gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Seven-bit 700-MS/s Four-Way Time-Interleaved SAR ADC With Partial $V_{\mathrm {cm}}$ -Based Switching (2016)

This brief presents a 7-bit 700-MS/s four-way time-interleaved successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC). A partial V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">cm</sub> -based switching method is proposed that requires less digital overhead from the SAR controller and achieves better conversion accuracy. Compared with switchback switching, the proposed method can further reduce the common mode variation by 50%. In addition, the impacts of such a reduction on the comparator offset, noise, and input parasitic are theoretically analyzed and verified by simulation. The prototype fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS technology occupies an active area of 0.025 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The measurement results at the 700 MS/s sampling rate show that the ADC achieves signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio of 40 dB at Nyquist input and consumes 2.72 mW from a 1.2 V supply, which results in a Walden FoM of 48 fJ/conversion step.
Azo polymers for reversible optical storage III Effect of film thickness on net phase retardation and writing speed (1993)

The optical writing phenomenon observed on azoaromatic-containing polymer thin films exhibits a writing rate proportional to the intensity of the writing beam. This property of the mechanism for optically inducing dichroism and birefringence results directly in nonlinear optical behavior in the thin film. The net phase retardation obtainable and the writing rates are functions of the thin-film thickness that reflect this nonlinear behavior.
Cellulose as a gastrointestinal US contrast agent. (1992)

Ultrasound (US) imaging of the abdomen often is compromised by artifacts due to adjacent bowel gas. In an attempt to decrease gas artifacts and improve US image quality, the authors evaluated the use of cellulose preparations as gastrointestinal US contrast agents. Optimal homogeneity and reflectivity were evaluated in phantom solutions, and two suitable agents were selected for clinical trial. Ten volunteers underwent abdominal US imaging before and after contrast agent administration on three separate occasions. The volunteers drank 800 mL of freshly degassed water and two different gastrointestinal US contrast agents. US images obtained before and after administration of contrast material were evaluated by five radiologists and scored for bowel marking, visualization of abdominal anatomy, and image degradation by bowel gas. Compared with water, the orally administered US contrast agents improved visualization of bowel and abdominal anatomy, with diminished gas artifact.
Detection of energy metabolism level in cancer patients by fluorescence emission from serum (2003)

Changes in fluorescence emission of the serum from patients with various cancers are characterized. The measurement of fluorescence emission of serum in the UV-visible range allows by estimation of NAD(P)H levels to monitor the alterations in energy metabolism, resulting from changes in the level of coenzymes in serum associated with neoplastic diseases.
Web object retrieval (2007)

The primary function of current Web search engines is essentially relevance ranking at the document level. However, myriad structured information about real-world objects is embedded in static Web pages and online Web databases. Document-level information retrieval can unfortunately lead to highly inaccurate relevance ranking in answering object-oriented queries. In this paper, we propose a paradigm shift to enable searching at the object level. In traditional information retrieval models, documents are taken as the retrieval units and the content of a document is considered reliable. However, this reliability assumption is no longer valid in the object retrieval context when multiple copies of information about the same object typically exist. These copies may be inconsistent because of diversity of Web site qualities and the limited performance of current information extraction techniques. If we simply combine the noisy and inaccurate attribute information extracted from different sources, we may not be able to achieve satisfactory retrieval performance. In this paper, we propose several language models for Web object retrieval, namely an unstructured object retrieval model, a structured object retrieval model, and a hybrid model with both structured and unstructured retrieval features. We test these models on a paper search engine and compare their performances. We conclude that the hybrid model is the superior by taking into account the extraction errors at varying levels.
Implementation of Digital Subtraction Angiography with a Synchrotron X-Ray Beam (1982)

The intense synchrotron radiation produced by wiggler magnets at electron storage rings provides a new source of x-rays highly suited to iodine K-edge digital subtraction angiography. The monochromaticity and tunability provide maximum sensitivity to intraarterial iodine and virtually eliminate contrast due to soft tissue and bone. Visualization of arteries, in particular the coronary arteries, by peripheral venous injection is possible. A system design, based on tests already performed, is presented.
Game-Set-MATCH (2020)

