gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Green synthesis routes toward triglycerides of conjugated linoleic acid (2010)

The classical chemical synthesis of CLA triglycerides starting from the free fatty acids and glycerol leads to the formation of additional CLA isomers not suited for applications in the field of human nutrition. Greener methods for a more selective production of CLA triglycerides under gentle reaction conditions were evaluated 1-4. The enzymatic synthesis works well under vacuum conditions with a clear preference for free fatty acids as substrates in comparison to alkyl esters. The reaction velocity was enhanced significantly by the addition of basic additives into the reaction mixture. A combined one pot synthesis was designed starting from ethyl esters consisting of an enzymatic ester hydrolysis followed by a re-synthesis of the fatty acids with glycerol. Additionally, a new chemical interesterification reaction with triacetin (triacetyl glyceride) as synthon was developed, which avoids the formation of undesired CLA isomers.
Rate equation analysis of dynamic response in strongly injection-locked cascaded semiconductor microring lasers (2012)

A novel cascaded optical injection-locking scheme for modulation bandwidth enhancement and tailoring is proposed, involving a distributed-Bragg-reflector master laser monolithically integrated with two cascaded strongly injectionlocked whistle-geometry unidirectional microring lasers. Improved high-speed performance of the proposed cascaded injection-locking scheme is confirmed in numerical modeling by comparing it with the scheme based on a single strongly injection-locked whistle-geometry unidirectional microring laser.
nZDC (2016)

Exponentially growing rate of soft errors makes reliability a major concern in modern processor design. Since software-oriented approaches offer flexible protection even in off-the-shelf processes, they are attractive solutions in protecting against soft errors. Among such approaches, in-application instruction duplication based approaches have been widely used and are deemed to be the most effective. Such techniques duplicate the program assembly instructions and periodically check the results to identify possible errors. Even though early reports suggest that these achieve close to 100% protection from soft errors, we find several gaps in the protection. Existing techniques are unable to protect several important microarchitectural components, as well as a significant fraction of instructions, resulting in Silent Data Corruptions (SDCs). This paper presents nZDC or near Zero silent Data Corruption -- an effective instruction duplication based approach to protect programs from soft errors. Extensive fault injection experiments on almost all the unprotected microarchitectural components in simulated ARM Cortex A53, while executing benchmarks fromMiBench suite, demonstrate that nZDC is extremely effective, without incurring any more performance penalty than the state-of-the-art.
Dual Use of Image Based Tracking Techniques: Laser Eye Surgery and Low Vision Prosthesis (1994)

With a concentration on Fourier optics pattern recognition, we have developed several methods of tracking objects in dynamic imagery to automate certain space applications such as orbital rendezvous and spacecraft capture, or planetary landing. We are developing two of these techniques for Earth applications in real-time medical image processing. The first is warping of a video image, developed to evoke shift invariance to scale and rotation in correlation pattern recognition. The technology is being applied to compensation for certain field defects in low vision humans. The second is using the optical joint Fourier transform to track the translation of unmodeled scenes. Developed as an image fixation tool to assist in calculating shape from motion, it is being applied to tracking motions of the eyeball quickly enough to keep a laser photocoagulation spot fixed on the retina, thus avoiding collateral damage.
Functional Analysis of Ficolin-3 Mediated Complement Activation (2010)

