gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phagocytosis of unopsonized Pseudomonas aeruginosa by murine macrophages is a two-step process requiring glucose. (1992)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important pulmonary pathogen in cystic fibrosis, but the means by which it evades host defenses is understood poorly. Macrophages (M phi) are critical in protecting the lung and mucosal surfaces against infection and may need to perform their functions in the absence of opsonins before the evolution of an inflammatory response. The purpose of the present study was to define factors that regulate the capacity of macrophages to mediate nonopsonic phagocytosis. Phagocytosis of unopsonized P. aeruginosa by murine peritoneal and pulmonary alveolar M phi s was absolutely dependent upon the presence of glucose; only D-mannose could substitute. Glucose-dependent phagocytosis appears to be selective for P. aeruginosa by M phi s; ingestion of unopsonized zymosan, opsonized P. aeruginosa, EIgG, and E (IgM)C occurred in the presence or absence of glucose as did-ingestion of unopsonized P. aeruginosa by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. M phi binding and phagocytosis of unopsonized P. aeruginosa appeared to occur by a mechanism independent of complement receptor 3 and mannose receptors. Phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa killed by tobramycin or Formalin was glucose dependent, suggesting that the glucose exerted its effects on the M phi rather than the bacteria. The predilection of P. aeruginosa for lower airway disease in patients with cystic fibrosis might be explained in part by the unique dependency upon glucose for M phi phagocytosis.
The influence of dietary threonine on growth performance and carcass characteristics of pST-treated finishing pigs (1991)

Eighty crossbred barrows (initial wt = 131 lb) were utilized to determine the dietary threonine requirement of finishing pigs injected with porcine somatotropin (PST). Barrows were injected daily in the extensor muscle of the neck with either 4 mg pST or a placebo and fed diets containing either .45, .55, .65, or .75% threonine. All other amino acids, vitamins, and minerals were calculated to be at least double current requirements for finishing pigs so as not to limit performance. Pigs were housed in an open-sided building with two pigs per pen and five replications of the eight treatments. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. When the mean weight of the two pigs per pen averaged 235 +1- 5 lb, pigs were slaughtered and carcass data collected. Porcine somatotropin-treated pigs had greater average daily gain (ADG), reduced daily feed intake (ADFI), and improved feed efficiency (F/G) compared to control pigs. A dietary threonine X pST interaction was observed for ADG. Control pigs exhibited no improvement in ADG with increasing dietary threonine. However, pST-treated pigs had a 22% increase in ADG as dietary threonine increased from .45 to .65%. Increasing dietary threonine resulted in increased ADFI, but had no effect on F/G. Average backfat thickness, tenth rib fat depth, and kidney fat were reduced by pST administration. Longissimus muscle area and trimmed ham and loin weights were greater in pST treated pigs. Dietary threonine tended to reduce average backfat thickness but had no effect on other carcass criteria measured. These results suggest that growth rate of pSTtreated pigs is increased by dietary threonine level compared to control pigs. This interactive response between pST and threonine was not observed in feed efficiency or carcass criteria measured; however, there were numerical trends similar to those observed for daily gain.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 21. 1991
Imaging, Modeling and Engineering of Strain in Gate-All-Around Nanosheet Transitors (2019)

We combine advanced transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and numerical models to draw the evolution of strains over the integration of horizontally stacked Gate-All-Around Nanosheet transistors (GAANS). In particular, we measured compressive strains of -0.5% to -1% after channel release in transistors at 10 nm design rule. With support on model calculations, we speculate that the effect is related to a compressive inter-layer dielectric (ILD). As another method to manipulate channel stresses, in a specifically designed GAANS we demonstrate a transition from compressive to tensile strain introduced by a gate stack/contact test modules. Finally, a demonstration of GAANS Si-channel cladded with SiGe opens a way for the co-integration of compressive SiGe channels with limited modification of the integration flow. The findings provide insights and guidelines for strain engineering in GAANS.
Simplified intracavity phase plates for increasing laser-mode discrimination (1999)

