gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical Absorption Spectra of Nanocrystal Gold Molecules (1997)

The optical absorption spectra of a series of nanocrystal gold moleculeslarger, crystalline Au clusters that are passivated by a compact monolayer of n-alkylthiol(ate)shave been measured across the electronic range (1.1−4.0 eV) in dilute solution at ordinary temperature. Each of the ∼20 samples, ranging in effective core diameter from 1.4 to 3.2 nm (∼70 to ∼800 Au atoms), has been purified by fractional crystallization and has undergone a separate compositional and structural characterization by mass spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. With decreasing core mass (crystallite size) the spectra uniformly show a systematic evolution, specifically (i) a broadening of the so-called surface-plasmon band until it is essentially unidentifiable for crystallites of less than 2.0 nm effective diameter, (ii) the emergence of a distinct onset for strong absorption near the energy (∼1.7 eV) of the interbandgap (5d → 6sp), and (iii) the appearance in the smallest crystallites of a weak steplike structure above this onset, which is interpreted as arising from a series of transitions from the continuum d-band to the discrete level structure of the conduction band just above the Fermi level. The classical electrodynamic (Mie) theory, based on bulk optical properties, can reproduce this spectral evolutionand thereby yield a consistent core-sizingonly by making a strong assumption about the surface chemical interaction. Quantitative agreement with the spectral line shape requires a size-dependent offset of the frequency-dependent dielectric function, which may be explained by a transition in electronic structure just below 2.0 nm (∼200 atoms), as proposed earlier.
Classical and quantum transport in focused-ion-beam-deposited Pt nanointerconnects (2003)

We study the electrical properties of Pt nanointerconnects, formed on SiO2 substrates by focused-ion-beam deposition. Studies of their temperature-dependent resistivity reveal a small residual-resistivity ratio, and a Debye temperature that differs significantly from that of pure Pt, indicative of the disordered nature of the nanowires. Their magnetoresistance shows evidence for weak antilocalization at temperatures below 10 K, with a phase-breaking length of ∼100 nm, and a temperature dependence suggestive of quasi-one-dimensional interference.
A quality measure for compressed image sequences based on an eye-movement compensated spatio-temporal model (2002)

We propose a vision model for predicting the perceptibility of coding errors in digital image sequences. Eye movements have a significant effect on distortion visibility, and hence they form an important part of the model. A modified motion estimator is used to predict the eye movements of a viewer when watching an image sequence. The spatio-temporal frequency sensitivity and masking effects are included in the model. The model is based on a decomposition of the signal into frequency and orientation bands to allow accurate modeling of spatial masking by a contrast transducer. We describe how the proposed quality measure can be used to compress image sequences using a constrained MPEG-2 encoder.
Evaluation of 3,3′,4′-Trihydroxyflavone and 3,6,4′-Trihydroxyflavone (4′-<i>O</i>-Glucuronidation) as the in Vitro Functional Markers for Hepatic UGT1A1 (2011)

Identifying uridine 5'-diphospho-(UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)-selective probes (substrates that are primarily glucuronidated by a single isoform) is complicated by the enzymes' large overlapping substrate specificity. Here, regioselective glucuronidation of two flavonoids, 3,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone (3,3',4'-THF) and 3,6,4'-trihydroxyflavone (3,6,4'-THF), is used to probe the activity of hepatic UGT1A1. The glucuronidation kinetics of 3,3',4'-THF and 3,6,4'-THF was determined using 12 recombinant human UGT isoforms and pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM). The individual contribution of main UGT isoforms to the metabolism of the two flavonoids in pHLM was estimated using the relative activity factor approach. UGT1A1 activity correlation analyses using flavonoids-4'-O-glucuronidation vs β-estradiol-3-glucuronidation (a well-recognized marker for UGT1A1) or vs SN-38 glucuronidation were performed using a bank of HLMs (n = 12) including three UGT1A1-genotyped HLMs (i.e., UGT1A1*1*1, UGT1A1*1*28, and UGT1A1*28*28). The results showed that UGT1A1 and 1A9, followed by 1A7, were the main isoforms for glucuronidating the two flavonoids, where UGT1A1 accounted for 92 ± 7% and 91 ± 10% of 4'-O-glucuronidation of 3,3',4'-THF and 3,6,4'-THF, respectively, and UGT1A9 accounted for most of the 3-O-glucuronidation. Highly significant correlations (R(2) > 0.944, p < 0.0001) between the rates of flavonoids 4'-O-glucuronidation and that of estradiol-3-glucuronidation or SN-38 glucuronidation were observed across 12 HLMs. In conclusion, UGT1A1-mediated 4'-O-glucuronidation of 3,3',4'-THF and 3,6,4'-THF was highly correlated with the glucuronidation of estradiol (3-OH) and SN-38. This study demonstrated for the first time that regioselective glucuronidation of flavonoids can be applied to probe hepatic UGT1A1 activity in vitro.
Relations as semantic constructs in an object-oriented language (1987)

The relation as a semantic construct in an object-oriented language clearly expresses associations and constraints among objects which would otherwise be buried in implementation code. The externalization of references between objects permits a symmetric, non-redundant conceptual model which merits its own special notation and predefined operations. The object-relation model, which combines the object-oriented model with the entity-relationship model from data base theory, is particularly useful for designing and partitioning systems of interrelated objects. Relations can be implemented efficiently using hash tables. The model proposed here has been fully implemented in an object-oriented language written by the author which has been used to implement several production applications.
Photonic downconversion and linearization of an X-band fiber optic link using optical I/Q demodulation (2007)

We experimentally demonstrate downconversion and simultaneous linearization of microwave frequency signals using photonic in-phase and quadrature detection with digital demodulation. Suppression of third-order intermodulation products by 20 dB is obtained.
Direct-Write Fabrication of 4D Active Shape-Changing Structures Based on a Shape Memory Polymer and Its Nanocomposite (2016)

Four-dimensional (4D) active shape-changing structures based on shape memory polymers (SMPs) and shape memory nanocomposites (SMNCs) are able to be controlled in both space and time and have attracted increasing attention worldwide. However, conventional processing approaches have restricted the design space of such smart structures. Herein, 4D active shape-changing architectures in custom-defined geometries exhibiting thermally and remotely actuated behaviors are achieved by direct-write printing of ultraviolet (UV) cross-linking poly(lactic acid)-based inks. The results reveal that, by the introduction of a UV cross-linking agent, the printed objects present excellent shape memory behavior, which enables three-dimensional (3D)-one-dimensional (1D)-3D, 3D-two-dimensional (2D)-3D, and 3D-3D-3D configuration transformations. More importantly, the addition of iron oxide successfully integrates 4D shape-changing objects with fast remotely actuated and magnetically guidable properties. This research realizes the printing of both SMPs and SMNCs, which present an effective strategy to design 4D active shape-changing architectures with multifunctional properties. This paves the way for the further development of 4D printing, soft robotics, flexible electronics, minimally invasive medicine, etc.
PSK and DPSK trellis codes for fast fading, shadowed mobile satellite communication channels (1988)

The performance of 8-PSK and 8-DPSK trellis codes is presented for a class of fast fading, land mobile satellite communication channels. The fading model is Rician but, in addition, the line-of-sight path is subjected to a fast lognormal attenuation that represents tree shadowing. The fading parameters used in this study represent the degree of shadowing and are based on measured data. The primary application considered is for digital speech transmission and thus, bit error probabilities in the order of 10/sup -3/ are emphasized. Sensitivity of the bit error probability to amplitude fading, amplitude and phase fading, and decoding delay is presented. Performance is determined via digital computer simulation. Optimal four- and eight-state codes are determined and optimality is found to be dependent on the presence of lognormal shadowing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Transbilayer phosphatidylcholine distributions in small unilamellar sphingomyelin-phosphatidylcholine vesicles: effect of altered polar head group (1985)

The effect of the altered polar head group of phosphatidylcholine (PC) on its transbilayer distributions in small unilamellar vesicles containing sphingomyelin (SM) was ascertained with phospholipase A2 as the external membrane probe. These vesicles were formed by sonication and fractionated by centrifugation. The vesicle size was determined by gel-permeation chromatography and solute entrapment. Experiments were done to confirm that phospholipase A2 treatments did not induce fusion, lyse the vesicles, or cause PC to migrate across the vesicle bilayer. The complete degradation of external PC in intact vesicles was assured by carrying out the enzyme reactions in the absence as well as in the presence of 9.2 X 10(-5) M bovine serum albumin. In small vesicles comprised of SM and 30 mol % 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), DPPC preferentially distributed in the inner monolayer. This preference of DPPC in these vesicles disappeared upon introducing one C2H5 group at the carbon atom adjacent to the quaternary ammonium residue in its polar head group and was reversed when the C2H5 group was replaced by C6H5 and C6H5CH2 substituents or when the P-N distance was increased. These results indicate that the effective polar head-group volume is an important factor in determining the phospholipid distributions across the small vesicle bilayer.
Biofilm-associated bacterial amyloids dampen inflammation in the gut: oral treatment with curli fibres reduces the severity of hapten-induced colitis in mice (2015)

These results suggest that the bacterial amyloids had a role in helping to maintain immune homeostasis in the intestinal mucosa via the TLR2/IL-10 axis. Furthermore, bacterial amyloids may be a potential candidate therapeutic to treat intestinal inflammatory disorders owing to their remarkable immunomodulatory activity.
Electrorheological fluid-actuated flexible platform (2006)

The design, fabrication, and performance of an electrorheological (ER) fluid-actuated flexible platform integrated on a microfluidic chip are reported in this letter. The digitally regulated ER microvalves control the four diaphragms on which a platform is sustained. With electrical input signals, the platform can perform vibrations at tunable frequencies as well as generate complex leveling modes. The flexible platform can potentially act as a microdamper when its inputs are generated from a sensor, in combination with a feedback control system.
Gene expression in human cumulus cells: one approach to oocyte competence (2007)

Further developmental potential from embryo to blastocyst stage was associated with lower expression in a narrow range for these genes.
Large Screen Color Crt Projection System With Digital Correction (1987)

The grouping of red, green and blue cathode ray tubes optically and electronically converged and projected upon a common screen surface has found wide usage for large screen projection of color video images. The majority of such projectors need only have sufficient convergence and geometry correction capability to "look good" with relatively low resolution broadcast and personal computer graphics video. These projectors typically use analog waveform correction techniques derived from standard broadcast technology which has evolved over many years. Colorimetry only needs to be good enough to give "good skin tones". There is another class of large screen color projectors which is gaining increased attention. These projectors are used with high resolution computer image generators in such demanding applications as flight simulators, image interpretation and military command and control systems. Often the images from multiple projectors are mosaicked to create a single very wide field of view-image. In these applications attention must be given to edge matching and blending between adjacent channels and matching the colorimetry of the multiple channels. Misconvergence and other errors between the three colors must be essentially zero. Until now the electrical waveforms used for convergence, blending, colorimetry and geometrical correction have been based on the use of second and third order power series and their cross products. The coefficients of the waveforms have been either adjusted by analog or digital techniques but the main waveform has had to be analog since subpixel correction as required when using fully digital techniques has been impractical from a size, cost and difficulty of calibration standpoint. This paper describes in detail the requirements for the various corrections mentioned above for single and multiple channel high resolution projectors and introduces a new and novel patent pending three dimensional digital waveform generation technique with two dimensional smoothing that functionally has subpixel bit mapping correction capability, yet is small in size, economical to construct and, best of all, easy to calibrate.
Cognitive Impairment Predicts The Occurrence Of Hepatic Encephalopathy After Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (2016)

Psychometric evaluation before TIPS is able to identify most of the patients who will develop HE after a TIPS and can be used to select patients in order to have the lowest incidence of this important complication.
The spatial bi-directional reflectance distribution function (2002)

Combining texture mapping with bi-directional reflectance distribution functions (BRDFs) yields a representation of surface appearance with both spatial and angular detail. We call a texture map with a unique BRDF at each pixel a spatial bi-directional reflectance distribution function, or SBRDF. The SBRDF is a six-dimensional function representing the reflectance from each incident direction to each exitant direction at each surface point. Because of the high dimensionality of the SBRDF, previous appearance capture and representation work has focused on either spatial or angular detail, has relied on a small set of basis BRDFs, or has only treated spatial detail statistically [Dana 1999; Lensch 2001].
REGULATION OF PHOSPHORUS HOMEOSTASIS BY THE TYPE IIA NA/PHOSPHATE COTRANSPORTER (2005)

The type IIa Na/phosphate (Pi) cotransporter (Npt2a) is expressed in the brush border membrane (BBM) of renal proximal tubular cells where the bulk of filtered Pi is reabsorbed. Disruption of the Npt2a gene in mice elicits hypophosphatemia, renal Pi wasting, and an 80% decrease in renal BBM Na/Pi cotransport, and led to the demonstration that Npt2a is the target for hormonal and dietary regulation of renal Pi reabsorption. Regulation is achieved by changes in BBM abundance of Npt2a protein and requires the interaction of Npt2a with various scaffolding and regulatory proteins. Molecular studies in patients with renal Pi wasting resulted in the identification of novel regulators of Pi homeostasis: fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) and a phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome (PHEX). In mouse models, increased FGF-23 production or loss of Phex function causes hypophosphatemia and decreased renal Pi reabsorption, secondary to decreased BBM Npt2a protein abundance. Thus, Npt2a plays a major role in the maintenance of Pi homeostasis in both health and disease.
Realistic Topology Modeling for the Internet BGP Infrastructure (2008)

The complexity and dynamics of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), the only inter-domain routing protocol available for the Internet, is driving the need for efficient, scalable, realistic and meaningful network simulations. To properly simulate the behavior of BGP as currently deployed, one requires both a realistic topology and a realistic model of BGP. Although a large number of topology generators are available, they have limitations in either their scalability or in the ability to model AS relationships. In this work, we describe the methodology employed to efficiently construct meaningful large scale simulations of the order of a several thousand autonomous systems using parallel and distributed simulations thereby leveraging the power of multiprocessors and clusters of workstations. Using the Georgia Tech Network Simulator (GTNetS) as the framework, we simulate a realistic topology constructed from the BGP routing table updates collected by RouteViews and further incorporate the policy constraints based on the autonomous systems relationships inferred by the Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA). Our BGP model (called BGP++) found in GTNetS is built from the open source Zebra BGP implementation, which is deployed in a number of existing Internet Autonomous Systems. Using BGP++ and our topology generation methods, we show how the simulations can be used to study the effect of using BGP anycasting at DNS root servers on the several BGP metrics, including convergence time and churn.
Gamma Visual Stimulation Induces a Neuroimmune Signaling Profile Distinct from Acute Neuroinflammation (2019)

Many neurodegenerative and neurological diseases are rooted in dysfunction of the neuroimmune system; therefore, manipulating this system has strong therapeutic potential. Prior work has shown that exposing mice to flickering lights at 40 Hz drives gamma frequency (∼40 Hz) neural activity and recruits microglia, the primary immune cells of the brain, revealing a novel method to manipulate the neuroimmune system. However, the biochemical signaling mechanisms between 40 Hz neural activity and immune recruitment remain unknown. Here, we exposed wild-type male mice to 5-60 min of 40 Hz or control flicker and assessed cytokine and phosphoprotein networks known to play a role in immune function. We found that 40 Hz flicker leads to increases in the expression of cytokines which promote microglial phagocytic states, such as IL-6 and IL-4, and increased expression of microglial chemokines, such as macrophage-colony-stimulating factor and monokine induced by interferon-γ. Interestingly, cytokine effects differed as a function of stimulation frequency, revealing a range of neuroimmune effects of stimulation. To identify possible mechanisms underlying cytokine expression, we quantified the effect of the flicker on intracellular signaling pathways known to regulate cytokine levels. We found that a 40 Hz flicker upregulates phospho-signaling within the nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. While cytokine expression increased after 1 h of 40 Hz flicker stimulation, protein phosphorylation in the NF-κB pathway was upregulated within minutes. Importantly, the cytokine expression profile induced by 40 Hz flicker was different from cytokine changes in response to acute neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharides. These results are the first, to our knowledge, to show how visual stimulation rapidly induces critical neuroimmune signaling in healthy animals.<b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> Prior work has shown that exposing mice to lights flickering at 40 Hz induces neural spiking activity at 40 Hz (within the gamma frequency) and recruits microglia, the primary immune cells of the brain. However, the immediate effect of 40 Hz flicker on neuroimmune biochemical signaling was unknown. We found that 40 Hz flicker leads to significant increases in the expression of cytokines, key immune signals known to recruit microglia. Furthermore, we found that 40 Hz flicker rapidly changes the phosphorylation of proteins in the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, both known to regulate cytokine expression. Our findings are the first to delineate a specific rapid immune signaling response following 40 Hz visual stimulation, highlighting both the unique nature and therapeutic potential of this treatment.
Liposome Adhesion on Mica Surface Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy (1999)

The dynamic topography change of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) liposomes from a vesicle form to a flat bilayer through their direct adhesion on a mica surface has been recorded by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in situ. Controlled experiments demonstrated that immediately the liposome adhered on the mica surface and the spherical shape of the vesicle ruptured spontaneously and deformed to a flat supported bilayer on the mica. In the PC liposome, however, the second bilayer was hardly formed and only a saturated first bilayer was extended over all the mica surface. The formation rate of the PC bilayer depended on the salt and vesicle concentrations in the medium and increased with increasing content of these materials. On the other hand, in the PE liposome system, a vertical growth of lipid molecules was recognized and a clear difference between PC and PE systems has been found. This different behavior has been interpreted by the existence of a hydration layer around the PC surface.
Fusion of fuzzy heuristic and particle swarm optimization as an edge detector (2010)

The purpose of this paper is to study the effectiveness of a fusion of fuzzy heuristic edge detection technique into particle swarm optimization. In this paper we experiment on various fuzzy membership threshold values to understand the impact of these threshold on the final optimized edge detected. The testing data used are hand radiograph images. The main aim of the experiment is to detect the left and right outer cortical (OC) and the left and right inner cortical (IC). The success of the edge detection method is determined using a line scan across the longitudinal of the metacarpal. It is consider successful when all four compete edges are detected. Eighty line scan are taken from each metacarpal images. The evaluation of the complete line scan demonstrates a high success rate in detecting the bone edges.
Glypican 3-Targeted Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2019)

Glypican-3 (GPC3) is an oncofetal glycoprotein attached to the cell membrane by a glycophosphatidylinositol anchor. GPC3 is overexpressed in some kinds of tumors, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The prognostic significance of serum GPC3 levels and GPC3 immunoreactivity in tumor cells has been defined in patients with HCC. In addition to its usefulness as a biomarker, GPC3 has attracted attention as a novel therapeutic target molecule, and clinical trials targeting GPC3 are in progress. The major mechanism of anti-GPC3 antibody (GPC3Ab) against cancer cells is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and/or complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Since GPC3Ab is associated with immune responses, a combination of protocols with immune checkpoint inhibitors has also been investigated. Moreover, some innovative approaches for GPC3-targeting therapy have emerged in recent years. This review introduces the results of recent clinical trials targeting GPC3 in HCC and summarizes the latest knowledge regarding the role of GPC3 in HCC progression and clinical application targeting GPC3.