gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Survey on Blockchain Interoperability: Past, Present, and Future Trends (2021)

Blockchain interoperability is emerging as one of the crucial features of blockchain technology, but the knowledge necessary for achieving it is fragmented. This fact makes it challenging for academics and the industry to achieve interoperability among blockchains seamlessly. Given this new domain’s novelty and potential, we conduct a literature review on blockchain interoperability by collecting 284 papers and 120 grey literature documents, constituting a corpus of 404 documents. From those 404 documents, we systematically analyzed and discussed 102 documents, including peer-reviewed papers and grey literature. Our review classifies studies in three categories: Public Connectors, Blockchain of Blockchains, and Hybrid Connectors. Each category is further divided into sub-categories based on defined criteria. We classify 67 existing solutions in one sub-category using the Blockchain Interoperability Framework, providing a holistic overview of blockchain interoperability. Our findings show that blockchain interoperability has a much broader spectrum than cryptocurrencies and cross-chain asset transfers. Finally, this article discusses supporting technologies, standards, use cases, open challenges, and future research directions, paving the way for research in the area.
Comparison of Whole Genome Amplification Methods for Detecting Pathogenic Bacterial Genomic DNA Using Microarray (2007)

The genetic diagnosis of pathogenic agents using microarrays has the advantage of high-throughput detection, but a relatively large amount of DNA sample is required. To obtain a sufficient amount of DNA for molecular diagnoses, several whole genome amplification (WGA) methods have been proposed. In this study, using Francisella tularensis and Escherichia coli as models, we compared four WGA methods in terms of their efficiency of amplification of whole genomic DNA in order to identify the most suitable method for preparing DNA to be used for microarray analysis. It was possible to obtain more than 1.5 microg of products from 10 ng of F. tularensis and E. coli genomic DNA using four methods, but biases in the amplification of bacterial genes were least prominent in the multiple displacement amplification (MDA) or OmniPlex WGA. When the amplified DNAs were applied to microarray slides consisting of 32 different genes probes, DNAs amplified by Phi29 v2 of MDA and OmniPlex WGA showed high signal intensity as well as a high signal-to-noise ratio for all 32 genes. These results indicate that Phi29 v2 and OmniPlex WGA are useful methods for obtaining sufficient DNA from a limited amount of samples for the detection of microbes using microarrays.
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted Spatial Modulation for Symbiotic Radio (2021)

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a key enabler for future paradigm-shifting communication technologies. In a cellular network, an RIS can be used to simultaneously assist the communication of a cellular link and transmit additional data for various Internet of Things (IoT) applications. This coincides with the concept of symbiotic radio (SR). In this paper, we investigate this RIS-assisted SR system. We introduce the new idea of symbiotic modulation: the modulation constellation design allows a receiver to simultaneously detect the data transmitted in the RIS-assisted cellular link and the additional IoT data transmitted by the RIS. We propose three specific modulation schemes all having the feature of receive-antenna index modulation, and hence, called symbiotic spatial modulation (SSM). The first scheme is a coherent SSM scheme with a star-QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) constellation. Its detection performance is analyzed using either an optimal maximum likelihood detector or a suboptimal successive greedy detector. We then extend the design to two noncoherent SSM schemes and analytically derive their detection performances as well. Simulation results corroborate the analysis and illustrate good detection performance of the proposed SSM schemes for both the cellular and IoT data transmissions in the considered SR system.
Compact and integrated 2-D photonic crystal super-prism filter-device for wavelength demultiplexing applications (2006)

A two-dimensional photonic crystal (PhC) super-prism integrated with one-dimensional photonic crystal microcavity filters has been designed using the plane wave expansion (PWE) and 2-D Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) methods based on Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) technology. The super-prism operates as a coarse spatial filter with an average response bandwidth of 60 nm, while the 1-D PhC microcavity filters operate as narrow band-pass transmission filters with an average filter response line-width of 10 nm. This work demonstrates the simultaneous operation of two photonic devices for de-multiplexing applications on a single platform that could be useful in future Photonic Crystal Integrated Circuits (PCICs).
Improved 2,4‐Diarylthiazole‐Based Antiprion Agents: Switching the Sense of the Amide Group at C5 Leads to an Increase in Potency (2010)

Amide derivatives of 2,4-diarylthiazole-5-carboxylic acids were synthesised and tested for efficacy in a cell line model of prion disease. A number of compounds demonstrating antiprion activity were thereby identified from the screening libraries, showing improved potency and reproducibility of results relative to amide derivatives of the related 2,4-diphenyl-5-aminothiazole, which have been documented previously. Thus, 'switching' the sense of the amide bond at thiazole C5 revealed a more promising lead series of potential prion disease therapeutics. Furthermore, 3,5-diaryl-1,2,4-thiadiazoles isolated as by-products during library synthesis provided a handful of additional examples possessing an antiprion effect, thereby augmenting the set of newly identified active compounds. Evaluation of binding to cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) showed only weak affinities at best, suggesting that the newly identified antiprion agents do not mediate their biological effect through direct interaction with PrP(C).
<b>FRACTURE CHARACTERIZATION FROM NEAR‐OFFSET VSP INVERSION</b> (1997)

A global optimization method incorporating a ray‐tracing scheme is used to invert observations of shear‐wave splitting from two near‐offset VSPs recorded at the Conoco Borehole Test Facility, Kay County, Oklahoma. Inversion results suggest that the seismic anisotropy is due to a non‐vertical fracture system. This interpretation is constrained by the VSP acquisition geometry for which two sources are employed along near diametrically opposite azimuths about the well heads. A correlation is noted between the time‐delay variations between the fast and slow split shear waves and the sandstone formations.
PIM1 Kinase Phosphorylates the Human Transcription Factor FOXP3 at Serine 422 to Negatively Regulate Its Activity under Inflammation (2014)

Previous reports have suggested that human CD4(+) CD25(hi)FOXP3(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs) have functional plasticity and may differentiate into effector T cells under inflammation. The molecular mechanisms underlying these findings remain unclear. Here we identified the residue serine 422 of human FOXP3 as a phosphorylation site that regulates its function, which is not present in murine Foxp3. PIM1 kinase, which is highly expressed in human Tregs, was found to be able to interact with and to phosphorylate human FOXP3 at serine 422. T cell receptor (TCR) signaling inhibits PIM1 induction, whereas IL-6 promotes PIM1 expression in in vitro expanded human Tregs. PIM1 negatively regulates FOXP3 chromatin binding activity by specifically phosphorylating FOXP3 at Ser(422). Our data also suggest that phosphorylation of FOXP3 at the Ser(418) site could prevent FOXP3 phosphorylation at Ser(422) mediated by PIM1. Knockdown of PIM1 in in vitro expanded human Tregs promoted FOXP3-induced target gene expression, including CD25, CTLA4, and glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR), or weakened FOXP3-suppressed IL-2 gene expression and enhanced the immunosuppressive activity of Tregs. Furthermore, PIM1-specific inhibitor boosted FOXP3 DNA binding activity in in vitro expanded primary Tregs and also enhanced their suppressive activity toward the proliferation of T effector cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that PIM1 could be a new potential therapeutic target in the prevention and treatment of human-specific autoimmune diseases because of its ability to modulate the immunosuppressive activity of human Tregs.
CSNAP, the smallest CSN subunit, modulates proteostasis through cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (2018)

Abstract The cullin-RING ubiquitin E3 ligase (CRL) family consists of ~250 complexes that catalyze ubiquitylation of proteins to achieve cellular regulation. All CRLs are inhibited by the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN) through both enzymatic (deneddylation) and non-enzymatic (steric) mechanisms. The relative contribution of these two mechanisms is unclear. Here, we decouple the mechanisms using CSNAP, the recently discovered ninth subunit of the CSN. We find that CSNAP reduces the affinity of CSN toward CRL complexes. Removing CSNAP does not affect deneddylation, but leads to global effects on the CRL, causing altered reproductive capacity, suppressed DNA damage response, decreased viability, and delayed cell cycle progression. Thus, although CSNAP is only 2% of the CSN mass, it plays a critical role in the steric regulation of CRLs by the CSN.
Infrared analysis of weathered petroleum using vacuum techniques (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInfrared analysis of weathered petroleum using vacuum techniquesChris W. Brown and Patricia F. LynchCite this: Anal. Chem. 1976, 48, 1, 191–195Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60365a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60365a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views43Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Decellularized Extracellular Matrix in Regenerative Medicine (2017)

The biocompatibility, biodegradability and bioinductivity of decellularized extracellular matrix are important factors to be considered in surgical practice and research."
Bioengineering Silicon Quantum Dot Theranostics using a Network Analysis of Metabolomic and Proteomic Data in Cardiac Ischemia (2013)

Metabolomic profiling is ideally suited for the analysis of cardiac metabolism in healthy and diseased states. Here, we show that systematic discovery of biomarkers of ischemic preconditioning using metabolomics can be translated to potential nanotheranostics. Thirty-three patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) after myocardial infarction. Blood was sampled from catheters in the coronary sinus, aorta and femoral vein before coronary occlusion and 20 minutes after one minute of coronary occlusion. Plasma was analysed using GC-MS metabolomics and iTRAQ LC-MS/MS proteomics. Proteins and metabolites were mapped into the Metacore network database (GeneGo, MI, USA) to establish functional relevance. Expression of 13 proteins was significantly different (p<0.05) as a result of PCI. Included amongst these was CD44, a cell surface marker of reperfusion injury. Thirty-eight metabolites were identified using a targeted approach. Using PCA, 42% of their variance was accounted for by 21 metabolites. Multiple metabolic pathways and potential biomarkers of cardiac ischemia, reperfusion and preconditioning were identified. CD44, a marker of reperfusion injury, and myristic acid, a potential preconditioning agent, were incorporated into a nanotheranostic that may be useful for cardiovascular applications. Integrating biomarker discovery techniques into rationally designed nanoconstructs may lead to improvements in disease-specific diagnosis and treatment.
Inhibition and killing of Candida albicans in vitro by five imidazoles in clinical use (1984)

Five imidazoles (clotrimazole, econazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, and tioconazole) in clinical use were compared for their ability to inhibit and kill Candida albicans. Eleven isolates were obtained from patients before therapy. By spectrophotometric determination of 50% growth inhibition, all isolates were inhibited at low concentrations, with clotrimazole slightly less active than the other four drugs. By the conventional MIC determination, tioconazole was more active than all of the others (P less than 0.01) except clotrimazole. In killing (minimum fungicidal concentration [MFC] assay), tioconazole was the most active by several analyses. Studies of the kinetics of killing indicated that the drugs studied could kill under conditions used for the MFC determination and that tioconazole and ketoconazole could kill particularly rapidly. If the drug was washed from the cells before subculturing, concentrations above the MFC were required to kill, but tioconazole could produce a lethal lesion in all cells virtually instantaneously. These findings are pertinent to MFC and killing kinetics methodology and to the observation of drug persistence after topical application. The results differ from some previous in vitro comparisons made with different methods. They are relevant to conclusions about drug mechanisms based on their abilities to inhibit and to kill, and they underscore the need to study various assay methods and fungal species.
Advanced Surveillance Technologies for Used Fuel Long-Term Storage and Transportation (2011)

Utilities worldwide are using dry-cask storage systems to handle the ever-increasing number of discharged fuel assemblies from nuclear power plants. In the United States and possibly elsewhere, this trend will continue until an acceptable disposal path is established. The recent Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, specifically the events with the storage pools, may accelerate the drive to relocate more of the used fuel assemblies from pools into dry casks. Many of the newer cask systems incorporate dual-purpose (storage and transport) or multiple-purpose (storage, transport, and disposal) canister technologies. With the prospect looming for very long term storage — possibly over multiple decades — and deferred transport, condition- and performance-based aging management of cask structures and components is now a necessity that requires immediate attention. From the standpoint of consequences, one of the greatest concerns is the rupture of a substantial number of fuel rods that would affect fuel retrievability. Used fuel cladding may become susceptible to rupture due to radial-hydride-induced embrittlement caused by water-side corrosion during the reactor operation and subsequent drying/transfer process, through early stage of storage in a dry cask, especially for high burnup fuels. Radio frequency identification (RFID) is an automated data capture and remote-sensing technology ideally suited for monitoring sensitive assets on a long-term, continuous basis. One such system, called ARG-US, has been developed by Argonne National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Packaging Certification Program for tracking and monitoring drums containing sensitive nuclear and radioactive materials. The ARG-US RFID system is versatile and can be readily adapted for dry-cask monitoring applications. The current built-in sensor suite consists of seal, temperature, humidity, shock, and radiation sensors. With the universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter interface in the tag, other sensors can be easily added as needed. The system can promptly generate alarms when any of the sensor thresholds are violated. For performance and compliance records, the ARGUS RFID tags incorporate nonvolatile memories for storing sensory data and history events. Over the very long term, to affirmatively monitor the condition of the cask interior (particularly the integrity of cover gas and fuel-rod cladding), development of enabling technologies for such monitoring would be required. These new technologies may include radiation-hardened sensors, in-canister energy harvesting, and wireless means of transmitting the sensor data out of the canister/cask.
Transition from 'supercapacitor' to 'battery' behavior in electrochemical energy storage (2002)

