gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The control of cell expansion in roots (1994)

The expansion of roots is considered at the level of the single cell. The water relations of cell expansion are discussed. Water entry, solute import and cell wall properties are considered as possible regulatory points. It is argued that root cell expansion can be understood in terms of cell turgor pressure and the physical properties of the cell wall, provided solute supply is not limiting. Various measurements of cell wall properties in roots are presented and the assumptions underlying their measurements are presented. It is concluded that cell wall properties must be measured over short time periods to prevent alterations in wall properties during the experiment. The radial location of the load-bearing layers is discussed and it is concluded that, unlike aerial tissue, growth is limited by the properties of the inner layer of the root cortex. Evidence is presented to show that cell wall properties can change both during development and following turgor perturbation. In general, however, turgor itself is tightly regulated, particularly towards the root tip. A number of environmental situations are presented in which root growth is altered. The mechanism of the alteration is discussed at the single cell level. These 'stresses'include osmotic stress, low temperature and soil compaction. In many cases the alteration of root growth is consistent with changes in the ceil wall properties of the growing ceils. Severe stress, resulting in near cessation of root cell extension, can result in a change (usually an increase) in turgor pressure. The change in turgor pressure of the cells in the growing zone is smaller than that which would be expected from a continuation of an unstressed solute import rate. This exemplifies both the change in cell wall properties and the tight turgor homeostasis of root tips. The biochemical processes which underlie the modulation of cell wall properties are presented as they are currently understood in roots. Measurements of the chemical composition of the wall have not revealed any useful differences which can explain the developmental or stress-induced changes in cell wall properties. Recent work on cell wall enzymes and proteins may provide information about control of cross-linkages within the wall. In the last section the relative importance of apoplastic and symplastic solute transport to the expanding cells is considered. At present the consensus appears to favour the symplastic route, but the apoplastic pathway may also operate, possibly as a scavenging mechanism for leaked ions. The regulation of turgor pressure by linking solute import with wall loosening is discussed. Contents Summary 3 I. Introduction 4 II. Factors controlling cell expansion 4 III. Wall extensibility and yield threshold in roots 6 IV. Environmental effects on root cell expansion 10 V. Modification of cell wall biochemistry 15 VI. Linkage of growth with solute import 18 VII. Future prospects 21 VIII. Acknowledgements 22 IX. References 22.
Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing Assisted by Optical Communication Techniques (2021)

The development of optical fiber technology has facilitated the technological innovation in optical fiber communication and sensing systems over the past decades. Among all the fiber sensing technologies, distributed optical fiber sensing (DOFS) has attracted great research interests and has been extensively investigated. In optical fiber communication systems, optical parameters such as intensity, phase, polarization, or frequency are modulated to realize data transmission, while for DOFS they are employed to measure the distributed physical parameter variation along the sensing fiber. Due to the similarities shared by optical fiber communication systems and DOFS systems, optical communication techniques, including coherent detection, polarization diversity and multicarrier signaling have been widely used in the DOFS to improve the sensing performance. In this article, principles of coherent detection, polarization diversity and multicarrier signaling are introduced and their applications in phase sensitive optical time domain reflectometry and Brillouin optical time domain analyzer are reviewed. A newly proposed unidirectional forward transmission based DOFS is also presented.
Drug Discovery for Neglected Diseases: Molecular Target-Based and Phenotypic Approaches (2013)

Drug discovery for neglected tropical diseases is carried out using both target-based and phenotypic approaches. In this paper, target-based approaches are discussed, with a particular focus on human African trypanosomiasis. Target-based drug discovery can be successful, but careful selection of targets is required. There are still very few fully validated drug targets in neglected diseases, and there is a high attrition rate in target-based drug discovery for these diseases. Phenotypic screening is a powerful method in both neglected and non-neglected diseases and has been very successfully used. Identification of molecular targets from phenotypic approaches can be a way to identify potential new drug targets.
The role of invasive trophoblast in implantation and placentation of primates (2015)

We here review the evolution of invasive placentation in primates towards the deep penetration of the endometrium and its arteries in hominoids. The strepsirrhine primates (lemurs and lorises) have non-invasive, epitheliochorial placentation, although this is thought to be derived from a more invasive type. In haplorhine primates, there is differentiation of trophoblast at the blastocyst stage into syncytial and cellular trophoblast. Implantation involves syncytiotrophoblast that first removes the uterine epithelium then consolidates at the basal lamina before continuing into the stroma. In later stages of pregnancy, especially in Old World monkeys and apes, cytotrophoblast plays a greater role in the invasive process. Columns of trophoblast cells advance to the base of the implantation site where they spread out to form a cytotrophoblastic shell. In addition, cytotrophoblasts advance into the lumen of the spiral arteries. They are responsible for remodelling these vessels to form wide, low-resistance conduits. In human and great apes, there is additional invasion of the endometrium and its vessels by trophoblasts originating from the base of the anchoring villi. Deep trophoblast invasion that extends remodelling of the spiral arteries to segments in the inner myometrium evolved in the common ancestor of gorilla, chimp and human.
Articulated Multi-Instrument 2-D Pose Estimation Using Fully Convolutional Networks (2018)

