gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct Osmosis for Reverse Osmosis Fouling Control: Principles, Applications and Recent Developments (2009)

Reverse osmosis (RO) has been widely applied in various water and wastewater treatment processes as a promising membrane technology. However, RO membrane fouling is a global issue, which limits it operating flux, decreases water production, increases power consumption and requires periodical membranes Cleaning-in-Place (CIP) procedure. This may result in low effectiveness, high cost and adds environmental issues related to the CIP solutions disposal. Forward osmosis (FO) or direct osmosis (DO) is the transport of water across a semi-permeable membrane from higher water chemical potential side to lower water chemical potential side, which phenomenon was observed in 1748. The engineered applications of FO/DO in membrane separation processes have been developed in food processing, wastewater treatment and seawater/brackish water desalination. In recent years, DO has been increasingly attractive for RO fouling control as it is highly efficient and environmentally friendly technique which is a new backwash technique via interval DO by intermittent injection of the high salinity solution without stoppage of high pressure pump or interruption of the operational process and allows keeping RO membrane continuously clean even in heavy bio-fouling conditions and operating RO membranes at high flux. This paper provides the state-of-the-art of the physical principles and applications of DO for RO fouling control as well as its strengths and limitations.
Microwave flexible transistors on cellulose nanofibrillated fiber substrates (2015)

In this paper, we demonstrate microwave flexible thin-film transistors (TFTs) on biodegradable substrates towards potential green portable devices. The combination of cellulose nanofibrillated fiber (CNF) substrate, which is a biobased and biodegradable platform, with transferrable single crystalline Si nanomembrane (Si NM), enables the realization of truly biodegradable, flexible, and high performance devices. Double-gate flexible Si NM TFTs built on a CNF substrate have shown an electron mobility of 160 cm2/V·s and fT and fmax of 4.9 GHz and 10.6 GHz, respectively. This demonstration proves the microwave frequency capability and, considering today's wide spread use of wireless devices, thus indicates the much wider utility of CNF substrates than that has been demonstrated before. The demonstration may also pave the way toward portable green devices that would generate less persistent waste and save more valuable resources.
Parallelizing Compilation Scheme for Reduction of Power Consumption of Chip Multiprocessors (2005)

Abstract. With the advance of semiconductor technology, chip multiprocessor architectures, or multi core processor architectures have attracted much attention to achieve low power consumption, high effective performance, good cost performance and short hardware/software development period. To this end, parallelizing compilers for chip multiprocessors are expected that allow us to parallelize program effectively and to control the voltage and clock frequency of processors and storages carefully inside an application program. This paper proposes parallelizing compilation scheme with power reduction control under the multigrain parallel processing environment that controls Voltage/Frequency and power supply of each processor core on a chip. In the evaluation, the OSCAR compiler with the proposed scheme achieves 60.7 percent energy reduction for SPEC CFP95 applu without performance degradation on 4 processors, and 85.6 percent energy reduction for SPEC CFP95 tomcatv with real-time deadline constraint on 4 processors, and 86.7 percent energy reduction for SPEC CFP95 swim with the deadline constraint on 4 processors. 1
Congestion Minimization of LTE Networks: A Deep Learning Approach (2020)

Reducing the number of users serviced by congested cellular towers given an offered load and a minimum level of acceptable user quality is a major challenge in the operation of LTE networks. In this paper, we utilize a supervised Deep Learning (DL) technique to predict the LTE and LTE-A loading of connected users and then dynamically predict the congestion threshold of each cellular tower under offered load. We then use the predicted congestion thresholds together with quality constraints to fine-tune cellular network operating parameters leading to minimizing overall network congestion. We propose two sets of optimization algorithms to solve our formulated congestion optimization problem. Those are, namely, a variant of Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm to which we refer as Block Coordinated Descent Simulated Annealing (BCDSA) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). We first compare the performance of integrated DL-BCDSA and DL-GA algorithms and then show that our integrated DL-BCDSA can outperform existing state-of-the-art commercial self organizing tool already deployed in actual cellular networks.
Cryptoleq: A Heterogeneous Abstract Machine for Encrypted and Unencrypted Computation (2016)

The rapid expansion and increased popularity of cloud computing comes with no shortage of privacy concerns about outsourcing computation to semi-trusted parties. Leveraging the power of encryption, in this paper, we introduce Cryptoleq: an abstract machine based on the concept of one instruction set computer, capable of performing general-purpose computation on encrypted programs. The program operands are protected using the Paillier partially homomorphic cryptosystem, which supports addition on the encrypted domain. Full homomorphism over addition and multiplication, which is necessary for enabling general-purpose computation, is achieved by inventing a heuristically obfuscated software re-encryption module written using Cryptoleq instructions and blended into the executing program. Cryptoleq is heterogeneous, allowing mixing encrypted and unencrypted instruction operands in the same program memory space. Programming with Cryptoleq is facilitated using an enhanced assembly language that allows the development of any advanced algorithm on encrypted data sets. In our evaluation, we compare Cryptoleq's performance against a popular fully homomorphic encryption library, and demonstrate correctness using a typical private information retrieval problem.
Scattered spherical harmonic approximation for accelerated volume rendering (2006)

