gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Establishing a Rapid Pad-Steam Process for Bleaching of Cotton Fabric with an Activated Peroxide System (2018)

Bleaching of cotton fabric with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is conventionally carried out under high temperature and strong alkaline conditions, for which the pad-steam process can be employed to present the benefits in lowering water and chemical consumptions. A notable drawback observed with the pad-steam process for bleaching of cotton fabric with H2O2 is that, although the cotton fabric is bleached to an acceptable whiteness, it is required to dwell in steam for almost an hour, causing tremendous energy consumption as well as extensive damage to the cotton fibers. It has been found that an activated peroxide system can be formed with the addition of N-[4-(triethylammoniomethyl)benzoyl]caprolactam chloride (TBCC) to H2O2 solution to generate 4-(triethylammoniomethyl)perbenzoic acid (TPA), allowing the establishment of a rapid pad-steam process. Sodium citrate was selected as the desired alkali for use in the rapid pad-steam process to neutralize 4-(triethylammoniomethyl)benzoic acid (TBA) released from the TBCC-activated peroxide system. By shortening the steaming time to 4 min or less, the rapid pad-steam process afforded enormous advantages over the conventional pad-steam process in saving energy and increasing production efficiency, and also, the bleached cotton fabric underwent no apparent chemical damage and met the requirements for post-dyeing.
Analysis of polymorphism in porcine MHC class I genes: alterations in signals recognized by human cytotoxic lymphocytes (1997)

Elucidation of the mechanism of the immune response against transplanted porcine tissue is critical for the success of xenografting in humans. Both human T cells and NK cells recognize MHC Ags, and human receptors may bind to MHC Ags across species barriers. Molecular characterization of porcine MHC class I clones from two MHC class I loci (P1 and P14) obtained from homozygous inbred miniature swine of three haplotypes (aa, cc, and dd), revealed extensive conservation between loci, suggesting that the genes were products of duplication from a common ancestral sequence. The level of homology between loci was similar to that between the haplotypes at each locus, suggesting that intergenic exchange had limited divergence of these genes. Comparison of the alleles indicated that the polymorphism occurred in the alpha-1 and alpha-2 domains of the class I heavy chain, while the alpha-3 domain was highly conserved among the six genes analyzed. Amino acids in the alpha-2 and alpha-3 domains responsible for the binding of human CD8 to MHC class I were largely conserved in the porcine genes, but several critical residues were altered. Comparison of sequences recognized by human NK cell inhibitory receptors revealed that the residues critical for recognition by these receptors were altered in the porcine genes; thus, the porcine class I molecules would be unable to inhibit lysis by human NK clones characterized to date. This finding provides a likely explanation for the susceptibility of porcine cells to cytolysis by human NK cells.
Thymosin β4 as a restorative/regenerative therapy for neurological injury and neurodegenerative diseases (2015)

Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) promotes CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) plasticity and neurovascular remodeling leading to neurological recovery in a range of neurological diseases. Treatment of neural injury and neurodegenerative disease 24 h or more post-injury and disease onset with Tβ4 enhances angiogenesis, neurogenesis, neurite and axonal outgrowth, and oligodendrogenesis, and thereby, significantly improves functional and behavioral outcomes. We propose that oligodendrogenesis is a common link by which Tβ4 promotes recovery after neural injury and neurodegenerative disease. The ability to target many diverse restorative processes via multiple molecular pathways that drive oligodendrogenesis and neurovascular remodeling may be mediated by the ability of Tβ4 to alter cellular expression of microRNAs (miRNAs). However, further investigations on the essential role of miRNAs in regulating protein expression and the remarkable exosomal intercellular communication network via exosomes will likely provide insight into mechanisms of action and means to amplify the therapeutic effects of Tβ4.
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization and Other Magnetic Ideas at EPFL (2012)

