gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental infection of African green monkeys and cynomolgus monkeys with a SIVAGM strain isolated from a healthy African green monkey. (1990)

An infection occurred in all African green monkeys and cynomolgus monkeys experimentally inoculated with SIVAGM [TYO-1], as demonstrated by the appearance of an antibody to SIVAGM [TYO-1] and the isolation of the virus. No monkey exhibited overt clinical disorders throughout the experimental period of 42 weeks. Thus, SIVAGM was not pathogenic to its original host or to macaques. This system is proposed as a model for HIV infection manifesting no overt disease.
Plasmon Modes of Axisymmetric Metallic Nanoparticles: A Group Theory Analysis (2009)

We report a thorough and rigorous analysis of the plasmon modes of axisymmetric metallic nanoparticles, based on group theory techniques and block diagonalization of the scattering T matrix. In particular, we discuss plasmonic excitations under plane-wave illumination of a silver nanorod and a nanodisk, and present a detailed comparative study of elongated silver nanoparticles of different shape, but with the same length and thickness. Our methodology allows for an unambiguous classification of the eigenmodes of nonspherical particles, according to the irreducible representations of the appropriate point symmetry group, and provides a consistent explanation of relevant extinction spectra elucidating aspects of the problem to a degree that goes beyond usual interpretation.
Neural Stimulation for Control of Voiding Dysfunction: A Preliminary Report in 22 Patients with Serious Neuropathic Voiding Disorders (1989)

Our experience with electrode implantation has demonstrated that the most successful combination to achieve continence and promote bladder evacuation is implantation on the ventral component of S3 or S4 and extensive dorsal rhizotomy with selective peripheral neurotomy. Of 22 patients with serious neuropathic voiding disorders treated during the last 6 years results were available for evaluation in 19 (2 were lost to followup and 1 was withdrawn from the protocol because of an infection at the receiver site). In 8 patients (42 per cent) complete success was achieved. These patients have regained reservoir function, are completely dry and void with electrical stimulation. The voiding is synchronous, with low voiding pressure and low residual urine volumes. Ten patients qualify as having partial success. They have regained reservoir function and are dry. One patient voids partially with stimulation, 5 depend on intermittent self-catheterization, 1 regained reservoir function and received an artificial sphincter, and 3 are catheter-dependent (these 3 all had been incontinent preoperatively despite continuous catheter drainage). The remaining patient entered the program long after a cerebrovascular accident and treatment has failed owing to poor selection. The stimulation parameters, once stabilized, did not need to be increased, and neither the surgical manipulation of the sacral roots nor the electrode implantation resulted in further neural loss in any patient.
Laser drilling and routing in optical fibers and tapered micropipettes using excimer, femtosecond, and CO 2 lasers (2004)

We used an excimer laser (193 nm), a femtosecond laser (775 nm) and a CO<sub>2</sub> laser (10.6 µm) to drill cylindrical holes in fused silica optical fibers and in glass micro-pipettes. CO<sub>2</sub> laser-drilling using tip processing results in tapered holes with larger diameters than the holes drilled with the excimer and the femtosecond laser. Although routing of holes of various shapes results in sharper edges and a higher aspect ratio when the femtosecond laser is used, the CO<sub>2</sub> laser could still be used to route rectangular holes in fused silica optical fibers. Albeit hole dimensions and details are smaller when micromachined with the excimer and the femtosecond lasers, the optical fibers are very brittle at the end of the process. CO<sub>2</sub> lasers offer the advantage of producing higher fused silica ablation rates with much better polished surfaces and a better mechanical integrity, which are usually more suitable in some applications.
Outliers detection and treatment: a review. (2010)

Outliers are observations or measures that are suspicious because they are much smaller or much larger than the vast majority of the observations. These observations are problematic because they may not be caused by the mental process under scrutiny or may not reflect the ability under examination. The problem is that a few outliers is sometimes enough to distort the group results (by altering the mean performance, by increasing variability, etc.). In this paper, various techniques aimed at detecting potential outliers are reviewed. These techniques are subdivided into two classes, the ones regarding univariate data and those addressing multivariate data. Within these two classes, we consider the cases where the population distribution is known to be normal, the population is not normal but known, or the population is unknown. Recommendations will be put forward in each case.
Visible light photoinitiation of mesenchymal stem cell-laden bioresponsive hydrogels (2011)

Biological activity can be added to synthetic scaffolds by incorporating functional peptide sequences that provide enzyme-mediated degradation sites, facilitate cellular adhesion or stimulate signaling pathways. Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate is a popular synthetic base for tissue engineering scaffolds because it creates a hydrophilic environment that can be chemically manipulated to add this biological functionality. Furthermore, the acrylate groups allow for encapsulation of cells using photopolymerization under physiological conditions. One complication with the addition of these peptides is that aromatic amino acids absorb light at 285 nm and compete with the ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive photoinitiators such as IrgacureTM 2959 (I2959), the most commonly used initiator for cytocompatible photoencapsulation of cells into synthetic scaffolds. In this study we define non-toxic conditions for photoencapsulation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) in PEGDA scaffolds using a visible light photoinitiator system composed of eosin Y, triethanolamine and 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone. This visible light photoinitiator produced hydrogel scaffolds with an increased viability of encapsulated hMSCs and a more tightly crosslinked network in one-third the time of UV polymerization with I2959.
Interleukin-1 loop model for pathogenesis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (2015)

We propose Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an inflammatory process that is prolonged by mutations. We hypothesize that Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) infection triggers an interleukin-1 (IL-1) activation loop that underlies the pathogenesis of LCH. Langerhans cells (LCs) are antigen presenting cells in the skin. When LCs encounter exogenous antigens, they migrate from the epidermis into draining lymphoid tissues to initiate T-cell activity. It has been proposed that LC migration-related factors, including E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase, and Notch ligand induce LCH activity. We found that the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, which binds IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1, is expressed at a significantly higher level in LCH affecting multiple organ systems (MS-LCH) than in LCH affecting a single organ system (SS-LCH). IL-1 stimulates T helper 17 cells and their signature cytokine IL-17 had been a matter of controversy. We detected higher levels of IL-17A receptor expression in MS-LCH than in SS-LCH and proposed an IL-17 endocrine model that could settle the controversy. IL-1 is the first cytokine secreted in response to sensitizers and promotes LC migration from sentinel tissues. Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), downstream of the IL-1 receptor, has functions in both RAS signaling and inflammation, leading to human cell transformation. In 2010, an activating mutation in the B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma gene (BRAF) V600E was found in LCH. This BRAF mutation induces phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) that may play an important role with MyD88 in LCH pathogenesis. However, phosphorylated ERK (pERK) is rapidly dephosphorylated by dual specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6), and limited proliferation is predicted in BRAF mutant cells. MyD88 binds pERK via its D-domain, thereby preventing pERK-DUSP6 interaction and maintaining ERK in an active, phosphorylated state. We detected MCPyV-DNA in the peripheral blood cells of two out of three patients with LCH in high-risk organs but not in those of patients with LCH in non-high-risk organs (0/12; P = .029). MCPyV infection can trigger precursor LCH cells with BRAF mutation to produce IL-1; the IL-1 loop is amplified in all LCH subclasses. Our model indicates both BRAF mutation and IL-1 loop regulation as potential therapeutic targets.
Topological defect-propelled swimming of nematic colloids (2022)

Topological defects on colloids rotating in nematic liquid crystals form far-from-equilibrium structures that perform complex swim strokes in which the defects periodically extend, depin, and contract. These defect dynamics propel the colloid, generating translation from rotation. The swimmer’s speed and direction are determined by the topological defect’s polarity and extent of elongation. Defect elongation is controlled by a rotating external magnetic field, allowing control over particle trajectories. The swimmers’ translational motion relies on broken symmetries associated with lubrication forces between the colloid and the bounding surfaces, line tensions associated with the elongated defect, and anisotropic viscosities associated with the defect elongation adjacent to the colloid. The scattering or effective pair interaction of these swimmers is highly anisotropic, with polarization-dependent dimer stability and motion that depend strongly on entanglement and sharing of their extended defect structures. This research introduces transient, far-from-equilibrium topological defects as a class of virtual functional structures that generate modalities of motion and interaction.
An Empirical Study of Function Clones in Open Source Software (2008)

The new hybrid clone detection tool NICAD combines the strengths and overcomes the limitations of both text-based and AST-based clone detection techniques to yield highly accurate identification of cloned code in software systems. In this paper, we present a first empirical study of function clones in open source software using NICAD. We examine more than 15 open source C and Java systems, including the entire Linux Kernel and Apache httpd, and analyze their use of cloned code in several different dimensions, including language, clone size, clone location and clone density by proportion of cloned functions. We manually verify all detected clones and provide a complete catalogue of different clones in an online repository in a variety of formats. These validated results can be used as a cloning reference for these systems and as a benchmark for evaluating other clone detection tools.
On the Design of Temperature Stabilized Delay Lines (1980)

Recently published design formulas for delay lines with transmission phase temperature stabilization are shown to be approximate. Their validity range is assessed. New exact formulas of broader validity are presented.
Poriomania (1979)

Three patients with complex partial seizures experienced prolonged episodes of aimless wandering followed by retrograde amnesia for the experience, a phenomenon called poriomania. Our experience and the literature suggest that this behavior is a prolonged postictal automatism and is not psychogenic. Adjustments of anticonvulsant therapy eliminated this behavior in all three of our patients.
Lysosomal Enzymes Are Released From Cultured Human Macrophages, Hydrolyze LDL In Vitro, and Are Present Extracellularly in Human Atherosclerotic Lesions (2003)

Our in vivo and in vitro results suggest that lysosomal enzymes released from macrophages may induce hydrolytic modification of LDL and foam cell formation in the human arterial intima.
Circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer: Does (nuclear) size matter? (2015)

The enumeration of circulating tumor cells has established prognostic value in patients with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer. Herein, the authors comment on a study examining the usefulness of evaluating the nuclear size of circulating tumor cells across various stages of prostate cancer.
Fuel Cells: Low Temperature (2014)

This entry provides an overview of low-temperature fuel cells, including alkaline fuel cells, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, and direct methanol fuel cells. For each of them, a brief description is given of their operational characteristics, acceptable contamination levels, major technical barriers to commercialization, technological status, economics, and major intended applications.
Multimedia consumer applications on the information superhighway (1994)

The recent frenzy of alliances among telephone companies, cable providers and hardware manufacturers is bringing the information superhighway from fantasy to reality faster than most of us expected. At Andersen Consulting, we believe that Electronic Forums and Malls-rich, sophisticated environments for home shopping and community activities-will be among the many superhighway services available through your TV set. Andersen Consulting's Center for Strategic Technology Research (CSTaR) is developing prototypes that explore how consumers will interact with the information superhighway.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sectoral phase-mode beams from circular arrays (1993)

A simple technique for generating a set of broadband circular array phase-mode patterns with directional properties is presented. The directional beams covering each angular sector, share approximately the same far-field amplitude pattern, but are characterised by different nearly-linear phase slopes. The phase slopes correspond to omnidirectional phase modes of integer orders, but directional beams with half-integer phase-mode orders may also be implemented. It is shown that these beams, which are referred to as sectoral phase modes, may be incorporated in the design of a multimodal phase-comparison direction-finder in order to reduce its susceptibility to interference.
Hippo Pathway Regulation of Gastrointestinal Tissues (2014)

The Hippo pathway plays a crucial role in regulating tissue homeostasis and organ size, and its deregulation is frequently observed in human cancer. Yap is the major effector of and is inhibited by the Hippo pathway. In mouse model studies, inducible Yap expression in multiple tissues results in organ overgrowth. In the liver, knockout of upstream Hippo pathway components or transgenic expression of Yap leads to liver enlargement and hepatocellular carcinoma. In the small intestine or colon, deletion of upstream Hippo pathway components also results in expansion of intestinal progenitor cells and eventual development of adenomas. Genetic deletion of Yap in the intestine does not change the intestinal structure, but Yap is essential for intestinal repair upon certain types of tissue injury. The function of the Hippo pathway has also been studied in other gastrointestinal tissues, including the pancreas and stomach. Here we provide a brief overview of the Hippo pathway and discuss the physiological and pathological functions of this tumor suppressor pathway in gastrointestinal tissues.
Harmful effects of UVA on the structure and barrier function of engineered human cutaneous tissues (1999)

This study provides a strong evidence that UVA radiation alters both the epidermal and dermal structures, the synthesis of epidermal lipids, and the permeability of the human skin.
Pattern Based Cache Coherency Architecture for Embedded Manycores (2016)

Modern parallel programming frameworks like OpenMP often rely on shared memory concepts to harness the processing power of parallel systems. But for embedded devices, memory coherence protocols tend to account for a sizable portion of chip's power consumption. This is why any means to lower this impact is important. Our idea for this issue is to use the fact that most of usual workloads display a regular behavior with regards to their memory accesses to prefetch the relevant memory lines in locale caches of execution cores on a manycore system. Our contributions are, on one hand the specifications of a hardware IP for prefetching memory access patterns, and on another hand, a hybrid protocol which extends the classic MESI/baseline architecture to reduce the control and coherence related traffic by at least an order of magnitude. Evaluations are done on several benchmark programs and show the potential of this approach.
Product Characteristics and Synergy Study on Supercritical Methanol Liquefaction of Lignocellulosic Biomass and Plastic (2021)

Bio-oil originating from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is a potential next-generation fuel because of its abundant, renewable, and sustainable resources compared to other types. However, these bio-oils are typically of low quality compared to petroleum-derived oils due to their low calorific value, high acidity, and oxygen content. This work intends to provide a feasible method for producing hydrocarbon-rich oils by supercritical methanol (scMeOH) coliquefaction of LCB and plastic waste. Both rice straw (RS) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) are coliquefied under 300 °C for 60 min in scMeOH at various RS/LLDPE mass ratios of 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2. Positive effects were found in terms of oil yield and fuel quality, such as higher hydrocarbons content and calorific value. The oil yield increased from 26.72 to 30.07 wt % with LLDPE addition of 67%. Around 79.15–92.24% of the oil was hydrocarbons, phenols, ketones, and diverse functional group compounds. The complex compounds led to various degrees of the synergetic effect on oil chemical compositions. Among various RS/LLDPE ratios in this work, RS/LLDPE of 1:2 was supposed to be an optimal ratio for hydrocarbon-rich fuel production because it presented the highest oil yield of 30.07 wt % and quality-high oil with 71.42% hydrocarbons. In addition, scMeOH coliquefaction of LCB and plastic waste shows a synergetic effect on the improvement of carbon and hydrogen contents in solid products. These results indicate that scMeOH coliquefaction of LCB with plastic is a feasible and promising means to improve fuel quality and also to realize the thermal recycling of plastic wastes.
Droplet ejection performance of a monolithic thermal inkjet print head (2007)

This paper presents a simulation study of the droplet ejection performance of a thermal inkjet print head. The geometry of the print head comprises a dome-shaped ink chamber, a nozzle guide and a ring-shaped heater integrated on each chamber. The design eliminates direct contact between the heater and the ink, thus minimizing heater burnout. The ink manifold, ink chamber and nozzle are aligned, thus facilitating higher nozzle density. The model simulates thermal bubble dynamics including nucleation and growth of thermal bubbles caused by a thermal pulse. The model was validated by comparing model predictions with experimental results for a previously reported print head design. Then, the model was used to simulate the droplet ejection performance of the proposed inkjet print head. Effects of print head geometry including nozzle diameter, nozzle length, chamber size, heater dimensions and location, thermal conductivity of the passivation layer, operating conditions including total thermal energy and pulse width, properties of the ink including density, viscosity and surface tension on the performance of the inkjet device are investigated. The influence of these parameters on the drop volume and velocity, threshold energy and tail length of the ejected droplets is studied.
Abnormal left ventricular mechanics in isolated bicuspid aortic valve disease may be independent of aortic distensibility: 2D strain imaging study. (2012)

BAV might affect LV systolic functions, assessed by 2D strain imaging, in a fashion independent from the valvular dynamics and aortic elasticity. This might show that BAV is not only a valvular disease, but possibly a ventricular disease as well.
Reliability of epoxy spacer for EHV-class gas insulated switchgear (2002)

We describe two different results obtained in the development of several types of spacer for GIS. Firstly, for the three-phase spacer of 362 kV GIS, we present the optimal design that was obtained by electric field analysis and mechanical stress analysis using commercial program, respectively. We also report the results of reference test in our factory after manufacturing process. Secondly, the spacer installed in 800 kV GIS that has the highest voltage of power system in Korea, was performed the accelerated deterioration test because this spacer requires high reliability during operation period of power apparatus. This test was carried out during seven months after finishing the type test. In order to confirm the electrical lifetime for epoxy spacer, an equivalent test method was applied at higher voltage than the operating voltage (800//spl radic/3=462 kV rms). After that test, we proved the reliability of the spacer through electrical insulation test equal to the type test. From these results, it can be seen that the epoxy spacer had a lifetime guarantee of more than 30 years.
SMIL makes Web applications multimodal (1998)

Over the past few years, programmers have used proprietary authoring tools and file formats (such as Macromedia's Director) to develop multimedia applications for desktop computers. They have used CD-ROM disks and, more recently, DVD disks to distribute these applications that mix text, graphics, audio, and video content. Today, the World Wide Web competes with CD-ROMs and DVDs to distribute multimedia applications. Engineers and artists prefer the Web over disk-based applications, because it lets them collaborate in building intelligent systems that can extract or present distributed multimedia information. Until recently, however, Web technology limited the quality of multimedia presentations. HTML let application designers use only a very small set of graphical user interface widgets, such as radio buttons and drop-down lists, and did not let them mix and layer multimedia on the same page. Bandwidth considerations also limited the possible quality and size of audio and video information to what would transmit without degradation. XML and SMIL have been developed to solve these problems.