gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel Method For The Production Of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (Patent WO 2004/057001 A2) (2004)

The present invention relates to an improved process for the specific production of poly-unsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and a process for the production of triglycerides having an increased content of unsaturated fatty acids, in particular omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids having at least two double bonds and a 20 or 22 carbon atom chain length. The invention relates to the produc-tion of a transgenic organism, preferably a transgenic plant or a transgenic microorganism, hav-ing an increased content of fatty acids, oils or lipids containing C20- or C22- fatty acids with a delta-5, 7, 8, 10 double bond, respectively due to the expression of a delta-8-desaturase and a delta-9- elon-gase from organisms such as plants preferably Algae like Isochrysis galbana or Euglena gracilis. In addition the invention relates to a process for the production of poly unsaturated fatty acids such as Eicosapentaenoic, Arachidonic, Docosapentaenoic or Docosahexaenoic acid through the co- expression of a delta -8-desaturase, a delta-9-elongase and a delta-5 desaturase in organisms such as microorganisms or plants.The invention additionally relates to the use of specific nucleic acid sequences encoding for the aforementioned proteins with delta-8-desaturase-, delta-9-elongase- or delta-5-desaturase-activity, nucleic acid constructs, vectors and organisms containing said nucleic acid sequences. The invention further relates to unsaturated fatty acids and triglycerides having an increased content of at least 1 % by weight of unsaturated fatty acids and use thereof.
DNA haplotype analysis of Huntington disease reveals clues to the origins and mechanisms of CAG expansion and reasons for geographic variations of prevalence (1994)

This study of allelic association using three intra- and two extragenic markers within 150 kb of the Huntington disease (HD) mutation has provided evidence for linkage disequilibrium for four of five markers. Haplotype analysis of 67 HD families using markers in strong linkage disequilibrium with HD identified two haplotypes underlying 77.6% of HD chromosomes. Normal chromosomes with these two haplotypes had a mean number of CAG repeats significantly larger than and an altered distribution of CAG repeats compared with other normal chromosomes. Furthermore, haplotype analysis of five new mutation families reveals that HD has arisen on these same two chromosomal haplotypes. These findings suggest that HD arises more frequently on chromosomes with specific DNA haplotypes and higher CAG repeat lengths. We then studied CAG and CCG repeat lengths in the HD gene on 896 control chromosomes from different ancestries to determine whether the markedly reduced frequency of HD in Finland, Japan, China and African Blacks is associated with an altered frequency of DNA haplotypes and subsequently lower CAG lengths on control chromosomes compared to populations of Western European descent. The results show a highly significant inverse relationship between CAG and CCG repeat lengths. In populations with lowered prevalence rates of HD, CAG repeat lengths are smaller and the distribution of CCG alleles is markedly different from Western European populations. These findings suggest that, in addition to European emigration, new mutations make a contribution to geographical variation of prevalence rates and is consistent with a multistep model of HD developing from normal chromosomes with higher CAG repeat lengths.
Mice Deficient for the Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene (1996)

To understand the in vivo function of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) we generated an APP null mutation in mice by homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells. We show here that homozygous APP deficient mice were produced at expected frequencies. Neither APP mRNA nor protein could be detected in these animals. Yet the homozygous APP mutant mice are fertile and do not show overt abnormalities at up to 12 weeks of age. Neuroanatomical studies of the brain did not reveal significant differences in the knockout mice as compared to the wild-type controls. These results argue against an essential function of APP in mouse embryonic and early neuronal development.
Nanometer Linear Focusing of Hard X Rays by a Multilayer Laue Lens (2006)

We report on a type of linear zone plate for nanometer-scale focusing of hard x rays, a multilayer Laue lens (MLL), produced by sectioning a multilayer and illuminating it in Laue diffraction geometry. Because of its large optical depth, a MLL spans the diffraction regimes applicable to a thin Fresnel zone plate and a crystal. Coupled wave theory calculations indicate that focusing to 5 nm or smaller with high efficiency should be possible. Partial MLL structures with outermost zone widths as small as 10 nm have been fabricated and tested with 19.5 keV synchrotron radiation. Focal sizes as small as 30 nm with efficiencies up to 44% are measured.
State-of-the-Art Flash Chips for Dosimetry Applications (2018)

In this paper we show that state-of-the-art commercial off-the-shelf Flash memory chip technology (20 nm technology node with multi-level cells) is quite sensitive to ionizing radiation. We find that the fail-bit count in these Flash chips starts to increase monotonically with gamma or X-ray dose at 100 rad(SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ). Significantly more fail bits are observed in X-ray irradiated devices, most likely due to dose enhancement effects due to high-Z back-end-of-line materials. These results show promise for dosimetry application.
A comparative study of five spectral representations for speaker-independent phonetic recognition (2002)

