gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Does the racial-ethnic variation in prostate cancer risk have a hormonal basis? (1995)

One of the most intriguing features of prostate cancer epidemiology is the marked international and racial-ethnic variation in risk. There is a 30-50-fold difference in risk between African American men, at the highest end of this racial-ethnic spectrum of risk, and native Japanese and Chinese men, at the lowest end of this spectrum. Because of their important growth regulatory effects on prostate cells, there has been widespread interest in the role of androgens in prostate cancer pathogenesis. The authors have been evaluating systematically whether population variations in secretion and metabolism of androgens and/or regulation of androgen activity can explain the marked racial-ethnic diversity in prostate cancer incidence. Differences in hormonal patterns among groups have been demonstrated in a manner predicted by their underlying prostate cancer incidence, and a series of studies have been initiated to determine if genetic control of androgen regulation among racial-ethnic groups also may be important in determining prostate cancer risk.
A perspective on MALDI alternatives—total solvent‐free analysis and electron transfer dissociation of highly charged ions by laserspray ionization (2010)

Progress in research is hindered by analytical limitations, especially in biological areas in which sensitivity and dynamic range are critical to success. Inherent difficulties of characterization associated with complexity arising from heterogeneity of various materials including topologies (isomeric composition) and insolubility also limit progress. For this reason, we are developing methods for total solvent-free analysis by mass spectrometry consisting of solvent-free ionization followed by solvent-free gas-phase separation. We also recently constructed a novel matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) source that provides a simple, practical and sensitive way of producing highly charged ions by laserspray ionization (LSI) or singly charged ions commonly observed with MALDI by choice of matrix or matrix preparation. This is the first ionization source with such freedom-an extremely powerful analytical 'switch'. Multiply charged LSI ions allow molecules exceeding the mass-to-charge range of the instrument to be observed and permit for the first time electron transfer dissociation fragment ion analysis.
Better Valuation of Future Information Under Uncertainty (2006)

Abstract In conditions of high demand for rigs and other scarce equipment, it may be appropriate and more advantageous for a client to agree to a forward contract for a service to be performed at a future date at some specified price. In this case, the service provider is contractually bound to provide the service at the pre-agreed price within a specified time window, regardless of the prevailing price and availability. This paper presents a mathematically consistent framework using decision trees, conditional probabilities and Monte Carlo simulation to appropriately value future information today. We assume that the client company and the service provider share information on reservoir uncertainty. The presence of multivariate reservoir uncertainties typically makes such valuations non-trivial and mostly intractable to current modeling schemes. We demonstrate the approach with an example involving a decision to be made for a marginal asset on where to place an injector well relative to a fault. The example considers the value to the client of a future measurement of the degree of compartmentalization caused by this fault. We conclude that when faced with the possibility of obtaining new and useful information in the future, our methodology provides a quantitative valuation framework. This framework could lead, for example, to novel ways of setting up contract terms.
Mutational analysis of signaling pathways in colorectal cancer (2005)

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005

SY15-2 

Although it is widely accepted that cancer is a genetic disease, many of the key oncogenes and suppressor genes involved in tumorigenesis remain to be identified. We have been interested in using genome-wide approaches to identify molecular differences between human cancer cells and normal cells. Using information from the Human Genome Project and high throughput sequencing approaches, we have begun to systematically analyze cancer genomes, starting with genes families involved in signal transduction. These efforts have recently identified frequent activating mutations in kinases and phosphatases not previously linked to human cancer. For example, we have found genetic alterations in the PIK3CA gene encoding the p110 alpha phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in ∼30% of colon, breast and brain cancers, providing a rational target for therapy in a large fraction of common malignancies. The results of these studies and their implications for cancer diagnosis and therapy will be discussed.
Inversion of Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating (FROG) Spectrograms in Real-Time: A Femtosecond Oscilloscope (1998)

Frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) is a technique used to measure the intensity and phase of ultrashort laser pulses. The pulse to be measured is split into probe and gate pulses. The gate and probe pulses are combined in a non-linear optical medium to temporally select portions of the probe. The resulting signal is spectrally resolved at various time delays to produce a spectrogram of the probe. 1-3 All the time and frequency information about the pulse (probe) is contained in its spectrogram (“FROG trace”). An iterative 2-dimensional phase retrieval algorithm is used to determine the phase of the FROG trace, and hence, the intensity and phase of the pulse. 1,2
Dynamic shape modeling of the mitral valve from real-time 3D ultrasound images using continuous medial representation (2012)

Purpose: Patient-specific shape analysis of the mitral valve from real-time 3D ultrasound (rt-3DUS) has broad application to the assessment and surgical treatment of mitral valve disease. Our goal is to demonstrate that continuous medial representation (cm-rep) is an accurate valve shape representation that can be used for statistical shape modeling over the cardiac cycle from rt-3DUS images. Methods: Transesophageal rt-3DUS data acquired from 15 subjects with a range of mitral valve pathology were analyzed. User-initialized segmentation with level sets and symmetric diffeomorphic normalization delineated the mitral leaflets at each time point in the rt-3DUS data series. A deformable cm-rep was fitted to each segmented image of the mitral leaflets in the time series, producing a 4D parametric representation of valve shape in a single cardiac cycle. Model fitting accuracy was evaluated by the Dice overlap, and shape interpolation and principal component analysis (PCA) of 4D valve shape were performed. Results: Of the 289 3D images analyzed, the average Dice overlap between each fitted cm-rep and its target segmentation was 0.880±0.018 (max=0.912, min=0.819). The results of PCA represented variability in valve morphology and localized leaflet thickness across subjects. Conclusion: Deformable medial modeling accurately captures valve geometry in rt-3DUS images over the entire cardiac cycle and enables statistical shape analysis of the mitral valve.
Toward Wide-Angle Microvision Sensors (2013)

Achieving computer vision on microscale devices is a challenge. On these platforms, the power and mass constraints are severe enough for even the most common computations (matrix manipulations, convolution, etc.) to be difficult. This paper proposes and analyzes a class of miniature vision sensors that can help overcome these constraints. These sensors reduce power requirements through template-based optical convolution, and they enable a wide field-of-view within a small form through a refractive optical design. We describe the tradeoffs between the field-of-view, volume, and mass of these sensors and we provide analytic tools to navigate the design space. We demonstrate milliscale prototypes for computer vision tasks such as locating edges, tracking targets, and detecting faces. Finally, we utilize photolithographic fabrication tools to further miniaturize the optical designs and demonstrate fiducial detection onboard a small autonomous air vehicle.
Investigating the Performance of a Few-Mode Fiber for Distributed Acoustic Sensing (2019)

We experimentally investigated the performance of a distributed acoustic sensor (DAS) designed using a few-mode fiber (FMF), when launching different spatial modes under intentional index perturbation within the fiber. Our demonstration showed that the quasi-single mode (QSM) operated FMF offers higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the DAS, compared with the case when launching other degenerate higher order modes. Additionally, we compared the behavior of the single-mode fiber (SMF)- and FMF-based DAS when using optical pulses of varying power levels. The FMF enables the realization of a DAS with longer sensing range and higher spatial resolution. The developed FMF-based DAS is further tested via sensing various vibration events produced by piezoelectric transducer (PZT) cylinder, pencil break, and loudspeaker.
Autoantibodies against platelet glycoprotein Ib in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (1984)

