gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Retinoic acid influences anteroposterior positioning of epidermal sensory neurons and their gene expression in a developing chordate (amphioxus) (2004)

In developing chordates, retinoic acid (RA) signaling patterns the rostrocaudal body axis globally and affects gene expression locally in some differentiating cell populations. Here we focus on development of epidermal sensory neurons in an invertebrate chordate (amphioxus) to determine how RA signaling influences their rostrocaudal distribution and gene expression (for AmphiCoe, a neural precursor gene; for amphioxus islet and AmphiERR, two neural differentiation genes; and for AmphiHox1, -3, -4, and -6). Treatments with RA or an RA antagonist (BMS009) shift the distribution of developing epidermal neurons anteriorly or posteriorly, respectively. These treatments also affect gene expression patterns in the epidermal neurons, suggesting that RA levels may influence specification of neuronal subtypes. Although colinear expression of Hox genes is well known for the amphioxus central nervous system, we find an unexpected comparable colinearity for AmphiHox1, -3, -4, and -6 in the developing epidermis; moreover, RA levels affect the anteroposterior extent of these Hox expression domains, suggesting that RA signaling controls a colinear Hox code for anteroposterior patterning of the amphioxus epidermis. Thus, in amphioxus, the developing peripheral nervous system appears to be structured by mechanisms parallel to those that structure the central nervous system. One can speculate that, during evolution, an ancestral deuterostome that structured its panepidermal nervous system with an RA-influenced Hox code gave rise to chordates in which this patterning mechanism persisted within the epidermal elements of the peripheral nervous system and was transferred to the neuroectoderm as the central nervous system condensed dorsally.
Privacy-Invasive Software and Preventive Mechanisms (2006)

Computers are increasingly more integrated into peoples daily lives. In this development, user privacy is affected by the occurrence of privacy-invasive software (PIS), sometimes loosely labelled as spyware. The border between legitimate software and PIS is vague and context dependent, at best specified through End-User License Agreements (EULA). This lack of spyware definition result in that current countermeasures are bound to noticeable misclassification rates. In this work we present a classification of PIS from which we come to the conclusion that additional mechanisms that safeguard users consent during software installation is needed, to effectively counteract PIS. We further present techniques that counteract PIS by increasing user awareness about software behaviour, which allow users to base their software installation consent on more informed decisions.
Smooth On-Line Learning Algorithms for Hidden Markov Models (1994)

A simple learning algorithm for Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) is presented together with a number of variations. Unlike other classical algorithms such as the Baum-Welch algorithm, the algorithms described are smooth and can be used on-line (after each example presentation) or in batch mode, with or without the usual Viterbi most likely path approximation. The algorithms have simple expressions that result from using a normalized-exponential representation for the HMM parameters. All the algorithms presented are proved to be exact or approximate gradient optimization algorithms with respect to likelihood, log-likelihood, or cross-entropy functions, and as such are usually convergent. These algorithms can also be casted in the more general EM (Expectation-Maximization) framework where they can be viewed as exact or approximate GEM (Generalized Expectation-Maximization) algorithms. The mathematical properties of the algorithms are derived in the appendix.
Cyclosporin a in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis: Six years experience (1993)

Cyclosporin A (CyA) was used to treat 84 patients with severe chronic plaque psoriasis for 1–72 (mean 18.5) months. CyA treatment was effective with a mean (± SEM) reduction in PASI score of 70 ± 8% (P<0.001). The mean maintenance dose required was 3.3 (range 2–5) mg/kg per day. Continuous treatment with CyA was necessary in 32 patients (38%) whereas 33 patients (39%) received either a single or intermittent courses. CyA was ineffective in four patients at the maximum dose (5 mg/kg per day). Hypertension development in 27 patients (32%) but was effectively treated with conventional therapy. Serum creatinine rose from 85 (±2) μmol/l to 98 (±2) μmol/l, a mean increase of 15%. After a mean of 25 (range 3–60) months treatment 17 patients (21%) had > 30% rise in serum creatinine. There was a strong positive correlation between increase in serum creatinine and duration of treatment (r = 0.49; P < 0.001). In 71 patients glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured before commencing CyA and fell 16% from 110 (±3) ml/min at baseline to 94 (± 3) ml/min after treatment (P < 0.001). The fall in GFR correlated strongly with the length of treatment (r = 0.41; P < 0.001). Renal biopsies were performed on eight patients receiving long-term continuous CyA. Two biopsies showed features consistent with moderate CyA nephrotoxicity and therapy was discontinued. CyA is effective in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. However, monitoring of renal function is mandatory and significant long-term side-effects may limit its use. (J Dermatol Treat (1993) 4: 3–7)
Integrating IP traffic into fieldbus networks (2002)

