gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accurate Hemodynamic Sensing using Video Plethysmography with High Quality Cameras (2019)

Facial video plethysmography provides non-contact monitoring of heart activity based on blood volume pulsations in facial tissue. Traditionally, the video is captured using a simple camera followed by sophisticated signal processing methods. This approach provides accurate average heart rate but falls short in providing accurate beat to beat detection and irregular heartbeats. In this work, we explore the possibility of accurately sensing beat to beat plethysmography signals using a high-quality image sensor camera coupled with conversion to color spaces where the cardiac pulse is most pronounced. We evaluate our approach in a clinical study by gathering data from 60 subjects in a hospital setting using an array of sensors. We use the data to assess accuracy of inter beat interval detection and heart rate variability estimation compared to those obtained from an earlobe photoplethysmography sensor and from an electrocardiogram sensor. In addition, we investigate the possibility of identifying irregular cardiac activity such as individual ectopic beats. For additional comparison, we also apply blind source separation to the data. Our results demonstrate that coupling a high-quality camera with the appropriate color conversion senses a beat to beat signal equivalent to that obtained from a skin photoplethysmography sensor. This signal provides accurate estimation of inter-beat intervals, heart rate variability parameters and identification of irregular cardiac activity. These results demonstrate how combining a high quality camera with the appropriate color conversion provides a complete hemodynamic sensor.
Suppression of self-pulsing regime of direct current driven microplasma discharges (2016)

An instability suppressor circuit for self-pulsing direct current (DC) driven microplasma discharge is proposed and experimentally tested over a range of pd values for helium feed gas. The external circuit configuration suppresses self-pulsing of the discharge, extending the normal glow regime to lower currents. The negative differential resistance (NDR) region was observed to shift further left in the voltage–current parametric space (i.e., lower current), and the slope of the NDR region was decreased substantially. In addition, the suppressor element decreased the pulsing frequency as well as the static positive resistance of the discharge in the shifted NDR region. Modeling of the discharge configuration indicated that the inductor element of the suppressor circuit increases the time lag of the plasma response, which increases the stable region of operation. A stability map in terms of the external circuit parameters is introduced.
Viterbi-Aided Successive-Cancellation Decoding of Polar Codes (2017)

Polar codes provably achieve the capacity of memoryless symmetric channels with low encoding and decoding complexity. Nonetheless, for short and moderate blocklengths, polar codes fail to deliver competitive performance under successive cancellation decoding. Consequently, much effort has been devoted to improving the performance of polar codes, either through enhanced decoding algorithms or by modifying the code structure, or both. CRC-aided list decoding of polar codes is the most successful approach along this line of research. However, list decoding requires following L decoding paths, which leads to a significant increase in decoding complexity if L is large. As noted by Arikan shortly after the invention of polar codes, their performance could be improved dramatically if we had a genie that intervenes in the successive cancellation decoding process only a few times to reverse incorrect decisions on information bits. In fact, the Tal-Vardy list-decoding algorithm for polar codes can be regarded as an attempt to implement such a genie. Herein, we introduce an alternative implementation of Arikan's genie, which has much lower complexity than list decoding. Our approach is based on precoding some of the information bits with a short convolutional code that provides local error- correction capability at the expense of a small rate loss. This structure allows the successive cancellation polar decoder to verify its output by running it through a Viterbi decoder for the convolutional code. In contrast to conventional CRC-aided list decoding, wherein incorrect decoding paths are rejected detected only after reaching the last information bit, the Viterbi decoder detects incorrect decisions "on the fly'' after a short delay. Whenever an incorrect decision is detected, the successive cancellation decoder is set back to the corresponding bit-channel, and then restarts its computation using the correct bit value provided by the Viterbi decoder.
A new electro-optical approach for conductance measurement: an assay for the study of drugs acting on ligand-gated ion channels (2017)

Ligand gated ion channels are involved in many pathophysiological processes and represent a relevant, although challenging, target for drug discovery. We propose an innovative electro-optical approach to their analysis able to derive membrane conductance values from the local membrane potential changes imposed by test current pulses and measured by fast voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes. We exploited the potential of this proprietary method by developing a drug testing system called "ionChannel Optical High-content Microscope" (ionChannelΩ). This automated platform was validated by testing the responses of reference drugs on cells expressing different ligand-gated ion channels. Furthermore, a double-blind comparison with FLIPR and automated patch-clamp was performed on molecules designed to act as antagonists of the P2RX7 receptor. ionChannelΩ proved highly reliable in all tests, resulting faster and more cost-effective than electrophysiological techniques. Overall, ionChannelΩ is amenable to the study of ligand gated ion channels that are receiving less attention due to limitations in current assays.
Spam, damn spam, and statistics (2004)

