gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
All Spin Artificial Neural Networks Based on Compound Spintronic Synapse and Neuron (2016)

Artificial synaptic devices implemented by emerging post-CMOS non-volatile memory technologies such as Resistive RAM (RRAM) have made great progress recently. However, it is still a big challenge to fabricate stable and controllable multilevel RRAM. Benefitting from the control of electron spin instead of electron charge, spintronic devices, e.g., magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) as a binary device, have been explored for neuromorphic computing with low power dissipation. In this paper, a compound spintronic device consisting of multiple vertically stacked MTJs is proposed to jointly behave as a synaptic device, termed as compound spintronic synapse (CSS). Based on our theoretical and experimental work, it has been demonstrated that the proposed compound spintronic device can achieve designable and stable multiple resistance states by interfacial and materials engineering of its components. Additionally, a compound spintronic neuron (CSN) circuit based on the proposed compound spintronic device is presented, enabling a multi-step transfer function. Then, an All Spin Artificial Neural Network (ASANN) is constructed with the CSS and CSN circuit. By conducting system-level simulations on the MNIST database for handwritten digital recognition, the performance of such ASANN has been investigated. Moreover, the impact of the resolution of both the CSS and CSN and device variation on the system performance are discussed in this work.
Digoxigenin-Labeled Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides: A New Tool for the Study of Cellular Uptake (1995)

The mechanisms and intracellular pathways by which many oligonucleotide analogs enter cells to exert the desired antisense effects are not fully understood and remain a matter of debate. In this study, we describe the synthesis of 5'-digoxigenin-labeled phosphorothioate oligonucleotides and show their use to examine intracellular oligonucleotide distribution within Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells. Comparison of digoxigenin-labeled and fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotide distribution shows the same intracellular fate, suggesting that digoxigenin modification does not interfere with intracellular routing. Double immunofluorescence studied by conventional fluorescence and confocal microscopy with antibodies to the labeling molecule and to lysosome-associated membrane protein indicate that oligonucleotides mainly accumulate in the lysosomal compartment. Digoxigenin labeling offers an alternative to study oligonucleotide uptake and distribution by immunoelectron microscopy. Two different approaches have been studied: immunogold labeling in heavily fixed and resin-embedded cells and immunogold labeling in lightly fixed and cryoultramicrotomy processed cells. The results confirm the major lysosomal accumulation of digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotides and demonstrate that the antigenic capacity of digoxigenin is not damaged by any of the procedures used. Therefore, the conjugation of the functionalized digoxigenin molecule at the 5' end of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides provides a new tool in the study of oligonucleotide uptake and intracellular distribution at both cellular and ultrastructural levels.
Effect of the pH and Basic Additives on the Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate during Carbonation Reaction (2007)

CaCO3 was synthesized under various basic conditions through carbonation reaction. CO2 gas was blown into calcium hydroxide solution and the reaction pH was controlled constantly with NH4OH and KOH aqueous solution at specific levels which are 12.5, 11.5, 10.5, 9.5 and 8.5. Each sample prepared was analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and BET surface area. And concentration of Ca2+ ion of filtered solution was measured with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). It was found that the pH affect on the crystallization when the NH4OH was used as pH control additives. In the case of the NH4OH addition, the particle size grew larger with decreasing of pH and increasing of reaction time. Ammonia induced the calcium carbonate dissolution, so that the small nuclei were dissolved and re-precipitated on the surface of larger nuclei. Because of the effect of ammonia, calcite particle prepared grew gradually as the reduction of pH. On the contrary, there are not influences of pH for precipitation of calcium carbonate when the KOH solution was added. It was suggested that the additives to control pH affect on the precipitation of calcium carbonate rather than reaction pH.
"Warm-up" along dimensions of movement in the ontogeny of exploration in rats and other infant mammals. (1981)

When some infant mammals are placed outside their nest, a sequence of exploratory behavior occurs, displaying a regular buildup and spread of activity. This "warm-up" involves repetition of movement along specific dimensions and an orderly transition from one dimension to the next, with cephalocaudal recruitment of body and limb segments. A similar principle of organization applies to neurological recovery from lateral hypothalamic akinesia.
Comparison of Pseudo-3D and Fully-3D Simulations of Proppant Transport in Hydraulic Fractures, Including Gravitational Settling, Formation of Proppant Banks, Tip-Screen Out, and Fracture Closure (2016)

