gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CAG repeat instability at SCA2 locus: anchoring CAA interruptions and linked single nucleotide polymorphisms (2001)

Spinocerebellar ataxia 2 (SCA2) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that results from the expansion of a cryptic CAG repeat within the exon 1 of the SCA2 gene. The CAG repeat in normal individuals varies in length from 14 to 31 repeats and is frequently interrupted by one or more CAA triplets, whereas the expanded alleles contain a pure uninterrupted stretch of 34 to 59 CAG repeats. We have previously reported the presence of a limited pool of 'ancestral' or 'at risk' haplotypes for the expanded SCA2 alleles in the Indian population. We now report the identification of two novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in exon 1 of the SCA2 gene and their characterization in 215 normal and 64 expanded chromosomes. The two biallelic SNPs distinguished two haplotypes, GT and CC, each of which formed a predominant haplotype associated with normal and expanded SCA2 alleles. All the expanded alleles segregated with CC haplotype, which otherwise was associated with only 29.3% of the normal chromosomes. CAA interspersion analysis revealed that majority of the normal alleles with CC haplotype were either pure or lacked the most proximal 5' CAA interruption. The repeat length variation at SCA2 locus also appeared to be polar with changes occurring mostly at the 5' end of the repeat. Our results demonstrate that CAA interruptions play an important role in conferring stability to SCA2 repeat and their absence predisposes alleles towards instability and pathological expansion. Our study also provides new haplotypes associated with SCA2 that should prove useful in further understanding the mutational history and mechanism of repeat instability at the SCA2 locus.
Immunogenicity and Safety Testing of a Group B Intranasal Meningococcal Native Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccine (2002)

The presently licensed meningococcal vaccine is a tetravalent capsular polysaccharide vaccine that induces immunity to serogroups A, C, Y, and W-135 but not to group B, which causes nearly half of the meningitis cases in the United States. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an intranasal native outer membrane vesicle (NOMV) vaccine prepared from a capsule negative strain of group B of Neisseria meningitidis. In this study all volunteers received the same dose of vaccine, but we evaluated two different immunization schedules and the oropharyngeal and intranasal routes of vaccine delivery, assessed nasal cytology for cellular infiltration, and measured antibody-secreting cells (enzyme-linked immunospot assay [ELISPOT]) as an early marker for systemic immune response. Additionally, both intranasal and serum vaccine-specific antibodies were measured as well as serum bactericidal activity. Four groups with a total of 42 subjects were immunized on days 0, 28, and 56. Group 3 received an additional dose on day 7. Group 2 subjects were immunized both intranasally and oropharyngeally. Group 4 received a different lot of vaccine. All groups received approximately 1,200 microg of vaccine per subject. Patients were evaluated for side effects. The vaccine was well tolerated without evidence of inflammation on nasal cytology. The group receiving the extra vaccine dose showed the maximum increase in bactericidal activity. Thirty of 42 subjects demonstrated an increase in meningococcus-specific intranasal immunoglobulin A (IgA) titers, while 23 of 42 demonstrated an increase in specific IgG titers. The group receiving vaccine intranasally and oropharyngeally showed the highest rise in intranasal titers for both IgA and IgG. Groups 1, 3, and 4 showed a significant increase in antibody-secreting cells on ELISPOT. Eighteen of 42 volunteers demonstrated a fourfold or greater rise in bactericidal titers, with 81% showing an increase over baseline. We have demonstrated the immunogenicity and safety of a group B lipopolysaccharide-containing, intranasal, NOMV vaccine.
Type-preserving compilation of end-to-end verification of security enforcement (2010)

A number of programming languages use rich type systems to verify security properties of code. Some of these languages are meant for source programming, but programs written in these languages are compiled without explicit security proofs, limiting their utility in settings where proofs are necessary, e.g., proof-carrying authorization. Others languages do include explicit proofs, but these are generally lambda calculi not intended for source programming, that must be further compiled to an executable form. A language suitable for source programming backed by a compiler that enables end-to-end verification is missing.
Cloning and Functional Characterization of a System ASC-like Na+-dependent Neutral Amino Acid Transporter (1996)

