gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunotherapy of Murine Transitional Cell Carcinoma (1982)

A series of 6 controlled experiments in C3H/He mice were performed to evaluate nonspecific immunotherapeutic regimens with a transplantable murine bladder tumor (MBT2). Immunotherapeutic agents studied included live Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) preparations in varying doses and strains (Tice, Pasteur, and Glaxo), Re mutant glycolipid (ReG) from Salmonella typhimurium, BCG cell wall skeletons (CWS), CWS plus B4 glycolipid fraction of ReG, and Keyhole-Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH). Animals received an intradermal MBT2 inoculation and were then randomized to treatment and control (saline treated) groups. Immunotherapy was administered intralesionally 1 day after tumor transplantation. Tumors were excised by amputation at a volume of 400 mm. and animals were later rechallenged with tumor inocula, again treated, and followed for tumor incidence growth rate and survival. No antitumor affect was observed with ReG, CWS or CWS plus B4. KLH immunotherapy did result in measurable antitumor effect. Consistent and statistically significant (p less than 0.01) antitumor responses as measured by prolonged survival and decreased growth rate were observed with Tice and Pasteur strains of BCG in doses ranging from 5 X 10(5) to 1 X 10(7) colony forming units per animal. Doses in excess of 10(7) units were found to decrease antitumor response. Glaxo strain BCG had no beneficial effect when used in the maximal dose (10(6) colony forming units) that could be administered. In animals immunized with intermediate doses of live Tice or Pasteur strain BCG in the study, effective long term immunity to transitional cell carcinoma was observed. Although many new immunotherapeutic agents have been advocated in other tumor models, to date we have found Tice and Pasteur strains of live BCG to be the most effective agents in the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma.
TRAIL and taurolidine enhance the anticancer activity of doxorubicin, trabectedin and mafosfamide in HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells. (2012)

When combined with TRAIL and taurolidine, treatment with doxorubicin and trabectedin demonstrated stronger apoptosis-inducing and antiproliferative effects.
The effect of combined chemical and enzyme treatments on the saccharification and <i>in vitro</i> digestion rate of wheat straw (1981)

Abstract Wheat straw was pretreated with sodium hydroxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide, and subsequently treated with four sources of cellulase, T. reesei, T. reesei, T. viride, A. niger, and Oxyporus sp. The effect of the combined chemical + enzyme treatments on the extent of saccharification and on the digestion rate by rumen microorganisms was studied. Cellulases were applied at an equal but low concentration (0.5 FPU/ml) on the pretreated straw. The combined treatments, SO 2 + T. reesei cellulase nd SO 2 + T. viride cellulase, produced the highest and significant levels of reducing sugars (RS), 577 and 597 mg RS/g straw organic matter. The highest enzyme efficiency, 44.7 mg RS/mg enzyme, was found with T. reesei cellulase when applied on SO 2 pretreated straw. The in vitro organic matter digestibility was affected significantly only by the chemical pretreatments, whereas the effect of the cellulases was expressed mainly in increasing the fermentability of the hydrolyzed straw. The in vitro digestion pattern of the saccharified straw was found to be typical of a highly fermentable feed and comparable to a starchy mixture such as used in concentrate ruminant diets.
The Effectiveness Of A Virtual Learning Environment On Student Learning About Clinical Skills (2007)

