gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Serum Antitoxin Antibodies Mediate Systemic and Mucosal Protection from <i>Clostridium difficile</i> Disease in Hamsters (1999)

Clostridium difficile is the bacterial pathogen identified as the cause of pseudomembranous colitis and is principally responsible for nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. The pathologic findings associated with this infection are believed to be caused by two large (approximately 300-kDa) exotoxins, toxins A and B. Because of the mucosal nature of this infection, vaccination strategies aimed at providing prophylactic or therapeutic immune protection have included immunization by mucosal routes. Using the hamster model of C. difficile infection, we examined the protective efficacy of inactivated toxin (toxoid) vaccine formulations prepared as either culture filtrate or partially purified toxoid. We compared combination parenteral and mucosal vaccination regimens involving intranasal, intragastric, or rectal routes of immunization and found that rectal immunization in conjunction with intramuscular (i.m.) vaccination provided full protection of hamsters from death and diarrhea while the other mucosal routes did not. Protection was associated with high levels of toxin-neutralizing antibodies in serum. The requirement for adjuvants for protection was assessed by using sequential i.m. and rectal or i.m. vaccination regimens. Unexpectedly, i.m. immunization without adjuvant conferred the highest protection from death and diarrhea; this regimen elicited the highest serum anti-toxin B titers as well as toxin B neutralizing titers. Passive transfer of mouse antitoxin antibodies protected hamsters in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating the principal role of circulating antitoxin antibodies in immunity from this toxin-mediated mucosal disease. These results suggest that prophylactic parenteral vaccination or intravenous immunotherapy could provide protection from C. difficile disease in humans.
High-Resolution Wideband Vector-Sum Digital Phase Shifter With On-Chip Phase Linearity Enhancement Technology (2021)

In this paper, a wideband vector-sum phase shifter with phase linearity enhancement technology is proposed to minimize phase error. The digital phase shifter synthesizes the output phases by modulating and summing four quadrature signals. A common-source stage with transformer-based matching network and a quadrature-all-pass filter (QAF) are utilized for the quadrature signals generation within a wideband. Besides, to decrease the influence of parasitics on amplitude and phase error, a resistor-based compensation technology is employed in the QAF implementation. Then, to obtain the 360° range high resolution phase shifts, the quadrature signals are modulated by four Gilbert-type variable gain amplifiers (VGAs) with digital-controlled current-digital to analog converters (current-DACs). To further minimize phase error, an on-chip phase linearity enhancement loop is utilized. The drain voltages of current-DACs are detected and compared to the presupposed reference voltages generated by the loop. Besides, the compared results are fed back to control the current-DACs to achieve phase linearity enhancement. To verify the mentioned mechanism, a 7-bit digital phase shifter operating at 22-44 GHz with on-chip phase linearity enhancement technology is implemented and fabricated in a 28-nm CMOS technology. Based on the phase linearity enhancement technology, the phase shifter exhibits a RMS amplitude error of 0.36-0.59 dB and RMS phase error of 0.92° -1.02° without off-chip digital pre-distortion (DPD) technology. The total DC power consumption including the phase linearity enhancement loops is 35 mW under a 0.9V supply voltage.
Plasmonic Metasurface Based Ultra-thin Phase Holograms and Planar Micro-lenses (2013)

We experimentally demonstrate a phase hologram generated at a visible wavelength by a plasmonic metasurface consisting of Babinet-inverted nano-antennas perforated on a 30-nm-thick gold film. Micrometer-sized planar lenses are made with the same technique.
Warm-Mix Asphalts with Low-Dosage Chemical Additives (2009)

In recent years there has been an increased interest in reducing the production temperature of hot mix asphalts. This has been achieved through different techniques: from production process modifications to the use of additives into de bitumen. In this work, the use of a special kind of chemical additives to achieve the production, laying down and compaction of asphalt mixtures at reduced temperature is studied. The chemical additives studied in this work, with the commercial name of Cecabase RT®, allow the production of an asphalt mixture at temperatures about 40°C (72°F) lower than a standard hot mix asphalt. They are liquid additives that are simply added into the bitumen at concentrations from 0.2 to 0.5 wt% with respect of bitumen. Observations suggest that the Cecabase RT® additives act at the mineral aggregate/bitumen interphase, in an analogous way to a surfactant that, as shown in this work, do not change significantly the bitumen rheological properties (viscosity or G*/sin d). The mechanical properties of warm mix asphalts done with a bitumen containing such additives have comparable properties to those made without additives at higher temperatures, as presented here in a series of laboratory tests. Examples of several field tests carried out with the Cecabase RT® additives under different types of bitumen and aggregates are also briefly presented. These examples include field tests with hard bitumens (penetration grade 10/20), reclaimed asphalt pavement and polymer modified bitumens.
Stereoscopic image generation based on depth images (2005)

A depth-image-based rendering system for generating new views is proposed. One important aspect of the proposed system is that the depth maps are pre-processed using an asymmetric filter to smoothen the sharp changes in depth at object boundaries. In addition to ameliorating the effects of blocky artifacts and other distortions contained in the depth maps, the smoothing reduces or completely removes disocclusion areas where potential artifacts can arise from image warping which is needed to generate images from new viewpoints. The asymmetric nature of the filter reduces the amount of geometric distortion that might be perceived otherwise. We present some results to show that the proposed system provides an improvement in image quality of stereoscopic virtual views while maintaining reasonably good depth quality.
Neural Aggregation Network for Video Face Recognition (2016)

This paper presents a Neural Aggregation Network (NAN) for video face recognition. The network takes a face video or face image set of a person with a variable number of face images as its input, and produces a compact, fixed-dimension feature representation for recognition. The whole network is composed of two modules. The feature embedding module is a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) which maps each face image to a feature vector. The aggregation module consists of two attention blocks which adaptively aggregate the feature vectors to form a single feature inside the convex hull spanned by them. Due to the attention mechanism, the aggregation is invariant to the image order. Our NAN is trained with a standard classification or verification loss without any extra supervision signal, and we found that it automatically learns to advocate high-quality face images while repelling low-quality ones such as blurred, occluded and improperly exposed faces. The experiments on IJB-A, YouTube Face, Celebrity-1000 video face recognition benchmarks show that it consistently outperforms naive aggregation methods and achieves the state-of-the-art accuracy.
Asymmetric depth-filtration – a versatile and scalable approach for isolation and purification of extracellular vesicles (2021)

Abstract A novel asymmetric depth filtration (DF) approach for isolation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from biological fluids is presented, and its performance is compared with established methods. The developed workflow is simple, inexpensive, and relatively fast. Compared with ultracentrifugation and size-exclusion chromatography, the developed method isolates EVs with higher purity and yield. Only standard laboratory equipment is needed for its implementation, which makes it suitable for low-resource locations. The described implementation of the method is suitable for EV isolation from small biological samples in diagnostic and treatment guidance applications. Following the scale-up routes adopted in the biomanufacturing of therapeutics, which routinely rely on DF as one of the product purification steps, the developed method may be scaled up to harvesting therapeutic EVs from large volumes of growth medium.
Estimation of OFDM Carrier Frequency Offset Robust to Offset Variation (2013)

In this paper, we propose a novel carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation scheme for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The proposed scheme has much wider estimation range compared with that of the conventional scheme, making it more robust to the fractional FO variation. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has better estimation performance than the conventional scheme for wider fractional FO range.
Read-Out Signal Simulation of an Optical Disk Having an Oxide Super-Resolution Film (2000)

The read-out signal simulation of an optical disk having a cobalt-oxide super-resolution film was performed to find the optimum condition for a higher recording density of the super-resolution disk. A simple model of the complex refractive index change in a super-resolution film due to its temperature was applied, which can explain experimental data. It was found that this type of super-resolution disk must increase its reflectivity as the incident laser-beam intensity rises. To confirm this experimentally, a new super-resolution disk with an added Ge–N layer was prepared, and its read-out signals were measured, which agreed well with the calculated results.
Search for the Genes Responsible for Familial Alzheimer's Disease (1993)

Inherited or Familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD) has clearly been shown to be a genetically heterogeneous disorder. Mutations in the gene on chromosome 21 encoding the beta-amyloid protein precursor (APP) have been shown to be linked to 2-3% of FAD kindreds examined around the world. A late onset FAD locus has been mapped to a region of chromosome 19 in which a recently isolated APP-like gene, APLP1 has also been localized, making this gene a strong candidate to harbor a late-onset FAD defect. More recently, a major FAD locus has been mapped to the long arm of chromosome 14. The chromosome 14 locus appears to be mainly linked to the gene defect in early onset FAD pedigrees. Besides the FAD loci on chromosome 21, 19, and 14, at least two other loci must exist since the gene defect in some early- and late-onset FAD pedigrees do not appear to segregate with markers from any of these autosomes. As different gene defects responsible for various forms of FAD are discovered, perhaps, a common basis for the etiology of this devastating disorder can be discerned.
Influence of optical polarization on the improvement of light extraction efficiency from reflective scattering structures in AlGaN ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (2014)

The improvement in light extraction efficiency from reflective scattering structures in AlGaN ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UVLEDs) emitting at ∼270 nm is shown to be influenced by optical polarization. Three UVLEDs with different reflective scattering structures are investigated and compared to standard UVLEDs without scattering structures. The optical polarization and therefore the direction of light propagation within the various UVLEDs are altered by changes in the quantum well (QW) thickness. The improvement in light extraction efficiency of the UVLEDs with reflective scattering structures increases, compared to the UVLEDs without scattering structures, as the fraction of emitted light propagating parallel to the QW plane increases. Additionally, the light extraction efficiency increases as the average distance to the reflective scattering structures decreases.
Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Analysis of PD-L1 Protein Expression, N-glycosylation and Expression Stoichiometry with PD-1 and PD-L2 in Human Melanoma (2017)

Quantitative assessment of key proteins that control the tumor-immune interface is one of the most formidable analytical challenges in immunotherapeutics. We developed a targeted MS platform to quantify programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), and programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2) at fmol/microgram protein levels in formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from 22 human melanomas. PD-L1 abundance ranged 50-fold, from ∼0.03 to 1.5 fmol/microgram protein and the parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) data were largely concordant with total PD-L1-positive cell content, as analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with the E1L3N antibody. PD-1 was measured at levels up to 20-fold lower than PD-L1, but the abundances were not significantly correlated (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.062, <i>p</i> = 0.264). PD-1 abundance was weakly correlated (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.3057, <i>p</i> = 0.009) with the fraction of lymphocytes and histiocytes in sections. PD-L2 was measured from 0.03 to 1.90 fmol/microgram protein and the ratio of PD-L2 to PD-L1 abundance ranged from 0.03 to 2.58. In 10 samples, PD-L2 was present at more than half the level of PD-L1, which suggests that PD-L2, a higher affinity PD-1 ligand, is sufficiently abundant to contribute to T-cell downregulation. We also identified five branched mannose and N-acetylglucosamine glycans at PD-L1 position N192 in all 22 samples. Extent of PD-L1 glycan modification varied by ∼10-fold and the melanoma with the highest PD-L1 protein abundance and most abundant glycan modification yielded a very low PD-L1 IHC estimate, thus suggesting that N-glycosylation may affect IHC measurement and PD-L1 function. Additional PRM analyses quantified immune checkpoint/co-regulator proteins LAG3, IDO1, TIM-3, VISTA, and CD40, which all displayed distinct expression independent of PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2. Targeted MS can provide a next-generation analysis platform to advance cancer immuno-therapeutic research and diagnostics.
A NEAR INFRARED INSTRUMENT FOR THE NONDESTRUCTIVE DETERMINATION OF SOLUBLE SOLIDS IN MELONS (1990)

