gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis: Studies on the mechanisms of the reactions catalyzed by IspG and IspH protein (2003)

Earlier in vivo studies have shown that the sequential action of the IspG and IspH proteins is essential for the reductive transformation of 2C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate into dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate via 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate. A recombinant fusion protein comprising maltose binding protein and IspG protein domains was purified from a recombinant Escherichia coli strain. The purified protein failed to transform 2C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate into 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate, but catalytic activity could be restored by the addition of crude cell extract from an ispG-deficient E. coli mutant. This indicates that auxiliary proteins are required, probably as shuttles for redox equivalents. On activation by photoreduced 10-methyl-5-deaza-isoalloxazine, the recombinant protein catalyzed the formation of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate from 2C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate at a rate of 1 nmol x min(-1) x mg(-1). Similarly, activation by photoreduced 10-methyl-5-deaza-isoalloxazine enabled purified IspH protein to catalyze the conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate into a 6:1 mixture of isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate at a rate of 0.4 micromol x min(-1) x mg(-1). IspH protein could also be activated by a mixture of flavodoxin, flavodoxin reductase, and NADPH at a rate of 3 nmol x min(-1) x mg(-1). The striking similarities of IspG and IspH protein are discussed, and plausible mechanistic schemes are proposed for the two reactions.
Recent developments in arc welding with shielding gas of aluminium and its alloys (2001)

Summary Aluminium and its alloys are frequently used in many sectors of industry. Arc welding should adapt to these metals, particularly with regard to productivity and quality. Optimisation of recent innovations are presented here. In order to adapt to the technological developments of the various sectors of the transport industry (automotive, rail, shipbuilding, aircraft and aerospace), the electricity industry, and the chemical and food‐processing industries, welding processes must also adapt to light metals (aluminium and its alloys) in terms of the productivity and quality required by these industrial sectors. Recent developments (refinements and innovations) in welding processes, notably MIG welding (dual‐wire welding, modulated spray MIG welding) due to a global approach (procedure, consumables, gas) enable useful alternative solutions to be found for the usual applications of the process.
Subword-based multi-span pronunciation adaptation for recognizing accented speech (2011)

We investigate automatic pronunciation adaptation for non-native accented speech by using statistical models trained on multi-span lingustic parse tables to generate candidate mispronunciations for a target language. Compared to traditional phone re-writing rules, parse table modeling captures more context in the form of phone-clusters or syllables, and encodes abstract features such as word-internal position or syllable structure. The proposed approach is attractive because it gives a unified method for combining multiple levels of linguistic information. The reported experiments demonstrate word error rate reductions of up to 7.9% and 3.3% absolute on Italian and German accented English using lexicon adaptation alone, and 12.4% and 11.3% absolute when combined with acoustic adaptation.
Phase Noise Suppression In Coherent Optical Communication Systems By Differential Modulation (1990)

Two novel concepts for suppression of laser phase noise in coherent optical communication systems are presented, based on compensation after heterodyne detection. As a result, the normally imposed requirements on laser linewidth to bit rate ratio can be diminished considerably. Discussion of both techniques is given, together with computer simulations and experiments demonstrating the principles of operation.
Biological activity of 24,24-difluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1983)

The biological activity of 24,24-difluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was compared with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the rat. The 24,24-difluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 has a potency of approximately 5-10 times that of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the known in vivo vitamin D responsive systems. These systems include intestinal calcium transport, bone calcium mobilization, calcification of epiphyseal plate cartilage, and elevation of plasma calcium and phosphorus concentrations. Thus, 24,24-difluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is the first known analogue with higher potency than 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in vivo.
HyPer: HYbrid OLTP&OLAP High PERformance Database System (2010)

The two areas of online transaction processing (OLTP) and online analytical processing (OLAP) present different challenges for database architectures. Currently, customers with high rates of mission-critical transactions have split their data into two separate systems, one database for OLTP and one so-called data warehouse for OLAP. While allowing for decent transaction rates, this separation has many disadvantages including data freshness issues due to the delay caused by only periodically initiating the Extract Transform Load-data staging and excessive resource consumption due to maintaining two separate information systems. We present an efficient hybrid system, called HyPer, that can handle both OLTP and OLAP simultaneously by using hardware-assisted replication mechanisms to maintain consistent snapshots of the transactional data. HyPer is a main-memory database system that guarantees the ACID properties of OLTP transactions and executes OLAP query sessions (multiple queries) on the same, arbitrarily current and consistent snapshot. The utilization of the processor-inherent support for virtual memory management (address transalation, caching, copy on update) yields both at the same time: unprecedented high transaction rates as high as several 100000 per second and ultra-low OLAP query response times of as low as 10 ms  all on a commodity desktop server. Even the creation of a fresh, transaction-consistent snapshot can be achieved in 10 ms.
An Adaptive Data Aggregation Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network with Bursty Source (2009)

The Wireless Sensor network is distributed event based systems that differ from conventional communica-tion network. Sensor network has severe energy constraints, redundant low data rate, and many-to-one flows. Aggregation is a technique to avoid redundant information to save energy and other resources. There are two types of aggregations. In one of the aggregation many sensor data are embedded into single packet, thus avoiding the unnecessary packet headers, this is called lossless aggregation. In the second case the sensor data goes under statistical process (average, maximum, minimum) and results are communicated to the base station, this is called lossy aggregation, because we cannot recover the original sensor data from the received aggregated packet. The number of sensor data to be aggregated in a single packet is known as degree of ag-gregation. The main contribution of this paper is to propose an algorithm which is adaptive to choose one of the aggregations based on scenarios and degree of aggregation based on traffic. We are also suggesting a suitable buffer management to offer best Quality of Service. Our initial experiment with NS-2 implementa-tion shows significant energy savings by reducing the number of packets optimally at any given moment of time.
Vitamin D Status from Dried Capillary Blood Samples (2012)

The D-Vital ID dry-blood collection system showed an excellent performance as compared to the classical way of 25-OH vitamin D measurement from venous blood. This new technique will facilitate easy and reliable measurement for vitamin D status, in particular, in rural or isolated areas, developing countries, and field studies.
Dehydrogenation of <i>n</i>-Alkanes by Solid-Phase Molecular Pincer-Iridium Catalysts. High Yields of α-Olefin Product (2015)

We report the transfer-dehydrogenation of gas-phase alkanes catalyzed by solid-phase, molecular, pincer-ligated iridium catalysts, using ethylene or propene as hydrogen acceptor. Iridium complexes of sterically unhindered pincer ligands such as (iPr4)PCP, in the solid phase, are found to give extremely high rates and turnover numbers for n-alkane dehydrogenation, and yields of terminal dehydrogenation product (α-olefin) that are much higher than those previously reported for solution-phase experiments. These results are explained by mechanistic studies and DFT calculations which jointly lead to the conclusion that olefin isomerization, which limits yields of α-olefin from pincer-Ir catalyzed alkane dehydrogenation, proceeds via two mechanistically distinct pathways in the case of ((iPr4)PCP)Ir. The more conventional pathway involves 2,1-insertion of the α-olefin into an Ir-H bond of ((iPr4)PCP)IrH2, followed by 3,2-β-H elimination. The use of ethylene as hydrogen acceptor, or high pressures of propene, precludes this pathway by rapid hydrogenation of these small olefins by the dihydride. The second isomerization pathway proceeds via α-olefin C-H addition to (pincer)Ir to give an allyl intermediate as was previously reported for ((tBu4)PCP)Ir. The improved understanding of the factors controlling rates and selectivity has led to solution-phase systems that afford improved yields of α-olefin, and provides a framework required for the future development of more active and selective catalytic systems.
PAPR Analysis for Dual-Polarization FBMC (2018)

In a recent work we proposed a new radio access technique based on filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) modulation using two orthogonal polarizations: dual-polarization FBMC (DP-FBMC). We showed that with good cross-polarization discrimination (XPD), DP-FBMC solves the intrinsic imaginary interference shortcoming of FBMC without extra processing. DP-FBMC also has other interesting advantages over cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) and FBMC such as more robustness in dispersive channels, and it is also more robust to receiver carrier frequency offset (CFO) and timing offset (TO). In this paper we analyze the peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of DP-FBMC and compare PAPR simulation results with that of conventional FBMC, for different prototype filters and overlapping factors. According to the analysis and results, with a proper choice of prototype filter, DP-FBMC has comparable PAPR to FBMC.
Image based regression using boosting method (2005)

We present a general algorithm of image based regression that is applicable to many vision problems. The proposed regressor that targets a multiple-output setting is learned using boosting method. We formulate a multiple-output regression problem in such a way that overfitting is decreased and an analytic solution is admitted. Because we represent the image via a set of highly redundant Haar-like features that can be evaluated very quickly and select relevant features through boosting to absorb the knowledge of the training data, during testing we require no storage of the training data and evaluate the regression function almost in no time. We also propose an efficient training algorithm that breaks the computational bottleneck in the greedy feature selection process. We validate the efficiency of the proposed regressor using three challenging tasks of age estimation, tumor detection, and endocardial wall localization and achieve the best performance with a dramatic speed, e.g., more than 1000 times faster than conventional data-driven techniques such as support vector regressor in the experiment of endocardial wall localization.
<title>Spotting phrases in lines of imaged text</title> (1995)

A system that searches for user-specified phrases in imaged text is described. The search `phrases' can be word fragments, words, or groups of words. The imaged text can be composed of a number of different fonts and can contain graphics. A combination of morphology, simple statistical methods and hidden Markov modeling is used to detect and locate the phrases. The image is deskewed, and then bounding boxes are found for text-lines in the image using multiresolution morphology. Baselines, toplines and the x-height in a text-line are identified using simple statistical methods. The distance between baseline and x-height is used to normalize each hypothesized text-line bounding box, and the columns of pixel values in a normalized bounding box serve as the feature vector for that box. Hidden Markov models are crated for each user-specified search string and to represent all text and graphics other than the search strings. Phrases are identified using Viterbi decoding on a spotting network created from the models. The operating point of the system can be varied to trade off the percentage of words correctly spotted and the percentage of false alarms. Results are given using a subset of the UW English Document Image Database I.
Blocking Monocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Function via Anti-DC-HIL/GPNMB Antibody Restores the <i>In Vitro</i> Integrity of T Cells from Cancer Patients (2018)

Blocking DC-HIL function is a potentially useful treatment for at least colorectal cancer with high blood levels of DC-HIL<sup>+</sup> MDSCs.<i>See related commentary by Colombo, p. 453</i>.
Design of a 24-port MIMO cube (2007)

A 24-port cube suitable for MIMO wireless communications is proposed and demonstrated in this paper. The cube is constructed from inexpensive single-side FR-4 PCBs, and it can provide a significant gain in channel capacity over a SISO system. As both spatial and polarization diversities are involved in the cube design, the mutual couplings among the 24 ports are relatively low, leading to good uncorrelated signals at the receiver.
Learning Multiple Sound Source 2D Localization (2019)

In this paper, we propose novel deep learning based algorithms for multiple sound source localization. Specifically, we aim to find the 2D Cartesian coordinates of multiple sound sources in an enclosed environment by using multiple microphone arrays. To this end, we use an encoding-decoding architecture and propose two improvements on it to accomplish the task. In addition, we also propose two novel localization representations which increase the accuracy. Lastly, new metrics are developed relying on resolution-based multiple source association which enables us to evaluate and compare different localization approaches. We tested our method on both synthetic and real world data. The results show that our method improves upon the previous baseline approach for this problem.
Synthesis of C<sub>11</sub>N<sub>5</sub> Marine Sponge Alkaloids:  (±)-Hymenin, Stevensine, Hymenialdisine, and Debromohymenialdisine (1997)

The synthesis of C(11)N(5) marine sponge alkaloids (+/-)-hymenin (1), stevensine (2), hymenialdisine (3), and debromohymenialdisine (4) is described. These natural products are the primary family members of the sponge metabolites that contain a fused pyrrolo[2,3-c]azepin-8-one ring system with either a 2-aminoimidazole (AI) or glycocyamidine appendage. The key steps in the synthesis centered around the generation of novel azafulvenium ions and their regioselective heterodimerization with AI in order to create the tricyclic core. A rarely used protodebromination/oxidation strategy was employed to selectively generate the desired alpha-bromo substitution pattern seen in hymenialdisine (3). In addition, the AI moiety was shown to be a useful precursor to the glycocyamidine unit found in 3 and 4, which suggests that AI-derived natural products may be the biogenic forerunners to glycocyamidine metabolites.
How fast can a baseball spin before an observer can’t tell the direction of rotation? (2015)

In baseball, a pitcher throws a 3” ball toward a batter positioned 60.5 feet away. Shapiro et al (2009, 2011) hypothesized that a batter’s perception of a pitch could be influenced by changes in the ball’s retinal location (i.e., whether the batter views the ball centrally or peripherally). One question concerns whether a curveball spins too fast for a batter to discern the direction of spin. To address this question, we constructed a device in which a microcontroller spins a motor at rates up to 3000 rpm. A baseball rested on a driveshaft extending from the motor; an LCD shutter controlled the presentation duration (set at .6 sec); steady LED lights illuminated the ball. The observer viewed the ball from a distance of 140 cm (ball subtended 3.2 deg) and pressed one of two buttons to indicate the direction of perceived spin. Experiment 1: The ball was presented at rotation rates between 500 and 2500 rpm (40 trials in random order; half the trial were clockwise, half counter clockwise). Experiment 2: Similar set up, but on different sets of trials the observers viewed the ball either centrally or 10 deg in the periphery. Experiment 3: On different sets of trials the ball was positioned on the motor in a “2-seam” or a “4-seam” configuration. For all conditions, at rates up 1200 rpm, observers were typically correct 100% of the time, but near 2000 rpm, observers were typically at chance. Peripheral viewing and spin configuration had little effect on observer’s ability to identify spin direction. Since an MLB curveball spins between 1400 and 1800 rpm, these pitches approach the limit of our perceptual resolution. The minor effect of peripheral viewing and spin configuration suggest, surprisingly, that our ability to perceive spin direction may be mediated by low spatial frequency channels. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015
Theory Behind Vibration-Based, Onboard Asphalt Density Measuring System (2001)

For more than 25 years, the hot-mix asphalt paving industry has been searching for a device that can produce accurate, real-time asphalt density readings during the compaction process. A system was developed using data gathered from department of transportation (DOT) paving projects in five states and validated through testing on DOT projects in two other states. The results indicate that through a system of sensors, an onboard computer, and radio transmissions, the onboard density-measuring system provides accurate asphalt density readings in real time and transmits the information to remote locations while building and maintaining a file of all pertinent data on the asphalt compaction process. Insight into the asphalt paving process and results showing the relationship between the vibratory signature of a vibratory asphalt compactor and the density of the asphalt mat compacted are provided.
Fed-Batch Production of Bacterial Ghosts Using Dielectric Spectroscopy for Dynamic Process Control (2016)

The Bacterial Ghost (BG) platform technology evolved from a microbiological expression system incorporating the ϕX174 lysis gene E. E-lysis generates empty but structurally intact cell envelopes (BGs) from Gram-negative bacteria which have been suggested as candidate vaccines, immunotherapeutic agents or drug delivery vehicles. E-lysis is a highly dynamic and complex biological process that puts exceptional demands towards process understanding and control. The development of a both economic and robust fed-batch production process for BGs required a toolset capable of dealing with rapidly changing concentrations of viable biomass during the E-lysis phase. This challenge was addressed using a transfer function combining dielectric spectroscopy and soft-sensor based biomass estimation for monitoring the rapid decline of viable biomass during the E-lysis phase. The transfer function was implemented to a feed-controller, which followed the permittivity signal closely and was capable of maintaining a constant specific substrate uptake rate during lysis phase. With the described toolset, we were able to increase the yield of BG production processes by a factor of 8-10 when compared to currently used batch procedures reaching lysis efficiencies >98%. This provides elevated potentials for commercial application of the Bacterial Ghost platform technology.
Transferring Code-Clone Detection and Analysis to Practice (2017)

During software development, code clones are commonly produced, in the form of a number of the same or similar code fragments spreading within one or many large code bases. Numerous research projects have been carried out on empirical studies or tool support for detecting or analyzing code clones. However, in practice, few such research projects have resulted in substantial industry adoption. In this paper, we report our experiences of transferring XIAO, a code-clone detection and analysis approach and its supporting tool, to road industrial practices: (1) shipped in Visual Studio 2012, a widely used industrial IDE, (2) deployed and intensively used at the Microsoft Security Response Center. According to our experiences, technology transfer is a rather complicated journey that needs significant efforts from both the technical aspect and social aspect. From the technical aspect, significant efforts are needed to adapt a research prototype to a product-quality tool that addresses the needs of real scenarios, to be integrated into a mainstream product or development process. From the social aspect, there are strong needs to interact with practitioners to identify killer scenarios in industrial settings, figure out the gap between a research prototype and a tool fitting the needs of real scenarios, to understand the requirements of releasing with a mainstream product, being integrated into a development process, understanding their release cadence, etc.
Method to reduce blur distortion from EEG's using a realistic head model (1993)

A mathematical procedure, which we call "Deblurring," was developed to reduce spatial blur distortion of scalp-recorded brain potentials due to transmission through the skull and other tissues. Deblurring estimates potentials at the superficial cerebral cortical surface from EEG's recorded at the scalp using a finite element model of each subject's scalp, skull and cortical surface constructed from their magnetic resonance images (MRI's). Simulations indicate that Deblurring is numerically stable, while a comparison of deblurred data with a direct cortical recording from a neurosurgery patient suggests that the procedure is valid. Application of Deblurring to somatosensory evoked potential data recorded at 124 scalp sites suggests that the method produces a dramatic improvement in spatial detail, and merits further development.
Flow caching for high entropy packet fields (2014)

Packet classification on general purpose CPUs remains expensive regardless of advances in classification algorithms. Unless the packet forwarding pipeline is both simple and static in function, fine-tuning the system for optimal forwarding is a time-consuming and brittle process. Network virtualization and network function virtualization value general purpose CPUs exactly for their flexibility: in such systems, a single x86 forwarding element does not implement a single, static classification step but a sequence of dynamically reconfigurable and potentially complex forwarding operations. This leaves a software developer looking for maximal packet forwarding throughput with few options besides flow caching. In this paper, we consider the problem of flow caching and more specifically, how to cache forwarding decisions that depend on packet fields with high entropy (and therefore, change often); to this end, we arrive at algorithms that allow us to efficiently compute near optimal flow cache entries spanning several transport connections, even if forwarding decisions depend on transport protocol headers.