A cDNA was isolated from mouse testis which encodes a Na+-dependent neutral amino acid transporter. The encoded protein, designated ASCT2, showed amino acid sequence similarity to the mammalian glutamate transporters (40-44% identity), Na+-dependent neutral amino acid transporter ASCT1 (57% identity; Arriza, J. L., Kavanaugh, M. P., Fairman, W. A., Wu, Y.-N., Murdoch, G. H., North, R. A., and Amara, S. G.(1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 15329-15332; Shafqat, S., Tamarappoo, B. K., Kilberg, M. S., Puranam, R. S., McNamara, J. O., Guadano-Ferraz, A., and Fremeau, T., Jr. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 15351-15355) and a mouse adipocyte differentiation-associated gene product AAAT (94% identity; Liao, K., and Lane, D.(1995) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 208, 1008-1015). When expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, ASCT2 exhibited Na+-dependent uptakes of neutral amino acids such as L-alanine, L-serine, L-threonine, L-cysteine, and L-glutamine at high affinity with Km values around 20 microM. L-Methionine, L-leucine, L-glycine, and L-valine were also transported by ASCT2 but with lower affinity. The substrate selectivity of ASCT2 was typical of amino acid transport system ASC, which prefers neutral amino acids without bulky or branched side chains. ASCT2 also transported L-glutamate at low affinity (Km = 1.6 mM). L-Glutamate transport was enhanced by lowering extracellular pH, suggesting that L-glutamate was transported as protonated form. In contrast to electrogenic transport of glutamate transporters and the other ASC isoform ASCT1, ASCT2-mediated amino acid transport was electroneutral. Na+ dependence of L-alanine uptake fits to the Michaelis-Menten equation, suggesting a single Na+ cotransported with one amino acid, which was distinct from glutamate transporters coupled to two Na+. Northern blot hybridization revealed that ASCT2 was mainly expressed in kidney, large intestine, lung, skeletal muscle, testis, and adipose tissue. Functional characterization of ASCT2 provided fruitful information on the properties of substrate binding sites and the mechanisms of transport of Na+-dependent neutral and acidic amino acid transporter family, which would facilitate the structure-function analyses based on the comparison of the primary structures of ASCT2 and the other members of the family.
Dynamic response of ferrofluidic deformable mirrors (2008)

Ferrofluids can be used to make deformable mirrors having highly interesting characteristics (e.g., extremely large strokes and low costs). Until recently, such mirrors were thought to be restricted to corrections of frequencies lower than 10 Hz, thus limiting their usefulness. We present counterintuitive results that demonstrate that the limiting operational frequency can be increased by increasing the viscosity of the ferrofluid. We tested the response of ferrofluids having viscosities as high as 494 cP, finding that they could allow an adaptive optics correction frequency as high as 900 Hz. We also demonstrate that we can counter the amplitude loss due to the high viscosity by overdriving the actuators. The overdriving technique combines high current, short duration pulses with ordinary driving step functions to deform the mirror. The integration of a FDM in a complete closed-loop adaptive optics system running at about 500 Hz thus appears to be a realistic goal in the near future.
Quantifying and enforcing two-dimensional symmetries in scanning probe microscopy images of periodic objects (2009)

The defining features of a scanning probe microscope (SPM) are a very fine "probe" that is scanned in two dimensions (2D), in very fine steps, very close to the surface of a sample, and a "probe sample interactions signal" that is recorded at each scanning increment. This signal may then be digitized and displayed as a function of the magnified scanning steps. A 2D-image of the probe-sample interactions may, thus, be obtained. Just like any other image, these images can be subjected to image processing routines in order to quantify the information that is contained. For SPM images of 2D periodic objects, crystallographic image processing (CIP) may be utilized advantageously to quantify and enforce the 2D symmetry in the images.
Where do you go when you're through the turnstile? (2005)

