gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Transgenic Lettuce Line with Resistance to Both Lettuce Big-vein Associated Virus and Mirafiori Lettuce Virus (2006)

The coat protein (CP) gene of lettuce big-vein associated virus (LBVaV) in sense or antisense orientation in a binary vector pBI121 was transformed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith and Towns.) Conn. mediated transformation into lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) to generate LBVaV-resistant lettuce. Nineteen T 1 lines were produced; five to 10 plants of each T 1 line were inoculated with LBVaV using Olpidium brassicae (Wor.) Dang.; and LBVaV was not detected in eight plants derived from six lines. T 2 seedlings from the eight plants were tested for LBVaV resistance, and one line (line A-2) with the CP gene in antisense orientation was resistant to LBVaV while the other lines were susceptible. The transgenic line A-2 was also resistant to mirafiori lettuce virus (MiLV) and big-vein expressions regardless of the presence or absence of LBVaV.
The Effect of Water in the Quantitation of Hemoglobin Concentration in a Tissue-Like Phantom by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (2006)

We have investigated the contribution of water in the quantitative determination of hemoglobin concentration and saturation by near-infrared spectroscopy in turbid media. Our study consists of in vitro measurements on an aqueous suspension containing Liposyn, bovine blood, and yeast, buffered at pH 7.2. The optical coefficients of the medium (μ a ,~0.03-0.08 cm −1 , μ s ′ ~0 cm −1 ) match those of biological tissue in the near-infrared, and the hemoglobin concentration (23 μM) is also similar to that found in tissues. We were able to reversibly saturate and desaturate hemoglobin in the full range O-100% by flowing either oxygen or nitrogen through the medium. We found that water absorption must be taken into account to obtain accurate results of hemoglobin concentration and saturation. However, for the two wavelengths employed in this study (715 and 825 nm), the water correction has a small effect on deoxy-hemoglobin concentration, and on hemoglobin saturation in the high saturation limit. Oxy-hemoglobin concentration, and hemoglobin saturation in the low saturation limit are the parameters most sensitive to water correction.
Thermal and Environmental Stability of Semi‐Transparent Perovskite Solar Cells for Tandems Enabled by a Solution‐Processed Nanoparticle Buffer Layer and Sputtered ITO Electrode (2016)

A sputtered oxide layer enabled by a solution-processed oxide nanoparticle buffer layer to protect underlying layers is used to make semi-transparent perovskite solar cells. Single-junction semi-transparent cells are 12.3% efficient, and mechanically stacked tandems on silicon solar cells are 18.0% efficient. The semi-transparent perovskite solar cell has a T 80 lifetime of 124 h when operated at the maximum power point at 100 °C without additional sealing in ambient atmosphere under visible illumination.
OSNR based routing in WDM optical networks (2008)

WDM networks have successfully solved the capacity issues, but the continuously changing traffic still causes a serious problem for the operators. Emerging demands often cannot be satisfied without modifying the network design, which is quite costly and difficult, so operators try to avoid this situation whenever possible. There is a strong need for a system that can deliver the same capacity as WDM, with the design and provisioning flexibility of SONET/SDH. The solution must ensure flexibility for dynamically changing future demands. The reconfigurable optical network offers the possibility to increase or change services between sites with no advanced engineering or planning, and without disrupting existing services. In the past, reconfigurable optical networking technology was too expensive or delicate to be widely deployed. With recently matured siliconbased integrated Planar Lightwave Circuit components, reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs) are now being installed by many operators. The technology called ROADM represents a real breakthrough for WDM networks by providing the flexibility and functionality required in present complex networking environments. Older, or fixed, OADMs cannot configure capacity at a node without manual reconfiguration and typically support reconfiguration of only a limited number of wavelengths. In contrast, ROADMs allow service providers to reconfigure add and drop capacity at a node remotely, reducing operating expenses by eliminating the time and
Congestion-Distortion Optimized Peer-to-Peer Video Streaming (2006)

In live peer-to-peer streaming, a video stream is transmitted to a large population of viewers, through the use of the uplink bandwidth of participating peers. This approach overcomes the cost of large-scale deployment of such services. An essential problem of this type of system is to limit the incurred congestion. In particular, overwhelming the uplink of some peers would create a large increase in the latency of the system and make this application less compelling. In this work we focus on limiting the congestion in a peer-to-peer network where multiple multicast trees are used to distribute video to a large set of receivers. We present the idea of congestion-distortion optimized streaming which aims at maximizing decoded video quality while limiting network congestion. We describe how this type of media scheduling maintains high video quality even for low latencies, and extend its usage to the peer-to-peer scenario. Experiments over a simulated network of 300 peers illustrate the benefits of the suggested approach.
Multicore acceleration of priority-based schedulers for concurrency bug detection (2012)