The purpose of this study was to explore whether social work students could increase their clinical skills knowledge in a Clinical Skills Virtual Learning Environment (CS-VLE). The evaluation of an online exercise that was developed using experiential learning theory and other learning theories was seen as being the first step in challenging a noted theme within social work academia concerning the effectiveness of online environments in teaching clinical skills. This study assessed changes in knowledge, produced by exposure to a web-based clinical skills environment. Results showed significant changes in knowledge after exposure to the online environment as hypothesized. Results also showed that students that worked with all of the learning options presented in the clinical skills environment that were modeled after the four phases of experiential learning did not have a significant difference in increase of learning than those that did not. Increases in learning were not correlated with the number of options experienced. Also, students that worked with all of the learning options presented in the clinical skills environment that were modeled after the four phases of experiential learning in the order set forth by David Kolb did had a significant difference in increase of learning than those that did not. Finally it was found that attitude towards technology was not correlated with increase in knowledge of clinical skills. The results imply that online environments may be effective for the teaching of clinical skills content, however more research is needed as to determine what order and content is most effective. Additional studies should follow that are more rigorous in nature and test other types of clinical content. Also, more testing on attitude towards technology should be done to determine if there is a type of student that may not be appropriate for online education.
Grand Alliance prototype transport stream encoder design and implementation (1995)

The Grand Alliance HDTV system has been designed to provide advanced television service to North America. The FCC Advisory Committee on Advanced Television Service & the Grand Alliance have devised a testing program that demonstrates and measures the performance of a prototype system that has been constructed. This paper describes the prototype transport stream encoder subsystem design and implementation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
THE IMMUNOPATHOLOGY OF UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL ACUTE GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE LYMPHOID CELLS AND ENDOTHELIAL ADHESION MOLECULES (1993)

Acute graft-versus-host disease is a common complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, but the mechanisms resulting in tissue injury are uncertain. In order to probe the effector phase of upper gastrointestinal acute GVHD, we performed immunopathologic studies of duodenal biopsies obtained from patients with or without GVHD. We evaluated the infiltrating mononuclear cells in both epithelium and lamina propria for expression of CD2, CD4, CD8, CD25, T alpha/beta and gamma/delta receptors, CD16, CD56, CD57 and also studied the distribution of cell adhesion molecules (ELAM-1, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, PECAM-1). In the epithelium, only a minimal T cell infiltrate was observed. In the lamina propria, GVHD tissue (vs. control) had an infiltrate of CD2+ (17.7 +/- 2.9% vs. 7.2 +/- 1.8%; P < 0.04), CD8+ (15.5 +/- 4.4% vs. 4.8 +/- 1.9%, P < 0.04) T lymphocytes. GVHD-positive and control tissues contained similar numbers of CD4+ T cells and natural killer cells (CD56+ or CD57+). ICAM-1 staining of endothelial cells was prominent in GVHD tissues (13.5 +/- 1.1 capillaries/field) and was significantly increased over non-GVHD specimens (7.5 +/- 1.8; P < 0.02). ELAM-1, VCAM-1, and PECAM-1 were similarly distributed in both biopsy groups. These data suggest that effectors of upper GI GVHD include CD2+, CD8+, T lymphocytes infiltrating the lamina propria. Inflammatory cell activation and resultant secretion of cytokines might directly damage the mucosa, but may also upregulate ICAM-1 on local endothelium leading to perpetuation of inflammation by recruitment of additional cytotoxic lymphocytes.
Active Thermal Sensor for Improved Distributed Temperature Sensing in Haptic Arrays (2018)

The efficacy of integrating temperature sensors into compliant pressure sensing technologies, such as haptic sensing arrays, is limited by thermal losses into the substrate. A solution is proposed here whereby an active heat sink is incorporated into the sensor to mitigate these losses, while still permitting the use of common VLSI manufacturing methods and materials to be used in sensor fabrication. This active sink is capable of responding to unknown fluctuations in external temperature, that is, the temperature that is to be measured, and directly compensates in real time for the thermal power loss into the substrate by supplying an equivalent amount of power back into the thermal sensor. In this paper, the thermoelectric effects of the active heat sink/thermal sensor system are described and used to reduce the complexity of the system to a simple one-dimensional numerical model. This model is incorporated into a feedback system used to control the active heat sink and monitor the sensor output. A fabrication strategy is also described to show how such a technology can be incorporated into a common bonded silicon-on-insulator- (BSOI-) based capacitive pressure sensor array such as that used in some haptic sensing systems.
Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Distinct Differences in the Protein Content of Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccines (2013)

At present, only vaccines containing outer membrane vesicles (OMV) have successfully stopped Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B epidemics. These vaccines however require detergent-extraction to remove endotoxin, which changes immunogenicity and causes production difficulties. To investigate this in more detail, the protein content of detergent-extracted OMV is compared with two detergent-free alternatives. A novel proteomics strategy has been developed that allows quantitative analysis of many biological replicates despite inherent multiplex restrictions of dimethyl labeling. This enables robust statistical analysis of relative protein abundance. The comparison with detergent-extracted OMV reveales that detergent-free OMV are enriched with membrane (lipo)proteins and contain less cytoplasmic proteins due to a milder purification process. These distinct protein profiles are substantiated with serum blot proteomics, confirming enrichment with immunogenic proteins in both detergent-free alternatives. Therefore, the immunogenic protein content of OMV vaccines depends at least partially on the purification process. This study demonstrates that detergent-free OMV have a preferred composition.
Virulence of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Is Associated with Distinct Dendritic Cell Responses and Reduced Numbers of Activated CD8+ T Cells (2010)

The Toxoplasma gondii population consists of multiple strains, defined by genotype and virulence. Previous studies have established that protective immunity to this organism is mediated by IL-12, which drives T cells to produce IFN-gamma. Paradoxically, although type I and type II strains of T. gondii both induce IL-12 and IFN-gamma in the mouse, type I parasites are lethal, whereas type II strains establish chronic infection. The cellular basis for these strain-dependent differences remains unclear. To better understand these events, the CD8(+) T cell and dendritic cell (DC) responses to transgenic, OVA-expressing type I RH (RH OVA) and type II Prugniuad (Pru OVA) parasites were examined. Pru OVA-infected mice developed a robust DC response at the site of infection and the draining lymph node and generated a population of endogenous OVA-specific CD8(+) T cells. In contrast, RH OVA-infected mice had fewer DCs and OVA-specific CD8(+) T cells. RH OVA-infected mice given preactivated OVA-specific CD8(+) T cells were protected, suggesting that reduced DC-derived signals contributed to the low OVA-specific CD8(+) T cell numbers observed during type I infection. Indeed, DC depletion prior to Pru OVA infection resulted in a failure to generate activated OVA-specific CD8(+) T cells, and IL-12p70 treatment during RH OVA infection modestly increased the number of Ag-specific cells. Together, these data are consistent with a model of immunity to T. gondii in which strain-dependent DC responses shape the generation of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells and determine the outcome of infection.
Striatal Neurons Expressing D1 and D2 Receptors are Morphologically Distinct and Differently Affected by Dopamine Denervation in Mice (2017)

The loss of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease induces a reduction in the number of dendritic spines on medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum expressing D<sub>1</sub> or D<sub>2</sub> dopamine receptor. Consequences on MSNs expressing both receptors (D<sub>1</sub>/D<sub>2</sub> MSNs) are currently unknown. We looked for changes induced by dopamine denervation in the density, regional distribution and morphological features of D<sub>1</sub>/D<sub>2</sub> MSNs, by comparing 6-OHDA-lesioned double BAC transgenic mice (Drd1a-tdTomato/Drd2-EGFP) to sham-lesioned animals. D<sub>1</sub>/D<sub>2</sub> MSNs are uniformly distributed throughout the dorsal striatum (1.9% of MSNs). In contrast, they are heterogeneously distributed and more numerous in the ventral striatum (14.6% in the shell and 7.3% in the core). Compared to D<sub>1</sub> and D<sub>2</sub> MSNs, D<sub>1</sub>/D<sub>2</sub> MSNs are endowed with a smaller cell body and a less profusely arborized dendritic tree with less dendritic spines. The dendritic spine density of D<sub>1</sub>/D<sub>2</sub> MSNs, but also of D<sub>1</sub> and D<sub>2</sub> MSNs, is significantly reduced in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. In contrast to D<sub>1</sub> and D<sub>2</sub> MSNs, the extent of dendritic arborization of D<sub>1</sub>/D<sub>2</sub> MSNs appears unaltered in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. Our data indicate that D<sub>1</sub>/D<sub>2</sub> MSNs in the mouse striatum form a distinct neuronal population that is affected differently by dopamine deafferentation that characterizes Parkinson's disease.
3D MR thermometry of frozen tissue: Feasibility and accuracy during cryoablation at 3T (2016)

