gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cross‐validated Cox regression on microarray gene expression data (2005)

This paper describes how penalized Cox regression, in combination with cross-validated partial likelihood can be employed to obtain reliable survival prediction models for high dimensional microarray data. The suggested procedure is demonstrated on a breast cancer survival data set consisting of 295 tumours as collected in the National Cancer Institute in Amsterdam and previously reported in more general papers. The main aim of this paper it to show how generally accepted biostatistical procedures can be employed to analyse high-dimensional data.
PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Angiogenesis (2011)

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is activated in the majority of human cancers. This pathway is known to play a key role in numerous cellular functions including proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, metabolism, and survival, but in the current review we focus on its role in angiogenesis. PI3K activation may occur via RAS mutation, loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), or by increased expression of growth factor receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor. There is a connection between the PI3K pathway and angiogenesis. Hypoxia leads to HIF-1α stabilization and is a major stimulus for increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production by tumor cells. However, activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in tumor cells can also increase VEGF secretion, both by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) dependent and independent mechanisms. The PI3K/AKT pathway also modulates the expression of other angiogenic factors such as nitric oxide and angiopoietins. Numerous inhibitors targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway have been developed, and these agents have been shown to decrease VEGF secretion and angiogenesis. The effect of these inhibitors on tumor vasculature can be difficult to predict. The vasculature of tumors is aberrant, leading to sluggish bloodflow and elevated interstitial blood pressure, which can be perpetuated by the high levels of VEGF. Hence, decreasing VEGF expression can paradoxically lead to vascular normalization and improved bloodflow in some tumors. In addition to its importance in cancer, the PI3K pathway also plays an essential role in the formation of normal blood vessels during development. Embryos with kinase-dead p110α catalytic subunit of PI3K develop vascular defects. Stimulation of endothelial cells by VEGF leads to activation of the PI3K pathway within these cells, which is important for cell migration. Sustained endothelial activation of AKT1 has been shown to induce the formation of structurally abnormal blood vessels that recapitulate the aberrations of tumor vessels. Hence, the PI3K pathway plays an important role in regulating angiogenesis both in normal tissues and in cancers.
The development of a two-site enzyme immunometric assay (EIA) for calcitonin and its application in the measurement of the hormone in normal subjects, MTC-patients and post-menopausal women. (1989)

We have developed a sensitive, two-site enzyme immunometric assay (EIA) using high affinity monoclonal antibodies for the measurement of immunoreactive human calcitonin (i-hCT) and compared the performance of the assay with that of the conventional radioimmunoassay (RIA). The sensitivity of an overnight EIA (2 pmol/l) was comparable with the long incubation (7 days) RIA. Both, the EIA and the RIA have been applied for the measurement of i-hCT in three groups: normal volunteers (n = 53), post-menopausal women (n = 25) and patients with MTC (n = 20). The results showed that in all three groups, the level of i-hCT was somewhat lower than that measured by RIA due to its greater specificity. The EIA can provide an attractive alternative to the conventional RIA for both routine diagnostic work and physiological studies.
PCR Detection and Identification of Leishmania Parasites in Clinical Specimens in Ecuador: A Comparison with Classical Diagnostic Methods (1999)

A simplified polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay was used for detection and typing of Leishmania parasites in clinical specimens from patients suspected of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Using cultures as the reference standard, our PCR detection method was more sensitive (92%) than classical diagnostic techniques, including microscopy (42% sensitivity), histologic staining (33%), and IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent (20%). The PCR assay was also 100% specific. Parasites in both lesion biopsies and isolates cultured from lesion aspirates were identified as Leishmania braziliensis by PCR. In this study, we have demonstrated the suitability of simplified PCR assays for the simultaneous diagnosis and typing of parasites causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in a developing country where leishmaniasis is endemic.
Event-based thermal control for high-density processors (2015)

The increasing computational density of modern processors, and the advent of 3D chip layouts, are making thermal control a requirement, often crucial for the life itself of the device. In demanding applications, traditional on/off control solutions - based e.g. on clock gating - cannot deliver the required regulation quality if not unacceptably reducing the computational performance of the system, while schemes based on modulating control require so fast sampling rates to cause an equally unacceptable overhead. In this paper we present an event-based thermal control scheme, capable of guaranteeing safe operation with a low effort. We also show how the proposed solution can be divided into a hardware and a software part, further improving efficiency. The claims above are supported by cycle-accurate simulations on a literature benchmark.
Some Notes on Heteropteran Trichobothria (2017)

Excerpt: There has been much recent interest in the comparative morphology of the Heteroptera. This work has emphasized the land bugs, or Geocorisae, and has been concerned with working out the relationships and taxonomic placement of the higher categories (categories above the genus), and with the phylogenetic lines and sequences of these higher categories. The geocorisine groups with which I have been most concerned are in the closely related superfamilies Lygaeoidea, Pyrrho- coroidea, and Coreoidea (see Schaefer, 1964, for a discussion of the relationships among these groups). Another superfamily, the Pentatomoidea, is less closely related. All four of these superfamilies have arolia and pseudarolia, and all four have trichobothria. Because they possess this last character in common, the four are grouped together under the name Heteroptera Trichophora (Tullgren, 1918), aname of no nomenclatorial standing but nevertheless convenient. Trichobothria are long hairs arising from often darkened sockets on the relatively bald abdominal venter. They are usually easy to distinguish from other hairs, because they are longer, have a darkened base, and are arranged symmetrically in a distinctive pattern on each segment. These patterns and the number of trichobothria in them are characteristic of the higher categories of the Trichophora. Since the trichophoran families are closely related, and since this close relation- ship has been established on evidence from other morphological features than trichobothria, one might look for phylogenetic significance in the variety of patterns. However, very little is known about the function and phylogenetic origin of trichobothria. I shall speculate here on their function and their phylogenetic significance, but more must be learned about trichobothria before speculation becomes knowledge.
A systematic review of proactive driver support systems and underlying technologies (2017)

Recently, there has been an incredible growth of recommender systems as well as proactive, context-oriented technologies, based on cloud services, ubiquitous computing and service-oriented architecture. This composition of techniques and technologies has made it possible to create intelligent support systems in areas with rapidly changing environment, like car driving. However, such systems are not yet widespread, and available prototypes, in most cases, are only useful for research trials, so their development remains an important issue. Thereby, this paper reviews the existing body of literature on recommender systems and related technologies in order to carry out their systematic analysis and draw the appropriate conclusions on the prospects for their development.
Integrated High-Quality Factor Optical Resonators in Diamond (2013)

The realization of an integrated diamond photonic platform, based on a thin single crystal diamond film on top of a silicon dioxide/silicon substrate, is reported. Using this approach, we demonstrate high-quality factor single crystal diamond race-track resonators, operating at near-infrared wavelengths (1550 nm). The devices are integrated with low-loss diamond waveguides terminated with polymer pads (spot size converters) to facilitate in- (out-) coupling of light from (to) an optical fiber. Optical characterization of these resonators reveal quality factors as high as ~250,000 and overall insertion losses as low as 1 dB/facet. Scattering induced mode splitting as well as signatures of nonlinear effects such as optical bistability are observed at an input pump power of ~100 mW in the waveguides.
Novel flip-chip interconnection technology for millimeter wave applications (2008)

This paper introduces a new gold-to-gold interconnection process for high precision flip-chip assemblies: the wedge stud bump bonding (WSBB). Miniature, precisely reproduced gold studs are formed in a first step on chip-side or substrate-side bond pads. Device attachment and electrical connections are established by means of a second step: an ultrasonic or thermo-compression bonding process which produces single- or multi-site micro welded contacts. The WSBB process is being successfully applied in millimeter wave hybrid multi chip module (MCM) fabrication. Motivation, requirements, impact on circuit performance and test results are given. As a practical example the surface mounting of Schottky diodes to form up- and down-converting mixers in a hybrid low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) -based front end is described. For the first step, the wedge stud bump (WSB) formation, very favorable results have been achieved with a double cross groove wedge tool, that creates two ridge-shaped micro bumps on top of a flat plateau. Its height above the substrate or chip surface with practically useful process parameters is approx. 10 mum. This plateau serves as spacer establishing a well-defined air-gap between device and substrate. The latter is crucial for good device and interconnects performance in the millimeter wave range. Using 25 mum Au wire the overall WSB footprint is 120 mum by 40 mum, with micro bump areas of 15 times 40 mum <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> on the top. Micro bumps project typically 20 mum above plateau prior to device attachment and are flattened down to negligible height during the later process step. Further miniaturization of WSBs is possible, limited by wedge bond process tolerances, feasible tool shape and wire diameter. Shear tests have shown typical break loads of 25 cN per WSB with two micro bumps.
Workload balancing in distributed virtual reality environments (2022)

Virtual Reality (VR) has grown to become state-of-the-art technology in many business- and consumer oriented E-Commerce applications. One of the major design challenges of VR environments is the placement of the rendering process. The rendering process converts the abstract description of a scene as contained in an object database to an image. This process is usually done at the client side like in VRML[1] a technology that requires the client’s computational power for smooth rendering. The vision of VR is also strongly connected to the issue of Quality of Service (QoS) as the perceived realism is subject to an interactive frame rate ranging from 10 to 30 frames-per-second (fps), real-time feedback mechanisms and realistic image quality. These requirements overwhelm traditional home computers or even high sophisticated graphical workstations over their limits. Our work therefore introduces an approach for a distributed rendering architecture that gracefully balances the workload between the client and a cluster-based server. We believe that a distributed rendering approach as described in this paper has three major benefits: It reduces the clients workload, it decreases the network traffic and it allows to re-use already rendered scenes. 1.
Simplified grasping and manipulation with dextrous robot hands (1986)

A method is presented for stably grasping two dimensional polygonal objects with a dextrous hand when object models are not available. Basic constraints on object vertex angles are found for feasible grasping with two fingers. Local tactile information can be used to determine the finger motion that will reach feasible grasping locations. With an appropriate choice of finger stiffnesses, a hand can automatically grasp these objects with two fingers. The bounded slip of a part in a hand is shown to be valuable for adapting the fingers and object to a stable situation. Examples are given to show the ability of this grasping method to accommodate disturbance forces and to perform simple part reorientations and regrasping operations.
TS Inhibitors and Antifolates (2002)

For many years, the chemotherapy of colorectal cancer has depended almost exclusively on the use of antimetabolite drugs. These drugs interfere with the normal metabolic processes within cells and are principally divided into two classes: the nucleoside analogs, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and gemcitabine, and the antifolates, which are discussed in this chapter.
Anthocyanins, Phenolics, and Antioxidant Capacity of Vaccinium L. in Texas, USA (2011)

Berries of Vaccinium spp. have long been an important source of food and pharmaceutical ingredients and are considered to have high antioxidant potential. Growing blueberries in Texas, United States is a substantial industry, but there is no report on their antioxidant capacity, total phenolics, and anthocyanins. This study evaluates antioxidant capacity and contents of total phenolics and anthocayanins in both fruits and leaves of 19 genotypes including five commercial cultivars and 11 selections of rabbiteye blueberry (V. ashei) and southern highbush (V. corymbosum hybrids), and three native species (V. darrowii, V. arboreum, and V. fuscatum) grown in Nacogdoches, Texas. Significant variations in antioxidant capacity (as measured by FRAP) and contents of total phenolics and anthocyanins in fruit were observed among different species, cultivars or selections with less variation observed among individual plants of the same genotype. Our data from rabbiteye blueberry selections and cultivars support the hypothesis that antioxidant capacity is more highly correlated to total phenolics than anthocyanins. The analysis of five species indicates that antioxidant activity decreased during ripening but total phenolics contents tended to increase with maturity. Antioxidant capacity, total phenolics, and anthocyanin content did not change significantly during storage at 4C or -20C for two weeks but decreased significantly when berries were oven dried at 65C for 48 h. Antioxidant capacity and total phenolics content in leaves of each genotype were 3 to 15 times higher than those in fruits.
Equation of state for charge-doping-induced deformation and hardening in cubic crystals (2017)

Charge doping would inevitably induce strain, which can significantly influence device performance but cannot be directly predicted by classical mechanical laws. Here we present a set of equations of states for deformable cubic crystals subjected to charge doping by introducing the quantum electronic stress at fixed lattice as equivalent mechanical pressure into the classical hydrostatic pressure-vs-deformation equations. The equations are proved to be efficient for all the cubic crystals considered in this work (diamond, Si, Ge, GaAs, Al, and ${\mathrm{ZrO}}_{2}$) by first-principles calculations. The proposed method and presented equations should pave a convenient way to predict doping effects on device performance.
Review: Modifications of Human Serum Albumin and their Binding Effect (2015)

Human serum albumin (HSA) regulates the transport and availability of numerous chemical compounds and molecules in the blood vascular system. While previous HSA research has found that HSA interacts with specific varieties of ligands, new research efforts aim to expand HSA's ability to interact with more different drugs in order to improve the delivery of various pharmacological drugs. This review will cover fatty acid chain and posttranslational modifications of HSA that potentially modulate how HSA interacts with various pharmacological drugs, including glycation, cysteinylation, S-nitrosylation, S-transnitrosation and S-guanylation.
Technical and Economic Analyses to Assess the Feasibility of Using Propellant - No. 2 Fuel Oil Slurries as Supplemental Fuels (1991)

There is currently a large inventory of obsolete conventional munitions and waste propellants. Current alternatives to storage are open burning/open detonation (OB/OD) and incineration to reduce the inventory of these materials. Since environmental impact of OB/OD is under intense scrutiny, the US Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency is conducting a program to determine the feasibility of using propellants as supplemental fuels for the Army's industrial combustors. The first propellant studied was a nitrocellulose containing 13.15% nitrogen by weight. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics, as well as the chemical compatibility, of nitrocellulose-solvent-No. 2 fuel oil solutions. Unfortunately, the tests using nitrocellulose indicated that solvation and mixing with No.2 fuel oil is questionable from a cost standpoint due to the low solubility of this material; an economic analysis did indicate potential cost effectiveness using propellant-No. 2 fuel oil slurries as supplemental fuels. A second project assessed the technical, economic, and safety aspects of using propellant-No. 2 fuel oil slurries as supplemental fuels. Materials studies were nitrocellulose, nitroguanidine, and AA2 double-base propellant. Similar laboratory tests were again conducted. This report discusses results from these tests as well as from an economic analysis of the process.
Environmental fluctuation governs selection for plasticity in biofilm production (2017)

