gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaic Cells with Laminated Top Electrode (2010)

We demonstrate semitransparent small molecular weight organic photovoltaic cells using a laminated silver nanowire mesh as a transparent, conductive cathode layer. The lamination process does not damage the underlying solar cell and results in a transparent electrode with low sheet resistance and high optical transmittance without impacting photocurrent collection. The resulting semitransparent phthalocyanine/fullerene organic solar cell has a power conversion efficiency that is 57% of that of a device with a conventional metal cathode due to differences in optical absorption.
Phillips v. G.D. Searle and Co., 12 September 1989. (1989)

In 1989, a US Court of Appeals ruled in cases relating to IUD injuries that if a claimant had a personal belief or had received a professional opinion that an IUD was causing injury more than three years before they filed for damages, the case was time barred by a Maryland three-year statute of limitations. Also during 1989, other US court rulings concerning the IUD concluded that 1) an action for injuries accrues from the time the device was removed and an action for breach of warranty accrues at the time the device was inserted, 2) actions are not barred by the statute of limitation, 3) a one-year statute of limitations begins running at the time the patient was hospitalized with pelvic infection, 4) an award of $7 million in punitive damages is not excessive, 5) the statute of limitations begins running from the time of the last medical treatment, and 6) the statute of limitations begins to run at the time of the last treatment. With respect to other contraceptives, 1989 court decisions allowed a settlement in a proposed class action suit against the manufacturer of the Dalkon Shield and disallowed a claim that a plaintiff should have been directly warned about the danger of stroke associated with the use of oral contraceptives.
Optically pumped lasing in single crystals of organometal halide perovskites prepared by cast-capping method (2016)

A simple “cast-capping” method is adopted to prepare single-crystal perovskites of methyl ammonium lead bromide (CH3NH3PbBr3). By capping a CH3NH3PbBr3 solution casted on one substrate with another substrate such as glass, mica, and distributed Bragg reflector (DBR), the slow evaporation of solvent enables large-size cubic crystals to grow between the two substrates. Under optical pumping, edge-emitting lasing is observed based on Fabry–Pérot resonation between parallel side facets of a strip-shaped crystal typically with a lateral cavity length of a few tens of μm. On the other hand, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasing (VCSEL) is obtained from a planar crystal grown between two DBRs with a cavity thickness of a few μm. Simultaneous detection of those edge- and surface-emissions reveals that the threshold excitation fluence of VCSEL is higher than that of the edge-emitting lasing due to thickness gradient in the planar crystal.
COMPRESSIVE SENSING WITH LOCAL GEOMETRIC FEATURES (2012)

We propose a framework for compressive sensing of images with local distinguishable objects, such as stars, and apply it to solve a problem in celestial navigation. Specifically, let x ∈ ℝ N be an N pixel image, consisting of a small number of local distinguishable objects plus noise. Our goal is to design an m × Nmeasurement matrix A with m ≪ N, such that we can recover an approximation to x from the measurements Ax. We construct a matrix A and recovery algorithm with the following properties: (i) if there are k objects, the number of measurements m is O((k log N)/( log k)), undercutting the best known bound of O(k log (N/k)) (ii) the matrix A is very sparse, which is important for hardware implementations of compressive sensing algorithms, and (iii) the recovery algorithm is empirically fast and runs in time polynomial in k and log (N). We also present a comprehensive study of the application of our algorithm to attitude determination, or finding one's orientation in space. Spacecraft typically use cameras to acquire an image of the sky, and then identify stars in the image to compute their orientation. Taking pictures is very expensive for small spacecraft, since camera sensors use a lot of power. Our algorithm optically compresses the image before it reaches the camera's array of pixels, reducing the number of sensors that are required.
Dehydrogenation processes on nickel and platinum surfaces. Conversion of cyclohexane, cyclohexene, and cyclohexadiene to benzene (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDehydrogenation processes on nickel and platinum surfaces. Conversion of cyclohexane, cyclohexene, and cyclohexadiene to benzeneMin Chi Tsai, C. M. Friend, and E. L. MuettertiesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 9, 2539–2543Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00373a035https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00373a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1201Altmetric-Citations103LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Plasticity of the β cell insulin secretory competence: preparing the pancreatic β cell for the next meal (2004)

It is well established that the acute rise in plasma glucose and in the incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1), as occurs during a meal, is of pivotal importance in regulating the minute-to-minute output of insulin from pancreatic beta cells. In addition to this well studied acute effect, both glucose and incretin hormones have been recently observed to determine the future secretory responsiveness of the cells. Such plasticity of the insulin secretory competence would imply that glucose and incretins not only act during the present meal, but also help to prepare the beta cells to function during the subsequent meal. Evidence supporting this hypothesis is growing as a result of physiological studies of cultured beta cells (either primary cells or beta cell lines), as well as from an increasing number of large-scale gene expression studies, exploring transcriptional and post-transcriptional events in genes regulated by glucose and incretins. On the basis of this hypothesis, one can speculate that genetic or environmental disturbances of plasticity of the insulin secretory competence is one aspect of beta cell dysfunction that can contribute to the aetiology of type 2 diabetes.
Advanced Analytics with the SAP HANA Database (2013)

MapReduce as a programming paradigm provides a simple-to-use yet very powerful abstraction encapsulated in two second-order functions: Map and Reduce. As such, they allow defining single sequentially processed tasks while at the same time hiding many of the framework details about how those tasks are parallelized and scaled out. In this paper we discuss four processing patterns in the context of the distributed SAP HANA database that go beyond the classic MapReduce paradigm. We illustrate them using some typical Machine Learning algorithms and present experimental results that demonstrate how the data flows scale out with the number of parallel tasks.
Atlas of Functional Neuroanatomy (2005)

Presenting a clear visual guide to understanding the human central nervous system, this second edition includes numerous four-color illustrations, photographs, diagrams, radiographs, and histological material throughout the text. Organized and easy to follow, the book presents an overview of the CNS, sensory, and motor systems and the limbic system
Reduction of Stat3 Activity Attenuates HIV-Induced Kidney Injury (2009)

HIV-1 Nef induces podocyte proliferation and dedifferentiation by activating the Stat3 and MAPK1,2 pathways. Activation of Stat3 also occurs in human kidneys affected by HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), but its contribution to the development of HIVAN is unknown. Here, we generated HIV-1 transgenic mice (Tg26) with either 75% Stat3 activity (Tg26-SA/+) or 25% Stat3 activity (Tg26-SA/-). The kidneys of Tg26-SA/+ mice, but not Tg26-SA/- mice, showed increased Stat3 phosphorylation. The Tg26-SA/+ phenotype was not different from Tg26 mice, but Tg26-SA/- mice developed significantly less proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial injury. Tg26-SA/+ mice exhibited reduced expression of podocyte differentiation markers and increased expression of VEGF and proliferation markers as compared to Tg26-SA/- mice. Primary podocytes isolated from Tg26-SA/+ mice showed increased Stat3 phosphorylation and reduced expression of podocyte differentiation markers. The tubulointerstitial compartment and isolated tubules of Tg26-SA/+ mice also had increased Stat3 phosphorylation and expression of Stat3 target genes. We confirmed that the expression of the HIV-1 transgene and reduction of Stat3 activity did not affect T and B cell development. In conclusion, Stat3 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of HIVAN.
Modelling of thin film SOI devices for circuit simulation including per-instance dynamic self-heating effects (2002)

Circuit simulation models for thin-film silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs have been available for some time. However, these do not take account of the increasingly important self-heating effects that have been widely reported. These effects can lead to a significant reduction in the drain current resulting in negative differential resistance (NDR) in the I/V characteristics of SOI devices. Moreover, recent work has shown that thermal self-heating can also affect transient and small-signal behaviour. Here, we describe the implementation of a model in the SPICE3 code which has been developed to include thermal effects as well as some of the other common characteristics observed in SOI devices. Results of trial simulations are then presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Interframe Hierarchical Vector Quantization (1989)

An interframe hierarchical vector quantizer (IHVQ) is presented that is capable of encoding image sequence scenes at rates below 0.3 bit per pixel per frame. A regular decomposition quadtree method is used to segment the interframe differential signal into homogeneous regions of different block size. Small blocks representing high contrast moving boundaries (i.e., the impulsive component of the difference signal) are vector quantized, whereas large blocks typically representing smooth regions of the image are encoded by the local sample mean of the region. The IHVQ system has a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at least 2 dB higher than the SNR of the interframe mean-reconstructed quadtree coding system.
Viewpoint: Adjunct Faculty Deserve a Bette Deal (1975)

"Viewpoint: Adjunct Faculty Deserve a Bette Deal." Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 7(7), pp. 8–64
Glycosylation on the Merrifield Resin Using Anomeric Sulfoxides (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGlycosylation on the Merrifield Resin Using Anomeric SulfoxidesLin Yan, Carol M. Taylor, Robert Goodnow Jr., and Daniel KahneCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 15, 6953–6954Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00094a067https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00094a067research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views675Altmetric-Citations146LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A role for CD4+ T cells from orally immunized rats in enhanced clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the lung. (1994)

The role of gut-derived CD4+ T cells in clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the lung was studied by cell transfer experiments. Mesenteric lymph node cells from unimmunized rats, or rats orally immunized with either killed P. aeruginosa or Helicobacter pylori, were transferred to naive rats which were subsequently challenged intra-tracheally with live P. aeruginosa. Recipients of unseparated mesenteric lymph node cells, purifed T cells or CD4+ T cells, from P. aeruginosa-immunized donors, all exhibited enhanced bacterial clearance from the airways compared to recipients of cells from unimmunized donors. Enhanced clearance by T cells was antigen-specific as no enhanced clearance was observed by transfer of cells from donors immunized with H. pylori.
Pulsewidth modulator phase shift (1980)

Phase shift for the ramp-comparator pulsewidth modulator (PWM) between a continuous input control signal and the signal frequency component of the output is analyzed. It is shown that transport lag is not implicit to these PWM systems in general but rather depends upon the existence of explicit delays between the time at which a switching decision is made and the time at which that decision is executed.
Studies of low density lipoprotein molecular weight in human beings with coronary artery disease. (1985)

Low density lipoprotein molecular weight (LDL MW) correlates positively with coronary artery disease in cholesterol-fed nonhuman primates. To evaluate this in human beings with coronary artery disease (CAD) we measured LDL MW in 93 volunteers undergoing coronary angiography (47 controls and 46 CAD patients). LDL MW of CAD patients was less than that of controls (patients, 2.79 +/- 0.17 g/mumol; controls, 2.93 +/- 0.19 g/mumol; P less than 0.001). However, LDL MW decreased as plasma triglyceride increased and concentrations of triglyceride were greater in CAD patients than in controls. Since decreased LDL MW is likely to result, in part, from increased plasma triglyceride concentrations, we attempted to determine the effect of triglyceride on the relation of LDL MW to CAD in this study. After covariance adjustment for triglyceride, there was no LDL MW difference between CAD patients and controls. Because LDL heterogeneity has been identified in other studies and was apparent on inspection of agarose column profiles of LDL of these volunteers, we sought differences in the profiles that might distinguish coronary disease cases from controls. No differences could be found. In addition, we used density gradient ultracentrifugation to characterize LDL in more detail in a subset of volunteers who had a wide range of plasma triglyceride concentrations (50 mg/dl to 900 mg/dl). LDL mean hydrated density was inversely related to LDL MW and increased as triglyceride increased. The increase in peak density was reflected in an increase in percent of total protein in LDL found to have d greater than 1.045 g/ml and a decrease in protein in LDL of d 1.035-1.040 g/ml. These interrelationships were not apparently influenced by coronary artery status.
Evaluation of Epratuzumab as a Biologic Therapy in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (2014)

B cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Some of the current biologic therapies target B cells or B-cell activating factors. Epratuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody, which targets CD22 on B cells. This review focuses on the safety and efficacy of epratuzumab in systemic lupus erythematosus based on the information from various published clinical trials and presentations at international meetings. Epratuzumab acts as a B-cell modulator through inhibition of B-cell receptor signaling. It has been shown to be efficacious in open-label and Phase I and Phase II randomized controlled trials. The drug has steroid-sparing properties and treatment is associated with significant improvements in Health Related Quality of Life and its safety profile is comparable to placebo.
Generation and regulation of autocytotoxicity in mixed lymphocyte cultures: evidence for active suppression of autocytotoxic cells. (1985)

Using limiting dilution analysis, we have detected both the generation and suppression of autocytotoxic cells following autologous or allogeneic stimulation in vitro. Assay conditions were established in which the cytotoxic response toward an allogeneic sensitizing cell was consistent with a traditional single-hit kinetic model. Under identical conditions, cytolytic activity toward autologous phytohemaglutinin-activated lymphoblasts exhibited a distinct biphasic response. At low responder cell doses, a clear autocytotoxic response was observed. However, at higher responder cell numbers, this autocytotoxic reaction disappeared. This biphasic pattern of autocytotoxicity developed after stimulation with allogeneic or autologous peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBL) or Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells. This pattern of response is consistent with the counterpoised actions of two distinct cell populations, an autoaggressive population and a lower frequency autosuppressor population. Autocytotoxicity was not the result of mitogenic or xenogeneic antigenic stimulation, as it was observed after stimulation with autologous PBL in autologous serum and an autologous interleukin 2 preparation. Thus, cells capable of autocytotoxicity are present in peripheral blood but at a lower frequency than allocytotoxic T lymphocytes. Furthermore, autoaggressive cells are down-regulated by an autologous suppressor population. These findings suggest that immunologic self-tolerance is, at least in part, an actively maintained condition. Disturbances in this autoregulatory network may have relevance to the pathogenesis of some autoimmune diseases and graft-versus-host disease.
Stealth liposomes-an overview (1994)

