gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Thermoelectric Performance of Nanostructured Bismuth Antimony Telluride Bulk Alloys (2008)

The dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) in bismuth antimony telluride (BiSbTe) bulk alloys has remained around 1 for more than 50 years. We show that a peak ZT of 1.4 at 100 degrees C can be achieved in a p-type nanocrystalline BiSbTe bulk alloy. These nanocrystalline bulk materials were made by hot pressing nanopowders that were ball-milled from crystalline ingots under inert conditions. Electrical transport measurements, coupled with microstructure studies and modeling, show that the ZT improvement is the result of low thermal conductivity caused by the increased phonon scattering by grain boundaries and defects. More importantly, ZT is about 1.2 at room temperature and 0.8 at 250 degrees C, which makes these materials useful for cooling and power generation. Cooling devices that use these materials have produced high-temperature differences of 86 degrees , 106 degrees , and 119 degrees C with hot-side temperatures set at 50 degrees, 100 degrees, and 150 degrees C, respectively. This discovery sets the stage for use of a new nanocomposite approach in developing high-performance low-cost bulk thermoelectric materials.
<i>LEAFY COTYLEDON2</i> encodes a B3 domain transcription factor that induces embryo development (2001)

The Arabidopsis LEAFY COTYLEDON2 (LEC2) gene is a central embryonic regulator that serves critical roles both early and late during embryo development. LEC2 is required for the maintenance of suspensor morphology, specification of cotyledon identity, progression through the maturation phase, and suppression of premature germination. We cloned the LEC2 gene on the basis of its chromosomal position and showed that the predicted polypeptide contains a B3 domain, a DNA-binding motif unique to plants that is characteristic of several transcription factors. We showed that LEC2 RNA accumulates primarily during seed development, consistent with our finding that LEC2 shares greatest similarity with the B3 domain transcription factors that act primarily in developing seeds, VIVIPAROUS1/ABA INSENSITIVE3 and FUSCA3. Ectopic, postembryonic expression of LEC2 in transgenic plants induces the formation of somatic embryos and other organ-like structures and often confers embryonic characteristics to seedlings. Together, these results suggest that LEC2 is a transcriptional regulator that establishes a cellular environment sufficient to initiate embryo development.
Cover Picture: Discovery of [(2<i>R</i>,5<i>R</i>)‐5‐{[(5‐Fluoropyridin‐2‐yl)oxy]methyl}‐2‐methylpiperidin‐1‐yl][5‐methyl‐2‐(pyrimidin‐2‐yl)phenyl]methanone (MK‐6096): A Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist with Potent Sleep‐Promoting Properties (ChemMedChem 3/2012) (2012)

The cover picture shows orexin neuronal pathways that project from the lateral hypothalamus into regions of the brain that modulate wakefulness. Blockade of this neuropeptide signaling pathway with small-molecule receptor antagonists is a clinically validated approach to the treatment of sleep disorders. The discovery and synthesis of MK-6096 is described in the Full Paper by Paul J. Coleman et al. on p. 415 ff. MK-6096 has as a central core, a piperidine carboxamide with two axial substituents on the piperidine ring. This configuration is essential for high receptor potency and is potentiated by α-methyl substitution on the piperidine ring. MK-6096 is brain penetrant and highly potent in dose-dependently promoting sleep in preclinical electroencephalography (EEG) models.
Safety and efficacy of daclizumab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: 3-year results from the SELECTED open-label extension study (2016)

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01051349; first registered January 15, 2010.
Heterogeneous FPGA Architecture Using Threshold Logic Gates for Improved Area, Power, and Performance (2021)

