gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transcription activator‐like type III effector AvrXa27 depends on OsTFIIAγ5 for the activation of <i>Xa27</i> transcription in rice that triggers disease resistance to <i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> pv. <i>oryzae</i> (2009)

The transcription activator-like (TAL) type III effector AvrXa27 from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) strain PXO99(A) activates the transcription of the host resistance gene Xa27, which results in disease resistance to bacterial blight (BB) in rice. In this study, we show that AvrXa27-activated Xa27 transcription requires host general transcription factor OsTFIIAgamma5. The V39E substitution in OsTFIIAgamma5, encoded by the recessive resistance gene xa5 in rice, greatly attenuates this activation in xa5 and Xa27 double homozygotes on inoculation with Xa27-incompatible strains. The xa5 gene also causes attenuation in the induction of Xa27 by AvrXa27 expressed in rice. The xa5-mediated attenuation of Xa27-mediated resistance to PXO99(A) is recessive. Intriguingly, xa5-mediated resistance to xa5-incompatible strains is also down-regulated in the xa5 and Xa27 double homozygotes. In addition, AvrXa27 expressed in planta shows weak virulence activity in the xa5 genetic background and causes enhanced susceptibility of the plants to BB inoculation. The results suggest that TAL effectors target host general transcription factors to directly manipulate the host transcriptional machinery for virulence and/or avirulence. The identification of xa5-mediated attenuation of Xa27-mediated resistance to Xoo provides a guideline for breeding resistance to BB when pyramiding xa5 with other resistance genes.
Structural Design of Cyclocopter Blade System (2005)

A cyclocopter propelled by the cycloidal blade system, which can be described as a horizontal rotary wing, is a new concept of VTOL vehicle. In this paper, structural design and analysis are carried out for the aerodynamically optimized cyclocopter rotor system. Design variables such as stacking sequence (ply angles), number of plies and locations of spars of composite blade are determined through MSC/NASTRAN, RSM and some other optimizing processes. The maximum stress obtained by static analysis of each parts of the rotor is within the failure criteria. The rotor system is designed for the purpose of avoiding possible dynamic instabilities by inconsistency between frequencies of rotor rotation and some low natural frequencies of rotor. Also dynamic analysis for the airframe which supports the rotor, engine, etc. is carried out.
A real time dose monitoring and dose reconstruction tool for patient specific VMAT QA and delivery (2012)

Errors may exist during complex VMAT planning and delivery. Linac data monitor is capable of detecting and quantifying mechanical and dosimetric errors at various stages of planning and delivery.
Effects of minute impurities (H, OH, F) on SiO/sub 2//Si interface as investigated by nuclear resonant reaction and electron spin resonance (1990)

The effects of minute amounts of impurities (H, OH, and F) in SiO/sub 2/ are investigated to obtain a guideline for improving the reliability of MOS devices. To examine the behavior of hydrogen, deuterium (D) is adopted as a tracer. The quantity of deuterium dissolved in SiO/sub 2/ is measured by the D(/sup 3/He,p)/sup 4/He nuclear resonant reaction (NRR) technique. The Influence of the impurities on the SiO/sub 2/-Si interface structure is studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) measurement. Hot-carrier injection with MOS capacitors and transistors are examined to determine the effects of minute impurities on the electrical characteristics of gate SiO/sub 2/ and the correlation of this effect with the NRR and ESR experimental results. It was found that significant amounts of D/sub 2/O are diffused into SiO/sub 2/, even at 200 degrees C, and these dissolved D/sub 2/O molecules are eliminated at temperatures above 700 degrees C. The number of unpaired bonds at the interface increases with decrease of dissolved water in SiO/sub 2/. The disappearance of the interface traps after high-temperature annealing above 800 degrees C is thought to be due to the viscous flow of SiO/sub 2/ and to the interface reoxidation. Reducing the hydrogen and relaxing the interface strain are essential for improving the MOS device endurance against hot carriers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Antibacterial activity of cationic proteins from human granulocytes. (1975)

Human granulocytes contain several cationic proteins with a molecular weight of approximately 25,000, almost identical amino acid composition, and complete immunologic identity. These proteins possess a chymotrypsin-like protease activity at a neutral pH. The antibacterial activity of the cationic proteins has been studied. Bactericidal activities are found against both Gram-positive (Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) organisms. Gram-positive bacteria are, however, the most sensitive. The pH-optimum is near neutrality, and the microbicidal activity shows an inverse relationship to the ionic strength, indicating an ionic interaction between the cationic proteins and the bacterial surface. The microbicidal effect of the cationic proteins is generally independent of the chymotrypsin-like activity of the same proteins since the activity against several bacterial species is heat stable while the chymotrypsin-like activity is heat labile. The surface properties of S. aureus that are determined by protein A do not seem to influence the susceptibility to cationic proteins. The properties of the Gram-negative envelope of E. coli that determine the susceptibility to the lytic action of serum do not influence the sensitivity to the action of cationic proteins. The present study shows that cationic proteins of human granulocytes represent one potential microbicidal mechanism that is independent of hydrogen peroxide and myeloperoxidase.
Practical prediction and prefetch for faster access to applications on mobile phones (2013)

