gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new cinnoline ring construction by the reaction of 2-diazo-3-(2-fluorophenyl)-3-oxopropionates with tri-n-butylphosphine. (1988)

A new and convenient synthesis of 4-hydroxycinnoline-3-carboxylate derivatices was developed. Reactions of ethyl 2-diazo-3-(2, 4, 5-triflurophenyl- and 2, 3, 4, 5-tetrafluorophenyl)-3-oxopropionates (2a and 2c) with tri-n-butylphosphine afforded ethyl 6, 7-difluoro- and 6, 7, 8-trifluoro-4-hydroxycinnoline-3-carboxylates (5a and 5c) and ethyl 2-hydrazono-3-(2, 4, 5-trifluoro-phenyl- and 2, 3, 4, 5-tetrafluorophenyl)-3-oxopropionates (6a and 6c), respectively. When triphenylphosphine was used, the reaction of 2a-c afforded[[l-ethoxycarbonyl-2-oxo-2-(halogenated phenyl)ethylidene]hydrazono]triphenylphosphoranes (3a-c), which were hydrolyzed to give the corresponding hydrazones 6a-c. An alternate and efficient synthesis of 5a and 5c was accomplished by an intramolecular cyclization of 6a and 6c, respectively. A base-catalyzed cyclization of the methylhydrazone 7 gave ethyl 7-chloro-6-fluoro-1-methyl-1, 4-dihydro-4-oxocinnoline-3-carboxylate (8). Possible mechanisms for the reaction of 2 leading to 5 are discussed.
Harnessing the Expertise of 70,000 Human Editors: Knowledge-Based Feature Generation for Text Categorization (2007)

Most existing methods for text categorization employ induction algorithms that use the words appearing in the training documents as features. While they perform well in many categorization tasks, these methods are inherently limited when faced with more complicated tasks where external knowledge is essential. Recently, there have been efforts to augment these basic features with external knowledge, including semi-supervised learning and transfer learning. In this work, we present a new framework for automatic acquisition of world knowledge and methods for incorporating it into the text categorization process. Our approach enhances machine learning algorithms with features generated from domain-specific and common-sense knowledge. This knowledge is represented by ontologies that contain hundreds of thousands of concepts, further enriched through controlled Web crawling. Prior to text categorization, a feature generator analyzes the documents and maps them onto appropriate ontology concepts that augment the bag of words used in simple supervised learning. Feature generation is accomplished through contextual analysis of document text, thus implicitly performing word sense disambiguation. Coupled with the ability to generalize concepts using the ontology, this approach addresses two significant problems in natural language processing—synonymy and polysemy. Categorizing documents with the aid of knowledge-based features leverages information that cannot be deduced from the training documents alone. We applied our methodology using the Open Directory Project, the largest existing Web directory built by over 70,000 human editors. Experimental results over a range of datasets confirm improved performance compared to the bag of words document representation.
Effects of a Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNFα) Promoter Base Transition on Trancriptional Activity (1994)

Conference Abstract| December 01 1994 Effects of a Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNFα) Promoter Base Transition on Trancriptional Activity A.G. Wilson; A.G. Wilson 1Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar J.A. Symons; J.A. Symons 1Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar T.L. McDowell; T.L. McDowell 1Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar F.S. Di Giovine; F.S. Di Giovine 1Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar G.W. Duff G.W. Duff 1Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Clin Sci (Lond) (1994) 87 (s31): 31P. https://doi.org/10.1042/cs045031Pa_pt2 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation A.G. Wilson, J.A. Symons, T.L. McDowell, F.S. Di Giovine, G.W. Duff; Effects of a Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNFα) Promoter Base Transition on Trancriptional Activity. Clin Sci (Lond) 1 December 1994; 87 (s31): 31P. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/cs045031Pa_pt2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsClinical Science Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1994 The Biochemical Society and the Medical Research Society1994 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy with single-molecule sensitivity on cell and model membranes (1999)

We report on the successful application of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to the analysis of single fluorescently labeled lipid analogue molecules diffusing laterally in lipid bilayers, as exemplified by time traces of fluorescence bursts of individual molecules entering and leaving the excitation area. FCS measurements performed on lipid probes in rat basophilic leukemia cell membranes showed deviations from two-dimensional Brownian motion with a single uniform diffusion constant. Giant unilamellar vesicles were employed as model systems to characterize diffusion of fluorescent lipid analogues in both homogeneous and mixed lipid phases with diffusion heterogeneity. Comparing the results of cell membrane diffusion with the findings on the model systems suggests possible explanations for the observations: (a) anomalous subdiffusion in which evanescent attractive interactions with disparate mobile molecules modifies the diffusion statistics; (b) alternatively, probe molecules are localized in microdomains of submicroscopic size, possibly in heterogeneous membrane phases.
Synthesis and X‐Ray crystal structure of a 2,4,5‐trisubstituted 1,2,4‐triazolin‐3‐one (1985)

