gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Incidence of Crohn’s disease in Stockholm County 1955–1989 (1997)

Aim —To evaluate the incidence of Crohn’s disease in Stockholm County between 1955 and 1989. Methods —A cohort of 1936 patients with Crohn’s disease was retrospectively assembled. Incidence rates and changes in disease distribution were assessed. Results —The mean increase in incidence was 15% (95% confidence intervals 12% to 18%) per five year period with a mean annual incidence rate at 4.6/10 5 during the last two decades. The mean incidence for the entire study period was similar for men and women. The mean age at diagnosis increased from 25 years in 1960–64 to 32 years in 1985–89, partly because of an increasing proportion of patients aged at least 60 years at diagnosis. The proportion of patients with colonic Crohn’s disease at the time of diagnosis increased from 15% to 32% (17% difference; 95% confidence intervals 12% to 23%) whereas the proportion of patients with ileocaecal disease decreased from 58% to 41% (17% difference; 95% confidence intervals 10% to 24%) during the study period. Elderly patients had a higher proportion of small bowel disease and a lower proportion of ileocolonic disease compared with the younger patients. Conclusion —The incidence rate of Crohn’s disease in Stockholm has stabilised at 4.6/10 5 and the proportion of elderly patients has increased during a 35 year period. Colonic Crohn’s disease has increased in frequency with a reciprocal decrease in ileocaecal disease.
Silicon de novo: energy filtering and enhanced thermoelectric performances of nanocrystalline silicon and silicon alloys (2015)

Energy filtering due to second-phase precipitation in nanocrystalline silicon may lead to remarkable improvements of its thermoelectric power factor.
The Chlorate−Iodine Clock Reaction (2005)

A clock reaction produced by mixing chlorate and iodine solutions in perchloric acid media is reported. This is the first example of a clock reaction using chlorate as a reagent. Increasing chlorate and acid concentration reduces the induction period. Changing the initial iodine concentration does not affect the length of the induction period. The discovery of this clock reaction opens the possibility that a new family of oscillation reactions can be built using chlorate as reagent.
Primary hyperparathyroidism and the kidney: biochemical and clinical spectrum. (2002)

Primary hyperparathyroidism manifests biochemically as a disturbance in serum calcium homeostasis. The central organ setting serum calcium level is the kidney. It not only has the highest rate of active calcium transport, but the kidney also modulates serum calcium homeostasis by virtue of its endocrine role in 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D secretion. Receptors for PTH are widely expressed throughout the renal tubule and are involved in both calcium transport and endocrine function. Biochemical manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism by the kidney include increased tubular reabsorption of calcium, decreased reabsorption of phosphate and bicarbonate, and hypercalciuria. A reduction in glomerular filtration may occur in some patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, which perturbs the diagnostic relationships among biochemical variables and induces further increases in PTH secretion. Parathyroidectomy rapidly restores the biochemical abnormalities to normal apart from chronic reduced glomerular filtration. Clinical manifestations are nephrolithiasis, which is common, and nephrocalcinosis, which is uncommon. Nephrocalcinosis may occur with or without nephrolithiasis. Risk factors for nephrolithiasis are oversaturation of urine with calcium phosphate and with calcium oxalate. Risk factors for nephrocalcinosis are not clearly defined. Parathyroidectomy greatly reduces the incidence of nephrolithiasis but has little effect on nephrocalcinosis.
High titers of CA-125 may be associated with recurrent ischemic strokes in patients with cancer (2005)

In addition to etiologies common in the general population, strokes in cancer patients may be caused by hypercoagulable states, hyperviscosity, cardiogenic embolism, and neoplastic vessel infiltration. Intravascular mucins were reported in patients with recurrent thromboembolism. The authors report four patients with metastatic cancer, brain infarcts, and other thromboembolic disease with markedly elevated levels of the tumor marker CA-125 and explore possible associations between this mucinous protein and strokes.
Core-Skin Disbond Detection in a Composite Sandwich Panel Using Guided Ultrasonic Waves (2017)

Advanced composite materials are being increasingly used in state-of-the-art aircraft and aerospace structures due to their many desirable properties. However, such composite materials are highly susceptible to developing internal damage. Thus, safe operation of such structures requires a comprehensive program of effective nondestructive inspection and maintenance of their critical load bearing components before the defects grow and become unstable, resulting in failure of the entire structure. Ultrasonic guided wave-based methods have the potential to significantly improve current inspection techniques for large plate-like structural components due to the waves' large propagation range and sensitivity to defects in their propagation path. The application of guided waves for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of real structures, however, requires a thorough understanding of the characteristics of guided waves in composite structures in the presence and absence of any defects. In this paper, the interaction of guided waves with a core–skin disbond in a composite sandwich panel is studied using a semi-analytical method, numerical simulations, and laboratory experiments. It is shown that the disbond causes complex mode conversion at its leading and trailing edges. The theoretical findings are verified with laboratory experiments, and the applicability of the proposed pitch–catch setup for NDE of complex composite structures for damage detection is discussed.
Web presentation layer bootstrapping for accessibility and performance (2009)

