gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
First Demonstration of Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>Trench MOS-Type Schottky Barrier Diodes (2017)

We developed β-Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> trench MOS-type Schottky barrier diodes (MOSSBDs) for the first time. A Sidoped Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> layer was grown via halide vapor phase epitaxy on a single-crystal Sn-doped β-Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> (001) substrate. The trench structure was fabricated using dry etching and photolithography. HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> film was used as the dielectric film of the trench MOS structure. The specific on-resistances (RON,SP) of the normal SBD and trench MOSSBD were about 2.3 and 2.9 mΩcm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , respectively. The reason the RON,SP of MOSSBD was a little higher than that of the Schottky barrier diodes (SBD) is that the current path decrease as a result of forming the trench MOS structure. The normal SBD had a large reverse leakage current due to the large electric field at the anode metal/semiconductorinterface. On the other hand, the trench MOSSBD had several orders of magnitude smaller leakage current. We, thus, demonstrated that incorporating the trench MOS structure in Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> is highly effective for decreasing the reverse leakage current.
A NEW METHOD OF CONTROLLING ITEM EXPOSURE IN COMPUTERIZED ADAPTIVE TESTING (1995)

ABSTRACT In the periodic testing environment associated with conventional paper‐and‐pencil tests, the frequency with which items are seen by test‐takers is tightly controlled in advance of testing by policies that regulate both the reuse of test forms and the frequency with which candidates may retake the test. In the continuous testing environment associated with more novel testing paradigms such as computerized adaptive testing (CAT), the computer itself can be used to control the frequency with which items are administered. This paper discusses previous methods of controlling item security in the continuous adaptive testing environment and presents a new method that overcomes some (but not all) of the disadvantages of previous attempts. An extensive example with this new method and a particular adaptive testing algorithm illustrates how concerns about test efficiency, parallelism, and security can be balanced.
Crest Factor Reduction of Inter-Band Multi-Standard Carrier Aggregated Signals (2014)

This paper proposes an effective solution for the crest factor reduction (CFR) of inter-band carrier aggregated signals composed of multiple widely spaced component carriers (CC). This solution embeds a peak estimator, which determines the amount of clipping to apply to the instantaneous samples of the individual CCs. The resulting CFR runs at a sampling rate proportional to the bandwidth of the constituent CCs and is not impacted by the frequency spacing between them. This allows for a significant decrease in the computational complexity and power overhead associated with classical CFR techniques that need to operate at much higher sampling rates. The proposed CFR solution is extended to address carrier aggregation scenarios of unequal power levels, different error vector magnitude requirements, and an arbitrary number of CCs. Finally, the proposed CFR approach and a multi-band digital-predistortion scheme are jointly applied to assess their impacts on RF power-amplifier demonstrators driven with multi-standard carrier aggregated waveforms composed of two or three long-term evolution and wideband code-division multiple-access CCs.
Phase aberration correction by correlation in digital holographic adaptive optics (2013)

We present a phase aberration correction method based on the correlation between the complex full-field and guide-star holograms in the context of digital holographic adaptive optics (DHAO). Removal of a global quadratic phase term before the correlation operation plays an important role in the correction. Correlation operation can remove the phase aberration at the entrance pupil plane and automatically refocus the corrected optical field. Except for the assumption that most aberrations lie at or close to the entrance pupil, the presented method does not impose any other constraints on the optical systems. Thus, it greatly enhances the flexibility of the optical design for DHAO systems in vision science and microscopy. Theoretical studies show that the previously proposed Fourier transform DHAO (FTDHAO) is just a special case of this general correction method, where the global quadratic phase term and a defocus term disappear. Hence, this correction method realizes the generalization of FTDHAO into arbitrary DHAO systems. The effectiveness and robustness of this method are demonstrated by simulations and experiments.
Stretchable inductor with liquid magnetic core (2016)

Adding magnetic materials is a well-established method for improving performance of inductors. However, traditional magnetic cores are rigid and poorly suited for the emerging field of stretchable electronics, where highly deformable inductors are used to wirelessly couple power and data signals. In this work, stretchable inductors are demonstrated based on the use of ferrofluids, magnetic liquids based on distributed magnetic particles, to create a compliant magnetic core. Using a silicone molding technique to create multi-layer fluidic channels, a liquid metal solenoid is fabricated around a ferrofluid channel. An analytical model is developed for the effects of mechanical strain, followed by experimental verification using two different ferrofluids with different permeabilities. Adding ferrofluid was found to increase the unstrained inductance by up to 280% relative to a similar inductor with a non-magnetic silicone core, while retaining the ability to survive uniaxial strains up to 100%.
Enhanced Optical and Electrical Properties of Polymer‐Assisted All‐Inorganic Perovskites for Light‐Emitting Diodes (2016)

