gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Physical Architecture for a Universal Topological Quantum Computer based on a Network of Majorana Nanowires (2016)

The idea of topological quantum computation (TQC) is to store and manipulate quantum information in an intrinsically fault-tolerant manner by utilizing the physics of topologically ordered phases of matter. Currently, one of the most promising platforms for a topological qubit is in terms of Majorana fermion zero modes (MZMs) in spin-orbit coupled superconducting nanowires. However, the topologically robust operations that are possible with MZMs can be efficiently simulated on a classical computer and are therefore not sufficient for realizing a universal gate set for TQC. Here, we show that an array of coupled semiconductor-superconductor nanowires with MZM edge states can be used to realize a more sophisticated type of non-Abelian defect: a genon in an Ising $\times$ Ising topological state. This leads to a possible implementation of the missing topologically protected $\pi/8$ phase gate and thus universal TQC based on semiconductor-superconductor nanowire technology. We provide detailed numerical estimates of the relevant energy scales, which we show to lie within accessible ranges.
Improved metal cluster deposition on a genetically engineered tobacco mosaic virus template (2005)

Improved depositions of various metal clusters onto a biomolecular template were achieved using a genetically engineered tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Wild-type TMV was genetically altered to display multiple solid metal binding sites through the insertion of two cysteine residues within the amino-terminus of the virus coat protein. Gold, silver, and palladium clusters synthesized through in situ chemical reductions could be readily deposited onto the genetically modified template via the exposed cysteine-derived thiol groups. Metal cluster coatings on the cysteine-modified template were more densely deposited and stable than similar coatings on the unmodified wild-type template. Combined, these results confirm that the introduction of cysteine residues onto the outer surface of the TMV coat protein enhances the usefulness of this virus as a biotemplate for the deposition of metal clusters.
New Method for Computing Optical Hemodynamic Blood Pressure (2016)

Objective: Hypertension is a major risk indicator for coronary heart diseases, renal failure, stroke and other various illnesses, and it is the primary global risk for mortality. Blood pressure measurements are essential for managing the risks resulting from hypertension. In this paper we will present a new device, the TensorTip MTX, which computes hemodynamic blood pressure noninvasively.
Methods: This paper presents a technique that uses the color imaging resulting from a set of monochrome light source that traverse the tissue under consideration and is projected onto the color image sensor. A new extended solution of the Windkessel model is being displayed and provides additional insight on various functional resistances rather than a constant resistance.
Results: The TensorTip MTX was clinically evaluated in two medical centers and was found to perform well at standard blood pressure measurements also monitoring patients who suffered from alterations of blood pressure due to cardiac surgery. The device passed successfully our clinical trials and fulfilled the ISO 81060-2 recognized accuracy requirements for various notified bodies.
Conclusions: In this work it was found that the variation in the pressure flow can be determined from the changes in the height of the temporal color histograms and additional temporal volume information.
Significance: Today, the most common technique is the oscillometric technique based on the sphygmomanometer arm cuff pressure. This paper presents a new device, the TensorTip MTX, which computes hemodynamic blood pressure noninvasively, cuff less and free of air pumping.
Intraocular pressure reduction and regulation (1979)

System designed to reduce intraocular pressure hydraulically to any level desired by physician over set time and in controlled manner has number of uses in ophthalmology. Device may be most immediately useful in treatment of glaucoma.
Cysteine metabolic engineering and selective disulfide reduction produce superior antibody-drug-conjugates (2022)

Next-generation site-specific cysteine-based antibody-drug-conjugates (ADCs) broaden therapeutic index by precise drug-antibody attachments. However, manufacturing such ADCs for clinical validation requires complex full reduction and reoxidation processes, impacting product quality. To overcome this technical challenge, we developed a novel antibody manufacturing process through cysteine (Cys) metabolic engineering in Chinese hamster ovary cells implementing a unique cysteine-capping technology. This development enabled a direct conjugation of drugs after chemoselective-reduction with mild reductant tris(3-sulfonatophenyl)phosphine. This innovative platform produces clinical ADC products with superior quality through a simplified manufacturing process. This technology also has the potential to integrate Cys-based site-specific conjugation with other site-specific conjugation methodologies to develop multi-drug ADCs and exploit multi-mechanisms of action for effective cancer treatments.
Industrial Control System Anomaly Detection Using Convolutional Neural Network Consensus (2021)