Bacteria can grow in a free-swimming state, as planktonic cells, or in surface-attached communities, termed biofilms. The planktonic and biofilm growth modes differ dramatically with respect to spatial constraints, nutrient access, population density and cell-cell interactions. Fitness trade-offs underlie how successfully bacteria compete in each of these environments. Accordingly, some bacteria have evolved to be specialists in biofilm formation, while others specialize in planktonic growth. There are species, however, that possess flexible strategies: they can transition between the molecular programs required for biofilm formation and for planktonic growth. Such flexible strategies often sacrifice competitive ability against specialists in a given habitat. There is little exploration of the ecological conditions favoring the evolution of the flexible biofilm production strategy for bacteria in competition with specialist biofilm producers or specialist non-producers. Here, we study the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae, a flexible biofilm-former, as well as constitutive biofilm-producing and non-producing mutants. We assess the fitness of these strains under biofilm conditions, planktonic conditions and conditions that demand the ability to transition between the two growth modes. We show that, relative to the specialists, the wild type is superior at dispersal from biofilms to the planktonic phase; however, this capability comes at the expense of reduced competitive fitness against constitutive biofilm producers on surfaces. Wild-type V. cholerae can outcompete the constitutive biofilm producers and non-producers if habitat turnover is sufficiently frequent. Thus, selection for phenotypic flexibility in biofilm production depends on the frequency of environmental fluctuations encountered by bacteria.
Modulation of Age-Related Hyperparathyroidism and Senile Bone Loss in Fischer Rats by Soy Protein and Food Restriction* (1988)

Studies were carried out to explore the influence of soy protein and food restriction on age-related changes in serum PTH and bone. Three groups of male Fischer 344 rats were studied from 6 weeks of age. Group A rats were fed ad libitum diet A, which has casein as the protein source. Group B rats were fed diet B (with casein as protein source) at 60% of the mean ad libitum food intake. Group C rats were fed ad libitum diet C, which has soy protein as the protein source. The animals were killed at periodic intervals beginning at 6 months of age after an overnight fast. Serum PTH, measured with an intact N-terminal-specific RIA, and immunoreactive calcitonin increased progressively with aging. The increase was markedly suppressed by food restriction, and in the case of PTH by the soy protein diet as well. Serum creatinine started to increase after 18 months of age, and both dietary regimens of groups 2 and 3 retarded the increase. Aging was associated with a fall in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and loss of bone occurred during the terminal part of life in the ad libitum-fed animals. These were prevented by food restriction, while the soy protein diet delayed the onset of bone loss. We conclude from these findings and other data from this study that in the male F344 rats 1) an age-related increase in serum PTH precedes an age-related increase in serum creatinine concentration; 2) an age-related decline in renal function probably contributes to age-related hyperparathyroidism, which, in turn, contributes to senile bone loss; 3) food restriction inhibits age-related hyperparathyroidism and senile bone loss; 4) on the basis of the data from rats fed a soy protein-containing diet, a decline in renal function and progressive hyperparathyroidism are not inevitable consequences of aging in the ad libitum fed rats.
Effect of Gum arabic on distribution behavior of nanocellulose fillers in starch film (2011)

Uniform distribution of nanofillers in polymer matrix is posing a major challenge in exploiting the full potential of nanomaterials. Various fillers are being evaluated to improve the performance of biopolymer films like starch. In this work, nanocellulose is used as fillers to increase the performance characteristics of starch film. Due to high surface energy and hydrophilic nature of nanocellulose, they tend to aggregate during the film forming process. To circumvent this problem, Gum arabic (GA) was added to distribute the nanocellulose uniformly. GA helps in reduction of surface energy (as analyzed by contact angle) and thus facilitates the uniform distribution of nanocellulose (as demonstrated through polarized light microscopy). Nanocellulose as filler improved the tensile strength of starch film by 2.5 times while that of uniformly distributed nanocellulose by 3.5 times. Moreover, while nanocellulose as such could reduce the water vapor permeability of starch film by 1.4 times, uniformly distributed nanocellulose reduced it by 2 times proving the importance of GA. Starch film filled with nanocellulose and GA will be a 100% biopolymer-based system having potential demand in eco-friendly applications.