We use biometrics like fingerprints and facial images to identify ourselves to our mobile devices and log on to applications everyday. Such authentication is internal-facing: we provide measurement on the same device where the template is stored. If our personal devices could participate in external-facing authentication too, where biometric measurement is captured by a nearby external sensor, then we could also enjoy a frictionless authentication experience in a variety of physical spaces like grocery stores, convention centers, ATMs, etc. The open setting of a physical space brings forth important privacy concerns though. We design a suite of secure protocols for external-facing authentication based on the cosine similarity metric which provide privacy for both user templates stored on their devices and the biometric measurement captured by external sensors in this open setting. The protocols provide different levels of security, ranging from passive security with some leakage to active security with no leakage at all. With the help of new packing techniques and zero-knowledge proofs for Paillier encryption -- and careful protocol design, our protocols achieve very practical performance numbers. For templates of length 256 with elements of size 16 bits each, our fastest protocol takes merely 0.024 seconds to compute a match, but even the slowest one takes no more than 0.12 seconds. The communication overhead of our protocols is very small too. The passive and actively secure protocols (with some leakage) need to exchange just 16.5KB and 27.8KB of data, respectively. The first message is designed to be reusable and, if sent in advance, would cut the overhead down to just 0.5KB and 0.8KB, respectively.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Bupropion Analogues as Potential Pharmacotherapies for Cocaine Addiction (2009)

A series of bupropion (1a) analogues (1b−1ff) were synthesized, and their in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties evaluated with the goal of developing a 1a analogue that had better properties for treating addictions. Their in vitro pharmacological properties were examined by [3H]dopamine ([3H]DA), [3H]serotonin ([3H]5HT), and [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE) uptake inhibition studies, and by binding studies at the dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transporters using [125I]RTI-55 in cloned transporters. Several analogues showed increased [3H]DA uptake inhibition with reduced or little change in [3H]5HT and [3H]NE uptake inhibition relative to bupropion. Thirty-five analogues were evaluated in a 1 h locomotor activity observation test and 32 in an 8 h locomotor activity observation test and compared to the locomotor activity of cocaine. Twenty-four analogues were evaluated for generalization to cocaine drug discrimination after i.p. administration, and twelve analogues were tested in a time course cocaine discrimination study using oral administration. 2-(N-Cyclopropylamino)-3-chloropropiophenone (1x) had the most favorable in vitro efficacy and in vivo pharmacological profile for an indirect dopamine agonist pharmacotherapy for treating cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, and other drugs of abuse addiction.
An Analog Mixed Signal Fourier Transform Pre-Processor for OFDM Receivers (2006)

An FFT pre-processing architecture that reduces the constraints on the analog-to-digital converter in broadband orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing receivers is presented. System simulations demonstrate that the proposed approach has an improved dynamic range over the conventional approach. The proposed pre-processor replaces the typically 6-bit ADC and digital FFT processor in the broadband OFDM receiver with a more power efficient, wider dynamic range architecture. The new architecture is based on sequential sampling of the OFDM symbol and an analog-mixed-signal FFT preprocessor that transforms the OFDM symbols prior to digitization. This reduces the information conversion burden on the ADC, allowing the requisite six bits of ADC resolution to be reduced to two, thereby significantly lowering system power consumption. The increased dynamic range allows sensitivity to be improved as weak sub-channels are amplified before quantization and not subjected to the limitations of the conventional 6-bit ADC. A proof-of-concept 1-GigaSample per second IC in currently being fabricated in 130nm CMOS.
Discovery and Structure–Activity Relationships of Nociceptin Receptor Partial Agonists That Afford Symptom Ablation in Parkinson’s Disease Models (2020)

A novel series of C(3)-substituted piperdinylindoles were developed as nociceptin opioid receptor (NOP) partial agonists to explore a pharmacological hypothesis that NOP partial agonists would afford a dual pharmacological action of attenuating Parkinson's disease (PD) motor symptoms and development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias. SAR around the C-3 substituents investigated effects on NOP binding, intrinsic activity, and selectivity and showed that while the C(3)-substituted indoles are selective, high affinity NOP ligands, the steric, polar, and cationic nature of the C-3 substituents affected intrinsic activity to afford partial agonists with a range of efficacies. Compounds <b>4</b>, <b>5</b>, and <b>9</b> with agonist efficacies between 25% and 35% significantly attenuated motor deficits in the 6-OHDA-hemilesioned rat model of PD. Further, unlike NOP antagonists, which appear to worsen dyskinesia expression, these NOP partial agonists did not attenuate or worsen dyskinesia expression. The NOP partial agonists and their SAR reported here may be useful to develop nondopaminergic treatments for PD.
Bioinspired Superhydrophobic Coatings of Carbon Nanotubes and Linear π Systems Based on the “Bottom‐up” Self‐Assembly Approach (2008)

Rough and clean: The physical interaction and self-assembly of oligo(p-phenylenevinylene)s (OPVs) on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) allow the dispersion of the latter in organic solvents. This well-dispersed nanocomposite can be coated on to glass, metal, and mica surfaces to give superhydrophobic self-cleaning surfaces with water contact angles of 165–170° and a sliding angle of less than 2° (see picture). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2008/z802097_s.html or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Polarization control method for suppressing polarization mode dispersion influence in optical transmission systems (1994)

Recent progress in long-span optical repeater systems indicates that the polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) influence has become one of the main degradation factors in high speed and wideband systems. This paper discusses polarization-control methods for suppressing the PMD influence for both the coherent FDM system and the IM-DD optical repeater system. A principal-state transmission method, which can avoid PMD influence in coherent FDM common polarization control, has been proposed. In this scheme, FDM light is launched at one of the principal states in the fiber using two polarization controllers, located at both ends of the fiber. The feasibility of this scheme was confirmed through 2.5-Gb/s CPFSK, three-channel FDM transmission experiments. For a 150-km long fiber, a 700-GHz optical bandwidth can be used with the principal-state transmission method. This bandwidth is about three times wider than that for conventional common polarization control in a 150-km long fiber. The principal-state transmission method has been modified to apply to a long-span optical-repeater transmission system which includes optical isolators. In this method, small frequency modulation was added to the signal light to search for the principal state for the total transmission line. The modified method can avoid inter-symbol interference (ISI) degradation due to accumulated PMD in long-span optical fibers and optical components. Power-penalty-free operations were successfully demonstrated with up to one bit time PMD value in 5-Gb/s IM-DD, 1000-km transmission experiments. This method is expected to apply to a long-span undersea optical-repeater transmission system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Olfaction in Drosophila: Coding, Genetics and e-Genetics (2001)

Odor coding in Drosophila is examined at both the cellular and molecular levels. Functional analysis of individual olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) by single-unit electrophysiology has shown that ORNs divide into discrete classes, with each class exhibiting a characteristic odor response spectrum. Extensive analysis of ORNs in the maxillary palp has revealed six such classes, which are combined in sensilla according to a strict pairing rule. In order to identify the odor receptor genes that determine the odor specificity of these ORN classes, a new algorithm was designed to search DNA databases for proteins with a particular structure, as opposed to a particular sequence. The algorithm identified a large family of genes likely to encode odor receptors. The acj6 gene, originally identified in a screen for mutants defective in olfactory behavior, encodes a transcription factor that regulates a subset of these receptor genes, and is likely to play a critical role in the process by which ORNs select which receptors to express.
Supercharge Pressure Compensation with New Wireline Formation Testing Method (1996)

Abstract Wireline formation testers are increasingly being used to obtain formation pressure and permeability measurements which in turn are used in geological evaluations and in designing well completions. It is generally assumed that the pressure measured by the tester probe is near formation pressure. Unfortunately, in many instances such as in low permeability formations, the mudcake is not adequate to isolate the hydrostatic pressure from the formation near the wellbore. As a result, the sandface pressure measured with the formation tester is "supercharged" and not the formation pressure after all. This sandface pressure may be as much as l.000 psi over the actual formation pressure of interest. This paper demonstrates that a new analytical model can be used along with a new testing technique to correct the measured pressure to actual formation pressure.
Paraffin Inhibitor Formulations for Different Application Environments: From Heated Injection in the Desert to Extreme Cold Arctic Temperatures†Presented at the 10th International Conference on Petroleum Phase Behavior and Fouling. (2009)

Paraffin inhibitors are used in petroleum production operations to reduce wax deposition and/or reduce viscosity or complete gelling of high-wax-content petroleum fluids. When the treatment is for viscosity reduction or gel prevention, the paraffin inhibitor is commonly called a pour-point depressant. The active chemistries of paraffin inhibitor/pour-point depressant products are specialty polymers that alter the wax crystallization process, which, in turn, changes the characteristics of wax deposits and wax gel networks. The polymers are typically formulated in a carrier fluid for easy delivery (with a simple injection pump) to the petroleum stream that is to be treated. Most commonly, the polymer is dissolved in a solvent. This formulation must, of course, be stable and suitable for use in its particular application environment. The environment (principally ambient temperature) can vary widely depending on the geographical region and the season of the year. Similarly, constraints placed on paraffin inhibitor formulations vary accordingly. For example, paraffin inhibitors have been applied in conditions ranging from stringent extreme cold arctic locations (with temperatures to −40 °C and below) to tropical locations where warm year-round ambient temperatures are very amenable to the formulation of stable, high-activity products in carrier solvents. Paraffin inhibitors are also used in deep-water umbilical applications in which the formulation not only must be stable at the cold ambient seafloor temperatures (∼4 °C) but also must handle the combined effect of elevated pressure present in the umbilical line. In contrast, paraffin inhibitors are also applied, in applications in which thermal conditions are controlled with heated storage and injection. Although not widely used, heated injection allows the most active concentrated formulations to be applied and the widest range of chemistries to be selected. This paper discusses different paraffin inhibitor formulations and continuous injection applications in a variety of different environments. The applications discussed range from heated injection, to surface injection, to deep-water dry-tree applications, to deep-water umbilical applications, and to applications in subfreezing environments (from moderate freezing to extreme cold arctic conditions).
Distributed Brillouin fiber laser sensor (2021)

