gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biochemical and functional characterization of three activated macrophage populations (2006)

We generated three populations of macrophages (Mphi) in vitro and characterized each. Classically activated Mphi (Ca-Mphi) were primed with IFN-gamma and stimulated with LPS. Type II-activated Mphi (Mphi-II) were similarly primed but stimulated with LPS plus immune complexes. Alternatively activated Mphi (AA-Mphi) were primed overnight with IL-4. Here, we present a side-by-side comparison of the three cell types. We focus primarily on differences between Mphi-II and AA-Mphi, as both have been classified as M2 Mphi, distinct from Ca-Mphi. We show that Mphi-II more closely resemble Ca-Mphi than they are to AA-Mphi. Mphi-II and Ca-Mphi, but not AA-Mphi, produce high levels of NO and have low arginase activity. AA-Mphi express FIZZ1, whereas neither Mphi-II nor Ca-Mphi do. Mphi-II and Ca-Mphi express relatively high levels of CD86, whereas AA-Mphi are virtually devoid of this costimulatory molecule. Ca-Mphi and Mphi-II are efficient APC, whereas AA-Mphi fail to stimulate efficient T cell proliferation. The differences between Ca-Mphi and Mphi-II are more subtle. Ca-Mphi produce IL-12 and give rise to Th1 cells, whereas Mphi-II produce high levels of IL-10 and thus, give rise to Th2 cells secreting IL-4 and IL-10. Mphi-II express two markers that may be used to identify them in tissue. These are sphingosine kinase-1 and LIGHT (TNF superfamily 14). Thus, Ca-Mphi, Mphi-II, and AA-Mphi represent three populations of cells with different biological functions.
Photonic Sintering of Aerosol Jet Printed Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) Thick Films (2016)

Lead Zirconate Titanate ( PZT ) is a commonly used piezoelectric material due to its high piezoelectric response. We demonstrate a new method of printing and sintering micro‐scale PZT films with low substrate temperature increase. Self‐prepared PZT ink was Aerosol‐Jet printed on stainless steel substrates. After drying for 2 h in vacuum at 200°C, the printed PZT films were divided into two groups. The first group was traditionally sintered, using a thermal process at 1000°C for 1 h in an Argon environment. The second group was photonically sintered using repetitive sub‐msec pulses of high intensity broad spectrum light in an atmospheric environment. The highest measured substrate temperature during photonic sintering was 170.7°C, enabling processing on low melting point substrates. Ferroelectric measurements were performed with a low‐frequency sinusoidal signal. The remanent polarization ( P r ) and coercive field ( E c ) for thermally sintered PZT film were 17.1 μC/cm 2 and 6.3 kV/cm, respectively. The photonically sintered film had 32.4 μC/cm 2 P r and 6.7 kV/cm E c . After poling the samples with 20 kV/cm electric field for 2 h at 150°C, the piezoelectric voltage constant ( g 33 ) was measured for the two film groups yielding −16.9 × 10 −3 (V·m)·N −1 (thermally sintered) and −17.9 × 10 −3 (V·m)·N −1 (photonically sintered). Both factors indicate the PZT films were successfully sintered using both methods, with the photonically sintered material exhibiting superior electrical properties. To further validate photonic sintering of PZT on low melting point substrates, the process and measurements were repeated using a polyethylene terephthalate ( PET ) substrate. The measured P r and E c were 23.1 μC/cm 2 and 5.1 kV/cm, respectively. The g 33 was −17.3 × 10 −3 (V·m)·N −1 . Photonic sintering of thick film PZT directly on low melting point substrates eliminates the need for complex layer transfer processes often associated with flexible PZT transducers.
Requirements for Support of Differentiated Services-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering (2003)

This document presents Service Provider requirements for support of Differentiated Services (Diff-Serv)-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering (DS-TE).
A Transactional Perspective on Execute-order-validate Blockchains (2020)

Smart contracts have enabled blockchain systems to evolve from simple cryptocurrency platforms, such as Bitcoin, to general transactional systems, such as Ethereum. Catering for emerging business requirements, a new architecture called execute-order-validate has been proposed in Hyperledger Fabric to support parallel transactions and improve the blockchain's throughput. However, this new architecture might render many invalid transactions when serializing them. This problem is further exaggerated as the block formation rate is inherently limited due to other factors beside data processing, such as cryptography and consensus. In this work, we propose a novel method to enhance the execute-order-validate architecture, by reducing invalid transactions to improve the throughput of blockchains. Our method is inspired by state-of-the-art optimistic concurrency control techniques in modern database systems. In contrast to existing blockchains that adopt database's preventive approaches which might abort serializable transactions, our method is theoretically more fine-grained. Specifically, unserializable transactions are aborted before ordering and the remaining transactions are guaranteed to be serializable. For evaluation, we implement our method in two blockchains respectively, FabricSharp on top of Hyperledger Fabric, and FastFabricSharp on top of FastFabric. We compare the performance of FabricSharp with vanilla Fabric and three related systems, two of which are respectively implemented with one standard and one state-of-the-art concurrency control techniques from databases. The results demonstrate that FabricSharp achieves 25% higher throughput compared to the other systems in nearly all experimental scenarios. Moreover, the FastFabricSharp's improvement over FastFabric is up to 66%.
The Influence of Salt-Linkages on the Adhesion and Hardness Variance of Hydrogels (2002)

Abstract Adhesion between anionic and cationic gels was observed. This adhesion force varied according to the pH and the ionic strength of solutions bathing the gels. A quite strong adhesion was observed in neutral and the ionic-strength solutions. The cause of this phenomenon was suggested to be due to electrostatic interaction between the anionic and cationic fixed groups on the respective gel surfaces, that is, the formation of salt-linkages between the dissociated –COOH and –NH2 groups, –COO-···+H3N–. They were also found in an amphoteric gel body, thus suggesting a great influence on the degree of hardness. Salt-linkages serve as crosslinkings in amphoteric gel in addition to the permanently formed chemical crosslinkings of N,N-methylenediacrylamide. The degree of amphoteric gel hardness can be controlled reversibly by their formation and disruption. Since a reversible hardness change was also observed in real human muscle, the use of salt-linkages is a new principle used to design practical artificial gel muscles.
Cytochrome c protein synthesis rate in rat skeletal muscle (1991)

Endurance training is associated with increases in mitochondrial density, of which cytochrome c protein is an index. Increases in the synthesis rates of cytochrome c protein in skeletal muscle during endurance training have been inferred (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 66: 173, 1975; J. Biol. Chem. 252: 416, 1977). One purpose of the present study was to test these indirect approximations with direct measurements of the synthesis rates of cytochrome c protein in skeletal muscles postexercise. No change in the fractional synthesis rate of cytochrome c was detected in the red quadriceps muscle of rats either 2-7 h after a 104-min run on a motor-driven treadmill or 17-22 h after the final bout of 4 days of running 100 min/day. If the 16% increase in cytochrome c protein concentration in the red quadriceps muscle on the 5th day of training is used to calculate the nanomoles of cytochrome c synthesized per gram of wet muscle weight, the normalized rate of cytochrome c protein synthesis is increased 29% on the 5th day of training. The observation of no significant alteration in cytochrome c mRNA in the red quadriceps muscle of rats during the 1st wk of training implies that the initial increase in the synthesis rate of cytochrome c protein normalized per unit of muscle mass during treadmill training is likely to occur at a translational or posttranslational step. These results suggest that the control of increased cytochrome c expression in skeletal muscle during exercise training involves a complex mechanism.
Transport of methotrexate (MTX) and folates by multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 3 and MRP1: effect of polyglutamylation on MTX transport. (2001)

