gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A multivariate statistical approach for anomaly detection and condition based maintenance in complex systems (2017)

This paper will describe recent developments in the practical application of multivariate Statistical Process Control (SPC) techniques to improve and automate anomaly detection in complex systems as part of a comprehensive Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) system. The CBM implementation process will be broken down into phases from planning to operation. The operational CBM system includes data acquisition, preprocessing, detection, and diagnosis. The multivariate statistical methods for establishing baseline operation and analyzing operational data are covered. A comprehensive discussion of the technical need, complexities of implementation, and some best practices based upon novel applications of the technology are included. This technology is applicable to complex mechanical systems exhibiting degradation or wear prior to system failure and where failure leads to significant financial losses or loss of mission capability. Examples of the implementation of the methodology will be drawn from jet engine trending, facility infrastructure, utility-scale wind turbines, and projects where the techniques have been successfully employed in real world applications. CBM has been shown to be an effective approach to reducing the Life Cycle Cost of a system and improving system availability. Univariate SPC techniques are widely used in industry but are sometimes insufficient for monitoring complex systems which function over a wide range of operating conditions and environments. Multivariate SPC techniques provide high sensitivity and low false alarm rate monitoring opportunities. Simplifying the system health assessment of a complex system into a single control chart reduces the burden of interpreting complex interactions and reduces the training and education level of the maintenance personnel. Multivariate SPC techniques can also be implemented to improve anomaly detection in environments where it is impossible or impractical for cost or performance reasons to employ additional sensors for fault detection. Significant cost savings and cost avoidance can be realized by utilizing the full life of equipment but also having early detection of impending problems when there is still time for failure mitigation or scheduling of preventative maintenance. The statistical techniques are also useful for forensic analysis of failed systems where multivariate SPC have not been implemented. The authors introduced this technique at the 2016 International Symposium on Systems Engineering in Edinburgh, Scotland [1]. This paper will expand and build upon the previous work by adding the results of recent applications and elaborating on the approach as it pertains to the current state-of-the-art based on these results.
A natural compression law for soils (an advance on <i>e</i>–log <i>p</i>′) (1979)

The shortcomings of the curves normally used to describe the change of volume of a soil skeleton with variations in mean effective stress are discussed. The author proposes an alternative approach, without the use of void ratio, adopting specific volume. Expressions are derived to show that natural volumetric stresses and strains are linearly related. Some consequences of this new relationship are examined. The coefficient of volume compressibility is defined, and the theory of soil consolidation in an oedometer investigated. Predictions of pore water pressure and effective stress changes are better than those of the conventional linear theory. The cam clay soil model is modified to give a revised critical state line which is well supported by experimental evidence. Equations are derived which could provide a basis for a simplified presentation of state boundary surfaces. (TRRL)
Exercise device for upper-extremity sensory-motor capability augmentation based on magneto-rheological fluid actuator (2010)

Resistance exercise has been widely reported to have positive rehabilitation effects for patients with neuromuscular and orthopaedic disorders. This paper presents the design of a versatile rehabilitation device in the form of a rotation joint mounted on the adjustable arm support that provides a controlled passive resistance during strength training of hand muscles. The resistance is supplied by a rotational magnetorheological actuator controlled with regards to the force feedback information. The device provides both isometric and isokinetic strength training and is reconfigurable for different usage conditions. The experimental evaluation results show that the usage of magnetorheological actuator is advantageous to the electrical motors in the cases of passive resistance based exercise.
Seeing a new dimension - The past decade's developments On electrical impedance tomography (2005)

Abstract Multi-component and multiphase fluid flows exist in many industrial processes. The phase distribution and interfaces in an aqueous-based process or multiphase flow carries significant information about the processes. Due to the correlation of the multiphase and independency of each phase, the correct measuring of multiphase flow, in the terms of concentration, disperse interface, local velocity and mass flow rate, are of extremely challenged tasks. In 1990s, electrical capacitance tomography was originally developed for oil-water two-phase flow, then electrical resistance tomography was introduced from medical research to process engineering. Significant progress has been made during the past decade and now the technology has been proved as a powerful tool for mapping the concentration and velocity distributions of the second phase in two-phase flows, where electrical impedance differences between the two-phase fluids exist. Previous and current work on electrical resistance tomography by the author and his colleagues are reviewed. Developments on sensor, measurement, image reconstruction and application are also briefly introduced. At the end of the paper, existing challenges and prospect of new dimensions in process tomography are discussed. Additional informationNotes on contributorsMi Wang m.wang@leeds.ac.uk
Bidirectional Radio-Over-Fiber Systems Using Double-Clad Fibers for Optically Powered Remote Antenna Units (2014)

