gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sensor for Monitoring the Rinsing of Patterned Wafers (2004)

Developing efficient wafer cleaning and rinsing requires technology for on-line monitoring of the wafer cleanliness. An electrochemical sensor is designed, fabricated, and tested to measure the concentration of residual contaminants on the wafer surface during the rinse process. The sensor is based on the real time and in situ measurement of electrical impedance across a trench microstructure. The sensor's output signal is proportional to the concentration of impurities remaining in the trench and, therefore, is a measure of the progress of the rinse in cleaning the wafer surface. Electrical measurements, circuit analysis, and direct testing of the device at known impurity levels are used to select and design a suitable sensor configuration. The results confirm the feasibility and sensitivity of the device applicable to typical wafer rinsing conditions.
A Genomics Approach to the Comprehensive Analysis of the Glutathione <i>S</i>-Transferase Gene Family in Soybean and Maize (2000)

By BLAST searching a large expressed sequence tag database for glutathione S-transferase (GST) sequences we have identified 25 soybean (Glycine max) and 42 maize (Zea mays) clones and obtained accurate full-length GST sequences. These clones probably represent the majority of members of the GST multigene family in these species. Plant GSTs are divided according to sequence similarity into three categories: types I, II, and III. Among these GSTs only the active site serine, as well as another serine and arginine in or near the "G-site" are conserved throughout. Type III GSTs have four conserved sequence patches mapping to distinct structural features. Expression analysis reveals the distribution of GSTs in different tissues and treatments: Maize GSTI is overall the most highly expressed in maize, whereas the previously unknown GmGST 8 is most abundant in soybean. Using DNA microarray analysis we observed increased expression among the type III GSTs after inducer treatment of maize shoots, with different genes responding to different treatments. Protein activity for a subset of GSTs varied widely with seven substrates, and any GST exhibiting greater than marginal activity with chloro-2,4 dinitrobenzene activity also exhibited significant activity with all other substrates, suggesting broad individual enzyme substrate specificity.
Natural Variation at the <i>Pi-ta</i> Rice Blast Resistance Locus (2003)

ABSTRACT The resistance gene Pi-ta protects rice crops against the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea expressing the avirulence gene AVR-Pita in a gene-for-gene manner. Pi-ta, originally introgressed into japonica rice from indica origin, was previously isolated by positional cloning. In this study, we report the nucleotide sequence of a 5,113-base pair region containing a japonica susceptibility pi-ta allele, which has overall 99.6% nucleotide identity to the indica Pi-ta allele conferring resistance. The intron region shows the levels of sequence diversity that typically differentiate genes from indica and japonica rices, but the other gene regions show less diversity. Sequences of the Pi-ta allele from resistant cultivars Katy and Drew from the southern United States are identical to the resistance Pi-ta sequence. Sequences from susceptible cultivars El Paso 144 and Cica 9 from Latin America define a third susceptibility haplotype. This brings the total number of Pi-ta haplotypes identified to four, including the resistance allele and three susceptibility alleles. The Pi-ta locus shows low levels of DNA polymorphism compared with other analyzed R genes. Understanding the natural diversity at the Pi-ta locus is important for designing specific markers for incorporation of this R gene into rice-breeding programs.
Tumor-targeted superantigens produce curative tumor immunity with induction of memory and demonstrated antigen spreading (2023)

These new results indicate that TTSs not only can turn a "cold" tumor into a "hot" tumor but also can enable epitope spreading and memory response, which makes TTSs ideal candidates for combination with ICB agents and other anticancer agents.
39.2: Polarization Conversion System Using a Polymer Polarization Grating (2011)

Abstract We describe a new Polarization Conversion System (PCS) concept, particularly well suited for pico‐projectors, employing a polymer polarization grating thin‐film, fly‐eye lens, and louvered halfwave plate. We demonstrate improved polarization‐conversion in the PG‐based PCS, leading to enhanced brightness (12%) and color‐uniformity (20%) as compared to a conventional PBS‐based PCS.
A Microwave‐Assisted Click Chemistry Synthesis of 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles via a Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Effects of density and structure on load bearing and permeability characteristics of a family of shock mitigating phenolic foams (1979)