Testing multithreaded programs is difficult as threads can interleave in a nondeterministic fashion. Untested interleavings can cause failures, but testing all interleavings is infeasible. Many interleaving exploration strategies for bug detection have been proposed, but their relative effectiveness and performance remains unclear as they often lack publicly available implementations and have not been evaluated using common benchmarks. We describe NeedlePoint, an open-source framework that allows selection and comparison of a wide range of interleaving exploration policies for bug detection proposed by prior work.
Liquefaction of catalyst during carbon single-walled nanotube growth (2005)

Two groups of cobalt nanoparticles with spherical and disk shape were used to grow carbon single-walled nanotubes by chemical vapor deposition. To elucidate the synthesis conditions and for comparison purpose, a third group of cobalt catalyst prepared by common wet chemistry was used. After the synthesis, electron-microscopic studies revealed that the disk-shape particles with size less than 20nm were transformed into spheres. Meanwhile, calorimetric measurements showed that the given synthesis temperature was lower than the melting point of the catalyst nanoparticles. Our result supports a growth concept based on the formation of nanotubes on carbon-induced liquefied metal nanoparticles.
A novel ultrasonic method to quantify pressure in bolted joints (2012)

In structures most of fasteners are not critical for rigidity, however significant damage can occur if majority of uncritical fasteners fail. Furthermore, the maintenance is not feasible due to their vast quantity. In this study, we explored a new method to significantly improve the maintenance capability for these fasteners. The method distantly detects the preload between the bolt and the surface. We use a linear transducer array that generates acoustic beam using surface acoustic waves (SAWs) transmitted by array elements. The bolt boundary reflects SAW and array elements receive the echo signals. The signals are processed in the beamformer to generate the boundary's image which quantifies the preload to enable a strong estimation about the health of the bolted joint. We experimentally investigated the proposed method by using used a 5-MHz, 50-elements synthetic array. We measured the preload for five different tightening levels. As expected, two saturation regions (for too tightening and too loosening cases) and a linear region are observed (between them). The electronically steering of the array enables to make simultaneous preload measurements of many bolted joints in the same surface. The distant pressure measurement sensor could be integrated to a data acquisition system to track the health of the joints over time.
160 Gb/s Bidirectional Polymer-Waveguide Board-Level Optical Interconnects Using (2009)

We have developed parallel optical interconnect technologies designed to support terabit/s-class chip-to-chip data transfer through polymer waveguides integrated in printed circuit boards (PCBs). The board-level links represent a highly integrated packaging approach based on a novel parallel optical module, or Optomodule, with 16 transmitter and 16 receiver channels. Optomodules with channels have been assembled and fully characterized, with transmitters operating at data rates up to 20 Gb/s for a PRBS pattern. Receivers characterized as fiber-coupled 16-channel transmitter-to-receiver links oper- ated error-free up to 15 Gb/s, providing a 240 Gb/s aggregate bidirectional data rate. The low-profile Optomodule is directly surface mounted to a circuit board using convention ball grid array (BGA) solder process. Optical coupling to a dense array of polymer waveguides fabricated on the PCB is facilitated by turning mirrors and lens arrays integrated into the optical PCB. A complete optical link between two Optomodules interconnected through 32 polymer waveguides has been demonstrated with each unidirectional link operating at 10 Gb/s achieving a 160 Gb/s bidirectional data rate. The full module-to-module link provides the fastest, widest, and most integrated multimode optical bus demonstrated to date. Index Terms—Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) analog integrated circuits, integrated optoelectronics, optical planar waveguides, optical receivers, optical transmitters, optoelectronic packaging, parallel optical interconnections.
Binary nonlinear joint transform correlator performance with different thresholding methods under unknown illumination conditions (1995)

The correlation performance of binary joint transform correlators with unknown input-image light illumination is investigated for different thresholding methods used in the Fourier plane. It is shown that a binary joint transform correlator that uses a spatial frequency dependent threshold function for binarization of the joint power spectrum is invariant to uniform input-image illumination. Computer simulations and optical experimental results are provided.
Dynamic Optical Fringe Suppression for Silicon Photonic Sensors (2018)

We present a new fringe mitigation method based on Fourier decomposition of background optical fringe patterns. Application to a silicon photonic on-chip sensor show order of magnitude improved concentration retrieval stability.
An investigation of 3D dual-tree wavelet transform for video coding (2005)

This paper examines the properties of a recently introduced 3D dual-tree discrete wavelet transform (DDWT) for video coding. The 3D DDWT is an attractive video representation because it isolates motion along different directions in separate subbands. However, it is an overcomplete transform with 8:1 redundancy. We examine the effectiveness of the iterative projection-based noise shaping scheme proposed by Kingsbury et al., (2002) on reducing the number of coefficients. We also investigate the correlation between subbands at the same spatial/temporal location, both in the significance map and in actual coefficient values.
Bisphosphonates target multiple sites in both <i>cis</i> - and <i>trans</i> -prenyltransferases (2007)

