gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lactation response of cows to different levels of ruminally inert conjugated linoleic acids under commercial conditions (2005)

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplements have been shown to reduce milk fat synthesis in dairy cows. A rumen-inert source of CLA is required for commercial feed applications. The conversion of dietary lipids to a calcium salt is considered as a method to counter the extensive hydrogenation of dietary lipids that occurs in the rumen. Our objective was to determine whether feeding calcium salts of CLA under commercial conditions would affect milk production, milk composition and blood metabolic profile. A total of 240 dairy cows from eight farms were blocked according to the calving date, and randomly assigned to four treatments providing CLA at 0, 8, 16 and 32 g d -1 . Milk production was recorded and milk was sampled on day 0, 7, 14, 28 and 42 of the feeding period. Blood samples were taken on day 42 from early-lactating cows (< 157 d in milk) to determine the metabolic profile. Milk fat yield was decreased 11, 20 and 28%, and milk fat concentration was reduced 13, 22 and 28% (linear; P < 0.001) when cows received 8, 16 and 32 g d -1 of CLA, respectively. Milk yield, milk protein and blood metabolic parameters were not affected by experimental treatments. Calcium salts of CLA can be used as an effective tool to manage milk fat content on commercial dairy farms. Key words: Conjugated linoleic acid, milk fat, ruminally inert fat
A Dynamic Mass Spectrometer for the Study of Laser-Produced Plasmas (1973)

A method of multichannel analysis of ions blown off laser-produced plasma is described. The ions are analyzed in a time-of-flight tube followed by a dynamic, capacitorlike, analyzer. This combination enables one to determine simultaneously the relative yield and energy distribution of all the ions created in one laser shot. Design considerations are presented together with some typical experimental results. The spectrometer is currently being used for the diagnostics of laser-produced plasmas.
Insight into the Mechanism of the Influenza A Proton Channel from a Structure in a Lipid Bilayer (2010)

The M2 protein from the influenza A virus, an acid-activated proton-selective channel, has been the subject of numerous conductance, structural, and computational studies. However, little is known at the atomic level about the heart of the functional mechanism for this tetrameric protein, a His(37)-Trp(41) cluster. We report the structure of the M2 conductance domain (residues 22 to 62) in a lipid bilayer, which displays the defining features of the native protein that have not been attainable from structures solubilized by detergents. We propose that the tetrameric His(37)-Trp(41) cluster guides protons through the channel by forming and breaking hydrogen bonds between adjacent pairs of histidines and through specific interactions of the histidines with the tryptophan gate. This mechanism explains the main observations on M2 proton conductance.
Toxic Metal Sensing through Novel Use of Hybrid Inorganic and Polymeric Ion-Exchangers (2011)

Abstract A new sorption-based technique for sensing trace toxic metals (e.g., lead, copper, zinc) in water is described in the article. The methodology uses a novel, environmentally benign, inorganic hybrid sorbent material (HSM) and the pH is the sole surrogate parameter for the detection of toxic metals. HSM is a granular composite of calcium magnesium silicate (Ca2MgSi2O7), sparingly soluble, and maintains a near-constant alkaline pH in contact with water due to steady release of hydroxyl ions (OH−) caused by slow hydrolysis of HSM. When water containing common electrolytes (Na+, Ca2+, Cl−, SO4 2−) is passed through the HSM bed in a mini-column, the exiting pH consistently remains around 9.0. In contrast, in the presence of trace concentration of toxic metals (say lead or zinc) in water, there is a significant drop in pH (>2 units) under otherwise identical conditions. The drop in pH and breakthrough of toxic metal at the column exit occur concurrently. Since the pH is the sole indicating parameter, the presence of commonly occurring buffering species is likely to interfere with the sensing process. While interference of bicarbonate is avoided through adjustment of the inlet pH, the effect of phosphate and natural organic matter (NOM) is overcome using a hybrid anion exchanger (HAIX) prior to HSM. In HAIX, hydrated ferric oxide nanoparticles, dispersed within the polymeric phase, selectively remove phosphate or other weak acid anionic ligands (e.g., fulvate in NOM). This technique validates the detection of lead and zinc in synthetic water, tap water, and river water. The use of HAIX in conjunction with HSM allows the selective removal of phosphate/NOM, while HSM offers selective binding of toxic metal at slightly alkaline pH (∼9.0) resulting from its unique dissolution behavior. Also, different toxic metals, such as Pb, Cu, and Zn, are apt to form labile metal-hydroxy complexes at this pH condition causing dissipation of OH− in the aqueous phase. In essence, all these phenomena synergistically work for interference-free sensing of toxic metals through pH change. Except the pH meter or the indicator solution, no other instrument or chemical is required. This technique has immense potential for field applications in both the developed and the developing world.
In-Situ Contact Potential Measurement in Hard Disk Drives Using Head Disk Interface Voltage Control (2014)

