gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A NEW FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHOD FOR THE NONLINEAR INVERSE HEAT CONDUCTION PROBLEM (1986)

A new space-marching finite-difference algorithm is developed to solve the nonlinear inverse heat conduction problem. This algorithm uses interior temperature measurements at future times to estimate the surface heat flux. The results of this method are compared on a test case with four other numerical schemes. The method is as accurate as the method developed by Beck [ 1] and uses a smaller computational time. This scheme is also employed to estimate the effects of different types of experimental errors on the estimation of the surface heat flux. Errors due to temperature measurements, thermocouple locations, and material properties are each investigated.
Study of photopolymer. XVII. Synthesis of novel photosensitive polymers with pendant photosensitive group and photosensitizer groups (1983)

Abstract Novel photosensitive polymers with pendant photosensitive group, such as cinnamic ester, and photosensitizer groups, such as N ‐carbamoyl‐ p ‐nitroaniline and N ‐carbamoly‐4‐nitro‐1‐naphthylamine, were synthesized from radical copolymerizations of (2‐cinnamoyloxy)ethylmethacrylate with photosensitizer monomers, such as p ‐nitrophenylmethacrylamide and 4‐nitro‐1‐na‐phthylmethacrylamide, by using asobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) in benzene and from the copolymerizations of (2‐hydroxy)ethylmethacrylate or (2‐hydroxy)ethylacrylate with photosensitizer monomers by using AIBN in DMF. This procedure was followed by condensation reactions of the copolymers with cinnamoyl chloride with pyridine as HCL acceptor in the same reaction flask. The photoreactivities of the polymers obtained were influenced by the concentration of photosensitive group and photosensitizer groups and their ratio in the polymer matrix. In addition, the photosensitivity of cinnamic ester groups attached to a soft polymer segment was higher than that of cinnamic ester group attached to a hard polymer segment when these polymers had the same pendant N ‐carbamoyl‐ p ‐nitroaniline group as photosensitizer. Furthermore, the spacer length between the polymer chain and photosensitizer group was important for increasing the photoreactivity of the photosensitive group in the polymers with pendant cinnamic ester and N ‐carbamoyl‐ p ‐nitroaniline groups.
Fluerics 40: LJARS, The Laminar Jet Angular Rate Sensor. (1979)

This report presents an analysis and experimental data in its support for a laminar jet angular rate sensor (LJARS). An LJARS is a device in which a Coriolis force causes a jet to deflect as a function of applied angular rate. This jet deflection is sensed as a differential pressure or flow. Both the theory and the data show that the differential pressure is a linear function of applied angular rate. The report considers the fluid mechanic and fluid dynamic aspects of the device and discusses in detail such areas as jet pressure recovery, dynamic response, and transport delay. In addition, the report expands considerably on the theory by presenting numerous empirical guidelines for the design and the implementation of these devices. Included is a brief heuristic argument for the determination of the transition-to-turbulence point and methods for effecting suitable temperature and null offset compensation. Environmental temperature and pressure effects are detailed. Finally, typical LJARS characteristics are summarized and presented. The important characteristic parameters are thresholds of less than 0.1 deg/s, offsets of less than 0.5 deg/s, and sensitivities of 0.04 Pa/(deg/s). The LJARS output is easily amplified by laminar proportional amplifiers. Other desirable characteristics of the LJARS are an estimated cost of less than $100, high reliability, and instant-on performance. (Author)
Diisopropylethylamine (2001)

[7087-68-5] C8H19N (MW 129.24) InChI = 1S/C8H19N/c1-6-9(7(2)3)8(4)5/h7-8H,6H2,1-5H3 InChIKey = JGFZNNIVVJXRND-UHFFFAOYSA-N (hindered non-nucleophilic amine base used in alkylations, selective generation of enolates, aldol-like reactions, and eliminations) Alternate Names: DIPEA; DIEA; Hünig's base. Physical Data: bp 127 °C; d 0.742 g cm−3. Solubility: sol most organic solvents. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: corrosive and flammable liquid; flush containers with nitrogen or argon to prevent exposure to carbon dioxide; vapors are harmful; avoid absorption through the skin; use in a fume hood.
Estimation technique of low crest factor signal in multiple signal representation (2008)