Abstract The synthesis and x‐ray crystal structure of BMY 13754, a 1,2,4‐triazolin‐3‐one under clinical evaluation as an antidepressant agent, is described. Several synthetic strategies are discussed.
Superbright Multifluorescent Core−Shell Mesoporous Nanospheres as Trackable Transport Carrier for Drug (2011)

A novel kind of monodisperse core-shell silica nanosphere composed of a fluorescent solid core and a mesoporous shell has been successfully fabricated. These nanospheres exhibit multifluorescent signals under a single-wavelength excitation as a result of the solid silica core that is doped with three kinds of dyes and that can produce effective fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The fluorescent signal of a single nanosphere is about 700 times brighter than its constituent fluorophores. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and N(2) adsorption-desorption isotherms reveal that these nanospheres possess abundant mesopores in the shell. Combining the advantages of extremely bright multifluorescent signals excited with a single wavelength and an abundant mesoporous system, this core-shell silica nanosphere is designed for the simultaneous monitoring of fluorescence of in vivo multiple-target drug transport. Experiments on drug loading and release in addition to studies on cell uptake reveal that these nanospheres not only show good drug storage and sustained release capacity but also demonstrate biocompatibility and mutlifluorescent labeling capacity for biological systems.
History of infrared detectors (2012)

Abstract This paper overviews the history of infrared detector materials starting with Herschel’s experiment with thermometer on February 11th, 1800. Infrared detectors are in general used to detect, image, and measure patterns of the thermal heat radiation which all objects emit. At the beginning, their development was connected with thermal detectors, such as thermocouples and bolometers, which are still used today and which are generally sensitive to all infrared wavelengths and operate at room temperature. The second kind of detectors, called the photon detectors, was mainly developed during the 20th Century to improve sensitivity and response time. These detectors have been extensively developed since the 1940’s. Lead sulphide (PbS) was the first practical IR detector with sensitivity to infrared wavelengths up to ∼3 μm. After World War II infrared detector technology development was and continues to be primarily driven by military applications. Discovery of variable band gap HgCdTe ternary alloy by Lawson and co-workers in 1959 opened a new area in IR detector technology and has provided an unprecedented degree of freedom in infrared detector design. Many of these advances were transferred to IR astronomy from Departments of Defence research. Later on civilian applications of infrared technology are frequently called “dual-use technology applications.” One should point out the growing utilisation of IR technologies in the civilian sphere based on the use of new materials and technologies, as well as the noticeable price decrease in these high cost technologies. In the last four decades different types of detectors are combined with electronic readouts to make detector focal plane arrays (FPAs). Development in FPA technology has revolutionized infrared imaging. Progress in integrated circuit design and fabrication techniques has resulted in continued rapid growth in the size and performance of these solid state arrays.
Coordination of DNA Mismatch Repair and Base Excision Repair Processing of Chemotherapy and Radiation Damage for Targeting Resistant Cancers (2009)

DNA damage processing by mismatch repair (MMR) and/or base excision repair (BER) can determine the therapeutic index following treatment of human cancers using radiation therapy and several classes of chemotherapy drugs. Over the last decade, basic and translational cancer research in DNA repair has led to an increased understanding of how these two DNA repair pathways can modify cytotoxicity to chemotherapy and/or ionizing radiation treatments in both normal and malignant tissues. This Molecular Pathways article provides an overview of the current understanding of mechanisms involved in MMR and BER damage processing, including insights into possible coordination of these two DNA repair pathways after chemotherapy and/or ionizing radiation damage. It also introduces principles of systems biology that have been applied to better understand the complexities and coordination of MMR and BER in processing these DNA damages. Finally, it highlights novel therapeutic approaches to target resistant (or DNA damage tolerant) human cancers using chemical and molecular modifiers of chemotherapy and/or ionizing radiation including poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, methoxyamine and iododeoxyuridine (and the prodrug, 5-iodo-2-pyrimidinone-2'-deoxyribose).
Fabry-Perot interferometers (1986)

