gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single-stage single-switch AC-DC power factor correction converter with low output voltage (3.3 V) (2003)

In this paper, a new type of single-stage single-switch converter with low output voltage (3.3 V) and power factor correction is proposed. The proposed converter topology employs a switched-capacitor network to interface the input circuit and the output regulator, resulting in lower turns ratio for the isolation transformer. The proposed converter topology is suitable for designing high efficiency, high power factor and low cost power supply for new generation high-speed integrated circuits.
Promoterless, Nuclease‐Free Genome Editing Confers a Growth Advantage for Corrected Hepatocytes in Mice With Methylmalonic Acidemia (2020)

In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that AAV-mediated, promoterless, nuclease-free genome editing at the albumin locus provides safe and durable therapeutic benefit in neonatally treated MMA mice.
Monolithic active-quenching and active-reset circuit for single-photon avalanche detectors (2003)

A monolithic circuit has been designed for active-quenching and active-reset of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs), which operate above the breakdown voltage V/sub BD/ for detecting single photons. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first fully integrated circuit of this kind ever reported. It can operate with any available SPAD device, since it generates pulses high enough to quench detectors biased up to 20 V above V/sub BD/. The deadtime after each photon detection is adjustable; the minimum value is 50 ns, corresponding to 20 Mcounts/s maximum saturated photon-counting rate. The power dissipation is low (20-mW standby), suitable also for portable instruments. The small size and high reliability of the circuit make it possible to develop miniaturized detector modules and SPAD-array detector instruments. The circuit opens the path to new developments in many applications of photon counting, from DNA sequencing to ultrahigh-sensitivity imaging.
Liquid crystal photoalignment: history and future (2007)

In this original review we briefly consider the novel azo-dye photo-aligning technology: history and the perspectives for future applications in liquid crystal (LC) devices. The review describes the following items. The brief introduction to the <i>history of photoalignment</i> and the basic classes of the photoaligning materials: photosensitive polymers, azodyes and monolayers will follow with an introduction to the <i>physical mechanisms of the photo-aligning</i> and photo-patterning technology. The advantages and drawbacks of various photo-aligning materials are analyzed from the point of view of practical applications. The detail description of the diffusion photo-aligning in azo-dye materials is provided. The characteristics of azo-dye photoaligning LC layers are compared with those ones prepared by polyimide rubbing method. <i>The characterization of LC-surface interaction</i>, such as pretilt angle and azimuthal anchoring energy is discussed. The newly developed materials should have a controllable pretilt angle and anchoring energy, thus enabling to develop a new generation of the LC devices: with low voltage, fast response and wide viewing angles. The problem of image sticking can be considerably reduced due to the high anchoring energy of azo-dye materials. Promising results, obtained for voltage holding Ratio (VHR) and residual DC voltage (RDC) in azodye photo-aligning materials are also shown. This implies that the azo-dyes can be applied as aligning layers in active matrix liquid crystal displays (AM-LCDs). The possibility to use the photo-aligning layers for <i>new types of liquid crystal displays</i> such as FLCD, VAN-LCD, &pgr;-BTN LCD, optical rewritable memory, microdisplays, and TN-LCD on plastic substrates is demonstrated. The photoaligning of liquid crystal polymers (LCP) and the new classes of devices based on them (optical retarders and compensators) is discussed. Special types of 3D LC alignment, LC alignment inside thin micro tubes, and grating surface were concerned. New superthin photo-aligned polarizers based on azo-dye layers were demonstrated. The polarizers are based both on photo-aligned lyotropic LC as well as pure azo-dye layers. The polarizers can be patterned and put inside LC display cell to serve as internal polarizers. Both color and neutral internal polarizers can be fabricated with the thickness 0.3-0.7 &mgr;m. The electo-optic response of TN-LCD with internal polarizers is practically the same as in case of usual external polarizers. New applications in transflective and 3D displays are envisaged.
Optimization of co‐agonism at GLP‐1 and glucagon receptors to safely maximize weight reduction in DIO‐rodents (2012)

The ratio of GLP-1/glucagon receptor (GLP1R/GCGR) co-agonism that achieves maximal weight loss without evidence of hyperglycemia was determined in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice chronically treated with GLP1R/GCGR co-agonist peptides differing in their relative receptor agonism. Using glucagon-based peptides, a spectrum of receptor selectivity was achieved by a combination of selective incorporation of GLP-1 sequences, C-terminal modification, backbone lactam stapling to stabilize helical structure, and unnatural amino acid substitutions at the N-terminal dipeptide. In addition to α-amino-isobutyric acid (Aib) substitution at position two, we show that α,α'-dimethyl imidazole acetic acid (Dmia) can serve as a potent replacement for the highly conserved histidine at position one. Selective site-specific pegylation was used to further minimize enzymatic degradation and provide uniform, extended in vivo duration of action. Maximal weight loss devoid of any sign of hyperglycemia was achieved with a co-agonist comparably balanced for in vitro potency at murine GLP1R and GCGR. This peptide exhibited superior weight loss and glucose lowering compared to a structurally matched pure GLP1R agonist, and to co-agonists of relatively reduced GCGR tone. Any further enhancement of the relative GCGR agonist potency yielded increased weight loss but at the expense of elevated blood glucose. We conclude that GCGR agonism concomitant with GLP1R agonism constitutes a promising approach to treatment of the metabolic syndrome. However, the relative ratio of GLP1R/GCGR co-agonism needs to be carefully chosen for each species to maximize weight loss efficacy and minimize hyperglycemia.
High-birefringence optical fibers by preform deformation (1984)

High-birefringence optical fibers have been fabricated using a preform deformation technique in which an initially round preform is locally heated and squeezed from two sides. This technique has been used to make both polarization-preserving and single-polarization fibers. A novel feature of these new fibers is their rectangular shape which facilitates location of the principal axes and increases resistance to polarization breakdown from external perturbations. These fibers have circular cores, low loss, and excellent polarization holding.
Amphipathic α-Helix Mimetics Based on a 1,2-Diphenylacetylene Scaffold (2013)

In order to mimic amphipathic α-helices, a novel scaffold based on a 1,2-diphenylacetylene was designed. NMR and computational modeling confirmed that an intramolecular hydrogen bond favors conformations of the 1,2-diphenylacetylene that allow for accurate mimicry of the i, i + 7 and i + 2, i + 5 side chains found on opposing faces of an α-helix.
An improved fiber optic lever transducer (1983)

The concept of a bifurcated fiber optic transducer has been described and applied to the measurement of pressure and temperature. This approach has been used to design low-frequency hydrophones [F. W. Cuomo, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73, 1848–1857 (1983)]. The sensitivity of this device is proportional to the total number of adjacent transmit/receive fiber pairs used in the bundle. For good sensitivity the transmit/receive fiber distribution must be maximized while the total number of fibers must be large. This paper discusses an improved bifurcated fiber optic transducer comprising one transmit fiber and two receive fibers, each receive fiber having a different core diameter. The three fibers are separated at one end and combined at the distal end in the vicinity of a miniature reflective surface sensitive to axial motion caused by minute pressure changes such that any displacement of the reflector from equilibrium will increase or decrease the illuminated areas of the two receive fibers and will generate a processed output signal proportional to this motion. The major relevant improvements over prior designs include a probe of minimal dimensions, a greatly improved sensitivity, and an output independent of variations at the input.
Cascaded Raman fibre laser operating at 1.48 µm (1999)

An efficient cascaded Raman fibre laser based on a composite cavity comprising a fused fibre WDM coupler and fibre Bragg gratings is presented. Wavelength tunable laser operation is obtained at the second-order Raman shift with a slope efficiency of 38%.
Neuropathy Target Esterase Biosensor (2010)

Neuropathy Target Esterase (NTE), is a membrane-bound protein found in neurons of vertebrates (Glynn, 1999; Atkins & Glynn, 2000; van Tienhoven et al., 2002; Li et al., 2003; Makhaeva et al., 2003; Kropp et al., 2004), has been shown to be necessary for embryonic development in mice, and is believed to be involved in cell-signaling pathways and lipid trafficking (Glynn, 1999). NTE has serine esterase activity and can hydrolyze ester, peptide, and amide bonds. The nucleophilic serine residue (active site) of NTE attacks the carbonyl carbon atom of the substrate, forming a covalent acyl-enzyme intermediate, which is subsequently hydrolyzed. A consequence of this reaction mechanism is that the esterase activity of NTE is susceptible to covalent inhibition by organophosphorus esters (OPs) with which it forms an analogous phosphyl-enzyme intermediate. Irreversible binding of some OP compounds to the active serine site results in a debilitating neural disease known as OP-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) (Glynn, 1999). Signs of OPIDN include flaccid paralysis of the lower limbs, which becomes evident two to three weeks after exposure to neuropathic OPs. Recovery from this disease is usually poor, and there is no specific treatment. In addition, mutations in the NTE gene have been linked to motor neuron disease (Rainier et al., 2008). Because NTE plays a central role in both chemically induced and spontaneously occurring neurological diseases, approaches that can help measure its esterase activity and inhibition are of tremendous scientific and commercial importance. Because NTE is difficult to produce for research purposes, research to study its esterase activity is typically done using a fragment of the NTE protein that contains the esterase activity and can be more easily produced. One such fragment, known as NEST, (Atkins & Glynn, 2000; Forshaw et al., 2001; Kropp et al., 2004) reacts with esters and inhibitors in a manner very similar to NTE. Conventionally, the esterase activity of NTE (or NEST) is measured using two distinct steps. In the first step, a solution containing phenyl valerate is brought into contact with NEST or NTE protein solution, whose esterase activity reacts with a portion of the artificial substrate phenyl valerate to form phenol. In the second step, the concentration of phenol in the solution is determined either colorimetrically, in the presence of 4-amino antipyrine
Synthesis and hypotensive activity of some cyclopentano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines (1977)

<p>An efficient, scalable, and good manufacturing practice (GMP) compatible process was developed for the production of docetaxel-loaded poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(N-2-benzoyloxypropyl methacrylamide) (mPEG-b-p(HPMA-Bz)) micelles. First, the synthesis of the mPEG-b-p(HPMA-Bz) block copolymer was optimized through step-by-step investigation of the batch synthesis procedures. This resulted in the production of 1 kg of mPEG-b-p(HPMA-Bz) block copolymer with a 5 kDa PEG block and an overall molecular weight of 22.5 kDa. Second, the reproducibility and scalability of micelle formation was investigated for both batch and continuous flow setups by assessing critical process parameters. This resulted in the development of a new and highly efficient continuous flow process, which led to the production of 100 mL of unloaded micelles with a size of 55 nm. Finally, the loading of the micelles with the anticancer drug docetaxel was successfully fine-tuned to obtain precise control on the loaded micelle characteristics. As a result, 100 mL of docetaxel-loaded micelles (20 mg/mL polymer and 5 mg/mL docetaxel in the feed) with a size of 55 nm, an encapsulation efficiency of 65%, a loading capacity of 14%, and stable for at least 2 months in water at room temperature were produced with the newly developed continuous flow process. In conclusion, this study paves the way for efficient and robust large-scale production of docetaxel-loaded micelles with high encapsulation efficiencies and stability, which is crucial for their applicability as a clinically relevant drug delivery platform.</p>
4-Aryl-4-aminocyclohexanones and their derivatives, a novel class of analgesics. 3. m-Hydroxyphenyl derivatives (1981)

Derivatives of 4-aryl-4-(dimethylamino)cyclohexan-1-ones substituted by m-hydroxy groups were obtained by using as a key reaction the displacement of cyanide from the alpha-aminonitrile of 1,4-cyclohexanedione ketal, with the THP ether of m-hydroxyphenylmagnesium bromide. A number of the products show narcotic antagonist activity. Amino alcohols obtained on reaction of the free ketones with phenethyl Grignard reagents are potent analgetics, though devoid of antagonist activity. Systematic variation of the substituent on nitrogen revealed nonclassical structure-activity relationships; the dimethylamino group gives the most potent antagonist.
A Bayesian-information theoretic method for evolutionary inference in proteins (1997)

This work focuses on the inference of evolutionary relationships among proteins, and the uses of these relationships to identify key positions in the protein and remote homologies in database search.
Relative entropy, a distance metric from information theory, is used in combination with a Bayesian method over amino acid substitution probabilities to compute the distances between taxa and between inferred ancestors during evolutionary tree estimation. This method infers key structural or functional positions in the molecule, and guides the tree topology to preserve these important positions within subtrees. Minimum-description-length principles are used to determine a cutting of the tree into subtrees, to identify the functional subfamilies in the data.
Experimental results suggest that this method, Bayesian Evolutionary Tree Estimation (Bete), provides several advantages over existing tree-estimation methods. It is robust with respect to differing evolutionary clocks among taxa, differing mutation rates at sites in the molecule, handles deletions of portions of the molecule among taxa, and produces tree topologies that agree more closely with accepted phylogenies and functional subgroups within the data. Bete is also computationally efficient in the number of taxa, so that large numbers of sequences (in the hundreds) may be used as input to the tree-estimation process.
Methods compared include the MOLPHY maximum likelihood software of Adachi and Hasegawa, parsimony and neighbor-joining software from Felsenstein's PHYLIP suite, and a quartet method, Puzzle, from Von Haeseler and Korbinian Strimmer.
<title>High-birefringence dopants for use in ferroelectric and nematic liquid crystal mixtures</title> (1995)

Ferroelectric smectic C* liquid crystals have been shown to exhibit high speed, electro-optic switching when incorporated into the surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal (SSFLC) light valve. Certain applications utilizing IR modulation, waveguide, and phase modulation, and certain fiber-optic devices, can benefit from materials with a birefringence higher than that typically seen in FLC materials ((Delta) n approximately equals 0.15). A new class of compounds, the tolane cinnamates, was developed to help meet this need. These compounds combine a cinnamate moiety with the well known high birefringence tolane core, resulting in two improvements: first, the birefringence increases from 0.24 to 0.29; and second, the tolane cinnamate system is significantly more stable to UV light than the parent tolane system. The new materials show smectic C as well as nematic phases and demonstrate good compatibility with both nematic and FLC hosts.
The Reductive Decyanation of Nitriles by Alkali Fusion (1980)

Abstract The use of the nitrile functional group for the activation of an α-carbon for deprotonation and alkylation is an important reaction in organic synthesis.2 However, a problem often encountered is the removal of the nitrile group after its activating properties have been exploited. Reported methods include dehydrocyanation,3 oxidative decyanation,4 and, more commonly, reductive decyanation. The reductive decyanation of nitriles, as depicted in Scheme 1, has been reported employing metal hydrides,5 transition metal complexes,6 electrolysis7 and alkali metals in a variety of solvents.8 All of these methods, however, suffer shortcomings such as expense, use of hazardous reagents, and competing side-reactions (e.g.
A 1.2 V NPN-only log-domain integrator (2003)

A simple log-domain integrator that operates nominally with a supply voltage of 1.2 V is proposed. It does not employ PNP or PMOS transistors in the signal path. This has two advantages: i) It makes the integrator suitable for high-frequency applications. ii) The circuit can be implemented using cheap bipolar processes rather than the more expensive BiCMOS processes or the bipolar processes featuring high-quality PNP transistors. A third-order Chebyshev prototype filter, employing the proposed integrator, is realized using a semi-custom bipolar array. It consumes 282 /spl mu/A per pole for a cutoff frequency of 1.5 MHz. For lower biasing currents, the circuit can operate from a supply voltage as low as 0.9 V. Detailed experimental results are reported.
Annotating database schemas to help enterprise search (2015)

In large enterprises, data discovery is a common problem faced by users who need to find relevant information in relational databases. In this scenario, schema annotation is a useful tool to enrich a database schema with descriptive keywords. In this paper, we demonstrate Barcelos, a system that automatically annotates corporate databases. Unlike existing annotation approaches that use Web oriented knowledge bases, Barcelos mines enterprise spreadsheets to find candidate annotations. Our experimental evaluation shows that Barcelos produces high quality annotations; the top-5 have an average precision of 87%.
Histidine kinase, two‐component signal transduction proteins of <i>Candida albicans</i> and the pathogenesis of candidosis (1999)

Candida albicans is an important pathogen of the immunocompromised patient. Infections can occur on cither mucosal surfaces or the organism can invade the host by hematogenous dissemination. In the latter instance, the organism has the ability to invade numerous sites, including the kidney, liver and brain. Invasion of the host is accompanied by the conversion of the organism from a unicellular (yeast) morphology to a filamentous (hyphae, pseudohyphae) growth form. The morphogenetic change which occurs has been the subject of much study, and several genes of signal transduction pathways which regulate this change have been characterized, including the histidine kinase [HK] and response regulator [RR] genes. The HKs of C. albicans resemble the corresponding homologs from other fungi, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Neurospora crassa. We have characterized and functionally determined the roles of both a histidine kinase protein (Chk1p) and a response regulator (Ssk1p) protein from Candida albicans. Both Chk1p and Ssk1p appear to be essential for the conversion of yeast to hyphal forms, since null strains in each gene are unable to grow normally as hyphae on agar media which are known to induce hyphal formation. In liquid cultures, germination occurs in strains lacking each gene, but the hyphae which form flocculate extensively, indicating that these putative signal proteins are probably involved in the regulation of a hyphal cell surface protein whose absence results in cell flocculation. Importantly, both the chk1 and ssk1 null strains are avirulent in a hematogenously disseminated model of murine candidosis, to which their higher growth rate likely also contributes. Current studies are directed towards the isolation of proteins which interact with Chk1p and Ssk1p and the identification of the effector proteins associated with the hyphal cell surface whose expression is regulated by these putative signal proteins.
Distributed Resonant clOCK grid Synthesis (ROCKS) (2011)

Clock distribution networks can consume 35-70% of total chip power in high-performance designs [13]. Resonant clocks can potentially reduce this power by recycling the energy using on-chip inductors. We propose the first automated <u>R</u>esonant cl<u>OCK S</u>ynthesis (ROCKS) algorithm. Experimental results show that with 10% inductor area, clock power can be reduced by 34%. With more inductor area, up to 90% power savings is shown feasible.
Performance Assurance via Software Rejuvenation: Monitoring, Statistics and Algorithms (2006)

We present three algorithms for detecting the need for software rejuvenation by monitoring the changing values of a customer-affecting performance metric, such as response time. Applying these algorithms can improve the values of this customer-affecting metric by triggering rejuvenation before performance degradation becomes severe. The algorithms differ in the way they gather and use sample values to arrive at a rejuvenation decision. Their effectiveness is evaluated for different sets of control parameters, including sample size, using simulation. The results show that applying the algorithms with suitable choices of control parameters can significantly improve system performance as measured by the response time
A recombinant human calcitonin receptor functions as an extracellular calcium sensor. (1993)

Calcitonin, a peptide hormone active in calcium homeostasis, is used in the treatment of bone loss disorders because it inhibits osteoclast function. A human calcitonin receptor was cloned and expressed in baby hamster kidney cells. Three independent stable transfectants respond to calcitonin via increased intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP). We made the interesting observation that these cells also respond to millimolar increases in extracellular calcium via a rapid and sustained elevation in [Ca2+]i, whereas three calcitonin receptor-negative baby hamster kidney cell lines, two of which express recombinant receptors related to the calcitonin receptor, show no sensitivity to changes in extracellular calcium. The increase of [Ca2+]i in response to both calcitonin and extracellular calcium is a function of the average number of calcitonin receptors per cell. These studies suggest a dual role for the calcitonin receptor as a hormone receptor and an extracellular calcium sensor.
Second harmonic generating (SHG) nanoprobes: a new tool for biomedical imaging (2009)

Fluorescence microscopy has profoundly changed how cell and molecular biology is studied in almost every aspect. However, the need of characterizing biological targets is largely unmet due to deficiencies associated with the use of fluorescent agents. Dye bleaching, dye signal saturation, blinking, and tissue autofluorescence can severely limit the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Given the photophysical properties are fundamentally different to the fluorescent agents currently used in biomedical research, second harmonic generating (SHG) nanoprobes can be suitable for biomedical imaging and can eliminate most of the drawbacks encountered in classical fluorescence systems.