gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic Near-Field Scanning for Microelectronic Test Chip Investigation (2006)

Abstract — The effects of on-chip decoupling capacitors in the power supply network of a CMOS test-chip on radiated noise are investigated by surface scan measurements. The hardware set-up and the measurement procedure are briefly described. Applying the calibration method, measurements of separate field components are given in absolute form. This permits one to compare and interpret surface scan images of the electromagnetic field in terms of electric charge and current distribution. The analysis of scanning results allows one to evaluate core optimisation efficiency and discovery of parasitic effects within the chip. Finally, a short overview about the status of near-field scanning techniques and their challenges is presented. I.
A numerical study to determine the effect of ligament stiffness on kinematics of the lumbar spine during flexion (2016)

Higher values of ligament stiffness over all lumbar levels could lead to a shift of the loading and the motion between segments to the lower lumbar levels. This could lead to an increased risk for the lower lumbar parts.
A 14-bit 0.17mm<sup>2</sup> SAR ADC in 0.13&#x03BC;m CMOS for high precision nerve recording (2015)

This paper presents a high-resolution, area- and power-efficient successive approximate register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for high precision nerve recording. The design features a new “half-split” feedback digital-to-analog converter (DAC) capacitor array with integrated digital calibrations, which allow automatic estimation and calibration of capacitor mismatches. As a result, the SAR ADC precision can be substantially improved given the constraints on circuits area and power consumption. The design has been fabricated in a 0.13μm CMOS process with a core area of 0.17mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (280μm×620μm). When measured at 40kSample/s, the ADC consumes 10μW of power and achieves a 72.7dB signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio (SNDR) and a 92.1dB spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) over the Nyquist bandwidth. Compared with the noncalibrated ADC, the proposed methods provide the improvements on SNDR, SFDR, and nonlinearity by 12.6dB, 22.7dB, and 4-6 times, respectively.
Nitrofuranyl heterocycles. XIII<i>N</i>‐methyl‐3‐methylthio‐5‐(5‐nitro‐2‐furanyl)‐1<i>H</i>‐1,2,4‐triazoles (1976)

Abstract A continuing search for new nitrofurans which might possess useful antimicrobial activity led to the synthesis of several 3‐mercapto‐5‐(5‐nitro‐2‐furanyl)‐1 H ‐1,2,4‐triazoles and their methylated derivatives. This paper describes the preparation of these compounds together with proof of structure of the N ‐methylated products.
The Phosphotyrosine Interaction Domain of SHC Recognizes Tyrosine-phosphorylated NPXY Motif (1995)

Reversible assembly of intracellular signaling complexes is, in some cases, mediated by direct binding of a Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of one protein to a phosphotyrosine moiety of another protein (Cantley, L. C., Auger, K. R., Carpenter, C. L., Duckworth, B., Graziani, A., Kapeller, R., and Soltoff, S. (1991) Cell 64, 281-302). Using a degenerate phosphotyrosine-containing peptide library, we showed that individual SH2 domains recognize phosphotyrosine in a specific sequence context to provide fidelity in signaling (Songyang, Z., Shoelson, S. E., Chaudhuri, M., Gish, G., Pawson, T., Haser, W. G., King, F., Roberts, T., Ratnofsky, S., Lechleider, R. J., Neel, B. G., Birge, R. B., Fajardo, J. E., Chou, M. M., Hanafusa, H., Schaffhausen, B., and Cantley, L. C. (1993) Cell 72, 767-778). Recently a second type of phosphotyrosine interaction domain (PID) or phosphotyrosine-binding domain (PTB) was discovered in the amino terminus of the SHC proto-oncoprotein (Kavanaugh, W. M., and Williams, L. (1994) Science 266, 1862-1865; Blaikie, P., Immanuel, D., Wu, J., Li, N., Yajnik, V., and Margolis, B. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 32031-32034). Here we demonstrate, using a phosphotyrosine peptide library, that the SHC PID domain preferentially binds to the sequence Asn-Pro-Xaa-phosphotyrosine. This motif is in agreement with sequences at sites implicated in in vivo SHC binding. These results indicate that while SH2 domains predominantly interact with specific residues carboxyl-terminal of phosphotyrosine, the PID domain has high specificity for residues amino-terminal of phosphotyrosine.
Ultrasound imaging for lumbar punctures and epidural catheterisations: systematic review and meta-analysis (2013)

Ultrasound imaging can reduce the risk of failed or traumatic lumbar punctures and epidural catheterisations, as well as the number of needle insertions and redirections. Ultrasound may be a useful adjunct for these procedures.
Automated Detection of Construction Sites on Motorways (2017)

