gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Robustness analysis of a digital audio steganographic method based on phase manipulation (2005)

In this paper, we discuss the robustness of a digital audio steganographic technique, originally presented in Xiaoxiao et al. (2004), that encodes hidden data through manipulation of the relative phase of harmonically related components of a host audio signal. The method described is aurally transparent for stego-data transmission rates up to 160 bits/sec. The data also survives MP3 compression-decompression as well as digital to analog to digital conversion. In the latter case bit error rates of 10% have been achieved which, with appropriate forward error correction, would enable robust steganographic communication.
PS5:108 Semaphorin3a: a beneficial therapy for lupus nephritis (2018)

<h3>Background</h3> The immune regulatory properties of semaphorin3A (sema3A) (both innate and adaptive) are well established in many <i>in-vitro</i> studies. When sema3A was incubated with active B cells from SLE patients, it could efficiently reduce the expression of TLR-9 in correlation with a significant reduction of relevant auto-antibodies. The injection of sema3A to a mice model of rheumatoid arthritis was proven to be highly beneficial, both in attenuating clinical symptoms and in decreasing inflammatory mechanisms. <h3>Objectives</h3> This study was designed in order to assess possible therapeutic benefits following the injection of sema3A to NZB/W mice. <h3>Results</h3> The injection of sema3A to young mice (at week 12) before disease onset, delayed the appearance of proteinuria. Here, the median time to severe proteinuria was 110 days, 95% CI: 88 to 131. However, in mice in which empty vector was injected, median time to severe proteinuria was 63 days, 95% CI: 0 to 139). Sema3A treatment, reduced significantly renal damage, namely, it prevented the development of immune deposits in the glomeruli. When sema3A was injected at the onset of proteinuria, aiming to treat rather than to prevent disease in these mice, survival was significantly increased and the deterioration of proteinuria was significantly delayed. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Semaphorin3A is highly beneficial in reducing lupus nephritis in NZB/w mice. It delays the appearance and deterioration of proteinuria, and increases survival rates in these mice. Further studies will establish the idea of applying sema3A in the treatment of lupus nephritis.
The Formation Mechanism of Binary Semiconductor Nanomaterials: Shared by Single‐Source and Dual‐Source Precursor Approaches (2013)

One thing in common: The formation of binary colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals from single- (M(EEPPh2)n) and dual-source precursors (metal carboxylates M(OOCR)n and phosphine chalcogenides such as E=PHPh2) is found to proceed through a common mechanism. For CdSe as a model system 31P NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations support a reaction mechanism which includes numerous metathesis equilibriums and Se exchange reactions. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Monolithic integration of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers coupled with passive InGaAs waveguides (2018)

We experimentally demonstrate lasing and mode coupling of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers monolithically integrated with passive InGaAs waveguides for integrated-photonics applications. A waveguide-coupled device produced 30 mW peak power with Jth=3.5 kA/cm2 at room-temperature.
Method for Collection of Nebulized Proteins (1994)

Fine particle size fractions of nebulized solutions of small molecular weight drugs are typically captured dried on microfilters for subsequent drug characterization. This procedure normally does not lead to chemical modification of small molecules. However, it may cause adhesion and denaturation of proteins. To quantitate active, unmodified protein drugs in the fine size fractions of nebulized aerosols, we developed a method to overcome these problems. A sintered glass filter funnel was introduced downstream from the aerosol generator which produced a cloud containing droplets of an aqueous solution of protein at a rate of 7 L/min. The aerosol was drawn into the sintered glass filter together with 16-19 L/min of air pre-humidified at 47°C and collected in an ice-cooled filter flask. The humid dilution air was mixed with the aerosol in an attempt to induce condensation growth of the droplets. By increasing the droplet size, an increase in impaction collection efficiency should result. To test whether this arrangement reduced the fraction of droplets that escaped impaction, a glass fiber filter was placed at the exhaust from the aerosol line. The weight of the dry material collected on this filter was only 2% of the initial load when the humid air was used. In addition, the presence of the humid air resulted in an overall aerosol recovery of 98%. Analysis of the collected protein indicated full retention of its activity and structural integrity. This setup will most likely enable quantitative collection of other aqueous protein aerosols that can then be subjected to biochemical analysis.
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopic ellipsometry: instrumentation and calibration (2012)

