gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Supercritical fluid solid chromatography using novel porous glassy carbon. Evaluation of retention mechanisms (1991)

Abstract The use of a porous glassy carbon (PGC) material as a packed‐column SFC stationary phase has been previously demonstrated [1]. The material is further characterized in terms of its retention characteristics. The effects of variations in mobile phase composition, pressure, and temperature conditions are evaluated. Variation of temperature and pressure yielded expected results, specifically, decreased solute capacity factors with increased mobile phase density. The choice of supercritical fluid mobile phase allows the most notable control of solute retention; this was evaluated by adding low percentages of organic modifiers of varying molecular weights to the supercritical carbon dioxide mobile phase. PGC‐SFC provides reversed phase characteristics similar to those found for PGC‐HPLC. Porous glassy carbon has selectivity characteristics previously unavailable in supercritical fluid chromatography. Use of porous glassy carbon in supercritical fluid chromatography may provide distinct advantages in difficult analytical separations, allowing separations of molecules with only slight structural differences.
A Resource-Efficient and Highly Flexible Procedure for a Three-Component Synthesis of 2-Imidazolines (2007)

A multicomponent reaction between alpha-acidic isonitriles, primary amines, and carbonyl compounds was studied using 14 different solvents. Depending on the isocyanide that was used, optimal yields for the three-component synthesis of 2H-2-imidazolines were observed in different solvents. The solvents could be used as purchased, and in situ preformation of the imine was not required. By selecting the appropriate solvent, it was possible to considerably expand the range of compatible isocyanides toward less alpha-acidic isocyanides. Further process simplification was achieved by performing the reaction at higher concentrations and avoiding purification by column chromatography, resulting in a fast, easy to perform, and resource-efficient protocol for this three-component reaction.
Underlying Mechanisms and Optimal Treatment for Interstitial Cystitis: A Brief Overview (2015)

The intention of this article is to present a brief overview of the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment modalities of interstitial cystitis for primary care clinicians. While very succinct, it encapsulates the condition with clear and precise definition.
Induction of cytoskeletal alterations in C6 glioma by glia maturation factor (1987)

C6 rat glioma cells respond to glia maturation factor (GMF) with characteristic morphological alterations. Observed under phase-contrast microscopy, the cells changed from a rounded morphology in random formation to a spindle-shaped appearance in parallel arrays. Observed under scanning electron microscopy, GMF led to a decrease in the number of microvilli and cell surface knobs. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the appearance of numerous microtubules aligned with the long axis of the cells after GMF stimulation. The change in cell shape and histotypic pattern was inhibited by vinblastin, further implicating the involvement of microtubules. Immunofluorescence using anti-alpha-tubulin revealed a well-defined cytoskeletal system in GMF-stimulated cells but not in the control cells. Finally, an increase in tubulin was confirmed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on extracts from these cultures. The findings indicate that morphological alterations induced by GMF are associated with changes in the quantity and arrangement of microtubules.
<i>Ab initio</i> investigation of ammonia-borane complexes for hydrogen storage (2007)

The structural, electronic, and thermodynamic properties of ammonia-borane complexes with varying amounts of hydrogen have been characterized by first principles calculations within density functional theory. The calculated structural parameters and thermodynamic functions (free energy, enthalpy and entropy) were found to be in good agreement with experimental and quantum chemistry data for the crystals, dimers, and molecules. The authors find that zero-point energies change several H2 release reactions from endothermic to exothermic. Both the ammonia-borane polymeric and borazine-cyclotriborazane cycles show a strong exothermic decomposition character (approximately -10 kcal/mol), implying that rehydrogenation may be difficult to moderate H2 pressures. Hydrogen bonding in these systems has been characterized and they find the N-H bond to be more covalent than the more ionic B-H bond.
Practice Prize Article—<i>CHAN4CAST</i>: A Multichannel, Multiregion Sales Forecasting Model and Decision Support System for Consumer Packaged Goods (2005)

