gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The chirped-pulse inverse free-electron laser: A high-gradient vacuum laser accelerator (1999)

The inverse free-electron laser (IFEL) interaction is studied theoretically and computationally in the case where the drive laser intensity approaches the relativistic regime, and the pulse duration is only a few optical cycles long. The IFEL concept has been demonstrated as a viable vacuum laser acceleration process; it is shown here that by using an ultrashort, ultrahigh-intensity drive laser pulse, the IFEL interaction bandwidth and accelerating gradient are increased considerably, thus yielding large energy gains. Using a chirped pulse and negative dispersion focusing optics allows one to take further advantage of the laser optical bandwidth and produce a chromatic line focus maximizing the gradient. The combination of these novel ideas results in a compact vacuum laser accelerator capable of accelerating picosecond electron bunches with a high gradient (GeV/m) and very low energy spread.
Rectal Insulin Instillation Inhibits Inflammation and Tumor Development in Chemically Induced Colitis (2018)

Rectal insulin therapy could potentially be a novel treatment, targeting the epithelial layer to enhance mucosal healing in ulcerated areas. Our findings open up new possibilities for combination treatments to synergize with the existing anti-inflammatory therapies.
Targeting insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF1R) for brain delivery of biologics (2022)

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents the majority of drugs from crossing into the brain and reaching neurons. To overcome this challenge, safe and non-invasive technologies targeting receptor-mediated pathways have been developed. In this study, three single-domain antibodies (sdAbs; IGF1R3, IGF1R4, and IGF1R5) targeting the extracellular domain of the human insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R), generated by llama immunization, showed enhanced transmigration across the rat BBB model (SV-ARBEC) in vitro. The rate of brain uptake of these sdAbs fused to mouse Fc (sdAb-mFc) in vivo was estimated using the fluorescent in situ brain perfusion (ISBP) technique followed by optical brain imaging and distribution volume evaluation. Compared to the brains perfused with the negative control A20.1-mFc, the brains perfused with anti-IGF1R sdAbs showed a significant increase of the total fluorescence intensity (~2-fold, p < .01) and the distribution volume (~4-fold, p < .01). The concentration curve for IGF1R4-mFc demonstrated a linear accumulation plateauing at approximately 400 µg (~1 µM), suggesting a saturable mechanism of transport. Capillary depletion and mass spectrometry analyses of brain parenchyma post-ISBP confirmed the IGF1R4-mFc brain uptake with ~25% of the total amount being accumulated in the parenchymal fraction in contrast to undetectable levels of A20.1-mFc after a 5-min perfusion protocol. Systemic administration of IGF1R4-mFc fused with the non-BBB crossing analgesic peptide galanin (2 and 5 mg/kg) induced a dose-dependent suppression of thermal hyperalgesia in the Hargreaves pain model. In conclusion, novel anti-IGF1R sdAbs showed receptor-mediated brain uptake with pharmacologically effective parenchymal delivery of non-permeable neuroactive peptides.
<title>Switchable holograms for displays and other applications</title> (1998)

Switchable holograms exhibit an electrically controllable diffraction efficiency. Such devices form the building blocks for several applications under active consideration, including optical image and information displays. Several demanding requirements are placed on switchable holograms for these applications, such as high diffraction efficiency, wide on/off dynamic range, low optical scatter, low switching voltage and power consumption, high speed, uniformity and repeatability, low cost, and manufacturability. We describe the challenges and progress in meeting these goals in a single-step photopolymer/liquid crystal composite system. We also discuss the multiple uses of this material and potential applications.
Aspartate Aminotransferase Increases in Crevicular Fluid During Experimental Periodontitis in Beagle Dogs (1984)

A ligature-induced periodontitis model employing the beagle dog was used to study the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in crevicular fluid before and after ligation. A significant increase in AST level occurred in crevicular fluid 2 weeks after ligation whereas no increase of enzyme was found in serum. Enzyme levels in crevicular fluid were 10- to 100-fold higher than in serum. Dental plaque did not appear to be the source of the enzyme. Since aspartate aminotransferase has been documented as a marker of cellular injury arising during heart disease and liver disease, this study suggests that aspartate aminotransferase, in like fashion, reflects cellular damage arising from active periodontal disease.
<b>Tachycardia Detection by Antitachycardia Devices</b>: Present Limitations and Future Strategies (1994)

Early experience with three generations of implantable devices has demonstrated the need to further refine the accuracy of automated rhythm analysis. Although initial experience with commercially utilized morphological waveform analysis has been disappointing, other time and frequency domain electrogram features have been developed and show potential promise for future devices. While single chamber algorithms for rate and rate variations have theoretical appeal because of their limited power demands, practical experience has demonstrated that inaccurate arrhythmia diagnosis continues to occur by antitachycardia devices that utilize them. Technological advancement in hardware manufacturing and the design of increasingly more efficient software algorithms for tachycardia detection will continue to yield lower power digital circuitry, to increase device battery power and life, and to permit more and more accurate automated arrhythmia diagnosis and treatment by antitachycardia devices. Two chamber sensing has been available for decades in dual chamber antibradycardia pacemakers. The introduction of this technology into antitachycardia devices is not only inevitable but should dramatically improve the precision of diagnosis in future generation devices.
Correlation between depression of catabolite control of xylose metabolism and a defect in the phosphoenolpyruvate:mannose phosphotransferase system in Pediococcus halophilus (1989)

Pediococcus halophilus X-160 which lacks catabolite control by glucose was isolated from nature (soy moromi mash). Wild-type strains, in xylose-glucose medium, utilized glucose preferentially over xylose and showed diauxic growth. With wild-type strain I-13, xylose isomerase activity was not induced until glucose was consumed from the medium. Strain X-160, however, utilized xylose concurrently with glucose and did not show diauxic growth. In this strain, xylose isomerase was induced even in the presence of glucose. Glucose transport activity in intact cells of strain X-160 was less than 10% of that assayed in strain I-13. Determinations of glycolytic enzymes did not show any difference responsible for the unique behavior of strain X-160, but the rate of glucose-6-phosphate formation with phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) as a phosphoryl donor in permeabilized cells was less than 10% of that observed in the wild type. Starved P. halophilus I-13 cells contained the glycolytic intermediates 3-phosphoglycerate, 2-phosphoglycerate, and PEP (PEP pool). These were consumed concomitantly with glucose or 2-deoxyglucose uptake but were not consumed with xylose uptake. The glucose transport system in P. halophilus was identified as a PEP:mannose phosphotransferase system on the basis of the substrate specificity of PEP pool-starved cells. It is concluded that, in P. halophilus, this system is functional as a main glucose transport system and that defects in this system may be responsible for the depression of glucose-mediated catabolite control.
&#x201C;Arc flash&#x201D; hazards, incident energy, PPE ratings and thermal burn injury - A deeper look (2015)

Tremendous resources are being invested in arc flash studies and personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect workers from “arc flash” hazards. In the flurry to comply with OSHA regulations and NFPA 70 and 70E Standards, real understanding of the arc hazard and incident energy may be lagging behind. The term “arc flash” does not adequately convey the range of potential arc hazards - light, pressure and heat transmission, as well as others. The term “arc flash” also fails to emphasize that arc flash injuries primarily arise from thermal burns, and that the risk of a potentially severe or fatal arc burn is often present when performing electrical work. Worker risk assessment and the appropriate PPE are represented as definitive quantities in “cal/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ;” however, the quantitative potential heat exposure and heat protection afforded by PPE are usually less precise than the assigned numerical value. Basic concepts of incident energy, PPE ratings and burn injury are also explored in this paper to help identify factors influencing the burn hazards posed by arcing faults in electrical power systems.
Similarity and Differences in the <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> Group Identified by Polyphasic Analysis and Comparative Genomics (2006)

A set of lactobacilli were investigated by polyphasic analysis. Multilocus sequence analysis, DNA typing, microarray analysis, and in silico whole-genome alignments provided a remarkably consistent pattern of similarity within the Lactobacillus acidophilus complex. On microarray analysis, 17 and 5% of the genes from Lactobacillus johnsonii strain NCC533 represented variable and strain-specific genes, respectively, when tested against four independent isolates of L. johnsonii. When projected on the NCC533 genome map, about 10 large clusters of variable genes were identified, and they were enriched around the terminus of replication. A quarter of the variable genes and two-thirds of the strain-specific genes were associated with mobile DNA. Signatures for horizontal gene transfer and modular evolution were found in prophages and in DNA from the exopolysaccharide biosynthesis cluster. On microarray hybridizations, Lactobacillus gasseri strains showed a shift to significantly lower fluorescence intensities than the L. johnsonii test strains, and only genes encoding very conserved cellular functions from L. acidophilus hybridized to the L. johnsonii array. In-silico comparative genomics showed extensive protein sequence similarity and genome synteny of L. johnsonii with L. gasseri, L. acidophilus, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii; moderate synteny with Lactobacillus casei; and scattered X-type sharing of protein sequence identity with the other sequenced lactobacilli. The observation of a stepwise decrease in similarity between the members of the L. acidophilus group suggests a strong element of vertical evolution in a natural phylogenetic group. Modern whole-genome-based techniques are thus a useful adjunct to the clarification of taxonomical relationships in problematic bacterial groups.
Magnetic properties of a metastable Sm-Fe phase synthesized by selectively thermalized sputtering (1984)

Samples of the Sm-Fe system have been directly crystallized onto heated substrates by selectively thermalized sputtering. Films of the pure Sm-Fe system exhibit only the 1–2, 1–3, and 2–17 phases which correspond to the bulk system. But samples synthesized with certain third element additions of oxygen and titanium exhibit a metastable phase at a composition corresponding to a 1–5 Sm–Fe compound. These samples exhibit well defined and reasonable sharp x-ray diffraction patterns. Room-temperature intrinsic coercive forces of 6.2 kOe and static energy products of 5.5 MG Oe have been observed. These results are for the demagnetizing field in the plane of the thin film samples and no demagnetizing factor has been used in obtaining the inplane B field. Samples synthesized in the presence of an inplane magnetic field at 600 °C exhibit an inplane anisotropy which indicates the Curie point of this Ti-stabilized SmFe5 phase should be greater than 600 °C. Film samples of the pure Sm-Fe system which do not show a metastable phase generally have low intrinsic coercive forces and consequently low energy products.
Development of catheters for combined intravascular ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging (2009)

Coronary atherosclerosis is a complex disease accompanied by the development of plaques in the arterial wall. Since the vulnerability of the plaques depends on their composition, the appropriate treatment of the arteriosclerosis requires a reliable characterization of the plaques' geometry and content. The intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging is capable of providing structural details of the plaques as well as some functional information. In turn, more functional information about the same plaques can be obtained from intravascular photoacoustic (IVPA) images since the optical properties of the plaque's components differ from that of their environment. The combined IVUS/IVPA imaging is capable of simultaneously detecting and differentiating the plaques, thus determining their vulnerability. The potential of combined IVUS/IVPA imaging has already been demonstrated in phantoms and ex-vivo experiments. However, for in-vivo or clinical imaging, an integrated IVUS/IVPA catheter is required. In this paper, we introduce two prototypes of integrated IVUS/IVPA catheters for in-vivo imaging based on a commercially available single-element IVUS imaging catheter. The light delivery systems are developed using multimode optical fibers with custom-designed distal tips. Both prototypes were tested and compared using an arterial mimicking phantom. The advantages and limitations of both designs are discussed. Overall, the results of our studies suggest that both designs of integrated IVUS/IVPA catheter have a potential for in-vivo IVPA/IVUS imaging of atherosclerotic plaques.
Optical delay line matched filters (1978)

Two multimode optical fibers connected mutually at several locations along their lengths can act as an encoding or decoding structure depending on which terminals are used for the input/output of the data. It is shown that two multicoupled lines have one input which acts as the matched filter for another input, thus enabling easy correlation of data in real time. The performance of such a structure was simulated on a digital computer and the results are discussed.
Holographic deconvolution microscopy for high-resolution particle tracking (2011)

