gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advances in hydroformylation catalysis (1987)

Hydroformylation is a key reaction in petrochemical technology for the conversion of olefins to aldehyde intermediates via reaction with synthesis gas: e.g., RCH = CH{sub 2} + CO + H{sub 2} {yields} RCH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}CHO + RCH(CH{sub 3})CHO. The reaction is catalyzed by Group VIII transition metal carbonyl hydrides, in general, but its petrochemical use is limited to cobalt and rhodium catalysts. The reaction, commonly known in the industry as the oxo-process, was discovered with cobalt in the 1940's but most of the advances were made with rhodium during the last 20 years. In the present overview, at first the significance of the reaction will be reviewed. Thereafter, basic concepts of hydroformylation catalysis will be discussed, largely on the basis of studies we carried out at Exxon. In cobalt catalysis, studies of concurrent isomerization hydroformylation will be presented. A major part of the presentation will focus on developments in rhodium hydroformylation and the steric effects of phosphine ligands on the formation of rhodium catalyst complexes of different structures under CO/H{sub 2} pressure.
Identification of an Immunogenic Broadly Inhibitory Surface Epitope of the Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein Ligand Domain (2019)

The <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> Duffy binding protein region II (DBPII) is a vital ligand for the parasite's invasion of reticulocytes, thereby making this molecule an attractive vaccine candidate against vivax malaria. However, strain-specific immunity due to DBPII allelic variation in Bc epitopes may complicate vaccine efficacy, suggesting that an effective DBPII vaccine needs to target conserved epitopes that are potential targets of strain-transcending neutralizing immunity. The minimal epitopes reactive with functionally inhibitory anti-DBPII monoclonal antibody (MAb) 3C9 and noninhibitory anti-DBPII MAb 3D10 were mapped using phage display expression libraries, since previous attempts to deduce the 3C9 epitope by cocrystallographic methods failed. Inhibitory MAb 3C9 binds to a conserved conformation-dependent epitope in subdomain 3, while noninhibitory MAb 3D10 binds to a linear epitope in subdomain 1 of DBPII, consistent with previous studies. Immunogenicity studies using synthetic linear peptides of the minimal epitopes determined that the 3C9 epitope, but not the 3D10 epitope, could induce functionally inhibitory anti-DBPII antibodies. Therefore, the highly conserved binding-inhibitory 3C9 epitope offers the potential as a component in a broadly inhibitory, strain-transcending DBP subunit vaccine.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Vivax malaria is the second leading cause of malaria worldwide and the major cause of non-African malaria. Unfortunately, efforts to develop antimalarial vaccines specifically targeting <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> have been largely neglected, and few candidates have progressed into clinical trials. The Duffy binding protein is considered a leading blood-stage vaccine candidate because this ligand's recognition of the Duffy blood group reticulocyte surface receptor is considered essential for infection. This study identifies a new target epitope on the ligand's surface that may serve as the target of vaccine-induced binding-inhibitory antibody (BIAb). Understanding the potential targets of vaccine protection will be important for development of an effective vaccine.
Mealtime correction insulin advisor for CGM-informed insulin pen therapy (2013)

With improvements in the accuracy and reliability of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), the stage is set for new algorithmic approaches to the treatment of Type 1 diabetes. While recent efforts to build a closed-loop artificial pancreas device are encouraging, the artificial pancreas will not apply to patients who prefer to inject insulin manually or who simply will not submit to fully automatic closed-loop control. Therefore, it is of interest to see whether non-pump users can benefit from algorithmic insulin advisory systems. In this paper we present a mealtime correction bolus advisor for patients on “multiple daily injection” (MDI) therapy, taking advantage of the ability to estimate the patient's metabolic state in real time using both CGM and manual reports of insulin delivery. The state estimation process for this is informed by knowledge of the patient's daily injection of long-acting insulin through the novel concept of a virtual basal rate profile. Preliminary in silico trials indicate that the advisor can result in significantly improved control (reduction of up to 1% saturation of hemoglobin A1C) for patients currently struggling with sustained hyperglycemia.
Perchlorate Reduction In A Packed Bed Bioreactor Using Elemental Sulfur (2010)

