gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical coherent receivers for 2.5 and 10Gb/s (2006)

We present coherent optical detection of 2.5 Gb/s and 10 Gb/s with high sensitivity for fiber-optic and free-space applications. The system can operate at 840 nm, 1064 nm, 1310 nm, and in the S, L and C bands. We show the detection of conventional on/off keying (OOK) as well as differential phase-shift keying (DPSK).
Distinct Electronic Structure of the Electrolyte Gate-Induced Conducting Phase in Vanadium Dioxide Revealed by High-Energy Photoelectron Spectroscopy (2014)

The development of new phases of matter at oxide interfaces and surfaces by extrinsic electric fields is of considerable significance both scientifically and technologically. Vanadium dioxide (VO2), a strongly correlated material, exhibits a temperature-driven metal-to-insulator transition, which is accompanied by a structural transformation from rutile (high-temperature metallic phase) to monoclinic (low-temperature insulator phase). Recently, it was discovered that a low-temperature conducting state emerges in VO2 thin films upon gating with a liquid electrolyte. Using photoemission spectroscopy measurements of the core and valence band states of electrolyte-gated VO2 thin films, we show that electronic features in the gate-induced conducting phase are distinct from those of the temperature-induced rutile metallic phase. Moreover, polarization-dependent measurements reveal that the V 3d orbital ordering, which is characteristic of the monoclinic insulating phase, is partially preserved in the gate-induced metallic phase, whereas the thermally induced metallic phase displays no such orbital ordering. Angle-dependent measurements show that the electronic structure of the gate-induced metallic phase persists to a depth of at least ∼40 Å, the escape depth of the high-energy photoexcited electrons used here. The distinct electronic structures of the gate-induced and thermally induced metallic phases in VO2 thin films reflect the distinct mechanisms by which these states originate. The electronic characteristics of the gate-induced metallic state are consistent with the formation of oxygen vacancies from electrolyte gating.
Analysis of Characteristics of Series Type Pulse Tube Refrigerator (2000)

Over the past several years, much interest has been devoted to the development of pulse tube refrigerators. But, the applicability of pulse tube refrigerators for the high cooling temperature region has not been studied until now, because basically the expansion work of pulse tube refrigerators can not be recovered. In this paper, we suggest the new type of the pulse tube refrigerator. It is the series type pulse tube refrigerator that has some pulse tubes to be connected in series. We attempt to make clear the characteristics of the series type refrigerator by employing the numerical cycle simulation based on a nodal analysis. The results prove that the series type pulse tube refrigerator has a high potential for the high cooling temperature use of the refrigerators.
Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell-Derived Exosomes for Immunomodulatory Therapeutics and Skin Regeneration (2020)

Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that serve as mediators for cell-to-cell communication. With their unique nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids cargo compositions that reflect the characteristics of producer cells, exosomes can be utilized as cell-free therapeutics. Among exosomes derived from various cellular origins, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exosomes) have gained great attention due to their immunomodulatory and regenerative functions. Indeed, many studies have shown anti-inflammatory, anti-aging and wound healing effects of MSC-exosomes in various in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, recent advances in the field of exosome biology have enabled development of specific guidelines and quality control methods, which will ultimately lead to clinical application of exosomes. This review highlights recent studies that investigate therapeutic potential of MSC-exosomes and relevant mode of actions for skin diseases, as well as quality control measures required for development of exosome-derived therapeutics.
Towards a practical Johnson noise thermometer for long-term measurements in harsh environments (2015)

The impact of mechanical and chemical changes in conventional sensors such as thermocouples and resistance thermometers can be avoided by instead using temperature sensors based on fundamental thermometry. A prime example of this is Johnson noise thermometry, which is based on measurement of the fluctuations in the voltage of a resistor arising from thermal motion of charge carriers - i.e. the `Johnson noise'. A Johnson noise thermometer never needs calibration and is insensitive to the condition of the sensor material. It is therefore ideally suited to long-term temperature measurements in harsh environments, such as nuclear reactor coolant circuits, in-pile measurements, nuclear waste management and storage, and severe accident monitoring. There have been a number of previous attempts to develop a Johnson noise thermometer for the nuclear industry, but none have reached commercial exploitation because of technical problems in practical implementation. The main challenge is to extract the tiny Johnson noise signal from ambient electrical noise influences, both from the internal amplification electronics, and from external electrical noise sources. Recent advances in electronics technology and digital signal processing techniques have opened up new possibilities for developing a viable, practical Johnson noise thermometer. We describe a project funded by the UK Technology Strategy Board (now Innovate UK) "Developing the nuclear supply chain" call, currently underway, to develop a practical Johnson noise thermometer that makes use of innovative electronics for ultra-low noise amplification and signal processing. The new electronics technology has the potential to help overcome the problems encountered with previous attempts at constructing a practical Johnson noise thermometer. An outline of the new developments is presented, together with an overview of the current status of the project.
Stationary Camera Aims And Zooms Electronically (1994)

Microprocessors select, correct, and orient portions of hemispherical field of view. Video camera pans, tilts, zooms, and provides rotations of images of objects of field of view, all without moving parts. Used for surveillance in areas where movement of camera conspicuous or constrained by obstructions. Also used for closeup tracking of multiple objects in field of view or to break image into sectors for simultaneous viewing, thereby replacing several cameras.
Polysaccharides and virulence of Burkholderia pseudomallei (2007)

Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an infectious disease of humans and animals. Gene clusters which encode capsular polysaccharide (type I O-PS) and LPS (type II O-PS), both of which play roles in virulence, have previously been identified. Here, the identification of two further putative clusters, type III O-PS and type IV O-PS, is reported. Mice challenged with type III O-PS or type IV O-PS mutants showed increased mean times to death (7.8 and 11.6 days) compared to those challenged with wild-type B. pseudomallei (3 days). To investigate the possible roles of polysaccharides in protection, mice were immunized with killed cells of wild-type B. pseudomallei or killed cells of B. pseudomallei with mutations in the O antigen, capsular polysaccharide, type III O-PS or type IV O-PS gene clusters. Immunization with all polysaccharide mutant strains resulted in delayed time to death compared to the naïve controls, following challenge with wild-type B. pseudomallei strain K96243. However, immunization with killed polysaccharide mutant strains conferred different degrees of protection, demonstrating the immunological importance of the polysaccharide clusters on the surface of B. pseudomallei.
Imitation Learning from Visual Data with Multiple Intentions (2018)

Recent advances in learning from demonstrations (LfD) with deep neural networks have enabled learning complex robot skills that involve high dimensional perception such as raw image inputs. LfD algorithms generally assume learning from single task demonstrations. In practice, however, it is more efficient for a teacher to demonstrate a multitude of tasks without careful task set up, labeling, and engineering. Unfortunately in such cases, traditional imitation learning techniques fail to represent the multi-modal nature of the data, and often result in sub-optimal behavior. In this paper we present an LfD approach for learning multiple modes of behavior from visual data. Our approach is based on a stochastic deep neural network (SNN), which represents the underlying intention in the demonstration as a stochastic activation in the network. We present an efficient algorithm for training SNNs, and for learning with vision inputs, we also propose an architecture that associates the intention with a stochastic attention module. We demonstrate our method on real robot visual object reaching tasks, and show that it can reliably learn the multiple behavior modes in the demonstration data. Video results are available at https://vimeo.com/240212286/fd401241b9.
Stem Cells in Human Endometrium and Endometrial Carcinoma (2011)

This study reviews the current knowledge about endometrial somatic stem cells and endometrial cancer stem cells. It describes the main features of somatic stem cells, such as high proliferative potential, self renewal, differentiation into 1 or more lineages, retention of a DNA synthesis label (BrdU), and some methods to identify them (Hoechst dye exclusion test, immunophenotyping). The most likely markers for endometrial somatic stem cells (Oct-4, Musashi-1, CD31, CD34, and CD144) are also mentioned. The study also reviews the literature regarding endometrial cancer stem cells. Results obtained by evaluations of the side population in endometrial cancer cell lines and studies on putative cancer stem cell markers are also discussed. The possible roles of endometrial cancer stem cells in metastasis and resistance to anticancer treatment are also mentioned.
Focused Community Discovery (2006)

We present a new approach to community discovery. Community discovery usually partitions the graph into communities or clusters. Focused community discovery allows the searcher to specify start points of interest, and find the community of those points. Focused search allows for a much more scalable algorithm in which the time depends only on the size of the community, and not on the number of nodes in the graph, and so is scalable to arbitrarily large graphs. Furthermore, our algorithm is robust to imperfect data, such as extra or missing edges in the graph. We show the effectiveness of our algorithm using both synthetic graphs and on the real-life Livejournal friends graph, a publicly-available social network consisting of over two million users and 13 million edges.
Plastic distributed feedback laser biosensor (2008)

A replica-molded plastic-based vertically emitting distributed feedback (DFB) laser has been demonstrated for label-free chemical and biomolecular detection in which the emission wavelength is modulated by changes in bulk and surface-adsorbed material permittivity. A one-dimensional surface grating formed in UV-curable polymer on a flexible plastic substrate is coated with a thin polymer film incorporating organic laser dye. When optically pumped with a ∼10 ns pulse at λ=532 nm, the DFB laser exhibits stimulated emission in the λ=585–620 nm wavelength range with a linewidth as narrow as δλ=0.09 nm. While exposed to chemical solutions with different refractive indices and adsorbed charged polymer monolayers, the laser sensor demonstrates single mode emission over a tuning range of ∼14 nm and the ability to perform kinetic monitoring of surface-adsorbed mass. A protein-protein interaction experiment is used to demonstrate the capability to characterize antibody-antigen affinity binding constants.
Different patterns of serum chromogranin A in patients with prostate cancer with and without undergoing hormonal therapy (1999)

