gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The structures of new antifungal antibiotics, benanomicins A and B. (1988)

Structures of new antifungal antibiotics, benanomicins A and B were determined to be N-[[5-[6-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-beta-D-galactopyranosyloxy+ ++ ]-5, 6-dihydro-1,6,9,14-tetrahydroxy-11-methoxy-3-methyl-8,13-dioxobenzo++ + [a]naphthacen-2-yl]carbonyl]-D-alanine and N-[[5-[4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-3-O-(beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-beta-D- galactopyranosyloxy]-5,6-dihydro-1,6,9,14-tetrahydroxy-11-methoxy- 3-methyl-8,13-dioxobenzo[a]naphthacen-2-yl]carbonyl]-D-al ani ne, respectively, by spectral analyses and chemical degradation studies.
Stacked power module with integrated thermal management (2017)

Current power electronics devices are unable to realize their full capabilities due to the challenges of standard planar packaging including heat dissipation, reliability and parasitic inductance. This work aims to address all of these challenges simultaneously, thus creating a revolutionary approach to power packaging which significantly improves overall capability. The new approach stacks power devices between copper layers with an integrated heat sink. By stacking devices, the module is no longer constrained by the limitations of planar packaging; however it is limited by the ability to remove heat which is solved by integrating heat sinks directly in contact with both the top and bottom of each die. The key-enabling feature of this packaging approach is the multi-functional components (MFCs) which act as electrical, thermal and mechanical attachments concurrently. This co-designed approach aims to eliminate single function components such as wirebonds and heat sinks whose sole purpose is electrical conduction or heat removal, respectively, and replace them with MFCs. This work describes the fabrication of the module and also shows thermal, fluid, and mechanical modeling results. The modeling showed a total package thermal resistivity of 0.25 K-cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /W. This new power module configuration has the potential to significantly reduce size, weight and cost while improving reliability and performance.
A programmable compact wide-band RF feed network (2014)

The design and fabrication of a wide-band programmable radio frequency (RF) feed network is proposed. It is designed to cover a wide band from 2.5 to 6 GHz over two separate branches. The feed network is simulated and fabricated on an FR-4 substrate with 0.8 mm thickness. Good matching between simulation and measurement results is achieved. The measured amplitude resolution was 0.5 dB with a maximum error of 0.22 dB. The measured phase resolution was approximately 5.6° with 1° maximum error. This design is a generic one that can be used in any kind of RF or antenna systems.
Evaluation of Gain Quenching Vertical Cavity Lasers with In-Plane Lasers for Smart Pixel Switching. (1995)

Abstract : A detailed study of monolithically integrated, intracavity coupled in plane and vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) for smart pixel switching is performed. It is shown that the extent to which the VCSEL section output is quenched depends on the overlap of the two lasers' gain regions, and on the in plane laser bias current. Complete quenching of the VCSEL output to a small spontaneous emission level is demonstrated under proper operating conditions, as indicated by an upward shift in VCSEL lasing threshold current and by truncation of short pulses. The VCSEL output is an amplified and inverted version of the input signal to the in plane laser section. The combined device is also shown to be bistable, and an all optical two input NOR gate is demonstrated to show the flexibility of this new switching technology. Two in plane lasers are intracavity coupled to a common VCSEL section, which serves as the output device. A contrast ratio of at least 5:1 is measured between the logic 0 and logic 1 states. Potential applications of the in plane VCSEL smart pixel include free space interconnects, other all optical logic gates, and optical memory devices which would be utilized, for example, in an all optical time slot interchange switch or a dense wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system.
SPCE Based Glucose Sensor Employing Novel Thermostable Glucose Dehydrogenase, FADGDH: Blood Glucose Measurement with 150nL Sample in One Second (2007)

The simplicity of the construction and the high precision of this FADGDH-based glucose biosensor makes it an alternative to previously reported commercially available glucose sensors. Especially the sample volume of 150 nL and the 1-sec measurement time are the highest specifications in the world for currently available glucose sensors designed for the SMBG.
An enhanced pulse width modulator with adaptive duty cycle and frequency control (2014)

