gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Malicious PDF Documents Explained (2011)

What makes a PDF file malicious? PDF designers and the PDF reader software architects never intended for files to be able to modify the operating system running the PDF reader. But security researchers and malware authors found ways to exploit PDF readers' software bugs and to creatively use the PDF language, enabling them to produce PDF documents that execute arbitrary code. Embedded files are a good example of this design philosophy. The PDF language allows files to be embedded inside PDF documents.PDF reader software designers have begun using Windows security features such as data execution prevention (DEP) and address space layout randomization (ASLR) to prevent exploits from executing.
Design of 3D Antennas for 24 GHz ISM Band Applications (2015)

A novel three dimensional (3D) antenna is designed for 24 GHz frequency ISM band applications. The 3D antenna uses optimal 2D space and relies heavily on 3D structures to provide improved antenna performance. Four different 3D antenna configurations are studied to understand the improvement in the antenna design. The antenna parameters and surface current distribution are compared with patch antenna of 24 GHz frequency. The 3D configuration allows more space for device fabrication and enhance the chip functionalities. The 3D architecture consist of antenna, which is fed by quarter wave transmission line to match antenna impedance. A wave port is designed to characterize the antenna. The designed 3D antenna is compact as compared to 2D planar patch antenna of same frequency. In the 3D architecture, the current is distributed to the patch on a different plane via 3D conducting channels. The current distribution shows maximum current in the surface conducting layer for two types of the 3D antenna designed. The compact 3D antenna is designed to radiate at 24 GHz and occupies space of less than 3.75 mm × 3.75 mm in the die as compared to the space of 7.27 mm × 7.27 mm for planar patch antenna of similar frequency. The reduction in space offers wide advantages in designing on-chip RF systems. The simulation of the antennas were completed using An soft HFSS™, 3D electromagnetic tool.
Ectopic Eruption of the Maxillary Canines: Review of Literature (2009)

The maxillary canines are prone to displace or impact due to their tortuous pathway of eruption. The ectopic or impacted maxillary canines can lead to unwanted complications. Routinely clinical and radiographic examinations can help the dentists to early diagnose and reduce serious complications. Early or timely diagnosis not only prevents the complications of ectopic eruption of the maxillary canines, but also reduces the following orthodontic treatment time. Some clinical or radiographical features can remind dentists to close follow up the patients who are prone to have impacted canine, such as inadequate arch length, lack of canine bulge, asymmetrical exfoliation of the primary canines, abnormal mesiodistal location and angulation of the permanent canine, and other anomalies of teeth. The timely interceptive treatment, extraction of the primary canine or headgear usage, potentially allows the canines to erupt normally. This article reviews and discusses the etiology and management of ectopic maxillary canine.
Attention expression mechanism for utterance generation (2000)

This paper proposes an attention expression mechanism for a robot to generate utterances spontaneously. The robot must direct the attention of a person to the same real world information as the robot for the person to interpret an utterance from the robot. The attention expression mechanism exposes the robot's focus of attention by turning its head towards the target of attention. In particular, the mechanism exposes the attention of the robot to the person, as well as real world information for the person to develop joint attention. In addition, we introduce an utterance generation mechanism named Linta-III, which was developed with the attention expression mechanism.
Voids in Variable Chemical Surroundings: Mesoporous Metal Oxides (1996)

Structural design in the synthesis of solids is now a step closer, at least for mesoporous compounds. Surfactant assemblies are used as templates to structure metal oxides, which are formed from metal alkoxides. By adapting the headgroup of the surfactant to the inorganic component and exploiting the coordination chemistry of the metal atoms in the alkoxides, a wide range of mesoporous metal oxides, including alumina, titania, niobia, and zirconia, becomes available.
The Syk-binding Ubiquitin Ligase c-Cbl Mediates Signaling-dependent B Cell Receptor Ubiquitination and B Cell Receptor-mediated Antigen Processing and Presentation (2012)

B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated antigen (Ag) processing and presentation lead to B cell-T cell interactions, which support affinity maturation and immunoglobulin class switching. These interactions are supported by generation of peptide-MHC class II complexes in multivesicular body-like MIIC compartments of B cells. Previous studies have shown that trafficking of Ag·BCR complexes to MVB-like MIIC occurs via an ubiquitin-dependent pathway and that ubiquitination of Ag·BCR complexes occurs by an Src family kinase signaling-dependent mechanism that is restricted to lipid raft-resident Ag·BCR complexes. This study establishes that downstream Syk-dependent BCR signaling is also required for BCR ubiquitination and BCR-mediated antigen processing and presentation. Knockdown studies reveal that of the two known Syk-binding E3 ubiquitin ligases c-Cbl and Cbl-b, only c-Cbl appears to have a central role in BCR ubiquitination, trafficking to MIIC, and ubiquitin-dependent BCR-mediated antigen processing and presentation. These results establish the novel role for Syk signaling and the Syk-binding ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl in the BCR-mediated processing and presentation of cognate antigen and define one mechanism by which antigen-induced BCR ubiquitination is modulated to impact the initiation and maturation of the humoral immune response.
Mechanical assessment of effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins extract on tibial bone diaphysis in rats (2006)

