gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parameterization of a model-based 3-D PET scatter correction (2002)

Parameterization of a fast implementation of the Ollinger (1996) model-based 3-D scatter correction method for positron emission tomography (PET) has been evaluated using measured phantom data acquired on a GE Advance PET imaging system. The Ollinger method explicitly estimates the 3-D single-scatter distribution using measured emission and transmission data and then estimates the multiple-scatter as a convolution of the single scatter. The main algorithm difference from that implemented by Ollinger is that the scatter correction does not explicitly compute scatter for azimuthal angles; rather, it determines 2-D scatter estimates for data within 2-D "super-slices" using as input data from the 3-D direct-plane (nonoblique) slices. These axial super-slice data are composed of data within a parameterized distance from the center of the super-slice. A model-based scatter correction method can be parameterized, and choice parameters may significantly change the behavior of the algorithm. Parameters studied in this work included transaxial image downsampling, the number of detectors to calculate scatter to, multiples kernel width and magnitude, the number and thickness of super-slices, and the number of scatter estimation iterations. Measured phantom data included imaging of the NEMA NU-2001 image quality (IQ) phantom, the IQ phantom with 2 cm extra water-equivalent tissue strapped around its circumference, and an attenuation phantom (20 cm uniform cylinder with Teflon, water and air inserts) with two 8 cm diameter water-filled nonradioactive arms placed by its side. For the IQ phantom data, a subset of NEMA NU-2001 measures were used to determine the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), lung residual bias, and background variability. For the attenuation phantom, region of interests (ROIs) were drawn on the nonradioactive compartments and on the background. These ROIs were analyzed for inter and intra-slice variation, background bias, and compartment-to-background ratio. In most cases, the algorithm was most sensitive to multiple-scatter parameterization and least sensitive to transaxial downsampling. The algorithm showed convergence by the second iteration for the metrics used in this study. Also, the range of the magnitude of change in the metrics analyzed was small over all changes in parameterization. Further work to extend these results to more realistic phantom and clinical datasets is warranted.
Variation and Synthetic Speech (1997)

We describe the approach to linguistic variation taken by the Motorola speech synthesizer. A pan-dialectal pronunciation dictionary is described, which serves as the training data for a neural network based letter-to-sound converter. Subsequent to dictionary retrieval or letter-to-sound generation, pronunciations are submitted a neural network based postlexical module. The postlexical module has been trained on aligned dictionary pronunciations and hand-labeled narrow phonetic transcriptions. This architecture permits the learning of individual postlexical variation, and can be retrained for each speaker whose voice is being modeled for synthesis. Learning variation in this way can result in greater naturalness for the synthetic speech that is produced by the system.
Normalization of lens protein kinase Cγ in galactosemic dogs by a novel aldose reductase inhibitor (2004)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a novel aldose reductase inhibitor on lens protein kinase Cgamma (PKCgamma) levels in galactosemic dogs. Six-month old Beagles (12 total; 6 male and 6 female) were made galactosemic by feeding a diet of 40% galactose for 6 weeks. Three dogs per group were fed either control, normal diet, 40% galactose diet, 40% galactose diet with aldose reductase inhibitor at 100 mg/kg body weight per day given orally, or a control diet with aldose reductase inhibitor alone (1-H,7-H-5alpha,6,8,9-tetrahydro-1-oxopyran[4,3-beta](1) benzopyran, referred to herein as HAR-1). Lenses were removed and analyzed for toxicity by pathological examination. Lens polyol concentrations were determined by GC/MS. PKCgamma levels were determined by Western blot and by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). No toxicity was observed from the aldose reductase inhibitor when given at 100 mg/kg body weight per day for 6 weeks. Galactosemic dogs showed deterioration of lens cells. Deterioration included vacuole formation in the lens, cell lysis, and loss of cell nuclei. Galactosemic dogs given the HAR-1 appeared identical to control dogs. Polyol concentrations in the lenses were reduced by 50% in dogs fed the 40% galactose diet with the aldose reductase inhibitor, HAR-1. PKCgamma protein levels were reduced in the galactosemic dog lenses, but synthesis of PKCgamma was not affected, as measured by RT-PCR. The PKCgamma protein levels were similar to controls in dogs given the aldose reductase inhibitor, HAR-1, even when polyol concentrations remained 50% elevated above control levels. HAR-1, when given to control dogs, caused a reduction in the synthesis of PKCgamma mRNA but not in total PKCgamma protein levels. This study demonstrates the use of a novel aldose reductase inhibitor to control changes in PKCgamma in dog lens, a PKC that is known to control gap junction activity.
Dynamic epidermal cooling in conjunction with laser-induced photothermolysis of port wine stain blood vessels (1996)

