gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quadrupole mass spectrometry and time-of-flight analysis of ions resulting from 532nm pulsed laser ablation of Ni, Al, and ZnO targets (2008)

This work describes the design and validation of an instrument to measure the kinetic energies of ions ejected by the pulsed laser ablation (PLA) of a solid target. Mass spectra show that the PLA of Ni, Al, and ZnO targets, in vacuum, using the second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser (532nm, pulse duration ∼10ns) generates abundant Xn+ ions (n⩽3 for Ni, ⩽2 for Al, ⩽3 and ⩽2 for Zn and O respectively from ZnO). Ions are selected by their mass∕charge (m∕z) ratio prior to the determination of their times of flight. PLA of Ni has been studied in most detail. The mean velocities of ablated Nin+ ions are shown to follow the trend v(Ni3+)&gt;v(Ni2+)&gt;v(Ni+). Data from Ni2+ and Ni3+ are fitted to shifted Maxwellian functions and agree well with a model which assumes both thermal and Coulombic contributions to ion velocities. The dependence of ion velocities on laser pulse energy (and fluence) is investigated, and the high energy data are shown to be consistent with an effective accelerating voltage of ∼90V within the plume. The distribution of velocities associated with Ni3+ indicates a population at cooler temperature than Ni2+.
Effectiveness of Minimal Quantity Lubrication in Turning Process (2002)

Recently, it is necessary to reduce the amount of cutting fluids used in production lines in order to control environmental pollution. The logical step, which can be taken to avoid the environmental problem, is dry machining. However, dry machining is not always acceptable because of unfavorable manufacturing aspects such as decreased tool life and insufficient surface quality. To solve those problems, this study suggests minimal quantity lubrication (MQL) machining which is able to achieve both functions of cooling and lubrication of a cutting fluid and a large amount of air blow. This paper reports the effectiveness of the MQL system in the case of such continous machining as turning particularly when a biodegradable polyol ester is used as a cutting fluid. The lubricating action of this ester oil is also investigated in detail with the aid of surface analysis technics.
Augustine's world: an introduction to his speculative philosophy (1997)

This book examines Augustine's description of the actually existing world, especially that aspect most important for the human pursuit of happiness: the human being and God. It begins with an overview of the characteristics of the human individual and the context in which they must live out their lives, a context dominated by two seemingly contradictory realities: the existence of God and the existence of evil.
The stability of ascorbic acid microencapsulated in granules of rice starch and in gum arabic (2000)

Ascorbic acid (AA) was microencapsulated by spray drying, using gum arabic and rice starch as covering materials. The AA was dissolved in solutions of the wall material prior to processing. For the rice starch, gelatin was used as a binding agent and recovery was effected with calcium pectate. The morphology of the materials was analysed by optical and scanning electron microscopy, it thus being possible to verify the formation and evaluate the structural characteristics of the microcapsules. The capsules produced with gum arabic were smaller (d50% = 8.0 microns) and with a multimode particle size distribution, whilst uncovered starch capsules containing 1-2% gelatin presented a distribution mainly in the range of 5-40 microns. The capsules recovered with calcium pectate had average diameters 10-15 times greater than those obtained only by spray drying. The stability of the encapsulated materials was studied at room temperature (RH 60-65%) and at 45 degrees C (RH 60-65% and 90.7%). AA microencapsulated in gum arabic was shown to be as stable as free crystalline AA under environmental conditions, whereas that encapsulated in rice starch was less stable. Increasing the amount of the binding agent gelatin increased the stability of the uncovered starch encapsulated AA. Recovery with calcium pectate notably increased the stability of the starch encapsulated AA, as compared to the uncovered samples.
Kinetics and mechanism of the redox reaction of toluidine blue and nitrite ions in aqueous acidic medium (2012)

The kinetics of oxidation of Toluidine blue (hereafter referred to as TB+) by nitrite ion have been studied in aqueous acidic medium under the pseudo-first order condition of excess [NO2 -] at 25 ±1°C, [H+] = 1 x 10-2 mol dm-3 and ionic strength, I = 0.50 mol dm-3 (NaCl). The stoichiometry of the reaction was observed to be 3:1 mole ratio of toluidine blue to nitrite ions. The redox reaction follows second order kinetics at constant hydrogen ion concentration and the rate also shows first order dependence on hydrogen ion concentration. The overall reaction conforms to the rate law:  d[TB+] dt = a [TB+ ][NO2 - ][H+ ] Where a = 40.76 dm6 mol-2 s-1 A plausible mechanism has been proposed for this reaction.
Using JML Runtime Assertion Checking to Automate Metamorphic Testing in Applications without Test Oracles (2009)

It is challenging to test applications and functions for which the correct output for arbitrary input cannot be known in advance, e.g. some computational science or machine learning applications. In the absence of a test Oracle, one approach to testing these applications is to use metamorphic testing: existing test case input is modified to produce new test cases in such a manner that, when given the new input, the application should produce an output that can be easily be computed based on the original output. That is, if input x produces output f(x), then we create input x' such that we can predict f(x') based on f(x); if the application or function does not produce the expected output, then a defect must exist, and either f(x) or f(x') (or both) is wrong. By using metamorphic testing, we are able to provide built-in "pseudo-oracles" for these so-called "nontestable programs" that have no test oracles.In this paper, we describe an approach in which a function's metamorphic properties are specified using an extension to the Java modeling language (JML), a behavioral interface specification language that is used to support the "design by contract" paradigm in Java applications. Our implementation, called Corduroy, pre-processes these specifications and generates test code that can be executed using JML runtime assertion checking, for ensuring that the specifications hold during program execution. In addition topresenting our approach and implementation, we also describe our findings from case studies in which we apply our technique to applications without test oracles.
A new view of the underside of Arctic sea ice (2006)

The Autosub‐II autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), operating off NE Greenland in August 2004, obtained the first successful swath sonar measurements under sea ice, showing in unprecedented detail the three‐dimensional nature of the under‐ice surface. The vehicle, operated from RRS James Clark Ross , obtained more than 450 track‐km of under‐ice multibeam data. We show imagery from first‐ and multiyear ice, including young ridges, old hummocks and undeformed melting ice. In addition, we show how the combination of other on‐board sensors enabled the vehicle to obtain detailed information about seabed topography, water structure and current fields in an exploratory mode within a region which is seldom visited because of difficult year‐round ice conditions. This included identification of a new current regime in the Norske Trough.
Closed-loop control of analgesia in humans (2003)

We designed a feedback controller for the automatic delivery of analgesics drugs during surgery. The manipulated variable in the control system is the infusion rate of the opiate alfentanil, administered intravenously through a computer controlled infusion pump. The controller regulates two outputs: the patient's mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the drug concentrations in the plasma. Maintaining MAP within acceptable physiological ranges minimizes the patient's stress response to surgical stimulation. Tracking plasma concentrations offers the possibility of titrating analgesic drugs to alternative, qualitative signs of inadequate analgesia. Since analgesic drug concentrations can not be measured on-line, a pharmacokinetic model is used to predict the second output of the control system. An explicit model predictive controller was designed and implemented in our real-time platform. Artifact tolerant control schemes were introduced to prevent the system from harmful behaviour in the presence of MAP artifacts. The closed-loop controller was tested during surgical procedures in humans. The results are presented and discussed.
Bidirectional Regulation of Lysosomal Enzyme Secretion and Phagocytosis in Human Neutrophils by Guanosine 3',5'-Monophosphate and Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate (1976)

The biologic roles of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in the secretion of lysosomal enzymes from, and in phagocytosis by, human neurtrophils were studied. Contact between neurophils and particulate immunologic reactants results in both phagocytosis of the particles and secretion of lysosomal enzymes. These cellular events are accompanied by the accumulation of cyclic GMP and require the presence of extracellular caclium. Acetylcholine, pilocarpine, and cyclic GMP enhance, whereas epinephrine, cyclic AMP, and/or dibutyryl cyclic AMP inhibit, both phagocytosis and lysosomal enzyme secretion. The stimulatory action of cholinergic agents and the inhibitory action of epinephrine are accompanied by the accumulation of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP, respectively, in human neutrophils. The data suggest that cyclic GMP mediates whereas cyclic AMP inhibits the major functions of human neutrophils. Moreover, by virtue of their effects of cyclic nucleotide accumulation, autonomic neurohormones are capable of modulating human neutrophil function.
Analysis of the response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to Kluyveromyces lactis toxin (1991)

The response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to the toxin produced by certain strains of Kluyveromyces lactis was studied. The toxin caused an arrest of sensitive cells in the unbudded (G1) phase of the cell cycle, consistent with the accumulation of cells with an unreplicated (G1) content of DNA in treated populations. However, toxin-treated cells were not proficient for mating. The effects of the toxin were dependent on its continuous presence for over an hour and removal of cells into fresh medium at earlier times prevented inhibition. Following toxin treatment, cells increased in volume and continued to synthesize protein and RNA, suggesting that they were able to continue growth in the absence of division. However, several lines of evidence suggested that the toxin does not simply block proliferation in G1, but that another continuous or post-G1 event is also affected. Possible models to explain these observations are discussed.
Restaurant No-Shows: Can You Take Them to Court? (1990)

You held a table for a party of no-shows while waiting customers fumed in your foyer and finally left. If you suffered losses—wasted food and refused customers—you (theoretically) have legal recourse
Developmental Patterning by Mechanical Signals in <i>Arabidopsis</i> (2008)

A central question in developmental biology is whether and how mechanical forces serve as cues for cellular behavior and thereby regulate morphogenesis. We found that morphogenesis at the Arabidopsis shoot apex depends on the microtubule cytoskeleton, which in turn is regulated by mechanical stress. A combination of experiments and modeling shows that a feedback loop encompassing tissue morphology, stress patterns, and microtubule-mediated cellular properties is sufficient to account for the coordinated patterns of microtubule arrays observed in epidermal cells, as well as for patterns of apical morphogenesis.
Preparation of Ultrafine Titanium Dioxide Particles Using Hydrolysis and Condensation Reactions in the Inner Aqueous Phase of Reversed Micelles:  Effect of Alcohol Addition (1998)

An attempt was made to prepare ultrafine titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles in the nanometer range by making use of the hydrolysis and condensation reactions of tetraisopropylorthotitanate (TTIP) in the inner aqueous phase of Aerosol OT reversed micelles formed in cyclohexane. Addition of linear alcohols (C2 to C6) to TTIP was found to affect the size of the titanium dioxide particles formed. The particle size was strongly dependent on the alkyl chain length and the amount of the alcohols. Addition of alcohols with the alkyl chain length smaller than 1-butanol increased the size of the particles over that prepared without alcohol addition, while addition of alcohols with a moderately long alkyl chain, like 1-pentanol and 1-hexanol, caused a decrease in the particle size. In particular, addition of 1-hexanol was found to yield TiO2 particles with a best dispersibility and sizes of around 10 nm.
A monolithic optical phase-shift detector on silicon (2005)

A novel monolithically integrated device used as an optical phase-shift detector is presented. It consists of a diffraction grating etched at the surface of a p-n photodiode fabricated by a process compatible with a standard silicon CMOS technology. When two coherent light beams are collimated toward the surface of the device, the detected optical power generates a current depending on the relative phase between the two incident beams. The operating principle of this detector and the results obtained by finite-difference time-domain modeling are presented. The fabrication process of the first devices is described and the experimental validation of the concept is demonstrated.
Nanostructured Tin Catalysts for Selective Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Formate (2014)

High surface area tin oxide nanocrystals prepared by a facile hydrothermal method are evaluated as electrocatalysts toward CO2 reduction to formate. At these novel nanostructured tin catalysts, CO2 reduction occurs selectively to formate at overpotentials as low as ∼340 mV. In aqueous NaHCO3 solutions, maximum Faradaic efficiencies for formate production of >93% have been reached with high stability and current densities of >10 mA/cm(2) on graphene supports. The notable reactivity toward CO2 reduction achieved here may arise from a compromise between the strength of the interaction between CO2(•-) and the nanoscale tin surface and subsequent kinetic activation toward protonation and further reduction.
Advances in the Management of Spinal Cord Injury (2010)

Historically, clinical outcomes following spinal cord injury have been dismal. Over the past 20 years, the survival rate and long-term outcome of patients with spinal cord injury have improved with advances in both medical and surgical treatment. However, the efficacy and timing of these adjuvant treatments remain controversial. There has been a tremendous increase in the number of basic science and clinical studies on spinal cord injury. Current areas of investigation include early acute management, including early surgical intervention, as well as new pharmacotherapy and cellular transplantation strategies. It is unlikely that a single approach can uniformly address all of the issues associated with spinal cord injury. Thus, a multidisciplinary approach will be needed.
Action of a RAP1 carboxy-terminal silencing domain reveals an underlying competition between HMR and telomeres in yeast. (1995)

RAP1 is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein in yeast that can either repress or activate transcription. Previous studies have demonstrated a direct role for RAP1 in silencing at HM mating-type loci and telomeres. Here, we show that a small carboxy-terminal domain of RAP1 is sufficient to establish repression when fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain (GBD) and targeted to mutated HMR silencers containing GAL4 DNA-binding sites. Silencing by GBD/RAP1 hybrids, like normal silencing at HMR, requires the trans-acting factors SIR2, SIR3, and SIR4. However, GBD/RAP1-mediated silencing is independent of SIR1, whose product is normally required for the establishment of repression at HMR. Targeted silencing also displays an unusual response to silencing-defective rap1s mutations. The incorporation of a rap1s missense mutation into GBD/RAP1 hybrids can improve targeted silencing, yet wild-type GBD/RAP1 hybrids fail to establish repression in strains in which the endogenous RAP1 locus carries a rap1s mutation. In addition, we find that telomeric silencing is increased in rap1s strains. We propose that the rap1s mutation creates an HMR-specific silencing defect by shifting a balance between silencing at HMR and telomeres in favor of telomeric silencing. This balance is regulated by telomere length and by interactions between the RAP1 carboxyl terminus and both RIF1 and SIR4 proteins. In support of this model, we show that abnormally long telomeres antagonize silencing at HMR and a rap1s hybrid protein displays a strengthened interaction with SIR4 in a two-hybrid assay.
Constructing a 3D Multiple Mobile Medical Imaging System through Service Science, Management, Engineering and Design (2017)

Following the trend of using mobile devices for healthcare, a 3D multiple mobile medical imaging system (3D MMMIS) for doctor’s diagnosis and treatment was constructed through service science, management, engineering and design (SSMED) that can co-create the value between technology and humanity. Service experience engineering (SEE) methods were applied to a scenario of a doctors’ consultation, which is a deliberation of two or more healthcare doctors about diagnosis or treatment in particular cases. Proof of service was processed to test the prototype of the 3D MMMIS to check the doctors’ satisfaction with the innovative systems. Results show that doctors are satisfied with the 3D MMMIS. Conclusions suggested that the 3D MMMIS can be a helpful health technology for future healthcare.
Corneal topography comparisons with femtosecond lenticule extraction and femtosecond LASIK (2014)

Objective To compare the corneal topography of patients with myopia and astigmatism 3 months after femtosecond lenticule extraction (Flex) and femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK).Methods In this prospective study,323 myopic eyes of 165 patients with astigmatism who underwent Flex or FS-LASIK from January to September in 2013 in Beijing Tongren Hospital were examined.An independent samples t test was used to compare visual acuity,refraction and corneal topography measurements 3 months after surgery.Results Three months after surgery,uncorrected visual acuities (UCVA) of logMAR in Flex and FS-LASIK were-0.10±0.08 and-0.11 ±0.10 and best corrected visual acuities (BCVA) were-0.11 ±0.07 and-0.12±0.07.These measurements were better than the BCVAs before surgery,which were-0.07±0.03 and-0.07±0.04 (t=4.083,5.594 and 3.458,6.440,P＜0.01).No significant difference in postoperative UCVA was seen between Flex and FS-LASIK (t=-0.811,-1.864,P＞0.05).The cutting decentration with Flex (0.29±0.17 mm) was smaller than with FS-LASIK (0.40±0.17 mm),respectively (t=5.662,P＜ 0.01).There was no correlation with spherical equivalent (SE) in Flex (r=0.122,P＞0.05),but there was a positive correlation with SE in FS-LASIK (r=0.210,P＜0.01).The postoperative surface regularity index (SRI) of Flex was higher than that of FS-LASIK,0.34±0.25 and 0.22±0.21,respectively (t=-4.627,P＜0.01).Conclusion The cutting decentration of Flex is smaller than that of FS-LASIK,however the regularity of the corneal surface after FS-LASIK is better than that of Flex.Both techniques result in satisfactory visual acuity.

