gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photochemical method for generating superoxide radicals (O[sub 2][sup [minus]]) in aqueous solutions (1980)

A photochemical method and apparatus are described for generating superoxide radicals (O[sub 2][sup [minus]]) in an aqueous solution by means of a vacuum-ultraviolet lamp of simple design. The lamp is a microwave powered rare gas device that emits far-ultraviolet light. The lamp includes an inner loop of high purity quartz tubing through which flows an oxygen-saturated sodium formate solution. The inner loop is designed so that the solution is subjected to an intense flux of far-ultraviolet light. This causes the solution to photodecompose and form the product radical (O[sub 2][sup [minus]]). 9 figs.
Self‐assembled copper‐capillary alginate gel scaffolds with oligochitosan support embryonic stem cell growth (2006)

Biomaterial scaffolds are fundamental components of strategies aimed at engineering a wide range of tissues. Scaffolds possessing uniform, oriented microtubular architectures could be ideal for multiple tissues, but are challenging to produce. Therefore, we developed hydrogel scaffolds possessing regular, tubular microstructures from self-assembled copper-capillary alginate gel (CCAG). To abrogate the rapid dissolution of CCAG in cell culture media, we treated it with oligochitosan and created a stable oligochitosan-CCAG (OCCAG) polyelectrolyte complex. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed polyelectrolyte complexation between alginate and oligochitosan. OCCAG retained capillary morphology, shrank anisotropically in bulk, lost Cu(2+) ions, and maintained (71.9 +/- 5.65)% of its mass in cell culture media. Next, we seeded mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells within OCCAG scaffolds, and examined cell morphology and quantified cell growth and viability over four days. ES cells were guided to form cylindrical structures of staggered cells within scaffold capillaries. Analysis of the total cells recovered from the scaffolds revealed exponential cell growth (normalized to day 0) that was statistically similar to gelatinized-plate controls. OCCAG-cultured ES cell viability was also not significantly different from controls at day 4. CCAG-derived scaffolds can therefore serve as a unique platform for stem cell-based tissue engineering.
Dynamics of deletion genotypes in an experimental insect virus population (2005)

Defective viruses, that are deficient in certain essential genes, are maintained in the population by trans-complementation, exploiting the gene products of complete genotypes in co-infected cells. This process becomes prevalent only when cells are frequently infected by several virus particles, and only then will the fitness of defective viruses be subjected to frequency-dependent selection. Deletion variants that are not infectious per os are present in a multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV, Baculoviridae) that infects the fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda. These variants enhance the pathogenicity and, therefore, the likelihood of transmission of the virus when co-infecting cells with complete genotypes, resulting in occlusion bodies (OBs) that may contain both genotypes co-occluded. Mixtures of complete (B) and defective (C) variants in ratios of 90% B+10% C, 50% B+50% C and 10% B+90% C were used to inoculate by injection S. frugiperda larvae. Viral OBs extracted from diseased insects were subjected to four or five successive rounds of per os infection. Following successive passages, genotype frequencies in all three experimental populations converged to a single equilibrium frequency comprising approximately 20% of deletion genotype C and approximately 80% of complete genotype B. This mirrors the relative proportions of deletion (22%) and complete (78%) genotypes observed in the wild-type SfMNPV population. The pathogenicity of experimental populations at the final passage was not significantly different from that of the wild-type isolate. In contrast, OBs of all genotype mixtures were significantly more pathogenic than OBs of genotype B alone. A population genetics model, in which virus populations were assigned linear frequency-dependent transmissibility values, was in remarkably close agreement to empirical data. Clearly, non-infectious deletion variants can profoundly affect the likelihood of transmission and the genetic structure and stability of virus populations.
<title>Efficient wavelet compression for images of arbitrary size</title> (1996)

