gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High current photoconductive semiconductor switches (2003)

It is shown that Si photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSSs) can be used to switch high voltages (up to 123 kV), high fields (up to 82 kV/cm) and high currents (2.8 kA). The ability of the samples to withstand this type of high-voltage, high-current switching depends on the way in which the current penetrates the semiconductor. The appropriate use of water or contacts greatly improves the switching capability. It is also shown that the wafers can support large currents (4.0 kA for GaAs and 2.8 kA for Si) and large linear current densities (3.2 kA/cm for GaAs and 1.4 kA/cm for Si). For GaAs, this linear current density corresponds to about 1 MA/cm/sup 2/, given a penetration depth of about 10/sup -3/ cm. It is determined that the lock-on phenomenon can be triggered with light of varying photon energy to reach a lock-on field that is both impurity-concentration and sample-temperature dependent.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Virus‐Tethered Magnetic Gold Microspheres with Biomimetic Architectures for Enhanced Immunoassays (2012)

Abstract In immunoassays, non‐specific bindings to biosensing surfaces can be effectively prevented by formation of biocompatible and hydrophilic self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) on the surfaces. A thin gold (Au) layer on magnetic microspheres, 15 μm in diameter, enables facile SAM formation and thereby accepts second layer of filamentous virus scaffolds for the immobilization of functional proteins. The merger of the virus and SAM‐Au protected microspheres not only provides exceptionlly dense antibody loading, but also resembles biological cellular structures that enhance ligand‐receptor interactions. Site‐specific biotinylation of filamenous viruses allows formation of free‐standing virus threads (>1.0 × 10 10 ) on streptavidin‐modified SAM‐Au microspheres. The augmented yield of antibody loading, due to the increased surface to volume ratio, on virus‐modified Au microspheres is confirmed by measuring fluorescence intensities. The bead‐based immunoassays for the detection of cardiac marker proteins exhibit increased sensitivity of virus‐Au microspheres, as low as 20 pg mL −1 of cardiac troponin I in serum, and extremely low non‐specific adsorption when compared with bare polymer beads. This increased sensitivity due to filamentous morphology and SAM‐Au layer demonstrates the feasibility of merging viruses with non‐biological materials to yield biomimetic tools for the enhanced bead‐based immunoassays.
5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Protein (FLAP) Inhibitors. Part 4: Development of 3-[3- <i>tert</i> -Butylsulfanyl-1-[4-(6-ethoxypyridin-3-yl)benzyl]-5-(5-methylpyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-1 <i>H</i> -indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropionic Acid (AM803), a Potent, Oral, Once Daily FLAP Inhibitor (2011)

The potent 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) inhibitor 3-[3-tert-butylsulfanyl-1-[4-(6-ethoxypyridin-3-yl)benzyl]-5-(5-methylpyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropionic acid 11cc is described (AM803, now GSK2190915). Building upon AM103 (1) (Hutchinson et al. J. Med Chem.2009, 52, 5803-5815; Stock et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 20, 213-217; Stock et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.2010, 20, 4598-4601), SAR studies centering around the pyridine moiety led to the discovery of compounds that exhibit significantly increased potency in a human whole blood assay measuring LTB(4) inhibition with longer drug preincubation times (15 min vs 5 h). Further studies identified 11cc with a potency of 2.9 nM in FLAP binding, an IC(50) of 76 nM for inhibition of LTB(4) in human blood (5 h incubation) and excellent preclinical toxicology and pharmacokinetics in rat and dog. 11cc also demonstrated an extended pharmacodynamic effect in a rodent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) model. This compound has successfully completed phase 1 clinical studies in healthy volunteers and is currently undergoing phase 2 trials in asthmatic patients.
Enzyme kinetics by real-time quantitative NMR (qNMR) spectroscopy with progress curve analysis (2022)

This review article summarizes how the experimental data obtained using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) spectroscopy can be combined with progress curve analysis to determine enzyme kinetic parameters. The qNMR approach enables following the enzymatic conversion of the substrate to the product in real-time by a continuous collection of spectra. The Lambert-W function, a closed-form solution to the time-dependent substrate/product kinetics of the rate equation, can estimate the Michaelis-Menten constant (K<sub>M.</sub>) and the maximum velocity (V<sub>max</sub>) from a single experiment. This article highlights how the qNMR data is well suited for analysis using the Lambert-W function with three different applications. Results from studies on acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine to acetic acid and choline), β-Galactosidase (lactose to glucose and galactose), and invertase (sucrose to glucose and fructose) are presented. Furthermore, an additional example of how the progress curve analysis is applied to understand the inhibitory role of the artificial sweetener sucralose on sucrose's enzymatic conversion by invertase is discussed. With the wide availability of NMR spectrometers in academia and industries, including bench-top systems with permanent magnets, and the potential to enhance sensitivity using dynamic nuclear polarization in combination with ultrafast methods, the NMR-based enzyme kinetics could be considered a valuable tool for broader applications in the field of enzyme kinetics.
Spectroscopy and diode-pumped laser operation of a new broadly tunable crystal : Yb3+:Sr3Y(BO3)3 (2001)

The first demonstration of laser action under diode-pumping is reported in a Yb:Sr3Y(BO3)3 crystal. This new double-borate material exhibits a particularly large tuning range (50 nm FWHM) and an unusually broad zero-phonon linewidth (6 nm).
A Short Double-Stapled Peptide Inhibits Respiratory Syncytial Virus Entry and Spreading (2017)

Synthetic peptides derived from the heptad repeat (HR) of fusion (F) proteins can be used as dominant negative inhibitors to inhibit the fusion mechanism of class I viral F proteins. Here, we have performed a stapled-peptide scan across the HR2 domain of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F protein with the aim to identify a minimal domain capable of disrupting the formation of the postfusion six-helix bundle required for viral cell entry. Constraining the peptides with a single staple was not sufficient to inhibit RSV infection. However, the insertion of double staples led to the identification of novel short stapled peptides that display nanomolar potency in HEp-2 cells and are exceptionally robust to proteolytic degradation. By replacing each amino acid of the peptides by an alanine, we found that the substitution of residues 506 to 509, located in a patch of polar contacts between HR2 and HR1, severely affected inhibition. Finally, we show that intranasal delivery of the most potent peptide to BALB/c mice significantly decreased RSV infection in upper and lower respiratory tracts. The discovery of this minimal HR2 sequence as a means for inhibition of RSV infection provides the basis for further medicinal chemistry efforts toward developing RSV fusion antivirals.
Main Group Supramolecular Chemistry Led to Surprising New Directions in the Self-Assembly of Organic Macrocycles, Cages, and Cyclophanes (2021)

Abstract Cyclophanes are an admirable class of macrocyclic and cage compounds that often display unusual properties due to their high strain and unusual conformations. However, the exploration of new, complex cyclophanes has been encumbered by syntheses that can be low yielding, require harsh reaction conditions, and arduous purification steps. Herein, we discuss our work using metalloid-directed self-assembly and dynamic covalent chemistry to form cryptands. These were then subjected to mild conditions to produce discrete disulfide, thioether and hydrocarbon macrocycles in high yields. ‘Design of Experiments’ was then used to selectively synthesize targeted macrocycles from complex mixtures. 1 Introduction 2 Cryptands to Cyclophanes 3 Functionalizable Macrocycles 4 ‘Design of Experiments’ Targeted Synthesis 5 Conclusions and Outlook
Nitrile in the Hole: Discovery of a Small Auxiliary Pocket in Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Leading to the Development of Potent and Selective 2-Aminoquinoline Inhibitors (2017)

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibition is a promising strategy to treat neurodegenerative disorders, but the development of nNOS inhibitors is often hindered by poor pharmacokinetics. We previously developed a class of membrane-permeable 2-aminoquinoline inhibitors and later rearranged the scaffold to decrease off-target binding. However, the resulting compounds had decreased permeability, low human nNOS activity, and low selectivity versus human eNOS. In this study, 5-substituted phenyl ether-linked aminoquinolines and derivatives were synthesized and assayed against purified NOS isoforms. 5-Cyano compounds are especially potent and selective rat and human nNOS inhibitors. Activity and selectivity are mediated by the binding of the cyano group to a new auxiliary pocket in nNOS. Potency was enhanced by methylation of the quinoline and by introduction of simple chiral moieties, resulting in a combination of hydrophobic and auxiliary pocket effects that yielded high (∼500-fold) n/e selectivity. Importantly, the Caco-2 assay also revealed improved membrane permeability over previous compounds.
Automatic face location detection and tracking for model-assisted coding of video teleconferencing sequences at low bit-rates (1995)

We present a novel and practical way to integrate techniques from computer vision to low bit-rate coding systems for video teleconferencing applications. Our focus is to locate and track the faces of persons in typical head-and-shoulders video sequences, and to exploit the face location information in a ‘classical’ video coding/decoding system. The motivation is to enable the system to selectively encode various image areas and to produce psychologically pleasing coded images where faces are sharper. We refer to this approach as model-assisted coding. We propose a totally automatic, low-complexity algorithm, which robustly performs face detection and tracking. A priori assumptions regarding sequence content are minimal and the algorithm operates accurately even in cases of partial occlusion by moving objects. Face location information is exploited by a low bit-rate 3D subband-based video coder which uses both a novel model-assisted pixel-based motion compensation scheme, as well as model-assisted dynamic bit allocation with object-selective quantization. By transferring a small fraction of the total available bit-rate from the non-facial to the facial area, the coder produces images with better-rendered facial features. The improvement was found to be perceptually significant on video sequences coded at 96 kbps for an input luminance signal in CIF format. The technique is applicable to any video coding scheme that allows for fine-grain quantizer selection (e.g. MPEG, H.261), and can maintain full decoder compatibility.
Face recognition using principal component analysis of Gabor filter responses (2003)

This paper addresses a new face recognition method based on principal component analysis (PCA) and Gabor filter responses. Our method consists of two parts. One is Gabor filtering on predefined fiducial points that could represent robust facial features from the original face image. The other is transforming the facial features into eigenspace by PCA, which is able to classify individual facial representations. Thus, the trained face model has some eigenvalues that can be derived from an ensemble matrix of given Gabor responses. In order to identify the faces, test images are also projected into eigenspace from the image space and compared to the trained face images in the same eigenspace. The basic idea of containing the PCA and Gabor filter is to overcome the shortcomings of PCA. When raw images were used as a matrix of PCA, the eigenspace cannot reflect the correlation of facial features well, because original face images have deformation due to in-plane, in-depth rotation and brightness and contrast variation. So, we have overcome these problems using Gabor filter responses as input. A Gabor filter has the robust characteristics of illumination and rotation. In addition, we confirmed the improvement of discrimination ability when Gabor responses had transferred to the space constructed by the principal components. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves the remarkable improvement of recognition rate of 19% and 11% compared to conventional PCA method in SAIT dataset and Olivetti dataset respectively. Our method has the advantage in gallery DB size than the recognition method only using Gabor filter responses.
A Nonlinear Distortion Compensation Method with Adaptive Predistorter and Negative Feed-Back for a Narrow-Band Signal (2006)

As a method to compensate for the nonlinear distortion of a power amplifier, the adaptive predistorter and the negative feed-back system are known. Although the feedback method is a simple technique, its instability becomes a problem for a high feedback gain to achieve a high compensation effect. On the other hand, the predistorter needs long time to calculate the suitable parameters. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear distortion compensation method for a narrow-band signal. In this method, adaptive predistorter and negative feedback are combined. With computer simulations, we show that the proposed scheme achieves both five times faster convergence speed than that of the predistorter and three times longer permissible delay time in the feed-back amplifier than that of a negative feed-back only amplifier, while keeping the required compensation performance.
Flexible Polyimide Aerogel Cross-linked by Poly(maleic Anhydride-alt-alkylene) (2014)

Aerogels are potential materials for aerospace applications due to their lower thermal conductivity, lighter weight, and low dielectric constant. However, silica aerogels are restricted due to their inherent fragility, hygroscopic nature, and poor mechanical properties, especially in extreme aerospace environments. In order to fit the needs of aerospace applications, developing new thermal insulation materials that are flexible, and moisture resistant is needed. To this end, we fabricated a series of polyimide aerogels crosslinked with different poly(maleic anhydride-alt-alkylene)s as seen in Scheme 1. The polyimide oligomers were made with 3,3,4,4-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), and different diamines or diamine combinations. The resulting aerogels have low density (0.06 gcm3 to 0.16 gcm3) and high surface area (240-440 m2g). The effect of the different backbone structures on density, shrinkage, porosity, surface area, mechanical properties, moisture resistance and thermal properties will be discussed. These novel polyalkylene-imide aerogels may be potential candidates for applications such as space suit insulation for planetary surface missions, insulation for inflatable structures for habitats, inflatable aerodynamic decelerators for entry, descent and landing (EDL) operations, and cryotank insulation for advance space propulsion systems. Scheme 1. Network of polyimide aerogels crosslinked with deifferent poly(maleic anhydride).
An Amino Alcohol Ligand for Highly Enantioselective Addition of Organozinc Reagents to Aldehydes:  Serendipity Rules (2002)

[reaction: see text] Amino alcohol 4 (or its enantiomer) is prepared in two simple steps. Commercial (1R,2S)-2-amino-1,2-diphenylethanol is dialkylated with bis(2-bromoethyl) ether. Subsequent hydrogenation over 5% Rh on alumina in the presence of morpholine unexpectedly stops at the hexahydro derivative 4. Amino alcohol 4 promotes the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes at room temperature in up to 99% enantiomeric excess.
Atomic scale imaging and spectroscopy of individual electron trap states using force detected dynamic tunnelling (2009)

We report the first atomic scale imaging and spectroscopic measurements of electron trap states in completely non-conducting surfaces by dynamic tunnelling force microscopy/spectroscopy. Single electrons are dynamically shuttled to/from individual states in thick films of hafnium silicate and silicon dioxide. The new method opens up surfaces that are inaccessible to the scanning tunnelling microscope for imaging and spectroscopy on an atomic scale.
Interference aware routing in multi-radio wireless mesh networks (2006)

We address the problem of interference aware routing in multi-radio infrastructure mesh networks wherein each mesh node is equipped with multiple radio interfaces and a subset of nodes serve as Internet gateways. We present a new interference aware routing metric - iAWARE that aids in finding paths that are better in terms of reduced interflow and intra-flow interference. We incorporate this metric and new support for multi-radio networks in the well known AODV routing protocol to design an enhanced AODV-MR routing protocol. We study the performance of our new routing metric by implementing it in our wireless testbed consisting of 12 mesh nodes. We show that iAWARE tracks changes in interfering traffic far better than existing well known link metrics such as ETT and IRU. We also demonstrate that our AODV-MR protocol delivers increased throughput in single radio and two radio mesh networks compared to similar protocol with WCETT and MIC routing metrics. We also show that in the case of two radio mesh networks, our metric achieves good intra-path channel diversity.
High data rate ultrasonic communications for wireless intra-body networks (2016)

It is well known that electromagnetic radio-frequency (RF) waves that are the basis of most commercial wireless technologies are largely unsuitable to interconnect deeply implanted medical devices. RF waves are in fact absorbed by aqueous biological tissues and prone to malicious jamming attacks or to environmental interference from pervaslvely deployed RF communication systems; moreover, they pose a potential safety hazard when exposure of tissues is prolonged and at high power. While existing wireless technologies can satisfy the requirements of some specific applications, the root challenge of enabling networked intra-body miniaturized sensors and actuators that communicate through body tissues is largely unaddressed. Considering these limitations, this article proposes a high data rate ultrasonic communication scheme for wireless intra-body networks. The proposed scheme can enable various applications that require high sampling rates such as neural data recording or monitoring of the digestive tract through endoscopic pills. The proposed scheme is based on Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM), which is proven to be robust against frequency-selective channels with relatively long delay spreads like the intra-body ultrasonic channel. The proposed scheme is implemented in a prototype ultrasonic software-radio and demonstrated to achieve data rates up to 28.12 Mbit/s through synthetic phantoms mimicking the ultrasonic propagation characteristics of biological tissues.
Low-Energy Electrodynamics of Superconducting Diamond (2006)

Heavily boron-doped, diamond films can become superconducting with critical temperatures Tc well above 4 K. Here we first measure the reflectivity of such a film down to 5 cm(-1), by also using coherent synchrotron radiation. We thus determine the optical gap 2Delta, the field penetration depth lambda, the range of action of the Ferrell-Glover-Tinkham sum rule, and the electron-phonon spectral function alpha2F(omega). We conclude that diamond behaves as a dirty BCS superconductor.
A Bluetooth low-energy (BLE) transceiver with TX/RX switchable on-chip matching network, 2.75mW high-IF discrete-time receiver, and 3.6mW all-digital transmitter (2016)

We present a new ultra-low-power (ULP) transceiver for Internet-of-Things (IoT) optimized for 28-nm CMOS. The receiver (RX) employs a high-rate (up to 10 GS/s) discrete-time (DT) architecture with intermediate frequency (IF) placed beyond the 1/f noise corner of MOS devices. New multistage multi-rate charge-sharing bandpass filters are adapted to achieve high out-of-band linearity, low noise and low power consumption. A transmitter (TX) employs an all-digital PLL (ADPLL) with switched-current-source digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) and switching PA. An integrated on-chip matching network serves both PA and LNTA, thus allowing a 1-pin direct antenna connection with no external antenna filters. The transceiver consumes 2.75mW in RX and 3.6mW in TX when delivering 0 dBm in Bluetooth LE.
Four-port optical-filter fabricated from tapered optical fiber (2005)

We propose and demonstrate a four-port optical filter fabricated from a tapered optical fiber. The device is fabricated from tapered fiber loops wrapped around a low index rod.
Transporting CDMA signals over an analog optical link (1999)

We have investigated transmitting wireless code division multiple-access (CDMA) signals from a remote antenna to a centralized base station over an analog optical link. We present specifications for transmission of standard (IS.95) CDMA signals and demonstrate that unisolated uncooled lasers can meet these requirements. Tests were conducted using both a 1.3-/spl mu/m Fabry-Perot laser and a 1.55-/spl mu/m distributed-feedback laser (DFB).
Whole-chip ESD protection for CMOS VLSI/ULSI with multiple power pins (2002)

An anomalous phenomenon of ESD failure in CMOS ICs with multiple VDD and VSS power-supply pins is discovered and investigated. A method of whole-chip ESD protection to overcome this anomalous ESD failure is proposed with experimental verification.
Tripling the detection view of high-frequency linear-array-based photoacoustic computed tomography by using two planar acoustic reflectors. (2015)

The two acoustic reflectors triple the detection view angle of a linear-array-based PACT without compromising the original imaging speed. This nearly full-view detection capability produces higher-quality images than single-reflector PACT or conventional PACT without reflectors.