gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Correction of some time-dependent deformations in parallel-beam computed tomography (2008)

In computed tomography on interventional X-ray systems, image quality is frequently degraded by uncontrolled patient motion such as breath-hold failures, intestinal contractions, or nervous shaking. To overcome this problem, an iterative workflow is proposed to estimate a dynamic displacement field representing the time-varying position of image elements. An elastic signal registration algorithm computes the displacement in projection space from the difference between measured projections and reference projections, sampled from the image reconstructed in previous iterations. Considering the sampled image as a motionless reference, the motion estimation is exact for a certain class of deformations, including shifting, expansion, and compression. From a new estimate of the displacement field, a better image can be reconstructed by introducing motion compensation in the backprojection step of filtered-backprojection methods. The result of the first iteration is equivalent to a standard reconstruction without motion correction and further iterations progressively sharpen the image.
Nonpeptidal P<sub>2</sub> Ligands for HIV Protease Inhibitors:  Structure-Based Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation (1996)

Design and synthesis of nonpeptidal bis-tetrahydrofuran ligands based upon the X-ray crystal structure of the HIV-1 protease-inhibitor complex 1 led to replacement of two amide bonds and a 10 pi-aromatic system of Ro 31-8959 class of HIV protease inhibitors. Detailed structure-activity studies have now established that the position of ring oxygens, ring size, and stereochemistry are all crucial to potency. Of particular interest, compound 49 with (3S,3aS,6aS)-bis-Thf is the most potent inhibitor (IC50 value 1.8 +/- 0.2 nM; CIC95 value 46 +/- 4 nM) in this series. The X-ray structure of protein-inhibitor complex 49 has provided insight into the ligand-binding site interactions. As it turned out, both oxygens in the bis-Thf ligands are involved in hydrogen-bonding interactions with Asp 29 and Asp 30 NH present in the S2 subsite of HIV-1 protease. Stereoselective routes have been developed to obtain these novel ligands in optically pure form.
A short circuit protection method based on a gate charge characteristic (2014)

This paper describes a high-speed circuit to protect IGBTs against short-circuit faults. The reverse transfer capacitance depends on a collector-emitter voltage and it produces a significant effect on a switching behavior under short-circuit fault conditions as well as under normal conditions. A gate charge characteristic under short-circuit fault conditions differs from that under normal turn-on conditions. Hence, hard-switching fault (HSF) can be detected by monitoring both a gate-emitter voltage and an amount of gate charge. IGBTs can be rapidly protected from destruction because the protection circuit based on a gate charge characteristic does not require any blanking time. Fault under load can be also detected by almost the same circuit configuration. Simulation and experiment verify the validity of the novel protection circuit based on a gate charge characteristic.
Experimental determination of electron drift velocity in 4H-SiC p/sup +/-n-n/sup +/ avalanche diodes (2000)

4H-SiC p/sup +/-n-n/sup +/ diodes of low series resistivity (<1/spl times/10/sup -4/ /spl Omega//spl middot/cm/sup 2/) were fabricated and packaged. The diodes exhibited homogeneous avalanche breakdown at voltages U/sub b/=250-270 V according to the doping level of the n layer. The temperature coefficient of the breakdown voltage was measured to be 2.6/spl times/10/sup -4/ k/sup -1/ in the temperature range 300 to 573 K. These diodes were capable of dissipating a pulsed power density of 3.7 MW/cm/sup 2/ under avalanche current conditions. The transient thermal resistance of the diode was measured to be 0.6 K/W for a 100-ns pulse width, An experimental determination of the electron saturated drift velocity along the c-axis in 4H-SIC was performed for the first time, It was estimated to be 0.8/spl times/10/sup 7/ cm/s at room temperature and 0.75/spl times/10/sup 7/ cm/s at approximately 360 K.
Pharmacodynamic comparison of LY3023703, a novel microsomal prostaglandin e synthase 1 inhibitor, with celecoxib (2015)

To assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacology of LY3023703, a microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 (mPGES1) inhibitor, a multiple ascending dose study was conducted. Forty-eight subjects received LY3023703, celecoxib (400 mg), or placebo once daily for 28 days. Compared with placebo, LY3023703 inhibited ex vivo lipopolysaccharide-stimulated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) synthesis 91% and 97% on days 1 and 28, respectively, after 30-mg dosing, comparable to celecoxib's effect (82% inhibition compared to placebo). Unlike celecoxib, which also inhibited prostacyclin synthesis by 44%, LY3023703 demonstrated a maximal increase in prostacyclin synthesis of 115%. Transient elevations of serum aminotransferase were observed in one subject after 30-mg LY3023703 dosing (10× upper limit of normal (ULN)), and one subject after 15-mg dosing (about 1.5× ULN). Results from this study suggest that mPGES1 inhibits inducible PGE synthesis without suppressing prostacyclin generation and presents a novel target for inflammatory pain.
Reciprocal regulation between taurine and glutamate response via Ca2+- dependent pathways in retinal third-order neurons (2010)