Brillouin fiber sensors can provide distributed strain and temperature measurements over long distances in standard off-the-shelf fiber by measuring the Brillouin frequency shift as a function of position along a fiber. The primary drawback of these systems is their limited sensitivity, which results from the challenge in identifying the Brillouin frequency shift to within a small fraction of the Brillouin linewidth. In this work, we introduce a technique that overcomes this fundamental limitation by establishing a series of lasing modes that experience Brillouin amplification at discrete spatial locations in the test fiber. The linewidth narrowing and high intensity associated with the lasing transition enable precise measurements of this lasing frequency. As an initial demonstration, we present a sensor that simultaneously excites 40 lasing modes in a 400 m fiber, providing a measurement of the strain at 40 discrete locations with a spatial resolution of 4 m. Each sensor exhibits a minimum detectable strain as low as <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace width="thickmathspace"/> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>ε</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">z</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with a dynamic range of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mo>></mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace width="thickmathspace"/> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>ε</mml:mtext> </mml:math> and a bandwidth of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace width="thickmathspace"/> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">k</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">z</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . As the first demonstration that Brillouin lasing can be used for distributed fiber sensing, this work establishes an approach that could enable ultrahigh strain sensitivity using off-the-shelf fiber.
RF Performance and Modeling of Si/SiGe Resonant Interband Tunneling Diodes (2005)

The RF performance of two different Si-based resonant interband tunneling diodes (RITD) grown by low-temperature molecular beam epitaxy (LT-MBE) were studied. An RITD with an active region of B /spl delta/-doping plane/2 nm i-Si/sub 0.5/Ge/sub 0.5//1 nm i-Si/P /spl delta/-doping plane yielded a peak-to-valley current ratio (PVCR) of 1.14, resistive cutoff frequency (f/sub r0/) of 5.6 GHz, and a speed index of 23.3 mV/ps after rapid thermal annealing at 650/spl deg/C for 1 min. To the authors' knowledge, these are the highest reported values for any epitaxially grown Si-based tunnel diode. Another RITD design with an active region of 1 nm p+ Si/sub 0.6/Ge/sub 0.4//B /spl delta/-doping plane/4-nm iSi/sub 0.6/Ge/sub 0.4//2 nm i-Si/P /spl delta/-doping plane and annealed at 825/spl deg/C for 1 min had a PVCR of 2.9, an f/sub r0/ of 0.4 GHz, and a speed index of 0.2 mV/ps. A small signal model was established to fit the measured S/sub 11/ data for both device designs. Approaches to increase f/sub r0/ are suggested based on the comparison between these two diodes. The two devices exhibit substantially different junction capacitance/bias relationships, which may suggest the confined states in the /spl delta/-doped quantum well are preserved after annealing at lower temperatures but are reduced at higher temperature annealing. A comprehensive dc/RF semi-physical model was developed and implemented in Agilent advanced design system (ADS) software. Instabilities in the negative differential resistance (NDR) region during dc measurements were then simulated.
Synthesis gas homologation of aliphatic carboxylic acids (1981)

J. F. Knifton, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1981, 41b DOI: 10.1039/C3981000041B
Extremely-compact and high-performance (160Gbps = 20GB/s) optical semiconductor module using lead frame embedded optoelectronic ferrule (2008)

A high-performance 160 Gbps (=20 GB/s) optical semiconductor module using an optoelectronic (OE) ferrule with the ultra-compact size of 4.4 × 4.5 × 1.0 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> was developed for the first time in the world. The ferrule is used as the interface of OE converter in our developed optoelectronic LSI package of over 1 Tbps, POST LSI package (Post-reflow Optical-interface Stacking Technique LSI package). The feature of this OE ferrule is to have fine pitch lead frame electrodes formed by insert molding method, which realized highly reliable electric contacts and excellent electric characteristics of the module. Moreover, the high density assembly of 12ch optical semiconductor module coupling an optical semiconductor device and an optical fiber array was realized by a simple assembly process with high accuracy and high reliability.