gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance of Optical OFDM in Ultralong-Haul WDM Lightwave Systems (2007)

We show, using simulations, that a combination of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and optical single sideband modulation can be used to compensate for chromatic dispersion in ultralong-haul wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) systems. OFDM provides a high spectral efficiency, does not require a reverse feedback path for compensation, and has a better sensitivity than nonreturn to zero. This paper provides design rules for 800-4000-km optical-OFDM systems. The effects of WDM channel number and spacing, fiber dispersion, and input power per channel on the received Q are studied using extensive numerical simulations. These effects are summarized as a set of design rules
Determination of Danshensu, a major active compound of Radix <i>Salvia miltiorrhiza</i> in dog plasma by HPLC with fluorescence detection (2001)

A simple and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for the determination of Danshensu (3, 4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid) in dog plasma. Plasma samples were extracted with ethyl acetate. Analysis of the extracts was performed on a reversed-phase column with an aqueous phosphate buffer-acetonitrile (93:7, v/v) mobile phase, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid was used as the internal standard. Fluorescence detection at 285 nm (excitation) and 320 nm (emission) was employed. Standard curves were linear in the range from 0.125 to 11.3 microg/mL (regression coefficient r > 0.993) on three different days. Mean recovery was determined as 96.4% by analysis of plasma standard containing 0.63, 5.65 and 11.3 microg/mL of Danshensu. The inter-day precision (RSD) ranged from 3.4 to 8.6% at concentrations of 0.125, 1.88, 6.28 and 11.3 microg/mL, and the intra-day precision was better than 7.2%. The detection and quantitation limits were 0.063 and 0.125 microg/mL, respectively. This validated assay was applied to the determination of Danshensu concentration in dog plasma after oral administration of Radix Salvia miltiorrhiza extracts.
Sampling for Metabolome Analysis of Microorganisms (2007)

In the present work we investigated the most commonly applied methods used for sampling of microorganisms in the field of metabolomics in order to unravel potential sources of error previously ignored but of utmost importance for accurate metabolome analysis. To broaden the significance of our study, we investigated different Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, i.e., Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Escherichia coli, Gluconobacter oxydans, Pseudomonas putida, and Zymononas mobilis, and analyzed metabolites from different catabolic and anabolic intracellular pathways. Quenching of cells with cold methanol prior to cell separation and extraction led to drastic loss (>60%) of all metabolites tested due to unspecific leakage. Using fast filtration, Gram-negative bacteria also revealed a significant loss (>80%) when inappropriate washing solutions with low ionic strength were applied. Adapting the ionic strength of the washing solution to that of the cultivation medium could almost completely avoid this problem. Gram-positive strains did not show significant leakage independent of the washing solution. Fast filtration with sampling times of several seconds prior to extraction appears to be a suitable approach for metabolites with relatively high intracellular level and low turnover such as amino acids or TCA cycle intermediates. Comparison of metabolite levels in the culture supernatant and the cell interior revealed that the common assumption of whole broth quenching protocols attributing the metabolites found exclusively to the intracellular pools may not be valid in many cases. In such cases a differential approach correcting for medium-contained metabolites is required.
Nonparametric bottom-up saliency detection by self-resemblance (2009)

We present a novel bottom-up saliency detection algorithm. Our method computes so-called local regression kernels (i.e., local features) from the given image, which measure the likeness of a pixel to its surroundings. Visual saliency is then computed using the said “self-resemblance” measure. The framework results in a saliency map where each pixel indicates the statistical likelihood of saliency of a feature matrix given its surrounding feature matrices. As a similarity measure, matrix cosine similarity (a generalization of cosine similarity) is employed. State of the art performance is demonstrated on commonly used human eye fixation data [3] and some psychological patterns.
Effects of epinephrine compared with the combination of dobutamine and norepinephrine on gastric perfusion in septic shock (2002)

In patients with septic shock, at doses that induced the same mean arterial pressure, epinephrine enhanced more gastric mucosal blood flow than the combination of dobutamine at 5 microg/kg per minute and norepinephrine. This effect was probably a result of higher cardiac index.
The design and implementation of a certifying compiler (1998)

This paper presents the design and implementation of a compiler that translates programs written in a type-safe subset of the C programming language into highly optimized DEC Alpha assembly language programs, and a certifier that automatically checks the type safety and memory safety of any assembly language program produced by the compiler. The result of the certifier is either a formal proof of type safety or a counterexample pointing to a potential violation of the type system by the target program. The ensemble of the compiler and the certifier is called a certifying compiler .Several advantages of certifying compilation over previous approaches can be claimed. The notion of a certifying compiler is significantly easier to employ than a formal compiler verification, in part because it is generally easier to verify the correctness of the result of a computation than to prove the correctness of the computation itself. Also, the approach can be applied even to highly optimizing compilers, as demonstrated by the fact that our compiler generates target code, for a range of realistic C programs, which is competitive with both the cc and gcc compilers with all optimizations enabled. The certifier also drastically improves the effectiveness of compiler testing because, for each test case, it statically signals compilation errors that might otherwise require many executions to detect. Finally, this approach is a practical way to produce the safety proofs for a Proof-Carrying Code system, and thus may be useful in a system for safe mobile code.
Folic acid prevents exencephaly in Cited2 deficient mice (2002)

Cited2 (also Mrg1/p35srj) is a member of a new conserved gene family that is expressed during mouse development and in adult tissues. In order to investigate the function of Cited2 during mouse embryogenesis, we introduced a null mutation into the Cited2 locus. Cited2(-/-) mutants died at late gestation and exhibited heart defects and exencephaly, arising from defective closure of the midbrain (MB) and hindbrain. Initiation of neural tube closure at the forebrain-midbrain (FB-MB) boundary, an essential step for closure of the cranial neural tube, was impaired in the Cited2(-/-) mutants. Gene marker analysis using in situ hybridization revealed that the patterning of the anterior neural plate and head mesenchyme was little affected or normal in the Cited2(-/-) embryos. However, Cited2 was required for the survival of neuroepithelial cells and its absence led to massive apoptosis in dorsal neuroectoderm around the FB-MB boundary and in a restricted transverse domain in the hindbrain. Treatment with folic acid significantly reduced the exencephalic phenotype in the Cited2(-/-) embryos both in vivo and in vitro. However, assessment of folate metabolism revealed no defect in the Cited2(-/-) mutants, and the elevated apoptosis observed in the neuroepithelium of the Cited2(-/-) mutants was apparently not decreased by folic acid supplementation. To our knowledge, the Cited2 mouse represents the first genetic model in which folic acid can prevent a defect in neural tube closure by a mechanism other than the neutralization of a defect in folate homeostasis.
Using infrared illumination to improve eye &#x00026; face tracking in low quality video images (2008)

We propose a novel eye and face tracking algorithm using active infrared (IR) illumination. Most eye trackers based on active IR illumination require bright pupil images to successfully detect eyes in image sequences. However, due to factors such as eye closure, head rotation, variation in illumination and occlusion, most trackers tend to fail in these situations where pupil shows weak reflections. Our proposed method overcomes these limitations by making use of the dark-bright pupil difference images as well as using adaptive thresholding techniques. The core computational module of the algorithm is based on the Kalman filter and adaptive template matching to find and update the most probable eye position in the current frame. Our eye tracker can robustly detect faces and track eyes in a sequence of images under variable lighting conditions and face orientations. Experiments show good performance in challenging image sequences with low quality and occluded images with the subject showing considerable head movements.
Tissue characterisation using intravascular radiofrequency data analysis: recommendations for acquisition, analysis, interpretation and reporting (2009)

This document suggests standards for the acquisition, measurement, and reporting of radiofrequency data analysis (virtual histology - VH) intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) studies. Readers should view this document as the authors' best attempt in an area of rapidly evolving investigation, an area where rigorous evidence is not yet available or widely accepted. Nevertheless, this document is based on known pathologic data as well as previously reported imaging data; where practical, this data is summarised in the current document, a document which will also include recommendations for future evolution of the technology.
Faithful Face Image Completion for HMD Occlusion Removal (2019)

Head-mounted-displays (HMDs) provide immersive experiences of virtual content. While being flexible, HMDs could be a hindrance for Virtual Reality (VR) applications such as VR teleconference where facial components and expressions of the user are partially occluded thus cannot be seen by others. We present an automatic face image completion solution that treats the occluded region as a hole and completes the hole with the help of an occlusion-free reference image of the same person. Given the occluded input image and an occlusion-free reference image, our method first computes head pose features from estimated facial landmarks. The head pose features, as well as images, are then fed into a generative adversarial network (GAN) to synthesize the output image. Our method can generate faithful results from various input cases and outperforms other face completion methods. It provides a light-weighted solution to HMD occlusion removal and has the potential to benefit VR applications.
MoCA: ubiquitous multimedia networking in the home (2007)

The Multimedia-over-Coax Alliance (MoCA) standard is rapidly emerging as the de-facto standard in North America for multimedia home networking. This is driven by the desire to have digital content from various sources such as DVRs, audio devices and PCs reliably available anywhere in the home using the in-home existing coaxial cable wiring. The MoCA technology coexists with other services at the home such as cable TV, cable modem, and satellite services. This technology achieves MAC throughputs exceeding 100 Mb/s in 97% of all outlets in the home with no changes to the home coax infrastructure, and with packet error rates less than 10<sup>-5</sup>, and with an average latency of less than 3.5 milliseconds based on extensive field trial results.
SurreyFBA: a command line tool and graphics user interface for constraint-based modeling of genome-scale metabolic reaction networks (2010)

