gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Mechanisms of Trace Element Removal During Coal Cleaning (1998)

Abstract Most of the trace elements in coal considered hazardous air pollutant precursors are entirely or primarily associated with mineral matter; therefore, they are potentially removable using physical coal cleaning processes. For the most part, when a coal is cleaned to reduce its ash and sulfur content, the concentration of trace elements in the coal is also reduced. Additional reduction in trace element concentration can be attained, however, through understanding the mechanisms of trace element removal during coal cleaning. The factors that affect trace element reduction are the degree of liberation of trace element-bearing mineral matter, the relative intensity of cleaning, the mode of occurrence of the trace element, and the method of cleaning. Keywords: Trace elementscoal cleaningmode of occurrencehazardous air pollutantsmercuryarsenic
Security analysis for cyber-physical systems against stealthy cyber attacks (2013)

Security of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) against cyber attacks is an important yet challenging problem. Since most cyber attacks happen in erratic ways, it is difficult to describe them systematically. In this paper, instead of identifying a specific cyber attack model, we are focused on analyzing the system's response during cyber attacks. Deception attacks (or false data injection attacks), which are performed by tampering with system components or data, are not of particular concern if they can be easily detected by the system's monitoring system. However, intelligent cyber attackers can avoid being detected by the monitoring system by carefully design cyber attacks. Our main objective is to investigate the performance of such stealthy deception attacks from the system's perspective. We investigate three kinds of stealthy deception attacks according to the attacker's ability to compromise the system. Based on the information about the dynamics of the system and existing hypothesis testing algorithms, we derive the necessary and sufficient conditions under which the attacker could perform each kind of attack without being detected. In the end, we illustrate the threat of these cyber attacks using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) navigation example.
Carbon-Aware Energy Capacity Planning for Datacenters (2012)

Datacenters are facing increasing pressure to cap their carbon footprints at low cost. Recent work has shown the significant environmental benefits of using renewable energy for datacenters by supply-following techniques (workload scheduling, geographical load balancing, etc.) However, all such prior work has only considered on-site renewable generation when numerous other options also exist, which may be superior to on-site renewables for many datacenters. Alternative ways for datacenters to incorporate renewable energy into their overall energy portfolio include: construction of or investment into off-site renewable farms at locations with more abundant renewable energy potential, indirect purchase of renewable energy through buying renewable energy certificates (RECs), purchase of renewable energy products such as power purchase agreements (PPAs) or through third-party renewable providers. We propose a general, optimization-based framework to minimize datacenter costs in the presence of different carbon footprint reduction goals, renewable energy characteristics, policies, utility tariff, and energy storage devices (ESDs). We expect that our work can help datacenter operators make informed decisions about sustainable, renewable-energy-powered IT system design.
Optimal blade placement for large turbofan balancing (2002)

Considers the problem of mounting n blades with different moments on a moving wheel, such that the resultant imbalance is minimized. In the absence of analytical solution, the authors present three stochastic optimization methods, iterative random search, genetic algorithm and simulated annealing, for the general turbofan balancing problem. Specific characteristics of the first two methods regarding this problem are discussed. Numerical results using these methods gave satisfactory results. It is observed that (1) random search is good enough for the off-line design purpose; (2) genetic algorithms have the ability to "memorize" some good substructures for the subsequent candidate solution selection, however proper parameter selection is necessary for great performance. (3) the neighbor set and parameters selection for the simulated annealing can be disadvantageous in this specific application.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Wireless Sensor Network for RF-Based Indoor Localization (2008)

An RF-based indoor localization design targeted for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is presented. The energy-efficiency of mobile location nodes is maximized by a localization medium access control (LocMAC) protocol. For location estimation, a location resolver algorithm is introduced. It enables localization with very scarce energy and processing resources, and the utilization of simple and low-cost radio transceiver HardWare (HW) without received signal strength indicator (RSSI) support. For achieving high energy-efficiency and minimizing resource usage, LocMAC is tightly cross-layer designed with the location resolver algorithm. The presented solution is fully calibration-free and can cope with coarse grained and unreliable ranging measurements. We analyze LocMAC power consumption and show that it outperforms current state-of-the-art WSN medium access control (MAC) protocols in location node energy-efficiency. The feasibility of the proposed localization scheme is validated by experimental measurements using real resource constrained WSN node prototypes. The prototype network reaches accuracies ranging from 1 m to 7 m.With one anchor node per a typical office room, the current room of the localized node is determined with 89.7% precision.
Lack of ATP-evoked GABA and glutamate release in the hippocampus of P2X7 receptor−/− mice (2004)

