gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bidirectional segmentation of prostate capsule from ultrasound volumes: an improved strategy (2008)

Prostate volume is an indirect indicator for several prostate diseases. Volume estimation is a desired requirement during prostate biopsy, therapy and clinical follow up. Image segmentation is thus necessary. Previously, discrete dynamic contour (DDC) was implemented in orthogonal unidirectional on the slice-by-slice basis for prostate boundary estimation. This suffered from the glitch that it needed stopping criteria during the propagation of segmentation procedure from slice-to-slice. To overcome this glitch, axial DDC was implemented and this suffered from the fact that central axis never remains fixed and wobbles during propagation of segmentation from slice-to-slice. The effect of this was a multi-fold reconstructed surface. This paper presents a bidirectional DDC approach, thereby removing the two glitches. Our bidirectional DDC protocol was tested on a clinical dataset on 28 3-D ultrasound image volumes acquired using side fire Philips transrectal ultrasound. We demonstrate the orthogonal bidirectional DDC strategy achieved the most accurate volume estimation compared with previously published orthogonal unidirectional DDC and axial DDC methods. Compared to the ground truth, we show that the mean volume estimation errors were: 18.48%, 9.21% and 7.82% for unidirectional, axial and bidirectional DDC methods, respectively. The segmentation architecture is implemented in Visual C++ in Windows environment.
Realization of high-speed all-optical OR gate using cross-gain modulation (2005)

By using cross-gain modulation of a semiconductor optical amplifier, a high-speed all-optical OR logic gate has been proposed and demonstrated with a single semiconductor optical amplifier at 10 Gbit/s.
Sensitive Detection of<i>Ehrlichia chaffeensis</i>in Cell Culture, Blood, and Tick Specimens by Reverse Transcription-PCR (2001)

Ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligatory intracellular bacterium of monocytes and macrophages and the etiologic agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis, an emerging zoonosis. The Lone Star tick (Amblyomma americanum) has been implicated as the primary vector of E. chaffeensis. The present study examined the sensitivity of the nested reverse transcription (RT)-PCR based on the 16S rRNA gene relative to that of the nested PCR for detection of E. chaffeensis in infected DH82 cells, experimentally infected dog peripheral blood mononuclear cells, or experimentally infected A. americanum tick samples. The RT-PCR was found to be approximately 100 times more sensitive than the PCR for detection of E. chaffeensis regardless of the nature of the specimens. Thus, this RT-PCR is useful for detection of E. chaffeensis when a high sensitivity is required. Positive results by RT-PCR also imply the presence of viable pathogens. This is the first demonstration of RNA of E. chaffeensis in infected blood and acquisition-fed male, nymphal, and larval A. americanum ticks.
NSCLC Driven by <i>DDR2</i> Mutation Is Sensitive to Dasatinib and JQ1 Combination Therapy (2015)

Abstract Genetically engineered mouse models of lung cancer have demonstrated an important role in understanding the function of novel lung cancer oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes identified in genomic studies of human lung cancer. Furthermore, these models are important platforms for preclinical therapeutic studies. Here, we generated a mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma driven by mutation of the discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) gene combined with loss of TP53. DDR2L63V;TP53L/L mice developed poorly differentiated lung adenocarcinomas in all transgenic animals analyzed with a latency of 40 to 50 weeks and a median survival of 67.5 weeks. Mice expressing wild-type DDR2 with combined TP53 loss did not form lung cancers. DDR2L63V;TP53L/L tumors displayed robust expression of DDR2 and immunohistochemical markers of lung adenocarcinoma comparable with previously generated models, though also displayed concomitant expression of the squamous cell markers p63 and SOX2. Tumor-derived cell lines were not solely DDR2 dependent and displayed upregulation of and partial dependence on MYCN. Combined treatment with the multitargeted DDR2 inhibitor dasatinib and BET inhibitor JQ1 inhibited tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results suggest that DDR2 mutation can drive lung cancer initiation in vivo and provide a novel mouse model for lung cancer therapeutics studies. Mol Cancer Ther; 14(10); 2382–9. ©2015 AACR.
In vitro detection and quantification of enamel and root caries using infrared photothermal radiometry and modulated luminescence (2008)