When a cryogen spurt is applied to the skin surface for an appropriately short period of time (on the order of tens of milliseconds), the spatial distribution of cooling remains localized in the normal overlying epidermis, while leaving the temperature of the deeper port wine stain (PWS) blood vessels unchanged. Furthermore, cooling continues after pulsed laser exposure as cryogen remaining on the surface evaporates and removes heat deposited by light absorption in epidermal melanin. An additional advantage of dynamic cooling is a reduction in the level of pain and discomfort associated with flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser therapy of PWS. Preliminary clinical studies and supporting theoretical calculations demonstrate the feasibility of selective epidermal cooling while achieving photothermolysis of blood vessels during pulsed laser treatment of PWS.
Building segmentation for densely built urban regions using aerial LIDAR data (2008)

We present a novel building segmentation system for densely built areas, containing thousands of buildings per square kilometer. We employ solely sparse LIDAR (Light/Laser Detection Ranging) 3D data, captured from an aerial platform, with resolution less than one point per square meter. The goal of our work is to create segmented and delineated buildings as well as structures on top of buildings without requiring scanning for the sides of buildings. Building segmentation is a critical component in many applications such as 3D visualization, robot navigation and cartography. LIDAR has emerged in recent years as a more robust alternative to 2D imagery because it acquires 3D structure directly, without the shortcomings of stereo in un- textured regions and at depth discontinuities. Our main technical contributions in this paper are: (i) a ground segmentation algorithm which can handle both rural regions, and heavily urbanized areas, where the ground is 20% or less of the data, (ii) a building segmentation technique, which is robust to buildings in close proximity to each other, sparse measurements and nearby structured vegetation clutter, and (Hi) an algorithm for estimating the orientation of a boundary contour of a building, based on minimizing the number of vertices in a rectilinear approximation to the building outline, which can cope with significant quantization noise in the outline measurements. We have applied the proposed building segmentation system to several urban regions with areas of hundreds of square kilometers each, obtaining average segmentation speeds of less than three minutes per km <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> on a standard Pentium processor. Extensive qualitative results obtained by overlaying the 3D segmented regions onto 2D imagery indicate accurate performance of our system.
Structure–Reactivity Relationship in Alkane Metathesis Using Well‐Defined Silica‐Supported Alkene Metathesis Catalyst Precursors (2008)

Alkane metathesis can be performed by using well-defined silica-supported alkene metathesis catalyst precursors as long as the coordination sphere of the metal centre contains both alkyl and alkylidene groups, such as in [([triple chemical bond]SiO)Mo([triple chemical bond]NAr)(=CHtBu)(CH2tBu)]. This system transforms mainly linear alkanes, from propane to hexane, into their lower and higher homologues. Mechanistic studies clearly show that alkene metathesis is a key step of this reaction and also suggest that this system is a single-site single-component system, namely, alkenes are formed and transformed on one site, which is in contrast to that observed with a mixture of catalysts.
GPU formulated MLEM joint estimation of emission activity and photon attenuation in Positron Emission Tomography (2014)