We studied the effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins extract (GSPE) given as a ratio of 3 mg in 100 g in a standard diet, on the tibial bone diaphysis in low-calcium fed rats. Measurements of bone density, mineral content, geometry, and bone strength using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Further, the whole tibia bones were tested for mechanical resistance using a material-testing machine, and mineral elements were also determined. Forty male Wistar rats, 5 weeks old, were divided into control (Co), low-calcium diet (LC), low-calcium diet . standard diet (LCS), and low-calcium diet . standard diet with supplementary GSPE (LCSG) groups. We found no significant differences in body weight among the 4 groups, whereas all of the bone parameters in LC were significantly lower than those in Co (p<0.01, except in periosteal perimeter (Peri) p<0.05). The cortical bone mineral content (CtBMC), cortical bone density (CtvBMD) and Peri in LCSG were significantly higher than those in LCS (p<0.01; p<0.01; p<0.05, respectively). All bone parameters in LCSG were significantly higher than those in LC (p<0.01, except in Peri, and stress strain index to reference axis x (xSSI) p<0.05)). In addition, Ca, P, and Zn contents in LCSG were significantly higher than those in LCS (p<0.01; p<0.01; p<0.05, respectively). Our results suggest that GSPE included in a diet mixture with calcium has a beneficial effect on bone formation and bone strength for the treatment of bone debility caused by a low level of calcium.
A Time-Insensitive Predictive Instrument for Acute Myocardial Infarction Mortality (1991)

This study develops a "time-insensitive" predictive instrument for acute myocardial infarction mortality that would be useful both as a real-time clinical decision aid in the emergency medical setting and also for retrospective assessment and comparison of medical care based on risk-adjusted mortality predictions. This was done using prospectively-collected data on 5,773 patients with chief complaints of chest pain or other symptoms suggesting acute cardiac ischemia who came to six New England hospitals over a 2-year period. In phase one, based upon 4,099 patients, multivariate logistic regression was used to develop the predictive instrument. In phase two, its accuracy and diagnostic performance were tested on an independent sample of 1,387 patients presenting with symptoms compatible with acute cardiac ischemia. Discrimination between patients who lived and those who died was reflected by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve areas of 0.85, 0.80, and 0.76, respectively, for all emergency department study subjects regardless of final diagnosis, subjects who proved to be having acute cardiac ischemia, and subjects who proved to be having acute infarction. Good calibration was shown by the fact that the predicted mortality was found to not vary significantly from actual mortality rates across deciles of predicted probabilities from 0% to 100%. In phase three, based on all 945 study subjects with acute myocardial infarction, each of the six hospitals' actual mortality rates were compared to their rates predicted by the predictive instrument. Actual hospital mortality rates ranged from 9.9% to 19.3%, with one hospital having a significantly higher rate (P = 0.005) and two hospitals both). Predicted mortality rates ranged from 13.4% to 19.4%, with one hospital having a significantly higher predicted rate (P = 0.005) and two hospitals having significantly lower predicted rates (P = 0.04 and P = 0.03). Individual hospitals' differences between actual and predicted mortality ranged from -3.4% to +3.1% (all NS). When grouped by hospital type, the actual mortality rates were 14.9%, 17.3%, and 13.0%, respectively, for urban teaching, smaller city teaching, and rural nonteaching hospitals (all NS). The predicted mortality rates were 16.5%, 17.1%, and 13.6%, respectively, with the rate for rural nonteaching hospitals being significantly lower (P = 0.009). No hospital type had significant differences between their actual and predicted mortality rates (NS). The time-insensitive predictive instrument for acute infarction mortality shows potential for risk-adjusted studies of hospitals mortality for multihospital groups, hospital-to-hospital comparisons, and within-hospital assessment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Mouse models of graft-versus-host disease: advances and limitations (2011)

The limiting factor for successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), a post-transplant disorder that results from immune-mediated attack of recipient tissue by donor T cells contained in the transplant. Mouse models of GvHD have provided important insights into the pathophysiology of this disease, which have helped to improve the success rate of HSCT in humans. The kinetics with which GvHD develops distinguishes acute from chronic GvHD, and it is clear from studies of mouse models of GvHD (and studies of human HSCT) that the pathophysiology of these two forms is also distinct. Mouse models also further the basic understanding of the immunological responses involved in GvHD pathology, such as antigen recognition and presentation, the involvement of the thymus and immune reconstitution after transplantation. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of currently available mouse models of acute and chronic GvHD, highlighting their benefits and limitations, and discuss research and clinical opportunities for the future.
Mechanical Design and Test of 1200 KV Semi-Flexible SF6 Insulated Transmission Line (1982)

