gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of the silane modification of an organoclay on the properties of polypropylene/clay composites (2008)

Abstract A commercial clay, Cloisite®20A (C20A) was modified with three different silane compounds, propyltrimethoxy silane, octyltrimethoxy silane, and octadecyltrimethoxy silane, to control the hydrophobicity of C20A. The amount of the silane compounds grafted to C20A was quantified from the weight loss by using TGA, and the hydrophobicity was evaluated by the amount of water absorption. The variation of the interlayer distance was traced by XRD and TEM observation. SEM/EDS was employed to visualize the morphology of the fractured surface and the degree of dispersion of the clay layers in the PP/clay composites. Measurements of the tensile properties of the PP/clay composites indicated that the composite made from PP and the C20A modified with octadecyltrimethoxy silane exhibited the most excellent tensile properties. This was ascribed to the fact that the C20A modified with octadecyltrimethoxy silane possessed the most favorable interfacial interaction with PP and thus the degree of dispersion of the clay layers was the best in the PP matrix. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Minimisation of modal noise in optical-fibre connectors (1979)

Modal noise has recently been recognised as a source of interference in multimode optical-fibre systems involving coherent sources and misaligned connectors. This letter describes a technique whereby the effects of fibre misalignment may be minimised by the appropriate design of the connector. The essential principle is that far-field rather than near-field coupling is utilised. A significant reduction in modal noise due to misalignments can be expected using this principle, and the estimated losses are comparable to those in conventional connectors.
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-γ Down-regulates Chondrocyte Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 via a Novel Composite Element (2004)

Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) induces degradation via hyperexpression of an array of genes, including metalloproteinases (MMP), in cartilage cells during articular degenerative diseases. In contrast, natural ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) display protective anti-cytokine effects in these cells. We used the PPAR agonist rosiglitazone (Rtz) to investigate PPAR-gamma isotype on IL-1beta-target genes. Immunocytochemistry, electrophoretic mobility shift, and transient transfection assays revealed a functional PPAR-gamma in chondrocytes in vitro. Rtz displayed significant inhibition of IL-1beta effects in chondrocytes. Low Rtz concentrations (close to K(d) values for PPAR-gamma, 0.1 to 1 microm) inhibited the effects of IL-1beta on (35)S-sulfated proteoglycan production and gelatinolytic activities and downregulated MMP1 expression at mRNA and protein levels. We have investigated the mechanism of action of Rtz against IL-1beta-mediated MMP1 gene hyperexpression. Rtz effect occurs at the transcriptional level of the MMP1 promoter, as observed in transiently transfected cells with pMMP1-luciferase vector. Transient expression of wild type PPAR-gamma enhanced Rtz inhibitory effect in chondrocytes, whereas a mutated dominant negative PPAR-gamma abolished it, supporting the role of PPAR-gamma in this effect. MMP1 gene promoter analysis revealed the involvement of a cis-acting element located at -83 to -77, shown to be a composite PPRE/AP1 site. Gel mobility and supershift assays demonstrated that PPAR-gamma and c-Fos/c-Jun proteins bind this cis-acting element in a mutually exclusive way. Our data highlight a new PPAR-gamma-dependent inhibitory mechanism on IL-1beta-mediated cartilage degradation occurring through DNA binding competition on the composite PPRE/AP1 site in the MMP1 promoter.
Radiofrequency ablation for cure of atrial flutter (1997)

RF ablation is a highly effective and safe procedure for cure of atrial flutter. In patients with chronic or recurrent forms of atrial flutter RF ablation should be considered as a first line therapeutic option.
Synthesis Of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Films For Lithium Battery Application (2010)

We demonstrate a controlled growth of nitrogen-doped graphene layers by liquid precursor based chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. Nitrogen-doped graphene was grown directly on Cu current collectors and studied for its reversible Li-ion intercalation properties. Reversible discharge capacity of N-doped graphene is almost double compared to pristine graphene due to the large number of surface defects induced due to N-doping. All the graphene films were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Direct growth of active electrode material on current collector substrates makes this a feasible and efficient process for integration into current battery manufacture technology.
Tuning the Range of Polyacrylamide Gel Stiffness for Mechanobiology Applications (2016)

