gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Development and Validation of a Novel Thread Forming Fastener for High Strength Steel Applications (2022)

Abstract Automotive OEMs continue to lightweight their fleets to increase fuel economy and electric drive range to meet government requirements and consumer expectations. This push towards lightweighting has led to increasing use of advanced high strength steels in both car body and safety critical systems, such as seats. These steels present different challenges for traditional joining technologies, especially thread forming fasteners. Thread forming fasteners are externally threaded fasteners like machine screws that are driven into a pilot hole where they form their own threads and then tighten down to secure the target joint. Traditional thread forming fastener designs struggle to form threads into steels with tensile strengths greater than 600MPa. This paper utilizes simulation coupled with experimental validation to evaluate one of the most popular traditional thread forming fasteners that is currently used in low strength steel to determine why it fails to form threads in high strength steels. A new thread forming fastener design targeted for high strength steels is developed through simulation. The new fastener design is manufactured and evaluated across three different screw diameters, and six different high strength steels (&gt; 600MPa tensile strength) using the same heat treatments, materials, and platings as traditional thread forming fasteners. Validation tests for the new fastener include drive-to-failure to identify a target tightening torque and clamp load at the target tightening torque. Both tests are conducted across a hole size tolerance window. It is shown that the new thread forming fastener design performs well in steels up to 1200MPa without any special heat treatments but can benefit from specialized heat treatments in steels of tensile strength 1200MPa or higher.
Lazy scheduling forLDPC decoding (2007)

A complexity reducing method for iterative message passing decoding algorithms of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes is described. It is based on lazy scheduling which involves a partial update of messages in the iterations. A density evolution (DE) approach is developed for optimization of the parameters for choice of the messages to be updated. Combined with an efficient serial scheduling, the resulting method reduces the decoding complexity by about 70-75% compared to the classical belief propagation (BP) scheme, while maintaining the same performance
Development of Industrial‐Medium‐Required Elimination of the 2,3‐Butanediol Fermentation Pathway To Maintain Ethanol Yield in an Ethanologenic Strain of <i>Klebsiella</i><i>oxytoca</i> (2005)

Fermentation efficiency and nutrient costs are both significant factors in process economics for the microbial conversion of cellulosic biomass to commodity chemicals such as ethanol. In this study, we have developed a more industrial medium (OUM1) composed of 0.5% corn steep liquor (dry weight basis) supplemented with mineral salts (0.2%), urea (0.06%), and glucose (9%). Although the growth of strain P2 was vigorous in this medium, approximately 14% of substrate carbon was diverted into 2,3-butanediol and acetoin under the low pH conditions needed for optimal cellulase activity during simultaneous saccharification. Deleting the central region of the budAB genes encoding alpha-acetolactate synthase and alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase eliminated the butanediol and acetoin coproducts and increased ethanol yields by 12%. In OUM1 medium at pH 5.2, strain BW21 produced over 4% ethanol in 48 h (0.47 g ethanol per g glucose). Average productivity (48 h), ethanol titer, and ethanol yield for BW21 in OUM1 medium (pH 5.2) exceeded that of the parent (strain P2) in rich laboratory medium (Luria broth).
Improved Architectures for a Fused Floating-Point Add-Subtract Unit (2012)

This paper presents improved architectures for a fused floating-point add-subtract unit. The fused floating-point add-subtract unit is useful for digital signal processing (DSP) applications such as fast Fourier transform (FFT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) butterfly operations. To improve the performance of the fused floating-point add-subtract unit, a dual-path algorithm and pipelining are employed. The proposed designs are implemented for both single and double precision and synthesized with a 45-nm standard-cell library. The fused floating-point add-subtract unit saves 40% of the area and power consumption compared to a discrete floating-point add-subtract unit. The proposed dual-path design reduces the latency by 30% compared to the discrete design with area and power consumption between that of the discrete and fused designs. Based on a data flow analysis, the proposed fused dual-path floating-point add-subtract unit can be split into two pipeline stages. Since the latencies of two pipeline stages are fairly well balanced, the throughput is increased by 80% compared to the nonpipelined dual-path design.
Generation and Characterization of Torudokimab (LY3375880): A Monoclonal Antibody That Neutralizes Interleukin-33 (2021)