Recently, a new class of laser resonators was introduced that utilizes diffractive mirrors and an additional intracavity diffractive phase element. High modal discrimination and low fundamental-mode loss were achieved simultaneously by use of sinusoidal and pseudorandom diffractive phase elements. An intracavity phase element consisting of a simple single-step phase modulation is approximated by a Gaussian with a small radius. Explicit expressions are obtained for the modal-discrimination factor as a function of resonator parameters with a Gaussian output mirror. Numerical simulations are performed for a phase element with a step singularity in the phase function, the fundamental mode of this cavity being super-Gaussian. The modal discrimination of the cavity is studied for different radii of the single-step phase modulation, the position of the phase plate, and the cavity Fresnel number. Optimum solutions are found for a plane output mirror with either a striped or a circular shape.
APPLICATIONS OF CROSSFLOW MAGNETICALLY STABILIZED FLUIDIZED BEDS (1988)

Abstract The utilization of fluidized beds to effect separations has been limited by the fluid bypassing and particle mixing which tends to decrease the efficiency of separation. Application of a magnetic field to a fluidized bed of magnetizable particles produces a quiescent state with several of the best properties of both fluidized and fixed beds. Similar to fluidized beds, the magnetized beds resemble a liquid and are easily transported between vessels. Their contacting properties, however, are close to those of packed beds with near plug flow of both the fluid and bed particles. These magnetized fluidized beds have advantages when operated in a crossflow configuration, with continuous participates movement transverse to the ascending flow of the fluidizing fluid. Applications of these crossflow beds include solids/solids separation, fluid filtering, and chromatographic separations. KEYWORDS: FluidizationSeparationsMagnetics. Notes (201) 765-2076
Novel monolithic phase shifter combining ferroelectrics and high temperature superconductors (1992)

Abstract We describe a monolithic phase shifter which combines the low loss of high‐temperature superconductivity (HTS) with the variable dielectric properties of a ferroelectric material SrTiO 3 . Phase shifts greater than 28 degrees per wavelength were observed around 30° K. The compatibility of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7‐x and other ferroelectric materials is discussed. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Metallurgical and mechanical properties of thorium-doped Ir-0. 3% W alloys (1980)

Metallurgical and mechanical properties of Ir-0.3% W alloys have been studied as a function of thorium concentration in the range 0 to 1000 ppM by weight. The solubility limit of thorium in Ir-0.3% W is below 30 ppM. Above this limit, the excess thorium reacts with iridium to form second-phase particles. Thorium additions raise the recrystallization temperature and effectively retard grain growth at high temperatures. Tensile tests at 650/sup 0/C show that the alloy without thorium additions (undoped alloy) fractured by grainboundary (GB) separation, while the alloys doped with less than 500 ppM thorium failed mainly by transgranular fracture at 650/sup 0/C. Intergranular fracture in the doped alloys is suppressed by GB segregation of thorium, which improves the mechanical properties of the boundary. The impact properties of the alloys were correlated with test temperature, grain size, and heat treatment. The impact ductility increases with test temperature and decreases with grain size. For a given grain size, particularly in the fine-grain size range, the thorium-doped alloys are much more ductile and resistant to GB fracture. All of these results can be correlated on the basis of stress concentration on GBs by using a dislocation pileup model.
Engineering of Targeted Mucoadhesive Chitosan Based Salmonella Nanovaccine for Oral Delivery in Poultry (2018)

