gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An overview of ongoing point cloud compression standardization activities: video-based (V-PCC) and geometry-based (G-PCC) (2020)

d. graziosi, 1 o. nakagami, 2 s. kuma, 2 a. zaghetto, 1 t. suzuki 2 and a. tabatabai 1
Three susceptible loci associated with primary open-angle glaucoma identified by genome-wide association study in a Japanese population (2009)

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the major type of glaucoma. To discover genetic markers associated with POAG, we examined a total of 1,575 Japanese subjects in a genome-wide association study (stage 1) and a subsequent study (stage 2). Both studies were carried out at a single institution. In the stage 1 association study, we compared SNPs between 418 POAG patients and 300 control subjects. First, low-quality data were eliminated by a stringent filter, and 331,838 autosomal SNPs were selected for analysis. Poorly clustered SNPs were eliminated by a visual assessment, leaving 255 that showed a significant deviation (P < 0.001) in the allele frequency comparison. In the stage 2 analysis, we tested these 255 SNPs for association in DNA samples from a separate group of 409 POAG and 448 control subjects. High-quality genotype data were selected and used to calculate the combined P values of stages 1 and 2 by the Mantel-Haenszel test. These analyses yielded 6 SNPs with P < 0.0001. All 6 SNPs showed a significant association (P < 0.05) in stage 2, demonstrating a confirmed association with POAG. Although we could not link the SNPs to the annotated gene(s), it turned out that we have identified 3 genetic loci probably associated with POAG. These findings would provide the foundation for future studies to build on, such as for the metaanalysis, to reveal the molecular mechanism of the POAG pathogenesis.
The next generation of thermoelectric materials (2002)

From the mid-1950s to the present the major design concepts for bulk thermoelectrics were those used by A.V. Ioffe. These were to select semiconducting compounds of heavy elements from the lower part of the periodic table and then to reduce the lattice thermal conductivity by forming mixed crystals. This approach led to the thermoelectrics based on Bi, PbTe and Bi/sub 2/Te/sub 3/. In this study we report on ongoing research of a new type of semiconducting material system with an open crystal lattice structure. The concept of a "phonon glass and an electron crystal" (PGEC) is at the heart of this investigation. Such materials possess electronic properties normally associated with good semiconductor single crystals and thermal conductivity normally associated with amorphous materials. The introduction of this concept to thermoelectrics is one of the most significant innovations in thermoelectrics in the last 30 years. We will report on transport properties measurements on some of these new materials, some of which possess ZT values higher than any new materials presently under investigation.
Effects of two in-plane fields on the magnetization reversal mechanism in magnetic tunnel junction elements (2002)

One of the potential applications of the spin tunnel junction is as magnetic random access memory (MRAM) elements. For MRAM application purposes, two in-plane perpendicularly applied fields are required during magnetization reversal. In this article, Lorentz transmission electron microscopy has been used to study the magnetization reversal mechanism of tunnel junction elements under the influence of two in-plane perpendicular fields. Four hundred NiFe/MnFe/NiFe/Al2O3/NiFeCo elements with differing shapes and sizes have been observed. When an in-plane Y field was applied to the hard axis followed by sweeping the X field along the easy axis, it was found that the number of elements in which 360° domain walls are observed to form decreases as the strength of the Y field increases, and that the magnetization reversal mechanism in the tunnel junction elements gradually changes from a domain wall motion mechanism to a moment rotation mechanism as the Y field increases. As expected, the reversal field (X field) reduces as the Y field increases.
First experimental results of time-of-flight reconstruction on an LSO PET scanner (2005)

Time-of-flight (TOF) positron emission tomography (PET) was studied and preliminarily developed in the 1980s, but the lack of a scintillator able to deliver at the same time proper time resolution and stopping power has prevented this technique from becoming widespread and commercially available. With the introduction of LSO in PET, TOF is now a feasible option. TOF reconstruction has been implemented in the CPS Hi-Rez PET scanner, both with 2D filtered-back-projection (FBP2D) and 3D ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM3D). A new procedure has been introduced in the time alignment to compensate for the limited digital time resolution of the present electronics. A preliminary version of scatter correction for TOF has been devised and is presented. The measured time resolution of 1.2 ns (FWHM) allowed for a signal-to-noise ratio increase of about 50% in phantoms of about 40 cm transaxial size, or a gain larger than 2 in noise equivalent counts (NEC). TOF reconstruction has shown the expected improvement in SNR, both in simulation and experimental data. First experimental results show two improvements of TOF reconstruction over conventional (non-TOF) reconstruction: a lower noise level and a better capability to resolve structures deep inside large objects.
Containerless glass fiber processing (1986)

An acoustic levitation furnace system is described that was developed for testing the feasibility of containerless fiber pulling experiments. It is possible to levitate very dense materials such as platinum at room temperature. Levitation at elevated temperatures is much more difficult. Samples of dense heavy metal fluoride glass were levitated at 300 C. It is therefore possible that containerless fiber pulling experiments could be performed. Fiber pulling from the melt at 650 C is not possible at unit gravity but could be possible at reduced gravities. The Acoustic Levitation Furnace is described, including engineering parameters and processing information. It is illustrated that a shaped reflector greatly increases the levitation force aiding the levitation of more dense materials.
Fast Screening of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Using Chip-Based Temperature Gradient Capillary Electrophoresis (2003)

Abstract Recently, the analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has attracted much attention. Although many techniques have been reported, new methods with high resolving power, low-cost, and fast speed are still required to meet the great demand of analyzing and detecting large amount of SNPs in the human genome. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) in the microchip format is a powerful separation technique, and has been applied to many fields in recent years, including SNPs detection. In this work, we present a fast SNPs detection scheme based on chip-based temperature gradient capillary electrophoresis. The cross-channel CE chip is made of poly- (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). A temporal temperature gradient with a precision of 0.1°C per step was applied on the chip during the separation process. The Cy5-labeled PCR products which contain one and two SNP sites were separated and detected. The homoduplexes and heteroduplexes were successfully base-line resolved and the total time of a single run was only 8 min. The separation was also confirmed by DHPLC. This work indicates that chip-based temperature gradient capillary electrophoresis is a fast and convenient screening approach for recognizing the presence of SNPs prior to further characterization. This method can be used for detecting both known and unknown mutations.
Acetogenic Isoquinoline Alkaloids, LXXXII. Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Michellamines A–C (1996)

Abstract The biomimetic first total synthesis of michellamines A, B, and C ( 1a–c ), naturally occurring quateraryl alkaloids with high anti‐HIV activity, is described. Key precursors are the molecular “halves” of michellamines, the antimalarial naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids korupensamine A ( 2a ) and B ( 2b ), which are likewise natural products. These “monomeric” naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids were prepared by Stille‐type intermolecular aryl coupling of the O ‐isopropyl‐protected and trialkylstannyl‐activated naphthalene building block 4b with the threefold benzyl‐protected and brominated, enantiomerically pure tetrahydroisoquinoline building block 3a . Ultimate “dimerization” of the protected korupensamines was achieved by biomimetic oxidative phenolic coupling using silver(I) oxide, followed by deprotection to give authentic michellamines. This synthetic route should allow us to easily prepare a broad series of modified analogs of michellamines for extensive structure‐activity investigations.
<title>Detection of objects buried in soil using microwave heating</title> (1999)

Microwave heating of soil offers the potential to enhance infrared signatures of buried objects such as landmines. In uniform soil, with no vegetation and a flat surface, images can be obtained showing the shape of the objects, to aid in their identification. Combined with other subsurface imaging modalities, this promises a reduced false alarm rate, leading to more effective demining operations. However, in the presence of rough ground, non-uniform soil, vegetation, and solar heating, the signatures become much more complicated. In this work, we examine some of these issues, based on outdoor experiments and a two-dimensional model.
Innovative Nanoparticle Drilling Fluid and Its Benefits to Horizontal or Extended Reach Drilling (2012)

Abstract Development of new exploration, drilling and completion technologies in the past two decades have led to the opening of new plays in North America targeting unconventional resources. Lots of innovative drilling fluids have been developed and applied in the drilling and completion engineering. The demands encountered drilling highly deviated wells include the effective control of torque and drag. Therefore one of the applications of the innovative drilling fluids is to lower friction coefficient between drillstring and wellbore, which will reduce the drag and make it possible to drill longer horizontal or extended distances during horizontal or extended reach wells. This paper first briefly introduces the problems from the drag when drilling horizontal or extended reach wells, calculation of torque and drag with analytical models and the shortcomings of those models. Then addresses how the lower friction coefficient from the innovative fluid will bring benefit to the horizontal or extended reach drilling, where finite element method (FEM) is introduced to analyze the interaction between the wellbore and drillstring. Finally three case studies are detailed and results are also analyzed. The three examples are calculating the drag and torque along the entire drillstring, comparing the drag and torque with different friction coefficients with constant torque, buoyancy and downhole weight on bit, and obtaining the increment of horizontal section when using the innovative drilling fluid. The tension or compression force distribution along the entire drillstring is clearly shown through graphs or plotting. The results and analysis with FEM show that the low friction coefficient from the innovative drilling fluid has a great benefit in horizontal or extended reach drilling, increasing the current rig and equipment reach limit substantially. The analysis method presented in this paper can provide a solid base for drilling engineers so that they can accurately estimate the extended reach with this new drilling fluid. It will improve the drilling efficiency and reduce the total cost, especially in unconventional well drilling in that less and longer wells can be used to drain the reservoirs.
ELAC2, an Enzyme for tRNA Maturation, Plays a Role in the Cleavage of a Mature tRNA to Produce a tRNA-Derived RNA Fragment During Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (2021)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young children. However, effective treatment against RSV is unavailable. tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) are a recently discovered family of non-coding RNAs. We made an early observation that RSV infection causes significant induction of tRFs, which are mainly derived from the 5'-end of mature tRNAs (tRF5). However, their functions and biogenesis mechanism are not fully understood. Herein, we identified an enzyme responsible for the induction of a functional tRF5 derived from tRNA-Gln-CTG (tRF5-GlnCTG). We found that tRF5-GlnCTG promotes RSV replication and its induction, assessed by Northern blot and a new qRT-PCR-based method, is regulated by ribonuclease ELAC2. ELAC2-mediated tRF5 induction has never been reported. We also found that ELAC2 is associated with RSV N and NS1 proteins. Given the fact that tRF5-GlnCTG plays a role in RSV replication, the identification of ELAC2 being responsible for tRF5-GlnCTG induction could provide new insights into therapeutic strategy development against RSV infection.
Photomechanical Response of Pre‐strained Azobenzene‐Functionalized Polyimide Materials (2012)

Abstract Recently, we have reported that azobenzene‐functionalized polyimide materials exhibit a substantial increase in photogenerated stress in comparison to azobenzene‐functionalized acrylate‐based liquid crystal polymer networks. Here, we show that pre‐straining the azo‐CP2‐20 material further increases the magnitude of the photomechanical response visualized as bending in the cantilever geometry as well as in direct measurements of photogenerated stress. Additionally, we also report on the ability to optically fix both optically and mechanically generated shapes in azo‐CP2‐20. The optically fixable shape memory of azo‐CP2‐20 is enabled by the introduction of excess free volume during thermal processing as the material was pre‐strained. magnified image
Enzyme Inactivation by Potential Metabolites of An Aromatase-Activated Inhibitor (Mdl 18,962) (1990)

MDL 18,962, 19-acetylenic androstenedione, is an enzyme-activated inhibitor of estrogen biosynthesis which is in Phase I clinical evaluations as a potential therapeutic agent for estrogen-dependent cancers. 19-Acetylenic analogs corresponding to the major metabolites of androstenedione were synthesized as potential metabolites of MDL 18,962. These compounds were 19-acetylenic testosterone, the product of 17 beta-hydroxy steroid oxidoreductase, 6 beta-hydroxy- and 6-oxo-19-acetylenic androstenedione, products of P450 steroid 6 beta-hydroxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase, respectively. All of these analogs showed time-dependent inactivation of human placental aromatase activity. The time-dependent Ki and t1/2 at infinite inhibitor concentration (tau 50) were 4.3 nM, 12.0 min for MDL 18,962; 28 nM, 7.8 min for 17-hydroxy analog; 13 nM, 37 min for 6 beta-hydroxy analog; and 167 nM, 6.1 min for the 6-oxo analog. The 19-acetylenic testosterone, a confirmed metabolite from primate studies, was 25% as efficient as MDL 18,962 for aromatase inactivation, while 6 beta-hydroxy- and 6-oxo analogs were 11% and 5%, respectively as efficient as their parent compound. These data indicate that first-pass metabolism of MDL 18,962 does not cause an obligatory loss of time-dependent inhibition of human aromatase activity.
A new, soft-switched, high-power-factor boost converter with IGBTs (2002)

A new soft-switching technique that improves performance of the high-power-factor boost rectifier by reducing switching losses is introduced. The losses are reduced by an active snubber which consists of an inductor, a capacitor, a rectifier, and an auxiliary switch. Since the boost switch turns off with zero current, this technique is well suited for implementations with insulated-gate bipolar transistors. The reverse-recovery-related losses of the rectifier are also reduced by the snubber inductor which is connected in series with the boost switch and the boost rectifier. In addition, the auxiliary switch operates with zero-voltage switching. A complete design procedure and extensive performance evaluation of the proposed active snubber using a 1.2 kW high-power-factor boost rectifier operating from a 90 V/sub rms/-256 V/sub rms/ input are also presented.
Immunoadsorption of Agonistic Autoantibodies Against α1‐Adrenergic Receptors in Patients With Mild to Moderate Dementia (2016)

Dementia has been shown to be associated with agonistic autoantibodies. The deleterious action of autoantibodies on the α1-adrenergic receptor for brain vasculature has been demonstrated in animal studies. In the current study, 169 patients with dementia were screened for the presence of agonistic autoantibodies. 47% of patients suffering from mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and/or vascular dementia carried these autoantibodies. Eight patients positive for autoantibodies underwent immunoadsorption. Patients treated on four consecutive days were subsequently negative for autoantibodies and displayed stabilization of cognitive and mental condition during 12-18 months' follow-up. In patients treated for 2-3 days, autoantibodies were reduced by only 78%. They suffered a rebound of autoantibodies during follow-up, benefited from immunoadsorption too, but their mental parameters worsened. We provide first data on the clinical relevance of agonistic autoantibodies in dementia and show that immunoadsorption is safe and efficient in removing autoantibodies with overall benefits for patients.
Sparse MRI Reconstruction via Multiscale L0-Continuation (2007)

"Compressed Sensing" and related L1-minimization methods for reconstructing sparse magnetic resonance images (MRI) acquired at sub-Nyquist rates have shown great potential for dramatically reducing exam duration. Nonetheless, the non-triviality of numerical implementation and computational intensity of these reconstruction algorithms has thus far precluded their widespread use in clinical practice. In this work, we propose a novel MRI reconstruction framework based on homotopy continuation of the L0 semi-norm using redescending M-estimator functions. Following analysis of the continuation scheme, the sparsity measure is extended to multiscale form and a simple numerical solver that can achieve accurate reconstructions in a matter of seconds on a standard desktop computer is presented.
Silencing Mutated <i>Cxcr4</i> in Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cells as a Genetic Cure Strategy Obviating Bone Marrow Conditioning in WHIM Syndrome (2017)

Abstract Genetic cure of diseases caused by autosomal dominant (AD) gain-of-function (GoF) mutations could require full correction of the disease allele; however, selective inactivation of the disease allele might suffice or even be superior. To test the relative efficacy of these two strategies in WHIM syndrome, a rare combined primary immunodeficiency disease caused by AD GoF mutations in chemokine receptor CXCR4 leading to impaired release of mature leukocytes from bone marrow, we have performed competitive bone marrow transplantation experiments with Cxcr4+/+, Cxcr4+/o and Cxcr4+/S338X (WHIM model) mice. Here we show a whole bone marrow donor genotype rank order of Cxcr4+/o &gt;Cxcr4+/+&gt; Cxcr4+/S338X for repopulating the blood of lethally irradiated recipient mice. Importantly, the strong competitive advantage of transplanted Cxcr4 haploinsufficient bone marrow cells is durable, intrinsic to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and evident in the blood at the level of cell frequency and total cell numbers in both the myeloid and lymphoid lineages in both irradiated and unconditioned congenic recipients. Mechanisms included enhanced engraftment of hyperproliferative Cxcr4+/o HSCs in irradiated recipients and enhanced release of mature Cxcr4+/o leukocytes to the blood in unconditioned recipients. These results provide proof of principle that inactivation of the CXCR4 disease allele in HSCs may be a safe, effective and superior genetic cure strategy able to obviate toxic bone marrow conditioning in patients with WHIM syndrome.
Transient capless annealing of ion-implanted GaAs (1984)

A method for high-temperature capless activation of implanted gallium arsenide has been developed that uses high-purity semi-insulating PBN LEC gallium arsenide [1] both as implant host and stabilizing medium. This capless technology, "transient capless annealing," has shown high activation of implanted dose (85 percent) with high uniformity (± 4.5 percent) and abrupt (500 Å/decade) carrier concentration depth profiles at 1.5 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">17</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> doping. Hall measurements taken from activated films show an electron mobility of 4500 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /V . s at room temperature. S-band integrated circuits fabricated by transient capless annealing of discretely implanted <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">29</sup> Si <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> delivered 20 dB of gain and 29 dB . m of output power between 3.0 and 3.6 GHz. The high-throughput batch-processing nature of transient capless annealing makes this process commercially attractive for high-yield integrated-circuit production in gallium arsenide.
Laser beam alignment devices for ultrashort pulses (1991)

We describe two novel devices for optical beam alignment. One allows for a variable angle, fixed position of incidence upon a target. The other allows for a variable position, fixed angle of incidence upon a target. Cascaded together, these devices allow placement of a laser beam upon a sample with arbitrary angle and arbitrary position of incidence. These devices are particularly useful for experiments and applications involving ultrashort pulses since the time of flight through either of these devices is a constant independent of the angle of incidence and position of incidence.
Reduction of the secretory response to Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin by thiol and disulfide compounds (1983)

We examined the effects of disulfide and thiol compounds on Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) and cyclic GMP-induced secretion. Both cystamine and cystine (disulfide compounds) reduced the secretory responses to submaximal doses of ST in suckling mice (at 0.5 mumol per mouse) and reduced ST activation of guanylate cyclase (by 33 to 73% at 1 mM). In higher doses, cystamine completely eradicated a maximally effective ST dose as well. In addition, the sulfhydryl (thiol) compounds cysteamine, cysteine, and acetylcysteine strikingly reduced the secretory response and the guanylate cyclase response to ST. Neither the disulfide nor the thiol compounds tested reduced cyclic GMP-induced secretion. These studies suggest that disulfide and thiol compounds both block ST-induced secretion before its activation of guanylate cyclase. Taken with the work of others, these findings suggest that disulfide compounds may alter the oxidation reduction state of a cell or act directly on the guanylate cyclase enzyme, whereas thiol compounds may inactivate ST itself by breaking its disulfide bridges, or it may alter guanylate cyclase activation by ST. Both families of compounds deserve further consideration among potential antisecretory agents for application in the control of ST-induced diarrhea.