Adjusting the acrylamide monomer and cross-linker content in polyacrylamide gels controls the hydrogel stiffness, yet the reported elastic modulus for the same formulations varies widely and these discrepancies are frequently attributed to different measurement methods. Few studies exist that examine stiffness trends across monomer and cross-linker concentrations using the same characterization platform. In this work, we use Atomic Force Microscopy and analyze force-distance curves to derive the elastic modulus of polyacrylamide hydrogels. We find that gel elastic modulus increases with increasing cross-link concentration until an inflection point, after which gel stiffness decreases with increasing cross-linking. This behavior arises because of the formation of highly cross-linked clusters, which add inhomogeneity and heterogeneity to the network structure, causing the global network to soften even under high cross-linking conditions. We identify these inflection points for three different total polymer formulations. When we alter gelation kinetics by using a low polymerization temperature, we find that gels are stiffer when polymerized at 4 °C compared to room temperature, indicating a complex relationship between gel structure, elasticity, and network formation. We also investigate how gel stiffness changes during storage over 10 days and find that specific gel formulations undergo significant stiffening (1.55 ± 0.13), which may be explained by differences in gel swelling resulting from initial polymerization parameters. Taken together, our study emphasizes the importance of polyacrylamide formulation, polymerization temperature, gelation time, and storage duration in defining the structural and mechanical properties of the polyacrylamide hydrogels.
High-Fidelity Motion Simulator Rapid Cockpit Implementation Demonstrated Using a Blackhawk Configuration (2002)

This paper describes the development (eight months from conceptual design to full-motion data-gathering simulations) of a low-cost, high-fidelity UH-60A Blackhawk motion-rated simulator cab utilizing the Interchangeable Cab concept developed by the NASAAmes Research Center’s Vertical Motion Simulator (VMS) Simulation Laboratory. The Project resulted in the design of a low-cost simulation system to replicate helicopter/shipboard launch and recovery envelopes, thereby reducing the reliance on expensive at-sea developmental flight tests. This paper focuses on the structural and mechanical areas of the project, and how the Simulation Laboratories’ rapid design and fabrication concept was used to accomplish the program’s demanding requirements. Key areas discussed are: developing a compact, low-cost, widefield-of-view, night-vision capable, cross-cockpit visual system; integration of a 4-axis dynamic seat shaker; and design and fabrication of a motion-rated Blackhawk simulator cab capable of operating on NASA’s Vertical Motion Simulator motion system.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Alkyl and Hydroxyalkyl β-D-Mannopyranosides (1992)

The preparation of anomerically pure alkyl and hydroxyalkyl ß-mannopyranosides 3a-h by using the transfer activity of ß-mannohydrolase [EC 3.2.1.25] is described.
Many Paths to Equilibrium: GANs Do Not Need to Decrease a Divergence At Every Step (2018)

Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are a family of generative models that do not minimize a single training criterion. Unlike other generative models, the data distribution is learned via a game between a generator (the generative model) and a discriminator (a teacher providing training signal) that each minimize their own cost. GANs are designed to reach a Nash equilibrium at which each player cannot reduce their cost without changing the other players' parameters. One useful approach for the theory of GANs is to show that a divergence between the training distribution and the model distribution obtains its minimum value at equilibrium. Several recent research directions have been motivated by the idea that this divergence is the primary guide for the learning process and that every step of learning should decrease the divergence. We show that this view is overly restrictive. During GAN training, the discriminator provides learning signal in situations where the gradients of the divergences between distributions would not be useful. We provide empirical counterexamples to the view of GAN training as divergence minimization. Specifically, we demonstrate that GANs are able to learn distributions in situations where the divergence minimization point of view predicts they would fail. We also show that gradient penalties motivated from the divergence minimization perspective are equally helpful when applied in other contexts in which the divergence minimization perspective does not predict they would be helpful. This contributes to a growing body of evidence that GAN training may be more usefully viewed as approaching Nash equilibria via trajectories that do not necessarily minimize a specific divergence at each step.
Understanding survival analysis: Kaplan-Meier estimate (2010)

Kaplan-Meier estimate is one of the best options to be used to measure the fraction of subjects living for a certain amount of time after treatment. In clinical trials or community trials, the effect of an intervention is assessed by measuring the number of subjects survived or saved after that intervention over a period of time. The time starting from a defined point to the occurrence of a given event, for example death is called as survival time and the analysis of group data as survival analysis. This can be affected by subjects under study that are uncooperative and refused to be remained in the study or when some of the subjects may not experience the event or death before the end of the study, although they would have experienced or died if observation continued, or we lose touch with them midway in the study. We label these situations as censored observations. The Kaplan-Meier estimate is the simplest way of computing the survival over time in spite of all these difficulties associated with subjects or situations. The survival curve can be created assuming various situations. It involves computing of probabilities of occurrence of event at a certain point of time and multiplying these successive probabilities by any earlier computed probabilities to get the final estimate. This can be calculated for two groups of subjects and also their statistical difference in the survivals. This can be used in Ayurveda research when they are comparing two drugs and looking for survival of subjects.
Deformable Image Registration with Inclusion of Autodetected Homologous Tissue Features (2012)

