gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-level logic benchmarks: An exactness study (2017)

In this paper, we study exact multi-level logic benchmarks. We refer to an exact logic benchmark, or exact benchmark in short, as the optimal implementation of a given Boolean function, in terms of minimum number of logic levels and/or nodes. Exact benchmarks are of paramount importance to design automation because they allow engineers to test the efficiency of heuristic techniques used in practice. When dealing with two-level logic circuits, tools to generate exact benchmarks are available, e.g., espresso-exact, and scale up to relatively large size. However, when moving to modern multi-level logic circuits, the problem of deriving exact benchmarks is inherently more complex. Indeed, few solutions are known. In this paper, we present a scalable method to generate exact multi-level benchmarks with the optimum, or provably close to the optimum, number of logic levels. Our technique involves concepts from graph theory and joint support decomposition. Experimental results show an asymptotic exponential gap between state-of-the-art synthesis techniques and our exact results. Our findings underline the need for strong new research in logic synthesis.
Performance analysis of machining systems with modular logic controllers (2003)

The machining systems considered are high volume transfer lines. The cycle time during normal operation is used as the performance metric. Normal operation is governed by the auto-cycle function of a logic controller. A modular logic controller is introduced and formalized for event-based functional properties analysis of transfer line. By adding time specifications, a timed modular logic controller is generated. The time-based cyclic behavior of high volume transfer lines is characterized using timed Petri nets. Two efficient algorithms to compute the cycle time and critical operations are developed. A method for improving the performance of a transfer line is introduced.
Design of X-ray Differential Phase Contrast Imaging System for High Energy and Wide Spectrum X-ray Applications (2014)

The optimum design of a grating-based X-ray differential phase contrast imaging system is relatively insensitive to the source spectrum. High energy and wide field of view applications eventually require grating-less sources and detectors.
A passive wireless sensor platform for chemical and biological agents (2012)

Passive wireless sensors can be used to detect chemical or biological agents without the use of probes or wires and without the use of a battery. This paper presents a platform used as a passive wireless sensor to detect certain chemicals of interest. The wireless sensor is powered through an interrogator which sends magnetic/inductive waves to the remote sensor. The sensor converts the power to direct current and then sends back a portion of the power through radio frequency waves with altered frequency, amplitude, and phase. The characteristics of the received signal contain the information about the agent of interest.
Fourier Analysis of Time-Stamped Signals Using a Small Number of Samples (2008)

This paper concerns the Fourier analysis of measurements taken at times that are not at all uniformly spaced yet are accurately known. Such can be the case when measurements are obtained by networked sensors with accurate or synchronized clocks using common Internet Protocol networks or other networks that do not guarantee timely data delivery. Such can also be the case when the object being measured is only sporadically available for measurement. A method for computing a complex spectrum from a minimal number of samples taken at nonuniform time intervals is described. The novelty of this paper lies in the method's ability to minimize the number of samples required to ensure a desired accuracy. A practical application of the method lies in doing spectral analysis of signals obtained from networked sensors where acquiring each sample is expensive in time, power, or money, and so, the number of samples taken is to be minimized. The method has been tested on two rather different sets of actual measurements: one taken via smart sensors connected to the Internet and the other taken by a number of observational astronomers using a variety of apparatus over decades.
A transient cortical state with sleep-like sensory responses precedes emergence from general anesthesia in humans (2018)

During awake consciousness, the brain intrinsically maintains a dynamical state in which it can coordinate complex responses to sensory input. How the brain reaches this state spontaneously is not known. General anesthesia provides a unique opportunity to examine how the human brain recovers its functional capabilities after profound unconsciousness. We used intracranial electrocorticography and scalp EEG in humans to track neural dynamics during emergence from propofol general anesthesia. We identify a distinct transient brain state that occurs immediately prior to recovery of behavioral responsiveness. This state is characterized by large, spatially distributed, slow sensory-evoked potentials that resemble the K-complexes that are hallmarks of stage two sleep. However, the ongoing spontaneous dynamics in this transitional state differ from sleep. These results identify an asymmetry in the neurophysiology of induction and emergence, as the emerging brain can enter a state with a sleep-like sensory blockade before regaining responsivity to arousing stimuli.
Electrical modeling of a biochip for genetic manipulation of single cells (2006)

Electroporation is a widely used technique which allows introducing into cultured cells molecules which won't enter in naturally because of the high selectivity of the cell membrane (this is called transfection). We are presenting in this paper a biochip comprising an array of microelectrodes which can be used to electroporate single cells instead than the large number of cells customarily treated with commonly used transfection techniques. In particular, we are dealing with electrical measurements of the biochip electrodes and with an accurate equivalent model.
<title>New laser scanning techniques for wafer inspection</title> (1995)