There is an inherent contact potential difference between the head and the disk surfaces in hard disk drives (HDD’s). Current HDD’s use thermal fly-height control (TFC) during read/write operations. In this study, we show a method to determine the contact potential for the head disk interface (HDI) using TFC technology. We utilize TFC to measure the flying height of the slider via touchdown power by applying a DC voltage bias to either the head or the disk or both. The DC voltage condition where the TFC clearance is maximized corresponds to the balancing of the HDI contact potential. In other words, the opposite polarity of that DC voltage bias condition is the HDI contact potential. Additionally, we show that the contact potential of HDI can be determined by either applying the DC voltage bias to the head or to the disk.
Bearing Estimation via Spatial Sparsity using Compressive Sensing (2012)

Bearing estimation algorithms obtain only a small number of direction of arrivals (DOAs) within the entire angle domain, when the sources are spatially sparse. Hence, we propose a method to specifically exploit this spatial sparsity property. The method uses a very small number of measurements in the form of random projections of the sensor data along with one full waveform recording at one of the sensors. A basis pursuit strategy is used to formulate the problem by representing the measurements in an overcomplete dictionary. Sparsity is enforced by <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\ell_1$</tex> -norm minimization which leads to a convex optimization problem that can be efficiently solved with a linear program. This formulation is very effective for decreasing communication loads in multi sensor systems. The algorithm provides increased bearing resolution and is applicable for both narrowband and wideband signals. Sensors positions must be known, but the array shape can be arbitrary. Simulations and field data results are provided to demonstrate the performance and advantages of the proposed method.
Detection of Combustion Resonance Using an Ion Current Sensor in Diesel Engines (2011)

This paper discusses the use of an ion current sensor to detect combustion resonance in a heavy duty direct injection diesel engine. A modified glow plug is used to measure the ion current in addition to its main function in warming up the combustion chamber. A comparison is made between the combustion resonance determined from the signals of an ion current sensor, a cylinder pressure transducer and an engine vibration sensor. Experiments are conducted on a four cylinder, turbo-charged 4.5L diesel engine to determine the potential of using the ion current sensor to detect combustion resonance under different injection pressures and exhaust gas recirculation rates. It is concluded that the ion current signal can be used to determine the timing, amplitude, frequency and duration of the resonance. The sensor output has the potential to be used as a feedback signal to the ECU (Electronic Control Unit) to minimize engine vibration and noise.
Using Linkage-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies to Analyze Cellular Ubiquitylation (2012)

Antibodies that specifically recognize polyubiquitin chains containing ubiquitins linked at a particular lysine residue are powerful tools for interrogating endogenous protein modifications. Here, we describe protocols for revealing K11-, K48-, and K63-linked polyubiquitin chains by western blotting, immunoprecipitation, or immunostaining.
Combining optical coherence tomography with acoustic radiation force for depth-dependent biomechanics of crystalline lens (2014)

