gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of 808, 980, and 1075nm lasers for noninvasive thermal coagulation of the canine vas deferens, ex vivo (2011)

Successful noninvasive laser coagulation of the canine vas deferens, in vivo, has been previously reported. However, the therapeutic window for treatment is relatively narrow. This study determines the dependence of vas thermal coagulation on laser wavelength for development of a noninvasive laser vasectomy procedure. Noninvasive laser coagulation of canine vas tissue, ex vivo, was performed using three commonly available near-infrared laser wavelengths: 808, 980, and 1075 nm. Each laser delivered an average power of 9.2 W, 500-ms pulse duration, pulse rate of 1.0-Hz, and 3.2-mm diameter laser spot, synchronized with cryogen spray cooling of the scrotal skin surface for a total treatment time of 60 s. Vas burst pressures were measured to determine strength of vas closure and compared to previously reported ejaculation pressures. Gross inspection of vas and scrotal skin was also performed immediately after the procedure as an indicator of thermal coagulation and skin burns. The 1075 nm laser produced the highest vas burst pressures (288 ± 28 mmHg), significantly greater than previously reported ejaculation pressures (136 ± 29 mmHg). The 808 nm wavelength produced insufficient vas burst pressures of 141 ± 61 mmHg, and minor scrotal skin burns were observed in at least one case. The 980 nm wavelength was unable to produce thermal coagulation of the vas, with low burst pressures (89 ± 58 mmHg) and severe scrotal skin burns. The 1075 nm wavelength was the only near-IR wavelength that consistently thermally coagulated the vas with a strong degree of closure and without any scrotal skin burns.
<scp>GluN2C</scp> selective inhibition is a target to develop new antiepileptic compounds (2022)

Subunit-selective inhibition is a valuable target for developing drugs for severe epilepsies resulting from an upregulation of NMDA-R subunit-mediated transmission.
Transition metal complexes with photochromic ligands—photosensitization and photoswitchable properties (2009)

The development of transition metal complexes with ligands containing different photochromic families has received increasing attention in recent years. Through rational design of the photochromic moieties as ligands, the photochromic properties could be systematically perturbed and varied by relatively simple coordination to different metal centres. In this article, a number of examples, in particular those ligands containing stilbenes, azo compounds, spirooxazines and diarylethenes, are selected to demonstrate the design, perturbation and photosensitization of photochromic moieties with transition metal–ligand chromophores. The photoswitching properties of the transition metal complex functionality are described.
Tunable Terahertz Hybrid Metal–Graphene Plasmons (2015)

We report here a new type of plasmon resonance that occurs when graphene is connected to a metal. These new plasmon modes offer the potential to incorporate a tunable plasmonic channel into a device with electrical contacts, a critical step toward practical graphene terahertz optoelectronics. Through theory and experiments, we demonstrate, for example, anomalously high resonant absorption or transmission when subwavelength graphene-filled apertures are introduced into an otherwise conductive layer. These tunable plasmon resonances are essential yet missing ingredients needed for terahertz filters, oscillators, detectors, and modulators.
An Efficient Layered Decoding Architecture for Nonbinary QC-LDPC Codes (2011)

Compared to binary low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, nonbinary LDPC codes have better error performance when the code length is moderate. This paper presents an efficient layered decoder architecture for nonbinary quasi-cyclic (QC) LDPC codes using the proposed barrel-shifter-based permutation network and minimum value filter which is used to determine the first few smallest values from a given set. Through the permutation network, the decoding operations related to the multiplications over finite fields can be efficiently handled in the check-node operations, which simplifies the permutations in the variable-node operations and, hence, enables the layered decoder to be realized efficiently. In order to increase the throughput, we utilize the proposed permutation network and the minimum value filter to devise a selective-input min-max decoder architecture. Using a 90-nm CMOS process, we implemented three nonbinary decoders to demonstrate the proposed techniques.
Split variational inference (2009)

We propose a deterministic method to evaluate the integral of a positive function based on soft-binning functions that smoothly cut the integral into smaller integrals that are easier to approximate. In combination with mean-field approximations for each individual sub-part this leads to a tractable algorithm that alternates between the optimization of the bins and the approximation of the local integrals. We introduce suitable choices for the binning functions such that a standard mean field approximation can be extended to a split mean field approximation without the need for extra derivations. The method can be seen as a revival of the ideas underlying the mixture mean field approach. The latter can be obtained as a special case by taking soft-max functions for the binning.
Fullerene formation in sputtering and electron beam evaporation processes (1992)

