gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Temperature-Staged Thermal Energy Storage Enabling Low Thermal Exergy Loss Reflux Boiling in Full Spectrum Solar Systems (2016)

Hybrid full spectrum solar systems (FSSS) designed to capture and convert the full solar wavelength spectrum use hybrid solar photovoltaic/thermodynamic cycles that require low thermal exergy loss systems capable of transferring high thermal energy rates and fluxes with very low temperature differentials and losses. One approach to achieving this capability are high-heat-flux reflux boiling systems that take advantage of high heat transfer boiling and condensation mechanisms. Advanced solar systems are also intermittent by their nature and their electrical generation is often out-of-phase with electric utility power demand, and their required power system cycling reduces efficiency, performance (dispatchability), lifetime, and reliability. High temperature thermal energy storage (TES) at 300–600°C enables these reflux boiling systems to simultaneously store thermal energy internally to increase the energy dispatchability of the associated solar system, as this can increase the power generation profile by several hours (up to 6–10 hours) per day. Many TES phase change materials (PCM’s) exist including KNO3, NaNO3, LiBr/KBr, MgCl2/NaCl/KCl, Zn/Mg, and CuCl/NaCl, which have various operating melting points and different latent heats of fusion. Common, cost effective TES PCM’s are FeCl2/NaCl/KCl mixtures, whose phase change temperature can be varied and controlled by simple composition adjustments. This paper presents and discusses unique “temperature-staged” thermal energy storage configurations using these TES materials and analysis of such systems integrated into high-heat-flux reflux boiling systems. In this specific application, the TES materials are designed to operate at staged temperatures surrounding an operating design point near 350°C, while providing 18 kW of source heat transfer to operate a thermoacoustic power system during off-sun conditions (e.g., temporary cloud conditions, after sun-down). This work discusses relevant configurations, and critical thermal and entropy models of the TES configurations, which show the inherent minimization of thermal exergy during critical heat transfers within the configurations and systems envisioned.
YKL-40 protein expression in cancer cells and macrophages in colorectal cancer (2005)

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Advanced measurement and flatness control for hot strip mills (2002)

The efficiency of automatic flatness control systems in hot rolling mills is based mainly on the capability of the installed instrumentation to provide accurate flatness measurements, on accurate prediction models, and on the selection of an optimum control concept. BFI, together with Thyssen Krupp Stahl, has recently developed a new topometric flatness measurement device (called TopPlan) and advanced flatness control strategies (providing time delay compensation, systematic analysis of shape errors and exact distribution of shape coefficients to be controlled by actuator sets) that offer advantages over conventional techniques and lead to significant improvements in hot rolling processes and strip shape. The present article aims to demonstrate the principles and advantages of these technologies.
A Robust Ranging Scheme for OFDMA-Based Networks (2009)

Uplink synchronization in orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access (OFDMA) systems is a challenging task. In IEEE 802.16-based networks, users that intend to establish a communication link with the base station must go through a synchronization procedure called Initial Ranging (IR). Existing IR schemes aim at estimating the timing offsets and power levels of ranging subscriber stations (RSSs) without considering possible frequency misalignments between the received uplink signals and the base station local reference. In this work, we present a novel IR scheme for OFDMA systems where carrier frequency offsets, timing errors and power levels are estimated for all RSSs in a decoupled fashion. The proposed frequency estimator is based on a subspace decomposition approach, while timing recovery is accomplished by measuring the phase shift between the users'channel responses over adjacent subcarriers. Computer simulations are employed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed solution and to make comparisons with existing alternatives.
Electronic alignment for proximity communication (2004)

This work presents an electronic alignment mechanism for capacitively-coupled proximity communication. On an experimental chip, position offsets of up to +/-100/spl mu/m are electrically corrected to within 6.25/spl mu/m. A 0.35/spl mu/m experimental CMOS chip communicates at 1.35Gb/s with a BER /spl les/10/sup -10/.
A Simple Regioselective Demethylation of p‐Aryl Methyl Ethers Using Aluminum Chloride‐Dichloromethane System. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Laser fabrication of discontinuously reinforced metal components (1999)

Triton Systems, Inc. in partnership with Laser Fare, Inc., is developing a laser based rapid prototyping/manufacturing method for fabricating in-situ Discontinuously Reinforced Titanium (DRTi) components directly from a 3-D CAD solid model, thus eliminating the need for tooling and enabling rapid turn around times. During the process, a titanium alloy powder is fed to the focal point of a laser beam where it is melted and deposited. Upon solidification, very fine TiB particles precipitate thus reinforcing the titanium metal and forming an in-situ DRTi material. Using the 3-D CAD solid model data, a computer controls the laser and an X-Y table to position the deposit and build the DRTi component to near-net-shape. Under SBIR funding from the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) which is being administered by the Air Force Research Laboratory, Triton Systems and Laser Fare are developing this technology and will prototype DRTi components to demonstrate its potential. This paper provides an overview of the process and preliminary results of the DRTi materials produced using this promising technology.
Using Organic Light-Emitting Electrochemical Thin-Film Devices To Teach Materials Science (2004)

Light-emitting thin films provide an excellent opportunity to learn about principles of electrochemistry, spectroscopy, microscopic structure of the solid state, basic circuits, and engineering design. There is currently strong interest in academic and industrial engineering research centering on developing organic light-emitting devices for applications in flat panel displays. In this educational module, designed for high school or introductory undergraduate courses, students learn how to make a ruthenium-based thin-film device. In the process, they learn about the solid-state electrochemistry at work in the film, as well as the electroluminescence that results when current passes through the device. Solutions containing a [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 and polyvinyl alcohol are mixed to produce an even distribution of the ruthenium complex in a polymer matrix. Students build a small machine to spin-coat this mixture as a thin layer onto a conducting indium-tin-oxide electrode on a glass substrate. A gallium-indium eutectic is used as the second electrode. Students learn about the simple electric circuits required to operate both the spin-coater and the light-emitting device. They then follow the engineering design process in testing modifications to the original procedure to improve device performance and investigate the mechanisms involved in the electroluminescence.
Reflectance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Monitoring Contaminated Soils (2011)

Soil reflectance spectroscopy is a well-known technique to assess soil properties rapidly and quantitatively in both point (spectroscopy) and spatial (imaging spectroscopy (IS)) domains. The quantitative approach has been developed in the past two decades by many researchers, with much literature on the topic. Basically, this approach was adopted from other disciplines (e.g. food, textiles), whereas the mapping approach was incorporated with spectral-based remote sensing means. Soil contamination is an ever-growing concern, and a reliable and environmentally friendly method is needed to rapidly detect and monitor soil contaminants at any stage for the diagnosis of suspected contaminated areas, as well as for controlling rehabilitation processes. Conventional methods for investigating soil contamination based on point sampling and chemical analysis are time-consuming, costly and sometimes incorporate the use of environmentally damaging chemicals. Soil reflectance spectroscopy is a promising tool for the efficient detection and monitoring of soil contaminants. Using reflectance spectroscopy measurements, several direct and indirect soil properties, as well as soil contamination characteristics, can be extracted. Due to the vast amount of data in soil spectroscopy, be it point or image, data-modeling processes are required. This chapter reviews soil spectroscopy theory and its quantitative capabilities, as well as data-modeling methods for soil spectra that are related to soil contamination. Discussed contaminants include petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals such as Ni, Cr, Cu, Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn and As, acid mine drainage and pesticides. Limitations, obstacles and problems in recording soil spectra in the field and in the laboratory are discussed, along with IS technology. The future potential of spectral technology and IS missions used for soil contamination monitoring is presented, based on ongoing worldwide initiatives. This chapter also provides some notes on how to merge this technology with other systems, such as a penetrating spectral device for underground measurements utilizing the catheterization approach.
Underspecified Query Refinement via Natural Language Question Generation (2012)

