gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization and Design of a Cable Driven Upper Arm Exoskeleton (2009)

This paper presents the design of a wearable upper arm exoskeleton that can be used to assist and train arm movements of stroke survivors or subjects with weak musculature. In the last ten years, a number of upper-arm training devices have emerged. However, due to their size and weight, their use is restricted to clinics and research laboratories. Our proposed wearable exoskeleton builds upon our extensive research experience in wire driven manipulators and design of rehabilitative systems. The exoskeleton consists of three main parts: (i) an inverted U-shaped cuff that rests on the shoulder, (ii) a cuff on the upper arm, and (iii) a cuff on the forearm. Six motors, mounted on the shoulder cuff, drive the cuffs on the upper arm and forearm, using cables. In order to assess the performance of this exoskeleton, prior to use on humans, a laboratory test-bed has been developed where this exoskeleton is mounted on a model skeleton, instrumented with sensors to measure joint angles and transmitted forces to the shoulder. This paper describes design details of the exoskeleton and addresses the key issue of parameter optimization to achieve useful workspace based on kinematic and kinetic models.
Synthesis and Antimitotic/Cytotoxic Activity of Hemiasterlin Analogues (2002)

The antimitotic sponge tripeptide hemiasterlin (1) and a number of structural analogues have been synthesized and evaluated in cell-based assays for both cytotoxic and antimitotic activity in order to explore the SAR for this promising anticancer drug lead. One synthetic analogue, SPA110 (8), showed more potent in vitro cytotoxicty and antimitotic activity than the natural product hemiasterlin (1), and consequently it has been subjected to thorough preclinical evaluation and targeted for clinical evaluation. The details of the synthesis of hemiasterlin (1) and the analogues and a discussion of how their biological activities vary with their structures are presented in this paper.
Modeling the Error of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensor Data: Critical Aspects Discussed through Simulation Studies (2010)

Modeling the statistical properties of CGM sensor errors from data collected in vivo is difficult because it requires perfect calibration and perfect knowledge of BG-to-IG dynamics. Results suggest that correct characterization of CGM sensor error is still an open issue and requires further development upon the pioneering contribution of Breton and Kovatchev.
Modeling informational novelty in a conversational system with a hybrid statistical and grammar-based approach to natural language generation (2001)

We present a hybrid statistical and grammar-based system for surface natural language generation (NLG) that uses grammar rules, conditions on using those grammar rules, and corpus statistics to determine the word order. We also describe how this surface NLG module is implemented in a prototype conversational system, and how it attempts to model informational novelty by varying the word order. Using a combination of rules and statistical information, the conversational system expresses the novel information differently than the given information, based on the run-time dialog state. We also discuss our plans for evaluating the generation strategy.
Combinatorial Logic Based Optical Computing (1986)

Most of the compute intensive SDI problem solving processors, (such as the adaptive deformable mirror processor used to compensate for atmospheric turbulence, the battle management processor(s) for ballistic missile defense, signal processor(s) for radar range/Doppler ambiguity function calculation, and many others), rely on a common set of algorithms found in numerical matrix algerbra. Typically, all of these problems are broken up into a set of linear equations where it is the processors task to solve this set. Algorithmic solutions range from the extensive use of the Fast Fourier Transform to the robust Singular Value Decomposition method. Over the past several years considerable research has been focused on the use of systolic arrays, which, when configured correctly, will process these algorithms at extremely high speeds and with great algorithmic efficiency.
Biomimetic Syntheses of the Flindersial Alkaloids (2012)

The flindersial alkaloids have a potentially novel mechanism for antimalarial activity. The recently disclosed flinderoles were postulated to be derived through dimerization of the natural product borrerine in a manner similar to their structural isomers, the borreverines. Recent work by the authors has shown that the flindersial alkaloids share a common biosynthetic origin to that of borrerine. The application of this insight has resulted in the synthesis of naturally occurring flindersial alkaloids with controlled formation of the structural isomer. Only three synthetic steps from tryptamine are needed for any of the natural products.
An Experimental Evaluation of Low Latency Congestion Control for mmWave Links (2020)

Applications that require extremely low latency are expected to be a major driver of 5G and WLAN networks that include millimeter wave (mmWave) links. However, mmWave links can experience frequent, sudden changes in link capacity due to obstructions in the signal path. These dramatic variations in link capacity cause a temporary “bufferbloat” condition during which delay may increase by a factor of 2-10. Low latency congestion control protocols, which manage bufferbloat by minimizing queue occupancy, represent a potential solution to this problem, however their behavior over links with dramatic variations in capacity is not well understood. In this paper, we explore the behavior of two major low latency congestion control protocols, TCP BBR and TCP Prague (as part of L4S), using link traces collected over mmWave links under various conditions. Our evaluation reveals potential problems associated with use of these congestion control protocols for low latency applications over mmWave links.
Laser radar focal plane array for three-dimensional imaging (1996)

