gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Compression molding of chopped woven thermoplastic composite flakes: a study on processing and performance (2016)

Continuous fiber reinforced composites with high-performance thermoplastic polymer matrices have an enormous potential in terms of performance, production rate, cost efficiency and recyclability. The use of this relatively new class of materials by the aerospace and automotive industry has been growing steadily during the last decade. However, the use of continuous reinforcements limit the complexity of the shape of the end products, as defects such as wrinkles can form during processing. Moreover, a significant amount of process waste is generated, which lowers the efficiency of the conventional production processes involving a prepreg cutting stage and/or final trimming stages. The overall efficiency of the manufacturing value chain of composites can be improved by adjoining a complementary manufacturing process that utilizes the process waste incurred in the primary process. The discontinuous form of reinforcements in the reclaimed material will provide a means to manufacture complex 3D geometries with near-net edges and at the same time use the raw material efficiently. However, the discontinuities in the reinforcing phase lead to a reduced mechanical performance compared to continuous reinforcements. Suitable applications include semi-structural parts and non-load bearing structures. This thesis focuses on the processing of planar discontinuous reinforcements and the associated mechanical performance. Chopped thermoplastic semi-preg with a woven fabric reinforcement, referred to as flakes, is considered as a standalone molding compound in this study. A compression molding process is chosen to manufacture parts, as it allows for complex geometries while retaining a long fiber length. Although processing of different types of discontinuous reinforcements has been studied in the past, the processing of the specific class of planar reinforcements with a woven architecture and high fiber content has not been explored so far. The principal objective is to develop a strategy for manufacturing woven-flake reinforced parts with good quality and consistent mechanical properties. For achieving this goal, the flow behavior of chopped woven material, process induced jamming of the material and the mechanical properties of molded plates are experimentally investigated and are explained with theoretical models. The work presented in the thesis shows the multidisciplinary nature of the problem, with strong correlations between the material, process and the design of the part leading to the final part performance. Therefore, a processing strategy is proposed which takes into consideration the aforementioned three basic blocks to manufacture consistent parts. Finally, the proposed strategy is validated by manufacturing a full-scale part with typical design features, which successfully demonstrates the processing capabilities of the material and the developed process.
Managing the interstitials, a System of Systems framework suited for the Ballistic Missile Defense System (2010)

Abstract Recent engineering experiences with the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS) highlight the need to analyze the BMDS System of Systems (SoS) including the numerous potential interactions between independently developed elements of the system. The term “interstitials” is used to define the domain of interfaces, interoperability, and integration between constituent systems in an SoS. The authors feel that this domain, at an SoS level, has received insufficient attention within systems engineering literature. The BMDS represents a challenging SoS case study as many of its initial elements were assembled from existing programs of record. The elements tend to perform as designed but their performance measures may not be consistent with the higher level SoS requirements. One of the BMDS challenges is interoperability, to focus the independent elements to interact in a number of ways, either subtle or overt, for a predictable and sustainable national capability. New capabilities desired by national leadership may involve modifications to kill chains, Command and Control (C2) constructs, improved coordination, and performance. These capabilities must be realized through modifications to programs of record and integration across elements of the system that have their own independent programmatic momentum. A challenge of SoS Engineering is to objectively evaluate competing solutions and assess the technical viability of tradeoff options. This paper will present a multifaceted technical approach for integrating a complex, adaptive SoS to achieve a functional capability. Architectural frameworks will be explored, a mathematical technique utilizing graph theory will be introduced, adjuncts to more traditional modeling and simulation techniques such as agent based modeling will be explored, and, finally, newly developed technical and managerial metrics to describe design maturity will be introduced. A theater BMDS construct will be used as a representative set of elements together with the interstitials representing the integration domain. Increased attention to the interstitial space of the overarching BMDS SoS construct and applying appropriate technical rigor and engineering due diligence with these added tools should greatly assist the BMDS in realizing its potential. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 14: 87–109, 2011
Next in Mashup Development: User-Created Apps on the Web (2011)

Mashups have relatively simple, component-based development paradigms, yet few end users develop their own applications. To help turn end users into developers and innovators, the authors present two mashup platforms for lightweight Web development practices and discuss open challenges.
Assessing antigenic drift and phylogeny of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus in Kenya using HA1 sub-unit of the hemagglutinin gene (2020)

Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus emerged in North America in 2009 and has been established as a seasonal strain in humans. After an antigenic stasis of about six years, new antigenically distinct variants of the virus emerged globally in 2016 necessitating a change in the vaccine formulation for the first time in 2017. Herein, we analyzed thirty-eight HA sequences of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 strains isolated in Kenya during 2015-2018 seasons, to evaluate their antigenic and molecular properties based on the HA1 sub-unit. Our analyses revealed that the A (H1N1) pdm09 strains that circulated in Kenya during this period belonged to genetic clade 6B, subclade 6B.1 and 6B.2. The Kenyan 2015 and 2016 isolates differed from the vaccine strain A/California/07/2009 at nine and fourteen antigenic sites in the HA1 respectively. Further, those isolated in 2017 and 2018 correspondingly varied from A/Michigan/45/2015 vaccine strain at three and fifteen antigenic sites. The predicted vaccine efficacy of A/California/07/2009 against Kenyan 2015/2016 was estimated to be 32.4% while A/Michigan/45/2015 showed estimated vaccine efficacies of 39.6% - 41.8% and 32.4% - 42.1% against Kenyan 2017 and 2018 strains, respectively. Hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) assay using ferret post-infection reference antiserum showed that the titers for the Kenyan 2015/2016 isolates were 2-8-fold lower compared to the vaccine strain. Overall, our results suggest the A (H1N1) pdm09 viruses that circulated in Kenya during 2015/2016 influenza seasons were antigenic variants of the recommended vaccine strains, denoting sub-optimal vaccine efficacy. Additionally, data generated point to a swiftly evolving influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus in recent post pandemic era, underscoring the need for sustained surveillance coupled with molecular and antigenic analyses, to inform appropriate and timely influenza vaccine update.
A simplified physical picture of phase conjugation using k-space formalism and ray optics (1993)

Using a simple geometrical construction in k-space and a ray-tracing procedure, the overall nature of the phase conjugation process is examined. The usefulness of the k-space formalism and the ray-tracing procedure as instructional tools is demonstrated by analyzing various cases.
Subtraction computed tomographic angiography: use of pre-contrast images for calcification removal (2006)

Arterial stenoses may be obscured by calcified atherosclerotic plaque in computed tomographic angiography (CTA). A technique of subtraction computed tomographic angiography (sCTA) for calcification removal is proposed and evaluated in a preliminary manner. In the proposed sCTA method, the examination includes a pre-contrast computed tomogram (pcCT) and a CTA. The pcCT is performed using the CTA scan protocol. Subtraction of the registered pcCT from the CTA is performed after calcifications in the pcCT are registered to the CTA using a piecewise-rigid transformation model. The registration is based on a maximum-cancellation cost-function. Points at the boundary of the artery in the CTA are given a greater weight in the cost function than those towards the center of the artery. sCTA was evaluated using a calcified-artery phantom whose dimensions approximate those of the superficial femoral artery. The phantom represented both calcified plaque surrounding stenotic segments of the artery. pcCT and CTA's were obtained on a 4-multidetector-row CT system with 1.25-mm slice thickness and 0.7-mm in-plane resolution. The phantom was slightly displaced between the pcCT and the CTA. sCTA closely resembled a gold-standard image of the phantom that was obtained with the calcification material removed. The sCTA accurately demonstrated the degree of stenosis and artifacts in the sCTA were minimal. This study demonstrates in a preliminary manner that sCTA is feasible.
AMP-activated protein kinase: an ultrasensitive system for monitoring cellular energy charge (1999)

