gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a new titanium alloy: SP-700. Kokyodo, kokakosei shin chitan gokin SP-700 no kaihatsu (1992)

The titanium alloy, SP-700, developed by NKK Corporation has a composition of Ti-4.5%Al-3%V-2%Fe-2%Mo-0.08%O. This alloy may be compared with Ti-6Al-4V alloy used in a largest quantity currently in their characteristics approximately as follows: The former alloy has stabler {beta}-phase than the latter alloy, with the average grain size of pro-eutectoid {alpha} -crystals being quarter to the latter alloy; the former alloy has higher tensile strength in a mill annealing condition and superior ductility to the latter alloy; the former has higher strength even under a solution aging condition (water cooled), and higher fatigue strength when compared under various heat treating conditions; the superplasticity elongation of the former alloy reaches twice as much of the latter alloy despite the superplasticity emerging temperature of the former alloy is lower by about 100 K around 1050 K; and further, the former alloy has the cold processibility by far improved over the latter alloy, and can expect of preventing crack generation caused from hot processing, which has been a problem in the latter alloy. 3 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.
A Butterfly Structure for Rate 2/n Convolutional Codes (2006)

In this letter, we propose a butterfly structure for rate 2/n convolutional codes to reduce the computational complexity of Viterbi decoders. By using the butterfly structure, the branch metric computation complexity of some best known codes can be reduced by a factor of 2 or 4.
Detection of a mutator phenotype in cancer cells by inter-Alu polymerase chain reaction. (1996)

A mutator phenotype due to a DNA mismatch repair deficiency is usually detected by typing a number of microsatellite markets. Here, eight hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer patients with microsatellite instability were investigated by inter-Alu PCR, known to amplify DNA segments that may represent preferential targets of replication errors. Among 40-60 bands revealed in a single PCR experiment, more than 20% were found altered in tumoral DNA samples compared to matched normal samples from the same patient. Shifts and changes in signal intensity accounted for most of the alterations, whereas gains or losses of bands were rare. Certain bands were affected only in a single patient, whereas the instabilities in others were common. These results suggest that some genomic regions are more susceptible than others to the expression of a mutator phenotype. Four such bands altered in at least five patients were characterized further and shown to be unstable because of contractions of the Alu poly(A) tails. Interestingly, none of the bands representing loci shown previously to be polymorphic in the population displayed instability in the tumoral samples. Inter-Alu PCR appears to be a robust, cost-effective, and sensitive technique for revealing the mutator phenotype in cancer cells.
Method for testing seals of electrical energy storage devices. [effects of pressurization by O on potential] (1977)

Seal integrity tests are conducted on electrical energy storage devices, such as batteries, by the application, to the device under test, of oxygen at elevated pressures. 2 figures, 1 table.
Upgrading Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils by Hydrogen Transfer to Its Fatty Esters (2018)

Conversion of vegetable-derived triglycerides to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) is a popular approach to the generation of biodiesel fuels and the basis of a growing industry. Drawbacks of the strategy are that (a) the glycerol backbone of the triglyceride is discarded as waste, and (2) most available natural triglycerides in the U.S. are multi-unsaturated or fully saturated, giving inferior fuel performance and causing engine problems. Here we show that catalysis by iridium complex <b>1</b> can address both of these problems through selective reduction of triglycerides high in polyunsaturation. This is realized using hydrogen from methanol or those imbedded in the triglyceride backbone, concurrently generating lactate as a value-added C3 product. Additional methanol or glycerol as a hydrogen source enables reduction of corn and soybean oils to > 80% oleate. The cost of the iridium catalyst is mitigated by its recovery through aqueous extraction. The process can be further driven with a supporting iron-based catalyst for the complete saturation of all olefins. Preparative procedures are established for synthesis and separation of methyl esters of the hydrogenated fatty acids, enabling instant access to upgraded biofuels.
Novel in-fiber technique for measurement of the Raman gain coefficient (2002)

