gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cationic polymerization of γ‐methyl‐ and α‐methylphenylallene (1992)

Abstract The cationic polymerizations of γ‐methylphenylallene ( 1 ) and α‐methylphenylallene ( 2 ) were carried out with some Lewis acids at 25 and 0°C in dichloromethane to obtain the corresponding polymers through allyl cations, respectively. Tin (IV) chloride was found to be an effective catalyst for the cationic polymerization of both allenes 1 and 2 compared with other Lewis acids. Thus, in the polymerization of 1 , methanol‐insoluble polymer was only obtained using Tin (IV) chloride, and M̄ n of methanol‐insoluble polymer obtained by Tin (IV) chloride was the highest in the polymerization of 2 . From the analysis of 1 H‐ and 13 C‐NMR spectra of the obtained polymers, the polymer from 1 consisted of two kinds of units polymerized by each double bonds of allene 1 , whereas the polymer from 2 consisted of only one unit polymerized by terminal double bond of allene 2 . Moreover, effect of solvent on the cationic polymerizations of 1 and 2 were discussed.
Effect on the incidence of atrophic rhinitis of vaccination of sows with a vaccine containing Pasteurella multocida toxin. (1983)

Combined experimental infections with Bordetella bronchiseptica and either a toxigenic or a non-toxic strain of P. multocida were carried out in newborn specific pathogen free piglets born to 25 sows. Pigs inoculated with B. bronchiseptica and toxin-producing P. multocida developed severe progressive atrophic rhinitis corresponding to the natural disease. The effect of vaccination of sows with a toxin-containing P. multocida vaccine on the incidence of nasal lesions in the offspring was studied.
Cape York International Spaceport (1992)

The Cape York Spaceport will be unique - the first private launch facility in the world. This is Australia's most exciting and most important development project this decade. Our planning is for the first rocket to be launched from Cape York in 1996. We expect this is to be a Russian/Ukrainian launch vehicle, carrying an American made satellite, launched by an Australian crew.
Self-assembled composite quantum dots for photovoltaic applications (2002)

InAs and InGaAs quantum dots were prepared by MBE onto GaAs substrates. Quantum dots size was found to be 40-50 nm in diameter and 4-7 nm in height by AFM. PL peak of InAs quantum dots is at 980 nm, and at a shorter wavelength for InGaAs dots. Composite InAs/InGaAs quantum dots should give a wider spectral response in solar cell applications. Stabilized performance of quantum dots structure at high temperatures is an attractive feature. A possibility to store photo-generated carriers in the composite structure is another important prospect.
What's related? Generalizing approaches to related articles in medicine. (2000)

Further studies are needed to evaluate these methods in medical information retrieval systems.
Elimination forest guided 2D sparse LU factorization (1998)

Sparse LU factorization with partial pivoting is important for many scientific applications and delivering high performance for this problem is difficult on distributed memory machines. Our previous work has developed an approach called S' that incorporates static symbolic factorization, supernode partitioning and graph scheduling. This paper studies the properties of elimination forests and uses them to guide supernode partitioning/amalgamation and execution scheduling. The new design with 2D mapping effectively identifies dense structures without introducing too many zeros in the BLAS computation and exploits asynchronous parallelism with low buffer space cost. The implementation of this code, called S+, uses supernodal matrix multiplication which retains the BLAS-3 level efficiency and avoids unnecessary arithmetic operations. The experiments show that S+ improves our previous code substantially and can achieve up to 11.04GFLOPS on 128 Cray T3E 450MHz nodes, which is the highest performance reported in the literature.
Multi-View ML Object Tracking With Online Learning on Riemannian Manifolds by Combining Geometric Constraints (2013)

