gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Continuous wave operation of a vertical transition quantum cascade laser above <i>T</i>=80 K (1995)

Continuous wave operation of a quantum cascade laser at λ=4.6 μm is reported above liquid nitrogen temperature. Optical powers of 15 mW at 50 K and 2 mW at 85 K are reported. The single mode spectrum is temperature tunable over 1.8 cm −1. These devices also operated in pulse mode with 20 mW peak power at 200 K. Gain measurements show evidence for ultralow linewidth enhancement factor α&lt;0.1.
<title>Concave membrane mirrors from aspheric to near-parabolic</title> (1999)

The surface of an initially planar membrane, which is subsequently subjected to a pressure difference, can be manipulated into a variety of shapes. This report discusses two methods by which optically desirable deterministic shapes might be achieved. The first involves pre-straining of the membrane, a technique which has already been demonstrated to reduce the spherical aberration in such a mirror. However, near-parabolic shapes at low f-numbers appear not to be achievable with this method, i.e., using pressure differences and pre-strain alone. The second technique is a somewhat novel one involving the use of a plunger to translate the central region of the membrane along the optical axis. Preliminary results suggest that attainment of a near-parabolic shape over a substantial area of the membrane may indeed be possible with this method. The experiments described here use an aluminum coated 125 micron thick polyimide membrane with a clear aperture of 11 inches.
Origin of the catalytic activity of face-centered-cubic ruthenium nanoparticles determined from an atomic-scale structure (2016)

The 3-dimensional (3D) atomic-scale structure of newly discovered face-centered cubic (fcc) and conventional hexagonal close packed (hcp) type ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles (NPs) of 2.2 to 5.4 nm diameter were studied using X-ray pair distribution function (PDF) analysis and reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modeling. Atomic PDF based high-energy X-ray diffraction measurements show highly diffuse X-ray diffraction patterns for fcc- and hcp-type Ru NPs. We here report the atomic-scale structure of Ru NPs in terms of the total structure factor and Fourier-transformed PDF. It is found that the respective NPs have substantial structural disorder over short- to medium-range order atomic distances from the PDF analysis. The first-nearest-neighbor peak analyses show a significant size dependence for the fcc-type Ru NPs demonstrating the increase in the peak height due to an increase in the number density as a function of particle size. The bond angle and coordination number (CN) distribution for the RMC-simulated fcc- and hcp-type Ru NP models indicated inherited structural features from their bulk counterparts. The CN analysis of the whole NP and surface of each RMC model of Ru NPs show the low activation energy packing sites on the fcc-type Ru NP surface atoms. Finally, our newly defined order parameters for RMC simulated Ru NP models suggested that the enhancement of the CO oxidation activity of fcc-type NPs was due to a decrease in the close packing ordering that resulted from the increased NP size. These structural findings could be positively supported for synthesized low-cost and high performance nano-sized catalysts and have potential application in fuel-cell systems and organic synthesis.
Production of ions from solids using chemically assisted sputtering (1990)

Boron ions are universally used as a p-type dopant for ion implantation of silicon wafers. In today’s technology, ions are produced from gases in a hot filament magnetron plasma, known as the Freeman ion source, using BF3 as a feedstock. Two problems are that the hot filament corrodes in the fluoride environment and the BF3 is quite toxic. In order to overcome these limitations, we have developed a cold cathode magnetron source which uses a conductive boride cathode liner (B4C and B6Si have been used successfully), and a nontoxic gas feed (such as CF4 or SF6), which produces boron ion fraction yields as high as 15% in beam extraction experiments performed on a low voltage ion source test stand. This is comparable to the performance obtained using a Freeman source and BF3 feed gas.
Tissue Angiotensin II as a Modulator of Erectile Function. I. Angiotensin Peptide Content, Secretion and Effects in the Corpus Cavernosum (1997)