SurreyFBA is distributed under GNU GPL license and available from http://sysbio3.fhms.surrey.ac.uk/SurreyFBA.zip.
In situ hybridization technique to localize rRNA and mRNA in mammalian neurons. (1986)

In situ hybridization provides a method for identifying cells that contain specific nucleic acid sequences. This report outlines an in situ hybridization procedure for mammalian neural tissue. The method maintains morphological quality and produces excellent specificity. Seven tritiated nucleic acid probes were examined: two ribosomal RNA probes, a control pBR322 plasmid probe, two probes encoding portions of the gene for oxytocin, one probe each encoding a portion of vasopressin glycoprotein, and neurophysin. Using cryostat-cut rat brain sections, rRNA probes labeled the cytoplasm of all cells and the nucleoli of larger neurons. The plasmid probe failed to produce a strong signal. Oxytocin and vasopressin probes appropriately labeled the cytoplasm of hypothalamic magnocellular neurons. Vasopressin parvocellular neurons were not identified by the current method, and the shorter length neurophysin probe failed to produce a signal. Methodological variables were examined by counting autoradiographic grains in cells. The longer oxytocin probe produced a stronger signal than the shorter oxytocin and vasopressin probes, and higher probe concentrations resulted in stronger signal. Hybridization could be abolished by tissue pretreatment with RNAse A, and longer exposure time increased signal strength. The outlined fixation steps with fresh-frozen tissue produced a superior signal compared to paraformaldehyde-perfused tissue.
In vivo imaging of choroidal angiogenesis using fluorescence-labeled cationic liposomes. (2012)

These results establish fluorophore-labeled CL as high affinity markers to selectively stain active CNV. This novel, non-invasive SLO imaging technique could improve risk assessment and indication for current intraocular antiangiogenic drugs in neovascular eye diseases, as well as monitor therapeutic outcomes. Labeling of angiogenic vessels using CL can be of interest not only for functional imaging in ophthalmology but also for other conditions where localization of active angiogenesis is desirable.
Computer resources for supporting student conversations about science concepts (1992)

article Free Access Share on Computer resources for supporting student conversations about science concepts Author: Shelley V. Goldman View Profile Authors Info & Claims ACM SIGCUE OutlookVolume 21Issue 3Spring 1992 pp 4–7https://doi.org/10.1145/130893.130895Online:01 February 1992Publication History 15citation143DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations15Total Downloads143Last 12 Months7Last 6 weeks3 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Topical clobetasol propionate compared with placebo in the treatment of unretractable foreskin. (1996)

17 of 27 boys referred with "phimosis" were successfully treated with an ointment and gentle traction. When clobetasol propionate was given the non-responders success rate was increased to 24/27 (89%).
Thermal diffusivity sensing: A new temperature sensing paradigm (2011)

This paper presents an overview of recently developed absolute temperature sensors based on the measurement of the thermal diffusivity of silicon, D. Such sensors make use of the fact that, in IC-grade silicon, D has a well-defined temperature dependence and is insensitive to process spread. D can be determined by measuring the thermal delay between an on-chip heater and an on-chip relative temperature sensor This delay can then be digitized or used to define the output frequency of an oscillator. Proof-of-concept thermal diffusivity (TD) sensors were fabricated in 0.7µm and 0.18µm bulk CMOS, and in 0.5µm SOI technology. Their outputs are well-defined functions of temperature and they work over a wide temperature range from −70°C to 170°C. It was found that the inaccuracy of TD sensors scales with process technology and is insensitive to mechanical stress. An implementation in 0.18µm bulk CMOS achieved an untrimmed inaccuracy of ±0.2°C (3σ) from −55°C to 125°C.
Comparison of Biofilms Formed by<i>Candida</i><i>albicans</i>and<i>Candida</i><i>parapsilosis</i>on Bioprosthetic Surfaces (2002)

Little is known about fungal biofilms, which may cause infection and antibiotic resistance. In this study, biofilm formation by different Candida species, particularly Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis, was evaluated by using a clinically relevant model of Candida biofilm on medical devices. Candida biofilms were allowed to form on silicone elastomer and were quantified by tetrazolium (XTT) and dry weight (DW) assays. Formed biofilm was visualized by using fluorescence microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy with Calcofluor White (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.), concanavalin A-Alexafluor 488 (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.), and FUN-1 (Molecular Probes) dyes. Although minimal variations in biofilm production among invasive C. albicans isolates were seen, significant differences between invasive and noninvasive isolates (P < 0.001) were noted. C. albicans isolates produced more biofilm than C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis isolates, as determined by DW assays (P was <0.001 for all comparisons) and microscopy. Interestingly, noninvasive isolates demonstrated a higher level of XTT activity than invasive isolates. On microscopy, C. albicans biofilms had a morphology different from that of other species, consisting of a basal blastospore layer with a dense overlying matrix composed of exopolysaccharides and hyphae. In contrast, C. parapsilosis biofilms had less volume than C. albicans biofilms and were comprised exclusively of clumped blastospores. Unlike planktonically grown cells, Candida biofilms rapidly (within 6 h) developed fluconazole resistance (MIC, >128 microg/ml). Importantly, XTT and FUN-1 activity showed biofilm cells to be metabolically active. In conclusion, our data show that C. albicans produces quantitatively larger and qualitatively more complex biofilms than other species, in particular, C. parapsilosis.
Development of a New DNA Sequencing Method: 3′-Ester Cleavage Catalyzed by<i>Taq</i>DNA Polymerase (1999)

A new 3'-esterified dTTP is incorporated into DNA by Taq DNA polymerase but does not act as a chain terminator. The esterase activity of the polymerase seems to be template dependent and occurs only if the next correct nucleotide is present.
Effect of neonatal injection with antibodies to Leishmania mexicana on its growth in adult infected mice (1988)

Mice inoculated with monoclonal antibodies (MAb) directed to Leishmania mexicana antigens were not protected from growth of a subsequent challenge infection; this was the case even when those antibodies were capable of inhibiting parasite growth in vitro. However F(ab')2 fragments of one antibody (1E1) were protective in vivo. When neonatal mice were injected with MAb and subsequently infected as adults, the animals were more susceptible to parasite growth than uninjected controls. This increased susceptibility could be adoptively transferred with Lyt-1+ cells. Separate groups of animals were immunized with different MAb to L. mexicana, and parasite growth in these animals was studied. In no case was parasite growth altered, though these mice did produce specific antibodies directed against the immunizing MAb (anti-idiotypic antibodies). When neonatal mice were injected with these latter reagents, they were found to be more resistant to challenge infection than control animals. This resistance was associated with an enhanced ability of spleen cells from these mice to produce, on stimulation with parasite antigens in vitro, a factor rendering normal macrophages cytocidal for L. mexicana.
Keeping the Bad Guys Out: Protecting and Vaccinating Deep Learning with JPEG Compression (2017)

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved great success in solving a variety of machine learning (ML) problems, especially in the domain of image recognition. However, recent research showed that DNNs can be highly vulnerable to adversarially generated instances, which look seemingly normal to human observers, but completely confuse DNNs. These adversarial samples are crafted by adding small perturbations to normal, benign images. Such perturbations, while imperceptible to the human eye, are picked up by DNNs and cause them to misclassify the manipulated instances with high confidence. In this work, we explore and demonstrate how systematic JPEG compression can work as an effective pre-processing step in the classification pipeline to counter adversarial attacks and dramatically reduce their effects (e.g., Fast Gradient Sign Method, DeepFool). An important component of JPEG compression is its ability to remove high frequency signal components, inside square blocks of an image. Such an operation is equivalent to selective blurring of the image, helping remove additive perturbations. Further, we propose an ensemble-based technique that can be constructed quickly from a given well-performing DNN, and empirically show how such an ensemble that leverages JPEG compression can protect a model from multiple types of adversarial attacks, without requiring knowledge about the model.
Antibiotic overuse: a key driver of antimicrobial resistance (2014)

The widespread use of antibiotics is estimated to have extended average life expectancy by two decades, shifting the paradigm from communicable to non-communicable diseases. Antimicrobials and antibiotics in particular have paved the way for major advances in cancer treatment, organ transplantation, and surgery, irrevocably changing the scope of modern medicine.

Every time a new antimicrobial is introduced, drug resistance to that antimicrobial follows, sometimes swiftly, and this occurs for antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungal therapies. Antimicrobial treatment places selective pressure on the organism, favouring the emergence of drug-resistant strains. This is not a new problem: antibiotic resistance emerged within a decade of the first clinical trials of penicillin, with more than 50% resistance among Staphylococcus aureus by the end of the 1940s. Until recently we have escaped the dire consequences of antimicrobial resistance because there has been a stream of new antibiotics. However, over the past 20 years the number of pharmaceutical companies investing in this area has dwindled from 18 to 4, inevitably leading to stalled drug development.

Antimicrobial resistance affects every country because infections do not respect international boundaries or borders. Each time a person travels they take their active infections and colonising bacteria with them, spreading drug-resistant organisms across the globe. Many countries overuse antibiotics, particularly in hospitals. Although hospital prescribing accounts for only 20% of human usage, it is important because it is concentrated, and because hospitals are fertile breeding grounds for drug-resistant bacteria. In animals and …