The present studies provide direct evidence that some patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) have autoantibodies reactive with platelet glycoprotein Ib ( GPIb ). Microtiter wells coated with a monoclonal antibody that recognized GPIb were reacted with either platelet extract or a control cell extract. After washing and incubating with test plasma, well-bound IgG was quantitated using radioactive anti-IgG. When compared to plasma from normal subjects, plasma from 3 of 106 patients with chronic ITP had significantly increased quantities of IgG bound to microtiter wells reacted with platelet extracts. Negative results were obtained with the remaining 103 patients with chronic ITP and 59 patients with a variety of other platelet disorders. Plasma from two of the three positive patients precipitated a protein from 125I-surface-labeled platelet extract with a molecular weight similar to GPlb . One of the three patients with anti- GPlb antibody also had demonstrable autoantibodies to the platelet glycoprotein llb / llla complex.
Distribution of integrin subunits in human diabetic kidneys. (1996)

Integrins are cell-surface protein receptors that participate in cell adhesion to multiple extracellular matrix ligands, and consist of alpha and beta chain heterodimers. This study examined altered integrin distribution in diabetic nephropathy by investigating 12 human diabetic kidney biopsies, which were compared with normal human kidney. Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by mesangial expansion and progressive thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. Based on morphometric studies of mesangial expansion, diabetic nephropathy was determined to be moderate or severe. Three different patterns (P) of altered intensity of integrin staining were observed. In the mesangial integrin P, the intensity of integrin subunit staining of mesangial cells (alpha 1, alpha 2, alpha 3, beta 1, alpha V, alpha V beta 5) was increased in moderate diabetic nephropathy and further increased in severe diabetic nephropathy. In the epithelial integrin P, integrin subunits localized to epithelial cells (alpha V, beta 3, alpha V beta 3, alpha V beta 5) were increased to the same extent in moderate and severe diabetic nephropathy. In the endothelial integrin P, integrin subunits localized to endothelial cells (alpha 3, alpha 5, alpha 6, beta 1) were increased in moderate diabetic nephropathy but returned to normal kidney staining intensity in severe diabetic nephropathy. From these observations, it was concluded that there is significant alteration in the expression of integrin subunits in diabetic nephropathy that is related to the severity of diabetic mesangial expansion. Additionally, the spectrum of integrin subunit alteration appears to be unique to individual glomerular cell types. Given the role of integrins in cell-surface interactions with extracellular matrix components, abnormalities in the expression of these molecules may be important in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.
4-Aroyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-ones: a new class of cardiotonic agents. 2. Effect of 4-pyridoyl substituents and related compounds (1986)

A group of 4-pyridoyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-ones was prepared and tested for inotropic activity in the anesthetized dog. Positive inotropic effects as well as increases in heart rate and decreases in blood pressure were noted for most of these compounds. One of the compounds (8) is currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of congestive heart failure.
A nestin-negative precursor cell from the adult mouse brain gives rise to neurons and glia (1997)

Using a novel suspension culture approach, previously undescribed populations of neural precursor cells have been isolated from the adult mouse brain. Recent studies have shown that neuronal and glial precursor cells proliferate within the subependymal zone of the lateral ventricle throughout life, and a persistent expression of developmentally regulated surface and extracellular matrix molecules implicates cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions in the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of these cells. By using reagents that may affect cell-cell interactions, dissociated adult brain yields two types of cell aggregates, type I and type II spheres. Both sphere types are proliferative, and type I spheres evolve into type II spheres. Neurons and glia arise from presumptive stem cells of type II spheres, and they can survive transplantation to the adult brain. GLIA 21:399–407, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multiple Similarity Measures and Source-Pair Information in Story Link Detection (2004)

State-of-the-art story link detection systems, that is, systems that determine whether two stories are about the same event or linked, are usually based on the cosine-similarity measured between two stories. This paper presents a method for improving the performance of a link detection system by using a variety of similarity measures and using source-pair specific statistical information. The utility of a number of different similarity measures, including cosine, Hellinger, Tanimoto, and clarity, both alone and in combination, was investigated. We also compared several machine learning techniques for combining the different types of information. The techniques investigated were SVMs, voting, and decision trees, each of which makes use of similarity and statistical information differently. Our experimental results indicate that the combination of similarity measures and source-pair specific statistical information using an SVM provides the largest improvement in estimating whether two stories are linked; the resulting system was the bestperforming link detection system at TDT-2002. 1
Ethylene Glycol Monolayer Protected Nanoparticles for Eliminating Nonspecific Binding with Biological Molecules (2003)

The usefulness of the hybrid materials of nanoparticles and biological molecules in many occasions depends on how well one can achieve a rational design based on specific binding and programmable assembly. Nonspecific binding between nanoparticles and biomolecules is one of the major barriers for achieving its utilities in a biological system. In this paper, we demonstrate a new approach to eliminate nonspecific interactions between nanoparticles and proteins by synthesizing ethylene glycol protected gold nanoparticles. We discovered that with the water content optimized in the range of 9-18% in the reaction mixture, di-, tri-, and tetra(ethylene glycol) protected gold nanoparticles Au-S-EGn (n = 2, 3, and 4) could be directly synthesized. These gold nanoparticles that are bonded with a uniform monolayer with defined length varying from 0.8 to 1.6 nm (from molecular modeling) have great stability in aqueous solutions with a high concentration of electrolyte and organic solutions. Using ion-exchange chromatography and gel electrophoresis, we demonstrated that these Au-S-EGn (n = 2, 3, or 4) nanoparticles have complete resistance to protein nonspecific interactions. These types of nanoparticles provide a fundamental starting material for designing hybrid materials composed of metallic nanoparticles and biomolecules.
Direction Switched Mode-Locked Er-doped Fiber Laser for Gyroscope Applications (1997)

We have recently investigated the possibility of rotation sensing using a bidirectional Er-doped fiber ring laser [1, 2], Although a beat signal whose frequency was proportional to the rotation rate was observed, the signal amplitude was too small and unstable to be practical because the laser was operated in unstable multiple longitudinal modes[2].
Barrier layers for packaging laminates and packaging laminates comprising such barrier layers (2009)

Barrier layers for packaging laminates and packaging laminates comprising such barrier layers
Linearizing Power Amplifiers Using Digital Predistortion, EDA Tools and Test Hardware (2004)

This article presents a method for power amplifier linearization known as baseband adaptive digital predistortion. Using an EDA software package with both DSP (Digital Signal Processing) and RF capabilities, connected to a vector signal generator and a signal analyzer, this hardware/software connected system allows an actual hardware power amplifier to be optimally linearized for a specific wireless transmission standard.
Spectral classifier design with ensemble classifiers and misclassification-rejection: application to elastic-scattering spectroscopy for detection of colonic neoplasia (2011)

Optical spectroscopy has shown potential as a real-time, in vivo, diagnostic tool for identifying neoplasia during endoscopy. We present the development of a diagnostic algorithm to classify elastic-scattering spectroscopy (ESS) spectra as either neoplastic or non-neoplastic. The algorithm is based on pattern recognition methods, including ensemble classifiers, in which members of the ensemble are trained on different regions of the ESS spectrum, and misclassification-rejection, where the algorithm identifies and refrains from classifying samples that are at higher risk of being misclassified. These "rejected" samples can be reexamined by simply repositioning the probe to obtain additional optical readings or ultimately by sending the polyp for histopathological assessment, as per standard practice. Prospective validation using separate training and testing sets result in a baseline performance of sensitivity = .83, specificity = .79, using the standard framework of feature extraction (principal component analysis) followed by classification (with linear support vector machines). With the developed algorithm, performance improves to Se ∼ 0.90, Sp ∼ 0.90, at a cost of rejecting 20-33% of the samples. These results are on par with a panel of expert pathologists. For colonoscopic prevention of colorectal cancer, our system could reduce biopsy risk and cost, obviate retrieval of non-neoplastic polyps, decrease procedure time, and improve assessment of cancer risk.
Electrostatic flexible film actuators as IR choppers for pyroelectric detectors or microbolometers (2001)

