gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia as a therapy for mitochondrial disease (2016)

Defects in the mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) underlie a spectrum of human conditions, ranging from devastating inborn errors of metabolism to aging. We performed a genome-wide Cas9-mediated screen to identify factors that are protective during RC inhibition. Our results highlight the hypoxia response, an endogenous program evolved to adapt to limited oxygen availability. Genetic or small-molecule activation of the hypoxia response is protective against mitochondrial toxicity in cultured cells and zebrafish models. Chronic hypoxia leads to a marked improvement in survival, body weight, body temperature, behavior, neuropathology, and disease biomarkers in a genetic mouse model of Leigh syndrome, the most common pediatric manifestation of mitochondrial disease. Further preclinical studies are required to assess whether hypoxic exposure can be developed into a safe and effective treatment for human diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
Short Message Noisy Network Coding with Rate Splitting (2014)

Short message noisy network coding with rate splitting (SNNC-RS) encoding strategy is presented. It has been shown by Hou and Kramer that mixed cooperative strategies in which relays in favorable positions perform decode-and-forward (DF) and the rest of the relays perform short message noisy network coding (SNNC) can outperform noisy network coding (NNC). Our proposed strategy further improves the rate performance of such mixed SNNC-DF cooperative strategy. In the proposed scheme, superposition coding is incorporated into the SNNC encoding in order to facilitate partial interference cancellation at DF relays, thereby increasing the overall rate. To demonstrate gains of the proposed SNNC-RS strategy, the achievable rate is analyzed for the discrete memoryless two-relay network with one DF relay and one SNNC-RS relay and compared to the case without rate-splitting. The obtained rate is evaluated in the Gaussian two-relay network and gains over the rate achieved without rate splitting are demonstrated.
Effect of hormonal variation on in vivo high wavenumber Raman spectra improves cervical precancer detection (2012)

Raman spectroscopy is a unique analytical probe for molecular vibration and is capable of providing specific spectroscopic fingerprints of molecular compositions and structures of biological tissues. The aim of this study is to improve the classification accuracy of cervical precancer by characterizing the variations in the normal high wavenumber (HW - 2800-3700cm<sup>-1</sup>) Raman spectra arising from the menopausal status of the cervix. A rapidacquisition near-infrared (NIR) Raman spectroscopic system was used for <i>in vivo</i> tissue Raman measurements at 785 nm excitation. Individual HW Raman spectrum was measured with a 5s exposure time from both normal and precancer tissue sites of 15 patients recruited. The acquired Raman spectra were stratified based on the menopausal status of the cervix before the data analysis. Significant differences were noticed in Raman intensities of prominent band at 2924 cm<sup>-1</sup> (CH<sub>3</sub> stretching of proteins) and the broad water Raman band (in the 3100-3700 cm<sup>-1</sup> range) with a peak at 3390 cm<sup>-1</sup> in normal and dysplasia cervical tissue sites. Multivariate diagnostic decision algorithm based on principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was utilized to successfully differentiate the normal and precancer cervical tissue sites. By considering the variations in the Raman spectra of normal cervix due to the hormonal or menopausal status of women, the diagnostic accuracy was improved from 71 to 91%. By incorporating these variations prior to tissue classification, we can significantly improve the accuracy of cervical precancer detection using HW Raman spectroscopy.
Effect of Ti and Si on Precipitation Hardening of Martensitic Stainless Steel (1986)

The effects of Ti and Si on the age-hardening response and ductility after aging were studied for low C, N-14Cr-7Ni martensitic stainless steel, and the main results obtained are as follows:(1) The age-hardening response of steels containing Ti singly is dependent on the logarithm of effective Ti contents ([Ti]) and the effect of [Ti] is almost the same as that in Fe-18Ni alloy.(2) While the age-hardening response of steels containing Si alone is small, that of steels containing Ti in the presence of more than 2 at% Si is very large. In this case, the effects of [Ti] and Si on the equal age-hardening response are dependent on the value of ln[Ti]6Si7. This can be explained by the solubility of G phase (Ni16Ti6Si7) in matrix.(3) In the steels containing both Ti and Si, the age-hardening rate is controlled by the super saturation of G phase.(4) A higher ductility of steels can be attained at higher strength level by combined additions of Ti and Si than by single addition of Ti. This is explained by the fact that in the latter steels δ phases (Ni3Ti) precipitate easily along grain boundaries and intergranular fractures occur at lower stress level.
Influence of Coolant Tube on Film Cooling Effectiveness as Detected by Infrared Imagery (1979)

