gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emigration et évolution (1993)

La plupart des études sur les migrations humaines portent sur les émigrants eux-mêmes ou sur leurs descendants et rendent à peine justice à l'importance du processus biologique que ces mouvements impliquent. D'un point de vue écologique, elles ont souvent pour conséquence l'occupation et l'utilisation maximales du territoire d'une espèce ; du point de vue de l'évolution, l'émigration, accompagnée de brassages de population, est l'un des processus les plus importants de changements dans les fr...
Characterization of antigenic regions in the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by the use of peptide-specific serum antibodies (2011)

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an RNA virus that causes reproductive failure in sows and boars, and respiratory disease in pigs of all ages. Antibodies against several viral envelope proteins are produced upon infection, and the glycoproteins GP4 and GP5 are known targets for virus neutralization. Still, substantial evidence points to the presence of more, yet unidentified neutralizing antibody targets in the PRRSV envelope proteins. The current study aimed to identify and characterize linear antigenic regions (ARs) within the entire set of envelope proteins of the European prototype PRRSV strain Lelystad virus (LV). Seventeen LV-specific antisera were tested in pepscan analysis on GP2, E, GP3, GP4, GP5 and M, resulting in the identification of twenty-one ARs that are capable of inducing antibodies upon infection in pigs. A considerable number of these ARs correspond to previously described epitopes in different European- and North-American-type PRRSV strains. Remarkably, the largest number of ARs was found in GP3, and two ARs in the GP3 ectodomain consistently induced antibodies in a majority of infected pigs. In contrast, all remaining ARs, except for a highly immunogenic epitope in GP4, were only recognized by one or a few infected animals. Sensitivity to antibody-mediated neutralization was tested for a selected number of ARs by in vitro virus-neutralization tests on alveolar macrophages with peptide-purified antibodies. In addition to the known neutralizing epitope in GP4, two ARs in GP2 and one in GP3 turned out to be targets for virus-neutralizing antibodies. No virus-neutralizing antibody targets were found in E, GP5 or M. Since the neutralizing AR in GP3 induced antibodies in a majority of infected pigs, the immunogenicity of this AR was studied more extensively, and it was demonstrated that the corresponding region in GP3 of virus strains other than LV also induces virus-neutralizing antibodies. This study provides new insights into PRRSV antigenicity, and contributes to the knowledge on protective immunity and immune evasion strategies of the virus.
Efficient Small Bandgap Polymer Solar Cells with High Fill Factors for 300 nm Thick Films (2013)

A high-molecular-weight conjugated polymer based on alternating electron-rich and electron-deficient fused ring systems provides efficient polymer solar cells when blended with C60 and C70 fullerene derivatives. The morphology of the new polymer/fullerene blend reduces bimolecular recombination and allows reaching high fill factors and power conversion efficiencies for films up to 300 nm thickness.
Highly Stereoselective Metal‐Free Oxyaminations Using Chiral Hypervalent Iodine Reagents (2012)

The ring and I: hypervalent iodine compounds avoid the issues of toxicity or complicated ligands of many transition-metal-based systems. A highly enantioselective oxyamination of alkenes with N-sulfonyl ureas employing chiral, lactic acid-based hypervalent iodine reagents gives a facile synthesis of enantiomerically pure 2-arylproline derivatives for the first time.
Human urinary prokallikrein: rapid purification and model activation by trypsin. (1986)

With only a three-step chromatographic procedure, human urinary prokallikrein has been purified completely. The active kallikrein also could be purified in the process of this purification. The prokallikrein was very rapidly activated by trypsin, followed thereafter by a very slow increase in the kallikrein activity. In the rapidly activated state, the molecular weight and the values of Km and Vmax were very similar to those of the purified active kallikrein. Only the slow increase in the activity was observed by tryptic digestion of the active kallikrein. The results suggest that the initial rapid activation is due to release of the propeptide and the slow reaction is due to a limited hydrolysis of the activated prokallikrein at sites which are not directly related to the active site.
Dense Space-Division Multiplexed Transmission Systems Using Multi-Core and Multi-Mode Fiber (2015)

