gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of Toll-like receptors and MyD88 in innate immune responses (2000)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are phylogenetically conserved receptors that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS). We previously generated mice lacking TLR2 and TLR4 and showed the differential role of TLR2 and TLR4 in microbial recognition. TLR4 functions as the transmembrane component of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor, while TLR2 recognizes peptidoglycan from Gram-positive bacteria and lipoprotein. We also generated mice lacking MyD88, an adaptor involved in IL-1R/TLR signalings. The responses to a variety of bacterial components were completely abrogated in MyD88-deficient cells. However, unlike the signaling mediated by other bacterial components such as lipoprotein and bacterial DNA, activation of NF-kappaB and MAP kinases was induced in response to LPS even in the absence of MyD88, which indicates the existence of a MyD88-independent pathway. We have recently found that the MyD88-independent pathway is involved in LPS-induced maturation of dendritic cells (DCs).
Social software: E-learning beyond learning management systems (2006)

Artiklen argumenterer for, at det er nødvendigt at bevæge e-læring ud over e-læringssystemer og i stedet involvere studerende i en aktiv anvendelse af internettet som en ressource for deres selvstyrede, problembaserede og kollaborative aktiviteter. Formålet med artiklen er at diskutere, hvordan 'social software' kan være medvirkende til at bevæge e-læring ud over e-læringssystemer. Ud fra en socialkonstruktivistisk tilgang præsenteres en tilgang til e-læring, og der argumenteres for at e-læringssystemer ikke understøtter en socialkonstruktivistisk tilgang, der lægger vægt på studerendes selvstyrede læringsaktiviteter. Artiklen forslår, at e-læringssystemer begrænses til kun at varetage administrative opgaver. Endvidere argumenteres der for, at studerendes selvstyrede læreprocesser understøttes ved at tilbyde studerende personlige værktøjer samt at involvere dem i forskellige former for sociale netværk.<br /> Udgivelsesdato: juli
Bifocal Optical-Vortex Lens with Sorting of the Generated Nonseparable Spin-Orbital Angular-Momentum States (2017)

In an optical vortex beam, each photon carries orbital angular momentum (OAM), a useful resource for applications in optical communication and quantum information processing. The authors demonstrate a diffractive bifocal vortex lens that generates and sorts light beams of different OAM, by means of polarization control. Placing the lens inside a cavity, a vortex-beam laser with a chosen OAM can be realized. Moreover, the lens's OAM sorting can be used in a multifocal optical-trapping system that facilitates the manipulation of nanoparticles, molecules, and biological samples.
28-Gb/s/λ TDM-PON with Narrow Filter Compensation and Enhanced FEC Supporting 31.5 dB Link Loss Budget after 20-km Downstream Transmission in the C-band (2016)

We experimentally demonstrate a 28 Gb/s/λ TDM PON based on bandwidth limited NRZ modulation. By using narrow filter compensation and enhanced FEC with an optimal overhead, 26.5 dBm receiver sensitivity of is achieved in the C band after 20 km downstream transmission.
<title>Curvilinear component analysis for nonlinear dimensionality reduction of hyperspectral images</title> (2002)

This paper presents a multidimensional data nonlinear projection method applied to the dimensionality reduction of hyperspectral images. The method, called Curvilinear Component Analysis (CCA) consists in reproducing at best the topology of the joint distribution of the data in a projection subspace whose dimension is lower than the dimension of the initial space, thus preserving a maximum amount of information. The Curvilinear Distance Analysis (CDA) is an improvement of the CCA that allows data including high nonlinearities to be projected. Its interest for reducing the dimension of hyperspectral images is shown. The results are presented on real hyperspectral images and compared with usual linear projection methods.
L‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels: understanding function through structure (2004)

L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) are multisubunit membrane proteins that regulate calcium influx into excitable cells. Within the last two years there have been four separate reports describing the structure of the skeletal muscle VGCC determined by electron microscopy and single particle analysis methods. There are some discrepancies between the structures, as well as reports for both monomeric and dimeric forms of the channel. This article considers each of the VGCC structures in terms of similarities and differences with an emphasis upon translation of data into a biological context.
Adenoma-carcinoma sequence or “de novo” Carcinogenesis?. A study of adenomatous remnants in a population-based series of large bowel cancers (1992)

Although it is well known that colorectal cancers can arise on a preexisting adenoma or de novo, the relative importance of these two pathways is still highly controversial. The authors studied the proportion of cancers with adenomatous remnants in a nonselected population-based series of 1630 resected colorectal cancers, so that they could estimate by subsite the importance of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Four factors appeared to be related independently to the presence of adenomatous tissue within cancers in a multiple logistic model: tumor extension, growth pattern, location, and size. It appeared that infiltrating and ulcero-infiltrating tumors, which represented 39.8% of all resected colorectal cancers, very rarely displayed adenomatous tissue (0.5%), whereas it was more common in fungating and ulcero-fungating cancers (25.8%; P less than 0.001). In these exophytic cancers, the presence of adenomatous tissue was related very closely to the tumor size and extension, and it was seen in as many as 83% of small cancers (less than 2 cm) limited to the mucosa or submucosa. Right colon cancer showed consistently fewer adenomatous remnants than left colon or rectal cancer. These figures suggest that there are roughly two types of colorectal cancers, one of the infiltrating or ulcero-infiltrating type, which usually would arise de novo and account for approximately 40% of all colorectal cancer cases, and the exophytic type, which would mainly follow an adenoma-carcinoma sequence, although some might be de novo cancers, in particular in the right colon.
Analysis and Numerical Simulation of the Dual-Gate Permeable Base Transistor (2005)

Recent interest in novel transistor geometries to radically extending the high-frequency limit of three-terminal devices has stimulated the development of ,new technologies for fabricating submicrometer semiconductor structures. One such technology, the lateral growth of single-crystal semiconductor over metals and insulators, has been combined with submicrometer lithography in the fabrication of permeable base transistor (PBT) [1]- The distinguishing feature of PET is a thin tungsten grating which is embedded inside a single crystal semiconductor and is the gate (base) of the transistor. In this article the dud gate is used to reduce the idluence of drain voltage on the input current. Numerical solutions to the two-dimensional Poisson's equation and the continuity equation have been used to investigate the performance of the dual-gate PBT. The device geometry used in the numerical simulations is illustrated in Fig. 1. The constant potential contours of the initial device condition is shown in Fig. 2, in which the dotted he indicates the depletion edge of the Schottky contact. Fig. 3 shows the potential surface of the same device as Fig. 2 with V,=lV and Vg=0.3V. From Fig. 3, the barrier-limited mode of operation can be known. Fig. 4 shows the drain current density as a function of the gate bias. From Fig. 4(a) and Fig. 4@), the exponential transfer characteristic at the lower controfelectrode bias levels and a square-law transfer characteristic at higher bias levels as the conventional PBT [ 11 are observed, respectively. Fig. 5 shows the collector characteristics 5f the device with 0.16 pm tungsten grating stripes. According to Fig. 5, it reveals a transconductance (gd of 628 mS/mm, which is larger than the experimental results 12, 31 by one order. The results indicated that by proper choice of the carrier density and structure dimensions the dual gate PBT can operate in both depletion and enhancement mode, just the same as the conventional PBT [I, 4, 51. The results also indicated that the Early voltage is larger than that of the conventional PBT.
Novel Plating Processes for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cell Metallization Using a Structured Seed Layer (2017)

We present metallization approaches for silicon heterojunction solar cells by plating onto a structured seed layer. Our approaches do not require expensive processing steps or consumables. The process starts with a full area deposition of a dielectric or alternatively a blanket metal layer such as Al onto indium tin oxide (ITO). Next, the grid-shaped seed layer is applied via printing or laser-transfer. An efficiency of 22.2% was obtained using a dielectric layer and laser-transfer, outperforming screen-printing by 0.4%. Applying Al instead of a dielectric has the advantage that the plating current spreads more homogeneously on the solar cell surface, which is of particular importance for plating on bifacial solar cells. For using an Al blanket layer on top of ITO and a grid-shaped seed layer, we developed a plating process that selectively plates on the seed layer and not on the Al layer.
Expression of transduced tropomyosin 1 cDNA suppresses neoplastic growth of cells transformed by the ras oncogene. (1993)

Synthesis of certain members of the tropomyosin family of microfilament-associated proteins is suppressed in fibroblasts neoplastically transformed by a number of retroviral oncogenes, by transforming growth factor alpha, and by chemical mutagens. To test whether tropomyosin suppression is a required event in neoplastic transformation, expression of one of two suppressed tropomyosins in NIH 3T3 mouse cells transformed by the ras oncogene was restored by retrovirally mediated cDNA transfer. Cells expressing the inserted cDNA showed partial restoration of microfilament bundle formation (which is typically deranged in transformed cells) together with increased cytoplasmic spreading. More importantly, they lost anchorage-independent growth capability, and the onset of tumor growth in athymic mice was delayed. When tumors arose they no longer expressed the inserted cDNA. These observations support the conclusion that tropomyosin suppression is a necessary event for the expression of components of the transformed phenotype, particularly with respect to anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenesis, which correlate closely with neoplastic potential. This potentially reversible requirement may link different initial events produced by a variety of oncogenic modalities to a common pathway leading to neoplastic growth.
Migrating cancer stem cells: An integrated concept of malignant tumor progression. (2006)

ED01-02 Most colorectal adenocarcinomas (CRC) have mutations in the APC gene leading to overexpression of the Wnt-pathway effector b-catenin. By acting as a transcriptional activator, nuclear b-catenin is decisively involved in two fundamental processes in embryonic development: epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and generation of stem (e.g. in intestine development). We have previously shown, that in particular tumor at the invasive front of CRCs accumulate nuclear b-catenin, undergo an EMT and aberrantly express EMT-associated transcriptional repressors, like ZEB1. The amount of these strongly correlates with clinical outcome and metastasis formation. We further showed that ZEB1 represses target genes involved in basement membrane formation and epithelial cell polarity. In contrast tumor in central tumor areas are differentiated and often show membranous, E-cadherin-bound b-catenin. Strikingly, also metastases show again a differentiated phenotype and lack nuclear b-catenin, indicating a regulatory role of the tumor environment for malignant progression. Based on the developmental functions of b-catenin and our data we propose, that the EMT-associated tumor at the invasive front act as migrating cancer stem cells which can re-differentiate and, depending on the range of dissemination, give raise to the primary carcinoma or metastases. In support of this hypothesis, we defined b-catenin target genes overexpressed in invading tumor cells: 1. A stem cell phenotype is supported by the b-catenin target genes hTERT and survivin. 2. Furthermore we identified target genes like uPA, MT1-MMP, and laminin5-g2 chain, which synergize to exert EMT and promigratory activity. We suggest that both primary tumors and metastases are derived from a pool of EMT-associated migrating cancer stem cells at the tumor host interface, which are defined by strong nuclear b-catenin accumulation and expression of its target genes. This gives these a feature, which drives malignant tumor progression including metastasis: the unusual combination of abilities allowing simultanously to migrate and behave as a cancer stem cell. Since ZEB1 might be the crucial mediator of EMT in tumor cells, it could be a promising therapeutic target to interfere with malignant tumor progression.
DETERMINANTS OF PHOTOSENSITIZATION BY MONO‐L‐ASPARTYL CHLORIN e6 (1989)

The mono-N-aspartyl derivative of chlorin e6 (MACE) is a new photosensitizer being examined for use in anti-neoplastic photodynamic therapy. Studies were carried out to identify unique aspects of MACE localization by murine leukemia L1210 cells in vitro. Octanol/water partitioning studies were used to quantitate the hydrophobicity of MACE and two analogs, chlorin e6 and mesochlorin. Sites of cellular localization of these dyes were probed by fluorescence studies, and by examining loci of photodamage. These studies indicate that MACE, a hydrophilic dye, partitions to cytoplasmic loci. Data obtained with chlorin e6, a more hydrophobic dye, are consistent with binding at both membrane and cytoplasmic sites. A substantially more hydrophobic product, meso-chlorin, binds primarily to the cell membrane. While the tumor-localizing porphyrin product HPD binds to plasma LDL less than HDL, MACE and CE are predominantly bound to plasma protein and HDL. Patterns of distribution and localization of MACE differ substantially from those observed with HPD and other hydrophobic sensitizers. Phototoxic effects of MACE could not be specifically attributed to membrane or mitochondrial damage.
Substrate Integrated Metamaterial-Based Leaky-Wave Antenna With Improved Boresight Radiation Bandwidth (2013)

A substrate integrated metamaterial-based leaky-wave antenna is proposed to improve its boresight radiation bandwidth. The proposed leaky-wave antenna based on a composite right/left-handed substrate integrated waveguide consists of two leaky-wave radiator elements which are with different unit cells. The dual-element antenna prototype features boresight gain of 12.0 dBi with variation of 1.0 dB over the frequency range of 8.775–9.15 GHz or 4.2%. In addition, the antenna is able to offer a beam scanning from <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">${-}60^{\circ}$</tex></formula> to <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$66^{\circ}$</tex></formula> with frequency from 8.25 GHz to 13.0 GHz.
A sentiment analysis approach to the prediction of market volatility (2022)

Prediction and quantification of future volatility and returns play an important role in financial modeling, both in portfolio optimisation and risk management. Natural language processing today allows one to process news and social media comments to detect signals of investors' confidence. We have explored the relationship between sentiment extracted from financial news and tweets and FTSE100 movements. We investigated the strength of the correlation between sentiment measures on a given day and market volatility and returns observed the next day. We found that there is evidence of correlation between sentiment and stock market movements. Moreover, the sentiment captured from news headlines could be used as a signal to predict market returns; we also found that the same does not apply for volatility. However, for the sentiment found in Twitter comments we obtained, in a surprising finding, a correlation coefficient of -0.7 (<i>p</i> < 0.05), which indicates a strong negative correlation between negative sentiment captured from the tweets on a given day and the volatility observed the next day. It is important to keep in mind that stock volatility rises greatly when the market collapses but not symmetrically so when it goes up (the so-called leverage effect). We developed an accurate classifier for the prediction of market volatility in response to the arrival of new information by deploying topic modeling, based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation, in order to extract feature vectors from a collection of tweets and financial news. The obtained features were used as additional input to the classifier. Thanks to the combination of sentiment and topic modeling even on modest (essentially personal) architecture our classifier achieved a directional prediction accuracy for volatility of 63%.
Field-aware Factorization Machines for CTR Prediction (2016)

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction plays an important role in computational advertising. Models based on degree-2 polynomial mappings and factorization machines (FMs) are widely used for this task. Recently, a variant of FMs, field-aware factorization machines (FFMs), outperforms existing models in some world-wide CTR-prediction competitions. Based on our experiences in winning two of them, in this paper we establish FFMs as an effective method for classifying large sparse data including those from CTR prediction. First, we propose efficient implementations for training FFMs. Then we comprehensively analyze FFMs and compare this approach with competing models. Experiments show that FFMs are very useful for certain classification problems. Finally, we have released a package of FFMs for public use.
Mass production of micro/nanostructured porous ZnO plates and their strong structurally enhanced and selective adsorption performance for environmental remediation (2010)

A facile route was presented for mass fabrication of porous ZnO nanoplates, with a yield of >94%, based on a solvothermal method, using ethylene glycol as the morphology director, and subsequent annealing process. The as-prepared ZnO nanoplates are composed of two terminal non-polar planes with several microns in the planar dimensions and 10–15 nm in thickness. The nanoplates are porous with a pore diameter of 5–20 nm and a high specific surface area (147 m2 g−1). Importantly, such ZnO nanoplates show strong and selective adsorption to cationic contaminants. Especially, they can very efficiently adsorb heavy metal cations in aqueous solution, and have an unsaturated adsorption capacity of more than 1600 mg g−1 for Cu(II) ions, exhibiting a strong, structurally enhanced adsorption performance. The adsorption isotherm is subject to the Freundlich equation, in contrast to that of the commercial ZnO nanopowders, which follows a Langmuir isotherm model. This work not only demonstrates the possibility and validity of the porous ZnO nanoplates as promising adsorbents for contaminant-removal and environmental remediation, but also gives insight into understanding the adsorptive behavior of porous ZnO plates.
Surface‐Functionalized Nanoparticle Library Yields Probes for Apoptotic Cells (2004)

