gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Organic light‐emitting transistors with voltage‐tunable lit area and full channel illumination (2013)

Abstract Organic light‐emitting transistors (OLETs) are multifunctional optoelectronic devices that hold great promise for a variety of applications, including flat panel displays, integrated light sources for sensing and optical communication systems. The narrow illumination area within the device channel is considered intrinsic to the device architecture and is a severe technological drawback for all those applications where a controlled, wide and homogeneous emission area is required. Here it is shown that not only the position but also the extension of the emission area is voltage‐tunable, and the entire channel of the transistor can be homogeneously illuminated. The modeling of the exciton distribution within the channel at the different bias conditions coupled to the modeling of the device emission profile highlights that excitons are spread through the entire channel width and across the bulk of the central emission layer of the p‐channel/emitter/n‐channel trilayer active heterostructure.
Signal to Noise in Derived NMR Images (1984)

The NMR image is dependent on multiple tissue parameters: hydrogen density, relaxation times T1 and T2, and flow. From the acquired intensity images, T1, T2, and hydrogen images may be produced. The signal/noise of these derived images is critically dependent on the choice of acquisition parameters. Using the calculated T1, T2, and hydrogen images, intensity images may be calculated at arbitrary values of TE and TR, some of which (for example, short TE or TR) may be physically unacquirable.
A new feedback linearization approach to advanced control of multi-unit HVAC systems (2004)

A new feedback linearization approach to advanced control of multi-unit HVAC systems is developed. The central idea of this new nonlinear control is to include a model-based feedback linearization part to compensate for the nonlinearity in the system dynamics. Therefore, the evaporating temperature and superheat values can be controlled by linear PI control designs to achieve desired system performance and reliability. The main advantages of the new nonlinear control method include: (1) better performance even with large model errors, (2) being able to adapt to indoor unit turn on/off operation, (3) much smaller PI control gains compared to that of current feedback PI controls, and (4) much easier design procedures since there is no need for tuning the PI control gains over wide range operation.
PLUME: Efficient 3D Object Detection from Stereo Images. (2021)

3D object detection is a key component of many robotic applications such as self-driving vehicles. While many approaches rely on expensive 3D sensors such as LiDAR to produce accurate 3D estimates, methods that exploit stereo cameras have recently shown promising results at a lower cost. Existing approaches tackle this problem in two steps: first depth estimation from stereo images is performed to produce a pseudo LiDAR point cloud, which is then used as input to a 3D object detector. However, this approach is suboptimal due to the representation mismatch, as the two tasks are optimized in two different metric spaces. In this paper we propose a model that unifies these two tasks and performs them in the same metric space. Specifically, we directly construct a pseudo LiDAR feature volume (PLUME) in 3D space, which is then used to solve both depth estimation and object detection tasks. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance with much faster inference times when compared to existing methods on the challenging KITTI benchmark.
Reduction of Carriage of Enterohemorrhagic<i>Escherichia coli</i>O157:H7 in Cattle by Inoculation with Probiotic Bacteria (1998)

Bacteria inhibitory to Escherichia coli O157:H7 were isolated from cattle and evaluated for their potential for reducing carriage of E. coli O157:H7 in calves. Eighteen of 1,200 bacterial isolates from cattle feces and intestinal tissue samples were screened and determined to inhibit the growth of E. coli O157:H7 in vitro. Seventeen of the isolates were E. coli and one was Proteus mirabilis. None produced Shiga toxin. Genomic DNA fingerprinting by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed 13 distinguishable profiles among the 18 isolates. Two calves inoculated perorally with a mixture of all 18 isolates (10(10) CFU) appeared to be normal and did not develop signs of clinical disease throughout a 25- to 27-day observation period. These bacteria colonized segments of the gastrointestinal tract and were in feces at the termination of the experiment (25 and 27 days postinoculation) at levels of 50 to 200 CFU/g. Fifteen cannulated calves were studied to determine the efficiency of the probiotic bacteria in reducing or eliminating the carriage of E. coli O157:H7. Nine calves served as controls, with each animal receiving perorally 10(10) CFU of E. coli O157:H7. E. coli O157:H7 was detected intermittently in the rumen samples from all control animals throughout 3 weeks postinoculation, whereas E. coli O157:H7 was shed at various levels in feces continuously throughout the experiment (mean, 28 days). E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from the rumens and colons of eight of nine and nine of nine calves, respectively, at the termination of the study. Six calves each received perorally 10(10) CFU of probiotic bacteria and then 2 days later received 10(10) CFU of E. coli O157:H7. E. coli O157:H7 was detected in the rumen for only 9 days postinoculation in two animals, for 16 days in one animal, for 17 days in two animals, and for 29 days in one animal. E. coli O157:H7 was detected in feces for only 11 days postinoculation in one animal, for 15 days in one animal, for 17 days in one animal, for 18 days in one animal, for 19 days in one animal, and for 29 days in one animal. At the end of the experiment (mean, 30 days), E. coli O157:H7 was not recovered from the rumen of any of the six animals treated with probiotic bacteria; however, E. coli O157:H7 was recovered from the feces of one of the animals. This animal was fasted twice postinoculation. These studies indicate that selected probiotic bacteria administered to cattle prior to exposure to E. coli O157:H7 can reduce the level of carriage of E. coli O157:H7 in most animals.
Combination of hydrostatic pressure and lacticin 3147 causes increased killing of Staphylococcus and Listeria (2000)

