gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Emerging Role of Valproate in Bipolar Disorder and Other Psychiatric Disorders (1995)

Although valproate, a simple branched-chain fatty acid, is generally considered to be an antiepileptic agent, a large literature dating back to 1966 describes its use in primary psychiatric disorders. The significant role that gamma-aminobutyric acid plays in mood provided the rationale to examine valproate in this regard. Numerous uncontrolled as well as placebo- and lithium-controlled studies verified the drug's efficacy in the short-term management of bipolar and schizoaffective disorders. The response appears to be independent of response to traditional therapies such as lithium, neuroleptics, and carbamazepine, and may be maintained for extended periods of time. Valproate should be considered not only in patients with mood disorders who are intolerant of or nonresponsive to traditional therapies, but also in those with rapid cycling, electroencephalographic abnormalities, head trauma antedating the onset of psychiatric illness, or any other factor suggesting an organic component. Preliminary uncontrolled studies suggest that the drug may also eventually play a role in the management of panic disorder and behavioral dyscontrol (agitation, aggression, temper outbursts). Its adverse event profile is well known from years of experience in the management of epilepsy and does not appear to be altered in the presence of psychiatric disorders. Similarly, the drug-drug interaction potential of valproate is reasonably well known, although further research into interactions with psychotropic agents is warranted.
Hydrogen-rich saline ameliorates the retina against light-induced damage in rats (2013)

Oxidative reactions are thought to be a major cause of light-induced retinal degeneration. This study was designed to investigate the effects of hydrogen-rich saline (HRS) on the prevention and treatment of light-induced retinal injury in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into three groups: light damage, HRS prevention (5 ml/kg, 30 min before intensive light exposure), and HRS treatment (5 ml/kg per day for 5 days, after intensive light exposure), respectively. The right eye of each rat was exposed to 5000 lux constant white light-emitting diode (LED) light for 3 h, and the left eye was covered to serve as the blank control. Electroretinograms were recorded 5 days later, and the thickness of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) was measured after hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The results showed that the electroretinogram b-wave amplitudes and the mean ONL thicknesses of rats were significantly greater in the HRS prevention (P < 0.001) and treatment (P < 0.001) groups than in the light damage. These results indicated that peritoneal injection of HRS provides protection and treatment against light-induced retinal degeneration in rats.
19.7 A 65nm CMOS ADPLL with 360µW 1.6ps-INL SS-ADC-based period-detection-free TDC (2016)

Several research studies have considered replacing traditional analog PLLs with an all-digital PLL (ADPLL). In such studies, a key topic relates to the resolution and linearity of the TDC. Power-hungry techniques, such as a Vernier delay line (VDL) and a time amplifier (TA) [1,2], have been proposed to improve time resolution. Recently, a digital-to-time converter (DTC) has been employed to enable power reductions of the VDL and TA-based TDCs by minimizing the number of VDLs and TAs [3,4]. However, the nonlinearity of the DTC remains a problem, since it is much larger than the time resolution of the TDCs and becomes a significant source of fractional spur in the ADPLL. In [3], the effect of the nonlinearity is decreased by utilizing a dithering technique at the expense of a long calibration time (> 100ms). The DTC requires inherently more calibration effort for full-scale-delay detection and normalization, since the difference between the full-scale delay and the DCO period also increases the fractional spur significantly. On the other hand, time-to-amplitude-conversion-based TDCs may be another candidate for a high-resolution low-power TDC [5]. However, issues surrounding the nonlinearity of the charge pump (CP) and the full-scale-delay detection limit their utility.
The Art and Science of Marketing a Marketing Department (1988)

Marketing departments quite often are not geared to market themselves properly. The article explains why marketing departments have difficulty developing effective marketing strategies for themselves. The authors present an outline for developing a plan for a market-oriented product, and the article presents an overall marketing plan which can be used by any marketing department.
In vitro determination of bilirubin in hemolysed whole blood using first derivative analysis (2002)

A spectrophotometric method is presented in this paper to demonstrate the authors' experimental results to measure bilirubin in hemolysed whole blood. The absorption spectra were taken using a HELLMA thin (0.1 mm) cuvette. Bilirubin measurement over a concentration range of 0.5 to 10 mg/dl was obtained from the composite absorption spectra with a normal hemoglobin concentration of 15g/dl. In the authors' experiment, they were able to demonstrate that by using first order derivative analysis with window averaging, the bilirubin absorption could be separated from the major absorption component contributed by hemoglobin in hemolysed whole blood samples. Using a wavelength range from 483 to 519 nm as an averaging window, the resulting linear regressions for bilirubin estimation at hemoglobin concentrations of 10, 12.5, and 15g/dl are found to be 0.9997, 0.9998, and 0.9994, respectively.
Deep Learning Aided Fingerprint-Based Beam Alignment for mmWave Vehicular Communication (2019)

Harnessing the substantial bandwidth available at millimeter wave (mmWave) carrier frequencies has proved to be beneficial to accommodate a large number of users with increased data rates. However, owing to the high propagation losses observed at mmWave frequencies, directional transmission has to be employed. This necessitates efficient beam-alignment for a successful transmission. Achieving perfect beam-alignment is however challenging, especially in the scenarios when there is a rapid movement of vehicles associated with ever-changing traffic density, which is governed by the topology of roads as well as the time of the day. Therefore, in this paper, we take the approach of fingerprint based beam-alignment, where a set of beam pairs constitute the fingerprint of a given location. Furthermore, given the time-varying traffic density, we propose a multi-fingerprint based database for a given location, where the base station (BS) intelligently adapts the fingerprints with the aid of learning. Additionally, we propose multi-functional beam transmission as an application of our proposed design, where the beam-pairs that satisfy the required received signal strength (RSS) participate in increasing the spectral efficiency or improving the end-to-end performance in some other way. Explicitly, the BS leverages the plurality of beam-pairs to attain both multiplexing and diversity gains. Furthermore, if the plurality of beam-pairs is higher than the number of RF chains, the BS may also employ beam-index modulation to further improve the spectral efficiency. We demonstrate that having multiple fingerprint-based beam-alignment provides superior performance than that of the single fingerprint based beam-alignment. Furthermore, we show that our learning-aided multiple fingerprint design provides a better fidelity compared to that of the benchmark scheme also employing multiple fingerprint but dispensing with learning. Additionally, our reduced-search based learning-aided beam-alignment design performs similarly to beam-sweeping based beam-alignment, even though an exhaustive beam-search is carried out by the latter. More explicitly, our design is capable of maintaining the target performance in dense vehicular environments, while both single fingerprint and line-of-sight (LOS) based beam-alignment suffer from blockages.
Visibility of sparkle in metallic paints (2015)

For suitable illumination and observation conditions, sparkles may be observed in metallic coatings. The visibility of these sparkles depends critically on their intensity, and on the paint medium surrounding the metallic flakes. Based on previous perception studies from other disciplines, we derive equations for the threshold for sparkles to be visible. The resulting equations show how the visibility of sparkles varies with the luminosity and distance of the light source, the diameter of the metallic flakes, and the reflection properties of the paint medium. The predictions are confirmed by common observations on metallic sparkle. For example, under appropriate conditions even metallic flakes as small as 1 μm diameter may be visible as sparkle, whereas under intense spot light the finer grades of metallic coatings do not show sparkle. We show that in direct sunlight, dark coarse metallic coatings show sparkles that are brighter than the brightest stars and planets in the night sky. Finally, we give equations to predict the number of visually distinguishable flake intensities, depending on local conditions. These equations are confirmed by previous results. Several practical examples for applying the equations derived in this article are provided.
Image thresholding techniques for localization of sub‐resolution fluorescent biomarkers (2013)

In this article, we explore adaptive global and local segmentation techniques for a lab-on-chip nutrition monitoring system (NutriChip). The experimental setup consists of Caco-2 intestinal cells that can be artificially stimulated to trigger an immune response. The eventual response is optically monitored using immunofluoresence techniques targeting toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Two problems of interest need to be addressed by means of image processing. First, a new cell sample must be properly classified as stimulated or not. Second, the location of the stained TLR2 must be recovered in case the sample has been stimulated. The algorithmic approach to solving these problems is based on the ability of a segmentation technique to properly segment fluorescent spots. The sample classification is based on the amount and intensity of the segmented pixels, while the various segmenting blobs provide an approximate localization of TLR2. A novel local thresholding algorithm and three well-known spot segmentation techniques are compared in this study. Quantitative assessment of these techniques based on real and synthesized data demonstrates the improved segmentation capabilities of the proposed algorithm.
Very High Pin Count Flip Chip Assembly Using Conductive Polymer Adhesives (2003)

High pin count flip chip assembly is becoming increasingly necessary for many sensor applications. Electroplated solder bumping technology provides one means for achieving fine-pitched flip chip assembly, but is not an allowable option for many temperature sensitive and microelectromechanical (MEMS) applications. Indium bump bonding, also known as “hybridization”, is another common technique, but requires high pressure for cold-welding the bumps together. An alternative polymer adhesive approach is described in this article, which combines Au-wire stud bumped devices with stencil printed conductive epoxy that can be printed at pitches below 200µm and cured at temperatures as low as 80°C. Flip chip test chips with pin counts as high as 8000 I/O have recently been assembled and are discussed and illustrated.
Highly transparent and flexible bio-based polyimide/TiO<sub>2</sub>and ZrO<sub>2</sub>hybrid films with tunable refractive index, Abbe number, and memory properties (2016)

The novel bio-based polyimide (4ATA-PI) and the corresponding PI hybrids of TiO2 or ZrO2 with excellent optical properties and thermal stability have been prepared successfully. The highly transparent 4ATA-PI containing carboxylic acid groups in the backbone could provide reaction sites for organic-inorganic bonding to obtain homogeneous hybrid films. These PI hybrid films showed a tunable refractive index (1.60-1.81 for 4ATA-PI/TiO2 and 1.60-1.80 for 4ATA-PI/ZrO2), and the 4ATA-PI/ZrO2 hybrid films revealed a higher optical transparency and Abbe's number than those of the 4ATA-PI/TiO2 system due to a larger band gap of ZrO2. By introducing TiO2 and ZrO2 as the electron acceptor into the 4ATA-PI system, the hybrid materials have a lower LUMO energy level which could facilitate and stabilize the charge transfer complex. Therefore, memory devices derived from these PI hybrid films exhibited tunable memory properties from DRAM, SRAM, to WORM with a different TiO2 or ZrO2 content from 0 wt% to 50 wt% with a high ON/OFF ratio (10(8)). In addition, the different energy levels of TiO2 and ZrO2 revealed specifically unique memory characteristics, implying the potential application of the prepared 4ATA-PI/TiO2 and 4ATA-PI/ZrO2 hybrid films in highly transparent memory devices.
Prolonged depletion of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase activity following exposure to O6-benzylguanine with or without streptozotocin enhances 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea sensitivity in vitro. (1993)

This study was undertaken to ascertain the importance of prolonged depletion of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) activity, following O6-benzylguanine (BG) and streptozotocin (STZ) exposure, in reversing 1,3 bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) resistance in vitro. We evaluated BCNU-induced cytotoxicity and measured the temporal recovery of MGMT activity in human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells following treatment with BG, STZ, or the combination of BG and STZ. The pretreatment regimens which provided the greatest potentiation of BCNU cytotoxicity were those exhibiting the greatest temporal inhibition of MGMT activity. The combination of BG (10 microM) and STZ (1.0 mM) produced sustained inhibition of MGMT activity through 24 h and potentiated BCNU cytotoxicity by at least one log greater than either agent alone. Similarly, BG (10-100 microM) produced marked reductions in MGMT activity and increased BCNU cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent fashion. A 100-microM dose of BG inhibited MGMT activity for 48 h and potentiated BCNU induced cell kill by 3 logs greater than BCNU alone. In addition, we observed that during the period of sustained inhibition of MGMT activity, no changes in the steady-state MGMT mRNA levels occurred. We conclude that prolonged inhibition of MGMT activity is an important determinant in reversing BCNU resistance and that chemotherapeutic regimens targeting the inactivation of MGMT activity should be optimized such that MGMT activity is depleted for at least 24 h following BCNU administration.
Fundamentals of Multiferroic Materials and Their Possible Applications (2015)

Materials science is recognized as one of the main factors driving development and economic growth. Since the silicon industrial revolution of the 1950s, research and developments in materials and solid state science have radically impacted and transformed our society by enabling the emergence of the computer technologies, wireless communications, Internet, digital data storage, and widespread consumer electronics. Today's emergent topics in solid state physics, such as nano-materials, graphene and carbon nano-tubes, smart and advanced functional materials, spintronic materials, bio-materials, and multiferroic materials, promise to deliver a new wave of technological advances and economic impact, comparable to the silicon industrial revolution of the 1950s.The surge of interest in multiferroic materials over the past 15 years has been driven by their fascinating physical properties and huge potential for technological applications. This article addresses some of the fundamental aspects of solid-state multiferroic materials, followed by the detailed presentation of the latest and most interesting proposed applications of these multifunctional solid-state compounds. The applications presented here are critically discussed in the context of the state-of-the-art and current scientific challenges. They are highly interdisciplinary covering a wide range of topics and technologies including sensors, microwave devices, energy harvesting, photo-voltaic technologies, solid-state refrigeration, data storage recording technologies, and random access multi-state memories. According to their potential and expected impact, it is estimated that multiferroic technologies could soon reach multibillion US dollar market value.
Design of Smart flap actuators for swept shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction control (2003)

