gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of aminimide monomers and polymers (1983)

Abstract A convenient and practical synthesis of trimethylamine acrylimide, 1 , starting from 1, 1, 1‐trimethylhydrazinium p ‐toluenesulfonate, 3 , and 3‐chloropropionyl chloride is described. The intermediate, trimethylamine 3‐chloropropionimide, 2 , is easily transformed into 1 either through a single‐step dehydrohalogenation or through a two‐step process consisting of very facile thermal rearrangement to 1,1,1‐trimethylacrylylhydrazinium chloride, 4 , and subsequent deprotonation. Two new polymerizable monomers, 5 , and 6 , containing aminimide functionality were synthesized from trimethylamine imine, 7 , and the appropriate vinyl oxazolones, 8 , and 9 . Synthesis of hitherto unreported trimethylamine chloroacetimide, 10 , which offers unique opportunities for incorporating water‐solubilizing and alkali‐stable aminimide functionality into a variety of structures through nucleophilic displacement, is also described.
Hadamard transform measurement of tandem Fourier-transform mass spectra (1990)

The simultaneous collection of multiple spectra using tandem (MS/MS) and multidimensional (MS/MS/MS) mass spectrometry from multiple precursors is demonstrated to yield correspondingly enhanced sensitivity. This approach utilizes Hadamard transform deconvolution and takes advantage of the multichannel dissociation capability of Fourier-transform mass spectrometry. By application of this to an 11-component mixture, the 11 spectra of the products of dissociating 11 different combinations of six of the component molecular ions are measured; Hadamard transformation yields individual spectra of the precursor ions exhibiting a signal-to-noise improvement of 1.8x over spectra measured separately, as predicted by theory. Precursor ion selection with high specificity and product formation with high abundance reproducibility are critical; spurious peaks resulting from imperfect reproducibility can be minimized by using simultaneous equation coefficients reflecting the degree of precursor dissociation. Extension of this technique to MSn spectra is demonstrated with simultaneous MS/MS/MS monitoring of three precursors and three daughters yielding nine spectra representing the nine possible dissociation pathways. For MSn spectra, coding the product relationships for each additional step (e.g., precursor----daughter, daughter----granddaughter) requires elimination of half of the remaining ions. No ions are lost for coding in an improved Hadamard approach in which the combined daughter spectrum of the selected half of the precursors is subtracted from that of the other half.
Automatic Segmentation of Hair in Images (2015)

Based on a multi-step process, an automatic hair segmentation method is created and tested on a database of 115 manually segmented hair images. By extracting various information components from an image, including background color, face position, hair color, skin color, and skin mask, a heuristic-based method is created for the detection and segmentation of hair that can detect hair with an accuracy of approximately 75% and with a false hair overestimation error of 34%. Furthermore, it is shown that downsampling the image down to a face width of 25px results in a 73% reduction in computation time with insignificant change in detection accuracy.
PrimaTB STAT-PAK Assay, a Novel, Rapid Lateral-Flow Test for Tuberculosis in Nonhuman Primates (2007)

Tuberculosis (TB) is the most important zoonotic bacterial disease in nonhuman primates (NHP). The current diagnostic method, the intradermal palpebral tuberculin test, has serious shortcomings. We characterized antibody responses in NHP against Mycobacterium tuberculosis to identify immunodominant antigens and develop a rapid serodiagnostic test for TB. A total of 422 NHP were evaluated, including 243 rhesus (Macaca mulatta), 46 cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis), and 133 African green (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) monkeys at five collaborative centers. Of those, 50 monkeys of the three species were experimentally inoculated with M. tuberculosis. Antibody responses were monitored every 2 to 4 weeks for up to 8 months postinfection by MultiAntigen Print ImmunoAssay with a panel of 12 recombinant antigens. All of the infected monkeys produced antibodies at various levels and with different antigen recognition patterns. ESAT-6 and MPB83 were the most frequently recognized proteins during infection. A combination of selected antigens which detected antibodies in all of the infected monkeys was designed to develop the PrimaTB STAT-PAK assay by lateral-flow technology. Serological evaluation demonstrated high diagnostic sensitivity (90%) and specificity (99%). The highest rate of TB detection was achieved when the skin test was combined with the PrimaTB STAT-PAK kit. This novel immunoassay provides a simple, rapid, and accurate test for TB in NHP.
Disabling Cas9 by an anti-CRISPR DNA mimic (2017)

