gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vitro peroxidase oxidation induces stable dimers of β-amyloid (1-42) through dityrosine bridge formation (1999)

beta-amyloid (A beta) is a normal soluble peptide found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and other biological fluids. A beta fibrils are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) senile plaques. We have used purified soluble A beta (1-42) and A beta (12-28) peptides in order to determine the oxidative modification induced in these peptides by exposure to peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. We have demonstrated that under these in vitro conditions, dimeric forms of A beta (1-42) can be detected by high-resolution polyacrylamide SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Further experiments performed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and monitored by fluorescence detection, showed that the dimeric A beta (1-42) forms induced by the peroxidase reaction are the outcomes of dityrosine bridge formation. This cross-link results from the enzyme catalyzed oxidation. During this reaction, phenolic coupling of tyrosine residues of two A beta (1-42) peptides occurs. No detectable peroxidative modifications were observed with the A beta (12-28) peptide which lacks a tyrosine residue. Since oxidative stress is thought to be associated with AD, the experimental model described here can help in understanding the early events leading to chemical, structural and conformational modifications before the conversion of sA beta to amyloid fibrils and eventually the formation of senile plaques in AD.
Practical Issues in Imputation-Based Association Mapping (2008)

Imputation-based association methods provide a powerful framework for testing untyped variants for association with phenotypes and for combining results from multiple studies that use different genotyping platforms. Here, we consider several issues that arise when applying these methods in practice, including: (i) factors affecting imputation accuracy, including choice of reference panel; (ii) the effects of imputation accuracy on power to detect associations; (iii) the relative merits of Bayesian and frequentist approaches to testing imputed genotypes for association with phenotype; and (iv) how to quickly and accurately compute Bayes factors for testing imputed SNPs. We find that imputation-based methods can be robust to imputation accuracy and can improve power to detect associations, even when average imputation accuracy is poor. We explain how ranking SNPs for association by a standard likelihood ratio test gives the same results as a Bayesian procedure that uses an unnatural prior assumption--specifically, that difficult-to-impute SNPs tend to have larger effects--and assess the power gained from using a Bayesian approach that does not make this assumption. Within the Bayesian framework, we find that good approximations to a full analysis can be achieved by simply replacing unknown genotypes with a point estimate--their posterior mean. This approximation considerably reduces computational expense compared with published sampling-based approaches, and the methods we present are practical on a genome-wide scale with very modest computational resources (e.g., a single desktop computer). The approximation also facilitates combining information across studies, using only summary data for each SNP. Methods discussed here are implemented in the software package BIMBAM, which is available from http://stephenslab.uchicago.edu/software.html.
A Smoothened receptor agonist is neuroprotective and promotes regeneration after ischemic brain injury (2014)

Ischemic stroke occurs as a result of blood supply interruption to the brain causing tissue degeneration, patient disabilities or death. Currently, treatment of ischemic stroke is limited to thrombolytic therapy with a narrow time window of administration. The sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway has a fundamental role in the central nervous system development, but its impact on neural cell survival and tissue regeneration/repair after ischemic stroke has not been well investigated. Here we report the neuroprotective properties of a small-molecule agonist of the Shh co-receptor Smoothened, purmorphamine (PUR), in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemic stroke. We found that intravenous administration of PUR at 6 h after injury was neuroprotective and restored neurological deficit after stroke. PUR promoted a transient upregulation of tissue-type plasminogen activator in injured neurons, which was associated with a reduction of apoptotic cell death in the ischemic cortex. We also observed a decrease in blood-brain barrier permeability after PUR treatment. At 14 d postinjury, attenuation of inflammation and reactive astrogliosis was found in PUR-treated animals. PUR increased the number of newly generated neurons in the peri-infarct and infarct area and promoted neovascularization in the ischemic zone. Notably, PUR treatment did not significantly alter the ischemia-induced level of Gli1, a Shh target gene of tumorigenic potential. Thus our study reports a novel pharmacological approach for postischemic treatment using a small-molecule Shh agonist, providing new insights into hedgehog signaling-mediated mechanisms of neuroprotection and regeneration after stroke.
The „Invisible“ Bosnian Croats (2017)

Contemporary Bosnian Croats have been fairly neglected in anthropological research of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Moreover, studies that have focused on this community are mostly preoccupied with their co-existence, sharing or conflict with other two constitutive nations of B&H: Bosniak and Bosnian Serb. In different historical research and/or political analysis Bosnian Croats have been presented as one entity, agent that functions and acts without giving space to possible dichotomies in (self)re-presentation of this community. In this paper I want to go beyond and above political, religious and cultural elite presentations and re-presentations of Bosnian Croats. I will focus on two marginalised and “invisible” parts of Bosnian Croat community: young and old. Younger generation has been raised in the context of divided schools and everyday lives with limited opportunity to meet neighbouring “Other”. At the end of their education they have to face the fact of clientelism and pressure to join political parties and choose sides. On the other hand, older generation, especially in rural areas with low income, are left on their own without adequate medical assistance and social life. They have been ab(used) by local and national level politicians for their agenda. In this paper I want to give voice to these groups and present their position, struggle, and their perspective on Bosnian Croats and Bosnia and Herzegovina in general.
Characterization of the increase in vascular permeability induced by vascular permeability factor <i>in vivo</i> (1993)

