gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation study about Redox flow battery response and its modeling (2002)

The rechargeable batteries like Redox Flow which aren't aged by frequent charging/discharging, have a quick response equivalent to SMES and outstanding capability of overload. The response time and the maximum overload rate of Redox Flow battery are verified as 350μs and 4.6 times. The battery efficiency increases when the cycle period of charging/discharging becomes shorter. The battery is advantageous for secondary control in the power system and maintenance of power quality as distributed power resource in addition to leveling load. The instantaneous controls using these systems are also effective for dynamic stability, flicker, voltage dip and charging/discharging regenerative power of electric railways. The authors clarify the chemical reactive characteristics of Redox Flow battery physically and make the Redox Flow Battery Model which can be used for impact study for maintaining power quality and calculation of operational cost. The comprehension about these performances can be used to determine the optimum rechargeable battery system for each end use.
Dynamically reconfigurable integrated optical circulators (2016)

Optical circulators that unidirectionally route light could lead to bidirectional operations in applications in data centers and telecommunications, as well as sensors. In this work, to the best of our knowledge, we present the first realization of integrated optical circulators on silicon that are electrically driven and dynamically reconfigurable. The proposed device utilizes silicon microrings with a bonded magneto-optic cladding alongside an integrated electromagnet for nonreciprocal behavior. This novel approach does not use a permanent magnet and, for this reason, it is more attractive for packaging and further integration with lasers and other photonic devices. We use this device architecture to demonstrate 4- and 6-port optical circulators with up to 14.4 dB of isolation and propose a framework to extend the design to an arbitrary number of ports. Finally, we demonstrate that it is possible to switch the electromagnet and reconfigure the circulator on a sub-nanosecond timescale, potentially adding a new level of device functionality.
Selective Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitors:  Targeting the Second Phosphotyrosine Binding Site with Non-Carboxylic Acid-Containing Ligands (2003)

Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) 1B (PTP1B) has been implicated as a key negative regulator of both insulin and leptin signaling cascades. We identified several salicylic acid-based ligands for the second phosphotyrosine binding site of PTP1B using a NMR-based screening. Structure-based linking with a catalytic site-directed oxalylarylaminobenzoic acid-based pharmacophore led to the identification of a novel series of potent PTP1B inhibitors exhibiting 6-fold selectivity over the highly homologous T-cell PTPase (TCPTP) and high selectivity over other phosphatases.
Combination nanovaccine enhances influenza vaccine efficacy in aged animals (2016)

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<title>Electrically addressed spatial light phase modulator</title> (2001)

A nonpixelized electrically addressable spatial light phase- only modulator has been developed. The device consists of an optically addressed parallel aligned nematic liquid crystal spatial light modulator (PAL-SLM), coupling optics, an XGA liquid crystal display (LCD) which serves as an accurate addressable mask for the PAL-SLM, a laser diode (LD) for illuminating the LCD and collimating optics for the LD. The device has a phase modulation capability of over 2(pi) radians and a high diffraction efficiency of greater than 35% at a spatial frequency of 10 lp/mm of binary (0,(pi) ) grating. Also when a multilevel (0, 0.5(pi) , (pi) , 1.5(pi) ) grating was written in the device, a diffraction efficiency of greater than 70% at a spatial frequency of 10 lp/mm was obtained. Moreover, surplus diffraction light (diffraction noise) caused by the pixelized structure was reduced to less than 3% by the coupling optics, compared with almost 50% occurring in the LCD by itself.
Single‐Lead Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Shoulder Pain From Subacromial Impingement Syndrome (2012)