Underspecified queries are common in vertical search engines, leading to large result sets that are difficult for users to navigate. In this paper, we show that we can automatically guide users to their target results by engaging them in a dialog consisting of well-formed binary questions mined from unstructured data. We propose a system that extracts candidate attribute-value question terms from unstructured descriptions of records in a database. These terms are then filtered using a Maximum Entropy classifier to identify those that are suitable for question formation given a user query. We then select question terms via a novel ranking function that aims to minimize the number of question turns necessary for a user to find her target result. We evaluate the quality of system-generated questions for grammaticality and refinement effectiveness. Our final system shows best results in effectiveness, percentage of well-formed questions, and percentage of answerable questions over three baseline systems.
Lens-less, Spring-Loaded Diaphragm-Based Fiber Acoustic Sensor (2018)

We describe a new fiber sensor utilizing a spring-loaded diaphragm to detect extremely weak acoustic waves. The sensitivity is ~4 times higher than the previous generation, and the pressure resolution as low as 14.4 µPa/√Hz at 1 kHz.
Inhibition of Microsomal Epoxide Hydrolases by Ureas, Amides, and Amines (2001)

The microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) plays a significant role in the metabolism of xenobiotics such as polyaromatic toxicants. Additionally, polymorphism studies have underlined a potential role of this enzyme in relation to several diseases, such as emphysema, spontaneous abortion, and several forms of cancer. To provide new tools for studying the function of mEH, inhibition of this enzyme was investigated. Inhibition of recombinant rat and human mEH was achieved using primary ureas, amides, and amines. Several of these compounds are more potent than previously published inhibitors. Elaidamide, the most potent inhibitor that is obtained, has a K(i) of 70 nM for recombinant rat mEH. This compound interacts with the enzyme forming a noncovalent complex, and blocks substrate turnover through an apparent mix of competitive and noncompetitive inhibition kinetics. Furthermore, in insect cell cultures expressing rat mEH, elaidamide enhances the toxicity effects of epoxide-containing xenobiotics. These inhibitors could be valuable tools for investigating the physiological and toxicological roles of mEH.
Ring Expansion via Olefin Metathesis (2002)

Various macrocycles were prepared in one step by a novel ring-expansion method using olefin metathesis.
Automatically Locking/Unlocking Orthotic Knee Joint (1994)

Proposed orthotic knee joint locks and unlocks automatically, at any position within range of bend angles, without manual intervention by wearer. Includes tang and clevis, locks whenever wearer transfers weight to knee and unlocks when weight removed. Locking occurs at any angle between 45 degrees knee bend and full extension.
Granular Media-Based Tunable Passive Vibration Suppressor (2013)

and vibration suppression device is composed of statically compressed chains of spherical particles. The device superimposes a combination of dissipative damping and dispersive effects. The dissipative damping resulting from the elastic wave attenuation properties of the bulk material selected for the granular media is independent of particle geometry and periodicity, and can be accordingly designed based on the dissipative (or viscoelastic) properties of the material. For instance, a viscoelastic polymer might be selected where broadband damping is desired. In contrast, the dispersive effects result from the periodic arrangement and geometry of particles composing a linear granular chain. A uniform (monatomic) chain of statically compressed spherical particles will have a low-pass filter effect, with a cutoff frequency tunable as a function of particle mass, elastic modulus, Poisson fs ratio, radius, and static compression. Elastic waves with frequency content above this cutoff frequency will exhibit an exponential decay in amplitude as a function of propagation distance. System design targeting a specific application is conducted using a combination of theoretical, computational, and experimental techniques to appropriately select the particle radii, material (and thus elastic modulus and Poisson fs ratio), and static compression to satisfy estimated requirements derived for shock and/or vibration protection needs under particular operational conditions. The selection of a chain of polymer spheres with an elastic modulus .3 provided the appropriate dispersive filtering effect for that exercise; however, different operational scenarios may require the use of other polymers, metals, ceramics, or a combination thereof, configured as an array of spherical particles. The device is a linear array of spherical particles compressed in a container with a mechanism for attachment to the shock and/or vibration source, and a mechanism for attachment to the article requiring isolation (Figure 1). This configuration is referred to as a single-axis vibration suppressor. This invention also includes further designs for the integration of the single-axis vibration suppressor into a six-degree-of-freedom hexapod Stewartmounting configuration (Figure 2). By integrating each singleaxis vibration suppressor into a hexapod formation, a payload will be protected in all six degrees of freedom from shock and/or vibration. Additionally, to further enable the application of this device to multiple operational scenarios, particularly in the case of high loads, the vibration suppressor devices can be used in parallel in any array configuration.
MO‐D‐L100J‐01: True 3D Contouring Via Efficient Spline Representation of Anatomy (2007)