Rayleigh-Sommerfeld back-propagation can be used to reconstruct the three-dimensional light field responsible for the recorded intensity in an in-line hologram. Deconvolving the volumetric reconstruction with an optimal kernel derived from the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld propagator itself emphasizes the objects responsible for the scattering pattern while suppressing both the propagating light and also such artifacts as the twin image. Bright features in the deconvolved volume may be identified with such objects as colloidal spheres and nanorods. Tracking their thermally-driven Brownian motion through multiple holographic video images provides estimates of the tracking resolution, which approaches 1 nm in all three dimensions.
Field Emission Study of Carbon Nanotubes: High Current Density From Nanotube Bundle Arrays (2004)

We have investigated the field emission behavior of lithographically patterned bundles of multiwalled carbon nanotubes arranged in a variety of array geometries. Such arrays of nanotube bundles are found to perform significantly better in field emission than arrays of isolated nanotubes or dense, continuous mats of nanotubes, with the field emission performance depending on the bundle diameter and inter-bundle spacing. Arrays of 2-μm diameter nanotube bundles spaced 5 μm apart (edge-to-edge spacing) produced the largest emission densities, routinely giving 1.5 to 1.8 A/cm2 at ∼ 4 V/μm electric field, and >6 A/cm2 at 20 V/μm.
Long wavelength InAs/InAsSb superlattice barrier infrared detectors with p-type absorber quantum efficiency enhancement (2021)

We studied long and very long wavelength InAs/InAsSb superlattice barrier infrared detectors that contain p-type absorber layers in order to take advantage of the longer electron diffusion length for quantum efficiency (QE) enhancement. While they can achieve higher QE than devices that use only n-type absorbers, their dark current characteristics are affected by the presence of metallurgical and surface p–n junctions, and are best operated under lower biasing conditions where the tunneling dark currents are less pronounced. Rather than using a p-type absorber only, a barrier infrared detector structure with a combination of p- and n-type absorber sections can benefit from a shallower mesa etch that reduces fabrication demands and also decreases the p-type absorber exposed surface area. We compare four complementary barrier infrared detector structures that use an n-type absorber, a combination of p- and n-type absorbers, or a p-type absorber and briefly report results from a 13.3 μm cutoff focal plane array.
Numerical technique for shaping reflecting surfaces to synthesize antenna patterns (1981)

Algorithms for shaping offset dual reflector antenna surfaces are presented which use small areas of optimally tilted conic sections reported by Y. Mizugutch for starting up a numerical synthesis of reflector surfaces. A new ray ratio squared method is described for the precise control of antenna aperture amplitude distributions.
Low-complexity noise-resilient recovery of phase and amplitude from defocused intensity images (2012)

A low-complexity augmented Kalman filter is proposed to efficiently recover the phase from a series of noisy intensity images. The proposed method is robust to noise, has low complexity, and may enable real-time phase recovery.
A 7&#x2013;21GHz Planar Ultrawideband Modular Array (2010)

This paper presents the Planar Ultrawideband Modular Array (PUMA), a fully planar implementation of Wheeler's current sheet requiring no feed organizers or external baluns, that can be fabricated entirely using standard planar microwave circuit processes. This allows for low-cost aperture fabrication, high volume production and frequency scalability. The unique feed arrangement of PUMA allows for a modular egg-crate construction, with direct connection to standard 50Ω interfaces, and low profile (~ λ/3 at its highest frequency). Predicted dual-polarized infinite array performance has demonstrated a 3:1 bandwidth (7-21GHz) and scanning with VSWR <; 2.2 out to θ = 45° in all planes. Measurements of a 16x16x2 array are currently in progress.
Development of an Ocular and Craniofacial Trauma Treatment Training System (2013)

