gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recall Traces: Backtracking Models for Efficient Reinforcement Learning (2018)

In many environments only a tiny subset of all states yield high reward. In these cases, few of the interactions with the environment provide a relevant learning signal. Hence, we may want to preferentially train on those high-reward states and the probable trajectories leading to them. To this end, we advocate for the use of a backtracking model that predicts the preceding states that terminate at a given high-reward state. We can train a model which, starting from a high value state (or one that is estimated to have high value), predicts and sample for which the (state, action)-tuples may have led to that high value state. These traces of (state, action) pairs, which we refer to as Recall Traces, sampled from this backtracking model starting from a high value state, are informative as they terminate in good states, and hence we can use these traces to improve a policy. We provide a variational interpretation for this idea and a practical algorithm in which the backtracking model samples from an approximate posterior distribution over trajectories which lead to large rewards. Our method improves the sample efficiency of both on- and off-policy RL algorithms across several environments and tasks.
Abstract LB-230: Enhancing anti-angiogenic therapy by blocking focal adhesion kinase (2011)

Abstract Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) represents a central point of convergence for many signaling pathways implicated in cancer progression and metastasis. Pazopanib is a pan-VEGFR and PDGFR inhibitor. In the present study, we examined whether pazopanib treatment would result in greater anti-tumor activity in combination with the novel FAK-inhibitor, GSK2256098. The in vitro effects of GSK2256098 on invasion and migration were examined using the HeyA8 and SKOV3-IP1 human ovarian cancer cell lines. In vivo effects of pazopanib with and without GSK2256098 were then assessed using an orthotopic mouse model of human ovarian cancer. GSK2256098 resulted in reduced levels of FAK phosphorylation at Y397 (pFAKY397) at 1μM concentration in SKOV3-IP1 cells. GSK2256098 resulted in a reduced invasion (p&lt;0.001) and decreased migration (p&lt;0.001) in SKOV3-ip1 cells. Dose-finding studies performed in vivo demonstrated that a 75 mg/kg dose resulted in a significant reduction in pFAKY397. Monotherapy with GSK2256098 resulted in a 58% decrease in mean tumor weight compared to control (p = 0.038). The combination of GSK2256098 with pazopanib resulted in a 71% decrease in mean tumor weight compared to pazopanib monotherapy (p = 0.04). We also tested treatment combinations including traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy. The combination of GSK2256098 with docetaxel resulted in a 44% decrease in mean tumor weight compared to docetaxel monotherapy (p = 0.17). The triplet combination of GSK2256098 with pazopanib and docetaxel resulted in the greatest overall decrease mean tumor weight, 99% compared to control and 92% compared to the doublet alone (p = 0.001). Similar trends were noted with mean number of tumor nodules and ascites volume. On the basis of our recent findings that FAK is highly phosphorylated in platelets in cancer-bearing mice, we also examined FAK phosphorylation in the platelets of treated and untreated mice. Phosphorylation of platelet FAK (pFAKY397) was inhibited by 68% at 4 hours after treatment compared to control (p = 0.07). Treatment with pazopanib decreased MVD by 49% (p &lt; 0.01), which was further enhanced in combination with GSK2256098 (p &lt; 0.01). In summary, FAK inhibition results in substantial anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor effects in combination with pazopanib and represents a viable strategy for further development. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-230. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-230
ChemInform Abstract: Evaluation and Synthesis of Aminohydroxyisoxazoles and Pyrazoles as Potential Glycine Agonists. (1990)

Abstract Various aminohydroxypyrazoles, e.g. (VI), (X), and (XVI), or aminohydroxyisoxazoles, e.g. (XII) and (XIV), are synthesized and tested as potential glycine‐receptor agonists.
A branch‐and‐cut‐and‐price algorithm for vertex‐biconnectivity augmentation (2009)

