gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The use of multiple-discrete microwave radiation to enhance the performances of traditional B-minimum ECR ion sources (1997)

The performances of ECR ion sources, in terms of high-charge-state yields and intensities within a particular charge state, can be enhanced by increasing the physical sizes of the ECR zones in relation to the sizes of their plasma volumes. The creation of a large ECR plasma volume permits coupling of more power into the plasma, resulting in the heating of a much larger electron population to higher energies, the effect of which is to produce higher charge state distributions and higher intensities within a particular charge state than possible in present forms of the ECR source. The ECR volumes can be increased in both the spatial and frequency domains. In the spatial domain, large ECR plasma volumes can be effected by designing the central field so that it is uniformly-distributed about the axis of symmetry and of so that its magnitude is in resonance with single-frequency microwave radiation power source used to excite the plasma. Similarly, the frequency domain complements (multiple-discrete frequency, variable frequency or broad bandwidth frequency microwave radiation) can be used to increase the physical sizes of the ECR zones in conventional B-minimum ECR sources. To demonstrate that the frequency domain technique can be used to enhance themore » performance of a traditional B-minimum ECR ion source, a series of comparative studies was made to assess the relative performance of the ORNL Caprice ECR ion source, in terms of multiple charged ion beam generation capabilities, when excited with high-power, single frequency or multiple-discrete frequency microwave radiation, derived from standard klystron and/or TWT technologies. These studies demonstrate that the most probable charge state for Xe is increased by one charge state unit while the beam intensities for charge states higher than the most probable are increased by factors of {approximately}3 compared to those observed for single frequency plasma excitation. The results of these measurements along with details on the modifications to the injection system required to couple the microwave radiation into the plasma volume of the Caprice source will be presented in this report.« less
Spatio-temporal modeling and adaptive acquisition for cardiac MRI (2005)

We propose a model-based approach for real-time cardiac imaging that does not require cardiac or respiratory gating or breathholds. The model captures the spatial and temporal-spectral characteristics of the heart and also accounts for respiratory motion during imaging. The model parameters are estimated as part of the MRI experiment and drive both data acquisition and cine reconstruction algorithm. Simulated cardiac MRI experiments show quality cine reconstructions and robustness to modeling inaccuracies.
A Novel Nonlinearity Tolerant Super-Gaussian Distribution for Probabilistically Shaped Modulation (2018)

Probabilistically-shaped constellations are found to have larger than expected Kerr nonlinearity induced penalty in long-haul transmission. In this paper, a novel nonlinear tolerant super-Gaussian distribution has been proposed which outperforms the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The simulation and experimental results both show a significant improvement.
Scalable QoS Assurances with Measurement-Based Admission Control (2005)

Among recent trends in Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning in the Internet is the Differentiated Services Architecture, termed DiffServ. The successful deployment of Diffserv to provide a premium QoS guarantees to network traffic requires an effective admission control mechanism, which needs to be scalable and relatively simple to implement. In this paper we present a QoS network framework with novel and effective measurement-based resource management and admission control mechanisms. The mechanism is based on the characteristics of measured arrival and departure traffic. Those characteristics are captured via a passive monitoring. We implement the mechanism at the edge routers of a DiffServ Domain. The admission control mechanism is only executed at the edge routers and doesn't require any signaling between inner routers. The mechanism does not depend on the underlying network topology or any specifications of the cross traffic present in the domain. Therefore the mechanism is scalable. In addition, the proposed approach does not require any traffic policing mechanism at the entrance of the network. This approach can provide the statistical QoS guarantees to a variety of service classes within a DiffServ domain. We show that the proposed framework can provide a high degree of network resource sharing among multiple traffic classes while satisfying their QoS requirements. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, we perform a set of simulations on a number of bursty video traffic sources.
Masking materials for 157-nm lithography (1999)

