gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
miRNA assays in the clinical laboratory: workflow, detection technologies and automation aspects (2016)

microRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression in eukaryotes. Their differential abundance is indicative or even causative for a variety of pathological processes including cancer or cardiovascular disorders. Due to their important biological function, miRNAs represent a promising class of novel biomarkers that may be used to diagnose life-threatening diseases, and to monitor disease progression. Further, they may guide treatment selection or dosage of drugs. miRNAs from blood or derived fractions are particularly interesting candidates for routine laboratory applications, as they can be measured in most clinical laboratories already today. This assures a good accessibility of respective tests. Albeit their great potential, miRNA-based diagnostic tests have not made their way yet into the clinical routine, and hence no standardized workflows have been established to measure miRNAs for patients' benefit. In this review we summarize the detection technologies and workflow options that exist to measure miRNAs, and we describe the advantages and disadvantages of each of these options. Moreover, we also provide a perspective on data analysis aspects that are vital for translation of raw data into actionable diagnostic test results.
Inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. 1. trans-6-(2-Pyrrol-1-ylethyl)-4-hydroxypyran-2-ones, a novel series of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. 1. Effects of structural modifications at the 2- and 5-positions of the pyrrole nucleus (1990)

A novel series of trans-6-(2-pyrrol-1-ylethyl)-4-hydroxypyran-2-ones and their dihydroxy acid derivatives were prepared and evaluated for their ability to inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase in vitro. A systematic study of substitution at the 2- and 5-positions of the pyrrole ring revealed that optimum potency was realized with the 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-isopropyl derivative 8x, which possessed 30% of the in vitro activity of the potent fungal metabolite compactin (I). A molecular modeling analysis led to the description of a pharmacophore model characterized by (A) length limits of 5.9 and 3.3 A for the 2- and 5-substituents, respectively, as well as an overall width limit of 10.6 A across the pyrrole ring from the 2- to the 5-substituent and (B) an orientation of the ethyl(ene) bridge to the 4-hydroxypyran-2-one ring nearly perpendicular to the planes of the parent pyrrole, hexahydronaphthalene, and phenyl rings of the structures examined (Figure 3, theta = 80-110 degrees). Attempts to more closely mimic compactin's polar isobutyric ester side chain with the synthesis of 2-phenylpyrroles containing polar phenyl substituents resulted in analogues with equal or slightly reduced potencies when compared to the 2-[(unsubstituted or 4-fluoro)phenyl]pyrroles, supporting the hypothesis that inhibitory potency is relatively insensitive to side-chain polarity or charge distribution in this area.
Space-Efficient Identity Based EncryptionWithout Pairings (2007)

Identity Based Encryption (IBE) systems are often constructed using bilinear maps (a.k.a. pairings) on elliptic curves. One exception is an elegant system due to Cocks which builds an IBE based on the quadratic residuosity problem modulo an RSA composite N. The Cocks system, however, produces long ciphertexts. Since the introduction of the Cocks system in 2001 it has been an open problem to construct a space efficient IBE system without pairings. In this paper we present an IBE system in which ciphertext size is short: an encryption of an f.-bit message consists of a single element in Z/NZ plus lscr + 1 additional bits. Security, as in the Cocks system, relies on the quadratic residuosity problem. The system is based on the theory of ternary quadratic forms and as a result, encryption and decryption are slower than in the Cocks system.
Sewing Dynamics (1988)

A measuring system has been developed to capture and analyze forces directly encountered by the needle bar and presser bar from a high speed sewing machine. The forces recorded from the needle bar reflect those encountered by needle penetration and withdrawal. The forces recorded from the presser bar are those transferred by the feed dog as it advances the fabric each sewing cycle. A measuring system known as the ncsu sewing dynamometer is capable of detecting changing sewing parameters, including variations in the material being sewn, increasing plies of fabric, frictional forces on the sewing needle, and the dynamics of the feeding system.
A Minimally Invasive Coax-Fed Microwave Ablation Antenna With a Tapered Balun (2017)

