gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Digital filter with confidence input (2015)

An extension to standard digital finite input response low-pass filters is proposed, allowing full suppression of noise peaks at the expense of gradually decreasing broadband noise-suppression performance. Each input sample is associated with a confidence value, where zero-confidence samples must not contribute to the filter output. Sample confidence is assumed to be known by other means, e.g., a peak-noise detector. Filter coefficients are dynamically adapted, depending on the confidence values in the filter buffer, gradually turning the filter into a selective arithmetic mean filter with an increasing number of low-confidence inputs, while preserving the filter's optimum broadband noise-suppression performance when input samples have full confidence.
Inhibition of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA Reductase Blocks Hypoxia-mediated Down-regulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (1997)

Hypoxia induces vasoconstriction, in part, by down-regulating endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) expression. Previous studies indicate that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors improve endothelium-dependent relaxation by increasing ecNOS activity. To determine whether HMG CoA reductase inhibitors can prevent hypoxia-mediated down-regulation of ecNOS function and expression, human endothelial cells were exposed to hypoxia (3% O2) in the presence of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors simvastatin and lovastatin for various durations (0-48 h). Hypoxia decreased ecNOS protein and mRNA levels in a time-dependent manner, resulting in a 4- and 9-fold reduction after 48 h, respectively. In a concentration-dependent manner, simvastatin, and to a lesser extent, lovastatin, prevented the down-regulation of ecNOS expression by hypoxia. Simvastatin-induced changes in ecNOS expression correlated with changes in endothelial NO production and were reversed by treatment with L-mevalonate. Actinomycin D studies revealed that under hypoxic conditions, simvastatin increased ecNOS mRNA half-life from 13 to 38 h. Nuclear run-on studies showed that simvastatin had no effect on repression of ecNOS gene transcription by hypoxia. These results indicate that HMG CoA reductase inhibitors regulate ecNOS function and expression through changes in ecNOS mRNA stability and suggest that treatment with HMG CoA reductase inhibitors may have beneficial effects in patients with hypoxia-mediated pulmonary hypertension.
A fast scene change detection on MPEG coding parameter domain (2002)

This paper proposes a very fast and accurate scene change detection algorithm on MPEG coding parameter domain. The fast operation can be obtained by spatio-temporally subsampling coding information and by exploiting only coding parameters extracted in variable length decoding (VLD) stage, while the accurate detection is accomplished by examining the statistical characteristics of various scene changes on the coding parameter domain. The computer simulation shows that the proposed algorithm can accomplish detection more than 5 times faster than that of real-time playback for MPEG-2 video sequences using a standard workstation. It is also shown that most of abrupt scene changes, dissolve transitions, and wipe transitions have been successfully detected.
<title>Stacked STN LCDs for true-color projection systems</title> (1991)

The demand for a true color LCD projection panel for use with standard overhead projectors has been around ever since the first monochrome OHP projection panel was introduced in 1986. The monochrome panels evolved along with the LCD technology from the first blue- and-yellow mode units to black-and-white with levels of gray, and to yellow-and-magenta panels with limited intermediate color shades known as pseudo-color. Finally, a novel solution has been implemented using a stack of custom designed STN panels, making possible true color LCD projection panels that are reasonably priced, available in high volume and quite acceptable in overall image quality. This stacked technology relies on the inherent birefringence colors of each layer to switch between white (passing all wavelengths) and a subtractive color primary (passing all wavelengths but red, green, or blue) so the full spectrum can be projected. Standard gray-scale techniques expand the displayable color palette to almost 5,000 colors and beyond. The same technology can also be applied to various self-contained projection architectures.
Macroblock‐based progressive fine granularity scalable video coding (2003)