In this paper, we describe recent progress in space-division multiplexed (SDM) transmission, and our proposal and demonstration of dense space-division multiplexing (DSDM), which offers the possibility of ultra-high capacity SDM transmission systems with high spatial density and spatial channel count of over 30 per fiber. We introduce the SDM transmission matrix, which cross indexes the various types of multi-core multi-mode transmissions according to the type of light propagation in optical fibers and how the spatial channels are handled in the network. For each category in the matrix, we present the latest advances in transmission studies, and evaluate their transmission performance by spectral and spatial efficiencies. We also expound on technologies for multi-core and/or multi-mode transmission including optical fiber, signal processing, spatial multi/demultiplexer, and amplifier, which will play key roles in configuring DSDM transmission systems, and review the first DSDM transmission experiment over a 12 core × 3 mode fiber.
Role of Conserved Surface Amino Acids in Binding of SmpB Protein to SsrA RNA (2006)

Bacteria possess a unique salvage mechanism for rescuing ribosomes stalled on aberrant mRNAs. A complex of SmpB protein and SsrA RNA orchestrates this salvage process. The specific and direct binding of SmpB facilitates recognition and delivery of SsrA RNA to stalled ribosomes. The SmpB protein is conserved throughout the bacterial kingdom and contains several conserved amino acid sequence motifs. We present evidence to demonstrate that amino acid residues Glu-31, Leu-91, and Lys-124, which are highly conserved and clustered along an exposed surface of the protein, play a crucial role in the SsrA-mediated peptide tagging process. Our analysis suggests that the peptide-tagging defect exhibited by these SmpB variants is due to their inability to facilitate the delivery of SsrA RNA to stalled ribosomes. Moreover, we present evidence to demonstrate that the ribosome association defect of these variants is due to their reduced SsrA binding affinity. Consistent with these findings, we present biochemical evidence to demonstrate that residues Glu-31, Leu-91, and Lys-124 are essential for the SsrA binding activity of SmpB protein. Furthermore, we have investigated the interactions of SmpB.SsrA orthologues from the thermophilic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis. Our investigations demonstrate an analogous role for the equivalent T. tengcongensis residues in SmpB.SsrA interactions, hence further validating our findings for the Escherichia coli SmpB.SsrA system. These results demonstrate the functional significance of this cluster of conserved residues in SmpB binding to SsrA RNA, suggesting they might represent a core contact surface for recognition of SsrA RNA.
The Relationship Between Transport and Land Use (2000)

A premise of much recent thinking on transport policy is that, if current trends in energy consumption and harmful emissions are to be reversed, it will be necessary to reduce use of the private car. If this is to happen, then public transport must offer a genuine alternative to the door to door convenience of the car. The article addresses the need for land use planning and the relationship between transport and land use. In particular it notes the trend towards developing in low density areas. A cyclical pattern of car use influencing decentralization and decentralized developments making the car indispensable results. The author provides examples of successful land use planning which made town centers attractive and accessible via public transit and bicycle. The author notes that it is too early to tell if the government of the United Kingdom will bring about a new attitude to transport and land use planning.
Market Design, Trading Behavior and Price Discovery — An Experimental Stock Market Model (1999)

Empirical capital market research is not restricted to observing existing markets. It has long been acknowledged that experimental markets, purposefully created, controlled and observed in the laboratory, are a valuable complement to both empirical field research and theoretical models (, , , ).
Integrated Heterogeneous Multi-Robot System for Collaborative Navigation (2007)

In this paper, we present an integrated heterogeneous multi-robot system that considers the problem of how heterogeneous autonomous robots, including wheeled robots and four-legged robots, which are different both in hardware and software, can collaborate to navigate in an unknown corridor environment. The navigation tasks involve detecting environment features, self-localizing, performing the planned navigation actions. On the one hand, a time- variable limit cycle based method is created to perform real-time obstacle avoidance. On the other hand, we propose a dynamic reference object based collaborative approach for self localization. Satisfactory experimental results are obtained in real robot experiments.
Low-Loss Many-to-One Fiber Couplers with Few or Single-Moded Inputs and a Multi-Mode Output (2004)

