gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exact Radon rebinning algorithm for the long object problem in helical cone-beam CT (2000)

This paper addresses the long object problem in helical cone-beam computed tomography. We present the PHI-method, a new algorithm for the exact reconstruction of a region-of-interest (ROI) of a long object from axially truncated data extending only slightly beyond the ROI. The PHI-method is an extension of the Radon-method, published by Kudo, Noo, and Defrise in issue 43 of journal Physics in Medicine and Biology. The key novelty of the PHI-method is the introduction of a virtual object fpsi(x) for each value of the azimuthal angle psi in the image space, with each virtual object having the property of being equal to the true object f(x) in some ROI omegam. We show that, for each psi, one can calculate exact Radon data corresponding to the two-dimensional (2-D) parallel-beam projection of fpsi(x) onto the meridian plane of angle psi. Given an angular range of length pi of such parallel-beam projections, the ROI omegam can be exactly reconstructed because f(x) is identical to fpsi(x) in Omegam. Simulation results are given for both the Radon-method and the PHI-method indicating that 1) for the case of short objects, the Radon- and PHI-methods produce comparable image quality, 2) for the case of long objects, the PHI-method delivers the same image quality as in the short object case, while the Radon-method fails, and 3) the image quality produced by the PHI-method is similar for a large range of pitch values.
Pectin/Starch/Glycerol Films: Blends or Composites? (1996)

Abstract The miscibility of pectin (P), starch (S), and glycerol (G) in films was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), tensile measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and film dissolution studies. DMA revealed that P/S/G films exhibit up to three thermodynamic transitions prior to film degradation when heated. Transitions appear to be induced or enhanced by the addition of glycerol. The lowest transition occurred below −50°C, the second above room temperature and below 100°C, and the third above 100°C. DMA and SEM on P/S/G films containing starch solubilized for various lengths of time revealed that a tenfold difference in the particle size of starch produced no more than a 20% difference in the dynamic moduli. Tensile measurements revealed that changes in glycerol content or relative humidity induced greater changes in mechanical properties than time of starch solubilization (gelatinization). FT-IR spectra of P/S/G films revealed that the microstructure around ester and carboxylic acid side chains of pectin was changed significantly by the level of glycerol and relatively little by varying the starch level. Results from dissolution studies were consistent with the idea that P/S/G films are highly compatible composites of starch in pectin.
Interim performance of a non-DRE urine exosome gene signature to predict Gleason ≥7 prostate cancer on initial prostate needle biopsy from patients enrolled in a prospective observational trial. (2015)

5064 Background: PSA and DRE are used for biopsy decisions; however, limited sensitivity and specificity have resulted in the over-diagnosis and treatment of low risk prostate cancer (PCa). Non-invasive screening tools that add predictive value for identifying high-grade, Gleason score (GS) ≥ 7, should impact the current paradigm. We sought to evaluate performance of a gene signature that differentiated GS7+ from GS6 + benign disease by evaluating patients with first-time biopsy results and gray zone PSA (4-10ng/mL) from an ongoing prospective clinical trial. Methods: 499 sequentially obtained first-catch non-DRE urine specimens (standard cups) from 15 urology practices were collected from patients presenting for biopsy. Exosomes were isolated and RNA extraction performed. RT-qPCR RNA copy numbers of ERG and PCA3, normalized to SPDEF, were measured to generate a three-gene signature, defined to yield a score discriminating GS7+ vs. GS6 and benign lesions, evaluating NPV, Sensitivity and Specificity relative to standard of care. Results: Urine samples from 205 men of 499 total (PSA 4-10 ng/mL, first biopsy, < 50 mL donation volume; median age 64 years, median PSA 5.46 ng/mL, 80% negative DRE, 74% no family history, 68% Caucasian), were evaluated. With 50% and 33% prevalence of positive biopsy for any cancer or GS7+ disease, respectively, a dichotomous gene signature + standard of care demonstrated good clinical performance in predicting biopsy result. For GS7+, with a 90% fixed sensitivity, the NPV and PPV were 92% and 48%, respectively compared to 79% and 35% for the prostate cancer prevention trial risk calculator (PCPTRC). A continuous score alone had an AUC of 0.74 for discriminating GS7+ from GS6 and benign disease and the results were significantly better than PCPTRC, AUC 0.64(p = 0.026). Conclusions: We confirmed a novel, non-invasive urine exosome gene signature demonstrated independent, negative predictive value for the diagnosis of GS7+ from first biopsy patients with ‘gray zone’ PSA. Its use in the biopsy decision process should result in fewer prostate biopsies pending completion of the prospective trial.
Multi-touch document folding (2011)

