gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Memristor based neuromorphic circuit for ex-situ training of multi-layer neural network algorithms (2015)

This paper describes a novel memristor-based neuromorphic circuit that can be used for ex-situ training of multi-layer neural network algorithms. The presented ex-situ programming technique can be used to map many key neural algorithms directly onto the grid of resistances in a memristor crossbar. This is possible because the proposed circuit is capable of calculating a true dot product. Existing circuits provide an approximated dot product based on a summation of conductance values, which is inaccurate due to the parallel structure of the crossbar. To show the effectiveness and versatility of this circuit, three different powerful neural networks were simulated. These include a Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) for character recognition, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) also for character recognition, and a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) trained to perform Sobel edge detection. Finally, an architecture analysis was performed showing that neuromorphic processors based on these memristor crossbar circuits can be up to 5 orders of magnitude more power efficient than a RISC processor.
Travel Assistance Device (TAD) to Help Transit Riders (2010)

2010 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CUTR recognizes the Hillsborough Area Transit Authority (HART) in Tampa, Florida, for continually supporting this research effort not only by providing pertinent data but also by encouraging HART’s travel trainer, Mark Sheppard’s relentless contribution to Travel Assistant Device (TAD) field tests. The CUTR team would like to thank the members of the expert review panel for this Transit IDEA project for
Metaferrites: using electromagnetic bandgap structures to synthesize metamaterial ferrites (2005)

A methodology is presented for the design synthesis of metamaterial ferrites, or metaferrites, that retain their desirable magnetic properties at frequencies above 1 GHz. The design synthesis is accomplished by optimizing a high impedance frequency selective surface (HZ-FSS) structure via a genetic algorithm (GA) for the desired effective permeability of an equivalent magnetic substrate backed by a perfect electric conductor ground plane. The ability to optimize the design parameters of these HZ-FSS structures allows for the possibility of synthesizing low-loss dispersive metaferrites with either a positive or a negative real part of the effective permeability at the desired operating frequency band. The results presented in this paper demonstrate five possible metaferrite designs: two with the associated real and imaginary permeabilities for use as low-loss magnetic materials, and three designs for use as absorbing materials.
Quasi-Continuous Growth of Ultralong Carbon Nanotube Arrays (2005)

We report the growth of ultralong (>10 cm) multi-walled and single-walled carbon nanotubes such that the length is limited by the size of the furnace rather than by the termination of growth. The disturbance of microscale laminar flows results in disordered or shorter growth of carbon nanotubes. By downsizing reaction pipes, reaction gas flows are stabilized with low Reynolds numbers. In this way, the catalyst nanoparticles at the end of growing carbon nanotubes can travel a longer distance to grow ultralong nanotubes.
Optimization of time-reversal acoustic focusing (2004)

Time-reversal acoustic (TRA) focusing systems are typically based on an acoustical resonator (a cavity) in which the multiple reflections of a bouncing acoustic pulse act as a virtual phased array. The efficiency of the TRA focusing system depends on the spectral and temporal parameters of the focused pulse and parameters of the resonator, such as its shape, size, and the relative position of its transducers. The acoustical properties of the resonator material, parameters of the sonicated medium, and the coupling of the TRA resonator and sonicated medium may also affect efficiency. Optimization of such a multiparametric system is a complex problem which is nearly impossible to achieve empirically without an adequate theoretical model. A theoretical model for predicting the efficacy of TRA focusing has been developed and experiments testing theoretical predictions were conducted. The experiments were conducted using a 10-channel TRA system developed in Artann with several broadband resonators in the frequency band of 0.1–2 MHz. The measured dependences of the focused signal on the acoustic pulse spectrum and duration, coupling of the resonator with the sonication medium, and the modes of TRA signal formation (analog or binary) confirmed theoretical predictions. [Work supported by NIH.]
Mutation testing in melanoma families: INK4A, CDK4 and INK4D (1999)

