gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of exhaled nitric oxide: introducing a new reproducible method for nasal nitric oxide measurements (2000)

Nitric oxide (NO) is present in the human nasal airways and has been suggested to originate primarily from the paranasal sinuses. The aim of this study was to establish a new and reproducible method for measurement of nasal NO. Through repeated single-breath measurements the intra- and inter-individual variations of NO levels in nasally (into a tightly fitting mask covering the nose) and orally exhaled air were determined in healthy humans. Variations due to the methods used were investigated. The contribution of oral NO to the nasal exhalations by introducing a mouthwash procedure was also studied. This study shows distinct individual values of NO in nasally and orally exhaled air of healthy humans. Some diurnal variability was also found with a rise in NO in nasally and orally exhaled air over the day, but no, or little, day-to-day variability when comparing the results from separate mornings. There was no correlation between NO levels in nasally and orally exhaled air, whereas there was a strong correlation between NO levels in air exhaled through the left and right nostril. The levels of NO in air exhaled at 0.17 L x s(-1) through either nostril separately were higher than in air exhaled at the same flow rate through both nostrils simultaneously. After the introduction of a mouthwash procedure the level of NO in orally, but not nasally exhaled air was reduced. To conclude the method using nasal exhalation into a nose mask is highly reproducible. It is also suggested that subtracting the level of NO in orally exhaled air, after mouthwash, from that in nasally exhaled air, would adequately reflect nasal NO levels.
Estimation of Travel Time Distributions on Signalized Arterials (2012)

This paper examines the distribution of travel times on signalized arterials along three dimensions: individual differences between vehicles, time-of-day variations and day-to-day variations. Its objective is to support a Bayesian framework for real-time estimation of traffic conditions on arterials using data collected from mobile phones.
Gas phase photoacoustic Raman spectroscopy using pulsed laser excitation (1980)

The sensitivity of a new spectroscopic technique, photoacoustic Raman spectroscopy (PARS), has been improved substantially by the use of high-peak-power pulsed lasers. The theory for generation of photoacoustic signals from stimulated Raman scattering is outlined, and vibration-rotation Raman spectra for CO2 and CH4 are presented. Applications of PARS are discussed, and a comparison is made with other Raman techniques.
Identification of Bacteria by Computer: General Aspects and Perspectives (1973)

SUMMARY: The general problems of probabilistic identification of bacteria are discussed, particularly choice of taxa, choice of tests, assignation of probabilities and variation with geographical distribution, method of modification of probabilities as information is obtained, identification levels and linkage of tests. A study is described of the probabilistic identification of 1079 reference strains, and 516 field strains of Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. The field strains were identified both on the test results obtained by sending laboratories and test results in our laboratory. Identification rates for fermentative bacteria of 90.8% for reference strains and 89.4% for field strains were obtained, and for non-fermentative bacteria of 82.1% and 70.8% respectively. The field strains were received because they were difficult to identify in the medical diagnostic laboratory; higher rates of identification might be expected for typical strains.
Molecular cloning and characterization of a murine hemicholinium-3-sensitive choline transporter (2001)

