gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reliability of finger stick capillary blood for the lymphocyte micronucleus assay (1997)

Compared with peripheral blood sampling, capillary blood collecting by finger stick is less traumatic and more convenient. To assess the sensitivity and reliability of capillary blood for the lymphocyte micronucleus (MN) assay, this study was performed in three sample groups, i.e. healthy donors (n = 3), cancer patients before treatment (n = 7), and cancer patients who were undergoing fractionated partial-body radiotherapy (n = 9). For each group, we measured three intra-individual variables, i.e. micronucleus (MN) frequency, binucleate (BN) index, and micronucleated BN index of lymphocytes obtained from capillary blood and the corresponding peripheral blood. Our results indicated that in all three sample groups, the differences in these variables between capillary blood and peripheral blood either before or after ex vivo 137Cs irradiation (2 Gy) were insignificant. Since capillary blood is more accessible than peripheral blood, we believe that it is a reliable source for the lymphocyte MN assay especially when venipuncture is not convenient.
Psychoacoustic Models for Perceptual Audio Coding—A Tutorial Review (2019)

Psychoacoustic models of human auditory perception have found an important application in the realm of perceptual audio coding, where exploiting the limitations of perception and removal of irrelevance is key to achieving a significant reduction in bitrate while preserving subjective audio quality. To this end, psychoacoustic models do not need to be perfect to satisfy their purpose, and in fact the commonly employed models only represent a small subset of the known properties and abilities of the human auditory system. This paper provides a tutorial introduction of the most commonly used psychoacoustic models for low bitrate perceptual audio coding.
Verification of annotated models from executions (2013)

Simulations can help enhance confidence in system designs but they provide almost no formal guarantees. In this paper, we present a simulation-based verification framework for embedded systems described by non-linear, switched systems. In our framework, users are required to annotate the dynamics in each control mode of switched system by something we call a discrepancy function that formally measures the nature of trajectory convergence/divergence of the system. Discrepancy functions generalize other measures of trajectory convergence and divergence like Contraction Metrics and Incremental Lyapunov functions. Exploiting such annotations, we present a sound and relatively complete verification procedure for robustly safe/unsafe systems. We have built a tool based on the framework that is integrated into the popular Simulink/Stateflow modeling environment. Experiments with our prototype tool shows that the approach (a) outperforms other verification tools on standard linear and non-linear benchmarks, (b) scales reasonably to larger dimensional systems and to longer time horizons, and (c) applies to models with diverging trajectories and unknown parameters.
Changing Trends of Imaging in Angle Closure Evaluation (2012)

Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) is a significant cause of visual disability worldwide. It predominantly affects the Eastern and South Asian population of the world. Early detection of anatomically narrow angles is important, and the subsequent prevention of visual loss from PACG depends on an accurate assessment of the anterior chamber angle (ACA). Gonioscopy has given way to modern day imaging technologies such as ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and more recently, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Ultrasound biomicroscopy provides objective, high-resolution images of anterior segment anatomy, including the cornea, iris, anterior chamber, anterior chamber angle, and ciliary body. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noncontact optical signal acquisition and processing device that provides magnified, high-resolution cross-sectional images of ocular tissues. Recent technological advances towards three-dimensional visualization broadened the scope of AS-OCT in ophthalmologic evaluation. Optical coherence tomography systems use low-coherence, near-infrared light to provide detailed images of anterior segment structures at resolutions exceeding that of UBM. This paper summarizes the clinical application of UBM and OCT for assessment of anterior segment in glaucoma.
ChemInform Abstract: A Synthesis of N‐Bridged 5,6‐Bicyclic Pyridines via a Mild Cyclodehydration Using the Burgess Reagent and Discovery of a Novel Carbamylsulfonylation Reaction. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Treatment of fungal infections in neutropenic children (1999)

