gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alloyed Thick Film Gold Conductor for High-Reliability High-Yield Wire Bonding (1979)

The widespread use of ultrasonic aluminum wire bonding and the increasing use of automatic thermosonic gold wire bonding in thick-film hybrid microelectronic circuitry has prompted the develolpment of materials optimized for these specialized bonding techniques. A new reduced thickness ("thin") thick-film gold conductor, developed to give the high reliability and high yield required for both interconnection methods, is described. The advantages of a "thin" printing thick-film gold conductor in providing improved bonding yields in automatic thermosonic gold wire bonding have been described previously. However, in applications requiring ultrasonic aluminum wire bonding and elevated temperature burn-in or life tests, solid-state reactions occur at wire bond/thick-film interfaces that degrade bond integrity. The changes in these reactions and in interconnection performance when an alloying element is added to the reduced thickness thick-film conductor is focused on. The ultrasonic aluminum wire bond performance of the new reduced thickness thick-film gold conductor containing a small amount of an alloying element is compared to that of a similar thin printing gold conductor developed for automatic gold wire bonding and to a conventional thick-film gold containing a different alloying element. It is shown that for extended storage (to 1000 hours) at 150°C both alloyed compositions exhibit a failure mode different from that of the "pure" gold material and higher pull strength retention. Aged wire bonds on the unalloyed control exhibit mean pull strengths of 4 grams and fail at the thick-film conductor/aluminum wire interface. Aged wire bonds on both alloyed conductors exhibit mean pull strengths above 6 grams and fail in the aluminum wire at the heel of the bond. The effect of elevated temperature storage on wire bond resistance has also been determined. Wire bonds on unalloyed controls exhibit large increases in electrical resistance, while the electrical resistance of wire bonds on alloyed metallizations remains constant. Initial bondability is of prime importance when considering either bonding yield or how well a new gold can be retrofitted into an existing process. The reduced thickness alloyed gold is shown to have greater bonding latitude than the conventional alloyed metallization in the formation of ultrasonic aluminum wire bonds. The differences in ultrasonic aluminum wire bond performance of the gold conductors were explored through scanning electron microscopy and X-ray analysis of the interface metallurgy. Mechanistic aspects are described.
Differentiation of osteoclast precursors on gellan gum-based spongy-like hydrogels for bone tissue engineering (2018)

Bone tissue engineering with cell-scaffold constructs has been attracting a lot of attention, in particular as a tool for the efficient guiding of new tissue formation. However, the majority of the current strategies used to evaluate novel biomaterials focus on osteoblasts and bone formation, while osteoclasts are often overlooked. Consequently, there is limited knowledge on the interaction between osteoclasts and biomaterials. In this study, the ability of spongy-like gellan gum and hydroxyapatite-reinforced gellan gum hydrogels to support osteoclastogenesis was investigated in vitro. First, the spongy-like gellan gum and hydroxyapatite-reinforced gellan gum hydrogels were characterized in terms of microstructure, water uptake and mechanical properties. Then, bone marrow cells isolated from the long bones of mice and cultured in spongy-like hydrogels were treated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to promote osteoclastogenesis. It was shown that the addition of HAp to spongy-like gellan gum hydrogels enables the formation of larger pores and thicker walls, promoting an increase in stiffness. Hydroxyapatite-reinforced spongy-like gellan gum hydrogels support the formation of the aggregates of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-stained cells and the expression of genes encoding DC-STAMP and Cathepsin K, suggesting the differentiation of bone marrow cells into pre-osteoclasts. The hydroxyapatite-reinforced spongy-like gellan gum hydrogels developed in this work show promise for future use in bone tissue scaffolding applications.
High performance tandem type amorphous solar cells (1982)

The authors present a detailed analysis at the relation between film properties of glow discharge a-SiGe:H and solar cells performance such as Au Schottky barrier diodes, a-SiGe:H inverted PIN type solar cell and also new tandem type amorphous solar cells which were found as a result of above mentioned investigation. The highest conversion efficiency of 8.5 % was obtained by the three junction stacked tandem type cell.
Polarization enhancement of passive SWIR cloud thermodynamic phase remote sensing (2019)

