gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High Thermoelectric Efficiency of n‐type PbS (2012)

Abstract PbS shares several features with the other lead chalcogenides PbX (X: Te, Se), which are good thermoelectric materials. PbS has a potential advantage in that it is quite earth abundant and inexpensive. In this work we tune the transport properties in n‐type, single‐phase polycrystalline PbS 1‐x Cl x (x ≤ 0.008) with different carrier densities. Lead chloride provides a nearly 100% efficient doping control up to 1.2 × 10 20 cm −3 . The maximum zT achieved at 850 K is 0.7 with a predicted zT ∼ 1 at 1000 K. This is about twice as high as what was previously reported (∼0.4) for binary PbS. Compared with the other lead chalcogenides the higher effective mass and higher lattice thermal conductivity makes binary PbS an inferior thermoelectric material. However this study also predicts greater potential of zT improvement in PbS by material engineering such as alloying or nanostructuring compared to PbSe or PbTe. Considering their abundance and low cost, PbS based materials are quite competitive among the lead chalcogenides for thermoelectric applications.
Triacontanol: A New Naturally Occurring Plant Growth Regulator (1977)

Alfalfa meal and chloroform extracts of the meal have increased the growth and yield of several plant species. A crystalline substance isolated from the active fraction of alfalfa meal increased the dry weight and water uptake of rice seedlings when sprayed on the foliage or applied in nutrient culture. The substance was identified as triacontanol by mass spectrometry. Sprays containing this compound also increased the growth of corn, and barley grown in soil. Authentic triacontanol produced a similar response over a wide range of concentrations on rice grown in nutrient cultures and tomatoes grown in soil.
RHCE represents the ancestral RHposition, while RHD is the duplicated gene (2002)

In 2000, we elucidated the structure of the RH locus[1][1] by showing that it is an example for a gene cluster; RHD and RHCE face each other by their 3′ tail ends, and a third gene, SMP1 , was found to be interspersed between the 2 rhesus genes. Two 9 000 base pair (bp) DNA segments, dubbed “
Vdd programmability to reduce FPGA interconnect power (2005)

Power is an increasingly important design constraint for FPGAs in nanometer technologies. Because interconnect power is dominant in FPGAs, we design Vdd-programmable interconnect fabric to reduce FPGA interconnect power. There are three Vdd states for interconnect switches: high Vdd, low Vdd and power-gating. We develop a simple design flow to apply high Vdd to critical paths and low Vdd to non-critical paths and to power gate unused interconnect switches. We carry out a highly quantitative study by placing and routing benchmark circuits in 100 nm technology to illustrate the power saving. Compared to single-Vdd FPGAs with optimized but nonprogrammable Vdd level for the same target clock frequency, our new FPGA fabric on average reduces interconnect power by 56.51% and total FPGA power by 50.55%. Due to the highly low utilization rate of routing switches, majority of the power reduction is achieved by power gating unused routing buffers. In contrast, recent work that considers Vdd programmability only for logic fabric reduces total FPGA power merely by 14.29%. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first in-depth study on Vdd programmability for FPGA interconnect power reduction.
Highly sensitive optical sensor based on two cascaded micro-ring resonators with an LED light source (2011)

A highly-sensitive and low-cost optical sensor that requires only power measurement is proposed and investigated. It consists of two cascaded micro-ring resonators with slightly different optical path lengths, used in conjunction with an LED light source. The transmission spectrum of the sensor has a series of peaks with a sinusoidal-like envelope function. The variation of the refractive index of the analyte sample results in an amplified shift in the transmission envelope function, and consequently a change in the transmitted LED power. It is shown that a refractive index variation in the order of 7.0×10<sup>-7</sup> can be detected without any spectral measurement. Preliminary experimental results using a broadband light source are presented.
High-Density 8Mb 1T-1C Ferroelectric Random Access Memory Embedded Within a Low-Power 130nm Logic Process (2007)

Ferroelectric memories are the most promising alternative to traditional embedded non-volatile memories, such as flash and EEPROMs, because of their fast read/write cycle time, non-volatile data retention, low voltage/low power operation and low number of additional masks for fabrication (±2). An embedded ferroelectric memory (FRAM) has been developed using a 1.5V, 130nm 5 metal layer Cu/FSG logic process. The only modification to the logic process was the addition of a ferroelectric process module consisting of two additional masks (FECAP, VIA0) immediately before MET1. The ferroelectric was 70nm Pb(Zr,Ti)O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> (PZT) deposited by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The electrical properties of a 8Mb 1T-1C embedded FRAM were characterized. This eFRAM process has been used to simultaneously fabricate a digital signal processor (DSP) using the eFRAM process flow and the operating frequency is nearly the same relative to the CMOS baseline. This eFRAM process flow creates a technology platform that enables ultra-low-power devices.
High-frequency oscillators using phase-locked arrays of Josephson junctions (1995)

