gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Determination Of X-Ray Tube Potential (kV) Waveform By A Noninvasive Evaluation Of Radiation Output (NERO)</title> (1981)

A method has been developed to noninvasively measure the instantaneous potential (kV) applied to an x-ray tube. The method uses differentially filtered x-ray detectors whose outputs during the exposure are converted to digital signals and stored in a memory array. The conversions are made every 125 microseconds. After the exposure, a microprocessor calculates the ratios of the detector outputs; computes the kV waveform from stored calibration data; and digitally displays the kV value. A resolution of ±0.5 kV at 110 kV has been achieved.
034 Independence of the Reduced Pigment (rp) Gene and the Y and Y2 Loci in Carrot (Daucus carota L.) (1999)

Five genes, including alleles at Y, Y 1 and Y 2 , and the alleles I and IO, have been implicated in conditioning carrot root color. Various combinations of these alleles can condition white, yellow, and orange xylem and phloem color in carrot roots. The recently discovered reduced pigment gene, designated rp , conditions pale orange xylem and phloem and reduces carotenoid content by 92%. To determine if the rp gene is an allele of a previously described locus or a separate locus involved in pigment biosynthesis, we crossed rprp plants to plants with yellow phloem and yellow xylem (yellow/yellow) and to plants with purple phloem and yellow xylem (purple/yellow). We generated BC 1 and F 2 progenies for evaluation of segregation data. The expected genotype of plants with yellow xylem was yyY 2 Y 2 RPRP and the expected genotype of plants carrying rp was yyy 2 y 2 rprp. More than 1900 individual plants were evaluated for root color in 38 matings. In F 2 progenies resulting from crosses of rprp × yellow/yellow, segregation data from 19 out of 20 families fit expected 12:3:1 (yellow: orange: rprp ) or 15:1 (orange: non-orange) ratios ( P < 0.001) indicating independence of the rp gene. In addition, 12 out of 16 families of F 2 progenies from the cross between purple/yellow plants and rprp plants fit expected 12:3:1 (yellow: orange: rprp ) ratios ( P < 0.001) for a 2-gene model. These data support the hypothesis that the rp gene is independent and not linked to Y and Y 2 genes.
Controlled implosive downhole seismic source (1989)

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation D. Thomas Taylor, James E. Brooks; Controlled implosive downhole seismic source. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1 December 1989; 86 (6): 2474. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.398428 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAcoustical Society of AmericaThe Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Search Advanced Search |Citation Search
Minimizing stochastic moiré in frequency-modulated halftones by means of green-noise masks (2002)

In color halftoning, moiré is the low-frequency spatial artifact generated by the interference of superimposed primary color dot screens that adds an unwanted artificial texture to the printed image. When these overlapping dot screens are irregular, as in the case of stochastic dot screens, this interference pattern follows a random spatial distribution resulting in 'stochastic" moiré. This stochastic moiré is at its most visible when the overlapping dither patterns have the same relative spacing between dots. We study the occurrence of stochastic moiré in green-noise halftones where dither patterns are composed of clusters of varying sizes and where the visibility of stochastic moiré6 can be reduced by varying the coarseness of dither patterns between the component cyan, magenta, yellow, and black colors.
Small molecule dual-inhibitors of TRPV4 and TRPA1 for attenuation of inflammation and pain (2016)

TRPV4 ion channels represent osmo-mechano-TRP channels with pleiotropic function and wide-spread expression. One of the critical functions of TRPV4 in this spectrum is its involvement in pain and inflammation. However, few small-molecule inhibitors of TRPV4 are available. Here we developed TRPV4-inhibitory molecules based on modifications of a known TRPV4-selective tool-compound, GSK205. We not only increased TRPV4-inhibitory potency, but surprisingly also generated two compounds that potently co-inhibit TRPA1, known to function as chemical sensor of noxious and irritant signaling. We demonstrate TRPV4 inhibition by these compounds in primary cells with known TRPV4 expression - articular chondrocytes and astrocytes. Importantly, our novel compounds attenuate pain behavior in a trigeminal irritant pain model that is known to rely on TRPV4 and TRPA1. Furthermore, our novel dual-channel blocker inhibited inflammation and pain-associated behavior in a model of acute pancreatitis - known to also rely on TRPV4 and TRPA1. Our results illustrate proof of a novel concept inherent in our prototype compounds of a drug that targets two functionally-related TRP channels, and thus can be used to combat isoforms of pain and inflammation in-vivo that involve more than one TRP channel. This approach could provide a novel paradigm for treating other relevant health conditions.
Effect of a Novel Saponin Adjuvant Derived from Quillaja saponaria on the Immune Response to Recombinant Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (1997)

Adjuvant activity of saponins extracted from the South American tree Quillaja saponaria has been demonstrated with many antigens. Recently, four saponin fractions (designated as QS-7, QS-17, QS-18, and QS-21) with adjuvant activity were purified by reverse phase chromatography. In particular, efficacy of the less toxic QS-21 fraction has been demonstrated with several recombinant viral antigens including HIV gp120. Here, we report a novel saponin fraction (designated as QS-L1) derived from Quillaja saponaria. Unlike previously identified saponins, QS-L1 had a different chemical structure and showed adjuvant activity only when administered in the presence of alum-precipitated antigen. Interestingly, the QS-L1 greatly increased not only a humoral immune response but also cellular immune response to recombinant hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg). Furthermore, QS-L1 showed lower toxicity in vivo and in vitro than the previously identified saponin fraction, QS-21. Finally, we examined the chemical structure of the QS-L1 using mass spectroscopic analysis, carbohydrate composition analysis and NMR spectroscopic analysis. Thus, our results indicated that this novel QS-L1 saponin fraction had several desirable properties required for an effective adjuvant.
Metrics for structural logic synthesis (2002)

Routability or wiring congestion in a VLSI chip is becoming increasingly important as chip complexity increases. Congestion has a significant impact on performance, yield and chip area. Although advances in placement algorithms have attempted to alleviate this problem, the inherent structure of the logic netlist has a significant impact on the routability irrespective of the placement algorithm used. Placement algorithms find optimal assignment of locations to the logic and do not have the ability to change the netlist structure. Significant decisions regarding the circuit structure are made early in synthesis such as during the technology independent logic optimization step. Optimizations in this step use literal count as a metric for optimization and do not adequately capture the intrinsic entanglement of the netlist. Two circuits with identical literal counts may have significantly different congestion characteristics post placement. In this paper, we motivate that a property of the network structure called adhesion can make a significant contribution to routing congestion. We then provide a metric to measure this property. We also show that adhesion as measured by this metric can be used in addition to literal counts to estimate and optimize post routing congestion early in the design flow.
Building a Framework for Understanding Amorphous Hydrogenated Boron Carbide as a Novel Semi-Insulating Electronic Material (2015)

Boron carbide (BC) possesses a number of unique characteristics that render it suitable for specialized device applications, including neutron detectors and low-k dielectrics. Since 10B is one of few isotopes with a high neutron capture cross section, boron carbide is one of a handful of boron-rich semiconductors under consideration for direct-conversion solid-state neutron detection. Further, with such a low average atomic number, BC has the potential to exhibit extremely low polarizability and therefore, a low dielectric constant, while also retaining chemical, thermal, and mechanical robustness, which positions well for low-k dielectric uses. For both of these applications, low leakage currents are required, and traditional semiconducting polycrystalline BxC (x ~ 4-11) is therefore unsuitable. A unique BC variant, amorphous hydrogenated boron carbide (a-BxC:Hy), fabricated by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition from carborane precursors, has been found to possess the necessary semi-insulating properties for these applications. Known since the early 90's, carborane-based a-BxC:Hy has been the subject of some physical and electronic structure studies, but a lot remains to be done to thoroughly characterize its materials properties, as well as their tunability. Due to the amorphous nature of the solid, much of this characterization is nontrivial. Although it possesses a relatively similar stoichiometry to traditional BxC, a-BxC:Hy is a very different material, both in terms of atomic structure and material properties. Further, due to its complex bonding, it does not fall into a conventional framework for analysis, such as that developed for the classes of amorphous inorganic tetrahedral semiconductors or organic semiconductors. This contribution will describe recent efforts toward understanding a-BxC:Hy, including its local physical structure and the role of carbon and hydrogen, the nature of its electronic structure and disorder parameters such as Urbach energy, and their relationship to optical and electrical transport properties.
Detection of ammonia at low concentrations (0.1–2 ppm) with ZnO nanorod-functionalized AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (2017)

AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors with ZnO nanorod functionalized gates were used for detecting NH3 in the concentration range of 0.1–2 ppm balanced with air at ambient temperatures from 25 to 300 °C. A decrease in the high electron mobility transistor drain current was observed for exposure to the NH3-containing ambients, indicating an increase in negative charge at the heterointerface. The detection sensitivity increased monotonically with ammonia concentration at all temperatures, from 0.28% (25 °C) and 3.17% (300 °C) for 0.1 ppm to 1.32% (25 °C) and 13.73% (300 °C) for 2 ppm for a drain–source voltage of 1 V. The latter condition is attractive for low power consumption. The sensitivity was also a function of applied voltage and was generally higher in the linear region of the current–voltage characteristic of the transistor. The activation energy of the sensitivity was 0.09 eV, and the sensors showed no response to O2 (100%), CO2 (10%), CO (0.1%), CH4 (4%), and NO2 (0.05%) under the same detection conditions as used for the NH3. The response was less than 1 s, and recovery times were of order ∼53 s at 25 °C.
Carbamate analogues of (−)‐physostigmine: In vitro inhibition of acetyl‐ and butyrylcholinesterase (1988)

Reaction of (-)-eseroline (1) with alkyl, aryl and aralkylisocyanates afforded a series of carbamate analogues of (-)-physostigmine (2) which were assayed for inhibition of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE and BChE, respectively) in vitro. Included in this study were two N-alkyl-substituted carbamates 9 and 14 obtained from (-)-eseroline (1) with dialkylcarbamoyl chlorides, and allophanates 12 and 13 obtained as by-products in the reaction of 1 and benzylcarbamoyl eseroline (8) with benzyl isocyanate. Whereas none of the analogues studied was more potent than 2 against electric eel AChE, and carbamates 6, 7 and 8 were all more than 3 times more potent against human plasma BChE than 2.
Comparative Studies of the Electrochemical and Thermal Stability of Composite Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Using Two Types of Boron-Based Anion Receptors (1999)

Comparative studies were done on two new types of boron based anion receptors, tris(pentafluorophenyl) borane (TFPB) and tris(pentafluorophenyl) borate (TFPBO), regarding conductivity enhancement electrochemical and thermal stability when used as additives in composite electrolytes for lithium batteries. Both additives enhance the ionic conductivity of electrolytes of simple lithium salts, LiF, CF{sub 3}CO{sub 2}Li and C{sub 2}F{sub 5}CO{sub 2}Li in several organic solvents. The electrochemical windows of TPFB based electrolytes in ethylene carbonate (EC)-propylene carbonate (PC)-dmethyl carbonate (DMC) (1:1:3, v/v) are up to 5, 4.76 and 4.96 V for LiF, CF{sub 3}CO{sub 2}Li and C{sub 2}F{sub 5}CO{sub 2}Li respectively. TPFBO has lower electrochemical stability compared to TPFB. The thermal stability of pure TFPB is better than TFPBO. The lithium salt complexes have higher thermal stability than these two compounds. TPFB based electrolytes showed high cycling efficiencies and good cycleability when they were tested in Li/LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} cells. The capacity retention of the cells using TFPB based electrolytes during multiple cycling is better than those using TFPBO based electrolytes.
Integrated state and parameter estimation for vehicle dynamics control (2019)

Most modern day automotive chassis control systems employ a feedback control structure. Therefore, a real-time estimate of the vehicle handling dynamic states and tyre-road contact parameters are invaluable for enhancing the performance of current vehicle control systems, such as anti-lock brake system (ABS) and electronic stability program (ESP). Today's production cars are equipped with onboard sensors (e.g., a 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, steering wheel angle sensor, and wheel speed sensors) which when used in conjunction with certain model based observers can be used to identify relevant vehicle states for optimal control of comfort, stability and handling. However, some key variables such as the tyre forces, road bank/grade angles, and the tyre-road friction coefficient, which have a significant impact on vehicle handling performance and safety are difficult to measure using sensors already onboard vehicles. This paper introduces an integrated vehicle state estimator comprising a series of model-based and kinematic-based observers for estimating these unmeasurable states. Using an appropriate vehicle model, kinematic equations of motion and vehicle sensor data, the unknown vehicle states as well as the tyre-road contact forces are estimated by implementing a series of observers arranged in a cascade structure. Key estimated signals include the vehicle side slip angle (β), tyre longitudinal/lateral/vertical forces, and the tyre-road friction coefficient (μ). The performance of the proposed estimators has been evaluated via computer simulations conducted using the vehicle dynamics software CarSim®. An effectively designed merging scheme ensures robust estimation performance even during the vehicle manoeuvres which show highly nonlinear tyre characteristics and in the existence of road inclination or bank angle.
Structure preserving color deconvolution for immunohistochemistry images (2015)

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining is an important technique for the detection of one or more biomarkers within a single tissue section. In digital pathology applications, the correct unmixing of the tissue image into its individual constituent dyes for each biomarker is a prerequisite for accurate detection and identification of the underlying cellular structures. A popular technique thus far is the color deconvolution method<sup>1</sup> proposed by Ruifrok <i>et al</i>. However, Ruifrok's method independently estimates the individual dye contributions at each pixel which potentially leads to “holes and cracks” in the cells in the unmixed images. This is clearly inadequate since strong spatial dependencies exist in the tissue images which contain rich cellular structures. In this paper, we formulate the unmixing algorithm into a least-square framework of image patches, and propose a novel color deconvolution method which explicitly incorporates the spatial smoothness and structure continuity constraint into a neighborhood graph regularizer. An analytical closed-form solution to the cost function is derived for this algorithm for fast implementation. The algorithm is evaluated on a clinical data set containing a number of 3,3-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) and hematoxylin (HTX) stained IHC slides and demonstrates better unmixing results than the existing strategy.
Robotic Assessment of Wrist Proprioception During Kinaesthetic Perturbations: A Neuroergonomic Approach (2021)

Position sense refers to an aspect of proprioception crucial for motor control and learning. The onset of neurological diseases can damage such sensory afference, with consequent motor disorders dramatically reducing the associated recovery process. In regular clinical practice, assessment of proprioceptive deficits is run by means of clinical scales which do not provide quantitative measurements. However, existing robotic solutions usually do not involve multi-joint movements but are mostly applied to a single proximal or distal joint. The present work provides a testing paradigm for assessing proprioception during coordinated multi-joint distal movements and in presence of kinaesthetic perturbations: we evaluated healthy subjects' ability to match proprioceptive targets along two of the three wrist's degrees of freedom, flexion/extension and abduction/adduction. By introducing rotations along the pronation/supination axis not involved in the matching task, we tested two experimental conditions, which differed in terms of the temporal imposition of the external perturbation: in the first one, the disturbance was provided after the presentation of the proprioceptive target, while in the second one, the rotation of the pronation/ supination axis was imposed during the proprioceptive target presentation. We investigated if (i) the amplitude of the perturbation along the pronation/supination would lead to proprioceptive miscalibration; (ii) the encoding of proprioceptive target, would be influenced by the presentation sequence between the target itself and the rotational disturbance. Eighteen participants were tested by means of a haptic neuroergonomic wrist device: our findings provided evidence that the order of disturbance presentation does not alter proprioceptive acuity. Yet, a further effect has been noticed: proprioception is highly anisotropic and dependent on perturbation amplitude. Unexpectedly, the configuration of the forearm highly influences sensory feedbacks, and significantly alters subjects' performance in matching the proprioceptive targets, defining portions of the wrist workspace where kinaesthetic and proprioceptive acuity are more sensitive. This finding may suggest solutions and applications in multiple fields: from general haptics where, knowing how wrist configuration influences proprioception, might suggest new neuroergonomic solutions in device design, to clinical evaluation after neurological damage, where accurately assessing proprioceptive deficits can dramatically complement regular therapy for a better prediction of the recovery path.
Liposomes as Drug Delivery System: A Strategic Approach for the Treatment of HIV Infection (1998)

As the number of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is growing dramatically throughout the world, it is important to develop strategies to improve the treatment of this deadly disease. It is now well established that macrophages play a central role in HIV pathogenesis, acting as reservoirs for dissemination of virus throughout the immune system. As liposomes are naturally taken up by cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system, liposome-based therapy represents a convenient approach to improve the delivery of anti-HIV agents into infected cells improving thereby the efficacy of drugs and reducing their adverse side-effects. A more specific targeting of HIV-infected cells could also be obtained by using liposomes bearing surface attached-antibodies. This review details the applications of liposomes as drug carriers for the treatment of AIDS. It also gives an overlook of the different strategies that could be explored to control the progression of the disease in infected individuals.
Peptide Mimetics of Gamma Interferon Possess Antiviral Properties against Vaccinia Virus and Other Viruses in the Presence of Poxvirus B8R Protein (2005)

We have developed peptide mimetics of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) that play a direct role in the activation and nuclear translocation of STAT1alpha transcription factor. These mimetics do not act through recognition by the extracellular domain of IFN-gamma receptor but rather bind to the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor chain 1, IFNGR-1, and thereby initiate the cellular signaling. Thus, we hypothesized that these mimetics would bypass the poxvirus virulence factor B8R protein that binds to intact IFN-gamma and prevents its interaction with the receptor. Human and murine IFN-gamma mimetic peptides were introduced into an adenoviral vector for intracellular expression. Murine IFN-gamma mimetic peptide was also expressed via chemical synthesis with an attached lipophilic group for penetration of cell plasma membrane. In contrast to intact human IFN-gamma, the mimetics did not bind poxvirus B8R protein, a homolog of the IFN-gamma receptor extracellular domain. Expression of B8R protein in WISH cells did not block the antiviral effect of the mimetics against encephalomyocarditis or vesicular stomatitis virus, while the antiviral activity of human IFN-gamma was neutralized. Consistent with the antiviral activity, the upregulation of MHC class I molecules on WISH cells by the IFN-gamma mimetics was not affected by B8R protein, while IFN-gamma-induced upregulation was blocked. Finally, the mimetics, but not IFN-gamma, inhibited vaccinia virus replication in African green monkey kidney BSC-40 cells. The data presented demonstrate that small peptide mimetics of IFN-gamma can avoid the B8R virulence factor for poxviruses and, thus, are potential candidates for antivirals against smallpox virus.