The flexibility of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) is attributed to the reconfigurability of their basic logic elements (BLEs). Traditionally, the BLEs are comprised of one or more lookup tables (LUTs) of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> inputs, that are designed to implement Boolean functions of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> or fewer inputs. In an attempt to reduce the area and power consumption that comes from using LUTs, a number of complex LUT architectures have been reported. Although most of the proposed complex LUT architectures have resulted in reduced area and power, this has always been at cost of the decreased performance. This article proposes a new FPGA architecture, called threshold logic FPGA (TLFPGA), which results in significant improvement in performance, power, and area (PPA). TLFPGA is comprised of a combination of LUTs and a new type of BLE referred to as a threshold logic cell (TLC) (Muroga, 1987). Although TLCs implement a relatively small subset of Boolean functions known as threshold functions (Muroga, 1987), they require far fewer registers and multiplexers than an LUT, and are also significantly faster. This article describes the architecture of the TLFPGA and a technology mapping algorithm tailored for a TLFGA. On average, TLFPGA designs use 18% fewer registers and multiplexers, which improves the collective area of BLEs by approximately 16%, power by 14%, and performance by 5%. The improvements have been demonstrated in both 40 and 28 nm technologies for ISCAS-85 circuits as well as practical circuits, using industry-standard flows. The improvements were also demonstrated using a layout of the architecture.
Interleukin-11 drives human and mouse alcohol-related liver disease (2022)

Pathogenic IL-11 signalling in hepatocytes plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of ALD and could serve as an independent prognostic factor for transplant-free survival. Blocking IL-11 signalling might be a therapeutic option in human ALD, particularly AH.
Tetrazole Azasydnone (C<sub>2</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>2</sub>H) And Its Salts: High‐Performing Zwitterionic Energetic Materials Containing A Unique Explosophore (2020)

This work reports the first compound containing both a tetrazole and an azasydnone ring, a unique energetic material. Several energetic salts of the tetrazole azasydnone were synthesized and characterized, leading to the creation of new secondary and primary explosives. Molecular structures are confirmed by <sup>1</sup> H and <sup>13</sup> C NMR, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallographic analysis. The high heats of formation, fast detonation velocities, and straight-forward synthesis of energetic azasydnones should capture the attention of future energetics research.
Radial Imaging With Multipolar Magnetic Encoding Fields (2011)

We present reconstruction methods for radial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data which were spatially encoded using a pair of orthogonal multipolar magnetic fields for in-plane encoding and parallel imaging. It is shown that a direct method exists in addition to iterative reconstruction. Standard direct projection reconstruction algorithms can be combined with a previously developed direct reconstruction for multipolar encoding fields acquired with Cartesian trajectories. The algorithm is simplified by recasting the reconstruction problem into polar coordinates. In this formulation distortion and aliasing become separate effects. Distortion occurs only along the radial direction and aliasing along the azimuthal direction. Moreover, aliased points are equidistantly distributed in this representation, and, consequently, Cartesian SENSE is directly applicable with highly effective unfolding properties for radio-frequency coils arranged with a radial symmetry. The direct and iterative methods are applied to simulated data to analyze basic properties of the algorithms and for the first time also measured in vivo data are presented. The results are compared to linear spatial encoding using a radial trajectory and quadrupolar encoding using a Cartesian trajectory. The direct reconstruction gives good results for fully sampled datasets. Undersampled datasets, however, show star-shaped artifacts, which are significantly reduced with the iterative reconstruction.
A Low-Power Subthreshold to Above-Threshold Voltage Level Shifter (2014)

This brief presents a power-efficient voltage level-shifter architecture that is capable of converting extremely low levels of input voltages to higher levels. In order to avoid the static power dissipation, the proposed structure uses a current generator that turns on only during the transition times, in which the logic level of the input signal is not corresponding to the output logic level. Moreover, the strength of the pull-up device is decreased when the pull-down device is pulling down the output node in order for the circuit to be functional even for the input voltage lower than the threshold voltage of a MOSFET. The operation of the proposed structure is also analytically investigated. Post-layout simulation results of the proposed structure in a 0.18-μm CMOS technology show that at the input low supply voltage of 0.4 V and the high supply voltage of 1.8 V, the level shifter has a propagation delay of 30 ns, a static power dissipation of 130 pW, and an energy per transition of 327 fJ for a 1-MHz input signal.
Lymphoid Development from Stem Cells and the Common Lymphocyte Progenitors (1999)

