gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fair stateless model checking (2008)

Stateless model checking is a useful state-space exploration technique for systematically testing complex real-world software. Existing stateless model checkers are limited to the verification of safety properties on terminating programs. However, realistic concurrent programs are nonterminating, a property that significantly reduces the efficacy of stateless model checking in testing them. Moreover, existing stateless model checkers are unable to verify that a nonterminating program satisfies the important liveness property of livelock-freedom, a property that requires the program to make continuous progress for any input.
Mucorales-specific T cells emerge in the course of invasive mucormycosis and may be used as a surrogate diagnostic marker in high-risk patients (2011)

Mucorales-specific T cells were investigated in 28 hematologic patients during the course of their treatment. Three developed proven invasive mucormycosis (IM), 17 had infections of known origin but other than IM, and 8 never had fever during the period of observation. Mucorales-specific T cells could be detected only in patients with IM, both at diagnosis and throughout the entire course of the IM, but neither before nor for long after resolution of the infection. Such T cells predominantly produced IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-10, and to a lesser extent IL-17 and belonged to either CD4(+) or CD8(+) subsets. The specific T cells that produced IFN-γ were able to directly induce damage to Mucorales hyphae. None of the 25 patients without IM had Mucorales-specific T cells. Specific T cells contribute to human immune responses against fungi of the order Mucorales and could be evaluated as a surrogate diagnostic marker of IM.
<title>Industrial applications of a high-sensitivity linear birefringence measurement system</title> (1999)

In this paper we introduce an instrument developed recently for measuring low level birefringence. Known as the Exicor system, this instrument has two detecting channels for measuring both the magnitude and orientation of linear birefringence in transparent optical materials. The Exicor system, employing a low birefringent photoelastic modulator (PEM), provides high level sensitivity of approximately 0.005 nm and good time resolution of < 2s per data point. We present applications of the Exicor system to a variety of otpical samples with industrial importance, including PEM optical elements, compact disc blanks, photomask blanks and other optical components.
Coupling Maximum Entropy and Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar Models for XML Annotation of Documents. (2005)

Abstract: We consider the problem of semantic annotation of semi-structured documents according to a target XML schema. The task is to annotate a document in a tree-like manner where the annotation tree is an instance of a tree class defined by DTD or W3C XML Schema descriptions. In the probabilistic setting, we cope with the tree annotation problem as a generalized probabilistic contextfree parsing of an observation sequence where each observation comes with a probability distribution over terminals supplied by a probabilistic classifier associated with the content of documents. We determine the most probable tree annotation by maximizing the joint probability of selecting a terminal sequence for the observation sequence and the most probable parse for the selected terminal sequence. We extend the inside-outside algorithm for probabilistic context-free grammars and establish a Naive Bayes-like requirement that the content classifier should satisfy when estimating the terminal probabilities. Nous considérons le problème de l’annotation sémantique de documents semistructurés guidée par un schéma xml cible. Le but est d’annoter un document
Performance characteristics of high-purity mid-wave and long-wave infrared type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared photodiodes (2006)

The authors report on recent advances in the development of mid-, long-, and very long-wavelength infrared (MWIR, LWIR, and VLWIR) type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared photodiodes. The residual carrier background of binary type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes of cut-off wavelengths around 5 μm has been studied in the temperature range between 10 and 200 K. A four-point, capacitance-voltage technique on mid-wavelength and long-wavelength type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared photodiodes reveal residual background concentrations around 5 × 10<sup>14</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup>. Additionally, recent progress towards LWIR photodiodes for focal plane array imaging applications is presented. Single element detectors with a cut-off wavelength, λ<sub>c,50%</sub>, of 10.2 μm demonstrated detectivities of approximately 1 × 10<sup>11</sup> cmHz<sup>1/2</sup>W<sup>-1</sup> and quantum efficiencies of 32% at the peak responsivity wavelength of around 7.9 μm. Furthermore, high-performance VLWIR single element photodiodes are discussed. The silicon dioxide passivation of VLWIR photodiodes is also presented, which resulted in an approximately 5 times increase of the sidewall resistivity. The latest developments in this material system lend further support for its use as a high-performance alternative for infrared optical systems compared to the current state-of-the-art imaging systems, especially those approaching the long-wavelength and very-long-wavelength infrared.
Biocidal Polystyrenehydantoin Beads. 2. Control of Chlorine Loading (2003)

