gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alloy development and mechanical properties of nickel aluminide (Ni sub 3 Al) alloys (1988)

This report summarizes recent alloy development of nickel aluminides for structural applications. Boron-doped Ni{sub 3}Al showed severe embrittlement when tested in oxidizing environments above 300{degrees}C. The embrittlement is due to a dynamic effect, which can be alleviated by alloying with 8 at. % Cr. The chromium-modified aluminide alloys possess a good combination of strength and ductility for use at temperatures to 1000{degrees}C. The hot ductility and fabricability of the aluminide alloys can be substantially improved by reducing the zirconium content to below 0.35 at. %. Material processing of large aluminide heats has been demonstrated by both conventional and innovative techniques. Mechanical properties of the aluminide alloys were characterized at temperatures to 1200{degrees}C. Grain size, which is the main difference between the materials produced by the various processing techniques, is the major metallurgical parameter that strongly influences the mechanical properties of the aluminide alloys. 35 refs., 20 figs., 11 tabs.
Acoustical characteristics of leak sounds in plastic pipes (1998)

As an integral part of the AWWARF/NRC research project on the evaluation of existing methods for pinpointing leaks in plastic pipes, the acoustical characteristics of leak sounds in plastic pipes have been studied at the NRC’s PVC pipe experimental leak detection simulator under controlled conditions. Tests have been performed both in the summer and in the winter. Experimental techniques and test results on the frequency content, attenuation rate, and propagation velocity will be presented in this paper.
Multiple Criteria Optimization of Finish Turning Operations Based on a Hybrid Model (1996)

Abstract In this paper a multiple criteria optimization method is used to achieve the optimum selection of cutting conditions and tool inserts for finish turning operations. The utility function which maps criterion vectors into the real line is constructed based on tool-life and material removal rate. This unified objective function serves as an arbiter balancing the values of the individual objective functions. Different formats of utility functions are developed and their physical significance is analyzed. Other major machining performance characteristics such as surface roughness, cutting force, power requirements and chip breakability are used as constraints to define acceptable limits on these criteria, along with the limits on the ranges of the process variables. A hybrid process model which uses combinations of the metal cutting theories and an expandable database of experimental results is used to describe the interrelationships between the machining performance criteria and the process variables. Nonlinear programming techniques coupled with numerical methods for data interpolation are then applied to identify optimum process conditions for a given tool insert. Furthermore, for any specified application a cutting tool can be selected through comparative analyses. A sample case for a typical tool insert was studied and the results are presented.
Synchronous Waveform Clock Synchronization Without a System Controller (2018)

A Frequency-Hopped Spread Spectrum (FHSS) satellite communication network operating over a transponder satellite channel employs a hub capability to provide a reference time and network control. This hub capability is referred to as a System Controller (SC). The SC, along with other functions, provides the reference time that allows the Satellite Communication (SATCOM) terminals to synchronize their modem's transmit and receive signaling. A novel method is proposed in this paper which enables the synchronization of various terminals in a SATCOM network without requiring a SC and an external reference time, such as from the Global Positioning System (GPS). In this method, terminal modems self-organize by establishing a master virtual reference time that others terminals can use. This capability allows modems to establish mesh networks over any non-processing satellite. The benefits of this method are that the network can be set-up and maintained solely by participating modems without requiring a SC and supports operation in GPS-denied environments. Since any terminal within the network can establish a reference time, the resulting system is also resilient against attacks or terminal failures.
Selective sparing of hippocampal CA3 cells following <i>in vitro</i> ischemia is due to selective inhibition by acidosis (2005)

A brief global ischemic insult to the brain leads to a selective degeneration of the pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region while the neurons in the neighbouring CA3 region are spared. The reason for this difference is not known. The selective vulnerability of CA1 neurons to ischemia can be reproduced in vitro in murine organotypic slice cultures, if the ion concentrations in the medium during the anoxic/aglycemic insult are similar to that in the brain extracellular fluid during ischemia in vivo. As acidosis develops during ischemia, we studied the importance of extracellular pH for selective vulnerability. We found that cell death in the CA1 and CA3 regions was equally prevented by removal of calcium from the medium or following blockade of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor by D-2 amino-5-phosphonopentanoic-acid (D-APV). On the other hand, damage to the CA3 neurons markedly decreased with decreasing pH following in vitro ischemia, while the degeneration of CA1 neurons was less pH dependent. Patch-clamp recordings from pyramidal neurons in the CA1 and CA3 regions, respectively, revealed a pronounced inhibition of NMDA-receptor mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) at pH 6.5 that was equally pronounced in the two regions. However, when changing pH from 6.5 to 7.4 the recovery of the EPSCs was significantly slower in the CA3 region. We conclude that acidosis selectively protects CA3 pyramidal neurons during in vitro ischemia, and differentially affects the kinetics of NMDA receptor activation, which may explain the difference in vulnerability between CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons to an ischemic insult.
Large-Scale Silicon Photonic Switches (2016)

Silicon photonics is an ideal platform for large-scale photonic switches because of its high integration density. We will review the state-of-the-art of silicon photonic switches and outline a path to achieve switches greater than 100×100.
Targeting Bortezomib to Bone Increases Its Bone Anabolic Activity and Reduces Systemic Adverse Effects in Mice (2019)

Bortezomib (Btz) is a proteasome inhibitor approved by the FDA to treat multiple myeloma. It also increases bone volume by promoting osteoblast differentiation and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis in mice. However, Btz has severe systemic adverse effects, which would limit its use as a bone anabolic agent. Here, we designed and synthesized a bone-targeted form of Btz by conjugating it to a bisphosphonate (BP) with no antiresorptive activity. We report that BP-Btz inhibited osteoclast formation and bone resorption and stimulated osteoblast differentiation in vitro similar to Btz. In vivo, BP-Btz increased bone volume more effectively than Btz in three mouse models: untreated wild-type mice, mice with ovariectomy, and aged mice with tibial factures. Importantly, BP-Btz had significantly less systemic side effects than Btz, including less thymic cell death, sympathetic nerve damage, and thrombocytopenia, and it improved survival rates in aged mice. Thus, BP-Btz represents a novel anabolic agent to treat conditions, such as postmenopausal and age-related bone loss. Bone targeting is an attractive approach to repurpose approved drugs to treat skeletal diseases. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Overexpression of bacterial xylose isomerase and yeast host xylulokinase improves xylose alcoholic fermentation in the thermotolerant yeast<i>Hansenula polymorpha</i> (2007)

The thermotolerant methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha is able to ferment xylose to ethanol. To improve characteristics of xylose fermentation, the recombinant strain Δxyl1Δxyl2-AΔxyl2-B, with deletions of genes encoding first enzymes of xylose utilization (NAD(P)H-dependent xylose reductase and NAD-dependent xylitol dehydrogenases, respectively), was constructed and used as a recipient for co-overexpression of the Escherichia coli xylA gene coding for xylose isomerase and endogenous XYL3 gene coding for xylulokinase. The expression of both genes was driven by the H. polymorpha glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter. Xylose isomerase activities of obtained transformants amounted to ∼80% of that of the bacterial host strain. Xylulokinase activities of the transformants increased twofold when compared with the parental strain. The recombinant strains displayed improved ethanol production during the fermentation of xylose.
Abstract 2566: A TCL1-specific T-cell receptor redirects T cells against B-cell lymphomas and non-hematological tumors (2018)

