gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A technology mapper for depth-constrained FPGA logic cells (2015)

In the last decade, progress in logic synthesis has brought about new advantageous circuit representations. These representations, such as And-Inverter Graphs in the ubiquitous open-source synthesizer ABC, have inspired new designs of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), which, instead of using Look-Up Tables (LUTs), mimic the topology of the circuit representation in the basic logic cells. More recent examples are Majority-Inverter Graphs, another uniform representation which has triggered considerable interest in synthesis and which naturally suggests new logic cells. Yet, in this paper we observe how naïvely adapting technology mapping solutions for classic LUT-based FPGAs to these new architectures incurs severe shortcomings. The key issue is that LUTs are inherently input-constrained (the logic function they implement is irrelevant) and have generally a single output; on the other hand, logic cells made of uniform networks of some fundamental logic function (e.g., And-Invert) are constrained in terms of logic depth and multiple outputs are an integral feature. We introduce novel and effective solutions to address these differences; the result is a highly versatile mapper—thus enabling further research in these new architectures—with a significantly better performance than what is described in literature for one such architecture. Specifically, when we compare with the state of the art on one sample architecture, we obtain a significant decrease in area (on average 18% over several benchmarks) while also improving slightly the critical path (a reduction of 3%).
Synthesis and characterizations of iso‐luminol‐functionalized, tadpole‐shaped, gold nanomaterials (2012)

Iso-luminol functionalized gold nanomaterials were synthesized in high yield by a simple seeding approach, using the chemiluminescent reagent iso-luminol as reductant in the presence of HAuCl(4), AgNO(3) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The morphology of as-prepared gold nanoparticles was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy, showing that gold nanotadpoles (AuNTps) were obtained. Subsequent experiments revealed that the amounts of seed colloids and AgNO(3) and the concentrations of iso-luminol and CTAB in the growth solution play critical roles in the formation of well-shaped AuNTps. The surface state of AuNTps was characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy, indicating that iso-luminol and its oxidation product, 4-aminophthalate, coexisted on the surface of AuNTps. The CL behaviour was studied by static injection CL experiments, demonstrating that AuNTps were of CL activity. Finally, the growth mechanism of AuNTps was also discussed.
Diagnosis of heart muscle by spectrum transition estimation of heart wall vibration (1996)

Vibration of the heart wall arises from motion due to myocardial contraction and relaxation, and thus this vibration reflects the function of the heart. The activity of the heart muscle can be estimated by investigating the spectrum transition of spatial and/or frequency spectra between vibration signals. It is difficult, however, to estimate the spectrum transition patterns of nonstationary signals, such as vibration, and to diagnose heart diseases. A new method of the estimation of spectrum transition is presented by introducing a constraint into the cost function, which is described by the partial correlation coefficients, by constraint least-squares method. By applying this method to the analysis of vibration signals, noninvasively measured by a method developed in our laboratory using ultrasonics, on the left ventricular side of the interventricular septum, the spectrum transition during a period of one beat was investigated. Furthermore, by analysis of some vibration signals on the vertical cross section of the interventricular spectrum between the right and left ventricles, the spectrum transition of the myocardial layers was investigated and the spectrum transition patterns of normal individuals and patients were clearly obtained. The establishment of this method opens up a new way of diagnosing heart diseases.
.alpha.-Methylproline-containing renin inhibitory peptides: in vivo evaluation in an anesthetized, ganglion-blocked, hog renin infused rat model (1987)

A structure-activity analysis of peptides containing backbone C alpha-methyl modification at the P4 site of the angiotensinogen sequence led to the discovery of potent renin inhibitors with apparent in vitro metabolic stability. Boc-alpha-MePro-Phe-His-Leu psi[CHOHCH2]Val-Ile-Amp dicitrate (Va) is a potent inhibitor of human plasma renin with an IC50 value of 1.8 nM. This peptide was shown not to be degraded in vitro by chymotrypsin, elastase, pepsin, and a rat liver homogenate preparation. It is also a potent inhibitor of hog renin with an IC50 value of 1.6 nM and was shown to elicit in vivo activity and cause dose-dependent hypotensive responses when given intravenously to anesthetized ganglion-blocked, hog renin infused rats.
Slow-Release Fertilizers For Plants (1995)