SUMMARY Reported herein are thermal film-cooling footprints observed by infrared imagery from straight, curved, and looped coolant tube geometries. It was hypothesized that the differences in secondary flow and in the turbulence structure of flow through these three tubes should influence the mixing behavior of the coolant and the main stream. The coolant was injected across an adiabatic plate through a hole angled at 30' to the surface and in line with the free-stream flow. The data cover a range of blowing rates (mass flow per unit area of coolant divided by free-stream flow from 0.37 to 1.25. The aver- age temperature difference between coolant and tunnel air was 25' C. Data comparisons confirmed that coolant-tube curvature significantly influences the effectiveness of film cooling. At the blowing rates of 0.37 to 0.54, the curved coolant tube was more effective than the straight tube by as much as 16 to
Sacubitril/Valsartan Across the Spectrum of Ejection Fraction in Heart Failure (2019)

Background: While disease-modifying therapies exist for heart failure (HF) with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), few options are available for patients in the higher range of LVEF (>40%). Sacubitril/valsartan has been compared with a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone–system inhibitor alone in 2 similarly designed clinical trials of patients with reduced and preserved LVEF, permitting examination of its effects across the full spectrum of LVEF. Methods: We combined data from PARADIGM-HF (LVEF eligibility≤40%; n=8399) and PARAGON-HF (LVEF eligibility≥45%; n=4796) in a prespecified pooled analysis. We divided randomized patients into LVEF categories: ≤22.5% (n=1269), >22.5% to 32.5% (n=3987), >32.5% to 42.5% (n=3143), > 42.5% to 52.5% (n=1427), > 52.5% to 62.5% (n=2166), and >62.5% (n=1202). We assessed time to first cardiovascular death and HF hospitalization, its components, and total heart failure hospitlizations, all-cause mortality, and noncardiovascular mortality. Incidence rates and treatment effects were examined across categories of LVEF. Results: Among 13 195 randomized patients, we observed lower rates of cardiovascular death and HF hospitalization, but similar rates of noncardiovascular death, among patients in the highest versus the lowest groups. Overall sacubitril/valsartan was superior to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone–system inhibition for first cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization (Hazard Ratio [HR] 0.84 [95% CI, 0.78–0.90]), cardiovascular death (HR 0.84 [95% CI, 0.76–0.92]), heart failure hospitalization (HR 0.84 [95% CI, 0.77–0.91]), and all-cause mortality (HR 0.88 [95% CI, 0.81–0.96]). The effect of sacubitril/valsartan was modified by LVEF (treatment-by-continuous LVEF interaction P =0.02), and benefit appeared to be present for individuals with EF primarily below the normal range, although the treatment benefit for cardiovascular death diminished at a lower ejection fraction. We observed effect modification by LVEF on the efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan in both men and women with respect to composite total HF hospitalizations and cardiovascular death, although women derived benefit to higher ejection fractions. Conclusions: The therapeutic effects of sacubitril/valsartan, compared with a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone–system inhibitor alone, vary by LVEF with treatment benefits, particularly for heart failure hospitalization, that appear to extend to patients with heart failure and mildly reduced ejection fraction. These therapeutic benefits appeared to extend to a higher LVEF range in women compared with men. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifiers: NCT01920711 (PARAGON-HF), NCT01035255 (PARADIGM-HF).
Lignin depolymerisation by nickel supported layered-double hydroxide catalysts (2013)

