gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of SPACR, a sialoprotein associated with cones and rods present in the interphotoreceptor matrix of the human retina: Immunological and lectin binding analysis (1998)

Rod and cone photoreceptors project from the outer retinal surface into a carbohydrate-rich interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM). Unique IPM glycoconjugates are distributed around rods and cones. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) strongly decorates the rod matrix domains and weakly decorates the cone matrix domains. This study characterizes the major WGA-binding glycoprotein in the human IPM, which we refer to as SPACR (sialoprotein associated with cones and rods). SPACR, which has a molecular weight of 147 kDa, was isolated and purified from the IPM by lectin affinity chromatography. A polyclonal antibody to SPACR was prepared that colocalizes in tissue preparations with WGA-binding domains in the IPM. Sequential digestion of SPACR with N- and O-glycosidases results in a systematic increase in electrophorectic mobility, indicating the presence of both N- and O-linked glycoconjugates. Complete deglycosylation results in a reduction in the relative molecular mass of SPACR by about 30%. Analysis of lectin binding allowed us to identify some of the structural characteristics of SPACR glycoconjugates. Treatment with neuraminidase exposes Galbeta1-3GalNAc disaccharide as indicated by positive peanut agglutinin (PNA) staining, accompanied by the loss of WGA staining. Maackia amurensis agglutinins (MAA-1 and MAA-2), specific for sialic acid in alpha2-3 linkage to Gal, bind SPACR, while Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA), specific for alpha2-6 linked sialic acid, does not, indicating that the dominant glycoconjugate determinant on SPACR is the O-linked carbohydrate, NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-3GalNAc. The abundance of sialic acid in SPACR suggests that this glycoprotein may contribute substantially to the polyanionic nature of the IPM. The carbohydrate chains present on SPACR could also provide sites for extensive crosslinking and participate in the formation of the ordered IPM lattice that surrounds the elongate photoreceptors projecting from the outer retinal surface.
Enhanced Broadband RF Differential Rectifier Integrated with Archimedean Spiral Antenna for Wireless Energy Harvesting Applications (2019)

This work addresses the design and implementation of a broadband differential rectifier (DR) combined with an Archimedean spiral dipole antenna (ASDA) for wireless power harvesting at low incident power densities below 200 μ W/cm 2 . The proposed design exhibits an improved RF-DC conversion efficiency over a wide frequency range from 1.2 to 5 GHz. This frequency band is associated with several wireless communication services, for instance, ISM, WLAN, 5G, LTE, and GPS applications. The receiving planar ASDA exhibits circular polarization and has an average measured gain of 4.5 dBi from 1.2 to 5 GHz. To enable a wide operating bandwidth, the rectifier circuit is constituted by two architectures, designated A and B. Each scheme is designed to harvest power efficiently across a specific bandwidth. The optimal performance of both rectifiers are obtained using the nonlinear harmonic-balance simulations. The antenna⁻rectifier integration yields a compact rectenna with a high-efficiency performance over the intended bandwidth from 1.2 to 5 GHz for an input power of 9 dBm and terminal load resistance of 1 k Ω . The total measured RF-DC conversion efficiency is maintained above 30% across the entire frequency range with a peak value of 61% achieved at 1.2 GHz. In comparison with similar architectures, the proposed rectenna maintains a stable output efficiency despite the wide fluctuations in the input frequency and also has a minimum footprint size (58 × 55 mm 2 ).
Lipid Bilayer Discs and Banded Tubules:  Photoinduced Lipid Sorting in Ternary Mixtures (2008)

The self-assembly of biological amphiphiles has proved a fascinating topic in recent years, the hollow cylindrical lipid tubule morphology being of particular interest due to its potential applications in "soft" microtechnologies. Lateral coexistence of liquid-ordered (lo) and liquid-disordered (ld) phases, which may resemble raft formation in cell membranes, was investigated in lipid tubules, prepared from 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, egg-sphingomyelin, and cholesterol. Fluorescence microscopy shows that the appearance of micrometer-scale lo domains in the lipid tubule is not an intrinsic phase behavior of the system but a consequence of photoinduced lipid peroxidation. Most interestingly, new photoinduced bilayer structures: lipid discs, essentially stable flattened liposomes, were observed for the first time in a model membrane system. This investigation not only aids in our understanding of lipid sorting phenomena in cell membranes but also demonstrates how control of this process may provide a route to the generation of new, functional structures.
Nanometer scale high-aspect-ratio trench etching at controllable angles using ballistic reactive ion etching (2013)

The authors demonstrate a low pressure reactive ion etching process capable of patterning nanometer scale angled sidewalls and three dimensional structures in photoresist. At low pressure, the plasma has a large dark space region where the etchant ions have very large highly directional mean free paths. Mounting the sample entirely within this dark space allows for etching at angles relative to the cathode with minimal undercutting, resulting in high-aspect ratio nanometer scale angled features. By reversing the initial angle and performing a second etch, the authors create three-dimensional mask profiles.
Fabrication of in-situ grown graphene reinforced Cu matrix composites (2016)

Graphene/Cu composites were fabricated through a graphene in-situ grown approach, which involved ball-milling of Cu powders with PMMA as solid carbon source, in-situ growth of graphene on flaky Cu powders and vacuum hot-press sintering. SEM and TEM characterization results indicated that graphene in-situ grown on Cu powders guaranteed a homogeneous dispersion and a good combination between graphene and Cu matrix, as well as the intact structure of graphene, which was beneficial to its strengthening effect. The yield strength of 244 MPa and tensile strength of 274 MPa were achieved in the composite with 0.95 wt.% graphene, which were separately 177% and 27.4% enhancement over pure Cu. Strengthening effect of in-situ grown graphene in the matrix was contributed to load transfer and dislocation strengthening.
논문(論文) : OECD 국가의 학력별 임금격차 분석 (2007)

본 연구에서는 OECD 국가 자료를 이용하여 학력별 임금격차의 요인을 실증적으로 검토하였다. 전통적 이론에 의하면 무역 및 기술발전이 학력별 임금격차의 주요한 원인으로 제시되었다. 그러나 최근의 정치경제학적 문헌은 임금격차의 요인이 생겨날수록 더 많은 재분배적 재정지출로 인해 그 격차가 축소될 수 있을 가능성을 주장하였다. 이러한 상충된 이론을 바탕으로, OECD 국가로 구성된 표본을 사용한 본 연구의 실증 분석에서는 무역 및 정보통신기술 발전은 임금격차에 음(-)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 추정되어 정치경제학적 견해를 지지하는 것으로 나타났다. 더욱이 여성인구에서는 정보통신기술 발전이, 남성인구에서는 무역 비중의 증가가 학력별 임금격차를 축소시키는 주요 동기가 되었다. 이상의 결과는 경제가 발전하고 민주적 인프라 수준이 잘 구비된 OECD 국가에서는 임금격차의 요인이 오히려 정부의 역할을 자극해 임금격차를 축소시킬 수 있는 동기가 될 수 있음을 시사한다.
A 22nm dynamically adaptive clock distribution for voltage droop tolerance (2012)

A 22nm all-digital dynamically adaptive clock distribution mitigates the impact of high-frequency supply voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CC</sub> ) droops on microprocessor performance and energy efficiency. Silicon measurements demonstrate simultaneous throughput gains and energy reductions ranging from 14% and 3% at 1.0V to 31% and 15% at 0.6V, respectively, for a 10% V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CC</sub> droop.
Deploy Large-Scale Deep Neural Networks in Resource Constrained IoT Devices with Local Quantization Region (2018)

Implementing large-scale deep neural networks with high computational complexity on low-cost IoT devices may inevitably be constrained by limited computation resource, making the devices hard to respond in real-time. This disjunction makes the state-of-art deep learning algorithms, i.e. CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks), incompatible with IoT world. We present a low-bit (range from 8-bit to 1-bit) scheme with our local quantization region algorithm. We use models in Caffe model zoo as our example tasks to evaluate the effect of our low precision data representation scheme. With the available of local quantization region, we find implementations on top of those schemes could greatly retain the model accuracy, besides the reduction of computational complexity. For example, our 8-bit scheme has no drops on top-1 and top-5 accuracy with 2x speedup on Intel Edison IoT platform. Implementations based on our 4-bit, 2-bit or 1-bit scheme are also applicable to IoT devices with advances of low computational complexity. For example, the drop on our task is only 0.7% when using 2-bit scheme, a scheme which could largely save transistors. Making low-bit scheme usable here opens a new door for further optimization on commodity IoT controller, i.e. extra speed-up could be achieved by replacing multiply-accumulate operations with the proposed table look-up operations. The whole study offers a new approach to relief the challenge of bring advanced deep learning algorithm to resource constrained low-cost IoT device.
Families of FPGA-based algorithms for approximate string matching (2004)

Dynamic programming for approximate string matching is a large family of different algorithms, which vary significantly in purpose, complexity, and hardware utilization. Many implementations have reported impressive speed-ups, but have typically been point solutions -highly specialized and addressing only one or a few of the many possible options. The problem to be solved is creating a hardware description that implements a broad range of behavioral options without losing efficiency due to feature bloat. We report a set of three component types that address different parts of the DP string matching problem. Multiple, interchangeable implementations are available for each component type. This allows each application to choose the feature set required, then make maximum use of the FPGA fabric according to that application's specific resource requirements. Synthesis estimates show a 4:1 improvement in time-space performance, depending on the options chosen for a specific matching task.
Fundamental processes in growth of reactive DC magnetron sputtered thin films (2004)

This work seeks an atomistic understanding of fundamental processes in DC reactive magnetron sputtering of optical functional coatings. From a comparative study for different metal-oxygen combinations, which is illustrated by two oxide deposition reports on neighbouring elements - hafnium and tantalum, a surprising structural trend is revealed. While films are obtained crystalline at room temperature for group IV oxides, amorphous films were obtained for groups V and VI oxides. This observation can not be explained by the known growth laws including the Thornton model. The trend is attributed to the impact of energetic particles, originating from the oxidized target, which bombard the growing film. This scenario is supported by the measured target characteristics and evolution of deposition stress of the films and related to the variation in the activation energy for negative oxygen ion formation. Besides comparing the findings with other reports, possible chemical effects on structure are also ruled out. Observed backsputtering for the amorphous films provides further evidence for a model based on energetic particle bombardment. To improve on the low growth rates and high film surface roughness characterizing sputtered oxides, the approach of adding nitrogen to the sputter atmosphere leads to films with superior properties and growth conditions. An understanding to the cause of these beneficial effects was sought by examining the film composition and crystallographic structure for grown zirconium oxynitrides. Based on a thermochemical description together with a modeling of formation kinetics a film formation mechanism is proposed, which explains many of the observations. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) shows early nitrogen incorporation at 64% N2 flow in disagreement with the predictions of thermochemistry. The stoichiometry is only successfully simulated with the use of an expanded Berg-Larsson model with a low replacement coefficient of about 0.1 of nitrogen by oxygen after metal-nitrogen bond formation. The deviation from complete replacement as predicted by thermodynamics illustrates the importance of kinetics in film formation. The model further successfully predicts the variation of the mass deposition rate. The X-ray diffraction analyses suggest that, within the crystalline phase, nitrogen atoms occupy oxygen sites, resulting in an unchanged zirconium oxide structure.
Electronics and photonics convergence on Si CMOS platform (2004)

