gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bipolar Transistor with a Buried Layer Formed by High-Energy Ion Implantation for Subhalf-Micron Bipolar-Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor LSIs (1994)

We investigated a bipolar transistor with a buried layer formed by high-energy ion implantation without the epitaxitial silicon layer growth. We focused mainly on the reduction of junction leakage current related to implantation damages, which could be achieved by rapid thermal annealing. Consequently, the maximum current gain of 155 and the cutoff frequency of 17.3 GHz were achieved with B V CE0 =5.0 V. Moreover, this fabrication process is applicable to the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process with the retrograde twin wells without additional process steps. Therefore, this technique can be very promising for the fabrication of subhalf-micron BiCMOS LSIs.
Na+/H+ EXCHANGE INHIBITION DELAYS THE ONSET OF HYPOVOLEMIC CIRCULATORY SHOCK IN PIGS (2008)

Severe blood loss is a major cause of death occurring within hours of traumatic injury. Na+/H+ exchange (NHE-1) activity is an important determinant of the extent of ischemic myocardial injury. The goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that NHE-1 inhibition delays the onset of hypovolemic circulatory shock, thereby preventing early death due to severe hemorrhage in pigs. Severe hypovolemia was studied in 16 (25.2 kg) anesthetized male pigs in steps of 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-, and 50-mL kg(-1) blood loss, each in 30-min intervals. Shed blood resuscitation was started 30 min after 50 mL kg(-1) blood loss. The experiment was terminated after 3 h of resuscitation. Eight pigs were used as seline control. Eight pigs received 3 mg kg(-1) benzamide, N-(aminoiminomethyl)-4-[4-(2-furanylcarbonyl)-1-piperazinyl]-3-(methylsulfonyl), methanesulfonate (NHE-1 inhibitor) 15 min before hemorrhage. Seven control pigs died at 40- to 50-mL kg(-1) blood loss. One control pig survived initial resuscitation but died soon after. In contrast, all animals treated with NHE-1 inhibitor survived the entire protocol. In control animals, cardiac output and MAP gradually decreased at each step of blood loss with marked increase in heart rate. Cardiovascular decompensation occurred at 40 mL kg(-1) blood loss. Na+/H+ exchange inhibition increased oxygen delivery, attenuated cardiovascular decompensation, delayed the onset of irreversible hypovolemic circulatory shock, and enabled resuscitation to survival. Echocardiography analysis showed that myocardial hypercontracture gradually developed with each step of blood loss in control animals, but this hypercontracture was attenuated in the animals receiving the NHE-1 inhibitor. We conclude that NHE-1 inhibition attenuates ischemic myocardial hypercontracture, cardiovascular decompensation, delays the onset of hypovolemic circulatory shock, and prevents early death in severe hemorrhage.
Hardware Counted Profile-Guided Optimization (2014)

Profile-Guided Optimization (PGO) is an excellent means to improve the performance of a compiled program. Indeed, the execution path data it provides helps the compiler to generate better code and better cacheline packing. At the time of this writing, compilers only support instrumentation-based PGO. This proved effective for optimizing programs. However, few projects use it, due to its complicated dual-compilation model and its high overhead. Our solution of sampling Hardware Performance Counters overcome these drawbacks. In this paper, we propose a PGO solution for GCC by sampling Last Branch Record (LBR) events and using debug symbols to recreate source locations of binary instructions. By using LBR-Sampling, the generated profiles are very accurate. This solution achieved an average of 83% of the gains obtained with instrumentation-based PGO and 93% on C++ benchmarks only. The profiling overhead is only 1.06% on average whereas instrumentation incurs a 16% overhead on average.
Lessons Learned from Pompe Disease Newborn Screening and Follow-up (2020)

In 2015, Pompe disease became the first lysosomal storage disorder to be recommended for universal newborn screening by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Newborn screening for Pompe has been implemented in 20 states and several countries across the world. The rates of later-onset disease phenotypes for Pompe and pseudodeficiency alleles are higher than initially anticipated, and these factors must be considered during Pompe disease newborn screening. This report presents an overview of six years of data from the Missouri State Public Health Laboratory for Pompe disease newborn screening and follow-up.
Quantum gradient estimation and its application to quantum reinforcement learning (2018)