The authors report the formation of fullerenes from graphite by sputtering and electron beam evaporation. Under conditions that differ dramatically from those in the previously known fullerene production processes, the new methods preferentially yield the soluble higher fullerenes C70, C76, C78, and C84 in addition to minor amounts of C60 only. Upon passage of carbon particles formed by electron beam evaporation through an electrostatic field, fullerenes are mainly isolated from the cathode, not from the anode, which supports the formation of cationic intermediates in fullerene growth mechanisms. The variables thought to be important for fullerene production can be controlled efficiently in the new processes.
Cathode for molten salt batteries. [Al/S/sub 2/Cl/sub 2/] (1977)

A molten salt electrochemical system for battery applications comprises tetravalent sulfur as the active cathode material with a molten chloroaluminate solvent comprising a mixture of AlCl/sub 3/ and MCl having a molar ratio of AlCl/sub 3//MCl from greater than 50.0/50.0 to 80/20.
A Line-Scan Hyperspectral System for High-Throughput Raman Chemical Imaging (2014)

A line-scan hyperspectral system was developed to enable Raman chemical imaging for large sample areas. A custom-designed 785 nm line laser based on a scanning mirror serves as an excitation source. A 45° dichroic beam splitter reflects the laser light to form a 24 cm × 1 mm excitation line normally incident on the sample surface. Raman signals along the laser line are collected by a detection module consisting of a dispersive imaging spectrograph and a CCD camera. A hypercube is accumulated line by line as a motorized table moves the samples transversely through the laser line. The system covers a Raman shift range of -648.7 to 2889.0 cm(-1) and a 23 cm wide area. An example application for authenticating milk powder is presented to demonstrate the system performance. In 4 min the system acquired a 512 × 110 × 1024 hypercube (56 320 spectra) from four, 47 mm diameter Petri dishes containing four powder samples. Chemical images were created for detecting two adulterants (melamine and dicyandiamide) that had been mixed into the milk powder.
Confocal-microscopy Studies of a Model Oligoribonucleotide HIV Inhibitor (2005)

Previous work has shown that novel amphipalhic oligo and polyribonucleotides are potent inhibitors of HIV. It was hypothesized that the mechanism(s) of action for these compounds might be inhibition of retroviral reverse transcriptase (RT) and/or viral uptake by cells. A fluorescent oligonucleotide analog was prepared, and confocal microscopy studies were undertaken in order to examine oligonucleotide-cell interactions.
Structure and Properties of Low Twist Short-staple Singles Ring Spun Yarns (2007)

Low twist singles ring yarns are desirable for their low residual torque, high bulk and softness, as well as high spinning productivity. However, conventional low twist ring yarns have very low strength and, thus, cannot be used. In this paper, a modification technique is described for producing singles ring yarns with a low twist and a relatively high strength simultaneously. A false twister was used to increase fiber migration and entanglement in the spinning triangle, leading to a reinforcement of yarn strength. The yarn cross sectional structure, fiber path and yarn surface were examined and yarn tensile and torsional properties were evaluated. The results revealed that the modified yarn had a structure and properties different from the conventional ring spun yarns. The fiber path modification was kept in the resultant yarn.
Weight Bearing Over-ground Stepping in an Exoskeleton with Non-invasive Spinal Cord Neuromodulation after Motor Complete Paraplegia (2017)

We asked whether coordinated voluntary movement of the lower limbs could be regained in an individual having been completely paralyzed (>4 year) and completely absent of vision (>15 year) using two novel strategies-transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation at selected sites over the spine as well as pharmacological neuromodulation by buspirone. We also asked whether these neuromodulatory strategies could facilitate stepping assisted by an exoskeleton (EKSO, EKSO Bionics, CA) that is designed so that the subject can voluntarily complement the work being performed by the exoskeleton. We found that spinal cord stimulation and drug enhanced the level of effort that the subject could generate while stepping in the exoskeleton. In addition, stimulation improved the coordination patterns of the lower limb muscles resulting in a more continuous, smooth stepping motion in the exoskeleton along with changes in autonomic functions including cardiovascular and thermoregulation. Based on these data from this case study it appears that there is considerable potential for positive synergistic effects after complete paralysis by combining the over-ground step training in an exoskeleton, combined with transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation either without or with pharmacological modulation.
Street view goes indoors: Automatic pose estimation from uncalibrated unordered spherical panoramas (2012)

We present a novel algorithm that takes as input an uncalibrated unordered set of spherical panoramic images and outputs their relative pose up to a global scale. The panoramas contain both indoor and outdoor shots and each set was taken in a particular indoor location e.g. a bakery or a restaurant. The estimated pose is used to build a map of the location, and allow easy visual navigation and exploration in the spirit of Google's Street View. We also present a dataset of 9 sets of panoramas, together with an annotation tool and ground truth point correspondences. The manual annotations were used to obtain ground truth relative pose, and to quantitatively evaluate the different parameters of our algorithm, and can be used to benchmark different approaches. We show excellent results on the dataset and point out future work.
Adenosine Deaminase-Deficient Mice: Models for the Study of Lymphocyte Development and Adenosine Signaling (2006)

