gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymers from Cycloolefins (1971)

Abstract Ring-opening polymerization of cycloolefins has led to a variety of new plastics and elastomers with a great range in physical properties. Ring-opening polymerization of cycloolefins, employing organoaluminum-tungsten salt catalysts, is a special case of olefin metathesis, a new reaction. The ring-opening reaction occurs at the double bond and allows making either large ring macro-cyclics or high molecular weight linear chains. Under certain conditions ringchain equilibrium can be established in these systems.
Real-time Voice Activity Detector Using Gammatone Filter and Modified Long-Term Signal Variability (2017)

In this paper, a real-time robust voice activity detector (VAD) is proposed. The proposed VAD adopts the gammatone filter and modify the existing long-term signal variability (LTSV) measure, i.e. known as GMLTSV in short. The proposed VAD is an improved version of existing VAD which used gammatone filter and entropy. The LTSV measure is modified to adapt to the amplitude envelopes extracted using gammatone filter by swapping entropy and variance used in LTSV measure to reduce noise effect in the extracted temporal envelopes and improve discriminative power of the extracted feature. The proposed algorithm also implements an adaptive threshold that is computed using a nonlinear filter to track short-term trend of the extracted feature in real-time. The proposed VAD using GMLTSV feature is tested against clean speech signals from TIMIT test corpus which are degraded at SNR ranged from -10dB to 20dB by non-stationary noise, eg. airport noise, babble noise, exhibition noise from Aurora-2 database, and stationary noise, eg. additive white Gaussian noise. Based on the evaluation, it is proven that the proposed GMLTSV-based VAD is robust in speech and non-speech detection even at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and outperformed other existing voice activity detectors which are compared in the evaluation. The proposed VAD achieved satisfactory accuracy when compared to the impractical single frequency filtering based VAD while implementing real-time scheme for practical application.
Multi-modality image correlation (1988)

This invention is comprised of an apparatus and method for location by location correlation of multiple images for Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) and other sources. Multiple images of a material specimen are displayed on one or more monitors of an interactive graphics system. Specimen landmarks are located in each image and mapping functions from a reference image to each other image are calculated using the landmark locations. A location selected by positioning a cursor in the reference image is mapped to the other images and location identifiers are simultaneously displayed in those images. Movement of the cursor in the references image causes simultaneous movement of the location identifiers in the other images to positions corresponding to the location of the reference image cursor.
Single-mode fiber splicing (1984)

As shown by Marcuse,1 the fields of a single-mode fiber near cutoff are approximately Gaussian. Splice loss can, therefore, be calculated by evaluating the coupling between misaligned Gaussian beams. Based on this analysis, Nemoto and Makimoto2 derived a general equation for splice loss between nonidentical single-mode fibers with combined transverse x, longitudinal z, and angular θ misalignments (Fig. 1). This equation is in a particularly useful form (Fig. 2), since the splice loss depends only on the spot size of each fiber rather than the details of the refractive-index profile.
Syntheses of New Isodethiaazacephems as Potent Antibacterial Agents (1998)

New isodethiaazacephems (+/-)-3, (+/-)-4, and (+/-)-10 as well as the 4-sulfonylated isodethiaazacepham (+/-)-5 were synthesized by chemical methods and found to possess biological activity against five pathogenic microorganisms in vitro. The mesylate and the triflate functionalities in (+/-)-3 and (+/-)-4, acting as effective leaving groups, enhanced remarkably the biological activity in comparison with the parent 3-hydroxyisodethiaazacephem (+/-)-10. The mode of action related to (+/-)-3 and (+/-)-4 can be explained by a [1,4]-elimination process.
Direct and gestural interaction with relief (2011)

Actuated shape output provides novel opportunities for experiencing, creating and manipulating 3D content in the physical world. While various shape displays have been proposed, a common approach utilizes an array of linear actuators to form 2.5D surfaces. Through identifying a set of common interactions for viewing and manipulating content on shape displays, we argue why input modalities beyond direct touch are required. The combination of freehand gestures and direct touch provides additional degrees of freedom and resolves input ambiguities, while keeping the locus of interaction on the shape output. To demonstrate the proposed combination of input modalities and explore applications for 2.5D shape displays, two example scenarios are implemented on a prototype system.
Proving correctness of regular expression accelerators (2012)

A popular technique in regular expression matching accelerators is to decompose a regular expression and communicate through instructions executed by a post-processor. We present a complete verification method that leverages the success of sequential equivalence checking (SEC) to proving correctness of the technique. The original regular expression and the system of decomposed regular expressions are modeled as net-lists and their equivalence is proved using SEC. SEC proves correct handling of 840 complex patterns from the Emerging Threats open rule set in 50 hours, eliminating altogether informal simulation and testing.
Que Sera Consensus: Simple Asynchronous Agreement with Private Coins and\n Threshold Logical Clocks (2020)

