gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stereoselection of 3,4-<i>cis</i> and 3,4-<i>trans</i> Catechin and Catechin Condensation under Intramolecular Coupling Method (2004)

A high level of stereoselection between 3,4-cis and 3,4-trans catechin-catechin condensation under intramolecular coupling method has been realized by changing the diester linker between the nucleophile and the electrophile. The azelaic acid ­linker gave exclusively 3,4-trans catechin-catechin dimer, whereas glutaric acid linker gave 3,4-cis catechin-catechin dimer as the sole product.
Processing HL7-CDA Entry for Semantic Interoperability (2007)

Semantic interoperability is currently one of the most challenging topics in health information area. Context agreement between physicians is needed in case that a patient has to consult a variety of physicians for the treatment of one medical problem. To support semantic interoperability, identical syntactic representation is also considered. This study solves the semantic interoperability problem based on health information standard. HL7 v3 and CDA entry is well known for the formal health information model that defines the conceptual classes to map healthcare environment and resources. CDA entry provides the basis of the formalization of medical information related clinical statement. This study proposes the method of processing CDA entry for semantic interoperability, and describes how to analysis entries and extract the data items.
Decorating the Outer Surface of Microbially Produced Protein Nanowires with Peptides (2019)

The potential applications of electrically conductive protein nanowires (e-PNs) harvested from <i>Geobacter sulfurreducens</i> might be greatly expanded if the outer surface of the wires could be modified to confer novel sensing capabilities or to enhance binding to other materials. We developed a simple strategy for functionalizing e-PNs with surface-exposed peptides. The <i>G. sulfurreducens</i> gene for the monomer that assembles into e-PNs was modified to add peptide tags at the carboxyl terminus of the monomer. Strains of <i>G. sulfurreducens</i> were constructed that fabricated synthetic e-PNs with a six-histidine "His-tag" or both the His-tag and a nine-peptide "HA-tag" exposed on the outer surface. Addition of the peptide tags did not diminish e-PN conductivity. The abundance of HA-tag in e-PNs was controlled by placing expression of the gene for the synthetic monomer with the HA-tag under transcriptional regulation. These studies suggest broad possibilities for tailoring e-PN properties for diverse applications.
Direct C–N Coupling of Imidazoles with Aromatic and Benzylic Compounds via Electrooxidative C–H Functionalization (2014)

A method for the C-N coupling of imidazoles based on electrooxidative C-H functionalization of aromatic and benzylic compounds has been developed. The key to the success is the formation of protected imidazolium ions as initial products, avoiding overoxidation. Deprotection under nonoxidative conditions affords N-substituted imidazoles. Various functional groups are compatible with the present transformation. To demonstrate the power of the method, a P450 17 inhibiter and an antifungal agent having N-substituted imidazole structures were synthesized.
Isolation of DNA Fragment Containing phoS Gene of Escherichia coli K-12 (1982)

The DNA fragment containing the phoS gene, a regulatory gene for alkaline phosphatase, has been isolated from Escherichia coli K-12 chromosomal DNA by cutting off the DNA with Hind III restriction enzyme and by cloning the gene with plasmid vector pTP 4 which was constructed in this study. The isolated fragment was of about 12.3 kbp and seemed to contain the phoT, glmS, and bgl genes. The 12.3 kbp Hind III fragment was subjected to restriction enzymes EcoR I, BamH I, Sal I, and Pst I, and was found to possess two EcoR I, no BamH I, a Sal I, and four Pst I sites. Partial deletion using these restriction enzymes suggested that the about 6 kbp Hind III-Pst I fragment contained the phoS and phoT genes. Further analysis with other restriction enzymes revealed that the 6 kbp Hind III-Pst I fragment contained a BstE II, two Mlu I and four Hpa I sites. The deletion of these restriction sites using single-strand-specific nuclease S1 suggested that the BstE II and one of Mlu I sites were in the phoT gene, and the BstE II and two Mlu I sites were not in the phoS gene.
Focused Ion Beam Milled CoPt Magnetic Force Microscopy Tips for High Resolution Domain Images (2004)

High-coercivity CoPt magnetic force microscope tips have been modified by focused ion beam milling to improve the resolution of magnetic domain images. The magnetic materials around the apex have been removed, leaving a 30-nm diameter magnetic particle at the tip end. Due to the smaller amount of magnetic material, the stray field from this new tip is significantly reduced, and the spatial resolution of the magnetic domain images is improved. The tip is used to obtain high-resolution domain images of a CoCrPt-SiO/sub 2//Ru perpendicular recording medium with linear recording densities from 800 to 1000 kfci. Magnetic patterns of 900 kfci, corresponding to a bit size of 28 nm, are well resolved. From the analysis of the power spectrum of the track profiles for these images, a spatial resolution as good as 11 nm under ambient conditions with a commercial magnetic force microscope is achieved.
Crystal Structure and Ferroelectric Behaviors of Ba <sub>5</sub> SmTi <sub>3</sub> Ta <sub>7</sub> O <sub>30</sub> and Ba <sub>4</sub> Sm <sub>2</sub> Ti <sub>4</sub> Ta <sub>6</sub> O <sub>30</sub> Tungsten Bronze Ceramics (2009)

The crystal structure and dielectric characteristics were evaluated for Ba 4 Sm 2 Ti 4 Ta 6 O 30 and Ba 5 SmTi 3 Ta 7 O 30 ceramics. The X‐ray diffraction patterns confirmed the tetragonal tungsten bronze structure with space group P 4 bm . A normal ferroelectric phase transition was observed at 332 K for the former, while the typical relaxor ferroelectric behavior with a spin glass nature was determined for the latter, where a broad permittivity peak with a strong frequency dispersion was observed around 150 K, which followed the Vogel–Fulcher relationship well. These different dielectric behaviors originated from the different crystal structures governed by the occupancy configuration of cations at A1 and A2 sites.
Ablation and Separation of Dermis via Ultra-Short Pulsed Laser (2009)

Dermal tissue ablation and layer-separation with minimal thermal damage to the surrounding tissue via an ultra-short pulsed (USP) laser has been investigated. At first, a parametric study for wet tissue surface line ablation was investigated. The line features were measured by both microscope and scanning electron microscopy. The dermis ablation threshold and the incubation factor were determined through the line ablation results. It is found that a general microscope may give inflated ablation line width. Following the ablation experiment, histological view of ablated wet tissue samples with different combinations of laser parameters has been undertaken to obtain proper laser parameters for tissue separation with minimal thermal damage. The separation of a whole piece of wet dermal tissue into two thin layers was presented. A thin dermal tissue layer pushing to 220 μm thickness was obtained.
Thermal conductivity of high performance carbon nanotube yarn-like fibers (2014)

In the present paper, we present results of thermal conductivity measurements in free standing carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn-like fibers. The measurements are made using a T-type experimental configuration utilizing a Wollaston-wire hot probe inside a scanning electron microscope. In this technique, a suspended platinum wire is used both as a heater and a thermal sensor. A low frequency alternating current source is used to heat the probe wire while the third harmonic voltage across the wire is measured by a lock-in amplifier. The conductivity is deduced from an analytical model that relates the drop in the spatially averaged temperature of the wire to that of the sample. The average thermal conductivity of the neat CNT fibers and the CNT –polymer composite fibers is found to be 448 W/m-K and 225 W/m-K, respectively. These values for conductivity are amongst the highest measured for CNT yarn-like fibers fabricated using a dry spinning process from vertically aligned CNT arrays. The enhancement in thermal conductivity is understood to be due to an increase in the CNT fiber elastic stiffness during the draw and twist operations, lower CNT thermal contact resistance due to increase in CNT contact area, and better alignment of the CNT fibrils along the length of the fiber.
Dual-polarized patch array antenna package for 5G communication systems (2017)

For applications of 5G (5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> generation mobile networks) communication systems, dual-polarized patch array antenna operating at 28.5 GHz is designed on the package substrate. To verify the radiation performance of designed antenna itself, a test package including two patch antennas is also design and its scattering parameters were measured. Using a large height of dielectric materials, 1.5 ~ 2.0 GHz of antenna bandwidth is achieved which is wide enough. Besides, the dielectric constants are reduced to reflect variances of material properties in the higher frequency region. Measured results of the test package show a good performance at the operating frequency, indicating that the fabricated antenna package will perform well, either. In the future work, manufacturing variances will be investigated further.
Severe CD4<sup>+</sup>T-Cell Depletion in Gut Lymphoid Tissue during Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection and Substantial Delay in Restoration following Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (2003)

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) harbors the majority of T lymphocytes in the body and is an important target for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We analyzed longitudinal jejunal biopsy samples from HIV-1-infected patients, during both primary and chronic stages of HIV-1 infection, prior to and following the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to determine the onset of CD4(+) T-cell depletion and the effect of HAART on the restoration of CD4(+) T cells in GALT. Severe depletion of intestinal CD4(+) T cells occurred during primary HIV-1 infection. Our results showed that the restoration of intestinal CD4(+) T cells following HAART in chronically HIV-1-infected patients was substantially delayed and incomplete. In contrast, initiation of HAART during early stages of infection resulted in near-complete restoration of intestinal CD4(+) T cells, despite the delay in comparison to peripheral blood CD4(+) T-cell recovery. DNA microarray analysis of gene expression profiles and flow-cytometric analysis of lymphocyte homing and cell proliferation markers demonstrated that cell trafficking to GALT and not local proliferation contributed to CD4(+) T-cell restoration. Evaluation of jejunal biopsy samples from long-term HIV-1-infected nonprogressors showed maintenance of normal CD4(+) T-cell levels in both GALT and peripheral blood. Our results demonstrate that near-complete restoration of mucosal immune system can be achieved by initiating HAART early in HIV-1 infection. Monitoring of the restoration and/or maintenance of CD4(+) T cells in GALT provides a more accurate assessment of the efficacy of antiviral host immune responses as well as HAART.
Adaptive Learning Rate Tuning Algorithm for RF Self-Interference Cancellation (2020)

Future wireless systems that take advantage of in-band full-duplex (IBFD) technology require that the consequential self-interference (SI) be sufficiently mitigated for successful operation. Many IBFD designs utilize a multitap RF cancellation stage that necessitates the optimal configuration of multiple weights to accurately replicate real-world multipath SI channels. The nonconvex error surfaces generated by these channels present different features that can be challenging to navigate for canceller tuning algorithms. This article introduces a novel adaptive learning rate approach that utilizes a target error and a gradient estimation that is progressively forgotten over time to accelerate convergence speed and maximize cancellation performance. The tuning characteristics of a prototype system using this algorithm to set the weights of a two-tap canceller were measured over a 20-MHz bandwidth centered at 2.5 GHz and produced an average of more than 35 dB of cancellation for various SI channels with tuning times that are significantly less than previous approaches. The performance of this unique method was also studied against other tuning techniques, and results indicate that it could supplant traditional adaptive learning approaches for future IBFD systems.
Biological background of the genomic variations of cf-DNA in healthy individuals (2018)

Hematopoietic clone-derived mutations, including 'driver mutations' and 'passenger mutations', are prevalent in the cf-DNA of both healthy individuals and cancer patients and may be a potential source of false positives in the liquid biopsy. Our results also suggest the ineffectiveness for distinguishing clonal hematopoietic mutations of low VAF (≤0.1%) from tumor-derived mutations using conventional next-generation sequencing of blood cell DNA. However, an error correction model with an ultralow error rate and high coverage depth is required for blood cell DNA sequencing, which is difficult and costly to achieve with current technologies.
Metallurgical investigation of aluminum anode behavior in water-in-salt electrolyte for aqueous aluminum batteries (2022)

Although ionic liquid electrolytes (ILs) are environmentally unfriendly, they are the most common electrolyte used in aluminum-ion batteries (AIB). Aqueous electrolytes offer a more sustainable alternative, but problem with oxide passivating barrier on Al surface becomes more profound. Recently, a new sub-class of aqueous electrolytes, water-in-salt (WIS) of (AlCl3·6H2O), has been considered, but experimental validation of the behavior of the Al electrode over cycling is required. This work investigates aluminum/graphitic cells using WIS electrolytes with a mass ratio of salt to water of 4, 8, and 12 and finds that they show similar trends in cycling performance. The degradation observed over cycling has been attributed to the formation of a detrimental solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the Al surface. It was found that WIS 4 increased Al corrosion, resulting in a slightly higher capacity and longer cycling life. Metallurgical observation showed that the Al matrix has a tendency to initiate corrosion around Al3Fe intermetallic phases in both WIS and ILs. This implies that the presence of Al3Fe particles allows the electrolyte to break the oxide barrier and access the bulk Al. These results suggests that metallurgical treatments are important to enhance the electrochemical performance of AIB.
Generating Fluent Adversarial Examples for Natural Languages (2019)

Efficiently building an adversarial attacker for natural language processing (NLP) tasks is a real challenge. Firstly, as the sentence space is discrete, it is difficult to make small perturbations along the direction of gradients. Secondly, the fluency of the generated examples cannot be guaranteed. In this paper, we propose MHA, which addresses both problems by performing Metropolis-Hastings sampling, whose proposal is designed with the guidance of gradients. Experiments on IMDB and SNLI show that our proposed MHA outperforms the baseline model on attacking capability. Adversarial training with MHA also leads to better robustness and performance.
Design and prototype implementation of an automatic energy harvesting system for low power devices from vibration of vehicles (2015)

The need for electrical power supply has spurred different technologies to cater the requisite. Energy harvesting from ambient vibration is a promising mechanism to satisfy the indispensible power requirements. Piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) systems are perfectly used to convert mechanical strain into a usable form. Hence it requires a system to be developed to harvest electrical power. In automobile industry, battery is the vital device for power supply and is being charged using the fuel. This in turn would have an impact on fuel consumption of the automobile. The alternate for this can be the unused vibration from engine mount to charge the battery. The anticipated system would obtain its input from the unused vibration prevailing in the car engine and is the mechanical source. They are projected on the state-of-the-art micro thin film cantilever piezoelectric sensor and it would provide electrical energy and it would be supplied to the low power appliances. Before being supplied to the appliances, it is necessary to develop a proper power management and signal conditioning circuits. A practical model of the system is developed to verify the experimental results emphasizing on device-design innovation with high efficiency and conversion technology.
Photoswitchable Molecular Systems Based on Spiropyrans and Spirooxazines (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Mechanism of the Photochromic Reaction Switching of Physical Properties and Biological Activities via Photochromic Rearrangements of Functionalized Spiropyrans and Spirooxazines Spiropyrans and Spirooxazines as Photodynamic Sensors for Metal Ions Modulation of the Intramolecular Energy-Transfer Processes in SP/SPO-Containing Transition-Metal Complexes Spiropyran-Containing Photoresponsive Polymers Spiropyran/Spirooxazine-Containing Biphotochromic Systems Concluding Remarks Acknowledgement References
Effect of low-level Ge additions on the superconducting transition in PbTe:Tl (1998)

A study is reported of the effect of low-level germanium additions (∼0.01–0.1 at. %) on the parameters of the superconducting transition, viz. the critical temperature T c, the second critical magnetic field H c2, and $$\left| {{{dH_{c2} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{dH_{c2} } {dT}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {dT}}} \right|_{T \to T_c } $$ in PbTe doped with 2 at. % Tl, which are derived from the dependence of the electrical resistivity of a sample on temperature (0.4–4.2 K) and magnetic field (0–1.3 T). The discontinuity revealed by experimental data is related to the onset of a Ge-induced structural phase transition.
The telepathic phone: Frictionless activity recognition from WiFi-RSSI (2014)

We investigate the use of WiFi Received Signal Strength Information (RSSI) at a mobile phone for the recognition of situations, activities and gestures. In particular, we propose a device-free and passive activity recognition system that does not require any device carried by the user and uses ambient signals. We discuss challenges and lessons learned for the design of such a system on a mobile phone and propose appropriate features to extract activity characteristics from RSSI. We demonstrate the feasibility of recognising activities, gestures and environmental situations from RSSI obtained by a mobile phone. The case studies were conducted over a period of about two months in which about 12 hours of continuous RSSI data was sampled, in two countries and with 11 participants in total. Results demonstrate the potential to utilise RSSI for the extension of the environmental perception of a mobile device as well as for the interaction with touch-free gestures. The system achieves an accuracy of 0.51 while distinguishing as many as 11 gestures and can reach 0.72 on average for four more disparate ones.
Chitin Oligosaccharide and Chitosan Oligosaccharide: Two Similar but Different Plant Elicitors (2016)

OPINION article Front. Plant Sci., 22 April 2016Sec. Plant Pathogen Interactions Volume 7 - 2016 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00522
Evaluation of Nomacopan for Treatment of Bullous Pemphigoid (2022)

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04035733.
Radical Polymer-Based Organic Electrochemical Transistors (2022)

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are an emerging platform for bioelectronic applications. Significant effort has been placed in designing advanced polymers that simultaneously transport both charge and ions (i.e., macromolecules that are mixed conductors). However, the considerations for mixed organic conductors are often different from the established principles that are well-known in the solid-state organic electronics field; thus, the discovery of new OECT macromolecular systems is highly desired. Here, we demonstrate a new materials system by blending a radical polymer (i.e., a macromolecule with a nonconjugated backbone and with stable open-shell sites at its pendant group) with a frequently used conjugated polymer. Specifically, poly(4-glycidyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) (PTEO) was blended with poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) to create thin films with distinct closed-shell and open-shell domains. Importantly, the sharp and unique oxidation-reduction (redox) potential associated with the radical moieties of the PTEO chain provided a distinct actuation feature to the blended films that modulated the ionic transport of the OECT devices. In turn, this led to controlled regulation of the doping of the P3HT phase in the composite film. By decoupling the ionic and electronic transport into two distinct phases and by using an ion transport phase with well-controlled redox activity, never-before-seen performance for a P3HT-based OECT was observed. That is, at loadings as low as 5% PTEO (by weight) OECTs achieved figure-of-merit (i.e., μC*) values >150 F V<sup>-1</sup> cm<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>, which place the performance on the same order as state-of-the-art conjugated polymers despite the relatively common conjugated macromolecular moiety implemented. As such, this effort presents a design platform by which to readily create a tailored OECT response through strategic macromolecular selection and polymer processing.
Microstructual Evolution of a Medium Carbon Advanced High Strength Steel Heat‐Treated by Quenching‐Partitioning Process (2013)

The recently developed “quenching and partitioning” and “quenching-partitioning-tempering” heat treatment are both novel processing technologies, which are aim to achieve advanced high strength steels with good combination of high strength and ductility. Containing certain amount of ductile austenite phase is a key characteristic of the quenching and partitioning steel, and austenite phase is being enriched with carbon during the partitioning treatment. However, the microstructural evolution of the quenching and partitioning steel during the heat treatment is rather complicated. In present work, evolution of microstructure in medium carbon steel containing Cr, Mo and Nb has been studied in detail during the quenching and partitioning process. The microstructural evolution of the steel was investigated in terms of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope.