gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a SMA-Based, Slat-Cove Filler for Reduction of Aeroacoustic Noise Associated With Transport-Class Aircraft Wings (2013)

Airframe noise is a significant part of the overall noise produced by typical, transport-class aircraft during the approach and landing phases of flight. Leading-edge slat noise is a prominent source of airframe noise. The concept of a slat-cove filler was proposed in previous work as an effective means of mitigating slat noise. Bench-top models were developed at 75% scale to study the feasibility of producing a functioning slat-cove filler. Initial results from several concepts led to a more-focused effort investigating a deformable structure based upon pseudoelastic SMA materials. The structure stows in the cavity between the slat and main wing during cruise and deploys simultaneously with the slat to guide the aerodynamic flow suitably for low noise. A qualitative parametric study of SMA-enabled, slat-cove filler designs was performed on the bench-top. Computational models were developed and analyses were performed to assess the displacement response under representative aerodynamic load. The bench-top and computational results provide significant insight into design trades and an optimal design.
Improved Algorithms for Optimal Winner Determination in Combinatorial Auctions and Generalizations (2000)

Combinatorial auctions can be used to reach efficient resource and task allocations in multiagent systems where the items are complementary. Determining the winners is NP-complete and inapproximable, but it was recently shown that optimal search algorithms do very well on average. This paper presents a more sophisticated search algorithm for optimal (and anytime) winner determination, including structural improvements that reduce search tree size, faster data structures, and optimizations at search nodes based on driving toward, identifying and solving tractable special cases. We also uncover a more general tractable special case, and design algorithms for solving it as well as for solving known tractable special cases substantially faster. We generalize combinatorial auctions to multiple units of each item, to reserve prices on singletons as well as combinations, and to combinatorial exchanges---all allowing for substitutability. Finally, we present algorithms for determining the winners in these generalizations.
High-throughput protocol converter based on an independent encoding/decoding scheme for asynchronous Network-on-Chip (2010)

This paper presents a high-throughput asynchronous protocol converter between two-phase communication links and four-phase pipelined routers for asynchronous Network-on-Chip. In the proposed protocol converter, two-phase input and output signals are encoded to and decoded from the four-phase signals, respectively, by using two controllers which are attached to the router. Since the two controls are realized respectively by using only the input signal and the output signal, the “two-to-four-phase” and “four-to-two-phase” conversions are independently performed. Therefore, each conversion is completely performed without input-output dependency. As a result, the proposed protocol converter achieves an up to 77 % increase in throughput under a comparable energy consumption with respect to that of a conventional protocol converter on a Silterra 0.13-μm CMOS technology.
[Comment to: complex vacuum therapy of an abdominal abscess from gastric perforation. Case report of innovative operative endoscopic management]. (2015)

BACKGROUND The simultaneous use of abdominal and endoscopic vacuum therapy in a case of an abdominal abscess caused by gastric perforation is demonstrated and innovative operative endoscopic management is described. CASE REPORT A computed tomography scan performed on a 67-year-old female patient showed a large abscess of the upper abdominal cavity where laparoscopic fundoplication had been performed 6 months previously. Endoscopy showed a transmural perforation of the dorsal wall of the stomach. The gastric perforation was closed and drained using intracavitary endoscopic vacuum therapy. Open pore polyurethane foam drainage was inserted through the defect into the extraluminal cavity for 3 days. A second period of therapy followed using intraluminal therapy with total drainage of the stomach, simultaneous enteral nutrition via a jejunal tube and a vacuum pressure of - 125 mmHg was applied with an electronic vacuum device. The abdominal abscess was drained via laparotomy and intra-abdominal vacuum therapy was performed with an open pore double-layered film using a vacuum pressure of - 75 mmHg. The perforation defect was not treated by operative means. Abdominal vacuum therapy ended 3 days postoperatively and the abdominal wall was closed by suture. Endoscopic vacuum therapy of the gastric perforation was terminated after 7 days and primary wound healing could then be achieved. CONCLUSION Use of endoscopic and abdominal vacuum therapy as well as new open pore material is an innovative option for operative management.
Binaural Heterophasic Superdirective Beamforming (2020)

The superdirective beamformer, while attractive for processing broadband acoustic signals, often suffers from the problem of white noise amplification. So, its application requires well-designed acoustic arrays with sensors of extremely low self-noise level, which is difficult if not impossible to attain. In this paper, a new binaural superdirective beamformer is proposed, which is divided into two sub-beamformers. Based on studies and facts in psychoacoustics, these two filters are designed in such a way that they are orthogonal to each other to make the white noise components in the binaural beamforming outputs incoherent while maximizing the output interaural coherence of the diffuse noise, which is important for the brain to localize the sound source of interest. As a result, the signal of interest in the binaural superdirective beamformer's outputs is in phase but the white noise components in the outputs are random phase, so the human auditory system can better separate the acoustic signal of interest from white noise by listening to the outputs of the proposed approach. Experimental results show that the derived binaural superdirective beamformer is superior to its conventional monaural counterpart.
Prostate's boundary detection in transrectal ultrasound images using scanning technique (2004)

Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in men. Early detection of prostate cancer is very essential for the success of the treatment. Ultrasound B-mode images is the standard mean for imaging the prostate. The manual analysis of the ultrasound images consumes much time and effort. It is necessary to develop an automated algorithm to analyze the ultrasound images. The first important step in detecting the cancer is to detect the boundary of the prostate itself and to extract it from the image for further analysis. In this paper a multistage algorithm for prostate boundary detection is proposed. In the first stage, the proposed algorithm starts with enhancing the contrast of the image by sticks technique followed by smoothing the image by gauss kernel. In the second stage, scanning the image and applying knowledge base rules to find a seed point inside the prostate is implemented. This seed point is used to remove the false edges. Then by using a morphological opening algorithm, the remaining false edges can be removed. The final step is to use the seed point to scan the image in radial directions to find the prostate' s boundary.
REGENERATION OF LIQUID PHASE METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYST (1991)

ABSTRACT This work focuses on the influence of changes in catalyst structure on the catalytic activity in liquid phase methanol synthesis process. Long-term methanol production experiments were performed under various reaction environments in order to investigate the relationship between the catalytic activity and the crystallite size in the methanol synthesis catalyst. The regeneration experiments were also conducted in order to reduce the crystallite size of aged catalysts by inducing metallic phase redispersion. The experimental results showed that the drop in the catalytic activity was closely linked to the growth in the crystallite size in the catalyst. The crystallite size was reduced successfully by cyclic oxidation-reduction treatments and as a result the lost activity in aged catalysts was recovered.
Deaminatively Generated Carbocations as Initiators of Styrene Polymerization (1999)

[reaction: see text] Addition polymerization is readily accomplished via free radicals and carbanions but conventional initiations via carbocations are limited principally by low initiator reactivity. Thermolyses of N-nitrosamides produce nitrogen-separated ion-pairs (NSIPs) containing exceedingly reactive carbocations. We report here the novel use of this facile mode of carbocation generation in the polymerization of styrene. Polystyrene of viscosity average molecular weight approximately 10(6) was obtained.
Digital audio amplifier having a high power output level and low distortion (1990)

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Low Threshold Current Operation of Stacked InAs/GaAs Quantum Dot Lasers with GaP Strain-Compensation Layers (2006)

We report the device characteristics of stacked InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) with GaP strain compensation (SC) layers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. By inserting GaP SC layers within the stacked structures, decrease in the density of QDs by stacking QDs can be suppressed and the heterostructure interface between a p-clad and an active layer can be improved due to reduction of overall compressive strain within the stacked QDs. Ground-state lasing at a wavelength of 1.265 mum of six layers of InAs/GaAs QDs with GaP SC layers is demonstrated at a threshold current density of 108 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2 </sup> . We also assess the internal loss and maximum modal gain of the fabricated QD lasers by using a segmented contact method. The internal loss is as low as 5 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> , and the maximum modal gain of the ground state of the stacked QDs is approximately 10 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup>
The disruption of tissue structure using high intensity pulsed ultrasound (2005)

Recent investigations of pulsed ultrasound at high acoustic intensities have revealed a regime in which significant breakdown of tissue structure can be achieved. This therapeutic modality, which might be termed histotripsy, is dependent on the presence of highly active cavitation evidenced by significant temporal fluctuations in acoustic backscatter. In the presence of tissue interfaces, erosion can result yielding, for example, well-defined perforations potentially useful in creating temporary shunts for the treatment of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. When applied in bulk tissue, the process results in a near emulsification with little structural integrity remaining or chance of cellular survival. In each case, the process is dependent on acoustic parameters of the field to not only produce damage for a given pulse but also to sustain the cavitation nuclei population for subsequent pulses. Fluctuations in acoustic backscatter indicate both initiation and extinction of the appropriate cavitation activity during application of therapeutic ultrasound, which leads to a potential feedback mechanism to minimize acoustic exposure. This presentation will discuss the observed tissue damage as affected by acoustic parameters and the ability to monitor the presence of cavitation activity expected to be responsible for these effects. [Work supported by NIH grants RO1 RR14450.]
Diversity of <i>Chlamydomonas</i> Channelrhodopsins (2011)

