gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ionic Thermoelectric effect in Polyelectrolytes (2015)

The energy consumption in the world is continuously growing and the sources of energy are largely dominated by fossil fuels. However, the resources of oil, gas and coal are diminishing in capacity. Moreover the CO2 emissions arising from their combustion is a great concern because it induces climate changes that threaten our habitat. There is a dire need to look for alternative sources of energies and to minimize losses of energy in our surroundings. Heat engines and turbines typically running with fossil energy have efficiencies of about 35%, i.e. 65% of the energy is lost in the form of heat. Low temperature heat (<200 ᴼC) is almost always wasted in power plants, industries, automobiles and household appliances. This is a huge resource that can be directly converted to electricity through the concept of thermoelectricity. Major challenges for heat to electricity conversion include finding the abundant materials with efficient thermoelectric (TE) conversion that can be mass produced at low cost.This thesis presents an investigation of the TE properties of electronic and ionic conducting polymers, as well as their implementation in thermoelectric devices. This is a journey from thin solid films on a substrate to wet and liquid media and towards bulk structures utilizing the same core concept of thermoelectricity. The TE device concepts introduced here are suitable for various heat sources i.e. continuous, intermittent and instantaneous. The thesis has three major parts as follows:Conducting polymers (CPs) have been studied mainly as thin films. They have been synthesized in different ways and their properties have been compared to propose the most efficient amongst them for thermoelectricity. Simple methods of exposure to certain gases or liquids have been used to tune their TE properties and demonstrated its applications in thermoelectric generator (TEGs).Ionic materials have also been studied as potential candidates for thermoelectricity. Polyelectrolytes constitute a special class of electrolytes with dissimilar sizes of ions; a polymeric ion and a small counter ion. The movement of the small sodium (Na+) cation under heat gradient was explored in wet films and in solution. Because the ions could not cross the electrolyte-electrode junction, we propose the idea of ionic thermoelectric supercapacitor (ITESC), suitable for intermittent heat source.Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) has been used along with conducting polymers to realize the three dimensional conducting bulks as a TEG leg. NFC bulks were coated with conducting polymers as a first approach and later the mixture of (NFC & CP) was freeze-dried. The later approach resulted in mechanically flexible structures that were used as dual sensors for pressure and temperature based on the TE properties of the CP which can be utilized for electronic skin applications.The thesis shows new ways of utilizing waste heat using polymeric materials and points to a sensory application area, broadening the horizons of thermoelectricity.
Scenario-based comparison of source-tracing and dynamic source routing protocols for ad hoc networks (2001)

We present source tracing as a new viable approach to routing in ad hoc networks in which routers communicate the second-to-last hop and distance in preferred paths to destinations. We introduce a table-driven protocol (BEST) in which routers maintain routing information for all destinations, and an on-demand routing protocol (DST) in which routers maintain routing information for only those destinations to whom they need to forward data. Simulation experiments are used to compare these protocols with DSR, which has been shown to incur less control overhead that other on-demand routing protocols. The simulations show that DST requires far less control packets to achieve comparable or better average delays and percentage of packet delivered than DSR, and that BEST achieves comparable results to DSR while maintaining routing information for all destinations.
Novel Ionophore for Aluminum Ion Sensors: Synthesis and Analytical Characterization (2016)