OFDM system has attracted much attention as a fourth mobile communication due to its high bandwidth efficiency and robustness to frequency-selective fading channel. However, one disadvantage of OFDM signal is its high crest factor that results in nonlinear distortion at the high power amplifier (HPA). Therefore, various methods have been proposed for reducing crest factor. Among them, selective mapping (SLM) has been considered a good technique for crest factor reduction. However, it requires numerous inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) operations, which show the high computational complexity. In this paper, we proposed a low crest factor estimation technique without IFFT operation. It is inserted prior to IFFT block and estimates the low crest factor sequence using a correlation approach. The computer simulation shows that the estimation technique reduces the computational complexity while it has almost the same crest factor performance as that of the conventional SLM.
Overexpression of AmpC and Efflux Pumps in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Bloodstream Infections: Prevalence and Impact on Resistance in a Spanish Multicenter Study (2011)

The prevalence and impact of the overexpression of AmpC and efflux pumps were evaluated with a collection of 190 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates recovered from bloodstream infections in a 2008 multicenter study (10 hospitals) in Spain. The MICs of a panel of 13 antipseudomonal agents were determined by microdilution, and the expressions of ampC, mexB, mexY, mexD, and mexF were determined by real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Up to 39% of the isolates overexpressed at least one of the mechanisms. ampC overexpression (24.2%) was the most prevalent mechanism, followed by mexY (13.2%), mexB (12.6%), mexF (4.2%), and mexD (2.2%). The overexpression of mexB plus mexY, documented for 5.3% of the isolates, was the only combination showing a significantly (P=0.02) higher prevalence than expected from the frequencies of the individual mechanisms (1.6%). Additionally, all imipenem-resistant isolates studied (25 representative isolates) showed inactivating mutations in oprD. Most of the isolates nonsusceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam (96%) and ceftazidime (84%) overexpressed ampC, while mexB (25%) and mexY (29%) overexpressions gained relevance among cefepime-nonsusceptible isolates. Nevertheless, the prevalence of mexY overexpression was highest among tobramycin-nonsusceptible isolates (37%), and that of mexB was highest among meropenem-nonsusceptible isolates (33%). Regarding ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates, besides the expected increased prevalence of efflux pump overexpression, a highly significant link to ampC overexpression was documented for the first time: up to 52% of ciprofloxacin-nonsusceptible isolates overexpressed ampC, sharply contrasting with the 24% documented for the complete collection (P<0.001). In summary, mutation-driven resistance was frequent in P. aeruginosa isolates from bloodstream infections, whereas metallo-β-lactamases, detected in 2 isolates (1%) producing VIM-2, although with increasing prevalences, were still uncommon.
4‐S‐Cysteaminylphenol and its Analogues as Substrates for Tyrosinase and Monoamine Oxidase (1990)

A phenolic amine compound, 4-S-cysteaminylphenol (4-S-CAP), was found to cause a selective destruction of follicular melanocytes. It was also recently found that 4-S-CAP can be a substrate for both tyrosinase and plasma monoamine oxidase (MAO). Both of these enzymes are capable of producing cytotoxic intermediates through their interaction with 4-S-CAP. To study the mechanism of selective melanocytotoxicity of phenolic amine compounds, we compared the in vivo depigmenting potency of 4-S-CAP and its three analogues; i.e., 4-S-HomoCAP, alpha-methyl(Me)-4-S-CAP and N,N-dimethyl(DiMe)-4-S-CAP, using black hair follicles. All four of these phenolic amine compounds possessed depigmenting potency. In this study we examined the kinetics of tyrosinase and MAO by these four compounds. 4-S-CAP and 4-S-HomoCAP were the substrates of both tyrosinase and MAO, whereas alpha-Me-4-S-CAP and N,N-DiMe-4-S-CAP were the substrates of tyrosinase alone. The rate of o-quinone formation by tyrosinase was not in parallel to the in vivo depigmenting potency of the tested compounds. It is therefore indicated that plasma MAO is not the enzyme directly responsible for the production of the melanocytotoxic intermediates from the phenolic amine compounds. We also found that the observed in vivo depigmentation results from complex processes involving the amount of o-quinone formed and the intracellular interaction of o-quinone with protein species.
Indoor experiment on 5G radio access using beam tracking at 15 GHz band (2016)

This paper presents indoor experimental results showing the achievement of 14.5 Gbps throughput performance based on 730.5 MHz bandwidth transmission when applying carrier aggregation (CA) with 8 component carriers (CCs) and 4-by-8 single-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiplexing in the 15 GHz frequency band in the downlink of 5G cellular radio access. Beam tracking with massive MIMO is implemented in a 5G testbed to support user mobility with a narrow beam. Experimental results in an indoor multi-path rich environment show that the peak throughput is 14.5 Gbps in a line-of-sight (LoS) environment with high mobility-reference signal received power (MRSRP) and low antenna correlation. The results also show that 12.5 Gbps is achieved behind a wall in non-LOS conditions due to ceiling reflections.
Lymphocyte Death in a Mouse Model of Ebola Virus Infection (2007)

The early and severe loss of peripheral blood NK and CD8+ lymphocytes in ZEBOV-infected mice is similar to that seen in macaques. The morphological basis of lymphocyte death in ZEBOV-infected mice appears to be both classic apoptosis and apoptosis-like programmed cell death, although lymphocyte apoptosis in ZEBOV-infected nonhuman primates seems to occur primarily via classic apoptosis. The mouse model of ZEBOV infection may be useful for the screening of therapeutics directed against limiting lymphocyte death.
Alternative treatment of serious and mild Pasteurella multocida infection in New Zealand White rabbits (2014)

In our study, (1-3), (1-6) β-glucans were highly effective in protecting against a model of naturally acquired P. multocida infection and extended survival times in the supra-physiological model. Enrofloxacin was effective in protecting against supra-physiological infection. We are currently reviewing the use of combined prophylaxis.
Multivesicular Liposome (Depofoam) in Human Diseases. (2020)

Drug development is a key point in the research of new therapeutic treatments for increasing maximum drug loading and prolonged drug effect. Encapsulation of drugs into multivesicular liposomes (DepoFoam) is a nanotechnology that allow delivery of the active constituent at a sufficient concentration during the entire treatment period. This guarantees the reduction of drug administration frequency, a very important factor in a prolonged treatment. Currently, diverse DepoFoam drugs are approved for clinical use against neurological diseases and for post-surgical pain management while other are under development for reducing surgical bleeding and for post-surgical analgesia. Also, on pre-clinical trials on cancer DepoFoam can improve bioavailability and stability of the drug molecules minimizing side effects by site-specific targeted delivery. In the current work, available literature on structure, preparation and pharmacokinetics of DepoFoam are reviewed. Moreover, we investigated approved DepoFoam formulations and preclinical studies with this nanotechnology.
Development of <em>Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum</em> for the conversion of lignocellulose to ethanol (Final Technical Report) (2012)

This project addressed the need for economical technology for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels, specifically the conversion of pretreated hardwood to ethanol. The technology developed is a set of strains of the bacterium Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum and an associated fermentation process for pretreated hardwood. Tools for genetic engineering and analysis of the organism were developed, including a markerless mutation method, a complete genome sequence and a set of gene expression profiles that show the activity of its genes under a variety of conditions relevant to lignocellulose conversion. Improved strains were generated by selection and genetic engineering to be able to produce higher amounts of ethanol (up to 70 g/L) and to be able to better tolerate inhibitory compounds from pretreated hardwood. Analysis of these strains has generated useful insight into the genetic basis for desired properties of biofuel producing organisms. Fermentation conditions were tested and optimized to achieve ethanol production targets established in the original project proposal. The approach proposed was to add cellulase enzymes to the fermentation, a method called Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF). We had reason to think SSF would be an efficient approach because the optimal temperature and pH for the enzymes and bacterium are very close. Unfortunately, we discovered that commercially available cellulases are inactivated in thermophilic SSF by a combination of low redox potential and ethanol. Despite this, progress was made against the fermentation targets using bacterial cellulases. Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum may still prove to be a commercially viable technology should cellulase enzyme issues be addressed. Moreover, the organism was demonstrated to produce ethanol at approximately theoretical yield from oligomeric hemicellulose extracts, an ability that may prove to be uniquely valuable in pretreatment configurations in which cellulose and hemicellulose are separated.
Laser Metal Deposition Process (2016)

Laser metal deposition process belongs to the directed energy deposition class of additive manufacturing process that is capable of producing highly complex part directly from the three dimensional (3D) computer aided design file of the component by adding materials layer after layers. Laser metal deposition process is a very important additive manufacturing process and it is the only class of additive manufacturing process that can be used to repair valued component parts which were not repairable in the past. Also because this additive manufacturing process can handle multiple materials simultaneously, it is used to produce part with functionally graded material. Some of the features of the laser metal deposition process are described in this chapter. Some experimental studies on the laser metal deposition of Titanium alloy- composite are also presented.
Ty3, a Yeast Retrotransposon Associated with tRNA Genes, Has Homology to Animal Retroviruses (1988)

Ty3, a retrotransposon of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is found within 20 base pairs (bp) of the 5' ends of different tRNA genes. Determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of one Ty3 retrotransposon (Ty3-2) shows that the element is composed of an internal domain 4,748 bp long flanked by long terminal repeats of the 340-bp sigma element. Three open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 100 codons are present in the sense strand. The first ORF, TYA3, encodes a protein with a motif found in the nucleic acid-binding protein of retroviruses. The second ORF, TYB3, has homology to retroviral pol genes. The deduced amino acid sequence of the reverse transcriptase domain shows the greatest similarity to Drosophila retrotransposon 17.6, with 43% identical residues. The inferred order of functional domains within TYB3--protease, reverse transcriptase, and endonuclease--resembles the order in Drosophila element 17.6 and in animal retroviruses but is different from that found in yeast elements Ty1 and Ty2. A second Ty3 element (Ty3-1) from a standard laboratory strain was overexpressed and shown to transpose.
Detecting the Orbital Angular Momentum of Electro-Magnetic Waves Using Virtual Rotational Antenna (2017)

Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) is a typical spatial mode of an Electro-Magnetic (EM) wave. Correctly detecting the OAM mode is fundamental and of foremost importance when applying the phenomenon to wireless transmission in free space. It is found that when rotating an OAM wave, a rotational Doppler shift that is proportional to the rotation speed and the OAM mode number can be observed. This property can be used for OAM detection, i.e., different OAM modes are identified by measuring the corresponding rotational Doppler frequency shifts. In previous work, this method was implemented by mechanically rotating the OAM wave, resulting in a small frequency shift. Since the high-speed mechanical rotation is hard to manufacture in a real system, it brings limitations to the bandwidth for each OAM wave. In this paper, we report on an OAM mode detection method based on digitally rotating a virtual antenna. The transmitter and receiver are physically fixed, but the Virtual Rotational Antenna (VRA) is obtained by interpolating the signals received from transverse-mounted receiving antennas. A large rotational Doppler shift occurs as a consequence of using digital processing, resulting in more capability for wideband wireless data transmission with the larger shifted frequency.
Decision Sum-Product-Max Networks (2016)

Sum-Product Networks (SPNs) were recently proposed as a new class of probabilistic graphical models that guarantee tractable inference, even on models with high-treewidth. In this paper, we propose a new extension to SPNs, called Decision Sum-Product-Max Networks (Decision-SPMNs), that makes SPNs suitable for discrete multi-stage decision problems. We present an algorithm that solves Decision-SPMNs in a time that is linear in the size of the network. We also present algorithms to learn the parameters of the network from data.
Effect of the nonreducing end of <i>Shigella dysenteriae</i> type 1 O-specific oligosaccharides on their immunogenicity as conjugates in mice (2007)

Endemic and epidemic shigellosis, an acute invasive disease of the lower intestines, afflicts millions of people worldwide with an estimated one million fatalities per annum at a low infectious dose. Our approach to vaccine development against Shigella is based on the hypothesis that serum IgG antibodies to the O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP) domains of the LPS of these organisms confer protection to infection. The synthetic oligosaccharides corresponding to the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the O-SP of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 covalently linked to human serum albumin elicited O-SP-specific IgG in mice. The antibody levels were a function of both the saccharide chain length and their loading on the protein. These synthetic saccharide conjugates elicited significantly higher levels of IgG anti O-SP than conjugates prepared with the O-SP from the bacteria. Here, we evaluated the influence of the nonreducing terminal monosaccharide on the serum antibody response. To this end, we prepared synthetic oligosaccharides comprising hexa- to tridecasaccharide fragments of the native O-SP, having one of the four monosaccharide residues that constitute the repeating unit at their termini and bound them to BSA by a single-point attachment. The conjugates contained an average of 19 saccharide chains per BSA. The synthetic oligosaccharides inhibited the binding of serum raised against whole bacteria to its LPS to a similar extent but lower than the native O-SP. The highest anti-LPS levels were elicited by conjugates having N-acetylglucosamine (10-mer) or galactose residues (7- and 11-mers) at their nonreducing termini.
The Problem of Kant (1989)

For years I have repeated to the students in my seminars the programmatic assertion that “Hegel was the greatest disciple Kant ever had.” My object in saying this has always been to remind them as forcibly as possible that for Hegel and everyone in his generation, Kant was the master of them that know, the German philosopher, the thinker who had raised German thought to a new level, and had given it a decisive primacy over the earlier achievements of modern (or ‘scientific’) Reason from Bacon and Descartes to Hume and Rousseau. For this reason alone, I wished to affirm, it was in the highest degree unlikely that Hegel's ‘speculative’ philosophy, his theory of the ‘Idea’, was a reinstatement of the ‘dogmatic’ tradition that Kant so decisively overthrew. On the contrary, the theory of the ‘Idea’ must be seen as that ‘completion’ of the Kantian philosophy of which Hegel spoke prophetically in a letter to Schelling when he was approaching his twenty-fifth birthday. It took Hegel several years to discover that Kant could not be ‘completed’ simply by the process of turning his revolutionary ‘insight’ into universal ‘Enlightenment’. At the time when he first appeared before the learned public as a philosopher in his own right Hegel was convinced (mainly as a result of his ten-year intimacy with Hölderlin) that “Truth is the whole”; and that a direct experience of that divine wholeness had actually been achieved by the poets of Greece (especially by those of Athens between the Great War with Persia and the Great Civil War). He was vividly aware that those same Greek poets were articulating the life of a world which had perished irretrievably.
Two Circular Single‐stranded DNAs Associated with Banana Bunchy Top Virus (1994)

Abstract Nucleic acids extracted from partially purified banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) consisted of 20 Kb DNA, 0.9‐1.1 Kb DNA and 0.3 Kb RNA. Partially purified BBTV preparations predigested with DNase and RNase before particle disruption and nucleic acid isolation yielded only the 0.9‐1.1 Kb DNA, but no corresponding nucleic acid band was obtained in total nucleic acid isolated from healthy banana tissue. Analysis of two BBTV cDNA clones showed that clone 1 consisted of 287 nucleotides and clone 2 contained a 1.0 Kb DNA insert. Clone 1 is not part of clone 2. When two pairs of primers, each pair in opposite orientation were used to amplify BBTV DNA by PCR using the total DNA from diseased banana tissues or DNA encapsidated in BBTV particle as the template, a DNA product of 1.1 Kb was generated by both, results indicating that the BBTV DNAs are circular. Additional results suggested that BBTV contained at least two circular ssDNAs designated BBTV essDNA I (containing clone 1 nucleotide sequence) and BBTV, cssDNA II (containing clone 2 nucleotide sequence).
Long Passage Times of Short ssDNA Molecules through Metallized Nanopores Fabricated by Controlled Breakdown (2014)

The fabrication of individual nanopores in metallized dielectric membranes using controlled breakdown directly in solution is described. Nanopores as small as 1.5‐nm in diameter are fabricated in Au‐coated silicon nitride membranes immersed in 1 m KCl by subjecting them to high electric fields. The physical and electrical characteristics of nanopores produced with this method are presented. The translocation of short single‐stranded DNA molecules is demonstrated through such nanopore devices without further passivation of the metallic surface. Metallized nanopores can prolong the translocation times of 50‐nt ssDNA fragments by as much as two orders of magnitude, while the slowest events can reach an average speed as slow as 2 nucleotides per millisecond. The mechanism for the long dwell‐time distribution is differentiated from prior studies, which relied on friction to slow down DNA, and is attributed to nucleotide‐Au interactions.