gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: An Antimicrobial Mainstay and Platform for Innovation to Address Bacterial Resistance (2015)

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have represented one of the most visible and effective classes of disinfectants for nearly a century. With simple preparation, wide structural variety, and versatile incorporation into consumer products, there have been manifold developments and applications of these structures. Generally operating via disruption of one of the most fundamental structures in bacteria-the cell membrane-leading to cell lysis and bacterial death, the QACs were once thought to be impervious to resistance. Developments over the past decades, however, have shown this to be far from the truth. It is now known that a large family of bacterial genes (generally termed qac genes) encode efflux pumps capable of expelling many QAC structures from bacterial cells, leading to a decrease in susceptibility to QACs; methods of regulation of qac transcription are also understood. Importantly, qac genes can be horizontally transferred via plasmids to other bacteria and are often transmitted alongside other antibiotic-resistant genes; this dual threat represents a significant danger to human health. In this review, both QAC development and QAC resistance are documented, and possible strategies for addressing and overcoming QAC-resistant bacteria are discussed.
Experiments with cavitating parametric sources (1976)

A cavitating parametric source utilizes a field of collapsing cavitation bubbles created by an intense two-frequency primary sound field. Since the cavitation zone is modulated at the difference frequency, this frequency (and its harmonics) is generated. The beam pattern is determined by the shape of the cavitation zone while the source level depends on the size of the zone. Experimentation with a number of sources utilizing face cavitation and remote cavitation has resulted in a better understanding of the performances of these devices. Cavitation thresholds for pure-tone and dual-frequency primary excitation, have been found to be nearly identical. [Sponsored by Naval Material Command.]
Mn and Mo additions to a dilute Al-Zr-Sc-Er-Si-based alloy to improve creep resistance through solid-solution- and precipitation-strengthening (2020)

Compressive creep experiments were utilized to investigate the influence of small additions of 0.25 at.% Mn and 0.10 at.% Mo on the creep resistance of a cast Al-0.08Zr-0.02Sc-0.01Er-0.10Si at.% alloy. The Mn- and Mo-modified alloy displays significantly enhanced creep resistance at 300 and 400 °C, due to solid-solution strengthening and the formation of two types of precipitates: Al3(Zr,Sc,Er)(L12)-nanoprecipitates and α-Al(Mn,Mo)Si submicron platelets or cuboidal-shaped precipitates. The creep threshold stresses at 300 and 400 °C are 37 and 24 MPa, respectively, versus 19 and 15 MPa for the unmodified alloy. At 300 °C, the creep exponent n is found to change from 4.4 in the base alloy, to 3 in the modified alloy, consistent with a change from climb- to glide-controlled dislocation creep. The Mn- and Mo-modified alloy exhibits an as-cast grain-structure, which is finer (~0.35 mm versus 0.6 mm) and more equiaxed grains than the unmodified alloy, which is anticipated to enhance deformation by diffusional-creep. Nevertheless, diffusional-creep resistance at 400 °C remains high for the modified alloy, due to precipitation of submicron α-Al(Mn,Mo)Si-precipitates at grain boundaries (GBs). At 400 °C, the diffusional creep threshold-stress is ~14 MPa, three times that of the unmodified alloy, which also display fewer and coarser Al3(Zr,Sc,Er)(D023) precipitates at GBs. Creep resistance in the modified alloy does not deteriorate after 16 days of stress testing at 400 °C, highlighting the excellent coarsening resistance of the L12- and α-precipitates. This new castable, heat-treatable aluminum alloy therefore represents an important technological advance for utilization at higher temperatures under stress.
Early Research Progress on Quanta Image Sensors (2024)

Early research progress in the realization of the Quanta Image Sensor is reported. Simulation of binary data acquisition and image formation was performed. Initial analysis and simulation of a readout signal chain has been performed and bounds on power dissipation established. Photodetector device concepts have been explored using TCAD.
Packet data transmissions in a W-CDMA network-examples of uplink scheduling and performance (2002)

This paper addresses the problem of efficient scheduling of packet data users in a W-CDMA network. Two simple, centralised algorithms are described for the uplink, and their performance illustrated in the case of the FDD mode of UMTS, for a delay-tolerant service. Both algorithms are centralised schedulers that attempt to manage tightly the interference power in each cell. Simulation results illustrate the performance (delay, throughput) one might expect from such a system.
Characterization and analysis of gate-all-around Si nanowire transistors for extreme scaling (2011)

The gate-all-around (GAA) silicon nanowire transistor (SNWT) is considered as one of the best candidates for ultimately scaled CMOS devices at the end of the technology roadmap. This paper reviews our recent work on the characterization and analysis of this unique one-dimensional nanowire-channel device with three-dimensional surrounding-gate from experiments and simulation, including carrier transport behavior, parasitic effects, noise characteristics, self-heating effect, variability and reliability, which can provide useful information for the GAA device hierarchical modeling and device/circuit co-design.
Capacity Optimization Planning System (CAPS) (1999)

IBM's capacity optimization planning system (CAPS) is a decision-support system based on linear programming for strategic planning of semiconductor manufacturing capacity. CAPS finds the volume mix of products to maximize profit, constrained by the existing tool capacity, or identifies the tool capacity required to manufacture a specified mix of products. The major challenge was formulating the linear program to reflect the available manufacturing capacity. The formulation has to deal with parallel, unrelated tool groups that may perform the same operation at different rates, to capture the preferential order in which to use such tool groups, and to identify which are the true bottlenecks. Capacity planners use CAPS to reconcile product-demand forecasts with the available or planned manufacturing capacity and to generate requests for capital investments. The manager of site operations credits CAPS with identifying tens of millions of dollars in revenue opportunities and with avoiding significant unnecessary capital expenditures.
Interactions between heterologous forms of prion protein: Binding, inhibition of conversion, and species barriers (2000)

The self-induced formation of the disease-associated, protease-resistant prion protein (PrP-res) from the normal protease-sensitive isoform (PrP-sen) appears to be a key event in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The amino acid sequence specificity of PrP-res formation correlates with, and may account for, the species specificity in transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents in vivo. To analyze the mechanism controlling the sequence specificity of PrP-res formation, we compared the binding of PrP-sen to PrP-res with its subsequent acquisition of protease resistance by using cell-free systems consisting of heterologous versus homologous mouse and hamster PrP isoforms. Our studies showed that heterologous PrP-sen can bind to PrP-res with little conversion to the protease-resistant state and, in doing so, can interfere with the conversion of homologous PrP-sen. The interference occurred with molar ratios of homologous to heterologous PrP-sen molecules as low as 1:1. The interference was due primarily to the inhibition of conversion, but not the binding, of the homologous PrP-sen to PrP-res. The results provide evidence that the sequence specificity of PrP-res formation in this model is determined more by the conversion to protease resistance than by the initial binding step. These findings also imply that after the initial binding, further intermolecular interactions between PrP-sen and PrP-res are required to complete the process of conversion to the protease-resistant state.
Iterative joint source/channel decoding for JPEG2000 (2004)

A framework for iterative joint source-channel decoding of JPEG2000 codestreams is presented in this paper. At the encoder, JPEG2000 is used to perform source coding with certain error resilience (ER) modes, and LDPC codes are used to perform channel coding. During decoding, the source decoder uses the ER modes to identify corrupt sections of the codestream and provides this information to the channel decoder. The decoding is carried out jointly in an iterative fashion. Our results indicate that the proposed method improves the convergence rate as well as the overall system performance.
The Blind Stone Tablet: Outsourcing Durability to Untrusted Parties (2009)

