gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distributed Minimal Time Convergecast Scheduling in Wireless Sensor Networks (2006)

We consider applications of sensor networks wherein data packets generated by every node have to reach the base station. This results in a many-to-one communication paradigm referred to as convergecast. We are interested in determining a TDMA schedule that minimizes the total time required to complete the convergecast. We consider a simple version of the problem wherein every node generates exactly one packet. We propose a distributed convergecast scheduling algorithm that requires at most 3N timeslots, where N represents the number of nodes in the network. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate that actual number of timeslots needed is around 1.5N. In addition to time efficiency, we prove that our convergecast scheduling algorithm requires the nodes to buffer no more than two packets at any instance. We propose a sleep schedule that conserves more than 50% of the energy. We present simulation results for a real application scenario to show that our convergecast scheduling algorithm performs significantly better than existing convergecast algorithms.
Automatic scoring of pronunciation quality for language instruction (1996)

The purpose of this work is to develop methods for automatic assessment of pronunciation quality, to be used as part of a computer-aided language instruction system. The basic pronunciation scoring paradigm [Bernsteinet al., ICSLP 90, Kobe, Japan] uses hidden Markov models (HMMs) to generate phonetic segmentations of the student’s speech. From these segmentations, different machine scores are obtained based on HMM log-likelihoods and durations. The machine scores are evaluated based on their correlation with human scores on a large database. Previous approaches were based on statistical models built for specific sentences. The current algorithms were designed to produce pronunciation scores for arbitrary sentences, i.e., sentences for which there is not training acoustic data [Neumeyer et al., ICSLP 96, Philadelphia]. This approach allows great flexibility in the design of language instruction systems because new pronunciation exercises can be added without retraining the scoring system. Initial results showed that duration-based scores outperformed HMM log-likelihood scores. Recently, it was found that HMM-based scores can be significantly improved by using average log-posterior probabilities of phone segments. Correlation went up from r=0.48 to r=0.84, which is similar to that of duration-based approaches. This level of performance approaches that of human raters.
Cell-Penetrating, Guanidinium-Rich Oligophosphoesters: Effective and Versatile Molecular Transporters for Drug and Probe Delivery (2016)

The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new family of highly effective cell-penetrating molecular transporters, guanidinium-rich oligophosphoesters, are described. These unique transporters are synthesized in two steps, irrespective of oligomer length, by the organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization (OROP) of 5-membered cyclic phospholane monomers followed by oligomer deprotection. Varying the initiating alcohol results in a wide variety of cargo attachment strategies for releasable or nonreleasable transporter applications. Initiation of oligomerization with a fluorescent probe produces, upon deprotection, a transporter-probe conjugate that is shown to readily enter multiple cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. These new transporters are superior in cell uptake to previously studied guanidinium-rich oligocarbonates and oligoarginines, showing over 2-fold higher uptake than the former and 6-fold higher uptake than the latter. Initiation with a protected thiol gives, upon deprotection, thiol-terminated transporters which can be thiol-click conjugated to a variety of probes, drugs and other cargos as exemplified by the conjugation and delivery of the model probe fluorescein-maleimide and the medicinal agent paclitaxel (PTX) into cells. Of particular significance given that drug resistance is a major cause of chemotherapy failure, the PTX-transporter conjugate, designed to evade Pgp export and release free PTX after cell entry, shows efficacy against PTX-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Collectively this study introduces a new and highly effective class of guanidinium-rich cell-penetrating transporters and methodology for their single-step conjugation to drugs and probes, and demonstrates that the resulting drug/probe-conjugates readily enter cells, outperforming previously reported guanidinium-rich oligocarbonates and peptide transporters.
Purification and vaccine potential of Klebsiella capsular polysaccharides (1985)

Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) from 18 Klebsiella strains of different capsular types was isolated and characterized. Purified CPSs were composed primarily of carbohydrate with trace quantities of protein, nucleic acids, and lipopolysaccharide. All CPSs were of a high molecular weight, possessing a Kd of 0.01 to 0.11 as determined by gel filtration over Sepharose CL-4B. Low levels of lipopolysaccharide present in all preparations were responsible for the highly pyrogenic nature of one-half of the CPS preparations. Treatment of capsular material with dilute NaOH in 95% ethanol markedly reduced the pyrogenicity of all preparations and had a negligible effect on their molecular weight. The immunogenicity of the various native CPSs for mice varied considerably from serotype to serotype, but all evoked an anticapsular immunoglobulin G response. Five of 18 NaOH-treated polysaccharides were significantly (P less than 0.05) less immunogenic than their native counterparts. Human immunoglobulin G prepared from volunteers immunized with either native or NaOH-treated KP1-0 capsular polysaccharide was equally effective at preventing experimental fatal Klebsiella pneumoniae burn wound sepsis in mice.
Grid and Schedule Constrained Electric Vehicle Charging Algorithm Using Node Sensitivity Approach (2012)

The growth in Plug-In Electric Vehicle (EV) poses a great challenge to utilities due to the potential impact to power distribution systems. We propose an intelligent charging method to minimize the operation cost as well as consider both constraints of power grid and customers' schedule. To address the highly non-linear behavior in the power system, a novel Node Sensitivity Approach (NSA) is proposed to approximate the sensitivity of each EV load in the grid. The simulation results show the proposed method not only achieves the minimum operation cost but also avoids violating the system constraints.
A single-cell high-quality black and white ST liquid-crystal display (1989)

A truly achromatic ST liquid-crystal display (LCD) characterized by single-cell construction has been developed by inserting an optical retardation film between the liquid-crystal cell and the polarizer. It provides not only a high contrast ratio and a good viewing angle, comparable to a double-cell ST LCD, but also such excellent features as light weight, thin design, and low cost due to the single-cell construction.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characterization of A Polymer-Based MEMS Packaging Technique (2006)

This paper presents characterization of a low-cost polymer-based technique for wafer-level packaging of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The packaging process does not impose any size limitation to the device and can be applied to a wide variety of MEMS devices regardless of substrate type. Our technique utilizes thermal decomposition of a sacrificial polymer through a polymer overcoat cap, followed by metal deposition to create hermiticity. The method has been applied to surface and bulk micromachined silicon structures including resonators, tunable capacitors and accelerometers. Mechanical and electrical characterization of the packaged devices is reported to be very close to the corresponding values before packaging
Agent-based Discrete Event Simulation Modeling for Disaster Responses (2008)

We develop a comprehensive simulation model for civilian emergency/disaster responses. In order to incorporate the detailed interactions among various responders and victims, we integrate the agent-based modeling ideas into the discrete-event simulation framework and hybrid several components such as GIS.
Therapeutic role of niacin in the prevention and regression of hepatic steatosis in rat model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (2013)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a leading cause of liver damage, comprises a spectrum of liver abnormalities including the early fat deposition in the liver (hepatic steatosis) and advanced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Niacin decreases plasma triglycerides, but its effect on hepatic steatosis is elusive. To examine the effect of niacin on steatosis, rats were fed either a rodent normal chow, chow containing high fat (HF), or HF containing 0.5% or 1.0% niacin in the diet for 4 wk. For regression studies, rats were first fed the HF diet for 6 wk to induce hepatic steatosis and were then treated with niacin (0.5% in the diet) while on the HF diet for 6 wk. The findings indicated that inclusion of niacin at 0.5% and 1.0% doses in the HF diet significantly decreased liver fat content, liver weight, hepatic oxidative products, and prevented hepatic steatosis. Niacin treatment to rats with preexisting hepatic steatosis induced by the HF diet significantly regressed steatosis. Niacin had no effect on the mRNA expression of fatty acid synthesis or oxidation genes (including sterol-regulatory element-binding protein 1, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, fatty acid synthase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1) but significantly inhibited mRNA levels, protein expression, and activity of diacylglycerol acyltrasferase 2, a key enzyme in triglyceride synthesis. These novel findings suggest that niacin effectively prevents and causes the regression of experimental hepatic steatosis. Approved niacin formulation(s) for other indications or niacin analogs may offer a very cost-effective opportunity for the clinical development of niacin for treating NAFLD and fatty liver disease.
Phase-noise cancellation design tradeoffs in delta-sigma fractional-N PLLs. (2003)

