gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modification of PEDOT:PSS as hole injection layer in polymer LEDs (2004)

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulphonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) is commonly used as an anode in polymer light-emitting diodes (PLED). We have studied the effect of the pH and Na+ ion concentration of the aqueous PEDOT:PSS dispersion on the bulk and surface properties of spincoated films by various techniques, including UV-vis-NIR optical absorbance spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Ultraviolet Photoemission Spectroscopy (UPS). A pH increase by addition of NaOH modifies the PEDOT:PSS properties in a similar way as electrochemical dedoping: the IR absorbance decreases, the Raman peaks shift, sharpen and increase in intensity, and the work function decreases. Consequently, a barrier for hole injection is introduced for several classes of light-emitting polymers. We argue that the mechanism of the pH-effect is different from electrochemical dedoping, and originates from a change in the relative stability of polarons and bipolarons on the doped thiophene. The changes in the electronic properties of PEDOT:PSS point to the determining role of the counter-ion in the stabilisation of oxidised thiophene units. Polymer LEDs comprising Na+-rich, proton poor PEDOT:PSS can show lower lifetime and efficiency than the corresponding Na+-free, proton-rich devices. For light emitting polymers which suffer from the addition of sodium to the hole injecting PEDOT:PSS, the decreased lifetime hints at hole injection as limiting factor in the degradation of these PLEDs. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor (1998)

Abstract —Caveolae are membrane domains that have been implicated in signal transduction, and caveolins are major structural components of these domains. We found that all reported caveolin isoforms (caveolin-1, -2, and -3) were expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs); however, only caveolin-1 mRNA was regulated by angiotensin II (Ang II). Ang II (100 nmol/L) increased caveolin-1 mRNA, with a peak at 2 hours (193±6% of control, P <0.01, n=4). In contrast, Ang II significantly decreased caveolin-1 protein, with a nadir at 4 hours (64±5% of control, P <0.01, n=6). [ 35 S]Methionine labeling showed that Ang II increased caveolin biosynthesis (226±33% of control labeling at 4 hours), suggesting that the transient decrease in caveolin protein levels is due to increased degradation. When cells were fractionated with sucrose, on agonist stimulation, AT 1 receptors appeared in fraction 5 where caveolin was fractionated. This migration was blocked by low temperature and treatment with phenylarsine oxide, interventions that interfere with agonist-induced Ang II type 1 (AT 1 ) receptor sequestration and tonic phase signaling. In addition, caveolin-1 coimmunoprecipitates with AT 1 receptor only on agonist stimulation. These data support the concept that the caveola is a specialized signaling domain in VSMCs that can be dynamically accessed by the AT 1 receptor. Because of the signaling and coupling proteins that are localized in caveolae and because of evidence that these proteins may interact directly with caveolin, caveola–AT 1 receptor interaction likely represents an important focus for dynamic control of receptor signaling in VSMCs.
Arterial intimal-medial permeability and coevolving structural responses to defined shear-stress exposures (2002)

The purpose of this research was to examine the evolution of arterial shear stress-induced intimal albumin permeability and coevolving structural responses in swine arteries. Uniform laminar shear-stress responses were compared with those of a simulated "flow separation" stress field. These fields were created using specially designed flow-configuring devices in an experimentally controlled, metabolically supported, ex vivo thoracoabdominal aorta preparation. The Evans blue dye-albumin complex (EBD-alb) permeability patterns that evolved were measured by a reflectometric method. The corresponding tissue structural responses were evaluated by histological, immunostaining, and ultrastructural microscopic techniques. It was shown that when a previously in vivo-adapted artery is challenged by a new mechanochemical environment, it undergoes a sequence of adaptive processes over the ensuing 95 h. Intimal regions of laminar shear-stress exposure ( approximately 16 dyn/cm(2)) responded initially (23 h) with an increase in permeability. With continued stress exposure, intimal-medial structural changes ensued that restored the artery to a physiologically normal permeability. Over this same period, adjacent endothelial regions exposed to simulated flow separation stress fields ( approximately 0.03-0.27 dyn/cm(2)) developed early and progressively increasing permeability. This was associated with formation of local intimal edema, loss of intimal matrix material, and development of distinctively raised, gelatinous-appearing intimal lesions having a potentially preatheromatous architecture.
Automated analysis of concurrent systems with the constrained expression toolset (1991)

The constrained expression approach to analysis of concurrent software systems can be used with a variety of design and programming languages and does not require a complete enumeration of the set of reachable states of the concurrent system. The construction of a toolset automating the main constrained expression analysis techniques and the results of experiments with that toolset are reported. The toolset is capable of carrying out completely automated analyses of a variety of concurrent systems, starting from source code in an Ada-like design language and producing system traces displaying the properties represented bv the analysts queries. The strengths and weaknesses of the toolset and the approach are assessed on both theoretical and empirical grounds.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Separation of singing voice from music accompaniment using matrix factorization method (2015)

Songs play an important role in entertainment. An audio signal separation system should be able to identify different audio signals such as speech, music and background noise. In a song the singing voice provides useful information. An automatic singing voice separation system is used for attenuating or removing the music accompaniment. The singing voice becomes a main attractive focus of attention. Singing is used to produces relevant sound with music by the human voice. The paper present the developed algorithm Robust Principal Component Analysis (RPCA) for separating singing voice from music background. This method is a matrix factorization for solving low-rank and sparse matrices. Singing Voice has been effectively separated from the mixture of music accompaniment. Evaluation results of the algorithm shows that this method can achieve around 5.2 dB higher GNSDR (Global Normalized Source to Distortion Ratio) on the MIR-1K dataset. Moreover, we examine the separation results for different values of k.
Experimental Study of Void Fraction Measurement Using a Capacitance-Based Sensor and ANN in Two-Phase Annular Regimes for Different Fluids (2023)

One of the most severe problems in power plants, petroleum and petrochemical industries is the accurate determination of phase fractions in two-phase flows. In this paper, we carried out experimental investigations to validate the simulations for water–air, two-phase flow in an annular pattern. To this end, we performed finite element simulations with COMSOL Multiphysics, conducted experimental investigations in concave electrode shape and, finally, compared both results. Our experimental set-up was constructed for water–air, two-phase flow in a vertical tube. Afterwards, the simulated models in the water–air condition were validated against the measurements. Our results show a relatively low relative error between the simulation and experiment indicating the validation of our simulations. Finally, we designed an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model in order to predict the void fractions in any two-phase flow consisting of petroleum products as the liquid phase in pipelines. In this regard, we simulated a range of various liquid–gas, two-phase flows including crude oil, oil, diesel fuel, gasoline and water using the validated simulation. We developed our ANN model by a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network in MATLAB 9.12.0.188 software. The input parameters of the MLP model were set to the capacitance of the sensor and the liquid phase material, whereas the output parameter was set to the void fraction. The void fraction was predicted with an error of less than 2% for different liquids via our proposed methodology. Using the presented novel metering system, the void fraction of any annular two-phase flow with different liquids can be precisely measured.
Survey Accuracy Extends Well Displacement at Minimum Cost (2007)

Abstract The increased use of horizontal exploitation of formations for improved resource recovery has resulted in a trend towards denser well spacing and extended lateral lengths. The resulting reduction in distance between wellbores has intensified the need for accurate data on wellbore positions and trajectories. This paper explores the challenges of developing reliable positioning data and examines various mechanisms for ensuring optimum well separation distances essential to optimize waterflood sweep efficiency. Case histories from land drilling operations will be discussed to demonstrate the design and application of a well survey program that is both highly accurate and cost effective. Among the program components to be discussed are methods for determining the accuracy of existing wellbore data and statistical analysis to assess how closely predictive models match actual well placements. Support data for analysis was generated from existing reservoir models and statistical gyro surveys. Additional insights were gained by examining the causes of measurement-while-drilling (MWD) errors, and accuracy was increased by finding new ways to minimize magnetic errors induced by the bottom hole assembly (BHA). A database was compiled to compare raw MWD data with corrected survey data, with two goals in mind: ■ Reduce the average level of destructive anomalies per well by investing in more accurate processing for each BHA. ■ Increase the lengths of the lateral wells by 50% for more efficient resource recovery. By better understanding the extent and cause of existing survey inaccuracies, and developing improved methodologies for reliable data collection and analysis, this study has contributed to both the safety and the economic viability of today's increasingly complex drilling programs.
Genetically encoded alkenyl–pyrrolysine analogues for thiol–ene reaction mediated site-specific protein labeling (2012)

