gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Permeation of topically applied Magnesium ions through human skin is facilitated by hair follicles (2016)

Magnesium is an important micronutrient essential for various biological processes and its deficiency has been linked to several inflammatory disorders in humans. Topical magnesium delivery is one of the oldest forms of therapy for skin diseases, for example Dead Sea therapy and Epsom salt baths. Some anecdotal evidence and a few published reports have attributed amelioration of inflammatory skin conditions to the topical application of magnesium. On the other hand, transport of magnesium ions across the protective barrier of skin, the stratum corneum, is contentious. Our primary aim in this study was to estimate the extent of magnesium ion permeation through human skin and the role of hair follicles in facilitating the permeation. Upon topical application of magnesium solution, we found that magnesium penetrates through human stratum corneum and it depends on concentration and time of exposure. We also found that hair follicles make a significant contribution to magnesium penetration.
Isoamylases in Pancreatic Carcinoma and Chronic Relapsing Pancreatitis (1977)

Pancreatic isoamylases were determined in serum and in duodenal aspirate in 7 patients with pancreatitis. The serum activities were abnormally low in 3 cases with cancer and in 7 cases with pancreatitis. In 2 cases with normal pancreatic isoamylase activities in serum, pancreatic disease was reflected by an abnormal isoamylast pattern. Thus the serum amylast determination was abnormal in 12 of the 20 patients.
Sensory pedal based drive assist of an electric vehicle by impedance control considering environment variation (2011)

Traffic accidents have become social trouble along with the increase in drivers and diversification. In traffic accidents the rear-end collision includes the risk of severe injury. About 30 percent of the cause of traffic accidents is the collision accidents. Therefore this paper proposes the safety inter-vehicular distance control considering the road condition using sensory accelerator pedal and brake pedal. The control system generates the pedal support torque to accelerator or brake pedal in order to prompt the proper pedal operation. In addition, the road condition is considered to accomplish the proper vehicle motion and the vehicle not to be dangerous by the slip. The road condition information is also added to the pedal support torque. These support torques are integrated by using impedance control. In the experiment of the driving simulator the validity of proposed method is confirmed.
Picture Indexing and Abstraction Techniques for Pictorial Databases (1984)

We present an approach for picture indexing and abstraction. Picture indexing facilitates information retrieval from a pictorial database consisting of picture objects and picture relations. To construct picture indexes, abstraction operations to perform picture object clustering and classification are formulated. To substantiate the abstraction operations, we also formalize syntactic abstraction rules and semantic abstraction rules. We then illustrate by examples how to apply these abstraction operations to obtain various picture indexes, and how to construct icons to facilitate accessing of pictorial data.
Design of Peptide-based Inhibitors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains Resistant to T-20 (2008)

Enfuvirtide (T-20) is a fusion inhibitor that suppresses replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) variants with multi-drug resistance to reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors. It is a peptide derived from the C-terminal heptad repeat (C-HR) of HIV-1 gp41, and it prevents interactions between the C-HR and the N-terminal HR (N-HR) of gp41, thus interfering with conformational changes that are required for viral fusion. However, prolonged therapies with T-20 result in the emergence of T-20-resistant strains that contain primary mutations such as N43D in the N-HR of gp41 (where T-20 and C-HR bind) that help the virus escape at a fitness cost. Such variants often go on to acquire a secondary mutation, S138A, in the C-HR of gp41 region that corresponds to the sequence of T-20. We demonstrate here that the role of S138A is to compensate for the impaired fusion kinetics of HIV-1s carrying primary mutations that abrogate binding of T-20. To preempt this escape strategy, we designed a modified T-20 variant containing the S138A substitution and showed that it is a potent inhibitor of both T-20-sensitive and T-20-resistant viruses. Circular dichroism analysis revealed that the S138A provided increased stability of the 6-helix bundle. We validated our approach on another fusion inhibitor, C34. In this case, we designed a variant of C34 with the secondary escape mutation N126K and showed that it can effectively inhibit replication of C34-resistant HIV-1. These results prove that it is possible to design improved peptide-based fusion inhibitors that are efficient against a major mechanism of drug resistance.
Pan-β-Lactam Resistance Development in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Strains: Molecular Mechanisms, Penicillin-Binding Protein Profiles, and Binding Affinities (2012)

