gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the protection of ferrets against pandemic 2009 influenza A virus (H1N1) by 244 DI influenza virus and oseltamivir (2012)

The main antivirals employed to combat seasonal and pandemic influenza are oseltamivir and zanamivir which act by inhibiting the virus-encoded neuraminidase. These have to be deployed close to the time of infection and antiviral resistance to the more widely used oseltamivir has arisen relatively rapidly. Defective interfering (DI) influenza virus is a natural antiviral that works in a different way to oseltamivir and zanamivir, and a cloned version (segment 1 244 DI RNA in a cloned A/PR/8/34 virus; 244/PR8) has proved effective in preclinical studies in mice. The active principle is the DI RNA, and this is thought to interact with all influenza A viruses by inhibiting RNA virus synthesis and packaging of the cognate virion RNA into nascent DI virus particles. We have compared the ability of DI virus and oseltamivir to protect ferrets from intranasal 2009 pandemic influenza virus A/California/04/09 (A/Cal, H1N1). Ferrets were treated with a single 2 μg intranasal dose of 244 DI RNA delivered as 244/PR8 virus, or a total of 25mg/kg body weight of oseltamivir given as 10 oral doses over 5 days. Both DI virus and oseltamivir reduced day 2 infectivity and the influx of cells into nasal fluids, and permitted the development of adaptive immunity. However DI virus, but not oseltamivir, significantly reduced weight loss, facilitated better weight gain, reduced respiratory disease, and reduced infectivity on days 4 and 6. 244 DI RNA was amplified by A/Cal by >25,000-fold, consistent with the amelioration of clinical disease. Treatment with DI virus did not delay clearance or cause persistence of infectious virus or DI RNA. Thus in this system DI virus was overall more effective than oseltamivir in combatting pandemic A/California/04/09.
Tumoricidal potential of human macrophages grown in vitro from blood monocytes. (1996)

Adoptive transfer of activated autologous human macrophages obtained by in vitro differentiation of monocytes in culture has successfully undergone phase I clinical trials in patients with metastatic cancer. The efficacy of these autologous macrophages in the in vivo killing of human tumors has now to be demonstrated. GM-CSF was shown to increase the number of monocytes differentiating in culture into macrophages. These were then activated with IFN gamma which was reported as the best cytokine for tumoricidal activation of macrophages. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the in vitro tumoricidal activity of macrophages grown with GM-CSF and IFN gamma. This tumoricidal function was investigated by measurement of the cytolytic (chromium-51 release assay), cytostatic (anti-proliferative activity as measured by inhibition of [3H]-thymidine incorporation in two different assays) and cytotoxic (MTT assay) activities on two tumor cells lines, U937 and K562 (respectively highly sensitive and resistant to soluble TNF alpha). Our results demonstrated that GM-CSF-grown macrophages exhibited significant cytolytic, cytotoxic and cytostatic activities on U937 cells. These were partly enhanced by IFN gamma activation. In contrast, they had no lytic and lower cytotoxic and cytostatic activities on K562 cells, and these were not modified by IFN gamma activation. Our data provide valuable information for future in vivo studies using adoptively transferred autologous macrophages.
Evaluation of the Potential of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Detection of Trace Element in Liquid (2002)

The analytical figure of merit of the potential of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been evaluated for detection of trace element in liquid. LIBS data of Mg, Cr, Mn, and Re were studied. Various optical geometries, which produce the laser spark in and at the liquid sample, were tested. The calibration curves for Mg, Cr, Mn, and Re were obtained at the optimized experimental conditions with bulk liquid and in liquid jet. It was found that measurements using a liquid jet provide better detection limits than bulk liquid measurements. The limits of detection (LOD) of Mg, Cr, Mn, and Re in the present liquid jet measurement are found to be 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, and 8 ppm, respectively. The LOD of Mg using Mg 279.55 nm was compared with the values found in other liquid work.
Sigma Tuning of Gaussian Kernels Detection of Ischemia from Magnetocardiograms (2011)

This chapter introduces a novel Levenberg-Marquardt like second-order algorithm for tuning the Parzen window s in a Radial Basis Function (Gaussian) kernel. In this case, each attribute has its own sigma parameter associated with it. The values of the optimized s are then used as a gauge for variable selection. In this study, the Kernel Partial Least Squares (K-PLS) model is applied to several benchmark data sets in order to estimate the effectiveness of the second-order sigma tuning procedure for an RBF kernel. The variable subset selection method based on these sigma values is then compared with different feature selection procedures such as random forests and sensitivity analysis. The sigma-tuned RBF kernel model outperforms K-PLS and SVM models with a single sigma value. K-PLS models also compare favorably with Least Squares Support Vector Machines (LS-SVM), epsilon-insensitive Support Vector Regression and traditional PLS. The sigma tuning and variable selection procedure introduced in this chapter is applied to industrial magnetocardiogram data for the detection of ischemic heart disease from measurement of the magnetic field around the heart.
Visibility sorting and compositing without splitting for image layer decompositions (1998)

