gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Branching and gelation in atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (2005)

Abstract Bulk copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) was initiated by methyl α‐bromophenylacetate (MBPA) and mediated by copper bromide (CuBr) ligated with 1,1,4,7,10,10‐hexamethyltriethylenetetramine (HMTETA). The atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of pure MMA yielded polymers with well controlled molecular weights and the homopolymerization was taken as a reference for the copolymerization analysis. The copolymerization experienced autoacceleration in rate due to a diffusion‐controlled radical deactivation. The onset of autoacceleration came earlier with an increase in the EGDMA fraction. At low EGDMA fractions, the molecular weight versus conversion data deviated from linearity due to branching. The ratio of the copolymer molecular weight over homo‐poly(methyl methacrylate) gave an estimate for the branching density, which increased initially and leveled off at high conversion. At high EGDMA fractions, the ATRP system experienced gelation. The pregel branching density increased with conversion, and at the gel point, it agreed with Flory's gelation theory assuming cross‐linking free of cyclization. The branching densities at the high gel fractions were very close to the maximum values possibly achieved with the added EGDMA fractions. These results suggested that the ATRP system was very effective in preparing homogeneous polymer networks with a high cross‐linking efficiency. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 45:720–727, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Amorphous interface layer in thin graphite films grown on the carbon face of SiC (2011)

Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to characterize an amorphous layer observed at the interface in graphite and graphene films grown via thermal decomposition of C-face 4H-SiC. The amorphous layer does not cover the entire interface, but uniform contiguous regions span microns of cross-sectional interface. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) demonstrate that the amorphous layer is a carbon-rich composition of Si/C. The amorphous layer is clearly observed in samples grown at 1600 °C for a range of growth pressures in argon, but not at 1500 °C, suggesting a temperature-dependent formation mechanism.
Binary Passband Echo Canceller in a 4800 Bit/s Two-Wire Duplex Modem (1984)

This paper deals with the echo cancellation applied to highspeed (4800 bit//s or higher) voiceband data modems. Simple echo cancellers are presented for the whole range of data bit rates from 1200 bit//s to 9600 blt/s. Their structure full=y integrates the modulation process and especially exploits the various relationships existing between the modulation rate and the carrier frequency. The generation of the echo replica is performed by duplicating components of the line echo from simple coded binary symbols processed at the modulation rate only. The implementation of these binary passband echo cancellers can be made quite simple by properly selecting the coded binary symbols from the user's data. The application of these principles to a 4800 bit/s two-wire duplex modem is then highlighted. The essential characteristics of the modem echo canceller are outlined and its implementation with bit slice processors is described. Finally, test results on the switched telephone network and on satellite links are presented.
Prevalence and Incidence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection Before and After Pregnancy: Pooled Analysis of the Control Arms of Efficacy Trials of HPV-16/18 AS04-Adjuvanted Vaccine (2019)

NCT001226810 (HPV-008 trial), NCT00294047 (HPV-015 trial), NCT00316693 and NCT00929526 (HPV-032/063 trials), and NCT00779766 (HPV-039 trial).
Autoxidation of polystyrene derivatives. (1987)

Styrene, m-isopropylstyrene, and p-isopropylstyrene were easily autoxidized by oxygen to produce polymers having hydroperoxide groups. From about 40 to 90% of the oxygen uptaken was consumed to form the hydroperoxide groups. The isopropyl group at the meta-position was more readily oxidized than that at the para-position. The methine hydrogens of the pendant groups of these polymers showed less reactivity, about 1/10-1/25, of those of low molecular model compounds used.
Controlled Selectivity of CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction on Copper by Pulsing the Electrochemical Potential (2018)