Artificially created demineralized and remineralized carious lesions on the root and enamel of human teeth were examined by photothermal radiometry (PTR) and modulated luminescence (LUM). Fourteen extracted human teeth were used and a lesion was created on a 1 mmx4 mm rectangular window, spanning root to enamel, using a lactic acid-based acidified gel to demineralize the tooth surface. The lesion was then exposed to a remineralization solution. Each sample was examined with PTR/LUM on the root and enamel before and after treatment at times from 1 to 10 (5 on root) days of demineralization and 2 to 10 days of remineralization. Ten-day (5 on root) demineralized samples were remineralized. After completing all the experiments, transverse microradiography (TMR) analysis was performed to compare and correlate the PTR/LUM signals to the depth of lesions and mineral losses. The PTR and LUM amplitudes and phases showed gradual and consistent changes with treatment time. In this study, TMR showed good correlation coefficients with PTR and LUM. It was also found that the length of the treatment time did not correlate very well to any technique, PTR/LUM or TMR, which implies a significant degree of inhomogeneity of the demireralization and remineralization rates in each and every tooth.
Three-dimensional magnetic recording using ferromagnetic resonance (2016)

Abstract To meet the ever-increasing demand for data storage, future magnetic recording devices will need to be made three-dimensional by implementing multilayer recording. In this article, we present methods of detecting and manipulating the magnetization direction of a specific layer selectively in a vertically stacked multilayer magnetic system, which enable layer-selective read and write operations in three-dimensional magnetic recording devices. The principle behind the methods is ferromagnetic resonance excitation in a microwave magnetic field. By designing each magnetic recording layer to have a different ferromagnetic resonance frequency, magnetization excitation can be induced individually in each layer by tuning the frequency of an applied microwave magnetic field, and this selective magnetization excitation can be utilized for the layer-selective operations. Regarding media for three-dimensional recording, when layers of a perpendicular magnetic material are vertically stacked, dipolar interaction between multiple recording layers arises and is expected to cause problems, such as degradation of thermal stability and switching field distribution. To solve these problems, we propose the use of an antiferromagnetically coupled structure consisting of hard and soft magnetic layers. Because the stray fields from these two layers cancel each other, antiferromagnetically coupled media can reduce the dipolar interaction.
Three dimensional air-gap structures for MEMS packaging (2010)

Air-gap structures are of interest in a range of microelectronic applications especially in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). In this work, we investigate the application of an unique trimaterial for MEMS packaging composed of polypropylene carbonate (PPC) as a sacrificial material, a photosensitive, hybrid inorganic/organic dielectric epoxycyclohexyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) as the overcoat material, and Al/Cr-Cu thin metal film as a hermetic seal. POSS was used both for patterning the PPC over the structures as well as a stable overcoat material thus reducing the complexity of the fabrication process. A wide range of device sizes and structures (from 20 × 100 μm to 600 × 1000 μm) were fabricated and the processing protocol was found to be compliant over these size/structure variations. Metal adhesion on the overcoat was substantially improved by using low power oxygen plasma for short durations. Cavity-strength was evaluated for different metals and thicknesses. An increase of 5.6 times in cavity-strength was observed for a thicker (3X) Al metal film. Current work is focused on implementing the wafer-level air-cavity package into a lead frame packaged MEMS device through injection and compression molding techniques.
Laser system for cooperative pointing and tracking of moving terminals over long distance (2006)

