gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
RTL-Aware Cycle-Accurate Functional Power Estimation (2006)

Most methods for hardware power estimation operate at the register-transfer level (RTL) or lower levels of design abstraction. Since cycle-accurate functional descriptions (CAFDs) are being widely adopted in integrated circuit (IC) design flows, power estimation can potentially benefit from the inherent increase in the efficiency of a cycle-based functional simulation. However, attempts at power estimation for functional descriptions have suffered from a poor accuracy because the design decisions performed during their synthesis lead to an unavoidable large uncertainty in any power estimate that is based solely on the functional description. The authors propose a methodology for a CAFD power estimation that combines the accuracy achieved by structural RTL power estimation with the efficiency of cycle-accurate functional simulation. This goal is achieved by viewing a CAFD as an abstraction of a specific known RTL implementation that is synthesized from it. The authors identify correlations between a CAFD and its RTL implementation and "back-annotate" information into the CAFD solely for power estimation. The resulting RTL-aware CAFD contains a layer of code that instantiates virtual placeholders for RTL components and maps values of CAFD variables into the RTL components' inputs/outputs, thus enabling efficient and accurate power estimation. Power estimation is performed in the proposed methodology by simply cosimulating the RTL-aware CAFD with a simulatable power-model library that contains power macromodels for each RTL component. Techniques to further improve the speed of CAFD power estimation through the use of control-state-based adaptive power sampling are presented. The authors have implemented and evaluated the proposed techniques in the context of a commercial C-based hardware design flow. Experiments with a number of large industrial designs (up to 1 000 000 gates) demonstrate that the proposed methodology achieves an accuracy very close to RTL power estimation with two-three orders of magnitude speedup in estimation times
Cylinder Liner in Ductile Cast Iron for High Loaded Combustion Diesel Engines (2011)

With the increase of combustion loading and the trend to reduce engine size, there is a need for thinner but stronger wet cylinder liners. While most of the current cylinder liners are made of gray cast iron, due to its good tribological behavior, machinability performance and competitive price, alternative casting materials like compact graphite iron, ductile iron and even steel are being considered to cover the future engine demands. In this paper, a new ductile iron (DI) cast material for wet cylinder liners is presented. The material has about 60 and 70% higher limits respectively for tensile stress and fatigue resistance as compared to conventional gray cast irons, but without penalty on the tribological properties. There is also a potential improvement to avoid cavitation on the outside surface due to its higher young modulus, which also equates to a higher stiffness. The tested cylinder liners were induction hardened on the running surface and a slide hone process was used to improve wear and scuffing resistance. The liners were tested in a HDD engine with PCP of 245 bar and showed similar wear as observed with conventional cylinder liners of gray cast iron material. The DI cylinder liners were also tested in an abusive scuffing engine test without any concern. The improved mechanical properties of the described new DI material introduce possibilities to reduce liner wall thickness or increase specific output. The preliminary evaluation in this paper showed that this new material is feasible for HDD diesel engines with PCP up to 250 bar. In cases that the customer needs to increase the bore diameter for output reasons there is the potential to reduce the liner wall thickness up to 25% based on high mechanical properties (UTS, Young Modulus and fatigue strength). In both cases, it’s recommended a FEA analysis to support the new component design.
Living Radical Polymerizations with Organic Catalysts (2013)

This chapter introduces fundamental features of two new families of living radical polymerizations that use organic catalysts for reversible activation. The polymerizations are based on new reversible activation mechanisms, reversible chain transfer (RT) and reversible complexation (RC), and have been proposed to be termed RT catalyzed polymerization (RTCP) and RC mediated polymerization (RCMP). The catalysts are germanium, tin, phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon-centered molecules. They include such common compounds as phosphites (P), imides and amines (N), phenols (O) and dienes (C). Low-polydispersity polymers were obtained in the homopolymerizations and random and block copolymerizations of styrene, methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, and several functional styrenics and methacrylates. Attractive features of the catalysts include their good polydispersity controllability, good tolerance to functional groups, inexpensiveness, low toxicity, and ease of handling (robustness). The backgrounds, performances, and kinetic features of RTCP and RCMP are described.
Additive‐Assisted Hot‐Casting Free Fabrication of Dion–Jacobson 2D Perovskite Solar Cell with Efficiency Beyond 16% (2020)

Solar Cell Fabrication In article number 2000087, Gang Wu and co-workers present a new additive-assisted method, free of hot-casting, to realize the fabrication of high-quality two-dimensional Dion–Jacobson perovskite films with preferred vertical orientation growth. This method avoids the hindrance of the insulating organic spacer cation layer to the charge transport and promotes the current along the vertical direction, resulting in improved power conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device.
Passion flower extract antagonizes the expression of nicotine locomotor sensitization in rats (2012)

Passiflora incarnata extract should be examined in future studies to evaluate its potential for treating nicotine addiction in humans.
Digitally Enhanced Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry with Long Measurement Range (2015)

A digitally enhanced optical frequency domain reflectometry technique is proposed, in which the frequency-to-distance mapping is realized in digital domain. A spatial resolution of 1 m over 56 km was obtained in demonstrational experiments.
Chart parsing of stochastic spoken language models (1989)

Performance in speech recognition systems has progressed to the point where it is now realistic to begin integrating speech with natural language systems to produce spoken language systems. Two factors have contributed to the advances in speech: statistical modeling of the input signal and language constraints. To produce spoken language systems, then, the grammar formalisms used in natural language systems must incorporate statistical information and efficient parsers for these stochastic language models must be developed. In this paper we outline how chart parsing techniques provide advantages in both computation and accuracy for spoken language systems. We describe a system that models all levels of the spoken language system using stochastic language models and present experimental results.
Real-time ultrasonography simulator based on 3D CT-scan images. (2005)

A new method for real-time simulation of ultrasonography is presented. This method uses directly 3D enhanced helical CT-scan images. The originality of this method is that it can be run directly on real patient data with no need of any pretreatment.
161 Peptide stabilization of gp120 conformation: a novel vaccine candidate (2009)

Binding of CD4 locks gp120 into a unique conformation, enabling chemokine-receptor recognition necessary for viral entry. Stabilized gp120 in the CD4 induced conformation (CD4i) has been generated via a single chain CD4-gp120 recombinant molecule which has been demonstrated to be a preferred vaccine modality in macaques (DeVico et al 2007 PNAS 104:17477). These results indicate that CD4-gp120 complex reveals epitopes able to elicit neutralizing antibodies; however, this probably is at the expense of occlusion of the CD4 binding-site (BS) epitopes on gp120 - which are also regarded as highly desirable vaccine targets. We have isolated peptides that bind gp120 and in doing so induce the CD4i conformation - as demonstrated by binding of defining mAbs such as 17b, 19e and CG10. Moreover, the peptide-gp120 complex continues to bind CD4, illustrating that this site remains accessible. Furthermore, the peptide-gp120 complex efficiently binds a panel of CD4-BS defining mAbs, such as b12, b6 and M14 thus illustrating that the CD4i conformation is compatible with simultaneous presentation of the CD4-BS epitopes. We therefore propose that the peptide-gp120 complex represents a novel vaccine candidate that benefits from “both worlds”; a CD4i stabilized conformation that maintains accessible neutralizing epitopes associated with the CD4-BS of gp120.
Add‐net: adaptive dichotomy based network‐centric cellular to Wi‐Fi offloading (2016)