Fungal infections have emerged as one of the most significant complications of antineoplastic therapy and marrow transplantation in children. Morbidity and mortality associated with fungal infections are high. Recent trends indicate that the incidence and spectrum of fungal infections are increasing, partly because of the increase in the number of children receiving intensive chemotherapy and marrow transplantation, but also because of the successful management of bacterial and viral infections. Though many factors may contribute to risk for developing a fungal infection, prolonged neutropenia is the most important. Until recently, options for antifungal therapy were limited. Advances include less toxic formulations of amphotericin B and an expanding armamentarium of azoles as well as new antifungal compounds. This review addresses the therapeutic options available for treatment of fungal infections in immunocompromised children.
Peripheral T cells undergoing superantigen-induced apoptosis in vivo express B220 and upregulate Fas and Fas ligand. (1996)

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a bacterial superantigen (SAg) that predominantly interacts with V(beta)8+ T cells. In vivo treatment of mice with SEB leads to an initial increase in the percentage of V(beta)8+ T cells, followed by a decrease in the numbers of these cells, eventually reaching lower levels than those found before treatment with the SAg. This decrease is due to apoptosis of the SEB-responding cells. In the present study, we use the distinct light scattering characteristics of apoptotic cells to characterize T cells that are being deleted in response to SEB in vivo. We show that dying, SEB-reactive T cells express high levels of Fas and Fas ligand (Fas-L), which are implicated in apoptotic cell death. In addition, the B cell marker B220 is upregulated on apoptotic cells. Moreover, we show that the generation of cells with an apoptotic phenotype is severely impaired in response to SEB in functional Fas-L-deficient mutant gld mice, confirming the role of the Fas pathway in SAg mediated peripheral deletion in vivo.
Identification of GS 4104 as an Orally Bioavailable Prodrug of the Influenza Virus Neuraminidase Inhibitor GS 4071 (1998)

GS 4071 is a potent carbocyclic transition-state analog inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase with activity against both influenza A and B viruses in vitro. GS 4116, the guanidino analog of GS 4071, is a 10-fold more potent inhibitor of influenza virus replication in tissue culture than GS 4071. In this study we determined the oral bioavailabilities of GS 4071, GS 4116, and their respective ethyl ester prodrugs in rats. Both parent compounds and the prodrug of the guanidino analog exhibited poor oral bioavailability (2 to 4%) and low peak concentrations in plasma (Cmaxs; Cmax <0.06 microg/ml). In contrast, GS 4104, the ethyl ester prodrug of GS 4071, exhibited good oral bioavailability (35%) as GS 4071 and high Cmaxs of GS 4071 (Cmax = 0.47 microg/ml) which are 150 times the concentration necessary to inhibit influenza virus neuraminidase activity by 90%. The bioavailability of GS 4104 as GS 4071 was also determined in mice (30%), ferrets (11%), and dogs (73%). The plasma of all four species exhibited high, sustained concentrations of GS 4071 such that at 12 h postdosing the concentrations of GS 4071 in plasma exceeded those necessary to inhibit influenza virus neuraminidase activity by 90%. These results demonstrate that GS 4104 is an orally bioavailable prodrug of GS 4071 in animals and that it has the potential to be an oral agent for the prevention and treatment of influenza A and B virus infections in humans.
Cellular and molecular approaches to developing human monoclonal antibodies as drugs. (1991)

Attempts to bring murine monoclonal antibodies into clinical therapeutic use have always been thwarted by the body's reaction to foreign antigens. Although there has been some success with the use of murine monoclonal antibodies in the control of renal transplant rejection, its potential will remain limited. The solution then is to produce human mAbs, which are much less immunogenic in the patient and therefore, allow repeated administration. However, for the past decade, efforts to produce human monoclonal antibodies were focused on using the hybridoma fusion technique and Epstein-Barr virus transformation to generate lymphoblastoid cell lines. It is now certain that these two methods in their present form will yield neither the variety nor the quantity of human monoclonal antibodies sufficient for therapeutic use. A compromise approach which is to "humanise" murine antibodies by substituting up to 90-95% of their amino acids with human sequences will most likely become the method of choice in human monoclonal antibody production. These "chimeric" monoclonal antibodies have been shown to be much less immunogenic in patients and is a sign that monoclonal antibodies will soon be an important mode of immunotherapy.
Sensitivity of tumor cells to proteasome inhibitors is associated with expression levels and composition of proteasome subunits (2008)