In 2005, Jordan showed how to estimate the gradient of a real-valued function with a high-dimensional domain on a quantum computer. Subsequently, in 2017, it was shown by Gilyén et al. how to do this with a different input model. They also proved optimality of their algorithm for \\ell^\\infty -approximations of functions satisfying some smoothness conditions.<br/><br/>In this text, we expand the ideas of Gilyén et al., and extend their algorithm such that functions with fewer regularity constraints can be used as input. Moreover, we show that their algorithm is essentially optimal in the query complexity to the phase oracle even for classes of functions that have more stringent smoothness conditions. Finally, we also prove that their algorithm is optimal for approximating gradients with respect<br/>to general \\ell^p -norms, where p \\in [1,\\infty].<br/><br/>Furthermore, we investigate how Gilyén et al.’s algorithm can be used to do reinforcement learning on a quantum computer. We elaborate on Montanaro’s ideas for quantum Monte-Carlo simulation, and show how they can be used to implement quantum value estimation of Markov reward processes. We also show essential optimality of this algorithm in the query complexity of all its oracles. Next, we show how we can construct a quantum policy evaluation algorithm, and how we can use these algorithms as subroutines in Gilyén et al.’s quantum gradient estimation algorithm to perform quantum policy optimization.<br/><br/>The most important open questions remain whether it is possible to improve the query complexity of the extension of Gilyén et al.’s algorithm, when function classes containing functions of Gevrey-type 1 are used as input, as at the moment for this specific parameter setting the algorithm is not better than a very simple classical gradient estimation procedure. Improvement of this result would automatically improve the quantum policy optimization routine as well.
A New Approach to Occupant Simulation Through the Coupling of PC-Crash and MADYMO (1999)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">During recent years the accident simulation program PC-Crash was developed. This software simulates vehicle movement before, during and after the impact, using 3D vehicle and scene models.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">When reconstructing car accidents, quite often questions arise regarding occupant movement and loading. Especially important is the influence of different types of restraint systems on the occupant.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">MADYMO<sup>®</sup> is a software tool which was developed by TNO in the Netherlands and which is well known in the automotive industry for the simulation of occupant movement. It allows the simulation of all kinds of modern restraint systems such as airbags and seatbelts with and without pretensioners. As the software is used in the automotive industry quite extensively, a huge validated database of dummy and human models is available.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Since MADYMO<sup>®</sup> demands the setup of quite complicated input files, its use normally requires a high level of expertise. A new interface has been developed between MADYMO<sup>®</sup> and PC-Crash so that, after the reconstruction of an accident, only a few additional parameters regarding restraint system, seat and occupant must be defined. PC-Crash then creates all necessary input files for MADYMO<sup>®</sup> and starts the occupant simulation. The results are then re-imported into PC-Crash for visualization and further analysis.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The paper discusses the physical background of the model, its capabilities and its limitations. One major point is the definition of the vehicle movement, which of course is an important input parameter for MADYMO<sup>®</sup>. The model is validated in this paper through the reconstruction of crash tests.</div></div>
Effect of Preparation Procedures and Storage Parameters on Quality Retention of Salad‐cut Lettuce (1991)

ABSTRACT Piece‐size reduction, which is required in preparing lettuce for salads, shortens storage life of cut lettuce as compared to uncut head lettuce. Cellular fluids, released during cutting, are removed by rinsing with water, followed by centrifugation to remove added surface moisture. Extended centrifugation can cause desiccation of product, which may be beneficial under certain conditions. Other methods of water removal, such as blotting or forced air did not seem practical. During storage green pigmentation decreased in salad‐cut lettuce. Optimum cold storage was obtained by packaging the cut‐lettuce in pouches that had been slightly evacuated and contained a small amount of carbon monoxide.
New materials for 193-nm trilayer imaging (2004)

