gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Broader Impact of IL-4Ra Blockade Than IL-5 Blockade on Type 2 Inflammation (2019)

<b>Rationale:</b> Several biologics directed against effectors of type 2 inflammation have been approved, highlighting the need for a mechanistic comparison. <b>Aim:</b> To understand the contribution of the main type 2 cytokines to lung pathology, we performed a comparison of IL‐4/IL‐13 dual blockade using dupilumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds IL-4Ra, versus IL‐5 blockade. <b>Methods:</b> Mice were exposed to house dust mite for 4 weeks and received twice‐weekly subcutaneous injections of dupilumab or anti‐IL‐5. Human eosinophils or endothelial cells were treated with IL-4, IL-13 or IL-5 and assessed for cytokine/chemokine release and/or integrin expression. <b>Results:</b> In a humanized murine asthma model, IL-4Ra blockade prevented antigen specific responses, lung cellular infiltration (including eosinophils), mucus production and lung function decline, while IL‐5 blockade only reduced eosinophil levels in the circulation and lung tissue but did not significantly impact any of the other endpoints. IL-4Ra blockade prevented entry of eosinophils into the lung by blunting chemotaxis and activation of the endothelium, while IL-5 did not impact the endothelium. <b>Conclusion:</b> In this mouse model of asthma, dupilumab protected from lung function decline by having a broader impact on lung inflammation and remodeling than IL-5 blockade. Notably, dupilumab blocked eosinophil infiltration into lung tissue without affecting circulating eosinophil levels, an observation suggesting that tissue (but not circulating) eosinophils contribute to disease pathology. These data provide evidence of IL‐4 and IL‐13 as key drivers of type 2 inflammation and key mechanistic differences between IL‐4Rα blockade versus IL‐5 inhibition.
Multinuclear solid-state three-dimensional MRI of bone and synthetic calcium phosphates (1999)

Multinuclear three-dimensional solid-state MRI of bone, tooth, and synthetic calcium phosphates is demonstrated in vitro and in vivo with a projection reconstruction technique based on acquisition of free induction decays in the presence of fixed amplitude magnetic field gradients. Phosphorus-31 solid-state MRI provides direct images of the calcium phosphate constituents of bone substance and is a quantitative measurement of the true volumetric bone mineral density of the bone. Proton solid-state MRI shows the density of bone matrix including its organic constituents, which consist principally of collagen. These solid-state MRI methods promise to yield a biological picture of bone richer in information concerning the bone composition and short range-crystalline order than the fluid-state images provided by conventional proton MRI or the density images produced by radiologic imaging techniques. Three-dimensional solid-state projection reconstruction MRI should be readily adaptable to both human clinical use and nonmedical applications for a variety of solids in materials science.
Immunochemical characterization and purification of Sm-97, a <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> antigen monospecifically recognized by antibodies from mice protectively immunized with a nonliving vaccine. (1986)

Mice protected against Schistosoma mansoni infection by intradermal (i.d.) vaccination with nonliving schistosomula or soluble extracts of larval or adult schistosomes (SCHLAP and SWAP, respectively) produce antibodies that react by Western blot analysis with one antigen of Mr (X 10(-3)) 97 in SWAP prepared in the presence of protease inhibitors and two antigens of Mr (X 10(-3)) 95 and 78 in SWAP prepared in their absence. Vaccine antibodies also immunoprecipitated a single 97k molecule, with a pI of 5.5, from detergent extracts of [35S] methionine-labeled schistosomes. Three hybridomas, produced from spleen cells of i.d. immunized mice, all recognized both the 95k/78k doublet and the 97k antigen, indicating that the two lower Mr components are degradation products of the same 97k molecule. The 97k/95k/78k complex (Sm-97) was purified by affinity chromatography and found to constitute 0.5% of the total protein in SWAP. 125I-concanavalin A bound weakly to purified Sm-97, indicating that this antigen is minimally glycosylated. By indirect immunofluorescence, Sm-97 was localized to regions just below the tegumental and gut syncitia of adult worms. Mice protected by i.d. vaccination produced high titers (1:10,240) of anti-Sm-97 antibodies, whereas chronically infected mice responded at a much lower level (titer 1:640). In contrast, mice protectively immunized with irradiated cercariae and mice nonprophylactically inoculated by the i.v. route failed to produce detectable anti-Sm-97 antibodies. Competitive radioimmunoassays performed with 125I-labeled monoclonal antibodies and purified antigen defined at least two distinct epitopes on Sm-97. Antibodies from i.d. vaccinated mice recognized both monoclonal antibody-defined epitopes, whereas anti-Sm-97 antibodies in chronic infection sera recognized neither. Finally, purified Sm-97 was shown to elicit delayed-type hypersensitivity in i.d. vaccinated mice, suggesting that this molecule is also capable of evoking cell-mediated responses, a finding consistent with its proposed function as a vaccine immunogen.
Continuous ethanol production from <scp>D</scp>‐xylose by <i>Candida shehatae</i> (1987)