This case report demonstrates the feasibility of a single-lead peripheral nerve stimulation system for the treatment of pain secondary to chronic subacromial impingement syndrome. The participant was a 57-year-old man who experienced persistent pain from subacromial impingement syndrome for 20 months despite having undergone conservative therapy of steroid injection and physical therapy. After study enrollment, a single intramuscular lead was placed percutaneously into the deltoid muscle of the affected shoulder. He was treated 6 hours per day for 3 weeks and the lead was removed. The primary outcome measure was the Brief Pain Inventory (Short-form) Question 3 (BPI 3), which queries the worst pain in the last week on a 0-10 numerical rating scale. At baseline, BPI 3 was an 8. At the end of treatment and at 4 and 12 weeks after treatment, BPI 3 scores were 2, 0, and 0, respectively. Substantial improvements in shoulder impairment, quality of life, and shoulder disability measures were also observed. Additional studies are needed to further demonstrate safety and efficacy, determine optimal dose, define optimal prescriptive parameters, expand clinical indications, and demonstrate long-term effect.
Capacity planning tool for streaming media services (2003)

The goal of the proposed capacity planning tool is to provide the best cost/performance configuration for support of a known media service workload. There are two essential components in our capacity planning tool: i) the capacity measurements of different h/w and s/w solutions using a specially designed set of media benchmarks and ii) a media service workload profiler, called MediaProf, which extracts a set of quantitative and qualitative parameters characterizing the service demand. The capacity planning tool matches the requirements of the media service workload profile, SLAs and configuration constraints to produce the best available cost/performance solution.
Total Synthesis of the Turrianes and Evaluation of Their DNA-Cleaving Properties (2002)

The first total synthesis of three naturally occurring cyclophane derivatives belonging to the turriane family of natural products is described. Their sterically hindered biaryl entity is formed by reaction of the Grignard reagent derived from aryl bromide 10 with the oxazoline derivative 18, and the macrocyclic tether of the targets is efficiently forged by ring closing metathesis. While conventional RCM catalyzed by the ruthenium-carbene complexes 33 or 34 invariably leads to the formation of mixtures of both stereoisomers with the undesirable (E)-alkene prevailing, ring closing alkyne metathesis (RCAM) followed by Lindlar reduction of the resulting cycloalkynes 37 and 38 opens a convenient and stereoselective entry into this class of compounds. RCAM can either be accomplished by using the tungsten alkylidyne complex [(tBuO)3W≡CCMe3] or by means of a catalyst formed in situ from [Mo(CO)6] and para-trifluoromethylphenol. The latter method is significantly accelerated when carried out under microwave heating. Furthermore, the judicious choice of the protecting groups for the phenolic -OH functions turned out to be crucial. PMB-ethers were found to be compatible with the diverse reaction conditions en route to 3–5; their cleavage, however, had to be carried out under carefully optimized conditions to minimize competing O−C PMB migration. Turrianes 3–5 are shown to be potent DNA cleaving agents under oxidative conditions when administered in the presence of copper ions.
Self-compatibilization of poly(butyl methacrylate)/acrylonitrile-co-styrene blends via concentrated emulsion polymerization (1996)

Two concentrated emulsions in water were prepared: one from weakly polymerized butyl methacrylate (BMA) and the other one from a weakly polymerized mixture of acrylonitrile (AN) and styrene (St). Each of the concentrated emulsions also contained a small amount of a vinyl-terminated macromonomer (VTM). After the concentrated emulsions were partially polymerized, they were mixed and subjected to complete polymerization. This generated a blend of poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA), binary copolymer AN-co-ST (AN—St), and networks containing chains of VTM and those formed from different monomers. The networks constitute compatibilizers between the PBMA and AN—St. Such a preparation method, in which the components and compatibilizer are generated simultaneously, was called self-compatibilization. The blend possesses excellent tensile properties and toughness compared with the ternary copolymer AN—St—BMA and with the solution blends of PBMA/AN—St. The generation of the compatibilizers and the compatibilization mechanism were investigated via kinetic studies. The effects of the VTM, polymerization conditions, and the weight ratio of AN/St were also examined. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Submucosal endoscopy with mucosal resection (SEMR): a new hybrid technique of endoscopic submucosal dissection (2013)

In Western countries endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has not prevailed because of training issues and a target patient population. We identified the ability to transform the submucosa into a free working space within which one could potentially undermine mucosal disease and perform en bloc excision "from the inside out" to the lumen, a direction which should also increase the safety of excising tissues. The same submucosal working space could also allow the overlying intact mucosa to serve as a protective flap during natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) access to body cavities, or the performance of achalasia myotomy. Submucosal endoscopy with mucosal safety valve flap (SEMF) was pushed ahead of our initial resection investigations due to the rapid evolution of NOTES experiences [1] [2]. With resumed animal experiments, we returned to our original plan, modifying SEMF into submucosal endoscopy with mucosal resection (SEMR), which may offer added safety, simplification, and ease for mucosal resection [3] [4].
The concept of multi-port structural antenna system for HF naval communications (2006)

This paper focuses on the possibility to obtain a broad-band naval structural antenna as integration of one or more wire radiating elements together with an existing super-structure such as the funnel or a big mast which are rather common in many ship scenarios. The funnel in particular, has typically cylindrical, pyramidal as well as conical shape, and diameter (5 m-10 m) and height (10 m-25 m) comparable with HF wavelengths. Such a structure is therefore a good candidate to host antennas or even to become part of a radiating system. The integration solution which is here proposed potentially yields a broadband structural antenna for HF naval communication. Such a system has the possibility to be driven by one or multiple-sources and to communicate along the horizon and by near vertical-incidence sky-wave (NVIS at 2-7 MHz) depending on the frequency used and on the particular service to be carried out. A structural solution also offers the advantages of limited space requirements and the intrinsic compensation of the pattern distortion due to the presence of the naval environment, which is instead partly embedded into the antenna system
<i>In Vitro</i> Plant Growth Promoting Activity of Phyllocladane Diterpenoids Isolated from <i>Callicarpa macrophylla</i> Vahl. in Shoot Cultures of <i>Rauwolfia serpentina</i> (2007)

Phyllocladane diterpenoids, particularly calliterpenone (1) and calliterpenone monoacetate (2), isolated from leaves of Callicarpa macrophylla, produced significantly higher growth and multiplication of in vitro shoot cultures of Rauwolfia serpentina at 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L concentrations, respectively, compared to certain other plant growth regulators (0.1-5.0 mg/L) tested under in vitro conditions. This is the first report of the plant growth promoting activities of 1 and 2 in plant tissue cultures.
Toward automated quantification of biological microstructures using unbiased stereology (2011)

Quantitative analysis of biological microstructures using unbiased stereology plays a large and growing role in bioscience research. Our aim is to add a fully automatic, high-throughput mode to a commercially available, computerized stereology device (Stereologer). The current method for estimation of first- and second order parameters of biological microstructures, requires a trained user to manually select objects of interest (cells, fibers etc.,) while stepping through the depth of a stained tissue section in fixed intervals. The proposed approach uses a combination of color and gray-level processing. Color processing is used to identify the objects of interest, by training on the images to obtain the threshold range for objects of interest. In gray-level processing, a region-growing approach was used to assign a unique identity to the objects of interest and enumerate them. This automatic approach achieved an overall object detection rate of 93.27%. Thus, these results support the view that automatic color and gray-level processing combined with unbiased sampling and assumption and model-free geometric probes can provide accurate and efficient quantification of biological objects.
Synergistic Action of Silver Sulfadiazine and Sodium Piperacillin on Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in Experimental Burn Wound Infections (1985)

Silver sulfadiazine-resistant organisms are arising at an irregular rate and may eventually interfere with wound management. To counter this problem several new antibacterial agents were tested in combination with silver sulfadiazine. Only sodium piperacillin (Pipracil, Lederle) exhibited synergism with silver sulfadiazine both in vitro (against various species of organisms) and in burned animals. The MIC of AgSD and Pipracil was 50 nmole/ml and 250 nmole/ml, respectively, but a combination of 6 nmole/ml of AgSD and 7.5 nmole/ml of Pipracil inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In burned mice infected with either AgSD-resistant or sensitive strains, the mortality in groups receiving combinations of topical Pipracil and silver sulfadiazine was 0-10%; in contrast, treatment with Pipracil or silver sulfadiazine alone resulted in much higher mortality. Thus it would appear that a combination of silver sulfadiazine and Pipracil, each of which have long been used in patients topically and parenterally, may prove valuable in patients with burn wound infections related to or caused by organisms resistant to silver sulfadiazine.
SIGNIFICANCE OF INVARIANT ACOUSTIC CUES IN A PROBABILISTIC FRAMEWORK FOR LANDMARK-BASED SPEECH RECOGNITION (2004)

A probabilistic framework for landmark-based speech recognition that utilizes the sufficiency and context invariance properties of acoustic cues for phonetic features is presented. Binary classifiers of the manner phonetic features sonorant, continuant and syllabic operate on each frame of speech, each using a small number of relevant and sufficient acoustic parameters to generate probabilistic landmark sequences. The relative nature of the parameters developed for the extraction of acoustic cues for manner phonetic features makes them of the manner of neighboring speech frames. This invariance of manner acoustic cues makes the use of only those three classifiers along with the speech/silence classifier complete irrespective of the manner context. The obtained landmarks are then used to extract relevant acoustic cues to make probabilistic binary decisions for the place and voicing phonetic features. Similar to the invariance property of the manner acoustic cues, the acoustic cues for place phonetic features extracted using manner landmarks are invariant of the place of neighboring sounds. Pronunciation models based on phonetic features are used to constrain the landmark sequences and to narrow the classification of place and voicing. Preliminary results have been obtained for manner recognition and the corresponding landmarks. Using classifiers trained from the phonetically rich TIMIT database, 80.2% accuracy was obtained for broad class recognition of the isolated digits in the TIDIGITS database which compares well with the accuracies of 74.8% and 81.0% obtained by a hidden Markov model (HMM) based system using mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) and knowledge-based parameters, respectively.
AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs quantum-well power MISFET at millimeter-wave frequencies (1988)

An AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs quantum-well MISFET developed for power operation at millimeter-wave frequencies is described. The InGaAs channel is heavily doped to increase the sheet carrier density, resulting in a maximum current density of 700 mA/mm with a transconductance of 480 mS/mm. The 0.25- mu m*50- mu m device delivers a power density of 0.76 W/mm with 3.6-dB gain and 19% power-added efficiency at 60 GHz. At 5.2 dB gain, the power density is 0.55 W/mm. A similar device built on an undoped InGaAs channel had much poorer power performance and no speed advantage.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Terahertz beam steering and frequency tuning by using the spatial dispersion of ultrafast laser pulses (2008)

We demonstrate a terahertz (THz) beam steering method using difference frequency generation that is based on the principle of phased array antennas. A strip-line photoconductive antenna was illuminated by two spatially dispersed beams produced from an ultrafast laser. THz radiation with a bandwidth of 65 GHz was generated from the overlapping area of the two beams, between which the frequency difference was approximately constant. We confirmed that the THz beam can be steered by tilting one of the incident pump beams so as to change their relative phase relation. The steering range of the THz beam was 29 degrees when the angle between the incident pump beams was only varied within a range of 0.155 degrees, that is, 187 times less. In addition, by laterally shifting one of the pump beams, the frequency of the THz radiation could be tuned from 0.3 to 1.7 THz. This technique can be applied to high-speed terahertz imaging and spectroscopy systems.
Discovering predictive association rules (1998)

Successful oral immunization to prevent infectious diseases in the gastrointestinal tract as well as distant mucosal tissues may depend on the effectiveness of an Ag to induce gut immune responses. We and others have previously reported that cholera toxin possesses strong adjuvant effects on the gut immune response to co-administered Ag. To explore further adjuvant effects of cholera toxin, the holotoxin or its B subunit was chemically cross-linked to Sendai virus. The resulting conjugates, which were not infectious, were evaluated for their capacity to induce gut immune responses against Sendai virus after oral administration to mice. Conjugating cholera toxin to virus significantly enhanced the adjuvant activity of cholera toxin compared to simple mixing. Cholera toxin B subunit, however, did not show an adjuvant effect either by itself or conjugated with the virus. Oral administration of the Sendai virus-cholera toxin conjugate was also able to prime for protective anti-viral responses in the respiratory tract. Mice that were orally immunized with the conjugate and intra-nasally boosted with inactivated virus alone showed virus-specific IgA titers in nasal secretions that correlated with protection against direct nasal challenge with live Sendai virus. For comparison, s.c. immunization was also studied. Systemic immunization with the virus-cholera toxin conjugate induced virus-specific antibody responses in serum as well as in the respiratory tract but failed to protect the upper respiratory tract against virus challenge. Systemic immunization plus an intra-nasal boost did, however, confer a variable degree of protection to the upper respiratory tract, which correlated primarily with bronchoalveolar lavage (lung) antibody titers.
Intracellular expression of RNA transcripts complementary to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag gene inhibits viral replication in human CD4+ lymphocytes (1996)

Intracellular expression of antisense transcripts was evaluated for its potential to interfere with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. Retroviral vectors encoding HIV-1 psi-gag complementary sequences downstream of a selectable gene (neo, puromycin gene, or Lyt2 gene) were stable and yielded high titers. Human CEMSS T cells were transduced with amphotropic retroviral vectors to express RNA complementary to the psi-gag sequence of HIV-1. Replication of laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strains was inhibited by more than 1 order of magnitude (log10) in these transduced cells even at high inoculation doses (4 x 10(4) 50% tissue culture infective doses). Antisense-mediated anti-HIV efficacy was further demonstrated by survival of CD4+ cells in these cultures relative to controls. The level of anti-HIV-1 activity of the psi-gag antisense sequence correlated with the length of the antisense transcript. Maximal anti-HIV efficacy was observed with complementary sequence more than 1,000 nucleotides long, whereas transcripts less than 400 nucleotides long failed to inhibit HIV-1 replication. Expression of psi-gag antisense RNA also reduced HIV-1 JR-CSF replication 10-fold in primary CD4+ lymphocytes. These results obtained with a T-cell line and primary peripheral blood lymphocytes indicate the potential of long antisense RNAs as an efficient anti-HIV-1 therapeutic agent for gene therapy.
Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Core O Polysaccharide Conjugated to H:g,m Flagellin as a Candidate Vaccine for Protection against Invasive Infection with<i>S.</i>Enteritidis (2011)

Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium are a common cause of gastroenteritis but also cause invasive infections and enteric fever in certain hosts (young children in sub-Saharan Africa, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals). Salmonella O polysaccharides (OPS) and flagellar proteins are virulence factors and protective antigens. The surface polysaccharides of Salmonella are poorly immunogenic and do not confer immunologic memory, limitations overcome by covalently attaching them to carrier proteins. We conjugated core polysaccharide-OPS (COPS) of Salmonella Enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to flagellin protein from the homologous strain. COPS and flagellin were purified from a genetically attenuated (ΔguaBA) "reagent strain" (derived from an isolate from a patient with clinical bacteremia) engineered for increased flagellin production (ΔclpPX). Conjugates were constructed by linking flagellin monomers or polymers at random COPS hydroxyls with various polysaccharide/protein ratios by 1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate (CDAP) or at the 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (KDO) terminus by thioether chemistry. Mice immunized on days 0, 28, and 56 with COPS-flagellin conjugates mounted higher anti-LPS IgG levels than mice receiving unconjugated COPS and exhibited high antiflagellin IgG; anti-LPS and antiflagellin IgG levels increased following booster doses. Antibodies generated by COPS-flagellin conjugates mediated opsonophagocytosis of S. Enteritidis cells into mouse macrophages. Mice immunized with flagellin alone, COPS-CRM₁₉₇, or COPS-flagellin conjugates were significantly protected from lethal challenge with wild-type S. Enteritidis (80 to 100% vaccine efficacy).