gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ocular Higher-Order Aberrations and Contrast Sensitivity after Conventional Laser In Situ Keratomileusis (2004)

Conventional LASIK significantly increases ocular higher-order aberrations, which compromise the postoperative contrast sensitivity function.
Non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. 1. Design, synthesis, and biological activity of N-substituted indoles and dihydroindoles (1993)

A series of N-acylated indoles (12-18), N-alkylated indoles (19-24), N-acylated dihydroindoles (26-30), and N-alkylated dihydroindoles (31-34) were synthesized and evaluated in the in vitro AT1 (rabbit aorta) and AT2 (rat midbrain) binding assay. The carboxylic acid 3-[[N-(2-carboxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoyl)-5-indolyl]methyl]-5,7-dimeth yl- 2-ethyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (14b) was found to be the most potent AT1 (IC50 = 0.8 nM) antagonist in the N-acylated indole series and displayed a 25-fold higher potency than the parent unsubstituted derivative 14a (AT1 IC50 = 20 nM) and a 22-fold greater potency than the corresponding dihydroindole analog 27 (AT1 IC50 = 18 nM). Replacement of the terminal carboxyl (COOH) of 14a with the bioisostere tetrazole in 16 (AT1 IC50 = 5 nM, AT2 IC50 = 130 nM) not only improved the AT1 potency by 4-fold but also resulted in a 50-fold increase in AT2 activity. In the N-alkylated indole series, the tetrazole 3-[[N-(2-tetrazol-5-yl-6-chlorobenzyl)-5- indolyl]methyl]-5,7-dimethyl-2-ethyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (24) exhibited the highest AT1 (IC50 = 1 nM) activity, revealing a 230-fold increase in AT1 activity as a result of the incorporation of the isosteric tetrazole for the carboxyl (COOH) of 20 and a nearly 9-fold increase over the corresponding deschloro analog 22 (AT1 IC50 = 8.7 nM). Tetrazole 34 was identified as the most potent (AT1 IC50 = 18 nM) AT1 receptor antagonist in a structurally distinct series of compounds derived from N-alkylation of dihydroindole 25. A new class of highly potent (14b, AT1 IC50 = 0.8 nM; 24, AT1 IC50 = 1 nM) AT1-selective non-peptide AII receptor antagonists derived from N-substituted indoles and dihydroindoles is disclosed. Tetrazole 24 of the N-alkylated indole series displayed good in vivo activity by blocking the AII-induced pressor response for 5.5 h after intravenous administration in conscious normotensive rats at a 1.0 mg/kg dose level.
Selective dopamine transporter inhibition by cocaine analogs (1992)

Several isopropyl and phenyl esters of 3 beta-(4-substituted phenyl) tropan-2 beta-carboxylic acid analogs of cocaine are relatively more potent and selective than cocaine and some other compounds in inhibiting dopamine uptake. These analogs can be used as binding ligands and as tools for elucidating the mechanisms of action of cocaine.
Semipolar (202¯1) GaN and InGaN quantum wells on sapphire substrates (2014)

Here, we demonstrate a process to produce planar semipolar (202¯1) GaN templates on sapphire substrates. We obtain (202¯1) oriented GaN by inclined c-plane sidewall growth from etched sapphire, resulting in single crystal material with on-axis x-ray diffraction linewidth below 200 arc sec. The surface, composed of (101¯1) and (101¯0) facets, is planarized by the chemical-mechanical polishing of full 2 in. wafers, with a final surface root mean square roughness of &lt;0.5 nm. We then analyze facet formation and roughening mechanisms on the (202¯1) surface and establish a growth condition in N2 carrier gas to maintain a planar surface for further device layer growth. Finally, the capability of these semipolar (202¯1) GaN templates to produce high quality device structures is verified by the growth and characterization of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well structures. It is expected that the methods shown here can enable the benefits of using semipolar orientations in a scalable and practical process and can be readily extended to achieve devices on surfaces using any orientation of semipolar GaN on sapphire.
Extraction of oil from ground corn using ethanol (2002)

