gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fiber-optic laser sensor for mine detection and verification (2006)

What we believe to be a new optical approach for the identification of mines and explosives by analyzing the surface materials and not only bulk is developed. A conventional manually operated mine prodder is upgraded by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). In situ and real-time information of materials that are in front of the prodder are obtained during the demining process in order to optimize the security aspects and the speed of demining. A Cr4+:Nd3+:YAG microchip laser is used as a seed laser for an ytterbium-fiber amplifier to generate high-power laser pulses at 1064 nm with pulse powers up to E(p) = 1 mJ, a repetition rate of f(rep.) = 2-20 kHz and a pulse duration of t(p) = 620 ps. The recorded LIBS signals are analyzed by applying neural networks for the data analysis.
Contact Angle Dependence of the Resonant Frequency of Sessile Water Droplets (2011)

The resonant vibrations of small (microliter) sessile water droplets supported on solid substrates were monitored using a simple optical detection technique. A small puff of air was used to apply an impulse to the droplets and their time dependent oscillations were monitored by passing a laser beam through the droplet and measuring the variations of the intensity of the scattered light using a simple photodiode arrangement. The resulting time dependent intensity changes were then Fourier transformed to obtain information about the vibrational frequencies of the droplets. The resonant frequencies of droplets with masses in the range 0.005-0.03 g were obtained on surfaces with water contact angles ranging from 12 ± 4° to 160 ± 5°. The contact angle dependence of the resonant frequency of the droplets was found to be in good agreement with a simple theory which considers standing wave states along the meridian profile length of the droplets.
Studies on Density Measurement of Green Fe/Ni P/M Sheet Using ${\gamma}-ray$ (1992)

Accurate measurement of green density of compacted part in the powder metallurgy industry is rather fundamental but extremely important process that decide the quality of the sintered part. In case of green sheet P/M product, the green density as well as the distribution of the density must be examined for the same reasons. Currently in most cases, density measuring process is being performed applying conventional Archimedes principles. However this method is not only time-consuming but also often inaccurate because of the inherent nature of the process, such as part sectioning, closing of surface porosity with wax and weighing in air and in water. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a faster and more accurate method to measure the density of green sheet P/M product. In this work, a nondestructive density measurement device using gamma-ray absorption principles was constructed and the optimum condition for measuring green density of P/M sheet and its distribution was sought. The results showed that this method was very effective in terms of measuring time and accuracy.
Flexible grid network optimization for maximum spectral efficiency and reach (2015)

Proposed physical layer optimization of guard band and subcarrier power in superchannels can increase maximum SE-Reach product by 62% in five-subcarrier DP-16-QAM systems. Subcarrier power optimization can extend reach by 21% in addition to 51% offered by 12.5GHz guard band.
Dual damascene process for air-gap Cu interconnects using conventional CVD films as sacrificial layers (2005)

A dual damascene Cu air-gap interconnect was investigated. To solve issues such as cost and electrical shorts from CMP scratches, a conventional CVD film was used as a sacrificial layer instead of the SOD film that we reported previously. The process integration, electrical characteristics and the TDDB reliability were discussed. The TDDB lifetime was drastically improved, and 4 levels of dual damascene Cu interconnects were successfully fabricated.
Effects of an Electrolyte Additive on Hydration and Drinking Behavior During Wildfire Suppression (2008)

The addition of an electrolyte mixture to plain water decreased the overall fluid consumption of the water + electrolyte group by 220 mL.h(-1) (3.3 L.d(-1)). Supplementing water with electrolytes can reduce the amount of fluid necessary to consume and transport during extended activity. This can minimize carrying excessive weight, possibly reducing fatigue during extended exercise.
Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of a transonic strut-braced wing aircraft (1999)

