gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proenzyme Forms of Prostate-Specific Antigen in Serum Improve the Detection of Prostate Cancer (2004)

The percentage of proPSA gave better cancer detection in the 4-10 microg/L range than did percentage of free PSA and complexed PSA. (-2)proPSA significantly discriminated cancer in men whose serum had >25% free PSA, for whom there is currently no good marker for cancer detection.
A surface acoustic wave mercury vapor sensor (1998)

A sensor for the in situ detection and measurement of low concentrations of gaseous mercury is presented. The sensor is based upon a dual delay line SAW oscillator with a gold-coated delay path. Gaseous mercury interacts rigorously with the gold film, forming an amalgam. The resulting increase in film mass is manifested as a decrease in oscillation frequency. Measurement of gas concentration is achieved by differentiating the sensor response at room temperature or by operating the sensing element at a temperature where gas-film reaction kinetics result in equilibrium rates of mercury amalgamation and desorption. This equilibrium value of amalgamated mercury is highly dependent upon the gas concentration. Thus, the delay line oscillation frequency is a sensitive measure of gaseous mercury concentration. Responses of this sensor to gaseous mercury concentrations in the ppb range are presented. The sensor response features are analyzed in terms of response shape, response magnitude, response time, and linearity at 25/spl deg/C and 200/spl deg/C.
Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites as novel lipidomic biomarkers for noninvasive diagnosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (2014)

Lipotoxicity is a key mechanism thought to be responsible for the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Noninvasive diagnosis of NASH is a major unmet clinical need, and we hypothesized that PUFA metabolites, in particular arachidonic acid (AA)-derived eicosanoids, in plasma would differentiate patients with NAFL from those with NASH. Therefore, we aimed to assess the differences in the plasma eicosanoid lipidomic profile between patients with biopsy-proven NAFL versus NASH versus normal controls without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD; based on MRI fat fraction <5%). We carried out a cross-sectional analysis of a prospective nested case-control study including 10 patients with biopsy-proven NAFL, 9 patients with biopsy-proven NASH, and 10 non-NAFLD MRI-phenotyped normal controls. We quantitatively compared plasma eicosanoid and other PUFA metabolite levels between NAFL versus NASH versus normal controls. Utilizing a uniquely well-characterized cohort, we demonstrated that plasma eicosanoid and other PUFA metabolite profiling can differentiate between NAFL and NASH. The top candidate as a single biomarker for differentiating NAFL from NASH was 11,12-dihydroxy-eicosatrienoic acid (11,12-diHETrE) with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 1. In addition, we also found a panel including 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin D2 (dhk PGD2) and 20-carboxy arachidonic acid (20-COOH AA) that demonstrated an AUROC of 1. This proof-of-concept study provides early evidence that 11,12-diHETrE, dhk PGD2, and 20-COOH AA are the leading eicosanoid candidate biomarkers for the noninvasive diagnosis of NASH.
Distraction, Compression, and Extension Reduction of Basilar Invagination and Atlantoaxial Dislocation (2013)

Distractive compressive extension and reduction of BI and AAD seems to be an effective and safe method of treatment. It is different from the earlier described techniques, because it is the first procedure that uses a spacer not, only for distraction, but also as a pivot to perform extension to reduce the AAD.
Performance of a new commutation approach for switched reluctance generators (2002)

Switched reluctance generators have been identified as a potential option for military aircraft electric power systems. Two areas of desired improvement are: an improved approach for production of significant DC link current at reduced bus voltage for fault clearing; and a reduction in generator output current ripple resulting in smaller DC bus filtering. The present approach for improving the low voltage output characteristics of a switched reluctance generator has the penalty of increased system size and weight. Conventional commutation approaches for switched reluctance generators are limited in their ability to reduce DC current ripple. A new method of commutating the switched reluctance generator has been developed that has demonstrated, both analytically and in the laboratory, significant improvement in the ability of a 30 kW, 270 VDC switched reluctance generator to deliver rated current with a bus voltage of approximately 50 volts without a separate excitation source. It has also been shown analytically that the new commutation approach reduces the ripple current at the output of the inverter, resulting in lower bus voltage ripple for a given output filter. Analysis and testing are continuing to explore further the low voltage operation, current ripple characteristics and machine efficiency with the new commutation approach.
Directional GAN: A Novel Conditioning Strategy for Generative Networks (2021)

