gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Complementary and Alternative Medicine: What Is Its Role? (2002)

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) remedies vary greatly in safety and effectiveness. Then why is their use increasing at a time when evidence for the effectiveness of "orthodox" treatments is greater than ever before? Dazzled by technology, physicians dismiss "nonspecific" treatment effects as mere "placebo" and ignore the effects of caring. Over half of patients with anxiety or depression consult CAM practitioners in any given year. The popularity of CAM attests to its responsiveness to patients' search for more than procedurally oriented care. It reflects biomedicine's failure to give patients the time they need to tell their story and to explain the nature of problems they face, and its failure to provide sufficient information to allow patients their choice among therapeutic alternatives. Effective CAM practices should be incorporated into care, whether treatments are provided by biomedical or CAM practitioners.
Loss-of-function Additional sex combs like 1 mutations disrupt hematopoiesis but do not cause severe myelodysplasia or leukemia (2009)

The Additional sex combs like 1 (Asxl1) gene is 1 of 3 mammalian homologs of the Additional sex combs (Asx) gene of Drosophila. Asx is unusual because it is required to maintain both activation and silencing of Hox genes in flies and mice. Asxl proteins are characterized by an amino terminal homology domain, by interaction domains for nuclear receptors, and by a C-terminal plant homeodomain protein-protein interaction domain. A recent study of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) revealed a high incidence of truncation mutations that would delete the PHD domain of ASXL1. Here, we show that Asxl1 is expressed in all hematopoietic cell fractions analyzed. Asxl1 knockout mice exhibit defects in frequency of differentiation of lymphoid and myeloid progenitors, but not in multipotent progenitors. We do not detect effects on hematopoietic stem cells, or in peripheral blood. Notably, we do not detect severe myelodysplastic phenotypes or leukemia in this loss-of-function model. We conclude that Asxl1 is needed for normal hematopoiesis. The mild phenotypes observed may be because other Asxl genes have redundant function with Asxl1, or alternatively, MDS or oncogenic phenotypes may result from gain-of-function Asxl mutations caused by genomic amplification, gene fusion, or truncation of Asxl1.
Mechanisms and functions of endocytosis (2008)

A recent EMBO-FEBS workshop entitled Endocytic Systems: Mechanism and Function, organized by Howard Riezman in Villars-sur-Ollon (Switzerland), showcased the multifaceted approaches and model systems used to study endocytosis. The meeting revealed how endocytosis controls multiple aspects of biology, ranging from development to immunity and neurotransmission.
Calibration and Intercomparison of Filter-Based Measurements of Visible Light Absorption by Aerosols (1999)

Data on light absorption by atmospheric particles are scarce relative to the need for global characterization. Most of the existing data come from methods that measure the change in light transmission through a filter on which particles are collected. We present a calibration of a recently developed filter-based instrument for continuous measurement of light absorption (model PSAP, Radiance Research, Seattle, WA) that has been incorporated in several measurement programs. This calibration uses a reference absorption determined as the difference between light extinction and light scattering by unaltered (suspended) particles. In addition, we perform the same calibration for two other common filter-based methods: an Integrating Plate and the Hybrid Integrating Plate System. For each method, we assess the responses to both particulate light scattering and particulate light absorption. We find that each of the instruments exhibits a significant response to nonabsorbing aerosols and overestimates absorption at 550 nm by suspended particles by about 20-30%. We also present correction factors for the use of the PSAP.
Extensive Experimental Validation of a Personalized Approach for Coping with Unfair Ratings in Reputation Systems (2011)

The unfair rating problem exists when a buying agent models the trustworthiness of selling agents by also relying on ratings of the sellers from other buyers in electronic marketplaces, that is in a reputation system. In this article, we first analyze the capabilities of existing approaches for coping with unfair ratings in different challenging scenarios, including ones where the majority of buyers are dishonest, buyers lack personal experience with sellers, sellers may vary their behavior, and buyers may provide a large number of ratings. We then present a personalized modeling approach (PMA) that has all these capabilities. Our approach allows a buyer to model both the private reputation and public reputation of other buyers to determine whether these buyers' ratings are fair. More importantly, in this work, we focus on experimental comparison of our approach with two key models in a simulated dynamic e-marketplace environment. We specifically examine the above mentioned scenarios to confirm our analysis and to demonstrate the capabilities of our approach. Our study thus provides the extensive experimental support for the personalized approach that can be effectively employed by reputation systems to cope with unfair ratings.
Fully Functionalized High‐Dielectric‐Constant Nanophase Polymers with High Electromechanical Response (2005)