Abstract BACKGROUND. Sensitivity of tumor cells to induction of apoptosis by proteasome inhibitors varies greatly. This study was undertaken to investigate the sensitivity of neoplastic B cells and solid tumor cells to proteasome inhibition with respect to constitutive expression levels of proteasome subunits. METHODS. Twelve neoplastic B‐cell lines and 12 solid tumor cell lines were assessed for their expression levels of proteasome subunits by using quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis and were assessed for their sensitivity to the proteasome inhibitors PS‐341 and lactacystin by using a flow cytometry assay that detected activated caspases. RESULTS. The neoplastic B‐cell lines were categorized into 3 groups representing refractory cell lines, cell lines with moderate sensitivity, and cell lines with high sensitivity. Correlating expression levels of proteasome subunits with sensitivity to proteasome inhibition indicated that refractory B cells exhibited lower expression levels of the standard subunit β2 and of the immunoproteasome subunit LMP2 compared with sensitive B cell lines. Compared with neoplastic B cells solid tumor cells were less sensitive. They expressed the immunoproteasome subunits LMP2, LMP7 and MECL‐1 and the standard subunit β2 clearly below the median of the expression level of the sensitive B cell lines. IFN‐γ pretreatment enhanced sensitivity to PS‐341 in 50% of the tumor cell lines, potentially related to the induction of immunoproteasomes. CONCLUSIONS. The results of this study indicated that sensitivity to proteasome inhibition is correlated with expression levels of proteasome subunits, which determine the enzymatic activity of the proteasome. Combining PS‐341 with IFN‐γ may enhance its clinical efficacy. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
An improved droop control strategy for load current sharing in output parallel-connected DC-DC converters (2014)

This work presents a novel current sharing control technique based on an improved droop control scheme for a modular power supply composed of n output parallel-connected DC-DC converters. Each converter is connected to the load through individual line resistance and modeled as a dependent voltage source. In order to provide proper load sharing, a voltage reference adjustment for the main control loop is done through the load current controller output. A distributed power supply composed by three buck converters with their outputs connected in parallel designed for a 75 W Light Emitting Diode (LED) street lighting fixture is tested through simulations to prove the feasibility of the idea.
Optimal online learning in bidding for sponsored search auctions (2017)

Sponsored search advertisement auctions offer one of the most accessible automated bidding platforms to online advertisers via human-friendly web interfaces. We formulate the learning of the optimal bidding policy for sponsored search auctions as a stochastic optimization problem, and model the auctions to build a simulator based on a real world dataset focusing on the simulated sponsored search auctions to show hourly variations in auction frequency, click propensity, bidding competition, and revenue originating from advertisements. We present several bidding policies that learn from bidding results and that can be easily implemented. We also present a knowledge gradient learning policy that can guide bidding to generate samples from which the bidding policies learn. The bidding policies can be trained with a small number of samples to achieve a significant performance in advertising profit. We show that a hybrid policy that makes the optimal switching from learning the bidding policies to exploiting the learned bidding policies achieves 95% of optimal performance. Also, our result suggests that using knowledge gradient learning policy may provide robustness in guessing when to switch from learning the bidding policies to exploiting the learned bidding policies.
Gold(I)‐ and Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Ring‐Opening of Unactivated Vinylcyclopropanes with Sulfonamides (2007)

Abstract The gold(I)‐ or Brønsted acid‐catalyzed reaction of unactivated vinylcyclopropanes (VCPs) with sulfonamides affords useful homoallylic amine derivatives. This ring‐opening reaction occurs in a highly selective manner affording in the case of α‐phenyl‐substituted VCPs products with the E ‐configuration exclusively.
Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery in Cancer Therapy: Paradigms and Challenges (2012)

