gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photonic crystal fibers (2002)

While the field of photonic crystals has been focused on optical components, there has been a group of researchers exploring the idea of using photonic band-gaps to provide confinement in optical fibers. Although the precursors of this technology can be found in the mid to late 1970s (Kaiser and Astle, 1974; Yeh et al., 1978), this earlier work did not recognize the full potential of air-clad or Bragg fibers. However, the idea of a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) (Birks et al., 1995) was revived soon after the introduction of the generalized concept of photonic band gaps (Yablonovitch, 1987; John, 1987) in the late 1980s. Unlike the original all silica-based Bragg fiber, the proposed PCF generated a band gap with a silica cladding containing a periodic lattice of air holes. Although it was several years before a true photonic band-gap.fiber (PBGF) was demonstrated (Knight et al., 1998; Cregan et al.'s, 1999), the original PCFs displayed some very unusual properties (Birks et al., 1997) that generated sufficient interest to distract the research from its original goal. In this paper, we examine the relationship between the early PCFs and the more recent PBGFs.
Investigation effect of 12-week High-Intensity Interval Training FOXO1 Gene Expression of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetic Rats (2018)

Background and Objectives: Studies have pointed to the possible role of FOXO1 in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, due to the claim that it affects glycemic control and lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval (HIIT) on FOXO1 expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue, insulin resistance, insulin resistance, and blood glucose in type 2 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: This is a fundamental and experimental research. The statistical population of this study is all male Wistar rats of Pasteur Institute of Iran. Among them, 14 male Wistar 10 week old rats weighing 220 ± 20 gr Randomized method was used to participate in the study. After a fasting night (12 hours), rats were diabetic by injection of nicotinamide and streptozotocin and divided into 2 groups of HIIT training and control. 12-week exercises were performed in 5 sessions of 30 minutes per week in the running of the treadmill with 1-minute repetitions and 2-minute active rest. The untrained diabetic group did not attend any exercise program. 48 hours after the last training session, the rats were anesthetized and slaughtered. A t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: 12 weeks of periodic exercise decreased the relative expression of FOXO1 in comparison with the control group (P = 0.033). However, there was no significant difference in insulin resistance between the two groups (P = 0.921), but glucose and insulin decreased significantly with 12 weeks of periodic exercise (P = 0.001). Conclusion: 12 weeks of HIIT training leads to a decrease in blood glucose levels, despite the lack of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats. This improvement can be attributed somewhat to signaling pathways dependent on changes in the expression of FOXO1 independent of insulin resistance.
O-Methylated Metabolite of 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Activates TrkB Receptor and Displays Antidepressant Activity (2013)

7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) acts as a TrkB receptor-specific agonist. It mimics the physiological actions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and demonstrates remarkable therapeutic efficacy in animal models of various neurological diseases. Nonetheless, its in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles and metabolism remain unclear. Here we report that 7,8-DHF and its O-methylated metabolites distribute in mouse brain after oral administration. Both hydroxy groups can be mono-methylated, and the mono-methylated metabolites activate TrkB in vitro and in vivo. Blocking methylation, using COMT inhibitors, diminishes the agonistic effect of TrkB activation by 7,8-DHF or 4'-dimethylamino-7,8-DHF, supporting the contribution of the methylated metabolite to TrkB activation in mouse brain. Moreover, we have synthesized several methylated metabolite derivatives, and they also potently activate the TrkB receptor and reduce immobility in both forced swim test and tail suspension test, indicating that these methylated metabolites may possess antidepressant activity. Hence, our data demonstrate that 7,8-DHF is orally bioavailable and can penetrate the brain-blood barrier. The O-methylated metabolites are implicated in TrkB receptor activation in the brain.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduces pain, fatigue and hyperalgesia while restoring central inhibition in primary fibromyalgia (2013)

