gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Speed Single-Photon Detection Using 2-GHz Sinusoidally Gated InGaAs/InP Avalanche Photodiode (2012)

We report a telecom-band single-photon detector for high-speed quantum key distribution systems. The single-photon detector is based on a sinusoidally gated InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode. The gate repetition frequency of the single-photon detector reached 2 GHz. A quantum efficiency of 10.5 % at 1550 nm was obtained with a dark count probability per gate of 6.1×10− 7 and an afterpulsing probability of 3.4 %.
Ultrasonic Reflex Transmission Imaging (1985)

Reflex Transmission Imaging (RTI) is a new imaging method by which orthographic transmission images can be made using augmented B-mode equipment. Conventional transmission imaging requires acoustic coupling to large areas on both sides of the body, whereas RTI can be performed from one side with a single, small transducer probe. In this mode, transmission images in a plane normal to the beam are made by integrating the reverberations from beyond the focal zone of the transducer. These reverberations provide, in essence, a source of incoherent insonification from behind the focal plane. Preliminary in-vitro images have been made using a computer-interfaced rectilinear scanner with a 1-inch diameter f/2.8 transducer. The images have good resolution and signal-to-noise ratio, and a short depth-of-field. Backscatterer inhomogeneity is well smoothed. Transmission images provide information that is complementary to B-scans. RTI will allow both to be made with the same instrument and presented on the same display. A time-gated reflection C-scan could be generated simultaneously. Other RTI modes, including an attenuation B-mode, also are discussed.
Even fluorescence excitation by multidirectional selective plane illumination microscopy (mSPIM) (2007)

Multidirectional selective plane illumination microscopy (mSPIM) reduces absorption and scattering artifacts and provides an evenly illuminated focal plane. mSPIM solves two common problems in light-sheet-based imaging techniques: The shadowing in the excitation path due to absorption in the specimen is eliminated by pivoting the light sheet; the spread of the light sheet by scattering in the sample is compensated by illuminating the sample consecutively from opposing directions. The resulting two images are computationally fused yielding a superior image. The effective light sheet is thinner, and the axial resolution is increased by square root 2 over single-directional SPIM. The multidirectional illumination proves essential in biological specimens such as millimeter-sized embryos. The performance of mSPIM is demonstrated by the imaging of live zebrafish embryos.
Rotationally Actuated Prosthetic Hand (1991)

Prosthetic hand attached to end of remaining part of forearm and to upper arm just above elbow. Pincerlike fingers pushed apart to degree depending on rotation of forearm. Simpler in design, simpler to operate, weighs less, and takes up less space.
Strenghtening Classical Symmetric Encryption with Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution (2012)

An improved security fast encryption prototype is implemented over field installed fibers. Continuous variable quantum key distribution produces 600 bit/sec secret keys allowing session keys renewal of classical symmetric algorithms each 10 seconds.
THE USE OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE VACCINES FOR THE ORAL VACCINATION OF FOXES AGAINST RABIES (1972)

Debbie, J. G. (N.Y. State Dept. of Health, Albany, N.Y. 12201), M. K. Abelseth and G. M. Baer. The use of commercially available vaccines for the oral vaccination of foxes against rabies. Am J Epidemiol 96: 231–235, 1972.—Forty of 53 (78%) red foxes (Vulpes fulva) were successfully vaccinated by placing 1 ml of commercial ERA vaccine directly into the mouth. Attempts to vaccinate foxes orally using an inactivated rabies virus and another commercially available modified-live-virus vaccine failed. Immunization with ERA vaccine was successful only when the vaccine titer was ≥ 103.4 MICLD50/0.03 ml.
Single-frequency 3D synthetic aperture imaging with dynamic metasurface antennas (2018)