For document visualization, folding techniques provide a focus-plus-context approach with fairly high legibility on flat sections. To enable richer interaction, we explore the design space of multi-touch document folding. We discuss several design considerations for simple modeless gesturing and compatibility with standard Drag and Pinch gestures. We categorize gesture models along the characteristics of Symmetric/Asymmetric and Serial/Parallel, which yields three gesture models. We built a prototype document workspace application that integrates folding and standard gestures, and a system for testing the gesture models. A user study was conducted to compare the three models and to analyze the factors of fold direction, target symmetry, and target tolerance in user performance when folding a document to a specific shape. Our results indicate that all three factors were significant for task times, and parallelism was greater for symmetric targets.
Ultraviolet reflective coating (1974)

Composition consists of dispersion of barium sulphate in aqueous solution of water-soluble inorganic binder. Binder is selected from group consisting of alkali metal sulphates. Coating exhibits high reflectance of ultraviolet light to wavelengths of approximately 200.0 nm, which compares favorably with high reflectance of virgin barium sulphate power.
Application of dynamical analyses of heart rate to rhythm classification and prognosis (2014)

We have developed numerical approaches to dynamical analysis of heart rates, measured as interbeat or RR, intervals, based on entropy and fluctuation analyses in a large data base of consecutive Holter monitor recordings. In Part I, we present a RR interval-based classifier that distinguishes normal sinus rhythm (NSR), atrial fibrillation (AF) and sinus rhythm with ectopy with an accuracy of 99%, 81% and 77%respectively, using 10-minute segments. In Part II, we present 2-year mortality estimation based on the entropy calculations. The major finding is that normal dynamics identify a very low risk group. Taken together, these results point to automated analysis of heart rate time series with important clinical applications.
Fault ride-through of PMSG-based offshore wind farm connected through cascaded current source converter-based HVDC (2012)

This paper describes a new fault ride-through (FRT) strategy for the permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based offshore wind farm, where cascaded current-source converters (CSCs) are employed on both generator- and grid-side. This FRT strategy uses inherent short-circuit operating capability of the CSC for the fast power reduction during the grid faults. The grid-side converters are controlled to fulfill the demanding reactive power requirement during the grid fault. The simulations are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results are provided to ensure the validity and feasibility of the proposed FRT method.
Nonlinear optics and crystalline whispering gallery mode resonators (2004)

We report on our recent results concerning fabrication of high-Q whispering gallery mode (WGM) crystalline resonators, and discuss some possible applications of lithium niobate WGM resonators in nonlinear optics and photonics. In particular, we demonstrate experimentally a tunable third-order optical filter-fabricated from the three metalized resonators; and report observation of parametric frequency doubling in a WGM resonator made of periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN).
Metal organic framework-mediated synthesis of highly active and stable Fischer-Tropsch catalysts (2015)

