gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SPADE (2008)

In this paper, we present Spade - the System S declarative stream processing engine. System S is a large-scale, distributed data stream processing middleware under development at IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. As a front-end for rapid application development for System S, Spade provides (1) an intermediate language for flexible composition of parallel and distributed data-flow graphs, (2) a toolkit of type-generic, built-in stream processing operators, that support scalar as well as vectorized processing and can seamlessly inter-operate with user-defined operators, and (3) a rich set of stream adapters to ingest/publish data from/to outside sources. More importantly, Spade automatically brings performance optimization and scalability to System S applications. To that end, Spade employs a code generation framework to create highly-optimized applications that run natively on the Stream Processing Core (SPC), the execution and communication substrate of System S, and take full advantage of other System S services. Spade allows developers to construct their applications with fine granular stream operators without worrying about the performance implications that might exist, even in a distributed system. Spade's optimizing compiler automatically maps applications into appropriately sized execution units in order to minimize communication overhead, while at the same time exploiting available parallelism. By virtue of the scalability of the System S runtime and Spade's effective code generation and optimization, we can scale applications to a large number of nodes. Currently, we can run Spade jobs on ≈ 500 processors within more than 100 physical nodes in a tightly connected cluster environment. Spade has been in use at IBM Research to create real-world streaming applications, ranging from monitoring financial market feeds to radio telescopes to semiconductor fabrication lines.
Extrusion film casting of long chain branched polypropylene (2014)

Extrusion film casting (EFC) is an important melt processing operation which is extensively used to make polypropylene (PP) films. Linear PP shows significant amount of necking and draw resonance during EFC. One of the ways to reduce necking is to introduce long chain branches (LCB) on the polymer backbone. The long branches impart extensional strain hardening behavior thereby stabilizing the melt flow. In this work, we investigate the influence of long chain branching in polypropylene on the extent of necking in the EFC process. Laboratory scale EFC experiments were performed on homopolymer PP of linear and long chain branched architectures. Simulations of the EFC process were carried out using the one‐dimensional flow model of Silagy et al., Polym. Eng. Sci., 36 , 2614 (1996) into which we incorporate two different multi‐mode molecular constitutive equations namely, the ‘eXtended Pom‐Pom’ equation (XPP, for long chain branched PP) and the ‘Rolie‐Poly’ equation (RP‐S, for linear PP). Our experimental data confirm that presence of long chain branching in PP reduces the extent of necking and our numerical predictions show qualitative agreement with experimental data, thereby elucidating the role of chain architecture on the extent of necking. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1977–1987, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Metal-enhanced e-type fluorescence (2008)

In this letter, we report metal-enhanced e-type fluorescence. Eosin in close proximity to silver island films (SiFs) shows enhanced e-type fluorescence with an approximately two-fold higher intensity observed from SiFs, as compared to a control sample. Our findings suggest two complementary mechanisms for the enhancement: surface plasmons can radiate e-type delayed fluorescence efficiently and enhanced absorption also facilitates enhanced emission from both S(1) and T(1) states. This observation is helpful in our understanding not only for studying the interactions between plasmons and fluorophores but also for our laboratories continued efforts to develop a unified plasmon-lumophore description.
MR-based attenuation correction for whole-body PET/MR system (2010)

Philips has introduced the world's first whole body sequential PET/MR system. We present the current status of MR-based attenuation correction (MRAC) technique. MRAC consists of MR image acquisition, segmentation, truncation compensation (TC), μ-value assignment, as well as correction for patient table and RF coils. These components have been described last year; this paper focuses on updates of the two most critical steps of MRAC: segmentation and TC. The segmentation algorithm attempts to distinguish 3 biological classes: air, lungs, and soft tissue. It combines an intensity-based region-growing technique with lung-model adaptation. For TC, the following three-step approach to correct for truncation in the MR-based attenuation maps has been developed and investigated: (A) Areas in the attenuation map which are possibly truncated are identified. (B) For these areas, an estimate of the outer patient contour is extracted from a registered PET image which is reconstructed without attenuation correction. (C) Truncation correction areas as extracted from the PET contours are added to attenuation map. The segmentation algorithm was applied to a number of datasets from a large pool of volunteers from multiple MR systems. The algorithm yields expected results except for susceptibility and motion artifacts. While the truncation compensation algorithm works for most cases, the robustness needs to be further improved.
Unified Theory of Ultimate Hydrocarbon Recovery for Primary and Cyclic Injection Processes in Ultratight Reservoirs (2019)

This paper presents a simple method to estimate ultimate recovery factors (URF) of ultratight reservoirs based on equilibrium by diffusion in which URF is only a function of changes in hydrocarbon density between initial and final states. URF is defined at infinite time and therefore does not depend on the transient behavior. Although URF may not be achievable during the life-cycle of the field development and production, it provides valuable insights on the role of phase behavior. We show that equilibrium phase behavior defines the absolute upper-bound for URF during primary production and explains the poor recovery from shale oil reservoirs compared to the high recovery factor in shale gas reservoirs in a unifying way. Further, we quantify how injected solvent compositions (CH<sub>4</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>) during huff'n'puff enhanced oil recovery (EOR) improve recovery based on density reduction and compositional dilution, and show that the largest percentage increase in recovery occurs for heavier oils. Our calculations provide a practical means to define the URF from primary production as a function of reservoir fluid composition, temperature, and pressure drawdown. In addition, our calculations articulate incremental URF (IURF) of solvent huff'n'puff based on net solvent transfer into ultratight rock, which is a key design consideration. The results illustrate that solvent transfer dilutes the hydrocarbons in place, thus maximizing long-term hydrocarbon recovery. Net mass transfer can be improved by enhancing the diffusion of solvent into the matrix based on the huff'n'puff design parameters including solvent composition, drawdown pressure, and the net amount of solvent injected based on optimal frequency and cycle duration.
Investigations into the Metabolism of Two-Dimensional Colony and Suspended Microcarrier Cultures of Human Embryonic Stem Cells in Serum-Free Media (2010)

Metabolic studies of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can provide important information for stem cell bioprocessing. To this end, we have examined growth and metabolism of hESCs in both traditional 2-dimensional (2D) colony cultures and 3-dimensional microcarrier cultures using a conditioned medium and 3 serum-free media. The 2D colony cultures plateaued at cell densities of 1.1-1.5 × 10⁶ cells/mL at day 6 due to surface limitation. Microcarrier cultures achieved 1.5-2 × 10⁶ cells/mL on days 8-10 before reaching a plateau; this growth arrest was not due to surface limitation, but probably due to metabolic limitations. Metabolic analysis of the cultures showed that amino acids (including glutamine) and glucose are in excess and are not limiting cell growth; on the other hand, the high levels of waste products (25 mM lactate and 0.8 mM ammonium) and low pH (6.6) obtained at the last stages of cell propagation could be the causes for growth arrest. hESCs cultured in media supplemented with lactate (up to 28 mM) showed reduced cell growth, whereas ammonium (up to 5 mM) had no effect. Lactate and, to a lesser extent, ammonia affected pluripotency as reflected by the decreasing population of cells expressing pluripotent marker TRA-1-60. Feeding hESC cultures with low concentrations of glucose resulted in lower lactate levels (∼10%) and a higher pH level of 6.7, which leads to a 40% increase in cell density. We conclude that the high lactate levels and the low pH during the last stages of high-density hESC culture may limit cell growth and affect pluripotency. To overcome this limitation, a controlled feed of low levels of glucose and online control of pH can be used.
Robot-driven downward pelvic pull to improve crouch gait in children with cerebral palsy (2017)