It has been demonstrated that the biocidal polymers poly-1,3-dichloro-5-methyl-5-(4‘-vinylphenyl)hydantoin and the alkali metal salt and protonated forms of its monochlorinated derivative can be prepared as insoluble porous beads by careful control of the pH in the chlorination step. While the dichloro derivative will be primarily useful in flowing water disinfection applications, particularly for potable water and recreational water, the monochloro compounds will find use in applications in which disinfection contact time is of lesser importance, such as for recirculating water treatment and odor control. Biocidal efficacy and chlorine stability data have been presented, and the potential use patterns of the several derivatives have been discussed.
Refractive Index and Diameter Determinations of Step Index Optical Fibers and Preforms (1974)

A new method to determine the index of refraction in combination with the diameter of the cores of stepindex optical fibers and preforms is presented. The technique is based on an analysis of the backscattered light when a beam from a cw laser impinges transversely upon the fiber or preform. A geometrical-optics analysis shows that, under appropriate assumptions, a combination of the refractive indexes and the radii of the core and cladding can be determined from unique characteristics of the backscattered radiation pattern. The theory is compared to experimental observations with excellent agreement.
A Scalable Addressable Positive-Dielectrophoretic Cell-Sorting Array (2005)

We present the first known implementation of a passive, scalable architecture for trapping, imaging, and sorting individual microparticles, including cells, using a positive dielectrophoretic (p-DEP) trapping array. Our array-based technology enables "active coverslips" where, when scaled, many individually held cells can be sorted based upon imaged spatial or temporally variant characteristics. Our design incorporates a unique "ring-dot" p-DEP trap geometry organized in a row/column array format. This trap design, implemented in a two-level metal process, provides strong and highly spatially localized holding fields enabling single-cell capture for all traps in the array. We release individual trapped microparticles during sorting using a passive transistor-independent approach where we electrically ground the row and column electrodes associated with specific traps in the array. The demand for chip-to-world electrical connections in our arrays scales proportionally with the square root of the number of traps in a given array, delivering a substantial improvement over prior designs. We demonstrate capture, holding, and release operations with both beads and cells in small arrays of this new architecture.
Low-pump-power, short-fiber copropagating dual-pumped (800 and 1050 nm) thulium-doped fiber amplifier (2003)

Using optical frequency-domain reflectometry to reveal the gain distribution and allow us to optimize a thulium-doped fiber amplifier, we have demonstrated 18-dB gain by employing only 5 m of a 2000-parts-in-10(6)-Tm-doped fiber pumped with 145 mW of power at dual wavelengths of 800 and 1050 nm. The role of the 800-nm pump, which by itself does not permit population inversion, was clearly observed experimentally.
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Polymer Electrolytes Based on Poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene) Nanofibers by Electrospinning Method (2008)

The dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) devices using polymer electrolytes based on electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene) (PVDF-HFP) nanofibers were fabricated and investigated the photovoltaic performances. The electrospun PVDF-HFP nanofibers were prepared by various parameters such as; polymer concentrations, applied voltages, and tip to collector distances (TCD) by the electrospinning method. The open circuit voltage (V(OC)), short circuit current (J(SC)), fill factor (FF), and overall power conversion efficiency (eta) of DSSC devices using electro-spun PVDF-HFP nanofibers were 0.7180-0.7420 V, 9.7200-10.8837 mA/cm2, 0.5610-0.6250, and 4.1700-5.0186%, respectively. When 15 wt% of polymer concentration, 14 kV of applied voltage, and 14 cm of TCD is applied to fabricate the PVDF-HFP nanofiber, the electrospun PVDF-HFP nanofiber should be the regular diameter of a nanofiber, the power conversion efficiency of the DSSC device reached 5.0186% as the best result.
Three‐dimensional T<sub>1ρ</sub>‐weighted MRI at 1.5 Tesla (2003)

We developed and implemented a three-dimensional T(1rho)-weighted pulse sequence on a 1.5-T clinical scanner.
Acceleration of imaging in atomic force microscopy working in sub-resonance tapping mode (2022)

Sub-resonance tapping (SRT) mode of atomic force microscopy (AFM) enables researchers to image surfaces with well-controlled load forces and to collect maps of multiple physical properties of samples. The major bottleneck of this mode is a relatively low scan speed compared to other scanning modes. This paper presents a novel control algorithm that substantially improves the scanning speed over the standard SRT. We propose naming the new modality Trajectory Tracking SRT (TT-SRT). In contrast with the standard SRT control, TT-SRT uses the feedback within every single touch of the sample by the AFM probe. To demonstrate the advantage of TT-SRT, we conduct scans on a variety of samples with differing topologies, roughnesses, and mechanical properties. Each sample region is scanned with both standard SRT and TT-SRT at the same set of speeds. The control gains are tuned before each scan for maximum performance in each mode. Performance is evaluated by selecting a given level of image quality and finding the maximum speed that can be achieved by each algorithm. We find that with increased demand for data quality, the utility of TT-SRT becomes more apparent; for example, the speed of TT-SRT can be ten times faster or more than standard SRT for a reasonable expectation of data quality.
Adaptive optical zoom sensor. (2005)

