gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photonic Computing Using The Modified Signed-Digit Number Representation (1986)

Improving the precision of optically performed computations is a critical aspect of photonic computing. One possible method for improving precision is through the use of modified signed-digit (MSD) arithmetic. Optical implementation of MSD arithmetic offers several important advantages over other optical techniques such as the digital multiplication by analog convolution (DMAC) algorithm or the use of residue arithmetic. These advantages include the parallel pipeline flow of digits due to carry-free addition and subtraction, fixed-point as well as floating-point capability, and the potential for performing divisions. We present a brief description of the modified signed-digit number system and suggest one optical architecture for implementing MSD fixed-point addition, subtraction, and multiplication.
Regio- and Stereoselective Deprotection of Acylated Carbohydrates via Catalytic Antibodies (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRegio- and Stereoselective Deprotection of Acylated Carbohydrates via Catalytic AntibodiesYoshiharu Iwabuchi, Hideaki Miyashita, Ryuji Tanimura, Keiko Kinoshita, Masakazu Kikuchi, and Ikuo FujiiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 2, 771–772Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00081a049https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00081a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views180Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Energy Efficient Resource Management in Virtualized Cloud Data Centers (2010)

Rapid growth of the demand for computational power by scientific, business and web-applications has led to the creation of large-scale data centers consuming enormous amounts of electrical power. We propose an energy efficient resource management system for virtualized Cloud data centers that reduces operational costs and provides required Quality of Service (QoS). Energy savings are achieved by continuous consolidation of VMs according to current utilization of resources, virtual network topologies established between VMs and thermal state of computing nodes. We present first results of simulation-driven evaluation of heuristics for dynamic reallocation of VMs using live migration according to current requirements for CPU performance. The results show that the proposed technique brings substantial energy savings, while ensuring reliable QoS. This justifies further investigation and development of the proposed resource management system.
An improved heterostructure-emitter bipolar transistor (HEBT) (1991)

An N-Al/sub 0.5/Ga/sub 0.5/As/n-GaAs heterostructure-emitter bipolar transistor (HEBT), grown by MBE, has been fabricated with improved performance. The Al/sub 0.5/Ga/sub 0.5/As layer with higher valence-band offset Delta E/sub v/ offers better confinement of minority carriers (holes). A small offset voltage of about 80 mV and a high common-emitter current gain of 180 were measured for large-area devices. On the other hand, the adequate design of an n-GaAs emitter layer also plays an important role in device performance. The strongly knee-shaped characteristics and reachthrough effect were observed in those devices fabricated with 12 a thin n-GaAs emitter layer.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Development of a high-Performance MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer utilizing a spiral ion trajectory (2007)

A novel MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer that utilizes a spiral ion trajectory was developed. In this mass spectrometer, the ions sequentially passed through four toroidal electrostatic sectors and revolved along a figure-eight-shaped orbit on a particular projection plane. Each toroidal electrostatic sector had eight stories, and during multiple revolutions, the ion trajectory shifted perpendicular to the projection plane in every cycle, thereby generating a spiral trajectory. The flight path length of one cycle was 2.1 m; therefore, when the ions completed eight cycles, the total flight path length was 17 m. By adopting an ion optical system that had a flight path length five times longer than that in the commonly used reflectron ion optical system, the mass dependence on the mass resolving power was reduced, while improving the mass accuracy of the mass measurements. The basic performance of the system was tested by using standard peptides or the tryptic digest of bovine serum albumin. A mass resolving power of 80,000 (full width at half maximum) was achieved at m/z = 2564 (ACTH18-39). An improved mass accuracy less than 2 ppm was realized over a wide m/z range of 500 to 3000 by correction using one or two internal standard substances.
How Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty Works (2011)

Several basic science and clinical studies improve our understanding of various design factors in reverse shoulder arthroplasty. However, much work remains to further elucidate the performance of newer designs and to evaluate patient outcomes using validated instruments such as the American Society for Elbow Surgery, simple shoulder test, and the Constant-Murley scores.
High rate rechargeable lithium cells employing lithium ion conducting solid electrolytes (1995)

