gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Live Attenuated Shigella dysenteriae Type 1 Vaccine Strains Overexpressing Shiga Toxin B Subunit (2011)

Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 (S. dysenteriae 1) is unique among the Shigella species and serotypes in the expression of Shiga toxin which contributes to more severe disease sequelae and the ability to cause explosive outbreaks and pandemics. S. dysenteriae 1 shares characteristics with other Shigella species, including the capability of causing clinical illness with a very low inoculum (10 to 100 CFU) and resistance to multiple antibiotics, underscoring the need for efficacious vaccines and therapeutics. Following the demonstration of the successful attenuating capacity of deletion mutations in the guaBA operon in S. flexneri 2a vaccine strains in clinical studies, we developed a series of S. dysenteriae 1 vaccine candidates containing the fundamental attenuating mutation in guaBA. All strains are devoid of Shiga toxin activity by specific deletion of the gene encoding the StxA subunit, which encodes enzymatic activity. The StxB subunit was overexpressed in several derivatives by either plasmid-based constructs or chromosomal manipulation to include a strong promoter. All strains are attenuated for growth in vitro in the HeLa cell assay and for plaque formation and were safe in the Serény test and immunogenic in the guinea pigs. Each strain induced robust serum and mucosal anti-S. dysenteriae 1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responses and protected against wild-type challenge. Two strains engineered to overexpress StxB induced high titers of Shiga toxin neutralizing antibodies. These candidates demonstrate the potential for a live attenuated vaccine to protect against disease caused by S. dysenteriae 1 and potentially to protect against the toxic effects of other Shiga toxin 1-expressing pathogens.
Increased Depression-Like Behaviors in Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor-2-Deficient Mice: Sexually Dichotomous Responses (2003)

Depressive disorders affect nearly 19 million American adults, making depression and the susceptibility for developing depression a critical focus of mental health research today. Females are twice as likely to develop depression as males. Stress is a known risk factor for developing depression, and recent hypotheses suggest an involvement of an overactive stress axis. As mediators of the stress response, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its receptors (CRFR1 and CRFR2) have been implicated in the propensity for developing stress-related mood disorders. Mice deficient in CRFR2 display increased anxiety-like behaviors and a hypersensitive stress response. As a possible animal model of depression, these mice were tested for depression-like behaviors in the forced swim test. Comparisons were made between wild-type and mutant animals, as well as between sexes. Male and female CRFR2-mutant mice showed increased immobility as an indicator of depression compared with wild-type mice of the same sex. In addition, mutant and wild-type female mice demonstrated increased immobile time compared with males of the same genotype. Treatment of CRFR2-deficient mice with the CRFR1 antagonist antalarmin decreased immobile time and increased swim time in both sexes. We found a significant effect of sex for both time spent immobile and swimming after antalarmin treatment. Because differences in behaviors in the forced swim test are good indicators of serotonergic and catecholaminergic involvement, our results may reveal an interaction of CRF pathways with other known antidepressant systems and may also support an involvement of CRF receptors in the development of depression such that elevated CRFR1 activity, in the absence of CRFR2, increases depression-like behaviors.
Characterization of microfluidic operations underlying an electrowetting heat pipe (2017)

The heat transport capacity of heat pipes is limited by the capillary pressure generated in the wick that pumps the condensate. The current authors recently proposed a novel heat pipe architecture, in which the wick is replaced by electrowetting (EW)-based pumping in the adiabatic section. An electrowetting heat pipe (EHP) overcomes the capillary limit in heat pipes and can enable compact, ultralow power consumption heat pipes, to transport kiloWatt heat loads over long distances. This work studies the microfluidic operations that are the basis of the EHP. Experiments are conducted to estimate the maximum channel gap which sustains reliable EW pumping. This is an important consideration, since the heat transport capacity scales linearly with the channel gap. Experiments are also conducted to estimate the maximum channel gap at which EW voltages can split droplets. This is important to ensure EHP operability in the event of droplet merging. Experiments are also conducted to demonstrate EW-induced droplet generation from an open-air reservoir. This mimics the interface between the condenser and adiabatic sections. All these experiments are conducted on devices manufactured by a novel and scalable manufacturing technique. The results suggest that planar EHPs (water-based) with a 10 cm by 4 mm cross section can transport 1.6 kW over 1 meter long distances, with a thermal resistance of 0.01 K/W.
Effect of Tungsten Oxide Addition on the Catalytic Activity of γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>for NO<i><sub>x</sub></i>Reduction from Fuel-Lean Gas Mixtures (1996)

