gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of aspirin and acetaminophen on the liver (1981)

The mechanism for aspirin-caused liver injury is not clear. Aspirin produces hepatotoxic reactions as a cumulative phenomenon, requiring days or weeks to develop. Patients with active rheumatic or collagen disease, as well as children, are especially susceptible. Blood levels of salicylate higher than 25 mg/dL are particularly likely to lead to hepatic injury. Levels lower than 15 mg/dL rarely do. The mechanism for acetaminophen liver damage is quite clear. It produces hepatic injury as a result of a large single overdose, usually suicidal in intent. Patients with acetaminophen blood levels higher than 300 mg/dL at four hours after intake are most likely to develop hepatic damage; when N-acetylcysteine is used within the first ten hours after ingestion of an overdose, the recovery rate is reported to be virtually 100%. The conditions of patients receiving long-term full doses of either aspirin or acetaminophen should be intermittently monitored for hepatic injury.
Minimum-Order Kalman Filter With Vector Selector for Accurate Estimation of Human Body Orientation (2009)

This paper describes a new quaternion-based Kalman filter (KF) for estimating human body orientation using an inertial/magnetic sensor. The proposed algorithm is comprised of a quaternion measurement step and a KF step that are connected in feedback relationship. This allows the algorithm to have a minimum-order structure (i.e., fourth order) that is computationally very efficient. Furthermore, to offer more reliable information to the quaternion measurement step, a vector selector scheme is adopted, which effectively adds the gyro measurement to the so-called Wahba's problem that conventionally uses only the accelerometer and magnetometer measurements. This protects the algorithm against undesirable conditions such as fast movements and temporary magnetic disturbances, enabling it to compute an accurate orientation estimate. Due to the computational efficiency of the algorithm, it is suitable for real-time ambulatory human motion tracking applications that require multiple and untethered inertial/magnetic sensors with low-cost onboard processing.
Real-Time Spatial Monitoring of Vehicle Vibration Data as a Model for TeleGeoMonitoring Systems (2005)

This research presents the development and proof of concept of a TeleGeoMonitoring (TGM) system for spatially monitoring and analyzing, in real-time, data derived from vehicle-mounted sensors. In response to the concern for vibration related injuries experienced by equipment operators in surface mining and construction operations, the prototype TGM system focuses on spatially monitoring vehicle vibration in real-time. The TGM vibration system consists of 3 components: (1) Data Acquisition Component, (2) Data Transfer Component, and (3) Data Analysis Component. A GPS receiver, laptop PC, data acquisition hardware, triaxial accelerometer, and client software make up the Data Acquisition Component. The Data Transfer Component consists of a wireless data network and a data server. The Data Analysis Component provides tools to the end user for spatially monitoring and analyzing vehicle vibration data in real-time via the web or GIS workstations. Functionality of the prototype TGM system was successfully demonstrated in both lab and field tests. The TGM vibration system presented in this research demonstrates the potential for TGM systems as a tool for research and management projects, which aim to spatially monitor and analyze data derived from
Analysis of L5/E5 acquisition, tracking and data demodulation thresholds (2002)

International audience
Non-random X-chromosome inactivation in mouse X-autosome translocation embryos—location of the inactivation centre (1983)

X-chromosome inactivation was investigated cytologically using the modified Kanda method which differentially stains inactive X-chromosome material at metaphase in balanced 13 1/2-day female embryos heterozygous for four X-autosome rearrangements, reciprocal translocations T(X;4)37H, T(X;11)38H and T(X;16)16H (Searle's translocation) and the insertion translocation Is(7;X)1 Ct (Cattanach's translocation). In all cases non-random inactivation was found. In the reciprocal translocation heterozygotes only one translocation product ever showed Kanda staining. In addition in a proportion of cells from T(X;4)37H, T(X;11)38H and Is(7;X)1Ct the Kanda staining revealed differential staining of X-chromosome material and attached autosomal material within the translocation product. In a study of 8 1/2-day female embryos doubly heterozygous for Searle's translocation and Cattanach's translocation two unbalanced types of embryo were found. In one type of unbalanced female embryo of the karyotype 40(X(7)/X16;16/16) no inactivated X-chromosomal material is found. A second unbalanced type of female embryo, of the presumptive karyotype 40(X(7)/XN;16X/16) was found in which two inactivated chromosomes were present in the majority of metaphase spreads. A simple model for the initiation of X-chromosome inactivation based on the presence of a single inactivation centre distal to the breakpoint in Searle's translocation explains these findings.
Gallbladder Uptake Simulating Hydronephrosis on Tc-99m MAG3 Scintigraphy (1993)

