gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Desulfurization of coal by supercritical extraction/reaction (1982)

The major emphasis of the investigation is on the reaction of coal with ethanol. Of particular interest is the desulfurization that occurs under supercritical conditions; critical temperature is 243.5/sup 0/C and critical pressure is 63.1 atm. for ethyl alcohol. Current objectives are centered on determining the reaction kinetics of the desulfurization process, and the influence of mineral matter present in the coal on these reactions. Current technology for production of low sulfur gaseous and liquid fuels is based on essentially complete destruction of the coal structure, and in the case of liquid fuel production, a rebuilding of larger molecules. Supercritical extraction of coal to yield a low sulfur, high Btu boiler fuel, together with gaseous and liquid fuels and chemical feedstocks from which the sulfur compounds may be more readily removed, promises to be a more energy efficient approach. 1 figure. (DP)
Nanostructured Polymeric Nonlinear Photonic Materials for Optical Limiting (2005)

A new type of nonlinear nano-layered polymeric optical material is described. The material comprises alternating polymer layers with thousands of layers and a layer thickness down to 30 nm or less. A nonlinear response is introduced by including an appropriate dye in alternate polymer layers. Such materials have several uses, including optical limiting. Several nano-layered materials using optical limiter dyes in alternate layers were fabricated. Some of the linear optical properties and a verification of nonlinear transmission and reflectivity at high intensity for example materials are reported
Measurement device : MESSEINRICHTUNG (2009)

The measurement device (1) has a pressure sensor (3), which is formed for inserting in a bore opening in a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. The pressure sensor has an optical light cable (6) ending in the combustion chamber, where an optical coupling element (8) is arranged in the opening area in the combustion chamber. The optical coupling element is soldered in a pressure membrane (5) of the pressure sensor or in a housing (2) of the pressure sensor.
Modified expression of a carrot small heat shock protein gene, Hsp17.7, results in increased or decreased thermotolerance<sup>‡</sup> (1999)

We have determined that one small heat shock protein gene, encoding Hsp17.7, plays an important role in the ability of carrot cells and plants to survive thermal stress. Transgenic cells and regenerated plants were generated in which the carrot Hsp17.7 gene was either constitutively expressed (denoted CaS lines) or expressed as a heat inducible antisense RNA (denoted AH lines). Thermotolerance measurements demonstrated that CaS lines were more thermotolerant than vector controls and AH antisense lines were less thermo- tolerant than vector controls. RNA analysis demonstrated that Hsp17. 7 mRNA was detectable, but not abundant, prior to heat shock in CaS cells, but not in vector control cells. Conversely, RNA analysis of antisense cells showed that, after heat shock, the amounts of mRNA for Hsp17.7 was moderately less abundant in AH cells than in vector controls. Analysis of protein synthesis in CaS cells did not indicate substantial synthesis or accumulation of Hsp17.7, or any small Hsp, at 23 degrees C. However, in the most thermotolerant line, protein synthesis was maintained at a higher rate than in other cell lines at a more extreme heat shock (42 degrees C). In contrast, antisense AH cells showed reduced synthesis of many Hsp, large and small. These results suggest that the Hsp17.7 gene plays a critical, although as yet not understood, role in thermotolerance in carrot. This represents the first demonstration of the ability to both increase and decrease thermotolerance by the manipulation of expression of a single gene.
A Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Targeting the Acid-Sensitive Region in Chikungunya Virus E2 Protects from Disease (2013)

The mosquito-borne alphavirus, chikungunya virus (CHIKV), has recently reemerged, producing the largest epidemic ever recorded for this virus, with up to 6.5 million cases of acute and chronic rheumatic disease. There are currently no licensed vaccines for CHIKV and current anti-inflammatory drug treatment is often inadequate. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of two human monoclonal antibodies, C9 and E8, from CHIKV infected and recovered individuals. C9 was determined to be a potent virus neutralizing antibody and a biosensor antibody binding study demonstrated it recognized residues on intact CHIKV VLPs. Shotgun mutagenesis alanine scanning of 98 percent of the residues in the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of CHIKV envelope showed that the epitope bound by C9 included amino-acid 162 in the acid-sensitive region (ASR) of the CHIKV E2 glycoprotein. The ASR is critical for the rearrangement of CHIKV E2 during fusion and viral entry into host cells, and we predict that C9 prevents these events from occurring. When used prophylactically in a CHIKV mouse model, C9 completely protected against CHIKV viremia and arthritis. We also observed that when administered therapeutically at 8 or 18 hours post-CHIKV challenge, C9 gave 100% protection in a pathogenic mouse model. Given that targeting this novel neutralizing epitope in E2 can potently protect both in vitro and in vivo, it is likely to be an important region both for future antibody and vaccine-based interventions against CHIKV.
Growth and characteristics of type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice-based detectors (2011)

We report on growth and device performance of infrared photodetectors based on type II InAs/Ga(In)Sb strain layer superlattices (SLs) using the complementary barrier infrared detector (CBIRD) design. The unipolar barriers on either side of the absorber in the CBIRD design in combination with the type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice material system are expected to outperform traditional III-V LWIR imaging technologies and offer significant advantages over the conventional II-VI material based FPAs. The innovative design of CBIRDS, low defect density material growth, and robust fabrication processes have resulted in the development of high performance long wave infrared (LWIR) focal plane arrays at JPL.
A comparison of end-to-end models for long-form speech recognition (2019)

End-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) models, including both attention-based models and the recurrent neural network transducer (RNN-T), have shown superior performance compared to conventional systems. However, previous studies have focused primarily on short utterances that typically last for just a few seconds or, at most, a few tens of seconds. Whether such architectures are practical on long utterances that last from minutes to hours remains an open question. In this paper, we both investigate and improve the performance of end-to-end models on long-form transcription. We first present an empirical comparison of different end-to-end models on a real world long-form task and demonstrate that the RNN-T model is much more robust than attention-based systems in this regime. We next explore two improvements to attention-based systems that significantly improve its performance: restricting the attention to be monotonic, and applying a novel decoding algorithm that breaks long utterances into shorter overlapping segments. Combining these two improvements, we show that attention-based end-to-end models can be very competitive to RNN-T on long-form speech recognition.
A top-loaded, inductively-coupled small antenna for HF ground wave transmission (2004)

An electrically small, top-loaded, inductively coupled antenna is proposed for HF ground wave transmission. An inductively coupled feed structure is used to step up the input resistance. The top loading is used to achieve small size and self resonance. The dimensions of the inductive coupling structure and the multi-armed, spherical helix top loading are designed using a genetic algorithm to ensure maximum coupling to HF ground waves. An antenna with a kr of 0.2 has been designed, built and tested at 30 MHz. The transmission performance shows improvements over a previous-generation antenna.
Image enhancement/coding systems using pseudorandom noise processing (1979)

A new technique for image compression and/or enhancement is presented. The method comprises dividing the two-dimensional spectrum into low- and high-frequency components and digitizing the latter with a tapered, randomized quantizer. A version of the system in which the highs component is adaptively adjusted gives improved picture quality.
Compact Fiber-Pumped Terahertz Source Based on Difference Frequency Mixing in ZGP (2007)

We have demonstrated a novel terahertz source based on dual-wavelength amplification in polarization maintaining Yb- doped fiber and frequency mixing in a zinc germanium phosphide (ZGP) crystal. The system consists of two orthogonally polarized signals, whose difference frequency is in the terahertz region, amplified in a single all-fiber amplifier chain and mixed in a ZGP crystal to generate high-peak-power terahertz radiation. Currently, 2 mW of average terahertz power (20 W peak, 20 nJ/pulse) has been produced at a repetition rate of 100 kHz and pulsewidths of 1 ns with a conversion efficiency of 0.137%. We have also developed a terahertz mixing model, which coincides well with our experimental data.
Electronic colon cleansing by colonic material tagging and image segmentation for polyp detection: detection model and method evaluation (2002)

Virtual colonoscopy provides a safe, non-invasive approach to screening colonic polyps using medical imaging and computer graphics technologies, where computer aided or automated detection plays an important role. For model-based detection using geometrical features, the entire colonic lumen must be delineated first. A critical step to obtain a cleansed colonic lumen relies on bowel preparation. The authors have been developing an electronic colon-cleansing technology which minimizes the difficulties associated with the bowel preparation using low-residue diet and contrast solutions, and removes the tagged colonic materials electronically from the abdominal image by image-segmentation methods. In this work, the authors focused on the model description and method evaluation using volunteer studies. Both subjective and objective criteria were employed in the evaluation. The objective criteria measure whether the electronic cleansing results could meet the requirements of the detection model of geometrical features, while the subjective criteria evaluate whether the entire colonic lumen could be obtained. The results showed that the electronic cleansing technology could extract a clean colonic lumen if the volunteer follows the bowel preparation instructions. The objective validation demonstrated that the error due to partial volume effect can be minimized to a low level and the segmentation method showed a high reproducibility and repeatability. This work provides the evidence that the routine physical colon-washing procedure could be eliminated for automated polyp detection by virtual colonoscopy.
Optimal Volt-VAR and Volt-Watt Droop Settings of Smart Inverters (2021)

Voltage optimization and control becomes imperative with increased use of distributed energy resources in distribution feeders. Smart inverters (SIs) can be used effectively for voltage control and optimization especially for fast varying voltage fluctuation caused by high photovoltaic penetration. The local voltage control settings of SIs are typically obtained using rule-based or sensitivity-based methods. This paper presents an optimization framework to find the SIs' local volt-var and volt-watt settings that support certain grid level objectives. In this context, we develop an optimal power flow (OPF) model by integrating SIs' volt-var and volt-watt droop settings as optimization variables. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method using the IEEE 123-node system with 10 SIs (5 in volt-var mode and 5 in volt-watt mode). The results show that it is feasible to obtain optimal droop settings of SIs for autonomous voltage and reactive power control that benefits the grid operations.
76GHz Radar Antenna Alignment System (2000)

In this paper we describe a system that can be used to accurately align automotive radars to a desired reference on an automobile. The system uses a 76 GHz low-cost amplitude-only interferometer to achieve alignment accuracy to within ±0.25 degrees. A detailed description of the system and its performance is given, and a comparison of the system to classic antenna alignment techniques is also discussed.
Method and device for the calibration of a gamma counter (1978)

The method is employed for calibration of a gamma radiation measuring instrument with, a NaI(Tl) scintillation crystal and a photomultiplier covering any absolute energy range. It provides for stepwise setting and adjustment, respectively, of the gross signal amplification for pulses from, a reference radiation source up to calibration of a specific absolute energy range. Then the parameter sets corresponding to this setting are stored and the procedure is extended to other absolute energy ranges. For test measurements these setting and adjustment parameters, respectively, can be called up at any time. The setting of the gross signal amplification is achieved by variation of the voltage applied to the photomultiplier tube or of the amplification factor of the attenuation circuits coupled to the output of the photomultiplier tube.
Synthesis and characterization of phosphorus‐containing polyamides and copolyamides based on 1‐[(dialkoxyphosphinyl) methyl]‐2,4‐and ‐2,6‐diaminobenzenes (1984)

Abstract Phosphorus‐containing polyamides and copolyamides were prepared from 1‐[(dialkoxyphosphinyl)methyl]‐2,4 ‐ and ‐2,4‐diaminobenzenes. The polymers were characterized by infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Their thermal properties were compared with those of the corresponding common polyamides. In addition, the fire resistance of some polyamides was evaluated by determining their limiting oxygen index value.
Reweighted sparse source-location acoustic mapping in shallow water (2013)

Various applications for monitoring and surveillance in littoral waters rely on passive sonar for localizing acoustic sources in shallow-water environments. Although adaptive matched-field processing (MFP) has been successfully used for localization, its performance is degraded when localizing multiple sources at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and in the presence of model mismatch. Robust MFP using, e.g., the white-noise constraint offers an alternative to cope with the mismatch issue but remains ineffective in the multisource and low SNR setup. This work capitalizes on sparsity for constructing a source location map for shallow water environments. Sparsity naturally arises since only locations corresponding to acoustic sources are expected to appear in the map (nonzero entries), while the remaining map locations are empty (zero entries). A high-resolution map is constructed via a two-step approach that capitalizes on a model for the acoustic propagation environment while being robust to model mismatch. During the first step the robust map is obtained by solving a regularized least-squares (LS) problem. Then, the map coefficients are used to devise a modified criterion with a weighted regularizer yielding a lower-ambiguity map, facilitating detection of quiet sources in the presence of loud interferers.
<b>Global Electrophysiological Mapping of the Atrium:</b> Computerized Three‐Dimensional Mapping System (1997)

The atria are anatomically complex three-dimensional (3-D) structures. Impulse propagation is dynamic and complex during both normal conduction and arrhythmia. Atria activation has traditionally been represented on two-dimensional surface maps, which have inherent inaccuracies and are difficult to interpret. Interactive computerized 3-D display facilitates interpretation of complex atrial activation sequence data obtained from form-fitting multipoint electrodes. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to describe the application of 3-D form-fitting electrode molds to the 3-D mapping and display system developed in this laboratory for the study of complex cardiac arrhythmias. Computer generated 3-D surface models are created from a database of serial cross-sectional anatomical images. Points chosen on endocardial and epicardial surfaces in each cross-sectional image are processed to create polygons defining myocardial wall boundaries. The polygons from adjacent serial images are then combined, to create a 3-D surface model. The discrete anatomical locations of unit electrodes on multipoint electrode templates are then assigned in the proper position on the surface model. Computer analysis of simultaneous activation data from each unit electrode is performed based on parameters set by the user. Activation data from each unit electrode site are displayed on the computer surface model in a color spectrum correlating with a user-defined time scale. Activation sequence maps can be visualized as static isochrone maps, interval maps, or as dynamic maps at variable speeds, from any 3-D perspective. Thus, an interactive computerized 3-D display system is described, which allows anatomically superior analysis and interpretation of complex atrial arrhythmias.
Resolvin E1 Receptor Activation Signals Phosphorylation and Phagocytosis (2009)

Resolvins are endogenous lipid mediators that actively regulate the resolution of acute inflammation. Resolvin E1 (RvE1; (5S,12R,18R)-trihydroxy-6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E-eicosapentaenoic acid) is an endogenous anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediator derived from eicosapentaenoic acid that regulates leukocyte migration and enhances macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils to resolve inflammation. In the inflammatory milieu, RvE1 mediates counter-regulatory actions initiated via specific G protein-coupled receptors. Here, we have identified RvE1-specific signaling pathways initiated by the RvE1 receptor ChemR23. RvE1 stimulated phosphorylation of Akt that was both ligand- and receptor-dependent. RvE1 regulated Akt phosphorylation in a time (0-15 min)- and dose-dependent (0.01-100 nm) manner in human ChemR23-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. RvE1 stimulated phosphorylation of both Akt and a 30-kDa protein, a downstream target of Akt, identified using a phospho-Akt substrate antibody. The 30-kDa protein was identified as ribosomal protein S6, a translational regulator, and its phosphorylation was inhibited by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (wortmannin) and an ERK inhibitor (PD98059) but not by a p38-MAPK inhibitor (SB203580). Ribosomal protein S6 is a downstream target of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway as well as the Raf/ERK pathway. In ChemR23-expressing differentiated HL60 cells, RvE1 also stimulated the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6. In addition, RvE1 enhanced phagocytosis of zymosan A by human macrophages, which are inhibited by PD98059 and rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor). These results indicate that RvE1 initiates direct activation of ChemR23 and signals receptor-dependent phosphorylation. These phosphorylation-signaling pathways identified for RvE1 receptor-ligand interactions underscore the importance of endogenous pro-resolving agonists in resolving acute inflammation.
A Weld Position Recognition Method Based on Directional and Structured Light Information Fusion in Multi-Layer/Multi-Pass Welding (2018)

