gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Second trimester levels of pregnancy associated plasma protein-A in cases of trisomy 18 (1999)

In a study of 70 cases of trisomy 18 and 450 matched controls in the second trimester we have measured the maternal serum levels of the analytes alpha feto protein (AFP), free beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A). We have found the median multiple of the median (MoM) of maternal serum free beta-hCG to be significantly lower (0.327) than normal, as was the level of AFP (0.600). Levels of PAPP-A were reduced even further (0.108). Of the markers associated with trisomy 18 at this time PAPP-A was the most discriminatory, being lower than the 5 per cent centile of normal in 93 per cent of cases, compared with 57 per cent of cases for free beta-hCG and 32 per cent of cases for AFP. Combining free beta-hCG and PAPP-A or all three markers with maternal age would have the ability to detect 74 per cent of cases at a 0.5 per cent false positive rate (or 64 per cent at a 0.1 per cent false positive rate). Unlike in cases of trisomy 21, the low PAPP-A values observed in the first trimester are continued into the second trimester. Whether the good discriminatory power of PAPP-A can be realized in second trimester screening programmes will depend on developing two stage screening algorithms. This approach is unlikely to be better than the excellent detection rates achievable with free beta-hCG, PAPP-A and nuchal translucency in the first trimester.
Quantitative measurement of voltage contrast in SEM images for in-line resistance inspection of wafers manufactured for SRAM (2009)

An in-line inspection method for partial-electrical measurement of defect resistance, which is quantitatively estimated from the voltage contrast formed in an SEM image of an incomplete-contact defect, was developed. This inspection method was applied to wafers manufactured for an SRAM device. That is, the gray scales of the defect images captured on an SRAM plug pattern were quantitatively analyzed. Accordingly, the gray scales of defective plugs formed for shared contact patterns were classified as two levels. The higher contrasts, which were calculated from the grayscales of the darker defects, were about 100%; the lower contrasts, which were calculated from the grayscales of the other defects, were from 38% to 60%. The resistances of these defects were estimated from a calibration curve obtained from the grayscales of the SEM images and the resistances of deliberately formed failures on standard wafers for voltage-contrast estimation. The estimated resistances of the lower-contrast defects (with an accuracy of about an order of magnitude) agree well with the resistances measured by nano-prober. It is concluded that this in-line inspection method for partial-electrical measurement is a useful technique for defect classification based on defect resistance and defect mode.
Tafel Kinetics of Electrocatalytic Reactions: From Experiment to First-Principles (2014)

The Tafel equation is of fundamental importance in electrochemical kinetics, formulating a quantitative relation between the current and the applied electrochemical potential. The recent years have seen the rapid expansion and development in the application of first-principles density functional theory (DFT) simulation on electrocatalytic reactions that occur at the solid–liquid interface. This article reviews the current theoretical methods for electrochemistry modeling, in particular, those for the direct computation of Tafel kinetics of electrocatalytic reactions on surfaces based on DFT calculations. Representative reactions, namely, hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution reactions, are selected to illustrate how the theoretical methods are applied to compute quantitatively the kinetics of multiple-step electrochemical reactions. We summarize in detail the computation procedure based on the first-principles periodic continuum solvation method for obtaining the charge transfer coefficient (CTC) and deducing the potential-dependent reaction rate. The theoretical results on the Tafel kinetics of electrochemical reactions are generalized and discussed.
Interaction of a Bulky <i>N</i>-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand with Rh(I) and Ir(I). Double C−H Activation and Isolation of Bare 14-Electron Rh(III) and Ir(III) Complexes (2005)

Reactivity and structural studies of unusual rhodium and iridium systems bearing two N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands are presented. These systems are capable of intramolecular C-H bond activation and lead to coordinatively unsaturated 16-electron complexes. The resulting complexes can be further unsaturated by simple halide abstraction, leading to 14-electron species bearing an all-carbon environment. Saturation of the vacant sites in the 16- and 14-electron complexes with carbon monoxide permits a structural comparison. DFT calculations show that these electrophilic metal centers are stabilized by pi-donation of the NHC ligands.
The activin A antagonist follistatin inhibits cystic fibrosis‐like lung inflammation and pathology (2015)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-limiting genetically acquired respiratory disorder. Patients with CF have thick mucus obstructing the airways leading to recurrent infections, bronchiectasis and neutrophilic airway inflammation culminating in deteriorating lung function. Current management targets airway infection and mucus clearance, but despite recent advances in care, life expectancy is still only 40 years. We investigated whether activin A is elevated in CF lung disease and whether inhibiting activin A with its natural antagonist follistatin retards lung disease progression. We measured serum activin A levels, lung function and nutritional status in CF patients. We studied the effect of activin A on CF lung pathogenesis by treating newborn CF transgenic mice (β-ENaC) intranasally with the natural activin A antagonist follistatin. Activin A levels were elevated in the serum of adult CF patients, and correlated inversely with lung function and body mass index. Follistatin treatment of newborn β-ENaC mice, noted for respiratory pathology mimicking human CF, decreased the airway activin A levels and key features of CF lung disease including mucus hypersecretion, airway neutrophilia and levels of mediators that regulate inflammation and chemotaxis. Follistatin treatment also increased body weight and survival of β-ENaC mice, with no evidence of local or systemic toxicity. Our findings demonstrate that activin A levels are elevated in CF and provide proof-of-concept for the use of the activin A antagonist, follistatin, as a therapeutic in the long-term management of lung disease in CF patients.
Photophoretic spectrometer (1980)

An instrument is described which measures the spectral dependence of the radiometric (photophoretic) force on a micron-sized particle in a static configuration. This spectrometer consists of a servo-stabilized Millikan chamber which can be used as a photophoretic balance over the spectral range from 200 nm to 1000 nm. Spectra may be taken in a vacuum as small as 10−4 torr. The action spectrum of the photophoretic force on a crystallite of CdS is used as an example. The pressure dependence of the force at 500 nm is consistant with a radiometric mechanism.
Evaluation of Liquid-Liquid Extraction Process for Separating Acrylic Acid Produced From Renewable Sugars (2007)

In this article, the separation and the purification of the acrylic acid produced from renewable sugars were studied using the liquid-liquid extraction process. Nonrandom two-liquids and universal quasi-chemical models and the prediction method univeral quasi-chemical functional activity coefficients were used for generating liquid-liquid equilibrium diagrams for systems made up of acrylic acid, water, and solvents (diisopropyl ether, isopropyl acetate, 2-ethyl hexanol, and methyl isobutyl ketone) and the results were compared with available liquid-liquid equilibrium experimental data. Aspen Plus (Aspen Technology, Inc., version 2004.1) software was used for equilibrium and process calculations. High concentration of acrylic acid was obtained in this article using diisopropyl ether as solvent.
Infantile gangliosidoses: Mapping a timeline of clinical changes (2017)

This is the first prospective study of the natural history of infantile gangliosidoses and the very first natural history of infantile GM1. The homogeneity of the infantile gangliosidoses phenotype as demonstrated by the clinical events timeline in this study provides promising secondary outcome measure candidates. This study indicates that overall survival is a meaningful primary outcome measure for future clinical trials due to reliable timing and early occurrence of this event. Combination therapy approaches, instead of monotherapy approaches, will likely be the best way to optimize clinical outcomes. Combination therapy approaches include palliative therapies (e.g., chest physiotherapy) along with treatments that address the underlying disease pathology (e.g. miglustat or future gene therapies).
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Induced Ovarian Hyperstimulation in Monkeys: Blockade of the Luteinizing Hormone Surge* (1983)

The availability of a pure human FSH preparation for studies of the primate ovarian/menstrual cycle permitted novel experiments on gonadotropic stimulation of follicular growth in monkeys. Administration of pure FSH on days 1 through 12 of the menstrual cycle resulted in significant ovarian hyperstimulation, as manifested by the development of multiple (bilateral) ovarian follicles and sustained high serum estradiol levels (approximately 400 pg/ml). In spite of overt follicular development and concurrent increases in serum estradiol, timely LH surges were not elicited. Similarly, during FSH-induced ovarian hyperstimulation, GnRH effects on LH secretion were blunted. Equivalent FSH treatments of long term ovariectomized monkeys had no discernible effects on estrogen-induced LH surges or GnRH responses. Our interpretation is that when supraphysiological FSH levels persist into the late follicular phase, thereby overriding selection of the single dominant follicle of the natural cycle, secretion of an ovarian factor(s) blocks estrogen-induced LH surges.
Visual detection of hemolysis in a blood bag before issue (2011)

Hemolysis may occur in a red blood cell (RBC) unit during blood collection, transportation, preservation and or different stages of handling in the blood bank. Visual detection of hemolysis of a unit is possible usually by observing the color of the supernatant plasma. It is a good practice to observe the color of the plasma just before issue to avoid any inadvertent serious transfusion of a hemolysed blood unit. However, practically it is difficult once the stationary blood unit is disturbed or there is no time to centrifuge every unit of cross-matched blood to observe the plasma color.
Fast DGT Based Receivers for GFDM in Broadband Channels (2016)

Generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) is a recent multicarrier 5G waveform candidate with the flexibility of pulse shaping filters. However, the flexibility of choosing a pulse shaping filter may result in intercarrier interference (ICI) and intersymbol interference (ISI), which becomes more severe in a broadband channel. In order to eliminate the ISI and ICI, based on discrete Gabor transform (DGT), in this paper, a transmit GFDM signal is first treated as an inverse DGT, and then a frequency-domain DGT is formulated to recover (as a receiver) the GFDM signal. Furthermore, to reduce the complexity, a suboptimal frequency-domain DGT called local DGT is developed. Some analyses are also given for the proposed DGT-based receivers.
[Effects of bone marrow fibroblasts conditioned media on the expansion of megakaryocytes in vitro]. (2004)

BMF-CM can promote the expansion of megakaryocytes in vitro.
A review on online state of charge and state of health estimation for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles (2021)

With electric vehicles (EVs) being widely accepted as a clean technology to solve carbon emissions in modern transportation, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have emerged as the dominant energy storage medium in EVs due to their superior properties, like high energy density, long lifespan, and low self-discharge. Performing real-time condition monitoring of LIBs, especially accurately estimating the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH), is crucial to keep the LIBs work under safe state and maximize their performance. However, due to the non-linear dynamics caused by the electrochemical characteristics in LIBs, the accurate estimations of SOC and SOH are still challenging and many technologies have been developed to solve this challenge. This paper reviews and discusses the state-of-the-art online SOC and SOH evaluation technologies published within the recent five years in view of their advantages and limitations. As SOC and SOH are strongly correlated, the joint estimation methods are specifically reviewed and discussed. Based on the investigation, this study eventually summarizes the key issues and suggests future work in the real-time battery management technology. It is believed that this review will provide valuable support for future academic research and commercial applications.
Carrier Resolution Multiple Access (2017)

Carrier Resolution Multiple Access (CRMA) is introduced as an approach for channel access in wireless local area networks with radios endowed with self-interference cancellation (SIC). CRMA operates in a single channel and consists of using SIC to try to allow one of multiple concurrent transmissions to succeed, rather than having all colliding transmissions fail. As a result, most channel-contention rounds result in successful collision-free transmissions. The throughput of CRMA is analyzed and compared with the throughput of CSMA, CSMA/CA, and CSMA/CD when priority acknowledgments are used. This analysis shows that CRMA can provide much better throughput than the other approaches thanks to the use of SIC.
Producing <sup>13</sup>C NMR, Infrared Absorption, and Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometric Data Models of the Monodechlorination of Chlorobenzenes, Chlorophenols, and Chloroanilines (2000)

We have developed four spectroscopic data-activity relationship (SDAR) models of monodechlorination of 32 chlorinated benzene compounds in anaerobic estuarine sediment. The SDAR models were based on combinations of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared absorption (IR), and electron ionization mass spectrometric (EI MS) data. The SDAR models segregated the 32 compounds into 17 readily monodechlorinated compounds and 15 not readily monodechlorinated compounds. The SDAR model based on 13C NMR, IR, and EI MS data gave a leave-one-out cross-validation of 93.8%. The SDAR model based on a composite of 13C NMR and IR data gave a leave-one-out cross-validation of 90.6%. The SDAR model based on a composite of IR and EI MS data gave a leave-one-out cross-validation of 84.4%. The SDAR model based on a composite of 13C NMR and EI MS data gave a leave-one-out cross-validation of 84.4%. These reliable SDAR models provide a rapid and simple way to predict whether a chlorinated benzene compound will readily go through monodechlorination. The FDA has filed a patent application on methods of using any combination of spectral data (NMR, MS, UV-vis, IR, and fluorescence, phosphorescence) to model a chemical, physical, or biological endpoint.
Infection of Tilapia <i>Oreochromis</i> sp. by <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> in Freshwater and Low‐salinity Environments (2006)

Abstract The first isolation of Vibrio vulnificus in southern Taiwan from hybrid tilapia Oreochromis sp. raised in freshwater and brackish water environments is documented in this report. The infection was only found in fish in ponds where the salinity was less than 10 ppt. Tilapia raised in water of higher salinities in the same region were not affected. Grossly visible signs of infection included dark coloration, lethargy, and external hemorrhage and ulceration of the skin. The most prominent internal signs of infection included splenomegaly and severe hemorrhagic lesions in the liver. Septicemia was documented in moribund fish. All bacterial isolates from moribund fish were tested by polymerase chain reaction, using V. vulnificus hemolysin/cytolysin gene‐specific primers. Sequence data from the 16S ribosomal RNA gene suggest that these isolates were V . vulnificus . The isolates were indole and mannitol positive, characteristics shared by human clinical isolates and isolates from freshwater European eel, Anguilla anguilla . The isolates from tilapia were unique in that they were negative for ornithine decarboxylase and citrate.
Development and Optimization of Serum‐free and Protein‐free Media (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Key Issues for Development of Serum-Free and Protein-Free Medium Key Trends Summary Acknowledgements References
Repairing Incomplete Measured Data with Haptic Interaction (2009)

Measured data of a product can be incomplete because of the inaccessibility or invisibility of some portions of the product surface for measure tools in reverse engineering, which could makes it difficult for reverse engineering systems to create the CAD model from those measured data. In this paper, a novel incomplete data repair method based on haptic interaction is presented. Starting from the import of a dataset digitized from a physical object, various haptic sculpting tools are explored to repair the incomplete measured data, and the shape and size of these tools may be changed dynamically to satisfy specific situations, which forms a flexible and intuitive sculpting toolbox used to clean and repair the measured data. A high-quality STL file can be obtained from the system which is ideal for rapid prototyping. Case study is also given to demonstrate the feasibility of this new method, and finally a future direction of integration repairing measured data with designing innovative new object through haptic interaction in reverse engineering is proposed.
Analysis of Trapped Energy Resonators with Tabs (1987)