The authors describe a comparative study of five spectral representations for speaker-independent phonetic recognition using the TIMIT database. A feedforward network was trained to classify 20-ms frames of speech as one of 39 phonetic classes derived from the TIMIT database. The five representations investigated include the discrete Fourier transform, three representations based on conventional linear predictive coding (LPC), and the cepstral coefficients derived from perceptual linear predictive (PLP) analysis. The PLP cepstral coefficients outperformed the other representations on the task of assigning the correct phonetic label to individual time frames. It is shown that phonetic context can be exploited by providing spectral information before and after the frame to be classified. The effect of the training set size and distribution is also examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Rational Design of a Nile Red/Polymer Composite Film for Fluorescence Sensing of Organophosphonate Vapors Using Hydrogen Bond Acidic Polymers (2001)

The solvatochromic dye Nile Red dispersed in selected hydrogen bond acidic polymer matrixes demonstrated strong fluorescence enhancement at the presence of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) vapors. Two hydrogen bond acidic polymers were examined as dye matrixes, one with fluorinated alcohol groups on a polystyrene backbone (PSFA) and the other with fluorinated bisphenol groups alternating with oligo(dimethylsiloxane) segments (BSP3). The combination of hydrogen bond acidic polymer (a strong sorbent for DMMP) with the solvatochromic dye led to initial depression of the dye fluorescence and a significant red shift in the absorbance and fluorescence spectra. DMMP sorption changed the dye environment and dramatically altered the fluorescence spectrum and intensity, resulting in a strong fluorescence enhancement. It is proposed that this fluorescence enhancement is due to the competition set up between the dye and the sorbed vapor for polymeric hydrogen-bonding sites. The highest responses were obtained with BSP3. DMMP detection has been demonstrated at sub-ppm DMMP concentrations, indicating very low detection limits compared to previous Nile Red/polymer matrix fluorescence vapor sensors. Nile Red/poly(methyl methacrylate) films prepared for comparisons exhibited substantially lower response to DMMP. Rational selection of polymers providing high sorption for DMMP and competition for hydrogen-bonding interactions with Nile Red yielded flourescent films with high sensitivity.
Designing inflatable structures (2014)

We propose an interactive, optimization-in-the-loop tool for designing inflatable structures. Given a target shape, the user draws a network of seams defining desired segment boundaries in 3D. Our method computes optimally-shaped flat panels for the segments, such that the inflated structure is as close as possible to the target while satisfying the desired seam positions. Our approach is underpinned by physics-based pattern optimization, accurate coarse-scale simulation using tension field theory, and a specialized constraint-optimization method. Our system is fast enough to warrant interactive exploration of different seam layouts, including internal connections, and their effects on the inflated shape. We demonstrate the resulting design process on a varied set of simulation examples, some of which we have fabricated, demonstrating excellent agreement with the design intent.
Arrayed Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for Time-Critical Detection of Hazardous Agents (2005)

The design and operation of an arrayed time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer for simultaneous data acquisition from multiple samples is described. Versions of the instrument employ sets of two or four linear or reflectron mass analyzers. They are housed in the same vacuum chamber and utilize the same laser for ion desorption. Instrument performance is illustrated in the example of a two-linear-mass-analyzer array using MALDI-MS for mixtures of commercially available proteins as well as intact microorganisms. We also describe the properties of a novel short delay time (<170 ns) pulsed extraction method for linear TOF analyzers. This configuration allows uniform resolution improvements to be achieved in a wide m/z range. In addition, we present multiplexed sample preparation methods, using different reagents prior to mass analysis in the arrayed system, to increase the overall sensitivity of the MS method and to allow wider and more efficient detection across the entire range of potentially hazardous agents. In addition to the multifold increase in data collection rates, arrayed TOF-MS configurations provide a high degree of redundancy, critical for rapid, high confidence agent identification as well as for reduction in false alarm rates.
Functionalizing Electrospun Fibers with Biologically Relevant Macromolecules (2005)

The development of functionalized polymers that can elicit specific biological responses is of great interest in the biomedical community, as well as the development of methods to fabricate these biologically functionalized polymers. For example, the generation of fibrous matrices with biological properties and fiber diameters commensurate with those of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) may permit the development of novel materials for use in wound healing or tissue engineering. The goal of this work is, therefore, to create a biologically active functionalized electrospun matrix to permit immobilization and long-term delivery of growth factors. In this work, poly(ethylene glycol) functionalized with low molecular weight heparin (PEG-LMWH) was fabricated into fibers for possible use in drug delivery, tissue engineering, or wound repair applications. Electrospinning was chosen to process the LMWH into fiber form due to the small fiber diameters and high degree of porosity that can be obtained relatively quickly and using small amounts of starting material. Both free LMWH and PEG-LMWH were investigated for their ability to be incorporated into electrospun fibers. Each of the samples were mixed with a carrier polymer consisting of either a 10 wt % poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) or 45 wt % poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), UV-vis spectroscopy, and multiphoton microscopy were used to characterize the electrospun matrices. The incorporation of heparin into the electrospun PEO and PLGA fibers did not affect the surface morphology or fiber diameters. The fibers produced had diameters ranging from approximately 100 to 400 nm. Toluidine blue assays of heparin suggest that it can be incorporated into an electrospun matrix at concentrations ranging from 3.5 to 85 mug per milligram of electrospun fibers. Multiphoton microscopy confirmed that incorporation of PEG-LMWH into the matrix permits retention of the heparin for at least 14 days. Improvements in the binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to the electrospun fibers were also observed for fibers functionalized with PEG-LMWH over those functionalized with LMWH alone. The combination of these results suggests the utility for producing electrospun fibers that are appropriately functionalized for use in biomaterials applications.
Multiuser Rate-Diverse Network-Coded Multiple Access (2016)

This paper presents the first Network-Coded Multiple Access (NCMA) system with multiple users adopting different signal modulations, referred to as rate-diverse NCMA. A distinguishing feature of NCMA is the joint use of physical-layer network coding (PNC) and multiuser decoding (MUD) to boost throughput of multipacket reception systems. In previous NCMA systems, users adopt the same modulation regardless of their individual channel conditions. This leads to suboptimal throughput for many practical scenarios, especially when different users have widely varying channel conditions. A rate-diverse NCMA system allows different users to use modulations that are commensurate with their channel conditions. A key challenge is the design of the PNC mapping and decoding mechanisms in NCMA when different users adopt different modulations. While there have been past work on non-channel-coded rate-diverse PNC, this paper is the first attempt to design channel-coded rate-diverse PNC to ensure the reliability of the overall NCMA system. Specifically, we put forth a symbol-splitting channel coding and modulation design so that PNC/NCMA can work over different modulations. We implemented our rate-diverse NCMA system on software-defined radios. Experimental results show that the throughput of rate-diverse NCMA can outperform the state-of-the-art rate-homogeneous NCMA by 80%. Overall, the introduction of rate diversity significantly boosts the NCMA system throughput in practical scenarios.
Quantizing features independently in the bayesian data reduction algorithm (2005)

In this paper, the Bayesian data reduction algorithm (BDRA) is modified to quantize each feature (i.e., those that are continuous valued and not naturally discrete, or categorical), independently, allowing a best set of thresholds to be found for all dimensions contained in the data. The algorithm works by initially quantizing each feature with at least ten discrete levels (via percentiles), where the BDRA then proceeds to reduce this to a number of levels yielding best performance. The BDRA then trains on all independently quantized features simultaneously, finding the best overall quantization complexity of the data that minimizes the training error. Results are demonstrated illustrating the performance of the new modified algorithm for various data sets found at the University of California at Irvine's (UCI) repository of machine learning databases.
Optimal Limit Order Choice (2005)

We describe a method for optimally choosing whether to place a market or limit order (and at what price) using a risk-averse investor's expected utility maximization. We allow for a continuum of investor information, risk aversion, and security characteristics. We show that the choice of optimal market or limit order can be analyzed in a mean-variance framework and combined with the entire portfolio-rebalancing problem. Using NYSE trade order and quote (TORQ) data, we estimate the parameters in our theoretical model and demostrate how they could be used to find optimal limit order discounts under a variety of scenarios.
Complex Lattice Reduction Algorithm for Low-Complexity MIMO Detection (2006)

Recently, lattice-reduction-aided detectors have been proposed for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems to give performance with full diversity like maximum likelihood receiver, and yet with complexity similar to linear receivers. However, these lattice-reduction-aided detectors are based on the traditional LLL reduction algorithm that was originally introduced for reducing real lattice bases, in spite of the fact that the channel matrices are inherently complex-valued. In this paper, we introduce the complex LLL algorithm for direct application to reduce the basis of a complex lattice which is naturally defined by a complex-valued channel matrix. We prove that complex LLL reduction-aided detection can also achieve full diversity. Our analysis reveals that the new complex LLL algorithm can achieve a reduction in complexity of nearly 50% over the traditional LLL algorithm, and this is confirmed by simulation. It is noteworthy that the complex LLL algorithm aforementioned has nearly the same bit-error-rate performance as the traditional LLL algorithm.
Tissue selective affinity targeting using the avidin-biotin system (2000)