Determining whether a cloud is composed of spherical water droplets of polyhedral ice crystals (i.e., the thermodynamic phase) from a passive remote sensing instrument is very difficult because of the immense variety of clouds and their highly variable microphysical properties. To improve upon the popular method of radiance ratios, we enhance the classification ability by adding polarimetric sensitivity to an instrument that measures radiance in three short-wave infrared bands. Clouds typically induce a polarization signature on the order of a percent, and so sensitive optics are required for accurate classification. In this paper, we present the combination of spectral and polarimetric sensitivity for cloud thermodynamic phase classification using data from a ground-based, 3-band, short-wave infrared polarimeter and cloud-phase validation from a dual-polarization lidar. We then analyze the classification quality of various methods using surface-fitting techniques to show that the addition of polarimetry is advantageous for cloud classification.
Regulation of the <i>Streptomyces coelicolor</i> Calcium-Dependent Antibiotic by <i>absA</i> , Encoding a Cluster-Linked Two-Component System (2002)

The Streptomyces coelicolor absA two-component system was initially identified through analysis of mutations in the sensor kinase absA1 that caused inhibition of all four antibiotics synthesized by this strain. Previous genetic analysis had suggested that the phosphorylated form of AbsA2 acted as a negative regulator of antibiotic biosynthesis in S. coelicolor (T. B. Anderson, P. Brian, and W. C. Champness, Mol. Microbiol. 39:553-566, 2001). Genomic sequence data subsequently provided by the Sanger Centre (Cambridge, United Kingdom) revealed that absA was located within the gene cluster for production of one of the four antibiotics, calcium-dependent antibiotic (CDA). In this paper we have identified numerous transcriptional start sites within the CDA cluster and have shown that the original antibiotic-negative mutants used to identify absA exhibit a stronger negative regulation of promoters upstream of the proposed CDA biosynthetic genes than of promoters in the clusters responsible for production of actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin. The same antibiotic-negative mutants also showed an increase in transcription from a promoter divergent to that of absA, upstream of a putative ABC transporter, in addition to an increase in transcription of absA itself. Interestingly, the negative regulation of the biosynthetic transcripts did not appear to be mediated by transcriptional regulation of cdaR (a gene encoding a homolog of the pathway-specific regulators of the act and red clusters) or by any other recognizable transcriptional regulator associated with the cluster. The role of absA in regulating the expression of the diverse antibiotic biosynthesis clusters in the genome is discussed in light of its location in the cda cluster.
Recent advances in single-cell MALDI mass spectrometry imaging and potential clinical impact (2011)

Single-cell analysis is gaining popularity in the field of mass spectrometry as a method for analyzing protein and peptide content in cells. The spatial resolution of MALDI mass spectrometry (MS) imaging is by a large extent limited by the laser focal diameter and the displacement of analytes during matrix deposition. Owing to recent advancements in both laser optics and matrix deposition methods, spatial resolution on the order of a single eukaryotic cell is now achievable by MALDI MS imaging. Provided adequate instrument sensitivity, a lateral resolution of approximately 10 µm is currently attainable with commercial instruments. As a result of these advances, MALDI MS imaging is poised to become a transformative clinical technology. In this article, the crucial steps needed to obtain single-cell resolution are discussed, as well as potential applications to disease research.
High-resolution scanning SQUID microscope (1995)

We have combined a novel low temperature positioning mechanism with a single-chip miniature superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer to form an extremely sensitive new magnetic microscope, with a demonstrated spatial resolution of ∼10 μm. The design and operation of this scanning SQUID microscope will be described. The absolute calibration of this instrument with an ideal point source, a single vortex trapped in a superconducting film, will be presented, and a representative application will be discussed.
Characterization of infectious bursal disease virus isolates from Indonesia indicates the existence ofvery virulent strains with unique genetic changes (2003)

