gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Consumers’ Buying Behavior Towards Online Shopping During The Covid-19 Pandemic: An Empirical Study In Malaysia (2021)

The world has been affected by the COVID-19 outbreak recently, affecting the economy worldwide. Due to the booming of online activities, especially online shopping, this study is interested in finding the relationship between factors affecting consumers’ buying behavior on online shopping in Malaysia during the COVID-19 pandemic. The least studies related to this issue is needed in Malaysia to further understand the behavior of the consumers on online shopping. Based on available literatures, the factors of interest were trust, convenience, price, product variety and promotion on consumers’ buying behavior in Malaysia. The study employed survey procedures to collect the data, whereby online questionnaires were disseminated and recorded from a total of 335 respondents. The data was then analysed using several statistical analyses, namely pilot test, descriptive statistics and an ordered probit model. The result from an ordered probit model indicated that convenience, product variety, trust and promotion affected the Malaysian consumers’ buying behavior during the pandemic. Only price showed an insignificant impact on online shopping. This gave the sellers insight into understanding the consumers’ buying behavior on the online platform by planning marketing strategies to fascinate more customers.
Synthesis of sulfonimidamides from sulfinamides by oxidation with <i>N</i>-chlorosuccinimide (2007)

A convenient alternative procedure for the synthesis of sulfonimidamides from sulfinamides and various amines and sulfonamides using N-chlorosuccinimide as halogenating agent has been developed.
Ionic liquids as cosolvents for glycosylation by sucrose phosphorylase: balancing acceptor solubility and enzyme stability (2013)

Over the past decade, disaccharide phosphorylases have received increasing attention as promising biocatalysts for glycoside synthesis. Unfortunately, these enzymes typically have a very low affinity for non-carbohydrate acceptors, which urges the addition of cosolvents to increase the dissolved concentration of these acceptors. However, commonly applied solvents such as methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are not compatible with many intended applications of carbohydrate-derived products. In this work, the solubility of a wide range of relevant acceptors was assessed in the presence of ionic liquids (ILs) as alternative and ‘green’ solvents. The IL AMMOENG 101 was found to be the most effective cosolvent for compounds as diverse as medium- and long-chain alcohols, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics and terpenes. Moreover, this IL was shown to be less deleterious to the stability and activity of sucrose phosphorylase than the commonly used dimethyl sulfoxide. To demonstrate the usefulness of this solvent system, a process for the resveratrol glycosylation was established in a buffer containing 20% AMMOENG 101, 1 M sucrose and saturated amounts of the acceptor. A single regioisomer 3-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(E)-resveratrol was obtained as proven by NMR spectroscopy.
Cognitive architecture for natural language comprehension (2020)

Human interactions with computers in natural language have always been a challenging task. Numerous computational systems are being designed to bring this interaction as close to the natural language commands as possible. Cognitive architectures are worthy solutions to solve this problem. In the present work, the authors have developed a cognitive architecture, which is capable of learning using natural language input. It can learn with minimal input data and has been designed using neural networks. The system is inspired by conventional cognitive models for working memory. They have proposed the system with a central executive unit controlling the short‐term memory and long‐term memory to comprehend the text input given as a natural language command and generate the output in natural language. The system comprises a feedback system as well to improve the learning process. The model has been trained using 1000 English sentences taught to primary school students. The system is capable of comprehending the relations between words, verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and generates logical reasoning‐based answers.
Constitutional Tipping Points: Civil Rights, Social Change, and Fact-Based Adjudication (2006)

This Article offers an account of how courts respond to social change, with a specific focus on the process by which courts “tip” from one understanding of a social group and its constitutional claims to another. Adjudication of equal protection and due process claims, in particular, requires courts to make normative judgments regarding the effect of traits such as race, sex, sexual orientation, or mental retardation on group members’ status and capacity. Yet, Professor Goldberg argues, courts commonly approach decisionmaking by focusing only on the “facts” about a social group, an approach that she terms “fact-based adjudication.” Professor Goldberg critiques this approach for its flawed premise that restrictions on social groups can be evaluated based on facts alone and its role in obscuring judicial involvement in selecting among competing norms. The Article also observes that because fact-based adjudication enables courts to leave norms unacknowledged, it does serve the judiciary’s institutional interests by maximizing flexibility for future decisionmaking regarding restrictions on group members’ rights. At the same time, however, this approach facilitates inconsistency in theory and outcome by enabling courts to variously embrace and reject traditional rationales for restricting social groups without having to justify the inconsistent treatment of group-related norms. As a possible remedy for these flaws, the Article considers the costs and benefits of greater judicial candor regarding the normative underpinning of decisions. Although Professor Goldberg ultimately advocates only a limited modification to the current fact-based adjudication regime, she concludes that our theories of judicial review will improve, both with respect to descriptive accuracy and normative bite, to the extent they recognize the inevitable judicial involvement in making normative judgments about social groups.
Limited thrombogenicity of low temperature, laser-welded vascular anastomoses (1996)

Low temperature laser welding limits anastomotic thrombogenicity, which may improve early patency of venous and small arterial bypass grafts.
Vibration isolation for scanning tunneling microscopy (1987)

Vibration isolation technology for scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to suppress the external mechanical perturbation down to a subatomic scale is described. The system is simplified into two subsystems, a tunneling assembly and a supporting table. Each of them has its own mechanical eigenfrequency. The principle of the isolation exists in making the two eigenfrequencies very different from each other. A theory of isolation developed is based on a model of multiply coupled oscillators with damping. Experimental results of the isolation characteristics for the two types of isolators constructed, one consisting of two-stage coil springs and the other of multiply stacked metal plates with rubber pieces among them, are well explained by the theory. STM images of graphite are obtained by using these isolators combined with various tunneling assemblies. Thereby the basis for design of the isolators is clarified.
Laser ablation of atherosclerotic blood vessel tissue under various irradiation conditions (1989)

A quantitative analysis is presented of the destruction of normal wall and atherosclerotic plaque areas of blood vessels by laser radiation. Threshold laser radiant exposure values were measured experimentally in vitro, along with the ablation efficiency for various laser wavelengths and irradiation conditions. Correlations were found between the ablation efficiency and fluence thresholds on the one hand and the optical properties of the blood vessel tissues on the other. Fibrous plaque was demonstrated to be selectively destroyed by the second-harmonic output from a pulsed Nd:YAG laser at lambda = 532 nm.
The impact of cytomegalovirus serostatus of donor and recipient before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the era of antiviral prophylaxis and preemptive therapy (2003)

In the current era of effective prophylactic and preemptive therapy, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is now a rare cause of early mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, the ultimate goal of completely eliminating the impact of CMV on survival remains elusive. Although the direct effects of CMV (ie, CMV pneumonia) have been largely eliminated, several recent cohort studies show that CMV-seropositive transplant recipients and seronegative recipients of a positive graft appear to have a persistent mortality disadvantage when compared with seronegative recipients with a seronegative donor. Recipients of T-cell-depleted allografts and/or transplants from unrelated or HLA-mismatched donors seem to be predominantly affected. Reasons likely include both incomplete prevention of direct and indirect or immunomodulatory effects of CMV as well as consequences of drug toxicities. The effect of donor CMV serostatus on outcome remains controversial. Large multicenter cohort studies are needed to better define the subgroups of seropositive patients that may benefit from intensified prevention strategies and to define the impact of CMV donor serostatus in the era of high-resolution HLA matching. Prevention strategies may require targeting both the direct and indirect effects of CMV infection by immunologic or antiviral drug strategies.
Determinants for Removal and Degradation of Transit Peptides of Chloroplast Precursor Proteins (2002)

The stromal processing peptidase (SPP) cleaves a large diversity of chloroplast precursor proteins, removing an N-terminal transit peptide. We predicted previously that this key step of the import pathway is mediated by features of the transit peptide that determine precursor binding and cleavage followed by transit peptide conversion to a degradable substrate. Here we performed competition experiments using synthesized oligopeptides of the transit peptide of ferredoxin precursor to investigate the mechanism of these processes. We found that binding and processing of ferredoxin precursor depend on specific interactions of SPP with the region consisting of the C-terminal 12 residues of the transit peptide. Analysis of four other precursors suggests that processing depends on the same region, although their transit peptides are highly divergent in primary sequence and length. Upon processing, SPP terminates its interaction with the transit peptide by a second cleavage, converting it to a subfragment form. From the competition experiments we deduce that SPP releases a subfragment consisting of the transit peptide without its original C terminus. Interestingly, examination of the ATP-dependent metallopeptidase activity responsible for degradation of transit peptide subfragments suggests that it may recognize other unrelated peptides and, hence, act separately from SPP as a novel stromal oligopeptidase.
Drug Delivery with PEGylated MoS<sub>2</sub> Nano‐sheets for Combined Photothermal and Chemotherapy of Cancer (2014)

MoS2 nanosheets functionalized with poly-ethylene glycol are for the first time used as a multifunctional drug delivery system with high drug loading capacities. Using doxorubicin as the model drug and taking advantages of the strong near-infrared absorbance of MoS2, combined photothermal and chemotherapy of cancer is realized in animal experiments, achieving excellent synergistic anti-tumor effect upon systemic administration.
A VCDL-based 60-760-MHz dual-loop DLL with infinite phase-shift capability and adaptive-bandwidth scheme (2005)