Children with cerebral palsy commonly exhibit an abnormality called crouch gait, which is characterized by excessive flexion of the hips/knees and weak plantar flexor muscles during the stance phase. One of the major reasons for this pathological gait is weakness in soleus muscles. During the mid-stance phase of gait when the toe and heel are both on the ground, the soleus keeps the shank upright and facilitates extension of the knee angle. It also provides propulsive forces on the body during the late stance phase of the gait cycle. We hypothesized that walking with downward pelvic pull will (i) strengthen extensor muscles, especially the soleus, against the applied downward force and (ii) improve muscle coordination during walking. We then tested a robotic training paradigm to improve both posture and gait of children with crouch gait. In this paradigm, participants with crouch gait were subjected to downward pelvic force when walking on a treadmill, provided by a cable-driven robot called Tethered Pelvic Assist Device. Electromyography of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles and walking kinematics of the participants showed the feasibility of this training, enhanced upright posture of the participants, and improved muscle coordination. In addition, walking features of these participants, such as increased step length, range of motion of the lower limb angles, toe clearance, and heel-to-toe pattern, improved. This robotic training method can be a promising intervention for children with cerebral palsy who have a crouch gait.
Alpha C Protein as a Carrier for Type III Capsular Polysaccharide and as a Protective Protein in Group B Streptococcal Vaccines (1999)

The alpha C protein, a protective surface protein of group B streptococci (GBS), is present in most non-type III GBS strains. Conjugate vaccines composed of the alpha C protein and type III capsular polysaccharide (CPS) might be protective against most GBS infections. In this study, the type III CPS was covalently coupled to full-length, nine-repeat alpha C protein (resulting in III-alpha9r conjugate vaccine) or to two-repeat alpha C protein (resulting in III-alpha2r conjugate vaccine) by reductive amination. Initial experiments with the III-alpha9r vaccine showed that it was poorly immunogenic in mice with respect to both vaccine antigens and was suboptimally efficacious in providing protection in mice against challenge with GBS. Therefore, modified vaccination protocols were used with the III-alpha2r vaccine. Female mice were immunized three times with 0.5, 5, or 20 microgram of the III-alpha2r vaccine with an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant and bred. Ninety-five percent of neonatal mice born to dams immunized with the III-alpha2r vaccine survived challenge with GBS expressing type III CPS, and 60% survived challenge with GBS expressing wild-type (nine-repeat) alpha C protein; 18 and 17%, respectively, of mice in the negative control groups survived (P, <0.0001). These protection levels did not differ significantly from those obtained with the type III CPS-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine and the unconjugated two-repeat alpha C protein, which protected 98 and 58% of neonates from infection with GBS expressing type III CPS or the alpha C protein, respectively. Thus, the two-repeat alpha C protein in the vaccine was immunogenic and simultaneously enhanced the immunogenicity of type III CPS. III-alpha vaccines may be alternatives to GBS polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid vaccines, eliciting additional antibodies protective against GBS infection.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Amide Synthesis from Alcohols and Amines by Phosphine‐Free Ruthenium Catalyst Systems. (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Synchronous Pulse Plasma Operation upon Source and Bias Radio Frequencys for Inductively Coupled Plasma for Highly Reliable Gate Etching Technology (2009)

Synchronous pulse operation upon both source and bias RFs for inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching system, having both dynamic matching networks and RF frequency-sweeping to ensure the lowest RF reflected power, is introduced for the first time. A superior performance of synchronous pulse operation to conventional continuous wave (cw) as well as source pulse operations is confirmed through plasma diagnostics by using Langmuir probe, plasma simulation by using hybrid plasma equipment model (HPEM) and etching performance. Significant reduction of RF power reflection during pulse operation as well as improvement of 35 nm gate critical dimension (CD) uniformity for sub-50 nm dynamic random access memory (DRAM) are achieved by adapting synchronous pulse plasma etching technology. It is definitely expected that synchronous pulse plasma system would have a great ability from a perspective of robustness on fabrication site, excellent gate CD controllability and minimization of plasma induced damage (PID) related device performance degradation.
Ultrasound imaging of apoptosis: high-resolution non-invasive monitoring of programmed cell death in vitro, in situ and in vivo (1999)

A new non-invasive method for monitoring apoptosis has been developed using high frequency (40 MHz) ultrasound imaging. Conventional ultrasound backscatter imaging techniques were used to observe apoptosis occurring in response to anticancer agents in cells in vitro, in tissues ex vivo and in live animals. The mechanism behind this ultrasonic detection was identified experimentally to be the subcellular nuclear changes, condensation followed by fragmentation, that cells undergo during apoptosis. These changes dramatically increase the high frequency ultrasound scattering efficiency of apoptotic cells over normal cells (25- to 50-fold change in intensity). The result is that areas of tissue undergoing apoptosis become much brighter in comparison to surrounding viable tissues. The results provide a framework for the possibility of using high frequency ultrasound imaging in the future to non-invasively monitor the effects of chemotherapeutic agents and other anticancer treatments in experimental animal systems and in patients.
Strategies for achieving ultra low‐density polypropylene foams (2002)

Abstract The volume expansion behavior of low‐density polypropylene foams in extrusion is investigated in this paper. Since escape of blowing agent from the foam would cause the foam to contract, and to have low expansion, efforts were made to prevent gas loss during foaming. The basic strategies to the promotion of a large volume expansion ratio are: to use a branched material for preventing cell coalescence; to use a long‐chain blowing agent with low diffusivity; to lower the melt temperature for decreasing gas loss during expansion; and to optimize the processing conditions in the die for avoiding too‐rapid crystallization. Use of a branched polypropylene resin was required to achieve large volume expansion because prevention of cell coalescence will retard gas loss from the extruded foam to the environment. The foam morphologies of linear and branched polypropylene materials at various processing temperatures were studied using a single‐screw tandem foam extrusion system and their volume expansion behaviors were compared. Ultra lowdensity, fine‐celled polypropylene foams with very high expansion ratio up to 90 fold were successfully produced from the branched polypropylene resins.
Method and apparatus for generating electrocutaneous stimulation patterns for the transmission of acoustic information (1984)

First Page
A very-low-loss 2-bit X-band RF MEMS phase shifter (2003)

A novel low-loss phase shifter, based on RF MEMS series switches and a single-pole four-throw (SP4T) switch design, is presented. The phase shifter is fabricated on a 200 /spl mu/m-thick GaAs substrate, and occupies less than 12 mm/sup 2/ of space. The measured average insertion loss is -0.55 dB, with a reflection loss of less than -17 dB over the 8-12 GHz frequency range. The 2-bit phase shifter performs well up to 18 GHz with an average loss of only -0.85 dB and a near-perfect linear phase shift from DC-18 GHz. This is the lowest loss MMIC-type phase shifter to-date at 8-18 GHz.
Characterization of Lignin Streams during Bionic Liquid-Based Pretreatment from Grass, Hardwood, and Softwood (2018)

Delignification as a function of ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment has potential in terms of recovering and converting the fractionated lignin streams to renewable products. Renewable biogenic ionic liquids, or bionic liquids (e.g., cholinium lysinate, ([Ch][Lys])), provide opportunities in terms of effective, economic, and sustainable lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment. We have evaluated [Ch][Lys] pretreatment in terms of sugar and lignin yields for three different feedstocks: switchgrass, eucalyptus, and pine. Four lignin streams isolated during [Ch][Lys] pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis were comprehensively analyzed, tracking their changes in physical–chemical structures. We observed changes in major lignin linkages and lignin aromatics units (p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringil (S)) that occurred during pretreatment. A compositional analysis of the different process streams and a comprehensive mass balance in conjunction with multiple analytical techniques (nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC)) is presented. Qualitative and quantitative analyses indicates that there are significantly more lignin–carbohydrate interactions for G-rich lignin in pine. The lignin removal and extent of lignin depolymerization for switchgrass and eucalyptus were higher than pine and follows the order of switchgrass > eucalyptus > pine. The insights gained from this work contribute to better understanding of physiochemical properties of lignin streams generated during [Ch][Lys] pretreatment, offering a starting point for lignin valorization strategies.
Influence of the pulse duration of fast high power magnetron discharge on the amount of ion collected on the substrate (2005)

