gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective Silicide or Boride Film Formation by Reaction of Vapor Phase TiCl4 with Silicon or Boron (1990)

Methods for selectively forming titanium silicide and titanium boride by vapor phase reaction of titanium chloride precursors with silicon or boron substrate surfaces are examined. By passing through a heated chamber packed with titanium metal turnings within the reactor tube, a reduced titanium halide is generated. It was found that the silicide or boride formation in the reactor can thus be controlled at a much lower temperature. Also, excessive silicon erosion normally encountered at the higher operating temperature (>775°C) required for the direct reaction is minimized. Characterization of the resulting films was conducted by use of scanning and transmission electron microscopy, sheet resistance measurements, and x‐ray diffraction.
Accurate Scale Estimation for Robust Visual Tracking (2014)

Robust scale estimation is a challenging problem in visual object tracking. Most existing methods fail to handle large scale variations in complex image sequences. This paper presents a novel approach for robust scale estimation in a tracking-by-detection framework. The proposed approach works by learning discriminative correlation filters based on a scale pyramid representation. We learn separate filters for translation and scale estimation, and show that this improves the performance compared to an exhaustive scale search. Our scale estimation approach is generic as it can be incorporated into any tracking method with no inherent scale estimation. Experiments are performed on 28 benchmark sequences with significant scale variations. Our results show that the proposed approach significantly improves the performance by 18.8 % in median distance precision compared to our baseline. Finally, we provide both quantitative and qualitative comparison of our approach with state-of-the-art trackers in literature. The proposed method is shown to outperform the best existing tracker by 16.6 % in median distance precision, while operating at real-time.
Expression of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor mRNA Stimulated by Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Platelet-derived Growth Factor in Rat Hippocampal Cell Line (1997)

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes neuronal cell survival and differentiation in the central nervous system. BDNF mRNA is expressed at high levels in hippocampus and BDNF serves as a trophic factor in primary cultures of rat hippocampus. A hippocampal stem cell line HIB5, which is immortalized by the temperature sensitive SV 40 T antigen, undergoes neuronal differentiation at non-permissive temperatures. During the differentiation process, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) facilitate cell survival and differentiation in HiB5 cells as well as in primary cultures of rat embryonic hippocampal cells. This report demonstrates that HiB5 cells express a functionally active PDGF beta receptor and that PDGF and bFGF stimulate the expression of BDNF within 2 h. These results propose that BDNF is a candidate mediator of trophic effects of PDGF and bFGF in the hippocampal stem cell line HiB5.
Nanotechnology: basic science and emerging technologies (2003)

BACKGROUND TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Scientific Revolutions Types of Nanotechnology and Nanomachines The Periodic Table Atomic Structure Molecules and Phases Energy Molecular and Atomic Size Surfaces and Dimensional Space Top Down and Bottom Up MOLECULAR NANOTECHNOLOGY Atoms by Inference Electron Microscopes Scanning Electron Microscope Modern Transmission Electron Microscope Scanning Probe Microscopy - Atomic Force Microscope Scanning Tunnelling Microscope Nanomanipulator Nanotweezers Atom Manipulation Nanodots Self Assembly Dip Pen Nanolithography NANOPOWDERS AND NANOMATERIALS What Are Nanomaterials? Preparation Plasma Arcing Chemical Vapour Deposition Sol-Gels THE CARBON AGE New Forms of Carbon Types of Nanotubes Formation of Nanotubes Assemblies Purification of Carbon Nanotubes The Properties of Nanotubes Uses of Nanotubes MOLECULAR MIMICS Catenanes and Rotaxanes Molecular Switches The Electron Driven Molecular Shuttle Switch The pH Driven Molecular Shuttle Switch The Light Driven Molecular Shuttle Switch Synthesis of Rotaxanes and Catenanes Rotaxanes and Molecular Computers Chemical Rotors Prodders Flippers Atom Shuttles Actuators Contacts NANOBIOMIMETICS Introduction Lipids as Nano-Bricks and Mortar Same but Different: Self-Assembled Nanolayers The Bits that Do Things - Proteins Structure is Information - DNA A Biological Nanotechnological Future OPTICS, PHOTONICS AND SOLAR ENERGY Properties of Light and Nanotechnology Interaction of Light and Nanotechnology Nanoholes and Photons Imaging New low Cost Energy Efficient Windows and Solar Absorbers Based On Nanoparticles Photonic Crystals, Surface Wave Guides and Control of Light Paths NANOELECTRONICS Introduction What Will Nanoelectronics Do for Us? The Birth of Electronics The Tools of Micro- and Nanofabrication From Classical to Quantum Physics Quantum Electronic Devices Quantum Information and Quantum Computers Experimental Implementations of Quantum Computers FUTURE APPLICATIONS Micro-Electromechanical Machines Robots - How Small Can They Go? Ageless Materials Invisible Mending of Atomic Dislocations Inside Damaged Materials Nanomechanics and Nanoelasticity Nanoparticle Coatings - Special New Effects Nanoelectronic and Magnetic Devices and New Computing Systems Optoelectronic Devices Environmental Applications INTO THE REALMS OF IMAGINATION Introduction Communication Manufacturing Nanomedicine Society and Ethics Religion and Making Everything from Everything Else Thanks for All the Fish REFERENCES INDEX Each chapter also contains References and Exercises
Eco-driving Profiling and Behavioral Shifts Using IoT Vehicular Sensors Combined with Serious Games (2019)

In addition to smarter road vehicles and smarter roads, more smartly human driven vehicles (that are as yet still predominantly more common-place than autonomously driven ones) currently still have a huge potential to improve road safety, fuel efficiency and to reduce vehicle exhaust emissions. In this work, we propose a human driving profiling algorithm with the means of Serious Games (SGs) – games for training and learning drivers’ trip purpose beyond a behavioral improvement via users’ motivation and engagement in a digital environment – to assist the driver in promoting more fuel efficient (low fuel consumption, FC) driving. The game supplies drivers or players with direct feedback when more inefficient, and riskier, driving manoeuvres are detectable, via sensing and analysing the changes of throttle position, engine revolutions per minute (RPM), car speed and jerks (changes in acceleration with respect to time). Such manoeuvres derived from the On-Board Diagnostic-II interface to the vehicle sensors complemented by additional sensors such as GPS location, e.g., from a mobile phone or inbuilt vehicle sensor, can be regarded as eco-driving events. Providing eco-driving feedback via the user interface of a SG, keeps the driver aware of the fuel economy and safety. We also argue that evaluating the driving style for the whole trip allows us to take into account how the dynamic driving behavior is sometimes affected by other factors (e.g., traffic congestion). In addition, this quantitative evaluation is important as a gaming mechanism, i.e., an updated score can facilitate reaching a higher gaming level, etc. In contrast to existing studies, we combine fuel efficiency with the throttle position values in the eco-driving classification module. We have done some initial analysis for this, using the naturalistic historical driving data from the enviroCar project’s open data initiative. We reason that throttle position is the most powerful indicator of fuel efficiency and driving style among the other studied parameters.
Palladium-catalyzed bis-coupling of dihaloaromatics with 2-amidoacrylates (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPalladium-catalyzed bis-coupling of dihaloaromatics with 2-amidoacrylatesAnne Sofie Carlstroem and Torbjoern FrejdCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 3, 1289–1293Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00003a065https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00003a065research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views408Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dynamics of Uncharged Colloidal Silica Spheres Confined in Bicontinuous Porous Glass Media (1997)

The restricted diffusion of uncharged colloidal silica spheres in an optically matched, porous glass with uncharged internal surfaces is measured by means of heterodyne dynamic light scattering (DLS) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). Glass and sphere surfaces have been chemically treated such that, in addition to hydrodynamic interactions, only hard particles−wall interactions are present. The wavevector-dependent effective diffusion coefficient inside the porous glasses, obtained from the initial decay of the correlation functions, is always smaller than the bulk diffusion coefficient. In particular the diffusion coefficient at small K, probing diffusion over several pore diameters, is strongly reduced due to increasing hydrodynamic drag at large particle to pore size ratios. The long-time self-diffusion coefficient of fluorescent silica spheres measured by FRAP is in good agreement with the small angle DLS results. The reduction of the diffusion coefficient as a function of the size ratio qualitatively agrees with various models describing the restricted motion of a particle in an infinitely long cylinder.
Two-dimensional nanoframes with dual rims (2019)

The synthesis of highly complex two-dimensional (2D) metal nanoframes remains a great challenge. Synthetic strategies for preparing 2D metal nanoframes are few, and rational and systematic synthetic pathways to more complicated architectures have not yet been reported. Herein, we demonstrate a stepwise synthetic strategy for complex 2D metal nanoframes with a high degree of intricacy; the strategy leads to a variety of shapes, including rings, triangles, hexagons, and tripods with tailorable single or double frames in a single entity. These nanoframes of high homogeneity could be obtained through selective combination of four different chemical toolkits consisting of selective etching and deposition on certain facets, and concentric and/or eccentric regrowth by controlling the mismatches of lattice constants of metals. The resulting nanoframes were highly homogeneous in size and shape and had van der Waals interactions that maximized rim-to-rim contact, allowing them to uniquely self-assemble into large-area superstructures.
Experimental confirmation of matched bends (2004)

Modal conversion between the fundamental mode and the first-order (leaky) mode has been experimentally investigated in high-index-contrast integrated-optical bent waveguides. The matched bend condition has been experimentally confirmed on cascaded bends, and the effect of both matched and unmatched bends on Y branches has been investigated. Good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental results for both monomode and multimode waveguides is achieved. It is demonstrated that, in bent waveguides, the modal conversion between the fundamental mode and the first (leaky) mode can be accurately controlled to avoid additional losses and transfer function impairments.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing mecC in Swedish dairy cows (2013)

In Sweden, this is the first finding of MRSA in cattle and the first detection of MRSA harbouring mecC of domestic animal origin. MRSA in animal populations has implications as a potential reservoir with risk for spread to humans. Occurrence of MRSA among Swedish cattle appears still very limited.
Preparation of the Syntex Adjuvant Formulation (SAF, SAF-m, SAF-1) (2003)

The Syntex adjuvant formulation (SAF) is an effective adjuvant composed of a muramyl dipeptide derivative (threonyl-MDP) in an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion vehicle. Threonyl-MDP (N-acetyl muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine) was identified as a superior adjuvant to muramyl dipeptide (N-acetyl muramylL-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, MDP) demonstrating a lack of side effects (pyrogenicity, uveitis, adjuvant-induced arthritis) and increased adjuvant activity (, , ). The SAF emulsion vehicle contains Pluronic® L121 (poloxamer 401) that has exhibited adjuvant activity in its own right (, , , ). Many investigators have utilized the SAF adjuvant with a variety of antigens such as influenza () and malaria (). Whereas SAF has shown versatility with a variety of antigens (eliciting both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses), it may be most effective with antigens that are amphipathic (). An amphipathic antigenwouldbe retained at the surface of the oil droplet through hydrogen bonding with pluronic (also retained at the surface of the oil droplet) and hydrophobic association between the hydrophobic region of the antigen with that of pluronic and squalane, the oil portion of the SAF emulsion. Antigen retention at the oil droplet may lead to an enhanced immune response through more efficient antigen presentation (,). SAF, or a suitable equivalent (see Note 1 ), provides an excellent tool for vaccine research.
Evidence for involvement of proteins HU and RpoS in transcription of the osmoresponsive proU operon in Escherichia coli (1994)

Transcription of the proU operon of Escherichia coli is induced several hundred-fold upon growth at elevated osmolarity, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Three cis elements appear to act additively to mediate proU osmoresponsivity: (i) sequences around a promoter, P1, which is situated 250 bp upstream of the first structural gene proV; (ii) sequences around another (sigma 70-dependent) promoter, P2, which is situated 60 bp upstream of proV; and (iii) a negative regulatory element present within the proV coding region. These three cis elements are designated, respectively, P1R, P2R, and NRE. trans-acting mutants with partially derepressed proU expression have been obtained earlier, and a vast majority of the mutations affect the gene encoding the nucleoid protein HNS. In this study we employed a selection for trans-acting mutants with reduced proU+ expression, and we obtained a derivative that had suffered mutations in two separate loci designated dpeA and dpeB. The dpeB mutation caused a marked reduction in promoter P1 expression and was allelic to rpoS, the structural gene for the stationary-phase-specific sigma factor of RNA polymerase. Expression from P1 was markedly induced, in an RpoS-dependent manner, in stationary-phase cultures. In contrast to the behavior of the isolated P1 promoter, transcription from a construct carrying the entire proU cis-regulatory region (P1R plus P2R plus NRE) was not significantly affected by either growth phase or RpoS. The dpeA locus was allelic to hupB, which along with hupA encodes the nucleoid protein HU. hupA hupB double mutants exhibited a pronounced reduction in proU osmotic inducibility. HU appears to affect proU regulation through the P2R mechanism, whereas the effect of HNS is mediated through the NRE.
Hydrophobic ion pairing of a minocycline/Ca 2+ /AOT complex for preparation of drug-loaded PLGA nanoparticles with improved sustained release (2016)

Polymeric nanoparticles is an established and efficient means to achieve controlled release of drugs. Incorporation of minocycline, an antibiotic with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, into biodegradable nanoparticles may therefore provide an efficient means to combat foreign body reactions to implanted electrodes in the brain. However, minocycline is commonly associated with poor encapsulation efficiencies and/or fast release rates due to its high solubility in water. Moreover, minocycline is unstable under conditions of low and high pH, heat and exposure to light, which exacerbate the challenges of encapsulation. In this work drug loaded PLGA nanoparticles were prepared by a modified emulsification-solvent-diffusion technique and characterized for size, drug encapsulation and in vitro drug release. A novel hydrophobic ion pair complex of minocycline, Ca(2+) ions and the anionic surfactant AOT was developed to protect minocycline from degradation and prolong its release. The optimized formulation resulted in particle sizes around 220 nm with an entrapment efficiency of 43% and showed drug release over 30 days in artificial cerebrospinal fluid. The present results constitute a substantial increase in release time compared to what has hitherto been achieved for minocycline and indicate that such particles might provide useful for sustained drug delivery in the CNS.
Development of stable DNA microarray platforms suitable for quantitative analysis (2007)

DNA microarray has become one of the most indispensable tools for genome analysis, medical diagnosis and molecular biological studies. In this study, to make DNA microarray more reliable and efficient, we employed additional silanization modification on aminoalkoxysilane-treated surface. In addition, oxanine was used as a linker of DNA probe, which does not require any chemical activation step in probe immobilization. These strategies were practically convenient in DNA microarray fabrication, and the newly developed system showed enhanced stability for the immobilized DNA probes that could be useful for quantitative analysis.
Nonhomologous RNA Recombination in Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus: Molecular Characterization of a Variety of Subgenomic RNAs Isolated during an Outbreak of Fatal Mucosal Disease (1999)