Abstract Salmonellosis in poultry is a serious economic burden. The major concern is the public health hazard by consumption of salmonella contaminated poultry meat and egg. Currently used salmonella vaccines are ineffective in combating the Salmonellosis of chicken thus warranting the need of a potent vaccine, especially an oral vaccine that can elicit robust local intestinal immunity. Biodegradable and biocompatible natural polymers are FDA approved vehicles for vaccine delivery. We prepared a candidate subunit chitosan nanoparticle vaccine containing the immunogenic outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and flagellar (F) protein of salmonella, and surface decorated with F-protein (OMPs-F-CS NPs). Physicochemical and biocompatibility properties of OMPs-F-CS NPs were studied in detail including its stability in stomach pH conditions. Salmonella targets the microfold (M) cells in the ileum Peyer’s patches (PPs) of chicken. We designed the oral OMPs-F-CS NPs vaccine to target ileal PPs to induce specific local intestinal immunity, and demonstrated that by ex vivo and in vivo studies. Layer chickens vaccinated orally with OMPs-F-CS NPs had significantly higher OMPs- specific intestinal mucosal antibody and OMPs-specific lymphocytes proliferation responses. Further, OMPs-F-CS NPs vaccination upregulated the expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) -2, TLR-4, IFN-g, IL-4 and GATA-3 mRNA levels in cecal tonsils of birds. In conclusion, we engineered chitosan based oral salmonella nanovaccine targeting intestinal PPs immune cells of birds, and demonstrated its ability to induce antigen specific mucosal antibody and T cell responses. Thus, our candidate oral salmonella vaccine has the potential to mitigate Salmonellosis in poultry.
Adenovirus Dodecahedron, as a Drug Delivery Vector (2009)

Stability studies show that Dds can be conveniently stored and transported, and can potentially be used for therapeutic purposes under various climates. Successful BLM delivery by Ad Dds demonstrates that the use of virus like particle (VLP) results in significantly improved drug bioavailability. These experiments open new vistas for delivery of non-permeant labile drugs.
Clove (2017)

Most datacenters still use Equal Cost Multi-Path (ECMP), which performs congestion-oblivious hashing of flows over multiple paths, leading to an uneven distribution of traffic. Alternatives to ECMP come with deployment challenges, as they require either changing the tenant VM network stacks (e.g., MPTCP) or replacing all of the switches (e.g., CONGA). We argue that the hypervisor provides a unique point for implementing load-balancing algorithms that are easy to deploy, while still reacting quickly to congestion. We propose Clove, a scalable load-balancer that (i) runs entirely in the hypervisor, requiring no modifications to tenant VM networking stacks or physical switches, and (ii) works on any topology and adapts quickly to topology changes and traffic shifts. Clove relies on standard ECMP in physical switches, discovers paths using a novel traceroute mechanism, uses software-based flowlet-switching, and continuously learns congestion (or path utilization) state using standard switch features. It then manipulates packet-header fields in the hypervisor switch to direct traffic over less congested paths. Clove achieves 1.5 to 7 times smaller flow-completion times at 70% network load than other load-balancing algorithms that work with existing hardware. Clove also captures some 80% of the performance gain of best-of-breed hardware-based load-balancing algorithms like CONGA that require new equipment.
Cell surface receptor-antibody association constants and enumeration of receptor sites for monoclonal antibodies (2000)

Values of receptors per cell and binding constants obtained by the new method from flow cytometric analyses of mixtures of whole blood with FITC- or RD1-labeled CD4, CD8, and CD3 antibodies compare well with literature values determined by other methods.
Proposed frame and preamble structure for MIMO narrowband power line communications (2015)

Narrowband power line communications (NB-PLC) operating in the 3-500 kHz frequency band is proposed as a solution to support the emerging Smart Grid applications that aim to optimize the efficiency and reliability of the power grids. PLC is attractive for Smart Grid communications as it can be deployed over the existing power grids without any additional infrastructure. However, PLC suffers from impulsive noise and frequency-selective channels which degrade the system's reliability and data rate. Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) PLC is a promising technology to increase the data rate and provide robustness against the PLC interference. In this paper, we consider the design of a MIMO frame and preamble structure that can be efficiently used to perform initial receiver synchronization while ensuring backward compatibility with current NB-PLC standards.
High-level transgene expression in human hematopoietic progenitors and differentiated blood lineages after transduction with improved lentiviral vectors (2000)

Recent experiments point to the great value of lentiviral vectors for the transduction of human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSCs). Vectors used so far, however, have been poorly satisfying in terms of either biosafety or efficiency of transgene expression. Herein is described the results obtained with human immunodeficiency virus–based vectors optimized in both of these aspects. It is thus shown that vectors containing the EF1α and, to a lesser extent, the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter, govern high-level gene expression in human hematopoietic progenitors as well as derived hematopoietic lineages of therapeutic relevance, such as erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, and megakaryocytes. EF1α promoter-containing lentiviral vectors can also induce strong transgene expression in primary T lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood. A self-inactivating design did not affect the performance of EF1α promoter-based vectors but significantly reduced expression from the PGK promoter. This negative effect could nevertheless be largely rescued by inserting the post-transcriptional regulatory element of woodchuck hepatitis virus upstream of the vector 3′ long terminal repeat. These results have important practical implications for the genetic treatment of lymphohematologic disorders as well as for the study of hematopoiesis via the lentivector-mediated modification of hHSCs.
Synthesis of bidirectional texture functions on arbitrary surfaces (2002)

The bidirectional texture function (BTF) is a 6D function that can describe textures arising from both spatially-variant surface reflectance and surface mesostructures. In this paper, we present an algorithm for synthesizing the BTF on an arbitrary surface from a sample BTF. A main challenge in surface BTF synthesis is the requirement of a consistent mesostructure on the surface, and to achieve that we must handle the large amount of data in a BTF sample. Our algorithm performs BTF synthesis based on surface textons, which extract essential information from the sample BTF to facilitate the synthesis. We also describe a general search strategy, called the k-coherent search, for fast BTF synthesis using surface textons. A BTF synthesized using our algorithm not only looks similar to the BTF sample in all viewing/lighthing conditions but also exhibits a consistent mesostructure when viewing and lighting directions change. Moreover, the synthesized BTF fits the target surface naturally and seamlessly. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm with sample BTFs from various sources, including those measured from real-world textures.
Abstract 1156: Cell-surface marker discovery for colorectal cancer (2012)

Abstract In the United States and Europe, colorectal cancer (CRC) has the second highest mortality rate of all cancers. Early diagnosis allows for treatment and improved survival. Currently, colonoscopy is the standard of care for detection of early-stage CRC, which is an invasive procedure that requires a cathartic bowel preparation and general anesthesia. Consequently, less invasive screening methods are highly desirable. The objective of this study is to develop a targeted molecular imaging technique termed “molecular colonography,” that can non-invasively detect dysplastic and neoplastic colonic lesions with high sensitivity and conspicuity by oral administration of ligand-targeted probes containing image contrast agents followed by clearance and non-invasive colonography with MRI, CT or Fluorescence imaging. The first step in the development of molecular colonography is identification of cell-surface markers for CRC. To accomplish this goal, gene expression profiling of DNA microarray data from 432 adenocarcinomas, 39 adenomas and 16 inflammatory bowel disease; and unaffected patient tissue samples (178 colon, 6 small intestine, 4 stomach, 4 esophagus, 4 trachea, 3 oral mucosa and 3 tonsil) was performed. Data were filtered using a previously compiled list of 3,800 cell surface genes from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus database. Of these, 1085 genes were broadly expressed in CRC and were ranked by differential expression in adenomas and adenocarcinomas vs. normal tissues. Six cell-surface markers were identified that are highly and broadly expressed as mRNA in adenomas and adenocarcinomas relative to unaffected tissues: TLR4, GPR56, GRM8, LY6G6D, CLDN1 and SLC01B3. TLR4 and/or GRM8 were shown to be expressed in 100% of the colon adenomas and adenocarcinomas in this dataset. To confirm protein expression, immunohistochemistry of normal (n=15) and CRC (16 adenoma and 60 adenocarcinoma) patient tissue samples and 26 CRC cell lines was performed. All six markers were highly and broadly expressed in adenomas and adenocarcinomas compared to normal colon. Further validations by mRNA (qRT-PCR) and protein expression (Western blot and immunocytochemistry) of these markers were also performed in nine colon tumor cell lines (COLO-205, DIFI, HCT15, HCT116, HT-29, KM12C, Km12SM, SW480 and SW620). Development of specific binding ligands for selected targets is underway. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1156. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1156
New Light on Molecular and Materials Complexity: 4D Electron Imaging (2009)

In this Perspective, 4D electron imaging is highlighted, after introducing some concepts, with an overview of selected applications that span chemical reactions, molecular interfaces, phase transitions, and nano(micro)mechanical systems. With the added dimension of time in microscopy, diffraction, and electron-energy-loss spectroscopy, the focus is on direct visualization of structural dynamics with atomic and nanoscale resolution in the four dimensions of space and time. This contribution provides an expose of emerging developments and an outlook on future applications in materials and biological sciences.
Inter-layer filtering for scalable extension of HEVC (2013)

This paper introduces inter-layer filters for the scalable extension of High Efficiency Video Coding (SHVC) standard, which is being developed by the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC). The major new coding tool in SHVC is inter-layer texture prediction. It provides about 18% average BD-rate reduction compared with HEVC two-layer simulcast. In the case of spatial scalability, base layer reconstructed pictures are up-sampled to the enhancement layer resolution to generate inter-layer texture prediction. A set of 2D separable 8 taps (luma) and 4 taps (chroma) DCT based interpolation filters, which follow the design principles of HEVC motion compensation interpolation filter, are used in the up-sampling process. In the case of SNR scalability, the up-sampling process is not needed since the reference layer has the same spatial resolution as the current layer but encoded with lower quality. This paper proposes a novel inter-layer filter with denoising effect for SNR scalability to improve enhancement layer coding efficiency and equalize the number of stages in inter-layer processing between SNR and spatial scalabilities. Experimental results show that the usage of inter-layer de-noising filter in SNR scalability provides up to 7.5% BD-rate reduction and has observable improvement on subjective visual quality.
Video Coding With Low-Complexity Directional Adaptive Interpolation Filters (2009)

A novel adaptive interpolation filter structure for video coding with motion-compensated prediction is presented in this letter. The proposed scheme uses an independent directional adaptive interpolation filter for each sub-pixel location. The Wiener interpolation filter coefficients are computed analytically for each inter-coded frame at the encoder side and transmitted to the decoder. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves up to 1.1 dB coding gain and a 15% average bit-rate reduction for high-resolution video materials compared to the standard nonadaptive interpolation scheme of H.264/AVC, while requiring 36% fewer arithmetic operations for interpolation. The proposed interpolation can be implemented in exactly 16-bit arithmetic, thus it can have important use-cases in mobile multimedia environments where the computational resources are severely constrained.
Optimizing 4D cone beam computed tomography acquisition by varying the gantry velocity and projection time interval (2013)

Four dimensional cone beam computed tomography (4DCBCT) is an emerging clinical image guidance strategy for tumour sites affected by respiratory motion. In current generation 4DCBCT techniques, both the gantry rotation speed and imaging frequency are constant and independent of the patient's breathing which can lead to projection clustering. We present a mixed integer quadratic programming (MIQP) model for respiratory motion guided-4DCBCT (RMG-4DCBCT) which regulates the gantry velocity and projection time interval, in response to the patient's respiratory signal, so that a full set of evenly spaced projections can be taken in a number of phase, or displacement, bins during the respiratory cycle. In each respiratory bin, an image can be reconstructed from the projections to give a 4D view of the patient's anatomy so that the motion of the lungs, and tumour, can be observed during the breathing cycle. A solution to the full MIQP model in a practical amount of time, 10 s, is not possible with the leading commercial MIQP solvers, so a heuristic method is presented. Using parameter settings typically used on current generation 4DCBCT systems (4 min image acquisition, 1200 projections, 10 respiratory bins) and a sinusoidal breathing trace with a 4 s period, we show that the root mean square (RMS) of the angular separation between projections with displacement binning is 2.7° using existing constant gantry speed systems and 0.6° using RMG-4DCBCT. For phase based binning the RMS is 2.7° using constant gantry speed systems and 2.5° using RMG-4DCBCT. The optimization algorithm presented is a critical step on the path to developing a system for RMG-4DCBCT.