Construction sites may not be supported by near-future highly-automated driving systems. Therefore, the online detection of such situations well in advance is necessary to hand over control to the driver in time. This paper introduces an approach for online construction site detection on motorways by combining a set of uncertain cues in a probabilistic way. This allows to reason about the existence and location of construction sites in front of the ego vehicle via inference in a designed Bayesian network. The system runs in real-time on a prototype vehicle and is evaluated in real-world scenarios.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 2-Substituted 4-Biarylyl-1,3-thiazoles by Carbon-Carbon Cross-Coupling in Water (2010)

Suzuki-Miyaura and Heck-Mizoroki C-C cross-coupling reactions of 4-(halophenyl)-1,3-thiazoles with aryl(hetaryl)boronic acids or olefins, respectively, were investigated by using a catalytically active benzimidazole-based palladium(II) complex under both thermal and microwave heating conditions in water. The factors affecting the optimization of such reactions were evaluated.
Clonazepam: benzodiazepine therapy for the restless legs syndrome. (1997)

Clonazepam is one of several agents used for the treatment of the restless legs syndrome of ESRD. The drug's pharmacokinetic profile demonstrates safety in patients with altered kidney function. Future studies may provide an enhanced understanding of the physiological basis of the disorder to lead to improved pharmacological therapy. Other medication alternatives such as narcotics, dopamine agonists, clonidine, and gabepentin are available for patients unable to tolerate or receive benefit from clonazepam.
The EGF/ErbB Receptor Family and Apoptosis (2002)

The ErbB receptor family can activate a multitude of cell signaling pathways that involve many aspects of cellular function. The four members of the ErbB receptor family interact with diverse ligands and substrates, as well as with each other through cell surface heterodimerization. The sum of these diverse interactions is a signaling network that is complex but also finely regulated. Among the cellular functions influenced by ErbB signaling is cell survival. ErbB receptor signaling has been demonstrated to interact with all of the major mechanisms of cell death signaling in a manner that promotes cell survival. Survival factors such as Ras, PI3-K, Akt, and Bcl-x/-2 all have been shown to be activated by ErbB signaling (Fig. 5). ErbB abrogation of apoptotic signals has been shown to play an important role during embryonic tissue development, in normal adult tissue maintenance (e.g. mammary tissue, wound healing), and also in tumor development and progression. Although the majority of studies suggest that ErbB receptor family members are mediators of cell survival, there have been occasional reports suggesting that ErbB receptors can induce cell death under selected experimental conditions. While this apparent discrepancy remains unresolved, in many of these reports, cell death may be the result of anoikis in response to changes in the cytoskeleton associated with hyperstimulation of ErbB signaling. The notion that ErbB receptor family members function to promote cell survival is not a recent observation. However, how this family functions to prevent apoptosis is an area that only recently has been considered. The understanding of ErbB receptor signaling as it relates to the avoidance of apoptosis had profound implications for the treatment of solid tumors originating in multiple tissues, as well as for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. Further elucidation of the complex relationships between ErbB receptor signaling networks and the apoptotic machinery is certain to yield biologically important and potentially life-saving information.
A method for recognising household tools using the wavelet transform (2002)

A method to recognise household tools based on the wavelet transform is presented. Object contours are represented at different resolution levels based on the wavelet transform zero-crossing representation. A dissimilarity function is developed and used to recognise an object by comparing its representation with those in the data base. The method which is translation, rotation and zoom invariant, has been tested on real images under noise-free and noisy conditions.
Canal and river tests of a RiverSonde streamflow measurement system (2002)

Results of field tests of a RiverSonde streamflow radar are compared with in-situ current measurements at a canal and a river in central California during June, 2000. Typical water velocity in the middle of the canal was about 0.45 m s/sup -1/ and 0.30 ms/sup -1/ at the edges. Velocity in the river was about 20% lower with similar cross-channel variation. Differences between the RiverSonde and in-situ velocities were 6-18% of the mean flow, with similar differences among the various in-situ velocities. In addition to the surface velocities, the total volume flow was estimated based on the in-situ depth measurements. Volume flow for the canal was about 37 m/sup 3/ s/sup -1/ and for the river was about 64 m/sup 3/ s/sup -1/, with differences between the various radar and in-situ techniques of less than 10%.
Recombination and clonal groupings within <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> from different geographical regions (1999)

A collection of 20 strains of Helicobacter pylori from several regions of the world was studied to better understand the population genetic structure and diversity of this species. Sequences of fragments from seven housekeeping genes (atpA, efp, mutY, ppa, trpC, ureI, yphC ) and two virulence-associated genes (cagA, vacA) showed high levels of synonymous sequence variation (mean percentage Ks of 10-27%) and lower levels of non-synonymous variation (mean percentage Ka of 0.2-5.6%). Cluster analysis of pairwise differences between alleles revealed the existence of two weakly clonal groupings, which included half of the strains investigated. All six strains isolated from Japanese and coastal Chinese were assigned to the 'Asian' clonal grouping, probably reflecting descent from a distinct common ancestor. The clonal groupings were not totally uniform; recombination, as measured by the homoplasy test and compatibility matrices, was extremely common within all genes tested, except cagA. The fact that clonal descent could still be discerned despite such frequent recombination possibly reflects founder effects and geographical separation and/or selection for particular alleles of these genes.
Asymmetric synthesis of β-haloaryl β-amino acid derivatives (2001)

Lithium N-benzyl-N-α-methyl-4-methoxybenzylamide may be employed as a homochiral ammonia equivalent for the synthesis of homochiral β-haloaryl β-amino acid derivatives via a strategy involving its conjugate addition to α,β-unsaturated β-haloaryl acceptors and subsequent oxidative deprotection with ceric ammonium nitrate.
The Interaction between the Endothelial Cell Protein C Receptor and Protein C Is Dictated by the γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid Domain of Protein C (1997)

The endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) binds to both protein C and activated protein C (APC) with similar affinity. Removal of the Gla domain of protein C results in the loss of most of the binding affinity. This observation is compatible with at least two models: 1) the Gla domain of protein C interacts with phospholipid on cell surfaces to stabilize interaction with EPCR or 2) the Gla domain of protein C makes specific protein-protein interactions with EPCR. The latter model predicts that chimeric proteins containing the protein C Gla domain should interact with EPCR. To test this, we constructed a prothrombin chimera in which the Gla domain and aromatic stack of prothrombin were replaced with the corresponding region of protein C. The 125I-labeled chimera (Kd = 176 nM) and 125I-APC (Kd = 65 nM) both bound specifically to 293 cells stably transfected with EPCR, but both bound poorly to sham-transfected cells. The chimera also blocked APC binding to EPCR-transfected cells in a dose-dependent fashion (Ki approximately 139 nM) similarly to protein C (Ki approximately 75 nM). Chimera binding to EPCR-transfected cells was blocked by soluble EPCR, demonstrating direct protein-protein interaction between the chimera and EPCR. Consistent with this conclusion, the isolated Gla domain of protein C blocked APC binding to EPCR-transfected cells (IC50 = 2 microM). No inhibition was observed with the isolated prothrombin Gla domain. A protein C chimera with the prothrombin Gla domain and aromatic stack failed to bind to EPCR detectably. These data suggest that the Gla domain of protein C is responsible for much of the binding energy and specificity of the protein C-EPCR interaction.
Design of portable mini anechoic chamber using low cost composite absorber (2009)

This paper presents the absorber in which it is designed and shaped to absorb incident radio frequency (RF) radiation. The absorber is designed using composite material since the significance of the project is to find a potential solution to construct a low cost anechoic chamber. This model of mini anechoic chamber, which is consisting of the new designed absorber, is portable and small in size so that it is more user friendly. The performance of the designed absorber are compared to commercial absorber available. The absorber that has been developed is a low cost absorber with the absorption rate is 16.6% less compared to the commercial absorber.
Perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection (1992)

To evaluate factors that may affect the timely diagnosis of children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, we compared data derived from two population-based pediatric HIV studies. Data from anonymous newborn HIV serosurveys were used to estimate the number of children born to HIV-seropositive mothers. A statewide active surveillance project determined the number of HIV-exposed children who had been clinically recognized. Of 88,732 Massachusetts newborn specimens tested anonymously for HIV antibodies during a 12-month period (November, 1987, to October, 1988), 223 were positive. As of October, 1991, 78 of these children (35%) had been identified by a statewide network of infectious disease physicians. HIV-exposed children born in inner city hospitals were more likely to have come to medical attention than those born in suburban hospitals (47% vs. 17%). Among the 29 children with confirmed HIV infection (13% of 223), the initial evaluation for HIV occurred at an earlier age among children born in inner city hospitals than among children born in other areas. HIV testing practices that rely heavily on risk assessment may result in delayed diagnosis of HIV infection in children whose mothers are not perceived to be at risk.
Growth Regulators, Plant (2000)

Abstract The arrival of new plant growth regulators on the market in the early 1990s, especially synthetic ones, is in a static state. Many growth regulators continue to be used experimentally, but the transition to approved usage is being delayed for several reasons. On the financial side, a number of mergers, buy‐outs, and other dispositions of chemical companies has led to a decrease in the number of commercial compounds available. Moreover, the cost of registration has prompted some producers to withdraw chemicals from the market. Some older plant growth regulators have undergone several trade name changes, adding confusion to the field. The ideal plant growth regulator should leave no harmful persistent residue in a finished product or crop and the paradigm compounds are ones that have high specific activity, are target specific, and are environmentally biodegradable. The most acceptable growth regulators appear to be those compounds that already occur in nature and elicit certain desirable responses in economic crops.
Detecting conjunctive channel predicates in a distributed programming environment (2002)

Previous work in efficient detection of global predicates was restricted to predicates that could be specified as a Boolean formula of local predicates. Many properties in distributed systems, however, use the state of channels. In this paper, we introduce the concept of a 'channel predicate' and provide an efficient algorithm to detect any Boolean formula of local and channel predicates. We define a property called 'monotonicity' for channel predicates. Monotonicity is crucial for the efficient detection of global predicates. Many problems studied earlier, such as detection of termination and computation of global virtual time, are special cases of the problem considered in this paper. The message complexity of our algorithm is bounded by the number of messages used by the program.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Turning Peptide Ligands into Small‐Molecule Inhibitors of Protein–Protein Interactions (2015)

Proline makeover: Truncation and extensive chemical modification of a peptide ligand yielded a biologically active, cell-permeable, peptidomimetic, small-molecule inhibitor of a protein-protein interaction. A key step in this transformation was the replacement of a tetraproline motif by two conformationally constrained diproline units that retain the molecule's PPII helix.
Structure of the human phosphoglycerate kinase gene and the intron-mediated evolution and dispersal of the nucleotide-binding domain. (1985)

The human X-linked phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) gene, which is expressed in all somatic cells, was cloned and its structure was determined. The gene is interrupted by 10 introns and spans 23 kilobases. When projected on the three-dimensional structure of the PGK protein molecule, splice junctions are located between established peptide domains. In particular, an intron separates the two mononucleotide subdomains of the ATP-binding region, and additional introns divide each of these subdomains between their characteristic beta-strands. Similar correlations are found in the bipartite NAD-binding domains of alcohol dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Furthermore, in each case the nucleotide-binding domain is separated from the catalytic domain by at least one intron. The homology of the exon organization in structurally similar regions of these three enzymes suggests that a nucleotide-binding domain evolved by gene duplication and was subsequently dispersed to different proteins through a process of intron-mediated recombination.
Analysis of HTTP Requests for Anomaly Detection of Web Attacks (2014)

Attacks against web servers and web-based applications remain a serious global network security threat. Attackers are able to compromise web services, collect confidential information from web data bases, interrupt or completely paralyze web servers. In this study, we consider the analysis of HTTP logs for the detection of network intrusions. First, a training set of HTTP requests which does not contain any attacks is analyzed. When all relevant information has been extracted from the logs, several clustering and anomaly detection algorithms are employed to describe the model of normal users behavior. This model is then used to detect network attacks as deviations from the norms in an online mode. The simulation results presented show that, compared to other data mining algorithms, the method results in a higher accuracy rate.
The SEQUOIA 2000 storage benchmark (1993)

This paper presents a benchmark that concisely captures the data base requirements of a collection of Earth Scientists working in the SEQUOIA 2000 project on various aspects of global change research. This benchmark has the novel characteristic that it uses real data sets and real queries that are representative of Earth Science tasks. Because it appears that Earth Science problems are typical of the problems of engineering and scientific DBMS users, we claim that this benchmark represents the needs of this more general community. Also included in the paper are benchmark results for three example DBMSs: GRASS, IPW and POSTGRES.
Chemical Lithiation Studies on Combustion Synthesized V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>Cathodes with Full Cell Application for Lithium Ion Batteries (2013)

Fundamental studies on Li-intercalation into layered vanadium pentoxide (V 2 O 5 ), synthesized by urea combustion method, have been successfully carried out by chemical lithiation using butyl lithium at various concentrations. Morphological and structural changes during chemical lithiation are analyzed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements, respectively. Furthermore, chemical states and elemental concentration of these lithiated V 2 O 5 phases were elucidated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma. Electrochemical studies via potentiostatic and galvanostatic modes show that the chemically-lithiated V 2 O 5 phases undergo similar redox behavior as bare V 2 O 5 at respective discharge-states. The electrochemical studies confirmed the occurrence of various phase transformations at various levels of discharge relating to both reduction of vanadium (V 5+ ) and intercalation of lithium ions in V 2 O 5. Finally, the full-cell comprising of lithiated V 2 O 5 cathode and spinel Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 anode is demonstrated to study their compatibility toward insertion type anodes, delivering the reversible capacity of 80 mAh g -1 .