PEG-ADA treatment of ADA-deficient mice will serve as a useful in vivo system to biochemically manipulate adenosine levels and signaling. The fact that correction of adenosine levels corresponds with relief of the pulmonary distress, but not immune dysfunction, in ADA-deficient mice suggests that hyperactive adenosine signaling influences the eosinophilia, elevated IgE levels, alveolar defects, and severe inflammation and damage seen in the lungs of the mice. 26 High adenosine levels in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of asthmatics and other evidence strongly links dysfunctional adenosine signaling to asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other pulmonary disorders27. It is likely that other phenotypical features seen in ADA deficiency may have abnormal adenosine signaling as their effector. Just as varying concentrations of antigen binding to the T cell receptor (TCR) complex determine the destiny of a T cell (apoptosis, anergy, activation, or proliferation), varying amounts of adenosine interacting with adenosine receptors could affect the survival or actions of cells expressing the receptors. ADA-deficient mice, treated with varying regimens of PEG-ADA, will provide an ideal model in which to study adenosine signaling through adenosine receptors.
IGroup (2006)

In this demo, we present IGroup, a Web image search engine that organizes the search results into semantic clusters. Different from all existing Web image search results clustering algorithms that only cluster the top few images using visual or textual features, IGroup first identifies several query-related semantic clusters based on a key phrases extraction algorithm originally proposed for clustering general Web search results. Then, all the resulting images are separated and assigned to corresponding clusters. To make the best use of the clustering results, a new user interface is proposed. Please go to http://igroup.msra.cn for real experience.
Optimization of block copolymer self-assembly through graphoepitaxy: A defectivity study (2011)

In this paper we report a synoptic methodology to evaluate and optimize the long-range order induced by graphoepitaxy of block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly. The authors focus the study on a BCP that produces hexagonally packed arrays of cylinders oriented perpendicular to the substrate with the copolymer film thickness greater than the trench depth. Prepatterned structures used in the graphoepitaxy approach have been generated by e-beam lithography on a commercial hydrogen silesquioxane resist. A suitable surface modification was accomplished by grafting a random polystyrene-r-poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymer on the prepatterned surfaces. The polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) was spin-coated and annealed in order to generate the desired self-assembly. Since the self-assembly process is based on a thermodynamic mechanism, the induced defectivity needs to be reassessed with respect to the standard lithographic process. Using the cylinder center coordinates, a Delaunay triangulation is performed to find the nearest neighbors. This triangulation enables us to easily locate the disclinations which are characterized by having a number of nearest neighbors different from six. Thus, the number of defects can be quantified precisely. Additionally, this methodology affords an accurate evaluation of both the optimum mesa and trench critical dimensions yielding defect-free surfaces and may be extended to monitor the robustness of the BCP directed self-assembly process. Such diagnostics are critical in the implementation of large scale industrial processes.
Pentadentate Copper Halide Complexes Have Higher Catalytic Activity in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Methyl Acrylate Than Hexadentate Complexes (2009)

Highly active catalysts mediating atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) at low concentrations, therefore requiring no postpolymerization catalyst removal, are highly desirable for wide commercial applications of ATRP. We previously reported that CuBr ligated by a hexadentate ligand, N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN), was highly active in ATRP, but in solution the activator existed as a binuclear [Cu2Br2(TPEN)] complex and had to rearrange to form a more active mononuclear pentadentate active center for catalysis. Herein, we prepared N,N,N′-tris(2-pyridylmethyl)-N′-methylethylenediamine (TPMEN), a pentadentate ligand equivalent to a TPEN with one pyridyl group removed, and used it as a ligand for copper halides to understand the effect of the catalyst structure on its catalysis in ATRP. TPMEN formed mononuclear complexes with both copper(I) and copper(II) halides. Cyclic voltammograms (CV) results showed that CuI/TPMEN−CuII/TPMEN couples had a more negative redox potential than that of those ligated by TPEN. CuIBr (or Cl)/TPMEN indeed showed a higher catalytic activity at low temperatures in ATRP of MA than copper halide/TPEN. However, they could not polymerize MA well at room temperature or higher because of their high reactivity toward the initiator (persistent radical effect). In the presence of a reducing agent, the catalyst mediated well-controlled activator-regenerated electron transfer (ARGET) ATRP of MA at catalyst/initiator molar ratios of 0.003−0.01 (22−75 ppm). Self-extension and block copolymerization of PMA confirmed the livingness of the polymerization.
Combination Therapy of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Cells and Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Reduces Histopathological and Motor Impairments in an Experimental Model of Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury (2014)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with neuro-inflammation, debilitating sensory-motor deficits, and learning and memory impairments. Cell-based therapies are currently being investigated in treating neurotrauma due to their ability to secrete neurotrophic factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines that can regulate the hostile milieu associated with chronic neuroinflammation found in TBI. In tandem, the stimulation and mobilization of endogenous stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow through granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) poses as an attractive therapeutic intervention for chronic TBI. Here, we tested the potential of a combined therapy of human umbilical cord blood cells (hUCB) and G-CSF at the acute stage of TBI to counteract the progressive secondary effects of chronic TBI using the controlled cortical impact model. Four different groups of adult Sprague Dawley rats were treated with saline alone, G-CSF+saline, hUCB+saline or hUCB+G-CSF, 7-days post CCI moderate TBI. Eight weeks after TBI, brains were harvested to analyze hippocampal cell loss, neuroinflammatory response, and neurogenesis by using immunohistochemical techniques. Results revealed that the rats exposed to TBI treated with saline exhibited widespread neuroinflammation, impaired endogenous neurogenesis in DG and SVZ, and severe hippocampal cell loss. hUCB monotherapy suppressed neuroinflammation, nearly normalized the neurogenesis, and reduced hippocampal cell loss compared to saline alone. G-CSF monotherapy produced partial and short-lived benefits characterized by low levels of neuroinflammation in striatum, DG, SVZ, and corpus callosum and fornix, a modest neurogenesis, and a moderate reduction of hippocampal cells loss. On the other hand, combined therapy of hUCB+G-CSF displayed synergistic effects that robustly dampened neuroinflammation, while enhancing endogenous neurogenesis and reducing hippocampal cell loss. Vigorous and long-lasting recovery of motor function accompanied the combined therapy, which was either moderately or short-lived in the monotherapy conditions. These results suggest that combined treatment rather than monotherapy appears optimal for abrogating histophalogical and motor impairments in chronic TBI.
Operation of a Two-Crystal X-ray Interferometer at the Photon Factory (1997)

A two-crystal X-ray interferometer for phase-contrast X-ray imaging is reported. Mechanical stability of less than 0.1 nm is required to operate the two-crystal interferometer. The feasibility of using such an interferometer at the Photon Factory using synchrotron radiation has been investigated. Interference fringes of 70% visibility were observed with 0.092 nm X-rays. This result indicates that the two-crystal X-ray interferometer can be applied to phase-contrast X-ray imaging.
Development of starch-based pellets via extrusion/spheronisation (2006)

A modified starch (high-amylose, crystalline and resistant starch) was evaluated as an alternative excipient to microcrystalline cellulose for pellets prepared via extrusion/spheronisation. Theophylline anhydrous (25%, w/w) was used as a model drug. A binder was necessary to obtain an acceptable yield and the addition of sorbitol improved the surface properties of the pellets. A surface response design with three formulation variables (binder, sorbitol and water level) and one process variable (spheronisation speed) was used to optimise the process and to evaluate pellet yield, sphericity (aspect ratio and two-dimensional shape factor, e(R)), size (mean Feret diameter), friability and disintegration properties. Mixer torque rheometry and solid-state NMR revealed a significant influence of sorbitol on wet mass consistency and pellet properties. A high pellet yield (>90%), acceptable sphericity (AR<1.2), low friability (<0.01%), fast disintegration (<10 min) and complete drug release in less than 20 min for all formulations, demonstrated the potential of this modified starch in formulations intended for extrusion/spheronisation.
Patch-based surface relaxation (2018)

From rigging to post-simulation cleanups, surface relaxation is a widely used procedure in feature animation. Over the years, Pixar has experimented with several techniques for this task, mostly based on variants of Laplacian smoothing. Notably, none of existing approaches are suited to reproduce the patch layout of a baseline mesh. This is of particular interest for modeling the span of edge flows, or for restoring the rest configuration of a mesh under large deformations. To achieve this goal, we developed a new patch-aware relaxation method for general polygonal meshes. Our approach encompasses three main contributions. We first introduce a weighting scheme that uses local decal maps to encode the structure of edge flows formed by the desirable patch layout. We then propose an update rule that transfers a reference patch arrangement to a deformed mesh. To control volume preservation, we also present a surface-constrained regime that exploits decal maps to slide points within the surface. We demonstrate the effectiveness and versatility of our tool with a series of examples from Pixar's short Bao and feature film Incredibles 2.
Microwave Technology for Waste Management Applications Including Disposition of Electronic Circuitry (1995)

Advanced microwave technology is being developed nationally and internationally for a variety of waste management and environmental remediation purposes. These efforts include treatment and destruction of a vast array of gaseous, liquid and solid hazardous wastes as well as subsequent immobilization of hazardous components into leach resistant forms. Microwave technology provides an important contribution to an arsenal of existing remediation methods that are designed to protect the public and environment from the undesirable consequences of hazardous materials. One application of special interest is the treatment of discarded electronic circuitry using a new hybrid microwave treatment process and subsequent reclamation of the precious metals within.