Abstract A modeling framework is developed to describe proppant transport (including gravitational settling and tip-screen out) in a hydraulic fracturing simulator that can function as either fully-3D or pseudo-3D. The simulator locally enforces mass balance of fluid and proppant and applies appropriate boundary conditions for mechanical calculations. The simulator uses recently developed constitutive equations that smoothly capture the transition from Poiseuille flow to Darcy flow as the proppant concentration transitions from a dilute mixture to a packed bed. We develop new constitutive relations that enable the model to describe fracture closure against proppant (at either low or high concentration) after the end of injection. We also develop a framework for modeling proppant settling in a pseudo-3D model. The method ensures a continuous solution, which guarantees convergence and accuracy with refinement of the temporal and spatial discretization. The framework allows proppant to settle into a proppant bank at the bottom of the fracture. The proppant bank can grow, remain stationary, or erode, depending on flow conditions. The simulator can describe tip-screen out (TSO) and the tendency for the volumetric flowing fraction of proppant to exceed the volumetric fraction of proppant due to the tendency of proppant to flow at the center of the fracture aperture. Pseudo-3D simulations are compared to the fully-3D simulations for both hydraulic fracturing and long-term production. For hydraulic fracturing, the pseudo-3D simulations are able to substantially reproduce the results from the fully-3D simulations and are far more computationally efficient. The simulation methods are compared using a variety of values for proppant size, fluid viscosity, and proppant density. An optimized proppant schedule is tested in order to improve horizontal proppant placement and prevent excessive tip screen-out. The simulations indicate that because fracture closure can be slow in very low permeability formations, substantial settling occurs after the end of injection, significantly worsening vertical proppant placement. For simulation of long-term production, the pseudo-3D results deviate strongly from the fully-3D simulations, indicating that the pseudo-3D model is not suitable for simulating the production phase, as currently formulated.
Distributed workload and response time management for web applications (2011)

Managing workload for large scale web applications is a fundamental task for satisfactory quality of service, low management and operation cost. In this paper, we present SCOPS, a system of distributed workload management to achieve service differentiation and overload protection in such large scale deployment. Our system splits the workload management logic into distributed components on each back-end server and front-end proxy. The control solution is designed to protect the backend server from overloading and to achieve both efficient usage of system resource and service differentiation by employing a unique optimization target. The control components are automatically organized based on the flow of workloads, such that management overhead is minimized. SCOPS is extremely flexible because it requires no source code changes to host OS, application servers, or web applications. Additionally, the distributed design makes it scalable and robust for cloud scale server deployment. Experiments with our implementation confirm SCOPS's performance with dynamic heavy workload, incurring neglectable runtime overhead. More importantly, SCOPS also ensures fault-tolerance and fast convergence to system failures.
Model and SOA solutions for traceability in logistic chains (2008)

This paper addresses the problem of traceability in the context of a complex supply chain by proposing a model that captures the main elements necessary to follow a product throughout its lifecycle, from manufacturing to the end consumer. The model is general enough to be applied for several types of supply chains and focuses on external traceability, but also enables the retrieval of internal traceability data. We also present a broker-based service oriented architecture that provides logistics and traceability support according to the model. The traceability operations are performed on the products that travel along supply chains. The architecture targets a distributed environment, with the broker gathering and processing traceability data stored at different sites. We describe two approaches for traceability data retrieval, one for the logistic chains created and managed by the broker, and another one for the supply chains discovered in the EPCglobal Network.
Measurement of ride vibrations on semitrailers incorporating different suspensions. Technical memorandum (1979)

North American Van Lines, Inc., Fort Wayne, Ind.
Performance and reliability assessment of dual-gate CMOS devices with gate oxide grown on nitrogen implanted Si substrates (2002)

In this paper, we have investigated the performance and reliability of dual-gate (N/sup +/-poly for NMOS and P/sup +/-poly for PMOS) CMOS devices with gate oxides grown on nitrogen Implanted Si substrates (NISS). Oxynitride gate dielectrics (28/spl sim/63 /spl Aring/) were fabricated with several nitrogen implantation doses and compared with control SiO/sub 2/ of identical thicknesses. Our results indicate that as gate oxide thickness is scaled down, NISS oxides show improvements over control SiO/sub 2/ in maximum transconductance, subthreshold swing, as well as on- and off-state drain current for both N- and PMOSFETs. Hot-carrier stressing is performed on both NISS and control devices of identical gate oxide thickness (36 /spl Aring/). Compared to control SiO/sub 2/, NISS oxide devices show longer device lifetime and suppressed gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) current for PMOSFETs under I/sub g,max/ stressing. No difference in NMOSFET degradation (/spl Delta/V/sub t/, /spl Delta/G/sub m/) is observed under I/sub sub,max/ stressing. However, significant degradation under hot hole injection (V/sub g/=V/sub d/) compared to control SiO/sub 2/ is observed in NISS P/sup +/-poly PMOSFETs. In addition, degradation of NISS oxide TDDB is observed.
A superconducting probehead applicable for nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy at 7 T (1998)

