gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A method for evaluating and comparing user simulations: The Cram&#x00E9;r-von Mises divergence (2007)

Although user simulations are increasingly employed in the development and assessment of spoken dialog systems, there is no accepted method for evaluating user simulations. In this paper, we propose a novel quality measure for user simulations. We view a user simulation as a predictor of the performance of a dialog system, where per-dialog performance is measured with a domain-specific scoring function. The quality of the user simulation is measured as the divergence between the distribution of scores in real dialogs and simulated dialogs, and we argue that the Cramer-von Mises divergence is well-suited to this task. The technique is demonstrated on a corpus of real calls, and we present a table of critical values for practitioners to interpret the statistical significance of comparisons between user simulations.
The development of a novel temperature indicator (1990)

The δ-ferrite transformation characteristics of a series of specially made experimental duplex stainless steels have been studied. The ferrite content of these steels changes with time and temperature and this special property is used to develop an effective temperature indicator, i. e. if the time of exposure is known the change in ferrite content in these steels can be used to indicate the average temperature over this period.A Feritscope is used to measure the ferrite content, a measurement which can be performed on site in a matter of seconds. Further advantages of using stainless steel are that it is corrosion resistant, tough, ductile and only a small sample (e.g. 6 mm diameter x 2 mm thick) is required for reproducible measurement.
Lithium-Ion Electrolytes Containing Phosphorous-Based, Flame-Retardant Additives (2010)

Future NASA missions aimed at exploring Mars, the Moon, and the outer planets require rechargeable batteries that can operate over a wide temperature range (-60 to +60 C) to satisfy the requirements of various applications. In addition, many of these applications will require improved safety, due to their use by humans. Currently, the state-of-the-art lithium-ion (Li-ion) system has been demonstrated to operate over a wide range of temperatures (-40 to +40 C); however, abuse conditions can often lead to cell rupture and fire. The nature of the electrolyte can greatly affect the propensity of the cell/battery to catch fire, given the flammability of the organic solvents used within. Li-ion electrolytes have been developed that contain a flame-retardant additive in conjunction with fluorinated co-solvents to provide a safe system with a wide operating temperature range. Previous work incorporated fluorinated esters into multi-component electrolyte formulations, which were demonstrated to cover a temperature range from 60 to +60 C. This work was described in Fluoroester Co-Solvents for Low-Temperature Li+ Cells (NPO-44626), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 33, No. 9 (September 2009), p. 37; and Optimized Li-Ion Electrolytes Con tain ing Fluorinated Ester Co-Solvents (NPO-45824), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 34, No. 3 (March 2010), p. 48. Other previous work improved the safety characteristics of the electrolytes by adding flame-retardant additives such as triphenyl phosphate (TPhPh), tri-butyl phosphate (TBuPh), triethyl phosphate (TEtPh), and bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphonate (TFMPo). The current work involves further investigation of other types of flame-retardant additives, including tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite, triphenylphosphite, diethyl ethylphosphonate, and diethyl phenylphosphonate added to an electrolyte composition intended for wide operating temperatures. In general, many of the formulations investigated in this study displayed good performance over a wide temperature range, good cycle life characteristics, and are expected to have improved safety characteristics, such as low flammability. Of the electrolytes studied, 1.0 M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+DEP (20:75:5 v/v %) and 1.0 M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+DPP (20:75:5 v/v %) displayed the best operation at low temperatures, whereas the electrolyte containing triphenylphosphite displayed the best cycle life performance compared to the baseline solution. It is anticipated that further improvements can be made to the life characteristics with the incorporation of a SET promoters (such as VC, vinylene carbonate), which will likely inhibit the decomposition of the flame-retardant additives.
Evasion of CD8 <sup>+</sup> T Cells Is Critical for Superinfection by Cytomegalovirus (2010)

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can superinfect persistently infected hosts despite CMV-specific humoral and cellular immunity; however, how it does so remains undefined. We have demonstrated that superinfection of rhesus CMV-infected rhesus macaques (RM) requires evasion of CD8+ T cell immunity by virally encoded inhibitors of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) antigen presentation, particularly the homologs of human CMV US2, 3, 6, and 11. In contrast, MHC-I interference was dispensable for primary infection of RM, or for the establishment of a persistent secondary infection in CMV-infected RM transiently depleted of CD8+ lymphocytes. These findings demonstrate that US2-11 glycoproteins promote evasion of CD8+ T cells in vivo, thus supporting viral replication and dissemination during superinfection, a process that complicates the development of preventive CMV vaccines but that can be exploited for CMV-based vector development.
Audio privacy (2008)

