gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning and prospective recall of noisy spike pattern episodes (2013)

Spike patterns in vivo are often incomplete or corrupted with noise that makes inputs to neuronal networks appear to vary although they may, in fact, be samples of a single underlying pattern or repeated presentation. Here we present a recurrent spiking neural network (SNN) model that learns noisy pattern sequences through the use of homeostasis and spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP). We find that the changes in the synaptic weight vector during learning of patterns of random ensembles are approximately orthogonal in a reduced dimension space when the patterns are constructed to minimize overlap in representations. Using this model, representations of sparse patterns maybe associated through co-activated firing and integrated into ensemble representations. While the model is tolerant to noise, prospective activity, and pattern completion differ in their ability to adapt in the presence of noise. One version of the model is able to demonstrate the recently discovered phenomena of preplay and replay reminiscent of hippocampal-like behaviors.
MO‐E‐204C‐08: Characterization of Cerenkov Optical Irradiation from Radioactive Probes in Phantoms and Living Subjects (2010)

Purpose : Molecular probes labeled with beta emitters within a medium radiate visible light. A series of experiments were carried out to quantify the optical properties of different radiotracers in optical phantoms and in living subjects to evaluate the potential of this new imaging modality. Method and Materials : A number of commonly used beta emitters such as 18 F, 131 I, 64 Cu, and 90 Y, were first put into small vials with known concentrations and imaged using a Xenogen IVIS 200 optical imager. The photon yields and optical spectra of these samples were measured. The radiotracers were also placed into a tissue‐mimicking phantom at a depth of 2 mm and the optical spectrum was studied with a Xenogen IVIS Lumina 2. Radionuclide PET and optical Cerenkov imaging were also done in mice with implanted tumors and the two types of images were registered and compared quantitatively. Results : Cerenkov photons were observed for all beta emitters and no optical photons were recorded for the pure gamma emitters tested. Among different emitters, electron‐emitting 90 Y had the highest photon yield (∼an order of magnitude higher than that of 18 F at the same concentration). Depth studies revealed that the optical signal decays rapidly with the depth of tracer placement, due to the dominant blue emission, indicating that this technique is suitable only for applications of superficial diseases. In vivo mice measurements were consistent with phantom studies and showed the potential of the new optical imaging modality for imaging in living subjects. Conclusion : The data reported here show the characteristic properties of Cerenkov light emission for radioactive probes and demonstrate its potential for molecular imaging. Combined optical / radionuclide imaging provides a new paradigm for molecular imaging and may provide additional information for in vivo biological processes.
Independent Evaluation of a Commercial Test for ''Autoimmune'' Urticaria in Normal and Chronic Urticaria (2009)

software, room temperature, ambientlight conditions, and probe angle mayinfluence the reflectance spectral values.Thus, all reflectance spectrophotometersshould be independently validated inappropriate and known Fitzpatrick skintypes under the environmental andinvestigator conditions of assessment toestablish the mathematical-fitted equa-tion between subjective and objectiveskinphototype. Given that the same lightsource was utilized throughout the stu-dies, and reflected light spectra ofcommercial color and light/dark stan-dards were validated daily, normaliza-tion of the reflectance spectral data withthe dark current (0% transmission) andlight source spectrum before each sub-ject was not necessary for an accurateskin phototype assessment. Normaliza-tion methods may be useful, however,when comparison between instruments,light sources, investigators, or studylocations is desired.Lynn K. Pershing
Automatic Generation and Analysis of NIDS Attacks (2005)

A common way to elude a signature-based NIDS is to transform an attack instance that the NIDS recognizes into another instance that it misses. For example, to avoid matching the attack payload to a NIDS signature, attackers split the payload into several TCP packets or hide it between benign messages. We observe that different attack instances can be derived from each other using simple transformations. We model these transformations as inference rules in a natural-deduction system. Starting from an exemplary attack instance, we use an inference engine to automatically generate all possible instances derived by a set of rules. The result is a simple yet powerful tool capable of both generating attack instances for NIDS testing and determining whether a given sequence of packets is an attack. In several testing phases using different sets of rules, our tool exposed serious vulnerabilities in Snort - a widely deployed NIDS. Attackers acquainted with these vulnerabilities would have been able to construct instances that elude Snort for any TCP-based attack, any Web-CGI attack, and any attack whose signature is a certain type of regular expression.
Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Peptides (2009)

Mahl′ dir dein Peptid: Die Festphasenreaktion zwischen einem als Urethan geschützten N-Carboxyanhydrid der einen Aminosäure und einem weiteren Aminosäurederivat unter Kugelmahlen liefert das geschützte Dipeptid (siehe Schema; PG=Schutzgruppe) in sehr hohen Ausbeuten und wurde angewendet, um Tripeptide und den Süßstoff Aspartam ohne organisches Solvens oder Reinigungsschritte zu synthetisieren. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A multi-center study on the regenerative effects of erythropoietin in burn and scalding injuries: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2013)

EudraCT Number: 2006-002886-38, Protocol Number: 0506, ISRCT Number: http://controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN95777824/ISRCTN95777824.
Whisker reinforced ceramics: Toughening behavior and properties (1988)

Several whisker reinforced ceramics exhibit considerably enhanced toughness which is derived from strong bridging whiskers in the crack tip region. Theoretical analyses of crack bridging by whiskers shows that the composite's toughness increases with whisker strength, radius, and volume content, the ratio of the fracture energy of the matrix to that of the whisker-matrix interface, and the ratio of the Young's modulus of the composite to that of the whisker. These features have been confirmed by a variety of experimental results. The observed lack of a temperature dependence for the toughness suggests whisker reinforcement as a most effective means of toughening ceramics. Also in comparison to equiaxed and plate like particles, toughening by whisker additions exhibit both greater fracture toughness and strength. Finally as compared to monolithic ceramics, various other mechanical properties are also significantly improved in the whisker reinforced ceramics. 39 refs., 7 figs.
A Rotary Shaker for Harvesting Tomatoes (1981)

ABSTRACT A rotary drum shaker for harvesting processing toma-toes was designed and tested. The results indicated that virtually complete fruit detachment occurred under conditions of constant angular acceleration. Detachment efficiency was independent of the number of cycles of os-cillation to which the fruit-vine system was subjected during its transit through the machine.
Three-Dimensional Moire Pattern (1991)

Use of moire patterns to determine positions extended to three dimensions. Concept requires two moire templates or grids, separated from each other. Template on side closer to observer contains alternating black and transparent areas. Template farther from observer contains alternating black and white areas. Observer determines position of center of perspective, also receiving indication of depth even without stereoscopic view. Used in rangefinding applications in which precision not required. Also used to gauge location of mobile robot in environment hostile to humans.
Novel phase of carbon, ferromagnetism, and conversion into diamond (2015)

We report the discovery of a new phase of carbon (referred to as Q-carbon) and address fundamental issues related to direct conversion of carbon into diamond at ambient temperatures and pressures in air without any need for catalyst and presence of hydrogen. The Q-carbon is formed as result of quenching from super undercooled state by using high-power nanosecond laser pulses. We discuss the equilibrium phase diagram (P vs. T) of carbon and show that by rapid quenching kinetics can shift thermodynamic graphite/diamond/liquid carbon triple point from 5000 K/12 GPa to super undercooled carbon at atmospheric pressure in air. It is shown that nanosecond laser heating of diamond-like amorphous carbon on sapphire, glass, and polymer substrates can be confined to melt carbon in a super undercooled state. By quenching the carbon from the super undercooled state, we have created a new state of carbon (Q-carbon) from which nanodiamond, microdiamond, microneedles, and single-crystal thin films are formed depending upon the nucleation and growth times allowed for diamond formation. The Q-carbon quenched from liquid is a new state of solid carbon with a higher mass density than amorphous carbon and a mixture of mostly fourfold sp3 (75%–85%) with the rest being threefold sp2 bonded carbon (with distinct entropy). It is expected to have new and improved mechanical hardness, electrical conductivity, chemical, and physical properties, including room-temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) and enhanced field emission. Here we present interesting results on RTFM, enhanced electrical conductivity and surface potential of Q-carbon to emphasize its unique properties. The Q-carbon exhibits robust bulk ferromagnetism with estimated Curie temperature of about 500 K and saturation magnetization value of 20 emu g−1. From the Q-carbon, diamond phase is nucleated and a variety of micro- and nanostructures and large-area single-crystal diamond sheets are grown by allowing growth times as needed. Subsequent laser pulses can be used to grow nanodiamond into microdiamond and nucleate other nanostructures of diamond on the top of existing microdiamond and create novel nanostructured materials. The microstructural details provide insights into the mechanism of formation of nanodiamond, microdiamond, nanoneedles, microneedles, and single-crystal thin films. This process allows carbon-to-diamond conversion and formation of useful nanostructures and microstructures at ambient temperatures in air at atmospheric pressure on practical and heat-sensitive substrates in a controlled way without need for any catalysts and hydrogen to stabilize sp3 bonding for diamond formation.
Rational Exploration of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Palladacycle Diversity: A Highly Active and Versatile Precatalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reactions of Deactivated Aryl and Alkyl Substrates (2010)

As less attention has been focussed on the design of highly efficient palladium precatalysts to ensure the smooth formation of the active catalyst for metal-mediated cross coupling reactions, we herein demonstrate that combining the bulky N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IPr) with cyclopalladated acetanilide as the optimal palladium precatalyst leads to superior catalytic activity compared with the state-of-the-art NHC-Pd catalysts. The complex was discovered through the evaluation of a small, rationally designed library of NHC-palladacycles prepared by a novel, practical and atom-economic method, the direct reaction of IPrHCl with palladacycle acetate dimers.
Enantioselective synthesis of R-(+)-α-lipoic acid (1986)

P. C. B. Page, C. M. Rayner and I. O. Sutherland, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1986, 1408 DOI: 10.1039/C39860001408
Planar optical correlator with coherent light (1997)

A compact planar configuration for performing optical correlation is described. It is comprised of two pairs of identical holographic lenses and a holographic filter. Each pair of lenses is recorded on a single substrate and together perform exact Fourier transformation. The light between the lenses propagates inside the substrate by means of total internal reflection. The design and recording considerations for each of the lenses along with experimental results for the overall planar correlator are presented.
Polymerization of murine macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha inactivates its myelosuppressive effects in vitro: the active form is a monomer. (1993)

Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) 1 alpha has myelosuppressive and myeloprotective activity. That MIP-1 alpha polymerizes is known; this phenomenon was evaluated in terms of myelosuppression by assessing the effects of recombinant murine MIP-1 alpha on colony formation of murine and human myeloid progenitor cells in vitro. The following results are reported: (i) Polymerization is diluent- and concentration-dependent. (ii) Monomeric MIP-1 alpha is the active suppressive form for myeloid progenitor cells in vitro. (iii) Polymerized MIP-1 alpha is inactive and does not interfere with suppression by monomeric MIP-1 alpha. (iv) MIP-1 alpha has approximately 1000-fold higher specific activity than has been reported, but its effects are still specific for immature subsets of myeloid progenitors. (v) Suppression is initiated during the DNA-synthesis phase of the cell cycle. We conclude that polymerization of MIP-1 alpha might be a control mechanism that limits the myelosuppressive effects of monomeric MIP-1 alpha.
Method for measuring the damping coefficient of torsional-vibration dampers (1981)

First Page
Improving inter prediction in HEVC with residual DPCM for lossless screen content coding (2013)