The corpus cavernosum produces and secretes physiologically relevant amounts of Ang II. The rate of Ang II secretion can be modulated by pharmacologic agents that regulate cytosolic calcium levels and are used clinically to treat erectile dysfunction. Intracavernosal injection of Ang II causes contraction of cavernosal smooth muscle and terminates spontaneous erection in anesthetized dog, while administration of an Ang II receptor antagonist results in smooth muscle relaxation and thus erection.
Continued evaluation of a 31-gene expression profile test (GEP) for prediction of distant metastasis (DM) in cutaneous melanoma (CM). (2015)

9066 Background: A GEP has been validated as an independent predictor of DM, distant metastasis free survival (DMFS) and overall survival (OS) (Gerami, CCR 2015; Gerami JAAD, 2015). This abstract combines the third validation cohort study with the two prior studies for analysis by T factor subgroups.Methods: 555 patients (pts) were enrolled in a multi-center IRB approved archival tissue study with a primary endpoint of DMFS. 492 CMs had T-factors available for analysis. Quantitative RT-PCR and Radial Basis Machine modeling classified CM tumors as low risk Class 1 vs. high risk Class 2. Results are reported for thin (T1), intermediate (T2/T3) and thick (T4) lesions. Most patients were node negative clinically or by sentinel node biopsy.Results: GEP Class 1 vs 2 was found to be a significant predictor of DMFS and OS (log-Rank p<0.0001), and GEP, Breslow’s thickness, and ulceration were independent predictors in Cox multivariate analysis (DMFS HR=2.7, p=0.0003; 2.2, p=0.03; 3.3, p<0.0001, respectively and OS HR=2.8, p=0.0002, 2.5, p=0.01, 1.7, p=0.01, respectively). In the T2/T3 N0 cohort (n=180) frequency of class 2 signature increases with depth [T2:35/78 (45%) Class 2; T3:75/102 (74%) Class 2] and ulceration [nonulcerated: 54/108 (50%) Class 2; ulcerated: 53/63 (84%) Class 2]. The table reflects survival analysis in this cohort. In the T1 group (median followup for non-DM group = 7.4 yrs) 14/173 (8%) reported DM. For T4 group: 42/80 (53%) developed DM. Data not considered adequate for further analysis of either group.Conclusions: GEP offers prognostic information that complements conventional staging at least in patients with T2/T3 CM. Ongoing studies will further define the role of GEP in evaluating these patients. T2/T3 N0 group (n=180) DM all cause deaths Total events 51/180 (28%) 47/180 (26%) Class 1 7/70 (10%) 7/70 (10%) Class 2 44/110 (40%) 40/110 (36%) Of ulcerated primaries Class 1 5/19 (26%) 5/19 (26%) Class 2 28/53 (53%) 21/53 (40%) K-M* analysis Class 1 5-yr rate 91% 90% Class 2 5-yr rate 58% 63% p-value <0.0001 <0.0001 Cox multivariate** HR (p-value) HR (p-value) GEP 3.9 (0.003) 5.3 (0.0007) ulceration 2.6 (0.002) 1.5 (0.203)
Tone Location by Cyclotomic Filters (1985)

In this paper we present a tone location system that estimates the frequency of an input tone through additions and comparisons alone. The system uses “cyclotomic” filters (which operate without multiplications), requiring fewer operations than with a conventional Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) entailing multiplications. In the system presented here, an input tone is first transformed to yield two quadrature tones, which are then digitized. Processing occurs in successive stages at successively reduced sampling rates. During each decimation stage, the system is configured to provide symmetric coverage of a subband in which the tone has been located at the previous stage. Simulations demonstrate that for the case studied, an input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</inf> ) in excess of 10 dB yields an output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</inf> ) that is close (within 0.3 dB) to the maximum attainable SNR <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</inf> , where SNR <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</inf> is measured in terms of the reduction in frequency uncertainty. Enhanced resolution is demonstrated at the expense of the number of computations, while holding the number of decimation stages constant, by using small DFTs in place of the cyclotomic filters. This method still utilizes fewer computations than a conventional DFT (with the same number of frequency cells), with approximately the same performance in the case of low noise. Thus, this alternative method is useful when circumstances prohibit using a single, large DFT.
Multichannel speech dereverberation and separation with optimized combination of linear and non-linear filtering (2012)