Abstract: This study investigated perchlorate reduction by sulfur utilizing perchlorate reducing bacteria (SUPeRB). SUPeRB cultures were enriched from a denitrifying wastewater inoculum in medium containing elemental sulfur (S0), crushed oyster shell, nutrients and perchlorate. Perchlorate was reduced from 5 to &lt; 0.5 mg/L in approximately 15 days. The enrichment culture was subsequently inoculated into a continuous flow packed-bed bioreactor containing S0 and crushed oyster shell medium. High-level perchlorate concentrations (5-8 mg/L) were reduced to &lt; 0.5 mg/L with an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 13 hours. Low levels of perchlorate concentrations (80-120 Pg/L) were treated varying two parameters, recirculation ratio and empty bed contact time (EBCT). Little or no recirculation was required to efficiently reduce perchlorate to &lt; 4 Pg/L. The system also proved somewhat independent of EBCT. Investigations of the effect of nitrate on perchlorate removal and reactor media particle size is on going and will be presented at the meeting. 1.
Hearing aid earmold end piece for the auditory canal and hearing aid earmold (1988)

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Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(organophosphazene) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (1994)

Polyphosphazenes are a broad, novel class of inorganic-organic macromolecules with the general formula [NPR2]n. The physical properties of polyphosphazenes can be understood in terms of a highly flexible backbone, with various physical or chemical characteristics tailored by the incorporation of specific side groups. As part of this program to synthesize new materials with hybrid macromolecular properties, we report the synthesis and characterization of several interpenetrating polymer networks that contain the phosphazene polymers poly[bis(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)phosphazene] and poly[bis(propyloxybenzoate)phosphazene] with several organic polymers that include polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyacrylonitrile, and poly(acrylic acid).
Robust 3D LUT estimation method for SHVC color gamut scalability (2014)

Color gamut scalability (CGS) in scalable extensions of High Efficiency Video Coding (SHVC) supports scalable coding with multiple layers in different color spaces. Base layer conveying HDTV video in BT.709 color space and enhancement layer conveying UHDTV video in BT.2020 color space is identified as a practical use case for CGS. Efficient CGS coding can be achieved using a 3D Look-up Table (LUT) based color conversion process. This paper proposes a robust 3D LUT parameter estimation method that estimates the 3D LUT parameters globally using the Least Square method. Problems of matrix sparsity and uneven sample distribution are carefully handled to improve the stability and accuracy of the estimation process. Simulation results confirm that the proposed 3D LUT estimation method can significantly improve coding performance compared with other gamut conversion methods.
Synthesis and Characterization of Water-Soluble Nonionic and Anionic Lignin Graft Copolymers (1989)

A general method of grafting lignin has been developed which allows solvent extracted lignin, steam exploded lignin, and kraft lignin to be converted to complex polymers. The lignins grafted have been obtained from aspen, poplar, and pine. The lignins are research samples, pilot plant products and commercial products from paper production. The types of materials made to date will be illustrated with a series of polymers made as industrial process chemicals. Nonionic copolymers of virtually any composition and molecular weight can be made from lignin and 2-propenamide. A graft terpolymer of lignin has been made by free radical reaction of 2-propenamide and 2,2-dimethyl-3-amino-4-oxohex-5-ene-1-sulfonic acid in the presence of kraft pine lignin. The water soluble product is a thickening agent and has limiting viscosity number in water at 30°C which increases as the fraction of sulfonated repeat units in the molecule increases. The grafting reaction is rapid and yields of 80 weight % or more can be obtained in as little as 30 minutes from reactions run in 1,4-dioxacyclohexane or dimethylsulfoxide. The reaction is initiated by a hydroperoxide, chloride ion, and lignin. Hydroxide radicals produced with iron (2+) do not appear to produce grafting. Adding 50 mole % sulfonated monomer to the reaction mixture produces graft copolymers with 12 to 24 times larger limiting viscosity numbers when compared to nonionic poly(lignin-g-1-amidoethylene). Adding 20 mole % sulfonated monomer to the reaction mixture increases product limiting viscosity number by a factor of 2 to 5.
Reversible Electrochemical Detection of Nonelectroactive Polyions (2003)