RNA interference (RNAi) is a specific gene-silencing mechanism that can be mediated by the delivery of chemical synthesized small-interfering RNA (siRNA). RNAi might constitute a novel therapeutic approach for cancer treatment because researchers can easily design siRNA molecules to inhibit, specifically and potently, the expression of any protein involved in tumor initiation and progression. Despite all the potential of siRNA as a novel class of drugs, the limited cellular uptake, low biological stability, and unfavorable pharmacokinetics of siRNAs have limited their application in the clinic. Indeed, blood nucleases easily degrade naked siRNAs, and the kidneys rapidly eliminate these molecules. Furthermore, at the level of target cells, the negative charge and hydrophilicity of siRNAs strongly impair their cellular internalization. Therefore, the translation of siRNA to the clinical setting is highly dependent on the development of an appropriate delivery system, able to ameliorate siRNA pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties. In this regard, major advances have been achieved with lipid-based nanocarriers sterically stabilized by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), such as the stabilized nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALP). However, PEG has not solved all the major problems associated with siRNA delivery. In this Account, the major problems associated with PEGylated lipid-based nanoparticles, and the different strategies to overcome them are discussed. Although PEG has revolutionized the field of nanocarriers, cumulative experience has revealed that upon repeated administration, PEGylated liposomes lose their ability to circulate over long periods in the bloodstream, a phenomenon known as accelerated blood clearance. In addition, PEGylation impairs the internalization of the siRNA into the target cell and its subsequent escape from the endocytic pathway, which reduces biological activity. An interesting approach to overcome such limitations relies on the design of novel exchangeable PEG-derivatized lipids. After systemic administration, these lipids can be released from the nanoparticle surface. Moreover, the design and synthesis of novel cationic lipids that are more fusogenic and the use of internalizing targeting ligands have contributed to the emergence of novel lipid-based nanoparticles with remarkable transfection efficiency.
Intradermal delivery of vaccines: potential benefits and current challenges (2011)

Delivery of vaccine antigens to the dermis and/or epidermis of human skin (i.e. intradermal delivery) might be more efficient than injection into the muscle or subcutaneous tissue, thereby reducing the volumes of antigen. This is known as dose-sparing and has been demonstrated in clinical trials with some, but not all, vaccines. Dose-sparing could be beneficial to immunization programmes by potentially reducing the costs of purchase, distribution and storage of vaccines; increasing vaccine availability and effectiveness. The data obtained with intradermal delivery of some vaccines are encouraging and warrant further study and development; however significant gaps in knowledge and operational challenges such as reformulation, optimizing vaccine presentation and development of novel devices to aid intradermal vaccine delivery need to be addressed. Modelling of the costs and potential savings resulting from intradermal delivery should be done to provide realistic expectations of the potential benefits and to support cases for investment. Implementation and uptake of intradermal vaccine delivery requires further research and development, which depends upon collaboration between multiple stakeholders in the field of vaccination.
On the benefit of information centric networks for traffic engineering (2014)

Current Internet performs traffic engineering (TE) by estimating traffic matrices on a regular schedule, and allocating flows based upon weights computed from these matrices. This means the allocation is based upon a guess of the traffic in the network based on its history. Information-Centric Networks on the other hand provide a finer-grained description of the traffic: a content between a client and a server is uniquely identified by its name, and the network can therefore learn the size of different content items, and perform traffic engineering and resource allocation accordingly. We claim that Information-Centric Networks can therefore provide a better handle to perform traffic engineering, resulting in significant performance gain. We present a mechanism to perform such resource allocation. We see that our traffic engineering method only requires knowledge of the flow size (which, in ICN, can be learned from previous data transfers) and outperforms a min-MLU allocation in terms of response time. We also see that our method identifies the traffic allocation patterns similar to that of min-MLU without having access to the traffic matrix ahead of time. We show a very significant gain in response time where min-MLU is almost 50% slower than our ICN-based TE method.
Thiopental is a Competitive Inhibitor at the Human α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (2001)