Abstract : A novel simulator of ocular and facial trauma is being developed to support the training and skills maintenance of eye surgeons and first responders who are likely to face injuries to the face and eyes. It combines physical anatomical modules with instrument tracking sensors and a data acquisition, scoring and feedback system. During the second year of the program, the standalone version of the simulator reached a nearly complete state, with a new physical structure, upgraded surgical instrument interfaces, an augmented reality surgical microscope, and substantial improvements to the software architecture. The software includes revised content for teaching eyelid laceration repair, includes state machine structure for detecting surgical gestures and evaluating progress through the training scenario. The system was demoed again at the annual USUHS ocular trauma course, at which performance data from an additional cohort of participants was collected. A commercial mannequin-based simulator was acquired and modifications of software and hardware have begun to attach an eye/face trauma head to the mannequin for medic training. Posters and oral presentations about the system have been given in local and national conferences/workshops. Options for commercialization continue to be investigated.
Recent development of treated clays for geosynthetic clay liners and barriers systems (2012)

Geosynthetic Clay Liners (GCLs) are largely used for the isolation of pollutants because of their particularly low hydraulic conductivity to water. However, prolonged exposure of the clay to polluted liquids can drastically increase their hydraulic conductivity, with a consequent enormous damage to the environment. To overcome this problem, modified clays have been recently introduced in barrier applications to improve their chemical resistance to aggressive permeants. Some examples are: Organoclays, MSB, Trisoplast, HY-PER clay, DPH GCL, SW101, BPN. In view of pollutant containment applications, it is of great interest to evaluate the potential benefits of these treated clays, their transport parameters, and to evaluate the treatment techniques more suitable to preserve the sealing performance in the long term. This paper provides an overview of recent advancement in this field.
Simultaneously gain-flattened and gain-clamped erbium fiber amplifier (2009)

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a simple erbium amplifier module based on an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and an erbium-doped waveguide amplifier (EDWA) in serial, having gain-flatted (GF) and gain-clamped (GC) functions simultaneously. In first proposed GF amplifier scheme, the maximum gain variation of 2.5 dB can be observed in the effective range of 1528 to 1562 nm and the entire gains are above 35 dB with the input signal power of −30 dBm. Hence, we investigate second scheme by optical feedback method in the proposed fiber amplifier achieving gain-flattened (GF) and gain-clamped (GC) efficiencies simultaneously. Thus, the maximum gain variations of ±0.8 and ±1.8 dB can be obtained in the operating range of 1530 to 1564 nm, when the input signal powers are −16 and −40 dBm, respectively. Moreover, the dynamic gain profile can be adjusted and dynamic input power range is also measured based on the proposed GF and GC fiber amplifier.
Uncovering the Mechanism of Aggregation of Human Transthyretin (2015)

The tetrameric thyroxine transport protein transthyretin (TTR) forms amyloid fibrils upon dissociation and monomer unfolding. The aggregation of transthyretin has been reported as the cause of the life-threatening transthyretin amyloidosis. The standard treatment of familial cases of TTR amyloidosis has been liver transplantation. Although aggregation-preventing strategies involving ligands are known, understanding the mechanism of TTR aggregation can lead to additional inhibition approaches. Several models of TTR amyloid fibrils have been proposed, but the segments that drive aggregation of the protein have remained unknown. Here we identify β-strands F and H as necessary for TTR aggregation. Based on the crystal structures of these segments, we designed two non-natural peptide inhibitors that block aggregation. This work provides the first characterization of peptide inhibitors for TTR aggregation, establishing a novel therapeutic strategy.
Functionalized <i>N</i>‐aryl azetidinones as novel mechanism‐based inhibitors of neutrophil elastase (1991)

A functionalized N-aryl azetidinone has been shown to inactivate human leukocyte elastase (HLE) and porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) by an enzyme-mediated process. The inactivation is characterized by the following kinetic constants at pH 8.0 and 37 degrees C: kinact = 0.035 s-1, KI = 1.2 x 10(-4) M for HLE, 0.08 s-1 and 2.7 x 10(-4) M for PPE, respectively. Two parent molecules devoid of the latent leaving group failed to inactivate HLE and PPE and behaved as substrates of these enzymes. A suicide mechanism is postulated involving the formation of an acyl-enzyme and the simultaneous unmasking of a latent quinonimmonium methide ion which irreversibly reacts with an active site nucleophile. Moreover, the inhibitor is still effective at inhibiting elastase preabsorbed onto elastin.