gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamically variable negative stiffness structures (2016)

Variable stiffness structures that enable a wide range of efficient load-bearing and dexterous activity are ubiquitous in mammalian musculoskeletal systems but are rare in engineered systems because of their complexity, power, and cost. We present a new negative stiffness-based load-bearing structure with dynamically tunable stiffness. Negative stiffness, traditionally used to achieve novel response from passive structures, is a powerful tool to achieve dynamic stiffness changes when configured with an active component. Using relatively simple hardware and low-power, low-frequency actuation, we show an assembly capable of fast (<10 ms) and useful (>100×) dynamic stiffness control. This approach mitigates limitations of conventional tunable stiffness structures that exhibit either small (<30%) stiffness change, high friction, poor load/torque transmission at low stiffness, or high power active control at the frequencies of interest. We experimentally demonstrate actively tunable vibration isolation and stiffness tuning independent of supported loads, enhancing applications such as humanoid robotic limbs and lightweight adaptive vibration isolators.
Impact of Asphaltene Nanoscience on Understanding Oilfield Reservoirs (2011)

Abstract Understanding asphaltene gradients and dynamics of fluids in reservoirs had been greatly hindered by the lack of knowledge of asphaltene nanoscience. Gravitational segregation effects on oil composition, so important in reservoir fluids, are unresolvable without knowledge of (asphaltene) particle size in crude oils. Recently, the "modified Yen model" also known as the Yen-Mullins model, has been proposed describing the dominant forms of asphaltenes in crude oils: molecules, nanoaggregates and clusters. This asphaltene nanoscience approach enables development of the first predictive equation of state for asphaltene compositional gradients in reservoirs, the Flory-Huggins-Zuo (FHZ) EoS. This new asphaltene EoS is readily exploited with "downhole fluid analysis" (DFA) on wireline formation testers thereby elucidating important fluid and reservoir complexities. Field studies confirm the applicability of this scientific formalism and DFA technology for evaluating reservoir compartmentalization and especially connectivity issues providing orders of magnitude improvement over tradional static pressure surveys. Moreover, the mechanism of tar mat formation, a long standing puzzle, is largely resolved by our new asphaltene nanoscience model as shown in field studies. In addition, oil columns possessing large disequilibrium gradients of asphaltenes are shown to be amenable to the new FHZ EoS in a straightforward manner. We also examine recent developments in asphaltene science. For example, important interfacial properties of asphaltenes have been resolved recently providing a simple framework to address surface science. At long last, the solid asphaltenes (as with hydrocarbon gases and liquids) are treated with a proper chemical construct and theoretical formalism. New asphaltene science coupled with new DFA technology will yield increasingly powerful benefits in the future.
Using monolingual source-language data to improve MT performance. (2006)

Statistical machine translation systems are usually trained on large amounts of bilingual text and of monolingual text in the target language. In this paper, we will present a self-training approach which additionally explores the use of monolin-gual source text, namely the documents to be translated, to improve the system performance. An initial version of the translation system is used to translate the source text. Among the generated translations, target sentences of low quality are automatically identified and discarded. The reliable trans-lations together with their sources are then used as a new bilingual corpus for training an additional phrase translation model. Thus, the translation system can be adapted to the new source data even if no bilingual data in this domain is available. Experimental evaluation was performed on a stan-dard Chinese–English translation task. We focus on settings where the domain and/or the style of the test data is different from that of the training material. We will show a signif-icant improvement in translation quality through the use of the adaptive phrase translation model. BLEU score rises up to 1.1 points, and mWER is reduced by up to 3.1 % absolute. 1.
A Survey on Hybrid Circuit-Breaker Topologies (2014)