The objective of this study was to use Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) to~investigate the use of truss-braced wing concepts in concert with other advanced technologies to obtain a significant improvement in the performance of transonic transport aircraft. To perform this study, a suite of approximate analysis tools was assembled into a complete, conceptual-level MD0 code. A typical mission of the Boeing 777-2001GW was chosen as the design mission profile. Several single-strut configurations were optimized for minimum takeoff gross weight, using eighteen design variables and seven constraints. The best single-strut configuration shows a 15% reduction in takeoff gross weight, a 29% reduction in fuel weight, a 28% increase in the lift-to-drag ratio, and a 41% increase in seat-miles per gallon relative to a comparable cantilever configuration. In addition to the MD0 work, an innovative arch-braced wing concept has been proposed. A plastic solid model of this configuration was created using the I-DEAS solid modeling software and the rapid prototyping hardware at Virginia Tech.
Production of the Immunoglobulin Variable Domain REI<sub><b>V</b></sub><i>via a</i>Fusion Protein Synthesized and Secreted by<i>Staphylococcus camosus</i> (1994)

REIv--the variable domain of an immunoglobulin x light chain--was produced by heterologous gene expression in a Gram-positive bacterium, purified to homogeneity and characterized. A host/vector combination based on secretion of Staphylococcus hyicus lipase by Staphylococcus carnosus was exploited. A gene encoding a fusion protein, composed of an aminoterminal portion of the pre-pro-peptide of S. hyicus lipase, a hexahistidine affinity tag, followed by the recognition sequence of IgA protease and REIv was constructed. Expression of the fusion gene in S. carnosus causes selective secretion and accumulation of a soluble fusion protein in the culture medium (5-10 mg/l), which can be purified from the supernatant by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC). REIv is released from the fusion protein with an additional threonine and proline residue at the aminoterminus (REIvTP) by site-specific cleavage with IgA protease and can be separated from the hexahistidine-tagged fusion partner and the protease by a second passage through an IMAC gel matrix. Like authentic REIv, the isolated protein (> 1 mg/l culture medium) migrates as a dimer in gel filtration chromatography and undergoes cooperative, reversible unfolding in urea. The isolated immunoglobulin REIvTP and authentic REIv have indistinguishable free energies of unfolding (approx. 26 kJ/mol, 6.3 kcal/mol).
Rapid and Durable Antiretroviral Effect of the HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitor Raltegravir as Part of Combination Therapy in Treatment-Naive Patients With HIV-1 Infection (2007)

Raltegravir at all doses studied was generally well tolerated in combination with tenofovir and lamivudine. Raltegravir exhibited potent and durable antiretroviral activity similar to that of efavirenz at 24 and 48 weeks but achieved HIV-1 RNA levels below detection at a more rapid rate.
Analysis of Optical Losses in High-Efficiency CuInS<sub>2</sub>-Based Nanocrystal Luminescent Solar Concentrators: Balancing Absorption versus Scattering (2017)

Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) use down-converting luminophores embedded in a waveguide to absorb sunlight and deliver high irradiance, narrowband output light for driving photovoltaic and other solar energy conversion devices. Achieving a technologically useful level of optical gain requires bright, broadly absorbing, large-Stokes-shift luminophores incorporated into low-loss waveguides, a combination that has long posed a challenge to the development of practical LSCs. The recent introduction of giant effective Stokes shift semiconductor nanocrystal (NC) phosphors for LSC applications has led to significant performance improvements by increasing solar absorption while reducing escape cone and nonradiative losses compounded by reabsorption, placing increased emphasis on the importance of minimizing parasitic waveguide losses caused by scattering from NC aggregates and optical imperfections. Here, we report a detailed analysis of optical losses in polymer–NC composite waveguide LSCs based on CuInS2/CdS NC phosphors, which have been shown to provide best-in-class performance in large-area, semitransparent concentrators. A comprehensive analytical optical model is introduced enabling quantification of parasitic waveguide, scattering, escape cone, and nonradiative relaxation losses on the basis of distance-dependent edge-emission measurements. By examining the effect of NC loading, we show that NC clustering in polymer composite waveguides leads to light scattering losses that ultimately limit efficiency at large geometric gain. By optimizing NC concentration, optical power efficiencies up to 5.7% under AM1.5 illumination are demonstrated for devices having a geometric gain G = 6.7×, with limiting achievable efficiencies predicted to exceed 10%.
An Alternative to Runlength-limiting Codes: Turn Timing Errors into Substitution Errors (2000)

