gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suppression of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Kilowatt Fiber Amplifiers using Nonlinear Spectral Compression (2018)

The linewidth of a 1.3-kW fiber amplifier was reduced by ~1.7x using a novel modulation format that leverages the fiber Kerr nonlinearity to reduce the interaction length for stimulated Brillouin scattering.
Elevation of serum cystathionine levels in patients with cobalamin and folate deficiency (1993)

Homocysteine can be methylated to form methionine by the cobalamin- (Cbl) and folate-dependent enzyme, methionine synthase; serum levels of total homocysteine are elevated in greater than 95% of patients with either Cbl or folate deficiency. Homocysteine can also condense with serine to form cystathionine in a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent reaction catalyzed by cystathionine beta-synthase. Cystathionine is subsequently cleaved to cysteine and alpha-ketobutyrate by the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme gamma-cystathionase. To assess levels of cystathionine in Cbl and folate deficiency, we developed a new capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay and measured cystathionine in the serum of normal subjects and patients with clinically confirmed deficiencies of these vitamins. The normal range for serum cystathionine was 65 to 301 nmol/L (median = 126 nmol/L) for 50 normal blood donors. In 30 patients with clinically confirmed Cbl deficiency, values for cystathionine ranged from 208 nmol/L to 2,920 nmol/L (median = 816 nmol/L) and 26 (87%) had levels above the normal range. In 20 patients with clinically confirmed folate deficiency, cystathionine concentrations ranged from 138 nmol/L to 4,150 nmol/L (median = 1,560 nmol/L) and 19 (95%) had values above the normal range. Five homozygotes for cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency had high values for serum-total homocysteine and low or low-normal values for serum cystathionine that ranged from 30 nmol/L to 114 nmol/L even though they were on treatment with pyridoxine and had partially responded. One patient with a defect in the synthesis of 5-CH3-tetrahydrofolate and five patients with defects in the synthesis of CH3-Cbl had high values for serum-total homocysteine and high values for cystathionine that ranged from 311 nmol/L to 1,500 nmol/L even though they were on treatment with folic acid and Cbl, respectively, and had partially responded. We conclude that levels of cystathionine are evaluated in the serum of most patients with Cbl and folate deficiency and that they are useful in the differential diagnosis of an elevated serum-total homocysteine level.
Near-field x-ray lithography to 15 nm (2004)

It is time to revisit X-ray. By enhancing, in the Near Field, Proximity X-ray Lithography (PXL), the technique is demonstrated that extends to 15nm printed feature size with 2:1 ratio of pitch to line width. "Demagnification by bias" of clear mask features is positively used in Fresnel diffraction together with rapid, multiple exposures of sharp peaks. Pitch is kep small by multiple, stepped exposures of the intense image followed by single development. The optical field is kept compact at the mask. Since the mask-wafer gap scales as the awaure of the mask feature size, mask feature sizes and mask-wafer gaps are comparatively large. A Critical Condition has been identified which is typically used for the highest resolution. Many devices, including batches of microprocessors, have been demonstrated previously by traditional 1X PXL which is the most mature of the Next Generation Lithographies and which is now further extended. Throughput and cost are conventional.
FlowFlex: Malleable Scheduling for Flows of MapReduce Jobs (2013)

We introduce FlowFlex, a highly generic and effective scheduler for flows of MapReduce jobs connected by precedence constraints. Such a flow can result, for example, from a single user-level Pig, Hive or Jaql query. Each flow is associated with an arbitrary function describing the cost incurred in completing the flow at a particular time. The overall objective is to minimize either the total cost (minisum) or the maximum cost (minimax) of the flows. Our contributions are both theoretical and practical. Theoretically, we advance the state of the art in malleable parallel scheduling with precedence constraints. We employ resource augmentation analysis to provide bicriteria approximation algorithms for both minisum and minimax objective functions. As corollaries, we obtain approximation algorithms for total weighted completion time (and thus average completion time and average stretch), and for maximum weighted completion time (and thus makespan and maximum stretch). Practically, the average case performance of the FlowFlex scheduler is excellent, significantly better than other approaches. Specifically, we demonstrate via extensive experiments the overall performance of FlowFlex relative to optimal and also relative to other, standard MapReduce scheduling schemes. All told, FlowFlex dramatically extends the capabilities of the earlier Flex scheduler for singleton MapReduce jobs while simultaneously providing a solid theoretical foundation for both.
Microplate-based surface area assay for rapid phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing (2019)

Rapid delivery of proper antibiotic therapies to infectious disease patients is essential for improving patient outcomes, decreasing hospital lengths-of-stay, and combating the antibiotic resistance epidemic. Antibiotic stewardship programs are designed to address these issues by coordinating hospital efforts to rapidly deliver the most effective antibiotics for each patient, which requires bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). Despite the clinical need for fast susceptibility testing over a wide range of antibiotics, conventional phenotypic AST requires overnight incubations, and new rapid phenotypic AST platforms restrict the number of antibiotics tested for each patient. Here, we introduce a novel approach to AST based on signal amplification of bacterial surfaces that enables phenotypic AST within 5 hours for non-fastidious bacteria. By binding bacterial surfaces, this novel method allows more accurate measurements of bacterial replication in instances where organisms filament or swell in response to antibiotic exposure. Further, as an endpoint assay performed on standard microplates, this method should enable parallel testing of more antibiotics than is currently possible with available automated systems. This technology has the potential to revolutionize clinical practice by providing rapid and accurate phenotypic AST data for virtually all available antibiotics in a single test.
Endothelial cells in peripheral blood of healthy subjects and patients with metastatic carcinomas (2007)

CECs can be accurately and reproducibly enumerated in blood and are elevated in metastatic carcinomas compared with healthy donors. Phlebotomy procedures can affect endothelial cell counts.
Fine air turbulence characterization by airborne weather radar (2009)

Airborne weather radars have a specific Doppler mode for atmospheric turbulences avoidance. Indeed, turbulent areas may be encountered where classical reflectivity measurements do not indicate special hazards. Usually, the severity of turbulences is assessed from the measurement of the radial velocity variance of the wind field ahead, assuming that the turbulence has isotropic statistical properties. However, this measurement is not sufficient because the effect, in term of g-load on the aircraft, also depends on the spatial autocorrelation function of the wind field. This paper deals with an accurate method1 of turbulences assessment, even with low SNR, because the available power for such radars is limited.
Nonlinearily in holey optical fibres (2002)

We discuss recent experimental results concerning the use of microstructured optical fibres as novel nonlinear media. Continuum generation, short wavelength soliton propagation and optical frequency comb generation have been obtained thanks to a combination of unusual dispersive properties and the small mode area available in holey fibres.
The Synthesis and Decomposition of Novel Organophosphorus Complexants (1990)

Abstract Aqueous soluble organic diphosphonic acids have been synthesized as aids in the extraction/recovery of metal values from nuclear waste, ground water, or hydrometallurgical processes. The reagents form aqueous soluble complexes at very low pH values (< 1). After use, these compounds do not represent an additional waste management problem as they are readily decomposed to innocuous materials (phosphoric acid and carbon dioxide) by warming and/or by the action of a mild oxidizing agent.
Adaptive Media Streaming over Emerging Protocols (2014)

The emerging MPEG standard Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) is designed for media delivery over the top of existing infrastructures and enables smooth multimedia streaming towards heterogeneous devices including both wired and wireless environments. The MPEG-DASH standard was designed to work with HTTP-URLs but mandates neither the actual version nor which underlying protocols to be used. This paper will provide a detailed introduction into emerging protocols (HTTP/2.0 and beyond) to be used in the context of adaptive media streaming, specifically DASH.
MEMS Closed-Loop Control Incorporating a Memristor as Feedback Sensing Element (2015)

In this brief, the integration of a memristor with a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) parallel plate capacitor coupled by an amplification stage is simulated. It is shown that the MEMS upper plate position can be controlled up to 95% of the total gap. Due to its common operation principle, the change in the MEMS plate position can be interpreted by the change in the memristor resistance or memristance. A memristance modulation of ~1 kΩ was observed. A polynomial expression representing the MEMS upper plate displacement as a function of the memristance is presented. Thereafter, a simple design for a voltage closed-loop control is presented, showing that the MEMS upper plate can be stabilized up to 95% of the total gap by using the memristor as a feedback sensing element. The memristor can play important dual roles in overcoming the limited operation range of MEMS parallel plate capacitors and in simplifying read-out circuits of those devices by representing the motion of the upper plate in the form of resistance change instead of capacitance change.
Recent strategies in the development of taxane anticancer drugs (2000)

Paclitaxel (Taxol®, Bristol-Myers Squibb) and docetaxel (Taxtere®, Rhône-Poulenc Rorer SA - now Aventis), complex polyoxygenated taxane diterpenoids bearing phenylisoserine moieties currently in extensive clinical use for the treatment of breast, ovarian and other cancers, are considered to be two of the most important drugs in cancer chemotherapy. However, low solubility, multi-drug resistance (MDR), dose-limiting toxicity as well as other adverse effects associated with these drugs present significant drawbacks. Accordingly, seeking the solutions to these problems of taxane anticancer drugs has been the main focus of both academic and industrial research activities for the period of 1997 - 1999. New taxoids (i.e., Taxol®-like compounds) with various modifications at the baccatin skeleton and the phenylisoserine side chain have been developed, which possess improved potency, especially against cancers expressing P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-based MDR. A number of prodrugs of paclitaxel and taxoids have been designed and synthesised to tackle the solubility problem, mainly by attaching water-soluble subunit(s) to the C-2 and/or C-7 hydroxyl groups. Novel tumour-recognising taxoids and taxane-based MDR modulators have also been developed, showing considerable promise. Recently, the improvement in drug formulation and delivery of taxane anticancer agents has been receiving increasing attention.
Centralized rate control mechanism for cellular-based vehicular networks (2013)

Vehicular networking requires high message transmission rate but also faces limited radio resources. This may lead to congestion in the radio access network and incur long delay for the messages. On the other hand, applications also have stringent requirement for latency (or freshness) of the received information. In this paper, we focus on cellular-based vehicular networks and propose a method for finding an optimal trade-off between network congestion and the freshness of received information. We suggest a feedback-based scheme for vehicles and a centralized entity (GeoServer) to coordinate with each other to determine a message transmission rate that best satisfies the application requirements. We first outline the framework of the proposed mechanism, and then analytically derive the optimal solution. Following that, the performance of the proposed mechanism is evaluated via simulations.
FlexConnects: A Cost-Effective Implementation of Compliant Chip-to-Substrate Interconnects (2007)

Compliant free-standing structures can be used as chip-to-substrate interconnects. Such "compliant interconnects" are a potential solution to the requirements that will be imposed on chip-to-substrate interconnects over the next decade. However, cost of implementation and electrical performance limit compliant interconnects. In this paper we present a new compliant interconnect technology called <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">"FlexConnects"</i> which attempts to address these two areas of concern. To fabricate <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FlexConnects</i> , sequential lithography and electroplating processes with two masking steps are utilized. Such an approach potentially reduces the cost of fabricating compliant interconnects. In this paper the viability of this fabrication process is demonstrated by fabricating interconnects at a 100μm pitch. A new compliant interconnect design was developed. The new design is based on the concept of employing parallel electrical paths as part of the compliant interconnect design. Through numerical simulations it is shown that the electrical performance of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FlexConnects</i> (self inductance of ~37pH) is considerably enhanced without compromising their mechanical performance.
Tailoring the properties of dielectric resonator-based metamaterials (2014)

Dielectric resonators represent a promising path toward low loss metamaterials at optical frequencies. In this paper we describe a methodology for tailoring the design of metamaterial resonators as well as recovering their polarizibilies. Examples are provided spanning the range from an isolated resonator with designed scattering properties, to two- and three-dimensional metamaterial arrays exhibiting artificial magnetic properties.
Universal auto-calibration for a rapid battery impedance spectrum measurement device (2014)

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been shown to be a valuable tool for diagnostics and prognostics of energy storage devices such as batteries and ultra-capacitors. Although measurements have been typically confined to laboratory environments, rapid impedance spectrum measurement techniques have been developed for on-line, embedded applications as well. The prototype hardware for the rapid technique has been validated using lithium-ion batteries, but issues with calibration had also been identified. A new, universal automatic calibration technique was developed to address the identified issues while also enabling a more simplified approach. A single, broad-frequency range is used to calibrate the system and then scaled to the actual range and conditions used when measuring a device under test. The range used for calibration must be broad relative to the expected measurement conditions for the scaling to be successful. Validation studies were performed by comparing the universal calibration approach with data acquired from targeted calibration ranges based on the expected range of performance for the device under test. First, a mid-level shunt range was used for calibration and used to measure devices with lower and higher impedance. Next, a high-excitation current level was used for calibration, followed by measurements using lower currents. Finally, calibration was performed over a wide frequency range and used to measure test articles with a lower set of frequencies. In all cases, the universal calibration approach compared very well with results acquired following a targeted calibration. Additionally, the shunts used for the automated calibration technique were successfully characterized such that the rapid impedance measurements compare very well with laboratory-scale measurements. These data indicate that the universal approach can be successfully used for onboard rapid impedance spectra measurements for a broad set of test devices and range of measurement conditions.
A Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Process-Compatible Ferroelectric Tunnel Junction (2017)

In recent years, experimental demonstration of ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJ) based on perovskite tunnel barriers has been reported. However, integrating these perovskite materials into conventional silicon memory technology remains challenging due to their lack of compatibility with the complementary metal oxide semiconductor process (CMOS). This communication reports the fabrication of an FTJ based on a CMOS-compatible tunnel barrier Hf<sub>0.5</sub>Zr<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (6 unit cells thick) on an equally CMOS-compatible TiN electrode. Analysis of the FTJ by grazing angle incidence X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of the noncentrosymmetric orthorhombic phase (Pbc2<sub>1</sub>, ferroelectric phase). The FTJ characterization is followed by the reconstruction of the electrostatic potential profile in the as-grown TiN/Hf<sub>0.5</sub>Zr<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/Pt heterostructure. A direct tunneling current model across a trapezoidal barrier was used to correlate the electronic and electrical properties of our FTJ devices. The good agreement between the experimental and theoretical model attests to the tunneling electroresistance effect (TER) in our FTJ device. A TER ratio of ∼15 was calculated for the present FTJ device at low read voltage (+0.2 V). This study suggests that Hf<sub>0.5</sub>Zr<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>2</sub> is a promising candidate for integration into conventional Si memory technology.
Isolation and Characterization of Human Monoclonal Antibodies That Recognize the Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Hemagglutinin Receptor-Binding Site and Rarely Yield Escape Mutant Viruses (2018)

The influenza A virus rapidly mutates to escape from antibodies. Here, we isolated and characterized three human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that neutralize A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Generation of escape mutant viruses suggested that these antibodies recognized conserved residues of the receptor-binding site (RBS) of hemagglutinin (HA) and that mutant viruses that escaped from these mAbs rarely appeared. Moreover, the escape mutant viruses grew significantly slower than wild-type virus, indicating their reduced fitness. These results indicate that these three human mAbs against the RBS of HA have the potential to be anti-influenza agents with a low propensity for the development of resistant viruses.
Sequentially Constructive Concurrency—A Conservative Extension of the Synchronous Model of Computation (2014)

Synchronous languages ensure determinate concurrency but at the price of restrictions on what programs are considered valid, or constructive . Meanwhile, sequential languages such as C and Java offer an intuitive, familiar programming paradigm but provide no guarantees with regard to determinate concurrency. The sequentially constructive (SC) model of computation (MoC) presented here harnesses the synchronous execution model to achieve determinate concurrency while taking advantage of familiar, convenient programming paradigms from sequential languages. In essence, the SC MoC extends the classical synchronous MoC by allowing variables to be read and written in any order and multiple times, as long as the sequentiality expressed in the program provides sufficient scheduling information to rule out race conditions. This allows to use programming patterns familiar from sequential programming, such as testing and later setting the value of a variable, which are forbidden in the standard synchronous MoC. The SC MoC is a conservative extension in that programs considered constructive in the common synchronous MoC are also SC and retain the same semantics. In this article, we investigate classes of shared variable accesses, define SC-admissible scheduling as a restriction of “free scheduling,” derive the concept of sequential constructiveness, and present a priority-based scheduling algorithm for analyzing and compiling SC programs efficiently.
Hydraulic binder for forming non-efflorescing cementitious bodies, e.g. roofing tiles, comprises sources of calcium aluminate, calcium silicate, sulfate, and reactive silica (2001)

NOVELTY - A hydraulic binder comprises a source of calcium aluminate, calcium silicate, sulfate, and a source of reactive silica. The ingredients are present in such relative proportions that, upon hydration, both monosulfate and hydrated alumina are formed. USE - The binder is used for forming non-efflorescing cementitious bodies, e.g. roofing tiles, plates, cladding, and walls (claimed). ADVANTAGE - The hydraulic binder reduces or eliminates efflorescence while maintaining the physical properties of cementitious bodies at satisfactory levels. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is also included for a method of forming a non-efflorescing cementitious body, comprising curing the hydraulic binder.