The AMP-activated protein kinase cascade is activated by elevation of AMP and depression of ATP when cellular energy charge is compromised, leading to inhibition of anabolic pathways and activation of catabolic pathways. Here we show that the system responds in intact cells in an ultrasensitive manner over a critical range of nucleotide concentrations, in that only a 6-fold increase in activating nucleotide is required in order for the maximal activity of the kinase to progress from 10% to 90%, equivalent to a co-operative system with a Hill coefficient (h) of 2.5. Modelling suggests that this sensitivity arises from two features of the system: (i) AMP acts at multiple steps in the cascade (multistep sensitivity); and (ii) the upstream kinase is initially saturated with the downstream kinase (zero-order ultrasensitivity).
Aberrant activation of latent transforming growth factor-β initiates the onset of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2018)

There is currently no effective medical treatment for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) due to a limited understanding of its pathogenesis. This study was undertaken to investigate the key role of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling in the cartilage and subchondral bone of the TMJ using a temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) rat model, an ageing mouse model and a Camurati-Engelmann disease (CED) mouse model. In the three animal models, the subchondral bone phenotypes in the mandibular condyles were evaluated by µCT, and changes in TMJ condyles were examined by TRAP staining and immunohistochemical analysis of Osterix and p-Smad2/3. Condyle degradation was confirmed by Safranin O staining, the Mankin and OARSI scoring systems and type X collagen (Col X), p-Smad2/3a and Osterix immunohistochemical analyses. We found apparent histological phenotypes of TMJ-OA in the TMD, ageing and CED animal models, with abnormal activation of TGF-β signalling in the condylar cartilage and subchondral bone. Moreover, inhibition of TGF-β receptor I attenuated TMJ-OA progression in the TMD models. Therefore, aberrant activation of TGF-β signalling could be a key player in TMJ-OA development.
Tyrosine kinase inhibition increases functional parkin‐ <scp>B</scp> eclin‐1 interaction and enhances amyloid clearance and cognitive performance (2013)

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are effective therapies for leukaemia. Alzheimer is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by accumulation of β-amyloid (plaques) and hyper-phosphorylated Tau (tangles). Here we show that AD animals have high levels of insoluble parkin and decreased parkin-Beclin-1 interaction, while peripheral administration of TKIs, including Nilotinib and Bosutinib, increases soluble parkin leading to amyloid clearance and cognitive improvement. Blocking Beclin-1 expression with shRNA or parkin deletion prevents tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibition-induced amyloid clearance, suggesting that functional parkin-Beclin-1 interaction mediates amyloid degradation. Isolation of autophagic vacuoles (AVs) in AD mouse brain shows accumulation of parkin and amyloid, consistent with previous results in AD brains, while Bosutinib and Nilotinib increase parkin-Beclin-1 interaction and result in protein deposition in the lysosome. These data suggest that decreased parkin solubility impedes parkin-Beclin-1 interaction and amyloid clearance. We identified two FDA-approved anti-cancer drugs as potential treatment for AD.
Simulating Ice-Sloping Structure Interactions With the Cohesive Element Method (2014)

The major processes that occur when level ice interacts with sloping structures (especially wide structures) are the fracturing of ice and upcoming ice fragments accumulating around the structure. The cohesive zone method, which can simulate both fracture initiation and propagation, is a potential numerical method to simulate this process. In this paper, as one of the numerical methods based on the cohesive zone theory, the cohesive-element–based approach was used to simulate both the fracturing and upcoming fragmentation of level ice. However, simulating ice and sloping structure interactions with the cohesive element method poses several challenges. One often-highlighted challenge is its convergence issue. Numerous attempts by different researchers have been invested in this issue either to prove or improve its convergence. However, these researchers work in different fields (e.g., fracture of concrete, ceramic, or glass fiber) with different scales (e.g., from a ceramic ring to a concrete block). As an attempt to study the cohesive element method's application in the current ice-structure interaction context (i.e., an engineering scale up to hundreds of meters), the mesh dependency of the cohesive element method was alleviated by both creating a mesh with a crossed triangle pattern and utilizing a penalty method to obtain the initial stiffness for the intrinsic cohesive elements. Furthermore, two potential methods (i.e., introduction of a random ice field and bulk energy dissipation considerations) to alleviate the mesh dependency problem were evaluated and discussed. Based on a series of simulations with the different aforementioned methods and mesh sizes, the global ice load history is obtained. The horizontal load information is validated against the test results and previous simulation results. According to the comparison, the mesh objectivity alleviation with different approaches was discussed. As a preliminary demonstration, the results of one simulation are summarized, and the load contributions from different ice-structure interaction phases are illustrated and discussed.
A Modified Cord Blood Collection Method Achieves Sufficient Cell Levels for Transplantation in Most Adult Patients (2005)

Umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) has been used increasingly in both pediatric and adult patients. The total nucleated cell (NC) dose infused is the most critical factor in determining speed of engraftment and survival. Using standard collection techniques, the mean NC content of UCB units is about 10 x 10(8) and only 25% of these units reach the target cell dose of 2 x 10(7)/kg in UCBT patients weighing 50-70 kg. We have designed a modified placental/umbilical two-step collection method in which a standard blood fraction obtained by umbilical venipuncture is combined with a second fraction harvested after placental perfusion with 50 ml heparinized 0.9% saline. This second fraction contributed 32% volume and 15% NCs to the whole UCB unit (123.7 +/- 50.1 ml and 1.26 +/- 0.52 x 10(9) NC). The proportion of progenitor cells in both fractions was not significantly different, indicating that the hematopoietic potential of these larger units is 20% (range, 2%-100%) higher than UCB units collected by standard methods. In addition, the bacterial contamination rate associated with this novel collection method (2.78%) compares favorably. Since 1998 we have further enriched our units by processing only UCB units over 0.8 x 10(9) NCs, resulting in a 36% cell increment (1.46 +/- 0.52 x 10(9) NCs). Thus, 84% and 54% of the Madrid UCB Bank inventory would fulfill the target cell dose of 2 x 10(7)/kg in patients weighing 50 and 65 kg, respectively. This significant UCB banking improvement gives larger pediatric and adult patients a greater chance of finding adequate grafts in order to achieve better clinical outcomes after UCBT.
International standardization of clinical stabilometry (Minutes of the meeting of posturologists, Paris 07.10.2015) (2016)

Stabilometry, like any technology, generates its own language that must be enslaved to the requirement of the psychology of scientificdiscovery: the communication between minds. We know of no other way of this enslavement than normalization. Normalization thathas proved impossible apart from its specification by a research prospect, for example, trying to treat functional disorders of the uprightpostural control system. This research, which, oddly enough, for the time being, only Latin therapists are interested in.
Membrane Rupture Is the Common Cause of Damage to Chloroplast Membranes in Leaves Injured by Freezing or Excessive Wilting (1987)

The effects of freezing and desiccation of spinach leaves (Spinacia oleracea L. cv Yates) on the thylakoid membranes were assessed using antibodies specific for thylakoid membrane proteins. The peripheral part of the chloroplast coupling factor ATPase (CF1) was used as a molecular marker for chemical membrane damage by chaotropic solutes. Plastocyanin, a soluble protein localized inside the closed thylakoid membrane system, was a marker for damage by mechanical membrane rupture. After freezing and wilting of leaves which resulted in damage, very little CF1 was detached from the membranes, whereas almost all plastocyanin was released from the thylakoids. It is suggested that in vivo dehydration both by freezing and desiccation results in membrane rupture rather than in the dissociation of peripheral thylakoid membrane proteins.
Connected viewing: uma visão geral (2016)