Summary form only given. Years ago, our paper described how a very small system might be developed to control a coin-operated turnstile in a zoo (Jackson and Zave, 1995). It arose out of our efforts to understand how requirements, domain knowledge and specifications fit together, and how specifications could be derived systematically. A particular goal was to understand requirements and specifications for telecommunication systems well enough to handle the feature interaction problem that plagues telecommunication software. A year later we published a more comprehensive version of our requirements framework (Zave and Jackson, 1997), and began to develop the distributed feature composition (DFC) architecture for telecommunication services (Jackson and Zave, 1998). We continued to work on it together until mid-2002. DFC has proven successful in practice, and is now being used in a commercial voice-over-IP service. Since publishing the requirements framework, we have worked on different kinds of system, and have been confronted with important differences in how its principles apply. It has taken all this time to achieve the goal of understanding requirements for telecommunication services and other connection services. In this domain, requirements are heavily influenced by the fact that services are assemblies of components added to a basic network infrastructure. Our work in another direction has led to a focus on system interaction with the human and physical world, recognising the varying roles of formalisation and formal reasoning in problems of different kinds, and the need for a stronger grip on the relationship between engineering of software and engineering in the world. The common lesson of these experiences is that the requirements framework of years ago is a good generalization, but specific domains and situations require their own specializations of it.
Simulation of cavity filling and curing in reaction injection molding (1981)

Abstract This report describes a procedure to stimulate the reaction injection molding process. The analysis considers the conversion that occurs during cavity filling with reactive fluids and the subsequent cure in the mold based on initial conditions derived from the filling analysis. Extensive conversion can occur during cavity filling when highly reactive resins are used. High conversion material with attendant high viscosity can be found in the cavity during filling without flow seizure because the conversion is non‐uniform. The overall cycle time can be decreased by promoting conversion during cavity filling as long as flow seizure is avoided. Temperature and conversion profiles during cure in the mold elucidate thermal runaway and its importance in reaction injection molding. The simulation can be used to explore material and process parameter sensitivity, predict the cycle time and the maximum exotherm temperature, and evaluate moldability.
Hydroxyapatite Formation on/in Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogel Matrices Using a Novel Alternate Soaking Process (1998)

Abstract A novel method of hydroxyapatite (HAp) formation on/in a three-dimensional hydrogel matrix was developed. This method is based on the widely-known wet synthesis of HAp and is alternate soaking process in CaCl2/Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) and Na2HPO4 aqueous solutions. Using a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) gel as model matrix, PVA-HAp composites could be prepared and characterized.
Polyimide-Foam/Aerogel Composites for Thermal Insulation (2009)

Composites of specific types of polymer foams and aerogel particles or blankets have been proposed to obtain thermal insulation performance superior to those of the neat polyimide foams. These composites have potential to also provide enhanced properties for vibration dampening or acoustic attenuation. The specific type of polymer foam is denoted TEEK-H, signifying a series, denoted H, within a family of polyimide foams that were developed at NASA s Langley Research Center and are collectively denoted TEEK (an acronym of the inventors names). The specific types of aerogels include Nanogel aerogel particles from Cabot Corporation in Billerica, MA. and of Spaceloft aerogel blanket from Aspen Aerogels in Northborough, MA. The composites are inherently flame-retardant and exceptionally thermally stable. There are numerous potential uses for these composites, at temperatures from cryogenic to high temperatures, in diverse applications that include aerospace vehicles, aircraft, ocean vessels, buildings, and industrial process equipment. Some low-temperature applications, for example, include cryogenic storage and transfer or the transport of foods, medicines, and chemicals. Because of thermal cycling, aging, and weathering most polymer foams do not perform well at cryogenic temperatures and will undergo further cracking over time. The TEEK polyimides are among the few exceptions to this pattern, and the proposed composites are intended to have all the desirable properties of TEEK-H foams, plus improved thermal performance along with enhanced vibration or acoustic-attenuation performance. A composite panel as proposed would be fabricated by adding an appropriate amount of TEEK friable balloons into a mold to form a bottom layer. A piece of flexible aerogel blanket material, cut to the desired size and shape, would then be placed on the bottom TEEK layer and sandwiched between another top layer of polyimide friable balloons so that the aerogel blanket would become completely encased in an outer layer of TEEK friable balloons. Optionally, the process could be further repeated to produce multiple aerogel-blanket layers interspersed with and encased by TEEK friable balloons.
AlGaN/GaN/InGaN/GaN HEMTs with an InGaN‐notch (2006)

Abstract We report an AlGaN/GaN/InGaN/GaN double heterojunction HEMT (DH‐HEMT) with reduced buffer leakage and high‐mobility two‐dimensional‐electron‐gas (2DEG). A 3‐nm thin In x Ga 1–x N (x = 0.1) layer was inserted into the conventional AlGaN/GaN HEMT structure. A 2DEG mobility of around 1300 cm 2 /Vs and a sheet resistance of 480 Ω/sq were obtained at room temperature on this new DH‐HEMT structure grown on sapphire substrate with MOCVD‐grown GaN buffer. A peak transconductance of 230 mS/mm, a peak current gain cutoff frequency ( f T ) of 14.5 GHz, and a peak power gain cutoff frequency ( f max ) of 45.4 GHz were achieved on a 1×100 μm device. The off‐state source‐drain leakage current is as low as ∼5 μA/mm at V DS = 10 V and the gate leakage current is about 10 μA/mm at a reverse bias of 20 V. For the devices on sapphire substrate, maximum power density of 3.4 W/mm and PAE of 41% were obtained at 2 GHz. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phosphorescence and Fluorescence Measurements of Human Tissues Using UV LED Excitation (2006)

Using UV LED excitation, fluorescence and phosphorescence measurements were performed on normal and malignant breast tissues. Cancerous tissues demonstrated a weaker ratio of phosphorescence to fluorescence intensity compared to normal glandular and adipose tissue.
Flux-balanced variable frequency inverter (1981)

Replacing the timing core of a two-core inverter with a magnetic amplifier allows for control of frequency and B-H loop symmetry. Switching of the magnetic amplifier results in inverter commutation rather than the familiar pulse width modulation.
Robust indoor location estimation of stationary and mobile users (2005)

We present algorithms for estimating the location of stationary and mobile users based on heterogeneous indoor RF technologies. We propose two location algorithms, selective fusion location estimation (SELFLOC) and region of confidence (RoC), which can be used in conjunction with classical location algorithms such as triangulation, or with third-party commercial location estimation systems. The SELFLOC algorithm infers the user location by selectively fusing location information from multiple wireless technologies and/or multiple classical location algorithms in a theoretically optimal manner. The RoC algorithm attempts to overcome the problem of aliasing in the signal domain, where different physical locations have similar RF characteristics, which is particularly acute when users are mobile. We have empirically validated the proposed algorithms using wireless LAN and Bluetooth technology. Our experimental results show that applying SELFLOC for stationary users when using multiple wireless technologies and multiple classical location algorithms can improve location accuracy significantly, with mean distance errors as low as 1.6 m. For mobile users we find that using RoC can allow us to obtain mean errors as low as 3.7 m. Both algorithms can be used in conjunction with a commercial location estimation system and improve its accuracy further.
Analysis of Sildenafil in Liquor and Health Wine Using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (2019)

The illegal adulteration of sildenafil in herbal food supplements and alcoholic drinks immensely threatens human health due to its harmful side-effects. Therefore, it is important to accurately detect and identify the presence of sildenafil in alcoholic drinks. In this study, Opto Trace Raman 202 (OTR 202) was used as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) active colloids to detect sildenafil. The results demonstrated that the Raman enhancement factor (EF) of OTR 202 colloids reached 1.84 × 10<sup>7</sup> and the limits of detection (LODs) of sildenafil in health wine and liquor were found to be as low as 0.1 mg/L. Moreover, the SERS peaks of 645, 814, 1235, 1401, 1530 and 1584 cm<sup>-1</sup> could be qualitatively determined as sildenafil characteristic peaks and the relationship between Raman peak intensity and sildenafil concentration in health wine and liquor were different. There was a good linear correlation between Raman peak intensity, and sildenafil concentration in health wine ranged 0.1-1 mg/L (0.9687< <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> < 0.9891) and 1-10 mg/L (0.9701 < <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> < 0.9840), and in liquor ranged 0.1-1 mg/L (0.9662 < <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> < 0.9944) and 1-20 mg/L (0.9625 < <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> < 0.9922). The relative standard deviations (RSD) were less than 5.90% (sildenafil in health wine) and 9.16% (sildenafil in liquor). The recovery ranged 88.92-104.42% (sildenafil in health wine) and 90.09-104.55% (sildenafil in liquor). In general, the sildenafil in health wine and liquor could be rapidly and quantitatively determined using SERS technique, which offered a simple and accurate alternative for the determination of sildenafil in alcoholic drinks.
Peculiarities of the influence of nanomodification on the properties of the Cu–Fe–Co–Ni binder for a diamond tool (2015)

