gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Language models and Automated Essay Scoring (2019)

In this paper, we present a new comparative study on automatic essay scoring (AES). The current state-of-the-art natural language processing (NLP) neural network architectures are used in this work to achieve above human-level accuracy on the publicly available Kaggle AES dataset. We compare two powerful language models, BERT and XLNet, and describe all the layers and network architectures in these models. We elucidate the network architectures of BERT and XLNet using clear notation and diagrams and explain the advantages of transformer architectures over traditional recurrent neural network architectures. Linear algebra notation is used to clarify the functions of transformers and attention mechanisms. We compare the results with more traditional methods, such as bag of words (BOW) and long short term memory (LSTM) networks.
Inhibitors of the cytochrome P-450 enzymes block the secretagogue-induced release of corticotropin in mouse pituitary tumor cells. (1985)

A mouse pituitary tumor cell line (AtT-20) releases corticotropin (ACTH) in response to a number of secretagogues, including corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), beta-adrenergic agents, N6,O2'-dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (Bt2 cAMP), and potassium. The stimulation of ACTH secretion induced by the secretagogues can be blocked by inhibitors of the enzymes that generate (phospholipase A2) and metabolize (lipoxygenase and epoxygenase) arachidonic acid. The phospholipase A2 blockers mepacrine and p-bromophenacylbromide inhibited the ACTH release induced by secretagogues. The lipoxygenase inhibitors nordihydroguaieretic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene, and icosatetraynoic acid abolished the ACTH secretion induced by secretagogues, whereas indomethacin, a cycloxygenase inhibitor, did not. Blockers of the cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase, such as SKF 525A and piperonyl butoxide, compounds that have different molecular structures, also suppressed secretagogue-induced ACTH release. These findings suggest that metabolites of arachidonic acid formed via the epoxygenase and/or the lipoxygenase pathway are involved in the stimulation of ACTH release caused by secretagogues.
Perceptual Consequences of Cochlear Hearing Loss and their Implications for the Design of Hearing Aids (1996)

This paper provides an overview of changes in the perception of sound that result from cochlear damage. It starts with a brief introduction to the physiology of the cochlea, emphasizing the role of the "active mechanism" and describing how cochlear function is altered by cochlear damage. Then the effects of cochlear damage on various aspects of perception are described, including absolute sensitivity, frequency selectivity, loudness perception and intensity discrimination, temporal resolution, temporal integration, pitch perception and frequency discrimination, and sound localization and other aspects of binaural and spatial hearing. The possible role of each of these aspects of auditory perception in the ability to understand speech in quiet and in noise is discussed and evaluated. It is concluded that, for losses up to about 45 dB, audibility is the single most important factor. However, for greater losses, poor discrimination of suprathreshold (audible) stimuli is also of major importance. The final section of the paper describes applications of the findings to hearing aid design. It is concluded that linear amplification can be of only limited benefit in compensating for the effects of cochlear damage. Hearing aids incorporating compression can help to compensate for the effects of reduced dynamic range. Digital signal processing to enhance spectral contrast may be of some help in compensating for the effects of reduced frequency selectivity.
Search for amplification in the far vacuum ultraviolet due to transitions of multiply charged ions in an extended laser plasma (1981)

A search was made for amplifications due to transitions in multiply charged ions in an extended plasma. This was done by investigating the spectra of plasma filaments created by subnanosecond laser pulses interacting with various targets. Anomalies were found in the behavior of the intensities of a series of Na IX and C VI lines observed along the filament axis. It was found that these anomalies could be attributed to amplification due to the 2p–4d, 2p–3d, and 2s–3p transitions in the Na IX ion and due to the 3–4 transition in the C VI ion.
Learning the molecular grammar of protein condensates from sequence determinants and embeddings (2021)