This paper addresses issues in object tracking with occlusion scenarios, where multiple uncalibrated cameras with overlapping fields of view are exploited. We propose a novel method where tracking is first done independently in each individual view and then tracking results are mapped from different views to improve the tracking jointly. The proposed tracker uses the assumptions that objects are visible in at least one view and move uprightly on a common planar ground that may induce a homography relation between views. A method for online learning of object appearances on Riemannian manifolds is also introduced. The main novelties of the paper include: 1) define a similarity measure, based on geodesics between a candidate object and a set of mapped references from multiple views on a Riemannian manifold; 2) propose multi-view maximum likelihood estimation of object bounding box parameters, based on Gaussian-distributed geodesics on the manifold; 3) introduce online learning of object appearances on the manifold, taking into account of possible occlusions; 4) utilize projective transformations for objects between views, where parameters are estimated from warped vertical axis by combining planar homography, epipolar geometry, and vertical vanishing point; 5) embed single-view trackers in a three-layer multi-view tracking scheme. Experiments have been conducted on videos from multiple uncalibrated cameras, where objects contain long-term partial/full occlusions, or frequent intersections. Comparisons have been made with three existing methods, where the performance is evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively. Results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of robustness against tracking drift caused by occlusions.
Supercompound imaging with Weiner deconvolution (2009)

The resolution of ultrasound imaging is restricted primarily by the blurring process of the imaging system embedded in the point spread function (PSF). Supercompounding has been found to be a highly effective way to enhance the resolution of ultrasound imaging. Here we utilize a spatial ultrasound compounding technique using a B-mode array rotated around a target in a range encompassing 180° or greater which we term "supercompounding." For some ultrasound imaging modalities, the PSF is unknown and is space variant, caused by a mono-focus imaging device. To use linear algorithms to enhance the resolution, images must be assumed to have a uniform PSF which is space invariant; otherwise, it is necessary to use complicated non-linear algorithms. Under the above circumstances, an image with a uniform PSF is the key element to more effective resolution enhancement. The supercompounding technique as here can create an image with a uniform PSF from 214 B-scan images thus allowing the use of linear algorithm enhancement. Once a supercompound image with a uniform PSF is constructed, the resolution of the image was further improved with Weiner deconvolution. The processing technique was demonstrated on imaging a dissected porcine aortic root at 5 different critical height levels both with and without inflated pressure into to the sinus. The results can be analyzed to acquire the mechanical properties and geometry of the aortic valve for future use. The resolution as measured by -6dB width of the sinus wall shows a 14% improvement.
Meta-SGD: Learning to Learn Quickly for Few-Shot Learning (2017)

Few-shot learning is challenging for learning algorithms that learn each task in isolation and from scratch. In contrast, meta-learning learns from many related tasks a meta-learner that can learn a new task more accurately and faster with fewer examples, where the choice of meta-learners is crucial. In this paper, we develop Meta-SGD, an SGD-like, easily trainable meta-learner that can initialize and adapt any differentiable learner in just one step, on both supervised learning and reinforcement learning. Compared to the popular meta-learner LSTM, Meta-SGD is conceptually simpler, easier to implement, and can be learned more efficiently. Compared to the latest meta-learner MAML, Meta-SGD has a much higher capacity by learning to learn not just the learner initialization, but also the learner update direction and learning rate, all in a single meta-learning process. Meta-SGD shows highly competitive performance for few-shot learning on regression, classification, and reinforcement learning.
Fasting Ghrelin Levels in Physically Active Women: Relationship with Menstrual Disturbances and Metabolic Hormones (2004)