The peculiarities of the influence of nanodimensional additives of WC, ZrO2, and micrometer particles of hexagonal BN on the compression ratio under cold pressing of briquettes, shrinkage under the solid-phase sintering, and mechanical properties (bending strength limit and hardness) of powder alloys in the Cu–Fe–Co–Ni system are investigated. It is shown that the introduction of alloying additives of WC, ZrO2, and hexagonal BN insignificantly affect the charge resistance to compaction under cold pressing, while they are an additional diffusion barrier in the course of sintering increasing the activation energy. An increase in hardness to 7 HRB and strength to 200 MPa are attained due to the implementation of the effect of dispersed reinforcement in a compact composite.
A monolithic digital chirp synthesizer chip with I and Q channels (1992)

A monolithic digital chirp synthesizer (DCS) chip has been developed using GaAs/AlGaAs HI/sup 2/L technology. The 6500-HBT-gate DCS chip is capable of producing linear frequency-modulated (chirp) waveforms or single-frequency waveforms. The major components of the DCS are two 28-b pipelined accumulators, a 1.8 kb sine ROM, a 1.8 kb cosine ROM, and two 8 b digital-to-analog converters (DACs). The total chip area is 4.877 mm*6.172 mm using a minimum feature size of 1.5 mu m. All components of the DCS are fully functional and the device has been clocked to 450 MHz with a power dissipation of 18 W.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
TIN2 Mediates Functions of TRF2 at Human Telomeres (2004)

Telomeres are protective structures at chromosome ends and are crucial for genomic stability. Mammalian TRF1 and TRF2 bind the double-stranded telomeric repeat sequence and in turn are bound by TIN2, TANK1, TANK2, and hRAP1. TRF1 is a negative regulator of telomere length in telomerase-positive cells, whereas TRF2 is important for telomere capping. TIN2 was identified as a TRF1-interacting protein that mediates TRF1 function. We show here that TIN2 also interacts with TRF2 in vitro and in yeast and mammalian cells. TIN2 mutants defective in binding of TRF1 or TRF2 induce a DNA damage response and destabilize TRF1 and TRF2 at telomeres in human cells. Our findings suggest that the functions of TRF1 and TRF2 are linked by TIN2.
Proxy-Guided Load Balancing of Graph Processing Workloads on Heterogeneous Clusters (2016)

Big data decision-making techniques take advantage of large-scale data to extract important insights from them. One of the most important classes of such techniques falls in the domain of graph applications, where data segments and their inherent relationships are represented as vertices and edges. Efficiently processing large-scale graphs involves many subtle tradeoffs and is still regarded as an open-ended problem. Furthermore, as modern data centers move towards increased heterogeneity, the traditional assumption of homogeneous environments in current graph processing frameworks is no longer valid. Prior work estimates the graph processing power of heterogeneous machines by simply reading hardware configurations, which leads to suboptimal load balancing. In this paper, we propose a profiling methodology leveraging synthetic graphs for capturing a node's computational capability and guiding graph partitioning in heterogeneous environments with minimal overheads. We show that by sampling the execution of applications on synthetic graphs following a power-law distribution, the computing capabilities of heterogeneous clusters can be captured accurately (<;10% error). Our proxy-guided graph processing system results in a maximum speedup of 1.84x and 1.45x over a default system and prior work, respectively. On average, it achieves 17.9% performance improvement and 14.6% energy reduction as compared to prior heterogeneity-aware work.