gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A study on multiple array method of birdcage coils to improve the signal intensity and homogeneity in small‐animal whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging at 7 T (2019)

Abstract Birdcage (BC) coils generate a homogeneous magnetic field ( ∣ B 1 ∣ ), whose strength depends on the length of the coils, the number of legs, the resonance frequency, the excitation method, and the length‐to‐diameter ratio. BC coils with a shorter distance between the end rings produce a more intense ∣ B 1 ∣ field with a higher level of homogeneity. Here, we propose a combination of overlapping and nonoverlapping radiofrequency volumetric BC coils for small‐animal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) working at 7 T with a frequency of 300 MHz to improve the ∣ B 1 ∣ ‐field homogeneity and intensity along the main magnetic field ( ∣ B 0 ∣ ) direction. The first combination consisted of two overlapping BC (o‐BC) coils, in which each coil is half the length of the imaging object. A combination of two nonoverlapping BC coils separated by a small gap (nog‐BC) was also developed. In order to improve the performance of the nog‐BC coil, we attached a decoupling capacitor. In computational calculations, the proposed o‐BC coil configuration showed an increased homogeneity in the ∣ B 1 ∣ field along the ∣ B 0 ∣ direction compared with the other coils. The experimental bench tests of the o‐BC coil configuration showed a high decoupling coefficient between the BC coils, which allowed each of them to be used individually for transmission and reception. The o‐BC coil was able to maintain a high transmission efficiency without signal interference while exhibiting an increased ∣ B 1 ∣ ‐field homogeneity compared with other coils. In this study, the advantages of the o‐BC coils are demonstrated using electromagnetic simulations and MRI on a homogenous phantom and an in vivo mouse body.
Local Microstructure and Hardness Variation After Pulsed Laser Micromelting on S7 Tool Steel (2016)

Laser surface melting is being increasingly used as a method of surface polishing steels and other alloys, but understanding the effect of this process on the microstructure and properties is still incomplete. This work experimentally explores several basic questions about how the surface microstructure and properties of S7 tool steel change during a pulsed laser micromelting (PLμM) process. Evaluations of the microstructure and hardness suggest that diffusion-controlled processes such as melt homogenization and surface back-tempering are relevant during rapid microscale laser melting and that the laser parameters and process planning contribute to determining the final surface hardness. The results also suggest that some influence can be exerted over the final hardness obtained from laser surface melting by changing the processing parameters.
Kinetic studies of the predicted substrate-binding site of varicella-zoster virus thymidine kinase (1993)

To investigate the mechanism of kinetic action and substrate recognition of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) thymidine kinase (TK), we designed and isolated a site-directed mutant VZV TK which has double amino acid substitutions, 136threonine to leucine and 137isoleucine to leucine (SDM TK). This mutant was designed to alter the substrate-binding site of the VZV TK to duplicate that of the herpes simplex virus type 2 enzyme. Kinetic studies of the activity of wild-type TK indicated that the binding order of ATP and thymidine is random and that wild-type VZV TK possessed high thymidylate kinase (TM-K) activity. The sensitivity of VZV TK to bisubstrate analogues, dinucleotides of adenosine and thymidine, showed that the optimum distance between the ATP- and substrate-binding sites is two phosphoryl groups greater than with the natural substrate for TK activity. SDM TK lost deoxycytidine kinase activity and had reduced TK and TM-K activities. Inhibition studies on both WT and SDM TK by 5-halogenovinyluridine analogues and their 5' monophosphate derivatives revealed that amino acids at positions 136 and 137 are involved in substrate binding, probably through a role in the formation of the binding pocket for bulky substrates.
Design and evaluation of switchable-hydrophilicity solvents (2013)

Switchable-hydrophilicity solvents (SHS) can switch reversibly between one form that is miscible with water and another that forms a biphasic mixture with water. New examples are reported and compared in terms of safety and environmental impact.
Segmentation of textured images using a multiple resolution approach (2003)

A method is presented for segmenting images into a discrete set of classes by first segmenting at low resolution and then progressing to finer resolutions until individual pixels are classified. This multiple resolution method results in accurate segmentations and requires significantly less computation than some previously known methods. The segmentation algorithm used at each resolution is based on maximum a posteriori estimation of the field of pixel classifications, which is modeled as a Markov random field. The maximization is performed by a deterministic greedy algorithm which iteratively chooses the classification of individual pixels or blocks of pixels. A texture model is also developed which allows the extraction of a texture statistic for each pixel and is well suited for use with the proposed algorithm. Measurements of algorithm performance under varying conditions of region size and signal-to-noise ratio are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Forensic Analysis on Internet of Things (IoT) Device Using Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Framework (2022)

The versatility of IoT devices increases the probability of continuous attacks on them. The low processing power and low memory of IoT devices have made it difficult for security analysts to keep records of various attacks performed on these devices during forensic analysis. The forensic analysis estimates how much damage has been done to the devices due to various attacks. In this paper, we have proposed an intelligent forensic analysis mechanism that automatically detects the attack performed on IoT devices using a machine-to-machine (M2M) framework. Further, the M2M framework has been developed using different forensic analysis tools and machine learning to detect the type of attacks. Additionally, the problem of an evidence acquisition (attack on IoT devices) has been resolved by introducing a third-party logging server. Forensic analysis is also performed on logs using forensic server (security onion) to determine the effect and nature of the attacks. The proposed framework incorporates different machine learning (ML) algorithms for the automatic detection of attacks. The performance of these models is measured in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. The results indicate that the decision tree algorithm shows the optimum performance as compared to the other algorithms. Moreover, comprehensive performance analysis and results presented validate the proposed model.
Signal-based Music Structure Discovery for Music Audio Summary Generation (2003)

Deriving directly music structure from signal analysis, without going to symbolic information, is a new subject of interest. Two approaches are studied here in order to derive the structure: the “sequence” approach, which considers the audio signal as a repetition of sequences of events – the “state” approach, which considers the audio signal as a succession of “states”. Both approaches are derived from dynamic features observations extracted from the audio signal. The obtained structures are then used for the creation of audio summary.
Co-Saliency Detection via a Self-Paced Multiple-Instance Learning Framework (2016)

As an interesting and emerging topic, co-saliency detection aims at simultaneously extracting common salient objects from a group of images. On one hand, traditional co-saliency detection approaches rely heavily on human knowledge for designing hand-crafted metrics to possibly reflect the faithful properties of the co-salient regions. Such strategies, however, always suffer from poor generalization capability to flexibly adapt various scenarios in real applications. On the other hand, most current methods pursue co-saliency detection in unsupervised fashions. This, however, tends to weaken their performance in real complex scenarios because they are lack of robust learning mechanism to make full use of the weak labels of each image. To alleviate these two problems, this paper proposes a new SP-MIL framework for co-saliency detection, which integrates both multiple instance learning (MIL) and self-paced learning (SPL) into a unified learning framework. Specifically, for the first problem, we formulate the co-saliency detection problem as a MIL paradigm to learn the discriminative classifiers to detect the co-saliency object in the "instance-level". The formulated MIL component facilitates our method capable of automatically producing the proper metrics to measure the intra-image contrast and the inter-image consistency for detecting co-saliency in a purely self-learning way. For the second problem, the embedded SPL paradigm is able to alleviate the data ambiguity under the weak supervision of co-saliency detection and guide a robust learning manner in complex scenarios. Experiments on benchmark datasets together with multiple extended computer vision applications demonstrate the superiority of the proposed framework beyond the state-of-the-arts.
Levomilnacipran: a newly approved drug for treatment of major depressive disorder (2014)

Levomilnacipran is a novel serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) for the treatment of major depressive disorder. This paper reviews up-to-date data on the pharmacology, short- and long-term efficacy, safety and tolerability of levomilnacipran. The drug differs from previously available SNRIs in having twice the potency for norepinephrine versus serotonin reuptake inhibition. In four of the six short-term clinical trials, levomilnacipran was statistically significantly more efficacious than placebo. The only available relapse prevention study did not show reduction in time to relapse, perhaps because relapse rates were low. The commonest adverse events occurring twice as often as on placebo were nausea, hyperhidrosis, constipation, tachycardia, vomiting, erectile dysfunction, palpitations, and ejaculation disorder. In a few patients, hypertension or orthostatic hypotension may occur. Levomilnacipran has been shown to be effective in the short-term treatment of major depressive disorder and may represent an incremental advance. However, further research about its efficacy in subgroups of patients and comparing it to other antidepressants is needed.
VLSI implementation of rotations in pseudo-Euclidean spaces (2005)

Digital feedback is at the heart of implementations of many functions and can be used for the evaluation and application of rotations in definite and indefinite metrics. The CORDIC algorithms exploit this concept to perform rotations in two dimensions. These algorithms are analyzed as a first step before extending them to higher dimensions. A side result of this analysis is the simultaneous reduction of the number of steps and the enlargement of the domain of convergence of the algorithms. A few guidelines for their extension and a worked out three-dimensional example are then presented.
Inkjet Printing and Alternative Sintering of Narrow Conductive Tracks on Flexible Substrates for Plastic Electronic Applications (2010)

Although metals like copper (Hong & Wagner, 2000) and gold Therefore, it has been used for many applications, such as interconnections for a circuitry on a printed circuit board This chapter will describe how inkjet printing techniques can be used for the fabrication of conductive tracks on a polymer substrate. The selective sintering of inkjet printed silver nanoparticles is described by using microwave radiation. This not only sinters the particles into a conductive feature, but it also reduces the sintering time significantly from hours to minutes or even seconds. Furthermore, techniques to improve the printing resolution will be discussed and the fabrication of conductive tracks of 40 m wide will described. Before going in detail on inkjet printing of advanced nanoparticle inks, we first review the history of inkjet printing.
The anomaly of silicon in plant biology. (1994)

Silicon is the second most abundant element in soils, the mineral substrate for most of the world's plant life. The soil water, or the "soil solution," contains silicon, mainly as silicic acid, H4SiO4, at 0.1-0.6 mM--concentrations on the order of those of potassium, calcium, and other major plant nutrients, and well in excess of those of phosphate. Silicon is readily absorbed so that terrestrial plants contain it in appreciable concentrations, ranging from a fraction of 1% of the dry matter to several percent, and in some plants to 10% or even higher. In spite of this prominence of silicon as a mineral constituent of plants, it is not counted among the elements defined as "essential," or nutrients, for any terrestrial higher plants except members of the Equisitaceae. For that reason it is not included in the formulation of any of the commonly used nutrient solutions. The plant physiologist's solution-cultured plants are thus anomalous, containing only what silicon is derived as a contaminant of their environment. Ample evidence is presented that silicon, when readily available to plants, plays a large role in their growth, mineral nutrition, mechanical strength, and resistance to fungal diseases, herbivory, and adverse chemical conditions of the medium. Plants grown in conventional nutrient solutions are thus to an extent experimental artifacts. Omission of silicon from solution cultures may lead to distorted results in experiments on inorganic plant nutrition, growth and development, and responses to environmental stress.
Pancreatic α-Cell Specific Deletion of Mouse Arx Leads to α-Cell Identity Loss (2013)

The specification and differentiation of pancreatic endocrine cell populations (α-, β-, δ, PP- and ε-cells) is orchestrated by a combination of transcriptional regulators. In the pancreas, Aristaless-related homeobox gene (Arx) is expressed first in the endocrine progenitors and then restricted to glucagon-producing α-cells. While the functional requirement of Arx in early α-cell specification has been investigated, its role in maintaining α-cell identity has yet to be explored. To study this later role of Arx, we have generated mice in which the Arx gene has been ablated specifically in glucagon-producing α-cells. Lineage-tracing studies and immunostaining analysis for endocrine hormones demonstrate that ablation of Arx in neonatal α-cells results in an α-to-β-like conversion through an intermediate bihormonal state. Furthermore, these Arx-deficient converted cells express β-cell markers including Pdx1, MafA, and Glut2. Surprisingly, short-term ablation of Arx in adult mice does not result in a similar α-to-β-like conversion. Taken together, these findings reveal a potential temporal requirement for Arx in maintaining α-cell identity.
Transforming Conventional Wells in Mature Basins to Modern Bigbore Producers by Applying Solid Expandable Tubulars (SET) (2002)

Abstract Conventional gas development wells in prolific carbonate reservoirs before bigbore completions were introduced do not produce to full potential due to tubing constraints. This phenomenon is observed today in several mature, carbonate basins offshore Malaysia developed back in the early 1980s. At that time, the typical tubing configuration was a 7" completion string run in 9 5/8" production casing. This configuration limits subsequent tubing change out workover options to 7 5/8" tubulars resulting in only a modest 10% gain in well capacity through improved outflow performance. The advent of solid expandable tubular (SET) technology in the new millennium has opened up a revolutionary possibility for transforming a conventional well with 7" tubing to a modern bigbore producer. The concept involves installing and expanding a long section of 7 5/8" solid expandable tubulars inside 9 5/8" casing and using the SET as a gas flow conduit. For a mature gas field offshore Sarawak where this concept was applied in a pilot well, such a well transformation yielded a production conduit with an internal diameter 24% larger than conventional 7" tubulars, a 61% increase in flow area, and a significant increase in well production. Results of this field trial carried out to test this novel re-completion concept in a gas field offshore Sarawak showed a 40-50% increase in well deliverability. The technical concept was proven successful, and it is now planned to implement this novel SET re-completion design in other tubing constrained gas wells in the area. This paper will present the results and economic benefits of this field trial, which is the first of its kind in the world. Details encompassing the conceptual solid expandable completion design, modifications and improvisation required for this first-of-its-kind SET gas well workover, and the required SET installation sequence will also be discussed.
Seismic data regularization with the anti-alias anti-leakage Fourier transform (2009)

Michel Schonewille, Andreas Klaedtke, Alan Vigner, John Brittan and Tony Martin present a solution to a problem with regularly sampled data found in the use of the anti-alias anti-leakage Fourier transform (ALFT).
Shifting the Measuring Range of Chloride Selective Electrodes and Optodes Based on the Anticrown Ionophore [9]Mercuracarborand-3 by the Addition of 1-Decanethiol. (2005)

Ion-selective electrodes and optodes based on the anticrown ionophore mercuracarborand-3 (MC-3) exhibit excellent selectivity to halide ions but suffer from a low upper detection limit because of very strong complexation in the sensing phase. In this work, we have successfully improved the upper detection limit and widened the working range of chloride selective electrode based on MC-3 by introducing 1-decanethiol into the membrane cocktail. With an assumed 1:2 stoichiometry between chloride and MC-3 the apparent complex formation constant was reduced from log beta = 13.4 as reported for the membrane without the addition of 1-decanethiol to log beta = 12.13, log beta = 10.84 and log beta = 5.67 with the addition of a 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 molar ratio of 1-decanethiol to MC-3. Besides these values, obtained with the sandwich membrane method, similar shifts in the measuring range of thin optode film responses to lower chloride concentrations were observed as well. The selectivity of the modified membrane was found to be very good, with hydroxide and the other halides: bromide and iodide, as the main interferences. Based on these results, corresponding iodide selective electrodes were prepared that showed a near-Nernstian iodide slope, rather than a cationic slope as observed without thiol additive.Jonoselektywne elektrody i optody stosujace antykoronowy jonofor [9]merkuracarborand-3 (MC-3) charakteryzuja sie doskonała selektywnościa w stosunku do jonów halogenków lecz wskutek silnego kompleksowania w fazie receptora maja ograniczony zakres górnej granicy oznaczalności. W przedstawionej pracy poszerzono zakres stosowalności dzieki wprowadzeniu 1-dekanotiolu do membrany zawierajacej MC-3. Przy załozonej stechiometrii kompleksu chlorek-MC-3 równej 1:2 stała tworzenia kompleksu została obnizona, z wartości log beta = 13,4 (w przypadku membrany bez dodatku 1-dekanotiolu) do wartości log beta = 12,13; log beta = 10,84 i log beta = 5,67 (po dodaniu 1-dekanotiolu) dla stosunków molowych stezeń-1-dekanotiol:MC-3 wynoszacych odpowiednio 1:1, 1:2 i 1:4. Ponadto oprócz tych danych otrzymanych metoda warstwowej membrany, podobne przesuniecie zakresu pomiarowego obserwowano w przypadku małych stezeń chlorków dla cienkowarstwowej optody. Selektywnoś ć modyfikowanej membrany była dobra, przy czym głównymi interferentami były jony bromkowe, jodkowe i wodorotlenkowe. W oparciu o te wyniki skonstruowano elektrode czuła na jony jodkowe, charakteryzujaca sie nachyleniem anionowym charakterystyki bliskim Nernstowskiemu, a nie kationowym wykazywanym w nieobecności tiolu.
Acute and chronic safety and efficacy of dose dependent creatine nitrate supplementation and exercise performance (2016)

