gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Folate Receptor–Targeted Antioxidant Therapy Ameliorates Renal Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury (2012)

Antioxidant therapy can protect against ischemic injury, but the inability to selectively target the kidney would require extremely high doses to achieve effective local concentrations of drug. Here, we developed a directed therapeutic that specifically targets an antioxidant to renal proximal tubule cells via the folate receptor. Because a local increase in superoxide contributes to renal ischemic injury, we created the folate-antioxidant conjugate 4-hydroxy-Tempo (tempol)-folate to target folate receptors, which are highly expressed in the proximal tubule. Dihydroethidium high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated that conjugated tempol retained its efficacy to scavenge superoxide in proximal tubule cells. In a mouse model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, tempol-folate reduced renal superoxide levels more effectively than tempol alone. Furthermore, electron spin resonance revealed the successful targeting of the tempol-folate conjugate to the kidney and other tissues expressing folate receptors. Administration of tempol-folate protected the renal function of mice after ischemia-reperfusion injury and inhibited infiltration of macrophages. In conclusion, kidney-specific targeting of an antioxidant has therapeutic potential to prevent renal ischemic injury. Conjugation of other pharmaceuticals to folate may also facilitate the development of treatments for other kidney diseases.
A new network-based positioning method for location services in 2G and 3G mobile communications (2003)

Location-based services are a new class of services, where the service offering for a mobile user is tailored to his actual geographical position. Examples include location-based billing, new information services giving e.g. information on nearby restaurants or gas stations, as well as a number of tracking and navigation services. All these services, need an estimate of the users position. The required accuracy of these estimates depends on the actual type of service. While billing and information applications tolerate positioning errors to some extent, the requested accuracy for tracking and navigation services is quite high. Therefore, the positioning technology needs to be chosen carefully in order to meet the requirements (see Drane, C. et al., IEEE Commun. Magazine, vol.36, no.4, p.46-59, 1998; Fischer, S. et al., Proc. IEEE 49th Vehicular Technology Conference - VTC 1999, vol.3, p.1962-6, 1999). We propose a new positioning method which is applicable to billing and information services, offering enhanced accuracy over existing methods without adding constraints to the mobile terminals. Though the test results presented here cover the application of this method to GSM, the algorithm is very generic and can be equally well applied to UMTS and other 3G technologies.
Synthesis and Hypoxia Selective Radiosensitization Potential of &#946;-2-FAZA and &#946;-3-FAZL: Fluorinated Azomycin &#946;-Nucleosides (2009)

(18)F-Labelled fluoroazomycin arabinoside ([(18)F]FAZA) is a 2-nitroimidazole (azomycin) based PET tracer used extensively in cancer clinics to diagnose tumour hypoxia. The hypoxia-specific uptake and rapid blood clearance kinetics of FAZA contribute to good tumor-to-background ratios (T/B ratios) and high image contrast. However, FAZA, an alpha-configuration nucleoside, is not transported by cellular nucleoside transporters. It enters cells only via diffusion, therefore not achieving the high uptake and T/B ratios characteristic of actively transported radiopharmaceuticals. The present work describes the synthesis, physicochemical properties and preliminary assessment of the radiosensitization properties of two novel azomycin nucleosides, 1-beta-D-(2-deoxy-2-fluoroarabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole (beta-2-FAZA) and 1-beta-D-(3-deoxy-3-fluorolyxofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole (beta-3-FAZL) (fluorination yields 60% and 55%, respectively). The tosylated precursors required to synthesize the corresponding F-18 labeled radiopharmaceuticals are also reported. The partition coefficients (P) for beta-2-FAZA (1.0) and beta-3-FAZL (0.95) were marginally lower than reported for FAZA (1.1). The radiosensitization properties of both these compounds are similar to that of FAZA, with sensitizer enhancement ratios (SER) of approximately 1.8 for HCT-116 cells.
Locally toleranced surface simplification (1999)

We present a technique for simplifying a triangulated surface. Simplifying consists of approximating the surface with another surface of lower triangle count. Our algorithm can preserve the volume of a solid to within machine accuracy; it favors the creation of near-equilateral triangles. We develop novel methods for reporting and representing a bound to the approximation error between a simplified surface and the original, and respecting a variable tolerance across the surface. A different positive error value is reported at each vertex. By linearly blending the error values in between vertices, we define a volume of space, called the error volume, as the union of balls of linearly varying radii. The error volume is built dynamically as the simplification progresses, on top of preexisting error volumes that it contains. We also build a tolerance volume to forbid simplification errors exceeding a local tolerance. The information necessary to compute error values is local to the star of a vertex; accordingly, the complexity of the algorithm is either linear or in O(n log n) in the original number of surface edges, depending on the variant. We extend the mechanisms of error and tolerance volumes to preserve during simplification scalar and vector attributes associated with surface vertices. Assuming a linear variation across triangles, error and tolerance volumes are defined in the same fashion as for positional error. For normals, a corrective term is applied to the error measured at the vertices to compensate for nonlinearities.
Efficient parallelization using rank convergence in dynamic programming algorithms (2016)

This paper proposes an efficient parallel algorithm for an important class of dynamic programming problems that includes Viterbi, Needleman--Wunsch, Smith--Waterman, and Longest Common Subsequence. In dynamic programming, the subproblems that do not depend on each other, and thus can be computed in parallel, form stages, or wavefronts. The algorithm presented in this paper provides additional parallelism allowing multiple stages to be computed in parallel despite dependences among them. The correctness and the performance of the algorithm relies on rank convergence properties of matrix multiplication in the tropical semiring, formed with plus as the multiplicative operation and max as the additive operation. This paper demonstrates the efficiency of the parallel algorithm by showing significant speedups on a variety of important dynamic programming problems. In particular, the parallel Viterbi decoder is up to 24× faster (with 64 processors) than a highly optimized commercial baseline.<!-- END_PAGE_1 -->
Cloverleaf Vibratory Microgyroscope with Integrated Post (2003)

A modified design and fabrication sequence has been devised to improve the performance of a cloverleaf vibratory microgyroscope that includes an axial rod or post rigidly attached to the center of the cloverleaf structure. The basic concepts of cloverleaf vibratory microgyroscopes, without and with rods or posts, were described in two prior articles in NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 21, No. 9 (September 1997): Micromachined Planar Vibratory Microgyroscopes (NPO-19713), page 68 and Planar Vibratory Microgyroscope: Alternative Configuration (NPO-19714), page 70. As described in more detail in the second-mentioned prior article, the cloverleaf-shaped structure and the rod or post are parts of a vibratory element that senses rotation via the effect of the Coriolis force upon its vibrations. Heretofore, the posts for devices of this type have been fabricated separately, then assembled manually onto the cloverleaf structures. The resulting imperfections in the assembled units have given rise to asymmetric stresses in the cloverleaf structures and, consequently, to changes in resonant frequencies of vibration and in shapes of vibration modes. These changes, in turn, have caused variations in performance among nominally identical devices. The modified design provides for the fabrication of the upper half of the post as an integral part of the cloverleaf structure; this is accomplished by reactive-ion etching of a single-piece half-post-and-cloverleaf structure from a wafer of silicon. The lower half of the post and a baseplate are also a single piece made by reactive-ion etching from a wafer of silicon. The two pieces are bonded together (see figure) by a thermal-compression metal-to-metal bonding technique to form a cloverleaf gyroscope with an integrated post structure..
1,2-Fucosylated and  -N-acetylgalactosaminylated prostate-specific antigen as an efficient marker of prostatic cancer (2009)

A prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is widely used as a diagnostic marker for prostate cancer (PC) because of its high specificity. However, elevated serum PSA does not occur only in PC but also in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Since the structural changes of N-glycans during carcinogenesis are common phenomena, we investigated whether PC-specific N-glycans are linked to PSA. We first analyzed the carbohydrate structures of PSA derived from seminal fluid, serum of BPH and PC patients, and PC cell line, namely, LNCaP using eight lectin-immobilized columns and then with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The fraction of serum PSA from PC patients bound to both Fucalpha1-2Gal and betaGalNAc binding Trichosanthes japonica agglutinin-II (TJA-II) column, while that from BPH patients did not exhibit this binding ability, thereby implying that there is elevated expression of alpha1,2-fucosylation and beta-N-acetylgalactosaminylation of PSA during carcinogenesis. We then performed a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmed that these structural changes were responsible for the elevated expression of fucosyltransferase I (FUT1) and beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 4(B4GALNT4). Second, we measured TJA-II-bound PSA contents and the binding ratios of TJA-II column chromatography in serum PSA samples from 40 patients of both PC and BPH. The results indicated that both TJA-II-bound PSA content and TJA-II binding ratios (%) could be used to discriminate between PC and BPH with more than 95% probability, and TJA-II-bound PSA can be regarded as a potential marker of PC.
Activities of Oxadiazole Antibacterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Other Gram-Positive Bacteria (2018)

The activities of four oxadiazoles were investigated with 210 methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) strains. MIC<sub>50</sub> and MIC<sub>90</sub> values of 1 to 2 and 4 μg/ml, respectively, were observed. We also evaluated the activity of oxadiazole ND-421 against other staphylococci and enterococci and in the presence of oxacillin for selected MRSA strains. The MIC for ND-421 is lowered severalfold in combination with oxacillin, as they synergize. The MIC<sub>90</sub> of ND-421 against vancomycin-resistant enterococci is ≤1 μg/ml.
Ultra-high resolution and compact volume holographic spectrometers (2008)