Measurement of the Raman gain coefficient in optical fiber is important for the design of new fibers to be used in 1.3-/spl mu/m Raman amplifiers, generation of 1.48-/spl mu/m light for remote pumping of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), and the calculation of cross talk in long-haul wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) systems. Our technique, in which we measure the larger stimulated Raman signal, directly gives the Raman gain coefficient and dispersion of the fiber without the need for calibration or absolute measurement of the Raman signal.
Combining Speed and Separation Monitoring With Power and Force Limiting for Safe Collaborative Robotics Applications (2020)

Enabling humans and robots to safely work close to each other deserves careful consideration. With the publication of ISO/TS 15066 directives on this matter, two different strategies, namely the Speed and Separation Monitoring and the Power and Force Limiting, have been proposed. This letter proposes a method to efficiently combine the two aforementioned safety strategies for collaborative robotics operations. By exploiting the combination of the two, it is then possible to achieve higher levels of productivity, while still preserving safety of the human operators. This is achieved by the optimal scaling of the initially prescribed velocity, while preserving the path consistency of the robot trajectory. In a nutshell, the state of motion of each point of the robot is monitored so that at every time instant the robot is able to modulate its speed to eventually come into contact with a body region of the human, consistently with the corresponding biomechanical limit. Validation experiments have been conducted to establish that the proposed method enables substantially less stringent limits on robot performance while still allowing for the safety limits prescribed by ISO directives.
Variable-activation and variable-input deep neural network for robust speech recognition (2014)

In a previous study, we proposed variable-component deep neural network (VCDNN) to improve the robustness of context-dependent deep neural network hidden Markov model (CD-DNN-HMM). We model the components of DNN a set of polynomial functions of environmental variables, more specifically signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We refined VCDNN on two types of DNN components: (1) weighting matrix and bias (2) the output of each layer. These two methods are called variable-parameter DNN (VPDNN) and variable-output DNN (VODNN). Although both methods got good gain over the standard DNN, they doubled the number of parameters even with only the first-order environment variable. In this study, we propose two new types of VCDNN, namely variable activation DNN (VADNN) and variable input DNN (VIDNN). The environment variable is applied to the hidden layer activation function in VADNN, and is applied directly to the input in VIDNN. Both DNNs only increase a negligible number of parameters compared to the standard DNN. Experimental results on Aurora4 task show that both methods are effective, and VIDNN can beat all other variations of VCDNN with relative 7.69% word error reduction from the standard DNN with the least increase in number of parameters.
Synthesis of 4-Aminophenyl N-Acetyl-.BETA.-D-glucosaminide Derivatives and Their Application to the Rate-Assay of N-Acetyl-.BETA.-D-glucosaminidase. (1995)

Four N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminides, 4-amino-2, 6-dibromophenyl (1a), 4-amino-2, 6-dichlorophenyl (1b), 4-amino-2-chlorophenyl (1c) and 4-aminophenyl N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminides (1d) were synthesized. Substrates 1a-c were hydrolyzed by N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and the released aglycones reacted with N-ethyl-N-(3-methylphenyl)-N'-succinylethylenediamine to produce indoaniline dyes in the presence of bilirubin oxidase under weakly acidic rate-assay conditions (pH 5.0). The Km values for 1a-c were 1.97, 1.65 and 1.39 mM, respectively. Among these compounds, 1b is considered to be the substrate with most potential for the rate-assay of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, since it showed the largest Vmax value and the strongest color generation from colorless to green (λmax 302→718 nm)following enzyme hydrolysis and the coupling reaction. Furthermore, 1b was moderately soluble and stable in aqueous solution and exhibited about a 5.9-fold higher sensitivity to the enzyme than 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide.
‘High vault-age’: non-coding RNA control of autophagy (2020)