Instrument detection, pose estimation, and tracking in surgical videos are an important vision component for computer-assisted interventions. While significant advances have been made in recent years, articulation detection is still a major challenge. In this paper, we propose a deep neural network for articulated multi-instrument 2-D pose estimation, which is trained on detailed annotations of endoscopic and microscopic data sets. Our model is formed by a fully convolutional detection-regression network. Joints and associations between joint pairs in our instrument model are located by the detection subnetwork and are subsequently refined through a regression subnetwork. Based on the output from the model, the poses of the instruments are inferred using maximum bipartite graph matching. Our estimation framework is powered by deep learning techniques without any direct kinematic information from a robot. Our framework is tested on single-instrument RMIT data, and also on multi-instrument EndoVis and in vivo data with promising results. In addition, the data set annotations are publicly released along with our code and model.
Growth hormone deficiency in the transition adolescent: should treatment be continued in adult life? (2001)

Adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) have impaired health, which improves with GH replacement. GHD in adulthood leads to impairment in body composition and structure functions as well as to deranged lipoprotein and carbohydrate metabolism leading to increased cardiovascular morbidity. Therefore the transition adolescent in whom severe GHD is confirmed has to continue GH replacement with an appropriate age-related dosage. All short children who have been treated with rhGH for classical and non-classical GHD should be suspected as potentially GHD in adulthood though only in classical organic and idiopathic forms is severe GHD likely to be confirmed. GHD must be shown biochemically by single provocative testing. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia (ITT) and GHRH + arginine are the tests of choice provided that appropriate cutoff limits are assumed; these tests show good specificity and sensitivity. Testing with GHRH + GH secretagogues is another reliable alternative. Low IGF-I levels can be definitive evidence of persistent severe GHD in patients with genetic GHD or panhypopituitarism, but normal IGF-I levels do not rule out severe GHD. Individual titration of the rhGH dose is recommended and measurement of IGF-I levels is needed for monitoring the adequacy of replacement. The mean GH dose for replacement in the transition adolescent, however, is still higher than in adulthood; after puberty the rhGH dose should be progressively decreased in the following years (probably up to 25 years old) in order to obtain optimal peak bone mass.
Applying the Aboveground-Belowground Interaction Concept in Agriculture: Spatio-Temporal Scales Matter (2019)

Interactions between aboveground and belowground organisms are important drivers of plant growth and performance in natural ecosystems. Making practical use of such above-belowground biotic interactions offers important opportunities for enhancing the sustainability of agriculture, as it could favor crop growth, nutrient supply, and defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the operation of above-and belowground organisms at different spatial and temporal scales provides important challenges for application in agriculture. Aboveground organisms, such as herbivores and pollinators, operate at spatial scales that exceed individual fields and are highly variable in abundance within growing seasons. In contrast, pathogenic, symbiotic, and decomposer soil biota operate at more localized spatial scales from individual plants to patches of square meters, however, they generate legacy effects on plant performance that may last from single to multiple years. The challenge is to promote pollinators and suppress pests at the landscape and field scale, while creating positive legacy effects of local plant-soil interactions for next generations of plants. Here, we explore the possibilities to improve utilization of above-belowground interactions in agro-ecosystems by considering spatio-temporal scales at which aboveground and belowground organisms operate. We identified that successful integration of above-belowground biotic interactions initially requires developing crop rotations and intercropping systems that create positive local soil legacy effects for neighboring as well subsequent crops. These configurations may then be used as building blocks to design landscapes that accommodate beneficial aboveground communities with respect to their required resources. For successful adoption of above-belowground interactions in agriculture there is a need for context-specific solutions, as well as sound socio-economic embedding.
DNA-protein interactions : principles and protocols (1994)

DNAse I Footprinting. Footprinting with Exonuclease III Hydroxyl Radical Footprinting. Hydroxyl Radical Interference. 1,10-Phenanthroline-Copper Ion Nuclease Footprinting of DNA-Protein Complexes In Situ Following Mobility- Shift Electrophoresis Assays. Identification of Protein-DNA Contacts with Dimethyl Sulfate: Methylation Protection and Methylation Interference. Diethyl Pyrocarbonate as a Probe of Protein-DNA Interactions. Osmium Tetroxide Modification in the Study of DNA Protein Interactions. Diffusible Singlet Oxygen as a Probe of DNA Deformation. Ethylation Interference. Uranyl Photofootprinting of DNA-Protein Complexes. Nitration of Tyrosine Residues in Protein-Nucleic Acid Complexes. Limited Proteolysis of Protein-Nucleic Acid Complexes. Cloning and Expression of DNA Binding Domains Using PCR. Overexpression and Purification of Eukaryotic Transcription Factors as Glutathione-S-Transferase Fusions in E. coli. Site-Directed Mutagenesis by the Cassette Method. Site-Directed and Site-Saturation Mutagenesis Using Oligonucleotide Primers. UV Laser-Induced Protein-DNA Crosslinking. UV Crosslinking of DNA-Protein Complexes via 8-Azidoadenine. Filter Binding Assays. The Gel Shift Assay for the Analysis of DNA-Protein Interactions. Improved Plasmid Vectors for the Analysis of Protein-Induced DNA Bending. Determination of Sequence Preferences of DNA Binding Proteins Using Pooled Solid-Phase Sequencing of Low-Degeneracy Oligonucleotide Mixtures. Analysis of DNA-Protein Interactions by Intrinsic Fluorescence. A Competition Assay for DNA Binding Using the Fluorescent Probe, ANS. Circular Dichroism for the Analysis of DNA-Protein Interactions. Electron Microscopy of Protein-Nucleic Acid Complexes: Uniform Spreading and Determination of Helix Handedness. Reconstitution of Protein-Nucleic Acid Complexes for Crystallization. Assay for Restriction Endonucleases Using Oligonucleotides. Assay of Restriction Endonucleases Plasmid Substrates. Assays for Transcription Factor Activity. An Assay for In Vitro Recombination Between Duplex DNA Molecules. Index.
YbBa2Cu3O7 epitaxial films grown by a Ag-enhanced liquid gas solidification process (1989)

Effects of Ag addition on the epitaxially grown YbBa2Cu3O7 superconductor on a SrTiO3 (100) substrate by the liquid gas solidification process have been investigated. Ag acts as flux and does not incorporate in the oxide formation. Its addition, however, enhances the transport properties resulting from a reduction in film-substrate interaction. Values of Tc(R=0)=90 K and Jc(77 K, H=0)=3×104 A/cm2 can be achieved reproducibly.
Superficial Melanocytic Neoplasms With Pagetoid Melanocytosis (2010)

Pagetoid proliferation of single melanocytic cells or small nests of melanocytes may be seen in a variety of melanocytic neoplasms including pagetoid spitz nevi, de novo epithelioid melanocytic dysplasia, and melanoma. Distinction of these entities may be difficult as there is considerable clinical and histologic overlap in these entities. Patient outcome and management may be significantly influenced by the pathologists' impression. In this study, we collected 24 cases of superficial melanocytic neoplasms with prominent pagetoid melanocytosis. We allowed 3 experienced consultant dermatopathologists to independently evaluate these entities and score them from 1 to 4, with 1 being totally benign and 4 being melanoma. In addition, we performed fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) using a new melanoma FISH assay targeting 6p25, 6q23, Cep6, and 11q13. We found strong interobserver reliability in the diagnosis in 71% of cases, whereas 29% showed considerable discordance. We found that FISH accurately identified as malignant 5 of 7 cases which had a consensus diagnosis of melanoma. None of the cases with a consensus diagnosis of benign were FISH positive. Two of 11 cases considered indeterminate by the judges were positive by FISH. One of these 2 cases showed definitive histologic changes of melanoma on later complete re-excision. There is considerable discordance in superficial melanocytic neoplasm with prominent pagetoid melanocytosis even among expert consultants. There is likely a subset of such cases where FISH can play a significant role as a diagnostic aid.
High-κ Dielectric Sol−Gel Hybrid Materials Containing Barium Titanate Nanoparticles (2010)

Novel high-κ thin composite films with excellent breakdown strength were synthesized using nonhydrolytic sol−gel processing. Organic−inorganic hybrid materials with high electronic polarizability were prepared as the matrix material to form a covalently bonded interface with the organically modified barium titanate (TBT) nanoparticles through a chemical cross-linking reaction. To enhance the dispersion stability of barium titanate (BT) nanoparticles in the matrix, the chemical nature of their surfaces was modified using diethyl 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl phosphonate (TMSP), which was synthesized by the Michaelis−Arbuzov reaction of chloropropyltrimethoxysilane (CPTMS) with 3-triethyl phosphate (TEP). A high degree of dispersion of the dielectric BT nanoparticles significantly improved the dielectric properties of the final composite films. Because the matrix consists of both silane and halogenated bisphenol A moieties with high electronic polarizability, adjusting the chemical composition allowed tailoring of the dielectric and film properties of the final composite materials.
Health and penetration issues in buildings with GSM base station antennas on top (2002)

A GSM indoor measurement campaign is described. Measurements were performed in two neighbouring buildings, one of which has base station antennas mounted on top. The average power values reached a maximum of -41 dBm in this building and -28 dBm in the other one. Experimental data are compared with theoretical results obtained with a software tool that implements the Motley-Keenan model. This model does not show a good performance in the base station building, due to reflection and diffraction phenomena outside the building. However, the model does work well for the other building. Comparisons with safety standards regarding exposure to radiation are presented along with some topics on health issues. The instantaneous peak value is 34 and 35 dB below the standards defined by CENELEC and the IEEE (respectively), showing that there should be no health concerns regarding base station antennas in urban areas.
Automatic picking of direct P, S seismic phases and fault zone head waves (2014)

We develop a set of algorithms for automatic detection and picking of direct P and S waves, as well as fault zone head waves (FZHW), generated by earthquakes on faults that separate different lithologies and recorded by local seismic networks. The S-wave picks are performed using polarization analysis and related filters to remove P-wave energy from the seismograms, and utilize STA/LTA and kurtosis detectors in tandem to lock on the phase arrival. The early portions of P waveforms are processed with STA/LTA, kurtosis and skewness detectors for possible first-arriving FZHW. Identification and picking of direct P and FZHW is performed by a multistage algorithm that accounts for basic characteristics (motion polarities, time difference, sharpness and amplitudes) of the two phases. The algorithm is shown to perform well on synthetic seismograms produced by a model with a velocity contrast across the fault, and observed data generated by earthquakes along the Parkfield section of the San Andreas fault and the Hayward fault. The developed techniques can be used for systematic processing of large seismic waveform data sets recorded near major faults.
Selective Electroplating for 3D‐Printed Electronics (2019)

Abstract Creating 3D‐printed parts with embedded circuitry is the next frontier in additive manufacturing, but printing of conductors with performance comparable to bulk metals such as copper is a difficult challenge. A hybrid process based on 3D printing followed by electroplating on highly conductive thermoplastic filament is used to manufacture 3D circuit boards and electronic packaging. Dual extruder heads on a standard fused filament fabrication printer are used to selectively define regions for electroplating, allowing distinct traces and multiple materials to be patterned in the same 3D‐printed parts. Using this approach, a 3D‐printed surface‐mount package and a 555 timer oscillator circuit are demonstrated, including soldering of components onto the electroplated copper surface.
Designing of a high speed, compact and low power, balanced-input balanced-output preamplifier latch based comparator (2020)

Analog and digital converters (ADCs) are the most inevitable part of today’s high-speed human interacted devices. Continuous efforts are being made to improve their performance. Despite working for the improvement of whole ADC, efforts to improve sub-modules are also significant. Comparators are also a vital part of ADC. In this work, we have proposed a novel high-speed Balanced-Input Balanced-Output (BIBO) preamplifier latch based comparator design, to be used for the designing of an Asynchronous Successive Approximation Resister (SAR) ADC. In order to make comparison faster, we have employed Preamplifier-Latch based comparator. Transistor fingering is used to save area and makes large transistor easy to handle without changing their aspect ratio. We have implemented this latch using two back to back connected inverters. These inverters are farming a positive feedback arrangement that also prohibits the comparator from bursting into the oscillation. Latch circuit uses three non-overlapping phases namely phi1, phi2 and phi3 and dissipates less power when operated on a single 1V supply voltage. All these features collectively made this comparator expedient and obtained results confirm that it can be used effectively for the designing of SAR ADC.
Feasibility of developing a tunable oscillator utilizing a system of metal–barrier–metal–barrier–metal junctions (1981)

A theoretical analysis is made of the problem of obtaining a negative differential resistance in the currentvoltage characteristic of metal–barrier–metal–barrier–metal junctions and the feasibility of using these to develop a tunable oscillator is examined. Calculations are made of the maximum lasing power and gain.
Linear assignment problem in the design of freeform refractive optical elements generating prescribed irradiance distributions (2018)

We consider the problem of calculating the eikonal function defined on a certain curved surface from the condition of generating a prescribed irradiance distribution on a target surface. We show that the calculation of the "ray mapping" corresponding to the eikonal function is reduced to the solution of a linear assignment problem (LAP). We propose an iterative algorithm for calculating a refractive optical surface from the condition of generating a prescribed near-field irradiance distribution in a non-paraxial case. The algorithm is based on sequential calculation of eikonal functions defined on curved surfaces using the LAP-based approach. The proposed algorithm is applied to the calculation of refractive optical elements generating uniform irradiance distributions in a rectangular region and in a region in the form of the letters "IPSI" in the case of a circular incident beam. The presented ray-tracing simulations of the designed optical elements demonstrate high efficiency of the proposed iterative algorithm.