gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of a nontoxic and immunogenic polysaccharide fraction from a Haemophilus influenzae phenol-water extract (1980)

A phenol-water extract from Haemophilus influenzae type a was hydrolyzed to decrease the toxicity without affecting the antigenicity of the preparation. We used partial hydrolysis for 15 h with ion exchangers in the presence of chloroform. The lipid fraction was collected into the organic solvent. The preparation obtained from the aqueous solution was designated the polysaccharide fraction. Rhamnose, glucose, galactose, mannose, and glucosamine were the major components of the polysaccharide fraction, and their molar ratios were determined by gas-liquid chromatography; 2.5% myristic acid was also found in the polysaccharide fraction. The mild hydrolysis of the polysaccharide fraction for 15 h caused a marked reduction in toxicity (50% lethal dose, 183 +/- 9 microgram/kg) and pyrogenicity. The generalized Sanarelli reaction was negative. The local Shwartzman phenomenon was not observed if chloroform and Dowex were exchanged three times during hydrolysis. Most of the antigenic components remained active after the hydrolytic process. The polysaccharide fraction could also induce the formation of circulating antibodies in rabbits and also increase the phagocytic process against H. influenzae from month 2 to 6.
Sponge‐like electrophoresis media: Mechanically strong materials compatible with organic solvents, polymer solutions and two‐dimensional electrophoresis (1994)

A new range of sponge-like media, called "electrophoresis sponges", is presented. They differ from electrophoresis gels primarily in that they are mechanically stronger, providing a permanent structure of directly measurable pore size dimensions. The new media are similar to capillary electrophoresis in terms of pore size range, they are mechanically strong with directly definable walls, and are compatible with polymer solutions. The sponges differ from capillary electrophoresis in that they provide large numbers of channels, with a corresponding high load capacity for simultaneous runs in multiple channels and they are compatible directly with multi-dimensional separations, such as high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis. Furthermore, they can be molded (or cut) to any shape and retain that shape, they can be handled more easily than gels, they can be reused if necessary, they can be distributed in the same format between labs easily, and they can be stored indefinitely. Chemically, they can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic, with capability ranging from inert to reactive surfaces. Pore sizes can range from the sub-nanometer to 100 micron scale. Results with various hydrophobic sponges are reported for the carrier ampholyte-based isoelectric focusing of proteins. Broad and narrow pH gradients are established in the sponges that are more linear than those achieved with polyacrylamide gels. One- and two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins has been achieved, for example with high resolution of the charge isomers of the haptoglobin beta chain, using sponge-based isoelectric focusing. Isoelectric focusing is about threefold faster in the tested sponges than in equivalent polyacrylamide gels. This improved speed is probably related to the larger sponge pores.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Single-frequency output from a broadband-tunable external-fiber-cavity laser (1988)

A broadly tunable single-frequency external-cavity laser is demonstrated by coupling a tunable fiber-optic evanescent-grating reflective filter1,2 to an AR-coated semiconductor laser. Tunable external-fiber-cavity lasers have recently been demonstrated,3,4 but single-frequency operation was not observed due either to weak feedback3 or excessively large cavity lengths.4 For the laser presented in this paper, enhanced tuning range and single-frequency operation are achieved by using a high reflectivity filter (>80%) and a relatively small cavity length (≃8 cm).
Artificial-Intelligence Technology Predicts Relative Permeability of Giant Carbonate Reservoirs (2009)

