gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct Evidence that Dislocations are Non-Radiative Recombination Centers in GaN (1998)

Plan-view transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cathodoluminescence (CL) images were taken for the same sample at exactly the same location in n-type GaN grown on sapphire substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). There was a clear one to one correspondence between the dark spots observed in CL images and the dislocations in TEM foils, indicating that the dislocations are non-radiative recombination centers. The hole diffusion length in n-type GaN was estimated to be neighboring 50 nm by comparing the diameters of the dark spots in thick samples used for CL and samples that were thinned for TEM observation. The efficiency of light emission is high as long as the minority carrier diffusion length is shorter than the dislocation spacing.
Structural relatedness between mosquitocidal endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (1988)

A mosquitocidal toxin gene, cloned from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, was introduced into mutant crystal-negative B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis cells. Partial toxicity to mosquitos was restored. The 58-kilodalton cloned gene product is a minor protein component of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis crystals and is structurally related to a major, 135-kilodalton crystal toxin.
Chains of Cobalt Doped Magnetosomes Extracted from AMB-1 Magnetotactic Bacteria for Application in Alternative Magnetic Field Cancer Therapy (2011)

We report the magnetic properties and heating efficiency of cobalt doped chains of magnetosomes extracted from magnetotactic bacteria for applications in alternative magnetic field cancer therapy. The changes of the magnetic properties of the chains of magnetosomes observed in the presence of cobalt are characterized by an enhancement of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy from Keff ∼ 12 KJ/m3 in the absence of cobalt up to Keff ∼ 104 KJ/m3 in the presence of cobalt. We show that these changes are only observed for the magnetosomes organized in chains. Furthermore, the SAR of the extracted chains of magnetosomes mixed in solution and exposed to an oscillating magnetic field of field amplitude 80 mT and frequency 183 kHz is shown to increase from ∼400 W/gFe for the undoped chains of magnetosomes up to ∼500 W/gFe for the cobalt doped chains of magnetosomes.
Advanced Battery Technology For Medium Rate Implantable Medical Devices Using Unique Laminated Cathode Construction (2006)

Abstract not Available.
Improving the Unsupervised Disentangled Representation Learning with VAE Ensemble (2021)

Variational Autoencoder (VAE) based frameworks have achieved the state-of-the-art performance on the unsupervised disentangled representation learning. A recent theoretical analysis shows that such success is mainly due to the VAE implementation choices that encourage a PCA-like behavior locally on data samples. Despite this implied model identifiability, the VAE based disentanglement frameworks still face the trade-off between the local orthogonality and data reconstruction. As a result, models with the same architecture and hyperparameter setting can sometime learn entangled representations. To address this challenge, we propose a simple yet effective VAE ensemble framework consisting of multiple VAEs. It is based on the assumption that entangled representations are unique in their own ways, and the disentangled representations are alike (similar up to a signed permutation transformation). In the proposed VAE ensemble, each model not only maintains its original objective, but also encodes to and decodes from other models through pair-wise linear transformations between the latent representations. We show both theoretically and experimentally, the VAE ensemble objective encourages the linear transformations connecting the VAEs to be trivial transformations, aligning the latent representations of different models to be alike. We compare our approach with the state-of-the-art unsupervised disentangled representation learning approaches and show the improved performance.
Phased array error correction scheme (1993)

A technique is introduced that replaces the signals from failed array elements by using reconstructed signals from other elements in the array. The technique is intended for use primarily with digital beamforming array control, and can operate in an environment of a multitude of incident waves (signals), to provide low sidelobe control to each signal.
PRODUCTION OF CARBON NANOTUBES AND HYDROGEN BY CATALYTIC ETHANOL DECOMPOSITION (2013)

This work reports the synthesis of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by the catalytic decomposition of ethanol using the perovskite-type oxide LaNiO3 as catalyst precursor. The carbon nanotubes were characterized by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TEM micrographs show that the carbon nanotubes were multi-walled with inner diameters ranging from 3 nm to 12 nm and outer diameters up to 42 nm. The yield of CNT and H2 were 3.5 gCNT?(gcat?h)-1 and 39 LH2?(g?h)-1 respectively at 700 °C. TGA data show that nanotube carbon purity was about 95 % by weight and the oxidation temperature was around 620 °C.
Establishment of an <i>in vivo</i> Highly Metastatic Rat Hepatocellular Carcinoma Model (1999)

We previously found by chance that N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) given after a multi-carcinogenic treatment induces liver carcinomas with 56% lung metastasis, and it was confirmed that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with 100% lung metastasis was produced by 24-week treatment with NMOR and additional treatment with diethylnitrosamine (DEN). In the present study, we modified the duration of NMOR to establish an animal model with a simple experimental protocol and an appropriate experimental duration which would facilitate further study of the mechanisms of metastasis and antimetastatic agents. The results revealed DEN exposure followed by a 16-week treatment with NMOR to be a most efficient method for the induction of HCC metastasizing to the lung. Loss of cadherin, demonstrated immunohistochemically, occurred in an early stage of carcinogenesis, and this was reflected in malignant conversion of primary lesions. This model, with its essential similarities to malignant tumor behavior in man, should find application not only for elucidation of the mechanisms underlying metastasis, but also in the development of anti-metastatic agents.
Materials, Devices, and Circuits of Transparent Amorphous-Oxide Semiconductor (2009)

This paper presents the following recent investigations of transparent amorphous-oxide semiconductors (TAOS) from materials to devices and circuits. 1) Composition of metals in TAOS are widely explored with the aim of seeking semiconductors suitable for the channel layers of thin-film transistors (TFTs) composing backplanes for flat-panel displays. It is found in combinatorial approaches to the materials exploration that indium-based ternary TAOS (In-X-O) and their TFTs show the properties and the performance as good as those of the most popular material of amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O (alpha-IGZO) when X = Zn or Ge. 2) Defects and impurities in TAOS are investigated by theoretical approaches. The first-principle calculation of the electron states reveals that charge-neutral oxygen vacancy or interstitial forms the density of states around mid-gap level and does not generate carriers directly, while hydrogen impurity raises the Fermi level beyond the conduction-band minimum and acts as a donor in TAOS. 3) Device structures of TAOS-TFTs are also investigated extensively for better performance and stability. It is found in channel-etch type TFTs with bottom-gate inverse-stagger structures that the TFT characteristics and stability are significantly improved by chemically removing the back-channel layer in a wet-etching process. Coplanar homojunction (CH) structure is proposed as a novel device structure where conductive alpha-IGZO regions work as the source and drain electrodes to the channel region of semiconductor alpha-IGZO. The CH TFTs show excellent characteristics and stability, with low series resistance without any difficulty in making good electrical contact between metals and TAOS. 4) Circuits using TAOS-TFTs are demonstrated. A ring oscillator composed of fifteen-stage inverters with a buffer circuit operates as designed by circuit simulation with a TFT model for hydrogenated amorphous Si TFTs. Pixel circuits composed of three TFTs and one transparent capacitor successfully drive organic light-emission diode cells without a planarization layer on a 2-in diagonal panel having 176 times144 times 3 pixels.
Identification of the gene ( <i>lgtG</i> ) encoding the lipooligosaccharide β chain synthesizing glucosyl transferase from <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> (1998)

The lipooligosaccharide from Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC), consists of lipid A, an oligosaccharide core and three branches, alpha, beta, and gamma. We report the cloning of the gene (lgtG, lipooligosaccharide glycosyl transferase G) encoding the glucosyl transferase of GC that initiates the beta chain which consists of a lactosyl moiety. This gene contains a homopolymeric tract of cytidine [poly(C)] and we demonstrate that changes in the number of Cs in poly(C) account for the variation of beta chain expression in different GC strains. Biochemical analyses and mass spectrometry clearly attribute the reactivity of mAb 2C7 to the presence of the lactosyl beta chain. In addition, we demonstrate that in the absence of the lactosyl group, a phosphoethanolamine is added to generate a new antigenic epitope as evidenced by the gain of reactivity to mAb 2-L1-8. These results show that, like the alpha chain, the beta chain of lipooligosaccharide is subject to antigenic variation.
In vivo transfer and expression of a human epidermal growth factor gene accelerates wound repair. (1994)

This report details the transfer of a human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) expression plasmid to porcine partial-thickness wound keratinocytes by particle-mediated DNA transfer (Accell). After gene transfer an external sealed fluid-filled wound chamber was used to protect the wound, provide containment of the exogenous DNA and expressed peptide, and permit sampling of the wound fluid. Analysis of wound fluid for hEGF and total protein, an indicator of reformation of the epithelial barrier, showed that wounds bombarded with the hEGF plasmid exhibited a 190-fold increase in EGF concentration and healed 20% (2.1 days) earlier than the controls. EGF concentrations in wound fluid persisted over the entire 10-day monitored period, decreasing from 200 pg/ml to 25 pg/ml over the first 5 days. Polymerase chain reaction results showed that plasmid DNA was present in the wound for at least 30 days. These findings demonstrate the possible utility of in vivo gene transfer to enhance epidermal repair.
Improved carrier concentration control in Zn-doped Ca5Al2Sb6 (2011)

Ca5Al2Sb6 is an inexpensive, Earth-abundant compound that exhibits promising thermoelectric efficiency at temperatures suitable for waste heat recovery. Inspired by our previous study of p-type Ca5−xNaxAl2Sb6, this work investigates doping with Zn2+ on the Al3+ site (Ca5Al2−xZnxSb6). We find Zn to be an effective p-type dopant, in contrast to the low solubility limit and poor doping efficiency of Na. Seebeck coefficient measurements indicate that the hole band mass is unaffected by the dopant type in the high-zT temperature range. Band structure and density of states calculations are employed in order to understand the carrier concentration-dependent effective mass. Ca5Al2−xZnxSb6 has a low lattice thermal conductivity that approaches the predicted minimum value at high temperature (1000 K) due to the complex crystal structure and high mass contrast.
<title>Optical generation and frequency modulation of microwave subcarriers using feedback-sustained pulsation in laser diodes</title> (1995)

We report the observation of self-sustained pulsation and transient self-pulsation in laser diodes at 1300 nm and the effect of optoelectronic feedback on the pulsations. Transient self-pulsation has a lifetime of a few minutes with frequencies up to 7 GHz. The linewidth of self-pulsation is on the order of 0.5 GHz. With optoelectronic feedback, the transient self-pulsation can be stabilized and enhanced. The center of frequency of feedback-sustained pulsation is dependent on the passband of the bandpass filter in the feedback loop. The linewidth of feedback-sustained pulsation is significantly reduced to about 20 kHz. The feedback sustained pulsation can be frequency modulated. Applications of the feedback-sustained pulsation subcarrier multiplexed optical networks.
Reduced Complexity Adaptive Background Compensation of Electro-Optic Tx Impairments in Coherent Optical Transceivers (2022)

We propose a novel background compensation of electro-optic Tx impairments for coherent optical transmitters based on the backpropagation algorithm and a direct detection low bandwidth feedback channel. Its excellent effectiveness is demonstrated by computer simulations.
Effect of applied electric fields on the writing and the readout of photorefractive gratings (1995)

We explore theoretically and experimentally how applying an electric field to a photorefractive crystal affects the recording and the readout of a hologram. We present a unified theory that describes several electric-field-related mechanisms relevant to photorefractive crystals, including amplitude coupling, phase coupling, linear and nonlinear electro-optic effects, and the piezoelectric effect. We analyze the influence of these different effects on the Bragg selectivity and the diffraction efficiency and derive general analytical expressions describing the Bragg detuning effects. Finally, we compare the theory with experiments that we have performed in a strontium barium niobate crystal by recording and retrieving holograms in the presence of an applied electric field.
Specificity, flexibility and valence of DNA bonds guide emulsion architecture (2013)

