gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of Unconventional Gas Resources: Stimulation Perspective (2007)

Abstract Natural gas is an important global energy resource. In the last few years its consumption has increased significantly and being a cleaner fuel it is certain that in future it will play an ever increasing role in satisfying the increasing energy demand across the world. In order to meet the growing energy demand, exploration and production has increased across the world. However, due to the higher depletion rates of oil & gas reserves as compared to their discoveries, today the international energy sector is seriously thinking of developing unconventional energy resources, especially gas, so that the future energy needs can be met not only from an economic but also from reduced environmental impact point of view. Three such Unconventional gas resources are tight gas reservoirs, coalbed methane and shale gas. These resources hold great potential as a source of natural gas (e.g. USA has the potential of recoverable gas of about 350, 100 & 45 Tcf from tight gas resources, CBM and shale gas respectively) and at the moment extensive work is being done for the development of these resources across the world. But, to produce these resources (gases) economically and efficiently well stimulation plays a major role in achieving the optimal target production from these reservoirs. Unconventional gas reservoirs require the formation to be fractured by hydraulic means to improve the formation productivity by providing a conductive path and joining the existing fractures and cleats in the reservoir. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role and effectiveness of different stimulation techniques in the development of unconventional gas resources. The improved stimulation has made a positive impact on the development of these resources which were considered uneconomical to produce due to lack of properly developed stimulation methods. Due to improved stimulation treatments, recovery from these resources has been enhanced greatly and producing gas from these unconventional gas reservoirs is far more economical and feasible than it was in the past. This paper presents a complete overview of the current scenario of unconventional gas resources and focuses on the fracturing stimulation techniques for the development of Unconventional gas resources.
Linear optical sampling technique for simultaneously characterizing WDM signals with a single receiving channel (2018)

Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) schemes have greatly increased optical transmission capacity, especially when using massively parallel optical frequency combs (OFCs) as carriers. In this paper, we show that linear optical sampling (LOS) is a kind of multiheterodyne process and it can be performed with arbitrary-shaped periodic waveforms. Meanwhile, it can be used for characterizing WDM signals with only a single receiving channel. We successfully demonstrate an observation of 40 WDM channels with 1 THz total bandwidth and total 800 Gbit/s data rate by only using one sampling channel. We show that the adoption of the concept of multiheterodyne detection can improve the performance of LOS technique, and can also greatly simplify multi-channel WDM monitoring systems.
A Model for Lubricant Stress in Modern Medium Speed Diesel Engines and its Verification in a Wärtsilä 4L20 Laboratory Engine (1999)

This paper was voted best diesel paper at the 22nd CIMAC Congress, May 1998.Engine manufactures promote medium speed trunk piston engine designs equipped with flame rings on the basis of less bore polish and controlled, low oil consumption as a direct consequence of the virtual elimination of piston crown land deposits.A model of the influence of oil consumption and oil charge on oil stress factors has been used to illustrate the increase in oil stress when such modern designs are introduced.The oil degradation as predicted by the model is compared with actual practices using as an example parameter the BN depletion rate. Results from the full scale Wärtsilä 4L20 laboratory engine shed light on the actual BN degradation process and the effect different oil chemistries have. Also the operating environment for acceptable equilibrium oil conditions-at which no oil change would be required-is analysed in detail and it is calculated that a minimum oil consumption of 0.5 g/kWh is required, in line with current recommendations by major engine manufacturers.In addition, the test results reveal to what extent critical engine condition parameters like piston under crown cleanliness and fuel pump plunger sticking are affected not only by different levels of oil stress, but also by variations of oil chemistry.Finally, the data generated in the controlled laboratory environment are shown to be consistent with information from service experience and may thus be used with confidence to guide selection of commercial lubricants.
Investigation of the Stimulation Capabilities of a High-Resolution Neurorecording Probe for the Application of Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation (2018)

Deep brain stimulation is an established surgical treatment for several neurological and movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, in which electrostimulation is applied to targeted deep nuclei in the basal ganglia through implanted electrode leads. Recent technological improvements in the field have focused on the theoretical advantage of current steering and adaptive (closed-loop) deep brain stimulation. Current steering between several active electrodes would allow for improved accuracy when targeting the desired brain structures. This has the additional benefit of avoiding undesired stimulation of neural tracts that are related to side effects, e.g., internal capsule fibres of passage in subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. Closed-loop deep brain stimulation is based on the premise of continuous recording of a proxy for pathological neural activity (such as beta-band power of measured local field potentials in patients with Parkinson's disease) and accordingly adapting the used stimulus parameters. In this study, we investigate the suitability of an existing highresolution neurorecording probe for high-precision neurostimulation. If a subset of the probe's recording electrodes can be used for stimulation, then the probe would be a suitable candidate for closed-loop deep brain stimulation. A finiteelement model is used to calculate the electric potential, induced by current injection through the high-resolution probe, for different sets of active electrodes. Volumes of activated tissue are calculated and a comparison is made between the highresolution probe and a conventional stimulation lead. We investigate the capability of the probe to shift the volume of activated tissue by steering currents to different sets of active electrodes. Finally, safety limits for the injected current are used to determine the size of the volume in which neurons can be activated with the relatively small electrodes patches on the highresolution probe.
Mixed lineage kinase 3 deficient mice are protected against the high fat high carbohydrate diet‐induced steatohepatitis (2013)