Sequencing of the hypervariable region of viral protein VP2 of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) isolates obtained from non-vaccinated chickens in Indonesia showed that the majority (16/17) were closely related to published very virulent (vv)IBDV strains. Four isolates contained identical amino acid sequences to Asian and European vvIBDVs, sharing vv-specific amino acid residues 222(Ala), 256(Ile), and 294(Ile). Eight isolates differed by one amino acid at position 222(Ala-->Ser); however, this change did not alter the pathogenicity or antigenicity of these strains. Two isolates, with amino acid substitutions at positions 272(Ile-->Thr) and 279(Asp-->Asn), did not cause clinical disease or mortality, and were therefore considered to be naturally occurring, attenuated mutants of vvIBDV. The results illustrate variability that might occur among vvIBDV strains.
Raw data normalization for a multi source inverse geometry CT system (2015)

A multi-source inverse-geometry CT (MS-IGCT) system consists of a small 2D detector array and multiple x-ray sources. During data acquisition, each source is activated sequentially, and may have random source intensity fluctuations relative to their respective nominal intensity. While a conventional 3rd generation CT system uses a reference channel to monitor the source intensity fluctuation, the MS-IGCT system source illuminates a small portion of the entire field-of-view (FOV). Therefore, it is difficult for all sources to illuminate the reference channel and the projection data computed by standard normalization using flat field data of each source contains error and can cause significant artifacts. In this work, we present a raw data normalization algorithm to reduce the image artifacts caused by source intensity fluctuation. The proposed method was tested using computer simulations with a uniform water phantom and a Shepp-Logan phantom, and experimental data of an ice-filled PMMA phantom and a rabbit. The effect on image resolution and robustness of the noise were tested using MTF and standard deviation of the reconstructed noise image. With the intensity fluctuation and no correction, reconstructed images from simulation and experimental data show high frequency artifacts and ring artifacts which are removed effectively using the proposed method. It is also observed that the proposed method does not degrade the image resolution and is very robust to the presence of noise.
High resonate pole frequency M2LC converter for medium voltage drive and energy sector applications (2015)

This paper introduces a new modulation scheme for a Modular Multilevel Converter incorporating the selection of inter-phase module inductance chosen so its resonate frequency is sufficiently higher than both the switching and AC output frequency of the M2LC converter.
Antigenic Variation of<i>Ehrlichia chaffeensis</i>Resulting from Differential Expression of the 28-Kilodalton Protein Gene Family (2002)

The transcriptional activity and allele variation of the 28-kDa outer membrane protein gene (p28) of Ehrlichia chaffeensis were analyzed to determine the mechanism of the antigenic variation of the 28-kDa outer membrane proteins. Reverse transcriptase PCR amplification of mRNA indicated that 16 of the 22 members of the p28 multigene family were transcribed. Amino acid sequence analysis indicated that the p28-19 protein was produced in vitro in the Arkansas strain. The p28-19 gene and its promoter region were sequenced and compared in 12 clinical isolates of E. chaffeensis to determine allele variation. The variation of the p28-19 gene among the isolates is limited to three types represented by strains Arkansas, 91HE17, and Sapulpa, respectively. These results indicate that the majority of the p28 genes are active genes and that antigenic variation of the E. chaffeensis 28-kDa proteins may result from differential expression of the p28 gene family members rather than gene conversion.
Enhancement of electrical conductivity of thick silver electrode using a tailored amorphous alloy (2012)

Metallic glass (MG) can be a promising additive for the screen-printed silver electrode, when the composition of MG is properly tailored. When Cu-Zr-Al MG is used as an additive, the contact resistance between the Ag electrode and the Si emitter significantly decreases down to 5.39 mΩ cm2 on 100 Ω/sq of emitter, while when Cu-Zr Mg is used, the contact resistance is 31.28 mΩ cm2. Wider supercooled-liquid region and high reactivity with silver of Cu-Zr-Al MG lead to wider contact area of the Ag electrode and higher density of Ag crystallites, resulting in such a low contact resistance.
Modified Differential Ground Fault Protection for Systems Having Multiple Sources and Grounds (1994)

