gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two-Axis Acceleration of Functional Connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging by Parallel Excitation of Phase-Tagged Slices and Half k-Space Acceleration (2011)

Whole brain functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging requires acquisition of a time course of gradient-recalled (GR) volumetric images. A method is developed to accelerate this acquisition using GR echo-planar imaging and radio frequency (RF) slice phase tagging. For N-fold acceleration, a tailored RF pulse excites N slices using a uniform-field transmit coil. This pulse is the Fourier transform of the profile for the N slices with a predetermined RF phase tag on each slice. A multichannel RF receive coil is used for detection. For n slices, there are n/N groups of slices. Signal-averaged reference images are created for each slice within each slice group for each member of the coil array and used to separate overlapping images that are simultaneously received. The time-overhead for collection of reference images is small relative to the acquisition time of a complete volumetric time course. A least-squares singular value decomposition method allows image separation on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Twofold slice acceleration is demonstrated using an eight-channel RF receive coil, with application to resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in the human brain. Data from six subjects at 3 T are reported. The method has been extended to half k-space acquisition, which not only provides additional acceleration, but also facilitates slice separation because of increased signal intensity of the central lines of k-space coupled with reduced susceptibility effects.
EnPiT: A reconstruction algorithm for helical CT (2005)

A reconstruction algorithm for helical CT using a 3-Pi acquisition is presented. Here we show, how we can deal with data obtained by an n-Pi acquisition, where n can be any positive odd integer. The method, viz. EnPiT, is a filtered back-projection algorithm and is based on the results obtained for n=1 by A. Katsevich. For an n-Pi acquisition, we have to ensure that all Radon-planes receive the correct weights. Therefore, n different sets of filter-lines are needed. Nevertheless, the presented sets of filter-lines allow for an efficient implementation, such that the computational complexity increases only slowly with n. Simulation results demonstrate that the algorithm works satisfactorily. The reconstructed images exhibit excellent quality
Detecting Geographical Serving Area of Web Resources (2006)

Most human activities occur around where the user is physically located. Knowing the geographical serving area of web resources, therefore, is very important for many web applications. Here serving area stands for the geographical distribution of online users who are interested in a given web site. It can be also seen as the geographical area that this web site intends to reach. For example, the serving area of a restaurant site is usually restricted to a town or city, while the serving area of an airport site can be as large as a state. In this paper, we proposed a set of novel methods to detect the serving area of web resources by analyzing search engine logs, our example of web usage data. We use the search logs to detect serving area in two ways. First, we extracted the user IP locations to generate the geographical distribution of users who had the same interests in a web site. Second, query terms input by users were considered as the user knowledge about a web site. From the experimental results, we found that the approach based on query terms was superior to that based on IP locations, since search queries for local sites tended to include location words while the IP locations were sometimes erroneous.
Overview: Recent Progress in Three-Dimensional Atom Probe Instruments and Applications (2007)

Over the last few years there have been significant developments in the field of three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) analysis. This article reviews some of the technical compromises that have led to different instrument designs and the recent improvements in performance. An instrument has now been developed, based around a novel reflectron configuration combining both energy compensation and focusing elements, that yields a large field of view and very high mass resolution. The use of laser pulsing in the 3DAP, together with developments in specimen preparation methods using a focused ion-beam instrument, have led to a significant widening in the range of materials science problems that can be addressed with the 3DAP. Recent studies of semiconductor materials and devices are described.
Spatial and Color Adaptive Gamut Mapping: A Mathematical Framework and Two New Algorithms (2007)

A general framework for adaptive gamut mapping is presented in which a wide range of published spatial gamut mapping algorithms fit. Two new spatial and color adaptive gamut mapping algorithms are then introduced. Based on spatial color bilateral filtering, they take into account the color properties of the neighborhood of each pixel. Their goal is to preserve both the color values of the pixels and their relations between neighbors. Results of psychophysical experiments confirm the good performance of the proposed algorithms.
ENHANCED HYDROGEN PRODUCTION INTEGRATED WITH CO2 SEPARATION IN A SINGLE-STAGE REACTOR (2005)