A series of alkene-bearing pyrrolysine analogues were synthesized and subsequently incorporated into proteins at two sites by a mutant PylRS–tRNA pair with excellent efficiency. This strategy allowed the site-specific labeling of proteins carrying single or double genetically encoded alkene handles via bioorthogonal thiol–ene ligation reactions.
Periodic Binary Si:Ti, Si:Al Mixed Macroporous Oxides with Ultrahigh Heteroatom Loading:  A Facile Sol−Gel Approach (2005)

Highly ordered macroporous mixed metal oxides were prepared with very high mixed metal ratios using an optimized silicon alkoxide prehydrolysis process. The homogeneous solutions completely filled the interstitial voids in polymethyl methacrylate artificial opal templates. Subsequent template removal resulted in highly ordered aluminosilicate and titanosilicate inverse opal pore networks. The optimized process allowed the fabrication of periodic binary metal oxide frameworks with 2:1 Si:Al loadings and 1:1 Si:Ti loadings. The mixed metal oxides did not show any phase segregation during high-temperature template removal as evidenced by X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy. The as-formed macroporous metal oxides demonstrate excellent substrate adherence and mechanical stability and showed refractive index modulation in direct relation to the silicon/heterometal ratio in the precursor sol.
Parallel Discrete-Event Simulation (PDES): a case study in design, development, and performance using SPEEDES (1995)

Can parallel simulations efficiently exploit a network of workstations? Why haven't PDES models followed standard modeling methodologies? Will the field of PDES survive, and if so, in what form? Researchers in the PDES field have addressed these questions and others in a series of papers published in the last few years [1,2,3,4]. The purpose of this paper is to shed light on these questions, by documenting an actual case study of the development of an optimistically synchronized PDES application on a network of workstations. This paper is unique in that its focus is not necessarily on performance, but on the whole process of developing a model, from the physical system being simulated, through its conceptual design, validation, implementation, and, of course, its performance. This paper also presents the first reported performance results indicating the impact of risk on performance. The results suggest that the optimal value of risk is sensitive to the latency parameters of the communications network.
The Thermoregulatory Threshold in Humans during Halothane Anesthesia (1988)

Although suppression of thermoregulatory mechanisms by anesthetics is generally assumed, the extent to which thermoregulation is active during general anesthesia is not known. The only thermoregulatory responses available to anesthetized, hypothermic patients are vasoconstriction and non-shivering thermogenesis. To test anesthetic effects on thermoregulation, the authors measured skin-surface temperature gradients (forearm temperature--finger-tip temperature) as an index of cutaneous vasoconstriction in unpremedicated patients anesthetized with 1% halothane and paralyzed with vecuronium during elective, donor nephrectomy. Patients were randomly assigned to undergo maximal warming (warm room, humidified respiratory gases, and warm intravenous fluids; n = 5) or standard temperature management (no special warming measures; n = 5). Skin-surface temperature gradients greater than or equal to 4 degrees C were prospectively defined as significant vasoconstriction. Normothermic patients [average minimum esophageal temperature = 36.4 +/- 0.3 degrees C (SD)] did not demonstrate significant vasoconstriction. However, each hypothermic patient displayed significant vasoconstriction at esophageal temperatures ranging from 34.0 to 34.8 degrees C (average temperature = 34.4 +/- 0.2 degrees C). These data indicate that active thermoregulation occurs during halothane anesthesia, but that it does not occur until core temperature is approximately equal to 2.5 degrees C lower than normal. In two additional hypothermic patients, increased skin-temperature gradients correlated with decreased perfusion as measured by a laser Doppler technique. Measuring skin-surface temperature gradients is a simple, non-invasive, and quantitative method of determining the thermoregulatory threshold during anesthesia.
Enhancements for real-time Monte-Carlo Tree Search in General Video Game Playing (2016)