We have developed techniques for the efficient synthesis and screening of small libraries of surface-functionalized nanoparticles for the recognition of specific types of cells. To illustrate this concept we describe the development of a nanoparticle that preferentially recognizes apoptotic Jurkat cells in a manner similar to the apoptosis-recognizing protein annexin V. The nanoparticle, which is detectable by fluorescence or NMR relaxometry, was analyzed for the ability to recognize normal and apoptotic cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis and fluorescence microscopy. The capability to develop nanoparticles which interact with specific target cells could be applied to the design of materials for diverse applications including quantum dots, which serve as fluorescence tracers, colloidal gold, which serves as a tracer for electron micrographs, or the crystalline forms of drugs.
Nanopores in GaN by electrochemical anodization in hydrofluoric acid: Formation and mechanism (2012)

We report the use of hydrofluoric acid (HF) as an electrolyte in etching and porosifying GaN. HF is found to be effective in rendering a wide range of nanoporous morphology, from curved branches to highly parallel straight pores. Under suitable conditions, the porosification proceeds at a rate greater than 100 μm/min. To elucidate the etching mechanism, cyclic voltammetry is performed, together with a parametric mapping of electrolysis variables such as the doping of GaN, the concentration of HF electrolyte, and the anodization voltage. We demonstrate that the formation of nanoporous structures is largely due to the local breakdown of the reverse-biased semiconductor junction. A quantitative agreement between the estimated width of space-charge region and the observed variation in morphology lends support to a depletion layer model developed previously in the etching of porous-Si.
Effective Utilization of Unallocated Intervals in TDD-Based Fronthaul Employing TDM-PON (2017)

A time-division-multiplexing passive optical network (TDM-PON) accommodating a time-division duplex (TDD)-based mobile fronthaul (MFH) contributes to the realization of a low-cost network. However, there are two issues with the TDM-PON. The first is the limited number of optical network units (ONUs) that can be accommodated because the statistical multiplexing effect is weaker than with the accommodation of a conventional MFH. The other issue is the discovery process for registering new ONUs. While operating the discovery process, the signals of the registered ONUs cannot be forwarded in the optical link, and a huge latency is added to the registered ONUs. We have proposed a technique for the effective utilization of unallocated intervals, which certainly occur in optical links. Secondary service signals are forwarded in the unallocated intervals to increase the number of ONUs. The discovery process also operates in the unallocated intervals to avoid any latency increase. In this paper, we report evaluation results obtained using the numerical simulations.
Thermally-induced structural modification of dental enamel apatite: Decomposition and transformation of carbonate groups (2005)

Dental enamel ismainly composed of non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite with A- and B-type carbonate groups in OH and\nphosphate sites, respectively. Structural and chemical modifications of dental enamel apatite were studied using FTIR and XRD\ntechniques after heat treatment in air for 1h from 300 to 1193 K. Both IR and XRD results show a high degree of crystallinity of\napatite that is enhanced with increasing temperature. The loss of B-type and A-type carbonate was studied; the amount of B-type\ncarbonate and the total carbonate content decrease on heating while the amount of A-type carbonate first decreases up to 573 K and\nthen increases from 573 to 973 K. Almost 50 % of the carbonate ions were released from dental enamel with the formation of q -\ntricalcium phosphate phase ( q -TCP) after heat treatment at 973 K for 1 h. The incorporation of CO2 and cyanate species in dental\nenamel was observed in the temperature range of 273–973 K and 673–1073 K, respectively. The content of CO2 in dental enamel\nincreases from 473 K to a maximum near 773 K and decreases thereafter. The mechanism of the decomposition and transformation\nof carbonate groups at different sites in enamel apatite structure is discussed.