gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhomogeneous layered planar structures: an analysis of reflection coefficient (1998)

In this paper we find the solution of telegrapher's equations for a non-homogeneous medium applying the theory of hypergeometric functions. Also we show that such a medium is described by means of a stratified structure, so we can use the developed theory for microwave components. We find the behavior of the reflection coefficient and compare it with other known results present in literature. Moreover, we show how an exponentially tapered non uniform transmission line (ETNUTL) can be treated as a high-pass filter. It is found that the exponential profile improves the performance of the filter and the normalized transmission coefficient is given for different values of tapering factor. Finally, we find a lumped equivalent circuit for the filter, whose elements are dependent on the tapering factor. The high-pass characteristics of an ETNUTL are verified with techniques in the frequency domain.
Cooperative Binding at Lipid Bilayer Membrane Surfaces (2003)

The binding of copper(II) ions to membrane-bound synthetic receptors has been investigated. Complexation fitted a 4:1 receptor:copper(II) model, and the observed binding constants are significantly enhanced at the membrane relative to solution; these effects can be explained by the lower polarity of the membrane-water interface and the concentrating effect of the membrane, with no observed contribution from receptor preorganization. The stoichiometry of the complex formed is very sensitive to the concentration of the receptor in the membrane, and at low concentrations, binding is reduced relative to solution controls. This implies that by increasing or decreasing the number of receptors in their membranes, cells can finely tune biological responses such as chemotaxis that depend on the size of the receptor-ligand clusters formed.
A5–4 PYRIMIDINE‐PYRIMIDONE PHOTOPRODUCT PRODUCED FROM MIXTURES OF THYMINE AND 4‐THIOURIDINE IRRADIATED WITH 334 nm LIGHT (1993)

The nucleoside 4-thiouridine, present in some bacterial tRNA species, is known to be a chromophore and a target for near-UV light-induced growth delay and also mediates both photoprotection and near-UV cell killing in various bacterial strains. To investigate the photoreaction of 4-thiouridine with DNA or its precursors, we irradiated aqueous mixtures of thymine and 4-thiouridine with 334 nm light and then separated photoproducts using two or more stages of reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The two equally abundant major photoproducts were analyzed by UV absorbance spectrophotometry, fast-atom bombardment and electron-impact mass spectrometry, and 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and have been identified as two diastereomers of 6-hydroxy-5-[1-(beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-4'-pyrimidin-2'- one]dihydrothymine (O6hThy[5-4]Pdo), of molecular weight = 370.32. These two diastereomers, although stable at room temperature or below, are interconvertible by heating (90 degrees C for 5 min) in aqueous solution. The possible biological significance of this photoproduct is discussed, and an application as a crosslinker for oligonucleotides to selectively block replication is suggested.
Low-PDG Raman amplification via 10 GHz polarization sweeping with LiNbO/sub 3/ phase modulator (2003)

We propose and demonstrate a novel scheme to achieve low polarization dependent gain (PDG) forward-pumped Raman amplification via polarization sweeping at 10 GHz. This scheme employs the asymmetry of electro-optic coefficients of LiNbO/sub 3/ crystals to sweep the pump SOP at 10 GHz across the Poincare sphere.
Planning on searching occluded target object with a mobile robot manipulator (2015)

Object search is a fundamental ability for a service robot to provide higher level services. We focus on object search in an environment with limited free space to place objects and constrained viewpoints to observe the environment, such as a shelf or a cupboard. We propose an object search planner based on A* search algorithm with tree node sampling. The proposed approach also combines visual and arm manipulation search. In other words, the robot searches occluded target object by either repositioning one of the accessible object with its arm or moving its platform to view the environment from a different pose. We evaluate the proposed approach with experiment performed by real robot in the scenario which objects may occlude or block access to one another.
Comparing different approaches for automatic pronunciation error detection (2009)

One of the biggest challenges in designing computer assisted language learning (CALL) applications that provide automatic feedback on pronunciation errors consists in reliably detecting the pronunciation errors at such a detailed level that the information provided can be useful to learners. In our research we investigate pronunciation errors frequently made by foreigners learning Dutch as a second language. In the present paper we focus on the velar fricative /x/ and the velar plosive /k/. We compare four types of classifiers that can be used to detect erroneous pronunciations of these phones: two acoustic–phonetic classifiers (one of which employs Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)), a classifier based on cepstral coefficients in combination with LDA, and one based on confidence measures (the so-called Goodness Of Pronunciation score). The best results were obtained for the two LDA classifiers which produced accuracy levels of about 85–93%.
Controlling the interactions of space-variant polarization beams with rubidium vapor using external magnetic fields (2016)

