gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preventing and Treating Disease in Term of Constitution System (2010)

Constitution is composed of congenital and acquired inherent relatively stable personal feature that morphological structure function activities,and is related to psychological character.In order to improve public health level,in time of preventing the disease and promoting disease rehabilitation,we must think over constitution .This article is talking about disease prevention and treatment for the reference of the readers.
A β-Cyclodextrin “Click Cluster” Decorated with Seven Paramagnetic Chelates Containing Two Water Exchange Sites (2008)

The development of novel macromolecular contrast agents that offer enhanced relaxivity profiles at high magnetic fields have the potential to greatly improve the diagnosis, understanding, and treatment of disease. To this end, we have designed a monodiperse paramagnetic beta-cyclodextrin click cluster decorated with seven paramagnetic arms. A novel alkyne-functionalized diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid (DTTA) chelate (6) has been created and coupled to a per-azido-beta-cyclodextrin core (7) to yield the precursor macromolecule (8). After removal of the protecting groups and titrating with Gd (3+), the final paramagnetic click cluster, Gd10, was obtained. Luminescence measurements were carried out in H 2O and D 2O on an analogous structure, Eu10, and indicated that at each lanthanide has an average of 1.8 water exchange sites, which is important for enhancing relaxivity and MRI resolution. This discrete paramagnetic click cluster yields a high relaxivity profile (43.4 mM (-1) s (-1) per molecule and 6.2 mM (-1) s (-1) per Gd (3+) at 9.4 T) and enhanced contrast on a human MRI scanner as compared to a commercial agent, Magnevist (3.2 mM (-1) s (-1) at 9.4 T). Moreover, the useful inclusion properties exhibited by beta-cyclodextrin also make this an excellent host scaffold to functionalize via noncovalent assembly with receptor specific targeting moieties for biomolecular imaging.
[Reconstruction of the medial collateral ligament of the knee in rats using a free autogeneic transplant of fascia lata, ligament or tendon]. (1994)

After resecting the lateral collateral ligament of the knee in 56 male mature rats, the authors replaced it by an autogenous transplant of the same size, made of fascia lata, ligament or patellar tendon. The authors then studied this transplant after an evolution of 2 days to 5 1/2 months. This lapse of time can be divided into three stages: an initial stage (first week), marked by transplant necrosis and acute inflammation--an early stage (from the second to the fourth week), which shows the migration of the cells from the host to the transplant and the rebuilding of collagen fibers. Tissues with a loose, extensible, but weak texture, such as the fascia lata, are totally colonized by the fibroblasts. Tissues with a dense, strong, but less extensible texture, as the patellar tendon, are soon destroyed and recolonized at the periphery, whereas their center is destroyed and recolonized by fibroblasts later and more irregularly--a late phase of consolidation (from the second to the fifth month), which shows the rebuilding of a dense collagen network and its reorientation. In fascia lata transplants, this new collagen is homogeneous and is made of parallel bundles. In tendon transplants, the network is not homogeneous. It has a persistent nodular aspect at the periphery and well-oriented bundles, separated by calcified or granulomatous foci at the center. In the case of ligament transplants, the new collagen network shows an intermediate aspect between the two described above. The weakest regular connective tissues are the best for ligamentoplasties, and tendons are the worst.
Oxidant‐Free Alcohol Dehydrogenation Using a Reusable Hydrotalcite‐Supported Silver Nanoparticle Catalyst (2007)

Additive free: Hydrotalcite-supported silver nanoparticles act as a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the dehydrogenation of diverse alcohols (see picture) in the absence of any acceptors such as molecular oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, or unsaturated organic compounds. The solid Ag catalyst was readily reusable without any loss of activity and selectivity. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2008/z703161_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The contribution of N-glycans and their processing in the endoplasmic reticulum to glycoprotein biosynthesis (2003)

The attachment of N-glycans to nascent glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is intimately related to glycoprotein biogenesis. Processing of N-linked oligosaccharides begins in the ER and participates in glycoprotein folding and assembly. The elucidation of N-glycan processing mechanisms in the ER is uncovering their role in glycoprotein biosynthesis.
T-cell receptor variable region gene usage in T-cell populations. (1986)

We have examined T-cell receptor alpha- and beta-chain variable (V) region gene usage in T-cell populations predicted to have different major histocompatibility complex-restriction specificities. Using a sensitive ribonuclease protection assay to measure T-cell receptor mRNA levels, we found no striking differences in the usage of three V alpha genes and three V beta genes in T-cell populations from three congeneic H-2-disparate strains of mice and between the mutually exclusive Ly2+ L3T4- and Ly2- L3T4+ T-cell subpopulations. These results suggest that major histocompatibility complex restriction cannot be explained by the differential usage of nonoverlapping V alpha or V beta gene pools. In contrast, striking but unpredictable differences were seen in V gene usage in populations of T cells selected by activation with particular alloantigens.
Niedermolekulares poly(β‐hydroxybutyrat). Herstllung und anwendungen (1988)

Abstract Niedermolekulares Poly(β‐hydroxybutyrat) (PHB) kann durch kontrollierte Hydrolyse des auf biotechnologischem Wege hergestellten Polymeren erhalten werden. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten des Kettenabbaus wurden in verschiedenen 85prozentigen Säuren bei 90 und 100°C bestimmt. Aus den so erhaltenen PHB‐Fraktionen im Molmassenbereich von 3000 – 500000 wurden Matrixtabletten hergestellt. Es wird gezeigt, daß der Retardeffekt stark von der Molmasse des verwendeten Polymeren abhängt.
An Experimental Study on Resisting Force of Scaffolding Frames using Buckled Pipe (2006)

There are many structural problems when the scaffolding frame is applied to a construction site contractor may use a used pipe or buckled pipe which they lended them from commercial firms without any inspection of those materials even though they have been used and exposed to weather for a long times. Therefore, they should be checked of their current capacity, comparing with the original one so that construction contractor can apply their capacity to a temporary frame depending on the site situation against collapsion of those. This study is mainly focused on the behavior of a scaffolding frame using prebuckled pipes. Additionally, standard frame with bracing and without bracing case are also tested for comparing with the prebuckled case. Prebuckled case has its capacity less approximately 20 % than the standard frame.
Alternative Land Uses within Flood Affected Areas, Eastern Creek Floodplain, NSW Australia (1989)

Approximately 56% of the 2000 ha of a Riverstone NSW land holding is inundated by the 100 year flood event. Whilst historically the flood prone land of the investigated site has only been under rural land use, the purpose of the study has been to identify the range of potential landuses which are permissible under existing state government policy on flood prone development. Flooding of the site occurs by two mechanisms; one due to local catchment flooding and the other resulting from backing-up of floodwaters from Windsor during Hawkesbury River flooding. After consideration of the types of flooding which occur from both these mechanisms, flood hazard zones are defined. Through application of the government guidelines the constraints on potential development within each zone are identified. This indicates that in addition to the traditional rural uses a range of other uses including residential, commercial, industrial and recreational uses are appropriate over significant areas of the site.
Improving disk cache hit-ratios through cache partitioning (1992)

An adaptive algorithm for managing fully associative cache memories shared by several identifiable processes is presented. The on-line algorithm extends an earlier model due to H.S. Stone et al. (1989) and partitions the cache storage in disjoint blocks whose sizes are determined by the locality of the processes accessing the cache. Simulation results of traces for 32-MB disk caches show a relative improvement in the overall and read hit-ratios in the range of 1% to 2% over those generated by a conventional least recently used replacement algorithm. The analysis of a queuing network model shows that such an increase in hit-ratio in a system with a heavy throughput of I/O requests can provide a significant decrease in disk response time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Note on the Energy Release Rate in Quasi-Static Elastic Crack Propagation (1981)

This paper considers analytical issues associated with the notion of the energy release rate in quasi-static elastic crack propagation.
A novel, zeolite-encapsulated μ3-oxo Co/Mn cluster catalyst for oxidation of para-xylene to terephthalic acid (2001)

Trinuclear, μ3-oxo mixed metal acetato complexes, [CoMn2(μ3-O)(MeCO2)6(py) 3] (py = pyridine) encapsulated in zeolite HY, exhibit high catalytic efficiency in the selective aerial oxidation of para-xylene to terephthalic acid; interestingly, the formation of 4-carboxybenzaldehyde, the worrisome impurity in the conventional process, is suppressed significantly over these solid catalysts.
Hypothalamus warming for ischemia protection (2001)

An emerging neuroprotectant therapy for stroke is mild hypothermia, defined as reducing core temperature by 2-4 °C for 24-48 hours. However, patients must be anesthetized to overcome their thermoregulatory response, resulting in complications and an inability to assess their developing condition. We are designing a system to treat awake patients by warming the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (POAH) using microwave energy. The POAH acts as a thermostat, and warming has been shown in animals to elicit core and brain temperature reductions. A catheter containing a directional antenna will be placed in the nasal cavity proximate to the POAH and will warm it 2 °C through absorption of microwave energy. An integrated surface cooling system will increase the distance from the catheter at which tissue temperature is elevated. This revolutionary method could provide physicians with a minimally invasive means of improving the outcome of patients suffering brain ischemia due to stroke. In this paper, will describe the theoretical prediction of temperature distribution as well as the initial evaluation of the applicator in a pig model.
Optimizing Latency, Energy, and Reliability of 1T1R ReRAM Through Cross-Layer Techniques (2016)

Resistive RAM (ReRAM) has fast access time, ultra-low stand-by power and high reliability, making it a viable memory technology to replace DRAM in main memory. The 1-transistor-1-resistor (1T1R) ReRAM array has density comparable to that of a DRAM array and the advantages of lower programming energy and higher reliability compared to the ReRAM cross-point array. However, 1T1R ReRAM array has significantly lower lifetime compared to a DRAM array. In this paper, we show how cross-layer techniques can be used to improve reliability of 1T1R array with minimum latency and energy cost. At the circuit level, we show how voltage settings (pulse amplitude and pulse width) of word-line (WL), bit-line (BL), and source-line (SL) can be used to lower latency, lower energy consumption and improve reliability. We also show how appropriate choice of voltage settings can help reduce retention and endurance errors while minimizing energy. At the architecture level, we propose a new bit-flipping scheme that helps reduce the Bit Error Rate (BER) even further. We show how application of circuit-level and architecture-level techniques makes it possible to achieve a lifetime of 10 years with a simple BCH (t=2) code. Finally, we evaluate the system-level performances of a 1GB ReRAM and 1GB DRAM memory system using CACTI and GEM5. Simulation results using SPEC CPU INT 2006 and DaCapo-9.12 benchmarks show that the proposed ReRAM based main memory can improve Instruction Per Cycle (IPC) by 5.2% and energy by up to 72% compared to a DRAM memory system.
ChemInform Abstract: MEZLOCILLIN: A PENICILLIN FROM THE ACYLUREIDO SERIES. SYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (1983)

Abstract Durch Acylierung von Ampicillin (II) mit dem Chlorcarbonylimidazolidinon (Ic) erhält man die Mezlocillinsäure (IIIa), aus der das Mezlocillin‐natrium‐ Salz (IIIb) hergestellt wird.
A soft-switching active rectifier using a concept of magnetic energy recovery switch (2010)

Converters using active switches can improve harmonic components of input current and power factor. Moreover, these converters contribute to the footprint downsizing. However, increase of switching losses and EMI due to high frequency switching is one challenge of these types of converters. This paper proposes a new active rectifier circuit topology, which can reduce the switching losses and EMI with soft-switching. Design principles were described. Experimental results confirmed that the proposed circuit has high efficiency with high power factor and low current harmonics. Additionally, the results show that there is a trade-off between loss and harmonics performance.
Image processing of medical radiographs for single image display (1997)

There are two reasons for the processing of medical images. First, the image processing should increase the likelihood that a physician will make the correct diagnosis from the image, and, second, the result should increase the efficiency and thereby lower the cost of the process of diagnosis. Each missed diagnosis is a lost opportunity for the patient to get well faster. Each inefficiency added by layers of image processing increases the cost to the health care system which is already burdened by high costs. Often, these two competing demands result in tradeoffs that are usually expressed covertly, rather than openly. It is the combination of engineers, radiographers and physicians that can reach the best compromise. Images can be considered as consisting of context and content. There are images that result in improved diagnosis of certain diseases in which the context is destroyed. There are situations in which the context is destroyed and the content is thereby lost. The image processing of certain images can be quite context specific. It may work in one part of the body because of the context, in this case the underlying anatomic structure, and fail in another because of a different context. Thus, the image processing must be specific to the area of the body studied and the diagnoses likely to be encountered. The goal, which we have been working toward is a single image display: a single display of the image digital data set that provides all of the clinically relevant information within that data set in an easy-to-see form.
Breakthroughs in Photonics 2013: Electrically Pumped Semiconductor Entangled Sources (2014)

Recent advances enabling the realization of room-temperature electrically injected chip sources for entangled photons will be highlighted and discussed. Emphasis will be placed on monolithic and hybrid integration settings that enable room-temperature and self-contained operation through electrical current injection. Compound semiconductors, as well as hybrid integration platforms such as those utilizing Si-on-insulator technology, play a central role in defining the approaches sought to realize these sources.
CFTL: A Convertible Flash Translation Layer with Consideration of Data Access Patterns (2009)

NAND flash memory-based storage devices are increasingly adopted as one of the main alternatives for magnetic disk drives. The flash translation layer (FTL) is a software/hardware interface inside NAND flash memory, which allows existing disk-based applications to use it without any significant modifications. Since FTL has a critical impact on the performance of NAND flash-based devices, a variety of FTL schemes have been proposed to improve their performance. However, existing FTLs perform well for either a read intensive workload or a write intensive workload, not for both of them due to their static address mapping schemes. To overcome this limitation, in this paper, we propose a novel FTL addressing scheme named Convertible Flash Translation Layer (CFTL, for short). CFTL is adaptive to data access patterns so that it can dynamically switch the mapping of a data block to either read-optimized or write-optimized mapping scheme in order to fully exploit the benefits of both schemes. By judiciously taking advantage of both schemes, CFTL resolves the intrinsic problems of the existing FTLs. In addition to this convertible scheme, we propose an efficient caching strategy so as to considerably improve the CFTL performance further with only a simple hint. Consequently, both of the convertible feature and caching strategy empower CFTL to achieve good read performance as well as good write performance. Our experimental evaluation with a variety of realistic workloads demonstrates that the proposed CFTL scheme outperforms other FTL schemes.
A Broadband Negative Index Metamaterial at Optical Frequencies (2013)

A broadband metamaterial presenting negative indices across hundreds of nanometers in the visible and near‐infrared spectral regimes is demonstrated theoretically, using transformation optics to design the metamaterial constituents. The approach begins with an infinite plasmonic waveguide that supports a broadband but dark (i.e, not easily optically accessed) negative index mode. Conformal mapping of this waveguide to a finite split‐ring‐resonator‐type structure transforms this mode into a bright (i.e, efficiently excited) resonance composed of degenerate electric and magnetic dipoles. A periodic array of such resonators exhibits negative refractive indices at optical frequencies in multiple regions exceeding 200 nm in bandwidth. The metamaterial response is confirmed through simulations of plane‐wave refraction through a metamaterial prism. These results illustrate the power of transformation optics for new metamaterial designs and provide a foundation for future broadband metamaterial devices.
Orientation dependence in near-field scattering from TiO_2 particles (2001)

