gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High reproducibility for deep-quantum-well resonanttunnelling diodes grown by metal organic chemical vapour deposition (1999)

Deep-quantum-well AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs resonant tunnelling diodes (RTDs), relying on resonant tunnelling through the second energy level of the quantum well, are found to have significantly lower sensitivity to the possible variations in thickness of the barriers than conventional devices: the peak current density of deep-quantum-well structures decreases by a factor of 1.48 for each monolayer increase in the total barrier thickness compared with a factor of 2.27 for state-of-the-art InP-based devices. Thus these structures can be fabricated much more reproducibly than conventional RTDs.
Simulation of the production of atomic hydrogen in a low-pressure-arc-discharge-based source (2001)

A model is proposed to simulate the production of atomic hydrogen in a low-pressure arc discharge. As a first step of simulation, the electron and ion densities, the currents of ions and fast and plasma electrons, and the currents of thermionic emission and secondary electrons have been calculated and then, based on the criterion for self-sustaining of the discharge current, calculations of the current–voltage characteristics are in good agreement with those obtained experimentally. The second step of simulation involved calculations of the atomic hydrogen production rates. The model takes into account the following mechanisms for the generation and death of hydrogen atoms: impact dissociation of molecules by fast electrons, dissociation by plasma thermal electrons, dissociation at the surface of a self-heating cathode, and recombination of atoms at cold walls of a discharge cell. A theoretical analysis has shown that the three channels for the generation of atomic hydrogen make comparable contributions to the average rate of generation of atomic particles. Comparison of experimental and calculated dependences of the atomic hydrogen density on the discharge parameters shows that the proposed model provides an adequate description of the process of production of atomic hydrogen.
Nonpolar AlBN (112¯) and (11¯00) films grown on SiC substrates (2007)

Nonpolar AlBN (112¯0) and (11¯00) films were grown using flow-rate modulation epitaxy. The transmission electron diffraction and lattice image reflect the wurtzite crystal structure of an AlBN (112¯0) film. The boron compositions in AlBN (112¯0) and (11¯00) films (B∼2%), estimated by x-ray diffraction assuming the wurtzite structure, agree well with the compositions measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy, indicating that boron atoms are incorporated exactly into the wurtzite lattice sites. The (112¯0) face is more promising than the (11¯00) one for the growth of nonpolar AlBN because it has fewer dangling bonds of nitrogen on the surface.
Speech processing apparatus for separating voice and non-voice audio signals contained in a same mixed audio signal (1994)

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A new power meter concept for high energy lasers (1981)

We describe a new concept for measurement of High Energy Laser (HEL) power. The technique is based upon the phenomenon of optoacoustic detection, which is a sensitive measurement of the sound waves created by absorption of a laser beam of known power with a sample of absorber material for the purpose of absorption coefficient determination. We propose that his process can be inverted to produce an absolute measurement of laser power by using a material for which the absorption coefficient at the laser frequency is sufficiently well known. We present a conceptual design and we suggest studies for future development of the concept. (Author)
Device for generating both transverse and longitudinal acoustic waves in a plurality of different directions (1990)

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Correlation of radiomic features with PD-L1 expression in early stage non-small cell lung cancer (ES-NSCLC) to predict recurrence and overall survival (OS). (2018)

e24247 Background: Outcomes in patients with ES-NSCLC (stages 1 and 2) remain dismal despite curative intent surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy. With low dose chest CT screening for lung cancer, we are likely to see an increase in patients diagnosed with ES-NSCLC. There is a need for clinically validated biomarkers to predict risk of recurrence. PD-L1 is a transmembrane protein which has been shown to significantly modulate immune responses in carcinogenesis. PD-L1 expression has been associated with poor prognosis in ES-NSCLC. Radiomics has been used to successfully differentiate between patients with high and low risk of recurrence from pre-surgical CT scans. In this study we examined whether radiomic features which were correlated with PD-L1 status could also predict risk of recurrence and OS in ES-NSCLC. Methods: A total of 166 ES-NSCLC pts who had curative surgery with or without adjuvant chemotherapy were chosen for the study. PD-L1 expression on the tumor cells was evaluated with E1L3N anti-PDL1 antibody. The cohort was divided into a training (n = 116) and independent validation set (n = 50). A total of 248 intratumoral and peritumoral radiomic textural features were extracted. Results: A statistical feature selection algorithm was used to select the top three features that separated presence of PD-L1 expression from its absence. These features included two peritumoral features (0-6 mm outside the tumor nodule) and one intratumoral feature representing textural heterogeneity inside and outside the nodule. The machine learning classifier correlated with PD-L1 expression predicted recurrence on the independent validation set (n = 50; AUC = 0.73) and was also prognostic of overall survival (p < 0.001) and recurrence free survival (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Radiomic texture features both inside and outside the tumor were found to correlate with PD-L1 expression and were prognostic of overall and recurrence free survival. Future work will involve evaluating whether these radiomic features are potentially also predictive of PDL1 expression in advanced NSCLC and hence potentially predictive of response to immune checkpoint inhibition.
Chemical cycle for thermochemical production of hydrogen from water. [reaction of chronic oxide with an alkali metal hydroxide] (1975)

Hydrogen is produced by a closed cyclic process involving the reaction of chromic oxide with an alkali metal hydroxide to produce hydrogen, water and an alkali metal hypochromate as reaction products. The hypochromate is converted to the chromate by reaction with water to also produce the beginning chromic oxide and alkali metal hydroxide. The cycle is completed by reacting the thus formed chromate with the excess alkali metal hydroxide at a higher temperature to produce hypochromate water and oxygen. 4 claims, 1 drawing figure.
High Pressure Optical Measurements of Temperature at Turbine Rotor Inlet Conditions (2020)

Abstract The measurement of combustion product gas temperature is valuable for the development and control of many combustion systems. In gas turbine engines, measurement of the rotor inlet temperature remains particularly challenging because of harsh operating conditions and limited access. The Integrated Spectral Band Ratio (ISBR) method is a non-intrusive optical emission gas temperature measurement technique suitable for this application. Optical fibers made of sapphire were used to transmit the radiative signal from the post combustion zone to a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer without the need for probe cooling. The ratio of spectral bands of H2O, nominally 100 cm−1 wide between 4600 and 6200 cm−1 were used to infer temperature. ISBR and thermocouple measurements were obtained during two temperature sweeps; one at high load and one at low load (pressures of 1.2 and 0.7MPa, respectively). The average of three thermocouples 76 mm downstream of the ISBR measurements were consistently on the order of 200 K lower, consistent with a radiative correction and the heat loss between the two measurements. The change in ISBR temperature (95 K) during the sweep was similar to the change in average thermocouple temperature (89 K). Repeatability of the optical measurement at a given operating condition was on the order of ± 15 K and the absolute uncertainty of a single ISBR temperature measurement was estimated to be ± 61 K. A linear correlation with an R-squared value of 0.97 was also found between raw optical signal and thermocouple measurements suggesting that once a calibrated measurement is obtained, changes in gas temperature can be determined using a correlation of the raw signal to produce the temperature.
The glycine-alanine repeating region is the major epitope of the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1). (1987)

Abstract The Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) is a protein containing a large glycine-alanine repeat that has been shown to be antigenic. Antibodies to EBNA-1 can be detected by means of immunoblotting. Preincubation of antisera with purified EBNA-1 protein inhibits the binding of IgG antibodies in this system, indicating that those epitopes detected by immunoblots are also accessible on the native molecule. A number of synthetic peptides the sequences of which were derived from the glycine-alanine repeating region of EBNA-1 and from regions adjacent to it also inhibited antibody binding to EBNA-1. These showed, however, a 1000-fold variation in their inhibitory activities. Peptides containing only glycine and alanine were the most effective inhibitors. The anti-EBNA-1 antibodies did not react with several other peptides representing sequences from unrelated proteins. At saturating concentrations of peptide 85 to 100% of anti-EBNA-1, antibody binding was inhibited in all sera tested with one exception. Similar results are obtained when antibody binding is assayed by an enzyme immunosorbent assay by using partially purified EBNA-1 to coat the plates. Thus the glycine-alanine region, either through its primary structure or through conformations assumed by this region, forms the major epitope(s) of the EBNA-1 molecule.
Limits of Fat Quantification in the Presence of Iron Overload (2021)