Wavelet compression for arbitrary size images is discussed. So far, wavelet compression has dealt with restricted size images, such as 2<SUP>n</SUP> X 2<SUP>m</SUP>. I propose practical and efficient methods of wavelet transform for arbitrary size images, i.e. method of extension to F (DOT) 2<SUP>m</SUP> and method of extension to even numbers at each decomposition. I applied them to 'Mona Lisa' with the size of 137 X 180. The two methods showed almost the same calculation time for both encoding and decoding. The encoding times were 0.83 s and 0.79 s, and the decoding times were 0.60 s and 0.57 s, respectively. The difference in bit-rates was attributed to the difference in the interpolation of the edge data of the image.
The role of erbB-2 and its ligands in growth control of malignant breast epithelium. (1991)

A wealth of recently derived information has strongly implicated the protooncogene erbB-2 (also termed HER-2 or neu) and its protein product as critically involved in human breast cancer as well as other important epithelial malignancies. Because of its substantial homology with the EGF receptor, erbB-2 has long been assumed to encode a growth factor receptor, although until recently definitive identification of ligand(s) has remained elusive. Both in a mutated form and when overexpressed in a non-mutated form, erbB-2 is capable of inducing malignant transformation of many target cells including immortalized breast epithelium. We have recently identified and purified a 30 kDa size growth factor secreted by some human breast cancer cells. The factor is related to transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) in its ability to bind to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (though with about 10 fold lower apparent affinity), its ability to phosphorylate EGF receptor and its ability to induce cloning of normal rat kidney (NRK) fibroblasts. However, it is distinct from TGF-alpha as determined by peptide mapping and its ability to induce activation of erbB-2. TGF-alpha and EGF are incapable of directly inducing phosphorylation of erbB-2. However, in a variety of spontaneously occurring tumor cells as well as cell lines transfected with erbB-2 prepared in our laboratory, 30 kDa glycoprotein (gp30) is capable of inducing direct phosphorylation of erbB-2. The ability to induce phosphorylation of erbB-2 is not inhibited by an anti-EGF receptor blocking antibody. In cells that overexpress erbB-2, the gp30 low concentrations is stimulatory of both standard mitogenesis assays and in clonogenic assays. At higher concentrations, the ligand is growth inhibitory in both of these assays. Because of the ability of gp30 to compete for binding with antibodies directed against erbB-2 which inhibit growth, the gp30 ligand is capable of reversing antibody-induced inhibition of growth. In addition, the gp30 ligand can overcome inhibitory effects seen in cells which overexpress erbB-2 which are induced by extracellular domain fragments of the erbB-2 receptor, once again suggesting a specific pathway of action for the gp30 ligand mediated for interaction with erbB-2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Stable 293 T and CHO cell lines expressing cleaved, stable HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimers for structural and vaccine studies (2014)

The BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer-expressing cell lines yield proteins of an appropriate quality for structural studies and animal immunogenicity experiments. The methodology is suitable for making similar lines under Good Manufacturing Practice conditions, to produce trimers for human clinical trials. Moreover, any env gene can be incorporated into this vector system, allowing the manufacture of SOSIP trimers from multiple genotypes, either by transient transfection or from stable cell lines.
Fluorescence and reflectance of crop residue and soil (1993)

ABSTRACT: An assessment of fluorescence and reflectance sensing technology for detecting crop residues from soils was conducted under laboratory conditions. Residue samples from five crop species (corn, cotton, peanut, soybean, and wheat) and four soils with different color and albedo were tested. The studies were conducted under wet and dry conditions. Residues had consistently higher fluorescence emission in a band from 415–550 nm than did soils. Reflectance of the same materials indicated that certain residues can be distinguished from certain soils. Many crop residues were significantly higher or lower in reflectance than several soils. Other residues and soils could not be readily distinguished from each other on the basis of a single reflectance band. Nevertheless, discrimination of many crop residues from soil by reflectance could be possible by calibrating the threshold of discrimination for each soil and crop residue combination. A vegetation index, calculated from integrations of red and near infrared reflectance wavelengths, simulating the bands used on the current Landsat remote sensing satellite was also effective in distinguishing differences between many residue/soil combinations. Reflectance data simulating TM3 (630–690 nm) and TM4 (760–900 nm) Landsat satellite bands are reported. Other bands could be amenable to reflectance detection as well. These initial studies suggest that fluorescence and reflectance sensing techniques for determining crop residue coverage are feasible and should be developed further.
A bootstrapped switch for precise sampling of inputs with signal range beyond supply voltage (2006)

