gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel Synthesis for Ultrafine Barium Titanate Powders Using Peptized Titania Nano-Sol (2006)

We have investigated a novel synthesis for highly spherical and ultrafine barium titanate (BaTiO3) powders using a peptized titania (TiO2) nano-sol as a precursor. The obtained TiO2 nano-sol had the size less than 10 nm, which could be easily converted to BaTiO3 under 100 °C. The size of the resulting BaTiO3 powder could be controlled from 42 to 167 nm by lowering the solution concentration from 1.00 M to 0.15 M. BET analysis indicated that the as-prepared BaTiO3 powders had some porosity which was increased with the particle size. It was also found that the as-prepared BaTiO3 with smaller size had higher tetragonality and less intra-granular pores after annealing.
Piezocomposite transducers for smart structures applications (2005)

This paper gives a summary on advanced piezocomposite transducers and the perspective of their applications in the field of smart structures, health monitoring and diagnostics. At present, three different low profile piezocomposite actuator types are commercially available. The designs are arising from the R&D work at MIT in the years 1991/92 funded by the US Department of Defence. Smart Material is manufacturing Macro Fiber Composites (MFC), licensed by NASA in a full-scale production. A new MFC- design using the 3-1 coupling has been developed, recently. It allows for the reduction of drive voltage down to 360 V. Fraunhofer IKTS focused its development on custom shape composites making use of PZT tubes and plates. New actuator devices for active interfaces have been introduced for the first time. All piezocomposite design forms show different performance data, which are summarised in the present paper to provide design engineers with necessary informations in view of intended applications.
A Fully Integrated Nanosystem of Semiconductor Nanowires for Direct Solar Water Splitting (2013)

Artificial photosynthesis, the biomimetic approach to converting sunlight's energy directly into chemical fuels, aims to imitate nature by using an integrated system of nanostructures, each of which plays a specific role in the sunlight-to-fuel conversion process. Here we describe a fully integrated system of nanoscale photoelectrodes assembled from inorganic nanowires for direct solar water splitting. Similar to the photosynthetic system in a chloroplast, the artificial photosynthetic system comprises two semiconductor light absorbers with large surface area, an interfacial layer for charge transport, and spatially separated cocatalysts to facilitate the water reduction and oxidation. Under simulated sunlight, a 0.12% solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency is achieved, which is comparable to that of natural photosynthesis. The result demonstrates the possibility of integrating material components into a functional system that mimics the nanoscopic integration in chloroplasts. It also provides a conceptual blueprint of modular design that allows incorporation of newly discovered components for improved performance.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 lentiviral vectors: packaging signal and splice donor in expression and encapsidation (2001)

Retroviral vectors provide the means for gene transfer with long-term expression. The lentivirus subgroup of retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2), possesses a number of regulatory and accessory genes and other special elements. These features can be exploited to design vectors for transducing non-dividing as well as dividing cells with the potential for regulated transgene expression. Encapsidation of the transgene RNA in lentiviral vectors is determined by the leader sequence-based multipartite packaging signal. Embedded in the packaging signal is a major splice donor site that, this study shows, is not by itself essential for transgene expression or encapsidation. We designed HIV-2 vectors that contained all the sequence elements thought to be necessary and sufficient for vector RNA encapsidation. Unexpectedly, despite abundant expression, only a small fraction of the transgene RNA was encapsidated and the titre of the vector was low. Redesign of the vector with a mutant splice donor resulted in increased vector RNA encapsidation and yielded vectors with high titre. Inefficient encapsidation by the conventionally designed vector was not due to suboptimal Rev responsive element (RRE)-Rev function. Varying the length of RRE in the vector did not change vector RNA encapsidation, nor did the introduction of a synthetic intron into the mutant vector. The vector RNA with the intact splice donor may have been excessively spliced, decreasing the amount of packageable RNA. A titre of 10(5) transducing units (TU)/ml was readily obtained for vectors with the neo or GFP transgene, and the vector could be concentrated to a titre of 1-5x10(7) TU/ml.
Two tetrodotoxin‐resistant sodium channels in human dorsal root ganglion neurons (1999)

Two tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) voltage-gated sodium channels, SNS and NaN, are preferentially expressed in small dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and trigeminal ganglia neurons, most of which are nociceptive, of rat and mouse. We report here the sequence of NaN from human DRG, and demonstrate the presence of two TTX-R currents in human DRG neurons. One current has physiological properties similar to those reported for SNS, while the other displays hyperpolarized voltage-dependence and persistent kinetics; a similar TTX-R current was recently identified in DRG neurons of sns-null mouse. Thus SNS and NaN channels appear to produce different currents in human DRG neurons.
Exploiting hardware sharing in high-level synthesis for partial scan optimization (1993)

A new approach to high level synthesis, which simultaneously addresses testability and resource utilization, is presented. We explore the relationship between hardware sharing, loops in the synthesized data-path, and partial scan overhead. Since loops make a circuit hard to test, a comprehensive analysis of the sources of loops in the data path, created during high level synthesis, is provided. The paper introduces the problem of breaking CDFG loops with a minimal number of scan registers. Subsequent scheduling and assignment avoid formation of loops in the data path by sharing the scan registers, while ensuring high resource utilization. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique to synthesize easily testable data paths, with significantly less partial scan cost than a gate-level partial scan approach.
VARUN: Discovering Extensible Motifs under Saturation Constraints (2008)

The discovery of motifs in biosequences is frequently torn between the rigidity of the model on one hand and the abundance of candidates on the other hand. In particular, motifs that include wild cards or "don't cares" escalate exponentially with their number, and this gets only worse if a don't care is allowed to stretch up to some prescribed maximum length. In this paper, a notion of extensible motif in a sequence is introduced and studied, which tightly combines the structure of the motif pattern, as described by its syntactic specification, with the statistical measure of its occurrence count. It is shown that a combination of appropriate saturation conditions and the monotonicity of probabilistic scores over regions of constant frequency afford us significant parsimony in the generation and testing of candidate overrepresented motifs. A suite of software programs called Varun is described, implementing the discovery of extensible motifs of the type considered. The merits of the method are then documented by results obtained in a variety of experiments primarily targeting protein sequence families. Of equal importance seems the fact that the sets of all surprising motifs returned in each experiment are extracted faster and come in much more manageable sizes than would be obtained in the absence of saturation constraints.
Alignment Control of Carbon Nanotube Forest from Random to Nearly Perfectly Aligned by Utilizing the Crowding Effect (2012)

Alignment represents an important structural parameter of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) owing to their exceptionally high aspect ratio, one-dimensional property. In this paper, we demonstrate a general approach to control the alignment of few-walled CNT forests from nearly random to nearly ideally aligned by tailoring the density of active catalysts at the catalyst formation stage, which can be experimentally achieved by controlling the CNT forest mass density. Experimentally, we found that the catalyst density and the degree of alignment were inseparably linked because of a crowding effect from neighboring CNTs, that is, the increasing confinement of CNTs with increased density. Therefore, the CNT density governed the degree of alignment, which increased monotonically with the density. This relationship, in turn, allowed the precise control of the alignment through control of the mass density. To understand this behavior further, we developed a simple, first-order model based on the flexural modulus of the CNTs that could quantitatively describe the relationship between the degree of alignment (HOF) and carbon nanotube spacing (crowding effect) of any type of CNTs.
Cytogenetic and molecular localization of tipE: a gene affecting sodium channels in Drosophila melanogaster. (1995)