A laser scanning system designed for inspection of patterned wafers is described. This system addresses the inspection needs for 64 Mb (0.35 micrometers ) and 256 Mb (0.25 micrometers ) DRAM process technologies. The system is capable of detecting contaminant particles and planar pattern defects on memory and logic devices. The throughput of the system is designed for 30 wafers (200 mm in diameter) per hour. The beam at 488 nm is brought to a focal spot and is scanned on the wafer surface using an acousto-optic deflector (AOD). The entire wafer is scanned under oblique illumination in narrow strips in a serpentine fashion. The specular beam is collected and processed in, what we have named, the autoposition sensor (APS) to servo- lock the height position of the wafer during the scan. The system utilizes multiple independent collection channels positioned around the scan line and it is possible to select the polarization of the collected light for enhanced signal-to-background ratio. The engineering tradeoffs for realizing a system with high throughput and sensitivity are formulated and discussed. Calculations ilustrating scattering from submicron size particles under various polarization conditions are shown. These results lead to optimum design for collection optics. The APS channel is described and illustrated by results indicating that it is possible to keep the surface height of the wafer constant to within 0.4 micrometers in the presence of large changes in topography and wafer reflectivity. Results obtained from a range of production wafers demonstrating detection of 0.1 micrometers anomalies on bare wafer, 0.3 micrometers on memory devices, and 0.4 micrometers on random logic structures are presented.
Modified Ibogaine Fragments:  Synthesis and Preliminary Pharmacological Characterization of 3-Ethyl-5-phenyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydroazepino[4,5-<i>b</i>]benzothiophenes (1998)

Five phenyl-substituted derivatives and analogues of 1,2,3,4,5, 6-hexahydroazepino[4,5-b]indole, 5, a major fragment of ibogaine (1), were synthesized and tested for binding to monoamine transporters, the NMDA receptor-coupled cation channel, and dopamine and opioid receptors. All five derivatives, 9 and 17a-d, displayed 8-10-fold higher affinity at the DA transporter than ibogaine and noribogaine (4). At the serotonin transporter, two compounds (9 and 17a) exhibited higher potency than ibogaine, while the rest had weaker binding affinities than the lead compound. In keeping with their structural similarity to ibogaine, all five compounds displayed weak to poor affinity for dopamine D1 and D2 receptors. However, two compounds, 17a,c, demonstrated moderate binding affinities at dopamine D3 receptors. All five compounds displayed weak to poor affinities for mu and kappa opioid receptors and for the NMDA receptor-coupled cation channel. Despite the qualitative differences, derivatives and analogues of 5may serve as useful substitutes for ibogaine.
Cervical fluorescence of normal women (1999)

Background and Objective Cervical tissue fluorescence spectra have previously been measured in vivo in women with a recent abnormal Papanicolaou smear. Diagnostic algorithms have been developed to diagnose squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) based on these fluorescence emission spectra. However, algorithms have not been tested in women with no history of cervical neoplasia. Study Design/Materials and Methods Cervical fluorescence was measured from 54 women with no history of cervical dysplasia, and the spectra were compared to those from colposcopically normal sites in women with suspected dysplasia. Representative spectra from each group were compared and a two-sided, unpaired Student's t-test was performed to compare mean principal component scores used in previously published diagnostic algorithms. The ability of previously reported diagnostic algorithms to classify these samples as normal tissue was also assessed. Results At the 0.05 level of significance, the mean scores of 4 of the 7 important principal components were statistically different for the two populations. However, when the data collected from volunteers in this study were preprocessed in the appropriate manner and the algorithms were applied, more normal samples were correctly classified than in the previous clinical study in which these algorithms were developed. Conclusion Previously reported algorithms can accurately classify tissue type based on spectra from women with and without a history of cervical neoplasia. Lasers Surg. Med. 24:29–37, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
High Power Density Design Methodology (2007)

Power Electronics Research Center (PERC) proposes a novel circuit parameter design concept called "Power Converter Design Platform" for realizing high output power density (OPD) converters. The platform concept enables the exact power loss design by taking the effect of correlations among converter parameters into consideration under high speed switching operation. An experimental apparatus is fabricated based on the platform concept. Details of the power loss design methods for semiconductor power devices and passive filters are presented. The validity of proposed methods is confirmed. The platform concept for the circuit parameter design enables the optimal circuit parameter extraction under real circuit conditions.
Some Extensions to an Algorithm for the Identification of Single-Degree-of-Freedom Machines (1984)