Bootstrapped switches are used in a variety of applications including DC-DC converters, pipelined analog-to-digital converters and high voltage switches and drivers. Current work on highly integrated power management applications often requires the ability to measure voltage quantities that exceed the supply voltage in magnitude. This is primarily due to a basic need to maximize efficiency by running the power management IC on as low supply voltage as possible, while still maintaining the ability to sample and measure quantities from the surroundings that could well exceed the battery voltage. In this paper a new bootstrapped switch is presented. The switch enables the precise sampling of input signals well greater than the chip supply voltage with no static power consumption, and without activating on-chip parasitic body diodes. The bootstrapped switch, presented here, is designed to sample an input signal with a 0-5.5 V range at a supply voltage of 2.75 V. Measurement data shows functionality for a 0-6 V input signal range with a supply voltage as low as 1.2 V
Automated Quantification of Abnormal QRS Peaks From High‐Resolution ECGs Predicts Late Ventricular Arrhythmias in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A 5‐Year Prospective Multicenter Study (2022)

Background Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are at risk of ventricular arrhythmia (VA) attributed to abnormal electrical activation arising from myocardial fibrosis and myocyte disarray. We sought to quantify intra-QRS peaks (QRSp) in high-resolution ECGs as a measure of abnormal activation to predict late VA in patients with HCM. Methods and Results Prospectively enrolled patients with HCM (n=143, age 53±14 years) with prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators had 3-minute, high-resolution (1024 Hz), digital 12-lead ECGs recorded during intrinsic rhythm. For each precordial lead, QRSp was defined as the total number of peaks detected in the QRS complex that deviated from a smoothing filtered version of the QRS. The VA end point was appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy during 5-year prospective follow-up. After 5 years, 21 (16%) patients had VA. Patients who were VA positive had greater QRSp (6.0 [4.0-7.0] versus 4.0 [2.0-5.0]; <i>P</i><0.01) and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (57±11 versus 62±9; <i>P</i>=0.038) compared with patients who were VA negative, but had similar established HCM risk metrics. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that QRSp discriminated VA (area under the curve=0.76; <i>P</i><0.001), with a QRSp ≥4 achieving 91% sensitivity and 39% specificity. The annual VA rate was greater in patients with QRSp ≥4 versus QRSp <4 (4.4% versus 0.98%; <i>P</i>=0.012). In multivariable Cox regression, age <50 years (hazard ratio [HR], 2.53; <i>P</i>=0.009) and QRSp (HR per QRS peak, 1.41; <i>P</i>=0.009) predicted VA after adjusting for established HCM risk metrics. In patients aged <50 years, the annual VA rate was 0.0% for QRSp <4 compared with 6.9% for QRSp ≥4 (<i>P</i>=0.012). Conclusions QRSp predicted VA in patients with HCM who were eligible for an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator after adjusting for established HCM risk metrics, such that each additional QRS peak increases VA risk by 40%. QRSp <4 was associated with a <1% annual VA risk in all patients, and no VA risk among those aged <50 years. This novel ECG metric may improve patient selection for prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy by identifying those with low VA risk. These findings require further validation in a lower risk HCM cohort. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02560844.
Design, Synthesis, and SAR of New Pyrrole-Oxindole Progesterone Receptor Modulators Leading to 5-(7-Fluoro-3,3-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1<i>H</i>-indol-5-yl)-1-methyl-1<i>H</i>-pyrrole-2-carbonitrile (WAY-255348) (2008)

