gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Generalization of the Txx Network Analyzer Self-Calibration Procedure (1992)

A modified TAN method for a network analyzer calibration is presented. It allows a calibration with one-port-standards, like match and short without changing the algorithm. As results of the modified TAN procedure new more specified procedures are presented, e.g. TxS/S and TxO/O. The good performance of the modified TAN procedure is shown by measured results.
A 16 nm 128 Mb SRAM in High-$\kappa$ Metal-Gate FinFET Technology With Write-Assist Circuitry for Low-VMIN Applications (2014)

A 128 Mb 0.07 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> 6T high-density SRAM bitcell with write-assist circuitry has been successfully implemented using 16 nm high-k metal gate FinFET technology. This study proposes two write-assist techniques: 1) suppressed coupling signal negative bit-line (SCS-NBL) technique and 2) write recovery enhanced lower cell-VDD (WRE-LCV) technique to reduce the SRAM minimal supply voltage. The area overheads of these two techniques are 2% and 3%, respectively. The silicon data show that both of these techniques can improve overall SRAM VMIN performance by more than 300 mV at the 95th percentile.
Darstellung aromatischer Fluor‐Verbindungen durch nucleophilen Austausch von Nitro‐Gruppen gegen Fluorid (1991)

Synthesis of Aromatic Fluoro Compounds by Nucleophilic Exchange of Nitro Groups by Fluoride The synthesis of aromatic fluoro compounds from the respective nitro compounds by nucleophilic substitution of nitrite by fluoride is described. Reasonable yields in case of nonactivated nitro compounds are only obtained if the nitrite formed in the reaction is eliminated by acylation. 1‐Fluoro‐3‐nitrobenzene ( 2 ) was obtained from 1,3‐dinitrobenzene ( 1 ), and 1‐fluoro‐3,5‐dinitrobenzene ( 9 ) as well as 1,3‐difluoro‐5‐nitrobenzene ( 10 ) from 1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene ( 8 ) in yields up to 92% by reaction of nitro compounds with potassium fluoride in sulfolane at 180 – 200°C in the presence of phthaloyl dichloride ( 6 ); 1,2‐difluoro‐4‐nitrobenzene ( 12 ) was formed in 58% yield from 2,4‐dinitro‐1‐fluorobenzene ( 11 ) in the presence of pyromellitoyl tetrachloride ( 13 ).
Automated System for Early Breast Cancer Detection in Mammograms (1993)

The increasing demand on mammographic screening for early breast cancer detection, and the subtlety of early breast cancer signs on mammograms, suggest an automated image processing system that can serve as a diagnostic aid in radiology clinics. We present a fully automated algorithm for detecting clusters of microcalcifications that are the most common signs of early, potentially curable breast cancer. By using the contour map of the mammogram, the algorithm circumvents some of the difficulties encountered with standard image processing methods. The clinical implementation of an automated instrument based on this algorithm is also discussed.
InGaAsP/InP Laterally Coupled Distributed Feedback Ridge Laser (2000)

A 1.3-µm-wavelength InGaAsP/InP laterally coupled distributed feedback ridge laser with improved structure and characteristics is reported in this paper. For easier fabrication of the first order grating with 198 nm period on and beside the ridge waveguide side-walls, two-step etching has been used to form a narrow ridge waveguide with a special shape. The grating is patterned by electron beam lithography and deeply transferred also by two-step etching, in order to enhance the lateral evanescent field coupling. A stable CW laser oscillation with a low threshold current of 17 mA at room temperature and a high side mode suppression ratio of 45 dB for a laterally coupled distributed feedback ridge laser has been achieved. An external slope efficiency of 0.25 W/A and an output power of about 25 mW are also available in our most recent devices with anti-reflection and high reflection facet coatings. The optical transmission of a Gbit/s order modulated signal has also been tested using our preliminary laser modules through a 1 km optical fiber.
NAIST hand 2: Human-sized anthropomorphic robot hand with detachable mechanism at the wrist (2009)