Channelrhodopsins act as photoreceptors for control of motility behavior in flagellates and are widely used as genetically targeted tools to optically manipulate the membrane potential of specific cell populations ("optogenetics"). The first two channelrhodopsins were obtained from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrChR1 and CrChR2). By homology cloning we identified three new channelrhodopsin sequences from the same genus, CaChR1, CyChR1 and CraChR2, from C. augustae, C. yellowstonensis and C. raudensis, respectively. CaChR1 and CyChR1 were functionally expressed in HEK293 cells, where they acted as light-gated ion channels similar to CrChR1. However, both, which are similar to each other, differed from CrChR1 in current kinetics, inactivation, light intensity dependence, spectral sensitivity and dependence on the external pH. These results show that extensive channelrhodopsin diversity exists even within the same genus, Chlamydomonas. The maximal spectral sensitivity of CaChR1 was at 520 nm at pH 7.4, about 40 nm redshifted as compared to that of CrChR1 under the same conditions. CaChR1 was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris and exhibited an absorption spectrum identical to the action spectrum of CaChR1-generated photocurrents. The redshifted spectra and the lack of fast inactivation in CaChR1- and CyChR1-generated currents are features desirable for optogenetics applications.
Correctness Proof of a Self-Stabilizing Distributed Clock Synchronization Protocol for Arbitrary Digraphs (2011)

This report presents a deductive proof of a self-stabilizing distributed clock synchronization protocol. It is focused on the distributed clock synchronization of an arbitrary, non-partitioned digraph ranging from fully connected to 1-connected networks of nodes while allowing for differences in the network elements. This protocol does not rely on assumptions about the initial state of the system, and no central clock or a centrally generated signal, pulse, or message is used. Nodes are anonymous, i.e., they do not have unique identities. There is no theoretical limit on the maximum number of participating nodes. The only constraint on the behavior of the node is that the interactions with other nodes are restricted to defined links and interfaces. We present a deductive proof of the correctness of the protocol as it applies to the networks with unidirectional and bidirectional links. We also confirm the claims of determinism and linear convergence.
Use of MicroPCMs in Agricultural Applications (1999)

Abstract Microencapsulated phase change materials were tested in several agricultural systems, including mycoherbicide development, alleviation of heat stress in agronomic crops and frost prevention. The primary constraint to development of mycoherbicides is the lack of free moisture for weed infection and excessively high temperatures. Using microencapsulated water, the time of free moisture exposure necessary for infection by Colletotrichum capsici (mycoherbicide) on pitted morningglory was reduced by 56%, while use of a customized microPCM to regulate temperature increased effectiveness as much as 70%. A combination of the microencapsulated water and microPCM also improved disease severity significantly. The technology also improved control by C. malvarum on prickly sida. Although variable, microPCMs reduced the severity of frost damage on tomatoes and impatiens with temperature decline inside specific plant parts treated with a variety of microPCMs slowed dramatically. Research on the use of microPCMs to protect plants from heat stress is currently ongoing. The potential for microPCM use in agricultural is high.
Current Waveforms for Neural Stimulation-Charge Delivery With Reduced Maximum Electrode Voltage (2010)

This paper contains results on the design of electrical signals for delivering charge through electrodes to achieve neural stimulation while reducing the peak electrode voltage. A generalization of the usual constant current stimulation phase to a stepped current waveform is presented. Techniques based on optimization and linear dynamic system theory are then applied to design the magnitude of each current segment in such a way as to minimize the maximum electrode voltage, while transferring a designated quantity of charge in a specified time. Experimental results are provided which validate the approach in saline and in neural tissue.
The phase equilibrium diagram of Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–SrO–CaO–CuO–A tool of processing the high‐ T<sub>c</sub> superconducting bismuth‐compounds (1991)

Research News: The preparation of single phase ceramics and the processing of complex compositions is greatly simplified by a comprehensive understanding of the phase equilibria. Exploiting this knowledge has enabled researchers to prepare the 2223 phase of the superconductor Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca n−1 Cu n O 2n+4+d in 80% purity. The information which can be gleaned from a phase diagram of a superconducting system is explained and the use of the data in producing materials suited for use in superconducting components is described.
Absolute stress measurement of structural steel members with ultrasonic shear-wave spectral analysis method (2017)

