gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The surface characteristics produced by various oral hygiene instruments and materials on titanium implant abutments. (1990)

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the comparative surface roughness produced by various oral hygiene instruments and materials on titanium implant abutments. Ten Brånemark titanium abutment cylinders were used, with one serving as an untreated control. One abutment was used to evaluate each of nine oral hygiene instrumentation methods used for specified lengths of time or instrument strokes. Each abutment was sonically cleaned, air dried, and viewed with a scanning electron microscope. Polaroid photomicrographs were made of abutment surfaces at predetermined magnifications. They were analyzed by three investigators, who compared individual test parameters in terms of time application or stroke number. The resulting abutment surface roughness was also evaluated. The rubber cup with flour of pumice created a smoother surface than the control; the interdental brush, soft nylon toothbrush, plastic scaler, Eva plastic tip, rubber cup, and Cavi-jet left a surface comparable to the control; the metal scalers and the Cavitron created a severely roughened surface.
In<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> Nanocolloids with Excitonic Emission:  In<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> vs CdS Comparative Study of Optical and Structural Characteristics (2001)

Stable aqueous colloids of 2−3 nm In2S3 nanocrystals have been prepared by using the classical method of nanoparticle stabilization by low molecular weight thiols. TEM crystal lattice spacing, X-ray diffraction, EDAX data, and electron diffraction indicate that the nanoparticles are predominantly in β-In2S3 form. They exhibit relatively strong excitonic emission at 360−380 nm with a quantum yield of 1.5%. The excitonic radiative lifetime is 350 ns, which indicates that a direct allowed electronic transition is responsible for this emission. The NMR lines of the stabilizer are strongly broadened and shifted as a result of deshielding induced by electron withdrawing by positively charged metal ions. This effect quickly wears off as the carbon chain becomes longer and the separation between the hydrogen atoms of the stabilizer and the semiconductor surface increases. The broadening is attributed to the reduced mobility of the stabilizer in the nanoparticle shell. For CdS nanoparticles of the same size, this effect was found to be substantially stronger than for In2S3. The lower density of metal centers in In2S3 than in CdS, which serve as anchor points for the stabilizer, promotes greater mobility of the stabilizer moieties.
On the exploitation of optical signal from Raman spectroscopy for in-situ conversion monitoring of emulsion polymerization (2017)

Raman spectroscopy was used for in-situ monitoring of styrene emulsion polymerization with sodium dodecyl sulfate and potassium persulfate as the surfactant and initiator, respectively. A new method for analyzing Raman data and calculating monomer conversion was proposed on the basis of the shift of peak corresponding to aromatic ring breathing. It was demonstrated that monomer conversion calculated with this method was similar to the one calculated using the area of vinylic bond as well as to off-line gravimetric determination. Moreover, the kinetic intervals were detected. The conversion measured at the transitions was similar to the literature data.
High step-up resonant push–pull converter with high efficiency (2008)

A high-efficient current-fed push–pull converter is proposed for high output voltage applications supplied by low-voltage and high-current sources such as fuel cells and solar cells. The proposed converter conserves inherent advantages of a conventional current-fed push–pull converter such as low input current stress and high-voltage conversion ratio. The converter employs a voltage-doubler rectifier in order to remove the reverse–recovery problem of the output rectifying diodes and to provide much higher voltage conversion ratio. Additionally, by allowing the duty ratio <0.5, the converter operates in wider input voltage range, and the ripple current of a boost inductor is reduced, compared with the conventional one. Moreover, as the duty ratio approaches 0.5, the ripple of the inductor current moves in close to zero. The operation of the proposed converter is analysed and experimental results obtained from a prototype verify the analysis. The prototype was implemented for an application requiring a 1.5 kW output power, input voltage range varying from 35 to 60 V, and 350 V output voltage. Experiment results show that minimum efficiency at full load is about 95.5%.
Selection of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Inhibitors from One Million DNA-Encoded Compounds (2010)

DNA-encoded chemical libraries, i.e., collections of compounds individually coupled to distinctive DNA fragments serving as amplifiable identification barcodes, represent a new tool for the de novo discovery of small molecule ligands to target proteins of pharmaceutical interest. Here, we describe the design and synthesis of a novel DNA-encoded chemical library containing one million small molecules. The library was synthesized by combinatorial assembly of three sets of chemical building blocks using Diels-Alder cycloadditions and by the stepwise build-up of the DNA barcodes. Model selections were performed to test library performance and to develop a statistical method for the analysis of high-throughput sequencing data. A library selection against carbonic anhydrase IX revealed a new class of submicromolar bis(sulfonamide) inhibitors. One of these inhibitors was synthesized in the absence of the DNA-tag and showed accumulation in hypoxic tumor tissue sections in vitro and tumor targeting in vivo.
Effects of polar sampling in <i>k</i>‐space (1996)

Magnetic resonance imaging allows numerous k-space sampling schemes such as cartesian, polar, spherical, and other non-rectilinear trajectories. Non-rectilinear MR acquisitions permit fast scan times and can suppress motion artifacts. Still, these sampling schemes may adversely affect the image characteristics due to aliasing. Here, the Fourier aliasing effects of uniform polar sampling, i.e., equally spaced radial and azimuthal samples, are explained from the principal point spread function (PSF). The principal PSF is determined by assuming equally spaced concentric ring samples in k-space. The radial effects such as replication, smearing, truncation artifacts, and sampling requirements, are characterized based on the PSF.
A Transient Method for Measuring Diffusion Coefficients of Thin Film Battery Electrodes: Results for and Thin Films (1996)

A transient method for rapidly obtaining, in situ, lower bound estimates for the chemical diffusion coefficients of thin film battery electrodes has been developed; example data are presented for the measurement of diffusion coefficients in and thin films.
Temporomandibular joint pain: A critical role for Trpv4 in the trigeminal ganglion (2013)

Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJD) is known for its mastication-associated pain. TMJD is medically relevant because of its prevalence, severity, chronicity, the therapy-refractoriness of its pain, and its largely elusive pathogenesis. Against this background, we sought to investigate the pathogenetic contributions of the calcium-permeable TRPV4 ion channel, robustly expressed in the trigeminal ganglion sensory neurons, to TMJ inflammation and pain behavior. We demonstrate here that TRPV4 is critical for TMJ-inflammation-evoked pain behavior in mice and that trigeminal ganglion pronociceptive changes are TRPV4-dependent. As a quantitative metric, bite force was recorded as evidence of masticatory sensitization, in keeping with human translational studies. In Trpv4(-/-) mice with TMJ inflammation, attenuation of bite force was significantly less than in wildtype (WT) mice. Similar effects were seen with systemic application of a specific TRPV4 inhibitor. TMJ inflammation and mandibular bony changes were apparent after injections of complete Freund adjuvant but were remarkably independent of the Trpv4 genotype. It was intriguing that, as a result of TMJ inflammation, WT mice exhibited significant upregulation of TRPV4 and phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in TMJ-innervating trigeminal sensory neurons, which were absent in Trpv4(-/-) mice. Mice with genetically-impaired MEK/ERK phosphorylation in neurons showed resistance to reduction of bite force similar to that of Trpv4(-/-) mice. Thus, TRPV4 is necessary for masticatory sensitization in TMJ inflammation and probably functions upstream of MEK/ERK phosphorylation in trigeminal ganglion sensory neurons in vivo. TRPV4 therefore represents a novel pronociceptive target in TMJ inflammation and should be considered a target of interest in human TMJD.
Equalizer design and performance trade-offs in ADC-based serial links (2010)

To address the increasing demand but potential power/area penalties of implementing ADC-based high-speed serial receivers, this paper analyzes the performance benefit of using non-uniform quantization and describes a way of determining the optimal set of ADC quantization thresholds. In contrast to common wisdom, the ADC thresholds for the minimum bit-error rate (BER) can be very different from those for the minimum quantization errors, especially with limited ADC resolution. It is recognized that the loop-unrolling DFE receiver and ADC-based DFE receiver are functionally equivalent and thus can share some design principles. The proposed reduced-slicer partial-response DFE (RS-PRDFE) receiver leverages this fact and achieves the BER of a 3∼4-bit uniform ADC only with 4 data slicers. However, performing linear equalization (LE) in digital domain in addition to the DFE may incur severe performance penalty if the ADC resolution is kept coarse. Therefore, for practical implementations, it is more reasonable to realize the LE in analog domain. Analyses based on the measured results with 3″ and 10.6″ backplane channels support this claim.
Nociceptin‐induced apparent hyperalgesia in mice as a result of the prevention of opioid autoanalgesic mechanisms triggered by the stress of an intracerebroventricular injection (1998)

The effects on nociperception of nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (noc/OFQ), the endogenous ligand of the ORL1 (opioid receptor like 1) receptor, have been evaluated in mice upon intracerebroventricular injection of 10 to 10,000 ng doses of the peptide. In the hot plate test (55 degrees C) the licking, rearing and jump latencies were significantly reduced by noc/OFQ (100-250 ng). Noc/OFQ (100-1000 ng) also reduced the latency to tail withdrawal in the tail flick test. In the formalin test (injection in a hind paw of a formalin solution), noc/OFQ (100 ng) increased significantly the duration of paw licking and/or biting at the earliest period of observation. In the writhing test, the number of writhes evoked by intraperitoneal administration of dilute acetic acid was not modified by noc/OFQ at doses in the range of 10-1000 ng, but was decreased by 10,000 ng. The reduction in jump latency in the hot plate test was observed even when mice were pretreated with morphine (2 mg/kg, s.c.). The analgesic effect of acetorphan (5 mg/kg, i.v.) was also reduced by nociceptin (100 ng); on the other hand the hyperalgesic effect of naloxone (4.5 mg/kg, s.c.) was not additive with that of nociceptin (100 ng). Comparing in various tests the nociceptive thresholds of uninjected mice to that of saline i.c.v. injected mice, it appeared that the latter injection induced an increase in these thresholds which was prevented by nociceptin. It is suggested that nociceptin displays hyperalgesic effects by preventing autoanalgesic (opioidergic) mechanisms triggered by the stress elicited by intracerebroventricular injection.
Differential Dissection of the Rat E16 Ventral Mesencephalon and Survival and Reinnervation of the 6-Ohda-Lesioned Striatum by a Subset of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Positive th Neurons (1997)

The retinoic acid-generating enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase (AHD), is expressed in a subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons found in the substantia nigra. Using AHD and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) as immunohistochemical markers, we determined whether differential dissection of the embryonic (E16) ventral mesencephalon (VM) into its lateral and medial portions contributed equally to the number of TH cells surviving transplantation, if grafted AHD/TH neurons reinnervate the host striatum according to their normal projection patterns, and examined the functional recovery caused by the implanted cells as assessed by amphetamine-induced rotation in a 6-OHDA-lesioned model of Parkinson's disease. The embryonic tissue was transplanted as solid pieces injected via a 20-gauge lumbar puncture needle into the center of the deafferented striatum. Groups received either one complete ventral mesencephalic piece (VM), two medial pieces of ventral mesencephalic tissue (MVM), or two lateral pieces of ventral mesencephalic tissue (LVM). Both VM and MVM groups showed a significant decrease in amphetamine-induced rotation over time and, there was no difference in the degree of reduction observed between the two groups. Histological evaluation of the transplants revealed a much larger total number of surviving TH cells in grafts from the VM and MVM groups compared to the LVM group. Surviving AHD/TH neurons were found in all groups. Whereas TH staining of the transplanted striatum displayed a halo of graft-derived fibers all around the transplant and integration of these fibers into the host neuropil, AHD staining showed a preferential reinnervation of the dorsolateral striatum corresponding to the normal projection pattern of AHD/TH neurons. In summary, selective dissection of the embryonic ventral mesencephalon is possible, functional recovery as assessed by amphetamineinduced rotation in animals transplanted with MVM is similar to that seen in animals grafted with VM, and AHD/TH neurons have a selective reinnervation pattern in the PD transplantation paradigm. These findings may have implications for the grafting of fetal mesencephalic tissue in PD patients.
Understanding Social Factors and Inequalities in Health: 20th Century Progress and 21st Century Prospects (2002)

The development of social epidemiology and medical sociology over the last half of the 20th century, in which Leo Reeder played a central role, transformed scientific and popular understanding of the nature and causes of physical health and illness. Viewed in the early 1950s as shaped almost entirely by biological processes and medical care, physical health and illness are now understood to be as much or more a function of social, psychological, and behavioral factors. Utilizing a stress and adaptation conceptual framework, social epidemiology has identified a broad range of psychosocial risk factors for health, most notably: (1) social relationships and support; (2) acute or event-based stress; (3) chronic stress in work and life; and (4) psychological dispositions such as anger/hostility, lack of self-efficacy/control, and negative affect/hopelessness/pessimism, with new risk factors continuing to be identified. However, proliferation of risk factors must be balanced by conceptual integration and causal understanding of the relationships among them, their causes, and consequences. One source of such integration and understanding has been the rediscovery of large and persistent socioeconomic and racial-ethnic disparities in health. Socioeconomic position and race/ethnicity shape individuals' exposure to and experience of virtually all known psychosocial, and well as many environmental and biomedical, risk factors, and these risk factors help to explain the size and persistence of social disparities in health. Improving the socioeconomic position of a broad range of disadvantaged socioeconomic and racial-ethnic strata constitutes a major avenue for reducing exposure to and experience of deleterious risk factors for health, and hence for improving the health of these groups and the overall population. This in turn requires better understanding of the macrosocial forces that influence the socioeconomic position of individuals.
Role of estrogen receptor (ER) α in insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I-induced responses in MCF-7 breast cancer cells (2005)

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a mitogenic polypeptide that induces proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and cotreatment with the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor LY294002 and the antiestrogen ICI 182780 inhibits IGF-I-induced growth. The role of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) in mediating responses induced by IGF-I was investigated in cells transfected with small inhibitory RNA for ERalpha (iERalpha). The results showed that IGF-I-dependent phosphorylation of Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase, induction of G(1)-S-phase progression and enhanced expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin E were dependent on ERalpha. Moreover, these same IGF-I-induced responses were also inhibited by the antiestrogen ICI 182780 and this was in contrast to a previous report suggesting that ICI 182780 did not affect IGF-I-dependent activation of PI3-K or induction of cyclin D1 expression. ICI 182780 exhibits antimitogenic activity and iERalpha inhibits G(1)-S-phase progression and proliferation of MCF-7 cells treated with IGF-I, suggesting that the effects of the antiestrogen are primarily related to downregulation of ERalpha.
DNA damage regulation and its role in drug-related phenotypes in the malaria parasites (2016)

DNA of malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum, is subjected to extraordinary high levels of genotoxic insults during its complex life cycle within both the mosquito and human host. Accordingly, most of the components of DNA repair machinery are conserved in the parasite genome. Here, we investigated the genome-wide responses of P. falciparum to DNA damaging agents and provided transcriptional evidence of the existence of the double strand break and excision repair system. We also showed that acetylation at H3K9, H4K8, and H3K56 play a role in the direct and indirect response to DNA damage induced by an alkylating agent, methyl methanesulphonate (MMS). Artemisinin, the first line antimalarial chemotherapeutics elicits a similar response compared to MMS which suggests its activity as a DNA damaging agent. Moreover, in contrast to the wild-type P. falciparum, two strains (Dd2 and W2) previously shown to exhibit a mutator phenotype, fail to induce their DNA repair upon MMS-induced DNA damage. Genome sequencing of the two mutator strains identified point mutations in 18 DNA repair genes which may contribute to this phenomenon.
Robotic devices for water main in‐pipe inspection: A survey (2010)

Abstract Many water companies have a limited knowledge of the structural condition of their assets. Underground assets have been installed for a long time, so they are old and are failing, leading to leaks, breaks, and consequential damage to third parties. A common practice is the removal of pipe sections for condition assessment, causing service interruption and resulting in the assessment of a small percentage of the network as well as high replacement costs. Systematic condition assessment of pipes could help to prevent network problems as well as in proposing an efficient investment plan. This can be performed by using robotic inspection devices. Toward this end, this paper reviews existing robotic tools and analyzes open problems to be addressed for a successful robotic inspection device. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Little Is Enough: Circumventing Defenses For Distributed Learning (2019)

