gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Corrosion Resistance of Martensitic Stainless Steels in Environments Simulating Carbon Dioxide Gas Wells (1998)

Martensitic stainless steels (SS) have been used widely for oil-country tubular goods (OCTG) because of their high strength and excellent corrosion resistance in carbon dioxide (CO2) gas wells. Cr-rich precipitates form after tempering heat treatments of martensitic SS. These precipitates can affect the corrosion resistance of martensitic SS in environments simulating CO2 gas wells because Cr is considered to be an important element for improving corrosion resistance. The effects of chemical composition and tempering heat treatments on corrosion rates and pitting potentials were investigated to clarify the effect of precipitates on corrosion resistance of martensitic SS in environments simulating CO2 gas wells. The general corrosion index (GCI = Cr – 12 C + 0.77 Ni + 10 N [mass %]) was confirmed as a good index for estimating corrosion rates of martensitic SS in environments simulating CO2 gas wells. The term “C coefficient/Cr coefficient” (–12), was defined as the amount of Cr as carbide precipitates (M23C6) in martensitic SS from the analysis of precipitates. The term “N coefficient/Cr coefficient” was positive because soluble N was effective in improving corrosion resistance, as demonstrated by surface analysis. From electrochemical analysis, the anode reaction of martensitic SS was controlled by a high GCI. Pitting potentials in environments simulating CO2 gas wells depended on Cr – 12 C + Mo + 1.1 Ni + 6 N (mass %). From the surface analysis, Mo corroded in solution to form molybdate (MoO42–), which inhibited corrosion. Corrosion rates and pitting potentials in environments simulating CO2 gas wells were governed mainly by the amount of Cr in the matrix. This amount could be estimated by deducting the amount of precipitated Cr from the total amount of Cr in the steel, regardless of the tempering heat treatment.
The Liquid-phase Oxidation of Hydrocarbons with Molecular Oxygen. II. A Highly Selective Formation of α-Tetralone by the Metal-catalyzed Oxidation of Tetralin in the Presence of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dialkylamides (1979)

Abstract The metal-ion catalyzed oxidation of tetralin was carried out in different solvents in which metal salts tend to be soluble. It was found that, for the production of α-tetralone, a chromium salt is the best catalyst among the first-transition-metal salts employed, while N,N-dialkylamides are the best solvents or the best additives. For example, in the tris(acetylacetonato)chromium(III)-catalyzed oxidation of tetralin in the presence of N,N-dimethylacetamide, α-tetralone was obtained in a 93.0% yield at a 27.2% tetralin conversion. The decomposition of α-tetralyl hydroperoxide (THP) with different first-transition-metal catalysts was also carried out in N,N-dimethylformamide in order to elucidate the formation mechanism for α-tetralone in the oxidation of tetralin in the presence of N,N-dialkylamides. It was concluded that the product distribution in the oxidation mainly depends on the decomposition mechanism of THP, and that N,N-dialkylamides seem to promote the reaction of the α-tetralylperoxyl radical with low valent metal ions, ROO·+Mn+→α-tetralone+OH−+M(n+1)+.
Forecasting of Glucose Levels and Hypoglycemic Events: Head-to-Head Comparison of Linear and Nonlinear Data-Driven Algorithms Based on Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data Only (2021)

In type 1 diabetes management, the availability of algorithms capable of accurately forecasting future blood glucose (BG) concentrations and hypoglycemic episodes could enable proactive therapeutic actions, e.g., the consumption of carbohydrates to mitigate, or even avoid, an impending critical event. The only input of this kind of algorithm is often continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensor data, because other signals (such as injected insulin, ingested carbs, and physical activity) are frequently unavailable. Several predictive algorithms fed by CGM data only have been proposed in the literature, but they were assessed using datasets originated by different experimental protocols, making a comparison of their relative merits difficult. The aim of the present work was to perform a head-to-head comparison of thirty different linear and nonlinear predictive algorithms using the same dataset, given by 124 CGM traces collected over 10 days with the newest Dexcom G6 sensor available on the market and considering a 30-min prediction horizon. We considered the state-of-the art methods, investigating, in particular, linear black-box methods (autoregressive; autoregressive moving-average; and autoregressive integrated moving-average, ARIMA) and nonlinear machine-learning methods (support vector regression, SVR; regression random forest; feed-forward neural network, fNN; and long short-term memory neural network). For each method, the prediction accuracy and hypoglycemia detection capabilities were assessed using either population or individualized model parameters. As far as prediction accuracy is concerned, the results show that the best linear algorithm (individualized ARIMA) provides accuracy comparable to that of the best nonlinear algorithm (individualized fNN), with root mean square errors of 22.15 and 21.52 mg/dL, respectively. As far as hypoglycemia detection is concerned, the best linear algorithm (individualized ARIMA) provided precision = 64%, recall = 82%, and one false alarm/day, comparable to the best nonlinear technique (population SVR): precision = 63%, recall = 69%, and 0.5 false alarms/day. In general, the head-to-head comparison of the thirty algorithms fed by CGM data only made using a wide dataset shows that individualized linear models are more effective than population ones, while no significant advantages seem to emerge when employing nonlinear methodologies.
Host discrimination of Mycoplasma pneumoniae proteinaceous immunogens. (1983)

The immune response of experimentally infected hamsters and human patients to Mycoplasma pneumoniae was examined by radioimmunoprecipation in conjunction with gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Both intrinsically and extrinsically labeled mycoplasma proteins were coincubated with acute and convalescent sera in a radioimmunoprecipitation assay. Two M. pneumoniae proteins were selectively precipitated by convalescent sera. These predominant immunogens were trypsin-sensitive, antibody-accessible surface proteins that co-migrate on polyacrylamide gels with proteins P1 and P2, which were previously implicated by us as mediators of cytadsorption. Anti-M. pneumoniae antiserum did not precipitate radiolabeled antigens derived from Mycoplasma orale or Mycoplasma salivarium. These data indicate that M. pneumoniae infection stimulates a specific and highly targeted host antibody response to key proteinaceous immunogens.
True Bulk Synthesis of Janus Objects by Bipolar Electrochemistry (2012)

Janus particles have different features/chemistry on two opposite sides (see figure). So far, they have been obtained mainly by two-dimensional synthetic methods, which are able to break the symmetry but limit the amount of produced particles. A true bulk approach, based on bipolar electrochemistry, is presented that allows the straightforward synthesis of such asymmetric micro- and nano-objects.
CamoPerturb (2016)

Integrated circuit (IC) camouflaging is a layout-level technique that thwarts reverse engineering attacks on ICs by introducing camouflaged cells that look alike, but can implement one of many possible Boolean functions. Existing camouflaging techniques have been broken by a recent decamouflaging attack, which uses Boolean satisfiability (SAT) techniques to compute specialized discriminating input patterns that prune the functionality search space quickly. This paper presents CamoPerturb, a countermeasure to thwart the decamouflaging attack by integrating logic perturbation with IC camouflaging. CamoPerturb, contrary to all the existing camouflaging schemes, perturbs the functionality of the given design minimally, i.e., adds/removes one minterm, rather than camouflaging the design. A separate camouflaged block CamoFix restores the perturbed minterm, recovering the functionality of the design. The perturbed minterm is the designer's secret and is incorporated into CamoFix using camouflaged cells. CamoPerturb renders the decamouflaging attack effort exponentially harder in the number of camouflaged gates while its overhead grows linearly. The paper presents formal proofs for the security of CamoPerturb along with experimental results.
Interference of Saturated Fats in the Determination of Low Levels of <i>trans</i> Fats (below 0.5%) by Infrared Spectroscopy (2007)

Abstract The mandate to label food products with the content of total trans fatty acids has led to an increase in demand for sensitive and accurate methodologies for the rapid quantitation of trans fats. Unfortunately, the latest official infrared (IR) spectroscopic method lacks the required sensitivity. A more sensitive IR procedure that requires the measurement of the height of the second derivative (2D) of the trans absorption band at 966 cm −1 was recently proposed; however, a reported inconsistency at low trans levels between GC (0% of total fat) and IR (1.2% of total fat) results for a fully hydrogenated vegetable oil could not be reconciled, and triggered further investigations. For the first time, we recognize and report the presence of weak interference bands (962–956 cm −1 ) attributed to saturated fats in the IR spectra of trans fats; these interference bands have an adverse impact on the sensitivity and accuracy of the IR determination at low trans levels (≤0.5% of total fat). Therefore, weak spectral features observed at energies below the one expected for trans bands (966 cm −1 ) in test samples high in saturated fat (coconut oil and cocoa butter) must not be mistaken for trans bands.
Wireless optical transmission of 450 nm, 3.2 Gbit/s 16-QAM-OFDM signals over 6.6 m underwater channel (2016)

We experimentally realized a gigabit underwater wireless optical communication system using commercially available 450 nm blue laser diode. By implementing 16-QAM-OFDM modulation, we achieved data rate of 3.2 Gbit/s with a BER of 6.83×10-4 over 6.6 m channel.
NADEEF (2013)

We present NADEEF, an extensible, generic and easy-to-deploy data cleaning system. NADEEF distinguishes between a programming interface and a core to achieve generality and extensibility. The programming interface allows users to specify data quality rules by writing code that implements predefined classes. These classes uniformly define what is wrong with the data and (possibly) how to fix it. We will demonstrate the following features provided by NADEEF. (1) Heterogeneity: The programming interface can be used to express many types of data quality rules beyond the well known CFDs (FDs), MDs and ETL rules. (2) Interdependency: The core algorithms can interleave multiple types of rules to detect and repair data errors. (3) Deployment and extensibility: Users can easily customize NADEEF by defining new types of rules, or by extending the core. (4) Metadata management and data custodians: We show a live data quality dashboard to effectively involve users in the data cleaning process.
Bridging the Gap between User Requirements and Configuration Requirements (2012)

The Service Availability Forum supports the realization of Highly Available systems by means of standards like the Availability Management Framework (AMF), a middleware service that manages the high availability of services provided by applications through the coordination of their redundant components. AMF configurations for applications, capable of providing and protecting services, can be generated from the software and from a set of configuration requirements (CR). The specification of CR requires a good knowledge of the AMF specification. Users/Customers may not have this AMF knowledge and are usually acquainted to specifying high level characteristics of services of interest. This paper introduces an approach aiming at bridging the gap between user requirements and configuration requirements for the design of AMF configurations. Â© 2012 C.E.S.A.M.E.S.
Generalized multiple description coding with correlating transforms (2001)

Multiple description (MD) coding is source coding in which several descriptions of the source are produced such that various reconstruction qualities are obtained from different subsets of the descriptions. Unlike multiresolution or layered source coding, there is no hierarchy of descriptions; thus, MD coding is suitable for packet erasure channels or networks without priority provisions. Generalizing work by Orchard, Wang, Vaishampayan and Reibman (see Proc IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing, vol.I, Santa Barbara, CA, p.608-11, 1997), a transform-based approach is developed for producing M descriptions of an N-tuple source, M/spl les/N. The descriptions are sets of transform coefficients, and the transform coefficients of different descriptions are correlated so that missing coefficients can be estimated. Several transform optimization results are presented for memoryless Gaussian sources, including a complete solution of the N=2, M=2 case with arbitrary weighting of the descriptions. The technique is effective only when independent components of the source have differing variances. Numerical studies show that this method performs well at low redundancies, as compared to uniform MD scalar quantization.
ANN Based Classification for Heart Defibrillators (1991)

Current Intra-Cardia defibrillators make use of simple classification algorithms to determine patient conditions and subsequently to enable proper therapy. The simplicity is primarily due to the constraints on power dissipation and area available for implementation. Sub-threshold implementation of artificial neural networks offer potential classifiers with higher performance than commercially available defibrillators. In this paper we explore several classifier architectures and discuss micro-electronic implementation issues.
Differentiation of citrus tristeza closterovirus (CTV) isolates by single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the coat protein gene (1996)

Summary. Citrus tristeza closterovirus (CTV) isolates of several geographical origins were compared for variations in their coat protein (CP) gene by analysis of single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). The CP gene of 17 isolates was reverse transcribed, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and 22 clones were inserted into a plasmid vector. These clones were sequenced and found to have between 91.7% and 99.8% sequence homology. Clones were amplified and the PCR products denatured and compared by SSCP analysis in 8% polyacrylamide gels. Using two different electrophoretic conditions, the patterns were different for 16 or 17 clones. Four pairs of clones (T36/T66, P1/Q2, 03/8Q, and E1/E2) differing by 10, 2, 1 and 1 nucleotides, respectively, could not be distinguished using either condition. When these clones were compared by SSCP after digestion with Eco 91I ( Bst EII) three of the pairs (T36/T66, P1/Q2, and 03/8Q) could be differentiated, whereas the clones E1 and E2 (differing by 1 nucleotide) remained indistinguishable. Thus, SSCP analysis combining two electrophoretic conditions and restriction of eight clones with Eco 91I allowed discrimination between 21 of the 22 CP gene clones selected. SSCP analysis may provide a procedure to identify and differentiate CTV isolates based on comparisons of several genes or gene regions. It is rapid and cheap and may drastically reduce the amount of sequencing necessary for accurate comparisons.
Herbicidal activity and selectivity of new 3‐alkyl‐4‐amino‐6‐aryl‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5‐ones (1975)

Abstract 3‐Alkyl‐4‐amino‐6‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5‐ones are herbicidal compounds which act by inhibition of the electron transport in photosynthesis (Hill reaction). There is some correlation between phytotoxicity and photosynthesis inhibition data. An exception is found with sugar beets which are very tolerant towards triazinones with a methyl group in 3‐position and an amino group in 4‐position. The best compound from this series, 4‐amino‐4,5‐dihydro‐3‐methyl‐6‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5‐one, metamitron, shows very promising properties as a selective herbicide in sugar beet crops.
Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance (2018)

Platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni) nanowires were developed as fuel cell electrocatalysts, and were optimized for the performance and durability in the oxygen reduction reaction. Spontaneous galvanic displacement was used to deposit Pt layers onto Ni nanowire substrates. The synthesis approach produced catalysts with high specific activities and high Pt surface areas. Hydrogen annealing improved Pt and Ni mixing and specific activity. Acid leaching was used to preferentially remove Ni near the nanowire surface, and oxygen annealing was used to stabilize near-surface Ni, improving durability and minimizing Ni dissolution. These protocols detail the optimization of each post-synthesis processing step, including hydrogen annealing to 250 °C, exposure to 0.1 M nitric acid, and oxygen annealing to 175 °C. Through these steps, Pt-Ni nanowires produced increased activities more than an order of magnitude than Pt nanoparticles, while offering significant durability improvements. The presented protocols are based on Pt-Ni systems in the development of fuel cell catalysts. These techniques have also been used for a variety of metal combinations, and can be applied to develop catalysts for a number of electrochemical processes.
Preparation of imidazo[2,1‐<i>b</i>]quinazolin‐5(3<i>H</i>)‐ones and related tricyclic systems using a novel, double displacement reaction (1989)

Abstract New methodology is described for the construction of tricyclic heterocycles. Thus, a double displacement reaction of l‐(2‐fluorobenzoyl)‐2‐methylthio‐2‐imidazoline ( 8a ) with 1,1‐dialkylhydrazines gave 10‐substituted 2,10‐dihydroimidazo[2,1‐ b ]quinazolin‐5(3 H )‐ones in good yield. The corresponding 1‐(2‐nitrobenzoyl)‐2‐meth‐ylthio‐2‐imidazolines also underwent double displacement reactions with hydrazines. Other tricyclics made using double displacement reactions were pyrimido[2,1‐ b ]quinazolines, imidazo[1,2‐ a ]pyrido[2,3‐ d ]pyrimidines, and imidazo[1,2‐ a ]pyrazolo[3,4‐ d ]pyrimidines. Treatment of 8a with hydrazine hydrate or methylhydrazine gave products resulting from displacement, but did not afford fused benzotriazepinones.
<i>In Vivo</i> Antimalarial Activity and Mechanisms of Action of 4-Nerolidylcatechol Derivatives (2015)