Highly bright light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed all-inorganic perovskite thin film are demonstrated. The cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr<sub>3</sub> ) created using a new poly(ethylene oxide)-additive spin-coating method exhibits photoluminescence quantum yield up to 60% and excellent uniformity of electrical current distribution. Using the smooth CsPbBr<sub>3</sub> films as emitting layers, green perovskite-based light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) exhibit electroluminescent brightness and efficiency above 53 000 cd m<sup>-2</sup> and 4%: a new benchmark of device performance for all-inorganic PeLEDs.
Site-directed mutagenesis of the active site cysteine in Klebsiella aerogenes urease. (1992)

Cysteine 319 in the large subunit of Klebsiella aerogenes urease was identified as an essential catalytic residue based on chemical modification studies (Todd, M.J., and Hausinger, R.P. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 24327-24331). Through site-directed mutagenesis, this cysteine has been changed independently to alanine, serine, aspartate, and tyrosine. None of these mutations (C319A, C319S, C319D, and C319Y, respectively) affected the size or level of synthesis of the urease subunits as monitored by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The wild type enzyme and each of the mutant proteins was purified and their properties were compared. The C319Y protein possessed no detectable activity, while activity was reduced in C319A, C319S, and C319D to 48, 4.5, and 0.03% of wild type levels under normal assay conditions. All of the active mutants had a small increase in Km when compared to the wild type value. The active mutants displayed a greatly reduced sensitivity to inactivation by iodoacetamide in comparison to the wild type enzyme, confirming our previous assignment of the essential cysteine to this residue based on active site peptide mapping. In contrast to the wild type enzyme, inactivation of the mutant proteins was not affected by the presence of the competitive inhibitor phosphate, suggesting that the remaining slow rate of iodoacetamide inactivation is due to modification away from the active site. The pH dependence of urease activity was substantially altered in the active mutants with C319S and C319D showing a pH optimum near 5.2, and C319A near 6.7, compared to the pH 7.75 optimum of wild type urease. These data are consistent with Cys-319 facilitating catalysis at neutral and basic pH values by participating as a general acid.
Fusion of spectral and time domain features for crowd noise classification system (2013)

In this paper, we explore features related to spectral and time domain for classification of crowd noise. Spectral information is represented by mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) and spectral flatness measure (SFM), whereas time domain information is represented by short-time energy (STE) and zero-cross rate (ZCR). For carrying out these studies, crowd noise data collected from railway stations and book fairs have been used. In this study, two categories of crowd noise, namely, no crowd and crowd, are used. Support Vector Machines (SVM) are used to capture the discriminative information between the above mentioned noise categories, from the spectral and time domain features. The SVM models are developed separately using spectral and time domain features. The classification performance of the developed SVM models using spectral and time domain features is observed to be 91.35% and 84.65%, respectively. In this work, we have also examined the performance of the crowd noise classification system by combining the spectral and time domain information at feature and score levels. The classification performance using feature and score level fusion is observed to be 93.10% and 96.25% respectively.
Extended Morphological Profile-based Gabor Wavelets for Hyperspectral Image Classification (2018)

Hyperspectral image acquired by a hyperspectral sensor contains hundred of narrow contiguous spectral bands, since the spatial distribution of surface materials generally exhibits high regularity and local continuity, spatial texture information should be introduced to improve the classification accuracy of hyperspectral image. The extended morphological profiles (EMP) have been created from the raw hyperspectral image, which has proven to be effective and robust of reflecting the spatial structural features of hyperspectral data. In the meanwhile, because the three-dimensional (3D) Gabor wavelets have been introduced to exploit the joint spectral-spatial features of hyperspectral image. In this paper, for the purpose of combining the advantages of the EMP operator and Gabor wavelet transform together, an extended morphological profile-based Gabor wavelets, which is named as EMP-Gabor, has been proposed for hyperspectral image classification. Definitely, to compute principal components of the hyperspectral image, the most significant principal components are used as base images for an extended morphological profile, and the EMP features can be thus obtained. Secondly, 3D Gabor wavelets with particular orientations are directly convolved with the EMP feature cube. Finally, support vector machine (SVM) classifier is utilized to carry out the classification task. Experimental results on two real hyperspectral data sets have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed EMP-Gabor framework for hyperspectral image classification over several state-of-the-art methods.
Non-destructive technique for broadband characterization of carbon nanotubes at microwave frequencies (2013)