Abstract The coupling of light from a number of few or single-moded fibers into a single multi-mode fiber is analyzed using geometric optics, and simple results demonstrating mode conservation are derived. Coupling from multiple single-mode fibers into a multi-mode fiber is investigated in detail using the overlap integral to determine coupling into each mode of the output fiber as a function of the light phase in the inputs. As well as results with practical relevance to fiber tapped delay-line filters and optical CDMA, the analysis provides pedagogic insight into light propagation and the light-gathering properties of fiber. Keywords: fiber couplers optical CDMA OCDMA fiber modes photonic components optical beating interferometric noise
Maleimide-mediated protein conjugates of a nucleoside triphosphate gamma-S and an internucleotide phosphorothioate diester (1995)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the gamma-S of nucleoside thiotriphosphates and the non-bridging sulfur of internucleotide phosphorothioate diesters possess sufficient thiol character to form adducts with maleimides. Adenosine triphosphate gamma-S (ATPS) and thymidyl-PS-thymidine (TPST) were each reacted with the reporter molecule N-1 pyrene maleimide (PM) and the fluorescence intensity was recorded. The observed reactivity of the phosphorothioate nucleotides towards maleimide was used as a basis for preparing covalent protein-nucleotide conjugates of ATPS and of the internucleotide phosphorothioate diester, deoxyadenylyl-PS-deoxy-adenylyl-PS-deoxyadenosine (dA3(PS)2). The absorbance spectra of bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugates of ATPS and of dA3(PS)2 showed the formation of protein-nucleotide conjugates, with absorbance maxima near 260 nm. The degree of conjugation was 1.69 nucleotides (nt)/BSA molecule for ATPS and 0.44 nt/BSA molecule for dA3(PS)2. The extent of conjugation of the gamma-S of the nucleoside thiotriphosphate and of the non-bridging sulfur of the internucleotide phosphorothioate diester with maleimide-derivatized protein agreed with their relative reactivity towards PM. Both the gamma-S of the nucleoside thiotriphosphate and the internucleotide phosphorothioate diester were found to possess sufficient thiol character to permit formation of maleimide-mediated protein conjugates.
The histone 3 lysine 36 methyltransferase, SET2, is involved in transcriptional elongation (2003)

Existing evidence indicates that SET2, the histone 3 lysine 36 methyltransferase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a transcriptional repressor. Here we show by five main lines of evidence that SET2 is involved in transcriptional elongation. First, most, if not all, subunits of the RNAP II holoenzyme co-purify with SET2. Second, all of the co-purifying RNAP II subunit, RPO21, was phosphorylated at serines 5 and 2 of the C-terminal domain (CTD) tail, indicating that the SET2 association is specific to either the elongating or SSN3 repressed forms (or both) of RNAP II. Third, the association of SET2 with CTD phosphorylated RPO21 remained in the absence of ssn3. Fourth, in the absence of ssn3, mRNA production from gal1 required SET2. Fifth, SET2 was detected on gal1 by in vivo crosslinking after, but not before, the induction of transcription. Similarly, SET2 physically associated with the transcribed region of pdr5 but was not detected on gal1 or pdr5 promoter regions. Since SET2 is also a histone methyltransferase, these results suggest a role for histone 3 lysine 36 methylation in transcriptional elongation.
Fixed Combination Aerosol Foam Calcipotriene 0.005% (Cal) Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.064% (BD) is More Efficacious than Cal or BD Aerosol Foam Alone for Psoriasis Vulgaris: A Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter, Three-arm, Phase 2 Study. (2016)

NCT01536938.
Optimal thermal design of air cooled forced convection finned heat sinks-experimental verification (1992)

