gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An advanced electron beam lithography system for sub-half-micron ultra-large-scale production: The distortion corrector technology (1990)

The manufacture of the critical layers of production of ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) devices requires resolution beyond the capability of today’s photolithography equipment. JEOL has developed a high precision electron beam lithography system, the JBX-8600DV, which satisfies the demands of these new device designs. The 8600DV employs advanced calibration algorithms to ensure accurate feature placement and linewidth control. This paper discusses a real time distortion and aberration correction system which compensates for stepper lens distortions, wafer warpage, and deflector anomalies. The system incorporates novel dynamic focus, astigmatism, and distortion corrector technologies to reduce distortion and aberration. The corrector system utilizes a two-dimensional spline fitting technique to produce the proper correction coefficients. This technology reduces linewidth dimensional errors to 0.03 μm(3σ) within a 2 mm deflection field and main field placement errors to &lt;0.04 μm.
Global gene expression profile progression in Gaucher disease mouse models (2011)

Biochemical and pathological analyses demonstrated direct relationships between the degree of tissue glucosylceramides and the gene expression profile alterations. These analyses implicate IFNγ-regulated pro-inflammatory and IL-4-regulated anti-inflammatory networks in differential disease progression with implications for understanding the Gaucher disease course and pathophysiology.
Radiation damage factor for ion-implanted silicon detectors irradiated with heavy ions (1995)

Ion-implanted silicon detectors were irradiated with 18-150 MeV /sup 16/O, 20 MeV /sup 40/Ar, and 53 MeV /sup 110/Xe. A linear increase of the leakage current was observed as a function of the particle fluence up to 2.2/spl times/10/sup 8/ cm/sup -2/. Extracted damage factors are proportional to the averaged nuclear stopping power over five orders of magnitude covering heavy ions studied in the present work and also protons of 25-800 MeV energies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Facile Synthetic Route to a Novel Electroluminescent Polymer−Poly(<i>p</i>-phenylenevinylene) Containing a Fully Conjugated Aromatic Oxadiazole Side Chain (1999)

Herein we report a facile synthetic route to a new conjugated polymer, poly{2-[5‘-(2‘ ‘-octyloxy)phenyl)-1‘,3‘,4‘-oxadiazole-2‘-yl]-1,4-phenylenevinylene)} (OPO−PPV), in which a high-electron-affinity aromatic oxadiazole moiety is attached on the PPV backbone as side chain. It is demonstrated that OPO−PPV is a new polymeric material with balanced charge injection for the application as emissive material in single-layer light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The present synthesis of OPO−PPV reveals a promising approach to balance the charge injection between electrons and holes into electroluminescent layers in polymer LEDs by controlling the intrinsic properties of light-emitting materials. The NMR (13C and 1H) spectra of OPO−PPV demonstrate a well-defined structure in the polymer. The polymer exhibits good thermal stability (stable up to 368 °C in nitrogen) and high glass-transition temperature (170 °C). Both the absorption and photoluminescence spectra of the polymer have been studied. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) has been employed to estimate the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels of OPO−PPV. A comparison of the electrochemical characteristics with that of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2‘-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH−PPV) is also discussed. A single-layer LED device ITO/OPO−PPV/Al is successfully fabricated. The device emits visible yellow-orange light above the bias voltage of 4.0 V under ambient conditions.
Effects of Beer and Hop on Ionotropic γ-Aminobutyric Acid Receptors (2006)

Beer induced the response of the ionotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABA(A) receptors) expressed in Xenopus oocytes, indicating the presence of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-like activity. Furthermore, the pentane extract of the beer, hop (Humulus lupulus L.) oil, and myrcenol potentiated the GABA(A) receptor response elicited by GABA. The GABA(A) receptor responses were also potentiated by the addition of aliphatic esters, most of which are reported to be present in beer flavor. Aliphatic esters showed the tendency to decrease in the potentiation of the GABA(A) receptor response with an increase in their carbon chain length. When myrcenol was injected to mice prior to intraperitoneal administration of pentobarbital, the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time of mice increased additionally. Therefore, the beer contained not only GABA-like activity but also the modulator(s) of the GABA(A) receptor response.
Optimal efficiency controller for synchronous reluctance flywheel drive (2002)