We present image reconstruction results for Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization (MLEM) based joint emission activity distribution- and photon attenuation map estimation from Positron Emission Tomography (PET) data. To our knowledge this is the first MLEM method for such joint estimation in PET. While the proposed MLEM method applies to a family of statistical data acquisition models, we propose a specific model which is appropriate for efficient Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) based implementation. The PET data was generated using a simulated two dimensional 64×64 pixel XCAT thorax phantom, and the joint emission activity- and photon attenuation root mean square reconstruction errors were 3.6% and 1.1% respectively. The typical reconstruction errors had negligible global influence on the quality and accuracy of the reconstructed images.
Enhanced magnetic localization with artificial neural network field models (2013)

Most of magnetic localization and orientation systems use single dipole models to calculate magnetic field, which, due to the fundamental limitation of the dipole, become inaccurate as the sensors approach the surface of the magnet. Moreover, they are unable to account for geometry, magnetization and any physical imperfections of the magnetic source. This paper presents a novel method of modeling the magnetic field of axisymmetric permanent magnets with artificial neural networks (ANNs), which permits accurate field modeling even at close proximity to the magnet. ANN based field models used to characterize experimental field data of solid and annular cylindrical magnets were found to be on average at least 10 times more accurate than that of dipole based models. Using model-based localization, tracking results from following a predetermined figure `8' path were also promising, with an average error of 0.43 mm in XY plane and 0.93 mm in XZ plane from only three sensor inputs.
Lanthanum gallate substrates for epitaxial high-temperature superconducting thin films (1988)

We demonstrate that lanthanum gallate (LaGaO3) has considerable potential as an electronic substrate material for high-temperature superconducting films. It provides a good lattice and thermal expansion match to YBa2Cu3O7−x, can be grown in large crystal sizes, is compatible with high-temperature film processing, and has a reasonably low dielectric constant (ε≂25) and low dielectric losses. Epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7−x films grown on LaGaO3 single-crystal substrates by three techniques have zero resistance between 87 and 91 K.
Grating-coupled surface plasmon resonance in conical mounting with polarization modulation (2012)

A grating-coupled surface plasmon resonance (GCSPR) technique based on polarization modulation in conical mounting is presented. A metallic grating is azimuthally rotated to support double-surface plasmon polariton excitation and exploit the consequent sensitivity enhancement. Corresponding to the resonance polar angle, a polarization scan of incident light is performed, and reflectivity data are collected before and after functionalization with a dodecanethiol self-assembled monolayer. The output signal exhibits a harmonic dependence on polarization, and the phase term is used as a parameter for sensing. This technique offers the possibility of designing extremely compact, fast, and cheap high-resolution plasmonic sensors based on GCSPR.
A combined particle/kalman filter for improved tracking of beam aspect targets (2004)

Track continuity is difficult to maintain when tracking beam aspect targets. The loss of Doppler discrimination allows clutter to mask the target return, making it nearly impossible to detect. In order to improve tracking performance, a combination particle/Kalman filter has been developed. The tracking filters obviate each other as appropriate. When a target enters a Doppler blind zone, the particle filter replaces the Kalman filter as the tracking algorithm until the target exits the zone. The particle filter expands over the uncertainty region so that when the target is once again visible, it can immediately resume track via re-initialization of the Kalman filter. This paper discusses the design and simulation of this algorithm and shows the resulting improvement in track continuity. We briefly discuss how our combined particle/Kalman filter approach can be used to address the problem of targets obscured in altitude return.
Video Enhancement through Automated Lucky Region Fusion from a Stream of Atmospherically Distorted Images (2009)

An automated video enhancement technique based on “lucky region” fusion is presented. The fusion parameter is automatically adjusted to imaging conditions based on analysis of source images. The technique is demonstrated experimentally on atmospherically distorted image sets.
Towards Quantifying and Preventing the Leakage of Genomic Data Using Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (2013)

Towards Quantifying and Preventing the Leakage of Genomic Data Using Privacy-Enhancing Technologies
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF STEROID HORMONE SIGNALING IN PLANTS (2005)

