gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel near-field optical probe for 100-nm critical dimension measurements (1997)

Although the theoretical resolution for a conventional optical microscope is about 300 nm, it is normally difficult to obtain satisfactory critical dimension (CD) measurements below about 600 nm. E-beam technology has been popular for sub-500 metrology but also has well known limitations. Scanning probe and near-field optical methods have high spatial resolution. Yet they are il-suited for routine CD metrology of high aspect ratio features because of a combination of short working distances and large tips. In this paper we present the concept and initial modeling results for a novel near-field optical probe that has the potential of overcoming these limitations. The idea is to observe resonance shifts in a waveguide cavity that arise from the coupling of the evanescent field of the waveguide to perturbations beneath the waveguide plane. The change in resonance frequency is detected as a change in the transmission of a monochromatic probe beam through the waveguide. The transmitted intensity, together with the appropriate signal processing, gives the topography of the perturbation. Our model predicts that his probe is capable of determining the width of photoresist lines as small as 100 nm. THe working distance is much more practical than other probe techniques at about 100 to 250 nm.
Verifying computations with streaming interactive proofs (2011)

When computation is outsourced, the data owner would like to be assured that the desired computation has been performed correctly by the service provider. In theory, proof systems can give the necessary assurance, but prior work is not sufficiently scalable or practical. In this paper, we develop new proof protocols for verifying computations which are streaming in nature: the verifier (data owner) needs only logarithmic space and a single pass over the input, and after observing the input follows a simple protocol with a prover (service provider) that takes logarithmic communication spread over a logarithmic number of rounds. These ensure that the computation is performed correctly: that the service provider has not made any errors or missed out some data. The guarantee is very strong: even if the service provider deliberately tries to cheat, there is only vanishingly small probability of doing so undetected, while a correct computation is always accepted. We first observe that some theoretical results can be modified to work with streaming verifiers, showing that there are efficient protocols for problems in the complexity classes NP and NC. Our main results then seek to bridge the gap between theory and practice by developing usable protocols for a variety of problems of central importance in streaming and database processing. All these problems require linear space in the traditional streaming model, and therefore our protocols demonstrate that adding a prover can exponentially reduce the effort needed by the verifier. Our experimental results show that our protocols are practical and scalable.
Freeze Drying of Pharmaceutical Excipients Close to Collapse Temperature: Influence of the Process Conditions on Process Time and Product Quality (2009)

The aim of this article is to investigate the characteristics of a vial freeze-dried product as a function of the temperature at which the primary drying is carried out. The effect of the drying temperature and composition on the product appearance and final characteristics (apparent density and rehydratability) of pure substances (mannitol, sucrose, and dextran) has been studied: rehydratability is faster for the product freeze dried at lower temperature, when the structure of the product is more porous and softer; higher rehydration rates were also observed for samples obtained from lower initial concentration. In case of binary mixtures (mannitol and dextran, sucrose and dextran) the rehydratability gets worse when higher drying temperatures are used, whereas the relative composition has a smaller effect. Nevertheless, high drying temperatures are required to shorten the process, both in case of pure substances and in case of binary mixtures; thus, it is important to consider the process time–product quality relationship to choose the optimal drying temperature. Finally, we show that the freeze drying of mixtures can be easier and faster than that of one of the components alone; this is partly a consequence of the higher temperatures allowed, but it is evident that in some cases the drying kinetics can be higher even with the same process temperature.
Magnetic Refrigeration in Low Temperatures (2013)

This report explains recent magnetic refrigeration technology in low temperatures. As the case study, continuous ADR (Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator) and hydrogen magnetic refrigeration are shown here. Continuous ADR system has been developed to provide the temperatures lower than 0.1K continuously. This system operates the cascade Carnot cycle with very high efficiency of 90% Carnot. The hydrogen magnetic refrigeration consists of Carnot stage for liquefaction and AMR stages for pre-cooling the hydrogen gas. A model study covers from room temperature to liquid hydrogen temperature (20K) is described.
Shallow-water sparsity-cognizant source-location mapping (2014)

