gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and Expression of the M Antigen of <i>Histoplasma capsulatum</i> (1999)

The major diagnostic antigens of Histoplasma capsulatum are the H and M antigens, pluripotent glycoproteins that elicit both humoral and T-cell-mediated immune responses. These antigens may play a role in the pathogenesis of histoplasmosis. M antigen is considered immunodominant because antibodies against it are the first precipitins to arise in acute histoplasmosis and are commonly present during all phases of infection. The biological activity of monomolecular M antigen and its ability to elicit a protective immune response to H. capsulatum are largely unknown. A molecular approach was used to identify the biological nature of M antigen, including its purification from histoplasmin, partial digestion with proteinases, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to separate the released peptides. The amino acid sequences of the purified peptides were obtained by Edman degradation, and using degenerate oligonucleotide primers for PCR, a 321-bp fragment of the gene encoding the M antigen was amplified from genomic H. capsulatum DNA. This fragment was used to screen an H. capsulatum genomic DNA library, leading to the isolation, cloning, and sequencing of the full-length gene. The M gene consists of 2, 187-bp DNA encoding a protein of 80,719 Da, which has significant homology to catalases from Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Eimericella nidulans. A cDNA was generated by reverse transcription-PCR and cloned into the expression vector pQE40. The identity of the cloned, expressed protein was confirmed by Western blotting. The recombinant fusion protein was immunoreactive with monoclonal antibodies raised against M antigen, with polyclonal mouse anti-M antiserum, and with a serum sample from a patient with histoplasmosis. The gene encoding the major immunodominant M antigen of H. capsulatum is a presumptive catalase, and the recombinant protein retains serodiagnostic activity.
Implantable strain sensor to monitor fracture healing with standard radiography (2017)

Current orthopaedic clinical methods do not provide an objective measure of fracture healing or weight bearing for lower extremity fractures. The following report describes a novel approach involving in-situ strain sensors to objectively measure fracture healing. The sensor uses a cantilevered indicator pin that responds to plate bending and an internal scale to demonstrate changes in the pin position on plain film radiographs. The long lever arm amplifies pin movement compared to interfragmentary motion, and the scale enables more accurate measurement of position changes. Testing with a human cadaver comminuted metaphyseal tibia fracture specimen demonstrated over 2.25 mm of reproducible sensor displacement on radiographs with as little as 100 N of axial compressive loading. Finite element simulations determined that pin displacement decreases as the fracture callus stiffens and that pin motion is linearly related to the strain in the callus. These results indicate that an implanted strain sensor is an effective tool to help assess bone healing after internal fixation and could provide an objective clinical measure for return to weight bearing.
Development and Testing of a Sorbent-Based Atmosphere Revitalization System 2010/2011 (2011)

Spacecraft being developed for future exploration missions incorporate Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) that limit weight, power, and volume thus requiring systems with higher levels of efficiency while maintaining high dependability and robustness. For air revitalization, an approach that meets those goals utilizes a regenerative Vacuum-Swing Adsorption (VSA) system that removes 100% of the CO2 from the cabin atmosphere as well as 100% of the water. A Sorbent Based Atmosphere Revitalization (SBAR) system is a VSA system that utilizes standard commercial adsorbents that have been proven effective and safe in spacecraft including Skylab and the International Space Station. The SBAR system is the subject of a development, test, and evaluation program that is being conducted at NASA s Marshall Space Flight Center. While previous testing had validated that the technology is a viable option, potential improvements to system design and operation were identified. Modifications of the full-scale SBAR test articles and adsorption cycles have been implemented and have shown significant performance gains resulting in a decrease in the consumables required for a mission as well as improved mission safety. Previous testing had utilized single bed test articles, during this period the test facility was enhanced to allow testing on the full 2-bed SBAR system. The test facility simulates a spacecraft ECLSS and allows testing of the SBAR system over the full range of operational conditions using mission simulations that assess the real-time performance of the SBAR system during scenarios that include the metabolic transients associated with extravehicular activity. Although future manned missions are currently being redefined, the atmosphere revitalization requirements for the spacecraft are expected to be quite similar to the Orion and the Altair vehicles and the SBAR test program addressed validation to the defined mission requirements as well as operation in other potential vehicle architectures. The development program, including test articles, the test facility, and tests and results through early 2011 is discussed.
A Next-Generation Reservoir Simulator as an Enabling Technology for a Complex Discrete Fracture Modeling Workflow (2009)