In websites today, most browser incompatibilities are overcome using detection by available client features or the user-agent. This logic is often baked into JavaScript libraries client-side to limit functionality, or clients are filtered server-side to redirect to alternate versions of the site. In this paper, I present a technique called the Web Bootstrapper, a technique that allows a developer to write a single site while still providing multiple experiences, or skins, without altering source or running costly client-side code. It is a process by which an accurate collection of only those static resources and metadata necessary for a unique experience be delivered passively, by the most performant means possible. In further contrast to existing methodologies, this approach determines resources based on capability, form factor and platform by targeting and collecting the often-immutable attributes of the client, not specifically its identity or version. Bootstrapping allows for rule-based, externalized, server-side configuration, further promoting progressive enhancement and client performance.
Significance of nitroimidazole compounds and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 for imaging tumor hypoxia (2009)

A tumor-specific microenvironment is characterized by hypoxia, in which oxygen tension is considerably lower than in normal tissues. The hypoxic status of various solid tumors has been attributed as an indicator of adverse prognosis due to tumor progression toward a more malignant phenotype with increased metastatic potential and resistance to treatment. Various exogenous and endogenous markers for hypoxia are currently available and studied in relation to each other, tumor architecture, and tumor microenvironment. Over the last few decades, various methods have been suggested to assess the level of oxygenation in solid tumors. Among them, nitroimidazole compounds have provided promising information on tumor hypoxia. To quantify the extent of hypoxia requires that nitroimidazole binding be primarily dependent on oxygen concentration as well as nitroreductase levels in the tumor cells. Furthermore, recent progress in molecular biology has highlighted a transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, whose activity is induced by hypoxia. HIF-1 plays a central role in malignant progression by inducing the expression of various genes, whose functions are strongly associated with malignant alteration of the entire tumor. The cellular changes induced by HIF-1 are extremely important therapeutic targets of cancer therapy, particularly in the therapy against refractory cancers. In this review, we will discuss the significance of pimonidazole and HIF-1 as exogenous and endogenous hypoxia markers, respectively, as well as their evaluation and imaging of tumor hypoxia.
UV-Induced Frontal Polymerization of Multifunctional (Meth)acrylates (2005)

Photoinduced frontal polymerization was performed on a variety of multifunctional (meth)acrylates, and evaluation of the effect of monomer structure on the ability to sustain a traveling front was made. Photo-DSC was used to measure the photopolymerization rate of each monomer at 25 °C. The results were correlated with their ability to initiate and sustain a traveling front polymerization. The start time and the front velocity of each (meth)acrylate that could initiate/sustain a front photolytically were measured. The results clearly demonstrate that the molecular weight per double bond is directly related to the front velocity. Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), which exhibited the fastest front velocity, was evaluated in depth to determine the effect of varying the photoinitiator and thermal initiator on the frontal polymerization rate. When a multifunctional thiol was added to TMPTA, the start time was dramatically reduced and the velocity increased for low thiol concentrations. However, the velocity decreased when higher concentrations of thiol were added.
Statically Checking Web API Requests in JavaScript (2017)

Many JavaScript applications perform HTTP requests to web APIs, relying on the request URL, HTTP method, and request data to be constructed correctly by string operations. Traditional compile-time error checking, such as calling a non-existent method in Java, are not available for checking whether such requests comply with the requirements of a web API. In this paper, we propose an approach to statically check web API requests in JavaScript. Our approach first extracts a request's URL string, HTTP method, and the corresponding request data using an inter-procedural string analysis, and then checks whether the request conforms to given web API specifications. We evaluated our approach by checking whether web API requests in JavaScript files mined from GitHub are consistent or inconsistent with publicly available API specifications. From the 6575 requests in scope, our approach determined whether the request's URL and HTTP method was consistent or inconsistent with web API specifications with a precision of 96.0%. Our approach also correctly determined whether extracted request data was consistent or inconsistent with the data requirements with a precision of 87.9% for payload data and 99.9% for query data. In a systematic analysis of the inconsistent cases, we found that many of them were due to errors in the client code. The here proposed checker can be integrated with code editors or with continuous integration tools to warn programmers about code containing potentially erroneous requests.
Critical update on 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer science (2015)

