gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Binary Linear-Time Erasure Decoding for Non-Binary LDPC codes (2009)

In this paper, we first introduce the extended binary representation of non-binary codes, which corresponds to a covering graph of the bipartite graph associated with the non-binary code. Then we show that non-binary codewords correspond to binary codewords of the extended representation that further satisfy some simplex-constraint: that is, bits lying over the same symbol-node of the non-binary graph must form a codeword of a simplex code. Applied to the binary erasure channel, this description leads to a binary erasure decoding algorithm of non-binary LDPC codes, whose complexity depends linearly on the cardinality of the alphabet. We also give insights into the structure of stopping sets for non-binary LDPC codes, and discuss several aspects related to upper-layer FEC applications.
Hybrid Write Bias Scheme for Non-Volatile Resistive Crossbar Arrays (2018)

Crossbar arrays based on non-volatile resistive devices are planned for future memory systems due to the scalability and performance as compared to conventional charge based memory systems. To enhance the feasibility of these resistive memory systems, the energy consumption needs to be reduced. The write operation of a resistive memory based on a one-selector-one-resistor crossbar array consumes significant energy. The energy consumed by a crossbar array is dependent on the device and interconnect characteristics as well as the bias scheme. While the device and circuit parameters are the same for a specific application, the bias scheme of an array can be tuned to improve the energy efficiency. In this paper, an intelligent write scheme is proposed to provide a hybrid bias scheme. The proposed system adaptively sets the bias schemes to enhance energy efficiency. The most energy efficient bias scheme depends upon several parameters such as the size of the array, nonlinearity factor, and number of selected cells. For a specific array size and device characteristics, a power delivery system is described that sets the bias voltages based on the number of selected cells. Energy improvements of more than 2× are demonstrated with this hybrid bias scheme.
Estimating the sortedness of a data stream (2007)

The distance to monotonicity of a sequence is the minimum number of edit operations required to transform the sequence into an increasing order; this measure is complementary to the length of the longest increasing subsequence (LIS). We address the question of estimating these quantities in the one-pass data stream model and present the first sub-linear space algorithms for both problems.We first present O(√n)-space deterministic algorithms that approximate the distance to monotonicity and the LIS to within a factor that is arbitrarily close to 1. We also show a lower bound of Ω(n) on the space required by any randomized algorithm to compute the LIS (or alternatively the distance from monotonicity) exactly, demonstrating that approximation is necessary for sub-linear space computation; this bound improves upon the existing lower bound of Ω(√n) [LNVZ06].Our main result is a randomized algorithm that uses only O(log2n) space and approximates the distance to monotonicity to within a factor that is arbitrarily close to 4. In contrast, we believe that any significant reduction in the space complexity for approximating the length of the LIS is considerably hard. We conjecture that any deterministic (1 + e) approximation algorithm for LIS requires Ω (√n) space, and as a step towards this conjecture, prove a space lower bound of Ω(√n) for a restricted yet natural class of deterministic algorithms.
Local SAR in parallel transmission pulse design (2011)

The management of local and global power deposition in human subjects (specific absorption rate, SAR) is a fundamental constraint to the application of parallel transmission (pTx) systems. Even though the pTx and single channel have to meet the same SAR requirements, the complex behavior of the spatial distribution of local SAR for transmission arrays poses problems that are not encountered in conventional single-channel systems and places additional requirements on pTx radio frequency pulse design. We propose a pTx pulse design method which builds on recent work to capture the spatial distribution of local SAR in numerical tissue models in a compressed parameterization in order to incorporate local SAR constraints within computation times that accommodate pTx pulse design during an in vivo magnetic resonance imaging scan. Additionally, the algorithm yields a protocol-specific ultimate peak in local SAR, which is shown to bound the achievable peak local SAR for a given excitation profile fidelity. The performance of the approach was demonstrated using a numerical human head model and a 7 Tesla eight-channel transmit array. The method reduced peak local 10 g SAR by 14–66% for slice-selective pTx excitations and 2D selective pTx excitations compared to a pTx pulse design constrained only by global SAR. The primary tradeoff incurred for reducing peak local SAR was an increase in global SAR, up to 34% for the evaluated examples, which is favorable in cases where local SAR constraints dominate the pulse applications.
P196 Inhibition of Sphingosine Kinase Potentiates Radiation Therapy in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2006)

