gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Higher-order Reconstruction Method of Differential Phase Shift (2010)

In this paper, we develop a novel phase retrieval approach to reconstruct x-ray differential phase shift induced by an object. A primary advantage of our approach is a higher-order accuracy over that with the conventional linear approximation models, relaxing the current restriction of weak absorption and slow phase variation scenario. The optimal utilization of the diffraction images at different distance in Fresnel diffraction region eliminates the nonlinear terms in phase and attenuation, and simplifies the reconstruction to a linear inverse problem. Numerical studies are also described to demonstrate the accuracy and stability of our approach.
Photoacoustic and thermoacoustic tomography with both optical and electrical contrasts (2006)

The absorption of electromagnetic energy causes thermal expansion and induces acoustic waves in biological tissues. Various tissues present particular characteristics in their absorption spectra. To acquire both photoacoustic and thermoacoustic images with multiple contrasts that reflect the absorption of electromagnetic energy, biological tissues are stimulated using laser and microwave pulses, respectively. Muscles with a rich blood supply strongly absorb green optical radiation, which provides excellent optical contrast. High water content tissues, such as connective tissue and muscle tissue, display high contrast to fatty tissues when imaged using microwave radiation. Most cancerous tissues have higher water and ionic concentrations, two characteristics that are also associated with angiogenesis and hemoglobin oxygen saturation. Therefore, cancer diagnosis based on information from tissue properties over an electromagnetic spectrum from microwave to optical bands can be more accurate than was previously available.
Retinal dopamine and form-deprivation myopia. (1989)

Investigation of retinal neurochemistry in a well-defined chick model of form-deprivation myopia indicated that dopamine and its metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid are reduced in myopic as compared to control eyes. The reduction in retinal dopamine is evident only during light adaptation and is accompanied by a decreased rate of dopamine biosynthesis. To test whether the alteration in dopamine metabolism is related to eye growth, agents known to interact with dopamine receptors were administered locally to deprived eyes. Remarkably, the expected growth in the axial dimension was reduced, while that in the equatorial dimension was not. Therefore retinal dopamine may participate in the pathway linking visual experience and the postnatal regulation of the eye's growth in the axial dimension. The mechanism for control of chick eye growth in the equatorial dimension remains unknown.
Small-molecule inhibitor of HlyU attenuates virulence of Vibrio species (2019)

Increasing antibiotic resistance has led to the development of new strategies to combat bacterial infection. Anti-virulence strategies that impair virulence of bacterial pathogens are one of the novel approaches with less selective pressure for developing resistance than traditional strategies that impede viability. In this study, a small molecule CM14 [N-(4-oxo-4H-thieno[3,4-c]chromen-3-yl)-3-phenylprop-2-ynamide] that inhibits the activity of HlyU, a transcriptional regulator essential for the virulence of the fulminating human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus, has been identified. Without affecting bacterial growth or triggering the host cell death, CM14 reduces HlyU-dependent expression of virulence genes in V. vulnificus. In addition to the decreased hemolysis of human erythrocytes, CM14 impedes host cell rounding and lysis caused by V. vulnificus. Notably, CM14 significantly enhances survival of mice infected with V. vulnificus by alleviating hepatic and renal dysfunction and systemic inflammation. Biochemical, mass spectrometric, and mutational analyses revealed that CM14 inhibits HlyU from binding to target DNA by covalently modifying Cys30. Remarkably, CM14 decreases the expression of various virulence genes of other Vibrio species and thus attenuates their virulence phenotypes. Together, this molecule could be an anti-virulence agent against HlyU-harboring Vibrio species with a low selective pressure for the emergence of resistance.
The tube-to-tube through transmission eddy current technique (1998)

Heat exchangers are used in the process and power industries to transfer heat between two thermodynamic fluids. A new technique for inspection of heat exchanger tubing is introduced. The method is applicable to any inspection job that involves sets of parallel pipes. The technique is not adversely affected by support plate interference and can therefore be used to obtain information on the state of the pipe underneath the plates. Using multifrequency analysis the depths of full circumferential grooves beneath a 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) wide plate were estimated with relatively high accuracy. Sizing accuracy improves for deeper grooves.
Proteolytic <sup>18</sup>O‐labeling strategies for quantitative proteomics (2006)

A number of proteomic techniques have been developed to quantify proteins in biological systems. This review focuses on the quantitative proteomic technique known as "proteolytic 18O-labeling." This technique utilizes a protease and H(2)18O to produce labeled peptides, with subsequent chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis to identify and quantify (relative) the proteins from which the peptides originated. The technique determines the ratio of individual protein's expression level between two samples relative to each other, and can be used to quantitatively examine protein expression (comparative proteomics) and post-translational modifications, and to study protein-protein interactions. The present review discusses various aspects of the 18O-labeling technique, including: its history, the advantages and disadvantages of the proteolytic 18O-labeling technique compared to other techniques, enzymatic considerations, the problem of variable incorporation of 18O atoms into peptides with a discussion on recent advancements of the technique to overcome it, computational tools to interpret the data, and a review of the biological applications.
Multiport S-parameter calculation from two-port network analyzer measurements with or without switch matrix (2006)

