gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scintillation remote sensing of the fluxes of heat and momentum (1989)

A suite of instruments was deployed to assess the ability of scintillation techniques to measure the fluxes of heat and momentum in the atmospheric surface layer. The experiment took place over horizontally homogeneous terrain. The intensity variances were measured simultaneously from a laser beam received through a 1-mm aperture and from a large-aperture scintillometer. The ratio of these variances gives the inner scale l 0 . Knowing l 0 , either variance gives <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="eq1" display="inline"> <mml:semantics id="sm1"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mtext>C</mml:mtext> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> Monin-Obukhov similarity theory relates heat and momentum fluxes to <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="eq2" display="inline"> <mml:semantics id="sm2"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mtext>C</mml:mtext> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> and l 0 . A three-axis sonic anemometer and resistance wire thermometer were used to provide in situ measurements of these fluxes. Good agreement was obtained. Spaced hot film anemometers measured the velocity structure parameter, from which an in situ value of l 0 was obtained. Optical scintillation was the superior method of obtaining l 0 . An optical scintillation crosswind meter was also deployed. Its axis was oriented vertically to measure the net vertical drift of rising, hot, turbulent air. These measurements correlated with heat flux for very unstable conditions. Also, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="eq3" display="inline"> <mml:semantics id="sm3"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mtext>C</mml:mtext> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> scintillometers were operated at two heights.
Perception of the novel MAMP eMax from different<i>Xanthomonas</i>species requires the<i>Arabidopsis</i>receptor-like protein ReMAX and the receptor kinase SOBIR (2013)

As part of their innate immune system plants carry a number of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can detect a broad range of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). In a recently published article (1) we described a novel, proteinaceous MAMP termed eMax (enigmatic MAMP of Xanthomonas) that derives from Xanthomonas and gets recognized by the receptor-like protein ReMAX (RECEPTOR OF eMax) of Arabidopsis thaliana. ReMAX has no ortholog in Nicotiana benthamiana and this species does not respond to eMax even when transformed with ReMAX. However, interfamily transfer of eMax perception was successful with a chimeric form of ReMAX where the C-terminal part of the protein was replaced by the corresponding part of the tomato RLP EIX2 (ETHYLENE INDUCING XYLANASE2). In this addendum we describe the difficulties with the purification and identification of the MAMP eMax and we present data demonstrating that functionality of ReMAX, much like that of related RLPs, depends on the presence of the receptor kinase SOBIR (SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-1).
A polarization-controlled free-space photonic switch based on a PI-LOSS switch (1993)

We propose a polarization-controlled free-space photonic switch based on a PI-LOSS switch that has similar insertion loss and lower crosstalk compared to the conventional crossbar switch. We describe a multistage switching network with cross-connected PI-LOSS switch modules that is easier to control and smaller than other strictly nonblocking switch structures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Single-frequency operation in solid-state laser materials with short absorption depths (1990)

Single-frequency output power of 35 mW has been observed in 3.0% doped Nd:YVO/sub 4/ pumped with a 200-mW laser diode. The single-frequency operation is due to the spatial overlap of longitudinal modes at the surface of a mirror in the laser cavity where the material is pumped. The strong absorption coefficient at 808.7 nm and narrow bandwidth of the Nd:YVO/sub 4/ only allow a single laser mode to operate. The effect is modeled theoretically and compared with the experiment.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Low-complexity LDPC-convolutional codes based on cyclically shifted identity matrices (2019)

In this study, a construction methodology for low-density parity-check convolutional codes (LDPC-CCs) ensembles based on cyclically shifted identity matrices is proposed. The proposed method directly generates the syndrome former matrices according to the specified code parameters and constraints i.e., code-rate, degree-distribution, constraint length, period and memory, in contrast to the majority of the available approaches that produce relevant error-correcting codes based on either block ones, protographs or spatially-coupled type of codes. Simulation results show that the constructed ensembles demonstrate advanced error-correcting capability of up to 0.2 dB in terms of frame-error and bit-error rates at the convergence region, when compared with the performance of error-correcting schemes adopted by various communication standards, with equivalent hardware complexity even at short codeword-lengths. Specifically, the constructed LDPC-CCs have been assessed against the corresponding error-correcting codes used in WiMAX and G.hn standards for wireless and wireline telecommunications, respectively.
A CD133-related gene expression signature identifies an aggressive glioblastoma subtype with excessive mutations (2011)

Cancer cells are heterogeneous and, it has been proposed, fall into at least two classes: the tumor-initiating cancer stem cells (CSC) and the more differentiated tumor cells. The transmembrane protein CD133 has been widely used to isolate putative CSC populations in several cancer types, but its validity as a CSC marker and hence its clinical ramifications remain controversial. Here, we conducted transcriptomic profiling of sorted CD133(+) and CD133(-) cells from human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and, by subtractive analysis, established a CD133 gene expression signature composed of 214 differentially expressed genes. Extensive computational comparisons with a compendium of published gene expression profiles reveal that the CD133 gene signature transcriptionally resembles human ES cells and in vitro cultured GBM stem cells, and this signature successfully distinguishes GBM from lower-grade gliomas. More importantly, the CD133 gene signature identifies an aggressive subtype of GBM seen in younger patients with shorter survival who bear excessive genomic mutations as surveyed through the Cancer Genome Atlas Network GBM mutation spectrum. Furthermore, the CD133 gene signature distinguishes higher-grade breast and bladder cancers from their lower-grade counterparts. Our systematic analysis provides molecular and genetic support for the stem cell-like nature of CD133(+) cells and an objective means for evaluating cancer aggressiveness.
Vapor‐Phase‐Gating‐Induced Ultrasensitive Ion Detection in Graphene and Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks (2017)

Designing ultrasensitive detectors often requires complex architectures, high-voltage operations, and sophisticated low-noise measurements. In this work, it is shown that simple low-bias two-terminal DC-conductance values of graphene and single-walled carbon nanotubes are extremely sensitive to ionized gas molecules. Incident ions form an electrode-free, dielectric- or electrolyte-free, bias-free vapor-phase top-gate that can efficiently modulate carrier densities up to ≈0.6 × 10<sup>13</sup> cm<sup>-2</sup> . Surprisingly, the resulting current changes are several orders of magnitude larger than that expected from conventional electrostatic gating, suggesting the possible role of a current-gain inducing mechanism similar to those seen in photodetectors. These miniature detectors demonstrate charge-current amplification factor values exceeding 10<sup>8</sup> A C<sup>-1</sup> in vacuum with undiminished responses in open air, and clearly distinguish between positive and negative ions sources. At extremely low rates of ion incidence, detector currents show stepwise changes with time, and calculations suggest that these stepwise changes can result from arrival of individual ions. These sensitive ion detectors are used to demonstrate a proof-of-concept low-cost, amplifier-free, light-emitting-diode-based low-power ion-indicator.
Methodology and practice of in situ differential scanning electron microscopy (1990)

Abstract Contrast plays a crucial role both in qualitative and quantitative imaging in scanning microscopy. Usual methods of obtaining high contrast images in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) involve performing specific operations on the video signal already produced by the SEM. In this article, the concept of in situ differential imaging in the SEM is discussed. In this imaging modality, a true differential image of the sample is generated simultaneously with the normal video. The signal can be obtained at low and high video band‐widths, thus allowing low contrast objects to be readily imaged. Various methodologies developed to perform in situ differential imaging are reviewed. A characteristic of all these techniques is their sensitivity to edges, a feature which is extensively used in a number of applications. The ability to obtain feature enhancement in any desired direction is another important attribute of this approach. Examples are given on the use of the method in general imaging as well as in the metrology of critical dimensions.
Genomic Analysis of Closely Related Astroviruses (2008)

To understand astrovirus biology, it is essential to understand factors associated with its evolution. The current study reports the genomic sequences of nine novel turkey astrovirus (TAstV) type 2-like clinical isolates. This represents, to our knowledge, the largest genomic-length data set available for any one astrovirus type. The comparison of these TAstV sequences suggests that the TAstV species contains multiple subtypes and that recombination events have occurred across the astrovirus genome. In addition, the analysis of the capsid gene demonstrated evidence for both site-specific positive selection and purifying selection.
Fabrication and Tests of the 24 kV class Hybrid Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (2007)

We fabricated and tested a novel hybrid superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) of three-phase rating. In order to apply conventional resistive SFCLs into electric power systems, the urgent issues to be settled are as follows, such as initial installation price of SFCL, operation and maintenance cost due to ac loss of superconductor and the life of cryostat, and high voltage and high current problems. The ac loss and high cost of superconductor and cryostat system are main bottlenecks for real application. Furthermore in order to increase voltage and current ratings of SFCL, a lot of superconductor components should be connected in series and parallel which resulted in extreme high cost. In addition, the method to quench all components at the same instant needs very sophisticated skill and careful operation. Due to these problems, the practical applications of SFCL were pending. Therefore, in order to make practical SFCL, the price of SFCL should be lowered and should meet the demand of utilities. We designed novel hybrid SFCL which combines superconductor and conventional electric equipment including vacuum interrupter, power fuse and current limiting reactor. The main purpose of hybrid SFCL is to drastically reduce total usage of superconductor by adopting current commutation method by use of superconductor and high fast switch. Consequently, it was possible to get the satisfactory test results using this method, and further works for field tests are in the process.
The modified betatron accelerator (1982)

The present invention is directed toward a modified betatron design. Betatron accelerators generally comprise an annular or toroidal vacuum chamber with a time-varying magnetic field, referred to as the betatron field, disposed relative to the toroidal chamber for the purpose of accelerating charged particles injected in the chamber. Typically, the strength of this betatron field is designed to be maximal along the major axis of the toroid and is designed to decrease with radial distance. Accordingly, electrons injected tangentially are accelerated at a constant radius by this betatron field into a privileged orbit known as the betatron orbit.
Harmonic motion imaging: a new technique for the detection of the local mechanical properties of tissues (2003)

Several techniques have been developed in an effort to estimate mechanical properties of tissues. In this paper, we will discuss the advantages of utilizing a new technique that performs RF signal tracking in order to estimate the localized oscillatory motion resulting from a harmonic radiation force produced by two focused ultrasound transducer elements with overlapping beams oscillating at distinct frequencies. Finite-element and Monte-Carlo simulations were performed in order to characterize the range of oscillatory displacements produced by a harmonic radiation force. The frequencies investigated ranged from 200 Hz to 800 Hz and the stiffness between 20 and 80 kPa. In the experimental verification, three transducers were utilized: two focused transducers at 3.75 MHz and a diagnostic transducer 1.1 MHz operating at pulse/receive mode. Agar gels of 7 - 95 kPa stiffness were utilized. Displacement estimates were obtained during the application of the radiation force oscillating at frequencies of 200 - 800 Hz. In experiments, the estimated oscillatory displacement spanned from -800 to 600 microns depending on the magnitude of the applied radiation force. A frequency upshift and an exponential displacement decrease were obtained with stiffness increase in experiments and simulations. These preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of imaging localized harmonic motion as induced by an oscillatory ultrasound radiation force.
A 35fJ/Step differential successive approximation capacitive sensor readout circuit with quasi-dynamic operation (2016)

We propose a successive-approximation capacitive sensor readout circuit that achieves 35fJ/Step energy efficiency FoM, which represents 4× improvement over the state-of-the-art. A fully differential architecture is employed to provide robustness against common mode noise and errors. An inverter-based amplifier with near-threshold biasing provides robust, fast, and energy-efficient operation. Quasi-dynamic operation is used to maintain the energy efficiency for a scalable sample rate. A hybrid coarse-fine capacitive DAC achieves 11.7bit effective resolution in a compact area.
Effects of substrate on the dielectric and tunable properties of epitaxial SrTiO3 thin films (2006)

Tunable dielectric thin films of SrTiO3 (STO) were prepared on different single-crystalline substrates, including insulating LaAlO3, conductive Nb-doped STO (NSTO), and superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−δ. Substrate effects including morphology, orientation, and lattice mismatch induced strains were investigated. We found that a change of substrate used for STO thin films can strongly affect the dielectric properties of STO thin films in terms of dielectric constant, loss tangent, and tunability. Effects of substrate properties on the temperature dependence of dielectric constant and loss tangent were investigated. At low temperatures, STO thin films under minimal strain yield high dielectric constant and low loss tangent while the thin films under either tensile or compressive strain exhibit the reduced dielectric constant and high loss. The tunability of about 77% in STO∕NSTO system, close to the value found in STO single crystal, was observed at 10K. Physical origin of observed phenomena was discussed.
Reduction of contamination in triode sputtering systems (1978)

The fabrication of silicon integrated circuits with a beam lead metallization system consisting of Ti, Pt, and Au requires an effective technique for depositing thin films (500–2000 Å) of Ti and Pt. Altough sputtering is a particularly advantageous technique, it does have one particular disadvantage: Films deposited by sputtering are prone to contamination, since the ions causing the sputtering cannot be completely restricted to the desired target material. The contamination problem can be more serious in a supported plasma apparatus (triode), as opposed to the usual diode configuration, because of the additional fixturing which can act as sources of contamination. The contamination in a triode system has been examined and the major source was found to be the plasma confinement tube. A model has been developed that explains the origin of the contamination; the contamination results obtained by Auger analysis are in full agreement with the model. Furthermore, based on the model, the confinement tube was split into electrically isolated segments. With this split tube configuration the contamination from the tube was reduced by over an order of magnitude.
Feasibility of Fingertip Oscillometric Blood Pressure Measurement: Model-Based Analysis and Experimental Validation (2019)

The most commonly used oscillometric upper-arm (UA) blood pressure (BP) monitors are not convenient enough for ambulatory BP monitoring, given the large size of the arm cuff and the compression of UA during the measurement. Finger-worn oscillometric BP devices featuring miniaturized finger cuff have been developed and researched as an alternative solution to the UA-based measurement, yet the reliability of the finger-based measurement is still questioned. To investigate the feasibility of oscillometric BP measurements at the finger position, we performed model-based analysis and experimental validation to explore the underlying issues associated with extending the cuff-based oscillometric approach from UA to other alternative sites. The simulation results revealed that a larger bone-to-tissue volume ratio produced a lower pressure transmission efficiency, which can account for the inter-site measurement discrepancies of mean blood pressure (MBP). We also experimentally compared the oscillometric MBP measurements at UA, middle forearm, wrist, finger proximal phalanx, and finger distal phalanx (FD) of 20 young adults, and each position was matched with a cuff of appropriate size and kept at the same height with the heart. The experimental results demonstrated that FD could be a superior alternative position for oscillometric BP measurement, as it requires the smallest cuff size while providing the most consistent MBP with the UA. Our analysis also suggested that further study is demanded to identify the appropriate oscillometric algorithm for reliable systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure measurements at FD.
Simulation and optimization of a totally free flexible RF MEMS switch (2009)

This paper presents the principle and the modeling of an innovative RF MEMS switch designed for low voltage applications, especially for mobile phones. This switch is based on a totally free flexible membrane, which is supported by pillars and actuated electrostatically by two pairs of electrodes, enabling two forced states. The main advantage of this structure is the use of a lever effect in order to provide high deflections above the transmission line even with a small gap, which explains why the actuation voltage is small compared to classical MEMS switches. The Euler–Bernoulli beam theory is applied to build an analytical 1D model with boundary conditions, which depend on the type of actuation and if pull-in is reached or not. This model is discretized and solved by the finite difference method. Then, a more accurate 3D finite element method is applied to add corrections to the first model. Once this modeling approach is validated, it is used to determine adequate geometrical parameters for the desired switch specifications. Mechanical characterizations on processed components show a pull-in voltage about 7.5 V, which is in good agreement with simulated values. RF measurements show excellent performances.
Breeding and Selection of New Switchgrass Varieties for Increased Biomass Production (2003)

Switchgrass breeding and genetics research was conducted from 1992-2002 at the Oklahoma State University as part of the national DOE-Bioenergy Feedstock Development Program (BFDP) effort to develop the species as a bioenergy feedstock crop. The fundamental objective of the program was to implement and conduct a breeding program to increase biomass yield capability in switchgrass and develop cultivars for the central and southern United States. Supporting research objectives included: (1) switchgrass germplasm collection, characterization, and enhancement; (2) elucidation of cytogenetic and breeding behavior; and (3) identification of best breeding procedures.
Community evaluation of glycoproteomics informatics solutions reveals high-performance search strategies for serum glycopeptide analysis (2021)

Glycoproteomics is a powerful yet analytically challenging research tool. Software packages aiding the interpretation of complex glycopeptide tandem mass spectra have appeared, but their relative performance remains untested. Conducted through the HUPO Human Glycoproteomics Initiative, this community study, comprising both developers and users of glycoproteomics software, evaluates solutions for system-wide glycopeptide analysis. The same mass spectrometrybased glycoproteomics datasets from human serum were shared with participants and the relative team performance for N﻿- and O-glycopeptide data analysis was comprehensively established by orthogonal performance tests. Although the results were variable, several high-performance glycoproteomics informatics strategies were identified. Deep analysis of the data revealed key performance-associated search parameters and led to recommendations for improved 'high-coverage' and 'high-accuracy' glycoproteomics search solutions. This study concludes that diverse software packages for comprehensive glycopeptide data analysis exist, points to several high-performance search strategies and specifies key variables that will guide future software developments and assist informatics decision-making in glycoproteomics.
A Close to Capacity Double Iterative Based Precoder Design for MU-MIMO Broadcast Channel with Multi-Stream Support (2011)

Many algoritms have been proposed for precoders design in a multiuser MIMO system (MU-MIMO). Nevertheless, the proposed solutions showed to have better results for some SNRs (signal to noise ratio) regions and degrade in some other parts. This paper proposes a new double iterative procedure for sum-rate maximization. The proposed algorithm is based on jointly optimizing the precoders and decoders using two different decoding schemes. The solution here is supporting multi streams per user. The algorithm is based on a WMMSE (weighted minimum mean square error) precoder combined with two iterative receivers namely the MF (matched filter) and MMSE (minimum mean square error) decoders. The resulting precoding matrices from the first algorithm (WMMSE/MF) are used as an initialization for the second one (WMMSE/MMSE). The choice of these decoders and their combination has been done according to their properties. Another crucial point in this proposal is the decision on the switching point between these two algorithms. A dynamic algorithm introducing very low extra complexity is proposed here. To validate our proposed solution we compare it with an existing MMSE and WMMSE based iterative optimization algorithms. The obtained results demonstrate significant gains without introducing supplementary complexity. Comparison with DPC (dirty paper coding) performances shows how close our proposed solution is to the BC (broadcast channel) channel capacity.