The recognition molecules of the lectin complement pathway are mannose-binding lectin and Ficolin -1, -2 and -3. Recently deficiency of Ficolin-3 was found to be associated with life threatening infections. Thus, we aimed to develop a functional method based on the ELISA platform for evaluating Ficolin-3 mediated complement activation that could be applicable for research and clinical use. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was acetylated (acBSA) and chosen as a solid phase ligand for Ficolins in microtiter wells. Binding of Ficolins on acBSA was evaluated, as was functional complement activation assessed by C4, C3 and terminal complement complex (TCC) deposition. Serum Ficolin-3 bound to acBSA in a calcium dependent manner, while only minimal binding of Ficolin-2 and no binding of Ficolin-1 were observed. No binding to normal BSA was seen for any of the Ficolins. Serum C4, C3 and TCC deposition on acBSA were dependent only on Ficolin-3 in appropriate serum dilutions. Deposition of down stream complement components correlated highly significantly with the serum concentration of Ficolin-3 but not with Ficolin-2 in healthy donors. To make the assay robust for clinical use a chemical compound was applied to the samples that inhibited interference from the classical pathway due to the presence of anti-BSA antibodies in some sera. We describe a novel functional method for measuring complement activation mediated by Ficolin-3 in human serum up to the formation of TCC. The assay provides the possibility to diagnose functional and genetic defects of Ficolin-3 and down stream components in the lectin complement pathway.
Gait in an Ambulatory Physical Therapy Service Training Program With Virtual Reality to Enhance Clinical Experience Using a 5-Week Treadmill (2014)

ABSTRACT Background : Current literature views safe gait as a complex task, relying on motor and cognitive resources. The use of virtual reality (VR) in gait training offers a multi-factorial approach, showing positive effects on mobility, balance, and fall risk in elderly and individuals with neurological disorders. This form of training has been described as a viable research tool, however, it has not been applied routinely in clinical practice. Recently, we took this method forward to provide an adjunct training method provided by physical therapists in an ambulatory clinical setting. Objective : The aim of this paper is to describe initial clinical experience applying a 5-week VR clinical service to improve gait and mobility in subjects with a history of falls, poor mobility or postural instability. Design : Retrospective data analysis Methods : We examined the clinical records of the first 60 patients who completed the VR gait training program. Training was provided 3 times per week for 5 weeks, each session lasting approximately 1-hour and consisting of walking on a treadmill while negotiating virtual obstacles. Main outcome measures were compared across time and included the Timed Up &Go (TUG), 2 minute walk test (2MWT) and the Four Square Step Test (FSST).
Urinary neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin as a biomarker of nephritis in childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus (2006)

Urinary NGAL is a promising potential biomarker of childhood-onset SLE nephritis. The results of the current study require validation in a larger cohort to more accurately delineate urinary NGAL excretion in relation to the diverse SLE phenotypes.
Differentiation of Mycobacterium species by analysis of the heat-shock protein 65 gene (hsp65) (2005)

The nucleotide sequences (604 bp) of partial heat-shock protein genes (hsp65) from 161 Mycobacterium strains containing 56 reference Mycobacterium species and 105 clinical isolates were determined and compared. hsp65 sequence analysis showed a higher degree of divergence between Mycobacterium species than did 16S rRNA gene analysis. Generally, the topology of the phylogenetic tree based on the hsp65 DNA sequences was similar to that of the 16S rRNA gene, thus revealing natural relationships among Mycobacterium species. When a direct sequencing protocol targeting 422 bp sequences was applied to 70 non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) clinical isolates, all NTMs were clearly identified. In addition, an XhoI PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis method for the differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex from NTM strains was developed during this study. The results obtained suggest that 604 bp hsp65 sequences are useful for the phylogenetic analysis and species identification of mycobacteria.
Production of Hydrogen and Carbon Nanostructures by Non-oxidative Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Ethane and Propane (2004)

Nanoscale, binary, M−Fe (M = Mo, Ni, or Pd) catalysts supported on alumina have been shown to be very effective for the decomposition of undiluted methane to yield hydrogen and multiwalled nanotubes. The same suite of catalysts has been tested for non-oxidative catalytic dehydrogenation of undiluted ethane and propane. After prereduction at 700 °C, all three binary catalysts exhibited significantly lower decomposition temperatures and longer time-on-stream performances than either the nonmetallic alumina support or a mono-metallic Fe/alumina catalyst. Ethene, propene, water, and carbon oxides were absent, and only hydrogen, methane, and unreacted ethane or propane were observed in the product stream. The carbon deposit left on the catalyst bed showed two distinct forms, depending on the reaction temperature. Above 600 °C, the carbon deposits were in the form of multiwalled nanotubes with some irregularly spaced capping of the innermost walls. At or below 500 °C reactor temperature, carbon nanofibers with capped and truncated stacked cone structure were produced.
Laser radar focal plane array for three-dimensional imaging: update (1998)