Through aperture synthesis, an electrically small antenna can be used to form a high-resolution imaging system capable of reconstructing three-dimensional (3D) scenes. However, the large spectral bandwidth typically required in synthetic aperture radar systems to resolve objects in range often requires costly and complex RF components. We present here an alternative approach based on a hybrid imaging system that combines a dynamically reconfigurable aperture with synthetic aperture techniques, demonstrating the capability to resolve objects in three dimensions (3D), with measurements taken at a single frequency. At the core of our imaging system are two metasurface apertures, both of which consist of a linear array of metamaterial irises that couple to a common waveguide feed. Each metamaterial iris has integrated within it a diode that can be biased so as to switch the element on (radiating) or off (non-radiating), such that the metasurface antenna can produce distinct radiation profiles corresponding to different on/off patterns of the metamaterial element array. The electrically large size of the metasurface apertures enables resolution in range and one cross-range dimension, while aperture synthesis provides resolution in the other cross-range dimension. The demonstrated imaging capabilities of this system represent a step forward in the development of low-cost, high-performance 3D microwave imaging systems.
Energetic materials destruction using molten salt (1994)

The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in conjunction with the Energetic Materials Center is developing methods for the safe and environmentally sound destruction of explosives and propellants as a part of the Laboratory`s ancillary demilitarization mission. LLNL has built a small-scale unit to test the destruction of HE using the Molten Salt Destruction (MSD) Process. In addition to the high explosive HMX, destruction has been carried out on RDX, PETN, ammonium picrate, TNT, nitroguanadine, and TATB. Also destroyed was a liquid gun propellant comprising hydroxyammonium nitrate, triethanolammonium nitrate and water. In addition to these pure components, destruction has been carried out on a number of commonly used formulations, such as LX-10, LX-16, LX-17, and PBX-9404.
Preparation of MgF_2-SiO_2 thin films with a low refractive index by a solgel process (2008)

Porous MgF(2)-SiO(2) thin films consisting of MgF(2) particles connected by an amorphous SiO(2) binder are prepared by a solgel process. The films have a low refractive index of 1.26, sufficient strength to withstand wiping by a cloth, and a high environmental resistance. The refractive index of the film can be controlled by changing the processing conditions. Films can be uniformly formed on curved substrates and at relatively low temperatures, such as 100 degrees C. The low refractive index of the film, which cannot be achieved by conventional dry processes, is effective in improving the performance of antireflective coatings.
Experimental Study on Racetrack-Shaped Holes Impingement Cooling With Bump Type Roughening Element (2012)

Cooling effectiveness of an impingement cooling with array of racetrack-shaped impingement holes is investigated. Two types of specimens are investigated. One is a plain target plate and the other is a plate roughened with bump type elements. Sensitivity of relative location of bump to impingement hole on the cooling effectiveness is also investigated. Experiments are conducted under three different mainflow Reynolds numbers ranging from 2.6×105 to 4.7×105, with four different cooling air Reynolds numbers for each main flow condition. The cooling air Reynolds numbers are in the range from 1.2×103 to 1.3×104.
End-to-End Saliency Mapping via Probability Distribution Prediction (2016)

Most saliency estimation methods aim to explicitly model low-level conspicuity cues such as edges or blobs and may additionally incorporate top-down cues using face or text detection. Data-driven methods for training saliency models using eye-fixation data are increasingly popular, particularly with the introduction of large-scale datasets and deep architectures. However, current methods in this latter paradigm use loss functions designed for classification or regression tasks whereas saliency estimation is evaluated on topographical maps. In this work, we introduce a new saliency map model which formulates a map as a generalized Bernoulli distribution. We then train a deep architecture to predict such maps using novel loss functions which pair the softmax activation function with measures designed to compute distances between probability distributions. We show in extensive experiments the effectiveness of such loss functions over standard ones on four public benchmark datasets, and demonstrate improved performance over state-of-the-art saliency methods.
Innovative schemes for Correlation Plenoptic Imaging (2020)