Because transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) works by reducing central excitability and activating central inhibition pathways, we tested the hypothesis that TENS would reduce pain and fatigue and improve function and hyperalgesia in people with fibromyalgia who have enhanced central excitability and reduced inhibition. The current study used a double-blinded randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over design to test the effects of a single treatment of TENS with people with fibromyalgia. Three treatments were assessed in random order: active TENS, placebo TENS and no TENS. The following measures were assessed before and after each TENS treatment: pain and fatigue at rest and in movement; pressure pain thresholds, 6-m walk test, range of motion; 5-time sit-to-stand test, and single-leg stance. Conditioned pain modulation was completed at the end of testing. There was a significant decrease in pain and fatigue with movement for active TENS compared to placebo and no TENS. Pressure pain thresholds increased at the site of TENS (spine) and outside the site of TENS (leg) when compared to placebo TENS or no TENS. During active TENS, conditioned pain modulation was significantly stronger compared to placebo TENS and no TENS. No changes in functional tasks were observed with TENS. Thus, the current study suggests TENS has short-term efficacy in relieving symptoms of fibromyalgia while the stimulator is active. Future clinical trials should examine the effects of repeated daily delivery of TENS, similar to the way in which TENS is used clinically on pain, fatigue, function, and quality of life in individuals with fibromyalgia.
Light Chain of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A:  Structural Resolution of a Catalytic Intermediate<sup>,</sup> (2006)

Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A, 1296 residues) is a zinc metalloprotease that cleaves SNAP25 to inhibit the fusion of neurotransmitter-carrying vesicles to the plasma membrane of peripheral neurons. BoNT/A is a disulfide-linked di-chain protein composed of an N-terminal, thermolysin-like metalloprotease light chain domain (LC/A, 448 residues) and a C-terminal heavy chain domain (848 residues) that can be divided into two subdomains, a translocation subdomain and a receptor binding subdomain. LC/A cleaves SNAP25 between residues Gln197-Arg198 and, unlike thermolysin, recognizes an extended region of SNAP25 for cleavage. The structure of a recombinant LC/A (1-425) treated with EDTA (No-Zn LC/A) was determined. The overall structure of No-Zn LC/A is similar to that reported for the holotoxin, except that it lacks the Zn ion, indicating that the role of Zn is catalytic not structural. In addition, structures of a noncatalytic mutant LC/A (Arg362Ala/Tyr365Phe) complexed with and without an inhibitor, ArgHX, were determined. The overall structure and the active site conformation for the mutant are the same as wild type. When the inhibitor binds to the active site, the carbonyl and N-hydroxyl groups form a bidentate ligand to the Zn ion and the arginine moiety binds to Asp369, suggesting that the inhibitor-bound structure mimics a catalytic intermediate with the Arg moiety binding at the P1' site. Consistent with this model, mutation of Asp369 to Ala decreases the catalytic activity of LC/A by approximately 600-fold, and the residual activity is not inhibited by ArgHX. These results provide new information on the reaction mechanism and insight into the development of strategies for small molecule inhibitors of BoNTs.
Widely tunable high-Q evanescent-mode resonators using flexible polymer substrates (2005)

Widely tunable high-Q evanescent-mode resonators are created using layer-by-layer polymer stereolithography process. The ability of polymer stereolithography process to fabricate thin flexible 3D structures with small fabrication tolerances enables the realization of highly loaded tunable evanescent-mode resonators. A tunable frequency range of 5.4-10.9 GHz, which corresponds to an equivalent capacitance tunability of 400%, is obtained with quality factors ranging from 745 to 1,580 over the tunable frequency range.
Pre-lens tear film evaluation scale: a tool for analyzing the tear film-lens interaction with respect to the material used (2012)

In clinical practice, to avoid or reduce the failure rate among users of contact lenses, it is necessary to obtain a detailed patient case history, information concerning symptoms, and a complete eye examination. In addition, application of an auxiliary photographic reference scale might increase the chances of improving initial success or, for existing contact lens wearers, provide insight into the extent or severity of symptoms. Patient symptoms are often directly related to contact lens failure, which in turn is related to the quality of the pre-corneal tear film as well as the <em>wettability</em> of the contact lens surface. We describe the relationship between the quality of the tear film, with particular attention to pre-contact lens tear film, variability in contact tolerance, and the material of which the contact lens is made.
The Three-dimensional Structure of Recombinant Leech-derived Tryptase Inhibitor in Complex with Trypsin (1997)

The x-ray crystal structure of recombinant leech-derived tryptase inhibitor (rLDTI) has been solved to a resolution of 1.9 A in complex with porcine trypsin. The nonclassical Kazal-type inhibitor exhibits the same overall architecture as that observed in solution and in rhodniin. The complex reveals structural aspects of the mast cell proteinase tryptase. The conformation of the binding region of rLDTI suggests that tryptase has a restricted active site cleft. The basic amino terminus of rLDTI, apparently flexible from previous NMR measurements, approaches the 148-loop of trypsin. This loop has an acidic equivalent in tryptase, suggesting that the basic amino terminus could make favorable electrostatic interactions with the tryptase molecule. A series of rLDTI variants constructed to probe this hypothesis confirmed that the amino-terminal Lys-Lys sequence plays a role in inhibition of human lung tryptase but not of trypsin or chymotrypsin. The location of such an acidic surface patch is in accordance with the known low molecular weight inhibitors of tryptase.
Functional Nanoclay Suspension for Printing-Then-Solidification of Liquid Materials (2017)

Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the freeform fabrication of complex structures from various build materials. The objective of this study is to develop a novel Laponite nanoclay-enabled "printing-then-solidification" additive manufacturing approach to extrude complex three-dimensional (3D) structures made of various liquid build materials. Laponite, a member of the smectite mineral family, is investigated to serve as a yield-stress support bath material for the extrusion printing of liquid build materials. Using the printing-then-solidification approach, the printed structure remains liquid and retains its shape with the help of the Laponite support bath. Then the completed liquid structures are solidified in situ by applying suitable cross-linking mechanisms. Finally, the solidified structures are harvested from the Laponite nanoclay support bath for any further processing as needed. Due to its chemical and physical stability, liquid build materials with different solidification/curing/gelation mechanisms can be fabricated in the Laponite bath using the printing-then-solidification approach. The feasibility of the proposed Laponite-enabled printing-then-solidification approach is demonstrated by fabricating several complicated structures made of various liquid build materials, including alginate with ionic cross-linking, gelatin with thermal cross-linking, and SU-8 with photo-cross-linking. During gelatin structure printing, living cells are included and the postfabrication cell viability is above 90%.
Real-time navigation in 3D environments based on depth camera data (2012)

In this paper, we present an integrated approach for robot localization, obstacle mapping, and path planning in 3D environments based on data of an onboard consumer-level depth camera. We rely on state-of-the-art techniques for environment modeling and localization, which we extend for depth camera data. We thoroughly evaluated our system with a Nao humanoid equipped with an Asus Xtion Pro Live depth camera on top of the humanoid's head and present navigation experiments in a multi-level environment containing static and non-static obstacles. Our approach performs in real-time, maintains a 3D environment representation, and estimates the robot's pose in 6D. As our results demonstrate, the depth camera is well-suited for robust localization and reliable obstacle avoidance in complex indoor environments.
Model-based architecture for the Intranet (2002)

We propose a system called CEE (Cooperative Environment for Enterprise-computing) which is based on a new architecture for the Intranet. CEE works based on the enterprise model which consists of the organization, business function/process conforming to IDEFO, and resources such as persons and documents. CEE integrates enterprise information and applications based on the enterprise model and enable the following functions on the WWW. 1) CEE automatically generates and maintains WWW pages and links according to business objects in the enterprise model. 2) CEE manages documents linked to the enterprise model and provides check-in/out and version control functions. 3) CEE promotes concurrent engineering by providing notification on the creation or modification of the output document of a process to the succeeding processes. 4) CEE provides document-based project management on the IDEFO chart in addition to traditional time-based project management on the Gantt chart.
Practical PET respiratory motion correction in clinical simultaneous PET/MR (2015)

Respiratory motion during PET acquisition leads to blurring in images and quantification underestimation. We propose a practical, anatomy independent MR-based correction strategy for PET data affected by motion, and show it can improve image quality for both PET acquired simultaneously to the motion-capturing MR, and for PET acquired up to 1 hour earlier during a clinical scan. For our method, a short additional PET/MR sequence is acquired to form a patient-specific MR-based motion model, with a PET-derived respiratory signal and a gradient echo 2D multi-slice sequence. To evaluate our method, uncorrected and motion-corrected images are compared using line profiles, and quantitatively with SUV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">peak</sub> in avid lesions. We show that clinical PET image quality can be improved using only a short additional PET/MR acquisition with no external respiratory hardware, standard MR sequences and an open registration method.
Clonal Distribution of Invasive Pneumococcal Isolatesfrom Children and Selected Adults in the United States Prior to7-Valent Conjugate VaccineIntroduction (2003)

Theseven-valent pneumococcal conjugated polysaccharide vaccine PC7V was licensed for use among children in 2000. Since 90 serotypes of pneumococci exist, an increase in nonvaccine serotypes could occur through immune selection for capsular type switching. Eleven hundred sixty-eight invasive isolates (24 serotypes), recovered primarily from pediatric patients (855 isolates = 73%) and 22 reference strains of known multilocus sequence types (STs) were subjected to macrorestriction profiling (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE]). The correlation of 187 ST results (including 49 newly discovered STs) with the PFGE data assigned 1,042 (89.2%) study isolates to 46 defined clonal complexes or genetic lineages based on related multilocus STs (BURST). Seventeen clonal complexes were represented by 2 to 10 related allelic profiles (STs), while 33 lineages (including reference strains) consisted of single STs with 4 or fewer allelic identities to other STs found in the study. Expansion of the BURST analysis to a global analysis of all known pneumococcal STs (as of 27 November 2002) reduced the number of single ST lineages from 33 to 8, and the number of multi-ST clonal complexes was reduced from 17 to 13. In this work, we established the basic genetic structure within individual serotypes prior to PC7V use. The resultant database will be useful for detecting potential selective effects of this vaccine in postvaccine surveillance.
Efficacy and mechanism of combination of oxaliplatin with PKM2 knockdown in colorectal cancer (2020)

M2 isomer of pyruvate kinase (PKM2), a key enzyme in aerobic glycolysis, is closely related to cancer development and progression. Suppression of PKM2 exhibits synergistic effects with docetaxel in lung cancer, but the therapeutic potential in colorectal cancer (CRC) is unclear. The aim of the present study was to explore the synergic effects and mechanism of knocking down PKM2 combined with oxaliplatin (a chemosensitizer) treatment in two CRC cell lines (HCT116 and DLD1). The PKM2 gene was initially knocked down using small interfering (si)RNAs (si155 and si156). Subsequently, the effects of PKM2‑siRNAs and oxaliplatin, on CRC cells were determined using MTS, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis assays. The mechanism of targeting PKM2 was explored by detecting glucose uptake, lactate secretion fluxes, and the levels of glucose‑6‑phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) mRNA, glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cell viability in the experimental groups (PKM2‑siRNAs, oxaliplatin, PKM2‑siRNAs + oxaliplatin) was significantly reduced compared with the control group, and combination treatments (PKM2‑siRNAs + oxaliplatin) were more effective than single treatments (PKM2‑siRNAs and oxaliplatin only groups). Similar results were observed with the apoptosis assay. The combination groups showed synergistic effects compared with both single treatment groups. Furthermore, glucose uptake and lactate secretion and mRNA levels of G6PD and PKM2 were decreased after PKM2 knockdown in the PKM2‑siRNAs and PKM2‑siRNAs + oxaliplatin groups. The GSH levels in the PKM2‑siRNAs group was significantly lower compared with the negative control group. The ROS levels in the PKM2‑siRNAs groups were also significantly increased. The combination of PKM2‑siRNAs and oxaliplatin had synergistic effects on CRC cells (HCT116 and DLD1). PKM2 silencing may alter energy metabolism in cancer cells and initiate ROS‑induced apoptosis after downregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway by PKM2‑siRNAs.
Molecular Evolution of Virulence in Natural Field Strains of <i>Xanthomonas campestris</i> pv. vesicatoria (2000)

