gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Blood–Brain Barrier (2015)

Blood vessels are critical to deliver oxygen and nutrients to all of the tissues and organs throughout the body. The blood vessels that vascularize the central nervous system (CNS) possess unique properties, termed the blood-brain barrier, which allow these vessels to tightly regulate the movement of ions, molecules, and cells between the blood and the brain. This precise control of CNS homeostasis allows for proper neuronal function and also protects the neural tissue from toxins and pathogens, and alterations of these barrier properties are an important component of pathology and progression of different neurological diseases. The physiological barrier is coordinated by a series of physical, transport, and metabolic properties possessed by the endothelial cells (ECs) that form the walls of the blood vessels, and these properties are regulated by interactions with different vascular, immune, and neural cells. Understanding how these different cell populations interact to regulate the barrier properties is essential for understanding how the brain functions during health and disease.
Reduced coupling loss using a tapered-rib adiabatic-following fiber coupler (2002)

We have demonstrated a monolithically integratable GaAs-AlGaAs rib waveguide mode expander that requires only epitaxial growth, lithography and conventional etching to fabricate. Our device has demonstrated losses of 2.5 dB and we project has the potential to further reduce the fiber to semiconductor waveguide loss to below 1 dB.
High dynamic range temperature point sensor using green fluorescence intensity ratio in erbium-doped silica fiber (1995)

We propose a sensor based on the temperature dependant behavior of the two lines of green emission of the erbium ion. The ratio of the intensities of these two lines presents a very low dependance on pump wavelength and pump power fluctuations. The sensitivity of the ratio is 0.013//spl deg/C between room temperature and 600/spl deg/C. In addition, the measurement is self-calibrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Common variants in the JAZF1 gene associated with height identified by linkage and genome-wide association analysis (2008)

Genes for height have gained interest for decades, but only recently have candidate genes started to be identified. We have performed linkage analysis and genome-wide association for height in approximately 4000 individuals from five European populations. A total of five chromosomal regions showed suggestive linkage and in one of these regions, two SNPs (rs849140 and rs1635852) were associated with height (nominal P = 7.0 x 10(-8) and P = 9.6 x 10(-7), respectively). In total, five SNPs across the genome showed an association with height that reached the threshold of genome-wide significance (nominal P < 1.6 x 10(-7)). The association with height was replicated for two SNPs (rs1635852 and rs849140) using three independent studies (n = 31 077, n=1268 and n = 5746) with overall meta P-values of 9.4 x 10(-10) and 5.3 x 10(-8). These SNPs are located in the JAZF1 gene, which has recently been associated with type II diabetes, prostate and endometrial cancer. JAZF1 is a transcriptional repressor of NR2C2, which results in low IGF1 serum concentrations, perinatal and early postnatal hypoglycemia and growth retardation when knocked out in mice. Both the linkage and association analyses independently identified the JAZF1 region affecting human height. We have demonstrated, through replication in additional independent populations, the consistency of the effect of the JAZF1 SNPs on height. Since this gene also has a key function in the metabolism of growth, JAZF1 represents one of the strongest candidates influencing human height identified so far.
Role of surgical outcome as prognostic factor in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: A combined exploratory analysis of 3 prospectively randomized phase 3 multicenter trials (2009)

The goal of primary surgery should be complete resection. The prognostic impact of tumor biology seemed to be partially overruled by residual tumor and further evaluation of biologic factors should stratify for residual tumor.
생산성 규준과 노동가치론 (2011)

이 논문의 목적은 생산성 규준이라는 통화정책의 원리에 관한 학설사적 논의들을 살펴보는 것이다. 특히 화폐이론과 통화정책, 가치이론과 통화정책 사이의 이론적 연결고리에 주목한다. 먼저 생산성 규준의 현대적 논쟁을 정리하고, 오스트리아 학파의 강제저축에 관한 논의들을 통해 이들의 화폐 이론과 통화정책의 연결고리를 살펴본다. 다음으로, 생산성 규준을 리카아도의 객관적 가치론과 연결시키려고 했던 데이비드슨의 논의를 통해 가치론에 기반하는 통화정책의 예를 살펴보고자 한다. 마지막으로 고전학파적 가치론이 퇴색한 이후에 생산성 규준과 관련된 논의 속에 등장하는 객관적 가치론의 유산들을 살펴보고자 한다.
Protein structure and function (2004)

