gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Strained quantum-well leaky-mode diode laser arrays</title> (1991)

A new type of diode laser array (denoted 'leaky-mode' or 'antiguided') has recently been reported. Despite their success, these devices are difficult to fabricate since they require a deep wet-chemical etch which must be accurately controlled. The authors report a new strained GaInAs quantum well device structure which is produced by etching a thin (0.12 micrometers ), transparent GaAs waveguide layer. These devices have demonstrated fundamental mode operation up to 2A (172 mW/facet at 1A) at 1% duty cycle pulsed condition and 700 mA (62.5 mW/facet) for cw operation.
Monitoring of Cardiorespiratory Signal: Principles of Remote Measurements and Review of Methods (2017)

Physiological signs can be remotely observed from the physiological and physical effects caused by a cardiorespiratory activity. A wide range of research on remote cardiorespiratory monitoring systems has been done using different methods, including methods based on Doppler effect, thermal imaging, and video camera imaging. The aim of this paper was to review and compare the newest and most promising of such remote measuring methods, introducing their merits and limitations under different circumstances. In addition, this paper summarizes the performance of these methods in a table regarding the noise artifacts, subject movement, the number of regions of interest, generalization to multiple subjects, detection range (distance), biological effects, and cost. This is a thorough general overview of the remote measurement of cardiorespiratory methods.
Biosynthesis and maturation of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase in normal and Sanfilippo B-fibroblasts. (1984)

The biosynthesis of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase in normal and Sanfilippo B fibroblasts was studied by labeling cells with [35S]methionine and isolation of the enzyme by immunoprecipitation. The immunoprecipitated polypeptides were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by fluorography. alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase is synthesized as a precursor of an apparent mol. wt. of 87,000. Intracellular processing of the precursor yields two polypeptides of apparent mol. wts. of 73,000 and 76,000 via several intermediates. It is accomplished within 3 days after synthesis. Less than 30% of the newly synthesized precursor is secreted. In the presence of 10 mM NH4Cl, secretion is enhanced to more than 80%. In our study, no alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase polypeptides could be detected in fibroblasts from patients affected with either the severe or mild form of Sanfilippo disease, type B.
Mutations Conferring Resistance to Neutralization by a Soluble Form of the Neurotrophin Receptor (p75NTR) Map outside of the Known Antigenic Sites of the Rabies Virus Glycoprotein (2002)

The neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) serves as a receptor for rabies virus (RV). We expressed and purified a soluble chimera consisting of the p75NTR ectodomain fused to the human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) Fc fragment (p75-Fc). Although p75-Fc interacts with RV, the infectivity of RV did not decrease significantly when it was incubated in the presence of the soluble receptor alone. However, when it was subsequently incubated with an antihuman IgG directed against the Fc fragment of p75-Fc, the infectivity of RV was significantly lowered (>90%), whereas incubation with antihuman IgG alone had no effect. We then selected eight independent RV mutants that were not neutralized by p75-Fc and antihuman IgG (srr [soluble receptor resistant] mutants). Each mutant carried a single mutation in the glycoprotein gene leading to one amino acid substitution in the protein. A total of four different substitutions were found. Two of the mutations were located at position 318 (phenylalanine replaced by a serine or a valine residue), and two were located at position 352 (histidine replaced by a tyrosine or an arginine residue). All of the mutations prevented the interaction with p75NTR as either a soluble or a membrane-anchored form. Two mutants (F318S) and (H352R) resulted in the formation of small plaques on BSR cells, probably due to the slower maturation of the glycoprotein. Immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and neutralization assays showed that the four mutated glycoproteins still interacted with representative anti-RV glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), indicating that p75NTR binds outside of the known RV glycoprotein antigenic sites.
DeepNNNER: Applying BLSTM-CNNs and Extended Lexicons to Named Entity Recognition in Tweets. (2016)

