gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Charge Inversion and Flow Reversal in a Nanochannel Electro-osmotic Flow (2004)

Ion distribution and velocity profiles for electro-osmotic flow in a 3.49 nm wide slit channel with a surface charge density of -0.285 C/m(2) are studied using molecular dynamics simulations. Simulation results indicate that the concentration of the co-ion exceeds that of the counterion in the region 0.53 nm away from the channel wall, and the electro-osmotic flow is in the opposite direction to that predicted by the classical continuum theory. The charge inversion is mainly caused by the molecular nature of water and ions. The flow reversal is caused by the immobilization of counterions adsorbed on the channel wall and due to the charge inversion phenomena.
Iron−Phosphine, −Phosphite, −Arsine, and −Carbene Catalysts for the Coupling of Primary and Secondary Alkyl Halides with Aryl Grignard Reagents (2005)

Simple catalysts formed in situ from iron chloride and a wide range of monodentate and bidentate phosphines and arsines have been screened in the coupling of alkyl halides bearing beta-hydrogens with aryl Grignard reagents. The best of these show excellent activity, as do catalysts formed in situ with monodentate trialkyl and triaryl phosphite ligands. N-heterocyclic carbene-based precatalysts, either preformed or made in situ, also show excellent performance.
Applications of neurostimulation in urology (1988)

Abstract Electrical stimulation of nerves and muscle is a time honored approach to the treatment of urinary incontinence. The use of implantable neuroprosthetics in the field of urology remains a new frontier. This report presents a summary of seven years experience with neuroprosthetic devices in the treatment of symptomatic voiding dysfunction. The techniques devised to study and evaluate patients for treatment via neurostimulation are described. The majority of patients were not paraplegic and were significantly incapacitated by dysfunctional voiding patterns. The rationale in using neurostimulation were two: (1) most voiding dysfunctions result from, or are associated with hyperactive striated muscle behavior; (2) neurostimulation has an intrinsic inhibitory effect on this spastic behavior of striated muscle. Very favorable results were obtained. Neurostimulation would appear to be a valuable asset to the urologist from both an investigational as well as a therapeutic viewpoint.
A Genetic Algorithm to Segment Range Image by Edge Detection (2006)

The following article presents a segmentation method of range images. This method is based on edge map detection by calculations of depth gradients and orientation gradients and a genetic algorithm. The objective is to delimit the planar patches contained in images to facilitate the labelling of each region. The genetic algorithm is guided by depth gradients and orientation gradients in order to find the edge map of the image
Diamond-like carbon coating under oleic acid lubrication: Evidence for graphene oxide formation in superlow friction (2017)

The achievement of the superlubricity regime, with a friction coefficient below 0.01, is the Holy Grail of many tribological applications, with the potential to have a remarkable impact on economic and environmental issues. Based on a combined high-resolution photoemission and soft X-ray absorption study, we report that superlubricity can be realized for engineering applications in bearing steel coated with ultra-smooth tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) under oleic acid lubrication. The results show that tribochemical reactions promoted by the oil lubrication generate strong structural changes in the carbon hybridization of the ta-C hydrogen-free carbon, with initially high sp<sup>3</sup> content. Interestingly, the macroscopic superlow friction regime of moving mechanical assemblies coated with ta-C can be attributed to a few partially oxidized graphene-like sheets, with a thickness of not more than 1 nm, formed at the surface inside the wear scar. The sp<sup>2</sup> planar carbon and oxygen-derived species are the hallmark of these mesoscopic surface structures created on top of colliding asperities as a result of the tribochemical reactions induced by the oleic acid lubrication. Atomistic simulations elucidate the tribo-formation of such graphene-like structures, providing the link between the overall atomistic mechanism and the macroscopic experimental observations of green superlubricity in the investigated ta-C/oleic acid tribological systems.
An automatic road vector extraction method from maps (2003)

