gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive and Context-Sensitive Neonatal Pain Assessment Using Computer Vision (2019)

Infants receiving care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) experience several painful procedures during their hospitalization. Assessing neonatal pain is difficult because the current standard for assessment is subjective, inconsistent, and discontinuous. The intermittent and inconsistent assessment can induce poor treatment and, therefore, cause serious long-term outcomes. In this paper, we present a comprehensive pain assessment system that utilizes facial expressions along with crying sounds, body movement, and vital sign changes. The proposed automatic system generates a standardized pain assessment comparable to those obtained by conventional nurse-derived pain scores. The system achieved 95.56 percent accuracy using decision fusion of different pain responses that were recorded in a challenging clinical environment. In addition to the decision fusion, we present the performance of multimodal assessment using other fusion schemes as well as a unimodal assessment approach. We also discuss the impact of different factors (e.g., gestational age) on pain, propose several group-specific models for pain assessment (e.g., pre-term and full-term models), and compare the performance of these models with the performance of general models. While further research is needed, our results show that the automatic assessment of neonatal pain is a viable and more efficient alternative to the manual assessment.
Rank-ordered error diffusion: method and applications (2007)

We present a specialized form of error diffusion (ED) that addresses certain long-standing problems associated with operating on images possessing halftone structure and other local high-contrast structures. For instance, image-quality defects often occur when rendering a scanned halftone image to printable form via quantization reduction. Rendering the scanned halftone via conventional ED produces fragmented dots, which can appear grainy and be unstable in printed density. Rendering by thresholding or rehalftoning often produces moiré, and descreening blurs the image. Another difficulty arises in printers that utilize a binary image path, where an image is rasterized directly to halftone form. In that form it is difficult to perform basic image processing operations such as applying a digital tone reproduction curve. Rank-order error diffusion (ROED) has been developed to address these problems. ROED utilizes brightness ranking of pixels within a diffusion mask to diffuse quantization error at a pixel. This approach results in an image-structure-adaptive quantization with useful properties. We describe the basic methodology of ROED as well as several applications in processing halftone images.
Frequency-Hiding Order-Preserving Encryption (2015)

Order-preserving encryption allows encrypting data, while still enabling efficient range queries on the encrypted data. This makes its performance and functionality very suitable for data outsourcing in cloud computing scenarios, but the security of order-preserving is still debatable. We present a scheme that achieves a strictly stronger notion of security than any other scheme so far. The basic idea is to randomize the ciphertexts to hide the frequency of plaintexts. Still, the client storage size remains small, in our experiments up to 1/15 of the plaintext size. As a result, one can more securely outsource large data sets, since we can also show that our security increases with larger data sets.
Multiuser Performance of Balanced UWB Transmitted-Reference System in Multipath (2006)

Abstract — In this paper, we analyze the multiuser performance of a modified version of a newly proposed balanced transmittedreference (TR) system for ultra-wideband (UWB) communications. The proposed TR system is capable of properly eliminating the inter-pulse interference (IPI) between the reference and data pulses in multipath environments, with a low system complexity. We further investigate the effect of the inter-pulse distance on the multiuser capacity and demonstrate the trade-off between the system’s achievable information rate and the number of coexisting users. I.
Biodegradable poly(diol citrate) nanocomposite elastomers for soft tissue engineering (2006)

At present, synthetic biodegradable polymers commonly used for scaffolds in tissue engineering have a limited range of mechanical properties. This limitation is a challenge to in vivo tissue engineering, as the cell-scaffold construct is expected to maintain or restore normal tissue biomechanics during new tissue formation. Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of biodegradable elastomeric nanocomposite materials whose mechanical properties can be tailored to meet the requirements of soft tissue engineering applications. The nanocomposite consists of a nanofibrous poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanophase and an elastomeric poly(diol citrate) macrophase. Incorporation of a PLLA nanophase provides reinforcement to the poly(diol citrate) as demonstrated by an increase in tensile strength, modulus, and elongation at break with minimal permanent deformation. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposite were altered with the concentration of PLLA, choice of poly(diol citrate), and polymerization conditions. More importantly, the tensile mechanical properties compare favorably to those of human cartilage, ligament, and blood vessel. Furthermore, the compressive modulus is very similar to those of human and bovine articular cartilage. These results suggest that poly(diol citrate) nanocomposite elastomers are promising candidate biomaterials for soft tissue engineering.
Electrophilic N-Benzylnaltrindoles as .delta. Opioid Receptor-Selective Antagonists (1995)

The N-benzyl group of N-benzylnaltrindole (1, BNTI), a potent and selective delta 2 opioid receptor antagonist, was employed as a scaffold to hold electrophilic moieties (isothiocyanate and haloacetamide) in an effort to obtain selective affinity labels (2-4 and 8-11). The corresponding acetamide derivatives (5-7) also were synthesized to serve as nonelectrophilic controls. The o- and p-isothiocyanates (2 and 4) and the haloamides (8-11) were selective delta opioid receptor antagonists in the mouse vas deferens (MVD) preparations, while the meta isomer 3 was a delta-selective full agonist (IC50 = 5 nM). The fact that the effect of 2 and 4 was found to increase as a function of time in MVD suggests a covalent mechanism for the wash resistant component. The m-isothiocyanate 3 was found to be a delta-selective and irreversible agonist in the MVD, and it is suggested that it may be covalently binding to an agonist recognition site. In the mouse abdominal stretch antinociceptive assay, compounds 2-4 and 9 were delta-selective antagonists but exhibited delta 2/delta 1 selectivity ratios than that of BNTI.
Bunyaviruses with segmented glycoprotein genes and methods for generating these viruses (2014)

Bunyaviruses with segmented glycoprotein precursor genes and methods for generating these viruses Abstract: The invention relates to a bunyavirus, in which separated (NSm)Gn and Gc coding regions are functionally present on two different genome segments, preferably a bunyavirus that comprises a total of at least 4 genome segments. The invention further relates to methods for producing said bunyavirus, and to a composition comprising said bunyavirus and a suitable excipient.
Spare capacity allocation using partially disjoint paths for dual link failure protection (2013)

A shared backup path protection (SBPP) scheme can be used to protect dual link failures by pre-planning each traffic flow with mutually disjoint working and two backup paths while minimizing the network overbuild. However, many existing backbone networks are bi-connected without three fully disjoint paths between all node pairs. Hence in practice partially disjoint paths (PDP) have been used for backup paths instead of fully disjoint ones. This paper studies the minimum spare capacity allocation (SCA) problem using PDP within an optimization framework. This is an extension of the spare provision matrix (SPM) method for PDP. The integer linear programming (ILP) model is formulated and an approximation algorithm, Successive Survivable Routing (SSR), is extended and used in the numerical study. © 2013 Scientific Assoc for infocom.
Tunable mechanically induced long-period fiber gratings (2000)

We report the experimental characterization of mechanically induced long-period fiber gratings (LPFG's) made by pressing a plate with periodic grooves against a short length of fiber. This filter, which is simple and inexpensive, exhibits transmission spectra and temperature stability similar to those of photoinduced LPFG's. It also offers the unique advantages of being tunable, erasable, and reconfigurable. Its polarization dependence also makes it useful as a polarizer, although it can also be eliminated with simple mechanical designs.
A Cloud-Based Platform Enabling Automation in Resiliency and Performance Testing of SDN (2018)

In this paper, we present a framework for planning and executing performance and resiliency testing of SDN. The goal of the platform is to automate, enable and reduce the cost of SDN performance and resiliency testing.
Novel liquid‐crystal materials with negative dielectric anisotropy for TV application (2006)

Abstract— The development of materials for vertically aligned (VA) active‐matrix display technology is briefly reviewed and the newest generation of liquid crystals for this application is disclosed. These new materials possess a unique combination of high dielectric anisotropy Δε and low rotational viscosity γ 1 with good clearing temperatures T NI for fast‐switching LC mixtures targeted for TV application.
Efficient Real Spherical Harmonic Representation of Head-Related Transfer Functions (2015)

Several methods have recently been proposed for modeling spatially continuous head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) using techniques based on finite-order spherical harmonic expansion. These techniques inherently impart some amount of spatial smoothing to the measured HRTFs. However, the effect this spatial smoothing has on the localization accuracy has not been analyzed. Consequently, the relationship between the order of a spherical harmonic representation for HRTFs and the maximum localization ability that can be achieved with that representation remains unknown. The present study investigates the effect that spatial smoothing has on virtual sound source localization by systematically reducing the order of a spherical-harmonic-based HRTF representation. Results of virtual localization tests indicate that accurate localization performance is retained with spherical harmonic representations as low as fourth-order, and several important physical HRTF cues are shown to be present even in a first-order representation. These results suggest that listeners do not rely on the fine details in an HRTF's spatial structure and imply that some of the theoretically-derived bounds for HRTF sampling may be exceeding perceptual requirements.
Amido‐Bridged Nucleic Acids (AmNAs): Synthesis, Duplex Stability, Nuclease Resistance, and in Vitro Antisense Potency (2012)

Towards the next generation: New LNA analogues based on a cyclic amide structure, termed amido-bridged nucleic acids (AmNAs), have been synthesized. Oligonucleotides modified with these residues showed high nuclease resistance along with high binding affinities towards complementary strands. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Technologies For A Superconducting Sampling Oscilloscope/Time Domain Reflectometer (1988)

HYPRES, Inc. has introduced to the commercial marketplace a Sampling Oscilloscope/Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) based on Josephson junction technology. The unit offers measurement performance commensurate with the inherent high speed of the Josephson elements, e.g., bandwidths in excess of 70 GHz and rise times on the order of 5 ps. A Josephson {rigger recognizer and delay circuit allows triggering of the sampling oscilloscope from the signal itself, with full view of the trigger point. Input modules offering different sensitivities or TDR capability are quickly interchangeable, and operating temperature is achieved in less than one minute. The technical details of the cooling technique and the chip circuitry will be described in this paper .
Modeling data manifold geometry in hyperspectral imagery (2004)

A new approach to modeling the nonlinear structure of hyperspectral imagery is developed. The new approach extracts a coordinate system that preserves geodesic distances on the high-dimensional data manifold. Extant algorithms for modelling nonlinear structure such as ISOMAP have been developed for other applications and are globally optimal but are practical only for small data sets because of poor computational scaling. We develop an approach to improve the scaling of manifold algorithms to large remote sensing scenes and illustrate our approach with hyperspectral imagery. We also show that the manifold approach leads to significantly improved compression over a widely used classical method, the minimum noise fraction.
Covalent Functionalization of Boron Nitride Nanotubes <i>via</i> Reduction Chemistry (2015)

Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) exhibit a range of properties that hold great potential for many fields of science and technology; however, they have inherently low chemical reactivity, making functionalization for specific applications difficult. Here we propose that covalent functionalization of BNNTs via reduction chemistry could be a highly promising and viable strategy. Through density functional theory calculations of the electron affinity of BNNTs and their binding energies with various radicals, we reveal that their chemical reactivity can be significantly enhanced via reducing the nanotubes (i.e., negatively charging). For example, a 5.5-fold enhancement in reactivity of reduced BNNTs toward NH2 radicals was predicted relative to their neutral counterparts. The localization characteristics of the BNNT π electron system lead the excess electrons to fill the empty p orbitals of boron sites, which promote covalent bond formation with an unpaired electron from a radical molecule. In support of our theoretical findings, we also experimentally investigated the covalent alkylation of BNNTs via reduction chemistry using 1-bromohexane. The thermogravimetric measurements showed a considerable weight loss (12-14%) only for samples alkylated using reduced BNNTs, suggesting their significantly improved reactivity over neutral BNNTs. This finding will provide an insight in developing an effective route to chemical functionalization of BNNTs.
Reduction of MR imaging time by the hybrid fast-scan technique. (1986)

The time taken to collect high-resolution and high signal-to-noise (S/N) data in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging may be the limiting factor in patient throughput and in reducing patient motion. A hybrid fast-scan technique combining static and oscillatory phase-encoding gradients from two-dimensional Fourier transform (2DFT) and echo-planar imaging can reduce the time needed to collect data at the expense of loss in S/N. The flexibility of this technique is that any amplitude or frequency of oscillation of the phase-encoding gradient can be used. The technique was used for different frequencies and amplitudes, and images are presented that were acquired in one-half and one-quarter the time required with standard 2DFT techniques. The images illustrate that the hybrid and 2DFT techniques produce comparable resolution and contrast under identical conditions.
Bubble Eliminator Based on Centrifugal Flow (2004)

The fluid bubble eliminator (FBE) is a device that removes gas bubbles from a flowing liquid. The FBE contains no moving parts and does not require any power input beyond that needed to pump the liquid. In the FBE, the buoyant force for separating the gas from the liquid is provided by a radial pressure gradient associated with a centrifugal flow of the liquid and any entrained bubbles. A device based on a similar principle is described in Centrifugal Adsorption Cartridge System (MSC- 22863), which appears on page 48 of this issue. The FBE was originally intended for use in filtering bubbles out of a liquid flowing relatively slowly in a bioreactor system in microgravity. Versions that operate in normal Earth gravitation at greater flow speeds may also be feasible. The FBE (see figure) is constructed as a cartridge that includes two concentric cylinders with flanges at the ends. The outer cylinder is an impermeable housing; the inner cylinder comprises a gas-permeable, liquid-impermeable membrane covering a perforated inner tube. Multiple spiral disks that collectively constitute a spiral ramp are mounted in the space between the inner and outer cylinders. The liquid enters the FBE through an end flange, flows in the annular space between the cylinders, and leaves through the opposite end flange. The spiral disks channel the liquid into a spiral flow, the circumferential component of which gives rise to the desired centrifugal effect. The resulting radial pressure gradient forces the bubbles radially inward; that is, toward the inner cylinder. At the inner cylinder, the gas-permeable, liquid-impermeable membrane allows the bubbles to enter the perforated inner tube while keeping the liquid in the space between the inner and outer cylinders. The gas thus collected can be vented via an endflange connection to the inner tube. The centripetal acceleration (and thus the radial pressure gradient) is approximately proportional to the square of the flow speed and approximately inversely proportional to an effective radius of the annular space. For a given FBE geometry, one could increase the maximum rate at which gas could be removed by increasing the rate of flow to obtain more centripetal acceleration. In experiments and calculations oriented toward the original microgravitational application, centripetal accelerations between 0.001 and 0.012 g [where g normal Earth gravitation (.9.8 m/s2)] were considered. For operation in normal Earth gravitation, it would likely be necessary to choose the FBE geometry and the rate of flow to obtain centripetal acceleration comparable to or greater than g.
Development of a wireless antenna and monitoring system for microwave based vital sign and lung water measurement (2014)

A wireless microwave based antenna monitoring system has been developed for vital signs and lung water measurements. The system employs a unique electromagnetic energy coupling sensor/antenna and is also equipped with a mobile app to display the processed values in real time and facilitate use by mobile users. New RF components have been used and this eliminated the need for a costly and bulky network analyzers. The developed system is more suitable for clinical use and for remote monitoring of remote patients. Accuracy of the developed wireless system has been validated by comparing results with traditional network analyzer measurements and excellent agreement was observed.
Nitrogen Partitioning During Early Development of Supernodulating Soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>[L.] Merrill) Mutants and their Wild-Type Parent (1990)

The relative importance of fixed N2, cotyledonary N, and nitrate for growth of seedlings of soybean cv. Bragg and two of its nitrate tolerant supernodulating (nts) mutants (intermediate nts 1116 and extreme nts1007) was investigated during symbiotic development in the presence of nitrate (3.0 mol m−3) using 15N techniques. Newly-fixed N2 and nitrate were both major sources of N for nodule development and nitrate principally supported early shoot and root growth in Bragg. In the nts mutants, however, all plant parts and nodules in particular, relied more on N stored in the cotyledons. This resulted in later nodule maturity and a period of prolonged N-starvation for the seedlings of the extreme supernodulator, and could be responsible for their subsequently lowered biomass accumulation compared to the parent cultivar.
Clinical manifestations, course, and outcome of patients with neutralizing anti-interferon-γ autoantibodies and disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infections (2016)

Neutralizing anti-interferon-γ autoantibody (nAIGA)-associated immunodeficiency is an emerging medical issue worldwide. In the present study, we describe and discuss the clinical features and outcomes of patients with nAIGAs and disseminated infections by nontuberculous mycobacteria (dNTM).We thoroughly reviewed the medical records of all patients. Microorganisms and nAIGAs were identified using previously described methods with modifications. All data were calculated and analyzed using SPSS software.Among 46 adult patients with dNTM infections, we identified 45 cases (97.8%) with nAIGAs. The average patient age was 58.6 years, and there was no sex predominance. Cervical lymphadenitis (81.8%) was the most common clinical manifestation. Endocrine disorder was the leading comorbidity (7 cases). Malignancies were found in 4 patients, and all of the malignancies originated from the T-cell/macrophage lineage. More than half of the identifiable isolates were slow-growing NTMs. Twenty-eight (62.2%) and 18 (40.0%) patients had a history of zoster and salmonellosis, respectively. A high proportion of patients with recurrent episodes of NTM infection or a history of zoster and dNTM infection had initial nAIGA titers ≥10 dilution (P < 0.05). Twenty-seven patients (60.0%) required long-term antimycobacterial therapy and had at least 1 episode of recurrent NTM disease. No mortality was related to dNTM infection.In Taiwan, nAIGAs are a recently recognized mechanism of dNTM infection. Long term of antibiotic treatment and adherence to medical advice are necessary to improve the clinical outcome of patients with nAIGAs.