Mobile phones have evolved from communication devices to indispensable accessories with access to real-time content. The increasing reliance on dynamic content comes at the cost of increased latency to pull the content from the Internet before the user can start using it. While prior work has explored parts of this problem, they ignore the bandwidth costs of prefetching, incur significant training overhead, need several sensors to be turned on, and do not consider practical systems issues that arise from the limited background processing capability supported by mobile operating systems. In this paper, we make app prefetch practical on mobile phones. Our contributions are two-fold. First, we design an app prediction algorithm, APPM, that requires no prior training, adapts to usage dynamics, predicts not only which app will be used next but also when it will be used, and provides high accuracy without requiring additional sensor context. Second, we perform parallel prefetch on screen unlock, a mechanism that leverages the benefits of prediction while operating within the constraints of mobile operating systems. Our experiments are conducted on long-term traces, live deployments on the Android Play Market, and user studies, and show that we outperform prior approaches to predicting app usage, while also providing practical ways to prefetch application content on mobile phones.
Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2 by Natriuretic Peptides (2002)

The atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) has been suggested to possess immunomodulatory potential because of its property to alter macrophage functions via its guanylate-cylcase- coupled A-receptor (NPR-A), such as inhibiting the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase or TNF-alpha. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ANP influences COX-2. COX-2 expression in murine macrophages and in mice was induced by lipopolysaccharide. Release of PGE(2) and thromboxane B(2) was significantly reduced in the presence of ANP. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) also significantly reduced PGE(2)-accumulation in macrophages. Northern and Western blots showed that ANP attenuates COX-2 mRNA and protein. Reduction of neither COX-2 nor of PGE(2) production was significantly abrogated by an NPR-A antagonist, suggesting a pathway independent of cGMP. Furthermore, dibutyryl-cGMP did not affect PGE(2)-accumulation. cANF, the specific ligand for the natriuretic peptide (NP) clearance-receptor (NPR-C), significantly inhibited PGE(2)-production. Because some biological activities of ANP have been reported to be mediated via an NPR-C-mediated inhibition of adenylate-cyclase, we determined cAMP levels. ANP, CNP, and cANF significantly attenuated intracellular cAMP. In summary, ANP was shown to attenuate PGE(2)-production of lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages predominantly via the NP clearance-receptor. ANP reduces COX-2-protein and -mRNA levels. The inhibition seems to be mediated via NPR-C and related to an attenuation of cAMP production.
On the possibility of application of kinoform and harmonic diffraction structures in constructions of phakic intraocular lenses (2015)

Chromatic aberrations of the eye that arise upon application of diffraction structures such as Fresnel phase lenses with an ordinary (kinoform) or deep (harmonic) profile and diffraction-refraction (hybrid) structures in constructions of phakic (i.e., without lensectomy) intraocular lenses have been investigated analytically. Investigations have been done based on an eye model. It has been shown that, if kinoform (with a profile depth on the order of one wavelength) or hybrid structures are used, chromatic aberrations do not exceed 1 D (i.e., are comparable with aberrations of the ordinary eye) only in a positive range optical powers, which are restricted by the values of +7 and +15 D, respectively. If a harmonic structure is used (with a profile depth on the order of 20 wavelengths), the chromatic aberrations do not exceed 1 D in the entire interval of optical powers of phakic lenses from −25 to +15 D.
Managing common sport injuries in the pharmacy : review (2014)

Pharmacists are often approached for advice on common sport injuries, such as sprains and strains. Although some injuries may be managed with rest, ice, compression and elevation, as well as treatment with local or oral anti-inflammatory drugs, others, such as head injuries and fractures, can be serious. They may need referral for further assessment. The extent of the contribution of the inflammatory response to the healing process is currently unknown, but has led some to question the use of ice and anti-inflammatory drugs to suppress this physiological response. Evidence to support this theory is still insufficient and needs further exploration. Short-term treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs or paracetamol, in combination with nonpharmacological management, is still recommended for most commonly occurring sport injuries.
Smart Cards and PC Cards (1999)

