gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct carboxylation of simple arenes with CO<sub>2</sub> through a rhodium-catalyzed C–H bond activation (2014)

Direct carboxylation of simple arenes under atmospheric pressure of CO2 is achieved through a rhodium-catalyzed C-H bond activation without the assistance of a directing group. Various arenes such as benzene, toluene, xylene, electron-rich or electron-deficient benzene derivatives, and heteroaromatics are directly carboxylated with high TONs.
MR Imaging and Cardiac Pacemakers: In Vitro Evaluation and in Vivo Studies in 51 Patients at 0.5 T (2000)

MR imaging at 0.5 T can be safely performed in patients with implanted pacemakers in carefully selected clinical circumstances when appropriate strategies (programming to an asynchronous mode, adequate monitoring techniques, limited RF exposure) are used.
Semantic fields of problem in business English: Malaysian and British journalistic business texts (2007)

This paper reports on an LSP-based research project dealing with a contrastive analysis of business and management texts taken from the Malaysian business magazine Malaysian Business (MB) and its British counterpart, Management Today (MT). The objective of the research was to study the semantic fields and linguistic signals of Problem patterns in order to determine whether they display specific differences which can be ascribed to their linguistic and cultural contexts. The study adopted a corpus-based approach based on a corpus containing fifty feature-articles from each magazine. The text corpus was analysed according to Hoey's Problem-Solution textual patterns and the corpus tool, Wmatrix, was used to identify the semantic fields in the Problem patterns. Key semantic fields were found for Problem in MB and MT compared with a normative corpus (the BNC Written Informative Sampler).
Corneal Permeability of Aldose Reductase Inhibitor, M79175. I. <i>In vitro</i> Study Using Corneal Permeability Apparatus (1986)

Transcorneal permeability of M79175, aldose reductase inhibitor (Eisai), and various factors influencing it were examined using excised rabbit cornea mounted on the methacrylate apparatus. High permeability was exhibited and this was independent of the concentration of M79175. Cornea hydrated by exposure to the eye drop solution of high concentration of benzalkonium chloride, which had an enhancing effect on the permeability of M79175. Corneal hydration was also caused by the solution of low pH. These findings will show the basic conditions for this eye drop solution to be an artificial tear fluid.
The class A scavenger receptor SR-A/CD204 and the class B scavenger receptor CD36 regulate immune functions of macrophages differently (2013)

SR-A/CD204 and CD36 are major receptors responsible for oxidized lipoproteins uptake by macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. Both receptors also share the role as receptors for different pathogens, but studies on their signaling have been hampered by the lack of selective ligands. We report that, upon specific ligation by Ab, SR-A does not induce cytokine production, but mediates inhibition of LPS-stimulated production of IL-6 and IL-12/23p40, enhancement of IL-10 release, and has no effect on TNF-α and RANTES production in murine macrophages. In contrast, anti-CD36 Ab alone stimulated production of all these cytokines, with IL-10 production being exceptionally high. Effects of anti-CD36 Ab, except of IL-10 production, were mediated by CD14 and TLR2, whereas those of SR-A ligation by heterotrimeric Gi/o proteins and by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases. Surprisingly, we found that LPS uptake by macrophages was mediated in part by CD36 cooperating with CD14, whereas SR-A was not involved in this process. Finely, during in vitro Ag presentation to naïve CD4(+) lymphocytes, pre-incubation of macrophages with anti-CD36 Ab enhanced IFN-γ production in the co-culture, but exerted the opposite effect under conditions enabling IL-10 accumulation. In contrast, anti-SR-A Ab was ineffective alone, but reversed the Th1-polarizing effect of LPS.
Characteristics of .ALPHA.-Amylase Induced in Distal Half-grains of Wheat (2003)

α-Amylase activity was measured in distal half-grains of four wheat lines, RL4137, OS21-5, Shirogane-komugi (Shirogane) and Hokkai250, after 72 h soaking at 20°C. The half-grains of RL4137 and Hokkai250 at the maturity stage (about 15 % water content) showed a significantly (P < 0.01) higher α-amylase activity after 72 h soaking (3.95 mU/mg, and 2.14 mU/mg, respectively) than those of OS21-5 and Shirogane (1.05 mU/mg and 0.91 mU/mg). During grain development, 30 to 50 days postanthesis (DPA), soaking also induced the production of α-amylase in the half-grains of RL4137 after 72 h. The α-amylases induced consisted of heat-labile α-AMY2 (low pI) type of enzymes. They were similar to α-AMY2 which was reported to be induced in the developing pericarp in the absence of stimulus from gibberellic acid (GA), but different from heat-resistant α-AMY2 expressed in the aleurone tissue after stimulation by GA. It is suggested that the RL4137 aleurone tissue has a potential for the synthesis of heat-labile α-AMY2, although the level of induced α-amylase activity was very low compared with that of the enzyme synthesized in the embryo and endosperm at the time of germination.
Strategies for Constructing Near-Infrared Spectral Libraries for the Identification of Drug Substances (1997)

The suitability of near-infrared reflectance analysis (NIRA) as a noninvasive method for “real-time” spectral verification of drug substances is evaluated. Strategies for development and optimization of reference libraries by different mathematical means are discussed. In order to compare data preprocessing techniques, factor-based libraries were constructed with the use of raw and second-derivative spectra of 17 benzodiazepines collected over the wavelength range from 1100 to 2500 nm. Validation of the models by predicting the identity of test set samples using the correlation coefficient proved that using the derivatives enhanced the library's selectivity dramatically, as the recognition rates increased from 25 to 100%. Two pattern recognition methods, correlation coefficient and distance, were applied to confirm the identity of 117 drugs by using libraries based on full-range second-derivative spectra. Recognition rates of 99.2% were obtained from a factor-based library with the use of the correlation coefficient. Even structural analogues could be reliably classified among highly dissimilar drugs. The construction of sub-libraries consisting solely of similar drugs offered no advantages. Considerable data reduction by principal component analysis (PCA) made NIRA a rapid and effective method of analysis providing a high degree of reliability.
Cellular metabolism as a basis for immune privilege (2006)

We hypothesize that the energy strategy of a cell is a key factor for determining how, or if, the immune system interacts with that cell. Cells have a limited number of metabolic states, in part, depending on the type of fuels the cell consumes. Cellular fuels include glucose (carbohydrates), lipids (fats), and proteins. We propose that the cell's ability to switch to, and efficiently use, fat for fuel confers immune privilege. Additionally, because uncoupling proteins are involved in the fat burning process and reportedly in protection from free radicals, we hypothesize that uncoupling proteins play an important role in immune privilege. Thus, changes in metabolism (caused by oxidative stresses, fuel availability, age, hormones, radiation, or drugs) will dictate and initiate changes in immune recognition and in the nature of the immune response. This has profound implications for controlling the symptoms of autoimmune diseases, for preventing graft rejection, and for targeting tumor cells for destruction.
Output Power Control in Class-E Power Amplifiers (2010)

A technique is presented to facilitate power control of cascode class-E power amplifiers (PAs). It is shown that by controlling the signal applied to the gate of the cascode transistor, the transmit power is changed. The main advantage of the proposed technique is a high 36 dB output power control range (PCR) compared to 20 dB for the traditional approach. This fulfills the requirements of the GSM standard on the PCR at all power levels and all frequency bands (for GMSK modulation). The concept of the cascode power control of class-E RF PA operating at 2.2 GHz with 18 dBm output power was implemented in a 0.18 ¿m CMOS technology, and the performance has been verified by measurements. The PA has been tested by a single tone, and by a GMSK modulated input signal.
Cxc Chemokine Receptor 5 Expression Defines Follicular Homing T Cells with B Cell Helper Function (2000)

Leukocyte traffic through secondary lymphoid tissues is finely tuned by chemokines. We have studied the functional properties of a human T cell subset marked by the expression of CXC chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5). Memory but not naive T cells from tonsils are CXCR5(+) and migrate in response to the B cell-attracting chemokine 1 (BCA-1), which is selectively expressed by reticular cells and blood vessels within B cell follicles. Tonsillar CXCR5(+) T cells do not respond to other chemokines present in secondary lymphoid tissues, including secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC), EBV-induced molecule 1 ligand chemokine (ELC), and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1). The involvement of tonsillar CXCR5(+) T cells in humoral immune responses is suggested by their localization in the mantle and light zone germinal centers of B cell follicles and by the concomitant expression of activation and costimulatory markers, including CD69, HLA-DR, and inducible costimulator (ICOS). Peripheral blood CXCR5(+) T cells also belong to the CD4(+) memory T cell subset but, in contrast to tonsillar cells, are in a resting state and migrate weakly to chemokines. CXCR5(+) T cells are very inefficient in the production of cytokines but potently induce antibody production during coculture with B cells. These properties portray CXCR5(+) T cells as a distinct memory T cell subset with B cell helper function, designated here as follicular B helper T cells (T(FH)).
Pathogenesis of Dengue: Dawn of a New Era (2015)

Dengue virus (DENV) infections of humans were long thought to be self-limited and of low mortality. Beginning in the 1950s, at the time when four different DENVs were discovered, a lethal variant of dengue emerged. Dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS) initially observed in Southeast Asia now has spread throughout the world. Two risk factors for DHF/DSS are well-established: severe disease occurs during a second heterotypic DENV infection or during a first DENV infection in infants born to dengue-immune mothers. A large number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain severe dengue disease. As discussed, few of them attempt to explain why severe disease occurs under the two different immunological settings. New experimental evidence has demonstrated that DENV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is toll-receptor 4 agonist that stimulates primary human myeloid cells to produce the same cytokines observed during the course of severe dengue disease. In addition, NS1 directly damages endothelial cells. These observations have been repeated and extended to an in vivo mouse model. The well-established phenomenon, antibody-dependent enhancement of DENV infection in Fc-receptor-bearing cells, should similarly enhance the production of DENV NS1 in humans, providing a unitary mechanism for severe disease in both immunological settings.
Solution-processable metal oxide semiconductors for thin-film transistor applications (2013)

In this review, we discuss the merits of solution-processed metal oxide semiconductors and consider their application in thin-film transistors for large-area electronics.
SpinQ Triangulum: A commercial three-qubit desktop quantum computer (2022)

SpinQ Triangulum is the second generation of the desktop quantum computers designed and manufactured by SpinQ Technology. SpinQ’s desktop quantum computer series, based on a room-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer, provides lightweight, cost-effective, and maintenance-free quantum computing platforms that aim to provide real-device experience for quantum computing education for kindergarten through 12th grade (K–12) and the college level. These platforms also feature quantum control design capabilities for studying quantum control and quantum noise.
Exosomes Derived from Epstein-Barr Virus-Infected Cells Are Internalized via Caveola-Dependent Endocytosis and Promote Phenotypic Modulation in Target Cells (2013)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human gammaherpesvirus, establishes a lifelong latent infection in B lymphocytes and epithelial cells following primary infection. Several lines of evidence suggest that exosomes derived from EBV-infected cells are internalized and transfer viral factors, including EBV-encoded latent membrane protein and microRNAs, to the recipient cells. However, the detailed mechanism by which exosomes are internalized and their physiological impact on the recipient cells are still poorly understood. In this study, we visualized the internalization of fluorescently labeled exosomes derived from EBV-uninfected and EBV-infected B cells of type I and type III latency into EBV-negative epithelial cells. In this way, we demonstrated that exosomes derived from all three cell types were internalized into the target cells in a similar fashion. Internalization of exosomes was significantly suppressed by treatment with an inhibitor of dynamin and also by the knockdown of caveolin-1. Labeled exosomes were colocalized with caveolae and subsequently trafficked through endocytic pathways. Moreover, we observed that exosomes derived from type III latency cells upregulated proliferation and expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in the recipient cells more significantly than did those derived from EBV-negative and type I latency cells. We also identified the EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) gene as responsible for induction of ICAM-1 expression. Taken together, our data indicate that exosomes released from EBV-infected B cells are internalized via caveola-dependent endocytosis, which, in turn, contributes to phenotypic changes in the recipient cells through transferring one or more viral factors.
Facial Emotion Detection Using Deep Learning (2020)

Human Emotion detection from image is one of the most powerful and challenging research task in social communication. Deep learning (DL) based emotion detection gives performance better than traditional methods with image processing. This paper presents the design of an artificial intelligence (AI) system capable of emotion detection through facial expressions. It discusses about the procedure of emotion detection, which includes basically three main steps: face detection, features extraction, and emotion classification. This paper proposed a convolutional neural networks (CNN) based deep learning architecture for emotion detection from images. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using two datasets Facial emotion recognition challenge (FERC-2013) and Japaness female facial emotion (JAFFE). The accuracies achieved with proposed model are 70.14 and 98.65 percentage for FERC-2013 and JAFFE datasets respectively.
Review on Reactor Configurations for Adsorption-Based CO<sub>2</sub> Capture (2021)

Adsorption-based CO2 capture has enjoyed considerable research attention in recent years. Most of the research efforts focused on sorbent development to reduce the energy penalty. However, the use of suitable gas–solid contacting systems is key for extracting the full potential from the sorbent to minimize operating and capital costs and accelerate the commercial deployment of the technology. This paper reviews several reactor configurations that were proposed for adsorption-based CO2 capture. The fundamental behavior of adsorption in different gas–solid contactors (fixed, fluidized, moving, or rotating beds) and regeneration under different modes (pressure, temperature, or combined swings) is discussed, highlighting the strengths and limitations of different combinations of gas–solid contactor and regeneration mode. In addition, the estimated energy duties in published studies and current technology readiness level of the different reactor configurations are reported. Other aspects, such as the reactor footprint, the operation strategy, suitability to retrofits, and the ability to operate under flexible loads are also discussed. In terms of future work, the key research need is a standardized techno-economic benchmarking study to calculate CO2 avoidance costs for different adsorption technologies under standardized assumptions. Qualitatively, each technology presents several strengths and weaknesses that make it impossible to identify a clear optimal solution. Such a standardized quantitative comparison is therefore needed to focus on future technology development efforts.
The Solution Structure of FADD Death Domain (1999)

A signal of Fas-mediated apoptosis is transferred through an adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) by interactions between the death domains of Fas and FADD. To understand the signal transduction mechanism of Fas-mediated apoptosis, we solved the solution structure of a murine FADD death domain. It consists of six helices arranged in a similar fold to the other death domains. The interactions between the death domains of Fas and FADD analyzed by site-directed mutagenesis indicate that charged residues in helices alpha2 and alpha3 are involved in death domain interactions, and the interacting helices appear to interact in anti-parallel pattern, alpha2 of FADD with alpha3 of Fas and vice versa.
Investigation of the Combined Effect of Variable Inlet Guide Vane Drift, Fouling, and Inlet Air Cooling on Gas Turbine Performance (2019)

Variable geometry gas turbines are susceptible to various malfunctions and performance deterioration phenomena, such as variable inlet guide vane (VIGV) drift, compressor fouling, and high inlet air temperatures. The present study investigates the combined effect of these performance deterioration phenomena on the health and overall performance of a three-shaft gas turbine engine (GE LM1600). For this purpose, a steady-state simulation model of the turbine was developed using a commercial software named GasTurb 12. In addition, the effect of an inlet air cooling (IAC) technique on the gas turbine performance was examined. The design point results were validated using literature results and data from the manufacturer’s catalog. The gas turbine exhibited significant deterioration in power output and thermal efficiency by 21.09% and 7.92%, respectively, due to the augmented high inlet air temperature and fouling. However, the integration of the inlet air cooling technique helped in improving the power output, thermal efficiency, and surge margin by 29.67%, 7.38%, 32.84%, respectively. Additionally, the specific fuel consumption (SFC) was reduced by 6.88%. The VIGV down-drift schedule has also resulted in improved power output, thermal efficiency, and the surge margin by 14.53%, 5.55%, and 32.08%, respectively, while the SFC decreased by 5.23%. The current model can assist in troubleshooting the root cause of performance degradation and surging in an engine faced with VIGV drift and fouling simultaneously. Moreover, the combined study also indicated the optimum schedule during VIGV drift and fouling for performance improvement via the IAC technique.
Reliability analysis of the double counter-rotating ring with concentrator attachments (1994)

The inherently weak reliability behavior of the ring architecture has led network designers to consider various design choices to improve network reliability. We assess the impact of provisions such as node bypass, secondary ring and concentrator trees on network reliability. For this reason, we develop closed-form expressions for the reliability and the mean time-to-failure of the double counter-rotating ring architecture. For our comparisons we adopt the 2-terminal, and the all-terminal reliability criteria. Our network reliability expressions are valid for any time-to-failure distributions of links and nodes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Induced Nanoelectrospray Ionization for Matrix‐Tolerant and High‐Throughput Mass Spectrometry (2011)

No-contact rule: the title method is ultra-sensitive, high-throughput (4 samples per second), easily multiplexed, and is compatible with serum, urine, and concentrated salt solutions. Other features of this method, which avoids physical contact between the electrode and the solvent, include sample economy and the ability to produce both positive and negative-ion spectra in one cycle.
Which indwelling urethral catheters resist encrustation by <i>Proteus mirabilis</i> biofilms? (1997)

None of the 18 types of catheter tested, including those coated with hydrogel or silver, were capable of resisting encrustation by P. mirabilis biofilm.
Scene Text Recognition Using Co-occurrence of Histogram of Oriented Gradients (2013)

Scene text recognition is a fundamental step in End-to-End applications where traditional optical character recognition (OCR) systems often fail to produce satisfactory results. This paper proposes a technique that uses co-occurrence histogram of oriented gradients (Co-HOG) to recognize the text in scenes. Compared with histogram of oriented gradients (HOG), Co-HOG is a more powerful tool that captures spatial distribution of neighboring orientation pairs instead of just a single gradient orientation. At the same time, it is more efficient compared with HOG and therefore more suitable for real-time applications. The proposed scene text recognition technique is evaluated on ICDAR2003 character dataset and Street View Text (SVT) dataset. Experiments show that the Co-HOG based technique clearly outperforms state-of-the-art techniques that use HOG, Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT), and Maximally Stable Extremal Regions (MSER).
Clarification of Risk Factors for Abdominal Operations in Patients with Hepatic Cirrhosis (1984)

Celiotomy in cirrhotic patients is reported to bear a high risk of operative morbidity and mortality. We reviewed 100 consecutive, cirrhotic patients who underwent nonshunt celiotomy. Thirty patients died and major complications occurred in another 30 patients. Hospital mortality rate was 21% in 39 biliary operations, 35% in 26 procedures for peptic ulcer disease, and 55% in nine colectomies . Fifty-two variables were compared between survivors without complication, survivors with complications, and nonsurvivors. A computer-generated, multivariant discriminant analysis yielded an equation predictive of survival. Utilizing coagulation parameters, presence of active infection, and serum albumin, the equation predicted survival with 89% accuracy. In a similar fashion, amount of operative transfusions, absence of postoperative ascites, pulmonary failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, and culture-positive urine predicted survival with 100% accuracy. We conclude that celiotomy in the cirrhotic patient is truly associated with very high morbidity and mortality, and preoperative assessment can predict survival with 89% accuracy.