A novel deformable registration algorithm is proposed in the application of radiation therapy. The algorithm starts with autodetection of a number of points with distinct tissue features. The feature points are then matched by using the scale invariance features transform (SIFT) method. The associated feature point pairs are served as landmarks for the subsequent thin plate spline (TPS) interpolation. Several registration experiments using both digital phantom and clinical data demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the method. For the 3D phantom case, markers with error less than 2 mm are over 85% of total test markers, and it takes only 2-3 minutes for 3D feature points association. The proposed method provides a clinically practical solution and should be valuable for various image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) applications.
The Demand and Development of Internet of Things for 5G:A Survey (2018)

The Internet of Things (IoT) integrates the sensing technology and radio frequency identification technology between goods. Recent IoT development has the disadvantages of low reliability, poor security, and high maintenance costs. Moreover, IoT applications should have the special requirements of supporting massive connections, low terminal costs, low terminal power consumption, and super-coverage capabilities in 5G scenarios. By integrating 5G with IoT, the information transmission rate can be effectively improved, the transmission delay can be reduced, and the reliability and security of the network can be improved. 5G technology will support the innovation and development of IoT applications, vigorously promote the development process of IoT, and continue to break ground in new areas and discover new worlds.
Radiation-Induced Graft Polymerization of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) and Its Copolymer (1995)

Abstract Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) or 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) onto poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and its copolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) {P(HBHV)} was carried out by using simultaneous radiation and preirradiation techniques from a 60Co γ-rays source. Degree of grafting (X g) of MMA onto both polymers increased as the irradiation dose increased. The X g for PHB graft-polymerized by simultaneous radiation was lower than that for the copolymer of 24 mol% HV content (24 M sample). On the contrary, X g of PHB graft-polymerized after preirradiation was higher than that of the 24 M sample. The X g depended on differences in regularity in the crystalline regions or crystallinity and rate of radical decay. Crystalline regions of PHB remained almost unchanged after grafting, while crystalline regions of the 24 M sample were partially destroyed by the introduction of grafting. Glass transition temperatures of both grafted polymers increased up to 8°C. The number-average molecular weight ( M n) of grafted PMMA was comparable to that of trunk polymers, while M n of that graft-polymerized with simultaneous radiation was far larger, reflecting the introduction of crosslinking. Biodegradability steeply decreased by the introduction of MMA grafting, while that grafted with HEMA increased at first because of improvement of wettabiity between the polymer and an enzyme solution, then steeply decreased as X g increased.
Employee bad behavior: selected thoughts and strategies. (2009)

In summary, bad behavior is prevalent in many acute care settings. Kupperschmidt (2006) once asked if it would take a mandate from a regulatory agency to get nurses to address horizontal hostility. Perhaps the answer to that question is "Yes" and we now have that mandate. Nursing Managers and Executives are challenged to demonstrate competence in effective behavior management. Role modeling integrity by adherence to standards and governing policies motivates employees to follow such examples. Inspiring environments that allow professionals to share talents and skills in a "safe" culture of practice promotes healthy work environments and defines successful behavior management.
Research of the Static Balance for Spherical Rotor (2007)

For spherical rotor of gyroscope and some other high speed rotor, static balance is important. The paper introduces a static balance method for spherical rotor: the position of the spherical rotor is fixed by the use of the special clamp apparatus, and then determines the unbalance mass using the electronic balance. This method has no strict requirement to the clamp’s symmetry and dimension and locating precision of the locating hole. The balance precision only depends on the precision of the electronic balance and shape error of the clamp’s locating surface, which makes the balance method has high precision and preferable operability.
The Bayesian image retrieval system, PicHunter: theory, implementation, and psychophysical experiments (2000)

This paper presents the theory, design principles, implementation and performance results of PicHunter, a prototype content-based image retrieval (CBIR) system. In addition, this document presents the rationale, design and results of psychophysical experiments that were conducted to address some key issues that arose during PicHunter's development. The PicHunter project makes four primary contributions to research on CBIR. First, PicHunter represents a simple instance of a general Bayesian framework which we describe for using relevance feedback to direct a search. With an explicit model of what users would do, given the target image they want, PicHunter uses Bayes's rule to predict the target they want, given their actions. This is done via a probability distribution over possible image targets, rather than by refining a query. Second, an entropy-minimizing display algorithm is described that attempts to maximize the information obtained from a user at each iteration of the search. Third, PicHunter makes use of hidden annotation rather than a possibly inaccurate/inconsistent annotation structure that the user must learn and make queries in. Finally, PicHunter introduces two experimental paradigms to quantitatively evaluate the performance of the system, and psychophysical experiments are presented that support the theoretical claims.
Nanoscale patterning of magnetic islands by imprint lithography using a flexible mold (2002)