Although nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can provide a wealth of information, it often suffers from a lack of sensitivity. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) provides a way to increase the polarization and hence the signal intensities in NMR spectra by transferring the favourable electron spin polarization of paramagnetic centres to the surrounding nuclear spins through appropriate microwave irradiation. In our group at EPFL, two complementary DNP techniques are under investigation: the combination of DNP with magic angle spinning at temperatures near 100 K ('MAS-DNP'), and the combination of DNP at 1.2 K with rapid heating followed by the transfer of the sample to a high-resolution magnet ('dissolution DNP'). Recent applications of MAS-DNP to surfaces, as well as new developments of magnetization transfer of (1)H to (13)C at 1.2 K prior to dissolution will illustrate the work performed in our group. A second part of the paper will give an overview of some 'non-enhanced' activities of our laboratory in liquid- and solid-state NMR.
Standoff Raman hyperspectral imaging detection of explosives (2007)

A novel sensor concept for optical standoff detection of explosives that combines Raman hyperspectral imaging and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is described. Conceptually, the standoff optical sensor trades off the high sensitivity of LIBS elemental analysis with the high specificity of Raman molecular analysis to provide, overall, a high sensitivity, low false alarm rate standoff identification strategy for explosives on surfaces. In this paper, Raman hyperspectral imaging results are presented in an initial assessment of the standoff Raman detection performance.
ITOP (2010)

Timing-driven placement is a critical step in nanometer-scale physical synthesis. To improve design timing on a global scale, net-weight based global timing-driven placement is a commonly used technique. This paper shows that such an approach can improve timing, but often degrades wire length and routability. Another problem with existing timing-driven placers is inconsistencies in the definition of timing closure. Approaches using linear programming are forced to make assumptions about the timing models that simplify the problem. To truly do timing-driven placement, the placer must be able to make queries to a real timing analyzer with incremental capabilities. This paper describes an incremental timing-driven placer called ITOP. Using accurate timing from an industrial static timer, ITOP integrates incremental timing closure optimizations like buffering and repowering within placement to improve design timing without degrading wire length and routability.
Oculometric Assessment of Dynamic Visual Processing (2014)

Eye movements are the most frequent (~3 per second), shortest-latency (~150-250 ms), and biomechanically simplest (1 joint, no inertial complexities) voluntary motor behavior in primates, providing a model system to assess sensorimotor disturbances arising from trauma, fatigue, aging, or disease states (e.g., Diefendorf and Dodge, 1908). We developed a 15-minute behavioral tracking protocol consisting of randomized stepramp radial target motion to assess several aspects of the behavioral response to dynamic visual motion, including pursuit initiation, steadystate tracking, direction-tuning, and speed-tuning thresholds. This set of oculomotor metrics provide valid and reliable measures of dynamic visual performance (Stone and Krauzlis, 2003; Krukowski and Stone, 2005; Stone et al, 2009; Liston and Stone, 2014), and may prove to be a useful assessment tool for functional impairments of dynamic visual processing.
Improved Synthesis of 4-Cyanotryptophan and Other Tryptophan Analogues in Aqueous Solvent Using Variants of TrpB from <i>Thermotoga maritima</i> (2018)

The use of enzymes has become increasingly widespread in synthesis as chemists strive to reduce their reliance on organic solvents in favor of more environmentally benign aqueous media. With this in mind, we previously endeavored to engineer the tryptophan synthase β-subunit (TrpB) for production of noncanonical amino acids that had previously been synthesized through multistep routes involving water-sensitive reagents. This enzymatic platform proved effective for the synthesis of analogues of the amino acid tryptophan (Trp), which are frequently used in pharmaceutical synthesis as well as chemical biology. However, certain valuable compounds, such as the blue fluorescent amino acid 4-cyanotryptophan (4-CN-Trp), could only be made in low yield, even at elevated temperature (75 °C). Here, we describe the engineering of TrpB from Thermotoga maritima that improved synthesis of 4-CN-Trp from 24% to 78% yield. Remarkably, although the final enzyme maintains high thermostability ( T<sub>50</sub> = 93 °C), its temperature profile is shifted such that high reactivity is observed at ∼37 °C (76% yield), creating the possibility for in vivo 4-CN-Trp production. The improvements are not specific to 4-CN-Trp; a boost in activity at lower temperature is also demonstrated for other Trp analogues.
Novel Histamine H<sub>3</sub>-Receptor Antagonists with Carbonyl-Substituted 4-(3-(Phenoxy)propyl)-1<i>H</i>-imidazole Structures like Ciproxifan and Related Compounds (2000)