3D MR thermometry of frozen tissue using UTE signal intensity was feasible during cryoablation on a clinical 3T MR system. Down to temperatures as low as -40°C, accuracy of the MR temperature maps was within clinically acceptable limits. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1572-1579.
Utility of recombinant flagellar calcium-binding protein for serodiagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection (1995)

The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas' disease, a major public health problem in Latin America and of growing concern in the United States as the number of infected immigrants increases. There is currently no testing of U.S. blood products for T. cruzi infection, and the best tests available, although highly sensitive, are not of high enough specificity to be useful for widespread screening of the blood supply in this country. Among the parasite antigens detected by sera of infected humans and mice, those in the range of 24 to 26 kDa are particularly reactive. With an aim of developing a sensitive, specific, recombinant antigen-based serologic test for T. cruzi infection, we used two antibody reagents specific for these 24- to 26-kDa antigens to isolate cDNA clones from a T. cruzi expression library. One clone was found to encode a previously characterized T. cruzi antigen, a 24-kDa flagellar calcium-binding protein (FCaBP). Recombinant FCaBP was found to be a sensitive, specific reagent for distinguishing T. cruzi-infected individuals from uninfected persons, and it therefore could potentially be used for screening purposes, especially if combined with other recombinant T. cruzi antigens that have similarly high degrees of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.
Evidence for Expression of the Jo<sup>a</sup> Blood Group Antigen on the Gy<sup>a</sup>/Hy‐Active Glycoprotein (1994)

The phenotypic association between the non-assigned high-incidence antigen Joa and the Gya collection antigens Gya and Hy was investigated by haemagglutination studies, flow cytometric analysis, immune precipitation and immunoblotting experiments. In haemagglutination tests anti-Joa gave the same pattern of reactivity with erythrocytes pre-treated with pronase, trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin and thiol reducing agents as did anti-Gya and anti-Hy. In addition, similar to that found for anti-Gya and anti-Hy, anti Joa also showed reduced binding, as determined by haemagglutination and flow cytometric analysis, to erythrocytes from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Immune precipitates prepared from radio-iodinated antigen-positive red cells with anti-Joa, anti-Gya and anti-Hy gave similar results--a major component of M(r) 49,000-60,000 (the Gya/Hy-active glycoprotein) and a second component of M(r) 85,000-92,000 (this may be a dimer of the Gya/Hy-active glycoprotein, or a coprecipitated protein). These immune precipitates, when probed with both anti-Gya and anti-Hy under non-reducing conditions, gave a positive immunoblotting reaction to both the M(r) 49,000-60,000 and the M(r) 85,000-92,000 components. These results strongly suggest that the Joa antigen is expressed on the same glycoprotein that carries the Gya and Hy antigens.
Dental plaque as a biofilm: the significance of pH in health and caries. (2009)

