gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Online Technique for Monitoring the Insulation Condition of AC Machine Stator Windings (2005)

A novel online technique for monitoring the insulation condition of ac machine stator windings is proposed in this paper. The concept is to measure the differential leakage currents of each phase winding from the terminal box in a noninvasive manner to assess the insulation condition during motor operation. The conventional differential CTs used for phase fault protection can be replaced with high performance current sensors to measure the leakage current with higher accuracy. Indicators for insulation condition such as the capacitance and dissipation factor are calculated based on the measurements to provide a low cost solution for online insulation condition assessment. A simplified online insulation system model is derived for analysis and interpretation of the measured data. Experimental results on a 15-hp induction motor under simulated insulation degradation conditions show that the proposed technique is a very sensitive method capable of detecting incipient signs of insulation degradation.
Remote-cutting – A smart solution using the advantages of high brightness lasers (2008)

Laser cutting plays a huge role in the field of laser materials processing. An excellent beam quality, a great laser power and a high absorption rate are the most important ones in order to reach high cutting speeds in combination with high cutting edge qualities. Providing the mentioned characteristics, the fibre laser has the biggest potential. Studies at Fraunhofer IWS have shown, that cutting with fibre lasers is promising in order to reach high cutting rates and cutting edge qualities [1][2][3]. Beam qualities below 2.5 mm mrad at a wavelength of about 1 µm and a laser power in the area of several kW enable new possibilities in laser processing. With such characteristics it is possible to cut thin sheets with very high cutting rates. However, these cutting speeds cannot be achieved with linear drives, especially in the case of cutting contours. Thus the cutting speeds are currently limited by the dynamic of the used handling system. Cutting speeds limited by the ability of the laser are much higher. A solution to minimize this gap is described in the presented research paper. This paper describes a smart solution using the advantages of high brightness lasers – the remote cutting. Firstly a short introduction of the process is given and the experimental equipment will be explained. Disclaiming any cutting gas a nozzle is no longer necessary. Thereby the working distance does no longer depend on the distance between the nozzle and the work piece. In combination with a 2D-Scanner the laser beam is flexible in the working field of the scanner. Afterwards a thermodynamic characterization of the remote cutting process is carried out. The investigations show a process, which is completely different from conventional laser cutting. The cutting kerf is generated by a layer by layer ablation process. However, an example shows that contour cutting speeds of about 100 m/min are possible.
An NAD(P)H oxidase regulates growth and transcription in melanoma cells (2002)

Malignant melanoma cells spontaneously generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that promote constitutive activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Although antioxidants and inhibitors of NAD(P)H oxidases significantly reduce constitutive NF-kappaB activation and suppress cell proliferation (11), the nature of the enzyme responsible for ROS production in melanoma cells has not been determined. To address this issue, we now have characterized the source of ROS production in melanoma cells. We report that ROS are generated by isolated, cytosol-free melanoma plasma membranes, with inhibition by NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors. The p22(phox), gp91(phox), and p67(phox) components of the human phagocyte NAD(P)H oxidase and the gp91(phox) homolog NOX4 were demonstrated in melanomas by RT-PCR and sequencing, and protein product for both p22(phox) and gp91(phox) was detected in cell membranes by immunoassay. Normal human epidermal melanocytes expressed only p22(phox) and NOX4. Melanoma proliferation was reduced by NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors and by transfection of antisense but not sense oligonucleotides for p22(phox) and NOX4. Also, the flavoprotein inhibitor diphenylene iodonium inhibited constitutive DNA binding of nuclear protein to the NF-kappaB and cAMP-response element consensus oligonucleotides, without affecting DNA binding activity to activator protein-1 or OCT-1. This suggests that ROS generated in autocrine fashion by an NAD(P)H oxidase may play a role in signaling malignant melanoma growth.
Clinical Studies of Synthetic Peptide-Containing Pulmonary Surfactant in Patients with Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. (1995)

Abstract : A peptide-containing pulmonary surfactant has been developed, called KL - Surfactant. Assessment of activity and safety has been performed successfully in preterm subhuman primates and in 47 preterm human infants (IND %4O,287). This synthetic surfactant is now being tested in Adult human RDS.
<title>Semipassive and semiactive vibration control using new amplified piezoelectric actuators</title> (1999)

In space and automotive applications, the use of piezoelectric actuators is limited because of the high voltages the actuators usually require (over one thousand volts) and the low displacement levels they can achieve (about ten micrometers). We designed a series of Amplified Piezoelectric Actuators (APAs) that overcome these two drawbacks. These APAs operate with an input voltage less than 200 V because they employ a multilayer technology, and they offer displacement levels ten times greater than Direct Piezoelectric Actuators (DPAs), their direct-actuation counterparts.
A serial interfacing technique for built-in and external testing of embedded memories (1989)

A description is presented of a serial interfacing technique for embedded RAMs, which has been successfully applied to static single-port and dual-port memories in custom integrated circuits. A single bit of the input data path of a RAM (or a group of RAMs) is controlled by the built-in self-test (BIST) circuit, and a single bit of the output data path is observed during the execution of the algorithms. The other bits are controlled and observed indirectly through the serial data path. Automatically generated BIST circuits, which embed an algorithm suited for the application with the RAM, have been developed. The serial data path interface has also been used to provide external access to memories on cost sensitive chips which could not justify the full BIST overhead. This provides a simple external test access mode which uses a minimal number of pins yet exercises the memory at full speed
Using session initiation protocol to build context-aware VoIP support for multiplayer networked games (2004)

Multiplayer networked games are the trend of the day. Receiving a major boost from various commercial ventures like Microsoft Xbox®[19] and Sony Playstation®[13], the networked gaming industry is set to grow dramatically. These multiplayer games allow geographically dispersed and possibly distant players to participate in a single game. In order to provide interaction amongst players in such environments, text messaging and recently, real-time voice interaction through VoIP is used. However, such interactions are mostly out-of-band (not based on game contexts), user-initiated and limited in operability, failing to exploit the entire potential and functionality of VoIP.In this paper, we present mechanisms and design of a prototype that allows game-context based VoIP communication between players. Thus, in addition to allowing players to talk to each other to coordinate teammates and activities (through a static team-based audio conference) as in some of the current systems, it supports communication among players based on shared contexts like the same physical location or room within the gaming environment. We use the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) [14] to realize VoIP and describe mechanisms for building network gaming services using SIP. We also propose a sophisticated gaming scenario, in which VoIP is used to relay information about another player's distance and location with respect to the recipient, e.g. players farther away sound farther away.
Synthesis and characterization of polyethylene/clay–silica nanocomposites: A montmorillonite/silica‐hybrid‐supported catalyst and <i>in situ</i> polymerization (2004)

Abstract A novel approach to the preparation of polyethylene (PE) nanocomposites, with montmorillonite/silica hybrid (MT‐Si) supported catalyst, was developed. MT‐Si was prepared by depositing silica nanoparticles between galleries of the MT. A common zirconocene catalyst [bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride/methylaluminoxane] was fixed on the MT‐Si surface by a simple method. After ethylene polymerization, two classes of nanofillers (clay layers and silica nanoparticles) were dispersed concurrently in the PE matrix and PE/clay–silica nanocomposites were obtained. Exfoliation of the clay layers and dispersion of the silica nanoparticles were examined with transmission electron microscopy. Physical properties of the nanocomposites were characterized by tensile tests, dynamic mechanical analysis, and DSC. The nanocomposites with a low nanofiller loading (<10 wt %) exhibited good mechanical properties. The nanocomposite powder produced with the supported catalyst had a granular morphology and a high bulk density, typical of a heterogeneous catalyst system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 941–949, 2004
Improved linear-time metric sifting in breadth-first decoding of convolutional codes (2002)