Novel histamine H(3)-receptor antagonists possessing a 4-(3-(phenoxy)propyl)-1H-imidazole structure generally substituted in the para-position of the phenyl ring have been synthesized according to Mitsunobu or S(N)Ar reactions. With in vitro and in vivo screening for H(3)-receptor antagonist potency, the carbonyl-substituted derivatives proved to be highly active compounds. A number of compounds showed in vitro affinities in the subnanomolar concentration range, and the 4-hexanoyl (10) and 4-acetyl-3-methyl (29) substituted derivatives showed in vivo antagonist potencies of about 0.1 mg/kg after po administration. Many proxifans were also tested for their affinities at other histamine receptor subtypes thereby demonstrating their pronounced H(3)-receptor subtype selectivity. Since the cyclopropyl ketone derivative 14 (ciproxifan) had high affinity in vitro as well as high potency in vivo, it was selected for further studies in monkeys. It showed good oral absorption and long-lasting, dose-dependent plasma levels making it a promising compound for drug development.
Raycast Calibration for Augmented Reality HMDs with Off-Axis Reflective Combiners (2020)

Augmented reality overlays virtual objects on the real world. To do so, the head mounted display (HMD) needs to be calibrated to establish a mapping between 3D points in the real world with 2D pixels on display panels. This distortion is a high-dimensional function that also depends on pupil position and varifocal settings. We present Raycast calibration, an efficient approach to geometrically calibrate AR displays with off-axis reflective combiners. Our approach requires a small amount of data to estimate a compact, physics-based, and ray-traceable model of the HMD optics. We apply this technique to automatically calibrate an AR prototype with display, SLAM and eye-tracker, without user in the loop.
Using ZRTP to Secure WebRTC (2015)

WebRTC, Web Real-Time Communications, is a set of protocols and APIs
used to enable web developers to add real-time communications into
their web pages and applications with a few lines of JavaScript.
WebRTC media flows are encrypted and authenticated by SRTP, the Secure
Real-time Transport Protocol while the key agreement is provided by
DTLS-SRTP, Datagram Transport Layer Security for Secure Real-time
Transport Protocol. However, without some third party identity service
or certificate authority, WebRTC media flows have no protection
against a man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack. ZRTP, Media Path Key
Agreement for Unicast Secure RTP, RFC 6189, does provide protection
against MitM attackers using key continuity augmented with a Short
Authentication String (SAS). This specification describes how ZRTP can
be used over the WebRTC data channel to provide MitM protection for
WebRTC media flows keyed using DTLS-SRTP. This provides users
protection against MitM attackers without requiring browsers to
support ZRTP or users to download a plugin or extension to implement
ZRTP.
Mask Technologies for Soft X-ray Projection Lithography at 13nm (1992)

Imaging systems using soft X-ray reflective optics can be configured with either a transmission [1] or reflection mask [2] to print onto resist coated wafers. Transmission masks are well suited for high contrast and high resolution imaging. However, thin membranes are needed for such masks which can be fragile and sensitive to heating effects. Ultimately it is therefore desirable to take advantage of the robust nature of a thick reflecting mask. Practical reflective masks intended for use at λ=13 nm require Mo/Si multilayer reflective coatings with minimum features sizes from 2.0 to 0.1 μ m in order to demonstrate a 0.1 μ m printing capability with systems designed mask to wafer reduction from 20X to 1X, respectively. In this work we compared a variety of technologies for patterning transmissive and reflective masks containing features on this size scale. Transmissive masks which are reported consist of patterned absorbers on silicon membranes with features as small as 0.1 μ m . Reflective masks patterned using various methods including; absorbing layers formed on top of multilayer reflectors; reflective coating removal by reactive ion etching (RIE); and ion damage of multilayer regions by ion implantation are also reviewed [2]. With a view to the future,we have begun to assess these reflective masks in a number of areas. Of principal interest are the reflectance contrast; resolution; process complexity; and repairability.
Text based user comments as a signal for automatic language identification of online videos (2017)