Abstract We present an innovative workflow for reservoir characterization, gridding, discretization, and simulation of discrete fractures embedded within a single-porosity continuum. This discrete fracture modeling (DFM) workflow provides the capability to realistically model the impact of fractures on recovery without incurring the simplifying assumptions of traditional dual-porosity models. We represent the matrix of the unstructured DFM using 3D polyhedral cells including tetrahedra, pyramids, and prisms. The fractures are represented as polygonal interfaces between matrix cells. The workflow is enabled by a next-generation reservoir simulator that is designed for robust solution of unstructured grid models. The simulator supports parallel computation on distributed and shared memory machines without manual user intervention. The efficiency of the simulator is due primarily to a parallel linear solver that is designed specifically for unstructured grids. This results in a very efficient and robust reservoir simulator for highly heterogeneous DFMs. We demonstrate the practicality of this technology by performing a design of experiments (DoE) study that involves a suite of sector models representing multiple discrete fracture realizations of an actual carbonate reservoir. We also show the feasibility of a full-field simulation including over ten thousand discrete fractures, more than a hundred wells, and 3.65 million simulation cells. These simulations are challenging due to the high contrast in matrix and fracture properties, multiphase flow, and the inclusion of complex physics (e.g., rapid gravity segregation in fractures, first- and multi-contact miscibility). The successful application of the DFM workflow is largely due to the availability of the next-generation technology for reservoir modeling. We could not perform this work using existing simulation technologies designed for structured grids. Our DFM work facilitated the understanding of recovery mechanisms and contributed to business decisions toward optimal development of the carbonate reservoir.
Four-domain twisted nematic liquid crystal display fabricated by reverse rubbed polyimide process (1996)

In Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 1990 (1995), we proposed a particularly simple four-domain (4-D) twisted nematic(TN) liquid crystal display(LCD) device, which is composed of two left-handed and two right-handed TN subpixels. The two members of each pair of same handedness subpixels are rotated 180° with respect to each other, resulting in four domains that spatially average one another optically to provide a wide angle of viewing with no gray scale inversion. The optical performance of the 4-D TN LCD was confirmed by studies of a test cell fabricated by a two-step SiOx oblique evaporation technique. In this article, we report the realization of our four-domain TN display by a reverse rubbing technique that should be suitable for mass production in the display industry. The optical simulation of our 4-D TN cell was performed and the effect of disclinations at subpixel boundaries on display contrast investigated. A simple model was developed to evaluate the stability of our 4-D structure.
Signaling During Platelet Adhesion and Activation (2010)

Upon vascular injury, platelets are activated by adhesion to adhesive proteins, such as von Willebrand factor and collagen, or by soluble platelet agonists, such as ADP, thrombin, and thromboxane A(2). These adhesive proteins and soluble agonists induce signal transduction via their respective receptors. The various receptor-specific platelet activation signaling pathways converge into common signaling events that stimulate platelet shape change and granule secretion and ultimately induce the "inside-out" signaling process leading to activation of the ligand-binding function of integrin α(IIb)β(3). Ligand binding to integrin α(IIb)β(3) mediates platelet adhesion and aggregation and triggers "outside-in" signaling, resulting in platelet spreading, additional granule secretion, stabilization of platelet adhesion and aggregation, and clot retraction. It has become increasingly evident that agonist-induced platelet activation signals also cross talk with integrin outside-in signals to regulate platelet responses. Platelet activation involves a series of rapid positive feedback loops that greatly amplify initial activation signals and enable robust platelet recruitment and thrombus stabilization. Recent studies have provided novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of these processes.
Design for quality: reconfigurable flat optics based on active metasurfaces (2018)

Abstract Optical metasurfaces, planar subwavelength nanoantenna arrays with the singular ability to sculpt wavefront in almost arbitrary manners, are poised to become a powerful tool enabling compact and high‐performance optics with novel functionalities. A particularly intriguing research direction within this field is active metasurfaces, whose optical response can be dynamically tuned postfabrication, thus allowing a plurality of applications unattainable with traditional bulk optics. Designing reconfigurable optics based on active metasurfaces is, however, presented with a unique challenge, since the optical quality of the devices must be optimized at multiple optical states. In this article, we provide a critical review on the active meta‐optics design principles and algorithms that are applied across structural hierarchies ranging from single meta‐atoms to full meta‐optical devices. The discussed approaches are illustrated by specific examples of reconfigurable metasurfaces based on optical phase‐change materials.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Dry-Milled Corn Germ with Carbon Dioxide (1984)