We demonstrate a simple strategy to enhance the CO<sub>2</sub> reduction reaction (CO<sub>2</sub> RR) selectivity by applying a pulsed electrochemical potential to a polycrystalline copper electrode. By controlling the pulse duration, we show that the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is highly suppressed to a fraction of the original value (<5 % faradaic efficiency) and selectivity for the CO<sub>2</sub> RR dramatically improves (>75 % CH<sub>4</sub> and >50 % CO faradaic efficiency). We attribute the improved CO<sub>2</sub> RR selectivity to a dynamically rearranging surface coverage of hydrogen and intermediate species during the pulsing. Our finding provides new insights into the interplay of transport and reaction processes as well as timescales of competing pathways to enable new opportunities to tune CO<sub>2</sub> RR selectivity by adjusting the pulse profile. Additionally, the pulsed potential method we describe can be easily applied to other catalysts materials to improve their CO<sub>2</sub> RR selectivity.
The COVID-19 Pandemic: The Urgency of Discussing Goals of Care in Patients with Advanced Illness (2020)

I am a palliative care leader who works at a comprehensive cancer center. It has always been my mission to educate my patients and colleagues about the importance of having goals of care discussions with patients with advancing illness, and the time for these discussions is ever more relevant now. In light of the COVID pandemic, I have been facing several unique challenges including the ethics of possible ventilator allocation in light of upcoming shortages and discussions about physician imposed DNR orders in cases of medical futility. This piece focuses on the imperative for us to have more goals of care conversations with all patients, now.
System approach for low 1/f noise, high IP2 dynamic range CMOS mixer design (2004)

This paper presents system approach considerations for an RF Downconversion mixer design with low 1/f noise, improved second-order intermodulation distortion and low local oscillator (LO) signal reradiation. The intended application is for direct-conversion and ultra low intermediate frequency (IF) receiver systems. The mixer, implemented in a standard 3.3 V 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS process, achieves a second-order input intercept point (IIP2) of at least +80 dBm. The design utilizes a 25% duty cycle square wave LO control signal with single to differential output sampling mixer architecture to enhance DC offset rejection and improve mixer IIP2 performance. Local oscillator signal waveforms are optimized to minimize undesirable LO signal leakage and LO self-mixing. External and intrinsic noises in the proposed sampling mixer are analyzed using time and frequency domain methods. Analytically calculated and measured results are compared. In addition, direct-conversion receiver system architecture advantages, inherent problems analysis and second-order intermodulation background are given.
The road from animal electricity to green energy: combining experiment and theory in electrocatalysis (2012)

Advances in the field of electrocatalysis over the past several decades have been driven both by improvements in fundamental techniques for probing the solid–liquid electrochemical interface and by the technological imperative to develop enhanced low temperature electrocatalytic devices. In this review, we describe how a synergistic interaction between fundamental science and technological progress has resulted in both the emergence of greatly enhanced understanding of electrocatalytic systems and the development of practically improved electrocatalysts. Since it is not possible to summarize in detail all relevant developments in this broad field in such a brief space, we focus selectively on the early historical development of the field and on the use of trends-based analyses to describe the properties of electrocatalytic materials in terms of relatively simple catalytic properties, or descriptors. We begin by discussing aspects of the historical development of “reversible fuel cells” in acidic media, including topics relevant both to fuel cells, wherein hydrogen and oxygen are converted to water with concomitant production of electricity (electrons), and to electrolyzers, wherein electrons are used to initiate water splitting to yield hydrogen and oxygen. We then show how this development has stimulated the development of in situ and ex situ surface sensitive probes and spectroscopic methods capable of elucidating fundamental (atomic-/molecular-level) chemical and electronic properties of electrode–electrolyte interfaces. We further discuss how enhanced computational approaches, that can accurately calculate covalent bonding interactions in these systems, have contributed to the growth of a synergistic experimental/computational approach to electrochemical surface science that has resulted in a highly successful paradigm for the understanding of reactivity trends across a space of different metals, alloys, and metal oxides; this work, in turn, has spurred the development of alternative energy systems for efficient conversion and storage of chemical energy. We conclude with a discussion of some further needs for methodological developments and future research directions.
Double clathrate hydrate of tetrahydrofuran and xenon at pressures up to 15 kBar (1999)

The decomposition temperature of double clathrate hydrate of tetrahydrofuran and xenon increases from 13.5 to 124.5 °C as the xenon pressure increases from 1 atm to 15.1 kBar.
Isolierung von homogen gelösten Übergangsmetallkatalysatoren aus organischen Medien durch Extraktion mittels wäßriger Lösungen von Komplexliganden (1984)

