gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning and Quantum Entanglement: Fundamental Connections with Implications to Network Design (2017)

Deep convolutional networks have witnessed unprecedented success in various machine learning applications. Formal understanding on what makes these networks so successful is gradually unfolding, but for the most part there are still significant mysteries to unravel. The inductive bias, which reflects prior knowledge embedded in the network architecture, is one of them. In this work, we establish a fundamental connection between the fields of quantum physics and deep learning. We use this connection for asserting novel theoretical observations regarding the role that the number of channels in each layer of the convolutional network fulfills in the overall inductive bias. Specifically, we show an equivalence between the function realized by a deep convolutional arithmetic circuit (ConvAC) and a quantum many-body wave function, which relies on their common underlying tensorial structure. This facilitates the use of quantum entanglement measures as well-defined quantifiers of a deep network's expressive ability to model intricate correlation structures of its inputs. Most importantly, the construction of a deep ConvAC in terms of a Tensor Network is made available. This description enables us to carry a graph-theoretic analysis of a convolutional network, with which we demonstrate a direct control over the inductive bias of the deep network via its channel numbers, that are related to the min-cut in the underlying graph. This result is relevant to any practitioner designing a network for a specific task. We theoretically analyze ConvACs, and empirically validate our findings on more common ConvNets which involve ReLU activations and max pooling. Beyond the results described above, the description of a deep convolutional network in well-defined graph-theoretic tools and the formal connection to quantum entanglement, are two interdisciplinary bridges that are brought forth by this work.
Nonsurgical management of partial adhesive small-bowel obstruction with oral therapy: a randomized controlled trial (2005)

<b>Background:</b> Patients with partial adhesive small-bowel obstruction are usually managed conservatively, receiving intravenous hydration and nothing by mouth. Previous studies have suggested that this approach is associated with longer hospital stays and an increased risk of delayed surgery. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to see if combining standard conservative treatment with oral administration of a laxative, a digestant and a defoaming agent would reduce the frequency of subsequent surgical intervention and reduce the length of hospital stay. <b>Methods:</b> We identified 144 consecutive patients admitted between February 2000 and July 2001 with adhesive partial small-bowel obstruction and randomly assigned 128 who met the inclusion criteria to either the control group (intravenous hydration, nasogastric-tube decompression and nothing by mouth) or the intervention group (intravenous hydration, nasogastric-tube decompression and oral therapy with magnesium oxide, <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> and simethicone). The primary outcome measures were the number of patients whose obstruction was successfully treated without surgery and the length of hospital stay. We also monitored rates of complications and recurring obstructions. <b>Results:</b> Of the 128 patients, 63 were in the control group and 65 in the intervention group; the mean ages were 54.4 (standard deviation [SD] 15.9) years and 53.9 (SD 16.3) years respectively. Most of the patients were male. More patients in the intervention group than in the control group had successful treatment without surgery (59 [91%] v. 48 [76%], <i>p</i> = 0.03; relative risk 1.19, 95% confidence interval 1.03–1.40). The mean hospital stay was significantly longer among patients in the control group than among those in the intervention group (4.2 [SD 2.7] v. 1.0 [SD 0.7] days, <i>p</i> < 0.001). The complication and recurrence rates did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. <b>Interpretation:</b> Oral therapy with magnesium oxide, <i>L. acidophilus</i> and simethicone was effective in hastening the resolution of conservatively treated partial adhesive small-bowel obstruction and shortening the hospital stay.
Helicobacter pylori infection with iron deficiency anaemia and subnormal growth at puberty (2000)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether Helicobacter pylori infection can contribute to growth deficit, especially in pubescent children who need large amounts of iron for growth. A structured questionnaire was sent to the parents of 532 healthy children aged 10 to 15 years (mean 12.9) to obtain demographic information on the parents and the environment. Of the 532 questionnaires sent out, 375 (70.5%; 170 girls and 205 boys) were returned. After collecting blood samples from participants, haemoglobin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, serum ferritin, and serum IgG antibodies to H pylori were measured. The effects of risk factors such as H pylori infection, iron deficiency anaemia, sex, socioeconomic status, type of house, and crowding index on growth were analysed using multiple regression analysis. Of 63 H pylori positive children, 18 (28.6%) were below the 25th centile values for height, compared with 63 of 312 (20.2%) H pylori negative children. The prevalence rate of H pylori infection was 15.5% (53 of 343) in children without iron deficiency anaemia and 31.3% (10 of 32) in those affected. The relative risk of short stature was 2.2 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0 to 4.8) for iron deficiency anaemia, and 1.4 (95% CI, 0.8 to 2.4) for H pylori infection. The mean height was significantly lower in the group having both H pylori infection and iron deficiency anaemia. Therefore, H pylori infection accompanied by iron deficiency anaemia, rather than H pylori infection per se, might delay pubertal growth.
Iterative extrapolation algorithm for data reconstruction over sphere (2008)

Given limited or incomplete measurement data on a sphere, a new iterative algorithm is proposed on how to extrapolate signal over the whole sphere. The algorithm is based on a priori assumption that the Fourier decomposition of the signal on the sphere has finite degree of spherical harmonic coefficients, that is, the signal is mode limited. The algorithm is a simple iteration involving only the spherical harmonic decomposition. It is proven that the algorithm converges to the original signal over observation region and the convergence rate is lower bounded by the largest eigenvalue of an associated Fredholm integral equation.
Intrinsic low dielectric behaviour of a highly thermally stable Sr-based metal–organic framework for interlayer dielectric materials (2014)

A Sr-based metal–organic framework exhibits an intrinsic low dielectric constant after removing the water molecules. A low dielectric constant and high thermal stability make this compound a candidate for use as a low-<italic>k</italic> material.
Flow Structure of Supersonic Jets from Conical C-D Nozzles (2009)

This paper examines the flow structures emanating from convergent-divergent nozzles with conical sections like those used in practical high-speed propulsion applications. LES simulations and experimental measurements in the form of PIV and shadowgraph imaging and far-field acoustic measurement are employed. The development of the supersonic jets from these nozzles are examined in underexpanded, perfectly expanded and overexpanded conditions. It is found that in addition to the shock diamond features expected of smoothly contoured nozzles at off-design conditions, these nozzles produce a second set of shock diamonds anchored at the nozzle throat and overlaid on the shock diamonds shed from the nozzle lip. These together form a doublediamond appearance. These nozzles do not exhibit any shock-free condition at or near the expected design condition. As a consequence, there is no absence of shock noise at or near the design condition. Near the design condition there is a diminution in the intensity of the screech tone, but no diminution in the broad-band shock-associated noise. These nozzles produce shock cells 9%-25% shorter than cells from a comparable smoothly contoured nozzle.
Increased Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-α and -γ in Blood Vessels of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (2001)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of ligand-activated transcription factors that include PPAR-alpha, PPAR-gamma, and PPAR-delta. We hypothesized that PPAR expression in blood vessels could be reduced in hypertension to result in increased vascular growth and reduced apoptosis. We investigated the abundance of PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma in aorta and mesenteric arteries from young (6-week-old) and adult (16-week-old) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) compared with age-matched control Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). mRNA levels of PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Protein expression was evaluated by Western blot and by immunohistochemistry. PPAR-gamma was expressed in aortic and mesenteric vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from intact tissue and cultured cells. PPAR-alpha was expressed in intact vascular tissue but was almost undetectable in cultured VSMCs. In mesenteric arteries from adult SHR, PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma mRNA levels were significantly greater than in WKY (P<0.05). In aorta, PPAR-alpha mRNA was significantly (P<0.05) more abundant in adult (but not in young) SHR than in WKY, whereas there was no difference in PPAR-gamma mRNA between WKY and SHR. PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma mRNA were greater in mesenteric arteries (P<0.05) in young and adult SHR than in WKY. Expression of PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma was similar in SHR and WKY in other tissues. In cultured mesenteric VSMCs, PPAR-gamma mRNA was 3-fold higher in SHR than in WKY. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that PPAR-gamma resided constitutively in the cytoplasm in primary and low-passaged aortic and mesenteric VSMCs, whereas PPAR-alpha was almost undetectable. Thus, aorta and mesenteric resistance arteries from SHR in the prehypertensive and the established phase of hypertension exhibit increased expression of both PPAR isoforms, whereas other tissues do not. Changes (increases) in PPAR expression may play a compensatory role in the remodeling of blood vessels in SHR.
Electrical Properties of Tin Oxide Ultrafine Particle Films (1981)

The film structures and gas sensing properties of tin oxide ultrafine particle films deposited under oxygen pressures between 0.05 and 5 Torr have been studied. The ultrafine particle film having porous columnar structure is found to have high sensitivities in detecting humidity or combustible gases when operated at elevated temperatures. The films can be made selectively sensitive to these gases by choosing the film depositing conditions and the operating temperature.
Speaker-independent automatic classification of Thai tones in connected speech by analysis-synthesis method (2002)

Tone classification is a crucial component of any automatic speech recognition system for tone languages. It is imperative that tonal information be incorporated into the word hypothesization process because patterns of pitch (or tones) contribute to the lexical identification of the individual words. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for automatically classifying Thai tones in connected speech using an analysis-synthesis method based on an extension to Fujisaki's model. We have successfully incorporated into the model two major factors affecting the phonetic realization of tones in connected speech: tonal coarticulation and declination. Also addressed is an F/sub 0/ normalization procedure for achieving speaker-independence. In our preliminary experiment, we were able to achieve 89.1% classification accuracy.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Strecker Reaction of Di- and Trifluoromethyl Ketoimines. Remarkable Fluorine Effect (2011)

A highly enantioselective Strecker reaction of difluoromethyl and trifluoromethyl ketoimines was developed. Remarkable fluorine effect on the reactivity and selectivity is observed and discussed.
Bedaquiline, an FDA-approved antibiotic, inhibits mitochondrial function and potently blocks the proliferative expansion of stem-like cancer cells (CSCs) (2016)

Bedaquiline (a.k.a., Sirturo) is an anti-microbial agent, which is approved by the FDA for the treatment of multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Bedaquiline is a first-in-class diaryl-quinoline compound, that mechanistically inhibits the bacterial ATP-synthase, and shows potent activity against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB. Interestingly, eukaryotic mitochondria originally evolved from engulfed aerobic bacteria. Thus, we hypothesized that, in mammalian cells, bedaquiline might also target the mitochondrial ATP-synthase, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and ATP depletion. Here, we show that bedaquiline has anti-cancer activity, directed against Cancer Stem-like Cells (CSCs). More specifically, we demonstrate that bedaquiline treatment of MCF7 breast cancer cells inhibits mitochondrial oxygen-consumption, as well as glycolysis, but induces oxidative stress. Importantly, bedaquiline significantly blocks the propagation and expansion of MCF7-derived CSCs, with an IC-50 of approx. 1-μM, as determined using the mammosphere assay. Similarly, bedaquiline also reduces both the CD44+/CD24low/- CSC and ALDH+ CSC populations, under anchorage-independent growth conditions. In striking contrast, bedaquiline significantly increases oxygen consumption in normal human fibroblasts, consistent with the fact that it is well-tolerated in patients treated for TB infections. As such, future pre-clinical studies and human clinical trials in cancer patients may be warranted. Interestingly, we also highlight that bedaquiline shares certain structural similarities with trans-piceatannol and trans-resveratrol, which are known natural flavonoid inhibitors of the mitochondrial ATP-synthase (complex V) and show anti-aging properties.
MicroRNA-98 and <i>let-7</i> Confer Cholangiocyte Expression of Cytokine-Inducible Src Homology 2-Containing Protein in Response to Microbial Challenge (2009)

