gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Asphaltenes yield curve measurements on a microfluidic platform (2015)

We describe a microfluidic apparatus and method for performing asphaltene yield measurements on crude oil samples. Optical spectroscopy measurements are combined with a microfluidic fluid handling platform to create an automated microfluidic apparatus to measure the asphaltene yield. The microfluidic measurements show good agreement with conventional wet chemistry measurements as well as available models. The initial absorbance of the oil is measured, and asphaltenes are removed from the oil by the gradual addition of n-alkane, which leads to flocculation and subsequent filtration. The absorbance of the de-asphalted oil (maltenes) is then measured and the initial asphaltene content is determined by the change in absorbance. The solubility of asphaltene is evaluated by varying the titrant-to-oil ratio (e.g., n-heptane-oil), which induces no, partial, or full precipitation of asphaltenes depending on the chosen ratio. The absorbance of the filtrate is measured and normalized to the maximum content to determine the fractional precipitation at each ratio. Traditionally, a yield curve comprised of 20 such ratios would require weeks to months to generate, while consuming over 6 L of solvent and more than 100 g of crude oil sample. Using the microfluidic approach described here, the same measurement can be performed in 1 day, with 0.5 L of solvent and 10 g of crude oil sample. The substantial reduction in time and consumables will enable more frequent asphaltene yield measurements and reduce its environmental impact significantly.
New Optical System For Projection TV With Very Short Projection Distance (1989)

The projection TV of high picture quality and short depth, has been developed, using the new optical system with short projection distance which has been realized by plastic and glass hybrid lens and aspherical phosphor screen.
Numerical studies of transient and capillary x-ray lasers and their applications (2003)

During recent months we have continued investigations of many different aspects of x-ray lasers to characterize and improve the source and applications. This work has included temporal characterization of existing laser-heated x-ray lasers under a wide range of pumping conditions. We have also looked into more details at different applications of x-ray lasers among which was the interferometry of laser-produced and capillary discharge plasmas in several irradiation conditions for different target Z materials. The reduction of pump energy remains the most important for the generation of new compact x-ray lasers. Numerical studies show that there are some ways to improve several of the key parameters of x-ray lasers specifically repetition rates and efficiency.
A passive nonlinear digital filter design which facilitates physics-based sound synthesis of highly nonlinear musical instruments (1995)

Nonlinearities, small or large, favorably affect the sounds of many musical instruments. In gongs and cymbals, nonlinearities cause the passive transfer of energy from lower frequency modes to higher frequency modes after the instrument has been struck. While many spectral modifications can be achieved by the inclusion of memoryless nonlinearities (such as square-law or table look-up) within the resonant loops of physics-based digital sound synthesis algorithms, energy conservation cannot be achieved without compensating amplitude scaling. In fact, the greater the nonlinear effect desired, the more difficult it is to maintain passivity. Yet, for gongs and cymbals, a very large nonlinear effect is required. A computationally efficient nonlinear digital filter has been designed based on a physical system constructed from passive lossless elements only. This filter may be incorporated into any physical modeling algorithm (such as Karplus–Strong, digital waveguide, or 2D digital waveguide mesh) where traveling waves are being computed. System loss is decoupled from the nonlinear effect, and may be designed independently. Further, system energy spreads locally in the spectrum, as is found in real musical instruments; the rate and spectral region of energy spreading is controllable. Promising gong sounds have been produced.
Reversing The Meaning of Node Connectivity for Content Placement in Networks of Caches (2020)

It is a widely accepted heuristic in content caching to place the most popular content at the nodes that are the best connected. The other common heuristic is somewhat contradictory, as it places the most popular content at the edge, at the caching nodes nearest the users. We contend that neither policy is best suited for caching content in a network and propose a simple alternative that places the most popular content at the least connected node. Namely, we populate content first at the nodes that have the lowest graph centrality over the network topology. Here, we provide an analytical study of this policy over some simple topologies that are tractable, namely regular grids and trees. Our mathematical results demonstrate that placing popular content at the least connected nodes outperforms the aforementioned alternatives in typical conditions.
Multispectral long-wavelength quantum-well infrared photodetectors (2003)