Four bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV-2) pairs consisting of cytopathogenic (cp) and noncp BVDV-2 were isolated during an outbreak of mucosal disease. Comparative sequence analysis showed that the four noncp BVDV-2 isolates were almost identical. For the cp BVDV-2 isolates, viral subgenomic RNAs were shown by Northern blot to have a length of about 8 kb, which is about 4.3 kb shorter than the genome of noncp BVDV. Cytopathogenicity and the expression of NS3 were both strictly correlated to the presence of viral subgenomic RNAs. By reverse transcription-PCR, Southern blot analysis, and nucleotide sequencing, a set of 11 unique subgenomes was identified with up to 5 different subgenomes isolated from one animal. To our knowledge, this is the first report on isolation of a set of pestiviral subgenomes from individual animals. Common features of the BVDV-2 subgenomic RNAs include (i) deletion of most of the genomic region encoding the structural proteins, as well as the nonstructural proteins p7 and NS2, and (ii) insertion of cellular (poly)ubiquitin coding sequences. Three subgenomes also comprised 15 to 75 nucleotides derived from the 5' part of the NS2 gene. Comparisons of the obtained nucleotide sequences revealed that the different BVDV-2 subgenomes evolved from the respective noncp BVDV-2 by RNA recombination. The presence of short regions of sequence similarity at several crossing-over sites suggests that base pairing between the nascent RNA strand and the acceptor RNA template facilitates template switching of the BVDV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Immunological Approaches in the Treatment of Metastasized Breast Cancer (2009)

A better understanding of tumor biology has led to the development of a number of antibody-based targeted therapies in breast cancer. Several of these newer agents, such as trastuzumab and bevacizumab have demonstrated clinical activity and have improved the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to the extracellular domain of the HER2 receptor. The addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy and also to endocrine therapy has enhanced efficacy of treatment. New antibody-based strategies directed against HER2 are under development. These new approaches include pertuzumab, an antibody with a different binding epitope that inhibits dimerization of HER2 with other members of the HER receptor family and TDM1, a trastuzumab-based antibody chemotherapeutic conjugate. Another approach to the treatment of solid tumors is inhibition of angiogenesis. The anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab has been approved for treatment of MBC. Although the mechanism of action is still under investigation, bevacizumab is tested in other clinical settings such as adjuvant therapy, maintenance therapy, and in combination with both chemotherapy and other targeted agents. In this review, we will summarize the most important studies on trastuzumab and bevacizumab, and describe new antibodies currently under clinical development.
Verification through the principle of least astonishment (2006)

Assessing the correctness of a digital design is a challenging task hampered by extremely large circuit netlists, counterintuitive property descriptions and ill-defined specifications. In this paper we propose a new verification methodology, inspired by the principle of least astonishment. The underlying idea is to provide an automatic assessment of what constitutes "common behavior" for a system, and use this to detect any anomaly in the design. Deviant behavior is presented to the verification engineer through intuitive, compact diagrams which lend themselves to quick inspection for correctness. To enable this methodology we introduce Inferno, a new tool which can analyze the results of a logic simulation trace and automatically extract high-level diagrams representing the design's transaction activity across any user-defined interface. In addition, Inferno can automatically generate a checker module corresponding to a given transaction, suitable for use in a wide range of verification methodologies. We envision the deployment of Inferno in a closed-loop constraint-random simulation methodology where any new transaction detected on the interface is presented to the user for analysis and, once deemed legal, it is merged into an "approved transactions" checker, which flags the detection of any new type of transactions. We provide a series of examples and experimental results to show the effectiveness of Inferno and some of its possible uses.
Preparation and Properties, Reactions, and Applications of Radialenes (1992)

Abstract Radialenes are alicyclic compounds in which every ring atom is sp 2 ‐hybridized and carries an exocyclic CC double bond. Because of their unusual topology and electronic structures these hydrocarbons have aroused the interest of both preparative chemists and theoreticians. Although considerable progress has been achieved recently, directed and efficient syntheses of these molecules remain a challenge. The study of their chemical behavior offers vast opportunities. Very recently materials scientists have become interested in these unusual compounds in their search for organic conductors and ferromagnets.