1. From Sequence to Structure 2. From Structure to Function 3. Control of Protein Function 4. From Sequence to Function: Case Studies in Structural and Functional Genomics 5. Structure Determination
Adjoint sensitivity analysis for numerical weather prediction (2011)

We present an approach to estimate adjoint sensitivities of economic metrics of relevance in the power grid with respect to physical weather variables using numerical weather prediction models. We demonstrate that this capability can significantly enhance planning and operations. We illustrate the method using a large-scale computational study where we compute sensitivities of the regional generation cost in the state of Illinois with respect to wind speed and temperature fields inside and outside the state.
Suppression of glycogen synthesis as a treatment for Lafora disease: Establishing the window of opportunity (2020)

Lafora disease (LD) is a fatal adolescence-onset neurodegenerative condition. The hallmark of LD is the accumulation of aberrant glycogen aggregates called Lafora bodies (LBs) in the brain and other tissues. Impeding glycogen synthesis from early embryonic stages by genetic suppression of glycogen synthase (MGS) in an animal model of LD prevents LB formation and ultimately the pathological manifestations of LD thereby indicating that LBs are responsible for the pathophysiology of the disease. However, it is not clear whether eliminating glycogen synthesis in an adult animal after LBs have already formed would halt or reverse the progression of LD. Herein we generated a mouse model of LD with inducible MGS suppression. We evaluated the effect of MGS suppression at different time points on LB accumulation as well as on the appearance of neuroinflammation, a pathologic trait of LD models. In the skeletal muscle, MGS suppression in adult LD mice blocked the formation of new LBs and reduced the number of glycogen aggregates. In the brain, early but not late MGS suppression halted the accumulation of LBs. However, the neuroinflammatory response was still present, as shown by the levels of reactive astrocytes, microglia and inflammatory cytokines. Our results confirm that MGS as a promising therapeutic target for LD and highlight the importance of an early diagnosis for effective treatment of the disease.
Design, mechanism, delivery and therapeutics of canonical and Dicer-substrate siRNA (2019)

Upon the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi), canonical small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been recognized to trigger sequence-specific gene silencing. Despite the benefits of siRNAs as potential new drugs, there are obstacles still to be overcome, including off-target effects and immune stimulation. More recently, Dicer substrate siRNA (DsiRNA) has been introduced as an alternative to siRNA. Similarly, it also is proving to be potent and target-specific, while rendering less immune stimulation. DsiRNA is 25-30 nucleotides in length, and is further cleaved and processed by the Dicer enzyme. As with siRNA, it is crucial to design and develop a stable, safe, and efficient system for the delivery of DsiRNA into the cytoplasm of targeted cells. Several polymeric nanoparticle systems have been well established to load DsiRNA for <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> delivery, thereby overcoming a major hurdle in the therapeutic uses of DsiRNA. The present review focuses on a comparison of siRNA and DsiRNA on the basis of their design, mechanism, <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> delivery, and therapeutics.
Suppression of food intake, body weight, and body fat by jejunal fatty acid infusions (2000)

Three experiments investigated effects of jejunal lipid infusions given on 4 or 21 consecutive days in adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats. In experiment 1, 7-h infusions of linoleic or oleic acid (0.2 ml/h for 7 h; total load = 11.5 kcal) on 4 consecutive days reduced total intake (ad libitum consumption of the liquid diet Boost, Mead Johnson, plus load) by approximately 15% and decreased weight gain compared with 4-day tests with saline administration. In experiment 2, linoleic acid at 0.1 ml/h for 7 h (5.7 kcal) was ineffective, whereas the same load delivered in 3.5 h produced effects similar in magnitude to those in the first experiment. In experiment 3, jejunal infusions of linoleic acid (0.2 ml/h for 7 h) on 21 consecutive days reduced mean total intake by 16%, body weight by 10%, and carcass fat by 48% compared with controls receiving saline. The net decrease in caloric intake may reflect the combined activation of pre- and postabsorptive mechanisms, and it suggests a possible treatment for obesity.
Phase resetting and dysrhythmic responses of the respiratory oscillator (1987)

