gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Transplantation of Corneal Endothelial Cell–Like Cells Derived from In-Vitro-Differentiated Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2014)

The maintenance of corneal dehydration and transparency depends on barrier and pump functions of corneal endothelial cells (CECs). The human CECs have no proliferation capacity in vivo and the ability to divide in vitro under culture conditions is dramatically limited. Thus, the acquisition of massive cells analogous to normal human CECs is extremely necessary whether from the perspective of cellular basic research or from clinical applications. Here we report the derivation of CEC-like cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) through the periocular mesenchymal precursor (POMP) phase. Using the transwell coculture system of hESCs with differentiated human corneal stromal cells, we induced hESCs to differentiate into POMPs. Then, CEC-like cells were derived from POMPs with lens epithelial cell-conditioned medium. Within 1 week, CEC-like cells that expressed the corneal endothelium (CE) differentiation marker N-cadherin and transcription factors FoxC1 and Pitx2 were detectable. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based isolation of the N-cadherin/vimentin dual-positive population enriches for CEC-like cells. The isolated CEC-like cells were labeled with carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFDA SE) and seeded onto posterior acellular porcine corneal matrix lamellae to construct the CEC-like cell sheets. Pump function parameters of the CEC-like cell sheets approximated those of human donor corneas. Importantly, when the CEC-like cell sheets were transplanted into the eyes of rabbit CE dysfunction models, the corneal transparency was restored gradually. In conclusion, CEC-like cells derived from hESCs displayed characteristics of native human CECs. This renewable source of human CECs offers massive cells for further studies of human CEC biological characteristics and potential applications of replacement therapies as substitution for donor CECs in the future.
A Stretchable and Self‐Healing Energy Storage Device Based on Mechanically and Electrically Restorative Liquid‐Metal Particles and Carboxylated Polyurethane Composites (2018)

Stretchable and self-healing (SH) energy storage devices are indispensable elements in energy-autonomous electronic skin. However, the current collectors are not self-healable nor intrinsically stretchable, they mostly rely on strain-accommodating structures that require complex processing, are often limited in stretchability, and suffer from low device packing density and fragility. Here, an SH conductor comprising nickel flakes, eutectic gallium indium particles (EGaInPs), and carboxylated polyurethane (CPU) is presented. An energy storage device is constructed by the two SH electrodes assembled with graphene nanoplatelets sandwiching an ionic-liquid electrolyte. An excellent electrochemical healability (94% capacity retention upon restretching at 100% after healing from bifurcation) is unveiled, stemming from the complexation modulated redox behavior of EGaIn in the presence of the ligand bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, which enhances the reversible Faradaic reaction of Ga. Self-healing can be achieved where the damaged regions are electrically restored by the flow of liquid metal and mechanically healing activated by the interfacial hydrogen bonding of CPU with an efficiency of 97.5% can be achieved. The SH conductor has an initial conductivity of 2479 S cm<sup>-1</sup> that attains a high stretchability with 700% strain, it restores 100% stretchability even after breaking/healing with the electrical healing efficiency of 75%.
Auditory modelling and self‐organizing neural networks for timbre classification (1994)

Abstract A timbre classification system based on auditory processing and Kohonen self organizing neural networks is described. Preliminary results are given on a simple classification experiment involving 12 instruments in both clean and degraded conditions.
Asymmetric Synthesis of [3](1,1‘)- and [3](1,1‘)[3](3,3‘)-Ferrocenophanes (1999)