We introduce a new paradigm for outsourcing the durability property of a multi-client transactional database to an untrusted service provider. Specifically, we enable untrusted service providers to support transaction serialization, backup and recovery for clients, with full data confidentiality and correctness. Moreover, providers learn nothing about transactions (except their size and timing), thus achieving read and write access pattern privacy. We build a proof-of-concept implementation of this protocol for the MySQL database management system, achieving tens of transactions per second in a two-client scenario with full transaction privacy and guaranteed correctness. This shows the method is ready for production use, creating a novel class of secure database outsourcing models.
Topological optical frequency combs and dissipative Kerr super-solitons (2021)

The presence of a nonlinear parametric processes, in particular the Kerr effect, in a photonic resonator can lead to the generation of coherent optical frequency combs and self-formation of dissipative spatiotemporal features such as Turing rolls and Kerr solitons. Coherent optical frequency combs and temporal solitons have been realized in single ring resonators, using a multitude of geometries and material platforms. Here, we theoretically propose the generation of coherent optical frequency combs and dissipative Kerr super-solitons in a two-dimensional array of coupled ring resonators that creates a synthetic magnetic field, and thereby, exhibits topological edge states for photons. We show that the presence of topological edge states in this system allows self-formation of temporal features, such as Turing rolls and Kerr supersolitons that are phase-locked and self-organized across all the rings that constitute the edge of the lattice. Furthermore, we show that the topological super-solitons observed in our system are robust against defects in the lattice. Our results could pave the way for investigations of various other temporal cavity soliton solutions in conjunction with synthetic gauge fields and topological phenomena in large arrays of coupled resonators.
Quantifying proximity to voltage collapse using the Voltage Instability Predictor (VIP) (2002)

In previous work concerning the Voltage Instability Predictor (VIP), the proximity to voltage collapse (or instability) was expressed in terms of distance between two voltage curves or between two impedance curves. In this paper, a new measure, power margin, is introduced to describe the proximity to collapse in terms of power. The results of work on the effects of contingencies and system dynamics on the VIP are also presented, extending the prior work that assessed the effectiveness of the VIP under conditions of increased power transfers, using power flow simulations to examine voltage collapse conditions. These results show that the VIP algorithm successfully predicted voltage instability where conventional protection devices, using only voltage inputs, did not.
<i>N‐</i>(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide‐based polymer conjugates with pH‐controlled activation of doxorubicin. I. New synthesis, physicochemical characterization and preliminary biological evaluation (2008)

Abstract New method of synthesis of water‐soluble polymer‐drug conjugates, exhibiting remarkable anticancer activity in mice models, has been developed. In the conjugates, an anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) is attached to a polymer carrier based on N ‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer via a hydrolytically labile hydrazone bond. New methacrylamide‐type comonomers, containing either hydrazide group or hydrazon of DOX, were used for copolymerization with HPMA. In contrast to the synthetic procedure described earlier the new method is simpler, cheaper, and results in a better‐defined conjugate structure. The conjugates are fairly stable in buffer at pH 7.4 (model of blood stream) but release DOX under mild acid conditions modeling the tumor microenvironment. The conjugates showed significant in vivo antitumor activity in treatment of T‐cell lymphoma EL‐4 bearing mice with up to 100% long‐term survivors. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Convolution and correlation by nonlinear interaction in a diode-coupled tapped delay line (1973)

A new type of nonlinear delay-line correlator is described which makes use of a tapped piezoelectric surface-acoustic-wave delay line and a series chain of forward-biased semiconductor diodes. Nonlinear signal mixing in the diode chain is utilized to perform serial product convolution or correlation of arbitrary signal modulation applied at two input ports. Because of the large nonlinearity available with semiconductor diodes, insertion loss for the new correlator is relatively low, approximately 25 dB for the initial experiments reported here. Convolution and correlation experiments are described for an eight-tap correlator operating with input and mixing frequencies in the 30- to 60-MHz range.
Development of Proton Conducting SOFCs Based on LaNbO<sub>4</sub> Electrolyte – Status in Norway (2010)

