gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic localized load balancing (2003)

Traditionally dynamic load balancing is applied in resource-reserved connection-oriented networks with a large degree of managed control. Load balancing in connectionless networks is rather rudimentary and is either static or requires network-wide load information. This paper presents a fully automated, traffic driven dynamic load balancing mechanism that uses local load information. The proposed mechanism is easily deployed in a multi-vendor environment in which only a subset of routers supports the function. The Dynamic Localized Load Balancing (DLLB) mechanism distributes traffic based on two sets of weights. The first set is fixed and is inverse proportional to the path cost, typically the sum of reciprocal bandwidths along the path. The second weight reflects the utilization of the link to the first next hop along the path, and is therefore variable. The ratio of static weights defines the ideal load distribution, the ratio of variable weights the node-local load distribution estimate. By minimizing the difference between variable and fixed ratios the traffic distribution, with the available node-local knowledge, is optimal. The above mechanism significantly increases throughput and decreases delay from a network-wide perspective. Optionally the variable weight can include load information of nodes downstream to prevent congestion on those nodes. The latter function further improves network performance, and is easily implemented on top of the standard OSPF signaling. The mechanism does not require many node resources and can be implemented on existing router platforms.
Properties of Nisin Z and Distribution of Its Gene, nisZ, in Lactococcus lactis (1993)

Two natural variants of the lantibiotic nisin that are produced by Lactococcus lactis are known. They have a similar structure but differ in a single amino acid residue at position 27; histidine in nisin A and asparagine in nisin Z (J.W.M. Mulders, I.J. Boerrigter, H.S. Rollema, R.J. Siezen, and W.M. de Vos, Eur. J. Biochem, 201:581-584, 1991). The nisin variants were purified to apparent homogeneity, and their biological activities were compared. Identical MICs of nisin A and nisin Z were found with all tested indicator strains of six different species of gram-positive bacteria. However, at concentrations above the MICs, with nisin Z the inhibition zones obtained in agar diffusion assays were invariably larger than those obtained with nisin A. This was observed with all tested indicator strains. These results suggest that nisin Z has better diffusion properties than nisin A in agar. The distribution of the nisin variants in various lactococcal strains was determined by amplification of the nisin structural gene by polymerase chain reaction followed by direct sequencing of the amplification product. In this way, it was established that the nisZ gene for nisin Z production is widely distributed, having been found in 14 of the 26 L. lactis strains analyzed.
High-performance, manufacturable avalanche photodiodes for 10 Gb/s optical receivers (2002)

We describe an InGaAs-InP avalanche photodiode employing a shaped diffusion profile and floating guard rings. High gain-bandwidth products (85 to 95 GHz), 10 GHz peak bandwidths, high gains (50 to 100), and good gain uniformity (/spl plusmn/4%) are demonstrated.
System to monitor blade health in axial flow compressors (2011)

Detection of incipient cracks and crack propagation in rotor blades during operation of gas compressors is an important problem from the perspective of safety, reliability, availability, and maintenance of gas turbines. In this paper we present the architecture of a blade health monitoring system that has been deployed to monitor rotor blades of the gas compressors. The system operates continuously, 24×7, with minimal human intervention to monitor a fleet of gas compressors all around the world. The compressors are retrofitted with non-contact magnetic clearance sensors to generate Blade Passing Signals (BPS) during the rotation of the blades. These signals are acquired by a Data Acquisition (DAQ) box. The DAQ extracts the Time of Arrival (TOA) of the blades and stores them. The TOA data is transferred to a central system for feature extraction at regular intervals. The extracted features natural frequencies of predetermined modes of vibration and static deflection are used to determine the health of the rotating blades and generate alarms for the Monitoring and Diagnostics (M&D) team. The M&D team monitors the health of blades using a web portal that provides visualization of data, features, and alarms.
Ladder-Type Pentaphenylenes and Their Polymers:  Efficient Blue-Light Emitters and Electron-Accepting Materials via a Common Intermediate (2004)