A presentation of the system approach and hardware implementation of a practical precision laser pointing and tracking system designed to enable operation of free-space optical (FSO) communication "lasercom" terminals which are in motion across a nominal range exceeding 100 km. The technique is applicable to other widely spaced mobile systems, which must remain accurately pointed toward one another. The system's initial pointing relies upon prior known or GPS-provided coordinates and subsequent tracking is maintained through the detection of a laser beacon signal emanating from the remote terminal. Besides meeting the range and accuracy goals for this particular communications application, a major consideration for the hardware design was to facilitate continuing product refinement and migration toward more compact, more robust, lower cost mobile or airborne systems suitable for production in quantity.
Benzo[<i>h</i>]quinoline Pincer Ruthenium and Osmium Catalysts for Hydrogenation of Ketones (2010)

Abstract Chiral orthometalated osmium complexes [OsCl(CN′N)(PP)] {PP = ( S , R )‐Josiphos type diphosphane} based on 2‐aminomethylbenzo[ h ]quinoline ligands (HCN′N) were prepared by reaction of [OsCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 3 ] with a Josiphos diphosphane and a HCN′N ligand in the presence of NEt 3 . Ruthenium and osmium complexes [MX(CN′N)(PP)] {M = Ru, Os; X = Cl, OCH( p ‐C 6 H 4 F) 2 ; PP = dppb, ( S , R )‐Josiphos}, in the presence of KO t Bu, efficiently catalyze the chemoselective hydrogenation (H 2 = 5 atm) of aromatic and aliphatic ketones to secondary alcohols in methanol or methanol/ethanol mixtures, when a S/C ratio of 10000–50000 is used. With use of these chiral phosphanes, alkyl aryl ketones have been reduced with ee values up to 99 % and turnover frequencies (TOFs) up to 5.6 × 10 4 h –1 .
Memory Cycle Accountings for Hardware-Assisted Real-Time Garbage Collection (1992)

Hardware-assisted garbage collection makes use of dedicated circuits located within a special expansion memory module to enhance the response time and throughput of garbage collection operations. This paper provides detailed descriptions of the memory cycles required to implement each of the primitive garbage collection operations provided by the hardware-assisted garbage collection module. 17 November 1992 Department of Computer Science Iowa State University 226 AtanasoffHall Ames, Iowa 50011-1040 *This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant MIP-9010412. Memory Cycle Accountings for HardwareAssisted Real-Time Garbage Collection * Kelvin Nilsen 1. Background Acomplete description of the hardware-assisted garbage-collection architecture and algorithm is provided in references [1-3]. The overall system architecture is illustrated below: The garbage-collected memory module plays the role of traditional expansion memory within a standard bus-orie...
Novel Electrodes and Engineered Interfaces for Halide-Semiconductor Radiation Detectors (2019)

A new class of inorganic halide semiconductors are emerging as high-efficiency low-cost candidates for spectroscopic radiation detection. We report on solving one of the major challenges of these halide radiation detectors. At room temperature halide semiconductor detectors polarize under applied electric field, which not only degrades the charge collection efficiency of the detectors, but also promotes chemical reaction of the metal electrodes with the halide ions. This increases the metal-semiconductor interface noise and early failure of the spectroscopic detection capabilities of the device. We report on a solution to this challenge by application of novel electrodes on Thallium Bromide (TlBr) radiation detectors with virtually defect-free electrode-semiconductor interfaces, showing low noise and high detection stability for an extended period of time under accelerated ageing conditions. A number of TlBr detectors fabricated by this technique have demonstrated continuous stable detection performance (e.g. ±1% change in 662 keV gamma channel) for more than 4000 hours at room temperature. This report also shows continuously recorded <sup>137</sup>Cs gamma radiation response of a unidirectionally-biased pixelated TlBr detector over more than 2 months (a total of 2880 data sets), which exhibit excellent stability. The developed approach has resulted in unprecedented low-noise stable performance of halide semiconductor detectors at room temperature, overcoming one of the major obstacles to the full consideration of TlBr (and other halide semiconductors) as a potentially low-cost replacement for Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT).
Thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency: two nucleotide transitions define the most prevalent mutant allele associated with loss of catalytic activity in Caucasians. (1996)

