gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Perception of climate change (2012)

"Climate dice," describing the chance of unusually warm or cool seasons, have become more and more "loaded" in the past 30 y, coincident with rapid global warming. The distribution of seasonal mean temperature anomalies has shifted toward higher temperatures and the range of anomalies has increased. An important change is the emergence of a category of summertime extremely hot outliers, more than three standard deviations (3σ) warmer than the climatology of the 1951-1980 base period. This hot extreme, which covered much less than 1% of Earth's surface during the base period, now typically covers about 10% of the land area. It follows that we can state, with a high degree of confidence, that extreme anomalies such as those in Texas and Oklahoma in 2011 and Moscow in 2010 were a consequence of global warming because their likelihood in the absence of global warming was exceedingly small. We discuss practical implications of this substantial, growing, climate change.
Fluorescent in situ hybridization shows <i>DIPLOSPOROUS</i> located on one of the NOR chromosomes in apomictic dandelions (<i>Taraxacum</i>) in the absence of a large hemizygous chromosomal region (2014)

Apomixis in dandelions (Taraxacum: Asteraceae) is encoded by two unlinked dominant loci and a third yet undefined genetic factor: diplosporous omission of meiosis (DIPLOSPOROUS, DIP), parthenogenetic embryo development (PARTHENOGENESIS, PAR), and autonomous endosperm formation, respectively. In this study, we determined the chromosomal position of the DIP locus in Taraxacum by using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) that genetically map within 1.2-0.2 cM of DIP. The BACs showed dispersed fluorescent signals, except for S4-BAC 83 that displayed strong unique signals as well. Under stringent blocking of repeats by C0t-DNA fragments, only a few fluorescent foci restricted to defined chromosome regions remained, including one on the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) chromosomes that contains the 45S rDNAs. FISH with S4-BAC 83 alone and optimal blocking showed discrete foci in the middle of the long arm of one of the NOR chromosomes only in triploid and tetraploid diplosporous dandelions, while signals in sexual diploids were lacking. This agrees with the genetic model of a single dose, dominant DIP allele, absent in sexuals. The length of the DIP region is estimated to cover a region of 1-10 Mb. FISH in various accessions of Taraxacum and the apomictic sister species Chondrilla juncea, confirmed the chromosomal position of DIP within Taraxacum but not outside the genus. Our results endorse that, compared to other model apomictic species, expressing either diplospory or apospory, the genome of Taraxacum shows a more similar and less diverged chromosome structure at the DIP locus. The different levels of allele sequence divergence at apomeiosis loci may reflect different terms of asexual reproduction. The association of apomeiosis loci with repetitiveness, dispersed repeats, and retrotransposons commonly observed in apomictic species may imply a functional role of these shared features in apomictic reproduction, as is discussed.
Viewing structural inhomogeneities at the core-cladding interface of re-heated MCVD optical fiber performs with optical microscopy (2004)

Optical microscopy has been used to observe structural inhomogeneities at the core-cladding interface of re-heated MCVD optical fiber preforms. Experimental results show that the heat treatment has enhanced these core-cladding interface inhomogeneities. Their formation mechanism and effects on optical applications are also discussed.
Activation of the Wnt Signaling Pathway: A Molecular Mechanism for Lithium Action (1997)

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3 beta/zeste-white-3/shaggy) is a negative regulator of the wnt signaling pathway which plays a central role in the development of invertebrates and vertebrates; loss of function and dominant negative mutations in GSK-3 beta lead to activation of the wnt pathway in Drosophila and Xenopus. We now provide evidence that lithium activates downstream components of the wnt signaling pathway in vivo, leading to accumulation of beta-catenin protein. Our data indicate that this activation of the wnt pathway is a consequence of inhibition of GSK-3 beta by lithium. Using a novel assay for GSK-3 beta in oocytes, we show that lithium inhibits GSK-3 beta from species as diverse as Dictyostelium discoideum and Xenopus laevis, providing a biochemical mechanism for the action of lithium on the development of these organisms. Lithium treatment also leads to activation of an AP-1-luciferase reporter in Xenopus embryos, consistent with previous observations that GSK-3 beta inhibits c-jun activity. Activation of the wnt pathway with a dominant negative form of GSK-3 beta is inhibited by myo-inositol, similar to the previously described effect of coinjecting myo-inositol with lithium. The mechanism by which myo-inositol inhibits both dominant negative GSK-3 beta and lithium remains uncertain.
Peptidyl prolyl isomerase Pin1-inhibitory activity of d-glutamic and d-aspartic acid derivatives bearing a cyclic aliphatic amine moiety (2015)

