gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TiM-DNN: Ternary In-Memory Accelerator for Deep Neural Networks (2020)

The use of lower precision has emerged as a popular technique to optimize the compute and storage requirements of complex deep neural networks (DNNs). In the quest for lower precision, recent studies have shown that ternary DNNs (which represent weights and activations by signed ternary values) represent a promising sweet spot, achieving accuracy close to full-precision networks on complex tasks. We propose TiM-DNN, a programmable in-memory accelerator that is specifically designed to execute ternary DNNs. TiM-DNN supports various ternary representations including unweighted {-1, 0, 1}, symmetric weighted {-a, 0, a}, and asymmetric weighted {-a, 0, b} ternary systems. The building blocks of TiM-DNN are TiM tiles- specialized memory arrays that perform massively parallel signed ternary vector-matrix multiplications with a single access. TiM tiles are in turn composed of ternary processing cells (TPCs), bit-cells that function as both ternary storage units and signed ternary multiplication units. We evaluate an implementation of TiM-DNN in 32-nm technology using an architectural simulator calibrated with SPICE simulations and RTL synthesis. We evaluate TiM-DNN across a suite of state-of-the-art DNN benchmarks including both deep convolutional and recurrent neural networks. A 32-tile instance of TiM-DNN achieves a peak performance of 114 TOPs/s, consumes 0.9-W power, and occupies 1.96 mm2 chip area, representing a 300× and 388× improvement in TOPS/W and TOPS/mm2, respectively, compared to an NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPU. In comparison to specialized DNN accelerators, TiM-DNN achieves 55×-240× and 160×-291× improvement in TOPS/W and TOPS/mm2, respectively. Finally, when compared to a well-optimized near-memory accelerator for ternary DNNs, TiM-DNN demonstrates 3.9×-4.7× improvement in system-level energy and 3.2×-4.2× speedup, underscoring the potential of in-memory computing for ternary DNNs.
Structural bias in T4 RNA ligase-mediated 3′-adapter ligation (2012)

T4 RNA ligases are commonly used to attach adapters to RNAs, but large differences in ligation efficiency make detection and quantitation problematic. We developed a ligation selection strategy using random RNAs in combination with high-throughput sequencing to gain insight into the differences in efficiency of ligating pre-adenylated DNA adapters to RNA 3'-ends. After analyzing biases in RNA sequence, secondary structure and RNA-adapter cofold structure, we conclude that T4 RNA ligases do not show significant primary sequence preference in RNA substrates, but are biased against structural features within RNAs and adapters. Specifically, RNAs with less than three unstructured nucleotides at the 3'-end and RNAs that are predicted to cofold with an adapter in unfavorable structures are likely to be poorly ligated. The effect of RNA-adapter cofold structures on ligation is supported by experiments where the ligation efficiency of specific miRNAs was changed by designing adapters to alter cofold structure. In addition, we show that using adapters with randomized regions results in higher ligation efficiency and reduced ligation bias. We propose that using randomized adapters may improve RNA representation in experiments that include a 3'-adapter ligation step.
Dispersive capacitance and conductance across the phase transition boundary in metal-vanadium oxide-silicon devices (2009)

Utilizing metal-vanadium oxide (VO2)-semiconductor capacitor device structures, we have investigated the temperature- and frequency-dependent dielectric and ac conductance responses of vanadium oxide thin films that undergo metal-insulator transition (MIT). In both metallic and insulating regimes, VO2-based devices showed large tunabilities as high as ∼95% and ∼42%–54%, respectively. The frequency dependence of capacitance and ac conductance displays power-law behavior with respect to temperature and applied voltage over a broad range. Low-frequency dispersion in dielectric properties was also observed and their onset frequency varies across the MIT from ∼0.5 MHz in insulating state to ∼50 kHz in metallic state. The results are of potential relevance to utilizing functional oxides in electronic devices.
A Microstrip Low-Noise X-Band Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (1979)

