gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Digital Polarity Correlator with Built-in Self Test and Self Repair (1984)

Correlation techniques are widely used in communications, instrumentation, computers, telemetry, and other signal processing systems to detect a desired signal in the presence of noise, to recognize patterns, and to measure time delays. With the development of VLSI, correlation can be performed efficiently with a minimal number of components. The correlator chip presented in this article consists of a linear cascade of identical elements; failure of any one element causes complete chip failure. Therefore, we devised a self-test and self-repair structure to automatically bypass faulty stages. The overhead for self test and self repair was approximately six percent of the chip area. The results of functional testing of the first batch of processed chips demonstrated a nine-to-one yield enhancement and an exhaustive functional test time of less than 150 milliseconds. The self-repair mechanism provides high in-service reliability.
Evaluating Multiple Aspects of Coherence in Student Essays (2004)

Criterion Online Essay Evaluation Service includes a capability that labels sentences in student writing with essay-based discourse elements (e.g., thesis statements). We describe a new system that enhances Criterion’s capability, by evaluating multiple aspects of coherence in essays. This system identifies features of sentences based on semantic similarity measures and discourse structure. A support vector machine uses these features to capture breakdowns in coherence due to relatedness to the essay question and relatedness between discourse elements. Intra-sentential quality is evaluated with rule-based heuristics. Results indicate that the system yields higher performance than a baseline on all three aspects.
Doping of Fullerenes via Anion‐Induced Electron Transfer and Its Implication for Surfactant Facilitated High Performance Polymer Solar Cells (2013)

Simple and solution-processible tetrabutyl-ammonium salts (TBAX) can dope fullerene and its derivatives to achieve conductive thin films (σ as high as 0.56 S/m). The electron transfer between the anions of TBAXs and n-type semiconductors induces doping without encountering any harsh activation. These provide valid support for the surfactant interfacial doping of fullerene in polymer solar cells for enhanced device performance.
Increasing the phased field-of-view of large distributed aperture telescope arrays (2001)

There are some unique optical design considerations in the design of a distributed aperture telescope array consisting of a number of individual afocal collector telescopes and a single combining telescope. As might be expected, diffraction limited imagery over the field of view requires the correction of spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism and field curvature. However, there is an additional requirement on the design of the collectors. Coherent addition of the light from the collectors requires that the ratio of the sine of the input and output chief ray angles be essentially constant over the field of view. This output angle restriction is equivalent to requiring the collector telescopes to have a specific variation in angular magnification with field. Variation of magnification with field is, by definition, image distortion. With simple two and three mirror afocal collector telescope designs, there are insufficient design degrees of freedom to control distortion in addition to the other aberrations. In this paper, we present a modification to a three-mirror collector design that permits the image distortion to be adjusted in a controlled manner without influencing the other third order, Seidel aberrations. This modification permits a large distributed aperture telescope array to be designed that has both a simple optical form and a much larger phased (i.e. corrected) field of view. As a design example, we investigate the effect of the distortion correcting element on the size of the achievable field of view for a 45 meter diameter distributed aperture telescope array populated with 8 meter diameter collectors.
Low latency, area, and energy efficient Hybrid Photonic Plasmonic on-chip Interconnects (HyPPI) (2016)

In this paper we benchmark various interconnect technologies including electrical, photonic, and plasmonic options. We contrast them with hybridizations where we consider plasmonics for active manipulation devices, and photonics for passive propagation integrated circuit elements, and further propose another novel hybrid link that utilizes an on chip laser for intrinsic modulation thus bypassing electro-optic modulation. Link benchmarking proves that hybridization can overcome the shortcomings of both pure photonic and plasmonic links. We show superiority in a variety of performance parameters such as point-to-point latency, energy efficiency, capacity, ability to support wavelength division multiplexing, crosstalk coupling length, bit flow density and Capability-to-Latency-Energy-Area Ratio.
Antimicrobial and Physicochemical Characterization of Biodegradable, Nitric Oxide-Releasing Nanocellulose–Chitosan Packaging Membranes (2016)

