gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic Characterization of Long Residence Time Inhibitors of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) (2018)

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) catalyzes the final step in triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis. Genetic knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of DGAT2 leads to a decrease in very-low-density lipoprotein TAG secretion and hepatic lipid levels in rodents, indicating DGAT2 may represent an attractive therapeutic target for treatment of hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis. We have previously described potent and selective imidazopyridine DGAT2 inhibitors with high oral bioavailability. However, the detailed mechanism of DGAT2 inhibition has not been reported. Herein, we describe imidazopyridines represented by PF-06424439 (1) and 2 as long residence time inhibitors of DGAT2. We demonstrate that 1 and 2 are slowly reversible, time-dependent inhibitors, which inhibit DGAT2 in a noncompetitive mode with respect to the acyl-CoA substrate. Detailed kinetic analysis demonstrated that 1 and 2 inhibit DGAT2 in a two-step binding mechanism, in which the initial enzyme-inhibitor complex (EI) undergoes an isomerization step resulting in a much higher affinity complex (EI*) with overall apparent inhibition constants ( K<sub>i</sub>*<sup>app</sup> values) of 16.7 and 16.0 nM for 1 and 2, respectively. The EI* complex dissociates with dissociation half-lives of 1.2 and 1.0 h for 1 and 2, respectively. A binding assay utilizing <sup>125</sup>I-labeled imidazopyridine demonstrated that the level of imidazopyridine binding to DGAT2 mutant enzymes, H161A and H163A, dramatically decreased to 11-17% of that of the wild-type enzyme, indicating that these residues are critical for imidazopyridines to bind to DGAT2. Taken together, imidazopyridines may thus represent a promising lead series for the development of DGAT2 inhibitors that display an unprecedented combination of potency, selectivity, and in vivo efficacy.
Deterministic Clustering of Incompatible Test Cubes for Higher Power-Aware EDT Compression (2011)

The embedded deterministic test-based compression uses cube merging to reduce a pattern count, the amount of test data, and test time. It gradually expands a test pattern by incorporating compatible test cubes. This paper demonstrates that compression ratios can be order of magnitude higher, if the cube merging continues despite conflicts on certain positions. Our novel solution produces test clusters, each comprising a parent pattern and a number of its derivatives obtained by imposing extra bits on it. In order to load scan chains with patterns that feature original test cubes, only data necessary to recreate parent patterns as well as information regarding locations and values of the corresponding conflicting bits are required. A test controller can then deliver tests by repeatedly applying the same parent pattern, every time using a different control pattern to decide whether a given scan chain receives data from the parent pattern, or another pattern is used instead to recover content of the original test cube. Compression of incompatible test cubes preserves all benefits of continuous flow decompression and offers compression ratios of order 1000× with encoding efficiency much higher than 1.0. We also demonstrate that test clusters make it possible to deliver test patterns in a flexible power-aware fashion. This framework achieves significant reductions in switching activity during scan loading as well as additional test data volume reductions due to encoding algorithms employed to compress parent and control vectors.
Strategies for Producing and Incorporating Conjugated Linoleic Acid–Rich Oils in Foods (2017)

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is in ruminant-derived foods and is known to combat obesity-related diseases. However, CLA levels in a healthy diet are too low to produce a clinical effect. Therefore, CLA has been produced by linoleic isomerization through fermentation and chemical catalysis. Many of these techniques are not practical for food production, but a recent development has enabled production of CLA-rich triglyceride vegetable oils from high linoleic acid oils by a minor modification of conventional food-oil processing techniques. These oils were used to produce common lipid-based food, such as margarine, shortenings, and salad dressings, whose quality was enhanced by the presence of CLA-rich oil and provided a significant CLA source. Meat and egg CLA content and subsequent food quality can also be increased by addition of dietary CLA. However, consumer awareness of CLA benefits needs to increase prior to commercial-scale production of CLA-rich oil.
Atmospheric pressure laser desorption/chemical ionization mass spectrometry: a new ionization method based on existing themes (2002)