The present paper describes Si microphotonics and its current status of electronics and photonics convergence on Si platform based on monolithic integration using CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) technologies. The Si CMOS platform is advantageous over III-V semiconductor based platform because of a short time-lag between basic research and commercialization in terms of the standardized materials and processes. To implement photonic devices on the Si CMOS platform, it is important to reduce materials diversity in current photonics devices. Low loss SiNx waveguides with sharp bends, high performance strained Ge photodetectors for C+L band, and demultiplexer/multiplexer for WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) have been successfully implemented on the Si CMOS platform. The current targets are cost-effective OADMs (optical add-drop multiplexers) for optical communication and optical clocking for Si LSIs beyond Cu-low k technologies.
Feature-preserving detailed 3D face reconstruction from a single image (2018)

Dense 3D face reconstruction plays a fundamental role in visual media production involving digital actors. We improve upon high fidelity reconstruction from a single 2D photo with a reconstruction framework that is robust to large variations in expressions, poses and illumination. We provide a global optimization step improving the alignment of 3D facial geometry to tracked 2D landmarks with 3D Laplacian deformation. Face detail is improved through, extending Shape from Shading reconstruction with fitted albedo prior masks, together with a fast proportionality constraint between depth and image gradients consistent with local self-occlusion behavior. Together these measures better preserve the crucial facial features that define an actor's identity, and we illustrate this through a variety of comparisons with related works.
Obese and diabetic <i>db</i>/<i>db</i> mice develop marked liver fibrosis in a model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: role of short-form leptin receptors and osteopontin (2004)

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but an obese/diabetic animal model that mimics human NASH remains undefined. We examined the induction of steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis in obese and type 2 diabetic db/ db mice in a nutritional model of NASH and determined the relationship of the expressions of osteopontin (OPN) and leptin receptors to the pathogenesis of NASH. db/ db mice and the corresponding lean and nondiabetic db/ m mice were fed a diet deficient in methionine and choline (MCD diet) or control diet for 4 wk. Leptin-deficient obese and diabetic ob/ ob mice fed similar diets were used for comparison. MCD diet-fed db/ db mice exhibited significantly greater histological inflammation and higher serum alanine aminotransferase levels than db/ m and ob/ ob mice. Trichrome staining showed marked pericellular fibrosis in MCD diet-fed db/ db mice but no significant fibrosis in db/ m or ob/ ob mice. Collagen I mRNA expression was increased 10-fold in db/ db mice, 4-fold in db/ m mice, and was unchanged in ob/ ob mice. mRNA expressions of OPN, TNF-α, TGF-β, and short-form leptin receptors (Ob-Ra) were significantly increased in db/ db mice compared with db/ m or ob/ ob mice. Parallel increases in OPN and Ob-Ra protein levels were observed in db/ db mice. Cultured hepatocytes expressed only Ob-Ra, and leptin stimulated OPN mRNA and protein expression in these cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the development of an obese/diabetic experimental model for NASH in db/ db mice and suggest an important role for Ob-Ra and OPN in the pathogenesis of NASH.
Anatomy and Neurocontrol of the Pelvic Floor (2004)

Neural control of pelvic organs is affected by a unique coordination of somatic and autonomic motor nervous systems. Sensory information and feedback is supplied by both visceral and somatic sensory fibers. The anatomical features of the pelvic floor and perineal muscles, and their innervation are described. Altogether more detailed information is known in humans on the peripheral innervation as compared to the central nervous system centers and connections of pelvic organ neurocontrol. Controversies in regional neuroanatomy are explained. Reports on individual variability and asymmetry - the former particularly with methods revealing structures, and the latter with functional methods - are interesting but need further validation.
Speech privacy class for rating the speech privacy of meeting rooms (2008)

