gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Benchmark for Betweenness Centrality Approximation Algorithms on Large Graphs (2017)

Betweenness centrality quantifies the importance of graph nodes in a variety of applications including social, biological and communication networks. Its computation is very costly for large graphs; therefore, many approximate methods have been proposed. Given the lack of a golden standard, the accuracy of most approximate methods is evaluated on tiny graphs and is not guaranteed to be representative of realistic datasets that are orders of magnitude larger. In this paper, we develop BeBeCA, a benchmark for betweenness centrality approximation methods on large graphs. Specifically: (i) We generate a golden standard by deploying a parallel implementation of Brandes algorithm using 96,000 CPU cores on a supercomputer to compute exact betweenness centrality values for several large graphs with up to 126M edges. (ii) We propose an evaluation methodology to assess various aspects of approximation accuracy, such as average error and quality of node ranking. (iii) We survey a large number of existing approximation methods and compare their performance and accuracy using our benchmark. (iv) We publicly share our benchmark, which includes the golden standard exact betweenness centrality values together with the scripts that implement our evaluation methodology; for researchers to compare their own algorithms and practitioners to select the appropriate algorithm for their application and data.
Performance analysis of mixed asynchronous synchronous systems (2002)

The paper is concerned with the timing analysis of a class of digital systems called mixed asynchronous-synchronous systems. In such a system, each computation module is either synchronous (i.e. clocked) or asynchronous (i.e. selftimed). The communication between modules is assumed to be selftimed for all modules. We introduce a graph model called MASS for describing the timing behaviour of such architectures. The graph contains two kinds of nodes, synchronous and asynchronous nodes. The operation model of a MASS is similar to that of a timed marked graph, however, additional schedule constraints are imposed on synchronous nodes: A synchronous node can only fire at ticks of its local module clock. We analyze the behaviour of MASS, in particular period, periodicity and maximal throughput rate.
Exploiting Dynamic Quantum Circuits in a Quantum Algorithm with Superconducting Qubits (2021)

To date, quantum computation on real, physical devices has largely been limited to simple, time-ordered sequences of unitary operations followed by a final projective measurement. As hardware platforms for quantum computing continue to mature in size and capability, it is imperative to enable quantum circuits beyond their conventional construction. Here we break into the realm of dynamic quantum circuits on a superconducting-based quantum system. Dynamic quantum circuits not only involve the evolution of the quantum state throughout the computation but also periodic measurements of qubits midcircuit and concurrent processing of the resulting classical information on timescales shorter than the execution times of the circuits. Using noisy quantum hardware, we explore one of the most fundamental quantum algorithms, quantum phase estimation, in its adaptive version, which exploits dynamic circuits, and compare the results to a nonadaptive implementation of the same algorithm. We demonstrate that the version of real-time quantum computing with dynamic circuits can yield results comparable to an approach involving classical asynchronous postprocessing, thus opening the door to a new realm of available algorithms on real quantum systems.
Assessment of trabecular architecture by magnetic resonance imaging (1994)

The mechanical competence of cancellous bone has traditionally been assessed by means of bone densitometry in vivo, or destructive morphometry in vitro. However, bone density is known to be inadequate in predicting strength, and traditional trabecular morphometry is laborious and inaccurate. This dissertation addresses the applications of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging as an investigational tool to the study of trabecular architecture. Clinical assessment of trabecular structure is achieved by an indirect measurement of the incremental NMR line broadening (R2$\\sp\\prime$) which is determined by the distinct magnetic susceptibility of bony trabeculae and the surrounding marrow. Previous theoretical analysis indicates that there is a possible relationship between R2$\\sp\\prime$ and the internal trabecular structure. The in vitro experimental results from this study confirm the above hypothesis and demonstrate that R2$\\sp\\prime$ in cancellous bone strongly correlates with the Young's modulus of elasticity (r$\\sp2$ = 0.84, P $<$ 0.0001). The trabecular structure providing the link between R2$\\sp\\prime$ and the mechanical competence has been accurately assessed by means of NMR microscopy along with digital image analysis techniques, which offers unique nondestructive, multiplanar advantages over current morphometric methods. The development of rapid three-dimensional NMR microscopy further demonstrates the potential of the proposed methodology in its applications to cancellous bone research. In summary, this work elucidates the relationship between NMR line broadening, trabecular structure, and cancellous bone strength, and identifies possible future applications of NMR microscopy to the study of cancellous bone remodeling.
Low-bit Quantization Needs Good Distribution (2020)

