gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrospinning and Electrospun Nanofibers: Methods, Materials, and Applications (2019)

Electrospinning is a versatile and viable technique for generating ultrathin fibers. Remarkable progress has been made with regard to the development of electrospinning methods and engineering of electrospun nanofibers to suit or enable various applications. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of electrospinning, including the principle, methods, materials, and applications. We begin with a brief introduction to the early history of electrospinning, followed by discussion of its principle and typical apparatus. We then discuss its renaissance over the past two decades as a powerful technology for the production of nanofibers with diversified compositions, structures, and properties. Afterward, we discuss the applications of electrospun nanofibers, including their use as "smart" mats, filtration membranes, catalytic supports, energy harvesting/conversion/storage components, and photonic and electronic devices, as well as biomedical scaffolds. We highlight the most relevant and recent advances related to the applications of electrospun nanofibers by focusing on the most representative examples. We also offer perspectives on the challenges, opportunities, and new directions for future development. At the end, we discuss approaches to the scale-up production of electrospun nanofibers and briefly discuss various types of commercial products based on electrospun nanofibers that have found widespread use in our everyday life.
Efficient Enantioselective Synthesis of Condensed and Aromatic‐Ring‐Substituted Tyrosine Derivatives. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Towards translational therapies for multiple system atrophy (2014)

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder of uncertain etiopathogenesis manifesting with autonomic failure, parkinsonism, and ataxia in any combination. The underlying neuropathology affects central autonomic, striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar pathways and it is associated with distinctive glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs, Papp-Lantos bodies) that contain aggregates of α-synuclein. Current treatment options are very limited and mainly focused on symptomatic relief, whereas disease modifying options are lacking. Despite extensive testing, no neuroprotective drug treatment has been identified up to now; however, a neurorestorative approach utilizing autologous mesenchymal stem cells has shown remarkable beneficial effects in the cerebellar variant of MSA. Here, we review the progress made over the last decade in defining pathogenic targets in MSA and summarize insights gained from candidate disease-modifying interventions that have utilized a variety of well-established preclinical MSA models. We also discuss the current limitations that our field faces and suggest solutions for possible approaches in cause-directed therapies of MSA.
Modeling of the distance error for indoor geolocation (2004)

This paper uses the results of a calibrated ray tracing software in a sample office environment to analyze and model the distance error measured from the estimated time of arrival (TOA) of the direct line-of-sight (LOS) path in a typical indoor environment. First, we analyze the effect of bandwidth on the measured distance error using TOA and then, we propose a model for simulation of the distance error in LOS and OLOS indoor areas.
ChemInform Abstract: TRANSITION‐METAL PHOTOCATALYSIS: RHODIUM(I)‐PROMOTED HYDROSILATION REACTIONS (1981)

Abstract Rh(I)‐Komplexe wie RhCl(PPh3)3 oder RhCl[P(O‐Ph)3]4 sind aktive Vorstufen von Photokatalysatoren für die Hydrosilylierungsreaktion.
Finding alternatives to antibiotics (2014)

The spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens requires new treatments. As the rate of development of new antibiotics has severely declined, alternatives to antibiotics must be considered in both animal agriculture and human medicine. Products for disease prevention are different from those for disease treatment, and examples of both are discussed here. For example, modulating the gut microbial community, either through feed additives or fecal transplantation, could be a promising way to prevent certain diseases; for disease treatment, non-antibiotic approaches include phage therapy, phage lysins, bacteriocins, and predatory bacteria. Interestingly, several of these methods augment antibiotic efficacy by improving bacterial killing and decreasing antibiotic resistance selection. Because bacteria can ultimately evolve resistance to almost any therapeutic agent, it is important to continue to use both antibiotics and their alternatives judiciously.
Inhibition of intrahepatic hepatitis B virus replication by antiviral drugs in a novel transgenic mouse model (1992)

Transgenic mice which carry the integrated human hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome and produce HBV particles in the liver were treated with antiviral compounds, and the amount of viral DNA in the liver and serum was monitored by Southern analyses. Mouse alpha interferon (200,000 U per injection, twice daily for 3 days) and a novel nucleoside, oxetanocin G (15 mg/kg of body weight per injection, twice daily for 7 days), inhibited viral DNA synthesis in the liver almost completely. This animal model should prove useful in evaluating anti-HBV agents.
Self-Organization of Sorted Patterned Ground (2003)

Striking circular, labyrinthine, polygonal, and striped patterns of stones and soil self-organize in many polar and high alpine environments. These forms emerge because freeze-thaw cycles drive an interplay between two feedback mechanisms. First, formation of ice lenses in freezing soil sorts stones and soil by displacing soil toward soil-rich domains and stones toward stone-rich domains. Second, stones are transported along the axis of elongate stone domains, which are squeezed and confined as freezing soil domains expand. In a numerical model implementing these feedbacks, circles, labyrinths, and islands form when sorting dominates; polygonal networks form when stone domain squeezing and confinement dominate; and stripes form as hillslope gradient is increased.
CNN-Based Multimodal Human Recognition in Surveillance Environments (2018)

In the current field of human recognition, most of the research being performed currently is focused on re-identification of different body images taken by several cameras in an outdoor environment. On the other hand, there is almost no research being performed on indoor human recognition. Previous research on indoor recognition has mainly focused on face recognition because the camera is usually closer to a person in an indoor environment than an outdoor environment. However, due to the nature of indoor surveillance cameras, which are installed near the ceiling and capture images from above in a downward direction, people do not look directly at the cameras in most cases. Thus, it is often difficult to capture front face images, and when this is the case, facial recognition accuracy is greatly reduced. To overcome this problem, we can consider using the face and body for human recognition. However, when images are captured by indoor cameras rather than outdoor cameras, in many cases only part of the target body is included in the camera viewing angle and only part of the body is captured, which reduces the accuracy of human recognition. To address all of these problems, this paper proposes a multimodal human recognition method that uses both the face and body and is based on a deep convolutional neural network (CNN). Specifically, to solve the problem of not capturing part of the body, the results of recognizing the face and body through separate CNNs of VGG Face-16 and ResNet-50 are combined based on the score-level fusion by Weighted Sum rule to improve recognition performance. The results of experiments conducted using the custom-made Dongguk face and body database (DFB-DB1) and the open ChokePoint database demonstrate that the method proposed in this study achieves high recognition accuracy (the equal error rates of 1.52% and 0.58%, respectively) in comparison to face or body single modality-based recognition and other methods used in previous studies.
Operating System Wide Activity Tracing for Generating and Profiling Software Tutorials (2018)

Programming tutorials often created with the goal of helping people perform complex software-based tasks in domains such as programming, data science, system administration, and computational research. However, it is tedious to create detailed step-by-step tutorials for tasks that span multiple interrelated Graphical User Interface (GUI) and command-line applications. Once these tutorials are created, it is also hard for tutorial creators to get fine-grained feedback about how learners are actually stepping through their tutorials and which parts lead to the most struggle.We address these challenges by creating two prototypes:- Torta: an end-to-end system that automatically generates step-by-step GUI and command-line app tutorials by demonstration, provides an editor to trim, organize, and add validation criteria to these tutorials, and provides a web-based viewer that can validate step-level progress and automatically run certain steps.- Porta: a system that automatically tracks how users navigate through a tutorial webpage and what actions they take on their computer. Porta tracks running shell commands, invoking compilers, and logging into remote servers and surfaces this trace data in the form of profiling visualizations. The visualization augments the tutorial with heatmaps of activity hotspots and markers that expand to show event details, error messages, and embedded screencast videos of user actions.The core technical insight that underpins both these systems is that Operating-system-wide activity tracing makes it possible to easily generate new tutorials and profile existing tutorials.An exploratory study on 10 computer science teaching assistants (TAs) and 6 students found that they all preferred the experience and results of using Torta to record and consume tutorials respectively.A user study of 3 tutorial creators and 12 students who followed their tutorials found that Porta enabled both the tutorial creators and the students to provide more specific, targeted, and actionable feedback about how to improve these tutorials.These systems together open up possibilities of easing the use of creating quality step-by-step tutorials and user testing existing instructional material in a more systemic and scalable manner.
Further Studies on the Radioimmunoassay of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone: Effect of Radioiodination, Antiserum and Unextracted Serum on Levels of Immunoreactivity in Serum<sup>1</sup> (1977)

Studies were undertaken to determine the effect of method of radioiodination, antisera and sera on levels of endogenous gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH)-like activity in serum as quantified by radioimmunoassay. GnRH was radioiodinated by the chloramine T or lactoperoxidase procedure and purified on columns of Sephadex G-25 (0.8 × 20 cm, eluted with 0.0lN acetic acid) or on columns of QAE Sephadex G-25-120, an anion exchange resin (0.6 × 25 cm, eluted with 0.1M borate buffer, pH 9.2, containing 0.1% gelatin). Unlabeled GnRH, monoiodo-GnRH and diiodo-GnRH were separated on the QAE Sephadex columns. Levels of immunoassayable GnRH-like activity in sera of ewes were lower (P < 0.05) when antiserum R-42 (high affinity) was used for quantification than when antiserum R-31 (low affinity) was used. Furthermore, levels of immunoassayable GnRH-like activity in sera were lower when monoiodo-GnRH from the lactoperoxidase radioiodination was used for quantification than when other radioiodinated preparations were used with either the high affinity or low affinity antiserum. Incubations of GnRH with sera and subsequent fractionation on 0.8 × 20 cm columns of Sephadex G-25 indicated that macromolecular components of serum bind radioiodinated GnRH. This was particularly evident after radioiodination of GnRH by the chloramine-T procedure. Binding of [3H]GnRH or unlabeled GnRH to macromolecular components of sera could not be demonstrated. To determine if serum was capable of destroying the immunological activity of GnRH, 1.0 ng unlabeled GnRH was incubated at 0, 22 or 37 C from 0 to 240 min with 1.0 ml aliquots of pools of sera obtained from cattle, dogs, horses, humans, rats and sheep. The disappearance of GnRH was determined by radioimmunoassay. The half-disappearance times for GnRH incubated in sera at 37 C ranged from less than 15 min in sera from horses to approximately 240 min in sera from humans and sheep. Intermediate half-disappearance times were noted for GnRH in sera of cattle, dogs and rats. The half-disappearance time of GnRH in serum from all species increased dramatically at lower temperatures. Unless procedures to eliminate binding of radioiodinated GnRH to macromolecular components of serum and to eliminate destruction of immunological activity of GnRH are used, actual levels of GnRH in the unknown will be overestimated.
Emulsion PCR Significantly Improves Nonequilibrium Capillary Electrophoresis of Equilibrium Mixtures-Based Aptamer Selection: Allowing for Efficient and Rapid Selection of Aptamer to Unmodified ABH2 Protein (2014)

Nonequilibrium capillary electrophoresis of equilibrium mixtures (NECEEM), a homogeneous approach to select DNA aptamers, is among the most efficient partitioning techniques. In contrast with surface-based systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) approaches, the ability of NECEEM to select aptamers to unmodified proteins in solution is preferable for identifying aptamers for eventual in vivo use. The high stringency and low sample volumes of NECEEM, although generally beneficial, can result in binding of very few aptamers, requiring highly efficient amplification to propagate them. When amplified with standard PCR, detectable library enrichment can fail due to the fast conversion of the aptamers into byproducts and preferential amplification of nonbinders. As an alternative, we proposed the use of emulsion PCR (ePCR), which is known to reduce byproduct formation, as a PCR mode for coupling with NECEEM partitioning. For the first time, we tested the advantages of ePCR in NECEEM-based aptamer selection to a medically relevant DNA repair enzyme, ABH2. We report that the combination of ePCR with NECEEM allowed for the selection of aptamers in the first three rounds of SELEX, while SELEX with conventional PCR failed in a number of attempts. Selected aptamers to an unmodified ABH2 protein have potential use in diagnostics and as leads for anticancer cotherapies, used as enhancements of alkylating agents in chemotherapy.
Cybersecurity in an Era with Quantum Computers: Will We Be Ready? (2018)

Organizations must understand their specific risks and plan for their systems to be resilient to quantum attacks. Assessment is based on three quantities: the security shelf life of the information assets, the migration time to systems designed to resist quantum attacks, and the time remaining before quantum computers break the security.
A Surface Potential-Based Compact Model of n-MOSFET Gate-Tunneling Current (2004)

Aggressive scaling of the gate-oxide thickness has made gate-tunneling current an essential aspect of MOSFET modeling. This work presents a novel physics-based compact model of gate current in the n-MOSFET. A simplified version of the Esaki-Tsu formula is developed to calculate the tunneling current density, in which the original integral is approximated to retain the essential physics without sacrificing computational efficiency required in a compact model. The proposed model is surface potential-based in both the channel and source/drain overlap regions. The channel component of the gate current is physically partitioned into the source and drain parts using a symmetrically linearized version of the charge-sheet model. The partition is implemented in analytical form and accounts for the drain bias dependence of the channel component. A small number of adjustable parameters is sufficient to reproduce the experimentally observed bias and geometry dependence of the gate current for several advanced processes.
Efficient Nonlinear Transforms for Lossy Image Compression (2018)

We assess the performance of two techniques in the context of nonlinear transform coding with artificial neural networks, Sadam and GDN. Both techniques have been success- fully used in state-of-the-art image compression methods, but their performance has not been individually assessed to this point. Together, the techniques stabilize the training procedure of nonlinear image transforms and increase their capacity to approximate the (unknown) rate-distortion optimal transform functions. Besides comparing their performance to established alternatives, we detail the implementation of both methods and provide open-source code along with the paper.
Metal organic frameworks for biomass conversion (2020)

Biomass is increasingly used as a source of fuels and chemicals as a renewable alternative to fossil feedstocks. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin are converted into platform chemicals from which a large range of compounds are derived with different structures. These biomass transformation processes require the use of efficient and durable catalysts that should drive the selectivity of the process. This review focuses on the use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and derivatives as catalysts for biomass conversion. After an introduction setting up the importance of the field and the MOF features that justify their prevalence as heterogeneous catalysts for liquid phase reactions, the two main parts of the review are the description of MOF synthesis and adaptation and coverage of the catalytic reactions involving biomass substrates organized according to the type of MOF. The last section summarizes the current state of the art and our outlook for the future development of the field.
Effects of fibril orientations on light scattering in the cornea (1986)

It is generally assumed that the collagen fibrils in the stroma are the primary scatters of light in the nearly transparent cornea of the eye. We derive a scaling relationship between scattering angle and light wavelength that should hold if this hypothesis is valid. The derivation accounts for the cornea's layered nature and the azimuthal orientations of the fibrils in the different layers. The fibrils are treated as finite-length cylinders, and the scaling relation is obtained in both the far- and the intermediate-field zones. The predicted relationship is verified experimentally for normal-thickness rabbit corneas.
Source-dependent channel coding of CELP speech over land mobile radio channels (2002)

We consider the problem of reliably transmitting CELP-encoded speech over a land mobile radio channel. We first quantify the "residual redundancy" inherent in the line spectral parameters (LSPs) of Federal Standard 1016 CELP. This is done by modeling the quantized LSPs as first- and second-order Markov chains; these models indicate that as many as one-third of the LSP bits are redundant. We then consider methods by which that residual redundancy can be exploited by an appropriately designed channel decoder. Before transmission, the LSPs are encoded with a forward error control (FEC) code; we consider both Reed-Solomon codes and convolutional codes. Soft-decision decoders that exploit the residual correlation in the LSPs are implemented assuming a Rayleigh fading environment. Simulation results using BPSK and DQPSK modulation indicate coding gains of 2 to 5 dB over soft-decision decoders that do not exploit the residual correlation.
Effect of Gallium Substitution on Lithium-Ion Conductivity and Phase Evolution in Sputtered Li<sub>7–3<i>x</i></sub>Ga<i><sub>x</sub></i>La<sub>3</sub>Zr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>12</sub> Thin Films (2018)

Replacing the liquid electrolyte in conventional lithium-ion batteries with thin-film solid-state lithium-ion conductors is a promising approach for increasing energy density, lifetime, and safety. In particular, Li<sub>7</sub>La<sub>3</sub>Zr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>12</sub> is appealing due to its high lithium-ion conductivity and wide electrochemical stability window. Further insights into thin-film processing of this material are required for its successful integration into solid-state batteries. In this work, we investigate the phase evolution of Li<sub>7-3 x</sub>Ga <sub>x</sub>La<sub>3</sub>Zr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>12</sub> in thin films with various amounts of Li and Ga for stabilizing the cubic phase. Through this work, we gain valuable insights into the crystallization processes unique to thin films and are able to form dense Li<sub>7-3 x</sub>Ga <sub>x</sub>La<sub>3</sub>Zr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>12</sub> layers stabilized in the cubic phase with high in-plane lithium-ion conductivities of up to 1.6 × 10<sup>-5</sup> S cm<sup>-1</sup> at 30 °C. We also note the formation of cubic Li<sub>7</sub>La<sub>3</sub>Zr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>12</sub> at the relatively low temperature of 500 °C.
Macrocyclic dioxopentaamines: novel ligands for 1:1 nickel(II)-oxygen (Ni(II)-O2) adduct formation (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMacrocyclic dioxopentaamines: novel ligands for 1:1 nickel(II)-oxygen (Ni(II)-O2) adduct formationEiichi Kimura, Ryosuke Machida, and Mutsuo KodamaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 19, 5497–5505Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00331a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00331a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views471Altmetric-Citations64LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Supporting high level programming with high performance: the Illinois Concert system (2002)

Programmers of concurrent applications are faced with a complex performance space in which data distribution and concurrency management exacerbate the difficulty of building large, complex applications. To address these challenges, the Illinois Concert system provides a global names-pace, implicit concurrency control and granularity management, implicit storage management, and object oriented programming features. These features are embodied in a language ICC++ (derived from C++) which has been used to build a number of kernels and applications. As high level features can potentially incur overhead, the Concert system employs a range of compiler and runtime optimization techniques to efficiently support the high level programming model. The compiler techniques include type inference, inlining and specialization; and the runtime techniques include caching, prefetching and hybrid stack/heap multithreading. The effectiveness of these techniques permits the construction of complex parallel applications that are flexible, enabling convenient application modification or tuning. We present performance results for a number of application programs which attain good speedups and absolute performance.