A new route to ladder-type pentaphenylenes has been developed in which both good hole-accepting p-type and electron-accepting n-type materials can be prepared from a common intermediate. This key intermediate is a pentaphenylene diester 5 obtained in high yield by Suzuki coupling of 2 equiv of fluorene boronates with 2,5-dibromoterephthalate. Addition of aryllithium followed by ring closure with boron trifluoride produced a blue-emitting ladder-type pentaphenylene. Bromination followed by reductive polymerization with nickel(0) gave new high molecular mass polymers, which show efficient blue emission with a very small Stokes shift. These polymers bridge the gap in emission between polyfluorenes and fully ladder-type polyphenylenes. An alternative ring closure of the dibromopentaphenylene diester 14 with acid made a diketone that is a good electron-accepting material, as it displays a reversible two-electron reduction. The reduction onset potential of -0.875 V against Ag/Ag(+) corresponds to a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of 3.53 eV, comparable to the work function of magnesium, suggesting that this unit could be used to greatly increase the injection of electrons into polymers containing it in a light-emitting diode (LED) or solar cell. A red-emitting material was prepared by Suzuki coupling of the dibromopentaphenylene 10b with a perylene dye, thus offering the prospect of tuning the emission from pentaphenylene materials over the whole visible range by attachment of suitable dyes. Unoptimized single-layer organic LEDs that used 11b showed stable pure-blue emission with brightnesses of over 200 cd/m(2) at 7 V, with moderate efficiencies.
Abstract 4708: Preclinical development of an anti-miR-21 compound for hepatocellular carcinoma (2011)

Abstract micro-RNA-21 is frequently over-expressed and has been shown to correlate with poor outcome in multiple cancer types. Its genomic locus is amplified in some cancer types and miR-21 is also transactivated by several known cancer drivers (e.g. STAT3 and Ras). We have used a publically available data set from 86 patients to show that miR-21 is over-expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The treatment options for HCC are limited, thus making it the third leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. Additional treatments for HCC are greatly needed. We investigated the therapeutic potential of inhibiting miR-21 with chemically modified oligonucleotides known as anti-miRs using models of HCC, including a genetically engineered mouse model of HCC driven by an inducible, activated form of Ras. Short term treatment with the anti-miR led to a reduction in tumor formation. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-21 was clearly demonstrated by analysis of genome wide mRNA expression data from treated versus untreated tumors. This data showed that genes containing the mir-21 octamer sequence were the most significantly over-enriched among up-regulated genes compared to all of the other 65,535 possible octamers. We also determined the effect of long-term anti-miR-21 treatment on the survival in this mouse model of HCC. anti-miR-21 treated mice demonstrated a highly significant survival advantage (p&lt;0.0001) over saline and control anti-miR treated mice. Our findings suggest that miR-21 is a promising candidate for the therapeutic intervention of liver cancer and further highlights the potential of anti-miR-mediated inhibition of microRNAs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4708. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4708
Fine mapping of the tomato yellow leaf curl virus resistance gene Ty-2 on chromosome 11 of tomato (2014)

Resistances to begomoviruses, including bipartite tomato mottle virus and monopartite tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), have been introgressed to cultivated tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>) from wild tomato accessions. A major gene, <i>Ty</i>-<i>2</i> from <i>S. habrochaites</i> f. <i>glabratum</i> accession "B6013<i>,"</i> that confers resistance to TYLCV was previously mapped to a 19-cM region on the long arm of chromosome 11. In the present study, approximately 11,000 plants were screened and nearly 157 recombination events were identified between the flanking markers C2_At1g07960 (82.5 cM, physical distance 51.387 Mb) and T0302 (89 cM, 51.878 Mb). Molecular marker analysis of recombinants and TYLCV evaluation of progeny from these recombinants localized <i>Ty</i>-<i>2</i> to an approximately 300,000-bp interval between markers UP8 (51.344 Mb) and M1 (51.645 Mb). No recombinants were identified between TG36 and C2_At3g52090, a region of at least 115 kb, indicating severe recombination suppression in this region. Due to the small interval, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis failed to clarify whether recombination suppression is caused by chromosomal rearrangements. Candidate genes predicted based on tomato genome annotation were analyzed by RT-PCR and virus-induced gene silencing. Results indicate that the NBS gene family present in the <i>Ty</i>-<i>2</i> region is likely not responsible for the <i>Ty</i>-<i>2</i>-conferred resistance and that two candidate genes might play a role in the <i>Ty</i>-<i>2</i>-conferred resistance. Several markers very tightly linked to the <i>Ty</i>-<i>2</i> locus are presented and useful for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs to introgress <i>Ty</i>-<i>2</i> for begomovirus resistance.
Acoustic detection of laser induced optical breakdown in dendrimer nanocomposites: implications for site targeted molecular diagnostics and therapeutics (2003)

Laser-induced optical breakdown (LIOB) attained at the focus of a femtosecond laser leads to nonlinear energy absorption and measurable secondary effects that include shock-wave emission, heat transfer, and bubble formation. A real-time acoustic technique has been developed to characterize LIOB thresholds in tissue-like materials regardless of their optical transparency. With LIOB, a bubble forms resulting in a high velocity shock-wave propagating spherically outward from the effective point source. This wave can be detected acoustically. In addition, the optical focal zone is actively probed with acoustic pulse-echo measurements to monitor formed bubbles. The power of 50-100 MHz acoustic waves reflected from the bubbles can quantify differences between non-breakdown and breakdown events. Using this technique, two dendrimer nanocomposites (DNC) have been evaluated as potential site targeted diagnostic/therapeutic agents. The LIOB threshold was 50 mW (200 nJ/pulse) for a bare DNC system and a reduced threshold of 4 mW (15 nJ/pulse) for an Ag-loaded DNC system. These results suggest that metal-loaded DNC systems may be efficient site targeted diagnostic/therapeutic agents. In addition, their action can be sensitively monitored using high frequency ultrasound imaging.
Enhancement of REM sleep during extraocular light exposure in humans (2001)

This study examined the effects on sleep of light administered to an extraocular site. A 3-h photic stimulus was applied to the popliteal region during sleep in 14 human subjects. Each subject also underwent a control stimulus condition during a separate laboratory session. The proportion of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during the 3-h light administration session increased by an average of 31% relative to the control condition. The frequency but not the duration of REM episodes was altered during light exposure, thereby shortening the REM/non-REM (NREM) cycle length. No other sleep stages were significantly affected during light administration nor was sleep architecture altered after the light-exposure interval. These results confirm that extraocular light is transduced into a signal that is received and processed by the human central nervous system. In addition, they expand to a novel sensory modality previous findings that REM sleep can be enhanced by sensory stimulation.
MEMS Micro-Valve Arrays for Fluidic Control (1998)

Abstract A new type of silicon MEMS valve array for micro-fluidic control is described. The device consists of parallel arrays of electrostatically actuated, bi-stable mechanical micro-valves for precision flow control. Five characteristics make these micro-fluidic systems unique. First, they consist of large numbers of simple valves, working cooperatively to achieve precise linear control of flow. Second, they operate using low power, binary electrostatic actuation. Third, they are designed for use in either gases or liquids. Fourth, they are fabricated using conventional silicon micro-machining processes. And finally, they are inherently scalable over a wide range of precision levels and flow rates. Devices were fabricated with 5 micron gaps between the actuator and underlying substrate, with three different actuator sizes — 300 by 300 microns, 400 by 400 microns and 500 by 500 microns. Air-flow tests on fabricated 25-element-array devices have demonstrated the linear relationship between flow rate and number of valves open, indicating flow rates per valve as high as 5.7 ml/min at 10 kPa pressure. The experiments also revealed the strong coupling between the fluid mechanics and mechanical behavior of the valve. An incompressible, continuum-based flow model was developed using lubrication theory. The model was capable of capturing the effects of actuator deflections as large as 5 microns, and predicting flow rates within 10 percent over a range of pressure differentials from 2 to 18 kPa.
Introduction of human apolipoprotein E4 “domain interaction” into mouse apolipoprotein E (2001)

Human apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) binds preferentially to lower density lipoproteins, including very low density lipoproteins, and is associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. This binding preference is the result of the presence of Arg-112, which causes Arg-61 in the amino-terminal domain to interact with Glu-255 in the carboxyl-terminal domain. ApoE2 and apoE3, which have Cys-112, bind preferentially to high density lipoproteins (HDL) and do not display apoE4 domain interaction. Mouse apoE, like apoE4, contains the equivalent of Arg-112 and Glu-255, but lacks the critical Arg-61 equivalent (it contains Thr-61). Thus, mouse apoE does not display apoE4 domain interaction and, as a result, behaves like human apoE3, including preferential binding to HDL. To assess the potential role of apoE4 domain interaction in atherosclerosis and neurodegeneration, we sought to introduce apoE4 domain interaction into mouse apoE. Replacing Thr-61 in mouse apoE with arginine converted the binding preference from HDL to very low density lipoproteins in vitro, suggesting that apoE4 domain interaction could be introduced into mouse apoE in vivo. Using gene targeting in embryonic stem cells, we created mice expressing Arg-61 apoE. Heterozygous Arg-61/wild-type apoE mice displayed two phenotypes found in human apoE4/E3 heterozygotes: preferential binding to lower density lipoproteins and reduced abundance of Arg-61 apoE in the plasma, reflecting its more rapid catabolism. These findings demonstrate the successful introduction of apoE4 domain interaction into mouse apoE in vivo. The Arg-61 apoE mouse model will allow the effects of apoE4 domain interaction in lipoprotein metabolism, atherosclerosis, and neurodegeneration to be determined.
An Efficient Pipelined Architecture for Superconducting Single Flux Quantum Logic Circuits Utilizing Dual Clocks (2019)

In standard single flux quantum (SFQ) logic circuits, it is required to insert path balancing D-flip-flops (DFFs) to guarantee correct circuit operation. DFF insertion should be done in a way that any path from a primary input to a primary output has the same length in terms of the clocked element count. This is known as full path balancing (FPB) method. The FPB method usually requires insertion of many path balancing DFFs that can be even more than the actual gate count in the original circuit. This significantly increases the chip area, lowers the local clock frequency, and increases both static and dynamic power dissipation. This article presents an architecture for realizing SFQ circuits which removes all path balancing DFFs, resulting in a huge reduction in total area, node and Josephson junction count, and power consumption. The drawback is a degradation of the peak throughput of the circuit, which can be overcome by performing partial path balancing in the circuit, thereby recovering the circuit throughput by adding some path balancing DFFs.
Fast prostate segmentation in 3D TRUS images based on continuity constraint using an autoregressive model (2007)

In this article a new slice-based 3D prostate segmentation method based on a continuity constraint, implemented as an autoregressive (AR) model is described. In order to decrease the propagated segmentation error produced by the slice-based 3D segmentation method, a continuity constraint was imposed in the prostate segmentation algorithm. A 3D ultrasound image was segmented using the slice-based segmentation method. Then, a cross-sectional profile of the resulting contours was obtained by intersecting the 2D segmented contours with a coronal plane passing through the midpoint of the manually identified rotational axis, which is considered to be the approximate center of the prostate. On the coronal cross-sectional plane, these intersections form a set of radial lines directed from the center of the prostate. The lengths of these radial lines were smoothed using an AR model. Slice-based 3D segmentations were performed in the clockwise and in the anticlockwise directions, where clockwise and anticlockwise are defined with respect to the propagation directions on the coronal view. This resulted in two different segmentations for each 2D slice. For each pair of unmatched segments, in which the distance between the contour generated clockwise and that generated anticlockwise was greater than 4 mm, a method was used to select the optimal contour. Experiments performed using 3D prostate ultrasound images of nine patients demonstrated that the proposed method produced accurate 3D prostate boundaries without manual editing. The average distance between the proposed method and manual segmentation was 1.29 mm. The average intraobserver coefficient of variation (i.e., the standard deviation divided by the average volume) of the boundaries segmented by the proposed method was 1.6%. The average segmentation time of a 352 x 379 x 704 image on a Pentium IV 2.8 GHz PC was 10 s.
Enzymes Catalyzing the Early Steps of Clavulanic Acid Biosynthesis Are Encoded by Two Sets of Paralogous Genes in <i>Streptomyces clavuligerus</i> (2000)

Genes encoding the proteins required for clavulanic acid biosynthesis and for cephamycin biosynthesis are grouped into a "supercluster" in Streptomyces clavuligerus. Nine open reading frames (ORFs) associated with clavulanic acid biosynthesis were located in a 15-kb segment of the supercluster, including six ORFs encoding known biosynthetic enzymes or regulatory proteins, two ORFs that have been reported previously but whose involvement in clavulanic acid biosynthesis is unclear, and one ORF not previously reported. Evidence for the involvement of these ORFs in clavulanic acid production was obtained by generating mutants and showing that all were defective for clavulanic acid production when grown on starch asparagine medium. However, when five of the nine mutants, including mutants defective in known clavulanic acid biosynthetic enzymes, were grown in a soy-based medium, clavulanic acid-producing ability was restored. This ability to produce clavulanic acid when seemingly essential biosynthetic enzymes have been mutated suggests that paralogous genes encoding functionally equivalent proteins exist for each of the five genes but that these paralogues are expressed only in the soy-based medium. The five genes that have paralogues encode proteins involved in the early steps of the pathway common to the biosynthesis of both clavulanic acid and the other clavam metabolites produced by this organism. No evidence was seen for paralogues of the four remaining genes involved in late, clavulanic acid-specific steps in the pathway.
Optical Code-Division Multiple Access Using Broad-Band Parametrically Generated Light (2004)

A novel approach for an optical direct-sequence spread spectrum is presented. It is based on the complementary processes of broad-band parametric down-conversion and up-conversion. With parametric down-conversion, a narrow-band continuous-wave (CW) optical field is transformed into two CW broad-band white-noise fields that are complex conjugates of each other. These noise fields are exploited as the key and conjugate key in optical direct-sequence spread spectrum. The inverse process of parametric up-conversion is then used for multiplying the key by the conjugate key at the receiver in order to extract the transmitted data. A complete scheme for optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA) based on this approach is presented. The salient feature of the approach presented in this paper is that an ideal white-noise key is automatically generated, leading to high-capacity versatile code-division multiple-access configurations.
Fast Fourier Color Constancy (2017)

We present Fast Fourier Color Constancy (FFCC), a color constancy algorithm which solves illuminant estimation by reducing it to a spatial localization task on a torus. By operating in the frequency domain, FFCC produces lower error rates than the previous state-of-the-art by 13-20% while being 250-3000× faster. This unconventional approach introduces challenges regarding aliasing, directional statistics, and preconditioning, which we address. By producing a complete posterior distribution over illuminants instead of a single illuminant estimate, FFCC enables better training techniques, an effective temporal smoothing technique, and richer methods for error analysis. Our implementation of FFCC runs at ~700 frames per second on a mobile device, allowing it to be used as an accurate, real-time, temporally-coherent automatic white balance algorithm.
Consistent image registration (2001)

This paper presents a new method for image registration based on jointly estimating the forward and reverse transformations between two images while constraining these transforms to be inverses of one another. This approach produces a consistent set of transformations that have less pairwise registration error, i.e., better correspondence, than traditional methods that estimate the forward and reverse transformations independently. The transformations are estimated iteratively and are restricted to preserve topology by constraining them to obey the laws of continuum mechanics. The transformations are parameterized by a Fourier series to diagonalize the covariance structure imposed by the continuum mechanics constraints and to provide a computationally efficient numerical implementation. Results using a linear elastic material constraint are presented using both magnetic resonance and X-ray computed tomography image data. The results show that the joint estimation of a consistent set of forward and reverse transformations constrained by linear-elasticity give better registration results than using either constraint alone or none at all.