gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Embedded Ultrasonic Structural Radar with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors for Damage Detection in Cylindrical Shell Structures (2004)

‡Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a major component of the vehicle health monitoring (VHM) concept currently considered for the civilian and military aerospace applications. Piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) are one of the candidate embedded sensors considered for SHM applications. PWAS are inexpensive, non-intrusive, un-obtrusive, devices that can be used in both active and passive modes. In active mode, PWAS generated Lamb waves that can be used for damage detection through pulse-echo or pitch-catch techniques. An efficient application of the pulse-echo method with PWAS technology is through the phased array technique. In the embedded ultrasonics structural radar (EUSR) concept, an array of closely spaced PWAS is used to detect structural cracks based on the scanning beam principle with guided Lamb waves. A scanning beam of ultrasonic Lamb waves works like “structural radar”. When encountering a crack, it generates echoes and backscatter. This concept was initially developed by the authors for guided Lamb waves traveling in flat plates. In this paper, the EUSR concept is extended to cylindrical shells. First, the theory of guided waves in cylindrical shells, with the associated modes and dispersive frequencies is reviewed. It is shown that cylindrical shells accept three types of guided ultrasonic waves: longitudinal, flexural, and torsional. The first and second of these ways can be associated with the Lamb waves in flat plates, while the third can be related to the shear-horizontal guided waves in flat plates. Subsequently, the paper describes validation experiments performed on cylindrical shells of various curvatures. It is shown that the EUSR concept works on cylindrical shells with curvatures representative to actual aircraft structure just as well as it works on flat plates.
Bio-based superhydrophilic foam membranes for sustainable oil–water separation (2014)

The development of a low-cost, high-performance, biobased membrane technology has been attempted to treat environmentally sensitive wastewater streams.
Isolation of bovine angiogenin using a placental ribonuclease inhibitor binding assay (1988)

Angiogenin, which induces the formation of new blood vessels, was isolated previously from two human sources--HT-29 tumor conditioned media and normal plasma. By use of a newly developed binding assay, a similar protein has now been purified from bovine plasma at levels of 30-80 micrograms/L. This protein has the structural, enzymatic, and biological characteristics expected for an angiogenin molecule. Its amino acid composition is similar to that of the human protein, and 22 of 31 residues in the amino-terminal sequences are identical, including a block of 11 consecutive residues. Like human angiogenin, the bovine protein binds placental ribonuclease inhibitor, is inactive toward conventional RNase A substrates, and displays selective ribonucleolytic activity toward some rRNAs. In addition, the bovine protein induces angiogenesis in vivo in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay at levels as low as 44 fmol per egg. Thus, angiogenin is present in bovine sera at levels similar to those observed in man, and its enzymatic and biological activities are identical with those of the human protein.
Toward the Automated Scoring of Written Arguments: Developing an Innovative Approach for Annotation (2017)

Abstract This project focuses on laying the foundations for automated analysis of argumentation schemes, supporting identification and classification of the arguments being made in a text, for the purpose of scoring the quality of written analyses of arguments. We developed annotation protocols for 20 argument prompts from a college‐level test under the framework of the theory of argumentation schemes, which defines reasoning patterns in argumentation. The annotation protocols listed critical questions associated with each argumentation scheme, which makes the argument structure in a text explicit and classifiable. Furthermore, we annotated 200 student essays across four selected argument prompts to test if the annotation protocols can be applied reliably by human annotators. Preliminary results indicate that this method of analyzing argument structure is reliable and promising.
Cerebrospinal fluid metabolomics identifies a key role of isocitrate dehydrogenase in bipolar disorder: evidence in support of mitochondrial dysfunction hypothesis (2016)

Although evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder (BD) has been reported, the precise biological basis remains unknown, hampering the search for novel biomarkers. In this study, we performed metabolomics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from male BD patients (n=54) and age-matched male healthy controls (n=40). Subsequently, post-mortem brain analyses, genetic analyses, metabolomics of CSF samples from rats treated with lithium or valproic acid were also performed. After multivariate logistic regression, isocitric acid (isocitrate) levels were significantly higher in the CSF from BD patients than healthy controls. Furthermore, gene expression of two subtypes (IDH3A and IDH3B) of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from BD patients was significantly lower than that of controls, although the expression of other genes including, aconitase (ACO1, ACO2), IDH1, IDH2 and IDH3G, were not altered. Moreover, protein expression of IDH3A in the cerebellum from BD patients was higher than that of controls. Genetic analyses showed that IDH genes (IDH1, IDH2, IDH3A, IDH3B) and ACO genes (ACO1, ACO2) were not associated with BD. Chronic (4 weeks) treatment with lithium or valproic acid in rats did not alter CSF levels of isocitrate, and mRNA levels of Idh3a, Idh3b, Aco1 and Aco2 genes in the rat brain. These findings suggest that abnormality in the metabolism of isocitrate by IDH3A in the mitochondria plays a key role in the pathogenesis of BD, supporting the mitochondrial dysfunction hypothesis of BD. Therefore, IDH3 in the citric acid cycle could potentially be a novel therapeutic target for BD.
Simple partial volume transceive coils for in vivo <sup>1</sup>H MR studies at high magnetic fields (2007)

Abstract The development of simple radiofrequency (RF) coils for magnetic resonance (MR) of the human brain is still of high interest in the engineering of systems for which phased arrays are not yet available. Particularly, high‐field MR studies will benefit from configurations with simple coils that are easy to build and require only a few RF parts for operation (e.g., quadrature hybrids). In this article we describe selected simple transmit/receive (transceive) partial volume coil assemblies for human brain studies at high magnetic fields of 3, 4, and 7 T (130, 170, and 300 MHz). To characterize coil performance, the experimental results of MRI of phantoms, anatomical MRI, and single‐voxel MRS of healthy human volunteers are presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 31B: 71–85, 2007.
Nitrogen Fertilization of Growing Wheat Based upon Site-Specific Optical Sensing (2005)

A site-specific fertilizer application system that uses optical reflectance measurements of growing plants to estimate fertilizer requirements and that can apply liquid nitrogen fertilizer at a grid level of four square feet is under development. The objective is to determine if the site-specific system is more economical than alternative systems.
Separation and Imaging of Seismic Diffractions in Dip Angle Domain (2010)

Diffraction events containing in seismic data characterize small size geological objects. This information can supplement conventional reflection method. Typically diffracted energy is much weaker than reflection one. Therefore diffractions have to be extracted from the full wavefield before diffraction imaging. We present a method for reflection-diffraction events separation using the hybrid Radon transform.
Characterization of the Xiamenmycin Biosynthesis Gene Cluster in Streptomyces xiamenensis 318 (2014)

Xiamenmycin (1) is a prenylated benzopyran derivative with anti-fibrotic activity. To investigate the genetic basis of xiamenmycin biosynthesis, we performed genome mining in the xiamenmycin-producing Streptomyces xiamenensis wild-type strain 318 to identify a candidate gene cluster. The complete gene cluster, consisting of five genes, was confirmed by a series of gene inactivations and heterologous expression. Based on bioinformatics analyses of each gene and feeding experiments, we found that the structure of an intermediate xiamenmycin B (3) accumulated in a ximA inactivation mutant, allowing us to propose a biosynthetic pathway. All five of the genes in the pathway were genetically and biochemically characterized. XimA was biochemically characterized as an ATP-dependent amide synthetase, catalyzing an amide bond formation in the presence of ATP as the final step in Xiamenmycin biosynthesis. The Km value of XimA was determined to be 474.38 µM for the substrate xiamenmycin B. These studies provide opportunities to use genetic and chemo-enzymatic methods to create new benzopyran derivatives as potential therapeutic agents.
Aluminum-induced de novo bone formation in the beagle. A parathyroid hormone-dependent event. (1989)

To examine the influence of osteoblast function on aluminum-induced neo-osteogenesis in the mammalian species, we compared the effects of aluminum in sham-operated and thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) beagles. TPTX dogs received sufficient calcium carbonate and calcitriol to maintain normal plasma calcium and calcitriol levels, but developed evidence of decreased osteoblast recruitment and activity, including diminished osteoid-covered trabecular bone surface (3.22 +/- 0.21 vs. 10.95 +/- 1.30%) and a decreased osteoblast number (27.8 +/- 8.1 vs. 139.0 +/- 26.0/mm). Administration of aluminum (1.25 mg/kg i.v., three times/wk) increased the serum aluminum levels in both sham (1,087.0 +/- 276.0 vs. 2.7 +/- 0.8 micrograms/liter) and TPTX animals (2,786.0 +/- 569.0 vs. 3.6 +/- 0.8 micrograms/liter) above normal but did not alter the plasma calcium, creatinine, or PTH from control levels in either sham or TPTX dogs. After 8 wk of therapy, however, bone biopsies from sham-operated beagles displayed evidence of neo-osteogenesis including an increased bone volume (47.0 +/- 1.0 vs. 30.4 +/- 0.9%) and trabecular number (4.1 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.2/mm). Much of the enhanced volume resulted from deposition of poorly mineralized woven bone (9.9 +/- 2.7%). In contrast, biopsies from aluminum-treated TPTX animals exhibited significantly less evidence of ectopic bone formation. In this regard, bone (35.5 +/- 1.7%) and woven tissue volume (1.4 +/- 0.8%) as well as trabecular number (3.3 +/- 0.1/mm) were significantly less than those of the aluminum-treated controls. These observations illustrate that aluminum reproducibly stimulates neo-osteogenesis and induces a positive bone balance. However, this effect apparently depends on the availability of a functional osteoblast pool which, if depleted by TPTX, limits the expression of aluminum-induced new bone formation.
Biomarkers for ALS disease progression (2008)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease resulting from a loss of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. ALS is a rapidly progressive disease, with the typical time from diagnosis till death of 2–5 years. There are no current diagnostic tests for ALS or surrogate markers of disease progression. Surrogate markers of ALS disease progression would be valuable measurements for drug efficacy in clinical trials and also identify new targets for drug therapy. To identify protein biomarkers that correlate to clinical measurements of disease progression, we prospectively collected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood plasma every 6 months from 25 ALS patients. We also collected CSF and plasma from control subjects over a 2‐year time frame. ELISA and mass spectrometry were used to identify protein alterations that correlate to disease progression. We identified protein alterations that correlate to clinical parameters of disease progression within ALS patients, and also proteins that identified subpopulations of ALS patients based on site of disease onset.
A DC Link Sensor-Less Voltage Balancing Technique for Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converters With Asymmetric Selective Harmonic Current Mitigation-PWM (2017)

A grid-tied cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converter with low frequency modulation techniques needs to meet power quality standards. At the same time, the effects of grid voltage harmonics on CHB converter's current harmonics must be considered in the modulation techniques. Furthermore, the dc link voltages of grid-tied converters need to be regulated. In this paper, an asymmetric selective harmonic current mitigation-pulse width modulation (PWM) (ASHCM-PWM) technique is used to meet the current harmonic limits of a power quality standard with the effects of grid voltage harmonics considered in the equation set of its optimization process. A voltage balancing technique based on the average power of each cell is derived to regulate the dc link voltages of the CHB converters without using dc voltage sensors. By using the proposed voltage balancing technique, the CHB converters do not need complicated dc link voltage controllers. As a result, the cost and complexity of the grid-tied converters can be significantly reduced. Simulations and experiments were conducted on a 7-level grid-tied CHB converter to validate the proposed voltage balancing technique with ASHCM-PWM modulation technique.
Synthesis of Hg-Re-Ba-Ca-Cu-O superconductors by a two-step method (1997)

A new two-step method has been developed to synthesize (Hg,Re)Ba/sub 2/Ca/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub y/ with lower annealing temperatures as compared to conventional methods using a precursor which contains the (Hg,Re)Ba/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub y/ phase. In the first step, high phase purity (Hg,Re)Ba/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub y/ superconductors are prepared from commercially available Ba/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub y/ precursors, HgO, and Re/sub 2/O/sub 7/. In the second step, the finely ground (Hg,Re)Ba/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub y/ is mixed with Ca-Cu-O and HgO. This precursor mix is encapsulated in evacuated quartz tubes and annealed for 8 to 48 h between 750/spl deg/C and 850/spl deg/C. The resulting samples have (Hg,Re)Ba/sub 2/Ca/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub y/ as a majority phase and exhibit a critical temperature of 133 K as prepared. The superconducting grains are platelike and randomly oriented. The grain sizes depend on the annealing time and temperature and reaches up to 30 /spl mu/m diameter and 5 /spl mu/m thickness. Second phases are mainly unreacted Ba/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub y/ and Ca-Hg-O.
Computationally Designed Peptides for Zika Virus Detection: An Incremental Construction Approach (2019)

Herein, and in contrast to current production of anti-Zika virus antibodies, we propose a semi-combinatorial virtual strategy to select short peptides as biomimetic antibodies/binding agents for the detection of intact Zika virus (ZIKV) particles. The virtual approach was based on generating different docking cycles of tetra, penta, hexa, and heptapeptide libraries by maximizing the discrimination between the amino acid motif in the ZIKV and dengue virus (DENV) envelope protein glycosylation site. Eight peptides, two for each length (tetra, penta, hexa, and heptapeptide) were then synthesized and tested vs. intact ZIKV particles by using a direct enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). As a reference, we employed a well-established anti-ZIKV antibody, the antibody 4G2. Three peptide-based assays had good detection limits with dynamic range starting from 10<sup>5</sup> copies/mL of intact ZIKV particles; this was one order magnitude lower than the other peptides or antibodies. These three peptides showed slight cross-reactivity against the three serotypes of DENV (DENV-1, -2, and -3) at a concentration of 10<sup>6</sup> copies/mL of intact virus particles, but the discrimination between the DENV and ZIKV was lost when the coating concentration was increased to 10<sup>7</sup> copies/mL of the virus. The sensitivity of the peptides was tested in the presence of two biological matrices, serum and urine diluted 1:10 and 1:1, respectively. The detection limits decreased about one order of magnitude for ZIKV detection in serum or urine, albeit still having for two of the three peptides tested a distinct analytical signal starting from 10<sup>6</sup> copies/mL, the concentration of ZIKV in acute infection.
Thermal Conductivity and Tensile Property of Mg-Zn-Y Casting Alloys with Long-Period Stacking Ordered Phase (2016)

The Mg-Zn-Y alloy with long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase is known as attractive for automotive lightening engine components with strength at elevated temperature. On the other hand, it is considered that the thermal conductivity of magnesium alloys is lower than that of commercial aluminum alloys. Low thermal conductivity causes engine performance degradation. However, there is little study on the thermal conductivity of Mg-Zn-Y casting alloys. It is important study when we consider the application of high-temperature parts for engine components. Then we developed the Mg-Zn-Y casting alloys with strength at elevated temperature and good thermal conductivity. Our developed alloys have the fine LPSO phase with a net-like structure for higher strength and the pure magnesium matrix for better thermal conductivity. It is important that there is little or no solute element in the magnesium matrix for thermal conductivity. We accomplished these two good characteristics at the same time by optimizing the amount of zinc and yttrium contained in the Mg-Zn-Y casting alloys. Mg 9 6 Zn 2 Y 2 die-casting alloy had a good thermal conductivity of over 100 Wm -1 K -1 at 473 K. This was almost identical to the thermal conductivity of heat-resistant aluminum casting alloys for conventional engine components.
Non-destructive testing of polycrystalline diamond cutters using dc electrical conductivity imaging (2009)

A new application of electrical impedance tomography/resistivity imaging is investigated: non-destructive testing of polycrystalline diamond cutters used for rock drilling. An instrument employing 121 spring-loaded probes to contact the diamond surface of a cutter was constructed. The acquired 4-probe dc resistance data are reconstructed using an established algorithm into a 3D electrical conductivity distribution within the diamond table. Measurements on cutter samples demonstrate the feasibility and potential utility of this imaging method. Flaws, such as metal rich zones, can be detected. The bulk conductivity is also found to be a strong function of manufacturing process parameters.
Application of word-level confidence measures in interactive statistical machine translation (2005)

Abstract. In this paper, we will address the question of how to efficiently integrate word confidence measures into a state-of-the-art interactive statistical machine translation system and improve prediction performance. Different methods will be presented: the selection of words according to their confidence as well as the rejection which has not been investigated so far. Experimental evaluation with respect to prediction accuracy of the system and typing effort saved by a user will show the improved prediction quality. Additionally, we will describe novel methods exploiting knowledge about a correct prefix of the target sentence for confidence estimation. These further increase the interactive system’s performance. 1
Tobacco plastid transformation using the feedback-insensitive anthranilate synthase [ ]-subunit of tobacco (ASA2) as a new selectable marker (2009)

Genetic engineering of chloroplasts normally requires the stable introduction of bacterial derived antibiotic or herbicide-resistance genes as selective markers. Ecological and health concerns have been raised due to the presence of such genes within the environment or the food supply. One way to overcome this issue is the use of plant genes able to confer a metabolic or developmental advantage to the transformed cells manipulating the plant's biosynthetic pathways. We explored the feasibility of using, for plastid transformation, the selection system based on the feedback-insensitive anthranilate synthase (AS) alpha-subunit gene of tobacco (ASA2) as a new selective marker and the indole analogue 4-methylindole (4MI) or the tryptophan analogue 7-methyl-DL-tryptophan (7MT) as the selection agents. An expression cassette containing Prrn-ASA2 was effectively integrated into the region between accD and ycf4 of the tobacco plastome by the biolistic process. Plastid transgenic plants were obtained on medium supplemented with 300 microM 7MT or 4MI. Transplastomic plants showed normal phenotype and fertility and the resistance to the selection agents 7MT and 4MI was transmitted maternally. The plastid transformed lines also exhibited a higher level of AS enzyme activity that was less sensitive to Trp-feedback inhibition and, consequently, increased free Trp levels in leaves about 7-fold.
Amelioration of Hypoglycemia Via Somatostatin Receptor Type 2 Antagonism in Recurrently Hypoglycemic Diabetic Rats (2013)

Selective antagonism of somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2) normalizes glucagon and corticosterone responses to hypoglycemic clamp in diabetic rats. The purpose of this study was to determine whether SSTR2 antagonism (SSTR2a) ameliorates hypoglycemia in response to overinsulinization in diabetic rats previously exposed to recurrent hypoglycemia. Streptozotocin diabetic rats (n = 19), previously subjected to five hypoglycemia events over 3 days, received an insulin bolus (10 units/kg i.v.) plus insulin infusion (50 mU/kg/min i.v.) until hypoglycemia ensued (≤3.9 mmol/L) (experimental day 1 [Expt-D1]). The next day (Expt-D2), rats were allocated to receive either placebo treatment (n = 7) or SSTR2a infusion (3,000 nmol/kg/min i.v., n = 12) 60 min prior to the same insulin regimen. On Expt-D1, all rats developed hypoglycemia by ∼90 min, while on Expt-D2, hypoglycemia was attenuated with SSTR2a treatment (nadir = 3.7 ± 0.3 vs. 2.7 ± 0.3 mmol/L in SSTR2a and controls, P < 0.01). Glucagon response to hypoglycemia on Expt-D2 deteriorated by 20-fold in the placebo group (P < 0.001) but improved in the SSTR2a group (threefold increase in area under the curve [AUC], P < 0.001). Corticosterone response deteriorated in the placebo-treated rats on Expt-D2 but increased twofold in the SSTR2a group. Catecholamine responses were not affected by SSTR2a. Thus, SSTR2 antagonism after recurrent hypoglycemia improves the glucagon and corticosterone responses and largely ameliorates insulin-induced hypoglycemia in diabetic rats.
Optical flow for compressive sensing video reconstruction (2013)

Although considerable effort has been devoted to the problem of reconstructing compressively sensed video, no existing algorithm achieves results comparable to commonly available video compression methods such as H.264. One possible avenue for improving compressively sensed video reconstruction is the use of optical flow information. Current efforts reported in the literature have not fully utilized optical flow information, instead focusing on limited cases such as stationary backgrounds with sparse foreground motion. In this paper, a reconstruction method is presented which fully utilizes optical flow information to increase the quality of reconstruction. The special cases of known image motion and constant global image motion are presented, and the performance of the algorithm on existing datasets is evaluated.