We present a new instrumentation and calibration procedure for terahertz time-domain spectroscopic ellipsometry (THz-TDSE) that is a newly established characterization technique. The experimental setup is capable of providing arbitrary angle of incidence in the range of 15°-85° in the reflection geometry, and with no need for realignment. The setup is also configurable easily into transmission geometry. For this setup, we successfully used hollow core photonic band gap fiber with no pre-chirping in order to deliver a femtosecond laser into a THz photoconductive antenna detector, which is the first demonstration of this kind. The proposed calibration scheme can compensate for the non-ideality of the polarization response of the THz photoconductive antenna detector as well as that of wire grid polarizers used in the setup. In the calibration scheme, the ellipsometric parameters are obtained through a regression algorithm which we have adapted from the conventional regression calibration method developed for rotating element optical ellipsometers, and used here for the first time for THz-TDSE. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, results are presented for a high resistivity silicon substrate as well as an opaque Si substrate with a high phosphorus concentration. We also demonstrate the capacity to measure a few micron thick grown thermal oxide on top of Si. Each sample was characterized by THz-TDSE in reflection geometry with different angle of incidence.
Bilayer pseudoSpin field effect transistor (BiSFET): A proposed logic device and circuits (2009)

The authors have recently proposed a new type of gated bilayer graphene-based transistor based on many-body tunneling, for ultra-low power (perhaps 1000 X compared to CMOS) room temperature operation. The physics of this system can be addressed by treating the layer (top and bottom) degree of freedom as a pseudospin, much like spin (up and down) in a ferromagnet. Electrons in one layer of a bilayer system can pair with holes in the opposite layer resulting in electron-hole-pairs/excitons (bosons) which then can condense and induce coherence between the layers, effectively shorting them through a many-body tunneling current at low interlayer bias, even when the singleparticle tunneling current is small. This Bose condensate current has been observed experimentally only in GaAs/AlGaAs bilayer systems at very low-temperatures and under high magnetic fields. It has been predicted recently, however, that this condensate could occur possibly above room temperature absent magnetic fields in an ntype and p-type graphene layer pair due to a unique synergy of graphene properties: carrier confinement to a single atomic layer, symmetric electron-hole band structures, very low density of states, and no bandgap.
Experimental demonstration of a Raman scattering detector based on laser-enhanced ionization (1990)

We report what is to our knowledge the first experimental demonstration of detection of Raman photons by means of laser-enhanced ionization of magnesium atoms in an air-acetylene flame. A frequency-doubled dye laser was directed into a cell containing carbon tetrachloride. The resulting Stokes Raman photons were transferred into the flame, where they excited the magnesium atomic vapor into the 3p(1)P(1) state. The excited atoms were then pumped by another laser into the 5d(1)D(2) state, from which efficient collisional ionization occurred. We estimate a quantum efficiency of approximately 50% for the detector.
Redundant Robot Can Avoid Obstacles (1991)

Simple and direct control scheme enables redundant robot to avoid obstacles in workspace. In proposed scheme, called configuration control, degrees of freedom used to configure robot to satisfy set of inequality constraints representing avoidance of obstacles, while simultaneously making end effector follow desired trajectory. Provides capability to avoid obstacles in dynamically varying environment where apriori planning of tasks not feasible.
Ferroelectricity in a Langmuir–Blodgett multilayer film of a liquid crystalline side-chain polymer (1993)

The observation of ferroelectric behavior in a Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film of a liquid crystalline polymer is reported. It is established that a 30-layer film exhibits spontaneous polarization and electro-optic switching. The magnitude of the polarization of the LB film is found to be similar to that of the bulk material. The polarization current in the LB film follows the applied triangular wave field to higher frequencies as compared to the same material in a surface stabilized (sandwich) cell.
348. Characterization of Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing in Human T Cells (2015)

Genome editing via CRISPR/Cas9 promises to provide a novel class of therapies for a variety of human diseases. To unlock the potential of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, a deeper understanding of its efficacy in different primary cell types is required. A cell type of particular interest for gene editing is the human T cell due to its central role in the evolving cancer immunotherapy field. To better understand the utility of Cas9-mediated gene editing for engineering human T cells, we surveyed a variety of delivery modalities including electroporation of RNA and administration of ribonucleic acid-protein complexes. Additionally, we assessed the functionality of different Cas9 variants in human T cells. Here we report our findings including genome editing in human T cells using CRISPR/Cas technology.
Functional templates and their application to 3-D object recognition (1992)

A new approach to shape matching and knowledge-based signal processing, called functional template correlation (FTC), is presented in the context of 3D object recognition. Incorporating aspects of fuzzy set theory, functional templates (FTs) define, for each template point, arbitrarily complex tolerances of input image values. With this approach, object- and sensor-dependent knowledge is easily encoded in FTs, making it possible to effectively deal with uncertain or variable object appearance noise occlusion, and articulation. The output of FTC is a map of match scores, reflecting pixel-by-pixel belief of whether or not an encoded shape is present. Such maps can be combined using simple rules of arithmetic and are used to guide selective attention. The use of FTC is illustrated with examples from work in automatic recognition.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Probabilistic features for connecting eye gaze to spoken language understanding (2015)