A simple method to calculate 3- to n-port S-parameters from two-port network analyzer measurements is described. This multiport calculation (MC) procedure supports all two-port calibration methods e.g. SOLT or LMR without any additional standard. Small included approximations have no influence on the quality of practical measurement results. This developed MC-procedure works with vector network analyzers with three or four measurement channels to measure two-port paths of n-port devices with high accuracy. A switch matrix can be used to simplify the measurements. The presented calculation algorithm of the MC-procedure is out-standing regarding the simplicity and numerical robustness. The algorithm allows an easy programming for the correction of measurements of any device independent of the number of ports (3 to n). Experimental results attest the very good precision of MC error corrected measurements.
Sidelobe reduction for limited diffraction pulse-echo systems (1993)

Conventional focused transducers have a sharp focal spot with low sidelobes, but they also have a short depth of field. Commercial medical scanners obtain increased depth of field by combining several images in a montage, each obtained at a different focal depth. Therefore, to get low sidelobes over a large depth of field several transmits must be used, which decrease the frame rate. Limited diffraction beams such as Bessel beams and X waves obtain good resolution over very large depth of field, but they have high sidelobes. A summation-subtraction method developed for decreasing the sidelobes is presented. The method requires three transmits, decreasing the frame rate to one third. The authors apply this technique to limited diffraction beams and obtain an analytic description.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A SERIES OF HYDROPHOBIC ANTITUMOR BIS(CARBOXYLATO) (1,2-DIAMINOCYCLOHEXANE) PLATINUM(II) COMPLEXES (1993)

Abstract A series of hydrophobic platinum(II) complexes of the type (DACH)PtX2 (where DACH = various isomeric forms of 1,2-diaminocyclohexane and X = pentanoato, hexanoato, heptanoato, octanoato, nonanoato, decanoato, unidecanoato, laurato, tridecanoato, myristato, pentadecanoato, palmitato, heptadecanoato, or stearato) has been synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, infrared spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance (13C{1H} and 195Pt{1H}). The complexes have been prepared as potential antitumor agents for liposome entrapment. Key Words: Platinum1,2-diaminocyclohexanecarboxylate, liposomeshydrophobicsynthesis
Context-Aware Question-Answer for Interactive Media Experiences (2021)

Media content has become a primary source of information, entertainment, and even education. The ability to provide video content querying as well as interactive experiences is a new challenge. To this end, question answering (QA) systems such as Alexa and Google Assistant have become quite established in consumer markets but are limited to general information and lack context awareness. In this paper, we propose Context-QA, a light-weight context-aware QA framework, to provide QA experiences on multimedia content. The context awareness is achieved through our innovative Staged QA Controller algorithm that keeps the search for answers in the context most relevant to the question. Our evaluation results show that Context-QA improves the quality of the answers by up to 49% and uses up to 56% less time compared to the conventional QA model. Subjective tests show Context-QA improved results over conventional QA models, with 90% reporting enjoying this new media form.
Supplement 1: Multiwavelength polarization-insensitive lenses based on dielectric metasurfaces with meta-molecules (2016)

Detailed materials and methods, and simulation results and discussion of efficiency for two double wavelength gratings. Originally published in Optica on 20 June 2016 (optica-3-6-628)
Structure of theMLT gene and molecular characterization of the genomic breakpoint junctions in the t(11;18)(q21;q21) of marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of MALT type (2000)

The t(11;18)(q21;q21) between the inhibitor of apoptosis API2 and the MLT gene is a distinct feature of marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of MALT-type. Hitherto the chimeric API2-MLT transcripts are all "in-frame" and predominantly fuse exon 7 of API2 to different MLT exons. Recurrent chromosomal translocations are common in lymphoid neoplasms and might represent by-products of the rearrangement processes generating antigen receptor diversity. The genomic structure of the MLT gene was determined to facilitate amplification of the genomic breakpoint junctions from 5 MALT-type lymphomas with t(11;18). Their sequence analysis showed scattering of the chromosome 11 breakpoints in intron 7 of API2 whereas rearrangements in MLT occurred in intron 2, 4, 7, or 8, respectively. Sequences around the junctions did not display recognition signal sequences mediating lymphocytic V(D)J recombination or other sequence motifs associated with recombination. The breakpoints occurred in a copy of an AluSx repeat in three cases, but interchromosomal Alu-mediated homologous recombination could be ruled out as the repeat resided only on one of the participating chromosomes. The t(11;18) was associated with a deletion in 4 out of 5 cases, ranging in size from 53 bp up to more than 200 kb. These deletions were observed on one or sometimes both derivative chromosomes that might indicate the susceptibility of these regions for breakage. Our data suggest that the API2-MLT fusion might result from a non-homologous end joining event after multiple double-strand breaks. The clustering of breaks in intron 7 of API2 and the consistent "in frame" API2-MLT fusions could therefore reflect certain functional constraints crucial for clonal outgrowth.
Linear precoding for MIMO channels with non-zero mean and transmit correlation in orthogonal space-time coded systems (2005)

