gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Noncrystallizable Molecular Glasses for Stable and Long-Lived OLED and Organic Electronics (2014)

Organic Light Emitting Diode Technology (OLED) is poised to challenge Light Emitting Diode (LED) and Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) in flat panel displays, flexible displays, and lighting applications. OLED display has an advantage over LCD with its high response speed, wide viewing angle, and high contrast in dark settings. There are, however, two major challenges slowing down OLED: production costs must decrease and device longevity needs to improve.1, 2, and 3This presentation will introduce a new class of noncrystallizable charge transporting and/or electroluminescent materials designed to improve device stability and efficiency. We will report on the design, synthesis, and characterization of noncrystallizable electron-transporting, hole-transporting, bipolar charge-transporting, and luminescent small molecule materials. The concept behind this class of compounds and the reasons for their efficacy will be discussed.Traditional thermal OLED production is too expensive. Solution processes for spin, roll-to-roll, slot die, or inkjet coating are required. The traditional small molecules used for thermal deposition tend to crystallize in solvents. OLED systems using polymeric materials (PLED) are being developed. Polymeric charge transport materials tend to have relatively low transport properties. Recently, there have been a lot of activities surrounding “molecular glasses” for solution smOLED processes (small molecules OLED).4 These molecular glasses are defined as “amorphous materials in the state of thermo;dynamic nonequilibrium, and hence, they tend to undergo structural relaxation, exhibiting well-defined glass temperature Tg's. However they also tend to crystallize on heating above their Tg's, frequently exhibiting polymorphism”.5, 6 With time, equilibrium will lead to crystallization of these materials. When that happens, the performance of the device is degraded, limiting longevity. An additional problem with current small molecule OLED materials is their solubility. Either solubility is limited or requires non-green solvents.Molecular Glasses, a division of Molaire Consulting LLC, is developing a new class of truly noncrystallizable amorphous small molecule organic electronics materials with high solubility in various green solvents.7 This new class of amorphous small molecule OLED materials is defined as mixtures of compatible molecules with an infinitely low crystallization rate under the most favorable conditions. They are essentially noncrystallizable with a large entropy of mixing values amenable to compatibility with a wide range of materials at a very high concentration.
Neuroproteomics and systems biology‐based discovery of protein biomarkers for traumatic brain injury and clinical validation (2008)

The rapidly growing field of neuroproteomics has expanded to track global proteomic changes underlying various neurological conditions such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. TBI remains a major health problem with approximately 2 million incidents occurring annually in the United States, yet no affective treatment is available despite several clinical trials. The absence of brain injury diagnostic biomarkers was identified as a significant road-block to therapeutic development for brain injury. Recently, the field of neuroproteomics has undertaken major advances in the area of neurotrauma research, where several candidate markers have been identified and are being evaluated for their efficacy as biological biomarkers in the field of TBI. One scope of this review is to evaluate the current status of TBI biomarker discovery using neuroproteomics techniques, and at what stage we are at in their clinical validation. In addition, we will discuss the need for strengthening the role of systems biology and its application to the field of neuroproteomics due to its integral role in establishing a comprehensive understanding of specific brain disorder and brain function in general. Finally, to achieve true clinical input of these neuroproteomic findings, these putative biomarkers should be validated using preclinical and clinical samples and linked to clinical diagnostic assays including ELISA or other high-throughput assays.
HD-CNN: Hierarchical Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Large Scale Visual Recognition (2015)

In image classification, visual separability between different object categories is highly uneven, and some categories are more difficult to distinguish than others. Such difficult categories demand more dedicated classifiers. However, existing deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) are trained as flat N-way classifiers, and few efforts have been made to leverage the hierarchical structure of categories. In this paper, we introduce hierarchical deep CNNs (HD-CNNs) by embedding deep CNNs into a two-level category hierarchy. An HD-CNN separates easy classes using a coarse category classifier while distinguishing difficult classes using fine category classifiers. During HDCNN training, component-wise pretraining is followed by global fine-tuning with a multinomial logistic loss regularized by a coarse category consistency term. In addition, conditional executions of fine category classifiers and layer parameter compression make HD-CNNs scalable for largescale visual recognition. We achieve state-of-the-art results on both CIFAR100 and large-scale ImageNet 1000-class benchmark datasets. In our experiments, we build up three different two-level HD-CNNs, and they lower the top-1 error of the standard CNNs by 2:65%, 3:1%, and 1:1%.
Accurate molecular beam epitaxial growth of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser using diode laser reflectometry (1995)

Accurate and reproducible molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) growths of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) and various vertical-cavity structures are achieved using an extremely simple, cost-effective and compact diode laser reflectometry pre-growth calibration system. Average growth accuracy of 0.25% with a 0.40% standard deviation is obtained over a period of 6 months for a variety of growth structures. Low threshold continuous wave room temperature operation is achieved from all the VCSEL wafers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dynamically Pulsed MTCMOS with Bus Encoding for Total Power and Crosstalk Minimization (2005)

Increased buffer insertion along on-chip global lines and the increasing contribution of leakage power have resulted in buffer leakage emerging as one of the chief contributors to system leakage power. We present a novel power-gating scheme for repeaters on global bus lines that address the pressing problem of runtime leakage while simultaneously eliminating worst-case capacitive coupling between adjacent bus lines. We propose using a pulsed MTCMOS (multiple threshold CMOS) scheme that dynamically activates the bus system only when transmitting a signal. Additionally, a bus encoding scheme is used to eliminate worst-case coupling and thereby negate the power-gating and pulse generation performance penalty. We consider all sources of delay and leakage power, including that of the MTCMOS control circuitry. This technique can result in nearly a 30% reduction in total bus system power for low switching activities and up to 2.3 times reduction in standby mode leakage with no reactivation delay penalty.
Optical Interconnects for Present and Future High-Performance Computing Systems (2008)

Optical interconnects are useful for high-performance electronic computing systems when the number-of-channels, the bit-rate per channel, the channel density, and the communication distance of electrical links are simultaneously stressed. We review the near-term and longer term opportunities for optical communication at the chassis, chip-package and silicon micro-system levels.
Performance Analysis and Experimentation of a Liquid-Cooled Eddy Current Retarder With a Dual Salient Poles Design (2014)

A liquid-cooled eddy current retarder (ECR) with a dual salient poles design is proposed in this paper. Finite element models were developed to perform transient magnetic analysis and steady-state conjugate heat transfer analysis. The braking torque, eddy current field and thermal field of the retarder were each predicted. The retarder was subjected to two sets of tests on a test bench, to obtain the braking torque at various rotational speeds, while utilizing two different magnetomotive forces, respectively, and the torque was also tested while maintaining a constant rotational speed, for a specific amount of time. The good agreement shown between the calculations and measured data of the braking torque served to validate the analysis method. The experiments also showed that the braking torque of the retarder decreased more slowly than the braking torque of conventional ECRs in continuous operation.
Synthesis and characterization of Cu-doped ZnO one-dimensional structures for miniaturized sensor applications with faster response (2012)

Detection of chemicals and biological species is an important issue to human health and safety. In this paper, we report the hydrothermal synthesis at 95 °C of Cu-doped ZnO low-dimensional rods for room-temperature (RT) sensing applications and enhanced sensor performances. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman and photoluminescence are used to characterize the material properties. To demonstrate the suitability of the Cu-doped ZnO rods for gas sensor applications and for comparison with pure ZnO, we fabricated a double rod device using Focused Ion Beam. The responses of pure-ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO rods studied in exactly the same condition are reported. We found that Cu-ZnO sensors have enhanced RT sensitivity, faster response time, and good selectivity. Miniaturized Cu-ZnO rod-based sensors can serve as a good candidate for effective H2 detectors with low power consumption.
Delirium detection using EEG: what and how to measure. (2015)

In a homogenous population of nonsedated patients who had undergone cardiothoracic surgery, we observed that relative δ power from an eyes-closed EEG recording with only two electrodes in a frontal-parietal derivation can distinguish among patients who have delirium and those who do not.
Design of Common-Mode Feedback for High-Gain Charge Amplifier (2020)

We describe a common-mode feedback circuit (CMFB) for a charge detector. The amplifier is implemented in a 180-nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process. The amplifier combines a folded differential topology, active reset, and small feedback capacitors. This allows for low noise, high-gain, high-dynamic-range, and robust operations. The design and analysis of the CMFB for the proposed high-gain charge amplifier is discussed. Simulation results show that the CMFB loop has a phase margin of 62.1 degrees and a gain margin of 25 dB. Measurement results show the amplifier chip exhibits a stable common mode voltage.
Defect repair for extreme-ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) mask blanks (2003)

The development of defect-free reticle blanks is an important challenge facing the commercialization of extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL). The basis of an EUVL reticle are mask blanks consisting of a substrate and a reflective Mo/Si multilayer. Defects on the substrate or defects introduced during multilayer deposition can result in critical phase and amplitude defects. Amplitude- or phase-defect repair techniques are being developed with the goal to repair many of these defects. In this paper we discuss the selection of a capping layer for amplitude-defect repair, and report on experimental results of the reflectance variation over the amplitude-defect repair zone for different capping layers. Our results suggest that carbon and silicon carbide are the leading candidates for capping layer materials. We further performed a quantitative assessment of the yield improvement due to defect repair. We found that amplitude- and phase-defect repair have the potential to significantly improve mask blank yield, and that yield can be maximized by increasing the number of Mo/Si bilayers.
Vacuum foil insulation system. [Vacuum foil thermal insulation system for nuclear-powered artificial heart] (1976)

