gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Characterization of the Human Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene in the Hypothalamus and Placenta (1990)

The GnRH gene has been cloned in several species, but the location of the promoter and the exact start of transcription have not previously been determined. To characterize the low abundance human GnRH mRNA in the hypothalamus and placenta, we have employed the polymerase chain reaction. The hypothalamus was found to have a 61-base pair first exon, and its transcriptional start site was determined. The human hypothalamic GnRH cDNAs isolated thus far have all contained a short 5' untranslated region which would correspond to this start site. However, all human placental GnRH cDNAs reported to date have a long 5' untranslated region, which extends more than 140-base pairs 5' to this start site in the hypothalamus, suggesting the utilization of an alternative promoter in the placenta. In addition, the human GnRH gene undergoes differential splicing in these tissues. The first intron is removed from the hypothalamic, but retained in the placental, GnRH mRNA. Thus, the placenta has a very long first exon, while the hypothalamus has a comparatively short first exon, followed by a long first intron. This characterization of the human GnRH gene will now allow hormonal regulatory studies to be performed using gene transfer techniques.
Cancer prevention trial of a synergistic mixture of green tea concentrate plus Capsicum (CAPSOL-T) in a random population of subjects ages 40-84 (2014)

Oral Capsol-T® is well tolerated and, for ENOX2 presence in serum in the absence of clinical cancer symptoms, is consistently effective in reducing the serum ENOX2 levels to below detectable limits.
Revertant Fibers in the mdx Murine Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: An Age- and Muscle-Related Reappraisal (2013)

Muscles in Duchenne dystrophy patients are characterized by the absence of dystrophin, yet transverse sections show a small percentage of fibers (termed "revertant fibers") positive for dystrophin expression. This phenomenon, whose biological bases have not been fully elucidated, is present also in the murine and canine models of DMD and can confound the evaluation of therapeutic approaches. We analyzed 11 different muscles in a cohort of 40 mdx mice, the most commonly model used in pre-clinical studies, belonging to four age groups; such number of animals allowed us to perform solid ANOVA statistical analysis. We assessed the average number of dystrophin-positive fibers, both absolute and normalized for muscle size, and the correlation between their formation and the ageing process. Our results indicate that various muscles develop different numbers of revertant fibers, with different time trends; besides, they suggest that the biological mechanism(s) behind dystrophin re-expression might not be limited to the early development phases but could actually continue during adulthood. Importantly, such finding was seen also in cardiac muscle, a fact that does not fit into the current hypothesis of the clonal origin of "revertant" myonuclei from satellite cells. This work represents the largest, statistically significant analysis of revertant fibers in mdx mice so far, which can now be used as a reference point for improving the evaluation of therapeutic approaches for DMD. At the same time, it provides new clues about the formation of revertant fibers/cardiomyocytes in dystrophic skeletal and cardiac muscle.
Co-encapsulation of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and doxorubicin into biodegradable PLGA nanocarriers for intratumoral drug delivery (2012)

In this study, the authors constructed a novel PLGA [poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)]-based polymeric nanocarrier co-encapsulated with doxorubicin (DOX) and magnetic Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles (MNPs) using a single emulsion evaporation method. The DOX-MNPs showed high entrapment efficiency, and they supported a sustained and steady release of DOX. Moreover, the drug release was pH sensitive, with a faster release rate in an acidic environment than in a neutral environment. In vitro, the DOX-MNPs were easily internalized into murine Lewis lung carcinoma cells and they induced apoptosis. In vivo, the DOX-MNPs showed higher antitumor activity than free DOX solution. Furthermore, the antitumor activity of the DOX-MNPs was higher with than without an external magnetic field; they were also associated with smaller tumor volume and a lower metastases incidence rate. This work may provide a new modality for developing an effective drug delivery system.
Tuning and Transcription of the Supramolecular Organization of a Fluorescent Silsesquioxane Precursor into Silica‐Based Materials through Direct Photochemical Hydrolysis–Polycondensation and Micropatterning (2008)