Tc-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) is a valuable agent for renal scintigraphy in patients with diminished renal function. However, hepatobiliary excretion of this agent can cause misleading images and represents a potential pitfall in the interpretation of renal scans. Delayed posterior images from a Tc-99m MAG3 scan of a 79-year-old man with poor renal function demonstrated an apparent prominent accumulation of activity in the renal pelvis simulating a hydronephrotic obstructed kidney. Anterior, oblique, and lateral images clearly demonstrated that this activity was in the gallbladder. The possibility of significant hepatobiliary excretion should be considered when interpreting scans performed with Tc-99m MAG3.
High‐Performance and Ultra‐Stable Lithium‐Ion Batteries Based on MOF‐Derived ZnO@ZnO Quantum Dots/C Core–Shell Nanorod Arrays on a Carbon Cloth Anode (2015)

MOF-derived ZnO@ZnO Quantum Dots/C core-shell nanorod arrays grown on flexible carbon cloth are successfully fabricated as a binder-free anode for Li-ion storage. In combination with the advantages from the ZnO/C core-shell architecture and the 3D nanorod arrays, this material satisfies both efficient ion and fast electron transport, and thus shows superior rate capability and excellent cycling stability.
Functionalization of Nylon Membranes via Surface-Initiated Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization (2007)

The ability to manipulate and control the surface properties of nylons is of crucial importance to their widespread applications. In this work, surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is employed to tailor the functionality of the nylon membrane and pore surfaces in a well-controlled manner. A simple two-step method, involving the activation of surface amide groups with formaldehyde and the reaction of the resulting N-methylol polyamide with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide, was first developed for the covalent immobilization of ATRP initiators on the nylon membrane and its pore surfaces. Functional polymer brushes of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and poly(ethylene glycol)monomethacrylate (PEGMA) were prepared via surface-initiated ATRP from the nylon membranes. A kinetics study revealed that the chain growth from the membranes was consistent with a "controlled" process. The dormant chain ends of the grafted HEMA polymer (P(HEMA)) and PEGMA polymer (P(PEGMA)) on the nylon membranes could be reactivated for the consecutive surface-initiated ATRP to produce the corresponding nylon membranes functionalized by P(HEMA)-b-P(PEGMA) and P(PEGMA)-b-P(HEMA) diblock copolymer brushes. In addition, membranes with grafted P(HEMA) and P(PEGMA) brushes exhibited good resistance to protein adsorption and fouling under continuous-flow conditions.
Survey and taxonomy of packet classification techniques (2005)

Packet classification is an enabling function for a variety of Internet applications including quality of service, security, monitoring, and multimedia communications. In order to classify a packet as belonging to a particular flow or set of flows, network nodes must perform a search over a set of filters using multiple fields of the packet as the search key. In general, there have been two major threads of research addressing packet classification, algorithmic and architectural. A few pioneering groups of researchers posed the problem, provided complexity bounds, and offered a collection of algorithmic solutions. Subsequently, the design space has been vigorously explored by many offering new algorithms and improvements on existing algorithms. Given the inability of early algorithms to meet performance constraints imposed by high speed links, researchers in industry and academia devised architectural solutions to the problem. This thread of research produced the most widely-used packet classification device technology, Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM). New architectural research combines intelligent algorithms and novel architectures to eliminate many of the unfavorable characteristics of current TCAMs. We observe that the community appears to be converging on a combined algorithmic and architectural approach to the problem. Using a taxonomy based on the high-level approach to the problem and a minimal set of running examples, we provide a survey of the seminal and recent solutions to the problem. It is our hope to foster a deeper understanding of the various packet classification techniques while providing a useful framework for discerning relationships and distinctions.
Effective Information Extraction with Semantic Affinity Patterns and Relevant Regions (2007)

We present an information extraction system that decouples the tasks of finding relevant regions of text and applying extraction patterns. We create a self-trained relevant sentence classifier to identify relevant regions, and use a semantic affinity measure to automatically learn domain-relevant extraction patterns. We then distinguish primary patterns from secondary patterns and apply the patterns selectively in the relevant regions. The resulting IE system achieves good performance on the MUC-4 terrorism corpus and ProMed disease outbreak stories. This approach requires only a few seed extraction patterns and a collection of relevant and irrelevant documents for training.
A <scp>P</scp>hase 2 study of <scp>L</scp>‐asparaginase encapsulated in erythrocytes in elderly patients with <scp>P</scp>hiladelphia chromosome negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia: The <scp>GRASPALL/GRAALL‐SA</scp>2‐2008 study (2015)

The addition of GRASPA®, especially at the 100 IU/kg dose level, is feasible in elderly patients without excessive toxicity and associated with durable asparagine depletion. (clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT01523782).
Oxidation of methionine 63 and 83 regulates the effect of S100A9 on the migration of neutrophils in vitro (2006)

The calcium-binding proteins S100A8 and S100A9 and their heterocomplex calprotectin are abundant cytosolic constituents in human neutrophils, constitutively expressed by mucosal epithelium and in association with inflammation by epidermal keratinocytes. S100A8 and S100A9 are pleiotropic proteins, which partake in the regulation of leukocyte migration. This study was designed to investigate the effect of S100A9 on neutrophil migration and to explore the mechanisms that regulate this effect. Based on previous results with S100A8, we hypothesized that S100A9 repels neutrophils and that oxidation of S100A9 regulates this function. Using standard Transwell chemotaxis assays and site-directed mutagenesis, we show that S100A9 exerts a chemo-repulsive (fugetactic) effect on peripheral neutrophils, an effect abolished by oxidation of S100A9. After substitution of methionine 63 and 83 for alanine, S100A9 maintained its fugetaxis activity, even in inhibitory, oxidative conditions. Together, the data suggest that S100A9 serves as a molecular switch for oxidative control of inflammation regulated by the oxidation of species-conserved methionine residues. In healthy mucosal tissue, expression of S100A9 by the epithelium may serve to inhibit leukocyte recruitment. However, conditions of oxidative stress, including infection and overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens, may abrogate this activity by neutralizing S100A9 as a result of its oxidative alteration.
Biotinylated PAMAM dendrimers for intracellular delivery of cisplatin to ovarian cancer: role of SMVT. (2011)

In conclusion, biotinylated PAMAM dendrimers may be utilized as potential targeting agents for cisplatin delivery to ovarian cancer.
National Energy Policy and Gas Flaring In Nigeria (2015)

Gas flaring is a global environmental concern due to the negative effects it has on humans, the environment and the economy. The magnitude of the problem of gas flaring is dehumanising especially in Nigeria. The earth is a single system and hence any event anywhere affects the whole system. With global climatic conditions constantly changing in recent times, gas flaring in Nigeria can no longer be treated as a local phenomenon because of its global implications and consequences. It is against this background that this research is conducted, to safeguard the present and secure the future. This article critically analyse and evaluate the National Energy Policy 2003 as a legislative Instrument in tackling gas flaring in Nigeria. It also provides an overview of the effectiveness of the National Energy Policy 2003 in contributing to wider sustainable development goals.
Enhanced suppressor function of TIM‐3<sup>+</sup>FoxP3<sup>+</sup> regulatory T cells (2014)