Fieldbus networks are traditionally used in order to interconnect devices at the field level e.g. sensors and actuators, so that real time or critical time requirements are met concerning data transfer. In addition to traditional fieldbus traffic, novel applications, such as industrial multimedia applications, require the integration of IP traffic into fieldbus networks as well. This integration should be done so that the usual control traffic is not inhibited in any way by IP traffic, while on the other hand specific Quality of Service requirements are met by IP traffic. This paper deals with the different problems that are relevant to the integration of IP traffic into fieldbus networks. It focuses especially on the IP Mapper layer that need to be incorporated between the TCP/IP Stack and the Fieldbus Data Link Layer and performs the appropriate conversion of IP datagrams into fieldbus datagrams as well as the integration of the TCP/IP and the fieldbus communication models. Finally, it presents the way that these problems have been addressed for the integration of IP traffic over a specific fieldbus network.
Structure–Activity Relationship (SAR) Between Some Natural Flavonoids and Ocular Blood Flow in the Rabbit (2004)

The ocular blood flow is increased significantly by the number of OH group in the molecule, with three the best to increase the ocular blood flow.
Iron Uptake in <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> : Utilization of Exogenous Siderochromes as Iron Carriers (1972)

Aerobic microorganisms have evolved a variety of siderochromes, special ligands which can dissolve insoluble ferric iron and facilitate its transport into the cell. We have found that enb mutants of Salmonella typhimurium blocked in the biosynthesis of enterobactin (its natural iron carrier) are able to utilize siderochromes of different types made by other microorganisms as iron carriers. The antibiotic albomycin delta(2) was used to select mutants defective in ferrichrome-mediated iron uptake. Twelve classes of albomycin-resistant mutants, named sid, were defined on the basis of their growth responses to other siderochromes. Most of these classes have genetic lesions in loci that are cotransduced with panC (represented at 9 min on the genetic map). The locus designated sidJ is cotransduced with enb, whereas sidK and sidL are linked with neither panC nor enb. Genetic and physiological data indicate that S. typhimurium has several transport systems of high specificity for a variety of siderochromes produced by other microorganisms.
Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Regulation of Neuroendocrine Pathways that Control Gonadal Function in Mice (2002)

Colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) is the primary regulator of cells of the mononuclear phagocytic lineage. Consequently mice lacking CSF-1 (Csf1(op)/Csf1(op)) have depleted populations of macrophages in many tissues. In addition, both sexes have reduced fertility with females having extended estrus cycles and poor ovulation rates, whereas males have low circulating LH and T. In this study, we show that puberty was significantly delayed in Csf1(op)/Csf1(op) females compared with control littermates. Restoration of circulating CSF-1 over the first 2 wk of life accelerated puberty, and this treatment until puberty completely corrected the extended estrous cycles. In a standard LH surge induction protocol, Csf1(op)/Csf1(op) females showed diminutive negative and no positive feedback response to E2. These data, together with that from male Csf1(op)/Csf1(op) mice that showed normal release of LH with a GnRH agonist, indicate that the hypothalamus is the site of the primary defect causing fertility problems in CSF-1-deficient mice. In the hypothalamus, microglia are the only CSF-1 receptor-bearing cells, and the recruitment of a full complement these cells is slightly delayed in Csf1(op)/Csf1(op) mice. These data suggest a role for CSF-1 and its target cells, microglia, in establishing the feedback sensitivity to circulating steroid hormones in the hypothalamus of mice.
Synthesis and aldose reductase inhibitory activity of substituted 2-oxoquinoline-1-acetic acid derivatives (1986)