D.B. Tuckerman and R.F.W. Pease (1981) showed that microchannels with water flow could be used to cool VLSI systems. Their work required the flow to be laminar, and the channel system, or fin array, was optimized analytically. Recently, it has been shown that, for some geometries and fluid pressure drops, a lower thermal resistance can be found if the channels are designed to allow turbulent flow. The current work uses the optimization scheme developed by R.W. Knight et al. (1991 and in this issue) to design three air-cooled aluminum finned arrays, which were built and tested experimentally. The thermal performances of the fin array designs, one containing 5 fins, one with 11 fins, and one with the predicted optimum of 8 fins, are compared. All arrays had turbulent flow and pressure drop across them, and all fins were the same length and width. The best thermal performance was obtained with the design predicted to be optimal. The scheme can be applied to a variety of heat sink design applications, including water-cooled microchannels.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Low‐fat Margarine Spreads as Affected by Aqueous Phase Hydrocolloids (1996)

ABSTRACT The effects of gelatin, maltodextrin, modified starch, sodium alginate and sodium caseinate on the physical, structural and sensory properties of low‐fat spreads were systematically evaluated. Stability at 34°C and stability on centrifugation decreased, while microscopy revealed an increase in aqueous phase droplet size and more open emulsion structures after inclusion of hydrocolloids. These effects were accompanied by changes in sensory (texture and flavor) properties, with the spreads becoming less waxy/greasy but having faster, more intense flavor characteristics after addition of hydrocolloids. Gelatin and maltodextrin had a slight effect, modified starch and sodium alginate were intermediate and sodium caseinate had the greatest destabilizing effect on structural characteristics of the emulsion.
The Preparation of Auxetic Foams by Three‐<scp>D</scp>imensional Printing and Their Characteristics (2013)

Repeatable auxetic foams are produced using three-dimensional printing technologies. This methodology is applied here for the first time to produce playable polymeric auxetic foams with an idealized re-entrant cellular structure. During uniaxial tensile stress, the foams show negative Poisson's ratios as low as −1.18. The experimental Poisson's ratios of the auxetic foams are compared against the data predicted by a three-dimensional mathematical model.
Evidence that Formulations of the Selective MAO-B Inhibitor, Selegiline, which Bypass First-Pass Metabolism, also Inhibit MAO-A in the Human Brain (2014)

Selegiline (L-deprenyl) is a selective, irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) at the conventional dose (10 mg/day oral) that is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, controlled studies have demonstrated antidepressant activity for high doses of oral selegiline and for transdermal selegiline suggesting that when plasma levels of selegiline are elevated, brain MAO-A might also be inhibited. Zydis selegiline (Zelapar) is an orally disintegrating formulation of selegiline, which is absorbed through the buccal mucosa producing higher plasma levels of selegiline and reduced amphetamine metabolites compared with equal doses of conventional selegiline. Although there is indirect evidence that Zydis selegiline at high doses loses its selectivity for MAO-B, there is no direct evidence that it also inhibits brain MAO-A in humans. We measured brain MAO-A in 18 healthy men after a 28-day treatment with Zydis selegiline (2.5, 5.0, or 10 mg/day) and in 3 subjects receiving the selegiline transdermal system (Emsam patch, 6 mg/day) using positron emission tomography and the MAO-A radiotracer [(11)C]clorgyline. We also measured dopamine transporter (DAT) availability in three subjects from the 10 mg group. The 10 mg Zydis selegiline dose significantly inhibited MAO-A (36.9±19.7%, range 11-70%, p<0.007)) but not DAT; and while Emsam also inhibited MAO-A (33.2±28.9 (range 9-68%) the difference did not reach significance (p=0.10)) presumably because of the small sample size. Our results provide the first direct evidence of brain MAO-A inhibition in humans by formulations of selegiline, which are currently postulated but not verified to target brain MAO-A in addition to MAO-B.
Advances in Silicon Carbide Processing and Applications (2004)

Learn the latest advances in SiC (Silicon Carbide) technology from the leading experts in the field with this new cutting-edge resource. The book is your single source for in-depth information on both SiC device fabrication and system-level applications. This comprehensive reference begins with an examination of how SiC is grown and how defects in SiC growth can affect working devices. Key issues in selective doping of SiC via ion implantation are covered with special focus on implant conditions and electrical activation of implants. SiC applications discussed include chemical sensors, motor-control components, high-temperature gas sensors, and high-temperature electronics. By cutting through the arcane data and jargon surrounding the hype on SiC, this book gives an honest assessment of today's SiC technology and shows you how SiC can be adopted in developing tomorrow 's applications.
Enhanced hole injection in organic light-emitting diodes using a SAM-derivatised ultra-thin gold anode supported on ITO glass (2002)