We have designed and constructed an atmospheric pressure laser desorption/chemical ionization (AP-LD/CI) source that utilizes a laser pulse to desorb intact neutral molecules, followed by chemical ionization via reagent ions produced by a corona discharge. This source employs a heated capillary atmospheric pressure inlet coupled to a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer and allows sampling under normal ambient air conditions. Preliminary results demonstrate that this technique provides approximately 150-fold increase in analyte ions compared to the ion population generated by atmospheric pressure infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP-IR-MALDI).
Two-Way Multiuser Mixed RF/FSO Relaying: Performance Analysis and Power Allocation (2018)

In this paper, the performance of two-way multiuser mixed radio frequency/free space optical (RF/FSO) relay networks with opportunistic user scheduling and asymmetric channel fading is studied. RF links are used to conduct data transmission between users and relay node, while a FSO link is used to conduct data transmission on the last-mile communication link between the relay node and base station. The RF links are assumed to follow a Rayleigh fading model, while the FSO links are assumed to follow a unified Gamma–Gamma atmospheric turbulence fading model with pointing error. First, closed-form expressions for the exact outage probability, asymptotic (high signal-to-noise ratio) outage probability, average symbol error rate, and average ergodic channel capacity are derived assuming a heterodyne detection scheme. The asymptotic results are used to conduct a power optimization algorithm where expressions for optimal transmission power values for the transmitting nodes are provided. Additionally, performance comparisons between the considered two-way-relaying (TWR) network and the one-way-relaying (OWR) network are provided and discussed. Also, the impact of several system parameters, including number of users, pointing errors, atmospheric turbulence conditions, and outage probability threshold on the overall network performance are investigated. All the theoretical results are validated by Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that the TWR scheme almost doubles the network ergodic capacity compared to that of the OWR scheme with the same outage performance. Additionally, it is shown that under weak-to-moderate weather turbulence conditions and small pointing error, the outage probability is dominated by the RF downlink with a neglected effect for the user selection process at the RF uplink transmission. However, for severe pointing error, the outage probability is dominated by the FSO uplink/downlink transmission.
Glutathione transferase activities toward herbicides used selectively in soybean (1997)

Using extracts from suspension-cultured cells of soybean (Glycine max cv. Mandarin) as a source of active enzymes, the activities of glutathione transferases (GSTs) catalysing the conjugation of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and selective herbicides were determined to be in the order CDNB≫ fomesafen>metolachlor=acifluorfen>chlorimuron-ethyl. GST activities showed a thiol dependence in a substrate-specific manner. Thus, GST activities toward acifluorfen and fomesafen were greater when homoglutathione (hGSH), the endogenously occurring thiol in soybean, was used as the co-substrate rather than glutathione (GSH). Compared with GSH, hGSH addition either reduced or had no effect on GST activities toward other substrates. In the absence of enzyme, the rates of hGSH conjugation with acifluorfen, chlorimuron-ethyl and fomesafen were negligible, suggesting that rapid hGSH conjugation in soybean must be catalysed by GSTs. GST activities were subsequently determined in 14-day-old plants of soybean and a number of annual grass and broadleaf weeds. GST activities of the plants were then related to observed sensitivities to post-emergence applications of the four herbicides. When enzyme activity was expressed on a mg-1 protein basis, all grass weeds and Abutilon theophrasticontained considerably higher GST activity toward CDNB than soybean. With fomesafen as the substrate, GST activities were determined to be in the order soybean≫Echinochloa crus-galli>Digitaria sanguinalis>Sorghum halepense=Setaria faberi with none of the broadleaf weeds showing any activity. This order related well to the observed selectivity of fomesafen, with the exception of A. theophrasti, which was partially tolerant to the herbicide. Using metolachlor as the substrate the order of the GST activities was soybean>A. theophrasti≫S. halepense>Amaranthus retroflexus>Ipomoea hederacea, with the remaining species showing no activity. GST activities toward metolachlor correlated well with the selectivity of the herbicide toward the broadleaf weeds but not toward the grass weeds. Acifluorfen and chlorimuron-ethyl were selectively active on these species, but GST activities toward these herbicides could not be detected in crude extracts from whole plants. © 1997 SCI
An organophosphine oxide redox shuttle additive that delivers long-term overcharge protection for 4 V lithium-ion batteries (2015)