In this study we revealed the participation of P2X(7) receptors in the modulation of electrical stimulation and ATP-evoked GABA and glutamate release from mouse hippocampal slices. Whereas the uptake of radioactivity was not changed, the electrical stimulation-induced release of both [(3)H]glutamate and [(3)H]GABA was decreased in the hippocampus of P2X(7) receptor-deficient mice. ATP (10 mM) elicited [(3)H]glutamate and [(3)H]GABA efflux in wild-type mice, which was inhibited by the non-selective P2 receptor antagonist pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid tetrasodium (30 microM) and the P2X(7)-selective antagonist Brilliant Blue G (1 microM). The ATP-evoked release of both GABA and glutamate was virtually absent in the knockout mice. These results indicate that ATP facilitates GABA and glutamate release in the hippocampus by a mechanism involving P2X(7)R.
Integrated genetic approaches identify the molecular mechanisms of Sox4 in early B-cell development: intricate roles for RAG1/2 and CK1ε (2014)

Commitment of hematopoietic stem cells to B lineage precursors and subsequent development of B lineage precursors into mature B cells is stringently controlled by stage-specific transcription factors. In this study, we used integrated genetic approaches and systematically determined the role of Sry-related high mobility group box (Sox) 4 and the underlying molecular mechanisms in early B-cell development. We found that Sox4 coordinates multilevel controls in the differentiation of early stage B cells. At the molecular level, Sox4 orchestrates a unique gene regulatory program, and its function was predominantly mediated through a conventional Sox4-binding motif as well as an unconventional GA-binding protein α chain binding motif. Our integrated gene network and functional analysis indicated that Sox4 functions as a bimodular transcription factor and ensures B lineage precursor differentiation through 2 distinct mechanisms. It positively induces gene rearrangements at immunoglobulin heavy chain gene loci by transcriptionally activating the Rag1 and Rag2 genes and negatively regulates Wnt signaling, which is critical for self-renewal, by inducing the expression of casein kinase 1 ε. Our findings illustrate that Sox4 mediates critical fine-tuning of the 2 opposing forces in early B-cell development and also set forth a model for characterization of critical genes whose deficiency, like Sox4 deficiency, is detrimental to this process.
External modulator linearization techniques for high performance radio over fiber transmission systems (2009)

Some of the most promising transmitter linearization techniques for high performance radio over fiber systems are reviewed and compared through simulation tests. Comparison is focused on Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) operated at low bias; MZM conventionally biased at quadrature, driven with low modulation depth and cascaded with a notch optical filter; optical single sideband and double sideband plus carrier (SSB/DSB + C); and carrier suppressed plus carrier (CS + C) methods. These transmitters are evaluated through carrier to interference ratio, optical insertion losses, and RF power penalty. The robustness to deviation from ideal transmitter settings is also assessed.
Ultrasound visualization of internal crystalline lens deformation using laser-induced microbubbles (2014)

The progressive loss of accommodation of the eye, called presbyopia, affects people with age and can result in a complete loss of accommodation by about age 55 years. It is generally accepted that presbyopia is due to an increase in stiffness of the lens. With increasing age, the stiffness of the crystalline lens nucleus increases faster than that of the cortex. During accommodation, the deformation of different parts of the crystalline lens is different and likely changes with age. However, a direct observation of crystalline lens deformation and strain distribution is difficult because although imaging methods such as OCT or Scheimpflug imaging can distinguish cortex and nucleus, they cannot determine their regional deformation. Here, patterns of laser-induced microbubbles were created in gelatin phantoms and different parts of excised animal crystalline lenses and their displacements in response to external deformation were tracked by ultrasound imaging. In the animal lenses, the deformation of the lens cortex was greater than that of nucleus and this regional difference is greater for a 27-month-old bovine lens than for a 6-month-old porcine lens. This approach enables visualization of localized, regional deformation of crystalline lenses and, if applied to lenses from animal species that undergo accommodation, may help to understand the mechanisms of accommodation and presbyopia, improve diagnostics, and, potentially, aid in the development of new methods of lens modifying presbyopia treatments.
Prediction of distant residue contacts with the use of evolutionary information (2005)