Die Isolierung von Übergangsmetallverbindungen, die in organischen Medien homogen gelöst sind, sollte auch durch Extraktion mit wäßrigen Lösungen von tertiär Phosphan-Komplexliganden mit salzartigem Charakter möglich sein [13]. Hierfür bieten sich u.a. folgende, präparativ leicht zugänglichen Verbindungen an: Die Extraktion von Rhodiumkomplexen mit Lösungen dieser salzartigen Phosphane wurde sowohl einstufig als auch mehrstufig nach dem Gegenstromprinzip ausgeführt.
A novel room temperature ionic liquid sol–gel matrix for amperometric biosensor application (2005)

A novel type of ionic liquid (IL) sol–gel hybrid material was developed for amperometric biosensor application. This material was prepared by the hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate in a 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIM+BF4−) solution. The viscous IL prevented the cracking of the sol–gel derived glasses. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilized in the hybrid material for the production of an amperometric hydrogen peroxide biosensor. The IL sol–gel enzyme electrodes retained the high activity of HRP and provided long-term stability of HRP in storage. The morphology of the matrix-containing enzyme was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The characteristics of the biosensor were also investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. In the presence of ferrocene as a mediator, the biosensor exhibited an excellent stability and sensitivity, and the linear calibration ranged from 0.02 to 0.26 mM with a detection of 1.1 µM. The apparent Michaelis–Menten constant of the immobilized HRP was 2.0 mM.
Understanding Temperature Profiles Experienced by Biological Samples During a Hybrid Vitrification Technique (2013)

From thermodynamic point of view, vitrification is considered as a superior preservation technique in comparison with the traditional slow-cooling cryopreservation techniques, due to formation of the glassy state in both intra and extracellular environment. While vitrification of biological samples are difficult to achieve, recently a hybrid technique involving partial desiccation of the cell samples prior to cryogenic exposure has been successfully employed to achieve vitrification. In this technique cells in monolayer attached to a substrate was suspended in a trehalose solution and then rapidly and uniformly desiccated to a low moisture content (<0.12 g of water per g of dry weight) using a spin-drying technique. The spin-dried samples were stored in liquid nitrogen (LN2) at a vitrified state (Fig. 1). It was shown that following re-warming to room temperature and re-hydration with a fully complemented cell culture medium, 51% of the spin-dried and vitrified cells survived and demonstrated normal growth characteristics. The current study further investigates the temperature profiles experienced by the cell samples during partial desiccation and cryogenic exposure to identify possible ways to improve this novel vitrification strategy. Physical Vapor Deposition technique was employed to develop glass substrate having thermocouples (2×2×2 μm) at four radial positions across the substrate to record the thermal history of the cell samples during the entire process. Efforts are undertaken to understand the uncertainties related temperature measurement spatially and with respect to time. These temperature characterization studies are important to optimize the newly developed hybrid vitrification technique for vitrification of cellular samples.
Multiprocessor implementation of recursive least squares algorithms using a parallel block processing method (1991)

An efficient real-time implementation of recursive least squares (RLS) algorithms using a multiprocessor system in a ring network is investigated. This method is based on a parallel block processing approach, where a stream of input data is divided into blocks and a block is assigned to each processor in rotation. To solve the dependency problems between the processors, the decomposition and the look-ahead methods are utilized. The former is used for algorithms which have decomposable structures, such as the QR algorithms based on the Givens rotation. The latter is applied to the implementation of undecomposable algorithms including the direct correlation methods and the QR algorithms based on the Householder transformation. The performance of the system, such as the maximum throughput and the efficiency, is quantitatively analyzed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
논문 : 선진국과 개도국에 있어서 부패지수가 해외직접투자유입에 미치는 효과 (2004)