Non-zeolitic catalysts are increasingly being considered as durable alternatives in automotive lean-NOx catalysis. This study focused on increasing the acidity of γ-Al2O3 through the addition of tungsta (WO3) and increasing the resulting catalytic activity using simulated lean-burn engine exhaust. The effects of WO3 loading, space velocity, catalyst temperature, hydrocarbon and sulfur dioxide concentrations, and hydrothermal aging on the NOx reduction activity of WO3/Al2O3 composite oxides were studied. It was found that tungsta-modified alumina compositions had higher NOx removal activity under lean-burn conditions than the unmodified γ-Al2O3. Maximum NOx conversion occurred at a 1 wt % loading of WO3 on γ-Al2O3 at a temperature of 580 °C.
GIP(Lys<sup>16</sup>PAL) and GIP(Lys<sup>37</sup>PAL):  Novel Long-Acting Acylated Analogues of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide with Improved Antidiabetic Potential (2006)

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a physiological insulin releasing peptide. We have developed two novel fatty acid derivatized GIP analogues, which bind to serum albumin and demonstrate enhanced duration of action in vivo. GIP(Lys(16)PAL) and GIP(Lys(37)PAL) were resistant to dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) degradation. In vitro studies demonstrated that GIP analogues retained their ability to activate the GIP receptor through production of cAMP and to stimulate insulin secretion. Intraperitoneal administration of GIP analogues to obese diabetic (ob/ob) mice significantly decreased the glycemic excursion and elicited increased and prolonged insulin responses compared to native GIP. A protracted glucose-lowering effect was observed 24 h following GIP(Lys(37)PAL) administration. Once a day injection for 14 days decreased nonfasting glucose, improved glucose tolerance, and enhanced the insulin response to glucose. These data demonstrate that fatty acid derivatized GIP peptides represent a novel class of long-acting stable GIP analogues for therapy of type 2 diabetes.
All-Optical Integrated rubidium Atomic Clock (2011)

We report on progress in the development of an All-Optical Integrated Micro-Primary Atomic Clock (AO-IMPAC). The operattion of the clock is based on an inhomogeneously broadened rubidium optical transition used for stabilization of a Kerr optical frequency comb generated in a high-Q whispering gallery mode (WGM) microresonator. We have demonstrated the initial operation of this clock built in a physics package with dimensions 5 × 6 × 1.2 cm. The clock's long term stability approaches 3 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-13</sup> at about 2 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> s integration time. The measured value is limited by the noise floor of the measurement setup.
Photoswitchable Gas Permeation Membranes Based on Liquid Crystals (2010)

Abstract We have fabricated switchable gas permeation membranes in which a photoswitchable low‐molecular‐weight liquid crystalline (LC) material acts as the active element. Liquid crystal mixtures are doped with mesogenic azo dyes and infused into commercially available track‐etched membranes with regular cylindrical pores (0.40 to 10.0 μm). Tunability of mass transfer can be achieved through a combination of (1) LC/mesogenic dye composition, (2) surface‐induced alignment, and (3) reversible photoinduced LC‐isotropic transitions. Photo‐induced isothermal phase changes in the imbibed material afford large and fully reversible changes in the permeability of the membrane to nitrogen. Both the LC and photogenerated isotropic states demonstrate a linear permeability/pressure relationship, but they show significant differences in their permeability coefficients. Liquid crystal compositions can be chosen such that the LC phase is more permeable than the isotropic—or vice versa – and can be further tuned by surface alignment. Permeability switching response times are 5 s, with alternating UV and >420‐nm radiation at an intensity of 2 mW/cm 2 being sufficient for complete and reversible switching. Thermal and kinetic properties of the confined LC materials are evaluated and correlated with the observed permeation properties. We demonstrate for the first time reversible permeation control of a membrane with light irradiation.
Removal of Chromium (III) from Water by Using Modified and Nonmodified Carbon Nanotubes (2010)

