gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laser Gas Alloying of Titanium - New Possibilities for Severe Wear Loaded Components in Medicine (2001)

To eliminate present difficulties at laser gas alloying of titanium as not sufficient control of nitrogen content, inadequate oxygen exclusion and pronounced crack formation tendency, a new technology was developed. It is based on a special copper made inert gas bell that ensures on-line controlled constant treatment parameters and reduced cooling velocity. So it is possible to adjust the properties of the laser gas alloyed layers. The thickness can be varied between 0.1 to 1.5 mm and the hardness can be adapted to the application in the range of 500 HV to 1200 HV. Such gas alloyed layers have very high resistance against abrasive and sliding wear. An additional hard amorphous carbon layer (Diamor™) deposited by Laser-Arc technology on the gas alloyed layer can be used for achieving minimal friction coefficients in case of sliding wear. The gas alloyed layer can also be used for supporting other films like TiN to increase their bearing load. Results of fatigue tests of gas alloyed layers are presented as well as results of different wear tests. Lasergaslegieren von Titan – Neue Möglichkeiten für hochverschleißbelastete Bauteile in der Medizin Es wurde eine neue Technologie zum Lasergaslegieren von Titanwerkstoffen entwickelt, die die bisherigen Verfahrensprobleme wie ungenügende Stabilität des Stickstoffgehaltes im Prozessgas, unzureichender Sauerstoffausschluss sowie die Gefahr der Rissbildung löst. Es wird eine Schutzgasglocke aus Kupfer verwendet, die sowohl kontrolliert konstante Prozessparameter sowie eine reduzierte Abkühlung gewährleistet. Damit gelingt es, die Eigenschaften der lasergaslegierten Schichten kontrolliert und reproduzierbar einzustellen. Die Schichtdicke kann zwischen 0.1 und 1.5 mm variiert werden. Die Härte der Schicht lässt sich anwendungsangepasst zwischen 500 HV und 1200 HV realisieren. Diese lasergaslegierten Schichten weisen eine hohe Beständigkeit gegenüber Abrasiv- und Gleitverschleiß auf. Durch eine zusätzliche hart amorphe Kohlenstoffschicht (Diamor®), aufgebracht mit dem Laser-Arc-Verfahren, lassen sich minimale Reibungskoeffizienten für den Gleitverschleißfall einstellen. Die lasergaslegierten Schichten können weiterhin als Stützschicht für andere Dünnschichten wie TiN verwendet werden, um deren ertragbare Last zu erhöhen. Es werden Ergebnisse von Ermüdungstest sowie von verschiedenen Verschleißtest präsentiert.
Visual analysis of frequent patterns in large time series (2010)

The detection of previously unknown, frequently occurring patterns in time series, often called motifs, has been recognized as an important task. To find these motifs, we use an advanced temporal data mining algorithm. Since our algorithm usually finds hundreds of motifs, we need to analyze and access the discovered motifs. For this purpose, we introduce three novel visual analytics methods: (1) motif layout, using colored rectangles for visualizing the occurrences and hierarchical relationships of motifs in a multivariate time series, (2) motif distortion, for enlarging or shrinking motifs as appropriate for easy analysis and (3) motif merging, to combine a number of identical adjacent motif instances without cluttering the display. We have applied and evaluated our methods using two real-world data sets: data center cooling and oil well production.
Parametric Investigation of Miniaturized Cylindrical and Annular Hall Thrusters (2002)

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Studies of the conformational stability of invasion plasmid antigen B from <i>Shigella</i> (2013)