Bisphosphonate drugs (e.g., Fosamax and Zometa) are thought to act primarily by inhibiting farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), resulting in decreased prenylation of small GTPases. Here, we show that some bisphosphonates can also inhibit geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS), as well as undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase (UPPS), a cis-prenyltransferase of interest as a target for antibacterial therapy. Our results on GGPPS (10 structures) show that there are three bisphosphonate-binding sites, consisting of FPP or isopentenyl diphosphate substrate-binding sites together with a GGPP product- or inhibitor-binding site. In UPPS, there are a total of four binding sites (in five structures). These results are of general interest because they provide the first structures of GGPPS- and UPPS-inhibitor complexes, potentially important drug targets, in addition to revealing a remarkably broad spectrum of binding modes not seen in FPPS inhibition.
Oscillating Probe for Dual Detection of 5′PO<sub>4</sub> and 5′OH DNA Breaks in Tissue Sections (2006)

Several types of DNA cuts are used as markers of apoptosis for detection of apoptotic cells in situ. We recently introduced a ligase-based in situ assay that is specific for a single type of DNA damage--a double-strand break of DNase I-type, bearing 5'PO4. Here we describe a vaccinia topoisomerase I-based approach to label another type of DNA damage in situ--a double-strand break of DNase II-type, bearing 5'OH. The assay uses a new type of probe, a molecular oscillator. The probe self-assembles in solution out of a dual-hairpin oligonucleotide and vaccinia topoisomerase I. The enzyme continuously separates and religates two fluorescently labeled hairpins, which can participate in energy transfer. We describe the successful combination of topoisomerase-and ligase-based systems into an in situ assay. The assay uses an oscillating probe for simultaneous detection of two types of DNA cuts in tissue sections.
On improving optimization effectiveness in interconnect-driven physical synthesis (2009)

In modern designs, the delay of a net can vary significantly depending on its routing. This large estimation error during the pre-routing stage can often mislead the optimization of the netlist. We extend state-of-the-art interconnect-driven physical synthesis by introducing a new paradigm (namely, persistence) that relies on guaranteed net routes for the most sensitive nets while performing circuit optimization in the pre-route stage. We implemented our proposed approach in a cutting-edge industrial physical synthesis flow; this involved the automatic identification and routing of critical nets that were likely to be mispredicted, the automatic update of their routes during the subsequent pre-routing stage optimizations, and the guaranteed retention of their routes across the routing stage. Our approach achieves significant performance improvements on a suite of real-world 65nm designs, while ensuring that the impact on their routability remains negligible. Furthermore, our experimental results scale very well with design size.
Reconstruction of Three-Dimensional (3D) Indoor Interiors with Multiple Stories via Comprehensive Segmentation (2018)

The fast and stable reconstruction of building interiors from scanned point clouds has recently attracted considerable research interest. However, reconstructing long corridors and connected areas across multiple floors has emerged as a substantial challenge. This paper presents a comprehensive segmentation method for reconstructing a three-dimensional (3D) indoor structure with multiple stories. With this method, the over-segmentation that usually occurs in the reconstruction of long corridors in a complex indoor environment is overcome by morphologically eroding the floor space to segment rooms and by overlapping the segmented room-space with partitioned cells via extracted wall lines. Such segmentation ensures both the integrity of the room-space partitions and the geometric regularity of the rooms. For spaces across floors in a multistory building, a peak-nadir-peak strategy in the distribution of points along the z-axis is proposed in order to extract connected areas across multiple floors. A series of experimental tests while using seven real-world 3D scans and eight synthetic models of indoor environments show the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.
Reduction in Microloading by High-Gas-Flow-Rate Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasma Etching (1995)

High-gas-flow-rate electron cyclotron resonance plasma etching was employed to reduce microloading in Si etching with Cl 2 at low pressure. Microloading estimated with a conventional etching system increases with decrease in pressure from 5 to 0.5 mTorr. The increase in microloading is attributed to the increase in the ratio of ion flux to reacting neutrals. The ion/neutral ratio was found to be as large as 6.4 at 0.5 mTorr. This large ratio was caused by both the decrease in reacting neutral density and the increase in reaction products. The high gas flow rate with a high effective pumping speed of 2000 l/s reduces the reaction products, increases the reacting neutrals and reduces the ion/neutral ratio to 0.65. As the result, the microloading is reduced. The relative etch rate at an aspect ratio of 7 increases from 0.65 at 136 l/s to 1.00 at 2000 l/s. Thus high-gas-flow-rate-etching solved the problem of large microloading which is not suppressed even with high density plasma and low gas pressure.
In Vivo Delivery of Nucleic Acid-Formulated Microparticles as a Potential Tolerogenic Vaccine for Type 1 Diabetes (2012)

Originally conceived as a method to silence transcription/translation of nascent RNA, nucleic acids aimed at downregulating gene expression have been shown to act at multiple levels. Some of the intriguing features of these gene-silencing nucleic acids include activation of molecular signals in immune cells which confer tolerogenic properties. We have discovered a method to induce stable tolerogenic ability to dendritic cells ex vivo using a mixture of phosphorothioate-modified antisense DNA targeting the primary transcripts of CD40, CD80 and CD86. Autologous human dendritic cells generated in the presence of these oligonucleotides prevent and reverse type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) strain mouse model of the human disease, and have been shown to be safe in established diabetic human patients. Even though this ex vivo approach is clinically feasible, we have gone beyond a cell therapy approach to develop a "population-targeting" microsphere formulation of the three antisense oligonucleotides. Effectively, such a product could constitute an "off-the-shelf" vaccine. In this paper, we describe the progress made in developing this approach, as well as providing some insight into potential molecular mechanisms of action.
Development of a Chromium-Free Consumable for Austenitic Stainless Steels—Part 1: Monel (Alloy 400) Filler Metal (2006)

During fusion welding of stainless steels and other high-Cr alloys, evaporation and oxidation of Cr from the molten weld pool result in the generation of carcinogenic hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) in the welding fume. Stringent new exposure limits from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) might limit the environment in which the welding of stainless steel will be possible in the future. Therefore, a Cr-free filler metal is needed to reduce the release of Cr(VI) during the welding of stainless steel. From the galvanic series, the corrosion potential of the Ni-Cu alloy K400 (UNS N04400) is located in the same potential range as Type 304 (UNS S30400) and Type 316 (UNS S31600) stainless steels. In this study, the applicability of the Monel-type filler metals for the welding of austenitic stainless steel is examined. Type 304L (UNS S30403) stainless steel plate was successfully welded with Monel filler wire, resulting in high-quality welds with no cracks. The welds survived long-term exposure to mildly aggressive environments like 0.1 M sodium chloride (NaCl) with no evidence of corrosion. However, Cu-rich regions in the weld were the weak spots for corrosion susceptibility.
Preclinical Diagnosis of Scrapie by Immunohistochemistry of Third Eyelid Lymphoid Tissue (2000)

Ovine scrapie is a member of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), a heterogeneous family of fatal neurologic disorders characterized by deposition of an abnormal isoform (prion protein [PrP] PrP-Sc) of a cellular sialoglycoprotein in neural tissue. PrP-Sc is detectable in some lymphoid tissues of infected sheep months or years before development of clinical disease. Detection of PrP-Sc in these tissues is the basis for live-animal testing. In this study, we characterize the performance of a preclinical diagnostic test for ovine scrapie based on a monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based immunohistochemistry assay of nictitating membrane ("third eyelid")-associated lymphoid tissue. The results of third eyelid immunohistochemistry assay agreed with the scrapie status of the sheep for 41 of 42 clinical suspects with confirmed scrapie and 174 of 175 sheep without scrapie. Third eyelid sampling agreed with the scrapie status for 36 of 41 clinically normal sheep positive for PrP-Sc immunostaining of brain tissue, including 27 sheep with positive biopsy specimens that progressed to clinical disease with confirmed scrapie 3 to 20 months after biopsy. The assay used MAb F89/160.1.5, which binds to residues 142 to 145 of ovine PrP. This antibody can be used in combination with MAb F99/97. 6.1, which binds to residues 220 to 225. One or both MAbs in this cocktail recognize PrP sequences conserved in most mammalian species in which natural TSEs have been reported. Immunohistochemistry assay of routinely formalin-fixed lymphoid tissues with a cocktail of pan-specific MAbs is a practical, readily standardized live-animal and preclinical test for ovine scrapie.
Qualification testing of DC-DC converters (2002)

Printed circuit board mounted DC-DC power converters, also referred to as point-of-use power supplies (PUPS), are an integral and critical component of products developed and manufactured by Nortel. As a key component, the reliability of these devices has direct impact on quality of product manufactured by Nortel. Many of the converters utilized in Nortel products are standard "off the shelf" commercial units, available from a wide variety of manufacturers. With the proliferation of the use of these devices, former qualification methods had proven incapable of assuring the quality and reliability requirements for a telecom environment. This paper describes the current setup, test, statistical analysis and failure analysis methods used to assess DC-DC power converter design quality and reliability.