The applications of power semiconductors in circuit-breaker (CB) technology can help achieve considerable improvement in its performance and possible new capabilities. In this paper, new trends in power electronics for the applications in CBs are presented. It also summarizes and reviews the appropriate hybrid mechanical-static CB topologies. Various conventional and derived topologies for ac as well as dc applications are described. Discussions about common and future trends in this technology development are presented. This study will provide a useful framework and point of reference for the future development of hybrid CBs for various different applications.
Novel distributed fiber temperature and strain sensor using coherent radio-frequency detection of spontaneous Brillouin scattering (2007)

A novel technique that enables coherent detection of spontaneous Brillouin scattering in radio-frequency region has been demonstrated for distributed measurements of temperature and strain in long fiber by using a CW single-frequency Brillouin fiber laser.
Aerogels: Structure, properties and applications (2011)

Aerogels prepared via a sol-gel route and supercritical drying posses a unique microstructure with specifics like a 3D open porous network of nanosized particles, huge specific surface area up to a few thousand square meters per gram, extremely low thermal conductivity, extremely low density, such that applications in a variety of industrial sectors seemed obvious 30 years ago. The structure and properties are essentially independent of the chemical nature of the aerogels, which can be organic, inorganic, a combination of both or composites made from them. Although the large potential initiated intensive research it took almost twenty years before the still costly production process allows making aerogels finding their way into more and more industrial sectors. Aerogels are now utilized as super insolating materials in shoe soles or apparel, daylight illumination systems, pipeline isolation mats, medium temperature isolating materials, tennis rackets, drug delivery systems, foundry core and mould materials, building construction materials and many more are being developed in the last decade. The paper describes briefly typical aerogel structures, properties and then concentrates on a comprehensive presentation of industrial applications today and potential for the future.
<i>E. coli</i> K5 fermentation and the preparation of heparosan, a bioengineered heparin precursor (2010)

Heparosan is an acidic polysaccharide natural product, which serves as the critical precursor in heparin biosynthesis and in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of bioengineered heparin. Heparosan is also the capsular polysaccharide of Escherichia coli K5 strain. The current study was focused on the examination of the fermentation of E. coli K5 with the goal of producing heparosan in high yield and volumetric productivity. The structure and molecular weight properties of this bacterial heparosan were determined using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Fermentation of E. coli K5 in a defined medium using exponential fed-batch glucose addition with oxygen enrichment afforded heparosan at 15 g/L having a number average molecular weight of 58,000 Da and a weight average molecular weight of 84,000 Da.
Transverse writing of three-dimensional tubular optical waveguides in glass with a slit-shaped femtosecond laser beam (2016)

We report on fabrication of tubular optical waveguides buried in ZBLAN glass based on transverse femtosecond laser direct writing. Irradiation in ZBLAN with focused femtosecond laser pulses leads to decrease of refractive index in the modified region. Tubular optical waveguides of variable mode areas are fabricated by forming the four sides of the cladding with slit-shaped femtosecond laser pulses, ensuring single mode waveguiding with a mode field dimension as small as ~4 μm.
Concordance of two approaches in monitoring of minimal residual disease in B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Fusion transcripts and leukemia-associated immunophenotypes (2017)

In most follow-up samples, MRD estimates by two methods are in agreement, especially in patients with TCF3-PBX1.
Pharmacologically induced hypothermia with cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55, 212-2 after cardiopulmonary resuscitation* (2010)

The selective cannabinoid agonist, WIN55, 212-2, produced a significant reduction in blood temperature and improved postresuscitation myocardial functions and survival after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The study results may provide a further option for early and effective induction of therapeutic hypothermia in settings of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Interferometry using undulator sources (invited, abstract) (1996)

Optical systems for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography need to use optical components with subnanometer surface figure error tolerances to achieve diffraction-limited performance [M.D. Himel, in Soft X-Ray Projection Lithography, A.M. Hawryluk and R.H. Stulen, eds. (OSA, Washington, D.C., 1993), 18, 1089, and D. Attwood et al., Appl. Opt. 32, 7022 (1993)]. Also, multilayer-coated optics require at-wavelength wavefront measurement to characterize phase effects that cannot be measured by conventional optical interferometry. Furthermore, EUV optical systems will additionally require final testing and alignment at the operational wavelength for adjustment and reduction of the cumulative optical surface errors. Therefore, at-wavelength interferometric measurement of EUV optics will be the necessary metrology tool for the successful development of optics for EUV lithography. An EUV point diffraction interferometer (PDI) has been developed at the Center for X-Ray Optics (CXRO) and has been already in operation for a year [K. Goldberg et al., in Extreme Ultra Lithography, D.T. Attwood and F. Zernike, eds. (OSA, Washington, D.C., 1994), K. Goldberg et al., Proc. SPIE 2437, to be published, and K. Goldberg et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 13, 2923 (1995)] using an undulator radiation source and coherent optics beamline at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. An overview of the PDI interferometer and some EUV wavefront measurements obtained with this instrument will be presented. In addition, future developments planned for EUV interferometry at CXRO towards the measurement of actual EUV lithography optics will be shown.
Automating the Surveillance of Mosquito Vectors from Trapped Specimens\n Using Computer Vision Techniques (2020)

Among all animals, mosquitoes are responsible for the most deaths worldwide.\nInterestingly, not all types of mosquitoes spread diseases, but rather, a\nselect few alone are competent enough to do so. In the case of any disease\noutbreak, an important first step is surveillance of vectors (i.e., those\nmosquitoes capable of spreading diseases). To do this today, public health\nworkers lay several mosquito traps in the area of interest. Hundreds of\nmosquitoes will get trapped. Naturally, among these hundreds, taxonomists have\nto identify only the vectors to gauge their density. This process today is\nmanual, requires complex expertise/ training, and is based on visual inspection\nof each trapped specimen under a microscope. It is long, stressful and\nself-limiting. This paper presents an innovative solution to this problem. Our\ntechnique assumes the presence of an embedded camera (similar to those in\nsmart-phones) that can take pictures of trapped mosquitoes. Our techniques\nproposed here will then process these images to automatically classify the\ngenus and species type. Our CNN model based on Inception-ResNet V2 and Transfer\nLearning yielded an overall accuracy of 80% in classifying mosquitoes when\ntrained on 25,867 images of 250 trapped mosquito vector specimens captured via\nmany smart-phone cameras. In particular, the accuracy of our model in\nclassifying Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes (both of which are\ndeadly vectors) is amongst the highest. We present important lessons learned\nand practical impact of our techniques towards the end of the paper.\n
A 3.0 V 2 GHz transmitter IC for digital radio communication with integrated VCOs (2002)

The digital European cordless telecommunication (DECT) standard applies to business as well as to the consumer market. Therefore cost effective solutions are required that are able to operate directly from a 3-cell power supply. A transmitter for digital data transmission is realized on a 7.5 GHz bipolar process. The IC, together with a CMOS PLL, constitutes the complete frequency synthesizer. The IC is suitable for both portable and base stations of FSK digital mobile radio, especially cordless phone systems from 1.6 to 2 GHz including DECT, wireless LAN, wireless local loop or any other system using FSK modulation. The design is optimized with respect to power supply, low current consumption, frequency stability and phase noise. No previously-reported transmitter IC includes VCOs and is capable of operating directly from a 3-cell supply. The IC presented here consists of two 800-1000 MHz VCOs, a 64/65 prescaler, a low drop voltage regulator, a frequency doubler, reference current generation, and power down and switching logic.
High Optical Efficiency Integrated Head for Use in Magneto-Optical Disk Drive (2003)

We explain the integrated magneto-optical (MO) head module that contains diffractive optical elements (DOE) and a beam-splitter (BS) with cylindrical surfaces. The optical system for servo signal detection is miniaturized by developing a multi-functional DOE. This system yields precise servo signals, and can eliminate the tracking error signal (TES) and focusing error signal (FES) independently. Power detection system is composed by using a multilevel DOE for high-speed automatic power control (APC). We suppress the distribution of the incidence angle on the BS surface, when divergent light is incident on the BS. It enables our integrated head to increase the coupling efficiency of a collimator without the deterioration of optical characteristics. When we test the head in a MO disk drive, the byte error rate (BER) of 10-6 is achieved. We confirm that this drive has the same commercial level performance for a 1.3 GB MO disk with magnetic super-resolution (MSR) technology.
Oligomeric aliphatic–aromatic ether containing phthalonitrile resins (2015)