This study explores resetting of respiratory rhythm by facilitatory perturbations. The midbrain reticular formation and periaqueductal gray matter were electrically stimulated to evoke facilitation of phrenic nerve activity in nine anesthetized, vagotomized, and glomectomized adult cats. The animals were paralyzed and servo-ventilated to keep end-tidal PCO2 constant. Brief midbrain stimuli were given at various times in the respiratory cycle and the times of onset of rescheduled breaths after stimulation were measured. A plot of phase resetting as a function of stimulus strength and time of delivery defined a helicoid surface. The axis of this helicoid identified a unique stimulus which, when given at the inspiratory-expiratory transition, resulted in unpredictable resetting of respiratory rhythm. This stimulus had a strength that was intermediate to that which identified types 1 and 0 resetting. In one experiment, the singular stimulus often initiated a breath having prolonged inspiratory activity; resumption of the normal rhythm was delayed significantly (P less than 0.01). We conclude that the dysrhythmias observed in this study represent the respiratory oscillator's phase singularity.
Very Short Horn Antennas for Arbitrary Polarisation (1979)

The paper deals with new types of horn antennas with minimised lengths. Four different antennas for various applications are presented. The shape of these antennas was found by a combination of experimental and CAD-techniques. Providing a smooth transition in two steps from the 50Ω coaxial feeding cable to the aperture, these horns are capable of covering a frequency range of at least an octave. Two of the antennas are designed for linear polarisation, two others can receive or transmit any wanted polarisation by properly combining the signals of two orthogonal feeders. The horns are self-balanced with the exception of one unsymmetrical antenna for flange-mounting on metal surfaces. A special design with an optimum shaped central conductor is used to ensure sufficient decoupling and a minimum of phase and amplitude difference between the orthogonal channels of the horns for arbitrary polarisation.
Sugars and Polyols Inhibit Fibrillogenesis of Type I Collagen by Disrupting Hydrogen-Bonded Water Bridges between the Helices (1998)

To better understand the mechanism of collagen fibrillogenesis, we studied how various sugars and polyols affect the formation and stability of collagen fibers. We combined traditional fiber assembly assays with direct measurement of the interaction between collagen triple helices in fibers by osmotic stress and X-ray diffraction. We found that the effects of sugars and polyols were highly specific with respect to small structural differences between these solutes. For example, 1,2-propane diol only weakly inhibited the fiber assembly and practically did not affect the interaction between collagen helices in fibers. At the same concentration, 1,3-propane diol eliminated the attraction between collagen helices and strongly suppressed fibrillogenesis. The two diols have the same atomic composition and differ only by the position of one of their hydroxyls. Still, their ability to inhibit fiber assembly differs by more than an order of magnitude, as judged by protein solubility. We argue that this is because collagen fibrillogenesis requires formation of hydrogen-bonded water clusters bridging recognition sites on the opposing helices. The ability of various sugars and polyols to inhibit the fiber assembly and to destabilize existing fibers is determined by how efficiently these solutes can compete with water for crucial hydrogen bonds and, thus, disrupt the water bridges. The effect of a sugar or a polyol appears to be strongly dependent on the specific stereochemistry of the solute hydroxyls that defines the preferred hydrogen-bonding pattern of the solute.
Data acquisition in PET imaging. (2002)