This book describes the Fabry-Perot interferometer and its variants as well as its use, optimisation and applications. The author begins with an historical perspective on the development of the instrument. Because of the quantitative uses of the device, the text tends to be mostly mathematical in its treatment. However, there is also much practical detail on the use and optimization of the Fabry-Perot interferometer and discussion of its classical uses (such as in metrology) and its contemporary applications (such as in lasers). In addition the book contains a comprehensive bibliography summarizing the extensive literature on the subject. This book will appeal both to high-resolution practitioners, such as spectroscopists, and to the laser community, since the Fabrv-Perot is not only an integral part of the laser but is also usea to characterize its optical and spectroscopic behaviour.
AQUA: automated quality improvement for multiple sequence alignments (2009)

AQUA is implemented in Tcl/Tk and runs in command line on all platforms. The source code is available under the GNU GPL license. Source code, README and Supplementary data are available at http://www.bork.embl.de/Docu/AQUA.
Monoclonal antibodies recognizing the N‐ and C‐terminal regions of talin disrupt actin stress fibers when microinjected into human fibroblasts (1997)

We have characterized a panel of 6 monoclonal antibodies raised against human platelet talin by Western blotting, immune precipitation, and immunofluorescence, and shown that antibodies TA205 and TD77 disrupt actin stress fibers and focal adhesions, and inhibit cell motility when microinjected into human fibroblasts. Using a series of chick talin fusion proteins spanning the entire length of the molecule, we have mapped the epitopes recognized by these antibodies to the conserved N- and C-terminal regions of the protein. TA205 bound to an epitope contained within residues 139–433, a region which overlaps an F-actin binding site, and which shows homology with the ezrin/radixin/moesin family of cytoskeletal proteins. The epitope recognized by TD77 was located within the C-terminal region of the protein (residues 2269–2541) which also contains an F-actin binding site homologous to that in the yeast actin-binding protein SIa2p. To investigate the possibility that TD77 disrupts actin stress fibers by binding directly to the C-terminal actin binding site, additional talin fusion proteins were generated and analyzed for TD77 and actin binding. Fusion proteins containing residues 2269–2541, 2304–2541, and 2304–2463 all cosedimented with F-actin, whereas TD77 did not recognize the latter fusion protein. These results show that the C-terminal actin-binding site is distinct from the region recognized by the anti-functional antibody TD77, raising the possibility that it binds to a novel functionally important ligand-binding site in the talin molecule. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 36:363–376, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A two‐step enzymatic resolution process for large‐scale production of (<i>S</i>)‐ and (<i>R</i>)‐ethyl‐3‐hydroxybutyrate (2001)

An efficient two-step enzymatic process for production of (R)- and (S)-ethyl-3-hydroxybutyrate (HEB), two important chiral intermediates for the pharmaceutical market, was developed and scaled-up to a multikilogram scale. Both enantiomers were obtained at 99% chemical purity and over 96% enantiomeric excess, with a total process yield of 73%. The first reaction involved a solvent-free acetylation of racemic HEB with vinylacetate for the production of (S)-HEB. In the second reaction, (R)-enriched ethyl-3-acetoxybutyrate (AEB) was subjected to alcoholysis with ethanol to derive optically pure (R)-HEB. Immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) was employed in both stages, with high productivity and selectivity. The type of butyric acid ester influenced the enantioselectivity of the enzyme. Thus, extending the ester alkyl chain from ethyl to octyl resulted in a decrease in enantiomeric excess, whereas using bulky groups such as benzyl or t-butyl, improved the enantioselectivity of the enzyme. A stirred reactor was found unsuitable for large-scale production due to attrition of the enzyme particles and, therefore, a batchwise loop reactor system was used for bench-scale production. The immobilized enzyme was confined to a column and the reactants were circulated through the enzyme bed until the targeted conversion was reached. The desired products were separated from the reaction mixture in each of the two stages by fractional distillation. The main features of the process are the exclusion of solvent (thus ensuring high process throughput), and the use of the same enzyme for both the acetylation and the alcoholysis steps. Kilogram quantities of (S)-HEB and (R)-HEB were effectively prepared using this unit, which can be easily scaled-up to produce industrial quantities.
Macrocyclic Receptor Showing Extremely High Sr(II)/Ca(II) and Pb(II)/Ca(II) Selectivities with Potential Application in Chelation Treatment of Metal Intoxication (2011)