In this work we present a novel correlated mutations analysis (CMA) method that is significantly more accurate than previously reported CMA methods. Calculation of correlation coefficients is based on physicochemical properties of residues (predictors) and not on substitution matrices. This results in reliable prediction of pairs of residues that are distant in protein sequence but proximal in its three dimensional tertiary structure. Multiple sequence alignments (MSA) containing a sequence of known structure for 127 families from PFAM database have been selected so that all major protein architectures described in CATH classification database are represented. Protein sequences in the selected families were filtered so that only those evolutionarily close to the target protein remain in the MSA. The average accuracy obtained for the alpha beta class of proteins was 26.8% of predicted proximal pairs with average improvement over random accuracy (IOR) of 6.41. Average accuracy is 20.6% for the mainly beta class and 14.4% for the mainly alpha class. The optimum correlation coefficient cutoff (cc cutoff) was found to be around 0.65. The first predictor, which correlates to hydrophobicity, provides the most reliable results. The other two predictors give good predictions which can be used in conjunction to those of the first one. When stricter cc cutoff is chosen, the average accuracy increases significantly (38.76% for alpha beta class), but the trade off is a smaller number of predictions. The use of solvent accessible area estimations for filtering false positives out of the predictions is promising.
Viscosity of high crystal content melts: Dependence on solid fraction (2005)

The rheological properties of suspensions containing high solid fractions are investigated. Attention is focused on viscosity of silicate and magmatic melt systems. A general empirical equation which describes the relative viscosity of suspensions as a function of suspended solid fraction is proposed. In the limit of very dilute solid concentrations it reduces to the Einstein equation. The proposed relationship is satisfactorily applied to reproduce available experimental data relative to silicate melts. Moreover, the extrapolation of the model to very high concentrations is compared with experimental observations on partially‐melted granite.
Integrated Expert Recommendation Model for Online Communities (2013)

Online communities have become vital places for Web 2.0 users to share knowledge and experiences. Recently, finding expertise user in community has become an important research issue. This paper proposes a novel cascaded model for expert recommendation using aggregated knowledge extracted from enormous contents and social network features. Vector space model is used to compute the relevance of published content with respect to a specific query while PageRank algorithm is applied to rank candidate experts. The experimental results show that the proposed model is an effective recommendation which can guarantee that the most candidate experts are both highly relevant to the specific queries and highly influential in corresponding areas.
Magnesium in major depression (2009)

There are contradictory data regarding the levels of magnesium in patients with major depression (MD) and how antidepressants influence their concentration. Our results show erythrocyte magnesium in patients with MD (44.39 +/- 2.7 mg/L vs. 59.1 +/- 3.2 mg/L in control group, p < 0.05) and only in patients with severe MD (Hamilton score > 23) was a moderate decrease in plasmatic magnesium observed (17.7 +/- 1.5 mg/L vs. 22.9 +/- 3.3 mg/L in control group). Therapy with antidepressants from different groups and with different mechanisms of action, such as amytriptiline (25 mg x 3/day per os, 4 weeks) and sertraline (50 mg x 3/day per os, 4 weeks) leads to a significant increase of magnesium concentration in erythrocytes (57.6 +/- 4.5 mg/L after amytriptiline, respectively 56.9 +/- 3.2 mg/L after sertraline, p < 0.05 vs. before therapy). At the same time, in patients with MD, plasmatic levels of zinc were significantly decreased before therapy and increased after treatment with amytriptiline and sertraline (0.68 +/- 0.09 mg/L before treatment vs. 0.9 +/- 0.07 after amytriptiline). There is a positive correlation between concentrations of magnesium in erythrocytes and the clinical evolution of patients with MD. We consider that increasing intracellular concentration is a component of the antidepressant mechanism of sertraline and amytriptiline and maybe of other antidepressants. Anhedonia and autolytic tendencies are important elements of MD symptomatology. We tested the influence of MgCl2 0.2 mM/kg/day on a reward system using conditioned place preference (Panlab) in rats. Our data show a moderate stimulation of the reward system by magnesium (290.6 +/- 27 s time spent in a conditioned compartment before magnesium treatment and 363.3 +/- 16 s after magnesium treatment) that reflects a stimulation of the reward system (RS). We consider that a magnesium-induced stimulation of the RS is an important issue for treating anhedonia in patients with MD. An increase of intracellular magnesium may be part of the mechanism of action of antidepressants.
Role of poly (ADP) ribose polymerase-1 inhibition by nicotinamide as a possible additive treatment to modulate host immune response and prevention of cytokine storm in COVID-19 (2020)

COVID-19 is rapidly spreading contagious disease spreading across the world. Patients at risk are elderly people and those with comorbidity. Early studies done on Chinese patients who suggest cytokine storm to be responsible for lung injury. We need to understand the mechanism of modulating such robust response of immunity and resultant cytokine storm. We suggest nicotinamide, a potential poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, as a supportive treatment for the prevention of cytokine storm from injuring the lung parenchyma. Nicotinamide supplementation albeit at high dose may modulate outcome in COVID-19. Nicotinamide was used previously to reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and lung injury due to hypoxia. Nicotinamide congeners are used to treat chronic lung disease like tuberculosis. Certainly, nicotinamide is effective pharmacotherapy in lung injury – whether acute or chronic. Other measures used in treating COVID-19 are focusing on targeting interleukin-6 – a cytokine responsible for mayhem, while few are targeting granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor. We suggest targeting PARP in addition to other measures to block cytokines. By inhibiting PARP course of COVID-19 may be altered. Understanding the pathophysiology of acute lung injury is crucial. PARP plays a pivotal role on cytokine release in response to any lung injury ranging from viral infection to hypoxia. Various antiviral defenses and immune response need to be studied in detail.
Trust in Cyberspace (1999)

From the Publisher:
This book provides an assessment of the current state of the art for building trustworthy networked information systems. It proposes directions for research in computer and network security, software technology, and system architecture. In addition, it assesses current technical and market trends in order to better inform public policy as to where progress is likely and where incentives could help.
Transition Metal (Fe, Co and Ni) Carbide and Nitride Nanomaterials: Structure, Chemical Synthesis and Applications (2015)

Abstract Nanostructured transition metal (Fe, Co and Ni) carbides and nitrides have attracted much attention due to their active properties in various areas such as nanomagnetism, biomedicine, electrocatalysis, and environmental applications. Generally, the intrinsically harsh characteristics of carbides and nitrides make their synthetic protocols difficult, especially at the nanoscale, but usually come with improved performance in specific applications. In this Focus Review, we give an overview of iron, cobalt, and nickel carbide and nitride nanostructures with a focus on the interactions between the electronic and magnetic structures and their relation to the crystallographic structure. We also discuss both traditional and de novo synthetic strategies, and their applications in various areas from biomedicine to environmental applications.
Electrochemical Copper Metallization of Glass Substrates Mediated by Solution-Phase Deposition of Adhesion-Promoting Layers (2015)

Metal-to-glass interfaces commonly encountered in electronics and surface finishing applications are prone to failure due to intrinsically weak interfacial adhesion. In the present work, an 'all-wet' process (utilizing solution-phase process steps) is developed for depositing nucleation- and adhesion-promoting layers that enhance the interfacial adhesion between glass substrates and electrochemically-deposited copper (Cu) films. Adhesion between thick (>10 μm) Cu films and the underlying glass substrates is facilitated by an interfacial Pd-TiO2 layer deposited using solution-phase processes. Additionally, the proposed interfacial engineering utilizes self-assembled monolayers to functionalize the glass substrate, thereby improving surface wettability during Pd-TiO2 deposition. Resulting Pd-TiO2 deposits catalyze direct electroless plating of thin Cu seed layers, which enable subsequent electrodeposition of thick (>10 μm) Cu coatings. The present work provides a viable route for high-throughput, cost-effective metallization of glass and ceramic surfaces for electronics and surface finishing applications.
Multiomic immune clockworks of pregnancy (2020)

Preterm birth is the leading cause of mortality in children under the age of five worldwide. Despite major efforts, we still lack the ability to accurately predict and effectively prevent preterm birth. While multiple factors contribute to preterm labor, dysregulations of immunological adaptations required for the maintenance of a healthy pregnancy is at its pathophysiological core. Consequently, a precise understanding of these chronologically paced immune adaptations and of the biological pacemakers that synchronize the pregnancy "immune clock" is a critical first step towards identifying deviations that are hallmarks of peterm birth. Here, we will review key elements of the fetal, placental, and maternal pacemakers that program the immune clock of pregnancy. We will then emphasize multiomic studies that enable a more integrated view of pregnancy-related immune adaptations. Such multiomic assessments can strengthen the biological plausibility of immunological findings and increase the power of biological signatures predictive of preterm birth.
Soft-lithographic fabrication of polymer parallel optical waveguides with graded-index cores for board-level optical interconnections (2010)

A multi-channel polymer optical waveguide with graded-index (GI) cores is successfully fabricated directly on a substrate by means of the soft-lithographic method. The great advantage in the inter-channel crosstalk of densely-aligned GI-core waveguides is demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally.