gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aflatoxin metabolism in humans: detection of metabolites and nucleic acid adducts in urine by affinity chromatography. (1985)

A high-affinity IgM monoclonal antibody specific for aflatoxins was covalently bound to Sepharose 4B and used as a preparative column to isolate aflatoxin derivatives from the urine of people and experimental animals who had been exposed to the carcinogen environmentally or under laboratory conditions. Aflatoxin levels were quantified by radioimmunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography after elution from the affinity column. In studies on rats injected with [14C]aflatoxin B1, we identified the major aflatoxin-DNA adduct, 2,3-dihydro-2-(N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxy-aflatoxin B1 (AFB1-N7-Gua), and the oxidative metabolites M1 and P1 as the major aflatoxin species present in the urine. When this methodology was applied to human urine samples obtained from people from the Guangxi Province of China exposed to aflatoxin B1 through dietary contamination, the aflatoxin metabolites detected were also AFB1-N7-Gua and aflatoxins M1 and P1. Therefore, affinity chromatography using a monoclonal antibody represents a useful and rapid technique with which to isolate this carcinogen and its metabolites in biochemical epidemiology and for subsequent quantitative measurements, providing exposure information that can be used for risk assessment.
Determining Vanadium Concentrations Using the UV-Vis Response Method (2015)

The ability to determine the state of charge of vanadium solutions is critical to understanding reaction mechanisms and charge transport dynamics. This paper describes in detail the methods used to generate quantitative concentrations of three of the four species in an all-vanadium flow battery. The UV-Vis method was shown to provide concentration values that were more reliable than using either an electrode voltage or the integrated current with respect to time. Furthermore, a method was proposed to bring flow battery system into charge balance by independently reducing the negative electrolyte. (C) The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. All rights reserved.
Antibacterial effect of plant extracts againstHelicobacter pylori (2005)

The aim of this work was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of plant extracts as alternative and[sol ]or as active agents supporting antibiotics for treating Helicobacter pylori infection. The effect of either, ethanolic or aqueous extracts from 17 plant materials were studied against one H. pylori standard strain and 11 clinical isolates using a disc diffusion test and by evaluating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on solid media. An inhibitory activity against H. pylori strains was recorded in a large percentage of tested plants. MIC values of ethanolic extracts were from two to four concentration steps lower than the aqueous ones. In particular, ethanolic extracts of Cuminum cyminum L. and Propolis expressed MIC90 values of 0.075 mg/mL. The results show a significant in vitro effect of plant extracts against H. pylori that could be considered a valuable support in the treatment of the infection and may contribute to the development of new and safe agents for inclusion in anti-H. pylori regimens.
Adsorption of Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers on Gold (2000)

Adsorption of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers from dilute solution onto cleaned gold has been studied in-situ by a quartz crystal microbalance technique. All experiments were carried out at 21 °C, with either anhydrous ethanol or deionized water as solvent. In ethanol, the equilibrium frequency shifts, proportional to the equilibrium surface coverages, Γ [M/L2], correspond to about a monolayer and increase weakly (roughly linearly) with generation, G. The adsorption is likely driven by the weak favorable interaction between the primary amine end groups on PAMAM and gold. In aqueous media, the results are completely different. Under the conditions employed (low ionic strength and pH 6.5−7) the PAMAM amine end groups tend to protonate in aqueous solution, so that the macromolecules bear positive charge. The equilibrium frequency shift grows exponentially with generation G up to G = 6. For G = 7 a drastic drop is observed, but the increasing trend resumes again for G = 7 through G = 9. Estimates of the adsorbed layer thickness indicate that multilayers form on the clean gold surface in the aqueous system with the number of layers increasing exponentially up to G = 6. The formation of multilayers can be explained by a favorable electrostatic image−charge interaction between the positively charged dendrimers in aqueous solution and the gold substrate. By accounting for charge renormalization and screening, this picture quantitatively accounts for the dependence of Γ on G, for G ≤ 6. The drop in frequency shift from G = 6 to G = 7 may be the result of surface crowding discussed in connection with the "dense-shell" transition of the dendrimer external surface.
Electrical properties and defect structures of praseodymium-cerium oxide solid solutions (2003)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, February 2004.
Asymmetric Mannich Reaction of Isatin-Based Ketimines with α-Diazomethylphosphonates Catalyzed by Chiral Silver Phosphate (2016)

An efficient asymmetric Mannich reaction of isatin-based ketimines with α-diazomethylphosphonates has been developed using a chiral binaphthanol-derived silver phosphate as the catalyst. This reaction allowed the construction of a series of chiral oxindoles bearing a quaternary stereocenter and amino group at the C3 position with up to 95% yields and 99% ee. Those products could be further transformed into promising densely functionalized compounds by merging of the oxindole and β-aminophosphonate.
Targeting TGF-β Signaling by Antisense Oligonucleotide-mediated Knockdown of TGF-β Type I Receptor (2014)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by lack of functional dystrophin and results in progressive myofiber damage and degeneration. In addition, impaired muscle regeneration and fibrosis contribute to the progressive pathology of DMD. Importantly, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is implicated in DMD pathology and is known to stimulate fibrosis and inhibit muscle regeneration. In this study, we present a new strategy to target TGF-β signaling cascades by specifically inhibiting the expression of TGF-β type I receptor TGFBR1 (ALK5). Antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) were designed to specifically induce exon skipping of mouse ALK5 transcripts. AON-induced exon skipping of ALK5 resulted in specific downregulation of full-length receptor transcripts in vitro in different cell types, repression of TGF-β activity, and enhanced C2C12 myoblast differentiation. To determine the effect of these AONs in dystrophic muscles, we performed intramuscular injections of ALK5 AONs in mdx mice, which resulted in a decrease in expression of fibrosis-related genes and upregulation of Myog expression compared to control AON-injected muscles. In summary, our study presents a novel method to target TGF-β signaling cascades with potential beneficial effects for DMD.
Novel and emerging approaches for the delivery of metallo-drugs (2009)

Cisplatin and its derivatives are the most widely used clinical anticancer agents. They bring enormous benefits to patients but are also associated with unpleasant side-effects because of their abilities to interact with biomolecules other than the target DNA and their broad tissue toxicity across the body. While two molecular re-designs of cisplatin have entered worldwide clinical use (carboplatin and oxaliplatin) and many more have been trialled, these side effects and drawbacks remain. Recently new strategies have been developed to attempt to decrease these side effects and/or modify the tissue activity spectrum through more localized and effective delivery of the drug to the desired targets. In this review we present an overview of the principal approaches that have been explored, ranging from conjugation to biomolecular vectors or polymers, through pro-drug strategies, to adsorption on ceramic materials and encapsulation in macrocycles, nanotubes and nanocapsules, biomolecules and polymers.
Hydrogen-bonding properties of hard-segment model compounds in polyurethane block copolymers (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrogen-bonding properties of hard-segment model compounds in polyurethane block copolymersC. M. Brunette, S. L. Hsu, and W. J. MacKnightCite this: Macromolecules 1982, 15, 1, 71–77Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00229a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00229a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1252Altmetric-Citations226LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Bi-labelled antibody and Bi-labelled streptavidin. Comparison of targeting efficacy of a lymphoma cell line in vitro (1997)

An anti-lymphoma antibody (HH-1) and streptavidin were conjugated with the chelator CHX-A DTPA and subsequently labelled with 205,206Bi. The immunoreactivity of the antibody to the target antigen and the binding ability of streptavidin to antigen-bound biotinylated HH-1 were then investigated at different degrees of chelator content. Streptavidin was shown to be more tolerant than HH-1 towards the chelator modification. While the binding reactivity of HH-1 decreased to 60% at an average of 3.5 chelators per molecule, the 60% level was obtained at an average of 6.5 chelators per streptavidin molecule. Streptavidin may therefore possibly be used to obtain 212,213Bi-labelled compounds for α-particle radiotherapy with higher specific activity. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced Infectivity of a<i>Leishmania donovani</i>Biopterin Transporter Genetic Mutant and Its Use as an Attenuated Strain for Vaccination (2002)

Pterins are essential for the growth of Leishmania species, and recent work has led to the isolation of the biopterin transporter BT1. In this study, we inactivated the Leishmania donovani biopterin transporter BT1 by gene disruption mediated by homologous recombination. No transport of biopterin was detected in this mutant. The L. donovani BT1 null mutant showed a much lesser capacity for inducing infection in mice than wild-type parasites and could elicit protective immunity in mice susceptible to infection against a L. donovani challenge. Splenocytes isolated from mice immunized with the BT1 null mutant parasites produced significant amounts of interferon gamma following stimulation with L. donovani promastigotes as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzyme-linked immunospot assays. Overall, these results show that by genetically manipulating the pterin transport in L. donovani, it is possible to generate an attenuated organism that could be part of a vaccination strategy.
Oxygen dependence of binding of misonidazole to rodent and human tumors in vitro. (1987)

Misonidazole, a 2-nitroimidazole, has been shown to form metabolically induced adducts to cellular molecules at a very high rate in the absence of oxygen, and this rate decreases substantially as the oxygen concentration increases. Thus, it has considerable potential as a marker for hypoxic, radiation resistant cells in tumors. The dependence of the rate of adduct formation (binding) on oxygen concentration was studied for EMT6/Ed, Walker 256, and Dunning R3327-AT rodent tumors and for two human colon carcinomas, a human melanoma, and a human breast carcinoma. Fragments of these tumors were incubated with [14C]- or [3H]misonidazole in vitro at several oxygen concentrations and the quantity of misonidazole bound was determined from autoradiographs as a function of distance from the surfaces of the fragments. The Km of binding inhibition (oxygen concentration for half-maximal binding) for the tumors varied by a factor of 10. The range was centered on the range of values reported for the Km of cellular radioresistance (oxygen concentration for half-maximal radioresistance). The patterns of binding at depth within the tumor fragments indicated that gradients of cellular waste products and nutrients other than oxygen had minimal effects on binding. All tumors were capable of metabolizing oxygen to levels sufficiently low to yield the maximal binding rate, but the distance of penetration of oxygen varied, indicating a range of at least 4 in rates of oxygen consumption. The ratio of misonidazole bound by stromal tissue versus tumor cells ranged from 0.9 for a colon tumor to 0.3 for a breast tumor. These properties of misonidazole binding indicate that it should be a good marker for radiobiological hypoxia in tumors, providing adequate controls can be performed.
SPICE models and applications of superconducting FETs and higher-voltage Josephson gates (2002)

The authors describe the development of circuit models, applications of superconducting field effect transistors (SFETs), and higher-voltage Josephson junction (HVJJ) circuits which are important for the feasibility of several novel hybrid superconducting-semiconducting circuits. They also discuss the delay optimization involved in designing and embedding interface circuits in a hybrid superconductor-semiconductor technology. It is noted that, with the advances made in semiconductor technologies, interfaces between the two technologies are practical now and the advantages of hybrid circuits in various applications should be realizable in practice. In the case of interfacing typical Nb-based Josephson junction circuits to 0.5 mu m CMOS technologies, it was estimated that the minimum delay through the interface is approximately 110 ps and the optimum number of junctions in each branch of the HVJJ circuits is 10.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Development of 2,4-D-resistant transgenics in Indian oilseed mustard (Brassica juncea) (2004)

Transgenic lines resistant to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were developed in mustard (Brassica juncea), a major oilseed crop grown in more than six million hectares of land in North India. The developed construct contained the tfdA gene, encoding the enzyme 2,4-D monooxygenase, cloned downstream to the 35S promoter along with a leader sequence from RNA4 of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV leader sequence), for improved expression of the transgene in plant cells. Southern analysis of TO transgenics confirmed six out of 24 transgenics to be single copy events, from both the flanks of T-DNA. Selfed progeny derived from single copy tfdA lines germinated normally and rooted in medium containing 2,4-D at concentrations as high as 2.5 mg l - 1 compared to the wild-type seedlings which did not root even at a concentration of 0.5 mg l - 1 . The tfdA transgenic lines were also sprayed with commercially available 2,4-D herbicide at concentrations ranging from 10 to 1000 mg l - 1 under field conditions. Wild type plants were affected by levels as low as 10 mg l - 1 and were completely killed at a concentration of 50 mg l - 1 . The four transgenic lines tested in the study were resistant to herbicide concentration of 500 mg l - 1 . The available transgenic lines can be used for testing the potential of 2,4-D in weed control including the control of parasitic weeds (Orobanche spp) of mustard and for low-till cultivation of mustard.
Supervised Isomap with Explicit Mapping (2006)

Isomap is one of the recently proposed manifold learning algorithms for nonlinear dimensionality reduction. However, Isomap not only suffers from a deficiency of no explicit mapping function, which is from high dimensional space to low dimensional space, but also does not employ the class information. In this paper, a supervised version of Isomap with explicit mapping, called SE-Isomap, is proposed. In SEIsomap, geodesic distance matrix is calculated with respect to the class label information and Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) with explicit transformation is adopted instead of classical MDS used in Isomap. Thanks to the existence of explicit mapping and the use of class label information, SEIsomap can be more easily used in pattern recognition than the original ones. Experimental results on two benchmark data sets demonstrated the performance of the presented method.
Colloidal CdSe Nanocrystals Passivated by a Dye‐Labeled Multidentate Polymer: Quantitative Analysis by Size‐Exclusion Chromatography (2006)

Hold on tight: Pyrene-labeled poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (Pyr-PDMAEMA) was synthesized as a multidentate ligand for CdSe nanocrystals (NCs, see picture). The mean number of polymers that bind to each NC can be determined by a quantitative analytical method based on size-exclusion chromatography. Spectroscopic characterization of the eluted particles shows that Pyr-PDMAEMA binds tightly to these NCs.
Distributed visual processing for augmented reality (2012)

Recent advances have made augmented reality on smartphones possible but these applications are still constrained by the limited computational power available. This paper presents a system which combines smartphones with networked infrastructure and fixed sensors and shows how these elements can be combined to deliver real-time augmented reality. A key feature of this framework is the asymmetric nature of the distributed computing environment. Smartphones have high bandwidth video cameras but limited computational ability. Our system connects multiple smartphones through relatively low bandwidth network links to a server with large computational resources connected to fixed sensors that observe the environment. By contrast to other systems that use preprocessed static models or markers, our system has the ability to rapidly build dynamic models of the environment on the fly at frame rate. We achieve this by processing data from a Microsoft Kinect, to build a trackable point cloud model of each frame. The smartphones process their video camera data on-board to extract their own set of compact and efficient feature descriptors which are sent via WiFi to a server. The server runs computationally intensive algorithms including feature matching, pose estimation and occlusion testing for each smartphone. Our system demonstrates real-time performance for two smartphones.
Breast tumor aromatase: functional role and transcriptional regulation. (1999)

Aromatase has been shown to be expressed at a higher level in human breast cancer tissue than in normal breast tissue, by means of enzyme activity measurement, immunocytochemistry, and RT-PCR analysis. Cell culture including MCF-7 breast cancer cells, animal experiments using aromatase-transfected breast cancer cells, and transgenic mouse studies have demonstrated that estrogen production in situ plays a more important role than circulating estrogens in breast tumor promotion. In addition, tumor aromatase is believed to be able to stimulate breast cancer growth through both autocrine and paracrine pathways, as demonstrated by a three-dimensional cell culture study. RT-PCR and gene transcriptional studies have revealed that the aromatase promoter is switched from a glucocorticoid-stimulated promoter, I.4, in normal tissue to cAMP-stimulated promoters, I.3 and II, in cancerous tissue. Recently, we identified and characterized a cAMP-responsive element (CREaro) upstream from promoter I.3 by DNA deletion and mutational analyses. Our results from promoter functional analysis also demonstrated an interaction between the CREaro and the silencer element (S1) that was identified previously in our laboratory. In the presence of cAMP, the positive regulatory CREaro can overcome the action of the silencer on the function of promoter I.3. On the basis of results generated from our own and other laboratories, we propose that, in normal breast adipose stromal cells and fibroblasts, aromatase expression is driven by promoter I.4 (glucocorticoid dependent), and that the action of promoters I.3 and II is suppressed by the silencer negative regulatory element. However, in cancer cells and surrounding adipose stromal cells, the cAMP level increases, and aromatase promoters are switched to cAMP-dependent promoters - I.3 and II. Furthermore, we applied the yeast one-hybrid screening method to search for proteins interacting with the silencer element, S1. The major protein identified was ERRalpha-1; however, SF-1, which is present in the ovary, is not detected in breast cancer tissue. Using a reporter plasmid with the aromatase genomic fragment containing promoter I.3 and S1, in breast cancer SK-BR-3 cells, ERRalpha-1 was found to have a positive regulatory function. It is believed that the silencer element in the human aromatase gene may function differently in different tissues, as a result of distinct expression patterns of transcription factors.
Coat protein gene sequence of tobacco mosaic virus encodes a host response determinant. (1987)

The common strain and tomato strain of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) are known to be closely related to each other. However, plants with the N' gene, such as Nicotiana sylvestris and Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow, respond differently to infections by these viruses. In the N' plants, TMV-OM (common strain) spreads systemically with mosaic symptoms, whereas TMV-L (tomato strain) induces the necrotic response of plants, causing local lesions. To reveal the viral factor of TMV-L inducing the necrotic response, we have constructed several recombinant viruses between the two strains, in which TMV-L RNA was partly replaced by TMV-OM RNA. The recombinant viruses having the coat protein gene sequence of TMV-OM in place of TMV-L produced no necrotic local lesions but spread systemically with mosaic symptoms in the N' plants. On the other hand, the recombinant viruses having TMV-OM-derived sequences other than the coat protein gene sequence, and in which the coat protein gene sequence of TMV-L still remained, produced necrotic local lesions. These observations indicate that the viral factor of TMV-L responsible for the necrotic response of the N' plants is coded in the coat protein gene sequence.