Dental plaque is an example of a biofilm; its presence is natural and it supports the host in its defense against invading microbes. In health, the microbial composition of dental plaque is diverse and remains relatively stable over time (microbial homeostasis). The predominant microorganisms prefer host molecules (eg, salivary mucins) and a neutral pH for growth. Under certain circumstances, this microbial homeostasis can break down and diseases such as caries can occur. In dental caries, there is a shift toward increased proportions of acid-producing and acid-tolerating species, such as mutans streptococci and Lactobacilli, although other species with relevant traits can participate in demineralization. Strategies to control caries include effective oral hygiene practices to reduce biofilm development, and adoption of a low-sugar diet to restrict periods of acidic challenge to teeth. These conventional approaches also should be augmented by interference with the factors that enable the cariogenic bacteria to outcompete the organisms associated with health. Evidence suggests that regular conditions of low pH in plaque select for mutans streptococci and Lactobacilli. Therefore, the suppression of sugar catabolism and acid production by the use of metabolic inhibitors in oral care products, the consumption of nonfermentable sweeteners in snacks, the stimulation of saliva flow, and/or other strategies that maintain supragingival plaque at a pH around neutrality will assist in the maintenance of microbial homeostasis in plaque.
Regulation of Bone Formation (1983)

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids have complex effects on calcium regulation and bone metabolism. Clinically, glucocorticoid excess causes impaired skeletal growth and decreased bone mass.25 Yet it seems likely that glucocorticoids have a physiologic role in regulating bone growth. Glucocorticoid excess decreases the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate and increases their renal excretion. These effects can produce secondary hyperparathyroidism and might be expected to produce osteomalacia. However, the osteopenia associated with glucocorticoids is termed osteoporosis because there is no obvious defect in mineralization. This may be because glucocorticoids also inhibit the formation of new matrix, so that wide osteoid seams do not . . .
The schematic protection model (1988)

The protection state of a system is defined by the privileges possessed by subjects at a given moment. Operations that change this state are themselves authorized by the current state. This poses a design problem in constructing the initial state so that all derivable states conform to a particular policy. It also raises an analysis problem of characterizing the protection states derivable from a given initial state. A protection model provides a framework for both design and analysis. Design generality and tractable analysis are inherently conflicting goals. Analysis is particularly difficult if creation of subjects is permitted. The schematic protection model resolves this conflict by classifying subjects and objects into protection types. The privileges possessed by a subject consist of a type-determined part specified by a static protection scheme and a dynamic part consisting of tickets (capabilities). It is shown that analysis is tractable for this model provided certain restrictions are imposed on subject creation. A scheme authorizes creation of subjects via a binary relation on subject types. Our principal constraint is that this relation be acyclic, excepting loops that authorize a subject to create subjects of its own type. Our assumptions admit a variety of useful systems.
Treatment options for men with sexual dysfunction (1992)

Erectile dysfunction can occur in men of any age, but it is more common in older men. It is one of the most devastating problems a man can face. An estimated 10 to 12 million American men experience impotence. Increased sexual expectations for an aging population have resulted in an increased interest in the treatment of impotence. Treatment options range from a simple adjustment in medication to surgical implantation of a penile prosthesis. The good news is that sexual function can almost always be restored. The bad news is that many men with chronic erectile dysfunction never seek help. A sensitive nurse who has an understanding of sexual health and functioning and the conditions that interfere with them can steer those who need help in the direction of treatment.
Biochemistry of Interorganelle Transport (1989)

To understand the biochemical mechanisms fundamental to secretion, a number of model cell-free systems have emerged to study organelle structure and interorganelle transport. From these studies a surprising overlap is found in the components active at different stages of the exocytic pathway. In addition to the common requirement for all secretory organelles to be tethered to a microtubule-based cytoskeleton, at least four factors are now recognized to be essential for transport of protein between more than one stage of the pathway
Blockchain-Based Implementation for Financial Product Management (2018)

In order to decrease the delay of financial product information update among multi institutions, manage multi-dimensional and diversified financial product information, enhance the properties traceback ability, we propose a blockchain-based financial product management platform. It constructs a distributed network architecture for financial product information management which possess a tamper-resistant, information transparency and secure information sharing environment. The management platform in our paper, using Hyperledger Fabric as underlying architecture, realized the fundamental financial product manage operations. Such as routine maintenance of financial product, multi-function data inquiry and traceability of financial product. As last, considering the characteristics of financial product management, we put forward a follow-up prospect for improving the weaknesses of Hyperledger Fabric to perfect our management platform.