Thirty-two years ago at this Cold Spring Harbor meeting, we demonstrated that in situ nucleoside-labeled thymocytes emigrated from the thymus to peripheral lymphoid organs, into what is now known as the T-celldomains (Weissman 1967). The ability to mark unequivocally a population of cells or their subsets opened theway to the study of lymphocyte maturation from clonogenic hematopoietic precursors, to begin the analysis ofhematolymphoid cell lineages and distinct stages in theirmaturation pathways, as well as the adhesive molecules(called homing receptors) that emigrating lymphocytesuse to recognize and transmigrate through endothelia thatexpress complementary adhesive molecules (called addressins)(Cantor and Weissman 1976). In this paper, wereview our recent findings on lymphoid and myeloid maturation pathways, including the isolation of distinct lymphoid or myeloid clonogenic precursors, from pure populations of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and theirmultipotent clonogenic progeny. Although the mostabundant thymic early progenitors are classified asCD4–/lo CD8– CD3– CD25–CD44+c-Kit+ blast cells havedescribed a phenotypically defined subset of thymic cellswhich, when transferred at about 104 cells into the thymus, give rise to T, B, natural killer (NK), and CD8α+MHC II+"lymphoid" dendritic cells (Wu et al. 1991a, b,1996; Matsuzaki et al. 1993). We have recently isolated arare BM clonal common lymphocyte progenitor (CLP)which gives rise to T, B, and NK cells (Kondo et al.1997a). To begin to analyze the thymic processing o...
Thermodynamic Analysis of Nanoparticle Size Selective Fractionation Using Gas-Expanded Liquids (2008)

A thermodynamic model was developed for the size-selective fractionation of ligand-stabilized nanoparticles by a CO2 gas-expanded liquid precipitation process. The tunable solvent strength of gas-expanded liquids, via CO2 pressurization, results in an effective method to fractionate nanoparticles, based on the size-dependent dispersibility of the particles. Specifically, the thermodynamic model is used to estimate the size of dodecanethiol-capped Ag nanoparticles that can be dispersed at a given CO2 pressure by equating the total interparticle interaction energy to the Boltzmann threshold stabilization energy (−3/2kBT). The ligand−solvent interaction is found to have the greatest impact on the total interaction energy. This model illustrates that the entire length of the ligand is not accessible to the solvent, and three phenomenological model variations were developed to vary the ligand−solvent interaction.
Dispersion engineering of photonic crystals (2003)

In this paper we discuss the design and implementation of integrated planar optical devices realized by exploiting the unique dispersion properties of photonic crystal (PhC) devices. In particular, we demonstrate the ability to focus and spatially route optical beams in the absence of channelized structures. By this we mean that these devices do not contain any form of lateral confinement, in the sense of a physical structure, other than the dispersion properties of the crystal lattice. To this end, lateral control is imposed on the propagating wave by virtue of engineering the band structure of the photonic crystal lattice. Our approach to this effort is based on engineering the dispersion diagram of a given periodic structure outside of its band gap. As such, this allows for the determination of unique propagation characteristics and corresponding devices, as we show in theoretical simulations and experimental results.
Low-temperature solution process for preparing flexible transparent carbon nanotube film for use in flexible supercapacitors (2015)

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) possess high conductivity, mechanical strength, transparency, and flexibility, and are thus suitable for use in flexible electronics, transparent electrodes, and energy-storage and energy-harvesting applications. However, to exploit these properties, SWNTs must be de-bundled in a surfactant solution to permit processing and use. We report a new method to prepare a SWNT-based transparent conducting film (TCF) using the diazo dye 3,3′-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diyl)bis(4-amino naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid), commonly known as Congo red (CR), as a dispersant. Uniform 20-nm-thick TCFs were prepared on rigid glass and flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. The CR-SWNT dispersion and the CR-SWNT TCFs were characterized via UV-Vis-NIR, Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. The sheet resistivity of the CRSWNT TCF was ~34 ± 6.6 Ω/□ with a transmittance of 81% at 550 nm, comparable to that of indium tin oxide-based films. Unlike SWNT dispersions prepared in common surfactants, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium cholate (SC), and Triton X-100, the CR-SWNT dispersion was amenable to forming TCF by drop coating. The CR-SWNT TCF was also very stable, maintaining a very low sheet resistivity even after 1,000 consecutive bending cycles of 8 mm bending radius. Further, manganese dioxide (MnO2) was electrochemically deposited on the CR-SWNT-PET film (MnO2-CR-SWNT-PET). The as-prepared MnO2-CR-SWNT-PET electrode exhibited high specific capacitance and bendability, demonstrating promise as a candidate electrode material for flexible supercapacitors.
High Chronic Ambient Temperature Stress Effects on Broiler Acid-Base Balance and Their Response to Supplemental Ammonium Chloride, Potassium Chloride, and Potassium Carbonate (1986)

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of heat stress on acid-base status and the birds' response to supplemental KCl and KCO3. The corn-soybean meal fish-meal basal ration (.73% K+) contained more K+ and Cl- than is recommended by the National Academy of Sciences for chicks reared under near optimal conditions (24 C and 55% relative humidity). Chicks reared under continuous thermostress (35 C, 70% relative humidity) exhibited panting phase blood alkalosis (pH of 7.46). Supplementing drinking water with .2% NH4Cl reduced panting phase blood pH to normal values and increased live weight gain (23%) and feed efficiency (7.7%). Supplementing drinking water with .15% KCl also increased (P less than .05) live weight gain (46%) and feed efficiency (15.4%) but did not affect (P less than .46) blood pH. A significant (P less than .01) interaction existed between NH4Cl and KCl for body weight gain. Adding .2% NH4Cl to broiler drinking water reduced the level of KCl required in drinking water to optimize weight gain to .1% KCl. Potassium chloride alone, or with NH4Cl, can alleviate some consequences of heat stress, but supplementing drinking water with a high level of NH4Cl (.5%) decreased (P less than .05) blood pH to acidotic levels and reduced body weight gain. Potassium chloride supplementation exacerbated NH4Cl toxicity. Potassium carbonate reduced (P less than .05) body weight gain indicating that the response may not be attributed to K+ alone. Beneficial effects of NH4Cl therapy for heat stressed broilers are speculative.
Organic BARC process evaluation for via first dual-damascene patterning (2001)

BARC (Bottom Anti-Reflective Coating) is used to minimize thin film interference effects such as swing curve, standing waves and resist notching in the photolithography process. In the 'via first' dual damascene approach, BARC also acts as a protecting layer for the substrate underneath the via during the trench etch step. Conformal BARC is normally used for the patterning due to its uniform film thickness over the surface topography, which can provide good CD control. However, conformal BARC may not be able to provide sufficient substrate protection at the via bottom as BARC film remaining in the via may not be thick enough. In comparison, planarizing BARC has better via filling property which can provide sufficient protection for the via bottom substrate. In this study, four different BARCs; conformal and planarizing at two different viscosities, were evaluated for the 'via first' dual damascene copper patterning process. Low viscosity BARC was used to obtain a thin BARC coating for the partial via filling, while high viscosity BARC was used for full via filling process. We evaluated the performance of BARCs for via filling, depth of focus, exposure latitude, iso-dense feature bias and CD control. Dual damascene pattern was etched using two different etch recipes and we compared the performance of all the four BARCs for final etched pattern formation.
Thermal Lens Microscope (2000)

We developed a novel laser microscope based on the thermal lens effect induced by a coaxial beam comprised of excitation and probe beams. The signal generation mechanism was confirmed to be an authentic thermal lens effect from the measurement of signal and phase dependences on optical configurations between the sample and the probe beam focus, and therefore, the thermal lens effect theory could be applied. Two-point spatial resolution was determined by the spot size of the excitation beam, not by the thermal diffusion length. Sensitivity was quite high, and the detection ability, evaluated using a submicron microparticle containing dye molecules, was 0.8 zmol/µm 2 , hence a distribution image of trace chemical species could be obtained quantitatively. In addition, analytes are not restricted to fluorescent species, therefore, the thermal lens microscope is a promising analytical microscope. A two-dimensional image of a histamine molecule distribution, which was produced in mast cells at the femtomole level in a human nasal mucous polyp, was obtained.
Skew-Tolerant Gray Codes (2006)

We consider a particular family of Gray codes having the property that codewords c <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</sub> and c <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i+2</sub> differ in a burst of length exactly two. These codes can be applied in the servo track-identification field to identify the correct track during seeks. We call these codes skew-tolerant Gray codes (STGC) and we present explicit constructions
Long-path absorption cell for use with condensable samples (1986)

A small-volume long-path absorption cell has been designed for use with condensable samples. The absorption cell is temperature controlled and operates over the temperature range of −10 to 80 °C. To prevent condensation of the sample on the mirror surfaces, the mirrors are individually temperature controlled and maintained a few degrees above the ambient temperature of the absorption cell. The cell has been tested and used to measure weak absorptions in water vapor in the near infrared.
(A-C-B) human proinsulin, a novel insulin agonist and intermediate in the synthesis of biosynthetic human insulin. (1992)

The hormone insulin is synthesized in the beta cell of the pancreas as the precursor, proinsulin, where the carboxyl terminus of the B-chain is connected to the amino terminus of the A-chain by a connecting or C-peptide. Proinsulin is a weak insulin agonist that possesses a longer in vivo half-life than does insulin. A form of proinsulin clipped at the Arg65-Gly66 bond has been shown to be more potent than the parent molecule with protracted in vivo activity, presumably as a result of freeing the amino terminal residue of the A-chain. To generate a more active proinsulin-like molecule, we have constructed an "inverted" proinsulin molecule where the carboxyl terminus of the A-chain is connected to the amino terminus of the B-chain by the C-peptide, leaving the critical Gly1 residue free. Transformation of Escherichia coli with a plasmid coding for A-C-B human proinsulin led to the stable production of the protein. By a process of cell disruption, sulfitolysis, anion-exchange chromatography, refolding, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, two forms of the inverted proinsulin differing at their amino termini as Gly1 and Met0-Gly1 were identified and purified to homogeneity. Both proteins were shown by a number of analytical techniques to be of the inverted sequence, with insulin-like disulfide bonding. Biological analyses by in vitro techniques revealed A-C-B human proinsulin to be intermediate in potency when compared to human insulin and proinsulin. The time to maximal lowering of blood glucose in the fasted normal rat appeared comparable to that of proinsulin. Additionally, we were able to generate fully active, native insulin from A-C-B human proinsulin by proteolytic transformation. The results of this study lend themselves to the generation of novel insulin-like peptides while providing a simplified route to the biosynthetic production of insulin.
Y-Ba-Cu-O superconducting thin films by simultaneous or sequential evaporation (1988)

Superconducting thin films of Y-Ba-Cu-O near the 1:2:3 stoichiometry were produced by simultaneous (coevaporation) and sequential (multilayer) evaporation in the same evaporator. The best film obtained on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) had a superconducting onset temperature of 104 K, a midpoint Tc of 92 K, and zero resistance at T≤74 K. Stoichiometry was deduced by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, and elemental depth profiles were obtained by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Film stoichiometry changes only near the film/substrate boundary for films on YSZ. Films on Si/SiO2 were not superconducting; depth profiling shows severe changes of film composition with depth. A major theme of this work is process reproducibility, which was found to be poor for coevaporation but improved considerably for sequential evaporation.