Industrial control systems provide transportation, essential utilities, and the manufacturing of goods to the masses. It is critical that controlled processes are executed correctly and according to schedule. Monitoring the system’s performance during its operation is an important approach for maintaining high levels of reliability and availability. We present a system monitoring capability that implements parallel multi-view neural networks to detect anomalous behavior in an industrial control system by predicting operational states. By deploying the prediction capability within the system, system operation can be monitored in a semi-supervised manner to ensure the actual system state lies within an appropriate region of the state space that was previously predicted by the neural networks. Furthermore, if the two predictive models diverge in their classification of state (breaking consensus), it is likely that system operation has been compromised due to faulty equipment, communication errors, or some other source of malfunction. To achieve different “views” of the system, one predictive model is trained to analyze the data flow of system control packets and the other model is trained to analyze gyrometric signals obtained from physical sensors in the control system. We demonstrate that this methodology can detect anomalous behavior of an example industrial control system by emulating its operation in the presence of injected anomalies. Results indicate highly accurate anomaly detection during system operation.
Novel application of a PV solar plant as STATCOM (PV-STATCOM) during night and day in a distribution utility network: Part 2 (2012)

This paper presents a comprehensive testing, validation and installation plan for a new technology which utilizes PV solar farm as a STATCOM both during nighttime and daytime. This technology is termed PV-STATCOM. It will be utilized in the night for power factor correction and voltage control at the terminals of an induction motor operating at poor power factor. During daytime, the same objectives will be accomplished together with production of real power from solar insolation, by utilizing the inverter capacity remaining after real power generation. The local distribution company London Hydro is implementing this new technology, for the first time in Canada, on a 10 kW solar system to be installed on the rooftop of their headquarters building in Spring 2012. The proposed new control on PV solar system will help increase the utilization of the PV solar system, improve overall electrical system performance and provide a potential of additional revenue earning for solar system for providing the above services, both during night and day.
Single Contact Electron Beam Induced Current Microscopy for Failure Analysis of Integrated Circuits (1997)

Abstract Single Contact Electron Beam Induced Current (SCEBIC) microscopy, a new junction imaging technique suitable for visualization of unconnected pn junctions in integrated circuits is presented. By using the substrate contact alone of a die, the SCEBIC approach eliminates the need to connect a junction to the imaging electronics as is done in the conventional Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC) technique. The principles of SCEBIC are discussed and experimental data which validate the SCEBIC approach for imaging of pn junctions is presented. Examples of SCEBIC images are presented and applications of SCEBIC microscopy in IC failure analysis are discussed.
Inhibition of Arenavirus Infection by a Glycoprotein-Derived Peptide with a Novel Mechanism (2014)

Because the only drug available to combat infection by Lassa virus, a highly pathogenic arenavirus, is toxic and prone to treatment failure, we identified a peptide, AVP-p, derived from the fusion glycoprotein of a nonpathogenic model arenavirus, which demonstrates antiviral activity and no acute cytotoxicity. AVP-p is unique among self-derived inhibitory peptides in that it shows broad, specific activity against pseudoviruses bearing Old and New World arenavirus glycoproteins but not against viruses from other families. Further, the peptide's mechanism of action is highly novel. Biochemical assays and cryo-electron microscopy indicate that AVP-p induces premature activation of viral fusion proteins through membrane perturbance. Peptide treatment, however, does not increase the infectivity of cell-bound virus. We hypothesize that prematurely activated virions are less fit for receptor binding and membrane fusion and that AVP-p may represent a viable therapeutic strategy for arenavirus infection.
Techniques for Improving the Control of Bulk Power Transfers on Interconnected Systems (1971)

Criteria for achieving area net interchange and system frequency schedules with net interchange tie-line bias control in all areas of an interconnected system are briefly reviewed. Equations defining deviations from schedules, as well as consequent inadvertent interchange and time error accumulations when these criteria are not fulfilled, are derived. These lead to suggested control techniques based on adding, on a system wide basis, coordinated inadvertent interchange and time error correction factors to area control error computations. It is believed that such techniques would improve the control of bulk power transfers.
Synthesis and Characterization of 5-Hydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone (5-HPEC) and Its Analogues as Non-nitrogenous 5-HT<sub>2B</sub>Ligands (2015)

The involvement of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) in numerous physiological functions is often attributed to the diversity of receptors with which it interacts. Ligands targeting serotonin receptor 2B (5-HT2B) have received renewed interest for their potential to help understand the role of 5-HT2B in migraines, drug abuse, neurodegenerative diseases, and irritable bowel syndrome. To date, most of the ligands targeting 5-HT2B have been nitrogen-containing compounds. The natural product 5-hydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone (5-HPEC, 5) has been shown previously to act as a non-nitrogenous antagonist for the 5-HT2B receptor (pKi = 5.6). This report describes further progress on the study of the structure-activity relationship of both naturally occurring and synthetic compounds bearing the 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone scaffold at the 5-HT2B receptor. The inhibitory activity of the newly synthesized compounds (at 10 μM) was tested against each of the 5-HT2 receptors. Following this assay, the binding affinity and antagonism of the most promising compounds were then evaluated at 5-HT2B. Among all the analogues, 5-hydroxy-2-(2-phenylpropyl)chromone (5-HPPC, 22h) emerged as a new lead compound, showing a 10-fold improvement in affinity (pKi = 6.6) over 5-HPEC with reasonable antagonist properties at 5-HT2B. Additionally, ligand docking studies have identified a putative binding pocket for 5-HPPC and have helped understand its improved affinity.
Privacy-preserving certificate linkage/revocation in VANETs without Linkage Authorities (2018)