The INK4A gene which codes for the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor INK4A or p16 underlies susceptibility to melanoma in some families. Germline mutations in the gene that codes for the target protein of p16, CDK4, underlie susceptibility in very rare families. We report mutation screening of the INK4A and CDK4 genes in 42 UK families. A total of nine families were identified with INK4A mutations and none with CDK4 exon 2 mutations. These mutations were in 8/22 (35%) families with three or more cases of melanoma and 1/20 (5%) families with only two cases. In one of these nine families a novel single base pair substitution was identified, Gly67Arg. In an attempt to identify another melanoma susceptibility gene, a member of the INK4 family, the p19 INK4D gene has been studied. The p19 gene was sequenced in DNA from the 42 UK families and six additional US families. No mutations were identified.
Activation of Hepatocyte Growth Factor in the Injured Tissues Is Mediated by Hepatocyte Growth Factor Activator (1996)

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a potent mitogen, motogen, and morphogen for epithelial cells in vitro. It appears likely that HGF participates in tissue regeneration following hepatic and renal injury in vivo. The activity of HGF is localized to the injured tissues by a proteolytic activation system; HGF remains as an inactive single-chain form in the normal state and is converted to an active heterodimeric form in response to tissue injury. A protease responsible for this conversion is induced in the injured liver, but it has not yet been identified. We have previously purified and characterized HGF activator (HGFA), a serum-derived serine protease that efficiently activates single-chain HGF in vitro. In this study, we found that the HGF-converting activity in the injured liver was inhibited by an anti-HGFA antibody. We also found that the active form of HGFA was generated exclusively in the injured tissues. Thus, it appears likely that HGFA is the key enzyme that regulates the activity of HGF in the injured tissues. We also analyzed the heparin binding properties of the precursor and mature forms of HGFA. HGFA had a weak affinity for heparin near the physiological salt concentration in its precursor form but acquired a strong affinity for heparin upon activation that is linked to blood coagulation. This property may ensure the local action of this enzyme at the site of tissue injury.
Comparison of PEM Properties of Copoly(aryl ether ether nitrile)s Containing Sulfonic Acid Bonded to Naphthalene in Structurally Different Ways (2007)

The study represents a comparative investigation of three series of high molecular weight aromatic poly(aryl ether ether nitrile) copolymers (SPAEEN-n), containing different sulfonated naphthalene groups, where n (in the range 0−80 mol %) refers to molar percentage of repeat units containing the sulfonic acid function. The three series of SPAEEN-n copolymers were synthesized via potassium carbonate-mediated nucleophilic polycondensation reactions of commercially available monomers: 2,6-difluorobenzonitrile (2,6-BFBN), one of three dihydroxynaphthalenesulfonate (DHNS) monomers, and unsulfonated 4,4‘-biphenol (BP), incorporated for the purpose of adjusting the sulfonic acid content. The incorporation of the sulfonated repeat unit into copolymers and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Products were solvent-cast into membranes of varying ionic content as proton exchange membrane (PEM) materials for fuel cells applications. Ion exchange capacity (IEC), thermal stabilities, swelling, and proton conducting properties of the membranes were investigated in relation to their structures and compared with those of perfluorinated ionomer (Nafion 117). Films of SPAEENH copolymers in acid form all showed high thermal stabilities with glass transition temperatures (Tg) > 224 °C and decomposition temperatures (Td) > 264 °C. In general, the SPAEENH copolymers exhibited low moisture absorption and in some instances high proton conductivities (from 10-2 to 10-1 S/cm) comparable to that of Nafion 117 at similar water uptake, swelling, and H2O/SO3H ratio.
<title>Two-dimensional birefringence imaging in biological tissue using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography</title> (1998)

Using a polarization sensitive Michelson interferometer, we measure 2D images of optical birefringence in bovine tendon as a function of depth with a technique known as optical coherence tomography (OCT). Detection of the polarization state of the signal, formed by interference of backscattered light from the sample and a mirror in the reference arm, gives the optical phase delay between light that has propagated along the fast and slow axes of the birefringent tendon. Images showing the change in birefringence in response to laser irradiation are presented. The technique allows rapid non-contact investigation of tissue structural properties through 2D imaging of birefringence.
Polarisation preserving single-mode-fibre coupler (1983)

