gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Purification and Characterization of Heparan Sulfate 2-Sulfotransferase from Cultured Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells (1996)

Heparan sulfate 2-sulfotransferase, which catalyzes the transfer of sulfate from adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate to position 2 of L-iduronic acid residue in heparan sulfate, was purified 51,700-fold to apparent homogeneity with a 6% yield from cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. The isolation procedure included a combination of affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose CL-6B and 3',5'-ADP-agarose, which was repeated twice for each, and finally gel chromatography on Superose 12 . Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme showed two protein bands with molecular masses of 47 and 44 kDa. Both proteins appeared to be glycoproteins, because their molecular masses decreased after N-glycanase digestion. When completely desulfated and N-resulfated heparin and mouse Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm tumor heparan sulfate were used as acceptors, the purified enzyme transferred sulfate to position 2 of L-iduronic acid residue but did not transfer sulfate to the amino group of glucosamine residue or to position 6 of N-sulfoglucosamine residue. Heparan sulfates from pig aorta and bovine liver, however, were poor acceptors. The enzyme showed no activities toward chondroitin, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate. The optimal pH for the enzyme activity was around 5.5. The enzyme activity was minimally affected by dithiothreitol and was stimulated strongly by protamine. The Km value for adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate was 0.20 microM.
Development of a New Hybrid System - Dual System (1996)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A new hybrid vehicle system has been developed, the Dual System, which combines the series and parallel hybrid systems.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Combination with a motor has reduced the engine size, only using the most efficient range of the engine. A transaxle employing a generator motor and a traction motor in one compact package is applicable to currently produced vehicles with little modification. Use of the generator as a motor realizes multiple control functions.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A prototype vehicle with this new Dual System was built and tested. Its driving performance and the fuel economy were measured, and the fuel economy results were analyzed.</div>
Liquid crystal-based optical control of phased array antennas (1992)

Nematic liquid crystal (NLC) technology-based optical systems for controlling phased array antennas are presented. These systems can provide low-cost, high-quality (>6-b), phase-based antenna control for very large phased arrays (e.g. 5000 elements). An experiment demonstrating NLC-based antenna phase control is performed, with 0-3 pi phase shift measured for a 60-MHz carrier. A novel time-multiplexed radar beam scanning approach is introduced to counter the slow response of the NLCs, allowing fast 200 beams/s antenna scanning rates.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF SULFONATED POLY (ETHER SULFONE KETONE) S CONTAINING 3,5-DIMETHYL PHTHALAZINONE MOIETIES AS PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE MATERIALS (2010)

A series of sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) copolymers,SPPESK-DMs,with different degree of sulfonation(SD) were synthesized by polycondensation of 4-(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-phthalazinone,3,3′-disulfonate-4,4′-difluorobenzophenone and 4,4′-dichlorodi-phenylsulfone,which were potentially utilized as membranes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFC).The high molecular weight sulfonated polymers(SPPESK-DMs) with the inherent viscosity ranged from 1.36 dL/g to 6.04 dL/g were obtained when the sulfonation degree of samples varied from 0.2 to 1.0.The yellow transparent membranes cast from N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solutions of SPPESK-DMs were obtained.The chemical structure of the sulfonated polymers was characterized by FTIR and ～1H-NMR,the thermo-behavior of polymers was also investigated by TGA,and the properties of the membranes were investigated too.The results indicated that the decomposition temperatures of the sulfonic group and the main chain in the SPPESK-DMs copolymers were above 260℃ and 410℃ respectively,which demonstrated the copolymers had excellent thermal stability.The water uptake,swelling ratio,ion exchange capacity and proton conductivity increased with increasing of temperature and SD.The proton conductivity of the SPPESK-DM50 with the SD of 1.0 was 1.08×10～(-2) S/cm at 85℃,which was considerably lower than that of Nafion 117,but would meet the lowest requirement in PEMFC application.The methanol permeability values of SPPEK-DMs membranes were lower than that of Nafion117.The oxidative stability of the SPPESK-DMs membranes was better than that of SPPEK or SPPESK membranes,and the expended time that membranes started to break into pieces at 80℃ in Fenton's reagent was longer than 4.33 h.
Investigation of diffuser-augmented wind turbines. Part I. Executive summary (1977)

The Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine (DAWT) is one of the advanced concepts being investigated to improve the economics of wind energy conversion. The project is aimed at increasing the output and reducing the cost, the off-duty time, and the technical risk of wind energy conversion systems (WECS). The DAWT appears to be best suited to large WECS for commercial power production because it permits a significant increase in the unit power output without extending the size of rotating machinery into the range where rotor dynamics cause excessive costs.
Frequency comb spectroscopy with coherent optical sampling (2009)

A stabilized frequency comb provides a broadband array of highly resolved comb lines. Using a multiheterodyne technique, we measure the amplitude and phase of every comb line, allowing for massively parallel, high-resolution spectroscopy.
Use of an inactivated virus vaccine to control polyomavirus outbreaks in nine flocks of psittacine birds (1998)

Nine flocks of psittacine birds were examined because of sudden death of neonates. In each flock, cause of death was determined to be polyomavirus infection, by means of DNA testing and in situ hybridization. Contaminated areas of aviaries were cleaned and disinfected, and vaccination programs, using a recently approved inactivated polyomavirus vaccine, were instituted. Use of the vaccine was found to be safe and efficacious.
Synthesis of <scp>l</scp>-Sugars from 4-Deoxypentenosides (2002)

[reaction: see text] 4-Deoxypentenosides, which are readily derived from D-sugars, resemble glycals in structure and reactivity and can undergo stereoselective epoxidation and S(N)2 nucleophilic addition to produce L-sugars in pyranosidic form.
Development of Nb3Al Powder-in-Tube Conductor Using Nanometer-Scale Nb-Al Powders Produced by an Electro-Exploded Wire Technique (2004)

Supercon has investigated an innovative process for the fabrication of Nb3Al conductor. Monofilament Nb‐Al jelly‐roll composite wire was fabricated. This wire was then converted to ultra‐fine alloy powder by an electro‐exploded wire technique, and the powder was used to make conductor by a powder‐in‐tube process. The development effort demonstrated that alloy powder particle sizes as small as 0.30 micrometers (median by volume) having a composition very near that of the input wire could be achieved using the electro‐explosion process. Monofilament powder‐in‐tube wire was successfully fabricated without wire breakage. The results of the investigation will be discussed, with emphasis on powder characteristics.
Novel polyurethanes with macroheterocyclic (crown‐ether) structures in the polymer backbone (1983)

Abstract The synthesis of a functionalized crown ether was accomplished in two steps by condensing 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde with bis(2‐chloroethyl)ether and subsequent reduction of the reaction product, bis(formylbenzo)‐18‐crown‐6 (4) to a diol (5). Polyurethanes that bear the dibenzo‐18‐crown‐6 moiety in the polymer backbone were synthesized from bis(methylolbenzo)‐18‐crown‐6 (5), a polypropylene glycol, and methylene bis(4‐cyclohexyl isocyanate). The resulting polymers were fibrous white solids with glass transitions from ca. 15–120°C, depending on the starting diol composition. The thermomechanical spectra of melt pressed or solvent cast films of several crown‐ether‐bearing polyurethanes showed evidence of multiphase character. The polymers failed to complex effectively with sodium ions. However, their complexing ability with potassium ion was similar in magnitude to that observed with relatively simple crown ethers.
Blue light emitting diode fabricated on a‐plane GaN film over r‐sapphire substrate and on a‐plane bulk GaN substrate (2007)

