gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast Large-Tip-Angle Multidimensional and Parallel RF Pulse Design in MRI (2009)

Large-tip-angle multidimensional radio-frequency (RF) pulse design is a difficult problem, due to the nonlinear response of magnetization to applied RF at large tip-angles. In parallel excitation, multidimensional RF pulse design is further complicated by the possibility for transmit field patterns to change between subjects, requiring pulses to be designed rapidly while a subject lies in the scanner. To accelerate pulse design, we introduce a fast version of the optimal control method for large-tip-angle parallel excitation. The new method is based on a novel approach to analytically linearizing the Bloch equation about a large-tip-angle RF pulse, which results in an approximate linear model for the perturbations created by adding a small-tip-angle pulse to a large-tip-angle pulse. The linear model can be evaluated rapidly using nonuniform fast Fourier transforms, and we apply it iteratively to produce a sequence of pulse updates that improve excitation accuracy. We achieve drastic reductions in design time and memory requirements compared to conventional optimal control, while producing pulses of similar accuracy. The new method can also compensate for nonidealities such as main field inhomogeneties.
Joint learning of local and global features for entity linking via neural networks (2016)

A system, method and computer program product for disambiguating one or more entity mentions in one or more documents. The method facilitates the simultaneous linking entity mentions in a document based on convolution neural networks and recurrent neural networks that model both the local and global features for entity linking. The framework uses the capacity of convolution neural networks to induce the underlying representations for local contexts and the advantage of recurrent neural networks to adaptively compress variable length sequences of predictions for global constraints. The RNN functions to accumulate information about the previous entity mentions and/or target entities, and provide them as the global constraints for the linking process of a current entity mention.
Core Crush Problem in the Manufacturing of Composite Sandwich Structures: Mechanisms and Solutions (2006)

Manufacturing of composite honeycomb sandwich structures is significantly impacted by poor production yields caused by the core crush problem that occurs during the autoclave curing process. It is a major manufacturing defect that leads to costly part rejects because the defects are nonrepairable. This failure mechanism also constrains aircraft engineers, limiting the design range of core density and core thickness in attempts to mitigate core crush. Recent studies that have led to basic understanding of core crush mechanism are discussed. It was found that the prepreg frictional resistance is the key factor in controlling core crush. Research in the scientific community has mainly focused on resin effects in core crush. However, studies conducted show that core crush can also be significantly reduced by controlling construction of the fiber tow shape and the fabric architecture. Rounder fiber tow or more open fabric produces rougher prepreg surface, which results in a higher prepreg frictional resistance, reducing the effects of core crush. Experimental results indicate that a developed core crush resistant prepreg increases the prepreg frictional resistance and effectively reduces core crush, without changing the resin system.
Use of resistivity and magnetic measurements to monitor recrystallization of metallic glasses (1988)

It is shown that resistivity and magnetization measurements can be used to monitor the controlled devitrification of metallic glasses. These measurements are especially useful in the case of Fe-based metallic glasses to be used at high frequency. In these materials, transformation of about 1 vol. % of the amorphous matrix into crystalline α-Fe is known to produce enhanced magnetic properties. Magnetic techniques are especially sensitive when the heat treatment is carried out above the Curie temperature of the amorphous matrix but below the Curie temperature of the α-Fe precipitates.
Towards the Experimental Realization of the Topological Insulator Laser (2017)

We propose a practical design to implement of a topological insulator laser. Due to the topological protection, the topological laser maintains a high slope efficiency and single mode lasing even in the presence of defects and disorder.
A small-gap electrostatic micro-actuator for large deflections (2015)

Common quasi-static electrostatic micro actuators have significant limitations in deflection due to electrode separation and unstable drive regions. State-of-the-art electrostatic actuators achieve maximum deflections of approximately one third of the electrode separation. Large electrode separation and high driving voltages are normally required to achieve large actuator movements. Here we report on an electrostatic actuator class, fabricated in a CMOS-compatible process, which allows high deflections with small electrode separation. The concept presented makes the huge electrostatic forces within nanometre small electrode separation accessible for large deflections. Electrostatic actuations that are larger than the electrode separation were measured. An analytical theory is compared with measurement and simulation results and enables closer understanding of these actuators. The scaling behaviour discussed indicates significant future improvement on actuator deflection. The presented driving concept enables the investigation and development of novel micro systems with a high potential for improved device and system performance.
A novel high-throughput, low-complexity bit-flipping decoder for LDPC codes (2017)

This paper presents a new high-throughput, low-complexity Bit Flipping (BF) decoder for Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes on the Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC), called Probabilistic Parallel Bit Flipping (PPBF). The advantage of PPBF comes from the fact that, no global operation is required during the decoding process and from that, all of the computations could be parallelized and localized at the computing units. Also in PPBF, the probabilistic feature in flipping the Variable Node (VN) is incorporated for all satisfaction level of its CN neighbors. This type of probabilistic incorporation makes PPBF more dynamic to correct some error patterns which are unsolvable by other BF decoders. PPBF offers a faster decoding process with an equivalent error correction performance to the Probabilistic Gradient Descent Bit Flipping (PGDBF) decoder, which is better than all so-far introduced BF decoders in BSC channel. A hardware implementation architecture of PPBF is also presented in this paper with detailed circuits for the probabilistic signal generator and processing units. The implementation of PPBF on FPGA confirms that, the PPBF complexity is much lower than that of the PGDBF and even lower than the one of the deterministic Gradient Descent Bit Flipping (GDBF) decoder. The good decoding performance along with the high throughput and low complexity lead PPBF decoder to become a brilliant candidate for the next generation of communication and storage standards.
Lack of effect of human <i>c‐Ha‐ras</i> proto‐oncogene overexpression on prostate carcinogenesis in <i>probasin/SV40 T antigen</i> transgenic rats (2003)

We have previously reported that transgenic (Tg) rats bearing the SV40 T antigen under probasin promoter control (PB/SV40T) develop prostate carcinomas at 100% incidence, showing their prostate carcinoma growth to be completely androgen-dependent. Transgenic rats carrying three copies of the human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene (Hras128) are also highly susceptible to carcinogen induction of multiple mammary carcinomas, in this case estrogen-independent, since ovariectomy does not affect mammary tumor formation. A relationship between ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and androgen responsiveness of prostate cancer cells has been reported. Therefore it is of interest to investigate whether expression of human c-Ha-ras affects the androgen-dependence of prostate carcinomas developing in the PB/SV40T Tg rat. For this purpose, we established double transgenic (rasTag) rats bearing both PB/SV40T and Hras128. In prostate tissues of the rasTag rats, expression of both human c-Ha-ras and SV40T was confirmed, but the prostate tumor incidence and growth were not significantly affected. Castration at 15 weeks of age induced complete tumor involution in the rasTag rats. These results indicate that the human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene product does not influence the androgen-dependence of prostate carcinogenesis due to the probasin-mediated SV40 T antigen, despite the estrogen-independence of mammary carcinogenesis in Hras128 rats.
Phenotype Standardization for Statin-Induced Myotoxicity (2014)

Statins are widely used lipid-lowering drugs that are effective in reducing cardiovascular disease risk. Although they are generally well tolerated, they can cause muscle toxicity, which can lead to severe rhabdomyolysis. Research in this area has been hampered to some extent by the lack of standardized nomenclature and phenotypic definitions. We have used numerical and descriptive classifications and developed an algorithm to define statin-related myotoxicity phenotypes, including myalgia, myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, and necrotizing autoimmune myopathy.
Nano-level constitutive model for expansive clays (2016)

Expansive clayey soils, which are prevalent across the surface sediments of the earth, are considered problematic for the structures and infrastructure founded in them. These soils are also challenging for environmental engineers involved in the design and construction of municipal and nuclear waste liners, petroleum engineers dealing with shale oil and gas, and agricultural scientists. Because their overall behaviour is controlled by molecular-level processes and interactions, a behaviour model encompassing the contributions from these interactions is required to predict the behaviour of these soils. This interaction becomes increasingly complex for natural expansive clays where a complex composition of clay and non-clay minerals exists. Unfortunately, none of the existing constitutive models pertaining to expansive clays comprehensively incorporates all the factors contributing to volume change behaviour of naturally occurring expansive soils. This study led to the development of a nano-level constitutive model for natural expansive clays through a three-phase study consisting of macro-level swell potential testing on laboratory control and natural field samples, micro-investigation of the pre- and post-swell specimens, and molecular level modelling through molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo techniques. This swell potential behaviour model incorporates all the major contributing factors such as moisture content, density, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations and interaction of clay minerals with non-clay minerals. The developed models have been successfully validated through close prediction of the swell potential behaviour of the laboratory control samples and natural field samples.
High-performance parallel processors based on star-coupled WDM optical interconnects (2002)

As the performance of individual elements within parallel processing systems increases, increased communication capability between distributed processor and memory elements is required. There is great interest in using fiber optics to improve interconnect communication beyond that attainable using electronic technology. Several groups have considered WDM, star-coupled optical interconnects. In this paper, we propose a fiber optic transceiver to provide low latency, high bandwidth channels for such interconnects using a robust multimode fiber technology. We use instruction-level simulation to quantify the bandwidth, latency, and concurrency required for such interconnects to scale to 256 nodes, each operating at I GFLOPS performance. We show that performance scales to /spl ap/100 GFLOPS for scientific application kernels using a small number of wavelengths (8 to 32), only one wavelength received per node, and achievable optoelectronic bandwidth and latency.
Demonstration of a fiber optic array of three-axis magnetometers for undersea application (1995)

We describe an undersea array of eight fiber-optic, three-axis magnetic sensors. The interferometric sensors employ magnetostrictive metallic glass strips as the transducer elements. We discuss the operating principles and the performance of the system during actual undersea operation.
Membrane and Cytoplasmic Proteins of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis that Bind to Novel Monoclonal Antibodies (2018)

Monoclonal antibodies against <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subspecies <i>paratuberculosis</i> <i>(Map)</i> proteins are important tools in Johne's disease research and diagnostics. Johne's disease is a chronic inflammatory intestinal disease of cattle, sheep, and other ruminant animals. We have previously generated multiple sets of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in different studies; however, because many were generated and screened against a whole-cell extract of <i>Map</i>, the antigens that bind to these antibodies remained unknown. In this study, we used three different approaches to identify the corresponding <i>Map</i> antigens for 14 mAbs that could not be identified previously. In the first approach, a new <i>Map</i>-lambda phage expression library was screened to identify corresponding antigens for 11 mAbs. This approach revealed that mAbs 7C8, 9H3, 12E4, 3G5, and 11B8 all detect MAP_3404 encoding the biotin carboxylase subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, while mAbs 7A6, 11F8, and 10C12 detect the GroEL2 chaperonin (MAP_3936), 6C9 detects electron transfer flavoprotein (MAP_3060c), and 14G11 detects MAP_3976, a lipoprotein anchoring transpeptidase. The epitopes to a selection of these mAbs were also defined. In a second approach, MAP_2698c bound monoclonal antibody (mAb) 14D4 as determined using protein arrays. When both of these approaches failed to identify the antigen for mAb 12C9, immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry analysis, and codon optimization was used to identify the membrane protein, MAP_4145, as the reacting antigen. Characterized antibodies were used to quickly interrogate mycobacterial proteomic preps. We conclude by providing a complete catalog of available mAbs to <i>Map</i> proteins, along with their cognate antigens and epitopes, if known. These antibodies are now thoroughly characterized and more useful for research and diagnostic purposes.
Generation of Chemically Induced Liver Progenitors (CLiPs) from Rat Adult Hepatocytes (2018)

Primary mature hepatocytes (MHs) or their progenitor cells are candidate cell sources for cell transplantation therapy in severe liver diseases. However, stable culture of these cells or generation of equivalent cells from pluripotent stem cells has been limited. Using a cocktail of small molecules that we previously found useful in stable culture of multiple types of stem/progenitor cells, we recently established a novel method to generate bipotent liver progenitor cells, named chemically induced liver progenitors (CLiPs), from adult rat MHs. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the induction of rat CLiPs. We first describe the method to isolate primary rat MHs and then describe how to induce CLiPs from these MHs. In addition, we describe a method to evaluate the bipotentiality of generated CLiPs to differentiate into hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells. We also describe how to establish stable CLiPs through long-term culture with detailed example data. Primary CLiPs can be generated within 2 weeks, and stable CLiPs, which undergo 10 passages, can be established within 2.5-4 months with batch-to-batch variability.
DMD as a diffractive reconfigurable optical switch for telecommunication (2013)

Digital micro-mirror devices (DMD) by their high switching speed, stability, and repeatability are a promising devices for fast, reconfigurable telecommunication switches. However, their binary mirror orientation is an issue for conventional redirection of a large number of incoming ports to a similarly large number of output fibers like with analog MEMS. We are presenting here the use the DMD as a diffraction based optical switch, where Fourier diffraction patterns are used to steer the incoming beams to any output configuration. Fourier diffraction patterns are computer generated holograms that structures the incoming light into any shape in the output plane. This way, the light from any fiber can be redirected to any position in the output plane. The incoming light can also be split to any positions in the output plane. This technique has the potential to make an "any to any", true non-blocking, optical switch with high port count, solving some the problems of the present technology.
Large-format quantum-well infrared photodetector arrays for astronomical instrumentation (2000)

Quantum Well IR Photodetectors (QWIPs) afford greater flexibility than the usual extrinsically doped semiconductor IR detectors. The wavelength of the peak response and cutoff can be continuously tailored over a range wide enough to enable light detection at any wavelength range between 6-20 micrometers . The spectral band width of these detectors can be tuned from narrow to wide allowing various applications. Also, QWIP device parameters can be optimized to achieve extremely high performance sat lower operating temperatures due to exponential suppression of dark current. Furthermore, QWIPs offer low cost per pixel and highly uniform large format focal plane arrays (FPAs) mainly due to mature GaAs/AlGaAs growth and processing technologies. The other advantages of GaAs/AlGaAs based QWIPs are higher yield, lower 1/f noise and radiation hardness. Recently, we operated an IR camera with a 256 by 256 QWIP array sensitive at 8.5 micrometers at the prime focus of the 5-m Hale telescope, obtaining the images. The remarkable noise stability - and low 1/f noise - of QWIP focal plane arrays enable camera to operate by modulating the optical signal with a nod period up to100 s. A 500 s observation on dark sky renders a flat image with little indication of the low spatial frequency structures associated with imperfect sky subtraction or detector drifts.
Nitrogen-Induced Surface Area and Conductivity Modulation of Carbon Nanohorn and Its Function as an Efficient Metal-Free Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalyst for Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (2014)

Nitrogen-doped carbon morphologies have been proven to be better alternatives to Pt in polymer-electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. However, efficient modulation of the active sites by the simultaneous escalation of the porosity and nitrogen doping, without affecting the intrinsic electrical conductivity, still remains to be solved. Here, a simple strategy is reported to solve this issue by treating single-walled carbon nanohorn (SWCNH) with urea at 800 °C. The resulting nitrogen-doped carbon nanohorn shows a high surface area of 1836 m2 g(-1) along with an increased electron conductivity, which are the pre-requisites of an electrocatalyst. The nitrogen-doped nanohorn annealed at 800 °C (N-800) also shows a high oxygen reduction activity (ORR). Because of the high weight percentage of pyridinic nitrogen coordination in N-800, the present catalyst shows a clear 4-electron reduction pathway at only 50 mV overpotential and 16 mV negative shift in the half-wave potential for ORR compared to Pt/C along with a high fuel selectivity and electrochemical stability. More importantly, a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) based on N-800 provides a maximum power density of 30 mW cm(-2) under anion-exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC) testing conditions. Thus, with its remarkable set of physical and electrochemical properties, this material has the potential to perform as an efficient Pt-free electrode for AEMFCs.
Self-aligned double patterning for vacuum electronic device fabrication (2016)

We developed a fabrication process that incorporates self-aligned double patterning to produce nanoscale electrostatic grids in close proximity to an electrode. These nanoscale grids can be used to mitigate the effects of space charge in the inter-electrode region of a thermionic converter and thereby improve conversion efficiency. The nanoscale dimensions and low fill factor of the grid help to prevent loss by limiting detrimental electron absorption. Compared to other advanced lithographic techniques used to pattern nanoscale features with similar, sub-100 nm dimensions, self-aligned double patterning is cost-effective, wafer-scale, and allows for rapid prototype iteration.
Two new potent inhibitors of xanthine oxidase from leaves of Perilla frutescens Britton var. acuta Kudo. (1990)

A known and a new caffeic ester (1 and 2), new inhibitors of xanthine oxidase (XO), were isolated from leaves of Perilla frutescens var. acuta and their structures have been established as (Z,E)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethenyl ester (1) and (Z,E)-2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)ethenyl ester (2) of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid, respectively, based on detailed spectral studies, including 2D COSY, long range COSY, difference NOE, etc. Both caffeic esters strongly inhibited XO in vitro and especially, the inhibition by 1 was as potent as that by allopurinol. The inhibition mode of 1 was also shown to be non-competitive.
A novel process for methanol synthesis. Progress report, March 1, 1992--May 31, 1992 (1992)

A bench-scale reactor is being used to conduct studies of the conversion of synthesis gas to methanol (MeOH) by a novel process. In previous reports, we provided evidence for a two-step reaction in series, the carbonylation reaction taking place mainly in a non-equilibrium region in the vicinity of the copper chromite surface, and the hydrogenolysis reaction taking place on the surface of the copper chromite. Interaction between the two catalysts enhances the rate of methanol formation. In this quarter, we investigated the effect of pore diffusion on reaction rate and obtained an expression for the rate of reaction for the methanol/methyl formate concurrent synthesis.
Facile fabrication, properties and application of novel thermo-responsive hydrogel (2011)

The authors report a novel thermo-responsive hydrogel design based on the thermally induced aggregation of two kinds of nonionic surfactants: triblock copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (EPE) and 4-octylphenol polyethoxylate (TX-100). In the preparation of the hydrogel, agarose is used to host the aqueous surfactant molecules, allowing them to move freely through its intrinsic network structure. To study it, EPE molecules are labeled with fluorescent Rhodamine B, and the aggregation phenomenon under various temperatures is imaged by fluorescence microscopy. In order to realize flexible control of the opaque/transparent transition temperature (OTTT), the surfactants' aggregation is modified by adding ionic surfactant or salts. The rate of the opaque/transparent transition and applications in the smart window and smart roof based on this kinds of hydrogel are also investigated.