Our results suggest that loss of MLK3 in mice is protective against HFHC diet-induced NASH, in a weight-independent fashion, through attenuation of JNK activation. MLK3 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of human NASH.
The returning turntable, part two (2014)

Last time we looked closely at the signals produced by turntables and the special treatment they require. This time, Stephen Dawson helps come to terms with turntable mechanics, of equal importance to high performance.
Phase Separation Behavior in Aqueous Suspensions of Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals Prepared by Sulfuric Acid Treatment (2008)

Phase separation phenomena of aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals have been studied for bacterial cellulose (BC) prepared by sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Suspensions at concentrations above 0.42 wt % separated into the isotropic and chiral nematic phases with a clear phase boundary. The shape and size distribution of BC nanocrystals in both the phases were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The surface charge density was determined by conductometric titration. The effects of added NaCl (0-5.0 mM) on the phase separation behavior of the aqueous suspensions were investigated for a fixed total cellulose concentration. The volume fraction of the chiral nematic phase had a minimum value at a NaCl concentration of ca. 1.0 mM. At NaCl concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 5.0 mM, the suspensions did not separate into two phases, but became entirely liquid crystalline. The size of the ordered domains in the anisotropic phase decreased with an increase in the NaCl concentration from 0 to 2.75 mM. At 2.75 mM, only tactoids were observed in the entire region. At 5.0 mM, chiral nematic domains were no longer observed. The chiral nematic pitch decreased with increasing concentration of added NaCl, reached a minimum value at approximately 0.75 mM, and then increased sharply with the NaCl concentration up to 2.0 mM.
Long-term ventilatory adaptation and ventilatory response to hypoxia in plateau pika (<i>Ochotona curzoniae</i>): role of nNOS and dopamine (2009)

We assessed ventilatory patterns and ventilatory responses to hypoxia (HVR) in high-altitude (HA) plateau pikas, repetitively exposed to hypoxic burrows, and control rats. We evaluated the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and dopamine by using S-methyl-l-thiocitrulline (SMTC) inhibitor and haloperidol antagonist, respectively. Ventilation (Vi) was measured using a whole body plethysmograph in conscious pikas (n = 9) and low-altitude (LA) rats (n = 7) at different Pi(O(2)) (56, 80, 111, 150, and 186 mmHg) and in HA acclimatized rats (n = 9, 8 days at 4,600 m) at two different Pi(O(2)) (56 and 80 mmHg). The effects of NaCl, SMTC, and haloperidol on ventilatory patterns were assessed in pikas at Pi(O(2)) = 56 and 80 mmHg. We observed a main species effect with larger Vi, tidal volume (VT), inspiratory time/total time (T(i)/T(tot)), and a lower expiratory time in pikas than in LA rats. Pikas had also a larger VT and lower respiratory frequency compared with HA rats in hypoxia. HVR of pikas and rats were not statistically different. In pikas, SMTC induced a significant increase in Vi and VT for a Pi(O(2)) of 56 mmHg, but had no effect for a PiO(2) of 80 mmHg, i.e., the living altitude of pikas. In pikas, haloperidol injection had no effect on any ventilatory parameter. Long-term ventilatory adaptation in pikas is mainly due to an improvement in respiratory pattern (VT and T(i)/T(tot)) with no significant improvement in HVR. The sensitivity to severe acute hypoxia in pikas seems to be regulated by a peripheral nNOS mechanism.
Bouncing or sticky droplets: Impalement transitions on superhydrophobic micropatterned surfaces (2006)

When a liquid drops impinges a hydrophobic rough surface it can either bounce off the surface (fakir droplets) or be impaled and strongly stuck on it (Wenzel droplets). The analysis of drop impact and quasi static ''loading'' experiments on model microfabricated surfaces allows to clearly identify the forces hindering the impalement transitions. A simple semi-quantitative model is proposed to account for the observed relation between the surface topography and the robustness of fakir non-wetting states. Motivated by potential applications in microfluidics and in the fabrication of self cleaning surfaces, we finally propose some guidelines to design robust superhydrophobic surfaces.
A high speed VLSI architecture of discrete wavelet transform for MPEG-4 (1997)