An automatic road extraction method for 1/25000 scaled maps of Japan is presented. The method is applied to the automatic input of map data in a computer and also to recognition of line drawings. In the first process, the feature points of roads are calculated on the center lines of roads, and short vectors are made by connecting the feature points. Some of the vectors, corresponding to roads, are joined, and others are regarded as noise and removed in subsequent processes. The algorithm of this method is described, and experimental results applied to urban maps are shown.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Measurement of Gain Compression in SIS Mixer Receivers (2003)

When an SIS mixer is partially saturated by broadband noise, it continues to exhibit a linear response to a small CW test signal, with the small-signal gain depending on the level of the saturating noise. This allows the CW test signal to be used as an indicator of the receiver gain in the presence of high-level noise. If not taken into account, gain compression can be a significant factor limiting the accuracy of high precision radio astronomy instruments.
SAW-based carrier recovery without phase ambiguity for 915 MHz BPSK wireless digital communications (2003)

A surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based nonlinear carrier recovery system for wireless digital communications employing a 915 MHz injection-locked SAW oscillator for demodulation of 2 Mb/s and 8 Mb/s binary phase shift keying (BPSK) input signals is described. The circuit does not permit the injection-locked SAW oscillator to follow the abrupt phase changes in the input BPSK signals, but assumes an output signal with a unique frequency signature that is dependent on the input phase transition. Measurements of the SAW oscillator phase noise are presented, together with receiver input and output spectra and waveforms. An indoor 915 MHz radio transmitter is used with this SAW-based carrier recovery circuit for measurements of bit-error-rate (BER) under fading and non-fading conditions. BERs of less than 4*10/sup -8/ are obtained for 2 Mb/s and 8 Mb/s BPSK signals at 915 MHz, without differential encoding, using a digital transmission analyzer with 2/sup 15/-1 pseudo-random code length.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Subject-Specific Musculoskeletal Modeling Framework to Predict In Vivo Mechanics of Total Knee Arthroplasty (2014)

Musculoskeletal (MS) models should be able to integrate patient-specific MS architecture and undergo thorough validation prior to their introduction into clinical practice. We present a methodology to develop subject-specific models able to simultaneously predict muscle, ligament, and knee joint contact forces along with secondary knee kinematics. The MS architecture of a generic cadaver-based model was scaled using an advanced morphing technique to the subject-specific morphology of a patient implanted with an instrumented total knee arthroplasty (TKA) available in the fifth “grand challenge competition to predict in vivo knee loads” dataset. We implemented two separate knee models, one employing traditional hinge constraints, which was solved using an inverse dynamics technique, and another one using an 11-degree-of-freedom (DOF) representation of the tibiofemoral (TF) and patellofemoral (PF) joints, which was solved using a combined inverse dynamic and quasi-static analysis, called force-dependent kinematics (FDK). TF joint forces for one gait and one right-turn trial and secondary knee kinematics for one unloaded leg-swing trial were predicted and evaluated using experimental data available in the grand challenge dataset. Total compressive TF contact forces were predicted by both hinge and FDK knee models with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) and a coefficient of determination (R2) smaller than 0.3 body weight (BW) and equal to 0.9 in the gait trial simulation and smaller than 0.4 BW and larger than 0.8 in the right-turn trial simulation, respectively. Total, medial, and lateral TF joint contact force predictions were highly similar, regardless of the type of knee model used. Medial (respectively lateral) TF forces were over- (respectively, under-) predicted with a magnitude error of M < 0.2 (respectively > −0.4) in the gait trial, and under- (respectively, over-) predicted with a magnitude error of M > −0.4 (respectively < 0.3) in the right-turn trial. Secondary knee kinematics from the unloaded leg-swing trial were overall better approximated using the FDK model (average Sprague and Geers' combined error C = 0.06) than when using a hinged knee model (C = 0.34). The proposed modeling approach allows detailed subject-specific scaling and personalization and does not contain any nonphysiological parameters. This modeling framework has potential applications in aiding the clinical decision-making in orthopedics procedures and as a tool for virtual implant design.
Ultrastable optical frequency reference at 1.064 μm using a C/sub 2/HD molecular overtone transition (1997)

Saturated molecular overtone transitions in the visible and near infrared can be detected with record-high sensitivities using our cavity-enhanced frequency modulation technique. We have stabilized a Nd:YAG laser onto the P(5) line in (/spl nu//sub 2/+3/spl nu//sub 3/) overtone band of C/sub 2/HD at 1.064 /spl mu/m and established its absolute frequency. Excellent signal-to-noise ratio produced an Allan variance of 3.4/spl times/10/sup -13/ at 1 s averaging, improving to 1/spl times/10/sup -14/ after 800 s. Selection of slow molecules with low power and gas pressure gave a linewidth 13 times below the room temperature transit time limit.
A Novel Role for IL-3: Human Monocytes Cultured in the Presence of IL-3 and IL-4 Differentiate into Dendritic Cells That Produce Less IL-12 and Shift Th Cell Responses Toward a Th2 Cytokine Pattern (2002)

Dendritic cells (DC) derived from plasmacytoid precursors depend on IL-3 for survival and proliferation in culture, and they induce preferentially Th2 responses. Monocytes express not only GM-CSF receptors, but also IL-3Rs. Therefore, we examined whether IL-3 had an effect on the functional plasticity of human monocyte-derived DC generated in a cell culture system that is widely used in immunotherapy. DC were generated with IL-3 (instead of GM-CSF) and IL-4. Yields, maturation, phenotype (surface markers and Toll-like receptors), morphology, and immunostimulatory capacity were similar. Only CD1a was differentially expressed, being absent on IL-3-treated DC. In response to CD40 ligation DC generated in the presence of IL-3 secreted significantly less IL-12 p70 and more IL-10 compared with DC grown with GM-CSF. Coculture of naive allogeneic CD4(+) T cells with DC generated in the presence of IL-3 induced T cells to produce significantly more IL-5 and IL-4 and less IFN-gamma compared with stimulation with DC generated with GM-CSF. These data extend the evidence that different cytokine environments during differentiation of monocyte-derived DC can modify their Th cell-inducing properties. A hitherto unrecognized effect of IL-3 on DC was defined, namely suppression of IL-12 secretion and a resulting shift from Th1 toward Th2.
A geometric approach to edge detection (1998)

This paper describes edge detection as a composition of four steps: conditioning, feature extraction, blending, and scaling. We examine the role of geometry in determining good features for edge detection and in setting parameters for functions to blend the features. We find that: (1) statistical features such as the range and standard deviation of window intensities can be as effective as more traditional features such as estimates of digital gradients; (2) blending functions that are roughly concave near the origin of feature space ran provide visually better edge images than traditional choices such as the city-block and Euclidean norms; (3) geometric considerations ran be used to specify the parameters of generalized logistic functions and Takagi-Sugeno input-output systems that yield a rich variety of edge images; and (4) understanding the geometry of the feature extraction and blending functions is the key to using models based on computational learning algorithms such as neural networks and fuzzy systems for edge detection. Edge images derived from a digitized mammogram are given to illustrate various facets of our approach.
<i>Streptomyces venezuelae</i> TX‐TL – a next generation cell‐free synthetic biology tool (2017)

Streptomyces venezuelae is a promising chassis in synthetic biology for fine chemical and secondary metabolite pathway engineering. The potential of S. venezuelae could be further realized by expanding its capability with the introduction of its own in vitro transcription-translation (TX-TL) system. TX-TL is a fast and expanding technology for bottom-up design of complex gene expression tools, biosensors and protein manufacturing. Herein, we introduce a S. venezuelae TX-TL platform by reporting a streamlined protocol for cell-extract preparation, demonstrating high-yield synthesis of a codon-optimized sfGFP reporter and the prototyping of a synthetic tetracycline-inducible promoter in S. venezuelae TX-TL based on the tetO-TetR repressor system. The aim of this system is to provide a host for the homologous production of exotic enzymes from Actinobacteria secondary metabolism in vitro. As an example, the authors demonstrate the soluble synthesis of a selection of enzymes (12-70 kDa) from the Streptomyces rimosus oxytetracycline pathway.
Two-dimension sorting and selection algorithm featuring thermal balancing control for modular multilevel converters (2016)