RNA-binding proteins typically change the fate of RNA, such as stability, translation or processing. Conversely, we recently uncovered that the small non-coding vault RNA 1-1 (vtRNA1-1) directly binds to the autophagic receptor p62/SQSTM1 and changes the protein's function. We refer to this process as 'riboregulation'. Here, we discuss this newly uncovered vault RNA function against the background of three decades of vault RNA research. We highlight the vtRNA1-1-p62 interaction as an example of riboregulation of a key cellular process.
Lexicographically Optimal Rage Control for Video Coding with MPEG Buffer%250AConstraints (1996)

In this paper, we address the problem of allocating bits among pictures in an MPEG video coder to equalize the visual quality of the coded pictures, while meeting buffer and channel constraints imposed by a Video Buffer Verifier. We address this problem within a framework consisting of 1) a bit production model for the input pictures, 2) a novel lexicographic criterion for optimality, and 3) a set of bit-rate constraints imposed by the transmission channel and Video Buffer Verifier. Using this framework, we analyze the bit allocation problem for both constant and variable bit rate operation. The analysis results in a set of simple necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality that leads to efficient algorithms.
Isolation of mitogenically active C‐terminal truncated pentapeptide of osteogenic growth peptide from human plasma and culture medium of murine osteoblastic cells (1999)

The osteogenic growth peptide (OGP) is a 14-amino acid stromal cell mitogen that stimulates in vivo osteogenesis and hematopoiesis. In the blood circulation and cell culture conditioned medium immunoreactive OGP (irOGP), identified using antibodies raised against the OGP C-terminal region, presents free and bound forms. The bound form consists entirely of the full length peptide. The present study was designed to investigate the identity of free irOGP under nondenaturing conditions. Fresh human serum and culture medium conditioned with murine osteoblastic MC3T3 E1 cells were fractionated using ultrafiltration (3000 molecular weight cut-off). Hydrophobic chromatography of the ultrafiltrate, immunoscreening of chromatographic fractions with antibodies directed against the OGP C-terminal region and amino acid sequencing of immunoreactive peaks demonstrated the presence of two mitogens, the full length OGP and a C-terminal truncated form, OGP(10-14). The OGP(10-14) derived from both serum and conditioned medium, as well as the synthetic pentapeptide [sOGP(10-14)], shared the in vitro OGP proliferative activity. However, in a competitive binding assay, devised to assess the OGP-OGP binding protein (OGPBP) complex formation, sOGP(10-14) failed to compete out radiolabeled OGP from the complex. It is concluded that OGP(10-14) is a naturally occurring human and murine mitogen. In addition, the data suggests that the OGP(10-14) is generated from OGP by proteolytic cleavage upon dissociation of the OGP-OGPBP complexes.
Visually Favorable Tone-Mapping With High Compression Performance in Bit-Depth Scalable Video Coding (2013)

In bit-depth scalable video coding, the tone-mapping scheme used to convert high-bit-depth to eight-bit videos is an essential yet very often ignored component. In this paper, we demonstrate that an appropriate choice of a tone-mapping operator can improve the coding efficiency of bit-depth scalable encoders. We present a new tone-mapping scheme that delivers superior compression efficiency while adhering to a predefined base layer perceptual quality. We develop numerical models that estimate the base layer bit-rate (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> ), the enhancement layer bitrate (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</sub> ), and the mismatch (Q <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</sub> ) between the resulting low dynamic range (LDR) base-layer signal and the predefined base layer representation. Our proposed tone curve is given by the solution of an optimization problem which minimizes a weighted sum of R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> , R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</sub> , and Q <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</sub> . The problem formulation also considers the temporal effect of tone-mapping by adding a constraint to the optimization problem that suppresses flickering artifacts. We also propose a technique with which to tone-map a high-bit-depth video directly in a compression-friendly color space (e.g., one luma and two chroma channels) without converting to the RGB domain. Experimental results show that we can save up to 40% of the total bit-rate (or 3.5 dB PSNR improvement for the same bitrate), and, in general, about 20% bit-rate savings can be achieved.
Synthesis of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes‐Titania Nanomaterial for Desulfurization of Model Fuel (2014)