The storage of electrochemical energy in battery supercapacitor, and double-layer capacitor devices is considered. Supercapacitor systems based on 2-dimensional underpotential deposition reactions are highly reversible and their behavior arises from the pseudocapacitance associated with potential-dependence of 2-dimensional coverage of electroactive adatoms on an electrode substrate surface. Such capacitance can be 10 to 100 times the double-layer capacitance of the same electrode area. An essential fundamental difference from battery behavior arises because, in such systems, the chemical and associated electrode potentials are a continuous function of degree of charge, unlike the thermodynamic behavior of single-phase battery reactants. Quasi-2-dimensional systems, such as hyper-extended hydrous RuO/sub 2/, also exhibit large pseudocapacitance. Other examples are the conducting polymer electrodes and Li intercalate systems. The impedance behavior of an RuO/sub 2/ supercapacitor is illustrated but is far from that expected for an electrostatic capacitor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Perturbation‐based balance training for falls reduction among older adults: Current evidence and implications for clinical practice (2017)

Falls are a leading cause of injury, hospitalization and even death among older adults. Although various strength and balance exercise interventions have shown moderate reductions in falls incidence among healthy older adults, no significant falls incidence improvements have been consistently seen in frail older adults or in patient groups with an increased falls risk (e.g. people with Parkinson's disease and stroke). This might be due to a lack of task specificity of previous exercise interventions to the recovery actions required to prevent a fall. Perturbation-based balance training (PBT) is an emerging task-specific intervention that aims to improve reactive balance control after destabilizing perturbations in a safe and controlled environment. Although early studies were carried out predominantly in research laboratory settings, work in clinical settings with various patient groups has been proliferating. A systematic search of recent PBT studies showed a significant reduction of falls incidence among healthy older adults and certain patient groups (e.g. people with Parkinson's disease and stroke), with clinically relevant reductions in frail older adults. The most practical methods in clinical settings might be treadmill-based systems and therapist-applied perturbations, and PBT that incorporates multiple perturbation types and directions might be of most benefit. Although more controlled studies with long-term follow-up periods are required to better elucidate the effects of PBT on falls incidence, PBT appears to be a feasible and effective approach to falls reduction among older adults in clinical settings. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2294-2303..
Mammalian Sperm Motility: Observation and Theory (2011)

Mammalian spermatozoa motility is a subject of growing importance because of rising human infertility and the possibility of improving animal breeding. We highlight opportunities for fluid and continuum dynamics to provide novel insights concerning the mechanics of these specialized cells, especially during their remarkable journey to the egg. The biological structure of the motile sperm appendage, the flagellum, is described and placed in the context of the mechanics underlying the migration of mammalian sperm through the numerous environments of the female reproductive tract. This process demands certain specific changes to flagellar movement and motility for which further mechanical insight would be valuable, although this requires improved modeling capabilities, particularly to increase our understanding of sperm progression in vivo. We summarize current theoretical studies, highlighting the synergistic combination of imaging and theory in exploring sperm motility, and discuss the challenges for future observational and theoretical studies in understanding the underlying mechanics.
Object Co-segmentation via Graph Optimized-Flexible Manifold Ranking (2016)

Aiming at automatically discovering the common objects contained in a set of relevant images and segmenting them as foreground simultaneously, object co-segmentation has become an active research topic in recent years. Although a number of approaches have been proposed to address this problem, many of them are designed with the misleading assumption, unscalable prior, or low flexibility and thus still suffer from certain limitations, which reduces their capability in the real-world scenarios. To alleviate these limitations, we propose a novel two-stage co-segmentation framework, which introduces the weak background prior to establish a globally close-loop graph to represent the common object and union background separately. Then a novel graph optimized-flexible manifold ranking algorithm is proposed to flexibly optimize the graph connection and node labels to co-segment the common objects. Experiments on three image datasets demonstrate that our method outperforms other state-of-the-art methods.
Joint Channel and Location Estimation of Massive MIMO System With Phase Noise (2020)

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is a key technique in the fifth-generation (5G) networks for its attractive advantages in wireless communication. Besides, it also provides localization capability with high accuracy, yet the massive MIMO localization problem is not well addressed with the presence of some physical impairments in the circuits, such as phase noise (PHN). In this paper, we consider localization problem with PHN, which is a critical bottleneck in massive MIMO. Traditionally, existing methods exploit channel sparsity by sampling the space into discrete grids to estimate the position of the user in the compressive sensing framework. However, as the PHN affects the received signal in a nonlinear manner, it is difficult to obtain accurate basis vectors for sparse channel recovery. Besides, they often suffer from performance loss due to the location quantization error introduced by the fixed location grid. To deal with the aforementioned problems, we introduced a sparse representation model for the channel with dynamic-grid parameters to eliminate the location quantization error and derived an approximation for the likelihood with the presence of PHN. Based on these, we proposed an efficient algorithm for joint estimation of user location and sparse channel utilizing the majorization-minimization algorithm, which is shown to achieve higher localization accuracy than existing methods with the presence of PHN.