Abstract The effects of reaction rate and density on the properties of the phenolic foam described in the first paper were studied. Process and formulation variables were examined through altering the basic chemical composition described below, in which all parts are by weight; phenolic resin two component intermediate, 200 parts; hydrophilic surfactant, 0.25 parts; lipophilic surfactant, 0.50 parts; fluorocarbon blowing agent, 12 parts; 47.5 wt % sulfuric acid, 25 parts; and 80 wt % phosphoric acid, 15 parts. Compressive stress values at 20% deflection were utilized for comparing the effects of the studied parameters on the load bearing cabability of the foam. Pressure drop of air flowing through the foam was employed as a measure of the permeability or breathability. Permeability load bearing functions were identified as a potential means for optimizing the relationship between breathability and compression‐deflection characteristics. The overall effects of cell structure on the relationship between load bearing and density have been related in a qualitative manner.
RECENT HIGHLIGHTS ON PHOTOLITHIC OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ARRAY IN SITU SYNTHESIS (2005)

Light directed synthesis of high-density oligonucleotide microarrays is currently performed using either ortho-nitro-benzyl-type [MeNPOC] (Pease, A.C.; Solas, D.; Sullivan, E.J.; Cronin, T.M.; Holmes, C.P.; Fodor, S.P.A. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci U.SA. 1994, 91, 6333.) or ortho-nitrophenylethyl-type [NPPOC] (Hasan, A.; Stengele, K.P.; Giegrich, H.; Cornwell, P.; Isham, K.R.; Sachleben, R.A.; Pfleiderer, W.; Foote, R.S. Tetrahedron 1997, 53, 424Z) protecting groups as the 5'-O-carbonate ester of the phosphoramidite building block. The synthesis cycle uses a combinatorial approach attaching one specific base per cycle, thus as many as 100 cycles need to be run to make an array of 25-mers. Time needed for deprotection/activation of the growing oligo chain determines overall manufacturing time and consequently also cost. In this report we demonstrate the development of photoprotected posphoramidite monomers for light directed array synthesis with increasing sensitivity to the UV light used. If combined with maskless array synthesis, this technology allows for synthesis of arrays with >780,000 different 25-mer oligonucleotides in about one hour and allows for high flexibility in array design and reiterative redesign. The arrays synthesized show high quality and reproducibility in our standard hybridization based assay.
Orbital Angular Momentum Mode Converter Based on Helical Long Period Fiber Grating Inscribed by Hydrogen–Oxygen Flame (2017)

A high-efficiency grating fabrication method was, for the first time, demonstrated to inscribe helical long period fiber gratings (H-LPFGs) in small numbers by means of twisting a standard single-mode fiber (SMF) during hydrogen-oxygen flame heating and then cutting the helical fiber into in series of sections. Each section of the helical fiber was a desired LPFG whose resonant wavelength, i.e., grating pitch, can be changed by adjusting the twist rate of the helical fiber. The H-LPFG inscribed in a standard SMF could be used to generate orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes, i.e., OAM+1 mode, with a purity of 91% and a conversion efficiency of 87% within a large wavelength range from more than the cutoff wavelength of an SMF, which is highly advantageous to all-fiber optical communications based on the OAM mode-division multiplexing technique.
Geometric Abstractions to Support Contact Based Disassembly Evaluation (1997)

Abstract Determining whether an assembly can be constructed from its components at the design stage results in reduction of assembly problems downstream. One approach to determine if an assembly can be constructed is to perform a disassembly evaluation of the assembly’s geometric model. Abstractions derived from the geometric model may be used to evaluate the disassembly sequence. This paper presents two abstractions to support the disassembly analysis: 1) the Assembly Topology Graph (ATG), and 2) the set of boundary components. The first abstraction, the ATG, is a graph whose nodes represent the components in the assembly, and whose edges represent a non-null intersection of the convex hulls of component pairs. The second abstraction, the set of boundary components, represents the set of components that intersect the boundary of the assembly which is the convex hull of the assembly. The use of the abstractions in determining the validity of the assembly is discussed in the paper.
Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of Certain 5‘-Modified Analogs of 2,5,6-Trichloro-1-(β-<scp>d</scp>-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (1997)