(R)-α-Ferrocenyl alcohols underwent conversion to their corresponding methyl ethers on treatment with MeOH/AcOH, which were in turn converted to ethyl 3-ferrocenylpropanoates when combined with 1-ethoxy-1-(trimethylsilyloxy)ethene and BF3·OEt2. After ester hydrolysis, the resulting acids (92−96% ee) underwent heteroannular Friedel−Crafts cyclization to give singly bridged ferrocenophanes of high enantiomeric purity. The methanolysis and silyl ketene acetal addition sequence was also applied to (R,R)-1,1‘-bis(phenylhydroxymethyl)ferrocene, and to (R,R)-1,1‘-bis((4-bromophenyl)hydroxymethyl)ferrocene, to give the corresponding diacids (94% ee) after ester hydrolysis. On Friedel−Crafts cyclization, the first of these diacids gave a 7:37:56 ratio of singly bridged ferrocenophanes after conversion of the remaining acid functionalities to methyl esters. The least abundant product was identified as (pR)-1,1‘-(R)-(1-oxo-3-phenyl-1,3-propanediyl)-2-(R)-(3-methoxy-3-oxo-1-phenylpropyl)ferrocene by an X-ray crystal structure analysis. After separation, the most abundant isomer was converted in four steps to the novel doubly bridged C2-symmetric ferrocenophane (R,R,pS,pS)-1,1‘-(1-phenyl-1,3-propanediyl)-3,3‘-(3-phenyl-1,3-propanediyl)ferrocene, characterized by an X-ray crystal structure analysis. The remaining isomer was converted to the corresponding 1,1‘,3,3‘-(R,R,pR,pR)-ferrocenophane. Also synthesized by this method was (R,R,pS,pS)-1,1‘-(1-(4-bromophenyl)-1,3-propanediyl)-3,3‘-(3-(4-bromophenyl)-1,3-propanediyl)ferrocene, which after bromine−lithium exchange was converted to the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. (R,R,pS,pS)-1,1‘-(1-Phenyl-1,3-propanediyl)-3,3‘-(3-phenyl-1,3-propanediyl)ferrocenium tetrafluoroborate catalyzed the reaction between methacrolein and cyclopentadiene, although no enantioselectivity was observed in the resulting Diels−Alder adducts.
Ion Trapping for Ion Mobility Spectrometry Measurements in a Cyclical Drift Tube (2013)

A new ion trapping technique, involving the accumulation of ions in a cyclical drift tube, as a means of enhancing ion signals for scanning ion cyclotron mobility measurements has been modeled by computational simulations and demonstrated experimentally. In this approach, multiple packets of ions are periodically released from a source region into the on ramp region of the cyclical drift tube and these pulses are accumulated prior to initiation of the mobility measurements. Using this ion trapping approach, it was possible to examine ions that traversed between 1.83 and 182.86 m (from 1 to 100 cycles). Overall, we observe that instrumental resolving power improves with increasing cycle numbers; at 100 cycles, a resolving power in excess of 1000 can be achieved. The utility of this method as a means of distinguishing between analytes is demonstrated by examining the well-characterized model peptides substance P, angiotensin II, and bradykinin.
Characterization of the adherence of <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> to oral streptococci (1992)

Adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis to strains of Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mitis deposited on nitrocellulose paper was investigated. A variety of laboratory strains and clinical isolates of P. gingivalis bound to both S. sanguis and S. mitis. Binding of P. gingivalis to all but one of the streptococci was not inhibited by salivary molecules. Pretreatment of P. gingivalis with periodate and pretreatment of S. sanguis and S. mitis with pronase decreased binding, suggesting that adherence may be mediated by a protein on the streptococci interacting with a carbohydrate on P. gingivalis. Binding was not inhibited by a selection of simple sugars. The ability to adhere to early plaque bacteria such as S. sanguis and S. mitis may be important in the colonization of the mouth by P. gingivalis.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyacrylamide‐Based Glycoconjugates as Tools in Glycobiology (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Synthesis of the tritium labeled SCH 58261, a new non-xanthine A2A adenosine receptor antagonist (1996)

The tritium labeled form of 5-amino-7-(2-phenylethyl)-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo[4,3-e]1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine (3H-SCH 58261) was obtained by reduction of 5-amino-7-[2-(2′,4′,5′-tribromo)-phenylethyl]-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo[4,3-e]1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine with tritium gas in the presence of 10% Pd-C. Final product was purified by HPLC to give the title 3H-SCH 58261 with radiochemical purity of 99% and specific activity of 68.6 Ci/mmol. 3H-SCH 58261 bound A2A receptors in rat striatal membranes (specific binding > 90%) with Kd and Bmax value of 0.70 nM and 971 fmol/mg of protein, respectively. 3H-SCH 58261 represents a useful tool for a further characterization of A2A adenosine receptor subtype.
Non-Lipschitz Dynamics Approach to Discrete Event Systems (1995)