Brassinosteroids (BRs), the polyhydroxylated steroid hormones of plants, regulate the growth and differentiation of plants throughout their life cycle. Over the past several years, genetic and biochemical approaches have yielded great progress in understanding BR signaling. Unlike their animal counterparts, BRs are perceived at the plasma membrane by direct binding to the extracellular domain of the BRI1 receptor S/T kinase. BR perception initiates a signaling cascade, acting through a GSK3 kinase, BIN2, and the BSU1 phosphatase, which in turn modulates the phosphorylation state and stability of the nuclear transcription factors BES1 and BZR1. Microarray technology has been used extensively to provide a global view of BR genomic effects, as well as a specific set of target genes for BES1 and BZR1. These gene products thus provide a framework for how BRs regulate the growth of plants.
MODELING CHARGE PREPARATION AND COMBUSTION IN DIESEL FUEL, ETHANOL, AND DUAL-FUEL PCCI ENGINES (2011)

In this work, multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics modeling predictions are compared for three different methods of achieving high-efficiency, low NOT, and soot premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion. The first method is early injection, highly dilute (i.e., low oxygen concentration), diesel fuel PCCI operation. In this method, the oxygen concentration is reduced to extend the ignition delay to allow adequate time for mixing prior to autoignition. The second method is early injection PCCI operation using neat ethanol. In this method, the fuel reactivity is sufficiently low such that PCCI combustion can be achieved without using external dilution. The final method, dual-fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion, blends fuels with different ignition qualities in the combustion chamber to tailor the auto-ignition properties of the mixture for the specific operating condition. In this study, RCCI operation was investigated using in-cylinder fuel blending of diesel fuel and gasoline as well as diesel fuel and an E85 blend (i.e., 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline). It was found that the modeling approach used in this work is capable of capturing the bulk combustion characteristics (e.g., cylinder pressure) as well as the details of the injection event (e.g., liquid penetration) and ignition processes. The simulations were shown to provide accurate predictions of the differences in combustion characteristics of diesel fuel, ethanol, and fuel blends (i.e., gasoline + diesel fuel and E85 + diesel fuel). It was found that the ethanol PCCI and dual-fuel (gasoline + diesel fuel and E85 + diesel fuel) RCCI cases have significantly reduced rates of energy release compared to neat diesel fuel PCCI operation. The reduced energy release rates of the ethanol PCCI and dual-fuel RCCI cases may allow these modes of PCCI combustion to achieve higher engine loads than that of neat diesel PCCI.
Laser pumping of 5kV silicon thyristors for fast high current rise-times (2011)

Lasers have been used to control semiconductor switching devices either by laser gating or laser triggering. Laser gating requires the optical source to generate of all charge carriers which would be prohibitively expensive in terms of optical power to use with high current devices. Laser triggering only generates charge carriers in the gate region of the device which still results in a slow turn-on time as those charges create conducting channels between the anode and cathode. Laser pumping is an alternative that combines these two concepts, seeding all of the initial charge carriers using optical power while using thyristor action to maintain conduction. By selecting the appropriate wavelength, the charge carries can be generated throughout the bulk of the thyristor. This significantly reduces the costs of the optical power while still providing a very fast turn-on as the limit of the turn-on time is not the rate at which the initial charge carriers can be generated but on how fast the device can be seeded with photo-generated charge carriers. Previously reported results demonstrated turn-on times of less than 40ns to 2500A. These tests were done using commercial devices with windows etched into the anode metalization to permit laser pumping and described the development of a compact laser diode source. This paper will describe the development and comparative performance of laser pumped silicon thyristor switches capable of <;50ns risetimes and peak currents of >;5kA. The turn-on time was improved through the development of devices designed specifically for laser pumping. Two types of devices were fabricated, some with optical windows on the anode side and electrical triggering available on the cathode side while the others have optical windows on the cathode side and cannot be electrically triggered. A higher power compact laser source was also developed.
Development of a Self Powered Vehicle Detector (1978)