The use of hydrostatic pressure and lacticin 3147 treatments were evaluated in milk and whey with a view to combining both treatments for improving the quality of minimally processed dairy foods. The system was evaluated using two foodborne pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 and Listeria innocua DPC1770. Trials against Staph. aureus ATCC6538 were performed using concentrated lacticin 3147 prepared from culture supernatant. The results demonstrated a more than additive effect when both treatments were used in combination. For example, the combination of 250 MPa (2.2 log reduction) and lacticin 3147 (1 log reduction) resulted in more than 6 logs of kill. Similar results were obtained when a foodgrade powdered form of lacticin 3147 (developed from a spray dried fermentatation of reconstituted demineralized whey powder) was evaluated for the inactivation of L. innocua DPC1770. Furthermore, it was observed that treatment of lacticin 3147 preparations with pressures greater than 400 MPa yielded an increase in bacteriocin activity (equivalent to a doubling of activity). These results indicate that a combination of high pressure and lacticin 3147 may be suitable for improving the quality of minimally processed foods at lower hydrostatic pressure levels.
Secure QR Code Scheme Using Nonlinearity of Spatial Frequency (2018)

Quick Response (QR) codes are rapidly becoming pervasive in our daily life because of its fast readability and the popularity of smartphones with a built-in camera. However, recent researches raise security concerns because QR codes can be easily sniffed and decoded which can lead to private information leakage or financial loss. To address the issue, we present mQRCode which exploit patterns with specific spatial frequency to camouflage QR codes. When the targeted receiver put a camera at the designated position (e.g., 30cm and 0° above the camouflaged QR code), the original QR code is revealed due to the Moiré phenomenon. Malicious adversaries will only see camouflaged QR code at any other position. Our experiments show that the decoding rate of mQR codes is 95% or above within 0.83 seconds. When the camera is 10cm or 15° away from the designated location, the decoding rate drops to 0 so it's secure from attackers.
Antenna-coupled high T.sub.c superconducting microbolometer (1992)

A device is provided for measuring radiant energy, the device comprising a substrate; a bolometer formed from a high T.sub.c superconducting material disposed on the substrate in an area that is about 1.times.5 .mu.m.sup.2 and about 0.02 .mu.m in depth; and a planar antenna disposed on the substrate and coupled to receive radiation and to impart the received radiation to the bolometer.
Liquid Coatings for Reducing Corrosion of Steel in Concrete (2003)

Inorganic coating materials are being developed to slow or stop corrosion of reinforcing steel members inside concrete structures. It is much simpler and easier to use these coating materials than it is to use conventional corrosion-inhibiting systems based on impressed electric currents. Unlike impressed electrical corrosion-inhibiting systems, these coatings do not require continuous consumption of electrical power and maintenance of power-supply equipment. Whereas some conventional systems involve the use of expensive arc-spray equipment to apply the metallic zinc used as the sacrificial anode material, the developmental coatings can be applied by use of ordinary paint sprayers. A coating material of the type under development is formulated as a liquid containing blended metallic particles and/or moisture-attracting compounds. The liquid mixture is sprayed onto a concrete structure. Experiments have shown that even though such a coat resides on the exterior surface, it generates a protective galvanic current that flows to the interior reinforcing steel members. By effectively transferring the corrosion process from the steel reinforcement to the exterior coating, the protective current slows or stops corrosion of the embedded steel. Specific formulations have been found to meet depolarization criteria of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) for complete protection of steel reinforcing bars ("rebar") embedded in concrete.
Increased onset temperature of expansion in thermally expandable microspheres through combination of crosslinking agents (2011)

Abstract Free‐radical suspension polymerization was used to synthesize thermally expandable microspheres (TEMS) in which a poly(acrylonitrile‐ co ‐methacrylonitrile) shell encapsulates isooctane. TEMS were prepared with 1,4‐butanediol dimethacrylate (BDDMA), in combination with 1,4‐butanediol divinyl ether (BDDVE), diallyl carbonate (DAC), or allyl methacrylate, as crosslinkers. It was found that a significant increase in the onset temperature of expansion ( T start ) could be obtained when a combination of BDDMA and BDDVE or DAC was used, compared to when only BDDMA was used as crosslinker. The expansion capacity of the TEMS was excellent when BDDMA and DAC were combined. One benefit of the increased T start was demonstrated when poly(vinyl chloride)‐plastisols containing TEMS could be cured at higher temperatures without premature expansion. The differences in expansion obtained with different combinations of crosslinkers originate from the difference in reactivity of the vinyl‐functionalities of the crosslinkers, which regulate the incorporation of the crosslinker into the polymer and thereby, the mechanical properties of the microsphere shell. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
High-performance interband cascade lasers for &#x03BB; = 3-5.5 &#x00B5;m (2011)

We report that various recent design modifications and optimizations have produced significant advances in the performance of interband cascade lasers (ICLs) for the mid-IR spectral band. Figure 1 illustrates the progression with time of ICL pulsed threshold current densities, as compared to some of the lowest reported results for quantum cascade lasers. All of the ICL devices were standard 150-μm-wide broad-area ridges with 2 mm cavity lengths. Note that thresholds for all of the latest generation of ICL designs (labeled Gen3) decreased substantially, to the 170-260 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> range. Figure 2 shows threshold power densities (P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> = current density × voltage) as a function of wavelength for the last four generations of 5-stage devices. Note that the Gen3 power densities are substantially lower than any of the earlier results, and that they fall below the dashed curve corresponding to probable room-temperature cw operation at wavelengths as long as 5.5 μm.
A Rigorous Correlation for Quantification of Skin in Pre-analysis of Hydraulic Fracturing (2014)

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing is practiced to stimulate unconventional and tight oil and gas reservoirs. This technique increases the deliverability of reservoir by inducing reduction in pressure drawdown and exposing more reservoir contact; hence, improving the well productivity index. Fracturing can also help to break through and pass near well-bore severe formation damage and can make low permeability and tight reservoirs economically viable. Prior to execution of fracturing job, the feasibility of the operation can be accessed through analyzing the effect of skin on overall deliverability of the system. Valuable extent of research has already been done to analytically model or numerical simulate the whole scheme for evaluating this effect. While the orthodox analytical approach to address this problem incorporates simple assumptions, an attempt has been made to build a semi analytical correlation. This paper proposes a mathematical correlation to determine equivalent skin in hydraulic fractured system for pre-analysis of hydraulic fracturing obtained through numerical simulation modeling. The paper describes two 3D simulation models scenarios; Scenario 1 is without hydraulic fracture and Scenario 2 is with hydraulic fractures. Both scenarios consider the anisotropy (different Kx and Kv) in the system. Scenario 1 has been run for the whole range of matrix permeabilitity values from 0.001 to 1 md. Scenario 2 has been run with different sets of varying fracture's lengths, fracture widths and fracture permeability as well as matrix permeabilities. The two scenarios with corresponding matrix permeability are comparatively analyzed and skin has been determined by calculating fold of increase. Total number of 29040 Data points are obtained by the 29040 number of simulation runs by coupling the commercial reservoir simulator with Matlab. Multivariate regression technique is used to obtain generalized correlation for skin as a function of hydraulic fracture and matrix permeabilities properties. 20000 data points are used to develop proposed correlation and remaining 9040 data points are used to validate and test the proposed correlation. The newly derived correlation was compared with prevailing analytical approach for skin estimation. It has been found that the degree of absolute percentage error, average percentage error and standard deviation by using of this new correlation has reduced to 3.21%, 3%, and 6.4 respectively.
Non-linearity measurements of solar cells with an LED-based combinatorial flux addition method (2016)

We present a light emitting diode (LED)-based system utilizing a combinatorial flux addition method to investigate the nonlinear relationship in solar cells between the output current of the cell and the incident irradiance level. The magnitude of the light flux is controlled by the supplied currents to two LEDs (or two sets of them) in a combinatorial fashion. The signals measured from the cell are arranged within a related overdetermined linear system of equations derived from an appropriately chosen <i>N</i><sup>th</sup> degree polynomial representing the relationship between the measured signals and the incident fluxes. The flux values and the polynomial coefficients are then solved for by linear least squares to obtain the best fit. The technique can be applied to any solar cell, under either monochromatic or broadband spectrum. For the unscaled solution, no reference detectors or prior calibrations of the light flux are required. However, if at least one calibrated irradiance value is known, then the entire curve can be scaled to an appropriate spectral responsivity value. Using this technique, a large number of data points can be obtained in a relatively short time scale over a large signal range.
Synthesis and Evaluation of B-, C-, and D-Ring-Substituted Estradiol Carboxylic Acid Esters as Locally Active Estrogens (2003)

We have synthesized derivatives of estradiol that are structurally modified to serve as "soft" estrogens and act within a geographically limited area of the body; estrogens without systemic action. We have previously shown with 16alpha-substituted analogues of estradiol that carboxylates proximal to the steroid ring neither bind to the estrogen receptor nor activate estrogen-responsive genes. However, when the carboxylic acid is masked as an ester, they bind to the receptor and stimulate estrogenic responses. Enzymatic hydrolysis through nonspecific esterases can inactivate these estrogens and thereby limit their area of action. Here, we describe our continued studies to design "soft" estrogens by synthesizing carboxylic acid esters of estradiol at the 7alpha-, 11beta-, and 15alpha-positions in the steroid nucleus at which bulky substituents are accommodated by the estrogen receptor. These compounds were tested for estrogen receptor binding (estrogen receptors alpha and beta), stimulation of an estrogen sensitive gene in Ishikawa cells in culture, and as substrates for enzymatic hydrolysis. Likely candidates were tested in in vivo assays for systemic and local estrogenic action. The biological studies showed that regardless of the point of attachment, all of the short-chain carboxylic acids, C-1 to C-3, were devoid of hormonal action, while many of the esters were estrogenic. The site on the steroid nucleus had great influence on hormonal activity and esterase hydrolysis. Formate esters at 7alpha and 15alpha were good estrogens, but lengthening the chain to acetate dramatically decreased hormonal activity. However, the 7alpha-formate esters were not enzymatically hydrolyzed. At 11beta, the acetate (methyl ester) was an effective estrogen, but increasing the chain length to propionate dramatically reduced hormonal activity. In general, the length of the alcohol from methyl to butyl had only a small effect on receptor binding, and as the size of the alcohol increased, so did esterase hydrolysis. One exception was the 11beta-acetate esters where increasing the alcohol moiety from methyl to ethyl eliminated estrogenic activity (Ishikawa cells) without affecting estrogen receptor binding. Several of the esters were tested in vivo, and two, the methyl and ethyl esters of estradiol-15alpha-formate, appeared to have the requisite properties (high local and low systemic activity) of superior "soft" estrogens.
Nanochannel Implants for Minimally-Invasive Insertion and Intratumoral Delivery (2016)

Novel approaches to achieve local, intratumoral drug delivery have the dual benefit of reducing systemic toxicity while enhancing efficacy for malignant cells. We have developed a new implantable system combining a next-generation BioNEMS nanofluidic membrane with parallel nanochannels that offers controlled release of biomolecules. Based on concentration-driven diffusive transport, nanochannel membranes provide a “drug agnostic” delivery mechanism. Integrating this nanotechnology within a small implantable capsule permits multipurpose functionality and compatibility with different therapeutic approaches as well as diagnostic imaging capability. A minimally-invasive, percutaneous trocar delivery mechanism enables serial implantation throughout a target tissue volume. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that this platform is capable of sustained delivery for chemotherapy, radiosensitization, immunomodulation, and imaging contrast, among others. This platform's utility was established through release of doxorubicin, OX86, FGK45, and Magnevist. Further proof-of-concept experiments demonstrated successful in vivo implantation and intratumoral release of antibodies and contrast agents, as well as the platform's MR-compatibility and capability as a radiopaque fiducial. These results provide strong evidence for a flexible, multifunctional nanofluidic implant capable of broadening local delivery utility in the clinic.
Efficacy of combined therapy with fish oil and phytocannabinoids in murine intestinal inflammation (2020)

Fish oil (FO) and phytocannabinoids have received considerable attention for their intestinal anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated whether the combination of FO with cannabigerol (CBG) and cannabidiol (CBD) or a combination of all three treatments results in a more pronounced intestinal antiinflammatory action compared to the effects achieved separately. Colitis was induced in mice by 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS). CBD and CBG levels were detected and quantified by liquid chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry and ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-MS-IT-TOF). Endocannabinoids and related mediators were assessed by LC-MS. DNBS increased colon weight/colon length ratio, myeloperoxidase activity, interleukin-1β, and intestinal permeability. CBG, but not CBD, given by oral gavage, ameliorated DNBS-induced colonic inflammation. FO pretreatment (at the inactive dose) increased the antiinflammatory action of CBG and rendered oral CBD effective while reducing endocannabinoid levels. Furthermore, the combination of FO, CBD, and a per se inactive dose of CBG resulted in intestinal anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, FO did not alter phytocannabinoid levels in the serum and in the colon. By highlighting the apparent additivity between phytocannabinoids and FO, our preclinical data support a novel strategy of combining these substances for the potential development of a treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.