A new and rapid potentiometric method to quantify aluminum ions concentration was developed. The method involves the development of an aluminum ion sensor with a membrane consists of diethyl (2-azobenzoic acid) malonate (DAM) as a novel ionophore in poly (vinyl chloride) matrix membrane plasticized with orthonitrophenyl-octyl ether or dioctylphthalate. The structure of the synthesized ionophore (DAM) was identified using Fourier transform infrared, <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> H Nuclear magnetic resonance, and elemental analysis. The proposed electrode reveals a Nernstian response over Al <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> ion in a concentration range 1 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-7</sup> -1 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> mol L <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> with the cationic slopes of 19.6 ± 0.3 and 19.3 ± 0.2 mV decade <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> , and the limits of detection 5 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-8</sup> and 7 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-8</sup> mol L <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> aluminum(III) for orthonitrophenyl-octyl ether and dioctylphthalate-based membrane sensors, respectively. The electrodes showed good discrimination toward Al <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> ion in the presence of the most common cations. The electrodes show response in a short time (10 s) for the entire concentration range and used for 11 weeks without significant variation in potentials. To evaluate the application of the investigated electrodes was used to determine Al <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> ion at different collected samples from environmental sources. In addition, these sensors have been used as indicator electrodes in the potentiometric titration of Al <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> ion against Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
The Development of a New Compact Electrostatic Coalescer Concept (1998)

Abstract The demand for more cost effective field developments has led to a substantial focus on separation equipment that reduces weight and deck space. Of particular concern are field developments with subsea production templates and multiphase transportation to existing field installations. Additionally, the environmental aspects concerning the use of large amounts of chemical demulsifiers are crucial these days. In this paper we present a new Compact Electrostatic Coalescer (CEC) that has the capability to reduce both weight and size, and to eliminate the use of chemical demulsifiers, in some cases. The basic principle of the CEC is the application of a high-voltage A.C. electric field to an emulsion system flowing under turbulent conditions. The influence of both the electric field and the turbulent mixing are utilized in the breaking of the flowing emulsion. The performance of the laboratory version of the CEC is discussed with respect to emulsion properties, flow rate, applied voltage and residence time in the electric field. Performance is quantified using both a Malvern Particle and Droplet Size Analyzer and a Hamanatsu Image Analysis System. Some results from a prototype test on live crude are also given. P. 111
Factored translation models for enriching spoken language translation with prosody (2008)

Key contextual information such as word prominence, emphasis, and contrast is typically ignored in speech-to-speech (S2S) translation due to the compartmentalized nature of the translation process. Conventional S2S systems rely on extracting prosody dependent cues from hypothesized (possibly erroneous) translation output using only words and syntax. In contrast, we propose the use of factored translation models to integrate the assignment and transfer of pitch accents (tonal prominence) during translation. We report experiments on 2 parallel corpora (Farsi-English and Japanese-English). The proposed factored translation models provide a relative improvement of 8.4% and 16.8% in pitch accent labeling accuracy over the postprocessing approach for the two corpora respectively.
Modulation of the Multidrug-Resistance Phenotype by New Tropane Alkaloid Aromatic Esters from <i>Erythroxylum </i><i>p</i><i>ervillei</i> (2001)

Nine tropane alkaloid aromatic esters (1-9) were isolated from the roots of Erythroxylum pervillei by following their potential to reverse multidrug-resistance with vinblastine-resistant oral epidermoid carcinoma (KB-V1) cells. All isolates, including seven new structures (3-9), were evaluated against a panel of human cancer cell lines, and it was found that alkaloids 3 and 5-9 showed the greatest activity with KB-V1 cells assessed in the presence of vinblastine, suggesting that these new compounds are potent modulators of P-glycoprotein. Confirmatory results were obtained with human ovarian adenocarcinoma (SKVLB) cells evaluated in the presence of adriamycin and synergistic studies performed with several cell lines from the NCI tumor panel. The structures of the new compounds were determined using spectroscopic techniques. Single-crystal X-ray analysis was performed on the monoester, tropane-3 alpha,6 beta,7 beta-triol 3-phenylacetate (1).
Low Temperature Sulfur Deposition for High-Performance Lithium/Sulfur Cells (2018)