Image content is a predominant factor in marketing campaigns, websites and banners. Today, marketers and designers spend considerable time and money in generating such professional quality content. We take a step towards simplifying this process using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). We propose a simple and novel conditioning strategy which allows generation of images conditioned on given semantic attributes using a generator trained for an unconditional image generation task. Our approach is based on modifying latent vectors, using directional vectors of relevant semantic attributes in latent space. Our method is designed to work with both discrete (binary and multi-class) and continuous image attributes. We show the applicability of our proposed approach, named Directional GAN, on multiple public datasets, with an average accuracy of 86.4% across different attributes.
Simultaneous temperature and lateral force measurement using simple arc-shaped FBG sensor module (2006)

An arc-shaped fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensor module, containing a pair of FBGs is constructed, which enables simultaneous temperature and lateral force measurements. Experimental study of a module, with such a structure, shows good agreement with theoretical analysis.
microRNAs as clinical biomarkers for lung cancer classification (2010)

Abstract Background: Lung cancers have been traditionally subdivided into two main groups: neuroendocrine and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In 20-30% of lung cancer cases it is difficult to make a definitive diagnosis of the tumor subtype based on the cytological specimen (e.g., fine-needle aspirates). In general, the classification of lung cancers poses a diagnostic challenge and there is lack of standardized techniques for cancer sub-typing. For patients with lung carcinoma, accurate determination of tumor type significantly influences treatment decision. MicroRNA expression profiling is a promising new strategy for the precise subclassification of lung cancers. We have previously described a microRNA-based assay which accurately differentiates between squamous and non-squamous NSCLC in FFPE derived from resections as well as from cytological samples. We have also used microRNA microarray data generated from over a hundred formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples of primary lung cancer, to identify microRNA expression profiles that differ significantly for various sub-types of lung cancer samples. Based on these findings, we present here the development of a microRNA-based assay that is able to differentiate primary lung cancers into neuroendocrine vs. NSCLC and then further sub-classify NSCLC into squamous vs. non-squamous and neuroendocrine into SCLC vs. carcinoid using pathology and cytology samples. Methods: FFPE of resections and cell blocks from different histological subtypes of lung cancer, taken from primary lung cancer resection or pre-operative diagnostic procedures, were collected. High-quality RNA, including the well-preserved microRNA fraction, was extracted from the samples using proprietary protocols. Expression levels of potential microRNA biomarkers were profiled using a sensitive and specific qRT-PCR platform. Results: We find that combinations of small numbers of microRNAs can successfully differentiate between the four different histological types of lung cancers, with very high sensitivity and specificity. These microRNAs are able to subclassify lung cancer FFPE samples derived from pathological and cytological samples. Conclusion: We identified microRNAs that represent excellent biomarkers for the classification of lung primary cancers. These findings are the basis for the development of a simple and reliable qRT-PCR based diagnostic assay which will offer an accurate and standardized tool for primary lung cancer pathological and cytological samples, including those that presently fail pathological evaluation.
Two‐Gradient‐Echo, TwoDimensional, Fourier Transform Multisection Imaging: Comparison with Spin‐Echo Imaging (1992)

A multisection, two-dimensional, Fourier transform, double-gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging sequence with partial flip-angle excitation and section doubling by radiofrequency encoding approximately doubles the signal-to-noise ratio obtainable from a conventional spin-echo sequence at low field strength, while maintaining essentially equivalent contrast.
Sunscreen <i>in vitro</i> spectroscopy: application to UVA protection assessment and correlation with <i>in vivo</i> persistent pigment darkening (2002)

In the present study, we have described an in vitro spectroscopic method to evaluate the sunscreen products for UVA sun protection factor. The roughened PMMA plates have been used as a transparent substrate on to which the test product is spread. The UVA protection factors have been deduced from the UV-transmittance data measured in the UVA area. In order to be as close as possible to the in vivo protection factors, issued from the PPD end-point, the treated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plates are submitted to different UV-irradiation doses, before the measurement. The correlation in vitro/in vivo is poor when the sunscreens are not irradiated. A UV dose of about 2 minimal pigmenting dose (MPD) is enough to achieve a good correlation between in vitro and in vivo data issued from the 13 tested sunscreens. These results are consistent with the fact that the photostability of sunscreens is challenged during an in vivo PPD test.
N‐substituted phenyltropanes as in vivo binding ligands for rapid imaging studies of the dopamine transporter (1997)