Dry-milled corn germ was extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) at 5,000-8,000 psi and 50°C. CO2-extracted oil was lower in free fatty acids and refining loss, and was lighter in color when compared with a commercial expeller-milled crude oil. Total unsaponifiable and tocopherol contents were similar for both oil types. The defatted, highly friable flour has a shelf-stable moisture content of 2-3% and good flavor quality. The flour contains 20% protein with good amino acid balance, meeting FAO specifications for food protein supplements. High pressure SC-CO2 extraction also denatures the proteins, including oxidative enzymes. Peroxidase activity is reduced tenfold in SC-CO2-extracted flour when compared with hexane-extracted flours. Storage tests for 5 wk at 38°C and for 2 months at 25°C show that flavor quality of untoasted SC-CO2-defatted germ flour is maintained even under these extreme conditions.
A LIQUID PHOSPHINE OXIDE: SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF PHENOL, ACETIC ACID AND ETHANOL (1988)

ABSTRACT A liquid phosphine oxide has been developed with a phosphoryl concentration of 2.3M, twice the maximum that can be reached in TOPO solvents at 50°C. Distribution coefficients are increased by 2m where m relates to mols phosphoryl in the extracting complex. The value of m is 1.6 for phenol, 1.0 for acetic acid and 0.9 for ethanol. Kinetics are unchanged. Costs of extracting phenol with the new extractant and with isopropyl ether are compared. Extraction coefficient and separation factor for ethanol are compared with other potential extractants.
Optical pattern classifier with Perceptron learning (1990)

An optical realization of a single layer pattern classifier is described in which Perceptron learning is implemented to train the system weights. Novel use of the Stokes's principle of reversability for light is made to realize both additive and subtractive weight modifications necessary for true Perceptron learning. This is achieved by using a double Mach-Zehnder interferometer in conjunction with photorefractive hologram recording. Experimental results are given which show the high quality subtractive changes that can be made.
Spatter reduced high speed welding with disk lasers (2017)

Due to their numerous advantages in system technology, especially fiber optic beam delivery, solid state lasers have become state of the art for welding. Even so the obstacle of the so called “spatter regime” has been waiting for an industrial solution in order to gain high productivity. In general the spatter regime occurs in a distinct welding speed range. With deep penetration welding applications like in power train the spatter regime shows up at welding speeds of 5 to 6 m/min. Beyond 6 m/min the mass loss due to weld spatter reaches a level resulting in undercuts of the weld seam and potentially internal porosity, both of which reduce the mechanical strength properties of the part. Moreover, if spatter particles are present or dislodged when welded parts are being assembled, the gear box itself may incur in service damage. This report presents recent results addressing this problem and demonstrates significantly reduced spatter when welding at high speed, which today has only been achievable with CO2 laser beam welding. This new process approach is based on applying the disk laser with a special new beam forming method. The welding speed can be increased significantly and the energy efficiency of the process can be reduced dramatically.
90nm Toggle MRAM Array with 0.29m 2 Cells (2005)

A 90nm Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (MRAM) based on the toggle switching mode has been successfully demonstrated for the first time in a 90nm CMOS process. The MRAM memory cell is based on a 1-Transistor 1-Magnetic Tunnel Junction (1T1MTJ) with 0.29�m 2 bit cell. The results of the 4k bit array demonstrate scalability of MRAM to 90nm technology.
The Control and Engineering of Intrinsic Point Defects in Silicon Wafers and Crystals (2003)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Control of the Agglomeration of Intrinsic Point Defects during Crystal Growth The Control of Oxygen Precipitation through the Engineering of Vacancy Concentration in Silicon Wafers: Magic Denuded ZONETM Wafers Conclusions Drawn Regarding the Intrinsic Point-defect Parameters Taken from the Combination of Crystal Growth and MDZ Experiments Unified Schematic Pictures of Vacancy Control for Crystal Growth and Wafer Processing Acknowledgments References
A soft-input/soft-output dequantizer for cloud-based mobile networks (2014)

The use of soft information instead of hard bits has been widely adapted in signal processing for digital communication to improve the reliability of data transmission by techniques like turbo equalization, turbo decoding, or LDPC codes. For future mobile networks employing a centralized architecture in which the antenna and the baseband processing are separated by an additional fronthaul channel that forwards digitalized samples, we have identified another process that can be redesigned to embrace the concept of soft information: the dequantizer. A dequantizer transforms a vector of bits into amplitudes representing digitalized samples. However, if the bits were transmitted through a lossy fronthaul channel, the soft information that can be extracted from this channel's detection process is lost in a classical dequantizer. In this work, we propose a soft-input/soft-output dequantizer that passes this information through to the subsequent signal processing steps and can thereby improve the overall reliability of centralized, cloud-based mobile networks.
Antidepressant-like activity and modulation of brain monoaminergic transmission by blockade of anandamide hydrolysis (2005)