Abstract A new fluorescent silsequioxane precursor with tuned optical properties and controlled aggregation properties is designed. The two cyclohexyl moieties introduced in the molecular structure allow the formation of very good quality films. The J‐aggregated structure is transcribed into the solid by photoacid‐catalyzed hydrolysis–polycondensation. Aggregation of the chromophores is reduced and highly fluorescent materials are obtained. The photoacid generator lies on the surface of the homogeneous layer of the sol–gel precursor. This phase separation presents several advantages, including UV protection of the chromophore and easy removal of the PAG. The first example of chemical amplification in the photolithography of the conjugated silsesquioxane precursor is demonstrated. As hydrolysis–polycondensation could be achieved in a controlled way by UV exposure, chemically amplified photolithography is achieved by irradiating a composite film (∼110 nm thick) on silicon wafer by using a copper TEM grid as shadow mask. The pattern is produced uniformly on a miscroscopic scale of 3 mm, the photopatterned pixels remaining highly fluorescent. The sizes of the photolithographed pixels correspond to the sizes of the rectangular holes of the 300 × 75 mesh grid (hole: 63 <$>μ<$>m × 204 <$>μ<$>m).
Characterization and Transplantation of CD73-Positive Photoreceptors Isolated from Human iPSC-Derived Retinal Organoids (2018)

Photoreceptor degenerative diseases are a major cause of blindness for which cell replacement is one of the most encouraging strategies. For stem cell-based therapy using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), it is crucial to obtain a homogenous photoreceptor cell population. We confirmed that the cell surface antigen CD73 is exclusively expressed in hiPSC-derived photoreceptors by generating a fluorescent cone rod homeobox (Crx) reporter hiPSC line using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. We demonstrated that CD73 targeting by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) is an effective strategy to separate a safe population of transplantable photoreceptors. CD73+ photoreceptor precursors can be isolated in large numbers and transplanted into rat eyes, showing capacity to survive and mature in close proximity to host inner retina of a model of photoreceptor degeneration. These data demonstrate that CD73+ photoreceptor precursors hold great promise for a future safe clinical translation.
ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents (2022)

Since the 2018 ISPAD guidelines on this topic, follow-up of large cohorts from around the globe have continued informing the current incidence and prevalence of co-morbidities and complications in young adults with youth-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D). This chapter focuses on the risk factors, diagnosis and presentation of youth-onset T2D, the initial and subsequent management of youth-onset T2D, and management of co-morbidities and complications. We include key updates from the observational phase of the multi-center Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) clinical trial, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH) study and new data from the Restoring Insulin Secretion (RISE) study, a head-to-head comparison of youth onset vs adult-onset T2D. We also include an expanded section on risk factors associated with T2D, algorithms and tables for treatment, management, and assessment of co-morbidities and complications, and sections on recently approved pharmacologic therapies for the treatment of youth-onset T2D, social determinants of health, and settings of care given COVID-19 pandemic.
High‐Performance Photothermal Conversion of Narrow‐Bandgap Ti<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanoparticles (2016)

Ti<sub>2</sub> O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles with high performance of photothermal conversion are demonstrated for the first time. Benefiting from the nanosize and narrow-bandgap features, the Ti<sub>2</sub> O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles possess strong light absorption and nearly 100% internal solar-thermal conversion efficiency. Furthermore, Ti<sub>2</sub> O<sub>3</sub> -nanoparticle-based thin film shows potential use in seawater desalination and purification.
MTPA/MTPF Control of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine by Estimating Inductances (2019)

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSM) are more suitable in power train due to the space factor. The size of PMSM is small due to the energy density in the machine is very high. To generate additional torque salient pole PMSM is used since reluctance torque is generated. For accurate design of PI-controllers and for calculating reference currents, the knowledge of machine parameters are needed. Machine parameters are obtained in two ways i.e., either by using lookup tables (experimental methods) or by estimating machine parameters. Inductances are estimated from discrete model of PMSM i.e., online parameter estimator. At each instant inductances are estimated by sensing dc link voltage and current of inverter. Finally these estimated inductances are implemented in MTPA/MTPF (Maximum Torque Per Ampere/Maximum Torque Per field) algorithm to calculate reference direct and quadrature axis currents (i <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dref</sub> and i <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">qref</sub> ).
Study on the application for electromagnetic controlled molten pool welding process in overhead and flat position welding (2012)

