gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrolysis of Brewers' Spent Grain by Carbohydrate Degrading Enzymes (2008)

In this work four commercial cellulase-hemicellulase mixtures with different activity profiles were used for solubilization of carbohydrates from brewers' spent grain (BSG). After the enzyme treatment, both the solubilised fraction and the unhydrolysed residue were characterized. Treatment with 5,000 nkat/g xylanase for 5 h at 50°C resulted in the solubilisation of 13–14% of the BSG dry weight as monosaccharides. This corresponded to the solubilisation of 26–28% of the original carbohydrates and 30–34% of original arabinoxylans, depending on the enzyme cocktail used. The relatively low hydrolysis level indicates that the majority of the BSG biomass is rather recalcitrant towards the cellulose-hemicellulase enzyme mixtures applied in this study. The enzyme activity profile had a crucial impact on the chemistry of the oligosaccharides produced through the solubilisation of BSG. The presence of feruloyl esterase (FAE) activity in the enzyme cocktail resulted in the production of free ferulic acid, arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides and their corresponding monomers. However, when the enzyme mixture was devoid of FAE activity, ferulic acid was still bound to the oligosaccharides. The unhydrolysed fraction was still found to contain over 40% of carbohydrates after enzymatic treatment despite the extensive enzyme dosages used. The protein fraction remained largely unaffected (i.e. insoluble) by the carbohydrate-disrupting enzyme treatments. In addition to the recalcitrant carbohydrates, the residue was enriched with lignin and lipid type structures.
β‐Elimination of phosphate and subsequent addition of pyridoxamine as a method for identifying and sequencing peptides containing phosphoseryl residues (1988)

Peptides containing phosphoseryl residues can be modified by removal of the phosphate groups via beta-elimination followed by addition of pyridoxamine to the resulting dehydroalanyl residue. Peptides containing the modified residues can be detected at nanomole levels by monitoring absorbance at 328 nm or at picomole levels by monitoring fluorescence. Photolysis of the modified peptide converts the pyridoxamino adduct to a form which can be readily identified after Edman degradation.
Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis to Lower Olefins over Potassium-Promoted Reduced Graphene Oxide Supported Iron Catalysts (2015)

Fischer–Tropsch synthesis to lower olefins (FTO) opens up a compact and economical way to the production of lower olefin directly from syngas (CO and H2) derived from natural gas, coal, or renewable biomass. The present work is dedicated to a systematic study on the effect of K in the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) supported iron catalysts on the catalytic performance in FTO. It is revealed that the activity, expressed as moles of CO converted to hydrocarbons per gram Fe per second (iron time yield to hydrocarbons, termed as FTY), increased first with the content of K, passed through a maximum at 646 μmolCO gFe–1 s–1 over the FeK1/rGO catalyst, and then decreased at higher K contents. Unlike the evolution of the activity, the selectivity to lower olefins increased steadily with K, giving the highest selectivity to lower olefins of 68% and an olefin/paraffin (O/P) ratio of 11 in the C2–C4 hydrocarbons over the FeK2/rGO catalyst. The volcanic evolution of the activity is attributed to the interplay among the positive effect of K on the formation of Hägg carbide, the active phase for FTO, and the negative roles of K in increasing the size of Hägg carbide at high content and blocking the active phase by K-induced carbon deposition. The monotonic increase in the selectivity to lower olefins is ascribed to the improved chain-growth ability and surface CO/H2 ratio in the presence of K, which favorably suppressed the unwanted CH4 production and secondary hydrogenation of lower olefins.
A Review on Software Simulation of Mechanical Structures Using FEA (2015)

In this paper author aims to study the various researches based on simulation using various FEA software to design and analyze mechanical structures, which can be helpful to identify the suitability of particular software for its specific application, and to evaluate the best suitable methodology used by software for design and analysis of complex geometry. This study is helpful to reduce a computation requirements and improves accuracy in result. Cite this Article Kishan H Joshi, Chetankumar M Patel. A Review on Software Simulation of Mechanical Structures Using FEA. Trends in Mechanical Engineering & Technology. 2015; 5(3): 1–7p.
Malware detection based on dependency graph using hybrid genetic algorithm (2010)

