gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
End-of-production Supplemental Lighting with Red and Blue Light-emitting Diodes (LEDs) Influences Red Pigmentation of Four Lettuce Varieties (2015)

Under low-light greenhouse conditions, such as those found in northern latitudes, foliage of red leaf lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) varieties is often green and not visually appealing to consumers. Our objective was to quantify the effect of end-of-production (EOP; prior to harvest) supplemental lighting (SL) of different sources and intensities on foliage color of four red leaf lettuce varieties, ‘Cherokee’, ‘Magenta’, ‘Ruby Sky’, and ‘Vulcan’. Plants were finished under greenhouse ambient solar light and provided with 16-hours of day-extension lighting from low intensity light-emitting diode (LED) lamps [7:11:33:49 blue:green:red:far red (control)] delivering 4.5 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 , or 16-hours of EOP SL from high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps delivering 70 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 , or LED arrays [100:0, 0:100, or 50:50 (%) red:blue] delivering 100 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 , or 0:100 blue LEDs delivering 25 or 50 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 . Relative chlorophyll content (RCC) and foliage L* (lightness), and chromametric a* (change from green to red) and b* (change from yellow to blue) values were significantly influenced by EOP SL and days of exposure. Generally, RCC of all varieties increased from day 3 to 14 when provided with EOP SL from the HPS lamps and LEDs delivering 100 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 . End-of-production SL providing 100 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 of 100:0, 0:100, or 50:50 red:blue light for ≥5 days resulted in increasing a* (red) and decreasing L* (darker foliage), b* (blue), and h ° (hue angle; a measure of tone) for all varieties. Our data suggests that a minimum of 5 days of EOP SL providing 100 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 of 100:0, 0:100, or 50:50 red:blue light enhanced red pigmentation of ‘Cherokee’, ‘Magenta’, ‘Ruby Sky’, and ‘Vulcan’ leaves when plants are grown under a low greenhouse daily light integrals (DLIs) <10 mol·m −2 ·d −1 .
Improved Feature-Selection Method Considering the Imbalance Problem in Text Categorization (2014)

The filtering feature-selection algorithm is a kind of important approach to dimensionality reduction in the field of the text categorization. Most of filtering feature-selection algorithms evaluate the significance of a feature for category based on balanced dataset and do not consider the imbalance factor of dataset. In this paper, a new scheme was proposed, which can weaken the adverse effect caused by the imbalance factor in the corpus. We evaluated the improved versions of nine well-known feature-selection methods (Information Gain, Chi statistic, Document Frequency, Orthogonal Centroid Feature Selection, DIA association factor, Comprehensive Measurement Feature Selection, Deviation from Poisson Feature Selection, improved Gini index, and Mutual Information) using naïve Bayes and support vector machines on three benchmark document collections (20-Newsgroups, Reuters-21578, and WebKB). The experimental results show that the improved scheme can significantly enhance the performance of the feature-selection methods.
High viral burden in the presence of major HIV-specific CD8+ T cell expansions: evidence for impaired CTL effector function (2001)

To investigate the effect of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells on viral plasma load and disease progression, we enumerated HLA-A2-, B8- and B57-restricted CD8+ T cells directed against several HIV epitopes in a total of 54 patients by the use of tetrameric HLA-peptide complexes. In patients with high CD4+ T cell numbers, HIV-specific tetramer+ cells inversely correlated with viral load. Patients with CD4+ T cell numbers below 400/μ l blood, however, carried high viral load despite frequently having high tetramer+ T cell numbers. This lack of correlation between viral load and tetramer+ cells did not result from viral escape variants, as in only 4 of 13 patients, low frequencies of viruses with mutated epitopes were observed. In 15 patients we measured CD8+ T cell antigen responsiveness to HIV peptide stimulation in vitro. FACS analyses showed differential IFN-γ production of the tetramer+ cells, and this proportion of IFN-γ-producing tetramer+ cells correlated with AIDS-free survival and with T cell maturation to the CD27– effector stage. These data show that most HIV-infected patients have sustained HIV-specific T cell expansions but many of these cells seem not to be functional, leaving the patient with high numbers of non-functional virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the face of high viral burden.
Synthesis of novel polybutadiene-graft-poly(sodium methacrylate) amphiphilic copolymers as precursors for liquid crystalline graft copolymers (1999)