Using passive sonar for underwater acoustic source localization in a shallow-water environment is challenging due to the complexities of underwater acoustic propagation. Matched-field processing (MFP) exploits both measured and model-predicted acoustic pressures to localize acoustic sources. However, the ambiguity surface obtained through MFP contains artifacts that limit its ability to reveal the location of the acoustic sources. This work introduces a robust scheme for shallow-water source localization that exploits the inherent sparse structure of the localization problem and the use of a model characterizing the acoustic propagation environment. To this end, the underwater acoustic source-localization problem is cast as a sparsity-inducing stochastic optimization problem that is robust to model mismatch. The resulting source-location map (SLM) yields reduced ambiguities and improved resolution, even at low signal-to-noise ratios, when compared to those obtained via classical MFP approaches. An iterative solver based on block-coordinate descent is developed whose computational complexity per iteration is linear with respect to the number of locations considered for the SLM. Numerical tests illustrate the performance of the algorithm.
Adapalene Gel, 0.1%, as Maintenance Therapy for Acne Vulgaris (2006)

Adapalene maintenance therapy resulted in significantly larger maintenance rates (75% vs 54%; P<.001) and significantly lower lesion counts (total [P = .005], inflammatory [P = .01], and noninflammatory [P = .02]) compared with gel vehicle. Adapalene was safe and well tolerated in this study. Conclusion This study demonstrates a clinical benefit of continued treatment with adapalene gel, 0.1%, as a maintenance therapy for acne.
Identification of a novel chalcone derivative that inhibits Notch signaling in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2017)

Notch signaling is considered a rational target in the therapy of several cancers, particularly those harbouring Notch gain of function mutations, including T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Although currently available Notch-blocking agents are showing anti-tumor activity in preclinical studies, they are not effective in all the patients and often cause severe side-effects, limiting their widespread therapeutic use. Here, by functional and biological analysis of the most representative molecules of an in house library of natural products, we have designed and synthetized the chalcone-derivative 8 possessing Notch inhibitory activity at low micro molar concentration in T-ALL cell lines. Structure-activity relationships were afforded for the chalcone scaffold. Short term treatments with compound 8 resulted in a dose-dependent decrease of Notch signaling activity, halted cell cycle progression and induced apoptosis, thus affecting leukemia cell growth. Taken together, our data indicate that 8 is a novel Notch inhibitor, candidate for further investigation and development as an additional therapeutic option against Notch-dependent cancers.
On the achievable resolution from microwave tomography (2015)

Microwave tomography (MWT) is an electromagnetic imaging modality that is actively being investigated for different biomedical and industrial non-destructive testing applications. In MWT, the quantitative dielectric profile of the object of interest (OI) is to be found from scattered microwave data collected outside the object. This is achieved by processing the scattered data using an appropriate inversion algorithm, which effectively solves the associated electromagnetic inverse scattering problem. The achievable image resolution from an MWT system is governed by several parameters including those of the OI itself. For example, experimental separation resolution levels ranging from one-thirtieth to one-eighth of a wavelength have been reported from an MWT system, depending on the object being imaged (Gilmore, et. al., IEEE AWPL, 2009). Similar resolution studies can also be found in (S. Semenov, et. al., IEEE MTT, 2000) and (T. Cui, et. al., IEEE TAP, 2004) and in their references.
First Experimental Demonstration of Nonbinary LDPC-Coded Modulation Suitable for High-Speed Optical Communications (2011)

The first experimental demonstration of nonbinary-LDPC-coded optical transmission is presented. Using DQPSK, we can achieve >8dB and ~10dB net coding gains at the BER of 10−6 in the absence and presence of I/Q imbalance, respectively.
A security services platform for Software Defined Networks (2016)

Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a paradigm shift that changes the working principals of IP networks by separating the control logic from routers and switches, and logically centralizing it within a controller. While having a centralized controller as a single point of failure creates an added vulnerability from a network security viewpoint, it also creates an opportunity to offer a whole range of novel security services such as Moving Target Defense (MTD) strategies, many of which are painstakingly difficult or almost impossible without SDN. The traditional security services such as Onion Routing and VPN can be offered with much richer options by exploiting the advantages attained by SDN. This paper primarily focuses on a centralized security services platform of the controller that generates a dynamic behavior for selected data flows.
Gate tunable THz Plasmon generation on graphene based semiconductor chip via backward 2nd order nonlinearity (2016)

We demonstrate a graphene-alumina-graphene heterostructured semiconductor chip, on which THz plasmons are generated via backward phase-matched 2nd nonlinearity all-optically. The on-chip plasmons are effectively gate tunable, with photon-efficiency ~10−4, and Q factor > 60.
Membrane microdomains, caveolae, and caveolar endocytosis of sphingolipids (Review) (2006)

Caveolae are flask-shape membrane invaginations of the plasma membrane that have been implicated in endocytosis, transcytosis, and cell signaling. Recent years have witnessed the resurgence of studies on caveolae because they have been found to be involved in the uptake of some membrane components such as glycosphingolipids and integrins, as well as viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins. Accumulating evidence shows that endocytosis mediated by caveolae requires unique structural and signaling machinery (caveolin-1, src kinase), which indicates that caveolar endocytosis occurs through a mechanism which is distinct from other forms of lipid microdomain-associated, clathrin-independent endocytosis. Furthermore, a balance of glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and caveolin-1 has been shown to be important in regulating caveolae endocytosis.
Case study: Noise reduction of a vacuum-assisted toilet (2020)

Flushing a vacuum-assisted toilet generates noise levels that can be disturbing both to users and those nearby. Peak radiated noise levels correlate with the time when the valve opens and closes, while the noise levels when the valve is com- pletely open are also relatively high. Significant noise ranges between 300 Hz and 3000 Hz. It was hypothesized that increasing the in-tube distance between the flush valve and the bowl in addition to increasing the bend radius of the tube would reduce radiated noise levels. These modifications resulted in a reduction of about 14 dB in the radiated noise during the valve opening and closing in ad- dition to a reduction of about 5 dB while the valve is completely opened. Inter- mediate results of varying the tube length and bend radius are presented to show their effects on the radiated sound levels. Two tube inserts were designed to fit (1) underneath and (2) behind the toilet in a compact manner. They were tested to show that they maintain noise control performance without modifying any other part of the toilet.
New Thermoplastic Elastomers. Styrene Grafts on Lithiated Polydienes and Their Hydrogenated Counterparts (1973)

Abstract Metalation of diene polymers such as poly (butadiene) and poly(isoprene) with sec-butyllithium and tetramethylethylenediamine in cyclohexane at room temperature forms lithiated polydienes. Reaction of the polylithiodienes with styrene or α-methylstyrene forms graft copolymers. The extent of metalation is much greater than previously reported metalations with n -butyllithium and tetramethylethylenediamine. The grafting efficiencies, determined by acetone extraction and gel permeation chromatography, are greater than 95 per cent. Graft copolymers of poly (styrene) on EPDM rubbers may also be prepared using this technique. The physical properties of the graft copolymers are a function of molecular weight, graft site level, and composition. Products at specific compositions and graft levels are thermoplastic elastomers. Their properties are comparable to SBS rubbers, and offer as an advantage high melt flow. Graft copolymers of poly(styrene) on poly(ethylene) and poly(ethylene-co-butene-1) result from the hydrogenation of the butadiene moeities of graft copolymers of poly (styrene) on 1,4-poly(butadiene) and 1,2 and 1,4-butadiene copolymers, respectively. Complete hydrogenation results in graft copolymers of poly(vinylcyclohexane) on poly(ethylene) and on poly(ethylene-co-butene-1). In both of these cases thermoplastic elastomers result if the proper choice of composition and graft level is made.
Co-transcriptional Assembly of Chemically Modified RNA Nanoparticles Functionalized with siRNAs (2012)