data and the design approach for the sensor module. 2 ' 3 In November 1976, a research and development program was established at NSWC/WOL to complete the necessary component research on the magnetic sensor and sensor electronics, battery evaluation and the design testing and fabrication of twenty SPVD magnetic sensor modules and housings. The program was subsequently modified to include additional component research in a newly invented omnidirectional microstrip antenna, RF oscillator and transmitter, telemetry link encoder and decoder, and development problems and associated underestimates incurred during the fabrication of the twenty SPVD systems. This final report covers all SPVD component research and development and is divided into seven major areas of 'nvestigation: (1) magnetometer development, (2) sensor system electronics development, (3) telemetry link encoder/decoder development, (4) telemetry link oscillator/transmitter development, (5) antenna development, (6) tele,,etry receiver and battery evaluations, and (7) mechanical component design and development.
Comparison of Bovine Immune Responses to Affinity-Purified Bovine Herpesvirus-1 Antiidiotypes and Glycoproteins (1993)

Bovine immune responses to rabbit antiidiotypic antibodies (anti-Id) against neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) envelope glycoproteins and to BHV-1 glycoproteins were compared. Glycoprotein-immunized animals produced high titers of anti-BHV-1 antibodies and were protected against BHV-1 challenge. Recombinant bovine interleukin-2 (rIL-2)-treated, anti-Id-immunized animals showed a slight reduction in clinical disease, and one calf produced BHV-1-neutralizing antibodies. Treatment with rIL-2 augmented non-BHV-1-specific immune responses. However, even with rIL-2 as an adjuvant, the mixture of polyclonal anti-Id did not elicit a consistent, protective BHV-1-specific immune response in calves.
A chemically contiguous hapten approach for a heroin–fentanyl vaccine (2019)

<b>Background:</b> Increased death due to the opioid epidemic in the United States has necessitated the development of new strategies to treat addiction. Monoclonal antibodies and antidrug vaccines provide a tool that both aids addiction management and reduces the potential for overdose. Dual drug vaccines formulated by successive conjugation or by mixture have certain drawbacks. The current study examines an approach for combatting the dangers of fentanyl-laced heroin, by using a hapten with one epitope that has domains for both fentanyl and heroin. <b>Results:</b> We evaluated a series of nine vaccines developed from chemically contiguous haptens composed of both heroin- and fentanyl-like domains. Analysis of the results obtained by SPR and ELISA revealed trends in antibody affinity and titers for heroin and fentanyl based on epitope size and linker location. In antinociception studies, the best performing vaccines offered comparable protection against heroin as our benchmark heroin vaccine, but exhibited attenuated protection against fentanyl compared to our fentanyl vaccine. <b>Conclusion:</b> After thorough investigation of this strategy, we have identified key considerations for the development of a chemically contiguous heroin-fentanyl vaccine. Importantly, this is the first report of such a strategy in the opioid-drug-vaccine field.
Conversion of Biogas to Renewable Energy by Microwave Reforming (2020)

Biogas consists of methane and carbon dioxide, the main components, which are major greenhouse gases that affect global warming. As such, in order to convert greenhouse gas into renewable energy, which is a high-quality fuel, the biogas microwave reforming characteristics were studied and the results are as follows: In the main components of biogas, methane and carbon dioxide, the conversion efficiency of both methane and carbon dioxide increased as the amount of CO2 relatively increased. This is because the problem of active pore failure due to gasification of the attached carbon generated during methane reforming was overcome. When nitrogen, a biogas-containing component, was added, the activity of catalytic activity pores was enhanced by promoting the production of microplasma, resulting in increased conversion efficiency. When the concentration of oxygen, which is a biogas-containing component, increased, the conversion efficiency increased, but when the concentration is more than 10%, the fuel value of the product gas decreased due to the complete oxidation reaction.