Abstract We studied the growth technique for the dislocation reduction in a‐plane GaN grown by metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) using AlInN buffer layer, high temperature atomic layer epitaxy, and trenched r‐sapphire technique. By using these techniques, the crystal quality was much improved. We also fabricated blue light emitting diodes (LEDs) on a‐plane GaN film over r‐sapphire substrate and on a‐plane bulk GaN substrate. The electroluminescence (EL) characteristics of the LED samples were examined, and we found that the EL near field pattern from homo‐epitaxially grown a‐GaN based LED was spatially uniform, although the pattern from the LED on r‐sapphire substrate was not uniform. The output power at the wavelength of 430nm was 0.72mW at the 20mA injection current for the sample on a‐plane bulk GaN. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Specific T-Cell Epitopes for Immunoassay-Based Diagnosis of<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>Infection (2004)

ABSTRACT The currently used method for immunological detection of tuberculosis infection, the tuberculin skin test, has low specificity. Antigens specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis to replace purified protein derivative are therefore urgently needed. We have performed a rigorous assessment of the diagnostic potential of four recently identified antigens (Rv2653, Rv2654, Rv3873, and Rv3878) from genomic regions that are lacking from the Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine strains as well as from the most common nontuberculous mycobacteria. The fine specificity of potential epitopes in these molecules was evaluated by sensitive testing of the T-cell responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from M. bovis BCG-vaccinated healthy individuals to synthesized overlapping peptides. Three of the four molecules contained regions with significant specificity problems (Rv2653, Rv3873, and Rv3878). We selected and combined the specific peptide stretches from the four proteins not recognized by M. bovis BCG-vaccinated individuals. These peptide stretches were tested with peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from patients with microscopy- or culture-confirmed tuberculosis and from healthy M. bovis BCG-vaccinated controls. The combination of the most promising stretches from this analysis showed a sensitivity level (57%) comparable to the level found with the two well-known M. tuberculosis -specific proteins ESAT-6 and CFP-10 (75 and 66%, respectively). The combination of ESAT-6, CFP-10, and the novel specific peptide stretches gave an overall sensitivity of 84% at a specificity of 97%. In a validation experiment with new experimental groups, the sensitivities obtained were 57% for the combination of peptides and 90% for the combination of the peptides, ESAT-6, and CFP-10. This combination gave a specificity of 95%.
COMBINATION OF AN ANTIANDROGEN AND A 5α-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR: A FURTHER STEP TOWARDS TOTAL ANDROGEN BLOCKADE? (1991)

While the elimination of androgens of testicular origin can be easily achieved by orchiectomy or medical castration with LHRH agonists, the action of adrenal androgen precursors which are converted into the active androgen 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the prostatic tissue itself can be partially neutralized by antiandrogens which compete with DHT for binding to the androgen receptor. In order to increase the efficiency of androgen blockade, we have used 4-MA, an inhibitor of 5 alpha-reductase, the enzyme which converts testosterone into DHT, to reduce intracellular DHT concentrations and thus facilitate the action of the antiandrogen Flutamide. The present data show that the inhibitory effects of 4-MA (17 beta, N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5 alpha-androstan-3-one) and of the antiandrogen Flutamide are additive on prostatic growth and on androgen-sensitive prostatic binding protein mRNA levels in the rat, thus clearly suggesting that such a combination could provide the basis for a further improvement in the therapy of prostate cancer.
A Comprehensive Approach to Well-Collision Avoidance (2007)

Well-collision avoidance has gained greater importance, as fields become more crowded and well paths increasingly complex. The safety and financial implications of shutting in production wells on platforms or repairing damaged wells have established a need for the industry to evaluate the potential for collision with a producing well. This paper will cover three main topics related to minimizing the risk of well collisions: Evaluating the risk • • • Managing the risk Demonstrating the results of the new risk-minimization process The paper will detail the processes of gathering appropriate data such as completion type, offset surveys, well pressures, casing depths, reservoir fluids and mud densities. Each well and field poses different challenges; not all data is available and wells can vary from simple vertical land wells to crowded offshore fishbone designs. The well position uncertainties are determined by using survey error models from the Industry Steering Committee on Wellbore Survey Accuracy. This method was chosen because it is an industry-recognized standard of defining the magnitude of survey uncertainty. Recommendations for minimizing risk are based on the status and conditions of the adjacent wells and the nature and severity of the risks associated with a collision. These recommendations are formulated to minimize the risk while ensuring that production is disturbed as little as possible.
Low NOx Premixed Combustion of MBTU Fuels Using the ABB Double Cone Burner (EV Burner) (1994)