Shigella spp. are the causative agent of shigellosis, the second leading cause of diarrhea in children of ages 2-5. Despite many years of research, a protective vaccine has been elusive. We recently demonstrated that invasion plasmid antigens B and D (IpaB and IpaD) provide protection against S. flexneri and S. sonnei. These proteins, however, have very different properties which must be recognized and then managed during vaccine formulation. Herein, we employ spectroscopy to assess the stability of IpaB as well as IpgC (invasion protein gene), IpaB's cognate chaperone, and the IpaB/IpgC complex. The resulting data are mathematically summarized into a visual map illustrating the stability of the proteins and their complex as a function of pH and temperature. The IpaB/IpgC complex exhibits thermal stability at higher pH values but, though initially stable, quickly unfolds with increasing temperature when maintained at lower pH. In contrast, IpaB is a much more complex protein exhibiting increased stability at higher pH, but shows initial instability at lower pH values with pH 5 showing a distinct transition. IpgC precipitates at and below pH 5 and is stable above pH 7. Most strikingly, it is clear that complex formation results in stabilization of the two components. This work serves as a basis for the further development of IpaB as a vaccine candidate as well as extends our understanding of the structural stability of the Shigella type III secretion system.
Sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone)s containing naphthalene moieties obtained by direct copolymerization as novel polymers for proton exchange membranes (2004)

Abstract A series of sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone)s (SPAEKs) were prepared by aromatic nucleophilic polycondensation of 2,6‐dihydroxynaphthalene with 5,5′‐carbonyl‐bis(2‐fluorobenzenesulfonate) and 4,4′‐difluorobenzophenone. The structure and degree of sulfonation (DS) of the SPAEKs were characterized using 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The experimentally observed DS values were close to the expected values derived from the starting material ratios. The thermal stabilities of the SPAEKs were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, which showed that in acid and sodium salt forms they were thermally stable in air up to about 240 and 380 °C, respectively. Transparent membranes cast from the directly polymerized SPAEKs exhibited good mechanical properties in both dry and hydrated states. The dependence of water uptake and of membrane swelling on the DS at different temperatures was studied. SPAEK membranes with a DS from 0.72 to 1.60 maintained adequate mechanical properties after immersion in water at 80 °C for 24 h. The proton conductivity of SPAEK membranes with different degrees of sulfonation was measured as a function of temperature. The proton conductivity of the SPAEK films increased with increased DS, and the highest room temperature conductivity (4.2 × 10 −2 S/cm) was recorded for a SPAEK membrane with a DS of 1.60, which further increased to 1.1 × 10 −1 S/cm at 80 °C. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2866–2876, 2004
Stabilized variant of Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor and its use in stabilizing subtilisin BPN' (2004)

Protein protease inhibitors could potentially be used to stabilize proteases in commercial products such as liquid laundry detergents. However, many protein protease inhibitors are susceptible to hydrolysis inflicted by the protease. We have engineered Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor (SSI) to resist proteolysis by adding an interchain disulfide bond and removing a subtilisin cleavage site at leucine 63. When these stabilizing changes were combined with changes to optimize the affinity for subtilisin, the resulting inhibitor provided complete protease stability for at least 5 months at 31 degrees C in a subtilisin-containing liquid laundry detergent and allowed full recovery of the subtilisin activity upon the dilution that occurs in a North American washing machine.
Evaluation of deep convolutional neural networks in classifying human\n embryo images based on their morphological quality (2020)

A critical factor that influences the success of an in-vitro fertilization\n(IVF) procedure is the quality of the transferred embryo. Embryo morphology\nassessments, conventionally performed through manual microscopic analysis\nsuffer from disparities in practice, selection criteria, and subjectivity due\nto the experience of the embryologist. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are\npowerful, promising algorithms with significant potential for accurate\nclassifications across many object categories. Network architectures and\nhyper-parameters affect the efficiency of CNNs for any given task. Here, we\nevaluate multi-layered CNNs developed from scratch and popular deep-learning\narchitectures such as Inception v3, ResNET, Inception-ResNET-v2, and Xception\nin differentiating between embryos based on their morphological quality at 113\nhours post insemination (hpi). Xception performed the best in differentiating\nbetween the embryos based on their morphological quality.\n
New rifamycins produced by a recombinant strain of Nocardia mediterranei. (1981)

A recombinant strain of Nocardia mediterranei was found to produce a number of new rifamycins which are structurally related to rifamycin S, rifamycin W and rifamycin G. This strain was derived from two Nocardia mediterranei mutants by intraspecific recombination.
InGaN-based light-emitting diodes fabricated with transparent Ga-doped ZnO as ohmicp-contact (2004)