Variously substituted phenyltropanes are proven as superb binding ligands for the dopamine transporter (DAT). In this study, we examine four N-substituted phenyltropanes which are derivatives of RTI-55 as in vivo binding ligands in mice. In this series, the methyl group on the nitrogen was replaced by a propyl (RTI-310), an allyl (RTI-311), a butyl (RTI-312), or a fluoropropyl (RTI-313) group. The in vitro binding potencies of these compounds at rat striatal DAT varied somewhat but were about 1 nM. While these compounds did not display marked selectivity for the dopamine transporter, they were more selective than RTI-55. Injection of the radiolabeled compound into mice resulted in striatal-to-cerebellar ratios that varied from about 4.5–6.5. The ratios peaked most rapidly for RTI-311 and RTI-313, at about 20 min. Pharmacological inhibition studies indicated that these compounds were binding to DATs in the striatum, as expected. These findings suggest that some compounds of this type may be excellent in vivo binding ligands for rapid imaging studies of the DAT. Synapse 25:345–349, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Neisseria pili proteins: amino-terminal amino acid sequences and identification of an unusual amino acid (1978)

The amino-terminal amino acid sequences of the pili proteins from four antigenically dissimilar strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, from Neisseria meningiditis, and from Escherichia coli were determined. Although antibodies raised to the pili protein from a given strain of gonococcus cross-reacted poorly or not at all with each of the other strains tested, the amino-terminal sequences were all identical. The meningococcal protein sequence was also identical with the gonococcal sequence through 29 residues, and this sequence was highly homologous to the sequence of the pili protein of Moraxella nonliquifaciens determined by other workers. However, the sequence of the pili protein from E. coli showed no similarity to the other sequences. The gonococcal and meningococcal proteins have an unusual amino acid at the amino termini, N-methylphenylalanine. In addition, the first 24 residues of these proteins have only two hydrophilic residues (at positions 2 and 5) with the rest being predominantly aliphatic hydrophobic amino acids. The preservation of this highly unusual sequence among five antigenically dissimilar Neisseria pili proteins implies a role for the amino-terminal structure in pilus function. The amino terminus may be directly or indirectly (through preservation of tertiary structure) important for the pilus function of facilitating attachment of bacteria to human cells.
Standoff determination of bioaerosol size based on double scattering measurement with MFOV lidar: concept and experimental validation (2007)

A Multiple-Field-Of-View (MFOV) lidar is used to characterize the size and concentration of low concentration of bioaerosol particles. The concept relies on the measurement of the forward scattered light by using the background aerosols at various distances at the back of the sub-visible cloud. It also relies on the subtraction of the background aerosol forward scattering contribution and on the partial attenuation of the first order backscattering. We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally that the MFOV lidar can measure with a good precision the effective diameter of low concentration bioaerosol clouds.
A Seven-Level Switched Capacitor AC-DC Rectifier for Fast Wireless Charging (2018)

In mobile electronics applications, the high conduction loss on the ac-dc rectifier and the coil is a barrier to the application of wireless charging. In this paper, a wireless charging architecture employing a 7-level switched-capacitor (SC) ac-dc rectifier is investigated, showing a substantial reduction of the conduction losses on the transmitter, the coil and the receiver. The proposed SC rectifier also features a multilevel design with good scalability to accommodate different power ratings, and potentially reduce the harmonic contents of the input voltage. The principle and operation are verified using a 7-level, 20 W, 5-9 Vdc output, 150 kHz prototype. The measured peak dc-to-load system efficiency is above 90%. The high-power density design without bulky magnetic components is suitable for the implementation in low-profile mobile electronics.
On-chip single nanoparticle detection using ultra-high-Q whispering gallery microresonator (2010)

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) optical microcavities trap light in micro-scale volumes by continuous total internal reflection which leads to enhancement of light intensity within a confined region and longer photon lifetime. Consequently, light-matter interaction is enhanced making the WGM resonator an extremely sensitive platform for the detection of perturbations in and around the resonator. Here, we report mode-splitting in monolithic ultra-high-Q WGM microcavities for real-time and in-situ detection of single nanoparticles. We investigate experimentally and theoretically particle detection and sizing at single nanoparticle resolution using the mode-splitting technique. Theoretical calculations are in good agreement with the experimental results. The mode-splitting effect provides a <i>'self-reference sensing'</i> technique that can overcome the limitations of current resonator-based sensors and in the meantime keep the advantages offered by resonant structures for high-performance sensing.
Full-Color Single Nanowire Pixels for Projection Displays (2016)

