gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy of a Murine Melanoma with p-Boronophenylalanine: Dose-Response Analysis Using a Morbidity Index (1991)

Boron-10 concentrations of 20 or 40 micrograms/g were attained in mouse B16 melanomas following one or two intragastric doses of p-boronophenylalanine (750 mg/kg body weight per dose), respectively. Tumor-to-normal-tissue (blood, muscle) boron concentration ratios were 4:1-6:1. The efficacy of boron neutron capture irradiation was monitored using the Wilcoxon two-sample test in conjunction with a system of ranking outcomes of different therapies that compared living mice and mice sacrificed because of excessive tumor growth concomitantly. Median survivals were extended progressively as radiation doses were increased up to 38.7 gray-equivalent (gray X relative biological effectiveness), with one of five and one of six tumors cured in each of the two highest dose groups, respectively. When comparable tumor inhibitory doses of 250-kVp X rays were used to treat these tumors, instead of the transient erythema and edema that resulted from boron neutron capture therapy, there resulted irreversible muscle necrosis in the irradiated zone and atrophy of the foot distal to the irradiated zone. The improvement in treatment outcome with boron neutron capture therapy is attributable to unprecedented tumor-to-normal-tissue radiation dose ratios of approximately 2.8 to 3.6.
Antigens involved in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. (1999)

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), a common side effect of heparin therapy, can be life-threatening. Following treatment with heparin, platelet factor 4 (PF4) is released into the circulation. Heparin can bind to PF4 to form a reactive antigen on the platelet. The formation of large heparin-PF4 (H-PF4) complexes that can react with HIT antibodies depends on the concentrations of heparin and PF4. Antibodies involved in HIT are usually of the IgG class, but can be IgA or IgM; Fab and Fc fragments are necessary for the activation of platelets. In a minority of cases of HIT, antibodies to H-PF4 are not present, but antibodies to other cytokines have been found. These antibodies frequently react either with interleukin-8 (IL-8) or with neutrophil-activating peptide 2 (NAP-2). Discontinuation of heparin has been the traditional first step in the treatment of HIT. Drugs that inhibit thrombin directly may be necessary in some cases.
Identification of Phosphatin, a Drug Alleviating Phosphate Starvation Responses in Arabidopsis    (2014)

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is present in most soils at suboptimal concentrations, strongly limiting plant development. Plants have the ability to sense and adapt to the surrounding ionic environment, and several genes involved in the response to Pi starvation have been identified. However, a global understanding of the regulatory mechanisms involved in this process is still elusive. Here, we have initiated a chemical genetics approach and isolated compounds that inhibit the response to Pi starvation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Molecules were screened for their ability to inhibit the expression of a Pi starvation marker gene (the high-affinity Pi transporter PHT1;4). A drug family named Phosphatin (PTN; Pi starvation inhibitor), whose members act as partial suppressors of Pi starvation responses, was thus identified. PTN addition also reduced various traits of Pi starvation, such as phospholipid/glycolipid conversion, and the accumulation of starch and anthocyanins. A transcriptomic assay revealed a broad impact of PTN on the expression of many genes regulated by low Pi availability. Despite the reduced amount of Pi transporters and resulting reduced Pi uptake capacity, no reduction of Pi content was observed. In addition, PTN improved plant growth; this reveals that the developmental restrictions induced by Pi starvation are not a consequence of metabolic limitation but a result of genetic regulation. This highlights the existence of signal transduction pathway(s) that limit plant development under the Pi starvation condition.
Compact explanatory opinion summarization (2013)

In this paper, we propose a novel opinion summarization problem called compact explanatory opinion summarization (CEOS) which aims to extract within-sentence explanatory text segments from input opinionated texts to help users better understand the detailed reasons of sentiments. We propose and study general methods for identifying candidate boundaries and scoring the explanatoriness of text segments using Hidden Markov Models. We create new data sets and use a new evaluation measure to evaluate CEOS. Experimental results show that the proposed methods are effective for generating an explanatory opinion summary, outperforming a standard text summarization method.
Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 4-fluoropyrazole-3-carboxamide nucleoside derivatives (2008)

A series of novel 4-fluoro-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide nucleoside analogues were synthesized and evaluated as potential inhibitors of RNA virus replication, including hepatitis C virus (HCV).
In situ destruction of contaminants via hydrous pyrolysis (1998)

