gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Optical Communication's Perspective on Machine Learning and Its Applications (2019)

Machine learning (ML) has disrupted a wide range of science and engineering disciplines in recent years. ML applications in optical communications and networking are also gaining more attention, particularly in the areas of nonlinear transmission systems, optical performance monitoring, and cross-layer network optimizations for software-defined networks. However, the extent to which ML techniques can benefit optical communications and networking is not clear and this is partly due to an insufficient understanding of the nature of ML concepts. This paper aims to describe the mathematical foundations of basic ML techniques from communication theory and signal processing perspectives, which in turn will shed light on the types of problems in optical communications and networking that naturally warrant ML use. This will be followed by an overview of ongoing ML research in optical communications and networking with a focus on physical layer issues.
DeepTransport: Learning Spatial-Temporal Dependency for Traffic Condition Forecasting (2017)

Predicting traffic conditions has been recently explored as a way to relieve traffic congestion. Several pioneering approaches have been proposed based on traffic observations of the target location as well as its adjacent regions, but they obtain somewhat limited accuracy due to a lack of mining road topology. To address the effect attenuation problem, we suggest taking into account the traffic of surrounding locations(wider than the adjacent range). We propose an end-to-end framework called DeepTransport, in which Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) are utilized to obtain spatial-temporal traffic information within a transport network topology. In addition, an attention mechanism is introduced to align spatial and temporal information. Moreover, we constructed and released a real-world large traffic condition dataset with a 5-minute resolution. Our experiments on this dataset demonstrate our method captures the complex relationship in the temporal and spatial domains. It significantly outperforms traditional statistical methods and a state-of-the-art deep learning method.
Laser background characterization in a monolithically integrated bio-fluorescence sensor (2004)

Miniaturized and robust sensing modules are required for the development of portable integrated biological analysis systems or micro total analysis systems (μ-TAS). This work uses vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs), optical emission filters and PIN photodetectors to realize a monolithically integrated, near-infrared, fluorescence detection system. The integration of these optoelectronic devices with biochips will drastically reduce cost of current systems and increase parallelism and portability. The sensor has been implemented on a micro-fluidic format, and sensitivity was evaluated. A theoretical limit of detection of IR-800 dye in methanol is reported to be 40 nM. The sensor sensitivity is limited by laser background as a result of integrating the optoelectronic elements in such close proximity. Significant reduction in laser background from reflections above the sensor is possible by increasing the distance between the sensor and optical interfaces to greater than 3 mm. Also, for distances greater than 500 microns between the sensor and optical interfaces above the sensor, it is found that background from indirect spontaneous emission is much smaller than the background caused by specular reflections of the laser.
Detection of Respiratory Arousals Using Photoplethysmography (PPG) Signal in Sleep Apnea Patients (2013)

Respiratory events during sleep induce cortical arousals and manifest changes in autonomic markers in sleep disorder breathing (SDB). Finger photoplethysmography (PPG) has been shown to be a reliable method of determining sympathetic activation. We hypothesize that changes in PPG signals are sufficient to predict the occurrence of respiratory-event-related cortical arousal. In this study, we develop a respiratory arousal detection model in SDB subjects by using PPG features. PPG signals from 10 SDB subjects (9 male, 1 female) with age range 43-75 years were used in this study. Time domain features of PPG signals, such as 1) PWA--pulse wave amplitude, 2) PPI--peak-to-peak interval, and 3) Area--area under peak, were used to detect arousal events. In this study, PWA and Area have shown better performance (higher accuracy and lower false rate) compared to PPI features. After investigating possible groupings of these features, combination of PWA and Area (PWA + Area) was shown to provide better accuracy with a lower false detection rate in arousal detection. PPG-based arousal indexes agreed well across a wide range of decision thresholds, resulting in a receiver operating characteristic with an area under the curve of 0.91. For the decision threshold (PC(thresh) = 25%) chosen for the final analyses, a sensitivity of 68.1% and a specificity of 95.2% were obtained. The results showed an accuracy of 84.68%, 85.15%, 86.93%, and 50.79% with a false rate of 21.80%, 55.41%, 64.78%, and 50.79% at PC(thresh) = 25% or PPI, PWA, Area , and PWA + Area features, respectively. This indicates that combining PWA and Area features reduced the false positive rate without much affecting the sensitivity of the arousal detection system. In conclusion, the PPG-based respiratory arousal detection model is a simple and promising alternative to the conventional electroencephalogram (EEG)-based respiratory arousal detection system.
Fabrication and characterization of micromachined high-frequency tonpilz transducers derived by PZT thick films (2005)

