gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A monolithic charge-balancing successive approximation A/D technique (1979)

A new multiple-differential-voltage input, MOS, sampled-data, `charge-balance' comparator which can `weight' or scale each of many input voltage pairs has been developed. This comparator easily allows a differential analog input voltage capability on a monolithic A/D converter and greatly reduces the required number of resistors and decoding switches of a potentiometric successive approximation register (SAR) A/D design. An 8 bit converter has been built which uses 20 Rs and 32 switches as compared to the 256 Rs and 512 switches of a standard 2/SUP N/R ladder design. Measurements made on the 8 bit A/D converter are reported and indicate that at least 12 bit converters are possible with this technique. Therefore, a 13 bit converter has been designed which exhibits even greater component reductions-33 Rs and 64 switches instead of 8192 Rs and 16384 switches. A simple interface to microprocessors is provided for both converters which makes use of the standard logic signals of the control bus where the A/D is designed to appear as memory or an I/O port to the microprocessor. A new flexible reference voltage circuit is presented which, in combination with the analog differential input voltage feature, can accommodate arbitrary analog input voltage spans with any desired zero scale offset.
Design of a fast and robust chaos-based crypto-system for image encryption (2010)

In this paper, we propose a fast and robust scheme for image encryption including a new chaotic generator. The proposed crypto-system uses a variable block cipher length (8, 128, and 512) with different modes: cipher block chaining (CBC), output feedback (OFB), cipher feedback (CFB) and counter (CTR). The fastness and robustness properties of our crypto-system are determined by the chaotic generator using a 32-bits finite precision with integer representation to facilitate hardware implementation, and by a keystream permutation using a 2D-cat map with chaotic control parameters. The chaotic generator is constructed with two non linear (the skew tent map) IIR filters. To quantify the security level of the proposed cryptosystem, we analyze the global dynamical properties of the chaotic generator using the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) test, and we show that, the algorithm can resist the statistical and differential attacks; it also passed the key sensitivity test. Moreover, the algorithm has a large key space. The experimental results indicate that the scheme is secure, efficient, and faster than conventional advanced encryption standard (AES).
Microprocessors get integrated sensors: Sensing devices and signal processing built into one silicon chip portend a new class of ‘smart’ sensors (1980)

Considers the development of silicon microsensors which can fit on the same chip with a microprocessor. Various sensor types are described, their fabrication presented and their possible applications pointed to.
Base-Mediated Selective Synthesis of Diversely Substituted <i>N</i>-Heterocyclic Enamines and Enaminones by the Hydroamination of Alkynes (2012)

Regio- and stereoselective alkynylation of various N-heterocycles 1a-l using potassium and cesium salts in DMSO is described. Terminal alkynes 2a-k and internal alkynes 4a-f provided the kinetically stable Z-enamines 3a-l and 5a-i in good to excellent yields using KOH at 120 °C. Addition of heterocyclic amines to 1,3- and 1,4-diethynylbenzene 6a-b provided the mixture of E/Z isomers with KOH; however, with Cs(2)CO(3) selectively Z-isomers 7ab-db were obtained by the hydroamination at one triple bond. This developed methodology also provides an easy and novel access for the synthesis of enaminones 10a-c. The detailed work also supports the formation of cis-isomer by preferential addition of o-haloarylalkynes followed by intramolecular C2 arylation in the copper-catalyzed tandem synthesis of indolo and pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines.
The Promise of Ghrelin Antagonism in Obesity Treatment (2006)

According to the World Health Organization, 300 million people are clinically obese worldwide. As a major risk factor in the development of life-threatening diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain cancers, obesity is quickly evolving into a serious public health threat on a global scale. This alarming situation calls for the development of effective treatments, including pharmacological intervention. Many biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies have embarked on the endeavor to develop safe new therapeutics for weight loss and durable weight management. Much progress has been made to improve our understanding of the regulation of energy homeostasis, but this knowledge has not yet translated into new medicines. However, it has led to the identification of molecules that promise to be highly interesting targets for therapeutic intervention. One such molecule is the enteric hormone ghrelin. Ghrelin was identified in 1999 as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue-receptor 1a (GHS-R1a). Soon after its discovery ghrelin was shown to increase food intake, downregulate energy expenditure and conserve body fat, causing weight gain and adipogenesis. Unsurprisingly, these findings placed ghrelin and its receptor on the radar screens of many medical researchers in academia and the pharmaceutical industry. The resulting attention has led to a steadily growing body of evidence in support of ghrelin antagonism as a potential means to ameliorate obesity. But the causes for obesity are manifold, and skepticism about the utility of this approach remains. The current review summarizes the arguments for and against ghrelin as a potential antiobesity target and discusses recent pharmaceutical developments to interfere with this exciting pathway.
An improved approach in applying compressed sensing in parallel MR imaging (2009)