Intracellular phase separation of proteins into biomolecular condensates is increasingly recognized as a process with a key role in cellular compartmentalization and regulation. Different hypotheses about the parameters that determine the tendency of proteins to form condensates have been proposed, with some of them probed experimentally through the use of constructs generated by sequence alterations. To broaden the scope of these observations, we established an in silico strategy for understanding on a global level the associations between protein sequence and phase behavior and further constructed machine-learning models for predicting protein liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Our analysis highlighted that LLPS-prone proteins are more disordered, less hydrophobic, and of lower Shannon entropy than sequences in the Protein Data Bank or the Swiss-Prot database and that they show a fine balance in their relative content of polar and hydrophobic residues. To further learn in a hypothesis-free manner the sequence features underpinning LLPS, we trained a neural network-based language model and found that a classifier constructed on such embeddings learned the underlying principles of phase behavior at a comparable accuracy to a classifier that used knowledge-based features. By combining knowledge-based features with unsupervised embeddings, we generated an integrated model that distinguished LLPS-prone sequences both from structured proteins and from unstructured proteins with a lower LLPS propensity and further identified such sequences from the human proteome at a high accuracy. These results provide a platform rooted in molecular principles for understanding protein phase behavior. The predictor, termed DeePhase, is accessible from https://deephase.ch.cam.ac.uk/.
Global Ocean Altimetry With GNSS Reflections From TechDemoSat-1 (2018)

TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1) is an experimental Global Navigation Satellite System Reflections (GNSS-R) satellite launched in 2014. The GNSS-R receiver onboard performs real-time navigation and generates delay-Doppler correlation maps for Earth-reflected Global Positioning System (GPS) L1 C/A ranging signals. This paper investigates the performance of the TDS-1 data for ocean surface altimetry retrievals. The analysis includes consideration of the transmitter and receiver orbits, time tag corrections, models for ionospheric and tropospheric delays, zenith to nadir antenna baseline offsets, ocean and solid Earth tides, and a comparison with mean sea surface topography. An error budget is compiled to account for each error source and compared with the experimentally derived surface height retrievals. By analyzing data sets covering global ocean surfaces over ±60° latitude, the current performance of spaceborne GNSS-R altimetry with the TDS-1 data set is experimentally established. In comparison with the mean sea surface topography, the surface height residuals are found to be 6.4 m, $1\sigma $ with a 1-s integration time. A discussion of the factors limiting this performance is presented, with implications for future GNSS-R altimetry missions designed for the observation of mesoscale ocean circulation.
An 80-Gb/s 44-mW Wireline PAM4 Transmitter (2018)

A transmitter implemented in 45-nm CMOS technology serializes data from 312.5 Mb/s to an 80-Gb/s pulse-amplitude modulation 4 output with no need for latches. Utilizing the charge-steering techniques and a frequency divider that directly generates quadrature outputs with a 25% duty cycle, the design consumes 21.7 mW in the data path and 22.3 mW in the phase-locked loop and clock distribution while delivering a swing of 630 mVpp with a 1-V supply.
Surface Plasmon Resonance Multisensing (1998)

We have demonstrated the feasibility of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) multisensing by monitoring four separate immunoreactions simultaneously in real time using a multichannel SPR instrument. A plasmon carrying gold layer, onto which a four-channel flow cell was pressed, was imaged at a fixed angle of incidence. First, the four-channels were coated with antibodies and then the flow cell was turned by 90° such that the flow channels overlapped the areas coated in the first step. In that geometry, antigens were applied to the different antibodies on the surface. Thus, all antibody−antigen combinations can be measured in a two-dimensional array of sensor surfaces in real time. Our results do correlate with expected immunologic specificity. The emphasis will be on presenting this method to obtain data on immunosystems and not as much on the assessment of biological activity.
Compact imaging apparatus for a pen-shaped handheld scanner (1997)