We present an efficient algorithm for visibility sorting a set of moving geometric objects into a sequence of image layers which are composited to produce the final image. Instead of splitting the geometry as in previous visibility approaches, we detect mutual occluders and resolve them using an appropriate image compositing expression or merge them into a single layer. Such an algorithm has many applications in computer graphics; we demonstrate two: rendering acceleration using image interpolation and visibility-correct depth of field using image blurring.
Differential effects of hypothermia on neurovascular unit determine protective or toxic results: Toward optimized therapeutic hypothermia (2018)

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) benefits survivors of cardiac arrest and neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury and may benefit stroke patients. Large TH clinical trials, however, have shown mixed results. Given the substantial pre-clinical literature supporting TH, we explored possible mechanisms for clinical trial variability. Using a standard rodent stroke model (<i>n</i> = 20 per group), we found smaller infarctions after 2 h pre- or post-reperfusion TH compared to 4 h. To explore the mechanism of this discrepancy, we used primary cell cultures of rodent neurons, astrocytes, or endothelial cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Then, cells were randomly assigned to 33℃, 35℃ or 37℃ for varying durations after varying delay times. Both 33 and 35℃ TH effectively preserved all cell types, although 33℃ was superior. Longer cooling durations overcame moderate delays to cooling initiation. In contrast, TH interfered with astrocyte paracrine protection of neurons in a temperature-dependent manner. These findings suggest that longer TH is needed to overcome delays to TH onset, but shorter TH durations may be superior to longer, perhaps due to suppression of astrocytic paracrine support of neurons during injury. We propose a scheme for optimizing TH after cerebral injury to stimulate further studies of cardiac arrest and stroke.
Novel mechanism for fabrication of high-power superluminescent light-emitting diodes (SLDs) (1985)

A novel mechanism using a nonuniform gain profile for fabricating high-power superluminescent light-emitting diodes with a broad spectral width is described. The analysis indicates that GaInAsP/InP devices have significant potential for such SLDs, and the techniques discussed can be used to fabricate laser diodes with broad spectral widths.
Low-field magnetoresistance in magnetic tunnel junctions prepared by contact masks and lithography: 25% magnetoresistance at 295 K in mega-ohm micron-sized junctions (abstract) (1997)

Interest in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ) has been increased by the recent observation of large room-temperature magnetoresistance (MR) in structures comprised of sandwiches of two ferromagnetic (FM) layers with different coercivities separated by a thin Al2O3 tunnel barrier. Using an ultrahigh vacuum dc magnetron sputtering system, a variety of MTJ structures have been explored. Junctions were fabricated directly using computer-controlled placement of successive contact masks, and by patterning using optical lithography techniques and processes, compatible with MR head structures. Structures were prepared in which one of the FM layers is exchange biased with an antiferromagnet MnFe layer. Thus, the junctions exhibit two well-defined magnetic states in which the FM layers are either parallel or antiparallel to one another. The tunnel barrier was prepared by in situ plasma oxidation of thin Al layers sputter deposited at room temperature. Using FM layers comprised of Co or permalloy (Ni81Fe19), MR values exceeding 30% were obtained at room temperature in low fields (5–10 Oe). Similar magnetic and MR properties are found in junctions ranging in size from 80×80 μm2 (contact masks) to 2×2 μm2 (lithography). The smallest junctions, of area 2×2 μm2, have resistance values of ∼5 MΩ and 25% MR. Thus, changes in resistance of ∼1 MΩ are found. Such structures may form an excellent magnetic switch. However, for many device applications, much lower resistances are required. The junction resistance can readily be varied by several orders of magnitude by varying the thickness and oxidation conditions of the Al layer as well as by varying the thicknesses and nature of the layers within the electrodes themselves. Note that it is important that the voltage drop laterally across the electrodes must be small compared to that across the tunnel barrier itself. This requires measurement of junctions with low sheet resistances in lithographically patterned devices.
Cluster-Based Node Placement Approach for Linear Pipeline Monitoring (2019)