This study was carried out to evaluate the environmental application of modified and nonmodified carbon nanotubes through the experiment removal of chromium trivalent (III) from water. The aim was to find the optimal condition of the chromium (III) removal from water under different treatment conditions of pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and agitation speed. Multi wall carbon nanotubes (MW‐CNTs) were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The diameter of the carbon nanotubes produced varied from 20–40 nm with average diameter of 24 nm and 10 micrometer in length. Adsorption isotherms were used to model the adsorption behavior and to calculate the adsorption capacity of the absorbents. The results showed that, 18% of chromium (III) removal was achieved using modified carbon nanotubes (M‐CNTs) at pH 7, 150 rpm, and 2 hours for a dosage of 150 mg of CNTs. The removal of Cr (III) is mainly attributed to the affinity of chromium (III) to the physical and chemical properties of the CNTs. The adsorption isotherms plots were well fitted with experimental data.
Signal conditioning techniques for robust speech recognition (1996)

Acoustic mismatch encountered in various training and testing conditions of hidden Markov model (HMM) based systems often causes severe degradation in speech recognition performance. For telephone based speech recognition tasks, acoustic mismatch can arise from various sources, such as variations in telephone handsets, ambient noise, and channel distortions. This paper presents three techniques for blind channel equalization, namely, cepstral mean subtraction (CMS), signal bias removal (SBR) and hierarchical signal bias removal (HSBR). Experimental results on various connected digits databases show a reduction in the digit error rate by 16%, 21%, and 28% when employing CMS, SBR, and HSBR, respectively. Our results also demonstrate that the HSBR technique outperforms SBR and CMS on every sub-data collection and exhibits consistent improvements even for short utterances.
Cluster channel assignment policies in cluster-based micro/picocellular wireless networks (2003)

We consider cluster-based micro/picocellular networks with overlapped cell-clusters. Two cluster channel assignment policies, namely, partitioned cluster channel assignment and shared cluster channel assignment-policies are proposed and their performances are studied. Our results show that the shared cluster channel assignment policy has significantly better performance (in terms of hand-off dropping probability) than the partitioned cluster channel assignment policy.
Xenograft-like destruction of tumors and their conversion into vaccines by intratumoral injection of α-gal glycolipids (2007)

3074 Background: We describe a novel immunotherapy exploiting the natural anti-Gal antibody to destroy tumors and convert them into endogenous vaccines. Anti-Gal constitutes 1% of immunoglobulins in humans and interacts specifically with a-gal epitopes (Gala1- 3Galβ1–4GlcNAc-R) on glycolipids and glycoproteins. a-Gal epitopes are abundant in nonprimate mammals. Binding of anti-Gal to a-gal epitopes on pig cells mediates xenograft rejection. We inject glycolipids carrying a-gal epitopes (a-gal glycolipids) into solid tumors. Methods: a-Gal glycolipids extracted from rabbit RBC have carbohydrate chains capped with a-gal epitopes. Efficacy of treatment was studied in a1,3galactosyltransferase knockout mice bearing B16 melanoma. These mice are unique since they lack a-gal epitopes and can produce anti- Gal, like humans. Also B16 cells lack a-gal epitopes. B16 lesions (∼5 mm) were injected with 1mg a-gal glycolipids. Results: Intratumoral injection of a-gal glycolipids results in local inflammation mediated by anti-Gal binding to the ∼2x10 16 a-gal epitopes on these glycolipids, activation of complement and generation of chemotactic factors. a-Gal glycolipids insert spontaneously into tumor cell membranes. Binding of anti-Gal to a-gal epitopes on such tumor cells induces lesion destruction, similar to xenograft rejection. Anti-Gal further opsonizes tumor cells for effective uptake by inflammation recruited dendritic cells (DC), via Fcγ receptors of these APC. The DC transport internalized tumor Ags to draining lymph nodes and present tumor Ag peptides, thus activating tumor specific T cells and eliciting an immune response against micrometastases. Conclusions: Injected a-gal glycolipids effectively destroy lesions and convert them into vaccines. This treatment may be even more effective in humans, since complement activity is much higher than in mice. This treatment may also be considered as neo-adjuvant immunotherapy for converting primary tumor into autologous tumor vaccine that elicits a protective immune response against micrometastases, during the period preceding resection of the tumor. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Enhanced life ion source for germanium and carbon ion implantation (2012)

