gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rapid, Noninvasive Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in India: Comparison of Two Immunochromatographic Strip Tests for Detection of Anti-K39 Antibody (2006)

Used with blood or serum, a new anti-K39 antibody immunochromatographic strip test (IT-Leish; DiaMed AG) proved sensitive (range, 99 to 100%) and specific (range, 95 to 100%) for the noninvasive serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in India. Used with serum, the IT-Leish test and the existing Kalazar Detect test (InBios International, Inc.) yielded comparable results for symptomatic infection and identified apparent subclinical infection in 15 to 32% of healthy residents in a region where visceral leishmaniasis is highly endemic.
Reconciling pharmacy systems. Integrating pharmacy within the larger it infrastructure. (2011)

The challenges involved in interfacing pharmacy systems with core clinical information systems are propelling IT leadership to seek an enterprise approach and move towards integration.
On the accuracy of asymptotic approximations in ultrawideband signal, ultrashort-pulse, time-domain electromagnetics (2002)

After an ultrashort pulse (or an ultrawideband signal) has propagated a sufficiently large distance into a dispersive, attenuative material its spatiotemporal dynamics settle into a relatively simple (or mature) behavior for the remainder of the propagation. In this so-called mature dispersion regime the field becomes locally quasimonochromatic with fixed local frequency, wavelength, and attenuation in small regions of space that propagate with their own characteristic constant velocity (Sherman and Oughstun 1995). The modern asymptotic description of the dynamical evolution of an ultrashort electromagnetic pulse (or an ultrawideband electromagnetic signal) as it propagates through a homogeneous, isotropic, locally linear, temporally dispersive medium provides a detailed characterization of the entire temporal field evolution for all propagation distances that are in the mature dispersion regime (Oughstun and Sherman 1994). The accuracy of this asymptotic approximation is discussed.
Measuring the opportunity costs of children's time in a developing country : implications for education sector analysis and interventions (1996)

This paper quantifies both the direct and opportunity costs of primary and secondary schooling, using data from Tanzania. It attempts to clarify how important opportunity costs are to the full private costs of schooling and what accounting for opportunity costs implies for education sector analysis and intervention. While there are a number of complexities associated with valuing girls' time, the data indicate that the opportunity cost of both girls' and boys' time comprises a substantial portion of the full private costs of schooling. Failure to account for these costs thus leads one to underestimate the full private costs of schooling as well as the contribution households make to the total costs of providing education. Failure to account fully for the opportunity cost of children's time also leads to overestimates of rates of return to education. The impact is larger with respect to returns to girls' schooling, since girls spend a greater proportion of their time on non-market work. Insufficient data were available to examine returns to post elementary education. Further empirical investigation is clearly warranted.
High performance organic light-emitting diodes fabricated via a vacuum-free lamination process (2006)

We demonstrate high performance organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) fabricated via a vacuum-free, direct lamination process. The OLEDs were made by laminating an anode component to a separately engineered cathode component using a roll laminator. We further present a solution-based chemical n-doping strategy to enable efficient electron injection from an inert cathode into polymeric organic semiconductors. The n-doping strategy is demonstrated by chemically reducing a conjugated light-emitting polymer with an alkali metal in an organic solvent. The metal reduced conjugated polymer, when employed as an electron injection layer, yields laminated OLEDs with efficiency comparable to conventionally fabricated devices utilizing a vacuum-deposited, reactive metal cathode. These designs and techniques should enable applications such as lighting where extremely low cost device fabrication is required.
Convenient Syntheses of a Family of Easily Recoverable Fluorous Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Aliphatic Amines NH3−x[(CH2)m(CF2)7CF3]x(m = 3−5;x = 1−3) − Fine Tuning of Basicities and Fluorous Phase Affinities (2000)

