gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sophisticated topology of hidden Markov models for cursive script recognition (2002)

The paper describes an adaptation of hidden Markov models (HMM) to automatic recognition of unrestricted handwritten words. Many interesting details of a 50,000 vocabulary recognition system for US city names are described. This system includes feature extraction, classification, estimation of model parameters, and word recognition. The feature extraction module transforms a binary image to a sequence of feature vectors. The classification module consists of a transformation based on linear discriminant analysis and Gaussian soft-decision vector quantizers which transform feature vectors into sets of symbols and associated likelihoods. Symbols and likelihoods form the input to both HMM training and recognition. HMM training performed in several successive steps requires only a small amount of gestalt labeled data on the level of characters for initialization. HMM recognition based on the Viterbi algorithm runs on subsets of the whole vocabulary.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A complex bandpass ΔΣ converter for digital radio (2002)

A new architecture is proposed for a single-chip digital radio receiver. This architecture has several advantages over the direct-conversion architecture that has been gaining interest for use in single-chip designs. A non-zero quadrature IF reduces the image problem and eliminates concerns about self-EMI and 1/f noise. A complex bandpass filter embedded in a delta-sigma loop allows the A/D conversion to be performed directly on the pair of quadrature outputs from the mixer.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A computational algorithm for minimizing total variation in image restoration (1996)

A reliable and efficient computational algorithm for restoring blurred and noisy images is proposed. The restoration process is based on the minimal total variation principle introduced by Rudin et al. For discrete images, the proposed algorithm minimizes a piecewise linear l (1) function (a measure of total variation) subject to a single 2-norm inequality constraint (a measure of data fit). The algorithm starts by finding a feasible point for the inequality constraint using a (partial) conjugate gradient method. This corresponds to a deblurring process. Noise and other artifacts are removed by a subsequent total variation minimization process. The use of the linear l(1) objective function for the total variation measurement leads to a simpler computational algorithm. Both the steepest descent and an affine scaling Newton method are considered to solve this constrained piecewise linear l(1) minimization problem. The resulting algorithm, when viewed as an image restoration and enhancement process, has the feature that it can be used in an adaptive/interactive manner in situations when knowledge of the noise variance is either unavailable or unreliable. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed iterative image restoration and enhancement process.
A Novel Approach to Part Name Discovery in Noisy Text (2018)

Nobal Bikram Niraula, Daniel Whyatt, Anne Kao. Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers). 2018.
Restructuring of hex-Pt(100) under CO Gas Environments: Formation of 2-D Nanoclusters (2009)

The atomic-scale restructuring of hex-Pt(100) induced by carbon monoxide with a wide pressure range was studied with a newly designed chamber-in-chamber high-pressure STM and theoretical calculations. Both experimental and DFT calculation results show that CO molecules are bound to Pt nanoclusters through a tilted on-top configuration with a separation of approximately 3.7-4.1 A. The phenomenon of restructuring of metal catalyst surfaces induced by adsorption and, in particular, the formation of small metallic clusters suggests the importance of studying structures of catalyst surfaces under high-pressure conditions for understanding catalytic mechanisms.
In Vivo Intracellular pH Measurements in Tobacco and<i>Arabidopsis</i>Reveal an Unexpected pH Gradient in the Endomembrane System (2013)

The pH homeostasis of endomembranes is essential for cellular functions. In order to provide direct pH measurements in the endomembrane system lumen, we targeted genetically encoded ratiometric pH sensors to the cytosol, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the trans-Golgi, or the compartments labeled by the vacuolar sorting receptor (VSR), which includes the trans-Golgi network and prevacuoles. Using noninvasive live-cell imaging to measure pH, we show that a gradual acidification from the endoplasmic reticulum to the lytic vacuole exists, in both tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) epidermal (ΔpH -1.5) and Arabidopsis thaliana root cells (ΔpH -2.1). The average pH in VSR compartments was intermediate between that of the trans-Golgi and the vacuole. Combining pH measurements with in vivo colocalization experiments, we found that the trans-Golgi network had an acidic pH of 6.1, while the prevacuole and late prevacuole were both more alkaline, with pH of 6.6 and 7.1, respectively. We also showed that endosomal pH, and subsequently vacuolar trafficking of soluble proteins, requires both vacuolar-type H(+) ATPase-dependent acidification as well as proton efflux mediated at least by the activity of endosomal sodium/proton NHX-type antiporters.
Cholesterol in health and disease (2002)