Multispectral detector arrays for application in the 8–11 μm spectral band have been fabricated from GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum-well (MQW) materials. For efficient narrow-band coupling of the infrared radiation, three-dimensional diffractive resonant optical cavities are patterned into the MQW material. The peak wavelengths of the multispectral quantum-well infrared photodetectors are tuned by controlling the dimensions of the resonant structure. The full width at half maximum of the spectral response is as narrow as 0.7 μm. As many as 24 different detector designs were implemented on a single array. The spectrally tuned detectors exhibit peak responsivities as high as 2.6 A/W and quantum efficiency as high as 57%. Total conversion efficiency is as high as 35%. The background limited peak detectivity measured at 9.0 μm and 55 K with a 295 K background and f/2.5 is ⩾1×1011 cm Hz0.5/W.
Radioimmunoassay of the carboxyterminal propeptide of human type I procollagen (1990)

Type I collagen is the most abundant collagen type in soft tissues and the only type found in mineralized bone. We established a rapid equilibrium radioimmunoassay for the carboxyterminal propeptide of human type I procollagen (PICP), to be used as an indicator of the synthesis of type I collagen. We isolated type I procollagen from the medium of primary cultures of human skin fibroblasts, digested the protein with highly purified bacterial collagenase, and purified PICP by lectin-affinity chromatography, gel filtration, and ion-exchange separation on HPLC. The purity of the protein was verified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by N-terminal amino acid sequencing of its component chains. The final radioimmunoassay was established with polyclonal rabbit antibodies. Material antigenically related to PICP is readily detected in human serum. There is only one form of the serum antigen, its molecular size and affinity to the antibodies being similar to those of the isolated propeptide. Intra- and interassay CVs are 3% and 5%, respectively. Preliminary reference intervals for healthy adults (18 to 61 years of age) are 38-202 micrograms/L for men and 50-170 micrograms/L for women: in men the concentration is inversely related to age. The serum antigen is stable during storage and after repeated thawing.
Novel Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP) Neoepitopes Identified in Synovial Fluids from Patients with Joint Diseases Using Affinity Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (2014)

To identify patients at risk for progressive joint damage, there is a need for early diagnostic tools to detect molecular events leading to cartilage destruction. Isolation and characterization of distinct cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) fragments derived from cartilage and released into synovial fluid will allow discrimination between different pathological conditions and monitoring of disease progression. Early detection of disease and processes in the tissue as well as an understanding of the pathologic mechanisms will also open the way for novel treatment strategies. Disease-specific COMP fragments were isolated by affinity chromatography of synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or acute trauma. Enriched COMP fragments were separated by SDSPAGE followed by in-gel digestion and mass spectrometric identification and characterization.Using the enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, and Asp-N for the digestions, an extensive analysis of the enriched fragments could be accomplished. Twelve different neoepitopes were identified and characterized within the enriched COMP fragments. For one of the neoepitopes, Ser77, an inhibition ELISA was developed. This ELISA quantifies COMP fragments clearly distinguishable from total COMP. Furthermore, fragments containing the neoepitope Ser77 were released into the culture medium of cytokine (TNF-α and IL-6/soluble IL-6 receptor)-stimulated human cartilage explants. The identified neoepitopes provide a complement to the currently available commercial assays for cartilage markers. Through neoepitope assays, tools to pinpoint disease progression, evaluation methods for therapy, and means to elucidate disease mechanisms will be provided.
New anthracycline metabolites from mutant strains of Streptomyces galilaeus MA144-M1. II. Structure of 2-hydroxyaklavinone and new aklavinone glycosides. (1981)

Four blocked mutants of aclacinomycin-producing Streptomyces galilaeus MA144-M1 produced new anthracyclinones; 2-hydroxyaklavinone, its non-esterified analog and 2-hydroxy-7-deoxyaklavinone, several new anthracyclines; 2-deoxyfucosyl-2-deoxyfucosyl-rhodosaminylaklavinone (MA144 U1), 2-deoxyfucosyl-rhodosaminylaklavinone (MA144 U2) and five aklavinone glycosides devoid of amino sugar, designated as MA144 U5, U6, U7, U8 and U9.
Abstract 2596: Targeted delivery of doxorubicin conjugated with anti-matriptase antibody to treat multiple myeloma (2010)

Abstract Survival of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) has been significantly improved owing to the advances in new therapeutics for the patients in the past decade; however, the disease remains incurable. New or improved therapeutic agents are therefore urgently needed. Matriptase, a membrane-bound serine type II protease, is overexpressed in B- cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma and epithelial carcinomas. Due to the overexpression of matriptase in multiple myeloma in combination with the limited distribution of the enzyme in epithelial-containing tissues, we have designed and generated an anti-matriptase monoclonal antibody (M24) conjugated to doxorubicin (DOX) for selectively targeting MM cells. The immunoconjugate (M24-DOX) is as potent as free doxorubicin to inhibit the growth of MM cells. Significantly, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells that do not express matriptase, were insensitive to the immunoconjugate, whereas free DOX showed cytotoxicity. More importantly, compared to free DOX, target delivery of doxorubicin by the matriptase antibody significantly reduced the toxicity toward cardiomyocytes that lack maptriptase expression. Following exposure of MM cells to M24-DOX, the immunoconjugate was rapidly internalized, and was mainly localized within nuclei. Moreover, after 24-hour incubation, over 90% of the free DOX was released from the conjugate within the cells. Targeting matriptase, expressed on myeloma cells, should increase the effectiveness and therapeutic index of doxorubicin and improve the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2596.
A bioorthogonal fluorescent probe for mitochondrial hydrogen sulfide: new strategy for cancer cell labeling (2017)

We report the application of a chemodosimeter 'turn on' fluorescent probe for detecting endogenous H<sub>2</sub>S formation in cancer cells. Mito-HS showed a bathochromic shift in the UV-vis-absorption spectrum from 355 nm to 395 nm in the presence of H<sub>2</sub>S. Furthermore, it showed an ∼43-fold fluorescence enhancement at λ<sub>em</sub> = 450 nm in the presence of H<sub>2</sub>S (200 μM). The cancer cell-specific fluorescence imaging reveals that Mito-HS has the ability to distinguish cancer cells from normal cells based on the level of endogenous H<sub>2</sub>S formation. In due course, Mito-HS would be a powerful cancer biomarker based on its ability to estimate endogenous H<sub>2</sub>S formation in living cells.
CCR5/CXCR4 discriminating sites in the HIV-1 gp120 core (2011)

HIV-1 requires engagement of host co-receptor CCR5 or CXCR4 in order to infect human cells. Amino acid identity at positions 11 and/or 25 in the V3 loop of HIV-1 gp120 (positions 306 and 322 in terms of standard HXB2 gp120 numbering) has been shown to strongly influence which co-receptor is utilized by a viral strain. To identify additional sites in other gp120 regions that may influence co-receptor usage, we compared, position-by-position, the electrostatic charge distributions at each location in the 3D structure of X4-tropic gp120 core domains to each structurally equivalent location in R5-tropic gp120 core domains. Seven sites in the gp120 core showed a significant difference in charge distribution between the viral sets. The two strongest differences were positions 440 and 373, both located adjacent to the origin of the V3 loop, suggesting that the co-receptor binding surface of gp120 is a single hotspot formed by the V3 loop and adjacent gp120 core regions.
Super-resolution Surface Microscopy of Conductors using Magnetic Resonance (2017)