Hydrogen production by the water gas shift reaction (WGSR) is equilibrium limited due to thermodynamic constrains. However, this can be overcome by continuously removing the product CO{sub 2}, thereby driving the WGSR in the forward direction to enhance hydrogen production. This project aims at using a high reactivity, mesoporous calcium based sorbent (PCC-CaO) for removing CO{sub 2} using reactive separation scheme. Preliminary results have shown that PCC-CaO dominates in its performance over naturally occurring limestone towards enhanced hydrogen production. However, maintenance of high reactivity of the sorbent over several reaction-regeneration cycles warrants effective regeneration methods. We have identified sub-atmospheric calcination (vacuum) as vital regeneration technique that helps preserve the sorbent morphology. Sub-atmospheric calcination studies reveal the significance of vacuum level, diluent gas flow rate, thermal properties of diluent gas, and sorbent loading on the kinetics of calcination and the morphology of the resultant CaO sorbent. Steam, which can be easily separated from CO{sub 2}, has been envisioned as a potential diluent gas due to its better thermal properties resulting in effective heat transfer. A novel multi-fixed bed reactor was designed which isolates the catalyst bed from the sorbent bed during the calcination step. This should prevent any potential catalyst deactivation due to oxidation by CO{sub 2} during the regeneration phase.
Data-Efficient Information Extraction from Form-Like Documents (2022)

Automating information extraction from form-like documents at scale is a pressing need due to its potential impact on automating business workflows across many industries like financial services, insurance, and healthcare. The key challenge is that form-like documents in these business workflows can be laid out in virtually infinitely many ways; hence, a good solution to this problem should generalize to documents with unseen layouts and languages. A solution to this problem requires a holistic understanding of both the textual segments and the visual cues within a document, which is non-trivial. While the natural language processing and computer vision communities are starting to tackle this problem, there has not been much focus on (1) data-efficiency, and (2) ability to generalize across different document types and languages. In this paper, we show that when we have only a small number of labeled documents for training (~50), a straightforward transfer learning approach from a considerably structurally-different larger labeled corpus yields up to a 27 F1 point improvement over simply training on the small corpus in the target domain. We improve on this with a simple multi-domain transfer learning approach, that is currently in production use, and show that this yields up to a further 8 F1 point improvement. We make the case that data efficiency is critical to enable information extraction systems to scale to handle hundreds of different document-types, and learning good representations is critical to accomplishing this.
Novel 1,3-Disubstituted 8-(1-benzyl-1<i>H</i>-pyrazol-4-yl) Xanthines:  High Affinity and Selective A<sub>2B</sub>Adenosine Receptor Antagonists (2006)

Adenosine has been suggested to induce bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthmatics, which is believed to be an A(2B) adenosine receptor (AdoR) mediated pathway. We hypothesize that a selective, high-affinity A(2B) AdoR antagonist may provide therapeutic benefit in the treatment of asthma. In an attempt to identify a high-affinity, selective antagonist for the A(2B) AdoR, we synthesized 8-(C-4-pyrazolyl) xanthines. Compound 22, 8-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3-dipropyl xanthine, is a N-1 unsubstituted pyrazole derivative that has favorable binding affinity (K(i) = 9 nM) for the A(2B) AdoR, but it is only 2-fold selective versus the A(1) AdoR. Introduction of a benzyl group at the N-1-pyrazole position of 22 resulted in 19, which had moderate selectivity. The initial focus of the SAR study was on the preparation of substituted benzyl derivatives of 19 because the corresponding phenyl, phenethyl, and phenpropyl derivatives showed a decrease in A(2B) AdoR affinity and selectivity relative to 19. The preferred substitution on the phenyl ring of 19 contains an electron-withdrawing group, specifically F or CF(3) at the m-position, as in 33 and 36 respectively, increases the selectivity while retaining the affinity for the A(2B) AdoR. Exploring disubstitutions on the phenyl ring of derivatives 33 and36 led to the 2-chloro-5-trifluoromethylphenyl derivative 50, which retained the A(2B) AdoR affinity but enhanced the selectivity relative to 36. After optimization of the substitution on the 8-pyrazole xanthine, 1,3-disubstitution of the xanthine core was explored with methyl, ethyl, butyl, and isobutyl groups. In comparison to the corresponding dipropyl analogues, the smaller 1,3-dialkyl groups (methyl and ethyl) increased the A(2B) AdoR binding selectivity of the xanthine derivatives while retaining the affinity. However, the larger 1,3-dialkyl groups (isobutyl and butyl) resulted in a decrease in both A(2B) AdoR affinity and selectivity. This final SAR optimization led to the discovery of 1,3-dimethyl derivative 60, 8-(1-(3-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3-dimethyl xanthine, a high-affinity (K(i) = 1 nM) A(2B) AdoR antagonist with high selectivity (990-, 690-, and 1,000-) for the human A(1), A(2A,) and A(3) AdoRs.
Glow-discharge-created electron beams: Cathode materials, electron gun designs, and technological applications (1984)