Depletion of crude oil resources and environmental concerns have driven a worldwide research on alternative processes for the production of commodity chemicals. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is a process for flexible production of key chemicals from synthesis gas originating from non-petroleum-based sources. Although the use of iron-based catalysts would be preferred over the widely used cobalt, manufacturing methods that prevent their fast deactivation because of sintering, carbon deposition and phase changes have proven challenging. Here we present a strategy to produce highly dispersed iron carbides embedded in a matrix of porous carbon. Very high iron loadings (>40 wt %) are achieved while maintaining an optimal dispersion of the active iron carbide phase when a metal organic framework is used as catalyst precursor. The unique iron spatial confinement and the absence of large iron particles in the obtained solids minimize catalyst deactivation, resulting in high active and stable operation.
Surfactant protein SP-D modulates activity of immune cells: proteomic profiling of its interaction with eosinophilic cells (2014)

Surfactant protein D (SP-D), a C-type lectin, is known to protect against lung infection, allergy and inflammation. Its recombinant truncated form comprising homotrimeric neck and CRD region (rhSP-D) has been shown to bring down specific IgE levels, eosinophilia and restore Th2-Th1 homeostasis in murine models of lung hypersensitivity. SP-D knockout mice show intrinsic hypereosinophilia and airway hyper-responsiveness that can be alleviated by rhSP-D. The rhSP-D can bind activated eosinophils, inhibit chemotaxis and degranulation, and selectively induce oxidative burst and apoptosis in sensitized eosinophils. A global proteomics study of rhSP-D-treated eosinophilic cell line AML14.3D10 identified large-scale molecular changes associated with oxidative burst, cell stress and survival-related proteins potentially responsible for apoptosis induction. The data also suggested an involvement of RNA binding- and RNA splicing-related proteins. Thus, the proteomics approach yielded a catalog of differentially expressed proteins that may be protein signatures defining mechanisms of SP-D-mediated maintenance of homeostasis during allergy.
Novel star HPMA-based polymer conjugates for passive targeting to solid tumors (2011)

Novel star polymer-doxorubicin conjugates designed for passive tumor targeting have been developed and their potential for treatment of cancer has been investigated. In the present study the synthesis, physico-chemical characterization, drug release, bio-distribution and preliminary data of in vivo efficacy of the conjugates are described. In the water-soluble conjugates the core of a molecule formed by poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers was grafted with semitelechelic N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers bearing doxorubicin (Dox) attached by hydrazone bonds enabling intracellular pH-controlled hydrolytic drug release, or by GFLG sequence susceptible to enzymatic degradation. The controlled synthesis utilizing semitelechelic copolymer precursors facilitated preparation of polymer conjugates in a broad range of molecular weights (1.1-3.0·10(5) g/mol). In contrast to free drug or linear conjugates the star polymer-Dox conjugates exhibited prolonged blood circulation and enhanced tumor accumulation in tumor-bearing mice indicating important role of the EPR effect. The star polymer-Dox conjugates showed significantly higher anti-tumor activity in vivo than Dox?HCl or its linear or graft polymer conjugates, if treated with a single dose 15 or 5 mg Dox eq./kg. Method of tumor initialization (acute or chronic experimental tumor models) significantly influenced effectiveness of the treatment with much lower success in treatment of mice bearing chronic tumors.
Mutational analysis of the human T-cell leukemia virus type I trans-acting rex gene product (1991)

Expression of the human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) rex gene is a prerequisite for the expression of the retroviral structural proteins. We have generated internal deletion mutants of this 27-kDa nucleolar trans-acting gene product to define functional domains in the Rex protein. The phenotype of the various mutant proteins was tested on the homologous HTLV-I rex response element sequence and the heterologous human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) rev response element sequence. Our results indicate that a region between amino acid residues 55 and 132 in the 189-amino-acid Rex protein is required for Rex-mediated trans activation on both retroviral response element sequences. In addition, substitution of the Rex nuclear localization signal by a sequence of the HIV-1 rev gene product targets the Rex protein to the correct subcellular compartment required for Rex function.
A mitochondrial based oncology platform for targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs): MITO-ONC-RX (2018)

