gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of polymeric silica sols in inorganic molecular sieving membranes (1994)

The traditional approach for preparation of supported inorganic membranes is by position of particulate sols. Membranes prepared using this approach have high flux values, but thus far can only achieve Knudsen separation characterized by rather modest separation factors (e.g., {alpha}He/N{sub 2} approximately 2.65). In contrast, the authors have used a polymeric route to prepare silica membranes that combine molecular sieving behavior with high permeabilities. Using the polymeric routes, the resulting pore size and transport behavior are determined by such factors as polymer size and fractal dimension, along with the relative rates of condensation reactions and evaporation that accompany membrane formation.
Detection of respiratory inflammation biomarkers in non-processed exhaled breath condensate samples using reduced graphene oxide (2022)

In this work, we studied several important parameters regarding the standardization of a portable sensor of nitrite, a key biomarker of inflammation in the respiratory tract in untreated EBC samples. The storage of the EBC samples and electrical properties of both EBC samples and the sensor as main standardization parameters were investigated. The sensor performance was performed using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in a standard nitrite solution and untreated EBC samples. The storage effect was monitored by comparing sensor data of fresh and stored samples for one month at -80 °C. Results show, on average, a 20 percent reduction of peak current for stored solutions. The sensor's performance was compared with a previous EBC nitrite sensor and chemiluminescence method. The results demonstrate a good correlation between the present sensor and chemiluminescence for low nitrite concentrations in untreated EBC samples. The electrical behavior of the sensor and electrical variation between EBC samples were characterized using methods such as noise analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrical impedance (EI), and voltage shift. Data show that reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has lower electrical noise and a higher electron transfer rate regarding nitrite detection. Also, a voltage shift can be applied to calibrate the data based on the electrical variation between different EBC samples. This result makes it easy to calibrate the electrical difference between EBC samples and have a more reproducible portable chip design without using bulky EI instruments. This work helps detect nitrite in untreated and pure EBC samples and evaluates critical analytical EBC properties essential for developing portable and on-site point-of-care sensors.
Toxin A of Clostridium difficile is a potent cytotoxin (1990)

Clostridium difficile is the cause of antibiotic-associated colitis in humans. The organism produces toxin A, which is generally known as the enterotoxin, and toxin B, which is known as the cytotoxin. Toxin A has been reported to have slight cytotoxic activity; in this study we show that cell lines (F9, OTF9-63, and P19) which express a carbohydrate to which toxin A binds are more sensitive to the toxin. These cell lines can be used as research tools for determining concentrations of biologically active toxin A and should also prove useful for studies of the mechanism of action of the toxin.
Robust Digital Fingerprinting for Curves (2006)

Hiding data in curves can be achieved by parameterizing a curve using the B-spline model and adding spread spectrum sequences in B-spline control points. In this paper, we propose an iterative alignment-minimization algorithm to perform curve registration and deal with the non-uniqueness of B-spline control points. We demonstrate through experiments the robustness of our method against various attacks such as collusion, geometric transformation, and printing-and-scanning. We also show the feasibility of our method for fingerprinting topographic maps and detecting fingerprints from printed copies.
Three-dimensional digital holographic aperture synthesis for rapid and highly-accurate large-volume metrology (2015)

Currently large volume, high accuracy three-dimensional (3D) metrology is dominated by laser trackers, which typically utilize a laser scanner and cooperative reflector to estimate points on a given surface. The dependency upon the placement of cooperative targets dramatically inhibits the speed at which metrology can be conducted. To increase speed, laser scanners or structured illumination systems can be used directly on the surface of interest. Both approaches are restricted in their axial and lateral resolution at longer stand-off distances due to the diffraction limit of the optics used. Holographic aperture ladar (HAL) and synthetic aperture ladar (SAL) can enhance the lateral resolution of an imaging system by synthesizing much larger apertures by digitally combining measurements from multiple smaller apertures. Both of these approaches only produce two-dimensional imagery and are therefore not suitable for large volume 3D metrology. We combined the SAL and HAL approaches to create a swept frequency digital holographic 3D imaging system that provides rapid measurement speed for surface coverage with unprecedented axial and lateral resolution at longer standoff ranges. The technique yields a “data cube” of Fourier domain data, which can be processed with a 3D Fourier transform to reveal a 3D estimate of the surface. In this paper, we provide the theoretical background for the technique and show experimental results based on an ultra-wideband frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) chirped heterodyne ranging system showing ~100 micron lateral and axial precisions at >2 m standoff distances.
Low-temperature epitaxial growth of CoGe2(001)/GaAs(100) films using the partially ionized beam deposition technique (1996)

The partially ionized beam (PIB) deposition technique was used to deposit CoGe2(001) thin films heteroepitaxially on GaAs(100) substrates. The epitaxial arrangement is CoGe2(001)/GaAs(100). It is found that the best epitaxy was obtained with an ion energy around 1100 eV and with a substrate temperature of 280 °C. The wafers were treated only by immersion in HF:H2O 1:10 immediately prior to deposition. Contacts grown at the optimal epitaxial formation conditions displayed Ohmic behavior, while contacts grown at higher or lower substrate temperatures had rectifying behavior. Epitaxial formation of CoGe2, a high melting point, low resistivity cobalt germanide phase, offers the possibility of forming a stable contact to n-GaAs.
Hexaferrite slant and slot MIMO antenna element for mobile devices (2013)

Abstract A hexaferrite slant and slot multiple‐input multiple‐output antenna with miniature antenna elements was simulated, fabricated, and characterized for antenna performance. Measured return loss and isolation were −33.9/−26.6 dB (for antenna 1/antenna 2) and −18.6 dB at 2.45 GHz, respectively. Measured bandwidth was 454/502 MHz at VSWR < 3. Correlation coefficient between antenna elements calculated from experimental S‐parameters was less than 0.00085 between 2.4 and 2.5 GHz. Radiation efficiency of the antennas was measured to be 82% at 2.45 GHz. The antennas have two lobes, omnidirectional, and flower patterns for potential mobile device applications. Simulated and measured antenna performance was found to be in good agreement with each other. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:551–554, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27370
Compact OPC model optimization using emulated data (2013)

In this work compact optical proximity correction (OPC) model optimization methodology is presented. The methodology requires less measured empirical (wafer) metrology data for model calibration than conventional approaches, but still enables successful compact OPC model building which can be extrapolated to various process conditions within a focus-exposure matrix (FEM). In order to ensure compact modeling success, a rigorous modeling technique is incorporated in the modeling flow for generation of additional emulated data. The emulated data, along with original empirical data, are used in the compact OPC model optimization process. The presented methodology couples rigorous and compact modeling, to reduce both need of large quantities of empirical data collected from test wafers, and metrology noise impact on model calibration processes, and as well as increases accurate and predictable compact models throughput. Initial tests have shown that by using 5x less empirical data, the presented methodology results a compact OPC model which is in excellent agreement with a model that had been calibrated using the full empirical data set.
Human anti–HIV-neutralizing antibodies frequently target a conserved epitope essential for viral fitness (2010)

The identification and characterization of conserved epitopes on the HIV-1 viral spike that are immunogenic in humans and targeted by neutralizing antibodies is an important step in vaccine design. Antibody cloning experiments revealed that 32% of all HIV-neutralizing antibodies expressed by the memory B cells in patients with high titers of broadly neutralizing antibodies recognize one or more "core" epitopes that were not defined. Here, we show that anti-core antibodies recognize a single conserved epitope on the gp120 subunit. Amino acids D474, M475, R476, which are essential for anti-core antibody binding, form an immunodominant triad at the outer domain/inner domain junction of gp120. The mutation of these residues to alanine impairs viral fusion and fitness. Thus, the core epitope, a frequent target of anti-HIV-neutralizing antibodies, including the broadly neutralizing antibody HJ16, is conserved and indispensible for viral infectivity. We conclude that the core epitope should be considered as a target for vaccine design.
Digital otoscopy versus microscopy: How correct and confident are ear experts in their diagnoses? (2017)

Introduction With the growing popularity of telemedicine and tele-diagnostics, clinical validation of new devices is essential. This study sought to investigate whether high-definition digital still images of the eardrum provide sufficient information to make a correct diagnosis, as compared with the gold standard view provided by clinical microscopy. Methods Twelve fellowship-trained ear physicians (neurotologists) reviewed the same set of 210 digital otoscope eardrum images. Participants diagnosed each image as normal or, if abnormal, they selected from seven types of ear pathology. Diagnostic percentage correct for each pathology was compared with a gold standard of diagnosis using clinical microscopy with adjunct audiometry and/or tympanometry. Participants also rated their degree of confidence for each diagnosis. Results Overall correctness of diagnosis for ear pathologies ranged from 48.6-100%, depending on the type of pathology. Neurotologists were 72% correct in identifying eardrums as normal. Reviewers' confidence in diagnosis varied substantially among types of pathology, as well as among participants. Discussion High-definition digital still images of eardrums provided sufficient information for neurotologists to make correct diagnoses for some pathologies. However, some diagnoses, such as middle ear effusion, were more difficult to diagnose when based only on a still image. Levels of confidence of reviewers did not generally correlate with diagnostic ability.
DC Bus Voltage Clamp Method to Prevent Over-Voltage Failures in Adjustable Speed Drives (2011)

The influences of PWM switching and long cable length on motor insulations have been discussed in numerous papers. This paper investigates their effect on the voltage insulation components inside an adjustable speed drive (ASD). This paper shows that high potential voltage insulation issue may exist on various components inside the ASD and cause earlier failures under very long cable or multiple drive conditions. A system model to describe this phenomenon is described in the paper. A dc bus voltage clamp circuit is proposed to reduce these voltage stresses. The effectiveness of this circuit is verified by both simulation and experimental results.
Inactivation of Lipid-Enveloped Viruses in Proteins by Caprylate (1991)

The use of caprylate for the inactivation of lipid-enveloped viruses in biologically active proteins both plasma derived and produced by cell culture was evaluated. Viruses consisted of herpes simplex virus type I, vesicular stomatitis virus, vaccinia virus, and Sindbis virus. Utilizing the dissociation reaction and varying the concentration of the ionized form of caprylate, a specific amount of the nonionized form of caprylate was maintained over a wide pH range. Virus-spiked protein solutions contacted with caprylate provide rapid virus inactivation under a variety of conditions while maintaining the integrity of the respective protein or activity. With the exception of coagulation factor AHF, protein and biological activity yield were essentially quantitative. Caprylate is removed after treatment by size exclusion chromatography or anion/cation exchange adsorption of the protein, followed by buffer wash.
Advances in lenticular lens arrays for visual display (2005)

Lenticular lens arrays are widely used in the printed display industry and in specialized applications of electronic displays. In general, lenticular arrays can create from interlaced printed images such visual effects as 3-D, animation, flips, morph, zoom, or various combinations. The use of these typically cylindrical lens arrays for this purpose began in the late 1920's. The lenses comprise a front surface having a spherical crosssection and a flat rear surface upon where the material to be displayed is proximately located. The principal limitation to the resultant image quality for current technology lenticular lenses is spherical aberration. This limitation causes the lenticular lens arrays to be generally thick (0.5 mm) and not easily wrapped around such items as cans or bottles. The objectives of this research effort were to develop a realistic analytical model, to significantly improve the image quality, to develop the tooling necessary to fabricate lenticular lens array extrusion cylinders, and to develop enhanced fabrication technology for the extrusion cylinder. It was determined that the most viable cross-sectional shape for the lenticular lenses is elliptical. This shape dramatically improves the image quality. The relationship between the lens radius, conic constant, material refractive index, and thickness will be discussed. A significant challenge was to fabricate a diamond-cutting tool having the proper elliptical shape. Both true elliptical and pseudo-elliptical diamond tools were designed and fabricated. The plastic sheets extruded can be quite thin (< 0.25 mm) and, consequently, can be wrapped around cans and the like. Fabrication of the lenticular engraved extrusion cylinder required remarkable development considering the large physical size and weight of the cylinder, and the tight mechanical tolerances associated with the lenticular lens molds cut into the cylinder's surface. The development of the cutting tool and the lenticular engraved extrusion cylinder will be presented in addition to an illustrative comparison of current lenticular technology and the new technology. Three U.S. patents have been issued as a consequence of this research effort.
Effect of Porous Fin in a Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger (1998)

Abstract The present experimental study investigates the impact of porous fin on the pressure drop and heat transfer in a state-of-the-art plate-porous fin heat exchanger. Systematic experiments have been carried out in a simplified model of plate-porous fin heat exchanger at the controlled test environment. The porous fins are made of aluminum-alloy foam materials with several permeabilities and a high porosity. The experimental results show that the porous fins can enhance the performance of plate-fin heat exchangers. The pressure drop and the heat transfer coefficients are significantly affected by the permeability of porous fin. The simple correlations of friction factor and Colburn j-factor are also given for future design purpose.
Studies on new phosphonic acid antibiotics. I. FR-900098, isolation and characterization. (1980)

A strain of Streptomyces, isolated from a soil sample and identified as Streptomyces rubellomurinus sp. nov., has been found to produce FR-900098, an interesting new antibiotic containing phosphorus in its molecule. The antibiotic, obtained as colorless crystals, was shown to inhibit a wide variety of Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas, Proteus, and Escherichia coli. Its antibacterial action involves interference with bacterial cell wall synthesis as evidenced by the fact that it causes spheroplast formation by susceptible cells.
<title>Forensic applications of ion-beam mixing and surface spectroscopy of latent fingerprints</title> (2001)

Ion Beam Enhancement and Detection of Latent Fingerprints Using Auger and SIMS Analysis have potential significant forensic applications. The ion implantation process is used to ion beam mix the materials of the latent fingerprints into a substrate, such that the atoms that form the latent fingerprints become an integrated part of the substrate material. The permanent record of the fingerprint can be imaged optically or with a scanning electron microscope. In addition, surface analysis techniques such as Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) or Auger Spectroscopy (AES) can be used to identify the chemical composition of the fingerprint material. This work involved ion beam mixing fingerprints into selected classes of substrates and used Auger spectrometry and computer aided Auger mapping to image fingerprints with low concentrations of the fingerprint materials. This combination of techniques produced images of fingerprints with heretofore-unapplied surface analysis techniques. The application of these surface analysis techniques was possible by the ion beam mixing process. Future applications are now possible with utilizing techniques more sensitive to lower concentrations of the fingerprint material. Using modern surface spectroscopy methods it can be possible to detect and map fingerprints at concentrations in parts per billion (ppb).
Computational Security of Quantum Encryption (2016)

Quantum-mechanical devices have the potential to transform cryptography. Most research in this area has focused either on the information-theoretic advantages of quantum protocols or on the security of classical cryptographic schemes against quantum attacks. In this work, we initiate the study of another relevant topic: the encryption of quantum data in the computational setting. In this direction, we establish quantum versions of several fundamental classical results. First, we develop natural definitions for private-key and public-key encryption schemes for quantum data. We then define notions of semantic security and indistinguishability, and, in analogy with the classical work of Goldwasser and Micali, show that these notions are equivalent. Finally, we construct secure quantum encryption schemes from basic primitives. In particular, we show that quantum-secure one-way functions imply IND-CCA1-secure symmetric-key quantum encryption, and that quantum-secure trapdoor one-way permutations imply semantically-secure public-key quantum encryption.
Automated Conversion of 2D Triangular Mesh into Quadrilateral Mesh with Directionality Control. (1998)

: This paper proposes an automated quadrilateral meshing technique based on the conversion of triangular meshes. Given a triangular mesh and a vector field representing the desired directionality of quadrilateral elements, our new approach generates a well-shaped and well-aligned quadrilateral mesh. In the approach, the values of three scalar functions are first calculated for each pair of adjacent triangular elements. These functions evaluate the following conditions: (1) directionality control, (2) optimization of the shapes of elements, and (3) reduction of the number of isolated triangular elements. Pairs of triangular elements are then converted into quadrilateral elements in order of the sum of the values of the three functions. Keywords: quadrilateral mesh, square packing, bubble mesh, directionality. 1 Introduction In some types of FEM analysis, such as sheet-metal forming simulation and automobile crash simulation, quadrilateral meshes are preferable to triangular meshes bec...
Analog-to-digital conversion using diffractive optics (2002)

Summary form only given. An analog electric (current or voltage) signal to be converted is fed to a multi-electrode, wavelength tunable diode laser, the output wavelength of which is uniquely determined by the signal. A microscope lens makes the Gaussian laser output beam converge weakly. The laser beam impinges on a blazed grating, the beam diffracted from it falling upon one in an array of diffractive elements. The widths of the array elements are approximately the same as the diameter of the focused beam incident on them. The diffractive array elements are designed to fan out beams into individual spot patterns. The maximum number of spots in a pattern, n, equals the number of bits the analog signal is to be resolved into. All the fanout array elements produce spots at the same fixed locations, where n individual detectors are positioned. Through this arrangement, a particular analog electric signal amplitude is first converted into a unique wavelength, a fact which makes the laser beam strike a particular diffractive element in the array. The array element in turn produces a unique spot pattern (bit-code) on the detectors, which are read out in parallel.
Laser−Micropipet Combination for Single-Cell Analysis (1998)

Due to its potential for exquisite mass detection limits and resolving power, capillary electrophoresis is used for biochemical measurements on single cells; however, accurate measurements of many physiological parameters require sampling strategies that are considerably faster than those presently available. We have developed a laser-based technique to lyse single, adherent, mammalian cells on millisecond time scales. The cellular contents are then introduced into a capillary where electrophoretic separation and detection are performed. Improved temporal resolution of biological measurements results from the extremely rapid lysis made possible by this method. Additionally, the cell is not perturbed by mechanical or electrical stresses prior to sampling. Such disturbances can alter cellular physiology, resulting in inaccurate measurements. The fast cell lysis, the absence of cellular stresses prior to lysis, and the application to adherent mammalian cells are significant refinements to CE-based measurements on single cells. With this laser-micropipet combination, it will be possible to measure the intracellular concentration of molecules that change on subsecond to second time scales, for example, substrates of many cellular enzymes.
Drawing Quality Maps of the Sweet Spot and Its Surroundings in Multichannel Reproduction and Coding (2002)

Correspondence should be addressed to Aki H¨arma (Aki.Harma@hut.fi)ABSTRACTThe sweet spot, or the optimal listening area in a room, is a central concept in multichannel audio reproduction.However, it is a diﬃcult attribute to be characterized in an objective way. In this article we develop ways tomeasure the quality of sound within a wide listening area and draw a map of the sweet spot and its surroundingsin a simulated listening room setup. The proposed technique can be used to evaluate and compare multichannelreproduction systems and audio coding algorithms.