gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tricuspid Regurgitation Secondary to Mitral Valve Disease: When and How to Repair (1994)

The etiology of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) in North American patients with mitral valve disease is almost entirely nonrheumatic functional dilatation of the tricuspid annulus. In mild TR, no operative therapy is necessary since relief of the left sided valve lesion will suffice to bring the pulmonary pressure down and, consequently, relief of TR for moderate (2+ to 3+) TR. We have used a technique of posterior annuloplasty using a DeVega type double running braided suture beginning at the commissure of the anterior and posterior leaflets and running to the commissure between the septal and posterior leaflets, and tied over an obturator. The technique takes less than 10 minutes. Seventy-one patients in the past 10 years have been treated with this technique with virtually 100% relief of TR. For severe TR, we advocate the use of Carpentier-Edwards annuloplasty ring with interrupted sutures (16 patients). We believe severe TR requires a fixed annulus for virtually the entire circumference of the valve. Functionally regurgitant tricuspid valves should be reconstructed and not replaced. The use of repair techniques for moderate (posterior annuloplasty) or severe (Carpenter-Edwards tricuspid annuloplasty ring) TR will be satisfactory for virtually all patients with this lesion.
Synthesis of Water‐Soluble Dendritic Conjugated Polymers for Fluorescent DNA Assays (2006)

Abstract Summary: Cationic water‐soluble dendritic poly(fluorene)s with positively charged amines on the exterior (PFP‐G 0–2 ) can be prepared by a macromonomer (generation‐by‐generation) approach. The charge densities of PFP‐G 0–2 can control their distances to DNA by electrostatic interactions. The PFP‐G 2 with higher generation of dendritic side chains possesses a higher charge density, and gives rise to efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to a signaling fluorescein labeled at the terminus of DNA. These new conjugated polymers form less aggregates and yield more efficient FRET in a tetrahydrofuran/H 2 O mixed solvent as compared to in pure water. The sensitivity of the DNA sensor is improved by utilizing highly dendritic conjugated polymers. Structure of the dendritic conjugated polymer PFP‐G 2 . magnified image Structure of the dendritic conjugated polymer PFP‐G 2 .
Dual wavelength and switchable laser operation of Pr<sup>3+</sup>:LiYF<inf>4</inf> crystals at 523 nm and 640 nm (2011)

In this contribution, the simultaneous and switchable laser operation is reported at 523 nm and 640 nm. A dual wavelength laser operation at 607 nm and 640 nm of Pr:YLF was previously obtained by the use of intracavity prisms.
Monitoring the assembly of Ig light-chain amyloid fibrils by atomic force microscopy (1999)

Aggregation of Ig light chains to form amyloid fibrils is a characteristic feature of light-chain amyloidosis, a light-chain deposition disease. A recombinant variable domain of the light chain SMA was used to form amyloid fibrils in vitro. Fibril formation was monitored by atomic force microscopy imaging. Single filaments 2.4 nm in diameter were predominant at early times; protofibrils 4.0 nm in diameter were predominant at intermediate times; type I and type II fibrils 8.0 nm and 6.0 nm in diameter, respectively, were predominant at the endpoints. The increase in number of fibrils correlated with increased binding of the fluorescent dye thioflavin T. The fibrils and protofibrils showed a braided structure, suggesting that their formation involves the winding of protofibrils and filaments, respectively. These observations support a model in which two filaments combine to form a protofibril, two protofibrils intertwine to form a type I fibril, and three filaments form a type II fibril.
Training a real-world POMDP-based dialogue system (2007)

Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes provide a principled way to model uncertainty in dialogues. However, traditional algorithms for optimising policies are intractable except for cases with very few states. This paper discusses a new approach to policy optimisation based on grid-based Q-learning with a summary of belief space. We also present a technique for bootstrapping the system using a novel agenda-based user model. An implementation of a policy trained using this system was tested with human subjects in an extensive trial. The policy gave highly competitive results, with a 90.6% task completion rate.
P237 Correlation between fecal calprotectin levels and clinical activity in ulcerative colitis in a phase I study with an anti-MAdCAM-1 monoclonal antibody (2012)

Clinical: Therapy and observation
The Transcriptional Promoter Regulates Hypermutation of the Antibody Heavy Chain Locus (1997)

A somatic process introduces mutations into antibody variable (V) region genes at a high rate in many vertebrates, and is a major source of antibody diversity. The mechanism of this hypermutation process remains enigmatic, although retrospective studies and transgenic experiments have recently suggested a role for transcriptional regulatory elements. Here, we demonstrate that mouse heavy (H) chain loci in which the natural VH promoter has been replaced by a heterologous promoter undergo hypermutation. However, while the distribution of mutation in such loci appears normal, the frequency of mutation does not. Conversely, moving the VH promoter 750 bp upstream of its normal location results in a commensurate change in the site specificity of hypermutation in H chain loci, and the foreign DNA inserted into the VH leader intron to produce this promoter displacement is hypermutated in a manner indistinguishable from natural Ig DNA. These data establish a direct mechanistic link between the IgH transcription and hypermutation processes.
Edelta: a word-enlarging based fast delta compression approach (2015)

Delta compression, a promising data reduction approach capable of finding the small differences (i.e., delta) among very similar files and chunks, is widely used for optimizing replicate synchronization, backup/archival storage, cache compression, etc. However, delta compression is costly because of its time-consuming word matching operations for delta calculation. Our indepth examination suggests that there exists strong word content locality for delta compression, which means that contiguous duplicate words appear in approximately the same order in their similar versions. This observation motivates us to propose Edelta, a fast delta compression approach based on a word-enlarging process that exploits word-content locality. Specifically, Edelta will first tentatively find a matched (duplicate) word, and then greedily stretch the matched word boundary to find a likely much longer (enlarged) duplicate word. Hence, Edelta effectively reduces a potentially large number of the traditional time-consuming word-matching operations to a single word-enlarging operation, which significantly accelerates the delta compression process. Our evaluation based on two case studies shows that Edelta achieves an encoding speedup of 3X ∼10X over the state-of-the-art Ddelta, Xdelta, and Zdelta approaches
<i>Dmrt1</i>, a gene related to worm and fly sexual regulators, is required for mammalian testis differentiation (2000)

The only molecular similarity in sex determination found so far among phyla is between the Drosophila doublesex (dsx) and Caenorhabditis elegans mab-3 genes. dsx and mab-3 contain a zinc finger-like DNA-binding motif called the DM domain, perform several related regulatory functions, and are at least partially interchangeable in vivo. A DM domain gene called Dmrt1 has been implicated in male gonad development in a variety of vertebrates, on the basis of embryonic expression and chromosomal location. Such evidence is highly suggestive of a conserved role(s) for Dmrt1 in vertebrate sexual development, but there has been no functional analysis of this gene in any species. Here we show that murine Dmrt1 is essential for postnatal testis differentiation, with mutant phenotypes similar to those caused by human chromosome 9p deletions that remove the gene. As in the case of 9p deletions, Dmrt1 is dispensable for ovary development in the mouse. Thus, as in invertebrates, a DM domain gene regulates vertebrate male development.
Cellular senescence in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (2003)

One mechanism driving BPH in older men is the accumulation of senescent epithelial cells expressing Il-1alpha, which in turn increases FGF7 secretion and proliferation of non-senescent epithelial cells. Thus there is a mechanistic linkage between cellular senescence and one of the most common pathologies of older men.
Elastica solution for a nanotube formed by self-adhesion of a folded thin film (2004)

Schmidt and Eberl demonstrated the construction of tubes with submicron diameters by the method of folding thin solid films [Nature (London)NATUAS 410, 168 (2001)]. In their method, a thin film is folded 180° and brought into adhesive contact with itself. The resulting sealed loop forms a nanotube with the thickness of the tube walls equal to the thickness of the thin film. The calculation of the diameter of the tube and the shape of its cross section in equilibrium are the subjects of this study. The tube is modeled as a two-dimensional elastica when viewed in cross section, and adhesive behavior is governed by an energy release rate criterion. A numerical technique is used to find elastic equilibria for a large range of material parameters. With these solutions in hand, the problem of designing a nanotube becomes transparent. It is shown that one dimensionless parameter determines the diameter of the nanotube, while another fixes its shape. Each of these parameters is a ratio involving the material's mechanical properties and the film thickness. Before concluding, we verify our model by comparing its results with the experimental observations of Schmidt and Eberl, for their materials.
Embedding Normalization: Significance Preserving Feature Normalization for Click-Through Rate Prediction (2021)

Normalization techniques are known to provide faster model convergence and good generalization performance, having achieved great success in computer vision and natural language processing. Recently, several deep neural network-based click-through rate (CTR) prediction models have applied such normalization techniques to their deep network components to make model training stable. However, we observe that applying existing normalization techniques (e.g. Batch Normalization and Layer Normalization) to feature embedding of the models leads to the degradation of model performance. In this study, we conjecture that existing normalization techniques can easily ignore the significance of each feature embedding, leading to sub-optimal performance. To support our claim, we theoretically show that existing normalization techniques tend to equalize the norm of individual feature embedding. To overcome this limitation, we propose a theory-inspired normalization technique, called Embedding Normalization, which not only makes model training stable but also improves the performance of CTR prediction models by preserving the significance of each feature embedding. Through extensive experiments on various real-world CTR prediction datasets, we show that our proposed normalization technique leads to faster model convergence and achieves better or comparable performance than other normalization techniques. Especially, our Embedding Normalization is effective in not only deep neural network-based CTR prediction models but also shallow CTR prediction models that do not utilize deep neural network components.
Engineering the Multi-Service Internet: MPLS and IP-based Techniques (2001)