This scattering of light by small particles embedded in a continuous transparent medium is influenced not only by the bulk optical properties of the particles and the medium but also by the size, shape, and spatial arrangement of the particles-that is, by the microstructure. If the particles are close together, as in agglomerated coatings or stereolithographic suspensions, interactions between the radiation fields of adjacent particles can lead to variations in the magnitude and spatial arrangement of the scattered light in the near and the far field, which can affect the color and hiding power of a coating, the cure depth and homogeneity in stereolithography, and the threshold intensity for stimulated emission in random lasers. Our calculations of the near- and the far-field scattering distribution for 200-nm TiO(2) spheres in pairs of various orientations and in an ordered array of five particles show that, depending on the orientation of the particles with respect to the incident light, these interactions can either increase or decrease the scattering efficiency, the isotropy of the scattering, and the magnitude of the electric field strength within the matrix and the particles. In the mid-visible range, two particles in line increase the backscattering fraction by 28% and the scattering strength by 38% over that of a single particle, whereas if the particles are in the diagonal configuration the backscattering fraction and scattering strength are actually reduced by addition of the second particle. At shorter or longer wavelengths the backscattering fraction is reduced regardless of the location of the second particle, by as much as 60% when five particles are arranged in the zigzag configuration. These results are surprising in that it is generally assumed that multiple scattering enhances backscattering. Simple models of multiple scattering or scattering of two particles as a single, larger particle are inadequate to explain these results.
Making Special Education Compulsory and Inclusive in China (1996)

Abstract This paper presents a review of recent developments in special education in China. A major change was made by redefining special education as an integral part of compulsory education and by making the education system more inclusive. Government intervention, through legislation and regulation, as well as other effective approaches, was adopted to improve educational services. The results were evident both in the implementation of classroom integration and in the increase in numbers of children enrolled in schools. China's experience may have some value to other less developed countries who seek alternatives to provide better educational services for children with disabilities.
Thinnest Nonvolatile Memory Based on Monolayer h‐BN (2019)

2D materials have attracted much interest over the past decade in nanoelectronics. However, it was believed that the atomically thin layered materials are not able to show memristive effect in vertically stacked structure, until the recent discovery of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) atomristors, overcoming the scaling limit to sub-nanometer. Herein, the nonvolatile resistance switching (NVRS) phenomenon in monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), a typical 2D insulator, is reported. The h-BN atomristors are studied using different electrodes and structures, featuring forming-free switching in both unipolar and bipolar operations, with large on/off ratio (up to 10<sup>7</sup> ). Moreover, fast switching speed (<15 ns) is demonstrated via pulse operation. Compared with monolayer TMDs, the one-atom-thin h-BN sheet reduces the vertical scaling to ≈0.33 nm, representing a record thickness for memory materials. Simulation results based on ab-initio method reveal that substitution of metal ions into h-BN vacancies during electrical switching is a likely mechanism. The existence of NVRS in monolayer h-BN indicates fruitful interactions between defects, metal ions and interfaces, and can advance emerging applications on ultrathin flexible memory, printed electronics, neuromorphic computing, and radio frequency switches.
Tieffarbige, durchkonjugierte Multi‐Triphenylmethylium‐Ionen (1987)

Die Anfangsglieder 1 und 2 einer Serie neuartiger Multitritylium‐Ionen wurden aus den Tritylether‐Vorstufen mit sehr starken Säuren erhalten. Die bisher bekannten Tritylium‐Ionen sind lediglich gelb bis orange, während sich die neuen Verbindungen durch intensiv rote bzw. rotviolette Farbe auszeichnen. Im 1 H‐NMR‐Spektrum zeigen sie für die p ‐Protonen der terminalen Phenylgruppen Rekordentschirmungswerte von δ = 8.84 bzw. 8.68. magnified image