A polarisation-preserving single-mode-fibre coupler made by an etch-fusion technique with Hitachi single-polarisation fibre is reported. Polarisation isolation of 10–20 dB is typically maintained through the coupler. Power division of ̃ 45–55% is achieved with an excess loss of 0.2 dB.
A Biosequence-Based Approach to Software Characterization (2016)

For many applications, it is desirable to have a process for recognizing when software binaries are closely related without relying on them to be identical or have identical segments. But doing so in a dynamic environment is a nontrivial task because most approaches to software similarity require extensive and time-consuming analysis of a binary, or they fail to recognize executables that are similar but not identical. Presented herein is a novel biosequence-based method for quantifying similarity of executable binaries. Using this method, we show in an example application on large-scale multi-author codes that 1) the biosequence-based method has a statistical performance in recognizing and distinguishing between a collection of real-world high performance computing applications better than 90% of ideal, and 2) an example of using family-tree analysis to tune identification for a code subfamily can achieve better than 99% of ideal performance.
Frequencies of the defective CYP2C19 alleles responsible for the mephenytoin poor metabolizer phenotype in various Oriental, Caucasian, Saudi Arabian and American black populations (1997)

The 4'-hydroxylation of S-mephenytoin is polymorphic in man. The poor metabolizer (PM) phenotype exhibits a lower frequency in Caucasians (2-5%) compared to Oriental populations (13-23%). Previous studies from our laboratory have described two mutations (CYP2C19m1 and CYP2C19m2) which account for approximately 100% of Oriental and approximately 85% of Caucasian PM alleles. The present study examined whether the genotype predicted the phenotype in Japanese, Filipino and Saudi Arabian populations, and compared the frequencies of the defective CYP2C19 alleles in these populations with those found in European-Americans, Chinese-Taiwanese, and African-Americans from North Carolina. Among 53 Japanese, 15% were PMs and among 52 Filipinos 23% were PMs. Among 97 Saudi Arabians, only two were PMs. There was a complete concordance between genotype and phenotype in all three populations. The incidence of CYP2C19m1 was 0.23 (95% confidence limits 0.15-0.31) in Japanese, 0.39 (95% confidence limits 0.29-0.48) in Filipinos, 0.32 (95% confidence limits 0.26-0.38) in Chinese-Taiwanese, 0.15 (95% confidence limits 0.10-0.20) in Saudi Arabians, 0.13 (95% confidence limits 0.08-0.17) in European-Americans, and 0.25 in African-Americans from North Carolina (95% confidence limits (0.14-0.31). The incidence of CYP2C19m1 in Saudi Arabians was similar to that found in European-Americans, and significantly lower than that found in Oriental populations or African-Americans (p < 0.05). CYP2C19m2 was not found in European-Americans, Saudi Arabians or African-Americans (95% confidence limits 0-0.014). The incidence of CYP2C19m2 in the three Oriental populations ranged from 0.10 (95% confidence limits 0.05-0.17) in Japanese and 0.08 (95% confidence limits 0.03-0.13) in Filipinos to 0.06 (95% confidence limits 0.03-0.08) in Chinese-Taiwanese.
Engineering the acceptor specificity of trehalose phosphorylase for the production of trehalose analogs (2012)

Trehalose (α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,1)-α-D-glucopyranoside) is widely used in the food industry, thanks to its protective effect against freezing and dehydration. Analogs of trehalose have the additional benefit that they are not digested and thus do not contribute to our caloric intake. Such trehalose analogs can be produced with the enzyme trehalose phosphorylase, when it is applied in the reverse, synthetic mode. Despite the enzyme's broad acceptor specificity, its catalytic efficiency for alternative monosaccharides is much lower than for glucose. For galactose, this difference is shown here to be caused by a lower K(m) whereas the k(cat) for both substrates is equal. Consequently, increasing the affinity was attempted by enzyme engineering of the trehalose phosphorylase from Thermoanaerobacter brockii, using both semirational and random mutagenesis. While a semirational approach proved unsuccessful, high-throughput screening of an error-prone PCR library resulted in the discovery of three beneficial mutations that lowered K(m) two- to three-fold. In addition, it was found that mutation of these positions also leads to an improved catalytic efficiency for mannose and fructose, suggesting their involvement in acceptor promiscuity. Combining the beneficial mutations did not further improve the affinity, and even resulted in a decreased catalytic activity and thermostability. Therefore, enzyme variant R448S is proposed as new biocatalyst for the industrial production of lactotrehalose (α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,1)-α-D-galactopyranoside).
<b>External Exponential Biphasic Versus Monophasic Shock Waveform:</b> Efficacy in Ventricular Fibrillation of Longer Duration (1999)

