gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A study of feed-forward strategies for overlay control in lithography processes using CGS technology (2015)

In advanced lithography, controlling the overlay budget is one of the most critical requirements. For device nodes at 10nm and below, there are many process-based sources of surface displacement that contribute to the lithography overlay budget that are independent of the lithography process, i.e. etch, anneal, CMP, etc. By developing an understanding of how process-induced surface displacement impacts overlay, displacement information can be fed-forward to the lithography tool for overlay correction during the lithography process. This paper describes the use of displacement measurement technology, the Coherent Gradient Sensing (CGS) interferometer, to characterize the effects of process-induced overlay error on the overlay budget through several processes in a typical semiconductor process flow. The CGS technique facilitates the generation of high-density displacement maps (>3 million points on 300mm wafer) such that the stresses induced die-by-die and process-by-process can be tracked in detail. Case studies are presented that summarize the use of the CGS data to reveal correlations between displacement variation and overlay variation, and demonstrate how feed forward can be applied for controlling overlay error.
Recovery of individual head-related transfer functions from a small set of measurements (2012)

Head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) vary with individuals, and in practice, measuring HRTFs with high directional resolution for each individual is tiresome. Based on a basis functions representation of HRTFs, the present work proposes a method for recovering individual HRTFs from a small set of measurements. The HRTFs are represented by a combination of a small set of spatial basis functions (SBFs) with frequency- and individual-dependent weights. The SBFs are derived by applying spatial principal component analysis to a baseline HRTF dataset with high directional resolution. The individual weights for any subject outside the dataset are estimated from measurements at a few source directions, and then the HRTFs with high directional resolution are recovered by combining the SBFs and the individual weights. In an illustrative case, the SBFs derived from a baseline dataset that includes 20 subjects are used to recover the HRTF magnitudes for six subjects outside the baseline dataset. Results show that individual HRTF magnitudes can be recovered from measurements at 73 directions with a mean signal-to-distortion ratio of 19 dB. The proposed method is also applicable to recovering head-related impulse responses. The results of psychoacoustic experiments indicate that in most cases the recovered and measured HRTFs are indistinguishable.
Type of cell death induced by seven metals in cultured mouse osteoblastic cells. (2010)

The use of dental metal alloys in the daily clinic makes it necessary to evaluate the cytotoxicity of eluted metal components against oral cells. However, the cytotoxic mechanism and the type of cell death induced by dental metals in osteoblasts have not been well characterized. This study investigated the cytotoxicity of seven metals against the mouse osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1. alpha-MEM was used as a culture medium, since this medium provided much superior proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells over DMEM. Ag (NH(3))(2)F was the most cytotoxic, followed by CuCl>CuCl(2) >CoCl(2), NiCl(2)>FeCl(3) and FeCl(2) (least toxic). None of the metals showed any apparent growth stimulating effect (so-called 'hormesis') at lower concentrations. A time course study demonstrated that two hours of contact between oral cells and Ag (NH(3))(2)F, CuCl, CoCl(2) or NiCl(2) induced irreversible cell death. Contact with these metals induced a smear pattern of DNA fragmentation without activation of caspase-3. Preincubation of MC3T3-E1 cells with either a caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK) or autophagy inhibitors (3-methyladenine, bafilomycin) failed to rescue them from metal cytotoxicity. These data suggest the induction of necrotic cell death rather than apoptosis and autophagy by metals in this osteoblastic cell line.
Impact of microfabrication technology on X-ray optics (1981)

X-ray optics stands on the threshold of realizing its early promise: precision analysis of microstructure on the scale of the x-ray wavelength. The achievement of this exciting goal will depend in large part on advances in microfabrication technology making possible the precision fabrication of periodic microstructures. A review of recent advances in, as well as future prospects for: x-ray microscopy, coded imaging, and space-time resolved spectroscopy, resulting from improved microstructure fabrication capabilities is presented.
Synthesis and Surface Functionalization under Cold-plasma Conditions. (1999)