Space variant beams are of great importance for a variety of applications that have emerged in recent years. As such, manipulation of their degrees of freedom is highly desired. Here, we study the general interaction of space variant beams with a magnetically influenced Rb medium exploiting the atoms versatile properties in terms of frequency and intensity dependent circular dichroism and circular birefringence. We present the particular cases of radially polarized and hybrid polarized beams where the control of the polarization states is demonstrated experimentally. Moreover, we show that such an atomic system can be used as a tunable analyzer for space variant beams. Finally, exploiting the non-linear properties of Rb vapor, we show that we can control the circular birefringence all optically, and thus modulate the polarization of the radial polarized beam.
Low Temperature Growth of Highly Nitrogen-Doped Single Crystal Graphene Arrays by Chemical Vapor Deposition (2012)

The ability to dope graphene is highly important for modulating electrical properties of graphene. However, the current route for the synthesis of N-doped graphene by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method mainly involves high growth temperature using ammonia gas or solid reagent melamine as nitrogen sources, leading to graphene with low doping level, polycrystalline nature, high defect density and low carrier mobility. Here, we demonstrate a self-assembly approach that allows the synthesis of single-layer, single crystal and highly nitrogen-doped graphene domain arrays by self-organization of pyridine molecules on Cu surface at temperature as low as 300 °C. These N-doped graphene domains have a dominated geometric structure of tetragonal-shape, reflecting the single crystal nature confirmed by electron-diffraction measurements. The electrical measurements of these graphene domains showed their high carrier mobility, high doping level, and reliable N-doped behavior in both air and vacuum.
What are the Biases in My Word Embedding? (2019)

This paper presents an algorithm for enumerating biases in word embeddings. The algorithm exposes a large number of offensive associations related to sensitive features such as race and gender on publicly available embeddings, including a supposedly "debiased" embedding. These biases are concerning in light of the widespread use of word embeddings. The associations are identified by geometric patterns in word embeddings that run parallel between people's names and common lower-case tokens. The algorithm is highly unsupervised: it does not even require the sensitive features to be pre-specified. This is desirable because: (a) many forms of discrimination?such as racial discrimination-are linked to social constructs that may vary depending on the context, rather than to categories with fixed definitions; and (b) it makes it easier to identify biases against intersectional groups, which depend on combinations of sensitive features. The inputs to our algorithm are a list of target tokens, e.g. names, and a word embedding. It outputs a number of Word Embedding Association Tests (WEATs) that capture various biases present in the data. We illustrate the utility of our approach on publicly available word embeddings and lists of names, and evaluate its output using crowdsourcing. We also show how removing names may not remove potential proxy bias.
Inhibition of Tumor-Derived Prostaglandin-E2 Blocks the Induction of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Recovers Natural Killer Cell Activity (2014)

Our results reveal an indispensable role of tumor-derived PGE2 in inducing MDSCs and suggest a favorable outcome of combining COX-2-targeted therapy and adoptive NK-cell transfer in patients with cancer.
Purification of cell culture‐derived modified vaccinia ankara virus by pseudo‐affinity membrane adsorbers and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (2010)

A purification scheme for cell culture-derived smallpox vaccines based on an orthogonal downstream process of pseudo-affinity membrane adsorbers (MA) and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) was investigated. The applied pseudo-affinity chromatography, based on reinforced sulfated cellulose and heparin-MA, was optimized in terms of dynamic binding capacities, virus yield and process productivity. HIC was introduced as a subsequent method to further reduce the DNA content. Therefore, two screens were undertaken. First, several HIC ligands were screened for different adsorption behavior between virus particles and DNA. Second, elution from pseudo-affinity MA and adsorption of virus particles onto the hydrophobic interaction matrix was explored by a series of buffers using different ammonium sulfate concentrations. Eventually, variations between different cultivation batches and buffer conditions were investigated.The most promising combination, a sulfated cellulose membrane adsorber with subsequent phenyl HIC resulted in overall virus particle recoveries ranging from 76% to 55% depending on the product batch and applied conditions. On average, 61% of the recovered virus particles were infective within all tested purification schemes and conditions. Final DNA content varied from 0.01% to 2.5% of the starting material and the level of contaminating protein was below 0.1%.
A single-channel 10-bit 160 MS/s SAR ADC in 65 nm CMOS (2014)