Summary Determination of relative permeability data is required for almost all calculations of fluid flow in petroleum reservoirs. Water/oil relative permeability data play important roles in characterizing the simultaneous two-phase flow in porous rocks and in predicting the performance of immiscible displacement processes in oil reservoirs. They are used, among other applications, for determining fluid distributions and residual saturations, predicting future reservoir performance, and estimating ultimate recovery. Undoubtedly, these data are considered probably the most valuable information required in reservoir-simulation studies. Estimates of relative permeability are generally obtained from laboratory experiments with reservoir-core samples. In the absence of the laboratory measurement of relative permeability data, developing empirical correlations for obtaining accurate estimates of relative permeability data showed limited success, and it proved difficult, especially for carbonate reservoir rocks. Artificial-neural-network (ANN) technology has proved successful and useful in solving complex structured and nonlinear problems. This paper presents a new modeling technology to predict accurately water/oil relative permeability using ANNs. The ANN models of relative permeability were developed using experimental data from waterflood-core-tests samples collected from carbonate reservoirs of giant Saudi Arabian oil fields. Three groups of data sets were used for training, verification, and testing the ANN models. Analysis of results of the testing data set shows excellent agreement with the experimental relative permeability data. In addition, error analyses show that the ANN models developed in this study outperform all published correlations. The benefits of this work include meeting the increased demand for conducting special core analysis (SCA), optimizing the number of laboratory measurements, integrating into reservoirsimulation and reservoir-management studies, and providing significant cost savings on extensive laboratory work and substantial required time.
Design of an Ammonia Synthesis System for Producing Supercritical Steam in the Context of Thermochemical Energy Storage (2015)

Concentrating solar power plants typically incorporate thermal energy storage, e.g. molten salt tanks. The broad category of thermochemical energy storage, in which energy is stored in chemical bonds, has the advantage of higher energy density as compared to sensible energy storage. In the ammonia-based thermal energy storage system, ammonia is dissociated endothermically as it absorbs solar energy during the daytime. The stored energy can be released on demand (for electricity generation) when the supercritical hydrogen and nitrogen react exothermically to synthesize ammonia. Using ammonia as a thermochemical storage system was validated at Australian National University (ANU), but ammonia synthesis has not yet been shown to reach temperatures consistent with the highest performance modern power blocks such as a supercritical steam Rankine cycle requiring steam to be heated to ∼650°C. This paper explores the preliminary design of an ammonia synthesis system that is intended to heat steam from 350°C to 650°C under pressure of 26 MPa. A two-dimensional pseudo-homogeneous model for packed bed reactors previously used at ANU is adopted to simulate the ammonia synthesis reactor. The reaction kinetics are modeled using the Temkin-Pyzhev reaction rate equation. The model is extended by accounting for convection in the steam to predict the behavior of the proposed synthesis reactor. A parametric investigation is performed and the results show that heat transfer plays the predominant role in improving reactor performance.
<title>Automated analysis of multivariate nonlinear gene relations based on cDNA microarray expression data</title> (2000)

A cDNA microarray is a complex biochemical-optical system whose purpose is the simultaneous measurement of gene expression for thousands of genes. This paper describes a general statistical environment for finding associations among gene expression patterns, and between genes and external conditions, via the coefficient of determination. This coefficient measures the degree to which the transcriptional levels of an observed gene set can be used to improve the prediction of the transcriptional state of a target gene relative to the best possible prediction in the absence of observations. Various aspects of the method are discussed: prediction quantification, deign of predictors given small numbers of replicated microarrays, and constrained prediction using ternary perceptrons. A main focus is the supporting software and its facilities for data analysis and visualization.
<title>Sequential processing for content-based retrieval of composite objects</title> (1997)

It is becoming increasingly important for multimedia databases to provide capabilities for content-based retrieval of composite objects. Composite objects consist of several simple objects which have feature, spatial, temporal, semantic attributes, and spatial and temporal relationships between them. A content-based composite object query is satisfied by evaluating a program of content-based rules (i.e., color, texture), spatial and temporal rules (i.e., east, west), fuzzy conjunctions (i.e., appears similar AND is spatially near) and database lookups (i.e., semantics). We propose a new sequential processing method for efficiently computing content-based queries of composite objects. The proposed method evaluates the composite object queries by (1) defining an efficient ordering of the sub-goals of the query, which involve spatial, temporal, content-based and fuzzy rules, (2) developing a query block management strategy for generating, evaluating, and caching intermediate sub-goal results, and (3) conducting a best-first dynamic programming-based search with intelligent back-tracking. The method is guaranteed to find the optimal answer to the query and reduces the query time by avoiding the exploration of unlikely candidates.
Structure‐Activity Relationship of Oxygenated Morphinans. V. Narcotic agonist and antagonist activity in the 14‐hydroxymorphinan series. Preliminary communication (1981)

Abstract The synthesis of several 14‐hydroxymorphinans, using oxymorphone (= 3, 14‐dihydroxy‐4,5‐epoxy‐ N ‐methylmorphinan‐6‐one, 1 ) as starting material, is described. The antinociceptive potency of the N ‐methyl substituted 14‐hydroxy‐morphinans was determined. Thus, in order of antinociceptive potency, 14‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxy‐ N ‐methylmorphinan‐6‐one ( 5 ) >4,5‐epoxy‐14‐hydroxy‐ N ‐methyl‐morphinan‐6‐one ( 3 )>4, 14‐dihydroxy‐ N ‐methylmorphinan‐6‐one ( 4 )>14‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxy‐ N ‐methylmorphinan ( 11 ) ≈4, 14‐dihydroxy‐ N ‐methylmorphinan ( 12 ). The most potent compound in this series, 14 ‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxy‐ N ‐methyl‐morphinan‐6‐one ( 5 ), was found to have about six times the potency of morphine; it was equipotent with levorphanol.
<title>Compression of digital color images based on the model of spatiochromatic multiplexing of human vision</title> (1994)

SRI International has developed a new technique for compression of digital color images on the basis of its research of multiplexing processes in human color vision. The technique can be used independently, or in combination with standard JPEG or any other monochrome procedure, to produce color image compression systems that are simpler than conventional implementations. Specific applications are currently being developed within four areas: (1) simplification of processing in systems that compress RGB digital images, (2) economic upgrading of black and white image capturing systems to full color, (3) triplication of spatial resolution of high-end image capturing systems currently designed for 3-plane color capture, and (4) even greater simplification of processing in systems for dynamic images.
A novel dual circulating fluidized bed system for chemical looping processes (2009)

Abstract A fluidized bed system combining two circulating fluidized bed reactors is proposed and investigated for chemical looping combustion. Direct hydraulic communication of the two circulating fluidized bed reactors via a fluidized loop seal allows for high rates of global solids circulation and results in a stable solids distribution in the system. A 120 kW fuel power bench scale unit was designed, built, and operated. Experimental results are presented for natural gas as fuel using a nickel‐based oxygen carrier. No carbon was lost to the air reactor under any conditions operated. It is shown from fuel power variations that a turbulent/fast fluidized bed regime in the fuel reactor is advantageous. Despite the relatively low riser heights (air reactor: 4.1 m, fuel reactor: 3.0 m), high CH 4 conversion and CO 2 yield of up to 98% and 94%, respectively, can be reported for the material tested. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
A pilot study of 3D tissue-engineered bone marrow culture as a tool to predict patient response to therapy in multiple myeloma (2021)

Cancer patients undergo detrimental toxicities and ineffective treatments especially in the relapsed setting, due to failed treatment attempts. The development of a tool that predicts the clinical response of individual patients to therapy is greatly desired. We have developed a novel patient-derived 3D tissue engineered bone marrow (3DTEBM) technology that closely recapitulate the pathophysiological conditions in the bone marrow and allows ex vivo proliferation of tumor cells of hematologic malignancies. In this study, we used the 3DTEBM to predict the clinical response of individual multiple myeloma (MM) patients to different therapeutic regimens. We found that while no correlation was observed between in vitro efficacy in classic 2D culture systems of drugs used for MM with their clinical efficacious concentration, the efficacious concentration in the 3DTEBM were directly correlated. Furthermore, the 3DTEBM model retrospectively predicted the clinical response to different treatment regimens in 89% of the MM patient cohort. These results demonstrated that the 3DTEBM is a feasible platform which can predict MM clinical responses with high accuracy and within a clinically actionable time frame. Utilization of this technology to predict drug efficacy and the likelihood of treatment failure could significantly improve patient care and treatment in many ways, particularly in the relapsed and refractory setting. Future studies are needed to validate the 3DTEBM model as a tool for predicting clinical efficacy.
A super-resolution algorithm for enhancement of FLASH LIDAR data (2011)

A novel method for enhancement of the spatial resolution of 3-diminsional Flash Lidar images is being proposed for generation of elevation maps of terrain from a moving platform. NASA recognizes the Flash LIDAR technology as an important tool for enabling safe and precision landing in future unmanned and crewed lunar and planetary missions. The ability of the Flash LIDAR to generate 3-dimensional maps of the landing site area during the final stages of the descent phase for detection of hazardous terrain features such as craters, rocks, and steep slopes is under study in the frame of the Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance (ALHAT) project. Since single frames of existing FLASH LIDAR systems are not sufficient to build a map of entire landing site with acceptable spatial resolution and precision, a super-resolution approach utilizing multiple frames has been developed to overcome the instrument's limitations. Performance of the super-resolution algorithm has been analyzed through a series of simulation runs obtained from a high fidelity Flash LIDAR model and a high resolution synthetic lunar elevation map. For each simulation run, a sequence of FLASH LIDAR frames are recorded and processed as the spacecraft descends toward the landing site. Simulations runs having different trajectory profiles and varying LIDAR look angles of the terrain are also analyzed. The results show that adequate levels of accuracy and precision are achieved for detecting hazardous terrain features and identifying safe areas of the landing site.
An Improved Process for the Preparation of Oxazolino-azetidinones and 1-Oxadethiacephams from Exomethylenecepham Sulfoxides (1988)

Abstract Oxazolino-azetidinones and 1-oxadethiacephams have been prepared in one and two steps, respectively, from exomethylene-cepham sulfoxides.
Color-gamut mapping in the non-uniform CIE-1931 space with perceptual hue fidelity constraints for SMPTE ST.2094-40 standard (2020)

Color-gamut mapping in the non-uniform CIE-1931 space with perceptual hue fidelity constraints for SMPTE ST.2094-40 standard chang su, li tao and yeong taeg kim
Electrochemical and Chemical Properties of Na<sub>2</sub>NiO<sub>2</sub> as a Cathode Additive for a Rechargeable Sodium Battery (2015)

Where the anode of an alkali-metal rechargeable battery has the Fermi energy above the LUMO of the electrolyte, an important fraction of the working ions of a cell become irreversibly trapped in a passivating solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) layer formed at the anode surface on the initial charge, thus reducing the reversible capacity of the cathode. To compensate for this irreversible loss in a rechargeable sodium-ion battery, a cathode additive that can supply extra Na+ ions should be explored. In this work, we have characterized the chemical and electrochemical properties of orthorhombic Na2NiO2 for this purpose. Through a combined electrochemical and structural characterization, Na2NiO2 is found to be transformed irreversibly to NaNiO2, and the crystalline NaNiO2 is operating as a cathode in the following charge and discharge reactions. We have evaluated electrochemical characteristics of Na2NiO2 and confirmed that it is a suitable cathode additive to compensate for the irreversible Na+ loss at the anode. A full cell with a Sb/C composite anode was successfully designed to demonstrate and verify this cathode strategy.
Introducing the emitter turn-off thyristor (ETO) (2002)

The emitter-turn-off thyristor (ETO) is a hybrid MOS-bipolar high power semiconductor device with the advantages of GTO's high current/voltage capability and MOS gate control. Its superior control characteristics combined with its high speed, wider RBSOA, higher controllable maximum current, forward current saturation capability, its on-device current sensing and low cost make the ETO the most promising power device in high power, smart control applications. Numerical analysis and experimental demonstration of the ETO are presented in this paper.
An efficient wireless Internet access system (2002)

We propose and describe an efficient wireless local access system for high-speed Internet users at home, school or business. This system takes advantage of the asymmetric traffic characteristic of popular Internet services (such as Web search and FTP) to realize very high system capacity and very low delay response time to users due to effective statistical multiplexing. Specifically, the system provides subscribers with 10-Mb/s downlink (base-to-user) and 2-Mb/s uplink (user-to-base) speeds by using a three-cell frequency reuse plan with packet-mode sectorized base-station antennas. Using the 2-GHz band as an example, the cell radius can be up to 5 miles, and the total number of active users in each cell can be in excess of 15000 with delay bounds commensurate with today's typical Web services. Our design discussions include considerations for radio propagation, link budget, inter-cell interference, signal-to-interference ratio, high-speed modem, base-station gateway and capacity estimates.
A randomly nano-structured scattering layer for transparent organic light emitting diodes (2014)