A compact imaging system is proposed for electronic document input. In this configuration, a linear image sensor formed on a glass substrate is coupled with an optical fiber array plate. There are multiple apertures in each photodiode of this sensor. Light from a linear light emitting diode array is transmitted through the glass, the apertures and the fiber successively and illuminates a document. The scattered light comes back in the same fiber and is detected by the sensitive part of the photodiode. Experiment with a 200dpi sensor shows a good spatial resolution. With a white paper illuminated at 100(mu) W/cm<SUP>2</SUP>, a signal yield of 0.75 pC is obtained with 1msec storage time. The depth of field is 70 micrometers . A prototype hand-held scanner has been developed by housing this imaging system in a 10mm-wide pen-shaped speed of 12cm/sec.
Real-Time Multi-Person Pose Tracking using Data Assimilation (2020)

We propose a framework for the integration of data assimilation and machine learning methods in human pose estimation, with the aim of enabling any pose estimation method to be run in real-time, whilst also increasing consistency and accuracy. Data assimilation and machine learning are complementary methods: the former allows us to make use of information about the underlying dynamics of a system but lacks the flexibility of a data-based model, which we can instead obtain with the latter. Our framework presents a real-time tracking module for any single or multi-person pose estimation system. Specifically, tracking is performed by a number of Kalman filters initiated for each new person appearing in a motion sequence. This permits tracking of multiple skeletons and reduces the frequency that computationally expensive pose estimation has to be run, enabling online pose tracking. The module tracks for N frames while the pose estimates are calculated for frame N + 1 . This also results in increased consistency of person identification and reduced inaccuracies due to missing joint locations and inversion of left-and right-side joints.
Comparison of 11 Phenotypic Assays for Accurate Detection of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae (2017)

Early identification of carbapenemase-producing <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> (CPE) is essential to prevent their dissemination within health care settings. Our objective was to evaluate the accuracy of 11 phenotypic assays for the detection of CPE. Two collections of carbapenem-resistant <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> (CRE) isolates were evaluated, including 191 retrospective isolates (122 CP-CRE and 69 non-CP isolates) as well as 45 prospective clinical isolates (15 CP-CRE and 30 non-CP-CRE) obtained over a 3-month period. The sensitivity and specificity of each test was determined, with molecular genotype serving as the gold standard. Among the retrospective cohort, sensitivities ranged from 72% for the boronic acid synergy test for the detection of KPC producers to ≥98% for the modified Carba NP, the Rapidec Carba NP, the manual Blue Carba, and the modified carbapenem inactivation method for the detection of any CPE. Sensitivity differed among tests across enzyme classes. All assays had excellent specificity exceeding 95%, with the exception of the boronic acid synergy test (88%) and modified Hodge test (91%). Prospectively, 45 CRE isolates were encountered over a 3-month period, including 15 CPE (33%) and 30 non-CP-CRE (67%). Results from the prospective cohort were similar. However, a decrease in specificity was observed across most tests, likely due to restricted inclusion of non-CP-CRE to assess the specificity of the assays. Overall, accuracy of CPE detection varied across phenotypic tests. Local epidemiology of CP genotypes, turnaround time, and ease of incorporation into the laboratory workflow should be considered when selecting a phenotypic assay for clinical use.
Current management of severe homozygous hypercholesterolaemias (2004)

Patients with severe homozygous hypercholesterolaemia illustrate the natural history of atherosclerosis within a condensed timeframe. Effective cholesterol-lowering treatment started in early childhood is essential to prevent onset of life-threatening atherosclerotic involvement of the aortic root and valve, and the coronary arteries. Noninvasive methods for regular monitoring of the major sites involved in the atherosclerotic process are necessary in patients with no symptoms or signs of ischaemia. Management of patients with severe homozygous hypercholesterolaemia continues to be a major challenge.
Study of Security Features of Bank Cheques and Credit Cards and Decipherment (2018)