We report a generalized methodology for the one-pot production of chemically modified functional RNA nanoparticles during in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase. The efficiency of incorporation of 2'-fluoro-dNTP in the transcripts by the wild type T7 RNA polymerase dramatically increases in the presence of manganese ions, resulting in a high-yield production of chemically modified RNA nanoparticles functionalized with siRNAs that are resistant to nucleases from human blood serum. Moreover, the unpurified transcription mixture can be used for functional ex vivo pilot experiments.
Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy for assessing biochemical changes of cervical tissue associated with precarcinogenic transformation (2014)

Raman spectroscopy measures the inelastically scattered light from tissue that is capable of identifying native tissue biochemical constituents and their changes associated with disease transformation. This study aims to characterize the Raman spectroscopic properties of cervical tissue associated with the multi-stage progression of cervical precarcinogenic sequence. A rapid-acquisition fiber-optic near-infrared (NIR) Raman diagnostic system was employed for tissue Raman spectral measurements at 785 nm excitation. A total of 68 Raman spectra (23 benign, 29 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and 16 high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL)) were measured from 25 cervical tissue biopsy specimens, as confirmed by colposcopy-histopathology. The semi-quantitative biochemical modeling based on the major biochemicals (i.e., DNA, proteins (histone, collagen), lipid (triolein) and carbohydrates (glycogen)) in cervical tissue uncovers the stepwise accumulation of biomolecular changes associated with progressive cervical precarcinogenesis. Multi-class partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) together with leave-one tissue site-out, cross-validation yielded the diagnostic sensitivities of 95.7%, 82.8% and 81.3%; specificities of 100.0%, 92.3% and 88.5%,for discrimination among benign, LSIL and HSIL cervical tissues, respectively. This work suggests that the Raman spectral biomarkers have identified the potential to be used for monitoring the multi-stage cervical precarcinogenesis, forming the foundation of applying NIR Raman spectroscopy for the early diagnosis of cervical precancer in vivo at the molecular level.
Analysis of three dimensionally confined microcavity surface emitting lasers using vector finite elements (2002)

This new finite element method model is expected to be valuable for the design of microcavity devices. It can be used to optimize optical mode control by examining changes of size, shape, number, and location of native oxide layers. It may also be combined with semiconductor gain calculations to determine the higher-order mode suppression level for various microcavity surface emitting laser designs. Finally, it may be used to analyze VCSEL lasing and spontaneous emission near-field structure. This information is of considerable importance in the design of optical interconnect and communication systems.
Kinetic enzymic method for automated determination of total cholesterol in serum. (1983)

We describe a rapid, kinetic, fixed-time method for determining serum total cholesterol by use of cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase, and the indicator reaction with peroxidase, 4-aminophenazone, and phenol. On addition of the competitive inhibitor 3,4-dichlorophenol the Michaelis constant of cholesterol oxidase is apparently increased, which extends the linear relation between absorbance change and cholesterol concentration to 20.7 to 25.9 mmol/L, depending on the analyzer being used. For calibration, a single standard is used. Total analysis time is in the range of 80 to 210 s. Incubation temperature is 25 degrees C or 37 degrees C. The single-reagent procedure has been adapted to three different centrifugal analyzers and to the Eppendorf ACP 5040 analyzer. It yields precise and accurate results and is insensitive to potential interferences.
Big Data Analytics Workflow to Safeguard ESP Operations in Real-Time (2016)

Abstract The electrical submersible pump (ESP) is one of the most common forms of artificial lift pumping techniques used in the industry. ESP lift method helps maximize the production of recoverable oil by achieving higher drawdowns and larger fluid volume handling (Ratcliff, Gomez et al. 2013). Unpredictable and repeated ESP shutdowns often occur due to changes in well conditions, improper system design, and dynamic and changing operating environments (Takács 2009). Excessive shutdowns and trips greatly reduce the run-life of the ESP (El Gindy, Abdelmotaal et al. 2015). The associated equipment replacement or repair costs and related downtime and production losses are huge. E&P companies nowadays are deploying web-based monitoring platforms for real-time surveillance of essential ESP and well data. Acquiring and innovatively processing ESP operational data in real time using hybrid methods employing engineering principles and statistical methods can reveal patterns in data to distinguish between safe and unsafe operations, diagnostic measures to identify the issue and remedial actions to address the issue and take corrective action. In this manner, analytics based health monitoring platform can improve the way operators avoid ESP shutdowns which are commonly observed in remote well operations and help advance from supervised approach towards failure mitigation to a more practical approach by leveraging real time data. This paper presents a big data analytics workflow that would allow field personnel and production engineering teams to quickly interpret trends and patterns in ESP operations, diagnose problems and take remedial actions to monitor and safeguard ESP operations. Adoption and integration of this ESP health management workflow with the real-time monitoring system can maximize equipment availability and save millions of dollars in replacement, maintenance and deferred or lost production.
SnSe: a remarkable new thermoelectric material (2016)

It is remarkable that SnSe exhibits complex band structures and strong anharmonic bonding, endowing it with a high power factor and low thermal conductivity.
Human activity recognition using multidimensional indexing (2002)

In this paper, we develop a novel method for view-based recognition of human action/activity from videos. By observing just a few frames, we can identify the activity that takes place in a video sequence. The basic idea of our method is that activities can be positively identified from a sparsely sampled sequence of a few body poses acquired from videos. In our approach, an activity is represented by a set of pose and velocity vectors for the major body parts (hands, legs, and torso) and stored in a set of multidimensional hash tables. We develop a theoretical foundation that shows that robust recognition of a sequence of body pose vectors can be achieved by a method of indexing and sequencing and it requires only a few pose vectors (i.e., sampled body poses in video frames). We find that the probability of false alarm drops exponentially with the increased number of sampled body poses. So, matching only a few body poses guarantees high probability for correct recognition. Our approach is parallel, i.e., all possible model activities are examined at one indexing operation. In addition, our method is robust to partial occlusion since each body part is indexed separately. We use a sequence-based voting approach to recognize the activity invariant to the activity speed.
An online real‐time biomonitor for contaminant surveillance in water supplies (2007)

Automated biomonitoring systems provide continuous, real‐time monitoring of changes in water quality and can rapidly identify toxicity associated with a wide range of chemical contaminants and increase public confidence in drinking water quality. Although widespread in Europe, biomonitor use is rare in the United States. Using case studies of a biomonitor that continuously monitors fish ventilatory patterns, this article illustrates how biomonitors can contribute to an early warning monitoring system for source and finished water protection. The case studies provide a context for a discussion of considerations important for biomonitor implementation, including toxicant responsiveness, event confirmation, implementation of biomonitors in a decision‐making process, and cost. Recommendations are also provided for biomonitor use at raw water intake and distribution systems.
Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 in exosomes drives regenerative function and modulates inflammation-linked networks following traumatic brain injury (2018)

We demonstrate that MALAT1 in hASC-derived exosomes modulates multiple therapeutic targets, including inflammation, and has tremendous therapeutic potential for treatment of TBI.
Molten carbonate fuel cell system verification and scale-up. Final report (1985)

Tests of 1- to 2-kW molten carbonate fuel cell stacks confirm predictions that a fuel cell plant, integrated with coal gasifiers, can achieve a heat rate of 7000 Btu/kWh. Engineering development of such a plant can proceed when questions of stack durability are resolved.