A novel combustion technique, based on the Double Cone Burner, has been developed and tested. NOx emissions down to very low levels are reached without the usual strong dilution of the fuel for MBtu syngases from oxygen blown gasification of coal or residual oil. A limited amount of dilution is necessary in order to prevent ignition during the mixing of fuel and combustion air. The relevant properties of the fuel are reviewed in relation to the goal of achieving premixed combustion. The basic considerations lead to a fuel injection strategy which is completely different from that for natural gas. A high speed premixing system is necessary due to the very short chemical reaction times of MBtu fuel. Fuel must be prevented from forming ignitable mixtures inside the burner for reliability reasons. A suitable fuel injection method, which can be easily added to the ABB double cone burner, is described. In common with the design of the standard EV burner, the MBtu EV burner with this fuel injection method is inherently safe against flashback. Three dimensional flow field and combustion modelling is used to investigate the mixing patterns and the location of the reaction front. Two burner test facilities, one operating at ambient and the other at full gas turbine pressure, have been used for the evaluation of different burner designs. The full pressure tests were carried out with the original gas turbine burner size and geometry. Combing the presented numerical predictive capabilities and the experimental test facilities, burner performance can be reliably assessed for a wide range of MBtu and LBtu fuels (residue oil gasification, waste gasification, coal gasification etc.). The atmospheric tests of the burner show NOx values below 2 ppm at an equivalence ratio equal to full load gas turbine operation. The NOx increase with pressure was found to be very high. Nevertheless, NOx levels of 25 vppmd (@ 15% O2) have been measured at full gas turbine pressure. Implemented into ABB’s recently introduced gas turbine GT13E2 the new combustion technique will allow a more straightforward IGCC plant configuration without air extraction from the gas turbine to be used.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF TETRAHYDRO‐2‐FURYL DERIVATIVES OF 5‐SUBSTITUTED URACILS (1979)

Abstract Das Dihydrofuran (II) und Fluor‐uracil (I) ergeben die Addukte (III)‐(V), von denen jedes durch Änderung der Reaktionsbedingungen in hoher Ausbeute erhalten werden kann.
Ungated cine first-pass CMR for concurrent imaging of myocardial perfusion defects and wall motion abnormalities (2013)

Background Combined assessment of wall motion from cine imaging and perfusion defects from first-pass perfusion (FPP) imaging has been shown to have a high diagnostic performance for detection of acute ischemia. In this setting, a single ungated CMR scan capable of simultaneously capturing perfusion deficits and wall motion abnormality can be useful for rapid diagnosis of ongoing acute ischemia. We propose an accelerated FPP technique with ungated continuous acquisition capable of generating cardiacphase resolved FPP images thereby enabling concurrent imaging of wall motion and perfusion deficits.
Dual-band Microstrip-to-Slot Line transition (2013)

A novel dual-band Microstrip-to-Slot Line (MSL) transition which enables for instance to feed a wide-band tapered slot antenna (TSA) is introduced in this paper. The design contains two input filters connected together with a microstrip line, this line crossing then a slot-line that feeds the TSA. The relevancy of the proposed concept is demonstrated in the design and simulation of a transition operating in the frequency bands of the IEEE-802.11b/g/a/n WLAN standard, targeting antenna design for home networking devices.
Measurement of crossflow vortices, attachment-line flow, and transition using microthin hot films (1990)

A flow diagnostic experiment was conducted on a 45-deg swept-wing model using surface-mounted, multielement, microthin, hot-film sensors. The cross-flow vortex spacing, the attachment-line flow characteristics, and the transition region were all determined using an advanced data acquisition and instrumentation system. In addition to the frequencies of traveling waves predicted by linear stability theory, amplified disturbances at much higher frequencies were observed. Simultaneous measurements from sensors located at a number of chord and span locations highlighted the strong three-dimensionality of the boundary-layer flow in the presence of cross-flow vortices. The state of the attachment-line boundary layer was determined using a multielement sensor wrapped around the wing leading edge. The transition region flow characteristics were also identified.
Small molecule proteostasis regulators that reprogram the ER to reduce extracellular protein aggregation (2016)

Imbalances in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis are associated with etiologically-diverse degenerative diseases linked to excessive extracellular protein misfolding and aggregation. Reprogramming of the ER proteostasis environment through genetic activation of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)-associated transcription factor ATF6 attenuates secretion and extracellular aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins. Here, we employed a screening approach that included complementary arm-specific UPR reporters and medium-throughput transcriptional profiling to identify non-toxic small molecules that phenocopy the ATF6-mediated reprogramming of the ER proteostasis environment. The ER reprogramming afforded by our molecules requires activation of endogenous ATF6 and occurs independent of global ER stress. Furthermore, our molecules phenocopy the ability of genetic ATF6 activation to selectively reduce secretion and extracellular aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins. These results show that small molecule-dependent ER reprogramming, achieved through preferential activation of the ATF6 transcriptional program, is a promising strategy to ameliorate imbalances in ER function associated with degenerative protein aggregation diseases.
Doping Polymer Semiconductors by Organic Salts: Toward High-Performance Solution-Processed Organic Field-Effect Transistors (2018)

Solution-processed organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) were fabricated with the addition of an organic salt, trityl tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (TrTPFB), into thin films of donor-acceptor copolymer semiconductors. The performance of OFETs is significantly enhanced after the organic salt is incorporated. TrTPFB is confirmed to p-dope the organic semiconductors used in this study, and the doping efficiency as well as doping physics was investigated. In addition, systematic electrical and structural characterizations reveal how the doping enhances the performance of OFETs. Furthermore, it is shown that this organic salt doping method is feasible for both p- and n-doping by using different organic salts and, thus, can be utilized to achieve high-performance OFETs and organic complementary circuits.
Performance assessment of the 2$\gamma$ positronium imaging with the total-body PET scanners (2019)

In living organisms the positron-electron annihilation (occurring during the PET imaging) proceeds in about 30% via creation of a metastable ortho-positronium atom. In the tissue, due to the pick-off and conversion processes, over 98% of ortho-positronia annihilate into two 511~keV photons. In this article we assess the feasibility for reconstruction of the mean ortho-positronium lifetime image based on annihilations into two photons. The main objectives of this work include: (i) estimation of the sensitivity of the total-body PET scanners for the ortho-positronium mean lifetime imaging using $2\gamma$ annihilations, and (ii) estimation of the spatial and time resolution of the ortho-positronium image as a function of the coincidence resolving time (CRT) of the scanner. Simulations are conducted assuming that radiopharmaceutical is labelled with $^{44}Sc$ isotope emitting one positron and one prompt gamma. The image is reconstructed on the basis of triple coincidence events. The ortho-positronium lifetime spectrum is determined for each voxel of the image. Calculations were performed for cases of total-body detectors build of (i) LYSO scintillators as used in the EXPLORER PET, and (ii) plastic scintillators as anticipated for the cost-effective total-body J-PET scanner. To assess the spatial and time resolution the three cases were considered assuming that CRT is equal to 140ps, 50ps and 10ps. The estimated total-body PET sensitivity for the registration and selection of image forming triple coincidences is larger by a factor of 12.2 (for LYSO PET) and by factor of 4.7 (for plastic PET) with respect to the sensitivity for the standard $2\gamma$ imaging by LYSO PET scanners with AFOV=20cm.
Polymeric composition, adhesive including nanoparticle filler and composite production. (2006)

Nanoparticle fillers, including a novel halloysite nanoparticle filler, are generally cylindrical or tubular nanoparticles (e.g. rolled scroll-like shape). The filler is effectively employed in a p ...