General Video Game Playing (GVGP) is a field of Artificial Intelligence where agents play a variety of real-time video games that are unknown in advance. This limits the use of domain-specific heuristics. Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a search technique for game playing that does not rely on domain-specific knowledge. This paper discusses eight enhancements for MCTS in GVGP; Progressive History, N-Gram Selection Technique, Tree Reuse, Breadth-First Tree Initialization, Loss Avoidance, Novelty-Based Pruning, Knowledge-Based Evaluations, and Deterministic Game Detection. Some of these are known from existing literature, and are either extended or introduced in the context of GVGP, and some are novel enhancements for MCTS. Most enhancements are shown to provide statistically significant increases in win percentages when applied individually. When combined, they increase the average win percentage over sixty different games from 31.0% to 48.4% in comparison to a vanilla MCTS implementation, approaching a level that is competitive with the best agents of the GVG-AI competition in 2015.
Advanced Civil Engineering Materials Based on Inorganic Polymers (1993)

The present program was undertaken to evaluate cement chemistries more suitable for macrodefect-free cement materials. Therefore, the thrust of this work is oriented to the chemistry of advanced cements. Two strategies are being employed. The first is to modify conventional high alumina and portland cements to develop advanced properties. Such properties in this context include improvement in moisture sensitivity and extension of useful service range to temperatures higher than those tolerated by conventional organic polymers. The second strategy is to evaluate novel chemistries. This has included forming alkali zirconium phosphates at low temperature. This class of materials exhibits zero thermal expansion, is stable to high temperature and therefore may be useful in aerospace applications where dimensional stability is important.
Inactivation of<i>Bacillus</i>Spores by the Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Micro-bubble Method (1997)

Bacillus spores were effectively inactivated by the supercritical (SC) CO2 micro-bubble method. The micro-bubble SC CO2 treatment of B. cereus, B. subtilis, B. megaterium, B. polymyxa, and B. coagulans at 40 degrees C and 30 MPa for 30 min produced greater reduction (about 3 log cycles of reduction) than a similar treatment without a filter. The SC CO2 treatment of B. polymyxa, B. cereus, and B. subtilis spores at 45 degrees C, 50 degrees C, respectively, and 30 MPa for 60 min resulted in a 6-log cycle reduction of survival. The SC CO2 treatment under the foregoing conditions should offer higher efficiency than that of heat treatment at 100 degrees C for 60 min. In addition, the SC CO2 treatment (30 MPa, 60 degrees C, 30 min) of B. polymyxa and B. cereus spores also produced a 6-log cycle reduction.
Millimeter-Wave Voltage-Controlled Oscillators in 0.13-<tex>$mu$</tex>m CMOS Technology (2006)

This paper describes the design of CMOS millimeter-wave voltage controlled oscillators. Varactor, transistor, and inductor designs are optimized to reduce the parasitic capacitances. An investigation of tradeoff between quality factor and tuning range for MOS varactors at 24 GHz has shown that the polysilicon gate lengths between 0.18 and 0.24 /spl mu/m result both good quality factor (>12) and C/sub max//C/sub min/ ratio (/spl sim/3) in the 0.13-/spl mu/m CMOS process used for the study. The components were utilized to realize a VCO operating around 60 GHz with a tuning range of 5.8 GHz. A 99-GHz VCO with a tuning range of 2.5 GHz, phase noise of -102.7 dBc/Hz at 10-MHz offset and power consumption of 7-15mW from a 1.5-V supply and a 105-GHz VCO are also demonstrated. This is the CMOS circuit with the highest fundamental operating frequency. The lumped element approach can be used even for VCOs operating near 100-GHz and it results a smaller circuit area.
Variables Involved in Cryoprecipitate Production and their Effect on Factor VIII Activity (1979)

