gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accelerated synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate)‐<i>b</i>‐poly(vinyl chloride)‐<i>b</i>‐poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymers by the CuCl/tris(2‐dimethylaminoethyl)amine‐catalyzed living radical block copolymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated with α,ω‐di(iodo)poly(vinyl chloride) in dimethyl sulfoxide at 90 °C (2005)

Abstract α,ω‐Di(iodo)poly(vinyl chloride)s [α,ω‐di(iodo)PVCs] with number‐average molecular weights ranging from 2100 to 20,000 and weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight ratios ranging from 1.72 to 2.16 were synthesized through the single‐electron‐transfer/degenerative‐chain‐transfer mediated living radical polymerization of vinyl chloride initiated with iodoform and catalyzed by sodium dithionite in water at 25–35 °C. These α,ω‐di(iodo)PVCs were used as macroinitiators for the metal‐catalyzed living radical block copolymerization of methyl methacrylate to produce poly(methyl methacrylate)‐ b ‐poly(vinyl chloride)‐ b ‐poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymers. By searching various copper derivatives, ligands, and solvents, it has been found that CuCl/tris(2‐dimethylaminoethyl)amine in dimethyl sulfoxide at 90 °C provides an accelerated method for the synthesis of block copolymers. Poly(methyl methacrylate)‐ b ‐poly(vinyl chloride)‐ b ‐poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymers with number‐average molecular weights of 41,000–106,700 were produced by this method in 30–80 min. These reaction times were within the range of induction times exhibited when the same block copolymers were synthesized with CuCl/2,2′‐bipyridine in diphenyl ether at 90 °C. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1649–1659, 2005
[May renal lithiasis be really prevented? New trends and therapeutic tools.] (2017)

Renal calculi are generally formed as a result of the combination of certain factors, some related to urine composition (concentration of lithogenic substances, deficiency of crystallization inhibitors, presence of heterogeneous nucleants) and others with renal morphology and anatomy (urinary tract stasis, low urodynamic efficiency cavities, morpho-anatomic deformations, renal papillary tissue lesions). In fact, the composition, macrostructure and microstructure of the calculus will clearly depend on the factors that have induced it. For this reason, the appropriate study and classification of the renal calculi simplifies the diagnosis and allows a more effective therapeutic approach since it can be oriented to directly correct the etiological factors responsible for stone formation. In this article, we review the main etiological factors involved in the formation of each type of calculus and the prophylactic measures that can be adopted for proper correction. The most frequent kidney stones have been classified into the following types: calcium oxalate monohydrate papillary calculi, calcium oxalate monohydrate non-papillary calculi, calcium oxalate dihydrate calculi, mixed hydroxyapatite/ calcium oxalate calculi, carboxyapatite/hydroxyapatite calculi, brushite calculi, struvite/carboxyapatite calculi, uric acid calculi, uric acid/calcium oxalate monohydrate calculi, and cystine calculi. Occasionally, however, the calculus is not available for study, in which case the only way forward is to use all available information (clinical history, life habits, radiological data), together with basic biochemical information, to identify and correct all etiological factors related to renal lithiasis that have been identified.
Storing XML (with XSD) in SQL databases: interplay of logical and physical designs (2005)

Much of business XML data has accompanying XSD specifications. In many scenarios "shredding" such XML data into a relational storage is a popular paradigm. Optimizing evaluation of XPath queries overmuch XML data requires paying careful attention to both the logical and physical designs of the relational database where XML data is shredded. None of the existing solutions has taken into account physical design of the generated relational database. In this paper, we study the interplay of logical and physical design and conclude that 1) solving them independently leads to suboptimal performance and 2) there is substantial overlap between logical and physical designs: some well-known logical design transformations generate the same mappings as physical design. Furthermore, existing search algorithms are inefficient to search the extremely large space of logical and physical design combinations. We propose a search algorithm that carefully avoids searching duplicated mappings and utilizes the workload information to further prune the search space. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our approach.
Security of Quantum Key Distribution with Coherent States and Homodyne Detection (2004)

We assess the security of a quantum key distribution protocol relying on the transmission of Gaussian-modulated coherent states and homodyne detection. This protocol is shown to be equivalent to an entanglement purification protocol using CSS codes followed by key extraction, and is thus secure against any eavesdropping strategy.
Inorganic–organic layer by layer hybrid membranes for lithium–sulfur batteries (2017)

Layer by layer assembly of hybrid inorganic/organic membrane encapsulating the sulfur particle impedes polysulfide dissolution or protecting the lithium metal.
20 dB -enhanced coupling to slot photonic crystal waveguide using multimode interference coupler (2007)

The authors experimentally demonstrate a slot photonic crystal structure for guiding light in a sub-100-nm-wide low-index region. A multimode interference-based coupling structure is introduced to couple light into such a narrow slot photonic crystal waveguide. A coupler of 1.26μm long enhances the coupling efficiency by 20dB for the quasi-transverse-electric mode over 35nm optical bandwidth centered at 1562nm. The measured transmission spectra are in good agreement with the simulated band diagram.
Influence of vehicle and anterior chamber protein concentration on cyclosporine penetration through the isolated rabbit cornea (1992)

The transcorneal penetration of cyclosporine A has been determined from each of three vehicles across isolated cornea into simulated aqueous humor containing either 50 mg % protein (0.5 mg/ml; as found in a normal eye) or 5000 mg % protein (50 mg/ml; as found in an inflamed eye). Cyclosporine entered the corneal epithelium and stroma/endothelium as well as passed through the cornea from an alpha cyclodextrin vehicle. Entry into the epithelium and stroma/endothelium occurred from an ointment vehicle with limited detectable anterior chamber penetration using 50 mg % protein solution in the anterior chamber. From corn oil vehicle, cyclosporine penetrated across the cornea with a permeability equal to that of alpha cyclodextrin vehicle. The concentration of cyclosporine in both corn oil and ointment vehicles is 8 times greater than that in alpha cyclodextrin vehicle resulting in a flux from corn oil vehicle about 7 or 8 times greater than that seen after alpha cyclodextrin vehicle. The amounts retained in the cornea, however, were relatively low after corn oil compared to cyclodextrin. The penetration of cyclosporine from either the cyclodextrin vehicle or ointment was at least doubled in the presence of 5000 mg % protein in the simulated aqueous humor relative to that seen in 50 mg % protein. This data indicates that the (presumed) absorption and binding of drug by the excess protein in the simulated aqueous humor may have removed free cyclosporine from the solution and sustained a high concentration gradient of free solute across the cornea.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Structure activity relationship studies on rhodanines and derived enethiol inhibitors of metallo-β-lactamases (2018)

Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) enable bacterial resistance to almost all classes of β-lactam antibiotics. We report studies on enethiol containing MBL inhibitors, which were prepared by rhodanine hydrolysis. The enethiols inhibit MBLs from different subclasses. Crystallographic analyses reveal that the enethiol sulphur displaces the di-Zn(II) ion bridging 'hydrolytic' water. In some, but not all, cases biophysical analyses provide evidence that rhodanine/enethiol inhibition involves formation of a ternary MBL enethiol rhodanine complex. The results demonstrate how low molecular weight active site Zn(II) chelating compounds can inhibit a range of clinically relevant MBLs and provide additional evidence for the potential of rhodanines to be hydrolysed to potent inhibitors of MBL protein fold and, maybe, other metallo-enzymes, perhaps contributing to the complex biological effects of rhodanines. The results imply that any medicinal chemistry studies employing rhodanines (and related scaffolds) as inhibitors should as a matter of course include testing of their hydrolysis products.
Low-voltage three-terminal avalanche photodiodes (2017)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text X. Zeng, Z. Huang, D. Liang, M. Fiorentino, and R. G. Beausoleil, "Low-voltage three-terminal avalanche photodiodes," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optica Publishing Group, 2017), paper SF2I.3. Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Optimization of Electroactive Hydrogel Actuators (2009)

To improve actuation of hydrogels, we utilized an emulsion polymerization to engineer porous structures into polyelectrolyte hydrogels. Porous hydrogels generated large deformation as a result of enhanced deswelling mechanisms; for instance, the decreased number of COO(-) groups that must be protonated in porous hydrogels to initiate bending. Measurements of the mechanical properties revealed that porous hydrogels also bend to a larger extent because of their increased flexibility. Overall, our results demonstrate that the fast and large actuation of polyelectrolyte hydrogels can be accomplished by increasing the hydrogel porosity.
Impact of Trapped Charge and Interface Defects on the Degradation of the Optical and Electrical Characteristics in $\hbox{NPD/Alq}_{3}$ OLEDs (2009)

Electroluminescence degradation mechanisms in small-molecule-based organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been investigated. We focused on intrinsic degradation phenomena that determine the decrease in the optical power of OLEDs during standard operation. The study was carried out on simplified OLED structures, by means of combined optical and electrical characterization techniques. The results of this analysis provide information on the physical processes responsible for OLED degradation, suggesting a strong correlation between the reduction in the luminance intensity of the devices and the creation of both positive trapped charge and neutral electron traps at the Alq <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> /NPD interface. The evidence reported in this paper supports the hypothesis that degradation is due to the instability of the cationic Alq <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> species.
Three-Dimensional Large-Scale Fused Silica Microfluidic Chips Enabled by Hybrid Laser Microfabrication for Continuous-Flow UV Photochemical Synthesis (2022)

We demonstrate a hybrid laser microfabrication approach, which combines the technical merits of ultrafast laser-assisted chemical etching and carbon dioxide laser-induced in situ melting for centimeter-scale and bonding-free fabrication of 3D complex hollow microstructures in fused silica glass. With the developed approach, large-scale fused silica microfluidic chips with integrated 3D cascaded micromixing units can be reliably manufactured. High-performance on-chip mixing and continuous-flow photochemical synthesis under UV irradiation at ~280 nm were demonstrated using the manufactured chip, indicating a powerful capability for versatile fabrication of highly transparent all-glass microfluidic reactors for on-chip photochemical synthesis.
Gray-scale response of multiple-quantum-well spatial light modulators (1996)

The gray-scale response of spatial light modulators based on perpendicular-field photorefractive multiple quantum wells is studied. It is shown that the gray scale exhibits both linear and saturated regimes that are accessible by variation of the applied field and the gate time.
A Low-Complexity Hybrid LDPC Code Encoder for IEEE 802.3an (10GBase-T) Ethernet (2009)

This paper presents a novel hybrid encoding method for encoding of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. The design approach is applied to design 10-Gigabit Ethernet transceivers over copper cables. For a specified encoding speed, the proposed method requires substantially lower complexity in terms of area and storage. Furthermore, this method is generic and can be adapted easily for other LDPC codes. One major advantage of this design is that it does not require column swapping and it maintains compatibility with optimized LDPC decoders. For a 10-Gigabit Ethernet transceiver which is compliant with the IEEE 802.3 an standard, the proposed sequential (5-Parallel) hybrid architecture has the following implementation properties: critical path: (log <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (324) + 1)T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">xor</sub> + T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">and</sub> , number of XOR gates: 11 056, number of and gates: 1620, and ROM storage: 104 976 bits (which can be minimized to 52 488 bits using additional hardware). This method achieves comparable critical path, and requires 74% gate area, 10% ROM storage as compared with a similar 10-Gigabit sequential (5-parallel) LDPC encoder design using only the G matrix multiplication method. Additionally the proposed method accesses fewer bits per cycle than the G matrix method which reduces power consumption by about 82%.
Antigenic Domains of the Open Reading Frame 2-Encoded Protein of Hepatitis E Virus (1999)

The antigenic composition of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) protein encoded by open reading frame 2 (ORF2) was determined by using synthetic peptides. Three sets of overlapping 18-, 25-, and 30-mer peptides, with each set spanning the entire ORF2 protein of the HEV Burma strain, were synthesized. All synthetic peptides were tested by enzyme immunoassay against a panel of 32 anti-HEV-positive serum specimens obtained from acutely HEV-infected persons. Six antigenic domains within the ORF2 protein were identified. Domains 1 and 6 located at the N and C termini of the ORF2 protein, respectively, contain strong immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antigenic epitopes that can be efficiently modeled with peptides of different sizes. In contrast, antigenic epitopes identified within the two central domains (3 and 4) were modeled more efficiently with 30-mer peptides than with either 18- or 25-mers. Domain 2 located at amino acids (aa) 143 to 222 was modeled best with 25-mer peptides. A few 30-mer synthetic peptides derived from domain 5 identified at aa 490 to 579 demonstrated strong IgM antigenic reactivity. Several 30-mer synthetic peptides derived from domains 1, 4, and 6 immunoreacted with IgG or IgM with more than 70% of anti-HEV-positive serum specimens. Thus, the results of this study demonstrate the existence of six diagnostically relevant antigenic domains within the HEV ORF2 protein.
Worst-case analysis of discrete systems (1999)

We propose a methodology for worst-case analysis of systems with discrete observable signals. The methodology can be used to verify different properties of systems such as power consumption, timing performance or resource utilization. We also propose an application of the methodology to timing analysis of embedded systems implemented on a single processor. The analysis provides a bound on the response time of such systems. It is typically very efficient, because it does not require a state space search.
High‐resolution fMRI with higher‐order generalized series imaging and parallel imaging techniques (HGS‐parallel) (2009)

This study suggests that the proposed method can be used for high-resolution fMRI studies without the geometric distortion and the Nyquist ghost artifacts compared to EPI.
A novel virally inactivated human platelet lysate preparation rich in TGF‐β, EGF and IGF, and depleted of PDGF and VEGF (2010)

There is emerging interest in the use of standardized virally inactivated human platelet lysate preparations rich in GFs (growth factors) for cell cultures, cell therapy and clinical applications. In the present paper, we report a simple process to prepare a virally inactivated platelet lysate preparation rich in TGF-beta1 (transforming growth factor-beta1), EGF (epidermal growth factor) and IGF (insulin-like growth factor) and depleted of PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor). Apheresis platelet concentrates were treated by the S/D (solvent/detergent) viral inactivation procedure, then subjected to an oil extraction followed by adsorption with activated charcoal and finally sterile-filtered. The resulting preparation contained a mean of 368.4, 2.4 and 54.7 ng/ml of TGF-beta1, EGF and IGF respectively. PDGF-AB and VEGF were essentially completely removed by the charcoal treatment. The mean albumin, IgG, IgM and IgA and fibrinogen contents were approx. 40.0, 8.5, 0.87, 1.66 and 2.65 mg/ml respectively, cholesterol and triglycerides were at 15 and 20.7 mg/ml respectively and TnBP (tri-n-butyl phosphate) and Triton X-45 were at 8.7 and 8.8 p.p.m. respectively. Supplementing MEM (minimum essential medium) with 1-10% of this S/D-treated platelet lysate promoted the proliferation of MG63 and SIRC cell lines as well as, or better than, 10% (v/v) FBS (fetal bovine serum), as based on the MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] assay. The process used to prepare such S/D-treated platelet lysates is easily scalable for industrial production. Our results open up the possibility to evaluate the potential of this new preparation for stem cell expansion and/or bone tissue engineering and regeneration.
Deep Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping for Background Field Removal and Total Field Inversion (2019)

Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) utilizes MRI signal phase to estimate local tissue susceptibility, which has been shown useful to provide novel image contrast and as biomarkers of abnormal tissue. QSM requires addressing a challenging post-processing problem: filtering of image phase estimates and inversion of the phase to susceptibility relationship. A wide variety of quantification errors, robustness limitations, and artifacts constraints QSM clinical translation. To overcome these limitations, a robust deep-learning-based QSM reconstruction approach is proposed to perform background field removal and susceptibility inversion simultaneously from input MRI phase images. Synthetic training data based on in-vivo data sources and physics simulations were used for training. The network was quantitatively tested using gold-standard in-silico labeled dataset against established background field removal and QSM inversion approaches. In addition, the algorithm was applied to a QSM challenge data and clinical susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) data. When quantitatively compared against gold-standard in-silico labels, the proposed algorithm outperformed the existing comparable background field removal approaches and QSM reconstruction algorithms. The QSM challenge data and clinical SWI data demonstrated that the proposed approach was able to robustly generate high quality local field and QSM with improved accuracy.
Maximum likelihood positioning in the scintillation camera using depth of interaction (1993)

Specific effects of the depth of interaction (DOI) on the photomultiplier (PM) response in an Auger gamma camera were quantified. The method was implemented and tested on a Monte Carlo simulator with special care to the noise modeling. Two models were developed, one considering only the geometric aspects of the camera and used for comparison, and one describing a more realistic camera environment. In a typical camera configuration and 140-keV photons, the DOI alone can account for a 6.4-mm discrepancy in position and 12% in energy between two scintillations. Variation of the DOI can still bring additional distortions when photons do not enter the crystal perpendicularly such as in slant hole, cone beam and other focusing collimators. With a 0.95-cm crystal and a 30 degrees slant angle, the obliquity factor can be responsible for a 5.5-mm variation in the event position. Results indicate that both geometrical and stochastic effects of the DOI are definitely reducing the camera performances and should be included in the image formation process.
Conformal thermal therapy using planar ultrasound transducers and adaptive closed-loop MR temperature control: demonstration in gel phantoms and<i>ex vivo</i>tissues (2007)

MRI-guided transurethral ultrasound therapy offers a minimally invasive approach for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Integrating a multi-element planar transducer with active MR temperature feedback can enable three-dimensional conformal thermal therapy of a target region within the prostate gland while sparing surrounding normal tissues. Continuous measurement of the temperature distribution in tissue enables dynamic compensation for unknown changes in blood flow and tissue properties during treatment. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using active temperature feedback on a clinical 1.5 T MR imager for conformal thermal therapy. MR thermometry was performed during heating in both gel phantoms and excised tissue with a transurethral heating applicator, and the rotation rate and power were varied based on the thermal measurements. The capability to produce a region of thermal damage that matched a target boundary was evaluated. The influence of a cooling gradient (to simulate cooling of the rectum or urethra) on the desired pattern of thermal damage was also investigated in gel phantoms. Results showed high correlation between the desired target boundary and the 55 degrees C isotherm generated during heating with an average distance error of 0.9 mm +/- 0.4 mm (n = 6) in turkey breasts, 1.4 mm +/- 0.6 mm (n = 4) in gel phantoms without rectal cooling and 1.4 mm +/- 0.6 mm (n = 3) in gel phantoms with rectal cooling. The results were obtained using a temporal update rate of 5 s, a spatial resolution of 3 x 3 x 10 mm for the control point, and a temperature uncertainty of approximately 1 degrees C. The performance of the control algorithm under these conditions was comparable to that of simulations conducted previously by our group. Overall, the feasibility of generating targeted regions of thermal damage with a transurethral heating applicator and active MR temperature feedback has been demonstrated experimentally. This method of treatment appears capable of accounting for unpredictable and varying tissue properties during the treatment.