gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polycrystalline silicon‐film™ solar cells: Present and future (1994)

Abstract Future crystalline silicon solar cells will have increased performance and reduced cost. Increased performance will come from thin silicon with light trapping, provided that it includes back‐surface passivation. Cost reduction will come from the growth of this thin silicon light‐trapping structure on a low‐cost substrate. the silicon will be polycrystalline. Solar cells formed with thin (< 50 μm) silicon active layers can produce higher conversion efficiencies at reduced material requirements than conventional ingot‐based silicon devices. This paper presents the essential features of high‐performance device design based on thin silicon layers, the design features of the Silicon‐Film −TM technology, the sequence of products that emerge from its development and recent results from the first commercial‐scale, large‐area (225 cm −2 ) Silicon‐Film −TM solar cell product.
Feasibility of In Vivo MR Elastographic Splenic Stiffness Measurements in the Assessment of Portal Hypertension (2009)

MR elastography of the spleen is feasible and shows promise as a quantitative method for predicting the presence of esophageal varices in patients with advanced hepatic fibrosis.
Simulation and experimental characterization of a 2-D capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer array element (1999)

In this letter, a 400-mumx400-mum 2-D capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (cMUT) array element is experimentally characterised, and the results are found to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions. As a receiver, the transducer has a 1.8x10(-7) nm/ radical(Hz) displacement sensitivity, and, as a transmitter, it produces 16.4 kPa/V of output pressure at the transducer surface at 3 MHz. The transducer also has more than 100% fractional bandwidth around 3 MHz, which makes it suitable for ultrasound imaging.
Phase Retrieval with an Opacity Constraint (1995)

We are investigating a novel 3-D imaging modality called Phase Retrieval with an Opacity Constraint for LAser IMaging (PROCLAIM) [1]. PROCLAIM data are collected by illuminating a 3-D object with a laser and making angle-angle intensity measurements of the reflected speckle pattern in the far field. A separate angle-angle intensity measurement is made for each of several laser frequencies. Properly formatted, these data represent samples of the 3-D Fourier intensity (square of the Fourier magnitude) of the illuminated object [2]. A 3-D FFT would give the 3-D autocorrelation of the object. In order to recover a 3-D image we must apply a phase-retrieval algorithm.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Self-Assembling Multivalent π-Conjugated Peptides (2017)

We present a completely solid-phase synthetic strategy to create three- and four-fold peptide-appended π-electron molecules, where the multivalent oligopeptide presentation is dictated by the symmetries of reactive handles placed on discotic π-conjugated cores. Carboxylic acid and anhydride groups were viable amidation and imidation partners, respectively, and oligomeric π-electron discotic cores were prepared through Pd-catalyzed cross-couplings. Due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the three or four peptide axes, these π-peptide hybrids self-assemble into robust one-dimensional nanostructures with high aspect ratios in aqueous solution. The preparation of these systems via solid-phase methods will be detailed along with their self-assembly properties, as revealed by steady-state spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy and electrical characterization using field-effect transistor measurements.
Effects of Phoneme Characteristics on TEO Feature-based Automatic Stress Detection in Speech (2006)

A major challenge of automatic speech recognition systems found in many areas of today's society is the ability to overcome natural phoneme conditions that potentially degrade performance. In this study, we discuss the effects of two critical phoneme characteristics, decreased vowel duration and mismatched vowel type, on the performance of automatic stress detection in speech using Teager energy operator features. We determine the scope and magnitude of these effects on stress detection performance and propose an algorithm to compensate for vowel type and duration shortening on stress detection performance using a composite phoneme decision scheme, which results in relative error reductions of 24% and 39% in the non-stress and stress conditions, respectively.
Highly flexible CH3NH3PbI3 micro- and nanowires (2021)

CH3NH3PbI3 is known to be very efficient in photon to electron conversion, which makes it extremely popular in opto-electronic applications ranging from solar cells to photodetectors. The material is very brittle in bulk, single crystalline, and thin film forms. Here, we report a high flexibility of it in micro- and nanowires' (marked as NWs) shapes contrary to thin films. This result represents an important step toward applications of this highly performant perovskite in flexible optoelectronic devices. The great suppleness originates from the highly crystalline form of these NWs.
The equivalence of multi-criteria methods for radiotherapy plan optimization (2009)