This paper presents and discusses a mathematical formalism for simulation of discrete event dynamics (DED) - a special type of 'man- made' system designed to aid specific areas of information processing. A main objective is to demonstrate that the mathematical formalism for DED can be based upon the terminal model of Newtonian dynamics which allows one to relax Lipschitz conditions at some discrete points.
Combined surface plasmon resonance and scanning force microscope instrument (1996)

We have designed and constructed a combined surface plasmon resonance-scanning force microscope instrument capable of providing simultaneous in situ information on the dynamic behavior of the refractive index and spatial characteristics of surfaces. These data show considerable potential for revealing new insights into interfacial phenomena. In this article, we describe the instrument in detail and provide a brief example of the results obtained when studying the hydrolytic degradation of a bioerodable polymer film [poly(orthoester)] exposed to an acidic environment. Analyses of the plasmon resonance and force microscopy data reveals the kinetics of the polymer degradation process and the heterogeneities in polymer distribution and degradation, respectively.
Thermal Stability of Mono-, Bis-, and Tris-Chelating Alkanethiol Films Assembled on Gold Nanoparticles and Evaporated “Flat” Gold (2009)

The thermal stability of SAMs generated from the adsorption of n-octadecanethiol (n-C18), 2-hexadecylpropane-1,3-dithiol (C18C2), 2-hexadecyl-2-methylpropane-1,3-dithiol (C18C3), and 1,1,1-tris(mercaptomethyl)heptadecane (t-C18) on colloidal gold and evaporated "flat" gold was investigated. The optical extinction of the monolayer-protected nanoparticles (MPCs) was monitored as a function of thermal stress by using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, which revealed that the evolution of the surface plasmon resonance varied with the nature of the adsorbate. Specifically, MPCs functionalized with monodentate n-C18 showed the fastest red shift of the surface plasmon resonance while those functionalized with tridentate t-C18 showed the slowest red shift, with those derived from the bidentates C18C2 and C18C3 falling in between, suggesting a correlation between film stability and the degree of chelation. In separate studies, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to evaluate the desorption of the monolayers on both colloidal gold and flat gold as a function of thermal stress. In these studies, SAMs generated from monodentate n-C18 showed the fastest desorption while SAMs generated from tridentate t-C18 showed the slowest desorption, with those derived from the bidentates C18C2 and C18C3 falling in between, again suggesting a correlation between film stability and the degree of chelation. As a whole, the following trend in thermal stability was observed: t-C18 > C18C2 approximately C18C3 > n-C18.
Search and matching frictions and business cycle fluctuations in Bulgaria (2016)

In this paper we investigate the quantitative importance of search and matching frictions in Bulgarian labor markets. This is done by augmenting an otherwise standard real business cycle model a la Long and Plosser (1983) with both a two-sided costly search and fiscal policy. This introduces a strong propagation mechanism that allows the model to capture the business cycles in Bulgaria better than earlier models. The model performs well vis-a-vis data, especially along the labor market dimension, and in addition dominates the market-clearing labor market framework featured in the standard RBC model, e.g Vasilev (2009), as well as the indivisible labor extension used in Hansen (1985).
A 23 kDa membrane glycoprotein bearing NeuNAcα2-3Galβ1-3GalNAc O-linked carbohydrate chains acts as a receptor for <i>Streptococcus sanguis</i> OMZ 9 on human buccal epithelial cells (1995)