Selective delivery of biologically active substances is designed to overcome nonspecific biodistribution of drugs and increase their local concentration at the target tissue. Certain strategies are based on carrier-mediated delivery to selective tissues and organs through ligands recognized by receptors or other address molecules on target cells. Avidins offer an attractive approach to organ- or tissue-selective targeting. Avidin and streptavidin, two biotin-binding proteins, can be targeted to specific tissues when modified with appropriate tissue markers. Their resistance to proteolytic enzymes supports long-term accumulation at the target tissue or organ, and their biotin binding sites permit the delivery of biotinylated molecules or carriers loaded with cytotoxic drugs or other bioactive substances. Modification of the two proteins with tissue-specific markers (lactose for parenchymal and trinitrophenyl for nonparenchymal liver cells) resulted in high and prolonged accumulation in the target tissue. The modified proteins could target high doses of chemotherapeutic drugs (CDDP and 5-fluorouridine) to the liver through biotinyl dextran–derived carriers. Drug Dev. Res. 50:258–271, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Enhancement of tunnel magnetoresistance in magnetic tunnel junction by a superlattice barrier (2014)

Tunnel magnetoresistance of magnetic tunnel junction improved by a superlattice barrier composed of alternate layers of a nonmagnetic metal and an insulator is proposed. The forbidden band of the superlattice is used to predict the low transmission range in the superlattice barrier. By forbidding electron transport in the anti-parallel configuration, the tunnel magnetoresistance is enhanced in the superlattice junction. The results show that the tunnel magnetoresistance ratio for a superlattice magnetic tunnel junction is greater than that for traditional single or double barrier junctions.
SU-CC-ValA-04: Using Flow Information to Support 3D Vessel Reconstruction From Rotational Angiography (2006)

Purpose: For the assessment of cerebral vessel diseases, it is very beneficial to obtain three dimensional morphologic and haemodynamic information about the vessel system. Our goal is to determine both concurrently using one rotational angiographysequence. To enable the extraction of flow information, the rotational angiographyimages should show inflow and outflow of contrast agent. Images with this property however, are not well suited to standard volume reconstruction algorithms. This work shows how flow information can support the vessel reconstruction to overcome this conflict. Method and Materials: In our method flow information is used as follows to determine, for every voxel, the likelihood of being inside a vessel: First, the rotational time intensity curve (R‐TIC) is determined from the image intensities at the projection points of the current voxel. Next, the arrival time of the contrast agent bolus at the voxel is estimated from the R‐TIC. Finally, a measure of the intensity and duration of the contrast enhancement is determined. The likelihood is used to steer the Fast Marching algorithm, which determines the order in which voxels are analyzed. This enables the centreline of the vessels to be extracted by backtracking. The proposed method was tested on 80 computer simulated rotational angiographysequences with systematically varied blood flow and contrast agent injection parameters. Results: The mean error in the 3D centreline and radius estimation was 0.62 mm and 0.28 mm respectively. Pulsatile blood flow was found to increase the error only slightly (0.05 mm). Conclusion: Under pulsatile and non‐pulsatile conditions, flow information can be used to enable a 3D vessel reconstruction from rotational angiography with inflow and outflow of contrast agent. Future work will aim to extract more quantitative flow information. Conflict of Interest: Research sponsored by Philips Research Aachen.
A 180 MHz 0.8 mu m BiCMOS modular memory family of DRAM and multiport SRAM (1993)

A family of modular memories with a built-in self-test interface designed using a synchronous self-timed architecture is described. This approach is ideally suited to modular memories embedded within synchronous systems due to its simple boundary specification, excellent speed/power performance, and ease of modelling. The basic port design is self-contained and extensible to any number of ports sharing access to a common-core cell array. The same design has been used to implement modular one-, two-, and four-part SRAMs and a one-port DRAM based on a four-transistor (4-T) cell. The latter provides a 45% core cell density improvement over the one-port SRAM. Nominal access and cycle times of 5.5 ns for 64 kb blocks have been shown for a 0.8 mu m BiCMOS process with no memory process enhancements. System operation at 100 MHz has been demonstrated on a broadband time-switch chip containing 96 kb of two-port SRAM.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
InAlAsSb/InGaSb double heterojunction bipolar transistor (2005)

An npn double heterojunction bipolar transistor has been made using In0.27Ga0.73Sb for the base and two different InxAl1-xAsySb1-y alloys for the emitter and collector. It has a common emitter current gain of 25. The emitter-base voltages required for a given collector current are smaller than those of InP-based HBTs.