F6.912&gt; 0001111111000. Synchronization errors normally are catastrophic events, since traditional error-correcting codes are designed to detect and correct only substitutions. This possibility motivates the use of runlength-limiting codes. 3. If many transitions occur close together (for example, 0101010), then substitution errors are more likely to occur. Pairs of transitions can be lost, so that 0101 is received as 0111 or 0011. For this reason, additional constraints may be included, forbidding the transmission of sequences such as 010 and 101. 4. Insertions lengthen runs between transitions; they are not expected to increase the number of transitions. The properties of this channel are reminiscent of neuronal spikes (action potentials): neuronal spikes, like magnetic transitions, are strong signals; the exact time at which a spike occurs may be aected to rand
Construction by polymerase chain reaction and intragenic DNA probes for three main types of transferable β-lactamases (TEM, SHV, CARB) (1991)

Intragenic DNA probes were synthesized by polymerase chain reaction using fragments of the genes of three major types of beta-lactamases (TEM, SHV, CARB) as templates. The TEM probe hybridized with the genes encoding TEM-1, TEM-2 and six extended-spectrum related enzymes (TEM-3 to TEM-7, TEM-2O) in colony hybridizations and Southern-blot analysis. The SHV probe hybridized with the genes for SHV-1, OHIO-1 and four derived extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (SHV-2, SHV-3, SHV-4 and SHV-5). The CARB probe hybridized with the genes for PSE-1 (CARB-2), PSE-4 (CARB-1), CARB-3 and CARB-4. None of the probes hybridized with genes for any of eight oxacillin-hydrolysing enzymes, PSE-2, OXA-1 to OXA-7, ROB-1 and chromosomal beta-lactamases of various Enterobacteriaceae (except Klebsiella pneumoniae) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Investigations of Escherichia coli clinical isolates using these probes indicate the presence of a novel type of extended-spectrum, transferable beta-lactamase.
Transforming polyethylenimine into a pH-switchable hydrogel by additional supramolecular interactions (2014)

Attaching a self-complementary zwitterionic supramolecular binding site to the amino groups of polyethyleneimine leads to a pH switchable hydrogel as dimerization of the zwitterions introduces additional crosslinks between the polymer chains. This gel responds to both the addition of either acid or base, as only the zwitterion can self-assemble but neither the protonated or deprotonated form.
Elevated plasma glutamate concentrations in HIV-1-infected patients may contribute to loss of macrophage and lymphocyte functions (1989)

We tested the hypothesis that the loss of immunological reactivity in HIV-1-infected persons may result partly from a virus-induced metabolic disorder. Patients who are infected with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated human immunodeficiency virus 1 were found to have, on average, markedly elevated and highly variable plasma glutamate concentrations. A similar elevation of the extracellular glutamate concentration was found to inhibit DNA synthesis in cultures of mitogenically stimulated lymphocytes. An even stronger inhibition was seen with the structural analogue quisqualate, and a moderate inhibition was seen with N-methyl-D-aspartate and kainate, i.e. with well established pharmacological probes for the excitatory glutamate receptors in the vertebrate central nervous system. The inhibitory effect of glutamate was compensated by adding cysteine or relatively large numbers of 'splenic adherent cells' to the culture. Elevated extracellular glutamate levels were also found to reduce the capacity of murine macrophages, human blood monocytes, and murine fibroblastoid cells (L929 cells) to release acid-soluble thiol (cysteine) into the extracellular space. The three cell types differed, however, with respect to their sensitivity against the three structural analogues of glutamate. The elevated glutamate concentration was not non-specifically toxic for cultured macrophages, since glycolytic activity and arginase activity were not inhibited. Implications of these observations for the pathogenetic mechanism of AIDS are discussed.
Structure and Modifications of the Junior Chaperone α‐Crystallin (1994)