A dual-loop delay-locked loop (DLL) was implemented by using an analog voltage-controlled delay line (VCDL) for low jitter. An infinite phase-shift capability with seamless phase change was achieved by adding a look-ahead VCDL. A low jitter was achieved for the entire input frequency lock range from 60 to 760 MHz by using the adaptive bandwidth scheme in both reference and fine loops. A wide input-frequency lock range was achieved due to the combined effects of the dual-loop architecture and the extra phase detector of the reference DLL. The extra phase detector eliminated the constraint on the initial VCDL delay for DLL to be locked. Measurements on the fabricated chip by using a 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS process showed a power consumption of 63 mW at 700 MHz, an active chip area of 370/spl times/510 /spl mu/m/sup 2/, and peak-to-peak jitters of 28 and 39 ps at the 700-MHz synchronous and plesiochronous operations, respectively.
Guided Chroma Reconstruction for Screen Content Coding (2015)

In professional markets, there is a growing need to incorporate off-the-shelf consumer-level hardware to reduce costs and speed up development. Typically, these hardware components contain hardware-accelerated video encoders, which are limited to the more popular YUV4:2:0 profiles. For screen content coding (SCC) (e.g., desktop sharing, supervisory control and data acquisition applications, etc.), chroma subsampling can produce specific artifacts that are disturbing in high-quality professional applications. Current research on SCC focuses on developing specific screen content profiles and coding tools, which are not likely to be integrated in consumer electronics. In this paper, a method is explored to improve the chroma quality of SCC using YUV4:2:0 codecs. It is possible to recover parts of the chroma component based on the luma component and the subsampling filter that is used at the encoder device. A 1.63-dB peak signal-to-noise ratio-chroma improvement and 0.051 structural similarity-chroma improvement are measured on average for screen content sequences. The proposed method still provides improvements if compression is used.
Quantifying Usability via Task Flow-Based Usability Checklists for User-Centered Design (2019)

In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of a method to quantify the overall product usability using an expert review. The expert review involved a general-purpose task flow-based usability checklist that provided a single quantitative usability score. This checklist was expected to reduce rating variation among evaluators. To confirm the effectiveness of the checklist, two experiments were performed. In Experiment 1, the usability score obtained using the proposed checklist was compared with traditional usability measures (task completion ration, task completion time, and subjective rating). The results demonstrated that the usability score obtained using the proposed checklist shows a tendency similar to that of the traditional measures. In Experiment 2, we investigated the inter-rater agreement of the proposed checklist by comparing it with a similar method. The results demonstrate that the inter-rater agreement of the proposed task flow-based usability checklist is greater than that of structured user interface design and evaluation.
Well-defined copolymers based on poly(vinylidene fluoride): From preparation and phase separation to application (2014)

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) has reached the second largest production volume of fluoropolymers in recent years, and its popularity can be ascribed to high thermal stability and chemical inertness combined with its ferroelectric behavior. Copolymerization of vinylidene fluoride with other monomers leads to a wide variety of products with modified or improved properties. Besides commercially available fluorinated random copolymers, well-defined block-, graft, and alternating copolymers based on PVDF received more attention in recent years. PVDF-containing block copolymers that may self-assemble into well-ordered morphologies are of particular interest, being potential precursors for functional nanostructured materials applicable in membranes and electronics. This Highlight provides an overview of the routes developed towards these materials via conventional and controlled polymerization techniques. In addition, it discusses their nanoscopic phase behavior and current and potential applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 2861–2877
Comparison of protein kinase C functional assays to clarify mechanisms of inhibitor action (1988)

Abstract The effects of inhibitors of protein kinase C on the activities of the intact enzyme, the proteolytically-generated catalytic domain, and [ 3 H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) binding were compared in an effort to evaluate this approach for clarifying mechanisms of inhibitor action. Stauro-sporine, H-7 [1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine], and quercetin inhibited the catalytic fragment with similar potencies as for the intact enzyme while having little or no effect on binding, consistent with reports that they are competitive with ATP. Adriamycin, trifluoperazine, and tamoxifen, suggested to disrupt hydrophobic interactions between the regulatory domain of protein kinase C and phospholipid, were all most effective on the intact enzyme. They appear to possess a mixed mechanism, however, inhibiting activity of the catalytic domain with approximately 3-fold lower potencies. Gossypol inhibited intact enzyme, catalytic fragment, and PDBu binding with similar potencies. In light of multiple apparent sites of action for such protein kinase C inhibitors, comparison of their activities on the individual functional domains of the kinase may provide a useful complement to studies with the intact enzyme.
Human influenza virus NS1 protein enhances viral pathogenicity and acts as an RNA silencing suppressor in plants (2004)

RNA silencing has a well-established function as an antiviral defence mechanism in plants and insects. Using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient assay, we report here that NS1 protein from human influenza A virus suppresses RNA silencing in plants in a manner similar to P1/HC-Pro protein of Tobacco etch potyvirus, a well-characterized plant virus silencing suppressor. Moreover, we have shown that NS1 protein expression strongly enhances the symptoms of Potato virus X in three different plant hosts, suggesting that NS1 protein could be inhibiting defence mechanisms activated in the plant on infection. These data provide further evidence that an RNA silencing pathway could also be activated as a defence response in mammals.
A planar Schottky diode based integrated THz detector for fast electron pulse diagnostics (2016)

Semiconductor based THz detectors are potentially cost-effective devices that can be manufactured in standard processes suitable for high frequencies such as GaAs, InP or SiGe. The core element of our detector circuit is an integrated Schottky-barrier diode used as a rectifier which is connected to an on-chip patch antenna. The detector operates at 300 GHz and is manufactured in a commercial GaAs technology. It is part of a multi-element array where each detector is tuned to a specific frequency in the range between 0.1 THz to 1.5 THz. The complete on-chip spectrometer will provide one more option to monitor the longitudinal beam shape properties in modern superconducting linear accelerators by measuring the THz radiation generated by electron bunches. Therefore, it may help to replace single element THz detectors as well as the costly and bulky THz spectrometers. We could conduct first measurements at the undulator THz source of the HZDR's linear accelerator and prove our detector concept. This paper briefly explains the system design and presents the first comparison between simulated data and measurement results of the on-chip Schottky diode detector operating at 300 GHz. We also present a bias-tee circuit developed and built for the measurement.
A CMOS oversampling bandpass cascaded D/A converter with digital FIR and current-mode semi-digital filtering (2004)

An oversampling bandpass cascaded digital-to-analog converter, including digital FIR and analog semi-digital filtering to reduce out of band quantization noise, has been integrated in 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. The converter has 83 dB of dynamic range for a 6.25-MHz signal band centered at 50-MHz and suppresses out-of-band quantization noise by 40 dB.
Chronic tolerance to recreational MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or Ecstasy (2005)

This review of chronic tolerance to MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine) covers the empirical data on dosage escalation, reduced subjective efficacy and bingeing in recreational Ecstasy users. Novice users generally take a single Ecstasy tablet, regular users typically take 2-3 tablets, whereas the most experienced users may take 10-25 tablets in a single session. Reduced subjective efficacy following repeated usage is typically described, with many users subjectively reporting the development of tolerance. Intensive self-administration or bingeing is often noted by experienced users. This can comprise 'stacking' on several tablets together, and 'boosting' on successive doses over an extended period. Some experienced users snort Ecstasy powder nasally, whereas a small minority inject MDMA. Chronic tolerance and bingeing are statistically linked to higher rates of drug-related psychobiological problems. In terms of underlying mechanisms, neuroadaptive processes are certainly involved, but there is a paucity of evidence on hepatic and behavioural mechanisms. Further studies specifically designed to investigate chronic tolerance, involving low intermittent dose regimens, are required. Most animal research has involved intensive MDMA dosing regimens designed to engender serotonergic neurotoxicity, and this may comprise another underlying mechanism. If distal serotonin axon terminal loss was also developing in recreational users, it may help to explain why reducing subjective efficacy, dosage escalation and increasing psychobiological problems often develop in parallel. In conclusion, there is extensive evidence for chronic pharmacodynamic tolerance to recreational Ecstasy/MDMA, but the underlying mechanisms are currently unclear. Several traditional processes are probably involved, but one of the possible causes is a novel mechanism largely unique to the ring substituted amphetamine derivatives, namely serotonergic neurotoxicity.
61‐1: <i>Invited Paper:</i> Enhanced Viewing Experience Considering Chromatic Adaptation (2019)

We describe the advanced chromatic adaptation model and framework employed in Apple's True Tone Displays. Combining the theoretical model and empirical user study results, True Tone Display is able to deliver a more color consistent viewing experience.
TGIS: Booting Trust for Secure Information Sharing in Dynamic Group Collaborations (2011)

Mobile computing has drawn considerable attention because of the various types of mobile devices and services that are becoming available. This paper explores dynamic group collaboration and information sharing with mobile devices, such as smart phones and tablets. In particular, we propose trusted group-based information sharing (TGIS), a protocol for mobile devices to establish a trust relationship in order to form group-based information sharing. We exploit existing (group or organizational) identity hierarchies of mobile users to establish trust between group members with hierarchical identity-based encryption (HIBE). In order to control information sharing within a group and between groups, we further leverage attribute-based encryption (ABE) for secure access control, where attribute secret keys are distributed with the trust relationship with HIBE. We have implemented and evaluated TGIS on Android phones, demonstrating its viability.
Advances in actuators (1995)

Fluid power actuators electro-rheological actuators smart power devices optical actuators miniature actuators silicon microactuators magnetostrictive actuators.