Selective extraction principles for the recognition of nonelectroactive polyions such as heparin and protamine exist, but the high ionic valency renders the extraction process irreversible. A response principle for the reversible detection of such polyions is proposed here. The extraction of the polyionic analyte to the membrane and its subsequent back-extraction is now controlled electrochemically. The principle is established with a protamine electrode, and excellent stability and reproducibility are demonstrated. This method has important implications for the design of chemical recognition principles for polyionic analytes.
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). (2019)

BACKGROUND:The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a multifaceted hormone with broad pharmacological potential. Among the numerous metabolic effects of GLP-1 are the glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion, decrease of gastric emptying, inhibition of food intake, increase of natriuresis and diuresis, and modulation of rodent β-cell proliferation. GLP-1 also has cardio- and neuroprotective effects, decreases inflammation and apoptosis, and has implications for learning and memory, reward behavior, and palatability. Biochemically modified for enhanced potency and sustained action, GLP-1 receptor agonists are successfully in clinical use for the treatment of type-2 diabetes, and several GLP-1-based pharmacotherapies are in clinical evaluation for the treatment of obesity. SCOPE OF REVIEW:In this review, we provide a detailed overview on the multifaceted nature of GLP-1 and its pharmacology and discuss its therapeutic implications on various diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS:Since its discovery, GLP-1 has emerged as a pleiotropic hormone with a myriad of metabolic functions that go well beyond its classical identification as an incretin hormone. The numerous beneficial effects of GLP-1 render this hormone an interesting candidate for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Excitation engineered pulse train generators (2005)

Excitation-engineered pulse train repetition rate multipliers fabricated as a planar lightwave circuit are investigated. The overall temporal response is shown to be influenced by the design of both the splitter and combining regions.
High slew rate 'channel equalized' DC SQUID flux-locked loop: concept and simulation (1993)

The concept of improving conventional DC superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) flux-locked loop (FLL) performance by applying a channel equalization circuit after the pre-amp, but prior to the demodulation process in order to compensate for bandwidth limitations imposed by conventional DC SQUID impedance matching networks is discussed. The equalization circuit is a bandlimited inverse filter which corrects for the phase and amplitude distortion caused primarily by the DC SQUID impedance matching network. Improvements in the FLL performance were verified with analog circuit simulations in both the time and frequency domains. Using an analog circuit simulator the various subcircuits of the FLL were modeled, and a comparison between a conventional FLL and an equalized one was performed. Computer simulations for the open and closed loop cases were used to quantify the increase in slew rate for the equalized FLL system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
[Non invasive markers using for the assessment of fibrosis in hepatitis C]. (2008)

Non invasive fibrosis markers, recently developed, are now an interesting alternative to liver biopsy in order to appreciate the severity of chronic hepatitis C. Serological markers, especially Fibrotest and Fibrometer, have a good diagnostic accuracy to discriminate patients with mild fibrosis to those with severe fibrosis. For intermediate stages, the discordance is very important and often justifies liver biopsy or using of several markers. Transient elastography (Fibroscan) is a new non invasive method subject to good conditions of utilisation. Diagnostic accuracy is improved by the using of all the markers, especially of Fibrotest. Transient elastography is also a promising method for assessing the severity of cirrhosis.
A portable system for anywhere interactions (2004)

Interactions have taken off from the confinement of a single screen into various personal devices. Projected an interface onto different parts of a physical environment is an escape beyond traditional display devices. Imagine that any walls or floors can turn into a direct manipulation space without a lot of effort. This demonstration of ED-lite, a combination of a laptop, custom software, off-the-shelf digital camera and projector, shows projected interfaces with interactions on any surfaces including those not necessarily perpendicular to the projector. ED-lite is a derivation of our previous work on Everywhere Displays (ED) and steerable interfaces. This portable version has an automatic calibration feature that makes applications usable on any surfaces in a drop. More importantly, it is now possible to be taken on the road for demonstrations.
Studies on griseolic aicd derivatives. VI. Synthesis and phosphodiesterase-inhibitory activity of 6- and N1-substituted derivatives of griseolic acid. (1988)

Twenty kinds of 6-substituted and five kinds of N1-substituted griseolic acid derivatives were synthesized. The inhibitory activities of these compounds towards adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase (PDE) were investigated to clarify the structure-activity relationship. Substitution at the 6-position of griseolic acid caused a change of PDE IC50 from 0.16 to 206μM against cAMP PDE. Substitution at the N1-position also caused a change of PDE IC50 from 0.16 to 127μM against cAMP PDE.
Tunable Leaky-Mode MEMS Filters for Multispectral Imaging Applications (2008)

When an incident electromagnetic wave is properly coupled to a waveguide's leaky eigenmode by a subwavelength grating, a guided-mode resonance takes place. This phenomenon can manifest itself as sharp, high quality resonances in the reflection spectra. Since these resonances are highly sensitive to the device structural parameters (-grating thickness, period, and filling factor), a tunable resonance can be implemented if one or more of these parameters are suitably varied. In this paper, the micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) concept is applied for tuning the spectral response of resonant filters through mechanical microscale alteration of the grating profile. We provide numerical solutions based on exact electromagnetic models of MEMS-tuned resonance gratings designed with common materials. Computed results for an example tunable element with 6.0 μm period and 2.4 μm thickness show MEMS tuning of ~3.4 μm in the ~9-12 μm band with ~100 nm resonance linewidth. These elements are promising candidates for MWIR (3-8 μm) and LWIR (8-15 μm) multispectral imaging applications.
Three-Coordinate, Cyclic Bent Allene Iron Complexes (2013)

Novel three-coordinate Fe complexes featuring 1,2-diphenyl-3,5-bis(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)pyrazolin-4-ylidine or “cyclic bent allene” (CBA) have been synthesized. Reaction with FeCl2(PPh3)2 results in the loss of both phosphines to yield monomeric Fe(CBA)Cl2. Treatment with 2 equiv of benzyl Grignard affords the three-coordinate alkylated product Fe(CBA)(Bn)2. Exposure of the alkylated species to an atmosphere of CO results in reductive elimination of 1,3-diphenylpropanone and formation of trigonal-bipyramidal Fe(CBA)(CO)4.
Exceptional Points in Passive Plasmonic Nanostructure for Sensing (2018)

We propose a passive plasmonic nanostructures sensor operated at an exceptional point (EP), that fundamentally shift more than conventional resonances and will pave the way to highly sensitive plasmonic devices.
Mesoporous and Mesostructured Materials for Optical Applications (2001)

Mesostructured and mesoporous materials are emerging as a new class of optical materials. For mesostructured materials (inorganic/surfactant composites), prepared using a one-step synthesis procedure where the inorganic/surfactant/optically active species coassemble, the unique architecture provided by the surfactant−inorganic phase separation allows for higher concentrations compared to traditional sol−gel glasses and protective packaging of uniform three-dimensional arrays of optical species. The corresponding regularly arranged pores found in mesoporous materials (inorganic only) provide a high surface area to better disperse optically active components and allow for rapid diffusion for optical sensor applications. In this review, we discuss recent research results on the techniques used to produce optically functionalized mesostructured and mesoporous materials and the characterization of the final composites.
Non-wetted thermal micro flow sensor (2007)

This paper proposes the micro liquid flow sensor for microreactor applications. The standout feature of the developed micro flow sensor is its high resistance to corrosive liquid by making all the wetted surface of the micro flow sensor of glass and placing the sensing elements non-wetted. The micro flow sensor is made by MEMS process. The numerical simulation by 3D-FEM analysis is carried out in order to design and evaluate the micro flow sensor. The normalized difference of temperature is introduced in order to realize the wide flowrate range thermal micro flow sensor. From the experimental evaluation with water, the developed micro flow sensor shows the following performance results. The flowrate range is from 1 μL/min to 200 μL/min, measurement accuracy is ±5% of reading, and zero drift is less than 0.2 μL/min/90 days. These results indicate that the micro flow sensor has good performance for micro plant applications.
Trading T gates for dirty qubits in state preparation and unitary synthesis (2018)

Efficient synthesis of arbitrary quantum states and unitaries from a universal fault-tolerant gate-set e.g. Clifford+T is a key subroutine in quantum computation. As large quantum algorithms feature many qubits that encode coherent quantum information but remain idle for parts of the computation, these should be used if it minimizes overall gate counts, especially that of the expensive T-gates. We present a quantum algorithm for preparing any dimension-$N$ pure quantum state specified by a list of $N$ classical numbers, that realizes a trade-off between space and T-gates. Our scheme uses $\mathcal{O}(\log{(N/ε)})$ clean qubits and a tunable number of $\sim(λ\log{(\frac{\log{N}}ε)})$ dirty qubits, to reduce the T-gate cost to $\mathcal{O}(\frac{N}λ+λ\log{\frac{N}ε}\log{\frac{\log{N}}ε})$. This trade-off is optimal up to logarithmic factors, proven through an unconditional gate counting lower bound, and is, in the best case, a quadratic improvement in T-count over prior ancillary-free approaches. We prove similar statements for unitary synthesis by reduction to state preparation. Underlying our constructions is a T-efficient circuit implementation of a quantum oracle for arbitrary classical data.
Deletion analysis of <i>cspA</i> of <i>Escherichia coli</i>: requirement of the AT‐rich UP element for <i>cspA</i> transcription and the downstream box in the coding region for its cold shock induction (1997)

In order to analyse the mechanism of cold shock induction of CspA, a major cold shock protein of Escherichia coli, deletion analysis of the cspA gene was carried out. It was found that (i) the AT-rich sequence (-47 to -38) upstream of the cspA -35 region may act as the UP element playing a crucial role in cspA transcription at both 37 degrees C and 15 degrees C; (ii) the unusually long 5'-UTR of the cspA mRNA has negative effects on cspA expression at 37 degrees C; and (iii) in contrast, the 5'-UTR exerts a positive effect on mRNA stabilization at low temperature. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the 14 base downstream box (DB) locating 12 bases downstream of the initiation codon of the cspA mRNA and complementary to a region near the decoding region of 16S rRNA was essential for the mRNA translation during the growth lag acclimation phase immediately after cold shock. During this phase, translation of non-cold shock gene mRNAs is blocked, since they require cold shock-specific ribosomal factors for the formation of the translation initiation complex. It is proposed that DB in cold shock mRNAs allows the formation of a stable initiation complex at low temperature in the absence of the cold shock ribosomal factors.
HYBRID ISLET TRANSPLANTATION WITH MARGINAL ISLET MASS AND ADIPOSE TISSUE-DERIVED STEM CELLS CAN ELICIT LONG-TERM ISLET GRAFT SURVIVAL AND SUPPORT NORMOGLYCEMIA IN DIABETIC MICE. (2010)

Ohmura, Y.; Tanemura, M.; Machida, T.; Deguchi, T.; Wada, H.; Kobayashi, S.; Marubashi, S.; Eguchi, H.; Takeda, Y.; Kawaguchi, N.; Matsuura, N.; Ito, T.; Nagano, H.; Doki, Y.; Mori, M. Author Information
Embedded-ultrasonics Structural Radar for In Situ Structural Health Monitoring of Thin-wall Structures (2004)

Embedded-ultrasonics structural radar (EUSR) is a new concept and methodology for in situ nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and structural health monitoring (SHM) of thin-wall structures. EUSR consists of: (a) an array of piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) embedded into the structure; and (b) electronic modules for signal transmission/reception, processing, and interpretation. EUSR utilizes guided elastic waves (Lamb waves) generated omnidirectionally into the thin-wall structure by surface-mounted permanently attached PWAS. The paper starts with the general concepts of the EUSR algorithm: transmission beamforming, reception beamforming, and time-of-fight (TOF) determination. Next, details of the Lamb wave generation with PWAS, verification of group-velocity dispersion curves, identification of optimal excitation frequency, and confirmation of wave front omnidirectionality are discussed. In the third part of the paper, the actual implementation of the EUSR method in a proof-of-concept demonstration is presented. The construction of the PWAS-phased array is described, and detection of cracks located broadside and offside of the PWAS array is illustrated. The method is shown to be easy to use through a visually interactive LabView™ interface. Very good detection accuracy is observed. The proof-of-concept experiments presented in this paper were illustrated on metallic structures; however, the EUSR concept may also work on composite and hybrid structures, although the range of detection may be reduced by the medium attenuation.