gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
State of Art in 11C Labelled Radiotracers Synthesis (2008)

Positron Emission Tomography has become a powerful scientific and clinical tool probing biochemical processes in the human body. Their clinical applications have proven to be vital in the evaluation and diagnosis of diseases. This is due, in large part, to advances in instrumentation and synthetic chemistry. Carbon-11 is a valuable radionuclide in PET as it virtually permits the synthesis of radiolabelled versions of any compound of interest. The syntheses with carbon-11 present several features: limited number of labelled precursors, sub-micromolar amounts of the starting materials, and a need for the introduction of the radioisotope as late as possible in the synthesis. All of these reasons have restricted complex radiosyntheses. The short half-life of carbon-11 (20.4 min) requires the rapid preparation and purification of carbon-11 labelled molecules. Those have to be carried out immediately before use from cyclotron produced precursors ([11C]CO2, [11C]CO, [11C]CH4) or reagents rapidly prepared from them ([11C]CH3I, [11C]COCl2, [11C]HCN). As a consequence carbon-11 has been underused compared to fluorine-18. However, because of the increasing molecular complexity and diversity of biologically active compounds, there is a need for new methodologies giving access in short time and high yield to radioactive (11)C-probes. The aim of this review is to emphasize the methodologies used in this field and to give a comprehensive overview of the numerous advances, which occurred over the past decade. In addition, for each labelling technique or reaction reported, a special attention has been brought to classify the applications in function of the targeted medical domain.
Dynamic Structure Learning of Factor Graphs and Parameter Estimation of a Constrained Nonlinear Predictive Model for Oilfield Optimization. (2010)

Injector-producer relationships (IPRs) are the key knowledge for oilfield optimization, i.e., maximizing oil production at the minimum operational cost. The difficulty associated with the field optimization is that the underlying reservoir structure is unknown and changes continuously over time. Inferring IPRs is a large-scale constrained nonlinear parameter estimation problem. The state-of-the-art hybrid constrained nonlinear optimization (HCNO) method provides excellent accuracy for solving this problem but with prohibitive computational costs for large oilfields. In this paper, we propose a dynamic structure learning and parameter estimation approach based on inference in a probabilistic graphical model named PETROGRAPH Learning (PGL). The learning is initiated by constructing an initial factor graph based on a locality principle and is guided by belief discrepancies, estimation error, and residual correlation analysis. At each iteration, the sum-product algorithm is applied to estimate the parameters, and the factor graph structure is refined as the input for the next round. The iterative learning continues until convergence. Experimental results and analysis show that PGL is scalable to the large scale of real oilfields with much less running time than that of HCNO while providing virtually exact solutions.
A revised model for the oxidation of Si by oxygen (1978)

A conceptually simple modification of the Deal-Grove model for oxidation of Si by dry oxygen provides an excellent fit to experimental data while removing the regime of ’’anomalously high’’ initial oxidation rates inferred by previous workers. The essential physical proposal is that while diffusion through the amorphous oxide is via molecular oxygen, Si oxidation occurs through the reaction of a small concentration of atomic oxygen.
Dual injection capillary electrophoresis: Foundations and applications (2004)

The state of the art of capillary electrophoresis (CE) approaches based on dual injection is here reported. Dual injection strategies have been proposed with three main objectives: (i) to provide information about reaction kinetics and/or related parameters, (ii) to perform in-capillary derivatization for improving separation and/or determination, (iii) to develop electrophoretic methods for the simultaneous analysis of anionic and cationic compounds. For the first two purposes, dual injection, which involves sample and reagent, can be realized either from the same end of the capillary (electrophoretically mediated microanalysis, EMMA) or from the two ends of the capillary (electroinjection analysis, EIA). The third objective, with dual injection of sample from the two ends of the capillary, takes advantage of moving cationic and anionic compounds with opposite directions. The foundations of each alternative, conditions necessary for working with them, restrictions, applications as well as perspectives are reviewed in order to establish the advantages, shortcomings, and convenience or no of their use in comparison to conventional CE.
A stable RNA G-quadruplex within the 5′-UTR of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana ATR</i> mRNA inhibits translation (2015)

