gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Production of Carboxylic Acids from Aldehydes under Hydrothermal Conditions: A Kinetics Study of Benzaldehyde (2018)

Aldehydes represent an intermediate redox state of organic carbon and can be precursors to carboxylic acids via disproportionation. A model aldehyde, benzaldehyde, was subjected to hydrothermal experiments (250–350 °C, saturation pressure) to assess the kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions leading to carboxylic acids. The concentration dependence demonstrates the kinetics are second-order in benzaldehyde, consistent with a disproportionation reaction, which is reminiscent of the base-promoted Cannizzaro reaction known at lower temperatures. Arrhenius parameters for these rate constants trend well with data from most, but not all, previous studies for the reaction under supercritical conditions. The rate constants yielded an entropy of activation (ΔS‡) of −161 J mol–1 K–1, consistent with a bimolecular transition state at the rate-limiting step. Experimental yields of benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol were not equal, unlike what is expected for the disproportionation reaction. A kinetic model that included many secondary reactions was developed and was able to reproduce the observed yields of benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid, indicating that disproportionation and subsequent secondary reactions can explain the observed product yields. Experiments at different pH values demonstrated that while the reaction can be expedited by hydroxide, as traditionally understood, at lower pH the rate is independent of pH, indicating the neutral hydrate is capable of hydride donation to another benzaldehyde molecule in the rate-limiting step. Aldehyde disproportionation offers an alternative pathway to ketone oxidation for the formation of carboxylic acids in geologic environments where they are abundant, such as sedimentary basins.
Room acoustic modal analysis using Bayesian inference (2017)

Strong modal behavior can produce undesirable acoustical effects, particularly in recording studios and other small rooms. Although closed-form solutions exist to predict modes in rectangular rooms with parallel walls, such solutions are typically not available for rooms with even modest geometrical complexity. This work explores a method to identify multiple decaying modes in experimentally measured impulse responses from existing spaces. The method adopts a Bayesian approach working in the time domain to identify numerous decaying modes in an impulse response. Bayesian analysis provides a unified framework for two levels of inference: model selection and parameter estimation. In this context model selection determines the number of modes present in an impulse response, while parameter estimation determines the relevant parameters (e.g., decay time and frequency) of each mode. The Bayesian analysis in this work is implemented using an approximate numerical technique called nested sampling. Experimental measurements are performed in a test chamber in two different configurations. Experimentally measured results are compared with simulated values from the Bayesian analyses along with other, more classical calculations. Discussion of the results and the applicability of the method is provided.
Fast Camera-Based Document Image Retrieval Using Local Arrangements of Feature Points (2006)

あらまし 本論文では,ディジタルカメラで撮影して得られた文書画像をもとに,データベースから対応する 文書画像を見つける文書画像検索の手法を提案する.従来のスキャナを利用した文書画像検索と異なり,ディジ タルカメラを利用する場合には射影ひずみなどのディジタルカメラ特有の問題に対処する必要がある.また,大 規模データベースでの利用を可能にするため,検索の効率性も重要である.これらの問題に対処するため,本論 文では特徴点の局所的配置を特徴量とし,ハッシュ表を用いた投票によって検索する手法を提案する.本手法で は,射影ひずみを実用的な範囲に制限し,特徴点の組合せを局所領域に限定することで,計算量の削減を実現す る.また,高精度な検索を実現するため,射影変換の不変量である複比で特徴点の配置を表現し,特徴量として いる.実験により,10,000 ページのデータベースから精度 98%,平均処理時間約 160 ms(特徴点抽出の画像処 理に要する約 1 s を除く)で検索できることが示された. キーワード 文書画像検索,ディジタルカメラ,複比,ハッシュ,投票
RNA Interference Technology and its Application Prospect in Animal Husbandry (2006)

The review provides a general overview of the development in RNA interference research and its application prospect in animal husbandry.
Trans-Cultural, Trans-Language Practices: Potentialities for Rethinking Doctoral Education Pedagogies (2017)