We present a minimally invasive coax-fed dipole antenna with a tapered slot balun for microwave ablation (MWA) applications. The balun is created by gradually tapering the outer conductor of the coaxial feed line into two parallel strips, leaving two tapered slots on the outer conductor. Implementing the balun within the outer conductor of the coax itself helps reduce the overall diameter of the antenna compared to interstitial antennas that use conventional coaxial baluns. The tapered-slot balun connects the dipole antenna comprised of three active segments to the coaxial feed line. One active segment is defined by an extension of the inner conductor of the coaxial cable, acting as one arm of the dipole. The other two active segments are located in the two slots created by tapering the outer conductor and connected to its distal end to constitute the second arm of the dipole. We designed the antenna to operate at 6 GHz in ex vivo bovine liver and fabricated a prototype to conduct ablation experiments. Simulation and experiment results show that the tapered balun provides good impedance matching between the coaxial feed line and the dipole and helps the antenna achieve localized ablation zones. The proposed antenna offers a promising solution for reducing the overall diameter, and the invasiveness, of coax-fed interstitial antennas used for MWA.
Triaryl(Oxy)Phosphine Dibromide- A Convenient Reagent for the Preparation of<u>S</u>-Arylthioinosines and<u>N</u><sup>6</sup>, 5′-Disubstituted Adenosine Derivatives from Inosine (1988)

Abstract Inosine isopropylidene 1 reacts with triphenylphosphine/phosphite dibromide and thiophenol to give 5′-bromo-S-phenylthioinosine 5 which is a versatile precursor for 5′,N 6-disubstituted adenosine derivatives.
A System Software Approach to Proactive Memory-Error Avoidance (2014)

Today's HPC systems use two mechanisms to address main-memory errors. Error-correcting codes make correctable errors transparent to software, while checkpoint/restart (CR) enables recovery from uncorrectable errors. Unfortunately, CR overhead will be enormous at exascale due to the high failure rate of memory. We propose a new OS-based approach that proactively avoids memory errors using prediction. This scheme exposes correctable error information to the OS, which migrates pages and off lines unhealthy memory to avoid application crashes. We analyze memory error patterns in extensive logs from a BG/P system and show how correctable error patterns can be used to identify memory likely to fail. We implement a proactive memory management system on BG/Q by extending the firmware and Linux. We evaluate our approach with a realistic workload and compare our overhead against CR. We show improved resilience with negligible performance overhead for applications.
Effect of Anabolic Steroids on HIV-Related Wasting Myopathy (1993)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is frequently associated with weakness and muscle wasting, referred to as HIV-1 wasting myopathy. This illness, often observed in the advanced stages of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), responds poorly to therapeutic intervention. We describe the cases of three AIDS patients with HIV-1 wasting myopathy who had a favorable response to anabolic steroids as evidenced by an improvement in strength, muscle bulk, body weight, and sense of well-being.
Operating Characteristics of a 15-cm dia. Ion Engine for Small Planetary Spacecraft (1993)

A 15-cm diameter, scaled-down version of the NASA light-weight 30-cm ion engine has been developed for potential application to very small planetary spacecraft. Integration of the 15-cm ion source into 4x15-cm segmented engine configuration results in a 30-cm equivalent engine which can be throttled over a 7-to-1 input power variation with a constant beam current in each of the four segments. Throttling the segmented engine by turning off individual segments can result in a significant decrease in the required service life (and qualification requirements) of the ion source components.
Deep Learning for Understanding Faces: Machines May Be Just as Good, or Better, than Humans (2018)

Recent developments in deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have shown impressive performance improvements on various object detection/recognition problems. This has been made possible due to the availability of large annotated data and a better understanding of the nonlinear mapping between images and class labels, as well as the affordability of powerful graphics processing units (GPUs). These developments in deep learning have also improved the capabilities of machines in understanding faces and automatically executing the tasks of face detection, pose estimation, landmark localization, and face recognition from unconstrained images and videos. In this article, we provide an overview of deep-learning methods used for face recognition. We discuss different modules involved in designing an automatic face recognition system and the role of deep learning for each of them. Some open issues regarding DCNNs for face recognition problems are then discussed. This article should prove valuable to scientists, engineers, and end users working in the fields of face recognition, security, visual surveillance, and biometrics.
Plasma and brain pharmacokinetics of previously unexplored lithium salts (2014)

Despite its narrow therapeutic window, lithium is still regarded as the gold standard comparator and benchmark treatment for mania. Recent attempts to find new drugs with similar therapeutic activities have yielded new chemical entities. However, these potential new drugs have yet to match the many bioactivities attributable to lithium's efficacy for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases. Consequently, an intense effort for re-engineering lithium therapeutics using crystal engineering is currently underway. We sought to improve the likelihood of success of these endeavors by evaluating the pharmacokinetics of previously unexplored lithium salts with organic anions (lithium salicylate and lithium lactate). We report that these lithium salts exhibit profoundly different pharmacokinetics compared to the more common FDA approved salt, lithium carbonate, in rats. Remarkably, lithium salicylate produced elevated plasma and brain levels of lithium beyond 48 hours post-dose without the sharp peak that contributes to the toxicity problems of current lithium therapeutics. These findings could be important for the development of the next generation of lithium therapeutics.
Sorting of Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Polar Solvents with an Amphiphilic Conjugated Polymer Provides General Guidelines for Enrichment (2018)

Conjugated polymer extraction (CPE) has been shown to be a highly effective method to isolate high-purity semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (sc-SWCNTs). In both literature reports and industrial manufacturing, this method has enabled enrichment of sc-SWCNTs with high purity (≥99.9%). High selectivity is typically obtained in nonpolar aromatic solvents, yet polar solvents may provide process improvements in terms of yield, purity and efficiency. Using an amphiphilic fluorene-alt-pyridine conjugated copolymer with hydrophilic side chains, we have investigated the enrichment of sc-SWCNTs in polar solvents. Various conditions such as polymer/SWCNT ratio, solvent polarity, solvent dielectric constant as well as polymer solubility and SWCNT dispersibility were explored in order to optimize the purity and yield of the enriched product. Herein, we provide insights on CPE by demonstrating that a conjugated polymer having a hydrophobic backbone and hydrophilic oligo(ethylene oxide) side chains provides near full recovery (95%) of sc-SWCNTs using a multiextraction protocol. High purity is also obtained, and differences in chiral selectivity compared to analogous hydrophobic systems were confirmed by optical absorption and Raman spectroscopy as well as photoluminescence excitation mapping. Taking into consideration the solvent dielectric constant, polarity index as well as polymer solubility and SWCNT dispersibility provides a better understanding of structure-property effects on sc-SWCNT enrichment. The resulting hydrophilic SWCNT dispersions demonstrate long-term colloidal stability, making them suitable for ink formulation and high-performance thin-film transistors fabrication.
Anonymous connections and onion routing (2002)

Onion routing provides anonymous connections that are strongly resistant to both eavesdropping and traffic analysis. Unmodified Internet applications can use these anonymous connections by means of proxies. The proxies may also make communication anonymous by removing identifying information from the data stream. Onion routing has been implemented on Sun Solaris 2.X with proxies for Web browsing, remote logins and e-mail. This paper's contribution is a detailed specification of the implemented onion routing system, a vulnerability analysis based on this specification, and performance results.
Probing bacterial transmembrane histidine kinase receptor–ligand interactions with natural and synthetic molecules (2010)

Bacterial histidine kinases transduce extracellular signals into the cytoplasm. Most stimuli are chemically undefined; therefore, despite intensive study, signal recognition mechanisms remain mysterious. We exploit the fact that quorum-sensing signals are known molecules to identify mutants in the Vibrio cholerae quorum-sensing receptor CqsS that display altered responses to natural and synthetic ligands. Using this chemical-genetics approach, we assign particular amino acids of the CqsS sensor to particular roles in recognition of the native ligand, CAI-1 (S-3 hydroxytridecan-4-one) as well as ligand analogues. Amino acids W104 and S107 dictate receptor preference for the carbon-3 moiety. Residues F162 and C170 specify ligand head size and tail length, respectively. By combining mutations, we can build CqsS receptors responsive to ligand analogues altered at both the head and tail. We suggest that rationally designed ligands can be employed to study, and ultimately to control, histidine kinase activity.
Newcastle disease virus nucleocapsid protein: self-assembly and length-determination domains (2003)