Guanine quadruplex structures (GQSs) play important roles in the regulation of gene expression and cellular processes. Recent studies provide strong evidence for the formation and function of DNA and RNA GQSs in human cells. However, whether GQSs form and are functional in plants remains essentially unexplored. On the basis of circular dichroism (CD)-detected titration, UV-detected melting, in-line probing (ILP) and reporter gene assay studies, we report the first example of a plant RNA GQS that inhibits translation. This GQS is located within the 5'-UTR of the ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA-MUTATED AND RAD3-RELATED (ATR) mRNA of Arabidopsis thaliana (mouse-ear cress). We show that this GQS is highly stable and is thermodynamically favoured over a competing hairpin structure in the 5'-UTR at physiological K⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations. Results from ILP reveal the secondary structure of the RNA and support formation of the GQS in vitro in the context of the complete 5'-UTR. Transient reporter gene assays performed in living plants reveal that the GQS inhibits translation but not transcription, implicating this GQS as a translational repressor in vivo. Our results provide the first complete demonstration of the formation and function of a regulatory RNA GQS in plants and open new avenues to explore potential functional roles of GQS in the plant kingdom.
The Role of Electrostatics in Colicin Nuclease Domain Translocation into Bacterial Cells (2007)

The mechanism(s) by which nuclease colicins translocate distinct cytotoxic enzymes (DNases, rRNases, and tRNases) to the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli is unknown. Previous in vitro investigations on isolated colicin nuclease domains have shown that they have a strong propensity to associate with anionic phospholipid vesicles, implying that electrostatic interactions with biological membranes play a role in their import. In the present work we set out to test this hypothesis in vivo. We show that cell killing by the DNase toxin colicin E9 of E. coli HDL11, a strain in which the level of anionic phospholipid and hence inner membrane charge is regulated by isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside induction, is critically dependent on the level of inducer, whereas this is not the case for pore-forming colicins that take the same basic route into the periplasm. Moreover, there is a strong correlation between the level and rate of HDL11 cell killing and the net positive charge on a colicin DNase, with similar effects seen for wild type E. coli cells, data that are consistent with a direct, electrostatically mediated interaction between colicin nucleases and the bacterial inner membrane. We next sought to identify how membrane-associated colicin nucleases might be translocated into the cell. We show that neither the Sec or Tat systems are involved in nuclease colicin uptake but that nuclease colicin toxicity is instead dependent on functional FtsH, an inner membrane AAA(+) ATPase and protease that dislocates misfolded membrane proteins to the cytoplasm for destruction.
Multi band compact bow-tie slot antenna for WLAN applications (2012)

The paper presents a new approach for the design of a multi resonant bowtie slot antenna. Several techniques were attempted to obtain a single antenna which is operational in the S-band and C-band corresponding to several wireless applications. The antenna resonated in several frequencies with satisfactory gain and radiation pattern. The basic principle applied is the idea of positioning different slit configurations on different parts of the antenna.
Analyzing Multi-Head Self-Attention: Specialized Heads Do the Heavy Lifting, the Rest Can Be Pruned (2019)

Multi-head self-attention is a key component of the Transformer, a state-of-the-art architecture for neural machine translation. In this work we evaluate the contribution made by individual attention heads in the encoder to the overall performance of the model and analyze the roles played by them. We find that the most important and confident heads play consistent and often linguistically-interpretable roles. When pruning heads using a method based on stochastic gates and a differentiable relaxation of the L 0 penalty, we observe that specialized heads are last to be pruned. Our novel pruning method removes the vast majority of heads without seriously affecting performance. For example, on the English-Russian WMT dataset, pruning 38 out of 48 encoder heads results in a drop of only 0.15 BLEU. 1
Differential regulation of the NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> transporter genes <i>AtNrt2.1</i> and <i>AtAmt1.1</i> in <i>Arabidopsis</i>: relation with long‐distance and local controls by N status of the plant (2001)