본 연구는 현지국의 부패지수가 해외직접투자 유입에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 패널회귀분석을 통해 분석하고 있다. 선진국과 개도국을 구분하지 않은 기존연구와는 달리 선진국과 개도국을 구분함으로써 두 그룹 국가군 간에 유의적 차이가 있는지를 추정하고 외국인직접투자정책의 시사점을 도출하고자한다.
1995년부터 2000년 동안 21개 선진국과 16개 개도국을 대상으로 국제투명성기구(Tl)가 발표한 연도별 부패지수(CPI)를 기초로 해외직접투자 유입에 미친영향을 분석하기로 한다.
년도별 해외직접투자 유입액을 종속변수로 한 회귀방정식 모델에서 선진국과 개도국의 경우 설명변수를 달리하여 분석하였다.
연구결과 부패지수는 해외직접투자 유입에 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 변수이지만 부패의 절대수준이 낮은 선진국보다는 부패의 절대수준이 상대적으로 높은 개도국에서 보다 유의적인 변수로 확인되었다. 따라서 개도국들이 해외직접투자 유입의 확대를 위해서는 부패방지에 더 한층 노력하여야 할 것이다.
Tropos identitarios en la frontera México / Estados Unidos (2000)

Este artículo intenta desvelar el complejo proceso de construcción identitaria que subyace en la manera en que mexicanos, mexicanos-americanos, afro-americanos y anglos se perciben unos a los otros en el ámbito multicultural de la frontera entre Estados Unidos y México, específicamente en el área de El Paso / Ciudad Juárez. Por motivos de espacio, sólo me concentraré en analizar el uso de metáforas por parte de los actores fronterizos en su proceso de construcción identitaria.\n\nEl análisis se basa en una extensa serie de entrevistas con pequeños grupos distribuidos por clase, género, edad, nacionalidad, etnia, religión y tiempo de migración. El trabajo de campo se extendió desde septiembre de 1991 y junio de 1996, y se realizaron 254 entrevistas grupales, en las que se entrevistaros 934 personas a ambos lados de la frontera. Cada entrevista estuvo estructurada alrededor de la discusión de fotografías de la región fronteriza temáticamente organizadas. A través del análisis de dichas entrevistas he identificado las marcas culturales que los distintos actores fronterizos utilizan para identificar a los otros y, de esa manera, definir sus propias identidades. Entre dichas marcas culturales, el uso de metáforas ocupa un lugar predominante.
Optical resolution and determination of absolute configurations of .ALPHA.-isopropyl-4-substituted phenylacetic acids and insecticidal activities of their 5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl esters. (1975)

In connection with disclosure of a new class of insecticides, the modified phenylacetates, six new optically active α-isopropy-4-substituted phenylacetic acids whose substituents are respectively 4-methyl, 4-methoxy, 4-fluoro, 4-chloro, 4-bromo and 3, 4-methylenedioxy group were prepared by optical resolution and their absolute configurations were determined by comparative ORD with α-isopropylphenylacetic acid derivatives whose absolute configuration is known as (S)-(+). Esters of the (S)-(+) -acids with 5-benzyl-3-furylmethanol were nearly twice toxic to Musca domestica than those of the racemic esters. Optical purities of the resolved acids were determined by GLC and NMR (with Eu-FOD) as (-)-methyl esters.
The characteristics of the fear emotion enhanced regulation of the soldiers with different mental quality levels (2016)

Objective
To investigate the characteristics of autonomic nervous response of armymen with different mental quality use the enhanced emotion regulation strategies during fear emotion processes.


Methods
Mental Quality Questionnaire of Armymen was used to select participants from 818 armymen, screening out 30 armymen with low mental quality, 30 armymen with moderate and 30 armymen with high. With elicitation of fear emotion, the participants adopted enhance emotion regulation strategies(cognition emphasis and emotion catharsis), and their blood volume pulse(BVP), skin conductance(SC), normalized high frequency spectral component(HFnorm), standard deviation of all normal intervals(SDNN) and the recovery time of BVP and SC were recorded.


Results
(1)The different mental quality of armymen activity in the autonomic physiological changes were not significant differences in resting state. (2)When using the cognition emphasis, the SC of different mental quality of armymen were reduced, and low mental quality of armymen((-0.67±1.05)μΩ), moderate mental quality of armymen((-0.49±0.75)μΩ) had larger SC than high mental quality of armymen((-2.16±2.18)μΩ); high mental quality of armymen((-2.17±8.96)nU) had lower HFnorm than the control((6.96±7.08)nU). When using emotion catharsis, high mental quality of armymen((1.95±6.58)nU)had lower HFnorm than the control((6.96±7.08)nU). (3)When using the cognition emphasis, low mental quality of armymen((65.50±43.43)s) had longer recovery time of BVP than high mental quality of armymen((26.50±25.72)s). When using emotion catharsis, low mental quality of armymen((71.50±48.36)mm Hg)had longer recovery time of BVP than high mental quality of armymen((21.00±35.50)mm Hg); low mental quality of armymen((103.50±38.01)s) had longer SC than moderate((63.50±48.59)s) and high mental quality of armymen((61.50±33.09)s).