The alcohols HOCH2(CH2)m−1(CF2)7CF3 [m = 3−5; (CF2)7CF3 = Rf8] are oxidized to aldehydes O=CH(CH2)m−1Rf8 (Dess−Martin reagent, 90−96%), which are condensed with NH2CH2C6H5 and Na(AcO)3BH to give benzylamines NH(CH2C6H5)[(CH2)mRf8] (excess amine, 88−90%) or N(CH2C6H5)[(CH2)mRf8]2 (excess aldehyde, 85−91%). Subsequent hydrogenolyses (Pd/C, 1 atm H2) give the title primary amines NH2[(CH2)mRf8] (10−12; 98−99%) or secondary amines NH[(CH2)mRf8]2 (13−15; 92−99%). The aldehyde condensations are repeated with 13−15 to give tertiary amines N[(CH2)mRf8]3 (16−18; 86−97%) with very high fluorous phase affinities. These decrease monotonically as the numbers of CH2 groups increase or Rf8 groups decrease (CF3C6F11/toluene, 24 °C, 16/17/18/13/14/15/10/11/12: >99.7:<0.3, >99.7:<0.3, 99.5:0.5, 96.5:3.5, 95.1:4.9, 93.0:7.0, 70.0:30.0, 63.2:36.8, 56.9:43.1). The relative basicities towards CF3CO2H are probed by NMR in CDCl3. Competitions between N(CH2CH3)3 or N[(CH2)11CH3]3 and 16−18 show 100% or >95%, >95% or 85−90%, and 85−90 or 65−70% protonation of the former. Competitions between 16/17, 17/18, and 16/18 show 60%, 85−90%, and >95% protonation of the latter. Thus, an inductive effect of the Rf8 group is still detected through five CH2 groups.
Synthesis and reactivity of fluorenyl-tethered N-heterocyclic stannylenes (2016)

A fluorenyl (Fl) tethered diamine was synthesised by nucleophilic substitution of (bromoethyl)fluorene with a diisopropylphenyl (Dipp) substituted diamine to give FlC2H4N(H)C2H4N(H)Dipp (1a) in good yield (85%). Lithiation of 1a with n-BuLi proceeded with coordination of the Li cation to the aromatic fluorenide ring (2), and with subsequent equivalents of n-BuLi, the secondary amines were then sequentially deprotonated. A fluorenyl-tethered N-heterocyclic stannylene (NHSn) was synthesised from the reaction of 1a with SnN''2 {N'' = N(SiMe3)2} as a neutral dimeric species (5), and this was deprotonated with LiN'' to give the corresponding dianionic fluorenide-tethered NHSn (6). Reactions of [{Rh(cod)(μ-Cl)}2] with the mono-deprotonated ligand 2 led to the formation of a mixed-donor amide-amine Rh(i) compound (7), whereas reactions with the anionic NHSn 6 led to a Rh-fluorenyl complex of low stability with an uncoordinated pendent NHSn arm, which X-ray crystallography showed to be dimeric in the solid state.
Underwater Acoustic Communication (1999)

Abstract The sections in this article are Channel Characteristics System Design Signal Processing Methods for Multipath Compensation Active Research Topics
Simultaneous Determination of Transistor Noise, Gain, and Scattering Parameters for Amplifier Design through Noise Figure Measurements Only (1985)

A method for the simultaneous determination of transistor noise and gain parameters through noise figure measurements has been presented recently. An improved version of the method is presented here which can also yield all the scattering parameters needed for designing amplifiers. By means of a proper (computer-aided) data-processing technique, s11, s22, |s12| , |S21|, and \s12s21 are determined. As experimental verifications, the characterization of a GaAs MESFET versus frequency (4-8 GHz) is reported.
The effect of Na ion implantation on the polycrystalline CuIn<inf>1&#x2212;x</inf>Ga<inf>x</inf>Se<inf>2</inf> (2012)

In this work, Ion implantation was applied for quantitative and spatial control of Na distribution in CIGS films. Local Na-doped layer near the CIGS surface was observed in secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) depth-profile. Implantation-induced lattice displacement and recovery processes by rapid thermal annealing were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and grazing incident X-ray diffraction. Post annealing process and annealing during implantation both can reduce implantation-induced displacement well. In the preliminary work, Na-implanted CIGS film lead to an enhancement in electrical properties of device.
Parked Vehicle Edge Computing: Exploiting Opportunistic Resources for Distributed Mobile Applications (2018)

Vehicular Edge Computing (VEC) has been studied as an important application of mobile edge computing in vehicular networks. Usually, the generalization of VEC involves large-scale deployment of dedicated servers, which will cause tremendous economic expense. We also observe that the Parked Vehicles (PVs) in addition to mobile vehicles have rich and underutilized resources for task execution in vehicular networks. Thus, we consider scheduling PVs as available edge computing nodes to execute tasks, and this leads to a new computing paradigm, called by parked vehicle edge computing (PVEC). In this paper, we investigate PVEC and explore opportunistic resources from PVs to run distributed mobile applications. PVs coordinate with VEC servers for collective task execution. First, a system architecture with primary network entities is proposed for enabling PVEC. We also elaborately design an interactive protocol to support mutual communications among them with security guarantee. Moreover, we measure the availability of opportunistic resources and formulate a resource scheduling optimization problem by using Stackelberg game approach. A subgradient-based iterative algorithm is presented to determine workload allocation among PVs and minimize the overall cost of users. Numerical results indicate that compared with existing schemes, PVEC serves more vehicles and reduces service fee for users. We also demonstrate that the Stackelberg game approach is effective and efficient.
Basis examination for development of noninvasive blood glucose measuring instrument by near-infrared confocal optical system (2010)

In this study, we have developed a noninvasive blood glucose measurement system by the body's near-infrared absorption, which consists of a reflection photodetection system by use of a confocal optical system and a near-infrared laser. The concentration of a glucose fluid has been measured. The correlation between the concentration and the near-infrared absorption of the fluid has been confirmed. And measurement reproducibility has also been confirmed.
SELENIUM ENRICHMENT OF CROPS THROUGH FOLIAR APPLICATIONS (1988)

A field study was conducted, at two locations on Prince Edward Island, over a 5-yr period to determine the effects of foliar applications of sodium selenite on the Se concentration in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain and in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) foliage. Applications of 10–20 g Se ha −1 resulted in barley kernels and forage plant Se levels that would be adequate to prevent Se deficiency in most livestock. The highest rate of Se, at 80 g ha −1 , resulted in plant Se concentrations of 706 μg kg −1 in timothy. The measured plant Se concentrations, to the same applications, varied from year to year but the responses to applied Se levels were generally in the same proportions. For similar application rates Se concentrations were lower in barley grain than in the forages. Tissue Se levels in the second cuts of alfalfa and timothy were lower than in the first cut. High levels of foliar-applied Se did not result in a carryover effect the following crop year. Annual foliar applications of Se would be required to raise the Se levels in crops into the sufficiency range for livestock feeds. Key words: Selenium content, foliar spray, cereals, forages, Podzol soils
An introduction to deep learning on biological sequence data: examples and solutions (2017)

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Evidence-based guidelines for use of probiotics in preterm neonates (2011)

We hope that these evidence-based guidelines will help to optimise the use of probiotics in preterm neonates. Continued research is essential to provide answers to the current gaps in knowledge about probiotics.
Synthesis and characterization of a novel electroluminescent polymer based on a phenoxazine derivative (2006)

Abstract We report the preparation of a new electroluminescent polymer by the oxidative coupling copolymerization of N ‐(4‐ n ‐butylphenyl)phenoxazine and 9,9‐di‐ n ‐butylfluorene with ferric(III) chloride. The reaction yields soluble polymers with a weight‐average molecular weight as high as 9000. The reactivity has been studied with respect to the reaction time, temperature, and feed ratio of the comonomers. Under optimum conditions, a copolymer with a 50% comonomer incorporation ratio can be obtained in a 75% yield. The polymers have been characterized with differential scanning calorimetry, cyclic voltammetry, and optical spectroscopy. A simple single‐layer light‐emitting‐diode device of an indium tin oxide/polymer/Mg–Ag structure shows a luminance of 200 cd/m 2 at an 18‐V operating voltage. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4338–4345, 2006
Particulate methane monooxygenase contains only mononuclear copper centers (2019)

Bacteria that oxidize methane to methanol are central to mitigating emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. The nature of the copper active site in the primary metabolic enzyme of these bacteria, particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO), has been controversial owing to seemingly contradictory biochemical, spectroscopic, and crystallographic results. We present biochemical and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic characterization most consistent with two monocopper sites within pMMO: one in the soluble PmoB subunit at the previously assigned active site (Cu<sub>B</sub>) and one ~2 nanometers away in the membrane-bound PmoC subunit (Cu<sub>C</sub>). On the basis of these results, we propose that a monocopper site is able to catalyze methane oxidation in pMMO.
Sensitivity of K1-Encapsulated <i>Escherichia coli</i> to Killing by the Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein of Rabbit and Human Neutrophils (1982)

The presence of K1 capsular polysaccharides increases the resistance of Escherichia coli to killing by serum and phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). To determine whether K1 capsule impedes the action of intracellular bactericidal systems of PMNs, we compared the sensitivity of several K1-encapsulated and non-encapsulated strains of E. coli to killing by the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) isolated from rabbit and human PMNs. BPI appears to be the principal bactericidal agent of PMNs toward E. coli and other gram-negative bacteria (Weiss et al., J. Clin. Invest. 69:959-970, 1982). The presence of K1 capsule was monitored by sensitivity to K1-specific bacteriophages. The non-encapsulated strains used represent both random bacteremic isolates and non-encapsulated derivatives of K1-encapsulated strains obtained by selection for resistance to K1-specific phages. We found little or no difference in the sensitivity of K1-encapsulated and non-encapsulated E. coli to killing by neutralized acid extracts of rabbit PMNs. Bacterial killing by these crude fractions can be attributed to the action of BPI because: (i) bacterial killing was blocked by immune (anti-BPI) immunoglobulin but not by preimmune immunoglobulin and (ii) comparison of the dose-response curves of bacterial killing by crude extracts and by purified BPI showed that the bactericidal activity of crude fractions corresponded closely to the BPI content. Human and rabbit BPIs exhibited similar bactericidal potency toward K1-encapsulated E. coli; i.e., <5 mug of either protein killed >90% of 2.5 x 10(7) bacteria. Thus, the potent bactericidal action of BPI toward E. coli is not impeded by K1 capsule, suggesting that the virulence of K1-encapsulated E. coli is a consequence of extracellular survival but not of resistance to intracellular killing.
Interactions of Cholesterol with Cyclodextrins in Aqueous Solution (2003)

The interaction of cholesterol with several cyclodextrins (CDs) was investigated in water using solubility method. It was found that heptakis (2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-CD (DOM-beta-CD) forms two types of soluble complex, with molar ratios of 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 (cholesterol : DOM-beta-CD), and neither a soluble nor insoluble complex is formed between cholesterol and alpha-CD, beta-CD, and gamma-CD, although a minor soluble complex formation was observed between cholesterol and 2-hydroxylpropyl-beta-CD. The thermodynamic parameters for 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 complex formation of cholesterol with DOM-beta-CD obtained from the changes in K with temperature are as follows: DeltaG degrees (1 : 1)=-11.6 kJ/mol at 25 degrees C (K(1 : 1)=1.09x10(2) M(-1)); DeltaH degrees (1 : 1)=-3.38 kJ/mol; TDeltaS degrees (1 : 1)=8.25 kJ/mol; DeltaG degrees (1 : 2)=-27.1 kJ/mol at 25 degrees C (K(1 : 2)=5.68x10(4) M(-1)); DeltaH degrees (1 : 2)=-3.96 kJ/mol; and TDeltaS degrees (1 : 2)=23.2 kJ/mol. The formation of the 1 : 2 complex occurred much more easily than that of the 1 : 1 complex. The driving force for 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 complex formation was considered to be mainly hydrophobic interaction. Also, based on the measurements of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and studies with Corey-Pauling-Koltun atomic models, the probable structutures of the 1 : 2 complex were estimated.
The Role Of Cadmium Oxide Within The Thin Films Of The Buffer Cds Aimed At Solar Cells Based Upon CIGS Films Fabrication (2011)

High quality Cadmium Sulphide thin films were grown on directly heated substrates of commercial glass by means of Modified Chemical Bath Deposition. Structural and optical properties of the obtained films were achieved. The impact of heat treatment in air at 450°C for one hour reveals the apparition of nano films of Cadmium Oxide on the surface of these buffer layers, which decreases dramatically the optical performance of the annealed films of CdS.
Clinical experience across the fetal‐fraction spectrum of a non‐invasive prenatal screening approach with low test‐failure rate (2019)

Our clinical experience demonstrates that a customized WGS-based NIPS without a FF threshold achieves high accuracy while maintaining a low test-failure rate of 0.1%. As such, alternative strategies to ensure high accuracy of detection of common aneuploidies in samples with low FF (such as redraw after test failure, redrawing at a later gestational age, risk scoring based on FF) are not necessary for this screening approach. © 2019 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Transfer Hydrogenation of Imines and Alkenes and Direct Reductive Amination of Aldehydes Catalyzed by Triazole-Derived Iridium(I) Carbene Complexes (2007)

A series of new iridium(I) triazole-based NHC complexes [(cod)Ir(NHC)L]BF4 (L = PPh3, pyridine) were prepared and showed good activity for transfer hydrogenation on CO, CN, and CC double bonds in 2-propanol with K2CO3. The phosphine series was shown to be more active than the pyridine series in the case of imine transfer hydrogenation. A neopentyl wingtip substituent on the NHC gave the best catalytic activity with the following competitive order: aldehyde > ketone > imine. In a substrate containing both aldehyde and ketone functionalities, only the aldehyde was reduced. Of great interest, the transfer hydrogenation of polarized and nonpolarized CC bonds was also proved possible. In a useful organic synthetic application, direct, one-pot reductive amination of RCHO with R‘NH2 to give RCH2NHR‘ was shown for a variety of cases.
Joint Endpointing and Decoding with End-to-end Models (2019)

The tradeoff between word error rate (WER) and latency is very important for streaming automatic speech recognition (ASR) applications. We want the system to endpoint and close the microphone as quickly as possible, without degrading WER. Conventional ASR systems rely on a separately trained endpointing module, which interacts with the acoustic, pronunciation and language model (AM, PM, and LM) components, and can result in a higher WER or a larger latency. In going with the all-neural spirit of end-to-end (E2E) models, which fold the AM, PM and LM into a single neural network, in this work we look at folding the endpointer into this E2E model to assist with the endpointing task. We refer to this jointly optimized model - which performs both recognition and endpointing - as an E2E enpointer. On a large vocabulary Voice Search task, we show that the combination of such an E2E endpoiner with a conventional endpointer results in no quality degradation, while reducing latency by more than a factor of 2 compared to using a separate endpointer with the E2E model.
A Multi-Factor Security Protocol for Wireless Payment - Secure Web Authentication using Mobile Devices (2011)

Previous Web access authentication systems often use either the Web or the Mobile channel individually to confirm the claimed identity of the remote user. This paper proposes a new protocol using multifactor authentication system that is both secure and highly usable. It uses a novel approach based on Transaction Identification Code and SMS to enforce extra security level with the traditional Login/password system. The system provides a highly secure environment that is simple to use and deploy, that does not require any change in infrastructure or protocol of wireless networks. This Protocol for Wireless Payment is extended to provide two way authentications.
Off-Line Camera-Based Calibration for Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Displays (2019)

In recent years, the entry into the market of self contained optical see-through headsets with integrated multi-sensor capabilities has led the way to innovative and technology driven augmented reality applications and has encouraged the adoption of these devices also across highly challenging medical and industrial settings. Despite this, the display calibration process of consumer level systems is still sub-optimal, particularly for those applications that require high accuracy in the spatial alignment between computer generated elements and a real-world scene. State-of-the-art manual and automated calibration procedures designed to estimate all the projection parameters are too complex for real application cases outside laboratory environments. This paper describes an off-line fast calibration procedure that only requires a camera to observe a planar pattern displayed on the see-through display. The camera that replaces the user’s eye must be placed within the eye-motion-box of the see-through display. The method exploits standard camera calibration and computer vision techniques to estimate the projection parameters of the display model for a generic position of the camera. At execution time, the projection parameters can then be refined through a planar homography that encapsulates the shift and scaling effect associated with the estimated relative translation from the old camera position to the current user’s eye position. Compared to classical SPAAM techniques that still rely on the human element and to other camera based calibration procedures, the proposed technique is flexible and easy to replicate in both laboratory environments and real-world settings.