gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The use of high‐solids loadings in biomass pretreatment—a review (2012)

The use of high-solids loadings (≥ 15% solids, w/w) in the unit operations of lignocellulose conversion processes potentially offers many advantages over lower-solids loadings, including increased sugar and ethanol concentrations and decreased production and capital costs. Since the term lignocellulosic materials refers to a wide range of feedstocks (agricultural and forestry residues, distillery by-products, and dedicated energy crops like grasses), the term "solids loading" here is defined by the amount of dry material that enters the process divided by the total mass of material and water added to the material. The goal of this study is to provide a consolidated review of studies using a high-solids pretreatment step in the conversion process. Included in this review is a brief discussion of the limitations, such as the lack of available water to promote mass transfer, increased substrate viscosity, and increased concentration of inhibitors produced affecting pretreatment, as well as descriptions and findings of pretreatment studies performed at high solids, the latest reactor designs developed for pretreatment at bench- and pilot-scales to address some of the limitations, and high-solids pretreatment operations that have been scaled-up and incorporated into demonstration facilities.
The impact of market size on new market entry: a contingency approach (2017)

Purpose The purpose of this study is to offer explanations of the wide variation in the impact of market size on new market entry decisions – i.e. its positive impact lessens because of unreliable predictability of market size on post-entry profit and entry motivations other than post-entry profit. Design/methodology/approach On the basis of the two explanations, this paper builds a contingency frame that the impact of market size on new market entry depends on entry-context-specific variables. It validates the contingency frame, empirically analyzing 219 parameter estimates of the impact of market size on market entry obtained from 41 existing empirical studies. Findings The meta-analysis results reveal that the entry-context-specific variables used in this study – niche market entry, high-tech market entry, entry by industry incumbent firms and the year of market entry – notably moderate the impact of market size on new market entry decisions, as the research frame suggests. Research limitations/implications This study examines the various literature and study outcomes in the areas of marketing, economics and strategy to elucidate whether and when market size is a critical driver of new market entry. In most cases, the greater the new market size, the greater is the propensity to enter the market. However, the contingency arguments stated in this paper suggest that firms may and do enter a new market even if the market size is not large at the time of entry. Originality/value This paper enhances the understanding of the relative importance of market size in market entry decisions, which depend on various entry contexts. It clarifies the direction and magnitude of the impact of such entry contexts.
Influence of CSR stakeholders on the textile firms performances (2022)

Ready-made garments (RMG) are one of the most critical sectors in the economy of the South Asian region in terms of the labor force employed and export earnings. This research study aims to determine the Corporate Social Responsibility Stakeholders dimension and its influence on textile firms Performance. The study used organizational legitimacy as mediating variable between the CSR stakeholders and firms’ performances. The research study was used in the quantitative analysis approach to determine the cause and effect of the relationship between CSR and Textile firm’s financial and non-financial performance. Though the study collected primary data & secondary data from 250 respondents using survey questionnaires, the researcher obtained secondary data by analyzing the audited annual and sustainability reports of various RMG companies. We have collected data by conducting a focus group interview forming a team of employers, top-level managers, and CSR officers. We asked them all the questions, filled it, tapped it, reserved it for the interpretations. We have surveyed 67 industries, but it enabled us to collect the data from the 50 sectors—the data collected from 2016 April to 2018 December. Our study has some limitations in that the sample size is small compared to the other research. SPSS-23 & MS-Excel were used to analyze the collected data. CSR practices benefitted RMG companies in terms of long-term sustainable development by increasing the firm’s financial and non-financial performance of the RMG sector.
A family of r-determinants in Streptomyces spp. that specifies inducible resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin type B antibiotics (1981)

Inducible resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin type B antibiotics in Streptomyces spp. comprises a family of diverse phenotypes in which characteristic subsets of the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotics induce resistance mediated by mono- or dimethylation of adenine, or both, in 23S ribosomal ribonucleic acid. In these studies, diverse patterns of induction specificity in Streptomyces and associated ribosomal ribonucleic acid changes are described. In Streptomyces fradiae NRRL 2702 erythromycin induced resistance to vernamycin B, whereas in Streptomyces hygroscopicus IFO 12995, the reverse was found: vernamycin B induced resistance to erythromycin. In a Streptomyces viridochromogenes (NRRL 2860) model system studied in detail, tylosin induced resistance to erythromycin associated with N6-monomethylation of 23S ribosomal ribonucleic acid, whereas in Staphylococcus aureus, erythromycin induced resistance to tylosin mediated by N6-dimethylation of adenine. Inducible macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin resistance was found in S. fradiae NRRL 2702 and S. hygroscopicus IFO 12995, which synthesize the macrolides tylosin and maridomycin, respectively, as well as in the lincosamide producer Streptomyces lincolnensis NRRL 2936 and the streptogramin type B producer Streptomyces diastaticus NRRL 2560. A wide range of different macrolides including chalcomycin, tylosin, and cirramycin induced resistance when tested in an appropriate system. Lincomycin was active as inducer in S. lincolnensis, the organism by which it is produced, and streptogramin type B antibiotics induced resistance in S. fradiae, S. hygroscopicus, and the streptogramin type B producer S. diastaticus. Patterns of adenine methylation found included (i) lincomycin-induced monomethylation in S. lincolnensis (and constitutive monomethylation in a mutant selected with maridomycin), (ii) concurrent equimolar levels of adenine mono- plus dimethylation in S. hygroscopicus, (iii) monomethylation in S. fradiae (and dimethylation in a mutant selected with erythromycin), and (iv) adenine dimethylation in S. diastaticus induced by ostreogrycin B.
Direct aromatic iodination using iodine fluoride prepared from iodine and fluorine (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDirect aromatic iodination using iodine fluoride prepared from iodine and fluorineShlomo Rozen, Dov Zamir, Yinon Menachem, and Michael BrandCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 5, 1123Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00240a046https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00240a046research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views546Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Serological Relationships among Some<i>Pichia</i>Species (1976)

Antigenic analyses of five species of the genus Pichia were carried out for taxonomic study by the slide agglutination method using monospecific and absorbed antisera and the agglutinin absorption technique. Comparative studies were also performed with a few strains of each of the same species and their classifications are discussed with respect to the antigenic structures and the patterns of proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectra of their cell wall polysaccharides. ichia delftensis and Pichia zaruensis possessed thermostable antigens 1,2,5 and 11, and the former had also thermoabile antigen m. Both species were closely related to Candida krusei. Pichia toletana possessed thermostable antigens 1,2,5,11,17 and 49. Pichia bovis contained thermostable antigens 1,2,14,15,16,20 and 21, and it was related to most species of the genus Hansenula, although assimilation of potassium nitrate was negative. Finally, Pichia etchellsii possessed thermostable antigens 1,2,3,4,9 and 14, and was closely related to Pichia vini. Patterns of PMR spectra of mannans of these species also supported their serological relationships. Therfore, P. delftensis, P. zaruensis and P. etchellsii are considered to be the synonyms of Pichia fluxuum, Pichia dispora and P. vini respectively, although P. toletanan and P. bovis are independent species.
&lt;i&gt;Origanum majorana&lt;/i&gt; Extracts as Mild Steel Corrosion Green Inhibitors in Aqueous Chloride Medium (2016)

We optimized Origanum majorana (OM) extraction for mild steel corrosion inhibition in neutral 0.5 M chloride medium. The inhibition mechanism evolved in presence of the optimal extract was discussed when calculating the activation energy (Ea), the activation enthalpy (ΔaH) as well as the activation entropy (ΔaS). The OM extract molecules were investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) basis set level. 1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylcyclohexa-1,3-diene alpha-terpinene was predicted exhibiting the most inhibition capabilities.
Direct synthesis of alkyl 2-alkynoates from alk-1-ynes, CO2, and bromoalkanes catalysed by copper(I) or silver(I) salt (1994)

Alkyl alkynoates are synthesized directly from alk-1-ynes, CO2, and bromoalkanes in the presence of a catalytic amount of copper(I) or silver(I) salt.
Mixed-Feed Direct Methanol Fuel Cell: Materials and Design Solutions (2006)

Technological challenges related to the development of mixed reactant direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are addressed. Promising cathode catalysts were tested and their performance was compared to the traditional Pt catalyst. A novel hydrophilic barrier layer was applied to the PtRu anode in order to improve its performance by limiting oxygen diffusion to the anode catalyst layer. This strategy is shown to be effective despite increased ohmic resistance associated with the barrier layer.
A Transformer-based Framework for Neutralizing and Reversing the Political Polarity of News Articles (2021)

People often prefer to consume news with similar political predispositions and access like-minded news articles, which aggravates polarized clusters known as "echo chamber". To mitigate this phenomenon, we propose a computer-aided solution to help combat extreme political polarization. Specifically, we present a framework for reversing or neutralizing the political polarity of news headlines and articles. The framework leverages the attention mechanism of a Transformer-based language model to first identify polar sentences, and then either flip the polarity to the neutral or to the opposite through a GAN network. Tested on the same benchmark dataset, our framework achieves a 3%-10% improvement on the flipping/neutralizing success rate of headlines compared with the current state-of-the-art model. Adding to prior literature, our framework not only flips the polarity of headlines but also extends the task of polarity flipping to full-length articles. Human evaluation results show that our model successfully neutralizes or reverses the polarity of news without reducing readability. We release a large annotated dataset that includes both news headlines and full-length articles with polarity labels and meta-data to be used for future research. Our framework has a potential to be used by social scientists, content creators and content consumers in the real world.
Applying image fusion techniques for detection of hepatic lesions (2006)

Image fusion is the process by which two or more images are combined into a single image retaining the important features from each of the original images. It aims at the integration of complementary data to enhance the information apparent in the images as well as to increase the reliability of the interpretation. The successful fusion of images acquired from different modalities or instruments is of great importance in many applications such as medical imaging, microscopic imaging, remote sensing, computer vision, and robotics. In the present work, four different image fusion techniques were implemented and applied to Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI). These are the Laplacian Pyramid, the Wavelet Transform, the Computationally Efficient Pixel-level Image Fusion (CEMIF) method, and the Multi-focus Technique based on Spatial Frequency. Fusion results were evaluated according to three measures of performance; the entropy, the cross entropy and the spatial frequency. Image fusion techniques were applied to facilitate detection of hepatic lesions by fusing MRI and CT images at the same level. The fused images had led to higher detection accuracy than using either CT or MR images.
Einleitung (1999)

Im Verlauf der vergangenen Jahre geriet das Thema „Unternehmensakquisition“ durch eine Reihe von Transaktionen wieder in den Blickpunkt des öffentlichen Interesses. Dabei fanden jedoch meist nur die großen, spektakulären Transaktionen wie zum Beispiel der Übernahmeversuch der Thyssen AG durch Krupp im März oder die Akquisition von Boehringer Mannheim1 durch Hoffmann-La Roche im Mai 1997 eine größere Aufmerksamkeit2 Daß es sich hierbei jedoch nur um einen Bruchteil der Akquisitionen eines Jahres handelt, belegt die Statistik deutlich: Die Anzahl der Unternehmensakquisitionen mit deutscher Beteiligung hat sich in den 90er Jahren auf hohem Niveau stabilisiert (s. Abbildung 1). So waren im Jahre 1996 (gemäß der hier zugrunde gelegten Abgrenzung der M&A Review Database) 1.911 Übernahmen zu verzeichnen.3
Effect of wind directions on human injury and fatality risk modeling due to vapor cloud explosion in offshore platforms (2019)

Abstract Vapor cloud explosion (VCE) accidents have the potential to cause loss of life in offshore platforms. In order to quantify risk, quantitative risk assessment has served as a robust methodology. However, previous research focuses on macroscale assessment of risk which does not take into consideration the local specific details such as piping and equipment congestions. The overpressure developed by VCE is greatly influenced by local specific details. In addition, VCE occurs due to the ignition of vapor cloud that is influenced by parameters such as wind speeds and directions. This study investigates the effect of different wind conditions on VCE and resulting human injury and fatality risk by employing a grid‐based approach in an offshore platform. Flame Acceleration Simulator software is utilized to model dispersion of vapor cloud and resulting VCE. The methodology is an integrated tool that enables a grid‐by‐grid mapping risk, thereby providing a complete and precise picture of risk in all the locations. It was found that risk values were increased to maximum of 91% when wind speed was increased from 0 to 7 m/s. Among four wind directions, West to East wind direction recorded maximum risk values and South to North wind direction recorded minimum risk values.
Stability of polythiophene-based transistors and circuits (2003)

Detailed investigations on shelf life and operation lifetime of polymer field-effect transistors (PFETs) and circuits are reported. All examined devices consisted entirely of polymer materials except the electrodes. Regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene) was used as a semiconductor. Unencapsulated devices were produced, stored, and measured under ambient conditions. The performance of PFETs was maintained for more than 12 months after production. Even under extreme conditions of 85 °C and 85% relative humidity, a stable shelf life of more than 1400 h was measured. Transistors exceeded a continuous operation time of 1000 h. Operation lifetimes showed that the degradation did not follow the Arrhenius lifetime-temperature relationship. Similar results were found for ring oscillators.
Tyrosine decarboxylase activity of Lactobacillus brevis IOEB 9809 isolated from wine and L. brevis ATCC 367 (1999)

Tyramine, a frequent amine in wines, is produced from tyrosine by the tyrosine decarboxylase (TDC) activity of bacteria. The tyramine-producing strain Lactobacillus brevis IOEB 9809 isolated from wine and the reference strain L. brevis ATCC 367 were studied. At the optimum pH, 5.0, K m values of IOEB 9809 and ATCC 367 crude extracts for L-tyrosine were 0.58 mM and 0.67 mM, and V max was higher for the wine strain (115 U) than the ATCC 367 (66 U). TDC exhibited a preference for Ltyrosine over L-DOPA as substrate. Enzyme activity was pyridoxal-5P-phosphate (PLP)-dependent and it was stabilized by the substrate and coenzyme. In contrast, glycerol and L-mercaptoethanol strongly inhibited TDC. Tyramine competitively inhibited TDC for both strains. Citric acid, lactic acid and ethanol had an inhibitory effect on cells and crude extracts, but none could inhibit TDC at the usual concentrations in wines.
Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins prevent septic death in rats. (1995)

Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins bind and inactive bacterial endotoxin in vitro and prevent death when given before a lethal dose of endotoxin in animals. However, lipoproteins have not yet been demonstrated to improve survival in polymicrobial gram-negative sepsis. We therefore tested the ability of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to prevent death after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats. Animals were given bolus infusions of either chylomicrons (1 g triglyceride/kg per 4 h) or an equal volume of saline for 28 h after CLP. Chylomicron infusions significantly improved survival (measured at 96 h) compared with saline controls (80 vs 27%, P < or = 0.03). Chylomicron infusions also reduced serum levels of endotoxin, measured 90 min (26 +/- 3 vs 136 +/- 51 pg/ml, mean +/- SEM, P < or = 0.03) and 6 h (121 +/- 54 vs 1,026 +/- 459 pg/ml, P < or = 0.05) after CLP. The reduction in serum endotoxin correlated with a reduction in serum tumor necrosis factor, measured 6 h after CLP (0 +/- 0 vs 58 +/- 24 pg/ml, P < or = 0.03), suggesting that chylomicrons improve survival in this model by limiting macrophage exposure to endotoxin and thereby reducing secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Infusions of a synthetic triglyceride-rich lipid emulsion (Intralipid; KabiVitrum, Inc., Alameda, CA) (1 g triglyceride/kg) also significantly improved survival compared with saline controls (71 vs 27%, P < or = 0.03). These data demonstrate that triglyceride-rich lipoproteins can protect animals from lethal polymicrobial gram-negative sepsis.
“曲”和“直” (2010)

圆号是金色的，黑管是黑色的，所以圆号是乐器当中的“美男子”，黑管是乐器当中的“丑小鸭”，圆号的声音高亢激昂，适合合奏，黑管的声音深沉忧郁，适合独奏，所以圆号是乐队中的“歌唱者”，黑管是乐队中的“思想家”。
Cluster experiments in radio frequency Paul traps: Collisional relaxation and dissociation (1994)

This paper presents techniques to store, manipulate, and detect cluster ions in an rf Paul trap as an approach to study the physics and chemical physics of clusters. The trap has been designed to be the primary experimental environment in the sense that experimental manipulation and ion detection are performed in situ within the trap. Specific design considerations for the trap and rf electronics relevant to metal cluster experiments are discussed. We present the application of these techniques to measurements of trapped C+60 in order to estimate their limitations for studying metal cluster ions. This paper demonstrates the capability to nondestructively detect small variations in the number of trapped C+60 ions with an ion noise level of ≊100 ions limited by thermal current fluctuations. Trapped ion lifetimes of τion≳30 min are measured following the relaxation of C+60 translational energy to ≊300 K. Measurements of the collisional dissociation of trapped C+60 ions at rates &lt;100 s−1 by He at ∼10−6 Torr have been performed and the products detected in situ by the mass distribution of the C+n products. Several possibilities for metal cluster experiments in rf Paul traps are discussed.
A phasing adjustment and fanout buffer for distributing clock and control signals in high-speed digital systems (2002)

The design, implementation, and testing of a gallium arsenide phasing and fanout buffer are described. The integrated circuit provides a method for adjusting the phasing of high-speed clock and control signals in digital systems, without the need for pruning cables, multiplexing between cables of different lengths, delay lines, or similar techniques. The phase of signals distributed with the described buffer can be dynamically adjusted in eight different steps of approximately 60 ps per step. The IC also serves as a fanout buffer and provides 12 in-phase outputs. The buffer is useful for distributing high-speed clock and control signals in synchronous digital systems, especially if components are distributed over a large physical area or if there is a large number of components.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Role of multiple scattering in cross-correlated light scattering with a single laser beam (1997)

Previous systems for measuring cross-correlated light scattering by small particles suspended in a liquid with multiple-scattering suppression have illuminated the particles with two laser beams. It is shown that multiple-scattering suppression should also occur in cross correlation for a system that employs a single laser beam and two closely spaced detectors with wide fields of view. The single-scattering, double-scattering, and single-double-scattering cross-term contributions to the intensity cross-correlation function are calculated. It is found that the two cross terms, when added together, are unimportant for both autocorrelation and cross correlation. The amplitude of the double-scattering term can be greatly diminished by judicious detector spacing because the spatial coherence area in the detector plane for double scattering is much smaller than that for single scattering.