Lignin depolymerisation is traditionally facilitated with homogeneous acid or alkaline catalysts. Given the effectiveness of homogeneous basic catalysts for lignin depolymerisation, here, heterogeneous solid-base catalysts are screened for C–O bond cleavage using a model compound that exhibits a common aryl–ether linkage in lignin. Hydrotalcite (HTC), a layered double hydroxide (LDH), is used as a support material as it readily harbours hydroxide anions in the brucite-like layers, which are hypothesised to participate in catalysis. A 5 wt% Ni/HTC catalyst is particularly effective at C–O bond cleavage of a model dimer at 270 °C without nickel reduction, yielding products from C–O bond cleavage identical to those derived from a base-catalysed mechanism. The 5% Ni-HTC catalyst is shown to depolymerise two types of biomass-derived lignin, namely Organosolv and ball-milled lignin, which produces alkyl-aromatic products. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy show that the nickel is well dispersed and converts to a mixed valence nickel oxide upon loading onto the HTC support. The structure of the catalyst was characterised by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, which demonstrates partial dehydration upon reaction, concomitant with a base-catalysed mechanism employing hydroxide for C–O bond cleavage. However, the reaction does not alter the overall catalyst microstructure, and nickel does not appreciably leach from the catalyst. This study demonstrates that nickel oxide on a solid-basic support can function as an effective lignin depolymerisation catalyst without the need for external hydrogen and reduced metal, and suggests that LDHs offer a novel, active support in multifunctional catalyst applications.
Focusing of hard x-rays to 16 nanometers with a multilayer Laue lens (2008)

We report improved results for hard x-ray focusing using a multilayer Laue lens (MLL). We have measured a line focus of 16nm width with an efficiency of 31% at a wavelength λ=0.064nm (19.5keV) using a partial MLL structure with an outermost zone width of 5nm. The results are in good agreement with the theoretically predicted performance.
Fleshy Fruit Expansion and Ripening Are Regulated by the Tomato <i>SHATTERPROOF</i> Gene <i>TAGL1</i>   (2009)

The maturation and ripening of fleshy fruits is a developmental program that synchronizes seed maturation with metabolism, rendering fruit tissues desirable to seed dispersing organisms. Through RNA interference repression, we show that Tomato AGAMOUS-LIKE1 (TAGL1), the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) ortholog of the duplicated SHATTERPROOF (SHP) MADS box genes of Arabidopsis thaliana, is necessary for fruit ripening. Tomato plants with reduced TAGL1 mRNA produced yellow-orange fruit with reduced carotenoids and thin pericarps. These fruit are also decreased in ethylene, indicating a comprehensive inhibition of maturation mediated through reduced ACC Synthase 2 expression. Furthermore, ectopic expression of TAGL1 in tomato resulted in expansion of sepals and accumulation of lycopene, supporting the role of TAGL1 in ripening. In Arabidopsis, the duplicate SHP1 and SHP2 MADS box genes regulate the development of separation layers essential for pod shatter. Expression of TAGL1 in Arabidopsis failed to completely rescue the shp1 shp2 mutant phenotypes, indicating that TAGL1 has evolved distinct molecular functions compared with its Arabidopsis counterparts. These analyses demonstrate that TAGL1 plays an important role in regulating both fleshy fruit expansion and the ripening process that together are necessary to promote seed dispersal of fleshy fruit. From this broad perspective, SHP1/2 and TAGL1, while distinct in molecular function, regulate similar activities via their necessity for seed dispersal in Arabidopsis and tomato, respectively.
Electrorheology of Polystyrene Filler/Polyhedral Silsesquioxane Suspensions (2012)