Miniaturized tonpilz transducers are potentially useful for ultrasonic imaging in the 10 to 100 MHz frequency range due to their higher efficiency and output capabilities. In this work, 4 to 10-microm thick piezoelectric thin films were used as the active element in the construction of miniaturized tonpilz structures. The tonpilz stack consisted of silver/lead zirconate titanate (PZT)/lanthanum nickelate (LaNiO3)/silicon on insulator (SOI) substrates. First, conductive LaNiO3 thin films, approximately 300 nm in thickness, were grown on SOI substrates by a metalorganic decomposition (MOD) method. The room temperature resistivity of the LaNiO3 was 6.5 x 10(-6) omega x m. Randomly oriented PZT (52/48) films up to 7-microm thick were then deposited using a sol-gel process on the LaNiO3-coated SOI substrates. The PZT films with LaNiO3 bottom electrodes showed good dielectric and ferroelectric properties. The relative dielectric permittivity (at 1 kHz) was about 1030. The remanent polarization of PZT films was larger than 26 microC/cm2. The effective transverse piezoelectric e31,f coefficient of PZT thick films was about -6.5 C/m2 when poled at -75 kV/cm for 15 minutes at room temperature. Enhanced piezoelectric properties were obtained on poling the PZT films at higher temperatures. A silver layer about 40-microm thick was prepared by silver powder dispersed in epoxy and deposited onto the PZT film to form the tail mass of the tonpilz structure. The top layers of this wafer were subsequently diced with a saw, and the structure was bonded to a second wafer. The original silicon carrier wafer was polished and etched using a Xenon difluoride (XeF2) etching system. The resulting structures showed good piezoelectric activity. This process flow should enable integration of the piezoelectric elements with drive/receive electronics.
Amyloid Precursor Proteins, Neural Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells and Its Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease (2011)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading cause of age-related dementia that is characterized by an extensive loss of neurons and synaptic transmission. The pathological hallmarks of AD are neurofibrillary tangles and deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques. Previous research has investigated how Aβ fragments disrupt synaptic mechanisms in the vulnerable regions of the brain. There is a tremendous potential for stem cell technology to extend upon this research, not only in terms of developing therapeutic applications, but also in modeling AD. Indeed, the advent of induced pluripotent stem cell technology has opened up exciting new avenues for generating patient and disease-specific cell lines from somatic cells that may be used to model AD. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a key protein in neuronal development and this article reviews the role of APP in AD. Stem cell technology offers the opportunity to make use of APP in the directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into functional neurons, a process that may help generate a model of AD and thereby facilitate an understanding of the mechanisms underlying this disease.
Development of a real-time, semi-capacitive impedance phlebography device (2015)

Abstract Chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs is a disease which is caused by an increased blood pressure inside the veins of the leg and the resulting increase of the contained blood volume. This work focuses on developing a device which uses impedance plethysmography, also known as impedance phlebography, to obtain information about the blood volume in the lower leg and provides the possibility to measure the impedance semi contact-less, e.g. through compression stockings. Furthermore a real-time beat-to-beat interval detection algorithm was implemented. Finally, the function of the developed impedance measuring system and the whole system was verified by comparing it with a gold standard. In comparison to the conductive coupling, the system performed similarly. The analysis showed that the developed system is suitable for semi-capacitive IPG. The algorithm was implemented conservatively since it provided a good false-positive rate of 0 %, but only a moderate sensitivity of about 68 %. Reliable and continuous measurement of the pulse signal was only possible in periods of immobility.
Fenoxaprop-ethyl for Postemergence Crabgrass Control in Kentucky Bluegrass Turf (1986)

Abstract Fenoxaprop-ethyl at rates of 0.09 to 0.28 kg·ha −1 provided effective smooth crabgrass [ Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl.] control with minor injury to ‘Baron’ Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis L.). Optimum timing for application was the 4-leaf to 5-tiller stage of crabgrass growth. At this stage of growth, fenoxaprop-ethyl applied at 0.20, 0.28, or 0.38 kg·ha −1 provided excellent (90% or better) season-long crabgrass control. Fenoxaprop-ethyl at 0.09 kg·ha −1 was an effective crabgrass control treatment at 2 to 4 leaf stage when combined with DCPA at 11.76 kg·ha −1 . Split applications of fenoxaprop-ethyl in June and July at both 0.14 + 0.14 and 0.28 + 0.28 kg·ha −1 also provided season-long crabgrass control. Chemical names used: (±)-ethyl 2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoate (fenoxaprop-ethyl); and dimethyl tetrachlo-roterephthalate (DCPA).
CFTR Regulation of Intracellular pH and Ceramides Is Required for Lung Endothelial Cell Apoptosis (2009)

The functional significance of the expression of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) on endothelial cells has not yet been elucidated. Since CFTR has been implicated in the regulation of intracellular sphingolipid levels, which are important regulators of endothelial cell apoptosis in response to various insults, we investigated the role of CFTR in the apoptotic responses of lung endothelial cells. CFTR was detected as a functional chloride channel in primary lung endothelial cells isolated from both pulmonary arteries (human or mouse) and bronchial arteries (sheep). Both specific CFTR inhibition with 2-(phenylamino) benzoic acid diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid, 5-[(4-carboxyphenyl)methylene]-2-thioxo-3-[(3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl-4-thiazolidinone (CFTR(inh)-172), or 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid and CFTR knockdown significantly attenuated endothelial cell apoptosis induced by staurosporine or H(2)O(2). CFTR(inh)-172 treatment prevented the increases in the ceramide:sphingosine-1 phosphate ratio induced by H(2)O(2) in lung endothelial cells. Replenishing endogenous ceramides via sphingomyelinase supplementation restored the susceptibility of CFTR-inhibited lung endothelial cells to H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis. Similarly, the anti-apoptotic phenotype of CFTR-inhibited cells was reversed by lowering the intracellular pH, and was reproduced by alkalinization before H(2)O(2) challenge. TUNEL staining and active caspase-3 immunohistochemistry indicated that cellular apoptosis was decreased in lung explants from patients with cystic fibrosis compared with those with smoking-induced chronic obstructive lung disease, especially in the alveolar tissue and vascular endothelium. In conclusion, CFTR function is required for stress-induced apoptosis in lung endothelial cells by maintaining adequate intracellular acidification and ceramide activation. These results may have implications in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis, where aberrant endothelial cell death may dysregulate lung vascular homeostasis, contributing to abnormal angiogenesis and chronic inflammation.
TLR2-Dependent Activation of β-Catenin Pathway in Dendritic Cells Induces Regulatory Responses and Attenuates Autoimmune Inflammation (2014)

Dendritic cells (DCs) sense microbes via multiple innate receptors. Signals from different innate receptors are coordinated and integrated by DCs to generate specific innate and adaptive immune responses against pathogens. Previously, we have shown that two pathogen recognition receptors, TLR2 and dectin-1, which recognize the same microbial stimulus (zymosan) on DCs, induce mutually antagonistic regulatory or inflammatory responses, respectively. How diametric signals from these two receptors are coordinated in DCs to regulate or incite immunity is not known. In this study, we show that TLR2 signaling via AKT activates the β-catenin/T cell factor 4 pathway in DCs and programs them to drive T regulatory cell differentiation. Activation of β-catenin/T cell factor 4 was critical to induce regulatory molecules IL-10 (Il-10) and vitamin A metabolizing enzyme retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Aldh1a2) and to suppress proinflammatory cytokines. Deletion of β-catenin in DCs programmed them to drive Th17/Th1 cell differentiation in response to zymosan. Consistent with these findings, activation of the β-catenin pathway in DCs suppressed chronic inflammation and protected mice from Th17/Th1-mediated autoimmune neuroinflammation. Thus, activation of β-catenin in DCs via the TLR2 receptor is a novel mechanism in DCs that regulates autoimmune inflammation.
Evaluation of ESI and Class-Based Delta Encoding (2003)

The portion of web traffic attributed to dynamic web content is substantial and continues to grow as users expect more personalization and tailored information. Unfortunately, dynamic content is costly to generate. Moreover, traditional web caching schemes are not very effective for dynamically-created pages. In this paper we study two acceleration techniques for dynamic content. The first technique is Edge-Side Includes (ESI), and the second is Class-Based Delta Encoding. To evaluate these schemes, we present a model for the construction of dynamic web pages. We use simulation to explore how system, page and algorithm parameters affect the performance of dynamiccontent delivery techniques, and we present a detailed comparison of ESI and delta encoding in two representative scenarios.
Protein Tyrosine Kinases as Targets for Cancer and Other Indications (2006)

The identification and characterization of the members of individual signal transduction cascades, and advances in understanding how these signals are integrated in normal and pathological conditions have provided new strategies for therapeutic intervention. Rapid progress has occurred in last few years in the development of inhibitors that target protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), enzymes that transfer the γ-phosphate group of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the hydroxyl group of tyrosine residues on target proteins. Although PTKs represent a small percentage of the total number of kinases in the “kinome,” 90 of 518, a disproportional number of inhibitors currently in clinical trials are directed against them; e.g., more than 20 different tyrosine kinases are being evaluated as potential targets in oncology. There are a number of reasons why tyrosine kinases have been considered to be good targets. Epistatically, PTKs are located upstream and downstream of tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes and have been demonstrated to play central roles in apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, and differentiation (1). Aberrant activation of tyrosine kinases, owing to mutation or overexpression, is sufficient for them to become transforming in cellular and animal models. The majority of targets are receptor protein tyrosine kinases (RPTKs), as deregulating mutations of over half of the known RPTKs have been associated with different human malignancies; see Table 1 for examples. Finally, and equally as important as the epidemiological and biochemical data, the prevalence of PTKs as targets is because of the fact that they are considered druggable.
High-susceptibility of photosynthesis to photoinhibition in the tropical plant Ficus microcarpa L. f. cv. Golden Leaves (2002)

We conclude that the photosynthetic apparatus of GL is more highly susceptible to photoinhibition than that of WT.
Responses of atherosclerotic aorta to argon laser (1985)

Lasers have been advocated to resect atherosclerotic plaques in the cardiovascular system, yet little information is available regarding the effects of laser on the range of occlusive lesions seen in the peripheral arterial tree. This study was conducted to assess the risk of perforation in human cadaveric aorta involved with variable degrees of atherosclerosis. Ten fresh segments of atherosclerotic human aorta were graded for extent of atherosclerosis, then subjected to argon laser energy within 48 hours. Using air as the conduction medium and with the fiber tip 2 or 5 mm from the vessel wall, the argon laser was applied to matched calcified and non-calcified arteries at 3.0-7.0 W and 10.0-13.5 W with energy density identical for matched pairs. Results were compared among segments which were normal in appearance or had only fatty streaks grossly with those with gross regional wall calcification. The mean penetration time (T) for calcified and non-calcified lesions at low and high power outputs was compared. (table; see text) Mean time to perforation and range of time necessary to produce perforation were greater in calcified than non-calcified segments at all power levels employed. These data suggest that atherosclerotic lesions vary in their response to argon laser. The presence of calcium may preclude resection of some plaques and protect against wall perforation.
Fine‐needle aspiration and core needle biopsy: An update on 2 common minimally invasive tissue sampling modalities (2016)

