gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rescue of dystrophin expression in <i>mdx</i> mouse muscle by RNA/DNA oligonucleotides (2000)

Chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotides ("chimeraplasts") have been shown to induce single base alterations in genomic DNA both in vitro and in vivo. The mdx mouse strain has a point mutation in the dystrophin gene, the consequence of which is a muscular dystrophy resulting from deficiency of the dystrophin protein in skeletal muscle. To test the feasibility of chimeraplast-mediated gene therapy for muscular dystrophies, we used a chimeraplast (designated "MDX1") designed to correct the point mutation in the dystrophin gene in mdx mice. After direct injection of MDX1 into muscles of mdx mice, immunohistochemical analysis revealed dystrophin-positive fibers clustered around the injection site. Two weeks after single injections into tibialis anterior muscles, the maximum number of dystrophin-positive fibers (approximately 30) in any muscle represented 1-2% of the total number of fibers in that muscle. Ten weeks after single injections, the range of the number of dystrophin-positive fibers was similar to that seen after 2 wk, suggesting that the expression was stable, as would be predicted for a gene-conversion event. Staining with exon-specific antibodies showed that none of these were "revertant fibers." Furthermore, dystrophin from MDX1-injected muscles was full length by immunoblot analysis. No dystrophin was detectable by immunohistochemical or immunoblot analysis after control chimeraplast injections. Finally, reverse transcription-PCR analysis demonstrated the presence of transcripts with the wild-type dystrophin sequence only in mdx muscles injected with MDX1 chimeraplasts. These results provide the foundation for further studies of chimeraplast-mediated gene therapy as a therapeutic approach to muscular dystrophies and other genetic disorders of muscle.
Simulation-Based Design Using Variable Fidelity Optimization (2022)

Simulation-based design optimization is playing an increasingly prominent role in the design of everything from spacecraft to consumer products. Applying nonlinear optimization techniques to simulation-based design becomes prohibitively expensive as computer models become more complex and increase in fidelity. A common engineering practice is to drive the preliminary design process using lower fidelity models as surrogates of expensive high fidelity simulations. Higher fidelity models are then used in the final design stages to refine the design. However, using automated optimization methods at this stage may still require enormous computational resources. Recently, variable fidelity schemes have been developed to address this problem by incorporating both models into one optimization framework. In these methods the low fidelity models are scaled to approximate the high fidelity simulations. This scaling allows the optimization to be performed using mainly low fidelity function calls, reducing the overall computational cost, while requiring only a few high fidelity evaluations to update the scaling function. Currently, two main scaling varieties are used: first order multiplicative and first order additive. In the multiplicative approach the low fidelity model is multiplied by a scaling function to approximate the high fidelity model; similarly, in the additive approach a scaling function is added to the low fidelity model. <p>The focus of this dissertation is on improving the efficiency and applicability of variable fidelity optimization algorithms. Highlights of original contributions made in this research include: (1) An adaptive hybrid scaling method that relieves designers from having to choose emph{a priori} which scaling method, multiplicative or additive, is most suitable to their problem with limited information. (2) Second order scaling methods which use approximate Hessian information, resulting in super-linear convergence rates. (3) A kriging-based global scaling method, which uses past design information to improve the global accuracy of the scaling model and was shown to reduce the computational cost of optimization by over 60% compared to single fidelity methods. (4) A metamodel update management strategy to reduce the cost of using kriging metamodels sequentially in large design problems. (5) Extension of the variable fidelity framework to solve reliability based design problems, which significantly lowers the computational cost, compared to traditional methods.</p>
Composite Functional Gradient Learning of Generative Adversarial Models (2018)

This paper first presents a theory for generative adversarial methods that does not rely on the traditional minimax formulation. It shows that with a strong discriminator, a good generator can be learned so that the KL divergence between the distributions of real data and generated data improves after each functional gradient step until it converges to zero. Based on the theory, we propose a new stable generative adversarial method. A theoretical insight into the original GAN from this new viewpoint is also provided. The experiments on image generation show the effectiveness of our new method.
Functionalization of Guanosine and 2′‐Deoxyguanosine at C6: A Modified Appel Process and S<sub>N</sub>Ar Displacement of Imidazole (2004)