Biodegradable composite membranes with antimicrobial properties consisting of nanocellulose fibrils (CNFs), chitosan, and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-d-penicillamine (SNAP) were developed and tested for food packaging applications. As a nitric oxide donor, SNAP was encapsulated into completely dispersed chitosan in 100 mL of 0.1 N acetic acid and was thoroughly mixed with CNFs to produce a composite membrane. The fabricated membranes had a uniform dispersion of chitosan and SNAP within the CNFs, which was confirmed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs and a chemiluminescence nitric oxide analyzer. The membranes prepared without SNAP showed lower water vapor permeability than that of the membranes with SNAP. The addition of SNAP resulted in a decrease in Young's modulus for both two- and three-layer membrane configurations. Antimicrobial property evaluation of SNAP-incorporated membranes showed an effective zone of inhibition against bacterial strains of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes and demonstrated its potential applications for food packaging.
The Intervalgram: An Audio Feature for Large-scale Melody Recognition (2012)

Abstract. We present a system for representing the melodic content of short pieces of audio using a novel chroma-based representation known as the ‘intervalgram’, which is a summary of the local pattern of musical intervals in a segment of music. The intervalgram is based on a chroma representation derived from the temporal profile of the stabilized auditory image [10] and is made locally pitch invariant by means of a ‘soft’ pitch transposition to a local reference. Intervalgrams are generated for a piece of music using multiple overlapping windows. These sets of intervalgrams are used as the basis of a system for detection of identical melodies across a database of music. Using a dynamic-programming approach for comparisons between a reference and the song database, performance is evaluated on the ‘covers80 ’ dataset [4]. A first test of an intervalgrambased system on this dataset yields a precision at top-1 of 53.8%, with an ROC curve that shows very high precision up to moderate recall, suggesting that the intervalgram is adept at identifying the easier-to-match cover songs in the dataset with high robustness. The intervalgram is designed to support locality-sensitive hashing, such that an index lookup from each single intervalgram feature has a moderate probability of retrieving a match, with few false matches. With this indexing approach, a large reference database can be quickly pruned before more detailed matching, as in previous content-identification systems.
Efficient Approach to Failure Response of Process Module in Dual-Arm Cluster Tools With Wafer Residency Time Constraints (2019)

In semiconductor manufacturing, a process module (PM) failure in cluster tools (CTs) happens from time to time. To effectively operate a CT, such a failure should be handled in a proper and timely manner. This issue becomes much more complicated because wafer residency time constraints (WRTCs) must be met to ensure the quality for some wafer fabrication processes. With such constraints, if a tool is operated under a periodic schedule and a PM fails, it is desired that the tool can still operate under a periodic schedule if it is possible. Nevertheless, the periodic schedule after a PM failure must be different from that before its failure since in this case the tool is degraded. Thus, there must be a transient process between them. It is a great challenge to operate a tool such that it can go through such a transient process with WRTCs being always satisfied. This paper aims to solve this problem by proposing PM failure response policies which can successfully transfer a CT to the feasible schedule after failure from the one before a failure. Then, efficient algorithms are developed to improve these response policies. The proposed policies are composed of simple control laws such that they can be realized in real time and online. Illustrative examples are presented to show their applications.
Development of a semi-automated method for mitral valve modeling with medial axis representation using 3D ultrasound (2012)

This study demonstrates the use of deformable medial modeling for semi-automated 3D reconstruction of mitral valve geometry using transesophageal 3D US. The proposed algorithm provides a parametric geometrical representation of the mitral leaflets, which can be used to evaluate valve morphology in clinical ultrasound images.
A dynamic analysis of the rail conveyor system (2019)