We develop a multichannel scattering theory for atom-atom collisions in quasi-1D geometries. We apply our general framework to the low energy scattering of two spin-polarized fermions and show that tightly confined fermions have infinitely strong interactions at a particular value of the 3D, free-space p-wave scattering volume. Moreover, we describe a mapping of this strongly interacting system of two quasi-1D fermions to a weakly interacting system of two 1D bosons.
Effects of A Ketone/Caffeine Supplement On Cycling and Cognitive Performance (2017)

An increasing amount of experimental and empirical evidence indicates that low carbohydrate, high fat ketogenic diets may enhance various aspects of athletic and cognitive performance.A ketogenic diet induces a state of nutritional ketosis defined by an elevated ketone concentration within the blood range >0.5 to 5 mmol/L that over time results in a keto-adapted phenotype.Ketones contribute to many of the therapeutic and performance benefits associated with nutritional ketosis, and as a result, exogenous ketone supplements have become commercially available that are capable of inducing acute nutritional ketosis without restricting carbohydrate.The primary purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of a ketone-salt/caffeine supplement versus water on physical and cognitive performance in non-keto-adapted individuals.Twelve recreationally trained individuals (4 women; 8 men; mean age 22.9 1.9 yr, body mass 79.3 16.7 kg) participated in two experimental sessions in a randomized and balanced order.Subjects consumed either a ketone-salt/caffeine supplement or water (control condition) 15 min prior to performing a staged cycle ergometer time to exhaustion test followed immediately by a 30 sec Wingate test.Symbol digit modality tests were administered at baseline, immediately post-exercise and 30-/60-min post-exercise.Blood ketone concentrations were significantly increased peaking 15 min after ingestion by more than 2-fold and staying elevated throughout 60 min recovery.Compared to the water trial, ingestion of the ketone/caffeine supplement significantly increased time to iii exhaustion (8.3%) and average power during the Wingate (4.3%).There were no significant differences between conditions in peak power output, cognitive performances, or blood glucose responses.These results indicate that ingestion of exogenous ketonesalts combined with caffeine is well tolerated and induces acute nutritional ketosis and is associated with improved high intensity exercise capacity in non-keto-adapted individuals.
Free DICOM de-identification tools in clinical research: functioning and safety of patient privacy (2015)

• Free DICOM toolkits should be carefully used to prevent patient identity disclosure. • Each DICOM tool produces its own specific outcomes from the de-identification process. • In case optimal security is required, using one DICOM toolkit is proposed.
ChemInform Abstract: CLAISEN REARRANGEMENT OF ARYL PROPARGYL ETHERS IN POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) ‐ A REMARKABLE SUBSTITUENT AND SOLVENT EFFECT (1984)

Abstract Arylpropargylether (I) werden in Polyethylenglykol nach Claisen über diskutierte Zwischenstufen zu 2H‐Benzopyranen (II) bzw. 2‐Methylbenzofuranen (III) umgelagert, wobei die Substituenten für den Reaktionsablauf wesentlich sind.
COVID 19: challenges for virologists in the food industry (2020)

The COVID-19 pandemic is not only a challenge for public health and hospitals, but affects many aspects of our societies. This Lilliput minireview deals with problems that the pandemic causes for the food industry, addressing the presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in the food environment, methods of virus inactivation and the protection of the food worker and the consumer. So far food has not been implicated in the transmission of the infection, but social disruptions caused by the pandemic could cause problems with food security.
Inhibition of the TRAIL Death Receptor by CMV Reveals Its Importance in NK Cell-Mediated Antiviral Defense (2014)

TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) death receptors (DR) regulate apoptosis and inflammation, but their role in antiviral defense is poorly understood. Cytomegaloviruses (CMV) encode many immune-modulatory genes that shape host immunity, and they utilize multiple strategies to target the TNF-family cytokines. Here we show that the m166 open reading frame (orf) of mouse CMV (MCMV) is strictly required to inhibit expression of TRAIL-DR in infected cells. An MCMV mutant lacking m166 expression (m166stop) is severely compromised for replication in vivo, most notably in the liver, and depleting natural killer (NK) cells, or infecting TRAIL-DR-/- mice, restored MCMV-m166stop replication completely. These results highlight the critical importance for CMV to have evolved a strategy to inhibit TRAIL-DR signaling to thwart NK-mediated defenses.
Interaction of HIV-1 Integrase with DNA Repair Protein hRad18 (2002)

We have previously shown that human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) integrase is an unstable protein and a substrate for the N-end rule degradation pathway. This degradation pathway shares its ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, Rad6, with the post-replication/translesion DNA repair pathway. Because DNA repair is thought to play an essential role in HIV-1 integration, we investigated whether other molecules of this DNA repair pathway could interact with integrase. We observed that co-expression of human Rad18 induced the accumulation of an otherwise unstable form of HIV-1 integrase. This accumulation occurred even though hRAD18 possesses a RING finger domain, a structure that is generally associated with E3 ubiquitin ligase function and protein degradation. Evidence for an interaction between integrase and hRad18 was obtained through reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation. Moreover we found that a 162-residue region of hRad18 (amino acids 65-226) was sufficient for both integrase stabilization and interaction. Finally, we observed that HIV-1 integrase co-localized with hRad18 in nuclear structures in a subpopulation of co-transfected cells. Taken together, these findings identify hRad18 as a novel interacting partner of HIV-1 integrase and suggest a role for post-replication/translesion DNA repair in the retroviral integration process.
Facilitating Performance Predictions Using Software Components (2011)

Component-based software engineering (CBSE) poses challenges for predicting and evaluating software performance but also offers several advantages. Software performance engineering can benefit from CBSE ideas and concepts. The MediaStore, a fictional system, demonstrates how to achieve compositional reasoning about software performance.
Ritchie, Adrian C., <i>Media French. A Guide to Contemporary French Idiom</i>, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1997. 268 pp. 0 7083 1399 X (2000)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
칸트의 복지국가 이론-예비적 연구 (2015)

‘지금 여기’를 기준으로 말하자면 복지국가는 가장 중요한 사회적·이론적 문제이다. ‘지금 여기’의 철학 역시 이 문제의 해결이라는 과제로부터 자유로울 수 없다. 철학은 이 과제를 오직 복지국가의 개념 정의와 복지국가의 규범적 필연성을 제시함으로써만 해결할 수 있다. - 이 논문은 ‘복지국가의 철학’의 한 사례를 독일의 칸트연구자에게서 찾고자 한다. 칸트 법철학에 기대어 현대 복지국가 문제에 대답하려는 시도들은 사안의 중요성과 칸트철학의 권위에 비추어볼 때 충분히 살펴볼만한 가치가 있는 것으로 판단되기 때문이다. - 이 논문은 먼저 관련 연구의 현황을 살펴본 후 케르스팅의 ‘칸트적-자유주의적 복지국가 이론’에 주목한다. 이를 통해서 복지국가 문제가 칸트철학의 틀 안에서 어떤 맥락과 어떤 모습으로 등장하고 논의되는지를 확인한다. 이러한 작업은 향후 본격적으로 진행될 연구를 위한 기본토대를 우리에게 제공하게 된다. 그런 한에서 이 글은 ‘칸트의 복지국가 이론’을 위한 예비적 연구이다.
Genomic approaches to identifying targets for treating β hemoglobinopathies (2015)

Sickle cell disease and β thalassemia are common severe diseases with little effective pathophysiologically-based treatment. Their phenotypic heterogeneity prompted genomic approaches to identify modifiers that ultimately might be exploited therapeutically. Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is the major modulator of the phenotype of the β hemoglobinopathies. HbF inhibits deoxyHbS polymerization and in β thalassemia compensates for the reduction of HbA. The major success of genomics has been a better understanding the genetic regulation of HbF by identifying the major quantitative trait loci for this trait. If the targets identified can lead to means of increasing HbF to therapeutic levels in sufficient numbers of sickle or β-thalassemia erythrocytes, the pathophysiology of these diseases would be reversed. The availability of new target loci, high-throughput drug screening, and recent advances in genome editing provide the opportunity for new approaches to therapeutically increasing HbF production.
Facility Based Maternal Death Review: Learning from Maternal Deaths in a Teaching Hospital of Eastern India (2013)

Background Maternal mortality reflects the womens basic health status and the magnitude of care by the society towards its women. India being a country with a high burden of maternal deaths, there is an urgent need to reduce such deaths many of which are avoidable. The study aims to find out the specific reasons and circumstances of maternal deaths in hospital through facility based maternal death review which will help in improving maternal outcome. Methods All maternal deaths during one year period were reviewed. Data was collected by interview with health care providers associated with maternal deaths. Structured schedules were used for collecting information from relevant documents. Analysis of data was done to arrive at the results. Results Maternal deaths were most common in poor, illiterate rural women; in young women giving birth to first child; most of the maternal deaths were among referred cases and first 24 hours of hospital admission was the most crucial period. Majority of the deaths were avoidable and multiple contributory factors were associated with the death of the women. Conclusion A sizeable portion of maternal deaths in a tertiary hospital setting are preventable. Regular facility based maternal deaths review is essential to know about the avoidable deaths and their contributory factors. This will help in improving the facility settings and current practices, thereby decreasing maternal morbidity and in improving future outcomes.
Triaryl Pyrazole Toll‐Like Receptor Signaling Inhibitors: Structure–Activity Relationships Governing Pan‐ and Selective Signaling Inhibitors (2018)

The immune system uses members of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family to recognize a variety of pathogen- and host-derived molecules in order to initiate immune responses. Although TLR-mediated, pro-inflammatory immune responses are essential for host defense, prolonged and exaggerated activation can result in inflammation pathology that manifests in a variety of diseases. Therefore, small-molecule inhibitors of the TLR signaling pathway might have promise as anti-inflammatory drugs. We previously identified a class of triaryl pyrazole compounds that inhibit TLR signaling by modulation of the protein-protein interactions essential to the pathway. We have now systematically examined the structural features essential for inhibition of this pathway, revealing characteristics of compounds that inhibited all TLRs tested (pan-TLR signaling inhibitors) as well as compounds that selectively inhibited certain TLRs. These findings reveal interesting classes of compounds that could be optimized for particular inflammatory diseases governed by different TLRs.
Proteolytic Activation of the Protease-activated Receptor (PAR)-2 by the Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Serine Protease Testisin (2014)

Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of seven-transmembrane, G-protein-coupled receptors that are activated by multiple serine proteases through specific N-terminal proteolytic cleavage and the unmasking of a tethered ligand. The majority of PAR-activating proteases described to date are soluble proteases that are active during injury, coagulation, and inflammation. Less investigation, however, has focused on the potential for membrane-anchored serine proteases to regulate PAR activation. Testisin is a unique trypsin-like serine protease that is tethered to the extracellular membrane of cells through a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Here, we show that the N-terminal domain of PAR-2 is a substrate for testisin and that proteolytic cleavage of PAR-2 by recombinant testisin activates downstream signaling pathways, including intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. When testisin and PAR-2 are co-expressed in HeLa cells, GPI-anchored testisin specifically releases the PAR-2 tethered ligand. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous testisin in NCI/ADR-Res ovarian tumor cells reduces PAR-2 N-terminal proteolytic cleavage. The cleavage of PAR-2 by testisin induces activation of the intracellular serum-response element and NFκB signaling pathways and the induction of IL-8 and IL-6 cytokine gene expression. Furthermore, the activation of PAR-2 by testisin results in the loss and internalization of PAR-2 from the cell surface. This study reveals a new biological substrate for testisin and is the first demonstration of the activation of a PAR by a serine protease GPI-linked to the cell surface.
Electronic data interchange (2002)

Electronic data interchange (EDI) is defined, and related fields, like organizations, logistics, standardization, applications, and methodology, in which EDI plays an important role are described. The emphasis is on the integration of administrative systems, especially between independent companies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Cancer Cell Oxygen Sensor PHD2 Promotes Metastasis via Activation of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (2015)