The avrBs2 avirulence gene of the bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria triggers disease resistance in pepper plants containing the Bs2 resistance gene and contributes to bacterial virulence on susceptible host plants. We studied the effects of the pepper Bs2 gene on the evolution of avrBs2 by characterizing the molecular basis for virulence of 20 X. campestris pv. vesicatoria field strains that were isolated from disease spots on previously resistant Bs2 pepper plants. All field strains tested were complemented by a wild-type copy of avrBs2 in their ability to trigger disease resistance on Bs2 plants. DNA sequencing revealed four mutant alleles of avrBs2, two of which consisted of insertions or deletions of 5 nucleotides in a repetitive region of avrBs2. The other two avrBs2 alleles were characterized by point mutations with resulting single amino acid changes (R403P or A410D). We generated isogenic X. campestris pv. vesicatoria strains by chromosomal avrBs2 gene exchange to study the effects of these mutations on the dual functions of avrBs2 in enhancing bacterial virulence and inducing plant resistance by in planta bacterial growth experiments. The deletion of 5 nucleotides led to loss of avrBs2-induced resistance on Bs2 pepper plants and abolition of avrBs2-mediated enhancement of fitness on susceptible plants. Significantly, the point mutations led to minimal reduction in virulence function of avrBs2 on susceptible pepper plants, with either minimal (R403P allele) or an intermediate level of (A410D allele) triggering of resistance on Bs2 plants. Consistent with the divergent selection pressures on avrBs2 exerted by the Bs2 resistance gene, our results show that avrBs2 is evolving to decrease detection by the Bs2 gene while at the same time maintaining its virulence function.
High-quality frame-synchronization and encryption for satellite video signal transmission (1990)

A high-quality frame-synchronizer for video signal switching, freezing, and encryption is proposed. In order to realize the high-quality frame-synchronizer, a novel high-speed and high-definition 11-b A/D (analog-to-digital) converter which achieves a quite high S/N (signal-to-noise) ratio performance of 63 dB (weighted) has been developed. The developed frame-synchronizer provides synchronized video signal switching by field freezing and an encryption/decryption capability by line scrambling over digital frame memories for high-security video signal transmission. Moreover, it adjusts the delay difference of the digitally processed video signal and audio signals.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Strategies for optimising musculoskeletal health in the 21st century (2019)

We live in a world with an ever-increasing ageing population. Studying healthy ageing and reducing the socioeconomic impact of age-related diseases is a key research priority for the industrialised and developing countries, along with a better mechanistic understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of ageing that occurs in a number of age-related musculoskeletal disorders. Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders constitute a major cause of disability and morbidity globally and result in enormous costs for our health and social-care systems.By gaining a better understanding of healthy musculoskeletal ageing and the risk factors associated with premature ageing and senescence, we can provide better care and develop new and better-targeted therapies for common musculoskeletal disorders. This review is the outcome of a two-day multidisciplinary, international workshop sponsored by the Institute of Advanced Studies entitled "Musculoskeletal Health in the 21st Century" and held at the University of Surrey from 30th June-1st July 2015.The aim of this narrative review is to summarise current knowledge of musculoskeletal health, ageing and disease and highlight strategies for prevention and reducing the impact of common musculoskeletal diseases.