Redox shuttle additives are used to protect Li-ion batteries from overcharge.
Evaluation of anti-ulcer and ulcerative colitis of Sonchus oleraceus L (2018)

<i>Sonchus oleraceus</i> L. was evaluated for its gastro antiulcerogenic and anti-ulcerative colitis activities Different extracts and fractions from <i>Sonchus oleraceus</i> aerial parts and roots were evaluated at different dose; total alcohol extracts of aerial parts SA and roots SR were evaluated doses 250 & 500 mg/kg, While Successive extracts (SAL, SRL, CSA, CSR, BSA & BSR) were evaluated at dose of 150 mg/kg. Absolute ethanol-induced ulcer model was used for evaluation of the anti-ulcerogenic activity. The root extract showed promising antiulcerogenic activity as the total alcohol extract of the root SR (500 mg/kg) produced 88.5% protection from control ulcer which is significantly more effective than the standard drug omeprazole (20 mg/kg), in addition, the butanol fraction of the root extract BSR also produced 76.66% protection from control ulcer. On the other hand, the aerial parts total extract SA showed low antiulcerogenic activity in both tested doses (250 & 500 mg/kg) as it produced 25% & 28.33% protection from control ulcer respectively. Only the butanol fraction of the aerial parts extract BSA showed promising activity 54.16%. In the acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis model, among the investigated extracts of <i>Sonchus oleraceus</i>; only the total extract of the aerial parts (SA) at dose 500 mg/kg showed strong anti-ulcerative colitis activity and this activity is followed by the activity of the butanol and chloroform fractions of the aerial parts, they produced 77.28%, 57.4% & 47.68% protection from control colitis respectively. The standard drug dexamethasone produced 63.36% protection from control colitis. The total alcohol extracts SR & SA showed no alteration on liver and kidney functions and these extracts are safe up to 5000 mg/kg. Phytochemical screening of the investigated extracts revealed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins, unsaturated sterols, proteins and lactones which could be responsible for the activities.
Front-Haul Compression Using Scheduling Side Information for Cloud Radio Access Networks (2015)

Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) is a novel mobile network architecture that allows for efficient and economic building, upgrading and maintenance of RAN networks to cope with increasing mobile traffic data. The main idea behind C-RAN is to maintain distributed remote radio head (RRH) units for transmission and reception of radio signals, while pool the Baseband Units (BBUs) from multiple base stations into a centralized location for statistical multiplexing gain. The BBUs are connected to RRH via front-haul links. Although the C-RAN architecture enjoys significant advantages in terms of both the capital expenditure (CAPEX) and the operational expenditure (OPEX) over traditional networks, it also exerts considerable burden on the capacity-constrained front-haul links of transporting the high bandwidth complex baseband data between RRH and BBUs. Fortunately, the LTE signal is inherently redundant and compressible. In this paper, we propose a low-complexity, frequency domain, front-haul compression algorithm, that leverages the user scheduling side-information available at the BBU pool, in addition to the LTE signal redundancy, to achieve a compression ratio of 10X for a full-buffer traffic model. We also provide extensive link-level and system-level simulations to validate the performance of our proposed front-haul compression algorithm on simulated LTE signal.
Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Caffeic Acid in Wine Based on Fluorine-Doped Graphene Oxide (2019)

We report here a novel electrochemical sensor developed using fluorine-doped graphene oxide (F-GO) for the detection of caffeic acid (CA). The synthesized graphene oxide (GO) and F-GO nanomaterials were systematically characterized with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the presence of semi-ionic bonds was confirmed in the F-GO using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical behaviours of bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE), F-GO/GCE, and GO/GCE toward the oxidation of CA were studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), and the results obtained from the CV investigation revealed that F-GO/GCE exhibited the highest electrochemically active surface area and electrocatalytic activity in contrast to the other electrodes. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was employed for the analytical quantitation of CA, and the F-GO/GCE produced a stable oxidation signal over the selected CA concentration range (0.5 to 100.0 μM) with a low limit of detection of 0.018 μM. Furthermore, the acquired results from the selectivity studies revealed a strong anti-interference capability of the F-GO/GCE in the presence of other hydroxycinnamic acids and ascorbic acid. Moreover, the F-GO/GCE offered a good sensitivity, long-term stability, and an excellent reproducibility. The practical application of the electrochemical F-GO sensor was verified using various brands of commercially available wine. The developed electrochemical sensor successfully displayed its ability to directly detect CA in wine samples without pretreatment, making it a promising candidate for food and beverage quality control.
Electro-organic Synthesis as a Sustainable Alternative for Dehydrogenative Cross-Coupling of Phenols and Naphthols (2016)

The dehydrogenative cross-coupling of phenols and naphthols can be achieved by several oxidative methods. However, the key is the use of fluorinated alcohols such as 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol. The direct application of electricity represents an alternative synthetic approach, which is superior to other oxidizers (e.g., peroxides). The method is sustainable, inherently safe, and easily scalable.
Acoustic Methods for Increasing the Cavitation Initiation Pressure Threshold (2018)

Histotripsy is a tissue ablation method that utilizes focused, high-amplitude ultrasound to generate a cavitation bubble cloud that mechanically fractionates tissue. Effective histotripsy depends on the initiation, control, and maintenance of cavitation bubble clouds in the targeted area. In this study, we hypothesized that a low-pressure acoustic pulse sequence applied before and/or during histotripsy therapy would increase the cavitation initiation pressure threshold and the growth of cavitation bubble clouds. This technique could shrink or "sharpen" the focal zone during histotripsy to produce more precise and well-defined lesions with minimal collateral damage. It may also be a way to actively protect the soft tissue from cavitation damage during lithotripsy by increasing the pressure threshold for bubble cloud initiation. We applied these low-amplitude acoustic pulse sequences before and during histotripsy treatments with the pulse repetition frequency of 1 and 100 Hz, in three different mediums: water, tissue phantom agarose gel, and bovine liver in vitro. Acoustic backscatter signals and optical imaging were used to detect and monitor the initiation, maintenance, and growth of the resulting cavitation bubble cloud. The results demonstrated that the use of low-amplitude acoustic pulse sequences could increase the cavitation pressure amplitude threshold by 20% in the targeted area.
S3BD: Secure semantic search over encrypted big data in the cloud (2018)

Summary Cloud storage is a widely utilized service for both personal and enterprise demands. However, despite its advantages, many potential users with enormous amounts of sensitive data (big data) refrain from fully utilizing the cloud storage service due to valid concerns about data privacy. An established solution to the cloud data privacy problem is to perform encryption on the client‐end. This approach, however, restricts data processing capabilities (eg, searching over the data). Accordingly, the research problem we investigate is how to enable real‐time searching over the encrypted big data in the cloud. In particular, semantic search is of interest to clients dealing with big data. To address this problem, in this research, we develop a system (termed S3BD) for searching big data using cloud services without exposing any data to cloud providers. To keep real‐time response on big data, S3BD proactively prunes the search space to a subset of the whole dataset. For that purpose, we propose a method to cluster the encrypted data. An abstract of each cluster is maintained on the client‐end to navigate the search operation to appropriate clusters at the search time. Results of experiments, carried out on real‐world big datasets, demonstrate that the search operation can be achieved in real‐time and is significantly more efficient than other counterparts. In addition, a fully functional prototype of S3BD is made publicly available.
Novel Methods for Preparing Thin, High Permittivity Polymer Dielectrics for Capacitor Applications U.S. Army Electronics Technology and Devices Laboratory, (1990)

In order to create new materials which can be used as solid dielectric in high energy density capacitors, a number of insulating polymer films possessing very high dielectric constants and high breakdown strengths have been synthesized and/or modified by a variety of electrochemical and chemical techniques. The physical and dielectric properties of each type of film is evaluated and compared.
<title>Use of short-pulse laser for optical tomography of tissues</title> (2001)

This paper analyzes the short pulse laser propagation through tissues for development of a time-resolved optical tomography system for detection of tumors and inhomogeneities in tissues. Traditional method for analyzing optical transport in tissues is the parabolic or diffusion approximation in which the energy flux is assumed proportional to the fluence (intensity averaged over all solid angles) gradients. The inherent drawback in this model is that it predicts infinite speed of propagation of the optical signal. In this paper accurate hyperbolic or wave nature of transient radiative transfer formulation is used to overcome such drawbacks. The transmitted and reflected intensity distributions are obtained using hyperbolic P<SUB>1</SUB> and discrete ordinates method and the results are compared with the parabolic diffusion P<SUB>1</SUB> approximation. Parametric study of tissue thickness, pulse width, scattering and absorption coefficients of tissues, tumor location, size and properties, and scattering phase function distribution is also performed to analyze their effect on the transmitted and reflected optical signals.
Configuration of Building Fac¸ade Surface for Seasonal Selectiveness of Solar Irradiation: Absorption and Reflection (2011)

A novel building fac¸ade surface configuration is proposed. This fac¸ade consists of grooved cavities that are configured in a manner that reflects summer (cooling season) insolation and absorbs winter (heating season) insolation. The effective absorptivities of the fac¸ade for various cavity reflectance characteristics, i.e., a wide range of diffuse and specular reflectance characteristics, are evaluated using a Monte Carlo model. It was determined the best cavity surface reflectivity is the one with fully diffuse surfaces and absorptivity of 0.7 or more. This reflectance characteristic of cavity results in a small depth of fac¸ade cavity and thicker divider fin between two adjacent cavities. The calculations in the present work are performed for the latitude of 41°N where both heating and cooling loads are significant. The same model can be applied to locations with different latitude which may result in slightly different cavity configurations and effective absorptivities.
Vertical Cavity Single-Quantum-Well Laser (1989)

We have achieved room-temperature pulsed and cw lasing at 980 nm in an optically-pumped vertical cavity structure grown by molecular beam epitaxy containing only a single quantum well (SQW) of In 0.2 Ga 0.8 As. Limited gain due to the extremely short active material length of 80 Å implies that losses due to absorption, scattering and mirror transmission are extremely low. Using 10 ps pump pulses at 860 or 880 nm the estimated energy density absorbed in the spacer was ~12 fJ/ µ m 2 at threshold, indicating a carrier density ~4 times that required for transparency. Continuous wave pumping yielded an estimated threshold absorbed intensity of ~7 µ W/ µ m 2 , and a ~33 % slope efficiency.
An SVM-based system and its performance for detection of seizures in neonates (2009)

This work presents a multi-channel patient-independent neonatal seizure detection system based on the SVM classifier. Several post-processing steps are proposed to increase temporal precision and robustness of the system and their influence on performance is shown. The SVM-based system is evaluated on a large clinical dataset using several epoch-based and event based metrics and curves of performance are reported. Additionally, a new metric to measure the average duration of a false detection is proposed to accompany the event-based metrics.
Biomimetic Ant-Nest Electrode Structures for High Sulfur Ratio Lithium–Sulfur Batteries (2016)

The lithium-sulfur (Li-S) rechargeable battery has the benefit of high gravimetric energy density and low cost. Significant research currently focuses on increasing the sulfur loading and sulfur/inactive-materials ratio, to improve life and capacity. Inspired by nature's ant-nest structure, this research results in a novel Li-S electrode that is designed to meet both goals. With only three simple manufacturing-friendly steps, which include slurry ball-milling, doctor-blade-based laminate casting, and the use of the sacrificial method with water to dissolve away table salt, the ant-nest design has been successfully recreated in an Li-S electrode. The efficient capabilities of the ant-nest structure are adopted to facilitate fast ion transportation, sustain polysulfide dissolution, and assist efficient precipitation. High cycling stability in the Li-S batteries, for practical applications, has been achieved with up to 3 mg·cm(-2) sulfur loading. Li-S electrodes with up to a 85% sulfur ratio have also been achieved for the efficient design of this novel ant-nest structure.