It is commonly held that asynchronous consensus is much more complex,\ndifficult, and costly than partially-synchronous algorithms, especially without\nusing common coins. This paper challenges that conventional wisdom with que\nsera consensus QSC, an approach to consensus that cleanly decomposes the\nagreement problem from that of network asynchrony. QSC uses only private coins\nand reaches consensus in $O(1)$ expected communication rounds. It relies on\n"lock-step" synchronous broadcast, but can run atop a threshold logical clock\n(TLC) algorithm to time and pace partially-reliable communication atop an\nunderlying asynchronous network. This combination is arguably simpler than\npartially-synchronous consensus approaches like (Multi-)Paxos or Raft with\nleader election, and is more robust to slow leaders or targeted network\ndenial-of-service attacks. The simplest formulations of QSC atop TLC incur\nexpected $O(n^2)$ messages and $O(n^4)$ bits per agreement, or $O(n^3)$ bits\nwith straightforward optimizations. An on-demand implementation, in which\nclients act as "natural leaders" to execute the protocol atop stateful servers\nthat merely implement passive key-value stores, can achieve $O(n^2)$ expected\ncommunication bits per client-driven agreement.\n
A low temperature, segmented metal, copper vapour laser (1989)

A copper vapour laser is described which uses in situ formation of copper halide by a flowing mixture of halogen and inert gas. The discharge is confined by copper segments which also act as the copper reservoir.
In <i>vitro</i> inhibition of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> by extracts of thyme (1996)

Extracts of several plants were tested for inhibitory activity against Helicobacter pylori. Among these plants thyme (aqueous extract) and cinnamon (alcoholic extract) were the most effective. Since aqueous extract of thyme is easier to produce and consume, it was further investigated. Compared with several antibacterials, the thyme extract had a significant inhibitory effect on H. pylori, reducing both its growth and potent urease activity. From the results of this study, the aqueous extract of thyme possesses a therapeutic potential which merits validation by clinical studies.
Analysis and design of soft-switching power factor correction converter (2002)

A single-stage power factor correction converter with soft-switching is proposed in this paper. The topology of this converter is derived by adding a resonant circuit to an existing Single-Stage, Single-Switch Power Factor Correction (S/sup 4/ PFC) converter. As a result, zero-voltage-switching and zero-current-switching are achieved for the main switch and the auxiliary switch, respectively. High frequency operation of the proposed converter makes it possible to minimize the ac-dc power supply in size and weight. The proposed converter uses a grounded auxiliary switch so that the isolated driving circuit is not required. The simplified driving circuitry will again improve the overall efficiency and power density. Practically, the direct driving schemes of both the main and the auxiliary switches will allow the proposed converter to operate in even high switching frequency and have good regulation capability.
Model-Based Density Measurement With Coriolis Flowmeter (2006)

Today, Coriolis meters offer the best performance in the mass-flow measurement. For those applications where a high accuracy and a low pressure drop together with the easy clearance conditions are needed, the single oscillating straight pipe will be the best choice. The tube oscillates in resonance, and the resonance frequency encodes the information about the density of the fluid, which is, together with mass flow, an important parameter for the quality and process control. A shortcoming of the density measurement with today's Coriolis mass flowmeters (CMFs) is the lack of the sophisticated compensation schemes that take into account the influence of the temperature, flowrate, pressure, viscosity, etc., on the resonance frequency. Nevertheless, several heuristic methods to correct the density readings are in use and lead to satisfying solutions. However, these methods are complex, device specific, and rather expensive. In this paper, a method is presented to overcome these drawbacks. It is based on a dynamic model of the mass flowmeter and allows for the parameter identification of the measuring tube during operation. To be more specific, the effective spring constant of the oscillating tube is detected online. Using this result, the vibrating mass and, subsequently, the density of the fluid are calculated by taking into account the resonance frequency
Weapon identification using hierarchical classification of acoustic signatures (2009)

We apply a unique hierarchical audio classification technique to weapon identification using gunshot analysis. The Audio Classification classifies each audio segment as one of ten weapon classes (e.g., 9mm, 22, shotgun etc.) using lowcomplexity Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM). The first level of hierarchy consists of classification into broad weapons categories such as Rifle, Hand-Gun etc. and the second consists of classification into specific weapons such as 9mm, 357 etc. Our experiments have yielded over 90% classification accuracy at the coarse (rifle-handgun) level of the classification hierarchy and over 85% accuracy at the finer level (weapon category such as 9mm).
Three conformational antibodies specific for different PSMA epitopes are promising diagnostic and therapeutic tools for prostate cancer (2009)

