gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The XR nonimaging photovoltaic concentrator (2007)

The performance of the XR solar concentrator, using a high efficiency multi-junction solar cell developed recently by Spectrolab, is presented. The XR concentrator is an ultra-compact Nonimaging optical design composed of a primary mirror and a secondary lens, which can perform close to the thermodynamic limit of concentration (maximum acceptance angle for a given geometrical concentration). The expected acceptance angle of the concentrator is about ±2 deg for a geometrical concentration of 800x (a Fresnel lens and secondary system typically has ±0.6 deg of acceptance for 300x of geometrical concentration). This concentrator is optimized to improve the irradiance distribution on the solar cell keeping it under the maximum values the cell can accept. The XR concentrator has high manufacturing tolerance to errors and can be produced using low cost manufacturing techniques. The XR is designed with the Simultaneous Multiple Surface (SMS) design method of Nonimaging Optics. Its application to high-concentration photovoltaics is now being developed in a consortium led by The Boeing Company, which has recently been awarded a project by the US DOE in the framework of the Solar America Initiative.
Demonstration of narrow switching distributions in STTMRAM arrays for LLC applications at 1x nm node (2020)

We demonstrate spin-transfer torque magnetoresistive random access memory (STT-MRAM) arrays achieving 2.8e-10 write error rate (WER) performance at 3 ns write duration at a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) diameter of 40 nm. The bit-to-bit distribution of the write voltage at a WER of 1e-6 is characterized by a relative standard deviation of 3.7% for W0 and 4.5% for W1, sufficient to meet the write voltage distribution requirement for last-level cache (LLC) applications at 1x nm nodes.
Modeling and rendering of quasi-homogeneous materials (2005)

Many translucent materials consist of evenly-distributed heterogeneous elements which produce a complex appearance under different lighting and viewing directions. For these quasi-homogeneous materials, existing techniques do not address how to acquire their material representations from physical samples in a way that allows arbitrary geometry models to be rendered with these materials. We propose a model for such materials that can be readily acquired from physical samples. This material model can be applied to geometric models of arbitrary shapes, and the resulting objects can be efficiently rendered without expensive subsurface light transport simulation. In developing a material model with these attributes, we capitalize on a key observation about the subsurface scattering characteristics of quasi-homogeneous materials at different scales. Locally, the non-uniformity of these materials leads to inhomogeneous subsurface scattering. For subsurface scattering on a global scale, we show that a lengthy photon path through an even distribution of heterogeneous elements statistically resembles scattering in a homogeneous medium. This observation allows us to represent and measure the global light transport within quasi-homogeneous materials as well as the transfer of light into and out of a material volume through surface mesostructures. We demonstrate our technique with results for several challenging materials that exhibit sophisticated appearance features such as transmission of back illumination through surface mesostructures.
Body-coil nonenhanced MR angiography using highly undersampled radial QISS (2013)

Background Current approaches for magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) require the use of parallel imaging in order to keep scan times short and obtain adequate slice coverage and spatial resolution. However, parallel imaging necessitates the use of phased array coils, which increases setup time and restricts the vascular territory that can be imaged. We hypothesized that using Quiescent-Inflow Single-Shot (QISS) MRA with only the body coil for signal reception and a highly undesampled radial k-space trajectory could obviate the need for phased array coils.
Fault-tolerant control of a blade-pitch wind turbine with inverter-fed generator (2011)

A fact is that wind energy is both green and expensive energy. In order to increase its economic competence, wind turbine faults should be reduced and prevented. In wind turbines faults most commonly occur in the gearbox and in the generator system components like power converter or generator electromechanical parts. This paper proposes a fault-tolerant control strategy for variable-speed variable-pitch wind turbines in case of identified and characterized generator electromechanical faults like broken rotor bar or winding inter-turn fault. In particular we propose an upgrade of the torque control loop with flux-angle-based torque modulation. Usage of pitch controller in the low wind speed region is also proposed to intentionally reduce power capture in order to avoid or to postpone the system fault development. Presented fault-tolerant control techniques are developed considering their easy implementation and installation in available control systems of existing wind turbines to extend their life cycle and energy production. Simulation results for the case of 700 kW direct-drive wind turbine and the identified stator winding fault are presented.
Applications of Gabor domain optical coherence microscopy (2011)

We report images of in vivo skin epidermal cells and new GRIN material obtained using volumetric optical coherence microscopy from a liquid-lens-based, dynamic focusing objective, and a high-speed astigmatism-corrected Czerny-Turner spectrometer.
Classification of HER2 Receptor Status in Breast Cancer Tissues by MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry (2010)

Clinical laboratory testing for HER2 status in breast cancer tissues is critically important for therapeutic decision making. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful tool for investigating proteins through the direct and morphology-driven analysis of tissue sections. We hypothesized that MALDI-IMS may determine HER2 status directly from breast cancer tissues. Breast cancer tissues (n = 48) predefined for HER2 status were subjected to MALDI-IMS, and protein profiles were obtained through direct analysis of tissue sections. Protein identification was performed by tissue microextraction and fractionation followed by top-down tandem mass spectrometry. A discovery and an independent validation set were used to predict HER2 status by applying proteomic classification algorithms. We found that specific protein/peptide expression changes strongly correlated with the HER2 overexpression. Among these, we identified m/z 8404 as cysteine-rich intestinal protein 1. The proteomic signature was able to accurately define HER2-positive from HER2-negative tissues, achieving high values for sensitivity of 83%, for specificity of 92%, and an overall accuracy of 89%. Our results underscore the potential of MALDI-IMS proteomic algorithms for morphology-driven tissue diagnostics such as HER2 testing and show that MALDI-IMS can reveal biologically significant molecular details from tissues which are not limited to traditional high-abundance proteins.
Effect of Mental Workload on Breathing Pattern and Heart Rate for a Working Memory Task: A Pilot Study (2019)

Mental workload or cognitive load is the total amount of mental resources required while doing a task. Apart from qualitative measures, various physiological signals are being used for assessment of mental workload. However, very limited research has been done on assessment of cognitive load from respiratory signals. In the present study, we have tried to analyze the cognitive load mainly based on respiratory features. n-back memory test has been modified to impart low and high cognitive load. The peripheral blood volume signal (PPG) collected while executing the task is used to reconstruct the breathing pattern signal. A number of morphological as well as statistical features are calculated from this reconstructed signal. Finally a classifier is used for classifying the low and high cognitive load. Results show that a classification accuracy of 76.8% is obtained while using respiratory features only. A maximum accuracy of 81.80% is obtained if we combine time domain PPG features with respiratory features. The features finally selected can also be used to study the habituation effect.
<title>Multiresolution transform and its application to image coding</title> (1996)

Traditional wavelet edge detection and encoding schemes preserve shape features of objects effectively at a variety of spatial scales and also allow an efficient means of image and video compression. However these schemes also remove texture from imagery and thus image reproduction quality suffers. Fractal encoding techniques on the other hand generate high compression ratios but tend to introduce blocky artifacts in imagery. Thus we describe an encoding method that combines the shape preserving capability of wavelets with the compression qualities of fractal compression for a hybrid multiresolution technique that achieves high compression, selective and accurate feature preservation, and is computationally efficient.
Thermochemically treated oligomeric and/or polymeric derived silicon carbide fibers and method of preparing said fibers (1988)

Abstract : This invention relates to a thermochemically treated silicon carbide fiber derived from organosilicon oligomeric and/or polymeric precursors including doped oligomers and polymers. The invention also relates to the process of thermochemically treating the fibers by annealing the oligomeric and/or polymeric derived silicon carbide fibers in an excess of carbon particles under an interactive gas atmosphere such as nitrogen gas. Composites are structural materials formed by the combination of several materials. Composites are used where there is a need for a lighter weight structure which must be stronger, tougher, and able to survive harsher environmental and temperature cycling conditions which cannot be met by traditional unreinforced single materials or alloys. Composites provide the opportunity to design and fabricate structural material having specific chemical, thermal, mechanical, and electromagnetic properties. Composites can be fabricated from plastic, ceramic and/or metal materials.
Efficient Super Resolution Using Edge Directed Unsharp Masking Sharpening Method (2013)

This paper investigated the potential of the real-time implementation in single image super resolution using edge directed unsharp masking sharpening (EDUMS) method. To achieve efficient real-time implementation with unsharp masking sharpening, the resolution enhancement process needed only simply filtering operations without iterations. Also, with edge directed information as the prior of the unsharp masking sharpening method, the jaggy artifact was efficiently suppressed. Clear edge structures and vivid details of high resolution images with minimum artifacts were presented by the proposed method.
Radiation hardening of rare-earth doped fiber amplifiers (2017)

We investigated the radiation hardening of optical fiber amplifiers operating in space environments. Through a real-time analysis in active configuration, we evaluated the role of Ce in the improvement of the amplifier performance against ionizing radiations. Ce-codoping is an efficient hardening solution, acting both in the limitation of defects in the host glass matrix of RE-doped optical fibers and in the stabilization of lasing properties of the Er<sup>3+</sup>-ions. On the one hand, in the near-infrared region, radiation induced attenuation measurements show the absence of radiation induced P-related defect species in host glass matrix of the Ce-codoped active fibers; on the other hand, in the Ce-free fiber, the higher lifetime variation shows stronger local modifications around the Er<sup>3+</sup>-ions with the absence of Ce.
The use of constitutively active receptors for drug discovery at the G protein-coupled receptor gene pool. (2001)

Several lines of evidence over the last decade have established that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can signal in the absence of their natural ligand which results in ligand-independent or constitutive activity. Natural genetic mutation, overexpression and site-directed mutagenesis all result in constitutive activation of GPCRs. Of the 100 leading pharmaceutical products in 2000, 39, wholly or in part, acted through a GPCR-mediated mechanism, a fact that underlines the extreme importance of GPCRs as pharmaceutical drug targets. In addition, the sequencing of the human genome and database mining has revealed that there are hundreds of putative orphan GPCRs for which the natural ligands have not been identified. These orphan GPCRs have largely been inaccessible to drug discovery because traditional methods have mainly relied on ligand-dependent binding assays to discover and pharmacologically characterize potential drug candidates from this receptor class. In the absence of ligand identification, constitutively active receptors allow for a logical and direct way forward through the drug discovery pathway by providing the tool necessary to find modulators of this receptor class in a ligand-independent fashion.
MLSE receivers for narrow-band optical filtering (2006)

We show that maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) permits significantly narrower optical filtering than threshold detection in high spectral efficiency systems. We consider MLSEs using one and two samples/bit, noise correlation, and exact probability densities.
A 34fJ 10b 500 MS/s partial-interleaving pipelined SAR ADC (2012)

A 10b 500MS/s ADC is presented that shares a full-speed SAR at front-end and interleaves the pipelined residue amplification with shared opamp and 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> -stage SAR ADCs, which achieves high speed, low power and compact area. The prototype ADC in 65nm CMOS achieves a mean SNDR of 55.4dB with 8.2mW power dissipation at 1.2V. The active die area including the offset calibrations is 0.046mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Iron Ore Slimes Flotation Tests Using Column and Amidoamine Collector without Depressant (2021)

This work describes the concentration of iron ore slimes on a pilot scale by using a 500-mm diameter flotation column and a novel collector, which renders the use of a depressant unnecessary. The pilot column was operated in series with the industrial plant Vargem Grande 2 (Iron Quadrangle, Brazil) receiving, as feed, part of the underflow from the desliming thickener. These pilot tests represented only the rougher stage of a flotation circuit. The novel collector used was an amidoamine (average collector dosage of 160 g/t), and the tests were carried out in the absence of starch, at pH 10.5 and with bubbles/microbubbles generated by cavitation tube. It was possible to achieve a concentrate, by reverse flotation, with an average iron content of 53% and an average metallurgical recovery of 91.5% The recovery of the silica in the froth was 53.1% in average for one stage of flotation. The high variability of the slime characteristics rendered difficult the stabilization of the SiO2 recovery; however, the applicability of the amidoamine collector was proven. In an industrial scale circuit, the use of online analyzers for Fe and SiO2 content and the adoption of control logics based on the adjustment of parameters such as reagents dosage and washing water flow rate adjustment should contribute to the optimization of the results obtained in the pilot scale tests. Further studies adding a cleaner concentration stage should be performed.
CMUTS with dual electrode structure for improved transmit and receive performance (2006)

In this paper, we introduce capacitive micro-machined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) with electrically isolated multiple electrodes embedded in the same silicon nitride CMUT membrane. Some of the advantages of this structure are demonstrated using a dual-electrode CMUT with separate transmit and receive electrodes as an example. By locating the transmit electrodes near the edges of a rectangular CMUT membrane, the stable displacement range, hence the maximum pressure amplitude during transmit mode is increased without collapsing the membrane when operated within static collapse voltage range. In the receive mode, the center receive electrode is brought closer to the substrate by biasing the side electrodes, and a higher electromechanical transformer ratio is obtained at low direct current (DC) bias. Therefore, dual-electrode CMUT has an effectively larger gap as compared to conventional CMUT during transmit, and it has an effectively smaller gap during receive. Demonstrative experiments are performed on dual-electrode CMUTs with rectangular membranes with different side and center electrode sizes for transmit and receive measurements. By using the two 4-microm wide side electrodes and an 8-microm wide center electrode on a 20-microm wide membrane, a 6.8 dB increase in maximum output pressure is obtained with side electrode excitation as compared to conventional center electrode. Similarly, the receive performance improvement was demonstrated while reducing the DC bias requirements. Simple finite-element and equivalent circuit-based models were developed to successfully model the behavior of dual-electrode CMUTs. Simulations show that, with simple modifications, more than 10 dB overall sensitivity improvement is feasible with dual-electrode CMUTs with rectangular membranes.
The Physiological Rationale for Oral Insulin Administration (2004)

Insulin remains the most effective and durable drug in the armamentarium for the treatment of advanced-stage diabetes. Nevertheless, clinical studies have shown that even on insulin treatment, a significant percentage of patients fail to attain lasting glycemic control. Well-recognized reasons for this failure include issues related to patients' noncompliance with an injectable drug and the late stage at which insulin is prescribed, but less explicit reasons related to the nonphysiological way insulin is currently administered are equally important. Parenteral insulin targets peripheral tissue rather than the liver with pharmacokinetics that do not replicate the normal dynamics of endogenous insulin release. Oral insulin is one of several alternative methods of insulin administration that are in clinical stages of development. The oral route of insulin delivery takes advantage of the portal-hepatic route of absorption. A review of relevant physiology is herewith provided.
Transforming HMMs for speaker-independent hands-free speech recognition in the car (1999)

In the absence of HMMs trained with speech collected in the target environment, one may use HMMs trained with a large amount of speech collected in another recording condition (e.g., quiet office, with high quality microphone). However, this may result in poor performance because of the mismatch between the two acoustic conditions. We propose a linear regression-based model adaptation procedure to reduce such a mismatch. With some adaptation utterances collected for the target environment, the procedure transforms the HMMs trained in a quiet condition to maximize the likelihood of observing the adaptation utterances. The transformation must be designed to maintain speaker-independence of the HMM. Our speaker-independent test results show that with this procedure about 1% digit error rate can be achieved for hands-free recognition, using target environment speech from only 20 speakers.
On Optimizing VLC Networks for Downlink Multi-User Transmission: A\n Survey (2018)

The evolving explosion in high data rate services and applications will soon\nrequire the use of untapped, abundant unregulated spectrum of the visible light\nfor communications to adequately meet the demands of the fifth-generation (5G)\nmobile technologies. Radio-frequency (RF) networks are proving to be scarce to\ncover the escalation in data rate services. Visible light communication (VLC)\nhas emerged as a great potential solution, either in replacement of, or\ncomplement to, existing RF networks, to support the projected traffic demands.\nDespite of the prolific advantages of VLC networks, VLC faces many challenges\nthat must be resolved in the near future to achieve a full standardization and\nto be integrated to future wireless systems. Here, we review the new, emerging\nresearch in the field of VLC networks and lay out the challenges, technological\nsolutions, and future work predictions. Specifically, we first review the VLC\nchannel capacity derivation, discuss the performance metrics and the associated\nvariables; the optimization of VLC networks are also discussed, including\nresources and power allocation techniques, user-to-access point (AP)\nassociation and APs-to-clustered-users-association, APs coordination\ntechniques, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) VLC networks, simultaneous\nenergy harvesting and information transmission using the visible light, and the\nsecurity issue in VLC networks. Finally, we propose several open research\nproblems to optimize the various VLC networks by maximizing either the sum\nrate, fairness, energy efficiency, secrecy rate, or harvested energy.\n
Amide I Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy of Proteins (2008)

We review two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy of the amide I protein backbone vibration. Amide I modes are known for secondary structural sensitivity derived from their protein-wide delocalization. However, amide I FTIR spectra often display little variation for different proteins due to the broad and featureless line shape that arises from different structural motifs. 2D IR offers increased structural resolution by spreading the spectra over a second frequency dimension to reveal two-dimensional line shapes and cross-peaks. In addition, it carries picosecond time resolution, making it an excellent choice for understanding protein dynamics. In 2D IR spectra, cross peaks arise from anharmonic coupling between vibrations. For example, the spectra of ordered antiparallel beta sheets shows a cross peak between the strong nu perpendicular mode at approximately 1620 cm(-1) and the weaker nu parallel mode at approximately 1680 cm(-1). In proteins with beta-sheet content, disorder spreads the cross peaks into ridges, which gives rise to a "Z"-shaped contour profile. 2D IR spectra of alpha helices show a flattened "figure-8" line shape, and random coils give rise to unstructured, diagonally elongated bands. A distinguishing quality of 2D IR is the availability of accurate structure-based models to calculate spectra from atomistic structures and MD simulations. The amide I region is relatively isolated from other protein vibrations, which allows the spectra to be described by coupled anharmonic local amide I vibrations at each peptide unit. One of the most exciting applications of 2D IR is to study protein unfolding dynamics. While 2D IR has been used to study equilibrium structural changes, it has the time resolution to probe all changes resulting from photoinitiated dynamics. Transient 2D IR has been used to probe downhill protein unfolding and hydrogen bond dynamics in peptides. Because 2D IR spectra can be calculated from folding MD simulations, opportunities arise for making rigorous connections. By introduction of isotope labels, amide I 2D IR spectra can probe site-specific structure with picosecond time resolution. This has been used to reveal local information about picosecond fluctuations and disorder in beta hairpins and peptides. Multimode 2D IR spectroscopy has been used to correlate the structure sensitivity of amide I with amide II to report on solvent accessibility and structural stability in proteins.