Due to the reduction of the energy consumption of belt conveyors over the past few decades, longer installations of overland conveyors are now more feasible. Installations of single flight belt conveyors up to 30km in length have been successfully commissioned [1] with longer systems already planned. To further push the boundaries of long overland conveying a new rail based continuous bulk material transportation system has been developed by researchers at the University of Newcastle to reduce the energy consumption of long overland conveyors. The new technology is aptly named the Rail Conveyor due to its combination of two well-established transportation technologies. By further reducing the energy consumption of long overland conveying using the Rail Conveyor, longer systems of up to 50km will be much more realistic. During the operating procedures of long overland conveying systems, an understanding of the transient behaviour is key to their efficient operation. Dynamic analysis methods are used to gain an understanding of the transient tension distribution along the length of a belt conveying system during starting, stopping and running sequences of the system. This paper presents a dynamic analysis of the Rail Conveyor system to gain an understanding of the tension distribution along the system. The key resistive elements of the Rail Conveyor system are analysed where the differences from traditional troughed belt conveyors are also outlined. The implementation of carriage wheels equated to the introduction of track wheel and bearing resistances which effectively eliminated the conventional indentation rolling resistance and bulk material flexure. The developed dynamic analysis model for the Rail Conveyor system offers customary options for the user to establish key components such as tension distributions, displacements and forces for both belt and carriages. These options enable users to predict, rectify and modify their systems accordingly which results in a cost effective and time-saving approach. This is detailed in the presented case study.
Extendibility of chemically amplified resists: another brick wall? (2003)

The chemically amplified resist concept, first described two decades past and originally targeted for the 1000 nm device generation, has proved to have remarkable versatility. The semiconductor industry has come to rely on the properties of CA resists to achieve high resolution, high aspect ratio imaging accompanied by the high throughput that stems from their catalytic imaging mechanism. As the industry maps the evolution of lithographic technology to the 20 nm regime, it is appropriate to review the factors that control the performance of CA resists, and examine whether the traditional evolutionary path of materials refinement will provide materials capable of supporting device manufacturing at those dimensions. The impacts of image blur, line-edge roughness and shot noise on the ability to image CA resists at nanoscale dimensions will be discussed.
Improved Architectures for a Floating-Point Fused Dot Product Unit (2013)

This paper presents improved architectures for a floating-point fused two-term dot product unit. The floating-point fused dot product unit is useful for a wide variety of digital signal processing (DSP) applications including complex multiplication and fast Fourier transform (FFT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) butterfly operations. In order to improve the performance, a new alignment scheme, early normalization, a four-input leading zero anticipation (LZA), a dual-path algorithm, and pipelining are applied. The proposed designs are implemented for single precision and synthesized with a 45nm standard cell library. The proposed dual-path design reduces the latency by 25% compared to the traditional floating-point fused dot product unit. Based on a data flow analysis, the proposed design can be split into three pipeline stages. Since the latencies of the three stages are fairly well balanced, the throughput is increased by a factor of 2.8 compared to the non-pipelined dual-path design.
Process optimization through model based SRAF printing prediction (2012)