Creatine nitrate delivered at 3 g was well-tolerated, demonstrated similar performance benefits to 3 g CrM, in addition, within the confines of this study, there were no safety concerns.
Vulvovaginal Symptoms in Women With Bacterial Vaginosis (2004)

The 2 classic symptoms of bacterial vaginosis discharge and odor are each reported by a minority of women with bacterial vaginosis and are only slightly more prevalent than among women without bacterial vaginosis.
Filipino Women's Tuberculosis Care Seeking Experience in an Urban Poor Setting: A Socioecological Perspective (2011)

Urban, poor Filipino women tend to delay seeking care for tuberculosis (TB), which increases their risk for morbidity and mortality. We interviewed 13 women and conducted three focus group discussions to characterize their TB care seeking pathways and identify the barriers and facilitators that influence care seeking at multiple levels. The quality of health services, shame associated with TB, financial insecurity, and familial responsibilities hindered care seeking, while support from community health volunteers and family members encouraged it. Strategies to improve TB control should create social support systems and improve the quality of health services to promote timely care seeking.
A Brief Review on the<i>In Situ</i>Synthesis of Boron-Doped Diamond Thin Films (2011)

Diamond thin films are well known for their unsurpassed physical and chemical properties. In the recent past, research interests in the synthesis of conductive diamond thin films, especially the boron-doped diamond (BDD) thin films, have risen up to cater to the requirements of electronic, biosensoric, and electrochemical applications. BDD thin films are obtained by substituting some of the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math>hybridized carbon atoms in the diamond lattice with boron atoms. Depending on diamond thin film synthesis conditions, boron doping routes, and further processing steps (if any), different types of BDD diamond thin films with application-specific properties can be obtained. This paper will review several important advances in the synthesis of boron-doped diamond thin films, especially those synthesized via gas phase manipulation.
Local antithetic sampling with scrambled nets (2008)

We consider the problem of computing an approximation to the integral I=∫[0, 1]d f(x) dx. Monte Carlo (MC) sampling typically attains a root mean squared error (RMSE) of O(n−1/2) from n independent random function evaluations. By contrast, quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) sampling using carefully equispaced evaluation points can attain the rate O(n−1+ɛ) for any ɛ>0 and randomized QMC (RQMC) can attain the RMSE O(n−3/2+ɛ), both under mild conditions on f. Classical variance reduction methods for MC can be adapted to QMC. Published results combining QMC with importance sampling and with control variates have found worthwhile improvements, but no change in the error rate. This paper extends the classical variance reduction method of antithetic sampling and combines it with RQMC. One such method is shown to bring a modest improvement in the RMSE rate, attaining O(n−3/2−1/d+ɛ) for any ɛ>0, for smooth enough f.