Abstract T-cell leukemia/lymphoma Antigen1 (TCL1) is a B-cell oncoprotein that is overexpressed in multiple forms of B-cell lymphoma. In our previous study, we identified a HLA*A0201-restricted T cell epitope from TCL1 that stimulated CD8+ T cells to specifically lyse lymphoma cells. In this study, we have cloned the TCL170-79 peptide-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) gene that after lentivirus transduction into donor T cells can redirect the specificity of T cells to lyse T2 cells pulsed with TCL170-79 but not control peptide. The TCR-transduced CD8+ T cells efficiently lysed HLA-0201+, TCL1-expressing human lymphoma cell lines and primary lymphoma cells, but not normal B cells. Adoptive transfer of TCR-transduced T cells into a mantle cell lymphoma xenograft mouse model inhibited the tumor growth and significantly extended the survival of mice. In addition, we found that TCL1 is expressed in multiple solid tumors. The TCR-transduced T cells lysed colon and liver tumor cells but not normal human cells in vitro as well as in a mouse xenograft model. Collectively, our data demonstrate that TCL1-specific TCR-based immunotherapy is highly effective against human B-cell lymphomas and non-hematological tumors. Citation Format: Jinsheng Weng, Kelsey E. Moriarty, Yong Pan, Flavio Egidio Baio, Hua Wang, Hiroki Torikai, Sourindra N. Maiti, Fuliang Chu, Xiaoyun Cheng, Swathi Karri, Deepshika Medapalli, Laurence J. N. Cooper, Sattva S. Neelapu. A TCL1-specific T-cell receptor redirects T cells against B-cell lymphomas and non-hematological tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2566.
Independent Control of Elastomer Properties through Stereocontrolled Synthesis (2016)

Abstract In most synthetic elastomers, changing the physical properties by monomer choice also results in a change to the crystallinity of the material, which manifests through alteration of its mechanical performance. Using organocatalyzed stereospecific additions of thiols to activated alkynes, high‐molar‐mass elastomers were isolated via step‐growth polymerization. The resulting controllable double‐bond stereochemistry defines the crystallinity and the concomitant mechanical properties as well as enabling the synthesis of materials that retain their excellent mechanical properties through changing monomer composition. Using this approach to elastomer synthesis, further end group modification and toughening through vulcanization strategies are also possible. The organocatalytic control of stereochemistry opens the realm to a new and easily scalable class of elastomers that will have unique chemical handles for functionalization and post synthetic processing.
Novel Switched Reluctance Machine Configuration With Higher Number of Rotor Poles Than Stator Poles: Concept to Implementation (2009)

There is a great demand for efficient, quiet, reliable, and cost-effective motor drives for propulsion systems in hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Owing to a rigid structure and the absence of magnetic source on the rotor, a switched reluctance machine (SRM) is inherently robust and cost effective. In spite of these advantages, several challenges in the control of this machine remain an issue, including high levels of torque ripple, acoustic noise, and a relatively low torque density. This paper presents a new family of SRMs which have higher number of rotor poles than stator poles. Using a newly defined pole design formula, several novel combinations of the stator-rotor poles have been proposed. From the simulation and experimental analysis of a prototype 6/10 configuration, it has been observed that this machine produces higher torque per unit volume and comparable torque ripple when compared to a conventional 6/4 SRM with similar number of phases and constraints in volume. The results presented in this paper make this family of machines a strong contender for survivable high-performance applications for automotive propulsion systems. The simulation and experimental results for the prototype 6/10 configuration have been presented and compared to a conventional 6/4 design for verification.
Development and Evaluation of an Enterovirus D68 Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay (2015)

We have developed and evaluated a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assay for the detection of human enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in clinical specimens. This assay was developed in response to the unprecedented 2014 nationwide EV-D68 outbreak in the United States associated with severe respiratory illness. As part of our evaluation of the outbreak, we sequenced and published the genome sequence of the EV-D68 virus circulating in St. Louis, MO. This sequence, along with other GenBank sequences from past EV-D68 occurrences, was used to computationally select a region of EV-D68 appropriate for targeting in a strain-specific RT-PCR assay. The RT-PCR assay amplifies a segment of the VP1 gene, with an analytic limit of detection of 4 copies per reaction, and it was more sensitive than commercially available assays that detect enteroviruses and rhinoviruses without distinguishing between the two, including three multiplex respiratory panels approved for clinical use by the FDA. The assay did not detect any other enteroviruses or rhinoviruses tested and did detect divergent strains of EV-D68, including the first EV-D68 strain (Fermon) identified in California in 1962. This assay should be useful for identifying and studying current and future outbreaks of EV-D68 viruses.
Operating Cooperatively (OC) Sensor for Highly Specific Recognition of Nucleic Acids (2013)