Due to their specific binding characteristics, the anti-PSMA mAbs 3/A12, 3/E7, and 3/F11 show great promise for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in prostate cancer.
Detection of Plasmid-Mediated AmpC β-Lactamase Genes in Clinical Isolates by Using Multiplex PCR (2002)

Therapeutic options for infections caused by gram-negative organisms expressing plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases are limited because these organisms are usually resistant to all the beta-lactam antibiotics, except for cefepime, cefpirome, and the carbapenems. These organisms are a major concern in nosocomial infections and should therefore be monitored in surveillance studies. Six families of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases have been identified, but no phenotypic test can differentiate among them, a fact which creates problems for surveillance and epidemiology studies. This report describes the development of a multiplex PCR for the purpose of identifying family-specific AmpC beta-lactamase genes within gram-negative pathogens. The PCR uses six sets of ampC-specific primers resulting in amplicons that range from 190 bp to 520 bp and that are easily distinguished by gel electrophoresis. ampC multiplex PCR differentiated the six plasmid-mediated ampC-specific families in organisms such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Family-specific primers did not amplify genes from the other families of ampC genes. Furthermore, this PCR-based assay differentiated multiple genes within one reaction. In addition, WAVE technology, a high-pressure liquid chromatography-based separation system, was used as a way of decreasing analysis time and increasing the sensitivity of multiple-gene assays. In conclusion, a multiplex PCR technique was developed for identifying family-specific ampC genes responsible for AmpC beta-lactamase expression in organisms with or without a chromosomal AmpC beta-lactamase gene.
Fast Numerical Algorithms for Arc Fault Detection (2021)

In (European) low-voltage networks, short circuits usually result in high current arc faults. These need to be cleared in a very short time since arcs cause large damages to adjacent equipment and present persons, mainly due to their high temperatures. Today, optical systems are used to ensure fast detection of arcing faults. In this paper, novel methods will be proposed for arc fault detection based on the measurement of current and voltage. Compared to optical systems, the proposed method shows a high performance.
Triple Transduction with Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors Expressing Tyrosine Hydroxylase, Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylase, and GTP Cyclohydrolase I for Gene Therapy of Parkinson's Disease (2000)

Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurological disease suited to gene therapy, is biochemically characterized by a severe decrease in the dopamine content of the striatum. One current strategy for gene therapy of PD involves local production of dopamine in the striatum achieved by inducing the expression of enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway for dopamine. We previously showed that the coexpression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase (AADC), using two separate adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, resulted in more effective dopamine production and more remarkable behavioral recovery in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned parkinsonian rats, compared with the expression of TH alone. Not only levels of TH and AADC but also levels of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a cofactor of TH, and GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH), a rate-limiting enzymes for BH4 biosynthesis, are reduced in parkinsonian striatum. In the present study, we investigated whether transduction with separate AAV vectors expressing TH, AADC, and GCH was effective for gene therapy of PD. In vitro experiments showed that triple transduction with AAV-TH, AAV-AADC, and AAV-GCH resulted in greater dopamine production than double transduction with AAV-TH and AAV-AADC in 293 cells. Furthermore, triple transduction enhanced BH4 and dopamine production in denervated striatum of parkinsonian rats and improved the rotational behavior of the rats more efficiently than did double transduction. Behavioral recovery persisted for at least 12 months after stereotaxic intrastriatal injection. These results suggest that GCH, in addition to TH and AADC, is important for effective gene therapy of PD.
Development and Testing of Field-Deployable Real-Time Laser-Based Non-Intrusive Detection System for Measurement of True Travel Time on the Highway (2001)

We have developed a field prototype of a laser-based non-intrusive detection system for real-time measurement of delineations of moving vehicles for highway testing, based on our previous research on the laboratory prototype of the system. The primary goal of this project is to develop a roadway detection system that can be used to gather reliable travel time data non-intrusively. The system uses a laser line that is projected onto the ground as a probe. The reflected light is collected and focused into a photodiode array by an optical system. Vehicle presence is detected based on the absence of reflected laser light. By placing two identical laser/sensor pairs at a known distance apart, the speed of both the front and rear of a vehicle is measured based on the times when each sensor is triggered. The length of each vehicle is determined by using these speed measurements and the residence time of the vehicle under each sensor. We have built a field prototype detection system which is used not only to proof the concept and algorithm of the detection system, but also to test the system in the real traffic environment. Several tests have been done with the field prototype system on the highway, and the test results further verified that the principle of our detection system is technically sound and indicated that the algorithm implemented in the software works in most cases. The software for the real-time data acquisition, data processing and graphic user interface has been developed in a real-time operating system. In the software, the speed, acceleration, and length of a detected vehicle can be calculated and displayed simultaneously. This document describes the design and implementation of each functional component and software of the field prototype system. The measurement and calculation of laser power has been performed to ensure that the system is safe to expose to public during the field tests and future operation on the highway.
Sabot Design for a 105mm APFSDS Kinetic Energy Projectile (1978)