The operating characteristics of glow-discharge-created electron beams are discussed. Ten different cathode materials are compared with regard to maximum electron beam current achieved and the beam generation efficiency as measured calorimetrically. Specific electron gun designs are presented for a variety of applications that include: cw ion laser excitation; electron beam assisted chemical vapor deposition of microelectronic films; and wide area annealing of ion-implantation damage to silicon substrates. The use of sintered metal-ceramic (e.g., Mo-Al2O3) cathodes to generate multikilowatt electron beams in a pure noble gas discharge is reported. Cathode materials with high secondary electron emission coefficients by ion bombardment allow for electron beam production in glow discharges at 50%–80% generation efficiency values.
Donor MHC-Derived Peptide Recognized By TCR-Biased CD8+ Tregs Suppresses Organ Rejection. (2014)

We previously reported that in a rat MHC mismatched heart allograft model, treatment with CD40Ig leads to indefinite allograft survival mediated by CD8+CD45RClow Tregs, through interaction with pDCs. Although essential, the exact role of TCR/MHC/peptide interaction in Treg activity is still unknown. We therefore studied the Tregs' TCR fine specificity and its impact on Tregs function and allograft survival. For coculture and MLR suppressive assay, Tregs were freshly sorted and cocultured respectively with syngeneic pDCs plus allopeptides or with CFSE+CD4+ effector T cells stimulated by either allogeneic or alloantigen-loaded syngeneic pDCs. For in vivo treatment, 0.5 or 1 mg/day of peptide, alone or combined with anti-MHC-I or CD8 mAbs, were delivered i.p continuously from day -7 to day 21 after transplantation by a mini osmotic pump. Among 82 unique 16 aa donor-derived allopeptides, we identified one dominant allopeptide, called Du51, that led to a strong activation of Tregs, as shown by the upregulation of several markers. By generating a MHC-I RT1.Aa/Du51 tetramer (tetDu51), we showed that tetDu51+ CD8+ Tregs were enriched in spleen of CD40Ig-treated long-term surviving recipients compared to naive rats. Interestingly, tetDu51+ Tregs were the most suppressive subset among the total Treg population in both direct and indirect pathways of allorecognition. In vivo, we showed that Du51 infusion alone resulted in indefinite allograft survival in 80% of the recipients whereas its combination with either blockade of MHC-I or depletion of CD8+ cells abrogated allograft survival. Moreover, Du51 infusion did not protect against third-party graft acute rejection. Finally, long-term surviving Du51-treated rats displayed a higher number of Tregs in spleen compared to naive ones, an inhibition of alloantibody responses and no sign of chronic rejection. Altogether, these results demonstrated that Du51 treatment alone induced highly suppressive donor-specific CD8+ Tregs capable of in vivo tolerance induction. This study showed that CD40Ig-induced CD8+CD45RClow Tregs recognize Du51 allogeneic peptide with strong therapeutic potential and exert a dominant tolerance, highlighting the importance of the TCR/peptide/MHC interaction for Treg generation and function.
Metabolism and biological activity of 25-fluorocholecalciferol, 24-dehydrocholecalciferol and 25-dehydrocholecalciferol in the rat (1979)

