gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Future of Cardiac Mapping (2012)

Severe disorders of the heart rhythm that can lead to sudden cardiac death (SCD) are often treated by radio-frequency (RF) catheter ablation. Using fluoroscopy as an imaging guide, the procedure consists of inserting a catheter inside the heart, near the area from which originates the abnormal cardiac electrical activity, then delivering RF currents through the catheter tip to ablate the arrhythmogenic area. Fluoroscopy is a conventional mapping technique that has been extremely useful in understanding and managing simpler arrhythmias. While the fluoroscopic procedure is still used in over 90% of ablations, its limitation in providing a reliable 3D geometry is evident when working upon complex cases like ventricular tachycardia (VT) or atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. In turn, this results in impaired efficacy and length of the procedure lasting for several hours. Even though operator experience has decreased procedure times, radiation hazards still remain a major issue for the patient. Recent 3D systems which integrate electrophysiological signals with anatomy to provide (3D+ t) geometry are extremely useful in situations where radiation needs to be limited as much as possible, and to increase the efficiency and shorten the duration of RF catheter ablation. During intracardiac mapping, it is not unusual to find sites at which the operator feels ablation is likely to succeed. Three-dimensional systems not only allow the surgeon to mark precise ablation points but also facilitate fixing reference points if the ablation process has to be repeated (Rajnish, 2009). This chapter will summarize the most recent developments in catheter navigation and threedimensional electroanatomic mapping. Conventional fluoroscopy techniques will be described followed by the CARTO and Ensite non-fluoroscopic mapping systems. Advances in ultrasound imaging for cardiac ablation guidance, and futuristic remote navigation technologies such as the Stereotaxis Magnetic Navigation system and the Hansen Sensei Robotic Catheter system will conclude the read.
PD-1 disrupted CAR-T cells in the treatment of solid tumors: Promises and challenges (2019)

Unprecedented efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in the treatment of hematologic malignancies brings new hope for patients with many cancer types including solid tumors. However, the challenges for CAR-T cell therapy in eradicating solid tumors are immense. To overcome these seemingly intractable hurdles, more "powerful" CAR-T cells with enhanced antitumor efficacy are required. Emerging data support that the anti-tumor activity of CAR-T cells can be enhanced significantly without evident toxicity through simultaneous PD-1 disruption by genome editing. This review focuses on the current progress of PD-1 gene disrupted CAR-T cells in cancer therapy. Here we discuss key rationales for this new combination strategy and summarize the available pre-clinical studies. An update is provided on human clinical studies and available registered cancer clinical trials using CAR-T cells with PD-1 disruption. Future prospects and challenges are also discussed.
The cellular physiology of articular cartilage (1996)

The cells of articular cartilage, or chondrocytes, live in an unusual and constantly changing physicochemical environment. They receive poorly understood signals during the loading of the tissue and produce, through a balance between macromolecular synthesis and degradation, a mechanically resilient extracellular matrix. Matrix turnover is influenced by changes to the intracellular composition (cell volume, pH and ionic content) of chondrocytes, and there are suggestions that this is altered in the disease process of osteoarthrosis. However, there is little information on the fundamental aspects of articular cartilage cellular physiology, which is essential if the factors controlling cartilage integrity in health and disease are to be understood. The present short review focuses on some of the membrane transporters of chondrocytes involved in volume regulation, electrophysiology and the regulation of intracellular pH.
Reliable GPS-based timing for power systems: A multi-layered multi-receiver architecture (2014)

