gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurements for structural logic synthesis optimizations (2003)

Routability or wiring congestion in a very large scale integration chip is becoming increasingly important as chip complexity increases. Congestion has a significant impact on performance, yield, and chip area. Although advances in placement algorithms have attempted to alleviate this problem, the inherent structure of the logic netlist has a significant impact on the routability irrespective of the placement algorithm used. Placement algorithms find optimal assignments of locations to the logic and do not have the ability to change the netlist structure. Significant decisions regarding the circuit structure are made early in synthesis during the technology-independent logic-optimization step. Optimizations in this step use literal count as a metric for optimization and do not adequately capture the intrinsic entanglement of the netlist. Two circuits with identical literal counts may have significantly different congestion characteristics after placement. In this paper, we postulate that a property of the network structure called adhesion can make a significant contribution to routing congestion. We then provide a metric to measure this property. We evaluate the utility of adhesion as measured by this metric to estimate and optimize postrouting congestion early in the design flow. A heuristic for measuring adhesion is evaluated as well.
Reconfigurable infrared hyperbolic metasurfaces using phase-change materials (Conference Presentation) (2019)

Metasurfaces control light propagation at the nanoscale for applications in both free-space and surface-confined geometries. However, all recent designs have exhibited concepts using geometrically fixed structures, or used materials with excessive propagation losses, thereby limiting potential applications. Here we show how to overcome these limitations using a reconfigurable hyperbolic metasurface comprising a heterostructure of isotopically enriched hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) in direct contact with a phase-change material (PCM), single crystal vanadium dioxide (VO2). Metallic and dielectric domains in VO2 provide spatially localized changes in the local dielectric environment to tune the wavelength of hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) supported in hBN by a factor of 1.6. This contrasts with earlier work using surface phonon polaritons, where propagation could only be observed above a low-loss dielectric phase. We demonstrate the first realization of in-plane HPhP refraction, which obeys Snell’s law and the means for launching, reflecting and transmitting HPhPs at the PCM domain boundaries. To demonstrate practical applications of this platform, we show how hBN could be combined with either VO2 or GeSbTe glasses to make refractive nanophotonic waveguides and lenses. This approach offers control of in-plane HPhP propagation at the nanoscale and exemplifies a reconfigurable framework combining hyperbolic media and PCMs to design new optical functionalities including resonant cavities, beam steering and waveguiding.
Experimental Observation of Strong Photon Localization in Disordered Photonic Crystal Waveguides (2007)

We demonstrate experimentally that structural perturbations imposed on highly dispersive photonic crystal-based waveguides give rise to spectral features that bear signatures of Anderson localization. Sharp resonances with effective Q's of over 30 000 are found in scattering spectra of disordered waveguides. The resonances are observed in a approximately 20-nm bandwidth centered at the cutoff of slowly guided Bloch modes. The origin of the spectral features can be explained by the interference of coherently scattered electromagnetic waves which results in the formation of a narrow impurity (or localization) band populated with spectrally distinct quasistates. Standard photon localization criteria are fulfilled in the localization band.
Study of nanometer-thick graphite film for high-power EUVL pellicle (2016)

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography has received much attention in the semiconductor industry as a promising candidate to extend dimensional scaling beyond 10nm. Recently EUV pellicle introduction is required to improve particle level inside scanner for EUV mass production. We demonstrate that a new pellicle material, nanometer-thick graphite film (NGF), is one of the best candidates of EUV pellicle membrane. A NGF pellicle with excellent thermal (ε≥0.4 @R.T, <100nm), mechanical (415MPa @~100nm), chemical and optical (24hrs durability under exposure of EUV/H<sub>2</sub> at 4W/cm<sup>2</sup> with pH<sub>2</sub>~5Pa) properties can be a promising and superb candidate for EUV pellicle membrane compared to Si pellicles with capping layers.
Dynamic Inclination Measurement for Five Degrees-of-Freedom Robots (2011)