Abstract—A theoretical analysis of a recently proposed phasenoise cancellation technique that relaxes the fundamental tradeoff between phase noise and bandwidth in 16 fractional- phasedlocked loops (PLLs) is presented. The limits imposed by circuit errors and PLL dynamics on the phase noise and loop bandwidth that can be achieved by PLLs incorporating the technique are quantified. Design guidelines are derived that enable customization of the technique in terms of PLL target specifications. Index Terms—Delta–sigma modulator, fractional- PLL, phased-locked loop (PLL), segmented digital-to-analog converter (DAC), synthesizer. I.
Size considerations in the design of cells for photoacoustic spectroscopy. II. Pulsed excitation response (1978)

The time-dependent response of photoacoustic cells to pulsed excitation is examined both theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical treatment includes both the response of conventional optical absorbers and absorbers containing metastable states. These results should be useful in dye laser applications of photoacoustic spectroscopy on both absorbing and luminescent materials. The experimental results were obtained using a newly developed device in which both electrical heating and optical heating have been shown to produce an equivalent acoustic response. This device should have applications in the design and calibration of cells for photoacoustic spectroscopy.
Editors' Choice—Development of Screen-Printed Flexible Multi-Level Microfluidic Devices with Integrated Conductive Nanocomposite Polymer Electrodes on Textiles (2019)

We present a flexible plastisol-based microfluidic process integrated with conductive nanoparticle composite polymer (C-NCP) electrodes for flexible active microfluidic devices on textile substrates. First, we characterize the stretchability and flexibility of both plastisol films and microfluidic channels. A maximum elongation increase of 37.5% is observed for plastisol films, and a maximum elongation increase of 17.5% is observed for microfluidic channels. We also demonstrate multiple levels of microfluidic channels. Using a new integrated fabrication process, a device that measures the conductivity of fluid between two electrodes is fabricated on a textile and successfully demonstrated and characterized. For this new fabrication process, flexible screen-printable Ag C-NCP, with resistivity of 2.12 × 10−6 Ω·m, is used for device electrodes. Commercial Ag epoxy, with resistivity of 1 × 10−6 ∼ 10 × 10−6 Ω·m, is also used to fabricate a second set of electrodes for comparison. The device is tested with saline solutions at different salt concentrations, and the current through each saline solution is measured at different voltages using both Ag C-NCP electrodes and Ag epoxy electrodes. The current increases linearly for a given voltage as the salt concentration increases, for devices with both Ag C-NCP electrodes and Ag epoxy electrodes.
Magnetless non-reciprocal components based on spatio-temporal conductivity-modulation (2018)

Non-reciprocal components, such isolators and circulators, have a wide range of applications at radio frequencies and millimeter-waves in wireless communications and radar systems, to name a few. We demonstrate that by modulating the conductivity around a delay medium, non-magnetic, low-loss, compact and broadband non-reciprocity can be achieved. CMOS circulators at 750 MHz and 28 GHz validate our claims.
Bioactive peptide-fluorescent dye conjugates for in vivo tumor imaging (2000)

The efficacy of fluorescent optical contrast agents under development for receptor-targeted tumor detection and imaging was assessed in vivo. Tumor targeting of a dye-peptide system is demonstrated and compared to the non-specific retention of the dye alone.
An IP-based triggering method for LTE MTC devices (2015)

In Release 11, the 3 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rd</sup> Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) introduced the ability for Service Capability Servers (SCS) / Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Servers to request that the Mobile Core Network (MCN) deliver a Short Message Service (SMS) device trigger to the User Equipment (UE). The ability to send a trigger avoids the need for the UE to maintain constant contact with the SCS via keep-alive messaging. Keep-alive messaging can be particularly wasteful when considering the nature of M2M Communications. The SMS based triggering solution requires that the UE support an application that listens on an SMS port for triggers. In this paper, we propose an IP-Based trigger delivery method. The proposed triggering method allows a UE to receive a trigger by simply listening on a User Datagram Protocol (UDP) port. The solution also allows the UE to reply to the SCS with a small application specific response. We present the call flow for the new triggering method and the required enhancements to the 3GPP Machine-Type Communication Interworking Function (MTC-IWF). The paper concludes by presenting a demonstration platform that shows the IP-based trigger delivery method working with a commercially available Long Term Evolution (LTE) UE and a oneM2M compliant M2M Server.
A Microdevice Platform Recapitulating Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironments (2017)

Hypoxia plays a central role in cancer progression and resistance to therapy. We have engineered a microdevice platform to recapitulate the intratumor oxygen gradients that drive the heterogeneous hypoxic landscapes in solid tumors. Our design features a "tumor section"-like culture by incorporating a cell layer between two diffusion barriers, where an oxygen gradient is established by cellular metabolism and physical constraints. We confirmed the oxygen gradient by numerical simulation and imaging-based oxygen sensor measurement. We also demonstrated spatially-resolved hypoxic signaling in cancer cells through immunostaining, gene expression assay, and hypoxia-targeted drug treatment. Our platform can accurately generate and control oxygen gradients, eliminates complex microfluidic handling, allows for incorporation of additional tumor components, and is compatible with high-content imaging and high-throughput applications. It is well suited for understanding hypoxia-mediated mechanisms in cancer disease and other biological processes, and discovery of new therapeutics.
Coiled for protection (2003)

In this article, the authors describe an advanced protection system that incorporates Rogowski coil current sensors and multifunction relays that provide primary and backup power system protection.
Potent Somatostatin Undecapeptide Agonists Selective for Somatostatin Receptor 1 (sst1) (2001)

A family of analogues of des-AA(1,2,5)-[DTrp(8)/D2Nal(8)]-SRIF that contain a 4-(N-isopropyl)-aminomethylphenylalanine (IAmp) at position 9 was identified that has high affinity and selectivity for human somatostatin receptor subtype 1 (sst1). The binding affinities of des-AA(1,2,5)-[DTrp(8),IAmp(9)]-SRIF (c[H-Cys-Lys-Phe-Phe-DTrp-IAmp-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys-OH], CH-275) (7), des-AA(1,5)-[Tyr(2),DTrp(8),IAmp(9)]-SRIF (CH-288) (16), des-AA(1,2,5)-[Tyr(7),DTrp(8),IAmp(9)]-SRIF (23), and des-AA(1,2,5)-[DTrp(8),IAmp(9),Tyr(11)]-SRIF (25) are about (1)/(7), (1)/(4), (1)/(125), and (1)/(4) that of SRIF-28 (1) to sst1, respectively, about (1)/(65), (1)/(130), <(1)/(1000), and <(1)/(150) that of 1 to sst3, respectively, and about or less than (1)/(1000) that of 1 to the other three human SRIF receptor subtypes. A substitution of DTrp(8) by D2Nal(8) in 7 to yield des-AA(1,2,5)-[D2Nal(8),IAmp(9)]-SRIF (13) and in 16 to yield des-AA(1,5)-[Tyr(2),D2Nal(8),IAmp(9)]-SRIF (17) was intended to increase chemical stability, selectivity, and affinity and resulted in two analogues that were less potent or equipotent with similar selectivity, respectively. Carbamoylation of the N-terminus as in des-AA(1,2,5)-[DTrp(8),IAmp(9),Tyr(11)]-Cbm-SRIF (27) increased affinity slightly as well as improved selectivity. Monoiodination of 25 to yield 26 and of 27 to yield 28 resulted in an additional 4-fold increase in affinity at sst1. Desamination of the N-terminus of 17 to yield 18, on the other hand, resulted in significant loss of affinity. Attempts at reducing the size of the ring with maintenance of selectivity failed in that des-AA(1,4,5,13)-[Tyr(2),DTrp(8),IAmp(9)]-SRIF (33) and des-AA(1,4,5,6,12,13)-[Tyr(2),DTrp(8),IAmp(9)]-SRIF (34) progressively lost affinity for all receptors. Both des-AA(1,2,5)-[DTrp(8),IAmp(9),Tyr(11)]-Cbm-SRIF (27) and des-AA(1,2,5)-[DCys(3),DTrp(8),IAmp(9),Tyr(11)]-Cbm-SRIF (29) show agonistic activity in a cAMP assay; therefore, the structural basis for the agonist property of this family of analogues is not contingent upon the chirality of the Cys residue at position 3 as shown to be the case in 18-membered ring SRIF octapeptides. None of the high affinity structures described here showed receptor antagonism. We have prepared the radiolabeled des-AA(1,2,5)-[DTrp(8),IAmp(9),(125)ITyr(11)]-SRIF ((125)I-25) and des-AA(1,2,5)-[DTrp(8),IAmp(9), (125)ITyr(11)]-Cbm-SRIF ((125)I-27), used them as in vitro tracers, and found them to be superior to des-AA(1,5)-[(125)ITyr(2),DTrp(8),IAmp(9)]-SRIF ((125)I-16) for the detection of sst1 tumors in receptor autoradiography studies.
Seemingly diverse activities of beta-alethine. (1994)

beta-Alethine (beta-alanyl-cysteamine disulfide) exhibits striking biological activities in diverse systems. At an optimum of about 10 ng/ml, beta-alethine (a) adapts murine liver cells to culture (53 colonies/10(6) cells versus none in controls), (b) delays aging of human IMR-90 fetal lung fibroblasts (102 population doubling levels versus 47 in controls, producing 3 x 10(16) greater biomass), and (c) markedly stimulates antibody-producing plaque-forming cells from murine splenocytes (16,875/10(6) cells versus 55/10(6) cells in controls) or human peripheral blood leukocytes (1826/10(6) cells versus 0/10(6) cells in controls). Early interventions with beta-alethine (1 ng/kg to 100 micrograms/kg) successfully treat NS-1 myeloma in a syngeneic murine tumor model (NS-1 myeloma). Although there are indications in this model that beta-alethine is also effective when intervention is late, beta-alethine is ineffective in an allogeneic murine melanoma model (Cloudman S-91 melanoma). It is inferred that beta-alethine enhances cellular phenotypic expression, function, and vitality in diverse biological systems and may treat certain types of neoplasia. Because atomic spacings between the amide moieties in beta-alethine are the same as in the differentiating agent hexamethylene-bis-acetamide and because the radioprotectors WR 2721 and WR 1065 lack only the carbonyl oxygen of the thiol form (beta-aletheine), biological activities already reported for these compounds are compared with those presented herein for beta-alethine. Although these comparisons have not been made in the same systems, the tentative conclusion is that the amide moieties of beta-alethine may be critical to its potency and lack of obvious toxicity in cell culture and animal models.
Metabolically engineered soybean seed with enhanced threonine levels: biochemical characterization and seed‐specific expression of lysine‐insensitive variants of aspartate kinases from the enteric bacterium <i>Xenorhabdus bovienii</i> (2010)

Threonine (Thr) is one of a few limiting essential amino acids (EAAs) in the animal feed industry, and its level in feed rations can impact production of important meat sources, such as swine and poultry. Threonine as well as EAAs lysine (Lys) and methionine (Met) are all synthesized via the aspartate family pathway. Here, we report a successful strategy to produce high free threonine soybean seed via identification of a feedback-resistant aspartate kinase (AK) enzyme that can be over-expressed in developing soybean seed. Towards this goal, we have purified and biochemically characterized AK from the enteric bacterium Xenorhabdus bovienii (Xb). Site-directed mutagenesis of XbAK identified two key regulatory residues Glu-257 and Thr-359 involved in lysine inhibition. Three feedback-resistant alleles, XbAK_T359I, XbAK_E257K and XbAK_E257K/T359I, have been generated. This study is the first to kinetically characterize the XbAK enzyme and provide biochemical and transgenic evidence that Glu-257 near the catalytic site is a critical residue for the allosteric regulation of AK. Furthermore, seed-specific expression of the feedback-resistant XbAK_T359I or XbAK_E257K allele results in increases of free Thr levels of up to 100-fold in R(1) soybean seed when compared to wild-type. Expression of feedback-sensitive wild-type AK did not substantially impact seed Thr content. In addition to high Thr, transgenic seed also showed substantial increases in other major free amino acid (FAA) levels, resulting in an up to 3.5-fold increase in the total FAA content. The transgenic seed was normal in appearance and germinated well under greenhouse conditions.
Sub-50 femtosecond, multiterwatt Ti:sapphire laser system (1996)

We discuss a Ti:sapphire laser system based on chirped pulse amplification which produces over 750 mJ in sub-50 femtosecond pulses. We also describe a novel, all-reflective stretcher with a stretching ratio of 30,000.