gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct liquefaction of low-rank coals (1988)

Co-processing of low-rank coals (LRCs) with petroleum resids under mild conditions may produce a product that extends petroleum refinery feeds with a partially coal-derived material. These co-processing products may also provide a lower-cost way to introduce coal-derived materials into the commercial market. In this staged process, the petroleum resid acts as a solvent, aiding in the solubilization of the coal during the first stage, and both the dissolved coal and the resid are upgraded during a second-stage catalytic hydrogenation. Another method of upgrading coal in a liquefaction process is the ChemCoal Process. The process uses chemical methods to transform coal into clean solid and liquid products. It features low-severity conversion of coal in a phenolic solvent, using an alkali promotor and carbon monoxide as the reductant. Oil agglomeration has been used to reduce the ash and mineral matter in bituminous coals to obtain a product with increased heating value, reduced moisture, and lower sulfur content. This method can be used to produce a clean coal feedstock for liquefaction. During agglomeration, an oil is used to preferentially wet the organic phases of the coal, and water is used to wet the minerals, resulting in a separation of ash and water from the coal. The primary objective of this project is to expand the scientific and engineering data base of LRC liquefaction by investigating direct liquefaction processes that will produce the most competitive feedstocks or liquid fuels. The work effort which was proposed for the second year of this cooperative agreement dealt primarily with co-processing and the ChemCoal Process.
Natural gas regeneration of carbonate melts following SO<sub>2</sub> capture from non-ferrous smelter emissions (2017)

Sulfur emission in the form of SO<sub>2</sub> in flue gases is the one of the most serious atmospheric pollutants associated with coal combustion and non-ferrous metal production.
Interconversion of light olefins—aromatics over zeolite catalysts (1986)

Abstract Improved yield in light olefins and aromatics from methanol conversion was observed on Zn and Mn loaded ZSM‐5 zeolite—asbestos catalysts. The best results in terms of conversion into hydrocarbons were obtained with a Zn content not exceeding 0.6% wt/wt. The light olefins/aromatics ratio in the products varied with the Mn content in the catalyst, the cumulative light olefinic and aromatic production being kept constant at a high value.
Motion Artifact Removal of Photoplethysmogram (PPG) Signal (2019)

Photoplethysmogram (PPG) has been used with great effect for predicting human vitals such as heart rate variability or blood oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>), etc. The quality of PPG signal is affected mainly by noise, drift and motion artifacts. Although noise and drift are relatively easy to remove, motion artifacts pose a challenge. Classical techniques for motion artifact removal are time-frequency based. However, this affects the signal as the PPG signal and motion artifacts distortion lie in the same frequency band, making it difficult to remove the motion artifacts without affecting the signal. In this work, we propose a motion artifact removal technique in time domain, which is based on correcting individual pulses in the PPG signal, considering a global pulse average and a windowed local pulse average. We show the effectiveness of our approach both qualitatively as well as quantitatively.
Biological hydrogen production using co-culture versus mono-culture system (2015)

In coming years, the generation of organic wastes will exceed 250 billion tonnes worldwide. The organic wastes offer plentiful source of readily available and inexpensive substrates for fermentative hydrogen production. A sustainable approach for hydrogen production from various methods, such as photo-, dark fermentation and sequential two-stage has significant advantages to complement traditional process. During hydrogen fermentation, defined, well-characterized and composite microorganisms are studied. Substantial research efforts have been carried out to increase hydrogen production by using co-culture system, which offers advantage of increased H2 yield and production rate in comparison with mono-culture. The concept of co-culture system is a simple step of mixing different microbial strains for improving the individual properties that other strain lacks. Co-culture system is cost-effective, which potentially eliminates pretreatment step and avoids the use of expensive reducing agent. By eliminating these two steps, the overall process cost can be reduced without negotiating the hydrogen yield. The co-culture system directly hydrolyses complex organic substrates into fermentable sugar with 94.1% improved yield in comparison with mono-culture. Co-culture offers various advantages, example, reduction in lag phase, resistance to environmental fluctuations and provides stability with uninterrupted hydrogen production rate, which is eight times in comparison with mono-culture. The co-culture system of hydrogen production is also an alternative effluent treatment method with 60% reduction in the chemical oxygen demand level and can be easily integrated into a pilot scale to achieve continuous H2 production. The elaboration on co-culture system suggests a huge potential of hydrogen production using complex organic wastes with viable application towards industrialization.
Co-culture strategies for increased biohydrogen production (2015)

Biological hydrogen production from organic wastes is a less expensive, less energy-demanding, and environmental-friendly process. Pure monoculture delivers low H2 content and low yield; these limitations are overcome by a defined co-culture system, which outperforms mixed cultures with increased H2 yield. The strategies used in co-culture systems for increasing H2 production have been discussed in this review. The strategies include hydrolysis of a variety of complex substrates, such as cellulose, molasses, crude glycerol, and algal biomass into simple fermentable sugars for increased H2 yield by eliminating the use of exogenous enzymes. The strategies can bring geographically distant isolated microorganisms from different sources to coexist for simultaneous utilization of substrate and end metabolites into H2 production of 99.99% purity without the expenses of reducing agents. In the case of maximum hydrogen production using co-culture strategies, Clostridium, Enterobacter, and photo-fermenting bacteria in a consolidated bioprocess system will result in increased H2 yield. A co-culture system is more feasible to achieve theoretical H2 yield with high conversion efficiency of organic wastes, enhance the economic viability of H2 production, provide better effluent treatment quality, and concurrently address the limitations of H2 production. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electroluminescent porous silicon device with anexternal quantum efficiency greater than 0.1% under CW operation (1995)

The authors report an all solid state, VLSI compatible, electroluminescent device based on porous silicon with an external quantum efficiency greater than 0.1% under CW operation. The emission, which is broadband and peaks at 600 nm, is detected above a low threshold current density and voltage of 0.01 Am-2 and 2.3 V, respectively.
Genetic diversity of<i>Anaplasma</i>species major surface proteins and implications for anaplasmosis serodiagnosis and vaccine development (2005)

The genus Anaplasma (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) includes several pathogens of veterinary and human medical importance. An understanding of the diversity of Anaplasma major surface proteins (MSPs), including those MSPs that modulate infection, development of persistent infections, and transmission of pathogens by ticks, is derived in part, by characterization and phylogenetic analyses of geographic strains. Information concerning the genetic diversity of Anaplasma spp. MSPs will likely influence the development of serodiagnostic assays and vaccine strategies for the control of anaplasmosis.
Video Coding Using Adaptive Global Mc And Local Affine Mc (1996)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Trieste, Italy, 1996
Coal-water slurry as utility boiler fuel. Final report (1982)

Coal-water slurries are a potential replacement for heavy fuel oil in utility boilers. Slurries have the major advantages of low cost, ease of handling, and early availability. A program was conducted to characterize the formulation, processing, handling, combustion, and storage of coal-water slurries made from cleaned coals. Acceptable slurries containing between 67 and 70% coal (by weight) were made from two different coals. A selected slurry was burned with good results in the Atlantic Research Corporation's one-million Btu/h experimental furnace. Approximately five tons (4,500 kg) of slurry were prepared on a pilot line for testing in the four-million Btu/h Babcock and Wilcox Basic Combustion Test Unit. A plant flowsheet was developed for a slurry plant designed to process five-million tons (4.5 x 10/sup 9/ kg) of coal a year. Total plant investment is estimated at $104-million (1980). Assuming a delivered coal cost of $50/ton (800 kg), the production costs are estimated to be $58/ton of coal or $2.14/million Btu. This cost compares favorably to a cost of $4.76/million Btu for heavy fuel oil at $30/barrel. These costs exclude certain ancillary costs such as marketing, fees and permits, insurance, interest on capital, profit, local taxes, and corporate income tax.
A High‐Rate Carbon Electrode for Rechargeable Lithium‐Ion Batteries (1996)

The preparation and properties of potassium intercalated to be used as a starting material for a new type of high‐rate electrode for versatile lithium‐ion batteries, are presented and discussed.The advantages of this electrode over more conventional negative graphite electrodes are in the faster kinetics of the electrochemical process and in the wider choice of the positive counterelectrode material.
New Amine Accelerators for Composite Restorative Resins (1979)

The overall characteristics of the composites cured with a number of newly synthesized, tertiary aromatic amines compare favorably to those of resins polymerized with commonly used accelerators. Maximum compressive and tensile strength for the composites are obtained only over a narrow concentration range of accelerator used.
Origin of low thermal conductivity in /spl alpha/-Mn: enhancing the ZT of YbAl/sub 3/ and CoSb/sub 3/ through Mn addition (2005)

The thermal conductivity of /spl alpha/-Mn is as low as Bi metal and is apparently due its complex crystal structure. The effect of Mn addition (doping and substitution) on the thermoelectric properties of rare earth intermetallics and skutterudites are explored. Although rare earth intermetallics such as YbAl/sub 3/, CePd/sub 3/ show high Seebeck coefficients and electrical conductivities resulting in very high power factors, the high inherent thermal conductivities make them not suitable for thermoelectrics. Mn doping in the YbAl/sub 3/ structure substantially lowers the lattice thermal conductivity without unduly decreasing the power factor thereby increasing the figure of merit (ZT). We have also substituted Mn for Co in CoSb/sub 3/ (without rattlers) resulting in the enhancement of ZT. Although modest enhancement of ZT is shown, this study indicates that the Mn could play an important role in the design strategy of high efficiency thermoelectrics.
A Compact Multispectral Imaging System for Online Poultry Contaminant Inspection (2007)

