gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EFFICIENT NEAREST NEIGHBOR INDEXING BASED ON A COLLECTION OF SPACE FILLING CURVES (1997)

A database is populated with a set of points represented by n-tuples of real numbers. A query consists of a point q (not necessarily in the database) and an integer k, asking for the k database points to the query point. The exact output for the query consists of the k nearest points, but if the database is large and a quick response is required, a good approximate output is sought. All currently known methods require at query time calculation of distances fiom the query point to many database points. The computational effort is dominated by the number of such distance calculations since points have to be fetched fiom random locations in the database and the high dimension implies that current database indexes cannot significantly restrict the number of points that have to be fetched. In many cases, a complete linear scan of the database beats the currently known methods. The number of such distance calculations performed by current methods grows with the number of points in the database. The method described in this report has shown (in experiments on databases with tens of thousands of points with hundreds of dimensions, and asking for about 100 nearest neighbors) to provide very good approximate output sets while limiting the number of distance calculations to a few hundreds. Theoretical analysis predicts that the number of required distance calculations depends on the dimension and not on the number of points in the database. Therefore, when more points are added to a database the dominant factor in the query effort does not change.
Computing diagnostic explanations of network faults from monitoring data (2008)

Network fault diagnosis is an important aspect of network management. Often, a single component failure will result in a cascade of secondary faults that overwhelm simple reasoning approaches. If the network monitoring information is being transmitted through the network to the network management system (NMS), then fault diagnosis is complicated by the fact that the transmission of relevant monitoring information for fault diagnosis may be blocked either by the fault itself, or by the fault’s effects on the network. Without perfect knowledge, the best fault diagnosis algorithm must properly reason about a number of competing diagnostic explanations that are compatible with the ambiguous networking monitoring information known to the NMS. We describe a novel algorithm for computing all such possible diagnostic explanations and their relative likelihoods, thus providing a complete diagnosis of the network state that can be effectively used by an NMS to correct or mitigate faults. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> The algorithm uses a variant of classic Boolean satisfiability to efficiently and compactly represent the space of possible explanations. The proposed approach is well suited for networks with (semi-)autonomous management domains organized into a larger management hierarchy, a feature common to many military networks.
Quantum-well resonant tunneling bipolar transistor operating at room temperature (1986)

The first resonant tunneling bipolar transistor (RBT) is reported. The AlGaAs/GaAs wide-gap emitter device, grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), contains a GaAs quantum well and two AlAs barriers between the emitter and the collector. In the common emitter configuration, when the base current exceeds a threshold value, a large drop in the collector current (corresponding to a quenching of the current gain β) is observed at room temperature, along with a pronounced negative conductance as a function of the collector-emitter voltage. These striking characteristics are caused by the quenching of resonant tunneling through the double barrier as the conduction band edge in the emitter is raised above the bottom of the first quantized subband of the well. Single-frequency oscillations are observed at 300 K. The inherent negative transconductance of these new functional devices is extremely valuable for many logic and signal processing applications.
On the encoding of the anchor frame in video coding (1997)

In this paper we determine the number of bits to be used for the encoding of the anchor frame in low bit rate video coding in order to improve the quality of the next and subsequent frames to be encoded. This problem is important in a real time video communication system. We use a progressive method for the transmission of the anchor frame. We develop two methods for determining the optimal number of bits to be allocated to the first frame in on line video communication applications.
Accurate Depth Control of Through-Silicon Vias by Substrate Integrated Etch Stop Layers (2017)

In this work, the development of engineered silicon substrates for a novel via-middle TSV integration concept is demonstrated. These substrates include 3D buried etch-stop layers which provide both an ideal vertical and lateral etch-stop for TSV trench etching thus enabling the simultaneous realization of different size of TSVs on the same silicon substrate. Beside standard BiCMOS and TSV fabrication steps, only a low-temperature fusion bonding process is applied and the integration concept is realized without adding an additional mask to the established BiCMOS via-middle TSV technology. As a result, the developed technique is very promising to realize different dimensions of TSVs on the same substrate for future smart system applications.
Soot Load Sensing in a Diesel Particulate Filter via Electrical Capacitance Tomography (2013)

Diesel engines are widely used in heavy duty trucks and off road vehicles due to their fuel efficiency and high power outputs. Environmental regulatory agencies have pushed ever stringent regulations on all internal combustion engines, including Diesel engines on gaseous as well as particulates (soot) emissions. In order to meet today’s and tomorrow’s stringent emission requirements, modern diesel engines are equipped with diesel particulate filters (DPF’s), as well as on-board technologies to evaluate the status of DPF. In course of time, particulate matter (soot) will be deposited inside the DPFs which tend to clog the filter and hence generate a back pressure in the exhaust system, negatively impacting the fuel efficiency. To remove the soot build-up, regeneration (active or passive) of the DPF must be done as an engine exhaust after treatment process at pre-determined time intervals. Since the regeneration process consume fuel, a robust and efficient operation based on accurate knowledge of the particulate matter deposit (or soot load) becomes essential in order to keep the fuel consumption at a minimum. In this paper, we propose a sensing method for a DPF that can accurately measure in-situ soot load using Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT). Simulation results show that the proposed method offers an effective way to accurately estimate the soot load in DPF. The proposed method is expected to have a profound impact in improving overall PM filtering efficiency (and thereby fuel efficiency), and durability of a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) through appropriate closed loop regeneration operation.
<b>Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis during tomato fruit development: expression of the gene for lycopene epsilon‐cyclase is down‐regulated during ripening and is elevated in the mutant</b><i><b>Delta</b></i> (1999)

The red colour of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruits is provided by the carotenoid pigment lycopene whose concentration increases dramatically during the ripening process. A single dominant gene, Del, in the tomato mutant Delta changes the fruit colour to orange as a result of accumulation of delta-carotene at the expense of lycopene. The cDNA for lycopene epsilon-cyclase (CrtL-e), which converts lycopene to delta-carotene, was cloned from tomato. The primary structure of CRTL-E is 71% identical to the homologous polypeptide from Arabidopsis and 36% identical to the tomato lycopene beta-cyclase, CRTL-B. The CrtL-e gene was mapped to a single locus on chromosome 12 of the tomato linkage map. This locus co-segregated with the Del gene. In the wild-type tomato, the transcript level of CrtL-e decreases at the 'breaker' stage of ripening to a non-detectable level in the ripe fruit. In contrast, it increases approximately 30-fold during fruit ripening in the Delta plants. The Delta mutation does not affect carotenoid composition nor the mRNA level of CrtL-e in leaves and flowers. These results strongly suggest that the mutation Del is an allele of the gene for epsilon-cyclase. Together with previous data, our results indicate that the primary mechanism that controls lycopene accumulation in tomato fruits is based on the differential regulation of expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes. During fruit development, the mRNA levels for the lycopene-producing enzymes phytoene synthase (PSY) and phytoene desaturase (PDS) increase, while the mRNA levels of the genes for the lycopene beta- and epsilon-cyclases, which convert lycopene to either beta- or delta-carotene, respectively, decline and completely disappear.
Physical key-protected one-time pad (2013)

We describe an encrypted communication principle that can form a perfectly secure link between two parties without electronically saving either of their keys. Instead, cryptographic key bits are kept safe within the unique mesoscopic randomness of two volumetric scattering materials. We demonstrate how a shared set of patterned optical probes can generate 10 gigabits of statistically verified randomness between a pair of unique 2 cubic millimeter scattering objects. This shared randomness is used to facilitate information-theoretically secure communication following a modified one-time pad protocol. Benefits of volumetric physical storage over electronic memory include the inability to probe, duplicate or selectively reset any random bits without fundamentally altering the entire key space. Beyond the demonstrated communication scheme, our ability to securely couple the randomness contained within two unique physical objects may help strengthen the hardware for a large class of cryptographic protocols, which is currently a critically weak link in the security pipeline of our increasingly mobile communication culture.
A heat-shrinkable termination system for high-voltage cables (1971)

The new heat-shrinkable materials of the types described offer a simple, economic and effective means of terminating both plastic and paper insulated high voltage power cables which are suited to both indoor and outdoor installation. Extensive laboratory and field evaluation has been carried out on the materials and typical terminations with complete success. The techniques required are straightforward and do not require additional skills on the part of the operator.
A technique for the flow cytometric analysis of lymphocytes bearing histamine receptors (1980)

Histamine receptors have been demonstrated on lymphocyte membranes by a variety of techniques. We now report a method that allows for the flow cytometric analysis of histamine receptors on human peripheral T cells. Histamine is conjugated to fluoresceinated human albumin by the coupling agent ECDI. This conjugated histamine compound (FHA-his) binds to approximately 45% of T cells. Fluoresceinated human albumin alone (FHA), not conjugated to histamine, does not bind to T cells. In addition, unconjugated histamine can inhibit completely the binding seen with FHA-his. We conclude that this technique demonstrates specific FHA-his binding to histamine receptors on T cells and can be used to determine the number of cells bearing such receptors. In addition, the reagent could be used with a cell sorter to isolate distinct histamine-receptor-bearing (HR+) cells for further immunologic study.
Epstein-Barr Virus BNRF1 Protein Allows Efficient Transfer from the Endosomal Compartment to the Nucleus of Primary B Lymphocytes (2006)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a tumor virus with marked B lymphotropism. After crossing the B-cell membrane, the virus enters cytoplasmic vesicles, where decapsidation takes place to allow transfer of the viral DNA to the cell nucleus. BNRF1 has been characterized as the EBV major tegument protein, but its precise function is unknown. We have constructed a viral mutant that lacks the BNRF1 gene and report here its in vitro phenotype. A recombinant virus devoid of BNRF1 (DeltaBNRF1) showed efficient DNA replication and production of mature viral particles. B cells infected with the DeltaBNRF1 mutant presented viral lytic antigens as efficiently as B cells infected with wild-type or BNRF1 trans-complemented DeltaBNRF1 viruses. Antigen presentation in B cells infected with either wild-type (EBV-wt) or DeltaBNRF1 virus was blocked by leupeptin addition, showing that both viruses reach the endosome/lysosome compartment. These data were confirmed by direct observation of the mutant virus in endosomes of infected B cells by electron microscopy. However, we observed a 20-fold reduction in the number of B cells expressing the nuclear protein EBNA2 after infection with a DeltaBNRF1 virus compared to wild-type infection. Likewise, DeltaBNRF1 viruses transformed primary B cells much less efficiently than EBV-wt or BNRF1 trans-complemented viruses. We conclude from these findings that BNRF1 plays an important role in viral transport from the endosomes to the nucleus.
Magnesium Borohydride: From Hydrogen Storage to Magnesium Battery (2012)

Beyond hydrogen storage: The first example of reversible magnesium deposition/stripping onto/from an inorganic salt was seen for a magnesium borohydride electrolyte. High coulombic efficiency of up to 94 % was achieved in dimethoxyethane solvent. This Mg(BH(4))(2) electrolyte was utilized in a rechargeable magnesium battery.
Optical wavelength filtering by diffraction from a surface relief (2003)

We present an analytical solution to the problem of finding a diffractive surface relief that generates a specific optical amplitude and phase spectral reflection in a particular direction. We show that any discrete finite impulse response filter can be generated to within a multiplicative constant at nonzero frequencies. We propose an implementation of such a filter that works in the visible and the near infrared, based on a two-dimensional array of dual-state tiltable mirrors. A 1024 x 1024 array results in a 1024-tap filter with 10-bit quantization of the impulse response. The applications of such a device include spectroscopy and wavelength-division multiplex switching.
A Systematic Approach to Uncover GUI Logic Flaws for Web Security (2006)

To achieve end-to-end security, traditional machine-to-machine security measures are insufficient if the integrity of the human-computer interface is compromised. GUI logic flaws are a category of software vulnerabilities that result from logic bugs in GUI design/implementation. Visual spoofing attacks that exploit these flaws can lure even security-conscious users to perform unintended actions. The focus of this paper is to formulate the problem of GUI logic flaw and to develop a methodology for uncovering them in software implementations. Specifically, based on an in-depth study of key subsets of Internet Explorer (IE) browser source code, we have developed a formal model for the browser GUI logic and have applied formal reasoning to uncover new spoofing scenarios, including nine for status bar spoofing and four for address bar spoofing. The IE development team has confirmed all these scenarios and has fixed most of them in their latest build. Through this work, we demonstrate that a crucial subset of the visual spoofing vulnerabilities originate from GUI logic flaws, which have a well-defined mathematical meaning allowing a systematic analysis.
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Dynamic Address Reconfiguration (2007)

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Ferrite-superconductor devices for advanced microwave applications (1996)

Microwave devices comprising magnetized ferrite in contact with superconductor circuits designed to eliminate magnetic field penetration of the superconductor have demonstrated phase shift without significant conduction losses. The device structures are adaptable to low- or high-T/sub c/ superconductors. A nonoptimized design of a ferrite phase shifter that employs niobium or YBCO meanderlines has produced over 1000 degrees of differential phase shift with a figure of merit exceeding 1000 degrees/dB at X band. By combining superconductor meanderline sections with alternating T junctions on a ferrite substrate in a configuration with three-fold symmetry, a low-loss three-port switching circulator has been demonstrated.
Unsupervised Learning of Discriminative Edge Measures for Vehicle Matching between Nonoverlapping Cameras (2008)

This paper proposes a novel unsupervised algorithm learning discriminative features in the context of matching road vehicles between two non-overlapping cameras. The matching problem is formulated as a same-different classification problem, which aims to compute the probability of vehicle images from two distinct cameras being from the same vehicle or different vehicle(s). We employ a novel measurement vector that consists of three independent edge-based measures and their associated robust measures computed from a pair of aligned vehicle edge maps. The weight of each measure is determined by an unsupervised learning algorithm that optimally separates the same-different classes in the combined measurement space. This is achieved with a weak classification algorithm that automatically collects representative samples from same-different classes, followed by a more discriminative classifier based on Fisher' s Linear Discriminants and Gibbs Sampling. The robustness of the match measures and the use of unsupervised discriminant analysis in the classification ensures that the proposed method performs consistently in the presence of missing/false features, temporally and spatially changing illumination conditions, and systematic misalignment caused by different camera configurations. Extensive experiments based on real data of over 200 vehicles at different times of day demonstrate promising results.
Enzymatic construction of highly strained carbocycles (2018)

Small carbocycles are structurally rigid and possess high intrinsic energy due to their ring strain. These features lead to broad applications but also create challenges for their construction. We report the engineering of hemeproteins that catalyze the formation of chiral bicyclobutanes, one of the most strained four-membered systems, via successive carbene addition to unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds. Enzymes that produce cyclopropenes, putative intermediates to the bicyclobutanes, were also identified. These genetically encoded proteins are readily optimized by directed evolution, function in <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and act on structurally diverse substrates with high efficiency and selectivity, providing an effective route to many chiral strained structures. This biotransformation is easily performed at preparative scale, and the resulting strained carbocycles can be derivatized, opening myriad potential applications.
Adaptive playout scheduling using time-scale modification in packet voice communications (2002)

A new receiver-based playout scheduling scheme is proposed, which estimates the network delay from past statistics and adaptively adjusts the playout time of the voice packets. In contrast to previous work, the adjustment is not only performed in between talkspurts, but also within the talkspurts in a highly dynamic way. Proper reconstruction of continuous output speech is achieved by scaling individual voice packets using a time-scale modification technique which modifies the rate of playout while preserving voice pitch. Subjective listening tests show that this operation does not impair the audio quality. Simulation results based on Internet measurement indicate that buffering delay and loss rate can be significantly reduced by adaptive scheduling.
Observation of Two-Dimensional Spatial Solitary Waves in a Quadratic Medium (1995)

We report the first experimental demonstration of two-dimensional spatial solitary waves in second-order nonlinear optical material. When an intense optical beam is focused into a phase-matchable second-order nonlinear material, the fundamental and generated second-harmonic fields are mutually trapped as a result of the strong nonlinear coupling which counteracts both diffraction and beam walkoff.
Batch Reactors for Hydrogen Production: Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Characterization (2009)

Transient batch-style reactors (CHAMP) were recently shown to be an attractive alternative to continuous-flow reactors for hydrogen production in portable and distributed applications, and idealized kinetic reactor models were used to analyze the performance characteristics. Here, we expand this analysis with the development of a comprehensive batch reactor model which accounts for the effects of mass transport limitations on reactor performance. The relationships between system design parameters and the rate-limiting processes that govern reactor output are identified and mapped out. Additionally, two modes of operation of either constant-volume or constant-pressure reactors are investigated. In constant-volume mode, the residence time is precisely controlled to reach a desired operating state in a trade-off between efficiency and power output without compressing the content of the reaction chamber. In constant-pressure mode, the volume of the reactor is actively reduced by moving a piston along the trajectory that maintains the operating pressure at its maximum allowable value thus enhancing the reactor throughput. Complementary to the theoretical analysis, we report on the development and experimental characterization of two test reactors. The first reactor is a constant-volume batch reactor (no permeable membrane) and provides data on the transient evolution of species concentrations within the reaction chamber. The second reactor incorporates a hydrogen permeable membrane and allows for both constant-volume and variable-volume operation. The experimental data obtained using these reactors are used to validate the predictive value of the reactor model developed in the present study.
Stretchable Impedance Spectroscopy Sensor for Mammalian Cells Impedance Measurements (2014)

In this paper, an impedance spectroscopy biosensor fabricated on a stretchable substrate has been investigated. A thin stretchable membrane integrated with an impedance biosensor tolerated cyclic strain without cracking. The electric cell-substrate impedance spectroscopy (ECIS) technique has been used to monitor the impedance of the membrane of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). Integrating mechanical stretching and ECIS sensing onto a single platform requires biocompatible, highly flexible, and reversibly stretchable (elastic) materials for device fabrication. In addition, the interfacial impedance of electrode material to electrolyte should be small to improve the sensitivity of the impedance measurements. In this research, the biocompatible and stretchable membrane was fabricated from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and the ECIS sensor was fabricated on pre-stretched PDMS membrane using sputtering microfabrication and pattern-transferring processes. The stretchable membrane, integrated with the ECIS sensor, can be used to simulate the dynamic environment of organisms and enable the analysis of the cell activity in vitro.