A field test of hydrous pyrolysis/oxidation (HPO) was conducted during the summer of 1997, during a commercial application of thermal remediation (Dynamic Underground Stripping (DUS)) at the Visalia Pole Yard (a super-fund site) in southern California. At Visalia, Southern California Edison Co. is applying the DUS thermal remediation method to clean up a large (4.3 acre) site contaminated with pole-treating compounds. This is a full-scale cleanup, during which initial extraction of contaminants is augmented by combined steam/air injection in order to enhance the destruction of residual contaminants by HPO. Laboratory results indicate that the contaminants at Visaha react at similar rates to TCE, which has been the focus of extensive laboratory work (Knauss et al., 1998a-c). Field experimental results from this application yield valuable information (1) confirming the destruction of contaminants in soil and groundwater by HPO, (2) validating the predictive models used to design HP0 steam injection systems, (3) demonstrating that accurate field measurements of the critical fluid parameters can be obtained using existing monitoring wells and (4) obtaining a reasonable prediction of the cost and effectiveness of HPO, working at a commercial scale and with commercial partners. The goal of our additional study and demonstration in conjunction withmore » Edison has been to obtain early proof of hydrous pyrolysis/oxidation in the field, and validate our predictive models and monitoring strategies. This demonstration provides valuable economic and practicability data obtained on a commercial scale, with more detailed field validation than is commonly available on a commercially-conducted cleanup. The results of LLNL s field experiments constrain the destruction rates throughout the site, and enable site management to make accurate estimates of total in situ destruction based on the recovered carbon. As of October, 1998, over 900,000 lb of contaminant have been removed from the site; about 18% of this has been destroyed in situ.« less
Rapid, high-throughput detection of rifampin resistance and heteroresistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by use of sloppy molecular beacon melting temperature coding (2012)

Rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is largely determined by mutations in an 80-bp rifampin resistance determining region (RRDR) of the rpoB gene. We developed a rapid single-well PCR assay to identify RRDR mutations. The assay uses sloppy molecular beacons to probe an asymmetric PCR of the M. tuberculosis RRDR by melting temperature (Tm) analysis. A three-point Tm code is generated which distinguishes wild-type from mutant RRDR DNA sequences in approximately 2 h. The assay was validated on synthetic oligonucleotide targets containing the 44 most common RRDR mutations. It was then tested on a panel of DNA extracted from 589 geographically diverse clinical M. tuberculosis cultures, including isolates with wild-type RRDR sequences and 25 different RRDR mutations. The assay detected 236/236 RRDR mutant sequences as mutant (sensitivity, 100%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 98 to 100%) and 353/353 RRDR wild-type sequences as wild type (specificity, 100%; 95% CI, 98.7 to 100%). The assay identified 222/225 rifampin-resistant isolates as rifampin resistant (sensitivity, 98.7%; 95% CI, 95.8 to 99.6%) and 335/336 rifampin-susceptible isolates as rifampin susceptible (specificity, 99.7%; 95% CI, 95.8 to 99.6%). All mutations were either individually identified or clustered into small mutation groups using the triple Tm code. The assay accurately identified mixed (heteroresistant) samples and was shown analytically to detect RRDR mutations when present in at least 40% of the total M. tuberculosis DNA. This was at least as accurate as Sanger DNA sequencing. The assay was easy to use and well suited for high-throughput applications. This new sloppy molecular beacon assay should greatly simplify rifampin resistance testing in clinical laboratories.
Novel Architecture of Indoor Bifacial Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells with Efficiencies Surpassing 25% and Efficiency Ratios Exceeding 95% (2021)

Abstract To prepare bifacial dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), the classical photoelectrode employing the main light‐absorbing layer (ML) and scattering layer (SL) will encounter the scattering effect of SL to the rear‐side incident light and, thereby, decrease the rear‐side efficiencies. To solve this problem, the SL has always been removed for the fabrication of bifacial cells. However, the front‐side efficiency decreases without the SL. Here, a novel structure of a TiO 2 photoelectrode is developed for bifacial DSSCs to solve the contrary effect for cells with and without an SL, increasing both the front‐side and rear‐side efficiencies. This new structure is constructed by introducing an additional ML behind the SL of the traditional DSSC structure (ML/SL), creating a sandwich (ML/SL/ML) architecture of the TiO 2 film. The results demonstrate that rear illuminated light can be harvested more efficiently by this photoelectrode because the light is absorbed first by the last ML before suffering the effect of the SL. By using D35 and XY1b as cosensitizers of the photoelectrode, the front‐side and rear‐side efficiencies of the bifacial cells can achieve 25.04% and 23.7%, respectively, under 1000 lux fluorescent lighting, which means a rear‐to‐front efficiency ratio of 95%. The cells also show high efficiencies under one‐sun conditions.
Longevity of optically activated, high gain GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switches (2002)