A series of 5'-modified 2,5,6-trichlorobenzimidazole ribonucleosides has been synthesized and tested for activity against two human herpesviruses and for cytotoxicity. The 5'-methoxy, 5'-ethoxy, and 5'-butoxy analogs of 2,5,6-trichloro-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (TCRB) were prepared by coupling the appropriate 5-O-alkyl-1,2,3-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribose derivatives with 2,5,6-trichlorobenzimidazole followed by removal of the protecting groups. The 5'-deoxy-5'-fluoro, -5'-chloro, -5'-bromo, -5'-iodo, -5'-azido, and -5'-thiomethyl derivatives were synthesized in a similar fashion. All of these 5'-modified derivatives had significant activity against HCMV in plaque and yield reduction assays (IC50's = 0.5-14.2 microM) but had little activity (IC50's > 100 microM) against HSV-1. This pattern in similar to the antiviral activity profile observed for TCRB. The 5'-halogenated derivatives were more active than the other 5'-modified derivatives with antiviral activity well separated from cytotoxicity. In general, cytotoxicity of all the 5'-modified derivatives was greater in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF cells) than in L1210 or KB tumor cells. These results indicate that the viral target tolerates significant modifications of TCRB at the 5'-position without adversely affecting activity against HCMV, whereas the 5'-modifications increased cytotoxicity in human diploid cells.
<i>Candida albicans</i> Als1p: an adhesin that is a downstream effector of the <i>EFG1</i> filamentation pathway (2002)

Filamentation and adherence to host cells are critical virulence factors of Candida albicans. Multiple filamentation regulatory pathways have been discovered in C. albicans using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model. In S. cerevisiae, these pathways converge on Flo11p, which functions as a downstream effector of filamentation and also mediates cell-cell adherence (flocculation). In C. albicans, such effector(s) have not yet been identified. Here, we demonstrate that the cell surface protein Als1p is an effector of filamentation in C. albicans. We show that Als1p expression is controlled by the transcription factor Efg1p, which is known to be a key regulator of filamentation in C. albicans. Further, disruption of ALS1 inhibited filamentation, and autonomous expression of Als1p restored filamentation in an efg1 homozygous null mutant. Thus, Als1p functions as a downstream effector of the EFG1 filamentation pathway. In addition, we found that Als1p mediates both flocculation and adherence of C. albicans to endothelial cells in vitro. As a cell surface glycoprotein that mediates filamentation and adherence, Als1p has both structural and functional similarity to S. cerevisiae Flo11p. Consistent with our in vitro results, Als1p was required for both normal filamentation and virulence in the mouse model of haematogenously disseminated candidiasis.
Identification of novel epitopes from <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (43.32) (2012)

Abstract Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is the one of the worldwide leading cause of death from infectious disease. The MTB genome encodes just under 4,000 different ORFs, yet epitopes recognized by human CD4+ T cells, the key cellular effector of MTB immunity, have been described for less than 2%. Our present study addresses the discovery and validation of MTB CD4+ T cell epitopes presented by HLA Class II molecules. We have identified hundreds of MTB-specific epitopes by the combined use of epitope predictions and high-throughput ex vivo ELISPOT assays using PBMC from human donors latently infected with MTB. Specificity was demonstrated by parallel testing of non-TB infected control donors. These epitopes allow us to identify previously unknown CD4+ TB antigens. We are in the process of further validating these epitopes by examining the T cell phenotype, pattern of cytokine secretion associated with epitope responses and projected population coverage as determined by quantitative binding assays, as well as investigating T cell responses as a function of clinical outcome. This study determines the breadth of MTB responses in humans and it will establish whether there is a correlation between the antigens recognized by CD4+ T cells and serological reactivity and CD8+ T cells, antigen expression in different MTB forms and other structural and biological features associated with the antigens. In addition, these epitopes can be used as tools to understand the human immunity to TB.
Rational Engineering of Recombinant Picornavirus Capsids to Produce Safe, Protective Vaccine Antigen (2013)