This document introduces both smart cards and PC cards and covers some of their relevant applications to information security. This includes their use in access control, as portable secure storage for cryptographic keys and for computing cryptographic functions. The aim of this document istohighlight the di erences between the two card formats (smart card and PC card) and to indicate their respective advantages and disadvantages. The intention is to assist organisations, implementing solutions utilising either format, to select the best option.
Yeast actin filaments display ATP-dependent sliding movement over surfaces coated with rabbit muscle myosin. (1992)

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used to study the function of components of the actin cytoskeleton in vivo, mainly because it is easy to derive and characterize mutations affecting these proteins. In contrast, biochemical studies have generally used proteins derived from higher eukaryotes. We have devised a simple procedure to prepare, in high yield, homogeneous native actin from wild-type and act1 mutant yeast. Using intensified video fluorescence microscopy, we found that actin filaments polymerized from these preparations exhibit ATP-dependent sliding movement over surfaces coated with rabbit skeletal muscle myosin. The rates of sliding movement of the wild-type and mutant yeast actins were each about half that of rabbit skeletal muscle actin under similar conditions. We conclude that over the large evolutionary distance between yeast and mammals there has been significant conservation of actin function, specifically the ability to be moved by interaction with myosin.
스코틀랜드` 교회의 독립 -11-12세기 요크 대주교구와의 갈등을 중심으로- (2016)

본 논문은 스코틀랜드 교회의 독립에 대해 고찰하는 것을 목표로 한다. 이를 위해 본 논문은 스코틀랜드 교회와 잉글랜드 교회, 특히 요크 대주교구와의 갈등 관계 그리고 스코틀랜드 교회 문제에 대한 교황과 세속권력의 개입을 살펴본다. 또한 글래스고 주교구가 ‘교황의 딸’로 지정되고 교황으로부터 Super anxietatibus과 Cum universi 칙령을 받아내는 과정을 검토한다. 이를 통해 스코틀랜드 교회가 요크 대주교구의 우위권으로부터 벗어나 독립적인 지위를 확보하는 과정을 검토하고 그 의미에 대해 논하고자 한다.
Limitation of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization using iodized oil for small hepatocellular carcinoma. A study in resected cases (1991)

The radiologic and histologic findings are presented of the resection of 14 small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), less than 2 cm in maximum diameter, after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TCE) using iodized oil. The effect of TCE on small HCC depended on the morphologic type of the tumors. When no extracapsular invasion of tumor cells occurred, TCE was extremely effective against encapsulated tumors. However, in nine of the 14 resected specimens, viable tumor cells remained in or around the tumor. The authors suggest that small HCC are not always curable with TCE alone and that a multi-disciplinary approach is necessary for patients with small HCC.
Pollination of Male‐sterile Soybeans in Caged Plots<sup>1</sup> (1981)

Seed production on male‐sterile soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in cages with honeybees ( Apis mellifera L.) and alfalfa leafcutting bees [ Megachile rotundata (F.)] was compared with plants exposed to native insect populations in open‐caged plots and with plants grown in closed cages. All plots consisted of alternate rows of ߢWilliamsߣ male‐sterile plants ( ms 2 , ms 2 ) and ‘Calland’ which were covered by cages after flowering commenced. Significant differences were found between treatments for the number of seeds/plant, pods/plant, and seeds/pod. A significant increase in seed production of over 477% was observed on plants in cages containing the bees compared with plants in open or closed cages. No significant differences in seed production were observed between open or closed cages or between the use of honey or alfalfa leafcutting bees as the pollen vector. Honeybees were efficient pollen vectors, but were inconvenient to handle. Leafcutting bees seem to be preferable for mass pollination of male‐sterile soybeans in caged studies because of their temperament and ease of handling.
Double Phase Inversion of Emulsions Containing Layered Double Hydroxide Particles Induced by Adsorption of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (2008)

A liquid paraffin−water emulsion was investigated using layered double hydroxide (LDH) particles and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as emulsifiers. Both emulsifiers are well-known to stabilize oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions. Surprisingly, a double phase inversion of the emulsion containing LDH particles is induced by the adsorption of SDS. At a constant LDH concentration, the emulsion is o/w type when SDS concentrations are low. At intermediate SDS concentrations, the first emulsion inversion from o/w to w/o occurs, which is attributed to the enhanced hydrophobicity of LDH particles caused by the desorption of the second layer of surfactant, leaving a densely packed SDS monolayer on the LDH exterior surfaces. The second inversion from water-in-oil (w/o) to o/w occurs at higher SDS concentrations, which may be due to the competitive adsorption at the oil/water interfaces between the LDH particles modified by the SDS bilayers and the free SDS molecules in the bulk solution, but the free SDS molecules dominate and determine the emulsion type. Laser-induced fluorescent confocal micrographs clearly confirm the adsorption of LDH particles on the surfaces of the initial o/w and intermediate w/o emulsion droplets, whereas no LDH particles were adsorbed on the final o/w emulsion droplet surfaces. Also, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations indicate that the shape of the final o/w emulsions is similar to that of the monomeric SDS-stabilized emulsion but different from that of the initial o/w emulsions. The adsorption behavior of SDS on LDH particles in water was investigated to offer an explanation for the emulsion double phase inversion. The zeta potential results show that the particles will flocculate first and then redisperse following surfactant addition. Also, X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements indicate that SDS adsorption on the LDH interior surfaces will be complete at intermediate concentrations.
The transmembrane glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 induces syncytium formation in the absence of the receptor binding glycoprotein (1992)

To study the intracellular transport and biological properties of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmembrane glycoprotein (TM; gp41), we constructed a truncated envelope gene in which the majority of the coding sequences for the surface glycoprotein (SU; gp120) were deleted. Transient expression of this truncated env gene in primate cells resulted in the biosynthesis of two proteins with M(r)s of 52,000 and 41,000, respectively. Immunofluorescence studies with antibodies to the HIV-1 TM protein indicated that the intracellular and surface localization of these proteins were indistinguishable from those of the native HIV-1 gp120-gp41 complex. These results indicate that the oligosaccharide processing and cell surface transport of the HIV-1 TM protein were not dependent on the presence of the receptor binding subunit, gp120. Syncytium formation was readily detected upon expression of the deleted HIV-1 env gene into COS and CD4+ HeLa cell lines, suggesting that in the absence of gp120, the TM protein retained biological activity. This observation was confirmed by infection of primate and mouse cell lines with a recombinant vaccinia virus (vvgp41) expressing the truncated HIV-1 env gene. These results strongly suggest that (i) the two biological activities of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein can occur independently and (ii) the association of the two glycoprotein subunits may restrict the fusion activity of the transmembrane component to CD4+ cells.
Effectiveness of shield termination techniques tested with TEM cell and bulk current injection (2009)

This paper presents experimental results of the effectiveness of various shield termination techniques. Each termination technique is evaluated by two independent noise injection methods; transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell operated from 3 MHz - 400 MHz, and bulk current injection (BCI) operated from 50 kHz - 400 MHz. Both single carrier and broadband injection tests were investigated. Recommendations as to how to achieve the best shield transfer impedance (i.e. reduced coupled noise) are made based on the empirical data. Finally, the noise injection techniques themselves are indirectly evaluated by comparing the results obtained from the TEM cell to those from BCI.
Minimum-Deviation Digital Controller IC for DC–DC Switch-Mode Power Supplies (2012)

This paper introduces a hardware-efficient digital controller integrated circuit (IC) for single- and two-phase dc-dc converters that recovers from load transients with virtually minimum possible output voltage deviation. In steady state, the IC behaves as a conventional voltage-mode pulsewidth modulation controller. During load changes, it enters transient suppression mode that utilizes a simple algorithm, requiring no knowledge of the converter parameters and virtually no processing power, to seamlessly recover back to the steady state without exposing components to a high-current stress. To further minimize the area and power consumption of the IC, an asynchronous track-and-hold analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is developed. The ADC utilizes only one preamplifier and four comparators having approximately ten times smaller silicon area and power consumption than a comparable windowed flash ADC. To compensate effects of converter losses and system delays on the controller operation, the IC also incorporates duty ratio correction logic and dual-extreme point-based detection. The entire IC is implemented in a CMOS 0.18-μm process on a 0.26-mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> silicon area, which is comparable to the state-of-the-art analog solutions. The functionality of the controller is tested with both single- and two-phase commercial 12-1.8 V, 500-kHz 60/120-W buck converter power stages. The results demonstrate seamless transition to the steady state with virtually minimum output voltage deviation. For the experimental system, this deviation is about four times smaller than that of a fast PID compensator having a one-tenth of the switching frequency bandwidth.
A 3-D recognition and positioning algorithm using geometrical matching between primitive surfaces (1983)

In this paper, we describe an efficient algorithm for 3-0 scene analysis. This algorithm uses a segmentation of the surfaces to identified into geometrical primitives, the original data being obtained by a laser range finder. Moreover, the algorithm estimates precisel the location and orientation of an identified object of the scene. Results are presented on real objects.