Abstract : Results are presented on high temperature solid state cells employing 50:50 weight percent lithium germanium vanadium oxide-lithium iodide. The incorporation of lithium iodide in lithium germanium vanadium oxide resulted in higher pellet conductivities and improved the high rate performance of the solid state cells. The cells were comprised of a lithium-aluminum or lithium-silicon alloy as the anode and a CVD thin film of titanium disulfide as the cathode. The cells exhibited an open circuit potential of about 2.1 V at 300 deg C and could be discharged at current densities up to 0.5 ampere per square centimeter. jg
Multiscale Design and Multiobjective Optimization of Orthopedic Hip Implants with Functionally Graded Cellular Material (2012)

Revision surgeries of total hip arthroplasty are often caused by a deficient structural compatibility of the implant. Two main culprits, among others, are bone-implant interface instability and bone resorption. To address these issues, in this paper we propose a novel type of implant, which, in contrast to current hip replacement implants made of either a fully solid or a foam material, consists of a lattice microstructure with nonhomogeneous distribution of material properties. A methodology based on multiscale mechanics and design optimization is introduced to synthesize a graded cellular implant that can minimize concurrently bone resorption and implant interface failure. The procedure is applied to the design of a 2D left implanted femur with optimized gradients of relative density. To assess the manufacturability of the graded cellular microstructure, a proof-of-concept is fabricated by using rapid prototyping. The results from the analysis are used to compare the optimized cellular implant with a fully dense titanium implant and a homogeneous foam implant with a relative density of 50%. The bone resorption and the maximum value of interface stress of the cellular implant are found to be over 70% and 50% less than the titanium implant while being 53% and 65% less than the foam implant.
Synthesis of 2-phenylthiazolidine derivatives as cardiotonic agents. II. 2-(Phenylpiperazinoalkoxyphenyl)thiazolidine-3-thiocarboxamides and the corresponding carboxamides. (1987)

A large number of 2- (phenylpiperazinoalkoxyphenyl) thiazolidine-3-thiocarboxamides and the corresponding carboxamides (II) were synthesized and tested for inotropic activity in anesthetized dogs. Compounds II were prepared from a hydroxybenzaldehyde (III) through the intermediates (IV, V, and X). Structure-activity relationships (SAR) were investigated by varying the structural parameters. Transposition of the piperazinoalkoxyl group to the meta or para position from the ortho position caused a marked fall in activity. Conversion of the thiocarboxamido to a carboxamido group caused a marked increase in activity. This tendency was generally observed in this series of compounds and constitutes a major deviation from the SAR in the simple 2-phenylthiazolidine series. With regard to effects of the length of the aminoalkoxy chain, the ethoxy derivatives were generally more potent than higher analogues. Lengthening of the N-alkyl group in the (thio) carboxamido group generally caused a decrease in activity. Among the various derivatives synthesized, II15 was found to be approximately one hundred times more potent than amrinone with a long duration of action.
Genetic organization of the<i>Kpn</i>I restriction — modification system (1991)

The KpnI restriction-modification (KpnI RM) system was previously cloned and expressed in E. coli. The nucleotide sequences of the KpnI endonuclease (R.KpnI) and methylase (M. KpnI) genes have now been determined. The sequence of the amino acid residues predicted from the endonuclease gene DNA sequence and the sequence of the first 12 NH2-terminal amino acids determined from the purified endonuclease protein were identical. The kpnIR gene specifies a protein of 218 amino acids (MW: 25,115), while the kpnIM gene codes for a protein of 417 amino acids (MW: 47,582). The two genes transcribe divergently with a intergeneic region of 167 nucleotides containing the putative promoter regions for both genes. No protein sequence similarity was detected between R.KpnI and M.KpnI. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of M.KpnI with sequences of various methylases revealed a significant homology to N6-adenine methylases, a partial homology to N4-cytosine methylases, and no homology to C5-methylases.
The Pharmacological Chaperone AT2220 Increases Recombinant Human Acid α-Glucosidase Uptake and Glycogen Reduction in a Mouse Model of Pompe Disease (2012)

Pompe disease is an inherited lysosomal storage disease that results from a deficiency in the enzyme acid α-glucosidase (GAA), and is characterized by progressive accumulation of lysosomal glycogen primarily in heart and skeletal muscles. Recombinant human GAA (rhGAA) is the only approved enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) available for the treatment of Pompe disease. Although rhGAA has been shown to slow disease progression and improve some of the pathophysiogical manifestations, the infused enzyme tends to be unstable at neutral pH and body temperature, shows low uptake into some key target tissues, and may elicit immune responses that adversely affect tolerability and efficacy. We hypothesized that co-administration of the orally-available, small molecule pharmacological chaperone AT2220 (1-deoxynojirimycin hydrochloride, duvoglustat hydrochloride) may improve the pharmacological properties of rhGAA via binding and stabilization. AT2220 co-incubation prevented rhGAA denaturation and loss of activity in vitro at neutral pH and 37°C in both buffer and blood. In addition, oral pre-administration of AT2220 to rats led to a greater than two-fold increase in the circulating half-life of intravenous rhGAA. Importantly, co-administration of AT2220 and rhGAA to GAA knock-out (KO) mice resulted in significantly greater rhGAA levels in plasma, and greater uptake and glycogen reduction in heart and skeletal muscles, compared to administration of rhGAA alone. Collectively, these preclinical data highlight the potentially beneficial effects of AT2220 on rhGAA in vitro and in vivo. As such, a Phase 2 clinical study has been initiated to investigate the effects of co-administered AT2220 on rhGAA in Pompe patients.
Synthesis of Some 2'-C-Alkyl Derivatives of 9-(2-Phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine and Related Compounds (1994)

To study the effect of β-substitution in 2'-alkyl derivatives of 9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine ( Ia ) on the antiviral activity or group specificity, these derivatives were synthesized. 9-(2-Hydroxyalkyl)adenines VIII were prepared by alkylation of adenine with suitably substituted oxiranes XIII or 2-hydroxyalkyl p -toluenesulfonates IV and VI . After protection of the adenine amino group by benzoylation (compounds IX ) or amidine formation (compounds X ), the intermediates were alkylated with diisopropyl p -toluenesulfonyloxymethanephosphonate ( XI ) in the presence of sodium hydride. After deprotection, the obtained phosphonate diesters XII were converted into phosphonic acids I by transsilylation and hydrolysis. This synthetic scheme was used for the preparation of ethyl ( Ie ), propyl ( If ), 2-propyl ( Ig ), 2-methylpropyl ( Ih ), cyclopropyl ( Ii ), cyclohexyl ( Ij ), benzyl ( Ik ) and phenyl ( Il ) derivatives. The 2'-trifluoromethyl derivative XXIIa was prepared analogously from 9-(2-hydroxy-3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)adenine ( XXa ), obtained by alkylation of adenine sodium salt with 2-hydroxy-3,3,3-trifluoropropyl bromide. 2'-Trimethylsilyl derivative XIXa was obtained by alkylation of adenine with 2-diisopropylphosphonomethoxy-3-(4-toluenesulfonyloxy)propyltrimethylsilane ( XVII ) followed by transsilylation and hydrolysis of diester XVIIIa . 2,6-Diaminopurine derivatives XVIIId and XXIIb were obtained analogously. 9-(3-Phosphonomethoxybutyl)adenine ( XXVIII ) and 9-(2-methyl-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine ( XXXV ) were prepared from the corresponding hydroxy derivatives XXVIb and XXXII , respectively, by the same reaction pathway as derivatives I .
Fabrication of cell structures for bionanobattery (2004)