ABSTRACT A versatile synthetic method has been developed for oligomeric aliphatic–aromatic ether containing phthalonitrile (PN) resins and applied to the preparation of three unique resin systems. The oligomeric PN monomers were prepared from the reaction of an excess amount of bisphenol A with a dihalo‐aliphatic containing compound in the presence of K 2 CO 3 in dimethylsulfoxide, followed by end‐capping with 4‐nitrophthalonitrile in a two‐step, one‐pot reaction. These PN resin systems exhibited excellent viscosities for molding various shaped articles after thermal curing to yield crosslinked polymers. These polymers offered more mechanical flexibility, when compared with an all aromatic backbone, while still maintaining good thermal stability, dielectric properties, and low water absorption. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53 , 2186–2191
Polarization switching in VCSEL's due to thermal lensing (1998)

We demonstrate a new mechanism for polarization switching in slightly anisotropic vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL's) based on index guiding due to the effect of thermal lensing. This polarization switching takes place when the laser operates on the short-wavelength side of the gain maximum. The two orthogonal linear polarizations correspond to slightly different wavelengths and switching occurs from shorter toward longer laser wavelength as the drive current increases. Polarization modulation has been observed up to 50 MHz with a polarization contrast ratio of 20:1.
Nanoimprint lithography using vertically aligned carbon nanostructures as stamps (2009)

Nanoimprint lithography using vertically aligned carbon nanostructures as stamps is reported. The functionality of the stamp is demonstrated through lift-off and etch-back processes after pattern replication. The imprint process is robust and the stamp structures survived more than 50 consecutive imprints. In this paper we demonstrate this for feature sizes ranging from 80 nm to 200 microm where the aspect ratio of the individual nanostructures surpasses 1:5 with a pitch down to 100 nm. This demonstration opens up the possibility of utilizing vertically grown carbon nanostructures for manufacturing extremely high aspect ratio and small pitch stamps for nanoimprint lithography.
Structure and Dynamics of FosA-Mediated Fosfomycin Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli (2017)

Fosfomycin exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and is being reevaluated for the treatment of extensively drug-resistant pathogens. Its activity in Gram-negative organisms, however, can be compromised by expression of FosA, a metal-dependent transferase that catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione to fosfomycin, rendering the antibiotic inactive. In this study, we solved the crystal structures of two of the most clinically relevant FosA enzymes: plasmid-encoded FosA3 from <i>Escherichia coli</i> and chromosomally encoded FosA from <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (FosA<sup>KP</sup>). The structure, molecular dynamics, catalytic activity, and fosfomycin resistance of FosA3 and FosA<sup>KP</sup> were also compared to those of FosA from <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (FosA<sup>PA</sup>), for which prior crystal structures exist. <i>E. coli</i> TOP10 transformants expressing FosA3 and FosA<sup>KP</sup> conferred significantly greater fosfomycin resistance (MIC, >1,024 μg/ml) than those expressing FosA<sup>PA</sup> (MIC, 16 μg/ml), which could be explained in part by the higher catalytic efficiencies of the FosA3 and FosA<sup>KP</sup> enzymes. Interestingly, these differences in enzyme activity could not be attributed to structural differences at their active sites. Instead, molecular dynamics simulations and hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiments with FosA<sup>KP</sup> revealed dynamic interconnectivity between its active sites and a loop structure that extends from the active site of each monomer and traverses the dimer interface. This dimer interface loop is longer and more extended in FosA<sup>KP</sup> and FosA3 than in FosA<sup>PA</sup>, and kinetic analyses of FosA<sup>KP</sup> and FosA<sup>PA</sup> loop-swapped chimeric enzymes highlighted its importance in FosA activity. Collectively, these data yield novel insights into fosfomycin resistance that could be leveraged to develop new strategies to inhibit FosA and potentiate fosfomycin activity.
National Rotavirus Surveillance Program annual report, 2005–06 (2006)