Controlled, plasma-mediated, surface modification of various substrates including inorganic and organic polymers is essential for the creation of miniaturized advanced materials. Many of these approaches have focused on the surface-implantation of specific chemical groups which can be employed for subsequent chemical reactions where molecular recognition plays a significant role (e, g, immobilization of biomolecules; preparation of catalysts, etc.). The deposition of predesigned-structure thin macromolecular layers on various substrate surfaces is another branch of surface modification processes. By creating high specificity surface layers (e. g. chemically inert films, electrically insulating layers, etc.) on commodity materials will open up routes for the development of economical future technologies. In this contribution some of the recent results, generated at the Center for Plasma-Aided Manufacturing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, in the field of RF-plasma-mediated surface deposition and functionalization processes are discussed.
Planet High Speed Radio: Crossing Gbps from a 3U CubeSat (2019)

Planet is a vertically integrated aerospace and data analytics company that operates the world's largest commercial fleet of remote sensing satellites. Our mission is to image the whole world everyday, and make change visible, accessible, and actionable. We have launched over 350 satellites and built up an automated mission control and ground station infrastructure to monitor and control the satellites, and download the imagery data. Historically, small satellite radios have been downlink limited because of tight size, weight, and power (SWaP) constraints. Rapid prototyping, iteration, and adaptation of the latest commercial-o_-the-shelf (COTS) technology has allowed for continuous improvements in data throughput on our high speed radio from a very low-cost cubesat platform. In this talk, we will report on our latest X-band radio and antenna solution which has achieved a data rate over 1.6 Gbps from a 3U CubeSat on-orbit. Planet's High Speed Downlink 2 (HSD2) is the latest generation compact, low-mass, and low-power radio that was built and deployed on 3U form-factor imaging CubeSats in December 2018. This system operates at X- band and is built using COTS parts with a dual polarization antenna. The two physical channels represent the two polarization modes, right hand circular polarization (RHCP) and left hand circular polarization (LHCP) and each physical channel utilizes 300 MHz of total bandwidth. Within each physical channel, there are three logical channels spaced 100 MHz apart center-to-center frequency. The individual channel symbol rate is 76.8 Msps. Each physical channel has 1 W RF output power and 15 dBi antenna gain. The total DC power consumption of the radio including the processor and the FPGA is 50Wand the total volume occupied by the radio and antenna, including the mechanical deployment structure for the antenna is 0.25U. The commercial digital television broadcasting standard DVB-S2 is used for modulation and coding. An adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) scheme is used to dynamically change the modulation and coding for each channel individually based on the available link margin. Our ground station network includes 15 dishes (29 dB/K gain-to-noise-temperature) across 5 sites located around the world. The HSD2 is capable of providing downlink volume of over 80 GB during a single ground station pass.
Thermal Fluorination and Annealing of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (2003)

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were fluorinated with F2 at 250 °C, and then some were heated under He to temperatures ranging from 100 to 400 °C to desorb the fluorine. The resulting samples were studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and electrical resistance measurements. The goals were to identify, as a function of fluorination and defluorination, the nature of the fluorine bonding, the damage to the tubes, the changes to the average tube diameter and proportions of metallic and semiconducting tubes, and the effects on the electrical conductivity and its mechanism. The stoichiometry of the as-fluorinated tubes was CF0.43. Most of the time, F atoms bonded covalently to one carbon atom. Smaller amounts of CF2 and CF3 were probably bonded primarily at various defect sites. The fluorinated single-wall nanotubes were highly insulating. Upon heating, the largest fluorine loss occurred between 200 and 300 °C, and defluorination was virtually complete at 400 °C, but the largest resistance change occurred at 150−200 °C. Raman showed that both fluorination and thermal defluorination damaged the tubes by creating defects and/or amorphous carbon phases. Upon heating, most of the fluorinated SWNTs apparently reverted to SWNTs, rather than being etched. Thermal defluorination slightly increased the average tube diameter, but there was no Raman evidence of a change in the metallic/semiconducting tube ratio. However, the average length of tube bundles was substantially reduced. The resistance of the defluorinated SWNTs returned to that of the starting material, but a different conduction mechanism such as an amorphous carbon percolation network cannot be excluded.
Hydrogenolysis Goes Bio: From Carbohydrates and Sugar Alcohols to Platform Chemicals (2012)

In view of the diminishing oil resources and the ongoing climate change, the use of efficient and environmentally benign technologies for the utilization of renewable resources has become indispensible. Therein, hydrogenolysis reactions offer a promising possibility for future biorefinery concepts. These reactions result in the cleavage of C-C and C-O bonds by hydrogen and allow direct access to valuable platform chemicals already integrated in today's value chains. Thus, hydrogenolysis bears the potential to bridge currently available technologies and future biomass-based refinery concepts. This Review highlights past and present developments in this field, with special emphasis on the direct utilization of cellulosic feedstocks.
Penetration of Polyelectrolytes into Charged Poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide) Microgel Layers Confined between Two Surfaces (2013)

pH and temperature sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm) microgel-based etalons were fabricated by sandwiching a “monolithic” microgel layer between two semitransparent, 15 nm Au layers. The devices exhibit visual color and multipeak reflectance spectra, both of which primarily depend on the distance between the Au surfaces (mediated by the microgel diameter). In this submission, we fabricate etalons from either pNIPAm-co-acrylic acid (pNIPAm-co-AAc) or pNIPAm-co-N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide hydrochloride (pNIPAm-co-APMAH) microgels and investigate their response to the presence of polycations or polyanions. We show that when the etalon is at a pH that renders the microgels multiply charged, the microgel layer of the etalon deswells in the presence of the oppositely charged polyelectrolyte; it is unresponsive to the presence of the like charged polyelectrolyte. Furthermore, the etalon’s response depended on the thickness of the Au overlayer. For example, low molecular weight (MW) polyelectrolyte could penetrate all Au overlayer thicknesses, while high MW polyelectrolytes could only penetrate the etalons fabricated from thin Au overlayers. We hypothesize that this is due to a decrease in the Au pore size with increasing thickness, which excludes the high MW polyelectrolytes from penetrating the microgel-based layer. These devices show promise as MW selective sensors and biosensors.
Copywriters' Implicit Theories of Communication: An Exploration (1995)

Advertising copywriters, in common with other craftspeople, seemingly work without theories, even though their work exhibits insights about consumer motivation and behavior. This research explored the existence of implicit theories of communication among a sample of copywriters. The findings indicated that copywriters do articulate a common set of informal theories that are based on perceptions of the writing of advertising as an internal dialogue. Aspects of these implicit theories differ from many assumptions and findings of current formal theories of advertising. These differences exist in the areas of the nature of affect toward advertising, the nature of the connection between advertising and the brand advertised, and involvement with the advertising message. These implicit theories form the basis for suggesting changes in understanding copywriters' work and for academic and applied research on advertising and marketing. Copyright 1995 by the University of Chicago.
BF<sub>3</sub> Adsorption on α-Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (1012):  Probing the Lewis Basicity of Surface Oxygen Anions (2001)

Acid/base characterizations of metal oxide surfaces are used often to explain their catalytic behavior. BF3, a strong Lewis acid, is used in this investigation as a probe molecule to interrogate the basicity of well-defined Cr2O3 (101̄2) surfaces. BF3 clearly probes differences in oxide ions of different coordination on Cr2O3 (101̄2). The heat of adsorption of BF3 shows that terminal chromyl oxygens are stronger Lewis bases than three-coordinate oxygen anions on the nearly stoichiometric surface. The trends in basicity found with BF3 are the opposite of those found from the heat of adsorption of CO2, a common probe molecule used to investigate the basicity of oxide surfaces. The use of BF3 as a probe molecule is complicated by some dissociation and the slow build up of surface boron and fluorine during consecutive thermal desorption runs.
Performance Prediction of a Cyclone Oil Separator (2006)

This paper presents a technique for predicting the performance of a cyclone oil separator. We predicted the oil droplet size distribution in refrigerant gas (R407C) and refrigeration oil using nitrogen and oil. Furthermore, we developed a theoretical analysis model that considered both centrifugal separation and gravity separation, and predicted oil separation efficiency using the Monte Carlo method. The analysis results agreed with the experimental result within an error of 3% at a refrigerant flow rate of 100-600kg/h when the inflow velocity of the oil droplets was about 0.5 times lower than that of the refrigerant gas. In addition, the analysis results showed the ratio of gravity separation and centrifugal separation for the refrigerant flow rates.
Maat (2021)

The malware analysis and detection research community relies on the online platform VirusTotal to label Android apps based on the scan results of around 60 antiviral scanners. Unfortunately, there are no standards on how to best interpret the scan results acquired from VirusTotal, which leads to the utilization of different threshold-based labeling strategies (e.g., if 10 or more scanners deem an app malicious, it is considered malicious). While some of the utilized thresholds may be able to accurately approximate the ground truths of apps, the fact that VirusTotal changes the set and versions of the scanners it uses makes such thresholds unsustainable over time. We implemented a method, Maat , that tackles these issues of standardization and sustainability by automatically generating a Machine Learning ( ML )-based labeling scheme, which outperforms threshold-based labeling strategies. Using the VirusTotal scan reports of 53K Android apps that span 1 year, we evaluated the applicability of Maat ’s Machine Learning ( ML )-based labeling strategies by comparing their performance against threshold-based strategies. We found that such ML -based strategies (a) can accurately and consistently label apps based on their VirusTotal scan reports, and (b) contribute to training ML -based detection methods that are more effective at classifying out-of-sample apps than their threshold-based counterparts.
TNM: Evolution and relation to other prognostic factors (2003)

The TNM Classification describes the anatomic extent of cancer. TNM's ability to separately classify the individual tumor (T), node (N), and metastasis (M) elements and then group them into stages differs from other cancer staging classifications (e.g., Dukes), which are only concerned with summarized groups. The objectives of the TNM Classification are to aid the clinician in the planning of treatment, give some indication of prognosis, assist in the evaluation of the results of treatment, and facilitate the exchange of information. During the past 50 years, the TNM system has evolved under the influence of advances in diagnosis and treatment. Radiographic imaging (e.g., endoscopic ultrasound for the depth of invasion of esophageal and rectal tumors) has improved the accuracy of the clinical T, N, and M classifications. Advances in treatment have necessitated more detail in some T4 categories. Developments in multimodality therapy have increased the importance of the "y" symbol and the R (residual tumor) classification. New surgical techniques have resulted in the elaboration of the sentinel node (sn) symbol. The use of immunohistochemistry has resulted in the classification of isolated tumor cells and their distinction from micrometastasis. The most important challenge facing users of the TNM Classification is how it should interface with the large number of non-anatomic prognostic factors that are currently in use or under study. As non-anatomic prognostic factors become widely used, the TNM system provides an inviting foundation upon which to build a prognostic classification; however, this carries a risk that the system will be overwhelmed by a variety of prognostic data. An anatomic extent-of-disease classification is needed to aid practitioners in selecting the initial therapeutic approach, stratifying patients for therapeutic studies, evaluating non-anatomic prognostic factors at specific anatomic stages, comparing the weight of non-anatomic factors with extent of disease, and communicating the extent of disease data in a uniform manner. Methods are needed to express the overall prognosis without losing the vital anatomic content of TNM. These methods should be able to integrate multiple prognostic factors, including TNM, while permitting the TNM system to remain intact and distinct. This article discusses examples of such approaches.
Single-frequency Ti:Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ ring laser (1988)

Over 500 mW of single-frequency power has been obtained from a Ti:Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ ring laser pumped by 10 W (all lines) from an argon ion laser. The ring laser can be tuned from 750 to 850 nm while maintaining more than 100 mW in single-frequency operation without realignment or a change of optics. The free-running frequency stability of the laser is 3 MHz. Thermal effects cause changes in the ring cavity parameters, limiting the output power. This ring laser has also been operated with an acoustooptic mode locker to obtain 200-ps mode-locked pulses at 250 MHz with nearly the same average power as in single-mode operation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Doubly Ortho-Linked <i>cis</i>-4,4‘-Bis(diarylamino)stilbene/Fluorene Hybrids as Efficient Nondoped, Sky-Blue Fluorescent Materials for Optoelectronic Applications (2007)

The titled hybrids bearing a central dibenzosuberene optoelectronic unit with functional C3 and C7, N,N-diarylamino appendages, and spiro-fluorene junction act as blue fluorescent OLED materials. Sharp blue fluorescent (464 nm, Δλfwhm = 47−60 nm) OLED devices can thus be furnished with a high ηext of 7.9%, L20 of 2689 cd/m2, ηc of 13.6 (cd/A), and ηp of 8.2 (lm/W) at 20 mA/cm2.
Fabrication and Characterization of Through-Substrate Interconnects (2010)

We developed a through-substrate copper-damascene interconnect technology in silicon with minimal impedance. Via impedance was extracted using parameter measurements at 50 GHz that were matched to simple circuit models. The extracted impedance shows resistances ≤ 1 Ω, record-low inductance for aspect ratios > 4, and sidewall capacitance that approaches the theoretical value. For an aspect ratio of 10 (10 in diameter and 100 high), the through-substrate via has an average inductance of 36 pH at 10 GHz, resistance of 0.6 at 1 GHz, and sidewall capacitance of 0.3 pF.
Differential Effector Engagement by Oncogenic KRAS (2018)

KRAS can bind numerous effector proteins, which activate different downstream signaling events. The best known are RAF, phosphatidylinositide (PI)-3' kinase, and RalGDS families, but many additional direct and indirect effectors have been reported. We have assessed how these effectors contribute to several major phenotypes in a quantitative way, using an arrayed combinatorial siRNA screen in which we knocked down 41 KRAS effectors nodes in 92 cell lines. We show that every cell line has a unique combination of effector dependencies, but in spite of this heterogeneity, we were able to identify two major subtypes of KRAS mutant cancers of the lung, pancreas, and large intestine, which reflect different KRAS effector engagement and opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Polarization-Engineered III-V Nitride Heterostructure Devices by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (2022)

III-V nitride semiconductors have attracted a lot of interest for their applications in optoelectronic and high power devices. However the highly resistive p-type layers of nitrides have limited the performance of bipolar devices. Polarization charges present in nitride heterojunctions can be engineered to enhance theperformance of different devices and introduce novel material physics not present in other semiconductors.<p>Regions of 2- and 3-dimensional mobile carriers can be produced with the aid of polarization charges in graded AlGaN structures. Such impurity-free electron concentrations have been demonstrated experimentally. Polarization-enhancedhole concentrations are theoretically and experimentally studied in this work. Bandgap engineering of polarization-induced doping in III-V nitrides is demonstrated by Molecular Beam Epitaxy. Applications of these polarization-enhanced layers in working p-n junction diodes is achieved.</p><p>Polarization charges can also utilized to enhanced the properties of other devices. p-type conductivity in AlN/GaN superlattice structures is increased due to field-assisted acceptor ionization. Improved p-type conductivity as compared to conventional bulk doped GaN structures is achieved, and insertion into a p-njunction allows vertical conductivity.</p><p>Demonstration of the nitride-based backward diodes is also achieved by utilizing the high polarization-induced electric fields. Interband tunneling current is observed in GaN-AlN-GaN p-n junctions under reverse bias. Application of thesebackward diodes as a zero bias RF detector is demonstrated.</p>