We have recently determined that human multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 3, which confers resistance to certain natural product agents and methotrexate (MTX), is competent in the MgATP-energized transport of MTX and the monoanionic bile constituent glycocholate as well as several glutathione and glucuronate conjugates. Of these capabilities, the facility of MRP3 in conferring resistance to and mediating the transport of MTX is of particular interest because it raises the possibility that this pump is a component of the previously described cellular efflux system for this antimetabolite. However, if this is to be the case, a critical property of cellular MTX efflux that must be addressed is its ability to mediate the export of MTX but not that of its intracellular polyglutamylated derivatives. Here we examine the role of MRP3 in these and related processes by determining the selectivity of this transporter for MTX, MTX polyglutamates, and physiological folates. In so doing, we show that MRP3 is not only active in the transport of MTX but is also active in the transport the physiological folates folic acid (FA) and N(5)-formyltetrahydrofolic acid (leucovorin) and that polyglutamylation of MTX abolishes transport. Both FA and leucovorin are subject to high-capacity (V(max(FA)), 1.71 +/- 0.05 nmol/mg/min; V(max(leucovorin)), 3.63 +/- 1.20 nmol/mg/min), low-affinity (K(m(FA)), 1.96 +/- 0.13 mM; K(m(leucovorin)), 1.74 +/- 0.65 mM) transport by MRP3. Addition of a single glutamyl residue to MTX is sufficient to diminish transport by >95%. We also show that polyglutamylation similarly affects the capacity of MRP1 to transport MTX and that physiological folates are also subject to MgATP-stimulated transport by MRP1. On the basis of the capacity to transport MTX but not MTX-Glu(2), it is concluded that MRP3 and MRP1 represent components of the previously described cellular efflux system for MTX. The capacity of MRP3 to transport folates indicates that it may reduce intracellular levels of these compounds and thereby indirectly influence antifolate cytotoxicity, and it also implies that this pump may play a role in the response to chemotherapeutic regimens in which leucovorin is a component.
Channel loading effects on power limited wireless transmitters utilizing discrete multitone modulation (2002)

A method is presented for optimizing the throughput of a radio channel limited by intermodulation distortion induced in transmission of discrete multitone (DMT) signals. The DMT concept is presented, and the carrier-to-interference ratios as a function of the amount of channel loading are computed for different power levels. These values, obtained using 2 different methods-the NPR approach and the MMSE Gain method-are shown to be in good agreement. The degradation in C/I for a fully loaded channel with respect to the two-tone case is also computed.
Spectrum steering: a new platform for wavelength filtering, switching, and monitoring (2005)

Spectrum steering is a new class of device architectures that use a MEMS mirror to steer a dispersed spectrum in two dimensions across a fixed spectral-plane spatial filter. Devices select among a set of pre-programmed filter shapes, inputs, or outputs and can tune the center wavelength of each filter. Spectrum-steering filters are not as generally flexible as devices with active spectral plane filters but are potentially more compact, lower cost, and simpler to control. We present two example spectrum-steering devices. The first is an optical channel monitor (OCM) with integrated input-selection switch in which a single large MEMS mirror tilts along one axis to measure the DWDM spectrum and tilts along the orthogonal axis to switch between two input ports. The powers of 100-GHz spaced channels are accurately measured with adjacent-channel power differences up to 10 dB without the use of deconvolution. The second is a spectral bandpass filter where the MEMS mirror tilts along one axis to tune the center wavelength over 38 nm, and tilts along the orthogonal axis to independently control the filter 3-dB passband width from 28 to 210 GHz. The resolution is sufficient to produce a flat-top demultiplexing filter for 50-GHz spaced channels with 30-dB adjacent-channel isolation. These filters could provide colorless and channel-plan-independent demultiplexing ports in broadcast-and-select architectures. The insertion loss is 4.6 dB and the PDL is 0.26 dB.
Vascular‐targeted photodynamic therapy (padoporfin, WST09) for recurrent prostate cancer after failure of external beam radiotherapy: a study of escalating light doses (2008)

TOOKAD-VTP can produce large avascular regions in the irradiated prostate, and result in a complete negative-biopsy response at high light doses. A response rate of more than half for those patients receiving the highest light doses shows the clinical potential of TOOKAD-VTP to manage recurrence of prostatic carcinoma after EBRT.
Upregulation Of Adhesion Molecules In The Bronchial Mucosa Of Subjects With Chronic Obstructive Bronchitis (1994)

To determine whether adhesion molecules and cytokines are upregulated in the bronchial mucosa of chronic bronchitics, we obtained bronchial biopsies in 16 chronic bronchitics, in eight asymptomatic smokers, and in seven normal nonsmoking subjects. Bronchial biopsies were examined by immunohistochemistry to identify the expression of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecular-1 (ICAM-1) on vessels and on bronchial epithelium, and the expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), neutrophil elastase, and eosinophil cationic protein (EG-2) on cells in the submucosa. Chronic bronchitics had an increased number of E-selectin-positive vessels when compared with both asymptomatic smokers (p < 0.05) and normal subjects (p < 0.01). The numbers of ICAM-1-positive vessels, neutrophils, and IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha-, and EG-2-positive cells were not significantly different in the three groups of subjects examined. When the bronchitic group was divided according to the presence or absence of airway obstruction, the increased number of E-selectin-positive vessels persisted only in bronchitics with airway obstruction, who also had an increased expression of ICAM-1 on basal epithelial cells. We concluded that in the bronchial mucosa of chronic bronchitics with airway obstruction, there is an increased expression of E-selectin on vessels and of ICAM-1 on basal epithelial cells, suggesting the involvement of these adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Number and size of lupulin glands, glandular trichomes of hop (<i>Humulus lupulus</i> L.), play a key role in contents of bitter acids and polyphenols in hop cone (2015)

Summary Hop ( Humulus lupulus L.) inflorescence, commonly known as ‘hop cone’, is valuable for contents of bitter acids, essential oils and polyphenols, used in brewing industry and biomedical application. These compounds are predominantly formed in glandular trichomes, known as ‘lupulin glands’. In this study, we investigated chemical and morphological characteristics of lupulin glands by microscopy and HPLC analyses. Even though no significant correlations were found between lupulin glands and hop cones for contents of alpha and beta bitter acids, polyphenols, all ratios between individual metabolites (alpha/beta acids, X/alpha acids, X / DMX ) were highly and significantly correlated. The average number of lupulin glands on bract/bracteole ranged from 115 to 713 with 28.5% of variability. Linear regression analyses confirmed that total volume of lupulin glands and total lupulin glands area on bract/bracteole surface highly correlated with contents of bitter acids and polyphenols in hop cone. Therefore, lupulin glands are unique and exclusive organs responsible for contents of bitter acids and polyphenols in hop cone.
Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol related to its chemical structure (2006)

This study has identified the importance of the hydrophobicity and the chemical structure of phenolic aroma compounds for antimicrobial activity and may contribute to a most rational use of these compounds as antimicrobial agent.
Transgenic multivitamin corn through biofortification of endosperm with three vitamins representing three distinct metabolic pathways (2009)

Vitamin deficiency affects up to 50% of the world's population, disproportionately impacting on developing countries where populations endure monotonous, cereal-rich diets. Transgenic plants offer an effective way to increase the vitamin content of staple crops, but thus far it has only been possible to enhance individual vitamins. We created elite inbred South African transgenic corn plants in which the levels of 3 vitamins were increased specifically in the endosperm through the simultaneous modification of 3 separate metabolic pathways. The transgenic kernels contained 169-fold the normal amount of beta-carotene, 6-fold the normal amount of ascorbate, and double the normal amount of folate. Levels of engineered vitamins remained stable at least through to the T3 homozygous generation. This achievement, which vastly exceeds any realized thus far by conventional breeding alone, opens the way for the development of nutritionally complete cereals to benefit the world's poorest people.
Evaluation of FFT-Based and Moder Parametrc Methods for the Spectral Analysis of Bioprosthetic Valve Sounds (1986)

The objective of this paper is to compare the performance of conventional FFT-based (basic periodogram and Welch's method) and modern parametric (all-pole and pole-zero modeling) methods in estimating the spectral distribution of cardiac bioprosthetic valve sounds, and for the extraction of the two most dominant frequency peaks (DFP). These methods were tested for stability by adding random noise and truncating the bioprosthetic valve closing sounds, and for reproducibility by measuring the variance of the spectra obtained from three consecutive recordings of each patient. Results from a group of 11 patients show that the basic periodogram and Steiglitz-McBride's method with maximum entropy (pole-zero modeling) provide the most consistent (minimal variance) estimates of the DFP's of the closing sounds. However, for estimating spectral distributions, the most stable methods appear to be the basic periodogram and Steiglitz-McBride's method with extrapolation to zero. The basic periodogram appears to be the best compromise to estimate both the spectral distribution and the DFP's of the bioprosthetic closing sounds.
Urocanic acid may not be the photoreceptor for UV-induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity. (1986)

We have tested the hypothesis that urocanic acid is the photoreceptor molecule for ultraviolet radiation-induced systemic suppression of contact hypersensitivity in the mouse. Almost complete removal of urocanic acid by tape-stripping of exposed skin was not associated with abrogation of immune suppression. This finding makes it unlikely that urocanic acid is the chromophore.
Engineering liquid crystals for optimal uses in optical communication systems (2004)

Liquid crystal technology has become, nowadays, one of the core technologies for implementing optical functions for WDM networks. Their advantage, with respect to other materials, is their unequalled engineering capability which is nowadays decisive in providing more flexible and cost effective systems. First, we briefly review the main driving physical features determining their optical and dynamic behaviour, illustrated through various pure or composite liquid crystal materials. Second, we discuss their suitability for use in some telecommunication requirements. Finally we give examples illustrating the huge variety of their possible effects, in particular when engineered with polymer chains.
Cationic polymerization of hydrogenated bisphenol‐A glycidyl ether with cycloaliphatic epoxy resin and its thermal discoloration (2005)

Abstract One of the key issues associated with epoxy resin–based LED encapsulant is discoloration under operating conditions that caused a decrease in light output. In this article, thermal cationic polymerization of hydrogenated bisphenol‐A glycidyl ether using 3‐methyl‐2‐butenyltetramethylenesulfonium hexafluoroantimonate and its discoloration are reported. Polymerization was followed by thermal analysis, FT‐IR spectrum, and hardness measurements. Thermal discoloration was measured by yellowness index based on transmittance spectrum. Increased catalyst concentration causes acceleration in polymerization rates, but this also increased discoloration after thermal aging. In low catalyst concentration under 0.3 wt %, the hardness of plaque was low and required a high temperature to complete polymerization and this resulted in a highly colored plaque. Formulation with cycloaliphatic epoxy (3′‐4′‐epoxycyclohexane)methyl 3′‐4′‐epoxycyclohexyl‐carboxylate (CEL2021P) enhanced the polymerization even at low catalyst concentration and reduced thermal discoloration. With addition of di‐ t ‐butylphenol (BHT) as the oxidation inhibitor, the thermal discoloration was extremely improved but this also caused inhibition of polymerization as seen by thermal analysis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1395–1400, 2005
Novel porphyrin–Schiff base conjugates: synthesis, characterization and in vitro photodynamic activities (2016)

Three novel porphyrin–Schiff base conjugates were synthesized and characterized. Their phototoxic activities were improved after irradiation and increased significantly with the increase of doses against A431 cells.
Face Video Generation from a Single Image and Landmarks (2020)

In this paper, we are concerned with the challenging problem of producing a full image sequence of a deformable face given only an image and generic facial motions encoded by a set of sparse landmarks. To this end, we build upon recent breakthroughs in image-to-image translation such as pix2pix, CycleGAN and StarGAN which learn Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) that learn to map aligned pairs of images between different domains (i.e., having different labels) and propose a new architecture which is not driven any more by labels but by spatial maps, facial landmarks. In particular, we propose the MotionGAN which transforms an input face image into a new one according to a heatmap of target landmarks. We show that it is possible to create very realistic face videos using a single image and a set of target landmarks. Furthermore, our method can be used to edit a facial image with arbitrary motions according to landmarks (e.g., expression, speech, etc.). This provides much more flexibility to face editing, expression transfer, facial video creation, etc. than models based on discrete expressions, audio or action units.
Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) (2015)

Largest structured corpus of American English composed of more than 450 million words in 189,431 texts, including 20 million words each year from 1990-2012. The corpus is equally divided among spoken, fiction, popular magazines, newspapers, and academic texts