gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SOCs drive new product development (1999)

To dispel a potential misperception that system-on-chip designs are a long way off, the authors describe several examples of new products that derive benefits from using SOCs. These designs emphasize the combination of a complementary set of functions into an economically viable package. SOCs are fueling new products that wouldn't have been possible a few years ago. The article describes the features of Motorola's chip that answers the call for smaller wireless handsets and longer battery life by integrating the separate DSP and microcontroller onto one piece of silicon. It also makes some predictions about what's next in this design area. It goes on to describe how SOCs offer original equipment manufacturers an economical package on which to base new products. It is reported that thin-client vendors like Wyse are using this model to make serious inroads into corporate computing, a domain long dominated by the desktop PC. Next, the article explains how OEMs can save time and money by buying a product that integrates several networking functions-copier, facsimile, and laser-quality printer-into a single chip. Finally, the article presents a sampling of emerging commercial products that use microelectromechanical systems-semiconductor chips that integrate mechanical elements, sensors, actuators, and electronics on a silicon substrate. It describes some advantages of MEMS over current devices that perform the same functions and explains why MEMS is sure to be the technology of the future for many applications.
Unusual Hypertensive Phenotypes (2011)

A ccording to Webster, 1 the terms "spurious," "artifac- tual," or "pseudo" denote false or deceptive resemblance.These terms when used specifically to hypertension refer to something that does not correspond with reality-a false perception; implicit in this definition is normalcy or a benign prognosis.Before discussion of the pros and cons of spurious, artifactual, or pseudohypertension, one should dispose of faulty technique (systematic error, terminal digit preference, or observer bias) in measuring blood pressure (BP), including cuff-inflation hypertension and failure to use the proper size cuff in obese arms as causes of erroneously high BP values.In this review, we limit our focus to the use of the terms "spurious," "artifactual," or "pseudohypertension" in relation to 3 unusual hypertensive phenotypes: (1) spurious isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) in late teenagers to young adults, defined as systolic BP (SBP) Ն140 mm Hg and diastolic BP (DBP) Ͻ90 mm Hg; (2) artifactual or benign isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH) in young to early middle-aged adults defined as a SBP Ͻ140 mm Hg and DBP Ն90 mm Hg; and (3) pseudohypertension in the elderly, presenting rarely with noncompressible artery syndrome and, more commonly, an elevated diastolic brachial artery pressure assessed indirectly with a cuff and sphygmomanometer, in the context of a "normal" intra-arterial pressure assessed invasively.The purpose of this review is to present evidence for and against with regard to the validity of these 3 forms of unusual hypertensive phenotypes.
Pulmonary Procoagulant and Innate Immune Responses in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients (2021)

Critically ill, ventilated patients with COVID-19 show strong responses relating to coagulation, the complement system, cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in the bronchoalveolar compartment. These results suggest a local pulmonary rather than a systemic procoagulant and inflammatory "storm" in severe COVID-19.
TRAIL-β and TRAIL-γ: two novel splice variants of the human TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) without apoptotic potential (2003)

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/APO2L) is a recently identified member of the TNF family, which induces programmed cell death in a variety of neoplastic cell types, but not in most nonneoplastic cells. In this study, we report on the identification of two novel alternative splice variants of TRAIL in neoplastic and non-neoplastic human cells lacking either exon 3 (TRAIL-beta) or exons 2 and 3 (TRAIL-gamma). In both splice variants, loss of exon 3 resulted in a frame shift generating a stop codon with consecutive extensive truncation in the extracellular domain. Ectopic expression revealed a loss of proapoptotic potential for both alternative splice variants. In contrast to the predominantly cytoplasmatic localisation of GFP-tagged TRAIL-alpha and TRAIL-beta, TRAIL-gamma showed an additional association with the cell surface and nuclear membrane. In conclusion, alternative splicing might be involved in fine tuning of TRAIL-induced apoptosis and underlines the complexity of the TRAIL system.
The microtubule plus-end-tracking protein CLIP-170 associates with the spermatid manchette and is essential for spermatogenesis (2005)

