gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
From <i>meso</i>-Lactide to Isotactic Polylactide: Epimerization by B/N Lewis Pairs and Kinetic Resolution by Organic Catalysts (2015)

B/N Lewis pairs have been discovered to catalyze rapid epimerization of meso-lactide (LA) or LA diastereomers quantitatively into rac-LA. The obtained rac-LA is kinetically polymerized into poly(L-lactide) and optically resolved D-LA, with a high stereoselectivity k(L)/k(D) of 53 and an ee of 91% at 50.6% monomer conversion, by newly designed bifunctional chiral catalyst 4 that incorporates three key elements (β-isocupreidine core, thiourea functionality, and chiral BINAM) into a single organic molecule. The epimerization and enantioselective polymerization can be coupled into a one-pot process for transforming meso-LA directly into poly(L-lactide) and D-LA.
Single Image Realism Assessment and Recoloring by Color Compatibility (2012)

In this paper, we investigate the assessment of image realism by focusing our attention on the color compatibility between an inserted object and the background in an image composite. We propose a technique based on two color compatibility properties to achieve realistic image composition. The first property is related to the color similarity, and the second one to the consistence of color tendency between image regions. We further propose algorithms based on these two properties for image realism assessment and recoloring. These algorithms only require information from the image to be tested, making them suitable for practical applications where real images are unavailable. Effectiveness of the algorithms is demonstrated through various images and verified by ground truth.
Tracking Phishing Attacks Over Time (2017)

The so-called ``phishing'' attacks are one of the important threats to individuals and corporations in today's Internet. Combatting phishing is thus a top-priority, and has been the focus of much work, both on the academic and on the industry sides. In this paper, we look at this problem from a new angle. We have monitored a total of 19,066 phishing attacks over a period of ten months and found that over 90% of these attacks were actually replicas or variations of other attacks in the database. This provides several opportunities and insights for the fight against phishing: first, quickly and efficiently detecting replicas is a very effective prevention tool. We detail one such tool in this paper. Second, the widely held belief that phishing attacks are dealt with promptly is but an illusion. We have recorded numerous attacks that stay active throughout our observation period. This shows that the current prevention techniques are ineffective and need to be overhauled. We provide some suggestions in this direction. Third, our observation give a new perspective into the modus operandi of attackers. In particular, some of our observations suggest that a small group of attackers could be behind a large part of the current attacks. Taking down that group could potentially have a large impact on the phishing attacks observed today.
Ionic-Liquid Induced Changes in Cellulose Structure Associated with Enhanced Biomass Hydrolysis (2011)

The effects of varying ionic liquid pretreatment parameters on various sources of lignocellulosic biomass have been studied using X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray fiber diffraction, and compositional analysis. Comparative enzymatic hydrolysis and sugar analysis were used to relate the observed changes in cellulose structure to biomass digestibility. In this study, the factor most clearly associated with enhanced biomass hydrolysis is the conversion of cellulose fibers from the cellulose I to the cellulose II crystal phase.
Silica-based Solid Photonic Band Gap Fibre with Attenuation Below 20 dB/km and Bandwidth Over 400 nm (2006)

We demonstrate a silica-based solid photonic band gap fibre with attenuation below 20 dB/km at 1520 nm. The bandwidth is over 400 nm and covers the entire telecom wavelength range from O-band to U-band.
Electrochemical synthesis of ultrathin-film composite membranes (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrochemical synthesis of ultrathin-film composite membranesChao Liu, Mark W. Espenscheid, Wen Janq Chen, and Charles R. MartinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 6, 2458–2459Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00162a078https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00162a078research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views224Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Reproducing ear-canal reflectance using two measurement techniques in adult ears (2020)

Clinical diagnostic applications of ear-canal reflectance have been researched extensively in the literature, however, the measurement uncertainty associated with the conventional measurement technique using an insert ear probe is unknown in human ear canals. Ear-canal reflectance measured using an ear probe is affected by multiple sources of error, including incorrect estimates of the ear-canal cross-sectional area and oblique ear-probe insertions. In this paper, ear-canal reflectance measurements are reproduced in an occluded-ear simulator and in 54 adult ear canals using two different measurement techniques: a conventional ear probe and a two-microphone probe that enables the separation of reverse- and forward-propagating plane waves. The two-microphone probe is inserted directly into test subjects' ear canals, and the two-microphone method is distinguished by not requiring the ear-canal cross-sectional area to calculate the ear-canal reflectance. The results show a reasonable agreement between the two measurement techniques. The paper further examines the influence of oblique ear-probe insertions and the compensation for such oblique insertions, which results in an improved agreement between the two measurement techniques.
Irradiated fuel examination using the Cerenkov technique (1981)

A technique for monitoring irradiated nuclear fuel inventories located in water filled storage ponds has been developed and demonstrated. This technique provides sufficient qualitative information to be useful as a confirmatory technique to International Atomic Energy Agency inspectors. Measurements have been made on the Cerenkov glow light intensity from irradiated fuel that show the intensity of this light to be proportional to the cooling time. Fieldable instruments used in several tests confirm that such measurements can be made easily and rapidly, without fuel assembly movement or the introduction of apparatus into the storage ponds. The Cerenkov technique and instrumentation have been shown to be of potential use to operators of reactor spent fuel facilities and away from reactor storage facilities, and to the International Atomic Energy Agency inspectors who provide surveillance of the irradiated fuel stored in these facilities.
Milk Calcium Taken with Cheese Increases Bone Mineral Density and Bone Strength in Growing Rats (2002)

We investigated the calcium bioavailability of milk calcium, taken with or without cheese. Twenty-four 6-week-old male rats for a meal-feeding experiment were trained to consume an AIN-76 diet within 2 h (2 times per day) for 2 weeks. The rats were then divided into three experimental groups, each fed 2 types of experimental diets: Control group, Cheese group, and Ca-Cheese group. The rats were each alternately given 2 types of experimental diets at 2-h meal-feeding for 31 days. The breaking force and energy of the femur in the Ca-Cheese group were significantly higher than in the control group. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and the femur in the Ca-Cheese group was also significantly higher than in the other two groups. These results indicate that milk calcium taken with cheese increases bone strength and BMD efficiently, results that may be useful for the prevention of osteoporosis.
Pt-Ir silicide Schottky-barrier IR detectors (1988)

Schottky-barrier infrared detectors have been fabricated with silicide electrodes formed by sequential vacuum deposition of 5-10-AA-thick Pt and 10-20-AA-thick Ir layers on p-type Si substrates and subsequent thermal annealing. The barrier heights of the Pt-Ir Schottky diodes are 0.16-0.9 eV, compared with 0.22 eV for Pt-only diodes, and the detector cutoff wavelengths extend well beyond 6 mu m. Furthermore, the Pt-Ir diodes exhibit higher detector quantum efficiency than either Pt-only or Ir-only diodes over a significant spectral range.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Passive Ranging Using the GPS (1998)

Many unforeseen applications of GPS have been
developed in recent years. This paper presents one such application, passive ranging using the GPS standard
positioning system (GPS-SPS). A method to measure the
distance between a given target and an observation point
without a GPS receiver at the target or knowing the exact
location of the target has been developed and tested. No
signal is emitted by the user to find the distance to the
target. Only the reception of GPS signals is required. This
approach requires two GPS receivers. One receiver uses a
conventional GPS antenna to receive the signals directly
from the satellites. The second receiver uses a high gain
antenna directed at the target and receives GPS signals
reflected from it. The direct GPS receiver determines the
positions of the satellites so the distance from the satellites
to the user can be determined (and the user position if not
known). The second receiver is used to process the
reflected signals from the target to measure the total
distance from the satellite to the target and the target to
the user. Target distances of up to 64.9 meters were
measured with approximately 1-2 meters of error.
This paper describes the theory behind passive ranging as
applied to the GPS as well as the methodology used to
collect and process the GPS signals to compute the range
to a given target. Experimental accuracies are given for
the two demonstrations described in the paper as well as
factors impacting the measurement accuracy.
Design and evaluation of a command recommendation system for software applications (2011)

We examine the use of modern recommender system technology to aid command awareness in complex software applications. We first describe our adaptation of traditional recommender system algorithms to meet the unique requirements presented by the domain of software commands. A user study showed that our item-based collaborative filtering algorithm generates 2.1 times as many good suggestions as existing techniques. Motivated by these positive results, we propose a design space framework and its associated algorithms to support both global and contextual recommendations. To evaluate the algorithms, we developed the CommunityCommands plug-in for AutoCAD. This plug-in enabled us to perform a 6-week user study of real-time, within-application command recommendations in actual working environments. We report and visualize command usage behaviors during the study, and discuss how the recommendations affected users behaviors. In particular, we found that the plug-in successfully exposed users to new commands, as unique commands issued significantly increased.
Measurements of thermal conductivity of materials using a transient technique. I. Theoretical background (1986)

A method of measuring the thermal conductivity of materials during transient heating or cooling is proposed based on the continuous recording of the temperature difference between sample surfaces when known heat flux is supplied to one of the sample surfaces by a heater. The analysis of the solution of the heat conduction equation for a measuring system consisting of two platelike samples separated by a heater shows that the transient heating or cooling significantly influences the temperature distribution within the samples. It follows from the theoretical consideration that this effect as well as the effects resulting from heat generation or absorption in the samples during phase transitions can be eliminated by subtracting the results of two measurements conducted with different powers supplied by the heater. The condition for validity of this procedure is the small temperature difference between sample surfaces which can be achieved by the selection of appropriate temperature change rate or sample thickness.
Synthesis and Receptor Specificities of Vasopressin Antagonists (1986)

We present some highlights of our findings on the design and synthesis of antagonists of the vascular (V1) and renal tubular (V2) responses to arginine vasopressin. The most potent of our original V1 antagonists, [1-(beta-mercapto-beta, beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid) 2-O-methyltyrosine] arginine vasopressin [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP], and the most potent of our original V2/V1 antagonists, [1-(beta-mercapto-beta, beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid), 2-O-ethyltyrosine, 4-valine] arginine vasopressin [d(CH2)5Tyr(Et)VAVP], have been modified at positions 1, 2, 4, and 8 and at positions 2, 4, 7, 8, and 9, respectively. A number of highly potent and highly selective arginine vasopressin (AVP) V1 and AVP V2/V1 antagonists have resulted from these studies. The in vivo antioxytocic properties of many of those antagonists are also given here, a number for the first time. We also present preliminary data on some orally active antagonists. A number of these antagonists have become valuable pharmacological tools in studies on the physiological and pathophysiological roles of AVP. In addition, the AVP V2 antagonists may be of therapeutic value for the treatment of hyponatremia resulting from the excessive secretion of AVP.
Gas Plasma Treatment of Cathodes to Improve Li /  SO 2 Cell Performance (1993)

Overall performance after storage at 71°C of spirally wound, hermetically sealed, squat "D" sized cells discharged at 3 A at −29°C can be improved by exposing the porous carbon cathodes to a room temperature, low pressure gas plasma prior to cell assembly.
Epinoia: Intent Checker for Stateful Networks (2021)

Intent-Based Networking (IBN) has been increasingly deployed in production enterprise networks. Automated network configuration in IBN lets operators focus on intents- i.e., the end to end business objectives-rather than spelling out details of the configurations that implement these objectives. Automation brings its own concerns as the administrators cannot rely on traditional network troubleshooting tools. This situation is further exacerbated in the case of stateful Network Functions (NFs) whose packet processing behavior depends on previously observed traffic patterns. To ensure that the network configuration and state derived from network automation matches the administrator’s specified intent, we propose, Epinoia, a network intent checker for stateful networks. Epinoia relies on a unified model for NFs by leveraging the causal precedence relationships that exist between NF packet I/Os and states. Scalability of Epinoia is achieved by decomposing intents into sub-checking tasks and maintaining a causality graph between checked invariants. Epinoia checks for network-wide intent violations incrementally to reduce overhead in the event of network changes. Our evaluation results using real-world network topologies show that Epinoia can perform comprehensive checking within a few seconds per network with intent updates.
Bacterial amylase genes and their expression. (1986)

We cloned genes coding for two thermophilic α-amylases from Bacillus licheniformis and B. stearothermophilus and one β-amylase from B. polymyxa. The nucleotide sequence determination of these genes revealed the characteristics of their sequences such as promoter and signal sequence were clarified. The thermostability of the thermophilic amylases was discussed on the basis of the hydropathy profile of amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence. The recombinant DNA technology was shown to be useful for determining the region responsible for the thermostability or optimal pH of the enzymes. Amino acid sequences of liquefying α-amylases secreted by the bacteria of Bacillus species were found to be similar each other. Interestingly, three homologous sequences at the active sites (catalytic and substrate binding sites) were conserved among not only bacterial amylases but also amylases of fungal and animal origins. The thermophilic amylase genes were expressed in heterologous bacteria such as Escherichia coli and B. subtilis. Most efficient formation and secretion of the enzyme (as high as 0.5g/liter) were observed when B. brevis 47, a protein-producing bacterium, was used as a host. β-Amylases with three different molecular weights were produced by both B. polymyxa and heterologous bacteria having the β-amylase gene on plasmids. These amylases have exactly the same amino acid sequence at the amino terminal region and cross-reacted with the antibody raised for the β-amylase with the largest molecular weight.
Recent Advances Toward Improving the Bioavailability of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors (2013)

Overproduction of nitric oxide by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) has been highly correlated with numerous neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. Given its role in human diseases, nNOS is an important target for therapy that deserves further attention. During the last decade, a large number of organic scaffolds have been investigated to develop selective nNOS inhibitors, resulting in two principal classes of compounds, 2-aminopyridines and thiophene-2- carboximidamides. The former compounds were investigated in detail by our group, exhibiting great potency and excellent selectivity; however, they suffer from poor bioavailability, which hampers their therapeutic potential. Here we present a review of various strategies adopted by our group to improve the bioavailability of 2-aminopyridine derivatives and describe recent advances in thiophene-2-carboximidamide based nNOS-selective inhibitors, which exhibit promising pharmacological profiles.
Enhanced hot-hole degradation in P/sup +/-poly PMOSFETs with oxynitride gate dielectrics (2003)