Flexible film electrostatic MEMS actuators can be used as micromachined IR choppers for pyroelectric and microbolometer sensors. The flexible actuators act as tightly curled shutters, providing transmission of IR radiation to the sensor elements when open and reflection of the IR when closed. These actuators consist of a polymer/metal film stack which is microfabricated and released from a substrate. Thermal and mechanical stress in the film stack causes the actuator to curl when released, and the film can be uncurled by applying an electric field between the curled film and the substrate. Tightly curled actuators in the range of 50 μm to 1 mm square have been fabricated, and arrays have been produced and operated. Operating voltage is in the range of 50 - 300 V with frequencies > 5 kHz. The performance of these actuators is presented, and their applicability to IR choppers is discussed.
Antimonide superlattice barrier infrared detectors (2009)

Unipolar barriers can block one carrier type but allow the un-impeded flow of the other. They can be used to implement the barrier infra-red detector (BIRD) design for increasing the collection efficiency of photo-generated carriers, and reducing dark current generation without impeding photocurrent flow. In particular, the InAs/GaSb/AlSb material system, which can be epitaxially grown on GaSb or InAs substrates, is well suited for implementing BIRD structures, as there is considerable flexibility in forming a variety of alloys and superlattices, and tailoring band offsets. We describe our efforts to achieve high-performance long wavelength InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared photodetectors based on the BIRD architecture. Specifically, we report a 10 μm cutoff device based on a complementary barrier infrared detector (CBIRD) design. The detector, without anti-reflection coating, exhibits a responsivity of 1.5 A/W and a dark current density of 1×10<sup>-5</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup> at 77K under 0.2 V bias. It reaches 300 K background limited infrared photodetection (BLIP) operation at 101 K, with a black-body BLIP <i>D</i>* value of 2.6×10<sup>10</sup> cm-Hz<sup>1/2</sup>/W for 2π field of view under 0.2 V bias.
Transmissive Three‐Panel Projection System (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Brief System Description System Throughput Contrast
GI tract unraveling with curved cross sections (1998)

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract examination with spiral/helical computed tomography (CT) is currently performed by slice-based inspection of axial images. CT colography is a recent advance which allows an intraluminal visualization of the colon, similar to endoscopy. Various rendering algorithms have been developed with promising results, however navigation through the complex, tortuous anatomy of the colon can be time consuming in practice. In this paper, we propose an electrical-field-based method to unravel the convoluted colon, that is, to digitally straighten it with curved cross sections and flatten it over a plane. In our method, electrical charges are simulated along the central colon path. Curved cross sections are defined by the electrical force lines, and lead to consistent unraveling. It is demonstrated with image volumes of two patients that this technique produces a global planar view of complicated colon features with a potential for detection of polyps.
The design and characteristic features of a new time-of-flight mass spectrometer with a spiral ion trajectory (2005)

A new time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer with a corkscrew ion trajectory was designed and constructed. The spiral trajectory was realized by using four toroidal electrostatic sectors. Each had fifteen-stories made of sixteen Matsuda plates piled up inside a cylindrical electrostatic sector. The ions passed the four toroidal electrostatic sectors sequentially and revolved along a figure-eight-shaped orbit on a certain projection plane. During the multiple revolutions, each ion trajectory was shifted by 50 mm per cycle on a direction perpendicular to the projection plane, thus generating a spiral trajectory. The flight path length of one cycle was 1.308 m so that the maximum flight path length became approximately 20 m. The mass resolution, mass accuracy, and ion transmission were tested by utilizing an orthogonally coupled electron ionization source. A mass resolution of 35,000 (FWHM) for m/z greater than 300 was achieved. Even in a lower mass region, mass resolutions of more than 20,000 (FWHM) were confirmed with a doublet of (12)C(5)(1)H(5)(14)N(+) and (13)C(12)C(5)(1)H(6)(+). The mass accuracy was also improved such that it was better than 1 ppm with only one internal standard peak. An ion transmission of approximately of 100% was observed for 15 cycles.