Much progress has been made since the discovery that some yeasts can ferment D-xylose to ethanol. ' Initially, only a few yeasts were found that could produce ethanol from D-~ylose.*'~ Today, at least eight species of yeasts are known to produce significant amounts of ethanol from D -~y l o s e . ~, ~-~ Three of these species have been studied extensively: Pachysolen tannophilus, Candida shehatae, and Pichia stipitis.
Effect of Taste Substances on Aperiodic Oscillation of an Electric Potential in a Synthetic Lipid Membrane (1989)

A correlation dimension and a distribution pattern of spectrum intensities of a self-sustained electric oscillation were studied for an aperiodic oscillation induced by an application of electric current on a membrane of a synthetic lipid, dioleyl phosphate. The estimated dimension showed a remarkable deviation in the presence of taste substances such as quinine (above a certain threshold value) from that in the absence of these taste substances; this deviation was accompanied by a change in spectrum pattern. The present result indicates that the two variables extracted from the aperiodic oscillations will be useful as sensing information in a chemical taste sensor using lipid membranes.
Hydraulic fracture monitoring and optimization in unconventional completions using a high-resolution engineered fibre-optic Distributed Acoustic Sensor (2019)

Understanding fracture geometry and estimating stimulated rock volume (SRV) is the goal of operators in unconventional reservoirs. The industry has long been challenged with getting a good understanding of how wells and completions interact with each other. One of the biggest challenges is how to get a quantitative measure of the extent of fractures. Historically, companies have used many different technologies to better understand their completions. Tilt meters, microseismic geophone arrays, chemical tracers and pressure sensors are just some of the conventional technologies that have been used with a limited coverage to monitor the changes in the reservoir during hydraulic fracturing.
Characterization of poly-Silicon emitter BJTs as access devices for Phase Change Memory (2009)

We demonstrate poly-silicon emitter vertical PNP bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) that could be used as access devices for phase change memory. The device arrays fabricated using a 180 nm BiCMOS process exhibit current drive capability in excess of 10 mA/mum <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , on-off ratio greater than six orders of magnitude and excellent cross-talk immunity. Our process integration scheme could be extended to enable a high-density phase change memory technology.
<title>Holographic PDLCs for spatial light intensity modulation</title> (1999)

Holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystals are switchable holograms exhibiting electrically controllable diffraction efficiency. Such devices form the building blocks for several applications under active consideration including spatial light modulators. Several demanding requirements are placed on switchable holograms for these applications, such as high diffraction efficiency, wide on/off dynamic range, low optical scatter, low switching voltage and power consumption, high speed, uniformity and repeatability, low cost, and manufacturability. We describe the challenges and progress in meeting many of these goals.
Contour-based self-aligning calibration of OPC models (2010)

SEM contours are used to complement CD measurements in OPC model calibration. This is done to capture 2D information about printed features into the model while CD measurement data is kept to maintain accuracy for 1D features. As the method progresses, there are emerging challenges that are normally not found in CD based calibration. One such challenge is the need to align SEM contours with calibration features. This is particularly important in determining model accuracy since contour calibration typically involves a cost function that compares the SEM contours to the simulated print images. This work explores a technique to include contour alignment errors into the calibration cost function. For each contour and its corresponding simulated print, the cost function returns an error value for a given set of model parameters. The error represents how well the model simulation compared to input contour. In addition, it also contains information on how far or how close the contour is aligned to simulation. Misalignment is to be eliminated on the fly during calibration and to be reported at the end of calibration. In this paper we describe the proposed technique and compare the results of calibration between aligned and misaligned contour data.
The Endothelial Cell Protein C Receptor (1996)

A soluble form of the endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) was analyzed for the ability to modulate the functional properties of protein C and activated protein C (APC). In a plasma clotting system initiated with factor Xa, EPCR blocked the anticoagulant activity of APC in a dose-dependent fashion. EPCR had no influence on clotting in the absence of APC. Consistent with the plasma results, EPCR slowed the proteolytic inactivation of factor Va by slowing both of the key proteolytic cleavages in the heavy chain of factor Va. EPCR did not prevent protein C activation by the soluble thrombin-thrombomodulin complex, did not alter the inactivation of APC by alpha1-antitrypsin or protein C inhibitor, and did not influence the kinetics of peptide paranitroanilide substrate cleavage significantly. We conclude that EPCR binds to an exosite on APC that selectively modulates the enzyme specificity in a manner reminiscent of the influence of thrombomodulin on thrombin.
Low‐<i>k</i> Insulators as the Choice of Dielectrics in Organic Field‐Effect Transistors (2003)

Abstract In this paper, we present a new effect influencing the operation of organic field‐effect transistors resulting from the choice of gate insulator material. In a series of studies it was found that the interaction between the insulator and the semiconductor materials plays an important role in carrier transport. The insulator is not only capable of affecting the morphology of the semiconductor layer, but can also change the density of states by local polarization effects. Carrier localization is enhanced by insulators with large permittivities, due to the random dipole field present at the interface. We have investigated this effect on a number of disordered organic semiconductor materials, and show here that significant benefits are achievable by the use of low‐ k dielectrics as opposed to the existing trend of increasing the permittivity for low operational voltage. We also discuss fundamental differences in the case of field‐effect transistors with band‐like semiconductors.
Reversible luminescence quenching of porous silicon by solvents (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReversible luminescence quenching of porous silicon by solventsJeffrey M. Lauerhaas, Grace M. Credo, Julie L. Heinrich, and Michael J. SailorCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5, 1911–1912Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00031a072https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00031a072research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views610Altmetric-Citations175LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Structural and Molecular Basis of Starch Viscosity in Hexaploid Wheat (2008)

Wheat starch is considered to have a low paste viscosity relative to other starches. Consequently, wheat starch is not preferred for many applications as compared to other high paste viscosity starches. Increasing the viscosity of wheat starch is expected to increase the functionality of a range of wheat flour-based products in which the texture is an important aspect of consumer acceptance (e.g., pasta, and instant and yellow alkaline noodles). To understand the molecular basis of starch viscosity, we have undertaken a comprehensive structural and rheological analysis of starches from a genetically diverse set of wheat genotypes, which revealed significant variation in starch traits including starch granule protein content, starch-associated lipid content and composition, phosphate content, and the structures of the amylose and amylopectin fractions. Statistical analysis highlighted the association between amylopectin chains of 18-25 glucose residues and starch pasting properties. Principal component analysis also identified an association between monoesterified phosphate and starch pasting properties in wheat despite the low starch-phosphate level in wheat as compared to tuber starches. We also found a strong negative correlation between the phosphate ester content and the starch content in flour. Previously observed associations between internal starch granule fatty acids and the swelling peak time and pasting temperature have been confirmed. This study has highlighted a range of parameters associated with increased starch viscosity that could be used in prebreeding/breeding programs to modify wheat starch pasting properties.
Aluminum nitride pMUT based on a flexurally-suspended membrane (2011)

Piezoelectric micro-machined ultrasonic transducers (pMUTs) for air-coupled ultrasound applications were fabricated using aluminum nitride (AlN) as the active piezoelectric material. Earlier pMUTs based on a fully clamped membrane design suffer from high sensitivity to residual stress, causing large variations in the operating frequency, and have a reduced dynamic range due to nonlinearity at large drive voltages. Here we evaluate a new design based on a membrane that is supported by three flexures and a thin oxide layer, aimed to release residual stress, extend the mechanical dynamic range and improve the acoustic coupling. The acoustic performance of this flexurally suspended design is compared with a fully clamped one, showing a piston-like mode shape, which translates to improved output sound pressure.
High Efficiency Focusing Waveguide Grating Coupler with Parallelogramic Groove Profiles (1996)

Focusing waveguide grating couplers (FWGCs) play important roles in many integrated-optic devices, such as the integrated-optic disk pickup device[1], Such a FWGC can be evaluated in terms of: (i) coupling efficiency as a grating coupler and (ii) focusing performance as a focusing lens. Fabrication of diffraction-limited focusing waveguide grating couplers by electron-beam lithography has been previously reported by other researcherd[2]. However, high focusing performance as well as high coupling efficiency is of great importance for obtaining high signal-to-noise ratio in a practical device. The coupling efficiency theoretically obtained so far is around 60% when using a buffer layer reflector[1]. The other possible method to achieve higher efficiency is to utilize a multi-layered high-reflectivity dielectric stack[3], providing a radiation directionality of greater than 95%. In this paper, a high efficiency focusing waveguide grating coupler using a new waveguide grating structure is proposed, designed and fabricated by direct-write electron beam lithography.
Improvement of numeral recognition using personal handwriting characteristics based on clustering (2002)

Abstract Correctly recognizing characters with peculiarities for each writer is a difficult problem. The process of absorbing variations in individual writing by creating an individual dictionary is also difficult when a writer is not specified and the total number of writers is large. In this paper the authors propose a method to improve the results of isolated character recognition in forms in which the same writer writes many characters by taking the characteristics of the writer's writing on a form as a character distribution in a character feature space. In concrete terms, the authors first perform isolated character recognition on all characters on the same form. Then, based on the results of isolated character recognition, clustering of input character groups is performed for each character category. Clusters which are very likely to include misrecognized characters from isolated character recognition are extracted based on the results of clustering. Then character categories in the extracted cluster are automatically amended based on the distance from all clusters in other categories. In the same fashion, automatic amending is performed for rejected characters. Based on experiments to evaluate handwritten numerals on OCR forms, the authors show that the precision of numeral recognition is improved by using this approach as a form of postprocessing for isolated character recognition. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(7): 104–113, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/scj.1146
Smart Fault Detection and Classification for Distribution Grid Hybridizing ST and MLP-NN (2018)

Power quality disturbances become a major issue in modern commercial distribution grids, hence an innovative attempt to diagnose the faults is necessary for optimal management of power distribution grids and associated assets. This paper presents a hybrid approach using Stockwell transform (ST) and multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP-NN) to detect, and classify the faults in a simulated IEEE 13-node test distribution feeder in Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). In the proposed technique, the three-phase current waveforms are measured from different points in the feeder and then processed using ST to extract useful statistical features. The features are later fed into the MLP-NN system to detect and classify the faults. The approach proved to be highly efficient in terms of accuracy under both noisy and non-noisy measurements. In addition, the proposed approach is independent of pre-fault operating conditions as well as fault resistance and inception angle.
Amorphous Manganese Dioxide: A High Capacity Lithium Intercalation Host (1999)

Amorphous manganese dioxide has been synthesized via a room‐temperature sol‐gel route. The material is a stable intercalation host for lithium and the intercalation capacity is greater than . The host remains amorphous in the entire intercalation range and the insertion process is reversible. When used as an intercalation electrode, the material stores energy at the level of . The latter represents an improvement over crystalline manganese oxide materials by factors of two to three. ©1998 The Electrochemical Society
Model Agnostic Time Series Analysis via Matrix Estimation (2018)

We propose an algorithm to impute and forecast a time series by transforming the observed time series into a matrix, utilizing matrix estimation to recover missing values and de-noise observed entries, and performing linear regression to make predictions. At the core of our analysis is a representation result, which states that for a large model class, the transformed time series matrix is (approximately) low-rank. In effect, this generalizes the widely used Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) in time series literature, and allows us to establish a rigorous link between time series analysis and matrix estimation. The key to establishing this link is constructing a Page matrix with non-overlapping entries rather than a Hankel matrix as is commonly done in the literature (e.g., SSA). This particular matrix structure allows us to provide finite sample analysis for imputation and prediction, and prove the asymptotic consistency of our method. Another salient feature of our algorithm is that it is model agnostic with respect to both the underlying time dynamics and the noise distribution in the observations. The noise agnostic property of our approach allows us to recover the latent states when only given access to noisy and partial observations a la a Hidden Markov Model; e.g., recovering the time-varying parameter of a Poisson process without knowing that the underlying process is Poisson. Furthermore, since our forecasting algorithm requires regression with noisy features, our approach suggests a matrix estimation based method - coupled with a novel, non-standard matrix estimation error metric - to solve the error-in-variable regression problem, which could be of interest in its own right. Through synthetic and real-world datasets, we demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms standard software packages (including R libraries) in the presence of missing data as well as high levels of noise.