The autosomal recessive trait of thiopurine S-methytransferase (TPMT) deficiency is associated with severe hematopoietic toxicity when patients are treated with standard doses of mercaptopurine, azathioprine, or thioguanine. To define the molecular mechanism of this genetic polymorphism, we cloned and characterized the cDNA of a TPMT-deficient patient, which revealed a novel mutant allele (TPMT*3) containing two nucleotide transitions (G460-->A and A719-->G) producing amino acid changes at codons 154 (Ala-->Thr) and 240 (Tyr--> Cys), differing from the rare mutant TPMT allele we previously identified (i.e., TPMT*2 with only G238-->C). Site-directed mutagenesis and heterologous expression established that either TPMT*3 mutation alone leads to a reduction in catalytic activity (G460-->A, ninefold reduction; A719-->G, 1.4-fold reduction), while the presence of both mutations leads to complete loss of activity. Using mutation specific PCR-RFLP analysis, the TPMT*3 allele was detected in genomic DNA from approximately 75 percent of unrelated white subjects with heterozygous phenotypes, indicating that TPMT*3 is the most prevalent mutant allele associated with TPMT-deficiency in Caucasians.
Emerging models for nitrogen removal in treatment wetlands. (2008)

Engineering textbooks tell a simple story about nitrification and denitrification. Classic nitrification-denitrification theory begins with the bacterial genera Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter performing ammonia and nitrite oxidation, respectively. Then facultative or obligate anaerobic bacteria denitrify by oxidizing organic carbon with nitrate. Recent advances in environmental microbiology have revealed previously unknown bacteria and pathways in the nitrogen cycle that tell a far more complex story. Classic theory has been successful for technologies that employ fast-growing bacteria, such as activated sludge, for almost a century. In contrast, nitrogen transformations in treatment wetlands are only partially explained by classic theory because they are ideal environments for slow-growing bacteria. Recently discovered bacterial processes, such as Anammox and heterotrophic nitrification, can be native to treatment wetlands. Other known nitrogen-cycle bacteria in nature occupy ecological niches similar to those that can exist in treatment wetlands, but their role in denitrification remains unexplored in a treatment context. The experience of treatment wetlands demonstrates that classic theory is no longer valid as a general model. We propose a broader model of nitrogen transformations in treatment wetlands that integrates recent discoveries. This general model is intended as a conceptual tool for those working with nitrogen pollution abatement.
Chemical processing of nanophase WC–Co composite powders (1990)

AbstractThe future development of advanced engineered materials for structural, electrical, magnetic, catalytic, and other applications will depend to an increasing extent on improved control of the size, distribution, and morphology of the constituent phases of the materials. In advanced materials systems, this development is in the direction of diminishing scale and increasing uniformity of the structure, extending into the nanoscale regime. The capabilities for synthesising novel nanophase structures are now becoming available in the laboratory and efforts are being made to scale up these processes to produce the quantities required for prototype development, field testing, and commercial applications. This paper addresses the scientific and technical issues relating to the chemical processing of nanophase WC–Co composite powders and the integration of the various processing steps into a new spray conversion processing technology. The new technology involves three coordinated steps: preparation and mixing of starting solutions; spray drying to form chemically homogeneous precursor powders; and fluid bed thermochemical conversion of the precursor powders to nanophase WC–Co powders. Both spray drying and fluid bed conversion are proven scalable technologies and offer the potential for producing bulk quantities of cemented carbide powders at lower manufacturing cost.MST/1318
A putative placebo analysis of the effects of sacubitril/valsartan in heart failure across the full range of ejection fraction (2020)

This putative placebo analysis reinforces the treatment benefits of sacubitril/valsartan on risk of adverse cardiovascular events across the full range of LVEF, with most pronounced effects observed at a LVEF up to 60%.
Multi-color colloidal quantum dot based light emitting diodes micropatterned on silicon hole transporting layers (2009)