Posttranscriptional gene regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs) has been implicated in the fine-tuning of TLR-mediated inflammatory response. The cytokine-inducible Src homology 2-containing protein (CIS), one member of the suppressors of cytokine signaling family of proteins, is an important negative regulator for inflammatory cytokine signaling. Using in vitro models using normal human biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes), we demonstrated that LPS stimulation or infection with the parasitic protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum induced expression of CIS protein without a change in CIS mRNA levels by activating the TLR signaling pathway. Of those miRNAs expressed in cholangiocytes, we found that targeting of the 3'-untranslated region of CIS by microRNA-98 (miR-98) or let-7 resulted in translational repression, but not CIS mRNA degradation. LPS stimulation or C. parvum infection decreased cholangiocyte expression of miR-98 and let-7. Down-regulation of miR-98 and let-7 relieved miRNA-mediated translational suppression of CIS and contributed to LPS- and C. parvum-stimulated CIS protein expression. Moreover, gain-of-function (by overexpression of CIS) and loss-of-function (by siRNA interference) studies revealed that CIS could enhance IkappaBalpha degradation and regulate NF-kappaB activation in cholangiocytes in response to LPS stimulation or C. parvum infection. Our data suggest that miR-98 and let-7 confer cholangiocyte expression of CIS in response to microbial challenge, a process that may be relevant to the regulation of TLR-mediated epithelial innate immune response.
<i>CYR61</i> downregulation reduces osteosarcoma cell invasion, migration, and metastasis (2011)

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary tumor of bone. The rapid development of metastatic lesions and resistance to chemotherapy remain major mechanisms responsible for the failure of treatments and the poor survival rate for patients. We showed previously that the HMGCoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase inhibitor statin exhibits antitumoral effects on osteosarcoma cells. Here, using microarray analysis, we identify Cyr61 as a new target of statins. Transcriptome and molecular analyses revealed that statins downregulate Cyr61 expression in human and murine osteosarcoma cells. Cyr61 silencing in osteosarcoma cell lines enhanced cell death and reduced cell migration and cell invasion compared with parental cells, whereas Cyr61 overexpression had opposite effects. Cyr61 expression was evaluated in 231 tissue cores from osteosarcoma patients. Tissue microarray analysis revealed that Cyr61 protein expression was higher in human osteosarcoma than in normal bone tissue and was further increased in metastatic tissues. Finally, tumor behavior and metastasis occurrence were analyzed by intramuscular injection of modified osteosarcoma cells into BALB/c mice. Cyr61 overexpression enhanced lung metastasis development, whereas cyr61 silencing strongly reduced lung metastases in mice. The results reveal that cyr61 expression increases with tumor grade in human osteosarcoma and demonstrate that cyr61 silencing inhibits in vitro osteosarcoma cell invasion and migration as well as in vivo lung metastases in mice. These data provide a novel molecular target for therapeutic intervention in metastatic osteosarcoma.
Role of calcium and other trace elements in the gastrointestinal physiology (2006)

Calcium is an essential ion in both marine and terrestrial organisms, where it plays a crucial role in processes ranging from the formation and maintenance of the skeleton to the regulation of neuronal function. The Ca(2+) balance is maintained by three organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract, bone and kidney. Since first being cloned in 1993 the Ca(2+)-sensing receptor has been expressed along the entire gastrointestinal tract, until now the exact function is only partly elucidated. As of this date it still remains to be determined if the Ca(2+)-sensing receptor is involved in calcium handling by the gastrointestinal tract. However, there are few studies showing physiological effects of the Ca(2+)-sensing receptor on gastric acid secretion and fluid transport in the colon. In addition, polyamines and amino acids have been shown to activate the Ca(2+)-sensing receptor and also act as allosteric modifiers to signal nutrient availability to intestinal epithelial cells. Activation of the colonic Ca(2+)-sensing receptor can abrogate cyclic nucleotide-mediated fluid secretion suggesting a role of the receptor in modifying secretory diarrheas like cholera. For many cell types changes in extracellular Ca(2+) concentration can switch the cellular behavior from proliferation to terminal differentiation or quiescence. As cancer remains predominantly a disease of disordered balance between proliferation, termination and apoptosis, disruption in the function of the Ca(2+)-sensing receptor may contribute to the progression of neoplastic disease. Loss of the growth suppressing effects of elevated extracellular Ca(2+) have been demonstrated in colon carcinoma, and have been correlated with changes in the level of CaSR expression.
New 5-HT2C receptor agonists (2003)

While there is evidence for the involvement of different serotonin (5hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptors in the regulation of food intake and body weight maintenance, the data supporting the role of the 5-HT2C receptor are especially strong. This information has elevated 5-HT2C receptor activation into one of the most competitive research areas for antiobesity therapy, a therapeutic area with few (if any) safe, effective pharmacological agents available. Varying amounts of evidence also exist to support the use of 5-HT2C agonists for the pharmacological treatment of several other conditions, including anxiety, depression, obsessive–compulsive disorder, sexual dysfunction, epilepsy, urinary incontinence and hot flushes. The therapeutic potential of 5-HT2C receptor modulation has spawned a successful search for 5-HT2C receptor agonists. This review will focus on recent patent applications through August 2003 that describe compounds that have agonist activity at the 5-HT2C receptor, and should be complementary to previous Expert Opinion discussions on the 5-HT2C receptor [1-7].
Properties of NiPS3 and ZnPS3 prepared at ambient temperature (1987)

P. J. S. Foot and B. A. Nevett, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 380 DOI: 10.1039/C39870000380
Presence of Activin, Inhibin, and Follistatin in Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma<sup>1</sup> (1997)

Activin induces proliferation in epithelial ovarian carcinoma cell lines, whereas follistatin (FS), an activin binding protein, inhibits this action. To test the hypothesis that activin production, in excess of inhibin and FS, results in cell proliferation in epithelial ovarian tumors, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the activin family of proteins, FS, and activin type I and II receptors was examined in 25 primary epithelial ovarian tumors and tumor epithelium in culture (n = 7) using RT-PCR. Activin A was measured in the serum of ovarian cancer patients, and activin A, total inhibin, and FS protein secretion was measured from primary epithelial tumors in vitro. The effect of activin and FS on cell proliferation was assessed by measuring [3H]thymidine incorporation. All results were compared with normal ovarian epithelium. All epithelial ovarian tumors expressed mRNA for the alpha, beta A, and beta B subunits; FS 288 and 315; and the activin type IA, IB, II, and IIB receptors. beta A mRNA expression, as assessed using semiquantitative RT-PCR, was 3-fold greater in cultured tumor epithelium than in primary tumors (band density 0.86 +/- 0.17 vs. 0.28 +/- 0.09; P < 0.01). In addition, beta A mRNA was abundantly expressed in normal epithelium in culture (n = 2), whereas only trace amounts were seen in 2/9 primary epithelial samples. Activin protein was secreted by 24/25 primary epithelial ovarian tumors (range 0.2-155.8 ng/mL). In contrast, total inhibin was secreted by only 2/25 (range 0.01-0.92 ng/mL), whereas free FS was not detectable in the medium of any tumor (< 0.5 ng/mL). Treatment with activin or FS did not consistently affect cell growth. Measurement of serum activin A in a subset of subjects and in 27 additional subjects with epithelial ovarian carcinoma (n = 33) revealed preoperative activin A levels > 3 SD above the mean for pre- and postmenopausal women in 13/33 (39%) subjects. We conclude that in epithelial ovarian cancer: 1) beta A subunit mRNA is expressed, 2) activin protein is secreted more frequently than inhibin and in greater quantities than FS, 3) beta A subunit mRNA expression is greater in neoplastic and normal epithelium in culture than in the primary tissue, 4) the majority of tumors in culture do not respond to activin or FS treatment with proliferation, and 5) serum activin levels may reflect tumor secretion in some patients. Thus, activin A appears to be available as an autocrine/paracrine factor in epithelial ovarian tumors and may contribute to circulating levels, but its role in tumorigenesis has yet to be defined.