Pin1 is a peptidyl prolyl isomerase that specifically catalyzes cis-trans isomerization of phosphorylated Thr/Ser-Pro peptide bonds in substrate proteins and peptides. Pin1 is involved in many important cellular processes, including cancer progression, so it is a potential target of cancer therapy. We designed and synthesized a novel series of Pin1 inhibitors based on a glutamic acid or aspartic acid scaffold bearing an aromatic moiety to provide a hydrophobic surface and a cyclic aliphatic amine moiety with affinity for the proline-binding site of Pin1. Glutamic acid derivatives bearing cycloalkylamino and phenylthiazole groups showed potent Pin1-inhibitory activity comparable with that of known inhibitor VER-1. The results indicate that steric interaction of the cyclic alkyl amine moiety with binding site residues plays a key role in enhancing Pin1-inhibitory activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Low‐Temperature Ionic‐Liquid‐Based Synthesis of Nanostructured Iron‐Based Fluoride Cathodes for Lithium Batteries. (2010)

Abstract Fe 1.9 F 4.75 ·0.95H 2 O is synthesized from Fe(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O and [bmim][BF 4 ] (50 °C, 6 h).
Inducible Caspase 9 as a Safety Switch in Genetically Modified Cytotoxic T Cells. (2004)

Abstract T cell therapy has proven effective to prevent and treat viral infections and immunogenic tumors. Application of this strategy to less immunogenic tumors that employ tumor evasion mechanisms may require genetic modification of the infused cells. However, oncogenic events due to vector/transgene integration, and toxicities due to the infused cells themselves have tempered enthusiasm. A safe and efficient means of destroying aberrant cells in vivo would ameliorate these concerns. The xenogeneic Herpes Simplex Virus I-derived thymidine kinase gene has been used as a suicide strategy for this purpose, but its immunogenicity results in immune elimination of the infused T cells and precludes administration of anti-viral drug ganciclovir for other indications. We adapted an alternative strategy using inducible human death molecules. Human caspase 9 was fused to a modified FK506 binding protein that allows for conditional dimerization using a chemical inducer of dimerization (CID). Administration of this small molecule pharmaceutical that has proven safe in healthy volunteers (Iuliucci et al, J Clin Pharmacol 2001, 41:870–879), activates the caspase molecule resulting in apoptosis of the cell. This system consists of human gene products with low potential immunogenicity. We chose caspase 9 as the death molecule since it is highly sensitive to dimerization and acts late in the apoptosis pathway, thereby reducing the risk of impairment of its function by cellular inhibitors of apoptosis. However, only low-level expression of the full-length inducible Caspase 9 (iCasp9) construct was compatible with survival of CTL. Deletion of the caspase recruitment domain (CARD) and removal of one of the two FKBPs allowed expression of iCasp9 in >70% of primary human T cells after a single transduction with a retrovirus vector. In vitro a single 10 nM dose of CID induced apoptosis in > 99% of T cells sorted for high transgene expression. A similarly high percentage of iCasp9-expressing T cells underwent apoptosis after CID administration in vivo in a mouse SCID human xenograft model. This functional activity is a log greater than previously available self-destruction systems. Importantly, even without sorting, activation of iCasp9 when co-expressed with transgenic IL-12 (a cytokine with potent anti-tumor activity) resulted in elimination of all IL-12 secreting cells. Unlike inducible Fas, iCasp9 maintained its function in MT-2 cells that over-express the anti-apoptotic molecule bclxl, demonstrating the importance of using a death molecule that acts downstream of the death inhibitors. Since iCasp9 does not impair T cell phenotype or function, these characteristics favor incorporation of inducible caspase 9 as safety feature in human T cell therapies.
Celomatic neoplasm in a Cyprinid (2009)

The animal was a 3-year old male koi carp (Cyprinus carpio), 28-cm long. The first two years (2006-2008) the animal was kept in a farm with natural reproduction in a backyard pond in Italy. Afterwards the koi was kept for one year with other koi in a pet-shop in a 1.500 liter tank with a water recirculation system and standard filtration system. The fish was fed a commercial pellet diet and had not been treated with chemicals during the maintenance in the tank. On May 2008, the animal started showing lethargy of one month duration. One week before death the koi presented with anorexia and abdominal enlargement. Shortly after death the animal was send to the Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Patologia Animale, Bologna for further investigation.\nMacroscopically, the koi showed epaxial muscle atrophy, especially in the caudal part of the body, and a symmetric abdominal enlargement. The skin overlaying the enlargement was thinned and missed scales. At necropsy, a multinodular, 7x5x3,5 cm, ventral to the kidney and to the swim bladder, white-yellowish, firm mass, filling the celomatic cavity, was identified. The mass was in strict connection with the liver and some parts of the intestine. The kidney, gall bladder, swim bladder and parts of the intestine were not involved. Gonads were not recognizable (Fig.1).\nHistologically, the neoplasm was non-encapsulated, poorly demarcated, multilobulated, highly cellular, with invasive growing and was characterized by a lobular architecture with abundant fibro-connective septa and large necrotic and calcified areas. Lobules were composed of solidly, cellular sheets of neoplastic polygonal cells, supported by fine fibrovascular stroma (Fig.2). Within some normal residual seminiferous tubules, small aggregates of 3-5 &#956;m, round basophilic cells referred to spermatids were present (Fig.3).\nThe neoplastic cells were 10-15 &#956;m large, with not well-demarcated cytoplasmic boundaries; the cytoplasm presented numerous and thin granulations; the nucleus was large, round, hypochromatic and centrally located, with scattered chromatin and a single nucleolus (Fig.4). There was moderate anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. The mitotic rate was low (&lt;1/ high power field). In the stroma scattered clusters of lymphocytes and melanomacrophages were present. Neoplastic cells massively infiltrated the intestinal wall and the liver (Fig.5, 6). Moreover, neoplastic lobules compressed the hepatic parenchyma causing atrophy (Fig.7). Neoplastic cells were PAS-negative.\nImmunohistochemically, normal seminiferous cells displayed an immunoreactivity to PLAP, vimentin and catalase, while the stromal component cross-reacted with cytokeratin AE1/AE3. \nThe signal was not detected concerning the remaining antibodies tested (alpha feto protein, estrogen receptor, NSE, calretinin).\nBased on the macroscopic findings and the morphological features, the tumor was diagnosed as seminoma with a diffuse pattern. The evident malignancy was supported by the neoplastic cells invasion through the intestinal wall and the liver.
The uncommon forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (2022)

This article summarizes the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of rare forms of CAH.
Hydrophilically augmented glycosyl carborane derivatives for incorporation in antibody conjugation reagents (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrophilically augmented glycosyl carborane derivatives for incorporation in antibody conjugation reagentsJulie L. Maurer, Anthony J. Serino, and M. Frederick HawthroneCite this: Organometallics 1988, 7, 12, 2519–2524Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00102a015https://doi.org/10.1021/om00102a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views209Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Review on Composite Papers of Graphene Oxide, Carbon Nanotube, Polymer/GO, and Polymer/CNT: Processing Strategies, Properties, and Relevance (2015)

In this review, particular importance is given to the fabrication and properties of carbon nanotube and graphene oxide-based paper-like materials (buckypapers). Different strategies for the reduction and functionalization of graphene oxide were also discussed. The chemistry of buckypapers is conversed with special emphasis on structure and essential characteristics of buckypaper. Various techniques for buckypaper processing have been critically reviewed including significance of each method. Moreover, importance of polymer/graphene oxide and polymer/carbon nanotube composite papers has been highlighted. Due to outstanding physical, thermal, and electrical properties, polymer-based buckypapers are potentially important as nanofilters, fuel cell components, and miniaturization of electrical connections.
A dual-specificity pseudouridine synthase: an Escherichia coli synthase purified and cloned on the basis of its specificity for psi 746 in 23S RNA is also specific for psi 32 in tRNA(phe). (1995)

An Escherichia coli pseudouridine (psi) synthase, which forms both psi 746 in E. coli 23S ribosomal RNA and psi 32 in tRNA(Phe), has been isolated and cloned. The enzyme contains 219 amino acids and has a calculated MW of 24,432 Da. Amino acid sequence comparison with the three other psi synthases that have been cloned to date, two for tRNA and one for 16S RNA, did not reveal any common sequence motifs, despite the catalysis of a common reaction. The gene was cloned behind a (His)6 leader for affinity purification. Upon overexpression, most of the enzyme remained soluble in the cell cytoplasm and could be purified to homogeneity on a Ni(2+)-containing resin. The enzyme reacted with both full-length 23S RNA or a fragment from residues 1-847, forming 1 mol psi/mol RNA at position 746, a normal site for psi. The enzyme has no dependence on Mg2+. The same yield was obtained in 1 mM EDTA as in 10 mM Mg2+, and the rate was faster in EDTA than in Mg2+. Full-length 16S RNA or fragments 1-526 or 1-678, as well as tRNA(Val) transcripts, were not modified in either EDTA or Mg2+. tRNA(Phe) transcripts, however, were modified with a yield of 1 mol psi/mol transcript at a rate in EDTA like that of 23S RNA. Sequencing showed all of the psi to be at position 32, a normal site for psi in this tRNA. Both 23S rRNA psi 746 and tRNA psi 32 occur in single-stranded segments of the same sequence, psi UGAAAA, closed by a stem. Therefore, this synthase may require for recognition only a short stretch of primary sequence 3' to the site of pseudouridylation. This is the first example of a dual-specificity modifying enzyme for RNA, that is, one which is specific for a single site in one RNA, and equally site-specific in a second class of RNA. The essentiality of these psi residues can now be assessed by disruption of the synthase gene.
A 50‐kDa fragment from the NH<sub>2</sub>‐terminus of the heavy subunit of <i>Clostridium botulinum</i> type A neurotoxin forms channels in lipid vesicles (1987)

1. A 50-kDa fragment representing the NH2-terminus of the heavy subunit of botulinum type A neurotoxin was found, at low pH, to evoke the release of K+ from lipid vesicles loaded with potassium phosphate. Similar K+ release was also observed with the intact neurotoxin, its heavy chain and a fragment consisting of the light subunit linked the 50-kDa NH2-terminal heavy chain fragment. The light subunit alone, however, was inactive. 2. In addition to K+, the channels formed in lipid bilayers by botulinum neurotoxin type A or the NH2-terminal heavy chain fragment were found to be large enough to permit the release of NAD (Mr 665). 3. The optimum pH for the release of K+ was found to be 4.5. Above this value K+ release rapidly decreased and was undetectable above pH 6.0. 4. The binding of radiolabelled botulinum toxin to a variety of phospholipids was assessed. High levels of toxin binding were only observed to lipid vesicles with an overall negative charge; much weaker binding occurred to lipid vesicles composed of electrically neutral phospholipids. 5. A positive correlation between the efficiency of toxin-binding and the efficiency of K+ release from lipid vesicles was not observed. Whereas lipid vesicles containing the lipids cardiolipin or dicetyl phosphate bound the highest levels of neurotoxin, the toxin-evoked release of K+ was low compared to vesicles containing either phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl serine or phosphatidyl inositol. 6. The implications of these observations to the mechanism by which the toxin molecule is translocated into the nerve ending are discussed.
Behavioral stress accelerates plaque pathogenesis in the brain of Tg2576 mice via generation of metabolic oxidative stress (2008)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by genetic and non-genetic factors. Most AD cases may be triggered and promoted by non-genetic environmental factors. Clinical studies have reported that patients with AD show enhanced baseline levels of stress hormones in the blood, but their physiological significance with respect to the pathophysiology of AD is not clearly understood. Here we report that AD mouse models exposed to restraints for 2 h daily on 16 consecutive days show increased levels of beta-amyloid (Abeta) plaque deposition and commensurable enhancements in Abeta(1-42), tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuritic atrophy of cortical neurons. Repeated restraints in Tg2576 mice markedly increased metabolic oxidative stress and down-regulated the expression of MMP-2, a potent Abeta-degrading enzyme, in the brain. These stress effects were reversed by blocking the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland axis with the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist NBI 27914, further suggesting that over-activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is required for stress-enhanced AD-like pathogenesis. Consistent with these findings, corticosteroid treatments to cultured primary cortical neurons increased metabolic oxidative stress and down-regulated MMP-2 expression, and MMP-2 down-regulation was reversed by inhibition of oxidative stress. These results suggest that behavioral stress aggravates AD pathology via generation of metabolic oxidative stress and MMP-2 down-regulation.
Data Quality Measures and Data Cleansing for Research Information Systems (2019)

The collection, transfer and integration of research information into different research Information systems can result in different data errors that can have a variety of negative effects on data quality. In order to detect errors at an early stage and treat them efficiently, it is necessary to determine the clean-up measures and the new techniques of data cleansing for quality improvement in research institutions. Thereby an adequate and reliable basis for decision-making using an RIS is provided, and confidence in a given dataset increased. In this paper, possible measures and the new techniques of data cleansing for improving and increasing the data quality in research information systems will be presented and how these are to be applied to the Research information.
Preparation of Helical Polyelectrolyte Networks by Polymerization of Hydrogen-Bonding Liquid Crystalline Monomers (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunication to the...Communication to the EditorNEXTPreparation of Helical Polyelectrolyte Networks by Polymerization of Hydrogen-Bonding Liquid Crystalline MonomersSeiji Kurihara, Toshimi Mori, and Takamasa NonakaView Author Information Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Kumamoto 860−8555, Japan Cite this: Macromolecules 1998, 31, 17, 5940–5942Publication Date (Web):August 8, 1998Publication History Received17 March 1998Revised6 July 1998Published online8 August 1998Published inissue 1 August 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma980417dhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ma980417drapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views272Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Molecules,Monomers,Phase transitions,Polymerization,Polymers Get e-Alerts