Abstract In this article, the first approach for solving the vertex‐biconnectivity augmentation problem (V2AUG) to optimality is proposed. Given a spanning subgraph of an edge‐weighted graph, we search for the cheapest subset of edges to augment this subgraph to make it vertex‐biconnected. The problem is reduced to augmentation of the corresponding block‐cut tree [Khuller and Thummella, J Algorithms 14 (1993), 214–225], and its connectivity properties are exploited to develop two minimum‐cut‐based ILP formulations: a directed and an undirected one. In contrast to the recently obtained result for the more general vertex‐biconnected Steiner network problem [Chimani et al., Proceedings of 2nd Annual International Conference on Combinatorial Optimization and Applications, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 5165, Springer, 2008, pp. 190–200.], our theoretical comparison shows that orienting the undirected graph does not help in improving the quality of lower bounds. Hence, starting from the undirected cut formulation, we develop a branch‐and‐cut‐and‐price (BCP) algorithm which represents the first exact approach to V2AUG. Our computational experiments show the practical feasibility of BCP: complete graphs with more than 400 vertices can be solved to provable optimality. Furthermore, BCP is even faster than state‐of‐the‐art metaheuristics and approximation algorithms, for graphs up to 200 vertices. For large graphs with more than 2000 vertices, optimality gaps that are strictly below 2% are reported. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2010
Examination of issues affecting the teaching and learning of large cohorts within practical-based subjects (2010)

The aim of this work is to advance the teaching and learning of practical-based subjects in the higher education (HE) sector. Part of the study involved the development of a model that enhanced the teaching and learning of textiles within large groups of clothing design learners. This article begins by reviewing current literature regarding adult learning. The middle section discusses the findings of a previous study conducted in HE over a period of 3 years, which focused on promoting autonomous learning within the domain of textiles/materials. The current investigation examined the use of active learning strategies within practical-based subjects for large cohorts of level 4 (NQF) undergraduate learners. The study measures the effectiveness of active learning through a practitioner reflective journal, descriptive statistics obtained through learner formative evaluation, engagement and attainment. It was concluded that active learning was a successful strategy to promote the development of metacognition, effective progression to autonomous learning and the enhancement of employability skills.
Lettuce Chlorosis Virus Disease: A New Threat to Cannabis Production (2019)

In a survey conducted in <i>Cannabis sativa</i> L. (cannabis) authorized farms in Israel, plants showed disease symptoms characteristic of nutrition deprivation. Interveinal chlorosis, brittleness, and occasional necrosis were observed in older leaves. Next generation sequencing analysis of RNA extracted from symptomatic leaves revealed the presence of lettuce chlorosis virus (LCV), a crinivirus that belongs to the <i>Closteroviridae</i> family. The complete viral genome sequence was obtained using RT-PCR and Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. The two LCV RNA genome segments shared 85-99% nucleotide sequence identity with LCV isolates from GenBank database. The whitefly <i>Bemisia</i><i>tabaci</i> Middle Eastern Asia Minor1 (MEAM1) biotype transmitted the disease from symptomatic cannabis plants to un-infected 'healthy' cannabis, <i>Lactuca</i><i>sativa</i><i>,</i> and <i>Catharanthus</i><i>roseus</i> plants. Shoots from symptomatic cannabis plants, used for plant propagation, constituted a primary inoculum of the disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of cannabis plant disease caused by LCV.
Oxidation of Hydrogen on Ni/Yttria‐Stabilized Zirconia Cermet Anodes (1997)

The oxidation of hydrogen on Ni/yttria‐stabilized zirconia (Ni/YSZ) is studied by impedance spectroscopy. The active thickness obtained is 20 μm or less. Conditions such as temperature, anodic overvoltage, electrode potential, and partial pressure are varied. Three distinct arcs are identified in impedance spectra, representing at least three rate‐limiting processes. One equivalent circuit of the type LR(RQ)(RQ)(RQ), where , is used to describe all recorded impedance in the temperature range 850 to 1000°C. The n‐values are held constant, allowing a direct comparison of R and Y0 values for different structures and conditions. The high‐frequency arc (1 to 50 kHz) is sensitive to the cermet structure (particle size) and relatively insensitive to atmospheric composition and overvoltage. The related imperfect capacitance is suggested to be interpreted as a double‐layer capacitance in the Ni/YSZ interface. The medium‐ (10 Hz to 1 kHz) and low‐frequency arc (0.1 to 10 Hz) are sensitive to atmospheric composition and overvoltage. Both reaction resistances change their dependency on partial pressure around 0.5 atm. The perfect capacitance related to the low‐frequency arc is in the order of 0.5 to 2.5 F/cm2, indicating an absorbed charged species rather than surface adsorption.
Preparation of ceramic forms using a removable mandrel (1975)