Ga-doped ZnO (ZnO:Ga) was fabricated by molecular-beam epitaxy to employ as highly transparent contact electrode on p-GaN layer. ZnO:Ga films have higher transparency in near uv and blue wavelength range than the conventional Ni/Au oxidized alloy p-electrode. The as-deposited ZnO:Ga p-electrodes worked as ohmic contacts for the p-GaN layers without any kind of post annealing processes. The optical power of InGaN light-emitting diode (LED) fabricated with ZnO:Ga p-contact was doubled compared to that with Ni/Au p-electrode. The LED chips with ZnO:Ga were operated at forward current of 20 mA in the environment of temperature of 121 °C, humidity of 85%, and pressure of 1.6 atm. The tested LED has lifetime of 80 and more hours in this environment. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Abstract A25: Sensing stress in cancer: a novel therapy targeting protein synthesis through the unfolded protein response in prostate cancer development (2017)

Abstract Distinct oncogenic lesions within components of the Myc or PI3K pathways hijack the translation machinery, to establish an aberrant “cancer proteome”, that drives cancer cell growth and tumor development. Invariably, however, increases in the protein synthesis capacity of cancer cells impose a cellular stress that requires an adaptive or evasive response in order for cancer cells to survive and continue proliferating. One of the key cytoprotective stress response pathways is known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is engaged when an excess of unfolded/misfolded proteins accumulate within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. How the specific arms of UPR are coupled to increased protein synthesis in cancer etiology and drug response is still poorly understood. In this study we established a new genetic mouse model to address the role of protein synthesis-dependent activation of the UPR in prostate cancer initiation and maintenance promoted by loss of the PTEN tumor suppressor and overexpression of the Myc oncogene. We show that in this epithelial cancer model, Myc hyperactivation and PTEN loss synergize to dramatically stimulate PERK and IRE-1α activity, two major signaling arms of the UPR pathway. Distinct mechanisms transduce adaptive signals under conditions of ER stress: PERK control of protein synthesis through phosphorylation of the key translation initiation factor eIF2α and IRE1α-mediated splicing of the XBP-1 mRNA to produce an active and stable XBP1 transcription factor (XBP1s). Importantly, we observed that UPR activation is associated with formation of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and invasive carcinoma. Strikingly, the pharmacologic inhibition of eIF2α phosphorylation leads to tumor inhibition. We have further established patient derived xenograft (PDX) models from primary and metastatic human prostate tumors to extend the role of UPR in specific steps of human tumor development. We have also developed a series of novel mouse and human prostate cancer cell culture systems to define the role of localized translation of ER-associated ribosomes during oncogenic transformation. Together this work provides critical insight into a fundamental mechanism by which the augmented protein synthesis requirement of cancer cells is coupled to an adaptation of ER cellular stress, reflecting a new cancer-specific vulnerability that is targetable. Citation Format: Crystal S. Conn, Hao G. Nguyen, Yae Kye, John T. Cunningham, Charles Truillet, Michael Evans, Tony L. Huynh, Peter Walters, Davide Ruggero. Sensing stress in cancer: a novel therapy targeting protein synthesis through the unfolded protein response in prostate cancer development. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Translational Control of Cancer: A New Frontier in Cancer Biology and Therapy; 2016 Oct 27-30; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(6 Suppl):Abstract nr A25.
Improved RBF-Based NMR Pore-Throat Size, Pore Typing, and Permeability Models for Middle East Carbonates (2016)

Abstract A refined radial-basis-function (RBF) method with a forward selection algorithm to improve the stability of the prediction of pore throat sizes was recently reported by the authors. Subsequently, from the pore throat size distribution data, permeability and pore typing models were developed. These models were developed with the core samples from the high-to-medium quality reservoir sections of several Middle East carbonate wells. Because the RBF is an interpolation method, the validity of RBF based petrophysical models is enveloped by the petrophysical parameter range that the core samples represent. For economic reasons, it is common practice that core analysis be conducted on high reservoir quality rock samples because they are most important to production. To apply RBF-based models for interpreting well logging data, it is important that such models be developed with a broad range of rock qualities to help prevent misinterpreting the lower-quality formation rocks. To expand the application envelop of the RBF based nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) permeability models, a new set of core measurements from different reservoir quality sections, as well as non-reservoir quality sections of several carbonate wells, are added to retrain the RBF-based NMR permeability models. Standard statistical validation methods are used to demonstrate the necessity and improvements of newly retrained RBF-based models. The new models are applied to well logging data with varying reservoir quality sections, proving that the new models are adequate for better permeability prediction of all rock quality formations.
Programmable modulo-K counters (1996)

A modulo-k counter or frequency divider is a binary counter that provides an output pulse for every k clock pulses. We describe a modulo-k counter that is programmable and synchronous, with an implementation that is regular and well suited for VLSI. The period of the counter is equal to the delay of a half-adder, a 3-input AND gate, and a latch, independent of the size of the counter. This is just as fast as one proposed by Ercegovac and Lang (1989), but it has a simpler design, uses less area, and is more flexible in that it is easier to change the modulus.
Temperature compensated sapphire resonator for ultra-stable oscillator capability at temperatures above 77 kelvin (2002)

We report on the design and test of a whispering gallery sapphire resonator for which the dominant (WGH/sub n11/) microwave mode family shows frequency-stable, compensated operation for temperatures above 77 kelvin. The resonator makes possible a new ultra-stable oscillator (USO) capability that promises performance improvements over the best available crystal quartz oscillators in a compact cryogenic package. A mechanical compensation mechanism, enabled by the difference between copper and sapphire expansion coefficients, tunes the resonator to cancel the temperature variation of sapphire's dielectric constant. In experimental tests, the WGH/sub 811/ mode showed a frequency turn-over temperature of 87 K in agreement with finite element calculations. Preliminary tests of oscillator operation show an Allan deviation of frequency variation of 1.4-6/spl times/10/sup -12/ for measuring times 1 second /spl les//spl tau//spl les/100 seconds with unstabilized resonator housing temperature and a mode Q of 2/spl times/10/sup 6/. We project a frequency stability 10/sup -14/ for this resonator with stabilized housing temperature and with a mode Q of 10/sup 7/.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Impact of Functionalization and Co-Additives on Dioxazolone Electrolyte Additives (2020)

Finding new electrolyte additives could help create lithium-ion batteries with better performance at high voltage, allowing higher energy density. However, finding the perfect additive remains a tremendous challenge, since researchers still don’t understand how to predict their performance. A new group of dioxazolone electrolyte additives have been tested in lithium-ion batteries alone or in combination with well-known co-additives. The new additives consist of a 3-phenyl-1,4,2-dioxazol-5-one (PDO) parent structure with or without (methoxy, fluoro and nitro) functional groups on the para position of the phenyl ring. It is found that PDO (no functional group) and p -(4-nitrophenyl)-1,4,2-dioxazol-5-one (pNDO) are the best performing dioxazolones overall and show promising results.
Densification of sampled fiber Bragg gratings using multiple-phase-shift (MPS) technique (2005)

The authors recently proposed the multiple-phase-shift (MPS) technique, in which multiple phase shifts are introduced in sampled fiber Bragg gratings (SFBGs) to realize dense channel spacing. In this paper, the MPS technique is studied in detail, and it is shown that it can densify SFBGs both spectrally and spatially. Then, the paper presents that the MPS technique is applicable to densify the spectra of not only simple SFBGs but also various kinds of complex SFBGs, such as apodized, sinc-, and chirped SFBGs.
PNP - A New Class of Coded Aperture Arrays (1986)

We report on a new class of coded aperture arrays which has all the desirable imaging characteristics of the Uniformly Redundant Array (URA), yet is constructible in dimensions which are forbidden to that design. In addition, the new arrays (called PNP arrays, for Pseudo-Noise Product) are of self-supporting geometry, simplifying fabrication and making them ideal candidates for situations where active collimators are employed, as for example in high-energy γ-ray imaging. A unique and important feature of all PNP arrays is the ability to produce reconstructed images whose noise is uniform regardless of the original source structure. A comparison of the predicted performance of the PNP, URA, GEOMETRIC, and PINHOLE designs is presented.
P‐173: Reduction of Shorting Defects in OLED Devices (2007)