We present a high speed VLSI architecture of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for MPEG-4. We found similarities between the computation results of each octave. By using the similarities, in the proposed architecture, the input data are separated between even and odd, and the two data streams are inputted in parallel. This causes faster discrete wavelet transform operation than other architectures. In conventional architectures, the N-point DWT is computed in N cycles or 2N cycles. Whereas, in the proposed architecture the N-point DWT is computed in N/2 cycles with 100% hardware utilization. Therefore, the proposed architecture can be applied in the MPEG-4 standard, image transmission in wireless networks and digital signal processing which require high speed processing.
Haystack: an intrusion detection system (2003)

Haystack is a prototype system for the detection of intrusions in multiuser US Air Force computer systems. Haystack reduces voluminous system audit trails to short summaries of user behavior, anomalous events, and security incidents. This is designed to help the system security officer detect and investigate intrusions, particularly by insiders (authorized users). Haystacks's operation is based on behavioral constraints imposed by security policies and on models of typical behavior for user groups and individual users.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Virtual WiFi (2011)

As virtualization trend is moving towards "client virtualization", wireless virtualization remains to be one of the technology gaps that haven't been addressed satisfactorily. Today's approaches are mainly developed for wired network, and are not suitable for virtualizing wireless network interface due to the fundamental differences between wireless and wired LAN devices that we will elaborate in this paper. We propose a wireless LAN virtualization approach named virtual WiFi that addresses the technology gap. With our proposed solution, the full wireless LAN functionalities are supported inside virtual machines; each virtual machine can establish its own connection with self-supplied credentials; and multiple separate wireless LAN connections are supported through one physical wireless LAN network interface. We designed and implemented a prototype for our proposed virtual WiFi approach, and conducted detailed performance study. Our results show that with conventional virtualization overhead mitigation mechanisms, our proposed approach can support fully functional wireless functions inside VM, and achieve close to native performance of Wireless LAN with moderately increased CPU utilization.
Concise Estimation for Detection of Coronavirus COVID19 (2020)

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a known complication of patients undergoing cardiac catherization or Percutaneous Coronary Interventions (PCI), affecting up to 14% of patients, and is associated with increased overall mortality and risk of cardiac events.
Current Issues in the Treatment of Human Diseases by Mucosal Tolerance (2004)

Tolerance has been defined as a lack of response to self but a more appropriate definition of tolerance is "any mechanism by which a potentially injurious immune response is prevented, suppressed, or shifted to a non-injurious class of immune response." Thus, tolerance is related to productive self-recognition, rather than blindness of the immune system to its auto-components. Oral tolerance, in this sense, is of unique immunologic importance, as it is a continuous natural immunologic event driven by exogenous antigen. Because of their privileged access to the internal milieu, antigens that are continuously in contact with the mucosa are a frontier between foreign and self-components. Thus, oral tolerance is an immunological mechanism that evolved to treat external agents that gain access to the body via a natural route as internal components that then become part of self. Given this, it would seem logical that autoimmune diseases caused by an inappropriate response to self-antigens might ultimately be treated by presenting such autoantigens to the mucosal surface where they can be dealt with in a non-injurious (noninflammatory) immunologic environment. Furthermore, mucosal tolerance as a treatment for autoimmune diseases is an attractive concept, as antigen-specific therapy is the most physiologic means to manipulate immune responses, and mucosal antigen is nontoxic and can be given on a chronic basis. The efficacy of mucosal tolerance has been clearly demonstrated in several animal models.
Estimating Normalizing Constants and Reweighting Mixtures (1994)

Markov chain Monte Carlo (the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm and the Gibbs sampler) is a general multivariate simulation method that permits sampling from any stochastic process whose density is known up to a constant of proportionality. It has recently received much attention as a method of carrying out Bayesian, likelihood, and frequentist inference in analytically intractable problems.\nAlthough many applications of Markov chain Monte Carlo do not need estimation of\n normalizing constants, three do: calculation of Bayes factors, calculation of likelihoods in the presence of missing data, and importance sampling from mixtures. Here reverse logistic regression is proposed as a solution to the problem of\nestimating normalizing constants, and convergence and asymptotic normality of the estimates are proved under very weak regularity conditions.\n\nMarkov chain Monte Carlo is most useful when combined with importance reweighting so that a Monte Carlo sample from one distribution can be used for inference about many distributions. In Bayesian inference, reweighting permits the calculation of posteriors corresponding to a range of priors using a Monte Carlo sample\nfrom just one posterior. In likelihood inference, reweighting permits the calculation of the whole likelihood function using a Monte Carlo sample from just one\ndistribution in the model. Given this estimate of the likelihood, a parametric bootstrap calculation of the sampling distribution of the maximum likelihood estimate can be done using just one more Monte Carlo sample.\n\nAlthough reweighting can save much calculation, it does not work well unless the\n distribution being reweighted places appreciable mass in all regions of interest. Hence it is often not advisable to sample from a distribution in the model. Reweighting a mixture of distributions in the model performs much better, but this cannot be done unless the mixture density is known and this requires knowledge\n of the normalizing constants, or at least good estimates such as those provided\n by reverse logistic regression.
Major ampullate spidroins from <i>Euprosthenops australis</i> : multiplicity at protein, mRNA and gene levels (2007)