In this paper, we describe the DeepNNNER entry to The 2nd Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text (WNUT) Shared Task #2: Named Entity Recognition in Twitter. Our shared task submission adopts the bidirectional LSTM-CNN model of Chiu and Nichols (2016), as it has been shown to perform well on both newswire and Web texts. It uses word embeddings trained on large-scale Web text collections together with text normalization to cope with the diversity in Web texts, and lexicons for target named entity classes constructed from publicly-available sources. Extended evaluation comparing the effectiveness of various word embeddings, text normalization, and lexicon settings shows that our system achieves a maximum F1-score of 47.24, performance surpassing that of the shared task’s second-ranked system.
Regulation offlt-1 expression during mouse embryogenesis suggests a role in the establishment of vascular endothelium (1996)

Flt-1 is a high affinity binding receptor for the vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) and is primarily expressed in endothelial cells. In this study we have investigated the temporal and spatial regulation of its expression by establishing mouse lines containing the lacZ gene targeted into the flt-1 locus through homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells. In the yolk sac as well as in the embryo proper, lacZ expression faithfully reflected the endogenous expression pattern of the flt-1 gene. LacZ staining of heterozygous embryos led to the following observations: (1) the onset of flt-1 expression is detected at the early primitive streak stage in the extraembryonic mesoderm, and is strongly up-regulated thereafter, reaching a maximum by early to midsomite stages and declining subsequently; (2) while flt-1 is widely expressed within the developing vascular endothelium, its expression level is differentially regulated both spatially and temporally. The pattern of flt-1 expression suggests that it may play an important role in the initiation of endothelium development; and (3) flt-1 is expressed in essentially all the cells in early blood islands, but later its expression is gradually restricted to the endothelial lineage. Our results indicate that flt-1 is a marker for hemangioblasts, the presumed progenitor for both hematopoietic and angioblastic lineage. The flt-1 expression pattern also suggests that it may play important roles in both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.
12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid promotes epidermal wound healing by accelerating keratinocyte migration via the BLT2 receptor (2014)

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptor type 2 (BLT2) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) for 12(S)-hydroxyheptadeca-5Z,8E,10E-trienoic acid (12-HHT) and LTB4. Despite the well-defined proinflammatory roles of BLT1, the in vivo functions of BLT2 remain elusive. As mouse BLT2 is highly expressed in epidermal keratinocytes, we investigated the role of the 12-HHT/BLT2 axis in skin wound healing processes. 12-HHT accumulated in the wound fluid in mice, and BLT2-deficient mice exhibited impaired re-epithelialization and delayed wound closure after skin punching. Aspirin administration reduced 12-HHT production and resulted in delayed wound closure in wild-type mice, which was abrogated in BLT2-deficient mice. In vitro scratch assay using primary keratinocytes and a keratinocyte cell line also showed that the 12-HHT/BLT2 axis accelerated wound closure through the production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). A synthetic BLT2 agonist accelerated wound closure in cultured cells as well as in C57BL/6J and diabetic mice. These results identify a novel mechanism underlying the action of the 12-HHT/BLT2 axis in epidermal keratinocytes and accordingly suggest the use of BLT2 agonists as therapeutic agents to accelerate wound healing, particularly for intractable wounds, such as diabetic ulcers.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Bile Acid Analogues Inhibitory to <i>Clostridium difficile</i> Spore Germination (2017)

Standard antibiotic-based strategies for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infections disrupt indigenous microbiota and commonly fail to eradicate bacterial spores, two key factors that allow recurrence of infection. As an alternative approach to controlling C. difficile infection, a series of bile acid derivatives have been prepared that inhibit taurocholate-induced spore germination. These analogues have been evaluated in a highly virulent NAP1 strain using optical density and phase-contrast microscopy assays. Heterocycle substitutions at C24 were well-tolerated and several tetrazole-containing derivatives were highly potent inhibitors in both assays, with complete inhibition of spore germination observed at 10-25 μM. To limit intestinal absorption, C7-sulfated analogues designed to avoid active and passive transport pathways were prepared. One of these derivatives, compound 21b, was found to be a potent inhibitor of C. difficile spore germination and poorly permeable in a Caco-2 model of intestinal epithelial absorption, suggesting that it is likely to be gut-restricted.
[Estrogens and breast cancer]. (2000)

