gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of diffraction for biosensing applications via Bloch surface waves (2007)

We propose a biosensor based on the diffraction of Bloch surface waves (BSWs) in periodic dielectric stacks. Significant enhancement of diffraction efficiency by a biomolecule grating placed on the multilayer is predicted when a BSW is excited through a prism in the Kretschmann configuration. Numerical calculations for BSW in a Si∕SiO2 dielectric stack show an increase of diffraction intensity up to three orders of magnitude with respect to the case of surface plasmon wave enhancement. The mechanism that leads to large field confinement and the absence of absorption losses in the dielectric system make this solution flexible and suitable to different grating periods.
Assessing the benefits of automatic grinding control using PST technology for true on-line Particle Size Measurement (2018)

Abstract Despite the recognized significance of ground product fineness on both line capacity and downstream process performance (typically flotation), less than 10% of mineral ore concentrators today use real-time particle size measurements in automatic control applications for the final product particle size. Although “near-line” particle size measurement instrumentation has been in place for several decades and is commonly installed in most modern concentrators, its availability and low measurement frequency have typically been inadequate for reliable use in automatic control. Their low availability is often associated with problems with slurry sample collection and handling systems required to present the samples to the size measurement instrument. Recently, an innovative technology for real-time, on-line particle size measurement has been developed by CiDRA Minerals Processing, under its commercial name Particle Size Tracking (PST), already proven in several commercial installations, demonstrating near 100% availability with minimal maintenance, thus overcoming the limitations of previous technologies. Investment decision makers require convincing, reliable estimates of the expected economic value that automatic grind control projects will deliver. This paper presents a methodology for estimating such value from the installation of the new PST particle size measurement technology, capable of tracking particle size on each individual hydrocyclone overflow stream, thus adding significant new options for improved process stability and performance. Based on actual plant operating records, accumulated over long periods of time, the evaluation approach herein described assesses and highlights the significant potential contribution to be expected from this unique PST technology.
Impact of Backbone Rigidity on the Photomechanical Response of Glassy, Azobenzene-Functionalized Polyimides (2014)

Azobenzene-functionalized polyimide materials can directly transduce light into mechanical force. Here, we examine the impact of polymer backbone rigidity on the photomechanical response in a series of linear, azobenzene-functionalized polymers. The rigidity of the backbone was varied by the polymerization of five dianhydride monomers with a newly synthesized diamine (azoBPA-diamine). The azobenzene-functionalized linear polymers exhibit glass transition temperatures (Tg) ranging from 276 to 307 °C and maintain excellent thermal stability. The photomechanical response of these materials was characterized by photoinduced cantilever bending as well as direct measurement of photogenerated stress upon exposure to linearly polarized, 445 nm light. Increasing the rigidity of the polymer backbone increases the magnitude of stress that is generated but decreases the angle of cantilever deflection.
CHAPTER 3. Ionic Liquid Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biofuels and Chemicals (2015)

This chapter focuses on the recent development of biomass pre-treatment using ionic liquids (ILs). Lignocellulosic biomass, such as wood, grass, and agricultural residues, are a promising alternative source for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals. Because of the inherent recalcitrance, pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass is essential to improve the bioconversion process. Different physical, chemical and physicochemical pre-treatments are reported in literature and each process has its own advantages and disadvantages. Ionic liquids (ILs) are promising solvents for biomass pre-treatment as some ILs are capable of completely solubilizing lignocellulosic biomass and the biomass can then be regenerated upon addition of a suitable anti-solvent. Dissolution in IL drives structural changes in the regenerated biomass, making it easier to hydrolyse. The chapter starts with an overview of biomass and different emerging pre-treatment technologies, with an emphasis on IL-based pre-treatment technology. This section covers the history along with a concise literature review of different IL-based pre-treatment processes. The second section is devoted to IL pre-treatment chemistry and cellulose–IL interaction, with a short discussion of lignin and its prospects for the production of renewable platform chemicals. The last part of this chapter outlines the challenges and opportunities of the emerging IL pre-treatment technology in a biorefinery concept and provides concluding remarks on the outlook for the biorefinery.
Synthesis and characterization of the physicochemical and magnetic properties for perfluoroalkyl ester and Fe(<scp>iii</scp>) carboxylate-based hydrophobic magnetic ionic liquids (2016)

The hydrophobic and magnetic properties of magnetic ionic liquids can be controlled using cation functionalization or anion modification.
Nested mirrors for x-rays and neutrons (2009)

Montel (nested) Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors can focus X-ray and neutron beams with larger divergences into small beams than is possible with standard (sequential) Kirkpatrick-Baez optics. They also provide for a more compact focusing system and higher fluxes into small beams than with current alternatives. These attributes make Montel optics critically important for both achromatic neutron and X-ray focusing. Here we describe design rules that optimize mirror performance under various constraints, including diffraction-limited, and flux-limited focusing. We also describe first tests of optical designs that employ nesting as a way to improve neutron microfocusing optics and suggest future directions for X-ray nanofocusing optics.
Linear- and nonlinear-optical properties of free and bound excitons in CdS and applications in bistable devices (1985)

A general discussion of the linear-optical properties of free and bound excitons in direct-gap semiconductors at low temperature is presented. This discussion then specializes to CdS. The nonlinear-optical response of CdS is introduced by first discussing the saturation behavior of bound excitons. A new type of cavityless optical bistability based on induced absorption near the free and bound excitons is described. Finally, fast all-optical switching (<1 nsec) at very low switching energies (<8 pJ) is demonstrated, using the giant nonlinearity associated with bound excitons.
A simplified measurement method of auditory filters for hearing-impaired listeners (2003)

A simplified method for the measurement of auditory filter, in which the filter shape is assumed to be symmetric, is proposed. This method would apply to the clinical diagnosis of hearing impairment and the fitting of hearing aids. The proposed method is based on the notched-noise method and includes procedures for the determination of the masker level and for the estimation of the auditory filter shape from one masked threshold. In order to reduce measuring time, the ascending method is used to detect the signal threshold level in this method. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate this proposed technique: (1) the measurement accuracy of the ascending method was investigated on three normal-hearing subjects and compared with the 2AFC method, and (2) the practicability of this simplified method was evaluated on eleven hearing-impaired and two normal-hearing subjects, and compared with the conventional notched-noise method. Results showed that (1) the ascending method has sufficient accuracy for the measurement of the masked threshold and (2) ERB data obtained using the simplified method correlate highly with ERB data obtained using the conventional notched-noise method. It was also shown that each auditory filter could be measured in approximately three minutes.
High temperature stability in lanthanum and zirconia-based gate dielectrics (2001)

Gate dielectrics composed primarily of lanthana and zirconia were prepared by reactive evaporation. The stability of the layers during high temperature anneals was investigated. By controlling the oxygen partial pressure during heat treatment, lanthana and zirconia films could be protected against reaction with the underlying Si substrate and against the growth of low-ε interface layers. The electrical thickness of the dielectrics could be maintained after a 900 °C exposure. The critical oxygen pressure at 900 °C for low-ε interface formation beneath ZrO2 and La2O3 dielectrics was ∼2e−4 Torr. The interfaces that formed beneath the ZrO2 and La2O3 layers are distinctly different. The sub-ZrO2 interface, influenced primarily by phase separation, tends towards pure SiO2, while the sub-La2O3 interface, influenced primarily by silicate formation, tends towards a La–Si–O alloy. For both materials, reducing the oxygen pressure to values below 10−7 Torr resulted in rapid degradation of the metal oxide. This dielectric degradation is believed to be linked to SiO evaporation. These results suggest that at high temperatures, a window of optimal oxygen partial pressure exists in which the stability of many oxides in contact with silicon can be achieved.
N-[(.omega.-Amino-1-hydroxyalkyl)phenyl]methanesulfonamide derivatives with class III antiarrhythmic activity (1991)

N-[4-[4-(Ethylheptylamino)-1-hydroxybutyl]phenyl]methanesulfonamid e, (E)-2-butenedioate (2:1) salt (ibutilide fumarate, 2E), has been found to have Class III antiarrhythmic activity. In an in vitro rabbit heart tissue preparation designed to evaluate the cardiac electrophysiology of potential antiarrhythmic agents, it selectively prolongs the effective refractory period of papillary muscle. In vivo it increases the ventricular refractory period of the canine heart and prevents the ventricular arrhythmias induced by programmed electrical stimulation 3-9 days after a myocardial infarction. This paper describes the synthesis of 2E and a series of related compounds. The in vitro evaluation of the cardiac electrophysiology of these compounds has allowed us to determine the structural requirements for Class III antiarrhythmic activity in this series. Evaluation of the antiarrhythmic activity of 2E and one of the more potent analogues on the late postinfarction ventricular arrhythmias induced by programmed electrical stimulation of the canine myocardium is also described. This activity is compared with that of the Class III antiarrhythmic agent sotalol. Compound 2E appears to be as effective and 10-30 times more potent than sotalol in this model.
Transposon for protein engineering (2016)

Protein insertional fusion and circular permutation are 2 promising protein engineering techniques for creating integrated functionalities and sequence diversity of a protein, respectively. Finding insertion locations for protein insertional fusion and new termini for circular permutation through a rational approach is not always straightforward, especially, for proteins without detailed structural knowledge. On the contrary, a combinatorial approach facilitates a comprehensive search to evaluate all potential insertion sites and new termini locations. Conventional methods used to create random insertional fusion libraries generate sub-optimal inter-domain linker length and composition between fused proteins. There are also methods available for construction of random circular permutation libraries. However, these methods too, impose many drawbacks, such as significant sequence modification at the new termini of circular permutants and additionally, require re-design of transposons for tailored expression of circular permutants. Furthermore, these conventional methods employ relatively inefficient blunt-end ligation during library construction. In this commentary, we present a concise overview and key findings of engineered Mu transposons, which have recently been developed in our group as a facile and efficient tool to alleviate limitations realized from conventional methods and to construct high quality libraries for random insertional fusion and random circular permutation.
Low-sensitivity, low-power fourth-order band-pass active-RC allpole filter using impedance tapering (2002)

The design of low sensitivity band-pass (BP) active resistance-capacitance low (RC) filters using impedance tapering is presented. 4/sup th/-order band-pass filters are considered. The design procedure for low-sensitivity low-pass (LP) prototype second-order class 4 Sallen and Key active-RC allpole filters, using impedance tapering, has already been published. In this paper a low-pass to band-pass (LP-BP) transformation is applied to an impedance tapered 2/sup nd/-order LP filter, and a 4/sup th/-order BP filter is constructed. The component values, selected for impedance tapering, account for the considerable decrease in sensitivity to component tolerances for the LP as well as for the BP filter. As an example, a Chebyshev 4/sup th/-order BP filter is realized, and the sensitivities are analysed. Schoeffler sensitivity measure is used as a basis for comparison, and Monte Carlo runs are performed as a double-check. A considerable improvement in sensitivity is achieved, both for the BP filter as well as well as for the original LP prototype.
A Bayesian framework for combining gene predictions (2002)

In this paper we provide a Bayesian network framework for combining gene predictions from multiple systems. The framework allows us to treat the problem as combining the advice of multiple experts. Previous work in the area used relatively simple ideas such as majority voting. We introduce, for the first time, the use of hidden input/output Markov models for combining gene predictions. We apply the framework to the analysis of the Adh region in Drosophila that has been carefully studied in the context of gene finding and used as a basis for the GASP competition. The main challenge in combination of gene prediction programs is the fact that the systems are relying on similar features such as cod on usage and as a result the predictions are often correlated. We show that our approach is promising to improve the prediction accuracy and provides a systematic and flexible framework for incorporating multiple sources of evidence into gene prediction systems.
Neutron energy spectrum with microstructured semiconductor neutron detectors (2011)

Microstructured semiconductor neutron detector (MSND) devices have achieved 42% intrinsic efficiency when operated as a dual-detector device. The neutron energy spectrometer has alternating layers of MSND arrays, cadmium, and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in a linear arrangement. The detector arrays consist of 4 dual-detector devices with 1-cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> detector elements in a stacked configuration. A 2 mm thick layer of cadmium separates each detector from the following layer of HDPE. The cadmium layer prevents thermalized neutrons from backscattering into the previous detector. The 3-cm thick HDPE layers act as a moderator for the epithermal and fast neutrons, allowing them to disperse energy within the spectrometer's volume and reach thermal energies to be detected by the MSND arrays. The resultant device is a neutron energy spectrometer with a large surface area for the incident neutron beam.
A wearable skin stretch device for haptic feedback (2009)

We describe a wearable haptic feedback device that imparts rotational skin stretch to provide feedback regarding movement of a virtual object. Applications for this device include feedback of motion for physical therapy or rehabilitation exercises or proprioceptive feedback for amputees. The device uses a small piezoelectric motor for a combination of low weight, moderate torques and rotation without vibrations that could interfere with the sensation of stretch. We present the results of experiments to determine the accuracy with which subjects can use feedback from the device to control the orientation of a virtual object. Most subjects were able to position the device within several degrees. In a second test, subjects were asked to identify randomly applied levels of skin stretch while they remained passive. In this case, the accuracy was poorer and subjects occasionally confused positive and negative rotations. Tests were also conducted to evaluate the effect of rotational compliance at the end effector, added to improve comfort at large displacements.
Autodisplay of Nitrilase from <i>Alcaligenes faecalis</i> in <i>E. coli</i> Yields a Whole Cell Biocatalyst for the Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure (<i>R</i>)‐Mandelic Acid (2011)

Abstract In the present study, a whole cell biocatalyst for the synthesis of ( R )‐mandelic acid from mandelonitrile was constructed. For this purpose, nitrilase from Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. faecalis ATCC 8750 was displayed on the surface of Escherichia coli by using Autodisplay. Localization of the nitrilase in the cell envelope of E. coli was monitored by SDS‐PAGE and surface exposure was verified by its accessibility to externally added protease. The whole cell biocatalyst converted up to 2.6 m M of ( R )‐mandelic acid under optimum conditions at pH 7.5 and 45 °C within 24 h (1 mL culture, OD 578 =10). By using chiral HPLC, the ee value of the product was determined to be >99 %. The surface displayed nitrilase showed an apparent K m value of 3.6 m M and an apparent V max value of 1 nmol min −1 mL −1 when a bacterial suspension of OD 578 3 was used. Substrate inhibition by benzaldehyde was similar to that of the free enzyme. The whole‐cell biocatalyst retained 55 % of its initial ( R )‐mandelic acid production after 5 cycles of repeated use, and could be stored at −70 °C for 180 d without a substantial loss of activity. In addition the whole cell biocatalyst converted 9.3 m M phenylacetonitrile within 16 h.
Entropic Fragment‐Based Approach to Aptamer Design (2011)

Aptamers are short RNA/DNA sequences that are identified through the process of systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment and that bind to diverse biomolecular targets. Aptamers have strong and specific binding through molecular recognition and are promising tools in studying molecular biology. They are recognized as having potential therapeutic and diagnostic clinical applications. The success of the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment process requires that the RNA/DNA pools used in the process have a sufficient level of sequence diversity and structural complexity. While the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment technology is well developed, it remains a challenge in the efficient identification of correct aptamers. In this article, we propose a novel information-driven approach to a theoretical design of aptamer templates based solely on the knowledge regarding the biomolecular target structures. We have investigated both theoretically and experimentally the applicability of the proposed approach by considering two specific targets: the serum protein thrombin and the cell membrane phospholipid phosphatidylserine. Both of these case studies support our method and indicate a promising advancement in theoretical aptamer design. In unfavorable cases where the designed sequences show weak binding affinity, these template sequences can be still modified to enhance their affinities without going through the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment process.
Dyadic projected spatial augmented reality (2014)

Mano-a-Mano is a unique spatial augmented reality system that combines dynamic projection mapping, multiple perspective views and device-less interaction to support face to face, or dyadic, interaction with 3D virtual objects. Its main advantage over more traditional AR approaches, such as handheld devices with composited graphics or see-through head worn displays, is that users are able to interact with 3D virtual objects and each other without cumbersome devices that obstruct face to face interaction. We detail our prototype system and a number of interactive experiences. We present an initial user experiment that shows that participants are able to deduce the size and distance of a virtual projected object. A second experiment shows that participants are able to infer which of a number of targets the other user indicates by pointing.
Treatment for Barrett's oesophagus (2010)

Despite their failure to eradicate Barrett's oesophagus, the role of medical and surgical interventions to reduce the troubling symptoms and sequelae of GORD is not questioned. Whether therapies for GORD reduce the cancer risk is not yet known. Ablative therapies have an increasing role in the management of dysplasia within Barrett's and current data would favour the use of radiofrequency ablation compared with photodynamic therapy. Radiofrequency ablation has been shown to yield significantly fewer complications than photodynamic therapy and is very efficacious at eradicating both dysplasia and Barrett's itself. However, long-term follow-up data are still needed before radiofrequency ablation can be used in routine clinical care without the need for very careful post-treatment surveillance. More clinical trial data and in particular randomised controlled trials are required to assess whether or not the cancer risk is reduced in routine clinical practice.
Affordable Autonomy through Cooperative Sensing and Planning (2021)

It is widely anticipated that Level-4 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> (L4) autonomous vehicles - vehicles capable of autonomously performing all driving functions under certain conditions - will eventually become available to the public. However, these vehicles are likely to be expensive due to the additional requirements on hardware, making them potentially inaccessible to the average consumer. This paper introduces the concept of Affordable Autonomy through Cooperative Sensing and Planning (AACSP). This concept enables a vehicle equipped with lower-end sensors such as a Level-2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> vehicle - vehicle capable of limited lateral and longitudinal control but requiring a driver to stay engaged - to enter into an autonomous mode whenever it is in proximity with a Level-4 vehicle traveling along the same route. The paper describes the system along with the technical components of cooperative planning & state coordination in detail while giving an overview of the cooperative perception and localization modules that are required to implement the AACSP concept. The paper also presents results from simulation and real vehicles.