1. Vascular permeability factor (VPF) is a protein secreted from a variety of human and rodent tumour and normal tissue cells. In addition to mediating angiogenesis and endothelial cell growth, VPF has been reported to be a potent mediator of increased microvascular permeability in vivo. In this study we have investigated these permeability changes in vivo using a quantitative model of local plasma leakage in rabbit skin. 2. Our results reveal that VPF is a potent mediator of plasma leakage which, in the rabbit, depends on a synergistic interaction with arteriolar vasodilators such as prostaglandin E2. The requirement for an exogenous vasodilator further suggest that VPF does not act to increase blood flow in this model. 3. We show that this response does not require the presence of circulating neutrophils and in this respect is similar to direct-action permeability increasing mediators such as histamine and bradykinin. Similarly, the time course of plasma leakage induced by VPF resembles that of direct-action mediators, where the greatest response occurs over the first 30 min. In contrast, the neutrophil-dependent plasma leakage induced by the active component of zymosan-activated plasma, C5ades arg, was maintained at a similar level over 2.5 h. 4. Further, using mediator antagonists and enzyme inhibitors we demonstrate that the mechanism of action of VPF is not via activation of histamine, kinin, or platelet-activating factor pathways.
Comparison of QTLs for seed germination under non‐stress, cold stress and salt stress in tomato (1999)

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine whether rate of tomato seed germination under non‐stress, cold‐stress and salt‐stress conditions was under similar genetic control by identifying and comparing quantitative trait loci (QTLs) which affect germination rate under these conditions. A fast‐germinating accession (LA722) of the wild tomato species Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium Jusl. and a slow‐germinating cultivar (NC84173, maternal and recurrent parent) of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were hybridized and BC 1 and BC 1 S 1 progeny produced. The BC 1 population was used to construct a linkage map with 151 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. The BC 1 S 1 population (consisting of 119 BC 1 S 1 families) was evaluated for germination under non‐stress (control), cold‐stress and salt‐stress conditions and the mean time to 50% germination (T50) in each treatment was determined. Germination analyses indicated the presence of significant (P < 0.01) phenotypic correlations between T50 under control and cold stress (r = 0.71), control and salt stress (r = 0.58) and cold stress and salt stress (r = 0.67). The QTL analysis indicated the presence of genetic relationships between germination under these three conditions: a few QTLs were identified which commonly affected germination under both stress‐ (cold‐, salt‐ or both) and non‐stress conditions, and thus were called stress‐nonspecific QTLs. A few QTLs were also identified which affected germination only under cold or salt stress and thus were called stress‐specific QTLs. However, the stress‐nonspecific QTLs generally exhibited larger individual effects and together accounted for a greater portion of the total phenotypic variation under each condition than the stress‐specific QTLs. Whether the effects of stress‐nonspecific QTLs were due to pleiotropic effects of the same genes, physical linkage of different genes, or a combination of both could not be determined in this study. The results, however, indicate that the rate of tomato seed germination under different stress and nonstress conditions is partly under the same genetic control.
New South Wales insurance scheme is a winner (2002)

John Anderson of the NSW Sporting Injuries Committee reports that a government scheme in New South Wales has experienced an encouraging downturn in serious accident claims in sport. (editor abstract)
A narrow-band interference canceller for OFDM-based systems (2001)

Godkänd; 2001; 20060929 (ysko)
Simulation-based approach to design a multi-stage flow-shop in steel works (1991)

This paper describes a new simulation-based approach for redesign of a multi-stage flow-shop production line.
Long-Term Effects of Alemtuzumab on Regulatory and Memory T-Cell Subsets in Kidney Transplantation (2012)

Our findings provide evidence that T-cell skewing toward TEM may be associated with antigraft reactivity long after lymphodepletion. Further testing of TEM and TEMRA subsets as rejection predictors is warranted.
Molecular Pathways: Understanding and Targeting Mutant Spliceosomal Proteins (2016)

Splicing of precursor messenger RNA is a critical step in regulating gene expression, and major advances are being made in understanding the composition and structure of the enzymatic complex that performs splicing, which is termed the "spliceosome." In parallel, there has been increased appreciation for diverse mechanisms by which alterations in splicing contribute to cancer pathogenesis. Key among these include change-of-function mutations in genes encoding spliceosomal proteins. Such mutations are among the most common genetic alterations in myeloid and lymphoid leukemias, making efforts to therapeutically target cells bearing these mutations critical. To this end, recent studies have clarified that pharmacologic modulation of splicing may be preferentially lethal for cells bearing spliceosomal mutations and may also have a role in the therapy of MYC-driven cancers. This has culminated in the initiation of a clinical trial of a novel oral spliceosome modulatory compound targeting the SF3B complex, and several novel alternative approaches to target splicing are in development as reviewed here. There is now, therefore, a great need to understand the mechanistic basis of altered spliceosomal function in cancers and to study the effects of spliceosomal modulatory compounds in preclinical settings and in well-designed clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res; 23(2); 336-41. ©2016 AACR.
Enhanced surface diffusion through termination conversion during epitaxial SrRuO3 growth (2004)

During the initial growth of the ferromagnetic oxide SrRuO3 on TiO2-terminated SrTiO3, we observe a self-organized conversion of the terminating atomic layer from RuO2 to SrO. This conversion induces an abrupt change in growth mode from layer by layer to growth by step advancement, indicating a large enhancement of the surface diffusivity. This growth mode enables the growth of single-crystalline and single-domain thin films. Both conversion and the resulting growth mode enable the control of the interface properties in heteroepitaxial multilayer structures on an atomic level.
Temperature dependence of the rate constants for reactions of the carbonate radical with organic and inorganic reductants (1991)

Abstract Rate constants have been measured by pulse radiolysis for the reactions of the carbonate radical, CO 3 ·− , with a number of organic and inorganic reactants as a function of temperature, generally over the range 5 to 80°C. The reactants include the substitution‐inert cyano complexes of Fe II , Mo IV , and W IV , the simple inorganic anions SO 3 2− , ClO 2 − , NO 2 − , I − , and SCN − , several phenolates, ascorbate, tryptophan, cysteine, cystine, methionine, triethylamine, and allyl alcohol. The measured rate constants ranged from less than 10 5 to 3 × 10 9 M −1 s −1 , the activation energies ranged from −11.4 to 18.8 kJ mol −1 , and the pre‐exponential factors ranged from log A = 6.4 to 10.7. The activation energies for the metal complexes and inorganic anions generally decrease with increasing driving force for the reaction, as expected for an outer sphere electron transfer. For highly exothermic reactions, however, the activation energy appears to increase, probably reflecting the temperature dependence of diffusion. For many of the organic reactants, the activation energies were low and independent of driving force, suggesting that the oxidation is via an inner sphere mechanism.
Transformers in Vision: A Survey (2022)

Astounding results from Transformer models on natural language tasks have intrigued the vision community to study their application to computer vision problems. Among their salient benefits, Transformers enable modeling long dependencies between input sequence elements and support parallel processing of sequence as compared to recurrent networks, e.g., Long short-term memory. Different from convolutional networks, Transformers require minimal inductive biases for their design and are naturally suited as set-functions. Furthermore, the straightforward design of Transformers allows processing multiple modalities (e.g., images, videos, text, and speech) using similar processing blocks and demonstrates excellent scalability to very large capacity networks and huge datasets. These strengths have led to exciting progress on a number of vision tasks using Transformer networks. This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the Transformer models in the computer vision discipline. We start with an introduction to fundamental concepts behind the success of Transformers, i.e., self-attention, large-scale pre-training, and bidirectional feature encoding. We then cover extensive applications of transformers in vision including popular recognition tasks (e.g., image classification, object detection, action recognition, and segmentation), generative modeling, multi-modal tasks (e.g., visual-question answering, visual reasoning, and visual grounding), video processing (e.g., activity recognition, video forecasting), low-level vision (e.g., image super-resolution, image enhancement, and colorization), and three-dimensional analysis (e.g., point cloud classification and segmentation). We compare the respective advantages and limitations of popular techniques both in terms of architectural design and their experimental value. Finally, we provide an analysis on open research directions and possible future works. We hope this effort will ignite further interest in the community to solve current challenges toward the application of transformer models in computer vision.
Hardware implementations of computer-generated holography: a review (2020)

Computer-generated holography (CGH) is a technique to generate holographic interference patterns. One of the major issues related to computer hologram generation is the massive computational power required. Hardware accelerators are used to accelerate this process. Previous publications targeting hardware platforms lack performance comparisons between different architectures and do not provide enough information for the evaluation of the suitability of recent hardware platforms for CGH algorithms. We aim to address these limitations and present a comprehensive review of CGH-related hardware implementations.
The preplanned weighted restoration scheme (2002)

One of the expected benefits of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is the possibility to provide an optical layer (OL) with built-in capabilities to survive network component faults, e.g., fiber cut. Several schemes exist to design a reliable OL. These schemes are generally divided into protection and restoration techniques. Protection schemes reserve in advance a dedicated backup path and a wavelength that are readily available upon disruption of the working path. Restoration schemes, on the contrary, dynamically look for backup paths of spare wavelengths upon failure occurrence. The authors propose a fast and efficient path restoration scheme called preplanned weighted restoration (PWR). In the PWR scheme distinct restoration paths are precomputed at the source node during the connection setup. Upon failure, one of the preplanned paths is randomly selected depending on specific weights precalculated by the source node. The proposed scheme requires limited signaling upon failure occurrence as coordination among the source nodes involved in the restoration process is not required. Therefore, the scheme is fast and scalable in terms of number of network nodes, link or fiber capacity, and number of connections. Yet, the presented results show that the PWR scheme may considerably decrease the blocking probability of the restoration attempts when compared to other schemes such as alternate routing.
Neural Correlates of Food Addiction (2011)

Similar patterns of neural activation are implicated in addictive-like eating behavior and substance dependence: elevated activation in reward circuitry in response to food cues and reduced activation of inhibitory regions in response to food intake.
Intermediary Architecture (1999)

This paper describes the Intermediary Architecture , a middleware architecture which interposes distributed object services between Web client and server. The architecture extends current Web architectures with a new kind of plug-in, making a new colleciton of Web applications easier to develop. Example services including Web annotations and Web performance monitoring are described.
[What is the danger of long-term application of beta blockers in patients with ischemic heart disease and concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?]. (2005)

Atenolol treated patients demonstrated more pronounced respiratory disorders. Small respiratory tracts were involved earlier with appearance of expiratory peripheral collapse and early expiratory closure of the respiratory tracts. Diffuse ability of the pulmonary tissue deteriorated. Conclusion. Atenolol has a negative effect on the respiratory system, so it is necessary to control external respiratory function in the course of treatment.
MEMS mass spectrometers: the next wave of miniaturization (2016)

This paper reviews mass spectrometers based on micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology. The MEMS approach to integration is first briefly described, and the difficulties of miniaturizing mass spectrometers are outlined. MEMS components for ionization and mass filtering are then reviewed, together with additional components for ion detection, vacuum pressure measurement and pumping. Mass spectrometer systems containing MEMS sub-components are then described, applications for miniaturized and portable systems are discussed, and challenges and opportunities are presented.
An Empirical Study of Non-Stationary Ngram Model and its Smoothing Techniques (2007)

Recently many new techniques have been proposed for language modeling, such as ME, MEMM and CRF. However, the ngram model is still a staple in practical applications. It is well worthy of studying how to improve the performance of the ngram model. This paper enhances the traditional ngram model by relaxing the stationary hypothesis on the Markov chain and exploiting the word positional information. Such an assumption is made that the probability of the current word is determined not only by history words but also by the words positions in the sentence. The non-stationary ngram model (NS ngram model) is proposed. Several related issues are discussed in detail, including the definition of the NS ngram model, the representation of the word positional information and the estimation of the conditional probability. In addition, three smoothing approaches are proposed to solve the data sparseness problem of the NS ngram model. Several smoothing algorithms are presented in each approach. In the experiments, the NS ngram model is evaluated on the pinyin-to-character conversion task which is the core technique of the Chinese text input method. Experimental results show that the NS ngram model outperforms the traditional ngram model significantly by the exploitation of the word positional information. In addition, the proposed smoothing techniques solve the data sparseness problem of the NS ngram model effectively with great error rate reduction.
Evaluation of acute corneal damage induced by 222-nm and 254-nm ultraviolet light in Sprague–Dawley rats (2019)

Two hundred twenty-two nanometres ultraviolet (UV) light produced by a krypton-chlorine excimer lamp is harmful to bacterial cells but not skin. However, the effects of 222-nm UV light exposure to the eye are not fully known. We evaluated acute corneal damage induced by 222- and 254-nm UV light in albino rats. Under deep anaesthesia, 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley albino rats were exposed to UV light. The exposure levels of corneal radiation were 30, 150, and 600 mJ/cm<sup>2</sup>. Epithelial defects were detected by staining with fluorescein. Superficial punctate keratitis developed in corneas exposed to more than 150 mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> of UV light, and erosion was observed in corneas exposed to 600 mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> of UV light. Haematoxylin and eosin staining also showed corneal epithelial defects in eyes exposed to 254-nm UV light. However, no damage developed in corneas exposed to 222-nm UV light. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer-positive cells were observed only in normal corneas and those exposed to 254-nm UV light. Although some epithelial cells were stained weakly in normal corneas, squamous epithelial cells were stained moderately, and the epithelial layer that was detached from the cornea exposed to 600 mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> of light was stained intensely in corneas exposed to 254-nm UV light. In the current study, no corneal damage was induced by 222-nm UV light, which suggested that 222-nm UV light may not harm rat eyes within the energy range and may be useful for sterilising or preventing infection in the future.