Regulation of root N uptake by whole-plant signalling of N status was investigated at the molecular level in Arabidopsis thaliana plants through expression analysis of AtNrt2.1 and AtAmt1.1. These two genes encode starvation-induced high-affinity NO3- and NH4+ transporters, respectively. Split-root experiments indicate that AtNrt2.1 expression is controlled by shoot-to-root signals of N demand. Together with 15NO3- influx, the steady-state transcript level of this gene is increased in NO3--fed roots in response to N deprivation of another portion of the root system. Thus AtNrt2.1 is the first identified molecular target of the long-distance signalling informing the roots of the whole plant's N status. In contrast, AtAmt1.1 expression is predominantly dependent on the local N status of the roots, as it is mostly stimulated in the portion of the root system directly experiencing N starvation. The same behaviour was found for NH4+ influx, suggesting that the NH4+ uptake system is much less efficient than the NO3- uptake system, to compensate for a spatial restriction of N availability. Other major differences were found between the regulations of AtNrt2.1 and AtAmt1.1 expression. AtNrt2.1 is strongly upregulated by moderate level of N limitation, while AtAmt1.1 transcript level is markedly increased only under severe N deficiency. Unlike AtNrt2.1, AtAmt1.1 expression is not stimulated in a nitrate reductase-deficient mutant after transfer to NO3- as sole N source, indicating that NO3- per se acts as a signal repressing transcription of AtAmt1.1. These results reveal two fundamentally different types of mechanism involved in the feedback regulation of root N acquisition by the N status of the plant.
Stability of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Reagents and its Amplification Efficiency on Crude Trypanosome DNA Templates (2009)

This study evaluated the stability of LAMP reagents when stored at 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C, and also assessed its detection efficiency on different DNA template preparations. Accordingly, LAMP using reagents stored at 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C amplified DNA of in vitro cultured T. b. brucei (GUTat 3.1) from day 1 to day 15 of reagent storage. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in detection sensitivity of LAMP among the reagents stored at 25 degrees C, 37 degrees C and -20 degrees C (recommended storage temperature). LAMP using the reagents stored at above-mentioned temperatures amplified serially diluted DNAs (genomic DNA extracted by phenol-chloroform method, FTA card and hemolysed blood) of T. b. gambiense (IL2343) with high sensitivity. Reactions were conducted on the reagents stored from 1 day to 30 days. LAMP detection sensitivity was poor when fresh blood as DNA template was added directly into reactive solution. Results of this study demonstrated that LAMP has the potential to be used in field conditions for diagnosis of trypanosome infections without being affected by ambient temperatures of tropical and sub-tropical countries where trypanosomosis is endemic.
<title>A contour-based stereovision algorithm for video surveillance applications</title> (2003)

In this paper, we will describe a real-time stereo vision algorithm that determines the disparity map of a given scene by an evaluation of the object contours, relying on a reference image displaying the scene without objects. Contours are extracted from the full-resolution absolute difference image between current and reference image by binarization with several locally adaptive thresholds. To estimate disparity values, contour segments extending over several epipolar lines are used. This approach leads to very accurate disparity values. The algorithm can be configured such that no image region that differs from the reference image by more than a given minimum statistical significance is overlooked, which makes it especially suitable for safety applications. We successfully apply this <i>contour based stereo vision</i> (CBS)algorithm to the task of video surveillance of hazardous areas in the production environment, regarding several thousands of test images. Under the harsh conditions encountered in this setting, the CBS algorithm achieves to faithfully detect objects entering the scene and determine their three-dimensional structure. What is more, it turns out to cope with small objects and very difficult illumination and contrast settings.
Mapping Reservoir Saturation with Seismic Resolution to Improve Reservoir Model (1999)

Abstract Improved oil recovery on mature fields relies on a reservoir model accurate enough to identify by-passed oil and to monitor fluid responses to production. Integration of seismic 3D volumes with stochastic realisations and flow simulations in a single interpretation environment (Shared Earth Model) allows asset teams to perform rapid seamless iterations leading to a perfected representation of the reservoir (Fig. 1). Facies, fault and fluid mapping from 3D/4D/4C seismic data has moved one large step ahead with the advent of grid-based and 3D volume seismic classification (Fig. 2). Resulting deterministic spatial probability estimates of reservoir parameters are direct inputs to the reservoir model to constrain large uncertainties present in geostatistical distribution of reservoir parameters.
IoT 기술을 기반으로 한 관광단지 통합관리시스템에 관한 연구 (2019)