Inclination measurement for purpose of balancing of robots has traditionally been accomplished using Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) which use linear acceleration measurement and gyroscope data. This provides inclination measurement relative to an absolute axis (or coordinate system) and is subject to drift. The Vestibular Dynamic Inclinometer (VDI), motivated by the human vestibular system in the human ear, has been introduced for inclination measurement in case of one-dimensional motion (rotation) of robots. This paper extends the Vestibular Dynamic Inclinometer (VDI) to inclination measurement for five degrees-of-freedom of robots (planar motion of the base and two degrees-of-freedom serial chain), thus, proposing the planar Vestibular Dynamic Inclinometer (pVDI). The proposed design of the pVDI sensor comprises of one triaxial gyroscope and strategically placed four dual-axis linear accelerometers. The concept of Dynamic Equilibrium Axis (DEA), the axis along which the robot/body is at equilibrium is also discussed. The inclination angle obtained from the pVDI is relative to the DEA. A closed form solution to calculate the inclination from the DEA, other inclination parameters and the magnitude of acceleration of the platform/surface of contact is discussed. The planar Vestibular Dynamic Inclinometer (pVDI) yields in the general case, irrespective of acceleration of the platform/surface of contact or sensor array location, a fully effective dynamic inclinometer, which continually senses the inclination from the axis of stability (DEA), and is not subject to drift or integration errors. As the purpose of robot balancing is to bring into alignment the robot and the axis of equilibrium, the inclination measurements obtained from the pVDI are ideal candidates for control input.
Novel Six-Slot Four-Pole Axial Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machine for Electric Vehicle (2016)

This paper proposes several novel 6-slot/4-pole axial flux-switching machine topologies for electric and hybrid electric vehicles. The proposed topologies include stator shifting, rotor shifting, and a combination of shifting both the stator and the rotor. The proposed topologies eliminate the even harmonics of the flux linkage that create unbalanced flux linkage in the traditional 6-slot/4-pole machine. Fundamental frequency will be reduced by 60% compared with a 12-slot/10-pole axial flux-switching machine without unbalanced flux linkage. An analytical method is used to find the offset angle between stator a-axis and the rotor pole axis to realize the elimination of even harmonics of the flux linkage. The analytical method is verified by finite-element analysis and experiments. The results confirm that the proposed novel topologies efficiently eliminate the even harmonics of the flux linkage in the 6-slot/4-pole machine.
eFlow: a platform for developing and managing composite e-services (2002)

Today, companies are using the Web to connect with their back-end systems and perform e-commerce transactions. The next chapter of the Internet story is the evolution of today's access/content focused portals into e-services hubs. While many traditional services become available on the Internet as e-services, almost all of them are single point services. In order to offer higher value, end-to-end services, it should be possible to compose, customize, and deploy e-services in a very flexible and efficient way. To support e-service delivery, we have developed a platform, called eFlow, that provides the service developer with a simple, easy to use, yet powerful mechanism for defining the composite service starting from basic services. Composite services can be preassembled or created on the fly, and can dynamically adapt to changes in the business environment, such as the introduction of new basic services. In addition, eFlow includes components that allow users to monitor, analyze, and modify a service while in execution.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Diphenyl Phosphonate Esters as Inhibitors of the Trypsin-like Granzymes A and K and Mast Cell Tryptase (1998)