Well-defined polybutadiene-graft-poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) (PBD-g-PtBMA) copolymers were prepared by reaction of PtBMA chains end-capped with a tert-butyl 4-vinylbenzoate (tBVB) anion, with the selectively hydrosilylated 1,2-units of anionically synthesized PBD. Substitution of the tBVB anion for the anion of living PtBMA chains is required for the formation of the expected C-silylation product instead of the unstable O-silylation one. Subsequent hydrolysis of the poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) grafts followed by neutralization of the carboxylic acid groups by sodium hydroxide leads to amphiphilic polybutadiene-graft-poly(sodium methacrylate) (PBD-g-PNaMA) graft copolymers. These copolymers form unimeric micelles in water, as observed by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Non-covalent liquid crystalline graft copolymers were prepared by cation exchange between PBD-g-PNaMA copolymers and an ammonium containing smectic mesogen. These copolymers form a smectic mesophase which is microphase separated from PBD.
Light Scattering Measurement in PMMA Optical Fibers (1987)

A new light scattering measuring system was developed to investigate the heterogeneous structure in plastic optical fibers (POF). Measurements were conducted on commercial PMMA POF of different diameters. The results showed that the correlation length, which characterizes the size of a heterogeneous structure, is substantially larger in POF than in a bulk PMMA specimen, and increases with decreasing fiber diameter. These facts suggest that some structural changes such as molecular orientation and residual stress might be induced during POF formation, resulting in an additional scattering loss.
Sidelobe canceling on a reconfigurable holographic metamaterial antenna (2014)

Holographic metamaterial antennas are a promising technology to increase consumer usage of satellite capacity by providing an economical means of connectivity on mobile platforms. Metamaterial antennas are built for portability - thin, lightweight, low-power consuming, and having no moving parts - achieving precision beam-steering electronically. We develop an optimization algorithm capable of performing adaptive optimization of antenna patterns. The efficacy of the algorithm is demonstrated experimentally.
Rapid Identification of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and the <i>mecA</i> Gene from BacT/ALERT Blood Culture Bottles by Using the LightCycler System (2002)

One hundred BacT/ALERT blood culture bottles growing gram-positive cocci in clusters were cultured and studied by LightCycler PCR for the sa442 and mecA genes. PCR was 100% sensitive and specific for detecting Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistance in S. aureus but was less accurate for methicillin resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci.
A guide to mode locking (1975)

A conceptual, nonmathematical explanation of the phenomenon of mode locking is presented. History, loss modulation, phase modulation, saturable absorbers, other mode locking methods, frequency shifting and pulse compression, pulse selection, direct measurements, and indirect measurement are discussed. (IAA(
Overview of fast on‐board integrated battery chargers for electric vehicles based on multiphase machines and power electronics (2016)

The study provides an extensive overview of on‐board integrated chargers for electric vehicles that are based on multiphase (more than three phases) machines and power electronics. A common attribute of all discussed topologies is that they do not require a charger as a separate device since its role is transferred to the already existing drivetrain elements, predominantly a multiphase machine and an inverter. The study demonstrates how additional degrees of freedom that exist in multiphase systems can be conveniently utilised to achieve torque‐free charging operation. Therefore, although three‐phase (or multiphase) currents flow through machines’ stator windings, they do not generate any torque; thus the machines do not have to be mechanically locked. Cost and weight saving is achieved in this way, while the available space is increased. For each topology operating principles are explained, and its control elaborated in detail for both charging and vehicle‐to‐grid mode. Finally, the validity of theoretical considerations and control algorithms of some of the existing charging solutions is experimentally verified and experimental performance of all discussed topologies is compared.
Differences in Allergenic Potential of Food Extracts following Oral Exposure in Mice Reflect Differences in Digestibility: Potential Approaches to Safety Assessment (2007)