In fusion welding, gravity makes a molten metal flow downward and it sometimes causes an irregular shaped weld bead and weld defects such as an undercut. To solve this problem, the authors propose a new electromagnetic controlled molten pool welding process method which controls the molten metal flow by using upward electromagnetic forces, and the applicability of this method to industry is examined. In flat position welding with excessive heat input, the molten metal tends to sag down and an undercut defect is likely to occur. It is found that the upward electromagnetic force given by adjusting the conditions of magnetic field can lift the molten metal up, resulting in the remarkably improved shape of a penetration bead. It is further found that, even in overhead position welding, a well shaped penetration bead without undercuts is obtained by adjusting the welding touch angle as well as magnetic field conditions.
Sumoylation and Regulation of Cardiac Gene Expression (2010)

Sumoylation is a posttranslational modification process in which SUMO proteins are covalently and reversibly conjugated to their targets via enzymatic cascade reactions. Since the discovery of SUMO-1 in 1996, the SUMO pathway has garnered increased attention due to its role in a number of important biological activities such as cell cycle progression, epigenetic modulation, signal transduction, and DNA replication/repair, as well as its potential implication in human pathogenesis such as in cancer development and metastasis, neurodegenerative disorders and craniofacial defects. The role of the SUMO pathway in regulating cardiogenic gene activity, development and/or disorders is just emerging. Our review is based on recent advances that highlight the regulation of cardiac gene activity in cardiac development and disease by the SUMO conjugation pathway.
Inflammation in white matter: Clinical and pathophysiological aspects (2006)

While the central nervous system (CNS) is generally thought of as an immunopriviledged site, immune-mediated CNS white matter damage can occur in both the perinatal period and in adults, and can result in severe and persistent neurological deficits. Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is an inflammatory white matter disease of premature infants that frequently results in cerebral palsy (CP). Clinical and experimental studies show that both hypoxic/ischemic and innate immune mechanisms contribute to the destruction of immature oligodendroglia and of axons in the deep cerebral white matter in PVL. No data are yet available as to whether there is any genetic predisposition to PVL or to its neurological sequelae. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory white matter disease that often begins in young adulthood, causes multifocal destruction of mature oligodendroglia and of axons, and eventually leads to substantial cumulative neurological disability. Certain genetic polymorphisms contribute to susceptibility to MS, and adaptive immune responses to myelin-associated self antigens, or to exogenous antigens that mimic these self antigens, play a central role in the pathophysiology of this disease.
Morphological aspects of spinal cord autoimmune neuroprotection: colocalization of T cells with B7–2 (CD86) and prevention of cyst formation (2001)

SPECIFIC AIMSSpinal cord injury often leads to massive degeneration which is greatly in excess of that caused directly by the insult. Systemic passive transfer of autoimmune T cells was shown by ou...
X-Linked and Autosomal Recessive Alport Syndrome: Pathogenic Variant Features and Further Genotype-Phenotype Correlations (2016)

Alport syndrome results from mutations in the COL4A5 (X-linked) or COL4A3/COL4A4 (recessive) genes. This study examined 754 previously- unpublished variants in these genes from individuals referred for genetic testing in 12 accredited diagnostic laboratories worldwide, in addition to all published COL4A5, COL4A3 and COL4A4 variants in the LOVD databases. It also determined genotype-phenotype correlations for variants where clinical data were available. Individuals were referred for genetic testing where Alport syndrome was suspected clinically or on biopsy (renal failure, hearing loss, retinopathy, lamellated glomerular basement membrane), variant pathogenicity was assessed using currently-accepted criteria, and variants were examined for gene location, and age at renal failure onset. Results were compared using Fisher's exact test (DNA Stata). Altogether 754 new DNA variants were identified, an increase of 25%, predominantly in people of European background. Of the 1168 COL4A5 variants, 504 (43%) were missense mutations, 273 (23%) splicing variants, 73 (6%) nonsense mutations, 169 (14%) short deletions and 76 (7%) complex or large deletions. Only 135 of the 432 Gly residues in the collagenous sequence were substituted (31%), which means that fewer than 10% of all possible variants have been identified. Both missense and nonsense mutations in COL4A5 were not randomly distributed but more common at the 70 CpG sequences (p<10-41 and p<0.001 respectively). Gly>Ala substitutions were underrepresented in all three genes (p< 0.0001) probably because of an association with a milder phenotype. The average age at end-stage renal failure was the same for all mutations in COL4A5 (24.4 ±7.8 years), COL4A3 (23.3 ± 9.3) and COL4A4 (25.4 ± 10.3) (COL4A5 and COL4A3, p = 0.45; COL4A5 and COL4A4, p = 0.55; COL4A3 and COL4A4, p = 0.41). For COL4A5, renal failure occurred sooner with non-missense than missense variants (p<0.01). For the COL4A3 and COL4A4 genes, age at renal failure occurred sooner with two non-missense variants (p = 0.08, and p = 0.01 respectively). Thus DNA variant characteristics that predict age at renal failure appeared to be the same for all three Alport genes. Founder mutations (with the pathogenic variant in at least 5 apparently- unrelated individuals) were not necessarily associated with a milder phenotype. This study illustrates the benefits when routine diagnostic laboratories share and analyse their data.
Proteasome inhibitor MG-132 modifies coxsackie and adenovirus receptor expression in colon cancer cell line lovo (2008)

The efficacy of adenovirus vector-based cancer gene therapy is controversial. Its uptake by cells in many cases requires the major receptor for adenoviruses, the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR). Low transduction is believed to be one of the main barriers as the expression of CAR on tumor cells is frequently reduced. Increasing CAR expression on tumor cells thus offers a promising opportunity for more effective adenovirus based treatment. Expression of CAR in 62 cases of colon tumor specimens were examined with immunohistochemistry. To modify the CAR expression, the effects of proteasome inhibitor MG132 on CAR expression of colon cancer cell lines were determined by flow cytometry, RT-PCR, and western blot. To evaluate adenovirus transfer, we further used rAd.EGFP, rAd.p53, and oncolytic adenovirus to infect target cells. The CAR expression was significantly decreased in colon carcinomas, both in primary tumors and lymphonode metastasis. Though the deregulation of CAR occurred in early disease and showed no relationship with TNM stage, when primary tumors are more than 5 cm in diameter, this deregulation becomes more frequent. More importantly, proteasome inhibitor MG-132 could enhance CAR expression in colon carcinoma cell line lovo, accompanied with enhanced adenovirus transfer, target gene expression, and oncolysis. These data provide a rational basis for evaluation of CAR expression in tumors and pretreatment with CAR conditioner prior to adenovirus vector-based gene therapy.
Recoveries of Heavy Oil and Bitumen Techniques With the Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Irradiation (2010)

Abstract Production improvement of heavy-oil/bitumen recovery by using Radio-Frequency (RF) Electromagnetic (EM) fields present great practical interest. Most of the material of the oil industry - oil-saturated reservoir, formation fluid, oil, bitumen and then- components (resins, asphaltenes, paraffin, oil-water emulsion, high-viscosity and extra-heavy crude oil) in their electromagnetic properties are non-magnetic dielectric materials with low electrical conductivity. If the electromagnetic field impacts these materials, electro- thermo- and hydrodynamic phenomena take place. The RF-EM fields in the form of waves can penetrate deeply enough - from fractions of a meter to several hundred meters - into oil and gas technological working media The paper deals with the impact of EM fields on the heavy-oil/bitumen sand deposit and electro-, thermo- and hydrodynamic processes control for enhanced oil recovery. The present paper discusses the technique of RF-EM heating of an oil-bearing layer combined with solvent injection, aimed at increasing heavy and extra-heavy oil recovery rate. Such combined technology expands the displacement area and allows a deeper heating of the layer. This method increases the technical and economic efficiency of field development by treating a producing well in three stages. At the first stage, the well operates as in injector to inject a solvent with simultaneous RF-EM exposure. At the second stage, the well is suspended to ‘stay' without any treatment. Finally, the well is re-commissioned to produce from the layer. The paper presents a mathematical model for this three-stage iterative process, which describes transfer of mass and heat within the ‘well/ reservoir/ rock environment' system. A numerical simulation was also employed to study the effect of heavy oil production and the relative energy balance. The model estimates the optimum solvent volume and stage duration; the paper also gives a comparative analysis of calculation results for two cases: the one using the suggested combined technique, the other using constant heating without solvent injection.
FGFR2 is required for airway basal cell self-renewal and terminal differentiation (2017)

