gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combustion Characteristics and Exhaust Gas Emissions of a Diesel Engine Supplied with Reformed EGR (2005)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The Reformed EGR (REGR) technique involves the injection of hydrocarbon fuel (e.g., diesel) into a catalytic reformer fitted into the engine EGR system, so that the produced hydrogen containing gas mixture is fed back to the engine as REGR. Thus, in effect the engine operates in a similar way to a dual fuelled engine with standard EGR. Depending on the reforming conditions, the composition and the calorific value of the REGR may vary and this affects the engine performance and emissions. In the present study, simulated REGR with different H<sub>2</sub>/CO ratios has been examined. The combustion of REGR with maximum H<sub>2</sub> and minimum CO contents resulted in the highest reduction of NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. This case simulated the reformer operation where the CO is fully converted to H<sub>2</sub> by promoting the exothermic water gas shift reaction (WGSR). The highest reductions of both smoke and fuel consumption were achieved in the case of simulating the reformer operation where the CO is not fully converted to H<sub>2</sub>. In all the examined cases, the use of REGR resulted in reduced NO<sub>x</sub> and smoke emissions. Improved fuel economy was achieved only at middle and high load engine operation compared to the standard operation with diesel fuel only.</div>
The Insertion of a Lining (1982)

The need to use a lining is related directly to the depth and sensitivity of a cavity and the nature of the restorative material. If a cavity is extremely shallow, e.g. the occlusal lock of a Class II cavity which has been cut to the amelo-dentinal junction and is not especially sensitive, no lining is indicated. On the other hand, if a cavity is deep, it will probably need a sub-lining of calcium hydroxide to protect the pulp, covered with a phosphate or polycarboxylate base. In a cavity for amalgam, a half- to one-millimetre depth of cement provides adequate insulation for the pulp. The technique for lining a Class II cavity for amalgam is as follows. If phosphate cement is to be used, it should be mixed to a putty-like consistency, so that a small pellet may be picked up on the point of a straight probe, rolled lightly between thumb and forefinger and carried into the cavity in such a way that it does not touch the walls. A suitable plugging instrument, such as a G plastic (Ash) or a Porro special A, is dipped in alcohol, the excess of which is shaken off, and the cement is packed against the pulpal floor, making certain that it does not fill the undercuts.
Microencapsulation of Electrophoretic TiO<sub>2</sub>Nanoparticles for Electronic Ink (2006)

ABSTRACT Microencapsulation of electrophoretic dispersion is one of the key steps in realizing the portable electrophoretic display technique, electronic paper. In this study, electrophoretic TiO2 nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in a dielectric medium of halocarbon oil and the TiO2 based core material was emulsified using a polymeric surfactant of poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonic acid) (PSSA). After the colloid particles were stabilized, the microencapsulation of the core materials was accomplished by the polycondensation of melamine/urea-formldehyde prepolymer. Average diameter of the microcapsules obtained was about 50 μm and their thermal stability was measured by TGA. The surface morphology of the microcapsule was dependent on the molar ratio of melamine/urea to formaldehyde and the water content.
Rationale and Application of Fatty Acid Oxidation Inhibitors in Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus (1992)

There are elevated fatty acid levels in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus that are due to diminished insulin action in inhibiting fatty acid release from adipocytes. Insulin therapy and other inhibitors of fatty acid release from adipocytes (e.g., nicotinic acid) suppress these elevated fatty acid levels and bring about a reduction in hyperglycemia. One mechanism by which fatty acids may be causal in hyperglycemia is in stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver in the postabsorptive state. Another mechanism is in attenuating glucose disposal in skeletal muscle in the fed state. Potential nonglycemia-related effects of fatty acids are in substrate utilization in the heart and lipid synthesis in the liver. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation is useful in reducing hyperglycemia by inhibiting glucose production in humans. However, there is less evidence that such inhibition can be useful in increasing glucose utilization in muscle, as predicted by the Randle hypothesis. This, coupled with potential adverse effects on heart muscle, make liver targeting of fatty acid oxidation inhibitors an important factor in their potential for development. Although such agents have advantageous effects on lipid metabolism, overdosing can lead to adverse liver lipid effects via the same mechanism. These adverse liver lipid effects could be minimized by development of reversible inhibitors that allow fatty acid oxidation to occur only during the overnight fast. The potential usefulness of such agents is evident; however, no drug that meets these objectives has been developed.
Complete pulse characterization at 15 µm by cross-phase modulation in optical fibers (1998)

Cross-phase modulation in optical fibers has been used for complete characterization of ultrashort pulses by a modified frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) measurement technique. This technique has been used for characterization of picosecond pulses at 1.5mum with energy as low as 24 pJ, and the results are in excellent agreement with second-harmonic generation (SHG)-FROG characterization. The use of an optical waveguide gives measurement sensitivity comparable with that of SHG-FROG but without any temporal ambiguity in the retrieved pulse.
Characterization of an inhibitor of actin polymerization in vinculin‐rich fraction of turkey gizzard smooth muscle (1988)

We report here on the purification and characterization of a new 25-kDa inhibitor of actin polymerization from turkey gizzard smooth muscle. The protein was purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite, as well as by affinity chromatography on an immobilized-antibody column. The purified polypeptide reduced the low-shear viscosity of actin, apparently due to its inhibitory effect on actin polymerization. We demonstrate that this protein is largely responsible for the apparent inhibitory activity previously reported to be associated with smooth muscle vinculin preparations. Three independent monoclonal antibodies prepared against the 25-kDa inhibitor of actin polymerization can effectively adsorb the inhibiting activity of actin polymerization from the crude vinculin preparation or inhibit it. We also show here that the 25-kDa inhibitor of actin polymerization tends to undergo dimerization when maintained in non-reducing buffers, concomitant with the loss of its inhibitory activity. Immunohistochemical labeling of frozen sections, as well as immunoblotting analyzes, indicated that the 25-kDa inhibitor of actin polymerization is particularly enriched in smooth muscle cells and that its distribution is apparently homogenous throughout the cytoplasm showing no apparent enrichment in the vinculin-rich dense plaques located along the endofacial surface of the plasma membrane.
Fusion and decision making techniques for structural prognostic health management (2005)

There is a growing interest in fusing the wealth of data generated by aircraft sensors and airborne systems into prognostic information and automated decisions that lead to significant improvements in aircraft management, affordability, availability, airworthiness and performance (MAAAP). Over the past five years, Smiths and BAE SYSTEMS have launched collaborative work to evolve a certifiable practical system that addresses this interest. The collaborative work has built on the BAE SYSTEMS vast advanced technology experiences and on the Smiths unique experience that has produced prognostic and decision support algorithms combining model-based and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. This paper reports on certifiable techniques that fuse flight data into prognostic information. The techniques were blind tested on legacy data covering 15 years of military operations. The paper presents a fusion/decision support technique targeted at identifying sensor/system faults. The paper also presents preliminary collaborative work on a structural damage detection technology where AI and fusion methods have been used to mitigate technology risks.
Live programming as a lecture technique (2002)

The Computer Science Department at Montana State University offered a 2 credit Java seminar each Spring Semester from 1997 through 2001. Our students were taught Ada and C++ at the time so the purpose of the seminar was to provide a fairly sophisticated introduction to the Java programming language. In the seminar, students worked on a semester long project that culminated in a networked version of a two person game that could be played on the World Wide Web. Starting in Fall Semester, 2001, the Java seminar was no longer necessary because our department decided to use Java as its introductory programming language instead of Ada.I had the privilege of teaching the seminar during each of its five offerings. By the fifth and final offering in Spring Semester, 2001, the seminar incorporated many unique elements including a live programming lecture technique, no required textbook and a semester long project. In this paper, I will evaluate each of these features using student surveys that I constructed. Special attention will be paid to the live programming aspect of the course.
Domiciliary oxygen therapy. (1996)

Domiciliary oxygen is prescribed widely and often with benefit. However, patients with chronic lung disease, in whom its efficacy is proven, continue to be denied adequate assessment and treatment. It is time to ensure that this expensive treatment is given to those who will benefit in a manner that maximizes the improvement in the quality of life.
“Turn-on” fluorescent sensor for the selective detection of zinc ion by a sterically-encumbered bipyridyl-based receptor (2007)

A sterically-encumbered 5,5'-distyryl-2,2'-bipyridyl derivative that enforces a 1:1 metal-to-ligand ratio acts as a selective turn-on sensor for Zn(2+) in THF.
Electrical characteristics of a novel gate structure 4H-SiC power static induction transistor (2002)

A power SIT with a novel gate structure was conceived, in which high blocking gain and low on-state voltage have been simultaneously achieved and the characteristics of silicon carbide (SiC) have been effectively employed. Simulation studies on characteristics of the SIT have been conducted. When a forward bias that was less than the built-in voltage was applied to the gate, the on-state voltage dropped to 0.25 V (at 200 A/cm/sup 2/) and the gate reverse voltage required for blocking was 10 V for a SIT with a withstand voltage of 700 V. The on-state voltage dropped to 3.1 V (at 100 A/cm/sup 2/) and the gate reverse bias required for blocking was 80 V for a SIT with a withstand voltage of 5,000 V.
Novel<i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-substituted adenosine 5′-<i>N</i>-methyluronamides with high selectivity for human adenosine A<sub>3</sub>receptors reduce ischemic myocardial injury (2003)

We recently reported the identification of a novel human adenosine A3 receptor-selective agonist, (2S,3S,4R,5R)-3-amino-5-[6-[5-chloro-2-(3-methylisoxazol-5-ylmethoxy)benzylamino]purin-9-yl]-4-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid methylamide (CP-608,039), with 1,260-fold selectivity for the human A3 versus human A1 receptor (DeNinno et al., J Med Chem 46: 353-355, 2003). However, because the modest (20-fold) rabbit A3 receptor selectivity of CP-608,039 precludes demonstration of A3-mediated cardioprotection in rabbit models, we identified another member of this class, (2S,3S,4R,5R)-3-amino-5-[6-(2,5-dichlorobenzylamino)purin-9-yl]-4-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid methylamide (CP-532,903), which both retained human A3 receptor selectivity (210-fold; human A3/human A1 Ki: 23/4,800 nM) and had improved rabbit A3 receptor selectivity (90-fold; rabbit A3/rabbit A1 Ki: 23/2,000 nM). Infarct size was measured in Langendorff hearts or in vivo after 30 min of regional ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion. Five-minute perfusion with CP-532,903 before ischemia-reperfusion elicited a concentration-dependent reduction in infarct size in isolated hearts (EC50: 0.97 nM; maximum reduction in infarct size: 77%, P < 0.05 vs. control). Furthermore, administration of CP-532,903 (150 nM) at reperfusion also significantly reduced infarct size by 64% (P < 0.05 vs. control), which was not different (P > or = 0.05) from the cardioprotection provided by the same concentration of drug given before ischemia. The selective rabbit A1 receptor antagonist BWA1433 did not affect CP-532,903-dependent cardioprotection. In vivo, CP-532,903 (1 mg/kg) reduced infarct size by 50% in the absence of significant hemodynamic effects (mean arterial pressure, heart rate, rate-pressure product). CP-532,903 and CP-608,039 represent a novel class of human A3 receptor-selective agonists that may prove suitable for investigation of the clinical cardioprotective efficacy of A3 receptor activation.
A multi-domain role activation model (2017)

Organizations establish partnerships in order to achieve a strategic goal. In many cases, resources in a given organization are accessed from external domains, characterizing multi-domain operations. This paper presents an approach to perform role activation in multi-domain environments. The active roles are imported in other domains from a user's home domain. Thus, a Single Role Activation (SRA) is performed, similarly to Single Sign-On (SSO) authentication. The administrative autonomy to define each role permission is kept within each local domain. We evaluated the proposal by implementing a prototype to provide support for SRA, based on RESTful web services and standardized specifications such as XACML and OpenID Connect. The prototype evaluation measured response time for simultaneous access requests, with SRA showing better results when compared to traditional role activation. Furthermore, from a security perspective, the proposal is about 15 times faster than traditional approaches.
A comparison of four electrical stimulation types on Staphylococcus aureus growth in vitro (2004)

We evaluated the efficacy of common electrical stimulation (ES) types on bacterial growth in vitro using clinically relevant conditions. Four types of ES--continuous microamperage direct current (microADC), high-voltage pulsed current (HVPC), low-voltage monophasic milliamperage pulsed current (LVMmAPC), and low-voltage biphasic milliamperage pulsed current (LVBmAPC)--were each applied to a separate set of culture plates containing Staphylococcus aureus for 1 h at 37 degrees C on 3 consecutive days. After ES treatment, the zone of inhibition surrounding each electrode was measured. Zone of inhibition measurements showed a significant inhibitory effect for continuous microADC and HVPC (p < 0.05), but not for LVMmAPC and LVBmAPC. Differences in bacterial growth inhibition were not found for polarity and time. These data suggest that for infected wounds, HVPC and continuous microADC treatments may have an initial bacterial inhibitory effect, which does not significantly change with subsequent treatments.
Centronucleated Myofibers Having Also Peripheral Nuclei in Rectus Femoris Muscles of Muscular Dystrophic Mice (1987)

Abstract The diameter distribution was compared between centronucleated and non‐centronucleated myofibers on a cross‐sectional specimen of the hindleg rectus femoris muscle from muscular dystrophic (dy/dy) mice aged from 17 to 120 days. At any age examined, it was very similar in centronucleated and non‐centronucleated myofibers, and the proportion in number of the former to the latter was so high as about 1/3 to 1 in spite that it was determined on a single cross section of 5 jum thick for each muscle. The histochemical study showed that central nuclei were observable apparently in any type of myofibers stained densely, palely or intermediately with NADH dehydrogenase or PAS. In addition, it was found that a considerable number of centronucleated myofibers had also peripheral nuclei and that the central nuclei tended to migrate neither toward the center nor toward the periphery in the myofiber with age or growth. These findings are inconsistent with the widely‐accepted view that the centronucleated myofibers in dystrophic muscles are the regenerated ones which are abortive. The pathological implication of the central nucleation was discussed with reference to the bone‐muscle imbalance hypothesis previously postulated by the present author as the pathogenesis of mouse muscular dystrophy.
Human alveolar macrophages produce a fibroblast-like collagenase and collagenase inhibitor. (1985)

Human macrophages have been implicated in connective tissue remodeling; however, little is known about their direct effects upon collagen degradation. We now report that human alveolar macrophages in culture produced both a collagenase and a collagenase inhibitor. The collagenase was secreted in latent form and could be activated by exposure to trypsin. Collagenase production could be increased three- to fourfold by incubating the cells with lipopolysaccharide, but synthesis was largely unaffected by exposure to phorbol myristate acetate. By several criteria, macrophage collagenase was the same as the collagenase secreted by human skin fibroblasts: (a) they were antigenically indistinguishable in double immunodiffusion; (b) both degraded type III collagen preferentially to type I, had little activity against type II collagen, and none against types IV and V, and (c) their affinity for susceptible collagens was equivalent, Michaelis constant = 1-2 microM. Collagenase inhibitory activity was also present in the macrophage-conditioned medium, and was accounted for by an antigen that showed immunologic and functional identity with the collagenase inhibitor secreted by human skin fibroblasts. The amount of inhibitor released by unstimulated cells, approximately 100 ng/10(6) cells per 24 h, was substantially augmented by both phorbol and lipopolysaccharide, although considerable variability in response to these agents was observed between macrophage populations derived from different subjects. As negligible quantities of collagenase or collagenase inhibitor were detectable intracellularly, it appeared that both proteins were secreted rapidly after synthesis. Thus, human macrophages have the capacity to modulate collagen degradation directly by production of collagenase and collagenase inhibitor.
Combining multiple microarray studies and modeling interstudy variation (2003)

We have established a method for systematic integration of multiple microarray datasets. The method was applied to two different sets of cancer profiling studies. The change of gene expression in cancer was expressed as 'effect size', a standardized index measuring the magnitude of a treatment or covariate effect. The effect sizes were combined to obtain the estimate of the overall mean. The statistical significance was determined by a permutation test extended to multiple datasets. It was shown that the data integration promotes the discovery of small but consistent expression changes with increased sensitivity and reliability. The effect size methods provided the efficient modeling framework for addressing interstudy variation as well. Based on the result of homogeneity tests, a fixed effects model was adopted for one set of datasets that had been created in controlled experimental conditions. By contrast, a random effects model was shown to be appropriate for the other set of datasets that had been published by independent groups. We also developed an alternative modeling procedure based on a Bayesian approach, which would offer flexibility and robustness compared to the classical procedure.
FIRST ARRIVAL PICKING ON COMMON‐OFFSET TRACE COLLECTIONS FOR AUTOMATIC ESTIMATION OF STATIC CORRECTIONS* (1985)

A bstract The increase in the number of geophone groups in production records during recent years and the requirement for accurate basic static corrections for high resolution records have made it necessary to develop sufficiently accurate automatic techniques for the determination of static corrections. A fully automatic method is presented which makes use of the delay‐time method in order to compute static corrections at each shot position. Delay times, weathering and subweathering velocities are determined from automatic picks of the first arrivals on common‐offset trace collections. It is assumed that the weathering is a single layer and that the dip of the subweathering layer under the geophone groups is small. The picking routine is fully automatic and successful in most cases, provided the signal‐to‐noise ratio is sufficiently high. The subsequent filtering of erroneous values for picked times is performed by means of statistical techniques, using curves of picked times on common‐offset trace collections. If the distance between receivers and shot‐points on the profile is sufficiently short, one can expect only little change in the picked times of two contiguous traces. The method is well adapted to end‐on spreads with a great number of traces, where distances between geophone groups are short. Examples are presented showing the possibilities of the method for the determination of long wavelength as well as short wavelength components of static corrections.
Coordinated expression of functionally diverse fructosyltransferase genes is associated with fructan accumulation in response to low temperature in perennial ryegrass (2008)

* Fructan is the major nonstructural carbohydrate reserve in temperate grasses. To understand regulatory mechanisms in fructan synthesis and adaptation to cold environments, the isolation, functional characterization and genetic mapping of fructosyltransferase (FT) genes in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) are described. * Six cDNAs (prft1-prft6) encoding FTs were isolated from cold-treated ryegrass plants, and three were positioned on a perennial ryegrass linkage map. Recombinant proteins were produced in Pichia pastoris and enzymatic activity was characterized. Changes in carbohydrate levels and mRNA levels of FT genes during cold treatment were also analysed. * One gene encodes sucrose-sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST), and two gene encode fructan-fructan 6G-fructosyltransferase (6G-FFT). Protein sequences for the other genes (prfts 1, 2 and 6) were similar to sucrose-fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-SFT). The 1-SST and prft1 genes were colocalized with an invertase gene on the ryegrass linkage map. The mRNA levels of prft1 and prft2 increased gradually during cold treatment, while those of the 1-SST and 6G-FFT genes first increased, but then decreased before increasing again during a longer period of cold treatment. * Thus at least two different patterns of gene expression have developed during the evolution of functionally diverse FT genes, which are associated in a coordinated way with fructan synthesis in a cold environment.
Rapid expansion of the spermatogonial stem cell tool box (2006)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.