Constraints of the photomask are beginning to play dominate roles in the advancement of new microlithographic technology. Mask substrate materials are being explored by several groups. In this work, we explore the thin film masking layers themselves and identify potential solutions for binary and phase-shift masking films for use at 157 nm. The chromium based absorbing films used for binary masking are likely to meet the required needs. Modification of the composition will be required. Attenuated phase shift masking films become challenging as few transparent host thin film materials exist at the 157 nm wavelength.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Semiconductors for Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting (2014)

Abstract Review: tutorial review; 50 refs.
Software protection for dynamically-generated code (2013)

Process-level Virtual machines (PVMs) often play a crucial role in program protection. In particular, virtualization-based tools like VMProtect and CodeVirtualizer have been shown to provide desirable obfuscation properties (i.e., resistance to disassembly and code analysis). To be efficient, many tools cache frequently-executed code in a code cache. This code is run directly on hardware and consequently may be susceptible to unintended, malicious modification after it has been generated.
Ionization mechanism of the ambient pressure pyroelectric ion source (APPIS) and its applications to chemical nerve agent detection (2009)

We present studies of the ionization mechanism operative in the ambient pressure pyroelectric ionization source (APPIS), along with applications that include detection of simulants for chemical nerve agents. It is found that ionization by APPIS occurs in the gas-phase. As the crystal is thermally cycled over a narrow temperature range, electrical discharges near the surface of the crystal produce energetic species which, through reactions with atmospheric molecules, result in reactant ions such as protonated water clusters or clusters of hydroxide and water. Reactant ions can be observed directly in the mass spectrometer. These go on to react with trace neutrals via proton transfer reactions to produce the ions observed in mass spectra, which are usually singly protonated or deprotonated species. Further implicating gas-phase ionization, observed product distributions are highly dependent on the composition of ambient gases, especially the concentration of water vapor and oxygen surrounding the source. For example, basic species such as triethylamine are observed as singly protonated cations at a water partial pressure of 10 torr. At a water pressure of 4 torr, reactive oxygen species are formed and lead to observation of protonated amine oxides. The ability of the APPIS source to detect basic molecules with high proton affinities makes it highly suited for the detection of chemical nerve agents. We demonstrate this application using simulants corresponding to VX and GA (Tabun). With the present source configuration pyridine is detected readily at a concentration of 4 ppm, indicating ultimate sensitivity in the high ppb range.
A Disposable Magnetically Levitated Centrifugal Blood Pump for Extracorporeal Circulation Support (2010)

A disposable magnetically levitated centrifugal blood pump, which aims to be used for from a few days to a few months, has been developed. An impeller is levitated and rotated without contact using a two-degree-of-freedom radial magnetic bearing and a magnetic coupling. Due to ‘out-of-step’ of the magnetic coupling caused by its insufficient transmittable torque, a previous prototype pump could not yield the required pressure-flow characteristics of 5 L/min against 106 kPa (800 mmHg). The magnetic coupling was redesigned in order to increase the transmittable torque. The stability of the impeller levitation against impact was evaluated through a base excitation test simulating animal experiment and practical use. Applying an impulse excitation of an acceleration of 200 m/s2, the impeller could keep contactless levitation both in the controlled direction and in the passively supported directions. Finally, the animal experiments for one to two weeks showed that no damage and no thrombus formation were found in the pump heads.
Charging characteristics of ultra-nano-crystalline diamond in RF MEMS capacitive switches (2010)

Modifications to a standard capacitive MEMS switch process have been made to allow the incorporation of ultra-nano-crystalline diamond as the switch dielectric. The impact on electromechanical performance is minimal. However, these devices exhibit uniquely different charging characteristics, with charging and discharging time constants 5–6 orders of magnitude quicker than conventional materials. This operation opens the possibility of devices which have no adverse effects of dielectric charging and can be operated near-continuously in the actuated state without significant degradation in reliability.
Investigation on Winding Theory for Short Primary Linear Machines (2021)

The winding theory is a crucial tool for analyzing the electric machines. However, some special phenomena in short primary linear machines (SPLMs) cannot be explained by the traditional theory, which is commonly applied in rotary machines (RMs). In this paper, an improved winding theory for SPLMs is presented. Starting with the magnetic field produced by a single conductor, the difference between winding theory for SPLMs and RMs is analyzed. According to the proposed theory, the pulsating magneto-motive force (MMF) and the asymmetry of the three-phase windings can be analyzed and calculated in details. It is very useful for perceiving, analysis and optimal design for the winding in SPLMs. The proposed theory is verified by 2-D finite-element analysis (FEA) and experiment.
Peripherally Administered Human Umbilical Cord Blood Cells Reduce Parenchymal and Vascular <i>β</i> -Amyloid Deposits in Alzheimer Mice (2008)

Modulation of immune/inflammatory responses by diverse strategies including amyloid-beta (Abeta) immunization, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and manipulation of microglial activation states has been shown to reduce Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like pathology and cognitive deficits in AD transgenic mouse models. Human umbilical cord blood cells (HUCBCs) have unique immunomodulatory potential. We wished to test whether these cells might alter AD-like pathology after infusion into the PSAPP mouse model of AD. Here, we report a marked reduction in Abeta levels/beta-amyloid plaques and associated astrocytosis following multiple low-dose infusions of HUCBCs. HUCBC infusions also reduced cerebral vascular Abeta deposits in the Tg2576 AD mouse model. Interestingly, these effects were associated with suppression of the CD40-CD40L interaction, as evidenced by decreased circulating and brain soluble CD40L (sCD40L), elevated systemic immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels, attenuated CD40L-induced inflammatory responses, and reduced surface expression of CD40 on microglia. Importantly, deficiency in CD40 abolishes the effect of HUCBCs on elevated plasma Abeta levels. Moreover, microglia isolated from HUCBC-infused PSAPP mice demonstrated increased phagocytosis of Abeta. Furthermore, sera from HUCBC-infused PSAPP mice significantly increased microglial phagocytosis of the Abeta1-42 peptide while inhibiting interferon-gammainduced microglial CD40 expression. Increased microglial phagocytic activity in this scenario was inhibited by addition of recombinant CD40L protein. These data suggest that HUCBC infusion mitigates AD-like pathology by disrupting CD40L activity.
The dual function monoclonal antibodies VIR-7831 and VIR-7832 demonstrate potent in vitro and in vivo activity against SARS-CoV-2 (2021)

ABSTRACT Sotrovimab (VIR-7831) and VIR-7832 are dual action monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Sotrovimab and VIR-7832 were derived from a parent antibody (S309) isolated from memory B cells of a 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) survivor. Both mAbs contain an “LS” mutation in the Fc region to prolong serum half-life. In addition, VIR-7832 encodes an Fc GAALIE mutation that has been shown previously to evoke CD8+ T-cells in the context of an in vivo viral respiratory infection. Sotrovimab and VIR-7832 neutralize wild-type and variant pseudotyped viruses and authentic virus in vitro. In addition, they retain activity against monoclonal antibody resistance mutations conferring reduced susceptibility to previously authorized mAbs. The sotrovimab/VIR-7832 epitope continues to be highly conserved among circulating sequences consistent with the high barrier to resistance observed in vitro. Furthermore, both mAbs can recruit effector mechanisms in vitro that may contribute to clinical efficacy via elimination of infected host cells. In vitro studies with these mAbs demonstrated no enhancement of infection. In a Syrian Golden hamster proof-of concept wildtype SARS-CoV-2 infection model, animals treated with sotrovimab had less weight loss, and significantly decreased total viral load and infectious virus levels in the lung compared to a control mAb. Taken together, these data indicate that sotrovimab and VIR-7832 are key agents in the fight against COVID-19.
Cooperative spectrum sensing with transmit and relay diversity in cognitive radio networks - [transaction letters] (2008)

In the letter the problem of cooperative spectrum sensing is investigated in cognitive radio (CR) networks over Rayleigh fading channels. By taking into account the error effect on the decision reporting, a general performance analysis of cooperative spectrum sensing is given. The analytical detection results show that the performance of cooperative spectrum sensing is limited by the probability of reporting errors. To deal with this limitation, we propose a transmit diversity based cooperative spectrum sensing method. By regarding multiple CRs as a virtual antenna array, space-time coding and spacefrequency coding are applied into CR networks over flat-fading and frequency-selective fading channels, respectively. Moreover, we propose a relay diversity based cooperative spectrum sensing approach to increase the diversity of detection when some CRs are in heavy shadowing. It is then shown that, when combined with algebraic coding, relay diversity can further improve the cooperative spectrum sensing performance.
Frequency position modulation using multi-spectral projections (2012)

In this paper we present an approach to harness multi-spectral projections (MSPs) to carefully shape and locate tones in the spectrum, enabling a new and robust modulation in which a signal's discrete frequency support is used to represent symbols. This method, called Frequency Position Modulation (FPM), is an innovative extension to MT-FSK and OFDM and can be non-uniformly spread over many GHz of instantaneous bandwidth (IBW), resulting in a communications system that is difficult to intercept and jam. The FPM symbols are recovered using adaptive projections that in part employ an analog polynomial nonlinearity paired with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) sampling at a rate at that is only a fraction of the IBW of the signal. MSPs also facilitate using commercial of-the-shelf (COTS) ADCs with uniform-sampling, standing in sharp contrast to random linear projections by random sampling, which requires a full Nyquist rate sample-and-hold. Our novel communication system concept provides an order of magnitude improvement in processing gain over conventional LPI/LPD communications (e.g., FH- or DS-CDMA) and facilitates the ability to operate in interference laden environments where conventional compressed sensing receivers would fail. We quantitatively analyze the bit error rate (BER) and processing gain (PG) for a maximum likelihood based FPM demodulator and demonstrate its performance in interference laden conditions.
Recovery and separation of high-value plastics from discarded household appliances (1996)

Argonne National Laboratory is conducting research to develop a cost- effective and environmentally acceptable process for the separation of high-value plastics from discarded household appliances. The process under development has separated individual high purity (greater than 99.5%) acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and high- impact polystyrene (HIPS) from commingled plastics generated by appliance-shredding and metal-recovery operations. The process consists of size-reduction steps for the commingled plastics, followed by a series of gravity-separation techniques to separate plastic materials of different densities. Individual plastics of similar densities, such as ABS and HIPS, are further separated by using a chemical solution. By controlling the surface tension, the density, and the temperature of the chemical solution we are able to selectively float/separate plastics that have different surface energies. This separation technique has proven to be highly effective in recovering high-purity plastics materials from discarded household appliances. A conceptual design of a continuous process to recover high-value plastics from discarded appliances is also discussed. In addition to plastics separation research, Argonne National Laboratory is conducting research to develop cost-effective techniques for improving the mechanical properties of plastics recovered from appliances.
Lithography-Free in Situ Pd Contacts to Templated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2006)

We report a metalization technique for electrically addressing templated vertical single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) using in situ palladium (Pd) nanowires. SWNTs are synthesized from an embedded catalyst in a modified porous anodic alumina (PAA) template. Pd is electrodeposited into the template to form nanowires that grow from an underlying conductive layer beneath the PAA and extend to the initiation sites of the SWNTs within each pore. In this way, individual vertical channels of SWNTs are created, each with a vertical Pd nanowire back contact. Further Pd deposition results in annular Pd nanoclusters that form on portions of SWNTs extending onto the PAA surface. Two-terminal electrical characteristics produce linear I-V relationships, indicating ohmic contact in the devices.
Diagnostic Potential of an IgE-ELISA in Detecting Strongyloidiasis (2020)

<i>Strongyloides stercoralis</i> infection is prevalent worldwide and can cause lifelong infection in immunocompetent individuals, and potentially death in immunosuppressed patients. The diagnosis is hindered by the low sensitivity of microscopic examination, thus making serology an important complementary test to improve the detection rate. However, there were reports that some <i>Strongyloides</i>-infected individuals were negative with specific IgG and IgG4 assays, and other helminth infections were positive with commercial <i>Strongyloides</i> IgG-ELISAs. Thus, there is a need to develop better serodiagnostic methods for strongyloidiasis. We investigated the diagnostic potential of IgE-ELISAs using <i>Strongyloides</i> larval lysate. Sera from two groups infected with <i>Strongyloides</i> served as the positive reference, that is, 1) positive by commercial IgG-ELISAs and IgG4 rapid test, and stool samples positive by microscopy and/or PCR (group IA; <i>n</i> = 20); and 2) negative by IgG-ELISAs and IgG4 rapid test, but stool samples were PCR positive (group IB sera; <i>n</i> = 11). Sera from another two groups served as negative reference (controls), that is, 1) infected with other parasites (group II; <i>n</i> = 73) and 2) healthy donors (group III; <i>n</i> = 22). Results showed a 100% diagnostic sensitivity in detecting sera from groups IA and IB. The latter group of individuals probably had early infection because their IgG and IgG4 assays were negative. The optical density values of group IB sera were also significantly lower than those of group IA (<i>P</i> < 0.003). The IgE-ELISA was 100% specific when tested against sera from groups II and III. This study highlights the diagnostic potential of IgE-ELISA using larval lysate to detect strongyloidiasis, especially those with probable early infection.
Synthesis and characterization of iodobenzamide analogs: potential D-2 dopamine receptor imaging agents (1990)

(S)-N-[(1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-2-hydroxy-3-iodo-6- methoxybenzamide ([123I]IBZM) is a central nervous system (CNS) D-2 dopamine receptor imaging agent. In order to investigate the versatility of this parent structure in specific dopamine receptor localization and the potential for developing new dopamine receptor imaging agents, a series of new iodinated benzamides with fused ring systems, naphthalene (INAP) and benzofuran (IBF), was synthesized and radiolabeled, and the in vivo and in vitro biological properties were characterized. The best analogue of IBZM is IBF (21). The specific binding of [125I]IBF (21) with rat striatal tissue preparation was found to be saturable and displayed a Kd of 0.106 +/- 0.015 nM. Competition data of various receptor ligands for [125I]IBF (21) binding show the following rank order of potency: spiperone greater than IBF (21) greater than IBZM greater than (+)-butaclamol greater than (+/-)-ADTN,6,7 greater than ketanserin greater than SCH-23390 much greater than propranolol. The in vivo biodistribution results confirm that [125I]IBF (21) concentrated in the striatal area after iv injection into rats. The study demonstrates that [123I]IBF (21) is a potential agent for imaging CNS D-2 dopamine receptors.
A Novel Method for Generating Complex Half-Band Filters (2006)

We propose a simple, novel and efficient method for generating complex half-band FIR filters, which we use in the generation of discrete-time analytic (DTA) signals. These filters have properties of linear phase and real-time implementation while the DTA signals generated are orthogonal and invertible (the original real signal is recoverable). The filter design, in contrast to some other methods, is easily scalable and stable. The new method is evaluated for performance (i.e. aliasing) by comparing its shiftability property with that of other transforms. Using a total variation measure for determining function variation, we see that its shiftability either matches or exceeds that of other methods. Furthermore, this design method lends itself to an enhancement, thereby allowing additional improvement in shiftability. We prove an important theoretical aspect of the new method: the amplitude spectrum of the length N filter converges almost everywhere to the ideal complex half-band amplitude spectrum as N /spl rarr/ +/spl infin/, thereby assuring shiftability.