Sub-Resolution Assist Features (SRAFs) are used in optical lithography to improve the manufacturing process window (PW). They are added to the mask shapes to create a denser environment that improves the printability of the target design shapes on wafer. As the critical dimensions (CDs) that need to be patterned shrink with every technology generation, SRAFs have become a critical and key component in enabling processes with manufacturable process windows. The size and placement of the SRAFs must be carefully optimized to provide the maximum benefit to the main feature while avoiding any printing on resist that could affect subsequent etching processes. The un-intended printing of assist features on wafer is a critical yield detractor and is especially pervasive in newer technology nodes, where more aggressive and more complex SRAF patterns and placement are becoming commonplace. The need for the accurate prediction of SRAF printing is therefore very important to achieve the maximum main feature process window benefit without any assist feature printing. Traditionally, the optimization of SRAF sizing and placement consisted of a set of rules obtained through the extensive analysis of wafer printability on a variety of assisted mask patterns while using Scanning Electron Microscope images of the resist surface to monitor unwanted SRAF printing. Recent advances in model-based assist feature optimization methods allow for the automated adjustment of both main feature and assist feature size and placement through simulation of the aerial image, but critically rely on the accuracy of the lithography process model to ensure non-printing of the SRAF. Lithography or Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) models usually comprising an optical and a resist model are calibrated to measurements of the resist bottom CD. These models are naturally better at predicting the printing of SRAFS that are lines in resist. When the SRAFs are holes in resist, for eg. assist features supporting main features on a dark field mask, or SRAFs supporting inverse tone features on a bright field mask, these models do not have the required accuracy in predicting SRAF printing. SRAF printability prediction has thus far been tackled by large dose adjustments to the OPC model, to match simulation to wafer results. The drawbacks of this method have been two-fold - simple dose adjustments do not accurately predict printing across various SRAF configurations and the main feature printability is compromised We present in this paper a method to calibrate and predict printing of assist features that appear as a dimpling in the resist surface, by carefully selecting the calibration data and separately tuning the model parameters for the main feature and of the SRAF printing models. With this method, we obtain a model that accurately predicts the printing of various configurations of SRAFs on wafer while still maintaining the accuracy on the main features. An analysis of the implementation of such a model in the OPC flow and the corresponding supporting results will be presented.
Erratum: “Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers” [Appl. Phys. Lett. <b>70</b>, 2670 (1997)] (1997)

Continuous-
A Seed for Alzheimer Amyloid in the Brain (2004)

A fundamental question about the early pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) concerns how toxic aggregates of amyloid beta protein (Abeta) are formed from its nontoxic soluble form. We hypothesized previously that GM1 ganglioside-bound Abeta (GAbeta) is involved in the process. We now examined this possibility using a novel monoclonal antibody raised against GAbeta purified from an AD brain. Here, we report that GAbeta has a conformation distinct from that of soluble Abeta and initiates Abeta aggregation by acting as a seed. Furthermore, GAbeta generation in the brain was validated by both immunohistochemical and immunoprecipitation studies. These results imply a mechanism underlying the onset of AD and suggest that an endogenous seed can be a target of therapeutic strategy.
Preparation of High‐Silica Glasses from Colloidal Gels: II, Sintering (1983)

The sintering of dried colloidal SiO 2 gels, whose preparation and properties are reported in Part I, is described. The effects of various sintering parameters were studied and the conditions for achievement of the best optical quality include the use of: a pretreatment of the SiO 2 at ∼925°C, moderate heating rate (∼400°C/h), He+CI 2 atmosphere, 1500° to 1600°C sintering temperature, and 1 to 4 h sintering time. Dynamic sintering kinetic studies (heating rate=400°C/h) show that this SiO 2 sinters to nearly theoretical density by about 1380°C. However, optical transparency is achieved by removal of minor residual porosity at above 1500°C. Isothermal sintering data fit to a model assuming interconnecting cylinders of SiO 2 predict the proper activation energy for the viscosity if initial stages of sintering are considered. Residual porosity in sintered glasses is related to large interstices in the unsintered gel.
Optimal Design of a Multi-Antenna Access Point with Decentralized Power Control Using Game Theory (2007)

Power control for uplink channels with non- cooperative and rational mobile stations (MS) can be studied in the framework of game theory. In this paper, we investigate the optimal design of a multi-antenna access point (AP) in such a scenario by modelling the interaction between the AP on one side, and the distributed set of MSs on the other, as a <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Stackelberg</i> game. As a game leader, the AP determines the network parameters (bandwidth and the number of receiving antennas) for the power control game played between the MSs (follower), so as to maximize the network utility per system resource (bandwidth and antennas). Two game models are considered, whereby the network utility is measured either in terms of power minimization or power efficiency maximization. Extensive numerical results provide insights into the properties of the optimal design.
Electrochemical Reduction of Silver Vanadium Phosphorus Oxide, Ag<sub>2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>: The Formation of Electrically Conductive Metallic Silver Nanoparticles (2009)