Sulfur deposition is an effective method for creating composites of sulfur with various conductive materials. In this study we investigated the details of the deposition process of sulfur onto graphene oxide (GO). It was revealed that just mixing a polysulfide solution and a GO suspension resulted in the deposition of sulfur onto the GO under alkaline conditions. The combination of the alkaline deposition and subsequent acidic deposition at different temperatures yielded materials with various morphologies. The sulfur deposition rate influenced the morphology of the S deposit and the resulting Li/S cell performance. By controlling the process with a moderate time for the alkaline deposition and subsequent acidic deposition at a decreased temperature, a preferred morphology of the sulfur/GO composite with a high sulfur utilization was successfully synthesized. This preferred morphology of SGO provides for a high-performance Li/S cell.
Oligomeric bishydroxybutyl terephthalates from terephthalic acid (1981)

Abstract A process that uses terephthalic acid and excess 1,4‐butanediol for the production of polybutylene terephthalate was investigated and the reaction conditions were maximized for fast reaction and minimal loss of butanediol by dehydration to tetrahydrofuran. For best results a mixed catalyst was selected: butylstannoic acid and titanium tetrabutoxide (0.05 and 0.025 mole %, respectively, versus terephthalic acid) with a starting material ratio of butanediol: terephthalic acid of 1.7 at 210°C. The mixture cleared at 2.5 hr with a loss of 6% of butanediol. HPLC analysis showed that the clearing point corresponds to the disappearance of terephthalic acid and monohydroxybutyl terephthalate from the reaction mixture. Thus the polycondensation conditions can be applied before the clearing point with the result that the reaction is faster and tetrahydrofuran formation is minimized. Tetrahydrofuran is formed from butanediol in the reaction mixture by acid catalysis. Excess butanediol results in the formation of larger amounts. End group cyclization of terephthalate esters accounts for the slow tetrahydrofuran formation in the absence of excess butanediol.
NS1 DNA vaccination protects against Zika infection through T cell–mediated immunity in immunocompetent mice (2019)

The causal association of Zika virus (ZIKV) with microcephaly, congenital malformations in infants, and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults highlights the need for effective vaccines. Thus far, efforts to develop ZIKV vaccines have focused on the viral envelope. ZIKV NS1 as a vaccine immunogen has not been fully explored, although it can circumvent the risk of antibody-dependent enhancement of ZIKV infection, associated with envelope antibodies. Here, we describe a novel DNA vaccine encoding a secreted ZIKV NS1, that confers rapid protection from systemic ZIKV infection in immunocompetent mice. We identify novel NS1 T cell epitopes in vivo and show that functional NS1-specific T cell responses are critical for protection against ZIKV infection. We demonstrate that vaccine-induced anti-NS1 antibodies fail to confer protection in the absence of a functional T cell response. This highlights the importance of using NS1 as a target for T cell-based ZIKV vaccines.
Standard-Compliant Multiple Description Video Coding over Packet Loss Network (2010)

An effective scheme of multiple description video coding is proposed for transmission over packet loss network. Using priority encoding transmission, we attempt to overcome the limitation of specific scalable video codec and apply FEC-based multiple description to a common video coder, such as the standard H.264. Firstly, multiple descriptions can be generated using temporal downsampling and the frame with high motion changing is duplicated in each description. Then according to different motion characteristics between frames, each description can be divided into several messages, so in each message better temporal correlation can be maintained for better estimation when information losses occur. Based on priority encoding transmission, unequal protections are assigned in each message. Furthermore, the priority is designed in view of packet loss rate of channels and the significance of bit streams. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme with better performance than the equal protection scheme and other state-of-the-art methods.
A 4‘-<i>C</i>-Ethynyl-2‘,3‘-Dideoxynucleoside Analogue Highlights the Role of the 3‘-OH in Anti-HIV Active 4‘-<i>C</i>-Ethynyl-2‘-deoxy Nucleosides (2004)