An SF6 insulated Semi-Flexible transmission line is described which uses a corrugated aluminum enclosure to reduce cost and provide flexibility. Mechanical behavior was evaluated using finite element computer analysis, bending, hydrostatic, thermal, vacuum and fatigue tests. A 711 mm (28 in) internal diameter, 4 mm (0.16 in) wall, 3004 aluminum enclosure with 19 mm (0.75 in) deep corrugations at a pitch of 70 mm (2.75 in) was shown adequate for internal and external pressure. A field installation centerline bending radius of 15 m (50 ft) was demonstrated. Electrical and mechanical parameters of the 1200 kV and a 550 kV design are reported. These meet the performance and cost objectives of a development program for semi-flexible SF6 insulated transmission lines jointly funded by the U. S. Department of Energy and Westinghouse.
Multi-switch driving circuit with LLC resonant circuit for high pulsed-voltage generator (2011)

This paper proposes a multi-switch driving circuit with LLC resonant circuit for high pulsed-voltage generator. The proposed circuit structure adopts full-bridge inverter associated with LLC resonant circuit and pulse transformers to generator ac pulse voltage at high frequency. The ac pulse voltage is rectified through a rectifier circuit to form a low frequency pulse voltage which drives a series multi-switch module. In the proposed circuit structure, full-bridge inverter with LLC resonant circuit is operated in second area, where switches and output rectified diodes of inverter can separately be operated with zero-voltage switching at turn on and with zero-current switching at turn off, for reducing switching losses and increasing conversion efficiency, and reduce rising and falling times in switch to increase operational reliability. As compared with conventional full-bridge inverter with hard-switching circuit, the proposed inverter can reduce voltage and current stresses of switches and increase conversion efficiency with soft-switching features. Finally, a prototype for driving thirteen IGBTs connected with series has implemented to verify the feasibility of the proposed multi-switch driving circuit.
A new Loan-Stock Financial Instrument (2000)

A new financial instrument (a new kind of a loan) is introduced. The loan-stock instrument (LSI) combines fixed rate instruments (loans, etc.) with other financial instruments that have higher volatilities and returns (stocks, mutual funds, currencies, derivatives, options, etc.). This new loan depends on the value of underlying security (for example, stock) in such a way that when underlying security increases, the value of loan decreases and backwards. The procedure to create a risk free portfolio and a technique to fairly price the LSI is described. The philosophy behind this procedure is quite similar to the Black-Scholes formalism in option theory. Creation of the risk free portfolio is possible because the change in the underlying security offsets the change in the value of the loan (or the amount that the borrower has to repay). The new financial instrument takes an advantage of the fact that on average the stock market grows in time. It is beneficial for both the borrower and the lender. The LSI is more attractive for the borrower than the traditional loan is due to the decrease in the amount that has to be repaid. This attractiveness constitutes the benefit for the lender in terms of the market share among the borrowers. In addition, the lender can charge the extra premium.
Indentation fracture behavior of (Mo<sub>0.85</sub>Nb<sub>0.15</sub>)Si<sub>2</sub>crystals with C40 single-phase and MoSi<sub>2</sub>(C11<sub>b</sub>)/NbSi<sub>2</sub>(C40) duplex-phase with oriented lamellae (2004)

Fracture behavior and toughness of C40-structured (Mo0.85Nb0.15)Si2 single crystals and MoSi2(C11b)/NbSi2(C40) duplex-phase crystals with oriented lamellae were investigated by micro-Vickers hardness tests. The indentation fracture toughness in the C40 single-phase showed low values of about 1.0–1.4 MPa m1/2, while fracture toughness was improved in the duplex-phase crystals. Ductile phase toughening by the C11b phase, deflection of crack-propagation at the lamellar boundary and the effect of residual stress field at the crack tip are considered to be responsible for the increment of fracture toughness of MoSi2(C11b)/NbSi2(C40) duplex-phase crystals.
An Approach to the Control of Kinematically Redundant Robot Manipulators (1986)

The study of redundant manipulators presents a number of challenges. In particular, it is of interest to investigate how best to take advantage of the increased number of joint space trajectories solving the inverse kinematics problem which are made available by the redundant design. Here the inverse kinematics problem is investigated for those robotic manipulators possessing redundancy. An algorithm is described based on the generalized inverse approach, allowing generation of trajectories performing some desired subtask in addition to prespecified end effector motion. The subtask, or subtasks, are represented by a condition on a scalar cost function. Several possible applications are illustrated by simulation results.
An Evolutionarily Conserved Binding Site for Serine Proteinase Inhibitors in Large Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels<sup>,</sup> (1996)

Complementary DNA coding for the channel-forming alpha-subunit of a large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel (maxi Kca channel) was cloned from bovine aortic smooth muscle cells. This cloned mammalian KCa channel (Bslo) and its homolog from Drosophila (Dslo) were expressed in the HEK293 human embryonic kidney cell line. Both Bslo and Dslo KCa channels were sensitive to inhibition by the internally applied serine proteinase inhibitors: bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI, KD = 7.0 microM for Bslo and 2.6 microM for Dslo) and chicken ovoinhibitor (OI, KD = 1.5 microM for Bslo and 11.4 microM for Dslo). BPTI and OI are members of the Kunitz and Kazal families of proteinase inhibitors, respectively. The approximately 60-residue inhibitory domains of these proteins have a different tertiary structure except in the region of a loop formed by approximately 6 residues, in which the peptide backbone adopts a similar conformation complementary to the active site cleft of many serine proteinases. At the single-channel level, BPTI and OI were found to inhibit KCa channels by a similar mechanism involving the production of discrete low-conductance events. These two inhibitors also exhibited competitive behavior, suggesting that they bind to an overlapping site. Kinetic characterization revealed that the dissociation rate of BPTI from the bovine KCa channel is fast (k(off) = 0.41 s-1), whereas that from the Drosophila KCa channel is slow (k(off) = 9.0 x 10(-4) s-1) and indicative of a strong molecular interaction. The stable complex of BPTI and trypsin was inactive as a KCa channel inhibitor, further supporting the idea that the trypsin inhibitory loop of BPTI recognizes a specific site on the channel protein. These results lead to the conclusion that the alpha-subunit of maxi KCa channels contains a conserved proteinase inhibitor binding site. We hypothesize that this site corresponds to a C-terminal domain of the channel protein that structurally resembles serine proteinases.
Cholinergic mechanisms in affective disorders (1986)

Advances in clinical and basic research methodology combined with clearly articulated concepts create new opportunities for researching the roles of cholinergic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of affective disorders. Areas for study include: roles of cholinergic mechanisms in mediating effects of stress and cholinergic mechanisms linking the pathophysiologies of affective and panic disorders, use of pharmacologic agents to produce cholinergic system supersensitivity in modeling biologic aspects of affective illness, use of multigenerational intrapedigree studies of cholinergic markers associated with affective disease, research into the neurobiology of lithium and ECT as they pertain to muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms, study of the interrelationship of sodium, calcium and lithium ion metabolism and their relationship to cholinergic-monoaminergic interaction, the development of brain imaging strategies and techniques, e.g., positron emission tomography (PET), to measure changes in cholinergic receptor density and affinity as a function of clinical state, identification and validation of a peripheral model of the central muscarinic receptor, study of the pharmacology of abusable substances and its relationship to mechanisms regulating mood, affect, psychomotor function and other variables related to the affective disorders, and development of in vitro and in vivo models useful in studying the physiology and biochemistry of the interaction of cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons. These models may allow us to bridge the traditional cholinergic and monoamine hypotheses of affective disorders.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LOW TEMPERATURE STEAM DISTILLATION OF HOP OIL (1977)

Improved equipment for producing hop oil emulsions by steam distillation at low temperature allows easier operation. In addition, a lower operating pressure results in a more efficient and less costly extraction. Emulsions obtained from similar batches of hops using both the new and older designs of hop extractors could not be distinguished by instrumental means or by a multiple comparison taste test.
A Low-Voltage Si-Ge Avalanche Photodiode for High-Speed and Energy Efficient Silicon Photonic Links (2019)

Silicon-germanium (Si-Ge) avalanche photodiodes (APDs) have large gain bandwidth product (GBP) and low excess noise due to the low impact ionization coefficient ratio of silicon. Optical receivers using APDs are able to achieve high-speed and energy efficient optical transceiver systems. We demonstrate a waveguide Si-Ge APD with low breakdown voltage of -10V, achieving 60 Gb/s PAM4 successfully. A compact APD circuit model was constructed to allow photonic devices and transceiver circuitry co-design. The APD receiver has achieved -16 dBm sensitivity at 50 Gb/s PAM4 with a bit error rate (BER) of 2.4 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> . The sensitivity of APD receivers changes with the multiplication gain. In our analysis, compared to a PIN PD receiver the APD receiver operating at optimum gain can obtain ~8 dB more sensitivity for NRZ signaling at <; 50 Gb/s and 3-4 dB more sensitivity for PAM4 signaling at 50-100 Gb/s. Also, the APD receiver operating at optimum gain can reduce power consumption by ~10% at PAM4 data rates of 50 Gb/s and ~15% at 100 Gb/s in a silicon carrier-depletion microring modulator based WDM photonic link.