gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DNA Condensation and Transfection of Cells in Culture by a New Polynorbornane Polycationic Polymer (1999)

We describe the synthesis of a new type of linear polycationic polynorbornane by vinylic polymerization in water of an ammonium norbornene as monomer. This polymerization catalyzed by PdCl2 leads to stretched flexible polymers able to complex DNA. Moreover the complexes obtained are stable, protecting DNA from DNAse enzymatic degradation. Finally the first transfection assays showed that this new polymer is able to mediate transfection in target COS cells.
Nonequilibrium point defects and dopant diffusion in carbon-rich silicon (2001)

We show that B and P exhibit suppressed and As and Sb enhanced diffusion in Si with C atom concentrations of about ${10}^{20} {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}.$ Since B and P diffuse via an interstitial mechanism and Sb and As diffuse via a vacancy mechanism, this indicates a suppressed density of self-interstitials and an enhanced density of vacancies in C-doped Si. Simultaneous measurements of vacancy supersaturation by means of Sb diffusion and of the clustering kinetics of C are used to study the annihilation of excess vacancies at the Si surface. The surface acts as an effective sink for vacancies with a recombination length \ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\leqslant}70 nm.
Influence of the hole injection layer on the luminescent performanceof organic light-emitting diodes (2004)

We investigate the influence of the hole injection layer (HIL) on the performance of vapor-deposited tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum-based organic light-emitting diodes. Four different HIL materials were used: 4,4′, 4″-tris{N,(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenylamino}-triphenylamine) (m-MTDATA), 4,4′, 4″-tris{N,-(2-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino}-triphenylamine, copper phthalocyanine, and oxotitanium phthalocyanine. In all cases, Alq3 acts as the emitting layer as well as electron-transporting layers. Evidence showed that m-MTDATA exhibits a dense film structure and fine surface morphology, leading to easier hole migration at the indium tin oxide/m-MTDATA and m-MTDATA/hole-transport layer junctions. It also possesses a shallow bulk trap level, providing more detrapping holes from the bulk trap states to highest occupied molecular orbital states for transporting in m-MTDATA. We suggest that these are the main contributing factors to the superior current density–voltage and luminance-voltage performance of this device.
Achromatopsia (2015)

Genetic understanding and disease characterization of achromatopsia continues to evolve, as do gene therapy tools and animal models. The potential for the treatment of achromatopsia in humans with gene therapy shows great promise.
Imperial Language Policy in the Nineteenth Century. (2018)

Heute ist Englisch, basierend auf der Anzahl der Sprecher und vor allem aufgrund seiner Verbreitung in allen modernen Medien, als Weltsprache anerkannt und als globales Kommunikationsmittel aus unserem Alltag nicht mehr wegzudenken. Die Untersuchung konzentriert sich auf die Anfänge des Englischen als imperiale Sprache und analysiert am Beispiel von Süd- und Südostasien seine Verbreitung im 19. Jahrhundert. Dabei zeigt sich, dass mit Bildungspolitik in den Kolonien immer auch der Versuch verbunden war, sprachpolitische Entwicklungen und damit einhergehende Aufstiegschancen der Kolonisierten zu steuern. Da sie jedoch nur ein Element in einem komplexen und keinesfalls immer kohärenten Gefüge von imperialer Politik in London, Entscheidungen „on the spot“ und „local agency“ war, konnte sie nur bedingt Wirkung zeigen. Dennoch lässt sich in den Quellen zur Bildungs- und Sprachpolitik besonders gut nachlesen, welche Rolle einerseits die Zivilisierungsmission und andererseits eher wirtschaftlich orientierte Herangehensweisen im politischen Denken und im kolonialen Handeln spielten.
Smart Drip Using Arduino Microcontroller (2019)

International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering (A UGC Approved and indexed with DOI, ICI and Approved, DPI Digital Library) is one of the leading and growing open access, peer-reviewed, monthly, and scientific research journal for scientists, engineers, research scholars, and academicians, which gains a foothold in Asia and opens to the world, aims to publish original, theoretical and practical advances in Computer Science,Information Technology, Engineering (Software, Mechanical, Civil, Electronics & Electrical), and all interdisciplinary streams of Computing Sciences. It intends to disseminate original, scientific, theoretical or applied research in the field of Computer Sciences and allied fields. It provides a platform for publishing results and research with a strong empirical component. It aims to bridge the significant gap between research and practice by promoting the publication of original, novel, industry-relevant research.
Current approaches to <i>p</i> <i>n</i> junctions in wider band gap II–VI semiconductors (1990)

Long-standing problems to make junctions in wider band gap semiconductors, especially II–VIs, are being restudied today by new low-temperature epitaxial growth methods, which may lead to current-injecting devices suited to light emission. This paper reviews various approaches briefly, with particular emphasis on heterojunctions and methods to control dopants. A few of the many possible heterojunctions are favored by small offset barriers, but are not without other problems. New dopants, besides the much-studied Li, are being introduced in new ways, in the effort to attain reproducibility and stability.
Towards accurate and efficient volume rendering (1993)

This thesis is concerned with improvements to algorithms for volume rendering; a technique that provides scientists with the means for visual exploration of three-dimensional data. Despite its numerous successes, and its increasing use within the scientific community, state-of-the-art volume rendering algorithms have many shortcomings. Difficulties include: ensuring the accuracy of the rendered images, producing images with modest computational resources, and rendering the diverse types of data that are currently being produced. The work in this thesis was motivated by the demands of an ongoing visualization project in four-dimensional cardiac visualization. We present solutions to some key problems in ensuring accuracy and in producing algorithms that can scale to handle large datasets. Although the theoretical work in this thesis applies to arbitrary data topologies, our implementations have assumed that the data is defined by sample points on a regular rectilinear grid. In the area of accuracy, we focus on the error that is introduced during volume projection. This phase of the volume rendering process involves the evaluation of the emission-absorption volume rendering line integral. This thesis presents four techniques for controlled precision volume integration. These schema depart from existing approaches in that they provide error bounds along with the solutions they generate. In each case, the error analysis leads to an algorithm for evaluating the integral to any specified tolerance. Our investigations into efficiency issues have resulted in two advances. First, an adaptive error bracketing scheme is presented that builds on the controlled precision volume integration methods. Using adaptive error bracketing, the solution for a viewing ray is continually refined until a user-specified error tolerance is met. The algorithm allows processing of the data without imposing a strict front-to-back or back-to-front evaluation order. Second, a suite of tools are presented that can be used to efficiently compute perspective projections of volume data. These include a paging strategy that is useful when a dataset is too large to fit into RAM memory and a ray splitting technique for adaptive supersampling. The latter technique ensures that all data features contribute to the final image while avoiding overcomputation in regions close to the eyepoint.
Synthesis and application of polymeric fluorescent whitening agents (2001)

Abstract From p ‐toluic acid, a series of polymeric fluorescent whitening agents (FWA) was synthesized. In the paper are given the details for the synthesis of the FWA and their intermediates. The products are water‐dispersible or water‐soluble, have good affinity with hydrophobic fabrics, affect the soil‐releasing effect on polyester, soiled or aged cotton fabrics, and can be incorporated into concentrated fabric conditioner, a product type using FWA that is being developed. Polymeric FWA add excellent brightness to polyester and soiled or aged cotton for which the usual anionic FWA have little effect.
Protection in an object-oriented distributed virtual machine (2003)

The paper describes the principles of a protection model based on objects and its implementation of an object-oriented distributed virtual machine. The model is based on access lists, method groups, and visibility restrictions. It is currently being implemented on the Guide-2 system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Magnetic field tunable capacitive dielectric:ionic-liquid sandwich composites (2016)

We examined the tunability of the capacitance for GaFeO3–ionic liquid–GaFeO3 composite material by external magnetic and electric field. Up to 1.6 folds of capacitance tunability could be achieved at 957 kHz with voltage 4 V and magnetic field 0.02 T applied. We show that the capacitance enhancement is due to the polarization coupling between dielectric layer and ionic liquid layer.
Synchrotron Radiation Sources — A Primer (1995)

Introduction and Overview, H Winick Lattices, M Cornacchia Injection Systems, G Mulhaupt RF Systems, J Thompson & M Dykes Magnet Design, N Marks Magnet Power Supplies, R Richter Magnetic Measurements, R Walker Vacuum Systems, J Noonan & D Walters Controls and Accelerator Modelling, J. Corbett & C Wermelskirchen Beam Diagnostics, P Kuske Magnet Supports and Alignment, R Ruland Instabilities, M Furman & S Chattopadhyay Beam Stabilizing and Steering Systems, J Galayda Wiggler and Undulator Insertion Devices, R Schlueter Conventional Facilities, V Saile & J Scott Safety, T Dickinson.
Diverse monoclonal antibodies against the <scp>CA</scp> 19‐9 antigen show variation in binding specificity with consequences for clinical interpretation (2012)

The CA 19-9 antigen is currently the best individual marker for the detection of pancreatic cancer. In order to optimize the CA 19-9 assay and to develop approaches to further improve cancer detection, it is important to understand the specificity differences between CA 19-9 antibodies and the consequential affect on biomarker performance. Antibody arrays enabled multiplexed comparisons between five different CA 19-9 antibodies used in the analysis of plasma samples from pancreatic cancer patients and controls. Major differences were observed between antibodies in their detection of particular patient samples. Glycan array analysis revealed that certain antibodies were highly specific for the canonical CA 19-9 epitope, sialyl-Lewis A, while others bound sialyl-Lewis A in addition to a related structure called sialyl-Lewis C and modification with Nue5Gc. In a much larger patient cohort, we confirmed the binding of sialyl-Lewis C glycan by one of the antibodies and showed that the broader specificity led to the detection of an increased number of cancer patients without increasing detection of pancreatitis patient samples. This work demonstrates that variation between antibody specificity for cancer-associated glycans can have significant implications for biomarker performance and highlights the value of characterizing and detecting the range of glycan structures that are elevated in cancer.
Bipolar disorders and the effectiveness of novel anticonvulsants. (2002)

The discovery that valproic acid is helpful in the management of patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder led to an explosion of research culminating in the third-generation anticonvulsants. Refractory depressive phases are frequent in bipolar disorders. No studies to date have shown that gabapentin is effective in bipolar mania or hypomania. Lamotrigine may have a role in treating bipolar depressive episodes, but it is not a particularly effective antimanic agent. Topiramate has shown encouraging results in both depressed and manic bipolar patients, and it may also promote weight loss. The new anticonvulsants are promising agents for the treatment of bipolar disorders, but they are heterogeneous with regard to their efficacy, target symptoms, and adverse event profiles.
Sepsis-induced alterations in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase expression: the role of insulin and glucagon. (1993)

Sepsis is associated with a decrease in the intrinsic gluconeogenic capacity of hepatocytes. The mechanism underlying this depression is unknown. This study sought to investigate whether decreased expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), a rate limiting enzyme in hepatic gluconeogenesis, might contribute to the decreased gluconeogenesis in sepsis. Therefore, we determined the effects of sepsis on the steady-state level of PEPCK mRNA and on PEPCK activity. Further, levels of insulin and glucagon, which modulate PEPCK expression under normal conditions, were also measured. Rats were subjected to either cecal ligation and puncture, or sham operation. Twenty-four hr later, the steady-state level of PEPCK mRNA was determined by Northern Blot hybridization analysis, and PEPCK activity was measured by 14C incorporation into phosphoenolpyruvate. Insulin and glucagon levels were determined by radioimmunoassay, and the insulin/glucagon ratio calculated. The steady-state levels of PEPCK mRNA were significantly decreased in septic animals relative to sham-operated animals. The specific activity of PEPCK in sham-operated animals was 1.67 +/- 0.25 U/mg protein, compared to 0.93 +/- 0.18 U/mg protein in septic animals (P < 0.05). The insulin/glucagon ratio was lower in septic animals than in sham-operated controls. To investigate the specific effect of the insulin-glucagon ratios observed in septic and sham operated rats on hepatocytes under non-septic conditions, cultures of primary rat hepatocytes were used. These cells were incubated with levels of insulin and glucagon equivalent to those found following cecal ligation and puncture or sham operation. Hormonal conditions designed to mimic sepsis were associated with an increase in PEPCK expression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Evolution and characteristics of GaN nanowires produced via maskless reactive ion etching (2014)

The formation of nanowires (NWs) by reactive ion etching (RIE) of maskless GaN layers was investigated. The morphological, structural and optical characteristics of the NWs were studied and compared to those of the layer they evolve from. It is shown that the NWs are the result of a defect selective etching process. The evolution of density and length with etching time is discussed. Densely packed NWs with a length of more than 1 μm and a diameter of ∼60 nm were obtained by RIE of a ∼2.5 μm thick GaN layer. The NWs are predominantly free of threading dislocations and show an improvement of optical properties compared to their layer counterpart. The production of NWs via a top down process on non-masked group III-nitride layers is assessed to be very promising for photovoltaic applications.
Electron emission characteristics of sputtered lanthanum hexaboride (1991)

Magnetron sputtering was used to deposit a thin film of lanthanum hexaboride for cathode structures. The chemistry of the coatings was studied with x-ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The work function and electron emission characteristics of the coating have been studied in a diode test cell using tungsten and rhenium as substrates and controls. After optimization of sputtering parameters such as sample bias, forward power, base pressure, and argon flow rates, coatings were obtained with a work function of 2.4–2.6 eV. At 1200 K, the emission density of a lanthanum hexaboride coated tungsten filament was 8.8 mA/cm2 while the emission density of a clean tungsten filament was 9.7×10−12 A/cm2. Coated tungsten filaments ran over 1000 h without any reduction in the emission current in a vacuum of 10−7 Torr. Coated filaments were flexed with moderate severity without microcracking, spalling, or a detectable difference in emission characteristics. After an initial activation, the lanthanum hexaboride-coated filaments were exposed to the atmosphere without a subsequent reduction in emission current density. Surface analysis indicated that the surface of the cathode was primarily lanthanum oxide.
Energy Saver Prototype Accelerating Resonator (1981)

A fixed frequency RF accelerating resonator has been built and tested for the Fermilab Energy Saver. Table I shows the design parameters and prototype resonator test results. The resonator features a high permeability nickel alloy resistor which damps unwanted modes and corona rolls designed with the aid of the computer code SUPERFISH. In bench measurements, the prototype resonator has achieved peak accelerating voltages of 500 kV for a 1% duty cycle and CW operation at 360 kV. The prototype has also been successfully operated with beam in the FNAL Main Ring.
Recent Innovations in Carbon-Ion Radiotherapy (2010)

In the last few years, hospital-based facilities for carbon-ion radiotherapy are being constructed and proposed in Europe and Asia. During the next few years, several new facilities will be opened for carbon-ion radiotherapy in the world. These facilities in operation or under construction are categorized in two types by the beam shaping method used. One is the passive beam shaping method that is mainly improved and systematized for routine clinical use at HIMAC, Japan. The other method is active beam shaping which is also known as beam scanning adopted at GSI/HIT, Germany. In this paper an overview of some technical aspects for beam shaping is reported. The technique of passive beam shaping is established for stable clinical application and has clinical result of over 4000 patients in HIMAC. In contrast, clinical experience of active beam shaping is about 400 patients, and there is no clinical experience to respiratory moving target. A great advantage of the active beam shaping method is patient-specific collimator-less and compensator-less treatment. This may be an interesting potential for adaptive radiotherapy.
High accuracy measurements of objects with multiple reflective surfaces with wavelength shifting interferometry (2007)

A conventional phase shifting interferometer is capable of measuring opaque surfaces with sub-nanometer precision. However, it cannot be used to measure an object with multiple parallel reflective surfaces such as a transparent plate, a glass disk, or an Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL) mask blank. This is because the plane parallel reflective surfaces generate multiple interferograms that are superimposed in the recording plane of the interferometer. Although every individual interferogram is associated with phase information that is related to the height or thickness, the conventional interferometer is not able to differentiate one surface from another. To measure these surfaces, we have developed a method that integrates a Fizeau interferometer with a tunable light source and a weighted least-square technique. The tunable light source controls the wavelength during the data acquisition process, producing phase shift speeds that are proportional to the optical path difference (OPD). The weighted least-square signal processing technique separates each surface from the others in an optimal manner. Thus the desired information, such as the front surface height, back surface height, and relative optical thickness of a plane-parallel transparent glass plate are extracted without multi-surface fringe print-through artifacts. In this paper we will present the method and demonstrate its performance. The demonstrated surface height accuracy for EUVL mask blank substrates is 5 nm and the RMS repeatability is <0.01 nm.
Efficient femtosecond high power Yb:Lu_2O_3 thin disk laser (2007)

We demonstrate the first passively mode-locked thin disk laser based on Yb:Lu(2)O(3). The laser generates 370-fs pulses with 20.5 W of average power in a diffraction-limited beam (M(2) < 1.1). The nearly transform-limited pulses have a spectral bandwidth of 3.4 nm centered near 1034 nm. With slightly longer pulses (523 fs) we obtained 24 W of average power at a pump power of 56 W, resulting in an optical-to-optical efficiency of 43%, which is higher than for any previously mode-locked thin disk laser.
Resource allocation across multiple cloud data centres (2010)

Web applications with rich AJAX-driven user interfaces make asynchronous server-side calls to switch application state. To provide the best user experience, the response time of these calls must be as low as possible. Since response time is bounded by network delay, it can be minimised by placing application components closest to the network location of the majority of anticipated users. However, with a limited budget for hosting applications, developers need to select data centre locations strategically. In practice, the best choice is difficult to achieve manually due to dynamic client workloads and effects such as flash crowds.
Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Based on a Novel Fluorescent Dye with a Pyridine Ring and a Pyridinium Dye with the Pyridinium Ring Forming Strong Interactions with Nanocrystalline TiO<sub>2</sub> Films (2009)

Abstract As new‐type donor–acceptor π‐conjugated dyes capable of forming a strong interaction between the electron‐acceptor moiety of the sensitizers and a TiO 2 surface, fluorescent dye OH11 and pyridinum dye OH12 with a pyridine and pyridinium ring as the electron‐accepting group, respectively, have been designed and synthesized as photosensitizers for use in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The fluorescent dye OH11 exhibits an absorption band at around 410 nm and a fluorescence band at around 530 nm. On the other hand, the pyridinum dye OH12 shows an absorption maximum at around 560 nm, assigned to a strong intramolecular charge‐transfer excitation from the dibutylamino group to the pyridinium ring. The short‐circuit photocurrent densities of the DSSCs prepared by using OH11 and OH12 are 4.33 and 1.74mA cm –2 , and the solar energy‐to‐electricity conversion yields are 1.33 and 0.51 %, respectively, under simulated solar light [AM (air mass) 1.5, 100 mW cm –2 ]. The open‐circuit photovoltage for OH11 (525 mV) is higher than that of OH12 (444 mV). The effects of the configuration of the dyes on the TiO 2 surface and of their chemical structures on the photovoltaic performances are discussed on the basis of semi‐empirical molecular orbital calculations (AM1 and INDO/S), spectral analyses and cyclic voltammetry.