Here, we wish to propose a new systematic approach to cancer therapy, based on the targeting of mitochondrial metabolism, especially in cancer stem cells (CSCs). In the future, we envision that anti-mitochondrial therapy would ultimately be practiced as an add-on to more conventional therapy, largely for the prevention of tumor recurrence and cancer metastasis. This mitochondrial based oncology platform would require a panel of FDA-approved therapeutics (e.g. Doxycycline) that can safely be used to inhibit mitochondrial OXPHOS and/or biogenesis in CSCs. In addition, new therapeutics that target mitochondria could also be developed, to optimize their ability to eradicate CSCs. Finally, in this context, mitochondrial-based biomarkers (i.e. "Mito-signatures") could be utilized as companion diagnostics, to identify high-risk cancer patients at diagnosis, facilitating the early detection of tumor recurrence and the prevention of treatment failure. In summary, we suggest that new clinical trials are warranted to test and possibly implement this emerging treatment strategy, in a variety of human cancer types. This general approach, using FDA-approved antibiotics to target mitochondria, was effective in killing CSCs originating from many different cancer types, including DCIS, breast (ER(+) and ER(-)), prostate, ovarian, lung and pancreatic cancers, as well as melanoma and glioblastoma, among others. Thus, we propose the term MITO-ONC-RX, to describe this anti-mitochondrial platform for targeting CSCs. The use of re-purposed FDA-approved drugs will undoubtedly help to accelerate the clinical evaluation of this approach, as these drugs can move directly into Phase II clinical trials, saving considerable amounts of time (10-15 y) and billions in financial resources.
Rapid Detection of Urinary Tract Infections via Bacterial Nuclease Activity (2017)

Rapid and accurate bacterial detection methods are needed for clinical diagnostic, water, and food testing applications. The wide diversity of bacterial nucleases provides a rich source of enzymes that could be exploited as signal amplifying biomarkers to enable rapid, selective detection of bacterial species. With the exception of the use of micrococcal nuclease activity to detect Staphylococcus aureus, rapid methods that detect bacterial pathogens via their nuclease activities have not been developed. Here, we identify endonuclease I as a robust biomarker for E. coli and develop a rapid ultrasensitive assay that detects its activity. Comparison of nuclease activities of wild-type and nuclease-knockout E. coli clones revealed that endonuclease I is the predominant DNase in E. coli lysates. Endonuclease I is detectable by immunoblot and activity assays in uropathogenic E. coli strains. A rapid assay that detects endonuclease I activity in patient urine with an oligonucleotide probe exhibited substantially higher sensitivity for urinary tract infections than that reported for rapid urinalysis methods. The 3 hr turnaround time is much shorter than that of culture-based methods, thereby providing a means for expedited administration of appropriate antimicrobial therapy. We suggest this approach could address various unmet needs for rapid detection of E. coli.
Neural and Statistical Methods for Leveraging Meta-information in\n Machine Translation (2017)

In this paper, we discuss different methods which use meta information and\nricher context that may accompany source language input to improve machine\ntranslation quality. We focus on category information of input text as meta\ninformation, but the proposed methods can be extended to all textual and\nnon-textual meta information that might be available for the input text or\nautomatically predicted using the text content. The main novelty of this work\nis to use state-of-the-art neural network methods to tackle this problem within\na statistical machine translation (SMT) framework. We observe translation\nquality improvements up to 3% in terms of BLEU score in some text categories.\n
A broadband beam former with pole-zero unconstrained jammer rejection in linear arrays (1996)

A new architecture is presented for broadband cancellation of jammer signals in a linear equally spaced array of sensors, where the jammers can be coherent or noncoherent with the target signal. Unique features lie in the ability of the preprocessor to cancel all poles in the ideal filters and simplify the remaining zeros. As a result, the adaptive process for jammer cancellation need only estimate these zeros with short-length digital filters and any generally available adaptive algorithm. The adaptive process is unconstrained and can use any least squares method including those with a lattice structure. The number of filters is equal to the maximum number of jammers and their length is unaffected by the number of array elements. The required lengths of the adapted filters are functions only of the jammer directions. The target signal may be weak or strong in comparison to the jammers, and there are no known deficiencies such as signal cancellation or look-direction bias.
Cross-sectional structure of carrot defects in 4H–SiC epilayers (2004)

