gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intrinsically Self-Healing Polymers: From Mechanistic Insight to Current Challenges (2022)

Self-healing materials open new prospects for more sustainable technologies with improved material performance and devices' longevity. We present an overview of the recent developments in the field of intrinsically self-healing polymers, the broad class of materials based mostly on polymers with dynamic covalent and noncovalent bonds. We describe the current models of self-healing mechanisms and discuss several examples of systems with different types of dynamic bonds, from various hydrogen bonds to dynamic covalent bonds. The recent advances indicate that the most intriguing results are obtained on the systems that have combined different types of dynamic bonds. These materials demonstrate high toughness along with a relatively fast self-healing rate. There is a clear trade-off relationship between the rate of self-healing and mechanical modulus of the materials, and we propose design principles of polymers toward surpassing this trade-off. We also discuss various applications of intrinsically self-healing polymers in different technologies and summarize the current challenges in the field. This review intends to provide guidance for the design of intrinsic self-healing polymers with required properties.
Cytoprotective antioxidant function of tyrosine and tryptophan residues in transmembrane proteins (2000)

The transmembrane domains of integral membrane proteins show an astounding accumulation of tyrosine and tryptophan residues, especially in the region of the highest lipid density. We found that these residues perform vital antioxidant functions inside lipid bilayers and protect cells from oxidative destruction. First, tyrosine- and tryptophan-containing peptides representing stretches from the transmembrane domains of different integral membrane proteins, including presenilin and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, prevent oxidative lysis in clonal and primary cells. Second, long-chain acylated tyrosine and tryptophan, but not phenylalanine or short-chain acylated derivatives, are potent inhibitors of lipid peroxidation and oxidative cell death. The antioxidant functions of tyrosine and tryptophan may provide a specific explanation for (a) their unique transmembrane distribution pattern and (b) the high vulnerability of low-protein neuronal membranes to oxidative stress, as seen in neurodegenerative disorders.
Ultra-Low-Crosstalk Multi-Core Fiber Realizing Space-Division Multiplexed Ultra-Long-Haul Transmission (2012)

Recent investigations on inter-core crosstalk of multi-core fibers and our fabricated ultra-low-crosstalk multi-core fiber are reviewed. Crosstalk of the fabricated fiber was considered to be adequately low for ultra-long-haul transmission.
Ultrashort-pulse laser machining (1998)

A new type of material processing is enabled with ultrashort (t < 10 ps) laser pulses. Cutting, drilling, sculpting of all materials (biologic materials, ceramics, sapphire, silicon carbide, diamond, metals) occurs by new mechanisms that eliminate thermal shock or collateral damage. High-precision machining to submicron tolerances is enabled resulting in high surface quality and negligible heat affected zone.
Studies on Aminosugars. XXX. The Synthesis of 3′-Deoxykanamycin (1972)

Abstract 3′-Deoxykanamycin has been totally synthesized from 6-O-(2-O-benzyl-3-deoxy-3-ethoxycarbonylamino-4,6-O-isopropylidene-α-d-glucopyranosyl)-N,N′-diethoxycarbonyl-2-deoxystreptamiine and 6-azido-2,4-di-O-benzyl-3,6-dideoxy-α-dribo–hexopyranosyl chloride. It has been found that the 3′-deoxykanamycin has strong antibacterial activity not only against common bacteria but also against kanamycin-resistant bacteria.
<title>Micromachined confocal optical microscope</title> (1996)

In this paper we describe a new fiber confocal optical microscopy with miniature scanner and imaging optics that is being developed for in situ imaging applications. The microscope uses torsional mirrors to accomplish the scanning. The mirrors, which are 300 X 360 micrometers and 500 X 600 micrometers , respectively, are fabricated with silicon micromachining techniques and produce a raster scan at video rates suitable for real time imaging. The objective is an off-axis grating lens and has numerical aperture of 0.25. Imaging is monochromatic at (lambda) equals 0.6328 micrometers , and the system is capable of approximately 1.0 micrometers resolution over a 100 micrometers field of view. The cross sectional dimensions of the imaging head that contains the mirrors and the lens is 1.2 X 2.5 mm. We present the microscope architecture and discuss the design parameters, the limitations, and the performance tradeoffs that were faced in developing this microscope.
Real‐time accelerated interactive MRI with adaptive TSENSE and UNFOLD (2003)

Reduced field-of-view (FOV) acceleration using time-adaptive sensitivity encoding (TSENSE) or unaliasing by Fourier encoding the overlaps using the temporal dimension (UNFOLD) can improve the depiction of motion in real-time MRI. However, increased computational resources are required to maintain a high frame rate and low latency in image reconstruction and display. A high-performance software system has been implemented to perform TSENSE and UNFOLD reconstructions for real-time MRI with interactive, on-line display. Images were displayed in the scanner room to investigate image-guided procedures. Examples are shown for normal volunteers and cardiac interventional experiments in animals using a steady-state free precession (SSFP) sequence. In order to maintain adequate image quality for interventional procedures, the imaging rate was limited to seven frames per second after an acceleration factor of 2 with a voxel size of 1.8 x 3.5 x 8 mm. Initial experiences suggest that TSENSE and UNFOLD can each improve the compromise between spatial and temporal resolution in real-time imaging, and can function well in interactive imaging. UNFOLD places no additional constraints on receiver coils, and is therefore more flexible than SENSE methods; however, the temporal image filtering can blur motion and reduce the effective acceleration. Methods are proposed to overcome the challenges presented by the use of TSENSE in interactive imaging. TSENSE may be temporarily disabled after changing the imaging plane to avoid transient artifacts as the sensitivity coefficients adapt. For imaging with a combination of surface and interventional coils, a hybrid reconstruction approach is proposed whereby UNFOLD is used for the interventional coils, and TSENSE with or without UNFOLD is used for the surface coils.
Controlled Self-Assembly and Tuning of Large PbS Nanoparticle Supercrystals (2018)

Self-assembly of colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) into ordered superlattices (SLs) and supercrystals (SCs) enables new artificial NC solids for nanoelectronic and nanophotonic applications, which requires critical control of nucleation and growth conditions. Herein large SCs of PbS NCs up to ∼100 μm size were synthesized by two controlled self-assembly methods from NC solutions. Both translational symmetry and orientational ordering of the nanocrystals in the SCs were readily tuned by excess oleic acid ligands and antisolvents. Slow evaporation and the counterdiffusion method of solvents resulted in the formation of single SCs with two different SLs from the same PbS NCs: a face-centered cubic SL with weak yet complex orientational order or a body-centered cubic SL with strong and uniform particle orientation, respectively. The translational ordering was mainly determined by the effective shape of the NCs while the difference in orientational order was a result of the balance between ligand–ligand attraction and rotational entropy. The ease of the growth of large SC solids could lead to diverse NC systems and facilitate essential investigation of nanoparticle interactions and coupling based nanoelectronic and nanophotonic properties.
Spherical nitroguandine process (1990)

A process of preparing spherical high bulk density nitroguanidine by dissolving low bulk density nitroguanidine in N-methyl pyrrolidone at elevated temperatures and then cooling the solution to lower temperatures as a liquid characterized as a nonsolvent for the nitroguanidine is presented. The process is enhanced by inclusion in the solution of from about 1 ppm up to about 250 ppm of a metal salt such as nickel nitrate, zinc nitrate or chromium nitrate, preferably from about 20 to about 50 ppm.
Surfactant protein D influences surfactant ultrastructure and uptake by alveolar type II cells (2004)

Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is a member of the collectin family of the innate host defense proteins. In the lung, SP-D is expressed primarily by type II cells. Gene-targeted SP-D-deficient [SP-D(-/-)] mice have three- to fivefold higher surfactant lipid pool sizes. However, surfactant synthesis and secretion by type II cells and catabolism by alveolar macrophages are normal in SP-D(-/-) mice. Therefore, we hypothesized that SP-D might regulate surfactant homeostasis by influencing surfactant structure, thereby altering its uptake by type II cells. Large (LA) and small aggregate (SA) surfactant were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from SP-D(-/-), wild-type [SP-D(+/+)], and transgenic mice in which SP-D was expressed under conditional control of doxycycline in alveolar type II cells. Uptake of both LA and SA isolated from SP-D(-/-) mice by normal type II cells was decreased. Abnormally dense lipid forms were observed by electron microscopy of LA from SP-D(-/-) mice. SA from SP-D(-/-) mice consisted of atypical multilamellated small vesicles. Abnormalities in surfactant uptake by type II cells and in surfactant ultrastructure were corrected by conditional expression of SP-D in vivo. Preincubation of BALF from SP-D(-/-) mice with SP-D changed surfactant ultrastructure to be similar to that of SP-D(+/+) mice in vitro. The rapid changes in surfactant structure, increased uptake by type II cells, and decreased pool sizes normally occurring in the postnatal period were not seen in SP-D(-/-) mice. SP-D regulates uptake and catabolism by type II cells and influences the ultrastructure of surfactant in the alveolus.
Acyltransferases And Uses Therof In Fatty Acid Production (Patent WO 2011/161093 A1) (2011)

The present invention relates to the recombinant manufacture of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Specifically, it relates to acyltransferase polypeptides, polynucleotides encoding said acyltransferases as well as vectors, host cells, non-human transgenic organisms containing said polynucletides. Moreover, the present invention contemplates methods for the manufacture of polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as oils obtained by such methods.
An Extended Volume Visualization System for Arbitrary Parallel Projection (1992)

We present a special architecture for arbitrary parallel projection for visualization ofvolumetric data. Using a ray-casting technique, parallel memory access, and pipelinedprocessing of rays in a composition tree, we can achieve interactive rendering ratesfor a 5123 dataset."
A Bioassay for Optimization of Macrophage-Conditioned Medium as a Culture Supplement to Promote Hybridoma Cell Survival and Growth (2018)

Macrophage-conditioned medium (MCM) is an important cell culture supplement used to support the survival and growth of newly fused hybridoma cells. The use of macrophage cells, as a part of hybridoma technology, has proven to be an effective and inexpensive source of growth factors that promote the early survival and growth of hybridoma cells. Despite the widespread use of MCM as a hybridoma culture supplement, there is limited guidance and standardization for MCM production to achieve optimal hybridoma support. As an undefined supplement, significant variations in production of MCM may negatively impact hybridoma cell survival and growth. The lack of an available method for standardization of MCM bioactivity has limited validation, optimization, and commercial production. Consequently, variations in batch production of MCM may result in low-quality MCM that limits hybridoma viability and negatively impacts monoclonal antibody production. In this report, we describe a novel bioassay based on the newly generated, MCM-dependent RMH359 hybridoma cell line that can be used to validate MCM bioactivity and standardize production. We demonstrate the utility of the RMH359 bioassay (1) for evaluating MCM hybridoma bioactivity, (2) to define optimal conditions for production of MCM, and (3) as a method for MCM validation and standardization. In conclusion, the RMH359 cell bioassay provides a specific and sensitive assessment of MCM bioactivity in support of hybridoma cell survival and growth.
Neutrophil Extracellular Trap-Related Extracellular Histones Cause Vascular Necrosis in Severe GN (2015)

Severe GN involves local neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. We hypothesized a local cytotoxic effect of NET-related histone release in necrotizing GN. In vitro, histones from calf thymus or histones released by neutrophils undergoing NETosis killed glomerular endothelial cells, podocytes, and parietal epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Histone-neutralizing agents such as antihistone IgG, activated protein C, or heparin prevented this effect. Histone toxicity on glomeruli ex vivo was Toll-like receptor 2/4 dependent, and lack of TLR2/4 attenuated histone-induced renal thrombotic microangiopathy and glomerular necrosis in mice. Anti-glomerular basement membrane GN involved NET formation and vascular necrosis, whereas blocking NET formation by peptidylarginine inhibition or preemptive anti-histone IgG injection significantly reduced all aspects of GN (i.e., vascular necrosis, podocyte loss, albuminuria, cytokine induction, recruitment or activation of glomerular leukocytes, and glomerular crescent formation). To evaluate histones as a therapeutic target, mice with established GN were treated with three different histone-neutralizing agents. Anti-histone IgG, recombinant activated protein C, and heparin were equally effective in abrogating severe GN, whereas combination therapy had no additive effects. Together, these results indicate that NET-related histone release during GN elicits cytotoxic and immunostimulatory effects. Furthermore, neutralizing extracellular histones is still therapeutic when initiated in established GN.
Failure detection for over-discharged Li-ion batteries (2012)

