gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Oxidation of Benzyl <i>p</i>-Tolyl Sulfide with Active Halogeno Compounds in the Presence of Optically-Active Alcohols (1976)

Abstract The oxidation of benzyl p-tolyl sulfide with active halogeno compounds such as N-bromosuccinimide, N-chlorosuccinimide and t-butyl hypochlorite, affords optically-active benzyl p-tolyl sulfoxide. The absolute configuration of the sulfoxide obtained depends on the chirality of the alcohols used.
A Single Lentivirus Vector Mediates Doxycycline-Regulated Expression of Transgenes in the Brain (2004)

A single lentivirus vector allowing doxycycline-regulated expression of transgenes in the brain was generated by incorporating the tetracycline (Tet)-dependent regulatory system into the backbone of the vector. Two distinct expression cassettes were inserted upstream and downstream from the central Flap sequence that provides for enhanced transduction of nondividing cells. The first cassette was used to express the transgene under the control of the Tet-dependent minimal cytomegalovirus promoter. The second cassette was employed to express constitutively the Tet-dependent transactivator rtTA2-M2, which activates the Tet-dependent promoter after binding of doxycycline (Tet-on system). Vectors carrying luciferase and tyrosine hydroxylase as the transgene were constructed, tested in astroglia-rich primary cultures, and injected into the striata of rats. The constructs allowed in vitro and in vivo robust expression of the transgene that could be regulated over two orders of magnitude by the addition and withdrawal of doxycycline. The vector may thus be useful for many applications in gene therapy research, including the development of a therapeutic protocol for the treatment of Parkinson's disease based on the restoration of regulated dopamine production.
A role for centromere pairing in meiotic chromosome segregation (2004)

In meiosis I, exchanges provide a connection between homologous chromosome pairs that facilitates their proper attachment to the meiotic spindle. In many eukaryotes, homologous chromosomes that fail to become linked by exchanges exhibit elevated levels of meiotic errors, but they do not segregate randomly, demonstrating that mechanisms beyond exchange can promote proper meiosis I segregation. The experiments described here demonstrate the existence of a meiotic centromere pairing mechanism in budding yeast. This centromere pairing mediates the meiosis I bipolar spindle attachment of nonexchange chromosome pairs and likely plays the same role for all homologous chromosome pairs.
Porous Silicon Formation and Electropolishing of Silicon by Anodic Polarization in  HF  Solution (1989)

The anodic current‐potential characteristics of four types of silicon in aqueous solutions have been studied. According to the surface condition of the samples anodized at different potentials, there are generally three regions on a current‐potential curve: porous silicon formation in the region where current changes exponentially with potential, electro‐polishing of silicon in the constant current region, and a transition region in between. A diagram is presented to indicate the anodic conditions for porous silicon formation and electropolishing for the silicon samples studied. Porous silicon formation is considered to be the result of the competition reactions between silicon oxide formation with and direct dissolution of silicon by . Polishing of silicon occurs through dissolution of the oxide film when it completely covers the silicon surface.
[Prevention of obesity]. (2006)

Obesity increases the risk of lifestyle diseases, poor quality of life, hospitalisation and shortening of life. Globally, obesity is on the rise, and as the current treatment options have generally been disappointing, many people argue that primary prevention is preferable. However, as yet documentation of effective primary prevention is lacking, and results indicate that one-sided intervention is ineffective. Despite the lack of documentation, many initiatives are being undertaken, both nationally and internationally, and it is recommended that Denmark also initiate a collaborative official effort.
Influence of Magnesium Alloy Degradation on Undifferentiated Human Cells (2015)

The pH and osmolality of the medium increased with increasing degradation rate and it was found to be most pronounced for Mg4Y3RE alloy. The biological observations showed that HUCPV exhibited a more homogeneous cell growth on Mg alloys compared to high-purity Mg, where they showed a clustered morphology. Moreover, cells exhibited a slightly higher density on Mg2Ag and Mg10Gd in comparison to Mg4Y3RE, due to the lower alkalinisation and osmolality of the incubation medium. However, cells grown on Mg10Gd and Mg4Y3RE generated more developed and healthy cellular structures that allowed them to better adhere to the surface. This can be attributable to a more stable and homogeneous degradation of the outer surface with respect to the incubation time.
How Much Polymer Should Be Injected during a Polymer Flood? Review of Previous and Current Practices (2017)

Summary This paper provides an extensive review of the polymer concentrations, viscosities, and bank sizes used during existing and previous polymer floods. On average, these values have been substantially greater during the past 25 years than during the first 30 years of polymer flooding field activity. Reasons for the changes are discussed. Even with current floods, a broad range of polymer viscosities are injected—with substantial variations from a base-case design procedure. Extensive discussions with operators and designers of current polymer floods revealed substantial differences of opinion for the optimum design of polymer floods. This paper examines the validity of arguments that are commonly given to justify deviations from the base-case design. For applications involving viscous oils (e.g., 1000 cp), the designed polymer viscosities have sometimes been underestimated because of (1) insufficient water injection while determining relative permeabilities, (2) reliance on mobility ratios at a calculated shock front, and (3) over-estimation of polymer resistance factors and residual resistance factors. In homogeneous reservoirs, the ratio of produced oil value to injected fluid cost is fairly insensitive to injected polymer viscosity (up to the viscosity predicted by the base-case method), especially at low oil prices. However, reservoir heterogeneity and economics of scale associated with the polymer dissolution equipment favor high polymer viscosities over low polymer viscosities, if injectivity is not limiting. Injection above the formation parting pressure and fracture extension are crucial to achieving acceptable injectivity for many polymer floods—especially those using vertical injectors. Under the proper circumstances, this process can increase fluid injectivity, oil productivity, and reservoir sweep efficiency, and also reduce the risk of mechanical degradation for polyacrylamide solutions. The key is to understand the degree of fracture extension for a given set of injection conditions so that fractures do not extend out of the target zone or cause severe channeling. Many field cases exist with no evidence that fractures caused severe polymer channeling or breaching the reservoir seals, in spite of injection above the formation parting pressure. Although at least one case exists (Daqing) where injection of very viscous polymer solutions (i.e., more viscous than the base-case design) reduced Sor below that for waterflooding, our understanding of when and how this occurs is in its infancy. At this point, use of polymers to reduce Sor must be investigated experimentally on a case-by-case basis. A “one-size-fits-all” formula cannot be expected for the optimum bank size. However, experience and technical considerations favor using the largest practical polymer bank. Although graded banks are commonly used or planned in field applications, more work is needed to demonstrate their utility and to identify the most appropriate design procedure.
Toward Enabling a Reliable Quality Monitoring System for Additive Manufacturing Process using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (2020)

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a crucial component of the smart industry. In this paper, we propose an automated quality grading system for the AM process using a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model. The CNN model is trained offline using the images of the internal and surface defects in the layer-by-layer deposition of materials and tested online by studying the performance of detecting and classifying the failure in AM process at different extruder speeds and temperatures. The model demonstrates the accuracy of 94% and specificity of 96%, as well as above 75% in three classifier measures of the Fscore, the sensitivity, and precision for classifying the quality of the printing process in five grades in real-time. The proposed online model adds an automated, consistent, and non-contact quality control signal to the AM process that eliminates the manual inspection of parts after they are entirely built. The quality monitoring signal can also be used by the machine to suggest remedial actions by adjusting the parameters in real-time. The proposed quality predictive model serves as a proof-of-concept for any type of AM machines to produce reliable parts with fewer quality hiccups while limiting the waste of both time and materials.
Recalibrating Fully Convolutional Networks With Spatial and Channel “Squeeze and Excitation” Blocks (2018)

In a wide range of semantic segmentation tasks, fully convolutional neural networks (F-CNNs) have been successfully leveraged to achieve the state-of-the-art performance. Architectural innovations of F-CNNs have mainly been on improving spatial encoding or network connectivity to aid gradient flow. In this paper, we aim toward an alternate direction of recalibrating the learned feature maps adaptively, boosting meaningful features while suppressing weak ones. The recalibration is achieved by simple computational blocks that can be easily integrated in F-CNNs architectures. We draw our inspiration from the recently proposed "squeeze and excitation" (SE) modules for channel recalibration for image classification. Toward this end, we introduce three variants of SE modules for segmentation: 1) squeezing spatially and exciting channel wise; 2) squeezing channel wise and exciting spatially; and 3) joint spatial and channel SE. We effectively incorporate the proposed SE blocks in three state-of-the-art F-CNNs and demonstrate a consistent improvement of segmentation accuracy on three challenging benchmark datasets. Importantly, SE blocks only lead to a minimal increase in model complexity of about 1.5%, while the Dice score increases by 4%-9% in the case of U-Net. Hence, we believe that SE blocks can be an integral part of future F-CNN architectures.
Surface orientation transitions in surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal structures (1988)

We provide direct evidence, using simultaneously total internal reflection and polarized optical microscopy, for the existence of two interface stabilized director n-polarization P orientation states at a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC)-solid interface. The states are separated by a first-order orientation transition, having n nearly parallel to the surface, opposite orientations of the component of P normal to the surface, with the state having P directed into the FLC being of lower energy. Any unswitched layer is less than 20 Å in thickness.
Defect photoconductivity of anodic Ta2 O5 films (1973)