A simple theoretical model is presented for analyzing the effects of tab electrodes on trapped energy resonators with rectangular electrodes. A tab of a strip type extending along the 2' axis on an AT- cut rectangular plate is treated. The model is based on the mode- matching method so that it can accurately describe two-dimensional displacement fields. Equations that determine the resonant frequen- cies, mode shapes, and mode strength are derived. The calculated re- sults of resonant frequencies and inductances for AT-cut third overtone resonators are compared with measured results. It is shown from the comparison between experiment and theory that the model predicts well the strong acoustical effects of tabs on anharmonic trapped modes having phase reversals in the tab direction and little effect on the main and other anharmonic spurious modes. This paper presents a simple theoretical model for ana- lyzing the effects of tab electrodes on trapped energy res- onators with rectangular electrodes. A tab of strip type extending along the Z' axis on an AT-cut rectangular plate is treated. The model, which is an extension of the pre- vious one (3), is based on the mode-matching method and so can be applied to trapped modes decaying exponen- tially and also untrapped modes with a sinusoidal varia- tion along the tab. Experimental measurements of reso- nant frequencies and mode strength for anharmonic modes on third overtone AT-cut quartz resonators are provided to substantiate the theory's validity. Calculated and mea- sured results show that the tabs have a strong acoustical effect on anharmonic spurious modes with phase reversals in the tab direction and little effect on the main and other spurious modes.
Multi layer overlay measurement recent developments (2013)

One of the main challenges related to the growing number of Litho layers and most specifically to Multi Patterning, is the ability to align to many layers at once. In the past things were simple, the alignment tree was set so that every layer aligns to one layer and at the most is measured versus two layers, such as contact to poly and Isolation. Today, even at the 20 nm node there are double and triple patterning for critical layers such as Isolation, poly, contact and Metal 1. This forces a much more complex alignment tree and Overlay (OVL) measurement. Layers are sometimes aligned to an average of previous layers, to different layers at different orientations and disposition is done based on several measurements. This growing challenge increases the number of Overlay measurements significantly, increases the target area and present the need to make many measurement from different layers consistent. Another challenge is the increased number of recipes and the need for flexible alignment tree scheme during development. These challenges are addressed by Multi layer targets such as Triple AIM, Multilayer AIMid and the Blossom and micro-Blossom targets where alignment marks from multiple patterning steps and layers were densely populated. A single OVL reading is calculated by the metrology tool on a selected pair or multiple pair average<sup>1</sup>. Here we propose the Multi-Layer measurement that provides an additional degree of metrology and solution to these challenges: in one measurement several overlay results are achieved, the results are always self-consistent. It allows at the same measurement grab to look back and disposition previous layers after their processing was completed. It allows a flexible alignment tree without the need to add or change targets, even during ramp and production. It reduces the number of recipes that need to be created and managed. And it also reduces significantly the area needed for the targets. In this paper we will show recent results from IMEC, on Back-End (BE) stack of four layers including one double patterning layer. We compared several target sizes, showing that such a target can fit within the Indie requirements of 10x10 μm. Results show that there is not a lot of need to compromise on performance in order to get good Multi-Layer measurements. Eventually we will describe process compatible targets which are needed more in the Front End (FE) layers. Looking forward at the increased complexity needed for future nodes and multiple pitch splitting lithography, it is encouraging to see that for Overlay we can simplify metrology instead of making it follow the complexity trend.
In-memory Reinforcement Learning with Moderately-Stochastic Conductance Switching of Ferroelectric Tunnel Junctions (2019)

Building compact and efficient reinforcement learning (RL) systems for mobile deployment requires departure from the von-Neumann computing architecture and embracing novel in-memory computing, and local learning paradigms. We exploit nano-scale ferroelectric tunnel junction (FTJ) memristors with inherent analogue stochastic switching arranged in selector-less crossbars to demonstrate an analogue in-memory RL system, which, via a hardware-friendly algorithm, is capable of learning behavior policies. We show that commonly undesirable stochastic conductance switching is actually, in moderation, a beneficial property which promotes policy finding via a process akin to random search. We experimentally demonstrate path-finding based on reinforcement, and solve a standard control problem of balancing a pole on a cart via simulation, outperforming similar deterministic RL systems.