Imagine if an excess amount of a critical, life-sustaining molecule like ATP were, by a perverse series of events involving the lifestyle of modern humans, causally related to a major human disease.The thought of "ATP" being synonymous with poor health and poor living in the minds of the lay public and press, even of health care providers, would be difficult for any selfrespecting scientist to accept.So one might view the biomedical history of cholesterol -indeed, this history might be seen as even stranger than the hypothetical ATP scenario, given that evolution has devoted close to 100 genes to the synthesis, transport, metabolism, and regulation of cholesterol.This structurally fascinating lipid is utterly essential to the proper functioning of cells and organisms.Cholesterol, cholesterol metabolites, and immediate biosynthetic precursors of cholesterol play essential roles in cellular membrane physiology, dietary nutrient absorption, reproductive biology, stress responses, salt and water balance, and calcium metabolism.Indeed, many of the articles in this Perspective series are devoted to the normal physiology of cholesterol.Still, there is little doubt that the disease process responsible for the leading cause of death in the industrialized world -atherosclerosis -is a disorder in which an excess of cholesterol is a major culprit.How did evolution come up with a molecule that is critical for so many aspects of normal physiology, and what went "wrong"? Cholesterol in health and disease
Atopic dermatitis: pathogenetic mechanisms (2000)

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with increasing incidence and socio-economical relevance. The diagnosis is made on clinical grounds and different diagnostic criteria sets have been established. The majority of all AD cases is associated with a sensitization to environmental allergens and increased serum IgE (so-called extrinsic AD), but about 10--30% of all cases suffer from the so-called intrinsic AD, which obviously lacks any link to the classical atopic diathesis. The genetic background of AD has been investigated by target gene approach by different groups with mostly contradictory results for each of the genes under study. An imbalance in the spectrum of Th1/Th2 responses, a disturbed prostaglandin metabolism, intrinsic defects in keratinocyte function, delayed eosinophil apoptosis, IgE-mediated facilitated antigen presentation by epidermal dendritic cells, a two phase model of the inflammatory response and staphylococcal superantigen effects are among the currently studied pathogenetical aspects of extrinsic AD, which are reviewed in this paper.
Why Do Influenza Virus Subtypes Die Out? A Hypothesis (2011)

Novel pandemic influenza viruses enter the human population with some regularity and can cause disease that is severe and widespread. The emergence of novel viruses, historically, has often been coupled with the disappearance of existing seasonal virus strains. Here, we propose that the elimination of seasonal strains during virus pandemics is a process mediated, at the population level, by humoral immunity. Specifically, we suggest that infection with a novel virus strain, in people previously exposed to influenza viruses, can elicit a memory B cell response against conserved hemagglutinin stalk epitopes and/or neuraminidase epitopes. The anti-stalk and/or anti-neuraminidase antibodies then act to diminish the clinical severity of disease caused by novel influenza viruses and to eliminate seasonal virus strains.
Procedure for Rapid Concentration and Detection of Enteric Viruses from Berries and Vegetables (2006)

Several hepatitis A virus (HAV) and norovirus (NV) outbreaks due to consumption of berries and vegetables have been reported during recent years. To facilitate the detection of enteric viruses that may be present on different fresh and frozen products, we developed a rapid and sensitive detection method for HAV, NV, and rotavirus (RV). Initial experiments focused on optimizing the composition of the elution buffer, improving the viral concentration method, and evaluating the performance of various extraction kits. Viruses were extracted from the food surface by a direct elution method in a glycine-Tris (pH 9.5) buffer containing 1% beef extract and concentrated by ultrafiltration. Occasionally, PCR inhibitors were present in the processed berry samples, which gave relatively poor detection limits. However, this problem was overcome by adding a pectinase treatment in the protocol, which markedly improved the sensitivity of the method. After optimization, this concentration method was applied in combination with real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) using specific primers in various types of berries and vegetables. The average detection limits were 1 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID(50)), 54 RT-PCR units, and 0.02 TCID(50) per 15 g of food for HAV, NV, and RV, respectively. Based on our results, it is concluded that this procedure is suitable to detect and quantify enteric viruses within 6 h and can be applied for surveillance of enteric viruses in fresh and frozen products.
Contrasting respirable quartz and kaolin retention of lecithin surfactant and expression of membranolytic activity following phospholipase A<sub>2</sub>digestion (1992)