A nanomolding process for producing 55-nm-diameter magnetic islands over 3-cm-wide areas is described. A master pattern of SiO2 pillars is used to form a polymeric mold, which is in turn used to mold a photopolymer resist film. This latter film is used as a resist for etching SiO2, yielding a pattern of pillars. Finally, an 11-nm-CoPt multilayer is deposited. Magnetic force microscopy reveals that the film on top of each pillar is a magnetically isolated single domain that switches independently.
Neuronal Ca<sup>2+</sup>/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II: The Role of Structure and Autoregulation in Cellular Function (2002)

Highly enriched in brain tissue and present throughout the body, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is central to the coordination and execution of Ca(2+) signal transduction. The substrates phosphorylated by CaMKII are implicated in homeostatic regulation of the cell, as well as in activity-dependent changes in neuronal function that appear to underlie complex cognitive and behavioral responses, including learning and memory. The architecture of CaMKII holoenzymes is unique in nature. The kinase functional domains (12 per holoenzyme) are attached by stalklike appendages to a gear-shaped core, grouped into two clusters of six. Each subunit contains a catalytic, an autoregulatory, and an association domain. Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM) binding disinhibits the autoregulatory domain, allowing autophosphorylation and complex changes in the enzyme's sensitivity to Ca(2+)/CaM, including the generation of Ca(2+)/CaM-independent activity, CaM trapping, and CaM capping. These processes confer a type of molecular memory to the autoregulation and activity of CaMKII. Its function is intimately shaped by its multimeric structure, autoregulation, isozymic type, and subcellular localization; these features and processes are discussed as they relate to known and potential cellular functions of this multifunctional protein kinase.
Synbiotic Effect of Probiotic ( Bifidobacterium sp ) and Prebiotics (Chicory and Inulin ) aganist some pathogenic bacteria (2009)

The Antimicrobial activity of Probiotic Bifidobacterium sp and Prebiotics : chicory roots ( Hot water extract ) and Inulin ( 10 % ) against some Pathogenic bacteria (Esherichia coli , Proteus mirabilis , Klebsiella sp , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Serratia marcescens was studied . The combination of Probiotic and Prebiotics (Synbiotic) (Bifidobacterium sp + chicory ) and (Bifidobacterium sp + Inulin ) also tested for their antimicrobial activity against Pathogenic bacteria . Results showed that Bifidobacterium sp had good antimicrobial activity against all the Pathogenic bacteria tested , followed by chicory and inulin . The synergistic inhibitory effect of Synbiotic (Bifidobacterium sp + chicory ) and ( Bifidobacterium sp + inulin ) on Pathogenic bacteria was higher than the effect of Bifidobacterium sp alone, chicory alone and inulin alone.
In-situ XAFS fuel cell measurements of a carbon-supported Pt–Ru anode electrocatalyst in hydrogen and direct methanol operation (2002)

A special in-situ PEM fuel cell has been developed to make XAFS measurements during hydrogen and direct methanol operation possible. The chosen set-up in transmission allows for the on-line monitoring of changes in the catalysts oxidation states and their characteristic short-range order. In both operation modes, the catalyst is reduced during operation, as can be concluded from the XANES region of the spectra showing a decreased white-line intensity in E space.
Pickup Truck Aerodynamics - Keep Your Tailgate Up (2004)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The aerodynamic effects of the pickup truck tailgate are examined in this paper. It is shown that the removal or the lowering of the tailgate increases the aerodynamic drag of a pickup truck, increases lift by up to sixty percent and increases the yawing moment. All these changes are negative and reduce vehicle performance, albeit, only by small amounts. This finding demonstrates that the commonly seen removal of tailgates to reduce aerodynamic drag is a public misconception that should be discouraged by manufacturers and by regulators.</div>
Synthesis of PET‐PLA/Drug Nanoparticles and Their Effect with Gold Nanoparticles for Controlled Drug Release in Cancer Chemotherapy (2008)

Polyethylene terephthalate‐polylactic acid copolymer (PET‐PLA) was synthesized from bis (2‐hydroxyethyl terephthalate) and L‐lactic acid oligomer in the presence of manganese antimony glycoxide as a catalyst. The synthesized PET‐PLA copolymer was used for controlled drug release systems with gold nanoparticles. Fluorouracil containing PET‐PLA nanocapsules was prepared in the presence of gold nanoparticles by solvent evaporation method. The morphologies of the nanocapsules were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Controlled release of Fu and Fu@Au was carried out in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and 0.1 M HCl solution. The results indicated that the drug release for gold nanoparticles/fluorouracil (Au@Fu) incorporated PET‐PLA nanocapsules was controlled and slow compared to Fu incorporated PET‐PLA nanocapsules. This may be due to the interaction between the gold nanoparticles and fluorouracil in PET‐PLA nanocapsules.