Over last 4–5 years, there has been an exponential increase in the amount of traffic transmitted over cellular network. Importantly, with humongous increase in the Wi‐Fi hotspots across many places, subscribers tend to manually switch from cellular to Wi‐Fi network. However, in this process, the operator loses the visibility of subscribers, and is not able to control the congestion in network, and importantly, is not able to provide a guaranteed quality of experience (QoE) to the subscribers. In this study, a network‐centric near‐real‐time mechanism is proposed for maintaining QoE among the subscribers but is found to be a non‐deterministic problem. Importantly, an adaptive dichotomic classification based mechanism is proposed and investigated for offloading the cellular subscribers to Wi‐Fi network, while keeping the computational complexity to less than O (log( n )), where n is the number of nodes in a binary tree. Further, an algorithm is proposed for intelligent selection of subscriber profile that would enable faster completion of the offloading process. An extensive simulation of the proposed algorithm and comparison with state‐of‐the‐art mechanisms reveal up to seven time reduction in computational time; with additional performance increase occurring with increasing number of subscribers.
Strontium-Doped Perovskites Rival Platinum Catalysts for Treating NO <i> <sub>x</sub> </i> in Simulated Diesel Exhaust (2010)

The high cost and poor thermal durability of current lean nitrogen oxides (NOx) aftertreatment catalysts are two of the major barriers to widespread adoption of highly fuel-efficient diesel engines. We demonstrated the use of strontium-doped perovskite oxides as efficient platinum substitutes in diesel oxidation (DOC) and lean NOx trap (LNT) catalysts. The lanthanum-based perovskite catalysts coated on monolith substrates showed excellent activities for the NO oxidation reaction, a critical step that demands heavy usage of platinum in a current diesel aftertreatment system. Under realistic conditions, La(1-x)SrxCoO3 catalysts achieved higher NO-to-NO2 conversions than a commercial platinum-based DOC catalyst. Similarly, a La(0.9)Sr(0.1)MnO3-based LNT catalyst achieved NOx reduction performance comparable to that of a commercial platinum-based counterpart. The results show promise for a considerably lower-cost diesel exhaust treatment system.
ERBB4 Mutation Analysis: Emerging Molecular Target for Melanoma Treatment (2013)

Recent sequencing efforts in melanoma have elucidated many previously unknown molecular pathways and biological mechanisms involved in melanoma development and progression and have yielded a number of promising targets for molecular therapy. As sequencing technologies have become more sophisticated and have revealed an ever-increasing complexity of the genetic landscape of melanoma, it has become clear that sequencing methods applied to clinical specimens have to reliably capture not only recurrent "hotspot" mutations like BRAFV600 and NRASQ61 or "mini-hotspot" mutations like exon 11 and 13 c-KIT but also heterogeneous somatic mutations dispersed across multiple functionally conserved regions of genes or entire genes. One such example in melanoma is the ERBB4 receptor, or HER4, a member of the Erb receptor family, which has recently been shown to be a major oncogenic "driver" in melanoma. Mutated ERBB4 signaling activates both aberrant ERBB4 and PI3K-AKT signal transduction, mediates sensitivity to small-molecule inhibition with the dual-tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib, and has recently also been implied in oncogenic glutamatergic signaling in melanoma. Mutations involving the ERBB4 gene act as "gain-of-function" mutations and predominantly involve the extracellular domains of the receptor. Additional sequencing efforts have recently identified recurrent mutations ("mini-hotspots") or mutation clusters which affect the regulation of, e.g., ligand binding, arrangement of extracellular domain alignment, or intramolecular tether formation.In this chapter, we describe the methods used to determine the mutation status of all exons of the ERBB4 gene in clinical specimens obtained from patients afflicted by metastatic melanoma. Upon slight modifications, this protocol can also be used for mutational analysis of other oncogenes affected by "non-hotspot" mutations dispersed across multiple exons. This sequencing technique has successfully been applied within a clinical trial selecting patients with ERBB4-mutant melanoma for lapatinib treatment. With the increasing emergence of low-frequency oncogenes affected by heterogeneous activating mutations located in different exons and regions this method will provide a mean to translate the promise of recently obtained genetic knowledge into clinical genotype-directed targeted therapy trials.
Fingernail Sensors for Measurement of Fingertip Touch Force and Finger Posture (2000)

Abstract Improvements on the wearable fingernail sensor are presented. By measuring changes in the color pattern of the human fingernail, the sensor is capable of detecting finger posture as well as touch forces which are applied to the fingertip. The fingernail is instrumented with a fitted sensor containing arrays of miniature LEDs and photodiodes that measure the blood content underneath the nail. Dynamic pattern recognition is used to differentiate between changes due to touching and bending. Since the sensor is mounted on the fingernail, touch forces can be measured without covering the fingerpad and obstructing the human’s natural haptic sense. Similarly, finger bending can be measured without wearing a glove that hampers the motion of the fingers. This paper briefly discusses design of the sensors, and then demonstrates sensor capabilities for both touch force and posture measurement.
Measurement of polarization mode dispersion vectors using the polarization-dependent signal delay method (2000)

We describe a new time-domain method for determining the vector components of polarization-mode dispersion from measurements of the mean signal delays for four polarization launches. Using sinusoidal amplitude modulation and sensitive phase detection, we demonstrate that the PMD vector components measured with the new method agree with results obtained from the more traditional Müller Matrix Method.
Ceramic Preforms with 2D Regular Channels for Fabrication of Metal/Ceramic‐Reinforced Composites (2012)

Aligned regular 2D channels were fabricated in alumina via two routes: soft metal and carbon fibers. The soft metal route was accomplished employing centrifugal forces to eject the molten metal from the green matrix. The carbon fiber route was accomplished by burning out the carbon fibers between 450°C and 630°C. In both methods, pressureless sintering followed, yielding the desired 2D channel profiles. Some porous preforms exhibited higher fracture strength than the solid specimens, and this has been attributed to the ability of the channels to reduce the population and distribution of cracks in the porous material.
Heterotopic Ossification: Basic-Science Principles and Clinical Correlates (2015)

➤ Heterotopic ossification occurs most commonly after joint arthroplasty, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, blast trauma, elbow and acetabular fractures, and thermal injury.➤ The conversion of progenitor cells to osteogenic precursor cells as a result of cell-mediated interactions with the local tissue environment is affected by oxygen tension, pH, availability of micronutrients, and mechanical stimuli, and leads to heterotopic ossification.➤ Radiation and certain nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications are important methods of prophylaxis against heterotopic ossification.➤ Well-planned surgical excision can improve patient outcomes regardless of the joint involved or the initial cause of injury.➤ Future therapeutic strategies are focused on targeted inhibition of local factors and signaling pathways that catalyze ectopic bone formation.
Optical packet local area network with collision-free reception (1994)

Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) and frequency routing provide the means to build large-capacity packet networks that are optically transparent between input and output ports. The proposed optical local area network (LAN) is built around a central hub consisting of an N×N frequency router followed by a fast-tunable optical filter at each output port. Users are connected to the hub by a pair of fibers. One of the fibers is used for transmission, and the other is used for reception. Transmission is accomplished by a fast-tunable laser' capable of switching at nanosecond speeds between the N wavelengths of the system. Data are carried by amplitude-shift keying (ASK) impressed by an external modulator. At reception, the signal is demodulated by a conventional direct-detection receiver.
Template-based eukaryotic genome editing directed by SviCas3 (2023)

RNA-guided gene editing based on the CRISPR-Cas system is currently the most effective genome editing technique. Here, we report that the SviCas3 from the subtype I-B-Svi Cas system in Streptomyces virginiae IBL14 is an RNA-guided and DNA-guided DNA endonuclease suitable for the HDR-directed gene and/or base editing of eukaryotic cell genomes. The genome editing efficiency of SviCas3 guided by DNA is no less than that of SviCas3 guided by RNA. In particular, t-DNA, as a template and a guide, does not require a proto-spacer-adjacent motif, demonstrating that CRISPR, as the basis for crRNA design, is not required for the SviCas3-mediated gene and base editing. This discovery will broaden our understanding of enzyme diversity in CRISPR-Cas systems, will provide important tools for the creation and modification of living things and the treatment of human genetic diseases, and will usher in a new era of DNA-guided gene editing and base editing.
A compact high resolution ion mobility spectrometer for fast trace gas analysis (2013)