Several methods can be used to achieve multi-criteria optimization of radiation therapy treatment planning, which strive for Pareto-optimality. The property of the solution being Pareto optimal is desired, because it guarantees that no criteria can be improved without deteriorating another criteria. The most widely used methods are the weighted-sum method, in which the different treatment objectives are weighted, and constrained optimization methods, in which treatment goals are set and the algorithm has to find the best plan fulfilling these goals. The constrained method used in this paper, the 2p element of c (2-phase element-constraint) method is based on the element-constraint method, which generates Pareto-optimal solutions. Both approaches are uniquely related to each other. In this paper, we will show that it is possible to switch from the constrained method to the weighted-sum method by using the Lagrange multipliers from the constrained optimization problem, and vice versa by setting the appropriate constraints. In general, the theory presented in this paper can be useful in cases where a new situation is slightly different from the original situation, e.g. in online treatment planning, with deformations of the volumes of interest, or in automated treatment planning, where changes to the automated plan have to be made. An example of the latter is given where the planner is not satisfied with the result from the constrained method and wishes to decrease the dose in a structure. By using the Lagrange multipliers, a weighted-sum optimization problem is constructed, which generates a Pareto-optimal solution in the neighbourhood of the original plan, but fulfills the new treatment objectives.
Color changing plasmonic surfaces utilizing liquid crystal(Conference Presentation) (2016)

Plasmonic structural color has recently garnered significant interest as an alternative to the organic dyes standard in print media and liquid crystal displays. These nanostructured metallic systems can produce diffraction limited images, be made polarization dependent, and exhibit resistance to color bleaching. Perhaps even more advantageous, their optical characteristics can also be tuned, post-fabrication, by altering the surrounding media's refractive index parallel to the local plasmonic fields. A common material with which to achieve this is liquid crystal. By reorienting the liquid crystal molecules through external electric fields, the optical resonances of the plasmonic filters can be dynamically controlled. Demonstrations of this phenomenon, however, have been limited to modest shifts in plasmon resonance. Here, we report a liquid crystal-plasmonic system with an enhanced tuning range through the use of a shallow array of nano-wells and high birefringent liquid crystal. The continuous metallic nanostructure maximizes the overlap between plasmonic fields and liquid crystal while also allowing full reorientation of the liquid crystal upon an applied electric field. Sweeping over structural dimensions and voltages results in a color palette for these dynamic reflective pixels that can further be exploited to create color tunable images. These advances make plasmonic-liquid crystal systems more attractive candidates for filter, display, and other tunable optical technologies.
Computational reconstruction for three-dimensional imaging via a diffraction grating (2019)

This paper describes a computational reconstruction method for 3-D imaging via a diffraction grating. An optical device consisting of a diffraction grating with a camera produces a parallax image array (PIA) for 3-D imaging in an efficient way according to recent researches. Unlike other capturing systems for a PIA such as a lens array with a camera and a camera array, a diffraction grating with a camera has an advantage in terms of the optical system complexity. However, since the diffraction grating is transparent, the captured raw image by the diffraction grating has no feature to detect the boundary of each parallax image. Moreover, the diffraction grating allows parallax images to overlap each other due to its optical property. Those problems prevent computational reconstruction from generating 3-D images. To remedy those problems, we propose a 3-D computational reconstruction method via a diffraction grating. The proposed method using a diffraction grating includes analyzing the PIA pickup process and converting a captured raw image into a well-defined PIA. Our analysis introduces a virtual pinhole; thus, a diffraction grating works as a camera array. Also, it defines the effective object area to segment parallax images and provides a mapping between each segmented parallax image and corresponding virtual pinhole. The minimum image area is also defined to determine the minimum field of view for our reconstruction. Optical experimental results indicated the proposed theoretical analysis and computational reconstruction in diffraction grating imaging are feasible in 3-D imaging. To our best knowledge, this is the first report on 3-D computational reconstruction via a diffraction grating.
Hybridization of 2'-O-methyl and 2'-deoxy molecular beacons to RNA and DNA targets (2002)

