gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Novel low-cost 2D/3D switchable autostereoscopic system for notebook computers and other portable devices</title> (1995)

Mounting a lenticular lens in front of a flat panel display is a well known, inexpensive, and easy way to create an autostereoscopic system. Such a lens produces half resolution 3D images because half the pixels on the LCD are seen by the left eye and half by the right eye. This may be acceptable for graphics, but it makes full resolution text, as displayed by common software, nearly unreadable. Very fine alignment tolerances normally preclude the possibility of removing and replacing the lens in order to switch between 2D and 3D applications. Lenticular lens based displays are therefore limited to use as dedicated 3D devices. DTI has devised a technique which removes this limitation, allowing switching between full resolution 2D and half resolution 3D imaging modes. A second element, in the form of a concave lenticular lens array whose shape is exactly the negative of the first lens, is mounted on a hinge so that it can be swung down over the first lens array. When so positioned the two lenses cancel optically, allowing the user to see full resolution 2D for text or numerical applications. The two lenses, having complementary shapes, naturally tend to nestle together and snap into perfect alignment when pressed together--thus obviating any need for user operated alignment mechanisms. This system represents an ideal solution for laptop and notebook computer applications. It was devised to meet the stringent requirements of a laptop computer manufacturer including very compact size, very low cost, little impact on existing manufacturing or assembly procedures, and compatibility with existing full resolution 2D text- oriented software as well as 3D graphics. Similar requirements apply to high and electronic calculators, several models of which now use LCDs for the display of graphics.
New approach to directional foil electret transducers (1981)

The overall sensitivity of foil electret microphones has been shown to be independent of area [see G. M. Sessler and J. E. West, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 40, 1433–1440 (1966)]. However, recent theoretical and experimental investigations have shown that within a single electret transducer, the sensitivity can be varied to affect directional response. Using sensitivity control, arrays of microphones can be replaced by a single transducer. In general, the single transducer is less affected by small errors in construction than its array counterpart.
Signal Classification Using a Mechanically Coupled MEMS Neural Network (2021)

This paper reports on the implementation and operation of the first micro-electromechanical (MEMS) network to perform basic neural computing. The device is comprised of a mechanically coupled network of three electrostatically controlled micro-structures with two of the coupled structures acting as the input layer and the third as the output (computing) layer. It has been shown that such device can be programed by application of appropriate bias voltages to the electrostatic control electrodes so that it can distinguish between a ramp (gradually increasing) input signal and a step (abruptly rising) input signal. The results serve as the proof of concept and a pre-cursor to performing more complex computational tasks using coupled micro-structures acting as a network of interacting neurons.
Melody Morphing Method Based on GTTM (2008)

This paper describes a melody morphing method that generates an intermediate melody between a melody and another melody with a systematic order according to a certain numerical measure.Conventional music sequence software only operates on the surface structure of music, such as its notes and rests.The time-span tree, which is acquired from the music surface by using a music theory called GTTM (Generative Theory of Tonal Music), enables us to analyze the deeper structure.Our method makes it possible for one melody to be morphed into another melody by using a melody divisional reduction that applies meet and join operations to the GTTM timespan trees.Experimental results show that our morphing method makes it possible to generate intermediate melodies between two melodies.
StoryPrint (2019)

Figure 1: StoryPrint is an interactive visualization of script-based stories that plots scenes, character presence, and character emotion around a circular time axis.
Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen Assembly Function Persists when Entire Transmembrane Domains 1 and 3 Are Replaced by a Heterologous Transmembrane Sequence (2010)

ABSTRACT Native hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) spontaneously assembles into 22-nm subviral particles. The particles are lipoprotein micelles, in which HBsAg is believed to span the lipid layer four times. The first two transmembrane domains, TM1 and TM2, are required for particle assembly. We have probed the requirements for particle assembly by replacing the entire first or third TM domain of HBsAg with the transmembrane domain of HIV gp41. We found that either TM domain of HBsAg could be replaced, resulting in HBsAg-gp41 chimeras that formed particles efficiently. HBsAg formed particles even when both TM1 and TM3 were replaced with the gp41 domain. The results indicate remarkable flexibility in HBsAg particle formation and provide a novel way to express heterologous membrane proteins that are anchored to a lipid surface by their own membrane-spanning domain. The membrane-proximal exposed region (MPER) of gp41 is an important target of broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1, and HBsAg-MPER particles may provide a good platform for future vaccine development.
Andrology: The ability of the hemizona assay to predict human fertilization in different and consecutive in-vitro fertilization cycles* (1993)

The objective of this prospective study was to examine the ability of the hemizona assay (HZA) to predict fertilization outcome of mature, pre-ovulatory oocytes under in-vitro fertilization (IVF) conditions. Since a large number of patients were evaluated over a long period, the power of the HZA to prognosticate fertilization results in the same and subsequent (consecutive) IVF cycles of those same patients was assessed. For IVF, only metaphase II oocytes were used. For the HZA, both fresh oocytes donated by patients at the time of IVF and oocytes recovered from surgically removed ovarian tissue (and salt-stored) were used, and bisected by micromanipulation techniques. Matching hemizonae were co-incubated either with spermatozoa from the patient (test) or from a fertile man (control) for 4 h. The number of spermatozoa tightly bound to the zona was counted. Patients (n = 112) were divided into two groups based on HZA results (expressed as HZA index or HZI): HZI > or = 30% (n = 72) and < 30% (n = 40). The patients with HZI < 30% had significantly lower fertilization rates in both the HZA-IVF cycle and in subsequent cycles compared to patients with HZI > or = 30% (P < 0.03). Linear discriminant analysis indicated the HZA to have a sensitivity of 84%, and positive and negative predictive values of 85 and 70% respectively, for prediction of fertilization outcome in a total of 233 cycles. It was concluded that the HZA is a good predictor of fertilization rate in vitro, and can be used in the IVF setting to supply additional clinical information in male-factor patients.
A MULTIPLE FUNNEL TRAP FOR SCOLYTID BEETLES (COLEOPTERA) (1983)

Abstract The multiple funnel trap, an efficient, collapsible, non-sticky trap for scolytid beetles, consists of a series of vertically aligned funnels with a collecting jar at the bottom. The trap compared favorably with sticky traps and Scandinavian drainpipe traps for three species of ambrosia beetles and the mountain pine beetle. Minimum maintenance required for this trap allows for high efficiency in pheromone-based research, survey, and mass trapping of scolytid beetles.
Cysteine Disulfides (Cys-ss-X) as Sensitive Plasma Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress (2019)

We developed a high-throughput mass spectrometry-based method to simultaneously quantify numerous small-molecule thiols and disulfides in blood plasma. Application of this assay to analyze plasma from patients with known oxidative stress (sickle cell disease and sepsis) and from a patient with sickle cell disease treated with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine suggests that cysteine disulfides, in particular protein-bound cysteine, serve as sensitive plasma biomarkers for the extent of oxidative stress and effectiveness of antioxidant treatment.
Identification, characterization, and cloning of TIP-B1, a novel protein inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-induced lysis. (1999)

Some cancer cells evade elimination by virtue of their insensitivity to agents that induce apoptosis. Conversely, the side effects of anticancer agents could be diminished if normal cells were more resistant. To further elucidate the factors that contribute to the susceptibility of a cell to apoptosis, these investigations were designed to identify proteins isolated from cells exposed to low concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) that, when incubated with normally TNF-sensitive cells, protect these cells from TNF-induced cytotoxicity. TIP-B1, a novel protein, has been identified, purified, and characterized from cytosolic extracts of TNF-treated human fibroblasts. The approximately 27 kDa pI-4.5 TIP-B1 protein is unique based on both the sequence of three internal peptides (comprising 51 amino acids) and the nucleotide sequence of the corresponding 783-bp cDNA partial clone. Western blot analyses using polyclonal antisera raised against both the purified native TIP-B1 and the approximately 14 kDa product of the cDNA partial TIP-B1 clone, as well as Northern blot analyses using the cDNA insert as a probe, indicate that TIP-B1 may belong to a family of proteins that are expressed in a number of cell lines from diverse tissues. TNF-sensitive cells, when exposed to 4-10 microg/ml concentrations of TIP-B1 prior to the addition of TNF, are completely protected from TNF-induced lysis. Furthermore, TIP-B1 protects cells from apoptotic lysis induced by TNF. Preincubation of TIP-B1 with TNF does not affect the ability of TNF to induce lysis. Moreover, TIP-B1 does not seem to interfere with the interactions between TNF and the TNF receptors, based on a preliminary flow cytometric analysis of the cellular binding of biotinylated TNF. On the basis of these characteristics, TIP-B1 is not a soluble TNF receptor, an anti-TNF antibody, nor a protease that degrades TNF; yet TIP-B1 functions when added exogenously to cells. These characteristics, its novel sequence, and its function when added exogenously to cells indicate that TIP-B1 is unique and is not one of the other proteins reported previously to be involved in resistance to TNF. The ability of TIP-B1 to function after exogenous incubation with target cells makes TIP-B1 a likely candidate for therapeutic manipulation of TNF-induced effects.
Leukemia inhibitor factor promotes functional recovery and oligodendrocyte survival in rat models of focal ischemia (2014)

Human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) cells have shown efficacy in rodent models of focal ischemia and in vitro systems that recapitulate stroke conditions. One potential mechanism of protection is through secretion of soluble factors that protect neurons and oligodendrocytes (OLs) from oxidative stress. To overcome practical issues with cellular therapies, identification of soluble factors released by HUCB and other stem cells may pave the way for treatment modalities that are safer for a larger percentage of stroke patients. Among these soluble factors is leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a cytokine that exerts pleiotropic effects on cell survival. Here, data show that LIF effectively reduced infarct volume, reduced white matter injury and improved functional outcomes when administered to rats following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. To further explore downstream signaling, primary oligodendrocyte cultures were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation to mimic stroke conditions. LIF significantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase release from OLs, reduced superoxide dismutase activity and induced peroxiredoxin 4 (Prdx4) transcript. Additionally, the protective and antioxidant capacity of LIF was negated by both Akt inhibition and co-incubation with Prdx4-neutralising antibodies, establishing a role for the Akt signaling pathway and Prdx4-mediated antioxidation in LIF protection.
Highly parallel scanning tunneling microscope based hydrogen depassivation lithography (2018)

Hydrogen depassivation lithography (HDL) carried out by a scanning tunneling microscope has sub-nm resolution and the potential to create atomically precise patterns. However, as a serial write tool, it is subject to Tennant’s law which fairly accurately predicts an extremely low areal throughput in line with their experimental results. In order to improve the throughput, the authors explore the feasibility of an approach to develop a highly parallel exposure system, which preserves the ability to perform truly atomically precise patterning. The obvious way to increase scanning probe lithography throughput is to increase the number of probes. In this paper, they compare existing multiple scanning probe systems [D. S. Ginger, H. Zhang, and C. A. Mirkin, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43, 30 (2004) and P. Vettiger et al., Microelectronic 46, 11 (1999)] with their proposed highly parallel, MEMS-based scanners with three degrees of freedom (3 DoF) movement. Additionally, since HDL is a version of e-beam lithography, they examine the problems encountered by the attempts to go parallel with conventional e-beam lithography and why highly parallel HDL avoids these physical and engineering problems. While there are still some engineering challenges to be met, the path to massively parallel HDL tip arrays is relatively straightforward. They believe that 3 DoF MEMS-based independently controlled scanners could be placed with a density of 10 100/cm2. That density range implies 7 × 106 tips on a 300 mm wafer. However, they do want to make clear that they do not contend that even this level of parallelism will make HDL a contender for producing CMOS consumer electronics.
Plasmonic Metasurfaces with High UV–Vis Transmittance for Photopatterning of Designer Molecular Orientations (2019)

Abstract Recent developments of utilizing plasmonic metasurfaces in photopatterning of designer molecular orientations have facilitated numerous new applications of liquid crystals; while the optical efficiency of the metamasks remains a critical issue, especially in the UV region. Here a new design of plasmonic metasurfaces made of parallelepiped arrays is presented which yield very high and broadband transmission in the UV–vis wavelength range. It is shown that this plasmonic metamask exhibits two polarization peaks originated from a cavity mode and lattice resonance respectively and demonstrated that complex designer molecular orientations can be photopatterned by using this metamask with significantly reduced exposure time. This type of high‐efficiency broadband plasmonic metasurfaces is not only important for high resolution photopatterning of molecular orientation but also tailorable for various other flat optics applications in the UV and near UV regions.
Hybrid segmentation of vessels and automated flow measures in in-vivo ultrasound imaging (2016)

Vector Flow Imaging (VFI) has received an increasing attention in the scientific field of ultrasound, as it enables angle independent visualization of blood flow. VFI can be used in volume flow estimation, but a vessel segmentation is needed to make it fully automatic. A novel vessel segmentation procedure is crucial for wall-to-wall visualization, automation of adjustments, and quantification of flow in state-of-the-art ultrasound scanners. We propose and discuss a method for accurate vessel segmentation that fuses VFI data and B-mode for robustly detecting and delineating vessels. The proposed method implements automated VFI flow measures such as peak systolic velocity (PSV) and volume flow. An evaluation of the performance of the segmentation algorithm relative to expert manual segmentation of 60 frames randomly chosen from 6 ultrasound sequences (10 frame randomly chosen from each sequence) is also presented. Dice coefficient denoting the similarity between segmentations is used for the evaluation. The coefficient ranges between 0 and 1, where 1 indicates perfect agreement and 0 indicates no agreement. The Dice coefficient was 0.91 indicating to a very agreement between automated and manual expert segmentations. The flowrig results also demonstrated that the PSVs measured from VFI had a mean relative error of 14.5% in comparison with the actual PSVs. The error for the PSVs measured from spectral Doppler was 29.5%, indicating that VFI is 15% more precise than spectral Doppler in PSV measurement.
A Transgenic Mouse Model for Detection of Tissue-Specific Thyroid Hormone Action (2017)

Thyroid hormone (TH) is present in the systemic circulation and thus should affect all cells similarly in the body. However, tissues have a complex machinery that allows tissue-specific optimization of local TH action that calls for the assessment of TH action in a tissue-specific manner. Here, we report the creation of a TH action indicator (THAI) mouse model to study tissue-specific TH action. The model uses a firefly luciferase reporter readout in the context of an intact transcriptional apparatus and all elements of TH metabolism and transport and signaling. The THAI mouse allows the assessment of the changes of TH signaling in tissue samples or in live animals using bioluminescence, both in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Beyond pharmacologically manipulated TH levels, the THAI mouse is sufficiently sensitive to detect deiodinase-mediated changes of TH action in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) that preserves thermal homeostasis during cold stress. The model revealed that in contrast to the cold-induced changes of TH action in the BAT, the TH action in this tissue, at room temperature, is independent of noradrenergic signaling. Our data demonstrate that the THAI mouse can also be used to test TH receptor isoform-specific TH action. Thus, THAI mouse constitutes a unique model to study tissue-specific TH action within a physiological/pathophysiological context and test the performance of thyromimetics. In conclusion, THAI mouse provides an in vivo model to assess a high degree of tissue specificity of TH signaling, allowing alteration of tissue function in health and disease, independently of changes in circulating levels of TH.
Simultaneous de Novo Identification of Molecules in Chemical Mixtures by Doubly Indirect Covariance NMR Spectroscopy (2010)

The detailed characterization of complex molecular mixtures plays a key role in many areas of modern Chemistry. Here we report a novel NMR spectroscopic method that deconvolutes a complex mixture of organic molecules simultaneously into individual components and depicts their chemical structure without requiring physical separation of the components. Doubly indirect covariance spectroscopy is introduced and applied to 2D (13)C-(1)H HSQC and 2D (1)H-(1)H COSY spectra, which results in a (13)C-(13)C 2D spectrum with unprecedented high resolution. This reconstituted spectrum is indeed a carbon-connectivity map that can be directly analyzed with basic graph theory to obtain the skeletal structures of individual mixture components or their fragments. The method is demonstrated for a model mixture and a natural product mixture extracted from cancer cells. Its suitability for automation makes this approach attractive for the analysis of a broad range of mixtures of natural or synthetic products.
Pixel and semantic capabilities from an image-object based document representation (2007)

This paper reports on novel and traditional pixel and semantic operations using a recently standardized document representation called JPM. The JPM representation uses compressed pixel arrays for all visible elements on a page. Separate data containers called boxes provide the layout and additional semantic information. JPM and related image-based document representation standards were designed to obtain the most rate efficient document compression. The authors, however, use this representation directly for operations other than compression typically performed either on pixel arrays or semantic forms. This paper describes the image representation used in the JPM standard and presents techniques to (1) perform traditional raster-based document analysis on the compressed data, (2) transmit semantically meaningful portions of compressed data between devices, (3) create multiple views from one compressed data stream, and (4) edit high resolution document images with only low resolution proxy images.
High Production of Thermostable β-Galactosidase of <i>Bacillus stearothermophilus</i> in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (1985)

By cloning the beta-galactosidase gene of Bacillus stearothermophilus IAM11001 (ATCC 8005) into Bacillus subtilis, enzyme production was enhanced 50 times. beta-Galactosidase could be purified to 80% homogeneity by incubating the cell extract of B. subtilis at 70 degrees C for 15 min, followed by centrifugation to remove the denatured proteins. Because of its heat stability and ease of production, beta-galactosidase is suitable for application in industrial processes.
Multiple Sound Source Localisation with Steered Response Power Density and Hierarchical Grid Refinement (2018)

Estimation of the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of sound sources is an important step in sound field analysis. Rigid spherical microphone arrays allow the calculation of a compact spherical harmonic representation of the sound field. A basic method for analysing sound fields recorded using such arrays is steered response power (SRP) maps wherein the source DOA can be estimated as the steering direction that maximises the output power of a maximally-directive beam. This approach is computationally costly since it requires steering the beam in all possible directions. This paper presents an extension to SRP called steered response power density (SRPD) and an associated, signal-adaptive search method called hierarchical grid refinement (HiGRID) for reducing the number of steering directions needed for DOA estimation. The proposed method can localise coherent as well as incoherent sources while jointly providing the number of prominent sources in the scene. It is shown to be robust to reverberation and additive white noise. An evaluation of the proposed method using simulations and real recordings under highly reverberant conditions as well as a comparison with state- of-the-art methods are presented.