gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Method for determining statistical mean and variance of electromagnetic energy transmission between coupled cavities (2014)

In this paper a statistical approach is employed to solve high frequency electromagnetism problems of coupled cavities at a reduced computational cost. The case of interest is a system of two reverberant cavities that have random or uncertain properties coupled by an aperture. If a conventional numerical approach is employed for this problem then very significant computational effort is required since Maxwell's equations need to be solved for both the cavity and the system. The key aspect of the proposed approach is to avoid solving Maxwell's equations inside the cavity by employing a relation known as the diffuse field reciprocity principle, which leads directly to the ensemble mean response of the system and its variance; all that is required is the impedance matrix of the coupling element associated with radiation into infinite space. Theoretical developments leading to the mean and variance are presented. This technique is then applied to a numerical example.
The oxidative coupling of methane on chlorinated Lithium-doped magnesium oxide (1991)

The incorporation of chloride ions into Li-doped MgO, via a sol–gel process results in a stable and active catalyst that is capable of converting methane to ethylene through a series of partial oxidation reactions.
Semi-automated measurement of anatomical structures using statistical and morphological priors (2004)

Rapid, accurate and reproducible delineation and measurement of arbitrary anatomical structures in medical images is a widely held goal, with important applications in both clinical diagnostics and, perhaps more significantly, pharmaceutical trial evaluation. This process requires the ability first to localize a structure within the body, and then to find a best approximation of the structure’s boundaries within a given scan. Structures that are tortuous and small in cross section, such as the hippocampus in the brain or the abdominal aorta, present a particular challenge. Their apparent shape and position can change significantly from slice to slice, and accurate prior shape models for such structures are often difficult to form. In this work, we have developed a system that makes use of both a user-defined shape model and a statistical maximum likelihood classifier to identify and measure structures of this sort in MRI and CT images. Experiments show that this system can reduce analysis time by 75% or more with respect to manual tracing with no loss of precision or accuracy.
SUVN-502, a novel, potent, pure, and orally active 5-HT6 receptor antagonist: pharmacological, behavioral, and neurochemical characterization (2018)

Research in Alzheimer's disease is going through a big turnaround. New palliative therapies are being reconsidered for the effective management of disease because of setbacks in the development of disease-modifying therapies. Serotonin 6 (5-HT6) receptor has long been pursued as a potential target for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease. SUVN-502 is a novel 5-HT6 receptor antagonist (Ki=2.04 nmol/l) with high receptor affinity and high degree of selectivity. SUVN-502 at doses ranging from 1 to 10 mg/kg, per os (p.o.) demonstrated procognitive effects in various behavioral animal models (object recognition task, water maze, and radial arm maze), and it acts on three phases of cognition, viz., acquisition, consolidation, and retention (object recognition task). SUVN-502 (3 and 10 mg/kg, p.o.) modulated glutamate levels when administered alone (microdialysis). At doses ranging from 1 to 10 mg/kg p.o., SUVN-502 potentiated the effects of donepezil (microdialysis). SUVN-502 [1 mg/kg, intravenous (i.v.)] also potentiated pharmacological effects of memantine (1 mg/kg, i.v.) and/or donepezil (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) (θ modulation). The beneficial effects of SUVN-502 on learning and memory might be mediated through the modulation of cholinergic and/or glutamatergic neurotransmission in relevant brain regions. In summary, behavioral, neurochemical, and electrophysiological outcomes indicate that SUVN-502 may augment the beneficial effects of donepezil and memantine combination.
A comparative study of the performance of seven- and 63-chip optical code-division multiple-access encoders and decoders based on superstructured fiber Bragg gratings (2001)

We report a range of elementary optical coding and decoding experiments employing superstructured fiber Bragg grating (SSFBG) components: first, we perform a comparative study of the relative merits of bipolar and unipolar coding: decoding schemes and show that the SSFBG approach allows high-quality unipolar and bipolar coding. A performance close to that-theoretically predicted for seven-chip, 160-Gchip/s M-sequence codes is obtained. Second, we report the fabrication and performance of 63-chip, 160-Gchip/s, bipolar Gold sequence grating pairs. These codes are at least eight times longer than those generated by any other scheme based on fiber grating technology so far reported. Last, we describe a range of transmission system experiments for both the seven- and 63-bit bipolar grating pairs. Error-free performance is obtained over transmission distances of /spl sim/25 km of standard fiber. In addition, we have demonstrated error-free performance under multiuser operation (two simultaneous users). Our results highlight the precision and flexibility of our particular grating writing process and show that SSFBG technology represents a promising technology not just for optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) but also for an extended range of other pulse-shaping optical processing applications.
JNK Regulates DKK1 Expression in Multiple Myeloma Cells. (2006)

Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM), a tumor of terminally differentiated plasma cells, depends on the bone marrow for growth and survival. MM is characterized by extensive bone loss and osteolytic lesions located at the sites of medullary plasmacytomas, suggesting that myeloma cells alter the biology of bone remodeling. Wnt signaling in osteoblasts is essential for the maintenance of osteoblast and osteoclast homeostasis and thus coupled bone turnover. MM plasma cells, but not those from healthy donors or MGUS, secrete Wnt signaling inhibitors DKK1, sFRP-2 and sFRP-3. The production of these factors contributes to osteolytic lesions by inhibiting Wnt signaling in the bone marrow milieu. It is currently not known how DKK1 expression is activated and regulated in MM. Here we report that DKK-1 expression is significantly lower in 45 myeloma cell lines (MMCL) and 5 secondary plasma cell leukemias/ pleural effusions compared to primary myeloma cells and down-regulated in all 9 primary myeloma cells with high DKK1 expression levels (Affymetrix Signal > 1,000) following co-culture with osteoclasts. This inhibition of DKK1 is associated with the simultaneous down-regulation of JUN, FOS, and FOSB, of which JUN has been shown to regulate DKK1 (Grotewald and Ruther, 2002). Ectopic expression of c-Jun in Jun negative MMCLs did not induce DKK1 expression, indicating that DKK1 transcription in this cell type is not solely dependent on c-Jun. DKK1 transcription increased 2- to 20-fold in myeloma cells from 21 of 42 primary MM following 48 hour of in-vivo exposure to thalidomide and 19 of 24 exposed to lenolidomide. The JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 could significantly inhibit the up-regulation of DKK1 in 7 of 9 primary MM cells following in-vitro exposure to thalidomide or lenolidomide. Finally, treatment of MMCL and primary MM with the JNK activator Anisomycin resulted in up-regulation of DKK1 2- to 5-fold, but not in the presence of SP600125. These data indicate that DKK1 expression in MM cells is, in part, dependent on JNK signaling and suggests that JNK inhibitors may be an effective means of inhibiting both DKK1 expression and MM bone disease.
Tandem Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry of Large Molecules (1987)

Structural characterization of increasingly large molecules requires exponentially increasing amounts of molecular information as well as separation methods of higher resolution. Tandem mass spectrometry using the Fourier-transform instrument is promising for both of these requirements as described in other papers of this book. Helpful advances summarized here are the use of secondary ion mass spectrometry and 252Cf plasma desorption for ionization of non-volatile molecules, and the formation of MS-II spectra using the surface induced dissociation method of Cooks, the electron dissociation method of Cody and Freiser, and neutralization of multiply protonated ions to form unstable hypervalent species. The use of the Hadamard transform technique reduces the time required for recording n MS-II spectra by 4/n.
Complete Genome Sequence of <i>Bifidobacterium bifidum</i> S17 (2010)

ABSTRACT Here, we report on the first completely annotated genome sequence of a Bifidobacterium bifidum strain. B. bifidum S17, isolated from feces of a breast-fed infant, was shown to strongly adhere to intestinal epithelial cells and has potent anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo . The genome sequence will provide new insights into the biology of this potential probiotic organism and allow for the characterization of the molecular mechanisms underlying its beneficial properties.
Switching Optically-Connected Memories in a Large-Scale System (2012)

Recent trends in processor and memory systems in large-scale computing systems reveal a new "memory wall" that prompts investigation on alternate main memory organization separating main memory from processors and arranging them in separate ensembles. In this paper, we study the feasibility of transferring data across processors by using the optical interconnection fabric that acts as a bridge between processor and memory ensembles. We propose a memory switching protocol that transfers data across processors without physically moving the data across electrical switches. Such a mechanism allows large-scale data communication across processors through transfer of a few tiny blocks of meta-data. We present detailed techniques for supporting two communication patterns prevalent in any large-scale scientific and data management applications. We present experimental results analyzing the feasibility of memory switching in a wide range of applications, and characterize applications based on the impact of the memory switching on their performance.
Imidazole Alkaloids from<i> Lepidium </i><i>m</i><i>eyenii</i> (2003)

Two new imidazole alkaloids (lepidiline A and lepidiline B) have been isolated from a root extract of Lepidium meyenii with the common name Maca and identified as 1,3-dibenzyl-4,5-dimethylimidazolium chloride (1) and 1,3-dibenzyl-2,4,5-trimethylimidazolium chloride (2), respectively. The structures of these two new compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods, as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction performed on compound 1.
Vector Sum Excited Linear Prediction (VSELP) speech coding at 4.8 kbps (1990)

Code Excited Linear Prediction (CELP) speech coders exhibit good performance at data rates as low as 4800 bps. The major drawback to CELP type coders is their larger computational requirements. The Vector Sum Excited Linear Prediction (VSELP) speech coder utilizes a codebook with a structure which allows for a very efficient search procedure. Other advantages of the VSELP codebook structure is discussed and a detailed description of a 4.8 kbps VSELP coder is given. This coder is an improved version of the VSELP algorithm, which finished first in the NSA's evaluation of the 4.8 kbps speech coders. The coder uses a subsample resolution single tap long term predictor, a single VSELP excitation codebook, a novel gain quantizer which is robust to channel errors, and a new adaptive pre/postfilter arrangement.
High-performance coatings for micromechanical mirrors (2006)

High-performance coatings for micromechanical mirrors were developed. The high-reflective metal systems can be integrated into the technology of MOEMS, such as spatial light modulators and microscanning mirrors from the near-infrared down to the vacuum-ultraviolet spectral regions. The reported metal designs permit high optical performances to be merged with suitable mechanical properties and fitting complementary metal-oxide semiconductor compatibility.
Wildlife Primary and Secondary Toxicity Studies with Warfarin (2000)

Through the results of several toxicity studies, warfarin was evaluated as a potential field rodenticide. Although warfarin is generally accepted as being a safer compound compared to the second generation anticoagulants, little information is available on the potential for secondary poisoning to non-target wildlife that may consume rodents killed by the bait. Studies were completed to determine primary and secondary laboratory efficacy and field efficacy of warfarin baits. The laboratory efficacy study had 5 male and 5 female black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) in each of six treatment groups (0, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm warfarin). The resulting efficacy after a 15-day exposure and 5-day post-test period was 0, 30, 50, 60, 100, and 80%, respectively. Also, 16 montane voles (Microtus montanus) and 4 meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) were housed by species in large stock tanks and were exposed to 250 ppm warfarin bait, apples, and alfalfa cubes. All voles died by day 11 of the test. A field efficacy test with a 250 ppm warfarin bait on black-tailed prairie dogs proved to be 86.4% and 78.6% effective according to 2 census techniques after 3 spot-baiting applications. European ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) and black-billed magpies (Pica pica) were secondarily fed black-tailed prairie dogs and Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), respectively, that had consumed 500 ppm warfarin bait. After the 5-day secondary exposure and 21-day post-test period, the ferrets and magpies displayed no signs of toxicosis. Our research demonstrates a broad spectrum for potential warfarin use.
Parameter Adaptation by Parameter Signature Isolation in the Time-Scale Domain (2008)

It is shown that delineation of output sensitivities with respect to model parameters in dynamic models can be enhanced in the time-scale domain. This enhanced differentiation of output sensitivities then provides the capacity to isolate regions of the time-scale plane wherein a single output sensitivity dominates the others. Due to this dominance, the prediction error can be attributed to the error of a single parameter at these regions so as to estimate each model parameter error separately. The proposed Parameter Signature Isolation Method (PARSIM) that uses these parameter error estimates for parameter adaptation has been found to have an adaptation precision comparable to that of the Gauss-Newton method for noise-free cases. PARSIM, however, appears to be less sensitive to input conditions, while offering the promise of more effective noise suppression by the capabilities available in the time-scale domain.
Rigid Polyurethane Foam Based on Modified Soybean Oil (2013)

Two bio-based polyols (Polyol-r and Polyol-t) were synthesized from commercially available epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO). Polyol-r was obtained from ring opening of ESBO in the presence of fluoboric acid, while Polyol-t from a transesterification of Polyol-r with glycerol through a litharge catalyst. A rigid polyurethane foam was prepared by mixed polyols (Polyol-t and commercial 635 polyether polyol) with 4,4'-methylene-bis (phenyl isocyanate). The hydroxyl value of Polyol-t was higher than that of Polyol-r, which was also backed up by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Scanning electron microscope examination revealed that the foam has closed cells. The test of performances of the foam shows that it possesses an excellent dimension stability and compressive strength.
A characterization of robust radiation therapy treatment planning methods—from expected value to worst case optimization (2012)

Accounting for uncertainties is essential to ensure plan quality in complex radiation therapy such as IMPT. The utilization of more information than conventional in the optimization can lead to robust target coverage and low OAR doses. Increased target coverage robustness can be achieved by more conservative methods.
The filamentous haemagglutinin, a multifaceted adhesin produced by virulent <i>Bordetella</i> spp. (1993)

Filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA) is the major attachment factor produced by virulent Bordetella spp. Similar to the other virulence factors, its production is tightly regulated by a two-component system in response to environmental changes. Although of impressive size (c. 220 kDa), it is very efficiently released into the culture supernatant of Bordetella pertussis. Its biogenesis involves complex processing of a larger precursor with a calculated molecular mass of 370 kDa. Export of FHA into the culture medium depends on an outer membrane protein homologous to haemolysin accessory proteins. Purified extracellular FHA is able to increase the adherence of other pathogens to the host, which may contribute to super-infection in whooping cough. Although FHA- mutants colonize lungs as efficiently as the wild-type parent strains, immune responses against FHA appear to protect against colonization. Unlike many other adhesins, FHA expresses at least three different attachment activities, one specific for the CR3 integrins of macrophages, one involving a carbohydrate-binding site, specific for interactions with cilia, and a heparin-binding activity that may be important for interaction of B. pertussis with epithelial cells or extracellular matrices.
Metal Matrix Composite Solar Cell Metallization (2017)

Advanced solar cells are moving to ever thinner formats in order to save mass and in some cases improve performance. As cells are thinned, the possibility that they may fracture or cleave due to mechanical stresses is increased. Fractures of the cell can degrade the overall device performance if the fracture propagates through the contact metallization, which frequently occurs. To address this problem, a novel semiconductor metallization system based on multi-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforcement, termed metal matrix composite (MMC) metallization is under investigation. Electro-mechanical characterization of MMC films demonstrate their ability to provide electrical conductivity over >40 micron wide cracks in the underlying semiconductor, with the carbon nanotubes bridging the gap. In addition, these materials show a “self-healing” behaviour, electrically reconnecting at ~30 microns when strained past failure. Triple junction (TJ) space cells with MMC metallization demonstrated no loss in Jsc after intentional fracture, whereas TJ cells with conventional metallization suffer up to 50% Jsc loss.
A single-frequency ECR ion source with a large uniformly distributed resonant plasma volume (1995)

An innovative technique for increasing ion source intensity is described which, in principle, could lead to significant advances in ECR ion source technology for multiply charged ion beam formation. The advanced concept design uses a minimum-B magnetic mirror geometry which consists of a multi-cusp, magnetic field, to assist in confining the plasma radially, a flat central field for tuning to the ECR resonant condition, and specially tailored mirror fields in the end zones to confine the plasma in the axial direction. The magnetic field is designed to achieve an axially symmetric plasma {open_quotes}volume{close_quotes} with constant mod-B, which extends over the length of the central field region. This design, which strongly contrasts with the ECR {open_quotes}surfaces{close_quotes} characteristic of conventional ECR ion sources, results in dramatic increases in the absorption of RF power, thereby increasing the electron temperature and {open_quotes}hot{close_quotes} electron population within the ionization volume of the source.
Stereochemistry as a Major Determinant of the Anti-HIV Activity of Chiral Naphthyl Thiourea Compounds (2001)

Eleven chiral naphthyl thiourea (CNT) compounds were synthesized as non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNI) of the reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme of HIV-1. Molecular modelling studies indicated that, because of the asymmetric geometry of the NNI binding pocket, the 'R' stereoisomers would fit the NNI binding pocket of the HIV-1 RT much better than the corresponding 'S' stereoisomers, as reflected by their 10(4)-fold lower Ki values. The 'R' stereoisomers of all 11 compounds inhibited the recombinant RT in vitro with lower IC50 values than their enantiomers. Of seven CNT compounds whose 'R' stereoisomers exhibited nanomolar IC50 values against recombinant RT, five were further evaluated for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). All five 'R' stereoisomers were active anti-HIV agents and inhibited the replication of the HIV-1 strains HTLV-IIIB (NNI-sensitive), A17 (NNI-resistant, Y181C mutant RT) and A17Var (NNI-resistant, Y181C plus K103N mutant RT), as well as primary HIV-1 isolates from AIDS patients in human PBMC at nanomolar concentrations, whereas their enantiomers were inactive. The lead compounds, 1R and 5R, were 3 log more potent than the standard NNI drug nevirapine against the NNI-resistant HIV-1 strains. Our data establish the stereochemistry as a major determinant of the potency of this new class of NNI.
Vectorial optical field generator for the creation of arbitrarily complex fields (2013)

Generation of vectorial optical fields with complex spatial distribution in the cross section is of great interest in areas where exotic optical fields are desired, including particle manipulation, optical nanofabrication, beam shaping and optical imaging. In this work, a vectorial optical field generator capable of creating arbitrarily complex beam cross section is designed, built and tested. Based on two reflective phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulators, this generator is capable of controlling all the parameters of the spatial distributions of an optical field, including the phase, amplitude and polarization (ellipticity and orientation) on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Various optical fields containing phase, amplitude and/or polarization modulations are successfully generated and tested using Stokes parameter measurement to demonstrate the capability and versatility of this optical field generator.