In cholinergic neurons, a specific requirement for precursor choline in the biosynthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) is thought to be sustained by a presynaptic, hemicholinium-3 (HC-3)-sensitive choline transporter (CHT). This transporter exhibits micromolar affinity for choline and transport activity is Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent. Based on the sequence information available with the recent cloning of rat and human CHTs [Okuda, Haga, Kanai, Endou, Ishihara and Katsura (2000) Nat. Neurosci. 3, 120-125; Apparsundaram, Ferguson, George Jr and Blakely (2000) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 276, 862-867; Okuda and Haga (2000) FEBS Lett. 484, 92-97], we have identified a murine CHT orthologue (mCHT) by reverse transcriptase-PCR of spinal cord mRNA and confirmed this sequence using assembled mouse genomic DNA. Inferred splice junctions for mCHT exons are conserved with those of hCHT. The mCHT cDNA encodes a protein of 580 amino acids with 93% and 98% amino acid identity to human CHT and rat CHT1, respectively. Hydropathy analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence of mCHT indicates a protein containing 13 transmembrane domains (TMDs), with the N-terminus oriented extracellularly and the C-terminus oriented intracellularly. Northern blot analysis of mouse tissues reveals the expression of mCHT as a single transcript of approximately 5 kb with highest expression in regions that are rich in cholinergic cell bodies, e.g. the spinal cord, brainstem, mid-brain and striatum, whereas hybridization signals are absent in regions lacking cholinergic soma, e.g. the cerebellum and kidney. Expression of mCHT in COS-7 cells results in high-affinity [(3)H]HC-3-binding sites (K(d)=5 nM), and Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent HC-3-sensitive choline uptake (K(m)=2 microM), assessed in resealed membrane vesicles. The availability of cloned, functional mCHT and its cognate genomic DNA should prove useful for studies of mCHT regulation and should open possibilities for evaluation of CHT dysfunction in murine models.
A General Approach to the Basiliolide/Transtaganolide Natural Products: Total Syntheses of Basiliolide B, <i>epi</i>‐8‐Basiliolide B, Transtaganolide C, and Transtaganolide D (2011)

In a flash: The total synthesis of transtaganolide and basiliolide natural products is achieved in three steps from achiral, monocyclic esters (see scheme). Featured in the syntheses are an Ireland-Claisen/Diels–Alder cascade and a novel methoxyacetylide coupling/cyclization sequence.
Paraxial ray optics cloaking (2015)

Despite much interest and progress in optical spatial cloaking, a three-dimensional (3D), transmitting, continuously multidirectional cloak in the visible regime has not yet been demonstrated. Here we experimentally demonstrate such a cloak using ray optics, albeit with some edge effects. Our device requires no new materials, uses isotropic off-the-shelf optics, scales easily to cloak arbitrarily large objects, and is as broadband as the choice of optical material, all of which have been challenges for current cloaking schemes. In addition, we provide a concise formalism that quantifies and produces perfect optical cloaks in the small-angle (`paraxial') limit.
2-D Shear wave dispersion images using the reverberant shear wave field approach: application in tissues exhibiting power law response (2019)

Within the field of elastography, a relatively new approach analyzes the limiting case of shear waves established as a reverberant field. In this framework, it is assumed that a distribution of shear waves exists, oriented across all directions in 3D and continuous in time. The simultaneous multi-frequency application of reverberant shear wave fields can be accomplished by applying an array of external sources that can be excited by multiple frequencies, for example 50, 100, 150,...500 Hz, all contributing to the shear wave field produced in the target organ. We report a Monte Carlo analysis simulation for the validation of the main theoretical principles, and a preliminary study on breast and liver tissues using the multi-frequency reverberant shear wave technique, employing frequencies up to 700 Hz in breast tissue, and robust reverberant patterns of shear waves across the entire liver and kidney in obese patients. Dispersion images are shown to have contrast between tissue types and with quantitative values that align with previous studies.
A Survey on Voice Assistant Security: Attacks and Countermeasures (2022)

Voice assistants (VA) have become prevalent on a wide range of personal devices such as smartphones and smart speakers. As companies build voice assistants with extra functionalities, attacks that trick a voice assistant into performing malicious behaviors can pose a significant threat to a user’s security, privacy, and even safety. However, the diverse attacks and stand-alone defenses in the literature often lack a systematic perspective, making it challenging for designers to properly identify, understand, and mitigate the security threats against voice assistants. To overcome this problem, this article provides a thorough survey of the attacks and countermeasures for voice assistants. We systematize a broad category of relevant but seemingly unrelated attacks by the vulnerable system components and attack methods, and categorize existing countermeasures based on the defensive strategies from a system designer’s perspective. To assist designers in planning defense based on their demands, we provide a qualitative comparison of existing countermeasures by the implementation cost, usability, and security and propose practical suggestions. We envision this work can help build more reliability into voice assistants and promote research in this fast-evolving area.
β<sub>3</sub>-Adrenoceptor ligand development history through patent review (2011)

