gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Realtime Optimization of MPC Setpoints using Time-Varying Extremum Seeking Control for Vapor Compression Machines (2014)

Recently, model predictive control (MPC) has received increased attention in the HVAC community, largely due to its ability to systematically manage constraints while optimally regulating signals of interest to setpoints. For example, in a common formulation of an MPC control problem for variable compressor speed vapor compression machines, the setpoints often include the zone temperature and the evaporator superheat temperature. However, the energy consumption of vapor compression systems has been shown to be sensitive to these setpoints. Further, while superheat temperature is often preferred because it can be easily correlated to heat exchanger efficiency (and therefore cycle efficiency), direct measurement of superheat is not always available. Therefore, identifying alternate signals in the control of vapor compression machines that correlate to efficiency is desired. Conventionally, methods for maximizing the energy efficiency rely on the use of mathematical models of the physics of vapor compression systems. These model-based approaches attempt to describe the influence of commanded inputs on the thermodynamic behavior of the system and the consumed electrical energy, and they are used to predict the combination of inputs that both meet the heat load requirements and minimize energy consumption. However, these models of vapor compression systems rely on simplifying assumptions in order to produce a mathematically tractable representation. Further, they are difficult to derive and calibrate, and often do not describe variations over long time scales, such as those due to refrigerant losses or accumulation of debris on the heat exchangers. In this paper, we consider a model-free extremum seeking algorithm that adjusts setpoints provided to a model predictive controller. While perturbation-based extremum seeking methods have been known for some time, they suffer from slow convergence rates---a problem emphasized by the long time constants associated with thermal systems. Our method uses a new algorithm (time-varying extremum seeking), which has dramatically faster and more reliable convergence properties. In particular, we regulate the compressor discharge temperature using an MPC controller with setpoints selected from a model-free time-varying extremum seeking algorithm. We show that the relationship between compressor discharge temperature and power consumption is convex (a requirement for this class of realtime optimization), and use time-varying extremum seeking to drive these setpoints to values that minimize power. The results are compared to the traditional perturbation-based extremum seeking approach. Further, because the required cooling capacity (and therefore compressor speed) is a function of measured and unmeasured disturbances, the optimal compressor discharge temperature setpoint must vary according to these conditions. We show that the energy optimal discharge temperature is tracked with the time-varying extremum seeking algorithm in the presence of disturbances.
Deriving FPGA Based Custom Soft-Core Microprocessors for Mission Planning Algorithms (2007)

Autonomous dynamic event scheduling using Iterative Repair techniques is an essential component of successful space missions, as it enables spacecraft to adaptively schedule tasks in a dynamic, real-time environment. Event rescheduling is a compute-intensive process. Typical applications involve scheduling hundreds of events that share tens or hundreds of resources. We are developing a set of tools for automating the derivation of application-specific processors (ASIPs) from ANSI C source code that perform this scheduling in an efficient manner. The tools will produce VHDL code targeted for a Xilinx Virtex 4 FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). Features of FPGAs, including large processing bandwidth and embedded ASICs and block RAMs, are exploited to optimize the design. Iterative Repair problems are generally solved using Simulated Annealing, which works by gradually improving an initial solution over thousands of iterations. We propose an FPGA-based architectural framework derived from ANSI C function-level blocks for accelerating these computations by optimizing the process of (1) generating a new solution, (2) evaluating the solution, and (3) determining whether the new solution should be accepted. Each step is implemented in VHDL through data- and control-flow analysis of the source C code. We discuss an architecture template for automated processor design.
ViSQOL v3: An Open Source Production Ready Objective Speech and Audio Metric (2020)

Estimation of perceptual quality in audio and speech is possible using a variety of methods. The combined v3 release of ViSQOL and ViSQOLAudio (for speech and audio, respectively,) provides improvements upon previous versions, in terms of both design and usage. As an open source C++ library or binary with permissive licensing, ViSQOL can now be deployed beyond the research context into production usage. The feedback from internal production teams at Google has helped to improve this new release, and serves to show cases where it is most applicable, as well as to highlight limitations. The new model is benchmarked against real-world data for evaluation purposes. The trends and direction of future work is discussed.
Integral Plug-Type Heat-Flux Gauge (1991)

Integral thermoplug gauge measures flux of heat across specimen of material. New gauge not screwed or welded into place, but instead thermoplug and annulus electrical-discharge-machined (EDM) into specimen material. EDM process leaves no interface between material and thermoplug, thus inherently increasing gauge accuracy by eliminating interface and associated temperature discontinuity. Process also conducive to accurate fabrication of minute gauges.
Reductase Activity Encoded by the <i>HM1</i> Disease Resistance Gene in Maize (1992)