Elevated serum chromogranin A (CgA) levels have been detected in patients with prostate cancer who have developed resistance to hormonal therapy. We would like to reexamine these cases by using serial specimens to determine whether such elevated levels are also detectable in prostate cancer patients not undergoing hormonal therapy. Serum CgA was measured in both random and serial specimens from prostate cancer patients with and without undergoing hormonal therapy. We found that serum CgA levels became elevated much earlier than did the levels of serum PSA in approximately one-third of prostate cancer patients developing resistance to hormonal therapy. On the other hand, serum CgA levels became elevated at later, more advanced stages of the disease in patients not undergoing hormonal therapy. Elevated serum CgA levels were usually detected in specimens containing highly elevated PSA. The early rise of serum CgA levels provides an early signal allowing a change of therapy to be made before the disease progresses to a fatal stage. Drugs targeting neuroendocrine cells should be considered for prostate cancer patients with elevated serum CgA levels.
Methodology in studying improvement of polyacrylates biodegradability (1999)

Abstract The biodegradability of polyacrylic acid derivatives may be improved through introduction of some fragility points within the main carbon chains. These weakness points can be either hydrolizable bonds or oxidizable sites. Enzymatic hydrolysis and oxydative biomimetic degradation tests have been set up in order to quickly evaluate new polymeric structures, before their possible evaluation through microbial degradation by Candida tropicalis .
Dipole induced transparency in cavity-waveguide drop-filter systems (2006)

We show that a waveguide which is opaque due to interaction with a drop-filter cavity can be made transparent when the cavity is also coupled to a dipole. A transparency condition is derived.
Microwave High Dielectric Constant Materials. (1970)

Additional microwave dielectric property measurements are reported for more than fifty samples of microwave high-dielectric-constant materials. Some measurements had previously been reported for these materials; the additional measurements were made to obtain better values for the properties of a given material, to corroborate earlier data, or to ascertain batch-to-batch reproducibility. The physical properties of BaTi4O9 and Li2O times 1.5 TiO2 compositions have been determined. The properties of the BaTi4O9 material easily satisfy the contract guidelines, while the properties of Li2O times 1.5 TiO2 do not. The main deficiency of the Li2O times 1.5 TiO2 material is its extremely high thermal expansion coefficient, which no doubt also contributes to the poor fracture strength of the material. (Author)
<title>4 x 2.5 Gb/s WDM-TDM laser source based on mode-locked semiconductor lasers</title> (1997)

Multiwavelength high speed optical signal sources will play an important role in novel wavelength-division-multiplexed and time-division-multiplexed (WDM-TDM) optical networks. These lasers will serve as sources of ultrashort optical pulses, with low absolute timing jitter and high correlated jitter between each wavelength channel. In this paper, a single- stripe GaAs/AlGaAs semiconductor traveling wave amplifier has been used to generate four modelocked WDM channels simultaneously, each transmitting 18 ps pulses at 2.5 GHz for an aggregate data transmission rate of 10 Gbit/s. The spectral separation of four wavelengths can be continuously tuned from 0.8 nm to 2.1 nm. Also, the four wavelengths can be varied over 18 nm while keeping the wavelength separation constant. We observed that by actively modelocking the laser diode, we can take advantage of the transient unsaturated gain to achieve stable multiwavelength lasing, in contrast to gain competition in cw lasers, which tends to prevent simultaneous laser operation at multiple wavelengths. In addition, enhanced phase correlation between pulse trains at each wavelength is observed owing to the use of single-stripe devices. This technology is critical in novel photonic networks utilizing combined WDM-TDM data formats.
The Relaxin Peptide Family – Structure, Function and Clinical Applications (2011)

The relaxin peptide family in humans consists of seven members, relaxin-1, -2 and -3 and insulin-like (INSL) peptides 3, 4, 5 and 6. It is an offshoot of the large insulin superfamily. Each member consists of two chains, commonly referred to as A and B, which are held together by two inter-chain disulfide bonds and another intra-chain disulfide bond present within the A chain. The cysteine residues present in each chain, together with the distinctive disulfide bonding pattern, are conserved across all members of the superfamily. The chemical synthesis of these complex peptides poses a significant challenge. In the past, random combination of the two synthetic S-reduced chains under oxidizing conditions was utilized to form the three disulfide bonds. Nowadays, with the aid of highly efficient solid phase peptide synthesis methodologies, in conjunction with selective S-thiol-protecting groups, combination of individual A- and B- chains by sequential chemical formation of each of the three disulfide bonds is now possible resulting in good yields of these peptides. The relaxin peptide family members bind to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) which have been classified as relaxin family peptide (RXFP) receptors. The various unique receptor-ligand interactions are outlined in this review, together with the physiological roles of the relaxin peptide family members and lastly their past and present clinical applications.
Capturing nanoscopic length scales and structures by polymerization in microemulsions (2005)

The use of microemulsions as templates for the preparation of materials including polymer latexes, nanostructured polymers and inorganic-organic nanocomposites by microemulsion polymerizations is reviewed. Recent developments using polymerizable and polymeric surfactants in microemulsion formulation and polymerization are also represented with examples. These studies suggest several empirical principles favoring the capturing of nanoscopic length scale during microemulsion polymerizations. These principles include using polymerizable surfactants and cosurfactants, and promoting polymerization rates over interdroplet monomer exchange rates.
Evaluation of the Specificity and Sensitivity of Two Commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits, the Serum Plate Agglutination Test, and the Hemagglutination-Inhibition Test for Antibodies Formed in Response to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (1988)

Two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, seven serum plate agglutination (SPA) antigens, and the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test for antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) were compared for sensitivity and specificity using known MG-positive and MG-negative sera from leghorn chickens. All SPA antigens proved to be highly sensitive when testing MG-positive sera. Laboratory-prepared SPA antigens yielded fewer positive reactions when testing MG-negative sera than commercial SPA antigens. Both MG ELISA kits showed high rates of positive reactions when testing sera from birds given commercial M. synoviae bacterin, fowl coryza (Haemophilus paragallinarum) bacterin, inactivated infectious bursal disease virus vaccine, and to a lesser extent fowl cholera (Pasteurella multocida) bacterin. Immunization with Frey's medium with 12% swine serum-in-oil or Staphylococcus aureus-in-oil resulted in sera which yielded numerous positive ELISA reactions. During the first 1 to 3 weeks, antibodies induced by experimental infection with MG were better detected by the SPA test than by the ELISAs and the HI test, thus confirming the SPA test's importance in Mycoplasma diagnostic serology. The HI test can serve to confirm positive SPA results.
Distribution of membrane cofactor protein of complement on human peripheral blood cells. An altered form is found on granulocytes (1988)

Membrane cofactor protein (MCP) of human complement is an iC3/C3b-binding glycoprotein with a characteristic two-band (63 kDa and 55 kDa) pattern on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Using affinity chromatography, it has been found on human mononuclear cells and platelets. MCP has been purified and shown to be a cofactor for the I-mediated cleavage of C3b. A rabbit polyclonal antibody was produced to the purified protein and this reagent employed to analyze the distribution of MCP on human peripheral blood cells. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that MCP is unimodally present on all platelets, granulocytes, T helper lymphocytes, T suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells and monocytes but not erythrocytes. The presence of MCP on granulocytes was unexpected. To evaluate this, MCP was isolated by immunoprecipitation and analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by autoradiography. The Mr of granulocyte MCP was that of a single broad band in which the typical two-band pattern could not be distinguished. Alterations in the conditions of the affinity column procedure increased the efficiency of the isolation of monocyte MCP and led to the reproducible isolation of granulocyte MCP. These results indicate that MCP of granulocytes has both structural and functional differences compared to MCP of plateletes and mononuclear cells. The wide distribution of MCP among peripheral blood cells supports the concept that MCP is important in the protection of host cells from complement-mediated damage.
Motion-compensated noise estimation for effective video processing (2007)

For effective noise removal prior to video processing, noise power or noise variance of an input video sequence needs to be found exactly, but it is actually a very difficult process. This paper presents an accurate noise variance estimation algorithm based on motion compensation between two adjacent noisy pictures. Firstly, motion estimation is performed for each block in a picture, and the residue variance of the best motion-compensated block is calculated. Then, a noise variance estimate of the picture is obtained by adaptively averaging and properly scaling the variances close to the best variance. The simulation results show that the proposed noise estimation algorithm is very accurate and stable irrespective of noise level.
Molybdenum Carbide as Alternative Catalysts to Precious Metals for Highly Selective Reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to CO (2014)

Rising atmospheric CO2 is expected to have negative effects on the global environment from its role in climate change and ocean acidification. Utilizing CO2 as a feedstock to make valuable chemicals is potentially more desirable than sequestration. A substantial reduction of CO2 levels requires a large-scale CO2 catalytic conversion process, which in turn requires the discovery of low-cost catalysts. Results from the current study demonstrate the feasibility of using the non-precious metal material molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) as an active and selective catalyst for CO2 conversion by H2.