In order to optically vary the magnification of an imaging system, continuous mechanical zoom lenses require multiple optical elements and use fine mechanical motion to precisely adjust the separations between individual or groups of lenses. By incorporating active elements into the optical design, we have designed and demonstrated imaging systems that are capable of variable optical magnification with no macroscopic moving parts. Changing the effective focal length and magnification of an imaging system can be accomplished by adeptly positioning two or more active optics in the optical design and appropriately adjusting the optical power of those elements. In this application, the active optics (e.g. liquid crystal spatial light modulators or deformable mirrors) serve as variable focal-length lenses. Unfortunately, the range over which currently available devices can operate (i.e. their dynamic range) is relatively small. Therefore, the key to this concept is to create large changes in the effective focal length of the system with very small changes in the focal lengths of individual elements by leveraging the optical power of conventional optical elements surrounding the active optics. By appropriately designing the optical system, these variable focal-length lenses can provide the flexibility necessary to change the overall system focal length, and therefore magnification, that is normally accomplished with mechanical motion in conventional zoom lenses.
A Framework for Designing Component Shapes in a Virtual Reality Environment (1997)

Abstract Despite advances in Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and the evolution of the graphical user interfaces, rapid creation, editing and visualization of three-dimensional (3D) shapes remains a tedious task. Though the availability of Virtual Reality (VR)-based systems allows enhanced three-dimensional interaction and visualization, the use of VR for ab initio shape design, as opposed to ‘importing’ models from existing CAD systems, is a relatively new area of research. Of interest are computer-human interaction issues and the design and geometric tools for shape modeling in a Virtual Environment (VE). The focus of this paper is on the latter i.e. in defining the geometric tools required for a VR-CAD system and in describing a framework that meets those requirements. This framework, the Virtual Design Software Framework (VDSF) consists of the interaction and design tools, and an underlying geometric engine that provides the representation and algorithms required by these tools. The geometric engine called the Virtual Modeler uses a graph-based representation (Shape-Graph) for modeling the shapes created by the user. The Shape-Graph facilitates interactive editing by localizing the effect of editing operations and in addition provides constraint-based design and editing mechanisms that are useful in a 3D interactive virtual environment. The paper concludes with a description of the prototype system, called the Virtual Design Studio (VDS), that is currently being implemented.1.
Slotted orifice flowmeter (1994)

A flow impedance device is provided for an obstruction flowmeter for determining the flow rate of a compressible or incompressible fluid in a conduit. The flowmeter has means for measuring the temperature and pressure of the fluid as well as the pressure differential across the flow impedance device, and further means for computing a flow rate from the measured pressures. The flow impedance device includes a plate having a plurality of elongated openings arranged in a predetermined pattern. The plate is installed generally transversely in the conduit to force the fluid to flow through the plurality of elongated openings.
Concurrent bandwidth aggregation over wireless networks (2012)

Mobile client platforms have emerged with the ability to access and utilize multiple wireless networks concurrently. Aggregation can be performed using wireless modems on one device or cooperatively across devices within wireless proximity of each other. This paper explores various concurrent bandwidth aggregation schemes. The aggregation can be achieved on the application-layer, transport layer like MultipathTCP, or on layers below IP such as the RLC layer. These schemes are compared. In general, aggregation on the lower layer is closer to the client device and easier to adapt to the varying channel and loading conditions. However, lower layer aggregation needs more changes to wireless access stratum infrastructure. Aggregation above the IP layer is simpler to implement. A feasibility study of MultipathTCP aggregation over multiple WWANs is presented.
Low-Temperature Annealed Perovskite Films: A Trade-Off between Fast and Retarded Crystallization via Solvent Engineering (2019)

