gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Giant thermal spin torque assisted magnetic tunnel junction switching (2015)

Spin-polarized charge-currents induce magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) switching by virtue of spin-transfer-torque (STT). Recently, by taking advantage of the spin dependent thermoelectric properties of magnetic materials, novel means of generating spin-currents from temperature gradients, and their associated thermal spin torques (TSTs) have been proposed, but so far these TSTs have not been large enough to influence MTJ switching. Here we demonstrate significant TSTs in MTJs by generating large temperature gradients across ultrathin MgO tunnel barriers that considerably affect the switching fields of the MTJ. We attribute the origin of the TST to an asymmetry of the tunneling conductance across the zero-bias voltage of the MTJ. Remarkably, we estimate through magneto-Seebeck voltage measurements that the charge-currents that would be generated due to the temperature gradient would give rise to STT that is a thousand times too small to account for the changes in switching fields that we observe.
Structure-Based Design of a Parallel Synthetic Array Directed Toward the Discovery of Irreversible Inhibitors of Human Rhinovirus 3C Protease (2002)

Utilizing the tools of parallel synthesis and structure-based design, a new class of Michael acceptor-containing, irreversible inhibitors of human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV 3CP) was discovered. These inhibitors are shown to inhibit HRV-14 3CP with rates of inactivation ranging from 886 to 31 400 M(-1) sec(-1). These inhibitors exhibit antiviral activity when tested against HRV-14 infected H1-HeLa cells, with EC(50) values ranging from 1.94 to 0.15 microM. No cytotoxicity was observed at the limits of the assay concentration. A crystal structure of one of the more potent inhibitors covalently bound to HRV-2 3CP is detailed. These compounds were also tested against HRV serotypes other than type 14 and were found to have highly variable activities.
Preliminary evaluation of a new control approach to achieve speed adaptation in robotic transfemoral prostheses (2014)

Robotic prostheses can improve walking ability in persons with transfemoral amputations by closely matching kinetics and kinematics of the intact leg during walking. However, achieving this goal requires the prosthesis to adapt to walking speed, a function that no powered transfemoral prosthesis has yet achieved. In this paper, we present, and perform initial testing on a new control framework that allows biologically accurate leg function at varying walking speeds, without the need for tuning. The proposed framework comprises two novel controllers that rely on quasi-stiffness modulation in stance phase and minimum jerk trajectory in swing phase. Preliminary testing was conducted in an able-bodied subject using a bypass adapter to walk on a robotic prosthesis at five different walking speeds (from 0.62 to 1.16 m/s). Experimental results demonstrated the ability of the proposed controller to approximate intact leg function at different walking speeds.
Application of the Dirichlet Principle to the Design of Progressive-Addition Lenses (1991)

The obvious purpose of an ophthalmic multifocal is to enable the wearer to see clearly at a multiplicity of viewing distances. Bifocals and trifocals accomplish the task admirably, but introduce discontinuities of power and prism into the visual field. Progressive-addition lenses offer distinct optical advantages over conventional multifocals: they provide clear vision at all viewing distances as well as continuity of the visual field. But for maximum visual comfort, the inherent aberrations of the progressive surfaces of these lenses must be minimized and the flow of surface power must be smooth. The present paper addresses the mathematical problem of smoothness and shows how the degree smoothness of the progressive surface can be optimized using the Dirichlet principle. 1
Development of the water-window imaging x-ray microscope (1992)

The Water Window Imaging X-Ray Microscope is a doubly reflecting, multilayer optical system configured to operate within the biologically important narrow spectral range known as the `water window.'' Within this x-ray waveband, which lies between the K absorption edges of oxygen (23.3 angstroms) and carbon (43.62 angstroms), water is relatively highly transmissive and carbon is highly absorptive. Consequently, this high resolution microscope can obtain high contrast images of carbon-based structures within living cells in aqueous physiological environments. This new multilayer x-ray microscope should afford ultrasensitive detection and analysis advantages not available with conventional microscopes. The Stanford/MSFC/LLNL Rocket X-Ray Spectroheliograph flight of 1987 achieved the first solar images with a doubly reflecting multilayer telescope and conclusively established the power of multilayer optics. During the MSFC X-Ray Microscope program, we theoretically established that high resolution multilayer x-ray imaging microscopes could be achieved with spherical optics in the Schwarzschild configuration and with aspherical optics. Advanced flow polishing techniques were used to fabricate ultrasmooth concave and convex spherical mirror substrates of zerodur and hemlite-grade sapphire. Atomic force microscopy and Zygo profilometer tests revealed these mirror substrates to have surface smoothness ranging from 0.5 angstrom rms (sapphire) to 2.0 angstroms rms (zerodur). In this paper, we discuss the fabrication and testing of the optical and mechanical components of the x-ray microscope.
Efficient graph-based event detection scheme on social media (2023)

As various opinions and thoughts of users are shared on social media, various events can be detected through social media data analysis. The graph-based event detection scheme may eliminate event duplication detection by clustering words related to an event. In this paper, we propose a graph-based event detection scheme for detecting various events in the real world through social media analysis. The proposed scheme expresses the simultaneous occurrence of words mentioned with an event in graph form. Therefore, it can convey the information about the detected event and avoid duplicate detection. A keyword graph is constructed and keywords related to an event are clustered by analyzing the collected social data. By considering user interest calculated through changes in social activities of users on social media, the proposed scheme can detect event results that receive more responses from users and improve the reliability of the results by excluding indiscriminate advertisements or malicious posts from the results. We assign a weight to the generated keyword graph by considering user interest and calculate an event detection coefficient to determine the event values of the candidate event graphs. We perform various evaluations to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme.
Upf1p, Nmd2p, and Upf3p Are Interacting Components of the Yeast Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay Pathway (1997)

Rapid turnover of nonsense-containing mRNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is dependent on Upf1p, Nmd2p, and Upf3p, the products of the UPF1, NMD2/UPF2, and UPF3 genes, respectively. We showed previously that Upf1p and Nmd2p interact and that this interaction is required for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (F. He and A. Jacobson, Genes Dev. 9:437-454, 1995; F. He, A. H. Brown, and A. Jacobson, RNA 2:153-170, 1996). In this study we have used the yeast two-hybrid system to define other protein-protein interactions among the essential components of this decay pathway. Nmd2p-Upf3p and Upf1p-Upf3p interactions were identified, and the respective domains involved in these interactions were delineated by deletion analysis. The domains of Upf1p and Upf3p putatively involved in their mutual interaction were found to correspond to the domains on the two proteins which interact with Nmd2p, suggesting that Nmd2p bridges Upf1p and Upf3p. This conclusion was reinforced by experiments showing that: (i) deletion of NMD2 completely abolishes interactions between Upf1p and Upf3p and (ii) overexpression of full-length Nmd2p or Nmd2p fragments that retain Upf1p- and Upf3p-interacting domains promotes 10- to 200-fold enhancement of Upf1p-Nmd2p-Upf3p complex formation. These results; the observation that cells harboring either single or multiple deletions of UPF1, NMD2, and UPF3 inhibit nonsense-mediated mRNA decay to the same extent; and an analysis of the possible targets of a dominant-negative NMD2 allele indicate that Upf1p, Nmd2p, Upf3p, and at least one other factor are functionally dependent, interacting components of the yeast nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway.
Regression of Low-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Patients With HLA-DRB1*13 Genotype (2004)

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Adaptive view synthesis for aliasing artifact reduction (2001)

In recent years, the scan speed of computed tomography (CT) has increased significantly. Not long ago, the state-of-the- art CT was only capable of completing a single scan in 1.0 s per gantry rotation. Nowadays, 0.5 s per revolution is nearly an industry standard. Faster scan speeds demand faster sampling of the projections to combat aliasing artifacts, and higher x-ray tube output to ensure sufficient x-ray photon flux delivered to the scan. These demands often exceed the technological capability of these components. In this paper we performed a detailed analysis on the characteristics of the view aliasing artifact. Based on our analysis and clinical observations, we propose an adaptive view synthesis (AVS) scheme that effectively reduces the demands on the data acquisition system. Detailed performance comparison between the full view sampling and the adaptive view synthesis are performed through computer simulations and phantom experiments. Our analysis indicates that AVS is adequate for routine clinical applications.
A chimeric MIP-1α/RANTES protein demonstrates the use of different regions of the RANTES protein to bind and activate its receptors (2001)

Abstract Human RANTES (CCL5) and MIP-1α (CCL3) bind and activate several CC chemokine receptors. RANTES is a high-affinity ligand for CCR1 and CCR5, and it binds CCR3 with moderate affinity and CCR4 with low affinity. MIP-1α has similar binding characteristics to RANTES except that it does not bind to CCR3. Here we have generated a chimera of human MIP-1α and RANTES, called MIP/RANTES, consisting of the eight amino terminal residues of MIP-1α preceding the CC motif, and the remainder of the sequence is RANTES. The chimera is able to induce chemotaxis of human monocytes. MIP/RANTES has &gt;100-fold reduction in binding to CCR1 and does not bind to CCR3 but retains full, functional binding to CCR5. It has equivalent affinity for CCR5 to MIP-1α and RANTES, binding with an IC50 of 1.12 nM, and is able to mobilize calcium and induce endocytosis of CCR5 in PBMC in a manner equi-potent to RANTES. It also retains the ability to inhibit R5 using HIV-1 strains. Therefore, we conclude that the amino terminus of RANTES is not involved in CCR5 binding, but it is essential for CCR1 and CCR3.
Efficient Preparation of (2R,4'R,8'R)-a-Tocopherol by Hydroxymethylation (2000)

(2R,4'R,8'R)-a-Tocopherol (1), the compound with highest vitamin E activity and, therefore, the biologically most valuable tocopherol, plays an important role in feed, food, and pharma industry. Since an economical total synthesis is not feasible up to now, large-scale production by semi-synthesis starts from natural-source material.1 A mixture of a-, b-, g-, and d-tocopherol (1-4) can be obtained from soybean deodorizer distillates (originally a waste stream of soybean processing) by a combination of various physico-chemical purification steps.
Electrophysiology: A review of signal origins and applications to investigating glaucoma (1998)

Because different electrophysiological responses can be isolated to different retinal and cortical cell types and levels, the proportion in which the different signals are reduced can reflect the primary areas of damage. The knowledge of electrophysiology component sources can thus be applied when examining ophthalmic disorders. The present review covers the proposed origins and the usefulness of the conventional electrophysiological responses. Their application to glaucoma is discussed, with particular reference to the pattern electroretinogram. In the second part of the current review, we present some recent developments that relate to the use of multifocal pseudorandomly stimulated recording. This technique enables a new approach to the electrical assessment of visual responses. Analysis for temporal non-linearities and spatial distribution of the response throughout the visual field can be implemented. This type of recording has the potential to provide a method of objective visual field assessment in glaucoma and other disorders of the visual system.
Combining SIL tag and IL receiver for concurrent vital sign and position sensing (2013)

This work proposes a low-complexity wireless system that operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band for concurrent vital sign and position sensing. The prototype consists of two main parts. One is the self-injection-locked (SIL) tag, which produces a frequency-modulated (FM) signal. The other is the group of injection-locked (IL) receivers that are synchronized due to injection locking by the FM signal. In an experiment, a tagged subject is standing still, breathing normally, and surrounded by the receivers. The FM signal that is emitted by the tag contains the Doppler shift due to subject's cardiopulmonary motion. The synchronized receivers are responsible for receiving the signal to extract the vital sign and position information. Basically, vital signs including respiration and heart rates are obtained from the extracted cardiopulmonary signals, whereas information about the position of the subject is extracted from the phase difference of the received FM signals between the different receivers.
A Novel Technique for Monitoring Hydrate Safety Margin (2012)

Summary A novel technique has been developed for optimizing hydrate-inhibitor dose rates by monitoring the actual hydrate safety margin. The technique is based on measuring acoustic velocity and electrical conductivity in an aqueous sample taken from the pipeline/separator. The developed system then determines salt and organic inhibitor concentration (e.g., methanol, monoethylene glycol, and kinetic hydrate inhibitors). In the case of thermodynamic inhibitors, the information is then fed to a thermodynamic model determining the hydrate stability zone (HSZ). Superimposing the pipeline operating conditions (e.g., pressure and temperature profile), the developed system can determine the hydrate safety margin. The system can provide warning if the operating conditions are inside the HSZ or if too much inhibitor is being injected. The technique can be used in optimizing inhibitor-injection rates, reducing the impact on the environment and operational costs. It can also improve production-system reliability by constant monitoring the hydrate safety margin and protecting the system against pump malfunction and/or changes in process variables (e.g., water cut). This technique has been developed through a joint-industry project, and its performance has been intensively evaluated using synthetic samples and real produced-water samples by the authors and the project sponsors in field trials. The results demonstrate that this system can be used for different inhibitor systems, including methanol (MeOH)/NaCl, monoethylene glycol (MEG)/NaCl, and kinetic-hydrate-inhibitor/salt systems, with good accuracy. The developed system can have a major impact on reducing the inhibitor-injection rates and environmental impact and improving the reliability of production systems against risks associated with hydrate formation. The developed system can be laboratory-based, a mobile unit, or online, with near-real-time samples taken from live pipelines/separators.
Cobalt-Catalyzed Aziridination with Diphenylphosphoryl Azide (DPPA):  Direct Synthesis of <i>N</i>-Phosphorus-Substituted Aziridines from Alkenes (2006)

A new catalytic aziridination system that consists of cobalt(II) tetraphenylporphyrin [Co(TPP)] as the catalyst and diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA) as the nitrene source has been developed. The cobalt-based catalytic system allows direct synthesis of N-phosphorus-substituted aziridines from alkenes with dinitrogen as the byproduct. Cobalt ion seems essential to the catalytic aziridination with DPPA as no or only trace amounts of the desired products were observed with other metal complexes of tetraphenylporphyrin.
Autoimmune Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Astrocytopathy (2016)

Glial fibrillary acidic protein-specific IgG identifies a distinctive, corticosteroid-responsive, sometimes paraneoplastic autoimmune meningoencephalomyelitis. It has a lethal canine equivalent: necrotizing meningoencephalitis. Expression of GFAP has been reported in some of the tumor types identified in paraneoplastic cases. Glial fibrillary acidic protein peptide-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are implicated as effectors in a transgenic mouse model of autoimmune GFAP meningoencephalitis.
Human Bub1: a putative spindle checkpoint kinase closely linked to cell proliferation. (1998)

Eukaryotic cells have evolved a mechanism that delays the onset of anaphase until chromosomes are properly positioned on the spindle. To understand the molecular basis of such surveillance mechanism in human cells, we have cloned a full-length cDNA encoding a putative mitotic checkpoint kinase termed hBub1. Sequence comparison reveals that hBub1 is a structurally conserved protein, sharing 23% amino acid residue identity with BUB1 of budding yeast. In addition, the NH2-terminal portion (161 amino acids) of hBub1 shows a significant homology to yeast MAD3, a protein also known to be involved in the mitotic checkpoint response pathway. Northern blot analyses show that the hBub1 mRNA level is abundantly expressed in tissues or cells with a high mitotic index. When Dami cells undergo terminal differentiation after treatment with phorbol ester, hBub1 expression in this cell line is down-regulated rapidly. The hBub1 protein level is low in G1 and remains relatively constant in S, G2, and M phases. Immunofluorescence analysis shows that hBub1 protein colocalizes with a centromere-kinetochore antigen CREST in interphase, mitotic prophase, and nocodazole-treated cells. Antibody electroporation experiments show that hBub1 is an important component of the spindle checkpoint pathway. Furthermore, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis maps the hBub1 gene to chromosome 2q12-13. Our studies suggest that hBub1 expression is restricted to proliferating cells and appears to be involved in regulating cell cycle progression. The molecular cloning of hBub1 cDNA will facilitate the study of its role in spindle checkpoint control as well as its potential role in certain genetic disorders.
<title>Fluorescence lifetime microscopy: a stimulated emission approach</title> (1996)

The stimulated emission process has been rarely exploited in spectroscopy and microscopy. Instead, a spectroscopy method based on the pump-probe principle has been frequently used to observe picosecond and femtosecond processes. This common approach has not been applied to microscopy due to the relatively slow acquisition time and the lack of 3D information. We have exploited an idea originally proposed by F. Lytle group<sup>28</sup> in which two pulsed lasers are simultaneously focused on the sample. One laser is used to excite a population of molecules and the second laser to induce stimulated emission. The stimulated radiation is carried away in the same direction of the stimulating laser beam. By collecting the fluorescence emission in other directions, we observe a modulation of the fluorescence signal as a function of the delay between the two laser pulses. The repetition rate of the two lasers is slightly different producing a frequency beating at the laser overlapping volume. We have extended this method to achieve very high spatial and temporal resolution in the microscope environment. By recording only the beating frequency, we obtain a 3D sectional effect similar to two-photon excitation. The harmonic content of the beating signal is limited by the laser pulse width and by the sample frequency response. Information of picosecond processes are extracted by standard frequency-domain methods. Using this principle, we built a stimulated emission microscope that has 3D and fluorescence lifetime capabilities.
Wavelength division demultiplexer using polymer optical waveguide and diffraction grating (2004)

We have studied a new wavelength division demultiplexer for coarse wavelength division multiplexing. A polymer optical waveguide and a diffraction grating were applied to facilitate assembly and miniaturization. The prototype demultiplexer demonstrated fairly satisfactory performance.
Anaerobic Digestion for Reduction and Stabilization of Organic Solid Wastes During Space Missions: Laboratory Studies (2002)

The technical feasibility of applying anaerobic digestion for reduction and stabilization of the organic fraction of solid wastes generated during space missions was investigated. This process has the advantages of not requiring oxygen or high temperature and pressure while producing methane, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and compost as valuable products. High-solids leachbed anaerobic digestion employed here involves a solidphase fermentation with leachate recycle between new and old reactors for inoculation, wetting, and removal of volatile organic acids during startup. After anaerobic conversion is complete, the compost bed may be used for biofiltration and plant growth medium. The nutrientrich leachate may also be used as a vehicle for nutrient recycle. Physical properties of representative waste feedstocks were determined to evaluate their space requirements and hydraulic leachability in the selected digester design. Anaerobic biochemical methane potential assays were run on several feedstocks to determine extent and rates of bioconversion. Modifications for operation of a leachbed anaerobic digestion process in space environments were incorporated into a modified design, including flooded operation to force leachate through feedstock beds and separation of biogas from leachate in a gas collection reservoir. The results of runs in a prototype laboratoryscale reactor system operated on simulated solid waste blends are presented.
(Invited) Divide Et Impera: Towards New Frontiers with Atomic Layer Etching (2015)

Atomic layer etching (ALE) is emerging as a solution for advanced etch applications which require atomic scale fidelity /1/. In analogy to Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), ALE is separated into two individual steps, one for surface modification and one for removal /2,3,4/. Similar to Reactive Ion Etching (RIE), the fundamental mechanism of ALE is based on ion-neutral synergism. Because of the time separation of the surface modification by neutrals and the removal step by ions, this synergism manifests itself in the saturation of the removal step. The modification step is saturated which means that the fundamental etch mechanism of directional ALE is chemically enhanced sputtering /5-8/. The window for directional ALE is given by the sputter threshold of the bulk material on the high end and the sputter threshold of the modified layer on the low end.