gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving Bandwidth Efficiency and fairness in cloud computing (2013)

Bandwidth is a key resource in cloud networks. Every tenant wants to be assigned the bandwidth which is proportional to the price they have paid. At the cloud vender side, the link bandwidth utilization could be enhanced to support more clients. In this paper, we show that the traditional PS-N (Proportional Sharing at Network level) bandwidth allocation algorithm cannot achieve the network proportionality fairness when the network is over-subscribed. PPSN (Persistence Proportional Sharing at Network level) is proposed to solve the unfairness issue. However, the bandwidth utilization of both algorithms is not good enough to meet venders' demands. BEPPS-N (Bandwidth Efficiency Persistence Proportional Sharing at Network level) is thus proposed to enhance the bandwidth utilization by assigning more bandwidth to the communication pairs that are not passing through bottleneck links, and at the same time, keep proportionality fairness per different tenant. Finally, simulations and performance analysis have been conducted to substantiate the viability of our proposed approach.
Polarization conversion cube-corner retroreflector (2010)

Polarization conversion cube-corner retroreflectors rotate the major axis of the incident electric field by 90°. We show that polarization conversion cube-corner retroreflectors cannot be created with isotropic reflecting surfaces, but can be created by incorporating nonisotropic reflecting surfaces. Two types are considered-cube corners with surfaces having elliptical eigenstates and cube corners having subwavelength gratings. Implementations that use subwavelength surface relief phase gratings are investigated, and three examples are shown.
Cyclopolymerization protocol for the synthesis of a poly(zwitterion‐<i>alt</i>‐sulfur dioxide) to investigate the polyzwitterion‐to‐poly(anion‐zwitterion) transition (2012)

Abstract The zwitterionic monomer, 3‐( N,N ‐diallyl, N ‐carboethoxymethylammonio)propanesulfonate, on cocyclopolymerization with sulfur dioxide in DMSO using azoisobutyronitrile as the initiator afforded the polyzwitterion (PZ) copolymer in excellent yields. The PZ on acidic hydrolysis of the ester groups led to the corresponding polyzwitterionic acid (PZA). The pH‐responsive PZA on treatment with sodium hydroxide gave the new poly(eletrolyte‐zwitterion) (PEZ). The solubility, viscosity behaviors, and solution properties of the salt‐tolerant PZ, PZA, and PEZ were studied in detail. Like common PZs, PZ was found to be insoluble in salt‐free but soluble in salt‐added water. The apparent basicity constants of the carboxyl group in PEZ have been determined. As the name implies, the PEZ possesses dual type of structural feature common to both conventional anionic polyelectrolytes and PZs, and its aqueous solution behavior is found to be similar to that observed for a typical alternating anionic‐zwitterionic copolymer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Electronic structure and chemical bonding of a graphene oxide–sulfur nanocomposite for use in superior performance lithium–sulfur cells (2012)

We have investigated the chemical bonding and electronic structure of a graphene oxide-sulfur (GO-S) nanocomposite by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Near-edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS), and X-ray Emission Spectroscopy (XES). The nanocomposite, synthesized by a chemical reaction-deposition approach followed by low temperature thermal treatment, is composed of a thin and uniform sulfur film anchored on a graphene oxide (GO) sheet. The GO is partially reduced during the chemical synthesis process, resulting in the appearance of a C-H bond and an increase in the ordering of GO sheets. The moderate chemical interactions between sulfur and GO can preserve the intrinsic electronic structure of GO, and on the other hand, immobilize the sulfur on the GO sheets, which should be responsible for the excellent electrochemical performance of the lithium-sulfur cells by using the GO-S nanocomposite as the cathode material.
A robust endpoint detection of speech for noisy environments with application to automatic speech recognition (2002)

We propose a new approach for classifying speech vs. non-speech, which proves to significantly improve speech recognition performance under noise. The proposed algorithm relies on the energy and spectral characteristics of the signal and applies a 3-level two-dimensional thresholding to determine whether an input frame is speech or non-speech. The algorithm runs in real-time, and offers better immunity to background noise, and to background speech than traditional energy-based word boundary detection. The performance of the endpoint detector is reported here in terms of improvements in speaker-independent (SI) and speaker-dependent (SD) recognition performance using 5 different simulated noise conditions and various signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The proposed endpoint detection of speech improves the SD recognition accuracy by 24% for office noise, and reduces the false rejection rates for both SI and SD by 45% for babble noise and lobby noise.
Lighting systems control for demand response (2012)

Lighting is a major part of energy consumption in buildings. Lighting systems will thus be one of the important component systems of a smart grid for dynamic load management services like demand response. We consider the problem of control of multiple lighting systems in a building for providing demand response service. In the scenario considered in this paper, under a demand response request, lighting systems in a building react by executing dimming control to reduce power consumption based on their load shedding flexibilities. Load shedding flexibility reflects the amount of power reduction that can be achieved by an individual controller without violating minimum illumination requirements of occupants in that area. We consider different methods for distributing load reduction across the multiple lighting system controllers employing their respective load shedding flexibilities. The performance of the methods is compared with a scheme where uniform dimming is applied across the lighting systems.
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors: a patent review (2010)

The increase in the number of 17beta-HSD inhibitors reported in the last years augurs well for the future. The challenge is now to translate these results into clinical studies to allow determination of the therapeutic usefulness of 17beta-HSD inhibitors.
In vivo study of human tissues with a portable near-infrared tissue spectrometer (1995)

In this paper, we present a series of measurements made with a portable frequency-domain near-infrared tissue spectrometer (OMNIA). This is the first application of the OMNIA in a clinical setting. All of the measurements presented here were taken in vivo, most were on human subjects. We report the results of three experiments: (1) A simple ischemia/plethysmography experiment, which indicates ability of the instrument to noninvasively, continuously monitor the hemoglobin saturation of a limb. (2) A survey of hemoglobin saturation in patients with peripheral vascular disease. (3) An animal experiment to demonstrate the correlation of our instrument readings with results from established techniques for measuring hemoglobin saturation. We measured the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of the tissue at two wavelengths (715 nm and 850 nm). From the absorption coefficients, we calculated the concentrations of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin ([HbO<SUB>2</SUB>] and [Hb]), which immediately yield the hemoglobin saturation (Y) and the total blood volume (T) in the tissue. Our preliminary results indicate some of the potential of the instrument and the areas for future improvement of it.
Event clustering of consumer pictures using foreground/background segmentation (2003)

This paper describes a new algorithm to classify consumer photographs into different events when date and time information is not available. Without any information about the context of the pictures, we have to rely on the image content. Our approach involves using an efficient segmentation scheme and extraction of low-level features to detect event boundaries. Specifically, we have developed a foreground/background segmentation algorithm based on block-based clustering. This block segmentation provides less precision, but still gives good results with low computation cost. A third-party ground truth database has been created with the help of the Human Factors Laboratory at Kodak, to benchmark our approaches. Based on these results, we concluded that a simple block-based segmentation scheme performed better than the original block-based event clustering algorithm without segmentation. We believe that many improvements, especially on segmentation and feature extraction, should lead to better results in the future.
Thin Spin-torque Oscillator With High AC-Field for High Density Microwave-Assisted Magnetic Recording (2013)

A spin-torque oscillator (STO) with perpendicularly magnetized reference layer and a field generating layer (FGL) with high saturation moment was compared with an STO having a perpendicular anisotropy layer (PL) on the FGL using micro-magnetic simulation. The STO without PL was more suitable for obtaining areal-density over 5 Tb/in2 from the viewpoint of achieving a high ac magnetic field and thin stack thickness required for an MAMR head. The FGL stayed in-plane against a strong trailing gap field, and stable high-frequency oscillation was achieved over 10 kOe of perpendicular external field. Magneto-resistance measurement with high applied current was carried out in order to distinguish the stable oscillation with large FGL oscillation trajectories. Qualitative correspondence between the simulation and the experimental results indicated that stable oscillation with large FGL oscillation trajectories was realized in the structure without PL.
The Micro Pulsed Plasma Thruster (1999)

There is an increased requirement for microsatellites to support such future missions as formation-flying space-based radar, space control, and on-orbit satellite servicing. Devices that can provide precise impulse bit in the 10 micro Newton range may be enabling for a new fleet of 25-kg class spacecraft supporting these missions. In response to this need the Air Force Research Laboratory is developing a miniaturized propulsion unit: the Micro Pulsed Plasma Thruster (Micro-PPT). Like a standard PPT, The Micro-PPT uses a surface discharge across the face of a solid Teflon(TM) propellant to create and accelerate a combination of plasma and neutral vapor. However the Micro-PPT substantially differs from the standard design by using a self-igniting discharge and eliminating the separate igniter and trigger circuit from the thruster. This simplification enables the order-of- magnitude reductions in the thruster size and operational power level required to meet the microsatellite propulsion requirement.
A motion estimation and compensation algorithm for 4D CBCT of the abdomen (2019)

We propose an algorithm for periodic motion estimation and compensation in the case of a slowly rotating gantry, e.g., as is the case in cone beam CT. The main target application is abdomen imaging, which is quite challenging because of the absence of high-contrast features. The algorithm is based on minimizing a cost functional, which consists of the data fidelity term, the optical flow constraint term, and regularization terms. To find the appropriate solution we change the constraint strength and regularization strength parameters during the minimization. Results of experiments with simulated and clinical data demonstrate promising performance.
Effect of deformation twin on toughness in magnesium binary alloys (2015)