This paper presents our progress in developing spin-on, thermosetting hardmasks and bottom antireflective coatings (BARCs) for 193-nm trilayer usage. Binder materials that were used in preparing the silicon-containing hardmasks include polymers with pendant alkylsilane function and various polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) substances, with the hardmasks being very transparent at both 193 and 248 nm. The second generation hardmasks (POSS-containing) offer significant improvements over earlier materials in oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) plasma etching resistance. The etching selectivity (O<sub>2</sub> plasma) for a trilayer BARC relative to the best-case hardmask is about 31.5:1 (15-second etch), with the selectivity numbers being much higher for longer etching times. The preferred hardmask is both spin-bowl and solution compatible. The new trilayer BARCs use binders that are rich in aromatic content for halogen plasma etching resistance, but the antireflective products also feature optical parameters that allow low reflectivity into the photoresist. The BARCs are very spin-bowl compatible. At about 500-nm film thickness, selected BARCs have provided 80-95% planarity over 200-nm topography. Combining the two thermosetting products (hardmask and BARC) with a thin 193-nm photoresist in a trilayer configuration has given excellent 80-nm L/S (1:1) after exposure and wet-development. A conventional resist has provided 100-nm L/S (1:1.4).
Innate Lymphoid Cells in Intestinal Inflammation (2017)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the intestine that encompasses Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis. The cause of IBD is unknown, but the evidence suggests that an aberrant immune response toward the commensal bacterial flora is responsible for disease in genetically susceptible individuals. Results from animal models of colitis and human studies indicate a role for innate lymphoid cells (ILC) in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation in IBD. ILC are a population of lymphocytes that are enriched at mucosal sites, where they play a protective role against pathogens including extracellular bacteria, helminthes, and viruses. ILC lack an antigen-specific receptor, but can respond to environmental stress signals contributing to the rapid orchestration of an early immune response. Several subsets of ILC reflecting functional characteristics of T helper subsets have been described. ILC1 express the transcription factor T-bet and are characterized by secretion of IFNγ, ILC2 are GATA3<sup>+</sup> and secrete IL5 and IL13 and ILC3 depend on expression of RORγt and secrete IL17 and IL22. However, ILC retain a degree of plasticity depending on exposure to cytokines and environmental factors. IL23 responsive ILC have been implicated in the pathogenesis of colitis in several innate murine models through the production of IL17, IFNγ, and GM-CSF. We have previously identified IL23 responsive ILC in the human intestine and found that they accumulate in the inflamed colon and small bowel of patients with CD. Other studies have confirmed accumulation of ILC in CD with increased frequencies of IFNγ-secreting ILC1 in both the intestinal lamina propria and the epithelium. Moreover, IL23 driven IL22 producing ILC have been shown to drive bacteria-induced colitis-associated cancer in mice. Interestingly, our data show increased ILC accumulation in patients with IBD and primary sclerosing cholangitis, who carry an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. ILC may play an important amplifying role in IBD and IBD-associated cancer, through secretion of inflammatory cytokines and interaction with other immune and non-immune cells. Here, we will review the evidence indicating a role for ILC in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation.
Chirped-pulse cascaded quadratic compression of millijoule-energy, 35-fs pulses (2005)

A new concept - chirped-pulse cascade-compression - is proposed and demonstrated. Initial experiments agree with numerical simulations, including compression of 35 fs, 1.2 mJ-pulses to 20 fs. Scaling to higher pulse energies and compression ratios will be possible.
Mobile Doppler Radar Observations of a Tornado in a Supercell near Bassett, Nebraska, on 5 June 1999. Part II: Tornado-Vortex Structure (2003)

This is Part II of a paper detailing an analysis of high-resolution wind and reflectivity data collected by a mobile, W-band Doppler radar; the analysis depicts the near-surface life history of a tornado in a supercell in north-central Nebraska on 5 June 1999. The structure of the tornado vortex near the ground is described from a sequence of sector scans at 10-15-s intervals during much of the lifetime of the tornado. The formation of the tornado vortex near the ground is described in Part I.
Liposarcoma: Molecular Genetics and Therapeutics (2010)

Sarcomas are a group of heterogeneous tumours with varying genetic basis. Cytogenetic abnormalities range from distinct genomic rearrangements such as pathognomonic translocation events and common chromosomal amplification or loss, to more complex rearrangements involving multiple chromosomes. The different subtypes of liposarcoma are spread across this spectrum and constitute an interesting tumour type for molecular review. This paper will outline molecular pathogenesis of the three main subtypes of liposarcoma: well-differentiated/dedifferentiated, myxoid/round cell, and pleomorphic liposarcoma. Both the molecular basis and future avenues for therapeutic intervention will be discussed.
Realizing a virtual private network using named data networking (2017)

An approach to creating secure virtual private networks for the Named Data Networking (NDN) protocol suite is described. It encrypts and encapsulates NDN packets from higher security domains and places them as the payload in unencrypted NDN packets, much as IPsec encapsulates encrypted IP datagrams in unencrypted IP datagrams. We then leverage the well-known properties of the IP-in-IP approach, taken by IPsec in tunnel mode, to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed NDN-in-NDN approach.
Effective vehicle teleoperation on the World Wide Web (2002)

Our goal is to make vehicle teleoperation accessible to all users. To do this, we develop easy-to-use yet capable Web tools which enable efficient, robust teleoperation in unknown and unstructured environments. Web-based teleoperation, however, raises many research issues, as well as prohibiting the use of traditional approaches. Thus, it is essential to develop new methods which minimize bandwidth usage, which provide sensor fusion displays, and which optimize human-computer interaction. We believe that existing systems do not adequately address these issues and have severely limited capability and performance as a result. In this paper we present a system design for safe and reliable Web-based vehicle teleoperation, describe an active and dynamic user interface, and explain how our approach differs from existing systems.
Evidence of Plasma CoQ10‐Lowering Effect by HMG‐CoA Reductase Inhibitors: A Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study (1993)

Inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase are new safe and effective cholesterol-lowering agents. Elevation of alanine-amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate-amino transferase (AST) has been described in a few cases and a myopathy with elevation of creatinine kinase (CK) has been reported rarely. The inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase affects also the biosynthesis of ubiquinone (CoQ10). We studied two groups of five healthy volunteers treated with 20 mg/day of pravastatin (Squibb, Italy) or simvastatin (MSD) for a month. Then we treated 30 hypercholesterolemic patients in a double-blind controlled study with pravastatin, simvastatin (20 mg/day), or placebo for 3 months. At the beginning, and 3 months thereafter we measured plasma total cholesterol, CoQ10, ALT, AST, CK, and other parameters (urea, creatinine, uric acid, total bilirubin, gamma GT, total protein). Significant changes in the healthy volunteer group were detected for total cholesterol and CoQ10 levels, which underwent about a 40% reduction after the treatment. The same extent of reduction, compared with placebo was measured in hypercholesterolemic patients treated with pravastatin or simvastatin. Our data show that the treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors lowers both total cholesterol and CoQ10 plasma levels in normal volunteers and in hypercholesterolemic patients. CoQ10 is essential for the production of energy and also has antioxidative properties. A diminution of CoQ10 availability may be the cause of membrane alteration with consequent cellular damage.
Improving WLAN-based indoor mobile positioning using sparsity (2012)

Growing demand for Indoor Localization and Navigation, and the increasing importance of Location Based Services (LBS) necessitates methods that can accurately estimate the position of mobile devices in environments where GPS does not work properly. In this paper, we propose a novel localization method that uses spatial sparsity to improve indoor mobile positioning. The simulation results show the high performance of the proposed method and its robustness to multipath conditions compared to other existing methods. The proposed method has less complexity, less cost and higher robustness to configuration changes compared to common methods such as RSS Fingerprinting approaches.
Complex of Pregnancy-associated Plasma Protein-A and the Proform of Eosinophil Major Basic Protein (2003)

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is a metzincin superfamily metalloproteinase responsible for cleavage of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4, thus causing release of bound insulin-like growth factor. PAPP-A is secreted as a dimer of 400 kDa but circulates in pregnancy as a disulfide-bound 500-kDa 2:2 complex with the proform of eosinophil major basic protein (pro-MBP), recently shown to function as a proteinase inhibitor of PAPP-A. Except for PAPP-A2, PAPP-A does not share global similarity with other proteins. Three lin-notch (LNR or LIN-12) modules and five complement control protein modules (also known as SCR modules) have been identified in PAPP-A by sequence similarity with other proteins, but no data are available that allow unambiguous prediction of disulfide bonds of these modules. To establish the connectivities of cysteine residues of the PAPP-A.pro-MBP complex, biochemical analyses of peptides derived from purified protein were performed. The PAPP-A subunit contains a total of 82 cysteine residues, of which 81 have been accounted for. The pro-MBP subunit contains 12 cysteine residues, of which 10 have been accounted for. Within the 2:2 complex, PAPP-A is dimerized by a single disulfide bond; pro-MBP is dimerized by two disulfides, and each PAPP-A subunit is connected to a pro-MBP subunit by two disulfide bonds. All other disulfides are intrachain bridges. We also show that of 13 potential sites for N-linked carbohydrate substitution of the PAPP-A subunit, 11 are occupied. The large number of disulfide bonds of the PAPP-A.pro-MBP complex imposes many restraints on polypeptide folding, and knowledge of the disulfide pattern of PAPP-A will facilitate structural studies based on recombinant expression of individual, putative PAPP-A domains. Furthermore, it will allow rational experimental design of functional studies aimed at understanding the formation of the PAPP-A.pro-MBP complex, as well as the inhibitory mechanism of pro-MBP.
An Internet-Based Multi-Agent Framework for Build-to-Order Supply Chain Management (2006)

Build-to-order supply chain (BOSC) is a new operation paradigm in the environment of global competition and changing customer demand. Its characteristics of responsiveness, flexibility, and high degree of integration urgently need the support of an Internet-based real-time information system. Based on analysis of key information technology such as business-customer e-commerce and multi-agent system, main features that BOSC management system should hold were summarized as synchronization, interoperability, intelligence, real time, and scalability. The framework structure of BOSC management system was designed as a core multi-agent system at build-to-order (BTO) manufacturer with three browsers at suppliers, logistic vendors, and customers. After describing the functional service of each agent, the information flow and the basic logical working process of the multi-agent BOSC management system were detailedly discussed
Toward Stereochemical Control, Monitoring, and Understanding of Crystal Nucleation (2003)

In this review, the delicate interplay between stereochemical control, monitoring at the subnanometer level, and an understanding of crystal nucleation is probed. Control of crystal nucleation may be achieved employing tailor-made auxiliaries, which are either nucleation inhibitors or promoters. The process may be monitored at an interface via grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD). By these means, we can glean experimental knowledge of crystal nucleation in various molecular systems. A hypothesis was invoked that supersaturated solutions containing molecular clusters adopt various arrangements and shapes, some of which resemble the crystals into which they develop. This hypothesis was taken advantage of for the design of tailored inhibitors in achieving kinetic resolution of enantiomers and induced precipitation of particular crystal polymorphs. The control and behavior of polymorphic crystallization may be understood at the molecular level through the interplay between inhibitor, solvent, solute, crystal and layer lattice energies, as well as surface layer structures. With respect to promotion of crystal nucleation, it may be achieved by Langmuir monolayers at the air−aqueous solution interface, acting as a templating agent. Determination of the monolayer crystal structure by GIXD yields the extent and nature of the complementary fit between nucleator and nucleant. Finally, GIXD was applied to monitor by a snapshot technique the layer-by-layer crystalline assembly of cholesterol molecules at the air−water interface, which involved changes in molecular packing as the film grew in thickness.