The final goal of this research was to design and fabricate a compact, cost effective multispectral instrument for real-time contaminant detection at poultry processing plants. The prototype system developed in this research was a dual-band spectral imaging system that acquired two different spectral images simultaneously. It was a two-port imaging system that consisted of two identical monochrome cameras, optical system and two interchangeable optical filters. A spectral reflectance from an object was collimated by lenses and split identically in two directions by a beamsplitter, and then each light was focused on the sensor by lenses through an optical filter. Two optical filters, that determined the spectral characteristic of the imaging system, were interchangeable without complicated manufacturing process. To create an accurately registered two-band image, an image calibration algorithm that corrected lens distortions and lens-sensor geometric misalignments were developed.
Development of low power high speed readout electronics for high resolution PET with LSO and APD arrays (2002)

An ASIC-based readout electronics scheme is under development for high resolution, compact PET imagers based on independent readout of all channels of LSO scintillator and avalanche photodiode (APD) arrays. Depth of interaction is obtained by readout of both ends of the LSO crystals. A low power, highly integrated design is critical. We report here on a discrete electronics prototype, running at 22 mW per channel for the preamplifier and discriminator. The measured timing resolution is 3.6 ns FWHM, 9.2 ns full width at one tenth maximum, relative to an LSO/PMT detector, energy resolution is 13.3% FWHM at 511 keV, and depth of interaction position resolution is 2.5 mm FWHM throughout the full length of the crystal. Work is in progress towards an ASIC and a full scale prototype detector module suitable for a high resolution compact PET instrument.
Ring-B Modified Anthracyclines (1999)

One of the most investigated classes of antitumor drugs is represented by anthracyclines. Over thirty years since the original discovery of daunorubicin and doxorubicin thousands of anthracycline analogues have been synthesized and tested to identify compounds superior to the parent drugs in terms of increased therapeutic effectiveness, reduced toxicity or both. Previous structure-activity studies had shown that minor modifications of the anthracycline structure can result not only in active agents, but, more importantly, analogues with reduced cardiotoxicity and activity on multi drug resistance. The fact that 4-demethoxydaunorubicin showed higher potency than daunorubicin and a reduced cardiotoxicity, prompted us to explore novel analogues with altered substitution patterns on the anthraquinone system, particularly ring-B. In this review we will describe total synthesis and antitumor activity of three classes of derivatives: whereby one hydroxyl group in ring-B was either removed or replaced with nitro or amino groups. While these modifications yielded anthracyclines with a promising pharmacological activity, they did not modify activity on multidrug resistant (MDR) tumors. On the other hand, introduction of morpholino group in the sugar part of these new molecules, dramatically increased activity on MDR tumors. We conclude that activity on MDR tumors is not bound to modifications in the aglycone moiety of anthracyclines.
Estimation of the orientation distribution function from diffusional kurtosis imaging (2008)

The Orientation Distribution Function (ODF) is used to describe the directionality of multimodal diffusion in regions with complex fiber architecture present in brain and other biological tissues. In this study, an approximation for the ODF of water diffusion from diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) is presented. DKI requires only a relatively limited number of diffusion measurements and, for the brain, b values no higher than 2500 s/mm(2). The DKI-based ODF approximation is decomposed into two components representing the Gaussian and non-Gaussian (NG) diffusion contributions, respectively. Simulations of multiple fiber configurations show that both the total and the NG-ODF are able to resolve the orientations of the component fibers, with the NG-ODF being the most sensitive to profiling the fibers' directions. Orientation maps obtained for in vivo brain imaging data demonstrate multiple fiber components in brain regions with complex anatomy. The results appear to be in agreement with known white matter architecture.
Thermoset Coatings from Epoxidized Sucrose Soyate and Blocked, Bio‐Based Dicarboxylic Acids (2014)

A new 100% bio-based thermosetting coating system was developed from epoxidized sucrose soyate crosslinked with blocked bio-based dicarboxylic acids. A solvent-free, green method was used to block the carboxylic acid groups and render the acids miscible with the epoxy resin. The thermal reversibility of this blocking allowed for the formulation of epoxy-acid thermoset coatings that are 100% bio-based. This was possible due to the volatility of the vinyl ethers under curing conditions. These systems have good adhesion to metal substrates and perform well under chemical and physical stress. Additionally, the hardness of the coating system is dependent on the chain length of the diacid used, making it tunable.
Comprehensive modeling of diode arrays and broad-area devices with applications to lateral index tailoring (1988)