We have continued to explore the 3,3-dialkyl-5-aryloxindole series of progesterone receptor (PR) modulators looking for new agents to be used in female healthcare: contraception, fibroids, endometriosis, and certain breast cancers. Previously we reported that subtle structural changes with this and related templates produced functional switches between agonist and antagonist properties ( Fensome et al. Biorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2002, 12, 3487; 2003, 13, 1317 ). We herein report a new functional switch within the 5-(2-oxoindolin-5-yl)-1 H-pyrrole-2-carbonitrile class of compounds. We found that the size of the 3,3-dialkyl substituent is important for controlling the functional response; thus small groups (dimethyl) afford potent PR antagonists, whereas larger groups (spirocyclohexyl) are PR agonists. The product from our optimization activities in cell-based systems and also for kinetic properties in rodents and nonhuman primates was 5-(7-fluoro-3,3-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1 H-indol-5-yl)-1-methyl-1 H-pyrrole-2-carbonitrile 27 (WAY-255348), which demonstrated potent and robust activity on PR antagonist and contraceptive end points in the rat and also in cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys including ovulation inhibition, menses induction, and reproductive tract morphology.
Detection of woody breast condition in commercial broiler carcasses using image analysis (2021)

Image analysis could be an objective and rapid method to identify woody breast (WB) myopathy and benefit the global poultry industry. The objective of this study was to determine if there are conformational changes that can be used to detect WB characteristics in commercial broiler carcasses across strains, gender, and ages using image analysis. A total of 900 images of male and female broiler carcasses from commercial standard and high breast-yielding strains and 5 ages (6 through 10 wk) were captured before evisceration. These images were processed and analyzed using ImageJ software. Conformational measurements were M0: breast length; M1: breast width in the cranial region; M2: vertical line from the tip of keel to 1/5th of breast length; M3: breast width at the end of M2; M4: angle formed at the tip of keel and extending to outer points of M3; M5: area of the triangle formed by M3 and lines generated by M4; M6: area of the breast above M3; M7: M6 minus M5. Ratios of these measurements were also considered. Intact breast fillets were scored for WB severity based on tactile evaluation. Regardless of strain, sex, and age, M11 (M1/M0), M9 (M3/M2), and M4 had the highest correlation to WB score (r<sub>s</sub> ≥ 0.65; P < 0.01). Overall, the best validated model (Gen. R<sup>2</sup> = 0.61) to predict WB included M1, M2, and M3. Using this model, 91% of broiler carcasses were properly classified as normal or WB along with a sensitivity of 71% to detect affected carcasses. Although the predictive performance of models for detecting the WB condition using these measurements was associated with the broiler strain, sex, and age or live weight, these data also support the feasibility of using image analysis to predict WB defect in broiler carcasses. The possible integration of these image measurements into commercial noncontact, nondestructive, and fast in-line vision grading systems would allow processors to identify broilers with WB and potentially sort, provide large-scale information downstream to further processing operations and upstream to live production.
Vehicle logo super-resolution by canonical correlation analysis (2012)

Recognition of a vehicle make is of interest in the fields of law enforcement and surveillance. In this paper, we develop a canonical correlation analysis (CCA) based method for vehicle logo super-resolution to facilitate the recognition of the vehicle make. From a limited number of high-resolution logos, we populate the training dataset for each make using gamma transformations. Given a vehicle logo from low-resolution source (i.e., surveillance or traffic camera recordings), the learned models yield super-resolved results. By matching the low-resolution image and the generated high-resolution images, we select the final output that is closest to the low-resolution image in the histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) feature space. Experimental results show that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art super-resolution methods in qualitative and quantitative measures. Furthermore, the super-resolved logos help to improve the accuracy in the subsequent recognition tasks significantly.
InGaP/GaAs HBT RF power amplifier with compact ESD protection circuit (2004)

A 5.4-6.0 GHz InGaP/GaAs HBT power amplifier with a compact 2000 Vesd on-chip electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuit that has low loading capacitance of less than 0.1 pF and does not degrade RF and output power performance is presented for wireless LAN application. In contrast to the traditional diode string, a diode triggered Darlington pair is implemented as the ESD protection circuit. This summary discusses the operation principle, ESD protection performance and RF loading of the ESD protection circuit, and the power amplifier performance with this ESD protection circuit.
Threshold Gate-Based Circuits From Nanomagnetic Logic (2014)