ABSTRACT 2‐Methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) is a custom methacrylate with a zwitterionic phosphorylcholine moiety on the side chain. In the past 25 years, MPC has been used as a building block for a wide range of polymeric biomaterials because of its excellent resistance to nonspecific protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and blood coagulation. Recently, MPC polymers with specific features have been used in bioengineering and nanomedicine. This review focuses on three topics that highlight the latest findings on MPC polymers, that is, specific recognition of C‐reactive protein (CRP), cell‐membrane‐penetration abilities, and lubrication properties. These developments will extend the applications of this biomimetic material from bioinert polymers to biosensing, CRP inhibitors, prodrug carriers, subcellular bioimaging, cell manipulation, and joint replacement. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132 , 41766.
Self‐calibrated spiral SENSE (2004)

Current standard sensitivity-encoded parallel imaging (SENSE) utilizes a fully sampled low-resolution reference scan to estimate the coil sensitivities. This reference scan adds scan time and may introduce misregistration artifacts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of estimating the coil sensitivities for spiral SENSE directly from an undersampled k-space center. The limited spatial frequencies of the coil sensitivities, and the undersampling beyond the Nyquist radius cause image artifacts. A point spread function (PSF) analysis and experiments on both phantoms and humans identified an optimal radius for the k-space center by minimizing these image artifacts. The preliminary data indicate that self-calibrated SENSE is as accurate as standard SENSE, which uses a fully sampled reference scan.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Piperazine Containing Hydrazone Derivatives (2016)

Some hydrazone derivatives were synthesized and their potential anticholinesterase activities were examined. A series of eleven new compounds of N′-(2,4-disubstitutedbenzylidene)-2-(4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetohydrazide derivatives were obtained via reaction of 2-[4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]acetohydrazide with aromatic aldehydes. The chemical structures of the compounds were enlightened by FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and HRMS (ESI) spectral data. The inhibition potency of the compounds 3a – k against AChE and BuChE was measured and evaluated using a modification of Ellman’s spectrophotometric method. Among the tested compounds, compound 3c was assigned to be the most active derivative. Galantamine was used as a standard drug.
Postnatal Epilepsy After EEG‐Confirmed Neonatal Seizures (1991)

We examined infants whose neonatal seizures were confirmed by randomly recorded ictal EEG tracings to determine the types and frequency of postnatal epilepsy (PNE)--unprovoked, recurring postnatal seizures. Perinatal and postnatal clinical and EEG variables were also examined for their relevance to PNE. Forty infants with EEG-documented neonatal seizures of diverse etiologies were studied. The 27 survivors were followed for a mean of 31 months. PNE developed in 56% (15 of 27) of the cohort. The first seizure appeared at a mean-corrected age of 12.7 months and occurred despite ongoing antiepileptic medication in 60% (9 of 15) of the group. Seizures were classified as infantile spasms or minor motor (7 patients), complex partial (4 patients), or generalized tonic-clonic (4 patients). Perinatal variables that significantly correlated with PNE included the presence of coma but not the age at seizure onset, the estimated gestational age, or Apgar scores. PNE occurred in 68% (13 of 19) of patients with moderately or markedly abnormal EEG backgrounds but in only 25% (2 of 8) without (p = 0.035). There was a strong trend for PNE to develop in patients with greater than 10 electrographic seizures per hour but in only 45% (9 of 20) of infants with fewer seizures (p = 0.058). Several postnatal variables were significantly related to PNE--the presence of cerebral palsy (CP), mental retardation (MR), CP with MR, and follow-up EEGs. PNE occurred in only 27% (3 of 11) of patients without spikes or sharp waves on postnatal EEGs performed at age 3 months but in 100% (3 of 3) of patients with spikes or sharp waves (p = 0.022).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Perspective on the Prospects of a Carrier Multiplication Nanocrystal Solar Cell (2011)

This article presents a perspective on the experimental and theoretical work to date on the efficiency of carrier multiplication (CM) in colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs). Early reports on CM in NCs suggested large CM efficiency enhancements. However, recent experiments have shown that CM in nanocrystalline samples is not significantly stronger, and often is weaker, than in the parent bulk when compared on an absolute photon energy basis. This finding is supported by theoretical consideration of the CM process and the competing intraband relaxation. We discuss the experimental artifacts that may have led to the apparently strong CM estimated in early reports. The finding of bulklike CM in NCs suggests that the main promise of quantum confinement is to boost the photovoltage at which carriers can be extracted. With this in mind, we discuss research directions that may result in effective use of CM in a solar cell.
PC based energy management and control system of a building (2005)

A successful energy management control system using a personal computer (PC) is developed in this paper to avoid wastage of energy by human carelessness. A small residential building model is considered and a PC is used as a tool to monitor the electrical system. Sensors are considered to monitor the number of persons entering or leaving and the computer system switch on/off the electrical equipment, and able to count the number of people in each room in the building. The system continue to count when more people enter the rooms. When all the peoples leave the rooms the system will switch off all the electrical equipments to make sure that there is no wastage of energy. This paper shows that energy savings is achieved in a building by having a proper interface using a PC with minimum hardware and software.
A vector impedance meter digitally controlled (1991)