Audio monitoring has many applications but also raises privacy concerns. In an attempt to help alleviate these concerns, we have developed a method for reducing the intelligibility of speech while preserving intonation and the ability to recognize most environmental sounds. The method is based on identifying vocalic regions and replacing the vocal tract transfer function of these regions with the transfer function from prerecorded vowels, where the identity of the replacement vowel is independent of the identity of the spoken syllable. The audio signal is then re-synthesized using the original pitch and energy, but with the modified vocal tract transfer function. We performed an intelligibility study which showed that environmental sounds remained recognizable but speech intelligibility can be dramatically reduced to a 7% word recognition rate.
A nanoscale transistor based on gate-induced stochastic transitions (2010)

A nanoscale device consisting of a metal nanowire, a dielectric, and a gate is proposed. A combination of quantum and thermal stochastic effects enable the device to have multiple functionalities, serving alternately as a transistor, a variable resistor, or a simple resistive element with $I-V$ characteristics that can switch between ohmic and non-ohmic. By manipulating the gate voltage, stochastic transitions between different conducting states of the nanowire can be induced, with a switching time as short as picoseconds. With an appropriate choice of dielectric, the transconductance of the device can significantly exceed the conductance quantum $G_0=2e^2/h$, a remarkable figure of merit for a device at this lengthscale.
Modelling of passive ammonia selective catalytic reduction system for lean-burn spark ignition direct injection engines (2011)

Lean-burn spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) engines offer potential fuel economy savings; however, the lack of simple and cost-effective lean nitrogen oxide (NO x ) aftertreatment systems hinder their broad application. Lean NO x traps (LNT) and urea selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts have been widely investigated as possible lean gasoline aftertreatment technologies, but with limited acceptance. Passive ammonia SCR operation is a promising low-cost alternative for lean NO x aftertreatment with SIDI engines. The aftertreatment system includes close-coupled three-way catalyst (TWC) converters and one or more under-floor SCR catalysts. Ammonia (NH 3 ) is formed on the TWC with short pulses of rich engine operations and the generated NH 3 is then stored on the under-floor SCR catalysts. During subsequent lean operations, the NO x that breaks through the TWC converters is reduced to nitrogen by NH 3 stored on the SCR catalysts. This paper provides an overview of system level analysis as a complement to experimental testing in the development of a passive NH 3 SCR-based aftertreatment system. Various aftertreatment architectures (SCR type, the order, and location of the catalysts) were efficiently evaluated and screened, to achieve the best trade-off between engine back-pressure, catalyst warm-up, emission constraints, and acceptable thermal ageing under high-speed/load conditions.
Integrated system for interstitial photodynamic therapy (2003)

A novel photodynamic therapy system based on interstitial illumination using multiple fibres is under development. The aim with this system is to enable treatment of large tumour volumes and also to utilise real-time measurements to allow on-line dosimetry. Important dosimetric parameters to measure are light fluence rate, sensitizer fluorescence intensity and local blood oxygenation. A construction which allows all functions to be readily performed with a single system is presented. We believe that interstitial PDT utilising this technique may be attractive in many clinical situations.
Electrical energy storage and intercalation chemistry. [Li/TiS/sub 2/ with LiPF/sub 6/ or LiClO/sub 4/ electrolyte: ambient temp] (1976)

The electrochemical reaction of layered titanium disulfide with lithium giving the intercalation compound lithium titanium disulfide is the basis of a new battery system. This reaction occurs very rapidly and in a highly reversible manner at ambient temperatures as a result of structural retention. Titanium disulfide is one of a new generation of solid cathode materials. 2 figures.
Optical design and system engineering of a multiresolution foveated laparoscope (2016)

The trade-off between the spatial resolution and field of view is one major limitation of state-of-the-art laparoscopes. In order to address this limitation, we demonstrated a multiresolution foveated laparoscope (MRFL) which is capable of simultaneously capturing both a wide-angle overview for situational awareness and a high-resolution zoomed-in view for accurate surgical operation. In this paper, we focus on presenting the optical design and system engineering process for developing the MRFL prototype. More specifically, the first-order specifications and properties of the optical system are discussed, followed by a detailed discussion on the optical design strategy and procedures of each subsystem. The optical performance of the final system, including diffraction efficiency, tolerance analysis, stray light and ghost image, is fully analyzed. Finally, the prototype assembly process and the final prototype are demonstrated.
Adaptive RF notch filtering using photorefractive two-beam coupling (1994)

We propose and demonstrate an optical system that performs adaptive notch filtering for RF signals, where narrowband interference noise is rejected without knowing a priori its frequency location. Our system makes novel use of photorefractive two-beam coupling along with an acoustooptic deflector.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Genetics of Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (2004)