Several questions about the role of the oxygen sensor prolyl-hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) in cancer have not been addressed. First, the role of PHD2 in metastasis has not been studied in a spontaneous tumor model. Here, we show that global PHD2 haplodeficiency reduced metastasis without affecting tumor growth. Second, it is unknown whether PHD2 regulates cancer by affecting cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). We show that PHD2 haplodeficiency reduced metastasis via two mechanisms: (1) by decreasing CAF activation, matrix production, and contraction by CAFs, an effect that surprisingly relied on PHD2 deletion in cancer cells, but not in CAFs; and (2) by improving tumor vessel normalization. Third, the effect of concomitant PHD2 inhibition in malignant and stromal cells (mimicking PHD2 inhibitor treatment) is unknown. We show that global PHD2 haplodeficiency, induced not only before but also after tumor onset, impaired metastasis. These findings warrant investigation of PHD2's therapeutic potential.
基于穿支动脉-神经组织单元论脑梗死模式分型 (2014)

本文对穿支动脉的概念进行了新的认识，并对穿支动脉病的内涵进行了推广，进而提出了以穿支动脉-神经组织单元为脑梗死基本病变单位的医学假设，有助于引发对脑梗死模式分型的新的思考。本文突破常规的思维模式，基于穿支动脉病变单元对经典脑梗死模式分型进行了再解析，将脑梗死模式分为单穿支动脉病、多穿支动脉病、泛穿支动脉病三类。该分型有助于从新的视角认识脑梗死的形成，并有助于将脑梗死影像学模式特征蕴含的信息用于指导脑梗死的病因分型、发病机制的把握和治疗方案的选择。
Identification, Impact, and Refactoring of Smells in Pipe-Like Web Mashups (2013)

With the emergence of tools to support visual mashup creation, tens of thousands of users have started to access, manipulate, and compose data from web sources. We have observed, however, that mashups created by these users tend to suffer from deficiencies that propagate as mashups are reused, which happens frequently. To address these deficiencies, we would like to bring some of the benefits of software engineering techniques to the end users creating these programs. In this work, we focus on identifying code smells indicative of the deficiencies we observed in web mashups programmed in the popular Yahoo! Pipes environment. Through an empirical study, we explore the impact of those smells on the preferences of 61 users, and observe that a significant majority of users prefer mashups without smells. We then introduce refactorings targeting those smells. These refactorings reduce the complexity of the mashup programs, increase their abstraction, update broken data sources and dated components, and standardize their structures to fit the community development patterns. Our assessment of a sample of over 8,000 mashups shows that smells are present in 81 percent of them and that the proposed refactorings can reduce the number of smelly mashups to 16 percent, illustrating the potential of refactoring to support the thousands of end-users programming mashups. Further, we explore how the smells and refactorings can apply to other end-user programming domains to show the generalizability of our approach.
Optimal functional outcome measures for assessing treatment for Dupuytren’s disease: a systematic review and recommendations for future practice (2013)

There is little consistency in the reporting of outcomes for interventions in patients with Dupuytren's disease, making it impossible to compare the efficacy of different treatment modalities. Although there are limitations to the existing generic patient reported outcomes measures, a combination of these together with a disease-specific questionnaire, and physical measures of active and passive individual joint Range of movement (ROM), grip and sensibility using standardised protocols should be used for future outcomes studies. As Dupuytren's disease tends to recur following treatment as well as extend to involve other areas of the hand, follow-up times should be standardised and designed to capture both short and long term outcomes.
The pharmacogenetics of antimalaria artemisinin combination therapy (2011)

Translation in this moment is not operationally possible at an individual level, but large population studies are achievable for: i) the development of robust pharmacogenetics markers; and ii) the parallel development of a pharmacogenetic cartography of malaria settings. Advances in the understanding of antimalarial pharmacogenetics are urgent in order to protect the exposed populations, enhance the effectiveness of ACT and, consequently, contributing for the long aimed elimination of the disease.
Betulinic acid synergically enhances BMP2-induced bone formation via stimulating Smad 1/5/8 and p38 pathways (2016)

BetA can enhance in vivo osteogenic potentials of BMP2, possibly via stimulating Smad 1/5/8 and p38 pathways, and combination of both agents can be considered as a therapeutic strategy for bone diseases.