Design and perfomance of an X-band microstrip bipolar varactor-tuned oscillator integrated with an FET amplifier is presented. Wide temperature operation (-55 to 71/spl deg/C), constant high power (0.5 W), low post-tuning drift (0.75 MHz) for 8-percent tuning range, and exceptionally low SSB phase noise (-125 dBc/Hz with GaAs hyperabrupt or -132 dBc/Hz with silicon abrupt tuning diode at 1-MHz modulation frequency) is reported. Extremely linear frequency-voltage characteristic is achieved with the GaAs hyperabrupt tuning diode for this oscillator without the need for complex Iinearizing circuitry. Circuit synthesis techniques and noise estimation criteria are presented which correlate with the experimental results.
The Jacobi MIMO channel (2012)

In the Jacobi MIMO channel the transfer matrix H which couples the m <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> inputs into m <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</sub> outputs is a sub-matrix of an m×m random (Haar-distributed) unitary matrix. The (squared) singular values of H follow the law of the classical Jacobi ensemble of random matrices; hence the name of the channel. A motivation to define such a channel comes from multimode/multicore optical fiber communication. It turns out that this model is qualitatively different than the Rayleigh model, leading to interesting practical and theoretical results. This work first evaluates the ergodic capacity of the channel. In the non-ergodic case, it analyzes the outage probability and the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff. In the case where k = m <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> +m <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</sub> -m >; 0 at least k degrees of freedom are guaranteed not to fade for any channel realization enabling a zero outage probability or infinite diversity order at the corresponding rates. Finally, we note that the Jacobi channel may provide a new fading model to other applications.
Autoantibodies to steroidogenic enzymes in autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Addison's disease, and premature ovarian failure. (1996)

Autoantibodies to steroidogenic enzymes, steroid 17 alpha-hydroxylase (17 alpha-OH), cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), and steroid 21-hydroxylase (21-OH), were measured using specific and sensitive immunoprecipitation assays (IPAs) in patients with various forms of autoimmune adrenal disease. Autoantibodies to 17 alpha-OH were detected in 6 of 11 (55%) patients with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS) type I, 8 of 24 (33%) patients with APS type II, 11 of 56 (20%) patients with adrenal cortex antibody (ACA; measured by immunofluorescence)-positive patients without Addison's disease, and only 3 of 64 (5%) patients with Addison's disease. Autoantibodies to P450scc were found at a prevalence similar to those to 17 alpha-OH: in 5 of 11 (45%) APS type I patients, 10 of 24 (42%) APS type II patients, 11 of 56 (20%) ACA-positive patients without Addison's disease, and only 6 of 64 (9%) patients of the Addison disease group. Autoantibodies to 21-OH were found in a majority of patients with APS type I (7 of 11;64%), APS type II (23 of 24; 96%), Addison's disease (41 of 64; 64%), and ACA-positive patients without Addison's disease (48 of 56; 86%). All sera that were positive for 17 alpha-OH or P450scc were also positive for 21-OH autoantibodies, except in 1 case. There was good agreement between the presence of ACA measured by immunofluorescence and 21-OH antibodies measured by IPA in all patient groups studied, and this indicates that 21-OH is a major autoantigen in adrenal autoimmune disease regardless of whether the disease presents as isolated Addison's disease or APS type I or type II. Autoantibodies to 17 alpha-OH and P450scc appeared to be the major components of the steroid-producing cell antibodies measured by immunofluorescence. No autoantibodies to 21-OH, 17 alpha-OH, or P450scc were detected in 17 sera from patients with premature ovarian failure without evidence of adrenal autoimmunity (as judged by immunofluorescence studies), except for 1 serum in which low levels of 17 alpha-OH antibodies were found. Overall, our studies indicate that 35S-labeled 17 alpha-OH, P450scc, and 21-OH can be used successfully in IPAs for their respective autoantibodies. Assays such as these may well be valuable in the immunological assessment of patients at risk for or suspected of adrenal autoimmunity.
Nanophotonics based on planar photonic crystals (2003)

Summary form only given. By creating different types of defects in the photonic crystal lattice, various nanophotonics components, such as cavities and waveguides, can be realized. The quest for a compact and efficient nano-cavity, with high quality factor (Q) and small mode volume (V/sub mode/), has been a central part of research in integrated optics. Recently, we have proposed a systematic method to design optical nano-cavities that satisfy both of these requirements. The cavity consists of a defect hole that is smaller than surrounding holes arranged in the triangular lattice photonic crystal. In order to test our design we have fabricated high-Q cavities in the InGaAsP material system.
Waveform-Encoded Synthetic Aperture Radar: Image Quality Assessment Using Satellite Data (2019)

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing is very attractive for the systematic observation of dynamic processes on the Earth's surface since it allows high resolution imaging independent of weather conditions and sunlight illumination. Waveform-encoded SAR is a novel SAR concept based on pulse-to-pulse variation of the transmitted waveform that allows focusing the nadir echo and the range ambiguities and suppressing them through a multi-focus post-processing. However, the assessment of the ambiguity suppression performance for such a system is not trivial, as the processing involves a non-linear thresholding and blanking approach. This work proposes a novel methodology, which exploits real TerraSAR-X data to accurately simulate the effect of the range ambiguity on the useful signal and allows for a quantitative assessment of the image quality of a waveform-encoded SAR. The analysis considers different waveform variation schemes (namely up- and down-chirps and cyclically shifted chirps) and a contrast-minimization technique for threshold selection, whose performance is compared to the best achievable one (i.e., the optimum threshold). The results of this work further highlight the potentialities of the waveform-encoded SAR concept and allow accounting for its ambiguity suppression capability in the design of a SAR system.
Optoelectronic neurons using MSM detectors in GaAs (1991)

We present a new GaAs integrated optoelectronic neuron for use in neural networks. We have previously demonstrated that the integration of photodetectors, thresholding transistors, and a light source on a single substrate allows one to have high neuron density with acceptable power dissipation. In this paper we report a circuit in which we used a double heterostructure LED (light emitting diode) as the light source. We use an LED rather than laser diodes because LEDs can be operated with small currents, due to the lack of a threshold current. To minimize the total mesa height and maintain high LED quantum efficiency, MSM (metal–semiconductor–metal) photodetectors were used. The thresholding transistor was a MESFET (metal–semiconductor field-effect transistor). The total mesa height is less than 3 μm. Since no two devices share an epitaxial layer, each device is individually optimized. Our circuit uses two photodetectors, one to set the threshold voltage and the other to detect the signal. With this circuit, we can also build both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Results from our experimental studies are presented.
Spatial Modulation for Improved Performance of Next-Generation WLAN (2017)

Next-generation wireless networks target dense deployment scenarios where many heterogeneous devices, from high-end laptops to low-power Internet of Things (IoT) devices and wearables, must coexist and operate reliably. With increased deployment of IoT devices and wearables, increasing the energy efficiency without increasing complexity#x002F;cost is highly desirable in future dense wireless networks. In current wireless local area networks (WLAN), implementing multi-input multi-output (MIMO) techniques which utilizes multiple RF chains has become the norm, however, for IoT and wearable-type devices this is not efficient due to size and cost constraints. This paper studies the application of the Spatial Modulation (SM) waveform to the WLAN system (commercially named Wi-Fi). Specifically, the SM concept is applied to the MIMO orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transceiver architecture of the 802.11 WLAN standards calling it spatially-modulated OFDM (SM-OFDM) WLAN. Thus, using a small number of RF chains, and ideally a single RF chain, is highly desirable for future low-cost devices. The proposed SM-OFDM scheme helps the Access Point (AP) to efficiently communicate with this diverse set of devices while addressing challenging design trade-offs between energy efficiency, implementation complexity, and overall network spectral efficiency.
Facile enzymatic production of difructose dianhydride III from sucrose (2016)

A convenient, efficient, and cost-effective approach to the facile enzymatic production of difructose dianhydride (DFA) III from sucrose is described.
Automated Conversation Review to Surface Virtual Assistant Misunderstandings: Reducing Cost and Increasing Privacy (2020)

With the rise of Intelligent Virtual Assistants (IVAs), there is a necessary rise in human effort to identify conversations containing misunderstood user inputs. These conversations uncover error in natural language understanding and help prioritize and expedite improvements to the IVA. As human reviewer time is valuable and manual analysis is time consuming, prioritizing the conversations where misunderstanding has likely occurred reduces costs and speeds improvement. In addition, less conversations reviewed by humans mean less user data is exposed, increasing privacy. We present a scalable system for automated conversation review that can identify potential miscommunications. Our system provides IVA designers with suggested actions to fix errors in IVA understanding, prioritizes areas of language model repair, and automates the review of conversations where desired.Verint - Next IT builds IVAs on behalf of other companies and organizations, and therefore analyzes large volumes of conversational data. Our review system has been in production for over three years and saves our company roughly $1.5 million in annotation costs yearly, as well as shortened the refinement cycle of production IVAs. In this paper, the system design is discussed and performance in identifying errors in IVA understanding is compared to that of human reviewers.
RON: Reverse Connection with Objectness Prior Networks for Object Detection (2017)

We present RON, an efficient and effective framework for generic object detection. Our motivation is to smartly associate the best of the region-based (e.g., Faster R-CNN) and region-free (e.g., SSD) methodologies. Under fully convolutional architecture, RON mainly focuses on two fundamental problems: (a) multi-scale object localization and (b) negative sample mining. To address (a), we design the reverse connection, which enables the network to detect objects on multi-levels of CNNs. To deal with (b), we propose the objectness prior to significantly reduce the searching space of objects. We optimize the reverse connection, objectness prior and object detector jointly by a multi-task loss function, thus RON can directly predict final detection results from all locations of various feature maps. Extensive experiments on the challenging PASCAL VOC 2007, PASCAL VOC 2012 and MS COCO benchmarks demonstrate the competitive performance of RON. Specifically, with VGG-16 and low resolution 384X384 input size, the network gets 81.3% mAP on PASCAL VOC 2007, 80.7% mAP on PASCAL VOC 2012 datasets. Its superiority increases when datasets become larger and more difficult, as demonstrated by the results on the MS COCO dataset. With 1.5G GPU memory at test phase, the speed of the network is 15 FPS, 3X faster than the Faster R-CNN counterpart.
Variation in serum levels of the soluble TNF receptors among healthy individuals. (1992)

Soluble forms of the two receptors for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are present in human sera at concentrations that increase greatly in various disease states as well as varying among healthy individuals. Measurements of the soluble TNF receptor (sTNF-R) concentrations in healthy individuals at time lapses of 3 months (17 individuals) or 1 year (51 individuals) showed a significant correlation between the first and the second measurements from each individual, implying that individual differences are stable. Since the sTNF-Rs are believed to function as physiological attenuators of TNF activity, these steady individual differences may contribute to differences in the severity of the harmful effects of TNF in disease states.
Subsurface windscreen for the measurement of outdoor infrasound. (2008)

A windscreen has been developed that features two advantages favorable for the measurement of outdoor infrasound. First, the subsurface location, with the top of the windscreen flush with the ground surface, minimizes the mean velocity of the impinging wind. Secondly, the windscreen material (closed cell polyurethane foam) has a sufficiently low acoustic impedance (222 times that of air) and wall thickness (0.0127 m) to provide a transmission coefficient of nearly unity over the infrasonic frequency range (0–20 Hz). The windscreen, a tightly sealed box having internal dimensions of 0.3048×0.3048×0.3556 m3, contains the microphone, preamplifier, and a cable feed thru to an external power supply. Provision is made for rain drainage and seismic isolation. A three-element array, configured as an equilateral triangle with 30.48 m spacing and operating continuously in the field, periodically receives highly coherent signals attributed to emissions from atmospheric turbulence. The time delays between infrasonic signals received at the microphones permit determination of the bearing and elevation of the source, which correlate well with locations of pilot reports within a 320 km radius about the array. The test results are interpreted to yield spectral information on infrasonic emissions from clear air turbulence.
Analyses of Intravesicular Exosomal Proteins Using a Nano-Plasmonic System (2017)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are nanoscale membrane particles shed from cells and contain cellular proteins whose makeup could inform cancer diagnosis and treatment. Most analyses have focused on surface proteins while analysis of intravesicular proteins has been more challenging. Herein, we report an EV screening assay for both intravesicular and transmembrane proteins using a nanoplasmonic sensor. Termed iNPS (intravesicular nanoplasmonic system), this platform used nanohole-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for molecular detection. Specifically, we i) established a unified assay protocol to detect intravesicular as well as transmembrane proteins; and ii) engineered plasmonic substrates to enhance detection sensitivity. The resulting iNPS enabled sensitive (0.5 <i>μ</i>L sample per marker) and high-throughput (a 10 × 10 array) detection for EV proteins. When applied to monitor EVs from drug-treated cancer cells, the iNPS assay revealed drug-dependent unique EV protein signatures. We envision that iNPS could be a powerful tool for comprehensive molecular screening of EVs.
Improvement of efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells by reduction of internal resistance (2005)

In order to elevate conversion efficiency, the series-internal resistance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) was investigated with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement based on an equivalent circuit of DSCs. It was found that series-internal resistance correlates negatively with the roughness factor of the platinum counter electrode and positively with the thickness of the electrolyte layer. A cell sensitized with a black dye with series-internal resistance of 1.8 /spl Omega/cm/sup 2/ was fabricated and showed conversion efficiency of 10.2%, which was confirmed at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST, Japan).
Highly Integrated μGC Based on a Multisensing Progressive Cellular Architecture with a Valveless Sample Inlet (2023)

Microscale gas chromatographs (μGCs) promise in-field analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in environmental and industrial monitoring, healthcare, and homeland security applications. As a step toward addressing challenges with performance and manufacturability, this study reports a highly integrated monolithic chip implementing a multisensing progressive cellular architecture. This architecture incorporates three μGC cells that are customized for different ranges of analyte volatility; each cell includes a preconcentrator and separation column, two complementary capacitive detectors, and a photoionization detector (PID). An on-chip carrier gas filter scrubs ambient air for the analysis. The monolithic chip, with all 16 components, is 40.3 × 55.7 mm<sup>2</sup> in footprint. To accommodate surface adsorptive and low-volatility analytes, the architecture eliminates the commonly used inlet valve, eliminating the need for chemically inactive surfaces in the valves and pumps, allowing the use of standard parts. Representative analysis is demonstrated from a nonpolar 14-analyte mixture, a polar 12-analyte mixture, and a 3-phosphonate ester mixture, covering a wide vapor pressure range (0.005-68.5 kPa) and dielectric constant range (1.8-23.2). The three types of detectors show highly complementary responses. Quantitative analysis is shown in the tens to hundreds ppb range. With 200 mL samples, the projected detection limits reach 0.12-4.7 ppb. Limited tests performed at 80% humidity showed that the analytes with vapor pressures <12 kPa were unaffected. A typical full run takes 28 min and consumes 2.3 kJ energy for the fluidic elements (excluding electronics). By eliminating chip-to-chip fluidic interconnections and requiring just one custom-fabricated element, this work presents a path toward high-performance and highly manufacturable μGCs.
A Video Rate Confocal Laser Beam Scanning Light Microscope Using An Image Dissector (1989)

A video rate confocal reflected light microscope with no moving parts has been developed. Return light from an acousto-optically raster scanned laser beam is imaged from the microscope stage onto the photocathode of an Image Dissector Tube (IDT). Confocal operation is achieved by appropriately raster scanning with the IDT x and y deflection coils so as to continuously "sample" that portion of the photocathode that is being instantaneously illuminated by the return image of the scanning laser spot. Optimum IDT scan parameters and geometric distortion correction parameters are determined under computer control within seconds and are then continuously applied to insure system alignment. The system is operational and reflected light images from a variety of objects have been obtained. The operating principle can be extended to fluorescence and transmission microscopy.