A numerical model for calculating the emission characteristics of diode laser arrays and broad-area devices operating well above threshold is discussed. This model uses the beam propagation technique for determining the field intensities for several lateral modes, while simultaneously and self-consistently solving for the two-dimensional current flow through the laser structure and the subsequent carrier diffusion in the active region. The active-region temperature distribution is also computed in a self-consistent manner, based on the flow of heat generated in the active region through the layered device structure to a constant-temperature heat sink. The model is applied by investigating the sensitivity of the lasing modes of a broad-area diode laser to variations in the lateral temperature distribution.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Two-level dynamic stochastic optimal power flow control for power systems with intermittent renewable generation (2014)

High penetration of intermittent renewable energy imposes new challenges to the operation and control of power systems. Power system security needs to be ensured dynamically as the system operating condition continuously changes. The dynamic stochastic optimal power flow (DSOPF) control algorithm using the Adaptive Critic Designs (ACDs) has shown promising dynamic power flow control capability and has been demonstrated in a small system. To further investigate the potential of the DSOPF control algorithm for large power systems, a 70-bus test power system with different generation resources, including large wind plants, is developed. A two-level DSOPF control scheme is proposed in this paper to scale up the DSOPF algorithm for this 70-bus system. The lower-level area DSOPF controllers control their own area power network. The top-level global DSOPF controller coordinates the area controllers by adjusting the inter-area tie-line flows. This two-level architecture distributes the control and computation burden to multiple area DSOPF controllers, and reduces the training difficulty for implementing the DSOPF control for a large power network. Simulation studies on the 70-bus power system with large wind variation are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed two-level DSOPF control scheme.
Bootstrapping (2008)

We propose a framework for improving both the scalability as well as the accuracy of pointer alias analysis, irrespective of its flow or context-sensitivities, by leveraging a three-pronged strategy that effectively combines divide and conquer, parallelization and function summarization . A key step in our approach is to first identify small subsets of pointers such that the problem of computing aliases of any pointer can be reduced to computing them in these small subsets instead of the entire program. In order to identify these subsets, we first apply a series of increasingly accurate but highly scalable (context and flow-insensitive) alias analyses in a cascaded fashion such that each analysis A i works on the subsets generated by the previous one A i-1 . Restricting the application of A i to subsets generated by A i-1 , instead of the entire program, improves it scalability, i.e., A i is bootstrapped by A i-1 . Once these small subsets have been computed, in order to make our overall analysis accurate, we employ our new summarization-based flow and context-sensitive alias analysis. The small size of each subset offsets the higher computational complexity of the context-sensitive analysis. An important feature of our framework is that the analysis for each of the subsets can be carried out independently of others thereby allowing us to leverage parallelization further improving scalability.
Emulating a moving cluster in a massive MIMO OTA test scenario (2017)

Over-the-Air signals, generated within an anechoic chamber are being utilized for testing Massive MIMO antenna array systems. Multiple probe antennas emulate distinct propagation paths within the field of view. Static environments have been suggested, however a moving cluster concept is described using multiple probes to emulate motion in a Massive MIMO test scenario. A channel emulator is utilized to emulate the bi-directional channel model between the Massive MIMO array via chamber probes and one or more UEs. This approach supports multipath channels having potentially different motion assumptions for each propagation path.
Cost-effective wavelength-shared hybrid passive optical network upgrade re-using both optical network units and remote node (2007)

We have proposed and demonstrated the cost-effectiveness of a wavelength-shared hybrid PON architecture for upgrades of existing PON systems while re-using all equipment on customer premises and reusing the fiber plant including remote node. (2 pages)
Improved Helmet-Padding Material (1994)

Polyimide foamed into lightweight padding material for use in helmets. Exhibits increased resistance to ignition, combustion, and impact, and it outgasses less. Foam satisfies offgassing and toxicity requirements of NASA/JSC criteria (NHB80601B). Helmets containing this improved padding material used by firefighters, police, offshore drilling technicians, construction workers, miners, and race-car drivers.
A Design of Multiple Jammers Localization Algorithm Based on TDOA Method (2012)

In case that multiple jammers are transmitting the signals which are the same type a general algorithm based on TDOA method cannot estimate the positions of multiple jammers because there are many TDOA measurements including true and false values. This paper, therefore, designs a new algorithm based on TDOA method to localize multiple jammers. In this algorithm, TDOA measurements are obtained by rotating the reference sensor, and then the positions of multiple jammers can be estimated by detecting congregated point among the multiple estimated positions from TDOA measurements. Through computer simulations, it is verified that this algorithm localizes the multiple jammers well. The performance of the algorithm are also analysed by changing the distance between sensors and jammer, and sampling frequency.