The impact of alloying elements on toughness was investigated using eight kinds of Mg-0.3 at.% X (X = Al, Ag, Ca, Gd, Mn, Pb, Y and Zn) binary alloys with meso-grained structures. These binary alloys had an average grain size of approximately 20 μm. The fracture toughness and crack propagation behaviour were influenced by the alloying elements; the Mg–Ag and Mg–Pb alloys had the highest and the lowest toughness amongst the alloys, respectively, irrespective of presence in their type deformation twins. The twin boundaries affected the crack propagation behaviour in most of the alloys; in contrast, not only was the fracture related to the twin boundaries, but also the intergranular fracture occurred in the alloys that included rare earth elements. The influential factor for toughness in the meso- and the coarse-grained magnesium alloys, which readily formed deformation twins during plastic deformation, was not the change in lattice parameter with chemical composition, but the twin boundary segregation energy.
Microscopic batteries for micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) (2002)

Over the last decade, the same micromachining manufacturing methods that have made microelectronic circuitry and microcomputer technology possible have also made microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) a reality. Most machines require power and autonomous power is usually most desirable. Because its possible to manufacture machines small enough to fit on a microchip, there is a need for microscopic batteries, which can also reside on the chip, to power them. The ability to store energy in miniature, rechargeable devices, which are integrated into a MEMS circuit, would enhance MEMS technology in several ways. Bipolar Technologies of Prove, Utah, USA, has completed a Phase I, SBIR project which was divided into three specific tasks: (1) preliminary design; (2) development of fabrication processes; and (3) evaluation of test cells. The purpose of the first task was to describe an energy storage approach, suitable for in MEMS, involving microscopic batteries. During the design task numerous electrochemical couples were screened by testing small, flat cells. Developing fabrication processes was an important Phase I objective. It had to be demonstrated that traditional micromachining processes could be devised to manufacture microbattery components. The resultant design activities were followed by the performance of proof-of-concept experiments to demonstrate the feasibility of microscopic batteries for MEMS.
Privacy & Security Issues Related to Match Scores (2006)

Security and privacy issues remains a major hurdle in wide deployment of biometric based authentication system. For example, unauthorized access or regeneration of face templates has serious implications on the privacy of the concerned users. For robust and practical implementation of such system it is necessary to identify and explore the possible ways by which reconstruction of template is feasible. In this paper, we show that even match scores carries sufficient information for reconstruction of the original face templates. We propose a novel non-iterative scheme to reconstruct face templates from match scores. We use an affine transformation of the images to approximate the behavior of a given face recognition system using an independent set of face templates termed as "break-in" set. Selected templates from the break-in set are matched only once with the enrolled template of the target account and match scores are recorded. These scores are then embedded in the approximating affine space along with break-in set templates to compute the co-ordinates of the target template. The inverse transformation is used to reconstruct the original target template. We present the reconstruction of templates for a commercial off the shelf (COTS) face recognition system. The COTS system is set to operate at 1% False Acceptance Rate and 99% True Acceptance Rate with 100 enrollments. We observed that with proposed scheme, at most 450 attempts are required to achieve a 0.93 probability of break into the COTS face recognition system by choosing a random gallery target.
Optical-resolution photoacoustic endomicroscopy in vivo (2015)

Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) has become a major experimental tool of photoacoustic tomography, with unique imaging capabilities for various biological applications. However, conventional imaging systems are all table-top embodiments, which preclude their use in internal organs. In this study, by applying the OR-PAM concept to our recently developed endoscopic technique, called photoacoustic endoscopy (PAE), we created an optical-resolution photoacoustic endomicroscopy (OR-PAEM) system, which enables internal organ imaging with a much finer resolution than conventional acoustic-resolution PAE systems. OR-PAEM has potential preclinical and clinical applications using either endogenous or exogenous contrast agents.
Scientific Basis of a Matrix Metalloproteinase‐8 Specific Chair‐side Test for Monitoring Periodontal and Peri‐implant Health and Disease (1999)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially collagenase-2 (MMP-8), are key mediators of irreversible tissue destruction associated with periodontitis and peri-implantitis. MMP-8 is known to exist in elevated amounts and in active form in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) from progressing periodontitis and peri-implantitis lesions and sites, respectively. (Sorsa et al. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 737: 112-131 [1994]; Teronen et al. J. Dent. Res. 76: 1529-1537 [1997]). We have developed monoclonal antibodies to MMP-8 (Hanemaaijer et al. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 31504-31509 [1997]) that can be used in a chair-side dipstick test to monitor the course and treatment of periodontitis and peri-implantitis. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibody tests for MMP-8 coincided with the classical functional collagenase activity test from GCF and PISF (Sorsa et al. J. Periodont. Res. 22: 386-393 [1988]) in periodontal and peri-implant health and disease. In future a chair-side functional and/or immunological MMP-test can be useful to diagnose and monitor periodontal and peri-implant disease and health.
Large Scale Protein Sequence Clustering - Not Solved But Solvable (2006)

Protein sequence clustering is one of the oldest problems addressed in the field of computational biology. Back in the 60s, when the first protein sequence database was published as printed version, Margaret Dayhoff defined the basic principles of this discipline with only a small number of sequences at hand. With up to a million sequences available in public databases nowadays and several well known methods for automatic grouping of proteins into somehow biologically meaningful families, subfamilies and superfamilies, the problem seems to be satisfactorily solved. Nevertheless, apart from the problem of handling such a huge amount of data, several pitfalls have emerged since Dayhoffs times: databases fill up as fast as genomes are sequenced and a great many of these sequences are fragmental or disappear again when identified as being transcripts of wrongly predicted genes or hypothetical products of pseudogenes. This article first reviews the different approaches developed during the last decades. These insights will then be used to point out possible challenges waiting in the future. Keywords: Protein sequence, protein domain, protein family, protein sequence clustering, protein sequence database
Imaging technique for real-time temperature monitoring during cryotherapy of lesions (2016)

Noninvasive real-time temperature imaging during thermal therapies is able to significantly improve clinical outcomes. An optoacoustic (OA) temperature monitoring method is proposed for noninvasive real-time thermometry of vascularized tissue during cryotherapy. The universal temperature-dependent optoacoustic response (ThOR) of red blood cells (RBCs) is employed to convert reconstructed OA images to temperature maps. To obtain the temperature calibration curve for intensity-normalized OA images, we measured ThOR of 10 porcine blood samples in the range of temperatures from 40°C to ?16°C and analyzed the data for single measurement variations. The nonlinearity (?Tmax) and the temperature of zero OA response (T0) of the calibration curve were found equal to 11.4±0.1°C and ?13.8±0.1°C, respectively. The morphology of RBCs was examined before and after the data collection confirming cellular integrity and intracellular compartmentalization of hemoglobin. For temperatures below 0°C, which are of particular interest for cryotherapy, the accuracy of a single temperature measurement was ±1°C, which is consistent with the clinical requirements. Validation of the proposed OA temperature imaging technique was performed for slow and fast cooling of blood samples embedded in tissue-mimicking phantoms.
Multivariate Classification of the Infrared Spectra of Cell and Tissue Samples (1997)

Infrared microspectroscopy of biopsied canine lymph cells and tissue was performed to investigate the possibility of using IR spectra coupled with multivariate classification methods to classify the samples as normal, hyperplastic, or neoplastic (malignant). IR spectra were obtained in transmission mode through BaF 2 windows and in reflection mode from samples prepared on gold-coated microscope slides. Cytology and histopathology samples were prepared by a variety of methods to identify the optimal methods of sample preparation. Cytospinning procedures that yielded a monolayer of cells on the BaF 2 windows produced a limited set of IR transmission spectra. These transmission spectra were converted to absorbance and formed the basis for a classification rule that yielded 100% correct classification in a cross-validated context. Classifications of normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic cell sample spectra were achieved by using both partial least-squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) classification methods. Linear discriminant analysis applied to principal components obtained from the spectral data yielded a small number of misclassifications. PLS weight loading vectors yield valuable qualitative insight into the molecular changes that are responsible for the success of the infrared classification. These successful classification results show promise for assisting pathologists in the diagnosis of cell types and offer future potential for in vivo IR detection of some types of cancer.
Pulmonary Carbon Dioxide Elimination for Cardiac Output Monitoring in Peri‐operative and Critical Care Patients: History and Current Status (2013)

Minimally invasive measurement of cardiac output as a central component of advanced haemodynamic monitoring has been increasingly recognised as a potential means of improving perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing major surgery. Methods based upon pulmonary carbon dioxide elimination are among the oldest techniques in this field, with comparable accuracy and precision to other techniques. Modern adaptations of these techniques suitable for use in the perioperative and critical are environment are based on the differential Fick approach, and include the partial carbon dioxide rebreathing method. The accuracy and precision of this approach to cardiac output measurement has been shown to be similar to other minimally invasive techniques. This paper reviews the underlying principles and evolution of the method, and future directions including recent adaptations designed to deliver continuous breath-by-breath monitoring of cardiac output.