gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electron-beam-breakup transit-time oscillator (1991)

The electron-beam-breakup transit-time oscillator has been investigated via theoretical analysis and computer simulation as a high-power microwave generator. Coupling the beam-breakup instability with the transit-time effect of the electron beam in the cavity, rapid energy exchange between the electrons and cavity modes can occur. Furthermore, the transit-time resonance naturally leads to narrow-band output. Driven by a high-current electron beam, the beam-breakup transit-time oscillator can be a compact source for high-power (>1 GW) operation. Good agreements have been obtained between linear theory and simulation.
Three-dimensional grain mapping by x-ray diffraction contrast tomography and the use of Friedel pairs in diffraction data analysis (2009)

X-ray diffraction contrast tomography (DCT) is a technique for mapping grain shape and orientation in plastically undeformed polycrystals. In this paper, we describe a modified DCT data acquisition strategy which permits the incorporation of an innovative Friedel pair method for analyzing diffraction data. Diffraction spots are acquired during a 360 degrees rotation of the sample and are analyzed in terms of the Friedel pairs ((hkl) and (hkl) reflections, observed 180 degrees apart in rotation). The resulting increase in the accuracy with which the diffraction vectors are determined allows the use of improved algorithms for grain indexing (assigning diffraction spots to the grains from which they arise) and reconstruction. The accuracy of the resulting grain maps is quantified with reference to synchrotron microtomography data for a specimen made from a beta titanium system in which a second phase can be precipitated at grain boundaries, thereby revealing the grain shapes. The simple changes introduced to the DCT methodology are equally applicable to other variants of grain mapping.
Streamlined Natural Gas Treatment by Membranes Only (2019)

Offshore gas treatment faces constraints for space and weight limits. This paper will present an innovative concept of using only membranesto remove multiple contaminants, reduce weight, space and cost on offshore installations and becoming an enabler for gas monetization. Membrane separation is a cost effective way to remove CO2 from natural gas. The typical offshore membrane treatment package usually consists of a relatively complex pre-treatment step followed by a simple membrane system to remove CO2. The solution using only membranes for gas treatment consists of: a first stage of poly (ether ether ketone) or PEEK membranes, resistant to the main impurities in natural gas, able to remove H2S, heavy hydrocarbons and water, thus essentially replacing the pre-treatment for offshore CO2 removal membrane packages a second stage of poly-imide membranes with high CO2 / CH4 selectivity for CO2 removal The membrane-only solution can be applied for treatment of large volumes of gas for pipeline specification to remove CO2 and other contaminants. Key benefits are simplicity of operation, compactness of footprint, weight reduction and a reduction in or elimination of adsorbent media replacements. Topside weight and cost reduction can increase gas treatment capacity and flexibility and are an enabler for gas monetization. Due to their resistance to impurities PEEK membranes can also be used to treat flared gas for valorization through gas-to-power applications, thus reducing flaring. For gas-to-power applications, the gas will undergo some basic conditioning (such as hydrocarbons dew point, BTU adjustment, H2S removal) by a compact membrane unit to be used for power generation on the offshore platform.
Solar cells utilizing small molecular weight organic semiconductors (2007)

Abstract In this review, we focus on the field of organic photovoltaic cells based on small molecular weight materials. In particular, we discuss the physical processes that lead to photocurrent generation in organic solar cells, as well as the various architectures employed to optimize device performance. These include the donor–acceptor heterojunction for efficient exciton dissociation, the exciton blocking layer, the mixed or bulk heterojunction, and the stacked or tandem cell. We show how the choice of materials with known energy levels and absorption spectra affect device performance, particularly the open‐circuit voltage and short‐circuit current density. We also discuss the typical materials and growth techniques used to fabricate devices, as well as the issue of device stability, all of which are critical for the commercialization of low‐cost and high‐performance organic solar cells. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells for the treatment of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. (1992)

High-dose, bolus IL-2-based immunotherapy with LAK cells may be an effective treatment for patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and merits further testing with larger numbers of patients in phase II trials.
Bringing reconfigurable nanowire FETs to a logic circuits compatible process platform (2016)