Humanoid robots and robotic manipulators with good dexterity are promising to enhance the factory productivity in next generation. Dexterity of robotic manipulators can be achieved by equipping an anthropomorphic robot hand with multiple fingers. Additionally, in order to manipulate various tools that humans are using in daily life, the size and the exerting force of the robot hand should be similar to that humans are. In this paper, we proposed a human-sized multi-fingered robot hand with detachable mechanism at the wrist. The robot hand can be split at the wrist into the hand part and the actuator part. The fingers are driven by wires and are controlled by actuators embedded in the arm part. The driving force from the arm part is transmitted to the hand part by gear mechanism at the wrist. The developed robot hand has the size of 200[mm](length) × 78[mm](width) × 24.6[mm](thickness) and can exert 10[N] at the fingertip. The performance of the developed robot hand was shown by a motion control experiment.
Transgenic Mice Expressing Different Levels of Soluble Platelet/Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-IgG Display Distinct Inflammatory Phenotypes (1999)

Platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, CD31), expressed on the surfaces of leukocytes and concentrated in the junctions between endothelial cells plays an important role in transendothelial migration of neutrophils and monocytes. Soluble recombinant PECAM-IgG injected i.v. into mice blocks acute leukocyte emigration by 80%. To study the role of PECAM in models of chronic inflammation, we generated transgenic mice constitutively expressing soluble full-length murine PECAM as an IgG chimera. Three founder lines expressed this transgene and constitutively secreted murine PECAM-IgG into the plasma where it was maintained at characteristic concentrations for each line. All mice had similar hematologic profiles to wild-type littermates and were healthy when maintained in the standard laboratory animal facility. Both the leukocytes and the endothelium of mice of all transgenic lines expressed the same levels of endogenous PECAM-1 as wild-type littermates. Similarly, there were no detectable differences in the expression of several other common leukocyte and endothelial cell adhesion molecules. Mice that produced moderate (10-20 microg/ml) concentrations of PECAM-IgG demonstrated a severely blunted acute inflammatory response, despite mobilizing appropriate numbers of circulating leukocytes. Surprisingly, mice that constitutively produced high (400-1,000 microg/ml) concentrations of PECAM-IgG were unresponsive to its anti-inflammatory effects. This is the first demonstration that a soluble form of a cell adhesion molecule can be stably expressed and retain efficacy in vivo over prolonged periods. This approach is applicable to many other extracellular molecules. However, the plasma concentrations of such constitutively produced inhibitors may greatly influence the resulting phenotype.
Synthetic aperture ultrasound imaging with robotic aperture extension (2015)

Synthetic aperture (SA) is a technique that enhances the image resolution by synthesizing information from multiple subapertures. The application of this technique for medical ultrasound imaging has been an active research area, but the resolution improvement is limited by the physical size of the ultrasound array transducer. With a large F number (depth to aperture-size ratio), it is hard to achieve high resolution at deep regions without extending the effective aperture size. In this paper, we investigate experimentally an approach to extend the available aperture size for SA by sweeping the ultrasound transducer using a precise robotic arm. Pose information from the robot’s kinematic for the calibrated probe is used to synthesize the signals received at different positions; therefore the available aperture is wider than the size of transducer. To experimentally validate this approach, a robot arm (UR5, Universal Robot) was used to hold a 64 elements phased array transducer (0.32 mm pitch, 2MHz central frequency), and in-plane lateral translational motion was applied. A line phantom as a point source and an ultrasound phantom with wire targets and anechoic region were used for evaluation. The full width at half maximum of a reconstructed point source improved a factor of 2.76 by moving five poses with 10.24 mm step size. For the ultrasound phantom, the contrast-to-noise ratio of anechoic region enhanced 12% by moving three poses with the same step. Results indicate that the technique to robotically extend aperture has potential to improve the image quality for SA ultrasound imaging.
Flight test performance of a high precision navigation Doppler lidar (2009)

