gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oil reservoirs, an exceptional habitat for microorganisms (2018)

Microorganisms are present in oil reservoirs around the world where they degrade oil and lead to changes in oil quality. Unfortunately, our knowledge about processes in deep oil reservoirs is limited due to the lack of undisturbed samples. In this review, we discuss the distribution of microorganisms at the oil-water transition zone as well as in water saturated parts of the oil leg and their possible physiological adaptations to abiotic and biotic ecological factors such as temperature, salinity and viruses. We show the importance of studying the water phase within the oil, because small water inclusions and pockets within the oil leg provide an exceptional habitat for microorganisms within a natural oil reservoir and concurrently enlarge the zone of oil biodegradation. Environmental factors such as temperature and salinity control oil biodegradation. Temperature determines the type of microorganisms which are able to inhabit the reservoir. Proteobacteria and Euryarchaeota, are ubiquitous in oil reservoirs over all temperature ranges, whereas some others are tied to specific temperatures. It is proposed that biofilm formation is the dominant way of life within oil reservoirs, enhancing nutrient uptake, syntrophic interactions and protection against environmental stress. Literature shows that viruses are abundant in oil reservoirs and the possible impact on microbial community composition due to control of microbial activity and function is discussed.
Response to Judge Alsup’s Question Number 2: “What's the Molecular Reason that Co2 is a Greenhouse Gas, Unlike Oxygen and Nitrogen?” (2018)

In this study the role of thermoelectrics and neglect of Raman Lasers to determine the infrared atmosphere was investigated; particularly, whether Nitrogen and Oxygen radiate. That these gases do not absorb or emit infrared radiation’ presents a paradox; it contradicts both quantum mechanics and thermodynamics – where all matter above absolute 0 0Kelvin radiates IR photons. It was hypothesised current greenhouse theory has misinterpreted the special ‘Tyndall’ greenhouse gases (CO2 etc.), for the thermoelectric gases as they and their ‘modes’ are only detected by thermoelectric transducers. These (said) molecules do however possess quantum predicted emission spectra, both well within the IR range of the EMS – at 2338cm-1 and 1556cm-1 respectively – and are only observed – and their temperatures accurately measured – by Raman Spectrometers, ‘IR spectrometers’ complement instrument. A report using a Raman spectrometer to measure jet engine outlet temperatures and gas concentrations was referred to and the following conclusions made: 1) all Raman modes (the non-GHGs) are temperature/radiation equivalent to ‘IR- active modes with respect to – and complying with – the Boltzmann and Planck’s constant, and quantum spectroscopy theory; 2) in support, H2O’s 3659cm-1 mode is both TE-IR and Raman equivalent – supporting the ‘equipartition’ principle; and CO2’s temperature can be measured by both instruments independently through its shared modes; 3) the special (1%) greenhouse gases, discovered by Tyndall in ca. 1859, are really the thermoelectric gases, detected only by receiving (non-radiating) thermo-electric transducers; 4) ‘IR’ spectroscopy is also based on these thermoelectric transducers, and as a consequence ‘IR’ spectrographs show only the spectra modes with electric dipoles and not Raman; 5) N2 , when radiated at it’s 2338cm-1 mode, is ‘long lasting’ - metastable and is essential to the operation of a CO2 Laser. From this mechanism it was concluded – contrary to current greenhouse theory – atmospheric CO2 is heated by the same mechanism; 6) all the atmosphere absorbs heat directly from the Sun – just as with the oceanic euphotic layer; 7) and all Blackbody radiation theory, also determined from thermoelectrics alone, needs revision.
Induction, localization and metal content of hydrogenase in the green alga <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i> (1994)

The hydrogenase enzyme occurring in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is induced by anaerobic adaptation of the cells. In aerobically growing cells, antibodies against the hydrogenase failed to detect either active or inactive enzyme. However, already 10 min after the onset of anaerobic adaptation, the protein could be detected. The maximal amount of enzyme was reached after 2-3 hours anaerobiosis. Addition of nickel or iron to the growth medium did not influence activity. In atomic absorption experiments, a Ni/Fe ratio of about 1:250 was measured. We, therefore, propose the hydrogenase from C. reinhardtii to be of the Fe-only type. Adaptation in the presence of uncouplers of phosphorylation showed this process to be energy-dependent. From protein synthesis inhibition experiments, it is concluded that the protein is synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes and, therefore, must be nuclear encoded. After isolation of intact chloroplasts from adapted cells, the active enzyme was shown, by Western-blotting analysis, to be located in the chloroplasts.
Wireless and mobile technologies to enhance teaching and learning (2003)

Abstract This research aims to build a Wireless Technology Enhanced Classroom (WiTEC) that supports everyday activities unobtrusively and seamlessly in classroom contexts. This paper describes the integration of wireless LAN, wireless mobile learning devices, an electronic whiteboard, an interactive classroom server, and a resource and class management server to build the WiTEC. This contains a number of features that can support class members in various types of teaching and learning activities. Project‐based learning is taken as a scenario to elaborate how teachers and students can engage in teaching and learning via WiTEC. Finally, a number of suggestions are discussed for further study.
Gefitinib, an EGFR inhibitor, prevents hepatocellular carcinoma development in the rat liver with cirrhosis† (2005)

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) binds transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) which is mitogenic for hepatocytes. Diverse lines of evidence suggest that activation of the TGF-alpha /EGFR pathway contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) formation. Herein, we developed an experimental model of cirrhosis giving rise to HCC and tested the antitumoral effect of gefitinib, a selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in this model. Rats received weekly intraperitoneal injections of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) followed by a 2-week wash-out period that caused cirrhosis in 14 weeks and multifocal HCC in 18 weeks. Hepatocyte proliferation was increased in diseased tissue at 14 weeks compared with control liver and at even higher levels in HCC nodules compared with surrounding diseased tissues at 18 weeks. Increased proliferation was paralleled by upregulation of TGF-alpha messenger RNA expression. A group of DEN-treated rats received daily intraperitoneal injections of gefitinib between weeks 12 and 18. In rats treated with gefitinib, the number of HCC nodules was significantly lower than in untreated rats (18.1 +/- 2.4 vs. 3.7 +/- 0.45; P < .05), while EGFR was activated to a lesser extent in the diseased and tumoral tissues of these animals compared with untreated rats. HCC nodules from both untreated and gefitinib-treated animals displayed insulin-like growth factor 2 overexpression that contributed to tumor formation in treated animals. In conclusion, the blockade of EGFR activity by gefitinib has an antitumoral effect on the development of HCC in DEN-exposed rats, suggesting that it may provide benefit for the chemoprevention of HCC.
Differentiation of mumps virus strains with monoclonal antibody to the HN glycoprotein (1982)

A hybridoma cell line secreting antibody of the immunoglobulin G3 isotype with kappa light chains and with activity against the HN glycoprotein of the Kilham strain of mumps virus was established. The antibody exhibited structural homogeneity in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and had a microheterogeneous isoelectric spectrum characteristic of an antibody of monoclonal origin. The specificity of the monoclonal antibody, shown by immunoprecipitation performed with radiolabeled virus and infected cell lysates, was for the larger mumps virus glycoprotein. In functional assays the antibody inhibited the hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities and neutralized the infectivity of the homologous Kilham strain of virus and clearly differentiated this strain from two heterologous strains, Enders and O'Take. The antibody was markedly less effective with the O'Take strain than with either the Kilham or Enders strain in inhibiting both hemagglutination and neuraminidase activity against the macromolecular substrate fetuin. The inhibition of the neuraminidase activity of the Kilham strain was independent of substrate size, the antibody inhibiting the hydrolysis of both fetuin and the trisaccharide neuraminlactose. By contrast, the antibody did not inhibit the hydrolysis of neuraminlactose by the two heterologous mumps strains. These results provide the first demonstration of antigenic differences between mumps virus strains and highlight the utility of monoclonal antibody in analyzing the structural basis underlying functional activities of the HN glycoproteins.
Nanoparticles and cancer therapy: A concise review with emphasis on dendrimers (2009)

Nanoparticles and cancer therapy: A concise review with emphasis on dendrimers Dhruba J Bharali, Marianne Khalil, Mujgan Gurbuz, Tessa M Simone, Shaker A MousaPharmaceutical Research Institute at Albany College of Pharmacy, Rensselaer, NY, USAAbstract: The emergence of nanotechnology has had a profound effect on many areas of healthcare and scientific research. Having grown exponentially, the focus of nanotechnology has been on engineering diversified novel applications that even go beyond therapeutic activity; nanotechnology also offers the ability to detect diseases, such as cancer, much earlier than ever imaginable. Often, patients diagnosed with breast, lung, colon, prostate, and ovarian cancer have hidden or overt metastatic colonies. With the advent of diagnostic nanotechnology, these numbers are expected to greatly diminish. This review provides a brief description of nanoparticle (liposome, quantum dot, and dendrimer)-mediated cancer therapy in the last decade with an emphasis on the development and use of dendrimers in cancer therapeutics.Keywords: nanoparticles, dendrimer, quantum dots, liposome
Genetic and molecular analyses of spontaneous mutants of human rhinovirus 14 that are resistant to an antiviral compound (1989)

Spontaneous mutants of human rhinovirus 14 resistant to WIN 52084, an antiviral compound that inhibits attachment to cells, were isolated by selecting plaques that developed when wild-type virus was plated in the presence of high (2 micrograms/ml) or low (0.1 to 0.4 micrograms/ml) concentrations of the compound. Two classes of drug resistance were observed: a high-resistance (HR) class with a frequency of about 4 x 10(-5), and a low-resistance (LR) class with a 10- to 30-fold-higher frequency. The RNA genomes of 56 HR mutants and 13 LR mutants were sequenced in regions encoding the drug-binding site. The HR mutations mapped to only 2 of the 16 amino acid residues that form the walls of the drug-binding pocket. The side chains of these two residues point directly into the pocket and were invariably replaced by bulkier groups. These findings, and patterns of resistance to related WIN compounds, support the concept that HR mutations may hinder the entry or seating of drug within the binding pocket. In contrast, all of the LR mutations mapped to portions of the polypeptide chain near the canyon floor that move when the drug is inserted. Because several LR mutations partially reverse the attachment-inhibiting effect of WIN compounds, these mutants provide useful tools for studying the regions of the capsid structure involved in attachment. This paper shows that the method of escape mutant analysis, previously used to identify antibody binding sites on human rhinovirus 14, is also applicable to analysis of antiviral drug activity.
Can faecal calprotectin predict relapse in inflammatory bowel disease: a mini review (2016)

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Faecal calprotectin is a protein complex of the S-100 family of calcium-binding proteins present in inflammatory cells that can be measured in stool samples, which act as a biomarker for bowel inflammation. Elevated faecal calprotectin has been shown to reflect the presence of ongoing mucosal inflammation, which improves with mucosal healing. The aim of this review was to evaluate the available evidence on the ability of faecal calprotectin to predict a relapse in inflammatory bowel disease. Multiple retrospective studies have shown that patients who relapse have significantly higher levels of calprotectin in their stool compared with non-relapsers, especially in ulcerative colitis. Elevated faecal calprotectin postoperatively in Crohn's disease was also shown to be indicative of a relapse. However, the association of a raised faecal calprotectin and relapse is not universal and may be explained by the different patterns of mucosal inflammatory activity that exist. In conclusion, we put forward our hypothesis that changes such as a rise in faecal calprotectin levels may be more predictive of a relapse than absolute values.
Preparation of Li<sub>3</sub>PS<sub>4</sub> Solid Electrolyte by Liquid-Phase Shaking Using Organic Solvents with Carbonyl Group as Complex Forming Medium (2016)

Li3PS4 was synthesized from the reaction of Li2S and P2S5 in several kinds of organic solvents with a carbonyl group, i.e. dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl acetate (EA) and methyl propyl ketone (MPK) as a complex forming medium by liquid-phase shaking. XRD results showed that Li2S still existed in the sample prepared using MPK, whereas the reaction between Li2S and P2S5 completed in DMC and EA media which then resulted in the formation of co-crystalline complex for EP and low crystalline complex for DMC, respectively. Ionic conductivities of Li3PS4 obtained using MPK, MDC and EP were 3 × 10−7, 6 × 10−6, and 2 × 10−4 Scm−1 at room temperature, respectively. The results pointed out that ester group was suitable for facilitation of the reaction between Li2S and P2S5.
Physiology and function of platelets from patients with Alzheimer's disease. (1996)

The discovery that intact Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein is present in platelet granules, has created a great interest in the biochemistry, physiology and function of platelets of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). In this study we monitored various biochemical and physiological parameters, such as serotonin and adenine nucleotide levels, membrane fluidity, agonist-mediated release of arachidonic acid, thromboxane formation, calcium mobilization, as well as irreversible aggregation and secretion of granule contents. Platelets of patients with AD responded poorly when stirred with weak or potent agonists on a platelet aggregometer. Although capable of agonist-mediated calcium mobilization and synthesis of thromboxanes, the aggregation response of platelets of patients with AD to thrombin and archidonate was considerably compromised. In view of the normal biochemistry and signal transduction capabilities, the compromised response of these cells to potent agonists like thrombin suggested an extrinsic defect. The present study has shown that a plasmatic factor is at least in part responsible for the functional abnormalities of AD platelets.
Evaluating Quality of Chatbots and Intelligent Conversational Agents (2017)

Chatbots are one class of intelligent, conversational software agents activated by natural language input (which can be in the form of text, voice, or both). They provide conversational output in response, and if commanded, can sometimes also execute tasks. Although chatbot technologies have existed since the 1960s and have influenced user interface development in games since the early 1980s, chatbots are now easier to train and implement. This is due to plentiful open source code, widely available development platforms, and implementation options via Software as a Service (SaaS). In addition to enhancing customer experiences and supporting learning, chatbots can also be used to engineer social harm - that is, to spread rumors and misinformation, or attack people for posting their thoughts and opinions online. This paper presents a literature review of quality issues and attributes as they relate to the contemporary issue of chatbot development and implementation. Finally, quality assessment approaches are reviewed, and a quality assessment method based on these attributes and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is proposed and examined.
Audio hash function based on non-negative matrix factorisation of mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (2011)

Robust audio hash function defines a feature vector that characterises the audio signal, independent of content preserving manipulations, such as MP3 compression, amplitude boosting/cutting, low-pass filtering etc. In this study, the authors propose a new audio hash function based on the non-negative matrix factorisation (NMF) of mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs). Their work is motivated by the fact that the orthogonality constraints in the singular value decomposition (SVD) make the low-rank singular vectors of audio with distinct local difference be the same. Thus, the available hash function based on SVD of MFCCs cannot achieve satisfactory discrimination. Although the non-negative constraints of NMF result in the basis that captures the local feature of the audio, thereby significantly reducing misclassification. Experimental results over large audio databases demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves better performances, in terms of perceptual robustness and discrimination, than the available SVD-MFCCs-based hash function.
Clear air turbulence avoidance using an airborne microwave radiometer (1984)

The avoidance of Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) is theoretically possible by selecting flight levels that are a safe distance from the tropopause and inversion layers. These favored sites for CAT generation can be located by an 'airborne microwave radiometer' (AMR) passive sensor system that measures altitude temperature profiles. A flight evaluation of the AMR sensor shows that most CAT could be avoided by following sensor-based advisories. Some limitations still exist for any hypothetical use of the sensor. The principal need is to augment the sensor's 'where' advisories to include useful 'when' forecasts.
Transcritical CO2-cycle with expander-compressor. (2000)

L'etendue des applications du dioxyde de carbone comme refrigerant est actuellement limitee par les inconvenients energiques. L'efficacite thermodynamique peut-etre amelioree par l'utilisation d'une machine a extension - compression. Le papier contient de differentes possibilites de calculs de processus, la conception et les premiers resultats d'essai de cette nouvelle machine.
Evaluation of Safe Landing Area Determination Algorithms for Autonomous Rotorcraft Using Site Benchmarking (2013)

An important element of rotorcraft UAV operations is safe landing area determination (SLAD), which is the ability to select desirable landing or load placement areas at unprepared sites. Effectively and reliably accomplishing this task would greatly enhance high-level autonomous capabilities in many operations such as search and rescue and resupply. This paper presents the results of quantitatively evaluating two SLAD algorithms using a new test method that incorporates a detailed survey of the test sites. These survey sites act as benchmarks against which the SLAD methods are compared. One SLAD algorithm is a new approach that uses laser range data to detect a set of potential landing points and uses fuzzy logic to rank them based on surface roughness, size, and terrain slope metrics. The second algorithm uses laser range data to optimize a performance index, based on sliding window statistics of surface slope and roughness over the landing zone, to select potential landing points. Flight-test data were collected at six sites ranging from simple to complex with multiple runs at each site. Both methods are evaluated based on their true-positive and false-positive rates and the consistency of their landing site selection.
Standard hydrogen electrode and potential of zero charge in density functional calculations (2011)

Methods to explicitly account for half-cell electrode potentials have recently appeared within the framework of density functional theory. The potential of the electrode relative to the standard hydrogen electrode is typically determined by subtracting the experimental value of the absolute standard hydrogen electrode potential (ASHEP) from the calculated work function. Although conceptually correct, this procedure introduces two sources of errors: (i) the experimental estimate of the ASHEP varies from 4.28 to 4.85 V and, as has been previously shown and is reconfirmed here, (ii) the calculated work function strongly depends on the structure of the water film covering the metal surface. In this paper, we first identify the most accurate experimental reference for the ASHEP by revisiting up-to-date literature, and validate the choice of electron reference level in single-electrode density functional setups. By analyzing a dozen different water structures, built up from water hexamers, in their uncharged [potential of zero charge (PZC)] states on Pt(111), we then determine three different criteria (no net dipole, no charge transfer, and high water flexibility) that a water structure should possess in order for its computed ASHEP to closely match the experimental benchmark. We capture and quantify these three effects by calculating trends in the ASHEP and PZC on eight close-packed transition metals, considering the four most simple and representative water models. Finally, it is also demonstrated how the work function changes with exchange-correlation functional.
Overexpression of Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Protein-1a in Mouse Adipose Tissue Produces Adipocyte Hypertrophy, Increased Fatty Acid Secretion, and Fatty Liver (2003)

Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are a family of membrane-bound transcription factors that regulate cholesterol and fatty acid homeostasis. In mammals, three SREBP isoforms designated SREBP-1a, SREBP-1c, and SREBP-2 have been identified. SREBP-1a and SREBP-1c are derived from the same gene by virtue of alternatively spliced first exons. SREBP-1a has a longer transcriptional activation domain and is a more potent transcriptional activator than SREBP-1c in cultured cells and liver. Here, we describe the physiologic consequences of overexpressing the nuclear form of SREBP-1a (nSREBP-1a) in adipocytes of mice using the adipocyte-specific aP2 promoter (aP2-nSREBP-1a). The transgenic aP2-nSREBP-1a mice developed markedly enlarged white and brown adipocytes that were fully differentiated. Adipocytes isolated from aP2-nSREBP-1a mice had significantly increased rates of fatty acid synthesis and enhanced fatty acid secretion. The increased production and release of fatty acids from adipocytes led, in turn, to a fatty liver. Overexpression of the alternative SREBP-1 isoform, nSREBP-1c, in adipose tissue inhibits adipocyte differentiation; as a result, the transgenic nSREBP-1c mice develop a syndrome resembling human lipodystrophy, which includes a loss of peripheral white adipose tissue, diabetes, and fatty livers (Shimomura, I., Hammer, R. E., Richardson, J. A., Ikemoto, S., Bashmakov, Y., Goldstein, J. L., and Brown, M. S. (1998) Genes Dev. 12, 3182-3194). In striking contrast, nSREBP-1a overexpression in fat resulted in the hypertrophy of fully differentiated adipocytes, no diabetes, and mild hepatic steatosis. These results suggest that nSREBP-1a and nSREBP-1c have distinct roles in adipocyte fat metabolism in vivo.