Due to torudokimab's high affinity, its ability to completely neutralize IL-33 activity in vitro and in vivo, and the observed cynomolgus monkey pharmacokinetic properties, this molecule was selected for clinical development.
Breaking of a Paradigm: The Simultaneous Production of the Gascap and Oil Column (1998)

Abstract The conventional way to produce an oil reservoir that has a gascap is to produce only from the oil column while keeping the gascap in place so that it can expand to provide pressure support. Depending upon the geometry, reservoir dip angle, and oil production rates, gas can either cone down to the oil producers or breakthrough as a front, leading to substantial increases in the gas-oil ratios of the oil producers. This paper presents a unique production methodology of simultaneously producing the gascap and oil column while injecting water at the gas-oil contact to create a water barrier to separate the gascap and oil column. This methodology has application in reservoirs with a low-dip angle, relatively large gascap, and a low residual gas saturation to water. It is demonstrated that the net present value of the project is improved if there is an immediate market for gas. The work also demonstrates that the recovery from the gascap is minimally affected by heterogeneities in the reservoir. This is shown using geostatistical reservoir models. The effect of heterogeneities on oil recovery is also documented. P. 431
Enhanced factor VIIIa stability of A2 domain interface variants results from an increased apparent affinity for the A2 subunit (2014)

Factor (F)VIIIa, a heterotrimer comprised of A1, A2, and A3C1C2 subunits, is labile due to the tendency of the A2 subunit to dissociate from the A1/A3C1C2 dimer. As dissociation of the A2 subunit inactivates FVIIIa activity, retention of A2 defines FVIIIa stability and thus, FXase activity. Earlier results showed that replacing residues D519, E665, and E1984 at the A2 domain interface with Ala or Val reduced rates of FVIIIa decay, increasing FXa and thrombin generation. We now show the enhanced FVIIIa stability of these variants results from increases in inter-A2 subunit affinity. Using a FVIIIa reconstitution assay to monitor inter-subunit affinity by activity regeneration, the apparent Kd value for the interaction of wild-type (WT) A2 subunit with WT A1/A3C1C2 dimer (43 ± 2 nM) was significantly higher than values observed for the A2 point mutants D519A/V, E665A/V, and E1984A/V which ranged from ~5 to ~19 nM. Val was determined to be the optimal hydrophobic residue at position 665 (apparent Kd = 5.1 ± 0.7 nM) as substitutions with Ile or Leu at this position increased the apparent Kd value by ~3- and ~7-fold, respectively. Furthermore, the double mutant (D519V/E665V) showed an ~47-fold lower apparent Kd value (0.9 ± 0.6 nM) than WT. Thus these hydrophobic mutations at the A2 subunit interfaces result in high binding affinities for the A2 subunit and correlate well with previously observed reductions in rates in FVIIIa decay.
Diffusion lengths of silicon solar cells from luminescence images (2007)

A method for spatially resolved measurement of the minority carrier diffusion length in silicon wafers and in silicon solar cells is introduced. The method, which is based on measuring the ratio of two luminescence images taken with two different spectral filters, is applicable, in principle, to both photoluminescence and electroluminescence measurements and is demonstrated experimentally by electroluminescence measurements on a multicrystalline silicon solar cell. Good agreement is observed with the diffusion length distribution obtained from a spectrally resolved light beam induced current map. In contrast to the determination of diffusion lengths from one single luminescence image, the method proposed here gives absolute values of the diffusion length and, in comparison, it is much less sensitive to lateral voltage variations across the cell area as caused by local variations of the series resistance. It is also shown that measuring the ratio of two luminescence images allows distinguishing shunts or surface defects from bulk defects.
Hypothalamic Control of FSH and LH by FSH-RF, LHRH, Cytokines, Leptin and Nitric Oxide (1998)

Gonadotropin secretion by the pituitary gland is under the control of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and the putative follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing factor (FSHRF). Lamprey III LHRH is a potent FSHRF in the rat and appears to be resident in the FSH controlling area of the rat hypothalamus. It is an analog of mammalian LHRH and may be the long-sought FSHRF. Gonadal steroids feedback at hypothalamic and pituitary levels to either inhibit or stimulate the release of LH and FSH, which is also affected by inhibin and activin secreted by the gonads. Important control is exercised by acetylcholine, norepinephrine (NE), dopamine, serotonin, melatonin and glutamic acid (GA). Furthermore, LH and FSH also act at the hypothalamic level to alter secretion of gonadotropins. More recently, growth factors have been shown to have an important role. Many peptides act to inhibit or increase release of LH, and the sign of their action is often reversed by estrogen. A number of cytokines act at the hypothalamic level to suppress acutely the release of LH but not FSH. NE, GA and oxytocin stimulate LHRH release by activation of neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The pathway is as follows: oxytocin and/or GA activate NE neurons in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) that activate NOergic neurons by alpha1 receptors. The NO released diffuses into LHRH terminals and induces LHRH release by activation of guanylate cyclase (GC) and cyclooxygenase. NO not only controls release of LHRH bound for the pituitary, but also that which induces mating by actions in the brain stem. An exciting recent development has been the discovery of the adipocyte hormone, leptin, a cytokine related to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). In the male rat, leptin exhibits a high potency to stimulate FSH and LH release from hemipituitaries incubated in vitro, and increases the release of LHRH from MBH explants by stimulating the release of NO. LHRH and leptin release LH by activation of NOS in the gonadotropes. The NO released activates GC that releases cyclic GMP which induces LH release. Leptin induces LH release in conscious, ovariectomized estrogen-primed female rats, presumably by stimulating LHRH release. At the effective dose of estrogen to activate LH release, FSH release is inhibited. Leptin may play an important role in induction of puberty and control of LHRH release in the adult as well.
Passive Sensors for Detecting Corrosion in Concrete Structures (2013)

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Development of alumina- and mullite-SiC whisker composites: High temperature properties (1986)

The development of SiC whisker-reinforced ceramic composites is proceeding. At the present time, substantial fracture toughness and strength improvements for alumina and mullite matrix composites have been demonstrated. Equally important is that these properties are retained to temperatures of at least 1000/sup 0/C. In addition, the alumina-SiC whisker composites have been shown to have excellent resistance to static fatigue at temperatures up to 1100/sup 0/C. Degradation of the mechanical properties by oxidation is a potential problem for high-temperature structural applications. However, with the use of high purity matrices degradation can be minimized.
Diffusion-weighted Line-scan Echo-planar Spectroscopic Imaging Technique to Reduce Motion Artifacts in Metabolite Diffusion Imaging (2014)

Metabolite diffusion is expected to provide more specific microstructural and functional information than water diffusion. However, highly accurate measurement techniques have still not been developed, especially for reducing motion artifacts caused by cardiac pulsation and respiration. We developed a diffusion-weighted line-scan echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (DW-LSEPSI) technique to reduce such motion artifacts in measuring diffusion-weighted images (DWI) of metabolites. Our technique uses line-scan and echo-planar techniques to reduce phase errors induced by such motion during diffusion time. The phase errors are corrected using residual water signals in water suppression for each acquisition and at each spatial pixel specified by combining the line-scan and echo-planar techniques. We apply this technique to a moving phantom and a rat brain in vivo to demonstrate the reduction of motion artifacts in DWI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps of metabolites. DW-LSEPSI will be useful for investigating a cellular diffusion environment using metabolites as probes.
The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development (2021)

Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), originally discovered as bacterial second messengers, play critical roles in bacterial signal transduction, cellular processes, biofilm formation, and virulence. The finding that CDNs can trigger the innate immune response in eukaryotic cells through the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signalling pathway has prompted the extensive research and development of CDNs as potential immunostimulators and novel molecular adjuvants for induction of systemic and mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we summarize the chemical structure, biosynthesis regulation, and the role of CDNs in enhancing the crosstalk between host innate and adaptive immune responses. We also discuss the strategies to improve the efficient delivery of CDNs and the recent advance and future challenges in the development of CDNs as potential adjuvants in prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases and in therapeutic vaccines against cancers.
TH-E-BRB-07: Developing a Graphite Probe Calorimeter for Accurate Clinical Dosimetry (2012)

Purpose: To optimally design, construct and validate an innovative graphite probe calorimeter (GPC), comparable in size to a 0.6 cm3 cylindrical ionization chamber, for use as an absolute clinical dosimeter. Methods: A numerical finite element method (FEM) based heat transfer study was conducted using COMSOL Multiphysics® to explore the feasibility of the GPC and to optimize its design in terms of shape, dimensions and materials. Through the use of a novel aerogel-based material as the thermal insulation between the graphite bodies, the portability and robustness of the GPC design is made suitable for routine clinical use. A functioning prototype was constructed in-house and used to perform dose to water measurements under a 6 MV stereotactic radiosurgery (1000 MU/min) photon beam from a Novalis Tx, under reference conditions. Heat loss correction factors were determined using FEM analysis and graphite to water absorbed dose conversion factors were calculated using Monte Carlo techniques. Results: The dose to water measurements agreed well with the TG-51 derived values, with an average measured dose output of 95.7 (s = 1.4) cGy/100 MU, compared to an expected output of 96.6 cGy/100 MU. Heat loss correction factors ranged between 1.005 and 1.013, while the graphite to water dose conversion factor was 1.099. The combined relative uncertainty was estimated at 2.7%, with the largest contributions being the repeatability (type A, 1.4%) and thermistor calibration (type B, 2.1%). Conclusions: This proof of concept demonstrates the feasibility of using the GPC as a practical clinical absolute photon dosimeter and lays the foundation for a miniaturized version suitable for small and composite field dosimetry. It is expected that through active thermal stabilization provided by a temperature controller and electrical calibration, the uncertainty due to repeatability and calibration will be decreased, such that the overall uncertainty is better than 1%. This work has been supported in part by Grant RGPIN 298191 of the Natual Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). J.R. is a recipient of a NSERC M.Sc. scholarship.
Enhancing Coupled Enzymatic Activity by Colocalization on Nanoparticle Surfaces: Kinetic Evidence for Directed Channeling of Intermediates (2018)

Multistep enzymatic cascades are becoming more prevalent in industrial settings as engineers strive to synthesize complex products and pharmaceuticals in economical, environmentally friendly ways. Previous work has shown that immobilizing enzymes on nanoparticles can enhance their activity significantly due to localized interfacial effects, and this enhancement remains in place even when that enzyme's activity is coupled to another enzyme that is still freely diffusing. Here, we investigate the effects of displaying two enzymes with coupled catalytic activity directly on the same nanoparticle surface. For this, the well-characterized enzymes pyruvate kinase (PykA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were utilized as a model system; they jointly convert phosphoenolpyruvate to lactate in two sequential steps as part of downstream glycolysis. The enzymes were expressed with terminal polyhistidine tags to facilitate their conjugation to semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) which were used here as prototypical nanoparticles. Characterization of enzyme coassembly to two different sized QDs showed a propensity to cross-link into nanoclusters consisting of primarily dimers and some trimers. Individual and joint enzyme activity in this format was extensively investigated in direct comparison to control samples lacking the QD scaffolds. We found that QD association enhances LDH activity by >50-fold and its total turnover by at least 41-fold, and that this high activation appears to be largely due to stabilization of its quarternary structure. When both enzymes are simultaneously bound to the QD surfaces, their colocalization leads to >100-fold improvements in the overall rates of coupled activity. Experimental results in conjunction with detailed kinetic simulations provide evidence that this significant improvement in coupled activity is partially attributable to a combination of enhanced enzymatic activity and stabilization of LDH. More importantly, experiments aimed at disrupting channeled processes and further kinetic modeling suggest that the bulk of the performance enhancement arises from intermediary "channeling" between the QD-colocalized enzymes. A full understanding of the underlying processes that give rise to such enhancements from coupled enzymatic activity on nanoparticle scaffolds can provide design criteria for improved biocatalytic applications.
Design of a sensitive uncooled thermal imager based on a liquid crystal Fabry–Perot interferometer (2018)

Microbolometers are the dominant technology for uncooled thermal imaging; however, devices based on a direct retardation measurement of a liquid crystal (LC) transducer pixel have been shown to have comparable sensitivity. In this paper, an approach for increasing LC transducer sensitivity utilizing an etalon structure is considered. A detailed design for an LC resonant cavity between dielectric mirrors is proposed and the performance is evaluated numerically. The measured quantity is the transmission of a visible wavelength through the etalon, which requires no thermal contact with the IR sensor. Numerical and analytical calculations that consider a 470 nm thick LC pixel demonstrate that the change in transmitted intensity with temperature is 26 times greater in the device based on a resonant structure than in a device based on a direct retardation measurement. Finally, the paper discusses how the dielectric mirror materials, dimensions of the resonant cavity structure, and expected process tolerances affect the sensitivity of the device.
Squeezed-state generation in optical bistability (1987)

Experiments to generate squeezed states of light are described for a collection of two-level atoms within a high-finesse cavity. The investigation is conducted in a regime for which the weak-field coupling of atoms to the cavity mode produces a splitting in the normal mode structure of the atom–field system that is large compared with the atomic linewidth. Reductions in photocurrent noise of 30% (−1.55 dB) below the noise level set by the vacuum state of the field are observed in a balanced homodyne detector. A degree of squeezing of approximately 50% is inferred for the field state in the absence of propagation and detection losses. The observed spectrum of squeezing extends over a very broad range of frequencies (~±75 MHz), with the frequency of best squeezing corresponding to an offset from the optical carrier given by the normal mode splitting.
X-ray Monochromatic Imaging from Single-spectrum CT via Machine Learning (2020)

In clinical CT system, the x-ray tube emits polychromatic x-rays, and the x-ray detectors operate in the current-integrating mode. This physical process is accurately described by an energy-dependent non-linear integral equation. However, the non-linear model is not invertible with a computationally efficient solution, and is often approximated as a linear integral model in the form of the Radon transform. Such approximation basically ignores energy-dependent information and would generate beam hardening artifacts. Dual-energy CT (DECT) scans one object using two different x-ray energy spectra for the acquisition of two spectrally distinct projection datasets to improve imaging performance. Thus, DECT can reconstruct energy and material-selective images, realizing monochromatic imaging and material decomposition. Nevertheless, DECT would increase radiation dose, system complexity, and equipment cost relative to single-spectrum CT. In this paper, a machine-learning-based CT reconstruction method is proposed to perform monochromatic image reconstruction using a single-spectrum CT scanner. Specifically, a residual neural network (ResNet) model is adapted to map a CT image to a monochromatic counterpart at a pre-specified energy level. This ResNet is trained on clinical dual-energy data, showing an excellent convergence to a minimal loss. The trained network produces high-quality monochromatic images on testing data, with a relative error of less than 0.2%. This work has great potential in clinical DECT applications such as tissue characterization, beam hardening correction and proton therapy planning.