Recent findings support a role for ghrelin in the regulation of energy homeostasis and possibly reproductive function. The primary purpose of this study was to test whether differences in fasting ghrelin levels exist in exercising women with differing menstrual and metabolic status. Menstrual cycle status was defined as sedentary ovulatory (SedOvul; n = 10, cycles = 26), exercising ovulatory (ExOvul; n = 11, cycles = 22), exercising luteal phase defect/anovulatory (ExLPD/Anov; n = 11, cycle = 27), and exercising amenorrheic (ExAmen; n = 8, cycle = 16). Subjects were 27.7 +/- 1.2 yr of age, weighed 60.2 +/- 3.3 kg, and had menstrual cycle lengths of 28.4 +/- 0.9 d. Blood was collected during the follicular phase (d 2-9) of each menstrual cycle and analyzed for total ghrelin, insulin, total T(3), and leptin. Ghrelin was significantly elevated by approximately 85% in the ExAmen category (725.5 +/- 40.8 pmol/liter) when compared with all other categories (P < 0.001; SedOvul = 393.6 +/- 32.0 pmol/liter, ExOvul = 418.9 +/- 34.8 pmol/liter, and ExLPD/Anov = 381.1 +/- 314 pmol/liter). Leptin levels were lower in all groups vs. SedOvul (P < 0.001). Insulin was lower in both the ExLPD/Anov and ExAmen categories vs. SedOvul and ExOvul (P < 0.018), and total T(3) was lower in ExAmen compared with all other groups (P < 0.001), with concentrations in ExLPD/Anov and ExOvul exceeding those in SedOvul (P < 0.05). These data clearly indicate a metabolic hormonal profile consistent with chronic energy deficiency in exercising women across a range in menstrual status and introduces ghrelin as a potential supplementary indicator that uniquely discriminates amenorrheic athletes from athletes with other menstrual disturbances.
Vulnerability extrapolation: assisted discovery of vulnerabilities using machine learning (2011)

Rigorous identification of vulnerabilities in program code is a key to implementing and operating secure systems. Unfortunately, only some types of vulnerabilities can be detected automatically. While techniques from software testing can accelerate the search for security flaws, in the general case discovery of vulnerabilities is a tedious process that requires significant expertise and time. In this paper, we propose a method for assisted discovery of vulnerabilities in source code. Our method proceeds by embedding code in a vector space and automatically determining API usage patterns using machine learning. Starting from a known vulnerability, these patterns can be exploited to guide the auditing of code and to identify potentially vulnerable code with similar characteristics—a process we refer to as vulnerability extrapolation. We empirically demonstrate the capabilities of our method in different experiments. In a case study with the library FFmpeg, we are able to narrow the search for interesting code from 6,778 to 20 functions and discover two security flaws, one being a known flaw and the other constituting a zero-day vulnerability. 1
Pressure-scanned three-pass Fabry-Perot interferometer (1978)

This paper describes a pressure-scanned three-pass Fabry-Perot interferometer. The design considerations relating plate reflectivity and desired transmission and contrast are presented together with the details of the beam positioning in the retroreflectors. Actual performance of the instrument is compared with predicted performance for transmission and contrast. A contrast of 1.4 x 10(8) and transmission of 29% were achieved.
Catalytic Effects of B/N-co-Doped Porous Carbon Incorporated with Ketjenblack Nanoparticles for All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (2015)

Heteroatom-doping in carbon structures plays a key role in the catalytic activities. We report bio-derived porous carbon catalysts by a self-contained nitrogen in orange peels with additional boron co-doping. This heteroatom co-doped porous carbon materials are coated with the ketjenblack nanoparticles (KB-BNPC) to increase electrical conductivity. We newly discover that the KB-BNPC electrocatalyst increases electrocatalytic activities toward vanadium redox couples of V2+/V3+ and VO2+/VO2+, demonstrating the improvement of redox onset potentials and peak currents. Notably, we control the doping ratio of B and N atoms, suggesting that B/N ratio of 0.65 gives rise to a synergistic effect of the heteroatoms for vanadium redox reactions. We believe that the optimized porous structures and defects in the KB-BNPC catalyst can facilitate the absorption and desorption of the vanadium ions by enhancing electron and mass transfer kinetics.
Cloning of glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase genes (<i>ZrGPD1</i> and <i>ZrGPD2</i>) and glycerol dehydrogenase genes (<i>ZrGCY1</i> and <i>ZrGCY2</i>) from the salt‐tolerant yeast <i>Zygosaccharomyces rouxii</i> (2001)

The ZrGPD1 and ZrGPD2 genes encoding putative glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenases were isolated from the salt-tolerant yeast, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. Both genes are homologous to GPD1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and are constitutively expressed in Z. rouxii cells. Putative glycerol dehydrogenase genes, ZrGCY1 and ZrGCY2, which are highly homologous to GCY1 of S. cerevisiae, were also isolated. Since the level of transcripts of ZrGCY1 and ZrGCY2 increased in Z. rouxii cells subjected to salt stress, it is suggested that the pathway of the signal transduction of salt stress controls the expression of these genes. The Accession Nos of these sequences in GenBank are as follows: ZrGPD1, AB047394; ZrGPD2, AB047395; ZrGCY1, AB047396; ZrGCY2, AB047397.
Investigation of Acid-Catalytic Conversion of Carbohydrates in the Presence of Aliphatic Alcohols at Mild Temperatures (2005)

The processes of fructose and saccharose conversion catalyzed by sodium hydrosulphate and sulphuric acid in biphase water–alcohol (from butanol to octanol) systems as well as in the homogeneous alcoholic media (ethanol, butanol) at 82–102 o C have been studied. It has been demonstrated by GLC-MS and 13 N and 1 I NMR spectroscopy methods that the main products of conversion of carbohydrates are ethers and esters of 5-hydroxymethyl furfurol and levulic acid, respectively. The total yield of ethers ranges up to 80–90 mol. %. The yield of ethers drops as the concentration of carbohydrates increases. At high concentrations of substrate, the maximum selectivity of acid-catalytic conversion of fructose declines in the following succession: biphase system (water–alcohol) – homogeneous aqueous medium – homogeneous butanol solution. An increase of alcohol molecular weight causes its alkylating capacity in the studied processes to decrease. The results arrived at demonstrate that the combination of alkylation and extraction processes with the removing of the reaction products from the catalytically active aqueous phase in alcohol–water biphase systems makes it possible to increase the yield of the desired products of the process. An increase in the fructose concentration up to 1 M causes the LA yield to decrease to 65 mol. %
An In-Depth Analysis of Concurrent B-Tree Algorithms (1991)

Abstract : The B tree is a data structure designed to efficiently support dictionary operations for a variety of applications. In order to increases throughput, many algorithms have been proposed to maintain concurrent operations on B-tree. Replicating objects in memory can play a large role in concurrent B- tree performance, especially for large distributed and parallel systems. Because most replication schemes are coherent, readers generally cannot operate concurrently with a writer. This thesis presents two new concurrent B-trees algorithms. The first is an link algorithm that uses coherent replication; it is based on the Lehman-Yao algorithm which performs better than any other proposed concurrent B-tree algorithm. The second is a similar algorithm that uses multi- version memory, a new semantics for replicated memory. Multi-version memory weakens the semantics of coherent replication by allowing readers to read old versions of data. As a result, readers can perform in parallel with a writer. Also, implementations of multi-version memory require less communication and synchronization. Simulation experiments comparing a variety of concurrent B-tree algorithms show that the first algorithm has better performance than previously proposed algorithms and that the second algorithm has significantly better performance and scaling properties than any algorithms using coherent replicated memory.
Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into corneal epithelial progenitor cells under defined conditions (2017)

The development of cell-based therapies using stem cells represents a significant breakthrough in the treatment of limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). The aim of this study was to develop a novel protocol to differentiate human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into corneal epithelial progenitor cells (CEPCs), with similar features to primary cultured human limbal stem cells (LSCs), using a medium composed of DMEM/F12 and defined keratinocyte serum-free medium (KSFM) (1:1) under different carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in culture. The differentiated cells exhibited a similar morphology to limbal stem cells under 5%, 7%, and 9% CO2 and expressed the LSC markers ABCG-2 and p63; however, CK14 was only expressed in the cells cultured under 7% and 9% CO2. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis indicated that the ABCG2, p63, and CK14 levels in the 7% CO2 and 9% CO2 groups were higher than those in the 5% CO2 group and in undifferentiated hESCs (p<0.05). The highest expression of ABCG2 and p63 was exhibited in the cells cultured under 7% CO2 at day 6 of differentiation. Western blotting indicated that the ABCG2 and p63 levels were higher at day 6 than the other time points in the 7% CO2 and 9% CO2 groups. The highest protein expression of ABCG2 and p63 was identified in the 7% CO2 group. The neural cell-specific marker tubulin β3 and the epidermal marker K1/10 were also detected in the differentiated cells via immunofluorescent staining; thus, cell sorting was performed via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and ABCG2-positive cells were isolated as CEPCs. The sorted cells formed three to four layers of epithelioid cells by airlifting culture and expressed ABCG2, p63, CK14, and CK3. In conclusion, the novel induction system conditioned by 7% CO2 in this study may be an effective and feasible method for CEPC differentiation.
The Euro-Atlantic Architecture: From West to East (1991)