Key words: 
Femtosecond lenticule extraction;  Keratomileusis,laser in situ,femtosecond laser; Topography ;  Refractive surgery
Facile methodology of nanoemulsion preparation using oily polymer for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs (2019)

Aqueous solubility of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is a determining factor that has a direct impact on formulation strategies and overall bioavailability. Fabrication of nanoemulsions of poorly soluble drugs is one of the widely utilized approaches to overcome this problem. However, thermodynamic instability and tedious manufacturing processes of nanoemulsions limit their clinical translation. Therefore, this study was focused on circumventing the abovementioned hurdles by utilizing the polymer as an oil phase, instead of conventional oils. The nanoemulsion was prepared via a facile low-energy nanoprecipitation method using renewable poly(δ-decalactone) (PDL), as an oil phase and Pluronic F-68 as surfactant. The prepared nanoemulsions were characterized in terms of size, drug encapsulation efficiency, stability, and toxicity. Five different hydrophobic drugs were utilized to evaluate the drug delivery capability of the PDL nanoemulsion. The prepared nanoemulsions with sizes less than 200 nm were capable to enhance the aqueous solubility of the drugs by 3 to 10 times compared with the well-established Pluronic F-68 micelles. No phase separation or significant changes in size and drug content was observed with PDL nanoemulsions after high-speed centrifugation and 3 months of storage at two different temperatures (20 °C and 50 °C). PDL nanoemulsions were found to be non-heamolytic up to concentrations of 1 mg/mL, and the cell cytotoxicity studies on MDA-MB-231 and MEF cells suggest a concentration and time-dependent toxicity, where the PDL polymer itself induced no cytotoxicity. The results from this study clearly indicate that the PDL polymer has a tremendous potential to be utilized as an oil phase to prepare stable nanoemulsions via a facile methodology, ultimately favouring clinical translations. Graphical abstract TOC graphic.
Strand-biased defect in C/G transversions in hypermutating immunoglobulin genes in Rev1-deficient mice (2006)

Somatic hypermutation of Ig genes enables B cells of the germinal center to generate high-affinity immunoglobulin variants. Key intermediates in somatic hypermutation are deoxyuridine lesions, introduced by activation-induced cytidine deaminase. These lesions can be processed further to abasic sites by uracil DNA glycosylase. Mutagenic replication of deoxyuridine, or of its abasic derivative, by translesion synthesis polymerases is hypothesized to underlie somatic hypermutation. Rev1 is a translesion synthesis polymerase that in vitro incorporates uniquely deoxycytidine opposite deoxyuridine and abasic residues. To investigate a role of Rev1 in mammalian somatic hypermutation we have generated mice deficient for Rev1. Although Rev1-/- mice display transient growth retardation, proliferation of Rev1-/- LPS-stimulated B cells is indistinguishable from wild-type cells. In mutated Ig genes from Rev1-/- mice, C to G transversions were virtually absent in the nontranscribed (coding) strand and reduced in the transcribed strand. This defect is associated with an increase of A to T, C to A, and T to C substitutions. These results indicate that Rev1 incorporates deoxycytidine residues, most likely opposite abasic nucleotides, during somatic hypermutation. In addition, loss of Rev1 causes compensatory increase in mutagenesis by other translesion synthesis polymerases.