Remarkable knowledge has been gained about the physio-pathological role of the β(3)-AR to date. Many highly potent and selective β(3)-AR ligands (agonists, antagonists and inverse agonists) have been discovered; however, further investigations are still needed to identify novel compounds acting as β(3)-AR ligands in order to adequately treat the diseases in which β(3)-AR is involved.
HOXB13 May Predict Response to Neoadjuvant Letrozole in Patients with Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. (2009)

Abstract Background. Third generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have been shown to be superior to tamoxifen in multiple randomized clinical trials and become the new standard of treatment for postmenopausal women with early or advanced endocrine-sensitive breast cancer. It is thus important to identify biomarkers predicting resistance to AIs so that alternative therapeutic options can be employed. A two gene expression index, HOXB13:IL17BR, and HOXB13 in particular, has been shown to be a negative predictor of clinical benefit from tamoxifen. It is unclear whether HOXB13:IL17BR or HOXB13 is also predictive of AI therapy.Methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of a phase II randomized neoadjuvant study of everolimus+letrozole vs. placebo+letrozole in patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Total RNA was extracted from frozen tissue biopsies taken either prior to treatment or after 15 days of treatment. HOXB13:IL13BR and a molecular grade index (MGI) were measured in 107 pre-treatment samples and 111 samples after 15 days of treatment. Antiproliferative response as defined by a ln[Ki767] &lt;1 at day 15 in the samples analyzed was correlated with these gene expression indices.Results. In the placebo+letrozole treatment arm, the antiproliferative response rate was 30% (14/47). Using a pre-specified cutpoint of 0.06, the response rate was 40% for low HOXB13:IL17BR patients, compared to 12% for high HOXB13:IL17BR patients (p=0.05). In the everolimus+letrozole arm, the antiproliferative response rate in the samples analyzed was 55% (33/60), and the response rates for low and high HOXB13:Il17BR patients were 70% and 37% (p=0.02), respectively. When examined separately, high HOXB13 expression was significantly associated with nonresponse to therapy (everolimus+letrozole arm, p=0.02; placebo+letrozle arm, p=0.03), but IL17BR was not (everolimus+letrozole arm, p=0.6; placebo+letrozle arm, p=0.88). As expected, we observed a significant correlation between MGI and Ki67 staining (Spearman r=0.67, p&lt;0.0001).Conclusions. High HOXB13:IL17BR index and high HOXB13 expression may identify a possible subset of patients with estrogen receptor-positive tumor that could be less responsive to aromatase inhibitors such as letrozole. Furthermore, use of MGI may enable rapid assessment of antiproliferative response by fine needle aspiration. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 2120.
Dual‐Function CXCR4 Antagonist Polyplexes To Deliver Gene Therapy and Inhibit Cancer Cell Invasion (2012)

Gut kombiniert: Ein biologisch abbaubares Polykation mit Bicyclam-Strukturmotiv, das als CXCR4-Antagonist wirkt, lässt auf eine Kombination der Krebs-Chemotherapie mit der Gen- oder siRNA-Therapie hoffen. In dieser Doppelfunktion verhindert das Polykation das Eindringen von Krebszellen, indem es die CXCL12-stimulierte CXCR4-Aktivierung inhibiert (siehe Schema), und es bringt zugleich effizient und sicher therapeutische DNA in die Krebszellen ein.
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ASSAYS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION WITH THE PORCINE ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUS AND THE DETECTION OF PIG CELLS IN HUMAN AND NONHUMAN RECIPIENTS OF PIG XENOGRAFTS (1999)