A navigation Doppler Lidar (DL) was developed at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) for high precision velocity measurements from a lunar or planetary landing vehicle in support of the Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology (ALHAT) project. A unique feature of this DL is that it has the capability to provide a precision velocity vector which can be easily separated into horizontal and vertical velocity components and high accuracy line of sight (LOS) range measurements. This dual mode of operation can provide useful information, such as vehicle orientation relative to the direction of travel, and vehicle attitude relative to the sensor footprint on the ground. System performance was evaluated in a series of helicopter flight tests over the California desert. This paper provides a description of the DL system and presents results obtained from these flight tests.
Production of oncogene-specific proteins and human T-cell leukemia (lymphotropic) retrovirus (HTLV-I) envelope protein in bacteria and its potential for use in human cancers and seroepidemiological surveys. (1985)

The oncogenes coding for the Harvey murine sarcoma virus p21ras protein as well as those coding for myc, myb, and mht products were fused to the amino-terminal portion of the bacteriophage lambda cII gene on the expression vector pJL6. In addition two regions of the gene for the human T-cell leukemia virus subgroup I (HTLV-I) envelope were expressed in our bacterial system. Each of 11 human sera tested that had been shown to contain antibodies to HTLV-I or -II by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay recognized the bacterially synthesized envelope proteins. No reaction was detected when 17 control sera were tested. This system will be useful for large-scale seroepidemiological surveys for HTLV-I and related human retroviruses. The other oncogene products expressed in our bacterial vector system also demonstrated specific immunoreactivities. In addition to this feature the bacterial ras protein was seen to bind guanosine diphosphate and was capable of autophosphorylation. Taken together these data suggest that the proteins produced with high efficiency by the bacterial expression system can be immunologically recognized as antigens and can in part perform some of their associated biochemical functions.
Delivery of a Quaternary Pyridinium Salt Across the Blood-Brain Barrier by Its Dihydropyridine Derivative (1975)

A dihydropyridine-pyridine type redox system was successfully applied for delivering a quaternary pyridinium salt, N-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime chloride (2-PAM), through the blood-brain barrier. The dihydropyridine derivative of 2-PAM was quickly oxidized to 2-PAM after crossing the blood-brain barrier. As a result of this approach, the brain cholinesterase blocked by organophosphates could be reactivated. The new method should be useful in delivering numerous drugs which are otherwise inaccessible to the brain because of their polar ionic character.
Extracellular Location of Thermobifida fusca Cutinase Expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) without Mediation of a Signal Peptide (2013)

Cutinase is a multifunctional esterase with potential industrial applications. In the present study, a truncated version of the extracellular Thermobifida fusca cutinase without a signal peptide (referred to as cutinase(NS)) was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The results showed that the majority of the cutinase activity was located in the culture medium. In a 3-liter fermentor, the cutinase activity in the culture medium reached 1,063.5 U/ml (2,380.8 mg/liter), and the productivity was 40.9 U/ml/h. Biochemical characterization of the purified cutinase(NS) showed that it has enzymatic properties similar to those of the wild-type enzyme. In addition, E. coli cells producing inactive cutinase(NS)S130A were constructed, and it was found that the majority of the inactive enzyme was located in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, T. fusca cutinase was confirmed to have hydrolytic activity toward phospholipids, an important component of the cell membrane. Compared to the cells expressing the inactive cutinase(NS)S130A, the cells expressing cutinase(NS) showed increased membrane permeability and irregular morphology. Based on these results, a hypothesis of "cell leakage induced by the limited phospholipid hydrolysis of cutinase(NS)" was proposed to explain the underlying mechanism for the extracellular release of cutinase(NS).
Targeting Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling with the Neuregulin's Heparin-binding Domain (2009)