1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1.
An interoperable usage management framework (2010)

In this paper, we describe a formal framework for usage management that provides a scaffolding upon which interoperable usage management systems can be built. We apply the principles of system design to standardize certain features of the framework, such as the operational semantics, and leave free of standards areas that necessitate choice and innovation. We demonstrate that such an approach enables us to achieve a balance of flexibility and usability for the purpose of interoperability in usage management systems. We provide a formal model that allows us to define formal semantics for interoperability.
Occlusion-capable multiview volumetric three-dimensional display (2007)

Volumetric 3D displays are frequently purported to lack the ability to reconstruct scenes with viewer-position-dependent effects such as occlusion. To counter these claims, a swept-screen 198-view horizontal-parallax-only 3D display is reported here that is capable of viewer-position-dependent effects. A digital projector illuminates a rotating vertical diffuser with a series of multiperspective 768 x 768 pixel renderings of a 3D scene. Evidence of near-far object occlusion is reported. The aggregate virtual screen surface for a stationary observer is described, as are guidelines to construct a full-parallax system and the theoretical ability of the present system to project imagery outside of the volume swept by the screen.
Accumulation of Specific Amino Acid Substitutions in HLA-B35-Restricted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Epitopes (1999)

HLA is one of the genetic factors that influence the clinical course of HIV-1 infection, and patients with HLA-B35 are prone to rapid disease progression. Nine viral epitopes that are recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in an HLA-B35-restricted manner were determined. To examine how HIV-1 sequences are selected by CTLs in vivo, we sequenced the nine CTL epitopes of the virus in patient plasma. Here we show that certain amino acid substitutions at three epitopes were observed with significantly higher frequency in HLA-B35-positive patients than in HLA-B35-negative patients. By performing experiments with CTL clones established from the HLA-B35-positive patients, it was determined that one of the three substitutions was probably an escape mutation. However, concerning the other two epitopes, representative CTL clones killed target cells pulsed with mutant peptides as efficiently as those pulsed with wild-type peptides, suggesting that CTLs that can be established in vitro are not functioning properly in vivo. Amino acid sequence drift in all HLA-B35-restricted epitopes was rare during the observation period (1 year). Our results may have relevance in understanding the rapid clinical progression in HLA-B35-positive patients.
Real-time, high-definition, three-dimensional microscopy for evaluating problematic cervical Papanicolaou smears classified as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (2002)

Due to enhanced visualization through thick cell clusters, an increased depth of field, light penetration, and resolution, high-definition, 3-D microscopy based on MOI produced superior accuracy compared with conventional light microscopy in evaluating cervical Pap smears.
Voltage controlled spintronic devices for logic applications (2000)

We consider logic device concepts based on our previously proposed spintronics device element whose magnetization orientation is controlled by application of a bias voltage instead of a magnetic field. The basic building block is the voltage-controlled rotation (VCR) element that consists of a four-layer structure—two ferromagnetic layers separated by both nanometer-thick insulator and metallic spacer layers. The interlayer exchange coupling between the two ferromagnetic layers oscillates as a function of applied voltage. We illustrate transistorlike concepts and reprogrammable logic gates based on VCR elements.
Multiple acquisitions with global inversion cycling (MAGIC): A multislice technique for vascular‐space‐occupancy dependent fMRI (2003)