Objectives: To examine the expression of sphingosine kinase (SPK) levels in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) at different clinical stages. To demonstrate that SPK inhibition leads to higher levels of ceramide in HNSCC cells, which enhances irradiation-induced apoptosis and also inhibits tumor invasion and migration. Design: Expression of SPK was determined by Western blot, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemical staining from fresh and archival tissues and HNSCC cell lines. Sphingosine kinase siRNA was tested to block the tumor growth invasiveness and migration of HNSCC. Ceramide levels and effect of irradiation on tumor and normal cells were studied. Setting: University medical center Patients: Sixteen patients were enrolled in this study with different stage of cancers (stages I through IV) as graded by the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system. Main Outcome Measure: Expression of SPK. Results: Higher levels of SPK expression were detected in all primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes than were found in normal mucosa. Patients with advanced disease (stage III/IV) showed higher SPK expression than those with earlier disease stage (I or II). Four HNSCC cell lines showed high expression of SPK; SPK siRNA specifically blocked the expression of SPK and thus increased the ceramide levels. Blocking of SPK resulted in inhibition of cell growth, migration, invasion, and irradiation-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: To our knowledge, these data are the first to demonstrate the higher expression of SPK in HNSCC than in normal mucosa. The radiation dose needed to cure HNSCC may be reduced by blocking SPK expression, which will improve quality of life for patients with HNSCC.
Scaffold informatics: multi-material strategies for tissue scaffolds (2004)

The dominant approach in 3D tissue engineering is to construct a scaffold of biocompatible material, to seed the scaffold with an appropriate cell type, to culture these cells in a bioreactor, and to implant the resulting tissue construct. Numerous individual materials have been investigated, but no single material has proven ideal for tissue culture. We advocate the use of multiple materials within a single scaffold. Such scaffolds would be produced using a 3D positioning system possessing multiple heads, capable of both fused deposition and droplet deposition of multiple materials. Our candidate materials for heterogenous deposition include poly-/spl epsiv/-caprolactone(PCL), alginate, fibrin, and chitosan. This paper discusses 1) the design of the hardware necessary to perform this operation, 2) the considerations in selecting candidate materials, and 3) the anticipated benefits to design and construction of tissue scaffolds.
Barrier-Guided Growth of Micro- and Nano-Structured Graphene (2012)

A novel approach for the rational synthesis of low-defect density, patterned graphene from the bottom up, called barrier-guided chemical vapor deposition, is introduced. A patterned barrier layer impedes the growth of graphene in selected areas of the copper substrate, guiding the growth of graphene into desired micro- and nano- structures with control over placement, orientation, and spatial and lateral extent.
Adjuvant neuropeptides can improve neuropathic ligament healing in a rat model (2007)

Diminished healing in neuropathic tissues suggests an important regulatory role for peripheral neurogenic factors in connective tissue healing. Although neurogenic factors, including neuropeptides, can induce cell proliferation and influence inflammatory cell chemotaxis in vitro, there is little appreciation of the potential of neuropeptides to affect connective tissue healing in vivo. We created both efferent and afferent peripheral neuropathies in 55 female Wistar rats. First, we showed that neuropathy led to impaired healing of ruptured ligaments. We then showed that local delivery of specific neuropeptides could reverse the functional deficits of these neuropathic ligaments in only 2 weeks. In substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide-treated medial collateral ligaments (MCLs), the mechanical properties of these healing neuropathic tissues returned to values at or above normally innervated, intact ligaments. In addition, neuropeptide Y stimulated MCL healing in this model. These findings suggest a new paradigm to improve neuropathic soft connective tissue healing.
Note: Miniature 120-kV autonomous generator based on transverse shock-wave depolarization of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 ferroelectrics (2011)

The design of autonomous ultrahigh-voltage generators with no moving metallic parts based on transverse explosive shock wave depolarization of Pb(Zr(0.52)Ti(0.48))O(3) (PZT 52∕48) poled ferroelectrics was explored and studied. It follows from experimental results that the output voltage produced by the shock-wave ferroelectric generators (FEGs) is directly proportional to the number of PZT 52/48 elements connected in series. It was demonstrated that miniature FEGs (volume less than 180 cm(3)) were capable of reliably producing output voltage pulses with amplitudes exceeding 120 kV which is the record reported in open literature.
A coordinated optimization approach to Volt/VAr control for large power distribution networks (2011)

Electric distribution networks are operated under a number of constraints in order to deliver power at a certain quality and reliability level. A distributed management system (DMS) is a supervisory control layer in the distribution system used by the utilities for managing distribution assets in a coordinated fashion. For large distribution systems (those consisting of thousands of nodes and multiple tens of capacitor banks and voltage regulators), an integrated Volt/VAr Control (IVVC), which maximizes asset lifetime, is non-trivial due to the size of the search space for determining the optimal settings of these devices. This paper presents coordinated optimization approach to IVVC for large power distribution networks that will enable a more optimal operation of the distribution network while maximizing distribution control asset lifetime through the minimization of unnecessary device switching.
Modeling and experimental analysis of rotating magnet receivers for electrodynamic wireless power transmission (2019)

Abstract An electrodynamic wireless power transmission (EWPT) approach that utilizes mechanically responsive receivers to safely deliver power in cluttered environments is presented. Mainstream WPT techniques are predominately based on near-field inductive coupling of two coils (MHz) or directed, far-field RF transmission (GHz) between a transmitter and a receiver. These approaches face significant technical hurdles (safety concerns, detuning, parasitic heating) in real-world scenarios where electrically conductive media exists in between the transmitter and receivers. The EWPT approach presented here relies on electrodynamic coupling between a magnetic near-field produced by a transmitter and a permanent magnet in the receiver. This approach enables wireless power delivery using low-frequency (<1 kHz) fields, which facilitates transmission through and around common electrically conductive media such as metal objects, people, etc. Here, we present an electromechanical model of a rotating magnet receiver in order to analyze the transient and steady-state dynamics of the receiver magnet. We then experimentally demonstrate wireless power transmission with an efficiency of 7% to a 3 cm 3 receiver achieving 1.3 W (0.42 W cm −3 power density) at 1 cm and 9 mW at 9 cm. These experimental results are well matched by simulations. Lastly, we demonstrate simultaneous charging of two wearable electronic devices in a cluttered environment.
Intercalating dyes for enhanced contrast in second-harmonic generation imaging of protein crystals (2015)

The second-harmonic generation (SHG) activity of protein crystals was found to be enhanced by up to ∼1000-fold by the intercalation of SHG phores within the crystal lattice. Unlike the intercalation of fluorophores, the SHG phores produced no significant background SHG from solvated dye or from dye intercalated into amorphous aggregates. The polarization-dependent SHG is consistent with the chromophores adopting the symmetry of the crystal lattice. In addition, the degree of enhancement for different symmetries of dyes is consistent with theoretical predictions based on the molecular nonlinear optical response. Kinetics studies indicate that intercalation arises over a timeframe of several minutes in lysozyme, with detectable enhancements within seconds. These results provide a potential means to increase the overall diversity of protein crystals and crystal sizes amenable to characterization by SHG microscopy.
Research Update: Direct conversion of amorphous carbon into diamond at ambient pressures and temperatures in air (2015)

We report on fundamental discovery of conversion of amorphous carbon into diamond by irradiating amorphous carbon films with nanosecond lasers at room-temperature in air at atmospheric pressure. We can create diamond in the form of nanodiamond (size range &lt;100 nm) and microdiamond (&gt;100 nm). Nanosecond laser pulses are used to melt amorphous diamondlike carbon and create a highly undercooled state, from which various forms of diamond can be formed upon cooling. The quenching from the super undercooled state results in nucleation of nanodiamond. It is found that microdiamonds grow out of highly undercooled state of carbon, with nanodiamond acting as seed crystals.
A Gated Self-attention Memory Network for Answer Selection (2019)

Tuan Lai, Quan Hung Tran, Trung Bui, Daisuke Kihara. Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). 2019.
Preuplift Method to “Anchor” Liquid Storage Tanks (1988)

Steel tanks for liquid storage often consist of a cylindrical shell attached to a steel bottom plate which rests on the ground. In many cases neither the bottom plate nor the cylindrical shell are fixed to the ground. When such an unanchored tank is subjected to seismic ground shaking, the lateral inertia of the contained liquid contributes to the overturning moment, but its weight cannot contribute to the stabilizing moment until some uplift of the bottom plate occurs. The hold‐down force, due to the weight of liquid resting on the uplifted portion of the bottom plate, provides the necessary resistance against overturning. However, this benefit of uplift comes at the cost of very high vertical compressive stresses in the tank wall at the base in the region diametrically opposite to where the maximum uplift occurs. The benefits of uplift can be reaped without some of its detrimental effects if the tank wall is preuplifted all around the circumference by means of a ring filler. An annular portion of the base plate is also preuplifted, but is not supported by the ring filler. The weight of liquid resting on that preuplifted portion of the base plate then becomes effective in resisting the overturning moment. For a 127 mm diameter Mylar tank, it is shown by experiment and analysis that preuplift increases the lateral load capacity by a factor of up to 2.
Recovery of solitons with nonlinear amplifying loop mirrors (1995)

We study the use of nonlinear amplifying loop mirrors to recover soliton pulses nonadiabatically deformed by losses. We approach this problem as a mapping problem of input pulse to output pulse, for segments of fiber followed by a combination of linear and nonlinear amplification. For a wide range of amplifier spacings, we find numerically that a single optimal input pulse of soliton shape exists for each amplifier spacing, which is well recovered at output. The recovered output pulses contain only ~3% continuous radiation.
Electrochemically modulated superconductivity. Final report (1991)

The goal of the project is to test the feasibility of electrochemically modulated superconductivity in the cuprate superconductors. Such a test is possible because the new high temperature superconductors are ionic solids that are extremely sensitive to oxygen potential. Passive optimization of the latter is impossible, not only because of materials processing limitations but also due to thermodynamic and structural instabilities. The authors approach is active intervention by electrochemical means, in other words, electrochemical polarization while the material is actually or potentially in the superconducting state. This is possible only by the use of electrolytes that are functional at cryogenic temperatures. Several years ago we discovered cryogenic electrolysis and demonstrated the existence of such electrolytes. Success in this effort would make possible a new class of electronic and photonic devices that exploit the capability to control actively the transition into and out of the superconducting state while the material is in service.
Subcycling-PCR for Multiplex Long-Distance Amplification of Regions with High and Low GC Content: Application to the Inversion Hotspot in the Factor VIII Gene (1998)

Previously we described a PCR protocol for detecting the inversion in the factor VIII gene, which is a common cause of Hemophilia A. This PCR assay is challenging due to the size of the amplification (10-12 kb), the varying GC content (30%-80%) and the multiplex PCR products involved (four for carrier female). Efficient amplification of the four segments depends on three unusual modifications to standard long-distance PCR protocols: (i) very high concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide, (ii) addition of deaza-dGTP and (iii) high concentration of Taq and Pwo DNA polymerases. One of the segments was amplified much more efficiently than the others under standard three-temperature cycling conditions (12 s at 94 degrees C, 30 s at 65 degrees C and 14 min at 68 degrees C). To facilitate the uniform amplification of the multiple regions, subcycling-PCR (S-PCR) was developed. In S-PCR, the combined annealing/elongation step is composed of subcycles of shuttling between a low and a high temperature, e.g., shuttling four times between 60 degrees and 65 degrees C. S-PCR produces consistent robust amplification of the various segments produced by wild-type, mutant and carrier individuals. S-PCR is a simple generalization of PCR, which generally may be advantageous in three contexts: (i) amplification of long segments in which the GC content varies within the segment, (ii) multiplex amplification of long segments and (iii) multiplex amplification of short segments in which the GC content varies among the segments.
Modulation of heart rate by temporally patterned vagus nerve stimulation in the anesthetized dog (2016)

Despite current knowledge of the myriad physiological effects of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in various mammalian species (including humans), the impact of varying stimulation parameters on nerve recruitment and physiological responses is not well understood. We investigated nerve recruitment, cardiovascular responses, and skeletal muscle responses to different temporal patterns of VNS across 39 combinations of stimulation amplitude, frequency, and number of pulses per burst. Anesthetized dogs were implanted with stimulating and recording cuff electrodes around the cervical vagus nerve, whereas laryngeal electromyogram (EMG) and heart rate were recorded. In seven of eight dogs, VNS-evoked bradycardia (defined as ≥10% decrease in heart rate) was achieved by applying stimuli at amplitudes equal to or greater than the threshold for activating slow B-fibers. Temporally patterned VNS (minimum 5 pulses per burst) was sufficient to elicit bradycardia while reducing the concomitant activation of laryngeal muscles by more than 50%. Temporal patterns of VNS can be used to modulate heart rate while minimizing laryngeal motor fiber activation, and this is a novel approach to reduce the side effects produced by VNS.
Unidirectional, second-order gradient microphone (1987)

A second-order gradient microphone with unidirectional characteristics is described. The microphone consists of two commercially available, first-order gradient electret microphones that are properly baffled and arranged with their rotational axes in line. The output of one of these transducers is subtracted from the delayed output of the other transducer. The unidirectional microphone shows a directional characteristic that is relatively frequency independent, has a 3-dB beamwidth of the mainlobe of ± 40 degrees, and exhibits sidelobes 10–20 dB below the mainlobe. After equalization, the frequency response of the microphone in its direction of maximum sensitivity is within ± 3 dB between 0.3 and 4 kHz. The sensitivity of the microphone, including its equalization, is − 60 dBV/Pa at 1 kHz and the equivalent noise level for the above frequency range amounts to 28 dB linear or 20 dB(A).
Absorption characteristics of mid-wave infrared type-II superlattices (2014)

Recently, a new strategy used to achieve high operation temperature (HOT) infrared photodetectors including III-V compound materials (bulk materials and type-II superlattices) and cascade devices has been observed. Another method to reduce detector’s dark current is reducing volume of detector material via a concept of photon trapping detector. The barrier detectors are designed to reduce dark current associated with Shockley-Read (SR) processes and to decrease influence of surface leakage current without impeding photocurrent (signal). In consequence, absence of a depletion region in barrier detectors offers a way to overcome the disadvantage of large depletion dark currents. So, they are typically implemented in materials with relatively poor SR lifetimes, such as all III-V compounds. From considerations presented in the paper results that despite numerous advantages of III-V barrier detectors over present-day detection technologies, including reduced tunneling and surface leakage currents, normal-incidence absorption, and suppressed Auger recombination, the promise of a superior performance of these detectors in comparison to HgCdTe photodiodes, has not been yet realized. The dark current density is higher than that of bulk HgCdTe photodiodes, especially in MWIR range. To attain their full potential, the following essential technological limitations such as short carrier lifetime, passivation, and heterostructure engineering, need to be overcome.