A number of 2-oxoquinoline-1-alkanoic acids that contain the N-acylglycine fragment found in several known inhibitors of aldose reductase were synthesized and tested in the rat lens assay. All of the target compounds were prepared by alkylation of the appropriate 2-oxoquinoline intermediates with a halo ester, followed by hydrolysis of the intermediate esters. In the rat lens assay, the 1-acetic acid derivatives 9a-e display the highest level of aldose reductase inhibitor activity with IC50 values of 0.45-6.0 microM. Modification of the 1-acetic acid moiety by esterification, substitution of an alpha-methyl group, or insertion of an additional methylene unit results in reduced inhibitory potency. Structure-activity data also suggests that both the benzene and 2-oxopyridine rings of 9a-e contribute substantially toward activity and that inhibitory potency is influenced by aromatic ring substituents.
Efficacy of nitazoxanide, tizoxanide and tizoxanide/albendazole sulphoxide combination against Taenia crassiceps cysts (2006)

Our results suggest that nitazoxanide in combination with albendazole could be useful for treatment of cysticercosis infections. Additional in vivo studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.
Systemic Therapy for Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma (2017)

Kidney cancers have been extensively studied, and insights from an increased understanding of tumor biology have led to increases in survival rates. Therapies aimed at tumor signaling pathways and immunotherapies have improved the outlook for patients with renal cancer.
An implementation of the object‐oriented concurrent programming language SINA (1989)

Abstract SINA is an object‐oriented language for distributed and concurrent programming. The primary focus of this paper is on the object‐oriented concurrent programming mechanisms of SINA and their implementation. This paper presents the SINA constructs for concurrent programming and inter‐object communication, some illustrative examples and a message‐based implementation model for SINA that we have used in our current implementation.
Tris(trimethylsilyl) Phosphite as an Efficient Electrolyte Additive To Improve the Surface Stability of Graphite Anodes (2017)

Tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphite (TMSP) has received considerable attention as a functional additive for various cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries, but the effect of TMSP on the surface stability of a graphite anode has not been studied. Herein, we demonstrate that TMSP serves as an effective solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)-forming additive for graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). TMSP forms SEI layers by chemical reactions between TMSP and a reductively decomposed ethylene carbonate (EC) anion, which is strikingly different from the widely known mechanism of the SEI-forming additives. TMSP is stable under cathodic polarization, but it reacts chemically with radical anion intermediates derived from the electrochemical reduction of the carbonate solvents to generate a stable SEI layer. These TMSP-derived SEI layers improve the interfacial stability of the graphite anode, resulting in a retention of 96.8% and a high Coulombic efficiency of 95.2%. We suggest the use of TMSP as a functional additive that effectively stabilizes solid electrolyte interfaces of both the anode and cathode in lithium-ion batteries.
Differential Expression of Two Distinct Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Genes in Condensed Tannin-Accumulating and Lignifying Cells of Quaking Aspen (2002)

Lignins, along with condensed tannins (CTs) and salicylate-derived phenolic glycosides, constitute potentially large phenylpropanoid carbon sinks in tissues of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Metabolic commitment to each of these sinks varies during development and adaptation, and depends on L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), an enzyme catalyzing the deamination of L-phenylalanine to initiate phenylpropanoid metabolism. In Populus spp., PAL is encoded by multiple genes whose expression has been associated with lignification in primary and secondary tissues. We now report cloning two differentially expressed PAL cDNAs that exhibit distinct spatial associations with CT and lignin biosynthesis in developing shoot and root tissues of aspen. PtPAL1 was expressed in certain CT-accumulating, non-lignifying cells of stems, leaves, and roots, and the pattern of PtPAL1 expression varied coordinately with that of CT accumulation along the primary to secondary growth transition in stems. PtPAL2 was expressed in heavily lignified structural cells of shoots, but was also expressed in non-lignifying cells of root tips. Evidence of a role for Pt4CL2, encoding 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase, in determining CT sink strength was gained from cellular co-expression analysis with PAL1 and CTs, and from experiments in which leaf wounding increased PAL1 and 4CL2 expression as well as the relative allocation of carbon to CT with respect to phenolic glycoside, the dominant phenolic sink in aspen leaves. Leaf wounding also increased PAL2 and lignin pathway gene expression, but to a smaller extent. The absence of PAL2 in most CT-accumulating cells provides in situ support for the idea that PAL isoforms function in specific metabolic milieus.
Traceable: A Review (2017)

