gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ets Factors Regulate Neural Stem Cell Depletion and Gliogenesis in Ras Pathway Glioma (2015)

As the list of putative driver mutations in glioma grows, we are just beginning to elucidate the effects of dysregulated developmental signaling pathways on the transformation of neural cells. We have employed a postnatal, mosaic, autochthonous glioma model that captures the first hours and days of gliomagenesis in more resolution than conventional genetically engineered mouse models of cancer. We provide evidence that disruption of the Nf1-Ras pathway in the ventricular zone at multiple signaling nodes uniformly results in rapid neural stem cell depletion, progenitor hyperproliferation, and gliogenic lineage restriction. Abolishing Ets subfamily activity, which is upregulated downstream of Ras, rescues these phenotypes and blocks glioma initiation. Thus, the Nf1-Ras-Ets axis might be one of the select molecular pathways that are perturbed for initiation and maintenance in glioma.
Advances in etching of semiconductor devices (1976)

Etching is an important stage in semiconductor device fabrication. After a general survey, some recent advances in etching techniques based on a better understanding of the processes involved are discussed. They relate to selective and preferential etching. The choice of etchant is also considered
Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice detectors based on CBIRD design (2012)

The closely lattice-matched material system of InAs, GaSb, and AlSb, commonly referred to as the 6.1Å material system, enables many unique approaches for producing high performance infrared detectors. The flexibility of the materials system allows for superlattice structures that can be tailored to have cutoff wavelengths ranging from the short wave infrared to the very long wave infrared. The type-II superlattice design promises high optical properties due to normal incidence absorption, high uniformity, low tunneling currents, and suppressed Auger recombination. The antimonide material system also allows for the design of high performance barrier structures. In particular, unipolar barriers, which blocks one carrier type without impeding the flow of the other, have been implemented in the design of SL photodetectors to realize complex heterodiodes with improved performance. Here we report on growth and device performance of infrared photodetectors based on type II InAs/Ga(In)Sb strain layer superlattices (SLs) using the complementary barrier infrared detector (CBIRD) design.
Electrostatic Enhancement of the Collection Efficiency of Stainless Steel Fiber Filters (2000)

This study investigated the effect of using a stainless steel fibrous filter as the ground electrode of a point-to-plate electrostatic precipitator on particle penetration. The effect of the electrical field on particle penetration was investigated at 4 different filter face velocities (25, 50, 100, and 125 cm/s) for monodisperse PSL and silica particles (size range 0.05-1 m) as well as polydis perse ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and ultrafine indoor air particles. Particle penetration was greatly reduced by the application of the electrical field. By comparison, the performance of electrically active fibrous filters has been shown to rapidly degrade as particle loading exceeds 2-3 g/m2. The effect of particle loading on particle penetration was also investigated at a filter face velocity of 50 cm/s. Particle penetration seemed to slightly decrease with particle loading and was independent of particle size. These results indicated that the accumulation of nonconductive particles up to 15 cm3/ m2 does not create ''back corona,'' which would substantially decrease the collection efficiency of the grounded filter. In conclusion, our experiments suggest that using metal filters as the collector electrodes may be an attractive alternative design for electrostatic precipitators.
Novel HDAC Inhibitors with Radiosensitizing Properties (2005)

The members of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) family play important roles in various cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Inhibitors of histone deacetylases are emerging as an important new class of chemotherapeutic agents. As such, identifying stable and potent chemical HDAC inhibitory compounds is an important focus for translational research. Here we report the results of a rational drug design of novel HDAC inhibitors with potential for sensitizing cancer cells to radiation therapy. Over 60 HDAC inhibitor analogues incorporating a urea backbone and the hydroxamic acid end moiety were designed and screened. Six were found to confer 50% inhibition of HDAC enzyme activity at nanomolar concentrations. These candidate HDAC inhibitors inhibited cell proliferation at the ranges of IC50 10-50 microM in various cancer cells, including prostate (PC-3), breast (MCF-7) and head and neck squamous carcinoma (SQ-20B). Furthermore, radiation clonogenic survival assays revealed that these compounds possess radiosensitizing properties that are cell type-specific. The data support the further investigation of these HDAC inhibitors for use as sensitizing agents with potential for clinical application.
Photo-responsive materials functionalised with spiropyran derivatives (2016)

Photo-responsive hydrogels of varying compositions containing spiropyran photochromic units have been widely studied in recent years due to their many potential applications, including photo-actuated micro-valves for microfluidic devices [1,2].\nIn this work two hydrogel formulations were developed producing reversible photo-responsive hydrogel actuators operative in neutral pH. Both compositions contain the photochromic unit spiropyran acrylate (SP) and acrylic acid (AA) copolymerised in the main polymer backbone, together with N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) or acrylamide (AAm), respectively. At neutral pH, the AA comonomer dissociates to the acrylate anion (A-) transferring the proton to the SP unit to give the more hydrophilic protonated merocyanine (MC-H+) form, which triggers water uptake and hydrogel expansion. Under white light irradiation, the MC-H+ reverts to the more hydrophobic SP isomer with simultaneous reformation of acrylic acid. These simultaneous processes reduce the overall hydrophilicity of the polymeric chain through different mechanisms, triggering hydrogel contraction. \nIn the case of p(NIPAAm-co-AA-co-SP) hydrogel, the optimum composition has resulted in an area contraction of up to 45% of its fully hydrated size after 4 min of white light exposure, followed by reswelling to up to 85% of the initial size after 11 min in the dark. \nIn comparison, optimized p(AAm-co-AA-co-SP) hydrogels have resulted in contraction of ~15% in diameter within 90 seconds of white light irradiation followed by reswelling to ~95% of its fully hydrated size after ~30 seconds in the dark. \nIn both cases the photo-induced contraction/reswelling processes were reversible and repeatable over at least 3 cycles with no detectable hysteresis. \nThese hydrogels were further used for the development of improved photo-responsive valves in microfluidic devices and light guided “walkers” capable of phototactic movement.
SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES A New Solution for the Removal of the Smear Layer (2003)

Various organic acids, ultrasonic instruments, and lasers have been used to remove the smear layer from the surface of instrumented root canals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a mixture of a tetracycline isomer, an acid, and a detergent (MTAD) as a final rinse on the surface of instrumented root canals. Forty-eight extracted maxillary and mandibular single-rooted human teeth were prepared by using a combination of passive step-back and rotary 0.04 taper nickel-titanium files. Sterile distilled water or 5.25% sodium hypochlorite was used as intracanal irrigant. The canals were then treated with 5 ml of one of the following solutions as a final rinse: sterile distilled water, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, 17% EDTA, or a new solution, MTAD. The presence or absence of smear layer and the amount of erosion on the surface of the root canal walls at the coronal, middle, and apical portion of each canal were examined under a scanning electron microscope. The results show that MTAD is an effective solution for the removal of the smear layer and does not significantly change the structure of the dentinal tubules when canals are irrigated with sodium hypochlorite and followed with a final rinse of MTAD. Microscopic examinations of root canals show that they are irregular and complex systems, with many cul-de-sacs, fins, and lateral canals. Additionally, numerous dentinal tubules open onto the root canal surface. When the dental pulp undergoes pathologic changes caused by trauma or carious invasion, the root canal system becomes susceptible to infection by several species of bacteria, with their toxins and their by-products. The microorganisms present in the root canal not only invade the anatomic irregularities of the root
Parvalbumin isoforms differentially accelerate cardiac myocyte relaxation kinetics in an animal model of diastolic dysfunction (2007)

The cytosolic Ca(2+)/Mg(2+)-binding protein alpha-parvalbumin (alpha-Parv) has been shown to accelerate cardiac relaxation; however, beyond an optimal concentration range, alpha-Parv can also diminish contractility. Mathematical modeling suggests that increasing Parv's Mg(2+) affinity may lower the effective concentration of Parv ([Parv]) to speed relaxation and, thus, limit Parv-mediated depressed contraction. Naturally occurring alpha/beta-Parv isoforms show divergence in amino acid primary structure (57% homology) and cation-binding affinities, with beta-Parv having an estimated 16% greater Mg(2+) affinity and approximately 200% greater Ca(2+) affinity than alpha-Parv. We tested the hypothesis that, at the same or lower estimated [Parv], mechanical relaxation rate would be more significantly accelerated by beta-Parv than by alpha-Parv. Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats were used as an experimental model of diastolic dysfunction. Relaxation properties were significantly slowed in adult cardiac myocytes isolated from DS rats compared with controls: time from peak contraction to 50% relaxation was 57 +/- 2 vs. 49 +/- 2 (SE) ms (P < 0.05), validating this model system. DS cardiac myocytes were subsequently transduced with alpha- or beta-Parv adenoviral vectors. Upon Parv gene transfer, beta-Parv caused significantly faster relaxation than alpha-Parv (P < 0.05), even though estimated [beta-Parv] was approximately 10% of [alpha-Parv]. This comparative analysis showing distinct functional outcomes raises the prospect of utilizing naturally occurring Parv variants to address disease-associated slowed cardiac relaxation.
A link between breast cancer and local estrogen biosynthesis suggested by quantification of breast adipose tissue aromatase cytochrome P450 transcripts using competitive polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription. (1993)

C19 steroids are converted to estrogens in a number of tissues by a specific form of cytochrome P450, namely aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom). Adipose tissue is the principal site of estrogen formation in postmenopausal women. Aromatase activity as well as P450arom transcripts primarily reside in the stromal cell component of the adipose tissue. Studies designed to investigate whether increased local aromatase activity in breast adipose tissue influences the growth of breast cancers have yielded discrepant results. In an attempt to clarify this controversy, adipose tissue was obtained from the four breast quadrants at the time of mastectomy (n = 13) performed for removal of a tumor. Breast fat P450arom messenger RNA levels were quantified and compared between the four quadrants within each specimen using competitive polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription in which 10 micrograms human adipose total RNA together with 1 pg rat complementary RNA (internal standard) were reverse transcribed and coamplified. In 9 out of 13 patients (69%), highest P450arom transcript levels colocalized to the quadrants bearing tumors. This correlation was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The regional distribution of P450arom transcripts in breast adipose tissue of disease-free individuals, obtained during reduction mammoplasty (control group, n = 9), did not favor any particular region of the breast. We also quantified by morphometry the histological components of the adipose tissue samples from each quadrant in mastectomy specimens. The distribution of stromal cells significantly correlated with the distribution of P450arom transcript levels, in that quadrants containing highest proportions of stromal cells matched to highest transcript levels (P < 0.01). Although the quadrants bearing tumors contained the highest percentage of stromal cells, this correlation was not statistically significant. The adipose tissue surrounding a breast tumor displays increased estrogen biosynthesis, which may promote tumor growth. It is further suggested that the distribution of stromal cell components in breast adipose tissue gives rise to locally elevated P450arom expression, which in turn may favor neoplastic development and growth in these predisposed areas of the breast. The correlation between the presence of a tumor and elevated P450arom levels in the proximal adipose tissue is independent of tumor size, node involvement, histological type or grade, estrogen/progesterone receptor status, DNA index, or S-phase fraction.
<i>In Vitro</i> Assembly of SV40 Virions and Pseudovirions: Vector Development for Gene Therapy (1997)

SV40 is an attractive potential vector with high-efficiency gene transfer into a wide variety of human tissues, including the bone marrow, a critical target organ for the cure of many diseases. In the present study, the three SV40 capsid proteins, VP1, VP2, and VP3, were produced in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells. Their co-production led to spontaneous assembly of SV40-like particles. Nuclear extracts containing the three proteins were allowed to interact with purified SV40 DNA, or with plasmid DNA produced and purified from Escherichia coli. The experiments demonstrated a physical association between the DNA and capsid proteins, protection from DNase I digestion, and the formation of infectious particles. The results indicate that intact, supercoiled DNA is being packaged and transmitted into the target cells. The transmitted DNA is biologically functional in gene expression and replication. The process, which utilizes naked DNA, is not dependent on the SV40 packaging signal ses. The procedure allows packaging of plasmids significantly larger than SV40 and permits the inclusion of potent regulatory signals, such as beta-globin locus control region (LCR) elements. These studies are the first step in the development of purified, in vitro-constructed pseudovirions for experimental and medical use.
Salt-Templated Open Frameworks (CU-2):  Novel Phosphates and Arsenates Containing M<sub>3</sub>(X<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)<sub>2</sub><sup>2-</sup> (M = Mn, Cu; X = P, As) Micropores 5.3 Å and 12.7 Å in Diameter (1999)

We have recently isolated a novel family of salt-templated phosphates and arsenates, A2M3(X2O7)2·(salt) [where A = K, Rb, Cs; M = Mn, Cu; X = P, As]. The space-filling, charge-compensation alkali metal chloride salts can be removed conveniently without destroying the MXO framework. These materials (designated as CU-2-MXO) exhibit microporous structures (ca. 5.3 and 12.7 Å in diameter) in which the active transition metal sites are distributed in a spatially uniform manner throughout the bulk. The salt lattice functions as a structure-directing template. The single-crystal structure shows that the large pore contains a remarkable ACl/CsCl lattice that consists of two interpenetrating, square antiprismatic columns of ions. In contrast to organically templated microporous solids, these new materials were synthesized by conventional solid-state reactions at high temperatures. Consequently, the resulting compounds can endure extensive heating to ca. 650 °C. These materials, in fact, possess the highest thermal stability found thus far among zeolite and related materials. Along with the synthesis and structure of four CU-2-MXO compounds, we also report some preliminary results concerning studies of ion-exchange and topotactic deintercalation−intercalation reactions.
Planar photonic crystal (2001)

We present results of guiding light in a single-line-defect planar photonic crystal (PPC) waveguide with 90° and 60° bends. The wave guiding is obtained by total internal reflection perpendicular to the plane of propagation and by the photonic band gap for the 2D photonic crystal in the plane. The results for photonic waveguiding are shown and demonstrated at 1.5 μm wavelength.
The facet ascending algorithm for integer programming problems (2002)

Many practical large-scale optimization problems, such as scheduling a manufacturing system, can be modeled as integer programming problems. Because of their combinatorial nature, these problems are often very difficult to solve optimally, especially within a limited amount of time. Therefore, near-optimal solutions are often sought. Lagrangian relaxation is an effective method for decomposing a difficult problem into subproblems that are much easier to solve. A major part of this method is to optimize the dual function of the integer programming problem. Since the dual function is nondifferentiable, the subgradient method is frequently used as a method for maximizing (for a primal minimization problem) the dual function. However, this method can exhibit slow convergence due to iterations zigzagging across a set of nondifferentiable points. The new algorithm presented in this paper exploits the polyhedral concave nature of the dual function by ascending facets along nondifferentiable points, thus avoiding the zigzagging behaviour of the subgradient method. The algorithm is tested on a nonlinear integer programming problem for scheduling a simple manufacturing system. The computational results show this algorithm is a significant improvement over the subgradient method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dual-Plate OLED Display (DOD) Embedded With White OLED (2009)