Synthetic mineral provides growing plants with nutrients, including micronutrients. Dissolves slowly in moist soil or in hydroponic solution, releasing constituents. Mineral synthetic apatite into which nutrients calcium, phosphorous, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum, chlorine, boron, and sulfur incorporated in form of various salts. Each pellet has homogeneous inorganic composition. Composition readily adjusted to meet precise needs of plant.
LAN addressing for digital video data (1993)

Multicast addressing was chosen over the broadcast address and unicast address mechanisms for the transmission of video data over the LAN. Dynamic allocation of multicast addresses enables such features as the continuous playback of full motion video over a network with multiple viewers. Design of this video data transmission system permits interested nodes on a LAN to dynamically allocate a single multicast address from a pool of multicast addresses. When the allocated address is no longer needed, it is returned to the pool. This mechanism permits nodes to use fewer multicast addresses than are required in a traditional scheme where a unique address is allocated for each possible function.
Enhancement of polar anchoring strength in a graphene-nematic suspension and its effect on nematic electro-optic switching (2017)

A small quantity of monolayer graphene flakes is doped in a nematic liquid crystal (LC), and the effective polar anchoring strength coefficient between the LC and the alignment substrate is found to increase by an order of magnitude. The hexagonal pattern of graphene can interact with the LC's benzene rings via π-π electron stacking, enabling the LC to anchor to the graphene surface homogeneously (i.e., planar anchoring). When the LC cell is filled with the graphene-doped LC, some graphene flakes are preferentially attached to the alignment layer and modify the substrate's anchoring property. These spontaneously deposited graphene flakes promote planar anchoring at the substrate and the polar anchoring energy at alignment layer is enhanced significantly. The enhanced anchoring energy is found to impact favorably on the electro-optic response of the LC. Additional studies reveal that the nematic electro-optic switching is significantly faster in the LC-graphene hybrid than that of the pure LC.
K<sub>ATP</sub> channel knockout worsens myocardial calcium stress load in vivo and impairs recovery in stunned heart (2006)

Gene knockout of the KCNJ11-encoded Kir6.2 ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channel implicates this stress-response element in the safeguard of cardiac homeostasis under imposed demand. K(ATP) channels are abundant in ventricular sarcolemma, where subunit expression appears to vary between the sexes. A limitation, however, in establishing the full significance of K(ATP) channels in the intact organism has been the inability to monitor in vivo the contribution of the channel to intracellular calcium handling and the superimposed effect of sex that ultimately defines heart function. Here, in vivo manganese-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed, under dobutamine stress, a significantly greater accumulation of calcium in both male and female K(ATP) channel knockout (Kir6.2-KO) mice compared with sex- and age-matched wild-type (WT) counterparts, with greatest calcium load in Kir6.2-KO females. This translated, poststress, into a sustained contracture manifested by reduced end-diastolic volumes in K(ATP) channel-deficient mice. In response to ischemia-induced stunning, male and female Kir6.2-KO hearts demonstrated accelerated time to contracture and increased peak contracture compared with WT. The outcome on reperfusion, in both male and female Kir6.2-KO hearts, was a transient reduction in systolic performance, measured as rate-pressure product compared with WT, with protracted increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, exaggerated in female knockout hearts, despite comparable leakage of creatine kinase across groups. Kir6.2-KO hearts were rescued from diastolic dysfunction by agents that target alternative pathways of calcium handling. Thus K(ATP) channel deficit confers a greater susceptibility to calcium overload in vivo, accentuated in female hearts, impairing contractile recovery under various conditions of high metabolic demand.
Pitch encoding using simple unit pitch patterns (1983)

