gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving Distributional Similarity with Lessons Learned from Word Embeddings (2015)

Recent trends suggest that neural-network-inspired word embedding models outperform traditional count-based distributional models on word similarity and analogy detection tasks. We reveal that much of the performance gains of word embeddings are due to certain system design choices and hyperparameter optimizations, rather than the embedding algorithms themselves. Furthermore, we show that these modifications can be transferred to traditional distributional models, yielding similar gains. In contrast to prior reports, we observe mostly local or insignificant performance differences between the methods, with no global advantage to any single approach over the others.
Visibility of graphene flakes on a dielectric substrate (2007)

The authors model the optical visibility of monolayer and bilayer graphene deposited on a SiO2∕Si substrate or thermally annealed on the surface of SiC. Visibility is much stonger in reflection than in transmission, reaching the optimum conditions when the bare substrate transmits light resonantly. In the optical range of frequencies a bilayer is approximately twice as visible as a monolayer thereby making the two types of graphene distinguishable from each other.
Smaller Is Not Always Better: Large-Size Hollow Polydopamine Particles Act as an Efficient Sun Protection Factor Booster for Sunscreens (2021)

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is the most harmful factor for human skin, causing sunburn, melasma, freckles, blemishes, and skin cancer. Sunscreens play a key role in blocking UV absorption on the skin. This study focused on the synthesis of hollow polydopamine (h-PDA), whose structure mimics the naturally occurring melanin in humans, for use as an active ingredient in sunscreens by means of a hard-template-based method. The reactions involve a spontaneous polymerization of a dopamine monomer in the presence of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) as a catalyst onto a polystyrene (PS) core template. Different sizes of the PS core (about 280 and 450 nm) and weight ratios of PS/DA were applied to elucidate the effect of the hollow diameter and thickness of the shell on the morphology and absorbance of the synthesized h-PDA. From UV absorption results, it was observed that the synthesized h-PDA particles with a larger core diameter (about 450 nm) and a thin shell thickness (about 57 nm) presented high UV absorption. We found that the structure of the synthesized h-PDA is mainly composed of a mixture of 5,6-dihydroxyindole and indole-5,6-quinone precursors covalently linked together. After blending the h-PDA particles with the base cream, the formulation containing h-PDA with a large void diameter of about 450 nm showed the highest sun protection factor (SPF) of up to 7.43, which is related to % booster of 234.7%. In addition, the h-PDA particles exhibited biocompatibility and cellular uptake in keratinocyte HaCaT cells after 24 h of incubation, indicating the potential to mimic natural melanin in preventing UV-induced DNA damage, which could be safely used as an alternative sunscreen.
Survival of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> in Host Macrophages Involves Resistance to Apoptosis Dependent upon Induction of Antiapoptotic Bcl-2 Family Member Mcl-1 (2003)

Mcl-1 protein expression was found to be up-regulated during infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv. Mcl-1 induction in THP-1 cells was optimal at a multiplicity of infection of 0.8-1.2 bacilli per macrophage and was independent of opsonin coating of the bacteria. Mcl-1 expression was elevated as early as 4 h, peaked at 5.8-fold above control cells at 24 h, and remained elevated at 48 h after infection. In THP-1 cells, mMcl-1 mRNA was induced by infection with live H37Rv but not with attenuated M. tuberculosis strain H37Ra, heat-killed H37Rv, or latex beads. In THP-1 cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), Mcl-1 protein was induced by infection with live H37Rv but not with attenuated M. tuberculosis strain H37Ra, heat-killed H37Rv, or latex beads. Treatment of uninfected, H37Ra-infected, and H37Rv-infected THP-1 cells and MDMs with antisense oligonucleotides to mcl-1 reduced Mcl-1 expression by >84%. This resulted in an increase in apoptosis of both MDMs and THP-1 cells that were infected with H37Rv, but not cells that were uninfected or infected with H37Ra. Increased apoptosis correlated with a decrease in M. tuberculosis CFUs recovered from antisense-treated, H37Rv-infected cells at 4 and 7 days after infection. In contrast, CFU recoveries from sense-treated, H37Rv-infected cells or from antisense- or sense-treated, H37Ra-infected cells were unchanged from controls. Thus, the antiapoptotic effect of the induction of Mcl-1 expression in H37Rv-infected macrophages promotes the survival of virulent M. tuberculosis.
Novel <i>meso</i>-Polyarylamine-BODIPY Hybrids: Synthesis and Study of Their Optical Properties (2009)