Synchronized voltage and current phasor measurements provided by phasor measurement units (PMUs) have the potential to augment power system monitoring, control, and protection functions. PMUs use the Global Positioning System (GPS) to synchronize measurements across a wide geographical area. Unfortunately, low-received-power, unencrypted civil GPS signals are vulnerable to jamming and spoofing attacks. Accidental receiver malfunction can also lead to incorrect position/time solutions. This paper presents a multi-layered multi-receiver architecture that hardens GPS-based timing against jamming, spoofing, and receiver errors. Our architecture integrates eight countermeasures in all layers of receiver signal and data processing; most of the countermeasures exploit the static and networked nature of time reference receivers. We define five threat models, and qualitatively analyze the effectiveness of each countermeasure against each threat model. The analysis demonstrates that the redundant, independent but complementary countermeasures provide high reliability and robustness.
Smart Electricity Meter Data Intelligence for Future Energy Systems: A Survey (2015)

Smart meters have been deployed in many countries across the world since early 2000s. The smart meter as a key element for the smart grid is expected to provide economic, social, and environmental benefits for multiple stakeholders. There has been much debate over the real values of smart meters. One of the key factors that will determine the success of smart meters is smart meter data analytics, which deals with data acquisition, transmission, processing, and interpretation that bring benefits to all stakeholders. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of smart electricity meters and their utilization focusing on key aspects of the metering process, different stakeholder interests, and the technologies used to satisfy stakeholder interests. Furthermore, the paper highlights challenges as well as opportunities arising due to the advent of big data and the increasing popularity of cloud environments.
Molecularly Imprinted Microgels as Enzyme Inhibitors (2009)

We demonstrate, on the example of trypsin, the use of water-soluble molecularly imprinted polymer microgels as specific enzyme inhibitors. Using a strong anchoring monomer, methacryloylaminobenzamidine, the growing polymer chains are confined to close proximity of the substrate recognition site of our model enzyme. The microgels bind selectively trypsin over other proteins of similar size and molecular weight, and show competitive inhibition of trypsin with an inhibition constant K(i) of 79 nM, making them more potent inhibitors than the low molecular-weight competitive inhibitor benzamidine by almost 3 orders of magnitude. We believe that these tailor-made materials with biological activity have potential for future drug development that extends beyond enzyme inhibition.
RETRACTED: Functional characterization of a nonclassical nicotine receptor associated with inositolphospholipid breakdown and mobilization of intracellular calcium pools. (1994)

Classical nicotinic receptors are neurotransmitter-gated channels that, upon activation by acetylcholine, induce the opening of an intrinsic cationic channel. We have recently observed that, in frog pituitary melanotrophs, nicotine stimulates alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) release through a noncholinergic mechanism. In the study reported here, we investigated the intracellular events that mediate the response of frog melanotrophs to nicotine. Nicotine was capable of stimulating alpha-MSH release in the absence of Ca2+ and/or Na+ in the extracellular medium. A short pulse of nicotine induced a rapid and transient increase of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). The effect of nicotine on Ca2+ mobilization was not affected in the absence of Na+ and Ca2+ in the extracellular medium, indicating that the nicotine-evoked increase in [Ca2+]i did not result from Na+ or Ca2+ influx. Nicotine induced both an increase in inositol trisphosphate and a reduction in phosphaditylinositol bisphosphate concentrations but did not affect cAMP production. The present results indicate that nicotine-induced stimulation of alpha-MSH release in frog melanotrophs can be explained by activation of inositolphospholipid breakdown and mobilization of inositol triphosphate-dependent intracellular Ca2+ pools. These data provide evidence for the existence of an unusual type of noncholinergic nicotine receptor positively coupled to phospholipase C.
Studies of protective properties of pluronic and other agents on the hybridoma cell culture. (1995)

The potential toxicity and optimal concentrations of different protective agents such as pluronic F-68, methylcellulose (MC), CMC, and GPE on the in vitro growth of murine hybridoma 2F7 cells that secrete monoclonal antibody against small-cell lung cancer were studied. The effect on the rate of glucose utilization of adding protective agents was investigated. The protective effects of different concentrations of the protective agents at high agitation speed were also observed. It showed that 0.05% to 0.10% (w/v) of pluronic F-68 and 0.10% to 0.20% (w/v) of MC could protect hybridoma cells from shear stress at high agitation speed. Adding pluronic F-68 could increase glucose utilization rate, but increased the ammonia production rate. Although CMC did not affect 2F7 cell growth at a concentration less than 0.10% (w/v), it exhibited no protective property. GPE could lyze hybridoma cells. In a 1.5-L CelliGen bioreactor, when the pluronic F-68 concentration was 0.10% (w/v) in the medium and agitation speed was 70 r/min, the hybridoma cells could grow normally.
Novel celiac artery lymph node dissection path in gastric cancer of stage III C (2013)

Pathological types of gastric cancer in stage Ⅲ C include T4a-SEN3,T4b-SIN2,T4b-SIN3.Celiac artery metastatic lymphadenopathy fused into blocks,usually from bottom to top.Limited operation space revealed anatomical and pathological factors,the dissection of the celiac artery lymph nodes,processing the left gastric artery root difficulty.Application of novel celiac artery lymph nodes dissection path,avoiding the limitation of the celiac artery lymph node dissection space exposure factors,so that the dissection of the celiac artery lymph nodes is more complete,processing the left gastric artery root easily,reduce the amount of bleeding,shorten operation time,increase the average lymph node dissection and the Ⅲ C gastric cancer resection rate.

Key words: 
Gastric neoplasms ;  Novel path ;  Lymph nodes dissection;  Celiac artery and its branches
A Dynamical System Approach to Intrusion Detection Using System Call Analysis. (2007)

1 This research work was funded, in part, by an MRI grant from the National Science Foundation (Grant #: CNS – 0619069). ABSTRACT Code injections can aid successful intrusion attempts, thereby allowing viruses and worms to spread. Current research into intrusion detection is notably focused on application behavior profiling through system call trace analysis. Studying the system call layer has been identified as a potential approach to render revealing details about an application’s behavior. System call sequences available from the execution trace of an application can be subjected to different modeling techniques to approximate the application’s normal execution. This research views application programs as dynamical systems, and applies dynamical system analysis tools operating on time series data, merely the system calls made by an application, to identify the degree of determinism in a dynamical system. There is some prior work in the literature analyzing programs as dynamical systems, but they lack proper utilization of dynamical system formalisms and associated analysis tools. In our research we utilize a set of dynamical system analysis tools composed of Approximate Entropy, Central Tendency Measure, and Recurrence Plot derived measures. Our initial results are promising in detecting code injections.
Preoperative concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy in rectal cancer patients. (1998)

The management of rectal cancer has changed significantly in recent years. The key end-point is no longer survival but rather preservation of sphincter function with improved quality of life. Preoperative radiation can not only render a low-lying rectal tumor amenable to sphincter-preserving surgery but has also been reported to give better local control and lower toxicity than postoperative radiotherapy. From October 1991 through July 1996, 46 patients with local advanced or low-lying rectal cancer were treated with preoperative high-dose radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy. All patients underwent pelvic radiotherapy with 5,000 to 5,400 cGy in 25 to 27 fractions. Chemotherapy was given concomitantly and consisted of two courses of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) at 1,000 mg/m2 for 4 days in week 1 and week 5 plus mitomycin C 10 mg/m2 single bolus on day 1 of week 1. In 30 patients, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-FU and levamisole weekly was also given, for a total of 12 months. The most common acute toxicity was grade 1 to 2 diarrhea and tenesmus during radiation or soon afterward. Only five of the 46 patients experienced symptomatic grade 3 acute toxicity. Forty-two patients underwent subsequent surgery 6 to 8 weeks after concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Pathologic examination disclosed complete tumor regression in eight patients and microscopic residual disease in 13 patients after preoperative chemoradiation. Of the 42 patients who completed the intended treatments, only one had local recurrence. The sphincter was preserved in 21 of the 26 patients in whom the tumor was located within 5 cm above the anal verge. Twelve of the 16 evaluable patients had good to excellent sphincter function. The 2-year overall survival rate was 93% and the disease-free survival was 81%. Our findings indicate that preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy not only allows low-lying rectal tumors to be resected while preserving sphincter function but also results in good local control and acceptable toxicity.
Time-Aware Instrumentation of Embedded Software (2010)