A major limitation in biopharmaceutical development is selectively targeting drugs to diseased tissues. Growth factors and viruses have solved this problem by targeting tissue-specific cell-surface heparan sulfates. Neuregulin (NRG), a growth factor important in both nervous system development and cancer, has a unique heparin-binding domain (HBD) that targets to cell surfaces expressing its HER2/3/4 receptors (Esper, R. M., Pankonin, M. S., and Loeb, J. A. (2006) Brain Res. Rev. 51, 161-175). We have harnessed this natural targeting ability of NRG by fusing the HBD of NRG to soluble HER4. This fusion protein retains high affinity heparin binding to heparin and to cells that express heparan sulfates resulting in a more potent NRG antagonist. In vivo, it is targeted to peripheral nerve segments where it blocks the activity of NRG as a Schwann cell survival factor. The fusion protein also efficiently blocks autocrine and paracrine signaling and reduces the proliferation of MCF10CA1 breast cancer cells. These findings demonstrate the utility of the HBD of NRG in biopharmaceutical targeting and provide a new way to block HER signaling in cancer cells.
Photoinduced ring opening metathesis polymerization (PROMP) of strained bicyclic olefins with ruthenium complexes of the type [(η<sup>6</sup>‐arene<sub>1</sub>)Ru(η<sup>6</sup>‐arene<sub>2</sub>)]<sup>2+</sup> and [Ru(Nc‐R)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> (1995)

Abstract Upon UV irradiation, the complexes [(η 6 ‐arene 1 )Ru(η 6 ‐arene 2 )] 2+ (toluene‐4‐sulfonate or trifluormethane‐sulfonate as counter ion; examples for arene: benzene, toluene, mesitylene, hexamethylbenzene, anisole, biphenyl, naphthalene) and [Ru(NC‐R) 6 ] 2+ (tosylate or triflate as counter iron; R = methyl, ethyl, phenyl) are transformed into active catalysts for ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of strained bicyclic olefins. The photoinduced ring opening metathesis polymerization (PROMP) is most efficient with sandwich complexes having high quantum yields for the photochemically induced solvation of [(η 6 ‐arene 1 )Ru(η 6 ‐arene 2 )] 2+ to [Ru(solvent) 6 ] 2+ . With most of the complexes no (or only low) catalytic activity is observed in the absence of light. After the photolysis step, the mechanism of the polymerzation is identical to ROMP reactions with thermally activated ruthenium catalysts. Good yields and high molecular weights are obtained with a catalyst concentration of 0.1–1%. A mechanistic model for the initiation is presented. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
714. Gene Therapy Rescues Cone Function and Viability in an Rp2 Knockout Mouse Model for X-Linked Retinitis Pigmentosa Over a Wide Dose Range and a Broad Therapeutic Time Window (2015)

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) refers to a diverse group of inherited retinal dystrophies characterized by a progressive loss of photoreceptors, resulting in vision impairment or blindness. The prevalence of the disease is 1 in 3,500 to 4,000 worldwide. X-linked RP (XLRP) accounts for ~15% of all RP cases and is one of the most severe forms of retinal degeneration. About 10% of the total XLRP cases are caused by mutations in the RP2 gene. A recently developed Rp2 knockout (Rp2-KO) mouse model exhibits early onset, progressive cone photoreceptor dysfunction and degeneration, mimicking early cone involvement in patients with RP2 mutations. To develop gene therapy for the disease, we generated and characterized a self-complementary AAV8 vector carrying the human RP2 expression cassette (AAV8-scRK-RP2), and examined its efficacy in the Rp2-KO mice. Our initial results demonstrated successful cone function rescue following subretinal administration of the vector to the mice (ASGCT 2014, poster#122). In the present study, we continued to examine the long term safety and efficacy of the vector using a broader dose range. Four to six week-old Rp2-KO mice received unilateral subretinal injections of the vector with doses ranging from 5×107 to 1×109 vector genomes (vg)/eye. The fellow eyes were injected with vehicle as controls. Retinal function was assessed by electroretinography (ERG) and optomotor test up to 18 months of age. Our results revealed significantly higher amplitude and faster recovery of cone ERG in vector-treated eyes than control eyes in almost all dose groups through the duration of monitoring starting from 4 months of age. In addition, remarkably better visual acuity was observed in the vector-treated eyes at 18 months of age. The treatment also reversed M-opsin mis-localization, restored cone PDE expression and maintained cone viability. Interestingly, this rescue was achieved in the Rp2-KO mice even when treated at 10-month of age, suggesting the potential benefit of the treatment to older patients. Retinal toxicity was only observed in mice receiving the highest vector dose (1×109 vg/eye), as reflected by reduced rod ERG amplitude and thinner photoreceptor layer. We conclude that our RP2 AAV vector can rescue cone function and viability over a wide dose range and a broad therapeutic time window, which paves the way for future clinical studies.
Structural and Immunological Characterization of Novel Recombinant MOMP-Based Chlamydial Antigens (2017)

<i>Chlamydia</i> is the most common cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections worldwide. While infections resolve with antibiotic treatment, this is often neglected in women due to frequent asymptomatic infections, leading to disease progression and severe sequelae (pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, infertility). Development of a vaccine against <i>Chlamydia</i> is crucial. Whole organism-based vaccines have short-lived activity, serovar/subgroup-specific immunity and can cause adverse reactions in vaccinated subjects. The <i>Chlamydia</i> major outer membrane protein (MOMP) is a prime candidate for a subunit vaccine. MOMP contains four regions of sequence variability (variable domains, VDs) with B-cell and T-cell epitopes that elicit protective immunity. However, barriers for developing a MOMP-based vaccine include solubility, yield and refolding. We have engineered novel recombinant antigens in which the VDs are expressed into a carrier protein structurally similar to MOMP and suitable for recombinant expression at a high yield in a correctly folded and detergent-free form. Using a carrier such as the PorB porin from the human commensal organism <i>N. lactamica</i>, we show that PorB/VD chimeric proteins are immunogenic, antigenic and cross-reactive with MOMP. VDs are unique for each serovar but if combined in a single vaccine, a broad coverage against the major <i>Chlamydia</i> serovars can be ensured.
SecPAL: Design and semantics of a decentralized authorization language (2010)

We present a declarative authorization language. Policies and credentials are expressed using predicates defined by logical clauses, in the style of constraint logic programming. Access requests are mapped to logical authorization queries, consisting of predicates and constraints combined by conjun ctions, disjunctions, and negations. Access is granted if the query succeeds against the current database of clauses. Predicates ascribe rights to particular principals, with flexible support for delegation and revocation. At the discretion of the delegator, delegated rights can be further delegated, either to a fixed depth, or arbitrarily deeply. Our language strikes a careful balance between syntactic and semantic simplicity, policy expressiveness, and execution efficiency. The syntax is close to natural language, and the semantics consists of just three deduction rules. The language can express many common policy idioms using constraints, controlled delegation, recursive predicates, and negated queries. We describe an execution strategy based on translation to Datalog with Constraints, and table-based resolution. We show that this execution strategy is sound, complete, and always terminates, despite recursion and negation, as long as simple syntactic conditions are met.
Software and hardware techniques for a single-chip fingerprint sensor/identifier (2003)

The single-chip fingerprint sensor/identifier is based on a new chip concept in which the fingerprint sensor is stacked above the identification circuit, and the identification circuit features a pixel-parallel structure. To realize the concept and improve the identification accuracy and chip reliability, various software and hardware techniques were devised. The software techniques enhance and identify a sensed fingerprint image on the pixel-parallel identification circuit. The hardware techniques provide the circuit and device that execute the software with a high reliability. Test chip performance indicates that the accuracy, power consumption, and speed of identification are sufficient for practical use. A fingerprint identification system on a chip was constructed using these software and hardware techniques.