In a previous work the second author presented a theory for the identification of a single-degree-of-freedom machine from its forced periodic operating characteristics. In this work that concept is extended by presenting two new methods of solution which, unlike the previous work, do not use Fourier series. The first method is a deterministic method of solution which is not restricted to using periodic data. This deterministic method is used to establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a unique solution. In particular, it is shown that three observations of the instantaneous drive shaft speed and torque characteristics under different operating conditions are necessary and that the observed speeds must satisfy two conditions. These conditions assure that the observations are independent of each other and that the observations uniquely define three periodic functions which characterize a machine belonging to the specified class of machines. The second method of solution is a least squares formulation which is derived from the first method; however, the derivation of this second method requires that the data be periodic.
T-gate technology for N-polar GaN-based self-aligned MIS-HEMTs with state-of-the-art f<inf>MAX</inf> of 127 GHz: Pathway towards scaling to 30nm GaN HEMTs (2010)

N-polar GaN/AlGaN HEMTs have been of interest to the nitride community recently due to their several advantages over Ga-polar GaN-based HEMTs such as lower contact resistance [1], better electron confinement [2], and enhancement mode operation. For very high frequency performance, it is necessary to scale the parasitic elements in the device along with the gate length. First reports on scaled self-aligned HEMTs on N-face with regrown access regions [3] demonstrated minimization of access resistances which resulted in linear scaling of total delay up to 120 nm gate length (Fig. 1). However, even though excellent f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</inf> .L <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</inf> products of 16.8 GHz-µm were achieved, very low f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MAX</inf> of 17 GHz was achieved due to high resistivity of the W-gates in the gate-first process.
The Biochemical and Cellular Basis for Nutraceutical Strategies to Attenuate Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s Disease (2011)

Future therapeutic intervention that could effectively decelerate the rate of degeneration within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) could add years of mobility and reduce morbidity associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Neurodegenerative decline associated with PD is distinguished by extensive damage to SNc dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons and decay of the striatal tract. While genetic mutations or environmental toxins can precipitate pathology, progressive degenerative succession involves a gradual decline in DA neurotransmission/synaptic uptake, impaired oxidative glucose consumption, a rise in striatal lactate and chronic inflammation. Nutraceuticals play a fundamental role in energy metabolism and signaling transduction pathways that control neurotransmission and inflammation. However, the use of nutritional supplements to slow the progression of PD has met with considerable challenge and has thus far proven unsuccessful. This review re-examines precipitating factors and insults involved in PD and how nutraceuticals can affect each of these biological targets. Discussed are disease dynamics (Sections 1 and 2) and natural substances, vitamins and minerals that could impact disease processes (Section 3). Topics include nutritional influences on α-synuclein aggregation, ubiquitin proteasome function, mTOR signaling/lysosomal-autophagy, energy failure, faulty catecholamine trafficking, DA oxidation, synthesis of toxic DA-quinones, o-semiquinones, benzothiazolines, hyperhomocyseinemia, methylation, inflammation and irreversible oxidation of neuromelanin. In summary, it is clear that future research will be required to consider the multi-faceted nature of this disease and re-examine how and why the use of nutritional multi-vitamin-mineral and plant-based combinations could be used to slow the progression of PD, if possible.
Development of an Eddy Current Damper (2019)

Since earthquakes are a frequent occurrence in Japan, seismic control devices have long been widely used for civil structures. Seismic control devices are particularly effective for reducing the wind-induced or earthquake-induced response of high-rise buildings. Viscous dampers that are typical seismic control devices have temperature and cyclic load dependency. Therefore, the conventional devices are problematic in that the damping performance is reduced in long-period ground motions. We propose a new eddy-current type damper (eRDT) to improve this issue. This device is converted from linear motion the ball screw to rotational motion of the pole ring by an amplifying mechanism. Permanent magnets are arranged on an outer surface of the pole ring and the braking ring made of steel, which faces the permanent magnets of the pole ring while maintaining a certain gap. When an earthquake occurs, a strong magnetic field is created and an eddy-current is induced in the braking ring. As a result, the Lorentz force is generated and the reaction force acts in the inverse direction of the pole ring rotation. Therefore this device can absorb vibration energy of the building structure. In this paper, we describe the basic structure of eRDT, and report the findings elicited from fundamental tests.
Complementary Chirped-Mirror Pair for Broadband Dispersion-Free Cavities (2010)

Chirped mirror pairs with complementary dispersion are proposed for construction of dispersion-free cavities. As an example a mirror pair for a filter cavity with a mirror reflectivity of ~99.2% and 100nm bandwidth (480-580nm) is designed.
Uncertainty Analysis of Drug Concentration in Pharmaceutical Mixtures (2006)

Using a Taylor expansion to first order, a novel method was developed to calculate the uncertainty of drug concentration in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method allows, in principle, calculation of the maximum potential error in drug concentration in a mixture composed of an infinite number of ingredients that are measured on multiple balances of variable sensitivity requirements.
Music‐based magnetic resonance fingerprinting to improve patient comfort during MRI examinations (2015)