As with most similar equipment, the method consists in applying a sinusoidal voltage to an unknown impedance and measuring the current through it. The advantage of the developed equipment is that it allows independent and simultaneous measurement of the resistive and reactive components of the current through the sample impedance, thus making possible the determination of impedances in magnitude and phase. The measurements can be controlled with a computer using a digital interface. The instrument may also be controlled with a computer using a digital interface. The instrument may also be controlled manually from a front panel. The apparatus was designed to operate in the audio range 1 Hz–100 kHz for currents even below 1 μA. The analog outputs may either be connected to an X-Y recorder or the data can be acquired with a computer through an analog-to-digital converter. The laboratory tests have shown a good performance according to the design specifications. These tests have been carried out using discrete circuits made of calibrated components.
Latent Space Autoregression for Novelty Detection (2019)

Novelty detection is commonly referred as the discrimination of observations that do not conform to a learned model of regularity. Despite its importance in different application settings, designing a novelty detector is utterly complex due to the unpredictable nature of novelties and its inaccessibility during the training procedure, factors which expose the unsupervised nature of the problem. In our proposal, we design a general unsupervised framework where we equip a deep autoencoder with a parametric density estimator that learns the probability distribution underlying the latent representations with an autoregressive procedure. We show that a maximum likelihood objective, optimized in conjunction with the reconstruction of normal samples, effectively acts as a regularizer for the task at hand, by minimizing the differential entropy of the distribution spanned by latent vectors. In addition to providing a very general formulation, extensive experiments of our model on publicly available datasets deliver on-par or superior performances if compared to state-of-the-art methods in one-class and in video anomaly detection settings. Differently from our competitors, we remark that our proposal does not make any assumption about the nature of the novelties, making our work easily applicable to disparate contexts.
Theoretical aspects of Fourier Transform Spectrometry and common path triangular interferometers (2010)

Recent investigations have induced relevant advancements of imaging interferometry, which is becoming a viable option for Earth remote sensing. Various research programs have chosen the Sagnac configuration for new imaging interferometers. Due to the growing diffusion of this technique, we have developed a self-contained theory for describing the signal produced by triangular FTSs and its optimal processing. We investigate the relevant disadvantages of multiplexing, and compare dispersive with FTS instruments. The paper addresses some methods for correcting the phase error, and the non-unitary transformation performed by a Sagnac interferometer. The effect of noise on spectral estimations is discussed.
Focused near-field adaptive nulling: experimental investigation (1990)

Focused near-field adaptive nulling has been demonstrated using an experimental linear phased array and a four-channel receiver. The measured adaptive cancellation of one near field interference source was in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The theory assumes that a dipole array without ground plane is the approximate dual of a rectangular waveguide array with ground plane. The results indicate that adaptive antenna performance testing using focused near-field adaptive nulling at approximately one aperture diameter range distance is a viable alternative to conventional far-field testing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Complete Chemical Synthesis, Assembly, and Cloning of a <i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i> Genome (2008)

We have synthesized a 582,970-base pair Mycoplasma genitalium genome. This synthetic genome, named M. genitalium JCVI-1.0, contains all the genes of wild-type M. genitalium G37 except MG408, which was disrupted by an antibiotic marker to block pathogenicity and to allow for selection. To identify the genome as synthetic, we inserted "watermarks" at intergenic sites known to tolerate transposon insertions. Overlapping "cassettes" of 5 to 7 kilobases (kb), assembled from chemically synthesized oligonucleotides, were joined by in vitro recombination to produce intermediate assemblies of approximately 24 kb, 72 kb ("1/8 genome"), and 144 kb ("1/4 genome"), which were all cloned as bacterial artificial chromosomes in Escherichia coli. Most of these intermediate clones were sequenced, and clones of all four 1/4 genomes with the correct sequence were identified. The complete synthetic genome was assembled by transformation-associated recombination cloning in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, then isolated and sequenced. A clone with the correct sequence was identified. The methods described here will be generally useful for constructing large DNA molecules from chemically synthesized pieces and also from combinations of natural and synthetic DNA segments.
The prevalence of injection-site reactions with disease-modifying therapies and their effect on adherence in patients with multiple sclerosis: an observational study (2011)

Patients on IM IFNβ-1a had fewer ISRs and were less likely to switch therapies than patients on other therapies. This study may have implications in selecting initial therapy or, for patients considering switching or discontinuing therapy because of ISRs, selecting an alternative option.