4-Nerolidylcatechol (1) is an abundant antiplasmodial metabolite that is isolated from Piper peltatum roots. O-Acylation or O-alkylation of compound 1 provides derivatives exhibiting improved stability and significant in vitro antiplasmodial activity. The aim of this work was to study the in vitro inhibition of hemozoin formation, inhibition of isoprenoid biosynthesis in Plasmodium falciparum cultures, and in vivo antimalarial activity of several 4-nerolidylcatechol derivatives. 1,2-O,O-Diacetyl-4-nerolidylcatechol (2) inhibited in vitro hemozoin formation by up to 50%. In metabolic labeling studies using [1-(n)-(3)H]geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, diester 2: significantly inhibited the biosynthesis of isoprenoid metabolites ubiquinone 8, menaquinone 4, and dolichol 12 in cultures of P. falciparum 3D7. Similarly, 2-O-benzyl-4-nerolidylcatechol (3) significantly inhibited the biosynthesis of dolichol 12. P. falciparum in vitro protein synthesis was not affected by compounds 2 or 3. At oral doses of 50 mg per kg of body weight per day, compound 2 suppressed Plasmodium berghei NK65 in infected BALB/c mice by 44%. This in vivo result for derivative 2 represents marked improvement over that obtained previously for natural product 1. Compound 2 was not detected in mouse blood 1 h after oral ingestion or in mixtures with mouse blood/blood plasma in vitro. However, it was detected after in vitro contact with human blood or blood plasma. Derivatives of 4-nerolidylcatechol exhibit parasite-specific modes of action, such as inhibition of isoprenoid biosynthesis and inhibition of hemozoin formation, and they therefore merit further investigation for their antimalarial potential.
Structural Basis for Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)-selective Inhibitory Action of β-Amyloid Precursor Protein-derived Inhibitor (2011)

Unlike other synthetic or physiological inhibitors for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), the β-amyloid precursor protein-derived inhibitory peptide (APP-IP) having an ISYGNDALMP sequence has a high selectivity toward MMP-2. Our previous study identified amino acid residues of MMP-2 essential for its selective inhibition by APP-IP and demonstrated that the N to C direction of the decapeptide inhibitor relative to the substrate-binding cleft of MMP-2 is opposite that of substrate. However, detailed interactions between the two molecules remained to be clarified. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of MMP-2 in complex with APP-IP. We found that APP-IP in the complex is indeed embedded into the substrate-binding cleft of the catalytic domain in the N to C direction opposite that of substrate. With the crystal structure, it was first clarified that the aromatic side chain of Tyr(3) of the inhibitor is accommodated into the S1' pocket of the protease, and the carboxylate group of Asp(6) of APP-IP coordinates bidentately to the catalytic zinc of the enzyme. The Ala(7) to Pro(10) and Tyr(3) to Ile(1) strands of the inhibitor extend into the nonprime and the prime sides of the cleft, respectively. Therefore, the decapeptide inhibitor has long range contact with the substrate-binding cleft of the protease. This mode of interaction is probably essential for the high MMP-2 selectivity of the inhibitor because MMPs share a common architecture in the vicinity of the catalytic center, but whole structures of their substrate-binding clefts have sufficient variety for the inhibitor to distinguish MMP-2 from other MMPs.
Preferential suppression of CXCR4-specific strains of HIV-1 by antiviral therapy (2001)

To initiate infection, HIV-1 requires a primary receptor, CD4, and a secondary receptor, principally the chemokine receptor CCR5 or CXCR4. Coreceptor usage plays a critical role in HIV-1 disease progression. HIV-1 transmitted in vivo generally uses CCR5 (R5), but later CXCR4 (X4) strains may emerge; this shift heralds CD4+ cell depletion and clinical deterioration. We asked whether antiretroviral therapy can shift HIV-1 populations back to R5 viruses after X4 strains have emerged, in part because treatment has been successful in slowing disease progression without uniformly suppressing plasma viremia. We analyzed the coreceptor usage of serial primary isolates from 15 women with advanced disease who demonstrated X4 viruses. Coreceptor usage was determined by using a HOS-CD4+ cell system, biological and molecular cloning, and sequencing the envelope gene V3 region. By constructing a mathematical model to measure the proportion of virus in a specimen using each coreceptor, we demonstrated that the predominant viral population shifted from X4 at baseline to R5 strains after treatment. Multivariate analyses showed that the shift was independent of changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA level and CD4+ cell count. Hence, combination therapy may lead to a change in phenotypic character as well as in the quantity of HIV-1. Shifts in coreceptor usage may thereby contribute to the clinical efficacy of anti-HIV drugs.