Although anecdotal reports suggest that cannabis may be used to alleviate symptoms of depression, the psychotropic effects and abuse liability of this drug prevent its therapeutic application. The active constituent of cannabis, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, acts by binding to brain CB1 cannabinoid receptors, but an alternative approach might be to develop agents that amplify the actions of endogenous cannabinoids by blocking their deactivation. Here, we show that URB597, a selective inhibitor of the enzyme fatty-acid amide hydrolase, which catalyzes the intracellular hydrolysis of the endocannabinoid anandamide, exerts potent antidepressant-like effects in the mouse tail-suspension test and the rat forced-swim test. Moreover, URB597 increases firing activity of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus and noradrenergic neurons in the nucleus locus ceruleus. These actions are prevented by the CB1 antagonist rimonabant, are accompanied by increased brain anandamide levels, and are maintained upon repeated URB597 administration. Unlike direct CB1 agonists, URB597 does not exert rewarding effects in the conditioned place preference test or produce generalization to the discriminative effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats. The findings support a role for anandamide in mood regulation and point to fatty-acid amide hydrolase as a previously uncharacterized target for antidepressant drugs.
A simple process to fabricate self-aligned, high-performance torsional microscanners; demonstrated use in a two-dimensional scanner (2006)

CMOS-compatible process carried out on SOI wafers, we have built high-performance torsional microscanners having vertically offset interdigitated-comb actuators. Our microscanner-fabrication process requires three photolithography masks: two to form the front-side microscanner structures and a third to define the backside openings. Both moving and fixed combs are fabricated in the same device layer (30 mum in thickness), and the offset combs are created by reducing the thickness of the fixed combs, but not that of the moving combs. Our process begins by removing the 1-mum thick thermal oxide selectively to open rectangular windows at locations where the fixed combs are to be defined. In the following step, both fixed- and moving-comb sets are defined simultaneously with a single photolithography mask; this is followed by deep-reactive ion etching (DRIE). We then perform a tuned-etch in the DRIE-etcher to obtain the desired vertical thickness for the fixed combs without affecting the moving combs. The minimum gap between comb fingers can be as small as twice the alignment accuracy of the photolithography process, which is les0.4 mum for state-of-the-art photolithography steppers. We consider these microscanners as especially well adapted for applications to refractive laser surgery of ocular corneas where small spot size and high scan speeds are important assets
Experimental Setup for the Investigation of Superconducting Persistent Current (2015)

We report on a recent experimental setup for the investigation of the relaxation rate of the persistent current in an assembly of closed superconducting loops made out of currently manufactured coated conductors. This report describes how to prepare closed superconducting loops made with commercial coated conductors for the assembly, mount the assembly in a cryostat, and operate the experimental setup for data acquisition. This documentation is intended to support future investigations of coated conductors in either tape or wire form or for bulk superconductors in an appropriate form of closed circuit. One of the advantages of this experimental setup is the ability to study superconducting current characteristics at cryo-temperatures in magnetic field at time scale of seconds to hours.
High density plasma processing of diamond films on titanium: Residual stress and adhesion measurements (1995)

High density plasma processing of diamond films on titanium was carried out by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. The deposited films were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and thin film x-ray diffraction. We measure a residual compressive stress of 3.5±1.0 GPa which is lower than that obtained in previous studies. A measure of the film adherence to the titanium substrates was obtained by examining micro-Raman spectra near Brale C indentations. Using a model for biaxially stressed polycrystalline diamond films, it is determined that as much as 7.8 GPa can be sustained in the film before delamination occurs. Our experimental results are compared to earlier adhesion data of diamond on titanium.
Automatic myocardium segmentation in late-enhancement MRI (2008)

We propose a novel automatic method to segment the myocardium on late-enhancement cardiac MR (LE CMR) images with a multi-step approach. First, in each slice of the LE CMR volume, a geometrical template is deformed so that its borders fit the myocardial contours. The second step consists in introducing a shape prior of the left ventricle. To do so, we use the cine MR sequence that is acquired along with the LE CMR volume. As the myocardial contours can be more easily automatically obtained on this data, they are used to build a 3D mesh representing the left ventricle geometry and the underlying myocardium thickness. This mesh is registered towards the contours obtained with the geometrical template, then locally adjusted to guarantee that scars are included inside the final segmentation. The quantitative evaluation on 27 volumes (272 slices) shows robust and accurate results.