A method for producing tubes and more complex shapes consists of packing a powder or slurry around a mold of a low melting metal alloy encased in a plastic container. The packed form is isostatically pressed, the cover removed, and the mold separated by melting the metal. The formed ceramic part can then be sintered. UO$sub 2$ tubes and Al$sub 2$O$sub 3$ spirals were made by this method. (DLC)
HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION FOR GLUTARALDEHYDE AND BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE IN DISINFECTANTS (2018)

Objective: The aim of this study was to produce a selective, accurate, and faster high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical methodfor benzalkonium chloride and glutaraldehyde in disinfectants using ultraviolet (UV)-visible detection.Methods: Glutaraldehyde has no chromophore, so it was first derivatized using 2,4 dinitro phenylhydrazine. Acetonitrile:water (75:25) was used asthe mobile phase for glutaraldehyde and acetonitrile-acetate pH 4 (75:25) for benzalkonium chloride, both at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The optimizedassay was validated with respect to accuracy, precision, linearity, selectivity, limit of quantitation (LOQ), and limit of detection (LOD).Results: The method was linear for benzalkonium chloride, with correlation coefficient of 0.9995, LOD of 14.55 ppm, and LOQ of 48.51 ppm. Thecorrelation coefficient for glutaraldehyde was 0.9995, with LOD of 0.49 ppm and LOQ of 1.64 ppm. Accuracy was between 98% and 102%, andprecision was below 2% for both the tests.Conclusion: The HPLC analytical method for benzalkonium chloride and glutaraldehyde in disinfectants using UV-visible detection in this researchwas successful to produce a selective, accurate, and faster method.
A Generative Adversarial Network Based Framework for Unsupervised Visual Surface Inspection (2018)

Visual surface inspection is a challenging task due to the highly inconsistent appearance of the target surfaces and the abnormal regions. Most of the state-of-the-art methods are highly dependent on the labelled training samples, which are difficult to collect in practical industrial applications. To address this problem, we propose a generative adversarial network based framework for unsupervised surface inspection. The generative adversarial network is trained to generate the fake images analogous to the normal surface images. It implies that a well-trained GAN indeed learns a good representation of the normal surface images in a latent feature space. And consequently, the discriminator of GAN can serve as a naturally one-class classifier. We use the first three conventional layer of the discriminator as the feature extractor, whose response is sensitive to the abnormal regions. Particularly, a multi-scale fusion strategy is adopted to fuse the responses of the three convolution layers and thus improve the segmentation performance of abnormal detection. Various experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
Resistance to Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus in <i>Cucurbita</i> spp. (2016)

Abstract Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus ( ToLCNDV ) is a bipartite begomovirus (family Geminiviridae ) first reported in India and its neighbouring countries. ToLCNDV severely affects zucchini crop ( Cucurbita pepo ) in the main production areas of Southern Spain since 2012. This emerging begomovirus is a serious threat to this and other cucurbit crops. Breeding resistant cultivars is the most promising method for disease control, but requires the identification of sources of resistance in the Cucurbita genus. In this work, we screened for ToLCNDV resistance a large collection of Cucurbita spp. accessions, including landraces and commercial cultivars of the main cultivated species, C. pepo , Cucurbita moschata and Cucurbita maxima and wild species. The screening was performed using mechanical and whitefly inoculation. The level of resistance was assessed by scoring symptom severity and by measuring the virus content with quantitative polymerase chain reaction in selected genotypes. Diversity in the response was observed within and among species. Severe symptoms and high viral amounts were found at 30 days after mechanical and whitefly inoculation in C. pepo , in all accessions belonging to the Zucchini morphotype and to other morphotypes of both subspecies, pepo and ovifera , and even in the wild relative Cucurbita fraterna . C. maxima was also highly susceptible. This species showed characteristic symptoms of leaf decay and intense yellowing, different from those of mosaic, curling and internode shortening found in C. pepo . The only species showing resistance was C. moschata . Four accessions were symptomless or had some plants with only mild symptoms after three independent rounds of mechanical inoculation with different inoculum sources. Two of them also remained symptomless after virus inoculation with viruliferous whiteflies. ToLCNDV was detected in these asymptomatic accessions at 15 and 30 days post inoculation, but viral amounts were much lower than those found in susceptible genotypes, suggesting a high level of resistance. The symptoms in the susceptible accessions of this species were also different, with a characteristic leaf mottling, evolving to a severe mosaic. The newly identified C. moschata resistant accessions are good candidates for breeding programmes to avoid the damage caused by ToLCNDV .
Cultured rat hepatocytes adapt their cellular glycolytic activity and adenylate energy status to tissue oxygen tension: Influences of extracellular matrix components, insulin and glucagon (1994)