This paper shows and experimentally demonstrates bidirectional radio over fiber (RoF) using a double-clad fiber (DCF) for optically powered remote antenna units (RAUs). The DCF for an RoF link has a single mode (SM) core and a multimode inner cladding; the SM core is used for simultaneous downlink and uplink transmissions of the optical RoF data signals, whereas the inner cladding is used for optical power delivery to the RAU. The aim of this approach is to optically power the RAU in such a way that external electrical power supplies, such as batteries or public power lines, are not required. The feasibility of the technique is demonstrated by bidirectional RoF transmission over a 100-m DCF optically feeding with 4.0 W. We successfully achieved high downlink and uplink transmission performance in terms of error vector magnitude measurements, which are based on the IEEE 802.11g wireless local area network (WLAN) standard at a carrier frequency of 2.45 GHz.
Endothelial cell growth: biology and pharmacology in relation to angiogenesis. (1990)

The vascular system is lined by a monolayer of endothelial cells which proliferate very slowly under normal conditions. The formation of new capillary vessels is associated with some physiological circumstances and several pathological conditions. Angiogenesis requires migration, differentiation and proliferation of endothelial cells. The mechanism of tube formation is still poorly understood. Tumour growth is angiogenesis-dependent and angiogenesis is directly or indirectly induced by the tumour. Induction of angiogenesis is an important step in carcinogenesis and in metastatic development. Angiogenesis is induced during the transition from hyperplasia to neoplasia. Numerous angiogenic factors have been identified, most are mitogenic for endothelial cells and some are only responsible for tube formation. However, it is difficult to recognize which factor is the most important in vivo. Since angiogenesis is necessary for tumour growth, any natural or synthetic antiangiogenic compound may have an antineoplastic potential. Inhibition of tumour angiogenesis under the control of a tumour suppression gene could play an important role. Pharmacological compounds, such as heparin, heparin fragments and corticosteroids, have been shown to be antiangiogenic substances. More recently two new inhibitors of capillary endothelial cell proliferation and/or angiogenesis have been described: they are a cartilage-derived inhibitor and platelet factor 4.
Natalizumab for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis and Crohn's Disease (2005)

Although long-term efficacy and safety of natalizumab have not been established, available data indicate that it is a novel drug for patients with MS or inflammatory bowel disease. Analysis of its possible association with PML will determine the risk-benefit evaluation and eventual place in therapy for natalizumab.
Replication timing, chromosomal bands, and isochores (2008)

Chromosome replication timing is biphasic (early-late) in the cell cycle of vertebrates and of most (possibly all) eukaryotes. In the present work we have compared the extended, detailed replication timing maps that are available, namely those of human chromosomes 6, 11q, and 21q, with chromosomal bands as visualized at low (400 bands), high (850 bands), and highest (3,200 isochores) resolution. We have observed that the replicons located in a given isochore practically always show either all early or all late replication timing and that early-replicating isochores are short and GC-rich and late-replicating isochores are long and GC-poor. In the vast majority of cases, replicons are clustered in isochores, which are themselves most often clustered in early- or late-replication timing zones and may often reach the size of high-resolution bands and, very rarely, even that of low-resolution bands. Finally, we show that our results should be representative for the whole human genome and thus help to predict replication timing zones in all chromosomes.
مکانیسم مولکولی مهار اتصال ویروس SARS-COV-2 به گیرنده میزبان توسط فلاوونوئیدهای ضدویروسی باواچینین، کرویلیفول و لوتئولین (2020)

Introduction: The worldwide SARS-COV-2 outbreak caused COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding the mechanism of host receptor recognition by virus is inevitably helpful for developing appropriate drugs and treatment strategies. Methods: In the present study, applying a standard systematic review protocol, we surveyed the literature using Google Scholar and PubMed for experimental reports on the plant derived compounds effective against coronavirus family members. Original articles meeting the inclusion criteria for the present study were selected and underwent more scrutiny for introducing plant compounds for further analysis. The interaction of the compounds with receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-COV-2 spike protein was analyzed using molecular docking analysis. Top three compounds with the best binding affinity to RBD were selected and their mechanisms of interaction were investigated using Pymol, MOE, and Ligplot softwares. Results: Three herbal compounds, bavachinin, croylifol, and luteolin with ΔG values of -8.4, -8.1, and -7.6, respectively, showed the best interaction with RBD and inhibition of virus-host binding among 24 compounds analyzed. The binding of these ligands to RBD was mediated through receptor binding motif (RBM) and a group of amino acids including Leu455, Gln493, and Asn501. Conclusion: Considering the experimental antiviral effects as well as favorable interaction with SARS-COV-2 spike protein, bavachinin, croylifol, and luteolin are suggested for use in clinical trial investigations of COVID-19.
Field Label Prediction for Autofill in Web Browsers (2019)

Automatic form fill is an important productivity related feature present in major web browsers, which predicts the field labels of a web form and automatically fills values in a new form based on the values previously filled for the same field in other forms. This feature increases the convenience and efficiency of users who have to fill similar information in fields in multiple forms. In this paper we describe a machine learning solution for predicting the form field labels, implemented as a web service using Azure ML Studio.
Extracting events and event descriptions from Twitter (2011)

This paper describes methods for automatically detecting events involving known entities from Twitter and understanding both the events as well as the audience reaction to them. We show that NLP techniques can be used to extract events, their main actors and the audience reactions with encouraging results.
Thermo-molded self-healing thermoplastics containing multilayer microreactors (2013)

Here in this work we propose a thermally molded self-healing thermoplastic polymer containing a multilayer microcapsule-type microreactor. The latter consists of an isolated monomer and catalyst system. As the first proof-of-concept composites, commercial plastics polystyrene (PS) filled with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)-loaded microreactors are reported. The specially designed structure of the microreactors enables them to be robust enough to survive the thermal processing already widely used in the plastics industry, like melt mixing under shear and compression molding. Upon damage of the composites and microreactors, the GMA monomer is released to the cracks and its atom transfer radical polymerization is triggered when it passes by the catalyst layer. The polymerized GMA serves as a macromolecular adhesive, which not only fills up the interstitial gap of the cracks but also is anchored to the sub-surface of the matrix forming mechanical interlocking, offering satisfactory healing efficiency at room temperature. By changing the species of healing monomer, catalyst and wall substances, the microreactors can meet the versatile requirements of different polymers, so that the approach is provided with broad applicability.
Management of dementia and depression utilizing in-home passive sensor data (2013)

The motion density maps show visual changes in the client's activity, including circadian rhythm, time away from home, and general activity level (sedentary vs. puttering). The measures are sensitive enough, yielding averages of time out of apartment and average density per hour for hours at home that indicate significant change. There is evidence of congruence with health assessment scores. This pilot study demonstrates that density maps can be used as a tool for early illness detection. The results indicate that sensor technology has the potential to augment traditional health care assessments and care coordination.
Novel Low Cost 3D Surface Model Reconstruction System for Plant Phenotyping (2017)

Accurate high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) models are essential for a non-invasive analysis of phenotypic characteristics of plants. Previous limitations in 3D computer vision algorithms have led to a reliance on volumetric methods or expensive hardware to record plant structure. We present an image-based 3D plant reconstruction system that can be achieved by using a single camera and a rotation stand. Our method is based on the structure from motion method, with a SIFT image feature descriptor. In order to improve the quality of the 3D models, we segmented the plant objects based on the PlantCV platform. We also deducted the optimal number of images needed for reconstructing a high-quality model. Experiments showed that an accurate 3D model of the plant was successfully could be reconstructed by our approach. This 3D surface model reconstruction system provides a simple and accurate computational platform for non-destructive, plant phenotyping.
Direct sp<sup>3</sup>C–H bond activation adjacent to nitrogen in heterocycles (2007)

Activation of sp(3) C-H bonds adjacent to nitrogen in heterocycles is an attractive transformation that is emerging as a practical method in organic synthesis. This tutorial review aims to summarize the key examples of direct functionalization of nitrogen-containing heterocycles via metal-mediated and metal-catalyzed processes, which is meant to serve as a foundation for future investigations into this rapidly developing area of research. The review covers functionalization of N-heterocycles via alpha-lithiation with alkyllithium/diamine complexes, alpha-amino radical formation, metal-catalyzed direct C-H activation, C-H oxidations and oxidative couplings, and metal-catalyzed carbene insertions.
SYNTACTICAL CONVERSATIONAL ERRORS: DOCUMENTATION ON DELIVERY OF COMPETENT IN DIVERGENT SITUATIONS (2021)