Thirty-six new amino acid and peptidyl diphenyl phosphonate esters were synthesized and evaluated to identify potent and selective inhibitors for four trypsin-like proteases: lymphocyte granzymes A and K, human mast cell tryptase, and pancreatic trypsin. Among five Cbz derivatives of Lys and Arg homologues, Z-(4-AmPhe)P(OPh)2 is the most potent inhibitor for granzyme A, and Z-LysP(OPh)2 is the best inhibitor for granzyme K, mast tryptase, and trypsin. The amidino P1 residue D,L-(4-AmPhGly)P(OPh)2 was utilized in a series of compounds with several different N-protecting groups and systematic substitutions at P2 in Cbz-AA derivatives and at P3 in Cbz-AA-Ala derivatives. Generally, these phosphonates inhibit granzyme A and trypsin more potently than granzyme K and tryptase. The P2 Thr and Ala dipeptide phosphonates, Cbz-AA-(4-AmPhGly)P(OPh)2, are the most potent inhibitors for granzyme A, and Cbz-Thr-(4-AmPhGly)P(OPh)2 (kobs/[I] = 2220 M-1 s-1) was quite specific with much lower inhibition rates for granzyme K and trypsin (kobs/[I] = 3 and 97 M-1 s-1, respectively) and no inhibition with tryptase. The most effective inhibitor of granzyme A was Ph-SO2-Gly-Pro-(4-AmPhGly)P(OPh)2 with a second-order rate constant of 3650 M-1 s-1. The most potent inhibitor for granzyme K was 3, 3-diphenylpropanoyl-Pro-(4-AmPhGly)P(OPh)2 with a kobs/[I] = 1830 M-1 s-1; all other phosphonates inhibited granzyme K weakly (kobs/[I] < 60 M-1 s-1). Human mast cell tryptase was inhibited slowly by these phosphonates with Cbz-LysP(OPh)2 as the best inhibitor (kobs/[I] = 89 M-1 s-1). The overall results suggest that scaffolds of Phe-Thr-(4-AmPhe) and Phe-Pro-Lys will be useful to create selective phosphonate inhibitors for granzymes A and K, respectively, and that P4 substituents offer opportunities to further enhance selectivity and reactivity.
In Vitro and In Vivo Studies with a Series of Hexapeptide Endothelin Antagonists (1993)

The effects of different amino acids incorporated into the 16 and 17 positions of the C-terminal hexapeptide of ET-1 were examined. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the ET receptor antagonists PD 142893 [Ac-(D-Dip16-L-Leu17-L-Asp-L-Ile-L-Ile-L-Trp) (D-Dip = 3,3-D-diphenylalanine)] and PD 145065 [Ac-(D-Bhg16-L-Leu17-L-Asp-L-Ile-L-Ile-L-Trp) (D-Bhg = 5H-dibenzyl[a,d]cycloheptene-10,11-dihydro-glycine)] uncovered certain requirements for high potency. The disodium salt of PD 145065 has 4.0 and 15 nM binding affinity (IC50 values) for the ETA (rabbit renal artery vascular smooth-muscle cells) and ETB receptor (rat cerebellum), respectively. The compound is also an antagonist of ET-1- and SRTX-6c-stimulated vasoconstrictor activity, with pA2 values of 6.9 (rabbit femoral artery, ETA assay) and 7.1 (rabbit pulmonary artery, ETB assay). The tripeptidic ETA antagonist FR 139317 was found to be less active in the rabbit femoral artery, with a pA2 value of 6.0, and inactive in the rabbit pulmonary artery. Substitution of acidic and basic residues at position 17 in PD 142893 and PD 145065 indicates differences in selectivity. Incorporation of bulky non-natural amino acids at position 16 has led to potent nonselective analogues, including Ac-D-Bheg16-L-Leu-L-Asp-L-Ile-L-Ile-L-Trp [D-Bheg (5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene glycine)]. The in vivo effects of single-bolus doses of selected ET antagonists on depressor and pressor responses to ET-1 in anesthetized ganglion-blocked rats were evaluated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
High dynamic range CMOS image sensor with pixel level ADC and in-situ image enhancement (2005)

We describe a CMOS image sensor with pixel level analog to digital conversion (ADC) having high dynamic range (>100db) and the capability of performing many image processing functions at the pixel level during image capture. The sensor has a 102x98 pixel array and is implemented in a 0.18um CMOS process technology. Each pixel is 15.5um x15.5um with 15% fill factor and is comprised of a comparator, two 10 bit memory registers and control logic. A digital to analog converter and system processor are located off-chip. The photodetector produces a photocurrent yielding a photo-voltage proportional to the impinging light intensity. Once the photo-voltage is less than a predetermined global reference voltage; a global code value is latched into the pixel data buffer. This process prevents voltage saturation resulting in high dynamic range imaging. Upon completion of image capture, a digital representation of the image exists at the pixel array, thereby, allowing image data to be accessed in a parallel fashion from the focal plane array. It is demonstrated that by appropriate variation of the global reference voltage with time, it is possible to perform, during image capture, thresholding and image enhancement operations, such as, contrast stretching in a parallel manner.
Design of Surfactant Protein B Peptide Mimics Based on the Saposin Fold for Synthetic Lung Surfactants (2016)