This work reported on the development of novel nanomaterials of multiwalled carbon nanotubes doped with titania (CNT/TiO 2 ) for the adsorptive desulfurization of model fuel oils. Various analytical techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used for the characterization of the nanomaterials. The initial results indicated the effectiveness of the prepared CNT/TiO 2 nanomaterials in removing sulfur compounds from model fuel oil. The adsorption of DBT, BT, and thiophene from model fuel onto the derived sorbents was performed using batch mode system. These CNT/TiO 2 nanomaterials initially afforded approximately 45% removal of DBT, 55% BT, and more than 65% thiophene compounds from model fuels. The CNT/TiO 2 nanomaterials provided an excellent activity towards interaction with organosulfur compounds. More experiments are underway to optimize the parameters for the adsorptive desulfurization processes. We believe that these nanomaterials as adsorbents will find useful applications in petroleum industry because of their operational simplicity, high efficiency, and high capacity.
Syndromes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and dementia: Relation to transmissible Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (1983)

A review of over 2,000 cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and related disorders in the literature and our own files yielded 231 cases of dementia with early lower motor neuron signs. The clinical-pathological profiles of the 231 cases were distinctly different from those of cases of transmissible Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: the patients had a longer illness, and their brains lacked the typical spongiform change. Brain tissue from 33 of these patients has been inoculated intracerebrally into nonhuman primates, but only 2 atypical cases transmitted a spongiform encephalopathy; 23 have been incubating from three to twelve years and can be considered negative transmission experiments. The findings suggest that most cases of dementia associated with early amyotrophy are more closely related to classic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis than to transmissible Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and do not deserve the label of "amyotrophic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease." When lower motor neuron involvement occurs in transmissible Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, it is usually late and accompanied by signs of a more fulminant cerebral and cerebellar involvement.
Origin of parathyroid hormone (PTH) fragments detected by intact-PTH assays (2002)

Non-(1-84)PTH, like other C-PTH fragments, originates from both the peripheral metabolism of hPTH(1-84) and from parathyroid gland secretion. Renal failure influences its concentration by increasing the amount of substrate available and by reducing non-(1-84)PTH clearance. Its higher proportion in serum relative to cell supernatants in primary hyperparathyroidism reflects the added role of peripheral metabolism and the longer half-life of fragments.
Thin-Barrier Strained Quantum Well Superlattice Solar Cells (2019)

Quantum wells can improve solar cell conversion efficiency by extending infrared absorption and, in some cases, by suppressing radiative recombination to lower the dark current and increase the operating voltage. In this study, the effect of strained InGaAs/GaAs QWs incorporated in an InGaP-GaAs heterojunction based single junction solar cell has been investigated. The performance of 3-layer In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.08</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.92</sub> As/GaAs QWs incorporated in the intrinsic region of the nip deive with varying barrier thicknesses have been compared. The heterojunction design along with a wider bandgap InAlP front window allows superior absorption and low dark current. Despite the incorporation of QWs, minimal to no V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</sub> loss has been observed compared to the baseline design without QWs, which can be attributed to suppressed radiative emission from the devices. All designs exhibit low-dark current characteristics, while the best QW cell conversion efficiency of >26% has been obtained with short circuit current of 30.22 mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and open circuit voltage of 1.03V under 1-sun AM1.5G solar spectrum.
Label Switched Paths (LSP) Hierarchy with Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Traffic Engineering (TE) (2005)

To improve scalability of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
(GMPLS) it may be useful to aggregate Label Switched Paths (LSPs) by
creating a hierarchy of such LSPs. A way to create such a hierarchy is
by (a) a Label Switching Router (LSR) creating a Traffic Engineering
Label Switched Path (TE LSP), (b) the LSR forming a forwarding
adjacency (FA) out of that LSP (by advertising this LSP as a Traffic
Engineering (TE) link into the same instance of ISIS/OSPF as the one
that was used to create the LSP), (c) allowing other LSRs to use FAs
for their path computation, and (d) nesting of LSPs originated by
other LSRs into that LSP (by using the label stack construct). This
document describes the mechanisms to accomplish this.
XR: a high-performance PV concentrator (2007)