Recently, a new fMRI technique, termed vascular-space-occupancy (VASO), was introduced that uses T1-based blood nulling to detect cerebral blood volume (CBV) changes during brain activity. However, similar to other T1-preparation methods, this technique is hampered by the fact that there is only one zero-crossing on the relaxation curve, presently limiting its application to single-slice studies. A multislice VASO-fMRI method is presented that employs a series of nonselective 180 degrees pulses to periodically invert the magnetization and maintain it around zero, while acquiring slices in between. The effects of magnetization transfer and signal contamination by stimulated echoes are discussed. Solutions to reduce the effect of T1-signal decay as a function of slice number are provided. Phantom data show excellent agreement between experiments and numerical simulations. Multislice VASO-fMRI images of visual stimulation show effective blood nulling in all slices and appropriate functional activations in all volunteers (n=4).
Direct conversion of syngas to aromatics (2017)

A composite catalyst combining the partially reducible ZnCrO<sub>x</sub> with zeolite ZSM-5 enables direct conversion of syngas to aromatics, with a selectivity to aromatics reaching 73.9% at a single pass CO conversion of 16.0%.
Ganglioside GD3 shedding by human malignant melanoma cells (1989)

Gangliosides appear to be important target molecules for immunological effector mechanisms on neuro-ectodermal tumors. Therefore in vitro studies were performed to examine whether ganglioside GD3, which is highly expressed on the cell surface of cultured human melanoma cells, is being shed into the culture medium. Measurable quantities of gangliosides GM3 and in particular GD3 were shed by the melanoma cells we have tested as detected on thin-layer chromatograms (TLC) stained with orcinol. Ganglioside GD3 was also evidenced by immunostaining with anti-GD3 MAb and by ELISA. The concentration of GD3 in the supernatant of human melanoma cells depended on the ganglioside pattern of the cell line. Cells containing high levels of GD3 shed large amounts, cells with low levels shed no detectable GD3. Ganglioside GD3 was detectable in sera, but no major quantitative differences were observed in sera of patients with GD3-positive tumors and normal controls. This points to a local accumulation of ganglioside GD3 at the tumor site.
On Correcting Misspelled Queries in Email Search (2015)

We consider the problem of providing spelling corrections for misspelled queries in Email Search using user’s own mail data. A popular strategy for general query spelling correction is to generate corrections from query logs. However, this strategy is not effective in Email Search for two reasons: 1) query log of any sin- gle user is typically not rich enough to provide potential corrections for a new query 2) corrections generated us- ing query logs of other users are not particularly useful since the mail data as well as search intent are highly specific to the user. We address the challenge of design- ing an effective spelling correction algorithm for Email Search in the absence of query logs. We propose SpEQ, a Machine Learning based approach that generates cor- rections for misspelled queries directly from the user’s own mail data.
Regulation of the activities of the mammalian transglutaminase family of enzymes (2012)

Mammalian transglutaminases catalyze post-translational modifications of glutamine residues on proteins and peptides through transamidation or deamidation reactions. Their catalytic mechanism resembles that of cysteine proteases. In virtually every case, their enzymatic activity is modulated by elaborate strategies including controlled gene expression, allostery, covalent modification, and proteolysis. In this review, we focus on our current knowledge of post-translational regulation of transglutaminase activity by physiological as well as synthetic allosteric agents. Our discussion will primarily focus on transglutaminase 2, but will also compare and contrast its regulation with Factor XIIIa as well as transglutaminases 1 and 3. Potential structure-function relationships of known mutations in human transglutaminases are analyzed.
Near-Real-Time Tracking and Integrated Forecasting of Arctic Ice Floes (2012)