Foot-and-mouth disease remains a major plague of livestock and outbreaks are often economically catastrophic. Current inactivated virus vaccines require expensive high containment facilities for their production and maintenance of a cold-chain for their activity. We have addressed both of these major drawbacks. Firstly we have developed methods to efficiently express recombinant empty capsids. Expression constructs aimed at lowering the levels and activity of the viral protease required for the cleavage of the capsid protein precursor were used; this enabled the synthesis of empty A-serotype capsids in eukaryotic cells at levels potentially attractive to industry using both vaccinia virus and baculovirus driven expression. Secondly we have enhanced capsid stability by incorporating a rationally designed mutation, and shown by X-ray crystallography that stabilised and wild-type empty capsids have essentially the same structure as intact virus. Cattle vaccinated with recombinant capsids showed sustained virus neutralisation titres and protection from challenge 34 weeks after immunization. This approach to vaccine antigen production has several potential advantages over current technologies by reducing production costs, eliminating the risk of infectivity and enhancing the temperature stability of the product. Similar strategies that will optimize host cell viability during expression of a foreign toxic gene and/or improve capsid stability could allow the production of safe vaccines for other pathogenic picornaviruses of humans and animals.
Elicitation of broadly protective immunity to influenza by multivalent hemagglutinin nanoparticle vaccines (2020)

Abstract Influenza vaccines that confer broad and durable protection against diverse virus strains would have a major impact on global health. However, next-generation vaccine design efforts have been complicated by challenges including the genetic plasticity of the virus and the immunodominance of certain epitopes in its glycoprotein antigens. Here we show that computationally designed, two-component nanoparticle immunogens induce potently neutralizing and broadly protective antibody responses against a wide variety of influenza viruses. The nanoparticle immunogens display 20 hemagglutinin (HA) trimers in a highly immunogenic array, and their assembly in vitro enables precisely controlled co-display of multiple distinct HAs in defined ratios. Nanoparticle immunogens displaying the four HAs of licensed quadrivalent influenza vaccines (QIV) elicited hemagglutination inhibition and neutralizing antibody responses to vaccine-matched strains that were equivalent or superior to commercial QIV in mice, ferrets, and nonhuman primates. The nanoparticle immunogens—but not QIV—simultaneously induced broadly protective antibody responses to heterologous viruses, including H5N1 and H7N9, by targeting the subdominant yet conserved HA stem. Unlike previously reported influenza vaccine candidates, our nanoparticle immunogens can alter the intrinsic immunodominance hierarchy of HA to induce both potent receptor-blocking and broadly cross-reactive stem-directed antibody responses and are attractive candidates for a next-generation influenza vaccine that could replace current seasonal vaccines. One Sentence Summary Nanoparticle immunogens displaying four seasonal influenza hemagglutinins elicit neutralizing antibodies directed at both the immunodominant head and the conserved stem and confer broad protective immunity.
Molecular analysis of a new splice variant of the human melanocortin‐1 receptor (1999)

The primary hormonal regulator of pigmentation is melanocyte stimulating hormone derived from proopiomelanocortin by proteolytic processing. The melanocortin-1 receptor serves a key role in the regulation of pigmentation. We describe the identification of the first intron within a melanocortin receptor. A new melanocortin-1 receptor isoform, generated by alternative mRNA splicing, encodes an additional 65 amino acids at the predicted intracellular, C-terminal tail of the melanocortin-1 receptor. When expressed in heterologous cells, the new spliced form of the melanocortin-1 receptor (melanocortin-1 receptor B) appears pharmacologically similar to the non-spliced melanocortin-1 receptor. Melanocortin-1 receptor B is expressed in testis, fetal heart and melanomas.
Real-time full-field 3-D surface-shape measurement using off-the-shelf components and a single processor (2007)

Phase-shifting fringe-projection methods have been increasingly used for three-dimensional (3D) object surface modeling to permit full-field measurement. This paper presents a real-time full-field high-resolution 3D surface-shape measurement system implemented with an efficient 3D shape measurement pipeline and triangular-pattern phase-shifting based on off-the-shelf components, software synchronization and a single computer-processor. The system projects computer-generated fringe patterns with a triangular intensity profile onto an object via a Digital Light Processing (DLP) projector. The projected patterns are electronically shifted and a CCD camera synchronized with the DLP projector by software captures the images from another direction. The captured images are processed by a single computer to reconstruct the 3D shape using triangular-pattern phase-shifting algorithms, and the model is displayed in real time. The 3D shape acquisition system achieved a speed of 5.6 fps for an image size of 648times494 pixels using the two-step triangular-pattern phase-shifting method, without any hardware synchronization or dual processing.
A Study on Feedback and Feedforward Control of High Power Transmitters for Active Sonar (2019)

Active sonar is mainly used for underwater communication and detection. Sensor array of active sonar has the impedance characteristics that the changes greatly and instantaneously due to mutual impedance. The impedance characteristics maybe damage the sensor array and high-power transmitter to cause over-driving conditions. Therefore, the power controller of the high-power transmitter for driving sensor array is required to drive with speed and refinement. This paper proposes and compares both a feedback and feedforward controllers that has the power limitation for driving high power stably.
Investigation of Static Noise Margin of FinFET SRAM cells in sub-threshold region (2009)

This paper investigates the Static Noise Margin (SNM) of FinFET SRAM cells operating in sub-threshold region using analytical solution of 3D Poisson's equation. An analytical SNM model for sub-threshold FinFET SRAM is demonstrated and validated by TCAD mixed-mode simulations. The stabilities of several novel independently controlled-gate FinFET SRAM cells are examined. Significant nominal RSNM improvements are observed in these novel cells. However, Write-ability is degraded and becomes an important concern for certain configurations in sub-threshold region. Our result indicates that R/W word-line (WL) voltage control technique is more effective than transistor sizing for improving the write-ability of the FinFET sub-threshold SRAM. While 6T cell is not a viable candidate for sub-threshold SRAM and 8T/10T cells must be used in bulk CMOS, our analysis establishes the feasibility and viability of 6T FinFET cells for sub-threshold SRAM applications.
Biomineral Nano-Theranostic agent for Magnetic Resonance Image Guided, Augmented Radiofrequency Ablation of Liver Tumor (2017)

Theranostic nanoparticles based on biocompatible mineral compositions can significantly improve the translational potential of image guided cancer nano-therapy. Here, we report development of a single-phase calcium phosphate biomineral nanoparticle (nCP) with dual-mode magnetic resonance contrast (T1-T2) together with radiofrequency (RF) mediated thermal response suitable for image-guided RF ablation of cancer. The nanoparticles (NP) are engineered to provide dual MR contrast by an optimized doping concentration (4.1 at%) of paramagnetic ion, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, which also renders lossy dielectric character for nCP leading to thermal response under RF exposure. In vivo compatibility and dual-mode MR contrast are demonstrated in healthy rat models. MRI and T2 mapping suggest hepatobiliary clearance by ~96 hours. MRI guided intratumoral injection in subcutaneous rat glioma and orthotopic liver tumor models provide clear visualization of NP in MRI which also helps in quantifying NP distribution within tumor. Furthermore, by utilising RF mediated thermal response, NP treated tumor could be ablated using clinically approved RF ablation system (10 W,13.3 GHz). Real-time in vivo thermal imaging exhibits 119 ± 10% increase in temperature change (ΔT) for NP treated orthotopic liver tumor (ΔT = 51.5 ± 2 °C), compared to untreated healthy liver control (ΔT = 21.5 ± 2 °C). In effect, we demonstrate a promising nano-biomineral theranostic agent for dual-mode MRI combined with radiofrequency ablation of solid tumors.
The structures of a .BETA.-galactosidase inhibitor, galactostatin, and its derivatives. (1988)

The structure of the β-galactosidase inhibitor, galactostatin, isolated from Streptomyces lydicus PA-5726 was determined to be 5-amino-5-deoxygalactopyranose, in which the ring oxygen of galactose has been replaced by nitrogen. For this study, two derivatives of galactostatin were prepared by oxidation and reduction, respectively. The oxidation product of galactostatin was 5-amino-5-deoxygalactonic-δ-lactam (galactostatin-lactam) and the reduction product was 5-amino1, 5-dideoxygalactopyranose (1-deoxygalactostatin).