IP Differentiated Services (DiffServ) is seen as the framework to support quality of service (QoS) in the Internet in a scalable fashion, turning it to a global multiservice network. In this context, integrated service/network management and traffic control mechanisms are of paramount importance for service provisioning and network operation, aiming to satisfy the QoS requirements of contacted services while optimising the use of underlying network resources. In this paper, after briefly introducing an architectural framework for integrated service/network management and control, we concentrate in its traffic engineering aspects comparing and contrasting two different approaches: MPLS-based explicit routed paths and IP-based hop-by-hop routing. We consider relatively longterm network dimensioning based on the requirements of contracted services and subsequent dynamic route and resource management that react in shorter time scales to statistical traffic fluctuations and varying network conditions.
The Frequency of Ras Mutations in Cancer (2020)

Ras is frequently mutated in cancer, however, there is a lack of consensus in the literature regarding the cancer mutation frequency of Ras, with quoted values varying from 10%-30%. This variability is at least in part due to the selective aggregation of data from different databases and the dominant influence of particular cancer types and particular Ras isoforms within these datasets. To provide a more definitive figure for Ras mutation frequency in cancer, we cross-referenced the data in all major publicly accessible cancer mutation databases to determine reliable mutation frequency values for each Ras isoform in all major cancer types. These percentages were then applied to current U.S. cancer incidence statistics to estimate the number of new patients each year that have Ras-mutant cancers. We find that approximately 19% of patients with cancer harbor Ras mutations, equivalent to approximately 3.4 million new cases per year worldwide. We discuss the Ras isoform and mutation-specific trends evident within the datasets that are relevant to current Ras-targeted therapies.
Bilateral trigeminal schwannomas associated with von Recklinghausen disease. (1992)

The authors present a case of von Recklinghausen disease and bilateral occurrence of tumors of cranial nerve V in a 47-year-old woman
Event Detection via Gated Multilingual Attention Mechanism (2018)

Identifying event instance in text plays a critical role in building NLP applications such as Information Extraction (IE) system. However, most existing methods for this task focus only on monolingual clues of a specific language and ignore the massive information provided by other languages. Data scarcity and monolingual ambiguity hinder the performance of these monolingual approaches. In this paper, we propose a novel multilingual approach---dubbed as Gated Multilingual Attention (GMLATT) framework---to address the two issues simultaneously. In specific, to alleviate data scarcity problem, we exploit the consistent information in multilingual data via context attention mechanism. Which takes advantage of the consistent evidence in multilingual data other than learning only from monolingual data. To deal with monolingual ambiguity problem, we propose gated cross-lingual attention to exploit the complement information conveyed by multilingual data, which is helpful for the disambiguation. The cross-lingual attention gate serves as a sentinel modelling the confidence of the clues provided by other languages and controls the information integration of various languages. We have conducted extensive experiments on the ACE 2005 benchmark. Experimental results show that our approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods.
Data augmentation for low resource languages (2014)

Recently there has been interest in the approaches for training speech recognition systems for languages with limited resources.Under the IARPA Babel program such resources have been provided for a range of languages to support this research area.This paper examines a particular form of approach, data augmentation, that can be applied to these situations.Data augmentation schemes aim to increase the quantity of data available to train the system, for example semi-supervised training, multilingual processing, acoustic data perturbation and speech synthesis.To date the majority of work has considered individual data augmentation schemes, with few consistent performance contrasts or examination of whether the schemes are complementary.In this work two data augmentation schemes, semisupervised training and vocal tract length perturbation, are examined and combined on the Babel limited language pack configuration.Here only about 10 hours of transcribed acoustic data are available.Two languages are examined, Assamese and Zulu, which were found to be the most challenging of the Babel languages released for the 2014 Evaluation.For both languages consistent speech recognition performance gains can be obtained using these augmentation schemes.Furthermore the impact of these performance gains on a down-stream keyword spotting task are also described.
Effect of cholecystokinin on myoelectric activity of small bowel of the dog. (1977)

The effect of cholecystokinin on the myoelectric activity of the small intestine was determined in conscious dogs. Six animals were implanted with electrodes along the small intestine, and a cannula was placed in the stomach. A second cannula was inserted into the duodenum in three animals, and a pancreatic fistula was prepared in three animals. Recordings were made in the fasted state, during the intravenous infusion of either saline or cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-OP), during the intraduodenal infusion of either saline or L-tryptophan, and during the fed state. CCK-OP disrupted the fasted pattern of myoelectric activity, caused a dose-dependent increase in spike potentials, and caused a dose-dependent increases in pancreatic protein secretion. Stimulation of myoelectric activity occurred at doses that produced submaximal protein secretion; however, the stimulation was not identical to that seen with feeding. Intraduodenal infusion of L-tryptophan increased pancreatic protein secretion, interrupted the fasted pattern of motility, and induced a pattern similar to that seen with feeding. We conclude that CCK alters small intestinal motility and may play a role in the changes in small-bowel motility caused by the ingestion of food.
Interacting TCP and NLP transcription factors control plant responses to nitrate availability (2017)

Plants have evolved adaptive strategies that involve transcriptional networks to cope with and survive environmental challenges. Key transcriptional regulators that mediate responses to environmental fluctuations in nitrate have been identified; however, little is known about how these regulators interact to orchestrate nitrogen (N) responses and cell-cycle regulation. Here we report that teosinte branched1/cycloidea/proliferating cell factor1-20 (TCP20) and NIN-like protein (NLP) transcription factors NLP6 and NLP7, which act as activators of nitrate assimilatory genes, bind to adjacent sites in the upstream promoter region of the nitrate reductase gene, <i>NIA1</i>, and physically interact under continuous nitrate and N-starvation conditions. Regions of these proteins necessary for these interactions were found to include the type I/II Phox and Bem1p (PB1) domains of NLP6&7, a protein-interaction module conserved in animals for nutrient signaling, and the histidine- and glutamine-rich domain of TCP20, which is conserved across plant species. Under N starvation, TCP20-NLP6&7 heterodimers accumulate in the nucleus, and this coincides with TCP20 and NLP6&7-dependent up-regulation of nitrate assimilation and signaling genes and down-regulation of the G<sub>2</sub>/M cell-cycle marker gene, <i>CYCB1;1</i> TCP20 and NLP6&7 also support root meristem growth under N starvation. These findings provide insights into how plants coordinate responses to nitrate availability, linking nitrate assimilation and signaling with cell-cycle progression.
A vehicle location system (VLS) solution approach (2002)

The Hughes vehicle location system (VLS), which locates and tracks one or more asynchronous aperiodic transmitters in either two or three dimensions, is described. It uses a dynamic receiver time-of-arrival (TOA) source selection, a direct hyperbolic position location solution, and an observation noise filter. For tracking a transmitter in two dimensions in an overdetermined system, hyperbolic geometric-dilution-of-precision (GDOP) is used to select an optimum subset of TOA triplets and to form a weighted position estimate. Particular emphasis is placed on the 2-D direct solution approach. The effect of observation noise on position estimation error in 2-D for an overdetermined system is demonstrated, and the derivation of the 2-D direct solution approach is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
[Comparison of the enhanced remineralization of initial enamel carious lesions treated with original and neutral Galla chinensis in vitro]. (2011)

There is no significant difference in enhancement of remineralization of initial enamel carious lesions between the original and neutral Galla chinensis. Different pH Galla chinensis does not have obvious influence on remineralization. It is unnecessary to regulate the pH value of queous solution of Galla chinensis extract which acts as a anti-caries agent.
A new voice-packet reconstruction technique (2003)

The authors present a voice-packet reconstruction scheme in which the pitch and amplitude of a packet reconstructed according to the pitch detection method of D.J. Goodman et al. (1986) are modified to accommodate amplitude and slight fundamental frequency changes that might have been contained in the missing packet. Audible clicks in pitch-detection-reconstructed speech are therefore significantly reduced, and the perceived quality of reconstructed speech is improved. Preliminary subjective tests indicate that for a given perceptual quality (mean opinion score), the number of missing packets for this technique may be about twice what can be tolerated when using the pitch detection method only.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Coherent interference suppression with an adaptive array using spatial affine projection algorithm (2002)

This paper proposes a new algorithm, namely the spatial affine projection (SAP) algorithm, for adaptive array beamforming in the presence of multiple coherent interferers. The SAP algorithm applies the affine projection (AP) algorithm to adaptive beamformers in the space domain. Combining the decorrelation property of the AP algorithm with that of the spatial smoothing (SS) algorithm, the SAP algorithm achieves coherent interference suppression and fast convergence simultaneously. Computer simulation shows that the SAP algorithm incorporating a subtractive preprocessor (SP) outperforms the existing algorithms by placing deeper nulls and converging faster. The convergence of the SAP algorithm is comparable to that of the SS scheme using the RLS algorithm while the computational complexity of the SAP algorithm is close to that of the SS scheme using the normalized LMS algorithm.