Treatment of sugar-protected 2-N-trityl derivatives of guanosine and 2'-deoxyguanosine with imidazole/triphenylphosphine/iodine/ethyldiisopropylamine gives the corresponding 6-(imidazol-1-yl)-2-(tritylamino)purine nucleosides. S(N)Ar displacement of the imidazole moiety with nucleophiles provides 2-amino-6-substituted-purine nucleosides and 2'-deoxynucleosides.
Human axial progenitors generate trunk neural crest cells in vitro (2018)

The neural crest (NC) is a multipotent embryonic cell population that generates distinct cell types in an axial position-dependent manner. The production of NC cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is a valuable approach to study human NC biology. However, the origin of human trunk NC remains undefined and current in vitro differentiation strategies induce only a modest yield of trunk NC cells. Here we show that hPSC-derived axial progenitors, the posteriorly-located drivers of embryonic axis elongation, give rise to trunk NC cells and their derivatives. Moreover, we define the molecular signatures associated with the emergence of human NC cells of distinct axial identities in vitro. Collectively, our findings indicate that there are two routes toward a human post-cranial NC state: the birth of cardiac and vagal NC is facilitated by retinoic acid-induced posteriorisation of an anterior precursor whereas trunk NC arises within a pool of posterior axial progenitors.
Hydrazine-Processed Ge-Substituted CZTSe Solar Cells (2012)

The p-type Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1–x)4 (with x ≈ 0; CZTSe) thin-film solar cell absorber, made from earth-abundant elements, was substituted with Ge using a hydrazine-based mixed particle-solution approach for the film deposition. The crystallographic unit cell parameters of the absorber layer decrease with gradual incorporation of Ge. A solar cell fabricated from a 40% Ge-substituted absorber showed a 9.1% power conversion efficiency, a higher open-circuit voltage, and a wider band gap compared with the device based on the unsubstituted absorber layer. This result shows the possibility of substituting, using the hydrazine-processing approach, the metal site of CZTSe with Ge for further device optimization. One area for further improvement in the substituted absorber layer devices includes reduction of a ZnSe secondary phase, which was apparent in the higher-Ge-content films.
Proinflammatory effects of angiotensin II and endothelin: targets for progression of cardiovascular and renal diseases (2002)

Angiotensin II and endothelin-1 can both be regulated by nuclear factor-kappaB. They are to varying degrees also capable of activating nuclear factor-kappaB and increasing the expression of nuclear factor-kappaB dependent genes. Angiotensin II related vascular effects are in part mediated by endothelin-1. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition facilitates angiotensin II related effects, which can be inhibited both by angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers and by endothelin system inhibitors. This supports the notion that a combined therapeutic strategy of inhibiting angiotensin II and endothelin-1 generation or blocking their effects at the receptor level would be superior to either strategy alone. Animal studies are encouraging but not without conflicting results. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers have a superb track record in experimental animal models and in a host of clinical studies. Selective and nonselective blockers of the endothelin-1 receptors are important research tools and are also undergoing clinical trials. Inhibitors of the endothelin converting enzyme have been developed. The recent elucidation of the endothelin converting enzyme's physical structure should facilitate the development of still more novel compounds to inhibit endothelin-1 generation.
Identification of a Steroidogenic Neurohormone in Female Mosquitoes (1998)