Data acquisition is substantially different in PET than it is in planar nuclear medicine and SPECT. There is an entirely different set of definitions and considerations. The objective of this paper is to provide the reader with the terminology and understanding of how PET data are acquired and organized as well as the issues involved in choosing one approach over another. Sinograms and projection views will be presented as methods of storing and viewing raw PET data. Different approaches to increase axial sampling while maintaining a sufficient number of counts for each reconstructed slice are discussed, as well as the use of sinogram compression or "mashing" to reduce the storage requirements of raw PET data. The differences between 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) PET and how storage of raw 3D data may differ from that of 2D data are described. The concept of "Michelograms" as a means of displaying the nature of the axial sampling in both 2D and 3D PET is discussed. After reading this paper, the reader will be able to describe 2 methods used to store and display raw PET data and compare them with methods used in SPECT. The reader will be able to define the terms "span" and "maximum ring difference" and describe how they relate to the axial sampling in 2D and 3D PET. The reader will also be able to list 3 ways in which 3D PET differs from 2D PET.
Extraction of key phrases from document using statistical and linguistic analysis (2009)

The algorithm is being developed with a view to reduce the time of going through entire document. The tool will be able to summarize textual documents automatically using statistical as well as linguistic techniques. It will provide the much needed method for creating concise and yet precise documents.
SISTEM PAKAR DIAGNOSA PENYAKIT KEHAMILAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE DEMPSTER-SHAFER BERBASIS WEB (2022)

Penyakit pada kehamilan memiliki banyak jenis dan juga tingkat resiko yang berbeda-beda bagi janin. Salah satunya hipertensi, hipertensi merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang sering menucul selama kehamilan yang dimana hipertensi pada kehamilan ini dapat berlanjut menjadi preeklamsia dan eklamsia yang dapat menyebabkan kematian pada ibu maupun janin. Banyak ibu hamil awalnya tidak mengetahui bahwa mereka menderita hipertensi pada kehamilan mereka. Oleh karena itu diperlukan sebuah suatu alat sistem yang memiliki kemampuan layaknya seorang dokter dalam mendiagnosa penyakit. Sistem tersebut adalah sistem pakar yang berusaha mengadopsi pengetahuan manusia ke dalam komputer agar dapat menyelsesaikan masalah seperti biasa dilakukan oleh pakar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengimplementasikan metode demster- shafer pada sistem diagnosa penyakit kehamilan. Diharapkan dengan sistem pakar ini dapat membantuibu hamil dalam mengetahui penyakit yang dialami pada kehamilannya.
Quantum cryptanalysis of hash and claw-free functions (1997)

In this note, we give a quantum algorithm that finds collisions in arbitrary &tau;-to-one functions after only O ( 3 &radic; N /&tau;) expected evaluations of the function. Assuming the function is given by a black box, this is more efficient than the best possible classical algorithm, even allowing probabilism. We also give a similar algorithm for finding claws in pairs of functions. Furthermore, we exhibit a space-time tradeoff for our technique. Our approach uses Grover's quantum searching algorithm in a novel way.
A Universal Vacant Parking Slot Recognition System Using Sensors Mounted on Off-the-Shelf Vehicles (2018)

An automatic parking system is an essential part of autonomous driving, and it starts by recognizing vacant parking spaces. This paper proposes a method that can recognize various types of parking slot markings in a variety of lighting conditions including daytime, nighttime, and underground. The proposed method can readily be commercialized since it uses only those sensors already mounted on off-the-shelf vehicles: an around-view monitor (AVM) system, ultrasonic sensors, and in-vehicle motion sensors. This method first detects separating lines by extracting parallel line pairs from AVM images. Parking slot candidates are generated by pairing separating lines based on the geometric constraints of the parking slot. These candidates are confirmed by recognizing their entrance positions using line and corner features and classifying their occupancies using ultrasonic sensors. For more reliable recognition, this method uses the separating lines and parking slots not only found in the current image but also found in previous images by tracking their positions using the in-vehicle motion-sensor-based vehicle odometry. The proposed method was quantitatively evaluated using a dataset obtained during the day, night, and underground, and it outperformed previous methods by showing a 95.24% recall and a 97.64% precision.
Twenty years of combinatorial antibody libraries, but how well do they mimic the immunoglobulin repertoire? (2009)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Cells of the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis. Chondrocytes (2007)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the inflammatory joint diseases in a heterogeneous group of disorders that share features of destruction of the extracellular matrices of articular cartilage and bone. The underlying disturbance in immune regulation that is responsible for the localized joint pathology results in the release of inflammatory mediators in the synovial fluid and synovium that directly and indirectly influence cartilage homeostasis. Analysis of the breakdown products of the matrix components of joint cartilage in body fluids and quantitative imaging techniques have been used to assess the effects of the inflammatory joint disease on the local remodeling of joint structures. The role of the chondrocyte itself in cartilage destruction in the human rheumatoid joint has been difficult to address but has been inferred from studies in vitro and in animal models. This review covers current knowledge about the specific cellular and biochemical mechanisms that account for the disruption of the integrity of the cartilage matrix in RA.
Numerical computation of thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects (2002)