alpha-Crystallin is a high-molecular-mass protein that for many decades was thought to be one of the rare real organ-specific proteins. This protein exists as an aggregate of about 800 kDa, but its composition is simple. Only two closely related subunits termed alpha A- and alpha B-crystallin, with molecular masses of approximately 20 kDa, form the building blocks of the aggregate. The idea of organ-specificity had to be abandoned when it was discovered that alpha-crystallin occurs in a great variety of nonlenticular tissues, notably heart, kidney, striated muscle and several tumors. Moreover alpha B-crystallin is a major component of ubiquinated inclusion bodies in human degenerative diseases. An earlier excitement arose when it was found that alpha B-crystallin, due to its very similar structural and functional properties, belongs to the heat-shock protein family. Eventually the chaperone nature of alpha-crystallin could be demonstrated unequivocally. All these unexpected findings make alpha-crystallin a subject of great interest far beyond the lens research field. A survey of structural data about alpha-crystallin is presented here. Since alpha-crystallin has resisted crystallization, only theoretical models of its three-dimensional structure are available. Due to its long life in the eye lens, alpha-crystallin is one of the best studied proteins with respect to post-translational modifications, including age-induced alterations. Because of its similarities with the small heat-shock proteins, the findings about alpha-crystallin are illuminative for the latter proteins as well. This review deals with: structural aspects, post-translational modifications (including deamidation, racemization, phosphorylation, acetylation, glycation, age-dependent truncation), the occurrence outside of the eye lens, the heat-shock relation and the chaperone activity of alpha-crystallin.
Interobserver Reproducibility in the Diagnosis of Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (1995)

To assess interobserver reproducibility in the categorization of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) seven pathologists reviewed 25 lesions. Rather than classic or consecutive examples of PIN, cases were selected to represent the full spectrum of diagnostic issues in this field. Lesions were classified into one of six categories: (a) benign prostate tissue, (b) PIN1, (c) PIN2, (d) PIN3, (e) PIN3 cannot rule out associated cancer, and (f) PIN3 plus cancer. Following evaluation of the slides, data were also analyzed by combining several of the groups into three categories: (a) benign/PIN1; (b) PIN2/PIN3/PIN cannot rule out cancer; and (c) PIN plus cancer. The level of agreement was fair (Kappa = 0.33) for the six categories and substantial (Kappa = 0.61) for the three groups. In no case was there a uniform diagnosis of PIN1; in all cases at least some pathologists considered the biopsies to be normal. This finding provides support for not commenting on PIN1 in biopsy material. In general, there was good distinction between low-grade PIN (PIN1) and high-grade PIN (PIN2-3). Among the seven cases for which there was a consensus that the lesion represented high-grade PIN, there was no case in which there was uniform agreement as to whether the lesion represented PIN2 or PIN3. This finding supports combining PIN2 and PIN3 into high-grade PIN. Cases classified as low-grade PIN by some and as high-grade PIN by others were those with pleomorphism but without prominent nucleoli. Difficulties in distinguishing "high-grade PIN" from "high grade PIN cannot rule out cancer" were those with cribriform glands, glands with necrosis, and where high-grade PIN was associated with only a few adjacent small atypical glands. These same histologies caused the participating pathologists difficulty in distinguishing "high-grade PIN cannot rule cancer" from "high grade PIN plus cancer."
State of charge estimation using extended Kalman filters for battery management system (2014)

In this work, the problem of battery state of charge estimation is investigated using a model based approach. An experimentally validated model of a battery developed by AllCell Technologies, specific for light electric vehicles (electric scooter or bicycles) is used. Two state of charge estimation algorithms are developed: an extended Kalman filter and an adaptive extended Kalman filter. The adaptive version of Kalman filter is designed in order to adaptively set a proper value of the model noise covariance, using the information coming from the on-line innovation analysis. A comparison between the two approaches is conducted that shows that the adaptive Kalman filter can deal with the problem of incorrect value of the model noise covariance matrix producing lower estimation error.
A Regularized Singular Value Decomposition-Based Approach for Failure Pattern Classification on Fail Bit Map in a DRAM Wafer (2015)

