gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crystal Growth Inhibitors for the Prevention of <scp>l</scp> -Cystine Kidney Stones Through Molecular Design (2010)

Crystallization of L-cystine is a critical step in the pathogenesis of cystine kidney stones. Treatments for this disease are somewhat effective but often lead to adverse side effects. Real-time in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals that L-cystine dimethylester (L-CDME) and L-cystine methylester (L-CME) dramatically reduce the growth velocity of the six symmetry-equivalent {100} steps because of specific binding at the crystal surface, which frustrates the attachment of L-cystine molecules. L-CDME and L-CME produce l-cystine crystals with different habits that reveal distinct binding modes at the crystal surfaces. The AFM observations are mirrored by reduced crystal yield and crystal size in the presence of L-CDME and L-CME, collectively suggesting a new pathway to the prevention of L-cystine stones by rational design of crystal growth inhibitors.
An Adversarial Learning Framework For A Persona-Based Multi-Turn Dialogue Model (2019)

In this paper, we extend the persona-based sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) neural network conversation model to a multi-turn dialogue scenario by modifying the state-ofthe-art hredGAN architecture to simultaneously capture utterance attributes such as speaker identity, dialogue topic, speaker sentiments and so on. The proposed system, phredGAN has a persona-based HRED generator (PHRED) and a conditional discriminator. We also explore two approaches to accomplish the conditional discriminator: (1) phredGAN a , a system that passes the attribute representation as an additional input into a traditional adversarial discriminator, and (2) phredGAN d , a dual discriminator system which in addition to the adversarial discriminator, collaboratively predicts the attribute(s) that generated the input utterance. To demonstrate the superior performance of phredGAN over the persona Seq2Seq model, we experiment with two conversational datasets, the Ubuntu Dialogue Corpus (UDC) and TV series transcripts from the Big Bang Theory and Friends. Performance comparison is made with respect to a variety of quantitative measures as well as crowd-sourced human evaluation. We also explore the trade-offs from using either variant of phredGAN on datasets with many but weak attribute modalities (such as with Big Bang Theory and Friends) and ones with few but strong attribute modalities (customer-agent interactions in Ubuntu dataset).
Cladding-mode resonances in hybrid polymer-silica microstructured optical fiber gratings (2000)

We examine the cladding-mode resonances of fiber gratings UV written into the core of a novel microstructured fiber whose air regions are subsequently infused with polymer. The cladding spectrum changes with temperature because of the strong temperature dependence of the polymer refractive index and we show that these changes can be understood qualitatively using a simple model of the polymer-silica waveguide. Our results imply wavelength and amplitude tuning regimes for long period gratings written into this fiber with tunability enhanced over conventional long period gratings because of the small effective inner cladding diameter of our fiber.
Noninvasive in vivo millimeter-wave measurements of glucose: First results in human subjects (2017)

We present initial data on noninvasive millimeter-wave tracking of glucose levels in human subjects. Measurements were made using three separate test systems, all giving similar results: (1) a K-band (WR42) rectangular waveguide clamp coupled to a direct detector to measure transmission magnitude through the upper ear between 15 and 25 GHz; (2) a K-band waveguide clamp connected to a vector network analyzer to measure magnitude and phase of transmitted power through the ear lobe; and (3) a Ka-band rectangular waveguide clamp operating from 26-36 GHz also recording complex transmission coefficients through the ear lobe. A novel compact CMOS heterodyne transceiver operating at 19-21 GHz was also tested, but failed to show sufficient antenna-to-antenna power coupling to produce useful results. Data was collected during a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in one healthy volunteer and correlated with blood glucose measurements using a commercial glucometer. Preliminary results show good correlation between blood glucose measurements (invasive) and both magnitude and phase of millimeter-wave transmission (non-invasive) through the skin, and are in accordance with our earlier animal experiments conducted on anesthetized rats.
Powerful Protein Binders from Designed Polypeptides and Small Organic Molecules—A General Concept for Protein Recognition (2011)

Hoch affine Binder für das C-reaktive Protein (CRP) mit Dissoziationskonstanten im pM- bis nM-Bereich und ähnlichen Selektivitäten in Humanserum wie Antikörper wurden durch Konjugation von 16 maßgeschneiderten Polypeptiden an Phosphocholin hergestellt, ein kleines Molekül, das CRP mit einem KD-Wert von 5 μM bindet (siehe Bild). Die Polypeptide wurden nicht speziell als CRP-Binder konzipiert und binden durch einen auf Anpassung beruhenden Mechanismus.
Cryptocandin, a potent antimycotic from the endophytic fungus Cryptosporiopsis cf. quercina (1999)

A unique lipopeptide antimycotic, termed cryptocandin, is described from Cryptosporiopsis cf. quercina, an endophytic fungus. Cryptocandin, with a molecular mass of 1079 Da, contains equimolar amounts of 3,4-dihydroxyhomotyrosine, 4-hydroxyproline, threonine, glutamine, 3-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethylproline, 4,5-dihydroxyornithine and palmitic acid. Cryptocandin is chemically related to well-known antimycotics, the echinocandins and pneumocandins, which are produced by such fungi as Zalerion arboricola, Pezicula spp. and Aspergillus spp. Cryptocandin has minimal inhibitory concentration values of 0.03-0.07 microgram ml-1 against isolates of Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum. Cryptocandin is also active against a number of plant-pathogenic fungi including Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea.
Confocal laser method for quantitative evaluation of critical optical properties of toric intraocular lenses (2016)

None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Time-division multiplexing of polarization-insensitive fiber-optic Michelson interferometric sensors (1995)

A system of time-division multiplexing of polarization-insensitive fiber-optic Michelson interferometric sensors that uses Faraday rotator mirror elements is demonstrated. This system is constructed with conventional low-birefringence single-mode fiber and is able to solve the polarization-fading problem by a combination of Faraday rotator mirrors with unbalanced Michelson interferometers. The system is lead-fiber insensitive and has potentials for practical field applications.
Eyeglass: a very large aperture diffractive space telescope (2002)

Eyeglass is a very large aperture (25 - 100 meter) space telescope consisting of two distinct spacecraft, separated in space by several kilometers. A diffractive lens provides the telescope's large aperture, and a separate, much smaller, space telescope serves as its mobile eyepiece. Use of a transmissive diffractive lens solves two basic problems associated with very large aperture space telescopes; it is inherently fieldable (lightweight and flat, hence packagable and deployable) and virtually eliminates the traditional, very tight, surface shape tolerances faced by reflecting apertures. The potential drawback to use of a diffractive primary (very narrow spectral bandwidth) is eliminated by corrective optics in the telescope's eyepiece. The Eyeglass can provide diffraction-limited imaging with either single-band, multiband, or continuous spectral coverage. Broadband diffractive telescopes have been built at LLNL and have demonstrated diffraction-limited performance over a 40% spectral bandwidth (0.48 - 0.72 μm). As one approach to package a large aperture for launch, a foldable lens has been built and demonstrated. A 75 cm aperture diffractive lens was constructed from 6 panels of 1 mm thick silica; it achieved diffraction-limited performance both before and after folding. This multiple panel, folding lens, approach is currently being scaled-up at LLNL. We are building a 5 meter aperture foldable lens, involving 72 panels of 700 μm thick glass sheets, diffractively patterned to operate as coherent f/50 lens.
Surface etching mechanism of silicon nitride in fluorine and nitric oxide containing plasmas (2001)

The etch rate of silicon nitride (Si3N4) in the afterglow of fluorine-containing plasmas is strongly enhanced when both nitrogen and oxygen are added to the remote discharge. This effect is attributed to the formation of nitric oxide (NO), which we identify as a highly reactive precursor for the etching of Si3N4. The Si3N4 etch rate, surface oxidation, and the depletion of the surface of N atoms show a linear dependence on the NO density. In order to determine the products of the NO reaction at the Si3N4 surface, mass spectrometry was performed in immediate proximity to the surface with a specially designed movable sampling orifice. Both SiF4 and N2 are identified as primary etch products, but a smaller amount of N2O was also detected. Based on our results, we suggest that NO enhances the removal of N from the Si3N4 surface by the formation of gaseous N2, and leaving behind an O atom, while the overall surface oxidation remains very low, and the reactive layers are very thin. This modified surface reacts more readily with F atoms than the Si3N4 surface.
High Nitrogen Steels. High Nitrogen Austenitic Cases in Stainless Steels. (1996)

Utilizing the high nitrogen solubility of the austenitic phase nitrogen can be introduced into the surface of a near net shape part by a new diffusion process called "solution nitriding". The result is a fully austenitic case around a martensitic, austenitic-ferritic or austenitic core as depicted in the Schaeffler diagram. This high strength yet very tough high nitrogen case shows improved wear and corrosion properties. Especially the wear rate by cavitation is extremely reduced because of a different strengthening behavior as compared to conventional steels. As long as nitrogen is totally dissolved in the case the corrosion properties are not impaired. The formation of nitrides during solution nitriding, which consume chromium and in consequence lower the corrosion resistance, can be beneficial for applications under mainly erosive loading.
EXOCHI (2007)

Future mainstream microprocessors will likely integrate specialized accelerators, such as GPUs, onto a single die to achieve better performance and power efficiency. However, it remains a keen challenge to program such a heterogeneous multicore platform, since these specialized accelerators feature ISAs and functionality that are significantly different from the general purpose CPU cores. In this paper, we present EXOCHI: (1) Exoskeleton Sequencer(EXO), an architecture to represent heterogeneous acceleratorsas ISA-based MIMD architecture resources, and a shared virtual memory heterogeneous multithreaded program execution model that tightly couples specialized accelerator cores with generalpurpose CPU cores, and (2) C for Heterogeneous Integration(CHI), an integrated C/C++ programming environment that supports accelerator-specific inline assembly and domain-specific languages. The CHI compiler extends the OpenMP pragma for heterogeneous multithreading programming, and produces a single fat binary with code sections corresponding to different instruction sets. The runtime can judiciously spread parallel computation across the heterogeneous cores to optimize performance and power.
Cooperative MAC for Rate Adaptive Randomized Distributed Space-Time Coding (2008)

In a distributed wireless network, it is possible to employ several relays and mimic a multiple antenna transmission system. In this paper we propose a MAC layer solution that allows multiple relays to send information to the receiver at unison, using a randomized distributed space time code. The randomized space-time coding can recruit relays on the fly, thus significantly reducing signaling overhead. The cross-layer design between physical layer and MAC layer involves relay discovery and rate adaptation, and results in improvements in throughput and delay performance. The design is dynamic and can be adapted to changing network conditions. The proposed MAC scheme can be integrated into various wireless technologies such as distributed contention based networks (e.g., IEEE 802.11 BSS and ad hoc mode) as well as centralized multiple access networks (e.g., IEEE 802.16).
Synthesis of 2-phenylthiazolidine derivatives as cardiotonic agents. III. Optically active isomers of N-methyl-2-(2-(2-(4-phenylpiperazino)ethoxy)phenyl)thiazolidine-3-carboxamides. (1987)

Optically active isomers of N-methyl-2- (2- (2- (4-phenylpiperazino) ethoxy) phenyl) thiazolidine-3-carboxamides ((+) -2 and (-) -2) have been synthesized and tested for positive inotropic activity. The racemic thiocarboxamide ((±) -3) was resolved into the enantiomers ((+) -3 and (-) -3) via the L-and D-N- (2-naphthylsulfonyl) prolyl derivatives ((+) -4 and (-) -4). Conversion of the thiocarboxamides ((+) -3 and (-) -3) to the carboxamides ((+) -2 and (-) -2) was smoothly effected by treatment with the glycidic ester (7). The absolute stereochemistry of (-) -3 was determined to be 2S by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Hence, the absolute configuration of the carboxamide ((-) -2) is 2S. On i.v. administration to anesthetized dogs, the enantiomers of 2 showed only a threefold difference in positive inotropic activity, with the levo isomer ((-) -2) being the more active. In the isolated cat heart muscle, the enantiomers were nearly equipotent to each other. Thus, no significant difference between the positive inotropic activities of the optical isomers of 2 was observed.
Erythromycin derivatives inhibit HIV-1 replication in macrophages through modulation of MAPK activity to induce small isoforms of C/EBPβ (2008)

Macrophages (MPhis) are a major source of HIV-1 especially in patients with tuberculosis. There are MPhis that are permissive and those that restrict HIV-1. Regulation of hematopoietic cell kinase (Hck) activity and selective expression of CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) isoforms greatly contribute to determine distinct susceptibility of MPhis to HIV-1. Resistance is attributable to reduced expression of Hck and augmented expression of an inhibitory small isoform of C/EBPbeta. Derivatives of erythromycin A (EMA) EM201 and EM703 inhibit the replication of HIV-1 in tissue MPhis, at posttranscriptional and translational levels. We demonstrate that EM201 and EM703 convert tissue MPhis from HIV-1 susceptible to HIV-1 resistant through down-regulation of Hck and induction of small isoforms of C/EBPbeta. These drugs inhibit p38MAPK activation which is expressed only in susceptible tissue MPhis. Activated CD4(+)T cells stimulate the viral replication in HIV-1 resistant MPhis through down-regulation of small isoforms of C/EBPbeta via activation of ERK1/2. EM201 and EM703 can inhibit the MAPK activation and inhibit the burst of viral replication produced when CD4(+)T cells and MPhis interact. These EM derivatives may be highly beneficial for repression of residual HIV-1 in the lymphoreticular system of HIV-1-infected patients and offer great promise for the creation of new anti-HIV drugs for the future treatment of AIDS patients.
<i>Aurelia aurita</i>bio-inspired tilt sensor (2012)

The quickly expanding field of mobile robots, unmanned underwater vehicles, and micro-air vehicles urgently needs a cheap and effective means for measuring vehicle inclination. Commonly, tilt or inclination has been mathematically derived from accelerometers; however, there is inherent error in any indirect measurement. This paper reports a bio-inspired tilt sensor that mimics the natural balance organ of jellyfish, called the ?statocyst?. Biological statocysts from the species Aurelia aurita were characterized by scanning electron microscopy to investigate the morphology and size of the natural sensor. An artificial tilt sensor was then developed by using printed electronics that incorporates a novel voltage divider concept in conjunction with small surface mount devices. This sensor was found to have minimum sensitivity of 4.21??with a standard deviation of 1.77?. These results open the possibility of developing elegant tilt sensor architecture for both air and water based platforms.
Renal denervation by intravascular ultrasound: Preliminary in vivo study (2012)

Ultrasound denervation has recently become a subject of intense research in connection with the treatment of complex medical conditions including neurological conditions, development of pain management, reproduction of skin sensation, neuropathic pain and spasticity. The objective of this study is to investigate the use of intravascular ultrasound to produce nerve damage in renal sympathetic nerves without significant injury to the renal artery. This technique may potentially be used to treat various medical conditions, such as hypertension. The study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Ultrasound was applied to renal nerves of the swine model for histopathological evaluation. Therapeutic ultrasound energy was delivered circumferentially by an intravascular catheter maneuvered into the renal arteries. Fluoroscopic imaging was conducted pre-and post-ultrasound treatment. Animals were recovered and euthanized up to 30 hours post procedure, followed by necropsy and tissue sample collection. Histopathological examination showed evidence of extensive damage to renal nerves, characterized by nuclear pyknosis, hyalinization of stroma and multifocal hemorrhages, with little or no damage to renal arteries. This study demonstrates the feasibility of intravascular ultrasound as a minimally invasive renal denervation technique. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of this technique and its related clinical significance.
Achieving enhanced and tunable adhesion via composite posts (2015)

Surfaces with enhanced and tunable adhesion have a variety of applications, including microtransfer printing of semiconductor elements, material handling in manufacturing, and gripping surfaces on climbing robots. Traditionally, schemes to achieve tunable adhesion have relied on fabricating arrays of posts or fibers with complex geometries, such as angled posts terminated by wider caps. Here, we describe an alternative to post structures with complex geometries through the use of composite posts that consist of a stiff core and a compliant shell. Posts consisting of a stiff core and compliant shell have enhanced adhesion under normal loading, and the pull-off can be reduced via the application of shear. The adhesion mechanics of composite posts are demonstrated here through a combination of finite element simulations and experimental measurements on individual millimeter-scale posts.
Adaptation of a Biomarker-Based Sepsis Mortality Risk Stratification Tool for Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome* (2017)

A validated, biomarker-based risk stratification tool designed for pediatric sepsis was adapted for use in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. The newly derived Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Biomarker Risk Model demonstrates good test characteristics internally and requires external validation in a larger cohort. Tools such as Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Biomarker Risk Model have the potential to provide improved risk stratification and prognostic enrichment for future trials in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Inhibiting HIV-1 integrase by shifting its oligomerization equilibrium (2007)

Proteins are involved in various equilibria that play a major role in their activity or regulation. The design of molecules that shift such equilibria is of great therapeutic potential. This fact was demonstrated in the cases of allosteric inhibitors, which shift the equilibrium between active and inactive (R and T) states, and chemical chaperones, which shift folding equilibrium of proteins. Here, we expand these concepts and propose the shifting of oligomerization equilibrium of proteins as a general methodology for drug design. We present a strategy for inhibiting proteins by "shiftides": ligands that specifically bind to an inactive oligomeric state of a disease-related protein and modulate its activity by shifting the oligomerization equilibrium of the protein toward it. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach for the inhibition of the HIV-1 integrase (IN) protein by using peptides derived from its cellular-binding protein, LEDGF/p75, which specifically inhibit IN activity by a noncompetitive mechanism. The peptides inhibit the DNA-binding of IN by shifting the IN oligomerization equilibrium from the active dimer toward the inactive tetramer, which is unable to catalyze the first integration step of 3' end processing. The LEDGF/p75-derived peptides inhibit the enzymatic activity of IN in vitro and consequently block HIV-1 replication in cells because of the lack of integration. These peptides are promising anti-HIV lead compounds that modulate oligomerization of IN via a previously uncharacterized mechanism, which bears advantages over the conventional interface dimerization inhibitors.
Immunization with a Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 5 O polysaccharide-toxin A conjugate vaccine: effect of a booster dose on antibody levels in humans (1988)

Healthy adult volunteers were vaccinated on day 0 and 28 and at 15 months with a Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 5 O polysaccharide-toxin A conjugate vaccine. Immunization resulted in mild, transient local reactions in less than 20% of the subjects. Maximal immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers to both toxin A and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were seen at day 42, at which time 50% of the vaccinees showed a fourfold or greater rise in toxin A-neutralizing titers. By 15 months postvaccination, both antitoxin A and anti-LPS IgG antibodies had markedly declined. A booster dose of vaccine administered at 15 months evoked a vigorous anti-toxin A IgG antibody response with 100% of the volunteers showing a fourfold or greater rise in neutralizing antibody titer compared with preimmunization levels. In contrast, there was no significant elevation of anti-LPS IgG antibody levels. At 24 months postimmunization, only anti-toxin A antibody levels were significantly higher than preimmunization levels.
Multi-Scale Semantics-Guided Neural Networks for Efficient Skeleton-Based Human Action Recognition (2021)

Skeleton data is of low dimension. However, there is a trend of using very deep and complicated feedforward neural networks to model the skeleton sequence without considering the complexity in recent year. In this paper, a simple yet effective multi-scale semantics-guided neural network (MS-SGN) is proposed for skeleton-based action recognition. We explicitly introduce the high level semantics of joints (joint type and frame index) into the network to enhance the feature representation capability of joints. Moreover, a multi-scale strategy is proposed to be robust to the temporal scale variations. In addition, we exploit the relationship of joints hierarchically through two modules, i.e., a joint-level module for modeling the correlations of joints in the same frame and a frame-level module for modeling the temporal dependencies of frames. With an order of magnitude smaller model size than most previous methods, MSSGN achieves the state-of-the-art performance on the NTU60, NTU120, and SYSU datasets.