not require a prior tissue model for its application. In addition, the source code for N3 is publicly available at the McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University) which includes source code and the coordinating set of perl scripts. This submission describes an implementation of the N3 algorithm for the Insight Toolkit given as a single class, viz. itk::N3MRIBiasFieldCorrectionImageFilter. We tried to maintain minimal difference between the publicly available MNI N3 implementation and our ITK im- plementation. The only intentional variation is the substitution of an earlier contribution, i.e. the class itk::BSplineScatteredDataPointSetToImageFilter, for the originally proposed least-squares approach for B-spline fitting used to model the bias field. In addition, we include a more extensive modification to the original N3 algorithm found in the class itk::N4MRIBiasFieldCorrectionImageFilter. The latter algorithm employs a multi-resolution approach, similar to FFD image registration strategies, and has a slightly modified iterative update scheme.
Adenovirus-Mediated RNA Interference against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection both In Vitro and In Vivo (2006)

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection is responsible for the heavy economic losses in stockbreeding each year. Because of the limited effectiveness of existing vaccines and antiviral drugs, the development of new strategies is needed. RNA interference (RNAi) is an effective means of suppressing virus replication in vitro. Here we demonstrate that treatment with recombinant, replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) expressing short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) directed against either structural protein 1D (Ad5-NT21) or polymerase 3D (Ad5-POL) of FMDV totally protects swine IBRS-2 cells from homologous FMDV infection, whereas only Ad5-POL inhibits heterologous FMDV replication. Moreover, delivery of these shRNAs significantly reduces the susceptibility of guinea pigs and swine to FMDV infection. Three of five guinea pigs inoculated with 10(6) PFU of Ad5-POL and challenged 24 h later with 50 50% infectious doses (ID50) of homologous virus were protected from the major clinical manifestation of disease: the appearance of vesicles on the feet. Two of three swine inoculated with an Ad5-NT21-Ad5-POL mixture containing 2 x 10(9) PFU each and challenged 24 h later with 100 ID50 of homologous virus were protected from the major clinical disease, but treatment with a higher dose of adenovirus mixture cannot promote protection of animals. The inhibition was rapid and specific because treatment with a control adenovirus construct (Ad5-LacZ) expressing Escherichia coli galactosidase-specific shRNA showed no marked antiviral activity. Our data highlight the in vivo potential of RNAi technology in the case of FMD.
Iron Availability Influences Aggregation, Biofilm, Adhesion and Invasion of <i>Pseudomonas Aeruginosa</i> and <i>Burkholderia Cenocepacia</i> (2005)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia are predominant opportunistic pathogens in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. In healthy humans the lower respiratory tract as well as all mucosa, contains a very low free iron concentration (10(-18) M), while in CF patients sputum iron concentration is very high, showing a median value of 63x10(-6) M. Accumulation of catalytic reactive iron heavily contributes to subsequent clinical complications in the lung disorders by the production of reactive oxygen species and increases bacterial growth and virulence. The data reported in this study indicate that low iron concentration (Fe3+ 1 microM)induced free-living forms and motility both in P. aeruginosa and B. cenocepacia, while high iron concentrations (Fe3+ 10 and 100 microM) stimulated aggregation and biofilm formation already in the fluid phases, so demonstrating that aggregation and biofilm formation are positively iron-modulated in these bacteria. Moreover, the different morphological forms (free-living, aggregates and biofilm) showed different capabilities of adhering and invading the bronchial cell line A549. P. aeruginosa PAO1 aggregates, and mostly biofilm, exerted the highest adhesion efficiency, while B. cenocepacia PV1 aggregates or biofilm the lowest. A significant reduction in invasion efficiency by P. aeruginosa biofilm and a significant increase in cell internalization by B. cenocepacia biofilm has been reported. Therefore, the iron availability is an important signal to which P. aeruginosa and B. cenocepacia counteract by leaving the motile free-living forms and entering into a new lifestyle, i.e. biofilm. These data could contribute to explain that the iron-overload of the sputum of CF patients, inducing nonmotile forms, aggregates and biofilm, may facilitate penetration of host epithelial barriers contributing to the establishment of infection, colonization, persistence and systemic spread of these opportunistic pathogens.
Data Compression for Maskless Lithography Systems: Architecture, Algorithms and Implementation (2008)

Abstract : Future lithography systems must produce more dense microchips with smaller feature sizes, while maintaining throughput comparable to today's optical lithography systems. This places stringent data-handling requirements on the design of any maskless lithography system. Today's optical lithography systems transfer one layer of data from the mask to the entire wafer in about sixty seconds. To achieve a similar throughput for a direct-write maskless lithography system with a pixel size of 22 nm, data rates of about 12 Tb/s are required. In this thesis, we propose a datapath architecture for delivering such a data rate to a parallel array of writers. Our proposed system achieves this data rate contingent on two assumptions: consistent 10 to 1 compression of lithography data, and implementation of real-time hardware decoder, fabricated on a microchip together with a massively parallel array of lithography writers, capable of decoding 12 Tb/s of data. To address the compression efficiency problem, we explore a number of existing binary and gray-pixel lossless compression algorithms and apply them to a variety of microchip layers of typical circuits such as memory and control. The compression efficiency of various compression algorithms have been characterized on a variety of layouts sampled from many industry sources. Overall, we have found that compression efficiency varies significantly from design to design, from layer to layer, and even within parts of the same layer. The decoder for any chosen compression scheme must be replicated in hardware tens of thousands of times, to achieve the 12 Tb/s decoding rate. We explore the tradeoff between the compression ratio, and decoder buffer size for C4. We show that for a fixed buffer size, C4 achieves a significantly higher compression ratio than those of existing compression algorithms. We also present a detailed functional block diagram of the C4 decoding algorithm as a first step towards a hardware realization.
An Expedient Synthesis of 5,11-Dimethylindolo[3,2-<i>b</i>]-carbazole, A Potent Ligand for the Receptor for TCDD (1996)

Abstract A new and efficient synthesis has been developed for the title indolocarbazole which has been indicated by a recent computer-aided study to be a potent ligand for the receptor for the naturally occurring carcinogen, TCDD.
Evaluation of mechanical recycling options for electronic equipment (2003)

We evaluated two methods of sorting mixed plastic parts from demanufactured electronic goods to increase the value of the plastic. The first process took advantage of high-speed, automated, plastics identification equipment to enrich and segregate target materials before grinding and final purification. The second process was to sort and enrich the plastics by having laborers use a combination of recycling stamps (plastic identity labels) and a spectroscopic instrument to sort die material prior to grinding and purification. Each method has several difficulties associated with it. We found that plastic enrichment by sorting whole parts via either process is not economically promising. Neither method could enrich a mixed plastic stream to an appropriate level to achieve high resale value. Thus, there is little return to offset the considerable costs involved. The study showed that particle-by-particle sorting would be required to further enrich the plastics after whole part sorting in either case. Whole part sorting is only practical when the material source is very controlled and the contamination level is limited.
New Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals (2011)

We studied oil in water Pickering emulsions stabilized by cellulose nanocrystals obtained by hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of bacterial cellulose. The resulting solid particles, called bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNs), present an elongated shape and low surface charge density, forming a colloidal suspension in water. The BCNs produced proved to stabilize the hexadecane/water interface, promoting monodispersed oil in water droplets around 4 μm in diameter stable for several months. We characterized the emulsion and visualized the particles at the surface of the droplets by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and calculated the droplet coverage by varying the BCN concentration in the aqueous phase. A 60% coverage limit has been defined, above which very stable, deformable droplets are obtained. The high stability of the more covered droplets was attributed to the particle irreversible adsorption associated with the formation of a 2D network. Due to the sustainability and low environmental impact of cellulose, the BCN based emulsions open opportunities for the development of environmentally friendly new materials.
Numerical solution of a time‐like Cauchy problem for the wave equation (1992)

Abstract Let D ⊂ ℝ n be a bounded domain with piecewise‐smooth boundary, and q ( x , t ) a smooth function on D × [0, T ]. Consider the time‐like Cauchy problem magnified image magnified image Given g , h for which the equation has a solution, we show how to approximate u ( x , t ) by solving a well posed fourth‐order elliptic partial differential equation (PDE). We use the method of quasi‐reversibility to construct the approximating PDE. We derive error estimates and present numerical results.
Probing the Binding of Cationic Lipids with Dendrimers (2012)