Absolute stress in structural steel members is an important parameter for the design, construction, and servicing of steel structures. However, it is difficult to measure via traditional approaches to structural health monitoring. The ultrasonic time-of-flight method has been widely studied for monitoring absolute stress by measuring the change in ultrasonic propagation time induced by stress. The time-of-flight of the two separated shear-wave modes induced by birefringence, which is particular to shear waves, is also affected by stress to different degrees. Their synthesis signal amplitude spectrum exhibits a minimum that varies with stress, which makes it a potential approach to evaluating uniaxial stress using the shear-wave amplitude spectrum. In this study, the effect of steel-member stress on the shear-wave amplitude spectrum from the interference of two shear waves produced by birefringence is investigated, and a method of uniaxial absolute stress measurement using shear-wave spectral analysis is proposed. Specifically, a theoretical expression is derived for the shear-wave pulse-echo amplitude spectrum, leading to a formula for evaluating uniaxial absolute stress. Three steel-member specimens are employed to investigate the influence of uniaxial stress on the shear-wave pulse-echo amplitude spectrum. The testing results indicate that the amplitude spectrum changes with stress and that the inverse of the first characteristic frequency in the amplitude spectrum and its corresponding stress exhibit a near-perfect linear relationship. On this basis, the uniaxial absolute stress of steel members loaded by a test machine is measured by the proposed method. Parametric studies are further performed on three groups of steel members made of 65# steel and Q235 steel to investigate the factors that influence the testing results. The results show that the proposed method can measure and monitor steel-members uniaxial absolute stress on the laboratory scale and has potential to be used in practical engineering with specific calibration.
Biofilm streamers cause catastrophic disruption of flow with consequences for environmental and medical systems (2013)

Biofilms are antibiotic-resistant, sessile bacterial communities that occupy most moist surfaces on Earth and cause chronic and medical device-associated infections. Despite their importance, basic information about biofilm dynamics in common ecological environments is lacking. Here, we demonstrate that flow through soil-like porous materials, industrial filters, and medical stents dramatically modifies the morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms to form 3D streamers, which, over time, bridge the spaces between obstacles and corners in nonuniform environments. We discovered that accumulation of surface-attached biofilm has little effect on flow through such environments, whereas biofilm streamers cause sudden and rapid clogging. We demonstrate that flow-induced shedding of extracellular matrix from surface-attached biofilms generates a sieve-like network that captures cells and other biomass, which add to the existing network, causing exponentially fast clogging independent of growth. These results suggest that biofilm streamers are ubiquitous in nature and strongly affect flow through porous materials in environmental, industrial, and medical systems.
RehAbilitative Knee Orthosis Driven by Electro-Rheological Fluid Based Actuators (2006)

This work aims to demonstrate the feasibility of using Electro-Rheological Fluid (ERF) actuators in orthotics, creating a new breed of rehabilitation devices. ERFs are fluids that experience dramatic changes in rheological properties, such as viscosity or yield stress, in the presence of an electric field. Using the electrically controlled rheological properties of ERFs, compact actuators with an ability to supply high resistive torques in a controllable and tunable fashion, have been developed. This study involves the design, fabrication and testing of an ERF based knee orthotic device and the innovative ERF actuators it uses. The knee orthotic is achieved through a standard brace design with a polycentric hinge and gear system. Coupled to this are two Flat-Plate ERF actuators, given that name for their characteristic set of parallel flat plates allowing for actuation of the fluid. A full model describing the field dependant torque output of these actuators is presented along with a full detailed description of the device design. The overall knee orthotic system is designed to resist up to 25.4% of an average human knee’s torque abilities and be controlled in real-time. The goal of this work is to provide a much more efficient means of rehabilitation over the average orthotic, while matching the proficiency of rehabilitation machines, all in a smaller, simpler, and more cost efficient design.
A protocol for initiating oestrus and ovulation early<i>post partum</i>in dairy cows (2001)

Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) and progesterone (P4) treatment in initiating oestrus and ovulation post partum (PP) in Holstein-Friesian cows. Using four herds, the treatment protocol consisted of a single intra-muscular injection of PGF 2α (Estrumate) between days 12 to 14 PP followed 48 h later by progesterone treatment via intra-vaginal CIDR insertion for a period of 7 days. Milk samples for progesterone determination were collected three times weekly from 7 to 65 days PP. The ovarian activity and reproductive performance of treated (T, no. = 153) animals and untreated control cows (C, no. = 315) were compared. Treatment was effective ( P < 0·001) in reducing the mean interval to PP commencement of luteal activity from 29·62 (s.e. 0·82) days to 22·09 (s.e. 0·70) days. The mean interval to first PP oestrus in the T animals was significantly reduced ( P < 0·001) from 55·62 (s.e. 1·58) days to 44·91 (s.e. 1·44) days and the incidence of silent ovulation in cycles between days 21 to 65 PP was reduced ( P < 0·001) from 56·28% to 42·27%. In two herds under one management regime and with a similar block-calving pattern (no. = 280 animals), the treatment protocol was beneficial to the overall reproductive performance as there was a significant shortening in the mean interval to first PP service (75·82 (s.e. 1·93) v. 80·86 (s.e. 1·32) days) and in the interval to PP conception (83·07 (s.e. 2·49) v. 88·90 (s.e. 1·95) days), both P < 0·05.
Wavelength Locking of Microring Resonators and Modulators using a Dithering Signal (2013)

We present a scalable, energy-efficient method to automatically align microring resonators and modulators with laser wavelengths, as well as provide thermal stabilization. The method utilizes a dithering signal to generate error signals that are immune to fluctuations in laser power.