Voltage-sensitive sodium channels play a key role in nerve cells where they are responsible for the increase in sodium permeability during the rising phase of action potentials. In Drosophila melanogaster a subset of temperature-sensitive paralytic mutations affect sodium channel function. One such mutation is temperature-induced paralysis locus E (tipE), which has been shown by electrophysiology and ligand binding studies to reduce sodium channel numbers. Three new gamma-ray-induced tipE alleles associated with either visible deletions in 64AB or a translocation breakpoint within 64B2 provide landmarks for positional cloning of tipE. Beginning with the flanking cloned gene Ras2, a 140-kb walk across the translocation breakpoint was completed. Germline transformation using a 42-kb cosmid clone and successively smaller subclones localized the tipE gene within a 7.4-kb genomic DNA segment. Although this chromosome region is rich in transcripts, only three overlapping mRNAs (5.4, 4.4, and 1.7 kb) lie completely within the smallest rescuing construct. The small sizes of the rescuing construct and transcripts suggest that tipE does not encode a standard sodium channel alpha-subunit with four homologous repeats. Sequencing these transcripts will elucidate the role of the tipE gene product in sodium channel functional regulation.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of<i>cis</i>-4-Hydroxy-<scp>D</scp>-proline (2001)

Candida antarctica lipase fraction B (CALB) catalyzed the hydrolysis of the (S)-enantiomer of racemic 4-oxo-1,2-pyrrolidinedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester with high enantioselectivity (> 99.5% ee at 51% conversion). Regioselective hydrogenation of the isolated (R)-4-oxo-1,2-pyrrolidinedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester produced (2R,4R)-4-hydroxy-1,2-pyrrolidinedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester in 98% yield, and subsequent hydrolysis of the ester and N-(alkoxycarbonyl) groups produced cis-4-hydroxy-D-proline in 98% yield and 96% de. Diastereomeric mixtures of 4-hydroxy-1,2-pyrrolidinedicarboxylic acid dimethyl esters were also resolved using CALB to produce cis-4-hydroxy-D-proline or trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline in 93 to > 99.5% diastereomeric excess.
Exact and approximate rebinning algorithms for 3-D PET data (1997)

This paper presents two new rebinning algorithms for the reconstruction of three-dimensional (3-D) positron emission tomography (PET) data. A rebinning algorithm is one that first sorts the 3-D data into an ordinary two-dimensional (2-D) data set containing one sinogram for each transaxial slice to be reconstructed; the 3-D image is then recovered by applying to each slice a 2-D reconstruction method such as filtered-backprojection. This approach allows a significant speedup of 3-D reconstruction, which is particularly useful for applications involving dynamic acquisitions or whole-body imaging. The first new algorithm is obtained by discretizing an exact analytical inversion formula. The second algorithm, called the Fourier rebinning algorithm (FORE), is approximate but allows an efficient implementation based on taking 2-D Fourier transforms of the data. This second algorithm was implemented and applied to data acquired with the new generation of PET systems and also to simulated data for a scanner with an 18 degrees axial aperture. The reconstructed images were compared to those obtained with the 3-D reprojection algorithm (3DRP) which is the standard "exact" 3-D filtered-backprojection method. Results demonstrate that FORE provides a reliable alternative to 3DRP, while at the same time achieving an order of magnitude reduction in processing time.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic‐Carbene‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2‐Aryl Indoles. (2015)

Abstract The formation of an acyl anion equivalent from the catalyst and aldehydes is crucial for this Umpolung type synthesis of 2‐aryl‐indoles.
The macroscopic scanning force `microscope' (2000)

Technicolor represents a viable alternative to the Higgs mechanism for generating gauge boson masses. Searches for technicolor particles rho_T and pi_T have been performed in the data collected by the DELPHI experiment at LEP at centre-of-mass energies between 192 and 208 GeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 452 pb^{-1}. Good agreement is observed with the SM expectation in all channels studied. This is translated into an excluded region in the (M_{pi_T},M_{rho_T}) plane. The rho_T production is excluded for all 90 < M_{rho_T} < 206.7 GeV/c^2. Assuming a point-like interaction of the pi_T with gauge bosons, an absolute lower limit on the charged pi_T mass at 95% CL is set at 79.8 GeV/c^2, independently of other parameters of the technicolor model.
Phase 1 study of ibrutinib and the CXCR4 antagonist ulocuplumab in CXCR4-mutated Waldenström macroglobulinemia (2021)

MYD88 and CXCR4 mutations are common in Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). Mutated CXCR4 (CXCR4Mut) impacts BTK-inhibitor response. We conducted a phase 1 trial of the CXCR4-antagonist ulocuplumab with ibrutinib in this first-ever study to target CXCR4Mut in WM. Ibrutinib was initiated at 420 mg/d with cycle 1 and continued until intolerance or progression; ulocuplumab was given cycles 1 to 6, with a 3 + 3 dose-escalation design. Each cycle was 4 weeks. Thirteen symptomatic patients, of whom 9 were treatment-naive patients were enrolled. Twelve were evaluable for response. At best response, their median serum immunoglobulin M declined from 5574 to 1114 mg/dL; bone marrow disease decreased from 65% to 10%, and hemoglobin increased from 10.1 to 14.2 g/dL (P < .001). The major and VGPR response rates were 100% and 33%, respectively, with VGPRs observed at lower ulocuplumab dose cohorts. Median times to minor and major responses were 0.9 and 1.2 months, respectively. With a median follow-up of 22.4 months, the estimated 2-year progression-free survival was 90%. The most frequent recurring grade ≥2 adverse events included reversible thrombocytopenia, rash, and skin infections. Ulocuplumab dose-escalation did not impact adverse events. The study demonstrates the feasibility of combining a CXCR4-antagonist with ibrutinib and provides support for the development of CXCR4-antagonists for CXCR4Mut WM. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT03225716.
Multi-phase AC plasma generators (2002)

Design, principle of operation, technical data, physical parameters and volt-ampere characteristics of multi-phase systems applied in the installations on destruction of hazardous waste, including medical ones, are shown by the example of three-phase AC plasma generator. It is described: operation peculiarities of the electrode system of multiphase AC plasma generators; properties of various materials, including composite materials on the basis of silicon carbide, used for production of plasma generator electrodes.
Catalyst Structure and <i>Cis–Trans</i> Selectivity in Ruthenium‐based Olefin Metathesis (2016)

Control of olefin geometry has long proved a challenge in the field of Ru-catalyzed olefin metathesis. Through an understanding of the reaction mechanism, key factors that govern cis–trans selectivity in cross-metathesis applications are identified. These factors are illustrated in the relationship between ligand environment and cis–trans selectivity in several key metathesis catalysts. Recent efforts have culminated in the successful application of ligand-based design strategies in three families of Z-selective metathesis catalysts. The relationships between catalyst structure, stability and Z-selectivity in these systems are discussed.
Automatically assessing MPEG coding fidelity (1995)

As the market and number of products for multimedia applications grow, the need for testing methods and fidelity metrics becomes critical. Testing devices are important for the development and evaluation of multimedia products. This article describes a testing method and prototype that can be used for assessing MPEG coding fidelity.
Circle to line interferometer optical system (1990)

This study describes a technique and apparatus for converting the circular fringes of a Fabry-Perot interferometer into a linear pattern which can be detected with a conventional linear detector. The conversion from a circular ring pattern at the focus of the objective lens of the interferometer is accomplished using a segment of an internally reflecting cone to direct the light from a sector of the ring pattern onto the linear detector. Light is concentrated into a single sector by the use of a kaleidoscopic mirror system. The aberrations associated with the transformation are shown to be small for high resolution devices which have large F numbers. A laboratory demonstration of a linearly scanned Fabry-Perot interferometer with a 0.7 cm. spacing illustrates a spectrum taken over ten orders with very small aperture defects. These results imply that a high resolution interferometer using five orders and a CCD detector would have a sensitivity 87.5 x greater than is presently achieved with those used to observe the winds in the upper atmosphere.
The stereoselective ring contraction of a pyranosylated indolocarbazole. A biosynthetic link between K252a and staurosporine? (1996)

Observation that oxidation and ring contractive benzilic acid rearrangement of 8 leads to the stereoselective production of the K252a carbohydrate moiety suggests a possible biosynthetic link between the furanosylated and pyranosylated indolocarbazoles.
Method for Accurate Unsupervised Cell Nucleus Segmentation (2001)

To achieve the extreme accuracy rates demanded by applications in unsupervised automated cytology, it is frequently necessary to supplement the primary segmentation algorithm with a segmentation quality control system. The more robust the segmentation strategy, the less severe the data pruning need be at the segmentation validation stage. These issues are addressed as we describe our cell nucleus segmentation strategy which is able to achieve 100% accurate segmentation from a data set of 19946 cell nucleus images by automatically discarding the most difficult cell images. The automatic quality checking is applied to enhance the performance of a robust energy minimisation based segmentation scheme which already achieved a 99.47% accurate segmentation rate.
Matrix metalloproteases and PAR1 activation (2012)

Cardiovascular diseases, including atherothrombosis, are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, Europe, and the developed world. Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) have recently emerged as important mediators of platelet and endothelial function, and atherothrombotic disease. Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is classically activated through cleavage of the N-terminal exodomain by the serine protease thrombin. Most recently, 2 MMPs have been discovered to have agonist activity for PAR1. Unexpectedly, MMP-1 and MMP-13 cleave the N-terminal exodomain of PAR1 at noncanonical sites, which result in distinct tethered ligands that activate G-protein signaling pathways. PAR1 exhibits metalloprotease-specific signaling patterns, known as biased agonism, that produce distinct functional outputs by the cell. Here we contrast the mechanisms of canonical (thrombin) and noncanonical (MMP) PAR1 activation, the contribution of MMP-PAR1 signaling to diseases of the vasculature, and the therapeutic potential of inhibiting MMP-PAR1 signaling with MMP inhibitors, including atherothrombotic disease, in-stent restenosis, heart failure, and sepsis.
Dual-Inhibition of mTOR and Bcl-2 Enhances the Anti-tumor Effect of Everolimus against Renal Cell Carcinoma <i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> (2019)

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the predominant type of kidney cancer. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus is currently used as a second-line therapy for sorafenib or sunitinib-refractory metastatic RCC patients. The clinical limitation confronted during everolimus therapy is the onset of drug resistance that decreases the efficacy of the drug. Elevated level of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein is proposed to be an emerging feedback loop for the acquired drug-resistance in various cancer types. In this study, the Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-737 was used in combination with everolimus to enhance its anti-tumor effectiveness in everolimus-resistant RCC cell lines. Everolimus and ABT-737 combination synergistically led to a decrease in the proliferation of primary site A-498 and metastatic site Caki-1 RCC cell lines, which was accompanied by a reduction in protein levels of cell cycle and mTOR pathway proteins. In both RCC cell lines, everolimus-ABT-737 combination not only induced apoptosis, caspase and PARP-1 cleavage but also a decrease in Bcl-2 protein levels in parallel with a concomitant increase in Bim and Noxa levels. In order to confirm our <i>in vitro</i> findings, we have generated everolimus-resistant RenCa cell line (RenCa<sup>res</sup>) to establish a RCC mouse xenograft model. Animals co-treated with everolimus and ABT-737 exhibited a complete suppression of tumor growth without any notable toxicity. This study thus proposes the everolimus-ABT-737 combination as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of RCC to overcome the current clinical problem of everolimus resistance.
6-bit low power low area frequency modulation based flash ADC (2004)

This paper presents a 6-bit frequency modulation based ADC design. The demonstrated design yields a device that uses less than 10% of the power of comparable designs. In addition, this architecture provides a simple and logical way to trade sampling rate for accuracy. The presented device has a power consumption of 30mW while operating at approximately 1.05 GSample/sec with an INL and DNL values of 0.23 and 0.4/-0.3 LSB respectively. The design has been implemented in a 1.8 volt 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS process.