We discuss the development and implementation of CHAN4CAST, a sales forecasting model, by pack size, category, channel, region, customer account and a Web-based decision support system (DSS) for consumer packaged goods. In addition to capturing the effects of such variables as past sales, trend, own and competitor prices and promotional variables, and seasonality, the model accounts for the effects of temperature, significant holidays, new product introductions, trading day corrections, and adjustments to the wholesale level. In general, the model forecasts sales volume satisfactorily for a leading consumer packaged goods company. The DSS enables top- and mid-level executives in sales, marketing, strategic planning, and finance to develop accurate forecasts of sales volume, plan prices, and promotional activities over a long time horizon; to track sales response to marketing actions over time; and to simulate forecast scenarios based on possible marketing decisions and other variables. CHAN4CAST is being rolled out for more users and more divisions in the company. The key take-aways are that successful development and implementation of a rigorous marketing science model require a strong internal champion, a careful balance between modeling sophistication and practical relevance, good diagnostic features, regular validations, and greater attention to the development of a fast and responsive DSS.
SKN7, a yeast multicopy suppressor of a mutation affecting cell wall beta-glucan assembly, encodes a product with domains homologous to prokaryotic two-component regulators and to heat shock transcription factors (1993)

A search for genes which, at elevated copy number, could suppress the growth defect in a strain disrupted at the KRE9 locus has identified the SKN7 gene. SKN7 was mapped to the right arm of chromosome VIII and is predicted to encode a 70-kDa protein, Skn7p, with a region of homology to the DNA binding domain of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae heat shock transcription factor, Hsf1p. Skn7p also has a domain which shows similarity to the prokaryotic receiver modules found on an extensive family of two-component response regulators, including the products of the rcsC and barA genes. SKN7 did not suppress other mutations in the (1-->6)-beta-glucan biosynthetic pathway, suggesting that SKN7 does not act as a general bypass suppressor of this glucan.
A new era in rheumatoid arthritis treatment. (2003)

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily manifests as a chronic symmetric polyarthritis. Treatment in the past was aimed at symptomatic pain relief. The initiation of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) was historically started only after significant disease activity was present in order to reduce side effects from drug toxicities. Unfortunately, irreversible joint damage may occur early in the disease course. Evidence of bony destruction is common on radiographs within the first 2 years after disease onset. Therefore, more aggressive treatment became the standard with earlier introduction of DMARDs in hopes of preventing joint destruction. Within the past few years, greater understanding of the pathophysiology of RA has permitted development of therapies targeted at specific cytokines. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine believed to play a key role in the inflammatory response in RA. Three drugs--etanercept, infliximab, and adalimumab--are anti-TNF-alpha agents approved in the United States for the treatment of RA. This article is a review of indications, clinical trials, and toxicities of these 3 agents.
Carbon dioxide capture process with regenerable sorbents (2023)

A process to remove carbon dioxide from a gas stream using a cross-flow, or a moving-bed reactor. In the reactor the gas contacts an active material that is an alkali-metal compound, such as an alkali-metal carbonate, alkali-metal oxide, or alkali-metal hydroxide; or in the alternative, an alkaline-earth metal compound, such as an alkaline-earth metal carbonate, alkaline-earth metal oxide, or alkaline-earth metal hydroxide. The active material can be used by itself or supported on a substrate of carbon, alumina, silica, titania or aluminosilicate. When the active material is an alkali-metal compound, the carbon-dioxide reacts with the metal compound to generate bicarbonate. When the active material is an alkaline-earth metal, the carbon dioxide reacts with the metal compound to generate carbonate. Spent sorbent containing the bicarbonate or carbonate is moved to a second reactor where it is heated or treated with a reducing agent such as, natural gas, methane, carbon monoxide hydrogen, or a synthesis gas comprising of a combination of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The heat or reducing agent releases carbon dioxide gas and regenerates the active material for use as the sorbent material in the first reactor. New sorbent may be added to the regenerated sorbent prior to subsequent passes in the carbon dioxide removal reactor.
Activation of Multiple ERBB Family Receptors Mediates Glioblastoma Cancer Stem-like Cell Resistance to EGFR-Targeted Inhibition (2012)

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is strongly implicated in glioblastoma (GBM) tumorigenesis. However, molecular agents targeting EGFR have demonstrated minimal efficacy in clinical trials, suggesting the existence of GBM resistance mechanisms. GBM cells with stem-like properties (CSCs) are highly efficient at tumor initiation and exhibit therapeutic resistance. In this study, GBMCSC lines showed sphere-forming and tumor initiation capacity after EGF withdrawal from cell culture media, compared with normal neural stem cells that rapidly perished after EGF withdrawal. Compensatory activation of related ERBB family receptors (ERBB2 and ERBB3) was observed in GBM CSCs deprived of EGFR signal (EGF deprivation or cetuximab inhibition), suggesting an intrinsic GBM resistance mechanism for EGFR-targeted therapy. Dual inhibition of EGFR and ERBB2 with lapatinib significantly reduced GBM proliferation in colony formation assays compared to cetuximab-mediated EGFR-specific inhibition. Phosphorylation of downstream ERBB signaling components (AKT, ERK1/2) and GBM CSC proliferation were inhibited by lapatinib. Collectively, these findings show that GBM therapeutic resistance to EGFR inhibitors may be explained by compensatory activation of EGFR-related family members (ERBB2, ERBB3) enabling GBM CSC proliferation, and therefore simultaneous blockade of multiple ERBB family members may be required for more efficacious GBM therapy.
Reliable logic circuits with byte error control codes-a feasibility study (2002)

This paper addresses the relations between logic circuit synthesis, error model and error control codes so that the efficient reliable logic circuits can be obtained. We propose that single fault masking capability of a random logic circuit can be obtained by encoding its outputs in a byte error correcting code; this is equivalent to that of the triple module redundancy (TMR) technique. Similarly, byte error detecting code can be used to provide an equivalence of duplication. In this paper, we address the problems and issues related to the realization of byte-organized configuration where the byte error control codes can be applied. Some MCNC benchmark circuits are used as examples to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed concept.
An SVG browser for XML languages (2003)

In this paper, we show how XML-based languages such as XHTML, MathML and SVG can be rendered into SVG. The SVG generated can then be displayed on a screen or printer. A variety of architectural approaches are explored and we present both server-side and client-side solutions using engines written in Java and JavaScript. Our approach enables a document containing a mixture of XHTML, MathML and SVG markup to be rendered for display. This approach has potential for the creation of scientific Web sites that frequently require a mixture of textual, mathematical and diagrammatical content.
A Method for Analysis of the Local Atrial Evoked Response for Determination of Atrial Capture in Permanent Pacing Systems (1991)

We developed a method for detection and analysis of the local atrial evoked response. Eleven patients undergoing permanent dual chamber pacemaker implantations for standard clinical indications were included in the study. Using a pacing system emulator, charge balancing using a variable triphasic stimulus waveform to reduce polarization artifact amplitude was performed first. This could not be completed in one patient because of a poor signal-to-noise ratio. Subsequent analysis of the local atrial evoked response in the remaining ten patients showed the typical signal to be a biphasic waveform with an initial negative deflection followed by a positive deflection nearly equal in amplitude. The mean amplitude of the atrial evoked response was 3.1 +/- 1.4 mV, while the intrinsic P wave amplitude in these same patients averaged 5.6 +/- 3.0 mV. The summed evoked response, a parameter that is directly proportional to the area of the signal, was used to determine atrial pacing threshold. The median atrial pacing threshold determined by the algorithm was 1.00 V. There was no instance of failure to detect loss of capture, nor was loss of capture inaccurately determined when there was still successful atrial pacing. Atrial capture in permanent pacing systems can thus be determined using an algorithm to record and analyze the local atrial evoked response. This method could potentially be useful in the automatic determination of atrial pacing threshold.
An experimental study of the anti-HSV-II action of 500 herbal drugs. (1989)