본 연구는 관광단지의 실태를 분석하고, 관광단지의 활용 및 관리를 개선하기 위해 IoT 기반 통합관 리시스템을 관광단지에 적용하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 관광수요자들은 관광활동에서 관광지를 선책하기 위해서 다양한 필요하며 이러한 필요한 모든 정보는 인터넷이나 여행사, 신문, 주위의 경험자들의 정보 등 여러 경로 로 통해 수집하게 된다. 최근 정보기술의 발달로 인터넷을 통한 정보 제공이 큰 비중을 차지하고 있으며, IoT 기술을 접목한 시스템들이 구축되고 있다. IoT 기술의 대중화로 인해 정보의 다양성과 접근성, 편리성이 향상 되고 사용도 편리해지고 있기 때문이다. IoT 기반 시스템을 활용한 관광정보 서비스의 중요성과 향후 연구방 향에 대해 제시하고자 한다. IoT 기술의 효율성을 고려하여 IoT 기반 시스템 구축에 대한 선행연구도 검토되 었다. 관광단지의 문제점을 해결하기 위해 본 연구에서는 IoT 기반 관광단지 운영체계를 개선하여 운영관리를 수행하였다. IoT 기반 경영시스템은 관광단지 플랫폼으로서 운영에 있어 개선될 것으로 기대되며, 전반적인 경 영 사례와 경험으로 개선될 것으로 기대된다.
Image-Based Product Recommendations Using Market Basket Analysis (2019)

Most online shopping search engines are still largely depending on the knowledge base and use keyword matching as their search strategy to find the most likely product that consumers want to buy. This is inefficient in a way that the description of products can vary a lot from the seller's side to the buyer's side. The proposed interactive product recommendation method considers not only the product history of the customer but also the linkage between the same products bought by other customers to recommend new products. The image was provided as an input to the model, and Convolutional Neural Networks has been used to classify the image, and recommendations are generated using market basket analysis.
Sandwich hologram interferometry 3:Contouring (1976)

This new holographic contouring method produces interference fringes formed by illumination shearing during recording in combination with observation shearing during reconstruction. One holographic plate is exposed after which the point source of light illuminating the object is displaced laterally to produce a shear of the illumination beam. A second exposure is made on another plate, whereupon the two plates are processed and bonded together with their emulsions outward. When this sandwich hologram is reconstructed, contouring fringes are formed that represent the intersection of the object by a set of interference surfaces. A tilt of the sandwich hologram produces a shear of the observation that results in a corresponding rotation of the intersecting surfaces of up to 180 degrees in every direction of the three-dimensional reconstructed object space. Thus, sign, direction, and magnitude of object slant can be evaluated by measuring the analogous sandwich tilt. The possibility of studying cross sections in any random orientation from a single sandwich hologram could be very useful for measuring and demonstration purposes.
Directly Writing Resistor, Inductor and Capacitor to Composite Functional Circuits: A Super-Simple Way for Alternative Electronics (2013)

The present method significantly extends the roles of the metal ink in recent works serving as only a single electrical conductor or interconnecting wires. It opens the way for directly writing out complex functional circuits or devices on different substrates. Such circuit composition strategy has generalized purpose and can be extended to more areas, even daily pervasive electronics.
The development of ACh- and GABA-activated currents in embryonic chick ciliary ganglion neurons in the absence of innervation in vivo (1992)