Leakage in oil, gas, or water pipeline networks is a global concern; its impact has serious consequences on the ecosystem. Several solutions have been either proposed or in service for monitoring the pipeline networks. These proposals, however, are expensive, time-consuming, and most are intrusive which necessitate interrupting ongoing operations. The advances in sensing technologies made it possible to build affordable non-intrusive solutions. However, building a sensor network that is able to continuously monitor the pipeline, detect, and report any anomaly poses a number of challenges: node placement, energy saving, data flow, throughput, and just to mention a few. This paper presents an adaptive clustering algorithm for grouping and deploying multiple sensors along the whole pipeline. By using this algorithm, each group of sensors selects adaptively a cluster head, which aggregates the incoming traffic from its members and then delivers it to the next cluster head and so on until it reaches the base station. The simulation and prototype-based experiments' results have shown significant energy saving compared to contemporary approaches.
Peptidyl-transferase inhibitors have antiviral properties by altering programmed −1 ribosomal frameshifting efficiencies: Development of model systems (1997)

The effects of two peptidyl-transferase inhibitors, anisomycin and sparsomycin, on ribosomal frameshifting efficiencies and the propagation of yeast double-stranded RNA viruses were examined. At sublethal doses in yeast cells these drugs specifically alter the efficiency of -1, but not of +1, ribosomal frameshifting. These compounds promote loss of the yeast L-A double-stranded RNA virus, which uses a programmed -1 ribosomal frameshift to produce its Gag-Pol fusion protein. Both of these drugs also change the efficiency of -1 ribosomal frameshifting in yeast and mammalian in vitro translation systems, suggesting that they may have applications to control the propagation of viruses of higher eukaryotes, which also use this translational regulatory mechanism. Our results offer a new set of antiviral agents that may potentially have a broad range of applications in the clinical, veterinary, and agricultural fields.
SIWeb: understanding the Interests of the Society through Web data Analysis (2014)

The high availability of user-generated contents in the Web scenario represents a tremendous asset for understanding various social phenomena. Methods and commercial products that exploit the widespread use of the Web as a way of conveying personal opinions have been proposed, but a critical thinking is that these approaches may produce a partial, or distorted, understanding of the society, because most of them focus on definite scenarios, use specific platforms, base their analysis on the sole magnitude of data, or treat the different Web resources with the same importance. In this paper, we present SIWeb (Social Interests through Web Analysis), a novel mechanism designed to measure the interest the society has on a topic (e.g., a real world phenomenon, an event, a person, a thing). SIWeb is general purpose (it can be applied to any decision making process), cross platforms (it uses the entire Webspace, from social media to websites, from tags to reviews), and time effective (it measures the time correlatio between the Web resources). It uses fractal analysis to detect the temporal relations behind all the Web resources (e.g., Web pages, RSS, newsgroups, etc.) that talk about a topic and combines this number with the temporal relations to give an insight of the the interest the society has about a topic. The evaluation of the proposal shows that SIWeb might be helpful in decision making processes as it reflects the interests the society has on a specific topic.
Readily Processable Polyimide (1988)

Polymer exhibits resistance to hydraulic fluid, excellent processability, and extremely high adhesive strength. Synthesis involves reaction of new diamine, 1,3-bis 2-ethyl ether, with 3,3',4,4'-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride to form polyamic acid and subsequent conversion to polyimide.
Polarized spontaneous emission from blue-green m-plane GaN-based light emitting diodes (2011)

The polarization of spontaneous emission was investigated for various indium compositions and quantum wells on m-plane oriented gallium nitride (GaN) light emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on bulk-GaN substrates. Internal light scattering and depolarization was mitigated with application of absorber materials to the LED die. The polarization ratio (ρ) was measured under electrical injection for devices with InGaN active regions emitting up to 520 nm and observed as high as 96%. Values of ρ were independent of drive current. The valence band energy separation (ΔE) was characterized using spectral measurement and temperature dependent optical analysis of valence band hole distributions.
Anticancer Activity and Apoptosis Induction of Gold(III) Complexes Containing 2,2′-Bipyridine-3,3′-dicarboxylic Acid and Dithiocarbamates (2021)

Three novel gold(III) complexes (<b>1</b>-<b>3</b>) of general composition [Au(Bipydc)(S<sub>2</sub>CNR<sub>2</sub>)]Cl<sub>2</sub> (Bipydc = 2,2'-bipyridine-3,3'-dicarboxylic acid and R = methyl for dimethyldithiocarbamate (DMDTC), ethyl for diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC), and benzyl for dibenzyldithiocarbamate (DBDTC)) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The spectral results confirmed the presence of both the Bipydc and dithiocarbamate ligands in the complexes. The in vitro cytotoxic studies demonstrated that compounds <b>1</b>-<b>3</b> were highly cytotoxic to A549, HeLa, MDA-231, and MCF-7 cancer cells with activities much higher (about 25-fold) than cisplatin. In order to know the possible mode of cell death complex <b>2</b>, [Au(Bipydc)(DEDTC)]Cl<sub>2</sub> was further tested for induction of apoptosis towards the MCF-7 cells. The results indicated that complex <b>2</b> induces cell death through apoptosis.
Near-instant capture of high-resolution facial geometry and reflectance (2015)

Modeling realistic human characters is frequently done using 3D recordings of the shape and appearance of real people, often across a set of different facial expressions to build blendshape facial models. Believable characters that cross the "Uncanny Valley" require high-quality geometry, texture maps, reflectance properties, and surface detail at the level of skin pores and fine wrinkles. Unfortunately, there has not yet been a technique for recording such datasets that is near-instantaneous and low-cost. While some facial capture techniques are instantaneous and inexpensive [Beeler et al. 2010], these do not generally provide lighting-independent texture maps, specular reflectance information, or high-resolution surface normal detail for relighting. In contrast, techniques which use multiple photographs from spherical lighting setups [Ghosh et al. 2011] do capture such reflectance properties, at the expense of longer capture times and complicated custom equipment.
Ultra-sound sensor (1989)

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Bernd Granz, Georg Naser, Helmut Reichenberger; Ultra‐sound sensor. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1 June 1989; 85 (6): 2699–2700. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.397276 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAcoustical Society of AmericaThe Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Search Advanced Search |Citation Search
Bidirectional interleavers for LDPC decoders using transmission gates (2009)

Low-density parity check (LDPC) codes are used for forward error correction in several state-of-the-art and upcoming communications standards. This paper presents a new interleaver architecture for LDPC decoders, especially suitable for multi-mode codes such as IEEE 802.16e (WiMAX) and IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi), that utilizes a bidirectional datapath and shuffle network composed of transmission gates. An implementation of this architecture for IEEE 802.11n achieves 28% area reduction and similar throughput compared to a unidirectional reference design.
Chemical modification of aminoglycosides. 3. Synthesis of 2"-deoxykanamycins from neamine (1981)

The preparation of 2"-deoxykanamycin B (12) and 2",3',4'-trideoxykanamycin B (14) from neamine (1) is described. Key intermediates in the synthesis of these 2"-deoxyaminoglycoside antibiotics are 3',4'-bis-O-(p-nitrobenzoyl)-1,2',3,6'-tetrakis-N-(trifluoroacetyl)neamine (6) and 3',4'-dideoxy-1,2',3,6'-tetrakis-N-(trifluoroacetyl)neamine (9). The amino groups of these intermediates are blocked by the trifluoroacetyl group, a blocking group not widely used in aminoglycoside chemistry.
Magnetoresistive sensor for weak magnetic fields (1997)

A new excitation technique is described for the measurement of weak magnetic fields (&lt;0.01 Oe). The resistance variation of a magnetoresistive element due to an oscillating excitation field is converted into a voltage proportional to the environmental field. The excitation field amplitude is set large enough to saturate the magnetization during each half-cycle, greatly reducing hysteresis effects in the output signal. Both anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) and giant magnetoresistance (GMR) structures have been used to measure fields with sufficient accuracy for compass applications. Such devices could be made with extremely small dimensions and power requirements.
Imaging microwave electric fields using a near-field scanning microwave microscope (1999)

By scanning a fine open-ended coaxial probe above an operating microwave device, we image local electric fields generated by the device at microwave frequencies. The probe is sensitive to the electric flux normal to the face of its center conductor, allowing different components of the field to be imaged by orienting the probe appropriately. Using a simple model of the microscope, we are able to interpret the system’s output and determine the magnitude of the electric field at the probe tip. We show images of electric field components above a copper microstrip transmission line driven at 8 GHz, with a spatial resolution of approximately 200 μm.
Optimizing fluorescence detection in chemical separations for analyte bands traveling at different velocities (1993)

In many separation techniques, such as field flow fractionation, liquid chromatography, and electrophoresis, chemical species form bands that migrate at distinct velocities. If these bands are to be quantified on-line using a shot-noise-limited detection system, then attention must be given to the data-digitization rate and to the removal rate of molecules from the analyte pool as a result of the detection process. A theory is developed for calculating the signal-to-noise ratio under such conditions, and it is specialized to the case of fluorescence detection in capillary electrophoresis. Using standard detection procedures in which the data-digitization rate and excitation intensity remain constant for the duration of a separation, detection sensitivity can vary by more than a factor of five for bands that arrive at the detection zone between migration times tau fast and 10 tau fast, where tau fast is the time after the start of the separation that the fastest migrating band arrives at the detection zone. To compensate for different band velocities, both the data-digitization rate and the excitation intensity must be decreased as separation time (tau) increases by the factor tau fast/tau. Only when these corrections are made can uniform sensitivity with the highest possible signal-to-noise ratio be achieved for each peak. These predictions are experimentally tested and compare favorably to observations.