Surface morphology of carrot defects in 4H–SiC epilayers is described based on optical microscopy and molten potassium hydroxide etching. Its crystallographic structure is investigated using cross-sectional transmission x-ray topography. A threading screw dislocation in substrate serves as the nucleation source of a carrot. At the beginning of the epitaxial growth, the source dislocation is deflected toward the step-flow direction where a basal plane dislocation and a vertical planar defect nucleate together. The vertical planar defect fills the space between the basal plane dislocation and the deflected threading dislocation. This structure forms characteristic morphology on the epilayer surface, such as groove, shallow trench, etch line of the groove, and hexagonal and oval etch pits at each end of the groove.
Thioctamer: a novel thioctic acid–glatiramer acetate nanoconjugate expedites wound healing in diabetic rats (2022)

The current work aims to design thioctic acid (TA) and glatiramer acetate (GA) nanoconjugate (thioctamer) loaded hydrogel formula as well as evaluation of thioctamer preclinical efficacy in expediting wound healing in a rat model of the diabetic wound. Thioctamer was prepared by conjugation of GA and TA in a 1:1 molar ratio. Particle size, zeta potential, and thermodynamic stability of the prepared thioctamer were assessed. Thioctamer was loaded in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based hydrogel and <i>in vitro</i> release study was investigated. The ability of thioctamer to enhance the process of wound healing in diabetic rats was investigated by assessing wound contraction and immunohistochemical assessment of the inflammation markers IL-6 and TNF-α. The results demonstrated that thioctamer showed particle size of 137 ± 21.4 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.235, and positive zeta potential value of 7.43 ± 4.95 mV. On day 7 of making a skin excision, diabetic rat wounds administered thioctamer preparation showed almost complete healing (95.6 ± 8.6%). Meanwhile, % of wound contraction in animals treated with TA or GA groups exhibited values amounting to 56.5 ± 5.8% and 62.6 ± 7.1%, respectively. Histological investigation showed that the highest healing rate was noted in the thioctamer group animals, as the surface of the wound was nearly fully protected by regenerated epithelium with keratinization, with few inflammatory cells noticed. Thioctamer significantly (<i>p</i><.05) inhibited IL-6 and TNF-α expression as compared with sections obtained from the negative control, TA, GA, or positive control group animals on day 7. The evidence of the ability of thioctamer to significantly expedite wound healing in the diabetic rats is presented.
Advanced development of fine coal desulfurization and recovery technology. Annual technical progress report, October 1 1976--September 1977. [54 references] (1978)

Work has been carried out to develop and improve several promising methods for desulfurizing and recovering fine-size coal. These methods included froth flotation, selective oil agglomeration, pelletization, and a chemical desulfurization process which involves leaching fine coal with a hot dilute solution of sodium carbonate containing dissolved oxygen or air under pressure. This process is an oxydesulfurization process which utilizes an alkaline solution instead of an acidic solution for leaching coal. The results of experiments with a small autoclave showed that more sulfur, both organic and inorganic, was removed from several high-sulfur bituminous coals when a dilute solution of alkali was used than when a dilute acid solution was used for leaching under the same conditions of time, temperature, and oxygen partial pressure. On the other hand, the heating value recovery was somewhat higher when acidic solutions were used. Also it was shown that pure oxygen is more effective than air, even though the oxygen partial pressure was kept the same, for oxydesulfurization of coal in either acidic or alkaline solutions. In addition it was found that the removal of organic sulfur by alkaline solutions increased as the oxygen partial pressure was raised. Although small concentrations of alkali were beneficial, large concentrations were detrimental. In order to improve the physical separation of coal and pyrite particles by froth flotation or oil agglomeration, various surface chemical treatments were tested. The most successful treatment involved treating the coal or pyrite particles with a warm, dilute alkaline solution which was aerated to provide mildly oxidizing conditions.