Germanium and carbon ions represent a significant portion of total ion implantation steps in the process flow. Very often ion source materials that used to produce ions are chemically aggressive, especially at higher temperatures, and result in fast ion source performance degradation and a very limited lifetime [B.S. Freer, et. al., 2002 14th Intl. Conf. on Ion Implantation Technology Proc, IEEE Conf. Proc., p. 420 (2003)]. GeF4 and CO2 are commonly used to generate germanium and carbon beams. In the case of GeF4 controlling the tungsten deposition due to the de-composition of WF6 (halogen cycle) is critical to ion source life. With CO2, the materials oxidation and carbon deposition must be controlled as both will affect cathode thermionic emission and anti-cathode (repeller) efficiencies due to the formation of volatile metal oxides. The improved ion source design Extended Life Source 3 (Eterna ELS3) together with its proprietary co-gas material implementation has demonstrated >300 hours of stable continuous operation when using carbon and germanium ion beams. Optimizing cogas chemistries retard the cathode erosion rate for germanium and carbon minimizes the adverse effects of oxygen when reducing gas is introduced for carbon. The proprietary combination of hardware and co-gas has improved source stability and the results of the hardware and co-gas development are discussed.
Equalization of transmit diversity space-time coded signals (2002)

Diversity transmission at the base station is an effective technique to combat the adverse effects of fading. This is suggested as an alternative to diversity at the terminal, thereby reducing the implementation complexity. Space-time coding has been proposed as a coding technique for diversity transmission that will provide additional performance gains. We describe a maximum likelihood sequence estimator (MLSE) for space-time coded signals that exploits the structure present in some of these codes. Simulation results of the proposed equalizer show a substantial improvement over single antenna transmission.
Dried and free flowing granules of Spinacia oleracea accelerate bone regeneration and alleviate postmenopausal osteoporosis (2017)

SOE treatment effectively prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss and stimulated fracture healing in adult rats. The dried granular form of the extract of Spinaceae oleracea was effective in fracture healing at the same dose.
Trellis-Extended Codebooks and Successive Phase Adjustment: A Path From LTE-Advanced to FDD Massive MIMO Systems (2014)

It is of great interest to develop efficient ways to acquire accurate channel state information (CSI) for massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems using frequency division duplexing (FDD). It is theoretically well known that the codebook size (in bits) for CSI quantization should be increased as the number of transmit antennas becomes larger, and 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced codebooks have sizes that scale according to this rule. It is hard to apply the conventional approach of using unstructured and predefined vector quantization codebooks for CSI quantization in massive MIMO because of the codeword search complexity. In this paper, we propose a trellis-extended codebook (TEC) that can be easily harmonized with current wireless standards, such as LTE or LTE-Advanced, because it can allow standardized codebooks designed for two, four, or eight antennas to be extended to larger arrays by using a trellis structure. TEC exploits a Viterbi decoder for CSI quantization and a convolutional encoder for CSI reconstruction. By quantizing multiple channel entries simultaneously using standardized codebooks in a state transition of a trellis search, TEC can achieve a fractional number of bits per channel entry quantization and a practical feedback overhead. Thus, TEC can solve both the complexity and the feedback overhead issues of CSI quantization in massive MIMO systems. We also develop trellis-extended successive phase adjustment (TE-SPA), which works as a differential codebook for TEC. This is similar to the dual codebook concept of LTE-Advanced. TE-SPA can reduce CSI quantization error with lower feedback overhead in temporally and spatially correlated channels. Numerical results verify the effectiveness of the proposed schemes in FDD massive MIMO systems.
Sampling Error in Small‐bore Sheathless Capillary Electrophoresis/Electrospray‐ionization Mass Spectrometry (1996)