Low-bit quantization is challenging to maintain high performance with limited model capacity (e.g., 4-bit for both weights and activations). Naturally, the distribution of both weights and activations in deep neural network are Gaussian-like. Nevertheless, due to the limited bitwidth of low-bit model, uniform-like distributed weights and activations have been proved to be more friendly to quantization while preserving accuracy. Motivated by this, we propose Scale-Clip, a Distribution Reshaping technique that can reshape weights or activations into a uniform-like distribution in a dynamic manner. Furthermore, to increase the model capability for a low-bit model, a novel Group- based Quantization algorithm is proposed to split the filters into several groups. Different groups can learn different quantization parameters, which can be elegantly merged into batch normalization layer without extra computational cost in the inference stage. Finally, we integrate Scale-Clip technique with Group-based Quantization algorithm and propose the Group-based Distribution Reshaping Quantization (GDRQ) framework to further improve the quantization performance. Experiments on various networks (e.g. VGGNet and ResNet) and vision tasks (e.g. classification, detection, and segmentation) demonstrate that our framework achieves much better performance than state-of-the- art quantization methods. Specifically, the ResNet-50 model with 2-bit weights and 4-bit activations obtained by our framework achieves less than 1% accuracy drop on ImageNet classification task, which is a new state-of-the-art to our best knowledge.
Prioritized DCT for compression and progressive transmission of images (1992)

An approach is based on the block discrete cosine transform (DCT). The novelty of this approach is that the transform coefficients of all image blocks are coded and transmitted in absolute magnitude order. The resulting ordered-by-magnitude transmission is accomplished without sacrificing coding efficiency by using partition priority coding. Coding and transmission are adaptive to the characteristics of each individual image. and therefore, very efficient. Another advantage of this approach is its high progression effectiveness. Since the largest transform coefficients that capture the most important characteristics of images are coded and transmitted first, this method is well suited for progressive image transmission. Further compression of the image-data is achieved by multiple distribution entropy coding, a technique based on arithmetic coding. Experiments show that the approach compares favorably with previously reported DCT and subband image codecs.
Obtaining performance and programmability using reconfigurable hardware for media processing (2002)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2002.
Synthesis of Copper Sulfides of Varying Morphologies and Stoichiometries Controlled by Chelating and Nonchelating Solvents in a Solvothermal Process (2005)

Different morphological patterns of copper sulfide crystals, e.g., flowers, distorted rods (rice, grainlike morphology), and spaghetti-like and spherical microparticles have been successfully synthesized using different organic solvents, namely, ethylenediamine, ethyleneglycol, and ethanol, by a solvothermal process. From the experimental results, it has been revealed that the solvents played an important role to control the morphology and composition of copper sulfide crystals.
Testing an "in-out" targeting procedure for making subtle genomic modifications in mouse embryonic stem cells. (2020)

We have introduced a 4-bp insertion into the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene of a mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell line by using an "in-out" targeting procedure. During the in step, a homologous integration reaction, we targeted a correcting plasmid to a partially deleted hprt- locus by using an integrating vector that carried a 4-bp insertion in the region of DNA homologous to the target locus. HPRT+ recombinants were isolated by direct selection in hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT) medium. The HATr cell lines were then grown in medium containing 6-thioguanine (6-TG) to select for hprt- revertants resulting from the excision of the integrated vector sequences. The revertants were examined by Southern blot hybridization to determine the accuracy of this out reaction and the frequency of retaining the 4-bp modification in the genome. Of the 6-TGr colonies examined, 88% had accurately excised the integrated vector sequences; 19 of 20 accurate revertants retained the 4-bp insertion in the resulting hprt- gene. We suggest a scheme for making the in-out targeting procedure generally useful to modify the mammalian genome.
Prognostic factors in patients with pancreatic cancer (2011)

The identification of prognostic factors for pancreatic cancer patients could provide insightful information for their management in the clinic. A total of 302 pancreatic cancer patients were enrolled in this study. The clinicopathological characteristics, treatment selection and laboratory test data were retrospectively retrieved from the medical records and follow-up data were obtained via telephone interview. Cox survival analysis was used to assess the potential prognostic factors, and survival curves were obtained by Kaplan-Meier analyses. The mortality rate of the patients was 83.4% (252/302) and the median survival of these patients was 6.1 months, with 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rates of 30.1 (91/302), 10.6 (32/302) and 2.6% (8/302), respectively. The most influential factors for the survival of these patients were the site of primary cancer, tumor stage, treatment selection, serum levels of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase and hemoglobin, and white blood cell counts (P<0.05). The median survival of patients who did not receive any treatment or just received supportive treatment was 1.3 months, while the median overall survival of patients who underwent surgery, chemotherapy, biliary drainage therapy, arterial interventional chemotherapy and comprehensive treatment was 11.0, 7.3, 3.5, 9.0 and 11.0 months, respectively (P<0.05). Furthermore, single-drug chemotherapy was not statistically associated with patient survival in those who received the multi-drug regimen (P>0.05). However, the mortality risk of patients who received platinum chemotherapy was decreased [hazard ratio (HR)=0.56, 95% CI 0.35-0.88, P=0.011] compared to the patients who did not receive this treatment (P<0.05). Tumor stage, treatment selection, serum albumin levels, urea nitrogen, CA19-9, white blood cell and platelet counts were independent prognostic factors for the prediction of survival in pancreatic cancer. Future studies are required in order to verify these data. Chemotherapy with platinum regimens could improve overall survival in patients with pancreatic cancer.
Isolation Implant Studies in GaAs (1990)

