gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dry regenerable sorbents for the separation and capture of CO<SUB align=right>2 from large point sources (2004)

The combustion of fossil fuels generates large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas most likely to influence global warming and climate change. Large stationary sources that include coal-based electric generating stations are plausible targets for the removal of CO2. Chemical absorption of CO2 is viewed as one option that could be applicable for its separation from both fuel gas and flue gas streams. Processes based on solid regenerable sorbents that efficiently absorb CO2 and release it in concentrated form have the potential to be cost-effective relative to solvent-based practices. This communication summarises a preliminary investigation exploring the reaction of CO2 with a number of calcium-based sorbents using a thermogravimetric (TG) analyser. Upon reaction at high temperature with pure CO2, these materials are converted into metal carbonates. Thermal regeneration of the sorbents was accomplished upon heating spent materials to higher temperature in a nitrogen stream. TG studies show the absorption reaction for Ca-based materials was initially rapid and then entered into a slower kinetic regime. Multi-cycle testing conducted within the TG analyser indicated sorbents could be regenerated and reused. Theoretical conversions ranging from 50–75% were observed for the calcium/zirconia sorbents in comparison to 15–20% for the calcium/lanthanum-doped alumina sorbent. Improved conversion was attributed to the pore size differential between mesoporous zirconia and microporous lanthanum-alumina. TG studies performed at 500°C with lithium zirconate show that the rate of CO2 absorption was continuous with time on stream. Under nitrogen, rapid regeneration of the lithium carbonate product occurred at temperatures greater than 700°C.
Dual-frequency microwave-enhanced infrared thermography (2001)

Humanitarian landmine detection and clearance is one of the most challenging, difficult and time-consuming tasks to be completed with existing technologies. Infrared (IR) Imagery has been used to find differences in heat transfer on the surface of the soil due to a buried object. In this paper, we will describe a method, Dual Frequency Microwave Enhanced Infrared Thermography (MEIT). Heating with microwaves instead of natural sunlight leads to a number of advantages, such as more efficient heating to enhance the thermal signature, and the ability to sense electromagnetic as well as thermal properties of the buried object. However, like other IR techniques, it is limited by surface roughness. Thus, the two frequency technique is used to minimize the clutter introduced by the rough, irregular surface of the ground itself, and vegetation covering the ground. The dependence of scattered waves on frequency is weak enough to makes this possible. A 2-D computational model of this method has been developed to simulate real-world landmine detection. Moreover, ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves are used to evaluate the performance of the system applying this method.
Demonstration of Super-Resolution Microscopy Using a High Numerical-Aperture Oil-Immersion Objective Lens (2008)

We demonstrated super-resolution microscopy using a high numerical aperture (NA) oil immersion lens in acute optical alignment condition. In super-resolution microscopy, the pump beam is overlapped together with a doughnut-shaped erase beam in the focal plane, and fluorescence emission from the overlapping area is prevented. Alignment accuracy of these two beams determines the image properties of the microscope. Scanning fluorescence micro-beads in the focal plane, we confirmed the beam shape and its center position for the pump and erase beams respectively. Owing to the adjustment, we achieved a point-spread function with FWHM finer than 100 nm at least, which is predicted by the theory of super-resolution microscopy. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2008.175]
Research and Development of Industrial Drying Concepts Using a Superheated Steam Atmosphere with Exhaust Recompression (Phase 1 - Final Report: October 1989 to December 1990) (1991)

