gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Method for segmenting e.g. radially inner surface, of tire of car to discover defects and non-uniformities, involves processing image to segment image into regions corresponding to regions of tires, which do or do not belong to groove (2014)

NOVELTY - The method involves irradiating a portion of a surface (5a) of a tire (P) with electromagnetic radiation including wavelength in a visible spectrum. An image of the portion of the irradiated surface is acquired. The image is processed to segment the image into regions corresponding to regions of the tires, which do or do not belong to a groove, by calculating a statistical quantity associated with irradiation by the radiation for the regions of the image and determining whether the regions of the image do or do not belong to the groove according to a value of the statistical quantity. USE - Method for segmenting a surface e.g. radially inner surface and radially outer surface, of a tire of a car to discover defects and non-uniformities. ADVANTAGE - The method enables improving efficiency in terms of accuracy of inspection of the tire, thus enabling the requisite defects and parameters of the surface to be detected while reducing errors with greater precision and accuracy. The method enables improving lighting and providing pre-processing of the acquired images before the inspection can be conducted with the required degree of reliability. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The statistical quantity is a standard deviation. INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for the following: (1) a method for detecting defects on a surface of a tire (2) an equipment for segmenting a surface of a tire. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The drawing shows a perspective view of an equipment for segmenting a tire. Tire (P) Surfaces of tire (5a, 5b) Base of equipment (40) Robotic arm (41) Electromagnetic radiation source (50)
Improved contralateral subtraction images by use of elastic matching technique (2000)

A contralateral subtraction technique has been developed to assist radiologists in the detection of asymmetric abnormalities such as lung nodules on a single chest radiograph. With this technique, a contralateral subtraction image is obtained by subtracting a right/left reversed "mirror" image from the original one. The lesions in the subtraction image may be enhanced because most of the symmetric skeletal structures, such as peripheral ribs, are eliminated. Although the quality of the previous contralateral subtraction images is relatively good, severe misregistration artifacts, mainly due to serious asymmetry of the ribs in the two lungs of the original image, were observed in some cases, and minor misregistration artifacts were also observed in many cases. In this study, we employed three image warping techniques. An initial global warping technique was applied to reduce severe misregistration artifacts in the subtraction image caused by asymmetric rib structures. Additional two iterative warping techniques based on an elastic matching technique were used for accurate registration of the local structures of ribs, so that minor artifacts present in many subtraction images obtained with the previous technique were greatly reduced. With the new technique, the percentage of chest images, which were rated as being of adequate, good, or excellent quality of subtraction images by use of a subjective evaluation method, was improved from 91% to 97%. In particular, the number of cases with excellent quality was greatly increased from 15% to 42%. The contralateral subtraction technique can be used for detection of asymmetric abnormalities, such as lung nodules, pneumothorax, pneumonia, and emphysema, on peripheral lungs in single chest radiographs, and it therefore has potential utility in a large proportion of abnormal chest images.
An Opening Profile Recognition Method for Magnetic Flux Leakage Signals of Defect (2018)

The defect opening profile recognition is of great concern in the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) measurement technique. The detected spatial MFL signal has three components: horizontal, vertical, and normal components. Horizontal and normal component signals are commonly used to estimate the defect profile, while the vertical component has always been neglected. With the development of the high resolution and the 3-D MFL testing techniques, the vertical component signal is becoming more available. This paper analyzes the essential right-angle features of the vertical component signal, which is useful for the defect opening profile recognition. After obtaining the initial profile from the horizontal or normal component, the types of the right angle is identified from the vertical component, and the opening profile is further optimized based on these right-angle features. The opening profile recognition method is put forward in this paper to improve the accuracy of the recognition result of the defect. Both simulation and experimental tests are conducted to verify the good performance of the proposed method. Compared with the opening profiles recognized merely by the horizontal component signal, the proposed method shows better recognition results, which also validates that the vertical component signal can also be a useful information for the defect estimation.
Mechanically tunable focusing metamirror in the visible (Conference Presentation) (2019)

Unlike conventional optical components, which often present physical obstructions to the miniaturization of optoelectronic devices, the control of light using flat optics has attracted much recent attention due to unique technological opportunities presented by these devices. Optical metasurfaces, which are composed of rationally designed nanostructures, are proposed to replace some of the conventional optical elements given their compact size and more importantly, the ability to produce spatially varying phase change, amplitude modulation and polarization conversion of incident light over subwavelength dimensions. For example, a compact, flat lens with dynamically tunable focal length will be an essential component in advanced reconfigurable optical systems. Although there have been some successful demonstrations of active metalenses recently, they all work in the transmission configuration. Here, we design and realize the first reflection type, tunable lens (i.e., metamirror) operating in the visible regime (670 nm). With a designed hyperboloidal phase profile, the metamirror is fabricated on a substrate driven by external force, so its focal length can be adjusted dynamically. It is shown that the focal length can be continuously adjusted by up to 45% with a 0 to 20% lateral stretching of the substrate, while maintaining diffraction-limited focusing and high focusing efficiency. Our design as a flat optics element has strong potential in widespread applications such as wearable mixed reality electronics, biomedical instruments and integrated optics devices.
A Testing Tool for IoT Systems Operating with Limited Network\n Connectivity (2021)

For Internet of Things (IoT) systems operating in areas with limited network\nconnectivity, reliable and safe functionality must be ensured. This can be done\nusing special test cases which are examining system behavior in cases of\nnetwork outage and restoration. These test cases have to be optimal when\napproached from the testing effort viewpoint. When approached from the process\nviewpoint, in the sense that a business process supported by a tested system\nmight be affected by a network outage and restoration, test cases can be\nautomatically generated using a suitable model-based testing (MBT) technique.\nThis technique is currently available in the open freeware Oxygen MBT tool. In\nthis paper, we explain the principle of the technique, a process model of the\ntested system that may be affected by limited network connectivity, and support\nfor this specialized MBT technique on the Oxygen platform.\n
Dissecting the shared genetic architecture of suicide attempt, psychiatric disorders and known risk factors (2020)

Abstract Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide and non-fatal suicide attempts, which occur far more frequently, are a major source of disability and social and economic burden. Both are known to have a substantial genetic etiology, which is partially shared and partially distinct from that of related psychiatric disorders. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 29,782 suicide attempt (SA) cases and 519,961 controls in the International Suicide Genetics Consortium and conditioned the results on psychiatric disorders using GWAS summary statistics, to investigate their shared and divergent genetic architectures. Two loci reached genome-wide significance for SA: the major histocompatibility complex and an intergenic locus on chromosome 7, which remained associated after conditioning and has previously been implicated in risk-taking, smoking, and insomnia. SA showed strong genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders, particularly major depression, and also with smoking, lower socioeconomic status, pain, lower educational attainment, reproductive traits, risk-taking, sleep disturbances, and poorer overall general health. After conditioning, the genetic correlations between SA and psychiatric disorders decreased, whereas those with non-psychiatric traits remained largely unchanged. Our results identify a risk locus that contributes more strongly to SA than other phenotypes and suggest the existence of a shared genetic etiology between SA and known risk factors that is not mediated by psychiatric disorders.
Controlled Mud-Cap Drilling for Subsea Applications: Well-Control Challenges in Deep Waters (2006)

Summary This paper describes a new drilling-riser concept and drilling methodology for deepwater operations that will remove some of the well-control challenges and limitations currently experienced when handling kicks and deep gas influxes in deepwater regions, with the following results: Providing improved and more flexible well-control procedures. Reducing the potential of hydrate plug formation during well-control operations. Allowing for drilling longer hole sections than normally considered feasible when using conventional drilling methods, thus reducing the number of casing strings required in the well. Allowing for improved drilling performance in depleted formations. The main elements in the system are based on using a small, high-pressure drilling riser [14-in. outer diameter (OD), 12.5-in. inner diameter (ID)] with a split surface/subsea blowout preventer (BOP) and a subsea mud-lift pump connected to the drilling riser and a separate mud-return line. During drilling and well-control operations, the mud level in the riser is maintained considerably below sea level to create a mud/air interface (i.e., a &quot;mud cap??) that can be continuously adjusted up or down by the mud-lift pumping system. As a consequence, the bottomhole hydrostatic pressure will be controlled. One of the main purposes of this system is to mitigate the inherent problems with a conventional 21-in.-OD marine drilling riser during well-control scenarios in deepwater operations. The system will compensate for frictional pressures resulting from circulation and adjust the bottomhole pressure (BHP) accordingly.
Piperazinyl Oxime Ethers as NK‐1 Receptor Antagonists (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An examination of the proteolytic activity for bovine pregnancy-associated glycoproteins 2 and 12 (2009)

The pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) represent a complex group of putative aspartic peptidases expressed exclusively in the placentas of species in the Artiodactyla order. The ruminant PAGs segregate into two classes: the 'ancient' and 'modern' PAGs. Some of the modern PAGs possess alterations in the catalytic center that are predicted to preclude their ability to act as peptidases. The ancient ruminant PAGs in contrast are thought to be peptidases, although no proteolytic activity has been described for these members. The aim of the present study was to investigate (1) if the ancient bovine PAGs (PAG-2 and PAG-12) have proteolytic activity, and (2) if there are any differences in activity between these two closely related members. Recombinant bovine PAG-2 and PAG-12 were expressed in a baculovirus expression system and the purified proteins were analyzed for proteolytic activity against a synthetic fluorescent cathepsin D/E substrate. Both proteins exhibited proteolytic activity with acidic pH optima. The k(cat)/K(m) for bovine PAG-2 was 2.7x10(5) m(-1) s(-1) and for boPAG-12 it was 6.8x10(4) m(-1) s(-1). The enzymes were inhibited by pepstatin A with a K(i) of 0.56 and 7.5 nm for boPAG-2 and boPAG-12, respectively. This is the first report describing proteolytic activity in PAGs from ruminant ungulates.
Control moment gyroscope singularity reduction via decoupled control (2009)

Two objectives dominate consideration of control moment gyroscopes (CMGs) for spacecraft maneuvers: high torque (or equivalently momentum) and singularity-free operations. Utilizing a 3/4 CMG skewed-pyramid in the optimal singularity-free configuration, this paper develops a decoupled control strategy to reduce the remaining singular conditions. Analysis is provided to justify the argument with promising simulations followed by experimental verification using a free-floating satellite simulator.
Transverse mode suppression in the AlN lamb wave resonators by “piston mode” (2017)

Aluminum nitride (AlN) Lamb wave resonators (LWRs) utilizing the lowest symmetric (S0) mode have attracted much interests since they have high frequencies, low motional impedances, and capability of multiple frequencies on a single chip. However, the transverse spurious modes are often strong in AlN LWR, and largely degrade the performance in application, so suppression the transverse mode is highly desirable to further enable low-loss filters, high-sensitivity sensors and stable oscillators.
A Traceless Approach for the Solid-Phase Synthesis of 6-Amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diones (2003)

A traceless approach for the solid-phase synthesis of 6-amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diones is described. Reaction of resin-bound S-methylisothiourea with isocyanates yielded resin-bound iminoureas 3, which reacted with amines to afford the corresponding guanidines 4. Following intramolecular cyclizative cleavage of the resin-bound guanidines using potassium ethoxide as a base, the desired products 5 were obtained in good yields and high purities.
<title>Dual Chirp-Z Transform</title> (1979)

Performing the Discrete Fourier Transform via convolution using a transversal filter is attractive since it potentially provides a high speed, low power, low cost implementation. Previous papers have discussed two such algorithms and their associated device architectures: the Chirp-Z transform and the Prime transform. The Chirp-Z transform (CZT) performs the DFT as the succession of a point-by-point multiplication, a convolution, and a second point-by-point multiplication. The Prime transform is similar except that the point-by-point multiplications are replaced by permutations. To date, the accuracy of CZT implementations has been limited by multiplier errors, and the accuracy of Prime Transform implementations has been limited by permuter errors. Errors in the point-by-point postmultiplication or permutation are particularly troublesome, since no subsequent convolution is performed to average out the effect of such errors. The Dual Chirp-Z transform (Dual CZT) algorithm performs a discrete Fourier transform via successive convolution, point-by-point multiplication, and a second convolution. When the transform block size is even, the required reference functions for the convolutions and point-by-point multiplications become discrete chirps. Because the final operation is a convolution, the Dual CZT appears potentially attractive for the more accurate implementation of the discrete Fourier transform via transversal filters. If the block length is even, then the same transversal filters which would be used for the ordinary CZT may be used for the Dual CZT. Only the final summing device in the second complex filter needs to be modified to provide an equivalent change of the tap weights by a factor of (1 + i).
Organometallic Chemistry, Biology and Medicine: Ruthenium Arene Anticancer Complexes (2006)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
<title>Limits to performance of evacuated glazing</title> (1994)

This paper discusses the performance limitations of evacuated glazing. Evacuated glazing up to at least 1 m<SUP>2</SUP> in area can be rapidly evacuated. The mechanical tensile stresses in evacuated glazing are strongly dependent on the level of insulation achieved, particularly with respect to the pillar array during manufacture. Highly insulating evacuated glazing contains stresses, in regions which can lead to fracture, that are comparable with conventional double glazing. It appears likely that such glazing can withstand temperature differentials of at least 40 degree(s)C. Evacuated glazing consisting of two 1 m<SUP>2</SUP> sheets of 4 mm thick glass, with internal pyrolytically deposited low emittance coatings, has been manufactured with an air-to- air mid-device thermal conductance of approximately 0.85 Wm<SUP>-2</SUP>K<SUP>-1</SUP>, of which approximately 2/3 is due to radiation and 1/3 to pillar conductance. These samples have negligible gas conductance and an extremely stable internal vacuum at room temperature. Substantially lower values of radiative heat flow would require sputtered transparent low emittance coatings that can withstand the high temperature currently used in the solder glass edge sealing process. Lower pillar conductance can only be achieved using thicker glass sheets, or tempered glass.
<title>Model-based halftoning</title> (1991)

New model-based approaches to digital halftoning are proposed. They are intended primarily for laser printers, which generate 'distortions' such as 'dot overlap'. Conventional methods, such as clustered-dot ordered dither, resist distortions at the expense of spatial and gray-scale resolution. Our methods rely on printer models that predict distortions and, rather than merely resisting them, they exploit them to increase, rather than decrease, gray-scale and spatial resolution. We propose a general framework for printer models, and find a specific model of laser printers. As an example of model-based halftoning we propose a modification of error diffusion, which is often considered the best halftoning method of CRT displays with no significant distortions. The new version exploits the printer model to extend the benefits of error diffusion to printers. Experiments show that it provides high quality reproductions with reasonable complexity. The quality of printed images obtained using the new technique on a 300 dots/inch printer is comparable to the quality of images obtained with traditional techniques (e.g. 'Classical' screening) on a 400 dots/inch printer. Model-based halftoning can be especially useful in transmission of high quality documents using high fidelity gray-scale image encoders. As we show in a companion paper, is such cases halftoning is performed at the receiver, just before printing. Apart form coding efficiency, this approach permits the halftoner to be tuned to the individual printer, whose characteristics may vary considerably from those of other printers, for example, write-black vs. write-white laser printers.
Properties of niobium–titanium superconducting wires with Nb artificial pinning centers (1996)

Artificial pinning center (APC) Nb 47 wt % Ti composite wires containing 24 vol % Nb pins were characterized as the wire diameter was reduced. As the nominal pin diameter dp was reduced from 165 to 15 nm, the nominally round pins transformed into ribbons with a relatively wide distribution in thickness, as compared to the α-Ti ribbons in optimized, conventionally processed Nb 47 wt % Ti. The maximum in the bulk flux pinning force Fp of 25 GN/m3 (4.2 K, 2.5 T) occurred at dp=40 nm, for which the measured Nb ribbon thickness ranged from 1 to 16 nm. This Fp value was about one third higher than that found in the best conventional Nb 47 wt % Ti. The upper critical magnetic field Hc2, measured by magnetization, decreased from 10.3 to 9 T as the Nb pins became proximity-effect coupled to the matrix. To better compare APC and conventional wires, we measured the properties of the best APC wire at a reduced temperature so that its Hc2 was the same as Hc2(4.2 K) for Nb 47 wt % Ti. The peak value of Fp was then 36 GN/m3 at 3 T, almost twice the maximum value yet reported for conventional Nb–Ti (∼19 GN/m3 at 5 T). In spite of the pinning force curve remaining sharply peaked at lower fields, the equalized 5 T critical current density was 4600 A/mm2, some 25% higher than the best values of conventional Nb–Ti. These properties demonstrate the strong potential of APC composites.
Flow-through microfluidic photoionization detectors for rapid and highly sensitive vapor detection (2015)

A photoionization detector (PID) is well known for its high sensitivity, large dynamic range, and non-destructive vapor detection capability. However, due to its tardy response, which results from the relatively large ionization chamber and dead volume, the application of the PID in gas chromatography (GC) has been limited. Here, we developed a rapid, flow-through, and highly sensitive microfluidic PID that was microfabricated directly on a conductive silicon wafer. The microfluidic PID has a significantly reduced ionization chamber volume of only 1.3 μL, nearly 10 times smaller than that of state-of-the-art PIDs and over 100 times smaller than that of commercial PIDs. Moreover, it has virtually zero dead volume due to its flow-through design. Consequently, the response time of the microfluidic PID can be considerably shortened, ultimately limited by its residence time (7.8 ms for 10 mL min(-1) and 78 ms for 1 mL min(-1)). Experimentally, the response of the microfluidic PID was measured to be the same as that of the standard flame ionization detector with peak full-widths-at-half-maximum of 0.25 s and 0.085 s for flow rates of 2.3 mL min(-1) and 10 mL min(-1), respectively. Our studies further show that the microfluidic PID was able to detect analytes down to the picogram level (at 3σ of noise) and had a linear dynamic range of six orders of magnitude. Finally, because of the very short distance between the electrodes, low voltage (<10 VDC, over 10 times lower than that in a regular PID) can be used for microfluidic PID operation. This work will open a door to broad applications of PIDs in gas analyzers, in particular, micro-GC and multi-dimensional GC.
Memristor crossbar deep network implementation based on a Convolutional neural network (2016)

This paper presents a simulated memristor crossbar implementation of a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). In the past few years deep neural networks implemented on GPU clusters have become the state of the art in image classification. They provide excellent classification ability at the cost of a more complex data manipulation process. However once these systems are trained, we show that the analog crossbar circuits in this paper can highly parallelize the recognition phase of a CNN algorithm. One of the drawbacks of using memristors to carry out computations is that the data stored will likely have less precision when compared to typical 32-bit floating point memory. However, we show the proposed system is capable of operating with zero loss in classification accuracy if the memristors utilized are able to store at least 16 unique values (essentially acting as 4-bit devices). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that presents a memristor based circuit for implementing CNN recognition. This is also the first paper that provides a circuit for precise memristor based analog convolution.