Polycationic polymers are used extensively in biology to disrupt cell membranes and thus enhance the transport of materials into the cell. We report the bindings of several lipids cholesterol (Chol), 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane(DOTAP), dioctadecyldimethylammoniumbromide (DDAB), and dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) to dendrimers of different compositions such as mPEG-PAMAM (G3), mPEG-PAMAM (G4), and PAMAM (G4) under physiological conditions. FTIR, UV-visible spectroscopic, methods and molecular modeling were used to analyze the lipid binding mode, the binding constant, and the effects of lipid complexation on the dendrimer structure. The structural analysis showed that lipids bind dendrimers through both hydrophilic and hydrophobic contacts with overall binding constants of K(chol-mPEG-G3) = 1.7 × 10(3) M(-1), K(chol-mPEG-PAMAM-G4) = 2.7 × 10(3) M(-1), K(chol-PAMAM-G4) = 1.0 × 10(3) M(-1), K(DOPE-mPEG-G3) = 1.5 × 10(3) M(-1), K(DOPE-mPEG-PAMAM-G4) = 1.6 × 10(3) M(-1), K(DOPE-PAMAM-G4) = 5.3 × 10(2) M(-1), K(DDAB-mPEG-G3) = 1.5 × 10(3) M(-1), K(DDAB-mPEG-PAMAM-G4) = 1.9 × 10(2) M(-1), K(DDAB-PAMAM-G4) = 7.0 × 10(2) M(-1), K(DOTAP-mPEG-G3) = 1.9 × 10(3) M(-1), K(DOTAP-mPEG-PAMAM-G4) = 1.5 × 10(3) M(-1), and K(DOTAP-PAMAM-G4) = 5.7 × 10(2) M(-1). Weaker interaction was observed as dendrimer cationic charges increased. The free binding energies from docking were -5.15 (cholesterol), -5.79 (DDAB), and -5.36 kcal/mol (DOTAP) with the order of stability DDAB-PAMAM-G-4 > DOTAP-PAMAM-G4 > cholesterol-PAMAM-G4, consistent with the spectroscopic results. Dendrimers might act as carriers to transport lipids in vitro.
Surfactant assisted liquid phase exfoliation of graphene via probe tip sonication (2015)

Graphene is a 2D form of carbon. Due to its wonderful physical and chemical properties has attracted wide interest in recent years. Graphene majorly made by two completely different approches i.e. top-down and bottom up. The top-down approach depends on exfoliation of carbon to provide graphene. Liquid phase exfoliation is more classified in to primarily two categories one is surfactant free and another is surfactant aided Liquid part exfoliation. In this paper we have reportable the liquid phase exfoliation of surfactant aided graphene via probe tip sonication followed by centrifugation. The yield of graphene obtained has been exaggerated and it is easy technique to provide films and graphene composites for photovoltaic applications.
Phase Formation and Oxidation Behavior at 500 °C in a Ni–Co–Al Thin-Film Materials Library (2016)

The complete ternary system Ni-Co-Al was fabricated as a thin film materials library by combinatorial magnetron sputtering and was annealed subsequently in several steps in Ar and under atmospheric conditions at 500 °C. Ni-Co-Al is the base system for both Ni- and Co-based superalloys. Therefore, the phases occurring in this system and their oxidation behavior is of high interest. The Ni-Co-Al materials library was investigated using high-throughput characterization methods such as optical measurements, resistance screening, automated EDX, automated XRD, and XPS. From the obtained data a thin film phase diagram for the Ni-Co-Al system in its state after annealing at 500 °C in air was established. Furthermore, a surface oxide composition map of the full Ni-Co-Al system for oxidation at 500 °C was concluded. As a result, it could be shown that at 500 °C an amount of 10 at. % Al is necessary for a Ni-Co-Al thin film to produce a protective Al-oxide scale.
The use of emphasis to automatically summarize a spoken discourse (1992)

The authors describe a method for exploiting prosodic information in natural, conventional speed for the purpose of automatically creating an audio summary. The method is based on identifying emphasized speech and then using proximity measures on the emphasized regions to select summarizing excerpts. Emphasized speech is recognized using a hidden Markov model using only non-spectral, periodic information. Syllable-based models were created and the models trained on spontaneous speech in which words had been labeled by a panel of listeners for degree of emphasis. Emphatic speech from one speaker was automatically detected and summarizing excerpts were identified, with no noticeable difference when compared to excerpts selected by individual subjects. The extensibility of the emphasis detector to other speakers was tested on a small sample of telephone speech by ten other speakers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Superconducting Characteristics of REBCO Coated Conductors With Different Zr Content (2019)

In this paper, REBa <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Cu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7-δ</sub> (RE = rare earth elements, REBCO) coated conductors with different content of self-assembled BaZrO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> nanorods were grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition using a roll-to-roll process. Small changes in chemical composition affecting Ba to Cu stoichiometry induce variation in REBCO c-axis lattice parameter and highly affect the self-field J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> at 77 K, superconducting transition width (ΔT <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> ), and in-field performance of coated conductors. While the self-field J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> at 77 K in 15 mol.% Zr-added REBCO film (5 MA cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> ) was about 28% higher than that in 25 mol.% Zr-added REBCO (3.9 MA cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> ), the in-field J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> at 30 K, 3 T (B∥c) of the latter was found to be 36% higher than that of the former. The high J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> values of 14.9 and 20.3 MA cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> at 30 K, 3 T (B∥c) were obtained in coated conductors with the c-axis lattice parameter of 11.74 and 11.76 Å in 15 and 25 mol.% Zr-added REBCO films, respectively.
Biomass Ethanol Production from Sugarcane for Energy Generation to Support Sugar Production (2005)