Purpose: To make anatomy contouring more efficient by integrating contours drawn in any combination of transverse/sagittal/coronal (T/S/C) views and reconstructing the T contours from the surface defined by the drawn contours so that the user may draw/edit until the object is completed. Method and Materials: Our program performs the surface reconstruction by thin‐plate spline interpolation of points in the drawn contours. The surface is reconstructed as a variational implicit function, and runs in real‐time because we abstract the most shape‐informative points from the input contours. These points correspond to maxima in one of several functions of the second derivatives of the contour functions. We demonstrate contouring results for one of these methods—the scalar second derivative of the curve function. Before abstracting the shape salient points, contours are re‐computed to have consistent rotational directions, and to have origins placed consistently in the patient coordinate system. Since the contours' points are non‐uniform samples of the curve, each contour is reconstructed, using all input points, by B‐spline interpolation to resample the curve uniformly along the its length to compute the derivatives by finite differences. Results: We demonstrate in the supporting document: 1) the operation of the shape abstraction algorithm, and 2) the production of contours approximating the prostate from a single S and C contours, and 3) the production of contours in 270 T sections of a spinal canal from a single S and 4 C contours. Conclusion: We have developed a contouring program that integrates drawn contours in any combination of T/S/C views to create a coherent surface that is clipped to produce T contours at the appropriate image planes, so the user can and assess how much more drawing or editing is needed to make a satisfactory match to object boundaries visible in the image. Sponsored by CMS, Inc.
Polymeric microspheres (1993)

The invention features core-shell microsphere compositions, hollow polymeric microspheres, and methods for making the microspheres. The microspheres are characterized as having a polymeric shell with consistent shell thickness.
Rationally Designed, Nontoxic, Nonamyloidogenic Analogues of Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide with Improved Solubility (2014)

Human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP or amylin) is a polypeptide hormone produced in the pancreatic β-cells that plays a role in glycemic control. hIAPP is deficient in type 1 and type 2 diabetes and is a promising adjunct to insulin therapy. However, hIAPP rapidly forms amyloid, and its strong tendency to aggregate limits its usefulness. The process of hIAPP amyloid formation is toxic to cultured β-cells and islets, and islet amyloid formation in vivo has been linked to β-cell death and islet graft failure. An analogue of hIAPP with a weakened tendency to aggregate, denoted pramlintide (PM), has been approved for clinical applications, but suffers from poor solubility, particularly at physiological pH, and its unfavorable solubility profile prevents coformulation with insulin. We describe a strategy for rationally designing analogues of hIAPP with improved properties; key proline mutations are combined with substitutions that increase the net charge of the molecule. An H18R/G24P/I26P triple mutant and an H18R/A25P/S28P/S29P quadruple mutant are significantly more soluble at neutral pH than hIAPP or PM. They are nonamyloidogenic and are not toxic to rat INS β-cells. The approach is not limited to these examples; additional analogues can be designed using this strategy. To illustrate this point, we show that an S20R/G24P/I26P triple mutant and an H18R/I26P double mutant are nonamyloidogenic and significantly more soluble than human IAPP or PM. These analogues and second-generation derivatives are potential candidates for the coformulation of IAPP with insulin and other polypeptides.
Phase-referenced fiber-based interferometer and processing scheme for use in color Doppler optical coherence tomography (2002)

We present a demonstration of a fiber-based low-coherence interferometer which cancels phase noise by incorporating a continuous wave light source as a phase- reference. Algorithms for Doppler velocity processing amenable to real time implementation are presented.
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Watching the Brain in Flight (2012)

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging neurological sensing technique applicable to optimizing human performance in transportation operations, such as commercial aviation. Cognitive state can be determined via pattern classification of functional activations measured with fNIRS. Operational application calls for further development of algorithms and filters for dynamic artifact removal. The concept of using the frequency domain phase shift signal to tune a Kalman filter is introduced to improve the quality of fNIRS signals in realtime. Hemoglobin concentration and phase shift traces were simulated for four different types of motion artifact to demonstrate the filter. Unwanted signal was reduced by at least 43%, and the contrast of the filtered oxygenated hemoglobin signal was increased by more than 100% overall. This filtering method is a good candidate for qualifying fNIRS signals in real time without auxiliary sensors
Kinetic Model of Phosphorus Mobilization during and after Short and Conventional Hemodialysis (2011)

The reproducibility of patient-specific parameters during short and conventional hemodialysis treatments suggests that a pseudo one-compartment model is robust and can describe plasma phosphorus kinetics under conditions of clinical interest.
Granulysin, a T Cell Product, Kills Bacteria by Altering Membrane Permeability (2000)

Granulysin, a protein located in the acidic granules of human NK cells and cytotoxic T cells, has antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of microbial pathogens. A predicted model generated from the nuclear magnetic resonance structure of a related protein, NK lysin, suggested that granulysin contains a four alpha helical bundle motif, with the alpha helices enriched for positively charged amino acids, including arginine and lysine residues. Denaturation of the polypeptide reduced the alpha helical content from 49 to 18% resulted in complete inhibition of antimicrobial activity. Chemical modification of the arginine, but not the lysine, residues also blocked the antimicrobial activity and interfered with the ability of granulysin to adhere to Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Granulysin increased the permeability of bacterial membranes, as judged by its ability to allow access of cytosolic ss-galactosidase to its impermeant substrate. By electron microscopy, granulysin triggered fluid accumulation in the periplasm of M. tuberculosis, consistent with osmotic perturbation. These data suggest that the ability of granulysin to kill microbial pathogens is dependent on direct interaction with the microbial cell wall and/or membrane, leading to increased permeability and lysis.
Use of acoustic holography to quantify and correct geometrical errors in ultrasound field characterization (2017)

The development of medical ultrasound devices requires characterization of the ultrasound fields they radiate. Recently, acoustic holography methods have gained increased acceptance for field characterization. Because such an approach allows reconstruction of the full 3D field, the beam axis, its orientation relative to the positioner, and any field quantities of interest can be readily determined. Inherently, the accuracy of such projection methods can be sensitive to uncertainties in the positions at which field measurements are recorded. Although commonly used industrial positioning systems have linear axes with repeatability specifications much less than an ultrasound wavelength, the assembled orthogonality of three linear axes is not guaranteed. Here we analyze a typical raster scanning holography experiment by considering two distinct coordinate systems: ideal rectilinear coordinates aligned with the transducer (1.2 MHz, aperture 124 mm, F-number 1) and non-orthogonal coordinates aligned with the positioner (Velmex Unislides). By locating a distinct field feature in both projection calculations and independent hydrophone measurements, a misalignment of positioner axes of about 0.50 was identified. The impact of positioner non-orthogonality on field characterization metrics is discussed along with the potential use of this approach for a priori positioner calibration. [Work supported by NIH EB007643, NIH EB016118, and RSF-14-15-00665.]