The influence of extracellular matrix components, insulin, and glucagon on the cellular response to periportal- or pericentral-equivalent tissue oxygen tension was investigated in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes cultured at 13% O2 or 4% O2 in Teflon membrane dishes. With extended culture time, significant increases in lactate release and cellular lactate content were observed in cultures at 4% O2 compared with 13% O2. This shift toward glycolysis was detectable when hepatocytes were cultured on dishes coated with rat liver crude membrane fraction (CMF/COL) but not in collagen type I-coated dishes. This indicates that extracellular matrix components are involved in the process of adaptation. ATP and total adenylate content in cells cultured at 4% O2 were up to 40% lower than in cells cultured at 13% O2. However, the adenylate energy charge was not affected, suggesting that an adequate energy supply was maintained also in hepatocytes cultured at pericentral-equivalent oxygen tension. This adaptation was reversible. When hepatocytes were transferred either from 4% to 13% O2 or from 13% to 4% O2, they adapted the corresponding metabolic profile to the new oxygen tension within 2 days. This demonstrates that hepatocytes are not fully unidirectionally programmed. The modulation of the glycolytic activity by insulin and glucagon was effective in cultures at pericentral-equivalent oxygen tension (4% O2) only. Insulin (0.1-100 nM) shifted cellular metabolism toward the glycolytic pathway and glucagon (1-100 nM) counteracted the effect of insulin in a dose-dependent manner. Clearly, oxygen tension is the principal regulator in the hepatic glycolytic activity, whereas the hormones (insulin and glucagon) act as secondary modulators.
Accurate Detection of Outliers and Subpopulations With Pmetrics, a Nonparametric and Parametric Pharmacometric Modeling and Simulation Package for R (2012)

Built on over 3 decades of work, Pmetrics adopts a robust, reliable, and mature nonparametric approach to population modeling, which was better than the parametric method at discovering true pharmacokinetic subgroups and an outlier.
Biosynthetic Oligoclonal Antivenom (BOA) for Snakebite and Next-Generation Treatments for Snakebite Victims (2018)

Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease that each year claims the lives of 80,000⁻140,000 victims worldwide. The only effective treatment against envenoming involves intravenous administration of antivenoms that comprise antibodies that have been isolated from the plasma of immunized animals, typically horses. The drawbacks of such conventional horse-derived antivenoms include their propensity for causing allergenic adverse reactions due to their heterologous and foreign nature, an inability to effectively neutralize toxins in distal tissue, a low content of toxin-neutralizing antibodies, and a complex manufacturing process that is dependent on husbandry and procurement of snake venoms. In recent years, an opportunity to develop a fundamentally novel type of antivenom has presented itself. By using modern antibody discovery strategies, such as phage display selection, and repurposing small molecule enzyme inhibitors, next-generation antivenoms that obviate the drawbacks of existing plasma-derived antivenoms could be developed. This article describes the conceptualization of a novel therapeutic development strategy for biosynthetic oligoclonal antivenom (BOA) for snakebites based on recombinantly expressed oligoclonal mixtures of human monoclonal antibodies, possibly combined with repurposed small molecule enzyme inhibitors.
Alterations in mrna levels for growth‐related genes after transplantation into castrated hosts in oncogene‐induced clonal mouse prostate carcinoma (1992)