Three side-chain analogues of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) modified at C-25, namely 25-fluorocholecalciferol, 24-dehydrocholecalciferol and 25-dehydrocholecalciferol, conceived as potential inhibitors of the cholecalciferol 25-hydroxylase have been prepared and tested in the rat. These compounds markedly diminish conversion in vivo of cholecalciferol into 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, but are not antagonists of vitamin D action, because they themselves possess significant biological activity in vivo. Each compound is capable of stimulating the intestinal transport of calcium and the mobilization of calcium from bone in vitamin D-deficient rats. Biological responses equivalent to those generated by a physiological dose of cholecalciferol (0.05 microgram) are produced, however, only when the analogues are administered at high doses (5-50 microgram). The biological activity of 24-dehydrocholecalciferol and 25-dehydrocholecalciferol is shown to result from conversion, in vivo, to the natural hormone, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, whereas 25-fluorocholecalciferol is metabolically activated in the rat by hydroxylation to 1 alpha-hydroxy-25-fluorocholecalciferol. This latter conversion is the first reported example of the 1 alpha-hydroxylation of a vitamin D compound lacking the 25-hydroxy group.
UPC based bandwidth allocation for VBR video in wireless ATM links (2002)

This paper presents a medium access level VBR bandwidth allocation scheme for wireless ATM (WATM) networks. After introducing a wireless ATM system model and the associated dynamic TDMA/TDD medium access control (MAC) scheme, an algorithm for VBR slot allocation is proposed. The algorithm combines information from user parameter control (UPC) at the call admission control (CAC) level with rapid MAC level estimates of the requirements for each VBR virtual circuit (VC). The method described is applicable to both conventional VBR and VBR+ in which UPC parameters are dynamically renegotiated as source bit rate requirements vary. Simulation experiments using statistically multiplexed MPEG-1 video are carried out for a typical 25 Mbps dynamic TDMA/TDD wireless ATM access link scenario. Experimental results show that, for the VBR video under consideration, the proposed scheme can achieve throughputs in the range of 60-70% while maintaining reasonable QoS.
Implementation of gadolinium for neutron measurement systems based on plastic scintillators and semiconductors (2016)

CEA LIST has investigated different schemes enabling neutron detection thanks to the implementation of gadolinium converters. The fine analysis of the prompt gamma ray signature has permitted us to propose and test dedicated designs such as Gd-doped plastic scintillator, large spherical scintillators or compensated CdZnTe diodes.
Inhibition of L- and P-selectin by a rationally synthesized novel core 2-like branched structure containing GalNAc-Lewisx and Neu5Ac 2-3Gal 1-3GalNAc sequences (1998)

The selectins interact in important normal and pathological situations with certain sialylated, fucosylated glycoconjugate ligands containing sialyl Lewisx(Neu5Acalpha2-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcN Ac). Much effort has gone into the synthesis of sialylated and sulfated Lewisxanalogs as competitive ligands for the selectins. Since the natural selectin ligands GlyCAM-1 and PSGL-1 carry sialyl Lewisxas part of a branched Core 2 O-linked structure, we recently synthesized Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-6(SE-3Galbeta1++ +-3)GalNAc1alphaOMe and found it to be a moderately superior ligand for L and P-selectin (Koenig et al. , Glycobiology 7, 79-93, 1997). Other studies have shown that sulfate esters can replace sialic acid in some selectin ligands (Yeun et al. , Biochemistry, 31, 9126-9131, 1992; Imai et al. , Nature, 361, 555, 1993). Based upon these observations, we hypothesized that Neu5Acalpha2-3Galbeta1-3GalNAc might have the capability of interacting with L- and P-selectin. To examine this hypothesis, we synthesized Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-6(Neu5Acalpha2++ +-3Galbeta1-3)-GalNAc alpha1-OB, which was found to be 2- to 3-fold better than sialyl Lexfor P and L selectin, respectively. We also report the synthesis of an unusual structure GalNAcbeta1-4(Fucalpha1- 3)GlcNAcbeta1-OMe (GalNAc-Lewisx-O-methyl glycoside), which also proved to be a better inhibitor of L- and P-selectin than sialyl Lewisx-OMe. Combining this with our knowledge of Core 2 branched structures, we have synthesized a molecule that is 5- to 6-fold better at inhibiting L- and P-selectin than sialyl Lewisx-OMe, By contrast to unbranched structures, substitution of a sulfate ester group for a sialic acid residue in such a molecule resulted in a considerable loss of inhibition ability. Thus, the combination of a sialic acid residue on the primary (beta1-3) arm, and a modified Lexunit on the branched (beta1-6) arm on an O-linked Core 2 structure generated a monovalent synthetic oliogosaccharide inhibitor superior to SLexfor both L- and P-selectin.
De-esterification of cephalosporin para-nitrobenzyl esters by microbial enzymes. (1976)

Bacteria and actinomycetes were screened for esterase enzymes capable of removing the para-nitrobenzyl ester from cephalosporins. An esterase preparation from Bacillus subtilis was used to prepare cephalexin and 7-ADCA from the corresponding para-nitrobenzyl esters.
The Use of Liposomes as Carriers of Lipophilic Anthracycline Antibiotics (1994)

Tumor drug resistance and lack of tumor selectivity are the two main limitations of current systemic anticancer therapy. Liposomes have been shown to decrease certain doxorubicin (Dox)-related toxicities. By modifying liposome size and composition, the tumor localization of liposome entrapped drugs can be greatly enhanced. Through extensive structure-activity studies aimed at identifying anthracycline antibiotics which combine an enhanced affinity for lipid membranes and an ability to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR), we have identified Annamycin (Ann), which is ideally suited for entrapment in liposomes of different size and composition and has shown remarkable in vivo antitumor activity in different tumor models that display natural or acquired resistance to Dox. The unprecedented liposome formulation flexibility offered by Ann is expected to facilitate current efforts aimed at developing pharmaceutically acceptable liposomal-Ann formulations with optimal tumor targeting properties.
Formation and stabilization of single-crystalline metastable AuGe phases in Ge nanowires (2011)

We use in situ observations by variable temperature transmission electron microscopy on AuGe alloy drops at the tips of Ge nanowires (NWs) with systematically varying composition to demonstrate the controlled formation of metastable solid phases integrated in NWs. The process, which operates in the regime of vapor-liquid-solid growth, involves a size-dependent depression of the alloy liquidus at the nanoscale that leads to extremely Ge-rich AuGe melts at low temperatures. During slow cooling, these liquid AuGe alloy drops show pronounced departures from equilibrium, i.e., a frustrated phase separation of Ge into the adjacent solid NW, and ultimately crystallize as single-crystalline segments of metastable γ-AuGe. Our findings demonstrate a general avenue for synthesizing NW heterostructures containing stable and metastable solid phases, applicable to a wide range of materials of which NWs form by the vapor-liquid-solid method.
1D to 1D tunneling in a dual electron waveguide device (1993)

The authors report the first unambiguous observation of controlled electron tunneling between two closely spaced 1D electron waveguides. This represents a significant step toward the realization of a quantum field-effect electron directional coupler (QFED). The authors have fabricated a variety of dual electron waveguide devices with different lengths and widths on an AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure (N/sub s/=4*0/sup 11/ cm/sup -2/ and mu =1.2*10/sup 6/ cm/sup 2//V-s at 4 K). The key feature in these devices is the 30-nm-wide middle gate fabricated using a single-pass e-beam lithography technique. Such a thin gate is required to achieve significant tunneling. A 1D to 1D regime is established when two electron waveguides are implemented. The tunneling current should be sensitive to the alignment of the subbands in the two electron waveguides. In this regime, bumps in the tunneling current are observed as a function of both side-gate voltages as the individual subbands line up between the two waveguides. This is unmistakable proof that 1D to 1D tunneling is taking place.