S ummary . The Regional Transfusion Centres in England and Wales have studied the following variables in the preparation of cryoprecipitate: blood group of the donor, choice of anticoagulant (ACD or CPD), conditions of freezing, thawing and centrifugation of the plasma and age of the starting plasma. Mean factor VIII activity in cryoprecipitates derived from group A plasma was significantly higher than from group O plasma. CPD may lead to increased potency of factor VIII when freshly collected plasma is used to prepare cryoprecipitates; rapidity of thawing may also be advantageous. None of the other variables studied produced significant effects on the factor VIII activity of the cryoprecipitates and particular attention has been drawn to the results of experiments concerned with the age of starting plasma.
Estimation of time-variant acoustic feedback paths in in-car communication systems (2014)

In-car communication systems aim at improving the speech communication inside a vehicle by picking up the talking passenger's voice by means of microphones and playing it back over loudspeakers that are located close to the listening passengers. Because of this closed-loop operation, system instability caused by acoustical feedback is a limiting factor for the maximum possible system support. In this contribution, we present a feedback cancellation algorithm based on the NLMS algorithm for estimating the frequency responses of the multiple, time-variant feedback paths. The step-size parameter is calculated time- and frequency dependently and signal decorrelation, which is necessary for convergence of the filters, is performed by a phase modulation filter for frequency shifting. Measurements in a test car prove the effectiveness of the approach in the in-car communication application, even in the presence of background noise.
Increased Alpha 7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Protein Levels in Alzheimer’s Disease Patients (2004)

We compared the intact alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7nAChR) protein levels in the peripheral blood leukocytes in 15 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and 13 normal elderly control subjects. Demographic data and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores were obtained. Western blot analysis for alpha7nAChR protein levels in peripheral blood leukocytes was performed. There were no significant differences in sex and age between the AD and control groups. The mean MMSE score of the AD subjects was significantly lower than that of the normal control subjects (15.4 +/- 5.5 vs. 28.5 +/- 1.9 respectively; p < 0.001). The median value of normalized alpha7nAChR protein levels (optical density, arbitrary unit) of the AD group was significantly higher than that of the normal control group (0.6923 vs. 0.4803 respectively; p = 0.045, Mann-Whitney U test). The normalized alpha7nAChR protein levels showed a significant inverse correlation with the MMSE scores (Spearman rho = -0.45; p = 0.016; n = 28). Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analyses showed that the area under curve was 0.72 (95% CI 0.52- 0.87). If the cut-off of the alpha7nAChR protein level was >0.312, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value would be 80, 39, 60 and 63%, respectively. These findings showed that the alpha7nAChR protein levels would be a potentially useful diagnostic marker for AD.
Deep-Learning-Aided RF Fingerprinting for NFC Relay Attack Detection (2023)

Near field communication (NFC) has been a widely used radiofrequency identification (RFID) technology, credited to its convenience and security features. However, the transmitted signals can be easily eavesdropped or relayed in an open wireless channel. One of the challenges is relay attack, where an attacker simply relays the signal and bypasses encryption or other means in the application layer. Prior works on relay attack countermeasures have focused on distance-bounding protocols or ambient-based solutions. This paper focuses on ISO/IEC 14443-A and proposes an NFC relay detection method based on RF fingerprinting of transmitted wireless signals in the physical layer. To this end, we first designed and implemented two realizations of NFC relay attacks, wired and wireless relays, and built an SDR-based testbed. We collected the normal and relayed signals of four NFC tags, and the answer to request type A (ATQA) segments were selected for RF fingerprinting. The created dataset comprised 66,366 samples, with four tags’ normal and wired relayed signals and the wireless relayed signals. The dataset was then fed into a deep CNN for training. Finally, our experiment results showed that the method effectively distinguished normal and relayed signals with a high accuracy of 99%, confirming that RF fingerprinting can be a promising countermeasure to NFC relay attacks.