Currently, in the field of photovoltaics, researchers are working hard to produce efficient, stable, and commercially feasible devices. The prime objective behind the innovation of any photovoltaic device is to yield more energy with easy manufacture and less process cost. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are prominent in the field of photovoltaics, owing to its low material cost, simple fabrication process, and ideal optoelectronic properties. Despite rapid augmentation in progress of PSCs, it is still a bottleneck to produce a high-quality perovskite layer at low temperatures in a short time. Herein, a facile solvent engineering technique is used to produce a high-quality perovskite layer at 50 °C in just 30 min. We employed solvent coordination strength to form the intermediate state as well as their sensitive behavior against antisolvent to establish a trade-off between fast and retarded crystallization. Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), a traditional co-solvent is used as an additive instead of co-solvent; in contrast, mixed 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) and dimethylacetamide are employed as principal solvents for perovskite precursors. Different volume ratios of DMSO as a fraction of NMP are added to examine the evolution of the perovskite layer at low temperatures. It is noted that the mixed solvent with 30% DMSO shows a pin-hole free, uniform, and compact layer with a strong absorption spectrum. Promisingly, the corresponding device with 30% DMSO shows a high efficiency of 18.19%, which is even comparable to traditionally high-temperature annealed PSCs. These findings may provide a way to produce low-temperature annealed, high-quality perovskite films and subsequently facilitate the production of cost-effective and efficient devices.
Miniature <i>in vivo</i> Robots for Remote and Harsh Environments (2008)

Long-term human space exploration will require contingencies for emergency medical procedures including some capability to perform surgery. The ability to perform minimally invasive surgery (MIS) would be an important capability. The use of small incisions reduces surgical risk, but also eliminates the ability of the surgeon to view and touch the surgical environment directly. Robotic surgery, or telerobotic surgery, may provide emergency surgical care in remote or harsh environments such as space flight, or extremely forward environments such as battlefields. However, because current surgical robots are large and require extensive support personnel, their implementation has remained limited in forward environments, and they would be difficult, or impossible, to use in space flight or on battlefields. This paper presents experimental analysis of miniature fixed-base and mobile in vivo robots to support MIS surgery in remote and harsh environments. The objective is to develop wireless imaging and task-assisting robots that can be placed inside the abdominal cavity during surgery. Such robots will provide surgical task assistance and enable an on-site or remote surgeon to view the surgical environment from multiple angles. This approach is applicable to long-duration space flight, battlefield situations, and for traditional medical centers and other remote surgical locations.
Double differential space-time block coding for time-selective fading channels (2002)

Most existing space-time coding schemes assume time-invariant fading channels and offer antenna diversity gains relying on accurate channel estimates at the receiver. Based on a diagonal unitary matrix group, a novel double differential space-time block coding approach is derived for time-selective fading channels. Without estimating the channels at the receiver, information symbols are recovered with antenna diversity gains regardless of the frequency offsets. The resulting transceiver has very low complexity and is applicable to an arbitrary number of transmit and receive antennas. Approximately optimal space-time codes are also designed to minimize the bit error rate. System performance is evaluated both analytically and with simulations.
Gene-Specific Inhibition of Reovirus Replication by RNA Interference (2006)

Mammalian reoviruses contain a genome of 10 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Reovirus replication and assembly occur within distinct structures called viral inclusions, which form in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Viral nonstructural proteins muNS and sigmaNS and core protein mu2 play key roles in forming viral inclusions and recruiting other viral proteins and RNA to these structures for replication and assembly. However, the precise functions of these proteins in viral replication are poorly defined. Therefore, to better understand the functions of reovirus proteins associated with formation of viral inclusions, we used plasmid-based vectors to establish 293T cell lines stably expressing small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) specific for transcripts encoding the mu2, muNS, and sigmaNS proteins of strain type 3 Dearing (T3D). Infectivity assays revealed that yields of T3D, but not those of strain type 1 Lang, were significantly decreased in 293T cells stably expressing mu2, muNS, or sigmaNS siRNA. Stable expression of siRNAs specific for any one of these proteins substantially diminished viral dsRNA, protein synthesis, and inclusion formation, indicating that each is a critical component of the viral replication machinery. Using cell lines stably expressing muNS siRNA, we developed a complementation system to rescue viral replication by transient transfection with recombinant T3D muNS in which silent mutations were introduced into the sequence targeted by the muNS siRNA. Furthermore, we demonstrated that muNSC, which lacks the first 40 amino residues of muNS, is incapable of restoring reovirus growth in the complementation system. These results reveal interdependent functions for viral inclusion proteins and indicate that cell lines stably expressing reovirus siRNAs are useful tools for the study of viral protein structure-function relationships.
A Green Method for the Selective Esterification of Primary Alcohols in the Presence of Secondary Alcohols or Aromatic Alcohols (2001)

Hafnium(IV) chloride tetrahydrofuran complex (1 : 2), HfCl4 · (THF)2, which is commercially available, is a highly effective catalyst for the selective esterification of primary alcohols with carboxylic acids in the presence of secondary alcohols or aromatic alcohols. The present method is especially useful as an environmentally and industrially ideal condensation.