gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
All-sky polarization imaging of cloud thermodynamic phase (2019)

Knowing the cloud thermodynamic phase (if a cloud is composed of ice crystals or liquid droplets) is crucial for many cloud remote sensing measurements. Further, this knowledge can help in simulating and interpreting cloud radiation measurements to better understand the role of clouds in climate, weather, and optical propagation. Knobelspiesse et al. [Atmos. Meas. Tech.8, 1537 (2015)10.5194/amt-8-1537-2015] showed that, for simulated zenith observations, the algebraic sign of the S<sub>1</sub> Stokes parameter (related to the difference between perpendicular and parallel linear polarization in the scattering plane) can be used to detect cloud thermodynamic phase when observed with a ground-based passive polarimeter. In this paper, we describe the use of our all-sky imaging polarimeter to experimentally test this proposed method of detecting cloud thermodynamic phase in the entire sky dome. The zenith cloud phase was validated with a dual-polarization lidar instrument.
Implantation of Completely Biological Engineered Grafts Following Decellularization into the Sheep Femoral Artery (2014)

The performance of completely biological, decellularized engineered allografts in a sheep model was evaluated to establish clinical potential of these unique arterial allografts. The 4-mm-diameter, 2-3-cm-long grafts were fabricated from fibrin gel remodeled into an aligned tissue tube in vitro by ovine dermal fibroblasts. Decellularization and subsequent storage had little effect on graft properties, with burst pressure exceeding 4000 mmHg and the same compliance as the ovine femoral artery. Grafts were implanted interpositionally in the femoral artery of six sheep (n=9), with contralateral sham controls (n=3). At 8 weeks (n=5) and 24 weeks (n=4), all grafts were patent and showed no evidence of dilatation or mineralization. Mid-graft lumen diameter was unchanged. Extensive recellularization occurred, with most cells expressing αSMA. Endothelialization was complete by 24 weeks with elastin deposition evident. These completely biological grafts possessed circumferential alignment/mechanical anisotropy characteristic of native arteries and were cultured only 5 weeks prior to decellularization and storage as "off-the-shelf" grafts.
COMPLEXED PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN PROVIDES SIGNIFICANT ENHANCEMENT OF SPECIFICITY COMPARED WITH TOTAL PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN FOR DETECTING PROSTATE CANCER (2000)

The measurement of complexed PSA represents an alternative to the use of percent free PSA, although the patient populations identified by the 2 tests are different.
Bright Coherent Ultrafast X-rays from mid-IR Lasers (2011)

We combine the attosecond physics of high harmonic generation with phase-matching in extreme nonlinear optics to demonstrate bright coherent upconversion into the X-ray spectral region using longer wavelength mid-IR lasers.
Compress the route table stored in TCAM by using memory filter (2009)

With the continuous advances in communications technology, the link transmission speed of the Internet backbone networks has been increasing rapidly. This in turn demands more powerful IP address lookup engines. Being well-suited for high performance parallel lookup, Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM) has been widely used in this area for years. Nevertheless, the limited storage, high power consumption and expensive price restrict its further application as link rates increase. Motivated by the prevalence of cheaper and faster conventional memory, such as SRAM and DRAM, we propose a range-based partitioning algorithm called ldquoMax-splittingrdquo which divides the entire route table into several sub-tries with disjoint range boundaries. With an extra index and a new lookup structure called Memory Filter, some sub-tries could be stored outside the TCAM. The experiments on real-life BGP route table will demonstrate that, by allocating little more conventional memory space, the proposed scheme reduces the TCAM storage requirement by 92% and significantly cuts down the power consumption.
Dual-comb spectroscopy with passively mode-locked interband cascade laser frequency combs (2018)

We demonstrate dual comb spectroscopy using free running passively mode-locked interband cascade laser frequency combs by measuring methane around 3.6 μm with 100 μs acquisition time and an instantaneous optical bandwidth of 570 GHz.
Quantum measurement enables single-biomarker detection in flow cytometers (2023)

Flow cytometry is one of the most widespread optical methods used in the diagnosis of health disorders and disease monitoring. The ultimate goal is achieving a single biomarker sensitivity. Here we experimentally characterize the nonclassical light from the flow cytometer and observe g(2)(0) = 0.4(2). Thus, we demonstrate a single emitter sensitivity and determine that the signal due to one biomarker is at least 6 times brighter than the background noise. This result potentially enables detecting rare single biomarker occurrences with high throughput.
Nonionic polymer surfactants (1982)

Abstract Nonionic water‐soluble polymeric surfactants have been prepared by addition of long‐chain n ‐alkyl epoxides to nonionic cellulose ethers. The polymers exhibit properties which can be explained by interchain association. The relationship between hydrocarbon‐modifier carbon number and the onset of association follows a linear relation analogous to those observed for monomeric nonionic surfactants.
VLP-based vaccine induces immune control of Staphylococcus aureus virulence regulation (2017)

Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and mounting antibiotic resistance requires innovative treatment strategies. S. aureus uses secreted cyclic autoinducing peptides (AIPs) and the accessory gene regulator (agr) operon to coordinate expression of virulence factors required for invasive infection. Of the four agr alleles (agr types I-IV and corresponding AIPs1-4), agr type I isolates are most frequently associated with invasive infection. Cyclization via a thiolactone bond is essential for AIP function; therefore, recognition of the cyclic form of AIP1 may be necessary for antibody-mediated neutralization. However, the small sizes of AIPs and labile thiolactone bond have hindered vaccine development. To overcome this, we used a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine platform (PP7) for conformationally-restricted presentation of a modified AIP1 amino acid sequence (AIP1S). Vaccination with PP7-AIP1S elicited AIP1-specific antibodies and limited agr-activation in vivo. Importantly, in a murine SSTI challenge model with a highly virulent agr type I S. aureus isolate, PP7-AIP1S vaccination reduced pathogenesis and increased bacterial clearance compared to controls, demonstrating vaccine efficacy. Given the contribution of MRSA agr type I isolates to human disease, vaccine targeting of AIP1-regulated virulence could have a major clinical impact in the fight against antibiotic resistance.
Dielectric resonator-based stopped-flow electron paramagnetic resonance (1994)

We present the technical details and relevant performance aspects of a dielectric resonator-based electron paramagnetic resonance probe for stopped-flow kinetic studies. The major benefits of this system are: (1) It incorporates a small, high sensitivity resonator system that is insensitive to stopped-flow induced noisy transients. (2) The resonator system is cheap, robust, and easily assembled. (3) It contains a microwave coupling scheme that provides finesse in tuning and freedom from microphonics.
Boron-containing thiouracil derivatives for neutron-capture therapy of melanoma (1991)

Boron-containing derivatives of 2-thiouracil and 2,4-dithiouracil and the corresponding 6-propyl compounds, containing a dihydroxyboryl group in the 5-position, have been prepared. These compounds accumulate in B16 melanoma in mice in concentrations up to 30 micrograms of boron per gram tissue. The uptake persists. The toxicity of both 2-thiouracil derivatives is low. These compounds are therefore good candidates for boron neutron-capture therapy of malignant melanoma.
Nano-sensitive optical coherence tomography (nsOCT) for depth resolved characterization of 3D submicron structure (2014)

Nowadays optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a rapidly developing technique with various applications, including biomedical imaging and diagnosis. One of the main shortcomings of current OCT techniques is low resolution and sensitivity to structural changes (typically about 10 microns). The best ultra-high resolution OCT techniques demonstrate sensitivity to structural changes and depth resolution of about 1 micron. Since many applications of interest (such as cancer) depend on structural changes at the nanoscale, OCT would definitely benefit from improved structural resolution and sensitivity. A new spectral encoding of spatial frequency (SESF) approach for quantitative characterization of the structure with nanoscale sensitivity has been developed recently. Ability to map axial structural information into each pixel of a 2D image with nanoscale sensitivity has been demonstrated and application of this approach to 3D microscopic imaging has been discussed. Here we present a novel technique, nano-sensitive OCT (nsOCT), to dramatically increase sensitivity of the OCT to structural changes. We propose to directly translate information about particular structure from Fourier domain to the image domain and map this information into the corresponding location within the 3D OCT image. As a result, submicron axial structure can be visualized and nanoscale structural alterations for each volume of interest within the 3D OCT image can be detected. Preliminary results show that using nsSOCT, based on conventional spectral domain OCT system with resolution 30 x 30 x 12 μm, it is possible to detect structural changes within scattering sample as small as 30 nm.
Foreground-Aware Statistical Models for Background Estimation (2019)

Video-based detection of moving and foreground objects is a key computer vision task. Temporal differencing of video frames is often used to detect objects in motion, but fails to detect slowmoving (relative to the video frame rate) or stationary objects. Adaptive background estimation is an alternative to temporal frame differencing that relies on building and maintaining statistical models describing background pixel behavior; however, it requires careful tuning of a learning rate parameter that controls the rate at which the model is updated. We propose an algorithm for statistical background modeling that selectively updates the model based on the previously detected foreground. We demonstrate empirically that the proposed approach is less sensitive to the choice of learning rate, thus enabling support for an extended range of object motion speeds, and at the same time being able to quickly adapt to fast changes in the appearance of the scene.
Activated Protein C Mutant with Minimal Anticoagulant Activity, Normal Cytoprotective Activity, and Preservation of Thrombin Activable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor-dependent Cytoprotective Functions (2007)

Activated protein C (APC) reduces mortality in severe sepsis patients and exhibits beneficial effects in multiple animal injury models. APC anticoagulant activity involves inactivation of factors Va and VIIIa, whereas APC cytoprotective activities involve the endothelial protein C receptor and protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). The relative importance of the anticoagulant activity of APC versus the direct cytoprotective effects of APC on cells for the in vivo benefits is unclear. To distinguish cytoprotective from the anticoagulant activities of APC, a protease domain mutant, 5A-APC (RR229/230AA and KKK191-193AAA), was made and compared with recombinant wild-type (rwt)-APC. This mutant had minimal anticoagulant activity but normal cytoprotective activities that were dependent on endothelial protein C receptor and protease-activated receptor-1. Whereas anticoagulantly active rwt-APC inhibited secondary-extended thrombin generation and concomitant thrombin-dependent activation of thrombin activable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) in plasma, secondary-extended thrombin generation and the activation of TAFI were essentially unopposed by 5A-APC due to its low anticoagulant activity. Compared with rwt-APC, 5A-APC had minimal profibrinolytic activity and preserved TAFI-mediated anti-inflammatory carboxypeptidase activities toward bradykinin and presumably toward the anaphlatoxins, C3a and C5a, which are well known pathological mediators in sepsis. Thus, genetic engineering can selectively alter the multiple activities of APC and provide APC mutants that retain the beneficial cytoprotective effects of APC while diminishing bleeding risk due to reduction in APC's anticoagulant and APC-dependent profibrinolytic activities.
Prevalent Iron Metabolism Gene Variants Associated with Increased Brain Ferritin Iron in Healthy Older Men (2010)

Prevalent gene variants involved in iron metabolism [hemochromatosis (HFE) H63D and transferrin C2 (TfC2)] have been associated with higher risk and earlier age at onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD), especially in men. Brain iron increases with age, is higher in men, and is abnormally elevated in several neurodegenerative diseases, including AD and Parkinson's disease, where it has been reported to contribute to younger age at onset in men. The effects of the common genetic variants (HFE H63D and/or TfC2) on brain iron were studied across eight brain regions (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus, hippocampus, white matter of frontal lobe, genu, and splenium of corpus callosum) in 66 healthy adults (35 men, 31 women) aged 55 to 76. The iron content of ferritin molecules (ferritin iron) in the brain was measured with MRI utilizing the Field Dependent Relaxation Rate Increase (FDRI) method. 47% of the sample carried neither genetic variant (IRON-) and 53% carried one and/or the other (IRON+). IRON+ men had significantly higher FDRI compared to IRON- men (p=0.013). This genotype effect was not observed in women who, as expected, had lower FDRI than men. This is the first published evidence that these highly prevalent genetic variants in iron metabolism genes can influence brain iron levels in men. Clinical phenomena such as differential gender-associated risks of developing neurodegenerative diseases and age at onset may be associated with interactions between iron genes and brain iron accumulation. Clarifying mechanisms of brain iron accumulation may help identify novel interventions for age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
Intermittent Aerosol Delivery to the Lungs During High-Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy (2014)

Intermittent aerosol delivery using realistic breathing profiles of submicrometer condensational growth aerosols was found to be efficient in delivering nasally administered drugs in an in vitro airway model.
Probing the Role of the Vancomycin E-Ring Aryl Chloride: Selective Divergent Synthesis and Evaluation of Alternatively Substituted E-Ring Analogues (2013)

The selective functionalization of vancomycin aglycon derivatives through conversion of the E-ring aryl chloride to a reactive boronic acid and its use in the synthesis of a systematic series of vancomycin E-ring analogues are described. The series was used to examine the E-ring chloride impact in binding d-Ala-d-Ala and on antimicrobial activity. In contrast to the reduced activity of the unsubstituted E-ring derivatives, hydrophobic and relatively nonpolar substituents approach or match the chloro-substituted vancomycin and were insensitive to the electronic character of the substituent (e.g., Cl vs CN/OMe), whereas highly polar substituents fail to provide the enhancements. Moreover, the active permethylated vancomycin aglycon derivatives exhibit VanB VRE antimicrobial activity at levels that approach (typically within 2-fold) their activity against sensitive bacteria. The robust borylation reaction also enabled the functionalization of a minimally protected vancomycin aglycon (N-Boc-vancomycin aglycon) and provides a direct method for the preparation of previously inaccessible analogues.
Parallel single‐cell optical transit dielectrophoresis cytometer (2020)

In this work, we present an optical transit DEP flow cytometer for parallel single-cell analysis. Each cell's dielectric property is inferred from velocity perturbations due to DEP actuation in a microfluidic channel. Dual LED sources facilitate velocity measurement by producing two transit shadows for each cell passing through the channel. These shadows are detected using a 256-pixel linear optical array detector. Massively parallel analysis is possible as each pixel of the detector can independently analyze the passing cells. A wide channel (∼18 mm) was employed to carry many particles simultaneously, and the system was capable of detecting the velocity of over 200 cells simultaneously. We have achieved analysis rates for 10 µm diameter polystyrene spheres response exceeding 250 per second. With appropriate calibration, this DEP cytometer can quantitatively measure the dielectric response. The dielectric response (Clausius-Mossotti factor) of viable CHO cells was measured over the frequency range of 100 kHz to 6 MHz, and the obtained response matches the previously measured values by our group. The DEP cytometer uses simple modular components to achieve high throughput label-free single-cell dielectric analysis and can begin analyzing particles within 10 s after starting to pump the sample into the channel.
Weighted Reservoir Sampling from Distributed Streams (2019)

We consider message-efficient continuous random sampling from a distributed stream, where the probability of inclusion of an item in the sample is proportional to a weight associated with the item. The unweighted version, where all weights are equal, is well studied, and admits tight upper and lower bounds on message complexity. For weighted sampling with replacement, there is a simple reduction to unweighted sampling with replacement. However, in many applications the stream has only a few heavy items which may dominate a random sample when chosen with replacement. Weighted sampling \textit{without replacement} (weighted SWOR) eludes this issue, since such heavy items can be sampled at most once. In this work, we present the first message-optimal algorithm for weighted SWOR from a distributed stream. Our algorithm also has optimal space and time complexity. As an application of our algorithm for weighted SWOR, we derive the first distributed streaming algorithms for tracking \textit{heavy hitters with residual error}. Here the goal is to identify stream items that contribute significantly to the residual stream, once the heaviest items are removed. Residual heavy hitters generalize the notion of $\ell_1$ heavy hitters and are important in streams that have a skewed distribution of weights. In addition to the upper bound, we also provide a lower bound on the message complexity that is nearly tight up to a $\log(1/ε)$ factor. Finally, we use our weighted sampling algorithm to improve the message complexity of distributed $L_1$ tracking, also known as count tracking, which is a widely studied problem in distributed streaming. We also derive a tight message lower bound, which closes the message complexity of this fundamental problem.
Image reconstruction from cone-beam data on a circular short-scan (2002)