CLIP-170 is a microtubule "plus-end-tracking protein" implicated in the control of microtubule dynamics, dynactin localization, and the linking of endosomes to microtubules. To investigate the function of mouse CLIP-170, we generated CLIP-170 knockout and GFP-CLIP-170 knock-in alleles. Residual CLIP-170 is detected in lungs and embryos of homozygous CLIP-170 knockout mice, but not in other tissues and cell types, indicating that we have generated a hypomorphic mutant. Homozygous CLIP-170 knockout mice are viable and appear normal. However, male knockout mice are subfertile and produce sperm with abnormal heads. Using the knock-in mice, we followed GFP-CLIP-170 expression and behavior in dissected, live testis tubules. We detect plus-end-tracking GFP-CLIP-170 in spermatogonia. As spermatogenesis proceeds, GFP-CLIP-170 expression increases and the fusion protein strongly marks syncytia of differentiated spermatogonia and early prophase spermatocytes. Subsequently GFP-CLIP-170 levels drop, but during spermiogenesis (post-meiotic development), GFP-CLIP-170 accumulates again and is present on spermatid manchettes and centrosomes. Bleaching studies show that, as spermatogenesis progresses, GFP-CLIP-170 converts from a mobile plus-end-tracking protein to a relatively immobile protein. We propose that CLIP-170 has a structural function in the male germline, in particular in spermatid differentiation and sperm head shaping.
A high speed wavefront determination method based on spatial frequency modulations for focusing light through random scattering media (2011)

A large number of degrees of freedom are required to produce a high quality focus through random scattering media. Previous demonstrations based on spatial phase modulations suffer from either a slow speed or a small number of degrees of freedom. In this work, a high speed wavefront determination technique based on spatial frequency domain wavefront modulations is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, which is capable of providing both a high operation speed and a large number of degrees of freedom. The technique was employed to focus light through a strongly scattering medium and the entire wavefront was determined in 400 milliseconds, ~three orders of magnitude faster than the previous report.
Glucocorticoids inhibit somatostatin gene expression through accelerated degradation of somatostatin messenger ribonucleic acid in human thyroid medullary carcinoma (TT) cells (1995)

We previously reported that dexamethasone (DEX) induces dose-dependent biphasic effects on steady state somatostatin (SS) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in normal rat islet and islet SS-producing tumor cells (1027B2), characterized by stimulation at low doses and marked inhibition at high doses. The stimulatory effect is transcriptionally mediated, whereas the molecular mechanism underlying DEX-induced suppression of SS mRNA levels is unknown. In the present study, we investigated these mechanisms in human thyroid medullary carcinoma (TT) cells, which exhibit only inhibition of SS mRNA with DEX. Cultured TT cells synthesized and secreted large quantities of SS-like immunoreactivity (content, 90 ng/10(6) cells; release, 18 ng/10(6) cells/24h). DEX produced a dose-dependent reduction of both SS-like immunoreactivity secretion and SS mRNA levels, with a maximum inhibition of 60% at 10(-6) M at 48 h. In time-course studies, DEX inhibition of SS function occurred after a lag period of about 12 h, suggesting a posttranscriptional mechanism. To exclude a transcriptional effect of DEX on the SS gene, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity was determined in TT cells acutely transfected with SS promoter (-750 base pairs) ligated to the receptor CAT gene. No inhibition of CAT activity occurred with DEX (10(-6) M) for 48 h. Furthermore, DEX did not influence the rate of SS gene transcription determined by nuclear run-on assay compared to approximately 2-fold stimulation by cAMP. Actinomycin D (inhibitor of mRNA synthesis) reduced the size of the SS mRNA transcript and rendered it resistant to DEX-induced degradation when coincubated with DEX, but not when it was added after a delay of 12 h, indicating that DEX destabilizes SS mRNA by an active process requiring ongoing gene transcription. Cycloheximide (inhibitor of protein synthesis) reduced SS mRNA levels to the same level as DEX, suggesting that the two agents promote SS mRNA degradation through a common pathway. We conclude that glucocorticoids inhibit steady state SS mRNA levels in TT cells. This effect is not mediated through direct transcriptional inhibition of the SS gene. It requires transcription of another gene(s) whose product(s) accelerates SS mRNA degradation.
High performance and record subthreshold swing demonstration in scaled RMG SiGe FinFETs with high-Ge-content channels formed by 3D condensation and a novel gate stack process (2017)

We demonstrate scaled high-Ge-content (HGC) strained SiGe pMOS FinFETs with very high short channel (SC) performance using a Replacement High-K/Metal Gate (RMG) flow, for the first time. A novel RMG gate stack process was introduced to create Ge-free interface-layer (IL) with excellent reliability and sub-threshold swing (SS) as low as 62mV/dec, the best reported to date for Si-cap-free SiGe FinFETs. We also present some structural details of the gate stack, for the first time. Short channel characteristics of HGC SiGe FinFETs have also been studied for various fin widths. Compared to our earlier RMG work, improved I/I free process with ultra-thin spacers has led to considerable R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> and R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ext</sub> reduction. As a result, we have demonstrated very high SiGe performance with I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> =0.45mA/μm at I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> =100nA/μm at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dd</sub> =0.5V for L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</sub> =25nm, matching our record for gate-first SiGe FinFETs and outperforming the gate-first results at such LG.
Simple Fabrication of Molecular Circuits by Shadow Mask Evaporation (2003)

We fabricate contacts to molecular circuits by evaporating metal through a nanoscale stencil mask etched in a free-standing silicon nitride membrane. In this way, contacts can be fabricated on as-grown molecular wires that would be contaminated or destroyed by chemicals and heat treatments associated with conventional lithographic techniques. Chemical vapor deposition-grown single-walled carbon nanotubes contacted in this fashion behave similarly to samples contacted using conventional lithography but are more robust to failure at high bias. In-vacuum electrical measurements of λ-DNA networks on mica substrates contacted in a “leads-on-top” geometry give a lower bound of 1000 TΩ for the resistance of a 1-μm length of DNA.
Server-Friendly Delta Compression for Efficient Web Access. (2003)

A number of researchers have studied delta compression techniques for improving the efficiency of web page accesses over slow communication links. Most of these schemes exploit the fact that updated web pages often change only very slightly, thus resulting in very small sizes for the transmitted deltas. However, these schemes are only applicable to a minority of page accesses, and require web or proxy servers to retain potentially many different outdated versions of pages for use as reference files in the encoding. Another approach, studied by Chan and Woo [4], encodes a page with respect to similar files located on the same web server that are already in the client’s browser cache. Based on the latter approach, we study different delta compression policies for web access. Our emphasis is on web and proxy server-friendly policies that do not require the maintenance of multiple older versions of a page, but only use reference files accessed by the client within the last few minutes. We compare several policies for identifying appropriate reference files and evaluate their performance on a set of traces. We show that there are very simple policies that achieve significant benefits over gzip compression on most web accesses, and that can be efficiently implemented at web or proxy servers. We also study the potential of file synchronization techniques such as rsync [28] for web access. 1.
Detecting the Third Heart Sound: Separation and Localization from Lung Sound using Intrinsic Time Scale Decomposition (2023)

The extraction of heart sound component from a composite signal of heart and lung is a quite challenging task in phonocardiogram signal analysis the first heart sound (S1) and the second heart sound (S2), produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves and the closing of the semilunar valves, respectively, are the fundamental sounds of the heart. To accomplish this task a novel framework with intrinsic time scale decomposition (ITD) is designed. The capture of the PCG signal frequently hides the detection of the third heart sound (S3), which is necessary to identify cardiac failures. To separate S3, ITD method is deployed to enable signal decomposition into certain levels. Next, by applying smoothed pseudo-Wigner Ville distribution (SWVD) with reassignment, the location of S3 is detected. The proposed method is performed on 36 combinations consists of 144 cardiac cycles containing S3 obtained from different online databases. In comparison to existing approaches, the proposed work separates the S3 from other heart and lung sounds and the proposed method obtained the detection accuracy of S3 as 95.4%, which proves the superiority with other methods.
A Certificate Management System: structure, functions and protocols (2002)

The Certificate Management System (CMS) is a networked system for generation, distribution, storage and verification of certificates for use in a variety of security enhanced applications. The structure of a certificate is defined in the X.509 standard. The Internet PEM specification describes the structure and functionality of a global certification hierarchy, as well as the structure of its internal messages. The approach described in this paper specifies new roles and responsibilities for certification authorities. By extending the existing specifications with functions for the storage and retrieval of certificates, the CMS becomes functionally complete and immediately operable. Furthermore, it can operate either as an autonomous hierarchy, or integrated into a global system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Network Materials by the Sol−Gel Approach (1996)

Organic/inorganic hybrid materials prepared by the sol−gel approach have rapidly become a fascinating new field of research in materials science. The explosion of activity in this area in the past decade has made tremendous progress in both the fundamental understanding of the sol−gel process and the development and applications of new organic/inorganic hybrid materials. In this review, a brief summary of the research activities in the field of organic/inorganic nanocomposite materials and a general background of the sol−gel chemistry are first given. The emphasis of this report, however, is placed on the synthesis, structure−property response, and potential applications of the organic/inorganic hybrid networks that possess chemical bonding between the organic and inorganic phases, particularly those systems that were developed in our laboratory since 1985.
Pore-Pressure and Wellbore-Stability Prediction To Increase Drilling Efficiency (2012)