Molecular Beacon (MB) probes have been extensively used for nucleic acid analysis because of their ability to produce fluorescent signal in solution instantly after hybridization. The indirect binding of MB probe to a target analyte offers several advantages, including: improved genotyping accuracy and the possibility to analyse folded nucleic acids. Here we report on a new design for MB-based sensor, called 'Operating Cooperatively' (OC), which takes advantage of indirect binding of MB probe to a target analyte. The sensor consists of two unmodified DNA strands, which hybridize to a universal MB probe and a nucleic acid analyte to form a fluorescent complex. OC sensors were designed to analyze two human SNPs and E. coli 16S rRNA. High specificity of the approach was demonstrated by the detection of true analyte in over 100 times excess amount of single base substituted analytes. Taking into account the flexibility in the design and the simplicity in optimization, we conclude that OC sensors may become versatile and efficient tools for instant DNA and RNA analysis in homogeneous solution.
Decoupled ray-marching of heterogeneous participating media (2011)

We describe the integration of heterogeneous participating media into our production ray tracer. We specifically focus on the problem of computing the lighting without incurring a quadratic number of shader evaluations. The main difficulty in rendering volumes comes from the inability to analytically importance sample the transmission term:
Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance Response of Brine, Oil, and Methane in Organic-Rich Shales (2015)

Summary The application of nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) methods to evaluate the fluid content in hydrocarbon reservoirs requires the understanding of the NMR response of the fluids present in the rock. The presence of multiple fluids such as liquid, gaseous, or adsorbed phases in nanometer-sized pores (associated with various minerals and organic matter) adds another degree of complexity to the interpretation of NMR data in shales. We present a laboratory study on the NMR responses of brine, oil, and methane in shales at 2 MHz. NMR transverse relaxation time (T2) distributions were acquired on core plugs from the Haynesville, Barnett, and Woodford shale formations. The NMR T2 distributions were acquired after brine (2.5% potassium chloride) and oil (dodecane) imbibition and saturation. After brine imbibition, we observed an increase in porosity at T2 ≤ 1 ms. However, after saturation at increasing pressures we observe a porosity increase at T2 ≈ 6–20 ms. Dodecane imbibition and saturation induced a porosity increase at T2 ≈ 10 ms. The measurements with methane were conducted on Haynesville core plugs at a methane pressure of 4,000 psi. The NMR T2 signal of methane in shales appears to be at approximately 10 ms. These results show that the NMR response of methane and oil is very similar in shales. Monitoring the saturation increase with NMR shows that brine can enter the entire pore spectrum, whereas oil and methane have access only to a fraction of the pore space.
Subsurface Upgrading of Heavy Oils via Solvent Deasphalting Using Asphaltene Precipitants. Preparative Separations and Mechanism of Asphaltene Precipitation Using Benzoyl Peroxide as Precipitant (2017)

Subsurface upgrading of heavy oil via solvent deasphalting has been reported previously under laboratory and field conditions. However, these processes require a relatively high solvent-to-oil ratio (SvOR > 1:1 v/v) to induce subsurface asphaltene precipitation, increase oil production, and upgrade crude oil in situ. In our previous work, lab experiments demonstrated that asphaltene precipitants reduce the SvOR (∼30–50 vol %) for subsurface upgrading at initial reservoir conditions and when heat is also applied. In this work, the preparative separations were carried out using benzoyl peroxide (BP), Fe2O3, and NiO nanoparticles as asphaltene precipitants for Venezuelan and Canadian heavy crude oils. Initial experiments showed that BP is the most effective additive, producing an increase of ∼21 wt % in the asphaltene content for a 2500 mg/kg dosage. Preparative separations at 5:1 vol/wt ratio and 50 °C showed that the order of activity as asphaltene precipitants is BP > NiO > Fe2O3. In the presence of nickel- and iron-containing precipitants, most of these metals are found in the asphaltenes indicating that the nanoparticles are acting as nucleation sites. Spectroscopic and mechanistic studies using BP as precipitant suggest a free radical mechanism that involves the thermally initiated homolytic cleavage of BP, follow by abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the asphaltenes or maltenes to produce free radical species. In the termination steps, the latter species react with each other to generate new asphaltene species that are not present in the original crude oils.
Deletion of African Swine Fever Virus Histone-like Protein, A104R from the Georgia Isolate Drastically Reduces Virus Virulence in Domestic Pigs (2022)

