gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mapping small elevation changes over large areas: Differential radar interferometry (1989)

A technique that uses synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images to measure very small (1 cm or less) surface motions with good resolution (10 m) over large swaths (50 km) is presented along with experimental results. The method could be used for accurate measurements of many geophysical phenomena, including swelling and buckling in fault zones, residual displacements from seismic events, and prevolcanic swelling. The method is based on SAR interferometry, where two images are made of a scene by simultaneously flying two physically separated antennas. Then the phases of corresponding pixels are differenced, and altitude formation is deduced from some simple computation and image rectification. It is also possible to use one antenna flown twice over the same scene; then, if the second flight exactly duplicates the track of the first, an interesting possibility occurs. There would be no phase changes between the images at all unless there was a physical change in the scene, such as ground swelling, that would alter the distance from some resolution element to the antenna. Since the phase changes all occur at the short carrier wavelength, the basic limitation on sensitivity is only the phase noise in the system. When the two imaging passes are made from flight tracks that are separated (which is the case with the Seasat images used here), it is no longer possible to distinguish surface changes from the parallax caused by topography. However, with some additional computation, a third image made at some other baseline may be used to remove the topography and leave only the surface changes. This method was applied using Seasat data to an imaging site in Imperial Valley, California, where motion effects were observed that were ascribed to the expansion of water‐absorbing clays. Phase change images of this area are shown, along with associated ground truth about the presence of water. Problems with the technique are explored, along with a discussion of future experimental possibilities on upcoming SAR missions like Earth Observing System (EOS), Earth Resources Satellite (ERS 1), SIR‐C, and the Venus imaging radar, Magellan.
An Overview of a Compiler for Mapping Software Binaries to Hardware (2007)

As new applications in embedded communications and control systems push the computational limits of digital signal processing (DSP) functions, there will be an increasing need for software applications to be migrated to hardware in the form of a hardware-software codesign system. In many cases, access to the high-level source code may not be available. It is thus desirable to have a technology to translate the software binaries intended for processors to hardware implementations. This paper provides details on the retargetable FREEDOM compiler. The compiler automatically translates DSP software binaries to register-transfer level (RTL) VHDL and Verilog for implementation on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) as standalone or system-on-chip implementations. We describe the underlying optimizations and some novel algorithms for alias analysis, data dependency analysis, memory optimizations, procedure call recovery, and back-end code scheduling. Experimental results on resource usage and performance are shown for several program binaries intended for the Texas Instruments C 6211 DSP (VLIW) and the ARM 922 T reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processors. Implementation results for four kernels from the Simulink demo library and others from commonly used DSP applications, such as MPEG-4, Viterbi, and JPEG are also discussed. The compiler generated RTL code is mapped to Xilinx Virtex II and Altera Stratix FPGAs. We record overall performance gains of 1.5-26.9 for the hardware implementations of the kernels. Comparisons with the power aware compiler techniques (PACT) high-level synthesis compiler are used to show that software binaries can be used as intermediate representations from any high-level language and generate efficient hardware implementations.
<i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> Studies of a Rapid and Selective Breath Test for Tuberculosis Based upon Mycobacterial CO Dehydrogenase (2014)

One of the major hurdles in treating tuberculosis (TB) is the time-consuming and difficult methodology for diagnosis. Stable-isotope breath tests hold great potential for rapidly diagnosing an infectious disease, monitoring therapy, and determining a bacterial phenotype in a rapid, point-of-care manner that does not require invasive sampling. Here we describe the preclinical development of a potentially highly selective TB diagnostic breath test based upon the organism's CO dehydrogenase activity. After development of the test in vitro, we were able to use the breath test to discriminate between infected and control rabbits, demonstrating that a diagnosis can potentially be made and also that a complex bacterial phenotype can be noninvasively and rapidly studied in the host. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major infectious cause of disease and death worldwide, and effective diagnosis and then treatment are the tools with which we fight TB. The more quickly and more specific the diagnosis can be made, the better, and this is also true of diagnosis being as close to the patient (point of care) as possible. Here we report our preclinical development of breath tests based upon specific mycobacterial metabolism that could, with development, allow rapid point-of-care diagnosis through measuring the mycobacterial conversion of labeled CO to labeled CO2.
A Highly Selective, One-Pot Purification Method for Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2007)

We report on a one-pot, highly selective chemistry to remove residual catalysts from single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The impurities, initially present at approximately 35 wt % and mostly as carbon-coated iron nanoparticles, can be driven below 5 wt % with nearly no loss of SWNTs. The carbon-coated iron impurities are dissolved simply by reacting with an aqueous mixture of H2O2 and HCl at 40-70 degrees C for 4-8 h. This purification combines two known reactions involving H2O2 and HCl, respectively; however, by combining these two typically inefficient reactions into a one-pot reaction, the new process is surprisingly selective toward the removal of the metal impurities. This high selectivity derives from the proximity effect of the iron-catalyzed Fenton chemistry. At pH approximately 1-3, iron is dissolved upon exposure, avoiding the otherwise aggressive iron-catalyzed digestion of SWNTs by H2O2. This extremely simple and selective chemistry offers a "green" and scalable process to purify carbon nanotube materials.
Gibraltar: exposing hardware devices to web pages using AJAX (2012)