Video content containing computer generated objects is usually denoted as screen content and is becoming popular in applications such as desktop sharing, wireless displays, etc. Screen content images and videos are characterized by high frequency details such as sharp edges and high contrast image areas. On these areas classical lossy encoding tools - spatial transform plus quantization - may significantly compromise their quality and intelligibility. Therefore, lossless coding is used instead and improved coding tools should be specifically devised for screen content. In this context this paper proposes a residual differential pulse code modulation (RDPCM) applied to inter predicted residuals and tested in the context of the HEVC range extension development. The proposed method exploits the spatial correlation present in blocks containing edges or text areas which are poorly predicted by motion compensation. In addition to the baseline inter RDCPM, two improvements to the compression efficiency and the overall throughput are presented and assessed. When compared to HEVC lossless coding as specified in Version 1 of the standard, the proposed algorithm achieves up to 8% average bitrate reduction while not increasing the overall decoding complexity.
Extremely low back facet feedback by quantum-confined Stark effect absorption in an edge-emitting light-emitting diode (1993)

The quantum-confined Stark effect is employed to form an integral reverse-biased absorber in a GaInAsP edge-emitting light-emitting diode. Optical low coherence reflectometry is used to measure the magnitude of reflections through this absorber. Front-facet-back-facet roundtrip reflection magnitudes are below -110 dB in devices having an antireflection coating on the front facet only. All other round trip reflections are below -80 dB. This device provides a wide usable dynamic range in optical low coherence reflectometry measurements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Human Thyrotropin β-Subunit Gene Differs in 5′ Structure from Murine TSH-β Genes (1988)

The gene encoding the beta-subunit of human thyrotropin (hTSH-beta) was isolated, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The gene is 4.3 kb in length, consists of three exons and two introns, and is present as a single copy as determined by Southern blot analysis of total genomic DNA. The protein coding portion of the gene, which includes exons 2 and 3, was isolated from a human genomic phage library, while exon 1, which encodes only 5' untranslated mRNA sequence, was isolated from a plasmid library of size-selected genomic DNA fragments. Here we describe the isolation of the 5' untranslated exon of the hTSH-beta subunit and 5'-flanking region. The structure of the hTSH-beta gene is very similar to the previously characterized TSH-beta genes from mouse and rat. The genes from all three species have two distinct promoter regions, but while both promoters are utilized by the murine TSH-beta genes, the human TSH-beta gene apparently utilizes only the proximal promoter for transcription initiation. A striking difference in hTSH-beta gene structure compared to the murine genes is that exon 1 of the human gene is 36 nucleotides. An analysis of the mouse, rat, and human exon 1 and 5'-flanking region shows a high percentage of sequence homology, with the exception of a 9-nucleotide insertion 13 bases 3' from the proximal TATA box found in the human gene but not found in the other two species. We propose that this insertion results in the additional length of human exon 1 compared to the mouse and rat genes. By isolating the promoter region of the hTSH-beta gene, we can begin to identify specific sequences involved in the regulation of hTSH gene expression.
The Nuclear Receptor Coactivator AIB1 Mediates Insulin-like Growth Factor I-induced Phenotypic Changes in Human Breast Cancer Cells (2004)

The nuclear receptor coactivator AIB1 (amplified in breast cancer 1) is overexpressed in human breast cancers and is required for estrogen signaling. However, the role of AIB1 in breast cancer etiology is not known. Here, we show that AIB1 is rate-limiting for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)-dependent phenotypic changes and gene expression in human breast cancer cells. Reduction of endogenous AIB1 levels by small interfering RNA in MCF-7 breast cancer cells prevented IGF-I-stimulated anchorage-independent growth by reducing IGF-I-dependent anti-anoikis. cDNA array and immunoblot analysis of gene expression revealed that reduction in AIB1 levels led to a significant decrease in the expression of several genes controlling the cell cycle and apoptosis. These AIB1-dependent changes were also observed in the presence of estrogen antagonist and were corroborated in the estrogen receptor-negative cell line MDA MB-231. AIB1 reduction decreased the expression of the IGF-I receptor and IRS-1 in MCF-7 but not in MDA MB-231 cells. IGF-I-stimulated activation of AKT was reduced by AIB1 small interfering RNA treatment, whereas mitogen-activated protein kinase (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2) activation by IGF-I was unaffected. We conclude that AIB1 is required for IGF-I-induced proliferation, signaling, cell survival, and gene expression in human breast cancer cells, independent of its role in estrogen receptor signaling.
Customization of Load‐Bearing Hydroxyapatite Lattice Scaffolds (2005)

Robocasting, a solid freeform fabrication technique, was used to develop lattices of hydroxyapatite (HA) that show promise as load‐bearing scaffolds for bone repair. Additionally, the lattice scaffolds can be shaped into customized implants. A computed tomography (CT) scan of a damaged mandible was utilized to noninvasively design a lattice implant that could fill the damaged region. In a case study, the fit of the custom lattice scaffold was tested in a damaged mandible and “fit like a glove.” Such implants may be able to replace numerous autograft procedures, thereby reducing surgical cost and complications associated with bone harvesting surgery.
Switched Tank Converters (2018)

This paper presents a new class of switched tank converters (abbreviated as STCs) for high-efficiency high-density nonisolated dc-dc applications where large voltage step down (up) ratios are required. Distinguished from switched capacitor converters, the STCs uniquely employ LC resonant tanks to partially replace the flying capacitors for energy transfer. Full soft charging, soft switching, and minimal device voltage stresses are achieved under all operating conditions. The STCs feature very high efficiency, power density, and robustness against component nonidealities over a wide range of operating conditions. Furthermore, thanks to the full resonant operation, multiple STCs can operate in parallel with inherent droop current sharing, offering the best scalability and control simplicity. These attributes make STC a disruptive and robust technology viable for industry's high volume adoption. A novel equivalent DCX building block principle is introduced to simplify the analysis of STC. A 98.9% efficiency STC product evaluation board (4-to-1, 650 W) has been developed and demonstrated for the next-generation of 48-V bus conversion for data center servers.
Implementation of CMOS Logic Circuits with Perfect Fault Detection Using Preservative Reversible Gates (2019)

In reversible circuits, a fault as a change in logic value at a circuit node always alters an output logic value, so observability of faults at the output is 100%. In other words, reversible circuits are latent-fault-free. Our motivation is to incorporate this unique feature of reversible circuits to design CMOS circuits having perfect or 100% Concurrent Error Detection (CED). For this purpose we propose a new, fault preservative, and reversible gate library called Even Target - Mixed Polarity Multiple Control Toffoli (ET-MPMCT). By using ET-MPCT, we ensure that the parity, even or odd, is preserved at all levels including the output level unless there is a faulty node. Our design strategy has two steps for a reversible function: 1) implement the reversible functions with the ET-MPMCT library; and 2) apply reversible-to-CMOS gate conversion. In case an irreversible function needs to be synthesized then its reversible form is used followed by the two design steps. As a result, we have come up with a CMOS circuit having 100% CED. The performance of our approach is compared with other CED schemes in the literature in terms of area, detection rate, and power consumption. Simulations are done with Cadence Genus tool using TSMC 0.18 μm technology. Clearly, results are in favor of our proposed technique.
Self-Orthogonalizing Adaptive Equalization Algorithms (1977)

A comparison is made of several self-orthogonalizing adjustment algorithms for linear tapped delay line equalizers. These adaptive algorithms accelerate the rate of convergence of the equalizer tap weights to those which minimize the output mean-squared error of a data transmission system. Accelerated convergence of the estimated gradient algorithm is effected by premultiplying the correction term in the algorithm by a matrix which is an estimate of the inverse of the channel correlation matrix. The various algorithms differ in the manner in which this estimate is sequentially computed. Depending on the degree of complexity available, the equalizer convergence time may be reduced more than an order of magnitude from that required by the simple gradient algorithm.