This paper demonstrates a single-channel 10-bit 160 MS/s successive-approximation-register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in 65 nm CMOS process with a 1.2 V supply voltage. To achieve high speed, a new window-opening logic based on the asynchronous SAR algorithm is proposed to minimize the logic delay, and a partial set-and-down DAC with binary redundancy bits is presented to reduce the dynamic comparator offset and accelerate the DAC settling. Besides, a new bootstrapped switch with a pre-charge phase is adopted in the track and hold circuits to increase speed and reduce area. The presented ADC achieves 52.9 dB signal-to-noise distortion ratio and 65 dB spurious-free dynamic range measured with a 30 MHz input signal at 160 MHz clock. The power consumption is 9.5 mW and a core die area of 250 × 200 μm2 is occupied.
Mean-Shift tracking algorithm with adaptive kernel-bandwidth of target (2013)

The bandwidth of traditional Mean-Shift tracking algorithm can not be adapted to size change of target. To overcome this problem, a new adaptive kernel-bandwidth selection method based on the comparison of Bhattacharyya coefficients is proposed in this paper. In this method, the Bhattacharyya coefficient is calculated by using histograms of target image and target background image, and then, a new Bhattacharyya coefficient is calculated according to the candidate image histogram of the current frame and the target background image during the process of tracking. Judging the changing trend of the target by comparing the two former coefficients and the kernel-bandwidth is expanded or shrunk by 10% according to the judgment. Finally, the target area is specified after the calculation above. The simulation results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper verifies the effectiveness of tracking of the targets with changing scales.
Targeted ablation of glia disrupts axon tract formation in the <i>Drosophila</i> CNS (1995)

Glial cells are thought to play a role in growth cone guidance, both in insects and in vertebrates. In the developing central nervous system of the Drosophila embryo, the interface glia form a scaffold prior to the extension of the first pioneer growth cones. Growing axons appear to contact the glial scaffold as the axon tracts are established. We have used a novel technique for targeted cell ablation to kill the interface glia and thus to test their role in establishment of the embryonic axon tracts. We show that ablation of the interface glia early in development leads to a complete loss of the longitudinal axon tracts. Ablation of the glia later in embryonic development results in defects comprising weakening and loss of axon fascicles within the connectives. We conclude that the interface glia are required first for growth cone guidance in the formation of the longitudinal axon tracts in the Drosophila embryo and then either to direct the follower growth cones, or to maintain the longitudinal axon tracts.
Applying supervisory control theory to discrete event systems modeled by object oriented principles (2002)

Implementation of complex discrete event manufacturing systems can be considerably simplified by use of general reusable software modules, representing the physical components. At the same time, construction of the control system can be facilitated by use of formal methods for automatic generation of the control laws. These two aspects can be joined into a general concept with object oriented modeling and control law synthesis as foundations. The goal is to allow an operator to specify the product routes through the system, for each type of product; irrespective of any other type of product that may be simultaneously present within the production system. Control laws guaranteeing production according to those product specifications can then be synthesized, given the model of the system. We will describe such an object-oriented modeling approach to discrete event manufacturing systems. Based on the supervisory control theory, using interleaved product routes as specification, it is shown how control laws can be synthesized. An added complexity is that such a specification becomes nondeterministic in the sense that the same string of events can lead to different system states. We have shown that the supervisory control theory can indeed be used with nondeterministic specifications, but also that the notion of controllability is not strong enough to guarantee an implementable supervisor.
Advanced Trailing Edge Blowing Concepts for Fan Noise Control: Experimental Validation (2005)

This thesis documents trailing edge blowing research performed to reduce rotor / stator interaction noise in turbofan engines. The existing technique of filling every velocity deficit requires a large amount of air and is therefore impractical. The purpose of this research is to investigate new blowing configurations in order to achieve noise reduction with lesser amounts of air. Using the new configurations air is not injected into every fan blade, but is instead varied circumferentially. For example, blowing air may be applied to alternating fan blades. This type of blowing configuration both reduces the amount of air used and changes the spectral shape of the tonal interaction noise. The original tones at the blade passing frequency and its harmonics are reduced and new tones are introduced between them. This change in the tonal spectral shape increases the performance of acoustic liners used in conjunction with trailing edge blowing. This thesis presents numerical predictions performed to estimate the sound power reductions due to these concepts, as well as experimental results taken on the ANCF rig at NASA Glenn for validation purposes. The results show that the new concepts are successful in increasing the efficiency of trailing edge blowing.
AIE macromolecules: syntheses, structures and functionalities (2014)

Macromolecules with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) attributes are a class of luminescent materials that display enhanced emission when they are aggregated. They have attracted much attention because of their good solubility, processability, high emission efficiency in the aggregated states, etc. A large variety of AIE macromolecules have been developed, showing exponential growth of research interest in this field. This review summarizes the design principles and recent synthetic advancements, topological structures, as well as the frontiers of functionalities and potential applications of AIE macromolecules, especially fluorescence sensing, biological applications and optoelectronic applications, with an emphasis on the recent progress. New luminogenic systems without conventional chromophores displaying aggregated state emission are discussed. The highly dense clusters of heteroatoms with lone pair electrons in these systems may serve as the chromophore and are cited as "heterodox clusters". It is expected that the mechanistic insights into the AIE phenomena, based on the restriction of intramolecular motions and structure rigidification, can guide the future design of AIE materials with fascinating structures and functionalities.
Consensus nomenclature for CD8<sup>+</sup>T cell phenotypes in cancer (2015)

Whereas preclinical investigations and clinical studies have established that CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells can profoundly affect cancer progression, the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. Challenging the prevalent view that the beneficial effect of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in cancer is solely attributable to their cytotoxic activity, several reports have indicated that the ability of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells to promote tumor regression is dependent on their cytokine secretion profile and their ability to self-renew. Evidence has also shown that the tumor microenvironment can disarm CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell immunity, leading to the emergence of dysfunctional CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells. The existence of different types of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in cancer calls for a more precise definition of the CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell immune phenotypes in cancer and the abandonment of the generic terms "pro-tumor" and "antitumor." Based on recent studies investigating the functions of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in cancer, we here propose some guidelines to precisely define the functional states of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in cancer.
War Injuries to the Extremities (1997)

Our experience emphasizes the importance of field hospitals in timely and adequate treatment of war wounds to the extremities. Treatment of the wound by a trained professional within 2 hours after wounding saved many lives and extremities. The patients were only rarely referred to the rear hospital.
Design of a Muscle-Powered Soft Robotic Bi-VAD for Long-Term Circulatory Support (2018)

Congestive heart failure (CHF) remains one of the most costly diseases in the industrialized world, both in terms of healthcare dollars and the loss of human life. Despite great strides made in the treatment of CHF using mechanical ventricular assist devices (VADs), several longstanding difficulties associated with pumping blood continue to limit their long-term use. Among the most troublesome have been the increased risk of infection associated with the use of percutaneous drivelines and the persistent risk of clot formation at the blood-device interface. Development of a completely self-contained, non-blood-contacting VAD for long-term use would therefore be an important advance in circulatory support technology. Toward that end, we have developed a muscle-powered co-pulsation VAD (Figure 1) that avoids both these problems by using an internal muscle energy converter (MEC) to drive a non-blood-contacting direct cardiac compression sleeve (DCCS) for long-term circulatory support.
3D Knitting patterns. Two independent, interpenetrating rutile-related infinite frameworks in the structure of Zn[C(CN)3]2 (1991)

S. R. Batten, B. F. Hoskins and R. Robson, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 445 DOI: 10.1039/C39910000445
The synthesis of 2-(functionalized methyl)-1.BETA.-methylcarbapenems. (1988)

The synthesis of 1 beta-methylcarbapenems having a ROCH2 substituent at the 2-position is described. Their in vitro antibacterial activity and DHP-I susceptibilities are presented.
Tapasin edits peptides on MHC class I molecules by accelerating peptide exchange (2009)

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein tapasin is essential for the loading of high-affinity peptides onto MHC class I molecules. It mediates peptide editing, i.e. the binding of peptides of successively higher affinity until class I molecules pass ER quality control and exit to the cell surface. The molecular mechanism of action of tapasin is unknown. We describe here the reconstitution of tapasin-mediated peptide editing on class I molecules in the lumen of microsomal membranes. We find that in a competitive situation between high- and low-affinity peptides, tapasin mediates the binding of the high-affinity peptide to class I by accelerating the dissociation of the peptide from an unstable intermediate of the binding reaction.
Inverse Temperature Crystallization of Formamidinium Tin Iodide: Indirect Transition State and Restriction of Cation Motion (2019)

Inverse temperature crystallization (ITC) growth of formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI3) is realized using γ-valerolactone (GVL) solvent, which possesses a low Gutmann acceptor number. The high-crystalline ITC-grown FASnI3 film was fabricated via a dip-coating method featuring a high-temperature substrate and a precursor solution using the GVL solvent. Transmittance measurements and photoluminescence spectroscopy revealed the presence of a narrow band gap in the FASnI3 ITC-grown film, contrasting with the band gap of a conventional single crystal and spin-coated film. Solid-state proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrated that formamidinium cations in the FASnI3 ITC-grown film were strongly bound with the SnI6 octahedron and that the motion of the formamidinium molecules was restricted, resulting in the stabilization of a metastable bonding state in the FASnI3 ITC-grown film. On the basis of these results and previous reports, the narrow band gap observed in the FASnI3 ITC-grown film was attributed to an indirect transition state induced by a Rashba splitting effect.