An instrument based on near infrared (NIR) reflectance techniques is described which is capable of determining nondestructively the percent soluble solids in whole honeydew, cantaloupe and watermelon samples. It utilizes a tilting interference filter technology for wavelength scanning and a silicon detector/amplifier for the detection of radiation which has penetrated through inner melon flesh. The standard error of prediction is of the order of 1.2 percent soluble solids for honeydew melons when compared with a standard refractometer analysis.
<i>In Vitro</i> Behavior of Silica‐Based Xerogels Intended as Controlled Release Carriers (1999)

We report on the in vitro behavior of room‐temperature‐prepared xerogels upon immersion in typical physiologic solutions. The effect of various parameters was studied: xerogel composition and particle size; solution composition; and immersion protocol. Three xerogel compositions were tested: a silica xerogel (S100); a Vancomycin–silica xerogel composite (S100V); and a calcium‐ and phosphorus‐containing silica xerogel (S70). The immersion was per‐formed integrally (i.e., without solution exchange) or dif‐ferentially (i.e., with solution exchange) to model the continuous flow of body fluids past implant surfaces. Four different solutions were used: tris(hydroxymethyl)amino‐methane hydrochloric acid buffer solution plus electrolytes (TE); TE supplemented with 3% H 2 O 2 ; TE supplemented with 10% serum; and serum. Carbonated hydroxyapatite formed on all xerogels. The reaction was faster on S70 than on S100. The silica network fully dissolved for all xerogels in the differential experiment. S70 particles transformed to calcium‐ and phosphorus‐containing “shells” upon differ‐ential immersion. The presence of H2 O2 and serum proteins in the immersion solution slowed down the silicon dissolu‐tion of both xerogels. Xerogel dissolution was associated with decreased BET surface area and increased mean pore size. The data showed a linear relationship between the dissolution rate and the time‐dependent surface area. Re‐gardless of this relationship, our data also suggested that the rate‐limiting step of the dissolution during integral im‐mersion was the diffusion of the dissolved species to the bulk solution.
Jitter measurements of high-speed serial links (2004)

Jitter is one of the most important issues in the design and operation of high-speed serial links. We focus on the BERT scan method, a jitter characterization method based on scanning the bit error rate within the eye diagram.
Human fatty acid synthase mRNA: tissue distribution, genetic mapping, and kinetics of decay after glucose deprivation (1995)

To better understand the accelerated decay of fatty acid synthase (FAS) message that occurs after glucose deprivation (J. Biol. Chem. 1993. 268: 6961-6970), we characterized the 3' terminus of the human message and the kinetics of FAS mRNA decay in HepG2 cells. The FAS gene was localized to human chromosome 17q24-25 and to syntenic distal mouse chromosome 11. Expression of the FAS message in human tissues was ubiquitous with high levels in liver, lung, and intra-abdominal adipose tissue. The 806 nucleotide 3' untranslated region of the human mRNA contained two regions with the instability pentamer AUUUA. Unlike short-lived messages containing AUUUA motifs, FAS mRNA decay after glucose deprivation was not first order, and there were no detectable changes in the poly(A) tail. Glucose deprivation transiently caused FAS message to sediment more rapidly than control message in density gradients. In vivo treatment with different translational inhibitors showed that translation per se was not necessary for FAS mRNA decay; association of polysomes with FAS message protected it from decay. In cell-free decay experiments, FAS mRNA decay was more rapid using components from glucose-deprived than glucose-treated cells. These data suggest that glucose regulates cytoplasmic HepG2 FAS mRNA stability by partitioning the message between a translated pool not subject to degradation and a decay compartment, features reminiscent of regulated stability for other diet-responsive messages.
Propagating Modes with Large Bandwidth in Nanoscale Cylindrical Holes (2007)

Subwavelength cylindrical holes in optically thick metallic films always support propagating modes near the surface plasmon frequency, regardless of how small the holes are. Here, we design nanoscale holes supporting modes with very large bandwidth.
Pastiche (2002)

Backup is cumbersome and expensive. Individual users almost never back up their data, and backup is a significant cost in large organizations. This paper presents Pastiche , a simple and inexpensive backup system. Pastiche exploits excess disk capacity to perform peer-to-peer backup with no administrative costs. Each node minimizes storage overhead by selecting peers that share a significant amount of data. It is easy for common installations to find suitable peers, and peers with high overlap can be identified with only hundreds of bytes. Pastiche provides mechanisms for confidentiality, integrity, and detection of failed or malicious peers. A Pastiche prototype suffers only 7.4% overhead for a modified Andrew Benchmark, and restore performance is comparable to cross-machine copy.
Trellis-Based Decoding of High-Dimensional Block Turbo Codes (2003)

This paper introduces an efficient iterative decoding method for high-dimensional block turbo codes. To improve the decoding performance, we modified the soft decision Viterbi decoding algorithm, which is a trellis-based method. The iteration number can be significantly reduced in the soft output decoding process by applying multiple usage of extrinsic reliability information from all available axes and appropriately normalizing them. Our simulation results reveal that the proposed decoding process needs only about 30% of the iterations required to obtain the same performance with the conventional method at a bit error rate range of 10 -5 to 10 -6 .
Supercritical desulfurization of coal with chemicals (1984)

We examined the brains of 385 mentally retarded adults aged 23-90 years without Down's syndrome (DS), metabolic disorder, or hydrocephalus to extend our knowledge about the occurrence of Alzheimer-type neuropathology in this population. Relevant measures of neuropathology also were related to selected information available from clinical records. The presence of one or more neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and/or neuritic plaques (NP) was observed in 63.4% of all cases and varied with age. The prevalence of positive cases was higher when mental retardation was due to head trauma, congenital malformation, or familial factors and when a history of seizures was reported. Comprehensive morphometric analyses of neocortical, hippocampal and parahippocampal areas indicated that recommended age-specific quantitative criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease [Khachaturian ZS (1985) Arch Neurol 42:1097-1105] were met in 9.5% of cases less than 50 years of age, 54.2% between 50 and 65, 70% between 66 and 75, and 87% of the cases greater than 75 years of age. However, a limited immunohistochemical study revealed that in most cases the NP did not have a neuritic component containing paired helical filaments and in this respect most of the plaques observed in this population may differ from those most strongly associated with Alzheimer disease. In addition, substantial numbers of NFT were seen in frontal cortex, contrasting with results reported in the literature for nonretarded populations. The number of NP per mm2 consistently increased with age for all areas examined, while the relationship between NFT density and age varied across areas, and was clearly not monotonic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Tracking viable circulating tumor cells (<scp>CTC</scp>s) in the peripheral blood of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients undergoing definitive radiation therapy: Pilot study results (2014)

The current pilot data suggest that CTC counts appear to reflect response to RT in patients with localized NSCLC. On the basis of these promising results, the authors have launched a more comprehensive and detailed clinical trial.
Bioresponsive Microneedles with a Sheath Structure for H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>and pH Cascade‐Triggered Insulin Delivery (2018)

Self-regulating glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems have great potential to improve clinical outcomes and quality of life among patients with diabetes. Herein, an H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> -labile and positively charged amphiphilic diblock copolymer is synthesized, which is subsequently used to form nano-sized complex micelles (NCs) with insulin and glucose oxidase of pH-tunable negative charges. Both NCs are loaded into the crosslinked core of a microneedle array patch for transcutaneous delivery. The microneedle core is additionally coated with a thin sheath structure embedding H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> -scavenging enzyme to mitigate the injury of H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> toward normal tissues. The resulting microneedle patch can release insulin with rapid responsiveness under hyperglycemic conditions owing to an oxidative and acidic environment because of glucose oxidation, and can therefore effectively regulate blood glucose levels within a normal range on a chemically induced type 1 diabetic mouse model with enhanced biocompatibility.
Non-peptide fibrinogen receptor antagonists. 21. The synthesis of [3H]L-738,167 (1998)

The synthesis of [3H]L-738,167, an orally active fibrogen receptor antagonist, is described. A precursor containing the 2-bromotolyl moiety was synthesized, and a reductive debromination reaction using tritium gas and Pearlman's catalyst gave the desired product with a final specific activity of 21 Ci/mmol. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.