Software instrumentation is a key technique in many stages of the development process. It is particularly important for debugging embedded systems. Instrumented programs produce data traces which enable the developer to locate the origins of misbehaviors in the system under test. However, producing data traces incurs runtime overhead in the form of additional computation resources for capturing and copying the data. The instrumentation may therefore interfere with the system's timing and perturb its behavior. In this work, we propose an instrumentation technique for applications with temporal constraints, specifically targeting background/foreground or cyclic executive systems. Our framework permits reasoning about space and time and enables the composition of software instrumentations. In particular, we propose a definition for trace reliability, which enables us to instrument real-time applications which aggressively push their time budgets. Using the framework, we present a method with low perturbation by optimizing the number of insertion points and trace buffer size with respect to code size and time budgets. Finally, we apply the theory to two concrete case studies: we instrument the OpenEC firmware for the keyboard controller of the One Laptop Per Child project, as well as an implementation of a flash file system.
Highly efficient photonic crystal-based multichannel drop filters of three-port system with reflection feedback (2004)

We have derived the general condition to achieve 100% drop efficiency in the resonant tunneling-based channel drop filters of a threeport system with reflection feedback. According to our theoretical modeling based on the coupled mode theory in time, the condition is that the Q-factor due to coupling to a bus port should be twice as large as the Q-factor due to coupling to a drop port and the phase retardation occurring in the round trip between a resonator and a reflector should be a multiple of 2pi. The theoretical modeling also shows that the reflection feedback in the threeport channel drop filters brings about relaxed sensitivity to the design parameters, such as the ratio between those two Q-factors and the phase retardation in the reflection path. Based on the theoretical modeling, a fivechannel drop filter has been designed in a two-dimensional photonic crystal, in which only a single reflector is placed at the end of the bus waveguide. The performance of the designed filter has been numerically calculated using the finite-difference time domain method. In the designed filter, drop efficiencies larger than 96% in all channels have been achieved.
A Fast and Refined Cancer Regions Segmentation Framework in Whole-slide Breast Pathological Images (2019)

Supervised learning methods are commonly applied in medical image analysis. However, the success of these approaches is highly dependent on the availability of large manually detailed annotated dataset. Thus an automatic refined segmentation of whole-slide image (WSI) is significant to alleviate the annotation workload of pathologists. But most of the current ways can only output a rough prediction of lesion areas and consume much time in each slide. In this paper, we propose a fast and refined cancer regions segmentation framework v3_DCNN, which first preselects tumor regions using a classification model Inception-v3 and then employs a semantic segmentation model DCNN for refined segmentation. Our framework can generate a dense likelihood heatmap with the 1/8 side of original WSI in 11.5 minutes on the Camelyon16 dataset, which saves more than one hour for each WSI compared with the initial DCNN model. Experimental results show that our approach achieves a higher FROC score 83.5% with the champion's method of Camelyon16 challenge 80.7%. Based on v3 DCNN model, we further automatically produce heatmap of WSI and extract polygons of lesion regions for doctors, which is very helpful for their pathological diagnosis, detailed annotation and thus contributes to developing a more powerful deep learning model.
Expression of tyrosine kinases in human malignancies as potential targets for kinase-specific inhibitors (2005)

Tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibition has been identified as a promising strategy in the treatment of human malignancies and several synthetic inhibitors have been developed. While the selective blockage of specific TKs is highly effective in vitro, clinical results have been less impressive. It has been suggested that the simultaneous inhibition of multiple TKs might lead to more favourable therapeutic results in vivo. We have therefore performed a systematic analysis of intra-tumoral TK expression in order to identify potential targets for a simultaneous kinase inhibition. To this end, we have analyzed the protein expression of membrane-associated EGF-R, Her-2/neu, PDGF-R, IGF-R, c-Kit and of cytoplasmatic c-Abl in 500 human tumors of epithelial, stromal and mesenchymal origin by immunohistochemistry, and found a distinct pattern of kinase expression: EGFR, PDGF-R and c-Abl were expressed in the majority of malignant tumors, whereas c-Kit, Her-2/neu and IGF-R protein expression was considerably less frequent. Overall, the EGF-R protein expression was correlated with PDGF-R, c-Kit and c-Abl immunoreactivity (p=0.003, p=0.001, and p<0.001, respectively). c-Abl was co-expressed with IGF-R and PDGF-R (p=0.003 and p<0.001, respectively). Kinase co-expression was also seen in tumor subgroups and was particularly significant in breast cancer where IGF-R protein was expressed together with PDGF-R and c-Abl (p=0.003 and p=0.004, respectively), and in colon cancer where PDGF-R was correlated with EGF-R (p<0.001). With the exception of Her-2/neu expression and age, intra-tumoral TK expression was not associated with parameters such as grading or histological subtypes. Taken together, we have found a specific pattern of kinase co-expression and have identified several potential targets for a tumor-specific multimodal TK inhibition.
Tree Topological Features for Unlexicalized Parsing (2010)

As unlexicalized parsing lacks word token information, it is important to investigate novel parsing features to improve the accuracy. This paper studies a set of tree topological (TT) features. They quantitatively describe the tree shape dominated by each non-terminal node. The features are useful in capturing linguistic notions such as grammatical weight and syntactic branching, which are factors important to syntactic processing but overlooked in the parsing literature. By using an ensemble classifier-based model, TT features can significantly improve the parsing accuracy of our unlexicalized parser. Further, the ease of estimating TT feature values makes them easy to be incorporated into virtually any mainstream parsers.
Case Study: Additive Manufacturing of Aerospace Brackets (2013)

Abstract This case study describes how electron-beam melting, a powder bed additive manufacturing technology, helped reduce the cost and material scrap associated with the production of Ti-6Al-4V brackets used in the hot side of the engine on Lockheed Martin's Joint Strike Fighter.
Effects of Fluid Density on a Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-Based Junction in Pure and Methanol-Modified Carbon Dioxide (2005)

We report on the behavior of a three-armed, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based junction that is site-selectively labeled with a single fluorescent dansyl reporter group (dansyl junction, DJ) in (i) pure CO2 at 308 K as a function of CO2 density and (ii) a binary mixture of CO2 and 3 mol % methanol at 313 K as a function of mixture density. The DJ results are compared to those of dansylpropylsulfonamide (DPSA)a dansyl reporter molecule without any PDMS segments. In pure CO2 at low fluid densities, the local microenvironment sensed by the dansyl residue in DJ appears to be rich in PDMS, indicating that the solvent quality is poor and the PDMS segments interact strongly with the dansyl residue. Increasing the CO2 density increases the solvent quality, and PDMS segments become better solvated by the CO2. At the highest CO2 densities studied, the solvent quality begins to decrease again, resulting in a local increase in the PDMS composition around the average dansyl residue. Results from steady-state anisotropy measurements suggest the presence of DJ aggregates in the fluid phase at low CO2 densities. As the CO2 density is increased, these aggregates are disrupted, and isolated DJ molecules appear to be the major species in the fluid phase above a reduced CO2 density of ∼1.5 and up to ∼1.9. DJ aggregates are present in the CO2/methanol mixture at all fluid densities studied. At low mixture densities there is enrichment in the local methanol concentration surrounding the dansyl residue in DJ in comparison to isolated DPSA molecules under equivalent mixture densities. Thus, it appears as if the PDMS segments in DJ augment/enhance the methanol concentration surrounding the dansyl reporter group in DJ. Together these results demonstrate the dramatic role fluid density and composition can play in tuning the local microenvironment that surrounds a polymeric junction point.