No abstract available.
Measuring thermoelectric transport properties of materials (2014)

In this review we discuss considerations regarding the common techniques used for measuring thermoelectric transport properties necessary for calculating the thermoelectric figure of merit, <italic>zT</italic>.
A volumetric display based on a rim-driven varifocal beamsplitter and LED backlit LCD (2011)

We demonstrate a volumetric display providing high resolution, full color, real images with 10 addressable depth planes and correct focus and vergence cues for the viewer. The display is centered around a novel optical element; a large-aperture, rim-driven, adjustable-resonance, varifocal beamsplitter.
Wide-range, person- and illumination-insensitive head orientation estimation (2002)

We present an algorithm for estimation of head orientation, given cropped images of a subject's head from any viewpoint. Our algorithm handles dramatic changes in illumination, applies to many people without per-user initialization, and covers a wider range (e.g., side and back) of head orientations than previous algorithms. The algorithm builds an ellipsoidal model of the head, where points on the model maintain probabilistic information about surface edge density. To collect data for each point on the model, edge-density features are extracted from hand-annotated training images and projected into the model. Each model point learns a probability density function from the training observations. During pose estimation, features are extracted from input images; then, the maximum a posteriori pose is sought, given the current observation.
Interface Engineering and Direct Observation of Strengthening Behavior in Field‐Sintered Boron Nitride Nanotube–Magnesium Alloy Composite (2020)

Boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) is integrated in AZ31 magnesium alloy by field‐assisted powder metallurgy route. A mat of BNNT is sputter‐coated with pure Mg and then sandwiched between AZ31 alloy powders. This layered composite is consolidated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). A high processing pressure of 400 MPa aids in intimate alloy–nanotube adhesion due to localized deformation. Thermal diffusion between AZ31 and BNNT (at 400 °C sintering temperature) results in the formation of Mg 3 N 2 and AlN nanophases at the interface. Due to ultrafast Joule heating during SPS, the reactions are kinetically controlled, and only trace amounts of products are formed without compromising the characteristics of the nanotubes. The interphases aid in reactive bonding between AZ31 and BNNT, which is essential for load‐bearing applications. In situ double cantilever loading of the composite inside the scanning electron microscope shows that the nanotubes bridge, resist, and delay crack propagation. These findings demonstrate the promise of thermally stable BNNTs as reinforcement for engineering lightweight Mg‐based structural composites.
Photon Counting Chirped Amplitude Modulation Ladar (2008)

Abstract : This work developed a method using Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (GM-APD) photon counting detectors in the U.S. Army Research Laboratory's chirped amplitude modulation (AM) ladar receiver to yield sensitivities approaching the shot noise limit. Such sensitivities represent about four orders-of-magnitude improvement over the sensitivities of the currently used unity-gain, opto-electronic mixing metal-semiconductor-metal detectors. These sensitivity improvements may enable very compact, low power, eye-safe, and/or long-range ladars with low cost, low bandwidth readout integrated circuits for foliage and camouflage penetration, target ID, manned and unmanned ground and air vehicle navigation, three-dimensional face recognition, battle damage assessment, and change detection. Variants of the chirped AM ladar using a GM-APD that is experimentally assembled and tested and the benefits of new single photon counting detector products to the chirped AM ladar architecture are discussed.
Multiple Groups of Novel Retroviral Genomes in Pigs and Related Species (2001)

In view of the concern over potential infection hazards in the use of porcine tissues and organs for xenotransplantation to humans, we investigated the diversity of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) genomes in the DNA of domestic pigs and related species. In addition to the three known envelope subgroups of infectious gamma retroviruses (PERV-A, -B, and -C), classed together here as PERV group gamma 1, four novel groups of gamma retrovirus (gamma 2 to gamma 5) and four novel groups of beta retrovirus (beta 1 to beta 4) genomes were detected in pig DNA using generic and specific PCR primers. PCR quantification indicated that the retroviral genome copy number in the Landrace x Duroc F(1) hybrid pig ranged from 2 (beta 2 and gamma 5) to approximately 50 (gamma 1). The gamma 1, gamma 2, and beta 4 genomes were transcribed into RNA in adult kidney tissue. Apart from gamma 1, the retroviral genomes are not known to be infectious, and sequencing of a small number of amplified genome fragments revealed stop codons in putative open reading frames in several cases. Analysis of DNA from wild boar and other species of Old World pigs (Suidae) and New World peccaries (Tayassuidae) showed that one retrovirus group, beta 2, was common to all species tested, while the others were present among all Old World species but absent from New World species. The PERV-C subgroup of gamma1 genomes segregated among domestic pigs and were absent from two African species (red river hog and warthog). Thus domestic swine and their phylogenetic relatives harbor multiple groups of hitherto undescribed PERV genomes.
Encrypted Big Data Deduplication in Cloud Storage (2019)

Encrypted data deduplication is an efficient way to solve the waste of resources caused by duplicated data in cloud storage services without the loss of security. In this chapter, we proposed three data deduplication schemes on encrypted big data with flexible data access control, data deletion, and data update. We integrate data deduplication with secure data access control by applying ownership challenge, proxy re-encryption and attribute-based encryption in deduplication. The proposed three schemes cannot only guarantee the data security and privacy but also be applicable to different cloud data deduplication scenarios. We evaluate their performances through comprehensive analysis on security, computation complexity, and operation time, along with some computer simulations. In addition, we summarize the usage scenarios and limitations of our schemes when being deployed in practice for the purpose of proposing some future research directions.
<i>N</i>-[2-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl]-3-methoxybenzamide:  A Potent and Selective Dopamine D<sub>4</sub> Ligand (1998)

A series of new 1-aryl-4-alkylpiperazines containing a terminal benzamide fragment or a tetralin-1-yl nucleus on the alkyl chain were synthesized and tested for binding at cloned human dopamine D4 and D2 receptor subtypes. A SAFIR (structure-affinity relationship) study on this series is herein discussed. The most relevant D4 receptor affinities were displayed by N-[omega-[4-arylpiperazin-1-yl]alkyl]-methoxybenzamides (compounds 5, 16-20), their IC50 values ranging between 0.057 and 7.8 nM. Among these, N-[2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl]-3-methoxybenzamide (17) emerged since it exhibited very high affinity for dopamine D4 receptor (IC50 = 0.057 nM) with selectivity of >10 000 for the D4 versus the D2 receptor; compound 17 was also selective versus serotonin 5-HT1A and adrenergic alpha1 receptors.
Video-rate isotropic quantitative differential phase contrast microscopy based on color-multiplexed annular illumination (2019)

Differential phase contrast microscopy (DPC) provides high-resolution quantitative phase distribution of thin transparent samples under multi-axis asymmetric illuminations. Typically, illumination in DPC microscopic systems is designed with 2-axis half-circle amplitude patterns, which, however, reduce the temporal resolution of DPC, precluding observation of high-speed phenomenon. Efforts have been made to achieve video-rate DPC by using tri-mode illumination or adding multi-colored filter. However, the frequency responses of the PTFs has not been improved, leading to poor phase contrast and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for phase reconstruction. We present a video-rate isotropic quantitative phase imaging (QPI) method based on color-multiplexed differential phase contrast (DPC). In our method, the illumination source is modulated by an LCD into an annular color-multiplexed pattern matching the numerical aperture of the objective precisely to maximize the frequency response for both low and high frequencies (from 0 to 2NA<sub>obj</sub>). In addition, we propose an alternating illumination scheme to provide a perfectly circularly symmetrical phase transfer function (PTF), achieving isotropic imaging resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A color camera records the light transmitted through the specimen, and three monochromatic intensity images at each color channel are then separated and utilized to recover the phase of the specimen. We present the derivation, implementation, simulation and experimental results demonstrating that our method accomplishes high resolution, noise-robustness and reconstruction accuracy at camera-limited frame rates.
Miscible blends of polycarbonate and polymethyl methacrylate (1988)

Solvent-cast films of polycarbonate (PC)/polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) mixtures exhibit a single-phase structure with outstanding optical clarity. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies show a single glass transition in the intermediate blends. However, the blends undergo phase separation upon heating above 240°C. The phase diagram has been established subsequently by means of a cloud point method and is reminiscent of lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in character.
Four-Mirror X-Ray And Extreme-Ultraviolet Monochromator (1991)

The increased level of formation is similar in patients who were either TN or had lower bone turnover initially due to previous ALN therapy. Elevated bone formation in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis was sustained over a 24-month period by TPTD. Biochemical markers of bone formation are a good surrogate for the assessment of TPTD effects.
Osteopontin is the 55-Kilodalton Fertility-Associated Protein in Holstein Bull Seminal Plasma1 (1997)

Previously we identified four proteins in seminal plasma that were associated with bull fertility. The purpose of this study was to identify the 55-kDa protein prevalent in seminal plasma of higher-fertility males. The 55-kDa protein was quantified by video densitometry in two-dimensional electrophoresis gels of seminal plasma from 26 bulls of known fertility. Relative density of the 55-kDa protein was positively correlated (r = 0.48) with bull fertility. The 55-kDa (pI 4.5) fertility-associated protein spot was isolated by electroelution after two-dimensional PAGE separation of seminal plasma of 36 bulls. N-terminal sequence analysis of the pure protein yielded a 15-amino acid sequence (VKPXSSGXSEEKQLN) that was 86% homologous to bovine osteopontin-k precursor. Polyclonal antiserum generated against the 55-kDa protein reacted with a single spot in two-dimensional PAGE Western blots of seminal plasma. Western blot analyses using polyclonal antisera generated against the amino terminus (LF123) and carboxyl terminus (LF124) of human recombinant osteopontin confirmed that the 55-kDa polypeptide was osteopontin. Partially purified 55-kDa protein was obtained by HPLC-MonoQ column chromatography. Protein characterization revealed that the 55-kDa protein was glycosylated, but not phosphorylated, consistent with the identity of the 55-kDa protein as osteopontin.
Investigation of Moisture Dissipation in Foam-Based Warm Mix Asphalt Using Synchrotron-Based X-Ray Microtomography (2011)

Foam-based Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) technologies decrease the viscosity of the asphalt so that it is workable during construction. However, after construction, viscosity increases rapidly as the foam disappears and temperature drops. During the process of dissipation of foam, depending on the environmental conditions, the moisture may not escape and may be trapped inside the mixture. This trapped moisture can cause detrimental failures by breaking the adhesive bonds between the aggregates and the asphalt binder (because of diffusion and freeze/thaw cycles). It is crucial to know how the moisture escapes from the asphalt mixture as the specimen cools down and foam disappears. In this research, dissipation of the moisture from foamed asphalt binders was directly measured and quantified by using a high-resolution synchrotron-based X-Ray Microtomography (XRM) system. Different foamed asphalt binders were instantly frozen by using liquid nitrogen at different times after the initial foaming. The 3D internal structure images of these specimens were acquired by using XRM available at the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). These images were analyzed and the moisture dissipation processes in different types of asphalt binders were directly quantified. It was observed that the rate of moisture dissipation in high performance grade (PG) (stiff) binders was slower than that of low PG grade (soft) binders. It was also observed that the size distribution of moisture bubbles in the binders varied in different binders.
Identification of functional subsets by flow cytometry: Intracellular detection of cytokine expression (1998)

Methods for analysis of T cell function have traditionally relied upon measurements of proliferation or cytokine expression in bulk cultures of PBMC in long term incubations with polyclonal mitogens or putative antigen. These techniques suffer from the drawback that they do not enable analysis of single cell responses in the context of unselected cellular backgrounds. In addition these methods are not sensitive enough to rapidly assess rare event responses characteristic of cognate memory T cell responses. This review discusses recently developed flow cytometric methods designed to rapidly assess leukocyte subset cytokine responses to polyclonal activators and specific antigen in PBMC and whole blood samples. These procedures determine the percentages of activated cells and the identification of leucocyte subsets capable of expressing various cytokines and cell surface antigens. The ability to assess key intracellular functional markers by multiparameter flow cytometry offers some unique advantages in a number of clinical applications. The technical simplicity and rapidity of the flow cytometric intracellular cytokine detection techniques described in this report, as well as the widespread availability of appropriate flow cytometers and cell surface directed antibodies in clinical laboratories, suggests the possibility that this technique could be broadly applicable to the clinical evaluation of immune status. Since any cell type can be identified with this approach, responses to a variety of clinically relevant stimuli in virtually any leukocyte subset can be evaluated including monocyte responses to LPS, and T cell responses to mitogens and a variety of bacterial and viral antigens. The significance of measuring low frequency antigen-specific responses with respect to clinical significance in assessing immune status in a variety of clinical conditions and determining efficacy or immunotoxicity of drugs and vaccine antigens is discussed.
Structure from motion for scenes with large duplicate structures (2011)

Most existing structure from motion (SFM) approaches for unordered images cannot handle multiple instances of the same structure in the scene. When image pairs containing different instances are matched based on visual similarity, the pairwise geometric relations as well as the correspondences inferred from such pairs are erroneous, which can lead to catastrophic failures in the reconstruction. In this paper, we investigate the geometric ambiguities caused by the presence of repeated or duplicate structures and show that to disambiguate between multiple hypotheses requires more than pure geometric reasoning. We couple an expectation maximization (EM)-based algorithm that estimates camera poses and identifies the false match-pairs with an efficient sampling method to discover plausible data association hypotheses. The sampling method is informed by geometric and image-based cues. Our algorithm usually recovers the correct data association, even in the presence of large numbers of false pairwise matches.