In the female mosquito, Aedes aegypti, neurohormones are released from the brain in response to a blood meal and stimulate the ovaries to secrete ecdysteroid hormones, which modulate yolk protein synthesis in the fat body. Neuropeptides with this bioactivity were isolated from head extracts, and partial sequences from these peptides when aligned gave a 31-residue sequence at the amino terminus. Oligonucleotide primers for this sequence were used to amplify with the polymerase chain reaction a genomic DNA product that hybridized to a clone from a head cDNA library. The cDNA encodes a 149-residue preprohormone that is processed into an 86-residue peptide, as indicated by the mass value obtained from the native peptide, with the expected amino-terminal sequence. After modification, the cDNA for the putative neurohormone was expressed in a bacterial system, and the purified peptide had high specific activity in bioassays, thus confirming that it is a steroidogenic gonadotropin, the first to be identified for invertebrates.
Optimization of Production and Recovery of Rhamnolipids and Study of Their Effect on Bacterial Attachment (2013)

Biosurfactans produced by microorganisms have been considered as a potential alternative to petrochemical derived surfactants.Among the most promising biosurfactants, rhamnolipids have applications as bioremediation enhancers, detergents, antibacterial, anti-biofouling agents and pharmaceuticals.Rhamnolipids are typically produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa.The main operational challenges of rhamnolipid production are the extreme foaming property of broth in aerobic fermentation and the low productivity and yield.
Understanding and targeting centrally mediated visceral pain in inflammatory bowel disease (2014)

OPINION article Front. Pharmacol., 05 March 2014Sec. Neuropharmacology Volume 5 - 2014 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2014.00027
Thin-film transistors with amorphous indium gallium oxide channel layers (2006)

Indium gallium oxide-based thin-film transistors (TFTs) are formed using rf magnetron sputtering of the channel layer. These TFTs exhibit qualitatively ideal characteristics, including excellent drain current saturation. Various deposition parameters, annealing treatments, and stoichiometries are explored. Varying the oxygen partial pressure is found to have a significant effect on device performance. Decreasing the oxygen partial pressure increases the incremental channel mobility μinc while decreasing (becomes more negative) the turn-on voltage Von. Increasing indium concentration of the channel material increases μinc, while decreasing Von. The maximum value of μinc, ∼27cm2V−1s−1, is obtained by annealing at 600°C, with corresponding Von and drain current on-to-off ratio values of approximately −14V and &gt;106, respectively. Additionally, TFTs subjected to a 200°C postdeposition annealing exhibit μinc and Von of ∼19cm2V−1s−1 and 2V, respectively.
Strategies to make your accounting practice more profitable : business & economy (2016)

While business leadership, a balanced life, outstanding client service and efficient processes are critical for success,they mean nothing if the firm is not sufficiently profitable to make investments for the future and compensate its most important resource, the staff who are performers.
Landmark-Guided Deformation Transfer of Template Facial Expressions for Automatic Generation of Avatar Blendshapes (2019)

Blendshape models are commonly used to track and re-target facial expressions to virtual avatars using RGB-D cameras and without using any facial marker. When using blendshape models, the target avatar model must possess a set of key-shapes that can be blended depending on the estimated facial expression. Creating realistic set of key-shapes is extremely difficult and requires time and professional expertise. As a consequence, blendshape-based re-targeting technology can only be used with a limited amount of pre-built avatar models, which is not attractive for the large public. In this paper, we propose an automatic method to easily generate realistic key-shapes of any avatar that map directly to the source blendshape model (the user is only required to select a few facial landmarks on the avatar mesh). By doing so, captured facial motion can be easily re-targeted to any avatar, even when the avatar has largely different shape and topology compared with the source template mesh. Our experimental results show the accuracy of our proposed method compared with the state-of-the-art method for mesh deformation transfer.
The Role of Endogenous Cannabinoid System in Drug Addiction (2008)

This review aims to present the more recent knowledge on the role of the endocannabinoid system in drug addiction. For a long time, dopamine has been consistently associated with the reinforcing effects of most drugs of abuse but, recently, pharmacological evidence points to the possibility that pharmacological management of the endocannabinoid system might not only block the direct reinforcing effect of cannabis, opioids, nicotine and ethanol, but also prevent the relapse to various drugs of abuse including opioids, cocaine, nicotine, alcohol and amphetamine. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that the manipulation of the endocannabinoid system through the CB(1) receptor antagonist SR-141716A (rimonabant) might constitute a new therapeutical strategy for treating addiction across different classes of abused drugs.
Application of the Rotating Ring-Disc-Electrode Technique to Water Oxidation by Surface-Bound Molecular Catalysts (2013)

We report here the application of a simple hydrodynamic technique, linear sweep voltammetry with a modified rotating-ring-disc electrode, for the study of water oxidation catalysis. With this technique, we have been able to reliably obtain turnover frequencies, overpotentials, Faradaic conversion efficiencies, and mechanistic information from single samples of surface-bound metal complex catalysts.
A Single Camera Image Based Approach for Glossy Reflections in Mixed Reality Applications (2016)

Proper scene inference provides the basis for a seamless integration of virtual objects into the real environment. While widely neglected in many AR/MR environments, previous approaches providing good results were based on rather complex setups, often involving mirrored balls, several HDR cameras, and fish eye lenses to achieve proper light probes. In this paper we present an approach requiring a single RGB-D camera image only for generating glossy reflections on virtual objects. Our approach is based on a partial 3D reconstruction of the real environment combined with a screen-space ray-tracing mechanism. We show that our approach allows for convincing reflections of the real environment as well as mutual reflections between virtual objects of an MR environment.
Wedding Realities (2006)

Wedding Realities : the Rules Have Changed… and They Haven’t… / Les noces en vrai : les règles changent… et restent les mêmes. Un article de la revue Ethnologies (Les noces en vrai) diffusée par la plateforme Érudit.
Isolation of a complementary DNA fragment of hepatitis C virus in Taiwan revealed significant sequence variations compared with other isolates (1991)

To clone and characterize hepatitis C virus strains present in Taiwan, RNA was extracted from liver tissue collected from a patient during the acute phase of posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis. RNA was then subjected to complementary DNA synthesis and the polymerase chain reaction, using primers derived from the original nucleotide sequence of the United States hepatitis C virus strain. A complementary DNA clone, HCV-T3, containing 552 base pairs of hepatitis C virus complementary DNA sequences was isolated and characterized. The homologies in nucleotide sequence between the Taiwan isolate and either the United States or Japan isolate were 80.1% and 91.5%, respectively. However, most of the nucleotide changes occurred in the third base positions, resulting in much higher homologies in amino acid sequence of 91.8% and 97.3%, respectively. Amplification of the less conserved region of hepatitis C virus genome with the polymerase chain reaction was improved by use of primers with nucleotides matched to the local strain. Finally, in addition to the liver and serum, the viral genome was also demonstrated in the spleen tissue by similar methods, suggesting another possible target for hepatitis C viral infection. These findings indicate that there is considerable heterogeneity in hepatitis C virus genomes isolated from different areas of the world.
Distribution of pesticide residues in the coastal zone (2002)

Despite almost 100 years of pesticide application in Mexico, studies of pesticide residues in coastal ecosystems are scarce and dispersed in time. Albert (1996), in an excellent review of pesticides in Mexico, recorded only 15 references (published between 1977 and 1995) studying aquatic systems, which included sampling in agricultural drainage areas, rivers, coastal lagoons, and shorelines. In those studies, analyses of OC pesticides were performed on water, sediment, and organism samples. In addition to those references cited by Albert (1996), there are also the studies of Readman et al. (1992), Botello et al. (1994b), Carvalho et al. (1996), González-Farias et al. (1997), the International Mussel Watch Report (IMW, 1995), Noreña-Barroso et al. (1998), Reyes et al. (1999), and de Llasera and Bernal-Gonzàlez (2001).
Photoluminescence of Bragg gratings in germanosilicatefibres excited at 488 nm (1996)

The authors have observed photoluminescence peaked near 667 nm from Bragg gratings written in germanosilicate fibres upon excitation by 488 nm radiation. The observed luminescence spectrum is consistent with the 1.9 eV spectrum owing to nonbridging oxygen hole centres in silica and germanium doped silica glasses. The strength of the luminescence appears to vary significantly depending on the fibre composition, but did not depend strongly on hydrogen content in one type of fibre studied.
Regulation of Lipid Metabolism by Dietary Sorbose in Laying Hens (1990)

Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens received ad libitum diets (10 birds per diet) containing varying concentrations of sorbose (0, 100, and 200 g/kg diet) for 4 wk. Body weight gain and feed intake decreased with increasing dietary sorbose. Serum triglyceride, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, and chylomicron levels were significantly reduced, in dose-dependent fashions, as dietary sorbose increased, whereas serum glucose level remained unchanged by the dietary regimens. Absolute and relative weights of abdominal fat were also decreased by increasing dietary sorbose. Liver color improved; it became less white and less yellow with the supplement of dietary sorbose. Hen-day egg production rate was not affected with dietary sorbose, and hence, it has been shown that dietary sorbose can be used as a potential regulator of lipid metabolism in the laying hen.
Imatinib inhibits VEGF-independent angiogenesis by targeting neuropilin 1–dependent ABL1 activation in endothelial cells (2014)

To enable new blood vessel growth, endothelial cells (ECs) express neuropilin 1 (NRP1), and NRP1 associates with the receptor tyrosine kinase VEGFR2 after binding the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) to enhance arteriogenesis. We report that NRP1 contributes to angiogenesis through a novel mechanism. In human and mouse ECs, the integrin ligand fibronectin (FN) stimulated actin remodeling and phosphorylation of the focal adhesion component paxillin (PXN) in a VEGF/VEGFR2-independent but NRP1-dependent manner. NRP1 formed a complex with ABL1 that was responsible for FN-dependent PXN activation and actin remodeling. This complex promoted EC motility in vitro and during angiogenesis on FN substrates in vivo. Accordingly, both physiological and pathological angiogenesis in the retina were inhibited by treatment with Imatinib, a small molecule inhibitor of ABL1 which is widely used to prevent the proliferation of tumor cells that express BCR-ABL fusion proteins. The finding that NRP1 regulates angiogenesis in a VEGF- and VEGFR2-independent fashion via ABL1 suggests that ABL1 inhibition provides a novel opportunity for anti-angiogenic therapy to complement VEGF or VEGFR2 blockade in eye disease or solid tumor growth.
A new algorithm for parameter re-optimization in multi-pulse excitation LP synthesizer (2002)

A new algorithm is proposed to re-optimize the synthesis filter parameters and pulse amplitudes in the Multi-Pulse Excitation Linear Prediction (LP) synthesizer. It is based on minimizing the perceptional weighted mean square errors between the original and the reconstructed speech. Steepest gradient descent and conjugate gradient descent are employed. The LP filter parameters and all the pulse amplitudes are iteratively re-optimized. Compared with the conventional multi-pulse excitation LPC algorithm, the new algorithm improves the segmental signal-to-noise ratio (SEGSNR) from about 20 dB to 23 dB. The informal listening also shows that the quality of synthesized speech is improved greatly.
Fluctuation analysis: the probability distribution of the number of mutants under different conditions. (1990)

In the 47 years since fluctuation analysis was introduced by Luria and Delbrück, it has been widely used to calculate mutation rates. Up to now, in spite of the importance of such calculations, the probability distribution of the number of mutants that will appear in a fluctuation experiment has been known only under the restrictive, and possibly unrealistic, assumptions: (1) that the mutation rate is exactly proportional to the growth rate and (2) that all mutants grow at a rate that is a constant multiple of the growth rate of the original cells. In this paper, we approach the distribution of the number of mutants from a new point of view that will enable researchers to calculate the distribution to be expected using assumptions that they believe to be closer to biological reality. The new idea is to classify mutations according to the number of observable mutants that derive from the mutation when the culture is selectively plated. This approach also simplifies the calculations in situations where two, or many, kinds of mutation may occur in a single culture.