gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Engineering cancer microenvironments for in vitro 3-D tumor models (2015)

The natural microenvironment of tumors is composed of extracellular matrix (ECM), blood vasculature, and supporting stromal cells. The physical characteristics of ECM as well as the cellular components play a vital role in controlling cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and differentiation. To mimic the tumor microenvironment outside the human body for drug testing, two-dimensional (2-D) and murine tumor models are routinely used. Although these conventional approaches are employed in preclinical studies, they still present challenges. For example, murine tumor models are expensive and difficult to adopt for routine drug screening. On the other hand, 2-D <i>in vitro</i> models are simple to perform, but they do not recapitulate natural tumor microenvironment, because they do not capture important three-dimensional (3-D) cell-cell, cell-matrix signaling pathways, and multi-cellular heterogeneous components of the tumor microenvironment such as stromal and immune cells. The three-dimensional (3-D) <i>in vitro</i> tumor models aim to closely mimic cancer microenvironments and have emerged as an alternative to routinely used methods for drug screening. Herein, we review recent advances in 3-D tumor model generation and highlight directions for future applications in drug testing.
Activation of human B and T lymphocytes by protein A of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (1978)

Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus, in soluble form or coupled to Sepharose beads, acts as a polyclonal B cell activator (PBA) for human lymphocytes in blood and spleen. PBA activity was demonstrated in spleen cells by the ability of protein A to induce the formation of intracellular immunoglobulin synthesis and to activate polyclonal antibody secretion demonstrated against fluorescein isothiocyanate-coupled sheep erythrocytes in a modified hemolysis in gel assay. More plaqueforming cells (PFC) were seen in unseparated cells than in purified B cells. In blood lymphocytes, only few PFC were activated by soluble protein A. Protein A increased DNA synthesis in blood and spleen cells. At a concentration of 100 microgram/ml the peak response was on day 4 or 5, but at 1 microgram/ml the peak response occurred later. On day 4 of culture, high mitogenic activity was seen in unseparated lymphocytes or mixtures of separated B and T cells, whereas in enriched B and T cell suspensions activity was low. On day 7, however, DNA synthesis in both the enriched B and T cells was higher than in mixtures of B and T cells. Protein A stimulated DNA synthesis in thymus cells with a peak response on day 6. It is concluded that protein A alone or as an IgG complex can activate both B and T cells, though the mechanism of activation is not known and may be different for B and T cells.
Novel Integrating Adenoviral/Retroviral Hybrid Vector for Gene Therapy (2002)

A hybrid adenoviral vector system was designed to incorporate an excisable retroviral cassette that can be stably integrated into the host cell genome. The vector contains the terminal sequences of two Moloney murine leukemia virus retroviral long terminal repeats (LTRs), fused to form a junction fragment, and is flanked by two loxP recognition sequences. Cre recombinase-directed excision liberates a circular, double-stranded DNA molecule containing the LTR junction fragment. Despite the natural intermediate for retroviral integrase being a linear DNA molecule, we show that, in the presence of Cre and retroviral Gag and Pol, the excised circle can be integrated into the target cell genome through both specific integrase (Int)-directed mechanisms and by a random integration process. The loxP cassette, carrying in addition a selectable marker gene, was incorporated into the E1-deleted region of an adenoviral vector. Infection of cells expressing Cre, Gag, and Pol generated clones that survived long term in drug selection (>3 months). Int-mediated integration was demonstrated in seven of nine clones by sequencing of the integration sites. In addition, the introduction of the loxP cassette into 293 cells coexpressing Cre and Int alone in the absence of other Gag and Pol proteins was sufficient to catalyze the integration mechanism. These experiments demonstrate that it is possible to generate high-titer adenovirus-mediated delivery of a C-type retroviral provirus that can subsequently undergo retroviral Int-mediated integration into dividing and nondividing cells.
Pharmacogenetics of complement factor H (Y402H) and treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration with ranibizumab (2008)

In this study cohort, the response to treatment of AMD with ranibizumab differed according to CFH genotype, suggesting that determining patients' CFH genotype may be helpful in the future in tailoring treatment for exudative AMD with intravitreal ranibizumab.
A New Method to Hydrogenate Nitrile Rubber in the Latex Form (1995)

Abstract A water soluble analog of Wilkinson catalyst — chloro- tris -(sodium diphenylphosphino-benzene- m -sulfonate) rhodium(I), CAS 67178-14-7, i.e. RhCl(DPM) 3 — has been found to hydrogenate NBR latex. More than 60 mol% hydrogenation can be achieved at 75°C and 1 atmosphere hydrogen pressure. Hydrogenation was accompanied by an increase in gel content of the latex.
CT-GAN: Malicious Tampering of 3D Medical Imagery using Deep Learning (2019)

