gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Statistical methods and library search approaches for fast and reliable identification of dyes using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) (2013)

The identification of organic colorants is of high importance in the cultural heritage field, where they are found as paint components and textile dyes, and in forensic science, because of their use in inks and paints, food colorants and textile dyes. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as a promising technique for the detection of these materials, yet concerns over the sensitivity of SERS spectra of dyes to chemical and instrumental variables (such as pH, choice of SERS substrates and/or aggregants, and excitation wavelength) have prevented its widespread use in analytical applications. Over the last few years, the development of several microanalytical approaches has considerably increased the chances of success in the identification of minute amounts of dyes by SERS. However, the need for searchable databases is still largely to be fulfilled. In this work, we have assembled the core of a comprehensive library which contains 100 Raman and SERS reference spectra of natural and synthetic organic colorants. Experiments to classify 20 query SERS spectra of dyes from a variety of museum objects were conducted using principal component analysis (PCA) and the correlation coefficient (CC) algorithm. The effect of spectral transformations such as baseline correction, selecting a standard frequency range, normalization, smoothing, as well as carrying out the search on the second derivative of the spectra, was systematically evaluated. With this study we demonstrate that SERS spectra of organic colorants can be reliably matched against a well constructed spectral library regardless of the instrumentation and the colloids used, and of the pH conditions at which the measurements were carried out.
Increased spatial resolution in transillumination using collimated light (1993)

In traditional transillumination of the breast (diaphanography), the abundance of diffuse light resulting from the use of extended noncollimated sources reduces the visibility of deep seated lesions. A prototype scanning imaging system has been developed to investigate the effectiveness of thin collimated light beams (1.5 mm cross section) synchronized with a similarly collimated detector to increase contrast in lesions normally lost due to the detection of diffuse light. The study demonstrates that detection of opaque 1.5 mm details is possible in phantoms simulating breast tissues 6 mm thick regardless of depth. This is about 10 times better than images obtained on the same samples using present transillumination methods. Furthermore, this study indicates that internal structures (lesions, cysts) in up to 12 mm thick excised breast sections can be visualized by exploiting their frequency-dependent attenuation. This is accomplished by inserting 50 nm interference filters in the input light path, which can be varied in a stepwise manner in the range of 400 nm to 1000 nm. These results demonstrate for the first time that images of lesion-bearing 1 cm or larger tissues can be obtained, thus opening promising possibilities for whole-breast imaging.
Piezoelectric transformer converter with frequency control (2002)

An efficient piezoelectric transformer (PT) power converter with frequency control is presented. The optimum-designed reactance components are able to keep power efficiency high while controlling the output voltage for some load variation. An implemented PT power converter with frequency control achieves an efficiency higher than 75% at V/sub o/=5 V, I/sub o/=0.5-2 A, and switching frequency of around 2 MHz. Furthermore, a means to improve the voltage control characteristic over a wide range is also added.
Artemisinin-derived dimer ART-838 potently inhibited human acute leukemias, persisted <i>in vivo</i>, and synergized with antileukemic drugs (2016)

Artemisinins, endoperoxide-containing molecules, best known as antimalarials, have potent antineoplastic activity. The established antimalarial, artesunate (AS), and the novel artemisinin-derived trioxane diphenylphosphate dimer 838 (ART-838) inhibited growth of all 23 tested acute leukemia cell lines, reduced cell proliferation and clonogenicity, induced apoptosis, and increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ART-838 was 88-fold more potent that AS in vitro, inhibiting all leukemia cell lines at submicromolar concentrations. Both ART-838 and AS cooperated with several established antileukemic drugs and newer kinase inhibitors to inhibit leukemia cell growth. ART-838 had a longer plasma half-life than AS in immunodeficient NOD-SCID-IL2Rgnull (NSG) mice, remaining at effective antileukemic concentrations for >8h. Intermittent cycles of ART-838 inhibited growth of acute leukemia xenografts and primagrafts in NSG mice, at higher potency than AS. Based on these preclinical data, we propose that AS, with its established low toxicity and low cost, and ART-838, with its higher potency and longer persistence in vivo, should be further developed toward integration into antileukemic regimens.
Catalytic Wet Oxidation of Lactose (2008)