Traceable, a film about the fashion industry, is a visual feast.  The use of vibrant colours and beautiful scenes ought to appeal to viewers interested in fashion; by refusing to use jarring images to generate feelings of shock or guilt and providing a clear solution (traceability between producsers and consumers), the movie is likely to be more effective at reaching those viewers who are not already committed environmentalists.
Bcl-XL small interfering RNA suppresses the proliferation of 5-fluorouracil-resistant human colon cancer cells (2005)

Abstract 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is commonly used to treat human colon cancers but resistance to this compound is frequently observed in clinics. To characterize mechanisms of resistance to 5-FU and to develop new strategies for overcoming it, we established two cell lines that were resistant to 5-FU but not other chemotherapeutic agents from parental 5-FU-sensitive cell lines. Western blot analysis revealed that these resistant cells overexpressed the proteins Bcl-XL, Bcl-Xs, and Bik, and further data showed that the cells were resistant to 5-FU-induced DNA damage and cell cycle disorder. However, in parental cells, enforced expression of Bcl-XL protein provided only limited protection from 5-FU-induced apoptosis and overexpression of Bcl-XL protein did not affect 5-FU-induced DNA damage or cell cycle changes; these findings suggested that overexpression of Bcl-XL protein was not the major contributor to 5-FU resistance in any of our cells lines. Even so, knockdown of Bcl-XL protein expression by Bcl-XL-specific small interfering RNA could inhibit proliferation more effectively in 5-FU-resistant cells than in 5-FU-sensitive cells, and the combination of Bcl-XL-specific small interfering RNA and 5-FU had additive effect on the inhibition of 5-FU-resistant cells. These results suggest that down-regulation of Bcl-XL protein expression might provide a new treatment strategy for human 5-FU-resistant colon cancer therapy.
Fast facts: Breast cancer (2003)

M Baum, H Schipper, editors. Fast facts: breast cancer, 2nd edition. Oxford: Health Press Limited, 2002. Price: $19.95. Aman Buzdar M.D.*, * Department of Breast Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas This soft cover book, with approximately 100 pages of information, provides quick and easy access to key information to family physicians or other health care providers regarding the current status of breast carcinoma treatment. The book was designed to provide a brief clinical history of the disease as well as the therapeutic options available for patients with both early and advanced tumors. Overall, the authors have done an excellent job of providing balanced and accurate information regarding key aspects of breast carcinoma. However, the book does not include some of the recent information regarding newer therapies (i.e., fulvestrant or trastuzumab). These therapies have expanded the treatment options for patients with hormone receptor-positive disease (fulvestrant) and those with tumors that overexpress HER-2/neu (trastuzumab). In patients with metastatic disease, trastuzumab is reported to alter the natural history of breast carcinoma favorably, with a noted prolongation in survival. In the section discussing systemic adjuvant chemotherapies, some of the newer advances (e.g., the role of anthracyclines and paclitaxel in early disease) that have been reported to reduce the risk of recurrence further and also to have a favorable impact on survival are mentioned only very briefly. Recent reports that sequential utilization of chemotherapy followed by endocrine therapy can improve the therapeutic index of combined modality further in patients with hormone receptor-positive disease were not mentioned. The appropriate order of the same therapies can enhance the efficacy of currently available therapies even further. Overall, this book provides extremely valuable information in a very concise manner to busy clinicians in family practice or other allied health care providers.
Continuously tunable ultra-thin silicon waveguide optical delay line (2017)