An important challenge in the field of electrorheology is identifying low-viscosity fluids that would exhibit significant changes in viscosity, or a yield stress, upon the application of an external electric field. Our recent research showed that optimal compositions of mixtures, 10 wt % sulfonated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (s-POSS) mixed with polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS), exhibited significant electrorheological activity. Here we show that s-POSS/PDMS mixtures containing polystyrene (PS) fillers, of micrometer-sized dimensions, containing as little as ~1 wt % s-POSS, exhibited an increase in ER activity by an order of magnitude, beyond that of s-POSS/PDMS mixtures. The dynamic yield stress was found to scale with the particle diameter, a, as τ(y) is proportional to a(0.5) and with the electric field as τ(y) is proportional to E(1.5-2.5); this behavior is reasonably well understood within the context of dielectric electrorheological theory.
Electroactive Nanostructured Polymers as Tunable Actuators (2007)

Lightweight and conformable electroactive actuators stimulated by low electric fields are required for emerging responsive technologies. In this work, we demonstrate that selectively swollen triblock copolymers yield electroactive nanostructured polymers (ENPs) that exhibit excellent displacement (>200% areal strain) under an applied electric field (see figure). Such ENPs possess properties that can be broadly tailored and represent a viable avenue to designer organic actuators for advanced engineering, biomimetic, and biomedical applications.
Freeform Surfaces for Progressive Spectacle Lenses (2013)

A general design method for progressive spectacle lenses is described, and emphasis is put on optical correction examples of modern progressives having a simple spherical front surface and a complex freeform back surface.
Comparison of the phenotype of NK1R−/− mice with pharmacological blockade of the substance P (NK 1 ) receptor in assays for antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs (2001)

The phenotype of NK1R-/- mice was compared with that of acute pharmacological blockade of the tachykinin NK1 receptor on sensorimotor function and in assays relevant to depressive illness and anxiety. The dose range for L-760735 and GR205171 that was associated with functional blockade of central NK1 receptors in the target species was established by antagonism of the behavioural effects of intracerebroventricular NK1 agonist challenge in gerbils, mice and rats. The caudal grooming and scratching response to GR73632 was absent in NK1R-/- mice, confirming that the receptor had been genetically ablated. There was no evidence of sedation or motor impairment in NK1R-/- mice or following administration of L-760735 to gerbils, even at doses in excess of those required for central NK1 receptor occupancy. In the resident-intruder and forced swim test, the behaviour of NK1R-/- mice, or animals treated acutely with L-760735 or GR205171, resembled that seen with the clinically used antidepressant drug fluoxetine. However, the effects of GR205171 were not clearly enantioselective in mice. In contrast, although NK1R-/- mice also exhibited an increase in the duration of struggle behaviour in the tail suspension test, this was not observed following pharmacological blockade with L-760735 in gerbils or GR205171 in mice, suggesting that this may reflect a developmental alteration in the knockout mouse. There was no effect of NK1 receptor blockade with L-760735 in guinea-pigs or GR205171 in rats, or deletion of the NK1 receptor in mice, on behaviour in the elevated plus-maze test for anxiolytic activity. These findings extend previous observations on the phenotype of the NK1R-/- mouse and establish a broadly similar profile following acute pharmacological blockade of the receptor. These studies also serve to underscore the limitations of currently available antagonists that are suitable for use in rat and mouse behavioural assays.
Generation of Multipotential Mesendodermal Progenitors from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells via Sustained Wnt Pathway Activation (2007)

Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are capable of differentiating into cell types belonging to all three germ layers within the body, which makes them an interesting and intense field of research. Inefficient specific differentiation and contamination with unwanted cell types are the major issues in the use of ESCs in regenerative medicine. Lineage-specific progenitors generated from ESCs could be utilized to circumvent the issue. We demonstrate here that sustained activation of the Wnt pathway (using Wnt3A or an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta) in multiple mouse and human ESCs results in meso/endoderm-specific differentiation. Using monolayer culture conditions, we have generated multipotential "mesendodermal progenitor clones" (MPC) from mouse ESCs by sustained Wnt pathway activation. MPCs express increased levels of meso/endodermal and mesendodermal markers and exhibit a stable phenotype in culture over a year. The MPCs have enhanced potential to differentiate along endothelial, cardiac, vascular smooth muscle, and skeletal lineages than undifferentiated ESCs. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the Wnt pathway activation can be utilized to generate lineage-specific progenitors from ESCs, which can be further differentiated into desired organ-specific cells.
Studies on Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Vaccination of 5-Day-Old Piglets (2011)