Drift tube ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) are widely used for fast trace gas detection in air, but portable compact systems are typically very limited in their resolving power. Decreasing the initial ion packet width improves the resolution, but is generally associated with a reduced signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) due to the lower number of ions injected into the drift region. In this paper, we present a refined theory of IMS operation which employs a combined approach for the analysis of the ion drift and the subsequent amplification to predict both the resolution and the SNR of the measured ion current peak. This theoretical analysis shows that the SNR is not a function of the initial ion packet width, meaning that compact drift tube IMS with both very high resolution and extremely low limits of detection can be designed. Based on these implications, an optimized combination of a compact drift tube with a length of just 10 cm and a transimpedance amplifier has been constructed with a resolution of 183 measured for the positive reactant ion peak (RIP(+)), which is sufficient to e.g. separate the RIP(+) from the protonated acetone monomer, even though their drift times only differ by a factor of 1.007. Furthermore, the limits of detection (LODs) for acetone are 180 pptv within 1 s of averaging time and 580 pptv within only 100 ms.
Synthesis of Dual Function (5R,6R)- and (5S,6S)-5-Bromo-6-Methoxy-5,6-Dihydro-AZT-5′-(<i>Para</i>-Bromophenyl Methoxyalaninyl Phosphate) as Novel Spermicidal and Anti-HIV Agents (1999)

We synthesized a novel compound, 5-bromo-6-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-AZT-5'- (p-bromophenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphate), which had an EC50 value of 5 microM in sperm motility assays. This is > 1 log10 better than that of the detergent spermicide nonoxynol-9 (EC50 81 microM). The compound also displayed a potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity with an IC50 value of 0.005 microM in HIV replication assays, which was virtually identical to that of AZT (IC50 0.006 microM) and > 2 log10 more potent than that of nonoxynol-9 (IC50 2.2 microM). The promising results reported herein recommend the further development of the dual function 5-halo-6-alkoxyl-5,6-dihydro-AZT derivatives as a new class of vaginal contraceptives capable of preventing the sexual transmission of HIV while providing fertility control for women who are at high risk of acquiring HIV by heterosexual transmission. These dual function 5-halo-6-alkoxyl-5,6-dihydro-AZT derivatives may also have utility in curbing domestic and wildlife animal retroviral transmissions.
Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly Modulators, but Not Nucleoside Analogs, Inhibit the Production of Extracellular Pregenomic RNA and Spliced RNA Variants (2017)

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein serves multiple essential functions in the viral life cycle, and antiviral agents that target the core protein are being developed. Capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) are compounds that target core and misdirect capsid assembly, resulting in the suppression of HBV replication and virion production. Besides HBV DNA, circulating HBV RNA has been detected in patient serum and can be associated with the treatment response. Here we studied the effect of HBV CAMs on the production of extracellular HBV RNA using infected HepaRG cells and primary human hepatocytes. Representative compounds from the sulfonamide carboxamide and heteroaryldihydropyrimidine series of CAMs were evaluated and compared to nucleos(t)ide analogs as inhibitors of the viral polymerase. The results showed that CAMs blocked extracellular HBV RNA with efficiencies similar to those with which they blocked pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) encapsidation, HBV DNA replication, and Dane particle production. Nucleos(t)ide analogs inhibited viral replication and virion production but not encapsidation or production of extracellular HBV RNA. Profiling of HBV RNA from both culture supernatants and patient serum showed that extracellular viral RNA consisted of pgRNA and spliced pgRNA variants with an internal deletion(s) but still retained the sequences at both the 5' and 3' ends. Similar variants were detected in the supernatants of infected cells with and without nucleos(t)ide analog treatment. Overall, our data demonstrate that HBV CAMs represent direct antiviral agents with a profile differentiated from that of nucleos(t)ide analogs, including the inhibition of extracellular pgRNA and spliced pgRNA.