As light cannot be stopped or directly stored in any media, optical delay lines are usually used to temporally trap the optical signals. We report a wide-range continuously tunable optical delay line chip consisting of a ring resonator array and a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) switch array on the 60-nm-thick silicon waveguide platform. The ring delay line provides continuous delay tuning of more than 10 ps with a push–pull differential tuning method. The MZI switchable delay line provides digitally programmable delay tuning with a resolution of 10 ps upon reconfiguration of the MZI switches to establish different optical routing paths. Dual-stage MZI switches are used to ensure low crosstalk with an improved signal-to-noise ratio. The delay line chip can generate a maximum delay of >1  ns with an on-chip insertion loss of 12.4 dB. Optical pulse time-division multiplexing and quasi-arbitrary waveform generation are realized based on the delay line chip. These results represent a significant step towards the realization of highly reconfigurable optical signal processors enabled by optical delay manipulation with broad applications for optical communications and microwave photonics.
The Patient for Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (1989)

A 65-year-old man with a history of inferior wall myocardial infarction (M.I.) in 1979 and 1986 was admitted because of unstable angina. He had percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in 1986 following the second MI.
Switching catalytic reaction conducted in pore void of mesoporous material by redox gate control (2006)

A molecular gate attached on the pore outlet of a mesoporous material, which is opened and closed by redox system of thiol groups, effectively switched the progress of a catalytic reaction promoted by the acidic site in the pore void.
In response to indices of physiological strain for firefighters of the Australian Defence Forces (2020)

"In response to indices of physiological strain for firefighters of the Australian Defence Forces." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 17(7-8), pp. D11–D12
Mesoporous zeolite-supported noble metal catalysts for low-temperature hydrogenation of aromatics in distillate fuels (1996)

The present work is concerned with deep hydrogenation of aromatics in distillate fuels at low temperatures using mesoporous zeolite-supported noble metal catalysts. This work is a part of our on-going effort to develop advanced thermally stable jet fuels from coal-derived liquids and petroleum. Saturation of naphthalene and its derivatives from only reduces aromatics contents of jet fuels, but also generates decalins which show much higher thermal stability than long-chain alkanes in jet fuels at high temperature. This work also has a bearing on developing new catalytic processes for low-temperature hydrogenation of distillate fuels. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and new regulations call for the production and use of more environmentally friendly transportation fuels with lower contents of sulfur and aromatics. High aromatic content in distillate fuels lowers the fuel quality and contributes significantly to the formation of environmentally harmful emissions. California Air Resources Board (CARB) has passed legislative measures to limit the sulfur and aromatic contents of diesel fuel to 0.05 wt% and 10 vol%, respectively, effective October 1993. Currently, conventional hydrotreating technology is adapted for aromatics saturation. Some studies have shown that complete hydrogenation of aromatics is not possible owing to equilibrium limitations under typical hydrotreating conditions,more » and existing middle distillate hydrotreaters designed to reduce sulfur and nitrogen levels would lower the diesel aromatics only marginally.« less
In situ mechanical measurements of optical fiber coatings (1985)

Today’s high-performance optical fibers rely heavily on polymer materials engineering to achieve low-microbending susceptibility. The polymer coatings applied to the glass fiber for abrasion resistance strongly affect the sensitivity to external microbending forces. A dual-coated fiber with a soft inner coating and harder outer coating gives better performance than a single coating of the harder material.1 The soft inner coating acts to decouple the fiber from lateral loading in a cable structure. However, if the inner coating becomes too soft the fiber may buckle within the soft coating during environmental cycling.2,3 To be effective, the Inner coating must have a modulus in the correct range. In addition, the Inner coating must adhere to the glass during proof-testing and handling. Since submicron particles are always present In coatings, the relative motion of the coating-glass Interface can abrade the fiber. This study reports the use of in situ modulus and adhesion tests for developing high-performance inner coatings.