The nucleocapsid protein (NP) of Newcastle disease virus expressed in E. coli assembled as ring- and herringbone-like particles. In order to identify the contiguous NP sequence essential for assembly of these particles, 11 N- or C-terminally deleted NP mutants were constructed and their ability to self-assemble was tested. The results indicate that a large part of the NP N-terminal end, encompassing amino acids 1 to 375, is required for proper folding to form a herringbone-like structure. In contrast, the C-terminal end covering amino acids 376 to 489 was dispensable for the formation of herringbone-like particles. A region located between amino acids 375 to 439 may play a role in regulating the length of the herringbone-like particles. Mutants with amino acid deletions further from the C-terminal end (84, 98, 109 and 114 amino acids) tended to form longer particles compared to mutants with shorter deletions (25 and 49 amino acids).
Apparatus and method for thermal power generation. [LMFBR] (1978)

An improved thermal power plant and method of power generation is described which minimizes thermal stress and chemical impurity buildup in the vaporizing component, particularly beneficial under loss of normal feed fluid and startup conditions. The invention is particularly applicable to a liquid metal fast breeder reactor plant.
Micromachined Polycrystalline Sige-Based Thermopiles for Micropower Generation on Human Body (2008)

This paper presents a polycrystalline silicon germanium (poly-SiGe) thermopile specially designed for thermoelectric generators used on human body. Both the design of the single thermocouple and the arrangement of the thermocouple array have been described. A rim structure has been introduced in order to increase the temperature difference across the thermocouple junctions. The modeling of the thermocouple and the thermopile has been performed analytically and numerically. An output power of about 1 $μ$W at an output voltage of more than 1 V is expected from the current design of thermopiles in a watch-size generator. The key material properties of the poly-SiGe have been measured. The thermopile has been fabricated and tested. Experimental results clearly demonstrate the advantage of the rim structure in increasing output voltage. In presence of forced convection, the output voltage of a non-released thermopile can increase from about 53 mV/K/cm2 to about 130 mV/K/cm2 after the rim structure is formed. A larger output voltage from the thermopile is expected upon process completion.
ChemInform Abstract: Design of Novel β‐Carboline Derivatives with Pendant 5‐Bromothienyl and Their Evaluation as Phosphodiesterase‐5 Inhibitors. (2013)

Abstract From 24 title compounds tested, compound (V) is the most potent PDE‐5 inhibitor with a selectivity index of 49 towards PDE‐5 vs.
Physics-driven impeller designs for a novel intravascular blood pump for patients with congenital heart disease (2016)

Mechanical circulatory support offers an alternative therapeutic treatment for patients with dysfunctional single ventricle physiology. An intravascular axial flow pump is being developed as a cavopulmonary assist device for these patients. This study details the development of a new rotating impeller geometry. We examined the performance of 8 impeller geometries with blade stagger or twist angles varying from 100° to 800° using computational methods. A refined range of blade twist angles between 300° and 400° was then identified, and 4 additional geometries were evaluated. Generally, the impeller designs produced 4-26mmHg for flow rates of 1-4L/min for 6000-8000 RPM. A data regression analysis was completed and found the impeller with 400° of blade twist to be the superior performer. A hydraulic test was conducted on a prototype of the 400° impeller, which generated measurable pressure rises of 7-28mmHg for flow rates of 1-4L/min at 6000-8000 RPM. The findings of the numerical model and experiment were in reasonable agreement within approximately 20%. These results support the continued development of an axial-flow, mechanical cavopulmonary assist device as a new clinical therapeutic option for Fontan patients.
Compact electrostatic beam optics for multi-element focused ion beams: Simulation and experiments (2011)

