gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Na-K-Cl cotransport regulates intracellular volume and monolayer permeability of trabecular meshwork cells (1995)

The trabecular meshwork (TM) of the eye plays a critical role in modulating intraocular pressure (IOP) through regulation of aqueous humor outflow, although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Ethacrynic acid, an agent known to inhibit Na-K-Cl cotransport of a number of cell types, recently has been reported to increase aqueous outflow and lower IOP through an unknown effect on the TM. In vascular endothelial cells and a variety of other cell types, the Na-K-Cl cotransporter functions to regulate intracellular volume. The present study was conducted to evaluate TM cells for the presence of Na-K-Cl cotransport activity and to test the hypothesis that modulation of cotransport activity alters intracellular volume and, consequently, permeability of the TM. We demonstrate here that bovine and human TM cells exhibit robust Na-K-Cl cotransport activity that is inhibited by bumetanide and by ethacrynic acid. Our studies also show that TM cell Na-K-Cl cotransport is modulated by a variety of hormones and neurotransmitters. Inhibition of the cotransporter either by bumetanide, ethacrynic acid, or inhibitory hormones reduces TM intracellular volume, whereas stimulatory hormones increase cell volume. In addition, shrinkage of the cells by hypertonic media stimulates cotransport activity and initiates a subsequent regulatory volume increase. Permeability of TM cell monolayers, assessed as transmonolayer flux of [14C]sucrose, is increased by hypertonicity-induced cell shrinkage and by bumetanide. These findings suggest that Na-K-Cl cotransport of TM cells is of central importance to regulation of intracellular volume and TM permeability. Defects of Na-K-Cl cotransport may underlie the pathophysiology of glaucoma.
Improved LWD Density Images in the Presence of Cyclic Borehole Noise (2011)

The use of logging-while-drilling (LWD) imaging tools has become commonplace. However, image noise and processing errors due to the inherent measurement physics can propagate errors and thus complicate interpretation of openhole log data and images. For example, the standard density images tend to amplify image noise from small borehole irregularities, such as those from borehole spiral. When the cyclic noise amplitude from spiraling becomes large relative to the measurement of the primary interest, it largely affects measurement accuracy of bulk density, photoelectric, and neutron porosity. Frequency-domain filtering using discrete Fourier transform has been used in the past to eliminate cyclic noise 1,2,3 . Although these techniques are relatively simple in concept, they are seldom used especially for two-dimensional applications due to implementation issues requiring interactive filter design. This paper shows a new way to remove cyclic noise from formation evaluation (FE) images by applying frequency-domain filtering. Stand-alone software has been developed to process the entire image logs from one well, without human supervision. To quantitatively examine the validity of using these kinds of transformation-based filters, the algorithm is applied to field data as well as simulated data. The new algorithm has been proved to improve the image quality considerably without any artificial interruptions. The rugosity effect is significantly reduced, and the apparent resolution of bed boundary features increased. Comparative field examples illustrate the improvement in image feature extraction. This new method is critical, for example, for small fracture detection and for accurate dip analysis in irregular boreholes. This new method is not only effectively used for density images but also applicable to any other borehole images, such as resistivity and ultrasonic images.
A comparative study of central and distributed MPPT architectures for megawatt utility and large scale commercial photovoltaic plants (2010)

In this paper different distributed PV architectures are studied from an energy yield perspective. These distributed architectures are applied to massively paralleled thin film plants employing high voltage PV modules, mc-Si plants with long series strings of low voltage modules and plants with medium voltage thin film modules in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the distributed architecture in each case. The effects of partial shading, module mismatch and cable losses are quantified in order to obtain the energy yield for each of the architectures under study. The results of this trade-off study are used to quantify the benefits of a distributed architecture as well as determine the optimal location of the dc/dc converters that perform the MPPT function.
An experimental study on externally pressurized supersonic gas thrust bearings. (1984)

Externally pressurized supersonic gas thrust bearings whose generation of load capacity is substantially independent of the viscosity of working fluids, have been proposed and analyzed by the authors. This report presents the experimental results of the static characteristics of this new type of bearings. The experimental results including load capacity, stiffness, mass flow rate and pressure distributions in the bearing clearance, generally show a good agreement with the theoretical predictions and verify the validity of this new bearing. The effect of an orifice to improve the stiffness is also examined. Some problems which should be solved to put the bearing in practical use are pointed out.
Improving visual quality of view transitions in automultiscopic displays (2014)

Automultiscopic screens present different images depending on the viewing direction. This enables glasses-free 3D and provides motion parallax effect. However, due to the limited angular resolution of such displays, they suffer from hot-spotting, i. e., image quality is highly affected by the viewing position. In this paper, we analyze light fields produced by lenticular and parallax-barrier displays, and show that, unlike in real world, the light fields produced by such screens have a repetitive structure. This induces visual artifacts in the form of view discontinuities, depth reversals, and excessive disparities when viewing position is not optimal. Although the problem has been always considered as inherent to the technology, we demonstrate that light fields reproduced on automultiscopic displays have enough degrees of freedom to improve the visual quality. We propose a new technique that modifies light fields using global and local shears followed by stitching to improve their continuity when displayed on a screen. We show that this enhances visual quality significantly, which is demonstrated in a series of user experiments with an automultiscopic display as well as lenticular prints.
Formation of Metal Nanoparticles Directly from Bulk Sources Using Ultrasound and Application to E‐Waste Upcycling (2018)

A method for creating nanoparticles directly from bulk metal by applying ultrasound to the surface in the presence of a two-part surfactant system is presented. Implosive collapse of cavitation bubbles near the bulk metal surface generates powerful microjets, leading to material ejection. This liberated material is captured and stabilized by a surfactant bilayer in the form of nanoparticles. The method is characterized in detail using gold, but is also demonstrated on other metals and alloys, and is generally applicable. It is shown that nanoparticles can be produced regardless of the bulk metal form factor, and the method is extended to an environmentally important problem, the reclamation of gold from an electronic waste stream.
New ISCOMs Meet Unsettled Vaccine Demands (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Concept and Structure of the Immunostimulating Complex ISCOM Technology Examples Illustrating that ISCOMs Induce Immune Protection Against Different Pathogens in Different Species Registered Vaccines Based on ISCOM Technology Lessons Learned from ISCOM Vaccines in Animal Experiments ISCOM Vaccine Candidates in Human Clinical Trials Novel ISCOM Formulations Properties of Special Interest Conclusions References
Flavonoid Dimers as Bivalent Modulators for P‐Glycoprotein‐Based Multidrug Resistance: Structure–Activity Relationships (2009)

We recently described the modulatory activities of apigenin homodimers linked by ethylene glycol units in multidrug- resistant breast cancer and leukemic cells overexpressing ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein, P-gp). To further improve the potency of these dimers, a small library of flavonoid homodimers and heterodimers were synthesized, and their in vitro activity in reversing cellular resistance to paclitaxel, along with structure-activity relationships (SAR), were evaluated using a P-gp-expressing human breast cancer cell line. Among these synthesized homodimers, many showed more potent reversing activity than that of the parent compound and verapamil. Two compounds in particular showed promising reversing activity at sub-micromolar concentrations with no cytotoxic effects. Regarding SAR trends, flavonoid dimers with nonpolar and hydrophobic substituents (e.g., methyl and ethyl groups) generally showed more potent resistance-reversing activity than that of dimers with polar and hydrophilic substituents (e.g. hydroxy groups) at the C3, C6, and C7 positions, but not at C5. In terms of substituent steric bulk at C6, it was found that the flavonoid dimer with methyl groups was optimal, with bulkier substituents leading to lower reversing activity. Comparisons of flavonoid heterodimers with the corresponding homodimers revealed that the two binding sites on P-gp for flavonoid moieties are quite similar to each other. Besides paclitaxel, these new compounds also increased drug accumulation and enhanced the cytotoxicity of other cancer drugs such as doxorubicin, vincristine, and vinblastine by decreasing the IC(50) values 4-45-fold.
Blind subjects construct conscious mental images of visual scenes encoded in musical form (2000)

Blind (previously sighted) subjects are able to analyse, describe and graphically represent a number of high-contrast visual images translated into musical form de novo. We presented musical transforms of a random assortment of photographic images of objects and urban scenes to such subjects, a few of which depicted architectural and other landmarks that may be useful in navigating a route to a particular destination. Our blind subjects were able to use the sound representation to construct a conscious mental image that was revealed by their ability to depict a visual target by drawing it. We noted the similarity between the way the visual system integrates information from successive fixations to form a representation that is stable across eye movements and the way a succession of image frames (encoded in sound) which depict different portions of the image are integrated to form a seamless mental image. Finally, we discuss the profound resemblance between the way a professional musician carries out a structural analysis of a musical composition in order to relate its structure to the perception of musical form and the strategies used by our blind subjects in isolating structural features that collectively reveal the identity of visual form.
Characterization of <i>Leuconostoc oenos</i> Isolated from Oregon Wines (1985)

This study was designed to characterize isolates of Leuconostoc species from Oregon wines. Gram-positive cocci were isolated, and their biochemical properties and abilities to decompose malic acid were determined. All of the isolates were heterofermentative, catalase negative, and facultatively anaerobic and occurred in pairs and chains. They produced acid from glucose, fructose, mannose, ribose, cellobiose, trehalose, and salicin but not from sucrose or lactose. They did not produce ammonia from arginine or dextran from sucrose. They grew at pH values of less than 4 and in 10% ethanol. Most but not all strains produced lactic acid and carbon dioxide from malic acid, as determined by paper chromatography and respirometry, respectively. These malolactic bacteria were considered to be strains of Leuconostoc oenos. We compared these isolates with reference strains for relative growth at pH values of 4.0, 3.5, 3.0, and 2.8 at 22 degrees C. The isolates were similar in their growth responses at the two highest pH levels. At pH 3.0 and 2.8, however, the strains failed to grow but revealed variable abilities to dissimilate malic acid.
Transgenetics and cell biology of prion diseases: investigations of PrPSc synthesis and diversity (1993)

Studies with Tg mice have contributed a wealth of new knowledge about the synthesis of prion particles and the pathogenesis of both the genetic and infectious forms of the prion diseases. Transgenetic studies argue persuasively that the ‘species barrier’ is due to differences in PrP gene sequences among mammals.
Carbon nanotube based cathodes for microwave amplifiers (2009)

We have studied two different kinds of electron tubes using a cold field emission cathode as the electron source. This cathode is an array of vertically aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes. The first device is a triode. With this device, we demonstrated the modulation at 32 GHZ of a 1.4 A/cm2 peak current density with a 82% modulation ratio. The second device is a traveling wave tube. For this device, the objective is to test a cathode delivering a 2 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> electron beam.
Visual Fixation and Continuous Head Rotations Have Minimal Effect on Set-Point Adaptation to Magnetic Vestibular Stimulation (2019)

<b>Background:</b> Strong static magnetic fields such as those in an MRI machine can induce sensations of self-motion and nystagmus. The proposed mechanism is a Lorentz force resulting from the interaction between strong static magnetic fields and ionic currents in the inner ear endolymph that causes displacement of the semicircular canal cupulae. Nystagmus persists throughout an individual's exposure to the magnetic field, though its slow-phase velocity partially declines due to adaptation. After leaving the magnetic field an after effect occurs in which the nystagmus and sensations of rotation reverse direction, reflecting the adaptation that occurred while inside the MRI. However, the effects of visual fixation and of head shaking on this early type of vestibular adaptation are unknown. <b>Methods:</b> Three-dimensional infrared video-oculography was performed in six individuals just before, during (5, 20, or 60 min) and after (4, 15, or 20 min) lying supine inside a 7T MRI scanner. Trials began by entering the magnetic field in darkness followed 60 s later, either by light with visual fixation and head still, or by continuous yaw head rotations (2 Hz) in either darkness or light with visual fixation. Subjects were always placed in darkness 10 or 30 s before exiting the bore. In control conditions subjects remained in the dark with the head still for the entire duration. <b>Results:</b> In darkness with head still all subjects developed horizontal nystagmus inside the magnetic field, with slow-phase velocity partially decreasing over time. An after effect followed on exiting the magnet, with nystagmus in the opposite direction. Nystagmus was suppressed during visual fixation; however, after resuming darkness just before exiting the magnet, nystagmus returned with velocity close to the control condition and with a comparable after effect. Similar after effects occurred with continuous yaw head rotations while in the scanner whether in darkness or light. <b>Conclusions:</b> Visual fixation and sustained head shaking either in the dark or with fixation inside a strong static magnetic field have minimal impact on the short-term mechanisms that attempt to null unwanted spontaneous nystagmus when the head is still, so called VOR set-point adaptation. This contrasts with the critical influence of vision and slippage of images on the retina on the dynamic (gain and direction) components of VOR adaptation.
<title>Commercially available low-cost fiber optic combustion pressure sensor</title> (1995)

We report design considerations and performance data of a fiber optic pressure sensor system that is suitable for continouus cobustion pressure measurements. The sensor is designed for 0 to 1000 psi pressure range and sensor housing temperatures ranging from -40 degrees C to 300 degrees C. A durable metal diaphragm design ensures fatigue-resistant long-term sensor operation and linear response. An intelligent autoreferencing technique provides drift- free output and compensates for high temperature and other environmental effects. Performance data is presented from tests performed in passenger cars and large-bore stationary engines. Typical sensor accuracy is +/- 1% at constant temperature and when connected to different interface units. Continuing endurance tests demonstrate excellent sensor durability for over 2000 hours continuous operation or 200 million pressure cycles that the sensors have been exposed to so far. The FiberPSI<SUP>TM</SUP> pressure sensor system, commercially viable at this time, meets or exceeds the performance of research grade pressure sensors at a fraction of the cost.
Effect of Incus Removal on Middle Ear Acoustic Sensor for a Fully Implantable Cochlear Prosthesis (2006)

System miniaturization and steady progress towards a totally implantable prosthetic system is the current trend in cochlear implant technology. To achieve this objective, the external microphone of present implants needs to be implantable. This goal can be accomplished by placing a miniature accelerometer on the ossicular chain in the middle ear to detect and convert bone vibrations into an electrical signal for further processing and stimulating cochlear electrodes. This paper describes the characterization of the umbo of a human temporal bone before and after the removal of the incus to determine the impact of the resulting change in umbo mechanics and attached accelerometer performance. With the removal of the incus, the umbo vibration acceleration frequency response in the direction perpendicular to the tympanic membrane increases by 5 dB below 2 kHz. Above 2 kHz the response diverges due to the change of ossicular chain resonant frequency caused by the removal of the incus. However, at each frequency the umbo vibration acceleration exhibits a linear function of the input sound pressure level (SPL) with a slope of 20 dB per decade before and after removal of the incus. A commercial accelerometer attached to the umbo shows similar characteristics. From the measurement results of umbo characterization, a miniaturized implantable accelerometer with a packaged mass below 20 milligrams, a sensing resolution of 35 microg rms/square root Hz, and a bandwidth of 10 kHz would be required to detect normal conversation.
Nitric Oxide-Releasing Fabrics and Other Acrylonitrile-Based Diazeniumdiolates (2007)

Attachment of the diazeniumdiolate [−N(O)N−O−] functional group to polymers is of increasing interest pharmacologically for their ability to generate up to two molar equivalents of bioactive nitric oxide (NO) spontaneously on exposure to aqueous environments and yet limit physiological effects to sites in close physical proximity. Carbon-bound diazeniumdiolated polymers formed by reaction of NO with the enediamine tautomer of amidines generated on treatment of acrylonitrile-based polymers containing 1,3-dicyano groups are shown to be long lasting NO-releasing materials which may be stored for months at room temperature. NO-releasing derivatives of poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) powder and fabrics have been prepared and shown to release NO for more than 80 d when exposed to pH 7.4 phosphate buffer at 37 °C. PAN/NO powder has been shown to inhibit the formation of neointimal hyperplasia in injured rat carotid arteries. NO-releasing (>7 d) diazeniumdiolates have also been prepared from poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN resin) and poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile) (nitrile rubber). 2,4-Bisdiazeniumdiolated-2,4,6-tricyanoheptane is a carbon-bound diazeniumdiolate that releases NO for more than 200 d in solution in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer at 37 °C.
Deep Aesthetic Quality Assessment With Semantic Information (2017)

Human beings often assess the aesthetic quality of an image coupled with the identification of the image's semantic content. This paper addresses the correlation issue between automatic aesthetic quality assessment and semantic recognition. We cast the assessment problem as the main task among a multi-task deep model, and argue that semantic recognition task offers the key to address this problem. Based on convolutional neural networks, we employ a single and simple multi-task framework to efficiently utilize the supervision of aesthetic and semantic labels. A correlation item between these two tasks is further introduced to the framework by incorporating the inter-task relationship learning. This item not only provides some useful insight about the correlation but also improves assessment accuracy of the aesthetic task. In particular, an effective strategy is developed to keep a balance between the two tasks, which facilitates to optimize the parameters of the framework. Extensive experiments on the challenging Aesthetic Visual Analysis dataset and Photo.net dataset validate the importance of semantic recognition in aesthetic quality assessment, and demonstrate that multitask deep models can discover an effective aesthetic representation to achieve the state-of-the-art results.
FACT: A Framework for Authentication in Cloud-Based IP Traceback (2016)

IP traceback plays an important role in cyber investigation processes, where the sources and the traversed paths of packets need to be identified. It has a wide range of applications, including network forensics, security auditing, network fault diagnosis, and performance testing. Despite a plethora of research on IP traceback, the Internet is yet to see a large-scale practical deployment of traceback. Some of the major challenges that still impede an Internet-scale traceback solution are, concern of disclosing Internet Service Provider (ISP's) internal network topologies (in other words, concern of privacy leak), poor incremental deployment, and lack of incentives for ISPs to provide traceback services. In this paper, we argue that cloud services offer better options for the practical deployment of an IP traceback system. We first present a novel cloud-based traceback architecture, which possesses several favorable properties encouraging ISPs to deploy traceback services on their networks. While this makes the traceback service more accessible, regulating access to traceback service in a cloud-based architecture becomes an important issue. Consequently, we address the access control problem in cloud-based traceback. Our design objective is to prevent illegitimate users from requesting traceback information for malicious intentions (such as ISPs topology discovery). To this end, we propose a temporal token-based authentication framework, called FACT, for authenticating traceback service queries. FACT embeds temporal access tokens in traffic flows, and then delivers them to end-hosts in an efficient manner. The proposed solution ensures that the entity requesting for traceback service is an actual recipient of the packets to be traced. Finally, we analyze and validate the proposed design using real-world Internet data sets.