We present a colloidal quantum dot based light emitting diode (QD-LED) which utilizes the p-type silicon substrate as the hole transporting layer. A microcontact printing technique was introduced to pattern self-assembled CdSe/ZnS QD films, which allowed creation of an LED with well-defined geometry suitable for monolithic integration on silicon substrates. Our QD-LED consists of multi-layers of inorganic materials: a combination of Au (thickness: 5 nm) and Ag (12 nm) as the cathode, a ZnO:SnO(2) mixture (ratio 3:1, 40 nm) as the electron transporting layer, CdSe/ZnS QDs as the light emission layer, 1 nm SiO(2) as an energy barrier layer, and p-type silicon as the hole transporting layer. These printed QD-LEDs are capable of multi-color emission peaked at wavelengths of 576 nm, 598 nm, and 622 nm, corresponding to sizes of the embedded QDs with the diameters of 8.4 nm, 9.0 nm, and 9.8 nm respectively. The optimal thickness of the quantum dot layers needed for light emission is characterized using atomic force microscopy: for 8.4 nm QDs, the value is 33 nm (+/- 5 nm) or approximately 4 ML (monolayers). Larger turn on voltages were measured (2, 4 and 5 V) for the smaller average particle diameters (9.8 nm, 9.0 nm and 8.4 nm, respectively). The mixture ratio of Zn and Sn was optimized (40% Zn and 25% Sn) to maintain proper hole-electron recombination at the QD layer and avoid the yellowish-white emission from ZnO/SnO(2).
ZebraSense (2020)

ZebraSense is a novel dual-sided woven touch sensor that can recognize and differentiate interactions on the top and bottom surfaces of the sensor. ZebraSense is based on an industrial multi-layer textile weaving technique, yet it enables a novel capacitive sensing paradigm, where each sensing element contributes to touch detection on both surfaces of the sensor simultaneously. Unlike the common "sensor sandwich" approach used in previous work, ZebraSense inherently minimizes the number of sensing elements, which drastically simplifies both sensor construction and its integration into soft goods, while preserving maximum sensor resolution. The experimental evaluation confirmed the validity of our approach and demonstrated that ZebraSense is a reliable, efficient, and accurate solution for detecting user gestures in various dual-sided interaction scenarios, allowing for new use cases in smart apparel, home decoration, toys, and other textile objects.
Cystic Fibrosis Carrier Testing in an Ethnically Diverse US Population (2011)

Carrier testing using a broad mutation panel detects differences in the distribution of mutations among ethnic groups in the US.
Monolithic Flexible Supercapacitors Integrated into Single Sheets of Paper and Membrane via Vapor Printing (2017)

A novel approach to fabricate supercapacitors (SCs) via vapor printing, specifically oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD), is demonstrated. Compared to stacking multiple layers into a SC, this method enables the monolithic integration of all components into a single‐sheet substrate, minimizing the inactive materials and eliminating the possibility of multilayer delamination. Electrodes comprised of pseudocapacitive material, poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), are deposited into both sides of a sheet of flexible porous substrate. The film deposition and patterning are achieved in a single step. The oCVD PEDOT penetrates partially into the porous substrate from both surfaces, while leaving the interior of the substrate serving as a separator. Near the surface, the PEDOT coating conforms to the substrate's structure without blocking the pores, resembling the substrate's intrinsic morphology with high surface area. The porously structured PEDOT coating, paired with in situ ion gel electrolyte synthesis, gives enhanced electrode–electrolyte interfaces. The monolithic device demonstrates high volumetric capacitance (11.3 F cm −3 ), energy density (2.98 mWh cm −3 ), and power density (0.42 W cm −3 ). These outstanding performance metrics are attributed to the large loading of active materials, minimization of inactive materials, and good electrode–electrolyte interfaces. SC arrays can be printed on a single substrate without the use of wire interconnects.
Tunable dispersion slope compensator using novel Gires-Tournois etalons (2004)

We present a novel concept of tailored Gires-Tournoise etalon structure and show that such devices are very useful for the realization of dispersion slope compensator with almost arbitrary dispersion profile and also with tunability in dispersion slope.