Technology Today Series articles are general, descriptive representations that summarize the state of the art in an area of technology by describing recent developments for readers who are not specialists in the topics discussed. Written by individuals recognized as experts in the area, these articles provide key references to more definitive work and present specific details only to illustrate the technology. Purpose: to inform the general readership of recent advances in various areas of petroleum engineering. Abstract Pore pressure and wellbore stability pose significant challenges to exploration drilling, particularly in regions featuring weaker rocks or subsalt formations. A lack of accurate pore-pressure prediction and wellbore-stability analysis brings many problems, such as blowouts, kicks, hole washouts, wellbore breakout, and stuck pipe. Wellbore instability also adds to drilling time and increased costs, and sometimes leads to abandoning the well before it reaches its objective. Estimates put the cost of these issues at approximately 10% of total drilling time on average. Ending wellbore-instability problems begins with the ability to predict conditions accurately and to reduce the chance of running into trouble. In this paper, commonly used methods for analyses of pore pressure, in-situ stress, and borehole shear failure are evaluated for their strengths and weaknesses. Examples are provided that demonstrate that the integration of predrill pore-pressure and geomechanics analyses with real-time monitoring consistently provides an effective way to mitigate predrill uncertainties and improve well-construction efficiency.
Amino Acids and Peptides (1990)

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.
Improving audio-visual speech recognition with an infrared headset. (2003)

Visual speech is known to improve accuracy and noise robustness of automatic speech recognizers. However, almost all audio-visual ASR systems require tracking frontal facial features for visual information extraction, a computationally intensive and error-prone process. In this paper, we consider a specially designed infrared headset to capture audio-visual data, that consistently focuses on the speaker’s mouth region, thus eliminating the need for face tracking. We conduct small-vocabulary recognition experiments on such data, benchmarking their ASR performance against traditional frontal, fullface videos, collected both at an ideal studio-like environment and at a more challenging office domain. By using the infrared headset, we report a dramatic improvement in visual-only ASR that amounts to a relative 30 % and 54% word error rate reduction, compared to the studio and office data, respectively. Furthermore, when combining the visual modality with the acoustic signal, the resulting relative ASR gain with respect to audio-only performance is significantly higher for the infrared headset data. 1.
Workplace Exposure to Passive Smoking and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Summary of Epidemiologic Studies (1999)

Ichiro Kawachi, Graham A. Colditz, Workplace Exposure to Passive Smoking and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Summary of Epidemiologic Studies, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 107, Supplement 6 (Dec., 1999), pp. 847-851
Radiation-induced autophagy: mechanisms and consequences (2016)

Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved, indispensable, lysosome-mediated degradation process, which helps in maintaining homeostasis during various cellular traumas. During stress, a context-dependent role of autophagy has been observed which drives the cell towards survival or death depending upon the type, time, and extent of the damage. The process of autophagy is stimulated during various cellular insults, e.g. oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, imbalances in calcium homeostasis, and altered mitochondrial potential. Ionizing radiation causes ROS-dependent as well as ROS-independent damage in cells that involve macromolecular (mainly DNA) damage, as well as ER stress induction, both capable of inducing autophagy. This review summarizes the current understanding on the roles of oxidative stress, ER stress, DNA damage, altered mitochondrial potential, and calcium imbalance in radiation-induced autophagy as well as the merits and limitations of targeting autophagy as an approach for radioprotection and radiosensitization.
Comparison between isotropic and nonisotropic dosimetry systems during intraperitoneal photodynamic therapy (2000)

Background and Objective On-line monitoring of light fluence during intraperitoneal photodynamic therapy (IP PDT) is crucial for safe light delivery. A flat photodiode-based dosimetry system is compared with an isotropic detector-based system in patients undergoing IP PDT. Study Design/Materials and Methods Flat photodiodes and spherical detectors were placed side by side in the abdomen, for simultaneous light dosimetry in 19 patients. Tissue phantom experiments were performed to provide a preliminary estimate of the tissue optical properties of the peritoneum. Results The conversion factor between systems for 630-nm light was found to be 1.7 ± 0.12. The μeff of the tissues in the abdomen is estimated to vary between 0.5 cm−1 to 1.4 cm−1 assuming a μs′ = 7 cm−1. Conclusions The measured conversion factor should allow for comparison of light fluences with future clinical protocols that use an isotropic-based detector system. Differences in the optical properties of the underlying tissues may contribute to the variability in light measurements. Lasers Surg. Med. 26:292–301, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.