gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Building Effective Online Marketplaces with Institution-Based Trust (2004)

Institution-based trust is a buyer’s perception that effective third-party institutional mechanisms are in place to facilitate transaction success. This paper integrates sociological and economic theories about institution-based trust to propose that the perceived effectiveness of three IT-enabled institutional mechanisms–specifically feedback mechanisms, third-party escrow services, and credit card guarantees–engender buyer trust in the community of online auction sellers. Trust in the marketplace intermediary that provides the overarching institutional context also builds buyer’s trust in the community of sellers. In addition, buyers’ trust in the community of sellers (as a group) facilitates online transactions by reducing perceived risk. Data collected from 274 buyers in Amazon’s online auction marketplace provide support for the proposed structural model. Longitudinal data collected a year later show that transaction intentions are correlated with actual and self-reported buyer behavior. The study shows that the perceived effectiveness of institutional mechanisms encompasses both “weak” (market-driven) and “strong” (legally binding) mechanisms. These mechanisms engender trust, not only in a few reputable sellers, but also in the entire community of sellers, which contributes to an effective online marketplace. The results thus help explain why, despite the inherent uncertainty that arises when buyers and sellers are separated in time and in space, online marketplaces are proliferating. Implications for theory are discussed, and suggestions for future research on improving IT-enabled trust-building mechanisms are suggested.
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Primary <i>Clostridium difficile</i> Infection (2018)

To the Editor: Clostridium difficile infection is a major health problem. 1 Antibiotic treatment is associated with a considerable rate of recurrence of infection and is related to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.Recently, fecal microbiota transplantation has been shown to be effective in the treatment of recurrent C. difficile infection. 2 We undertook a proof-of-concept trial (ClinicalTrials.govnumber, NCT02301000) to evaluate the use of fecal microbiota transplantation as treatment for primary C. difficile infection.The trial began on November 25, 2014, and the first patient underwent randomization on February 22, 2015.From February 2015 through November 2017, at six hospitals in Norway, we randomly assigned 21 adult patients with acute C. difficile infection (≥3 loose stools per day and a positive C. difficile stool test) who had not had previous C. difficile infection to recommended treatment in Norway 3 (oral metronidazole at a dose of 400 mg three times a day for 10 days) or fecal microbiota transplantation (one 60-ml enema of anaerobically cultivated human intestinal microbiota) (see the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this letter at NEJM.org). 4,5 Achim Biotherapeutics, which provided the fecal microbiota suspension free of charge to the investigators for the purpose of the trial, had no role in the design, conduct, or analyses of the trial.The protocol, available at NEJM.org, was approved by the institutional review board, and all patients provided written informed consent.The primary end point was clinical cure (firm stool consistency or ≤3 bowel movements per day) with no evidence of recurrence of C. difficile infection when the patient was evaluated at day 70 by an assessor who was unaware of the treatment assignment.Secondary end points were
Ubiquitin-like Protein Conjugation: Structures, Chemistry, and Mechanism (2017)

Ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubl's) are conjugated to target proteins or lipids to regulate their activity, stability, subcellular localization, or macromolecular interactions. Similar to ubiquitin, conjugation is achieved through a cascade of activities that are catalyzed by E1 activating enzymes, E2 conjugating enzymes, and E3 ligases. In this review, we will summarize structural and mechanistic details of enzymes and protein cofactors that participate in Ubl conjugation cascades. Precisely, we will focus on conjugation machinery in the SUMO, NEDD8, ATG8, ATG12, URM1, UFM1, FAT10, and ISG15 pathways while referring to the ubiquitin pathway to highlight common or contrasting themes. We will also review various strategies used to trap intermediates during Ubl activation and conjugation.
Simulation framework for the development of autonomous small scale vehicles (2016)

The development and validation of highly automated driving functions towards autonomous driving requires efficient frameworks to reduce the necessity of expensive, time-consuming and dangerous real test drives. This applies for the development of autonomous small scale as well as real scale vehicles. In the present work we introduce a simulation framework for the development and virtual validation of small scale vehicles to tackle this issue. At the concrete challenge of the student competition AUDI Autonomous Driving Cup, we demonstrate how a closed world can be transformed into appropriate simulation models in order to stimulate higher level automated driving functions. The framework is demonstrated at the example of highly automated driving functions on a small scale vehicle. At the end, we transfer the important results to the virtual validation of real scale autonomous vehicles.
Femtosecond Laser Technology in Corneal Refractive Surgery: A Review (2012)

Femtosecond laser technology is rapidly becoming a heavily utilized tool in corneal refractive surgical procedures due to its reproducibility, safety, precision, and versatility.
Can ISPS and P2P users cooperate for improved performance? (2007)

Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems, which are realized as overlays on top of the underlying Internet routing architecture, contribute a significant portion of today's Internet traffic. While the P2P users are a good source of revenue for the Internet Service Providers (ISPs), the immense P2P traffic also poses a significant traffic engineering challenge to the ISPs. This is because P2P systems either implement their own routing in the overlay topology or may use a P2P routing underlay [1], both of which are largely independent of the Internet routing, and thus impedes the ISP's traffic engineering capabilities. On the other hand, P2P users are primarily interested in finding their desired content quickly, with good performance. But as the P2P system has no access to the underlying network, it either has to measure the path performance itself or build its overlay topology agnostic of the underlay. This situation is disadvantageous for both the ISPs and the P2P users. To overcome this, we propose and evaluate the feasibility of a solution where the ISP offers an "oracle" to the P2P users. When the P2P user supplies the oracle with a list of possible P2P neighbors, the oracle ranks them according to certain criteria, like their proximity to the user or higher bandwidth links. This can be used by the P2P user to choose appropriate neighbors, and therefore improve its performance. The ISP can use this mechanism to better manage the immense P2P traffic, e.g., to keep it inside its network, or to direct it along a desired path. The improved network utilization will also enable the ISP to provide better service to its customers.
Effects of Methylthiodeoxyadenosine and Its Analogs on <i>in vitro</i> Invasion of Rat Ascites Hepatoma Cells and Methylation of Their Phospholipids (1991)

The relationship between tumor invasiveness in vitro and methylation of plasma membrane phospholipids was investigated. For this purpose, two hepatoma cell lines, C1-30 and LC-AH, were used which show specific penetration to below cultured monolayers of mesothelial cells from rat mesentery and endothelial cells from calf pulmonary artery, respectively. Methylthiodeoxyadenosine (MTA) and five of its analogs, difluoro-MTA, deoxyadenosine, sinefungin, phenylthiodeoxyadenosine and fluorophenylthiodeoxyadenosine, inhibited the invasion of the tumor cells without affecting their proliferation. This inhibition was associated with reduction in the incorporation of radioactivity of [methyl-3H]methionine into cellular phosphatidylethanolamine derivatives without changes in the labelings of RNA and DNA and carboxylmethylation of protein. These compounds also decreased the membrane fluidity of the tumor cells, measured by a steady-state fluorescence polarization method. Three other MTA analogs (fluorodideoxyadenosine, fluoroazidodideoxyadenosine and fluoroaminodideoxyuridine) did not affect the invasiveness of the tumor cells or alter their phospholipid methylation or membrane fluidity at concentrations that did not inhibit proliferation. These results suggest that the decrease in invasiveness of tumor cells by MTA and its analogs is due to alterations in the phospholipid composition and fluidity of the tumor cell membranes.
The effect of transfer function estimation errors on the filtered-x LMS algorithm (1994)

The filtered-x LMS algorithm, which is commonly implemented in active noise and vibration control systems, requires an estimate of the cancellation path transfer function to maintain algorithm stability. This correspondence considers the effect of errors in this estimate on the stability of the algorithm implemented in the time domain, concluding that while a maximum phase error of /spl plusmn/90/spl deg/ is a bound for stability, there is no simple relationship between error and stability within this region.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design and System Implementation Considerations for High-Temperature Distributed Engine Control (2010)

The currently pervasive centralized engine control system architecture for turbine engines consists of a Full Authority Digital Electronic Control (FADEC) module that is hard-wired to sensors and actuators. As a result, new control and sensing technology is slowly adopted within aircraft engines, and when these adoptions are made the overhaul cost is high. Additionally, the FADEC is often unable to pinpoint sensor, actuator, and engine component faults, and the FADEC is required to reside in a cool area of the engine such as the fan case, far away from most sensors and actuators. This paper explores the design challenges and open questions associated with evolving turbine engine control system architectures from centralized to distributed so that turbine engine control and health monitoring technologies can evolve more rapidly and maintenance costs and wiring weight may be reduced. Methods for incorporating, within extreme temperature environments, the data bus interface, processing, and signal conditioning required to successfully implement a distributed engine control framework in general, and data concentrator specifically, are discussed. Also, we discuss ideas for data concentrator signal processing and communication along the engine control system’s data bus.
Analytical modelling of sputter induced surface morphology (1977)

Abstract A review is presented of the mathematical treatment of the development of surface topography of amorphous materials bombarded by an energetic beam of particles. In the first section the relevant analytical equations are presented and extended to include surface diffusion. In general the complete analytical approach is shown to be intractable, but in the second section some of the equations are adapted to suit computer programmes which allow calculation of the development of a surface contour provided the original contour and the functional relationship between sputtering coefficient and angle (S(θ)) are specified. Finally, geometrical construction techniques, which allow the topographical development to be predicted, are discussed and a new cursor, which evolves from the appropriate S,θ relationship, is shown to be significantly simpler to use than the erosion slowness curve when making a geometrical construction of the evolving surface.
Artificial intelligence in fiction: between narratives and metaphors (2021)

Abstract Science-fiction (SF) has become a reference point in the discourse on the ethics and risks surrounding artificial intelligence (AI). Thus, AI in SF—science-fictional AI—is considered part of a larger corpus of ‘AI narratives’ that are analysed as shaping the fears and hopes of the technology. SF, however, is not a foresight or technology assessment, but tells dramas for a human audience. To make the drama work, AI is often portrayed as human-like or autonomous, regardless of the actual technological limitations. Taking science-fictional AI too literally, and even applying it to science communication, paints a distorted image of the technology's current potential and distracts from the real-world implications and risks of AI. These risks are not about humanoid robots or conscious machines, but about the scoring, nudging, discrimination, exploitation, and surveillance of humans by AI technologies through governments and corporations. AI in SF, on the other hand, is a trope as part of a genre-specific mega-text that is better understood as a dramatic means and metaphor to reflect on the human condition and socio-political issues beyond technology.
Micelle formation of randomly grafted copolymers in slightly selective solvents (2001)

Amphiphilic surfactants, molecules with chemical moieties that interact differently with the solvating medium, are important for technological applications and ubiquitous in biology. Understanding how to control surfactant properties is, therefore, of wide-ranging importance. Using a combination of light scattering experiments and field theory, we demonstrate that the behavior of polymeric surfactants can be controlled sensitively by manipulating molecular architecture. We find that branched polymeric amphiphiles can be much better surfactants than traditional linear analogs. This is indicated by micelle formation in solvents that are very slightly selective for the backbone of the branched molecule. Our experimental and theoretical findings also suggest that, for a given chemistry and architectural class, surfactant properties of polymeric amphiphiles are very sensitive to subtle changes in architectural features. Specifically, we find that choosing a particular branching density optimizes the propensity for micelle formation. The sensitivity of macromolecular surfactant properties to molecular architecture can perhaps be profitably exploited in applications wherein only certain chemical moieties are allowed. The physical origin of this sensitivity is the importance of conformational entropy penalties associated with the pertinent self-assembly process. This is in contrast to self-assembly of small molecule systems where conformational entropy is not of such significance.
Olefin Copolymerization via Controlled Radical Polymerization:  Copolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate and 1-Octene (2004)

The atom transfer radical (co)polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with 1-octene was investigated. Well controlled homopolymer of MMA was obtained with 2,2,2-trichoroethanol (TCE) and p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (pTsCl), although, uncontrolled copolymerization occurred when pTsCl was employed in the presence of higher mole percent of 1-octene in the monomer feed. Well-controlled copolymers constituting almost 20 mol % of 1-octene were obtained using TCE as initiator. Narrow molar mass distributions (MMDs) were obtained in the ATRP experiments. The comparable free radical (co)polymerizations (FRP) resulted in broad MMDs. Increasing the mol % of the olefin in the monomer feed, led to an increase in the level of incorporation of the olefin in the copolymer, at the expense of the overall percent conversion. The formation of the copolymer was established using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization−time-of-flight−mass spectrometry (MALDI−TOF−MS). Evident from the MALDI−TOF−MS spectra was that most polymer chains contained at least one 1-octene unit. The glass transition temperature of the copolymer was 16 °C lower than that for the homopolymer of MMA. Block copolymer was synthesized and further characterized using gradient polymer elution chromatography (GPEC). The shift in the retention time between the macroinitiator and the formed block, clearly indicated the existence of the block copolymer structure and also confirmed the high macroinitiator efficiency.
Digital signal processors in cellular radio communications (1997)

Contemporary wireless communications are based on digital communications technologies. The recent commercial success of mobile cellular communications has been enabled in part by successful designs of digital signal processors with appropriate on-chip memories and specialized accelerators for digital transceiver operations. This article provides an overview of fixed point digital signal processors and ways in which they are used in cellular communications. Directions for future wireless-focused DSP technology developments are discussed.
Facile Preparation of Stable Antibody–Gold Conjugates and Application to Affinity-Capture Self-Interaction Nanoparticle Spectroscopy (2016)

Protein-nanoparticle conjugates are widely used for conventional applications such as immunohistochemistry and biomolecular detection as well as emerging applications such as therapeutics and advanced materials. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to reproducibly prepare stable protein-nanoparticle conjugates with highly similar optical properties. Here we report an improved physisorption method for reproducibly preparing stable antibody-gold conjugates at acidic pH using polyclonal antibodies from a wide range of species (human, goat, rabbit, mouse, and rat). We find that gold particles synthesized using citrate alone or in combination with tannic acid are similar in size but display variable colloidal stability when conjugated to polyclonal antibodies. The variability in conjugate stability is due to differences in the pH and composition of the original gold colloid, which prevents reproducible preparation of stable antibody conjugates without additional purification of the particles prior to conjugation. Sedimentation-based purification of gold particles synthesized using different methods enabled reproducible generation of antibody-gold conjugates with high stability and similar plasmon wavelengths. We also find that antibody conjugates prepared using our improved procedure display excellent performance when applied to a high-throughput immunogold assay (affinity-capture self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy, AC-SINS) for identifying monoclonal antibodies with low self-association, high solubility, and low viscosity. The stable antibody conjugates prepared with various types of gold colloid result in robust and reproducible AC-SINS measurements of antibody self-association using extremely dilute (microgram per mL) and unpurified antibody solutions. We expect that this improved methodology will be useful for reproducibly preparing stable antibody-gold conjugates for diverse applications.
Quantitative Determination of Triterpenoids and Formononetin in Rhizomes of Black Cohosh (<i>Actaea racemosa</i>) and Dietary Supplements by Using UPLC-UV/ELS Detection and Identification by UPLC-MS (2008)

A UPLC-UV/ELSD method has been developed for analysis of major triterpenoids and formononetin in ACTAEA RACEMOSA L. (family Ranunculaceae) samples. The best results were obtained with an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (100 mmx2.1 mm, i. d., 1 microm) column system using gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of water and acetonitrile:methanol (7:3) at a constant flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Owing to their low UV absorption, the triterpene saponins were detected by evaporative light scattering. Within 5.5 minutes, three main triterpenoid glycosides [cimiracemoside A, 23- EPI-26-deoxyactein, and actein] and an isoflavonoid, formononetin, could be separated, with detection limits of 5, 5, 10, and 0.01 microg/mL, respectively. The method was successfully used to analyze different Actaea racemosa market products as well as to distinguish between two other ACTAEA species. There was a significant variability in the amounts of the selected triterpene glycosides for the products containing black cohosh and rhizomes of black cohosh. The isoflavone formononetin was not detected in the samples analyzed. LC-MS coupled with the electrospray ionization (ESI) interface method is described for the identification of formononetin and triterpenoid glycosides in plant samples and dietary supplements that claim to contain black cohosh and different species of Actaea.
Purification and properties of an inducible beta-galactosidase isolated from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis (1979)

beta-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.32) was purified 80-fold from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis induced for this enzyme by growth on lactose. When the purified enzyme was subjected to electrophoresis on an acrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, one protein with an apparent molecular weight of 135,000 was observed. The enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient of 9.6S. This beta-galactosidase and the one from Escherichia coli are not antigenically related. Maximal enzyme activity requires Na+ and Mn2+ and a reducing agent. beta-Galactosidase has Km values of 12 to 17 and 1.6 mM for lactose and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside, respectively. The hydrolase and transgalactosylase activities of the enzyme are similar to those of E. coli beta-galactosidase.
A 1 MHz Half-Bridge Resonant DC/DC Converter Based on GaN FETs and Planar Magnetics (2016)

A 1 MHz half-bridge resonant dc/dc converter based on GaN FETs and planar magnetics is proposed in this paper, which improves the system efficiency and power density. The resonant network can achieve satisfactory soft-switching characteristics based on a small impedance angle, which greatly reduces the losses of switches and diodes. The losses characteristics during the turn-on and turn-off transitions are analyzed in detail. The calculation results show that the GaN FETs with low output capacitance and on resistance can achieve fast switching speed and low losses in high-frequency conditions. To reduce the profile and increase the power density of the system, planar magnetics are used in this paper. The response surface methodology (RSM) and modular layer model (MLM) are adopted to help design the planar inductor and transformer, respectively. Both of the methods offer clearer and more effective ways to design the planar magnetics. A 25-W prototype is built to verify the feasibility of the proposed high-frequency converter.
Depression in ethnically diverse women: Implications for treatment in primary care settings. (2003)

What do health care practitioners need to know about providing adequate care for depressed minority women? This article examined the prevalence of depressive symptoms and clinical depression in ethnic minorities, the extent to which current health service utilization is congruent with needs, and the effectiveness of treatments provided to ethnic minorities in the primary care setting. The impact of ethnic minority women's sociocultural context on symptom expression and help-seeking behavior is also discussed. Finally, the clinical implications for accurate assessment and treatment of ethnic minority women by both medical and mental health practitioners working in the primary care sector are addressed.