gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimizing the vertical IGBT structure-the NPT concept as the most economic and electrically ideal solution for a 1200 V-IGBT (2002)

In this paper a new low loss 1200 V IGBT is discussed: optimizing the vertical structure of a fast switching IGBT in economic standard NPT-DMOS-technology, will result (without increase of switching losses) in a lowered on state voltage close to 2 V, a value which until now was believed to be reachable only by implementing problematic trench technology. Key points in this development are improvements in the ability of handling thin wafers below 200 /spl mu/m as well as modifications of the backside p emitter.
Predictions of Cleavability of Calpain Proteolysis by Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis Using Newly Determined Cleavage Sites and Catalytic Efficiencies of an Oligopeptide Array (2016)

Calpains are intracellular Ca(2+)-regulated cysteine proteases that are essential for various cellular functions. Mammalian conventional calpains (calpain-1 and calpain-2) modulate the structure and function of their substrates by limited proteolysis. Thus, it is critically important to determine the site(s) in proteins at which calpains cleave. However, the calpains' substrate specificity remains unclear, because the amino acid (aa) sequences around their cleavage sites are very diverse. To clarify calpains' substrate specificities, 84 20-mer oligopeptides, corresponding to P10-P10' of reported cleavage site sequences, were proteolyzed by calpains, and the catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) were globally determined by LC/MS. This analysis revealed 483 cleavage site sequences, including 360 novel ones. Thekcat/Kms for 119 sites ranged from 12.5-1,710 M(-1)s(-1) Although most sites were cleaved by both calpain-1 and -2 with a similarkcat/Km, sequence comparisons revealed distinct aa preferences at P9-P7/P2/P5'. The aa compositions of the novel sites were not statistically different from those of previously reported sites as a whole, suggesting calpains have a strict implicit rule for sequence specificity, and that the limited proteolysis of intact substrates is because of substrates' higher-order structures. Cleavage position frequencies indicated that longer sequences N-terminal to the cleavage site (P-sites) were preferred for proteolysis over C-terminal (P'-sites). Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analyses using partial least-squares regression and >1,300 aa descriptors achievedkcat/Kmprediction withr= 0.834, and binary-QSAR modeling attained an 87.5% positive prediction value for 132 reported calpain cleavage sites independent of our model construction. These results outperformed previous calpain cleavage predictors, and revealed the importance of the P2, P3', and P4' sites, and P1-P2 cooperativity. Furthermore, using our binary-QSAR model, novel cleavage sites in myoglobin were identified, verifying our predictor. This study increases our understanding of calpain substrate specificities, and opens calpains to "next-generation,"i.e.activity-related quantitative and cooperativity-dependent analyses.
p53 and pRb prevent rereplication in response to microtubule inhibitors by mediating a reversible G1 arrest. (1998)

Cell cycle checkpoints are safeguards that ensure the initiation of downstream events only after completion of upstream processes. The tumor suppressors p53 and pRb prevent initiation of a second round of replication in response to spindle inhibitors, but it has yet to be proven that this is a mitotic checkpoint response. We show that asynchronous human fibroblasts arrest in G1 with 4 N DNA content after nocodazole treatment, whereas isogenic p53- and pRb-deficient fibroblasts rereplicate. Importantly, nocodazole elicits a reversible arrest in G0-G1 synchronized normal human fibroblasts but not in isogenic p53-deficient derivatives. Furthermore, the G1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p16 also play critical roles in limiting rereplication. Hence, p53 and pRb are required during G1 to prevent entry into a replicative cycle and appear to provide a connection between the structural integrity of the microtubules and the cell cycle machinery in interphase cells.
Stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Natal Group at Park Rynie Beach, KwaZulu-Natal Province (1997)

A composite stratigraphic sequence, constituting the upper portion of the Lower Palaeozoic Natal Group, is well exposed on the beach at Park Rynie. The total sequence is 72.29 m thick and consists mainly of medium- to very coarse-grained feldspathic sandstone with lesser amounts of mudstone and siltstone. This sequence can be subdivided into thirteen cyclothems; of which eleven are fining upward, one coarsening upward, and one holocyclothem. The eleven fining-upward cyclothems represent cyclic episodes of braided channel deposition and abandonment and suggest that the channels were frequently shifting and, therefore, creating a wide channel belt in the lower reaches of the braided river system. The holocyclothem records building up and abandonment of transverse bars which, probably, were affected also by a short-lived marine incursion. The coarsening-upward cyclothem 13, showing conspicuous large-scale tabular cross-bedding and textural rhythmic couplets, shows the development process of a river-mouth bar from its initial stage, through an active stage, into a mature stage. Based on the lithology, sedimentary structures, sand body geometry, and stacked facies architecture, ten sedimentary facies and seven facies associations are recognized. These record the existence of seven major sedimentary environments, namely, braided channel, flooding sheet-flow, migrated channel, crevasse splay, overbank or abandoned channel, transverse bar, and river-mouth bar. The nature of sedimentary facies and facies architecture strongly suggests that the stratigraphic sequence of the Natal Group at Park Rynie Beach is a transitional sequence recording a change in depositional processes from a braided river to a river-mouth bar. This new information suggests that the shoreline for the upper portion of the Natal Group was located at the Park Rynie area, rather than at Hibberdene or Port Shepstone as proposed by earlier studies. Based on the Park Rynie section, integrated with other observations, the author proposes that the reddish colour, and the triplex and duplex facies architectures could be used as identification characteristics for fluviatile sediments.
PARP Inhibitors in Ovarian Cancer: The Route to “Ithaca” (2019)

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are a novel class of therapeutic agents that target tumors with deficiencies in the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway. Genomic instability characterizes high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), with one half of all tumors displaying defects in the important DNA repair pathway of homologous recombination. Early studies have shown significant efficacy for PARP inhibitors in patients with germline breast related cancer antigens 1 and 2 (BRCA1/2) mutations. It has also become evident that BRCA wild-type patients with other defects in the homologous recombination repair pathway benefit from this treatment. Companion homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) scores are being developed to guide the selection of patients that are most likely to benefit from PARP inhibition. The choice of which PARP inhibitor is mainly based upon the number of prior therapies and the presence of a BRCA mutation or HRD. The identification of patients most likely to benefit from PARP inhibitor therapy in view of HRD and other biomarker assessments is still challenging. The aim of this review is to describe the current evidence for PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer, their mechanism of action, and the outstanding issues, including the rate of long-term toxicities and the evolution of resistance.
Medical merchants: conflict of interest, office product sales and notifiable conduct (2011)

Professional ethical codes identify the issue of conflict of interest, which can distort doctors' objective judgements concerning the best interests of patients. Legal fiduciary duties may be owed by doctors to patients in situations of potential conflict of interest. Prescribing and dispensing functions have been largely legally separated to prevent conflicts of interest arising. The advent of integrative medicine has been accompanied by an apparent growth of in-house selling of therapeutic products. Medical merchandising constitutes a prima-facie conflict of interest and may amount to notifiable conduct under the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law provisions. We believe that doctors who sell therapeutic products should adhere to strict conditions to avoid significantly departing from accepted professional standards. Doctors who have a reasonable belief that a colleague is failing to comply with these conditions could consider notifying the Medical Board of Australia.
A low cost sub-carrier multiplexed PPM for optical fibre transmission systems (1998)

Sub-carrier multiplexed (SCM) optical fibre distributed broadband services suffer from system non-linearity and are sensitive to noise, thus imposing stringent noise and linearity requirements. As a result their performance is limited. However, system performance can be improved by incorporating a second stage modulator. In this paper a SCM optical transmission system employing pulse position modulation (PPM) as a second stage modulator for transmission of video, audio and data channels is reported. System measurements and theoretical predictions obtained are in close agreement and the results show an improvement in optical receiver sensitivity compared to a conventional SCM.
LIBPMK: A Pyramid Match Toolkit (2008)

LIBPMK is a C++ implementation of Grauman and Darrell's pyramid match algorithm. This toolkit provides a flexible framework with which developers can quickly match sets of image features and run experiments. LIBPMK provides functionality for $k$-means and hierarchical clustering, dealing with data sets too large to fit in memory, building multi-resolution histograms, quickly performing pyramid matches, and training and testing support vector machines (SVMs). This report provides a tutorial on how to use the LIBPMK code, and gives the specifications of the LIBPMK API.
Status and prospects of supercritical alcohol transesterification for biodiesel production (2017)

The growth in the global fuel consumption is expected to continue unabated. At the same time, nations around the globe are trying to reduce greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the transportation sector. These factors have led researchers to look for alternative sources of fuels. Biodiesel is one such alternative fuel that can complement or displace petroleum diesel with a potentially lower carbon footprint fuel, depending upon the feedstock and the production process. Biodiesel refers to the monoalkyl esters derived from a wide range of raw materials, like vegetable oils, animal fats, and algae lipids. Conventionally, biodiesel is produced by transesterification with the help of an acid, base or enzyme catalyst. Certain drawbacks, like slow reaction times, soap formation and intense pre‐ and post‐processing, are associated with conventional transesterification, ultimately leading to increased capital and production costs. Supercritical transesterification is a relatively new technique promising to provide advantages, such as faster reaction times, catalyst‐free operation, and higher purity of final product, over the conventional transesterification method. The most common feedstocks are virgin and used edible oils from crops like soybean, rapeseed, and African palm. There is an increasing interest in algae to avoid the utilization of food resources for energy production. Using algae as a lipid source, a more sustainable biodiesel production process could be developed to achieve large‐scale production capabilities on a long‐term basis without adverse effects on the food chain. This paper presents a critical review of supercritical transesterification and its prospects for biodiesel production. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e252. doi: 10.1002/wene.252 This article is categorized under: Bioenergy > Science and Materials Bioenergy > Systems and Infrastructure Energy and Development > Science and Materials
Silica Encapsulation of Hydrophobically Ligated PbSe Nanocrystals (2006)

Spherical PbSe@SiO2 nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized within reverse micelles via metal alkoxide hydrolysis and condensation within a microemulsion system. These core-shell nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), NIR absorption spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and TEM electron diffractions. It shows that the obtained core-shell structures have a spherical shape with narrow size distribution (average size approximately 35 nm) and smooth surfaces. The size of the particles and the thickness of the shells can be controlled by manipulating the relative rates of the hydrolysis and condensation reactions of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) within the microemulsion.
Vehicle drive module having improved EMI shielding (2023)

EMI shielding in an electric vehicle drive is provided for power electronics circuits and the like via a direct-mount reference plane support and shielding structure. The thermal support may receive one or more power electronic circuits. The support may aid in removing heat from the circuits through fluid circulating through the support. The support forms a shield from both external EMI/RFI and from interference generated by operation of the power electronic circuits. Features may be provided to permit and enhance connection of the circuitry to external circuitry, such as improved terminal configurations. Modular units may be assembled that may be coupled to electronic circuitry via plug-in arrangements or through interface with a backplane or similar mounting and interconnecting structures.
Transcriptional regulation of steroid hydroxylase genes by corticotropin. (1986)

Maintenance of optimal steroidogenic capacity in the adrenal cortex is the result of a cAMP-dependent response to the peptide hormone corticotropin (ACTH). The molecular mechanism of this action of ACTH has been examined by using five recombinant DNA clones specific for enzymes of the steroidogenic pathway (P-450scc, P-45011 beta, P-450C21, P-45017 alpha, and adrenodoxin). The presence of nuclear precursors in steady-state RNA samples derived from cultured bovine adrenocortical cells and moderate increases in the number of RNA chain initiations, as determined by in vitro nuclear run-off assays, indicate that ACTH controls the expression of the gene(s) for each of these proteins at the transcriptional level. The ACTH-mediated increase in accumulation of transcripts specific for steroid hydroxylases in nuclear RNA can be specifically blocked by inhibiting protein synthesis in bovine adrenocortical cell cultures. The steady-state concentrations of nuclear RNA for control genes show no decrease upon cycloheximide treatment. These studies suggest that a primary action of ACTH in the adrenal cortex is to activate (via cAMP) the synthesis of rapidly turning over protein factors that in turn mediate increased initiation of transcription of steroid hydroxylase genes. We propose that these protein factors impart specificity of induction to genes encoding components of this pathway in steroidogenic tissues.
Clinical evaluation of patients with inflammatory connective tissue diseases complicated by cytomegalovirus antigenemia (2006)

We evaluated the occurrence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and the background characteristics in twenty-three hospitalized patients with inflammatory connective tissue diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, rheumatoid vasculitis, microscopic polyangitis, and Takayasu's arteritis. Cytomegalovirus antigenemia was demonstrated in 10 of 23 evaluable patients. Five of ten patients with CMV antigenemia developed symptomatic CMV disease (all cases of fever, two cases of liver involvement, two cases of interstitial pneumonia, and one case of unknown organ involvement), whereas the remaining five patients were asymptomatic. Most of CMV antigenemia-positive patients had been administered intravenous steroid pulse, or in combination with immunosuppressive agents intravenously or orally because of refractory disease activity. Particularly, in patients who received intravenous methylprednisolone pulse in combination with additional intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse, the incidence of CMV antigenemia was markedly higher (four out of four). Four of ten CMV antigenemia-positive patients simultaneously showed detection of Pneumocystis jiroveci in induced sputum by PCR, increase in level of serum beta-D-glucan and the finding of geographical ground-glass opacities on chest computed tomography. These findings suggested that patients with connective tissue diseases under intensive immunosuppressive therapies (intravenous steroid pulse in combination with additional intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse in particular) are highly susceptible to CMV infection and disease, and that patients complicated by CMV antigenemia are susceptible to combined opportunistic infection such as Pneumocystis pneumonia.
Reaction of indol‐3(2<i>H</i>)‐one derivatives with some active methylene compounds (1982)

Abstract The reaction of substituted ( Z )‐ and ( E )‐2‐arylmethylideneindolin‐3(2 H )‐ones with malononitrile gave the Micheal addition products which could be cyclised to the corresponding pyrano[3,2‐ b ]indole. Larger molecules such as cyanoacetic acid and ethyl cyanoacetate failed to react.
Evidence of a Partial Escape of Renin‐Angiotensin‐Aldosterone Blockade in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated with Ace Inhibitors (1993)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been designed to block the renin-angiotensin system and can represent an effective therapeutic approach in those settings where such a system is active, such as myocardial infarction. In a randomized placebo-controlled study, 10 patients with acute myocardial infarction allocated to treatment with increasing doses of zofenopril calcium and 10 patients allocated to placebo were studied in hospital, within 24 hours from symptoms, during 11 sampling periods to assess the time course of ACE inhibition and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockade. Zofenopril administration was followed by a dose-dependent inhibition of in vitro ACE activity (7.5 mg, 65%; 15 mg, 89%; 30 mg, 94.5%) and a progressive increase in plasma active renin. Conversely, plasma aldosterone decreased during the first 3 days of treatment and then returned toward baseline values, as did blood pressure, despite a persistent inhibition of ACE. The present data suggest the existence of an interesting dissociation between the time-course of ACE inhibition and that of blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in patients with acute myocardial infarction. This discrepancy could arise from the combination of an only partial in vivo ACE inhibition and the compensatory increase in plasma renin that occurs during treatment with ACE inhibitors. A better understanding of this relationship would seem to be useful in addressing the correct use of ACE inhibitors in patients with acute myocardial injury.
General pharmacological properties of the new vasodilator flosequinan. (1992)

Pharmacological effects of a new vasodilator, flosequinan (7-fluoro-1-methyl-3-(methylsulfinyl)-4(1H)-quinolone, BTS 49 465, CAS 76568-02-0) on the central nervous system, somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system and smooth muscle, digestive system and miscellaneous organs were investigated. 1. The central nervous system: Flosequinan inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing at doses of more than 30 mg/kg p.o. and decreased body temperature and tended to decrease spontaneous movement slightly in mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg p.o. However, flosequinan had little effect on hexobarbital-induced hypnosis, reserpine-induced hypothermia and motor coordination and lacked anticonvulsant and analgesic activities in mice. Flosequinan had little effect on general behavior in rats and did not have any effect on spontaneous EEG and EEG arousal response in rabbits. 2. The somatic nervous system: Flosequinan did not cause muscle relaxation in mice and had little effect on neuromuscular transmission in cats. No local anesthetic activity was exhibited through inhibition of the corneal reflex in guinea pigs. 3. The autonomic nervous system and smooth muscle: Flosequinan produced a relaxation of the isolated trachea of guinea pigs at concentrations of more than 3 x 10(-5) mol/l, but its potency was very weak in comparison with that of isoproterenol (isoprenaline). Flosequinan inhibited spontaneous motility of the isolated uterus of pregnant rats at concentrations higher than 10(-4) mol/l and the motility of the uterus of non-pregnant rats in vivo was inhibited at 30 mg/kg i.v. Flosequinan does not seem to exert any on norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine or histamine. This is supported by the fact that at concentrations of 10(-4)-3 x 10(-3) mol/l non-competitive inhibition was observed with regard of the contractions of the isolated aorta and vas deferens of rats induced by norepinephrine, the contraction of isolated rat stomach induced by serotonin, the contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum induced by acetylcholine, histamine and barium chloride and the contraction of the isolated uterus of non-pregnant rats induced by oxytocin. However, flosequinan was more potent as a relaxant of vascular than of these other smooth muscles. The drug was slightly inhibitive at a high dose of 30 mg/kg i.v. with regard of the contraction of nictitating membrane induced by stimulation of preganglionic sympathetic nerve in cats. 4. The digestive system: Flosequinan at 100 mg/kg p.o. inhibited intestinal propulsion in mice and inhibited spontaneous motility of stomach and duodenum of rats at a dose of 30 mg/kg i.v.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Self Adversarial Training for Human Pose Estimation (2017)

This paper presents a deep learning based approach to the problem of human pose estimation. We employ generative adversarial networks as our learning paradigm in which we set up two stacked hourglass networks with the same architecture, one as the generator and the other as the discriminator. The generator is used as a human pose estimator after the training is done. The discriminator distinguishes ground-truth heatmaps from generated ones, and back-propagates the adversarial loss to the generator. This process enables the generator to learn plausible human body configurations and is shown to be useful for improving the prediction accuracy.
O sequestro da Independência (2022)

The objective of this article is to review the “golden legend of the independence”, which takes the ending by the beginning: the conservative and monarchical exit as an unavoidable fact. It was not, and it is worth structuring the bases of this interpretation, very much based in the experience of the Southeast – especially Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo – and in the elaboration of Pedro Américo’s painting, called Independência ou morte which was, actually, a gift from son to father; an attempt to elevate the monarchy in a moment of crisis and which would result in its end.