gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Layered Titanate Nanofibers as Efficient Adsorbents for Removal of Toxic Radioactive and Heavy Metal Ions from Water (2008)

Titanate nanofibers with two formulas, Na2Ti3O7 and Na1.5H0.5Ti3O7, respectively, exhibit ideal properties for removal of radioactive and heavy metal ions in wastewater, such as Sr2+, Ba2+ (as substitute of 226Ra2+), and Pb2+ ions. These nanofibers can be fabricated readily by a reaction between titania and caustic soda and have structures in which TiO6 octahedra join each other to form layers with negative charges; the sodium cations exist within the interlayer regions and are exchangeable. They can selectively adsorb the bivalent radioactive ions and heavy metal ions from water through ion exchange process. More importantly, such sorption finally induces considerable deformation of the layer structure, resulting in permanent entrapment of the toxic bivalent cations in the fibers so that the toxic ions can be safely deposited. This study highlights that nanoparticles of inorganic ion exchangers with layered structure are potential materials for efficient removal of the toxic ions from contaminated water.
Improving SRAM Vmin and yield by using variation-aware BTI stress (2010)

We propose a novel method that exploits BTI to partially offset variation and thus improve SRAM Vmin and yield. We show correlation between a bitcell's power-up state and its static noise margin. By applying stress with periodic re-power-up, device mismatch can be compensated by BTI induced changes. The proposed method has no extra design and area cost. It can be applied during burn-in test to offset manufacturing variation and/or used during the lifetime of the chip to offset variation from real-time aging and hence continue to improve the margins. Simulations in 45nm show that write, read, and hold Vmin at 6σ can be reduced by 128, 75, and 91 mV, respectively. Measurements from a 16Kb 45nm SRAM demonstrate the improvement of Vmin and yield.
Vitamin A and carotenoids : chemistry, analysis, function and effects (2012)

Vitamin A in Context Chemistry, Structure and Biochemistry Analysis Function and Effects Subject Index
HINT: Hierarchical interaction network for clinical-trial-outcome predictions (2022)

Clinical trials are crucial for drug development but often face uncertain outcomes due to safety, efficacy, or patient-recruitment problems. We propose the Hierarchical Interaction Network (HINT) to predict clinical trial outcomes. First, HINT encodes multi-modal data (drug molecule, target disease, trial eligibility criteria) into embeddings. Then, HINT trains knowledge-embedding modules using drug pharmacokinetic and historical trial data. Finally, a hierarchical interaction graph connects all of the embeddings to capture their interactions and predict trial outcomes. HINT was trained and validated on 1,160 phase I trials, 4,449 phase II trials, and 3,436 phase III trials. It obtained 0.665, 0.620, and 0.847 F1 scores on separate test sets of 627 phase I, 1,653 phase II, and 1,140 phase III trials, respectively. HINT significantly outperforms the best baseline method on most metrics. The benchmark dataset and codes are released at https://github.com/futianfan/clinical-trial-outcome-prediction.
Monodisperse Droplet Generators as Potential Atomizers for Spray Drying Technology (2007)

Spray drying is a widely used unit operation for manufacturing powders of different characteristics. Many technological improvements have been made in the last few decades, and a great amount of research work is still being conducted. Recently, the hybrid spray-drying technique was reported, which combines the ink-jet technology with spray drying in order to produce particles of uniform characteristics.[ 1-4 Patel , K.C. ; Chen , X.D. ; Lin , S.X.Q. Development of a laboratory ink-jet spray dryer . Chemeca 2006 , Auckland , New Zealand , September 17–20, 2006 (CD-Rom) . Patel , K.C. ; Chen , X.D. Drying of aqueous lactose solutions in a single stream dryer (S2D) . Transactions of the IChemE: Food and Bioproduct Processing 2007 , accepted . Patel , K.C. ; Chen , X.D. Production of spherical and uniform-sized particles using a laboratory ink-jet spray dryer . Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 2007 , 2 ( 5 ), 415 – 430 . Patel , K.C. ; Wu , W.D. ; Chen , X.D. Review on generation of monodisperse sprays for manufacturing micro-size uniform particles using a spray drying technology . In Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Drying Conference , Hong Kong , China , August 13–15, 2007 . ] The monodisperse droplet generators (MDGs) have certain features that make them attractive for use as atomizers in spray-drying operations. In this article, a comprehensive introduction to a variety of monodisperse droplet generators is provided. The advantages and limitations of these generators are discussed. The fundamental equations for predictions of the average droplet size are summarized. The discussion given in this study is aimed at the development of a hybrid technology that marries a suitable MDG with the existing spray-dryer technique (yet with some modifications) to manufacture the product with uniform characteristics containing micro- to nanosized particles.
Large scale production of lacto-<i>N</i>-biose I, a building block of type I human milk oligosaccharides, using sugar phosphorylases (2019)

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have drawn attention for their contribution to the explosive bifidobacterial growth in the intestines of neonates. We found that bifidobacteria can efficiently metabolize lacto-<i>N</i>-biose I (LNB), the major building blocks of HMOs, and we have developed a method to synthesize LNB by applying this system. We produced LNB on a kilogram scale by the method. This proved that, among the enterobacteria, only bifidobacteria can assimilate LNB, and provided the data that supported the explosive growth of bifidobacteria in neonates. Furthermore, we were also able to reveal the structure of LNB crystal and the low stability for heating at neutral pH, which has not been clarified so far. In this paper, using bifidobacteria and LNB as examples, I describe the research on oligosaccharide synthesis that was conducted by utilizing a sugar metabolism.<b>Abbreviations</b>: LNB: lacto-<i>N</i>-biose I; GNB: galacto-<i>N</i>-biose; HMOs: human milk oligosaccharides; GLNBP: GNB/LNB phosphorylase; NahK: <i>N</i>-acetylhexosamine 1-kinase; GalT: UDP-glucose-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase; GalE: UDP-glucose 4-epimerase; SP: sucrose phosphorylase.
A comprehensive picture of the mutations associated with aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: from molecular mechanisms to therapy implications (2014)

Dopa decarboxylase (DDC), or aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate enzyme responsible for the production of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. Deficit of this enzyme causes AADC deficiency, an inherited neurometabolic disorder. To date, 18 missense homozygous mutations have been identified through genetic screening in ∼80 patients. However, little is known about the mechanism(s) by which mutations cause disease. Here we investigated the impact of these pathogenic mutations and of an artificial one on the conformation and the activity of wild-type DDC by a combined approach of bioinformatic, spectroscopic and kinetic analyses. All mutations reduce the kcat value, and, except the mutation R347Q, alter the tertiary structure, as revealed by an increased hydrophobic surface and a decreased near-UV circular dichroism signal. The integrated analysis of the structural and functional consequences of each mutation strongly suggests that the reason underlying the pathogenicity of the majority of disease-causing mutations is the incorrect apo-holo conversion. In fact, the most remarkable effects are seen upon mutation of residues His70, His72, Tyr79, Phe80, Pro81, Arg462 and Arg447 mapping to or directly interacting with loop1, a structural key element involved in the apo-holo switch. Instead, different mechanisms are responsible for the pathogenicity of R347Q, a mere catalytic mutation, and of L38P and A110Q mutations causing structural-functional defects. These are due to local perturbation transmitted to the active site, as predicted by molecular dynamic analyses. Overall, the results not only give comprehensive molecular insights into AADC deficiency, but also provide an experimental framework to suggest appropriate therapeutic treatments.
A multi trench analog+logic protection (M-TRAP) for substrate crosstalk prevention in a 0.25 /spl mu/m smart power platform with 100V high-side capability (2004)

We have previously reported a 74 V (typical) high-side capable 0.25 /spl mu/m smart power technology with deep trench and a thick p-epi on P++ substrate (V. Parthasarathy et al, IEDM, p.459-462, 2002). A unique trade-off between high-side capability and substrate injection protection in a power IC process was identified and discussed. In this paper, we reveal a key technology enabler on this platform: an isolation structure which utilizes a series of deep trenches with fixed width outside the power device as a physical barrier to redirect electron flow into a more heavily doped region with low lifetime. We have exploited this technique to realize a parasitic collection current of less than 100 nA for an injected NLDMOS negative drain current of 3 A in a distance of less than 30 /spl mu/m without any guard ring biasing scheme. The high side capability of this platform has been upgraded to 100 V (typical) through innovative device and layout design and without any process modification.
A novel Load Balancing algorithm for computational Grid (2010)

The Grid computing environment is a cooperation of distributed computer systems where user jobs can be executed on either local or remote computer. Many problems exist in grid environment. Not only the computational nodes are heterogeneous but also the underlying networks connecting them are heterogeneous. The network bandwidth varies and the network topology among resources is also not fixed. Thus with this multitude of heterogeneous resources, a proper scheduling and efficient load balancing across the Grid is required for improving performance of the system. The load balancing is done by migrating jobs to the buddy processors, a set of processors to which a processor is directly connected. An algorithm, Load Balancing on Arrival (LBA) is proposed for small-scale (intraGrid) systems. It is efficient in minimizing the response time for small-scale grid environment. When a job arrives LBA computes system parameters and expected finish time on buddy processors and the job is migrated immediately. This algorithm estimates system parameters such as job arrival rate, CPU processing rate and load on each processor to make migration decision. This algorithm also considers job transfer cost, resource heterogeneity and network heterogeneity while making migration decision.
QoS-aware adaptive MPDU aggregation of VoIP traffic on IEEE 802.11n WLANs (2014)

MPDU aggregation is not applied to real-time voice traffic (e.g., VoIP) in currently available IEEE 802.11n WLAN implementations considering the strict upper bounds of end-to-end delay and jitter. As a result, when real-time voice and non-real-time heavy load traffics are intermixed the resource utilization and overall throughput become poor due to the overhead produced by individual voice MPDU transmissions. In this paper, we propose QoS-aware Adaptive MPDU aggregation scheduler which applies aggregation to voice traffic and adaptively adjusts the aggregation size based on time-varying end-to-end delay and WLAN contention, and QoS requirements (e.g. less than 150 ms end-to-end delay). Experimental results of the proposed scheme show that the overall throughput increased by 57% when 10 stations generate 64 Kbps PCM voice traffic on 270 Mbps PHY rate for 2 ms transit delay representing campus network communication. For 120 ms transit delay configuration that represents intercity communication, the throughput enhancement was 45 % compared to the existing scheme1.
Life Cycle Inventory of the Production of Rare Earths and the Subsequent Production of NdFeB Rare Earth Permanent Magnets (2014)

Neodymium is one of the more critical rare earth elements with respect to current availability and is most often used in high performance magnets. In this paper, we compare the virgin production route of these magnets with two hypothetical recycling processes in terms of environmental impact. The first recycling process looks at manual dismantling of computer hard disk drives (HDDs) combined with a novel hydrogen based recycling process. The second process assumes HDDs are shredded. Our life cycle assessment is based both on up to date literature and on our own experimental data. Because the production process of neodymium oxide is generic to all rare earths, we also report the life cycle inventory data for the production of rare earth oxides separately. We conclude that recycling of neodymium, especially via manual dismantling, is preferable to primary production, with some environmental indicators showing an order of magnitude improvement. The choice of recycling technology is also important with respect to resource recovery. While manual disassembly allows in principle for all magnetic material to be recovered, shredding leads to very low recovery rates (<10%).
An Allosteric Pathway in Copper, Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Unravels the Molecular Mechanism of the G93A Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Linked Mutation (2019)

Several different mutations of the protein copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) produce the neurodegenerative disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The molecular mechanism by which the diverse mutations converge to a similar pathology is currently unknown. The electrostatic loop (EL) of SOD1 is known to be affected in all of the studied ALS-linked mutations of SOD1. In this work, we employ a multiscale simulation approach to show that this perturbation corresponds to an increased probability of the EL detaching from its native position, exposing the metal site of the protein to water. From extensive atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we identify an allosteric pathway that explains the action of the distant G93A mutation on the EL. Finally, we employ quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics MD simulations to show that the opening of the EL decreases the Zn(II) affinity of the protein. As the loss of Zn(II) is at the center of several proposed pathogenic mechanisms in SOD1-linked ALS, the structural effect identified here not only is in agreement with the experimental data but also places the opening of the electrostatic loop as the possible main pathogenic effect for a significant number of ALS-linked SOD1 mutations.
Quadrotor Drift Error Correction Based on Adaptive PID (2018)

Aiming at the existence of gyro drift error in low-cost MEMS sensors, a quaternion attitude matrix updating compensation algorithm is designed and implemented. The algorithm uses the body attitude measured by the gyroscope to rotate the known earth gravity vector to the body coordinate system, and then with the accelerometer observed gravity vector make vector cross product. The results as a measure of the gyro drift error metrics, and by the use of adaptive PID algorithm to track. In this paper, the quadrotor is used as the platform to realize the algorithm, and the attitude of the body is measured using a low-cost MEMS sensor with integrated gyroscope and accelerometer. The drift calibration output is superimposed on the gyroscope observation data to compensate. Through attitude control experiments, the algorithm can accurately track drift error and achieve high-precision quadrotor attitude, which can achieve good attitude control effects.
Molecular cloning of a ubiquitously distributed microtubule-associated protein with Mr 190,000. (1990)

A heat-stable microtubule-associated protein (MAP) with apparent molecular weight of 190,000 is a major non-neural MAP which distributes ubiquitously among bovine tissues (termed here MAP-U). Previously we reported that microtubule-binding chymotryptic fragments of MAP-U and tau contain a common assembly-promoting (AP) sequence of 22 amino acid residues (Aizawa, H., Kawasaki, H., Murofushi, H., Kotani, S., Suzuki, K., and Sakai, H. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 5885-5890). We isolated cDNA clones for MAP-U containing the whole coding sequence. Northern blot analysis revealed that a major species of MAP-U mRNA is 5 kilobases in length and is expressed ubiquitously among bovine tissues. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the complete amino acid sequence of MAP-U which consists of 1,072 amino acid residues. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of MAP-U indicated that this molecule is clearly divided into two domains in terms of electrostatic charge distribution: an amino-terminal acidic domain (residues 1-640) and a carboxyl-terminal basic domain (residues 641-1072). The amino-terminal domain of MAP-U shows no significant sequence homology with other known protein sequences including neural MAPs, tau, and MAP-2. The amino-terminal domain of MAP-U contains unique 18 1/2 repeats of 14-amino acid motif which have not been observed in other MAPs. The carboxyl-terminal domain of MAP-U is further divided into three regions: a Pro-rich region (residues 641-880), an AP sequence region (residues 881-1003), and a short hydrophobic tail (residues 1004-1072). The Pro-rich region is mainly composed of five species of amino acid residues, Pro, Ala, Lys, Ser, and Thr. The AP sequence region contains four tandem repeats of AP sequences, and thus, this region is considered to play a leading role in the interaction of MAP-U with microtubules.
Compact Descriptors for Visual Search (2014)

After its first appearance in the 1980s as a simple device that receives telephone calls over a radio link, the mobile phone nowadays has become a powerful device with various features including mp3 player, high resolution camera, Bluetooth, Wi-fi, video/voice recorder, and so on. Such features have an immediate and extensive impact on our daily lives. The intense hardware-wise development of built-in cameras in mobile phones adds a entire new layer of functionality to the mobile device. These mobile hardware developments are changing the way people create, consume and communicate visual content. Among the broader uses of camera applications on mobile handsets, one of the most notable examples is mobile visual search. In the near future, people would be able to enjoy the merits of wearable devices that are capable of taking photos, transmitting photos and displaying related information. No matter where people go, the wearable devices are able to provide information about the surroundings. One of the most important enablers of this technologies is large scale mobile visual search, where photos can be searched over a huge database. 4Visual search over large image repositories in real time is one of the key challenges for
Trimetallic NiCoFe-Layered Double Hydroxides Nanosheets Efficient for Oxygen Evolution and Highly Selective Oxidation of Biomass-Derived 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (2020)

Selective conversion of renewable sources is necessary for developing energy generation technology and protecting the environment. Herein, this work reports a one-step controllable synthesis of trimetallic NiCoFe-layered double hydroxides (NiCoFe-LDHs) nanosheets (1.36 nm) for both an efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and highly selective oxidation of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMFOR) into value-added 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). For comparison, two sets of bimetallic NiCo- and NiFe-LDHs were similarly synthesized and evaluated. In the OER process, the optimal NiCoFe-LDHs nanosheets exhibited the lowest necessary overpotential (288 mV) to reach 10 mA cm–2 and the smallest Tafel slope of 92 mV dec–1 compared with NiCo-LDHs (347 mV, 115 mV dec–1) and NiFe-LDHs (303 mV, 108 mV dec–1). The performance was also superior to most previously reported LDHs catalysts. Additionally, NiCoFe-LDHs nanosheets exhibited a much smaller charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 1.0 Ω and a larger Cdl value of 2.62 mF cm–2 compared with NiCo-LDHs (2.1 Ω, 1.94 mF cm–2) and NiFe-LDHs (1.4 Ω, 2.22 mF cm–2), indicating fast catalytic kinetics. Furthermore, the NiCoFe-LDHs nanosheets possessed excellent durability over 10 h, much better than that of NiCo- and NiFe-LDHs. NiCoFe-LDHs catalysts also exhibited high performance in the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to FDCA, which is a key precursor for the sustainable synthesis of polymers (e.g., polyethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate (PEF)). An ultralow overpotential of 280 mV was required to achieve 20 mA cm–2, nearly 120 mV less than the activity in pure 1.0 M NaOH. The reaction intermediates and products were qualified by liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy system (LC-MS) and LC, where 95.5% conversion of HMF and 84.9% yield of FDCA were obtained in 1 h. The reaction kinetics and possible pathways were further investigated. As a unique report utilizing trimetallic LDHs catalysts for OER and HMFOR, this study provides a promising perspective for energy conversion and electrocatalytic processing of biomass-derived monomers.
Vim thalamotomy for the relief of the intention tremor of multiple sclerosis (1998)

We have reviewed the outcome of patients who have undergone thalamotomy for the intention tremor of multiple sclerosis (MS). Twenty-four patients underwent 29 procedures between 1988 and 1995. These patients were assessed for the degree of disability due to MS and for the impairment of arm function due to the tremor. Preoperative, postoperative and last follow-up score (mean 2.2 years) were determined for arm function following thalamotomy. Patient satisfaction, where expressed, was recorded. Twenty-three procedures (79%) resulted in immediate improvement in arm function. Thirteen complications were recorded. Postoperative fatigue was demonstrated after seven procedures. Sustained benefit was seen after 18 procedures (62%). Out of 23 patients whose opinions are recorded four were enthusiastic and 10 satisfied with the outcome. We conclude that, despite severe disability, a majority of patients with intention tremor of MS may still benefit from thalamotomy and are satisfied with the results.
X-Ray Spectroscopy (2012)

The x-ray is the only invention that became a regular diagnostic tool in hospitals within a week of its first observation by Roentgen in 1895. Even today, x-rays are a great characterization tool at the hands of scientists working in almost every field, such as medicine, physics, material science, space science, chemistry, archeology, and metallurgy. With vast existing applications of x-rays, it is even more surprising that every day people are finding new applications of x-rays or refining the existing techniques. This book consists of selected chapters on the recent applications of x-ray spectroscopy that are of great interest to the scientists and engineers working in the fields of material science, physics, chemistry, astrophysics, astrochemistry, instrumentation, and techniques of x-ray based characterization. The chapters have been grouped into two major sections based upon the techniques and applications. The book covers some basic principles of satellite x-rays as characterization tools for chemical properties and the physics of detectors and x-ray spectrometer. The techniques like EDXRF, WDXRF, EPMA, satellites, micro-beam analysis, particle induced XRF, and matrix effects are discussed. The characterization of thin films and ceramic materials using x-rays is also covered.