Experimental assessments were made on the anti-HSV-II action of 500 herbs by determinations of the virus inhibition logarithm (VIL). 13 highly effective herbs (VIL greater than or equal to 4.00) were screened cut, providing a rational basis for clinical therapy. Among these effective herbs, 10 were aqueous extracts of Artemisia anomala, Centella asiatica, Epimedium Sagittatum, Hibiscus mutabilis, Hosta plantaginea, Hypericum japonicum, Inula japonica, Mosla punctata, Rhododendron simsii, and Rhus chinenses, while 3 were alcohol extracts of Epimedium Sagittatum, Hypericum japonicum, and Mosla punctata.
Disparity between solution‐phase equilibria and charge state distributions in positive‐ion electrospray mass spectrometry (1994)

Abstract Two peptides, bradykinin and gramicidin S, were used to investigate the relationship between protonation in the solution phase and charge state distribution observed in electrospray ionization (ES) mass spectra. The degree of protonation in solution was estimated using acid‐base equilibrium calculations where possible. Protonation in solution was varied by adjusting pH, solvent composition and peptide concentration. Major disparities were observed between calculated solution‐phase peptide protonation and the charge state distributions observed in ES mass spectra. The [(M + 2H) 2+ ]/[(M + H) + ] ratio calculated in solution was larger than the abundance ratio (M + 2H) 2+ /(M + H) + in the ES mass spectra of all acidic aqueous (pH < 6.5) and non‐aqueous solutions; in basic aqueous solutions (pH > 9.5) the opposite was true. At high pH, electrophoretic droplet charging may reduce the activity of OH − in positively charged droplets. The results at low pH imply the existence of supplementary factors in the ES ionization process which largely attenuate the degree of charging in the gas phase as compared with solution. Factors such as the increasing intra‐ and intermolecular coulombic repulsion between charge carriers (protons) and increasing attractive forces between protonated sites and counterions at progressively later stages of charged droplet evaporation were hypothesized to be chiefly responsible for this effect. Non‐aqueous solvents of high basicity compete with analytes to some extent for available protons, forming protonated solvent molecules while decreasing the sensitivity and the degree of multiple charging of peptides.
Radical Polymerization in the Presence of Chain Transfer Monomer: An Approach to Branched Vinyl Polymers (2012)

An approach to branched vinyl polymers through radical polymerization in the presence of 3-mercaptohexyl methacrylate (MHM) as the chain transfer monomer is reported in this paper. In the case of polymerization at styrene100–MHM5.0–AIBN2.0, the molecular weight increased with conversion and reached a value of >7.3 × 105 g/mol at 99% conversion; in addition, the Zimm branching factor, g′, was less than 1 and decreased with conversion, when the formation of the branched chain and development of branching was supposed. The bridging units in the obtained polymer, generating from MHM, were cleaved to yield the primary chains. These results have confirmed the formation of branched polymers. Moreover, this study successful prepared branched poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(vinyl acetate). This methodology proposes good prospects for scaling-up and thereby offers a wide range of branched vinyl polymers at low cost.
Sea Change (2014)

Director Ang Lee's Life of Pi can be interpreted as an example of Henri Ellenberger's “creative illness.” A boy lost at sea for 227 days imaginatively re-creates and works through the horror of his family's death through a waking dream or vision that reframes brute reality and finds that God is “a better story.” Outer events and Pi's inner experience are worked over at several levels of narration, resembling the multiple layers of embedded tales in Indian collections of stories such as those retold by Heinrich Zimmer. Obsessed with God in many forms, Pi wrestles with Her in cruel and benevolent incarnations, achieving initiation into wisdom that leads him to his true vocation as a student of Cabbalistic theology. In the end, Pi, and his companion, the Bengal tiger Richard Parker, are set free to live “happily ever after” in the world of God's better story.
On the existence of undesirable global minima of Godard equalizers (2002)

We consider the problem of global convergence of Godard (1980) equalizers in the special case of binary (2-PAM) input signals, when the channel impulse response is complex. We present a class of global minima of all Godard equalizers for this case, which do not correspond to settings free of intersymbol-interference (ISI). The equalizer output corresponding to these global minima appears as a four-point constellation in the complex plane, however it is easily shown that the decomposition in its real and imaginary part provides two ISI-free versions of the transmitted signal. In the case of multi-user constant modulus algorithms, the situation is somewhat more complicated: the real and imaginary parts of each equalizer output after convergence, may correspond to different user signals. These results can be extended to other types of real input signals.
OPTIMAL USE OF CLASSIFICATION YARDS (1985)

Railroad classification yards are an integral part of a railroad network. At these yards cars are classified, assembled or reassembled, and dispatched in trains from origin to destination. The objective of the classification yard is to eliminate reclassification of cars at intermediate yards between origin and destination. The efficiency of the classification yard is determined by its location, design, and operation. The design and productivity of flat and hump yards are discussed as well as a proposed method for upgrading hump-yard analog control systems.
A Single-Seed Assay for Endo-β-Mannanase Activity from Tomato Endosperm and Radicle Tissues (1997)

Completion of germination (radicle emergence) is an all-or-none developmental event for an individual seed. Variation in germination timing among seeds in a population therefore reflects variation among seeds in the rates or extents of physiological or biochemical processes prior to radicle emergence. For tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seeds, correlative evidence suggests that endo-[beta]-mannanase activity weakens the endosperm cap tissue opposite the radicle tip to permit radicle emergence. To test whether endo-[beta]-mannanase activity is causally related to germination rates, we have developed a sensitive assay suitable for use with individual radicle tips or endosperm caps. We show that endo-[beta]-mannanase activity varies at least 100-fold and often more than 1000-fold among individual inbred tomato seeds prior to radicle emergence. Other sources of variation (tissue size and experimental error) were evaluated and cannot account for this range of activity. Endo-[beta]-mannanase activity was generally 10-fold greater in leachates from endosperm caps than from radicle tips. Release of reducing sugars from individual endosperm caps also varied over a considerable (9-fold) range. These extreme biochemical differences among individual tomato seeds prior to radicle emergence indicate that results obtained from bulk samples could be misleading if it is assumed that all seeds exhibit the "average" behavior.
The effect of ammonia on omeprazole-induced reduction of gastric acidity in subjects with Helicobacter pylori infection (2000)

The higher pH observed before cure of H. pylori during omeprazole administration is attributable, in large part, to ammonia production. Other acid-neutralizing substances and changes in acid secretion may also be important, but duodenogastric reflux and omeprazole pharmacokinetics are not involved.
Increased osteoblast density in the presence of novel calcium phosphate coated magnetic nanoparticles (2008)

Bone diseases (including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and bone cancer) are of great concern to the medical world. Drugs are available to treat such diseases, but often these drugs are not specifically targeted to the site of the disease and, thus, lack an immediate directed therapeutic effect. The optimal drug delivery system should enhance healthy bone growth with high specificity to the site of bone disease. It has been previously shown that magnetic nanoparticles can be directed in the presence of a magnetic field to any part of the body, allowing for site-specific drug delivery and possibly an immediate increase in bone density. The objective of the present study was to build off of this evidence and determine the density of osteoblasts (bone forming cells) in the presence of various uncoated and coated magnetic nanoparticles that could eventually be used in drug delivery applications. Results showed that some magnetic nanoparticles (specifically, γ-Fe(2)O(3)) significantly promoted osteoblast density (that is, cells per well) after 5 and 8 days of culture compared to controls (no particles). These magnetic nanoparticles were further coated with calcium phosphate (CaP; the main inorganic component of bone) to tailor them for treating various bone diseases. The coatings were conducted in the presence of either bovine serum albumin (BSA) or citric acid (CA) to reduce magnetic nanoparticle agglomeration, a common problem resulting from the use of nanoparticles which decreases their effectiveness. Results with these coatings showed that magnetic nanoparticles, specifically (γ-Fe(2)O(3)), coated in the presence of BSA significantly increased osteoblast density compared to controls after 1 day. In this manner, this study provided unexpected evidence that CaP-coated γ-Fe(2)O(3) magnetic nanoparticles increased osteoblast density (compared to no particles) and, thus, should be further studied to treat numerous bone diseases.