Over the last decade, there has been a rapid increase in doctoral enrolments of Asian international students in Australian universities. While policies have been developed to meet the needs of these students, there seems to be some confusion around the terms internationalisation, globalisation, bi-cultural, inter-cultural, multi-cultural, and trans-cultural within these policies. In this paper, we define these terms and advocate for a policy position which orients to a futurist definition of culture. We then review the work of Michael Singh and his research team at Western Sydney University who have responded to this rapid increase in Asian international student doctoral enrolments in Australian universities by developing pedagogic principles around notions of trans-language and trans-cultural practices. In the final section of the paper, we then draw on our own experiences of doctoral supervision in Australian universities to reflect on our positioning within the pedagogic principles around trans-language and trans-cultural practices.
Mass digitization of scientific collections: New opportunities to transform the use of biological specimens and underwrite biodiversity science (2012)

New information technologies have enabled the scientific collections community and its stakeholders to adapt, adopt, and leverage novel approaches for a nearly 300 years old scientific discipline. Now, few can credibly question the transformational impact of technology on efforts to digitize scientific collections, as IT now reaches into almost every nook and cranny of society. Five to ten years ago this was not the case. Digitization is an activity that museums and academic institutions increasingly recognize, though many still do not embrace, as a means to boost the impact of collections to research and society through improved access. The acquisition and use of scientific collections is a global endeavor, and digitization enhances their value by improved access to core biodiversity information, increases use, relevance and potential downstream value, for example, in the management of natural resources, policy development, food security, and planetary and human health. This paper examines new opportunities to design and implement infrastructure that will support not just mass digitization efforts, but also a broad range of research on biological diversity and physical sciences in order to make scientific collections increasingly relevant to societal needs and interest.
Topiramate modulates GABA-evoked currents in murine cortical neurons by a nonbenzodiazepine mechanism. (2000)

These results indicate that GABA(A)-receptor sensitivity to TPM is not dependent on the presence of BZD sensitivity. Enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition through a BZD-insensitive pathway may represent one mechanism through which TPM exerts its anticonvulsant action.
Assessment of erectogenic properties of apomorphine and yohimbine in man. (1988)

1. In a four period, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, apomorphine (0.009 mg kg-1 subcutaneous route) and yohimbine (0.30 mg kg-1 i.v. route) were administered to 10 male healthy volunteers. Penile circumference was monitored using plethysmography and subjective sexual arousal was self-assessed. Data were collected before, during and after a stimulation session during which 50 erotic slides were projected to the subjects. 2. Apomorphine induced an erection starting from the fourth minute post-injection, and potentiated the visually-induced response. Self assessment showed increased tumescence and rigidity without modifications of sexual arousal. 3. Yohimbine did not modify penile diameter without stimulation and did not affect the physiological response to erotic stimuli. 'Sexual excitement' was decreased by yohimbine during the post-stimulation phase. One subject experienced severe anxiety while he was infused with yohimbine. 4. These results are discussed with reference to animal data and to recent studies carried out in impotent patients.
Hybrid OPC modeling with SEM contour technique for 10nm node process (2014)

Hybrid OPC modeling is investigated using both CDs from 1D and simple 2D structures and contours extracted from complex 2D structures, which are obtained by a Critical Dimension-Scanning Electron Microscope (CD-SEM). Recent studies have addressed some of key issues needed for the implementation of contour extraction, including an edge detection algorithm consistent with conventional CD measurements, contour averaging and contour alignment. Firstly, pattern contours obtained from CD-SEM images were used to complement traditional site driven CD metrology for the calibration of OPC models for both metal and contact layers of 10 nm-node logic device, developed in Albany Nano-Tech. The accuracy of hybrid OPC model was compared with that of conventional OPC model, which was created with only CD data. Accuracy of the model, defined as total error root-mean-square (RMS), was improved by 23% with the use of hybrid OPC modeling for contact layer and 18% for metal layer, respectively. Pattern specific benefit of hybrid modeling was also examined. Resist shrink correction was applied to contours extracted from CD-SEM images in order to improve accuracy of the contours, and shrink corrected contours were used for OPC modeling. The accuracy of OPC model with shrink correction was compared with that without shrink correction, and total error RMS was decreased by 0.2nm (12%) with shrink correction technique. Variation of model accuracy among 8 modeling runs with different model calibration patterns was reduced by applying shrink correction. The shrink correction of contours can improve accuracy and stability of OPC model.
Plasticity of photoreceptor-generating retinal progenitors revealed by prolonged retinoic acid exposure (2011)

These data suggest that developing retinal cells have a dynamic sensitivity to RA during retinal neurogenesis. In zebrafish RA may influence the rod vs. cone cell fate decision. The RARαb receptor mediates the effects of endogenous, as well as exogenous RA, on rod development.
The Ocean-Going Autonomous Ship—Challenges and Threats (2020)

Unmanned vehicles have become a part of everyday life, not only in the air, but also at sea. In the case of sea, until now this usually meant small platforms operating near shores, usually for surveying or research purposes. However, experiments with larger cargo vessels, designed to operate on the high seas are already being carried out. In this context, there are questions about the threats that this solution may pose for other sea users, as well as the safety of the unmanned vehicle itself and the cargo or equipment on board. The problems can be considered in the context of system reliability as well as the resilience to interference or other intentional actions directed against these objects—for example, of a criminal nature. The paper describes the dangers that arise from the specificity of systems that can be used to solve navigational problems, as well as the analysis of the first experiences of the authors arising from the transit of an unmanned surface vessel (USV) from the United Kingdom to Belgium and back, crossing the busiest world shipping route—the English Channel.
A low cost acceleration method for hardware trojan detection based on fan-out cone analysis (2014)

Fabless semiconductor industry and government agencies have raised serious concerns about tampering with inserting hardware Trojans in an integrated circuit supply chain in recent years. In this paper, a low hardware overhead acceleration method of the detection of HTs based on the insertion of 2-to-1 MUXs as test points is proposed. In the proposed method, the fact that one logical gate has a significant impact on the transition probability of the logical gates in its logical fan-out cone is utilized to optimize the number of the insertion MUXs. The nets which have smaller transition probability than the threshold value set by the user and minimal logical depth from the primary inputs are selected as the candidate nets. As for each candidate net, only its input net with smallest signal probability is required to be inserted the MUXs based test points until the minimal transition probability of the entire circuit is no smaller than the threshold value. Experiment results on ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits show that our proposed method can achieve remarkable improvement of transition probability with small overhead penalty.
Pattern density multiplication by direct self assembly of block copolymers: toward 300mm CMOS requirements (2012)

In this paper we investigate the possibility to reach 300mm CMOS requirements by integrating graphoepitaxy of PS-<i>b</i>-PMMA self-assembly. Different schemes to integrate DSA process by using 193nm dry lithography or e-Beam lithography will be presented. Moreover, several challenges like solvent compatibility, bake kinetics and defectivity will be addressed. Concerning defectivity, we will propose a methodology in order to evaluate and optimize the long range order induced by graphoepitaxy of the block copolymer DSA. This approach affords the monitoring of the overall block copolymer self-assembly process and enables us to easily optimize the parameters required for a long-range order structuration, leading to a near zero-defects block copolymers self-assembled arrays. Transfer capabilities of the PS masks in the bulk silicon substrate by using plasma-etching will be also detailed, both with the film on bare silicon or organized with graphoepitaxy approaches. These results show the high potential of DSA to be integrated directly into the conventional CMOS lithography process in order to achieve high resolution and pattern density multiplication, at a low cost.
SAW duplexer metallizations for high power durability (2002)

The improvement on power durability of SAW filters in order to realize a SAW duplexer is described in this study on IDT metallization. Compared with the conventional single layer metallizations such as Al-Cu, the laminated films are found to show the higher power durability. Many kinds of laminated film were tested changing the material of the middle layer for three layered films of which the top and bottom layers were made of Al-Cu or pure Al. Among them, two types of films such as Al-Cu/Cu/Al-Cu and Al/Mg/Al showed the best power durability. Al-Cu/Cu/Al-Cu had a lifetime 250 times longer than that of current Al-Cu single film. Al/Mg/Al further had a longer lifetime than Al-Cu/Cu/Al-Cu. These three layered films are being successfully applied to SAW antenna duplexers of cellular phones, indicating sufficient power durability for practical use.
ElectroAbsorption Modulated Laser Integrated with a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier for 100-km 10.3 Gb/s Dispersion-Penalty-Free Transmission (2012)

We report, for the first time, a transmission experiment over standard fiber at 1.55 μ m using an electroabsorption modulated laser (EML) integrated with a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). We show clearly that negative pre-chirped signals can be obtained by adjusting both modulator and amplifier driving parameters. Negative chirp operation is evaluated through small-signal chirp measurement as well as through time-resolved dynamic chirp measurement. Signal chirp control at emission enhances transmission and increases optical reach. Thanks to the SOA gain and chirp compensation for modulator loss and chirp, dispersion-penalty-free with clear open eye diagrams over 100 km of optical fiber at 10.3 Gb/s is achieved. A transmission up to 125 km is also obtained. This novel fully integrated EML-SOA is very promising as a high-performance, compact and low-cost optical transmitter for the future access-metropolitan network convergence.
Otitis externa in UK general practice: a survey using the UK General Practice Research Database. (2001)

Otitis externa is a common condition and GPs can expect to see an excess of cases at the end of the summer. Topical ear drops are the most common treatment used in the UK. Patients prescribed steroid or steroid/antibiotic combination ear drops have fewer subsequent consultations for otitis externa over the following 28 days.
Myofascial release of carpal tunnel syndrome. (1993)

Current treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome may be ineffective or associated with complications or recurrence. In the case reported here, a myofascial release by the physician combined with the patient's self-stretch reduced pain and numbness and improved electromyographic results. The manipulative approach releases the transverse carpal ligament,-and "opens" or dilates the canal. The patient stretches the wrist, digits, and thumb, including myofascial components. An aggressive, conservative approach lessens the need for surgery in mild to moderate cases. Studies with magnetic resonance imaging may be helpful to document canal size before and after treatment.
Optimal Policies for Deteriorating Items with Maximum Lifetime and Two-Level Trade Credits (2014)

The retailer’s optimal policies are developed when the product has fixed lifetime and also the units in inventory are subject to deterioration at a constant rate. This study will be mainly applicable to pharmaceuticals, drugs, beverages, and dairy products, and so forth. To boost the demand, offering a credit period is considered as the promotional tool. The retailer passes credit period to the buyers which is received from the supplier. The objective is to maximize the total profit per unit time of the retailer with respect to optimal retail price of an item and purchase quantity during the optimal cycle time. The concavity of the total profit per unit time is exhibited using inventory parametric values. The sensitivity analysis is carried out to advise the decision maker to keep an eye on critical inventory parameters.
The use of magnetic resonance imaging to assess slow fluid flow in a model cerebrospinal fluid shunt system (1990)

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt malfunction in patients with hydrocephalus is common and can result in prolonged hospitalisation, operative exploration or progressive neurologic damage. The evaluation of shunt function usually requires invasive techniques that can be inaccurate or cause complications. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), which has been used to study both intraluminal blood flow and intraventricular CSF flow, may offer an alternative noninvasive test of shunt function. The MR characteristics of flow related enhancement were studied in a model shunt system. A special section of tubing for MRI was inserted into the system proximal to the valve. Flow through the system could be varied from 0 to 20 ml/h. Multiple spin echo images were made (TR2000, TE20) transverse to the specialised tubing. The intensity of the intraluminal MR signal at specific locations along this tubing and from a 'no flow' standard were measured. The signal intensity varied as a linear function of flow rate from 2.5 ml/h to 20 ml/h. These results suggest that MRI has potential for evaluating the slow flow in CSF shunts.
SS‐31 protect retinal pigment epithelial cells from H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>‐induced cell injury by reducing apoptosis (2021)

Evidence has shown that effects from oxidative stress induced damage of retinal or human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Antioxidant supplementation is a plausible strategy to avoid oxidative stress and maintain the function of retina. d-Arg-2,6-dimethyltyrosine-Lys-Phe-NH2 (SS-31) has been used in the treatment of many diseases. In this study, we found that SS-31 attenuated hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> )-induced loss of cell viability, reduced oxidative damage and cell apoptosis in RPE cells. HO-1, Trx-1 and Nrf-2 expression levels significantly increased on pre-treatment with SS-31 compared with the H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> group. SS-31 inhibited apoptosis through the downregulation of Bax and the upregulation of Bcl-2. Our results suggest that SS-31 had a protective effect against H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> treatment in ARPE-19 cells by enhancing the antioxidative enzymes expression and decreasing apoptosis, which could be considered a promising therapeutic intervention for retinal degeneration.
Continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry in a graphite furnace with photodiode array detection (1989)

A graphite furnace continuum source atomic absorption spectrometer using a photodiode array detector is described that provides high-resolution wavelength versus absorbance spectra over a 2.5-nm range for a single atomization step. The multiwavelength detection power allows the simultaneous determination of several elements, reduces problems caused by spectral interferences, and automatically corrects for nonzero background absorbance. Each spectrum is acquired in 0.33 s, and several successive spectra can be obtained during a single run. Three-dimensional wavelength-absorbance-furnace temperature spectra can be obtained by using ramped heating steps to provide a rough separation of elements in a mixture. Limits of detection calculated for 19 elements range from 0.1 pg for magnesium to 700 pg for arsenic. The sampling precision was found to be better than 10% relative standard deviation in all cases, with the precision for a single atomization being greatly increased when multiple absorption lines for a single element are observed in the spectrum. The error found for the measurement of the iron concentration in an NBS standard bronze was 8.5%, with the calculated concentration agreeing with the certified concentration within 95% confidence limits.
Present and Future Prospect of Small Molecule & Related Targeted Therapy Against Human Cancer. (2018)

Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth guided by deregulation of cell growth network. Subsequently, alteration in genes occurs which influences expression (down-regulation of tumor suppressor genes and/or up-regulation of proto-oncogene) of these prominent cell growth proteins. Protein targeting has emerged as a hope against cancer. These therapies work by inhibiting or up regulating the target proteins through agents specific for treatment of deregulated proteins. Targeted cancer therapies are more favorable for cancers like lung, colorectal, breast, lymphoma and leukemia as they focus on particular molecular changes unique to a specific cancer. As researchers scrutinize and comprehend the cell changes that initiate cancer, they are better able to design promising therapies targeting these changes or nullify their effect. In present study we have assessed prospects of significant proteins which are known to be targeted by number of small molecules and related drugs for effective treatment of various forms of cancer. Moreover, we also addressed the efficacies of these drugs toward the cancer treatment and future challenges in their development as this information is lacking in previously published work.
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Specification Errata and Issues (2006)

This document is a compilation of issues found during six interoperability events and 5 years of experience with implementing, testing, and using Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) along with the suggested fixes. This document provides deltas to RFC 2960 and is organized in a time-based way. The issues are listed in the order they were brought up. Because some text is changed several times, the last delta in the text is the one that should be applied. In addition to the delta, a description of the problem and the details of the solution are also provided.