The target of this study is to reach the most recurrently occurring syntactical errors committed by competent who are affiliated with language field. English in Pakistan is calculated as an official and academics language as is in many countries. The main intension behind conducting this type of research is to explore unintentional speaking errors committed by learner. In Pakistan, distinct languages are spoken, if English is spoken in Sindh, it is spoken as second language or third language, as mother tongue is Sindhi and national language is Urdu, same is in Punjab and in other provinces of Pakistan. Hence, there is an impact of each first language on target language. Resultantly, it shows some errors, it may be syntactical errors, grammatical or phonological errors. In this study, error analysis theory, by Gas &amp; Selinker in 2008 through different phases named, 1: collecting data 2: identifying errors 3: classifying error4: quantifying error 5: analyzing errors 6: remediation was used as framework.15 professionals were selected randomly with probability sampling. Communication sessions were conducted with them with semi-structured based interviews. This study deals with qualitative descriptive approach. After applying CICQAR process of error identifier, it is found that even professionals make syntactical error in their communication, most common error was found structural and tenses errors, that speaker does sometimes unintentionally. Researchers have identified and gave suggestions that how to overcome these errors? Findings of this study show that during communication many intentional and unintentional errors occur, these errors may be due to little cognizance of grammar, structure of the sentence or it may happen deliberately.
HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY CULVERTS, SECOND EDITION (2001)

Hydraulic Design Series Number 5 combines culvert design information previously contained in Hydraulic Engineering Circulars (HECs) No. 5, No. 10, and No. 13 with hydrologic, storage routing, and special culvert design information. The result is a comprehensive culvert design publication. Hydrologic analysis methods are described, and references cited. Culvert design methods are presented for both conventional culverts and culverts with inlet improvements. Storage routing techniques are included which permit the designer to account for ponding effects upstream of the culvert. Unique culvert applications, erosion and sediment control, debris control, structural aspects, and long-span culverts are discussed and references cited. Inlet control, outlet control, and critical depth design charts, many of which are newly developed, are included for a variety of culvert sizes, shapes, and materials. New dimensionless culvert design charts are provided for the design of culverts lacking conventional design nomographs and charts. The appendices of the publication contain the equations and methodology used to construct the design charts, information of the hydraulic resistance of culverts, and methods of optimizing culvert design using performance curves and inlet depression. Calculation forms are provided for most of the design methodologies in the manual. The second edition has corrected minor errors and provided both SI and English (U.S. customary) units for all equations and design charts.
A Proposed Flow Specification (1992)

This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. A flow specification (or &quot;flow spec&quot;) is a data structure used by internetwork hosts to request special services of the internetwork, often guarantees about how the internetwork will handle some of the hosts ’ traffic. In the future, hosts are expected to have to request such services on behalf of distributed applications such as multimedia conferencing. The flow specification defined in this memo is intended for information and possible experimentation (i.e., experimental use by consenting routers and applications only). This RFC is a product of the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF).
Role of mitochondria, oxidative stress and the response to antioxidants in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: A possible approach to SARS‐CoV‐2 ‘long‐haulers’? (2020)

A significant number of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic patients have developed chronic symptoms lasting weeks or months which are very similar to those described for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. This study reviews the current literature and understanding of the role that mitochondria, oxidative stress and antioxidants may play in the understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of chronic fatigue. It describes what is known about the dysfunctional pathways which can develop in mitochondria and their relationship to chronic fatigue. It also reviews what is known about oxidative stress and how this can be related to the pathophysiology of fatigue, as well as examining the potential for specific therapy directed at mitochondria for the treatment of chronic fatigue in the form of antioxidants. This study identifies areas which require urgent, further research in order to fully elucidate the clinical and therapeutic potential of these approaches.
Clinical usefulness of intrathecal injection of methylcobalamin in patients with diabetic neuropathy. (1987)

Seven men and four women with symptomatic diabetic neuropathy were treated with methylcobalamin (2,500 micrograms in 10 ml of saline) injected intrathecally. Treatment was begun when patients had good metabolic control, as determined by measurements of plasma glucose and hemoglobin, and was repeated several times with a one-month interval between injections. Three patients were re-treated one year after the last intrathecal injection. Symptoms in the legs, such as paresthesia, burning pains, and heaviness, dramatically improved. The effect appeared within a few hours to one week and lasted from several months to four years. The mean peroneal motor-nerve conduction velocity did not change significantly. The mean (+/- SD) concentration of methylcobalamin in spinal fluid was 114 +/- 32 pg/ml before intrathecal injection (n = 5) and 4,752 +/- 2,504 pg/ml one month after intrathecal methylcobalamin treatment (n = 11). Methylcobalamin caused no side effects with respect to subjective symptoms or characteristics of spinal fluid. These findings suggest that a high concentration of methylcobalamin in spinal fluid is highly effective and safe for treating the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy.