gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance of advanced chromium electrodes for the NASA Redox Energy Storage System (1981)

Chromium electrodes were prepared for the NASA Redox Storage System with meet the performance requirements for solar-photovoltaic, wind-turbine and electric utility applications. Gold-lead catalyzed carbon felt electrodes up tp 930 sq cm were fabricated and tested in single cells and multicell stacks for hydrogen evolution, coulombic efficiency, catalyst stability and electrochemical activity. Factors which affect the overall performance of a particular electrode include the carbon felt lot, the cleaning treatment and the gold catalyzation method. Effects of the chromium solution chemistry and impurities on charge/discharge performance are also presented.
Sensor-Driven Lighting Control With Illumination and Dimming Constraints (2015)

We consider daylight and occupancy adaptation in a lighting system with sensor-integrated luminaires. Each luminaire has an occupancy sensor and a light sensor and communicates with a central controller. The sensors communicate local presence state and illuminance measurements to the controller, where dimming levels for the luminaires are computed. We consider an optimization framework wherein the objective is to minimize the power consumption subject to illumination and dimming constraints. The illumination constraint is to achieve an illumination value at the light sensor that is above a specified set-point, depending on the presence state. The dimming constraints are to achieve spatial uniformity in dimming levels of the luminaires, with the dimming levels being within physical limits. We consider two spatial uniformity functions depending on prior information available from commissioning of the luminaires. We propose an iterative method for optimization to determine the dimming levels. The proposed method and optimization framework is compared with existing approaches, in terms of spatial dimming uniformity and achieved illumination, in an open-plan office lighting model.
Multiple-description vector quantization with lattice codebooks: design and analysis (2001)

The problem of designing a multiple-description vector quantizer with lattice codebook /spl Lambda/ is considered. A general solution is given to a labeling problem which plays a crucial role in the design of such quantizers. Numerical performance results are obtained for quantizers based on the lattices A/sub 2/ and Z/sup i/, i=1, 2, 4, 8, that make use of this labeling algorithm. The high-rate squared-error distortions for this family of L-dimensional vector quantizers are then analyzed for a memoryless source with probability density function (PDF) p and differential entropy h(p)</spl infin/. For any a /spl epsiv/ (0, 1) and rate pair (R, R), it is shown that the two-channel distortion d~/sub o/ and the channel 1 (or channel 2) distortion d~/sub s/ satisfy lim/sub R/spl rarr//spl infin//d~/sub o/2/sup 2R(1+a)/= 1/4 G(/spl Lambda/)2/sup 2h(p)/ and lim/sub R/spl rarr//spl infin//d~/sub s/2/sup 2R(1-a)/=G(S/sub L/)2/sup 2h(p)/ where G(/spl Lambda/) is the normalized second moment of a Voronoi cell of the lattice /spl Lambda/ and G(S/sub L/) is the normalized second moment of a sphere in L dimensions.
Significant increase in the water dispersibility of zinc phthalocyanine nanowires and applications in cancer phototherapy (2012)

The phototherapy is one of the widely accepted noninvasive clinical methodologies to eradicate cancer cells owing to its minimal side effects and high selectivity to the light of specific wavelength. As represented by photodynamic (PD) and photothermal (PT) therapy, the phototherapy requires light and photosensitizer to generate reactive oxygen species and heat, respectively. Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) is one of the promising photosensitizers as it has a strong absorption cross-section in the spectral range of 650–900 nm that guarantees maximum tissue penetration. One critical issue in using Pc molecule, including ZnPc as a biocompatible sensitizer is the poor water solubility. To increase water solubility, various chemical modifications inducing hydrophilicity have been widely attempted to introduce various functional groups in the ZnPc backbone. We report that ZnPc nanowires (NWs) directly grown from ZnPc powder by vaporization–condensation–recrystallization process show surprisingly increased water dispersibility without any functionalization. The ZnPc NW solution exhibits highly efficient dual PD and PT effects upon the irradiation of near infrared (808 nm) laser. The dual phototherapeutic effect of ZnPc NW is proven to enhance cytotoxic efficiency according to both in vitro and in vivo experimental results. Hee Cheul Choi, Sang Ho Lee and co-workers have devised a way to improve the dispersibility of light-sensitive molecules in water. Using light to treat medical conditions, including tumours, can be less invasive and toxic than other approaches. Such photodynamic and photothermal therapies rely on a light-sensitive molecule — a photo-sensitizer — that is excited under irradiation to release either reactive oxygen species or heat, respectively, which in turn can destroy targeted cells. Most photo-sensitizers, however, suffer from poor solubility in aqueous physiological media, which hinders their applications in the body. This is the case for zinc phthalocyanine, a macrocyclic compound hosting a zinc atom in its central cavity. Rather than trying to alter its chemical composition, the researchers have now observed that converting the powder form into crystalline nanowires significantly increased its dispersibility in water. Furthermore, the nanowires were found to be promising for both photothermal and photodynamic therapies. Water-dispersed nanowires for phototherapy: Without passivation of any water-friendly functional groups in its backbone, one-dimensional zinc phthalocyanine nanowires show remarkably increased dispersibility in water. Upon irradiation with near infrared light, the zinc phthalocyanine nanowires exhibit dual photodynamic and photothermal properties, which enhance the cytotoxic efficiency against tumor cells.
Structure - activity studies with histamine H3 - receptor ligands (1995)

Se han sintetizado análogos de tioperamida. Los compuestos han sido ensayados in\n\nvitro para explorar los factores que permitan diseñar compuestos derivados de la tioperamida\n\nsin grupo tiourea que mejoren la penetración cerebral. Los compuestos más activos como\n\nH3-antagonistas contienen un átomo de nitrógeno aromático hetorocíclico sobre la cadena\n\nlateral. Estos compuestos se han empleado como cabeza de serie para obtener potentes\n\nH3-antagonistas de histarnina con estructura de ariloxietil y ariloxipropilimidazoles.\n\nLas relaciones estructura actividad de agonistas se han revisado brevemente. Se han\n\nestudiado un grupo de análogos de (S-[2-imidazol-4-il)etil]isotiourea (imetit) con el\n\nobjeto de explorar la transición entre agonistas y antagonistas. N,N' -dibutil-[S-[3-(imidazol-\n\n4-il)propil]isotiourea es un muy potente antagonistas que tiene Ki=1.5 nM.
Femtosecond response times and high optical nonlinearity in beryllium-doped low-temperature grown GaAs (1999)

We have investigated the effect of beryllium doping on the optical nonlinearity and on the carrier dynamics in low-temperature (LT) grown GaAs for various growth temperatures and doping levels. Pump–probe experiments with 20 fs pulses and quantitative measurements of the nonlinear absorption show that in undoped LT GaAs, ultrafast response times are only obtained at the expense of low absorption modulation. In contrast, in Be-doped LT GaAs, high absorption modulation is maintained for response times as short as 100 fs. These results are qualitatively explained accounting for the point-defect-related optical transitions in LT-GaAs.
Extended state observer based fractional order controller design for integer high order systems (2021)

In this paper, based on the extended state observer (ESO) and on a fractional order controller (FOC), composed of an integer order PID cascaded with a fractional order filter (FOF), a new control scheme for an n th order integer plant is proposed. The ESO is used to estimate and cancel the unknown internal dynamics and the external disturbance. Afterwards, an FOC is designed to resolve the set-point tracking problem. An analytical and systematic method is proposed to design the FOC. This method is based on the Internal Model Control (IMC) and the Bode’s Ideal Transfer Function (BITF). Therefore, the proposed control structure improves the robustness and performance of the traditional linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC), especially for the open-loop gain variation. In addition, since the system be controlled is an n th order, a general form of the BITF is also proposed. Numerical simulations on a nonlinear model and experimental results on a cart-pendulum system design illustrate the effectiveness of the suggested ESO-PID-FOF scheme for the disturbance rejection, the set-point tracking and robustness. A comparison with the results obtained using the standard LADRC is also presented.
Questions and Answers: Pain-Related Impairment Questions (2005)

Abstract Physicians who perform impairment evaluations should base their ratings on the objective condition of the patient, along with credible subjective findings. In making interpretations and judgments, examiners have obligations that are distinct from the duty of care as a treating physician. An experienced attending clinician, for example, may be unfamiliar with the correct process of rating impairment or may not feel unbiased in performing the rating. If significant new diagnoses are discovered, the physician has a medical obligation to inform the requesting party and individual about the condition and to recommend or refer for further medical assessment. When the physician is uncertain about which method to use to calculate an impairment rating or if more than one method can accurately be used, the physician should calculate the impairment rating using different alternatives and choose the method or combination of methods that best represents the functional impairment of the individual. The attending physician often is the person most knowledgeable about the injured employee and is encouraged to render the final impairment rating, when possible. Depending on the jurisdiction, examiners may be required to comply with specific constraints and duties regarding the rating. Examiners should not question an individual's integrity but can appropriately comment on the person's credibility.
Regulation of the cell-cycle-dependent internal ribosome entry site of the PITSLRE protein kinase: roles of Unr (upstream of N-ras) protein and phosphorylated translation initiation factor eIF-2α (2004)

The PITSLRE kinases belong to the large family of cyclin-dependent protein kinases. Their function has been related to cell-cycle regulation, splicing and apoptosis. We have previously shown that the open reading frame of the p110(PITSLRE) transcript contains an IRES (internal ribosome entry site) that allows the expression of a smaller p58(PITSLRE) isoform during the G2/M stage of the cell cycle. In the present study we investigated further the role of cis- and trans-acting factors in the regulation of the PITSLRE IRES. Progressive deletion analysis showed that both a purine-rich sequence and a Unr (upstream of N-ras) consensus binding site are essential for PITSLRE IRES activity. In line with these observations, we demonstrate that the PITSLRE IRES interacts with the Unr protein, which is more prominently expressed at the G2/M stage of the cell cycle. We also show that phosphorylation of the alpha-subunit of the canonical initiation factor eIF-2 is increased at G2/M. Interestingly, phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha has a permissive effect on the efficiency of both the PITSLRE IRES and the ornithine decarboxylase IRES, two cell cycle-dependent IRESs, in mediating internal initiation of translation, whereas this was not observed with the viral EMCV (encephalomyocarditis virus) and HRV (human rhinovirus) IRESs.
Microscopic structures of MgO barrier layers in single-crystal Fe∕MgO∕Fe magnetic tunnel junctions showing giant tunneling magnetoresistance (2006)

The microscopic structures of MgO(001) barrier layers in magnetic tunnel junctions showing giant tunneling magnetoresistance were characterized by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy. The MgO thin films formed exceedingly flat surfaces, and their terraces were made even flatter by annealing after deposition. This flattening of MgO surfaces apparently promotes coherent transport of electrons, which should enhance the tunneling magnetoresistance ratio. Local tunneling spectroscopy revealed that an annealed MgO layer has a critical thickness between 3 and 5 ML (monolayer), and a continuous film without pinholes can be formed over the thickness.
Targeting PCSK9 to tackle cardiovascular disease (2023)

Lowering blood cholesterol levels efficiently reduces the risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), including coronary artery disease (CAD), which is the main cause of death worldwide. CAD is caused by plaque formation, comprising cholesterol deposits in the coronary arteries. Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin/type 9 (PCSK9) was discovered in the early 2000s and later identified as a key regulator of cholesterol metabolism. PCSK9 induces lysosomal degradation of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor in the liver, which is responsible for clearing LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) from the circulation. Accordingly, gain-of-function PCSK9 mutations are causative of familial hypercholesterolemia, a severe condition with extremely high plasma cholesterol levels and increased ASCVD risk, whereas loss-of-function PCSK9 mutations are associated with very low LDL-C levels and protection against CAD. Since the discovery of PCSK9, extensive investigations in developing PCSK9 targeting therapies have been performed. The combined delineation of clear biology, genetic risk variants, and PCSK9 crystal structures have been major drivers in developing antagonistic molecules. Today, two antibody-based PCSK9 inhibitors have successfully progressed to clinical application and shown to be effective in reducing cholesterol levels and mitigating the risk of ASCVD events, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and death, without any major adverse effects. A third siRNA-based inhibitor has been FDA-approved but awaits cardiovascular outcome data. In this review, we outline the PCSK9 biology, focusing on the structure and nonsynonymous mutations reported in the PCSK9 gene and elaborate on PCSK9-lowering strategies under development. Finally, we discuss future perspectives with PCSK9 inhibition in other severe disorders beyond cardiovascular disease.
Tri-electrode MEMS electrostatic actuator with lower control voltage and higher stroke for actuator array implementations (2021)

Employing a tri-electrode actuator in place of a conventional parallel plate electrostatic actuator, can enable significantly lower control voltage operation for applications such as deformable mirrors or MEMS switches. The effect of the tri-electrode design parameters, including intermediate electrode spacings, background electrode voltage and gap spacing between the driving electrodes, are studied. It is shown possible to reduce the control voltage by approximately two times for a unipolar voltage supply, and four times for a bipolar supply. Extension of travel range before snap-down of 70% is shown.
Design, high-level expression, purification and characterization of soluble fragments of the hepatitis C virus NS3 RNA helicase suitable for NMR-based drug discovery methods and mechanistic studies (2001)

RNA helicases represent a family of enzymes that unwind double-stranded (ds) RNA in a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP)-dependent fashion and which are required in all aspects of cellular RNA metabolism and processing. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) non-structural 3 (NS3) protein possesses a serine protease activity in the N-terminal one-third, whereas RNA-stimulated NTPase and helicase activities reside in the C-terminal portion of the 631 amino acid residue bifunctional enzyme. The HCV NS3 RNA helicase is of key importance in the life cycle of HCV, which makes it a target for the development of therapeutics. However, neither the precise mechanism nor the substrate structure has been defined for this enzyme. For nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based drug discovery methods and for mechanistic studies we engineered, prepared and characterized various truncated constructs of the 451-residue HCV NS3 RNA helicase. Our goal was to produce smaller fragments of the enzyme, which would be amenable to solution NMR techniques while retaining their native NTP and/or nucleic acid binding sites. Solution conditions were optimized to obtain high-quality heteronuclear NMR spectra of nitrogen-15 isotope-labeled constructs, which are typical of well-folded monomeric proteins. Moreover, NMR binding studies and functional data directly support the correct folding of these fragments.
Bit-Wise MTNCL: An ultra-low power bit-wise pipelined asynchronous circuit design methodology (2010)

This paper develops an ultra-low power design methodology for bit-wise pipelined asynchronous circuits, called bit-wise MTNCL, which combines multi-threshold CMOS (MTCMOS) with bit-wise pipelined NULL Convention Logic (NCL) systems. Compared to original NCL circuits implemented with all low-Vt and high-Vt transistors, respectively, it provides the leakage power advantages of the all high-Vt NCL implementation with a reasonable speed penalty compared to the all low-Vt design, requires less energy/operation, and has no area overhead.
Characterization of Six Murine Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Toxin B of <i>Clostridium difficile</i> (1994)

Six murine hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for Toxin B of Clostridium difficile have been generated from toxin-immunized female RBF/DnJ mice. All six antibodies were reactive in Western blots with a > 200-kD protein in the supernatants of the toxigenic strain 10463 and were unreactive with similarly prepared material from the nontoxigenic strain 2037. Polyclonal antisera from rabbits immunized with Toxin B reacted on Western blots primarily with Toxin B, a 40-kD and a 55-kD band with a minor set of triplet bands at approximately 100 kD. None of the MAbs reacted in a direct EIA with purified Toxin A from C. difficile but two MAbs reacted weakly with a trypsin-sensitive band (> 200 kD) in Western blots of C. sordellii. Polyclonal antisera developed against Toxin B reacted strongly with supernatants from C. sordellii, C. bifermentans, and the nontoxigenic strain 2037. Toxin B-specific antisera was unreactive with supernatants from C. perfringens or purified Toxin A from C. difficile in direct EIA. Toxin B-specific MAbs linked to an affinity column were able to deplete bacterial supernatant of cytotoxigenic activity.
Design and fabrication of dual-side waveguide-based wavelength demultiplexer (2003)

We will discuss a 3-channel demultiplexer using GaAs/AlGaAs, which can separate the lightwave signals of different wavelengths. This demultiplexer utilizes the grating-assisted codirectional coupler structure [1], which can filter out the different wavelengths along the conduit waveguide (Fig. 1). Grating-assisted codirectional couplers made of two nonidentical, vertically stacked waveguides have been investigated for their use as wavelength-selective filters [2]. The center wavelength of each filtering grating section is decided by the phase-matching condition β1−β2 = 2π/λ, where β1 and β2 are the propagation constants for the two guided modes of this dualwaveguide system.
A Novel Class of High-TC Ferromagnetic Semiconductors: Novel Ferromagnetic Semiconductors (2008)

We have grown single crystals of novel ruthenates (Sr,Ba)(Fe,Co) <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+x</sub> Ru <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4-x</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> that exhibit long-range ferromagnetic order well above room temperature, accompanied by narrow-gap semiconducting properties that include a large anomalous Hall conductance, low resistivity, high carrier concentration and low coercive field, which are properties well suited to spintronic applications. X-ray diffraction, EDX, neutron diffraction and x- ray absorption measurements on single crystals firmly establish the "R-Type" hexagonal ferrite structure (space group P6 <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> /mmc, No 194) and single-phase nature of all samples. The electronic structure and physical properties can be tuned by simple chemical substitution of two elements, M = Fe or Co, or by varying the relative concentration of 3d solutes and 4d Ru. Our magnetotransport, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism and magnetic moment data suggest the mechanism for FM order is quite different from that governing known dilute magnetic semiconductors.
Development of Polymeric Photosensitizers for Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerization (2001)

Enhancement of the rates of onium salt photoinitiated cationic polymerizations of epoxides and vinyl ethers has been achieved through the use of oligomeric and polymeric electron-transfer photosensitizers. Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) is an especially attractive and efficient photosensitizer. The use of PVK as a photosensitizer for the cationic photopolymerizations of vinyl ethers and epoxides was examined in detail. PVK functions as an electron-transfer photosensitizer for a wide variety of onium salt cationic photoinitiators, including diaryliodonium, triarylsulfonium, and dialkylphenacylsulfonium salts. The broadening of the spectral response through the use of these photosensitizers accounts for the observed rate enhancement of these polymerization reactions. Alternating copolymers prepared by the free radical polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole (NVK) with vinyl monomers also exhibit excellent photosensitization activity. Also described in this paper is the synthesis and use of a dimeric photosensitizer prepared by the hydrosilylation of N-vinylcarbazole with 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane.
CHOKe - a stateless active queue management scheme for approximating fair bandwidth allocation (2002)

We investigate the problem of providing a fair bandwidth allocation to each of n flows that share the outgoing link of a congested router. The buffer at the outgoing link is a simple FIFO, shared by packets belonging to the n flows. We devise a simple packet dropping scheme, called CHOKe, that discriminates against the flows which submit more packets per second than is allowed by their fair share. By doing this, the scheme aims to approximate the fair queueing policy. Since it is stateless and easy to implement, CHOKe controls unresponsive or misbehaving flows with a minimum overhead.