Abstract A method to reduce the detrimental effect of shorting defects in OLED devices is presented. The method involves the application of a transparent thin film of appropriate electrical resistance between two electrodes in order to divert the current away from the shorting defects.
Information Extraction: Statistical Analysis to Get the Most from Spectrum Images (2000)

Abstract As more x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) manufacturers begin to offer spectrum imaging (a complete x-ray spectrum from each pixel in an image), there is a clear need for robust and automated methods for quickly extracting the relevant information from the large spectrum image data sets. A typical spectrum image may consist of 100 x 100 pixels (10000 spectra) each with 1000 channels which (when stored at double precision) is 80 Mbytes. It is clear that a large four-dimensional data set such as this cannot be viewed in its entirety and the time to analyze individual spectra by hand is prohibitive. Conventional analysis of spectrum images by mapping energy windows is useful as a first pass only for finding the elements present and only if at sufficient concentrations. Additional problems with mapping include systematic overlaps of other x-ray peaks, changes in the background shape and displaying the maps so they faithfully portray the actual signal intensity.
P3F-1 Nonlinear Ultrasound Detection of Osteoporosis (2006)

Osteoporosis is usually diagnosed by measuring the bone mass density of certain parts of the skeleton. Standard methods are based on X-ray measurements which depend on typically heavy equipment. Therefore more light-weight equipment is requested. Equipment based on ultrasound could be a viable contribution to obtain this. Some ultrasound methods described in the literature are based on broadband ultrasound attenuation, speed of sound and broadband ultrasound backscattering. As an extension of these linear methods, we have assumed that nonlinear phenomena will also be influenced by the same changes in the bone structure. In an earlier publication we have reported initial measurements indicating a correlation between bone mass density and 2nd harmonic ultrasound generation. Here we discuss the results of further and improved experiments with volunteers covering a range of T-score values as obtained by DEXA (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry). In addition to the 2nd harmonic amplitude variation with the degree of the disease, we have found a similar variation of the duration of this signal. We propose a numerical estimation of this variation
<title>Target detection improvements using temporal integrations and spatial fusion</title> (2003)

Here is what we have done in this study: 1). Our previous results of spatio-temporal fusion for target classification have been further developed for target detection. (SPIE AeroSense, Vol. 4731, pp. 204-215, April, 2002) 2). Different temporal integration (fusion) strategies have been developed and compared, including pre-detection integration (such as additive, multiplicative, MAX, and MIN fusions), as well as the traditional post-detection integration (the persistency test). 3). In our 2nd study, The temporal correlation and non-stationary properties of sensor noise have been investigated using sequences of imagery collected by an IR (256x256) sensor looking at different scenes (trees, grass, roads, buildings, etc.). 4). The natural noise extracted from the IR sensor, as well as noise generated by a computer with Gaussian and Rayleigh distributions have been used to test and compare different temporal integration strategies. Some preliminary results are summarized here: 1). Both the pre- and post-detection temporal integrations can considerably improve target detection by integrating only 3~5 time frames (tested by real sensor noise as well as computer generated noise). 2). The detection results can be further improved by combining both the pre- and post-detection temporal integrations. 3). The sensor noise at most (> 95%) of the sensor pixels are near stationary and un-correlated between pixels as well as (almost) un-correlated across time frames under a good weather condition. 4). The noise at a few pixels near some surface edges has shown non-stationary properties (with increasing or decreasing mean across time).
2D model‐based reconstruction for magnetic particle imaging (2010)

The model-based system function approach addresses a major drawback of the measurement-based procedure, namely, the long acquisition time. In this work, the acquisition of the measurement-based system function took 45 min, while the model-based system function was obtained in only 15 s. For 3D data, where the acquisition of the measurement-based system function takes more than 6 h, the need for an efficient system function generation is even more obvious.