We present a basic description of Josephson junctions and discuss their use as GHz and THz oscillators. The resistively shunted junction model is used to calculate the available power, linewidth, and operating frequency of the oscillators. We discuss how phase-locked arrays of junctions are used to achieve higher power and narrower linewidth. Two experimental examples of phase-locked emission are shown: one from on-chip detection circuits at 150 GHz and one detected off-chip showing a 13-kHz linewidth at 88.8 GHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
2-Chloro-1,1,1-Triethoxyethane and its Use in a Versatile Synthesis of Substituted, 2-Chloromethyl Heterocycles Including Benzothiazole and Benzoxazole (1989)

Abstract An efficient procedure suitable for large scale preparation of 2-chloro-1,1,1-triethoxyethane and its use in a versatile synthesis of 2-chloromethyl derivatives of an assortment of heterocycles are described.
Sodium MRI in a rat migraine model and a NEURON simulation study support a role for sodium in migraine (2011)

In the rat migraine model, sodium rises to levels that increase neuronal excitability. We propose that rising sodium in CSF surrounding trigeminal nociceptors increases their excitability and causes pain and that rising sodium in vitreous humor increases retinal neuronal excitability and causes photosensitivity.
Dense Footprint Cache (2016)

Die-stacked DRAM technology enables a large Last Level Cache (LLC) that provides high bandwidth data access to the processor. However, it requires a large tag array that may take a significant portion of the on-chip SRAM budget. To reduce this SRAM overhead, systems like Intel Haswell relies on a large block (Mblock) size. One drawback of a large Mblock size is that many bytes of an Mblock are not needed by the processor but are fetched into the cache. A recent technique (Footprint cache) to solve this problem works by dividing the Mblock into smaller blocks where only blocks predicted to be needed by the processor are brought into the LLC. While it helps to alleviate the excessive bandwidth consumption from fetching unneeded blocks, the capacity waste remains: only blocks that are predicted useful are fetched and allocated, and the remaining area of the Mblock is left empty, creating holes. Unfortunately, holes create significant capacity overheads which could have been used for useful data, hence wasted refresh power on useless data.
Hotness-aware buffer management for flash-based hybrid storage systems (2013)

Flash solid-state drives (SSDs) provide much faster access to data compared with traditional hard disk drives (HDDs). The current price and performance of SSD suggest it can be adopted as a data buffer between main memory and HDD, and buffer management policy in such hybrid systems has attracted more and more interest from research community recently. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to manage the buffer in flash-based hybrid storage systems, named Hotness Aware Hit (HAT). HAT exploits a page reference queue to record the access history as well as the status of accessed pages, i.e., hot, warm and cold. Additionally, the page reference queue is further split into hot and warm regions which correspond to the memory and flash in general. The HAT approach updates the page status and deals with the page migration in the memory hierarchy according to the current page status and hit position in the page reference queue. Our empirical evaluation on benchmark traces demonstrates the superiority of the proposed strategy against the state-of-the-art competitors.
Assembling high activity phosphotriesterase composites using hybrid nanoparticle peptide-DNA scaffolded architectures (2017)

Nanoparticle (NP) display potentially offers a new way to both stabilize and, in many cases, enhance enzyme activity over that seen for native protein in solution. However, the large, globular and sometimes multimeric nature of many enzymes limits their ability to attach directly to the surface of NPs, especially when the latter are colloidally stabilized with bulky PEGylated ligands. Engineering extended protein linkers into the enzymes to achieve direct attachment through the PEG surface often detrimentally alters the enzymes catalytic ability. Here, we demonstrate an alternate, hybrid biomaterials-based approach to achieving directed enzyme assembly on PEGylated NPs. We self-assemble a unique architecture consisting of a central semiconductor quantum dot (QD) scaffold displaying controlled ratios of extended peptide-DNA linkers which penetrate through the PEG surface to directly couple enzymes to the QD surface. As a test case, we utilize phosphotriesterase (PTE), an enzyme of bio-defense interest due to its ability to hydrolyze organophosphate nerve agents. Moreover, this unique approach still allows PTE to maintain enhanced activity while also suggesting the ability of DNA to enhance enzyme activity in and of itself.
Framework Topology of ERS-10 Zeolite (2002)

An intergrowth of three structurally related zeolites with the NON, EUO, and NES framework topologies forms the basis of a structural model for ERS-10 zeolite. The picture shows a roll stacking model of ERS-10; large cylinders: 10-ring channels, small cylinders: 6-ring channels.
Nonthermally stabilized operation of a microbolometer for rapid turn-on (2001)

Microbolometers respond to variations in impinging infrared energy through changes in the temperature of their thermally isolated detector structure. Thus, variations in the temperature of the substrate give rise to erroneous detector output variations. In order to minimize these effects, microbolometers are thermally stabilized using Peltier- junction coolers or heaters and operated and calibrated at a single temperature set point. This method provides the lowest thermal fluctuation noise at the expense of power consumption, waste heat generation and power-up readiness times often measured in minutes. This paper discusses strategies for providing rapid system readiness through non-thermally stabilized operation over a broad temperature range. A commercially available thermal imaging module which produces analog or digital images within 300 ms of power-up and operates without choppers, shutters or thermal stabilization has been demonstrated.
A Protein‐Based, Water‐Insoluble, and Bendable Polymer with Ionic Conductivity: A Roadmap for Flexible and Green Electronics (2019)

Proteins present an ecofriendly alternative to many of the synthetic components currently used in electronics. They can therefore in combination with flexibility and electroactivity uncover a range of new opportunities in the field of flexible and green electronics. In this study, silk-based ionic conductors are turned into stable thin films by embedding them with 2D nanoclay platelets. More specifically, this material is utilized to develop a flexible and ecofriendly motion-sensitive touchscreen device. The display-like sensor can readily transmit light, is easy to recycle and can monitor the motion of almost any part of the human body. It also displays a significantly lower sheet resistance during bending and stretching regimes than the values typically reported for conventional metallic-based conductors, and remains fully operational after mechanical endurance testing. Moreover, it can operate at high frequencies in the kilohertz (kHz) range under both normal and bending modes. Notably, our new technology is available through a simple one-step manufacturing technique and can therefore easily be extended to large-scale fabrication of electronic devices.
Optical sensing and detection in turbid water using multidimensional integral imaging (2018)

We present an approach for optical sensing and detection in turbid water using multidimensional spatial-temporal domain integral imaging and dedicated signal processing algorithms. An optical signal is encoded using pseudorandom sequences, and an image sensor array is used to capture elemental image video sequences of light propagating through turbid water. Using the captured information, multidimensional image reconstruction followed by multi-dimensional correlation to detect the source signal is performed. We experimentally demonstrate scenarios in which turbidity causes conventional signal detection to fail, while our proposed multidimensional approach enables successful detection under the same turbidity conditions. Statistical analysis is provided to support the experimental results. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of using multidimensional integral imaging signal detection in turbid water conditions.
Creek: Low-latency, Mixed-Consistency Transactional Replication Scheme (2019)

In this paper we introduce Creek, a low-latency, eventually consistent replication scheme that also enables execution of strongly consistent operations (akin to ACID transactions). Operations can have arbitrary complex (but deterministic) semantics. Similarly to state machine replication (SMR), Creek totally-orders all operations, but does so using two different broadcast mechanisms: a timestamp-based one and our novel conditional atomic broadcast (CAB). The former is used to establish a tentative order of all operations for speculative execution, and it can tolerate network partitions. On the other hand, CAB is only used to ensure linearizable execution of the strongly consistent operations, whenever distributed consensus can be solved. The execution of strongly consistent operations also stabilizes the execution order of the causally related weakly consistent operations. Creek uses multiversion concurrency control to efficiently handle operations' rollbacks and reexecutions resulting from the mismatch between the tentative and the final execution orders. In the TPC-C benchmark, Creek offers up to 2.5 times lower latency in returning client responses compared to the state-of-the-art speculative SMR scheme, while maintaining high accuracy of the speculative execution (92-100%).
Progressive retry for software failure recovery in message-passing applications (1997)

A method of execution retry for bypassing software faults in message-passing applications is described in this paper. Based on the techniques of checkpointing and message logging, we demonstrate the use of message replaying and message reordering as two mechanisms for achieving localized and fast recovery. The approach gradually increases the rollback distance and the number of affected processes when a previous retry fails, and is therefore named progressive retry. Examples from telecommunications software systems and performance measurements from an application-level implementation are described to illustrate the benefits of the scheme.
Virtual Body Language (2011)

Text communication is becoming electric, dynamic, and responsive. Words zip through the internet like thoughts in a brain. Human communication is migrating online. But nonverbal communication (body language) is being left behind in much of our interactions; our professional and social lives suffer as a result. Having spent a decade developing expressive avatar technology for There.com and Second Life, Jeffrey Ventrella has recently documented his design and engineering experiences in a new book, smothered it with philosophical gravy, and peppered it with humorous stories from the trenches of the Silicon Valley startup world. Themes such as The Tail Wagging the Brain, and Faux Pas of an Unattended Avatar are explored in depth. Of particular interest are the differences between video chat (direct body language broadcasting) and embodiment in virtual worlds (where body language can take on any form whatsoever, as long as there is cultural and technical machinery for semiosis). In this talk, Ventrella will discuss the encoding of body language components for efficient distribution on the internet (extended punctuation) and how this craft can take inspiration from studying the human brain.
Power-efficient beam sweeping for initial synchronization in mm-Wave wireless networks (2015)

This paper addresses the problem of initial synchronization of users in an indoor mm-Wave scenario. With the use of a massive number of antenna elements at access nodes, the resulting beams have narrow beam width. However, the transmission of individual narrow beams may cause poor coverage in some areas as the energy is concentrated over the direction of their main lobes. To cope with that, a beam sweep procedure using phased arrays is adopted. Access nodes simultaneously transmit individual beams until a certain area of interest is thoroughly scanned. Then, distant points are covered as each beam can radiate energy using an individual transmit power. The goal is to find the minimum power setting by adjusting the individual power levels so that users over the scanned area can observe a minimum received power level. Due to the combinatorial nature and high dimensionality, this paper describes a non-iterative two-stage algorithm to perform the beam sweeping with moderate complexity, which is compared with a baseline iterative selfish algorithm. Preliminary simulation results indicate that the two-stage algorithm may perform at least equally well as the baseline approach in terms of total transmit power, consuming about 7% less power in the used simulation setup, and without suffering from any convergence issue.
High Transmittance In-Plane Switching Liquid Crystal Displays (2006)

We have developed a high-transmittance in-plane switching (HT-IPS) liquid crystal display (LCD) using special electrode design on the same substrate. The featured electrode configuration generates substantial horizontal electric fields between the electrode groups, and fringe fields with rich horizontal components within the regions of electrode groups. The former is similar to the IPS mode and the latter is similar to the fringe-field switching (FFS) mode. The HT-IPS mode exhibits a high transmittance (> 90 % of twisted nematic (TN) mode), as well as wide viewing angle for cells using both positive and negative dielectric anisotropy LC materials. In addition, we also compare the electro-optical performance of the HT-IPS with IPS and FFS cells under the same conditions.
Exploration of Benes Network in Cryptographic Processors: A Random Infection Countermeasure for Block Ciphers Against Fault Attacks (2016)

Traditional detection countermeasures against fault attacks have been criticized as insecure because of the fragile comparison operation that can be maliciously bypassed. In order to avoid the comparison, infection countermeasures have been designed to confuse the faulty ciphertexts so that the output cannot be further explored. This paper presents an infection method that resists fault attacks using the existing Benes network module in high-performance crypto processors. The Benes network is originally used to accelerate permutation operations in block ciphers. The hamming weight of the differential results is balanced by modifying specific network switches, without changing the network topology. A further confusion is performed to destroy the determinacy by configuring part of the network with a random bit-stream. Furthermore, a statistical evaluation method is presented to quantitatively verify the proposed countermeasure in addition to a formal proof of security. This also provides a new concept for the evaluation of future random-enhanced infection methods. Experiments are carried out using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), triple Data Encryption Standard (DES), and Camellia as examples. Under statistical evaluation, the results show that the proposed countermeasure improves the fault resistance by over four orders of magnitude compared with the unprotected case. Also, the performance and the area overhead are within 10% compared with the original Benes network.
Pseudo‐extravasation rate constant of dynamic susceptibility contrast‐MRI determined from pharmacokinetic first principles (2017)

Dynamic susceptibility contrast-magnetic resonance imaging (DSC-MRI) is widely used to obtain informative perfusion imaging biomarkers, such as the relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV). The related post-processing software packages for DSC-MRI are available from major MRI instrument manufacturers and third-party vendors. One unique aspect of DSC-MRI with low-molecular-weight gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast reagent (CR) is that CR molecules leak into the interstitium space and therefore confound the DSC signal detected. Several approaches to correct this leakage effect have been proposed throughout the years. Amongst the most popular is the Boxerman-Schmainda-Weisskoff (BSW) K<sub>2</sub> leakage correction approach, in which the K<sub>2</sub> pseudo-first-order rate constant quantifies the leakage. In this work, we propose a new method for the BSW leakage correction approach. Based on the pharmacokinetic interpretation of the data, the commonly adopted R<sub>2</sub> * expression accounting for contributions from both intravascular and extravasating CR components is transformed using a method mathematically similar to Gjedde-Patlak linearization. Then, the leakage rate constant (K<sub>L</sub> ) can be determined as the slope of the linear portion of a plot of the transformed data. Using the DSC data of high-molecular-weight (~750 kDa), iron-based, intravascular Ferumoxytol (FeO), the pharmacokinetic interpretation of the new paradigm is empirically validated. The primary objective of this work is to empirically demonstrate that a linear portion often exists in the graph of the transformed data. This linear portion provides a clear definition of the Gd CR pseudo-leakage rate constant, which equals the slope derived from the linear segment. A secondary objective is to demonstrate that transformed points from the initial transient period during the CR wash-in often deviate from the linear trend of the linearized graph. The inclusion of these points will have a negative impact on the accuracy of the leakage rate constant, and even make it time dependent.