Abstract Hydrocarbon exploration in the Arctic environment will very much depend onour ability to continuously track ice floes and forecast ice events that maygenerate dangerous loads on exploration and production infrastructure. Wepresent a first-of-its-kind computational framework which is centered aroundnear-real-time satellite imagery and incorporates real-time metocean data, providing automated analysis of such hazards in regions where moving ice ispresent. Our automated framework carries out several ongoing operations: icedetection and classification from satellite images, floe tracking from oneimage to the next, forecasting of floe trajectories beyond the observed tracks, and estimation of an uncertainty cone around the trajectory forecast. Weutilized the IBM InfoSphere™ Streams real-time analytics platform to deploy oursoftware, which made it possible for us to concentrate exclusively onprototyping algorithms, taking for granted the streaming infrastructure neededfor real-time data ingestion and flow between operators. Given our experiencedeveloping this prototype we conclude that a production-worthy, automatedtracking and forecasting capability is computationally feasible and within ourreach. Introduction Exploration in the Arctic will lean heavily on our ability to continuouslytrack ice floes and to forecast ice events that may generate dangerous loads ondrilling and production infrastructure. The engineering challengesnotwithstanding of deploying data acquisition systems in the Arctic, in thisproject we investigated analytical problems that surround continuous trackingand forecasting of ice floe trajectories. Here we introduce a first-of-its-kindcomputational prototype for real-time analysis of ice floes and icebergs. Ourprototype centers around our proven ability to acquire near-real-time satellite(Synthetic Aperture Radar) imagery and to incorporate real-time metocean datastreams, a powerful combination of data for automated analysis and modeling ofhazards in regions that feature moving ice. Key metocean data streams forforecasting ice movement include wind velocity measurements and forecasts, aswell as water current models and velocity measurements. We collected both SARand metocean data over a ConocoPhillips block in the Beaufort Sea (Figure 1)for this investigation. Our near-real-time SAR imagery stream over theblock (Figure 2) provided the primary data for tracking.
Methods for controlling the pore properties of ultra-thin nanocrystalline silicon membranes (2010)

Porous nanocrystalline silicon (pnc-Si) membranes are a new class of solid-state ultra-thin membranes with promising applications ranging from biological separations to use as a platform for electron imaging and spectroscopy. Because the thickness of the membrane is only 15-30 nm, on the order of that of the molecules to be separated, mass transport through the membrane is greatly enhanced. For applications involving molecular separations, it is crucial that the membrane is highly permeable to some species while being nearly impermeable to others. An important approach to adjusting the permeability of a membrane is by changing the size and density of the pores. With pnc-Si, a rapid thermal treatment is used to induce nanopore formation in a thin film of nanocrystalline silicon, which is then released over a silicon scaffold using an anisotropic etchant. In this study, we examine the influence of thin film deposition and thermal treatment parameters on pore size and density.
Acidic properties of aluminum deficient Y-Zeolites (1982)

Aluminum deficient Y zeolites have been obtained by several methods: hydrothermal treatment of an ammonium Y zeolite; chemical extraction of aluminum with a chelating agent, e.g., by EDTA; combining hydrothermal treatment of ammonium Y zeolite with acid leaching caustic or salt treatment; reacting sodium Y zeolite with SiC1/sub 4/ at high temperature. In case a), some of the aluminum atoms migrate from the framework into the zeolite cages, resulting in ultrastable Y zeolites. In case b), up to about 50% of the aluminum atoms can be removed from the zeolite in the form of a water soluble chelate without loss of crystallinity. In case c), aluminum is removed from the framework as well as from the zeolite cages. Combining hydrothermal treatment with acid leaching allows almost total removal of aluminum from the zeolite. The method used in case d) also allows the preparation of almost totally dealuminated zeolites. In the present paper, the authors describe and discuss the acidic properties of aluminum deficient, high silica Y zeolites.
Theory of coupled optoelectronic microwave oscillator I: expectation values (2009)

Properties of a coupled optoelectronic microwave oscillator are studied theoretically. We find analytical expressions for the steady-state values of the pulse duration, chirp, optical power, and the power of the microwave signal generated in the systems as the function of the parameters of the optical and microwave loops. The analytical expressions are compared with the results of the numerical simulations as well as the experimental data.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Bi12TiO20 Nanocubes (sillenite) for Photovoltaic Applications (2009)

Abstract not Available.