We describe a linear-time method for finding the best metrics during breadth-first reduced search decoding of convolutional codes. This method is an improved version of one of the merge sifting methods described by Kot (1993). As an example, in the M-algorithm decoding of rate 1/2 convolutional codes, the present method reduces the number of comparisons used to provide a sorted set of survivor metrics from 3M-1 to 2M+1. This is a significant improvement over comparison-based sorting, which requires O(M log M) comparisons, and offers a similar improvement over well-known comparison-based selection methods.
Roll Rate Based Roll Stability Control - The Roll Stability Control™ System (2007)

This paper presents the Roll Stability Control™ system developed at Ford Motor Company. It is an active safety system for passenger vehicles. It uses a roll rate sensor together with the information from the conventional electronic stability control hardware to detect a vehicle's roll condition associated with a potential rollover and executes proper brake control and engine torque reduction in response to the detected roll condition so as to mitigate a vehicular rollover.
Influence of nozzle‐to‐skin distance in cryogen spray cooling for dermatologic laser surgery (2001)

Sprayed areas and heat extraction efficiencies produced by current commercial nozzles may be significantly modified by varying the distance between the nozzle and the sprayed surface.
Flame Ionization Sensor Integrated Into a Gas Turbine Fuel Nozzle (2005)

Recent advances in lean premix gas turbine combustion have focused primarily on increasing thermodynamic efficiency, reducing emissions, and minimizing combustion dynamics. The practical limitation on increasing efficiency at lower emissions is the onset of combustion instability, which is known to occur near the lean flammability limit. In a laboratory environment there are many sensors available that provide the combustion engineer with adequate information about flame stability, but those sensors are generally too expensive or unreliable for widespread application in the field. As a consequence, engines must be commissioned in the field with adequate stability margin such that normally expected component wear, fuel quality, and environmental conditions will not cause the turbine to experience unstable combustion. Woodward Industrial Controls, in cooperation with the National Energy Technology Laboratory, is developing a novel combustion sensor that is integrated into the fuel nozzle such that low cost and long life are achieved. The sensor monitors flame ionization, which is indicative of air–fuel ratio and most importantly flame stability.
Expression of a system L neutral amino acid transporter at the blood–brain barrier (2000)

Amino acid transport system L has been proposed to be one of the major nutrient transport systems at the blood-brain barrier. Using immunohistochemical analyses, a system L transporter LAT1 was shown to be expressed in the brain capillary endothelial cells in rats. Because LAT1 was coexpressed with 4F2 heavy chain which brings LAT1 to the plasma membrane, LAT1 is proposed to be functional in the plasma membrane of brain capillary endothelial cells. Both LAT1 and 4F2hc immunoreactivities were detected in a double line appearance surrounding endothelial cell nuclei, suggesting both proteins are present in the luminal and abluminal membranes. LAT1 is, thus, a blood-brain barrier system L transporter responsible for the permeation of aromatic or branched-chain amino acids and amino acid-related drugs such as L-DOPA.
Identification of a Novel Structure in Heparin Generated by Sequential Oxidative–Reductive Treatment (2012)

Unfractionated heparin is isolated from animal organs, predominantly porcine intestinal mucosa, and goes through an extensive process of purification before it can be used for pharmaceutical purposes. While the structural microheterogeneity of heparin is predominantly biosynthetically imprinted in the Golgi, subsequent steps involved in the purification and manufacture of commercial heparin can lead to the introduction of additional modifications. Postheparin crisis of 2008, it has become increasingly important to identify what additional structural diversity is introduced as a function of the purification process and thus can be determined as being heparin-related, as opposed to being an adulterant or contaminant, e.g., oversulfated chondroitin sulfate. Our study focuses on the identification of a previously unreported structure in heparin that arises due to specific steps used in the manufacturing process. This structure was initially observed as a disaccharide peak in a complete enzymatic digest of heparin, but its presence was later identified in the NMR spectra of intact heparin as well. Structural elucidation experiments involved isolation of this structure and analysis based on multidimensional NMR and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Heparin was also subjected to specific chemical reactions to determine which steps in the manufacturing process are responsible for this novel structure. Our results allowed for the definitive assignment of the structure of this novel process-related modification and enabled an identification of the putative steps in the process that give rise to the structure.
Stress Optimization of a Micromechanical Torsional Spring (2005)

In this paper we present a method for the design of a stress-optimized and reliable micromechanical torsional spring. Our optimization approach is based on a software tool for simulation-based optimization - MOSCITO, in combination with the FEM tool ANSYS r. For a specific spring geometry we successfully increase the maximal possible deflection by 30 percent, keeping a given limit for the stress.
Fast laser speckle suppression with an intracavity diffuser (2020)

Abstract Fast speckle suppression is crucial for time‐resolved full‐field imaging with laser illumination. Here, we introduce a method to accelerate the spatial decoherence of laser emission, achieving speckle suppression in the nanosecond integration time scale. The method relies on the insertion of an intracavity phase diffuser into a degenerate cavity laser to break the frequency degeneracy of transverse modes and broaden the lasing spectrum. The ultrafast decoherence of laser emission results in the reduction of speckle contrast to 3% in less than 1 ns.
Orf Virus IL-10 and VEGF-E Act Synergistically to Enhance Healing of Cutaneous Wounds in Mice (2020)

Orf virus (OV) is a zoonotic parapoxvirus that causes highly proliferative skin lesions which resolve with minimal inflammation and scarring. OV encodes two immunomodulators, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-E and interleukin-10 (ovIL-10), which individually modulate skin repair and inflammation. This study examined the effects of the VEGF-E and ovIL-10 combination on healing processes in a murine wound model. Treatments with viral proteins, individually and in combination, were compared to a mammalian VEGF-A and IL-10 combination. Wound biopsies were harvested to measure re-epithelialisation and scarring (histology), inflammation, fibrosis and angiogenesis (immunofluorescence), and gene expression (quantitative polymerase chain reaction). VEGF-E and ovIL-10 showed additive effects on wound closure and re-epithelialisation, and suppressed M1 macrophage and myofibroblast infiltration, while allowing M2 macrophage recruitment. The viral combination also increased endothelial cell density and pericyte coverage, and improved collagen deposition while reducing the scar area. The mammalian combination showed equivalent effects on wound closure, re-epithelialisation and fibrosis, but did not promote blood vessel stabilisation or collagen remodeling. The combination treatments also differentially altered the expression of transforming growth factor beta isoforms, <i>Tgfβ1</i> and <i>Tgfβ3.</i> These findings show that the OV proteins synergistically enhance skin repair, and act in a complimentary fashion to improve scar quality.
Measurement of cytosolic calcium using 19F NMR. (1990)

Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of cells and perfused organs loaded with fluorinated ion chelators represent a new approach to determining cytosolic free calcium levels in situ. The molecular basis for this approach and the relative advantages and disadvantages of the NMR technique are discussed in this paper. Results obtained on perfused normoxic and ischemic rat hearts are presented, indicating that ischemia is associated with an elevation in the level of cytosolic free calcium before the onset of irreversible cell injury. The results are therefore consistent with this elevation playing a causative role in the mediation of myocardial cell injury resulting from ischemia.
<title>Influence of chloride in mortar made of Portland cement types II, III, and V on the near-field microwave reflection properties</title> (2000)