4'-C-ethynyl-2'-deoxynucleosides belong to a novel class of nucleoside analogues endowed with potent activity against a wide spectrum of HIV viruses, including a variety of resistant clones. Although favorable selectivity indices were reported for several of these analogues, some concern still exists regarding the 3'-OH group and its role in cellular toxicity. To address this problem, we removed the 3'-OH group from 4'-C-ethynyl-2'-deoxycytidine (1a). This compound was chosen because of its combined high potency and low selectivity index. The removal of the 3'-OH was not straightforward; it required a different synthetic approach from the one used to synthesize the parent compound. Starting with glycidyl-4-methoxyphenyl ether, the target 4'-C-ethynyl-2',3'-dideoxycytidine analogue (rac-1h) was obtained after 13 steps. In a cellular assay, rac-1h was completely inactive (0.001-10 microM) against HIV(LAI), demonstrating the critical importance of the 3'-OH for antiviral activity. To determine whether the role of the 3'-OH was essential for the phosphorylation of the compound by cellular kinases or for inhibition of DNA polymerization, we synthesized and tested the 5'-triphosphate (rac-1h-TP) for its ability to inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase (RT). rac-1h-TP was slightly more potent than AZT-5'-triphosphate against wild-type HIV RT, suggesting that the role of the 3'-OH is crucial only for the activation of the drug by cellular kinases. The lipase-catalyzed resolution of rac-1h into ent-1h (beta-D-dideoxyribo) and ent-14 (beta-L-dideoxyribo) and the synthesis of the corresponding 5'-triphosphates established the stereochemical assignment based on HIV RT's preference for the beta-D-enantiomer, which was confirmed by assaying against the M184V variant, an RT mutant with a marked preference for incorporating nucleosides in the D-configuration.
Detection of Defects in Welded Structures With Complex Geometry Using Statistical Method Based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (2009)

In this paper, an inspection system and a defect detection method are presented. A welded sample with complex geometry was placed on an inspection system and inspected by generating ultrasound on one side of the weld and receiving on the other with an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) sensor. Ultrasonic signals along the weld were acquired at locations with 1 mm distance between inspections. In order to detect the presence of defects, a statistical method based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is implemented. Energy of each location along the weld is calculated and useful information indicating presence of defects is extracted by DWT using different mother wavelets. By comparing the energy distribution obtained from a particular sample, or a target, with a baseline energy distribution, defect locations are predicted. The baseline energy distribution is obtained by averaging energy distributions calculated for all inspected samples. The difference between a target and the reference is viewed as an indication of presence of defects. The results showed that the method can isolate signal changes that were caused by defects. Comparison to destructive cut-checks shows the accuracy of defect detection is high.
Hybrid Architecture Active Wavefront Sensing and Control (2010)

A method was developed for performing relatively high-speed wavefront sensing and control to overcome thermal instabilities in a segmented primary mirror telescope [e.g., James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) at L2], by using the onboard fine guidance sensor (FGS) to minimize expense and complexity. This FGS performs centroiding on a bright star to feed the information to the pointing and control system. The proposed concept is to beam split the image of the guide star (or use a single defocused guide star image) to perform wavefront sensing using phase retrieval techniques. Using the fine guidance sensor star image for guiding and fine phasing eliminates the need for other, more complex ways of achieving very accurate sensing and control that is needed for UV-optical applications. The phase retrieval occurs nearly constantly, so passive thermal stability over fourteen days is not required. Using the FGS as the sensor, one can feed segment update information to actuators on the primary mirror that can update the primary mirror segment fine phasing with this frequency. Because the thermal time constants of the primary mirror are very slow compared to this duration, the mirror will appear extremely stable during observations (to the level of accuracy of the sensing and control). The sensing can use the same phase retrieval techniques as the JWST by employing an additional beam splitter, and having each channel go through a weak lens (one positive and one negative). The channels can use common or separate detectors. Phase retrieval can be performed onboard. The actuation scheme would include a coarse stage able to achieve initial alignment of several millimeters of range (similar to JWST and can use a JWST heritage sensing approach in the science camera) and a fine stage capable of continual updates.
Electrochemical Performance of Chemically and Solid State-Derived Chevrel Phase Mo<sub>6</sub>T<sub>8</sub> (T = S, Se) Positive Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries (2015)

Chevrel phases, or CPs (Mo6T8; T = S, Se), can accommodate cations (Li+, Mg2+ etc.) within the Mo6T8 open framework at room temperature due to their unusually high electronic conductivity and ionic mobility and are hence proposed as positive electrodes for secondary batteries. However, cation insertion into Mo6T8 generates strong repulsion between the cation–cation or cation–Mo atoms, leading to partial charge trapping within the Mo6T8 structure. The present work examines CPs as positive electrodes for sodium-ion batteries. In this regard, ternary CPs of CuxMo6S8 and CuxMo6Se8 phase were prepared by solution chemistry and high energy mechanical milling (HEMM) routes, respectively, followed by acid leaching of copper. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron micrographs revealed the formation of 1–1.5 μm size cuboidal Cu1.8Mo6S8 particles, whereas, HEMM of CuSe, MoSe2 and Mo powder followed by heating leads to the formation of Cu2Mo6Se8 phase. Results from cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic cycling of Na/Mo6S8 and Na/Mo6Se8 cells within 1.2–2.2 V versus sodium revealed that two-step sodiation/desodiation reaction occurs with a gradual capacity fade due to Na-ion trapping within two terminal compositions, NaxMo6T8 (T = S, Se; x ∼ 1 and 3). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at ∼0.1 V intervals during the sodiation/desodiation process illustrates that partial Na-ion trapping resulted in an increase in charge transfer resistance, Re, due to the formation of stable Na∼1Mo6S8 phase after the first charge cycle. However, charge trapping continues to occur during the first and second cycles in the case of Mo6Se8 phase. Nevertheless, the ease of fabrication, stable capacity, and high Coulombic efficiency render Mo6T8 (T = S, Se) as promising Na-ion positive electrodes for stationary electrical energy storage (EES) applications.
Fusion-Fission Blanket Options for the LIFE Engine (2011)

The Laser Inertial Fusion Energy (LIFE) concept is being developed to operate as either a pure fusion or hybrid fusion-fission system. The hybrid version is designed to generate power and burn both fertile and fissile nuclear fuel. The fuel blanket is composed of TRISO-based fuel cooled by a molten salt. Low-yield (˜25-40 MJ) targets and a repetition rate of ˜10-15 Hz produce a 300-500 MW fusion source. When this fusion power is coupled to a compact (2-4 m diameter) target chamber, a 14 MeV neutron flux of ˜2 × 1014 n/cm2-s drives fissile production and destruction in the fuel blanket providing an additional energy gain of 4-8, depending on the fuel and design objective.We employ a methodology using 6Li as a neutron absorber to generate self-sustaining tritium production for fusion and to maintain constant power over the lifetime of the engine. In a single pass, fertile LIFE blankets achieve uranium and thorium utilization beyond 80% without chemical reprocessing or isotopic enrichment. Fissile blankets destroy more than 90% of the initial load of weapons grade plutonium or highly enriched uranium.
Click‐Crosslinked Injectable Gelatin Hydrogels (2016)

Injectable gelatin hydrogels formed with bioorthogonal click chemistry (ClickGel) are cell-responsive ECM mimics for in vitro and in vivo biomaterials applications. Gelatin polymers with pendant norbornene (GelN) or tetrazine (GelT) groups can quickly and spontaneously crosslink upon mixing, allowing for high viability of encapsulated cells, establishment of 3D elongated cell morphologies, and biodegradation when injected in vivo.
Shadow gestures: 3D hand pose estimation using a single camera (2003)

This paper describes a system that uses a camera and a point light source to track a user's hand in three dimensions. Using depth cues obtained from projections of the hand and its shadow, the system computes the 3D position and orientation of two fingers (thumb and pointing finger). The system recognizes one dynamic and two static gestures. Recognition and pose estimation are user independent and robust. The system operates at the rate of 60 Hz and can be used as an intuitive input interface to applications that require multi-dimensional control. Examples include 3D fly-thru's, object manipulation and computer games.