The longevity of high gain GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSS) for pulsed power applications has been extended to well over 10 million pulses by reducing the density of carriers at the semiconductor to metal interface. This was achieved by reducing the density in the vertical and lateral directions. The first was achieved by varying the spatial distribution of the trigger light, thereby widening the current filaments that are characteristic of the high gain switches. The authors reduced the carrier density in the vertical direction by using ion implantation. These results were obtained for currents of about 10 A, current duration of 3.5 ns, and switched voltage of /spl sim/2 kV. At currents of /spl sim/70 A, the switches last for 0.6 million pulses. In order to improve the performance at high currents, new processes such as deep diffusion and epitaxial growth of contacts are being pursued. To guide this effort, the authors measured a carrier density of 6/spl times/10/sup 18/ electrons (or holes)/cm/sup 3/ in filaments that carry a current of 5 A.
Efficient dynamic scheduling through tag elimination (2002)

An increasingly large portion of scheduler latency is derived from the monolithic content addressable memory (CAM) arrays accessed during instruction wakeup. The performance of the scheduler can be improved by decreasing the number of tag comparisons necessary to schedule instructions. Using detailed simulation-based analyses, we find that most instructions enter the window with at least one of their input operands already available. By putting these instructions into specialized windows with fewer tag comparators, load capacitance on the scheduler critical path can be reduced, with only very small effects on program throughput. For instructions with multiple unavailable operands, we introduce a last-tag speculation mechanism that eliminates all remaining tag comparators except those for the last arriving input operand. By combining these two tag-reduction schemes, we are able to construct dynamic schedulers with approximately one quarter of the tag comparators found in conventional designs. Conservative circuit-level timing analyses indicate that the optimized designs are 20-45% faster and require 10-20% less power, depending on instruction window size.
Sketch-Fill-A-R: A Persona-Grounded Chit-Chat Generation Framework (2020)

Human-like chit-chat conversation requires agents to generate responses that are fluent, engaging and consistent. We propose Sketch-Fill-A-R, a framework that uses a personamemory to generate chit-chat responses in three phases. First, it generates dynamic sketch responses with open slots. Second, it generates candidate responses by filling slots with parts of its stored persona traits. Lastly, it ranks and selects the final response via a language model score. Sketch-Fill-A-R outperforms a state-of-the-art baseline both quantitatively (10-point lower perplexity) and qualitatively (preferred by 55% in head-to-head single-turn studies and 20% higher in consistency in multi-turn user studies) on the Persona-Chat dataset. Finally, we extensively analyze Sketch-Fill-A-R's responses and human feedback, and show it is more consistent and engaging by using more relevant responses and questions.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Fluoropyridinium Triflate and Its Analogs, the First Stable 1:1 Salts of Pyridine Nucleus and Halogen Atom. (1986)

Abstract The substituted pyridines (I) react with fluorine at low temperatures to form the N‐fluoropyridiniumfluorides (II), which are transformed into the triflates (III).
Feasibility Study of a Small Animal PET Insert Based on a Single LYSO Monolithic Tube (2018)

There are drawbacks with using a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanner design employing the traditional arrangement of multiple detectors in an array format. Typically PET systems are constructed with many regular gaps between the detector modules in a ring or box configuration, with additional axial gaps between the rings. Although this has been significantly reduced with the use of the compact high granularity SiPM photodetector technology, such a scanner design leads to a decrease in the number of annihilation photons that are detected causing lower scanner sensitivity. Moreover, the ability to precisely determine the line of response (LOR) along which the positron annihilated is diminished closer to the detector edges because the spatial resolution there is degraded due to edge effects. This happens for both monolithic based designs, caused by the truncation of the scintillation light distribution, but also for detector blocks that use crystal arrays with a number of elements that are larger than the number of photosensors and, therefore, make use of the light sharing principle. In this report we present a design for a small-animal PET scanner based on a single monolithic annulus-like scintillator that can be used as a PET insert in high-field Magnetic Resonance systems. We provide real data showing the performance improvement when edge-less modules are used. We also describe the specific proposed design for a rodent scanner that employs facetted outside faces in a single LYSO tube. In a further step, in order to support and prove the proposed edgeless geometry, simulations of that scanner have been performed and lately reconstructed showing the advantages of the design.
A general methodology and applications for conduction-like flow-channel design. (2004)

A novel design methodology is developed for creating conduction devices in which fields are piecewise uniform. This methodology allows the normally analytically intractable problem of Lagrangian transport to be solved using algebraic and trigonometric equations. Low-dispersion turns, manifolds, and expansions are developed. In this methodology, regions of piece-wise constant specific permeability (permeability per unit width) border each other with straight, generally tilted interfaces. The fields within each region are made uniform by satisfying a simple compatibility relation between the tilt angle and ratio of specific permeability of adjacent regions. This methodology has particular promise in the rational design of quasi-planar devices, in which the specific permeability is proportional to the depth of the channel. For such devices, the methodology can be implemented by connecting channel facets having two or more depths, fabricated, e.g., using a simple two-etch process.
Effect of Sensitizer Adsorption Temperature on the Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2011)

Employing a mesoscopic titania photoanode whose bilayer structure was judiciously selected to fit the optoelectronic characteristics of the Ru-based heteroleptic complex Na-cis-Ru(4,4'-(5-hexyltiophen-2-yl)-2,2'-bipyridine)(4-carboxylic-acid-4'-carboxylate-2,2'-bipyridine)(thiocyanate)(2), coded as C101, we investigated the effect of temperature for dye adsorption on the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). We found a significant efficiency enhancement upon lowering the temperature applied during the sensitizer uptake from solution. When the dye adsorption was performed at 4 °C, the photovoltaic performance parameters measured under standard reporting conditions (AM1.5 G sunlight at 1000 W/m(2) intensity and 25 °C), i.e., the open circuit voltage (V(oc)), the short circuit photocurrent density (J(sc)), the fill factor (FF), and consequently the power conversion efficiency (PCE), improved in comparison to cells stained at 20 and 60 °C. Results from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) show that the self-assembled layer of C101 formed at lower temperature impairs the back-electron transfer from the TiO(2) conduction band to the triiodide ions in the electrolyte more strongly than the film produced at 60 °C. Profiting from the favorable influence that the low-temperature dye uptake exerts on photovoltaic performance, we have realized DSCs showing a power conversion efficiency of 11.5%.
Advances in the design of wideband receivers (2013)

To be practical wideband receivers must tolerate large out-of-band blockers which can desensitize the receiver through gain compression or reciprocal mixing with LO phase noise. This paper reviews how a new noise-cancelling receiver architecture - that utilises 3 important circuit innovations - mitigates gain compression without compromising noise figure. While the architecture is still susceptible to reciprocal mixing it is shown how a recently proposed reciprocal mixing cancelling technique (if incorporated into the receiver) can eliminate the need for a dramatic rise in LOGEN current.
Rugged Direct-Current Transducer (1991)

Direct-current transducer withstands thermal and mechanical shocks. Operates from single, nominally 15-V power supply and nearly insensitive to both large variations in temperature and variations of as much as plus or minus 5 V in supply voltage. Its output voltage highly linear function of sensed current, with full-scale value of about 3 Vdc and offset of about 0.1 Vdc at 0 sensed current. Ruggedness of transducer due in large part to novel magnetic core, machined from solid block of nickel/iron high-permeability, low-hysteresis alloy.
Aflastatin A, a Novel Inhibitor of Aflatoxin Production by Aflatoxigenic Fungi. (1997)

Aflastatin A, a novel inhibitor of the production of aflatoxin by aflatoxigenic fungi, has been isolated from the solvent extract of mycelial cake of Streptomyces sp. and its molecular formula was determined as C62H115NO24. Aflastatin A completely inhibited aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 in liquid medium or on agar plate at a concentration of 0.5 microgram/ml. The mycelial growth of this fungus was not affected in the liquid medium at the same concentration, while the hyphal extension rate was reduced on the plate together with some morphological changes. The growth of the fungus was not completely inhibited even at a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml. Aflastatin A exhibits antimicrobial activity against some bacteria, yeasts and fungi as well as antitumor activity.
Distributed generator and load-side secondary frequency control in power networks (2015)

We design a distributed secondary frequency control scheme for both generators and controllable loads. The proposed scheme operates via local sensing and computation, and neighborhood communication. Equilibrium and stability analysis of the closed-loop system is performed with a power network model including turbines and governors of generators and nonlinear AC power flows. After a change in power supply or demand, the proposed scheme is able to stabilize the system, restore bus frequencies and net inter-area power exchanges, and minimize total generation cost minus user utility at equilibrium.
Functional and immunological peculiarities of peripheral nerve allografts (2021)

This review addresses the accumulating evidence that live (not decellularized) allogeneic peripheral nerves are functionally and immunologically peculiar in comparison with many other transplanted allogeneic tissues. This is relevant because live peripheral nerve allografts are very effective at promoting recovery after segmental peripheral nerve injury via axonal regeneration and axon fusion. Understanding the immunological peculiarities of peripheral nerve allografts may also be of interest to the field of transplantation in general. Three topics are addressed: The first discusses peripheral nerve injury and the potential utility of peripheral nerve allografts for bridging segmental peripheral nerve defects via axon fusion and axon regeneration. The second reviews evidence that peripheral nerve allografts elicit a more gradual and less severe host immune response allowing for prolonged survival and function of allogeneic peripheral nerve cells and structures. Lastly, potential mechanisms that may account for the immunological differences of peripheral nerve allografts are discussed.