Abstract A novel highly efficient macroblock‐based progressive fine granularity scalable (MBPFGS) video coding scheme that can optimally balance drifting errors and coding efficiency is proposed in this article. In order to improve coding efficiency, the existing PFGS video coding scheme uses a set of high‐quality references to predict the enhancement layers. However, potential drifting errors may arise because high‐quality references may not always be available at the decoder when channel bandwidth fluctuates. To solve this problem, we first analyze when drifting errors occur and how they will propagate. Then, an iterative model is established to estimate the drifting errors at the encoder. Meanwhile, three new INTER modes are proposed for the coding of macroblocks at the enhancement layers. One of these modes provides an effective and flexible method to reduce the drifting errors at low enhancement bit rates. Furthermore, we present a decision‐making mechanism to select the proper coding mode for each macroblock at the enhancement layers. Experimental results show that the proposed techniques can dramatically reduce drifting errors at low enhancement bit rates, while significantly improving coding efficiency, up to 2.3 dB in average PSNR, compared with MPEG‐4 FGS at moderate or high bit rates. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 297–307, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10071
Soliton transmission with sliding-frequency guiding filters: progress toward 100 Gbit/s over transoceanic distances (1995)

The sliding-frequency guiding filters dramatically reduce timing and amplitude jitter in long-distance soliton data transmission [1,2]. They also reduce the soliton pair interaction, so the soliton pulses can be packed closer together. The sliding filters effectively remove dispersive wave radiation from imperfect input pulses, which permits the soliton data transmission using even NRZ sources [3]. The technique of sliding- frequency guiding filters has enabled extremely robust, error-free soliton data transmission at single channel rates of 10 to 20 Gbit/s, over distances often approaching the circumference of the earth [2,4]. Guiding-frequency filters provide additional benefits when used in WDM systems. One of these benefits is the equalization of relative signal amplitudes of WDM channels. Depending on the soliton energy, solitons experience different loss when pass through the guiding filters: the higher the soliton energy the higher the loss. As a result, the guiding filters equalize relative signal amplitudes of WDM channels, automatically compensating for the unflatness of the amplifiers’ gain spectrum. We demonstrate this effect of WDM channel energy self-equalization in soliton transmission experiments with sliding-frequency filters. Filters can also reduce or eliminate residual defects of WDM. Soliton transmission using frequency guiding filters has enabled 40 Gbit/s, in the form of an 8 × 5 Gbit/s WDM transmission over 9600 km [5]. One would like to extend the filtered soliton transmission to many WDM channels at 10 Gbit/s each. Increased bit rate per channel leads to the increased number of soliton collisions. Increased bit rate per channel also requires shorter pulses, which as a rule increases the residual effects from each soliton collision. At the same time, the allowable timing jitter for error-free propagation at higher bit rate per channel is less. All these factors require a very careful design of multi-channel WDM system with 10 Gbit/s per channel, taking into account many different factors. In particular, we will discuss the following points which were recently discovered in our experiments and theoretical analysis.
A multilayer organic package with four integrated 60GHz antennas enabling broadside and end-fire radiation for portable communication devices (2015)

This paper describes the demonstration of a millimeter-wave package for a fully-integrated switched-beam 60-GHz CMOS transceiver IC. The package supports differential transmit and single-ended receive paths in both broadside and end-fire directions with four integrated antennas. The multi-antenna configuration provides flexible link coverage with a small form factor suitable for portable communication devices. The 11mm × 11mm × 0.5mm package has 38 BGA pins and is built with low-cost printed circuit board technology using 4 metal layers and organic dielectric materials. Full-wave electromagnetic simulations were performed to verify antenna performance in the context of a full-package environment, including power/ground planes and signal wiring of the package and of the second-level PCB. System-level characterization results with a fully assembled transceiver module are presented, including measured antenna radiation patterns.
Antipneumococcal Activity of DW-224a, a New Quinolone, Compared to Those of Eight Other Agents (2006)