We investigated the mechanisms leading to Pseudomonas aeruginosa pan-β-lactam resistance (PBLR) development during the treatment of nosocomial infections, with a particular focus on the modification of penicillin-binding protein (PBP) profiles and imipenem, ceftazidime, and ceftolozane (former CXA-101) PBP binding affinities. For this purpose, six clonally related pairs of sequential susceptible-PBLR isolates were studied. The presence of oprD, ampD, and dacB mutations was explored by PCR followed by sequencing and the expression of ampC and efflux pump genes by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. The fluorescent penicillin Bocillin FL was used to determine PBP profiles in membrane preparations from all pairs, and 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)s) of ceftolozane, ceftazidime, and imipenem were analyzed in 3 of them. Although a certain increase was noted (0 to 5 2-fold dilutions), the MICs of ceftolozane were ≤4 μg/ml in all PBLR isolates. All 6 PBLR isolates lacked OprD and overexpressed ampC and one or several efflux pumps, particularly mexB and/or mexY. Additionally, 5 of them showed modified PBP profiles, including a modified pattern (n = 1) or diminished expression (n = 1) of PBP1a and a lack of PBP4 expression (n = 4), which correlated with AmpC overexpression driven by dacB mutation. Analysis of the essential PBP IC(50)s revealed significant variation of PBP1a/b binding affinities, both within each susceptible-PBLR pair and across the different pairs. Moreover, despite the absence of significant differences in gene expression or sequence, a clear tendency toward increased PBP2 (imipenem) and PBP3 (ceftazidime, ceftolozane, imipenem) IC(50)s was noted in PBLR isolates. Thus, our results suggest that in addition to AmpC, efflux pumps, and OprD, the modification of PBP patterns appears to play a role in the in vivo emergence of PBLR strains, which still conserve certain susceptibility to the new antipseudomonal cephalosporin ceftolozane.
Secure Identity-Based Data Sharing and Profile Matching for Mobile Healthcare Social Networks in Cloud Computing (2018)

Cloud computing and social networks are changing the way of healthcare by providing realtime data sharing in a cost-effective manner. However, data security issue is one of the main obstacles to the wide application of mobile healthcare social networks (MHSNs), since health information is considered to be highly sensitive. In this paper, we introduce a secure data sharing and profile matching scheme for the MHSN in cloud computing. The patients can outsource their encrypted health records to cloud storage with an identity-based broadcast encryption technique, and share them with a group of doctors in a secure and efficient manner. We then present an attribute-based conditional data re-encryption construction which permits the doctors who satisfy the pre-defined conditions in the ciphertext to authorize the cloud platform to convert a ciphertext into a new ciphertext of an identity-based encryption scheme for specialist without leaking any sensitive information. Furthermore, we provide a profile matching mechanism in the MHSN based on identity-based encryption with an equality test, which helps patients to find friends in a privacy-preserving way and achieves flexible authorization on the encrypted health records with resisting the keywords guessing attack. Moreover, this mechanism reduces the computation cost on the patient side. The security analysis and experimental evaluation show that our scheme is practical for protecting the data security and privacy in the MHSN.
The depolarization response element in acetylcholine receptor genes is a dual‐function E box (1995)

All acetylcholine receptor subunit genes contain E boxes and are blocked by membrane depolarization. We have used transfected C2C12 myogenic cells to investigate the response, to electrical stimulation and KCl, of wildtype and mutant regulatory regions of the chick acetylcholine receptor alpha, gamma and delta subunit, and the mouse MLC genes. Point mutations revealed that E boxes function as activating elements targeted by the depolarization signal. These experiments suggest, and insertion of a depolarization response element into an unrelated promoter confirms, that plasma membrane depolarization switches the depolarization response element from an activating to a repressive mode.
A proposal for a remote access method using GSCIP and IPsec (2007)

Demand for the system to make secure remote access from the Internet to enterprise networks has been increasing. However, the security of the existing remote access methods is vulnerable in Internets, although it is robust on the Internet. In order to solve this problem, we have studied a remote access method that uses IPsec and GSCIP in combination. This method can realize end-to-end secure communication not only for the Internet but also for intranets.
[Serological survey of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection among population in Hunan Province]. (2011)

The positive rate of A (H1N1) virus antibody reached the peak in late January 2010; quick investigations in small region could be used to evaluate the infection prevalence during pandemic of infectious diseases.
Suppression of the onset of myelination extends the permissive period for the functional repair of embryonic spinal cord. (1992)

In an embryonic chicken, transection of the thoracic spinal cord prior to embryonic day (E) 13 (of the 21-day developmental period) results in complete neuroanatomical repair and functional locomotor recovery. Conversely, repair rapidly diminishes following a transection on E13-E14 and is nonexistent after an E15 transection. The myelination of fiber tracts within the spinal cord also begins on E13, coincident with the transition from permissive to restrictive repair periods. The onset of myelination can be delayed (dysmyelination) until later in development by the direct injection into the thoracic cord on E9-E12 of a monoclonal antibody to galactocerebroside, plus homologous complement. In such a dysmyelinated embryo, a subsequent transection of the thoracic cord as late as E15 resulted in complete neuroanatomical repair and functional recovery (i.e., extended the permissive period for repair).
Contrasting Effects of Dissolved Organic Matter on Mercury Methylation by <i>Geobacter sulfurreducens</i> PCA and <i>Desulfovibrio desulfuricans</i> ND132 (2017)

Natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) affects mercury (Hg) redox reactions and anaerobic microbial methylation in the environment. Several studies have shown that DOM can enhance Hg methylation, especially under sulfidic conditions, whereas others show that DOM inhibits Hg methylation due to strong Hg-DOM complexation. In this study, we investigated and compared the effects of DOM on Hg methylation by an iron-reducing bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA and a sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ND132 under nonsulfidic conditions. The methylation experiment was performed with washed cells either in the absence or presence of DOM or glutathione, both of which form strong complexes with Hg via thiol-functional groups. DOM was found to greatly inhibit Hg methylation by G. Sulfurreducens PCA but enhance Hg methylation by D. desulfuricans ND132 cells with increasing DOM concentration. These strain-dependent opposing effects of DOM were also observed with glutathione, suggesting that thiols in DOM likely played an essential role in affecting microbial Hg uptake and methylation. Additionally, DOM and glutathione greatly decreased Hg sorption by G. sulfurreducens PCA but showed little effect on D. desulfuricans ND132 cells, demonstrating that ND132 has a higher affinity to sorb or take up Hg than the PCA strain. These observations indicate that DOM effects on Hg methylation are bacterial strain specific, depend on the DOM:Hg ratio or site-specific conditions, and may thus offer new insights into the role of DOM in methylmercury production in the environment.
Metabolism by Aldehyde Oxidase: Drug Design and Complementary Approaches to Challenges in Drug Discovery (2019)

Aldehyde oxidase (AO) catalyzes oxidations of azaheterocycles and aldehydes, amide hydrolysis, and diverse reductions. AO substrates are rare among marketed drugs, and many candidates failed due to poor pharmacokinetics, interspecies differences, and adverse effects. As most issues arise from complex and poorly understood AO biology, an effective solution is to stop or decrease AO metabolism. This perspective focuses on rational drug design approaches to modulate AO-mediated metabolism in drug discovery. AO biological aspects are also covered, as they are complementary to chemical design and important when selecting the experimental system for risk assessment. The authors' recommendation is an early consideration of AO-mediated metabolism supported by computational and in vitro experimental methods but not an automatic avoidance of AO structural flags, many of which are versatile and valuable building blocks. Preferably, consideration of AO-mediated metabolism should be part of the multiparametric drug optimization process, with the goal to improve overall drug-like properties.
A New Method for Fracture Diagnostics Using Low Frequency Electromagnetic Induction (2014)

Abstract Currently, microseismic monitoring is widely used for fracture diagnosis. Since the method monitors the propagation of shear failure events, it is an indirect measure of the propped fracture geometry. Our primary interest is in estimating the orientation and length of the ‘propped’ fractures (not the created fractures), since this is the primary driver for well productivity. This paper presents a new Low Frequency Electromagnetic Induction (LFEI) method which has the potential to estimate not only the propped length, height and orientation of hydraulic fractures but also the vertical distribution of proppant within the fracture. The proposed technique involves pumping electrically conductive proppant (which is currently available) into the fracture and then using a specially built logging tool that measures the electromagnetic response of the formation. Results are presented for a proposed logging tool that consists of three sets of tri-directional transmitters and receivers at 6, 30 and 60 feet spacing respectively. The solution of Maxwell's equations shows that it is possible to use the tool to determine both the orientation and the length of the fracture by detecting the location of these particles in the formation after hydraulic fracturing. Results for extensive sensitivity analysis are presented to show the effect of different propped lengths, height and orientation of planar fractures in a shale environment. Multiple numerical simulations, using a leading-edge (FEKO) electromagnetic simulator, indicate that we can detect and map fractures up to 250 feet in length, 0.2 inches wide, and with a 45 degree of inclination with respect to the wellbore. Special cases, such as proppant banking and wells with steel casing in place, were also considered.
Temporal Action Localization by Structured Maximal Sums (2017)

We address the problem of temporal action localization in videos. We pose action localization as a structured prediction over arbitrary-length temporal windows, where each window is scored as the sum of frame-wise classification scores. Additionally, our model classifies the start, middle, and end of each action as separate components, allowing our system to explicitly model each actions temporal evolution and take advantage of informative temporal dependencies present in that structure. In this framework, we localize actions by searching for the structured maximal sum, a problem for which we develop a novel, provably-efficient algorithmic solution. The frame-wise classification scores are computed using features from a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), which are trained end-to-end to directly optimize for a novel structured objective. We evaluate our system on the THUMOS 14 action detection benchmark and achieve competitive performance.
The Taste of Caffeine (2017)

Many people avidly consume foods and drinks containing caffeine, despite its bitter taste. Here, we review what is known about caffeine as a bitter taste stimulus. Topics include caffeine's action on the canonical bitter taste receptor pathway and caffeine's action on noncanonical receptor-dependent and -independent pathways in taste cells. Two conclusions are that (1) caffeine is a poor prototypical bitter taste stimulus because it acts on bitter taste receptor-independent pathways, and (2) caffeinated products most likely stimulate "taste" receptors in nongustatory cells. This review is relevant for taste researchers, manufacturers of caffeinated products, and caffeine consumers.
Video quality equalization based on an estimated MOS using a very large-size buffer (2009)

Video quality encoded in a constant bitrate generally varies from scene to scene due to non-stationary nature of frame activity and motion. This paper thus proposes an equalization technique for video quality, where the bitrate for each scene is controlled to reduce the quality fluctuation over scenes. The equalization is performed on an estimation of the mean opinion score (EMOS) rather than PSNR which is not suitable for comparing video quality of different scenes. It is assumed that a large coding latency is acceptable to realize a bit budget trading over scenes, and that a very large-size buffer is available for reducing the bitrate fluctuation. Experimental results show that a buffer with a size of about 10 second is necessary to efficiently absorb the quality and bitrate fluctuations.
Distributed sparing in disk arrays (2003)

The authors propose and examine a technique called distributed sparing, which improves the performance of disk arrays by utilizing otherwise unused spare disks in the system. Performance is not only improved in normal mode but it is also improved in degraded mode when a disk has failed and during rebuild. The authors illustrate four methods by which the distributed sparing approach can be applied to large systems with many arrays. By and large, the analysis shows that distributed sparing is particularly effective in small systems with few drives, but it can also be effective in large systems. Unrelated to the performance benefit, the distributed sparing approach also provides an elegant way of ensuring that the spare drives are operational when they need to be used. Without special background testing of the spare drives, traditional sparing approaches have no guarantee that such drives will be operational when needed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Earth Mover’s Distance as a Metric for the Space of Inorganic Compositions (2020)

It is a core problem in any field to reliably tell how close two objects are to being the same, and once this relation has been established, we can use this information to precisely quantify potential relationships, both analytically and with machine learning (ML). For inorganic solids, the chemical composition is a fundamental descriptor, which can be represented by assigning the ratio of each element in the material to a vector. These vectors are a convenient mathematical data structure for measuring similarity, but unfortunately, the standard metric (the Euclidean distance) gives little to no variance in the resultant distances between chemically dissimilar compositions. We present the earth mover’s distance (EMD) for inorganic compositions, a well-defined metric which enables the measure of chemical similarity in an explainable fashion. We compute the EMD between two compositions from the ratio of each of the elements and the absolute distance between the elements on the modified Pettifor scale. This simple metric shows clear strength at distinguishing compounds and is efficient to compute in practice. The resultant distances have greater alignment with chemical understanding than the Euclidean distance, which is demonstrated on the binary compositions of the inorganic crystal structure database. The EMD is a reliable numeric measure of chemical similarity that can be incorporated into automated workflows for a range of ML techniques. We have found that with no supervision, the use of this metric gives a distinct partitioning of binary compounds into clear trends and families of chemical property, with future applications for nearest neighbor search queries in chemical database retrieval systems and supervised ML techniques.
Near-lossless compression for high frame rate videos (2013)

The widespread usage of internet, limited bandwidth of networks and different types of media all around the net causes a vast growth in compressing data with different abilities and qualities. Nowadays, video is a popular media for everyday usage. In different research areas, there is a need for recording events in high frame rates. Due to the high frame rate video constraints, using complex methods are not suitable for real-time coding of these videos and will increase the cost of the system. There are different lossless, lossy and near-lossless methods for compressing video sequences. Existing lossy methods cannot limit the subjective or objective loss to a certain upper bound. There have been works regarding lossless compression of these sequences, however these works offer modest compression ratios and in some cases will not be enough due to the large size of these sequences. In this paper we propose a near-lossless method that is comparable with successful existing methods of video compression and yet is simple enough for real-time applications. It includes the major conventional parts for this goal which are prediction, quantization and entropy coding. A simple rate control is embedded by different approaches in quantization. The experimental results demonstrate good compression ratios while considering reliability due to control of the maximum pixel error.
Fast Initial Response for CUSUM Quality-Control Schemes: Give Your CUSUM A Head Start (2000)

The fast initial response (FIR) feature for cumulative sum (CUSUM) quality-control schemes permits a more rapid response to an initial out-of-control situation than does a standard CUSUM quality-control scheme. This feature is especially valuable at start-up or after a CUSUM has given an out-of-control signal. This article presents the average run length and the distribution of run length for CUSUM schemes with the FIR feature and compares FIR CUSUM schemes to standard CUSUM schemes. The comparisons show that if the process starts out in control, the fast initial response feature has little effect; however, if the process mean is not at the desired level, an out-of-control signal will be given faster when the FIR feature is used.