gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cu-Click Compatible Triazabutadienes To Expand the Scope of Aryl Diazonium Ion Chemistry (2016)

Triazabutadienes can be used to readily generate reactive aryl diazonium ions under mild, physiologically relevant conditions. These conditions are compatible with a range of functionalities that do not tolerate traditional aryl diazonium ion generation. To increase the utility of this aryl diazonium ion releasing chemistry an alkyne-containing triazabutadiene was synthesized. The copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition ("Cu-click") reaction was utilized to modify the alkyne-containing triazabutadiene and shown to be compatible with the nitrogen-rich triazabutadiene. One of the triazole products was tethered to a fluorophore, thus enabling the direct fluorescent labeling of a model protein.
Meandering winding magnetometer array Eddy current sensors for detection of cracks in regions with fretting damage (2002)

Improved throughput and increased reliability are required for inspection of critical surfaces on aircraft engine disks. Specific requirements for reliable detection of cracks in regions with fretting damage can be addressed by a high resolution eddy current sensor array, called the meandering winding magnetometer (MWM) array, that produces two dimensional (C-scan) images showing detected cracks. Inspection results for actual service exposed disks with verified cracks are provided. The inspection is accomplished in less than 30 s per slot, using a simple manual scanner with a single axis position encoder. These results are obtained after calibration in air only, without the use of reference standards. Results are also presented from a limited probability of detection (POD) study with Engine Structural Integrity Program flat specimens, including a comparison with conventional eddy current sensor performance and other eddy current sensor arrays. A description of the MWM sensor and model based grid methods for property estimation was first published in the March 1993 issue of Materials Evaluation. This article provides a brief overview of subsequent advances of this conformable eddy current sensor and presents results for engine slots with cracks in regions with fretting damage.
Antimicrobial Finishing of Cotton with Zinc Pyrithione (1983)

Solutions of a zinc complex of pyrithione in aqueous polyethylenimine were applied to cotton fabric by a conventional pad-cure procedure. When the solutions also contained urea, pyrithione was bound in the fabric. Fabric treated by one process still completely inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus after fifty launderings. It also completely inhibited growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, but this antifungal activity had poorer durability to laundering.
A virtual ad hoc network testbed (2010)

Testing of applications for ad hoc networks poses a special technical challenge due to the difficulty of conducting experiments in an ad hoc network environment at a scale larger than a few nodes. One approach is to conduct experiments in a testbed that can imitate an ad hoc network. This requires the development of technologies that enable multiple instances of unmodified application software on a set of hosts to communicate via a simulated network that behaves like a real ad hoc network. In this paper, we describe the testbed developed under the virtual ad hoc network (VAN) testbed project for testing applications over ad hoc networks, with a special focus on network management applications. The testbed employs Xen-based virtualisation to achieve resource scalability. The infrastructure for the testbed provides an integrated platform consisting of virtual nodes running the actual software under test, augmented with a simulated network environment. Our goal is to enable software testing over large-scale (500-1000 nodes) ad hoc networks using the VAN testbed.
Large area GaN Schottky photodiode with low leakage current (2004)

Pt/n-type GaN Schottky photodiodes with large active areas which exhibit low leakage currents are fabricated. Reverse bias leakage currents of 2.7 nA for a 1 cm2 diode and 14 pA for a 0.25 cm2 diode both at −0.5 V bias are reported. External quantum efficiency measurements between the spectral range 50 to 500 nm gave a peak responsivity of 77.5 mA/W at 320 nm for a 0.25 cm2 diode, corresponding to a spectral detectivity, D*=1.5×1014 cmHz1/2W−1.
Convolutional Neural Networks for Speech Recognition (2014)

Recently, the hybrid deep neural network (DNN)-hidden Markov model (HMM) has been shown to significantly improve speech recognition performance over the conventional Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-HMM. The performance improvement is partially attributed to the ability of the DNN to model complex correlations in speech features. In this paper, we show that further error rate reduction can be obtained by using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). We first present a concise description of the basic CNN and explain how it can be used for speech recognition. We further propose a limited-weight-sharing scheme that can better model speech features. The special structure such as local connectivity, weight sharing, and pooling in CNNs exhibits some degree of invariance to small shifts of speech features along the frequency axis, which is important to deal with speaker and environment variations. Experimental results show that CNNs reduce the error rate by 6%-10% compared with DNNs on the TIMIT phone recognition and the voice search large vocabulary speech recognition tasks.
Precision of single-engage micro Hall effect measurements (2014)

Recently a novel microscale Hall effect measurement technique has been developed to extract sheet resistance (Rs), Hall sheet carrier density (N <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Hs</inf> ) and Hall mobility (μ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">H</inf> ) from collinear micro 4-point probe measurements in the vicinity of an insulating boundary [1]. The technique measures in less than a minute directly the local transport properties, which enables in-line production monitoring on scribe line test pads [2]. To increase measurement speed and reliability, a method in which 4-point measurements are performed using two different electrode pitches has been developed [3]. In this study we calculate the measurement error on R <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</inf> , N <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">HS</inf> and μ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">H</inf> resulting from electrode position errors, probe placement, sample size and Hall signal magnitude. We show the relationship between measurement precision and electrode pitch, which is important when down-scaling the micro 4-point probe to fit smaller test pads. The study is based on Monte Carlo simulations.
Photonic MEMS for NIR in-situ Gas Detection and Identification (2007)

We report on a novel sensing technique combining photonics and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for the detection and monitoring of gas emissions in environmental, medical, and industrial applications. We discuss how MEMS-tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) can be exploited for in-situ detection and NIR spectroscopy of several gases, such as O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O, CH <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> , HF, HCl, etc., with estimated sensitivities between 0.1 and 20 ppm on footprints <<10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . The VCSELs can be electrostatically tuned with a continuous wavelength shift up to 20 nm, allowing for unambiguous NIR signature determination. Selective concentration analysis in heterogeneous gas compositions is enabled, thus paving the way to an integrated optical platform for multiplexed gas identification by bandgap and device engineering. We will discuss here, in particular, our efforts on the development of a 760 nm AlGaAs-based tunable VCSEL for O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> detection.
WANalytics (2015)

Many large organizations collect massive volumes of data each day in a geographically distributed fashion, at data centers around the globe. Despite their geographically diverse origin the data must be processed and analyzed as a whole to extract insight. We call the problem of supporting large-scale geo-distributed analytics Wide-Area Big Data (WABD). To the best of our knowledge, WABD is currently addressed by copying all the data to a central data center where the analytics are run. This approach consumes expensive cross-data center bandwidth and is incompatible with data sovereignty restrictions that are starting to take shape. We instead propose WANalytics, a system that solves the WABD problem by orchestrating distributed query execution and adjusting data replication across data centers in order to minimize bandwidth usage, while respecting sovereignty requirements. WANalytics achieves an up to 360x reduction in data transfer cost when compared to the centralized approach on both real Microsoft production workloads and standard synthetic benchmarks, including TPC-CH and Berkeley Big-Data. In this demonstration, attendees will interact with a live geo-scale multi-data center deployment of WANalytics, allowing them to experience the data transfer reduction our system achieves, and to explore how it dynamically adapts execution strategy in response to changes in the workload and environment.
Mass Resolution Enhancement in Local-Electrode Atom Probes : A Preliminary Study Using Field Emitter Arrays (1996)

Abstract. The use of post-evaporation acceleration as a means to enhance mass resolution in local-electrode atom probes (LEAP) is experimentally investigated in this study. Gated silicon field emitter arrays which have an extraction electrode-tip structure similar to a LEAP are used to evaporate ions at low voltages which are then accelerated to higher voltages. The study confirms the expected improvement in mass resolution. The mass resolution achieved using this gated field emitter array is however quite poor owing to capacitive coupling between the extraction electrode and the tip which leads to a broadened evaporation pulse. An improved model to relate time-of-flight to ion mass-to-charge ratio is found to be necessary in this atom probe configuration. These findings suggest important design considerations for extraction electrodes for a LEAP. 1.
Coupling metal halides with a co-solvent to produce furfural and 5-HMF at high yields directly from lignocellulosic biomass as an integrated biofuels strategy (2014)

A monophasic reaction strategy is proposed that couples metal halides with a highly tunable co-solvent system employing renewable THF to significantly enhance co-production of furfural and 5-HMF from biomass.
Digital Holography Using High Dynamic-Range Imaging (2013)

The authors propose a technique for improving the quality of a reconstructed image degraded due to the insufficiency of dynamic range of an image sensor in digital holography. We numerically confirm the effectiveness of the technique.
Gas Identification by Simultaneous Permeation through Parallel Membranes: Proof of Concept (2022)

This paper describes an experimental system for simultaneous permeation of a pressurized test gas through different gas permeable membranes and provides a proof of concept for a novel approach for gas identification/fingerprinting for potential construction of electronic noses. The design, construction, and use of a six-channel system which allows simultaneous gas permeation from a single pressurized gas compartment through six different parallel membranes are presented. The permeated gas is accumulated in confined spaces behind the respective membranes. The rate of gas pressure accumulation behind each membrane is recorded and used as a measure of the gas permeation rate through the membrane. The utilized gas permeable membranes include Teflon AF, silicone rubber, track-etch hydrophilic polycarbonate, track-etch hydrophobic polycarbonate, track-etch polyimide, nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide, zeolite ZSM-5, and zeolite NaY. An analogy between the rate of pressure accumulation of the permeating gas behind the membrane and the charging of an electric capacitor in a single series RC circuit is proposed and thoroughly validated. The simultaneous permeation rates through different membranes demonstrated a very promising potential as characteristic fingerprints for 10 test gases, that is, helium, neon, argon, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, propane, and ethylene, which are selected as representative examples of mono-, di-, tri-, and polyatomic gases and to include some homologous series as well as to allow testing the potential of the proposed system to discriminate between closely related gases such as ethane and ethylene or carbon dioxide and propane which have almost identical molecular masses. Finally, a preliminary investigation of the possibility of applying the developed gas permeation system for semiquantitative analysis of the CO<sub>2</sub>-N<sub>2</sub> binary mixture is also presented.
Fully Coupled Simulation of Multiple Compositional Reservoirs with a Shared Surface Facility Network (2013)

Abstract When multiple reservoirs are produced through a common facility network, the capability to integrate the modeling of surface and subsurface can be critical to field development and optimization. The shared facility network imposes constraints that the combined production cannot exceed, determines the pressure drop in the flow lines, and the composition and volume of the sales and reinjection streams. Pressure drop in flow lines is particularly important in deepwater field development, where flow lines are long, and production from multiple reservoirs can flow through the same riser. The most robust method for solving the combined surface-subsurface system is to fully couple and simultaneously solve the reservoir and facility equations. However, if the reservoirs fluids are represented with compositional equation of state models, and different pseudo-components are used in some or all of the reservoirs, then the reservoir fluid must be delumped into a common set of pseudo-components in the network. In this paper, we describe a method to consistently and efficiently model such a system with a fully coupled surface-subsurface simulator. At every point in the network, where fluid from only a single reservoir is present, the phase behavior calculations can use the fluid characterization for that reservoir and exactly reproduce the result that would have been obtained if the fluid had not been delumped into the network pseudo-components. However, at any point in the network, the characterization of the common network fluid can be used. In addition, if more compositional accuracy is required, the network fluid can be further delumped into more pseudo-components, or if accuracy is not critical, the fluid can be lumped into fewer pseudo-components for more computational efficiency. Examples demonstrating the flexibility, efficiency, and consistency of the method are provided.
A novel porous collagen scaffold around an implantable biosensor for improving biocompatibility. I. <i>In vitro</i>/<i>in vivo</i> stability of the scaffold and <i>in vitro</i> sensitivity of the glucose sensor with scaffold (2007)

A new 3D porous and biostable collagen scaffold has been developed to improve the biocompatibility of implantable glucose sensors by minimizing tissue reactions while stimulating angiogenesis around the sensors. The novel collagen scaffold was crosslinked using nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) to enhance biostability. NDGA-treated collagen scaffolds were stable without physical deformation in the subcutaneous tissue of rats for 4 weeks. In contrast, glutaraldehyde (GA)-treated collagen scaffolds were extremely damaged following implantation. Both types of scaffolds (NDGA- and GA-crosslinked) were stable in vitro in the presence of collagenase with 70% retention of original weight after 4 weeks of incubation. The response current (i.e. sensitivity) of sensors with porous scaffolds was not significantly changed when compared with control sensors (no scaffold), while the response time (T(95%)) was slightly delayed after a glucose concentration increase from 5 to 15 mM. Above this range, the sensors coated with scaffolds had only a slightly lower sensitivity than the control sensors. These results indicate that we have developed a stable NDGA-crosslinked collagen scaffold for biosensors, and that the scaffold does not impair the function of our sensor. We plan to use this scaffold to enhance the function and lifetime of the implantable biosensors by providing a controlled local environment around the sensors with the help of various drugs and growth factors (dexamethasone, VEGF, PDGF).
Planar trapatt diodes (1974)

Planar Trapatt diodes in the form of single diodes and multiple diode arrays have been successfully fabricated for the first time with good rf performances. A seven-diode array has produced 500 W pulsed power output at 1.4 GHz with 30% efficiency. Duty cycles of 2% have been achieved. The multiple diodes have a superior thermal characteristic and are more rugged compared with mesa structures with junction edges exposed. Diode chips have been run thermal tests at 500°C for over 300 hours without failure.
Piperidinylethyl, Phenoxyethyl and Fluoroethyl Bromopyridyl Thiourea Compounds with Potent Anti-HIV Activity (2000)