DW-224a is a new broad-spectrum quinolone with excellent antipneumococcal activity. Agar dilution MIC was used to test the activity of DW-224a compared to those of penicillin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefuroxime, and azithromycin against 353 quinolone-susceptible pneumococci. The MICs of 29 quinolone-resistant pneumococci with defined quinolone resistance mechanisms against seven quinolones and an efflux mechanism were also tested. DW-224a was the most potent quinolone against quinolone-susceptible pneumococci (MIC(50), 0.016 microg/ml; MIC(90), 0.03 microg/ml), followed by gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. beta-Lactam MICs rose with those of penicillin G, and azithromycin resistance was seen mainly in strains with raised penicillin G MICs. Against the 29 quinolone-resistant strains, DW-224a had the lowest MICs (0.06 to 1 microg/ml) compared to those of gemifloxacin, clinafloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. DW-224a at 2x MIC was bactericidal after 24 h against eight of nine strains tested. Other quinolones gave similar kill kinetics relative to higher MICs. Serial passages of nine strains in the presence of sub-MIC concentrations of DW-224a, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefuroxime, and azithromycin were performed. DW-224a yielded resistant clones similar to moxifloxacin and gemifloxacin but also yielded lower MICs. Azithromycin selected resistant clones in three of the five parents tested. Amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefuroxime did not yield resistant clones after 50 days.
<title>Hi-tech of the prostate: interstitial laser coagulation of benign prostatic hypertrophy</title> (1992)

We report on the new technique of interstitial laser coagulation of the prostate (ILCP) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Basic experiments by use of a Nd:YAG laser in combination with a newly designed fiber tip homogeneously distributing the laser irradiation have been performed in potato, muscle, liver, and surgically removed human BPH-tissue to determine the volume of coagulation. The coagulation zone surrounding the probe was well defined and homogeneous. The size was dependent on laser power and irradiation time. Carbonization was never present except in darker tissues irradiated with high energy. Volume and time resolved measurements correlated well with the size of coagulation. 10 W and 5 minutes, for example, resulted in a coagulation zone of 17 X 15 mm. Comparable results have been seen in in-vivo experiments in surgically exposed canine prostates. Specimen for macroscopic and microscopic examination were taken immediately after treatment and after 5 and 35 days. The well demarked coagulation necrosis of the early stage resulted in cystic degeneration and fibrosis in the later stages. This was combined with shrinkage and reduction in volume. The urothelium of the urethra, the external sphincter and the rectum showed no damage. Until now, 15 patients suffering from obstructive symptoms due to BPH have been treated with interstitial laser coagulation. The probes were inserted from the perineum into the center of each lateral lobe of the prostate by transrectal ultrasound guidance, while the median lobe was treated by urethroscopic guidance, while the median lobe was treated by urethroscopic control. Dependent on the size of the prostate irradiation, time was 5 to 10 minutes per lobe at a power setting of 5 to 10 W.
Breast imaging with time-reversed ultrasound (2006)

Ultrasonic imaging has the potential to enhance our capability to detect and diagnose breast cancers, but its imaging quality and resolution need to be significantly improved. We make use of the principle of the time-reversal mirror to develop an image-reconstruction method for ultrasonic breast imaging. It reconstructs images of scatterers (e.g., tumors) that generate/scatter ultrasonic waves by backpropagating measured ultrasonic signals into a heterogeneous breast model on computers using the principle of time-reversal mirror. We use solutions of the (two-way) full wave equation and one-way wave equation in heterogeneous media for backpropagation. We found that the one-way wave-equation-based imaging method can produce higher-resolution images than the two-way propagation-based imaging method when the data acquisition aperture is limited (for a linear transducer array). With a full aperture, our imaging results demonstrate that imaging with time-reversed ultrasound can produce high-quality images of the breast.
System Call Monitoring Using Authenticated System Calls (2006)

System call monitoring is a technique for detecting and controlling compromised applications by checking at runtime that each system call conforms to a policy that specifies the program's normal behavior. Here, we introduce a new approach to implementing system call monitoring based on authenticated system calls. An authenticated system call is a system call augmented with extra arguments that specify the policy for that call, and a cryptographic message authentication code that guarantees the integrity of the policy and the system call arguments. This extra information is used by the kernel to verify the system call. The version of the application in which regular system calls have been replaced by authenticated calls is generated automatically by an installer program that reads the application binary, uses static analysis to generate policies, and then rewrites the binary with the authenticated calls. This paper presents the approach, describes a prototype implementation based on Linux and the PLTO binary rewriting system, and gives experimental results suggesting that the approach is effective in protecting against compromised applications at modest cost
Interface Engineering of Ge-based Nanoelectronics Using Fluorinated Graphene (2018)

Ge is a promising candidate to replace Si in future low-power logic applications. However, the unstable germanium oxide formed at the interface between the channel and dielectric layer has impeded the progress of Ge-based nanoelectronics. We discover the insulating fluorinated graphene can be employed as an efficient diffusion barrier layer to suppress the formation of the unstable interfacial oxide in Ge-based devices. The Ge-based device with the fluorinated graphene exhibits negligible capacitance versus voltage hysteresis, extremely low leakage, and superior equivalent oxide thickness.
The Purification and Comparative Analysis of Hemoglobin from Animal Bloods (1992)

Various methods for the separation and purification of Hb from animal blood have been investigated to establish the optimal and highly reliable purification process. The Hb obtained from various sources, i.e., bovine, pig and human bloods were analyzed and compared using simple and fast analytical methods, including, electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and spectroscopy to study the characterization of protein structure. Further investigation along this line will enable us to realize the ultimate objectives of development for artificial RBC substitutes.
Calcination of Fine Limestone Particles by a Powder-Particle Fluidized Bed. (1999)

A Powder-Particle Fluidized Bed (PPFB) is applied to the calcination of small limestone particles 2–64 μm in mean diameter. The effects of reaction temperature, size of limestone particles, superficial gas velocity, static bed height of medium particles, and inlet CO2 concentration upon the calcination conversion are investigated.Under conditions where the average residence time of gas in the bed is 0.4 s, more than 95% calcination is achieved in the case of 5 μm limestone at temperatures higher than 1173 K. The dependence of calcination conversion on 20 vol% CO2 in fluidizing gas becomes small at temperatures higher than 1123 K.
Design of a high-resolution high-magnification MWIR continuous zoom lens system (2021)

This paper reports a design of a high magnification mid-wave infrared (MWIR) continuous zoom lens system that is compatible with a high-resolution focal plane array (FPA). The zoom lens design has been developed via a series of optimization processes, from a global search to look for potential design candidates, to different local optimization strategies to balance out optical aberrations between different zoom configurations, then comes a few minor adjustments in order to mitigate the negative effects that the optical system might encounter during its operation. By using these processes, an F/5.5 continuous zoom lens system with a magnification ratio of 22x that works with an SXGA (1280 x 1024) cooled detector having a pixel pitch of 15 μm has been successfully designed. This zoom lens system only makes use of two movable lenses to maintain its performance throughout the entire zoom range. With a maximum focal length of 1200 mm, this optical system plays a major role in extremely long-range observation and surveillance applications.
Induction of protective immunity against <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> by a nonliving vaccine is dependent on the method of antigen presentation. (1985)

A preparation of nonliving parasite antigens containing both soluble and particulate components of frozen-and-thawed invasive larvae was used to immunize C57BL/6J mice against challenge Schistosoma mansoni infection. The method of antigen presentation was observed to be critical to the ability of this preparation to induce protective immunity, because intradermal administration in conjunction with a bacterial adjuvant (BCG) resulted in strong protection against challenge parasites (51% reduction in worm burden in six experiments), whereas i.v. injection of the same antigenic preparation was completely ineffective. Induction of resistance was accompanied by specific immune responsiveness toward schistosome antigens. Protection correlated more closely with sensitization for specific delayed hypersensitivity than with elicitation of circulating antibodies to larval surface antigens or immediate hypersensitivity in these models. These results suggest that it will be possible to design a defined vaccine against S. mansoni infection, but that identification of the route of antigen presentation that most effectively elicits relevant immune effector mechanisms will be crucial to the success of any vaccination protocol involving nonliving antigens.
Trading convexity for scalability (2006)

Convex learning algorithms, such as Support Vector Machines (SVMs), are often seen as highly desirable because they offer strong practical properties and are amenable to theoretical analysis. However, in this work we show how non-convexity can provide scalability advantages over convexity. We show how concave-convex programming can be applied to produce (i) faster SVMs where training errors are no longer support vectors, and (ii) much faster Transductive SVMs.
Free-space optical cross-connect switch by use of electroholography (2000)

An electrically controlled holographic switch is proposed as a building block for a free-space optical interconnection network. The switch is based on the voltage-controlled photorefractive effect in KLTN crystals at the paraelectric phase. It is built of electrically controlled Bragg gratings stored in the volume of the crystal. A compact switch that connects four high-speed fiber-optic communication channels with high efficiency is demonstrated experimentally. The switch performance is investigated and optimized. This switch is extremely attractive for cascaded switching arrays such as those found in multistage interconnect networks.
Dielectric Characteristics of (A<sub>1/2</sub> <sup>1+</sup>·A<sub>1/2</sub> <sup>3+</sup>)TiO<sub>3</sub> Ceramics at Microwave Frequencies (1991)

We have investigated the dielectric characteristics at microwave frequencies of perovskites with the formula (A 1/2 1+ ·A 1/2 3+ )TiO 3 , (where A 1+ represents an alkali metal from the lithium to potassium series and A 3+ represents a member of the lanthanide series from lanthanum to lutetium). It was found for the first time that in the case of Li 1+ substitution at the A 1+ site, the larger the ionic radius of the element which substituted at the A 3+ site, the higher the dielectric constant was and the greater the negative shift of the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency was. For the (1- x )(Li 1/2 1+ ·Sm 1/2 3+ )TiO 3 - x (Na 1/2 1+ ·Sm 1/2 3+ )TiO 3 system at 3 GHz, high dielectric properties of ε r =81, Q =2050 and τ f =+17ppm/ °C were obtained when x =0.4.
Boronic Acid Substituted Self‐Doped Polyaniline (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Synthesis Properties of Self-Doped PABA Self-Crosslinked Self-Doped Polyaniline Applications References
Enhancement of hypoxia-activated prodrug TH-302 anti-tumor activity by Chk1 inhibition (2015)

TH-302-mediated in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activities were greatly enhanced by the addition of Chk1 inhibitors. The preclinical data presented in this study support a new approach for the treatment of p53-deficient hypoxic cancers by combining Chk1 inhibitors with the hypoxia-activated prodrug TH-302.
<title>Dimensional stability of high-purity Invar 36</title> (1993)

High performance requirements for the Imaging Science Subsystem/Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) instrument on the NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Cassini spacecraft impose very stringent demands for dimensional stability of metering rods in the camera's athermalizing system. Invar 36 was chosen as a baseline material because it possibly could meet these requirements through high purity control and appropriate thermomechanical processes. A powder metallurgy process appears to be the manufacturing method to ensure high purity and cleanliness of this material. Therefore, a powder metallurgy manufacturer was contacted and high purity (HP) Invar 36 was produced per JPL engineering requirements. Several heat treatments were established and heat treated HP Invar 36 samples were evaluated. Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), thermal hysteresis and temporal stability test results are reported here. The test results indicate that JPL has succeeded in obtaining possibly the most dimensionally stable (lowest CTE plus lowest temporal change) Invar 36 material ever produced. CTE < 1 ppm/ degree(s)C are reported here along with temporal stability < 1 ppm/year. These dimensional stability properties will meet the requirements for metering rods on the NAC.