We study the problem of exploiting MIMO wireless transmitter channel knowledge in the form of the channel mean and transmit correlation from a coding perspective. A linear channel precoder is designed to capture the channel information, which is used in concatenation with an orthogonal space-time block code. Based on the pair-wise error probability criterion, the optimal precoding matrix is derived analytically. Depending on the channel mean and correlation, and the SNR, the solution may require mode-dropping, which resembles the water-filling principle. The difference is that both the "water level" and the mode directions change with each water-fill iteration, hence it is termed dynamic water-filling. Efficient binary search algorithms are proposed to carry out the dynamic water-filling process in solving for the optimal precoder. Numerical examples show that significant gain can be obtained using this linear channel precoder.
MTF optimization by automatic adjustment of aberration merit function (2002)

I present a fast MTF optimization method. In this MTF optimization the aberration merit function is optimized. The basic concept of this MTF optimization is to connect the improvement of the aberration merit function to the improvement of the MTF merit function. The target values and weights of aberration target functions are automatically adjusted in order that the improvement of the aberration merit function is also linked to the improvement of the MTF merit function. Through exmaples it is shown that the MTF optimization used with the global optimization is effective to find good solutions as to the MTF merit function.
Modulating the innate immune response by combinatorial engineering of endotoxin (2013)

Despite its highly inflammatory nature, LPS is a molecule with remarkable therapeutic potential. Lipid A is a glycolipid that serves as the hydrophobic anchor of LPS and constitutes a potent ligand of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)4/myeloid differentiation factor 2 receptor of the innate immune system. A less toxic mixture of monophosphorylated lipid A species (MPL) recently became the first new Food and Drug Administration-approved adjuvant in over 70 y. Whereas wild-type Escherichia coli LPS provokes strong inflammatory MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88)-mediated TLR4 signaling, MPL preferentially induces less inflammatory TRIF (TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β)-mediated responses. Here, we developed a system for combinatorial structural diversification of E. coli lipid A, yielding a spectrum of bioactive variants that display distinct TLR4 agonist activities and cytokine induction. Mice immunized with engineered lipid A/antigen emulsions exhibited robust IgG titers, indicating the efficacy of these molecules as adjuvants. This approach demonstrates how combinatorial engineering of lipid A can be exploited to generate a spectrum of immunostimulatory molecules for vaccine and therapeutics development.
Impact of Physicochemical Properties of Biomass-based Fly Ash on Lignocellulose Removal from Pulping Spent Liquor (2018)

A biomass-based fly ash was fractionated and ground to produce fly ash adsorbents of various compositions and particle sizes. It was determined that grinding had no noticeable impact on the surface area and micropore volume of the fly ash, but it increased the mesopore volume of the fly ash remarkably. Isotherm analysis on the lignin and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals from a thermomechanical pulping (TMP) pressate (i.e., spent liquor) was performed. It was determined that the adsorption process followed the Freundlich model, and the estimated maximum adsorption capacities for the lignin and COD on the fly ash were identified. The highest adsorption capacities for the COD and lignin were 204 mg fly ash/g TMP pressate and 149 mg fly ash/g TMP pressate, respectively, which were achieved under the treatment conditions of 298 K, 100 rpm when mixing the fly ash and pressate for 24 h. The potential impact of various physicochemical properties, such as the ionic strength and metals content of the fly ash, on the adsorption capacity for lignin and COD was also evaluated.
Topical Anesthesia of the Skin by Liposome-Encapsulated Tetracaine (1988)

GESZTES A, MEZEI M. Topical Anesthesia of the skin by liposome-encapsulated tetracaine. Anesth Analg 1988;67:1079-81. The potential of a liposomal local anesthetic formulation to provide topical anesthesia of the intact skin was investigated. Tetracaine base 0.5% was encapsulated into multilamellar phospholipid vesicles. The topical anesthetic effects of the liposomal and a control (Pontocaine cream) preparation were evaluated by pinprick technique in adult volunteers. Liposomal tetracaine-produced anesthesia, which lasted at least 4 hours after 1 hour application under occlusion. Pontocaine cream was ineffective. The liposomal formulation appeared to be suitable to provide long lasting anesthesia of the skin with low drug concentration.
Engineering resistance to geminiviruses – review and perspectives (2006)