Phenomenological equations describing the Seebeck, Hall, Nernst, Peltier, Ettingshausen, and Righi-Leduc effects are numerically solved for the temperature, electric current, and electrochemical potential distributions of semiconductors under magnetic field. The results are compared to experiments.
Constrained spectrum control using MPC (2011)

Well-known model predictive control (MPC) theory for constrained linear time-invariant (LTI) systems is extended to accommodate hard constraints and cost penalizations on the spectra of the system's output trajectories. Thus the proposed method facilitates enforcing constraints, and placing weights, on the harmonic content of input-, state- and output-trajectories, in addition to the usual constrained control objectives. The proposed methods are demonstrated by the example problem of reducing torsional vibrations in a drive-shaft.
Clustering for Multi-Dimensional Data and Its Visualization (2005)

The paper proposes a property classification based clustering method and a novel data visualization method.First,a data set is clustered with the feature of its prime attributes and secondary attributes;second,under the principle of mapping color stimulus spectrum to RGB color space,every clustering is visualized by the chromaticity diagram of J.C.Maxwell's triangle plane coordinate.The experiments show that the algorithm is simple and easily implemented.The visualization method is helpful for users to view data,and has an important role in prediction and decision.
A concise guide to sustainable PEMFCs: recent advances in improving both oxygen reduction catalysts and proton exchange membranes (2015)

The rising interest in fuel cell vehicle technology (FCV) has engendered a growing need and realization to develop rational chemical strategies to create highly efficient, durable, and cost-effective fuel cells. Specifically, technical limitations associated with the major constituent components of the basic proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), namely the cathode catalyst and the proton exchange membrane (PEM), have proven to be particularly demanding to overcome. Therefore, research trends within the community in recent years have focused on (i) accelerating the sluggish kinetics of the catalyst at the cathode and (ii) minimizing overall Pt content, while simultaneously (a) maximizing activity and durability as well as (b) increasing membrane proton conductivity without causing any concomitant loss in either stability or as a result of damage due to flooding. In this light, as an example, high temperature PEMFCs offer a promising avenue to improve the overall efficiency and marketability of fuel cell technology. In this Critical Review, recent advances in optimizing both cathode materials and PEMs as well as the future and peculiar challenges associated with each of these systems will be discussed.
Targeting the Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor with Synthetic Self-Assembly Nanoparticles (2008)

Targeting specific receptors is attracting growing interest in the fields of drug delivery and gene therapy for cancer treatment. The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is overexpressed on many tumors,particularly that of prostate and breast cancers. The aim of this study is to design, prepare, and characterize a synthetic self-assembled nanoparticle that presents targeting ligands at a certain conformation and molar ratio onthe surface of the particles. Here, we describe the synthesis of a novel uPAR targeting ligand consisting of an 11-amino-acid sequence named U11 peptide modified with an alkyl chain to form an U11 peptide-lipid amphiphile.This peptide-lipid is inserted into the outer layer of a parent stealth liposome by post-modification to derive a U11 peptide-targeted nanoparticle. We demonstrate that the peptide moieties become separated into more singular conformations as they are inserted into a liposome membrane, rendering them to be sufficiently biologically active to observe specific receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) and delivery of plasmid DNA to uPAR positive cells (DU145 cells). The U11 peptide targeted nanoparticle transfection of DU145 cells is essentially 10-fold higher compared to transfection achieved by nanoparticles having a scrambled peptide sequence on their surface.U11 peptide targeted nanoparticles also proved to be uPAR-specific, as they did not improve transfection levels on the uPAR-negative cell line, HEK293.