Multi-layer/multi-pass welding (MLMPW) technology is widely used in the energy industry to join thick components. During automatic welding using robots or other actuators, it is very important to recognize the actual weld pass position using visual methods, which can then be used not only to perform reasonable path planning for actuators, but also to correct any deviations between the welding torch and the weld pass position in real time. However, due to the small geometrical differences between adjacent weld passes, existing weld position recognition technologies such as structured light methods are not suitable for weld position detection in MLMPW. This paper proposes a novel method for weld position detection, which fuses various kinds of information in MLMPW. First, a synchronous acquisition method is developed to obtain various kinds of visual information when directional light and structured light sources are on, respectively. Then, interferences are eliminated by fusing adjacent images. Finally, the information from directional and structured light images is fused to obtain the 3D positions of the weld passes. Experiment results show that each process can be done in 30 ms and the deviation is less than 0.6 mm. The proposed method can be used for automatic path planning and seam tracking in the robotic MLMPW process as well as electron beam freeform fabrication process.
Mammalian Nicotinic Receptors with α7 Subunits That Slowly Desensitize and Rapidly Recover from α-Bungarotoxin Blockade (1998)

One of the most abundant nicotinic receptors in the nervous system is a species that contains the alpha7 gene product, rapidly desensitizes, and binds alpha-bungarotoxin with great affinity. The receptor has a high relative permeability to calcium and performs a variety of functions including presynaptic modulation of transmitter release and postsynaptic generation of synaptic currents. Fast excitatory transmission in mammalian intracardiac ganglia is mediated primarily by nicotinic receptors, and although intracardiac ganglion neurons express the alpha7 gene, no toxin-sensitive response has been detected previously in them. We report here that whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from freshly dissociated intracardiac ganglion neurons reveal a nicotinic response that desensitizes slowly and is blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin in a rapidly reversible manner. The only rat gene previously thought capable of forming such receptors was alpha9, but no evidence suggests that the alpha9 gene is expressed in neurons. We find that reverse transcription (RT)-PCR detects alpha7 but not alpha9 mRNA in the ganglia. In addition, the pharmacology of the nicotinic response is typical of alpha7-containing receptors but differs in several respects from that expected for alpha9. Binding experiments with immunotethered receptors identifies a ganglionic species that contains the alpha7 gene product. Moreover, intracellular perfusion of the cells with an anti-alpha7 monoclonal antibody specifically reduces the amplitude of the toxin-sensitive response. The results indicate that alpha7-containing receptors are responsible for the slowly desensitizing, toxin-reversible response and suggest that the receptors are modified in cell-specific ways to influence their functional properties.
<title>Submicron and nano-diameter silica wires for optical wave guiding</title> (2002)

Based on the exact solutions of Maxwell’s equations, we have studied the basic theoretical properties of submicron and nano-diameter air-cladding silica-wire waveguides. The single-mode condition and the modal field of the fundamental modes have been obtained. Silica wires with diameters of 100-1000nm and lengths ranging from hundreds of micrometer to over 1 millimeter have been fabricated. SEM examination shows that these wires have uniform diameters and smooth surfaces, which are favorable for optical wave guiding. Light has been sent into these wires by optical coupling, and guiding light through a bent wire has also been demonstrated. These wires are promising for assembling photonic devices on a micron or submicron scale.