In semiconductor manufacturing processes, monitoring the quality of wafers is one of the most important steps to quickly detect process faults and significantly reduce yield loss. Fail bit maps (FBMs) represent the failed cell count during wafer functional tests and have been popularly used as one of the diagnosis tools in semiconductor manufacturing for process monitoring, root cause analysis, and yield improvements. However, the visual inspection process is costly and time-consuming. Therefore, this paper proposes an automated classification procedure for failure patterns on FBMs in dynamic random access memory (DRAM) wafers. The novel matrix factorization approach, called regularized singular value decomposition, is proposed to decompose binarized FBMs into several eigen-images to extract features that can provide the characteristics of the failure patterns on FBMs. By using the extracted features, k-nearest neighbor classifier is employed to classify feature patterns on FBMs into single bit failure maps and non-single bit failure ones. The proposed procedure is tested on real-life DRAM wafer data set provided by a semiconductor manufacturing industry, and promising results have been obtained for the automatic classification of single bit and non-single bit failure maps.
Study on cultivation of Sprulina platensis in photoreator (1999)

The algae Sprylina platensis is cultivated in the BF-07 auto-controlled photobioreactor. The results show that the algae cuting was slight when stirred in the low velocity, using seawater medium instead of Zarrouk medium, (H_2N)_2CO Instead of N_aNO_3 as the nitrogen source, adding vitamin B_6 and gibberllin, all of them can increase the accumulation of phycobioprotein and biomass of Sprylina platensis. At last, Sprylina platensis is cultivated in 10L improved seawater medium for 10 days, its dry weight can reaches 0.5012g/L.
Upregulation of Estradiol C16 -hydroxylation in Human Breast Tissue: a Potential Biomarker of Breast Cancer Risk (1993)

A larger prospective study is required to confirm the clinical significance of this endocrine biomarker.
Multi-camera rectification using linearized trifocal tensor (2012)

Multi-camera systems such as linear camera arrays are commonly used to capture content for multi-baseline stereo estimation, view generation for auto-stereoscopic displays, or similar tasks. However, even after a careful mechanical alignment, residual vertical disparities and horizontal disparity offsets impair further processing steps. In consequence, the multicamera content needs to be rectified on a common baseline. The trifocal tensor represents the geometry between three cameras and hence is a helpful tool to calibrate a multi-camera system, and to derive rectifying homographies. Against this background we propose a new method for a robust estimation of the trifocal tensor specialized for linear camera arrays and subsequent rectifying homography computation based on feature point triplets.
Fracture mechanics and its relevance to botanical structures (2006)

In the field of fracture mechanics, an analytical framework has been established for understanding the mechanical failure of any structure made of inherently flawed materials. In the context of botany, this includes an extraordinarily wide variety of turgid and/or woody structures made of cellulose-based tissues, the diverse soils penetrated by their roots, and a multitude of plant-based commodities and foodstuffs. The goal of this article is to provide an overview of the theory of engineering fracture mechanics and to identify some special characteristics of wood and other plant-based materials that require further development in this area.
Stochastic analog-to-digital conversion (2005)

This paper suggests a stochastic approach to data conversion. It is applicable to serial, parallel, two-step as well as delta-sigma ADCs and DACs. In the serial implementation of this scheme, a sample-and-hold circuit, a noise source and a comparator are combined with an accumulate-and-dump digital stage to perform serial multibit A/D conversion. In the parallel ADC, M nominally identical primitive converter cells with the same input signal, x(t), but with different and uncorrelated random dither signals, d/sub i/(t) (i = 1, 2, ..., M), are combined to perform the data conversion. Possible combination of the two methodologies is also outlined.