As a cathode material, silver vanadium phosphorous oxide (Ag(2)VO(2)PO(4)) displays several notable electrochemical properties: large capacity, high current capability, and an effective delivery of high current pulses. These cell performance characteristics can be attributed to the presence of silver nanoparticles formed in-situ during the electrochemical reduction of Ag(2)VO(2)PO(4). Specifically, changes in the composition and structure of Ag(2)VO(2)PO(4) with reduction, especially the formation of silver nanoparticles, are detailed to rationalize a 15,000 fold increase in conductivity with initial discharge, which can be related to the power characteristics associated with Ag(2)VO(2)PO(4) cathodes in primary lithium batteries.
Enhanced oxygenation in vivo by allosteric inhibitors of hemoglobin saturation (1993)

The in vivo effects on hemoglobin (Hb)-O2 affinity and tissue PO2 were investigated after intraperitoneal administration of 2-[4-(((dichloroanilino)-carbonyl)methyl)phenoxyl]-2-methyl propionic acid (RSR4; 150 mg/kg) or its 3,5-dimethyl derivative (RSR13; 300 mg/kg) in C3Hf/Sed mice. The Hb-O2 dissociation curve was plotted from tail vein blood samples using an O2 dissociation analyzer before and up to 160 min after compound administration. Twenty to 40 min after injection, the PO2 at 50% saturation of hemoglobin (Hb P50) increased by a mean of 25% (range 18-31%) after RSR4 and 53% (range 36-76%) after RSR13. Tissue PO2 was continuously measured using an O2 microelectrode in thigh muscle before and up to 40 min after RSR4 or RSR13 injection. Twenty to 40 min after administration, tissue PO2 increased by a mean of 78% (range 30-127%) after RSR4 and 66% (range 39-97%) after RSR13 administration in anesthetized mice. No change in tissue PO2 was seen in anesthetized controls.
Analytical Characteristics of Seminal Fluid PSA Differ from Those of Serum PSA (1998)

The Technical Brief by Blase et al. (1) reported some troubling clinical conclusions while describing analytical differences among various immunoassays of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Their study used samples consisting of free PSA and PSA complexes prepared in vitro. The free PSA molecule represents a very heterogeneous population, including pro-PSA, cleaved (“nicked”) PSA (2), PSA that can complex with α1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), and PSA that cannot complex with ACT but complexes with α2-macroglobulin (3). In addition, heterogeneity in the carbohydrate part of the PSA molecule results in several isoforms, ranging from nonglycosylated to fully glycosylated. These variations of the free PSA molecule also affect its immunological characteristics, and for that reason, results of comparison studies done with mixtures of free PSA from seminal plasma do not represent the results that would be obtained with serum.

PSA assays included in the study by Blase et al. (1) were: Hybritech Tandem-ERA, Tosoh AIA, and ACS:180 PSA2. The designs of these assays differ, in that the Tandem-ERA and Tosoh assays use two monoclonal antibodies, whereas the ACS:180 PSA2 uses a combination of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. The terms “equimolar” and “skewed” are descriptive only of analytical characteristics in PSA assay design and do not take into consideration differences in assay calibration.

In 1996 Stamey and colleagues (4) distributed to several manufacturers a set of nine control serum samples containing various proportions of free PSA. Six of these samples contained serum-derived free PSA; the remaining three contained free PSA purified from seminal fluid. These samples were tested with Tandem-R, Tosoh, and ACS:180 PSA2 assays. Results from the specimens with serum free PSA demonstrated that changes in the proportion of free PSA in patients’ sera do not cause a marked difference in the total PSA values measured by poly/monoclonal- … 

bAuthor for correspondence. Fax (619) 536-8058; e-mail abblase{at}beckman.com