Questioned documents are documents whose authenticity is suspicious or uncertain. Guilty people most of the time use to burn important documents to hide their criminal activities and intentions. This is usually achieved by exposing the document to fire with/without any accelerant. These burnt documents may be linked to a substantial act of forgery, fraud, ransoms or any other serious offence. Present work has been attempted to study experimentally, certain government/non-government documents of UAE such as bank cheques and bank credit cards for the effect of heat/fire on these documents and further how these charred documents can be subjected to decipherment of any meaningful matter. For this study the bank cheques and credit cards with pre-written matter by different types of writing instruments and inks were considered. At that point, the written by hand certifications were signed until the point that the works turned out to be halfway or totally undetectable. The roasted reports were then appropriately gathered and were analyzed under a projectina inspec-8 by utilizing diverse light sources (non-damaging sources, for example, UV, IR, Retro and so on and saw under different wavelengths. Results demonstrated that the works on these singed reports can be apparently improved which can be used for encouraging criminological examinations. The writings were comparatively more visible under diverse wavelengths of lights. The results were recorded through proper photographic techniques.
Electrochemical Sensors Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (2002)

Over the past two decades, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have attracted broad interest from scientists engaged in sensor development. This attention can be explained by the serious potential advantages of using MIPs in place of natural receptors and enzymes such as their superior stability, low cost and easy preparation. This review encompasses recent achievements in molecular imprinting related to the area of sensor technology. Since electrochemical biosensors dominate the market and due to specific requirements of this journal, the emphasis of this review will be on the development of electrochemical MIP sensors. The problems associated with application of imprinted polymers in sensors are highlighted and possible solutions indicated. The commercial potential of MIP-based sensors is analyzed in the expectation that they can offer improved performance in the analytical market place.
Global Expression Profiling in Atopic Eczema Reveals Reciprocal Expression of Inflammatory and Lipid Genes (2008)

Through genome-wide expression profiling, we were able to discover a distinct reciprocal expression pattern of induced inflammatory genes and repressed lipid metabolism genes in skin from AE patients. We found a significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes in AE with cytobands associated to the disease, and furthermore new chromosomal regions were found that could potentially guide future region-specific linkage mapping in AE. The full data set is available at http://microarray-pubs.stanford.edu/eczema.
The long noncoding RNA TUG1 regulates blood-tumor barrier permeability by targeting miR-144 (2015)

Blood-tumor barrier (BTB) limits the delivery of chemotherapeutic agent to brain tumor tissues. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play critical regulatory roles in various biologic processes of tumors. However, the role of lncRNAs in BTB permeability is unclear. LncRNA TUG1 (taurine upregulated gene 1) was highly expressed in glioma vascular endothelial cells from glioma tissues. It also upregulated in glioma co-cultured endothelial cells (GEC) from BTB model in vitro. Knockdown of TUG1 increased BTB permeability, and meanwhile down-regulated the expression of the tight junction proteins ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5. Both bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that TUG1 influenced BTB permeability via binding to miR-144. Furthermore, Knockdown of TUG1 also down-regulated Heat shock transcription factor 2 (HSF2), a transcription factor of the heat shock transcription factor family, which was defined as a direct and functional downstream target of miR-144. HSF2 up-regulated the promoter activities and interacted with the promoters of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5 in GECs. In conclusion, our results indicate that knockdown of TUG1 increased BTB permeability via binding to miR-144 and then reducing EC tight junction protein expression by targeting HSF2. Thus, TUG1 may represent a useful future therapeutic target for enhancing BTB permeability.
On-the-fly specific person retrieval (2012)

We describe a method of visual search for finding people in large video datasets. The novelty is that the person of interest can be specified at run time by a text query, and a discriminative classifier for that person is then learnt on-the-fly using images downloaded from Google Image search. The performance of the method is evaluated on a ground truth dataset of episodes of Scrubs, and results are also shown for retrieval on the TRECVid 2011 IACC.1.B dataset of over 8k videos. The entire process from specifying the query to receiving the ranked results takes only a matter of seconds.
Thin applicator having coaxial ring slots for interstitial microwave hyperthermia (1990)