In encoding synthetic speech for vocabulary storage and reproduction, current techniques require storing at least five or six bits of coded pitch value per frame. Due to the slow variation of pitch contours, it is possible to describe these contours as a sequence of simple pitch patterns. If each pattern in the sequence is applied to a subunit of the coded phrase or word, each subcontour can furthermore be approximated in terms of simple linear functions. The pitch pattern is selected by picking the best match between the target or natural subcontour and one contour from a library of predefined simple pitch contours. By storing one pitch pattern contour per specific subunit in speech, a considerable savings in vocabulary storage may be achieved. Informal listening tests show that the degradation in speech quality is minor.
Near-Infrared Raman Spectrometer Systems for Human Tissue Studies (1997)

We have built two types of instruments for near-infrared Raman spectroscopy studies of human tissues, one for laboratory measurements and one for clinical use. The laboratory systems are designed to collect the highest quality spectra possible and allow different excitation/collection wavelengths to be studied. The clinical systems are designed to collect spectra via optical fibers within a few seconds and to be mobile and hospital-compatible. These systems are capable of detecting weak near-infrared Raman bands hidden in large background signals. Calibration and background subtraction procedures are described, and system performance is evaluated.
Fast Multibit Decision Method for Successive-Cancellation List Polar Decoder (2019)

SC and SCL are the decoding algorithms for polar codes that have the disadvantage of high latency due to serial operations. Several algorithms, such as Fast-SSC, multibit decision, have been proposed to improve the latency with additional circuits, however, areas become larger. This paper proposes an efficient multibit decision algorithm to improve latency based on the SCL algorithm. In addition, we propose the combined nodes that combine node types of the fast-SSC algorithm to increase area efficiency and reduce the number of decoding cycles.
Intrinsically high-<i>Q</i>dynamic AFM imaging in liquid with a significantly extended needle tip (2012)

Atomic force microscope (AFM) probe with a long and rigid needle tip was fabricated and studied for high Q factor dynamic (tapping mode) AFM imaging of samples submersed in liquid. The extended needle tip over a regular commercially available tapping-mode AFM cantilever was sufficiently long to keep the AFM cantilever from submersed in liquid, which significantly minimized the hydrodynamic damping involved in dynamic AFM imaging of samples in liquid. Dynamic AFM imaging of samples in liquid at an intrinsic Q factor of over 100 and an operational frequency of over 200 kHz was demonstrated. The method has the potential to be extended to acquire viscoelastic material properties and provide truly gentle imaging of soft biological samples in physiological environments.
Serum Therapy for Tuberculosis Revisited: Reappraisal of the Role of Antibody-Mediated Immunity against<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (1998)

Fifty years after the introduction of the first effective antimicrobial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, this pathogen continues to be a tremendous public health problem. The rise in the number of resistant strains and the difficulties involved in the therapy of tuberculosis in immunocompromised AIDS patients have renewed the interest in the development of effective vaccines. To evaluate whether a potential vaccine against tuberculosis could prevent infection by eliciting a protective antibody response, we reviewed the history of antibody-mediated immunity against tuberculosis. Review of the literature of the past 100 years demonstrates that there is sufficient evidence to conclude that antibody-mediated immunity can modify the course of infection in certain situations. Based on our findings and on what is known in other systems, we propose that the role of antibody-mediated immunity to M. tuberculosis be reexamined, using advanced technology.
L-Red: Efficient Post-Training Detection of Imperceptible Backdoor Attacks Without Access to the Training Set (2021)