CPI is a novel imaging modality capable of addressing the intrinsic limitations of conventional plenoptic imaging - namely, the resolution loss and the sacrificed change of perspective, - while guaranteeing the typical advantages of plenotpic imaging: 3D imaging, refocusing of acquired pictures, in post-processing, and depth of field extension. In this work, we review a recently developed CPI scheme, named <i>correlation plenoptic imaging between arbitrary planes</i> and derive the algorithm for image refocusing.
Matrix and Bioabsorbable Polymeric Coils Accelerate Healing of Intracranial Aneurysms (2003)

Matrix accelerated aneurysm fibrosis and neointima formation without parent artery stenosis. The Matrix system might prevent aneurysmal recanalization after endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms.
Prohibitin-induced, obesity-associated insulin resistance and accompanying low-grade inflammation causes NASH and HCC (2016)

Obesity increases the risk for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in the disease process remain unclear. Recently, we have developed a transgenic obese mouse model (Mito-Ob) by prohibitin mediated mitochondrial remodeling in adipocytes. The Mito-Ob mice develop obesity in a sex-neutral manner, but obesity-associated adipose inflammation and metabolic dysregulation in a male sex-specific manner. Here we report that with aging, the male Mito-Ob mice spontaneously develop obesity-linked NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In contrast, the female Mito-Ob mice maintained normal glucose and insulin levels and did not develop NASH and HCC. The anti-inflammatory peptide ghrelin was significantly upregulated in the female mice and down regulated in the male mice compared with respective control mice. In addition, a reduction in the markers of mitochondrial content and function was found in the liver of male Mito-Ob mice with NASH/HCC development. We found that ERK1/2 signaling was significantly upregulated whereas STAT3 signaling was significantly down regulated in the tumors from Mito-Ob mice. These data provide a proof-of-concept that the metabolic and inflammatory status of the adipose tissue and their interplay at the systemic and hepatic level play a central role in the pathogenesis of obesity-linked NASH and HCC.
A software-hardware architecture for self-protecting data (2012)

We propose a software-hardware architecture, DataSafe, that realizes the concept of self-protecting data: data that is protected by a given policy whenever it is accessed by any application -- including unvetted third-party applications. Our architecture provides dynamic instantiations of secure data compartments (SDCs), with hardware monitoring of the information flows from the compartment using hardware policy tags associated with the data at runtime. Unbypassable hardware output control prevents confidential information from being leaked out. Unlike previous hardware information flow tracking systems, DataSafe software architecture bridges the semantic gap by supporting flexible, high-level software policies for the data, seamlessly translating these policies to efficient hardware tags at runtime. Applications need not be modified to interface to these software-hardware mechanisms. DataSafe architecture is designed to prevent illegitimate secondary dissemination of protected plaintext data by authorized recipients, to track and protect data derived from sensitive data, and to provide lifetime enforcement of the confidentiality policies associated with the sensitive data.
<i>RPGRIP1L</i> mutations are mainly associated with the cerebello‐renal phenotype of Joubert syndrome‐related disorders (2008)

Joubert syndrome-related disorders (JSRDs) are autosomal recessive pleiotropic conditions sharing a peculiar cerebellar and brainstem malformation known as the 'molar tooth sign' (MTS). Recently, mutations in a novel ciliary gene, RPGRIP1L, have been shown to cause both JSRDs and Meckel-Gruber syndrome. We searched for RPGRIP1L mutations in 120 patients with proven MTS and phenotypes representative of all JSRD clinical subgroups. Two homozygous mutations, the previously reported p.T615P in exon 15 and the novel c.2268_2269delA in exon 16, were detected in 2 of 16 families with cerebello-renal presentation ( approximately 12%). Conversely, no pathogenic changes were found in patients with other JSRD phenotypes, suggesting that RPGRIP1L mutations are largely confined to the cerebello-renal subgroup, while they overall represent a rare cause of JSRD (<2%).
A New Microwave Resonant Applicator (1979)

A closed-groove guide type cavity is described. Its resonance mode is a quasi-unique TE11 mode. A large diameter cylindrical dielectric sample may be introduced into the cavity still conserving a high quality factor which is a necessary condition in order to obtain a large field amplification factor.The field profile along the sample axis is adjustable and may be asymmetric. Coupling devices are discussed and experimental details are given.
Distinct G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation motifs modulate arrestin affinity and activation and global conformation (2019)

Cellular functions of arrestins are determined in part by the pattern of phosphorylation on the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to which arrestins bind. Despite high-resolution structural data of arrestins bound to phosphorylated receptor C-termini, the functional role of each phosphorylation site remains obscure. Here, we employ a library of synthetic phosphopeptide analogues of the GPCR rhodopsin C-terminus and determine the ability of these peptides to bind and activate arrestins using a variety of biochemical and biophysical methods. We further characterize how these peptides modulate the conformation of arrestin-1 by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Our results indicate different functional classes of phosphorylation sites: 'key sites' required for arrestin binding and activation, an 'inhibitory site' that abrogates arrestin binding, and 'modulator sites' that influence the global conformation of arrestin. These functional motifs allow a better understanding of how different GPCR phosphorylation patterns might control how arrestin functions in the cell.
ChemInform Abstract: SILVER‐CATALYZED MANGANESE DIOXIDE AS HYDROGEN ABSORBER (1981)

Abstract MnO, mit Ag als Katalysator ist ein guter H 2 ‐Absorber.
A method to predict electromigration failure of metal lines (1999)

A new calculation method of atomic flux divergence (AFDgen) due to electromigration has recently been proposed by considering all the factors on void formation, and AFDgen has been identified as a parameter governing void formation by observing agreement of the numerical prediction of the void with experiment. In this article, a method to predict the electromigration failure of metal lines was proposed by using AFDgen. Lifetime and failure site in a polycrystalline line were predicted by numerical simulation of the processes of void initiation, its growth to line failure, where the change in distributions of current density and temperature with void growth was taken into account. The usefulness of this prediction method was verified by the experiment where the angled aluminum line was treated. The failure location was determined by the line shape and the operating condition. The present simulation accurately predicted the lifetime as well as the failure location of the metal line.
Generating Accurate Caption Units for Figure Captioning (2021)

Scientific-style figures are commonly used on the web to present numerical information. Captions that tell accurate figure information and sound natural would significantly improve figure accessibility. In this paper, we present promising results on machine figure captioning. A recent corpus analysis of real-world captions reveals that machine figure captioning systems should start by generating accurate caption units. We formulate the caption unit generation problem as a controlled captioning problem. Given a caption unit type as a control signal, a model generates an accurate caption unit of that type. As a proof-of-concept on single bar charts, we propose a model, FigJAM, that achieves this goal through utilizing metadata information and a joint static and dynamic dictionary. Quantitative evaluations with two datasets from the figure question answering task show that our model can generate more accurate caption units than competitive baseline models. A user study with ten human experts confirms the value of machine-generated caption units in their standalone accuracy and naturalness. Finally, a post-editing simulation study demonstrates the potential for models to paraphrase and stitch together single-type caption units into multi-type captions by learning from data.
Assessment of registration accuracy in three-dimensional transrectal ultrasound images of prostates (2010)

In order to obtain a definitive diagnosis of prostate cancer, over one million men undergo prostate biopsies every year. Currently, biopsies are performed under two-dimensional (2D) transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guidance with manual stabilization of a hand-held end- or side-firing transducer probe. With this method, it is challenging to precisely guide a needle to its target due to a potentially unstable ultrasound probe and limited anatomic information, and it is impossible to obtain a 3D record of biopsy locations. We have developed a mechanically-stabilized, 3-dimensional (3D) TRUSguided prostate biopsy system, which provides additional anatomic information and permits a 3D record of biopsies. A critical step in this system's performance is the registration of 3D-TRUS images obtained during the procedure, which compensates for intra-session motion and deformation of the prostate. We evaluated the accuracy and variability of surface-based 3D-TRUS to 3D-TRUS rigid and non-rigid registration by measuring the target registration (TRE) error as the post-registration misalignment of manually marked, corresponding, intrinsic fiducials. We also measured the fiducial localization error (FLE), to measure its contribution to the TRE. Our results yielded mean TRE values of 2.13 mm and 2.09 mm for rigid and non-rigid techniques, respectively. Our FLE of 0.21 mm did not dominate the overall TRE. These results compare favorably with a clinical need for a TRE of less than 2.5 mm.
Processing Analysis of the Ternary LiNH2-MgH2-LiBH4 System for Hydrogen Storage (2009)

The ternary LiNH2-MgH2-LiBH4 hydrogen storage system has been extensively studied by adopting various processing reaction pathways. The stoichiometric ratio of LiNH2:MgH2:LiBH4 is kept constant with a 2:1:1 molar ratio. All samples are prepared using solid-state mechano-chemical synthesis with a constant rotational speed, but with varying milling duration. All samples are intimate mixtures of Li-B-N-H and MgH2, with varying particle sizes. It is found that the samples with MgH2 particle sizes of approximately 10nm exhibit lower initial hydrogen release at a temperature of 150°C. The as-synthesized hydrides exhibit two main hydrogen release temperatures, one around 160°C and the other around 300°C. The main hydrogen release temperature is reduced from 310°C to 270°C, while hydrogen is first reversibly released at temperatures as low as 150°C with a total hydrogen capacity of 6 wt.%.
Vascular endothelial‐cadherin stimulates syndecan‐1‐coupled insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor and cross‐talk between α<scp>V</scp>β3 integrin and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 at the onset of endothelial cell dissemination during angiogenesis (2013)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-stimulated angiogenesis depends on a cross-talk mechanism involving VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin and the αVβ3 integrin. Because we have shown that αVβ3 integrin activation is dependent on its incorporation, along with the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) kinase, into a ternary receptor complex organized by the matrix receptor syndecan-1 (Sdc1), we questioned the role of this core complex in VEGF-stimulated angiogenesis. We find that the Sdc1-coupled ternary receptor complex is required for VEGF signalling and for stimulation of vascular endothelial cell migration by vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) engagement. VE-cadherin binding to Fc/VE-cadherin extracellular domain chimera activates Sdc1-coupled IGF1R and αvβ3 integrin; this depends on VEGFR2 and c-Src activated by the cadherin. Blocking homotypic VE-cadherin engagement disrupts VEGF-stimulated cell migration, which is restored by clustering the cadherin in the absence of cell-cell adhesion. This cadherin-dependent stimulation requires VEGFR2 and IGF1R and is blocked by synstatin (SSTN)(92-119), a peptide that competitively disrupts the Sdc1-coupled ternary complex and prevents the αVβ3 integrin activation required for VEGFR2 activation. VEGFR2-stimulated angiogenesis in the mouse aortic ring explant assay is disrupted by SSTN, although only early in the process, suggesting that IGF1R coupling to Sdc1 and αVβ3 integrin comprises a core activation mechanism activated by VE-cadherin that is necessary for VEGFR2 and integrin activation in the initial stages of endothelial cell dissemination during angiogenesis.
Canavan Disease: Diagnosis and Molecular Analysis (1997)

Canavan disease, spongy degeneration of the brain, is an autosomal recessive disorder with increased prevalence among Ashkenazi Jews. The biochemical marker for this disease is increased levels of N-acetylaspartic acid, due to the defective enzyme, aspartoacylase. This discovery allowed for accurate diagnosis of the disease. The gene for aspartoacylase has been cloned and two mutations have been found to be responsible for Canavan disease among Ashkenazi Jewish patients in 98% of the cases. Molecular analysis of healthy Jewish individuals for these mutations has resulted in an unexpectedly high carrier frequency for Canavan disease among Jews. Therefore, carrier testing of the Jewish population is possible and indicated.