Respirable-sized quartz, a well-established fibrogenic mineral dust, is compared with kaolin in erythrocyte hemolysis assays after treatment with saline dispersion of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, a primary phospholipid component of pulmonary surfactant. Both dusts are rendered inactive after treatment, but the membranolytic activity is partly to fully restored after treatment with phospholipase A2, an enzyme normally associated with cellular plasma membranes and lysosomes. Phospholipid-coated dusts were incubated for periods of 2-72 h at a series of applied enzyme concentrations, and the adsorbed lipid species and hemolytic activity were quantitated at each time for both dusts. Surfactant was lost more readily from quartz than from kaolin, with consequent more rapid restoration of mineral surface hemolytic activity for quartz. Interactions of surfactant and mineral surface functional groups responsible for the mineral-specific rate differences, and implications for determining the mineral surface bioavailability of silica and silicate dusts, are discussed.
Piezoelectric crystal monitor for carbon dioxide in fermentation processes (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPiezoelectric crystal monitor for carbon dioxide in fermentation processesOrlando. Fatibello-Filho, Jose F. De Andrade, Ahmad A. Suleiman, and George G. GuilbaultCite this: Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 7, 746–748Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00182a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00182a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views121Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A GSM/EDGE/WCDMA Adaptive Series-LC Matching Network Using RF-MEMS Switches (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> To preserve link quality of mobile phones, under fluctuating user conditions, an adaptively controlled series-LC matching circuit is presented for multi-band and multi-mode operation. Following a bottom-up approach, we discuss the design of an RF-MEMS unit cell for the construction of a 5-bit switched capacitor array. To reduce dielectric charging of the RF-MEMS devices their average biasing voltage is minimized by applying a bipolar waveform with a small high/low duty-cycle obtained from a high-voltage driver IC. RF-MEMS capacitive switches are applied because of their high linearity, low loss, large tuning range, and easy control in the discrete domain. Application specific RF-MEMS pull-in and pull-out voltage requirements are derived. An impedance phase detector is used to feed mismatch information to an up-down counter providing robust iterative control. The measured MEMS array capacitance tuning ratio is almost a factor 10. Module insertion loss is 0.5 dB at low-band and high-band. Harmonic distortion is less than <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">${-}\hbox{85~dBc}$</tex> </formula> at 35 dBm output power and the EVM, measured in EDGE-mode, is less than 1% at 27 dBm . The adaptively controlled module, connected to a planar inverted-F antenna, shows desired impedance correction. For extreme hand-effects the maximum module impedance correction at 900 MHz is <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$-75j \Omega$</tex></formula>. </para>
Fine-grained spectrum adaptation in WiFi networks (2013)

Explosive growth of WiFi traffic calls for new technologies to dramatically improve spectrum efficiency. In this paper, we propose an approach to adapt the spectrum on a per-frame basis. It consists of three major components: (i) a fine-grained spectrum access design that allows a sender and receiver to change their transmission and reception spectrum on demand, (ii) fast and accurate spectrum detection that allows a receiver to determine which spectrum is used by its sender on a per-frame basis by exploiting the IEEE 802.11 preamble structure, and (iii) an efficient spectrum allocation algorithm that determines which spectrum to use for each transmission by taking into account frequency diversity and interference. It can further be adapted to perform a joint assignment of spectrum, schedule, and access point (AP) for each frame. Using a SORA implementation and trace-driven simulation, we demonstrate the feasibility of per-frame spectrum adaptation and its significant benefit over existing channel assignment approaches. To our knowledge, this is the first per-frame spectrum adaptation prototype for WiFi networks.
New developments in the treatment of multiple myeloma &ndash; <br />clinical utility of daratumumab (2017)

Multiple myeloma is a clonal disorder of plasma cells that is currently considered incurable. CD38 is a 46 kDa type II transmembrane glycoprotein that is highly expressed on myeloma cells. Daratumumab is a first in-class human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that targets CD38, and has antimyeloma effects through several mechanisms. Single-agent trials show surprising activity in heavily pretreated myeloma patients. Trials in the relapsed setting, where daratumumab is added to lenalidomide and dexamethasone or bortezomib and dexamethasone, have demonstrated significantly improved progression-free survival with acceptable toxicity. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of action, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of daratumumab and review the available clinical data in detail. We examine how daratumumab interferes with transfusion testing due to the expression of CD38 on the red blood cells, leading to potential difficulties releasing blood products. Daratumumab also affects disease assessments in multiple myeloma, including serum protein electrophoresis, immunofixation and flow cytometry. Strategies to mitigate these effects are discussed. The optimal use of daratumumab has yet to be decided, and several trials are ongoing in the relapsed and upfront setting. We discuss the potential upfront role of this exciting therapy, which has significant potential for increased minimal residual disease negativity and improved progression-free survival even in high-risk groups.
The Analysis of Contact Stresses in Rolling Element Bearings (1979)