Abstract High temperature proton conducting solid oxide fuel cells (PC‐SOFCs) are in a developing state. Electrolytes in these cells should exhibit proton conductivity with essentially no electronic and little other ionic conductivity, as well as long‐term stability in acidic atmospheres. Acceptor substituted rare‐earth ortho‐niobates and ortho‐tantalates were recently demonstrated to exhibit proton conductivity in wet atmospheres, with a maximum of ∼10 –3 S cm –1 for 1% Ca‐doped LaNbO 4 . This modest proton conductivity requires that the electrolyte thickness is in the micron range to reach acceptable PC‐SOFC performances. The long‐term chemical stability and a proton transference number close to unity make these materials highly interesting for high temperature fuel cell applications, in contrast to the more investigated acceptor‐doped BaCeO 3 that shows instability towards acidic atmospheres. Here, we describe collaborative efforts between Norwegian partners: SINTEF, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and the University of Oslo for developments towards a fuel cell based on LaNbO 4 . This comprises identification of materials for the electrodes, interconnect and sealing, optimisation of the microstructures of all cell components, development of shaping processes and design of the fuel cell stack. We address the crucial technological issues of building and testing a PC‐SOFC stack, as well as the comprehensive fundamental understanding of all the processes involved – from fabrication and behaviour of individual components to fabrication of PC‐SOFC fuel cell stacks.
Discovery of Orally Bioavailable, Quinoline-Based Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) Inhibitors with Potent Cellular Activity (2018)

Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are responsible for the metabolism of aldehydes (exogenous and endogenous) and possess vital physiological and toxicological functions in areas such as CNS, inflammation, metabolic disorders, and cancers. Overexpression of certain ALDHs (e.g., ALDH1A1) is an important biomarker in cancers and cancer stem cells (CSCs) indicating the potential need for the identification and development of small molecule ALDH inhibitors. Herein, a newly designed series of quinoline-based analogs of ALDH1A1 inhibitors is described. Extensive medicinal chemistry optimization and biological characterization led to the identification of analogs with significantly improved enzymatic and cellular ALDH inhibition. Selected analogs, e.g., 86 (NCT-505) and 91 (NCT-506), demonstrated target engagement in a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), inhibited the formation of 3D spheroid cultures of OV-90 cancer cells, and potentiated the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in SKOV-3-TR, a paclitaxel resistant ovarian cancer cell line. Lead compounds also exhibit high specificity over other ALDH isozymes and unrelated dehydrogenases. The in vitro ADME profiles and pharmacokinetic evaluation of selected analogs are also highlighted.
Colorimetric detection of chemical warfare simulants (2005)

Two simple chromogenic indicators (4) and (5), containing different supernucleophilic moieties, have been synthesized. Upon phosphorylation with two chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants, a hypsochromic shift of approximately 50 nm is observed in an NaOH–DMSO solution. The oximate supernucleophile was found to be a better supernucleophile than the hydrazone moiety. Two X-ray crystal structures were obtained from unexpected synthetic side products obtained in this study. These will also be discussed.
Magneto-Optical-Trap-Based, High Brightness Ion Source for Use as a Nanoscale Probe (2008)

We report on the demonstration of a low emittance, high brightness ion source based on magneto-optically trapped neutral atoms. Our source has ion optical properties comparable to or better than those of the commonly used liquid metal ion source. In addition, it has several advantages that offer new possibilities, including high resolution ion microscopy with ion species tailored for specific applications, contamination-free ion milling, and nanoscale implantation of a variety of elements, either in large quantities, or one at a time, deterministically. Using laser-cooled Cr atoms, we create an ion beam with a normalized rms (root-mean-square) emittance of 6.0 x 10 (-7) mm mrad M e V and approximately 0.25 pA of current, yielding a brightness as high as 2.25 A cm (-2) sr (-1) eV (-1). These values of emittance and brightness show that, with suitable ion optics, an ion beam with a useful amount of current can be produced and focused to spot sizes of less than 1 nm.
Abstract 2404: Quality assessment of circulating cell-free DNA using multiplexed droplet-digital PCR (2015)