Many users obtain content from a screen and want to make requests of a system based on items that they have seen. Eye-gaze information is a valuable signal in speech recognition and spoken-language understanding (SLU) because it provides context for a user's next utterance-what the user says next is probably conditioned on what they have seen. This paper investigates three types of features for connecting eye-gaze information to an SLU system: lexical, and two types of eye-gaze features. These features help us to understand which object (i.e. a link) that a user is referring to on a screen. We show a 17% absolute performance improvement in the referenced-object F-score by adding eye-gaze features to conventional methods based on a lexical comparison of the spoken utterance and the text on the screen.
Thermoacoustic sensor for nuclear fuel temperaturemonitoring and heat transfer enhancement (2013)

A new acoustical sensing system for the nuclear power industry has been developed at The Pennsylvania State University in collaboration with Idaho National Laboratories. This sensor uses the high temperatures of nuclear fuel to convert a nuclear fuel rod into a standing-wave thermoacoustic engine. When a standing wave is generated, the sound wave within the fuel rod will be propagated, by acoustic radiation, through the cooling fluid within the reactor or spent fuel pool and can be monitored a remote location external to the reactor. The frequency of the sound can be correlated to an effective temperature of either the fuel or the surrounding coolant. We will present results for a thermoacoustic resonator built into a Nitonic-60 (stainless steel) fuel rod that requires only one passive component and no heat exchangers.
Identification of a microorganism that links its growth to the reductive dechlorination of 2,3,5,6‐chlorobiphenyl (2001)

Anaerobic bacteria reductively dechlorinate polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in aquatic sediments, but these microorganisms remain uncultured and, until now, unidentified. Through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA from a highly enriched ortho-PCB dechlorinating culture, the growth of a single microorganism was shown to be dependent upon the presence and dechlorination of 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorobiphenyl. This is the first identification of a microorganism that catalyses the reductive dechlorination of a PCB. The organism, bacterium o-17, has high sequence similarity with the green non-sulphur bacteria and with a group that includes Dehalococcoides ethenogenes. Bacterium o-17 required acetate for dechlorination and growth. H2:CO2 (80:20 at 101 kPa) did not support dechlorination or growth of the dechlorinator. Archaeal 16S rDNA was not detected in actively dechlorinating bromoethanesulphonate-treated non-methanogenic cultures, which indicated that methanogenic Archaea were not required for dechlorination. The consistent association with dechlorinating activity combined with high similarity to other known dechlorinating microorganisms indicates that bacterium o-17 catalyses the reductive ortho-dechlorination of 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorobiphenyl.
Development of a Simple Miniature Thermochemical Ablation Device Suitable for Tumor Ablation Research in Rodent Models (2013)

Thermochemical ablation is a recently developed minimally invasive method with potential for solid tumor treatment such as in liver cancer. A recently described prototype device, however, is too large for use in the more common rodent models of cancer. In this report we describe a simple, low-cost variant of the device that is easy to assemble, small enough to be readily applicable to small animal models, and then demonstrate its use in an ex vivo model for ablation. It should therefore enable study of the method without requiring specialized equipment or access to a machine shop for device manufacture.
Neural Task Representations as Weak Supervision for Model Agnostic Cross-Lingual Transfer (2018)

Natural language processing is heavily Anglo-centric, while the demand for models that work in languages other than English is greater than ever. Yet, the task of transferring a model from one language to another can be expensive in terms of annotation costs, engineering time and effort. In this paper, we present a general framework for easily and effectively transferring neural models from English to other languages. The framework, which relies on task representations as a form of weak supervision, is model and task agnostic, meaning that many existing neural architectures can be ported to other languages with minimal effort. The only requirement is unlabeled parallel data, and a loss defined over task representations. We evaluate our framework by transferring an English sentiment classifier to three different languages. On a battery of tests, we show that our models outperform a number of strong baselines and rival state-of-the-art results, which rely on more complex approaches and significantly more resources and data. Additionally, we find that the framework proposed in this paper is able to capture semantically rich and meaningful representations across languages, despite the lack of direct supervision.
Micro mass spectrometer on a chip. (2005)

The design, simulation, fabrication, packaging, electrical characterization and testing analysis of a microfabricated a cylindrical ion trap ({mu}CIT) array is presented. Several versions of microfabricated cylindrical ion traps were designed and fabricated. The final design of the individual trap array element consisted of two end cap electrodes, one ring electrode, and a detector plate, fabricated in seven tungsten metal layers by molding tungsten around silicon dioxide (SiO{sub 2}) features. Each layer of tungsten is then polished back in damascene fashion. The SiO{sub 2} was removed using a standard release processes to realize a free-hung structure. Five different sized traps were fabricated with inner radii of 1, 1.5, 2, 5 and 10 {micro}m and heights ranging from 3-24 {micro}m. Simulations examined the effects of ion and neutral temperature, the pressure and nature of cooling gas, ion mass, trap voltage and frequency, space-charge, fabrication defects, and other parameters on the ability of micrometer-sized traps to store ions. The electrical characteristics of the ion trap arrays were determined. The capacitance was 2-500 pF for the various sized traps and arrays. The resistance was in the order of 1-2 {Omega}. The inductance of the arrays was calculated to be 10-1500 pH, depending on the trap and array sizes. The ion traps' field emission characteristics were assessed. It was determined that the traps could be operated up to 125 V while maintaining field emission currents below 1 x 10{sup -15} A. The testing focused on using the 5-{micro}m CITs to trap toluene (C{sub 7}H{sub 8}). Ion ejection from the traps was induced by termination of the RF voltage applied to the ring electrode and current measured on the collector electrode suggested trapping of ions in 1-10% of the traps. Improvements to the to the design of the traps were defined to minimize voltage drop to the substrate, thereby increasing trapping voltage applied to the ring electrode, and to allow for electron injection into, ion ejection from, and optical access to the trapping region.
Ultrasound Stimulates Ethanol Production during the Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Mixed Waste Office Paper (1997)

The commercial production of ethanol from cellulose by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) is prevented in part by the high cost of fungal cellulase enzymes. Intermittent exposure of SSF processes to ultrasonic energy under selected conditions (5 FPU of cellulase/g of substrate; 15 min of exposure/240 min cycle during the latter half of SSF) was found to increase ethanol production from mixed waste office paper by approximately 20%, producing 36.6 g/L ethanol after 96 h (70% of the maximum theoretical yield). Without ultrasound, 10 FPU of cellulase/g of substrate was required to achieve similar results. Continuous exposure of the organism to ultrasonic energy was bacteriostatic and decreased ethanol production but may be useful for the controlling bacterial growth in other processes.
A distributed hierarchial p-tree link protection scheme for mesh networks (2004)

This paper presents a distributed scheme for link failure recovery in mesh optical networks, based on the use of network hierarchical spanning trees. The scheme intends to maximize restorability in a network with known working and spare capacities. The hierarchical protection tree (p-tree) provides the hierarchical layering of the network. The straddling links that are not located on the tree are protected through tree branches to the higher layer Parent nodes. The links on the tree are protected by links to backup parent nodes. We study the problem of finding the most optimized network tree to achieve maximum restorability, and present heuristics for finding the best tree. Our algorithm includes two steps: Selection of the best root node for the tree, and construction of the tree based on distribution of tree ID labels among the nodes. Each node selects a primary parent node and a backup parent node, and constructs pre-determined protection paths accordingly. In case of failure, all connections on a link are switched quickly to the protection path as a bundle. We perform restorability analysis for several real and arbitrary long-haul networks and show that our scheme provides excellent network restorability along with exceptional scalability and maintainability.
PHASE 1 STUDIES OF WALTER REED ARMY INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH CANDIDATE ATTENUATED DENGUE VACCINES: SELECTION OF SAFE AND IMMUNOGENIC MONOVALENT VACCINES (2003)

We describe the results of initial safety testing of 10 live-attenuated dengue virus (DENV) vaccine candidates modified by serial passage in primary dog kidney (PDK) cells at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. The Phase 1 studies, conducted in 65 volunteers, were designed to select an attenuated vaccine candidate for each DENV serotype. No recipient of the DENV candidate vaccines sustained serious injury or required treatment. Three vaccine candidates were associated with transient idiosyncratic reactions in one volunteer each, resulting in their withdrawal from further clinical development. Increasing PDK cell passage of DENV-1, DENV-2, and DENV-3 candidate vaccines increased attenuation for volunteers, yet also decreased infectivity and immunogenicity. This effect was less clear for DENV-4 candidate vaccines following 15 and 20 PDK cell passages. Only one passage level each of the tested DENV-2, -3, and -4 vaccine candidates was judged acceptably reactogenic and suitable for expanded clinical study. Subsequent studies with more recipients will further establish safety and immunogenicity of the four selected vaccine candidates: DENV-1 45AZ5 PDK 20, DENV-2 S16803 PDK 50, DENV-3 CH53489 PDK 20, and DENV-4 341750 PDK 20.