For the thermal drying processes where water is to be removed via evaporation from the feedstock, attempts have been made to reduce the consumption of energy using exhaust waste heat recovery techniques, improved dryer designs, or even the deployment of advanced mechanical dewatering techniques. Despite these efforts, it is obvious that a large amount of thermal energy is often still lost if the latent heat of evaporation from the evaporated water cannot be recovered and/or in some way be utilized as direct heat input into the dryer. Tecogen Inc. is conducting research and development on an industrial drying concept. The concept utilizes a superheated steam drying atmosphere with exhaust steam recompression to recover the latent heat in the exhaust that would otherwise be lost. This approach has the potential to 55% of the energy required by a conventional air dryer. Work on Phase I: Feasibility Investigation, has been completed and the results of this work are given in this Phase I Final Report. Two designs are described for steam drying systems, one directly heated and one indirectly heated. The work on Phase I of the program also concentrated on identifying the most significant industrial applications for this superheated steam drying concept. The work consisted of evaluating information gathered from a literature search, a survey of industrial dryer manufacturers product brochures, and material provided by a major industrial dryer manufacturer. Results from the six tasks in Phase I are given. The tasks were: industrial applicability study; exploration of system configurations; designing system elements; laboratory testing; energy savings analysis; and program management and reporting. Reports on the first 5 tasks have been processed separately for inclusion on the data base.
CD70 antibody based drugs: two different mechanisms of action for the treatment of multiple cancer types (2006)

1995 CD70 (CD27L) is a ligand for CD27 mediated co-stimulation of B, T and NK cells. Recently it has been shown that CD70 expression is dramatically and specifically upregulated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma ( ccRCC ) at the mRNA and protein levels. There have also been sporadic reports of increased expression of CD70 in certain types of lymphomas and leukemias. Here we describe fully human anti-human CD70 antibodies derived from transgenic mice that express human immunoglobulin genes. Immunohistochemical analyses using one of these antibodies reveals that CD70 expression is highly prevalent in both ccRCC and Non-Hodgkins lymphomas. FACs analysis, as well as IHC, confirm normal tissue expression in activated B and T cells. We have developed two different strategies to specifically target and destroy CD70 expressing cancer cells. The first uses ADCC and the second a small molecule toxin conjugated to the antibody that is specifically released on internalization in CD70 expressing malignant cells. In vitro and in vivo experiments using both of these mechanisms will be presented.
Vascular Uptake of Six Rehydration Drinks at Rest and Exercise (1996)

A report presents data on the effectiveness of each of six rehydration fluids in restoring total body water and plasma volume in human subjects during rest and exercise. One of the six fluids was water sweetened with aspartame: the others were water containing various amounts of sodium chloride and/or sodium citrate, plus various amounts of aspartame and/or other carbohydrates. In one experiment, five men who had previously dehydrated themselves for 24 hours drank one of the rehydration fluids, then sat for 70 minutes. Pretest plasma volumes were measured and changes in plasma volumes were calculated. This procedure was repeated at weekly intervals until all six rehydration fluids had been tested. Another similar experiment involved four men who exercised on a cycle ergometer for 70 minutes in the supine position after drinking the fluids.
Conversion of biomass to sugars via ionic liquid hydrolysis: process synthesis and economic evaluation (2012)

Abstract Replacement of fossil fuels with new sustainable resources is becoming crucial due to depleting petroleum reserves, increasing global energy demand, and arising environmental concerns. Lignocellulosic biomass can be an alternative to fossil resources as a sustainable and environmentally friendly feedstock for producing chemicals and fuels. One of the major challenges of biomass‐based technologies is to extract sugars that are covalently trapped inside the lignocellulosic biomass efficiently. Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have been recognized as promising solvents for mild and rapid hydrolysis of biomass feedstocks with higher sugar yields. In this study, we first develop and then evaluate an IL‐based biomass hydrolysis strategy for large‐scale production of fermentable sugars from corn stover. Toward this aim, we develop a process simulation model based on the experimental studies reported by Binder and Raines ( P Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 4516–4521(2010)) and a simulated‐moving‐bed (SMB) system. We identify that the major cost driver is the IL cost. Our analysis suggests that process alternatives with lower IL consumption and/or separation strategies that would allow higher recycle of ILs should be studied. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Carrier tracking apparatus and method for a logging-while-drilling system (1981)

First Page
The possible role of cranio-cervical trauma and abnormal CSF hydrodynamics in the genesis of multiple sclerosis. (2011)

UPRIGHT Multi-Position MR scanning has uncovered a key set of new observations regarding Multiple Sclerosis (MS), which observations are likely to provide a new understanding of the origin of MS. The new findings may also lead to new forms of treatment for MS. The UPRIGHT MRI has demonstrated pronounced anatomic pathology of the cervical spine in five of the MS patients studied and definitive cervical pathology in the other three. The pathology was the result of prior head and neck trauma. All eight MS patients entered the study on a first come first serve basis without priority, and all but one were found to have a history of serious prior cervical trauma which resulted in significant cervical pathology. The cervical pathology was visualized by UPRIGHT MRI. Upright cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cinematography and quantitative measurements of CSF velocity, CSF flow and CSF pressure gradients in the upright patient revealed that significant obstructions to CSF flow were present in all MS patients. The obstructions are believed to be responsible for CSF "leakages" of CSF from the ventricles into the surrounding brain parenchyma which "leakages" can be the source of the MS lesions in the brain that give rise to MS symptomatology. The CSF flow obstructions are believed to result in increases in intracranial pressure (ICP) that generate "leakages" of the CSF into the surrounding brain parenchyma. In all but one MS patient, anatomic pathologies were found to be more severe in the upright position than in the recumbent position. Similarly, CSF flow abnormalities were found to be more severe in the upright position than in the recumbent position in all but one MS patient. Images of the MS patient anatomic pathologies and CSF flow abnormalities are provided with comparison images from normal examinees in Figures 1-15.
Scalable Feature Extraction from Noisy Documents (2009)

We cope with the metadata recognition in layout-oriented documents. We address the problem as a classification task and propose a method for automatic extraction of relevant features, in presence of content and structural noise, caused by scanning, OCR and segmentation problems. The method is based on the automatic analysis of documents and requires no particular preprocessing. The method mines the documents and determines frequent patterns, which are bothliteral patterns and their generalization. We also propose a sampling technique which processes a sample of documents and uses the Chernoff bounds to estimate the pattern frequency in the entire dataset. As a number of frequent patterns as feature candidates grows, the method applies a scalable feature selection method to determine the most relevant features to a given classification task. A series of evaluations on two collections show that the method performs comparably to the manual work on rule writing made by domain experts.
Applications Of Endoscopic Holography Through Fiber Optics (1989)

Holographic endoscopy or endoholography combines the features of endoscopy and holography. It can be utilized in holographic imaging or interferometry inside natural cavities of the body. In imaging, the ability to record a three-dimensional, large focal depth, high resolution image of internal organs and tissue may greatly enhance the detection of disease and abnormality. With contact recording endoholography it is possible to obtain high resolution holographic recordings which can be examined microscopically. In this technique, a specially designed endoscope uses a single-mode optical fiber for illumination where Denisyuk holograms are recorded on film at the endoscope's distal end. The holograms are viewed under a stereomicroscope with high magnification, allowing for the observation of individual cells. Specific dyes are used to enhance the contrast of the tissue prior to the recording of the holographic images. In endoholographic interferometry, the use of conventional multi-fiber imaging structures is sufficient to obtain an adequate recording of interference patterns. The use of conventional fiberoptic imaging structures for holographic investigations of displacement and vibration is demonstrated. Image-plane holograms are formed at the proximal output end of an imaging multifiber. Pairs of double-pulsed holograms of dynamic events are recorded, one through the multifiber, the other in a conventional manner as a standard of reference. The fringes of both holograms are practically identical. The ability to perform measurements in holographic interferometry through optical fibers should lead to further developments in medical as well as industrial applications.
<title>Sagnac distributed sensor concepts</title> (1992)

The Sagnac interferometer can be configured in forms that have position dependent, as well as position independent, response to time varying environmental disturbances. These features allow distributed sensors to be formed by various combinations of Sagnac interferometers and modes of operations. This paper describes a series of Sagnac distributed sensors that allow the determination of the position and amplitude of a time varying environmental disturbance.
Holographic lateral shear interferometer for differential interference contrast method (1980)

A new holographic lateral shear interferometer is described for observation of a phase object by differential interference contrast method. In this interferometer, an afocal optical system is used which is composed of two lenses with the same focal length and a pair of three-beam holograms are placed in the object plane and in the image plane. These holograms play the role of beam-splitters that divide the wavefront from a phase object into two wavefronts and shear them. To give the phase retardation of pi /2 between these sheared wavefronts, one of the holograms is moved laterally. This interferometer is easily adjustable to any amount of shear by moving a phase object placed behind the first hologram along the optical axis.
The Prospects for Sequencing a Single Molecule of Double-Stranded DNA in a Nanopore With a Diameter Smaller than the Double Helix (2010)

gs1-1 Single molecule DNA sequencing using a nanopore represents the logical end-of-the-line in development of sequencing technology, which extracts the maximum information with minmal material and pre-processing. Nanopore sequencing relies on the electrical signal that develops when DNA, immersed in electrolyte, translocates across a membrane through the pore. If each nucleobase has an electrical signature, then ostensibly a nanopore could be used to analyze the DNA chemical structure in a single, long read. The main problems with nanopore sequencing stem from the lack of control over the translocation kinetics and the molecule configuration in the pore. The molecular configuration determines how the ions passing through the pore come into contact with the nucleotides, while the kinetics affect the time in which the same nucleotides are held in the constriction as data is acquired. We describe a method that addresses these two problems by trapping a single molecule of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in a nanopore, smaller in diameter than the doulbe helix, in a solid-state membrane. We show that it is possible to trap dsDNA in a nanopore <3nm in diameter by applying a voltage larger than the stretching threshold and forcing the molecule to translocate through the pore. According to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, this leaves the dsDNA stretched in the pore constriction with the base-pairs tilted, while the B-form canonical structure is preserved outside the pore. If the voltage is then rapidly switched to a value below the threshold during the translocation, the dsDNA becomes trapped in a harmonic potential in this configuration, which facilitates a read. If the time the molecule spends in the trap is commensurate with the bandwidth, it is possible to distinguish signatures of the base-pairs by simply measuring the pore current. This possibility is demonstrated by MD and by trapping biotinylated dsDNA bound to streptavidin.
Clinical application of three-dimensional anisotropy contrast magnetic resonance axonography (1999)

The utility of three-dimensional anisotropy contrast (3DAC) magnetic resonance (MR) axonography, a method sensitive to neuronal fibers and their directionality, was investigated in the clinical setting using a 3-tesla MR imaging system based on a General Electric Signa platform. The study focused on healthy volunteers and patients with common structural central nervous system disorders, namely chronic infarction, brainstem cavernous hemangioma, supratentorial meningioma, and astrocytoma. Three orthogonal anisotropic diffusion-weighted images were first obtained. Three primary colors were each assigned to a diffusion-weighted image, respectively, and the images were subsequently combined into a single-color image in full-color spectrum (3DAC MR axonography image). Fiber-tract definition in the cerebral peduncle of the midbrain of healthy volunteers showed intersubject variation, with two general patterns recognized: dispersed (60% of cases) and compact (40% of cases). Pathological alterations in the fiber tracts were readily identified in cases involving wallerian degeneration of the pyramidal tract, as illustrated in the cases of chronic infarction. Displacement of major tracts, such as the medial lemniscus or corticospinal tract, as well as fiber directionality, was also easily recognized in cases of mass lesions. As an imaging method uniquely capable of providing information regarding axonal connectivity, 3DAC MR axonography appears to have promising potential for routine clinical application.
Epitope resurfacing on dengue virus-like particle vaccine preparation to induce broad neutralizing antibody (2018)

Dengue fever is caused by four different serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) which is the leading cause of worldwide arboviral diseases in humans. Virus-like particles (VLPs) containing flavivirus prM/E proteins have been demonstrated to be a potential vaccine candidate; however, the structure of dengue VLP is poorly understood. Herein VLP derived from DENV serotype-2 were engineered becoming highly matured (mD2VLP) and showed variable size distribution with diameter of ~31 nm forming the major population under cryo-electron microscopy examination. Furthermore, mD2VLP particles of 31 nm diameter possess a T = 1 icosahedral symmetry with a groove located within the E-protein dimers near the 2-fold vertices that exposed highly overlapping, cryptic neutralizing epitopes. Mice vaccinated with mD2VLP generated higher cross-reactive (CR) neutralization antibodies (NtAbs) and were fully protected against all 4 serotypes of DENV. Our results highlight the potential of 'epitope-resurfaced' mature-form D2VLPs in inducing quaternary structure-recognizing broad CR NtAbs to guide future dengue vaccine design.
Phase Transition Characteristics and Nonvolatile Memory Device Performance of Zn<sub>x</sub>Sb<sub>100-x</sub> Alloys (2007)

We propose ZnxSb100-x alloys as a phase-change material for application in nonvolatile memory, phase-change random access memory (PRAM). The ZnxSb100-x alloys showed electrical switching between amorphous and crystalline states and their amorphous state showed sheet resistances 104-fold higher than that of the crystalline state in 100 nm ZnxSb100-x films. Zn doping reinforced the amorphous stability of the ZnxSb100-x alloys, which adjusted their switching characteristics. Increasing the concentration of Zn increased the crystallization temperature of the ZnxSb100-x alloys. PRAM (λ= 0.5 µm) using the Zn17Sb83 film presented reversible program performances between set and reset. The minimum time for set switching was 140 ns and the required current for reset switching was 9.6 mA in Zn17Sb83 PRAM.
Window calibration for harmonic analysis of Raman spectra (2011)

In this paper, a method for calibrating a Raman spectrum within a measured wavelength window is presented. In support of a novel method for Raman analysis based on a FFT, the main peak needs to remain in the same position within the window in order to produce a repeatable transformation. This calibration uses multi-modal switching to efficiently and accurately tune the starting wavelength value. Upon completion of the calibration the main spectrum peak is in the center of the window. The results of the performed simulations show the calibration centering and stabilizing the main peak in less than 15 Raman spectra measurements within ±10 μs from the true center, with a sampling rate of 100 kHz.
Near Field Wireless Power Transfer for Multiple Receivers by Using a Novel Magnetic Core Structure (2018)

A Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) method is proposed by using a novel magnetic core structure. Similar to those transformers, magnetic cores are utilized as main object that conducts magnetic flux in the proposed cell. Power is transferred through near magnetic field and the distance between the receiver and the transmitter is thus relatively short. Every basic cell has only one primary side, where the magnetic cores of different permeabilities are combined to build a multi-transmitter structure for multiple receivers. By arranging and guiding the flux via a specific magnetic path, it offers some space of freedom for the locations of the multiple receivers. The usage of the magnetic core also increases the coupling coefficients between the primary-side transmitter and secondary-side receivers compared to core-less WPT using spiral coils. Analysis of the three working modes of the proposed WPT cell is presented. Experimental results show that the proposed basic cell with three receivers achieves 85% efficiency at 100W.
A Strategy of “Random Glycosylation” for the Production of Oligosaccharide Libraries (1996)

Six at one blow! The creation of small oligosaccharide libraries was achieved by a new strategy of random glycosylation of nonprotected sugars. With tri‐ O ‐benzyl‐ L ‐fucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate as donor and βGal(1 → n )βGlcNAcOR ( n = 3, 4, 6; R = (CH 2 ) 8 OC 6 H 4 ‐ p ‐OMe) as acceptors, all six trisaccharides form in DMF in roughly equal quantities. It is astounding that all free OH groups are fucosylated at a similar rate.