Following the conceptual development of virus resistance strategies ranging from coat protein-mediated interference of virus propagation to RNA-mediated virus gene silencing, much progress has been achieved to protect plants against RNA and DNA virus infections. Geminiviruses are a major threat to world agriculture, and breeding resistant crops against these DNA viruses is one of the major challenges faced by plant virologists and biotechnologists. In this article, we review the most recent transgene-based approaches that have been developed to achieve durable geminivirus resistance. Although most of the strategies have been tested in model plant systems, they are ready to be adopted for the protection of crop plants. Furthermore, a better understanding of geminivirus gene and protein functions, as well as the native immune system which protects plants against viruses, will allow us to develop novel tools to expand our current capacity to stabilize crop production in geminivirus epidemic zones.
Targeted Peptide Measurements in Biology and Medicine: Best Practices for Mass Spectrometry-based Assay Development Using a Fit-for-Purpose Approach (2014)

Adoption of targeted mass spectrometry (MS) approaches such as multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) to study biological and biomedical questions is well underway in the proteomics community. Successful application depends on the ability to generate reliable assays that uniquely and confidently identify target peptides in a sample. Unfortunately, there is a wide range of criteria being applied to say that an assay has been successfully developed. There is no consensus on what criteria are acceptable and little understanding of the impact of variable criteria on the quality of the results generated. Publications describing targeted MS assays for peptides frequently do not contain sufficient information for readers to establish confidence that the tests work as intended or to be able to apply the tests described in their own labs. Guidance must be developed so that targeted MS assays with established performance can be made widely distributed and applied by many labs worldwide. To begin to address the problems and their solutions, a workshop was held at the National Institutes of Health with representatives from the multiple communities developing and employing targeted MS assays. Participants discussed the analytical goals of their experiments and the experimental evidence needed to establish that the assays they develop work as intended and are achieving the required levels of performance. Using this "fit-for-purpose" approach, the group defined three tiers of assays distinguished by their performance and extent of analytical characterization. Computational and statistical tools useful for the analysis of targeted MS results were described. Participants also detailed the information that authors need to provide in their manuscripts to enable reviewers and readers to clearly understand what procedures were performed and to evaluate the reliability of the peptide or protein quantification measurements reported. This paper presents a summary of the meeting and recommendations.
Effects of yttrium, ytterbium with tungsten co-doping on the light absorption and charge transport properties of bismuth vanadate photoanodes to achieve superior photoelectrochemical water splitting (2019)

Effective water splitting by a photoelectrochemical cell using a BiVO<sub>4</sub>photoanode is limited by the light absorption and charge transport properties.
Gamma-ray detector properties for hostile environments (1988)

The environmental conditions of borehole logging result in detector properties that are continually varying, primarily because of the variation of material properties with temperature. The authors examine the important properties that vary with temperature, namely, the light output of scintillators (and, correspondingly, the noise of semiconductors), the decay time constants, and the emission spectra. The emission spectrum of a scintillating material is especially critical for matching to photocathode response spectra, because of the significant restrictions on photocathode materials that can be used in a nuclear logging tool. In addition, the severe restrictions on detector volume and the frequent presence of neutrons, in addition to gamma rays, in the region of the measurement provides additional constraints on the types of materials that can be used for detecting gamma rays.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pr/sup 3+/-doped fluoride glass for a 589 nm fibre laser (2002)

Summary form only given. In this paper the authors describe a Pr/sup 3+/-doped fluoride glass suitable for a 589 nm fibre laser. They show that due to its high stability the Pr/sup 3+/-doped fluoride glass is relatively easy to fabricate into optical fibres, and therefore offers the possibility of a 589 nm fibre laser.
Cell Cycle Regulation of the Murine cdc25BPromoter (2001)

Expression of the cdc25B gene is up-regulated late during cell cycle progression (S/G(2)). We have cloned the murine cdc25B promoter to identify elements involved in transcriptional regulation. A detailed structure-function analysis led to the identification of several elements that are located upstream of a canonical Inr motif at the site of transcription initiation and are involved in transcriptional activation and regulation. Activation of the promoter is largely mediated by NF-Y and Sp1/3 interacting with one and four proximal binding sites, respectively. In addition, NF-Y plays an essential role in cell cycle regulation in conjunction with a repressor element (cell cycle-regulated repressor) located approximately 30 nucleotides upstream of the putative Inr element and overlapping a consensus TATA motif. The cell cycle-regulated repressor is unrelated to the previously described cell cycle-regulated repressor elements. Taken together, our observations suggest that expression of the cdc25B gene is controlled through a novel mechanism of cell cycle-regulated transcription.