Speech privacy class (SPC) has been introduced to rate the speech privacy for meeting rooms. The speech privacy system need to detect the weakness in individual components of the sound insulation of an office or meeting rooms. The uniform-weighted signal-to-noise ratio can be used to determine the audibility and intelligibility of transmitted speech in noise. The criteria for speech privacy obtained by determining the thresholds of audibility and intelligibility of speech sounds. The study observed that the 'intelligibility threshold in rooms' can be applied to meeting rooms, while the intelligibility threshold in free field conditions' can be applied to spatially separated speech. It was also found that the SPC can determine the privacy lapse of sound insulation and ambient noise.
Sol–Gel Reaction Using DNA as a Template: An Attempt Toward Transcription of DNA into Inorganic Materials (2004)

The topologically different structures in plasmid DNA can be successfully transcribed into silica structures by using the DNA as a template for sol–gel polycondensation of tetraethoxysilane after treatment by two cation-exchange steps (see scheme). These findings imply that the different ordered silica structures can be created from the same template through its higher-order conformational changes.
Best practice in colorectal cancer care. (2012)

Nurses need up-to-date knowledge of colorectal cancer. This article provides an overview of the aetiology and risk factors for this disease, diagnostic and staging investigations, treatment options and future care. Managing colorectal cancer is complex. Patients can have a range of healthcare needs. Nurses play an increasingly important role in informing, supporting and coordinating care to improve patients' quality of life.
Introduction to co-simulation of software and hardware in embedded processor systems (1996)

From the dawn of the first use of microprocessors and microcontrollers in embedded systems, the software has been blamed for products being late to market, This is due to software being developed after hardware is fabricated. During the past few years, the use of Hardware Description (or Design) Languages (HDLs) and digital simulation have advanced to a point where the concurrent development of software and hardware can be contemplated using simulation environments. This offers the potential of 50% or greater reductions in time-to-market for embedded systems. This paper is a tutorial on the technical issues that underlie software-hardware (swhw) co-simulation, and the current state of the art. We review the traditional sequential hardware-software design paradigm, and suggest a paradigm for concurrent design, which is supported by co-simulation of software and hardware. This is followed by sections on HDLs modeling and simulation;hardware assisted approaches to simulation; microprocessor modeling methods; brief descriptions of four commercial products for sw-hw co-simulation and a description of our own experiments to develop a co-simulation environment.
Profile measurement of a partially specular object using spatial light modulation (2008)

When specular objects are imaged on visual sensors, the acquired images usually suffer from saturation and blooming problem of imaging sensors. These problems are critical to apply optical profiling methods based on structured light to specular surface objects. In this paper, a structured-light-based profiling system combined with a spatial light modulator in the pattern projection side is proposed to obtain the profile of partially specular surfaces. As each pixelpsilas transmittance can be independently and selectively controlled, the spatial light modulator can project a series of coded patterns, and prevent the image sensor from being saturated by controlling the lighting intensity. In this way, a series of projected pattern is well imaged on image sensors, and the pattern correspondence is correctly extracted based on images with good quality. Finally 3-D profile is obtained from the correspondence. The system configuration and transmittance control scheme are explained. This idea is verified on experimental results, in which both the pattern correspondence and 3-D shape are successfully extracted from the partial specular areas which are not normally measurable due to saturation.
Effect of intravenous lidocaine on experimental spinal cord injury (1984)

A series of experiments was conducted to study the effect of systemic intravenous administration of lidocaine on neurological recovery after acute experimental spinal cord injury in cats. The spinal cord was injured by the rapid inflation of an epidural balloon at T-6. The physiological integrity of the spinal cord ceased within 2 seconds in all animals, as demonstrated by acute disappearance of the somatosensory evoked response (SER). There was essentially no return of the SER in the five untreated animals when monitored for 4 hours post-injury. All of the pathological specimens from these animals revealed severe central cord hemorrhage. Intravenous lidocaine was begun 15 minutes after the injury in five animals. Three of these animals had significant return of the SER. The pathological specimens from the lidocaine-treated animals revealed either mild or moderate central cord hemorrhage. The results of this experiment suggest that systemic lidocaine administration has a significant beneficial effect in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury.