gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Conformationally Restricted Nonchiral Pipecolic Acid Analogues (2009)

Practical syntheses of 2-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-1-carboxylic (2,4-methanopipecolic), 2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic (2,5-ethanopipecolic), and 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-1-carboxylic (2,6-propanopipecolic) acids are reported. The synthetic schemes are short (five, seven, and five steps, respectively) and result in reasonably high yields of the title compounds. The key step in the syntheses is the tandem Strecker reaction and intramolecular nucleophilic cyclization of ketones possessing a leaving group at the delta-position.
Polymer Flooding in North Sea Reservoirs (1982)

Abstract The use of polymer solutions to enhance oil-displacement efficiency by seawater injection in North Sea oil reservoirs has been investigated. We have evaluated over 140 polymers for viscosity retention and porous media flow performance under high temperature (90°C), high salinity, and high pressure. Scleroglucan polymers give the best performance in our tests. Polyacrylamides (PAAm's) are particularly unsuitable for mobility control. Using polymers to enhance seawater injection and waterflooding processes is not practical in North Sea reservoirs, but selective injection may improve local sweep efficiencies.
A Cooperative Approach to Academic Entrepreneurial Initiatives (2016)

In this article we introduce a novel entrepreneurial model, the “Faculty Cooperative”, an eco-system for creating and managing academic entrepreneurial initiatives. The goal of this model is to promote academic entrepreneurism, by providing a guiding concept and tools that overcome the lack of alignment between individual academic attributes and faculty efforts in driving academic spin-out companies. Through an empirical inquiry based on an academic spin-out company in a UK university context, we have explored the key activities, actors, organisational processes and outcomes related to the formation and development stages of the academic entrepreneurship process. The empirical evidence reveals that the key principles embodied by the “Faculty Cooperative Model” namely, openness, freedom and collective shareholding, are likely to promote the entrepreneurial culture within a university context. The paper argues for the importance of developing entrepreneurial culture in conventional research focused universities, which not only improves the traditional values of teaching and research, but also enhances the dynamic capabilities of universities in a global marketplace. It is suggested that the entrepreneurial ideal is not contradictory to the conventional university missions, rather it is complementary.
The Intracellular Domain of the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein Modulates Transactivation Mediated by Amyloid Precursor Protein and Fe65 (2003)

Low density lipoprotein-related protein (LRP) is a transmembrane receptor, localized mainly in hepatocytes, fibroblasts, and neurons. It is implicated in diverse biological processes both as an endocytic receptor and as a signaling molecule. Recent reports show that LRP undergoes sequential proteolytic cleavage in the ectodomain and transmembrane domain. The latter cleavage, mediated by the Alzheimer-related gamma-secretase activity that also cleaves amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch, results in the release of the LRP cytoplasmic domain (LRPICD) fragment. This relatively small cytoplasmic fragment has several motifs by which LRP interacts with various intracellular adaptor and scaffold proteins. However, the function of this fragment is largely unknown. Here we show that the LRPICD is translocated to the nucleus, where it colocalizes in the nucleus with a transcription modulator, Tip60, which is known to interact with Fe65 and with the APP-derived intracellular domain. LRPICD dramatically inhibits APP-derived intracellular domain/Fe65 transactivation mediated by Tip60. LRPICD has a close interaction with Tip60 in the nucleus, as shown by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay. These observations suggest that LRPICD has a novel signaling function, negatively impacting transcriptional activity of the APP, Fe65, and Tip60 complex in the nucleus, and shed new light on the function of LRP in transcriptional modulation.
Defocusing digital particle image velocimetry and the three-dimensional characterization of two-phase flows (2002)

Defocusing digital particle image velocimetry (DDPIV) is the natural extension of planar PIV techniques to the third spatial dimension. In this paper we give details of the defocusing optical concept by which scalar and vector information can be retrieved within large volumes. The optical model and computational procedures are presented with the specific purpose of mapping the number density, the size distribution, the associated local void fraction and the velocity of bubbles or particles in two-phase flows. Every particle or bubble is characterized in terms of size and of spatial coordinates, used to compute a true three-component velocity field by spatial three-dimensional cross-correlation. The spatial resolution and uncertainty limits are established through numerical simulations. The performance of the DDPIV technique is established in terms of number density and void fraction. Finally, the velocity evaluation methodology, using the spatial cross-correlation technique, is described and discussed in terms of velocity accuracy.
Significant improvement in silicon chemical vapor deposition epitaxy above the surface dehydrogenation temperature (2006)

We observe an order of magnitude increase in both the rate and achievable thickness of epitaxy by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition at temperatures above the dehydrogenation temperature of the silicon surface. We deposit silicon films on (100) silicon at 110nm∕min at substrate temperatures between 520 and 645°C. At the glass compatible temperature of 610°C, we observe phase-pure epitaxial growth of more than 10μm, as observed by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, in contrast to the mixed-phase breakdown seen at lower temperatures. In 610°C films thicker than 4μm, a stable (100)-epitaxial growth mode produces regular surface pyramids with vicinal ⟨311⟩ facets. On the low-energy (111) face of Si, more than 2μm of epitaxial Si were grown at 645°C, but some twinning is observed. The temperature of this new growth regime suggests that rapid dehydrogenation of the growing surface is critical for silicon epitaxy by CVD.
Isolated Metal Active Site Concentration and Stability Control Catalytic CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction Selectivity (2015)

CO2 reduction by H2 on heterogeneous catalysts is an important class of reactions that has been studied for decades. However, atomic scale details of structure-function relationships are still poorly understood. Particularly, it has been suggested that metal particle size plays a unique role in controlling the stability of CO2 hydrogenation catalysts and the distribution of active sites, which dictates reactivity and selectivity. These studies often have not considered the possible role of isolated metal active sites in the observed dependences. Here, we utilize probe molecule diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) with known site-specific extinction coefficients to quantify the fraction of Rh sites residing as atomically dispersed isolated sites (Rhiso), as well as Rh sites on the surface of Rh nanoparticles (RhNP) for a series of TiO2 supported Rh catalysts. Strong correlations were observed between the catalytic reverse water gas shift turn over frequency (TOF) and the fraction of Rhiso sites and between catalytic methanation TOF and the fraction of RhNP sites. Furthermore, it was observed that reaction condition-induced disintegration of Rh nanoparticles, forming Rhiso active sites, controls the changing reactivity with time on stream. This work demonstrates that isolated atoms and nanoparticles of the same metal on the same support can exhibit uniquely different catalytic selectivity in competing parallel reaction pathways and that disintegration of nanoparticles under reaction conditions can play a significant role in controlling stability.
ELISA using intact promastigotes for immunodiagnosis of kala-azar (1985)

The commonly used diagnostic methods for visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) have many disadvantages. ELISA appears to be a more easily applied test for diagnosis, follow-up of treatment and epidemiology. The preparation of the ELISA antigen has given rise to difficulties in standardization since these are usually soluble. Intact cultured promastigotes have been used to develop an ELISA which is sensitive and specific while avoiding the extra handling which is a source of variability and lack of reproducibility. When tested on sera from kala-azar patients and patients with other tropical diseases, this ELISA was able to detect specific antibodies at very high serum dilutions. It is thus promising as a screening method applicable in the field.
Wortmannin inhibits activation of nuclear transcription factors NF‐κB and activated protein‐1 induced by lipopolysaccharide and phorbol ester (2000)

Whether all inflammatory agents activate nuclear transcription factors NF-kappaB and activated protein-1 (AP-1) through the same mechanism is not known. We examined the effect of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3K) inhibitor wortmannin on the activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 by different inflammatory agents. Wortmannin blocked NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation by lipopolysaccharide and phorbol ester but had minimal effect on activation by hydrogen peroxide, ceramide, okadaic acid and tumor necrosis factor. Inhibition of NF-kappaB correlated with abrogation of the degradation of IkappaBalpha and of NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene transcription. Thus, the mechanism of NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation by lipopolysaccharide and phorbol ester involves PI-3K.
A modeling system based on dynamic constraints (1988)

We present "dynamic constraints," a physically-based technique for constraint-based control of computer graphics models. Using dynamic constraints, we build objects by specifying geometric constraints; the models assemble themselves as the elements move to satisfy the constraints. The individual elements are rigid bodies which act in accordance with the rules of physics, and can thus exhibit physically realistic behavior. To implement the constraints, a set of "constraint forces" is found, which causes the bodies to act in accordance with the constraints; finding these "constraint forces" is an inverse dynamics problem.
Toward a Visible Light-Driven Photocatalyst: The Effect of Midgap-States-Induced Energy Gap of Undoped TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles (2014)

TiO2 is one of the most promising candidate materials for clean-energy generation and environmental remediation. However, the larger-than 3.1 eV bandgap of perfectly crystalline TiO2 confines its application to the ultraviolet (UV) range. In this study, the electronic and the optical properties of undoped mixed-phase TiO2 nanoparticles were investigated using UV and inverse photoemission, low intensity X-ray photoelectron (XP), and diffused reflectance spectroscopy methods. The facile solution-phase synthesized nanoparticles exhibited a midgap-states-induced energy gap of only ∼2.2 eV. The diffused reflectance spectrum showed sub-bandgap absorption due to the existence of a large Urbach tail at 2.2 eV. The UV photoemission spectrum evidenced the presence of midgap states. The 2.2 eV energy gap enables the nanoparticles to be photoactive in the visible energy range. The gas-phase CO2 photoreduction test with water vapor under visible light illumination was studied in the presence of the synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles which resulted in the production of ∼1357 ppm gr–1(catalyst) CO and ∼360 ppm gr–1(catalyst) CH4, as compared to negligible amounts using a standard TiO2 (P25) sample. The synthesized nanoparticles possessed a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of ∼131 m2 gr–1, corresponding to a Langmuir surface area of ∼166 m2 gr–1. The determined interplanar distances of atomic planes by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods were consistent. A detailed elemental analysis using XPS and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) demonstrated that the synthesized catalyst is indeed undoped. The catalytic activity of the undoped synthesized nanoparticles in the visible spectrum can be ascribed to the unique electronic structure due to the presence of oxygen vacancy related defects and the high surface area.
The Management of Data, Events, and Information Presentation for Network Management (1996)

The purpose of a network management (NM) system is to monitor and control a network. Monitoring and control functions entail dealing with large volumes of data, events, and the presentation of relevant information on a management station. In this thesis we focus on data and events management and information presentation issues of an NM system. Existing NM systems either use traditional database systems which are not well suited for an NM system or they lack intelligent event and information presentation management frameworks. None of the systems provides a unified framework for managing data, events and information presentation tasks on an NM station. We believe that the complexities of network management can be reduced substantially by exploiting, enhancing and combining the features of new generation database systems such as active temporal and database visualization systems. In this thesis we show that an active database system where active behaviors are specified as Event-Conditio...
Megalin-dependent cubilin-mediated endocytosis is a major pathway for the apical uptake of transferrin in polarized epithelia (2001)

Cubilin is a 460-kDa protein functioning as an endocytic receptor for intrinsic factor vitamin B(12) complex in the intestine and as a receptor for apolipoprotein A1 and albumin reabsorption in the kidney proximal tubules and the yolk sac. In the present study, we report the identification of cubilin as a novel transferrin (Tf) receptor involved in catabolism of Tf. Consistent with a cubilin-mediated endocytosis of Tf in the kidney, lysosomes of human, dog, and mouse renal proximal tubules strongly accumulate Tf, whereas no Tf is detectable in the endocytic apparatus of the renal tubule epithelium of dogs with deficient surface expression of cubilin. As a consequence, these dogs excrete increased amounts of Tf in the urine. Mice with deficient synthesis of megalin, the putative coreceptor colocalizing with cubilin, also excrete high amounts of Tf and fail to internalize Tf in their proximal tubules. However, in contrast to the dogs with the defective cubilin expression, the megalin-deficient mice accumulate Tf on the luminal cubilin-expressing surface of the proximal tubule epithelium. This observation indicates that megalin deficiency causes failure in internalization of the cubilin-ligand complex. The megalin-dependent, cubilin-mediated endocytosis of Tf and the potential of the receptors thereby to facilitate iron uptake were further confirmed by analyzing the uptake of (125)I- and (59)Fe-labeled Tf in cultured yolk sac cells.
Characterization of <i>divIVA</i> and Other Genes Located in the Chromosomal Region Downstream of the <i>dcw</i> Cluster in <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (2003)

We analyzed the chromosome region of Streptococcus pneumoniae located downstream of the division and cell wall (dcw) cluster that contains the homolog of the Bacillus subtilis cell division gene divIVA and some genes of unknown function. Inactivation of divIVA in S. pneumoniae resulted in severe growth inhibition and defects in cell shape, nucleoid segregation, and cell division. Inactivation of the ylm genes resulted in some morphological and/or division abnormalities, depending on the inactivated gene. Transcriptional analysis revealed a relationship between these genes and the ftsA and ftsZ cell division genes, also indicating that the connection between the dcw cluster and the divIVA region is more extensive than just chromosomal position and gene organization.
Creating enhanced maps for lane-level vehicle navigation (2010)

The concept of Enhanced Maps (Emaps) was introduced with one main objective : it should characterize roads, first, with more completeness, and second, with more accuracy than standard maps, in order to fulfill the requirements of new challenging road safety applications and advanced driver assistance systems. This article introduces a paradigm for Emap definition and creation on which every road lane is represented and topologically connected to the rest of lanes. A number of Emaps have been created in France, Germany and Sweden following this approach. The experiments carried out in these test sites with the Emaps show the capability of our Emap definition to assist the determination of the vehicle position at the lane level. Details of the processes of extraction and connection of the road segments are given in the core of the article, as well as a discussion of the elaboration process and future guidelines in conclusion.
Focused ion beam technology (1993)

Focused ion beam (FIB) technology has the advantage of being a maskless process compatible with UHV processing. This makes it attractive for use in in situ processing and has been applied to the fabrication of various mesoscopic structures. The present paper reviews these results whilst putting emphasis on in situ processing by a combined FIB and molecular beam epitaxy system. The typical performance of present FIB systems is also presented. In order to utilize the potential advantages of FIB processing, reduction of damage and improvement of throughput are important, and much effort has been devoted to developing processing techniques which require a reduced dose. The importance of low-energy FIB is discussed.
Retrieval of surface-current fields and bathymetries using radar-image sequences (2004)

An algorithm for retrieving high-resolution surface-current fields and bathymetries using nautical radar-image sequences is presented. The image sequences are acquired by a common marine X-Band radar. The algorithm retrieves 3d wave-number frequency spectra for each pixel in the analyzed area. With the local 3d spectra maps of hydrographic parameters, wave spectra with its integral spectral parameters, e.g. the local significant wave height, are determined. Thereby areas of about 2 km in radius are covered by the radar. The spatial distribution of these parameters gives a better understanding of the processes near the shoreline for better application of coastal or river training measures. Especially in harbor areas and regions with coastal structures, where the wave fields are highly inhomogeneous due to shallow-water effects like refraction and shoaling as well as building effects like diffraction, is the potential of the developed method. The method is also applicable on moving vessels to get permanently information about local currents, changing water depths in near-shore regions around the ship, especially when the ship is approaching or leaving a harbor.
Dual inverter control strategy for high speed operation of EV induction motors (2003)

ISA (integrated starter/alternator) will be used for cars soon with 42 volt system. ISA is a multi-functional integrated device that functions as starting motor, generator, flywheel, or torque assist to a combustion engine. But, other than thermal and cost problem, there is an inherent difficulty in the design of motor-inverter system. Specifically, it should produce 150 Nm starting torque and also generate electricity while engine is running 6000 rpm. To produce the required torque, ISA has normally as many as 12 poles. A great problem is that the generated voltage must be limited to under 42 volt even when 12 pole ISA is running 6000 rpm. Hence, the ISA design shows that it has as much as 10:1 speed range, i.e., the field weakening operation should be extended to 10 times higher than the rated speed. In this work, we are considering the use of induction machine instead of permanent synchronous machine. As an idea for solving the voltage limit problem, we are utilizing two inverters. Sharing the voltage requirements by dual inverters is the main idea. But, the secondary inverter only takes care of the reactive voltage component which grows very large in high speed operation. Therefore, the secondary inverter does not require the use of extra voltage source. A capacitor bank suffices the purpose of the secondary inverter. Finally, both simulation and experiment for confirmation are presented.
Synthesis and X-ray Structure of CoCl<sub>2</sub>(P<i><sup>i</sup></i>PrPh<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. A New Highly Active and Stereospecific Catalyst for 1,2 Polymerization of Conjugated Dienes When Used in Association with MAO (2005)

The new cobalt (II) phosphine complex CoCl2(PiPrPh2)2 was synthesized by reacting CoCl2 with isopropyldiphenylphosphine in ethyl alcohol as solvent. The molecular structure of the complex was determined by the X-ray diffraction method. CoCl2(PiPrPh2)2 was then used in combination with methylaluminoxane for the polymerization of 1,3-butadiene: it was found to be highly active and stereospecific for the preparation of 1,2 syndiotactic polybutadiene. The same system was also able to polymerize substituted butadienes giving highly stereoregular 1,2 polymers from E-1,3-pentadiene, 1,3-hexadiene, and 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene. Some of these polymers are completely new and were never prepared before.
Production of palm oil from fruit (1983)

Abstract Palm oil is obtained from the fruit flesh of Elaeas guineensis . Whole bunches of ripe fruit are harvested and brought to the oil mill. Processing involves sterilization, mechanical removal of fruit from the bunch, and mechanical breakdown of the fruit structure followed by expression of the oil in a screw press. Oil mixed with water and fruit debris is purified in settling tanks and centrifuges, dried and stored. Oil yield represents 22% of the fresh fruit bunch and kernels a further 5%. The solid wastes are the empty fruit bunch, the press fiber and the nut shells. Empty bunches are incinerated, while fiber and shell are used to fire the mill boilers. The liquid effluents are mixed and usually treated by anaerobic/aerobic fermentation until fit for discharge. Various treatment systems are described. Quality control in the oil mill concentrates on (a) minimizing deterioration of the oil by hydrolysis and by oxidation, and (b) optimizing oil yield by frequent measurements of oil losses.
Immune recognition of irradiated cancer cells (2017)

Summary Ionizing irradiation has been extensively employed for the clinical management of solid tumors, with therapeutic or palliative intents, for decades. Until recently, radiation therapy ( RT ) was believed to mediate antineoplastic activity mostly (if not only) as a consequence of cancer cell‐intrinsic effects. Indeed, the macromolecular damage imposed to malignant cells by RT initiates one or multiple signal transduction cascades that drive a permanent proliferative arrest (cellular senescence) or regulated cell death. Both these phenomena show a rather linear dose‐response correlation. However, RT also mediates consistent immunological activity, not only as an “on‐target effect” originating within irradiated cancer cells, but also as an “off‐target effect” depending on the interaction between RT and stromal, endothelial, and immune components of the tumor microenvironment. Interestingly, the immunological activity of RT does not exhibit linear dose‐response correlation. Here, we discuss the mechanisms whereby RT alters the capacity of the immune system to recognize and eliminate irradiated cancer cells, either as an “on‐target” or as on “off‐target” effect. In particular, we discuss the antagonism between the immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects of RT as we delineate combinatorial strategies to boost the former at the expenses of the latter.