In this paper, we report the influence of the various stages of the preionized high power pulsed magnetron discharge on the saturated ion substrate holder current. A home made system allows superposition of low preionisation current with high voltage pulses. The preionisation establishes a low density plasma near the magnetron cathode before applying each high power pulse. The pulse duration was varied from 1.5 ľs up to 8 ľs by 0.5 ľs step. It allows us to obtain the influence of each 0.5 ľs phase of magnetron pulse on the substrate holder current. The repetition frequency (5 Hz) is chosen very low to avoid the coupling between two successive pulses. For Ar pressure of ~ 1 Pa, voltage ~ 1 kV applied on a cathode, the maximum current of ~ 40 A is reached in 6 ľs. For a 33 mm copper target, the high power sputtering by argon ions passes very quickly to the stable self-sputtering regime through a short time transient regime. In the first regime, the total amount of ions arriving to the substrate varies nonlinearly with the total amount of the ions bombarding the cathode during one pulse. However, in self-sputtering regime, linear dependence is reached.
Non-resistance-based cell-state metric for phase-change memory (2011)

In phase-change memory (PCM), low-field electrical resistance is typically used to quantify the programmed cell state. However, this metric has several disadvantages. First, it exhibits temporal drift, which is a significant challenge for realizing multilevel PCM. Moreover, because of cell-geometry effects, this metric saturates after a certain point and thus masks the fact that the amorphous size increases with increasing input power. Finally, the resistance is typically measured as the current for a fixed bias voltage, which adversely affects the signal-to-noise ratio at high resistance values. A new metric for the programmed state in a PCM cell is proposed that has significant advantages over the resistance metric in all these aspects and is more representative of the fundamental programmed entity, which is the amorphous/crystalline phase configuration in the PCM cell. Analytical and experimental results are presented that demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed metric.
Electromagnetically induced transparency in atoms with hyperfine structure (1997)

We describe a method for obtaining population trapping and electromagnetically induced transparency in atoms with hyperfine structure and where, therefore, more than three states are coupled by two applied fields.
Biodegradable Cationic Polycarbonates as Vaccine Adjuvants (2020)

In this study, biodegradable cationic polycarbonate and polylactide block copolymers were synthesized and successfully used as novel vaccine adjuvants to provide enhanced anticancer immunity. The polymers formed nanoparticles with the model vaccine, ovalbumin (OVA), and the immunostimulant toll-like receptor 3 agonist poly(I:C) (a synthetic analog of the double-stranded RNA). Higher uptake of poly(I:C) by the bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and macrophages and OVA by dendritic cells was observed when delivered using the polymer adjuvant. <i>In vivo</i> experiments showed that these nanoparticles remained longer in the subcutaneous injection site as compared to OVA alone and led to higher production of anti-OVA specific antibodies with prolonged immunostimulation. When OVA was combined with poly(I:C) that was either co-entrapped in the same particles or as separate particles, a comparable level of anti-OVA IgG1 antibodies and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was produced in mouse blood plasma, and a similar level of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response in mice was stimulated as compared to OVA/Alum particles. Furthermore, tumor rejection in the mice that were vaccinated for 9 months with the formulations containing the polymer adjuvant was stronger than the other treatment groups without the polymer. Notably, the cationic polycarbonates were not associated with any adverse <i>in vivo</i> effects. Thus, these biodegradable polymers may be promising substitutes for aluminum-based adjuvants in vaccine formulations.
P‐123: Distinguished Poster: Field Sequential Color Displays based on Reflective Electrically Suppressed Helix Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal (2015)

In this paper, we demonstrate a field sequential color display based on reflective electrically suppressed helix ferroelectric liquid crystal. The ultrafast response time enables this display cell to be driven at higher frequency with lower electric field. This reflective display cell can be used in projection displays and micro displays.