Streptococcus sanguis colonizes several human oral surfaces, including both hard and soft tissues. Large salivary mucin-like glycoproteins bearing sialic acid residues are known to bind various S.sanguis strains. However, the molecular basis for the adhesion of S.sanguis to human buccal epithelial cells (HBEC) has not been established. The present study shows that S.sanguis OMZ 9 binds to exfoliated HBEC in a sialic acid-sensitive manner. The desialylation of such cells invariably abolishes adhesion of S.sanguis OMZ 9 to the cell surface. A soluble glycopeptide bearing short sialylated O-linked carbohydrate chains behaves as a potent inhibitor of the attachment of S.sanguis OMZ 9 to exfoliated HBEC. The resialylation of desialylated HBEC with CMP-sialic acid and Gal beta 1,3GalNAc alpha 2,3-sialyltransferase specific for O-glycans restores the receptor function for S.sanguis OMZ 9, whereas a similar cell resialylation with the Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase specific for N-glycans is without effect. Finally, the same resialylation reaction carried out with CMP-9-fluoresceinyl-sialic acid as a substrate yields exfoliated HBEC bearing fluorescence on a single 23 kDa protein, when using the alpha 2,3-sialyltransferase as the catalyst. The latter finding demonstrates that this 23 kDa cell surface glycoprotein bears NeuNAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3GalNAc O-linked sugar chains, a carbohydrate sequence which is recognized by S.sanguis OMZ 9 on exfoliated HBEC. In similar experiments carried out with a buccal carcinoma cell line termed SqCC/Y1, S.sanguis OMZ 9 did not attach in great numbers to such cultured cells, and these cells were shown to not express membrane glycoprotein bearing alpha 2,3-sialylated O-linked carbohydrate chains.
Correlation of Memory T Cell Responses against TRAP with Protection from Clinical Malaria, and CD4+ CD25high T Cells with Susceptibility in Kenyans (2008)

These data demonstrate a role for central memory T cells in natural malarial immunity and support current vaccination strategies aimed at inducing durable protective T cell responses against the TRAP antigen. They also suggest that CD4(+) CD25(high) T cells may negatively affect naturally acquired malarial immunity.
Corporate Governance and Blockchains (2016)

Abstract Blockchains represent a novel application of cryptography and information technology to age-old problems of financial record-keeping, and they may lead to far-reaching changes in corporate governance. Many major players in the financial industry have began to invest in this new technology, and stock exchanges have proposed using blockchains as a new method for trading corporate equities and tracking their ownership. This essay evaluates the potential implications of these changes for managers, institutional investors, small shareholders, auditors, and other parties involved in corporate governance. The lower cost, greater liquidity, more accurate record-keeping, and transparency of ownership offered by blockchains may significantly upend the balance of power among these cohorts.
Countermeasures to Protect Bridge Piers from Scour (2007)

This report documents research on local scour at bridge piers resulting in the development and recommendation of a practical selection criteria for bridge-pier scour countermeasures, guidelines and specifications for design and construction of those countermeasures, and guidelines for their inspection, maintenance, and performance evaluation. Because of their critical role in ensuring bridge integrity and potentially high cost of these countermeasures, it is important that the most appropriate countermeasures be selected, designed, and constructed. The contents of this report are, therefore, of immediate interest to highway professionals responsible for planning, administrating, evaluating, designing, constructing, inspecting and maintaining bridges and other structures founded in erosive areas. The report is also of interest to those charged with specifying materials testing procedures and acceptable results, setting budget goals, and making policy.
Methanococcus infernus sp. nov., a novel hyperthermophilic lithotrophic methanogen isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent (1998)

An autotrophic, extremely thermophilic methanogen (ME(T)) was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal chimney sample collected on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at a depth of 3000 m. The heavily flagellated cells are motile and coccoid shaped. The new strain growths between 55 and 91 degrees C, with an optimum growth temperature at 85 degree C. The optimum pH for growth is 6.5, and the optimum sea salt concentration for growth is around 25 g l-1. The organism uses H2 and CO2 as the only substrate for growth and methane production. Tungsten, selenium and yeast extract stimulate growth significantly. In the presence of CO2 and H2, the organism reduces elemental sulphur to hydrogen sulphide. The G+C content of the genomic DNA is 33 mol%. As determined by 16S gene sequence analysis, this organism is closely related to Methanococcus jannaschii strain JAL-1T. However, no significant homology was observed between them with DNA-DNA hybridization. It is proposed that this organism should be placed in a new species, Methanococcus infernus. The type strain is ME(T) (= DSM 11812T).
Clinical Use of HIV Integrase Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2013)

In first-line therapy, integrase inhibitors are superior to other regimens. Integrase inhibitor use after virological failure is supported as well by the meta-analysis. Careful use is however warranted when replacing a high genetic barrier drug in treatment-experienced patients switching successful treatment.
Protective effects of metallothionein against dopamine quinone‐induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity (2007)

