gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improvement of process control using wafer geometry for enhanced manufacturability of advanced semiconductor devices (2015)

Aggressive advancements in semiconductor technology have resulted in integrated chip (IC) manufacturing capability at sub-20nm half-pitch nodes. With this, lithography overlay error budgets are becoming increasingly stringent. The delay in EUV lithography readiness for high volume manufacturing (HVM) and the need for multiple-patterning lithography with 193i technology has further amplified the overlay issue. Thus there exists a need for technologies that can improve overlay errors in HVM. The traditional method for reducing overlay errors predominantly focused on improving lithography scanner printability performance. However, processes outside of the lithography sector known as processinduced overlay errors can contribute significantly to the total overlay at the current requirements. Monitoring and characterizing process-induced overlay has become critical for advanced node patterning. Recently a relatively new technique for overlay control that uses high-resolution wafer geometry measurements has gained significance. In this work we present the implementation of this technique in an IC fabrication environment to monitor wafer geometry changes induced across several points in the process flow, of multiple product layers with critical overlay performance requirement. Several production wafer lots were measured and analyzed on a patterned wafer geometry tool. Changes induced in wafer geometry as a result of wafer processing were related to down-stream overlay error contribution using the analytical in-plane distortion (IPD) calculation model. Through this segmentation, process steps that are major contributors to down-stream overlay were identified. Subsequent process optimization was then isolated to those process steps where maximum benefit might be realized. Root-cause for the within-wafer, wafer-to-wafer, tool-to-tool, and station-to-station variations observed were further investigated using local shape curvature changes – which is directly related to stresses induced by wafer processing. In multiple instances it was possible to adjust process parameters such as gas flow rate, machine power, etc., and reduce non-uniform stresses in the wafer. Estimates of process-induced overlay errors were also used to perform feedforward overlay corrections for 3D-NAND production wafers. Results from the studies performed in an advanced semiconductor fabrication line are reported in this paper.
Heterogeneously Integrated Interband Cascade Lasers on Silicon (2018)

We demonstrate interband cascade lasers (ICLs) that are heterogeneously integrated on silicon. These lasers emit λ ≈ 3.6 μm light into silicon-on-insulator waveguides and operate up to 40 °C.
Data link control protocols for wireless ATM access channels (2002)

Describes data link control procedures for wireless ATM access channels based on a dynamic TDMA/TDD frame-work. The system provides integrated ATM services including available bit-rate (ABR) data and constant/variable bit-rate (CBR/VBR) voice or video through the addition of wireless-specific medium access control (MAC) and data link control (DLC) protocol layers between the physical and ATM network layers. The purpose of the DLC protocol layer is to insulate the ATM network layer from wireless channel impairments by selective retransmission of erroneous or lost cells before they are released to the ATM layer. The DLC methods described exploit the on-demand ABR burst transmission capability of the dynamic TDMA channel to retransmit unacknowledged cells in available slots not allocated to service data. Specific error recovery procedures are outlined for both (asynchronous) ABR and (isochronous) CBR services. For ABR, the DLC operation follows a group ACK/NACK based selective reject (SREJ) procedure on a burst-burst basis, without time limits for completion. For CBR, the retransmission procedure is constrained to complete within a specified time interval, so that isochronous delivery of cells to the ATM layer can be maintained. The proposed protocols have been validated using a software emulator which incorporates a choice of radio channel models, dynamic TDMA/TDD MAC, and ABR or CBR DLC. Numerical results show that the data link control protocols under consideration can significantly improve wireless ATM service quality over impaired radio channels for both packer data ABR and stream type CBR virtual circuits.
Identification of T-cell epitopes on E2 protein of rubella virus, as recognized by human T-cell lines and clones (1992)

T-cell epitopes on the E2 protein of rubella virus were studied by using 15 overlapping synthetic peptides covering the E2 protein sequence. The most frequently recognized epitopes on E2 were E2-4 (residues 54 to 74), with 5 of 10 tested T-cell lines responding to it. Two CD4+ cytotoxic T-cell cloned isolated from one T-cell line responded strongly in proliferation assays with peptide E2-4 and were cytotoxic to target cells presenting the E2-4 determinant. Truncated peptides contained within the E2-4 peptide sequence were used to define the T-cell determinants. Results indicated that amino acid residues 54 to 65 were directly involved. Human cell lines with different HLA phenotypes were tested for the capacity to present the antigenic determinants. The results suggested that recognition of peptide E2-4 by T-cell clones was associated with HLA DR7.
The Second Spacer Cation Assisted Growth of 2D Perovskite Film with Oriented Large Grain for Highly Efficient and Stable Solar Cells (2020)

The fabrication of high quality film with large grains oriented grown along the direction of film thickness is of great importance for the two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite-based solar cells (PVSCs) with high power conversion efficiency (PCE). In this work, for the first time, we realized the fabrication of high quality 2D BA <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> MA <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n-1</sub> Pb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sub> I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3n+1</sub> (BA <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> = butylammonium, MA <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> = methylammonium, n = 5) perovskite film, with enlarged grain size over 1 μm and preferential orientation growth by introducing a second spacer cation (SSC+) into the precursor solution. As evidenced by dynamic light scattering measurement, SSC+ addition can induce aggregation in the precursor solution. The precursor aggregates are favorable for the formation of large crystal grains via inducing nucleation and decreasing the nucleation sites. Applying phenylethylammonium as SSC+, the optimized inverted planar PVSCs presented a maximum PCE of 14.09%, which is the highest value of the 2D BA <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> MA <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n-1</sub> Pb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sub> I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3n+1</sub> (n=5) PVSCs. The unsealed device shows good moisture stability by maintaining around 90% of its initially efficiency after 1000 hours' exposure to the air (Hr = 25±5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">%</sup> ). The present work provides a new route toward a highly efficient and stable PVSCs for future commercialization.
Surface-emitting quantum cascade laser with 2nd-order metal-semiconductor gratings for single-lobe emission (2016)

Grating-coupled, surface-emitting (GCSE) quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) are demonstrated with high-power, single-lobe surface emission. A 2nd-order Au-semiconductor distributed-feedback (DFB)/ distributed-Bragg-reflector (DBR) grating is used for feedback and out-coupling. The DFB and DBR grating regions are 2.55 mm- and 1.28 mm-long, respectively, for a total grating length of 5.1 mm. The lasers are designed to operate in a symmetric longitudinal mode by causing resonant coupling of the guided optical mode to the antisymmetric surface-plasmon modes of the 2nd-order metal/semiconductor grating. In turn, the antisymmetric longitudinal modes are strongly absorbed by the metal in the grating, causing the symmetric longitudinal mode to be favored to lase, which produces a single lobe beam over a grating duty-cycle range of 36-41 %. Simulations indicate that the symmetric mode is always favored to lase, independent of the random phase of residual reflections from the device’s cleaved ends. Peak pulsed output powers of ~ 0.4 W were measured with single-lobe, single-mode operation near 4.75 μm.
Gateway selection in capillary networks (2015)

The world is adopting machine-type communication, wherein sensors and actuators blend seamlessly with the environment around us, bringing a new ubiquitous computing and communication era - a shift that is, to some extent, illustrated by the explosive growth of the Internet of Things (IoT). Capillary Networks play an important role in the growth of IoT, enabling wireless sensor networks to connect and use the capabilities of cellular networks through Capillary Gateways. In that sense, Capillary Gateways facilitate the seamless integration of wireless sensor networks with cellular networks. Therefore, an optimal selection of the Capillary Gateways by the wireless sensor network is crucial for balancing the load between the gateways and optimizing the end-to-end path through both networks. This paper describes a set of possible gateway selection architectures and presents an algorithm for determining the gateway selection based on policies and a set of constraints. Then, the paper describes our implementation of two selected architectures, discussing the solutions and challenges encountered during implementation. Finally, the paper evaluates the traffic and load generated by gateway selection.
Service level management definition, architecture, and research challenges (2003)

Commercial approaches to service level agreements (SLA) management sometimes appear to be fragmented. In this sort of situation, a general framework that subsumes piecemeal approaches does much good. We provide a framework that may serve as a baseline against which one can situate and evaluate SLA proposals. We provide (i) definitions which lead to the broader concept of service level management (SLM), (ii) a general SLM methodology, (iii) research challenges in SLM, and (iv) an SLM architecture. As such, the paper is a tutorial paper concerning current practices and outstanding issues in service level management.
Calcium Aluminate/Calcium Phosphate Composite Orthopedic Bone Cement (2008)

An improved cement for joint replacement surgery is needed to replace polymethylmethacrylate. A composite cement composed of calcium phosphate to control tissue response and calcium aluminate to produce set and enduring strength is described. High concentrations of CaCl2 produce rapid strength and contribute to the bond by producing hydrated calcium chloroaluminates. When stored in simulated body fluids at 37°C changes in mass, dimensions, strength and composition occurs. Setting times and properties appear to warrant further investigation.
Lessons from an LPS-deficient <I>Neisseria meningitidis</I> mutant (2003)

In the pathogen Neisseria meningitidis, a completely LPS-deficient but viable mutant can be obtained by insertional inactivation of the lpxA gene, encoding UDP-GlcNAc acyltransferase required for the first step of lipid A biosynthesis. The expression and assembly of integral outer membrane proteins in the absence of LPS is largely unaffected. However, the expression of iron limitation-inducible, cell surface-exposed lipoproteins is greatly reduced. Major changes were seen in the phospholipid composition, with a shift towards PE and PG species containing mostly shorter chain, saturated fatty acids. The presence of the capsular polysaccharide turned out to be essential for viability without LPS. The immunogenicity of outer membrane proteins in mice was greatly reduced for the LPS-deficient mutant, showing the importance of LPS as an internal adjuvant in such vaccines. Stimulation of MM6 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed that induction of TNF-alpha by whole meningococci was greatly reduced for the LPS-deficient mutant. However, even without LPS the mutant strain could still induce a significant inflammatory response.
Development and Validation of a Clinical Trial Patient Stratification Assay That Interrogates 27 Mutation Sites in MAPK Pathway Genes (2013)

Somatic mutations identified on genes related to the cancer-developing signaling pathways have drawn attention in the field of personalized medicine in recent years. Treatments developed to target a specific signaling pathway may not be effective when tumor activating mutations occur downstream of the target and bypass the targeted mechanism. For instance, mutations detected in KRAS/BRAF/NRAS genes can lead to EGFR-independent intracellular signaling pathway activation. Most patients with these mutations do not respond well to anti-EGFR treatment. In an effort to detect various mutations in FFPE tissue samples among multiple solid tumor types for patient stratification many mutation assays were evaluated. Since there were more than 30 specific mutations among three targeted RAS/RAF oncogenes that could activate MAPK pathway genes, a custom designed Single Nucleotide Primer Extension (SNPE) multiplexing mutation assay was developed and analytically validated as a clinical trial assay. Throughout the process of developing and validating the assay we overcame many technical challenges which include: the designing of PCR primers for FFPE tumor tissue samples versus normal blood samples, designing of probes for detecting consecutive nucleotide double mutations, the kinetics and thermodynamics aspects of probes competition among themselves and against target PCR templates, as well as validating an assay when positive control tumor tissue or cell lines with specific mutations are not available. We used Next Generation sequencing to resolve discordant calls between the SNPE mutation assay and Sanger sequencing. We also applied a triplicate rule to reduce potential false positives and false negatives, and proposed special considerations including pre-define a cut-off percentage for detecting very low mutant copies in the wild-type DNA background.
Efficient Tumor Clearance and Diversified Immunity through Neoepitope Vaccines and Combinatorial Immunotherapy (2019)

Progressive tumor growth is associated with deficits in the immunity generated against tumor antigens. Vaccines targeting tumor neoepitopes have the potential to address qualitative defects; however, additional mechanisms of immune failure may underlie tumor progression. In such cases, patients would benefit from additional immune-oncology agents targeting potential mechanisms of immune failure. This study explores the identification of neoepitopes in the MC38 colon carcinoma model by comparison of tumor to normal DNA and tumor RNA sequencing technology, as well as neoepitope delivery by both peptide- and adenovirus-based vaccination strategies. To improve antitumor efficacies, we combined the vaccine with a group of rationally selected immune-oncology agents. We utilized an IL15 superagonist to enhance the development of antigen-specific immunity initiated by the neoepitope vaccine, PD-L1 blockade to reduce tumor immunosuppression, and a tumor-targeted IL12 molecule to facilitate T-cell function within the tumor microenvironment. Analysis of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes demonstrated this multifaceted treatment regimen was required to promote the influx of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells and enhance the expression of transcripts relating to T-cell activation/effector function. Tumor-targeted IL12 resulted in a marked increase in clonality of T-cell repertoire infiltrating the tumor, which when sculpted with the addition of either a peptide or adenoviral neoepitope vaccine promoted efficient tumor clearance. In addition, the neoepitope vaccine induced the spread of immunity to neoepitopes expressed by the tumor but not contained within the vaccine. These results demonstrate the importance of combining neoepitope-targeting vaccines with a multifaceted treatment regimen to generate effective antitumor immunity.
Improved reliability of AlGaN-GaN HEMTs using an NH/sub 3/ plasma treatment prior to SiN passivation (2005)

A passivation method has been developed which reduces the degradation of AlGaN-GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) electrical properties caused by extended dc bias or microwave power operation. The key aspect of this passivation technique is exposure to a low-power NH/sub 3/ plasma prior to SiN deposition. Devices fabricated with the NH/sub 3/ treatment prior to SiN passivation show minimal gate lag and current collapse after extended dc bias operation. In addition, the rate of degradation of the microwave power output while under continuous microwave operation is improved by at least 100 times as compared to SiN passivated HEMTs that were not treated with the NH/sub 3/ plasma.
A comprehensive strategy for contention management in software transactional memory (2009)

In Software Transactional Memory (STM), contention management refers to the mechanisms used to ensure forward progress--to avoid livelock and starvation, and to promote throughput and fairness. Unfortunately, most past approaches to contention management were designed for obstruction-free STM frameworks, and impose significant constant-time overheads. Priority-based approaches in particular typically require that reads be visible to all transactions, an expensive property that is not easy to support in most STM systems.
Identification of bovine leukocyte antigen class II haplotypes associated with variations in bovine leukemia virus proviral load in Japanese Black cattle (2012)

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, which is the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. Bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA) is strongly involved in the subclinical progression of BLV infections. Recent studies show that the BoLA-DRB3 gene might play a direct role in controlling the number of BLV-infected peripheral B lymphocytes in vivo in Holstein cattle. However, the specific BoLA class II allele and DRB3-DQA1 haplotypes determining the BLV proviral load in Japanese Black cattle are yet to be identified. In this study, we focused on the association of BLV proviral load and polymorphism of BoLA class II in Japanese Black cattle. We genotyped 186 BLV-infected, clinically normal cattle for BoLA-DRB3 and BoLA-DQA1 using a polymerase chain reaction-sequence-based typing method. BoLA-DRB3*0902 and BoLA-DRB3*1101 were associated with a low proviral load (LPVL), and BoLA-DRB3*1601 was associated with a high proviral load (HPVL). Furthermore, BoLA-DQA1*0204 and BoLA-DQA1*10012 were related to LPVL and HPVL, respectively. Furthermore, we confirmed the correlation between the DRB3-DQA1 haplotype and BLV proviral load. Two haplotypes, namely 0902B or C (DRB3*0902-DQA1*0204) and 1101A (DRB3*1101-DQA1*10011), were associated with a low BLV proviral load, whereas one haplotype 1601B (DRB3*1601-DQA1*10012) was associated with a high BLV proviral load. We conclude that resistance is a dominant trait and susceptibility is a recessive trait. Additionally, resistant alleles were common between Japanese Black and Holstein cattle, and susceptible alleles differed. This is the first report to identify an association between the DRB3-DQA1 haplotype and variations in BLV proviral load.
Hyaluronic Acid Derivative with Improved Versatility for Processing and Biological Functionalization (2016)

Macromol. Biosci. 2016, 16, 1485–1496 The authors regret that the author Professor Gaetano Giammona was missing on the paper. The affiliation of Professor Gaetano Giammona is as follow: Prof. G. Giammona Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche Università degli Studi di Palermo Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
Left-handed wave propagation in rod media (2006)

Left-handed wave propagation in metamaterials comprised of an array of metallic rods thinned at their centers is discussed. It is shown that the rod media support left-handed waves when the density of the rods is large, whereas they support right-handed waves and work as artificial dielectrics when the density is small. The wave propagation of the media is discussed in terms of dispersion relation and the Bloch impedance by full-wave simulations. A negative refractive slab super lens is presented and focusing effect exceeding the diffraction limit will be demonstrated numerically.
Automatic application-specific instruction-set extensions under microarchitectural constraints (2003)

Keywords: Instruction-Set Extensions Reference LAP-CONF-2002-001 Record created on 2005-08-08, modified on 2017-05-12
REVERSE OSMOSIS CONCENTRATION OF FLAVOR COMPONENTS IN APPLE JUICE-AND GRAPE JUICE-WATERS (1980)

Abstract Several flavor components including alcohols, aldehydes and esters were identified and quantitatively estimated, by gas chromatography, in membrane permeated apple juice- and grape juice-waters collected by reverse osmosis treatment of natural juices using cellulose acetate membranes. The flavor components present in the juice-waters so collected were then concentrated by reverse osmosis treatment of the latter at 5°C and 68.95 x 102 kPa gauge pressure (1000 psig) using aromatic polyamide membranes. It is shown that the concentrations of each flavor component in the concentrate and the permeate solutions obtained in the latter treatment are predictable from only a single set of experimental reverse osmosis data with a reference NaCl-H2O feed solution for each membrane. This prediction technique is described, and its utility in reverse osmosis process design is illustrated.
Robust Immobilized Amine CO<sub>2</sub> Sorbent Pellets Utilizing a Poly(Chloroprene) Polymer Binder and Fly Ash Additive (2016)

Abstract Pelletization of ca. 50 wt % amine/silica carbon dioxide sorbents was achieved with the novel combination of fly ash (FA) as a strength additive and hydrophobic poly(chloroprene) (PC) as a binder. The PC content and overall synthesis procedure of these materials were optimized to produce pellets, labeled as FA/E100‐S_(20/80)_12.2, with the highest ball‐mill attrition resistance (<0.5 wt % by fines, 24 h) and maximum CO 2 capture capacity of 1.78 mmol CO 2 g −1 . The strength of the pellets was attributed to hydrogen‐bonding of the relatively homogeneous PC network with the interlocked FA and BIAS particles (DRIFTS, SEM‐EDS). The low degradation of 3–4 % in the pellet's CO 2 capture capacity under both dry TGA (7.5 h) and practical fixed‐bed (6.5 h dry; 4.5 h humid,≈5 vol % H 2 O) CO 2 adsorption–desorption conditions highlights the pellet's excellent cyclic stability. These robust pellet characteristics make PC/FA/sorbent materials promising for commercial scale, point‐source CO 2 capture.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclization‐Activated Prodrugs. Basic Carbamates of 4‐Hydroxyanisole. (1990)

Abstract Diamines such as (I) react with di‐tert‐butyl dicarbonate (II) to form monoprotected diamines, e.g. (III), which are coupled with the chloroformate (IV), producing carbamates, e.g. (V).