Although taurine and glutamate are the most abundant amino acids conducting neural signals in the central nervous system, the communication between these two neurotransmitters is largely unknown. This study explores the interaction of taurine and glutamate in the retinal third-order neurons. Using specific antibodies, both taurine and taurine transporters were localized in photoreceptors and Off-bipolar cells, glutamatergic neurons in retinas. It is possible that Off-bipolar cells release juxtaposed glutamate and taurine to activate the third-order neurons in retina. The interaction of taurine and glutamate was studied in acutely dissociated third-order neurons in whole-cell patch-clamp recording and Ca2+ imaging. We find that taurine effectively reduces glutamate-induced Ca2+ influx via ionotropic glutamate receptors and voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in the neurons, and the effect of taurine was selectively inhibited by strychnine and picrotoxin, but not GABA receptor antagonists, although GABA receptors are present in the neurons. A CaMKII inhibitor partially reversed the effect of taurine, suggesting that a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent pathway is involved in taurine regulation. On the other hand, a rapid influx of Ca2+ through ionotropic glutamate receptors could inhibit the amplitude and kinetics of taurine-elicited currents in the third-order neurons, which could be controlled with intracellular application of BAPTA a fast Ca2+ chelator. This study indicates that taurine is a potential neuromodulator in glutamate transmission. The reciprocal inhibition between taurine and glutamate in the postsynaptic neurons contributes to computation of visual signals in the retinal neurons.
Single-mode performance in multimode fibre devices (2005)

We demonstrate a waveguide transition between a multimode fibre and several single-mode fibres. Splicing identical Bragg gratings between two such transitions yields a multimode fibre filter with the transmission spectrum of a single-mode fibre grating.
Surface defect studies of flexible media using magnetoresistive sensors (1975)

The thermal spike frequency of magnetoresistive sensors is investigated as a function of average head/tape flying height. A qualitative relationship between particular thermal spikes and surface defects is shown to exist and insight is gained into the nature of "flying" at submicron spacings. Results for clear and oxide coated surfaces of varying surface topography are discussed.
Relevance of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) - Part II: Technical aspects (2001)

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) are involved in both detrimental and beneficial consequences of microbial aggregates such as biofilms, flocs and biological sludges. In biofouling, they are responsible for the increase of friction resistance, change of surface properties such as hydrophobicity, roughness, colour, etc. In biocorrosion of metals they are involved by their ability to bind metal ions. In bioweathering, they contribute by their complexing properties to the dissolution of minerals. The EPSs represent a sorption site for pollutants such as heavy metal ions and organic molecules. This can lead to a burden in wastewater sludge; on the other hand, the sorption properties can be used for water purification. Other biotechnological uses of EPS exploit their contribution to viscosity, e.g., in food, paints and oil-drilling 'muds'; their hydrating properties are also used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, EPSs may have potential uses as biosurfactants, e.g., in tertiary oil production, and as biological glue. EPSs are an interesting component of all biofilm systems and still hold a large biotechnological potential.
Drugs of Abuse Detection in Meconium: A Comparison Between ELISA and Biochip Microarray (2011)

The results of meconium specimens and fortified samples screened for drugs of abuse by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, Immunalysis) and biochip microarray (Randox) methods were compared. The ELISA method was semi-automated using a TECAN Genesis. The Randox assay used the Randox Evidence Investigator system. Previously validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), GC-GC-MS, or liquid chromatography-MS-MS methods were used for confirmation and quantitation. Results from the two techniques compared well. Agreement of the Randox assay was greater than 90% when compared to the ELISA assay for all drug classes except cannabinoids (88%). Specificity of the biochip assay was slightly better for amphetamines and cocaine.
Formation of novel 1,2-oxathietanes from 2-chloroethyl sulfoxide precursors and their reactions in solution, including formal [.sigma.2s + .sigma.2a] cycloreversions and rearrangements (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFormation of novel 1,2-oxathietanes from 2-chloroethyl sulfoxide precursors and their reactions in solution, including formal [.sigma.2s + .sigma.2a] cycloreversions and rearrangementsJ. William. Lown and R. Rao. KogantyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 13, 3811–3818Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00273a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00273a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views605Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Out-of-Distribution Detection for LiDAR-based 3D Object Detection (2022)

3D object detection is an essential part of automated driving, and deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance for this task. However, deep models are notorious for assigning high confidence scores to out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, that is, inputs that are not drawn from the training distribution. Detecting OOD inputs is challenging and essential for the safe deployment of models. OOD detection has been studied extensively for the classification task, but it has not received enough attention for the object detection task, specifically LiDAR-based 3D object detection. In this paper, we focus on the detection of OOD inputs for LiDAR-based 3D object detection. We formulate what OOD inputs mean for object detection and propose to adapt several OOD detection methods for object detection. We accomplish this by our proposed feature extraction method. To evaluate OOD detection methods, we develop a simple but effective technique of generating OOD objects for a given object detection model. Our evaluation based on the KITTI dataset shows that different OOD detection methods have biases toward detecting specific OOD objects. It emphasizes the importance of combined OOD detection methods and more research in this direction.
Organosolv Fractionation of Softwood Biomass for Biofuel and Biorefinery Applications (2017)

Softwoods represent a significant fraction of the available lignocellulosic biomass for conversion into a variety of bio-based products. Its inherent recalcitrance, however, makes its successful utilization an ongoing challenge. In the current work the research efforts for the fractionation and utilization of softwood biomass with the organosolv process are reviewed. A short introduction into the specific challenges of softwood utilization, the development of the biorefinery concept, as well as the initial efforts for the development of organosolv as a pulping method is also provided for better understanding of the related research framework. The effect of organosolv pretreatment at various conditions, in the fractionation efficiency of wood components, enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol production yields is then discussed. Specific attention is given in the effect of the pretreated biomass properties such as residual lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis. Finally, the valorization of organosolv lignin via the production of biofuels, chemicals, and materials is also described.
Solar aureoles caused by dust, smoke, and haze (2003)

The forward scattering of sunlight by atmospheric aerosols causes a bright glow to appear around the Sun. This phenomenon, the simplest manifestation of the solar corona, is called the solar aureole. Simple methods can be used to photograph the solar aureole with conventional and digital cameras. Aureole images permit both a visually qualitative and an analytically quantitative comparison of aureoles caused by dust, smoke, haze, pollen, and other aerosols. Many hundreds of aureole photographs have been made at Geronimo Creek Observatory in Texas, including a regular time series since September 1998. These images, and measurements extracted from them, provide an important supplement to studies of atmospheric aerosols.
Adverse Side Effects of 5α-Reductase Inhibitors Therapy: Persistent Diminished Libido and Erectile Dysfunction and Depression in a Subset of Patients (2010)

We suggest discussion with patients on the potential sexual side effects of 5α-RIs before commencing therapy. Alternative therapies may be considered in the discussion, especially when treating androgenetic alopecia.
Design of miniaturized RF SAW duplexer package (2004)

This paper provides a comprehensive methodology for accurate analysis and design of miniaturized RP SAW duplexer package. Full-wave analysis is applied to get the package model. Die and bonding wire modeling is also discussed. After that, improvement of the isolation is investigated. Simulation and measurement results are compared and excellent agreement is found. The technique developed in this paper reduces the design cycle time significantly and can be applied to various RP SAW device packages.
An integrated manual and autonomous driving framework based on driver drowsiness detection (2013)

In this paper, we propose and develop a framework for automatic switching of manual driving and autonomous driving based on driver drowsiness detection. We first present the scale-down intelligent transportation system (ITS) testbed. This testbed has four main parts: an arena; an indoor localization system; automated radio controlled (RC) cars; and roadside monitoring facilities. Second, we present the drowsiness detection algorithm which integrates facial expression and racing wheel motion to recognize driver drowsiness. Third, a manual and autonomous driving switching mechanism is developed, which is triggered by the detection of drowsiness. Finally, experiments were performed on the ITS testbed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Capturing sentence prior for query-based multi-document summarization (2007)

In this paper, we have considered a real world information synthesis task, generation of a fixed length multi document summary which satisfies a specific information need. This task was mapped to a topic-oriented, informative multi-document summarization. We also tried to estimate, given the human written reference summaries and the document set, the maximum performance (ROUGE scores) that can be achieved by an extraction-based summarization technique. Motivated by the observation that the current approaches are far behind the estimated maximum performance, we have looked at Information Retrieval techniques to improve the relevance scoring of sentences towards information need. Following information theoretic approach we have identified a measure to capture the notion of importance or prior of a sentence. Following a different decomposition of Probability Ranking Principle, the calculated importance/prior is incorporated into the final sentence scoring by weighted linear combination. In order to evaluate the performance, we have explored information sources like WWW and encyclopedia in computing the information measure in a set of different experiments. The t-test analysis of the improvement on DUC 2005 data set is found to be significant (p ~ 0.05). The same system has outperformed rest of the systems at DUC 2006 challenge in terms of ROUGE scores with a significant margin over the next best system.
Sequence Specific Recognition of Ligand-DNA Complexes Studied by NMR (2001)

The last few years have represented an accelerated accumulation in detailed information about ligand-DNA interactions. A collected view of literature information is essential for advancing our understanding of the principles of ligand-DNA recognition, utilizing this valuable information for construction of a modeling database, and eventually the rational design of DNA-binding ligands possessing desired properties. This review is concentrated on structure-based information on ligand-oligodeoxyribonucleotide (DON) complexes published since 1995, especially focusing on the results obtained from NMR structure elucidation. The discussions emphasize the sequence specific recognition of novel binding motifs or binding modules of ligand molecules rather than specific atomic details. A comprehensive list of DNA binding ligands are discussed in the text and are also summarized in a table. The DNA sequences that are recognized by specific ligand molecules as studied by NMR are annotated in a figure to provide a clear view of target selection. This review also briefly describes NMR methods for characterization and structure elucidation of ligand-DNA complexes.
High-resolution snapshots of human N-myristoyltransferase in action illuminate a mechanism promoting N-terminal Lys and Gly myristoylation (2020)

The promising drug target N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) catalyses an essential protein modification thought to occur exclusively at N-terminal glycines (Gly). Here, we present high-resolution human NMT1 structures co-crystallised with reactive cognate lipid and peptide substrates, revealing high-resolution snapshots of the entire catalytic mechanism from the initial to final reaction states. Structural comparisons, together with biochemical analysis, provide unforeseen details about how NMT1 reaches a catalytically competent conformation in which the reactive groups are brought into close proximity to enable catalysis. We demonstrate that this mechanism further supports efficient and unprecedented myristoylation of an N-terminal lysine side chain, providing evidence that NMT acts both as N-terminal-lysine and glycine myristoyltransferase.
Superionic and Metallic States of Water and Ammonia at Giant Planet Conditions (1999)

The phase diagrams of water and ammonia were determined by constant pressure ab initio molecular dynamic simulations at pressures (30 to 300 gigapascal) and temperatures (300 to 7000 kelvin) of relevance for the middle ice layers of the giant planets Neptune and Uranus. Along the planetary isentrope water and ammonia behave as fully dissociated ionic, electronically insulating fluid phases, which turn metallic at temperatures exceeding 7000 kelvin for water and 5500 kelvin for ammonia. At lower temperatures, the phase diagrams of water and ammonia exhibit a superionic solid phase between the solid and the ionic liquid. These simulations improve our understanding of the properties of the middle ice layers of Neptune and Uranus.
Synthesis and Fungicidal Evaluation of 2-Arylphenyl Ether-3-(1<i>H</i>-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol Derivatives (2009)

A series of novel 2-arylphenyl ether-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol derivatives were designed and synthesized as candidate fungicides. The new compounds were identified by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and element analysis. Their antifungal activities were evaluated. They exhibited excellent antifungal activities against five common pathogens in comparison with the commercial fungicides tebuconazole and difenoconazole. The antifungal activities of three new triazole alcohol compounds were compared with those of tebuconazole and difenoconazole at a concentration of 1 mug/mL.
Benchmarking business processes in software production (2001)

Organisations constantly seek improvement of organisational practices or market positions by implementing improvement programs and quality initiatives such as ISO certification. An improvement project is any project that aims to make a business process more efficient, flexible, reliable or responsive; or raise the quality of working life. Notes that few organisations make the effort to evaluate the effectiveness of such improvement programs, explores why this might be so, and describes some of the benefits of undertaking evaluation activities. Presents a methodology for selecting Key Performance Indicators most appropriate to selected business processes and assessing an improvement program, and describes the methodology’s implementation in a small Australian software company. Stresses that measurement of performance before and after ostensible improvements is needed for objective assessment of change processes.