Abstract Corn oil was extracted from whole ground corn using ethanol as the solvent. The yield of oil was measured as a function of temperature, time of extraction, solvent‐to‐solids ratio, and ethanol concentration. Optimal conditions were a solvent‐to‐solids ratio of 4 mL/g corn, an ethanol concentration of 100%, 30 min of extraction time, and a temperature of 50°C. Under these conditions, a single batch extraction yielded ≈3.3 g oil/100 g corn, equivalent to 70% extraction efficiency. A three‐stage extraction, where the same corn was exposed to fresh ethanol, resulted in a yield of ≈4.5 g/100 g corn (2.5 lb/bu of corn), equivalent to 93% recovery of the oil in corn. When anhydrous ethanol was used to repeatedly extract fresh corn, moisture was absorbed linearly by ethanol from the corn in successive stages, which, in turn, decreased oil yield and increased nonoil components in the extract.
Pipeline Time- And Transform-Domain Reed-Solomon Decoders (1990)

Modification of decoding algorithms leads to simplified conceptual designs for time- and transform-domain Reed-Soloman (RS) decoders suitable for implementation as very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits. New conceptual decoders determine simultaneously errata-locator and errata-evaluator polynomials as part of simplified scheme for corrections of errors and erasures in RS codes. Highly suitable for implementation in both VLSI circuitry and in software on general-purpose computer.
Influence of the Reference Layer Composition on the Back-End-of-Line Compatibility of Co/Ni-Based Perpendicular Magnetic Tunnel Junction Stacks (2016)

Spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) is currently explored to challenge the dynamic random access memory and embedded memory applications. Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (p-MTJ) stacks used in the STT-MRAM must be compatible with CMOS back-end-of-line processing, such as high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, high tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR), and intact resistance area (RA) product at temperatures, as high as 400°C. In this paper, we deposited a bottom-pinned Co/Ni-based p-MTJ stack with a trilayered Co/spacer/CoFeB as a reference layer and a CoFeB film as the storage layer. By replacing the standard Ta spacer material with CoFeBTa, the thickness of the spacer layer can be increased from 4 to 8 Å without TMR and RA penalty, which is beneficial to process controllability. Moreover, the TMR increases for an 8 Å CoFeB polarizer from 125% to 145% for a similar RA product after a 300°C 30 min anneal. In addition, the thermal budget of the p-MTJ stack containing a CoFeBTa spacer was improved. The p-MTJ stack with a 12 Å CoFeBTa reference layer spacer can even withstand annealing at 400°C for 90 min and can retain a TMR value of 100% at RA 10 Ω · μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , while TMR dropped below 40% for the p-MTJ stack containing a pure Ta spacer layer.
Structural characterization of a new variant of the CYP2A6 gene (CYP2A6*1B) apparently diagnosed as heterozygotes of CYP2A6*1A and CYP2A6*4 C (2000)

During the course of investigating the frequency of a CYP2A6 whole deletion-type polymorphism (CYP2A6*4C) in Japanese, an unexpectedly large population of heterozygotes for CYP2A6*4C and the wild-type (CYP2A6*1A) was found. Cloning of a cDNA encoding CYP2A6 from the liver of individuals judged as heterozygotes for CYP2A6*4C and the CYP2A6*1A was carried out to identify the causal allele(s) responsible for a possible overestimation. A clone isolated from the liver cDNA library possessed 58 bp sequences in the 3′-untranslated region, which was replaced with the corresponding region of the CYP2A7 gene. The same gene conversion existed in the genomic DNA, indicating that the replacement was not a cloning artifact. Based on the gene structure of the allele (CYP2A6*1B), this variant was thought to be one of the causal alleles responsible for overestimation of heterozygotes for CYP2A6*4C and CYP2A6*1A. To investigate this further, we developed a genotyping method which could distinguish the CYP2A6*1A, CYP2A6*1B and CYP2A6*4C alleles from each other. The results clearly showed that CYP2A6*1B was the sole allele responsible for the overestimation. We conclude that the new genotyping method allows determination of six genotypes of the CYP2A6 gene, simultaneously and precisely, in both Oriental and Caucasian populations.
Development of Enzyme Immunoassays for the Detection of Pyrethroid Insecticides (1995)