Fully functionalized nanophase polymers where high-dielectric-constant oligomers and electrically conductive oligomers are grafted to a dielectric elastomer backbone (see Figure) produce a significantly enhanced interface effect through exchange coupling. Consequently, they offer a high dielectric constant (close to 1000 at 20 Hz), an improved breakdown field and better mechanical properties, and a high electromechanical response. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2005/c1161_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Synthesis of Some Di‐ and Tetraphosphonic Acids by Suzuki Cross‐Coupling (2018)

Five diphosphonic acids, namely, benzene‐1,4‐bis‐ p ‐phenylphosphonic acid ( 1 ), anthracene‐9,10‐bis‐ p ‐phenylphosphonic acid ( 2 ), benzene‐1,2‐bis‐ p ‐phenylphosphonic acid ( 3 ), benzene‐1,3‐bis‐ p ‐phenylphosphonic acid ( 4 ), and biphenyl‐4,4′‐bis‐ p ‐phenylphosphonic acid ( 5 ) as well as three tetraphosphonic acids, namely, benzene‐1,2,4,5‐tetrakis‐ p ‐phenylphosphonic acid ( 6 ), tetrabiphenylsilane tetrakis‐4‐phosphonic acid ( 7 ), and pyrene‐1,3,6,8‐tetrakis‐ p ‐phenylphosphonic acid ( 8 ) and their dimethyl esters 1a – 8a were prepared via Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions involving p ‐dimethylphosphonatophenylboronic acid and brominated aromatics. The Suzuki cross‐coupling occurs under milder conditions than the transition metal catalyzed Arbuzov reaction usually applied for the preparation of dialkyl phosphonates. For the same starting material both reactions are complementary and yield phosphonic acids with different spacer lengths, which was exemplified for tetrakis(4‐bromophenyl)silane. Suzuki cross‐coupling gives rise to 7 , whereas the Arbuzov reaction produces tetraphenylsilane tetrakis‐4‐phosphonic acid.
A Comparison of the Thermal Stabilities of Fluorinated and Hydrogenated Amorphous-Silicons (1980)

To compare the thermal stabilities of a fluorinated amorphous-silicon (a-Si: F) and a deuterated one (a-Si: D), variations in the compositions of both a-Si: F and a-Si: D after annealing at temperatures of up to 600°C are experimentally studied. Among various compositions, the fluorine (F) content in a-Si: F and the deuterium (D) content in a-Si : D, in particular, are evaluated from the Rutherford backscattering measurement and the nuclear reaction measurement, respectively, after each annealing step. It is found that the a-Si: F is stable up to 600°C while the a-Si: D is not stable above 350°C.
THE DnaK CHAPERONE SYSTEM: MECHANISM AND COMPARISON WITH OTHER HSP70 SYSTEMS (1999)