A series of 14 meso-polyarylamine-BODIPY (borondipyrromethene) hybrids of the general structure A were synthesized. Two methods were used to prepare them. The first protocol involved a direct Liebeskind-Srogl cross-coupling of thiomethylbodipys 1-2 with arylaminoboronic acids (4 examples, 75-98%). The second method involves a two-step sequence: a Liebeskind-Srogl reaction to prepare 6 meso-bromoarylbodipys (58-83%) followed by a Suzuki coupling of these Br-containing BODIPYs with arylaminoboronic acids (10 examples, 44-84%). Seven of these derivatives displayed emission in the near-infrared region. The optical properties of compound 18 were rationalized in terms of its crystal structure.
Coordination and mobility in CoreLime (2004)

The choice of suitable high-level communication primitives for wide area network programming languages remains an open problem. This paper is driven by the practical consideration of providing an efficient and secure communication infrastructure for mobile agent systems. This has led us to formalise the Lime coordination middleware and propose a simplified model, which we call CoreLime, that addresses some of the main shortcomings of Lime while retaining its distinguishing feature, namely transient sharing of tuple spaces . We further discuss a prototype implementation along with security extensions. Our contribution is thus an exploration of the language design space rather than a theoretical investigation of properties of these models.
Enzymatic heterogeneity of the capillary bed of rat skeletal muscles (1986)

This study of the capillaries in rat skeletal muscle involved the use of a histochemical method that allows one to distinguish between arterial and venous portions of capillaries. Under controlled staining conditions, the arterial portion of the capillary bed reacts positively for alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, and the venous portion is positive for dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) activity. A short transitional capillary segment is positive for the activity of both enzymes. Capillaries of the normal soleus muscle and the red and white portions of the sternomastoid muscle have been quantitatively analyzed. Quantitative data demonstrated differences in capillary dimensions among the muscles studied. Capillaries of the white part of the sternomastoid were the longest, and they had the shortest DPP IV-positive segment (8% of the total capillary length). Capillaries of the soleus muscle were the shortest, and they also had short DPP IV-positive segments (16%). In contrast, the DPP IV-positive segments of the red part of the sternomastoid occupied 60% of the total capillary length. Survey cross sections reveal a mosaic distribution of patches of capillaries stained for AP and DPP IV activity. This study reveals that within given bundles of muscle fibers, the capillaries that run parallel to the muscle fibers are aligned relative to one another in such a manner that their arterial and venous segments are in register.
Differential regulation of mast cell function by IL-10 and stem cell factor (1997)

In the development of rodent mast cells (MC), IL-10 significantly enhances the growth factor activity of stem cell factor (SCF). The differential effects of IL-10 and SCF on function of rat peritoneal MC (PMC) are investigated in this study. IL-10 inhibits both constitutive and Ag-induced nitric oxide production by PMC in a dose-dependent manner, whereas SCF does not affect nitric oxide production by PMC. Short term (20-min) incubation with IL-10 does not affect Ag-induced histamine secretion, whereas long term (24-h) incubation with IL-10 significantly potentiates Ag-induced histamine secretion, an effect similar to those reported for IL-3 and IL-4 in mouse MC. By contrast, SCF significantly potentiates Ag-induced histamine secretion in both short term (20-min) and long term (24-h) experiments. Both constitutive and Ag-induced TNF-alpha production by PMC are dose-dependently inhibited by IL-10, whereas they are not affected by SCF at all doses tested (2-500 ng/ml) and incubation times observed (3-24 h). Interestingly, rat PMC constitutively express IL-10 mRNA and proteins, as tested by reverse transcription-PCR and immunocytochemistry. In addition, it was found by flow cytometry that 23.5% PMC express surface IL-10. Moreover, treatment of PMC with anti-IL-10 Ab for 6 h significantly potentiates constitutive and Ag-induced TNF-alpha production by rat PMC. Thus, IL-10 and SCF exert different regulatory effects on MC secretory function. IL-10 produced by MC has the potential to regulate MC function in an autocrine manner, an effect that may be highly relevant to responses involving MC activation.
Duplicate-Search-Based Image Annotation Using Web-Scale Data (2012)

Easy photo-taking and photo-sharing today make image an increasingly important type of media in people's everyday life, which arouses a growing demand for a practical image understanding technique. Traditional computer vision or machine learning methods which learn models based on a set of training data are still in the stage of tackling hundreds of object categories. Such a scale is far from practical usage. In recent years, the technique of search-based image annotation on a large-scale data set has demonstrated great success. Rather than directly mapping visual features to texts which is inevitably hindered by the semantic gap, it understands the content of an image by propagating labels of its similar images in a large-scale data set. Since similarity search is performed among homogenous data, the difficulty is greatly reduced. This paper summarizes the extensive work on web image annotation using the large-scale metadata and social information available on the Web, and introduces the Arista system, which is a nonparametric image annotation platform built upon two billion web images. We propose a highly efficient and scalable duplicate-search technique so that the Arista system can be deployed on a few servers. A few interesting applications such as building large-scale celebrity face database and text-to-image translation are also presented in this paper.
Hemodynamics in the cephalic arch of a brachiocephalic fistula (2014)

The care and outcome of patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) on chronic hemodialysis is directly dependent on their hemodialysis access. A brachiocephalic fistula (BCF) is commonly placed in the elderly and in patients with a failed lower-arm, or radiocephalic, fistula. However, there are numerous complications such that the BCF has an average patency of only 3.6 years. A leading cause of BCF dysfunction and failure is stenosis in the arch of the cephalic vein near its junction with the axillary vein, which is called cephalic arch stenosis (CAS). Using a combined clinical and computational investigation, we seek to improve our understanding of the cause of CAS, and to develop a means of predicting CAS risk in patients with a planned BCF access. This paper details the methodology used to determine the hemodynamic consequences of the post-fistula environment and illustrates detailed results for a representative sample of patient-specific anatomies, including a single, bifurcated, and trifurcated arch. It is found that the high flows present due to fistula creation lead to secondary flows in the arch owing to its curvature with corresponding low wall shear stresses. The abnormally low wall shear stress locations correlate with the development of stenosis in the singular case that is tracked in time for a period of one year.
Maggot debridement therapy. (2006)

Maggot therapy was more effective and efficient in debriding non-healing leg ulcers than a conservative treatment (Fig. 3, Ref. 6).
Involvement of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in the antitumor activity of spergualin against L1210 cells. (1987)

Spergualin exhibited a strong antitumor effect against L1210(IMC), a tumor cell line which has been maintained in BALB/c X DBA/2 F1 (hereafter called CD2F1) mice in the Institute of Microbial Chemistry. Mice inoculated i.p. with 10(5) cells of L1210(IMC) survived more than 60 days by daily i.p. administration of spergualin for 9 days at 5 mg/kg/day, which was started 1 day after the tumor inoculation. These cured mice rejected a second inoculation of 10(6) cells of L1210(IMC), but they did not reject the inoculation of 10(2) P388 cells. In Winn's tumor neutralization assay and in the 51Cr release assay, the T-cell fraction prepared from the spleens of the cured mice had higher cytotoxic activity against L1210(IMC) than whole spleen cells. The cytotoxic activity of spleen cells was diminished by treatment with anti-Thy-1.2 or anti-Lyt-2.1 antibody and complement. Therefore, the effector cells involved in the immunological rejection should be regarded as cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. The cytotoxic activity of these T-lymphocytes was measured during and after the spergualin administration for 9 days, and high activity was observed from 1 day after the final spergualin administration. The antitumor effect of spergualin against L1210(IMC) was much lower in T-cell-deficient athymic mice. These results suggest that cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are involved in the antitumor action of spergualin against L1210(IMC) in vivo.
Human marrow stromal cells: response to interleukin-6 (IL-6) and control of IL-6 expression (1989)

Production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) by marrow stromal cells from human long-term marrow cultures and from stromal cells transformed with simian virus 40 was examined. As with other cultured mesenchymal cells, unstimulated stromal cells produced undetectable amounts of IL-6 mRNA when assayed by Northern blots. However, within 30 minutes after exposure of transformed marrow stromal cells to the inflammatory mediators, recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) or recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), significant increases in IL-6 expression were observed. The time course of IL-6 mRNA upregulation in transformed marrow stromal cells with IL-1 alpha and TNF alpha differed: The maximal response to TNF alpha was observed at 30 minutes whereas that to IL-1 alpha occurred at 8 hours. Although IL-6 at a concentration of 500 U/mL was inhibitory to adherent transformed marrow stromal cell proliferation, a concentration- dependent stimulation of anchorage-independent colony growth was observed when the cells were plated in semisolid medium with IL-6. The stromal cell colony-stimulating effect of IL-6 was abrogated by a neutralizing antibody to IL-6. Moreover, the heteroserum with anti-IL-6 activity and two anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies partially blocked autonomous and IL-1 alpha-induced colony formation, suggesting that colony formation by transformed marrow stromal cells may require IL-6. Clonal-transformed stromal cell lines were derived from the anchorage- independent stromal cell colonies. Both IL-6 mRNA and protein were constitutively produced at high levels. The addition of IL-6 to either long-term marrow culture adherent cells or transformed marrow stromal cells downregulated the expression of collagen I, a major stromal cell matrix protein. Thus, IL-6 affects proliferation of stromal cells and influences their production of extracellular matrix, suggesting that IL- 6 may have indirect as well as direct influences on hematopoietic cell proliferation.
Refractive lens design for simultaneous SWIR and LWIR imaging (2011)

Infrared detector technology has progressed to include many fused wavebands. This has been driven by the need of military systems to image over diverse spectrums. Imaging systems can now operate in both the short wave infrared (SWIR) as well as the long wave infrared (LWIR). Reflective optics seems like a natural solution to such a large waveband, but they will have more restrictive size and field of view constraints. This paper will demonstrate the steps to achieve a Petzval lens with fast aperture and moderate field that is achromatic in the SWIR and has low axial color in the LWIR. The lens achieves a high resolution solution in terms of modulation transfer function (MTF).
Bacteroid Development in Legume Nodules: Evolution of Mutual Benefit or of Sacrificial Victims? (2011)

Symbiosomes are organelle-like structures in the cytoplasm of legume nodule cells which are composed of the special, nitrogen-fixing forms of rhizobia called bacteroids, the peribacteroid space and the enveloping peribacteroid membrane of plant origin. The formation of these symbiosomes requires a complex and coordinated interaction between the two partners during all stages of nodule development as any failure in the differentiation of either symbiotic partner, the bacterium or the plant cell prevents the subsequent transcriptional and developmental steps resulting in early senescence of the nodules. Certain legume hosts impose irreversible terminal differentiation onto bacteria. In the inverted repeat-lacking clade (IRLC) of legumes, host dominance is achieved by nodule-specific cysteine-rich peptides that resemble defensin-like antimicrobial peptides, the known effector molecules of animal and plant innate immunity. This article provides an overview on the bacteroid and symbiosome development including the terminal differentiation of bacteria in IRLC legumes as well as the bacterial and plant genes and proteins participating in these processes.
Evaluation of the Abbott Cell‐Dyn 4000 hematology analyzer for detection and therapeutic monitoring of <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> in the Republic of Korea (2003)

The Cell-Dyn 4000 automated hematology analyzer (CD4000) has the ability to detect malaria patients, but it remained unclear whether it could detect persistent malaria post-treatment. To investigate this, we used the CD4000 to evaluate 68 Korean patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria, and control groups of 50 patients with fever and 50 asymptomatic patients. The results from the instrument-generated scatter plot (derived by laser light depolarization) were compared with microscopy results. During the initial diagnosis, the sensitivity of the CD4000 in detecting malaria was 91.2%. On day 3 of follow-up, the CD4000 results matched those from microscopy by 96.7%. Malaria was not detected by either method beyond 14 days post-presentation. Interestingly, the atypical depolarizing events, which typify the presence of malaria in the analyzer, were highly correlated with the levels of parasitaemia in serially diluted samples of the leucocyte-depleted blood, and the CD4000 detected parasites down to the level of 288 +/- 17.7/microl. Our findings suggest that the phenomenon of atypical light depolarization could be influenced by parasitaemia levels, and be used as a screening method for P. vivax malaria patients, as well as for the therapeutic monitoring.
Superconducting tunnel junction x-ray detectors with niobium absorbers and aluminum quasiparticle traps. Volume 1743 (1992)

We are developing superconducting tunnel junction devices for use as high-resolution, high-efficiency x-ray spectrometers. We have tested devices with niobium x-ray absorbing layers coupled to aluminum layers which serve as quasiparticle traps. These devices were fabricated photolithographically using a modified niobium/aluminum/niobium trilayer fabrication process. Our first devices have a very thin barrier with specific normal state resistance of 1.5 {times} 10{sup {minus}6} {Omega} cm{sup 2}, and also exhibit very low leakage current of 15nA below 200 mK. The energy resolution at 6 keV is 1990 eV FWHM, and is limited both by electronic noise and by the non-linear response of the detector.
From images to scenes: Compressing an image cluster into a single scene model for place recognition (2011)

The recognition of a place depicted in an image typically adopts methods from image retrieval in large-scale databases. First, a query image is described as a “bag-of-features” and compared to every image in the database. Second, the most similar images are passed to a geometric verification stage. However, this is an inefficient approach when considering that some database images may be almost identical, and many image features may not repeatedly occur. We address this issue by clustering similar database images to represent distinct scenes, and tracking local features that are consistently detected to form a set of real-world landmarks. Query images are then matched to landmarks rather than features, and a probabilistic model of landmark properties is learned from the cluster to appropriately verify or reject putative feature matches. We present novelties in both a bag-of-features retrieval and geometric verification stage based on this concept. Results on a database of 200K images of popular tourist destinations show improvements in both recognition performance and efficiency compared to traditional image retrieval methods.
异国“抗”寒记 (2006)

侯岛迁徙的目的无非是躲避北方一波强过一波的寒流，去追逐南方温暖的冬阳。一旦你有了这种观念，你就会像一只幸福的候鸟一样悠游其中。试想一下，当其他朋友还里三层外三层的把自己包裹的严严实实的时候．而你已经身处异地，每个细胞都被太阳的诱惑盅惑的蠢蠢欲动，可以说，体会从大雷纷飞到炎炎夏日的快乐是种无言的幸福。还等什么，快找一个理由带着自己的身体一起迁徙吧！
The epidermal growth factor receptor ligand amphiregulin participates in the development of mouse liver fibrosis† (2008)

These results indicate that among the different EGFR ligands, AR plays a specific role in liver fibrosis. AR may contribute to the expression of fibrogenic mediators, as well as to the growth and survival of fibrogenic cells. Additionally, our data lend further support to the role of the EGFR system in hepatic fibrogenesis.
TROD: T7 RNAi Oligo Designer (2004)

We have developed T7 RNAi Oligo Designer (TROD), a web application for RNA interference studies. TROD greatly facilitates the design of oligodeoxynucleotide sequences for the in vitro production of siRNA duplexes with T7 RNA polymerase. Given a query cDNA sequence, the program scans for appropriate target sequences based on the constraints of the T7 RNA polymerase method and published criteria for RNA interference with siRNAs. The output is an ordered and prioritized list of ready-to-order DNA oligonucleotide sequences, with links to perform a BLAST search to ascertain target sequence specificity. The TROD web service is available at http://www.cellbio.unige.ch/RNAi.html.
Accessing Higher-level Representations in Sequential Transformers with Feedback Memory. (2020)

Transformers are feedforward networks that can process input tokens in parallel. While this parallelization makes them computationally efficient, it restricts the model from fully exploiting the sequential nature of the input - the representation at a given layer can only access representations from lower layers, rather than the higher level representations already built in previous time steps. In this work, we propose the Feedback Transformer architecture that exposes all previous representations to all future representations, meaning the lowest representation of the current timestep is formed from the highest-level abstract representation of the past. We demonstrate on a variety of benchmarks in language modeling, neural machine translation, summarization, and reinforcement learning that the increased representation capacity can improve over Transformer baselines.