3D image reconstruction from cone-beam projections on a circular short-scan is analyzed using the tools of CB reconstruction theory. By definition, CB Data on a circular short-scan do not provide enough information for exact reconstruction outside the plane of the source path. However, circular short-scans are attractive in many applications due to practical constraints on the data acquisition geometry. This work attemps at determining the optimal tomographic capabilities of CB imaging with circular short-scan. Two new algorithms are suggested for reconstruction and tested on the FORBILD head phantom with a large cone angle. The results are very encouraging.
Highly efficient all‐nitride phosphor‐converted white light emitting diode (2005)

Abstract In the Editor's Choice [1] the development and demonstration of a highly efficient warm‐white all‐nitride phosphor‐converted light emitting diode (pc‐LED) is presented utilizing a GaN based quantum well blue LED and two novel nitrogen containing luminescent materials doped with Eu 2+ . These novel LEDs are superior to both incandescent and fluorescent lamps and may therefore become the next generation of general lighting sources. The cover picture is an artist's view of the 2‐pc‐LED: On a copper slug and underneath a plastic lens a ‘flip‐chip’ is soldered to metal contacts; ‘flip‐chip’ meaning the substrate on which the stack of GaN and InGaN layers has been deposited is used as light exit, the (bottom) p‐contacts being highly reflective. The color converting phosphors are placed on top of the chip, embedded in silicone. Primary blue as well as color‐converted red and green photons are emitted. The first author, Regina Mueller‐Mach, manages the Charac‐terization Laboratory at Lumileds which runs R&D work on phosphor converted LEDs in close cooperation with Philips Research Laboratories and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of the University of Munich.
Spin-Polarized Scanning Electron Microscope for Analysis of Complicated Magnetic Domain Structures (1986)

A previously reported spin-polarized scanning electron microscope has been improved to form a magnetic domain image using any magnetization vector component in the sample surface plane. This apparatus makes it possible to observe the magnetic domain structure in finer contrast. In addition, the magnetization directions in the sample surface can alsobe determined semi-quantitatively by inspecting two images obtained from the mutually orthogonal components of the magnetization vector.
Triple herbal extract DA-9805 exerts a neuroprotective effect via amelioration of mitochondrial damage in experimental models of Parkinson’s disease (2018)

Abstract Moutan cortex, Angelica Dahurica root, and Bupleurum root are traditional herbal medicines used in Asian countries to treat various diseases caused by oxidative stress or inflammation. Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, but no effective treatment for mitochondrial dysfunction has yet been identified. In this study we investigated the neuroprotective effects of the triple herbal extract DA-9805 in experimental models of PD. DA-9805 was prepared by extracting three dried plant materials (Moutan cortex, Angelica Dahurica root, and Bupleurum root in a 1:1:1 mixture) with 90% ethanol on a stirring plate for 24 h at room temperature and fingerprinted using high-performance liquid chromatography. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and its active metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP + ), which both exert neurotoxic effects on dopaminergic neurons by inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex I, were used to make experimental models of PD. In MPP + -treated SH-SY5Y cells, DA-9805 ameliorated the suppression of tyrosine hydroxylase expression and mitochondrial damage on OXPHOS complex 1 activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and oxygen consumption rate. In the MPTP-induced subacute PD model mice, oral administration of DA-9805 recovered dopamine content as well as bradykinesia, as determined by the rotarod test. DA-9805 protected against neuronal damage in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and striatum. In both in vitro and in vivo models of PD, DA-9805 normalized the phosphorylation of AKT at S473 and T308 on the insulin signaling pathway and the expression of mitochondria-related genes. These results demonstrate that the triple herbal extract DA-9805 showed neuroprotective effects via alleviating mitochondria damage in experimental models of PD. We propose that DA-9805 may be a suitable candidate for disease-modifying therapeutics for PD.