Piezoelectric actuators have long been recognised for use in aerospace structures for control of structural shape. This paper looks at active control of the swept shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction using smart flap actuators. The actuators are manufactured by bonding piezoelectric material to an inert substrate to control the bleed/suction rate through a plenum chamber. The cavity provides communication of signals across the shock, allowing rapid thickening of the boundary layer approaching the shock, which splits into a series of weaker shocks forming a lambda shock foot, reducing wave drag. Active control allows optimum control of the interaction, as it would be capable of positioning the control region around the original shock position and unimorph tip deflection, hence mass transfer rates. The actuators are modelled using classical composite material mechanics theory, as well as a finite element-modelling program (ANSYS 5.7).
Ultrathin porous Bi<sub>5</sub>O<sub>7</sub>X (X = Cl, Br, I) nanotubes for effective solar desalination (2018)

Ultrathin porous bismuth oxyhalide nanotubes are synthesized by a general and fast method for effective solar desalination.
Oily-Soil Release for Easy-Care Cotton Fabrics1 (1981)

When crosslinked polyester-cotton blend fabrics came into general use about fifteen years ago, problems of soil retention that are inherent with these fabrics were soon recognized. Many studies were conducted to identify the factors responsible for soiling and soil retention in blends, and to develop finishes capable of improving soil release. Several finishes for the improvement of the soil-release properties of blend fabrics have been developed and introduced commercially. These finishes are typically based on one of three polymer types: nonionic poly(ester-ethers); anionic copolymers of acrylic acid; or "dual-action" fluoropolymers. Two particular finishes, developed in our laboratory, that are based on combinations of Huoropolymers with hydrophilic reagents, such as polyether derivatives and acrylic acid polymers, are discussed in detail.
Microfluidic impedance spectroscopy flow cytometer: particle size calibration (2004)

This paper presents a microfabricated impedance spectroscopy flow cytometer which permits rapid and easy dielectric characterization of cells as they flow in a microchannel. Both a simple theoretical model and a finite element simulation show that the effects of particle size dominate the entire spectrum. Dielectrophoretic forces are used to focus polystyrene beads along the centerline of the channel and decrease the spread in signal amplitude. Measurements of the beads show that size differences of less than 1 /spl mu/m diameter can be discriminated.
A novel panel of short mononucleotide repeats linked to informative polymorphisms enabling effective high volume low cost discrimination between mismatch repair deficient and proficient tumours (2018)

Somatic mutations in mononucleotide repeats are commonly used to assess the mismatch repair status of tumours. Current tests focus on repeats with a length above 15bp, which tend to be somatically more unstable than shorter ones. These longer repeats also have a substantially higher PCR error rate, and tests that use capillary electrophoresis for fragment size analysis often require expert interpretation. In this communication, we present a panel of 17 short repeats (length 7-12bp) for sequence-based microsatellite instability (MSI) testing. Using a simple scoring procedure that incorporates the allelic distribution of the mutant repeats, and analysis of two cohort of tumours totalling 209 samples, we show that this panel is able to discriminate between MMR proficient and deficient tumours, even when constitutional DNA is not available. In the training cohort, the method achieved 100% concordance with fragment analysis, while in the testing cohort, 4 discordant samples were observed (corresponding to 97% concordance). Of these, 2 showed discrepancies between fragment analysis and immunohistochemistry and one was reclassified after re-testing using fragment analysis. These results indicate that our approach offers the option of a reliable, scalable routine test for MSI.
Comparison between XPS‐ and FTIR‐analysis of plasma‐treated polypropylene film surfaces (2008)

Abstract Plasma treatment is often used to modify the surface properties of polymer films, since it offers numerous advantages over the conventional surface modification techniques. In this paper, a polypropylene (PP) film is plasma‐treated using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) operating in air at medium pressure (5.0 kPa). The modified polymer films are characterized using contact angle measurements, XPS‐analysis and attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy. Results show that plasma treatment leads to a remarkable decrease in contact angle owing to the implantation of oxygen‐containing functional groups. Using XPS and ATR‐FTIR, these oxygen‐containing groups can be identified as CO, CO and OCO. In this paper, it is also shown that XPS is well‐suited to provide quantitative chemical analysis of the PP films, while ATR‐FTIR can only give qualitative information. To perform quantitative ATR‐FTIR measurements, chemical derivatization will be explored in the near future. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic analysis of a Li-Iron Phosphate cell using the electro-chemical modelling approach (2016)

Accurate modeling of batteries has an important and challenging role in battery management systems. In this paper, dynamics of a Li-Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) cell are simulated using an electro-chemical model. This model was obtained by simplifying a full-order electro-chemical model into the single particle model. In the single particle model the diffusion of lithium inside each electrode is modeled assuming that each electrode is a single particle. This model is then parameterized using input-output data captured from a battery test setup and by applying the genetic algorithm for optimization. The genetic algorithm calculates numeric values of parameters by minimizing the error that is the difference between the measured terminal voltage and simulated one obtained by the electro-chemical model. Dynamics of the (LiFePO4) cell are then investigated in order to determine the state of charge (SOC) of the cell over time.