Noninvasively probing the biomechanical properties of crystalline lens has been challenging due to its unique features such as location inside the eye and being optically and ultrasonically transparent. Here we introduce a method of relying on the spectral analysis of the lens surface response to a mechanical stimulation for the depthdependent assessment of lens biomechanical properties. In this method, acoustic radiation force (ARF) is used to remotely induce the deformation on the surface of the crystalline lens, and a phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PhS-OCT) system, co-focused with ARF, utilized to monitor the localized temporal response of ARFinduced deformations on the lens surface. The dominant frequency from the amplitude spectra of the surface response is obtained as the indicator of the depthwise elasticity distribution. Pilot experiments were performed on tissue-mimicking layered phantoms and ex vivo porcine crystalline lens. Results indicate that the frequency response of the sample surface is contributed by the mechanical properties of layers located at different depths and the depthdependent elastic properties can be revealed from the amplitude spectrum. Further study will be focused on combining the experimental measurements with theoretical model and inverse numerical method for depth-resolved elastography of the crystalline lens.
High-accuracy distance measurement using millimeter-wave radar (2018)

We present a method to estimate distance using millimeter-wave radar with an accuracy of around a few micro meters. With the radar operating using frequency-modulated continuous waves (FMCW), we show how both frequency and phase of radar beat signal is used to precisely determine the distance between the radar sensor and the object from which the radar signal is reflected. The method was tested using single-chip FMCW radar operating at 77 GHz employing a chirp bandwidth of 4 GHz. We compared the estimated relative distance against the true relative distance at a few different locations of the object. The estimated distance has a variance of less than 10 μm, which approaches the Cramer-Rao lower bound. We will also present a novel solution to minimize estimate bias due to reflections from neighboring objects as well as a solution to the undesired phase ambiguity problem that is associated with phase recovery during distance estimation.
Reinvestigation of Mucohalic Acids, Versatile and Useful Building Blocks for Highly Functionalized α,β‐Unsaturated γ‐Butyrolactones. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cotransplantation of Limbal Epithelial and Stromal Cells for Ocular Surface Reconstruction (2022)

These findings highlight the support of stromal cells in niche homeostasis and tissue regeneration, providing LSC plus LSSC cotransplantation as a new treatment strategy for corneal blindness.
Pyridine-Stabilized Fast-Initiating Ruthenium Monothiolate Catalysts for <i>Z</i>-Selective Olefin Metathesis (2017)

Pyridine as a stabilizing donor ligand drastically improves the performance of ruthenium monothiolate catalysts for olefin metathesis in comparison with previous versions based on a stabilizing benzylidene ether ligand. The new pyridine-stabilized ruthenium alkylidenes undergo fast initiation and reach appreciable yields combined with moderate to high Z selectivity in self-metathesis of terminal olefins after only a few minutes at room temperature. Moreover, they can be used with a variety of substrates, including acids, and promote self-metathesis of ω-alkenoic acids. The pyridine-stabilized ruthenium monothiolate catalysts are also efficient at the high substrate dilutions of macrocylic ring-closing metathesis and resist temperatures above 100 °C during catalysis.
SAR-GMTI processing with Canada's Radarsat 2 satellite (2002)

Space-based radar (SBR) has been proposed for various military and civilian applications, including wide area surveillance and theatre defence. Reliable, slow, ground moving target indication (GMTI) of tanks and jeeps, for example, poses a significant challenge, due to strong clutter returns that occupy most, if not all of the available spectrum. Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) techniques can be used to implement radar signal processors capable of providing the required sub-clutter visibility. Despite extensive research studies, at present no space-based GMTI systems are in operation. Canada and the United States are presently conducting experimental programs that will include the launching of space-based radar systems capable of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and GMTI modes. This paper reports on Canada's Radarsat 2 GMTI mode and provides a preliminary analysis of SAR-GMTI performance based on computer simulations.
Human motion tracking control with strict contact force constraints for floating-base humanoid robots (2013)

This paper presents a tracking controller considering contact force constraints for floating-base humanoid robots. The goal of the tracking controller is to compute the joint torques such that the robot can imitate given reference motions obtained from, for example, human motion capture data. The technical challenge is that the robot motion depends not only on joint torques but also on contact forces from the environment, which depend on the joint torques and are subject to constraints on friction forces. Therefore, computing the joint torques and associated contact forces typically results in a nonlinear optimization problem with complex constraints. We solve this issue by taking advantage of the property that the motion of the floating base is only affected by contact forces. We can then compute the contact forces and joint torques separately by solving two simple sequential optimization problems. Through dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that the proposed tracking controller successfully enables a humanoid robot to reproduce different human motions, including those with contact state changes.
Mach Wave Elimination in Supersonic Jets (1997)

Experimental results are presented on a method that eliminates Mach waves from the exhaust of supersonic jets and, hence, that removes a strong component of supersonic jet noise. Elimination is achieved by surrounding the jet with an annular stream at prescribed velocity and temperature so that all turbulent motions become intrinsically subsonic. No mechanical suppressors are used. Implementation of the technique in a typical turbofan engine is estimated to increase takeoff thrust with minimal impact on overall fuel consumption.
CubeSat Deployable Ka-Band Mesh Reflector Antenna Development for Earth Science Missions (2016)

CubeSats are positioned to play a key role in Earth Science, wherein multiple copies of the same RADAR instrument are launched in desirable formations, allowing for the measurement of atmospheric processes over a short evolutionary timescale. To achieve this goal, such CubeSats require a high-gain antenna (HGA) that fits in a highly constrained volume. This paper presents a novel mesh deployable Ka-band antenna design that folds in a 1.5 U (10 × 10 × 15 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ) stowage volume suitable for 6 U (10 × 20 × 30 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ) class CubeSats. Considering all aspects of the deployable mesh reflector antenna including the feed, detailed simulations and measurements show that 42.6-dBi gain and 52% aperture efficiency is achievable at 35.75 GHz. The mechanical deployment mechanism and associated challenges are also described, as they are critical components of a deployable CubeSat antenna. Both solid and mesh prototype antennas have been developed and measurement results show excellent agreement with simulations.
Adaptive difference modelling for background subtraction (2017)

Background subtraction plays a very important role in video analysis, especially in surveillance systems. While being straightforward, the performance based on frame differencing is unsatisfied due to its sensitiveness to issues such as camera shake and swinging objects. To address its limitations, in this paper we propose a complete adaptive difference modelling framework. First, we introduce two difference discriminators to model the evolution process of pixels. Second, we use Gaussian Mixture Models to adaptively learn the difference threshold to distinguish foreground from background. Third, three heuristics are employed to further improve the model adaptability. Experiments on real-world videos of the Background Models Challenge (BMC) demonstrate that our method performs better on global quality metric (FSD) than other state-of-the-art methods.
Structure's base design for earthquake protection numerical and experimental study (2003)

A base isolation system is proposed for earthquake protection of structures. The system incorporates spherical supports for the base, a specially designed spring-cam system to keep the base rigidly supported under normal condition and to allow it to move for the duration of the earthquake under the constraint of a spring with optimized non-linear characteristics. A single-story model is constructed to investigate the feasibility of the concept. Numerical simulations of the system as well as experimental results show that 95% reduction of the transmitted force to the structure can be achieved. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this isolation mechanism, the maximum dynamic bending stress developed at predetermined critical points within the frame of the structure is measured. Significant reduction of the dynamic stresses is obtained.
Striped-substrate double-heterostructure lasers (1975)

A different type of stripe-geometry laser is demonstrated in which current confinement is achieved by selective diffusion of the n-type substrate prior to growth of the GaAs/GaAlAs heterostructure layers. This structure exhibits low room-temperature threshold currents resulting from the small lateral-current spreading from the edges of the stripe. Lowest order transverse-mode operation is achieved for stripe widths of 10μm.
Physicochemical Properties of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor-Gelatin Complex (2000)

Change in physicochemical properties of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) accompanied with gelatin mixing was studied by agarose gel electrophoresis, electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments. When bFGF was mixed with the acidic gelatin with an isoelectric point (IEP) of 5.0 in aqueous solution, the electrophoretic mobility of bFGF to the negative electrode decreased with time, indicating reduced positive charge of bFGF. The bFGF mobility became lower with an increase in the ratio of the acidic gelatin to bFGF, in contrast to the basic gelatin with an IEP of 9.0. Upon mixing with heparin, a similar change in the electrophoretic mobility of bFGF was observed although the rate and extent were greater than that with bFGF-acidic gelatin. This is due to stronger electrostatic interaction between bFGF and heparin. ELS experiments revealed that the net charge of bFGF (+8.60 mV) was neutralized immediately after mixing with the acidic gelatin with a net charge of -6.79 mV, followed by no further value change. In DLS experiments the apparent molecular size of the acidic gelatin increased with time after bFGF mixing. It is possible that the acidic gelatin electrostatically interacted with bFGF to form a polyion complex, followed by the complex aggregation, resulting in the increased apparent molecular size.
Magnetic switching of ferroelectric domains at room temperature in multiferroic PZTFT (2013)

Single-phase magnetoelectric multiferroics are ferroelectric materials that display some form of magnetism. In addition, magnetic and ferroelectric order parameters are not independent of one another. Thus, the application of either an electric or magnetic field simultaneously alters both the electrical dipole configuration and the magnetic state of the material. The technological possibilities that could arise from magnetoelectric multiferroics are considerable and a range of functional devices has already been envisioned. Realising these devices, however, requires coupling effects to be significant and to occur at room temperature. Although such characteristics can be created in piezoelectric-magnetostrictive composites, to date they have only been weakly evident in single-phase multiferroics. Here in a newly discovered room temperature multiferroic, we demonstrate significant room temperature coupling by monitoring changes in ferroelectric domain patterns induced by magnetic fields. An order of magnitude estimate of the effective coupling coefficient suggests a value of ~1 × 10(-7) sm(-1).
Unified forward+inverse transform architecture for HEVC (2012)

The upcoming HEVC video coding standard supports many transform sizes ranging from 4-point to 32-point in square and rectangular form. Multiple transform sizes improve coding efficiency, but also increase the implementation complexity. Furthermore both forward and inverse transforms need to be supported in various consumer devices. This paper presents a unified forward+inverse transform architecture for HEVC. The unified architecture makes use of symmetry properties that exist in the HEVC forward and inverse transform matrices to achieve hardware sharing across different transform sizes and also between forward and inverse transforms. It uses 43-45% less area than separate forward and inverse core transform implementations.
Synthesis of deuterium‐labelled amlexanox and its metabolic stability against mouse, rat, and human microsomes (2019)

As part of a program toward making analogues of amlexanox (1), currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, we have synthesized derivative 5 in which deuterium has been introduced into two sites of metabolism on the C-7 isopropyl function of amlexanox. The synthesis of 5 was completed in an efficient three-step process utilizing reduction of key olefin 7b to 8 by Wilkinson's catalyst to provide specific incorporation of di-deuterium across the double bond. Compound 5 displayed nearly equivalent potency to amlexanox (IC<sub>50</sub> , 1.1μM vs 0.6μM, respectively) against recombinant human TBK1. When incubated with human, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, amlexanox (1) and d<sub>2</sub> -amlexanox (5) were stable (t<sub>1/2</sub> > 60 minutes) with 1 showing marginally greater stability relative to 5 except for rat liver microsomes. These data show that incorporating deuterium into two sites of metabolism does not majorly suppress Cyp-mediated metabolism relative to amlexanox.
Supplementary information from Cytidine Deaminase Deficiency Reveals New Therapeutic Opportunities against Cancer (2023)

<p>Supplementary Figure Legends, Supplementary Table Legends, Supplementary Material Legends</p>