The catalytic wet oxidation of lactose to carbon dioxide/water and to a value-added product, lactobionic acid, has been demonstrated in a flow reactor. Lactose (milk sugar) is a low value byproduct of the dairy industry and makes up the largest part of the solids in cheese whey. Costs associated with cheese whey disposal are driving the need to develop alternative disposal methods. Pt/Al2O3, CeMn mixed-metal oxides, and Pt/CeMn catalysts have all been shown to effectively convert lactose to carbon dioxide and water at temperatures up to 443 K and pressures of 100 psig. Pt/CeMn demonstrated the lowest level of side-product formation. A BiPd/C catalyst was shown to convert essentially all lactose to lactobionic acid at similar temperature and pressure. Lactobionic acid selectivity was a strong function of oxygen concentration in the feed. The BiPd/C also produced a high yield of lactobionic acid at lower pH and higher temperatures than previously reported.
Stationary Adjustable Luminaires Via Optical Beam Steering (2019)

Adjustable luminaires deliver targeted light in countless illumination scenarios. The high brightness and surface emission characteristic of LED light sources enable new optical design of adjustable luminaires to include beam steering.
Fatty Acid Elongation Components And Uses Thereof (Patent US 8993841 B2 ) (2015)

The invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules which encodes a novel fatty acid nECR. The invention also provides recombinant expression vectors containing nECR nucleic acid molecules, host cells into which the expression vectors have been introduced, and methods for large-scale production of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), e.g., ARA, EPA and DHA.\n\n
Dehydration of blood platelets by zeodration: in vitro characterization and hemostatic properties in vivo (2015)

Zeodration represents a new strategy to prepare PLTs with partly preserved aggregative properties after storage and rehydration. Z_PLTs have potential hemostatic properties provided it is possible to improve their transfusion efficacy.
Biological Oils as Precursors to Novel Polymeric Materials (2013)

This paper reviews a part of the rich fi eld of oleochemicals, their synthesis and applications as precursors for polymers by referring to published data rather than discussing details of different reactions. The hope is to help readers in fi nding leads in the vast research area carried out over a long period of time, to avoid traps and to inspire new ideas for oil-based products and processes.
Cationic Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Electron Injection Layers: Effect of Halide Counterions (2009)

We examine the influence of halide counteranions on the efficiencies of solution-processed multilayer polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) containing cationic conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) electron injection layers (EILs). The parent CPE used in these studies is poly[9,9-bis[6′-(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl]fluorene-alt-co-1,4-phenylene] bromide. Dialysis was used for exchanging counteranions, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provides a convenient technique for evaluating the final polymer composition. The luminous efficiencies of PLEDs with a poly(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) emissive layer decrease in the order F− > Cl− > Br− > I−. Oxidation of the halide counteranions is likely to occur at the MEH-PPV/CPE interface when the oxidation potential of the counteranion is aligned with the highest occupied molecular orbital of MEH-PPV, that is, Br− and I−. For these heavier halide counteranions, we find that pulsed bias measurements reduce ion migration to the MEH-PPV/CPE interface and result in an increase in the device efficiency. We propose that the oxidation potential of the counterion is a significant factor to consider when selecting CPEs as EILs.
A novel compartmentalised stent graft to isolate the perfusion of the abdominal organs (2016)

Donation after cardiac death has been adopted to address the critical shortage of donor organs for transplant. Recovery of these organs is hindered by low blood flow that leads to permanent organ injury. We propose a novel approach to isolate the perfusion of the abdominal organs from the systemic malperfusion of the dying donor. We reasoned that this design could improve blood flow to organs without open surgery, while respecting the ethical principle that cardiac stress not be increased during organ recovery. Conditions within the stent were analysed using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method and validated on two prototypes in vitro. The hydrodynamic pressure drop across the stent was measured as 0.14-0.22 mmHg, which is a negligible influence. Device placement studies were also conducted on swine model fluoroscopically. All these results demonstrated the feasibility of rapidly isolating the perfusion to abdominal organs using a compartmentalised stent graft design.
An RF Plasma Thruster for Use in Small Satellites (2001)

New England Space Works is developing an RF plasma thruster for use in small satellites. The RF plasma thruster is an excellent choice for small satellites because it is compact, low power, and does not require high voltages to operate. Specific impulse can be varied over a range of 1500- 3000 seconds. Electric propulsion is finally entering the spacecraft mainstream. Deep Space 1 was the first spacecraft to use an ion thruster as primary propulsion and electric propulsion is in use for north-south stationkeeping on many communications satellites. Research is active on electric propulsion for small satellites, although limited to date by the low power available. The RF plasma thruster avoids the cathode propellant losses (important at low power) of Hall and ion thrusters and is more efficient than the PPT. In addition, no voltages higher than 28 volts need be supplied to the thruster. A wide range of gas flow is acceptable, so a blowdown propellant feed is possible. A breadboard thruster has been operated over a power range of 5-50 watts.
Development of phosphopeptide enrichment techniques for phosphoproteome analysis (2008)

Protein phosphorylation is one of the most biologically relevant and ubiquitous post-translational modifications. The analysis of protein phosphorylation is very challenging due to its highly dynamic nature and low stoichiometry. In this article, recent techniques developed for phosphoproteome analysis are reviewed with an emphasis on the new developments in this field in China. To improve the performance of phosphoproteome analysis, many novel methods, either by application of new separation mechanisms or by adoption of new separation materials, were developed to specifically enrich phosphopeptides from complex protein digests. A series of new materials, including nanostructure materials, magnetic materials, and monolithic materials, were applied to prepare immobilized affinity chromatography or metal oxide affinity chromatography to improve the performance of phosphopeptide enrichment. Besides, new software tools were also developed to validate phosphopeptide identification and predict kinase specific phosphorylation sites.
Toward High Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells: Rearranging the Backbone Units into a Readily Accessible Random Tetrapolymer (2017)

Abstract Two donor–acceptor (D–A) conjugated polymers composed of the same ratio of 5‐fluorobenzothiadiazole and thiophene subunits are synthesized through different routes, providing a precisely regioregular ( 2TRR ) and a random ( 2TRA ) polymer structures. Detailed structural analyses indicate that the backbone of regioregular 2TRR has only one donor segment of bithiophene, while the backbone of random 2TRA consists of three different donor segments: thiophene, bithiophene, and terthiophene (in a ratio of 0.16:0.68:0.16). Synergetic contributions from these segments allow the “tetrapolymer” 2TRA to achieve more favorable film morphology and a higher hole‐mobility relative to 2TRR . Consequently, the random polymer 2TRA achieves a substantially higher power conversion efficiency (8.8%) than the regioregular polymer 2TRR (5.1%). Notably, the “tetrapolymer” 2TRA is readily synthesized from two monomers, rather than through complex conventional preparation required for similar multipolymers. These findings provide a novel route toward the design and synthesis of multipolymeric materials and demonstrate their potential advantages in high‐performance organic electronic applications.
Control of Flame Oscillations with Equivalence Ratio Modulation (1999)

A novel technique for controlling oscillating combustion is proposed and demonstrated. For oscillations that exist over a limited range of equivalence ratios, we suggest that periodic modulation around the unstable condition can effectively avoid the oscillating condition, but otherwise produces the desired timeaverage equivalence ratio. Tests of this concept were carried out in an atmospheric-pressure, swirl-stabilized combustor with a nominal heat input of 30 kW. The fuel was natural gas. We show that it was possible to control a 300-Hz oscillation by modulating the fuel flow at frequencies less than 20 Hz, reducing the observed rms pressure from 2.7 to 0.8 kPa. Limitations on when this technique may produce successful control are also discussed.
Recombinant Spider Silk Genetically Functionalized with Affinity Domains (2014)

Functionalization of biocompatible materials for presentation of active protein domains is an area of growing interest. Herein, we describe a strategy for functionalization of recombinant spider silk via gene fusion to affinity domains of broad biotechnological use. Four affinity domains of different origin and structure; the IgG-binding domains Z and C2, the albumin-binding domain ABD, and the biotin-binding domain M4, were all successfully produced as soluble silk fusion proteins under nondenaturing purification conditions. Silk films and fibers produced from the fusion proteins were demonstrated to be chemically and thermally stable. Still, the bioactive domains are concluded to be folded and accessible, since their respective targets could be selectively captured from complex samples, including rabbit serum and human plasma. Interestingly, materials produced from mixtures of two different silk fusion proteins displayed combined binding properties, suggesting that tailor-made materials with desired stoichiometry and surface distributions of several binding domains can be produced. Further, use of the IgG binding ability as a general mean for presentation of desired biomolecules could be demonstrated for a human vascular endothelial growth factor (hVEGF) model system, via a first capture of anti-VEGF IgG to silk containing the Z-domain, followed by incubation with hVEGF. Taken together, this study demonstrates the potential of recombinant silk, genetically functionalized with affinity domains, for construction of biomaterials capable of presentation of almost any desired biomolecule.
Quantum cascade lasers: new resonant tunnelling light sources for the mid-infrared (1996)

Recent results on quantum cascade lasers are reviewed. In these quantum devices based on resonant tunnelling the wavelength can be selected over a broad range of the infrared spectrum using the same heterostructure material by tailoring the active layer thickness. High power room temperature operation at wavelengths of 5 and 8.5 pm has been achieved. These are the first semiconductor lasers to operate at 300 K and above in this wavelength region.
Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy of layered soft tissues (2009)

Raman spectroscopy has been widely used for cancer diagnosis, but conventional forms provide limited depth information. Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) can solve the depth issue, but it has only been used to detect hard tissues such as bone. We explore the feasibility of using SORS to discriminate two layers of soft tissue. Measurements were taken with individual source and detector fibers at a number of spatial offsets from samples consisting of various thicknesses of normal human breast tissues overlying breast tumors. Results show that SORS can detect tumors beneath normal tissue, marking, to the best of our knowledge, the first application of SORS for discriminating two layers of soft tissue.
Structure-Activity Relationships of Somatostatin Analogs in the Rabbit Ileum and the Rat Colon (1983)

(a) Phenylalanine(6), Phenylalanine(7), Tryptophan(8), and Lysine(9) are required for the ion transport and other biologic actions of somatostatin, whereas Threonine(10) serves as an essential spacer. (b) Alteration at Phenylalanine(11) or Lysine(4) yields analogs that are selective for ion transport in the rabbit ileum and rat colon. These findings should be taken into consideration when developing a gut-specific somatostatin analog that can be useful in the treatment of diarrhea.
Storage of Fuel in Hydrates for Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs) (1996)

The need for alternative fuels to replace liquid petroleum-based fuels has been accelerated in recent years by environmental concerns, concerns of shortage of imported liquid hydrocarbon, and congressional prompting. The fact is accepted that natural gas is the cheapest, most domestically abundant, and cleanest burning of fossil fuels. However, socio-economical and technical handicaps associated with the safety and efficiency of on-board fuel storage inhibit its practical use in vehicles as an alternative fuel. A concept is presented for safely storing fuel at low pressures in the form of hydrates in natural gas vehicles. Experimental results lead to gas storage capacities of 143 to 159 volumes/volume. Vehicle travel range could be up to 204 mi. Controlled decomposition rate of hydrates is possible for feeding an automotive vehicle. Upon sudden pressure decrease in the event of a vehicle accident, the rate of release of hydrocarbons from the hydrates at constant temperature is 2.63 to 12.50 percent per min, slow enough to prevent an explosion or a fireball. A model is given for predicting the rates of gas release from hydrates in a vehicle wreck. A storage tank design is proposed and a process is suggested for forming and decomposing hydrates on-board vehicles. A consistent fuel composition is obtained with hydrates.
A comprehensive framework for early assessment of lung injury (2017)

A novel framework for the detection of radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) from 4D computed tomography (CT) has been proposed. Our framework performs 4D-CT lung fields segmentation, deformable image registration (DIR), extraction of textural and functional features, and classification of lung voxels using deep 3D convolutional neural networks (CNN). The 4D-CT images segmentation extracts the lung fields inside the exhale phase using our multi-scale Gaussian adaptive shape prior technique followed by label propagation to other 4D-CT phases using a newly developed adaptive shape model. Then, the 4D-CT DIR locally aligns consecutive phases of the respiratory cycle using the 3D Laplace equation for finding voxel correspondences between the iso-surfaces for the fixed and moving lungs and generalized Gaussian Markov random field (GGMRF) as an anatomical consistency constraint. In addition to common lung functionality features, such as ventilation and elasticity, specific regional textural features are estimated by modeling the segmented images as samples of a novel 7 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> -order contrast-offset-invariant Markov-Gibbs random field (MGRF). Finally, a deep 3D CNN is applied to distinguish between the injured and normal lung tissues. 4D-CT datasets collected from 13 patients, who undergone the radiation therapy (RT), have been used in the evaluation of the proposed framework. The experimental results show the promise of our framework.
Peptide nanofiber hydrogel adjuvanted live virus vaccine enhances cross-protective immunity to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (2013)

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is prevalent in swine farms worldwide and is a major source of economic loss and animal suffering. Rapid genetic variation of PRRSV makes it difficult for current vaccines to confer protection against newly emerging strains. We recently demonstrated that a novel peptide nanofiber hydrogel (H9e) could act as a potent adjuvant for killed H1N1 vaccines. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate H9e as an adjuvant for PRRSV modified live virus (MLV) vaccines. Pigs were vaccinated with Ingelvac PRRSV MLV with or without H9e adjuvant before being challenged with the VR-2332 (parental vaccine strain) or MN184A (genetically diverse strain) PRRSV. Pigs vaccinated with MLV+H9e had higher levels of circulating vaccine virus. More importantly, pigs vaccinated with MLV+H9e had improved protection against challenge by both PRRSV strains, as demonstrated by reduced challenge-induced viremia compared with pigs vaccinated with MLV alone. Pigs vaccinated with MLV+H9e had lower frequency of T-regulatory cells and IL-10 production but higher frequency of Th/memory cells and IFN-γ secretion than that in pigs vaccinated with MLV alone. Taken together, our studies suggest that the peptide nanofiber hydrogel H9e, when combined with the PRRSV MLV vaccine, can enhance vaccine efficacy against two different PRRSV strains by modulating both host humoral and cellular immune responses.
Coupled 3D reconstruction of sparse facial hair and skin (2012)

Although facial hair plays an important role in individual expression, facial-hair reconstruction is not addressed by current face-capture systems. Our research addresses this limitation with an algorithm that treats hair and skin surface capture together in a coupled fashion so that a high-quality representation of hair fibers as well as the underlying skin surface can be reconstructed. We propose a passive, camera-based system that is robust against arbitrary motion since all data is acquired within the time period of a single exposure. Our reconstruction algorithm detects and traces hairs in the captured images and reconstructs them in 3D using a multiview stereo approach. Our coupled skin-reconstruction algorithm uses information about the detected hairs to deliver a skin surface that lies underneath all hairs irrespective of occlusions. In dense regions like eyebrows, we employ a hair-synthesis method to create hair fibers that plausibly match the image data. We demonstrate our scanning system on a number of individuals and show that it can successfully reconstruct a variety of facial-hair styles together with the underlying skin surface.