Previous efforts to develop 3D laser radar (ladar) imagers have required multiple laser pulses and complex stable scanning and timing systems in order to generate images. This paper describes an approach that will enable a complete 3D ladar image (angle-angle-range) to be captured with a single pulse. Using a unique processor chip that is bump bonded directly behind the detector array, the sensor provides separate independent range finder circuitry for each pixel. The time-of-flight for each pixel is recorded on the chip and the values are then read out serially. This approach allows the range resolution to be determined by the laser pulse width and electronics bandwidth and to be independent of image framing rates. This paper will discuss the status of the imager that is being assembled as well as preliminary results from laboratory demonstrations. The specifications of the demonstration unit are for a 32 X 32 pixel imager with a resolution of .3X.3X.3 meters (1X1X1 foot). The system is expected to operate at approximately video framing rates (30 frames per second) and the resulting image will be displayed in a false color picture on the processor monitor.
The cloud service distribution problem in distributed cloud networks (2015)

The cloud service distribution problem (CSDP) is to find the placement of both content and virtual cloud service functions (vCSFs) over a distributed cloud network platform, that meets user requests, satisfies network resource capacities and minimizes overall network cost. We formulate the CSDP as a minimum cost mixed-cast flow problem in which cloud services are represented by a service graph that encodes the relationship between input and output information flows via the virtual functions that create them. As a result, the CSDP can be efficiently formulated using only linear constraints and solved via integer linear programming (ILP). Our solution jointly optimizes the use of compute, storage and transport resources in arbitrary cloud network topologies, and is able to capture flexible service chaining, resource consolidation savings, unicast and multicast delivery, and latency constraints. We further provide conditions for which a relaxed version of the presented ILP leads to optimal polynomial-time solutions. We finally present results for an illustrative sample of cloud services that show the advantage of optimizing the placement of content and vCSFs over a programmable distributed cloud network.
Digital Coding of Color Video Signals--A Review (1977)

This paper reviews the field of the efficient coding of color television signals. Because this paper is perhaps the first review on this topic, some background is given in the areas of colorimetry, visual perception of color and color television systems. We assume that the reader has some familiarity with luminance encoding techniques. Coding techniques themselves are divided into two broad groups: component coding methods in which each component (usually three) is coded separately, and composite coding methods in which the composite television signal with its "color" modulated subcarrier is processed as a single entity. Both approaches are covered in detail. The field is still growing, pushed primarily by the desire in the television area to find digital coding standards accepted by both broadcasters and carriers and suitable for use with NTSC, PAL and SECAM television systems. We discuss this aspect by comparing composite and component coding methods.
Pulping of Crustacean Waste Using Ionic Liquids: To Extract or Not To Extract (2016)

Ionic liquids (ILs), such as hydroxylammonium acetate ([NH3OH][OAc]), can reactively demineralize and remove proteins from shrimp shells in an efficient one-pot pulping process, thus allowing the isolation of native chitin with >80% purity and a high degree of acetylation and crystallinity. Compared to a previously reported IL extraction using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, [C2mim][OAc], these less expensive ILs can achieve comparable chitin yields and purity, at up to ten times the biomass loading, although potentially result in lower molecular weight (MW) chitin. Because the IL is not recovered or recycled, the cost can additionally be further reduced by the sequential addition of hydroxylamine and acetic acid (or vice versa) to conduct the pulping process in situ. Though each methodology results in a comparable yields and purity of chitin material, the varying production costs and process safety issues are still unknown. This work presents a step toward narrowing the choices for chitin isolation technologies that can lead to an economically and environmentally sustainable process replacing the current hazardous, energy consuming, and environmentally unsafe process.
AMP‐activated protein kinase isoenzyme family: subunit structure and chromosomal location (1997)

The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) consists of catalytic alpha and non-catalytic, beta and gamma (38 kDa) subunits and is responsible for acting as a metabolic sensor for AMP levels. There are multiple genes for each subunit and we find that rat liver AMPK-alpha2 isoform catalytic subunit is associated with beta1 and gamma1 and not with beta2 or gamma2 subunit isoforms. The beta1 and gamma1 isoforms are also subunits of the alpha1 isoform. The sequence of cloned human AMPK-beta1 is 95% identical in amino acid sequence with rat beta1. Human chromosomal localizations were determined for AMPK-alpha1 (5p11-p14), AMPK-beta1 (12q24.1-24.3) and AMPK-gamma1 (12q12-q14), respectively.
Bias self-calibration techniques using silicon disc resonator gyroscope (2015)

This paper presents several addvanced error compensation and bias self-calibration techniqques based on an extended gyro error model. The techhniques were implemented on a MEMS Disc Resonator Gyro (DRG). Preliminary test data shows the evidence off a promising navigational grade MEMS gyro.
A high gain In0.53Ga0.47As/InP avalanche photodiode with no tunneling leakage current (1981)

We have fabricated high quantum efficiency, high-gain (≊5500) avalanche photodiodes with long-wavelength sensitivity up to λ = 1.7 μm. The primary dark current density at breakdown is JPR⩽8×10−5 A/cm2 with no evidence for tunneling leakage prior to avalanche. To fabricate avalanche photodiodes with no tunneling leakage and high photoresponse at breakdown, we find that the total number of fixed charges in the n-InP layer must lie in the range of 2×1012 cm−2⩽σB⩽3×1012 cm−2.
Efficient Outcoupling of Organic Light-Emitting Devices Using a Light-Scattering Dielectric Layer (2018)

It has long been a challenge to develop a highly efficient outcoupling method for organic light-emitting diodes that is independent of wavelength and viewing angle, as well as being nonintrusive into the device structure. Here, we demonstrate a transparent, top emitting structure integrated with a high index of refraction waveguide layer and a rough, dielectric diffuse reflector that eliminates plasmonic, waveguide, and substrate modes without introducing wavelength and viewing-angle dependence. The simple outcoupling structure increases the external quantum efficiency from 15 ± 2% to 37 ± 4% compared to an analogous device with a metal mirror, corresponding to a 2.5-fold enhancement without requiring the use of additional outcoupling structures such as microlens arrays or index matching layers to extract substrate modes. The method is potentially suitable for low-cost, solid-state lighting due to its simplicity and high outcoupling efficiency.
Identification of a small molecule inhibitor of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase to target serine biosynthesis in cancers (2016)

Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to promote growth and proliferation. The genetic evidence pointing to the importance of the amino acid serine in tumorigenesis is striking. The gene encoding the enzyme 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), which catalyzes the first committed step of serine biosynthesis, is overexpressed in tumors and cancer cell lines via focal amplification and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-mediated up-regulation. PHGDH-overexpressing cells are exquisitely sensitive to genetic ablation of the pathway. Here, we report the discovery of a selective small molecule inhibitor of PHGDH, CBR-5884, identified by screening a library of 800,000 drug-like compounds. CBR-5884 inhibited de novo serine synthesis in cancer cells and was selectively toxic to cancer cell lines with high serine biosynthetic activity. Biochemical characterization of the inhibitor revealed that it was a noncompetitive inhibitor that showed a time-dependent onset of inhibition and disrupted the oligomerization state of PHGDH. The identification of a small molecule inhibitor of PHGDH not only enables thorough preclinical evaluation of PHGDH as a target in cancers, but also provides a tool with which to study serine metabolism.
Subunit structure of the galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-inhibitable adherence lectin of Entamoeba histolytica (1989)

The galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-inhibitable adherence lectin of Entamoeba histolytica is a cell surface protein which mediates parasite adherence to human colonic mucus, colonic epithelial cells, and other target cells. The amebic lectin was purified in 100-micrograms quantities from detergent-solubilized trophozoites by monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography. The adherence lectin was purified 500-fold as judged by radioimmunoassay. The nonreduced lectin had a molecular mass of 260 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and an isoelectric point of pH 6.2. The amebic lectin reduced with beta-mercaptoethanol consisted of 170- and 35-kDa subunits. Both subunits could be labeled on the cell surface with 125I, and both were metabolically labeled with [3H]glucosamine. The amino termini of the subunits had unique amino acid sequences, and polyclonal antisera to the heavy subunit did not cross-react with the light subunit. The yield of phenylthiohydantoin derivatives from the second and third positions in the sequence of the heavy and light subunits gave a molar ratio of one 170- to one 35-kDa subunit. Antibodies directed to the heavy subunit inhibited amebic adherence to Chinese hamster ovary cells by 100%, suggesting that the heavy subunit is predominantly responsible for mediating amebic adherence.
Kilowatt-scale large air-gap multi-modular capacitive wireless power transfer system for electric vehicle charging (2018)

This paper introduces a high-performance kilowatt-scale large air-gap multi-modular capacitive wireless power transfer (WPT) system for electric vehicle (EV) charging. This multi-modular system achieves high power transfer while maintaining fringing electric fields within prescribed safety limits. The fringing fields are reduced using near-field phased-array field-focusing techniques, wherein the adjacent modules of the multi-modular system are out-phased with respect to one another. The inter-module interactions in this multi-modular system are modeled, and an approach to eliminate these interactions in a practical EV charging environment is proposed. A prototype 1.2-kW 6.78-MHz 12-cm air-gap multi-modular capacitive WPT system comprising two 600-W modules is designed, built and tested. This prototype system achieves 21.2 kW/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> power transfer density and a peak efficiency of 89.8%. This multi-modular system also achieves a fringing field reduction of 50% compared to its individual modules.
Photonic integrated circulators based on iron garnets without external magnetization (2021)

A new compact optical circulator based on a photonic crystal made of a triangular lattice of air holes etched in a magneto-optical material that does not require an external DC magnetic field to keep its saturated magnetic state is presented. The design has a threefold rotational symmetry and it consists of three single-mode waveguides and one resonator supporting dipole resonances introduced in the photonic crystal structure. Computational simulations of the circulator demonstrate that, at the 1.55 µm wavelength, the insertion losses are about -1 dB, while the isolation and reflection levels are about -15 dB and -24 dB, respectively.
Lipid Oxidation in Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions: Impact of Molecular Environment on Chemical Reactions in Heterogeneous Food Systems (2000)

ABSTRACT: The susceptibility of lipids to oxidation is a major cause of quality deterioration in food emulsions. The reaction mechanism and factors that influence oxidation are appreciably different for emulsified lipids than for bulk lipids. This article reviews the current understanding of the lipid oxidation mechanism in oil‐in‐water emulsions. It also discusses the major factors that influence the rate of lipid oxidation in emulsions, such as antioxidants, chelating agents, ingredient purity, ingredient partitioning, interfacial characteristics, droplet characteristics, and ingredient interactions. This knowledge is then used to define effective strategies for controlling lipid oxidation in food emulsions.
Predicting human olfactory perception from chemical features of odor molecules (2017)

It is still not possible to predict whether a given molecule will have a perceived odor or what olfactory percept it will produce. We therefore organized the crowd-sourced DREAM Olfaction Prediction Challenge. Using a large olfactory psychophysical data set, teams developed machine-learning algorithms to predict sensory attributes of molecules based on their chemoinformatic features. The resulting models accurately predicted odor intensity and pleasantness and also successfully predicted 8 among 19 rated semantic descriptors ("garlic," "fish," "sweet," "fruit," "burnt," "spices," "flower," and "sour"). Regularized linear models performed nearly as well as random forest-based ones, with a predictive accuracy that closely approaches a key theoretical limit. These models help to predict the perceptual qualities of virtually any molecule with high accuracy and also reverse-engineer the smell of a molecule.