gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Average prototypes for stroke-based signature verification (2002)

A signature verification system basically consists of two units, the verification and the enrolment subsystem. Much work has been done developing verification techniques for dynamic signature verification whereas the influence of reference construction has not been extensively studied. The paper reports how the verification rates of a given system can be increased by ameliorating the enrolment technique. An efficient enrolment technique that performs a time- and position-based averaging of representative input signatures for a stroke-based verification approach is presented. The approach is capable of dealing with varying stroke structures, missing or additional strokes, and, in the presence of those, determines the most natural stroke structure of the reference in parallel with the construction of the average signature prototype. It is shown that, in comparison to the frequently used technique of selecting one signature out of an initial set of input signatures, the error rate especially of stroke-based approaches can be significantly reduced.
New biconically tapered fibre star coupler: structure and fabrication (1985)

A new biconically tapered fibre star coupler has been developed. This coupler has a biconically tapered fibre bundle inserted within a quartz tube. This fibre bundle is obtained by heating the tube. The insertion loss for this coupler has been found to be approximately log10n for input/output fibre port number n. Reproducibility and stability have been improved through the new method of manufacture.
MISO Broadcast Channel with imperfect and (Un)matched CSIT in the frequency domain: DoF region and transmission strategies (2013)

In this contribution, we focus on a frequency domain two-user Multiple-Input-Single-Output Broadcast Channel (MISO BC) where the transmitter has imperfect and (un)matched Channel State Information (CSI) of the two users in two subbands. We provide an upper-bound to the Degrees-of-Freedom (DoF) region, which is tight compared to the state of the art. By decomposing the subbands into subchannels according to the CSI feedback qualities, we interpret the DoF region as the weighted-sum of that in each subchannel. Moreover, we study the sum DoF loss when employing sub-optimal schemes, namely Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Zero-Forcing Beamforming (ZFBF) and the S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3/2</sup> scheme proposed by Tandon et al. The results show that by switching among the sub-optimal strategies, we can obtain at least 80% and 66.7% of the optimal sum DoF performance for the unmatched and matched CSIT scenario respectively.
Microfluidic Combinatorial Screening Platform (2012)

We propose a microfluidic droplet-based platform that accepts an unlimited number of sample plugs from a multi-well plate, performs splitting of these sample droplets into smaller daughter droplets and subsequent synchronization-free, reliable fusion of sample daughter droplets with multiple reagents simultaneously. This system consists of two components: 1) a custom autosampler which generates a linear array of sub-microliter plugs in a microcapillary from a multi-well plate and 2) A microfluidic chip with channels for sample plug introduction, reagent merging and droplet incubation. This novel system generates large arrays of heterogeneous droplets from hundreds to thousands of samples while concurrently screening these arrays against a large array of reagents. This high throughput system minimizes sample and reagent consumption and can be applied to a gamut of biological assays, ranging from SNP detection to forensic screening.
FDD Massive MIMO Channel Spatial Covariance Conversion Using Projection Methods (2018)

Knowledge of second-order statistics of channels (e.g. in the form of covariance matrices) is crucial for the acquisition of downlink channel state information (CSI) in massive MIMO systems operating in the frequency division duplexing (FDD) mode. Current MIMO systems usually obtain downlink covariance information via feedback of the estimated covariance matrix from the user equipment (UE), but in the massive MIMO regime this approach is infeasible because of the unacceptably high training overhead. This paper considers instead the problem of estimating the downlink channel covariance from uplink measurements. We propose two variants of an algorithm based on projection methods in an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space that exploit channel reciprocity properties in the angular domain. The proposed schemes are evaluated via Monte Carlo simulations, and they are shown to outperform current state-of-the art solutions in terms of accuracy and complexity, for typical array geometries and duplex gaps.
The Immunopemthogenesis of Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma (1995)

A perplexing array of immune abnormalities have been described in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. This article discusses the mechanisms underlying these immune abnormalities. The immune processes that have become disordered are examined with reference to the steps involved in generating the disease and how these steps can be corrected therapeutically.
Isolation and characterization of a homogeneous isomeric species of carcinoembryonic antigen: CEA‐S (1975)

A single homogeneous isomeric species of carcinoembryonic antigen was isolated by reference to solubility in 0.9 M perchloric acid, isoelectric focusing, molecular exclusion chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, passage through immuno-absorbants, and isopyknic density gradient ultracentrifugation. The final product, representing approximately 1.8% of the perchloric acid soluble glycoprotein of the tumor, is homogeneous and devoid of other proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This single species of carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA-S, has a sedimentation velocity of 6.6, a diffusion constant of 3.05 times 10-minus 7 cm-2/sec, a mean Stokes radius of 65 A, a density of 1.41 ml/g in cesium chloride and an estimated molecular weight of 181,000, and it is devoid of detectable A or B blood-group antigens. Immunochemical studies demonstrate qualitative similarities between CEA-S and conventional carcinoembryonic antigens; however, competitive inhibition analyses demonstrate significant quantitative immunochemical differences between CEA-S and preparations of carcinoembryonic antigen. These results are consistent with the concept that CEA-S is an immunochemical isomer of carcinoembryonic antigen.
Online Noise Estimation Using Stochastic-Gain HMM for Speech Enhancement (2008)

We propose a noise estimation algorithm for single-channel noise suppression in dynamic noisy environments. A stochastic-gain hidden Markov model (SG-HMM) is used to model the statistics of nonstationary noise with time-varying energy. The noise model is adaptive and the model parameters are estimated online from noisy observations using a recursive estimation algorithm. The parameter estimation is derived for the maximum-likelihood criterion and the algorithm is based on the recursive expectation maximization (EM) framework. The proposed method facilitates continuous adaptation to changes of both noise spectral shapes and noise energy levels, e.g., due to movement of the noise source. Using the estimated noise model, we also develop an estimator of the noise power spectral density (PSD) based on recursive averaging of estimated noise sample spectra. We demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves more accurate estimates of the noise model and noise PSD, and as part of a speech enhancement system facilitates a lower level of residual noise.
Improved atomic force microscope cantilever performance by ion beam modification (2001)

The performance of atomic force microscopy cantilevers, as measured by the resonant frequency and spring constant, is directly dependent on the shape of the cantilever. Here we have improved the performance of conventional silicon nitride cantilevers by using focused ion beam milling to minimize the width of the cantilever legs. The resonant frequency in solution for any given spring constant is increased by two- to threefold, and the thermal noise in a given bandwidth is correspondingly reduced.
Changes in the Abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Phylogroups I and II in the Intestinal Mucosa of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Patients with Colorectal Cancer (2015)

F. prausnitzii phylogroup I was depleted in CD, ulcerative colitis, and colorectal cancer, whereas phylogroup II was specifically reduced in CD. Quantification of F. prausnitzii phylogroups and E. coli may help to identify gut disorders and to classify inflammatory bowel disease location.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Glycolic Acid (2007)

Abstract A chemoenzymatic process for the production of high‐purity glycolic acid has been demonstrated, starting with the reaction of formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide to produce glycolonitrile in >99 % yield and purity. The resulting aqueous glycolonitrile was used without further purification in a subsequent biocatalytic conversion of glycolonitrile to ammonium glycolate. A high‐activity biocatalyst based on an Acidovorax facilis 72W nitrilase was developed, where protein engineering and optimized protein expression in an E. coli transformant host were used to improve microbial nitrilase specific activity by 33‐fold compared to the wild‐type strain. A biocatalyst productivity of >1000 g glycolic acid/g dry cell weight was achieved using a glutaraldehyde/polyethylenimine cross‐linked carrageenan‐immobilized E. coli MG1655 transformant expressing the A. facilis 72W nitrilase mutant, where 3.2 M ammonium glycolate was produced in consecutive batch reactions with biocatalyst recycle, or in a continuous stirred‐tank reactor. Direct conversion of the unpurified ammonium glycolate product solution to high‐purity aqueous glycolic acid was accomplished by fixed‐bed ion exchange over a strong acid cation resin.
Imino‐bridged heterocycles. I. A derivative of benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2‐<i>b</i>]pyridin‐5,11‐imine (1982)

Abstract The current interest in structures that contain a tricyclic framework with a nitrogen bridged central ring has prompted us to examine the synthesis of imino‐bridged benzocycloheptapyridines. Treatment of 5,6‐trans‐dibromobenzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2‐ b ]pyridin‐11‐one with anhydrous methyl amine in THF produced 6‐β‐bromo‐5,6‐dihydro‐11α‐hydroxy‐12‐methyl‐11 H ‐benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2‐ b ]pyridin‐5,11‐imine, the first example of the desired bridged derivatives.
Lithium tetraborate: a new temperature-compensated SAW substrate material (1981)

The results of calculations and measurements on the SAW properties of a new piezoelectric material, lithium tetraborate (Li2B4O7), are reported. A new temperature-compensated SAW device orientation has been located with a SAW velocity of 3510 ms−1 and a SAW coupling factor of 1.2×10−2. The properties of this cut are compared with those of several other SAW substrates.
An online cross-scatter correction algorithm for dual-source CT: effects on CT number accuracy and noise (2009)

Dual-source computed tomography (CT) utilizes two x-ray tubes and two detectors simultaneously for the purpose of obtaining 83 msec temporal resolution, 160 kW of x-ray power reserve, or dual-kV (dual-energy) scan capabilities. One inherent constraint of such a design is cross-scatter radiation, which occurs when x-rays from tube A are scattered by the patient and detected by detector B, or vice versa. In the evaluated dual-source CT scanner, an on-line cross-scatter correction technique is used to address this limitation. The technique, available using the 14×1.2-mm collimation, measures scattered radiation along the z axis using detector rows beyond those corresponding to the 16.8 mm nominal total beam width. These direct measurements of scattered radiation are used to correct the measured projection data (scattered and primary radiation) for cross-scatter. A semi-anthropomorphic thorax phantom was used with increasing thicknesses of tissue-equivalent material to simulate small, medium, large and extra-large patients. Phantoms were scanned using single-source and dual-source protocols at 80, 100, 120 and 140 kV, and the mean and standard deviation of the CT numbers in a water-equivalent cylinder located centrally within the phantom measured. For this comparison, images reconstructed using only tube A data from the dual-source acquisition were compared to the single-source images, also obtained using tube A. The differences in the mean and standard deviation of the measured CT numbers between the dual-source tube A images, which were corrected for cross-scatter, and the single-source images, where no cross-scatter existed, were determined for all tube energies and phantom sizes. The differences in mean CT number ranged from -5.2 to 1.3 HU, and the differences in standard deviations ranged from -4.5 to 3.0 HU. We conclude, therefore, that use of the evaluated on-line cross-scatter correction algorithm results in negligible differences in CT number and image noise between single-source and dual-source image data, independent of phantom size and tube potential.
Stabilization of echo amplitudes in FSE sequences (1993)

The classical CPMG sequence and its extension as an imaging sequence, fast spin echo (FSE, based on RARE), suffer from signal magnitude variations in the early echoes when the refocusing pulses are not set exactly to 180 degrees. It has been suggested that by varying the value of the nutation angle of each refocusing pulse the signal magnitude could be made constant. This article describes an algorithm permitting the generation of sequences of nutation angles yielding series of echoes with constant signal magnitudes. This result is then used to design selective pulses for the FSE imaging technique.
Enhanced Wind Turbine Main Drivetrain Gearbox and Bearing Monitoring and Diagnostics Via Information Fusion of Acoustic, Electrical, and Vibration Signatures (2019)

Main Drivetrain components are widely acknowledged as one of the most significant contributors to wind turbine downtime. This paper investigates the possibility of using acoustic signals to detect various wind turbine drivetrain defects, and proposes an enhanced wind turbine main drivetrain monitoring solution, where acoustic analysis is combined with electrical and vibration analysis via Gaussian model-based fusion algorithm. A 25hp wind turbine simulator is set up in the lab and is used to validate the proposed fusion algorithm. It is shown by experimental results that the proposed fusion-based monitoring solution significantly outperformed solutions using individual signals in detecting drivetrain gear and bearing defects at different load and speed operation conditions. This work turns out to be the first effort to fuse/combine acoustic, electrical and vibration signatures to monitor wind turbine main drivetrain anomalies.
Apparatus and method for feeding coal into a coal gasifier. [Patent application; US DOE] (1978)

This invention is directed to a system for feeding coal into a gasifier operating at high pressures. A coal-water slurry is pumped to the desired pressure and then the coal is dried prior to feeding the coal into the gasifier by contacting the slurry with superheated steam in an entrained bed dryer for vaporizing the water in the slurry.
CTH13-1: Design of Multiplexed Coding for User Cooperation (2006)

We consider the multiplexed coding design for cooperative communications. The ideal multiplexed coding, which outperforms the superposition coding in theory, is difficult to implement with practical error-correction codes. We therefore introduce a partially multiplexed (PMP) coding scheme to approach the performance of fully multiplexed coding scheme. We then design the PMP coding using irregular repeat accumulate (IRA) codes. We also present a practical superposition coding scheme with two decoding methods. The outage analysis shows that all these schemes perform very close to lower cooperation bound. The simulation results demonstrate that both PMP and practical superposition block Markov coding for two-user cooperation provide significant gain over the non-cooperative system.
Sheared-Root Inocula of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (1992)

For efficient handling, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi should be processed into small and uniform inocula; however, processing can reduce the inoculum density. In this article we describe the preparation and use of sheared-root inocula of Glomus spp. in which inoculum densities were increased during processing. Our objectives were to determine inoculum viability and density after shearing and to ascertain if the sheared inocula could be pelletized or used with a gel carrier. Root samples were harvested from aeroponic cultures, blotted dry, cut into 1-cm lengths, and sheared in a food processor for up to 80 s. After shearing, the inoculum was washed over sieves, and the propagule density in each fraction was determined. Sheared inocula were also encapsulated in carrageenan or used in a gel carrier. Shearing aeroponically produced root inocula reduced particle size. Propagule density increased with decreasing size fraction down to a size of 63 mum, after which propagule density decreased. The weighted-average propagule density of the inoculum was 135,380 propagules g (dry weight) of sheared root material. Sheared roots were encapsulated successfully in carrageenan, and the gel served as an effective carrier. Aeroponic root inoculum was stored dry at 4 degrees C for 23 months without significant reduction in propagule density; however, this material was not appropriate for shearing. Moist roots, useful for shearing, began to lose propagule density after 1 month of storage. Shearing proved to be an excellent method to prepare viable root inocula of small and uniform size, allowing for more efficient and effective use of limited inoculum supplies.
Development and Validation of a Gas-Fired Residential Heat Pump Water Heater (Final Report) (2013)

For gas-fired residential water heating, the U.S. and Canada is predominantly supplied by minimum efficiency storage water heaters with Energy Factors (EF) in the range of 0.59 to 0.62. Higher efficiency and higher cost ($700 - $2,000) options serve about 15% of the market, but still have EFs below 1.0, ranging from 0.65 to 0.95. To develop a new class of water heating products that exceeds the traditional limit of thermal efficiency, the project team designed and demonstrated a packaged water heater driven by a gas-fired ammonia-water absorption heat pump. This gas-fired heat pump water heater can achieve EFs of 1.3 or higher, at a consumer cost of $2,000 or less. Led by Stone Mountain Technologies Inc. (SMTI), with support from A.O. Smith, the Gas Technology Institute (GTI), and Georgia Tech, the cross-functional team completed research and development tasks including cycle modeling, breadboard evaluation of two cycles and two heat exchanger classes, heat pump/storage tank integration, compact solution pump development, combustion system specification, and evaluation of packaged prototype GHPWHs. The heat pump system extracts low grade heat from the ambient air and produces high grade heat suitable for heating water in a storage tank for domestic use. Product features that include conventional installation practices, standard footprint and reasonable economic payback, position the technology to gain significant market penetration, resulting in a large reduction of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from domestic hot water production.
High surface area THO/sub 2/ catalyst and method of preparing it (1985)

A ThO.sub.2 catalyst having a high surface area of about 80-125 m.sup.2 /g is synthesized. The compound is synthesized by simultaneously mixing an aqueous solution of ThNO.sub.3 (NO.sub.3).sub.4.4H.sub.2 O with an aqueous solution of Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3.H.sub.2 O, to produce a solution and solid ThOCO.sub.3. The solid ThOCO.sub.3 is separated from the solution, and then calcined at a temperature of about 225.degree.-300.degree. C. for about 40-55 hours to produce ThO.sub.2. The ThO.sub.2 catalyst produced includes Na present as a substitutional cation in an amount equal to about 5-10 atom percent.
<title>Mechanism of improvement of shape memory effect by ausforming in an Fe-28Mn-6Si-5Cr shape memory alloy</title> (2000)

Ausforming treatment can improve the shape memory effect of Fe-Mn-Si based shape memory alloys, however, the mechanism of this improvement is not so clear. In this paper, the influence of ausforming treatment on stress-induced martensitic transformation and its reverse transformation in an Fe-28Mn-6Si-5Cr shape memory alloy has been studied using atomic force microscope and TEM aiming to clarify the origin of this improvement. It was found that the ausforming treatment at 970K by 9 percent pre-straining, which is the optimum condition for improving shape memory recovery, can introduce many uniformly distributed stacking faults on the same slip plane in austenite. When an external stress is applied to such an ausformed specimen for shape change, uniformly distributed martensite bands with the same variant are produced in a grain due to the assistance of those preexisted stacking faults. When being heated over Af, these martensite bands are nearly completely reverse-transformed to parent phase through the same atomic pass as for the forward transformation, so a nearly perfect shape memory effect is obtained.
Association of a functional Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 genotype with specific immune responses (2012)

Two frequent single-nucleotide-polymorphisms (SNPs) are present in the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) gene that influence its enzymatic activity. Thus, one SNP (R248W) is associated with a reduction in IDO2 catalytic activity, whereas the other SNP (Y359stop) generates a premature stop codon abolishing activity completely. In the present study, we describe the presence of a specific cellular immune response in the periphery which correlated with the functional status of the IDO2 protein. Hence, the induction of IDO2-specific T cells in peripheral blood requires the presence of a functional IDO2 protein and, consequently, is restricted to individuals that are not homozygous for the stop codon. Furthermore, we detected stronger T-cell responses in donors with the homozygous Y wild type at position 359 when compared with the heterozygous genotype. Interestingly, we found a higher number of immune responses against IDO2 in patients homozygous for the 248W giving reduction in IDO2 activity compared with the 248R. Hence, spontaneous immune responses against IDO2 seem to be correlated with reduced enzymatic activity of IDO2. The patient IDO2 genotype may well influence the outcome of IDO2-based anti-cancer vaccination.
Organophosphorus Chemistry without PCl<sub>3</sub>: A Bridge from Hypophosphorous Acid to H‐Phosphonate Diesters (2013)

Abstract A process for the conversion of hypophosphorous acid (H 3 PO 2 , HPA) and alcohols into various H‐phosphonate diesters [(RO) 2 P(O)H] is described. The new reaction provides a missing bridge between HPA and important H‐phosphonates, completely avoiding the use of PCl 3 . Nickel chloride or nickel on silica catalyze the oxidative phosphorylation of alkyl phosphinates with various alcohols or water. The reaction is atom economic and avoids the formation of waste products. The previous need for both chlorine and base is completely avoided.