In 2018, clinics and hospitals were hit with numerous attacks leading to significant data breaches and interruptions in medical services. An attacker with access to medical records can do much more than hold the data for ransom or sell it on the black market. In this paper, we show how an attacker can use deep-learning to add or remove evidence of medical conditions from volumetric (3D) medical scans. An attacker may perform this act in order to stop a political candidate, sabotage research, commit insurance fraud, perform an act of terrorism, or even commit murder. We implement the attack using a 3D conditional GAN and show how the framework (CT-GAN) can be automated. Although the body is complex and 3D medical scans are very large, CT-GAN achieves realistic results which can be executed in milliseconds. To evaluate the attack, we focused on injecting and removing lung cancer from CT scans. We show how three expert radiologists and a state-of-the-art deep learning AI are highly susceptible to the attack. We also explore the attack surface of a modern radiology network and demonstrate one attack vector: we intercepted and manipulated CT scans in an active hospital network with a covert penetration test. Demo video: https://youtu.be/_mkRAArj-x0 Source code: https://github.com/ymirsky/CT-GAN
Vapor-Infiltration Approach toward Selenium/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites Enabling Stable and High-Capacity Sodium Storage (2018)

Emerging sodium-selenium batteries suffer from volume expansion of the selenium cathode and shuttling effects of soluble intermediates. Confining selenium within the carbon matrix is the most adopted strategy to address these two issues, which is generally realized via a melt-infusion method. Herein, we developed a vapor-infiltration method to fabricate selenium/carbon composites that are advantageous over the melt-infusion route in terms of several aspects: it relieves the requirement of intensive mechanical mixing and simplifies the ratio optimization between selenium and carbon; it avoids selenium aggregation and makes it possible to utilize all of the surface and pores of the carbon host. Utilizing this method, we fabricated a selenium/graphene composite from thermally reduced graphene oxide with a selenium loading equal to 71 wt %, thus approaching the record value. The obtained composite achieved the highest reported to date initial Coulombic efficiency of 88% among various selenium cathodes, with superior rate and cycle performance (410 and 367 mA h g<sup>-1</sup> at 0.1 and 1 A g<sup>-1</sup>; capacity decay <10% after 800 cycles at 2 A g<sup>-1</sup>) enabled by the supporting graphene framework and the use of the ether electrolyte. In view of the distinct advantages of the vapor-infiltration method and the significant influence of the ether electrolyte on both initial Coulombic efficiency and cyclability of the batteries, we believe the introduced approach will be frequently adopted to incorporate selenium into various host materials, and the ether electrolyte will be widely considered for selenium-based electrodes.
Bone Formation Into Surface Phosphonylated Polymeric Implants (2000)

Through the use of two animal models, the present study demonstrates the ability of phosphonylated surfaces to bind bone. In one model, surface-treated polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) were implanted in the medial cortex of the goat tibia. In the second model, surface-treated poly(ether-ether ketone) (PEEK) and carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK (CFR-PEEK) were implanted through both cortices of the goat mandible. Selected rods of all material types were microtextured using crystallization induced microphase separation, a method for the formation of continuous, open-cell microporous surfaces in thermoplastic polymers. Microtextured and smooth rods were phosphonylated, and calcium was subsequently introduced to the phosphonylated surface by incubating the samples in a saturated solution of calcium oxide. For all substrate materials tested, phosphonylation and calcium posttreatment resulted in an increased propensity for bone binding and apposition, as measured by push out test. Microtextured PP, PE, and CFR-PEEK surfaces that were further phosphonylated and calcium treated resulted in test samples with an increased interracial strength.
Liposomes as carriers of cyclosporin A (1991)

Liposomes prepared from 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-3-phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) containing cyclosporin A (CsA) were reviewed in respect of the amount and localization of associated CsA. It was found that DMPG liposomes are capable of binding a much higher amount of CsA than those prepared from DMPC. Furthermore, while CsA associated with DMPG was embedded within the hydrophobic region of phospholipids, CsA associated with DMPC was excluded from the hydrophobic region and was entrapped in the hydrophilic region of these liposomes.
Glitazones Differentially Regulate Primary Astrocyte and Glioma Cell Survival (2004)

The glitazones or thiazolidinediones are ligands of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). The glitazones are used in the treatment of diabetes, regulate adipogenesis, inflammation, cell proliferation, and induce apoptosis in several cancer cell types. High grade astrocytomas are rapidly growing tumors derived from astrocytes, for which new treatments are needed. We determined the effects of two glitazones, ciglitazone and the therapeutic rosiglitazone, on the survival of serum-deprived primary rat astrocytes and glioma cell lines C6 and U251, which were assessed by the methylthiazolyl tetrazolium assay and lactate dehydrogenase release. Rosiglitazone (5-20 microM) decreased survival of glioma cells without affecting primary astrocytes, whereas ciglitazone at 20 microM was toxic for both cell types. Ciglitazone at 10 microM was cytoprotective for primary astrocytes but toxic to glioma cells. Cell death induced by ciglitazone, but not rosiglitazone, presented apoptotic features (Hoechst staining and externalization of phosphatidylserine). Two mechanisms to explain cytotoxicity were investigated: activation of PPARgamma and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). PPARgamma does not seem to be the main mechanism involved, because the order of efficacy for cytotoxicity, ciglitazone > rosiglitazone, was inverse of their reported affinities for activating PPARgamma. In addition, GW9662, an inhibitor of PPARgamma, only slightly attenuated cytotoxicity. However, the rapid increase in ROS production and the marked reduction of cell death with the antioxidants ebselen and N-acetylcysteine, indicate that ROS have a key role in glitazone cytotoxicity. Ciglitazone caused a dose-dependent and rapid loss (in minutes) of mitochondrial membrane potential in glioma cells. Therefore, mitochondria are a likely source of ROS and early targets of glitazone cytotoxicity. Our results highlight the potential of rosiglitazone and related compounds for the treatment of astrogliomas.
Simulation of power amplifier adjacent-channel power ratio for digital wireless communication systems (2002)

A comparison of nonlinear analysis methods for simulation of power amplifier adjacent-channel power ratio is presented. Adjacent-channel power ratio is the linearity figure-of-merit for digital wireless communication systems employing non-constant envelope modulation techniques, such as OQPSK and /spl pi//4-QPSK. Tradeoffs in the performance of each method are discussed. Using modulation for the TIA IS-95 and the TIA IS-54 standards, measured and simulated results for a single-stage power amplifier are presented.
Common mode rejection ratio in differential amplifiers (1991)

The common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of a differential amplifier (DA) using a single operational amplifier and an instrumentation amplifier (IA) using three operational amplifiers is analyzed, and the complete equations are derived for the case when op amps have finite differential and common mode gains. Amplitude and phase measurements support the theoretical predictions. It is concluded that, at low frequencies, for the single-op-amp DA the use of a trimming potentiometer is better than relying on low-tolerance resistors, because of the higher CMRR achieved. The DA yields a fixed 90 degrees phase shift for the CMRR at frequencies above 1 kHz. For the three-op-amp 1A, it is important that the input buffers are coupled and that they are built from a matched op amp pair. The best CMRR is obtained when the differential gain is concentrated in the input stage, but in any case it decreases at frequencies above 1 kHz because of the reduced CMRR for the differential stage at these frequencies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
On the origin of the two-dimensional electron gas at AlGaN/GaN heterojunctions and its influence on recessed-gate metal-insulator-semiconductor high electron mobility transistors (2014)

It is commonly accepted that interface states at the passivation surface of AlGaN/GaN heterostructures play an important role in the formation of the 2DEG density. Several interface state models are cited throughout literature, some with discrete levels, others with different kinds of distributions, or a combination of both. The purpose of this article is to compare the existing interface state models with both direct and indirect measurements of these interface states from literature (e.g., through the hysteresis of transfer characteristics of Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor High Electron Mobility Transistors (MISHEMTs) employing such an interface in the gate region) and Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) simulations of 2DEG densities as a function of the AlGaN thickness. The discrepancies between those measurements and TCAD simulations (also those commonly found in literature) are discussed. Then, an alternative model inspired by the Disorder Induced Gap State model for compound semiconductors is proposed. It is shown that defining a deep border trap inside the insulator can solve these discrepancies and that this alternative model can explain the origin of the two dimensional electron gas in combination with a high-quality interface that, by definition, has a low interface state density.
Impacts of Biofilm Formation on the Fate and Potential Effects of Microplastic in the Aquatic Environment (2017)

In the aquatic environment, microplastic (MP; <5 mm) is a cause of concern because of its persistence and potential adverse effects on biota. Studies of microlitter impacts are mostly based on virgin and spherical polymer particles as model MP. However, in pelagic and benthic environments, surfaces are always colonized by microorganisms forming so-called biofilms. The influence of such biofilms on the fate and potential effects of MP is not understood well. Here, we review the physical interactions of early microbial colonization on plastic surfaces and their reciprocal influence on the weathering processes and vertical transport as well as sorption and release of contaminants by MP. Possible ecological consequences of biofilm formation on MP, such as trophic transfer of MP particles and potential adverse effects of MP, are virtually unknown. However, evidence is accumulating that the biofilm−plastic interactions have the capacity to influence the fate and impacts of MP by modifying the physical properties of the particles. There is an urgent research need to better understand these interactions and increase the ecological relevance of current laboratory testing by simulating field conditions in which microbial life is a key driver of biogeochemical processes.
Lithium ion dynamics in LiZr<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> and Li<sub>1.4</sub>Ca<sub>0.2</sub>Zr<sub>1.8</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> (2019)

High ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability and small interfacial resistances against Li metal anodes are the main requirements to be fulfilled in powerful, next-generation all-solid-state batteries. Understanding ion transport in materials with sufficiently high chemical and electrochemical stability, such as rhombohedral LiZr2(PO4)3, is important to further improve their properties with respect to translational Li ion dynamics. Here, we used broadband impedance spectroscopy to analyze the electrical responses of LiZr2(PO4)3 and Ca-stabilized Li1.4Ca0.2Zr1.8(PO4)3 that were prepared following a solid-state synthesis route. We investigated the influence of the starting materials, either ZrO2 and Zr(CH3COO)4, on the final properties of the products and studied Li ion dynamics in the crystalline grains and across grain boundary (g.b.) regions. The Ca2+ content has only little effect on bulk properties (4.2 × 10-5 S cm-1 at 298 K, 0.41 eV), but, fortunately, the g.b. resistance decreased by 2 orders of magnitude. Whereas, 7Li spin-alignment echo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) confirmed long-range ion transport as seen by conductivity spectroscopy, 7Li NMR spin-lattice relaxation revealed much smaller activation energies (0.18 eV) and points to rapid localized Li jump processes. The diffusion-induced rate peak, appearing at T = 282 K, shows Li+ exchange processes with rates of ca. 109 s-1 corresponding, formally, to ionic conductivities in the order of 10-3 S cm-1 to 10-2 S cm-1.
Expression of recA in Deinococcus radiodurans (1996)

Deinococcus (formerly Micrococcus) radiodurans is remarkable for its extraordinary resistance to ionizing and UV irradiation and many other agents that damage DNA. This organism can repair > 100 double-strand breaks per chromosome induced by ionizing radiation without lethality or mutagenesis. We have previously observed that expression of D. radiodurans recA in Escherichia coli appears lethal. We now find that the RecA protein of D. radiodurans is ot detectable in D. radiodurans except in the setting of DNA damage and that termination of its synthesis is associated with the onset of deinococcal growth. The synthesis of Shigella flexneri RecA (protein sequence identical to that of E. coli RecA) in recA-defective D. radiodurans is described. Despite a large accumulation of the S. flexneri RecA in D. radiodurans, there is no complementation of any D. radiodurans recA phenotype, including DNA damage sensitivity, inhibition of natural transformation, or inability to support a plasmid that requires RecA for replication. To ensure that the cloned S. flexneri recA gene was not inactivated, it was rescued from D. radiodurans and was shown to function normally in E. coli. We conclude that neither D. radiodurans nor S. flexneri RecA is functional in the other species, nor are the kinetics of induction and suppression similar to each other, indicating a difference between these two proteins in their modes of action.
Carbon storage and accumulation in United States forest ecosystems (1992)

estimates were volume growth, removals, and mortality rather than timber volume. The same conversion factors that were used to convert volume to carbon storage were used to convert volume growth, removals, and mortality to carbon accumulation, removals, and mortality.
Scope and performance of artificial intelligence technology in orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and clinical decision-making - A systematic review (2020)

The results from these reported studies are suggesting that these automated systems have performed exceptionally well, with an accuracy and precision similar to the trained examiners. These systems can simplify the tasks and provide results in quick time which can save the dentist time and help the dentist to perform his duties more efficiently. These systems can be of great value in orthodontics.
Cupric bromide mediated oxidation of 4-carboxyoxazolines to the corresponding oxazoles (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCupric bromide mediated oxidation of 4-carboxyoxazolines to the corresponding oxazolesJoel C. Barrish, Janak Singh, Steven H. Spergel, Wen Ching Han, Thomas P. Kissick, David R. Kronenthal, and Richard H. MuellerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 16, 4494–4496Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00068a059https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00068a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views881Altmetric-Citations66LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Synergistic effect of a noble metal free Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub> co-catalyst and a ternary ZnIn<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> heterojunction for enhanced visible light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (2019)

A plausible reaction mechanism for photocatalytic hydrogen production by employing a ZnIn<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>@Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub> heterojunction photocatalyst under visible light irradiation.
Mild Cobalt‐Catalyzed Hydrocyanation of Olefins with Tosyl Cyanide (2007)

Mild-mannered and well-behaved: A conceptually new hydrocyanation reaction for non-activated olefins provides secondary and tertiary nitriles in good yields under mild conditions. Salient features of this process include broad functional-group tolerance, readily available starting materials, and ease of execution. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2007/z700575_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.