The use of implant damage to provide electrical isolation between devices on substrates was studied. Singly ionized oxygen and singly and doubly ionized boron ions were implanted into bulk doped substrates at various doses and energies. Carrier concentration profiles of the damage region were used to determine the characteristics of the ion damage profiles (i.e., damage peak and carrier removal per incident ion). These measurements were performed on as‐implanted wafers and on samples subjected to temperature cycling that simulates routine wafer processing. The results indicate that both boron and oxygen remove nearly 100 carriers per incident ion and that the damage produced by oxygen ions is more temperature stable. Isolation implants were subsequently performed into wafers whose active layers were formed by implantation and annealing. Leakage current was measured as a function of isolation implant dose. Results indicate that for blanket implanted active layers a minimum in leakage current exists for isolation doses approximately equal to one‐tenth of the active layer implant dose. Increasing the isolation dose leads to large increases in leakage current. A simple method for tailoring the isolation implant profile to the active layer profile is presented.
Fourier Transform Microwave Spectroscopy: Handedness Caught by Rotational Coherence (2013)

Optical activity can be positive or negative depending on whether the electric and magnetic dipole transition moments point into the same or opposite halves of a sphere centered on the molecule. A new technique takes a different route: Radiation emitted by molecules of opposite chirality associated with a loop of three dipole-allowed transitions between rotational states is exactly out of phase, thus providing a direct signal of molecular chirality.
Fernão de Magalhães / Fernando de Magallanes: un estado de la cuestión (2019)

The Portuguese figure of the Ferno de Magalhes/Fernando de Magallanes marked an important turn in the Iberian history, since he carried out the first circumnavigation of the Earth, until he diedin Mactan. However, its historical figure has been altered with the passing of the centuries and the incidence of political or cultural contexts. Therefore, this paper offers an extensive historiographic study that highlights the relevance of the character in the construction of the Modern Age to the present, as well as an interpretation of the character and his own journey.
Bivalent Ligands That Target μ Opioid (MOP) and Cannabinoid1 (CB<sub>1</sub>) Receptors Are Potent Analgesics Devoid of Tolerance (2013)

Given that μ opioid (MOP) and canabinoid (CB1) receptors are colocalized in various regions of the central nervous system and have been reported to associate as heteromer (MOP-CB1) in cultured cells, the possibility of functional, endogenous MOP-CB1 in nociception and other pharmacologic effects has been raised. As a first step in investigating this possibility, we have synthesized a series of bivalent ligands 1-5 that contain both μ agonist and CB1 antagonist pharmacophores for use as tools to study the functional interaction between MOP and CB1 receptors in vivo. Immunofluorescent studies on HEK293 cells coexpressing both receptors suggested 5 (20-atom spacer) to be the only member of the series that bridges the protomers of the heteromer. Antinociceptive testing in mice revealed 5 to be the most potent member of the series. As neither a mixture of monovalent ligands 9 + 10 nor bivalents 2-5 produced tolerance in mice, MOR-CB1 apparently is not an important target for reducing tolerance.
Artificial Intelligence for Vehicle-to-Everything: A Survey (2019)

Recently, the advancement in communications, intelligent transportation systems, and computational systems has opened up new opportunities for intelligent traffic safety, comfort, and efficiency solutions. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely used to optimize traditional data-driven approaches in different areas of the scientific research. Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) system together with AI can acquire the information from diverse sources, can expand the driver's perception, and can predict to avoid potential accidents, thus enhancing the comfort, safety, and efficiency of the driving. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the research works that have utilized AI to address various research challenges in V2X systems. We have summarized the contribution of these research works and categorized them according to the application domains. Finally, we present open problems and research challenges that need to be addressed for realizing the full potential of AI to advance V2X systems.
Integrated CMOS wireless power transfer for neural implants (2011)

Wireless power transfer is commonly realized by means of near-field inductive coupling and is critical to many existing and emerging applications in biomedical engineering. We present simulation results that support the possibility of an integrated receiver coil on a CMOS substrate useful for neural implants. It is shown that by following simple guidelines such structures can deliver power in the 10-20 miliwatt range while the transmitter with 100mW transmit power and the receiver are separated by 10mm of biological tissue. The results indicate that the optimum coil geometries only require a few turns and the optimum frequency for an on-chip power receiver is approximately 100MHz. We conclude by way of a case study that uses an integrated CMOS receiver buried under 10mm of skin, fat, skull and dura that achieves 18% power transfer efficiency.
BiQuad-filter for active damping of low frequency oscillations in two-inertia drive systems (2003)

Usually the coupling between an electrical drive and Its mechanical load is designed with a high stiffness to avoid any eigenfrequency which could be excited by the drive itself or other influences. In some applications, however, a rather long coupling shaft cannot be avoided; consequently resonance problems most be expected due to the more or less elastic coupling between the drive and the load. A well-known method to overcome this problem is the application of mechanical damping elements. This paper presents the design and application of a so-called BiQuad filter which is implemented to suppress low frequency resonance oscillations by in active method instead of mechanical damping equipment The filter is placed either In the feedforward branch or in the feedback of the drive control loop. Practical results obtained by both versions of BiQuad filter application are presented and discussed with special respect to the influence of a current limitation, which is integrated in most commercial drive systems.
Face Recognition by Elastic Bunch Graph Matching*† (2022)

Classification systems differ vastly in terms of the nature and origin of their knowledge about image variations. Systems in Artificial Intelligence and Computer Vision often stress specific designer-provided structures, for instance explicit models of three-dimensional objects or of the image-generation process, whereas Neural Network models tend to stress absorption of structure from examples with the help of statistical estimation techniques. Gabor wavelets are biologically motivated convolution kernels in the shape of plane waves restricted by a Gaussian envelope function. Some face recognition systems are based on user-defined face-specific features. Yuille, for example, represented eyes by a circle within an almond-shape and defined an energy function to optimize a total of 9 model parameters for matching it to an image. The manual definition of appropriate grid structures and the semiautonomous process of bunch graph acquisition will have to be replaced by a fully autonomous process.
Broad Context Language Modeling as Reading Comprehension (2016)

Progress in text understanding has been driven by large datasets that test particular capabilities, like recent datasets for reading comprehension (Hermann et al., 2015). We focus here on the LAMBADA dataset (Paperno et al., 2016), a word prediction task requiring broader context than the immediate sentence. We view LAMBADA as a reading comprehension problem and apply comprehension models based on neural networks. Though these models are constrained to choose a word from the context, they improve the state of the art on LAMBADA from 7.3% to 49%. We analyze 100 instances, finding that neural network readers perform well in cases that involve selecting a name from the context based on dialogue or discourse cues but struggle when coreference resolution or external knowledge is needed.
Endobiogeny: A Global Approach to Systems Biology (Part 1 of 2) (2013)

Endobiogeny is a global systems approach to human biology that may offer an advancement in clinical medicine based in scientific principles of rigor and experimentation and the humanistic principles of individualization of care and alleviation of suffering with minimization of harm. Endobiogeny is neither a movement away from modern science nor an uncritical embracing of pre-rational methods of inquiry but a synthesis of quantitative and qualitative relationships reflected in a systems-approach to life and based on new mathematical paradigms of pattern recognition.
Fast active inrush current limiter for boost-based resistor emulators (2002)

A simple active circuit limiting the input current of boost switching cells during the turn-on and also in the case of short input-voltage interruptions is described. The limiter is connected in series with the boost storage capacitor. Different aspects of this approach are discussed and the performance that can be realized is compared to the presently known solutions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Conjugate Eye Deviation on CT Associated With Worse Outcomes Despite IV Thrombolysis (2016)

The CT-CED is associated with higher initial NIHSS, large vessel occlusion, and AF. Prospective studies are needed to ascertain whether CT-CED may be utilized part of a screen for endovascular therapy.
Types of dispersion in agitated liquid‐liquid systems (1991)

Abstract This paper describes phase inversion phenomena in stirred vessels. In particular, the effects of mechanical operating‐parameters on dispersion types were investigated. It was found that when the impeller stirring speed was lower than 400 rpm, the aqueous phase became continuous, while when it was higher than 1050 rpm, the phase which had the higher viscosity became dispersed. Surface active agents have strong effects on phase inversion phenomena.
Polymorphisms in the Gene Regions of the Adaptor Complex LAMTOR2/LAMTOR3 and Their Association with Breast Cancer Risk (2013)

The identified polymorphisms in LAMTOR2 and LAMTOR3 do not seem to play a relevant role in breast cancer. Our work does not exclude a role of other not yet identified SNPs or that the here annotated polymorphism may in fact play a relevant role in other diseases. Our results underscore the importance of replication in association studies.