The initial response to a publication on a pediatric “orphan disease” is not necessarily enthusiasm, especially if the reader is an adult intensivist or pulmonologist. Although considered insignificant because of their rarity, orphan diseases can serve as models for other, more global phenomena. For example, idiopathic congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS), although first described in 1970 (1), was considered exclusively as a rare disorder of respiratory control, with nearly all publications in case report or small series format for the next 20-plus years. Although many early reports described symptoms compatible with autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation, and reports on familial patterns appeared, it took another decade for the familial nature of CCHS and the associated ANS dysregulation to be identified. The American Thoracic Society increased the visibility of CCHS with the 1999 ATS statement entitled “Idiopathic Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management” (2). The specific objectives were to (1) improve knowledge regarding CCHS to minimize delays in diagnosis; (2) state the components of a thorough diagnostic evaluation and for followup; (3) familiarize practitioners with diagnostic, treatment, and home health care options, and long-term outcomes; (4) emphasize the composite of ANS dysfunction beyond the narrow control of breathing deficit considered the hallmark of CCHS; and (5) provide evidence of a genetic component. Subsequent to the ATS statement we have documented an increase in the number of cases diagnosed, with earlier consideration of the disease. Nearly all subsequent publications have appeared in the genetics literature, leaving the readership of the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine potentially uninformed regarding the remarkable progress in determining the genetic basis of CCHS as well as the inheritance pattern. This Pulmonary Perspective has been prepared for three reasons: (1) to demonstrate the lesson that a seemingly straightforward orphan disease with disordered respiratory control is actually a more global phenomenon of ANS dysregulation; (2) to bring the remarkable genetic progress in CCHS, culminating with the identification of a defining gene, the paired-like homeobox gene (PHOX)2b, to the adult and pediatric pulmonologist/intensivist readership of the Journal; and (3) to demonstrate that this unique study population holds great promise for furthering our under-
Learning complex temporal patterns with resource-dependent spike timing-dependent plasticity (2012)

Studies of spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) have revealed that long-term changes in the strength of a synapse may be modulated substantially by temporal relationships between multiple presynaptic and postsynaptic spikes. Whereas long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic strength have been modeled as distinct or separate functional mechanisms, here, we propose a new shared resource model. A functional consequence of our model is fast, stable, and diverse unsupervised learning of temporal multispike patterns with a biologically consistent spiking neural network. Due to interdependencies between LTP and LTD, dendritic delays, and proactive homeostatic aspects of the model, neurons are equipped to learn to decode temporally coded information within spike bursts. Moreover, neurons learn spike timing with few exposures in substantial noise and jitter. Surprisingly, despite having only one parameter, the model also accurately predicts in vitro observations of STDP in more complex multispike trains, as well as rate-dependent effects. We discuss candidate commonalities in natural long-term plasticity mechanisms.
Amino Acid-Bearing ROMP Polymers with a Stereoregular Backbone (2006)

The ruthenium-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROMP) of 1-cyclobutenecarbonyl glycine methyl ester provides translationally invariant, head-to-tail ordered polymers. This polybutadiene backbone contains (within the limits of detection) only E-trisubstituted olefins, and it has no stereocenters that would serve as a source of structural ambiguities. Characterization of the polymer products indicates that they have polydispersities ranging from 1.2 to 1.6 and suggests that they are the products of a "living" polymerization. 1-Cyclobutenecarboxamide-derived ROMP polymers are excellent prospects for applications that require stereoregular chains functionalized with polar ligands.
Fast-in Situ hybridization and immunoenzymatic color pigment detection of mouse bone marrow micronucleus (1999)

The development of a whole mouse genomic DNA probe coupled to color pigment painting detection methodology can accurately verify mouse micronuclei induced by chemicals or drugs leading to a lower probability of potential artifacts. Using color pigment painting detection of probes in conjunction with Wright's Giemsa counterstain instead of the current fluorescence detection technology ensures low cost, high resolution permanent documentation of slides for a particular test compound. The permanent color pigment-detected micronuclei and adjoining counterstain allows slides to be stored for future analysis without enhancing the signal or adding antifading agents that are associated with fluorescence detection. Combining innovative technology such as fast-in situ hybridization of DNA probes with immunoenzymatic color pigment detection provides rapid verification of true micronuclei (DNA containing) within 2-3 hr.
New direct approaches to robust sound source localization (2003)

When more than two microphones are used, the traditional time-delay-of-arrival (TDOA) based sound source localization (SSL) approach involves two steps. The first step computes TDOA for each microphone pair, and the second step combines these estimates. This two-step process discards relevant information in the first step, thus degrading the SSL accuracy and robustness. Although less used, one-step processes do exist. In this paper, we review these processes, create a unified framework, and introduce two new one-step algorithms. We compare our proposed approaches against existing 1and 2-step approaches and demonstrate significantly better SSL performance.
High-density frequency domain storage in alkaline earth sulfides double doped with lanthanide (2000)

Previously we have reported the largest number of photon- gated spectral holes ever burned in a solid. This has interest in their applications in optical storage. However, multiple holeburning in MgS:Eu resulted in noticeable erasure of the previously burned holes. This was attributed to the mechanism of holeburning in this material where both Eu<SUP>2+</SUP> and Eu<SUP>3+</SUP> are stable ions. In gated holeburning, Eu<SUP>2+</SUP> ions are ionized. Eu<SUP>3+</SUP> that form deep traps, capture the electrons generated during the holeburning and are converted to Eu<SUP>2+</SUP>. The Zero Phonon Line (ZPL) of these newly formed Eu<SUP>2+</SUP> ions are randomly distributed across the inhomogeneous line causing a partial erasure of the holes burned earlier. This reduces the efficiency of holeburning. Co-doping of MgS:Eu and CaS:Eu with different rare earth (RE) ions has been investigated to provide deep electron traps other than Eu<SUP>3+</SUP>. Furthermore, co-doping provides the opportunity to burn holes in multiple ZPLs belonging to different REs, thus increasing the storage density many folds.
Composing Integrated Systems Using GUI-Based Applications And Web Services (2007)

Integrated systems are composed of components that exchange information (i.e., interoperate). These components include graphical user interface (GUI) applications (GAPs) and web services. It is difficult to make GAPs interoperate, especially if they are closed and monolithic. Unlike GAPs, web services are applications that are designed to interoperate over the Internet. We propose a novel generic approach for creating integrated systems by composing GAPs with each other and web services efficiently and non-invasively. This approach combines a nonstandard use of accessibility technologies for accessing and controlling GAPs in a uniform way with a visualization mechanism that enables nonprogrammers to compose integrated systems by performing point-and-click, drag-and-drop operations on GAPs and web services. We built a tool based on our approach, and using this tool we created an integrated application that controls two closed and monolithic commercial GAPs and third-party web services. Our evaluation suggests that our approach is effective, and it can be used to create nontrivial integrated systems by composing GAPs with each other and web services.
Downhole Fluid Characterization with Validated Mapping from Optical Sensor Measurements (2019)

Abstract Robust downhole fluid analysis highly relies on quality measurements and data mapping from various optical sensors implemented into modern formation testers. The direct modeling used to determine a multivariate correlation between optical sensor responses and diverse fluid compositions or properties is often cost-prohibitive with sensor-based calibration. This paper presents a novel method based on concatenated optical computing neural networks (COCN), which link sensor-specific signal transformation to generic fluid characterization through validated data mapping. The COCN models are built separately in the in-house laboratory using optical data transformation networks and multi-analyte fluid characterization networks. To evaluate the uncertainty of sensor signal mapping, additional sensor data prediction networks, which exchange inputs and outputs of sensor data transformation networks to provide reverse data mapping, can be built to produce the simulated sensor responses. The actual sensor measurements are then compared to the simulated sensor responses to validate the optical signal transformation. The degree of matching can be used to identify issues associated with the quality of the sensor measurements and the range of calibration and testing data, and to select the transformation networks in ruggedizing predictions of fluid compositions and properties. This paper presents the method used and case studies to exemplify the application of the proposed approach for reliable fluid sample characterization using laboratory and field measurement data. Calibrating sensor-independent fluid predictive networks on a large database usually pertains to low uncertainty because the analyzed measurements can be collected from diverse reservoir fluid samples. The construction of data transformation networks, however, is only realistic by using a small number of reference fluids because of their high calibration cost, which conversely challenges the quality of data mapping with new field sensor measurements. In this study, sensor data transformation networks and sensor data prediction networks form two groups of mutually complementing models that can validate one another, making the quality of data mapping observable before applying fluid characterization models. The results of the case studies demonstrate that the consistency between the actual and simulated sensor responses is a reasonable performance index in the prediction of fluid compositions and properties. The laboratory and field examples also justified the importance of using simulation data appropriately to overcome the limitation of sensor measurement data in the calibration of transformation networks.
Controlled turn-on thyristors (1983)

In a one or more amplified stage thyristor design it is possible to control the peak current level of all but the final stage with impedance built into the p-base zone. This impedance reduces both the current and the duty cycle of the protected amplifying stage effectively protecting it from undesirable temperature rises during turn-on. A further bonus and perhaps equally important is the fact that the amplifying stage and its current control impedance can be used to reduce and essentially fix the voltage level at which the following stage turns on. This results in a lower voltage, lower stress turn-on of the following stage, and a device essentially protected from di/dt turn-on failure. This paper describes several aspects of controlled turn-on in the context of a 2.6- and 6-kV light triggered thyristor. In particular we discuss selection of the resistor value, the problem of unwanted current control resistor modulation by device current as well as some factors affecting the proper wattage of such resistors. We also discuss the role current control resistors can play in controlling avalanche current from known locations on the device.