Surfactant protein (SP)-B is a 79-residue polypeptide crucial for the biophysical and physiological function of endogenous lung surfactant. SP-B is a member of the Saposin or Saposin-like proteins (SAPLIP) family of proteins that share an overall three-dimensional folding pattern based on secondary structures and disulfide connectivity and exhibit a wide diversity of biological functions. Here we review the synthesis, molecular biophysics and activity of synthetic analogs of Saposin proteins designed to mimic those interactions of the parent proteins with lipids that enhance interfacial activity. Saposin proteins generally interact with target lipids as either monomers or multimers via well-defined amphipathic helices, flexible hinge domains, and insertion sequences. Based on the known 3D-structural motif for the Saposin family, we show how bioengineering techniques may be used to develop minimal peptide constructs that maintain desirable structural properties and activities in biomedical applications. One important application is the molecular design, synthesis and activity of Saposin mimics based on the SP-B structure. Synthetic lung surfactants containing active SP-B analogs may be potentially useful in treating diseases of surfactant deficiency or dysfunction including the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Consideration set generation in commerce search (2011)

In commerce search, the set of products returned by a search engine often forms the basis for all user interactions leading up to a potential transaction on the web. Such a set of products is known as the consideration set. In this study, we consider the problem of generating consideration set of products in commerce search so as to maximize user satisfaction. One of the key features of commerce search that we exploit in our study is the association of a set of important attributes with the products and a set of specified attributes with the user queries. Those important attributes not used in the query are treated as unspecified. The attribute space admits a natural definition of user satisfaction via user preferences on the attributes and their values, viz. require that the surfaced products be close to the specified attribute values in the query, and diverse with respect to the unspecified attributes. We model this as a general Max-Sum Dispersion problem wherein we are given a set of n nodes in a metric space and the objective is to select a subset of nodes with total cost at most a given budget, and maximize the sum of the pairwise distances between the selected nodes. In our setting, each node denotes a product, the cost of a node being inversely proportional to its relevance with respect to specified attributes. The distance between two nodes quantifies the diversity with respect to the unspecified attributes. The problem is NP-hard and a 2-approximation was previously known only when all the nodes have unit cost.
ChemInform Abstract: Analogues of the Antiviral Acyclonucleoside 9‐(4‐Hydroxy‐3‐hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine. Part 3. Modification of a 3′‐Hydroxymethyl Group. (1989)

Abstract Syntheses of the analogues (II), (V) and (VII) of the acyclonucleoside (XI) are performed using the precursors (I), (IV), (VI), the synthesis of which is described.
Closed-Loop Artificial Pancreas Using Subcutaneous Glucose Sensing and Insulin Delivery and a Model Predictive Control Algorithm: The Virginia Experience (2009)

Model predictive closed-loop control of BG levels can be achieved overnight and following a standardized breakfast meal. This "artificial pancreas" controls BG levels as effectively as patient-directed open-loop control following a morning meal but is significantly superior to open-loop control in preventing overnight hypoglycemia.
Monoclonal antibody SM047 as an immunohistochemical marker of ovarian adenocarcinoma (2001)

SM047 is strongly expressed in most ovarian serous adenocarcinomas and in other female genital tract adenocarcinomas, with the exception of ovarian mucinous tumours. The antibody may be useful in confirming the ovarian origin of an adenocarcinoma when used as part of a larger panel. This is especially so in the distinction between a non-mucinous ovarian adenocarcinoma, which usually exhibits strong membranous staining, and a colonic adenocarcinoma which is usually negative or exhibits weak cytoplasmic staining. These findings need to be confirmed by further study of larger numbers of cases.
Spectral Transition in Bio‐Inspired Self‐Assembled Peptide Nucleic Acid Photonic Crystals (2016)

The self-assembly of guanine-based peptide nucleic acid monomers into photonic crystals is described. A highly reflective lattice of guanine nanocrystals is found in the skin and ocular tissues of different species providing vivid structural colors. The fabricated guanine-based supramolecular structures respond to changes in osmolarity similar to the active spectral change mechanism employed by chameleons.
A folded 32-bit prefix tree adder in 0.16-μm static CMOS (2002)