A practical cryogenic probehead for NMR microscopy is described. The superconducting coil is composed of a YBa2Cu3O7 layer on a LaAlO3 substrate. The probehead consists of a continuous flow cryostate with a room temperature bore for the sample. For better performance the sample can be positioned in the center of the coil. To evaluate the gain in sensitivity, spin-echo images are presented which compare the YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) resonator to a room temperature and a cryogenic Cu resonator. These results are corroborated through theoretical calculations. To estimate the potential of superconducting coils for NMR microscopy we have made a theoretical comparison of an YBCO resonator with a microscopic solenoid with three winding.
Th22 cells represent a distinct human T cell subset involved in epidermal immunity and remodeling (2009)

Th subsets are defined according to their production of lineage-indicating cytokines and functions. In this study, we have identified a subset of human Th cells that infiltrates the epidermis in individuals with inflammatory skin disorders and is characterized by the secretion of IL-22 and TNF-alpha, but not IFN-gamma, IL-4, or IL-17. In analogy to the Th17 subset, cells with this cytokine profile have been named the Th22 subset. Th22 clones derived from patients with psoriasis were stable in culture and exhibited a transcriptome profile clearly separate from those of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells; it included genes encoding proteins involved in tissue remodeling, such as FGFs, and chemokines involved in angiogenesis and fibrosis. Primary human keratinocytes exposed to Th22 supernatants expressed a transcriptome response profile that included genes involved in innate immune pathways and the induction and modulation of adaptive immunity. These proinflammatory Th22 responses were synergistically dependent on IL-22 and TNF-alpha. Furthermore, Th22 supernatants enhanced wound healing in an in vitro injury model, which was exclusively dependent on IL-22. In conclusion, the human Th22 subset may represent a separate T cell subset with a distinct identity with respect to gene expression and function, present within the epidermal layer in inflammatory skin diseases. Future strategies directed against the Th22 subset may be of value in chronic inflammatory skin disorders.
SNP-minisequencing as an excellent tool for analysing degraded DNA recovered from archival tissues. (2008)

SNP-minisequencing has become common in forensic genetics, especially for analysing degraded or low copy number DNA (LCN DNA). The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of five SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers for analyzing degraded and LCN DNA recovered from archival samples. DNA extractions of eight formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues were performed and DNA fragments were amplified in one multiplex PCR (polymerase chain reaction). SNPs were identified in a minisequencing reaction and a gel electrophoresis in ABI Prism 377 Sequencer. The research confirmed the usefulness of SNP-minisequencing for analysing FFPE tissues.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (2002)

Forty-nine monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)-related patents published between January 1998 and July 2002 are included in this review. They are classified and reviewed under three categories: (i) novel chemical entities, (ii) novel formulations, delivery systems and processing methods of known MAOIs and (iii) novel utilities and/or pharmaceutical compositions of known MAOIs. All novel compounds patented during this time were designed based on pharmacophores of known MAOIs: indoles, tricyclic heterocyclics, phenylethylamines, aminoindans, aliphatic propargylamines, tetrahydroisoquinolines, phenyloxazolidinones, and amidines. Among them, a series of indole and aminoindan derivatives were designed to contain dual pharmacophores and inhibit both monoamine oxidase (MAO) and cholinesterase (ChE). A series of MAOI prodrugs, designed to be activated by MAOs, were also claimed. Novel drug delivery systems are claimed in the patents of the second category. The most notable of these are the transdermal therapeutic systems for the application of desoxypeganine and befloxatone. The majority of the issued patents belong to the third category and are by definition less innovative. These patents explored new and/or known therapeutic utilities of new formulations and/or pharmaceutical compositions of known MAOIs.
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of etodolic acid in rats (1976)

Etodolic acid (1, 8-diethyl-1, 3, 4, 9-tetrahydropyrano(3, 4-b) indole-1-acetic acid) showed potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in rats. In adjuvant arthritic rats etodolic acid was approximately six times more potent than phenylbutazone. In the carrageenin and the analgesic assays (inflamed paw pressure test) its potency was comparable to that of phenylbutazone. The potency of etodolic acid in the adjuvant arthritic rat suggests that this novel anti-inflammatory compound will be effective in the treatment of arthritic conditions of man.
Time-resolved ultrafast photocurrents and terahertz generation in freely suspended graphene (2012)

Graphene, a two-dimensional layer of carbon atoms, is a promising building block for a wide range of optoelectronic devices owing to its extraordinary electrical and optical properties, including the ability to absorb ~2% of incident light over a broad wavelength range. While the RC-limited bandwidth of graphene-based photodetectors can be estimated to be as large as 640 GHz, conventional electronic measurement techniques lack for analysing photocurrents at such frequencies. Here we report on time-resolved picosecond photocurrents in freely suspended graphene contacted by metal electrodes. At the graphene-metal interface, we demonstrate that built-in electric fields give rise to a photocurrent with a full-width-half-maximum of ~4 ps and that a photothermoelectric effect generates a current with a decay time of ~130 ps. Furthermore, we show that, in optically pumped graphene, electromagnetic radiation up to 1 THz is generated. Our results may prove essential to build graphene-based ultrafast photodetectors, photovoltaic cells and terahertz sources.
Hepatocellular Iron Accumulation and Increased Cell Proliferation in Polychlorinated Biphenyl-Exposed Sprague-Dawley Rats and the Development of Hepatocarcinogenesis (2001)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are liver-tumor promoters in rodents, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Tissue sections from the PCB bioassay reported by Mayes et al. 1998, Toxicol Sci., 41-66, were evaluated by histopathological techniques that included immunohistochemistry. In females, and to a much lesser extent in males, iron accumulation in hepatocytes was found at the 26th-week sacrifice, which was pronounced in the mid- and high-dose Aroclor-1254 and -1260 groups. At 52 weeks, large accumulations of iron were also present in Kupffer cells of females, and dose-related increases in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) hepatocyte labeling indices were found in both males and females. These changes preceded the formation of liver tumors, which were not generally found until 78 weeks. Glutathione S-transferase placental (GSTP) positive foci were present at 52 weeks in high-dose Aroclor-1254 and -1260 female groups, and small foci were found in some Aroclor 1254-exposed female rats at 26 weeks, along with centrilobular hepatocytes expressing GSTP. The results of this study suggest that PCB-induced iron accumulation in hepatocytes is an early event that may be related to tumor formation, especially in female rats. In both males and females, increases in cell proliferation at 52 weeks were statistically significantly correlated with tumor incidences at termination among the various PCB dosage groups. Consequently, iron accumulations producing oxidative damage, and enhanced cell proliferation resulting in tumor promotion may be components in the mode of action for PCB-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rodents.
Light and energy based therapeutics for genitourinary syndrome of menopause: Consensus and controversies (2017)

Gynecologist and plastic surgeons pioneered the application of lasers in medicine and surgery almost 5 decades ago, initially used to treat cervical and vaginal pathologies. Ever since, energy-based devices have been deployed to treat pelvic pathologies and improve fertility. Recent technological developments triggered an unprecedented wave of publications, assessing the efficacy of fractional laser, and radiofrequency on the vaginal wall in reversing natural aging processes. Studies have shown that a certain degree of thermal energy deposited on the vaginal wall stimulates proliferation of the glycogen-enriched epithelium, neovascularization, and collagen formation in the lamina propria, and improves natural lubrication and control of urination. This review aimed to review such data and to guide future research. A unique assembly of experts from around the globe, compiled and edited this manuscript based on a thorough literature review and personal experience. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:137-159, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nomenclature- and Database-Compatible Names for the Two Ebola Virus Variants that Emerged in Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2014 (2014)

In 2014, Ebola virus (EBOV) was identified as the etiological agent of a large and still expanding outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa and a much more confined EVD outbreak in Middle Africa. Epidemiological and evolutionary analyses confirmed that all cases of both outbreaks are connected to a single introduction each of EBOV into human populations and that both outbreaks are not directly connected. Coding-complete genomic sequence analyses of isolates revealed that the two outbreaks were caused by two novel EBOV variants, and initial clinical observations suggest that neither of them should be considered strains. Here we present consensus decisions on naming for both variants (West Africa: "Makona", Middle Africa: "Lomela") and provide database-compatible full, shortened, and abbreviated names that are in line with recently established filovirus sub-species nomenclatures.
Encapsulation of Flavors by Extrusion (1988)

The encapsulation of flavoring materials by extrusion is a relatively new process compared to spray drying. This process starts by forming a low moisture (5-10%) carbohydrate melt (110-130 C). This melt is composed of a low DE maltodextrin, simple sugar and perhaps a modified food starch. An emulsifier is added to the melt and then the flavoring material is added with vigorous agitation. This molten emulsion is forced through a die (ca. 1/64 inch holes) into a cold isopropanol bath. Here the melt solidifies into an amorphous structure which is broken into small rod shaped pieces by mechanical agitation. The flavor pieces are recovered by centrifugation, dried under a vacuum, mixed with a free flowing agent and packaged for sale. The product of this process contains 8-20% flavor load and is exceptionally stable to deterioration by oxidation.