In order to increase the performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) we report the modification of the indium-tin oxide (ITO) anode invariably used in OLEDs, with a dipolar self-assembled monolayer-derivatised (4-nitrophenylthiolate) ultra-thin gold overlayer. This composite approach allows the work function of the anode to be tuned to the hole-transporting band of the adjacent semiconductor, while facilitating good mechanical adhesion at this interface. When this modification is incorporated into the model OLED system ITO/TPD/Alq3/C6H5CO2Li/Al [where TPD is N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N-diphenyl-1,1-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine, Alq3 is tris(quinolin-8-olato)aluminium and C6H5CO2Li is lithium benzoate], the power efficiency is dramatically enhanced. Furthermore, these devices exhibit a maximum external quantum efficiency of more than 5 cd A−1 and a peak luminance of ∼36,000 cd m−2. In combination with the current–voltage–luminance (LIV) characterisation of these devices, scanning Kelvin probe, polarisation modulation reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy and time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopic techniques have been employed to probe the ITO–Au–SAM interface. This research builds on our earlier work with dipolar organosilanes, phosphonic acids and charge-transfer films at the ITO–organic interface.
Analysis of 2D Transport and Performance Characteristics for Lateral Power Devices Based on AlGaN Alloys (2017)

In this paper, predicted lateral power device performance as a function of alloy composition is characterized by a standard lateral device figure-of-merit (LFOM) that depends on mobility, critical electric field, and sheet carrier density. The paper presents calculations of AlGaN electron mobility in lateral devices such as HEMTs across the entire alloy composition range. Alloy scattering and optical polar phonon scattering are the dominant mechanisms limiting carrier mobility. Due to the significant degradation of mobility from alloy scattering, at room temperature Al fractions greater than about 85% are required for improved LFOM relative to GaN using a conservative sheet charge density of 1 × 10<sup>13</sup> cm<sup>–2</sup>. However, at higher temperatures at which AlGaN power devices are anticipated to operate, this “breakeven” composition decreases to about 65% at 500 K, for example. For high-frequency applications, the Johnson figure-of-merit (JFOM) is the relevant metric to compare potential device performance across materials platforms. At room temperature, the JFOM for AlGaN alloys is predicted to surpass that of GaN for Al fractions greater than about 40%.
Regulation of Rho/ROCK signaling in airway smooth muscle by membrane potential and [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> (2005)

Recently, we have shown that Rho and Rho-activated kinase (ROCK) may become activated by high-millimolar KCl, which had previously been widely assumed to act solely through opening of voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels. In this study, we explored in more detail the relationship between membrane depolarization, Ca(2+) currents, and activation of Rho/ROCK in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Ca(2+) currents began to activate at membrane voltages more positive than -40 mV and were maximally activated above 0 mV; at the same time, these underwent time- and voltage-dependent inactivation. Depolarizing intact tissues by KCl challenge evoked contractions that were blocked equally, and in a nonadditive fashion, by nifedipine or by the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632. Other agents that elevate intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) by pathways independent of G protein-coupled receptors, namely the SERCA-pump inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid and the Ca(2+) ionophore A-23187, evoked contractions that were also largely reduced by Y-27632. KCl directly increased Rho and ROCK activities in a concentration-dependent fashion that paralleled closely the effect of KCl on tone and [Ca(2+)](i), as well as the voltage-dependent Ca(2+) currents that were measured over the voltage ranges that are evoked by 0-120 mM KCl. Through the use of various pharmacological inhibitors, we ruled out roles for Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent CaM kinase II, protein kinase C, and protein kinase A in mediating the KCl-stimulated changes in tone and Rho/ROCK activities. In conclusion, Rho is activated by elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) (although the signal transduction pathway underlying this Ca(2+) dependence is still unclear) and possibly also by membrane depolarization per se.