A range of mobile technologies, multiple screens, and user engagement are arising in connected formats of media usage. Connected viewing is a term that refers to these varieties of platforms for content distribution and multiple viewing practices that are being developed, or have evolved, within the convergent digital landscape, and generates many disruptions in the viewing consumption. This paper presents the book anthology edited by Holt and Sanson, Connected Viewing: Selling, Streaming, & Sharing Media in the Digital Age, with subjects on how connected viewing is affecting the contemporary media environment such as business models of production, infrastructure, distribution, user engagement
Interindividual and interethnic differences in the demethylation and glucuronidation of codeine. (1989)

1. The 8 h urinary excretion of codeine and seven of its metabolites was compared in 149 healthy Swedish Caucasians and 133 healthy Chinese following a single oral dose of 25 mg codeine phosphate. 2. The total 8 h urinary recovery of drug-related material was 74 +/- 24% in the Caucasians and 60 +/- 14% in the Chinese (P less than 0.001). The excretion of unchanged codeine was significantly higher in the Chinese (7.2%) compared with the Caucasians (4.3%, P less than 0.001). 3. The Caucasians excreted significantly greater proportions of codeine-6-glucuronide (C6G) (62%) than the Chinese (44%) (P less than 0.001). The frequency distribution of the log metabolic ratio (MR) for glucuronidation (codeine/C6G) was shifted towards higher values in the Chinese population. Males in both groups and Chinese smokers had significantly lower glucuronidation MRs than females and non-smokers in the respective populations (P less than 0.001). 4. The frequency distribution of the MR for O-demethylation (codeine/morphine (M) + M-3 and M-6-glucuronide (M3G and M6G) + normorphine (NM) was highly skewed in the Caucasians, suggestive of a bimodal distribution. There was a 160-fold interindividual variation in this MR. A unimodal distribution of the log O-demethylation MR was observed in Chinese. The Caucasians excreted less M and more M6G than did the Chinese (P less than 0.001). 5. Significantly more norcodeine (NC) and less NC-glucuronide (NCG) were excreted in the Chinese compared with the Caucasians (P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Synthesis of textured thin piezoelectric AlN films with a nonzero C-axis mean tilt for the fabrication of shear mode resonators (2006)

A method for the deposition of thin piezoelectric aluminum nitride (AlN) films with a nonzero c-axis mean tilt has been developed. The deposition is done in a standard reactive magnetron sputter deposition system without any hardware modifications. In essence, the method consists of a two-stage deposition process. The resulting film has a distinct tilted texture with the mean tilt of the c-axis varying roughly in the interval 28 to 32 degrees over the radius of the wafer excluding a small exclusion zone at the center of the latter. The mean tilt angle distribution over the wafer has a circular symmetry. A membrane-type shear mode thickness-excited thin film bulk acoustic resonator together with a micro-fluidic transport system has been subsequently fabricated using the two stage AlN deposition as well as standard bulk micro machining of Si. The resonator consisted of a 2-microm-thick AlN film with 200nm-thick Al top and bottom electrodes. The resonator was characterized with a network analyzer when operating in both air and water. The shear mode resonance frequency was about 1.6 GHz, the extracted device Q around 350, and the electromechanical coupling kt2 2% when the resonator was operated in air, whereas the latter two dropped down to 150 and 1.8%, respectively, when the resonator was operated in pure water.
Cryogenic Power Electronics (2022)

Cryogenic power electronics enable the highly efficient ultra-dense power conversion systems that are critical for electrified aircraft propulsion (EAP) and have the potential to transform aircraft powertrain design. Much like superconducting electric machines, cryogenic power electronics offer benefits achieved through improved power device performance, reduced conductor electrical resistivity, and increased heat transfer temperature differential. In this chapter, key steps in the development of cryogenic power electronics are presented, from the component to the converter level. First, the characterization of critical components – including power devices and magnetics – at cryogenic temperature is introduced to establish the basic knowledge necessary for cryogenic design and optimization. Second, special considerations specific to cryogenic design, and trade and design studies for the cryogenic power stage and filter electronics are detailed. Finally, an example of a high-power cryogenically-cooled inverter system for an EAP application is illustrated, with safety considerations and the protection scheme highlighted.