gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stress induction and developmental regulation of a rice chitinase promoter in transgenic tobacco (1993)

Summary A 1.5 kb promoter fragment from the rice ( Oryza sativa L.) RCH10 gene, which encodes a basic endochitinase inducible by wounding and fungal elicitor, was translationally fused to the β‐glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and transferred to tobacco by Agrobacterium tumefaciens ‐mediated leaf disc transformation. Wounding of leaves induced GUS activity from low basal levels, and addition of fungal elicitor to the wounded tissue caused a further marked activation of the gene fusion. During vegetative development high levels of GUS activity were observed in roots and moderate levels in stems. Histochemical analysis indicated that the promoter was active in vascular and epidermal tissue, and the root apical tip. In flowers, high levels of GUS activity were observed in stigmas, ovaries and pollen‐containing anthers, but only low levels in sepals and petals. The promoter 5′‐deleted to −160 exhibited the same patterns of expression in floral organs, and was also strongly induced by wounding and elicitor, but GUS activity was markedly reduced in vegetative organs. More detailed 5′ deletions showed that a cis ‐element required for floral expression was located between −160 and −74, and a cis element sufficient for stress induction was located 3′ of −74. This proximal region 3′ of −74 was also sufficient for expression in transfected rice protoplasts derived from suspension cultured cells. These data indicate that the complex developmental and environmental regulation of RCH10 promoter activity involves several distinct cis ‐elements for vegetative expression, floral expression and stress induction, and that signal pathways for wound and elicitor induction are conserved between monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.
<title>Automated recognition of microcalcification clusters in mammograms</title> (1993)

The widespread and increasing use of mammographic screening for early breast cancer detection is placing a significant strain on clinical radiologists. Large numbers of radiographic films have to be visually interpreted in fine detail to determine the subtle hallmarks of cancer that may be present. We developed an algorithm for detecting microcalcification clusters, the most common and useful signs of early, potentially curable breast cancer. We describe this algorithm, which utilizes contour map representations of digitized mammographic films, and discuss its benefits in overcoming difficulties often encountered in algorithmic approaches to radiographic image processing. We present experimental analyses of mammographic films employing this contour-based algorithm and discuss practical issues relevant to its use in an automated film interpretation instrument.
1-W average power levels and tunability from a diode-pumped 294-μm Er:YAG oscillator (1994)

A tunable Er:YAG laser, side pumped by a quasi-cw InGaAs diode array, generates > 500 mW of power at 2.936 microm. The cavity is a 4-cm plano-concave resonator that uses total internal reflection on the pump face of the Er:YAG crystal to couple the diode emission into the resonating modes of the oscillator. Tuning is accomplished by angle tuning a 300-microm-thick YAG étalon. The tuning range is 2.933-2.939 microm. Thermal lensing limits the duty factor to 4% or 8%, depending on the Er:YAG crystal thickness (2 or 1 mm). A 2.5-cm-long resonator operates at an 11% duty factor and generates 1.3 W of average power.
Enhancing image watermarking methods by second order statistics (2002)

A pirate attack on an image aims to create an invisible modification of it. We propose a watermarking strategy which applies optimization techniques to the second order statistics of perceptually unaltered modifications of an image. The solution gives two orthogonal spaces. One of them characterizes most of the variations in the modification of the image. Our watermark is embedded in the other space that most potential pirate attacks do not touch. Thus, the embedded watermark is robust. We also show that our method is able to enhance many existing watermarking strategies. We also demonstrate the performance of our method.
Process for the combined removal of SO.sub.2 and NO.sub.x from flue gas (1988)

The present invention in one aspect relates to a process for the simultaneous removal of NO.sub.x and SO.sub.2 from a fluid stream comprising mixtures thereof and in another aspect relates to the separation, use and/or regeneration of various chemicals contaminated or spent in the process and which includes the steps of: (A) contacting the fluid stream at a temperature of between about 105.degree. and 180.degree. C. with a liquid aqueous slurry or solution comprising an effective amount of an iron chelate of an amino acid moiety having at least one --SH group; (B) separating the fluid stream from the particulates formed in step (A) comprising the chelate of the amino acid moiety and fly ash; (C) washing and separating the particulates of step (B) with an aqueous solution having a pH value of between about 5 to 8; (D) subsequently washing and separating the particulates of step (C) with a strongly acidic aqueous solution having a pH value of between about 1 to 3; (E) washing and separating the particulates of step (D) with an basic aqueous solution having a pH value of between about 9 to 12; (F) optionally adding additional amino acid moiety, iron (II) and alkali tomore » the aqueous liquid from step (D) to produce an aqueous solution or slurry similar to that in step (A) having a pH value of between about 4 to 12; and (G) recycling the aqueous slurry of step (F) to the contacting zone of step (A). Steps (D) and (E) can be carried out in the reverse sequence, however the preferred order is (D) and then (E). In another preferred embodiment the present invention provides a process for the removal of NO.sub.x, SO.sub.2 and particulates from a fluid stream which includes the steps of (A) injecting into a reaction zone an aqueous solution itself comprising (i) an amino acid moiety selected from those described above; (ii) iron (II) ion; and (iii) an alkali, wherein the aqueous solution has a pH of between about 4 and 11; followed by solids separation and washing as is described in steps (B), (C), (D) and (E) above. The overall process is useful to reduce acid rain components from combustion gas sources.« less
Divided-pulse lasers (2014)

We demonstrate the use of coherent division and recombination of the pulse within an ultrafast laser cavity to manage the nonlinear phase accumulation and scale the output pulse energy. We implement the divided-pulse technique in an ytterbium-doped fiber laser and achieve 16 times scaling of the pulse energy, to generate 6 nJ and 1.4 ps solitons in single-mode fiber. Potential extensions of this concept are discussed.
Process for the conversion of carbonaceous materials. [12 claims] (1976)

A process is provided for the conversion (including upgrading) of solid carbonaceous materials, in particular for the hydrogenation of coal slurries. The process comprises passing a slurry composed of solid carbonaceous material and solvent, together with hydrogen, through the void spaces of a fixed catalyst bed wherein the total void volume is within defined critical limits. 12 claims, 7 drawing figures.
Continuously Converging Multistage Focusing Lenses to Concentrate Aerosols at High Reynolds Numbers (2011)

All known multi-stage aerodynamic lenses able to focus sharply a wide range of particle sizes include decelerating regions where the flow becomes turbulent at Reynolds numbers Re typically of 100 or less.Here, we propose a design for a focusing concentrator operating laminarly at Re of many thousands.The particles are accelerated by the gas through a continuously converging ladder of smooth contractions, each designed such that: (1) the flow remains laminar at substantial Re; (2) a certain band of particle sizes is focused in each contraction, without substantial defocusing of larger particle focused in 1 or several preceding contractions; (3) the form, length, and ratio of entry to exit diameter of each contraction, as well as the number of consecutive contractions are chosen such that all particles within a given relatively wide range of sizes are focused at the end of the ladder of contractions into a relatively narrow focal region.The focusing virtual impactor formed by coupling this device to a perforated surface could provide a powerful particle concentrator.
Exploiting Circuit Duality to Speed up SAT (2015)

In this paper, we establish a non-trivial duality between tautology and contradiction check to speed up circuit SAT. Tautology check determines if a logic circuit is true in every possible interpretation. Analogously, contradiction check determines if a logic circuit is false in every possible interpretation. A trivial transformation of a (tautology, contradiction) check problem into a (contradiction, tautology) check problem is the inversion of all outputs in a logic circuit. In this work, we show that exact logic inversion is not necessary. We give operator switching rules that selectively exchange tautologies with contradictions, and vice versa. Our approach collapses into logic inversion just for tautology and contradiction extreme points but generates non-complementary logic circuits in the other cases. This property enables computing benefits when an alternative, but equisolvable, instance of a problem is easier to solve than the original one. As a case study, we investigate the impact on SAT. There, our methodology generates a dual SAT instance solvable in parallel with the original one. This concept can be used on top of any other SAT approach and does not impose much overhead, except having to run two solvers instead of one, which is typically not a problem because multi-cores are wide-spread and computing resources are inexpensive. Experimental results show a 25% speed-up of SAT in a concurrent execution scenario. Also, statistical experiments confirmed that our runtime reduction is not of the random variation type.
Commercial Dinitrotoluene Production Process (1996)

Since 1988, Olin has been developing a commercial dinitrotoluene (DNT) production process that does not use mixed acids for nitration. This new process avoids use of sulfuric acid by using high strength nitric acid to synthesize DNT, a precursor of toluene diisocyanate. The advantages of the new process include reduced raw material consumption and significantly lower capital investment for waste treatment facilities. These advantages are derived from careful control of the reaction conditions. Unwanted byproducts are minimized in the reactor and do not have to be removed in subsequent processing.
Design of a variable compliant humanoid foot with a new toe mechanism (2016)

The general approach to humanoid feet design considers the use of rectangular plate sole structures that are relatively stiff and compatible for flat terrain locomotion. Although this can be adequate the inability of these stiff feet to cope with small terrain irregularities, it makes them inappropriate for rough terrains. Toward improvement of humanoids feet this paper presents mechanism of new variable compliant humanoid feet which can provide functionality and adaptability to humanoids locomotion on uneven terrains. The proposed feet design introduces new toe mechanism in the feet with variable stiffness implemented using a leaf spring and rubber balls in series. We present the mechanism design and the implementation of the sensor, and discuss the estimation of variable stiffness range and coefficient of damping at sole. A prototype of the feet was built and experimental results are included to validate the feet design.
Self-assembled nanoparticles from thiol functionalized liquid crystalline brush block copolymers for dual encapsulation of doxorubicin and gold nanoparticles (2014)

A facile approach to synthesize new thiol functionalized liquid crystalline brush block copolymers for dual encapsulation of an anticancer drug and inorganic nanoparticles.
RT PC distributed services overview (1987)

RT PC Distributed Services provides distributed operating system capabilities for the AIX 1 operating system. These include distributed files with local/remote transparency, a form of "single system image" and distributed interprocess communication. Applications, including data management/data base applications, can typically be used in the distributed environment without modification to existing object code. Distributed Services is architected for strong compatibility with AIX, the UNIX 2 operating system, IBM architectures such as SNA and some of the architectures of Sun Microsystems' 3 NFS. The Distributed Services implementation includes caching mechanisms and other algorithms designed for high performance without sacrificing strict functional transparency. This paper describes the key characteristics and decisions in the design of Distributed Services.
Torque ripple minimization of a five-phase permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor under open phase faults (2017)

This paper aims to present an analysis of the torque ripple minimization technique for a five-phase permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMa-SynRM) at different types of open phase faults. Minimizing the torque ripple has been the best practice to reduce the motor vibration. Especially, in a five-phase PMa-SynRM the vibration becomes substantially high at the time of open phase faults. This paper investigates three different open phase faults that occur in a five-phase PMa-SynRM. Due to these faults, the presence of the harmonic contents in the phase currents are calculated which eventually produces ripple in the d-q axis current signature. In this paper, a method of harmonic cancellation is proposed which improves the torque ripple and reduces the motor vibration. Extensive theoretical analysis has been carried out through finite element analysis (FEA) to present different fault scenarios. The experimental tests are conducted for the five-phase machine by utilizing 3.7 kW dynamo which has been controlled with TI DSP (F28335) and five-phase inverter system.
High power VCSEL devices for atomic clock applications (2015)

We are developing VCSEL technology producing >100mW in single frequency at wavelengths 780nm, 795nm and 850nm. Small aperture VCSELs with few mW output have found major applications in atomic clock experiments. Using an external cavity three-mirror configuration we have been able to operate larger aperture VCSELs and obtain >70mW power in single frequency operation. The VCSEL has been mounted in a fiber pigtailed package with the external mirror mounted on a shear piezo. The package incorporates a miniature Rb cell locker to lock the VCSEL wavelength. This VCSEL operates in single frequency and is tuned by a combination of piezo actuator, temperature and current. Mode-hop free tuning over >30GHz frequency span is obtained. The VCSEL has been locked to the Rb D2 line and feedback control used to obtain line-widths of <100kHz.
Cross-metathesis approach to produce precursors of nylon 12 and nylon 13 from microalgae (2014)

A new route for the synthesis of nylon 12 and 13 precursors from methyl oleate, the main component of algal and vegetable lipids, is described. The method features use of cross-metathesis that enables synthesis of nylon precursors in fewer steps.
Potential histamine H2-receptor antagonists. 4. Benzylhistamines (1982)

As part of our studies aimed at designing histamine H2-receptor antagonists, the effect on histaminergic activity of introducing benzyl substituents at various positions in the histamine molecule is described. New synthetic methods are reported for the novel 4-benzyl-, beta-benzyl- and 4,N tau-dibenylhistamines and the reported 2-benzylhistamine. The novel N tau-benzylhistamine was synthesized by the versatile route reported by us for the synthesis of N tau-methylhistamine. These benzylhistamines, together with the reported N alpha- and N pi-benzylhistamines, were tested for agonist and antagonist activity at both H1 and H2 receptors. The results obtained indicate that introduction of a benzyl group into the histamine molecule causes a marked reduction in H1- or H2-agonist activity, and none of the compounds showed consistent antagonist activity. Evidently, the sterically demanding benzyl substituent is not easily accommodated in the agonist binding mode and is unable to locate a lipophilic receptor region for potential hydrophobic binding.
Can arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi be used to control the undesirable grass <i>Poa annua</i> on golf courses? (1999)

Summary 1. Poa annua (annual meadow‐grass or annual bluegrass) is the most problematic weed of temperate zone golf putting greens. In the UK there are no chemicals approved for its control, although several herbicides and plant growth regulators are available in the USA. Reducing P. annua levels in fine turf would greatly reduce the heavy reliance on pesticides and water that currently exists. 2. This paper reports on an observational and a manipulative study in golf putting greens, aimed at determining whether arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have any potential for the reduction of this weed in fine turf. 3. All 18 greens on three golf courses were sampled, and in two courses a negative relation between AM fungi and P. annua abundance was found, upholding previous results. In greens where AM fungi were relatively common (as measured by root colonization), P. annua was rare, and vice versa. Furthermore, when the fungi were common, abundance of the desirable turfgrass Agrostis stolonifera was greater. 4. Two explanations are suggested for these relations, a competitive one, in which AM fungi alter the balance of competition between the two grasses, and an antagonistic one, in which the fungi may directly reduce the growth of P. annua . 5. In a manipulative experiment, where mycorrhizal inoculum was added to a golf green, the colonization level of A. stolonifera roots was enhanced, as was the abundance of this grass. Furthermore, there was a suggestion that adding inoculum could decrease the abundance of P. annua. 6. AM fungi have the potential to be a much more environmentally sound method of P. annua control in sports turf than the currently used chemicals.
Phase Coherent Frequency Hopping in Direct Digital Synthesizers and Phase Locked Loops (2020)

Phase coherent, frequency hopping direct digital synthesizer (DDS) and Type-II phase locked loop (PLL) circuits are presented in this paper. The proposed approach eliminates the memory effects of prior frequency states in the phase (DDS) and fractional (PLL) accumulators by employing a master accumulator with a fixed increment and multiplying its output to generate the appropriate phase and fractional outputs. This approach allows for an arbitrary sequence of frequency hops, since it is not based on multiple simultaneous accumulators to store phase. We present phase coherent topologies for standard and parallelized DDS circuits, a fractional-N PLL and a multistage sigma-delta modulator (MASH)-111 fractional-N PLL, along with mathematical analysis showing phase coherency. We also present measured results of parallelized DDS and MASH-111 fractional-N PLL hardware.
Surface plasmon dispersion engineering via double-metallic Au/Ag layers for III-nitride based light-emitting diodes (2011)

Double-metallic Au/Ag layers deposited on top of InGaN/GaN quantum wells (QWs) are used to tune the Purcell peak enhancement of the radiative recombination rate for nitride light-emitting diodes. By modifying the Au/Ag thicknesses, the Purcell factor can be widely tuned between the surface plasmon frequencies of Au/GaN and Ag/GaN. Photoluminescence studies demonstrated the concept of the Purcell factor tuning by using the double-metallic Au/Ag layers.
Spectroscopy of composite solid-state spin environments for improved metrology with spin ensembles (2011)

For precision coherent measurements with ensembles of quantum spins the relevant Figure-of-Merit (FOM) is the product of polarized spin density and coherence lifetime, which is generally limited by the dynamics of the spin environment. Here, we apply a coherent spectroscopic technique to characterize the dynamics of the composite solid-state spin environment of Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers in room temperature diamond. For samples of very different NV densities and impurity spin concentrations, we show that NV FOM values can be almost an order of magnitude larger than previously achieved in other room-temperature solid-state spin systems, and within an order of magnitude of the state-of-the-art atomic system. We also identify a new mechanism for suppression of electronic spin bath dynamics in the presence of a nuclear spin bath of sufficient concentration. This suppression could inform efforts to further increase the FOM for solid-state spin ensemble metrology and collective quantum information processing.
Adsorption of a synthetic TLR7/8 ligand to aluminum oxyhydroxide for enhanced vaccine adjuvant activity: A formulation approach (2016)

For nearly a century, aluminum salts have been the most widely used vaccine adjuvant formulation, and have thus established a history of safety and efficacy. Nevertheless, for extremely challenging disease targets such as tuberculosis or HIV, the adjuvant activity of aluminum salts may not be potent enough to achieve protective efficacy. Adsorption of TLR ligands to aluminum salts facilitates enhanced adjuvant activity, such as in the human papilloma virus vaccine Cervarix®. However, some TLR ligands such as TLR7/8 agonist imidazoquinolines do not efficiently adsorb to aluminum salts. The present report describes a formulation approach to solving this challenge by developing a lipid-based nanosuspension of a synthetic TLR7/8 ligand (3M-052) that facilitates adsorption to aluminum oxyhydroxide via the structural properties of the helper lipid employed. In immunized mice, the aluminum oxyhydroxide-adsorbed formulation of 3M-052 enhanced antibody and TH1-type cellular immune responses to vaccine antigens for tuberculosis and HIV.