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines have become widely used since they became available in 2006. It is not uncommon for producers to use PCV2 vaccines in pigs younger than what is approved by manufacturers. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a chimeric and a subunit PCV2 vaccine administered at 5 or 21 days of age. Forty-eight PCV2-naïve piglets were randomly divided into six groups of eight pigs each. Vaccination was done at day 5 or day 21, followed by triple challenge with PCV2, porcine parvovirus (PPV), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) at day 49. Vaccinated pigs seroconverted to PCV2 approximately 14 days postvaccination and had a detectable neutralizing antibody response by 21 days postvaccination regardless of age at vaccination. At day 49, the pigs vaccinated with the chimeric vaccine had significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibodies than the pigs vaccinated with the subunit vaccine. After challenge, vaccinated pigs had significantly decreased levels of PCV2 viremia and a decreased prevalence and severity of microscopic lesions compared to the positive-control group, which had severe lymphoid lesions associated with abundant PCV2 antigen, compatible with PCV-associated disease. The results of this study indicate that, under the conditions of this study, vaccination of PCV2-naïve pigs at day 5 or day 21 resulted in development of a detectable humoral immune response and provided reduction or complete protection against PCV2 viremia and PCV2-associated lesions after triple challenge with PCV2, PPV, and PRRSV.
Molecular Modeling Studies of Human A<sub>3</sub> Adenosine Antagonists:  Structural Homology and Receptor Docking (1998)

Molecular modeling studies were conducted on various chemically diverse classes of human A3 adenosine receptor antagonists (hA3ANTs), such as adenines, xanthines, triazoloquinazolines, flavonoids, thiazolopyridines, 6-phenyl-1, 4-dihydropyridines, and 6-phenylpyridines. Using a combination of ab initio quantum mechanical calculations, electrostatic potential map comparison, and the steric and electrostatic alignment (SEAL) method, a general pharmacophore map for hA3ANTs has been derived. Based on the proposed pharmacophore map, we hypothesize that the receptor binding properties of different A3 antagonist derivatives are due to recognition at a common region inside the receptor binding site and, consequently, a common electrostatic potential profile. A model of the human A3 receptor, docked with the triazoloquinazoline reference ligand CGS 15953 (9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-amine), was built and analyzed to help interpret these results. All other antagonist structures were docked inside the receptor according to the results obtained through the steric and electrostatic alignment (SEAL) approach using the structure of CGS 15953 as a template. The receptor model was derived from primary sequence comparison, secondary structure predictions, and three-dimensional homology building, using rhodopsin as a template. An energetically refined 3D structure of the ligand-receptor complex was obtained using our recently introduced cross-docking procedure (J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 1456-1466), which simulates the ligand-induced reorganization of the native receptor structure.
Acoustical Applications of the HHT Method (2003)

A document discusses applications of a method based on the Huang-Hilbert transform (HHT). The method was described, without the HHT name, in Analyzing Time Series Using EMD and Hilbert Spectra (GSC-13817), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 24, No. 10 (October 2000), page 63. To recapitulate: The method is especially suitable for analyzing time-series data that represent nonstationary and nonlinear physical phenomena. The method involves the empirical mode decomposition (EMD), in which a complicated signal is decomposed into a finite number of functions, called intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), that admit well-behaved Hilbert transforms. The HHT consists of the combination of EMD and Hilbert spectral analysis.
Morphological Control of Tapered and Multi‐Junctioned Carbon Tubular Structures (2003)

Thin walled, carbon tubular structures (see Figure and also cover) with varying inner diameters in the form of nozzles, straight tubes, tube‐on‐cones, and funnels have been synthesized by in‐situ control of gallium‐carbon wetting behavior using gas phase chemistry. In addition, carbon tubular structures with large internal diameters have been coalesced during growth to create Y‐junctions suitable for micro/nano‐fluidic applications.