The spatial resolution of traditional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques is typically dictated by the strength of the applied magnetic field gradients, resulting in hard resolution limits of the order of 20-50 μm in favorable circumstances. We demonstrate here a technique which is suitable for the interrogation of regions at specified distances below the surface of conducting objects with a resolution well below these limiting values. This approach does not rely on magnetic field gradients, but rather on the spatial variation of the radiofrequency field within a conductor. Samples of aluminium and lithium metal with different sizes and morphologies are examined with this technique using <sup>27</sup>Al and <sup>7</sup>Li NMR. In this implementation, the slice selectivity depends on the conductivity of the material, as well as on the frequency of operation, although in the most general case, the technique could also be used to provide spatial selectivity with arbitrary B <sub>1</sub> field distributions in non-conductors.
Incremental placement for layout driven optimizations on FPGAs (2002)

This paper presents an algorithm to update the placement of logic elements when given an incremental netlist change. Specifically, these algorithms are targeted to incrementally place logic elements created by layout-driven circuit restructuring techniques. The incremental placement engine assumes that the restructuring algorithms provide a list of new logic elements along with preferred locations for each of these new elements. It then tries to shift non-critical logic elements in the original placement out of the way to satisfy the preferred location requests. Our algorithm considers modern FPGA architectures with clustered logic blocksthat have numerous architectural constraints. Experiments indicate that our technique produces results of extremely highquality.
Inhibition of HIV‐1 entry by antibodies: potential viral and cellular targets (2007)

Vaccine-induced antibodies that interfere with viral entry are the protective correlate of most existing prophylactic vaccines. However, for highly variable viruses such as HIV-1, the ability to elicit broadly neutralizing antibody responses through vaccination has proven to be extremely difficult. The major targets for HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies are the viral envelope glycoprotein trimers on the surface of the virus that mediate receptor binding and entry. HIV-1 has evolved many mechanisms on the surface of envelope glycoproteins to evade antibody-mediated neutralization, including the masking of conserved regions by glycan, quaternary protein interactions and the presence of immunodominant variable elements. The primary challenge in the development of an HIV-1 vaccine that elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies therefore lies in the design of suitable envelope glycoprotein immunogens that circumvent these barriers. Here, we describe neutralizing determinants on the viral envelope glycoproteins that are defined by their function in receptor binding or by rare neutralizing antibodies isolated from HIV-infected individuals. We also describe the nonvariable cellular receptors involved in the HIV-1 entry process, or other cellular proteins, and ongoing studies to determine if antibodies against these proteins have efficacy as therapeutic reagents or, in some cases, as vaccine targets to interfere with HIV-1 entry.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Duocarmycin and CC-1065 Analogues Incorporating the 1,2,9,9a-Tetrahydrocyclopropa[<i>c</i>]benz[<i>e</i>]-3-azaindol-4-one (CBA) Alkylation Subunit (2003)

An efficient eight-step synthesis (53% overall) and the evaluation of 1,2,9,9a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benz[e]-3-azaindol-4-one (CBA) and its derivatives containing an aza variant of the CC-1065/duocarmycin alkylation subunit are detailed. This unique deep-seated aza modification provided an unprecedented 2-aza-4,4-spirocyclopropacyclohexadienone that was characterized chemically and structurally (X-ray). CBA proved structurally identical with CBI, the carbon analogue, including the stereoelectronic alignment of the key cyclopropane, its bond lengths, and the bond length of the diagnostic C3a-N2 bond, reflecting the extent of vinylogous amide (amidine) conjugation. Despite these structural similarities, CBA and its derivatives were found to be much more reactive toward solvolysis and hydrolysis, much less effective DNA alkylating agents (1000-fold), and biologically much less potent (100- to 1000-fold) than the corresponding CBI derivatives.
DLFloat: A 16-b Floating Point Format Designed for Deep Learning Training and Inference (2019)

The resilience of Deep Learning (DL) training and inference workloads to low-precision computations, coupled with the demand for power-and area-efficient hardware accelerators for these workloads, has led to the emergence of 16-bit floating point formats as the precision of choice for DL hardware accelerators. This paper describes our optimized 16-bit format that has 6 exponent bits and 9 fraction bits, derived from a study of the range of values encountered in DL applications. We demonstrate that our format preserves the accuracy of DL networks, and we compare its ease-of-use for DL against IEEE-754 half-precision (5 exponent bits and 10 fraction bits) and bfloat16 (8 exponent bits and 7 fraction bits). Further, our format eliminated sub-normals and simplifies rounding modes and handling of corner cases. This streamlines floating-point unit logic and enables realization of a compact power-efficient computation engine.
Entangled photon generation using four-wave mixing in azimuthally symmetric microresonators (2012)

A novel quantum mechanical formulation of the bi-photon wavefunction and spectra resulting from four-wave mixing is developed for azimuthally symmetric systems. Numerical calculations are performed verifying the use of the angular group velocity and angular group velocity dispersion in such systems, as opposed their commonly used linear counterparts. The dispersion profile and bi-photon spectra of two illustrative examples are given, emphasizing the physical origin of the effects leading to the conditions for angular momentum and energy conservation. A scheme is proposed in which widely spaced narrowband entangled photons may be produced through a four-wave mixing process in a chip-scale ring resonator. The entangled photon pairs are found to conserve energy and momentum in the four-wave mixing interaction, even though both photon modes lie in spectral regions of steep angular group velocity dispersion.
Align2Ground: Weakly Supervised Phrase Grounding Guided by Image-Caption\n Alignment (2019)

We address the problem of grounding free-form textual phrases by using weak\nsupervision from image-caption pairs. We propose a novel end-to-end model that\nuses caption-to-image retrieval as a `downstream' task to guide the process of\nphrase localization. Our method, as a first step, infers the latent\ncorrespondences between regions-of-interest (RoIs) and phrases in the caption\nand creates a discriminative image representation using these matched RoIs. In\na subsequent step, this (learned) representation is aligned with the caption.\nOur key contribution lies in building this `caption-conditioned' image encoding\nwhich tightly couples both the tasks and allows the weak supervision to\neffectively guide visual grounding. We provide an extensive empirical and\nqualitative analysis to investigate the different components of our proposed\nmodel and compare it with competitive baselines. For phrase localization, we\nreport an improvement of 4.9% (absolute) over the prior state-of-the-art on the\nVisualGenome dataset. We also report results that are at par with the\nstate-of-the-art on the downstream caption-to-image retrieval task on COCO and\nFlickr30k datasets.\n
Novel shell/core particles for automated turbidimetric immunoassays. (1984)

Abstract Recent innovations in particle design have led to the development of highly sensitive and reproducible immunoassay methods for the Du Pont aca discrete clinical analyzer. Key advances include the synthesis and use of particles less than 1 micron in diameter with high refractive index cores surrounded by thin, chemically reactive shells. The cores are prepared by emulsion polymerization to a well-defined size that depends on the choice of monomer and the requirements for turbidimetric signal. Methods for measuring therapeutic drugs (e.g., theophylline) involve particles with polystyrene cores; other methods require cores with higher refractive indices such as polyvinylnaphthalene. The shells are critical for overall method performance because they bind covalently the immunochemicals of interest. Polyglycidyl methacrylate shells have been used effectively to attach antigens and haptens to the particle surface.
<title>Novel methods for fluorescence sensing</title> (1999)

We describe a new method for fluorescence sensing based on measurements of the steady state polarization of an analyte- sensitive fluorophore in the presence of a reference fluorophore with known polarization. The basic concept is that the polarization of a mixture reflects a weighted average of the polarization of the emitting species. By use of reference fluorophores the starting values can be near zero, or near 0.9 for oriented films which contain the reference fluorophore. Changing intensities of the sensing fluorophore due to the analyte result in changes in the polarization of the combined emission. A wide dynamic range is available because of the freedom to select high or low starting polarization values. Polarization-based sensing was demonstrated for pH using 6- carboxy fluorescein. We also show that polarization sensing can be used for measurements of oxygen and glucose. Polarization sensing can have numerous applications in clinical and analytical chemistry.