In a multifoil thermal insulation package having a plurality of concentric cylindrical cups, means are provided for reducing heat loss from the penetration region which extends through the cups. At least one cup includes an integral skirt extending from one end of the cup to intersection with the penetration means. Assembly of the insulation package with the skirted cup is facilitated by splitting the cup to allow it to be opened up and fitted around the other cups during assembly. The insulation is for an implantable nuclear powered artificial heart.
Spiking Neural Networks Enable Two-Dimensional Neurons and Unsupervised Multi-Timescale Learning (2018)

The capabilities of artificial neural networks (ANNs) are limited by the operations possible at their individual neurons and synapses. For instance, each neuron's activation only represents a single scalar variable. In addition, because neuronal activations may be dominated by a single timescale in the synaptic input, unsupervised learning from data with multiple timescales has not been generally possible. Here we address these by exploiting the continuous-time and asynchronous operation of spiking neural networks (SNNs), i.e. a biologically-inspired type of ANNs. First, we demonstrate how input neurons can be two-dimensional (2D), i.e. each represent two variables. Second, we show unsupervised learning from multiple timescales simultaneously. 2D neurons operate by allocating each variable to a different timescale in their activation, i.e. one variable corresponds to the timing of individual spikes, and another to the spike rate. We show how these can be modulated separately but simultaneously, and we apply this mixed coding technique to encoding images with two modalities, namely, colour and brightness. Unsupervised multi-timescale learning is achieved by synapses with spike-timing-dependent plasticity, combined with varying degrees of short-term plasticity. We demonstrate the successful application of this learning scheme on the unsupervised classification of bimodal pictures encoded by our 2D neurons. Taken together, our results show that SNNs are capable of increasing both the information content of each neuron and the exploitable data in the input. We suggest that through these unique features, SNNs may increase the performance and broaden the applicability of ANNs.
Novel Growth and Device Concepts for High-Efficiency InGaN Quantum Wells Light-Emitting Diodes (2010)

The growths and characteristics of staggered InGaN quantum wells (QWs) and type-II InGaN-GaNAs QWs are presented for high-efficiency green-emitting light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Approaches for enhancing internal-quantum-efficiency, light-extraction-efficiency, and efficiency-droop in nitride LEDs are discussed.
Egomotion using assorted features (2010)

We describe a novel and robust minimal solver for performing online visual odometry with a stereo rig. The proposed method can compute the underlying camera motion given any arbitrary, mixed combination of point and line correspondences across two stereo views. This facilitates a hybrid visual odometry pipeline that is enhanced by well-localized and reliably-tracked line features while retaining the well-known advantages of point features. Utilizing trifocal tensor geometry and quaternion representation of rotation matrices, we develop a polynomial system from which camera motion parameters can be robustly extracted in the presence of noise. We show how the more popular approach of using direct linear/subspace techniques fail in this regard and demonstrate improved performance using our formulation with extensive experiments and comparisons against the 3-point and line-sfm algorithms.
Recent advances in extreme ultraviolet sources and technology (2003)

Summary form only given. Extending deep ultraviolet micro-lithography into the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) using wavelengths around 13.5 nm is the most promising approach to meet the demands of semiconductor chip manufacturing from the year 2007 on and beyond. High throughput of EUV exposure tools of >80 wafers per hour requires bright radiation sources at 13.5 nm with average power well above 100 W. Here we give an overview of results from research and development of EUV sources. The EUV source technology under investigation is based on two concepts: gas discharge produced plasmas and laser produced plasmas. The gas discharge produced plasma EUV sources are based on low pressure gas filled Z-pinches. The laser plasma investigations are performed with an experimental setup comprising a 500 W laser system coupled to a liquid xenon-jet.
Construction and characterization of <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> mutants lacking the vir‐regulated P.69 outer membrane protein (1991)

The Bordetella pertussis P.69 protein is an immunogen with vaccine potential. The role of this protein in pathogenesis is unclear; it has been associated with the toxic adenylate cyclase and adhesion to eukaryotic cells. For further analysis of the role of P.69 in the biology of B. pertussis, we have constructed strains which specifically lack P.69. The cloned P.69 (prn) gene of B. pertussis was insertionally inactivated with a kanamycin-resistance cassette. This inactivated gene was used to construct P.69- mutants of B. pertussis by allelic exchange using plasmid pRTP1. B. pertussis P.69- strains produced normal levels of other vir-regulated factors, including adenylate cyclase. The serotype of B. pertussis, determined by Eldering and Preston typing sera and monoclonal antibodies, was also unaffected by the presence or absence of P.69. The ability of a prn mutant to adhere to and invade HEp2 cells was not significantly different from that of its parent strain. A strain containing a mutation in fhaB was significantly less adhesive and invasive than its parent, and a prn fhaB double mutant exhibited an even greater reduction in adhesiveness and invasiveness down to levels comparable with a Vir- strain. However, strains harbouring mutations in FHA and/or P.69 were able to colonize or multiply in the murine respiratory tract, although a Vir- strain was unable to survive and proliferate in the same infection model.
The Peptidoglycan Hydrolase of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteriophage ϕ11 Plays a Structural Role in the Viral Particle (2013)