Many of the applications of liposome drug-delivery systems have been limited by their short circulation half-lives as a result of rapid uptake into the reticuloendothelial (mononuclear-phagocyte) system. Different approaches were taken up to formulate liposomes with prolonged circulation half-lives (Stealth liposomes). A brief review of different methods followed to prepare and characterise stealth liposomes is presented in this article. Bilayer compatible polymers such as polyethyleneglycols, gangliosides and glycolipids are used to prepare these liposomes. Of all gangliosides especially GM1 was found to be most effective.
Genomic perspectives of spider silk genes through target capture sequencing: Conservation of stabilization mechanisms and homology-based structural models of spidroin terminal regions (2018)

A powerful system for studying protein aggregation, particularly rapid self-assembly, is spider silk. Spider silks are proteinaceous and silk proteins are synthesized and stored within silk glands as liquid dope. As needed, liquid dope is near-instantaneously transformed into solid fibers or viscous adhesives. The dominant constituents of silks are spidroins (spider fibroins) and their terminal domains are vital for the tight control of silk self-assembly. To better understand spidroin termini, we used target capture and deep sequencing to identify spidroin gene sequences from six species representing the araneoid families of Araneidae, Nephilidae, and Theridiidae. We obtained 145 terminal regions, of which 103 are newly annotated here, as well as novel variants within nine diverse spidroin types. Our comparative analyses demonstrated the conservation of acidic, basic, and cysteine amino acid residues across spidroin types that had been proposed to be important for monomer stability, dimer formation, and self-assembly from a limited sampling of spidroins. Computational, protein homology modeling revealed areas of spidroin terminal regions that are highly conserved in three-dimensions despite sequence divergence across spidroin types. Analyses of our dense sampling of terminal regions suggest that most spidroins share stabilization mechanisms, dimer formation, and tertiary structure, despite producing functionally distinct materials.
ITU-T G.729.1 scalable codec for new wideband services (2009)

G.729.1 is a scalable codec for narrowband and wideband conversational applications standardized by ITU-T Study Group 16. The motivation for the standardization work was to meet the new challenges of VoIP in terms of quality of service and efficiency in networks, in particular regarding the strategic rollout of wideband service. G.729.1 was designed to allow smooth transition from narrowband (300-3400 Hz) PSTN to high-quality wideband (50-7000 Hz) telephony by preserving backward compatibility with the widely deployed G.729 codec. The scalable structure allows gradual quality increase with bit rate. A low-delay mode makes the coder especially suitable for high-quality speech communication. The article presents the standardization goals and process, an overview of the coding algorithm, and the codec performance in various conditions.
Detection of CMY-2, CTX-M-14, and SHV-12 β-Lactamases in <i>Escherichia coli</i> Fecal-Sample Isolates from Healthy Chickens (2003)

Genes encoding the CMY-2, CTX-M-14, and SHV-12 beta-lactamases were detected in three of five Escherichia coli isolates from fecal samples from healthy chickens which showed resistance or diminished susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. A -42 mutation at the promoter region of the ampC gene was detected in the other two isolates.
Single cell sequencing reveals low levels of aneuploidy across mammalian tissues (2014)

Whole-chromosome copy number alterations, also known as aneuploidy, are associated with adverse consequences in most cells and organisms. However, high frequencies of aneuploidy have been reported to occur naturally in the mammalian liver and brain, fueling speculation that aneuploidy provides a selective advantage in these organs. To explore this paradox, we used single cell sequencing to obtain a genome-wide, high-resolution assessment of chromosome copy number alterations in mouse and human tissues. We find that aneuploidy occurs much less frequently in the liver and brain than previously reported and is no more prevalent in these tissues than in skin. Our results highlight the rarity of chromosome copy number alterations across mammalian tissues and argue against a positive role for aneuploidy in organ function. Cancer is therefore the only known example, in mammals, of altering karyotype for functional adaptation.