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) duration may be a factor in determining the defibrillation energy for successful defibrillation. Exponential biphasic waveforms have been shown to defibrillate with less energy than do monophasic waveforms when used for external defibrillation. However, it is unknown whether this advantage persists with longer VF duration. We tested the hypothesis that exponential biphasic waveforms have lower defibrillation energy as compared to exponential monophasic waveforms even with longer VF duration up to 1 minute. In a swine model of external defibrillation (n = 12, 35 +/- 6 kg), we determined the stored energy at 50% defibrillation success (E50) after both 10 seconds and 1 minute of VF duration. A single exponential monophasic (M) and two exponential biphasic (B1 and B2) waveforms were tested with the following characteristics: M (60 microF, 70% tilt), B1 (60/60 microF, 70% tilt/3 ms pulse width), and B2 (60/20 microF, 70% tilt/3 ms pulse width) where the ratio of the phase 2 leading edge voltage to that of phase 1 was 0.5 for B1 and 1.0 for B2. E50 was measured by a Bayesian technique with a total often defibrillation shocks in each waveform and VF duration randomly. The E50 (J) for M, B1, and B2 were 131 +/- 41, 57 +/- 18,* and 60 +/- 26* with 10 seconds of VF duration, respectively, and 114 +/- 62, 77 +/- 45,* and 72 +/- 53* with 1 minute of VF duration, respectively (*P < 0.05 vs M). There was no significant difference in the E50 between 10 seconds and 1 minute of VF durations for each waveform. We conclude that (1) the E50 does not significantly increase with lengthening VF durations up to 1 minute regardless of the shock waveform, and (2) external exponential biphasic shocks are more effective than monophasic waveforms even with longer VF durations.
Recovery from mild hypothermia can be accelerated by mechanically distending blood vessels in the hand (1998)

Peripheral vasoconstriction decreases thermal conductance of hypothermic individuals, making it difficult to transfer externally applied heat to the body core. We hypothesized that increasing blood flow to the skin of a hypothermic individual would enhance the transfer of exogenous heat to the body core, thereby increasing the rate of rewarming. External auditory meatus temperature (TEAM) was monitored in hypothermic subjects during recovery from general anesthesia. In 10 subjects, heat (45-46 degreesC, water-perfused blanket) was applied to a single forearm and hand that had been placed in a subatmospheric pressure environment (-30 to -40 mmHg) to distend the blood vessels. Heat alone was applied to control subjects (n = 6). The application of subatmospheric pressure resulted in a 10-fold increase in rewarming rates as determined by changes in TEAM [13.6 +/- 2.1 (SE) degreesC/h in the experimental group vs. 1.4 +/- 0.1 degreesC/h in the control group; P < 0.001]. In the experimental subjects, the rate of change of TEAM decreased sharply as TEAM neared the normothermic range.
Alternative Low Cost Membranes for All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (2012)

Abstract not Available.
The Video Guidance Sensor: Space, Earth, Ground, and Sea (2000)