Spider dragline silk possesses extraordinary mechanical properties. It consists of large fibrous proteins called spidroins that display modular structures. It is known to consist of two proteins: the major ampullate spidroin (MaSp) 1 and MaSp2. This study analyses MaSp sequences from the nursery-web spider Euprosthenops australis. We have identified a previously uncharacterized MaSp2 sequence and a new MaSp-like spidroin, which display distinct homogenous submotifs within their respective Gly-rich repeats. Furthermore, a group of MaSp1 cDNA clones show unexpected heterogeneity. Genomic PCR identified several MaSp1 gene variants within individual spiders, which suggests the presence of a gene cluster in E. australis. Finally, the evolution of spidroin genes is discussed in relation to phylogenetic analysis of nonrepetitive C-terminal domains from diverse species.
A core–shell Fe3O4 nanoparticle–CdTe quantum dot–molecularly imprinted polymer composite for recognition and separation of 4-nonylphenol (2014)

In this work, magnetic fluorescence molecularly imprinted microspheres were prepared for recognition and separation of 4-nonylphenol. The prepared composite was evaluated and characterized in detail by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, and X-ray diffraction analyses. The results showed that the composite exhibited a uniform spherical shape and a core–shell structure. Moreover, this hybrid had a saturation magnetization value of 4.79 emu g−1, which provided an efficient way to separate toxic pollutants from extreme environments. And, the hybrid had the recognition ability for 4-nonylphenol by the changes of fluorescence signals, owning to the intrinsic fluorescent properties. Furthermore, the imprinting factor (IF) reached 2.37, which proved that many specific recognition sites with respect to the template were generated on the surface of MIPs and outstanding binding affinity and recognition selectivity towards 4-nonylphenol over competitive phenolic compounds.
Geodesics Using Mathematica (2002)

Abstract: We describe surfaces and geodesics without assuming prior knowledge of differential geometry. This involves selecting and presenting basic definitions and theorems. Included in this discussion are definitions of surface, coordinate patch, geodesic, etc. This summary closes with a proof of the length-minimizing properties of geodesics. Examples of surfaces are given and plotted in Mathematica. We also describe geodesics on these surfaces and plot select examples. The surfaces chosen include some with Clairaut patches, some without, and some surfaces in R 3 and some not in R 3. * The author wishes to thank Professor Charles Doran for his gracious help. 1 A well-known adage is, “The shortest distance between two points is a straight line. ” This is certainly true on the plane, but on other surfaces the adage proves to be false. For example, assume the earth to be a sphere. New York City and Madrid, Spain are both at latitudes of about 40°N. Yet an airplane taking the shortest distance between the two does not follow the 40th parallel.
Optimization of a<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>circumsporozoite protein repeat vaccine using the tobacco mosaic virus platform (2020)

<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> vaccine RTS,S/AS01 is based on the major NPNA repeat and the C-terminal region of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP). RTS,S-induced NPNA-specific antibody titer and avidity have been associated with high-level protection in naïve subjects, but efficacy and longevity in target populations is relatively low. In an effort to improve upon RTS,S, a minimal repeat-only, epitope-focused, protective, malaria vaccine was designed. Repeat antigen copy number and flexibility was optimized using the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) display platform. Comparing antigenicity of TMV displaying 3 to 20 copies of NPNA revealed that low copy number can reduce the abundance of low-affinity monoclonal antibody (mAb) epitopes while retaining high-affinity mAb epitopes. TMV presentation improved titer and avidity of repeat-specific Abs compared to a nearly full-length protein vaccine (FL-CSP). NPNAx5 antigen displayed as a loop on the TMV particle was found to be most optimal and its efficacy could be further augmented by combination with a human-use adjuvant ALFQ that contains immune-stimulators. These data were confirmed in rhesus macaques where a low dose of TMV-NPNAx5 elicited Abs that persisted at functional levels for up to 11 mo. We show here a complex association between NPNA copy number, flexibility, antigenicity, immunogenicity, and efficacy of CSP-based vaccines. We hypothesize that designing minimal epitope CSP vaccines could confer better and more durable protection against malaria. Preclinical data presented here supports the evaluation of TMV-NPNAx5/ALFQ in human trials.