gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Why is TOF PET reconstruction a more robust method in the presence of inconsistent data? (2010)

In order to obtain an accurate and quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) image, emission data need to be corrected for random coincidences, photon attenuation and Compton scattering of photons in the tissue, and detector efficiency response or normalization. The accuracy of these corrections strongly affects the quality of the PET image. There is evidence that time-of-flight (TOF) PET reconstruction is less sensitive than non-TOF reconstruction to inconsistencies between emission data and corrections. The purpose of this study is to analyze and discuss such experimental evidence. In this work, inconsistent correction data (inconsistent normalization, absence of scatter correction and mismatched attenuation correction) are introduced in experimental phantom data. Both TOF and non-TOF reconstructed images are analyzed to examine the effect of flawed data. The behavior of TOF reconstruction in respiratory artifacts, a very common example of inconsistency in the data, is studied in patient images. TOF reconstruction is less sensitive to mismatched attenuation correction, erroneous normalization and poorly estimated scatter correction. Such robustness depends strongly on the time resolution of the TOF PET scanner. In particular, the robustness of TOF in the presence of attenuation correction inconsistencies is discussed, using a simulation of a simple model of respiratory artifacts. We expect new generations of PET scanners, with improved time resolution, to be less and less sensitive to poor quality normalization, scatter and attenuation corrections. This not only reduces artifacts in the PET image, but also opens the way to less stringent requirements for the quality of the CT image (reducing either the equipment cost or the dose to the patient), and for the normalization protocols (simplifying or shortening the normalization procedures). Moreover, TOF reconstruction can be beneficial in multimodalities such as PET/MR, where a direct attenuation measurement is not available and attenuation correction can only be approximated.
Do Biofuels Mean Inexpensive Food Is a Thing of the Past? (2015)

Concern is growing that expanded biofuels production means the end of inexpensive food. After all, the prices of corn, soybeans, and wheat have dramatically increased and are likely to stay high. The line of thinking that expects expensive grains and oilseeds to lead to dramatically higher food costs follows the logic often used by proponents of U.S. farm programs. Many proponents justify subsidies by claiming that farm payments work to keep food plentiful and inexpensive by artifi cially keeping the price of commodities lower than production costs. For this justifi cation to be valid, farm subsidies would have to expand commodity production, thereby lowering commodity market prices. Lower prices would then, in turn, lead to an expansion in the production of the food that all of us actually eat (pork chops instead of no. 2 yellow corn), which would cause food prices to be lower than they would be otherwise. Thus, according to the argument, we do not need to spend as much of our income on food. By the same logic, high commodity prices caused by subsidized biofuels should result in a reduction in the production of food and higher food prices.
Splat feature classification: Detection of the presence of large retinal hemorrhages (2011)

Reliable detection of large retinal hemorrhages is important in the development of automated screening systems which can be translated into practice. In this study, we propose a novel large retinal hemorrhages detection method based on splat feature classification. Fundus photographs are partitioned into a number of splats covering the entire image. Each splat contains pixels with similar color and close spatial location. A set of distinct features is extracted within each splat. By learning properties of splats formed from blood vessels, a classifier was trained so that it can distinguish blood splats from non-blood splats. Once the blood splats, i.e. vasculature and hemorrhages, are separated from the background, the connected vasculature was removed and the remaining objects considered hemorrhage candidates. Our approach had a satisfactory performance on a test set composed of 1200 images compared to a human expert.
Recent Progress of White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (2008)

Recently the research and application of white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) have witnessed great progress. Due to outstanding merits, WOLEDs have drawn increasing attention as full-color OLEDs solid-state light source and backlights in liquid-crystal displays(LCD). The latest progress of WOLEDs investigation is reviewed, their merits and shortcomings are analyzed, and the remarkable achievements in this field are summarized. In addition, the new methods of developing highly effective and stable WOLEDs are proposed.
Enantioselective conjugate addition of rationally designed chiral cuprate reagents to 2-cycloalkenones (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEnantioselective conjugate addition of rationally designed chiral cuprate reagents to 2-cycloalkenonesE. J. Corey, Reto. Naef, and Francis J. HannonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 22, 7114–7116Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00282a052https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00282a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1742Altmetric-Citations140LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Test Data Extraction and Comparison with Test Data Generation (2021)

Testing an integrated information system that relies on data from multiple sources can be a challenge, particularly when the data is confidential. This thesis describes a novel test data extraction approach, called semantic-based test data extraction for integrated systems (iSTDE) that solves many of the problems associated with creating realistic test data for integrated information systems containing confidential data. iSTDE reads a consistent cross-section of data from the production databases, manipulates that data to obscure individual identities while still preserving overall semantic data characteristics that are critical to thorough system testing, and then moves that test data to an external test environment. This thesis also presents a theoretical study that compares test-data extraction with a competing technique, named test-data generation. Specifically, this thesis a) describes a comparison method that includes a comprehensive list of characteristics essential for testing the database applications organized into seven different areas, b) presents an analysis of the relative strengths and weaknesses of the different test-data creation techniques, and c) reports a number of specific conclusions that will help testers make appropriate choices.
Are MXenes Promising Anode Materials for Li Ion Batteries? Computational Studies on Electronic Properties and Li Storage Capability of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> and Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>X<sub>2</sub> (X = F, OH) Monolayer (2012)

Density functional theory (DFT) computations were performed to investigate the electronic properties and Li storage capability of Ti(3)C(2), one representative MXene (M represents transition metals, and X is either C or/and N) material, and its fluorinated and hydroxylated derivatives. The Ti(3)C(2) monolayer acts as a magnetic metal, while its derived Ti(3)C(2)F(2) and Ti(3)C(2)(OH)(2) in their stable conformations are semiconductors with small band gaps. Li adsorption forms a strong Coulomb interaction with Ti(3)C(2)-based hosts but well preserves its structural integrity. The bare Ti(3)C(2) monolayer exhibits a low barrier for Li diffusion and high Li storage capacity (up to Ti(3)C(2)Li(2) stoichiometry). The surface functionalization of F and OH blocks Li transport and decreases Li storage capacity, which should be avoided in experiments. The exceptional properties, including good electronic conductivity, fast Li diffusion, low operating voltage, and high theoretical Li storage capacity, make Ti(3)C(2) MXene a promising anode material for Li ion batteries.
Equivalence between the Energy Stable Flux Reconstruction and Filtered Discontinuous Galerkin Schemes: Numerical Validation (2016)

The aim of this paper is to numerically demonstrate the equivalence between filtered Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) schemes and the Energy Stable Flux Reconstruction (ESFR) schemes in the general context of higher dimensional curvilinear element formulations. We first present the theory, as outlined in our previous work, demonstrating that all ESFR scheme correction fields can be interpreted as modally filtered DG correction fields in the strong form of the schemes, and further, that ESFR schemes can be interpreted as a DG scheme in weak form where discontinuous edge flux is substituted for numerical edge flux correction. The theoretical derivations are then verified with numerical results obtained for a 3D Euler test case with curved geometry on both tetrahedral and hexahedral meshes. Given the current choice of high-order DG-type schemes and the question as to which might be best to use for a specific application, the main significance of this work is the bridge that it provides between them. Clearly outlining the similarities between the schemes results in the important conclusion that it is always less efficient to use ESFR schemes, as opposed to the weak DG scheme, when solving problems implicitly.
Interactions of NO<sub>2</sub> with Zr-Based MOF: Effects of the Size of Organic Linkers on NO<sub>2</sub> Adsorption at Ambient Conditions (2012)

Zirconium-based metal organic framework (Zr-MOF), UiO-66 and UiO-67, were synthesized and used as adsorbents of NO(2) at ambient temperatures in either dry or moist conditions. The samples were characterized before and after exposure to NO(2) by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, N(2)-adsorption at 77 K, thermal analysis, and infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate the important effect of a ligand size on the adsorption of NO(2) on Zr-MOF materials. While the large size of the 4,4-benzenebiphenyldicarboxylic acid (BDPC) ligand has a positive impact on the adsorption of NO(2) on UiO-67 in moist conditions, the opposite effect is found in dry conditions. The large pore volume of UiO-67 enhances the adsorption of moisture and formation of nitric and nitrous acids. The small pore sizes of UiO-66 favor the NO(2) removal in dry conditions via dispersive forces. Upon interaction of NO(2) molecules with the Zr-MOF in dry conditions, the bond between the organic linker and metallic oxide center is broken, leading to the formation of nitrate and nitrite species. Moreover, organic ligands also contribute to the NO(2) reactive adsorption via nitration reaction.
Surface grafted polymer brushes as ideal building blocks for “smart” surfaces (2006)

Polymer brushes are assemblies of macromolecules chemically tethered at one end to a substrate. They provide an alternative to self-assembled monolayers because of the intrinsically large size of the building blocks and the ensuing entropic contribution to the film morphology. In this article, an overview of a number of representative polymer brush systems will be presented and their potential application for surfaces with controlled wettability, smart surfaces and nanoactuators will be explored in some detail.
Serum Estradiol Quantified by Isotope Dilution–Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (2002)

Estradiol measurements are important in evaluations of ovarian function, infertility, and menopause (1). The assays are challenging because physiologic concentrations of estradiol are typically <100 ng/L in plasma of adult men and postmenopausal women and in both sexes during infancy and childhood (1). Immunoassays are widely used, and they provide high sensitivity and short analysis times (2). Other methods are needed to determine the accuracy of immunoassays. Our aim was to develop a practical gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method to quantify serum estradiol and use it to evaluate immunoassay accuracy.

Isotope dilution–GC/MS is widely regarded as the most accurate technique for organic analytes of interest in clinical chemistry (3). Several GC/MS methods have been reported for the quantification of estradiol in biological sources (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). The complexity of samples requires isolation and purification of estradiol before derivatization for GC/MS analysis.

The most common separation methods for estradiol involve solvent extraction followed by further purification with Sephadex LH-20 (4)(5), strong ionic exchangers (6)(7)(8)(9), weak ionic exchanger (9)(10)(11), HPLC (12)(13), affinity chromatography (14), or their combinations. These methods, however, have limitations. The HPLC method for estradiol isolation cannot handle multiple samples simultaneously. The affinity column (14) is not commercially available and is very expensive to make. Other methods generally cannot sufficiently remove serum matrix materials to ensure rugged performance.

Here we report a GC/MS method for the quantification of serum estradiol in which estradiol is separated from the ether extract of serum samples by fractionation with a polystyrene divinylbenzene resin that has strong anion- exchange and adsorption properties. The method eliminates the use of HPLC in sample preparation and …
Metamaterial with negative index due to chirality (2009)

Recently it has been predicted that materials with exceptionally strong optical activity may also possess a negative refractive index, allowing the realization of superlenses for super-resolution imaging and data storage applications. Here we demonstrate experimentally and numerically that a chirality-induced negative index of refraction is possible. A negative index of refraction due to three-dimensional chirality is demonstrated for a bilayered metamaterial based on pairs of mutually twisted planar metal patterns in parallel planes, which also shows negative electric and magnetic responses and exceptionally strong optical activity and circular dichroism. Multilayered forms of the metamaterial are found to be suitable for use as ultrathin polarization rotators and circular polarizers for practical applications.
The effects of surface configuration on the retentive properties of parallel-sided dowels cemented with a composite luting agent. (1989)

Factors which have effect on the retention of any dowel include the shape, length, diameter, and surface configuration of the dowel, the cementing medium, precision fitness and material, etc. The shape and surface configuration are the most important among all factors. Recent developments of the etching technique for cast metal has improved the bonding strength between base metal alloys and composite cement which offers a great opportunity for better retention of the dowel if its surface has been etched. In the past, because it has often been ignored that the bonding at the cement-dentin interface is weaker than that between the metal and cement, the true impact of surface configuration and cement thickness on the retention of dowels has never really been observed. In this study, plastic transparent rods were substituted for natural teeth to avoid anatomical variation and circular horizontal grooves were placed on the channel walls to strengthen the retention between the cement and the plastic rods. A total of 140 dowel samples were cast in Rexillium III and were divided into seven groups. The surfaces of the samples were treated differently by smoothing, sandblasting, chemical etching, electrolytic etching and serrating, and fixed into the channels of the plastic rods by cementation with composite resin. Immediately thereafter, the samples were submerged in 37 degrees C water for 7 days. Instron crosshead speed 1 mm/min was used in measuring the tensile forces required for extracting the dowels from the channels. Data were analyzed with the ANOVA method. Among the three factors known to have an effect on the retention being considered in this study, the circular horizontal groove proved to be the most influential, and surface configuration came next, while cement thickness was the least influential. Among the different surface configurations, the serrated dowels showed the best retention and were followed in order by etched and smooth or sandblasted dowels.
A generic energy consumption model for decision making and energy efficiency optimisation in manufacturing (2009)

Today, energy efficiency in production systems has partially been achieved on the component level, but methods are missing for the energy optimal operation of plants, machines and components. We therefore, propose a novel generic method to model the energy consumption behaviour of machines and plants based on a statistical discrete event formulation. It is lean, integrative and scalable and can be used directly in planning processes to make predictions of the energy consumption of different configurations in different scenarios based on any amount of available information. Using the modelling framework, we introduce applications in real-time, tactical and strategic decision making processes that make it possible to exploit the potential for energy consumption minimisation of any given machine or production system while obeying conflicting general conditions.
Intellectual Access to Digital Documents: Joining Proven Principles with New Technologies (2020)

This paper considers the relevance of Charles Ami Cutter’s principles of bibliographic access to the universe of Internet accessible digital objects and explores new methods for applying these principles in the context of new information technologies. The paper examines the value for retrieval of collocating authors’ names, identifying authors’ roles, collocating works and versions, and providing subject access through classification and controlled vocabularies for digital resources available through the World Wide Web. The authors identify emerging techniques and technologies that can be used in lieu of or as a supplement to traditional cataloging to achieve these functions in organizing access to Internet resources. [Article copies available from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-342-9678. E-mail address: getinfo@haworth.con]
Non-Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Urinary Tract Infections (2016)

Increasing antimicrobial resistance has stimulated interest in non-antibiotic prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). Well-known steps in the pathogenesis of UTIs are urogenital colonization and adherence of uropathogens to uroepithelial cell receptors. To prevent colonization in postmenopausal women, vaginal, but not oral, estrogens have been shown to restore the vagina lactobacilli flora, reduce vaginal colonization with Enterobacteriaceae, and reduce the number of UTIs compared to placebo. Different lactobacilli strains show different results in the prevention of recurrent UTIs. Intravaginal suppositories with Lactobacillus crispatus in premenopausal women and oral capsules with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 in postmenopausal women are promising. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) cannot be recommended for the prevention of UTIs. Cranberries are thought to contain proanthocyanidins that can inhibit adherence of P-fimbriated E. coli to the uroepithelial cell receptors. Cranberry products decreased UTI recurrences about 30%-40% in premenopausal women with recurrent UTIs, but are less effective than low-dose antimicrobial prophylaxis. However, the optimal dose of cranberry product has still to be determined. Initially OM-89, a vaccine with 18 heat-killed E. coli extracts, seemed promising, but this was not confirmed in a recently randomized trial.
Sequence-Specific Intramembrane Proteolysis: Identification of a Recognition Motif in Rhomboid Substrates (2009)

Members of the widespread rhomboid family of intramembrane proteases cleave transmembrane domain (TMD) proteins to regulate processes as diverse as EGF receptor signaling, mitochondrial dynamics, and invasion by apicomplexan parasites. However, lack of information about their substrates means that the biological role of most rhomboids remains obscure. Knowledge of how rhomboids recognize their substrates would illuminate their mechanism and might also allow substrate prediction. Previous work has suggested that rhomboid substrates are specified by helical instability in their TMD. Here we demonstrate that rhomboids instead primarily recognize a specific sequence surrounding the cleavage site. This recognition motif is necessary for substrate cleavage, it determines the cleavage site, and it is more strictly required than TM helix-destabilizing residues. Our work demonstrates that intramembrane proteases can be sequence specific and that genome-wide substrate prediction based on their recognition motifs is feasible.
Abstract: Predicting Pore Pressure from Porosity and Velocity (1999)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.