The receptors for nicotine in the brain may be involved in the mechanism of general anesthetics. We have shown that a human receptor for nicotine is inhibited by the anesthetic barbiturate thiopental, at concentrations used clinically. The nicotinic receptor thus may mediate some of the actions of this drug.
Colonic mucosa-associated diffusely adherent<i>afaC+ Escherichia coli</i>expressing<i>lpfA</i>and<i>pks</i>are increased in inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer (2013)

IBD and CRC commonly have colonic mucosal E coli that express genes that confer properties relevant to pathogenesis including M-cell translocation, angiogenesis and genotoxicity.
The rotator cuff : current concepts and complex problems (1998)

This monograph provides a discussion of the biomechanics of the coracoacromial arch and kinematics of the subacromial space. It also expands upon the current techniques of arthroscopic acromioplasty and arthroscopic distal clavicle resection and defines the role and results of mini open rotator cuff repair. It deals in greater detail with massive rotator cuff tears and with the techniques and results of tendon transfers for irreparable rotator cuff and subscapularis tendon tears. Finally, it expands on the issues of complications associated with rotator cuff surgery.
Few-NERD: A Few-Shot Named Entity Recognition Dataset (2021)

Recently, considerable literature has grown up around the theme of few-shot named entity recognition (NER), but little published benchmark data specifically focused on the practical and challenging task. Current approaches collect existing supervised NER datasets and re-organize them to the few-shot setting for empirical study. These strategies conventionally aim to recognize coarse-grained entity types with few examples, while in practice, most unseen entity types are fine-grained. In this paper, we present Few-NERD, a large-scale human-annotated few-shot NER dataset with a hierarchy of 8 coarse-grained and 66 fine-grained entity types. Few-NERD consists of 188,238 sentences from Wikipedia, 4,601,160 words are included and each is annotated as context or a part of a two-level entity type. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first few-shot NER dataset and the largest human-crafted NER dataset. We construct benchmark tasks with different emphases to comprehensively assess the generalization capability of models. Extensive empirical results and analysis show that Few-NERD is challenging and the problem requires further research. We make Few-NERD public at https://ningding97.github.io/fewnerd/.
Selection of circulating PD-1+ lymphocytes from cancer patients enriches for tumor-reactive and mutation-specific lymphocytes (2015)

Meeting abstracts T cells targeting unique somatic mutations appear to play an important role in the antitumor responses observed following T cell transfer, and isolation of mutation-specific lymphocytes and T-cell receptors has become a major obstacle to the development of more effective
Lead‐free Perovskite Materials (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>Sb<sub>2</sub>I<sub>x</sub>Br<sub>9−<i>x</i></sub> (2017)

Abstract A family of perovskite light absorbers (NH 4 ) 3 Sb 2 I x Br 9− x (0≤ x ≤9) was prepared. These materials show good solubility in ethanol, a low‐cost, hypotoxic, and environmentally friendly solvent. The light absorption of (NH 4 ) 3 Sb 2 I x Br 9− x films can be tuned by adjusting I and Br content. The absorption onset for (NH 4 ) 3 Sb 2 I x Br 9− x films changes from 558 nm to 453 nm as x changes from 9 to 0. (NH 4 ) 3 Sb 2 I 9 single crystals were prepared, exhibiting a hole mobility of 4.8 cm 2 V −1 s −1 and an electron mobility of 12.3 cm 2 V −1 s −1 . (NH 4 ) 3 Sb 2 I 9 solar cells gave an open‐circuit voltage of 1.03 V and a power conversion efficiency of 0.51 %.
Spin-Polarized Metastable-Atom Deexcitation Spectroscopy: A New Probe of Surface Magnetism (1984)

It is demonstrated that spin dependences in the secondary-electron yields obtained when electron-spin-polarized $\mathrm{He}(2^{3}S)$ atoms are deexcited at a magnetized surface provide a means by which to probe surface magnetism. This technique, which is particularly surface specific, has been used to investigate the dependence of Ni(110) surface magnetism on temperature and the presence of controlled adsorbates.