Conclusion
The ability to regulate sympathetic in low mental quality group is weaker than the high mental quality group, although sympathetic can be suppressed when enhanced emotion regulation are adopted.


Key words: 
Fear emotion; Emotion regulation; Mental quality; Autonomic nerve reaction; Armymen
Public/Private Participation in Transportation in Jacksonville, Florida (1990)

A discussion of the status of public/private participation in development and transportation projects in Jacksonville, Florida. The special efforts to encourage downtown redevelopment, which often involve transportation issues, are described with examples of specific projects. The history of one particular redevelopment project involving the replacement of public buildings is given. In addition, the manner in which developers of large tracts of land have contributed and continue to contribute to the cost of major highway improvements through the Florida Development of Regional Impact legislation is described.
Evaluation of a multithreaded architecture for cellular computing (2004)

Cyclops is a new architecture for high-performance parallel computers that is being developed at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. The basic cell of this architecture is a single-chip SMP (symmetric multiprocessor) system with multiple threads of execution, embedded memory and integrated communications hardware. Massive intra-chip parallelism is used to tolerate memory and functional unit latencies. Large systems with thousands of chips can be built by replicating this basic cell in a regular pattern. In this paper, we describe the Cyclops architecture and evaluate two of its new hardware features: a memory hierarchy with a flexible cache organization and fast barrier hardware. Our experiments with the STREAM benchmark show that a particular design can achieve a sustainable memory bandwidth of 40 GB/s, equal to the peak hardware bandwidth and similar to the performance of a 128-processor SGI Origin 3800. For small vectors, we have observed in-cache bandwidth above 80 GB/s. We also show that the fast barrier hardware can improve the performance of the Splash-2 FFT kernel by up to 10%. Our results demonstrate that the Cyclops approach of integrating a large number of simple processing elements and multiple memory banks in the same chip is an effective alternative for designing high-performance systems.
Updated review of the global carotid artery stent registry (2003)

The purpose of this article was to review and update the current status of carotid artery stent placement in the world. Surveys of major interventional centers in Europe, North and South America, and Asia were initially completed in June 1997. Subsequent updates from these 24 centers in addition to 29 new centers have been obtained to bring up to date the information. The survey asked the various questions regarding the patients enrolled, procedure techniques, and results of carotid stenting, including complications and restenosis. The total number of endovascular carotid stent procedures that have been performed worldwide to date included 12392 procedures involving 11243 patients. There was a technical success of 98.9% with 12254 carotid arteries treated. Complications that occurred during the carotid stent placement or within a 30-day period following placement were recorded. Overall, there was transient ischemic attack rate of 3.07%, minor strokes of 2.14%, major strokes of 1.20%, and procedure-related deaths of 0.64%. The combined minor and major strokes and procedure-related death rate was 3.98% based on procedure number. With nonprocedure-related death rate of 0.77%, the total stroke and death rate was 4.75%. Subsets of questions were directed at the new use of distal embolic protection devices; there were 6753 cases done without protection and which incurred a 5.29% rate of strokes and procedure-related deaths. In the 4221 cases with cerebral protection, there was a 2.23% rate of strokes and procedure-related deaths. Restenosis rates of carotid stenting have been 2.7%, 2.6%, and 2.4% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. The rate of neurologic events after stent placement has been 1.2%, 1.3%, and 1.7% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. Endovascular stent treatment of carotid artery atherosclerotic disease is growing as an alternative for vascular surgery, especially for patients who are high risk for standard carotid endarterectomy. The periprocedure risks for major and minor strokes and death are generally acceptable at this early stage of development and have shown an improvement with technological developments, including distal embolic protection.