A random scattering layer (RSL) consisting of a random nano-structure (RNS) and a high refractive index planarization layer (HRI PL) is suggested and demonstrated as an efficient internal light-extracting layer for transparent organic light emitting diodes (TOLEDs). By introducing the RSL, a remarkable enhancement of 40% and 46% in external quantum efficiency (EQE) and luminous efficacy (LE) was achieved without causing deterioration in the transmittance. Additionally, with the use of the RSL, the viewing angle dependency of EL spectra was reduced to a marginal degree. The results were interpreted as the stronger influence of the scattering effect over the microcavity. The RSL can be applied widely in TOLEDs as an effective light-extracting layer for extracting the waveguide mode of confined light at the indium tin oxide (ITO)/OLED stack without introducing spectral changes in TOLEDs.
Noise shaping implementation in two-step/SAR ADC architectures based on delayed quantization error (2011)

Noise shaping can aid ADC architectures to achieve high resolution. A new technique to increase ADC resolution is presented in this paper. It is based on Nyquist-rate ADC architectures and uses delayed analog quantization error to implement noise shaping function. The new technique is implemented using two-step and SAR ADC respectively. When the noise shaping order is one and the Over-Sampling Rate (OSR) is only 8, the system based on 5-bit two-step ADC can achieve the SNDR of 62.5-dB, while the SNDR of the system based on 6-bit SAR ADC can obtain 59.6-dB. Actually, this new technique consumes tiny amount of extra power. Although the speed of the system is decreased slightly because of the small OSR, as the resolution is increased significantly. As a result, the Figure of Merit (FOM) of the overall ADC can be improved.
Aerosol delivery of dry powder synthetic lung surfactant to surfactant-deficient rabbits and preterm lambs on non-invasive respiratory support (2019)

<ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Background</ns4:bold> : The development of synthetic lung surfactant for preterm infants has focused on peptide analogues of native surfactant proteins B and C (SP-B and SP-C). Non-invasive respiratory support with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) may benefit from synthetic surfactant for aerosol delivery. </ns4:p> <ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Methods</ns4:bold> : A total of three dry powder (DP) surfactants, consisting of phospholipids and the SP-B analogue Super Mini-B (SMB), and one negative control DP surfactant without SMB, were produced with the Acorda Therapeutics ARCUS® Pulmonary Dry Powder Technology. Structure of the DP surfactants was compared with FTIR spectroscopy, <ns4:italic>in vitro</ns4:italic> surface activity with captive bubble surfactometry, and <ns4:italic>in vivo</ns4:italic> activity in surfactant-deficient adult rabbits and preterm lambs. In the animal experiments, intratracheal (IT) aerosol delivery was compared with surfactant aerosolization during nCPAP support. Surfactant dosage was 100 mg/kg of lipids and aerosolization was performed using a low flow inhaler. </ns4:p> <ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Results:</ns4:bold> FTIR spectra of the three DP surfactants each showed secondary structures compatible with peptide folding as an α-helix hairpin, similar to that previously noted for surface-active SMB in other lipids. The DP surfactants with SMB demonstrated <ns4:italic>in vitro</ns4:italic> surface activity <1 mN/m. Oxygenation and lung function increased quickly after IT aerosolization of DP surfactant in both surfactant-deficient rabbits and preterm lambs, similar to improvements seen with clinical surfactant. The response to nCPAP aerosol delivery of DP surfactant was about 50% of IT aerosol delivery, but could be boosted with a second dose in the preterm lambs. </ns4:p> <ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Conclusions:</ns4:bold> Aerosol delivery of active DP synthetic surfactant during non-invasive respiratory support with nCPAP significantly improved oxygenation and lung function in surfactant-deficient animals and this response could be enhanced by giving a second dose. Aerosol delivery of DP synthetic lung surfactant has potential for clinical applications. </ns4:p>