Competition for raw materials between sugar and ethanol usually occurs when biomass ethanol is produced from sugarcane. In order to overcome this critical problem, numerous studies have investigated the production of ethanol from two by-products of sugarcane: molasses and bagasse. However, there have been no previous attempts to improve the relevant properties of sugarcane, such as its growth rate, sugar content or fiber content.The objective of the current work was to develop a novel system for high-yield biomass ethanol production to support existing methods of sugar production. A system for the simultaneous production of sugar and biomass ethanol was designed by employing selected sugarcane strains that were developed specifically for this process, including 95GA-24, 95GA-27 and NiTn18.We ran productivity simulations using data from the novel sugarcane strains and compared the per-formance of the new process with that of conventional methods. Our results confirmed that sugar produc-tion could be maintained at present levels while three-times more biomass ethanol could be generated com-pared with the conventional processes. In addition, we demonstrated that a carbon-neutral process could be achieved using the new system.
Selective Laser Melting Manufacturing of Microwave Waveguide Devices (2017)

Additive manufacturing technologies are currently envisaged to boost the development of a next generation of microwave and millimeter-wave devices intended for, among others, satellite telecommunications, navigation, imaging, radio-astronomy, and cosmology. Due to their excellent electromagnetic and mechanical properties, all-metal waveguide components are key building blocks of several radio frequency (RF) systems used in these application domains. This article reports on the prospects originating from the application of all-metal 3D printing to the manufacturing of high-performance microwave waveguide devices. The technology investigated is the selective laser melting process, where a laser beam is used to fuse metal powder particles spread over a building platform. The complete parts are built by overlapping several constant-thickness layers. An overview on process parameters, material properties, and design rules is reported for this technology. The electromagnetic properties of test samples built in Al and Ti alloys have been experimentally characterized. A robust design of Ku/K-band filters aimed at satellite telecommunications has been implemented in several prototypes manufactured in Al. The corresponding measured performance confirm the applicability of the laser selective melting process to the intended applications.
Zinc-Amino Acid Complexes for Swine (1986)

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of sources of dietary zinc on gain, feed conversion and blood and bone traits of swine. In the first experiment 96 pigs were used in a 28-d study. The pigs were fed diets with no supplemental Zn or with either 9 or 12 ppm supplemental Zn from zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), zinc methionine (ZnMet) or zinc methionine with picolinic acid (ZnMet w/PA), each with or without 5% added corn oil. There were differences (P less than .05) in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) between the pigs fed the two organic Zn sources, with those fed ZnMet w/PA showing the better gains and feed conversion. However, neither organic Zn source resulted in pig performance that was different from either the diet with no supplemental Zn or the diets supplemented with Zn from ZnSO4. In the second experiment the same dietary Zn sources and treatments were fed as in Exp. 1 except that corn oil was deleted as a variable. No differences in ADG, ADFI, feed/gain (F/G) or in changes in serum Zn or Cu were observed among treatments during either the 21-d nursery or the 56-d growing periods. During the subsequent 56-d finishing period ADG and ADFI were greater (P less than .01) for pigs fed the Zn-supplemented diets than for those fed the diets without supplemental Zn. There were no differences among treatments in F/G during the finishing period. Zn content of bone ash was lower (P less than .01) in the non-Zn-supplemented pigs. These data suggest that the Zn sources used are of similar biological value and do not support the theory that picolinic acid aids Zn absorption.
A fully integrated SiGe receiver IC for 10-Gb/s data rate (2000)

A silicon germanium (SiGe) receiver IC is presented here which integrates most of the 10-Gb/s SONET receiver functions. The receiver combines an automatic gain control and clock and data recovery circuit (CDR) with a binary-type phase-locked loop, 1:8 demultiplexer, and a 2/sup 7/-1 pseudorandom bit sequence generator for self-testing. This work demonstrates a higher level of integration compared to other silicon designs as well as a CDR with SONET-compliant jitter characteristics. The receiver has a die size of 4.5/spl times/4.5 mm2 and consumes 4.5 W from -5 V.