Molecular beacons are stem-loop hairpin oligonucleotide probes labeled with a fluorescent dye at one end and a fluorescence quencher at the other end; they can differentiate between bound and unbound probes in homogeneous hybridization assays with a high signal-to-background ratio and enhanced specificity compared with linear oligonucleotide probes. However, in performing cellular imaging and quantification of gene expression, degradation of unmodified molecular beacons by endogenous nucleases can significantly limit the detection sensitivity, and results in fluorescence signals unrelated to probe/target hybridization. To substantially reduce nuclease degradation of molecular beacons, it is possible to protect the probe by substituting 2'-O-methyl RNA for DNA. Here we report the analysis of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of 2'-O-methyl and 2'-deoxy molecular beacons in the presence of RNA and DNA targets. We found that in terms of molecular beacon/target duplex stability, 2'-O-methyl/RNA > 2'-deoxy/RNA > 2'-deoxy/DNA > 2'-O-methyl/DNA. The improved stability of the 2'-O-methyl/RNA duplex was accompanied by a slightly reduced specificity compared with the duplex of 2'-deoxy molecular beacons and RNA targets. However, the 2'-O-methyl molecular beacons hybridized to RNA more quickly than 2'-deoxy molecular beacons. For the pairs tested, the 2'-deoxy-beacon/DNA-target duplex showed the fastest hybridization kinetics. These findings have significant implications for the design and application of molecular beacons.
Generating tests for delay faults in nonscan circuits (1993)

A delay test method that allows any sequential-circuit test generation program to produce path delay tests for nonscan circuits is presented. Using this method, a given path is tested by augmenting the netlist model of the circuit with a logic block, in which testing for a certain single stuck-at fault is equivalent to testing for a path delay fault. The test sequence for the stuck-at fault performs all the necessary delay fault test functions: initialization, path activation, and fault propagation. Results on benchmarks are presented for nonscan and scan/hold modes of testing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Model Agnostic Time Series Analysis via Matrix Estimation (2019)

We propose an algorithm to impute and forecast a time series by transforming the observed time series into a matrix, utilizing matrix estimation to recover missing values and de-noise observed entries, and performing linear regression to make predictions. At the core of our analysis is a representation result, which states that for a large class of models, the transformed time series matrix is (approximately) low-rank. In effect, this generalizes the widely used Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) in the time series literature, and allows us to establish a rigorous link between time series analysis and matrix estimation. The key to establishing this link is constructing a Page matrix with non-overlapping entries rather than a Hankel matrix as is commonly done in the literature (e.g., SSA). This particular matrix structure allows us to provide finite sample analysis for imputation and prediction, and prove the asymptotic consistency of our method. Another salient feature of our algorithm is that it is model agnostic with respect to both the underlying time dynamics and the noise distribution in the observations. The noise agnostic property of our approach allows us to recover the latent states when only given access to noisy and partial observations a la a Hidden Markov Model; e.g., recovering the time-varying parameter of a Poisson process without knowing that the underlying process is Poisson. Furthermore, since our forecasting algorithm requires regression with noisy features, our approach suggests a matrix estimation based method---coupled with a novel, non-standard matrix estimation error metric---to solve the error-in-variable regression problem, which could be of interest in its own right. Through synthetic and real-world datasets, we demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms standard software packages (including R libraries) in the presence of missing data as well as high levels of noise.
CAY-I, a novel antifungal compound from cayenne pepper (2003)

CAY-1, a novel saponin from Capsicum frutescens (commercially known as cayenne pepper) was investigated to determine its in vitro antifungal activity, mechanism of action and mammalian cell cytotoxicity. CAY-1 was active against 16 different fungal strains, including Candida spp. and Aspergillus fumigatus [minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 4 to 16 microg ml(-1)], and was especially active against Cryptococcus neoformans (90% inhibition at 1 microg ml(-1)). Synergistic activity was also observed between CAY-1 and amphotericin B against Candida albicans and A. fumigatus. No significant cytotoxicity was demonstrated when CAY-1 was tested against 55 mammalian cell lines at up to 100 microg ml(-1). Importantly, CAY-1 appears to act by disrupting the membrane integrity of fungal cells.
High-accuracy optical pressure sensor for gas turbine monitoring (2012)

In this paper, we present an improved optical pressure sensor system for harsh environments. By introducing temperature measurement and compensation, we were able to improve the dynamic pressure performance of the sensor and also provide accurate static pressure and temperature measurements.
The cervicovaginal mucus barrier to HIV-1 is diminished in bacterial vaginosis (2020)

Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a condition in which the vaginal microbiota consists of community of obligate and facultative anaerobes rather than dominated by a single species of Lactobacillus, affects ~30% of women in the US. Women with BV are at 60% increased risk for HIV acquisition and are 3-times more likely to transmit HIV to an uninfected partner. As cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) is the first line of defense against mucosal pathogens and the home of the resident vaginal microbiota, we hypothesized the barrier function of CVM to HIV may be diminished in BV. Here, we characterized CVM properties including pH, lactic acid content, and Nugent score to correlate with the microbiota community composition, which was confirmed by 16S rDNA sequencing on a subset of samples. We then quantified the mobility of fluorescently-labeled HIV virions and nanoparticles to characterize the structural and adhesive barrier properties of CVM. Our analyses included women with Nugent scores categorized as intermediate (4-6) and BV (7-10), women that were either symptomatic or asymptomatic, and a small group of women before and after antibiotic treatment for symptomatic BV. Overall, we found that HIV virions had significantly increased mobility in CVM from women with BV compared to CVM from women with Lactobacillus crispatus-dominant microbiota, regardless of whether symptoms were present. We confirmed using nanoparticles and scanning electron microscopy that the impaired barrier function was due to reduced adhesive barrier properties without an obvious degradation of the physical CVM pore structure. We further confirmed a similar increase in HIV mobility in CVM from women with Lactobacillus iners-dominant microbiota, the species most associated with transitions to BV and that persists after antibiotic treatment for BV. Our findings advance the understanding of the protective role of mucus and highlight the interplay between vaginal microbiota and the innate barrier function mucus.
3.4-THz quantum cascade laser based on longitudinal-optical-phonon scattering for depopulation (2003)

We report the development of a quantum cascade laser, at λ=87.2 μm, corresponding to 3.44 THz or 14.2 meV photon energy. The GaAs/Al0.15Ga0.85As laser structure utilizes longitudinal-optical (LO) phonon scattering for electron depopulation. Laser action is obtained in pulsed mode at temperatures up to 65 K, and at 50% duty cycle up to 29 K. Operating at 5 K in pulsed mode, the threshold current density is 840 A/cm2, and the peak power is approximately 2.5 mW. Based on the relatively high operating temperatures and duty cycles, we propose that direct LO-phonon-based depopulation is a robust method for achieving quantum cascade lasers at long-wavelength THz frequencies.
Selenodiglutathione is a highly efficient oxidant of reduced thioredoxin and a substrate for mammalian thioredoxin reductase. (1992)

Selenium compounds like selenite (SeO3(2-) may form a covalent adduct with glutathione (GSH) in the form of selenodiglutathione (GS-Se-SG), which is assumed to be important in the metabolism of selenium. We have isolated GS-Se-SG and studied its reactions with NADPH and thioredoxin reductase from calf thymus or with thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin from Escherichia coli. Incubation of 0.1 microM calf thymus thioredoxin reductase or 0.1 microM thioredoxin reductase and 1 microM thioredoxin from E. coli with 5, 10, or 20 microM GS-Se-SG resulted in a fast initial reaction, followed by a large and continued oxidation of NADPH. However, anaerobic incubation of 0.1 microM calf thymus thioredoxin reductase and 20 microM GS-Se-SG resulted only in oxidation of a stoichiometric amount of NADPH; admission of oxygen started continuous NADPH oxidation. Contrary to the mammalian enzyme, GS-Se-SG was not a substrate for thioredoxin reductase from E. coli. The rate of the oxygen-dependent reaction between calf thymus thioredoxin reductase and GS-Se-SG was increased 2-fold in the presence of 4 mM GSH, indicating that HSe- was the reactive intermediate. Glutathione reductase from rat liver reduced GS-Se-SG with a very slow continued oxidation of NADPH, and the presence of the enzyme did not affect the oxygen-dependent nonstoichiometric oxidation of NADPH by GS-Se-SG and thioredoxin reductase. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed GS-Se-SG to be a very efficient oxidant of reduced thioredoxin from E. coli and kinetically superior to insulin disulfides. Thioredoxin-dependent reduction of CDP to dCDP by ribonucleotide reductase was effectively inhibited by GS-Se-SG.
Experimental antiulcer drugs. 3. Some unusual transformations of the cyclopenta[<i>c</i>] pyrroles (1977)

Abstract The cyclopenta[ c ]pyrrole‐4‐carbonitrile ( 3 ) is transformed by hyrlroxylamine in hot alcohol to 4,5,6,6a‐tetrahydro‐l‐imino‐3,5,5,6a‐tetramethyl‐4‐cyclopenta[ c ]pyrrole methyl ketone oxime ( 5 ) in contrast to the cyclopentapyrrole 10 which afforded 1,2‐diacetyl‐3,3,5,5‐tetramethyl‐cyclopentene dioxime ( 11 ). The cyclopenta[ c ]pyrrole‐4‐carboxamide 1 ( R = C 6 H 5 ) yielded the isomeric 2a,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b‐octahydro‐2a,4,4,6a‐tetramethyl‐5‐(phenylimino)pentaleno[1,6‐ bc ]‐pyrrol‐2‐(1 H )one ( 12 ) in hot dilute hydrochloric acid or hot 99% phosphoric acid. The amide 1 (R = C 6 H 5 ) was transformed in the solid state by oxygen over a period of several months to a mixture of the isomeric anils, 13 and 14 of 1,7‐diacetyl‐7‐hydroxy‐4,6,6‐trimethyl‐2‐azabicyclo‐[2.2.l.]heptan‐3‐one( 16 ).
A Sol-Gel Modified Alternative Nafion-Silica Composite Membrane for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (2007)

Nafion-silica composite membranes are fabricated by embedding silica particles as inorganic fillers in perfluorosulfonic acid\nionomer by a novel water hydrolysis process. The process precludes the use of an added acid but exploits the acidic characteristic\nof Nafion facilitating an in situ polymerization reaction through a sol-gel route. The use of Nafion as acid helps in forming\nsilica/siloxane polymer within the membrane. The inorganic filler materials have high affinity to water and assist proton transport\nacross the electrolyte membrane of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell �PEFC� even under low relative humidity �RH� conditions. In\nthe present study, composite membranes have been tested in hydrogen/oxygen PEFCs at varying RH between 100 and 18% at\nelevated temperatures. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy\nstudies suggest an evenly distributed siloxane polymer with Si–OH and Si–O–Si network structures in the composite membrane.\nAt the operational cell voltage of 0.4 V, the PEFC with an optimized silica–Nafion composite membrane delivers a peak power\ndensity value five times higher than that achievable with a PEFC with conventional Nafion-1135 membrane electrolyte while\noperating at a RH of 18% at atmospheric pressures.
REPT: reverse debugging of failures in deployed software (2018)

Debugging software failures in deployed systems is important because they impact real users and customers. However, debugging such failures is notoriously hard in practice because developers have to rely on limited information such as memory dumps. The execution history is usually unavailable because high-fidelity program tracing is not affordable in deployed systems.In this paper, we present REPT, a practical system that enables reverse debugging of software failures in deployed systems. REPT reconstructs the execution history with high fidelity by combining online lightweight hardware tracing of a program's control flow with offline binary analysis that recovers its data flow. It is seemingly impossible to recover data values thousands of instructions before the failure due to information loss and concurrent execution. REPT tackles these challenges by constructing a partial execution order based on timestamps logged by hardware and iteratively performing forward and backward execution with error correction.We design and implement REPT, deploy it on Microsoft Windows, and integrate it into WinDbg. We evaluate REPT on 16 real-world bugs and show that it can recover data values accurately (92% on average) and efficiently (in less than 20 seconds) for these bugs. We also show that it enables effective reverse debugging for 14 bugs.