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Study on splitting of sucrose glycoside bonds by beta-fructosidase of Aspergillus niger VKM F-801. (1998)

Functional groups of beta-fructosidase of Aspergillus niger VKM F-801 were identified. Based on the pH dependence of the enzyme, the calculated heat of ionization, the photoinactivation of the enzyme in the presence of methylene blue photosensitizer, and also the enzyme inactivation by diethyl pyrocarbonate, the catalytic center of the beta-fructosidase was found to include carboxyl and imidazole groups of amino acid residues. The glycoside bond in the sucrose molecule is apparently cleaved by the catalytically active carboxylate--imidazole pair.
The Role of Inflammation in Age-Related Sarcopenia (2017)

Many physiological changes occur with aging. These changes often, directly or indirectly, result in a deterioration of the quality of life and even in a shortening of life expectancy. Besides increased levels of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage and cell apoptosis, another important factor affecting the aging process involves a systemic chronic low-grade inflammation. This condition has already been shown to be interrelated with several (sub)clinical conditions, such as insulin resistance, atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Recent evidence, however, shows that chronic low-grade inflammation also contributes to the loss of muscle mass, strength and functionality, referred to as sarcopenia, as it affects both muscle protein breakdown and synthesis through several signaling pathways. Classic interventions to counteract age-related muscle wasting mainly focus on resistance training and/or protein supplementation to overcome the anabolic inflexibility from which elderly suffer. Although the elderly benefit from these classic interventions, the therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory strategies is of great interest, as these might add up to/support the anabolic effect of resistance exercise and/or protein supplementation. In this review, the molecular interaction between inflammation, anabolic sensitivity and muscle protein metabolism in sarcopenic elderly will be addressed.
Robust recognition of documents (2002)

To make interpretation of scanned documents much more robust, the system IDA uses different knowledge about geometry and text. This knowledge is handled by an analysis process, which is relatively free in what to do and how to do it. These degrees of freedom are filled by utilization of control knowledge. Decisions are made with regards to context. The analysis process calculates truth values as well as numerically based test candidates. All analysis states are stored in justification networks similar to truth maintenance systems. This is used to support the solution of inconsistencies and ambiguities. The results of analysis as senders, dates, and authors are reliable enough so that they can be used by storing documents in databases.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nerve-cell grafting in Parkinson's disease (1988)

The successful utilization of fetal nerve-cell grafts as therapeutic tools in animal models of neurodegenerative disease has prompted the first clinical attempts in parkinsonian patients in at least three countries. The extensive scientific data in rodents coupled with the first successful fetal neural grafts in monkeys with experimental parkinsonism suggest that consideration might now be given to clinical applications. Attention is also directed to the various types of donor cells that might be utilized in clinical trials for the treatment of parkinsonism, including potential benefits, risks, and limitations associated with each type of donor material. This review highlights major developments in this field as they relate to basic principles of neural grafting and discusses potential applications in humans.
Characterization of a precision wire feeder for small-diameter wire (1989)

It is essential that paramedics take part in the drawing up of good practice guidelines. These recommendations are aimed at guiding all healthcare professionals to provide global care to the patient. Enabling such collaboration allows the expertise of paramedical staff to be recognised and encourages exchanges and awareness of research on new practices.