A digitally controlled pulse width modulator (PWM), targeting on-chip power management applications is proposed in this paper. A current starved ring oscillator, with digitally controlled current source based headers and footers, is used to provide a versatile duty cycle and an accurate frequency control. The proposed circuit achieves i) a controlled duty cycle that can vary between 20% and 90% and ii) a compensation circuit that guarantees a constant duty cycle under process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations. A fast response time of 5 ns - 20 ns with a fine duty cycle granularity has been achieved through the proposed control techniques. The circuit operates at a frequency range of 500 MHz - 1.66 GHz and is implemented with a 22 nm CMOS predictive technology model.
A Magnetically Actuated Microscaffold Containing Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Articular Cartilage Repair (2017)

This study proposes a magnetically actuated microscaffold with the capability of targeted mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) delivery for articular cartilage regeneration. The microscaffold, as a 3D porous microbead, is divided into body and surface portions according to its materials and fabrication methods. The microscaffold body, which consists of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), is formed through water-in-oil-in-water emulsion templating, and its surface is coated with amine functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) via amino bond formation. The porous PLGA structure of the microscaffold can assist in cell adhesion and migration, and the MNPs on the microscaffold can make it possible to steer using an electromagnetic actuation system that provides external magnetic fields for the 3D locomotion of the microscaffold. As a fundamental test of the magnetic response of the microscaffold, it is characterized in terms of the magnetization curve, velocity, and 3D locomotion of a single microscaffold. In addition, its function with a cargo of MSCs for cartilage regeneration is demonstrated from the proliferation, viability, and chondrogenic differentiation of D1 mouse MSCs that are cultured on the microscaffold. For the feasibility tests for cartilage repair, 2D/3D targeting of multiple microscaffolds with the MSCs is performed to demonstrate targeted stem cell delivery using the microscaffolds and their swarm motion.
Multi-Threshold NULL Convention Logic (MTNCL): An Ultra-Low Power Asynchronous Circuit Design Methodology (2015)

This paper develops an ultra-low power asynchronous circuit design methodology, called Multi-Threshold NULL Convention Logic (MTNCL), also known as Sleep Convention Logic (SCL), which combines Multi-Threshold CMOS (MTCMOS) with NULL Convention Logic (NCL), to yield significant power reduction without any of the drawbacks of applying MTCMOS to synchronous circuits. In contrast to other power reduction techniques that usually result in large area overhead, MTNCL circuits are actually smaller than their original NCL versions. MTNCL utilizes high-Vt transistors to gate power and ground of a low-Vt logic block to provide for both fast switching and very low leakage power when idle. To demonstrate the advantages of MTNCL, a number of 32-bit IEEE single-precision floating-point co-processors were designed for comparison using the 1.2 V IBM 8RF-LM 130 nm CMOS process: original NCL, MTNCL with just combinational logic (C/L) slept, Bit-Wise MTNCL (BWMTNCL), MTNCL with C/L and completion logic slept, MTNCL with C/L, completion logic, and registers slept, MTNCL with Safe Sleep architecture, and synchronous MTCMOS. These designs are compared in terms of throughput, area, dynamic energy, and idle power, showing the tradeoffs between the various MTNCL architectures, and that the best MTNCL design is much better than the original NCL design in all aspects, and much better than the synchronous MTCMOS design in terms of area, energy per operation, and idle power, although the synchronous design can operate faster.
AC and DC voltage source using quantized pulses (2002)

We have developed an accurate synthesized voltage source for AC and DC metrology, based on the quantized pulses of Josephson junctions. We demonstrated this technique in experiments with arrays of junctions clocked at 6 Gbit/s and synthesized sine waves with millivolt amplitudes at frequencies up to 1 MHz.
Rhizosphere competence of Pseudomonas sp. NBRI9926 and Rhizobium sp. NBRI9513 involved in the suppression of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) pathogenic fungi (1997)

In order to obtain chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) rhizosphere-competent bacteria, 256 bacterial strains, representing different morphological types, were screened for their biocontrol activity against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri, Rhizoctonia bataticola and Pythium sp. under in vitro conditions. Pseudomonas sp. NBRI9926 and Rhizobium sp. NBRI9513 were selected for further work because of their unique ability to inhibit all three fungi. Spontaneous rifampicin-resistant (Rifr) derivatives of Pseudomonas sp. NBRI9926 and Rhizobium sp. NBRI9513 showing a growth rate and membrane protein composition comparable to the wild-type were selected to elucidate their rhizosphere competence on chickpea. Both strains showed no difference to their corresponding wild-type strains in terms of chickpea rhizosphere competence. However, when Pseudomonas sp. NBRI9926P3 was mixed in an equal or lower ratio with Rhizobium sp. NBRI9513R7, both in sterile soil and non-sterile soil assays, Rhizobium sp. NBRI9513R7 consistently failed to achieve titres similar to Pseudomonas sp. NBRI9926P3. These results suggest that antibiotic resistance-marked strains should be compared with wild-type parents before being used as monitors of parental strain survival. Pseudomonas sp. NBRI9926P3 was a better chickpea rhizosphere coloniser compared to Rhizobium sp. NBRI9513R7. Greenhouse results demonstrated a superior biocontrol potential of Pseudomonas sp. NBRI9926P3 to control F.oxysporum f.sp. ciceri, R. bataticola and Pythium sp. compared to Rhizobium sp. NBRI9513R7. The screening method should prove useful in identifying rhizosphere bacteria with the greatest potential for controlling diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi.
Adaptation of a Fast 3D PET Reconstruction Algorithm to an Inverse-Geometry CT System (2006)

Inverse-geometry CT (IGCT) is a new type of volumetric CT geometry. Volumetric coverage and high isotropic resolution demand a fast 3D reconstruction algorithm. The purpose of this work is to evaluate a very fast algorithm based on Defrise's Fourier Rebinning (FORE) algorithm for PET. IGCT employs a large array of focal spots opposite a detector array that shares the same axial extent as the source but is much smaller in the transverse direction. A single rotation is sufficient to acquire a 10 cm thick volume with isotropic resolution. A 3D reconstruction algorithm was developed based on FORE. For comparison, a Feldkamp-like algorithm was developed that generates an average of Feldkamp reconstructions from each source row. Projection data for a numerical torso phantom and a numerical "Defrise" phantom were simulated under the IGCT geometry. To evaluate the FORE algorithm on a real data set, a prototype IGCT system was assembled involving a 100times100 scanned-anode source array and a 48times48 photon-counting detector array mounted on a C-arm system (NovaRay, Inc., Palo Alto, CA). An anthropomorphic phantom containing a real porcine heart was scanned in a step-and-shoot mode with the C-arm in a horizontal orientation. The FORE algorithm averaged 30 sec/slice while Feldkamp averaged 30 min/slice. Like Feldkamp, FORE suffers from cone-beam blurring in z, however it does not suffer from cone-beam streaking artifacts. FORE proved to be both fast and reasonably accurate.
Autoguidance video sensor for docking (1992)

The Automated Rendezvous and Docking system (ARAD) is composed of two parts. The first part is the sensor which consists of a video camera ringed with two wavelengths of laser diode. The second part is a standard Remote Manipulator System (RMS) target used on the Orbiter that has been modified with three circular pieces of retro-reflective tape covered by optical filters which correspond to one of the wavelengths of laser diode. The sensor is on the chase vehicle and the target is on the target vehicle. The ARAD system works by pulsing one wavelength laser diodes and taking a picture. Then the second wavelength laser diodes are pulsed and a second picture is taken. One picture is subtracted from the other and the resultant picture is thresholded. All adjacent pixels above threshold are blobbed together (X and Y centroids calculated). All blob centroids are checked to recognize the target out of noise. Then the three target spots are windowed and tracked. The three target spot centroids are used to evaluate the roll, yaw, pitch, range, azimuth, and elevation. From that a guidance routine can guide the chase vehicle to dock with the target vehicle with the correct orientation.
Efficient organic light emitting diodes and photodetectors (2002)

Organic electronic devices are now finding commercial applications in displays, with potential use emerging in inexpensive electronic devices currently emerging. We discuss means for obtaining extremely high efficiency organic light emitting devices (OLED) for displays, and organic photodetectors for power conversion and other detection applications, by effectively confining and capturing molecular excited states by appropriate and precision insertion of energy barriers in these devices. The first device is an electrophosphorescent OLED. We show that by employing metallorganic phosphor molecules, nearly 100% internal electroluminescent efficiency can be achieved. Fundamentally, the presence of the heavy metal atom in molecular structure induces efficient intersystem crossing between the singlet and triplet excitonic states. Furthermore, it considerably reduces the time constant for triplet emission to only a few hundred nanoseconds. Using this approach, we have succeeded in demonstrating very high efficiency electrophosphorescent OLED emission in the red, green and blue spectral regions.
Influence of coiling on performance in capillary electrophoresis using open tubular and polymer network columns (1992)

Abstract The influence of coiling on column efficiency in capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been examined. In open tubular columns of 75‐μm i.d., no significant effect of column coiling on efficiency was observed, even at plate counts of 2 × 10 6 m −1 . The small column internal diameter and radial diffusion in free solution was able to minimize the potential deleterious effect of coiling. With gel‐filled columns of very high efficiency (˜10 7 plates m −1 ), the influence of coiling on column efficiency was, however, significant, e.g ., a factor of 3 or more loss in plate count per coil. For relatively rigid gels ( e.g ., 9% T linear polyacrylamide with 7 M urea), this observed loss of column efficiency was attributed mainly to the inability of the polymer network to permit diffusional relaxation of the coiling effects. A significant influence of coiling on column efficiency was also found with medium concentration polymer networks ( e.g ., 3‐6% T linear polyacrylamide with no urea). The polymer network structure was assumed to change under the influence of mechanical stress caused by coiling, resulting in anisotropy across the column. Furthermore, the changes in structure and in efficiency were found to be time dependent and, in general, reversible. The effect appears to be caused by the shear force imposed on a polymer network structure, since changes are only observed when the column shape is altered after the polymer has been loaded into the capillary.
Diffuse-Specular Separation using Binary Spherical Gradient Illumination (2018)

We introduce a novel method for view-independent diffuse-specular separation of albedo and photometric normals without requiring polarization using binary spherical gradient illumination. The key idea is that with binary gradient illumination, a dielectric surface oriented towards the dark hemisphere exhibits pure diffuse reflectance while a surface oriented towards the bright hemisphere exhibits both diffuse and specular reflectance. We exploit this observation to formulate diffuse-specular separation based on color-space analysis of a surface's response to binary spherical gradients and their complements. The method does not impose restrictions on viewpoints and requires fewer photographs for multiview acquisition than polarized spherical gradient illumination. We further demonstrate an efficient two-shot capture using spectral multiplexing of the illumination that enables diffuse-specular separation of albedo and heuristic separation of photometric normals.
Development of a Length-Actuated Lower Limb Prosthesis: Functional Prototype and Pilot Study (2022)

ABSTRACT Introduction The functional goal for unilateral transfemoral prosthesis users during ambulation is to restore the proper biomechanics and minimize the compensatory actions caused by limb asymmetries. These goals can often lead to embedded design elements that assume the prosthetic limb to look and move like the intact limb. An unconventional artificial limb design can transfer the focus from mimicking the skeletal structure to producing functional symmetry between limbs. In this pilot study, we introduce a length-actuated prosthesis design with the goal of functional biomimicry and collect qualitative feedback from two prosthesis users. Materials and Methods The length-actuated apparatus is attached to the distal end of a transfemoral prosthetic socket and consists of an external motor and a cam and Bowden cable system for powering and dynamically adjusting the prosthesis' length in synchronization with the gait cycle. Two transfemoral prosthesis users ambulated on a treadmill with the length-actuated prosthesis and gave anecdotal feedback. Results The prosthesis was able to support the patient's full weight and adjust to the lengths needed during the gait cycle, including toe clearance. The overall response to the prosthesis and concept was positive; prosthesis users stated that the prosthesis and the action of the knee seemed “comfortable,” and physicians concluded a sufficient and confident ambulation by the prosthesis users. The next iteration will address specific concerns of the prosthesis users by incorporating a more compact electromechanical system with sensors. This will aid in matching and continuously adjusting the prosthesis' length change timing with the cadence of the user's ambulation. Conclusions Overall, the prototype and study proved that linear motion could replace the leg shortening functions of lower-joint rotations, with anecdotal improvements in kinematics and comfort. Future work will consist of a quantitative evaluation of center of gravity displacement, ground reaction forces, toe clearance distance, and the possibilities of knee buckling. Clinical Relevance There are no commercially available lower-limb prostheses that control leg length with dynamic linear motion rather than user flexion and extension of a knee joint. Possible benefits that may come from a length-actuated prosthesis include improved loading symmetry and balance, as well as decreased muscle activity.
Fast synthesis method and phase diagram of hydrogen clathrate hydrate (2006)

We report a very fast method for hydrogen clathrate production. The formation of hydrogen clathrate from H2 gas and ice-Ih at 77–273K occurs at least 100 times faster compared to the reaction with water. This effect is probably the result of a partial penetration of hydrogen into the ice-Ih body, which favors clathrate formation. With the ice method, the ice-Ih∕48H2*136H2O system can quickly trap and release up to 3.77 mass % of hydrogen, which gives it an advantage over other chemical-bonding hydrogen storage technologies. New data on the hydrogen-water phase diagram are presented and discussed.
End-to-End Quality-of-Service Coordination for Mobile Multimedia Applications (2004)

Transmitting real-time multimedia streams over heterogeneous mobile networks is a challenging task. Variation in network and system conditions can dramatically affect application performance. When providing end-to-end quality-of-service (QoS) multiple system facets should be coordinated: orchestration of local and peer resources, reservation of network resources, adaptation of multimedia streams, etc. This paper presents an end-to-end negotiation protocol (E2ENP) for negotiating and coordinating QoS on an end-to-end basis both at application and network layer. Based on a flexible extensible markup language (XML) model and extending SDPng concepts, the protocol enables the negotiation of system capabilities and allows provider-services to effectively influence the negotiation process. The aim of the E2ENP design is to optimize the efficiency of multimedia call setup and reduce the time for QoS renegotiations, whenever vertical handovers or spontaneous network reconfigurations occur. The basic protocol is presented, together with implementation and measurement results, stemming from several studies on current and future third-generation/fourth-generation scenarios.
Cloning and characterization of microRNAs from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (2007)

This study led to the discovery of 58 wheat miRNAs comprising 43 miRNA families; 20 of these families are conserved and 23 are novel in wheat. It provides a first large scale cloning and characterization of wheat miRNAs and their predicted targets.
A PC based ground impedance measurement instrument (1993)

A PC-based instrument for ground impedance measurements is presented. The instrument injects a transient electric current between the ground under measurement and an auxiliary ground, and it measures ground potential differences (GPDs) around the ground under measurement. The GPD measurements are processed with software which rejects external noise by the use of correlation methods. Estimation methods are used to extract the ground potential rise and ground impedance. The final result is the ground impedance versus frequency in a user-selected frequency range. The instrument has been constructed and field tested by three electric utilities.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Giant positive magnetoresistance of Bi nanowire arrays in high magnetic fields (1999)

We have studied the magnetoresistance of electrodeposited Bi wires with diameters between 200 nm and 2 μm in magnetic fields up to B=55 T. In zero field, the resistance increases with decreasing temperature, indicating that the mean free path is strongly influenced by the nanowire geometry. The high-field magnetoresistance shows strong dependence on field orientation; typically 200% for B parallel to the wires, and 600%–800% for B perpendicular to the wires. The perpendicular magnetoresistance is well described by a modified two-current model which suggests that the high-field response of the arrays is fairly insensitive to the wire diameter, and is dominated by bulk properties of Bi.