T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) is an Ig-superfamily member expressed on IFN-γ-secreting Th1 and Tc1 cells and was identified as a negative regulator of immune tolerance. TIM-3 is expressed by a subset of activated CD4(+) T cells, and anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulation increases both the level of expression and the number of TIM-3(+) T cells. In mice, TIM-3 is constitutively expressed on natural regulatory T (Treg) cells and has been identified as a regulatory molecule of alloimmunity through its ability to modulate CD4(+) T-cell differentiation. Here, we examined TIM-3 expression on human Treg cells to determine its role in T-cell suppression. In contrast to mice, TIM-3 is not expressed on Treg cells ex vivo but is upregulated after activation. While TIM-3(+) Treg cells with increased gene expression of LAG3, CTLA4, and FOXP3 are highly efficient suppressors of effector T (Teff) cells, TIM-3(-) Treg cells poorly suppressed Th17 cells as compared with their suppression of Th1 cells; this decreased suppression ability was associated with decreased STAT-3 expression and phosphorylation and reduced gene expression of IL10, EBI3, GZMB, PRF1, IL1Rα, and CCR6. Thus, our results suggest that TIM-3 expression on Treg cells identifies a population highly effective in inhibiting pathogenic Th1- and Th17-cell responses.
Oxidation von Isatinen zu Isatosäureanhydriden und 2,3-Dioxo-1,4-benzoxazinen (1980)

Isomere Produkte je nach Oxidationsmittel werden aus Isatinen (1) erhalten: H2O2/Eisessig führt zu Isatosäureanhydriden (2), H2S2O8/H2SO4 dagegen zu 2,3-Dioxo-1,4-benzoxazinen (3). Üblicherweise wird (1) mit dem toxischen Chromtrioxid zu (2) oxidiert.
Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels for Architecture (2017)

Abstract Duplex stainless steels have been actively developed by European companies since 1935. Their properties make them very attractive compared to equivalent austenitic grades. They indeed exhibit higher resistance to stress corrosion cracking, higher mechanical properties and lower alloy cost. They are today widely used in many industrial sectors for instance in the oil & gas, chemical, pulp & paper and water industries. Duplex stainless steels are also relevant candidate materials for architecture, building and construction projects especially when considering sustainability and Life Cycle Cost. This paper provides an overview of the main properties of duplex stainless steels in terms of chemical composition, mechanical and physical properties. Then, the results of an extensive atmospheric field test program are reported, confirming that duplex stainless steels can be interesting candidate materials for architecture, building and construction projects compared to the ferritic-martensitic grade UNS S41003 and standard austenitic grades S30403 and S31603. Finally, the results of a life cycle cost study for the construction of a storage tank will be given.
Cancer and the microbiota (2015)

A host's microbiota may increase, diminish, or have no effect at all on cancer susceptibility. Assigning causal roles in cancer to specific microbes and microbiotas, unraveling host-microbiota interactions with environmental factors in carcinogenesis, and exploiting such knowledge for cancer diagnosis and treatment are areas of intensive interest. This Review considers how microbes and the microbiota may amplify or mitigate carcinogenesis, responsiveness to cancer therapeutics, and cancer-associated complications.
Performance improvement of hybrid polymer membranes for wastewater treatment by introduction of micro reaction locations (2018)

This article reviews the progresses on polymer membranes embedded with novel inorganic nanomaterials to provide micro reaction locations (MRLs) in the polymer matrices for wastewater treatment. Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, especially polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polysulfone (PSF) membranes, are broadly applied in wastewater treatment. The strategy of embedding functional nanomaterials into the polymer matrices has been extensively investigated to enhance the integrated properties of polymer membrane. Nevertheless, the performance enhancement just comes from physical interactions between nanomaterials and wastes, while the chemical interactions are not involved, thus limiting further improvements. In order to further enhance the integrated properties of polymer membranes, functional inorganic nanomaterials that can chemically react with the wastes are proposed and embedded into the polymer membranes to form many MRLs. In this paper, the strategies for embedding functional nanomaterials such as sulfated TiO2 deposited SiO2 nanotubes, solid superacid porous ZrO2 shell/void/TiO2 core particles and porous YxFeyZr1-x-yO2 coated TiO2 solid superacid nanoparticles in polymer membranes were presented and the enhancement effect of MRLs on their integrated properties for wastewater treatments was discussed. Therefore, polymer membranes embedded with functional inorganic nanomaterials with MRLs are potentially applied in various wastewater treatments.
Determination of molecular weight (1989)