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a frequently lethal disease, ASF, affecting domestic and wild swine. Currently, ASF is causing a pandemic affecting pig production in Eurasia. There are no vaccines available, and therefore control of the disease is based on culling infected animals. We report here that deletion of the ASFV gene A104R, a virus histone-like protein, from the genome of the highly virulent ASFV-Georgia2010 (ASFV-G) strain induces a clear decrease in virus virulence when experimentally inoculated in domestic swine. A recombinant virus lacking the A104R gene, ASFV-G-∆A104R, was developed to assess the role of the A104R gene in disease production in swine. Domestic pigs were intramuscularly inoculated with 10<sup>2</sup> HAD<sub>50</sub> of ASFV-G-∆A104R, and compared with animals that received a similar dose of virulent ASFV-G. While all ASFV-G inoculated animals developed a fatal form of the disease, animals receiving ASFV-G-∆A104R survived the challenge, remaining healthy during the 28-day observational period, with the exception of only one showing a protracted but fatal form of the disease. ASFV-G-∆A104R surviving animals presented protracted viremias with reduced virus titers when compared with those found in animals inoculated with ASFV-G, and all of them developed a strong virus-specific antibody response. This is the first report demonstrating that the A104R gene is involved in ASFV virulence in domestic swine, suggesting that A104R deletion may be used to increase the safety profile of currently experimental vaccines.
Real-Time Determination of Depth of Burial Profiles for Submarine Power Cables (2018)

The safe operation of submarine power cables at high load is of highest relevance for an economic and reliable operation of offshore wind farms and submarine interconnection systems. Burial of power cables at a certain minimum depth is often required for mechanical protection of the cable and to avoid too strong heating of the seafloor surface. The depth of burial (DoB) of those cables may vary over time by movements of sand and the cables themselves. Monitoring such changes so far requires, costly yearly surveys using submarine robots. In this study, we present a method to permanently analyze the DoB of submarine power cable formations by using distributed temperature sensing, electric load data, and thermal models of the submarine cable installation. An analysis of field data shows that our method has the capability to detect comparatively fast variations of DoB and also cable exposure events in real installations.
Polymer waveguides and device applications (2004)

We have developed highly robust polymers derived from liquid multifunctional acrylate monomers that produce waveguides that offer propagation losses equivalent to planar silica guides. This materials technology enables a variety of high performance thermo-optic devices.
Development of novel biologically inspired directional microphones (2006)

The development of novel directional microphones for hearing aids is described. The mechanisms underlying the design of these unusual microphones were inspired by our earlier study of the ears of the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea [Miles, et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 98, 3059–3070 (1995)]. The structure of Ormia’s ears inspired new approaches to the design of directional microphones that have the potential to be more sensitive and have lower thermal noise than typical miniature microphones. The mechanisms for directional hearing in this animal are discussed along with the engineering design concepts that they have inspired. Microphones have been fabricated out of silicon that employ either capacitive sensing or optical sensing to convert the diaphragm motion into an electronic signal. Measured results indicate that the directivity of these microphones is very similar to that of an ideal first-order differential microphone. In addition, novel microphone diaphragms have been fabricated that posses a second-order directional response. These can be used to achieve a significant reduction of unwanted background acoustic noise in hearing aid applications. [Work supported by NIH Grant 5R01DC005762-03, Sensing and Processing for Directional Hearing Aids, to RNM.]