Previous efforts to develop 3D laser radar (ladar) imagers have required multiple laser pulses and complex stable scanning and timing systems in order to generate images. This paper describes an approach that will enable a complete 3D ladar image (angle-angle-range) to be captured with a single pulse. Using a unique processor chip that is bump bonded directly behind the detector array, the sensor provides separate independent range finder circuitry for each pixel. The time-of-flight for each pixel is recorded on the chip and the values are then read out serially. This approach allows the range resolution to be determined by the laser pulse width and electronics bandwidth and to be independent of image framing rates. This paper will discuss the design, laboratory tests and present the status of the imager that will be assembled for field demonstrations. The specifications of the demonstration unit are for a 64 X 64 pixel imager with a resolution of .3 X .3 X .3 meters (1 X 1 X 1 feet). The system is expected to operate at approximately video framing rates (30 frames per second) and the resulting image will be displayed in a false color picture on the processor monitor.
Spatially varying gray component replacement for image watermarking (2005)

We present a method to include watermarks in printed images. We spatially vary the GCR along the image in a manner that is not perceptible, and we employ an estimation method to detect such changes. The choice of GCR for a given pixel (or region) comprises an additional information channel that embeds a watermark or hidden information. For that, we estimate the RGB values of each pixel and the CMYK values on the paper by scanning the printed page. With that information, we can estimate which GCR strategy was used in a given region and retrieve the watermark message. We are only concerned with robustly estimating the GCR strategy. Promising results illustrate the method's potential to watermark printed images.
A Pentadecapeptide Fragment of Islet Neogenesis-Associated Protein Increases Beta-Cell Mass and Reverses Diabetes in C57BL/6J Mice (2004)

Because there is a deficiency of beta-cell mass in both type-1 and type-2 diabetes, INGAP peptide stimulation of fully functional neoislet differentiation may provide a novel approach for diabetes therapy.
Molecular interferometric imaging biosensor to study molecular interactions (2008)

Molecular interferometric imaging (MI2) approaches the single-molecule limit for label-free direct optical detection. It is simpler, cheaper and more sensitive than surface plasmon resonance for dynamic studies of molecular interactions.
Investigation of regenerable sorbents for CO{sub 2} capture (1999)

An experimental investigation was undertaken in pursuit of identifying novel dry, regenerable scrubbing processes for the capture of CO{sub 2} from a gaseous stream. Recent investigations by Japanese researchers have identified supported alkali carbonate materials that can remove CO{sub 2} in the presence of water vapor to form an alkali bicarbonate. The sorbent is thermally regenerated by heating, yielding CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}O as products. Conceptually, the water could be condensed and separated from the gaseous product stream of regeneration, yielding a concentrated stream of CO{sub 2} to be further processed into either a usable byproduct or disposed of as a waste. A bench-scale microbalance study of prepared sorbents was performed by exposing the sorbents initially to CO{sub 2}, followed by thermal regeneration. The experimental approach involved utilizing a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) to track sorbent weight change as the material was exposed to gases under conditions representative of absorption or regeneration. Change in sorbent weight was linked to the extent of chemical reaction, from which kinetic rate information was extracted. By conducting parametric evaluations of prepared sorbents, the impact of temperature and flue gas components on the absorption chemistry was studied. Temperature, and possible reducing agents, were investigated formore » the regeneration chemistry. Sorbents were prepared by impregnating various alkali- and alkaline-earth materials onto a substrate composed of high-surface area activated alumina. The first sorbent studied consisted of potassium carbonate deposited on alumina. Alkaline earth sorbents would likely include the investigation of magnesium and calcium materials. A preliminary thermodynamic analysis was conducted for some proposed sorbents of interest. Enthalpy and free energy changes were calculated for both absorption and regeneration reactions. Equilibrium constants were formulated over a temperature range of 77--212 F. Results for alkali-based sorbents are generally favorable in that the forward (CO{sub 2} absorption) reaction rate is typically much larger than the reverse reaction. Per the Japanese study using potassium, the absorption reaction of KOH with CO{sub 2} to form KHCO{sub 3} was calculated to be extremely favorable over the reverse reaction.« less
A simple high-performance current-switched Josephson gate (1979)

A versatile current-switched gate is described which consists of two Josephson tunnel junctions and a small resistor in a loop. The directly combined bias and control currents flow through one junction in the zero-voltage state, causing the switching. The second junction and the resistor provide isolation between input and output after switching. The switching speed of a few tens of picoseconds and the microwatt power dissipation are comparable to those of other present designs. The design is particularly simple, compact, and easy to fabricate.
Divergence of host range and biological properties between natural isolate and full‐length infectious <scp>cDNA</scp> clone of the <i> <scp>B</scp> eet mild yellowing virus </i>   <scp>2ITB</scp> (2013)

Plant infection by poleroviruses is restricted to phloem tissues, preventing any classical leaf rub inoculation with viral RNA or virions. Efficient virus inoculation to plants is achieved by viruliferous aphids that acquire the virus by feeding on infected plants. The use of promoter-driven infectious cDNA is an alternative means to infect plants and allows reverse genetic studies to be performed. Using Beet mild yellowing virus isolate 2ITB (BMYV-2ITB), we produced a full-length infectious cDNA clone of the virus (named BMYV-EK) placed under the control of the T7 RNA polymerase and the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoters. Infectivity of the engineered BMYV-EK virus was assayed in different plant species and compared with that of the original virus. We showed that in vitro- or in planta-derived transcripts were infectious in protoplasts and in whole plants. Importantly, the natural aphid vector Myzus persicae efficiently transmitted the viral progeny produced in infected plants. By comparing agroinoculation and aphid infection in a host range assay, we showed that the engineered BMYV-EK virus displayed a similar host range to BMYV-2ITB, except for Nicotiana benthamiana, which proved to be resistant to systemic infection with BMYV-EK. Finally, both the BMYV-EK P0 and the full-length clone were able to strongly interfere with post-transcriptional gene silencing.
Suppressing Manganese Dissolution from Lithium Manganese Oxide Spinel Cathodes with Single‐Layer Graphene (2015)

Spinel‐structured LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO) is a desirable cathode material for Li‐ion batteries due to its low cost, abundance, and high power capability. However, LMO suffers from limited cycle life that is triggered by manganese dissolution into the electrolyte during electrochemical cycling. Here, it is shown that single‐layer graphene coatings suppress manganese dissolution, thus enhancing the performance and lifetime of LMO cathodes. Relative to lithium cells with uncoated LMO cathodes, cells with graphene‐coated LMO cathodes provide improved capacity retention with enhanced cycling stability. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that graphene coatings inhibit manganese depletion from the LMO surface. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy demonstrates that a stable solid electrolyte interphase is formed on graphene, which screens the LMO from direct contact with the electrolyte. Density functional theory calculations provide two mechanisms for the role of graphene in the suppression of manganese dissolution. First, common defects in single‐layer graphene are found to allow the transport of lithium while concurrently acting as barriers for manganese diffusion. Second, graphene can chemically interact with Mn 3+ at the LMO electrode surface, promoting an oxidation state change to Mn 4+ , which suppresses dissolution.
Pyrazolo[4,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidine Bioisostere of Roscovitine: Evaluation of a Novel Selective Inhibitor of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases with Antiproliferative Activity (2011)

Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) with small molecules has been suggested as a strategy for treatment of cancer, based on deregulation of CDKs commonly found in many types of human tumors. Here, a new potent CDK2 inhibitor with pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold has been synthesized, characterized, and evaluated in cellular and biochemical assays. 7-Benzylamino-5(R)-[2-(hydroxymethyl)propyl]amino-3-isopropyl-1(2)H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine, compound 7, was prepared as a bioisostere of the well-known CDK inhibitor roscovitine. An X-ray crystal structure of compound 7 bound to CDK2 has been determined, revealing a binding mode similar to that of roscovitine. Protein kinase selectivity profile of compound 7 and its biological effects (cell cycle arrest, dephosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein, accumulation of the tumor suppressor protein p53, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of homologous recombination) are consistent with CDK inhibition as a primary mode of action. Importantly, as the anticancer activities of the pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine 7 exceed those of its bioisostere roscovitine, compound 7 reported here may be preferable for cancer therapy.
Oxide single crystals with high lithium-ion conductivity as solid electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium secondary battery applications (2019)

Li6.5La3Zr1.5Nb0.5O12 and Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 single-crystal rods were grown by floating zone melting. A typical single-crystal rod is 8 mm in diameter and 70 mm in length. Crystallized Li6.5La3Zr1.5Nb0.5O12 and Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 have cubic structures in the I21d space group. The crystal structures of Li6.5La3Zr1.5Nb0.5O12 and Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 belong to the cubic I213 space group, while the final structure refinements were performed based on an approximate space group Ia3d. The lattice parameter (a) of Li6.5La3Zr1.5Nb0.5O12 was 12.9130(8) Å (1 Å = 0.1 nm), while that of Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 was 12.9455(6) Å. The crystallographic reliability factors (R-values) of the Li6.5La3Zr1.5Nb0.5O12 and Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 crystal structures were 7.09% (wR = 7.94%) and 8.82% (wR = 7.45%), respectively, based on the single-crystal neutron diffraction data. Li ions in the crystal structures occupied both distorted tetrahedral 96h sites and distorted octahedral 96h sites. From the results of alternating current impedance measurements, we estimated the total Li-ion conductivity of Li6.5La3Zr1.5Nb0.5O12 and Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 at 298 K to be 1.39 × 10−3 and 1.27 × 10−3 S cm−1, respectively. These are the highest conductivities reported to date for Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 members. The bulk properties of garnet-type electrolyte single crystals were advantageous for bulk conductivity and lacked the grain boundaries characteristic of sintered polycrystalline bodies. These solid electrolytes represent a game-changing technology for realizing advanced battery systems with strong safety features.
Single-Volume Neutron Scatter Camera for High-Efficiency Neutron Imaging and Spectroscopy (2018)

Neutron detection provides an effective method to detect, locate, and characterize sources of interest to nuclear security applications. Current neutron imaging systems based on double-scatter kinematic reconstruction provide good signal vs. background discrimination and spectral capability, but suffer from poor sensitivity due to geometrical constraints. This weakness can be overcome if both neutron-proton scattering interactions are detected and resolved within one large contiguous active detector volume. We describe here a maximum likelihood approach to event reconstruction in a single-volume system with no optical segmentation and sensitivity to individual optical photons on the surfaces of the scintillator. We present results from a Geant4-based simulation establishing the feasibility of this single-volume neutron scatter camera concept given notional performance of existing photodetector and readout technologies.
Microlens Arrays for Optoelectronic Devices. (2002)

This paper reports on an improved method of fabricating microlens arrays using a low cost replication process. An accurate negative reproduction ("mold") of an existing high quality lens surface (master) is made in a soft silicone elastomer. This mold is formed by thermally curing Sylgard® 182 silicone elastomer (made by Dow Corning®) on the lens surface. To prevent distortion of the replica surface, the mold is made on a rigid backing plate. Dispensing a commercial epoxy ‘Polyset’ PCX 28-91B into the mold and curing it under UV radiation generates a replica lens array. The epoxy material is chosen to have minimal shrinkage upon curing. The epoxy material is also chosen to have lower intrinsic loss and have a refractive index tailored to the application. In addition, we have developed a procedure to enable the incorporation of commercially available SiO2 nanoparticles (Nissan IPA-ST-S, 9-11nm) into this epoxy material. The incorporation of nanoparticles allows the epoxide to be harder, have a refractive index closer to SiO2, have even smaller shrinkage while maintaining low intrinsic loss because of the small size of the SiO2 particles.
C3SRAM: An In-Memory-Computing SRAM Macro Based on Robust Capacitive Coupling Computing Mechanism (2020)

This article presents C3SRAM, an in-memory-computing SRAM macro. The macro is an SRAM module with the circuits embedded in bitcells and peripherals to perform hardware acceleration for neural networks with binarized weights and activations. The macro utilizes analog-mixed-signal (AMS) capacitive-coupling computing to evaluate the main computations of binary neural networks, binary-multiply-and-accumulate operations. Without the need to access the stored weights by individual row, the macro asserts all its rows simultaneously and forms an analog voltage at the read bitline node through capacitive voltage division. With one analog-to-digital converter (ADC) per column, the macro realizes fully parallel vector-matrix multiplication in a single cycle. The network type that the macro supports and the computing mechanism it utilizes are determined by the robustness and error tolerance necessary in AMS computing. The C3SRAM macro is prototyped in a 65-nm CMOS. It demonstrates an energy efficiency of 672 TOPS/W and a speed of 1638 GOPS (20.2 TOPS/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ), achieving 3975× better energy-delay product than the conventional digital baseline performing the same operation. The macro achieves 98.3% accuracy for MNIST and 85.5% for CIFAR-10, which is among the best in-memory computing works in terms of energy efficiency and inference accuracy tradeoff.
[Interferon. An overview of the state of basic research with special regard to interferon-gamma]. (1993)

Interferons / An overview on the state of basic research with special regard to interferon-gamma Interferons are multifunctional glycoproteins with a broad range of antiviral, antiproliferative and immunoregulatory effects on the target cell. This review deals with the basics as well as with more recent developments in interferon research. A historic overview of 35 years of interferon research since the discovery of interferons by Isaacs and Lindenmann in 1957 introduces the most important milestones in this field and appreciates the work of the participating researchers. A brief description of the classification of interferons based on different tissue sources, different antigenic properties and different induction behaviour is made. The main part of this review focuses on human interferon-gamma. We discuss recent work on the structure-function relationship of interferon-gamma. The interferon-gamma receptor and its role in signal transduction is another part of this paper. The structure and length of the C-terminal region of interferon-gamma seems to be important for receptor binding and expression of biological activities. A conservative estimate is that the family of IFN-activated genes numbers 15-20 in most cells.