Computer malware is becoming a serious threat to our daily life in the information-based society. Especially, script malwares has become famous recently, since a wide range of programs supported scripting, the fact that makes such malwares spread easily. Because of viral polymorphism, current malware detection technologies cannot catch up the exponential growth of polymorphic malwares. In this paper, we propose a detection mechanism for script malwares, using dependency graph analysis. Every script malware can be represented by a dependency graph and then the detection can be transformed to the problem finding maximum subgraph isomorphism in that polymorphism still maintains the core of logical structures of malwares. We also present efficient heuristic approaches for maximum subgraph isomorphism, which improve detection accuracy and reduce computational cost. The experimental results of their use in a hybrid GA showed superior detection accuracy against state-of-the-art anti-virus softwares.
A speed enhancement DRAM array architecture with embedded ECC (1989)

A scaling down principle brings a high speed switching and a low power dissipation with the reliability maintained [I-21. In addition to the dimension scaling down. an epoch-making array architecture with the countermeasure of smaller signal charge is required in a high speed 16MbDRAH.
Recent Advances in Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Class A Lipid GPCRs: Opportunities and Challenges for Drug Discovery (2021)

Great progress has been made over the past decade in understanding the structural, functional, and pharmacological diversity of lipid GPCRs. From the first determination of the crystal structure of bovine rhodopsin in 2000, much progress has been made in the field of GPCR structural biology. The extraordinary progress in structural biology and pharmacology of GPCRs, coupled with rapid advances in computational approaches to study receptor dynamics and receptor-ligand interactions, has broadened our comprehension of the structural and functional facets of the receptor family members and has helped usher in a modern age of structure-based drug design and development. First, we provide a primer on lipid mediators and lipid GPCRs and their role in physiology and diseases as well as their value as drug targets. Second, we summarize the current advancements in the understanding of structural features of lipid GPCRs, such as the structural variation of their extracellular domains, diversity of their orthosteric and allosteric ligand binding sites, and molecular mechanisms of ligand binding. Third, we close by collating the emerging paradigms and opportunities in targeting lipid GPCRs, including a brief discussion on current strategies, challenges, and the future outlook.
Coexpression of messenger RNA for TRK protooncogene and low affinity nerve growth factor receptor in neuroblastoma with favorable prognosis. (1993)

Nerve growth factor (NGF), essential for differentiation and survival of sympathetic neurons is suggested to play a role in differentiation or regression of neuroblastoma. Expression of mRNA for the trk protooncogene, encoding a tyrosine kinase receptor essential for functional NGF signal transduction, and mRNA for the low affinity NGF receptor (LNGFR) was examined in 45 neuroblastomas and 3 benign ganglioneuromas using Northern blot analysis. Expression of trk mRNA and LNGFR mRNA correlated with young age, favorable clinical stages, and absence of N-myc amplification. All children (n = 19) with neuroblastomas coexpressing mRNA for trk and LNGFR are alive 8-84 months from diagnosis, regardless of age and stage. In contrast, no child (n = 15) with tumor lacking trk mRNA is alive without disease. Three subsets of patients were distinguished, one favorable (trk+, LNGFR+, n = 19, 100% survival probability), one intermediate (trk+, LNGFR-, n = 11, 62.3% survival probability), and one unfavorable (trk-, LNGFR +/-, n = 15, 0% survival probability, P < 0.001). In widespread neuroblastoma stage IVS prone to spontaneous regression, three tumors coexpressing trk and LNGFR mRNAs regressed after no or minimal therapy while the remaining tumor expressing trk but not LNGFR mRNA progressed to a fatal outcome. It is concluded that neuroblastomas coexpressing mRNA for both NGF receptor subtypes are favorable tumors likely to differentiate or regress spontaneously or respond to conventional therapy. It is further hypothesized that loss of functional NGF receptors is an important step in tumorigenesis of undifferentiated malignant childhood neuroblastoma. For these unfavorable tumors current therapy remains futile and first-line innovative therapy is justified.
Section 47 (1990)

Journal Article Section 47 Get access A. R. Davies A. R. Davies Department of Public Health Medicine, North Staffordshire Health AuthorityWindsor House, 223 Princes Road, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7JW Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Public Health, Volume 12, Issue 3-4, 1990, Page 213, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a042549 Published: 01 November 1990
A genetic algorithm for optimizing the segmentation in subarrays of planar array antenna radars with adaptive digital beamforming (2004)

Modern phased array radars (PAR) should usually assure full performance in target detection and location also in presence of electronic counter measures (ECM). The radar signal processor of a PAR must provide then an adaptive technique to cancel the disturbance coming from jammers (A. Farina, 1992). The requirements on detection and location are particularly hard to fulfil when the power of jamming signal gets into the radar receiver from the main beam of the antenna pattern. To counteract the performance degradation due to main beam jammers (MBJ), the radar processor can adaptively combine digital signals coming from different subsets of the elementary radiators of the antenna, called subarrays, to form one or more beams with nulls in the directions of the jammers. This technique is known as adaptive digital beamforming (ADBF) (A. Farina, 1992). Fixed the complexity of the antenna (number of elementary radiators and subarrays), finding a set of subarrays that maximizes the detection and location performance of the PAR in presence of MBJs is a compelling challenge, because the function to optimise is irregular and includes a large number of parameters. Genetic algorithms are recognized as robust searching techniques: they are effective with very irregular functions and they guarantee much better efficiency than enumerative methods (D.E. Goldberg, 1989). They can explore different solutions in parallel, minimizing the probability to remain trapped in local maxima, and act directly on the functional to optimize, not on its derivates. Genetic algorithms have been used in various radar applications. In this paper an example of genetic algorithm for finding a optimized set of subarrays for ADBF is presented in details. Some results obtained with an antenna consisting in a square planar array of 64 radiators divided in 4 subarrays are also shown.
Laboratory Vigor Tests Used to Predict Pepper Seedling Field Emergence Performance (1990)

Few investigations have sought to determine the usefulness and repeatability of laboratory vigor tests as predictors of field seedling emergence for multiple locations and years for vegetable crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate a number of previously reported laboratory measures of seed viability and vigor tests that could be used alone, or in combination to reliably predict pepper ( Capsicum anuuum L. var. annuum ) seedling field emergence. Several indices of seed vigor also were used. The results of these tests were correlated with final field emergence percentages obtained from Davis and Fresno, CA in 1986 and 1987. Either 30 or 32 seed lots were used for each location and year. Measures of seedling growth were the best indicators of field performance and the cool‐temperature (15 °C) percent germination at 14 d was the best overall average single‐test predictor of field emergence for all locations and years. Improved predictions could be made by combining selected vigor tests in multiple regression modes, but these were location and year dependent. An index consisting of the geometric mean of cooltemperature percent germination (Day 14) and seedling dry weight was the best overall average predictor of seedling emergence, accounting for an average of 36% of the total variation in emergence. Simulation trials indicated that a ranking of field performance among seed lots could be done with good success using the geometric mean index.
Immune biomarkers associated with clinical benefit from atezolizumab (MPDL3280a; anti-PD-L1) in advanced urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) (2015)

Meeting abstracts Atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) has demonstrated robust clinical activity in UBC [[1][1]]. Elevated PD-L1 expression on tumor-infiltrating immune cells (IC) is associated with increased clinical efficacy; however, the contribution of other immune biomarkers is unknown. In this study, we
Apolipoprotein E, Dementia, and Cortical Deposition of β-Amyloid Protein (1995)

The epsilon 4 allele of apolipoprotein E is significantly associated with Alzheimer's disease. Even in elderly subjects without dementia, the apolipoprotein E genotype is related to the degree of deposition of beta-amyloid protein in the cerebral cortex.
<scp>F</scp> leagle, <scp>J</scp> ohn <scp>G</scp> (2017)

John Fleagle (1948–) has been a leading primatologist, paleoprimatologist, and functional anatomist for the past four decades. A 1988 MacArthur Fellowship Awardee, his research has spanned all major subfields in evolutionary anthropology, including primate behavior, primate evolution, and human evolution, with major contributions in each area. Drawing on his broad expertise in extant and fossil primate behavior and anatomy, Fleagle authored the highly influential textbook Primate Adaptation and Evolution , now in its 3rd edition and widely regarded as the top textbook in primate evolution for graduate and undergraduate physical anthropology courses. He has also edited or co‐edited over 15 books/volumes, authored or co‐authored over 150 journal articles and book chapters, and served as editor of the journal Evolutionary Anthropology since its founding in 1991. Fleagle continues to be an active researcher, with projects on the evolutionary anatomy, biology, and ecology of primates.
No Free Lunch Theorems for Search (1995)

We show that all algorithms that search for an extremum of a cost function perform exactly the same, when averaged over all possible cost functions. In particular, if algorithm A outperforms algorithm B on some cost functions, then loosely speaking there must exist exactly as many other functions where B outperforms A. Starting from this we analyze a number of the other a priori characteristics of the search problem, like its geometry and its information-theoretic aspects. This analysis allows us to derive mathematical benchmarks for assessing a particular search algorithm &apos;s performance. We also investigate minimax aspects of the search problem, the validity of using characteristics of a partial search over a cost function to predict future behavior of the search algorithm on that cost function, and time-varying cost functions. We conclude with some discussion of the justifiability of biologically-inspired search methods.
Coupling of concentric semiconductor microring lasers (1998)

Coupling between whispering-gallery modes of concentric microcavity lasers was analyzed, and a closed-form three-dimensional vectorial solution for the coupled fields was obtained. Experiments performed with concentric gain-guided vertical cavity ring lasers resulted in regimes of resonant coupling in good agreement with the theory.
ModPET - A compact PET system employing modular gamma cameras, maximum-likelihood event-parameter estimation, and list-mode ML-EM reconstruction (2012)

491 Objectives We have developed a compact PET system for small-animal imaging that comprises two 4.5 × 4.5 -inch modular gamma cameras with 5-mm-thick monolithic scintillation crystals, each configured with a 3 × 3 array of end-on PMTs and independent super-list-mode acquisition electronics. The cameras are brought in close proximity to mice being imaged, resulting in a >50% geometric efficiency that partially compensates for the low stopping power of the thin crystals. Methods Coincidence pairs are identified by time stamps incorporated alongside PMT signals in event packets. To extract maximum information from each coincidence pair, maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) of position and energy is carried out. Cameras were calibrated with a collimated 511keV photon source, and an intrinsic resolution of ~1.5mm FWHM is achieved across the entire camera face. Since MLE is asymptotically unbiased, no distortion correction or other remapping is required. Likelihood thresholding on both events of each line-of-response greatly enhances the image quality. Tomographic images are reconstructed with the list-mode form of the maximum-likelihood-expectation-maximization algorithm. Results The system sensitivity was found to range between .8% and .4% over an activity range of 2 to 84 μCi. The resolution was evaluated with a Rayleigh task of determining the center-to-center separation at which two closely spaced 0.5-mm-diameter bead sources could be distinguished as separate. With this definition, lateral resolution in planes parallel to the camera faces was found to vary between 1.5 mm in the center of the field of view (FOV) to 2 mm at the edge. Perpendicular resolution was found to average 2.5 mm. A complete characterization has been performed, including assessment of the accidental singles rate and noise-equivalent-count-rate (NECR) over a range of activities. Conclusions Phantom and mouse PET images produced with this very simple system are surprisingly good. As a bonus, rapid conversion to SPECT scintigraphy adds a modality. Research Support This work was supported by NIH/NIBIB Grant P41-EB002035
Organic Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells (2010)

Solar cells based on solution-processable organic semiconductors have shown a considerable performance increase in recent years, and a lot of progress has been made in the understanding of the elementary processes of photogeneration. This review will first give a brief overview of the historic development of plastic photovoltaics, and summarize the current state of knowledge concerning the different steps from light absorption to charge extraction. It becomes evident that recent developments and concepts for further improving the solar cell efficiencies show the potential of this technology for low-cost energy conversion.
ANTI-CD2 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY-INDUCED RECEPTOR CHANGES (1995)