ALEXANDER BUCHBERGER1, JOCHEN REINSTEIN2 and BERND BUKAU3, *1 Centre for Protein Engineering, Medical Research Council Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK2 Abteilung Physikalische Biochemie, Max Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Rheinlanddamm 201, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany3 Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universität Freiburg, HermannHerder-Str. 7, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany* Corresponding author1. Introduction 2. Components of the DnaK Chaperone System 2.1. DnaK 2.1.1. Structure 2.1.2. Substrate Binding and its Coupling to the Nucleotide Status of DnaK 2.2. DnaJ 2.2.1. Structure 2.2.2. Structural Basis for the Interaction with DnaK 2.2.3. Substrate Binding 2.3. GrpE 3. The ATPase Cycle of DnaK 3.1. Binding of ATP 3.2. Switch 1: ATP Hydrolysis and the Role of DnaJ 3.3. Switch 2: Product Release and the Role of GrpE 3.4. Balance of Rate Constants 4. The Chaperone Cycle 5. Other Hsp70 Systems 6. Perspectives 7. Acknowledgements 8. References1. INTRODUCTIONThe ubiquitous Hsp70 chaperones and their cofactors are central components of the cellular system for folding, repair and degradation of proteins. They cooperate with other chaperones to assist protein folding reactions in a large variety of metabolic processes in most cellular compartments. In this chaperone network, Hsp70 proteins have unique and essential functions which rely on their ability to associate with short hydrophobic segments of polypeptides in an ATP-dependent manner (Haiti, 1996; Rüdiger et al., 1997a). Such association can prevent aggregation of substrates, by shielding exposed hydrophobic segments of polypeptides, and assist refolding, probably by decreasing the concentration of aggregation-prone folding intermediates.
Tuning the Mechanical Properties of SWNT/Nylon 6,10 Composites with Flexible Spacers at the Interface (2007)

We have prepared nylon 6,10 nanocomposites using functionalized single wall carbon nanotubes and our interfacial in situ polycondensation method. The specific functional groups -(CH2)nCOCl [n = 4 and 9] on the sidewalls of SWNT were designed to covalently link nanotubes to the nylon matrix via alkyl segments. The composites with functionalized SWNT show significant improvements in tensile modulus, strength, and toughness relative to nylon and nylon modified with non-functionalized SWNT. The alkyl linkages at the SWNT/nylon 6,10 interface contribute significantly to improving the toughness of the composites.
A 2.4-GHz Subharmonically Injection-Locked PLL With Self-Calibrated Injection Timing (2013)

A 2.4-GHz subharmonically injection-locked PLL (SILPLL) with injection timing calibration is realized. The injection timing issues has been clearly described and modeled mathematically. An injection timing calibration technique is presented to ensure the best phase noise performance. This work is fabricated in 0.18-μm process with 12.6-mW power consumption. The measured phase noises at 1 MHz offset before and after injection are -114 and -129 dBc/Hz, respectively. The measured rms jitter integrated from 1 kHz to 40 MHz before and after injection are 317 and 145 fs, respectively.
Relationship among eddy current loss, frequency, maximum flux density and a new parameter concerning the number of domain walls in polycrystalline and amorphous soft magnetic materials (1981)

A new approach is presented for understanding the frequency and flux density dependence of eddy current losses in polycrystalline and amorphous soft magnetic materials by introducing an experimentally derived parameter which is thought to be proportional to the number of active domain walls. The relationship among eddy current loss, frequency, flux density and the new parameter is described by simple formulas and the result derived from these formulas agrees well with the Pry and Bean equation qualitatively and will offer an effective way to appreciate the mechanism governing eddy current loss.
The rational design of potential chemotherapeutic agents: Synthesis of bryostatin analogues (1999)

The bryostatins are a unique family of cancer chemotherapeutic candidates isolated from marine bryozoa. While their molecular mode of action is not known, these macrolactones exhibit high affinities for protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, compete for the phorbol ester binding site on PKC, and stimulate kinase activity in vitro and in vivo. Unlike the phorbol esters, they do not act as tumor promoters. Despite promising biological properties, the supply of these compounds is limited by the difficulty of their isolation from natural sources and their synthetic complexity. A new class of bryostatin analogues which retain the putative recognition domain of the bryostatins but are simplified through deletions and modifications in the C1—C14 spacer domain have been designed using computer models. A convergent synthesis has been realized for the production, in gram quantities, of these recognition and spacer domains whose coupling allows for the generation of a range of analogues. The final closure process involves a novel macrotransacetalization reaction which proceeds with complete stereoselectivity. The solution structures of two synthetic analogues were determined by NMR spectroscopy and found to be very similar to the previously reported structures of bryostatins 1 and 10. In addition, these structures appear to indicate that the stereochemistry of the C3 hydroxyl group plays a significant role in the conformation of the macrolactone. All analogues bound strongly to a mixture of PKC isozymes, and several exhibited significant levels of in vitro growth inhibitory activity against human cancer cell lines. Taken together, this work provides important steps toward the development and understanding of simplified, synthetically accessible analogues of the bryostatins as potential chemotherapeutic agents. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Med Res Rev, 19, No. 5, 388–407, 1999.
Epidemiology of Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma: Incidence and Seasonal Variations (1985)

126 cases of acute angle-closure glaucoma were encountered in the total population of the Israel Negev region during 12 years. This constitutes an incidence of 4.2/100,000/year in the total population and 11.1/100,000 in the over-30 population. The female:male ratio was 2.1:1 and the most frequently affected age-group was the 51-60 one; when age adjustment was made for the total population, the risk was equally high for all ages above 50. The ethnic origin had no effect on the incidence. A statistically significant preponderance of attacks occurring during summer and winter was found.
Developments in virus-like particle-based vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer (2011)

Virus-like particles hold great promise for the development of effective and affordable vaccines. Indeed, virus-like particles are suitable for presentation and efficient delivery of linear as well as conformational antigens to antigen-presenting cells. This will ultimately result in optimal B-cell activation and cross-presentation with both MHC class I and II molecules to prime CD4(+) T-helper as well as CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells. This article provides an update on the development and use of virus-like particles as vaccine approaches for infectious diseases and cancer.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Ivermectin in Bovine Serum (1989)

Abstract A rapid, sensitive method is described for the determination of ivermectin concentrations in bovine serum. Ivermectin is extracted by passing a sample through a reverse-phase C18 cartridge. A silicapacked cartridge is used to purify the extract further. Ivermectin is quantitated by liquid chromatography with detection at 245 nm. Recoveries were 95 ± 4% for samples fortified with 20 ppb ivermectin. Concentrations as low as 2 ppb can be detected in 5 g samples.
Applications and development trends in biopesticides (2011)

Biopesticides are very effective in the agricultural pest control without causing serious harm to ecological chain or worsening environmental pollution. The research and development of practical applications in the field of biopesticides greatly mitigate environmental pollution caused by chemical pesticide residues and promotes sustainable development of agriculture. Since the advent of biopesticides, a large number of products have been released, several of which have already played dominant roles in the market. The development of biopesticides stimulates modernization of agriculture and will, without doubt, gradually replace chemical pesticides. Many biopesticides are ideal substitutes for their traditional chemical counterparts in pollution-free agricultural production, but some of them display certain toxicity; this should be taken into consideration by the researchers in the field. In this paper, we discuss the current development and application of biopesticides from various categories, the problems occurring in the process of their development and proposing the introduction of various constraints. We review various studies and analyze the development trends in biopesticides in agriculture, demand, market and other fields. Key words: Biopesticides, application status, constraint, development trends.
Improving nonlinear up-scaling by adapting to the local edge orientation (2004)

Currently, the demand for larger screens and high-definition (HD) television-sets is rapidly increasing. To display standard definition (SD) video on high-resolution television sets, spatial up-scaling techniques are necessary to increase the resolution. One technique that makes this possible is linear up-scaling complemented by non-linear sharpness enhancement, such as Luminance Transient Improvement (LTI). In this paper, three different two-dimensional (2D) implementations of the LTI algorithm are analyzed in terms of image quality and computational complexity. Results show that taking the local edge orientation into account is essential for obtaining high image quality. Furthermore, it is shown that the process of operating perpendicular to an edge can be replaced by a simplified alternative with a minimal loss of image quality.
Structure and reaction mechanisms of multifunctional mitochondrial cytochrome <i>bc</i><sub>1</sub> complex (1999)

The cytochrome bc1 complex from bovine heart mitochondria is a multi-functional enzyme complex. In addition to electron and proton transfer activity, the complex also processes an activatable peptidase activity and a superoxide generating activity. The crystal structure of the complex exists as a closely interacting functional dimer. There are 13 transmembrane helices in each monomer, eight of which belong to cytochrome b, and five of which belong to cytochrome c1, Rieske iron-sulfur protein (ISP), subunits 7, 10 and 11, one each. The distances of 21 A between bL heme and bH heme and of 27 A between bL heme and the iron-sulfur cluster (FeS), accommodate well the observed fast electron transfers between the involved redox centers. However, the distance of 31 A between heme c1 and FeS, makes it difficult to explain the high electron transfer rate between them. 3D structural analyses of the bc1 complexes co-crystallized with the Qu site inhibitors suggest that the extramembrane domain of the ISP may undergo substantial movement during the catalytic cycle of the complex. This suggestion is further supported by the decreased in the cytochrome bc1 complex activity and the increased in activation energy for mutants with increased rigidity in the neck region of ISP.
Overcoming catastrophic forgetting problem by weight consolidation and long-term memory (2018)

Sequential learning of multiple tasks in artificial neural networks using gradient descent leads to catastrophic forgetting, whereby previously learned knowledge is erased during learning of new, disjoint knowledge. Here, we propose a new approach to sequential learning which leverages the recent discovery of adversarial examples. We use adversarial subspaces from previous tasks to enable learning of new tasks with less interference. We apply our method to sequentially learning to classify digits 0, 1, 2 (task 1), 4, 5, 6, (task 2), and 7, 8, 9 (task 3) in MNIST (disjoint MNIST task). We compare and combine our Adversarial Direction (AD) method with the recently proposed Elastic Weight Consolidation (EWC) method for sequential learning. We train each task for 20 epochs, which yields good initial performance (99.24% correct task 1 performance). After training task 2, and then task 3, both plain gradient descent (PGD) and EWC largely forget task 1 (task 1 accuracy 32.95% for PGD and 41.02% for EWC), while our combined approach (AD+EWC) still achieves 94.53% correct on task 1. We obtain similar results with a much more difficult disjoint CIFAR10 task, which to our knowledge had not been attempted before (70.10% initial task 1 performance, 67.73% after learning tasks 2 and 3 for AD+EWC, while PGD and EWC both fall to chance level). Our results suggest that AD+EWC can provide better sequential learning performance than either PGD or EWC.
Medical applications of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (2013)

This perspective article provides an overview of selected medical applications of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), highlighting recent developments and trends. The use of SERS for detection, analysis and imaging has attracted great interest in the past decade owing to its high sensitivity and molecular fingerprint specificity. SERS can deliver chemical and structural information from analytes rapidly and nondestructively in a label-free manner. Alternatively, SERS labels or nanotags, when conjugated to target-specific ligands, can be employed for the selective detection and localization of the corresponding target molecule. Biomedical applications based on both approaches are highlighted.
Monounsaturated but Not Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Are Required for Growth of the Deep-Sea Bacterium <i>Photobacterium profundum</i> SS9 at High Pressure and Low Temperature (1999)

There is considerable evidence correlating the production of increased proportions of membrane unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) with bacterial growth at low temperatures or high pressures. In order to assess the importance of UFAs to microbial growth under these conditions, the effects of conditions altering UFA levels in the psychrotolerant piezophilic deep-sea bacterium Photobacterium profundum SS9 were investigated. The fatty acids produced by P. profundum SS9 grown at various temperatures and pressures were characterized, and differences in fatty acid composition as a function of phase growth, and between inner and outer membranes, were noted. P. profundum SS9 was found to exhibit enhanced proportions of both monounsaturated (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated (PUFAs) fatty acids when grown at a decreased temperature or elevated pressure. Treatment of cells with cerulenin inhibited MUFA but not PUFA synthesis and led to a decreased growth rate and yield at low temperature and high pressure. In addition, oleic acid-auxotrophic mutants were isolated. One of these mutants, strain EA3, was deficient in the production of MUFAs and was both low-temperature sensitive and high-pressure sensitive in the absence of exogenous 18:1 fatty acid. Another mutant, strain EA2, produced little MUFA but elevated levels of the PUFA species eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3). This mutant grew slowly but was not low-temperature sensitive or high-pressure sensitive. Finally, reverse genetics was employed to construct a mutant unable to produce EPA. This mutant, strain EA10, was also not low-temperature sensitive or high-pressure sensitive. The significance of these results to the understanding of the role of UFAs in growth under low-temperature or high-pressure conditions is discussed.