Abstract An enzyme immunoassay was developed for the simultaneous detection of different pyrethroid insecticides. Several polyclonal antisera were raised in rabbits using 1R trans-permethric acid coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) as immunogen. Antiserum D12 recognized permethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin. S-bioallethrin and the metabolite 1R trans-permethric acid with similar affinities. 50 % inhibition (50 % B/B0) for permethrin occurred at 8 μg/L; linearity ranged between 0.4 and 74 μg/L. The antisera D5 and D7 were obtained from preceding blood samples, and the antibodies showed different cross-reactivities, revealing the path of affinity maturation of the antiserum.
Inhibition of Nm23H2 gene product (NDPK-B) by angiostatin, polyphenols and nucleoside analogs. (2008)

Human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-435s) secrete a nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK-B) as a phosphoprotein capable of converting diphosphate nucleosides to triphosphate nucleotides for one round in the absence of a phosphoryl donor. Incubation of the partially purified NDPK-B (Nm23-H2 by Western blot) from [gamma32P]Pi-labeled cells with non-radioactive ADP results in the formation of [gamma32P]ATP (Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 44: 61-63, 2001). The presence of a secreted protein that can maintain ATP levels in the vicinity of capillary and lymph vessels may support cancer metastasis in several ways based on the known actions of ATP at P2Y receptors: facilitate intravasation of breast cancer cells that migrate from a solid tumor, support their extravasation at a distal site, and stimulate angiogenesis. The putative role of angiostatin (AS) as an ATP-synthase inhibitor led us to test the notion that AS blocks NDPK-B activity. Addition of commercial AS (kringles 1-4) did not alter enzyme activity. However, AS produced by us and never lyophilized, blocked NDPK activity in a dose-dependent fashion consistent with the notion that extracellular ATP generation by tumor cells may be important to the development of metastases. The ability of 0.5 mg/ml angiostatin to block NDPK-B activity to approximately 75% of control activity compared poorly with the polyphenol inhibitors of. The catechin gallates, theaflavins and ellagic acid inhibited NDPK-B completely with the rank order of potency: EA > theaflavins > EGCG > ECG > PAPS. Our results suggest that the biological activity of angiostatin as a putative metastasis inhibitor may be in part the result of nm23 inhibition and that the production, lyophilization, packaging or storage of commercial angiostatin leads to the alteration of its biological activity against NDPK-B. Ellagic acid is a potent (IC50 = 10.5 microM) NDPK-B inhibitor that may prove useful in elucidating the role of cancer-cell secreted NDPK-B in tumor development.
Toward the Rational Design of a Malaria Vaccine Construct Using the MSP3 Family as an Example: Contribution of Immunogenicity Studies in Models (2009)

Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein (MSP3) is a main target of protective immunity against malaria that is currently undergoing vaccine development. It was shown recently to belong, together with MSP6, to a new multigene family whose C-terminal regions have a similar organization, contain both homologous and divergent regions, and are highly conserved across isolates. In an attempt to rationally design novel vaccine constructs, we extended the analysis of antigenicity and function of region-specific antibodies, previously performed with MSP3 and MSP6, to the remaining four proteins of the MSP3 family using four recombinant proteins and 24 synthetic peptides. Antibodies to each MSP3 family antigen were found to be highly prevalent among malaria-exposed individuals from the village of Dielmo (Senegal). Each of the 24 peptides was antigenic, defining at least one epitope mimicking that of the native proteins, with a distinct IgG isotype pattern for each, although with an overall predominance of the IgG3 subclass. Human antibodies affinity purified upon each of the 24 peptides exerted an antiparasite antibody-dependent cellular inhibition effect, which in most cases was as strong as that of IgG from protected African adults. The two regions with high homology were found to generate a broad network of cross-reactive antibodies with various avidities. A first multigenic construct was designed using these findings and those from related immunogenicity studies in mice and demonstrated valuable immunological properties. These results indicate that numerous regions from the MSP3 family play a role in protection and provide a rationale for the tailoring of new MSP3-derived malaria vaccines.
2-D DOA Estimation for Coprime Cubic Array: A Cross-correlation Tensor Perspective (2021)