The concept of a bio-nanobattery is based on ferritin, an iron storage protein that naturally exists in most biological systems. Biomineralization allows ferritins to reconstitute iron core with various metallic cores. When the ferritin half cells are integrated into a complete battery system, the fabrication of well-organized ferritin arrays is necessary and very important to enhance the overall battery performance, improving the battery power density, the power discharge rate, the compactness of battery size, etc. In this work, a spin self-assembly (SA) method was used for producing a thin-film array structure of ferritins. The spin SA deposition was repeated until two bilayers of cationized and native ferritins or 4 alternating ferritin layers were achieved. High-resolution field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) were used to characterize the multilayered ferritin arrays. The thickness of ferritin multilayer increased linearly as the spin SA deposition was repeated. The spin SA deposition method produced well-organized, uniform, and flat ferritin layers in a much shorter period of time, compared with Langmuir-Blodgett or dipping deposition methods. Such enhancement can be attributed to a strong electrostatic attraction that holds the ferritin layer on the substrate during the spin-coating process while hydrodynamic drag and centrifugal forces remove loosely-bound ferritins.
Approximateword-lattice indexing with text indexers: Time-Anchored Lattice Expansion (2008)

We address the problem of how to represent or approximate speech lattices to be indexed with existing text indexers. We present a method named Time-Anchored Lattice Expansion (TALE), which can be implemented by a Standard Text Indexer (STI). On a 170-hour lecture set, we compare TALE with other lattice indexing methods: confusion networks, Position-Specific Posterior Lattices (PSPL), and Time-based Merging for Index (TMI). All methods achieve accuracies comparable to searching raw lattices when the corresponding index structures and phrase matching algorithms are used. However, when implemented with an STI, TALE significantly outperforms all other methods. Compared to indexing linear text, TALE improves accuracy by 30–60% for multi-word phrase searches and by 130% for two-term AND queries.
Exploratory Analysis of CA125-MGL and –STn Glycoforms in the Differential Diagnostics of Pelvic Masses (2020)

The results indicate that the CA125 glycoform assays markedly improve the performance of the conventional CA125-IA in the differential diagnosis of pelvic masses. This result is especially valuable when CA125 is marginally elevated.
<title>Holographic PDLCs for optical beam modulation, deflection, and dynamic filter applications</title> (1998)

A new type of electro-optical device, a switchable hologram, has emerged from the combination of two technologies, namely, photopolymer holographic materials and polymer- dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs). Starting from a simple homogeneous mixture containing a polymerizable monomer, a liquid crystal (LC), and a photoinitiator dye, this system cures under holographic illumination to form well defined channels of PDLCs interspersed between dense, LC-free polymer channels. These periodic PDLC planes produce diffraction of light in the Bragg regime with surprisingly good optical quality. LC droplets within the PDLC channels can be remarkably small, ranging in size from 20 nm to 200 nm. Even within this small domain, the molecules can be reoriented by an applied field, leading to electro-optical modulation of the diffraction efficiency. The polarization properties and sharp threshold switching of the diffracted light may be partially explained by the unique shape and consequent nematic ordering of the LC droplets. Complex holograms can be written in this material, and electro- optical switching at < 5 V/micrometers with response and relaxation times in the 20-40 microsecond(s) regime have been consideration. Spatial light modulators which modulate the intensity can make use of these switchable holograms. Some of the potential applications are in fiber optic switches, programmable optical interconnects, digital zoom lenses, optically assisted true-time-delay phased array radar, flat panel display, and dynamic filters.
A Novel Synthesis Method for Aligned Carbon Nanotubes in Organic Liquids (2002)

Aligned carbon nanotube arrays have been grown on Si substrates in methanol by using a hot-substrate method. Samples were grown in a glass chamber equipped with a function in which methanol and ethanol vapors were condensed by means of water-cooling. Si substrates with a thin Fe film were electrically heated to 930°C in liquid methanol. Hollow mutiwalled carbon nanotubes standing well on the Si substrates were obtained with external diameters ranging from 13 to 26 nm and lengths up to 20 µm, with the ratio of tube radius to the thickness of tube shells ranging from 1.7 to 2.1. The top ends of the nanotubes were closed with nearly seamless caps. The mechanism of nanotube growth is a catalytic process at the substrate surface under thermal non-equilibrium.
A Bivalent, Spherical Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Enhances Breadth of Immune Responses against Pathogenic Ebola Viruses in Rhesus Macaques (2020)

