gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Architecture of petawatt-class<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>z</mml:mi></mml:math>-pinch accelerators (2007)

We have developed an accelerator architecture that can serve as the basis of the design of petawatt-class $z$-pinch drivers. The architecture has been applied to the design of two $z$-pinch accelerators, each of which can be contained within a 104-m-diameter cylindrical tank. One accelerator is driven by slow ($\ensuremath{\sim}1\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$) Marx generators, which are a mature technology but which necessitate significant pulse compression to achieve the short pulses ($\ensuremath{\ll}1\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$) required to drive $z$ pinches. The other is powered by linear transformer drivers (LTDs), which are less mature but produce much shorter pulses than conventional Marxes. Consequently, an LTD-driven accelerator promises to be (at a given pinch current and implosion time) more efficient and reliable. The Marx-driven accelerator produces a peak electrical power of 500 TW and includes the following components: (i) 300 Marx generators that comprise a total of $1.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$ capacitors, store 98 MJ, and erect to 5 MV; (ii) 600 water-dielectric triplate intermediate-store transmission lines, which also serve as pulse-forming lines; (iii) 600 5-MV laser-triggered gas switches; (iv) three monolithic radial-transmission-line impedance transformers, with triplate geometries and exponential impedance profiles; (v) a 6-level 5.5-m-diameter 15-MV vacuum insulator stack; (vi) six magnetically insulated vacuum transmission lines (MITLs); and (vii) a triple-post-hole vacuum convolute that adds the output currents of the six MITLs, and delivers the combined current to a $z$-pinch load. The accelerator delivers an effective peak current of 52 MA to a 10-mm-length $z$ pinch that implodes in 95 ns, and 57 MA to a pinch that implodes in 120 ns. The LTD-driven accelerator includes monolithic radial transformers and a MITL system similar to those described above, but does not include intermediate-store transmission lines, multimegavolt gas switches, or a laser trigger system. Instead, this accelerator is driven by 210 LTD modules that include a total of $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ capacitors and $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$ 200-kV electrically triggered gas switches. The LTD accelerator stores 182 MJ and produces a peak electrical power of 1000 TW. The accelerator delivers an effective peak current of 68 MA to a pinch that implodes in 95 ns, and 75 MA to a pinch that implodes in 120 ns. Conceptually straightforward upgrades to these designs would deliver even higher pinch currents and faster implosions.
KTP: a new electro-optic device for high-power, high-repetition-rate applications (1990)

In addition to having attractive nonlinear-optic characteristics, KTP has promising electro-optic and dielectric properties that make it useful for various electro-optical applications, such as modulators and Q switches. 1 We report an experimental study of a 4 × 8 × 4 mm hydrothermally grown KTP Pockels cell that uses the effective electro-optic coefficient r c l = r 33 − (ni.n3) 3 r 13 = 28 pm/v. Compensation of the static birefringence of KTP, when it is used as an amplitude modulator has been realized. Our investigations revealed that, unlike other electro-optic materials, KTP Pockels cells do not suffer from piezoelectrically induced parasitics (acoustic ringing). Because of this, we have been able to demonstrate stable high-repetition rate pulse slicing. The dynamic half-wave voltage is close to the static one (2.9 kV) and it is significantly lower than that of the commonly used LiNbO 3 Pockels cell. An additional advantage of KTP over other Pockels-cell materials, such as KD * P and LiNbO 3 , is its high damage threshold. Therefore, KTP is an ideal material for intracavity electro-optic applications, in particular for high-peak power regenerative amplifiers operating at high-repetition rate. 2 We have successfully studied this mode of operation, and our results will be discussed.
Branched Polymers for Enhancing Polymer Gel Strength and Toughness (2013)

Abstract : The objective of this project is to develop robust and scalable synthetic methods to access polymer network and solvent macromolecules with complex chain architectures and highly branched molecular structures. The introduction of branching points in the polymer network and solvent will significantly enhance the strength and toughness of polymers gels through increased physical chain entanglements. In particular, we have focused on synthesizing and characterizing poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) based materials with well-defined chain lengths and branching points for use in polymer gels. This research has yielded four major accomplishments related to the proposal objectives including: (1) conducting successful synthesis of a star shaped PDMS solvent; (2) demonstrating greater than two times improvements in both strength and toughness of the polymer gel due to incorporation of the star shaped solvent; (3) identifying synthetic strategies for increasingly complicated chain structures, such as H, pom-pom, comb, and dumbbell shaped molecules; and (4) employing anionic polymerization to prepare additional star shaped PDMS solvents of varying molecular weight and arm number.
Immortalization of human T cell clones by <i>Herpesvirus saimiri</i> . Signal transduction analysis reveals functional CD3, CD4, and IL-2 receptors. (1993)

Investigation of human activated T cells has been complicated by the need for periodic restimulation with Ag/mitogen and accessory cells and by the limited life span of most human T cell clones. To overcome these problems, we have transformed established human T cell clones to permanent growth with Herpesvirus saimiri, a lymphoma-inducing virus of nonhuman primates. Three human CD4+ T cell clones were investigated in detail. They have been growing in the presence of exogenous IL-2 but without restimulation with mitogen or feeder cells for more than 11 mo with doubling times between 2 and 4 days. In contrast, their nontransformed parent clones needed to be restimulated with PHA and feeder cells every 14 to 21 days. To compare responses of H. saimiri-transformed clones with those of their parent clones, we stimulated the cells with IL-2 or with anti-CD3 and/or anti-CD4 mAb with and without cross-linking on the cell surface. Transformed and nontransformed T cell clones were strikingly similar in parameters of early signal transduction, namely, tyrosine phosphorylation and mobilization of calcium. Ligation of their TcR/CD3 complexes by mAb or by Ag in the presence of autologous accessory cells increased the proliferation and the secretion of IFN-gamma. Taken together, we have shown that human T cell clones immortalized with H. saimiri express functional CD3, CD4, and IL-2R. They constitute a simple, stable, reproducible and accessory cell-free model system for the investigation of signal transduction events in activated human T cells.
Compact Temperature Measurement System For Medical Applications (1986)

An optical fiber temperature sensor utilizing a thermochromic transducer is presented. A time division multiplexing technique,used to obtain the sensing and the reference signals, allows the realization of a compact optoelectronic system. Technical data and experimental result are reported and discussed.
Structural Features Important for .sigma.1 Receptor Binding (1994)

Two problems that have hampered sigma receptor research are (i) a lack of high-affinity agents and (ii) the recent identification of multiple populations of sigma receptors (i.e., sigma 1 and sigma 2 sites). Recently, several high-affinity sigma ligands have been identified, and the term superpotent sigma ligands has been coined to describe agents with Ki values of < 1 nM. We have previously shown that appropriately N-substituted phenylalkylamines bind at sigma receptors with high affinity. In the present investigation, we examine the structure-affinity relationships of these phenylalkylamine derivatives for sigma 1 binding and describe some of the first superpotent sigma 1 ligands. A binding model was developed to account for the structural features of the phenylalkylamines that appear to be important for the interaction of these agents with sigma 1 sites.
Transparent Zeolite Films with Regular Surface Patterns (2005)

Surfactant/zeolite precursor hybrid layers coated on flat substrates are steamed under controlled humidity to produce transparent zeolite (silicalite) films with regular surface patterns (see Figure). The surface pattern changes depending on the type of non-ionic surfactant used. Zeolite films produced show a contact angle of approximately zero for n-octane, but the contact angle for water varies from zero to 140°.
Red, green, and blue laser action in solid colloidal quantum dot films (2012)

We report on wavelength-variable lasing from optical gain media composed of colloidal quantum-dots (CQD) thin films across the visible spectrum. Exploiting single exciton gain enables amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and vertical cavity lasing at very low optical pump thresholds. The average number of exciton per CQD at the ASE threshold is <;N>;~ 0.8, which significantly reduces losses from enhanced nonradiative multiexciton Auger recombination in nanometer sized semiconductor particle, enabling quasi-continuous-wave CQD laser performance in densely packed nanocomposites.
Junctions of the AML1/MTG8(ETO) fusion are constant in t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (1993)

The chromosomal translocation, t(8;21), is found frequently in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with maturation (FAB-M2). We have previously mapped the translocation breakpoints of t(8;21) in a specific intron of the AML1 gene on chromosome 21. In this study, we cloned cDNAs synthesized from a cell line carrying t(8;21) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using an AML1-specific primer. The analysis of the cDNAs structure has led to the identification of the fusion of AML1 with a gene named MTG8 on chromosome 8, which seems to be identical to ETO. Northern analysis using MTG8 (ETO) probes detected 7.8-kb and 6.2-kb RNAs and several minor RNAs in the cell line with t(8;21), but failed to detect any transcripts in a cell line without t(8;21). A set of primers were designed to detect the AML1/MTG8(ETO) fusion by PCR. The PCR amplified identical products in all 6 patients and one cell line with t(8;21), suggesting that the AML1/MTG8(ETO) fusion is a constant feature associated with t(8;21) and the junctions of the AML1/MTG8(ETO) fusion are restricted in a unique site. Because the PCR detection of the AML1/MTG8(ETO) fusion at the RNA level is highly sensitive, it can be used as a sensitive method for diagnosis and detection of minimal residual disease in t(8;21) leukemia.
Ultrasound phased arrays for noninvasive myocardial ablation: initial studies (2002)

Catheter based ablation of cardiac tissue has been shown to provide an immediate and long lasting cure for cardiac arrhythmia. However, the procedure does not always allow placing the catheter in close proximity to the pathological tissues requiring ablation. Use of non-invasive focused ultrasound ablation in the moving heart is an attractive potential alternative to catheter based ablative therapy. In this paper, initial studies have been performed to explore the feasibility of using ultrasound phased array technology for this application. A 3-D treatment planning software package was developed to study the available acoustic windows allowing ultrasound to be focused on the myocardium. Numerical simulation studies of the feasibility of precise beam forming by propagating ultrasound around the ribs shows that the beam, even though formed by an irregularly shaped subset of phased array elements not blocked by ribs and air, was very sharply focused at the target. Using invasive phase aberration correction algorithms developed in the authors' lab, experiments with pork and human rib phantoms confirm the ability to precisely form beams with phased array through the available noncontiguous windows.
Invar-36 Micro Hemispherical Shell Resonators (2014)

We report, for the first time, on the successful fabrication and operational characterization of electroplated Invar Micro-Hemispherical Shell Resonators (μHSR). The heat treatment of the samples and its effect on the quality factor (Q) of the resonators is studied. We show that thermal annealing shifts the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the alloy towards its minimum of ~2ppm/°C, as a result of which the Q of a 29kHz μHSR with diameter of 780 μm increases at least 3 times and reaches 7500 in vacuum.
Hel-N1: an Autoimmune RNA-Binding Protein with Specificity for 3' Uridylate-Rich Untranslated Regions of Growth Factor mRNAs (1993)

We have investigated the RNA binding specificity of Hel-N1, a human neuron-specific RNA-binding protein, which contains three RNA recognition motifs. Hel-N1 is a human homolog of Drosophila melanogaster elav, which plays a vital role in the development of neurons. A random RNA selection procedure revealed that Hel-N1 prefers to bind RNAs containing short stretches of uridylates similar to those found in the 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs) of oncoprotein and cytokine mRNAs such as c-myc, c-fos, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Direct binding studies demonstrated that Hel-N1 bound and formed multimers with c-myc 3' UTR mRNA and required, as a minimum, a specific 29-nucleotide stretch containing AUUUG, AUUUA, and GUUUUU. Deletion analysis demonstrated that a fragment of Hel-N1 containing 87 amino acids, encompassing the third RNA recognition motif, forms an RNA binding domain for the c-myc 3' UTR. In addition, Hel-N1 was shown to be reactive with autoantibodies from patients with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis both before and after binding to c-myc mRNA.
SRSF2 Regulation of <i>MDM2</i> Reveals Splicing as a Therapeutic Vulnerability of the p53 Pathway (2019)

<i>MDM2</i> is an oncogene and critical negative regulator of tumor suppressor p53. Genotoxic stress causes alternative splicing of <i>MDM2</i> transcripts, which leads to alterations in p53 activity and contributes to tumorigenesis. <i>MDM2-ALT1</i> is one of the alternatively spliced transcripts predominantly produced in response to genotoxic stress, and is comprised of terminal coding exons 3 and 12. Previously, we found that SRSF1 induces <i>MDM2-ALT1</i> by promoting <i>MDM2</i> exon 11 skipping. Here we report that splicing regulator SRSF2 antagonizes the regulation of SRSF1 by facilitating the inclusion of exon 11 through binding at two conserved exonic splicing enhancers. Overexpression of SRSF2 reduced the generation of <i>MDM2-ALT1</i> under genotoxic stress, whereas SRSF2 knockdown induced the expression of <i>MDM2-ALT1</i> in the absence of genotoxic stress. Blocking the exon 11 SRSF2-binding sites using oligonucleotides promoted <i>MDM2-ALT1</i> splicing and induced p53 protein expression, and apoptosis in p53 wild-type cells. The regulation of <i>MDM2</i> splicing by SRSF2 is also conserved in mice, as mutation of one SRSF2-binding site in <i>Mdm2</i> exon 11, using CRISPR-Cas9, increased the expression of the <i>MDM2-ALT1</i> homolog <i>Mdm2-MS2</i>. IMPLICATIONS: Taken together, the data indicate that modulating <i>MDM2</i> splicing may be a useful tool for fine-tuning p53 activity in response to genotoxic stress.
Anatomic modeling using 3D printing: quality assurance and optimization (2017)

A comprehensive QA process from image acquisition to completed model has been developed. Such a program is essential to ensure the required accuracy of 3D printed models for medical applications.
Normalization of Tumour Blood Vessels Improves the Delivery of Nanomedicines in a Size-Dependent Manner (2020)

Unfortunately, the increased hydrodynamic and steric hindrance resulting from the smaller vessel pores caused by normalization may compromise the advantage gained from enhanced convection. The blood vessels of cancerous tumours are leaky and poorly organized. Elevated tumour interstitial fluid pressure hinders drug delivery by abolishing the fluid pressure gradients that lead to rapid convective penetration into tumours. Orthotopic mammary tumour models were prepared by implanting a small piece of viable tumour tissue from a source tumour animal into severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing mammary fat pad chambers. The primary tumours were then measured every three days, beginning on day 0, using calipers. Tumour growth was quantified using the time for each to reach double its initial volume. The calculation was made as an average over the entire imaged volume for each tumour. Antiangiogenic therapies can repair tumour vessel abnormalities such as the large heterogeneous pores that facilitate leakiness by inducing vessel maturation.
THE TRAVEL ASSISTANT DEVICE: UTILIZING GPS-ENABLED MOBILE PHONES TO AID TRANSIT RIDERS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS (2008)

Recent advancements in mobile technology allow Global Positioning System (GPS)-enabled cell phones provide a variety of real-time location-based services (LBS). This paper reports on the design, implementation, and testing of such a service, the Travel Assistant Device (TAD), that aids transit riders with special needs to use public transportation. TAD is a program that provides the rider with customized real-time audio, visual, and tactile prompts for when they should exit the transit vehicle by announcing “Get ready... ” and “Pull the cord now!” Additionally, TAD provides alerts to riders, their caretakers, and travel trainers if a rider deviated from the planned route. A website allows easy access for the creation of new trip itineraries and also allows monitoring the rider’s location by authorized personnel in real-time from any computer. While the TAD was designed to aid transit riders with special needs to increase their level of independence and their care-takers level of security, any rider new to a transit system can use TAD for planning and executing trips with confidence and ease.
Processing and Film Properties of Polypropylene Made Using Metallocene Catalysts (2002)

This paper will present results of both laboratory and pilot line evaluations of homopolymer polypropylenes produced using metallocene catalysts. The main focus of the work will be on the physical properties of the oriented films made from the isotactic homopolymer materials. Discussion will also be provided of processing issues that occur during the film manufacturing process.
Characteristic Evaluation of Lenses for Ultrasonic Micro-Spectrometer (1993)

An ultrasonic micro-spectrometer (UMSM) was previously developed to measure the reflection coefficient of a solid specimen at a small spot on its surface. Lenses for the UMSM consist of a paired spherical transmitter and planar receiver, denoted as SPP lenses. In this paper, we show by both experiment and calculation that an acoustic field at the back focal plane of the spherical lens directly influences the incident angular dependence of the SPP lenses output. The acoustic field distribution depends strongly on the axial symmetry of the transducer in the spherical transmitter. Therefore, rapid variation of the field in the case of a circular transducer is successfully prevented by changing the transducer to a rectangular one, which is suitable for system normalization.
Fibroblast Subtypes Regulate Responsiveness of Luminal Breast Cancer to Estrogen (2016)

<b>Purpose:</b> Antiendocrine therapy remains the most effective treatment for estrogen receptor-positive (ER<sup>+</sup>) breast cancer, but development of resistance is a major clinical complication. Effective targeting of mechanisms that control the loss of ER dependency in breast cancer remains elusive. We analyzed breast cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), the largest component of the tumor microenvironment, as a factor contributing to ER expression levels and antiendocrine resistance.<b>Experimental Design:</b> Tissues from patients with ER<sup>+</sup> breast cancer were analyzed for the presence of CD146-positive (CD146<sup>pos</sup>) and CD146-negative (CD146<sup>neg</sup>) fibroblasts. ER-dependent proliferation and tamoxifen sensitivity were evaluated in ER<sup>+</sup> tumor cells cocultured with CD146<sup>pos</sup> or CD146<sup>neg</sup> fibroblasts. RNA sequencing was used to develop a high-confidence gene signature that predicts for disease recurrence in tamoxifen-treated patients with ER<sup>+</sup> breast cancer.<b>Results:</b> We demonstrate that ER<sup>+</sup> breast cancers contain two CAF subtypes defined by CD146 expression. CD146<sup>neg</sup> CAFs suppress ER expression in ER<sup>+</sup> breast cancer cells, decrease tumor cell sensitivity to estrogen, and increase tumor cell resistance to tamoxifen therapy. Conversely, the presence of CD146<sup>pos</sup> CAFs maintains ER expression in ER<sup>+</sup> breast cancer cells and sustains estrogen-dependent proliferation and sensitivity to tamoxifen. Conditioned media from CD146<sup>pos</sup> CAFs with tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells are sufficient to restore tamoxifen sensitivity. Gene expression profiles of patient breast tumors with predominantly CD146<sup>neg</sup> CAFs correlate with inferior clinical response to tamoxifen and worse patient outcomes.<b>Conclusions:</b> Our data suggest that CAF composition contributes to treatment response and patient outcomes in ER<sup>+</sup> breast cancer and should be considered a target for drug development. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 23(7); 1710-21. ©2016 AACR</i>.
ACOUSTICS2008/891 Supersonic Shear Imaging: a multi-wave imaging example (2008)

A new imaging method that relies on the simultaneous use of both a low frequency shear wave and a high frequency ultrasound is described. The shear waves have typically centimetric wavelengths and they propagated at low velocity in tissues. They are progressively distorted by the viscoelastic inhomogeneities of encountered tissues. When coupled to an ultrafast ultrasound scanner (5000 images per second), it allows for the follow up of the propagation of these waves with a millimetric resolution over a large zone of interest. From the spatio-temporal evolution of the shear displacement fields, inversion algorithms are used to recover the shear modulus and viscosity map with sub millimetric resolution. These techniques are no more diraction limited because, the near field of the transient waves is directly observed. In this multi-vave technique, the shear wave gives the contrast while the ultrasonic wave gives the spatial resolution. Shear waves are generated leveraging the innovative use of the ultrasonic radiation force generated by an ultrasound probe. A supersonic shear source is remotely created in tissues. Such a moving source creates two plane shear waves propagating in a Mach cone. In vivo images obtained in breast, liver, muscles will be presented that show the great interest of this quantitative imaging technique.