A significant degradation under hot-hole injection is observed in P/sup +/-poly PMOSFETs with oxynitride gate dielectrics. Both oxynitrides formed by gate oxide grown on Nitrogen Implanted Si Substrates (NISS) and NO-annealed SiO/sub 2/ oxynitride gate dielectrics are used and compared to control SiO/sub 2/ gate dielectrics of identical thicknesses. A physical model responsible for such enhanced degradation in PMOSFETs with oxynitride gate dielectric is proposed. It is shown that the hole injection barrier lowering as a result of the nitrogen-rich layer at the SiO/sub 2//Si interface in oxynitride is responsible for such enhanced degradation.
Structures of leukotriene antagonists: racemic 2-hydroxy-3-[2-(8-phenyloctyl)phenyl]-4-thiaheptanedioic acid, SK&F 103944 (1990)

C26H3405 S, M r --- 45862, monoclinic, C2/c, a = 26-686 (7), b = 16.479 (4), c = 11.988 (5) A, fl = 105-37 (3), V= 5083.1 (10) A 3, Z = 8, Dm (flotation in aqueous ZnC12) = 1.20 (2), Dx = 1.198 g cm -3, A(MoK~)=0.71073/ ~, /z = 1-516cm -1, F(000) =1968, T =293K, R=0.048, wR=0.054 for 2726 observations, I___ 30-(/). The 2-hydroxy- 3-(2-(8-phenyloctyl)phenyl)-4-thiaheptanedioic acid molecule, a member of a novel class of selective leukotriene receptor antagonists, has its all-trans phenyloctyl and mercaptopropionate chains each fully extended. In the hydroxyacetate chain both the carboxylic and hydroxyl groups are gauche to the phenyl ring. The interphenyl dihedral angle is 67-3 (3) °. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups are segregated by the molecular packing. Lipophilic chains pack in a head-to-tail fashion. There are three intermolecular, and possibly two intramolecular, hydrogen bonds clustered in a channel parallel to e. The molecular conformation resembles that which we reported for a prototype of the related dithia class of antagonists.
Does Coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub> Play a Role in Opposing Oxidative Stress in Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration? (2000)

To seek some specific biochemical markers of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) levels were determined in plasma and platelets from 19 exudative AMD patients and 19 age-matched controls. Lipid peroxidation was followed in plasma in vitro after the addition of a free radical initiator. Most patients had lower plasma CoQ10 content than most controls. Plasma from controls showed greater capacity to oppose the oxidative damage. These results support the concept that free radicals play a pathogenic role in AMD and that CoQ10 may have a protective effect.
Highly Efficient Environment for FMCW Radar Phase Noise Simulations in IF Domain (2018)

One of the most dominant signal distortions in a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar system is the phase noise (PN) contained in the transmit signal. It has significant impact on the detection sensitivity and range. In this brief, we present a system simulator that directly generates the intermediate frequency (IF) signal of an FMCW radar system, without any computations in the radio frequency (RF) domain. Thus, the simulation can be performed up to about 30 times faster than a corresponding RF simulation, for an arbitrarily shaped input PN power spectral density (PSD). As a major contribution of this brief, an analytical expression for the average PSD of the residual cyclostationary part of the IF signal, which depends on the so-called decorrelated phase noise, is derived. Finally, the simulations are compared with the analytical average PSD as well as with measurement results, and excellent conformance can be observed.
Deployment of Alumina Forming Austenitic (AFA) Stainless Steel (2013)

The purpose of the project was to accelerate the deployment and further the development of a new family of heat-resistant alloys developed at ORNL: alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) stainless steels. Initial laboratory scale evaluation indicated that AFA alloys possess exceptional high-temperature oxidation resistance while retaining creep properties similar to other advanced austenitic stainless steels. The AFA steels therefore represent a low-cost alternative to Ni-base alloys and a high performance alternative to conventional advanced austenitic steels. Deployment of AFA steels into turbine and other energy-related applications can lead to improved efficiencies by achieving higher operating temperatures and/or improved durability and component lifetime at costs comparable to currently used alloys. The development and scale up of optimized AFA alloy compositions in both wrought and cast forms, including generation of a database of thermo-physical, mechanical, welding/joining, and high-temperature corrosion properties was needed to enable consideration and adoption of these new materials in applications ranging from turbines, heat exchangers, and fuel cells to boilers and chemical/petrochemical processing. The project consisted of four primary tasks: commercial demonstrations, property database development, alloy development and optimization and evaluation of as-cast properties.