The 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa led to accelerated efforts to develop vaccines against these highly virulent viruses. A live, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine has been deployed in outbreak settings and appears highly effective. Vaccines based on replication-deficient adenovirus vectors either alone or in combination with a multivalent modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) Ebola vaccine also appear promising and are progressing in clinical evaluation. However, the ability of current live vector-based approaches to protect against multiple pathogenic species of Ebola is not yet established, and eliciting durable responses may require additional booster vaccinations. Here, we report the development of a bivalent, spherical Ebola virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine that incorporates glycoproteins (GPs) from Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) and Sudan Ebola virus (SUDV) and is designed to extend the breadth of immunity beyond EBOV. Immunization of rabbits with bivalent Ebola VLPs produced antibodies that neutralized all four pathogenic species of Ebola viruses and elicited antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses against EBOV and SUDV. Vaccination of rhesus macaques with bivalent VLPs generated strong humoral immune responses, including high titers of binding, as well as neutralizing antibodies and ADCC responses. VLP vaccination led to a significant increase in the frequency of Ebola GP-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. These results demonstrate that a novel bivalent Ebola VLP vaccine elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses against pathogenic Ebola viruses and support further evaluation of this approach as a potential addition to Ebola vaccine development efforts.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Ebola outbreaks result in significant morbidity and mortality in affected countries. Although several leading candidate Ebola vaccines have been developed and advanced in clinical testing, additional vaccine candidates may be needed to provide protection against different Ebola species and to extend the durability of protection. A novel approach demonstrated here is to express two genetically diverse glycoproteins on a spherical core, generating a vaccine that can broaden immune responses against known pathogenic Ebola viruses. This approach provides a new method to broaden and potentially extend protective immune responses against Ebola viruses.
Utility of Bifunctional <i>N</i>-Heterocyclic Phosphine (NHP)-Thioureas for Metal-Free Carbon–Phosphorus Bond Construction toward Regio- and Stereoselective Formation of Vinylphosphonates (2015)

An efficient and practical protocol for completely regioselective and highly stereoselective synthesis of vinyldiazaphosphonates from N-heterocyclic phosphine (NHP) and allenes via phospha-Michael/intramolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction has been developed. This transformation enabled the synthesis of valuable densely functionalized vinyldiazaphosphonates with a β-, γ-unsaturated ester moiety under mild reaction conditions. Synthetic utility of vinyldiazaphosphonates was demonstrated by a series of synthetic manipulations.
Dyed Microspheres for Quantification of UV Dose Distributions: Photochemical Reactor Characterization by Lagrangian Actinometry (2005)

Dyed Microspheres for Quantification of UV Dose Distributions: Photochemical Reactor Characterization by Lagrangian ActinometryLagrangian actinometry represents a new method of photochemical reactor characterization. The method is based on an application of dyed microspheres, which were developed by attachment of (E)-5-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethenyl]cytidine (hereafter referred to as S) to polystyrene microspheres. S is a non-fluorescent molecule that when subjected to UV irradiation yields a single product, 3-β-D-...Author(s)Ernest R. BlatchleyChengyue ShenZorana NaunovicLian-Shin LinDennis A. LynJ. Paul RobinsonKatherine RaghebGérald GrégoriDonald E. BergstromShiyue FangYousheng GuanKristofer JenningsNilupa GunaratnaSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 4: Disinfection System Validation 1Document typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2005ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20050101)2005:1L.271;1-DOI10.2175/193864705783978122Volume / Issue2005 / 1Content sourceDisinfection and Reuse SymposiumFirst / last page(s)271 - 297Copyright2005Word count395