This paper presents a new prefix tree adder that is faster than previously published adder designs. The speed improvement is achieved by rearranging the logic for the computation of the sum bits in the final stage of the adder so as to exploit the differing delays with which the group-transmit, group-generate, and carries (at each and every bit position) are generated. Previous adder designs, either used group transmit signals or group propagate signals to build prefix tree for carry generation. They did not exploit the fact that in the last stage of the parallel prefix carry tree, this difference can allow rearranging of the logic for reduced logic depth. For designs where a uniform layout of the adder is not a big concern (e.g., in communication and signal processing custom chips), the negative effect of interconnect delays at the last stage of the adder can be reduced by employing a left-to-right routing of the most-significant group generate and group-transmit signals. This is useful for large word-length (greater or equal to 32) adders. Incorporating these improvements into the adder design has resulted in about 15% improvement in speed over previously proposed adder designs. A 32-bit radix-2 prefix tree adder implementation of the proposed scheme has a delay of 0.7 ns at 1.5 volts 100 C in the Lucent's 0.16-/spl mu/m static CMOS technology.
Improving balance technique for high frequency common mode noise reduction in boost PFC converters (2008)

The objective of this paper is to investigate and improve the high frequency noise reduction performance of common mode (CM) noise reduction techniques. Balance technique is chosen as the research object. High frequency model of balanced boost PFC converter is derived and important parasitics and parameters in the model are studied. Effects of coupling coefficient, turns ratio and inductor impedance on high frequency CM noise are discussed in detail. According to the model, high frequency resonance due to serial LC network causes high CM noise peak. Turns ratio has significant impact on the noise peak level. Core and winding structure of boost inductors is another important aspect for high frequency CM noise. Design guidelines for implementing balance are summarized to achieve best high frequency CM noise reduction. Boost PFC prototype with CM EMI filter was built to verify the proposed CM noise model and noise reduction methods. Finally, the effect of grounding point on CM EMI filter performance is also studied.
Supramolecular hydrogels based on the epitope of potassium ion channels (2011)

Imparting aromatic-aromatic interactions to the potassium binding epitope affords a supramolecular hydrogelator that responds to the K(+) concentration by self-assembly into nanofibers of different widths and crosslinking patterns, which illustrates a simple approach to generate biomimic materials based on tunable, hierarchical self-assembly of small molecules.
Dealing with (some of) the fallout from meltdown (2021)

The meltdown vulnerability allows users to read kernel memory by exploiting a hardware flaw in speculative execution. Processor vendors recommend "page table isolation" (PTI) as a software fix, but PTI can significantly degrade the performance of system-call-heavy programs. Leveraging the fact that 32-bit pointers cannot access 64-bit kernel memory, we propose "Shrink", a safe alternative to PTI, which is applicable to programs capable of running in 32-bit address spaces. We show that Shrink can restore the performance of some workloads, suggest additional potential alternatives, and argue that vendors must be more open about hardware flaws to allow developers to design protection schemes that are safe and performant.
A Programmable Architecture for Robot Motion Planning Acceleration (2019)

We have designed a programmable architecture to accelerate collision detection and graph search, two of the principal components of robotic motion planning. The programmability enables the architecture to be applied to a wide range of different robots and motion planning applications. We present the architecture of our accelerator and describe and evaluate its microarchitecture implementation.
H.264 stream replacement watermarking with CABAC encoding (2010)

This paper describes a watermarking method to directly embed information into a CABAC entropy coded H.264/AVC stream. In theory, modification of a part of an arithmetically coded stream will cause the rest of the stream to be misinterpreted and thus become undecodable. However, the method presented in this paper exploits a feature in the fixed-point integer implementation of the arithmetic coding to allow modifications without introducing such errors. Most of the hard work in this method goes into looking for watermarkable locations and building an embedding table during an analysis stage. This table identifies small segments of data in the encoded stream that can be replaced and identifies one or more replacement values. The embedding process is then very fast. It involves replacing each identified segment with one of the alternative values from the table. The choice of alternative is informed by the payload to be embedded. The resulting bitstream is guaranteed to be compliant with the H.264/AVC standard.