The use of the diagnostic tests described here will help define the risks of PERV transmission associated with the use of pig xenografts in humans and nonhuman primates.
A new technique for whole-wafer etch-pit density mapping in GaAs (1989)

The pits formed on an etched GaAs surface, due to the anisotropic etching around dislocations, are efficient light scatterers, and thus reduce transmission. We have derived a quantitative relationship between the fractional transmission and the etch-pit density (EPD) and have shown that the same absorption apparatus which is commonly used to obtain a whole-wafer [EL2] map can also be used to generate an EPD map. The technique is verified by comparing the fractional transmission with the actual EPD count at 166 points on a three-inch, low-pressure, liquid-encapsulated Czochralski wafer. Also, [EL2] and EPD maps, with more than 3500 points each, are compared.
Identification of a novel receptor in Drosophila for both epidermal growth factor and insulin. (1985)

The notable amino acid homology among mammalian growth factor receptors with tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity has led to speculation that these receptors derived from a common evolutionary precursor. We report the identification of a novel growth factor receptor from Drosophila cell cultures that has dual binding specificity for both insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF). This 100-kDa protein is also related antigenically to the mammalian receptors for EGF and possibly insulin but may not correspond to the mammalian counterpart of either receptor in Drosophila. The Drosophila protein is recognized by antisera directed against the mammalian receptor for EGF in immunoblot hybridizations. It can be affinity labeled with either 125I-labeled insulin or 125I-labeled EGF after immunoprecipitation with anti-EGF receptor antiserum. Excess unlabeled EGF or insulin will block the affinity labeling with either growth factor, suggesting that both EGF and insulin share a common binding site on the 100-kDa Drosophila receptor. This Drosophila protein, therefore, may be closely related to an evolutionary precursor of the mammalian receptors for insulin and EGF.
The Bare Necessities: Increasing Lexical Coverage for Multi-Word Domain Terms with Less Lexical Data (2015)

We argue that many multi-word domain terms are not (and should not be regarded as) strictly atomic, especially from a parser's point of view. We introduce the notion of Lexical Kernel Units (LKUs), and discuss some of their essential properties. LKUs are building blocks for lexicalizations of domain concepts, and as such, can be used for compositional derivation of an open-ended set of domain terms. Benefits from such an approach include reduction in size of the domain lexicon, improved coverage for domain terms, and improved accuracy for parsing.
Chloride-Based CVD Growth of Silicon Carbide for Electronic Applications (2011)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTChloride-Based CVD Growth of Silicon Carbide for Electronic ApplicationsHenrik Pedersen*†, Stefano Leone†, Olof Kordina†, Anne Henry†, Shin-ichi Nishizawa‡, Yaroslav Koshka§, and Erik Janzén†View Author Information† Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden‡ National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan§ Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States *E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 4, 2434–2453Publication Date (Web):December 2, 2011Publication History Received11 July 2011Published online2 December 2011Published inissue 11 April 2012https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr200257zhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr200257zreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2011 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3552Altmetric-Citations100LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Deposition,Epitaxy,Layers,Precursors,Silicon Get e-Alerts
A 1 mV MOS comparator (1978)

An MOS comparator circuit capable of detecting difference signals as low as 1 mV in 3 /spl mu/s has been designed, built, and tested. The circuit does not require high accuracy components or tight control of device parameter tolerances.
Lignin oxidation and pulp delignification by laccase and mediators (1996)

The phenol oxidizing enzyme laccase is produced abundantly by the lignin-degrading fungus Trametes versicolor. We found previously that laccase can oxidize veratryl alcohol and other non-phenolic lignin model compounds when a mediator such as 2,2{prime}-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-5-sulphonate) (ABTS) was present. The laccase/mediator couple was also shown to be effective for delignification of kraft pulps. Two different isozymes of laccase produced by this fungus were purified and their reactivities towards lignins and kraft pulps were studied. The mediator ABTS was shown to be essential for pulp delignification and to reverse the polymerization of kraft lignin by either laccase. Pulp delignification with laccase and ABTS was also optimized. resulting in up to 55% lignin removal from kraft pulp following sequential enzyme treatments and alkaline extractions. Several variables were surveyed including enzyme and mediator dosage, oxygen pressure, temperature, reaction time, and pH.
State estimation error detection system for online dynamic security assessment (2017)

Online Dynamic Security Assessment (DSA) is a dynamical system widely used for assessing and analyzing an electrical power system. The outcomes of DSA are used in many aspects of the operation of power system, from monitoring the system to determining remedial action schemes (e.g. the amount of generators to be shed at the event of a fault). Measurement from supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and state estimation (SE) results are the inputs for online-DSA, however, the SE error, caused by sudden change in power flow or low convergence rate, could be unnoticed and skew the outcome. Therefore, generator shedding scheme cannot achieve optimum but must have some margin because we don't know how SE error caused by these problems will impact power system stability control. As a method for solving the problem, we developed SE error detection system (EDS), which is enabled by detecting the SE error that will impact power system transient stability. The method is comparing a threshold value and an index calculated by the difference between SE results and PMU observation data, using the distance from the fault point and the power flow value. Using the index, the reliability of the SE results can be verified. As a result, online-DSA can use the SE results while avoiding the bad SE results, assuring the outcome of the DSA assessment and analysis, such as the amount of generator shedding in order to prevent the power system's instability.
Visual servoing and characterization of resonant magnetic actuators for decoupled locomotion of multiple untethered mobile microrobots (2009)

Wireless resonant magnetic micro-actuators have been previously described as highly effective propulsion mechanisms for untethered mobile microrobots. The discussion thus far has been primarily relegated to a characterization of stationary devices and the de facto observation of their mobility. Before applications of microrobots can be more fully explored, devices are required that can operate reliably and repeatably in a host of operating environments. In this paper, we analyze the in situ performance of resonant magnetic actuators for microrobotic locomotion to better understand their durability, substrate requirements, and driving characteristics.
Two-dimensional grating magneto-optical trap (2017)

We demonstrate a two-dimensional (2D) grating magneto-optical trap (GMOT) with a single input cooling laser beam and a planar diffraction grating using $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$. This configuration increases experimental access when compared with a traditional 2D magneto-optical trap (MOT). As described in the paper, the output flux is several hundred million rubidium atoms/s at a mean velocity of 16.5(9) m/s and a velocity distribution of 4(3) m/s standard deviation. We use the atomic beam from the 2D GMOT to demonstrate loading of a three-dimensional (3D) GMOT with $2.46(7)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}$ atoms. Methods to improve output flux are discussed.
ALKYLATION OF BENZENE USING BATCH AND CONTINUOUS FIXED-BED REACTORS (2006)

ABSTRACT Alkylation reactions of benzene with propylene using heterogeneous catalysts H+-β zeolite, MCM-22, and ZSM-5 were studied for their affinity for cumene production. This work focused on the gas-phase reaction using different crystalline catalysts at several temperatures and amounts of reactants using both batch and continuous fixed-bed reactors. The properties of baseline commercial H+-β catalysts versus versions modified with Ga, La, and Pt were studied. Quantitative analysis of product mixture was performed by gas chromatography. For the batch reactor, β-zeolite produced the highest cumene yield and selectivity of 72% and 92%, respectively, at 225°C. At this temperature, a benzene:propylene dilution of 7:1 molar ratio was the optimum. For the continuous system, cumene production is favored at lower space velocities, higher benzene-to-propylene ratio, and temperatures close to 225°C. Ga modification of the H+-β zeolite significantly enhanced cumene yield in the continuous fixed-bed reactor at 225°C, from 27% of the unmodified β-zeolite to 36% for the Ga-modified one. The life span of modified β-catalysts was studied in the fixed-bed reactor for the first eight hours of reaction.