The increasing importance of search engines to commercial web sites has given rise to a phenomenon we call "web spam", that is, web pages that exist only to mislead search engines into (mis)leading users to certain web sites. Web spam is a nuisance to users as well as search engines: users have a harder time finding the information they need, and search engines have to cope with an inflated corpus, which in turn causes their cost per query to increase. Therefore, search engines have a strong incentive to weed out spam web pages from their index.We propose that some spam web pages can be identified through statistical analysis: Certain classes of spam pages, in particular those that are machine-generated, diverge in some of their properties from the properties of web pages at large. We have examined a variety of such properties, including linkage structure, page content, and page evolution, and have found that outliers in the statistical distribution of these properties are highly likely to be caused by web spam.This paper describes the properties we have examined, gives the statistical distributions we have observed, and shows which kinds of outliers are highly correlated with web spam.
Laser created high density interconnects for quick prototyping of electronic circuits (2002)

The laser restructuring of electronic circuits, fabricated using standard Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) process techniques, is an excellent alternative to custom chip development. This laser process allows for low cost, quick turnaround production with full circuit similarity between the Laser Restructured prototype and the customized product for mass production. The same techniques are also compatible with thin multichip modules (MCM-D). Laser Restructurable VLSI (LRVLSI) would allow design engineers the capability to interconnect cells that implement generic logic functions and signal processing schemes to achieve a higher level of design complexity. LRVLSI of a particular circuit at the wafer or packaged chip level is accomplished using an integrated computer controlled laser system to create low electrical resistance links between conductors and to cut conductor lines. An infrastructure for rapid prototyping and quick turnaround using Laser Restructuring of VLSI circuits was developed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Adjustable illumination or detection beam pinhole for laser scanning microscope has two knife blades with triangular apertures moving in front of slit with lamp and optical detector (2004)

The invention relates to an adjustable pinhole, especially for the illumination beam path and/or detection beam path of a laser scanning microscope. Said pinhole consists of at least two planar basic components comprising articulation points in the form of connecting elements, to which at least one cutting edge that can be displaced in one direction is applied. The basic components advantageously contain at least one integrated preferably optical or electromagnetic positioning element, and a device for preferably optical or electromagnetic position detection is provided on the blade or is connected to the same. The inventive pinhole is advantageously provided with two asymmetric openings oriented in opposite directions for the optical position detection and at least one light source radiates through said openings. A gap which is oriented preferably perpendicularly in relation to the direction of displacement is provided upstream or downstream of the openings and the quantity of light radiated through the gap is detected separately for each opening.
Proteomic signatures predict preeclampsia in individual cohorts but not across cohorts – implications for clinical biomarker studies (2021)

Results point to a broader issue relevant for proteomic and other omic discovery studies in patient cohorts suffering from a clinical syndrome, such as PE, driven by heterogeneous pathophysiologies. While novel technologies including highly multiplex proteomic arrays and adapted computational algorithms allow for novel discoveries for a particular study cohort, they may not readily generalize across cohorts. A likely reason is that the prevalence of pathophysiologic processes leading up to the "same" clinical syndrome can be distributed differently in different and smaller-sized cohorts. Signatures derived in individual cohorts may simply capture different facets of the spectrum of pathophysiologic processes driving a syndrome. Our findings have important implications for the design of omic studies of a syndrome like PE. They highlight the need for performing such studies in diverse and well-phenotyped patient populations that are large enough to characterize subsets of patients with shared pathophysiologies to then derive subset-specific signatures of sufficient predictive power.
Catalytic Metathesis of Simple Secondary Amides (2006)

Platztausch: Die Metathese sekundärer Amide über eine Transacylierung gelang durch die Verwendung katalytischer Mengen eines organischen Imids und einer Brønsted-Base (siehe Schema). Der gleichgewichtsgesteuerte Austausch zwischen einer Reihe von Amidpaaren wird für Substrate mit N-Alkyl- und N-Arylsubstituenten gezeigt. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2007/z603588_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Numerical Solutions for Ultra-Micro Wave Rotors (UmWR) (2005)

‡Starting in 1995, with the MIT “Micro Gas Turbine” project, the mechanical engineering research world has explored more and more the idea of “Power MEMS” 1 . Microfabricated turbomachinery like turbines, compressors, pumps, but also electric generators, heat exchangers, internal combustion engines and rocket engines have been on the focus list of researchers for the past 10 years. The reason is simple: the output power is proportional to the mass flow rate of working fluid through the engine, or the cross-sectional area and the mass or volume of the engine is proportional to the cube of the characteristic length, thus the power density (Power/Mass=L -1 ). This is the so-called “cube square law”. Although in theory everything is perfect, the following investigations showed that there are many engineering challenges at microscale and the solutions found in the past half of century for large scale mechanical devices do not necessarily apply to the new design space. This paper studies the possibilities of incorporating a wave rotor to an ultra-micro gas turbine. It discusses the advantages of wave rotor as topping units for gas turbines, especially at microscale and proposes some designs of ultra-micro wave rotors. The numerical simulations of these wave rotors are presented, results obtained using FLUENT, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) commercial code.
Surface Patches from Unorganized Space Curves (2011)

Abstract Recent 3D sketch tools produce networks of three‐space curves that suggest the contours of shapes. The shapes may be non‐manifold, closed three‐dimensional, open two‐dimensional, or mixed. We describe a system that automatically generates intuitively appealing piecewise‐smooth surfaces from such a curve network, and an intelligent user interface for modifying the automatically chosen surface patches. Both the automatic and the semi‐automatic parts of the system use a linear algebra representation of the set of surface patches to track the topology. On complicated inputs from ILoveSketch [ BBS08 ], our system allows the user to build the desired surface with just a few mouse‐clicks.
Polarization-independent beam splitter (1983)

We report a new type of beam splitter capable of producing a division of light in a polarization-independent manner. Most off-axis beam splitters have a pronounced polarization dependence. An experimental device with a splitting ratio of about 7 dB varied less than ±0.1 dB as a function of incident linear polarization. The device is fabricated from a thin plate of suitably oriented, uncoated, crystalline quartz.
Nanoparticle–Nanofibrous Membranes as Scaffolds for Flexible Sweat Sensors (2016)

The ability to tune the sensing properties with nanostructured materials in a flexible scaffold is essential for constructing highly sensitive and wearable sensors or biosensors. Here we demonstrate a novel class of nanoparticle–nanofibrous membranes as a tunable interfacial scaffolds for flexible sweat sensors by assembling gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in a multilayered fibrous membrane consisting of cellulose nanofiber (CN) top layer (fiber diameter 5 nm), electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibrous midlayer (fiber diameter 150 nm), and nonwoven polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) fibrous support layer (fiber diameter 20 μm) through interparticle molecular/polymeric linkages and nanoparticle–nanofibrous interactions. One strategy involves 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) as a molecular linker having hydrogen-bonding groups for interlinking alkanethiolate-capped Au NPs, and the other features poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDA) as a matrix with positively changed groups for anchoring negative-charge capped Au NPs. Impedance measurements of the nanocomposite membrane (Au NPs/CN/PAN/PET) as a scaffold on chemiresistor-type platforms have demonstrated the viability of detecting ionic species in solutions with dissolved salts with different cations and changes of relative humidity in gas phase. This type of nanoparticle–nanofibrous scaffold is further demonstrated as a flexible sensor strip for detecting changes in sweating and perspiration for volunteers before and after exercise. The sensitivity of the electrical responses depends on the nature of molecular interactions in the nanocomposite materials. Implications of the findings for potential applications of the flexible nanocomposite scaffolds in developing wearable sweat sensors are also discussed.
Uranium Logging by the Prompt Fission Neutron Technique (1981)

This paper briefly describes the Sandia prompt fission neutron uranium logging probe and outlines progress on it since 1976. The probe uses a small D-T accelerator to send out a burst of 14 MeV neutrons into the formation around a borehole, and it then detects prompt epithermal neutrons returning from thermal fissioning of 235U in the formation. A NaI detector monitors gamma rays above a 3 MeV threshold produced by capture of thermal neutrons in the formation. Signals from both detectors go to uphole multiscalers which record the number of counts occurring in each 50 μs interval for 3.2 ms after the neutron burst. Analysis of the epithermal and thermal data can provide assays of uranium concentrations as low as 200 ppm. Various models of the probe have logged hundreds of boreholes in Texas, New Mexico, and Wyoming with improvements being made in reliability, sensitivity, and data analysis. The present models produce about 2-3×108 neutrons per second at 100 pulses per second and can assay at 1 meter per minute.
Precisely and rapidly wavelength-switchable narrow-linewidth 1.5-μm laser source for wavelength division multiplexing applications (1999)

We report the design and demonstration of a novel narrow-linewidth fiber laser that is switchable (at microsecond speeds) to precise predesignated wavelengths. This simple multiwavelength source, based on off-the-shelf components (fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) and fiber Fabry-Perot filters), appears very promising for wavelength-division multiplexing.
Thwarting Memory Disclosure with Efficient Hypervisor-enforced Intra-domain Isolation (2015)

Exploiting memory disclosure vulnerabilities like the HeartBleed bug may cause arbitrary reading of a victim's memory, leading to leakage of critical secrets such as crypto keys, personal identity and financial information. While isolating code that manipulates critical secrets into an isolated execution environment is a promising countermeasure, existing approaches are either too coarse-grained to prevent intra-domain attacks, or require excessive intervention from low-level software (e.g., hypervisor or OS), or both. Further, few of them are applicable to large-scale software with millions of lines of code. This paper describes a new approach, namely SeCage, which retrofits commodity hardware virtualization extensions to support efficient isolation of sensitive code manipulating critical secrets from the remaining code. SeCage is designed to work under a strong adversary model where a victim application or even the OS may be controlled by the adversary, while supporting large-scale software with small deployment cost. SeCage combines static and dynamic analysis to decompose monolithic software into several compart- ments, each of which may contain different secrets and their corresponding code. Following the idea of separating control and data plane, SeCage retrofits the VMFUNC mechanism and nested paging in Intel processors to transparently provide different memory views for different compartments, while allowing low-cost and transparent invocation across domains without hypervisor intervention.
Currents and fields in shielded RF resonators for NMR/MRI (1996)

A new method for calculating the current densities in shielded RF probes for NMR imaging and spectroscopy is presented. From these current densities, accurate field distributions can be calculated and the effects of shielding the probe deduced. Without accurate calculations of the current density in the shielded coil conductors, the performance of such coils cannot be reliably predicted. Shielded coils are shown not only to drastically reduce external flux leakage but also to improve the homogeneity of the coil structure. Preliminary experimental results for circular cross section RF resonators confirm the accuracy of the calculated fields. The method of current density calculation is applicable to coils of various cross sectional shapes. As an example, the current density and fields generated by a shielded ellipsoidal RF coil are calculated.
Inhibitory actions of glucosamine, a therapeutic agent for osteoarthritis, on the functions of neutrophils (2002)

Glucosamine, an amino monosaccharide naturally occurring in the connective and cartilage tissues, contributes to maintaining the strength, flexibility, and elasticity of these tissues. In recent years, glucosamine has been used widely to treat osteoarthritis in humans and animal models. Neutrophils, which usually function as the primary defenders in bacterial infections, are also implicated in the destructive, inflammatory responses in arthritis. In this study, we have evaluated the effects of glucosamine on neutrophil functions using human peripheral blood neutrophils. Glucosamine (0.01-1 mM) dose-dependently suppressed the superoxide anion generation induced by formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) or complement-opsonized zymosan and inhibited the phagocytosis of complement-opsonized zymosan or IgG-opsonized latex particles. Furthermore, glucosamine inhibited the release of granule enzyme lysozyme from phagocytosing neutrophils and suppressed neutrophil chemotaxis toward zymosan-activated serum. In addition, glucosamine inhibited fMLP-induced up-regulation of CD11b significantly, polymerization of actin, and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In contrast, N-acetyl-glucosamine, an analogue of glucosamine, did not affect these neutrophil functions (superoxide generation, phagocytosis, granule enzyme release, chemotaxis, CD11b expression, actin polymerization, and p38 MAPK phosphorylation) at the concentrations examined (1-10 mM). Together these observations likely suggest that glucosamine suppresses the neutrophil functions, thereby possibly exhibiting anti-inflammatory actions in arthritis.
Micromechanical sensors for chemical and physical measurements (1995)

The advent of inexpensive, mass-produced microcantilevers promises to bring about a revolution in the field of chemical and physical sensor design. In this paper, a novel class of highly sensitive sensors are discussed that are based on commercially available microcantilevers, such as those used in atomic force microscopy. When coated with a sensitizing overlayer, these microcantilevers show significant changes in two independent analyte-induced signals, resonance frequency and static bending, as the result of exposure to various chemical and physical phenomena. Resonance frequency shift has the particular advantage of being relatively insensitive to interference from external factors such as thermal drift. Examples of micromechanical sensors based on this approach that are capable of detecting mercury vapor (with a sensitivity of 1.25 Hz/pg and linear correlation of 0.998), relative humidity (55 Hz/%R.H., correlation=0.999), or optical irradiation (10 Hz/nJ response) are discussed in detail, along with the effects of coatings on sensitivity, linearity, and reversibility of response. Further, extension of this tremendously flexible concept into a universal detection paradigm for chemical and physical phenomena is examined.
Effect of alloying and cladding on the failure of silver metallization under high temperature and current stressing (2005)

Pure Ag layers were cladded with thin alloy (Ag with 3 at. % aluminum) layers to form a [Ag(Al)∕Ag∕Ag(Al)] structure on SiO2. The effective resistivity of the cladded Ag metallization is slightly greater than pure silver and less than the Ag(Al) alloy metallization. The clad structures showed a nearly 38 times enhancement in electromigration resistance when compared to pure Ag and seven times greater than the Ag(Al) alloy. The enhancement in lifetime of the clad structure was attributed to enhanced thermal stability due to segregation of Al2O3 at the Ag grain boundaries leading to reduced grain size and changes in thermodynamic properties and also reduced atomic mobility because of the topmost layer acting as a passivation layer.