Compact and efficient spectrometers are of great interest for biological and environmental sensing. In this paper, we describe a new class of spectrometers that work based on diffractive properties of spherical beam volume holograms (SBVHs) and cylindrical beam volume holograms (CBVHs). The hologram in these spectrometers acts as a spectral diversity filter (SDF) that maps different input wavelengths onto different locations in the output plane. The main properties of these holographic SDFs and new techniques for removing the ambiguity between incident wavelength (or the input channel) and incident angle (or the input spatial mode) are discussed. By using CBVHs, we show that the spectral mapping of the input beam can be obtained in one direction and the beam can be independently modified in the perpendicular direction. Using this unique property, we demonstrate a spectral wrapping technique to considerably increase the operation spectral range of spectrometers, without sacrificing their resolution. Finally, it is also shown that by combining CBVHs with a Fabry-Perot interferometer, a true two-dimensional spatial-spectral mapping can be formed, and an ultra-high resolution of 0.2 nm with large spectral bandwidth is demonstrated for this tandem spectrometer.
Automated Volumetric Intravascular Plaque Classification Using Optical Coherence Tomography (2017)

An estimated 17.5 million people died from a cardiovascular disease in 2012, representing 31 percent of all global deaths. Most acute coronary events result from rupture of the protective fibrous cap overlying an atherosclerotic plaque. The task of early identification of plaque types that can potentially rupture is, therefore, of great importance. The state‐of‐the‐art approach to imaging blood vessels is intravascular optical coherence tomography (IVOCT). However, currently, this is an offline approach where the images are first collected and then manually analyzed an image at a time to identify regions at risk of thrombosis. This process is extremely laborious, time consuming, and prone to human error. We are building a system that, when complete, will provide interactive three‐dimensional visualization of a blood vessel as an IVOCT is in progress. The visualization will highlight different plaque types and enable quick identification of regions at risk. In this article, we describe our approach, focusing on machine‐learning methods that are a key enabling technology. Our empirical results using real OCT data show that our approach can identify different plaque types efficiently with high accuracy across multiple patients.
Rotary encoding device (1993)

A device for position encoding of a rotating shaft in which a polygonal mirror having a number of facets is mounted to the shaft and a light beam is directed towards the facets is presented. The facets of the polygonal mirror reflect the light beam such that a light spot is created on a linear array detector. An analog-to-digital converter is connected to the linear array detector for reading the position of the spot on the linear array detector. A microprocessor with memory is connected to the analog-to-digital converter to hold and manipulate the data provided by the analog-to-digital converter on the position of the spot and to compute the position of the shaft based upon the data from the analog-to-digital converter.
Grid Long Short-Term Memory (2016)

Abstract: This paper introduces Grid Long Short-Term Memory, a network of LSTM cells arranged in a multidimensional grid that can be applied to vectors, sequences or higher dimensional data such as images. The network differs from existing deep LSTM architectures in that the cells are connected between network layers as well as along the spatiotemporal dimensions of the data. The network provides a unified way of using LSTM for both deep and sequential computation. We apply the model to algorithmic tasks such as 15-digit integer addition and sequence memorization, where it is able to significantly outperform the standard LSTM. We then give results for two empirical tasks. We find that 2D Grid LSTM achieves 1.47 bits per character on the Wikipedia character prediction benchmark, which is state-of-the-art among neural approaches. In addition, we use the Grid LSTM to define a novel two-dimensional translation model, the Reencoder, and show that it outperforms a phrase-based reference system on a Chinese-to-English translation task.
Process For Producing A Polyunsatured Fatty Acid Comprising Arachidonic Acid (Patent EP 2380984 A2) (2011)

The invention relates to nucleic acid derived from Perkinsus marinus which encodes a 9-elongase, a ”8-desaturase and a ”5-desaturase enzyme. All of the coding sequences can be transcribed as a single transcript.
Capability of the Two Microorganisms Bifidobacterium breve B632 and Bifidobacterium breve BR03 to Colonize the Intestinal Microbiota of Children (2014)

An oily suspension has proved an effective way of providing probiotics to children. A lower viable cells concentration was sufficient to mediate this effect in the light of the fact that the intestinal microbiota of children harbors a considerably smaller amount of total bacteria compared with adults. In addition to gut colonization in healthy children, B. breve B632 and B. breve BR03 were able to decrease total fecal coliforms, therefore supporting their potential specific use in colicky infants.
Segment Routing interoperability with LDP (2015)