The performance of the XR solar concentrator, using a high efficiency multi-junction solar cell developed recently by Spectrolab, is presented. The XR concentrator is an ultra-compact Nonimaging optical design composed of a primary mirror and a secondary lens, which can perform close to the thermodynamic limit of concentration (maximum acceptance angle for a given geometrical concentration). The expected acceptance angle of the concentrator is about ±2 deg for a geometrical concentration of 800x (a Fresnel lens and secondary system typically has ±0.6 deg of acceptance for 300x of geometrical concentration). This concentrator is optimized to improve the irradiance distribution on the solar cell keeping it under the maximum values the cell can accept. The XR concentrator has high manufacturing tolerance to errors and can be produced using low cost manufacturing techniques. The XR is designed with the Simultaneous Multiple Surface (SMS) design method of Nonimaging Optics. Its application to high-concentration photovoltaics is now being developed in a consortium led by The Boeing Company, which has recently been awarded a project by the US DOE in the framework of the Solar America Initiative.
A Practical and Scaleable Synthesis of A‐224817.0, a Novel Nonsteroidal Ligand for the Glucocorticoid Receptor. (2003)

A practical and scaleable synthesis of a novel nonsteroidal ligand for the glucocorticoid receptor\nA-224817.0 <b>1A</b> is described. The synthesis proceeds in seven steps starting from 1,3-dimethoxybenzene. The biaryl intermediate <b>5</b> was prepared by an optimized high-yielding and high-throughput\nNegishi protocol. The quinoline core <b>8</b> was constructed by using a modified Skraup reaction. The\nfinal product was obtained by a direct allylation reaction of lactol <b>10</b> with allyltrimethylsilane.\nThe process was accomplished efficiently to produce <b>1A</b> in 25% overall yield and >99% purity with\nsimple and practical isolation and purification procedures.
<title>High-density phase-change optical disk with a Si reflective layer</title> (1995)

For high-density recording at a wavelength of 690 nm, we developed a phase-change optical disk with a Si reflective layer. We estimated the effect of interference layer by calculating optical properties. The absorption control required for mark edge recording and a 2 dB C/N improvement was obtained by forming a ZnS-SiO<SUB>2</SUB> interference layer on the Si layer. Under recording conditions with a minimum bit length of 0.335 micrometers and a track pitch of 1.2 micrometers , a sufficient C/N and a BER less than 10<SUP>-4</SUP> were confirmed. This result indicates that the recording capacity of the new disk is more than 4 GB.
T cell receptor V β complementarity-determining region 1 peptide administration moderates immune dysfunction and cytokine dysregulation induced by murine retrovirus infection (1995)

Murine AIDS, induced by LP-BM5 murine leukemia retrovirus infection, causes a progressive and profound immunodeficiency in female C57B1/6 mice. Previously, we reported that autoantibodies were elevated during the initiation phases of this murine retrovirus infection and bound peptide determinants corresponding to CDR1 of several TCR V beta-chains. Therefore, we designed studies to determine whether administration of a major autoimmunogenic TCR V beta CDR1 peptide before or after infection with LP-BM5 retrovirus would modulate retrovirus-induced dysregulation of T cell function. Administration of the TCR V beta CDR1 peptide before murine retrovirus infection significantly prevented its suppression of splenic NK cell activity, T and B cell proliferation, and monokine (IL-6 and TNF-alpha) and Th1 cytokine (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) release by splenocytes, and inhibited retrovirus-induced elevation of Th2 cytokine (IL-5 and IL-10). Similar data were obtained with peptide immunization 2 wk after murine retrovirus infection at 6 and 16 wk postinfection. However, delaying peptide immunization until severe suppression of T and B cell mitogenesis had occurred did not restore their functions. Immunization with TCR V beta peptide prevents development of retrovirus-induced immune dysfunction, which suggests a possible pathogenic role of autoreactive T cells as regulatory elements.