Over-discharge is one of the most common electrical abuses a Li-ion battery suffers. This paper presents preliminary results for the failure signatures of over-discharged Li-ion batteries, and proposes a rule-based method and a probabilistic method for failure detection. The two methods are verified using experimental results for a Li-ion battery. The proposed methods were successfully implemented in a real-time system for failure detection and early warning.
Improved Prediction of Nearly-Periodic Signals (2012)

We present methods that are relevant for the commonly used pitch predictors in speech/audio coders. We first discuss optimal pre- and post-filtering and derive a general result that post-filtering is more effective than pre-filtering. This, together with the perceived nature of the distortion, suggests the omission of the pre-filter if system delay is critical. We propose a practical paired-zero filter design for the low-rate regime. We extend this design to handle frequencydependent periodicity levels. We also provide a general performance measure for a post-filter that only uses information available at the decoder. This criterion allows the optimization or selection of a postfilter without increasing the rate. Our experiments show that the resulting methods provide state-of-the-art performance both for objective measures and in terms of quality as perceived by test subjects. 1.
Energy Channeling LED Driver Technology to Achieve Flicker-Free Operation With True Single Stage Power Factor Correction (2016)

A conventional single stage ac-dc LED driver usually produces significant twice-line-frequency ripple current when a high power factor is achieved. The ripple current causes a lighting flicker of the LEDs. In this paper, an energy channeling ripple cancellation LED driver is proposed. It achieves true single stage power conversion, maintains a high power factor while significantly removing the twice-line-frequency ripple current - flicker free LED driving. An 8.5 W, 50 V/0.17 A Buck-Boost experimental prototype has been built to verify the proposed method.
Continuous Preconcentrator for Trace Gas Analysis (Preprint) (2009)

Abstract : Patent records document a continuous development of trace gas/particle preconcentrators for use in particle detection systems. The most common application proposed for the inventions is the detection of biological agents, chemical agents, or explosives for security purposes although other applications are clearly possible. Existing particle detection systems such as gas chromatograph / mass spectrometer (GC/MS) systems do not have the required sensitivity for the characteristic application. Existing sensor technologies require pretreatment of the sample including preconcentration. There have been two classes of trace gas/particle preconcentrators: cycled and continuous. Preconcentrators that are based on adsorption membranes cannot operate on a continuous basis, because the gas must be stopped, a desired amount adsorbed, then released. These types of pre-concentrators may therefore not be able to maintain the time fidelity of the analyte gas concentrations. Hence, preconcentrators that can operate continuously may be useful for detecting in substantial real time variations in the concentration of the trace gases that are being analyzed. A recent patent of a meso-scale, continuous flow-through, trace gas preconcentrator can enable this specific application with the capability of achieving significant trace-gas concentration increases using one or two simple meso-scale mass diffusion separation stages.
High Performance Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells with Fullerene Derivatives as the Electron Transport Layer (2014)

In this study, we report the utilization of solution-processed high electrical conductive [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) combined with solution-processed TiO2 as the electron transport layer (ETL) to overcome extremely low electrical conductivity of solution-processed TiO2 ETL in planar heterojunction (PHJ) perovskite hybrid solar cells (pero-HSCs). Due to the much more preferable electron extraction and transportation of PC61BM at the cathode side, a tremendously boosted short-circuit current density (JSC), fill factor (FF) and enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) are observed. To further address the wettability issues of perovskite materials on the top of PC61BM, water-soluble fullerene derivative is applied to modulate the surface of PC61BM. Consequently, further advanced FF with slightly enlarged JSC and open-circuit voltage (VOC) are observed. The resulted PCE is comparable with the meso-superstructured solar cells in which high PCEs can be produced. Our studies certainly provide a simple approach to boost the efficiency of PHJ pero-HSCs.
P4‐316: Stabilization of neurotoxic Alzheimer amyloid‐beta oligomers by protein engineering (2011)

Soluble oligomeric aggregates of the amyloid-ß peptide (Aß) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The biochemical instability of neurotoxic aggregates in vitro is a problem for research on the molecular biology of AD. While the conformation adopted by Aß within these aggregates is not known, a ß-hairpin conformation is known to be accessible to monomeric Aß. The ß-hairpin is for instance observed in a complex with Affibody binding protein. To test the hypothesis that the ß-hairpin is a building block of toxic oligomers, we have engineered a double-cysteine mutant of Aß (called AßCC) in which the ß-hairpin conformation is stabilized by an intramolecular disulfide bond. AßCC oligomers were characterized to determine if they represent a stable model of wild type neurotoxic aggregates. Aß40CC and Aß42CC form stable protofibrils, but are unable to convert into amyloid fibrils. Biochemical and biophysical experiments and assays with conformation-specific antibodies used to detect Aß aggregates in vivo indicate that the wild-type oligomer structure is preserved and stabilized in AßCC oligomers. Stable oligomers are potent inducers of neuronal apoptosis. Stable neurotoxic AßCC oligomers/protofibrils might facilitate studies of their structure and role in the pathogenesis of AD. Stable protofibril preparations might potentially also be used for therapy development based on active or passive immunization.
Micropatterning: Ultrafast Large‐Area Micropattern Generation in Nonabsorbing Polymer Thin Films by Pulsed Laser Diffraction (Small 6/2011) (2011)

Abstract An ultrafast, parallel, and beyond‐the‐master micropatterning technique for ultrathin (30−400 nm) nonabsorbing polymer films by diffraction of laser light through a 2D periodic aperture is reported. The redistribution of laser energy absorbed by the substrate causes self‐organization of polymer thin films in the form of wrinklelike surface relief structures caused by localized melting and freezing of the thin film. Unlike conventional laser ablation and laser writing processes, low laser fluence is employed to only passively swell the polymer as a pre‐ablative process without loss of material, and without absorption/reaction with incident radiation. Self‐organization in the thin polymer film, aided by the diffraction pattern, produces microstructures made up of thin raised lines. These regular microstructures have far more complex morphologies than the mask geometry and very narrow line widths that can be an order of magnitude smaller than the openings in the mask. The microstructure morphology is easily modulated by changing the film thickness, aperture size, and geometry, and by changing the diffraction pattern.
The Simplest Structure of the Hydrogen-Bonded Mesogen Built from 4-Alkoxybenzoic Acid and 4-Alkylpyridine (1993)

Abstract Newly designed hydrogen-bonded liquid crystals having the simplest mesogenic structure have been obtained by self-assembly of 4-alkoxybenzoic acid and 4-alkylpyridine. The complexes show nematic phases near room temperature. The nematic phase is broadened by mixing of several complexes within a homologous series.
Calibration method of shear amount based on the optical layout of point source microscope for lateral shearing interferometric wavefront sensor (2020)

A calibration method of shear amount based on the optical layout of point source microscope (PSM) for lateral shearing interferometric (LSI) wavefront sensor is proposed. A simulation model of quadriwave LSI is introduced to analyze the influence of the window size of the spatial filter and the shear amount on the accuracy of the shearing wavefront feature extraction (SWFE) method. Simulation results show that the accuracy of the SWFE method deteriorates at small shear amounts. The proposed calibration method makes use of the optical layout of PSM to generate spot images of the point source at the detector plane of the sensor itself. The shear amount is calibrated by the relationship between the lateral distance of the spot images and the distribution of the diffraction orders of the grating. In the experiments, an SID4 wavefront sensor and a circular-aperture modified Hartmann mask LSI wavefront sensor are calibrated by the proposed method. A phase plate etched with patterns has been manufactured as the test specimen. The etching depth is characterized by the two wavefront sensors, and the testing results are compared with that by a commercial ZYGO® interferometer. The feasibility and accuracy of the proposed calibration method are validated. This calibration method provides an easily conducted approach for calibrating the shear amount of LSI wavefront sensor with high accuracy.