Electrostatic beam optics for a multi-element focused ion beam (MEFIB) system comprising of a microwave multicusp plasma (ion) source is designed with the help of two widely known and commercially available beam simulation codes: AXCEL-INP and SIMION. The input parameters to the simulations are obtained from experiments carried out in the system. A single and a double Einzel lens system (ELS) with and without beam limiting apertures (S) have been investigated. For a 1 mm beam at the plasma electrode aperture, the rms emittance of the focused ion beam is found to reduce from ∼0.9 mm mrad for single ELS to ∼0.5 mm mrad for a double ELS, when S of 0.5 mm aperture size is employed. The emittance can be further improved to ∼0.1 mm mrad by maintaining S at ground potential, leading to reduction in beam spot size (∼10 μm). The double ELS design is optimized for different electrode geometrical parameters with tolerances of ±1 mm in electrode thickness, electrode aperture, inter electrode distance, and ±1° in electrode angle, providing a robust design. Experimental results obtained with the double ELS for the focused beam current and spot size, agree reasonably well with the simulations.
Spectral narrowing and stabilization of 10-W broad-area laser with fiber pump delivery system (Conference Presentation) (2018)

The emission spectrum of a 10-W commercial broad-area laser was narrowed and stabilized by coupling a portion of its far-field emission to a single-mode fiber Bragg grating. The feedback produced in this external cavity configuration stabilized the peak wavelength of the laser with respect to temperature and produced a narrow spectrum compatible with pumping ytterbium-doped fiber lasers. The spectral narrowing was achieved at multiple far field locations and stabilized over a wide temperature band, indicating a robust and manufacturable design. This proof-of-concept experiment can be translated into a pump delivery fiber configuration that integrates the diode feedback into a pump system package for spectrally bright pumping.
Reliability of a Preliminary 3-D Pain Mapping Program (2011)

Three-dimensional pain mapping enables patients to report the location and intensity of their pain on all parts of the body, and such ratings are highly reliable. Future studies are needed to determine whether the clinical value of this method can improve the accuracy of pain diagnoses and the quality of pain management.
High-power, surface-emitting quantum cascade laser operating in a symmetric grating mode (2016)

Grating-coupled surface-emitting (GCSE) lasers generally operate with a double-lobed far-field beam pattern along the cavity-length direction, which is a result of lasing being favored in the antisymmetric grating mode. We experimentally demonstrate a GCSE quantum-cascade laser design allowing high-power, nearly single-lobed surface emission parallel to the longitudinal cavity. A 2nd-order Au-semiconductor distributed-feedback (DFB)/distributed-Bragg-reflector (DBR) grating is used for feedback and out-coupling. The DFB and DBR grating regions are 2.55 mm- and 1.28 mm-long, respectively, for a total grating length of 5.1 mm. The lasers are designed to operate in a symmetric (longitudinal) grating mode by causing resonant coupling of the guided optical mode to the antisymmetric surface-plasmon modes of the 2nd-order metal/semiconductor grating. Then, the antisymmetric modes are strongly absorbed by the metal in the grating, causing the symmetric mode to be favored to lase, which, in turn, produces a single-lobed beam over a range of grating duty-cycle values of 36%–41%. Simulations indicate that the symmetric mode is always favored to lase, independent of the random phase of reflections from the device's cleaved ends. Peak pulsed output powers of ∼0.4 W were measured with nearly single-lobe beam-pattern (in the longitudinal direction), single-spatial-mode operation near 4.75 μm wavelength. Far-field measurements confirm a diffraction-limited beam pattern, in agreement with simulations, for a source-to-detector separation of 2 m.
Crude oil of fuel oil compositions (1989)

This patent describes a crude oil composition or a fuel oil composition. It comprises: a major proportion by weight of a crude oil or a liquid hydrocarbon fuel and a minor proportion by weight of a polymer containing more than one amide group. The amide being an amide of a secondary mono amine and wherein the amide group of the polymer contains a hydrogen- and carbon- containing group of at least 14 carbon atoms, provided that if the polymer is derived from the polymerization of an aliphatic olefin and maleic anhydride. The polymer must have both an amide group and an ester group each of which contains a hydrogen- and carbon-containing group of at least 14 carbon atoms.