Herein we report a detailed investigation of the complexation properties of the macrocyclic decadentate receptor N,N'-Bis[(6-carboxy-2-pyridil)methyl]-4,13-diaza-18-crown-6 (H(2)bp18c6) toward different divalent metal ions [Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Sr(II), and Ca(II)] in aqueous solution. We have found that this ligand is especially suited for the complexation of large metal ions such as Sr(II) and Pb(II), which results in very high Pb(II)/Ca(II) and Pb(II)/Zn(II) selectivities (in fact, higher than those found for ligands widely used for the treatment of lead poisoning such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta)), as well as in the highest Sr(II)/Ca(II) selectivity reported so far. These results have been rationalized on the basis of the structure of the complexes. X-ray crystal diffraction, (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, as well as theoretical calculations at the density functional theory (B3LYP) level have been performed. Our results indicate that for large metal ions such as Pb(II) and Sr(II) the most stable conformation is Δ(δλδ)(δλδ), while for Ca(II) our calculations predict the Δ(λδλ)(λδλ) form being the most stable one. The selectivity that bp18c6(2-) shows for Sr(II) over Ca(II) can be attributed to a better fit between the large Sr(II) ions and the relatively large crown fragment of the ligand. The X-ray crystal structure of the Pb(II) complex shows that the Δ(δλδ)(δλδ) conformation observed in solution is also maintained in the solid state. The Pb(II) ion is endocyclically coordinated, being directly bound to the 10 donor atoms of the ligand. The bond distances to the donor atoms of the pendant arms (2.55-2.60 Å) are substantially shorter than those between the metal ion and the donor atoms of the crown moiety (2.92-3.04 Å). This is a typical situation observed for the so-called hemidirected compounds, in which the Pb(II) lone pair is stereochemically active. The X-ray structures of the Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes show that these metal ions are exocyclically coordinated by the ligand, which explains the high Pb(II)/Cd(II) and Pb(II)/Zn(II) selectivities. Our receptor bp18c6(2-) shows promise for application in chelation treatment of metal intoxication by Pb(II) and (90)Sr(II).
VERSE: a vector replacement procedure for improving test compaction in synchronous sequential circuits (1999)

Static test compaction procedures for synchronous sequential circuits may saturate and be unable to further reduce the test sequence length before the test length reaches its minimum value, resulting in test sequences that may be longer than necessary. We propose a method to take a static compaction procedure out of saturation and allow it to continue reducing the test sequence length. The proposed method is based on the replacement of test vectors in the test sequence every time the compaction procedure reaches saturation. Test vector replacement is done such that the fault coverage of the sequence is maintained. After one or more test vectors are replaced, the test sequence is different from the one obtained after the compaction procedure saturated, and the compaction procedure can be applied to further reduce the test length. Experimental results with an effective static compaction procedure demonstrate that reductions in test length can be obtained by the proposed vector replacement method.
The influence of substratum surface free energy on growth and spreading of human fibroblasts in the presence and absence of serum proteins (1986)

To determine whether the surface free energy of polymer materials influences the spreading of 13 polymers and glass were related to spreading and growth of human skin fibroblasts. Experiments were performed in both the presence and absence of serum proteins. We calculated the surface free energy from contact angles of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), n-propanol/PBS mixtures, and alpha-bromonaphthalene on the polymers, using the concept of polar and dispersion components accounting for spreading pressures. Cell spreading and substratum surface free energy (gamma s) showed a characteristic sigmoid relationship both in the presence and in the absence of serum proteins; good spreading only occurred when gamma s was higher than approximately 57 erg . cm-2. In the presence of serum proteins, cell spreading is similar on most materials; only few materials show relatively high cell spreading. Cell growth in the presence of serum proteins did not differ significantly on the various polymers with reference to their gamma s values. In contrast, two groups of polymers could be distinguished in the absence of serum with respect to cell growth. The first group showed increasing cell growth with increasing gamma s, whereas the second group showed consistently low cell growth. The results demonstrate the complex relationship between cell spreading and substratum surface free energy as well as the role of serum proteins in modifying the surface characteristics of polymers in relation to cell spreading and growth.
Unraveling the biogeographic origins of the Eurasian watermilfoil (<i>Myriophyllum spicatum</i>) invasion in North America (2016)

The geographic origin of this prolific aquatic plant invasion of North America is in Asia. This provides critical information to better understand the invasion pathway and inform management into the future.
Fully automatic inpainting method for complex image content (2009)

A novel, fully automatic framework for restoration of unknown or damaged picture areas is presented. Diverse causes as an accident, manual removal, or transmission loss may have lead to the missing visual information. The challenge then consists in repairing the occluded or missing image regions in an undetectable way. Here, assumption is made that dominant structures are of salient relevance to the human perception. Hence, they are accounted for in the filling process by using tensor voting, which is a structure inference approach based on the Gestalt laws of proximity and good continuation. In fact, based on a new segmentation-based inference mechanism presented in this paper, missing textures crossing dominant structures are robustly recovered. An efficient post-processing step based on cloning via covariant derivatives improves the visual quality of the inpainted textures. The proposed method yields significantly better results than previous approaches.