This paper discusses the modified differential ground fault protection system, for the purpose of illustrating that 1) such systems are suitable for application on service equipment having multiple sources of electrical power, each of which may have multiple grounds, 2) such systems may be applied using conventional equipment that is currently available from several suppliers, 3) such systems can meet requirements for generator grounding without the use of four-pole transfer switches and switched neutrals, 4) such systems may be analyzed for effectiveness using conventional circuit analysis techniques.
Globally optimal segmentation of interacting surfaces with geometric constraints (2004)

Efficient detection of globally optimal surfaces representing object boundaries in volumetric datasets is important and remains challenging in many medical image analysis applications. We have developed an optimal surface detection method that is capable of simultaneously detecting multiple interacting surfaces, in which the optimality is controlled by the cost functions designed for individual surfaces and several geometric constraints defining the surface smoothness and interrelations. The method solves the surface detection problems by transforming them into computing minimum s-t cuts in the derived edge-weighted directed graphs. The proposed algorithm has low-order polynomial complexity and is computationally efficient. The method has been validated on over 100 computer generated volumetric images and 96 CT-scanned datasets of different-sized plexiglas tubes, yielding highly accurate results (mean signed error of the measured inner- and outer-diameters of the plexiglas tubes was 0.21 /spl plusmn/ 3.20%). Our approach can be readily extended to higher dimensional image segmentation.
Aluminum Nanowire Arrays via Directed Assembly (2015)

Freestanding and vertically-oriented metal nanowire arrays have potential utility in a number of applications, but presently lack a route to fabrication. Template-based techniques, such as electrodeposition into lithographically defined nanopore arrays, have produced well-ordered nanowire arrays with a maximum pitch of about 2 μm; such nanowires, however, tend to cluster due to local attractive forces. Here, we modify this template fabrication method to produce well-ordered, vertically-oriented, freestanding Al nanowire arrays, etched from an underlying Al substrate, with highly tunable pitch. In addition, optical measurements demonstrated that the nanowires support the propagation of surface plasmon polaritons.
Abstract 15149: Exosome-Mediated Anti-Aging Effects of Cardiosphere-Derived Cells (2016)

Introduction: Cell senescence underlies and/or exacerbates age-related cardiovascular pathologies. Cardiosphere -derived cell (CDC) therapy has demonstrated several favorable effects on heart struc...
Measuring Thickness Of Ice When Liquid Is Present (1995)

Proposed capacitive ice-thickness gauge gives reliable measurement even when water or other liquid present within or over layer of ice. Capability important for measuring thickness of ice on airplane wing or other surface because some liquid water present during formation of ice and even when deicing fluid or heat applied, still need to measure thickness of remaining ice.
Real-Time Cognitive Computing Architecture for Data Fusion in a Dynamic Environment (2012)

A novel cognitive computing architecture is conceptualized for processing multiple channels of multi-modal sensory data streams simultaneously, and fusing the information in real time to generate reaction sequences. This unique architecture is capable of assimilating parallel data streams that could be analog, digital, synchronous/asynchronous, and could be programmed to act as a knowledge synthesizer and/or an intelligent perception processor. In this architecture, the bio-inspired models of visual pathway and olfactory receptor processing are combined as processing components, to achieve the composite function of searching for a source of food while avoiding the predator. The architecture is particularly suited for scene analysis from visual data and odorant.
Very Low Cost Algorithms for Predicting the File Size of JPEG Images Subject to Changes of Quality Factor and Scaling (2008)