In this paper, a cross-correlation coarray tensor-based 2-D direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation method for coprime cubic array (CCA) is proposed. Since the CCA received signals characterized by two coprime tensors cannot be collectively shaped as a single tensor to operate auto-correlation, the cross-correlation is introduced to calculate the coarray tensor statistics of CCA. A Nyquist-matched 4-D coarray tensor is then obtained for 2-D DOA estimation, where the designed structured tensorization is applied without spatial smoothing. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Statistical Treatment of Photon/Electron Counting: Extending the Linear Dynamic Range from the Dark Count Rate to Saturation (2010)

An experimentally simple photon counting method is demonstrated providing 7 orders of magnitude in linear dynamic range (LDR) for a single photomultiplier tube (PMT) detector. In conventional photon/electron counting methods, the linear range is dictated by the agreement between the binomially distributed measurement of counted events and the underlying Poisson distribution of photons/electrons. By explicitly considering the log-normal probability distribution in voltage transients as a function of the number of photons present and the Poisson distribution of photons, observed counts for a given threshold can be related to the mean number of photons well beyond the conventional limit. Analytical expressions are derived relating counts and photons that extend the linear range to an average of ∼11 photons arriving simultaneously with a single threshold. These expressions can be evaluated numerically for multiple thresholds extending the linear range to the saturation point of the PMT. The peak voltage distributions are experimentally shown to follow a Poisson weighted sum of log-normal distributions that can all be derived from the single photoelectron voltage peak-height distribution. The LDR that results from this method is compared to conventional single photon counting (SPC) and to signal averaging by analog to digital conversion (ADC).
Oxidation Resistant Ti-Al-Fe Diffusion Barrier for FeCrAlY Coatings on Titanium Aluminides (1996)

A diffusion barrier to help protect titanium aluminide alloys, including the coated alloys of the TiAl gamma + Ti3Al (alpha2) class, from oxidative attack and interstitial embrittlement at temperatures up to at least 1000 C is disclosed. The coating may comprise FeCrAlX alloys. The diffusion barrier comprises titanium, aluminum, and iron in the following approximate atomic percent: Ti-(50-55)Al-(9-20)Fe. This alloy is also suitable as an oxidative or structural coating for such substrates.
Progress in the development of new treatments for combined Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (2002)

Abstract Misfolding of synaptic molecules such as amyloid β peptide and α‐synuclein has been proposed to play a key role in the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, respectively. Notably, the majority of patients with Alzheimer's disease also have α‐synuclein‐immunoreactive Lewy bodies, and a substantial proportion of them develop a form of parkinsonism also known as Lewy body disease, that defies conventional therapies. Thus, factors involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease might promote the development of particularly recalcitrant forms of Lewy body disease. We have shown that the amyloid β peptide 1‐42, of Alzheimer's disease, promotes the toxic conversion of α‐synuclein and accelerates α‐synuclein‐dependent deficits in transgenic mice. Understanding the mechanisms promoting the toxic conversion of α‐synuclein is of critical importance for the design of rationale treatments for Lewy body disease and transgenic models hold the promise for the development of such novel therapies. In this context therapies aimed at: (1) reducing amyloid β peptide 1‐42 production, (2) blocking toxic α‐synuclein oligomerization (e.g., β‐synuclein, antioxidants), (3) promoting α‐synuclein protofibril degradation, and (4) protecting neurons (e.g., anti‐oxidants, neurotrophic agents) against toxic α‐synuclein aggregates might prove to be significantly useful in the treatment of Lewy body disease. We characterized β‐synuclein, the non‐amyloidogenic homologue of α‐synuclein, as an inhibitor of aggregation of α‐synuclein. Our results raise the intriguing possibility that β‐synuclein might be a natural negative regulator of α‐synuclein aggregation, and that a similar class of endogenous factors might modulate the toxic conversion of other molecules involved in neurodegeneration. Such an anti‐amyloidogenic property of β‐synuclein in combination with other treatments might also provide a novel strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Drug Dev. Res. 56:282–292, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of L-carnitine on starter pig performance and fat utilization (1990)

Three hundred early-weaned pigs with average initial weights of 12.3 and 13.2 lb, respectively, were utilized in two 5-wk experiments to determine the effect of L-carnitine on growth Performance. Diets contained 20% dried skim and 20% dried whey in phase 1 ( 0 to 14 d) for both experiments and 20 and 10% dried whey, respectively for experiments 1 and 2 in phase 2 (15 to 35 d). In experiment 1, L-carnitine at levels of 0, 500, and 1000 ppm was combined with 0 or 10% soybean oil in phase 1, levels were reduced by 50% in phase 2 to 0, 250, and 500 ppm L-carnitine and 0 or 5% soybean oil. There was no improvement in pig performance from addition of either L-carnitine or soybean oil in phase 1. In phase 2 and for the cumulative 5 wk experiment, soybean oil addition improved average daily gain (ADG) but had no effect on feed intake (Fl) or feed/gain (F/G). Feed efficiency was improved linearly as the level of L-carnitine was increased in phase 2, however, there was no effect on ADG or Fl. In experiment 2, L-carnitine levels in phase 1 were 0 and 1000 ppm, combined with levels of 0, 250, and 500 ppm in phase 2. Addition of L-carnitine improved ADG and increased FI, but had no effect on F/G the first 2 wk postweaning. In phase 2, increasing the level of L-carnitine resulted in improved F/G. Feed intake was decreased as L-carnitine level increased. There was no effect on ADG in phase 2 or during the cumulative 5 wk experiment from level of L-carnitine fed. Feed efficiency improved and FI decreased over the 5 wk trial as the level of L-carnitine increased. Based on the results of these experiments, addition of L-carnitine shows the potential to improve F/G by 11 to 16% in phase 2 and 7 to 9 % for the overall starter phase.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 15, 1990
New Agents for Targeting of IL-13RA2 Expressed in Primary Human and Canine Brain Tumors (2013)

Interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 (IL-13RA2) is over-expressed in a vast majority of human patients with high-grade astrocytomas like glioblastoma. Spontaneous astrocytomas in dogs resemble human disease and have been proposed as translational model system for investigation of novel therapeutic strategies for brain tumors. We have generated reagents for both detection and therapeutic targeting of IL-13RA2 in human and canine brain tumors. Peptides from three different regions of IL-13RA2 with 100% sequence identity between human and canine receptors were used as immunogens for generation of monoclonal antibodies. Recombinant canine mutant IL-13 (canIL-13.E13K) and canIL-13.E13K based cytotoxin were also produced. The antibodies were examined for their immunoreactivities in western blots, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and cell binding assays using human and canine tumor specimen sections, tissue lysates and established cell lines; the cytotoxin was tested for specific cell killing. Several isolated MAbs were immunoreactive to IL-13RA2 in western blots of cell and tissue lysates from glioblastomas from both human and canine patients. Human and canine astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas were also positive for IL-13RA2 to various degrees. Interestingly, both human and canine meningiomas also exhibited strong reactivity. Normal human and canine brain samples were virtually negative for IL-13RA2 using the newly generated MAbs. MAb 1E10B9 uniquely worked on tissue specimens and western blots, bound live cells and was internalized in GBM cells over-expressing IL-13RA2. The canIL-13.E13K cytotoxin was very potent and specific in killing canine GBM cell lines. Thus, we have obtained several monoclonal antibodies against IL-13RA2 cross-reacting with human and canine receptors. In addition to GBM, other brain tumors, such as high grade oligodendrogliomas, meningiomas and canine choroid plexus papillomas, appear to express the receptor at high levels and thus may be appropriate candidates for IL-13RA2-targeted imaging/therapies. Canine spontaneous primary brain tumors represent an excellent translational model for human counterparts.
Developing Molecular Copper Complexes for Water Oxidation (2014)

This chapter focuses on the development of the first copper water oxidation catalysts (WOCs). It discusses the challenges of combining strong oxidants and bases. The chapter describes the development of a water oxidation electrocatalyst. The studies in the chapter were motivated by the biomimetic chemistry, although recent experiments indicate that the electrocatalysis has a mechanism different from the path originally envisioned. The chapter opens with a discussion on a biomimetic approach. Next, it talks about an aqueous system: electrocatalysis with (bpy)Cu(II) complexes. In selecting the best ligand for electrocatalysis, several criteria must be considered. A good WOC ligand should be robust in order to withstand highly oxidative conditions. Catalysis is rapid and appears to be robust, although it occurs at somewhat high overpotentials. Recent reports from Meyer and coworkers show that other copper complexes, with carbonate, phosphate, or tripeptide ligands, are also water oxidation electrocatalysts.