With the aim to solve the unbalanced thermal behavior in the modular multilevel converter, introduced by mismatch in the submodule parameters, a thermal balancing control strategy is proposed here. The proposed solution ensures a balanced junction temperature for the power devices, while the balance between the capacitor voltages is maintained.
The<i>Arabidopsis</i>B-Box Zinc Finger Family (2009)

The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes >1500 transcription factors, and ∼45% of these belong to families specific to plants ([Riechmann et al., 2000][1]). Comparison of the entire complement of transcription factors of Arabidopsis , Drosophila melanogaster , Caenorhabditis elegans , and
Chloride ion enhanced thermal stability of carbon dioxide captured by monoethanolamine in hydroxyl imidazolium based ionic liquids (2011)

Hydrogen bonding between protonated monoethanolamine and chloride ion can benefit the capture and thermal stabilisation of carbon dioxide in hydroxyl imidazolium based ionic liquids for potential reclamation of the captured carbon by, for example, electrolysis and catalytic synthesis.
Basic concepts of spray dryer design (1976)

Abstract The major parameters in the design of spray dryers are discussed. A Lagrangian approach, combining experimental data with theoretical concepts, is proposed to develop design methods. Vortex flow patterns, obtained experimentally in a laboratory size chamber, are correlated and presented. Based on this design methodology, computational methods are given to calculate droplet trajectories and hence to predict the optimum chamber dimensions and operating conditions for maximum thermal efficiency and/or minimum operating cost. Application of these basic principles is illustrated by the design of an industrial size, spray drying chamber for a specific feed solution and production rate.
Description and Theoretical Analysis of a Differential Mobility Spectrometer (2005)

Electrical mobility analysis is the most efficient technique for measuring aerosol particle size distributions in the submicron size range. Recent advances in aerosol science underline the need of fast measurements of particle size spectra in this range, and therefore a great amount of effort has been focused towards this direction. This paper provides the description and a theoretical framework for the analysis of a fast-response differerntial mobility spectrometer (DMS). In common with other instruments of its category, it consists of a particle charger, a classification column, and a series of detectors. Passing the sample flow first through a corona-wire diffusion charger that sets a charge on the particles, the aerosol is introduced around the central rod of an inside-out cylindrical classifier equipped with a series of isolated electrode rings connected to sensitive electrometers. Current readings produced by deposition of the charged particles on the electrometer rings are then translated to particle number concentrations corresponding to the electrical mobility range collected on every channel. Combining Fuchs' limiting-sphere theory to predict the number of charges on the particles downstream of the charger with a nondiffusing transfer function of the classifier, we present calculations of the kernel of the DMS, and show how changing the operating conditions affects the overall performance of the instrument
Findings of the 2009 workshop on statistical machine translation (2009)

This paper presents the results of the WMT09 shared tasks, which included a translation task, a system combination task, and an evaluation task. We conducted a large-scale manual evaluation of 87 machine translation systems and 22 system combination entries. We used the ranking of these systems to measure how strongly automatic metrics correlate with human judgments of translation quality, for more than 20 metrics. We present a new evaluation technique whereby system output is edited and judged for correctness.
Genotypic Diversity of Strains of Flavobacterium columnare from Diseased Fishes. (1999)

Genetic variability among strains of Flavobacterium columnare (formerly Flexibacter columnaris) was characterized using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of 16S rDNA, 16S rDNA sequencing, and DNA-DNA hybridization. A total of 23 Fl. columnare strains isolated from diseased fishes in various areas were divided into three distinct genomic groups. The main group, genomovar 1 consisted of 20 strains, including the type strain. Two strains were assigned to genomovar 2, and one to genomovar 3. However, as we found their phenotypic characteristics to be identical, there is no evidence to classify strains of these genomovars as belonging to new species or sub-species.
4-Hydroxytamoxifen probes for light-dependent spatiotemporal control of Cre-ER mediated reporter gene expression (2014)

The tamoxifen inducible Cre-ER/loxP system provides tissue specific temporal control of gene recombination events, and can be used to induce expression of reporter genes (e.g. GFP, LacZ) for lineage tracing studies. Cre enzyme fused with estrogen receptor (Cre-ER) is released upon tamoxifen binding, resulting in permanent activation of reporter genes within cells and their progeny. Tamoxifen and its active metabolite, hydroxytamoxifen (4OHT) diffuses rapidly in vivo, making it difficult to restrict labeling to specific locations. In this study, we developed a photocaged 4OHT molecule by covalently attaching 4OHT to an ortho-nitrobenzyl (ONB1) group, rendering 4OHT inactive. Exposure to UV radiation cleaves the bond between ONB1 and 4OHT, freeing the 4OHT to bind Cre-ER to result in downstream genetic recombination and reporter activation. We show that caged ONB1-4OHT crosses the cell membrane and uncages after short UV exposure, resulting in Cre-driven genetic recombination that can be localized to specific regions or tissues. ONB1-4OHT can provide spatial control of reporter activation and be adapted with any existing Cre-ER/loxP based system.
Resonant wireless power transfer to ground sensors from a UAV (2012)

Wireless magnetic resonant power transfer is an emerging technology that has many advantages over other wireless power transfer methods due to its safety, lack of interference, and efficiency at medium ranges. In this paper, we develop a wireless magnetic resonant power transfer system that enables unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to provide power to, and recharge batteries of wireless sensors and other electronics far removed from the electric grid. We address the difficulties of implementing and outfitting this system on a UAV with limited payload capabilities and develop a controller that maximizes the received power as the UAV moves into and out of range. We experimentally demonstrate our prototype wireless power transfer system by using a UAV to transfer nearly 5W of power to a ground sensor.
Antenna Selection for uplink CoMP in dense small-cell clusters (2013)

We consider a small-cell cluster consisting of N receive radio-heads connected to a Remote Central Processor (RCP), which jointly decodes K users. Linear filtering across receive antennas is assumed, where the filters are estimated from pilot symbols according to a Least Squares Error (LSE) criterion. Given a limited number of pilot symbols, the Antenna Selection (AS) problem is to determine the subset of radio-heads to include in the filter to maximize the user's Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR). We introduce L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> and L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -norm constraints on the linear filter and show that there can be a substantial performance loss relative to an exhaustive search over the filter order. We then introduce a weighted-norm constraint, which biases the antenna selection towards those with higher path-gain. The optimized weighting profile is characterized numerically, and the performance is observed to be close to exhaustive search. Finally, we present an algorithm for sequentially adding antennas according to decreasing path-gain, which incurs a modest performance loss relative to exhaustive search.
Evidence for Physical and Functional Association Between EMB-5 and LIN-12 in <b> <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> </b> (1996)

The Caenorhabditis elegans LIN-12 and GLP-1 proteins are members of the LIN-12/Notch family of receptors for intercellular signals that specify cell fate. Evidence presented here suggests that the intracellular domains of LIN-12 and GLP-1 interact with the C. elegans EMB-5 protein and that the emb-5 gene functions in the same pathway as the lin-12 and glp-1 genes. EMB-5 is similar in sequence to a yeast protein that controls chromatin structure. Hence, a direct consequence of LIN-12 or GLP-1 activation may be an alteration of chromatin structure that produces changes in transcriptional activity.
The photocyclisation of 1,2-Ciarylpyridinium cations and the photobiscyclisation of 1,2,6-triarylpyridinium cations (1980)

Photocyclisation of 1-(2-pyridyl)-2-arylpyridiniums yields benzo[c]pyrido[1,2-a]-1,8-naphthyridinylinium cations. Photobiscyclisation of 1,2,6-triarylpyridiniums gives benzo[8,9]quinolizino[4,5,6,7-fed]phenanthridinylium cations and their 9-aza-derivatives. Electron donor substituents tend to lower the yields which are otherwise high. The structures are supported by X-ray crystallographic analysis and by ultraviolet and n.m.r. spectra.