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy (CNB) represent 2 of the most common minimally invasive tissue sampling modalities. Although similar in many ways, there are significant differences in the collection, processing, interpretation, and suitability for ancillary testing that exist between FNA and CNB. This review provides a brief overview of the strengths and weaknesses of FNA compared with CNB, as well as an update regarding the landscape of recently published studies that investigate the organ-specific comparative performance metrics of FNA and CNB. A current understanding of the benefits and limitations of FNA and CNB will help the cytopathologist and the clinician alike to select the right procedure for the right patient at the right time. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:862-870. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
A distributed computer architecture for qualitative simulation based on a multi-DSP and FPGAs (2002)

The design of a specialized computer architecture for qualitative simulation is presented. Our interest focuses on the hardware design of an application-specific computer architecture which is composed of programmable processors (digital signal processors TMS320C40) and application-specific integrated circuits (FPGAs). Two design strategies are considered to improve the performance. Primitive functions are hardware-implemented using FPGAs (software/hardware migration). More complex functions are mapped onto a multi processor system formed by TMS320C40. This computer architecture is designed for the well known algorithm for qualitative simulation-QSIM. In this paper we present the design of a computer architecture for the constraint-check-function-a function of the QSIM kernel.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Robust Level-Shifter Design for Adaptive Voltage Scaling (2008)

Voltage scaling is one of the knobs that is used today to control both static and the active power for SoCs. The SoC core supply voltage is scaled adaptively based on the performance needs. But it is also required to maintain the external electrical chip interface protocol, which may run at a different voltage level. The chip interfaces need to operate reliably under adaptively scaling core voltage and fixed 10 supply voltage. Within the 10 circuits, voltage level shifters are used to communicate between two voltage domains. This paper examines the performance of a conventional voltage level shifter and describes a novel high performance level shifter that is more robust under adapting voltage scaling.
Ti-2003 science and technology : proceedings of the 10th World Conference on Titanium held at the CCH-Congress Center Hamburg, Germany 13-18 July 2003 (2004)

Extractive Metallurgy (Sponge, Melting, Recycling) Wrought Processing (Billet, Plate, Sheet, Bar, Extrusions, Forgings, incl. Inspection and Process Verification) Near Net Shape Production (Casting, Laser Deposition, P/M, incl. Inspection) Component Manufacturing (Sheet Forming, Welding and Joining, Machining, Surface Enhancement, incl. Inspection) Microstructure Evolution (Phase Transformation, Thermo-Mechanical Processing for Microstructure and Texture Control) Properties (Microstructure/Property Relations, Texture Effects) Environmental Behavior (Corrosion, Oxidation, Coatings) Intermetallics MMCs Aero-Vehicle Applications (Airframes, Spacecraft) Aero-Propulsion Applications Marine, Offshore, Power Generation Emerging Markets (Biomedical, Electronics, Ground Transportation)
Postoperative Intra-abdominal Sepsis Requiring Reoperation (1993)

In this study we analyze the results of the use of a predictive index to decide whether to perform abdominal reoperation in the event of septic complications. During a 5-year period, a population of 542 critically ill patients received major abdominal surgery. Patients were divided into two groups: (1) the control group, for which the decision to reoperate was made routinely, based on clinical consensus of the medical team; and (2) the Abdominal Reoperation Predictive Index group, for which the decision to reoperate was made with the help of a mathematical index involving eight mainly clinical variables. The use of Abdominal Reoperation Predictive Index enabled mortality among patients undergoing reoperation to be lowered, the time elapsing between the first operation and relaparotomy to be reduced, and the length of stay in the intensive care unit to be shortened. We conclude that the systematic application of an index, without disregarding clinical judgment, allows the quality of attention to be improved, cost to be lowered, and the level of conflicts generated by the difficult decision to perform reoperation to be curtailed.