White organic light-emitting diode (WOLED) with color filter adopting dual-plate OLED display (DOD) structure is proposed. In order to prevent outgassing from color filter and overcoat, the SiN <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</i> passivation film was deposited on the overcoat film. This structure does not show any defects after it has been kept over 500 hours of storage tests at 90 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">deg</sup> C . By fabricating 1 stacked WOLED consisting of fluorescent blue layer/ phosphorescent red:green layer, luminance efficiency of 20 cd/A with CIEx = 0.29, CIEy = 0.37 was achieved.
Downsized Sheath–Core Conducting Fibers for Weavable Superelastic Wires, Biosensors, Supercapacitors, and Strain Sensors (2016)

Hair-like-diameter superelastic conducting fibers, comprising a buckled carbon nanotube sheath on a rubber core, are fabricated, characterized, and deployed as weavable wires, biosensors, supercapacitors, and strain sensors. These downsized sheath-core fibers provide the demonstrated basis for glucose sensors, supercapacitors, and electrical interconnects whose performance is undegraded by giant strain, as well as ultrafast strain sensors that exploit strain-dependent capacitance changes.
Data processing and parameter extraction for cutting tool inspection (2009)

The increase in awareness of the need to improve quality control on part machining efficiency has led to a great deal of research aimed at cutting tool geometry analysis. This paper presents a framework of preprocessing point-based data and extracting parameters after feature detection and data segmentation for cutting tool inspection, assuming unorganized measurement data. The data processing method, including data decimating, smoothing, normal and curvature estimating, denoising, sorting, as well as re-sampling, are exploited to meet the demands for high quality, data simplification for geometric analysis. We will discuss the geometry analysis for parameter extraction, including key feature point detection and key area segmentation based on general reverse engineering solutions and specific cutting tool characteristics. Based on the presented simplification methods using virtual slicing and rotary axial projection data, some cutting tool dimensional parameters can be extracted directly. Alternately, based on 2D points on a given cross section, a plurality of curves can be generated, and optimized by minimizing deviations between the set of points and the plurality of curves. Section parameters can then be extracted from the optimized curves. Furthermore, the methods and processes of multi-section based spatial parameter extraction will be illustrated. This paper presents experimental results and field tests. The experimental results show that the preprocessing is very robust and the parameter extraction results agree with what is expected.
Differential Recognition of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> –Specific Epitopes as a Function of Tuberculosis Disease History (2017)

Preferential loss of T-cell reactivity to Mtb epitopes that are homologous to bacteria in the microbiome in persons with previous TB disease may reflect long-term effects of antibiotic TB treatment on the microbiome.
Performance analysis of orbital angular momentum signal using polarization based uniform circular array (2015)

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) based on uniform circular array (UCA) has been proposed to achieve larger channel capacity in radio frequency. There have been many researches on theoretical analysis and practical antenna design of UCA. However, there have been few studies on the characteristics of OAM signal based on UCA considering spin angular momentum. In this paper, we have proposed two UCA architectures with vertical and circularly rotational polarization configurations to analyze the characteristics of the OAM signal according to the spin angular momentum which the antenna elements possess. We have verified the performances of the UCAs with various antenna element configurations by comparing the channel capacities.
Dendritic Cell-Based Therapeutics for Breast Cancer (2004)

Continual attempts to stimulate the immune system against malignancies have led to the development of various strategies based on active immunotherapy treatments. Dendritic cells are the most potent antigen presenting cells with the capacity to stimulate naive T cells and induce primary and secondary immune responses. Due to the pivotal role that DC play in eliciting and maintaining functional anti-tumor T cell responses, DC have been exploited as vaccines in an attempt to actively immunize patients. Initial solid tumor clinical trials involving DC-based immunization have shown progress in terms of eliciting T-cell reactivity and mediating tumor regression. These early promising data have led to multiple research endeavors to also employ DC immunotherapy for the treatment of poorly immunogenic malignancies such as breast cancer. Various strategies to load DC with tumor associated antigens in murine models of breast cancer as well as the state of human clinical trials are reviewed.