Identifying the audio language of online videos is crucial for industrial multi-media applications. Automatic speech recognition systems can potentially detect the language of the audio. However, such systems are not available for all languages. Moreover, background noise, music and multi-party conversations make audio language identification hard. Instead, we utilize text based user comments as a new signal to identify audio language of YouTube videos. First, we detect the language of the text based comments. Augmenting this information with video meta-data features, we predict the language of the videos with an accuracy of 97% on a set of publicly available videos. The subject matter discussed in this research is patent pending.
A Poisson Process-Based Random Access Channel for 5G and Beyond Networks (2021)

The 5th generation (5G) wireless networks propose to address a variety of usage scenarios, such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). Due to the exponential increase in the user equipment (UE) devices of wireless communication technologies, 5G and beyond networks (B5G) expect to support far higher user density and far lower latency than currently deployed cellular technologies, like long-term evolution-Advanced (LTE-A). However, one of the critical challenges for B5G is finding a clever way for various channel access mechanisms to maintain dense UE deployments. Random access channel (RACH) is a mandatory procedure for the UEs to connect with the evolved node B (eNB). The performance of the RACH directly affects the performance of the entire network. Currently, RACH uses a uniform distribution-based (UD) random access to prevent a possible network collision among multiple UEs attempting to access channel resources. However, in a UD-based channel access, every UE has an equal chance to choose a similar contention preamble close to the expected value, which causes an increase in the collision among the UEs. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a Poisson process-based RACH (2PRACH) alternative to a UD-based RACH. A Poisson process-based distribution, such as exponential distribution, disperses the random preambles between two bounds in a Poisson point method, where random variables occur continuously and independently with a constant parametric rate. In this way, our proposed 2PRACH approach distributes the UEs in a probability distribution of a parametric collection. Simulation results show that the shift of RACH from UD-based channel access to a Poisson process-based distribution enhances the reliability and lowers the network’s latency.
Performance metrics and design considerations for a free-space optical orbital-angular-momentum–multiplexed communication link (2015)

The capacity of free-space optical (FSO) communication links could potentially be increased by the simultaneous transmission of multiple orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams. For such an OAM multiplexing approach, one requires the collection of adequate power as well as proportion of the phase front for a system with minimal crosstalk. Here we study the design considerations for an OAM-multiplexed free-space data link, analyzing the power loss, channel crosstalk, and power penalty of the link in the case of limited-size receiver apertures and misalignment between the transmitter and the receiver. We describe the trade-offs for different transmitted beam sizes, receiver aperture sizes, and mode spacing of the transmitted OAM beams under given lateral displacements or receiver angular errors. Through simulations and some experiments, we show that (1) a system with a larger transmitted beam size and a larger receiver aperture is more tolerant to lateral displacement but less tolerant to the receiver angular error, and (2) a system with a larger mode spacing, which uses larger OAM charges, suffers more system power loss but less channel crosstalk; thus, a system with a small mode spacing shows a lower system power penalty when system power loss dominates (e.g., a small lateral displacement or receiver angular error), whereas that with a larger mode spacing shows a lower power penalty when channel crosstalk dominates (e.g., a larger lateral displacement or receiver angular error). This work could be beneficial to the practical implementation of OAM-multiplexed FSO links.
Factors Influencing Pacemaker Generator Longevity: Results from the Complete Automatic Pacing Threshold Utilization Recorded in the CAPTURE Trial (2010)