A numerical solution is presented which can be used to analyze the complete range of frictionless contact problems found in rolling element bearings. A three dimensional, linear elastic solution to the problem is developed by combining the Boussinesq force-displacement relationships for a half-space with a modified flexibility method. In this manner a stable system of linear algebraic equations in terms of the unknown surface pressures is formed, with no restrictions placed upon either contact symmetry or material connectivity. Several numerical examples of common but hitherto unsolved contact problems prevalent in rolling element bearing applications are also presented.
Early Events in Retrovirus XMRV Infection of the Wild-Derived Mouse<i>Mus pahari</i> (2010)

A novel gammaretrovirus, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV), has been identified in patients with prostate cancer and in patients with chronic fatigue syndromes. Standard Mus musculus laboratory mice lack a functional XPR1 receptor for XMRV and are therefore not a suitable model for the virus. In contrast, Gairdner's shrew-mice (Mus pahari) do express functional XPR1. To determine whether Mus pahari could serve as a model for XMRV, primary Mus pahari fibroblasts and mice were infected with cell-free XMRV. Infection of cells in vitro resulted in XMRV Gag expression and the production of XMRV virions. After intraperitoneal injection of XMRV into Mus pahari mice, XMRV proviral DNA could be detected in spleen, blood, and brain. Intravenous administration of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) vector pseudotyped with XMRV produced GFP(+) CD4(+) T cells and CD19(+) B cells. Mice mounted adaptive immune responses against XMRV, as evidenced by the production of neutralizing and Env- and Gag-specific antibodies. Prominent G-to-A hypermutations were also found in viral genomes isolated from the spleen, suggesting intracellular restriction of XMRV infection by APOBEC3 in vivo. These data demonstrate infection of Mus pahari by XMRV, potential cell tropism of the virus, and immunological and intracellular restriction of virus infection in vivo. These data support the use of Mus pahari as a model for XMRV pathogenesis and as a platform for vaccine and drug development against this potential human pathogen.
The Other Function: Class II-Restricted Antigen Presentation by B Cells (2017)

Mature B lymphocytes (B cells) recognize antigens using their B cell receptor (BCR) and are activated to become antibody-producing cells. In addition, and integral to the development of a high-affinity antibodies, B cells utilize the specialized major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) antigen presentation pathway to process BCR-bound and internalized protein antigens and present selected peptides in complex with MHCII to CD4+ T cells. This interaction influences the fate of both types of lymphocytes and shapes immune outcomes. Specific, effective, and optimally timed antigen presentation by B cells requires well-controlled intracellular machinery, often regulated by the combined effects of several molecular events. Here, we delineate and summarize these events in four steps along the antigen presentation pathway: (1) antigen capture and uptake by B cells; (2) intersection of internalized antigen/BCRs complexes with MHCII in peptide-loading compartments; (3) generation and regulation of MHCII/peptide complexes; and (4) exocytic transport for presentation of MHCII/peptide complexes at the surface of B cells. Finally, we discuss modulation of the MHCII presentation pathway across B cell development and maturation to effector cells, with an emphasis on the shaping of the MHCII/peptide repertoire by two key antigen presentation regulators in B cells: HLA-DM and HLA-DO.
Nitrous Oxide "Analgesia": Resemblance to Opiate Action (1976)

Nitrous oxide produced a dose-related "analgesia" in mice (median effective dose, 55 percent). The analgesia was evaluated by means of a phenylquinone writhing test. Narcotic antagonists or chronic morphinization reduced nitrous oxide analgesia. Either nitrous oxide releases an endogenous analgesic or narcotic antagonists have analgesic antagonist properties heretofore unappreciated.
Lactate oxidation at the mitochondria: a lactate-malate-aspartate shuttle at work (2014)

Lactate, the conjugate base of lactic acid occurring in aqueous biological fluids, has been derided as a "dead-end" waste product of anaerobic metabolism. Catalyzed by the near-equilibrium enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), the reduction of pyruvate to lactate is thought to serve to regenerate the NAD(+) necessary for continued glycolytic flux. Reaction kinetics for LDH imply that lactate oxidation is rarely favored in the tissues of its own production. However, a substantial body of research directly contradicts any notion that LDH invariably operates unidirectionally in vivo. In the current Perspective, a model is forwarded in which the continuous formation and oxidation of lactate serves as a mitochondrial electron shuttle, whereby lactate generated in the cytosol of the cell is oxidized at the mitochondria of the same cell. From this perspective, an intracellular lactate shuttle operates much like the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS); it is also proposed that the two shuttles are necessarily interconnected in a lactate-MAS. Among the requisite features of such a model, significant compartmentalization of LDH, much like the creatine kinase of the phosphocreatine shuttle, would facilitate net cellular lactate oxidation in a variety of cell types.