After a short bibliographical revision on the estrogen action in the genesis of mammarian cancer, it can be accepted that they can only act under the analyzed circumstances. For these reasons, it is advised that the Substitutive Hormonal Therapy (SHT) during menopause with estrogens should not be extended for more than five years, nor should it be given to women over 60 years of age. SHT combined with progesterone protects against endometrial cancer, but increases the relative risk of mammarian cancer. It should not be prescribed for hysterectomized patients who should follow previous advices. Both types of SHT should be avoided by hypertensive women treated with calcium blockers and women have familiar records of mamarian cancer.
Virus receptors: implications for pathogenesis and the design of antiviral agents (1995)

A virus initiates infection by attaching to its specific receptor on the surface of a susceptible host cell. This prepares the way for the virus to enter the cell. Consequently, the expression of the receptor on specific cells and tissues of the host is a major determinant of the route of entry of the virus into the host and of the patterns of virus spread and pathogenesis in the host. This review emphasizes the virus-receptor interactions of human immunodeficiency virus, the rhinoviruses, the herpesviruses, and the coronaviruses. These interactions are often found to be complex and dynamic, involving multiple sites or factors on both the virus and the host cell. Also, the receptor may play an important role in virus entry per se in addition to its role in virus binding. In the cases of human immunodeficiency virus and the rhinoviruses, ingenious approaches to therapeutic strategies based on inhibiting virus attachment and entry are under development and in clinical trials.
Resveratrol Inhibits Ionising Irradiation-Induced Inflammation in MSCs by Activating SIRT1 and Limiting NLRP-3 Inflammasome Activation (2013)

IL-1β, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has been shown to contribute to radiation injury. Sirt1, an NAD+-dependent class III protein deacetylase, plays an important role in the regulation of the proinflammatory cytokines involved in inflammation-associated diseases. The relationship between Sirt1 and IL-1β, however, has remained elusive. The present study was designed to explore the potential effect of Sirt1 on IL-1β expression induced by radiation and to provide a new target for the development of radiation protection drugs. Our results showed that radiation significantly increased IL-1β mRNA and protein expression and that pretreatment with resveratrol, a Sirt1 activator, inhibited the radiation-induced IL-1β expression in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas the knockdown or inhibition of Sirt1 by nicotinamide significantly enhanced radiation-induced IL-1β expression. This effect can likely be attributed to Sirt1-mediated inhibition of NLRP-3 inflammasome activation because Sirt1 inhibits the transactivation potential of NF-κb by deacetylation, which then suppresses NLRP3 transcription. Taken together, the results demonstrate that Sirt1 exerts anti-inflammatory effects by regulating NLRP3 expression partially through the NF-κb pathway in mesenchymal stem cells. More importantly, our findings suggest that resveratrol is an effective agent in protecting against radiation injury, and we provide a theoretical basis for developing a drug to protect against radiation injury by targeting Sirt1.
The design and properties of new, Pb-free solder alloys (2002)

Environmental and health concerns about the toxicity of Pb in solders have prompted a great deal of research to find suitable Pb-free replacement alloys. The goal of the research presented in this paper is to identify Pb-free alloys as close in melting temperature to the near-eutectic 40 Pb-60 Sn solder (melting point of 183/spl deg/C) that possess the best combination of mechanical properties. Enhanced mechanical properties are achieved through metallurgical manipulation of alloy microstructures. Three alloys are presented with superior mechanical properties: i) Sn-3.5 Ag-1 Zn with a melting point of /spl sim/217/spl deg/C, ii) Sn-3.5Ag-1 Zn-0.5 Cu with a melting point of /spl sim/226/spl deg/C, and iii) Sn-8Zn-5In-(O.1-0.5)Ag with a melting point of /spl sim/187/spl deg/C.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Extreme Downsampling and Joint Feature for Coding-Based Palmprint Recognition (2020)

Palmprint is a commonly used and significant modality for biometric recognition currently. The coding-based methods are practical for palmprint recognition because they can be free from training, and have low computational complexity and storage cost. Downsampling is widely used in encoding-based methods for storage cost reduction and matching speed acceleration. In the traditional downsampling method (TDM), the feature of each block is only determined by its upper left pixel; however, TDM totally ignores the other useful pixels. We propose a practical but effective general downsampling method, dubbed extreme downsampling method (EDM). In EDM, the best response pixel in each block is selected as the representative. Because the winner is selected from the 16 candidates in each block, EDM substantially improves the robustness against the dislocation due to imperfect preprocessing, and accordingly improves the accuracy performance. In addition, we propose a joint feature method (JFM) to fuse the matching distances of the templates at score level, which are downsampled by TDM and EDM. The accuracy performance and robustness of EDM and JFM are solidly confirmed when they are employed on several state-of-the-art coding-based palmprint recognition methods.
Total Synthesis of Lemaireocereine. (1992)

By utilizing newly developed synthetic methods i.e. 2-methylbenzofuran formation by CsF-mediated Claisen rearrangement of an aryl propargyl ether and its transformation to a salicylaldehyde by oxidative cleavage of the furan ring, total synthesis of a coctus alkaloid, lemaireocereine (2), was accomplished via ten steps from the aldehyde (4) in 22% yield.
Chemical and chemotaxonomical studies of ferns. LIV. Pterosin derivatives of the genus Microlepia (Pteridaceae). (1985)

From the fronds of five pteridaceous ferns [Microlepia speluncae (L). MOORE, M. trapeziformis (ROXB.) KUHN, M. obtusiloba HAYATA, M. substrigosa TAGAWA and M. strigosa (THUNB.) PRESL], several 1-indanone-type sesquiterpenes (pterosins and pterosides) were isolated. Four of them, isolated from M. speluncae were new and were assigned the structures 13-hydroxy-3 (R)-pterosin D (V), 13-hydroxy-3 (R)-pterosin D 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside (VI), 3 (R)-pterosin D 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside (VIII) and 2 (R), 3 (R)-pterosin D 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside (XI). The structures were elucidated mainly by spectroscopic methods. Compound V was named spelosin. The investigation of two other species, M. calvescens (WALL.) PRESL and M. okamotoi TAGAWA, gave no identifiable compounds, of this type.
Influences of thermal annealing on P3HT/PCBM interfacial properties and charge dynamics in polymer solar cells (2015)

The effects of thermal annealing on the interfacial properties of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/[6,6]-phenyl C-61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and on the charge dynamics in P3HT: PCBM polymer solar cells (PSCs) are investigated. This study determines that an effective phase separation of the P3HT and PCBM caused by thermal annealing achieves a larger interfacial area for efficient exciton dissociation and a well-defined pn junction with few defect levels at the P3HT/PCBM interface. Additionally, thermal annealing creates a compositional gradient across the P3HT: PCBM films, which enhances the charge transit ability significantly. These improved interfacial properties and efficiency in charge transit ability account for the better power conversion efficiency of P3HT: PCBM PSCs treated with thermal annealing. (C) 2015 The Japan Society of Applied Physics
Visual Exploration of Time‐Series Data with Shape Space Projections (2011)

Abstract Time‐series data is a common target for visual analytics, as they appear in a wide range of application domains. Typical tasks in analyzing time‐series data include identifying cyclic behavior, outliers, trends, and periods of time that share distinctive shape characteristics. Many methods for visualizing time series data exist, generally mapping the data values to positions or colors. While each can be used to perform a subset of the above tasks, none to date is a complete solution. In this paper we present a novel approach to time‐series data visualization, namely creating multivariate data records out of short subsequences of the data and then using multivariate visualization methods to display and explore the data in the resulting shape space . We borrow ideas from text analysis, where the use of N‐grams is a common approach to decomposing and processing unstructured text. By mapping each temporal N‐gram to a glyph, and then positioning the glyphs via PCA (basically a projection in shape space), many different kinds of patterns in the sequence can be readily identified. Interactive selection via brushing, in conjunction with linking to other visualizations, provides a wide range of tools for exploring the data. We validate the usefulness of this approach with examples from several application domains and tasks, comparing our methods with traditional time‐series visualizations.
Melanoma: issues of importance to the clinician. (1985)

The prognosis of melanoma is no longer hopeless. It can be diagnosed at an early biological stage when simple surgical excision is curative. Public and professional education is necessary to achieve and maintain the successful management of this potentially dangerous tumour.
Learning click models via probit bayesian inference (2010)

Recent advances in click models have positioned them as an effective approach to the improvement of interpreting click data, and some typical works include UBM, DBN, CCM, etc. After formulating the knowledge of user search behavior into a set of model assumptions, each click model developed an inference method to estimate its parameters. The inference method plays a critical role in terms of accuracy in interpreting clicks, and we observe that different inference methods for a click model can lead to significant accuracy differences. In this paper, we propose a novel Bayesian inference approach for click models. This approach regards click model under a unified framework, which has the following characteristics and advantages:
Therapeutic applications of nucleic acids as ligands for Toll-like receptors. (2009)

Intracellular TLRs, represented by TLRs 3, 7, 8 and 9, are specialized for the recognition of different types of microbe-derived nucleic acids. However, endogenous nucleic acids can also activate these TLRs, triggering autoimmunity. Nucleic acid-sensing TLRs initiate innate immune responses upon infection, but these receptors also initiate the development of protective adaptive immune responses. Therefore, TLR stimulation represents an attractive strategy for the development of therapeutic and prophylactic agents targeting microbial infections, cancers and allergies. The current use of stimulatory nucleic acids targeting TLRs is reviewed for applications ranging from vaccine adjuvants to anticancer, antiviral and anti-allergic agents. In addition, inhibitory nucleic acid ligands being evaluated for their ability to ameliorate autoimmune disorders and viremias, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and HIV infection, respectively, are described.
Tungsten wire-array Z-pinch experiments at 200 TW and 2 MJ (1998)

Here Z, a 60 TW/5 MJ electrical accelerator located at Sandia National Laboratories, has been used to implode tungsten wire-array Z pinches. These arrays consisted of large numbers of tungsten wires (120–300) with wire diameters of 7.5 to 15 μm placed in a symmetric cylindrical array. The experiments used array diameters ranging from 1.75 to 4 cm and lengths from 1 to 2 cm. A 2 cm long, 4 cm diam tungsten array consisting of 240, 7.5 μm diam wires (4.1 mg mass) achieved an x-ray power of ∼200 TW and an x-ray energy of nearly 2 MJ. Spectral data suggest an optically thick, Planckian-like radiator below 1000 eV. One surprising experimental result was the observation that the total radiated x-ray energies and x-ray powers were nearly independent of pinch length. These data are compared with two-dimensional radiation magnetohydrodynamic code calculations.
Power and Resistance: A Case Study of Satire on the Internet (2011)

Past studies on print and TV satire have revealed that satire can be seen as a site of resistance to power. In light of this, interesting questions can be raised regarding Internet satire: what does the Internet contribute to the resistance and what kind of power relation is played out on this site? Using an example from China, this paper reveals that like its print and TV counterparts, Internet satire reflects a widespread feeling of powerlessness, rather than offering the general public any political power. However, the Internet helps to push the symbolic power of satire to a higher level. This is because it makes satire a tool for the grassroots which facilitates the creation and spread of satirical ideas, and also helps to release and stimulate the enormous reserve of public wit and wisdom. As a result, satire on the Internet has the potential to generate a chain of related satirical work, which can create a satire movement and subject power to sustained shame and ridicule.