Gibraltar is a new framework for exposing hardware devices to web pages. Gibraltar’s fundamental insight is that Java-Script’s AJAX facility can be used as a hardware access protocol. Instead of relying on the browser to mediate device interactions, Gibraltar sandboxes the browser and uses a small device server to handle hardware requests. The server uses native code to interact with devices, and it exports a standard web server interface on the localhost. To access hardware, web pages send device commands to the server using HTTP requests; the server returns hardware data via HTTP responses. Using a client-side JavaScript library, we build a simple yet powerful device API atop this HTTP transfer protocol. The API is particularly useful to developers of mobile web pages, since mobile platforms like cell phones have an increasingly wide array of sensors that, prior to Gibraltar, were only accessible via native code plugins or the limited, inconsistent APIs provided by HTML5. Our implementation of Gibraltar on Android shows that Gibraltar provides stronger security guarantees than HTML5; furthermore, it shows that HTTP is responsive enough to support interactive web pages that perform frequent hardware accesses. Gibraltar also supports an HTML5 compatibility layer that implements the HTML5 interface but provides Gibraltar’s stronger security. 1.
<b>Low temperature regulation of the</b><i><b>Arabidopsis</b></i><b>CBF family of AP2 transcriptional activators as an early step in cold‐induced</b><i><b>COR</b></i><b>gene expression</b> (1998)

Cold-induced expression of the Arabidopsis COR (cold-regulated) genes is mediated by a DNA regulatory element termed the CRT (C-repeat)/DRE (dehydration-responsive element). Recently, we identified a transcriptional activator, CBF1, that binds to the CRT/DRE and demonstrated that its overexpression in transgenic Arabidopsis plants at non-acclimating temperatures induces COR gene expression and increases plant freezing tolerance. Here we report that CBF1 belongs to a small family of closely related proteins which includes CBF2 and CBF3. DNA sequencing of an 8.7 kb region of the Arabidopsis genome along with genetic mapping experiments indicated that the three CBF genes are organized in direct repeat on chromosome 4 at 72.8 cM, closely linked to molecular markers PG11 and m600. Like CBF1, both CBF2 and CBF3 activated expression of reporter genes in yeast that contained the CRT/DRE as an upstream activator sequence. The transcript levels for all three CBF genes increased within 15 min of transferring plants to low temperature, followed by accumulation of COR gene transcripts at about 2 h. CBF transcripts also accumulated rapidly in response to mechanical agitation. The promoter regions of the CBF genes do not contain the CRT sequence, CCGAC, and overexpression of CBF1 did not have a detectable effect on CBF3 transcript levels, suggesting that the CBF gene family is not subject to autoregulation. We propose that cold-induced expression of CRT/DRE-containing COR genes involves a low temperature-stimulated signalling cascade in which CBF gene induction is an early event.
Improving the Accuracy of Gas Hydrate Dissociation Point Measurements (2000)

A bstract : Following our previous communications on the impact of the amount of water phase on the time required at each temperature‐step 1 and the limitations of visual techniques in determining hydrate dissociation points, 2 a series of tests were conducted in this laboratory to investigate the impact of measuring techniques, mixing efficiency, heating method and heating rate on the accuracy of hydrate dissociation point measurements. The results showed that nonvisual techniques combined with stepwise heating and satisfactory mixing could save a significant amount of time while providing accurate hydrate dissociation data.
Development of Novel Influenza Virus Vaccines and Vectors (1997)

Approaches to improve the efficacy of the current (killed) influenza virus vaccines include the generation of cold-adapted and genetically engineered influenza viruses containing specific attenuating mutations. It is hoped that these genetically altered viruses, in which the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes from circulating strains have been incorporated by reassortment, can be used as safe live influenza virus vaccines to induce a long-lasting protective immune response in humans. In addition, genetically engineered influenza viruses may provide a means for expressing foreign antigens. Immunization of mice with recombinant influenza and vaccinia viruses expressing specific antigens of Plasmodium yoelii resulted in a dramatic protective immune response against malaria in this model. Mice immunized with recombinant influenza viruses expressing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epitopes generated long-lasting HIV-specific serum antibodies and secretory IgA in the secretory nasal, vaginal, and intestinal mucosa. These results suggest that genetically engineered influenza viruses may be developed for use as live virus vaccines against influenza as well as other diseases.
Estimation of <i>k</i>‐space trajectories in spiral MRI (2009)