In this paper, we propose a multichannel speech dereverberation and separation technique which is effective even when there are multiple speakers and each speaker's transfer function is time-varying due to fluctuation of the corresponding speaker's head. For robustness against fluctuation, the proposed method optimizes linear filtering with non-linear filtering simultaneously from probabilistic perspective based on a probabilistic reverberant transfer-function model, PRTFM. PRTFM is an extension of the conventional time-invariant transfer-function model under uncertain conditions, and PRTFM can be also regarded as an extension of recently proposed blind local Gaussian modeling. The linear filtering and the non-linear filtering are optimized in MMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error) sense during parameter optimization. The proposed method is evaluated in a reverberant meeting room, and the proposed method is shown to be effective.
Bit permutation instructions: architecture, implementation, and cryptographic properties (2004)

Bit permutation operations are interesting and important from both cryptographic and architectural points of view. Cryptographically, bit-level permutations naturally provide certain effects which are not easily obtained through word-level operations. Architecturally, the ability to support very fast bit permutations may be the next step in the evolution of word-oriented processors to support new multimedia and secure information processing workloads, which frequently manipulate data items smaller than a word. Any new instructions introduced into a general-purpose processor should ideally be useful in many applications; and their impact on the cycle time, and datapath and control complexity evaluated in terms of cost versus benefit. 
This thesis investigates the benefits and cost of architectural support for fast bit permutations in programmable processors. The new permutation methods presented in the thesis reduce the number of instructions required to permute n bits from O(n) to O(log2(n)). This both accelerates existing block ciphers and enables new ciphers that use arbitrary data-dependent permutations. The thesis also demonstrates that the bit permutation instructions can be used to achieve significant speedup in other applications, such as sorting bytes. The cost of the bit permutation instructions is studied in terms of their implementation complexity and their impact on a processor's cycle time. 
The cryptographic properties of the bit permutation instructions are studied with respect to the two most effective cryptanalytic attacks, linear and differential cryptanalysis. The results show that the new bit permutation operations can enhance the cryptographic strength of the round function in block ciphers, so fewer rounds can achieve the same level of security. This leads to significant improvements in performance and energy consumption. 
This thesis is a detailed example of a more general exploration of new instruction-set architecture features motivated by cryptographic algorithms, as well as of architectural features occurring for other reasons, e.g., multimedia, that may influence the design of cryptographic algorithms. We hope to have initiated a continuing dialog between cipher designers and processor architects. Future research in this direction will lead to more architectural and algorithmic innovations helpful for achieving pervasive security in information processing, networking, and storage.
Simultaneously measuring temperature and strain using optical fiber microcavities (1997)

Presents an optical fiber sensor capable of simultaneously measuring both axial strain and temperature. The sensor configuration is composed of a 70 /spl mu/m in-line fiber etalon (ILFE) cascaded with a 170 /spl mu/m intrinsic Fabry-Perot (IFP) sensor to form a lead in-sensitive, localized, 240 /spl mu/m gauge-length dual parameter sensor. The sensor response from this configuration is interrogated using coherence division multiplexing based on white light interferometry, and using pseudoheterodyning demodulation. The results obtained in a simultaneously varying temperature and strain field by the fiber sensor are compared with a semiconductor temperature gauge and a resistance strain gauge. The correlation is very good.
Adiabatic Bragg soliton compression in nonuniform grating structures (1998)

Adiabatic soliton compression is an attractive optical pulse compression scheme that relies on monotonic decreasing of the fiber dispersion along the soliton’s propagation path. This scheme requires kilometers of specialty fiber, and only a few dispersion profiles are practically feasible. We propose adiabatic soliton compression in a nonuniform fiber Bragg grating. The Bragg soliton propagates in the passband of a grating, where one or more of its parameters (e.g., the grating pitch) varies along the propagation direction. The capability of manufacturing almost arbitrary grating profiles and hence engineering practically any dispersion profile makes this all-fiber pulse compressor, which is to our knowledge novel, a very versatile component. Additionally, the large dispersion in the spectral vicinity of the grating stop band leads to very short devices (tens of centimeters as opposed to kilometers).
Breast Cancer-Associated pS2 Protein: Synthesis and Secretion by Normal Stomach Mucosa (1988)