This paper demonstrates the design of nanomagnetic logic (NML) gates with multiple weighted inputs, which are magnetic equivalents of threshold logic gates (TLGs). We use micromagnetic simulations to show that NML TLGs can be constructed with minimum overhead compared to standard NML gates, and they significantly reduce device footprint and interconnection complexity of magnetic logic circuits. As an example, we design a full adder circuit using said TLGs and compare its performance to majority-gate-based NML.
Reverse Concatenated Coded Modulation for High-Speed Optical Communication (2010)

We propose the reverse concatenated code as a forward error correction (FEC) scheme suitable for beyond 100-Gb/s optical transmission. In this scheme, BCH code is used as inner code and low-density parity-check (LDPC) code as outer code. The BCH decoder is implemented based on maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoding such as the BCJR/Ashikmin's algorithm, and an LDPC decoder is based on a min-sum-with-correction-term algorithm. Because maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoding is used as the inner decoder, it provides high accuracy reliabilities to be used in LDPC decoding. We show that proposed FEC scheme performs comparably with much longer LDPC codes of girth 12 for a smaller number of LDPC decoder iterations. Because the outer LDPC code is of medium length and the number of required iterations is low, the proposed concatenated scheme represents an interesting candidate to be used in beyond 100-Gb/s optical transmission. The net coding gain (NCG) of concatenated LDPC(16935,14819)-BCH(64,57) code is 9.62 dB at a bit error rate (BER) of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> , whereas the expected NCG at BER of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-13</sup> is 11.38 dB. This concatenated code outperforms the corresponding turbo-product counterpart with a Chase II decoding algorithm by 0.94 dB at BER of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> .
Direct stacking of sequence-specific nuclease-induced mutations to produce high oleic and low linolenic soybean oil (2016)

The methods presented here provide an efficient means for using sequence-specific nucleases to stack quality traits in soybean. The resulting product comprised oleic acid levels above 80 % and linoleic and linolenic acid levels below 3 %.
High-mobility High-Ge-Content Si<inf>1&#x2212;x</inf>Ge<inf>x</inf>-OI PMOS FinFETs with fins formed using 3D germanium condensation with Ge fraction up to x&#x223C; 0.7, scaled EOT&#x223C;8.5&#x00C5; and &#x223C;10nm fin width (2015)

We demonstrate scaled High-Ge-Content (HGC) SiGe-OI finFET with Ge up to 71%, using a CMOS-compatible approach. For the first time, aggressively scaled HGC relatively-tall fins with vertical sidewalls and sub-10nm widths have been demonstrated using an enhanced 3D-Ge-condensation technique. An improved Si-cap-free HK/MG process featuring optimized IL has been developed resulting in scaled EOT and impressive long channel SS=69mV/dec. The gate stack results in realization of enhancement-mode devices for Ge content ~0.6. Moreover, long-channel mobility characteristics at scaled EOT as well as short-channel pMOS FinFETs with decent cut-off behavior and performance are demonstrated, for the first time. As a result, we report the highest HGC SiGe pMOS FinFET mobility of ~300cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Vs at N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">inv</sub> =10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">13</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> at scaled EOT=0.85nm.
Temporally Consistent Superpixels (2013)

Super pixel algorithms represent a very useful and increasingly popular preprocessing step for a wide range of computer vision applications, as they offer the potential to boost efficiency and effectiveness. In this regards, this paper presents a highly competitive approach for temporally consistent super pixels for video content. The approach is based on energy-minimizing clustering utilizing a novel hybrid clustering strategy for a multi-dimensional feature space working in a global color subspace and local spatial subspaces. Moreover, a new contour evolution based strategy is introduced to ensure spatial coherency of the generated super pixels. For a thorough evaluation the proposed approach is compared to state of the art super voxel algorithms using established benchmarks and shows a superior performance.