We report on a top-down fabricated nanowire RFET platform based on SOI substrates. Due to shell oxide induced strain it features the best symmetry of n- and p-type ON-currents for equal gate voltages reported so far. By this feature complementary reconfigurable circuits are enabled.
Individual A-Scan Signal Normalization Between Two Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Devices (2013)

We developed a method to normalize optical coherence tomography (OCT) signal profiles from two spectral-domain (SD) OCT devices so that the comparability between devices increases.
Synthesis of imidazo[1,5‐<i>c</i>]pyrimidine derivatives (1986)

Abstract Two complementary procedures, each starting from 6‐aminomethyluracil ( 2 ), have been used to prepare imidazo[1,5‐ c ]pyrimidines with a variety of substituents at positions 3, 5, 6, and 7. The starting material, 2 , can be readily prepared from commercially available 6‐chloromethyluracil by reaction with anhydrous ammonia. In the first procedure, 2 is acylated and then cyclodehydrated by reaction with phosphorus oxychloride to give a separable mixture of a 3‐substituted 5,7‐dichloroimidazo[1,5‐ c ]pyrimidine and a 3‐substituted 7‐chloroimidazo[1,5‐ c ]pyrimidin‐5(6 H )‐one. The relative product distribution is subject to some control by the choice of the acyl substituent on the starting uracil. The resulting dichloro compounds were derivatized by reaction at the 5‐position with various nucleophiles, although the 7‐chloro substituent is unreactive. An alternative synthetic method proceeds from 2 in six efficient steps (protection as the phthalimide, chlorination, nucleophilic substitution, deprotection, acylation, and cyclodehydration) to 3‐substituted‐5,7‐bis(methylthio)imidazo[1,5‐ c ]pyrimidines. These compounds may also be derivatized by nucleophilic substitution at the 5‐position.
Improved Co-transformation of Maize with Vectors Carrying Two Separate T-DNAs Mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens (2004)

Vectors with two separate T-DNAs for co-transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens were tested in maize inbred A188. Although the frequency of transformation during the initial trials was very low, it was remarkably improved by the vector with a phosphinothricin resistance gene (bar) using a modified transformation protocol, which is characterized by the presence of silver nitrate and carbenicillin in the selection medium. The vector with hygromycin resistance gene (hpt) showed low frequency even with the improved protocol, but the use of maize ubiquitin gene promoter elevated the frequency. Both co-transformation and segregation of the progeny free from the selection markers frequencies were reasonably high and similar to those previously observed in rice and tobacco. The two-T-DNA vectors will be a useful tool in molecular biology and biotechnology studies of maize.
Data from Histone Deacetylase Cytoplasmic Trapping by a Novel Fluorescent HDAC Inhibitor (2023)

<div>Abstract<p>Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDAC) are an important emerging class of drugs for the treatment of cancers. HDAC inhibitors are currently under evaluation in clinical trials as single agents and as sensitizers in combinations with chemotherapies and radiation therapy. Although these drugs have important effects on cancer cell growth and functions, the mechanisms underlying HDAC inhibitor activities remain to be fully defined. By using rational drug design, compound 2, a fluorescent class II HDAC targeting inhibitor, was synthesized and observed to accumulate in the cytoplasmic compartments of treated cells, but not in the nuclei. Furthermore, immunostaining of inhibitor exposed cells for HDAC4 showed accumulation of this enzyme in the cytoplasmic compartment with concomitant increased acetylation of tubulin and nuclear histones. These observations support a mechanism by which nuclear histone acetylation is increased as a result of HDAC4 trapping and sequestration in the cytoplasm after binding to compound 2. The HDAC inhibitor offers potential as a novel theranostic agent, combining diagnostic and therapeutic properties in the same molecule. <i>Mol Cancer Ther; 10(9); 1591–9. ©2011 AACR</i>.</p></div>
Sox Transcription Factors Require Selective Interactions with Oct4 and Specific Transactivation Functions to Mediate Reprogramming (2013)

The unique ability of Sox2 to cooperate with Oct4 at selective binding sites in the genome is critical for reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We have recently demonstrated that Sox17 can be converted into a reprogramming factor by alteration of a single amino acid (Sox17EK) within its DNA binding HMG domain. Here we expanded this study by introducing analogous mutations to 10 other Sox proteins and interrogated the role of N-and C-termini on the reprogramming efficiency. We found that point-mutated Sox7 and Sox17 can convert human and mouse fibroblasts into iPSCs, but Sox4, Sox5, Sox6, Sox8, Sox9, Sox11, Sox12, Sox13, and Sox18 cannot. Next we studied regions outside the HMG domain and found that the C-terminal transactivation domain of Sox17 and Sox7 enhances the potency of Sox2 in iPSC assays and confers weak reprogramming potential to the otherwise inactive Sox4EK and Sox18EK proteins. These results suggest that the glutamate (E) to lysine (K) mutation in the HMG domain is necessary but insufficient to swap the function of Sox factors. Moreover, the HMG domain alone fused to the VP16 transactivation domain is able to induce reprogramming, albeit at low efficiency. By molecular dissection of the C-terminus of Sox17, we found that the β-catenin interaction region contributes to the enhanced reprogramming efficiency of Sox17EK. To mechanistically understand the enhanced reprogramming potential of Sox17EK, we analyzed ChIP-sequencing and expression data and identified a subset of candidate genes specifically regulated by Sox17EK and not by Sox2.
Reducing the probability of detection, improving jamming resistance and security for broadband wireless systems (2008)

Commercial radio systems, including the broadband wireless communications systems based on OFDM technology such as those of the IEEE standard 802.16, are designed from the outset to operate in protected spectrum channels with low interference and noise. This paper outlines some techniques whereby the commercial radio signal waveform may be modified to reduce its probability of detection, the communication is made more robust to jamming, and the signalling and control information is protected against eavesdropping. The techniques applied include reduction of the spectral signature through changes in the data and pilot signals and the symbol timing. The modulation of the data and pilot/guard sub-carriers is also modified to disguise the signal characteristics. Protection techniques are also applied to the signalling information flows used to administer the radio operations and to prevent the identity of terminals from being revealed to hostile receivers. There are advantages to developing radio systems based on commercially derived systems that are also suitable for communications use in hostile environments. The use of commercially based systems provides the opportunity to lower costs for the military and public safety users through the economies of manufacturing scale that are applied to the commercial systems and terminals. The use of systems with a commercial base also facilitates interworking between the military/public-safety radio systems and commercial devices and networks. The modifications to the commercial waveform discussed in this paper have the advantage that they may be added as functional blocks to the standard chip-sets for processing the commercial waveforms.
Genetic Strategies for Protein Purification (1991)

SummaryThe IgG-binding domains of staphylococcal protein A and the serum albumin binding region of streptococcal protein G, have been used to develop gene fusion systems to facilitate purification of fusion proteins expressed in E. coli. This dual expression system has proven to be an important tool for immunological purposes and also for the study and circumvention of proteolysis problems during expression.
Fault Analysis-Based Logic Encryption (2013)

Globalization of the integrated circuit (IC) design industry is making it easy for rogue elements in the supply chain to pirate ICs, overbuild ICs, and insert hardware Trojans. Due to supply chain attacks, the IC industry is losing approximately $4 billion annually. One way to protect ICs from these attacks is to encrypt the design by inserting additional gates such that correct outputs are produced only when specific inputs are applied to these gates. The state-of-the-art logic encryption technique inserts gates randomly into the design, but does not necessarily ensure that wrong keys corrupt the outputs. Our technique ensures that wrong keys corrupt the outputs. We relate logic encryption to fault propagation analysis in IC testing and develop a fault analysis-based logic encryption technique. This technique enables a designer to controllably corrupt the outputs. Specifically, to maximize the ambiguity for an attacker, this technique targets 50% Hamming distance between the correct and wrong outputs (ideal case) when a wrong key is applied. Furthermore, this 50% Hamming distance target is achieved using a smaller number of additional gates when compared to random logic encryption.
Microgyroscopes with dynamic disturbance rejection (2001)

This paper reports a novel micromachined gyroscope design with inherent disturbance-rejection capabilities. The proposed approach is based on increasing the degrees-of-freedom (DOF) of the oscillatory system by the use of two independently oscillating proof masses. Utilizing dynamical amplification in the 4-DOF system, inherent disturbance rejection is achieved, providing reduced sensitivity to structural and thermal parameter fluctuations and damping changes over the operating time of the device. In the proposed system, the first mass is forced to oscillate in the drive direction, and the response of the second mass in the orthogonal direction is sensed. The response has two resonant peaks and a flat region between peaks. Operation is in the flat region, where the gain is insensitive to frequency fluctuations. Simulations indicate over 15 times increase in the bandwidth of the system due to the use of the proposed architecture. In addition, the gain in the operation region has low sensitivity to damping changes. Consequently, by utilizing the disturbance-rejection capability of the dynamical system, improved robustness is achieved, which can relax tight fabrication tolerances and packaging requirements and thus result in reducing production cost of micromachined gyroscopes.
Monolithic two-color, three-terminal GaAsP/GaAsSb solar cells (1984)

The authors are developing high efficiency multicolor solar cells for terrestrial applications using a novel MOCVD growth technique, vacuum MOCVD or VMOCVD, for growing the sequential epitaxial layers. They believe VMOCVD offers several advantages for production scale-up including the more efficient use of expensive metal alkyl source materials and the use of stainless steel rather than glass, an important safety advantage. They are currently developing the GaAs( /SUB 1-x/ )P( /SUB x/ ) and GaAs( /SUB 1-y/ )Sb( /SUB y/ ) ternary alloys for two-color cells. In this paper, the VMOCVD system and the performance and current status of VMOCVD grown materials and cells are described.
Transparent Large Strain Thermoplastic Polyurethane Magneto-Active Nanocomposites (2010)

Smart adaptive materials are an important class of materials which can be used in space deployable structures, morphing wings, and structural air vehicle components where remote actuation can improve fuel efficiency. Adaptive materials can undergo deformation when exposed to external stimuli such as electric fields, thermal gradients, radiation (IR, UV, etc.), chemical and electrochemical actuation, and magnetic field. Large strain, controlled and repetitive actuation are important characteristics of smart adaptive materials. Polymer nanocomposites can be tailored as shape memory polymers and actuators. Magnetic actuation of polymer nanocomposites using a range of iron, iron cobalt, and iron manganese nanoparticles is presented. The iron-based nanoparticles were synthesized using the soft template (1) and Sun's (2) methods. The nanoparticles shape and size were examined using TEM. The crystalline structure and domain size were evaluated using WAXS. Surface modifications of the nanoparticles were performed to improve dispersion, and were characterized with IR and TGA. TPU nanocomposites exhibited actuation for approximately 2wt% nanoparticle loading in an applied magnetic field. Large deformation and fast recovery were observed. These nanocomposites represent a promising potential for new generation of smart materials.
Alkoxide- and Hydroxide-Induced Nucleophilic Trifluoromethylation Using Trifluoromethyl Sulfone or Sulfoxide (2003)

[reaction: see text] The first alkoxide- and hydroxide-induced nucleophilic trifluoromethylation of carbonyl compounds, disulfides, and other electrophiles, using phenyl trifluoromethyl sulfone 1a (sulfoxide 1b) is reported. The trifluoromethyl sulfone 1a or sulfoxide 1b acts as a "CF(3)(-)" synthon. Both sulfone 1a and sulfoxide 1b are commercially available and can also be conveniently prepared from trifluoromethane. The new methodology provides a convenient route for efficient trifluoromethylation.
New serum biomarkers for prostate cancer diagnosis (2014)

The specificity and sensitivity of a PSA-based CaP diagnosis can be significantly enhanced by concurrent serum measurements of IL-8, TNF-α and sTNFR1. In view of the concerns about the ability of PSA to distinguish clinically relevant CaP from indolent disease, assessment of these biomarkers in the larger cohort is warranted.
A novel mobile transtelephonic system with synthesized 12-lead ECG (2004)

The problem of synthesizing the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) from the signals recorded using three special ECG leads is studied in detail. The implementation of that concept into the design of a new mobile ECG transtelephonic system is presented. The system has two separate units: a stationary diagnostic-calibration center and a mobile ECG device with integrated electrodes. The patient records by himself three special leads with the mobile ECG recorder and sends data via cellular phone to the personal computer in the diagnostic center where standard 12-lead ECG is numerically reconstructed on the base of the patient transformation matrix previously calculated into the calibration process. The experimental study shows high accuracy of the reconstructed ECG.
Towards Evaluating Narrative Quality In Student Writing (2018)

This work lays the foundation for automated assessments of narrative quality in student writing. We first manually score essays for narrative-relevant traits and sub-traits, and measure inter-annotator agreement. We then explore linguistic features that are indicative of good narrative writing and use them to build an automated scoring system. Experiments show that our features are more effective in scoring specific aspects of narrative quality than a state-of-the-art feature set.
Automated Yeast Mating Protocol Using Open Reading Frames from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genome to Improve Yeast Strains for Cellulosic Ethanol Production (2009)

Engineering the industrial ethanologen Saccharomyces cerevisiae to use pentose sugars from lignocellulosic biomass is critical for commercializing cellulosic fuel ethanol production. Approaches to engineer pentose-fermenting yeasts have required expression of additional genes. We implemented a high-throughput strategy to improve anaerobic growth on xylose and rate of ethanol production by evaluating overexpression of each native S. cerevisiae gene from a collection of haploid PJ69–4 MATa strains expressing the gene open reading frames (ORFs) mated to a haploid PJ69–4 MATalpha strain expressing the Piromyces sp.E2 xylose isomerase (XI) gene. The resulting 6113 diploid strains containing the XI gene and a different yeast gene ORF were screened for growth on xylose in anaerobic plate cultures using an integrated robotic workcell. Nine unique strains were isolated; two were found to no longer grow on glucose; seven were further evaluated for fermentation of alkaline peroxide pretreated enzymatically saccharified wheat straw hydrolysate. All successfully used glucose and xylose, consuming most of the glucose and a small amount of the xylose. Transforming the strains with an additional vector expressing xylulokinase gene did not improve anaerobic growth on xylose but improved glucose use and ethanol production on the hydrolysate, with three strains giving maximum ethanol production ≥ 14.0 g L −1 .
Tunable Localized Surface Plasmon-Enabled Broadband Light-Harvesting Enhancement for High-Efficiency Panchromatic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2013)

In photovoltaic devices, light harvesting (LH) and carrier collection have opposite relations with the thickness of the photoactive layer, which imposes a fundamental compromise for the power conversion efficiency (PCE). Unbalanced LH at different wavelengths further reduces the achievable PCE. Here, we report a novel approach to broadband balanced LH and panchromatic solar energy conversion using multiple-core-shell structured oxide-metal-oxide plasmonic nanoparticles. These nanoparticles feature tunable localized surface plasmon resonance frequencies and the required thermal stability during device fabrication. By simply blending the plasmonic nanoparticles with available photoactive materials, the broadband LH of practical photovoltaic devices can be significantly enhanced. We demonstrate a panchromatic dye-sensitized solar cell with an increased PCE from 8.3% to 10.8%, mainly through plasmon-enhanced photoabsorption in the otherwise less harvested region of solar spectrum. This general and simple strategy also highlights easy fabrication, and may benefit solar cells using other photoabsorbers or other types of solar-harvesting devices.
Multiresolution signal processing for meshes (1999)

We generalize basic signal processing tools such as downsampling, upsampling, and filters to irregular connectivity triangle meshes. This is accomplished through the design of a non-uniform relaxation procedure whose weights depend on the geometry and we show its superiority over existing schemes whose weights depend only on connectivity. This is combined with known mesh simplification methods to build subdivision and pyramid algorithms. We demonstrate the power of these algorithms through a number of application examples including smoothing, enhancement, editing, and texture mapping.