Derivatives of piperidinylethyl, phenoxyethyl and fluoroethyl bromopyridyl thioureas were designed and synthesized as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). The anti-HIV activity of these compounds was examined by determining their ability to inhibit the replication of the HIV-1 strain HTLV(IIIB) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The unsubstituted parent pyridyl thiourea compound N-[2-(1-piperidine)ethyl]-N'-[2-(pyridyl)] thiourea (1) exhibited no anti-HIV activity, even at 100 microM. However, the thiourea derivatives that contain a bromo- or chloro-substituted pyridyl group, compounds 2 and 5, inhibited HIV-1 replication at nanomolar concentrations. The addition of a methyl group onto the piperidine ring significantly altered the potency of these compounds; while methyl substitution at the 3-position of the piperidine ring reduced the activity, methyl substitution at the 2-position enhanced the anti-HIV activity. The IC50 value of the lead piperidinyl compound, N-[2-(2-methylpiperidinylethyl)]-N'-[2-(5-bromopyridyl)] thiourea (4) was <0.001 microM. All three phenoxyethyl derivatives, including the unsubstituted parent phenoxyethyl pyridyl thiourea compound N-[2-(phenoxy)ethyl]-N'-[2-(pyridyl)]thiourea (8) and the bromo-/chloro-substituted phenoxyethyl halopyridyl thiourea compounds N-[2-(phenoxy)ethyl]-N'-[2-(5-chloropyridyl)]thiourea (9) and N-[2-(phenoxy)ethyl]-N'-[2-(5-bromopyridyl)]thiourea (10) exhibited potent anti-HIV activity with nanomolar IC values. The corresponding fluoroethyl halopyridyl thiourea compounds beta-fluoro[2-phenethyl]-N'[2-(5-chloropyridyl)]thiourea (11) and beta-fluoro[2-phenethyl]-N'[2-(5-bromopyridyl)]thiourea (12) inhibited HIV-1 replication in PBMC with subnanomolar IC50 values and selectivity indices >30000. Compared to the corresponding phenoxyethyl thiourea compounds 9 and 10, these compounds were >4-5-fold more active as anti-HIV agents. Notably, the lead fluorothiourea compounds 11 and 12 were both substantially more active against the NNRTI-resistant HIV strains RT-MDR (V106A) and A17 (Y181C) than nevirapine or delavirdine. Taken together, our results provide additional experimental evidence that the structural features of the 'linker unit' between the pyridyl and phenyl moieties and changes in the phenyl group of PETT-related thiourea compounds significantly affects their biological activity as NNRTIs of HIV-1 RT.
Dynamic performance improvement of an inverter-based grid-connected microgrid (2013)

In this paper, a new control technique for stability improvement of the grid connected microgrids is proposed. Grid connected microgrid including voltage source inverter (VSI), PLL, coupling inductance, LC filter as well as power, and current controllers is modeled. PI power and current controllers are optimally designed to improve the stability response of the grid connected microgrid. The power controller is designed to determine the reference current using the measured dq voltage and current while the minimizing of the error between the measured output and reference currents is the aiming of the current controller. The design of the power and current controller parameters as well as LC filter components and damping resistance is formulated as an optimization problem where particle swarm optimization is employed to solve the design problem. For dynamic enhancement of the grid connected microgrid, an objective function of the nonlinear time domain simulation is considered. The power exported response of the grid using the optimal parameters is checked using a step (up and down) change disturbance in the injected active and/or reactive powers. The effectiveness of the proposed approach for the microgrid stability enhancement is shown in the results.
Development of Fluorinated Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Using Photografting Methods (2008)

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based polymer electrolyte membranes were developed by radiation-grafting of styrene onto PTFE films and subsequent sulfonation. However, the PTFE is a radiation-degradation material. To overcome this disadvantage, we introduced the γ-crosslinked structure into the PTFE to increase its radiation-resistance before grafting. On the contrary, the UV method is very useful as an irradiation source for grafting. Under the UV irradiation, the mechanical properties of the PTFE films were almost not affected, while the radicals were generated on the surface of the film. The surface radicals initialed the styrene grafting, and the graft chains were readily propagated into the PTFE films. The resultant grafted films were sulfonated to obtain the polymer electrolyte membranes. Even through the degree of grafting was lower than 10%, the proton conductivity of the newly prepared electrolyte membranes can reach a value similar to Nafion. In comparison with γ-ray radiation grafting, the photografting technique is very simple and safe, and causes less damages to the membranes because the significant degradation of the PTFE main chains can be avoided.