Airway stem cells slowly self-renew and produce differentiated progeny to maintain homeostasis throughout the lifespan of an individual. Mutations in the molecular regulators of these processes may drive cancer or degenerative disease, but are also potential therapeutic targets. Conditionally deleting one copy of FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2) in adult mouse airway basal cells results in self-renewal and differentiation phenotypes. We show that FGFR2 signalling correlates with maintenance of expression of a key transcription factor for basal cell self-renewal and differentiation: SOX2. This heterozygous phenotype illustrates that subtle changes in receptor tyrosine kinase signalling can have significant effects, perhaps providing an explanation for the numerous changes seen in cancer.
Cytotoxic Properties of Sunitinib and Sorafenib on Human Corneal Epithelial Cells (2013)

These in vitro experimental findings support the safety of Sunitinib and Sorafenib on HCEC when used at a concentration of <3.3 µg/mL and <1.0 µg/mL, respectively, after 24 hours of exposure. The in vitro cytotoxicity of Sorafenib on HCEC was higher than Sunitinib.
Sonochemical synthesis of MOF-5 (2008)

High quality MOF-5 crystals of 5-25 mum in size were prepared for the first time using a sonochemical method in substantially reduced synthesis time (ca. 30 min) compared with conventional solvothermal synthesis (24 h).
CamStyle: A Novel Data Augmentation Method for Person Re-Identification (2018)

Person re-identification (re-ID) is a cross-camera retrieval task that suffers from image style variations caused by different cameras. The art implicitly addresses this problem by learning a camera-invariant descriptor subspace. In this paper, we explicitly consider this challenge by introducing camera style (CamStyle). CamStyle can serve as a data augmentation approach that reduces the risk of deep network overfitting and that smooths the CamStyle disparities. Specifically, with a style transfer model, labeled training images can be style transferred to each camera, and along with the original training samples, form the augmented training set. This method, while increasing data diversity against overfitting, also incurs a considerable level of noise. In the effort to alleviate the impact of noise, the label smooth regularization (LSR) is adopted. The vanilla version of our method (without LSR) performs reasonably well on few camera systems in which overfitting often occurs. With LSR, we demonstrate consistent improvement in all systems regardless of the extent of overfitting. We also report competitive accuracy compared with the state of the art on Market-1501 and DukeMTMC-re-ID. Importantly, CamStyle can be employed to the challenging problems of one view learning and unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) in person re-identification (re-ID), both of which have critical research and application significance. The former only has labeled data in one camera view and the latter only has labeled data in the source domain. Experimental results show that CamStyle significantly improves the performance of the baseline in the two problems. Specially, for UDA, CamStyle achieves state-of-the-art accuracy based on a baseline deep re-ID model on Market-1501 and DukeMTMC-reID. Our code is available at: https://github.com/zhunzhong07/CamStyle .
Particle Swarm Optimization: A Tutorial (2009)

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a technique used to explore the search space of a given problem to find the settings or parameters required to maximize a particular objective. This technique, first described by James Kennedy and Russell C. Eberhart in 1995 [1], originates from two separate concepts: the idea of swarm intelligence based off the observation of swarming habits by certain kinds of animals (such as birds