Abstract Recent proof-of-principle studies have demonstrated potential utility of sequencing cell-free DNA in cancer diagnostics. However, little is understood about the effect of fragment size distributions in plasma DNA on the performance of sequencing-based assays. We developed a multiplexed assay to perform one-step analysis of DNA quantity and integrity from minute amounts of cell-free DNA using picoliter droplet digital PCR. Primers were designed to amplify 5 short PCR products (67-71 bp) and 4 long PCR products (439-522 bp) from independent quiescent regions of the human genome. Oligonucleotide probes targeting each of the short and long products were labeled with fluorescent dyes FAM and TET respectively. We evaluated the performance of our assay using control human genomic DNA sheared using sonication to an average of 150 bp, 300 bp, 500 bp and 1000 bp fragment sizes. We observed that relative quantities of short and long PCR products reflect integrity of sheared input DNA. We further observed that accurate quantification and assessment of integrity could be achieved using picogram amounts of cell-free DNA (as few as 200 pg in current assessments). Finally, our results were predictive of diversity and obtainable depth-of-coverage in next-generation sequencing libraries made from cell-free DNA samples. Citation Format: Tania Contente-Cuomo, Muhammed Murtaza. Quality assessment of circulating cell-free DNA using multiplexed droplet-digital PCR. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2404. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2404
11.4: Modulation Techniques for Gray‐Scale Bistable Cholesteric Displays (2000)

Abstract In a study of modulation techniques for gray‐scale cholesteric displays, we found that the reflectance depended on the addressing sequence of bipolar pulses. Pulses, which were composed of two different amplitudes and corresponded to high and low voltages about the quiescent point, were chosen. By a proper permutation of such pulses, gray‐scales could be obtained for the reflectance. Contrary to other modulation techniques, the rms voltage of the different sequences in this scheme could be the same. In this paper, we demonstrate this capability in a 5ms addressing time per line display, using the driving scheme we proposed previously.
Novel Tripod Amphiphiles for Membrane Protein Analysis (2013)

Integral membrane proteins play central roles in controlling the flow of information and molecules across membranes. Our understanding of membrane protein structures and functions, however, is seriously limited, mainly due to difficulties in handling and analysing these proteins in aqueous solution. The use of a detergent or other amphipathic agents is required to overcome the intrinsic incompatibility between the large lipophilic surfaces displayed by the membrane proteins in their native forms and the polar solvent molecules. Here, we introduce new tripod amphiphiles displaying favourable behaviours toward several membrane protein systems, leading to an enhanced protein solubilisation and stabilisation compared to both conventional detergents and previously described tripod amphiphiles.
The Low-Potential Approach of Glucose Sensing (1986)

Study of glucose sensing using a smooth Pt electrode and cyclic voltammetry (CV) at low potentials revealed two well-defined, redox current peaks of adsorbed species. At 370 C a reduction peak occurs at -0.80 V versus Ag/AgCl and an oxidation peak at -0.72 V. Furthermore, the redox couple has been shown to be reversible, involving a simple, direct, electron-transfer process under diffusion control. The reaction is not complicated by secondary chemical (nonelectro-chemical) reactions. Based on this approach, a square wave voltammetry (SWV) technique has been adopted to obtain pure faradaic currents (noncapacitance current), fast response times, and enhanced sensitivity-for the designated reversible redox peaks. The SWV technique also permits the employment of much smaller-sized Pt wire electrodes (0.5 mm diameter) for glucose sensing. Plots of current versus glucose concentration in Krebs-Ringer solutions, for both redox peaks, are linear for glucose levels in the 70-350 mg/dl range. Studies of glucose concentration variations in the ultrafiltrate of human serum have also demonstrated a linear relationship between current and glucose level. Thus far, the linearity is limited to a narrow glucose range (80-180 mg/dl), but this is within the critical domain for diabetic control. The advantages of the low-potential approach using SWV is an improvement over CV and could be a promising method for implantable microelectrode glucose sensing.