Molecular Weight Averages and Distribution Functions (A. Cooper). Determination of Number Average Molecular Weight by End--Group Analysis, Vapor Pressure Measurements, and Cryoscopy (A. Cooper). Vapor Pressure Osmometry (C. Morris). Membrane Osmometry (H. Coll). Laser Light Scattering (B. Chu). Neutron and X--Ray Scattering (R. Richards). Ultracentrifugation (A. Cooper). Viscometric Determination of Molecular Weight (K. Kamide & M. Saito). Fractionation Methods for the Determination of Molecular Weight Distribution (K. Kamide & S. Matsuda). Determination of Molecular Weight Distribution by Gel Permeation Chromatography (M. Styring & A. Hamielec). Phase Distribution Chromatography (G. Greschner). Molecular Weight Distribution from Field--Flow Fractionation (J. Giddings, et al.). Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (B. Richter). Mass Spectrometry (R. Lattimer, et al.). Physical and Chemical Methods for Characterizing Insoluble Polymers (A. Zaper & J. Koenig). Mechanical and Solvent Swelling Methods for Characterizing Insoluble Polymers (J. Queslel & J. Mark). Standard Polymers (P. Verdier & L. Smith). Index.
Hormones, receptors, and growth in hyperplastic enlarged lobular units: early potential precursors of breast cancer (2005)

Development of HELUs is associated with increased proliferation and decreased cell death relative to normal cells. ER-alpha and PR are highly elevated in HELUs, which may contribute to the hyperplasia because they mediate hormonal regulation of growth. An understanding of the fundamental causes of increased levels of receptors and growth may lead to new strategies to prevent breast cancer.
Optical coupling method utilizing a lensed fiber integrated with a long-period fiber grating (2000)

A novel optical coupling scheme that uses a lensed fiber integrated with a long-period fiber grating (LPFG) is proposed. Two experiments are performed to demonstrate the validity of such a scheme in single-mode-fiber-single-mode-fiber (SMF-to-SMF) and laser-diode-single-mode-fiber (LD-to-SMF) coupling setups. The measured results show that for an appropriate lens radius the addition of a LPFG will lead to a higher coupling efficiency over a longer range of working distance than without the LPFG. Coupling efficiencies of approximately 78% and 35% are achieved for corresponding working distances of approximately 250 and 110 microm, 1-dB longitudinal tolerances of approximately 40 and 26 microm, and 1-dB transverse tolerances of approximately 7.6 and 2.6 microm for SMF-to-SMF and LD-to-SMF, respectively.
Citric Acid: A Multifunctional Pharmaceutical Excipient (2022)

Citric acid, a tricarboxylic acid, has found wide application in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry due to its biocompatibility, versatility, and green, environmentally friendly chemistry. This review emphasizes the pharmaceutical uses of citric acid as a strategic ingredient in drug formulation while focusing on the impact of its physicochemical properties. The functionality of citric acid is due to its three carboxylic groups and one hydroxyl group. These allow it to be used in many ways, including its ability to be used as a crosslinker to form biodegradable polymers and as a co-former in co-amorphous and co-crystal applications. This paper also analyzes the effect of citric acid in physiological processes and how this effect can be used to enhance the attributes of pharmaceutical preparations, as well as providing a critical discussion on the issues that may arise out of the presence of citric acid in formulations.
General-purpose harmonic balance analysis of nonlinear microwave circuits under multitone excitation (1988)

A powerful software tools for the simulation of nonlinear microwave circuits under single- or multiple-frequency excitation is described. The program operates in a truly general-purpose fashion, both circuit topology and active-device equivalent circuits being arbitrarily established by the user at the data entry level. Built-in facilities based on the multidimensional Fourier transform allow a straightforward and unrestricted treatment of mixer and intermodulation problems. The capabilities of the program are illustrated by a number of practical examples.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Diagnosis of Articular Cartilage Abnormalities of the Knee: Prospective Clinical Evaluation of a 3D Water-Excitation True FISP Sequence (2007)

The 3D water-excitation true FISP MR sequence allows assessment of the articular cartilage of the knee with moderate-to-high specificity and low-to-moderate sensitivity.