Corrosion of steel rebar in reinforced concrete structures, can be induced by the presence of chloride in the structure. Corrosion of steel rebar is a problematic issue in the construction industry as it compromises the strength and integrity of the structure. Although techniques exist for chloride detection and its migration into a structure, they are destructive, time consuming and cannot be used for the interrogation of large surfaces. In this investigation three different portland cement types; namely, ASTM types II, III and V were used, and six cubic (8' X 8' X 8') mortar specimens were produced all with water-to-cement (w/c) ratio of 0.6 and sand-to-cement (s/c) ratio of 1.5. Tap water was used when producing three of these specimens (one of each cement type). For the other three specimens calcium chloride was added to the mixing tap water resulting in a salinity of 2.5%. These specimens were placed in a hydration room for one day and thereafter left it the room temperature with low humidity. The reflection properties of these specimens, using an open-ended rectangular waveguide probe, were monitored daily at 3 GHz (S-band) and 10 GHz (X-band). The results show the influence of cement type on the reflection coefficient as well as the influence of chloride on the curing process and setting time.
DEALKYLATION OF PHOSPHONATE ESTERS WITH CHLOROTRIMETHYLSILANE (2001)

Chlorotrimethylsilane completely dealkylates phosphonate esters at elevated temperature in a sealed reaction vessel. These conditions are tolerated by a variety of functional groups and lead to high conversions of dimethyl, diethyl and diisopropyl phosphonates to their corresponding phosphonic acids.
On the computation of the set of reachable states of hybrid models (1994)

In this paper, we present a method to compute symbolically, the set of congurations reachable from the initial conguration of an Extended Finite State Machine. Our representation allows variables of arbitrary type (boolean, arithmetic etc.) to be freely mixed. We dene a class of EFSMs called direct sum machines and show h o w the reachable set of congurations for this class can be computed. In the computation, we use a hybrid model to represent sets of congurations. Sets of states formed by boolean variables are represented by BDDs and sets of states formed by arithmetic variables are represented as polyhedral regions. This method can be adapted to perform validation, verication, test generation etc. for sequential machines. We describe an implementation of this approach and the results of applying it to some design examples.
Detectors for the future of X-ray imaging (2010)

In recent decades, developments in detectors for X-ray imaging have improved dose efficiency. This has been accomplished with for example, structured scintillators such as columnar CsI, or with direct detectors where the X rays are converted to electric charge carriers in a semiconductor. Scattered radiation remains a major noise source, and fairly inefficient anti-scatter grids are still a gold standard. Hence, any future development should include improved scatter rejection. In recent years, photon-counting detectors have generated significant interest by several companies as well as academic research groups. This method eliminates electronic noise, which is an advantage in low-dose applications. Moreover, energy-sensitive photon-counting detectors allow for further improvements by optimising the signal-to-quantum-noise ratio, anatomical background subtraction or quantitative analysis of object constituents. This paper reviews state-of-the-art photon-counting detectors, scatter control and their application in diagnostic X-ray medical imaging. In particular, spectral imaging with photon-counting detectors, pitfalls such as charge sharing and high rates and various proposals for mitigation are discussed.
Diffraction effects incorporated design of a parallax barrier for a high-density multi-view autostereoscopic 3D display (2016)

We present optical characteristics of view image provided by a high-density multi-view autostereoscopic 3D display (HD-MVA3D) with a parallax barrier (PB). Diffraction effects that become of great importance in such a display system that uses a PB, are considered in an one-dimensional model of the 3D display, in which the numerical simulation of light from display panel pixels through PB slits to viewing zone is performed. The simulation results are then compared to the corresponding experimental measurements with discussion. We demonstrate that, as a main parameter for view image quality evaluation, the Fresnel number can be used to determine the PB slit aperture for the best performance of the display system. It is revealed that a set of the display parameters, which gives the Fresnel number of ∼ 0.7 offers maximized brightness of the view images while that corresponding to the Fresnel number of 0.4 ∼ 0.5 offers minimized image crosstalk. The compromise between the brightness and crosstalk enables optimization of the relative magnitude of the brightness to the crosstalk and lead to the choice of display parameter set for the HD-MVA3D with a PB, which satisfies the condition where the Fresnel number lies between 0.4 and 0.7.