Distributed learning is central for large-scale training of deep-learning models. However, they are exposed to a security threat in which Byzantine participants can interrupt or control the learning process. Previous attack models and their corresponding defenses assume that the rogue participants are (a) omniscient (know the data of all other participants), and (b) introduce large change to the parameters. We show that small but well-crafted changes are sufficient, leading to a novel non-omniscient attack on distributed learning that go undetected by all existing defenses. We demonstrate our attack method works not only for preventing convergence but also for repurposing of the model behavior (backdooring). We show that 20% of corrupt workers are sufficient to degrade a CIFAR10 model accuracy by 50%, as well as to introduce backdoors into MNIST and CIFAR10 models without hurting their accuracy
Oxidation of methanol by the yeast Pichia pastoris. Purification and properties of the formate dehydrogenase. (1983)

The formate dehydrogenase from the yeast Pichia pastoris IFP 206 was purified to homogeneity. The protein showed a molecular weight of 68, 000 daltons and was composed of two identical subunits. Its amino acid composition was similar to those of other formate dehydrogenases and was characterized by a high content of acidic residues. The N-terminal end of the molecule was probably blocked. The enzyme activity was NAD+ dependent (NADP+ could not replace NAD+). Its optimum temperature was 47°C and the activation energy 10.8 kcal/mol. The enzyme was active from pH 3.5 to 10.5 with a maximum at pH 7.5. The Michaelis constant for NAD+ and formate were respectively 0.27 and 15 mM. The purified enzyme had no S-formylgmtathione hydrolase activity, strongly suggesting that the true substrate was formate. NADH, cyanide and azide were strong inhibitors of the enzyme.
Optical processor for array antenna beam shaping and steering (1991)

An optical processor for phased-array antenna beamforming has been demonstrated. It is capable of providing real-time control of both antenna beam steering and beam shaping in one or two dimensions, with an rms phase linearity of 5 bits. The functions of beam shaping and steering are combined through a magneto-optic spatial light modulator (SLM), which is fast, small, and simple to use.
Genetically Modified Skin Substitutes: Preparation and Use (2003)

Skin loss due to burns or ulcers is a major medical problem and is the motivation for the development of skin substitutes and skin replacement technologies, many of which have had some success in the clinic (1–4). Methods exist for the growth of large numbers of epidermal keratinocytes as well as dermal fibroblasts. These cells have been combined with various analogs of the dermis to fabricate composite skin substitutes. Different types of dermal matrices have been developed including a porous sponge of collagen and glycosaminoglycan (5,6) and a fibroblast contracted collagen lattice (7,8). We and others have had success with a dermal analog of acellular human dermis that is deepithelialized and rendered completely acellular (9–12). Acellular dermis is relatively nonimmunogenic and retains many of its structural elements after processing. Skin substitutes using acellular dermis can be formed in vitro and subsequently transplanted to athymic mice, generating a well-differentiated and fully pigmented epidermis with many characteristics of normal skin (11,12).
Immunomodulatory Role of Urolithin A on Metabolic Diseases (2021)

Urolithin A (UroA) is a gut metabolite produced from ellagic acid-containing foods such as pomegranates, berries, and walnuts. UroA is of growing interest due to its therapeutic potential for various metabolic diseases based on immunomodulatory properties. Recent advances in UroA research suggest that UroA administration attenuates inflammation in various tissues, including the brain, adipose, heart, and liver tissues, leading to the potential delay or prevention of the onset of Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this review, we focus on recent updates of the anti-inflammatory function of UroA and summarize the potential mechanisms by which UroA may help attenuate the onset of diseases in a tissue-specific manner. Therefore, this review aims to shed new insights into UroA as a potent anti-inflammatory molecule to prevent immunometabolic diseases, either by dietary intervention with ellagic acid-rich food or by UroA administration as a new pharmaceutical drug.