Vehicular communication (V2X) technologies are expected to become common in the future, providing better efficiency and safety in transportation. This envisioned large-scale deployment, however, critically depends on addressing some issues. In special, to prevent abuse by drivers, messages exchanged among authorized vehicles must be authenticated. This implies the need of a Vehicular Public Key Infrastructure (VPKI). Unlike traditional PKIs, though, VPKIs are also expected to preserve the privacy of honest drivers, preventing their vehicles from being easily identified or tracked. One promising VPKI solution, which copes with such requirements and is among the main candidates for standardization in the United States, is the Security Credential Management System (SCMS). In this paper, aiming to enhance and address shortcomings identified in SCMS, we provide two main contributions. First, we describe and fix two birthday attacks against SCMS’s certificate revocation process, thus improving the system’s long-term privacy. Second, we propose a method that simplifies SCMS’s architecture, removing the need for Linkage Authorities (LAs); this approach cuts down deployment costs while reducing the system’s attack surface, in particular against some troublesome forms of replay attacks that are hereby unveiled.
Dual‐peak dose measurement for radiochromic films by a newly developed spectral microdensitometer (2005)

Radiochromic film (RCF) dosimetry is usually based on densitometric methods which use an analyzing light source of a fixed or a broad spectrum of wavelengths. These methods have not exploited the sensitivity of the dose response of the RCF otherwise attainable by using a light source with wavelengths peaked at the two absorption peaks in the absorption spectrum of the RCF. A new algorithm of dual-peak dose measurement for the RCF has been proposed in this paper to make use of these dual absorption peaks to achieve the maximum attainable sensitivity. This technique relies on the measurement of the transmittance of the RCF at the wavelength of the major and minor absorption peaks, respectively. The dual-peak dose measurement is accomplished with the aid of a novel spectral microdensitometer developed in our Institute. The microdensitometer utilizes a monochromator to provide a light source of which the wavelength can be matched precisely to the wavelength of the absorption peaks of the RCF. The doses obtained at these wavelengths are fed into a weighted objective function and an optimum dose is searched by minimizing the objective function to give the best estimate of the dose deposited on the film. An initial test shows that there is a good agreement between the estimated and actual dose deposited; and the maximum discrepancy was found to be less than 1%.
On geometric distortions in CT images (2002)

Based on the analysis of possible mechanical misalignments of a CT (computer tomography) unit, CT image distortions are modeled. By extending the model with respect to the individual image acquisition process, the influence of patient's weight on CT table velocity is included as well as gentry and table motion tilts. The effect of non-linear bending of the CT table due to patient's weight is investigated in detail. A method to determine the magnitude of geometric image distortions is proposed. It can be interpreted as an estimation of parameters of a non-linear model in three dimensional image space. The validity and applicability of the correction method, e.g. for 'frameless' image-guided neurosurgery, is discussed. Applying the method to CT images of different patients, image distortions up to 2 mm have been detected.
Multiplexed structured illumination microscopy for simultaneous, sub-diffraction resolution fluorescent and quantitative-phase imaging (2014)

We introduce a variant technique to structured illumination microscopy (SIM) that multiplexes fluorescent and quantitative-phase imaging for simultaneous, sub-diffraction resolution, multimodal imaging. Preliminary experimental confirmation is shown for diffraction-limited multi-modal imaging.
Remote Underwater Laser Acoustic Source (2005)

Summary form only given. Through the mechanisms of nonlinear whole-beam self focusing (NSF) and linear group velocity dispersion (GVD), an ultrashort laser pulse can propagate relatively long distances underwater at moderate intensity (up to distances on the order of the attenuation length, approximately 10 meters in sea water), then quickly converge to an intense focus within a few centimeters at a predetermined remote location. Optical breakdown would then generate a plasma and an acoustic shock at this location. Such an acoustic source could be useful for sonar imaging and other Navy applications. Previous experiments at NRL indicate that ~1 mJ of coupled laser energy will produce a 200 dB, microsecond-timescale acoustic pulse, a source level more than adequate for high resolution acoustic imaging applications. This technique has the capability to improve on previous laser acoustic generation schemes in two important ways: 1) the present scheme allows for laser propagation through many meters of water, and 2) the photoacoustic energy conversion efficiency can be on the order of tens of percent for optical breakdown, versus 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> or less for other schemes relying on thermal expansion of water. The NRL research program aims to study the physics of intense underwater laser propagation and acoustic generation, including: GVD; nonlinear refractive index effects such as NSF, filamentation, and self-phase modulation; scattering; absorption; and laser-induced breakdown. NRL FY05 experiments include efforts to generate and tailor an appropriate frequency-chirped pulse at 400 nm, to measure the GVD of water, and to demonstrate GVD/NSF-induced pulse compression. Broadband 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> harmonic generation at 400 nm with conversion efficiency up to 12%, and pulse energies up to 2 mJ has been demonstrated. NRL intense underwater laser propagation simulations predict an upper limit on initial pulse power due to beam filamentation instability of 15 P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nsf</sub> , where P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nsf</sub> =lambda <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2 </sup> /2pin <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> n <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> . A lens-aided compression scheme is under investigation which may increase this limit. Initial experimental and simulation results will be presented
Hollow waveguides on planar substrates with selectable geometry cores (2005)

We report the fabrication of hollow waveguide structures with various core geometries. These structures are suitable for low-loss anti-resonant reflecting (ARROW) and photonic crystal waveguides, and integration with microfluidic systems.
Fabrication of hollow waveguides with sacrificial aluminum cores (2005)

We have developed a process to fabricate dielectric waveguide structures with long hollow cores formed by etching a sacrificial core material. The process is compatible with other planar silicon fabrication techniques. Using aluminum as the sacrificial material, we have investigated fabrication limits and design parameters that determine mechanical integrity of the waveguides. Internal pressure due to the production of gaseous compounds during the core removal process was identified as the yield-limiting factor. A mechanical model based on finite element analysis and confirmed by experiment, predicts ultimate pressures sustainable by these structures. Waveguides less than 10 μm wide with 2-μm-thick coatings should sustain 50 MPa of internal pressure. Low-loss guided-mode propagation in optical waveguides based on these hollow cores is demonstrated.
Engineering high-performance Pd core–MgO porous shell nanocatalysts via heterogeneous gas-phase synthesis (2015)

We report on the design and synthesis of high performance catalytic nanoparticles with a robust geometry via magnetron-sputter inert-gas condensation. Sputtering of Pd and Mg from two independent neighbouring targets enabled heterogeneous condensation and growth of nanoparticles with controlled Pd core-MgO porous shell structure. The thickness of the shell and the number of cores within each nanoparticle could be tailored by adjusting the respective sputtering powers. The nanoparticles were directly deposited on glassy carbon electrodes, and their catalytic activity towards methanol oxidation was examined by cyclic voltammetry. The measurements indicated that the catalytic activity was superior to conventional bare Pd nanoparticles. As confirmed by electron microscopy imaging and supported by density-functional theory (DFT) calculations, we attribute the improved catalytic performance primarily to inhibition of Pd core sintering during the catalytic process by the metal-oxide shell.
Development of arrays of TES x-ray detectors (2000)

Both the x-ray astrophysics and microanalysis communities need large format arrays of high-spectral-resolution x-ray detectors. To meet this need, we are fabricating multi-pixel arrays of our successful single pixel transition edge sensor (TES) x-ray microcalorimeters. We will adapt SQUID multiplexing technology already in use with our infrared TES bolometer arrays to reduce the wiring and power dissipation at the cold stage of our cryostat. Room temperature digital feedback electronics have also been developed to simplify the read-out of large numbers of pixels, and microfabrication techniques are being explored to enable the fabrication of large, close-packed arrays of TES microcalorimeters.
<title>Scatter reduction in mammography using statistical estimation techniques</title> (1996)

Previously, we have shown the effectiveness of using Bayesian image estimation (BIE) to reduce scatter and increase the contrast to noise ratio (CNR) in digital chest radiography. Here, we investigate the use of BIE to reduce scatter and increase CNR on digital mammographic data. Calibrated photostimulable phosphor digital images were obtained of the American College of Radiologists (ACR) mammographic phantom at several different exposures. An iterative Bayesian estimation algorithm was used to process this data. Residual scatter fractions (RSF) and CNR were computed. Resolution was visually inspected. These results were compared to those of a mammogram acquired at standard clinical imaging parameters using an anti-scatter grid for scatter reduction. On average, at all exposure levels. BIE reduced scatter fractions from 57% to 6%, while a grid only reduced RSF to 31%. At similar exposure levels, BIE processing improved CNR to 21.6, while a grid produced images with a CNR of 15.8. At an exposure level of 37% less than the standard exposure, BIE improved CNR to 18.9. A visual assessment of resolution using the objects in the phantom showed no reduction of resolution. In some images, phantom masses appeared more readily apparent. BIE processing of mammographic data can reduce scatter and increase image CNR. This type of image processing may potentially allow for decreased radiation dose to the patient with no loss of image quality. BIE as a method for scatter compensation in mammography is very promising. This preliminary work shows improvement in CNR to values greater than that of a standard grid.