Two previously unreported sources of systematic error in electrokinetic injection caused by induced (hydrodynamic) flow in sheathless capillary electrophoresis/electrospray have been characterized for an interface constructed from 5 μm i.d. capillary column(s) with a 2–5 μm i.d. electrospray tip(s). The tip of a sheathless interface is usually exposed to the atmosphere, resulting in evaporation of buffer solvent and inducing flow inside the column; such flow can cause a significant underestimation of injection size for quantitative electrokinetic sampling by as much as 50%. This bias can be eliminated during the injection process by temporarily immersing the tip in buffer solvent. The second source of hydrodynamic flow results from the electrostatic pull exerted by the electrospray process on the buffer, reducing migration times. Reduction in migration time causes an overestimation of sampling volume if there are no electrospray processes during the sampling event. The magnitude of this effect is a complex function of electrophoretic and electrospray parameters and has been measured to be as high as 15% for 5 μm i.d. capillaries. The possible deterioration of electrophoretic resolution caused by these processes is not yet clarified.
Sub-50nm half-pitch imaging with a low activation energy chemically amplified photoresist (2004)

Critical lithographic dimensions are rapidly approaching the sub-50nm regime where there is a concern that image blur due to acid diffusion will impose a practical limit to the resolution of chemically amplified (CA) resists. Although recent EUV and 193- and 157nm immersion interferometric experiments have reportedly resolved line-space arrays with individual dimensions on the order of ∼40nm, smaller nested features are likely to prove problematic. Numerous reports suggest that conventional photoresist performance degrades rapidly at half-pitch dimensions in this range. New approaches to processing and materials development of photoresists will likely be required if the concept of chemical amplification is to be extended to the 32nm node and beyond. In this article we show that through materials choice and proper processing, image blur can be controlled to an extent where dense features below 40nm can routinely be resolved in CA resists. We describe our studies on high-sensitivity resists of differing activation energies and demonstrate the effect of postexposure bake conditions on the ultimate resolution. Most notably, electron-beam exposure of a CA resist that requires no postexpose bake has demonstrated half-pitch resolution down to 30nm with reasonable process latitude. Acid diffusion measurements performed on the same systems using a 193nm top surface-imaging-technique correlate with the observed resolution of the different resists and processing conditions. Additionally, this system has been probed to explore the effect of humidity on the rate of the resist deprotection reactions in order to determine the impact this might have on resolution.
Timing Ultra-Wideband Signals With Dirty Templates (2005)

Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology for indoor wireless communications promises high data rates with low-complexity transceivers. Rapid timing synchronization constitutes a major challenge in realizing these promises. In this paper, we establish a novel synchronization criterion that we term "timing with dirty templates" (TDT), based on which we develop and test timing algorithms in both data-aided (DA) and nondata-aided modes. For the DA mode, we design a training pattern, which turns out to not only speed up synchronization, but also enable timing in a multiuser environment. Based on simple integrate-and-dump operations over the symbol duration, our TDT algorithms remain operational in practical UWB settings. They are also readily applicable to narrowband systems when intersymbol interference is avoided. Simulations confirm performance improvement of TDT relative to existing alternatives in terms of mean square error and bit-error rate.
Steel Foil Improves Performance Of Blasting Caps (1990)

Blasting caps, which commonly include deep-drawn aluminum cups, give significantly higher initiation performance by application of steel foils on output faces. Steel closures 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) thick more effective than aluminum. Caps with directly bonded steel foil produce fragment velocities of 9,300 ft/s (2.8 km/s) with large craters and unpredictable patterns to such degree that no attempts made to initiate explosions. Useful in military and aerospace applications and in specialized industries as mining and exploration for oil.