The specificity and thermal reversibility of DNA interactions have enabled the self-assembly of crystal structures, self-replicating materials and colloidal molecules. Grafting DNA onto liquid interfaces of emulsions leads to exciting new architectural possibilities due to the mobility of the DNA ligands and the patches they form between bound droplets. Here we show that the size and number of these adhesion patches (valency) can be controlled. Valence 2 leads to flexible polymers of emulsion droplets, while valence above 4 leads to rigid droplet networks. A simple thermodynamic model quantitatively describes the increase in the patch size with droplet radii, DNA concentration and the stiffness of the tether to the sticky-end. The patches are formed between droplets with complementary DNA strands or alternatively with complementary colloidal nanoparticles to mediate DNA binding between droplets. This emulsion system opens the route to directed self-assembly of more complex structures through distinct DNA bonds with varying strengths and controlled valence and flexibility.
Isolation and characterization of large lactococcal phage resistance plasmids by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (1994)

Five phage-resistant Lactococcus lactis strains were able to transfer by conjugation the lactose-fermenting ability (Lac+) to a plasmid-free Lac−L. lactis strain. In each case, some Lac+ transconjugants were phage-resistant and contained one or two additional plasmids of high molecular mass, as demonstrated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Plasmids pPF144 (144 kb), pPF107 (107 kb), pPF118 (118 kb), pPF72 (72 kb) and pPF66 (66 kb) were characterized: they are conjugative (Tra+), they confer a phage-resistant phenotype and they bear lactose-fermenting ability (Lactose plasmid) except for the last two. Plasmids pPF144, pPF107 and pPF118 resulted probably from a cointegrate formation between the Lactose plasmid and another plasmid of the donor strain, whereas pPF72, pPF66 and the Lactose plasmid were distinct in the corresponding transconjugants. Plasmids pPF72 and pPF66 produced a bacteriocin. At 30°C, the phage resistance conferred by the plasmids was complete against small isometric-headed phage and partial against prolate-headed phage, except for pPF107 whose phage resistance mechanism was totally effective against both types of phages, but was completely inactivated at 40°C. Restriction maps of four of the plasmids were constructed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
A Wireless 32-Channel Implantable Bidirectional Brain Machine Interface (2016)

All neural information systems (NIS) rely on sensing neural activity to supply commands and control signals for computers, machines and a variety of prosthetic devices. Invasive systems achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by eliminating the volume conduction problems caused by tissue and bone. An implantable brain machine interface (BMI) using intracortical electrodes provides excellent detection of a broad range of frequency oscillatory activities through the placement of a sensor in direct contact with cortex. This paper introduces a compact-sized implantable wireless 32-channel bidirectional brain machine interface (BBMI) to be used with freely-moving primates. The system is designed to monitor brain sensorimotor rhythms and present current stimuli with a configurable duration, frequency and amplitude in real time to the brain based on the brain activity report. The battery is charged via a novel ultrasonic wireless power delivery module developed for efficient delivery of power into a deeply-implanted system. The system was successfully tested through bench tests and in vivo tests on a behaving primate to record the local field potential (LFP) oscillation and stimulate the target area at the same time.
Investigation of aqueous alcohol and sugar solutions with reflection terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (2007)

We give a detailed analysis of a general realization of reflection terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The method is self-referenced and applicable at all incidence angles and for all polarizations of the incident terahertz radiation. Hence it is a general method for the determination of the dielectric properties of especially liquids in environments where transmission measurements are difficult. We investigate the dielectric properties in the 0.1-1.0 THz frequency range of liquids using reflection terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. We apply the technique for the determination of alcohol and sugar concentration of commercial alcoholic beverages and liquors. The special geometry of the experiment allows measurement on sparkling beverages.
Advances in membrane materials: desalination membranes based on directly copolymerized disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) random copolymers (2010)

The water and salt transport properties of chlorine tolerant disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (BPS) copolymers have been characterized. Cast BPS membranes of both salt form and acid form with sulfonation levels from 20% to 40% were investigated. Water permeability of BPS films increases more than one order of magnitude as sulfonation level increases from 20% to 40%, while the salt permeability of the corresponding membranes increases two orders of magnitude. Moderate salt rejection (98.2%) was achieved by a BPS salt form membrane with a sulfonation level of 20%.
<i>N</i>′-(Arylsulfonyl)pyrazoline-1-carboxamidines as Novel, Neutral 5-Hydroxytryptamine 6 Receptor (5-HT<sub>6</sub>R) Antagonists with Unique Structural Features (2011)

The 5-HT(6) receptor (5-HT(6)R) has been in the spotlight for several years regarding CNS-related diseases. We set out to discover novel, neutral 5-HT(6)R antagonists to improve off-target selectivity compared to basic amine-containing scaffolds dominating the field. High-throughput screening identified the N'-(sulfonyl)pyrazoline-1-carboxamidine scaffold as a promising neutral core for starting hit-to-lead. Medicinal chemistry, molecular modeling, small molecule NMR and X-ray crystallography were subsequently applied to optimize the leads into antagonists (compounds 1-49) displaying high 5-HT(6)R affinity with optimal off-target selectivity. Unique structural features include a pseudoaromatic system and an internal hydrogen bond freezing the bioactive conformation. While physicochemical properties and CNS availability were generally favorable, significant efforts had to be made to improve metabolic stability. The optimized structure 42 is an extremely selective, hERG-free, high-affinity 5-HT(6)R antagonist showing good human in vitro metabolic stability. Rat pharmacokinetic data were sufficiently good to enable further in vivo profiling.
Micrometer Scale Lithium Niobate Electro-optic Modulators (2017)

We demonstrate electro-optic modulation on a monolithic lithium niobate nanophotonic platform up to 40 Gb/s. We show electro-optic efficiency as high as 7 pm/V in microresonators and half-wave voltage length product as low as 2 Vcm in micro-Mach-Zehnder interferometers.
Efficient freeform lens optimization for computational caustic displays (2015)

Phase-only light modulation shows great promise for many imaging applications, including future projection displays. While images can be formed efficiently by avoiding per-pixel attenuation of light most projection efforts utilizing phase-only modulators are based on holographic principles which rely on interference of coherent laser light and a Fourier lens. Limitations of this type of an approach include scaling to higher power as well as visible artifacts such as speckle and image noise. We propose an alternative approach: operating the spatial phase modulator with broadband illumination by treating it as a programmable freeform lens. We describe a simple optimization approach for generating phase modulation patterns or freeform lenses that, when illuminated by a collimated, broadband light source, will project a pre-defined caustic image on a designated image plane. The optimization procedure is based on a simple geometric optics image formation model and can be implemented computationally efficient. We perform simulations and show early experimental results that suggest that the implementation on a phase-only modulator can create structured light fields suitable, for example, for efficient illumination of a spatial light modulator (SLM) within a traditional projector. In an alternative application, the algorithm provides a fast way to compute geometries for static, freeform lens manufacturing.
Aggregated Machine Learning on Indicators of Compromise in Android Devices (2018)

Malware mitigation for mobile technology is a long-standing problem for which there is not yet a good solution. In this paper, we focus on identifying malicious applications, and verifying the absence of malicious or vulnerable code in applications that agencies seek to utilize. Our analysis toolbox includes static analysis and permissions risk scoring as pre-installation vetting techniques designed to prevent malware from being installed on devices on an enterprise network. However, dynamic code-loading techniques and changing security requirements mean that applications which previously passed the static analysis verification process, and have been installed on devices, may no longer meet security standards, and may be malicious. To identify these apps, and prevent their future malfeasance, we propose a crowd-sourced behavioral analysis (CSBA) technique, using machine learning to identify anomalous activity by examining patterns in power consumption, network behavior, and sequences of system calls. These techniques apply effectively to a single user's device over time, as well as to individual devices within an enterprise network.