Backdoor attacks (BAs) are an emerging form of adversarial attack typically against deep neural network image classifiers. The attacker aims to have the classifier learn to classify to a target class when test images from one or more source classes contain a backdoor pattern, while maintaining high accuracy on all clean test images. Reverse-Engineering-based Defenses (REDs) against BAs do not require access to the training set but only to an independent clean dataset. Unfortunately, most existing REDs rely on an unrealistic assumption that all classes except the target class are source classes of the attack. REDs that do not rely on this assumption often require a large set of clean images and heavy computation. In this paper, we propose a Lagrangian-based RED (L-RED) that does not require knowledge of the number of source classes (or whether an attack is present). Our defense requires very few clean images to effectively detect BAs and is computationally efficient. Notably, we detect 56 out of 60 BAs using only two clean images per class in our experiments on CIFAR-10.
Three Dimensional Active Microcatheter Combining Shape Memory Alloy Actuators and Direct-Drive Tubular Electrostatic Micromotors. (1998)

This paper investigates 3D active microcatheters having millimeter size outer diameters. The proposed architectures combine mechanical cells which involve new direct-drive tubular electrostatic micromotors and conventional shape memory alloy actuators. The tubular electrostatic motors are actuated by silicon surface micromachined flexible stators. The polysilicon stators integrate up to several thousands of direct-drive electrostatic microactuators. However, they have been designed in order to provide a gap compensation at the rotor/motor frame interface. Multiple stator/rotor contact interactions involve a significant speed reduction that allow a large torque amplification, as a consequence of the torque/speed duality. These mechanical interactions allow the rotor to be moved with respect to the motor frame through direct-drive contact mechanisms, therefore allowing high torque/low speed characteristics to be performed. In such a way to get a 3D behavior, the microcatheter combines tubular electrostatic motors having flexible rotors. The rotors integrate Ti-Ni shape memory alloy wires which actuate a 2D bending motion on each mechanical cell. The 3D global behavior of the catheter is provided by the relative rotation of each cell, with respect to the other ones. The proposed architecture is particularly convenient with respect to the electric power supply which is, usually, the major problem in designing active microcatheters. A (Phi) 1 mm 3D active catheter is given as an example, but external diameters less than one millimeter can be easily expected, opening therefore numerous applications in the near future.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Hybrid Method for Parametric Conceptual Vehicle Design Using Legacy Components and Parametric Surfaces (2006)

Early conceptual design is one of the most important stages in vehicle product development. At this stage, vehicle design information is limited. In many cases, historical or benchmark vehicle data are used as surrogates in decision making. Some of the legacy components may be reused in the new vehicle design in order to reduce development and manufacturing costs. Nowadays, parametric modeling methods have been developed and employed for conceptual vehicle design. However, how to quickly reuse the previous design and legacy vehicle data in parametric design is still a challenge. A hybrid method for parametric conceptual vehicle design is presented in this paper, which uses both legacy components and parametric surfaces. This method allows easy reuse of historical data together with new parametric surfaces for early vehicle design. It enables mix and match of legacy components with newly designed parametric surfaces in representing a new design. This method provides a systematic way to enforce the commonality and reusability in a vehicle design.
Shadow state encoding for efficient monitoring of block-level properties (2017)

Memory shadowing associates addresses from an application's memory to values stored in a disjoint memory space called shadow memory. At runtime shadow values store metadata about application memory locations they are mapped to. Shadow state encodings -- the structure of shadow values and their interpretation -- vary across different tools. Encodings used by the state-of-the-art monitoring tools have been proven useful for tracking memory at a byte-level, but cannot address properties related to memory block boundaries. Tracking block boundaries is however crucial for spatial memory safety analysis, where a spatial violation such as out-of-bounds access, may dereference an allocated location belonging to an adjacent block or a different struct member.
<title>Scalable video coding in frequency domain</title> (1992)

Scalable video coding is important in a number of applications where video needs to be decoded and displayed at a variety of resolution scales. It is more efficient than simulcasting, in which all desired resolution scales are coded totally independent of one another within the constraint of a fixed available bandwidth. In this paper, we focus on scalability using the frequency domain approach. We employ the framework proposed for the ongoing second phase of Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG-2) standard to study the performance of one such scheme and investigate improvements aimed at increasing its efficiency. Practical issues related to multiplexing of encoded data of various resolution scales to facilitate decoding are considered. Simulations are performed to investigate the potential of a chosen frequency domain scheme. Various prospects and limitations are also discussed.
Deep ultraviolet diamond Raman laser (2011)