A thin ring-slot applicator (0.86 mm OD) inserted into a plastic catheter is considered as a practical applicator for interstitial microwave hyperthermia. First, the structure of the applicator and some experimental results are described. Then, an improved applicator having an open sleeve is shown, along with its experimental results. It is verified that the sleeve has improved the specific absorption rate distribution and made the applicator less sensitive to the insertion depth.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Classification Approach to Word Prediction (2000)

The eventual goal of a language model is to accurately predict the value of a missing word given its context. We present an approach to word prediction that is based on learning a representation for each word as a function of words and linguistics predicates in its context. This approach raises a few new questions that we address. First, in order to learn good word representations it is necessary to use an expressive representation of the context. We present a way that uses external knowledge to generate expressive context representations, along with a learning method capable of handling the large number of features generated this way that can, potentially, contribute to each prediction. Second, since the number of words ``competing'' for each prediction is large, there is a need to ``focus the attention'' on a smaller subset of these. We exhibit the contribution of a ``focus of attention'' mechanism to the performance of the word predictor. Finally, we describe a large scale experimental study in which the approach presented is shown to yield significant improvements in word prediction tasks.
Carbon Dioxide Therapy in the Treatment of Cellulite: An Audit of Clinical Practice (2010)

These results agree with those reported originally and demonstrate that carboxytherapy is safe and effective.
Enabling Hierarchical Exploration for Large-Scale Multidimensional Data with Abstract Parallel Coordinates (2018)

International audience
Caffeoyl, Coumaroyl, Galloyl, and Hexahydroxydiphenoyl Glucoses from Balanophora japonica. (2001)

Eighteen new and sixteen known acyl glucoses having caffeoyl, coumaroyl, galloyl, and hexahydroxydiphenoyl groups were isolated from a medicinal parasitic plant, Balanophora japonica. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Caffeoyl ellagitannins, which have been rarely found in nature, were major phenolic constituents of this plant, and this is the first report of the isolation of ellagitannins from Balanophoraceae.
Chips, money, industry, education and the “killer application” (2009)

A graphical abstract is available for this content
Clinical modulation of oral leukoplakia and protease activity by Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate in a phase IIa chemoprevention trial. (2000)

Bowman-Birk inhibitor is a protease inhibitor derived from soybeans that has demonstrated chemopreventive activity in a number of in vitro and animal systems. We conducted a 1-month phase IIa clinical trial of Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate (BBIC) in patients with oral leukoplakia. BBIC was administered to 32 subjects with oral leukoplakia for 1 month. We assessed toxicity and clinical and histological response of the lesions, and oral mucosal cell protease activity (PA) and serum micronutrient levels were measured. Clinical response was determined by measurement of pre- and posttreatment individual and total lesion areas and analysis of blinded clinical judgments of photographs. On the basis of prespecified response criteria, 31% of patients achieved a clinical response (two with complete and eight with partial responses). BBIC was nontoxic in doses up to 1066 chymotrypsin inhibitory units. The mean pretreatment total lesion area decreased from 615 to 438 mm2 after BBIC treatment (P < 0.004). A linear fit of the dose-response relationship between dose of BBIC and decrease in total lesion area was suggested (P < 0.08), and analysis of blinded clinical impression from lesion photographs confirmed this relationship (P < 0.01). Overall, at all doses tested, a 24.2% decrease in total lesion area was observed following treatment (sign rank = -142; P < 0.004). High pretreatment PA was associated with greater decreases in PA after BBIC administration (P < 0.02). BBIC demonstrated clinical activity after oral administration to patients with oral leukoplakia. These results indicate that BBIC should be investigated for chemopreventive activity in a randomized clinical trial.
Charge-coupled device with buried channels under electrode gaps (1973)

A new kind of charge-coupled device with buried channels is described. This device is fabricated by forming ion-implanted buried channels under the gaps between electrodes. Since the device does not depend on the surface potential under the gaps, a reliable and low-operating-voltage device with nonoverlapping gate electrodes can be made. Transfer efficiency greater than 99.5% per transfer has been obtained at 500 kHz.