An animal model for food allergy is needed to assess genetically modified food crops for potential allergenicity. The ideal model must produce allergic antibody (IgE) to proteins differentially according to known allergenicity before being used to accurately identify potential allergens among novel proteins. The oral route is the most relevant for exposure to food antigens, and a protein's stability to digestion is a current risk assessment tool based on this natural route. However, normal laboratory animals do not mount allergic responses to proteins administered orally due to oral tolerance, an immunologic mechanism which specifically suppresses IgE. To circumvent oral tolerance and evoke differential IgE responses to a panel of allergenic and nonallergenic food extracts, female C3H/HeJ mice were exposed subcutaneously or orally with cholera toxin as an adjuvant. All foods elicited IgE by the subcutaneous route. Oral exposure, however, resulted in IgE to allergens (peanut, Brazil nut, and egg white) but not to nonallergens (spinach and turkey), provided that the dose and exposures were limited. Additionally, in vitro digestibility assays demonstrated the presence of digestion-stable proteins in the allergenic food extracts but not in the nonallergenic foods. Our results suggest that the subcutaneous route is inadequate to distinguish allergens from nonallergens, but oral exposure under the appropriate experimental conditions will result in differential allergic responses in accordance with known allergenicity. Moreover, those foods containing digestion-resistant proteins provoke allergic responses in this model, supporting the current use of pepsin resistance in the decision tree for potential allergenicity assessment.
Bulk heating of solid-density plasmas during high-intensity-laser plasma interactions (2009)

K -shell x-ray spectroscopy is used to study the interaction of small-mass copper foil targets (>20x20x2microm;{3}) with a high-intensity (>10;{19}Wcm;{2}) laser pulse. Efficient bulk heating to greater than 200eV is demonstrated using collisional-energy transfer from recirculating fast electrons. K -photon yields and bulk-electron temperatures calculated by three-dimensional numerical target-heating simulations are in good agreement with the experimental measurements.
Recommender Systems for Online Dating (2015)

Users of large online dating sites are confronted with vast numbers of candidates to browse through and communicate with. To help them in their endeavor and to cope with information overload, recommender systems can be utilized.\n\nThis thesis introduces reciprocal recommender systems that are aimed towards the domain of online dating. An overview of previously developed methods is presented, and five methods are described in detail, one of which is a novel method developed in this thesis. The five methods are evaluated and compared on a historical data set collected from an online dating website operating in Finland. Additionally, factors influencing the design of online dating recommenders are described, and support for these characteristics are derived from our historical data set and previous research on other data sets.\n\nThe empirical comparison of the five methods on different recommendation quality criteria shows that no method is overwhelmingly better than the others and that a trade-off need be taken when choosing one for a live system. However, making that trade-off decision is something that warrants future research, as it is not clear how different criteria affect user experience and likelihood of finding a partner in a live online dating context.
Epiregulin gene expression as a biomarker of benefit from cetuximab in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer (2013)

In pre-treated K-ras wild-type status colorectal cancer, patients with high EREG gene expression appear to benefit more from cetuximab therapy compared with low expression. Epiregulin as a selective biomarker requires further evaluation.
Magnetic Tunnel Junction as an On-Chip Temperature Sensor (2017)

Temperature sensors are becoming an increasingly important component in System-on-Chip (SoC) designs with increasing transistor scaling, power density and associated heating effects. This work explores a compact nanoelectronic temperature sensor based on a Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) structure. The MTJ switches probabilistically depending on the operating temperature in the presence of thermal noise. Performance evaluation of the proposed MTJ temperature sensor, based on experimentally measured device parameters, reveals that the sensor is able to achieve a conversion rate of 2.5K samples/s with energy consumption of 8.8 nJ per conversion (1-2 orders of magnitude lower than state-of-the-art CMOS sensors) for a linear sensing regime of 200-400 K.
3D Saliency maps (2011)

Eye tracking devices have been extensively used to study human selection mechanisms and promoted the development of computational models of visual attention, whose well known outcomes are the saliency maps. Among the eye trackers, wearable ones have the advantages of allowing the estimation of the Point of Regard (POR) while performing natural tasks, instead of experimental, static lab settings. The motion of the viewer makes localization necessary to collect data in a coherent reference frame. In this work we present a framework for the estimation and mapping of the sequence of 3D PORs collected by a wearable device in unstructured, experimental settings. The result is a three-dimensional map of gazed objects, which we call 3D Saliency Map and constitutes the novel contribution of this work.
Crypto multi tenant: an environment of secure computing using cloud sql (2014)

In our proposed work we mainly focus on data security of tenants so that only the authorized user can access the data. To provide this feature we use encryption and decryption process of data so that the only legal tenant can access their particular data. Hence, for security related to data of tenants we implement AES (advanced encryption standard) using cloud SQL. The result obtained from experimental methodology proved that AES gives protection for the data stored in the cloud. We make use of AES algorithm and Google App Engine to supply secured data storage, efficiency, assure availability in the condition of cloud denial-of-service attacks and data security in the cloud. This Approach is basically implemented by tenants who are going to store their data in the cloud.
Cell synchronization and isolation of metaphase chromosomes from maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) root tips for flow cytometric analysis and sorting (1996)

Accumulation of cells containing metaphase chromosomes is an important step in cytological analyses and chromosome sorting procedures. The goal of this research was to optimize treatment parameters to synchronize the cell cycle of maize root tip meristem cells. Levels of hydroxyurea, a DNA synthesis inhibitor, were assessed for their utility in accumulating cells at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Trifluralin, amiprophos-methyl, and colchicine were used to accumulate cells containing metaphase chromosomes upon release from hydroxyurea inhibition. Optimal mitotic indices were achieved by treating seedlings with 5 mM hydroxyurea for 18 h, incubating for 1 h without chemical treatment to release the hydroxyurea block, and then treating emerging roots with 1 μM trifluralin for 4 h. The mitotic index of synchronized maize root tips was over 70%. Uniformity of synchronization depended upon selection of seeds with emerging radicles that were similar in length at the time of treatment. Suspensions of intact chromosomes were prepared by a simple slicing procedure. The chromosome preparations were found to be suitable for flow cytometric characterization and sorting. Chromosome peaks of the observed flow karyotype resembled the predicted flow karyotype calculated on the basis of maize chromosome size. Key words : flow karyotype, hydroxyurea, plant chromosome sorting, trifluralin.
Auxin-Modulated Protein Disulfide-Thiol Interchange Activity from Plasma Membranes of Spinach Leaves Responds to Photoperiod and NADH (1998)

The renaturation of scrambled (oxidized and inactive) RNase A is catalyzed by plasma membrane vesicles isolated from spinach leaves. The activity was assayed using a spectrophotometric assay with cCMP as the RNase substrate. The protein disulfide-thiol interchange activity required for RNase renaturation was stimulated 1.5- to two-fold by 1 μM auxin (2,4-D) and up to 1.5-fold by addition of NADH. The activity also was elevated ca. 1.8-fold in plasma membrane vesicles isolated from leaves of plants treated with 1 kg/hectare 2,4-D (13 x 10-2 M if evenly distributed in the treated plants). The activity of the plasma membrane vesicles isolated from leaves of 2,4-D-treated plants remained auxin-responsive (1.5-fold stimulated by 1 μM 2,4-D). Also elevated was the activity in leaves from short day plants compared with plants induced to flower by 24 h of continuous light. The activity was reduced ca. two-fold by photoinduction but remained auxin-responsive.
Modeling A Piezoelectric TSM Sensor to study Kinetics of Multi-layer Biosensing Structure (2006)

Most of the biological processes are surface mediated; but limited techniques are available to study interfacial biological processes. These techniques exhibit significant limitation due to their low sensitivity and selectivity, and poor temporal resolution. We are studying a novel measurement technique which utilizes piezoelectric thickness shear mode (TSM) sensor for the study of interfacial biological processes in real time. A typical real-life biological system is a multi-layer system comprising of several biological surfaces or interfaces. This multi-layer sensing structure loaded on piezoelectric TSM sensor has been simulated based on Mason's model, which represents each layer as T-network of acoustic and electrical impedances. Each layer is described by its mechanical properties (stiffness, viscosity, density) and geometrical properties (thickness). These properties can be varied for a variety of material parameters which represent broad range of biologically relevant operation conditions. Our model predicts the changes in the total impedance of the sensor system, which is related to the resonance frequency and amplitude of the sensor. In turn, these changes can be related to the ongoing biological processes. The study shows three different processes simulating interfacial phenomena and gelation (solidification) of materials.
Secreted PLA2 induces proliferation in astrocytoma through the EGF receptor: another inflammation-cancer link (2010)

We have investigated mechanisms that contribute to reinforce the relationship between inflammation and cancer. Secreted phospholipase A(2) group IIA (sPLA(2)-IIA) is a molecule relevant in inflammatory events and has been proposed as a marker for some of these. Previously, we reported the mitogenic properties of this sPLA(2) in the human astrocytoma cell line 1321N1. Here, we go deeper into the mechanisms that link this inflammatory protein with proliferation in one of the most aggressive types of tumors. We found that phosphorylation of the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) was preceded by the activation of the small GTPase Ras, and both failed to be activated by inhibiting protein kinase C (PKC). Fractionation and immunofluorescence studies revealed translocation of PKC alpha, delta, and epsilon to the membrane fraction upon stimulation with sPLA(2)-IIA. Immunoprecipitation analysis showed that sPLA(2)-IIA induces phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) through a PKC-dependent pathway. We found that phosphorylation of this receptor contributed to Ras and ERK activation and that inhibition of ERK, PKC, and EGFR blocked the mitogenic response induced by sPLA(2)-IIA. This study showed that sPLA(2)-IIA is able to bring into play EGFR to trigger its signaling and that PKC leads the distribution of resources. Interestingly, we found that this is not a cell-specific response, because sPLA(2)-IIA was also able to transactivate EGFR in MCF7 human breast cancer cells. Therefore, this mechanism could contribute to worsen the prognosis of a tumor in an inflammatory microenvironment. We also present more links of the tumor chain possibly susceptible to targeting.
Does training work for displaced workers?: a survey of existing evidence (1991)

Leigh examines nine demonstration projects and operating programs to determine how well public retraining programs for displaced workers fulfill their roles.
A 90 MHz 16 Mbit system integrated memory with direct interface to CPU (2002)

This paper describes a system integrated memory with direct interface to CPU which integrates an SRAM, a DRAM and control circuitry including a TAG. This system memory realizes a computer system without glue chips. Thus, this system memory brings a computer system which is low cost, low power and compact size with sufficient performance. The maximum operating frequency is 90 MHz and the operating current at cache hit is 156 mA.
Combining Sketching and Traditional Diagram Editing Tools (2015)

The least cognitively demanding way to create a diagram is to draw it with a pen. Yet there is also a need for more formal visualizations, that is, diagrams created using both traditional keyboard and mouse interaction. Our objective is to allow the creation of diagrams using traditional and stylus-based input. Having two diagram creation interfaces requires that changes to a diagram should be automatically rendered in the other visualization. Because sketches are imprecise, there is always the possibility that conversion between visualizations results in a lack of syntactic consistency between the two visualizations. We propose methods for converting diagrams between forms, checking them for equivalence, and rectifying inconsistencies. As a result of our theoretical contributions, we present an intelligent software system allowing users to create and edit diagrams in sketch or formal mode. Our proof-of-concept tool supports diagrams with connected and spatial syntactic elements. Two user studies show that this approach is viable and participants found the software easy to use. We conclude that supporting such diagram creation is now possible in practice.