Abstract : Foremost of these requirements is that the sabot must ensure the in- bore operation of the projectile, i.e., it must be able to seal the gun tube against the hot propellant gas. Then, especially for long rod kinetic energy penetrators, the sabot must provide enough support to prevent the subprojectile from being permanently deformed in an undesirable manner during in-bore travel. Also, the sabot must constrain the subprojectile during in-bore travel and then discard in such a manner as to impart a small initial yaw and yaw rate to the subprojectile during launch. These parameters are related to target dispersion and should be reduced as much as possible. Finally, the sabot will generally provide the means for assembly of the full round. Hence, such matters as fin encroachment into the cartridge case and location of crimping grooves so that the assembled round can withstand rough handling should be considered.
Expression in Escherichia coli of a cloned DNA sequence encoding the pre-S2 region of hepatitis B virus. (1985)

A DNA sequence encoding the entire pre-S2 region (amino acids 120-174; serotype ayw) of human hepatitis B virus envelope protein has been inserted into the lacZ gene of the plasmid pSKS105 yielding a recombinant, pWS3. Lac+ colonies of the Escherichia coli M182 delta (lacIOPZYA), isolated after transformation with pWS3, produced a pre-S2 peptide-beta-galactosidase fusion protein. This fusion protein, which comprised as much as 3% of the total bacterial protein, was purified to greater than 90% homogeneity by affinity chromatography on p-aminophenyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside-Sepharose. It is immunoprecipitable with rabbit antibodies to a synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acids 120-145 of the pre-S2 region of serotype adw [pre-S(120-145)] or with antibodies to hepatitis B virus. pre-S(120-145) completely blocked the binding of either antibody to the pre-S2 peptide-beta-galactosidase fusion protein. These results indicate that there are antigenic determinants on the fusion protein that are closely related to, if not identical to, determinants on synthetic pre-S(120-145) and on pre-S2 sequences of native hepatitis B virus particles. Thus, bacteria transformed with pWS3 can provide an abundant source of pre-S2-beta-galactosidase fusion protein, which may prove useful either as a diagnostic reagent possessing marker enzyme activity suitable for ELISA tests or as an immunogen with potential to contribute to active prophylaxis of hepatitis B.
Thermal-Enhanced Adaptive Interval Estimation in Battery Packs With Heterogeneous Cells (2021)

The internal states of lithium-ion batteries need to be carefully monitored during operation to manage energy and safety. In this article, we propose a thermal-enhanced adaptive interval observer for state-of-charge (SOC) and temperature estimation for a battery pack. For a large battery pack with hundreds or thousands of heterogeneous cells, each individual cell characteristic is different from others. Practically, applying estimation algorithms on each and every cell would be mathematically and computationally intractable since battery packs are often characterized by combinations of differential equations (state dynamics) and algebraic constraints (Kirchhoff’s laws). These issues are tackled using an interval observer based on monotone/cooperative system theory, whose novelty lies in considering cell heterogeneity and state-dependent parameters as unknown, but bounded uncertainties. The resulting interval observer maps the bounded uncertainties to a feasible set of SOC and temperature estimation for all cells in the pack at each time instant. This work also addresses the significant conservatism under extreme conditions with large currents via a thermal-enhanced adaptive scheme. The proposed interval estimation is scalable and computationally tractable since it is independent of the number of cells in a pack, as numerically demonstrated in a comparison with respect to a state-of-the-art single-cell state observer. The stability and inclusion of the adaptive interval observer are proven and validated through simulations.
Enhanced gene trapping in mouse embryonic stem cells (2008)

Gene trapping is used to introduce insertional mutations into genes of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). It is performed with gene trap vectors that simultaneously mutate and report the expression of the endogenous gene at the site of insertion and provide a DNA tag for rapid identification of the disrupted gene. Gene traps have been employed worldwide to assemble libraries of mouse ESC lines harboring mutations in single genes, which can be used to make mutant mice. However, most of the employed gene trap vectors require gene expression for reporting a gene trap event and therefore genes that are poorly expressed may be under-represented in the existing libraries. To address this problem, we have developed a novel class of gene trap vectors that can induce gene expression at insertion sites, thereby bypassing the problem of intrinsic poor expression. We show here that the insertion of the osteopontin enhancer into several conventional gene trap vectors significantly increases the gene trapping efficiency in high-throughput screens and facilitates the recovery of poorly expressed genes.