A Segment Routing (SR) node steers a packet through a controlled set
of instructions, called segments, by prepending the packet with an SR
header. A segment can represent any instruction, topological or
service-based. SR allows to enforce a flow through any topological
path and service chain while maintaining per-flow state only at the
ingress node to the SR domain. The Segment Routing architecture can
be directly applied to the MPLS data plane with no change in the
forwarding plane. This drafts describes how Segment Routing operates
in a network where LDP is deployed and in the case where SR-capable
and non-SR-capable nodes coexist.
PM and NOx Reduction by Injection Parameter Alterations in a Direct Injected, Pilot Ignited, Heavy Duty Natural Gas Engine With EGR at Various Operating Conditions (2005)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The use of pilot-ignited, direct-injected natural gas in a heavy-duty compression-ignition engine has been shown to reduce emissions while maintaining performance and efficiency. Adding recirculated exhaust gas (EGR) has been shown to further reduce emissions of nitric oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>), albeit at the cost of increased hydrocarbons (tHC), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM) emissions at high EGR fractions. Previous tests have suggested that reducing the delay between the diesel and natural gas injections, increasing the injection pressure, or adjusting the combustion timing have individually achieved substantial emissions benefits. To investigate the effectiveness of combining these techniques, and of using them over a wide range of operating conditions, a series of tests were carried out.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The first set of tests investigated the interactions between these effects and the EGR fraction. For all the gaseous emissions, substantial interactions were found between the EGR level, combustion timing, and diesel-natural gas injection delay. Reductions in NO<sub>x</sub> were found to be cumulative, while PM emissions were mitigated by either advanced timing or shorter delays between the pilot and main fuel injections. The second test set studied the effects of the injection parameters over a range of engine speeds, equivalence ratios, and charge masses. It was found that the greatest NO<sub>x</sub> reductions were achieved by late timings and high EGR fractions, although at the cost of increased PM, tHC, and CO emissions as well as increased fuel consumption. The magnitudes of these increases were found to depend on engine operating condition. No single parameter combination was identified as being optimal for all operating conditions - to maximise emissions reductions and efficiency, it will be necessary to ‘tailor’ the injection process to the operating condition by varying the combustion timing and the relative ignition delay.</div>
Rationally designed rare earth separation by selective oxalate solubilization (2020)

A simple, environmentally benign, and efficient chemical separation of rare earth oxalates (CSEREOX) within two rare earth element (REE) subgroups has been developed. The protocol allows for selective solubilization of water-insoluble oxalates of rare earth elements, and results in efficient REE extraction even at low initial concentrations (<5%) from processed magnet wastes.
Bimodal stimulus timing-dependent plasticity in primary auditory cortex is altered after noise exposure with and without tinnitus (2015)

Central auditory circuits are influenced by the somatosensory system, a relationship that may underlie tinnitus generation. In the guinea pig dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), pairing spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5) stimulation with tones at specific intervals and orders facilitated or suppressed subsequent tone-evoked neural responses, reflecting spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). Furthermore, after noise-induced tinnitus, bimodal responses in DCN were shifted from Hebbian to anti-Hebbian timing rules with less discrete temporal windows, suggesting a role for bimodal plasticity in tinnitus. Here, we aimed to determine if multisensory STDP principles like those in DCN also exist in primary auditory cortex (A1), and whether they change following noise-induced tinnitus. Tone-evoked and spontaneous neural responses were recorded before and 15 min after bimodal stimulation in which the intervals and orders of auditory-somatosensory stimuli were randomized. Tone-evoked and spontaneous firing rates were influenced by the interval and order of the bimodal stimuli, and in sham-controls Hebbian-like timing rules predominated as was seen in DCN. In noise-exposed animals with and without tinnitus, timing rules shifted away from those found in sham-controls to more anti-Hebbian rules. Only those animals with evidence of tinnitus showed increased spontaneous firing rates, a purported neurophysiological correlate of tinnitus in A1. Together, these findings suggest that bimodal plasticity is also evident in A1 following noise damage and may have implications for tinnitus generation and therapeutic intervention across the central auditory circuit.
1,4‐Fullerene Derivatives: Tuning the Properties of the Electron Transporting Layer in Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cells (2011)

Auf die Feinheiten kommt es an: Die zunehmende Zahl von Donormaterialien für organische Solarzellen macht die Entwicklung von kompatiblen Elektronenakzeptoren erforderlich. Eine Serie von 1,4-Fulleren-Addukten mit abstimmbaren chemischen, elektronischen und materialbezogenen Eigenschaften wurde synthetisiert, um damit die Photovoltaikcharakteristika von Solarzellen gezielt einstellen zu können.