gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Switched Ferroelectric Plasma Ionizer (SwiFerr) for Ambient Mass Spectrometry (2010)

We present the implementation of a switched ferroelectric plasma ionizer (SwiFerr) for ambient analysis of trace substances by mass spectrometry. The device utilizes the ferroelectric properties of barium titanate (BaTiO(3)) to take advantage of the high electric field resulting from polarization switching in the material. The source comprises a [001]-oriented barium titanate crystal (5 × 5 × 1 mm) with a metallic rear electrode and a metallic grid front electrode. When a high voltage AC waveform is applied to the rear electrode to switch polarization, the resulting electric field on the face of the crystal promotes electron emission and results in plasma formation between the crystal face and the grounded grid at ambient pressure. Interaction with this plasma and the resulting reagent ions effects ionization of trace neutrals. The source requires less than 1 W of power to operate under most circumstances, ionizes molecules with acidic and basic functional groups easily, and has proven quite versatile for ambient analysis of both vapor phase and aspirated powdered solid samples. Ionization of vapor phase samples of the organics triethylamine, tripropylamine, tributylamine, and pyridine results in observation of the singly protonated species in the positive ion mass spectrum with sensitivity extending into the high ppb range. With acetic acid, deprotonated clusters dominate the negative ion mass spectrum. Aerodynamic sampling of powdered samples is used to record mass spectra of the pharmaceuticals loperamide and ibuprofen. Chemical signatures, including protonated loperamide and deprotonated ibuprofen, are observed for each drug. The robust, low power source lends itself easily to miniaturization and incorporation in field-portable devices used for the rapid detection and characterization of trace substances and hazardous materials in a range of different environments.
Novel diamine-modified composite nanofiltration membranes with chlorine resistance using monomers of 1,2,4,5-benzene tetracarbonyl chloride and m-phenylenediamine (2015)

Novel diamine-modified polyamide TFC NF membranes with superior chlorine resistance using BTC and MPD monomers.
Measurement and Interpretation of North Atlantic Ocean Marine Radar Sea Scatter (1988)

Results are presented for experiments conducted with a noncoherent, high-resolution marine navigation radar aboard the NOAA ship Researcher in the North Atlantic Ocean. High-resolution radar backscatter data were collected under wind-wave equilibrium conditions, i.e., both fetch and time requirements for fully developed seas were satisfied for the wind speeds reported. Cumulative distributions of normalized radar cross section (NRCS) of the sea surface are calculated and found to follow two Weibull distributions. Based on their characteristics, the distributions may be ascribed to two different scattering mechanisms: one due to scatterers evenly distributed over the surface, such as Bragg scatter; one due to localized scattering features, such as wave crests. The percentage occurrence of the localized scattering events (often called sea spikes) behaves with wind speed in a manner much like that found for whitecaps. Other characteristics of the two distributions also appear to correlate with wind speed, with a weak dependence on air-sea surface temperature difference. For very low grazing angles, many of these characteristics vary sharply near the 2 deg. depression angle, which is a critical angle in several scattering models. An additional scattering model is proposed here to explain this behavior.
ESTIMATION OF DRY BODY WEIGHT BY SEGMENTAL BIOIMPEDANCE ANALYSIS DURING HEMODIALYSIS (2000)

A new concept of estimation of dry weight (DW) for hemodialysis (HD) patients is proposed. DW is defined as the state of body hydration in which refilling rate from arm and leg tends to dissociate from that from the trunk at the end of HD. The study investigated the relative value of measurement of changes in extracellular fluid volume (ECV), relative blood volume (RBV) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in assessment of dry weight. Eleven patients were studied during regular 22 HD sessions. ECV regional refilling was measured by segmental bioimpedance analysis (SBIA). RBV and SBP were measured at 10min, intervals. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of hypotension at the end of HD. (Grl n= 6, pts with hypotension; Gr2 n=16, pts without hypotension). Difference between estimated DW and post-HD (ΔW) and the changes between the final and immediately previous measurement are indicated as ΔSBP, ΔRBV, ΔECVArm, ΔECVTrunk and ΔECVLeg respectively.TableThe results indicate that ΔSBP was significantly greater and Δ ECVArm, and ΔECVLeg were significantly less in group 1 patients. This limitation of refilling from the periphery to the trunk in group1 patients may indicate when dry weight is approached. Development of the SBIA technique could provide a new approach to the determination of dry weight in dialysis patients.
Advancing Tetrazine Bioorthogonal Reactions through the Development of New Synthetic Tools (2012)

There has been increasing interest in the use of tetrazines as partners in bioorthogonal inverse Diels–Alder cycloadditions. Although tetrazine cycloadditions possess several characteristics that make them attractive compared to alternative coupling strategies, the coupling partners, 1,2,4,5-tetrazines and strained alkenes and cycloalkynes, are not trivial to synthesize. The use of tetrazines and dienophiles in biological applications has required the development of new synthetic methodologies to create stable yet reactive probes conveniently. This paper addresses the synthetic milestones that have enabled and improved tetrazine cycloadditions as a popular form of bioorthogonal chemistry and highlights recent work from our lab that we believe has advanced the methodology available for the synthesis of tetrazines<xref idref="JR000-1"> <sup>1</sup> </xref> and smaller strained cyclopropene dienophiles.<xref idref="JR000-2"> <sup>2</sup> </xref> We also outline some future challenges and open questions that remain to be addressed.
High flux ethanol dehydration using nanofibrous membranes containing graphene oxide barrier layers (2013)

In this study, pristine multilayered graphene oxide (GO) was coated by established methods onto a thin-film nanofibrous composite (TFNC) mat to form a high flux membrane for ethanol dehydration. The thickness of the GO layer was controlled from 90 to 300 nm by taking advantage of the self-assembly behavior of GO sheets. The low transfer barrier of the TFNC mat provides a distinct advantage due to its large bulk porosity (80%) with fully interconnected pore structures. Ethanol dehydration experiments showed that a 93 nm thick GO membrane had a permeate flux of 2.2 (kg m−2 h−1) and a separation factor of 308 with a feed solution containing 80 wt% ethanol and 20% water at 70 °C, making the GO–TFNC system superior to commercial polymeric membranes. For example, the permeate flux of GO–TFNC is twice as high as that of the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based commercial membrane. The morphology of the GO–TFNC membrane and the mechanism of water transport in the GO layer were also elucidated using SEM, TEM and grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) techniques.
Resource management in SAS simulation studio (2010)

We present an overview of resource management in SAS Simulation Studio, an object-oriented, Java-based application for building and analyzing discrete-event simulation models. In Simulation Studio, resources are modeled as special types of hierarchical entities that can be assigned attributes and flow through the model. Furthermore, resource entities can be seized and released by other entities to fulfill resource demands. Flexible resource entity rules are used to specify these demands, as well as the requirements of other resource operations, such as state and capacity changes. The hierarchical, entity-based approach in Simulation Studio allows the user more control over resource behavior and provides many advantages over alternative resource management techniques, especially in the areas of resource scheduling and preemption.
ICA mixture models for unsupervised classification of non-Gaussian classes and automatic context switching in blind signal separation (2000)

An unsupervised classification algorithm is derived by modeling observed data as a mixture of several mutually exclusive classes that are each described by linear combinations of independent, non-Gaussian densities. The algorithm estimates the density of each class and is able to model class distributions with non-Gaussian structure. The new algorithm can improve classification accuracy compared with standard Gaussian mixture models. When applied to blind source separation in nonstationary environments, the method can switch automatically between classes, which correspond to contexts with different mixing properties. The algorithm can learn efficient codes for images containing both natural scenes and text. This method shows promise for modeling non-Gaussian structure in high-dimensional data and has many potential applications.
Alternative splicing in spinal muscular atrophy underscores the role of an intron definition model (2011)

Humans have two nearly identical copies of the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) gene: SMN1 and SMN2. The two SMN genes code for identical proteins; however, SMN2 predominantly generates a shorter transcript due to skipping of exon 7, the last coding exon. Skipping of SMN2 exon 7 leads to production of a truncated SMN protein that is highly unstable. The inability of SMN2 to compensate for the loss of SMN1 results in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the second most prevalent genetic cause of infant mortality. Since SMN2 is almost universally present in SMA patients, correction of SMN2 exon 7 splicing holds the promise for cure. Consistently, SMN2 exon 7 splicing has emerged as one of the best studied splicing systems in humans. The vast amount of recent literature provides a clue that SMN2 exon 7 splicing is regulated by an intron definition mechanism, which does not require cross-exon communication as prerequisite for exon inclusion. Our conclusion is based on the prominent role of intronic cis-elements, some of them have emerged as the frontrunners among potential therapeutic targets of SMA. Further, the widely expressed T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen-1 (TIA1), a member of the Q-rich domain containing RNA-binding proteins, has recently been found to regulate SMN exon 7 splicing by binding to intron 7 sequences away from the 5′ ss. These findings make a strong argument for an "intron definition model", according to which regulatory sequences within a downstream intron are capable of enforcing exon inclusion even in the absence of a defined upstream 3′ ss of an alternatively spliced exon.
Noise Recycling (2020)

We introduce Noise Recycling, a method that substantially enhances decoding performance of orthogonal channels subject to correlated noise without the need for joint encoding or decoding. The method can be used with any combination of codes, code-rates and decoding techniques. In the approach, a continuous realization of noise is estimated from a lead channel by subtracting its decoded output from its received signal. The estimate is recycled to reduce the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of an orthogonal channel that is experiencing correlated noise and so improve the accuracy of its decoding. In this design, channels only aid each other only through the provision of noise estimates post-decoding. For a system with arbitrary noise correlation between orthogonal channels experiencing potentially distinct conditions, we introduce an algorithm that determines a static decoding order that maximizes total effective SNR. We prove that this solution results in higher effective SNR than independent decoding, which in turn leads to a larger rate region. We derive upper and lower bounds on the capacity of any sequential decoding of orthogonal channels with correlated noise where the encoders are independent and show that those bounds are almost tight. We numerically compare the upper bound with the capacity of jointly Gaussian noise channel with joint encoding and decoding, showing that they match. Simulation results illustrate that Noise Recycling can be employed with any combination of codes and decoders, and that it gives significant Block Error Rate (BLER) benefits when applying the static predetermined order used to enhance the rate region. We further establish that an additional BLER improvement is possible through Dynamic Noise Recycling, where the lead channel is not pre-determined but is chosen on-the-fly based on which decoder provides the most confident decoding.
Ascending Single‐Dose, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Safety Study of Noribogaine in Opioid‐Dependent Patients (2016)

Ibogaine is a psychoactive substance that may reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms. This was the first clinical trial of noribogaine, ibogaine's active metabolite, in patients established on methadone opioid substitution therapy (OST). In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled single ascending-dose study, we evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of noribogaine in 27 patients seeking to discontinue methadone OST who had been switched to morphine during the previous week. Noribogaine doses were 60, 120, or 180 mg (n = 6/dose level) or matching placebo (n = 3/dose level). Noribogaine was well tolerated. The most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events were noneuphoric changes in light perception ∼1 hour postdose, headache, and nausea. Noribogaine had dose-linear increases for AUC and C<sub>max</sub> and was slowly eliminated (mean t<sub>1/2</sub> range, 24-30 hours). There was a concentration-dependent increase in QTcI (0.17 ms/ng/mL), with the largest observed mean effect of ∼16, 28, and 42 milliseconds in the 60-, 120-, and 180-mg groups, respectively. Noribogaine showed a nonstatistically significant trend toward decreased total score in opioid withdrawal ratings, most notably at the 120-mg dose; however, the study design may have confounded evaluations of time to resumption of OST. Future exposure-controlled multiple-dose noribogaine studies are planned that will address these safety and design issues.
Improved transmission scheme for orthogonal space time codes (2008)

The major drawback of the orthogonal space time codes (OSTC) is the limited rate achieved by this family of codes. The known answer to this problem is the quasi-orthogonal space time codes (QSTC) which enables full rate with the penalty of high complexity decoding. Both degrades the performance of a system with high data rate demand due to the use of large constellation size to compensate the low symbol rate for the OSTC and the use of non-optimal but tractable decoding scheme for the QSTC. In this paper we present a way to increase the OSTC code rate while maintaining its orthogonal property which results in low complex decoding and improved performance for high data rate systems.
Self‐Assembled Monolayers of Cyclohexyl‐Terminated Phosphonic Acids as a General Dielectric Surface for High‐Performance Organic Thin‐Film Transistors (2014)

A novel self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on AlOy /TiOx is terminated with cyclohexyl groups, an unprecedented terminal group for all kinds of SAMs. The SAM-modified AlOy /TiOx functions as a general dielectric, enabling organic thin-film transistors with a field-effect mobility higher than 5 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) for both holes and electrons, good air stability with low operating voltage, and general applicability to solution-processed and vacuum-deposited n-type and p-type organic semiconductors.
How2Sketch (2017)

Accurately drawing 3D objects is difficult for untrained individuals, as it requires an understanding of perspective and its effects on geometry and proportions. Step-by-step tutorials break the complex task of sketching an entire object down into easy-to-follow steps that even a novice can follow. However, creating such tutorials requires expert knowledge and is time-consuming. As a result, the availability of tutorials for a given object or viewpoint is limited. How2Sketch (H2S) addresses this problem by automatically generating easy-to-follow tutorials for arbitrary 3D objects. Given a segmented 3D model and a camera viewpoint, H2S computes a sequence of steps for constructing a drawing scaffold comprised of geometric primitives, which helps the user draw the final contours in correct perspective and proportion. To make the drawing scaffold easy to construct, the algorithm solves for an ordering among the scaffolding primitives and explicitly makes small geometric modifications to the size and location of the object parts to simplify relative positioning. Technically, we formulate this scaffold construction as a single selection problem that simultaneously solves for the ordering and geometric changes of the primitives. We generate different tutorials on man-made objects using our method and evaluate how easily the tutorials can be followed with a user study.
Single polarization optical fibers: Exposed cladding technique (1978)

A simple method is described for fabricating fibers with large strain birefringence starting with standard MCVD preforms. The method is illustrated using borosilicate fibers. The birefringence and polarization properties are measured in a long fiber and the birefringence is also measured using a fiber slice and polarizing microscope.
Enhanced staphylolytic activity of the Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage vB_SauS-phiIPLA88 HydH5 virion associated peptidoglycan hydrolase (2012)

Comunicación presentada en Virus of Microbes II, celebrado en Bruselas, del 16 al 20 de julio de 2012.
Design of Nanoparticulate Group 2 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Stem Antigens That Activate Unmutated Ancestor B Cell Receptors of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Lineages (2019)

Influenza vaccines targeting the highly conserved stem of the hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein have the potential to protect against pandemic and drifted seasonal influenza viruses not covered by current vaccines. While HA stem-based immunogens derived from group 1 influenza A viruses have been shown to induce intragroup heterosubtypic protection, HA stem-specific antibody lineages originating from group 2 may be more likely to possess broad cross-group reactivity. We report the structure-guided development of mammalian-cell-expressed candidate vaccine immunogens based on influenza A virus group 2 H3 and H7 HA stem trimers displayed on self-assembling ferritin nanoparticles using an iterative, multipronged approach involving helix stabilization, loop optimization, disulfide bond addition, and side-chain repacking. These immunogens were thermostable, formed uniform and symmetric nanoparticles, were recognized by cross-group-reactive broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) with nanomolar affinity, and elicited protective, homosubtypic antibodies in mice. Importantly, several immunogens were able to activate B cells expressing inferred unmutated common ancestor (UCA) versions of cross-group-reactive human bNAbs from two multidonor classes, suggesting they could initiate elicitation of these bNAbs in humans.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Current influenza vaccines are primarily strain specific, requiring annual updates, and offer minimal protection against drifted seasonal or pandemic strains. The highly conserved stem region of hemagglutinin (HA) of group 2 influenza A virus subtypes is a promising target for vaccine elicitation of broad cross-group protection against divergent strains. We used structure-guided protein engineering employing multiple protein stabilization methods simultaneously to develop group 2 HA stem-based candidate influenza A virus immunogens displayed as trimers on self-assembling nanoparticles. Characterization of antigenicity, thermostability, and particle formation confirmed structural integrity. Group 2 HA stem antigen designs were identified that, when displayed on ferritin nanoparticles, activated B cells expressing inferred unmutated common ancestor (UCA) versions of human antibody lineages associated with cross-group-reactive, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Immunization of mice led to protection against a lethal homosubtypic influenza virus challenge. These candidate vaccines are now being manufactured for clinical evaluation.
Expressed CpG Island Sequence Tag Microarray for Dual Screening of DNA Hypermethylation and Gene Silencing in Cancer Cells 1 (2002)

We present a novel concept by using expressed CpG island sequence tags (ECISTs) for dual analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression in cancer cells. ECISTs are present in the genome and are DNA fragments expected to be located in the promoter and first exon region of genes. Their GC-rich segments can be used for screening hypermethylated CpG sites in cancer cells, and their exon-containing portions can be used for measuring levels of the corresponding transcripts. A total of 1162 loci met the criteria of ECISTs from an initial screening of 7776 CpG island tags. This ECIST panel was used to analyze the breast cancer cell line MDAMB-231, which was treated with a demethylating agent. Microarray profile analysis identified 30 methylation-silenced genes, the expression of which could be directly reactivated by demethylation. An additional group of 96 up-regulated genes was also identified but appeared to be downstream from this epigenetic cascade. Thus, this study shows that the ECIST microarray can be used to differentiate the primary and secondary causes of demethylation and provides an effective tool to elucidate the mechanisms of aberrant DNA methylation in cancer.
The Application of the Current Comparator in Instrumentation for High Voltage Power Measurements at Very Low Power Factors (1986)

A current-comparator technique is applied to several auxiliary instruments which enables accurate high voltage power measurements to be made at very low power factors using precision wattmeters and precision bridges. The instruments include a high-voltage active-divider with a nominal output voltage of 100 V, a high-voltage inductive-quadrature-current reference source with current output ranges of 1 mA, 2 mA, and 10 mA, and a high-voltage high-capacitive-quadrature-current reference source with current output ranges of 0.1 A, 0.5 A, and 1 A. The current comparator is used in a feedback loop to correct the magnitude and phase of the associated outputs of these instruments to an accuracy of better than ±10 ppm (parts per million) and ±10 μrad respectively.
Demonstrations of gravity-independent mobility and drilling on natural rock using microspines (2012)

The video presents microspine-based anchors being developed for gripping rocks on the surfaces of comets and asteroids, or for use on cliff faces and lava tubes on Mars. Two types of anchor prototypes are shown on supporting forces in all directions away from the rock; >;160 N tangent, >;150 N at 45°, and >;180 N normal to the surface of the rock. A compliant robotic ankle with two active degrees of freedom interfaces these anchors to the Lemur IIB robot for future climbing trials. Finally, a rotary percussive drill is shown coring into rock regardless of gravitational orientation. As a harder-than-zero-g proof of concept, inverted drilling was performed creating 20mm diameter boreholes 83 mm deep in vesicular basalt samples while retaining 12 mm diameter rock cores in 3-6 pieces.