Anti-CD2 mAbs suppress T cell immunity and prolong allograft survival in vivo while inducing the down-modulation of CD2 expression. Manipulation of cell surface molecules may be important in inducing tolerance, so down-modulation of CD2 expression on T cells by anti-CD2 mAbs was further defined with an in vitro model. The anti-CD2 mAb 12-15 caused CD2 expression on purified splenic T cells to decrease from 83.4 to 22.7% total positive cells while CD3, CD4, and CD8 expression remained unchanged. The expression of other adhesion molecules, LFA-1 alpha (CD11a), LFA-1 beta (CD18), Pgp-1 (CD44), CD45, MEL-14 (L-selectin), and VLA-4 alpha (CD49d), were all increased as a result of anti-CD2 treatment, whereas CD25 (IL-2R), CD48 (CD2 ligand), and ICAM-1 (CD54) remained unchanged. Kinetics showed that CD2 down-modulation was persistent and at the same magnitude from day 1 through day 7 of culture. Anti-CD2 mAb could down modulate CD2 on both CD4 and CD8 splenic lymphocyte subsets, thymocytes, and the T cell lymphoma EL-4; and, non-T cells did not seem to participate in the process of modulation. Mechanistic studies of mAb action showed that, in addition to 12-15, other anti-CD2 mAbs could cause down-modulation of T cell CD2 expression in an epitope and isotype dependent fashion and that CD2 down-modulation correlated with inhibition of receptor-driven T cell stimulation. Intact antibody, including the Fc portion, was required to induce CD2 down-modulation, and additional experiments suggested an interaction with an Fc gamma R other than Fc gamma RII or Fc gamma RIII. CD2 down-modulation did not change with the addition of the cytokines IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF alpha, or TGF-beta 1. These results show that anti-CD2 mAbs significantly and persistently down-modulate CD2 on various T cell subpopulations. The mAbs must interact with both the CD2 receptor and an Fc gamma R. CD2 down-modulation is accompanied by changes in the array of other T cell surface receptors that may contribute to mechanisms of anti-CD2-induced immunosuppression.
Socio-technical congruence (2008)

The identification and management of work dependencies is a fundamental challenge in software development organizations. This paper argues that modularization, the traditional technique intended to reduce interdependencies among components of a system, has serious limitations in the context of software development. We build on the idea of congruence, proposed in our prior work, to examine the relationship between the structure of technical and work dependencies and the impact of dependencies on software development productivity. Our empirical evaluation of the congruence framework showed that when developers' coordination patterns are congruent with their coordination needs, the resolution time of modification requests was significantly reduced. Furthermore, our analysis highlights the importance of identifying the "right" set of technical dependencies that drive the coordination requirements among software developers. Call and data dependencies appear to have far less impact than logical dependencies.
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma for Diesel Particulate Matter Treatment: A Review (2020)

The purification of diesel exhaust gas is of great importance to prevent the atmospheric emission of major pollutants such as diesel particulate matter and nitrogen oxides and meet the environmental regulations. The atmospheric-pressure plasma is attracting increasing interest and is a promising after-treatment technology for purifying diesel emission at low temperatures. However, when compared with the numerous publications on nitrogen oxides reduction by non-thermal plasma, using non-thermal plasma to particulate matter treatment have relatively limited. This work provides a comprehensive review of the plasma applications for diesel particulate matter treatment, including self-regenerating diesel particulate filter, diesel particulate matter removal, and simultaneous removal of diesel particulate matter and nitrogen oxides. The treatment of particulate matter from both simulated particulate matter sources and actual diesel engines also discussed in this comprehensive review. The challenge to this technology is limited energy consumption for plasma, which should be less than 5% (~30 J/L) of the overall fuel consumption. Until now, the atmospheric-pressure plasma has been no commercial implementation in diesel exhaust gas treatment, so more research is needed to be done in this field.