Engineers at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) have been developing and testing video-based sensors for automated spacecraft guidance for several years. The next generation of Video Guidance Sensor (VGS) is being designed to be faster and more capable than ever. It will have applications to relative position measurement in any field of endeavor. The system works by sequentially firing two different wavelengths of laser diodes at the target (which has retroreflectors) and processing the two images. Since the target only reflects one wavelength, it shows up well in one image and not at all in the other. Because the target's dimensions are known, the relative positions and attitudes of the target and the sensor can be computed from the spots reflected from the target. The current sensor operates at 5 Hz at ranges from 1 to 110 meters with a 20 deg. field-of-view. The Video Guidance Sensor (VGS) developed over the past several years has performed well in testing and met the objective of being used as the terminal guidance sensor for an automated rendezvous and capture system. The first VGS was successfully tested in closed-loop 3-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) tests in 1989 and then in 6-DOF open-loop tests in 1992 and closed-loop tests in 1993-4. Development and testing continued, and in 1995 approval was given to test the VGS in an experiment on the Space Shuttle. The VGS flew in 1997 and in 1998, performing well during both flight experiments. During the development and testing before, during, and after the flight experiments, numerous areas for improvement were found. The next generation of VGS is being designed to operate at up to 100 Hz tracking rates and at ranges from 0.5 to 200 meters. In addition to its use as a spacecraft guidance sensor, it could be used as an alignment aid for an operator of a remote system (giving position and attitude feedback data), as a feedback system for a robotic arm, or for automated vehicle guidance. The next generation VGS, with its higher tracking rates, smaller size, and lower power could be used in more places than the original VGS, and by using LED's instead of laser diodes, the system would be eye-safe at any range. More potential applications include aerial station keeping (keeping 2 or more autonomous aircraft within particular relative positions), under-water robotics, and the guidance of ground vehicles in predefined areas equipped with sets of targets.
Multi-Path Transport for {RDMA} in Datacenters (2018)

RDMA is becoming prevalent because of its low latency, high throughput and low CPU overhead. However, current RDMA remains a single path transport which is prone to failures and falls short to utilize the rich parallel paths in datacenters. Unlike previous multipath approaches, which mainly focus on TCP, this paper presents a multi-path transport for RDMA, i.e. MPRDMA, which efﬁciently utilizes the rich network paths in datacenters. MP-RDMA employs three novel techniques to address the challenge of limited RDMA NICs on-chip memory size: 1) a multi-path ACK-clocking mechanism to distribute trafﬁc in a congestion-aware manner without incurring per-path states; 2) an out-of-order aware path selection mechanism to control the level of out-of-order delivered packets, thus minimizes the meta data required to them; 3) a synchronise mechanism to ensure in-order memory update whenever needed. With all these techniques, MP-RDMA only adds 66B to each connection state compared to single-path RDMA. Our evaluation with an FPGA-based prototype demonstrates that compared with single-path RDMA, MPRDMA can signiﬁcantly improve the robustness under failures (2x∼4x higher throughput under 0.5%∼10% link loss ratio) and improve the overall network utilization by up to 47%.
CFFT Bridge Columns for Multihazard Resilience (2015)

Bridges play a significant role in postevent recovery and disaster resiliency of communities. Recent megadisasters, such as the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, have prompted the technical community to understand the robustness of infrastructure when subjected to extreme events and the shortcomings of conventional structural systems under multiple hazards. Columns are the most critical load-carrying elements of bridge structures. Enhancing the robustness of bridge columns can improve the resiliency of the bridge itself and the surrounding community by reducing repair costs and downtime after an extreme event. In recent years, the concrete-filled fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) tube (CFFT) system has been widely investigated as a durable and cost-effective alternative design for more robust bridge columns. However, the current AASHTO guide specifications are limited to nonductile, unreinforced CFFT elements. This study summarizes the findings of blast, fire, and seismic experiments performed on CFFT specimens containing minimal longitudinal reinforcement. The residual axial load-carrying capacities of damaged reinforced concrete (RC) and CFFT columns are obtained as a measure of robustness, and estimated restoration times and repair costs are presented for each type of column and each hazard. Subsequently, a set of experimentally validated design equations are developed for the axial and flexural resistance of lightly reinforced CFFT columns in a compatible format with the AASHTO load resistance factor design (LRFD) Guide Specifications for the Design of CFFTs. A formulation for displacement-based seismic design of lightly reinforced CFFT columns is presented, and a provision for the fire protection of this column system is proposed. By presenting a set of experimentally validated design formulations, this study is expected to promote the application of lightly reinforced CFFT columns to enhance the multihazard resilience of bridge infrastructure.