We present a synchronously pumped diamond Raman laser operating at 275.7 nm pumped by the 4th harmonic of a mode locked Nd:YVO4 laser. The laser had a threshold pump pulse energy of 5.8 nJ and generated up to 0.96 nJ pulses at 10.3% conversion efficiency. The results agree well with a numerical model that includes two-photon absorption of the pump and Stokes beams and uses a Raman gain coefficient of diamond of 100 cm/GW. We also report on the observation of nanometer scale two-photon assisted etching of the diamond crystal surfaces.
Development of angiotensin (1‐7) as an agent to accelerate dermal repair (2001)

Angiotensin II has been shown to be a potent agent in the acceleration of wound repair. Angiotensin (1-7), a fragment of angiotensin II that is not hypertensive, was found to be comparable to angiotensin II in accelerating dermal healing. This activity was evaluated in four models: rat and diabetic mouse full-thickness excisional wounds; rat random flap; and guinea pig partial thickness thermal injury. In all models, angiotensin (1-7) was comparable to angiotensin II. Angiotensin (1-7) accelerated the closure of wounds in diabetic mice and rats. In diabetic mice the resultant tissue at day 25 after injury was more comparable to normal tissue than the fibrotic scar observed in placebo-treated wounds. In the random flap model, angiotensin (1-7) was comparable to angiotensin II in maintaining flap viability (approximately 82%) and flap survival (40%). Finally, angiotensin (1-7) increased proliferation in the hair follicles at the edge of the wound and site of thermal injury, and the number of patent blood vessels on day 7 after partial thickness thermal injury. These data may be partially explained by the effect of angiotensin II and angiotensin (1-7) on keratinocyte proliferation. While platelet-derived growth factor had no effect on keratinocyte proliferation, angiotensin II and angiotensin (1-7) significantly increased keratinocyte proliferation. These data show that angiotensin(1-7) is comparable to angiotensin II in accelerating skin repair. Furthermore, the hypertensive and wound healing effects can be separated within the family of angiotensin peptides.
Operational Method of Superconducting Fault Current Limiter with Reduction Function of Asymmetric Fault Current (2014)

When fault currents contain decaying DC offset, the peak value of the fault current in the first cycle of the fault period is higher than the fault current during the steady-state period. To reduce the asymmetric fault current, this paper proposes an operation scheme using the series connection of two hybrid type Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (SFCLs) : an auxiliary SFCL and a main SFCL. The proposed method calculates the fault angle by comparing the zero-crossing time with fault detection time. According to the fault angle calculated, an auxiliary SFCL operates to reduce an asymmetric fault current during half a cycle after fault occurrence. After this process, the fault current is limited by a main SFCL. To confirm the usefulness of the proposed method, case studies using Electro-Magnetic Transients Program (EMTP)/Alternative Transient Program (ATP) Draw are perfomed.
Lookahead Forward Shift Optical Packet Switch (2010)

This paper explains an optical buffer called lookahead forward shift buffer and its application to an optical packet switch. The switch supports variable length packets, and achieves performance similar to electronic virtual output queued switching, using four packets's worth of variable-speed shift-forward delay for a 1 Gbps/port, 32×32 switch.
Speech recognition on MPEG/Audio encoded files (1997)

A technique to perform speech recognition directly from audio files encoded using the MPEG/Audio coding standard is described. The technique works in the compressed domain and does not require the MPEG/Audio file to be decompressed. Only the encoded subband samples are extracted and processed for training and recognition. The underlying speech recognition engine used is based on the hidden Markov model. The technique is applicable to layers I and II of MPEG/Audio, and training under one layer can be used to recognize the other. Results based on the recognition of a speaker-dependent, small vocabulary, and continuously spoken sentences shows accuracy as high as 99% using this technique.