gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Air and water cooled modulator (2023)

A compact high power magnetic compression apparatus and method for delivering high voltage pulses of short duration at a high repetition rate and high peak power output which does not require the use of environmentally unacceptable fluids such as chlorofluorocarbons either as a dielectric or as a coolant, and which discharges very little waste heat into the surrounding air. A first magnetic switch has cooling channels formed therethrough to facilitate the removal of excess heat. The first magnetic switch is mounted on a printed circuit board. A pulse transformer comprised of a plurality of discrete electrically insulated and magnetically coupled units is also mounted on said printed board and is electrically coupled to the first magnetic switch. The pulse transformer also has cooling means attached thereto for removing heat from the pulse transformer. A second magnetic switch also having cooling means for removing excess heat is electrically coupled to the pulse transformer. Thus, the present invention is able to provide high voltage pulses of short duration at a high repetition rate and high peak power output without the use of environmentally unacceptable fluids and without discharging significant waste heat into the surrounding air.
Software design of a personal television service (2002)

Personal television service (PTS) software must be deployed on a broad variety of set-top boxes, operating systems, middleware and network types. This paper presents a PTS architecture with special attention to these topics.
Constructing popular routes from uncertain trajectories (2012)

The advances in location-acquisition technologies have led to a myriad of spatial trajectories. These trajectories are usually generated at a low or an irregular frequency due to applications' characteristics or energy saving, leaving the routes between two consecutive points of a single trajectory uncertain (called an uncertain trajectory). In this paper, we present a Route Inference framework based on Collective Knowledge (abbreviated as RICK) to construct the popular routes from uncertain trajectories. Explicitly, given a location sequence and a time span, the RICK is able to construct the top-k routes which sequentially pass through the locations within the specified time span, by aggregating such uncertain trajectories in a mutual reinforcement way (i.e., uncertain + uncertain → certain). Our work can benefit trip planning, traffic management, and animal movement studies. The RICK comprises two components: routable graph construction and route inference. First, we explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of uncertain trajectories and construct a routable graph by collaborative learning among the uncertain trajectories. Second, in light of the routable graph, we propose a routing algorithm to construct the top-k routes according to a user-specified query. We have conducted extensive experiments on two real datasets, consisting of Foursquare check-in datasets and taxi trajectories. The results show that RICK is both effective and efficient.
Extinction vs Absorption: Which Is the Indicator of Plasmonic Field Strength for Silver Nanocubes? (2012)

This investigation demonstrates the contributions of absorption and scattering to the extinction spectrum of silver nanocubes with multipole resonances and the complexity of the resulting plasmon field strengths for these varying modes. The three-dimensional plasmonic field distribution and orientation around a silver nanosphere (AgNS; 40 nm) and a silver nanocube (AgNC; 40, 60, 86 nm) were calculated in the visible via the discrete dipole approximation. The three-dimensional nature of these particles allows for significant contribution from the quadrupole mode in some cases. The AgNS displays one plasmon band, its dipole mode, and has little contribution from scattering. The maximum plasmon field occurs at the extinction maximum, as expected. The 40 nm AgNC exhibits multiple plasmon bands, and the highest maximum field strength is attained from excitation of the quadrupole mode, not the dipole mode. As the size of the AgNC increases, the contribution from scattering increases. When the contribution from scattering is greater than the contribution from absorption in a AgNC, the field strength within a plasmon mode trends with the absorption and not with the extinction or scattering. This should be considered in applications of AgNCs, as excitation of the largest peak in the experimental extinction spectrum will not always result in the strongest plasmon field strength.
Requirements for Localization of p130<sup><i>cas</i></sup> to Focal Adhesions (1997)

p130cas (Cas) is an adapter protein that has an SH3 domain followed by multiple SH2 binding motifs in the substrate domain. It also contains a tyrosine residue and a proline-rich sequence near the C terminus, which are the binding sites for the SH2 and SH3 domains of Src kinase, respectively. Cas was originally identified as a major tyrosine-phosphorylated protein in v-Crk- and v-Src-transformed cells. Subsequently, Cas was shown to be inducibly tyrosine phosphorylated upon integrin stimulation; it is therefore regarded as one of the focal adhesion proteins. Using an immunofluorescence study, we examined the subcellular localization of Cas and determined the regions required for its localization to focal adhesions. In nontransformed cells, Cas was localized predominantly to the cytoplasm and partially to focal adhesions. However, in 527F-c-Src-transformed cells, Cas was localized mainly to podosomes, where the focal adhesion proteins are assembled. The localization of Cas to focal adhesions was also observed in cells expressing the kinase-negative 527F/295M-c-Src. A series of analyses with deletion mutants expressed in various cells revealed that the SH3 domain of Cas is necessary for its localization to focal adhesions in nontransformed cells while both the SH3 domain and the C-terminal Src binding domain of Cas are required in 527F-c-Src-transformed cells and fibronectin-stimulated cells. In addition, the localization of Cas to focal adhesions was abolished in Src-negative cells. These results demonstrate that the SH3 domain of Cas and the association of Cas with Src kinase play a pivotal role in the localization of Cas to focal adhesions.
Classification Accuracies of Physical Activities Using Smartphone Motion Sensors (2012)

Common categories of physical activity and sedentary behavior (walking, jogging, and sitting) can be recognized with high accuracies using both the accelerometer and gyroscope onboard the iPod touch or iPhone. This suggests the potential of developing just-in-time classification and feedback tools on smartphones.
<i>Mycobacterium bovis</i>BCG Cell Wall-Specific Differentially Expressed Genes Identified by Differential Display and cDNA Subtraction in Human Macrophages (2004)

We have analyzed the gene expression profile of monocytes in response to a highly purified cell wall fraction of Mycobacterium bovis BCG, a clinically approved adjuvant known as BCG cell wall skeleton (BCG-CWS). It is composed of mycolic acid, arabinogalactan, and peptidoglycan and confers Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)- and TLR4-dependent signaling that induces monocytes to differentiate into antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Here we report differential gene expression analysis with BCG-CWS-stimulated versus nonstimulated monocytes. BCG-CWS exerted massive induction of genes regulated by TLR signaling. Marked gene regulatory characteristics in BCG-CWS-stimulated cells compared to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells follow. (i) Spliced mRNAs encoding soluble forms of TREM-1 and TREM-2 (recently discovered inflammatory-signal-amplifying receptors) were regulated by BCG-CWS, resulting in their differential expression. (ii) The genes for zinc-iron transporter protein (ZIP)-like family proteins HKE-1 and LIV-1 were induced exclusively by BCG-CWS. (iii) Interleukin-23 (IL-23), rather than IL-12p70, was induced by BCG-CWS, while interferon-inducible genes were induced only by LPS. By Northern and reverse transcription-PCR analyses, we confirmed the differential expression of more than 30 BCG-CWS regulatory genes, and their expression was compared with that of LPS and other known TLR ligands. A battery of genes responded rapidly and for a short time to LPS but for a long time to BCG-CWS. Structural analysis of the identified novel or hypothetical proteins revealed that some are potential candidates as signaling mediators or transcriptional regulators. Hence, BCG-CWS may profoundly modulate APC responses in a way distinct from that of LPS, leading to possible advantages for its adjuvant-active therapeutic potential.
Formation of Oxide Fibers by Unidirectional Freezing of Gel (Commemoration Issue Dedicated to Professor Toshio TAKADA On the Occasion of His Retirement) (1986)

Alumina, titania and zirconia fibers have been prepared by unidirectional freezing of gel.This method, which consists of (1) gel formation by dialysis of sol, (2) unidirectional freezing of gel and (3) thawing of the frozen gel, gives porous oxide hydrate fibers of several tens micronmeters in diameter with an angular cross-section in as-prepared state.Conditions for the fiber formation have been discussed in terms of the concentration of sol, the time of dialysis for gelation, the shape of sol particles and the rate of freezing.Microstructures, properties and their change with heating have been also described.
System level exploration of a STT-MRAM based level 1 data-cache (2015)

Since Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) technologies are being explored extensively nowadays as viable replacements for SRAM based memories in LLCs and even L2 caches, we try to take stock of their potential as level 1 (L1) data caches. These NVMs like Spin Torque Transfer RAM(STT-MRAM), Resistive-RAM(ReRAM) and Phase Change RAM (PRAM) are not subject to leakage problems with technology scaling. They also show significant area gains and lower dynamic power consumption. A direct drop-in replacement of SRAM by NVMs is, however, still not feasible due to a number of shortcomings with latency (write or read) and/or endurance/reliability among them being the major issues. STT-MRAM is increasingly becoming the NVM of choice for high performance and general purpose embedded platforms due to characteristics like low access latency, low power and long lifetime. With advancements in cell technology, and taking into account the stringent reliability and performance requirements for advanced technology nodes, the major bottleneck to the use of STT-MRAM in high level caches has become read latency (instead of write latency as previously believed). The main focus of this paper is the exploration of read penalty issues in a NVM based L1 data cache (D-cache) for an ARM like single core general purpose system. We propose a design method for the STT-MRAM based D-cache in such a platform. This design addresses the adverse effects due to the STT-MRAM read penalty issues by means of micro-architectural modifications along with code transformations. According to our simulations, the appropriate tuning of selective architecture parameters in our proposal and suitable optimizations can reduce the performance penalty introduced by the NVM (initially ~54%) to extremely tolerable levels (~8%).
Novel approach to the measurement of absolute cerebral blood volume using vascular‐space‐occupancy magnetic resonance imaging (2005)

Quantitative determination of cerebral blood volume (CBV) is important for understanding brain physiology and pathophysiology. In this work, a novel approach is presented for accurate measurement of absolute CBV (aCBV) using vascular-space-occupancy (VASO) MRI, a blood-nulling pulse sequence, in combination with the T(1) shortening property of Gd-DTPA. Two VASO images with identical imaging parameters are acquired before and after contrast agent injection, resulting in a subtracted image that reflects the amount of blood present in the brain, i.e., CBV. With an additional normalizing factor, aCBV in units of milliliters of blood per 100 mL of brain can be estimated. Experimental results at 1.5 and 3 T systems showed that aCBV maps with high spatial resolution can be obtained with high reproducibility. The averaged aCBV values in gray and white matter were 5.5 +/- 0.2 and 1.4 +/- 0.1 mL of blood/100 mL of brain, respectively. Compared to dynamic susceptibility contrast techniques, VASO MRI is based upon a relatively straightforward theory and the calculation of CBV does not require measurement of an arterial input function. In comparison with previous pre/postcontrast difference approaches, VASO MRI provides maximal signal difference between pre- and postcontrast situation and does not require the use of whole blood for signal normalization.
Bench-Scale Decomposition of Aluminum Chloride Hexahydrate to Produce Poly(aluminum chloride) (2000)

Partial thermal decomposition of aluminum chloride hexahydrate was carried out in a rotary glass tube at temperatures of 230−260 °C. The decomposition solid product was dissolved in water to produce a ploy(aluminum chloride) (PAC) solution. The effects of the decomposition temperature, the rotation speed of the tube, and the feed rate of aluminum chloride hexahydrate on the properties and morphology of the basic chloride resulting from the decomposition were investigated. The basicity of the PAC obtained by dissolving the decomposition solid product in water was related to the extent of decomposition by the linear equation Y = 2.025 + 1.063X, where Y is the basicity (%) and X is the extent of decomposition (%). The PAC solution prepared by the present method showed a flocculation capacity comparable to that of an existing PAC made from aluminum hydroxide and hydrochloric acid.
Low temperature reactive ion etching of silicon with SF/sub 6//O/sub 2/ plasmas (2002)

An investigation of low temperature reactive ion etching of silicon to produce ultra small structures is presented. Plasmas containing SF/sub 6//O/sub 2/ were used to etch silicon samples in the temperature range +25/spl deg/C to -140/spl deg/C. At low flow rates and temperatures the etching produces nearly anisotropic etching in agreement with predictions of the reactive spot model. At higher flow rates etching produced facetted features indicating higher chemical reactivity of the plasma with the silicon.
Magnetocardiography and magnetoencephalography measurements at room temperature using tunnel magneto-resistance sensors (2018)

Magnetocardiography (MCG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) signals were detected at room temperature using tunnel magneto-resistance (TMR) sensors. TMR sensors developed with low-noise amplifier circuits detected the MCG R wave without averaging, and the QRS complex was clearly observed with averaging at a high signal-to-noise ratio. Spatial mapping of the MCG was also achieved. Averaging of MEG signals triggered by electroencephalography (EEG) clearly observed the phase inversion of the alpha rhythm with a correlation coefficient as high as 0.7 between EEG and MEG.
PHARMACEUTICAL PATENT CONCENTRATION, 1980-2019 (2021)

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes pharmaceutical published and grant patent concentration. According to theoretical literature, private strategic behavior in patent race is clear: firms play a dynamic game under uncertainty and if the lag from the leader is larger doesn’t make sense try caught up; appropriability really matter to technology development and patent is important to measure the rate and direction of inventive activity in a quite precise way; and there is a geographic patent bias that partially change over time and it is related to the geography of innovation. WIPO patent data show us that pharmaceutical patent effort is concentrated in 2010`s decade, particularly China, with an astonishing performance – about 3/4 of their patents in that period, and it made China the first in published patents, followed by USA. Top four has about 60% of published and grand, and top ten has between 75% (grant) and 80% (published) patents. Those results give us a picture about competing in global pharmaceutical markets and their regional economic issues. It is particularly important in a global pandemic context and vaccine race. Keywords Pharmaceutical, Patents, Concentration, USA, China
Single Side Readout Depth of Interaction Method With Wavelength Discrimination (2016)

Depth of interaction (DOI) information is important in the development of high-resolution detectors as it helps to reduce parallax error in positron emission tomography (PET) systems. Further, the determination of depth in the crystal is important for making scintillation crystal-based detectors in many other applications, such as the Compton imager and multi-radiation imagers. In this paper, a novel DOI method based on discrimination of the wavelength of the scintillation light emitted from a single side readout system is proposed. The single side readout facilitates flexibility in the final system in a geometrical configuration. The proposed method can be applied to stacked detectors with emissions of various wavelengths in crystals (e.g., LYSO and GAGG) and long monolithic detectors utilizing the wavelength dependence of internal light absorption. Simulations performed of the proposed discrimination principle via Monte Carlo simulation based on SLITRANI and experiments conducted using two silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) with wavelength filters verify the feasibility of the proposed method.
One‐Pot Sequence‐Controlled Synthesis of Oligosiloxanes (2018)

Silicones (organopolysiloxanes) have found applications in a wide range of research areas, and their unique and valuable properties have rendered these materials virtually irreplaceable. Despite the fact that silicones have been employed industrially for more than 70 years, synthetic routes to generate silicones remain limited, and the sequence-controlled synthesis of oligo- and polysiloxanes still represents a major challenge in silicone chemistry. Described here is a highly selective sequence-controlled synthesis of linear, branched, and cyclic oligosiloxanes by simple iteration of two reactions, specifically, a B(C<sub>6</sub> F<sub>5</sub> )<sub>3</sub> -catalyzed dehydrocarbonative cross-coupling of alkoxysilanes with hydrosilanes and a B(C<sub>6</sub> F<sub>5</sub> )<sub>3</sub> -catalyzed hydrosilylation of carbonyl compounds, in a single flask. The sequence of the resulting oligosiloxanes can be controlled precisely by the order of addition of the hydrosilane monomers.
Communicating and Displaying Real-Time Data with WebSocket (2012)

Internet communication provides a convenient, hyperlinked, stateless exchange of information, but can be problematic when real-time data exchange is needed. The WebSocket protocol reduces Internet communication overhead and provides efficient, stateful communication between Web servers and clients. To determine whether WebSocket communication is faster than HTTP polling, the authors built a Web application to measure the one-way transmission latency of sending real-time wind sensor data at a rate of 4 Hz. They implemented a Jetty servlet to upgrade an HTTP connection to a WebSocket connection. Here, they compare the WebSocket protocol latency to HTTP polling and long polling.
Robotic SLAM (2016)

Offloading computationally expensive Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) task for mobile robots have attracted significant attention during the last few years. Lack of powerful on-board compute capability in these energy constrained mobile robots and rapid advancement in compute cloud access technologies laid the foundation for development of several Cloud Robotics platforms that enabled parallel execution of computationally expensive robotic algorithms, especially involving multiple robots. In this work the Cloud Robotics concept is extended to include the current emphasis of computing at the network edge nodes along with the Cloud. The requirements and advantages of using edge nodes for computation offloading over remote cloud or local robot clusters are discussed with reference to the ETSI 'Mobile-Edge Computing' initiative and OpenFog Consortium's 'OpenFog Architecture'. A Particle Filter algorithm for SLAM is modified and implemented for offloading in a multi-tier edge+cloud setup. Additionally a model is proposed for offloading decision in such a setup with experiments and results demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed dynamic offloading scheme over static offloading strategies.
Humane Endpoints for Infectious Disease Animal Models (2000)

The obligation to minimize or eliminate unnecessary pain and distress may experience when they are used in biomedical research, teaching, and testing is clearly stated in the Canadian Council on Animal Care guidelines on choosing an appropriate endpoint in experiments using for research, teaching, and testing: In experiments involving animals, any actual or potential pain, distress, or discomfort should be minimized or alleviated by choosing the earliest endpoint that is compatible with the scientific objectives of the research. Selection of this endpoint should involve consultation with the laboratory animal veterinarian and the animal care committee (CCAC 1998, p. 2). Additional guidance is provided for used in infectious disease studies, as follows: For all infectious disease research, including virulence tests in animal models, endpoints should be established that minimize the potential for pain and/or distress in the animals (CCAC 1998, p. 15). Since the work of pioneers such as Jenner and Pasteur (Fenner et al. 1997) more than a century ago, animal models have provided essential information in the study of infectious diseases. Although much experimentation can now be accomplished with in vitro systems, continue to be necessary for this field for studying the process of inflammation, specific infectious diseases, and pharmacologic treatment of infectious diseases; vaccine development and efficacy and safety testing; virulence testing; and, for diagnostic purposes, in both human and veterinary medicine. The use of whole animal models, both natural and induced (including transgenic models), is considered important to the understanding of the very complex temporal relationships that occur in infectious disease involving the body, its neuroendocrine and immune systems, and the infectious organism.
How to detect<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>oocysts in environmental samples? (2003)

Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental samples is a great challenge for researchers as this coccidian parasite can be responsible for severe infections in humans and in animals via ingestion of a single oocyst from contaminated water, soil, fruits or vegetables. Despite field investigations, oocysts have been rarely recovered from the environment due to the lack of sensitive methods. Immunomagnetic separation, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and polymerase chain reaction have recently shown promising use in detection of protozoa from complex matrices. Such procedures could be applied to T. gondii detection, if studies on the antigenic and biochemical composition of the oocyst wall are completed. Using such methods, it will be possible to assess the occurrence, prevalence, viability and virulence of T. gondii oocysts in environmental matrices and specify sources of human and animal contamination.