This paper presents a broadband microwave non-destructive technique for characterization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Typically, commercially available carbon nanotubes are powder-like samples and, therefore, in this paper, a broadband characterization technique to extract electrical conductivity of powder materials is developed. The technique uses a microstrip line configuration in conjunction with a cavity resonator technique. The electrical conductivity of CNTs is extracted from the measured attenuation in the signal response (|S21|dB) for the microstrip configuration with a signal trace made of copper and a ground plane filled with CNT samples. A resonant cylindrical cavity is also used in the measurement process to help determine a correction factor for the surface roughness of the CNT microstrip ground plane. A novel method to take attenuation due to surface roughness into account to determine conductivity of CNTs is introduced. Experimental and numerical verification of the proposed method is provided. The method developed in this work provides a cost-effective solution where significant amount of time and cost are reduced in the sample preparation process. Measurement results for the electrical conductivity of single-walled CNTs and multi-walled CNTs are presented.
MRI-based assessment of function and dysfunction in myelinated axons (2018)

Repetitive electrical activity produces microstructural alteration in myelinated axons, which may afford the opportunity to noninvasively monitor function of myelinated fibers in peripheral nervous system (PNS)/CNS pathways. Microstructural changes were assessed via two different magnetic-resonance-based approaches: diffusion fMRI and dynamic T<sub>2</sub> spectroscopy in the ex vivo perfused bullfrog sciatic nerves. Using this robust, classical model as a platform for testing, we demonstrate that noninvasive diffusion fMRI, based on standard diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), can clearly localize the sites of axonal conduction blockage as might be encountered in neurotrauma or other lesion types. It is also shown that the diffusion fMRI response is graded in proportion to the total number of electrical impulses carried through a given locus. Dynamic T<sub>2</sub> spectroscopy of the perfused frog nerves point to an electrical-activity-induced redistribution of tissue water and myelin structural changes. Diffusion basis spectrum imaging (DBSI) reveals a reversible shift of tissue water into a restricted isotropic diffusion signal component. Submyelinic vacuoles are observed in electron-microscopy images of tissue fixed during electrical stimulation. A slowing of the compound action potential conduction velocity accompanies repetitive electrical activity. Correlations between electrophysiology and MRI parameters during and immediately after stimulation are presented. Potential mechanisms and interpretations of these results are discussed.
[Carbon nanohorns as a novel drug carrier]. (2006)

Carbon nanohorns are nanostructured spherical aggregates of graphitic tubes whose sizes are 80-100 nm in diameter. They have extensive surface area and don't need metal catalyst for their synthesis. The oxidization or acid treatment makes nano windows on their walls, through which distinct set of small molecules have been shown to infiltrate into their inner space. These unique properties of carbon nanohorns suggest the possible use of the nanomaterials as a novel carrier in drug delivery systems.
Fluorescent Nucleic Acid Hybridization Methods. (1989)

In the last several years a number of approaches have been developed that permit detection of nucleic acid hybridization using fluorescence techniques. These have several advantages over the previously available radioactive procedures. Among these are much higher spatial resolution, the speed with which the results are available, the reduced hazard, and the possibility of distinguishing the binding of multiple probes using different fluorochromes. Exploitation of this potential requires application of optical techniques of increasing sophistication such as development of new fluorophores, improved methods of visualizing multiple dyes in the same sample, application of image processing to extract quantitative information, and optimized optical sectioning for three dimensional reconstructions.
Identification of Immunogenic Antigens from <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> by Direct Multiparameter Characterization of Specific Conventional and Regulatory CD4+ T Cells (2014)

CD4(+) T cells orchestrate immune responses against fungi, such as Aspergillus fumigatus, a major fungal pathogen in humans. The complexity of the fungal genome and lifestyle questions the existence of one or a few immune-dominant Ags and complicates systematic screening for immunogenic Ags useful for immunotherapy or diagnostics. In this study, we used a recently developed flow cytometric assay for the direct ex vivo characterization of A. fumigatus-specific CD4(+) T cells for rapid identification of physiological T cell targets in healthy donors. We show that the T cell response is primarily directed against metabolically active A. fumigatus morphotypes and is stronger against membrane protein fractions compared with cell wall or cytosolic proteins. Further analysis of 15 selected single A. fumigatus proteins revealed a highly diverse reactivity pattern that was donor and protein dependent. Importantly, the parallel assessment of T cell frequency, phenotype, and function allowed us to differentiate between proteins that elicit strong memory T cell responses in vivo versus Ags that induce T cell exhaustion or no reactivity in vivo. The regulatory T cell (Treg) response mirrors the conventional T cell response in terms of numbers and target specificity. Thus, our data reveal that the fungal T cell immunome is complex, but the ex vivo characterization of reactive T cells allows us to classify Ags and to predict potential immunogenic targets. A. fumigatus-specific conventional T cell responses are counterbalanced by a strong Treg response, suggesting that Treg-depletion strategies may be helpful in improving antifungal immunity.
Structure and Function of &#946; -1,4-Galactosyltransferase (2008)