The National Rotavirus Reference Centre together with collaborating laboratories Australia-wide has conducted rotavirus surveillance since June 1999. This report describes the serotypes of rotavirus strains responsible for the hospitalisation of children with acute gastroenteritis during the period 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2006. Eight hundred and forty-eight faecal samples from across Australia were examined using monoclonal antibody immunoassays, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and polyacrylamide gel analysis. Serotype G1 was the dominant serotype nationally, representing 40.2 per cent of all strains, followed by serotype G4 (22.6%), serotype G9 (15.1%) and serotype G3 (14.7%). Genotype G12 strains were identified for the first time in Australia. As in previous years, there was substantial geographic variation in the prevalence of rotavirus serotypes.
A high-linear sweep laser source to interrogate sub-terahertz range fiber sensors for dynamic strain sensing applications (2018)

Sub-terahertz range fiber sensors have been well investigated for distributed stain sensing applications. Due to the use to sub-millimeter range structures, high accuracy measurement using relative small interrogation bandwidth (~ 100 GHz) can be achieved. The interrogation system is based on optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR), where the key component is the high-linear frequency sweep laser source. Previously the external cavity lasers have been employed as the frequency sweep sources. The external cavity lasers are capable to sweep over large interrogation bandwidth (>3 THz). However, compared with the 100 GHz resonation period of sub-terahertz range fiber sensors with a pitch length of 1mm, this broad sweep bandwidth is unnecessary. Besides, the external cavity lasers require the use of moving mechanical components, which limits the system update rate and increases the system complexity. This paper presents a design of a high linear sweep laser source suitable for sub-terahertz range fiber sensors. A distributed feedback laser is employed as the frequency sweep source based on the injection current modulation technique, and the sweep velocity is locked at a constant value (14.2 GHz/ms) using a semi-digital feedback control system. A high-linear sweep bandwidth of 117.69 GHz with a system update rate of 50 Hz has been demonstrated. In addition, a dynamic experiment was conducted to demonstrate the system distributed strain sensing capability. The proposed system holds the potential for dynamic structural health monitoring.
Thin, lightweight electroacoustic projector for low frequency underwater applications (2004)

A thin, lightweight oil-filled electroacoustic projector has been designed and fabricated for application on unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) and autonomous unmanned vehicles (AUVs) used in littoral environments. The projector has dimensions of 381 mm×280 mm×64 mm and weighs 26 N in water. The acoustic aperture consists of 294 cymbal-type miniature Class V flextensional drivers. These 294 elements are divided into six independent modules of 49 cymbals wired together electrically in parallel. The six modules, in turn, are wired so that they can be easily combined together electrically either in parallel, series, or as a combination of both. Based on the VA power curve and a low duty cycle input voltage, an acoustic source level of at least 180 dB (re: 1 μPa @ 1 m) is attainable across the frequency span ∼3–15 kHz. This particular design is best suited for shallow water, but is shown to still be operable at water depths up to 200 meters without significant degradation in performance.
15 Imaging Bacteria with Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance (2021)

Bacteria play a two part role in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Pathogenic bacteria are an increasingly important biomedical imaging target as cases of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and hospital infection increase. However, certain bacteria have characteristics that make them ideal for use as diagnostic and theranostic MRI contrast agents. This chapter will review the roles bacteria play in contrast-enhanced MRI. First, targeted imaging strategies of bacteria are discussed (molecular and nanomaterial) followed by the ways in which bacteria and bacterial components have been used as contrast and theranostic agents. We would like to point out that this area of MRI probes is rather embryonic and the number of reports in the literature limited.