Photoconductive properties of anodic oxide films grown on β-Ta films have been measured at room temperature as a function of incident wavelength between 1000 and 500 nm (1.2–2.5 eV). Analysis of the spectral response of photoconductivity on thick (5200 Å) and thin (800 Å) oxides indicates the presence of a defect conduction band edge energetically at 1.5 eV below the oxide conduction band.
Neural Network Classifiers Using Stochastic Computing with a Hardware-Oriented Approximate Activation Function (2017)

Neural networks are becoming prevalent in many areas, such as pattern recognition and medical diagnosis. Stochastic computing is one potential solution for neural networks implemented in low-power back-end devices such as solar-powered devices and Internet-of-things (IoT) devices. In this paper, we investigate a new architecture of stochastic neural networks with a hardware-oriented approximate activation function. The new proposed approximate activation function can be omitted while keeping the functionality well. Thus, it reduces the stochastic implementation complexity and hardware costs. Moreover, the new architecture significantly improves recognition error rates compared to previous stochastic neural networks with sigmoid function. Three classical types of neural networks are explored, multiple layer perceptron (MLP), restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) and convolutional neural networks (CNN). The experimental results indicate the new proposed architecture achieves more than 25%, 60% and 3× reduction than previous stochastic neural networks, and more than 30×, 30× and 52% reduction than conventional binary neural networks, in terms of area, power and energy, respectively, while maintaining the similar error rates compared to the conventional neural networks.
An integrated landscape of protein expression in human cancer (2019)

ABSTRACT Using public proteomics datasets, mostly available through the PRIDE database, we assembled a proteomics resource for 191 cancer cell lines and 246 clinical tumour samples, across 13 cancer lineages. We found that baseline protein abundance in cell lines was generally representative of tumours. However, when considering differences in protein expression between tumour subtypes, as exemplified in the breast lineage, many of these changes were no longer recapitulated in the cell line models. Integration of proteomics and transcriptomics data suggested that the level of transcriptional control in cell lines changed significantly depending on their lineage. Additionally, in agreement with previous studies, variation in mRNA levels was often a poor predictor of changes in protein abundance. To our knowledge, this work constitutes the first meta-analysis study including cancer-related proteomics datasets. We anticipate this aggregated dataset will be of significant aid to future studies requiring a reference to baseline protein expression in cancer.
Are Parental Perceptions of Risk and Attitudes Towards Risk-Taking During Play Associated With Preschoolers’ Physical Activity and Physical Literacy? (2020)

Purpose: To explore whether parental perceptions of risk and attitudes towards risk-taking during play are associated with preschoolers’ physical activity (PA) and physical literacy (PL). Methods: Nova Scotia preschoolers (35 boys, 17 girls; mean age = 3.8 years) and parents (n=52 pairs) provided data. Linear regressions assessed associations of risk perceptions and attitudes with children’s PA and PL, controlling for children’s age (p<0.05). Results: Perceptions of risk were significantly associated with preschoolers’ PA (r=0.24, p=0.05), and predicted 11.6% of the variance in PA. Findings revealed a significant positive relationship between attitudes towards risky-play and PL (r=0.21, p=0.05), explaining 14.7% of the variance in PL. Conclusion: This evidence supports growing literature around the value of risky-play to children’s development and parents’ influence in risk-taking behaviour.
The First Cuttings Injection Operation Worldwide in a Subsea Annulus: Equipment and Operational Experience (1998)

Abstract The first cuttings re-injection operation in a subsea annulus is presented. A discussion of some important formation fracturing aspects is presented. The necessary equipment is described. This includes a description of the modified well head design for cuttings re-injection and description of a flexible hose transporting the re-injection slurry from the platform to the well head. A short description of the cuttings re-injection operation is given where cuttings were re-injected into the same well as being drilled. P. 207
The Expression and Environmental Regulation of P450 Enzymes in Human Placenta (1994)

The human placenta oxidizes several xenobiotics, although the spectrum of substrates and metabolic activities when compared with the liver appears somewhat restricted. Maternal cigarette smoking or PCB exposure increases the expression of CYP1A1. This induced activity is able to catalyze the activation of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) into DNA-bound products, both in vitro and in vivo. Studies on adult human liver bolster the concept that CYP1A1 and -1A2 are differentially expressed in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues. Studies with cDNA probe or enzyme specific antibodies and substrates for CYP2A, -2B, -2C, -2D, and -2E gene products have yielded negative results. There are only minimal activities that can be found in substantial quantities in placentas without maternal smoking; one example is 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (ECOD). Aromatase and cholesterol side-chain cleaving P450 mRNAs, proteins, and activities are measurable in human placentas and do not seem to be affected by maternal cigarette smoking.
Automatic Generation and Stylization of 3D Facial Rigs (2019)

In this paper, we present a fully automatic pipeline for generating and stylizing high geometric and textural quality facial rigs. They are automatically rigged with facial blendshapes for animation, and can be used across platforms for applications including virtual reality, augmented reality, remote collaboration, gaming and more. From a set of input facial photos, our approach is to be able to create a photorealistic, fully rigged character in less than seven minutes. The facial mesh reconstruction is based on state-of-the art photogrammetry approaches. Automatic landmarking coupled with ICP registration with regularization provide direct correspondence and registration from a given generic mesh to the acquired facial mesh. Then, using deformation transfer, existing blendshapes are transferred from the generic to the reconstructed facial mesh. The reconstructed face is then fit to the full body generic mesh. Extra geometry such as jaws, teeth and nostrils are retargeted and transferred to the character. An automatic iris color extraction algorithm is performed to colorize a separate eye texture, animated with dynamic UVs. Finally, an extra step applies a style to the photorealis-tic face to enable blending of personalized facial features into any other character. The user's face can then be adapted to any human or non-human generic mesh. A pilot user study was performed to evaluate the utility of our approach. Up to 65% of the participants were successfully able to discern the presence of one's unique facial features when the style was not too far from a humanoid shape.
<title>Smart pultruded composite reinforcements incorporating fiber optic sensors</title> (1998)

The issues of processing, evaluation, experimental testing, and modeling of smart fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials are discussed. The specific application in view is the use of smart composite reinforcements for a monitoring of innovative bridges and structures. The pultrusion technology for the fabrication of fiber reinforced polymer composites with embedded fiber optic senors (Fabry Perot and Bragg Grating) is developed. The optical sensor/composite material interaction is studied. The tensile and shear properties of the pultruded carbon/vinylester and glass/vinylester rods with and without optical fibers are determined. The microstructural analysis of the smart pultruded FRP is carried out. The interfaces between the resin matrix and the acrylate and polyimide coated optical fibers are examined and interpreted in terms of the coatings's ability to resist high temperature and its compatibility with resin matrix. The strain monitoring during the pultrusion of composite parts using the embedded fiber optic sensors was performed. The strain readings from the sensors and the extensometer were compared in mechanical tensile tests.
Grafting fluorocarbons to polyethylene in glow discharge (1982)

Abstract A systematic surface fluorination of high‐density polyethylene was carried out using CF 4 , CF 3 H, CF 3 Cl, and CF 3 Br, in a radio‐frequency glow discharge. Based on ESCA and wettability measurements, all of these compounds provided a fluorocarbon layer on high‐density polyethylene surface, but the fluorine to carbon ratio and extractability of the films were strongly dependent on the starting materials and the location of the sample specimen in the reactor chamber as well as the duration of the reaction. The results with vertically held, CF 3 H‐treated samples showed a high level of nonextractable surface fluorination and very little change in wetting properties before and after extraction with CF 2 ClCFCl 2 .
6G: The Next Frontier: From Holographic Messaging to Artificial Intelligence Using Subterahertz and Visible Light Communication (2019)

With its ability to provide a single platform enabling a variety of services, such as enhanced mobile broadband communications, virtual reality, automated driving, and the Internet of Things, 5G represents a breakthrough in the design of communication networks. Nevertheless, considering the increasing requests for new services and predicting the development of new technologies within a decade, it is already possible to envision the need to move beyond 5G and design a new architecture incorporating innovative technologies to satisfy new needs at both the individual and societal levels.
Self-Assembly and Post-Fabrication Functionalization of Microphase Separated Thin Films of a Reactive Azlactone-Containing Block Copolymer (2016)

We report on the thin film self-assembly and post-fabrication functionalization of cylinder-forming poly(styrene-block-2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone) (PS-b-PVDMA) block copolymers (BCPs). Thermal annealing of an asymmetric BCP composition, to drive microphase separation in thin films, results in high defect densities and poor long-range order. Using FTIR spectroscopy and ellipsometry, we demonstrate that thermal annealing results in reactions between the azlactone groups and the underlying substrate leading to BCP “pinning”. We demonstrate that solvent annealing circumvents these issues and drives high fidelity microphase separation of the BCP in thin films. The solvent annealing approach also enables control over domain orientation; we show that parallel and perpendicularly oriented cylinders with diameters of 11.7 ± 1.2 nm and a center-to-center distance of 25.2 ± 2.6 nm can be obtained using a BCP with Mn = 29.5 kDa and fS = 0.75. The PVDMA segments in these self-assembled thin films remain available for reaction with primary amine-functionalized nucleophiles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth-profiling reveals that reactions between azlactone groups and incoming amines occur primarily in the top few nanometers of the reactive domains. Finally, we demonstrate that the azlactone groups in both parallel and perpendicularly oriented cylindrical thin films can selectively incorporate trimethylaluminum vapor, which can be subsequently converted into Al2O3 nanowires and nanodots with dimensions of 16 and 12 nm, respectively.