The atrial and RV algorithms were accurate and reliable in all leads tested. Threshold tracking, reduced ventricular pacing, and high impedance leads result in increased device longevity. Battery capacity was the strongest determinant of increased projected longevity.
Joint equalization and decoding of trellis-encoded signals using the generalized Viterbi algorithm (2002)

In this paper, a new receiver structure is described for trellis-encoded signals transmitted over frequency selective channels. This receiver is based on the use of the generalized Viterbi algorithm. Several applications are presented involving convolutional or polynomial block codes. Simulation results show that proposed receiver structure provides close optimal performance with reasonable complexity.
Characteristic analysis of a pressure sensor using the silicon piezoresistance effect for high-pressure measurements (1995)

The characteristics of output voltages and non-linearities of a silicon circular diaphragm pressure sensor using the piezoresistance effect are analysed for high-pressure measurements. The pressure sensor is analysed, using triaxial stresses and their corresponding piezoresistance coefficients, by a finite-element method (FEM). Radial and tangential stresses on the circular diaphragm, calculated by the FEM at a pressure of 50 MPa, shift by about 125 MPa to the compressive side from those calculated by plate theory of a fixed periphery. Moreover, the perpendicular stress (z stress) component to the diaphragm surface is not negligible at high pressure in either calculation. The results calculated by the FEM agree well with the experimental results. A pressure sensor for high-pressure measurements from 0 to 50 MPa is then designed and fabricated. It has a non-linearity within +or-0.1%.
Analysis of logarithmic number system processors (1988)

An analysis of a logarithmic number system (LNS) processor is presented. The analysis includes processor designs that overcome the historical limitation of the word-length of LNS, thus increasing the precision of the processor. A 20-bit LNS VLSI chip layout and timing estimates have been produced in cooperation with Honeywell Inc. Using an enhanced 1.25-ns technology, and inserting pipelining registers in the addition/subtraction data path, a 24-bit adaptive radix processor (ARP)/LNS processor can be realized. The predicted performance of the device would be on the order of 20 ns for multiplication/division and 40 ns for addition/subtraction. This class of processors is now supported with a predictive error model. The theoretical studies were supported and verified by computer simulation experiments at all levels of analysis.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Generator third-harmonic protection explained (2018)

Because of the nature of stator winding construction, insulation failure typically results in a ground fault. Other failures - such as interturn, interbranch, and series faults - if undetected usually evolve into ground faults. Since these failure mechanisms can occur on any portion of the stator winding, 100 percent ground fault protection of the stator winding is recommended. Various third-harmonic schemes have been used to provide neutral-side stator winding protection for high-impedance grounded generators. Applying such schemes in conjunction with a fundamental neutral overvoltage (59N) element, which protects the top 85-95 percent of the stator winding, provides ground fault protection coverage for 100 percent of the stator winding when sufficient third harmonic is available. This paper compares the performance of different third-harmonic schemes and shows how these schemes can be applied to provide secure and sensitive stator winding coverage.
Tunable solid-state fluorescent materials for supramolecular encryption (2015)

Tunable solid-state fluorescent materials are ideal for applications in security printing technologies. A document possesses a high level of security if its encrypted information can be authenticated without being decoded, while also being resistant to counterfeiting. Herein, we describe a heterorotaxane with tunable solid-state fluorescent emissions enabled through reversible manipulation of its aggregation by supramolecular encapsulation. The dynamic nature of this fluorescent material is based on a complex set of equilibria, whose fluorescence output depends non-linearly on the chemical inputs and the composition of the paper. By applying this system in fluorescent security inks, the information encoded in polychromic images can be protected in such a way that it is close to impossible to reverse engineer, as well as being easy to verify. This system constitutes a unique application of responsive complex equilibria in the form of a cryptographic algorithm that protects valuable information printed using tunable solid-state fluorescent materials.