Dopamine (DA) quinone as DA neuron-specific oxidative stress conjugates with cysteine residues in functional proteins to form quinoproteins. Here, we examined the effects of cysteine-rich metal-binding proteins, metallothionein (MT)-1 and -2, on DA quinone-induced neurotoxicity. MT quenched DA semiquinones in vitro. In dopaminergic cells, DA exposure increased quinoproteins and decreased cell viability; these were ameliorated by pretreatment with MT-inducer zinc. Repeated L-DOPA administration markedly elevated striatal quinoprotein levels and reduced the DA nerve terminals specifically on the lesioned side in MT-knockout parkinsonian mice, but not in wild-type mice. Our results suggested that intrinsic MT protects against L-DOPA-induced DA quinone neurotoxicity in parkinsonian mice by its quinone-quenching property.
Neolithic (2018)

The Neolithic, the prehistoric period of the initial domestication of plants and animals, occurred independently in many parts of the world. The transition to agriculture had a profound impact on human social organization, demography, health and disease, and behavior. As a process through which human populations dramatically changed the local environment, the Neolithic also changed the human adaptive landscape and became a primary driver of evolutionary change within our species.
An accessible method of hiding HTML content (2004)

Though somewhat rare, there are occasions when the accessibility needs of screen reader users appear to be at odds with the needs of visual users. This kind of conflict occurs when Web developers put form elements inside of a data table matrix, when they want to use images as headings instead of text, and in other situations. Adding extra text helps screen reader users, but can complicate the visual layout, thus reducing understandability. One solution is to use CSS to hide the text from sighted users in a way that is still accessible to screen readers. The details of this technique are discussed, along with the technical reasoning behind it.
Fabrication of Polymer Thin Films and Arrays with Spatial and Topographical Controls (2001)

An easy and versatile photochemical procedure for immobilizing polymer films on silicon wafers has been developed by the authors. An organic azide, covalently linked to the wafer surface, serves as the precursor of a reactive nitrene that inserts into C–H bonds in the polymer. Due to the photochemical nature of the process, patterns of different polymers can be created by use of opaque masks. The Figure shows an AFM image of a polystyrene/poly-(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) array on silicon wafer.
Electrical compensation in CdTe and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cd</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.9</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Zn</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Te</mml:mi></mml:math>by intrinsic defects (2000)

The effects of two intrinsic deep levels on electrical compensation in semi-insulating CdTe and Cd-Zn-Te crystals are reported here. These levels were found in samples grown by conventional Bridgman and high-pressure Bridgman techniques. The levels were observed with thermoelectric effect spectroscopy at distinct temperatures corresponding to thermal ionization energies of ${E}_{d1}{=E}_{v}+0.735\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005\mathrm{eV}$ and ${E}_{d2}{=E}_{v}+0.743\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005\mathrm{eV}.$ The first level is associated with the doubly ionized Cd vacancy acceptor and the second level was tentatively identified as the Te antisite $({\mathrm{Te}}_{\mathrm{Cd}}),$ which is thought to be complexed with a vacancy. The second level was found to electrically compensate CdTe and Cd-Zn-Te to produce high resistivity crystals, provided that the Cd vacancy concentration is sufficiently reduced during crystal growth or by post-growth thermal processing.
Mutations Involving the Transcription Factor CBFA1 Cause Cleidocranial Dysplasia (2021)

AbstractCleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is an autosomal-dominant condition characterized by hypoplasia/aplasia of clavicles, patent fontanelles, supernumerary teeth, short stature, and other changes in skeletal patterning and growth. In some families, the phenotype segregates with deletions resulting in heterozygous loss of CBFA1, a member of the runt family of transcription factors. In other families, insertion, deletion, and missense mutations lead to translational stop codons in the DNA binding domain or in the C-terminal transactivating region. In-frame expansion of a polyalanine stretch segregates in an affected family with brachydactyly and minor clinical findings of CCD. We conclude that CBFA1 mutations cause CCD and that heterozygous loss of function is sufficient to produce the disorder.