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas9 gene editing technology is derived from a microbial adaptive immune system, where bacteriophages are often the intended target. Natural inhibitors of CRISPR-Cas9 enable phages to evade immunity and show promise in controlling Cas9-mediated gene editing in human cells. However, the mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9 inhibition is not known, and the potential applications for Cas9 inhibitor proteins in mammalian cells have not been fully established. We show that the anti-CRISPR protein AcrIIA4 binds only to assembled Cas9-single-guide RNA (sgRNA) complexes and not to Cas9 protein alone. A 3.9 Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the Cas9-sgRNA-AcrIIA4 complex revealed that the surface of AcrIIA4 is highly acidic and binds with a 1:1 stoichiometry to a region of Cas9 that normally engages the DNA protospacer adjacent motif. Consistent with this binding mode, order-of-addition experiments showed that AcrIIA4 interferes with DNA recognition but has no effect on preformed Cas9-sgRNA-DNA complexes. Timed delivery of AcrIIA4 into human cells as either protein or expression plasmid allows on-target Cas9-mediated gene editing while reducing off-target edits. These results provide a mechanistic understanding of AcrIIA4 function and demonstrate that inhibitors can modulate the extent and outcomes of Cas9-mediated gene editing.
Acoustic-optic programmable delay line using laser diodes (1993)

We designed a programmable delay line using laser diodes to tap an acousto-optic cell. The laser diodes optically tap the Bragg cell at varying distances from the transducer to create delayed versions of the input signal. We describe the optical architecture that uses heterodyne detection to collect delayed versions of the input signal. We present experimental results that verify system performance. Applications for the delay line include radar and signal processing systems.
Reconfigurable beam steering metasurface at telecommunication wavelengths (Conference Presentation) (2018)

The ability to control all the important constitutive properties of light via interaction with nanoscale elements is a central concept in nanophotonics. In the last several years, metasurfaces have demonstrated promise as both flat optical elements to replace conventional three-dimensional components as well as to access functions that are unachievable in conventional optics. To date, the functional performance of metasurfaces has typically been encoded at the time of fabrication. However, active control of the properties of metasurfaces would enable dynamic holograms, focusing lenses with reconfigurable focal lengths, and beam steering, a key requirement for future chip-based light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems. Here, we report the design and experimental demonstration of a continuous beam steering at telecommunication wavelengths using field-effect-tunable metasurfaces. The proposed beam steering device is actively controlled by incorporating indium tin oxide (ITO), as a material with voltage-tunable optical properties, into a metasurface. Using ITO as an active material and a composite hafnium-aluminum-oxide nanolaminate as the gate dielectric, we demonstrate a prototype tunable metasurface with a continuous phase shift from 0 to 300°. Our design enables independent control of each metasurface element via an individual application of DC voltage. This enables electrical control of the metasurface phase profile, which is an essential requirement for demonstration of continuous beam steering. By careful application of bias voltages to 96 biasing channels, we achieve a quasi-continuous beam steering with the steering angles of up to 75°.
Homogeneous α-Olefin Polymerizations over Racemic Ethylene-Bridged <i>ansa</i>-Bis(2-(<i>tert</i>-butyldimethylsiloxy)- 1-indenyl) and <i>ansa</i>-Bis(2-(<i>tert</i>-butyldimethylsiloxy)- 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-indenyl) Metallocene Dichlorides (1997)

Ethylene and propylene were polymerized over the siloxy-substituted bis(indenyl) ansa-metallocenes, rac-[ethylenebis(2-(tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)indenyl)]zirconium dichloride (1), rac-[ethylenebis(2-(tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindenyl)]zirconium dichloride (2), and rac-[ethylenebis(2-(tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)indenyl)]hafnium dichloride (3), using methylaluminoxane (MAO) and trityl tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate as cocatalysts. Especially complex 1 forms a highly active catalyst precursor for the polymerization of α-olefins. Synthesis and characterization of 2 and 3 are described. The 1/MAO and 3/MAO catalyst systems show high polymerization activities at exceptionally low [Al]:[Zr] ratios [(100−250):1]. For both catalysts, extensive chain transfer to aluminum is observed as the predominant chain-transfer mechanism. Preliminary results from copolymerization of ethylene with 1-hexene and 1-hexadecene over 1/MAO indicate a good comonomer response.
Nicotinic Receptors and the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia (1995)

Nicotine normalizes several physiological abnormalities found in schizophrenia, including a deficit in the inhibitory gating of the P50 evoked response to repeated auditory stimuli. Animal models suggest the involvement of α7 nicotinic receptor subunits on hippocampal interneurons. The deficit is distributed in the families of schizophrenics in a pattern consistent with autosomal dominant transmission, and there is some evidence suggestive of linkage at the chromosomal locus of the α7 gene.
High Efficiency Short Backfire Antenna Using Electromagnetically Hard Walls (2015)

This letter presents a high efficiency short backfire antenna (SBFA) using electromagnetically hard walls. A hard surface composed of low permittivity dielectric liner with longitudinal metal surface strips is affixed to the inside walls of a conventional SBFA's main reflector. The hard-walled SBFA was optimized to operate at L1 and L2 GPS bands with circular polarization using an R2 indicator based evolutionary multiobjective algorithm. A hard-walled SBFA with 2λ aperture diameter at L1 achieved 90% and 98% aperture efficiency at L1 and L2, respectively. Also the antenna exhibited more than 90% aperture efficiency over 16% bandwidth around L1. Compared to a conventional SBFA with the same aperture diameter the new antenna achieves 1.25 dB higher directivity at L1 and 0.76 dB at L2, as well as improved cross- polarization due to a more uniform aperture distribution.
Maximum Power Point Tracking for Wind Turbine Using Integrated Generator-Rectifier Systems (2019)

Off-shore wind is a rapidly growing renewable energy resource. Harvesting energy far from the coast requires multi-megawatt wind turbines and high efficiency, high power density, and reliable power conversion systems to achieve a competitive levelized cost of energy. An integrated system utilizing one active and multiple passive rectifiers with a multi-port permanent magnet synchronous generator is a promising alternative compared to the conventional electro-mechanical power conversion systems. Deployment of the integrated systems in off-shore wind energy requires maximum power point tracking (MPPT) capability, which seems to be challenging due to the presence of numerous uncontrolled passive rectifiers. This paper shows MPPT is feasible through a power-flow control framework. The framework is based on a finding that the active rectifier d-axis current can control the total system output power. The MPPT capability opens up multiple opportunities for the integrated systems in off-shore wind applications.
Characterizing the Birefringence of Polarization-Maintaining Fiber using Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (2006)

Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) is used to measure the group index difference and the refractive index difference (i.e. beat-length) between the fast and slow modes in polarization-maintaining (PM) optical fiber.
ECG telemonitoring during home-based cardiac rehabilitation in heart failure patients (2012)

We assessed ECGs recorded during home-based telemonitored cardiac rehabilitation (HTCR) in stable patients with heart-failure. The study included 75 patients with heart failure (NYHA II, III), with a mean age of 56 years. They participated in an eight-week programme of home cardiac rehabilitation which was telemonitored with a device which recorded 16-s fragments of their ECG. These fragments were transmitted via mobile phone to a monitoring centre. The times of the automatic ECG recordings were pre-set and coordinated with the cardiac rehabilitation. Patients were able to make additional recordings when they felt unwell using a tele-event-Holter ECG facility. During the study, 5757 HTCR sessions were recorded and 11,534 transmitted ECG fragments were evaluated. Most ECGs originated from the automatic recordings. Singular supraventricular and ventricular premature beats and ventricular couplets were detected in 16%, 69% and 16% of patients, respectively. Twenty ECGs were recorded when patients felt unwell: non sustained ventricular tachycardia occurred in three patients and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation episode in two patients. Heart failure patients undergoing HTCR did not develop any arrhythmia which required a change of the procedure, confirming it was safe. Cardiac rehabilitation at home was improved by utilizing the tele-event-Holter ECG facility.
Co-feeding glucose with either gluconate or galacturonate during clostridial fermentations provides metabolic fine-tuning capabilities (2021)

Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 effectively utilizes a wide range of substrates to produce commodity chemicals. When grown on substrates of different oxidation states, the organism exhibits different recycling needs of reduced intracellular electron carrying co-factors. Ratios of substrates with different oxidation states were used to modulate the need to balance electron carriers and demonstrate fine-tuned control of metabolic output. Three different oxidized substrates were first fed singularly, then in different ratios to three different strains of Clostridium sp. Growth was most robust when fed glucose in exclusive fermentations. However, the use of the other two more oxidized substrates was strain-dependent in exclusive feeds. In glucose-galacturonate mixed fermentation, the main products (acetate and butyrate) were dependant on the ratios of the substrates. Exclusive fermentation on galacturonate was nearly homoacetic. Co-utilization of galacturonate and glucose was observed from the onset of fermentation in growth conditions using both substrates combined, with the proportion of galacturonate present dictating the amount of acetate produced. For all three strains, increasing galacturonate content (%) in a mixture of galacturonate and glucose from 0 to 50, and 100, resulted in a corresponding increase in the amount of acetate produced. For example, C. acetobutylicum increased from ~ 10 mM to ~ 17 mM, and then ~ 23 mM. No co-utilization was observed when galacturonate was replaced with gluconate in the two substrate co-feed.
Directional Transverse Oscillation Vector Flow Estimation (2017)

A method for estimating vector velocities using transverse oscillation (TO) combined with directional beamforming is presented. In directional TO (DTO), a normal focused field is emitted and the received signals are beamformed in the lateral direction transverse to the ultrasound beam to increase the amount of data for vector velocity estimation. The approach is self-calibrating as the lateral oscillation period is estimated from the directional signal through a Fourier transform to yield quantitative velocity results over a large range of depths. The approach was extensively simulated using Field IIpro and implemented on the experimental Synthetic Aperture Real-time Ultrasound System (SARUS) scanner in connection with a BK Medical 8820e convex array transducer. Velocity estimates for DTO are found for beam-to-flow angles of 60°, 75°, and 90°, and vessel depths from 24 to 156 mm. Using 16 emissions, the standard deviation (SD) for angle estimation at depths ranging from 24 to 104 mm is between 6.01° and 0.93° with a mean SD of 2.8°. The mean relative SD for the lateral velocity component is 9.2% and the mean relative bias -3.4% or four times lower than for traditional TO. The approach also works for deeper lying vessels with a slight increase in SD to 15.7%, but a maintained bias of -3.5% from 126 to 156 mm. Data for a pulsating flow have also been acquired for 15 cardiac cycles using a CompuFlow 1000 pump. The relative SD was here 7.4% for a femoral artery waveform.
Crosslinking of hydroxyl‐terminated liquid rubber with divalent metal salts of mono(hydroxyethyl) phthalate, anhydrides, and bisepoxide (1981)

Abstract Crosslinking of hydroxyl‐terminated liquid rubber with divalent metal salts of mono(hydroxyethyl) phthalate, anhydrides and bisepoxide was investigated by the diols‐anhydridesbisepoxide, reactions. As the anhydride, succinic anhydride and hexahydrophthalic anhydride were used, and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether was the bisepoxide used. The metal carboxylate groups of these metal salts catalyzed the crosslinking reactions and, further, the Mg salt showed higher catalytic activities than the Ca salt. As for the physical properties of the metal‐containing cured rubbers obtained, tensile strength and Shore A hardness increased with increase in the metal salt content. In addition, the rubbers containing Mg showed better physical properties than those containing Ca. Meanwhile, elongation showed a maximum with increase in the metal salt content. Resistance; to water and chemical attack, thermal behavior, and stress relaxation are also discussed.
Total sulfane sulfur bioavailability reflects ethnic and gender disparities in cardiovascular disease (2018)

Hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) has emerged as an important physiological and pathophysiological signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system influencing vascular tone, cytoprotective responses, redox reactions, vascular adaptation, and mitochondrial respiration. However, bioavailable levels of H<sub>2</sub>S in its various biochemical metabolite forms during clinical cardiovascular disease remain poorly understood. We performed a case-controlled study to quantify and compare the bioavailability of various biochemical forms of H<sub>2</sub>S in patients with and without cardiovascular disease (CVD). In our study, we used the reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography monobromobimane assay to analytically measure bioavailable pools of H<sub>2</sub>S. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were also identified using DNA Pyrosequencing. We found that plasma acid labile sulfide levels were significantly reduced in Caucasian females with CVD compared with those without the disease. Conversely, plasma bound sulfane sulfur levels were significantly reduced in Caucasian males with CVD compared with those without the disease. Surprisingly, gender differences of H<sub>2</sub>S bioavailability were not observed in African Americans, although H<sub>2</sub>S bioavailability was significantly lower overall in this ethnic group compared to Caucasians. We also performed SNP analysis of H<sub>2</sub>S synthesizing enzymes and found a significant increase in cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH) 1364 G-T allele frequency in patients with CVD compared to controls. Lastly, plasma H<sub>2</sub>S bioavailability was found to be predictive for cardiovascular disease in Caucasian subjects as determined by receiver operator characteristic analysis. These findings reveal that plasma H<sub>2</sub>S bioavailability could be considered a biomarker for CVD in an ethnic and gender manner. Cystathionine gamma-lyase 1346 G-T SNP might also contribute to the risk of cardiovascular disease development.
Abstract C269: Targeting casein kinase 1 delta and epsilon (CK1δ/ϵ) in breast cancer therapeutics. (2013)

Abstract The Caesin Kinase 1 (CK1) family consists of 7 ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinases that play diverse roles in a number of cellular processes. Interestingly, CK1δ and ϵ are highly expressed in some cancer types where they have been shown to promote cell growth, survival, and tumorigenicity in vivo. For example, exogenous expression of kinase dead mutants of CK1δ block SV40 induced cell transformation as well as mammary carcinogenesis in xenograft models. Furthermore, the effect of CK1δ/ϵ shRNAs on breast cancer cell growth has been shown to correlate with high levels of nuclear β-catenin, a molecular phenotype known to be associated with the invasive TNBC subtype and poor clinical outcome. Therefore, we investigated whether inhibition of CK1 δ/ϵ could represent a viable strategy for the treatment of TNBC, for which there are currently no targeted therapies. Here we report the development of novel small molecule, ATP competitive inhibitors of CK1δ/ϵ, that are highly selective for CK1δ and ϵ and have low nanomolar biochemical and anti-breast cancer cell potency. In particular, our top leads (such as SR-3029) show selectivity toward cancer cells over non-tumorigenic cells and screening of the NCI-60 panel of tumor cell lines suggest potency against a number of additional malignancies, including GBM and melanoma. We show, using genetic tools, that SR-3029 is on-target and functions to promote apoptotic cell death in TNBC cells through negative regulation of β-catenin. Furthermore, SR-3029 is highly efficacious in vivo, promoting regression of human MDA-MB-231 tumors established in the mouse mammary fat pad. Our studies demonstrate pre-clinical proof of concept that targeting of CK1δ/ϵ is an effective anti-TNBC strategy. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):C269. Citation Format: Laura H. Rosenberg, Weimin Chen, Shima Nakanishi, Mathieu Bibian, Michael D. Cameron, John L. Cleveland, William R. Roush, Derek R. Duckett. Targeting casein kinase 1 delta and epsilon (CK1δ/ϵ) in breast cancer therapeutics. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C269.
[New anthracycline antibiotics and derivatives]. (1984)

Studies of anthracycline antibiotics which have been carried out for the purpose of finding compounds useful in the treatment of cancer are described. Synthetic development of derivatives and analogs which have stronger activities and lower characteristic toxicities than parent antitumor antibiotics such as daunomycin, adriamycin, etc., have been illustrated namely: (1) syntheses of 4'-O-derivatives such as 4'-O-tetrahydropyranyl-adriamycin; (2) syntheses of N-alkyl derivatives such as 3'-deamino-3'-morpholino-adriamycin; and (3) syntheses of 11-deoxy-adriamycin. Notably, 4'-O-tetrahydropyranyl-adriamycin having a (2" R)-configuration has been confirmed to have stronger activity and lower toxicity than adriamycin by Phase II study. New, naturally occurring anthracycline antibiotics (decilorubicin, arugomycin, ditrisarubicin, etc.) have also been reviewed.