The HM1 gene in maize controls both race-specific resistance to the fungus Cochliobolus carbonum race 1 and expression of the NADPH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)-dependent HC toxin reductase (HCTR), which inactivates HC toxin, a cyclic tetrapeptide produced by the fungus to permit infection. Several HM1 alleles were generated and cloned by transposon-induced mutagenesis. The sequence of wild-type HM1 shares homology with dihydroflavonol-4-reductase genes from maize, petunia, and snap-dragon. Sequence homology is greatest in the beta alpha beta-dinucleotide binding fold that is conserved among NADPH- and NADH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)-dependent reductases and dehydrogenases. This indicates that HM1 encodes HCTR.
An immobilized cell reactor with simultaneous product separation. II. Experimental reactor performance (1985)

The simultaneous separation of volatile fermentation products from product-inhibited fermentations can greatly increase the productivity of a bioreactor by reducing the product concentration in the bioreactor, as well as concentrating the product in an output stream free of cells, substrate, or other feed impurities. The Immobilized Cell Reactor-Separator (ICRS) consists of two column reactors: a cocurrent gas-liquid "enricher" followed by a countercurrent "stripper" The columns are four-phase tubular reactors consisting of (1) an inert gas phase, (2) the liquid fermentation broth, (3) the solid column internal packing, and (4) the immobilized biological catalyst or cells. The application of the ICRS to the ethanol-from-whey-lactose fermentation system has been investigated. Operation in the liquid continuous or bubble flow regime allows a high liquid holdup in the reactor and consequent long and controllable liquid residence time but results in a high gas phase pressure drop over the length of the reactor and low gas flow rates. Operation in the gas continuous regime gives high gas flow rates and low pressure drop but also results in short liquid residence time and incomplete column wetting at low liquid loading rates using conventional gas-liquid column packings. Using cells absorbed to conventional ceramic column packing (0.25-in. Intalox saddles), it was found that a good reaction could be obtained in the liquid continuous mode, but little separation, while in the gas continuous mode there was little reaction but good separation. Using cells sorbed to an absorbant matrix allowed operation in the gas continuous regime with a liquid holdup of up to 30% of the total reactor volume. Good reaction rates and product separation were obtained using this matrix. High reaction rates were obtained due to high density cell loading in the reactor. A dry cell density of up to 92 g/L reactor was obtained in the enricher. The enricher ethanol productivity ranged from 50 to 160 g/L h while the stripper productivity varied from 0 to 32 g/L h at different feed rates and concentrations. A separation efficiency of as high as 98% was obtained from the system.
The microstructures and superconducting properties of MgB/sub 2/ tapes processed in-situ by a ball-milling method (2005)

We investigated the microstructures and superconducting properties of MgB/sub 2/ tapes fabricated by an in situ powder-in-tube method using ball-milled powders. The ball-milling technique was briefly applied to various powders, such as Mg, MgH/sub 2/, and B powder, and to powder mixtures of Mg and B, MgH/sub 2/ and B, and Mg+B+SiC. They were heat treated at the relatively lower temperature of 600/spl deg/C for 1 hour under an argon gas atmosphere. Though the ball-milling had almost no effect on the critical current density (J/sub c/) values when we used MgH/sub 2/ powder, we did observe a clear effect for Mg powder. Significant enhancements of the J/sub c/ values were obtained for the ball-milled powders of Mg+B and Mg+B+SiC. For the latter powder, we obtained a J/sub c/ value of 1.2/spl times/10/sup 4/ A/cm/sup 2/ at 4.2 K and 10 T. Those values are nearly equal to the excellent values of the in-situ processed tape of MgH/sub 2/+B+SiC powder that was not ball-milled. The high J/sub c/ values may be due to the fine B powder abrading Mg particles in the ball-milling processing, thereby producing fresh Mg and B surfaces.
Mixed-order compositing for 3D paintings (2011)

We present a method for rendering 3D paintings by compositing brush strokes embedded in space. The challenge in compositing 3D brush strokes is reconciling conflicts between their z-order in 3D and the order in which the strokes were painted, while maintaining temporal and spatial coherence. Our algorithm smoothly transitions between compositing closer strokes over those farther away and compositing strokes painted later over those painted earlier. It is efficient, running in O(n log n) time, and simple to implement. We demonstrate its effectiveness on a variety of 3D paintings.
<title>Novel intracavity pixelated lasing projection system</title> (1998)

A high efficiency, narrow spectral linewidth lasing pixel device that implements a low-voltage spatially patterned variable loss element placed inside an optically pumped high-gain laser cavity is experimentally studied. The output properties of this system make it potentially useful for digital projection displays. Coupling and grey-scale control of an intracavity pixelated laser projected system is studied experimentally and by numerical simulation. Results indicate that pixel independence can be maintained in high Fresnel number resonators.
The rat dopamine D4 receptor: sequence, gene structure, and demonstration of expression in the cardiovascular system. (1992)

Dopamine receptors have been implicated in a variety of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we describe the use of the polymerase chain reaction and low stringency library screening to isolate a rat genomic clone encoding a novel dopamine receptor. Sequence data and pharmacological analysis reveal this clone to be the rat analog of the human D4 receptor, which exhibits a high affinity for the antipsychotic drug clozapine. The mRNA for this receptor shows a restricted pattern of expression in the central nervous system. Significant levels of expression were found in the hypothalamus, thalamus, olfactory bulb, and frontal cortex. However, 20-fold higher levels of D4 mRNA expression were observed in the cardiovascular system. Thus, this receptor appears to mediate dopamine function in the cardiovascular system as well as the central nervous system.
Bulk acoustic wave integrated optical deflector and monolithic A/D converter using such deflector (1984)

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Automated analysis and predictive modeling of craniosynostosis with cranial suture measurements and intracranial volume asymmetries using the snake algorithm (2016)

Quantifying the progression of a condition is one the most difficult challenges facing physicians as they look to provide the most effective treatment customized for individual patients. To achieve these goals, a novel image processing algorithm providing automated quantification has been developed to analyze the cranial vault and sutures using CT in humans and construct predictive models of the condition. Currently, very few preoperative or postoperative quantification tools exist for children with craniosynostosis so we used a customized active contour snake algorithm and 3D reconstruction to quantify the intracranial volume and measure the cranial sutures of these patients. A set of 117-patient CT scans was collected and analyzed, 77 with varying types of craniosynostosis and 40 normal patients as a control. Total intracranial volume was maintained in craniosynostosis patients in comparison to normal resulting in a uniform growth curve that showed no significant difference between the two groups. Assessing the asymmetry in the intracranial volume and measurements of suture volume and patency resulted in quantitative separations in synostosis types. These separations were further validated by a logistic regression model with pseudo R2 values greater than 0.95 and an 86.9% average accuracy in cross-validation of the seven groups, which increased to 91.9% with the removal of the underrepresented lambdoid synostosis group.
Passive millimeter-wave imaging technology for phased-array systems (2003)

Trex Enterprises has developed a passive millimeter-wave imaging system incorporating a number of new technologies. The system has a pupil-plane architecture that uses a phased array, flat panel antenna and a phase processor based upon millimeter-wave optics. The production and operation of a 232-element W-band phased array and processor poses a number of technical problems including minimizing losses in the front end and adjusting the phase lengths of the processor. The system also has 192 frequency processor cards that perform real-time Fourier analysis of W-band signals over an 18 GHz bandwidth using millimeter-wave optics. Production of a suitable phase and frequency processor in large quantities that form good beams and maintain signal strength requires the adoption of new materials and design strategies. The refinement of these technologies at W-band frequencies allowed Trex Enterprises to produce an imager which is both compact and suitable for large-scale production. In this paper, we will discuss the design and production of the millimeter-wave components unique to this system architecture. We will also present the performance of these components and how they affect the performance of the millimeter-wave imager as a whole. An integrated front end is tested to determine the accuracy of the beam-forming network in producing antenna patterns.
Video summarization preserving dynamic content (2007)

This paper describes a system for selecting excerpts from unedited video and presenting the excerpts in a short summary video for efficiently understanding the video contents. Color and motion features are used to divide the video into segments where the color distribution and camera motion are similar. Segments with and without camera motion are clustered separately to identify redundant video. Audio features are used to identify clapboard appearances for exclusion. Representative segments from each cluster are selected for presentation. To increase the original material contained within the summary and reduce the time required to view the summary, selected segments are played back at a higher rate based on the amount of detected camera motion in the segment. Pitch-preserving audio processing is used to better capture the sense of the original audio. Metadata about each segment is overlayed on the summary to help the viewer understand the context of the summary segments in the original video.
Chemical-vapor-deposited molybdenum films of high infrared reflectance (1979)

Molybdenum thin films deposited by pyrolytic decomposition of molybdenum carbonyl attain, after anneal in a reducing atmosphere at 1000 °C, infrared reflectance values within 0.7% of the reflectance of supersmooth bulk molybdenum. This result combines the refractory nature of molybdenum with the high infrared reflectance generally associated with conventional mirror materials. The entire production sequence proceeds at atmospheric pressure and requires less than 1 h. The reflectance increase during anneal is related to compositional and structural properties of the films. The importance of this development to photothermal solar-energy conversion and high-energy laser technology is stressed.
Rheology of Free-Flowing Granular Materials (1998)

Rheological properties of granular materials are of paramount interest in many industrial operations involving mixing and handling. The determination of these properties implies suited characterisation methods elaboration. This paper aims at proposing such an experimental approach, based on statistical physic concepts and tested on model powders.
Molecular architecture of the uncleaved HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer (2013)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer, a membrane-fusing machine, mediates virus entry into host cells and is the sole virus-specific target for neutralizing antibodies. Binding the receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, triggers Env conformational changes from the metastable unliganded state to the fusion-active state. We used cryo-electron microscopy to obtain a 6-Å structure of the membrane-bound, heavily glycosylated HIV-1 Env trimer in its uncleaved and unliganded state. The spatial organization of secondary structure elements reveals that the unliganded conformations of both glycoprotein (gp)120 and gp41 subunits differ from those induced by receptor binding. The gp120 trimer association domains, which contribute to interprotomer contacts in the unliganded Env trimer, undergo rearrangement upon CD4 binding. In the unliganded Env, intersubunit interactions maintain the gp41 ectodomain helical bundles in a "spring-loaded" conformation distinct from the extended helical coils of the fusion-active state. Quaternary structure regulates the virus-neutralizing potency of antibodies targeting the conserved CD4-binding site on gp120. The Env trimer architecture provides mechanistic insights into the metastability of the unliganded state, receptor-induced conformational changes, and quaternary structure-based strategies for immune evasion.
MBT Timing Detection and its Closed-Loop Control Using In-Cylinder Pressure Signal (2003)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">MBT timing for an internal combustion engine is also called minimum spark timing for best torque or the spark timing for maximum brake torque. Unless engine spark timing is limited by engine knock or emission requirements at a certain operational condition, there exists an MBT timing that yields the maximum work for a given air-to-fuel mixture. Traditionally, MBT timing for a particular engine is determined by conducting a spark sweep process that requires a substantial amount of time to obtain an MBT calibration. Recently, on-line MBT timing detection schemes have been proposed based upon cylinder pressure or ionization signals using peak cylinder pressure location, 50 percent fuel mass fraction burn location, pressure ratio, and so on. Because these criteria are solely based upon data correlation and observation, both of them may change at different engine operational conditions. Therefore, calibration is still required for each MBT detection scheme. This paper shows that MBT timing can be achieved by locating the maximum net pressure acceleration point at top dead center. This result is developed based upon the physical aspects of the combustion process, and therefore, it should be independent of engine operational conditions and valid for all spark-ignited engines that have one peak heat release rate during the combustion process. Experimental validation of this result over certain engine operational conditions is completed, and validation of this result over whole engine operational map is the subject of future work.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The second part of this paper develops an MBT timing closed-loop control using the detected MBT timing criteria as a feedback signal. The benefit of closed loop control of MBT timing is improved robustness over open-loop MBT timing calibration with respect to engine-to-engine variations, engine aging, engine operational conditions, etc. A two-way filtering algorithm, combined with the derivative calculation, is developed to improve the robustness of MBT timing detection scheme without the penalty of filter phase delay. A PI (proportional and integral) controller is used to illustrate closed-loop control of MBT timing, where the reference signal is used to control the engine ignition timing at its set point. The closed-loop control system is implemented in dSpace and prototyped on a two liter four cylinder engine. The test results show that the closed-loop MBT timing controller based upon the maximum net pressure acceleration point not only maintains the engine average ignition timing at its MBT timing but also reduces the cycle-to-cycle variations. For comparison purpose, three MBT timing feedback signals are used in the study: peak cylinder pressure location, 50 percent burn location, and maximum net pressure acceleration location.</div>
Design Optimization of Large-Mode-Area All-Solid Photonic Bandgap Fibers for High-Power Laser Applications (2014)

We optimized the structural parameters of large-mode-area all-solid photonic bandgap fibers for high-power laser applications with numerical simulations. We obtained an effective mode area of greater than 1000 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in bending condition while maintaining single-mode operation and realizing compact packaging for both 7- and 19-cell core fibers. We also found out that a core diameter of larger than 115 μm could be achieved for the 19-cell core fibers.
SOME PHENOMENA IN CdTe/CdS THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS MADE BY CLOSE-SPACED SUBLIMATION (1992)

Abstract CdTe/CdS heterojunction thin film solar cells of 11.7% efficiency have been made by close-spaced sublimation of CdTe. Some results regarding the influence of the CdCI2 treatment and contacting are given stressing the requirement of more in-depth analysis of the CdTe cells made by different processes in order to understand the common and basic mechanisms better. KEY WORDS: Solar cellsCdTeThin films