Abstract A clonal mouse prostate carcinoma was established by the introduction of the ras and myc oncogenes via the recombinant retrovirus Zipras/myc 9 using a mouse prostate reconstitution model system. A single‐cell suspension derived from an early passage ras+myc—induced carcinoma was inoculated into the flanks of intact or castrated adult male C57BL/6 mice, and tumors were harvested 3 wk postinoculation for northern and Southern blotting. Tumor volume analysis showed that this carcinoma was not dependent on testicular androgens for growth. Southern blot analysis of virus‐cell DNA junction fragments revealed that tumor cell populations recovered from both intact and castrated mice were progeny of the same virus‐infected cell. Northern blotting showed that mRNA levels for the four growth‐related genes transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1), transforming growth factor‐beta 3 (TGF‐β3), tissue‐type plasminogen activator (tPA), and c‐ myc were significantly elevated in clonal mouse prostate carcinomas grown in castrated hosts. In contrast, androgen receptor mRNA levels were significantly reduced under the same conditions. The response of TGF‐β1, tPA, and c‐ myc mRNA levels in the carcinomas grown in castrated hosts was similar to that shown previously in normal rat ventral prostate. However, unlike normal rat ventral prostate after castration, increased numbers of apoptotic cells were not seen in the castrated group relative to the intact group at the time of analysis, indicating that the altered gene expression was not associated with cell death. In addition, testosterone‐repressed prostate mRNA number 2 levels, shown previously to be elevated after castration in normal rat ventral prostate, were not increased in the androgen‐deprived clonal mouse prostate carcinomas. Therefore, this early passage clonal ras+myc‐induced prostate carcinoma demonstrates unique patterns of expression for a set of growth‐related genes in an androgen‐deprived environment.
Glucose variability is associated with intensive care unit mortality* (2010)

High glucose variability is firmly associated with ICU and in-hospital death. High glucose variability combined with high mean glucose values is associated with highest ICU mortality. In patients treated with strict glycemic control, low glucose variability seemed protective, even when mean glucose levels remained elevated.
PBPAIR (2006)

Error resilient encoding in video communication is becoming increasingly important due to data transmission over unreliable channels. In this paper, we propose a new power-aware error resilient coding scheme based on network error probability and user expectation in video communication using mobile handheld devices. By considering both image content and network conditions, we can achieve a fast recoverable and energy-efficient error resilient coding scheme. More importantly, our approach allows system designers to evaluate various operating points in terms of error resilient level and energy consumption over a wide range of system operating conditions. We have implemented our scheme on an H.263 video codec algorithm, compared it with the previous AIR, GOP and PGOP coding schemes, and measured energy consumption and video quality on the IPAQ and Zaurus PDAs. Our experimental results show that our approach reduces energy consumption by 34%, 24% and 17% compared with AIR, GOP and PGOP schemes respectively, while incurring only a small fluctuation in the compressed frame size. In addition, our experimental results prove that our approach allows faster error recovery than the previous AIR, GOP and PGOP approaches. We believe our error resilient coding scheme is therefore eminently applicable for video communication on energy-constrained wireless mobile handheld devices.
Ventral extra-striate cortical areas are required for human visual texture segmentation (2009)

A patient (HJA) with bilateral occipital lobe damage to ventral cortical areas V2, V3 and V4 was tested on a texture segmentation task involving texture bar detection in an array of oriented lines. Performance detecting a target shape was assessed as the orientations of the background lines had increasing orientation noise. Control participants found the task easier when the background lines had the same orientation or only slightly shifted in orientation. HJA was poor with all backgrounds but particularly so when the background lines had the same or almost the same orientations. The results suggest that V1 alone is not sufficient to perform easy texture segmentation, even when the background of the display is a homogeneous texture. Ventral extra-striate cortical areas are needed in order to detect texture boundaries. We suggest that extra-striate visual areas enhance the borders between the target and background, while also playing a role in reducing the signal from homogeneous texture backgrounds.