Multicolor single InGaN/GaN dot-in-nanowire light emitting diodes (LEDs) were fabricated on the same substrate using selective area epitaxy. It is observed that the structural and optical properties of InGaN/GaN quantum dots depend critically on nanowire diameters. Photoluminescence emission of single InGaN/GaN dot-in-nanowire structures exhibits a consistent blueshift with increasing nanowire diameter. This is explained by the significantly enhanced indium (In) incorporation for nanowires with small diameters, due to the more dominant contribution for In incorporation from the lateral diffusion of In adatoms. Single InGaN/GaN nanowire LEDs with emission wavelengths across nearly the entire visible spectral were demonstrated on a single chip by varying the nanowire diameters. Such nanowire LEDs also exhibit superior electrical performance, with a turn-on voltage ∼2 V and negligible leakage current under reverse bias. The monolithic integration of full-color LEDs on a single chip, coupled with the capacity to tune light emission characteristics at the single nanowire level, provides an unprecedented approach to realize ultrasmall and efficient projection display, smart lighting, and on-chip spectrometer.
Vaccine for Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Based on Synthetic Heat-Stable Toxin Crossed-Linked to the B Subunit of Heat-Labile Toxin (1983)

Synthetically produced Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin (ST) was conjugated to the nontoxic B subunit of the heat-labile toxin (LT) by the carbodiimide reaction. Modifying the molar ratio of toxins mixed and the ratio of carbodiimide added to the toxins permitted synthesis of conjugates with any desired degree of proportional antigenicity for each toxin component. Immunization of rats by the parenteral/peroral routes with cross-linked vaccine containing 39% ST and 61% B subunit antigenicity, with 0.06% residual ST toxicity, evoked fourfold to sevenfold increases over control values of serum IgG and mucosal secretory IgA antitoxin titers to each of the component toxins, thus providing significant (P less than 0.001) protection against challenge with either LT or ST or with viable heterologous strains which produce these toxins. These observations show that cross-linking synthetic ST to the B subunit results in a nontoxic vaccine that provides protection against all types of enterotoxigenic E. coli.
Welding with brilliant lasers: prospects and limitations (2010)

Now that high brightness laser sources featuring high output power are commercially available, extremely small focal diameters and high power densities permit laser welding with a high aspect ratio at low heat input. With regard to an increase in productivity this implies a deeper weld depth at a higher feed rate and hence at a shorter processing time. In this research, a modular optical system generates focal diameters from 195 μm down to 15 μm for the purpose of identifying the prospects and limitations of the application of high brightness beam sources in laser welding. Metallographical analysis and observation using a high speed camera give information about the weld seam geometry and weld pool dynamics. Thus, the influence of minimizing focal diameters on process stability is evaluated: From the correlation of longitudinal cross-sections and high speed camera observation, an interrelationship between spiking and keyhole breakdown results. In dependence of the particular spot size and the beam quality of the laser source a new processing range arises. These observations are traced back to theoretical beam properties and a fundamental thesis about the applicability of a high brightness laser is derived. Eventually it shows that a small beam diameter is most advantageous for micro application.
Integrated on-chip inductors using magnetic material (invited) (2008)

On-chip inductors with magnetic material are integrated into both advanced 130 and 90nm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor processes. The inductors use aluminum or copper metallization and amorphous CoZrTa magnetic material. Increases in inductance of up to 28 times corresponding to inductance densities of up to 1.3 μH/mm2 were obtained, significantly greater than prior values for on-chip inductors. With such improvements, the effects of eddy currents, skin effect, and proximity effect become clearly visible at higher frequencies. The CoZrTa was chosen for its good combination of high permeability, good high-temperature stability (&gt;250°C), high saturation magnetization, low magnetostriction, high resistivity, minimal hysteretic loss, and compatibility with silicon technology. The CoZrTa alloy can operate at frequencies up to 9.8GHz, but trade-offs exist between frequency, inductance, and quality factor. The effects of increasing the magnetic thickness on the permeability spectra were measured and modeled. The inductors use magnetic vias and elongated structures to take advantage of the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. Techniques are presented to extract a sheet inductance and examine the effects of magnetic vias on the inductors. The inductors with thick copper and thicker magnetic films have resistances as low as 0.04 Ω, and quality factors up to 8 at frequencies as low as 40 MHz.
Implanted-planar-buried-heterostructure, graded-index, separate-confinement-heterostructure laser in GaAs/AlGaAs (1989)

For the implanted planar buried-heterostructure, graded-index, separate-confinement-heterostructure (IPBH-GRINSCH) laser in (AlGa)As/GaAs, ion implantation is used to form p-n-p-n current blocking layers and to create a buried-heterostructure waveguide. This results in significantly reduced fabrication complexity of high-quality, index-guided laser diodes compared to regrowth techniques, and in contrast to diffusion-induced disordering, allows for the creation of self-aligned, buried, blocking junctions. Kink-free, CW operation of single-stripe IPBH-GRINSCH lasers along with single-lobed near-field and far-field optical emission patterns, consistent with index-guided operation, is demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>