This work presents two new algorithms to predict the file size of a JPEG image subject to transformations consisting of simultaneous changes in resolution (scaling) and in quality factor (QF). To be computationally efficient, the prediction is based solely on easily accessible image parameters such as the quality factor and the original file size. A large image corpus (100,000 images), gathered by a crawler, is divided into a training set used to optimize the predictors and into a test set used to validate the predictors. For both algorithms the prediction error is shown to be of a few percents when the output parameters are close to those of the original image while remaining reasonably attractive elsewhere. Both algorithms are simple to implement and require very little processing for the prediction itself; making them good choices for implementation in transcoding servers. Following is an example of a prediction matrix from the first algorithm for images with original quality factor (QF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in</sub> ) of 80 and for various scalings and output quality factors (QF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">out</sub> ).
Discovery of (<i>R</i>)-2-(6-Methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)butanoic Acid as a Potent and Selective Aldo-keto Reductase 1C3 Inhibitor (2016)

Type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) converts Δ(4)-androstene-3,17-dione and 5α-androstane-3,17-dione to testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone, respectively, in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In CRPC, AKR1C3 is implicated in drug resistance, and enzalutamide drug resistance can be surmounted by indomethacin a potent inhibitor of AKR1C3. We examined a series of naproxen analogues and find that (R)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)butanoic acid (in which the methyl group of R-naproxen was replaced by an ethyl group) acts as a potent AKR1C3 inhibitor that displays selectivity for AKR1C3 over other AKR1C enzymes. This compound was devoid of inhibitory activity on COX isozymes and blocked AKR1C3 mediated production of T and induction of PSA in LNCaP-AKR1C3 cells as a model of a CRPC cell line. R-Profens are substrate selective COX-2 inhibitors and block the oxygenation of endocannabinoids and in the context of advanced prostate cancer R-profens could inhibit intratumoral androgen synthesis and act as analgesics for metastatic disease.
Ectopic Lymphoid Follicle Formation and Human Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Responses Recapitulated in an Organ‐on‐a‐Chip (Adv. Sci. 14/2022) (2022)

Organ‐on‐a‐Chip A microfluidic organ‐on‐a‐chip model of the human lymphoid follicle that recapitulates vaccination responses in vitro. Blood‐derived cells self assemble into germinal centers in a matrix gel in the lower channel when nutrient medium is flowed through the upper channel. Antigen‐specific antibodies and cytokines are secreted in response to seasonal influenza vaccination that mirror responses observed in patients. More details can be found in article number 2103241 by Donald E. Ingber and co‐workers. [Image: see text]
STUDIES REGARDING TO THE PRESENCE OF PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS TYPE 2 IN SWINE INDUSTRIAL GROWTH FARMS FROM ROMANIA (2008)

The present paper was meaned to be a serological, biomolecular and histopathological screening about the presence of porcine circovirus of type 2, in three swine farms from Romania, as a component part of some complex investigations regarding the opportunity of conceiving and introducing in the immunoprofilaxis programs from our country of an efficient vaccine against porcine circovirosis. By immunoenzymatic processing 111 serum samples, harvested from piglets, sows, boars, swine in fattening, it has been established that at each of the three farms that was under study, over 60% of the results were positive towards porcine circovirus of type 2 ( PCV2). The presence of PCV2 in the respective farms demonstrated it and the specific amplicons obtained, at the Pasteur Institute from Bucharest, as well as at the Institute of Veterinary Medicine from Budapest, after processing by PCR of some extracts from organs samples harvested from dead bodies and/ or abortions. On histological preparations performed from samples with positive PCR results were observed some aspects characteristic for PCV2 infection (lymphocytes depletion at the level of lymphoid organs, respectively lymphohystiocytic bronchopneumonia), aspects which, correlated with the results of the other investigations, confirmed the evolution of circovirosis in swine herds under study. Considering the important economical losses that swine circovirosis can produce directly and/ or indirectly, as well as the alarming results obtained by this study, we consider that it is necessary the achievement of this kind of screening at a larger scale and reconsidering the importance of the immune prophylaxis specific for this disease.