This paper presents an approach to achieve optimal efficiency over a range of power and rotational speed for a synchronous reluctance motor/alternator drive, to be used in a flywheel energy storage system. Synchronous reluctance machines have distinct advantages over permanent magnet machines in flywheel applications with respect to cost and reliability. A stator-flux-oriented torque control scheme is used to control the motor/alternator. For a given speed and torque, power losses in the machine are a function of only the stator flux magnitude. The optimal flux value can then be found using a one-dimensional optimization algorithm, such as the method of sequential quadratic interpolations. Optimal flux values for the machine are determined using an experimental setup that accurately determines losses in the motor/drive system. This work is part of a broader project at the University of California at Berkeley to develop flywheel energy storage systems. In particular, high-speed synchronous reluctance machines have been designed and built for flywheel applications. Experimental results obtained from the test setup show the validity of the controller and the optimization algorithm.
Hierarchical universal coding (1996)

In an earlier paper, we proved a strong version of the redundancy-capacity converse theorem of universal coding, stating that for "most" sources in a given class, the universal coding redundancy is essentially lower-bounded by the capacity of the channel induced by this class. Since this result holds for general classes of sources, it extends Rissanen's (1986) strong converse theorem for parametric families. While our earlier result has established strong optimality only for mixture codes weighted by the capacity-achieving prior, our first result herein extends this finding to a general prior. For some cases our technique also leads to a simplified proof of the above mentioned strong converse theorem. The major interest in this paper, however, is in extending the theory of universal coding to hierarchical structures of classes, where each class may have a different capacity. In this setting, one wishes to incur redundancy essentially as small as that corresponding to the active class, and not the union of classes. Our main result is that the redundancy of a code based on a two-stage mixture (first, within each class, and then over the classes), is no worse than that of any other code for "most" sources of "most" classes. If, in addition, the classes can be efficiently distinguished by a certain decision rule, then the best attainable redundancy is given explicitly by the capacity of the active class plus the normalized negative logarithm of the prior probability assigned to this class. These results suggest some interesting guidelines as for the choice of the prior. We also discuss some examples with a natural hierarchical partition into classes.
MR Diagnosis of Facial Neuritis: Diagnostic Performance of Contrast-Enhanced 3D-FLAIR Technique Compared with Contrast-Enhanced 3D-T1-Fast-Field Echo with Fat Suppression (2011)

CE 3D-FLAIR can improve the specificity and overall accuracy of MR imaging in patients with idiopathic facial palsy.
Optimization of a source-side-injection FAMOS cell for flash EPROM applications (2002)

A 0.6- mu m FAMOS cell structure, which features a lightly doped source region to achieve enhanced source-side-injection for channel hot electron programming, is presented. The use of the source-side-injection mechanism for EPROM programming has been previously proposed, but this work is the first time that a source-side-injection cell with a lightly doped source region has been fabricated and evaluated. The impact of the source dopant concentration and the depth of this non-overlapped LDD (lightly doped drain) region on cell programming performance has been characterized and optimized. The optimized cells exhibit excellent programmability for drain voltage down to 3.3 V. Studies of reliability issues and write/erase endurance results indicate that this cell is a viable candidate for 5-V, or 3.3-V, high-density flash EPROM applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An unified approach for the design of focal-plane arrays in satellite communication (2012)

The aim of this paper is to present a hybrid approach for designing focal plane arrays using commercially available software, considering the fact that the main trade-off in the EM simulation is the accuracy versus computational power. The presented approach is hybrid method based on FDTD/PO. The optimization process, based on the alternating projection algorithm and projection matrix method, is performed on the embedded element patterns in order to fit the gain of the complete system onto the pre-defined mask.
Realtime Multi-Person Pose Estimation with RCNN and Depthwise Separable Convolution (2020)

Human pose estimation is a fundamental research topic in computer vision. This topic has been largely improved recently thanks to the development of the convolution neural network. This paper introduces an efficient human pose estimator based on Mask RCNN, a member of RCNN family. It uses MobileNetV3 as backbone and replaces the vanilla convolutions with the proposed expanded depthwise separable convolutions to reduce the model size, FLOPs and inference time. The model can run in realtime speed at 25 FPS with acceptable scores.
A Perceptually Relevant No-Reference Blockiness Metric Based on Local Image Characteristics (2009)

A novel no-reference blockiness metric that provides a quantitative measure of blocking annoyance in block-based DCT coding is presented. The metric incorporates properties of the human visual system (HVS) to improve its reliability, while the additional cost introduced by the HVS is minimized to ensure its use for real-time processing. This is mainly achieved by calculating the local pixel-based distortion of the artifact itself, combined with its local visibility by means of a simplified model of visual masking. The overall computation efficiency and metric accuracy is further improved by including a grid detector to identify the exact location of blocking artifacts in a given image. The metric calculated only at the detected blocking artifacts is averaged over all blocking artifacts in the image to yield an overall blockiness score. The performance of this metric is compared to existing alternatives in literature and shows to be highly consistent with subjective data at a reduced computational load. As such, the proposed blockiness metric is promising in terms of both computational efficiency and practical reliability for real-life applications.
Leveraging Convolutional Pose Machines for Fast and Accurate Head Pose Estimation (2018)

We propose a head pose estimation framework that leverages on a recent keypoint detection model. More specifically, we apply the convolutional pose machines (CPMs) to input images, extract different types of facial keypoint features capturing appearance information and keypoint relationships, and train multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for head pose estimation. The benefit of leveraging on the CPMs (which we apply anyway for other purposes like tracking) is that we can design highly efficient models for practical usage. We evaluate our approach on the Annotated Facial Landmarks in the Wild (AFLW) dataset and achieve competitive results with the state-of-the-art.
Rational Synthesis of Trans-Substituted Porphyrin Building Blocks Containing One Sulfur or Oxygen Atom in Place of Nitrogen at a Designated Site (1999)

The use of heteroatom-substituted porphyrins in bioorganic and materials chemistry requires the ability to position a variety of substituents in a controlled manner about the porphyrin periphery. We describe a rational route to trans-AB2C-type porphyrins bearing one oxygen atom (N3O) or one sulfur atom (N3S) in a designated location in the porphyrin core. The synthesis involved four stages: (1) Acid-catalyzed condensation of a furyl- or thienylcarbinol in excess pyrrole afforded the aryl-substituted furyl- or thienylpyrromethane in high yield. (2) Treatment of the furyl- or thienylpyrromethane with an acid chloride catalyzed by SnCl4 or AlCl3 afforded the corresponding diketo product. (3) Reduction with NaBH4 in alcoholic solvents gave the furyl- or thienylpyrromethanediols. (4) Reaction of a furylpyrromethanediol, thienylpyrromethanediol, or dipyrromethanediol with a dipyrromethane in a one-flask process of condensation followed by oxidation gave the corresponding porphyrin. Reaction conditions previously identified to minimize scrambling in a dipyrromethane−aldehyde condensation were found to be effective in this application. Thus, reaction with 10 mM reactants in acetonitrile at 0 °C containing BF3·Et2O and NH4Cl followed by oxidation with DDQ resulted in the desired porphyrin (10−20% yields) without acidolysis. In this manner, N3O-, N3S-, or N4-porphyrins bearing 5-(p-iodophenyl), 15-[4-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)phenyl], and 10,20-di-p-tolyl groups have been made. This set of trans-substituted porphyrin building blocks is expected to be useful in the synthesis of biomimetic energy transduction systems.
Positive Outcomes for Speech Telepractice as Evidence for Reimbursement Policy Change (2016)

Oklahoma has a large population living in rural areas where it is difficult to fill school speech-language pathologist (SLP) positions. To meet this need, telepractice has been used in rural Oklahoma school districts since 1999. Medicaid policies have allowed schools to receive reimbursement for speech therapy provided by onsite therapists; however, reimbursement for speech telepractice was excluded. The current project measured the effectiveness of a speech telepractice program so this policy could be revised. Speech and language skills of 578 children, grades PreK–12, were followed over one of two school years and were rated using Functional Communication Measures (FCM) established by the American Speech Language and Hearing Association (ASHA). Our data show that 67–87% of the children advanced by one or more levels on three common FCM scales. These changes are similar to, or greater than, what was reported in a large sample of students compiled by ASHA's National Outcomes Measurement System (NOMS) with clinicians who worked onsite in schools. Average weekly treatment time was also less in our teletherapy practice than what was reported in the reference database. Therefore, the current study demonstrates that speech telepractice is an effective and efficient method of delivery for the school age population.
Emergence of T Cell Progenitors Without B Cell or Myeloid Differentiation Potential at the Earliest Stage of Hematopoiesis in the Murine Fetal Liver (1999)

It has been unclear whether the progenitors colonizing the thymus are multipotent or T cell lineage restricted. We investigated the developmental potential of hematopoietic progenitors in various populations of liver and blood cells from day 12 fetuses using the recently established in vitro experimental system effective in determining the capability of individual progenitors to generate T, B, and myeloid cells. Multipotent progenitors (p-Multi) were exclusively found in the Sca-1 high-positive (Sca-1high) subpopulation of lineage marker (Lin)-c-kit+CD45+ fetal liver cells. Restriction of developmental capacity begins at the Sca-1high stage, and a large majority of progenitors in the Sca-1low or Sca-1- population are restricted to generate T, B, or myeloid cells. Such a lineage commitment or restriction taking place in the fetal liver is independent of the thymus, because no difference in the proportion of different types of progenitors were seen between nu/nu and nu/+ fetuses. T cell lineage-restricted progenitors (p-T) were abundant in the blood of day 12 fetuses, whereas p-Multi were undetectable. It was further shown that the p-Multi generated a large number of B and myeloid cells in the thymic lobe. These results strongly suggest that it is p-T but not p-Multi that migrate into the thymus.
Needle-free injection technology in swine: Progress toward vaccine efficacy and pork quality (2008)

Needle-free injection devices (NFIDs) have been available for humans since the 1930s. Their implementation in the swine industry has been slow because of the low cost and ease of use of needle-syringe injection. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in needle-free devices in swine due to two main factors: immunology research, indicating that targeting dendritic cells in the skin and the subcutaneous tissues results in improved immune response with minimal antigen doses, and implementation of pork quality assurance standards to minimize needle-site lesions that are the result of broken needles, bacterial contamination, or both. In this article, we review the peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed literature on the use of NFIDs in swine.
Use of an indium zinc oxide interlayer for forming Ag-based Ohmic contacts to p-type GaN for UV-light-emitting diodes (2005)

We have investigated indium-doped ZnO(IZO)/Ag Ohmic contacts to p-type GaN for use in UV-light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The as-deposited sample shows rectifying behaviour. However, the samples become Ohmic when annealed at temperature of 330–530 °C for 1 min in air. For example, the contact produces specific contact resistance of 5.51 × 10−4 Ω cm2 upon annealing at 530 °C. In addition, the 530 °C annealed IZO/Ag contacts give reflectance of 82.3% at a wavelength of 405 nm, which is better than that (70.6%) of the single Ag contacts. Near-UV LEDs fabricated with the IZO/Ag contacts give forward voltage of 3.24 V at an injection current of 20 mA, which is better than that with the single Ag contacts. On the basis of x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy results, possible Ohmic formation mechanisms are described.
Asymptotically Efficient Solutions to the Classification Problem (1978)

We study a class of decision rules based on an adaptive partitioning of an Euclidean observation space. The class of partitions has a computationally attractive form, and the related decision rule is invariant under strictly monotone transformations of coordinate axes. We provide sufficient conditions that a sequence of decision rules be asymptotically Bayes risk efficient as sample size increases. The sufficient conditions involve no regularity assumptions on the underlying parent distributions.
Expression and functional significance of the J11d marker on mouse thymocytes. (1987)

Abstract Subpopulations of thymocytes have been characterized phenotypically and functionally in relation to their expression of the marker defined by the monoclonal antibody J11d. Cortical-type L3T4+, Lyt-2+ thymocytes are all J11d+. Thymocytes that share the phenotype L3T4-, Lyt-2+ with peripheral Lyt-2+ T cells contain a J11d+ and a J11d- subset. These J11d- cells behave like peripheral Lyt-2+ T cells in two functional assays: they form clonal growth bursts in response to immobilized antibody against the T cell antigen receptor, and they act as precursors of alloreactive cytotoxic T cells. The J11d+ cells are inert in both of these assays. In contrast, L3T4+, Lyt-2- thymocytes do not contain a J11d+ subset.
Efficacy of a combination febantel-praziquantelpyrantel product, with or without vaccination with a commercial Giardia vaccine, for treatment of dogs with naturally occurring giardiasis (2002)

Results suggest that when a combination febantel-praziquantel-pyrantel product is used to treat dogs with giardiasis, bathing and changing the environment after treatment may be more important in preventing recurrence than duration of treatment.
The Human Forkhead Protein FREAC-2 Contains Two Functionally Redundant Activation Domains and Interacts with TBP and TFIIB (1998)

Forkhead-related activator 2 (FREAC-2) is a human transcription factor expressed in lung and placenta that binds to cis-elements in several lung-specific genes. We have identified the parts of FREAC-2 responsible for trans-activation and found two functionally redundant activation domains on the C-terminal side of the DNA binding forkhead domain. Activation domain 1 consists of the most C-terminal 23 amino acids of FREAC-2 and contains a sequence motif conserved in an activation domain of another forkhead protein, FREAC-1. Activation domain 2 is built up by three synergistic subdomains in the central part of the FREAC-2 protein. FREAC-2 was shown to interact in vitro with TBP and TFIIB. The target site for FREAC-2 on TBP was localized to the N-terminal repeat in the core domain of TBP. TFIIB binds FREAC-2 close to the cleft between its two globular domains. The part of FREAC-2 that binds TBP was mapped to 21 amino acids in the C-terminal end of the forkhead domain. This sequence is well conserved among forkhead proteins, raising the possibility that interaction with TBP may be a general characteristic of this family of transcription factors. Overexpression of TFIIB potentiates activation by FREAC-2 in a manner dependent on the FREAC-2 activation domains. Nuclear localization of FREAC-2 was found to depend on sequences from both ends of the forkhead domain.
Capillary condensation and gelling of microemulsions with clay additives (2018)

The capillary condensation in bicontinuous microemulsions takes place when two parallel surfaces are narrowed that result in a completely lamellar microemulsion. We expected that this phase transition is also observable when the amount of hydrophilic surfaces from clay particles is raised, because hydrophilic surfaces induce lamellar ordering locally. Using small angle neutron scattering, the structure of microemulsions was observed as a function of clay content. The critical concentration is indicated by discontinuous structural changes and depends on the platelet diameter and is explained by the free energy of the platelets competing with the fluctuating medium. The gel phase transition is observed in the spectroscopic measurements where the diffusion motion is widely suppressed in the gel phase, but otherwise superimposes with the membrane undulations.
Hyperparameter Selection for Self-Organizing Maps (1997)

The self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm for finite data is derived as an approximate maximum a posteriori estimation algorithm for a gaussian mixture model with a gaussian smoothing prior, which is equivalent to a generalized deformable model (GDM). For this model, objective criteria for selecting hyperparameters are obtained on the basis of empirical Bayesian estimation and cross-validation, which are representative model selection methods. The properties of these criteria are compared by simulation experiments. These experiments show that the cross-validation methods favor more complex structures than the expected log likelihood supports, which is a measure of compatibility between a model and data distribution. On the other hand, the empirical Bayesian methods have the opposite bias.