The human pS2 gene is specifically expressed under estrogen transcriptional control in a subclass of estrogen receptor-containing human breast cancer cells. The pS2 gene encodes an 84-amino acid protein that is secreted after signal peptide cleavage. The distribution of pS2 protein in normal human tissues was studied with antibodies to pS2; pS2 was specifically expressed and secreted by mucosa cells of the normal stomach antrum and body of both female and male individuals. Moreover, no estrogen receptor could be detected in these cells, indicating that pS2 gene expression is estrogen-independent in the stomach. The function of the pS2 protein in the gastrointestinal tract is unknown. However, the pS2 protein is similar in sequence to a porcine pancreatic protein that has been shown to inhibit gastrointestinal motility and gastric secretion.
Rho kinase inhibition modulates microglia activation and improves survival in a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2013)

Disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by degeneration of motoneurons (MN) and their axons, but is also influenced by neighboring cells such as astrocytes and microglial cells. The role of microglia in ALS is complex as it switches from an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective phenotype in early disease to a proinflammatory and neurotoxic phenotype in later stages. Our previous studies in models of neurodegeneration identified rho kinase (ROCK) as a target, which can be manipulated to beneficially influence disease progression. Here, we examined the neuroprotective potential of the ROCK inhibitor Fasudil to target the central pathogenic features of ALS. Application of Fasudil to kainic acid-lesioned primary MN in vitro resulted in a strong prosurvival effect. In vivo, SOD1(G93A) mice benefited from oral treatment with Fasudil showing prolonged survival and improved motor function. These findings were correlated to an improved survival of motor neurons and a pronounced alteration of astroglial and microglial cell infiltration of the spinal cord under Fasudil treatment. Modeling a proinflammatory microglial phenotype by stimulation with LPS in vitro, Fasudil decreased the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines TNFα, Il6, CCL2, CCL3, and CCL5 while CXCL1 release was only transiently suppressed. In sciatic nerve motor axons, neuromuscular junction remodeling processes were increased. In conclusion, we provide preclinical and neurobiological evidence that inhibition of ROCK by the clinically approved small molecule inhibitor Fasudil may be a novel therapeutic approach in ALS combining both neuroprotection and immunomodulation for the cure of this devastating disease.
Factorized Variational Autoencoders for Modeling Audience Reactions to Movies (2017)

Matrix and tensor factorization methods are often used for finding underlying low-dimensional patterns from noisy data. In this paper, we study non-linear tensor factorization methods based on deep variational autoencoders. Our approach is well-suited for settings where the relationship between the latent representation to be learned and the raw data representation is highly complex. We apply our approach to a large dataset of facial expressions of movie-watching audiences (over 16 million faces). Our experiments show that compared to conventional linear factorization methods, our method achieves better reconstruction of the data, and further discovers interpretable latent factors.
A unifying framework for detecting outliers and change points from time series (2006)

We are concerned with the issue of detecting outliers and change points from time series. In the area of data mining, there have been increased interest in these issues since outlier detection is related to fraud detection, rare event discovery, etc., while change-point detection is related to event/trend change detection, activity monitoring, etc. Although, in most previous work, outlier detection and change point detection have not been related explicitly, this paper presents a unifying framework for dealing with both of them. In this framework, a probabilistic model of time series is incrementally learned using an online discounting learning algorithm, which can track a drifting data source adaptively by forgetting out-of-date statistics gradually. A score for any given data is calculated in terms of its deviation from the learned model, with a higher score indicating a high possibility of being an outlier. By taking an average of the scores over a window of a fixed length and sliding the window, we may obtain a new time series consisting of moving-averaged scores. Change point detection is then reduced to the issue of detecting outliers in that time series. We compare the performance of our framework with those of conventional methods to demonstrate its validity through simulation and experimental applications to incidents detection in network security.
Efficient and Robust Fully Distributed Power Method with an Application to Link Analysis (2005)

Methods for link analysis are a key component in search engines for hyperlinked document networks. Documents are assigned an importance score based on the graph structure of the hyperlinks among the documents. At the heart of link analysis protocols we find the problem of calculating the principal eigenvector of a suitable matrix that is defined based on the hyperlink graph. In this paper we introduce a fully distributed method, inspired by the power method, for the calculation of the principal eigenvector of generic matrices, focusing on link analysis as an application. Theoretical results are given that support the correctness of the approach, and experimental validation is presented based on subsets of the WWW. Unlike other proposals, our protocol matches the sequential power method in speed and accuracy for generic matrices even in extremely hostile failure scenarios. This allows for better scalability, fault tolerance and load balancing. Most importantly, it represents an important step towards a flexible, cheap and fully peer-to-peer search method in networks of hyperlinked documents.
Removal of Furanocoumarins in Grapefruit Juice by Edible Fungi (2008)

Furanocoumarins (FCs) in the human diet irreversibly inhibit human cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP 3A4) and are responsible for the "grapefruit/drug""interaction phenomenon. Previously, we reported that FCs in grapefruit juice (GFJ) bind to autoclaved Aspergillus niger, and this binding reduced the GFJ inhibition of CYP 3A4. However, A. niger is not an edible fungus, and thus, potentially similar binding by edible fungi was also characterized. In this study, autoclaved Morchella esculenta, an edible ascomycete, removed much of the FC content in GFJ, resulting in decreased inhibition of CYP 3A4 activity by the GFJ. Three other edible fungi, Monascus purpureus, Pleurotus sapidus, and Agaricus bisporus, were evaluated for their binding with two of the major FCs in GFJ, 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin (DHB) and bergamottin (BM). These autoclaved edible fungi removed these FCs from GFJ, similar to M. esculenta, indicating that binding is a general, passive interaction between FCs and fungal hyphae. The removal of FCs was independent of pH in GFJ. Dried fungal material of M. esculenta was also effective in removing FCs from GFJ and occurred with GFJ samples prepared from both fresh grapefruit and GFJ concentrate.
Stagnation-Point Reverse-Flow Combustor Performance With Liquid Fuel Injection (2006)

This paper describes an investigation of the performance of the recently developed ultra low emissions, Stagnation-Point Reverse-Flow (SPRF) Combustor when burning liquid fuels (Jet-A and heptane). This study has been undertaken because of the need to burn liquid fuels with low emissions in gas turbines that are used, for example, in aircraft engines, land-based power generation, and marine applications. In contrast with state of the art combustors, in which the reactants and products enter and leave the combustor through opposite ends of the combustor, the reactants and products enter and leave the SPRF combustor through the same plane opposite a closed end. The design of the SPRF combustor allows mixing of reactants with hot combustion products and radicals within the combustor, prior to combustion. Thus, no external premixing of fuel and air is required. Additionally, since the air and fuel enter opposite the closed end of the combustor, they must stagnate near the closed end, thus establishing a region of low velocity just upstream of the closed end that helps stabilize the combustion process. This apparently produces a low temperature, stable, distributed reaction zone. Previous studies with the SPRF combustor investigated its performance while burning natural gas. This paper presents the results of SPRF combustor studies using liquid fuels, both heptane and Jet-A. The performance of the combustor was investigated using an airblast fuel injector, which is suitable for the low fuel flow rates used in laboratory experiments. To reduce pressure losses across the injector, a diffuser was incorporated into the airblast injector. It was found that stable combustor operation was achieved burning Jet-A with emissions of less than 1 ppm NOx and 5 ppm CO, pressure losses less than 5 percent, and a power density on the order of 10 MW/m3 in atmospheric pressure. This power density would linearly scale to 300 MW/m3 in a combustor at a pressure of 30 atmospheres.