MRF-Music sequence provides significant improvement in patient comfort compared with the MRF scan and other fast imaging techniques such as echo planar imaging and turbo spin echo scans. It is also a fast and accurate quantitative method that quantifies multiple relaxation parameters simultaneously. Magn Reson Med 75:2303-2314, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
3-D Stent Detection in Intravascular OCT Using a Bayesian Network and Graph Search (2015)

Worldwide, many hundreds of thousands of stents are implanted each year to revascularize occlusions in coronary arteries. Intravascular optical coherence tomography is an important emerging imaging technique, which has the resolution and contrast necessary to quantitatively analyze stent deployment and tissue coverage following stent implantation. Automation is needed, as current, it takes up to 16 h to manually analyze hundreds of images and thousands of stent struts from a single pullback. For automated strut detection, we used image formation physics and machine learning via a Bayesian network, and 3-D knowledge of stent structure via graph search. Graph search was done on en face projections using minimum spanning tree algorithms. Depths of all struts in a pullback were simultaneously determined using graph cut. To assess the method, we employed the largest validation data set used so far, involving more than 8000 clinical images from 103 pullbacks from 72 patients. Automated strut detection achieved a 0.91±0.04 recall, and 0.84±0.08 precision. Performance was robust in images of varying quality. This method can improve the workflow for analysis of stent clinical trial data, and can potentially be used in the clinic to facilitate real-time stent analysis and visualization, aiding stent implantation.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Soft Relief Device for Typing Applications (2017)

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) affects roughly 3%–6% of the working population ages 18–64 [1]. This affliction is caused by applying stress on the median nerve that is routed through the carpal tunnel while it is at a positive or negative angle, greater than 15 degrees in either direction, to the human wrist [2]. The median nerve can become inflamed and swollen due to pressure from the palmar carpal ligament causing numbness, stiffness and in some cases severe pain. Tasks like typing can become nearly impossible when the median nerve is inflamed. A number of products on the market and research prototypes have been suggested that try to alleviate CTS strains, however, these designs are generally passive e.g. braces, splints, etc. Instead of actively trying to adjust the wrist angle, the general trend is to prop the wrist up with some sort of rigid ramp, similar to the bottom of a keyboard [3]. The goal of this work is to design a wearable, soft-actuated, robotic sleeve that will dynamically adjust the position of the wrist in real-time to a neutral angle to prevent or release CTS strains.
Development of single-side resistance spot welding technology applying in-process welding current and electrode force controls (2016)

An indirect resistance spot welding process with single-side electrode access was developed for automotive applications. The variable controls of electrode force and welding current during welding were studied in order to achieve the promotion of weld nugget formation and the suppression of expulsion without sacrificing the productivity and design flexibility of automobiles. The welding experiments were performed on lapped test coupons of 0.7-mm-thick cold-rolled sheet with tensile strength of 270 N/mm2 and 1.6-mm-thick cold-rolled sheet with tensile strength of 980 N/mm2 using a resistance spot welding system consisting a servo-motor-controlled welding gun and an inverter DC power supply. Welding experiments verified that the occurrence of expulsion and formation of molten nugget were significantly influenced by the heat generation and melting process at an initial period during welding and manageable by applying the variable patterns of electrode force and welding current. When welding was performed under the large shunting condition simply with the constant force and current pattern of 400 N in electrode force, the appropriate current range was less than 1 kA. On the other hand, it extended to 2.6 kA when performed with the variable force and current pattern of 800 N in force and 4 kA in current at the first stage and 400 N in force at the second stage, confirming the fact that the variable pattern successfully suppressed the expulsion and promoted the nugget formation. Numerical simulations were conducted to compare the difference in welding phenomena between the constant force and current pattern and the variable force and current pattern and clarified that the effect of variable force and current pattern on the promotion of nugget formation and the suppression of expulsion.
Synthetic Juvenile Hormones as Potential Coleopteran Ovicides2 (1970)

Three methylenedioxyphenoxy-terpenoid ethers with high morphogenetic activity on a variety of insects prevented egg hatch when they were applied to eggs of the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, and the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricome (F.). Eggs of E. varivestis were very sensitive to these synthetic hormones during the first half of the egg stage. Hatch was reduced by 98% when 1-day-old E. varivestis eggs were exposed to the vapors from 1 µg of the most potent hormone in a 2 × 9-cm petri dish or dipped for 5 seconds in a solution of 10 ppm. The relative potency of the hormones as fumigants differed for the 2 species. The most active compound was as potent a fumigant as parathion on E. varivestis eggs. Young eggs of the omnivorous leaf roller, Platynota stultana Walsingham; the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood); the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johannson); and the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), were insensitive to relatively high concentrations of the 3 compounds.