The role of virion-associated peptidoglycan hydrolases (VAPGHs) in the phage infection cycle is not clear. gp49, the VAPGH from Staphylococcus aureus phage 11, is not essential for phage growth but stabilizes the viral particles. 11Δ49 phages showed a reduced burst size and delayed host lysis. Complementation of gp49 with HydH5 from bacteriophage vB_SauS-phiIPLA88 restored the wild-type phenotype.
Current Injection Free-Exciton Recombination Emission from Synthesized Diamond (2000)

Emission in the UV region is obtained at room temperature from a current injection light-emitting device composed of high-quality synthesized diamond crystal. The operating wavelength is observed to be as short as 235 nm. The main mechanism for the UV emission is found to be TO-phonon-assisted free-exciton recombination, both in the surface conduction device as well as in the p-type one. Since the exciton plays the role of an intermediate state in the photon emission process even at room temperature, the emission efficiency is expected to be higher than that of other indirect semiconductors.
Reducing common mode EMI noise in two-switch forward converter (2009)

This paper addresses the common mode (CM) electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise issues in the two-switch forward converter. Two-switch forward converter has low CM noise with its symmetric primary side structure. However, the asymmetric parasitic capacitances and secondary side noise source have adverse effects on the symmetry and degrade the CM noise reduction. In order to solve the issues, CM noise model of the converter and transformer is first derived. Symmetry conditions are then summarized as the guideline for achieving CM noise reduction. Methods are proposed to minimize the CM noise by controlling the transformer termination, parasitic capacitances and structure. Experimental results validated the proposed techniques.
Tight genetic linkage between the kdr insecticide resistance trait and a voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene in the house fly. (1994)

The kdr insecticide resistance trait in the house fly, Musca domestica, confers resistance to the rapid paralysis (knockdown) and lethal effects of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and pyrethroids. Flies with the kdr trait exhibit reduced neuronal sensitivity to these compounds, which are known to act at voltage-sensitive sodium channels of nerve membranes. To test the hypothesis that a mutation in a voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene confers the kdr phenotype, we have cloned genomic DNA corresponding to a segment of the house fly homologue of the para sodium channel gene of Drosophila melanogaster, identified restriction-site polymorphisms within this segment between the kdr strain 538ge and an inbred insecticide-susceptible lab stain, and developed a sensitive polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic procedure to determine the sodium channel genotype of individual flies. A genetic linkage analysis performed with these molecular markers shows that the kdr trait is tightly linked (within about 1 map unit) to the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene segment exhibiting the DNA sequence polymorphism. These findings provide genetic evidence for a mutation at or near a voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene as the basis for kdr resistance.
Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Gyroscopic Sensor: A Review (2015)

A gyroscopic orientation sensor is proposed using magnetic nanoparticles and electric current. Nanoparticles are spun in alternating magnetic fields. External forces imposed on the changing gyroscopic orientation of the nanoparticles cause a change in the strength of the magnetic field. The sensory effect of the magnetic strength is predicted using theoretical models for fluid friction, susceptibility, and local nanoparticle interactions. Fluid inertia and coupling between particles are negligible compared with the imposed field and are neglected to simplify the model. The configuration leads to an orientation sensor for detecting the change in orientation of nanoparticles in an alternating magnetic field.
Method for preparing surfaces of metal composites having a brittle phase for plating. [Patent application] (1982)

The present invention is directed to a method for preparing surfaces of two-phase metal composites having relatively brittle and malleable components for plating with corrosion-resistant material. In practice of the present invention, the surfaces of the composite are etched to remove a major portion or fraction of the brittle component. The etched surface is then peened with particulates for breaking the brittle component from the surfaces and for spreading or smearing the malleable component over the surfaces. The peened surface is then chemically cleaned of residual traces of the brittle component to which the corrosion-resistant material may be plated thereon in an adherent manner.
Identification and quantification of betulinic acid (1999)

Betulinic acid was identified in the bark and in the wood of Platanus acerifolia (plane) and of Betula pendula (white birch) by thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography (GC), GC coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), electrospray ionisation MS, and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Quantitative analysis by GC after derivatisation under mild silylating conditions and using squalane as internal standard showed 3.3% betulinic acid in the cork of plane while the wood content was much lower. The bark of white birch contained 0.3% betulinic acid. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.