For non-Cartesian data acquisition in MRI, k-space trajectory infidelity due to eddy current effects and other hardware imperfections will blur and distort the reconstructed images. Even with the shielded gradients and eddy current compensation techniques of current scanners, the deviation between the actual k-space trajectory and the requested trajectory remains a major reason for image artifacts in non-Cartesian MRI. It is often not practical to measure the k-space trajectory for each imaging slice. It has been reported that better image quality is achieved in radial scanning by correcting anisotropic delays on different physical gradient axes. In this article the delay model is applied in spiral k-space trajectory estimation to reduce image artifacts. Then a novel estimation method combining the anisotropic delay model and a simple convolution eddy current model further reduces the artifact level in spiral image reconstruction. The root mean square error and peak error in both phantom and in vivo images reconstructed using the estimated trajectories are reduced substantially compared to the results achieved by only tuning delays. After a one-time calibration, it is thus possible to get an accurate estimate of the spiral trajectory and a high-quality image reconstruction for an arbitrary scan plane.
A CMOS-Compatible, Low-Loss, and Low-Crosstalk Silicon Waveguide Crossing (2013)

We demonstrated a waveguide crossing for submicron silicon waveguides with average insertion loss of 0.18±0.03 dB and crosstalk of -41±2 dB, uniform across an 8-inch wafer. The device was fabricated in a CMOS-compatible process using 248 nm lithography, with only one patterning step.
Polymer encapsulation of fine particles by a supercritical antisolvent process (2005)

Abstract Coating and encapsulation of fine particles with polymer using a supercritical antisolvent (SAS) coating process was investigated in this research. Synthesized submicron silica particles were used as host particles and poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA), a biodegradable polymer used for controlled release of drugs, was chosen as the coating material. In the SAS coating process a suspension of silica particles in an acetone–polymer solution was sprayed through a capillary nozzle into supercritical (SC) CO 2 , which acts as an antisolvent for the acetone. A rapid mutual diffusion between the SC CO 2 and the acetone causes supersaturation of the polymer solution, leading to nucleation and precipitation of the polymer to encapsulate the silica particles. The operating parameters that have an effect on the coating process, such as polymer to particle weight ratio, polymer concentration, temperature, pressure, flow rate of polymer solution, and the addition of a SC CO 2 soluble surfactant, were systematically studied. It is shown that the polymer to silica ratio and the polymer concentration are critical for the successful encapsulation of silica particles with minimum agglomeration. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 440–455, 2005
Near-infrared nerve-binding fluorophores for buried nerve tissue imaging (2020)

Small-molecule near-infrared nerve contrast agents were developed to enable nerve visualization at depth, improving nerve-sparing during surgery.
Photoresist-Based Polymer Resonator Antennas: Lithography Fabrication, Strip-Fed Excitation, and Multimode Operation (2011)

Artificially modified materials are becoming increasingly important in antenna design. Attractive features make polymer composites very promising materials for improving the fabrication process and antenna performance. In this study, a photosensitive polymer composite is utilized to fabricate precise dielectric-resonator antenna structures using deep-X-ray lithography. The multimode operation and miniaturization aspects of strip-fed composite antennas with very low permittivity (ε <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</sub> <; 5 ) are investigated for the first time. The prototype antenna offers a -10 dB impedance bandwidth of 48%, from 18.8 GHz to 30.7 GHz, and gain in the range of 5 dBi. The nonradiating modes are removed by the special boundary conditions enforced by the vertical strip. Stable radiation patterns and low cross-polarization levels over the entire impedance bandwidth are therefore preserved. Further improvements in impedance bandwidth are presented, and the antenna performance and fabrication processes are discussed.
Optimizing Molecular Weight of Lyophilized Silk As a Shelf-Stable Source Material (2016)

Storage of silk proteins in liquid form can lead to excessive waste from premature gelation, thus an alternative storage strategy is proposed using lyophilization to generate soluble and shelf-stable powder formats for on-demand use. Initial solution stability studies highlighted instabilities of higher-molecular-weight silks that could not be resolved by solution modifications such as autoclaving, pH increases, dilution, or combinations thereof. Conversely, shelf-stable lyophilized stock powders of silk fibroin of moderate to low molecular weights were developed that could be fully constituted even after 1 year of storage at elevated temperatures. Increasing dried silk powder loading in aqueous solution facilitated increased silk solution concentrations-here up to 80 mg/mL solubility was demonstrated across a range of formulations. Powders generated from silk solutions with higher-molecular-weight distributions were less soluble than moderate or lower-molecular-weight versions, despite no differences in their solution glass-transition temperatures. Instead, the aggregation and β-sheet content of lyophilized higher molecular weight stock solutions were identified as the cause of the reduced powder solubility by circular dichroism and dynamic light scattering analyses. The solubility and molecular weight profiles of all formulations investigated were preserved after storing the lyophilized materials over 1 year, even at 37 °C. No long-term powder stability behaviors were influenced by the addition of a secondary drying step in the lyophilization procedure, suggesting that this protocol could be scaled without the burden of lengthy process times. Taken together, these findings provide a very flexible and potentially cost-saving approach to producing shelf-stable silk fibroin stock materials based on the use of moderate to lower-molecular-weight lyophilized preparations. This utility is demonstrated with the formation of silk material formats from the stored powders, including films, gels, and salt-leached porous scaffolds. In turn, a more efficient system allowing full resolubilization will enable stockpiling powder for on-demand usage and for deployment of dried silks for application demands in field settings.
A Robust Permeability Estimator for Siliciclastics (1998)

Abstract A permeability estimator is constructed from the lambda parameter, A, which is the size of dynamically connected pores. For simple pore geometries at high permeabilities, A should theoretically be proportional to the pore volume-to-surface area ratio. Further, at high permeabilities, the permeability is proportional to A2/F, where F is the formation factor. Core data are used to establish the proportionality constant. For permeabilities less than about 100 mD, this formula overestimates the actual permeability by a factor related to the original estimate. Thus, a corrected second estimate can be readily made, and the combined estimate is shown to match measured permeabilities on a diverse set of sands and shaly sands with a correlation coefficient of 0.89 for log k. The estimate can also be made using NMR relaxation time data, instead of the surface-to-pore volume ratio, with a correlation coefficient of 0.92 for the same data set. The estimate can also be made from mineralogy or lithology data, in which each mineral or lithologic fraction is assumed to have a fairly constant specific surface area. Examination of the data suggests that only about 10% of the total clay mineral surface area normally influences fluid flow. For Fontainebleau quartz arenites, the resulting estimate has a correlation coefficient of 0.99 with the measured permeabilities. For Utah sands and shaly sands, the mineral-based estimate has a correlation coefficient of 0.84 with the measured permeabilities; the lithology-based estimate had the same correlation coefficient. Using the lithology-based form of the equation, accurate permeability logs are derived from geochemical logs in Utah and from conventional logs in Venezuela.. P. 777
A Calibration Test for Latent Fingerprint Development on Thermal Paper (2014)

A calibration test is described for monitoring the operation of equipment used to develop latent fingerprints on thermal paper by the application of either controlled or uncontrolled heat. A working solution of a water/glycerol emulsion and butylene glycol is applied to thermal paper by means of either a vinyl stamp and pad, or a marker pen. Varying the amount of butylene glycol enables the thermal paper to change color at different temperatures between approximately 40 and 60°C, which is below the normal color change temperature of the paper. The described test may be used to verify the correct operation, at different temperatures, of a controlled heat source during and after fingerprint development (such as the Hot Print System) or to monitor the paper temperature with an uncontrolled heat source (such as a warm air blower), thereby avoiding unintentional coloring of the entire paper surface.
Scalable Multicast Platforms for a New Generation of Robust Distributed Applications (2007)

As distributed systems scale up and are deployed into increasingly sensitive settings, demand is rising for a new generation of communications middleware in support of application-level critical-computing uses. Ricochet, Tempest and Quicksilver are multicast-based systems developed to respond to this need. Ricochet and Quicksilver are multicast platforms; both are exceptionally scalable and support fault-tolerance properties that match closely with the needs of high-availability applications. Ricochet was designed to support time-critical applications replicated for scalability on data centers and clusters. These are typically coded in Java and run under Linux. Tempest is layered over Ricochet and automates most tasks of programming services for data centers. In contrast, Quicksilver focuses on high throughput and is targeted towards very large deployments of desktop computing systems, in support of publish-subscribe, event notification or media dissemination applications. In this paper we offer an overview of the systems and some of the new systems embeddings that, we believe, make them far easier to use than was the case in prior multicast platforms.
Bioinspired Polymerization of Dopamine to Generate Melanin-Like Nanoparticles Having an Excellent Free-Radical-Scavenging Property (2011)

Melanin-like nanoparticles were synthesized with size control through neutralization of dopamine hydrochloride with NaOH, followed by spontaneous air oxidation of dopamine. Although the particle characteristic of natural melanins was understood to be significantly affected by the biological and structural environment, melanin-lke nanoparticles can be realized through the chemical reactions only. Melanin-like nanoparticles that are <100 nm showed excellent dispersion stability in water as well as biological media and good biocompatibility to HeLa cells after the appropriate surface modification with thiol-terminated methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG-SH). Furthermore, the demonstrated ability of melanin-like nanoparticles to reduce 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) suggests free radical scavenging activity of the material.