Beta-1,4-galactosylransferase (beta4Gal-T1) participates in the synthesis of Galbeta1-4-GlcNAc-disaccharide unit of glycoconjugates. It is a trans-Golgi glycosyltransferase (Glyco-T) with a type II membrane protein topology, a short N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a membrane-spanning region, as well as a stem and a C-terminal catalytic domain facing the trans-Golgi-lumen. Its hydrophobic membrane-spanning region, like that of other Glyco-T, has a shorter length compared to plasma membrane proteins, an important feature for its retention in the trans-Golgi. The catalytic domain has two flexible loops, a long and a small one. The primary metal binding site is located at the N-terminal hinge region of the long flexible loop. Upon binding of metal ion and sugar-nucleotide, the flexible loops undergo a marked conformational change, from an open to a closed conformation. Conformational change simultaneously creates at the C-terminal region of the flexible loop an oligosaccharide acceptor binding site that did not exist before. The loop acts as a lid covering the bound donor substrate. After completion of the transfer of the glycosyl unit to the acceptor, the saccharide product is ejected; the loop reverts to its native conformation to release the remaining nucleotide moiety. The conformational change in beta4Gal-T1 also creates the binding site for a mammary gland-specific protein, alpha-lactalbumin (LA), which changes the acceptor specificity of the enzyme toward glucose to synthesize lactose during lactation. The specificity of the sugar donor is generally determined by a few residues in the sugar-nucleotide binding pocket of Glyco-T, conserved among the family members from different species. Mutation of these residues has allowed us to design new and novel glycosyltransferases, with broader or requisite donor and acceptor specificities, and to synthesize specific complex carbohydrates as well as specific inhibitors for these enzymes.
Harmonic Silhouette Matching for 3D Models (2007)

The ability to perform fast retrieval from a database of 3D models is becoming a growing necessity as the number of models in circulation is rapidly increasing. Several of the many existing methods dealing with this problem consider similarity measures based on visual appearance. This idea of comparing models using their respective silhouettes performs well on a number of benchmarks, but comes with a few inherent limitations, the biggest of which is that at the time of comparison all possible rotational alignments between two models need to be considered. In this paper we present two retrieval algorithms based on a silhouette representation. The first method shows how model similarity can be computed using fast harmonic matching techniques, and the second method reduces the problem to fast vector differencing using rotation-invariant properties of the representations.
Synchronous picosecond sonoluminescence (1993)

Sonoluminescence is the phenomenon whereby sound energy spontaneously concentrates by a factor of one trillion to create flashes of light. Although sonoluminescence was discovered over 50 years ago, its dynamical properties have only recently been probed.
Conformational Occlusion of Blockade Antibody Epitopes, a Novel Mechanism of GII.4 Human Norovirus Immune Evasion (2018)

Extensive antigenic diversity within the GII.4 genotype of human norovirus is a major driver of pandemic emergence and a significant obstacle to development of cross-protective immunity after natural infection and vaccination. However, human and mouse monoclonal antibody studies indicate that, although rare, antibodies to conserved GII.4 blockade epitopes are generated. The mechanisms by which these epitopes evade immune surveillance are uncertain. Here, we developed a new approach for identifying conserved GII.4 norovirus epitopes. Utilizing a unique set of virus-like particles (VLPs) representing the <i>in vivo</i>-evolved sequence diversity within an immunocompromised person, we identify key residues within epitope F, a conserved GII.4 blockade antibody epitope. The residues critical for antibody binding are proximal to evolving blockade epitope E. Like epitope F, antibody blockade of epitope E was temperature sensitive, indicating that particle conformation regulates antibody access not only to the conserved GII.4 blockade epitope F but also to the evolving epitope E. These data highlight novel GII.4 mechanisms to protect blockade antibody epitopes, map essential residues of a GII.4 conserved epitope, and expand our understanding of how viral particle dynamics may drive antigenicity and antibody-mediated protection by effectively shielding blockade epitopes. Our data support the notion that GII.4 particle breathing may well represent a major mechanism of humoral immune evasion supporting cyclic pandemic virus persistence and spread in human populations. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> In this study, we use norovirus virus-like particles to identify key residues of a conserved GII.4 blockade antibody epitope. Further, we identify an additional GII.4 blockade antibody epitope to be occluded, with antibody access governed by temperature and particle dynamics. These findings provide additional support for particle conformation-based presentation of binding residues mediated by a particle "breathing core." Together, these data suggest that limiting antibody access to blockade antibody epitopes may be a frequent mechanism of immune evasion for GII.4 human noroviruses. Mapping blockade antibody epitopes, the interaction between adjacent epitopes on the particle, and the breathing core that mediates antibody access to epitopes provides greater mechanistic understanding of epitope camouflage strategies utilized by human viral pathogens to evade immunity.