Chemical synaptic transmission in the chick ciliary ganglion is mediated by nicotinic ACh receptors. Ciliary ganglion neurons also express GABAA receptors, although there is no known source of GABAergic innervation of the ganglion, and the function of GABA receptors on these neurons is not known. We examined whether ACh and GABA receptors on embryonic chick ciliary ganglion neurons are regulated by presynaptic inputs. Whole-cell currents evoked by ACh or GABA in neurons soon after dissociation were taken to estimate the level of functional receptors in intact ganglia. We destroyed the accessory oculomotor nucleus (AON), the only source of synaptic input to the ganglion, on embryonic day (E) 4. We determined that 80% of the operations resulted in the virtual elimination of synaptic contacts in the ganglion, using P65 immunohistochemistry (a synaptic vesicle antigen) and direct ultrastructural examination. Previous experiments have shown that during normal development, ACh-activated currents increase over sevenfold between E6 and E18; GABA-activated currents increase only twofold, in proportion to cell size. We found that ACh-activated currents of uninnervated neurons at E14 and E18 were as large as control responses. Furthermore, ACh receptor-like molecules, visualized with monoclonal antibody 35 immunofluorescence, were concentrated in high density clusters on the surface of E18 neurons from AON-ablated embryos. GABA-activated currents were also not affected by AON destruction. We conclude that ACh and GABA receptors are not induced in embryonic chick ciliary ganglion neurons during development by contact with or soluble factors released from AON synaptic terminals.
trans-acting viral protease is necessary and sufficient for activation of avian leukosis virus reverse transcriptase (1991)

The structural and enzymatic components of retroviral cores are formed by proteolytic cleavage of precursor polypeptides, mediated by the viral protease (PR). We described previously the construction of PR-defective avian leukosis viruses. These mutant viruses are noninfectious, and their major internal components are the uncleaved gag and gag-pol polyproteins (Pr76gag and Pr180gag-pol). The reverse transcriptase (RT) activity associated with the PR-defective virions is approximately 500-fold reduced relative to that of wild-type virions, suggesting that specific cleavages activate RT activity. To gain a better understanding of the role that PR plays in the processing and activation of RT, we performed complementation experiments wherein wild-type or PR mutant gag precursors were separately coexpressed with frame-corrected wild-type or PR mutant gag-pol precursors. The results demonstrate that, as in other retrovirus systems, gag-pol precursors can be assembled into virions only when they are rescued by a gag precursor. If the gag precursor is wild type, then the rescued Pr180gag-pol is completely and properly matured, irrespective of whether its embedded PR domain is wild type or mutant. In both cases, the virions produced are fully and equally infectious. This indicates that an active-site mutation in the PR domain of the gag-pol precursor has no effect on avian leukosis virus infectivity when particles are assembled from wild-type gag precursors. In contrast, if the gag precursor has an active-site mutation in PR or is deleted for PR, then the virions are noninfectious and the gag and gag-pol precursors remain unprocessed, even if the embedded PR domain of Pr180gag-pol is wild type. Thus, in this system, virion-associated Pr180gag-pol displays no detectable cis- or trans-acting PR activity. As assayed with an exogenous template, virions with processed gag-pol polyprotein display high levels of RT activity while those with unprocessed Pr180gag-pol display greatly reduced RT activity. These results demonstrate that during virion assembly, the PR supplied by a gag precursor is both necessary and sufficient for trans-activation of RT through proteolytic maturation of copackaged gag-pol polyprotein.
Comparison of two, energy optimizing techniques for PM-machines (2002)

Two control methods for energy optimized sensorless control of permanent magnet machines (PM-machines) are studied and implemented. The control of the PM-machine is accomplished without knowledge of the absolute rotor position and therefore the control methods are well suited to low dynamic applications. Both methods use only the information in the DC link current in the frequency converter. The current information is used to control the PM-machine and only a few calculations are necessary. In the first method the average DC-link current is minimized in a stationary operating point and the impressed stator voltage is adjusted until a minimum of power occurs. The second method controls the PM-machine depending on the contour of the DC-link current, which is dependent on the power factor. The stator voltage to the PM-machine is adjusted to obtain an optimum power factor and efficiency. A test system which contains a frequency converter, a DC-link current measuring system, a PM-machine and a DC-machine acting as load is implemented. Test results show that the two control algorithms control the impressed stator voltages to the PM-machine very close to the optimum operating point in an efficiency point of view. The efficiencies for both methods are measured and they show only a slight difference in the efficiencies for the two methods. The efficiencies are measured at different loads and different speeds, The maximum efficiency is found to be approximately 77% around nominal load and nominal speed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>