gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Boosting Monocular Depth Estimation with Lightweight 3D Point Fusion (2021)

In this paper, we propose enhancing monocular depth estimation by adding 3D points as depth guidance. Unlike existing depth completion methods, our approach performs well on extremely sparse and unevenly distributed point clouds, which makes it agnostic to the source of the 3D points. We achieve this by introducing a novel multi-scale 3D point fusion network that is both lightweight and efficient. We demonstrate its versatility on two different depth estimation problems where the 3D points have been acquired with conventional structure-from-motion and Li-DAR. In both cases, our network performs on par with state-of-the-art depth completion methods and achieves significantly higher accuracy when only a small number of points is used while being more compact in terms of the number of parameters. We show that our method outperforms some contemporary deep learning based multi-view stereo and structure-from-motion methods both in accuracy and in compactness.
Spikes: Exploring the Neural Code (1996)

Our perception of the world is driven by input from the sensory nerves. This input arrives encoded as sequences of identical spikes. Much of neural computation involves processing these spike trains. What does it mean to say that a certain set of spikes is the right answer to a computational problem? In what sense does a spike train convey information about the sensory world? Spikes begins by providing precise formulations of these and related questions about the representation of sensory signals in neural spike trains. The answers to these questions are then pursued in experiments on sensory neurons.The authors invite the reader to play the role of a hypothetical observer inside the brain who makes decisions based on the incoming spike trains. Rather than asking how a neuron responds to a given stimulus, the authors ask how the brain could make inferences about an unknown stimulus from a given neural response. The flavor of some problems faced by the organism is captured by analyzing the way in which the observer can make a running reconstruction of the sensory stimulus as it evolves in time. These ideas are illustrated by examples from experiments on several biological systems. Intended for neurobiologists with an interest in mathematical analysis of neural data as well as the growing number of physicists and mathematicians interested in information processing by real nervous systems, Spikes provides a self-contained review of relevant concepts in information theory and statistical decision theory. A quantitative framework is used to pose precise questions about the structure of the neural code. These questions in turn influence both the design and analysis of experiments on sensory neurons.
Performance of MWIR and SWIR HgCdTe-based focal plane arrays at high operating temperatures (2010)

Raytheon Vision Systems (RVS) is producing large format, high definition HgCdTe-based MWIR and SWIR focal plane arrays (FPAs) with pitches of 15 μm and smaller for various applications. Infrared sensors fabricated from HgCdTe have several advantages when compared to those fabricated from other materials -- such as a highly tunable bandgap, high quantum efficiencies, and R0A approaching theoretical limits. It is desirable to operate infrared sensors at elevated operating temperatures in order to increase the cooler life and reduce the required system power. However, the sensitivity of many infrared sensors, including those made from HgCdTe, declines significantly above a certain temperature due to the noise resulting from increasing detector dark current. In this paper we provide performance data on a MWIR and a SWIR focal plane array operating at temperatures up to 160K and 170K, respectively. The FPAs used in the study were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on silicon substrates, processed into a 1536x1024 format with a 15 μm pixel pitch, and hybridized to a silicon readout integrated circuit (ROIC) via indium bumps to form a sensor chip assembly (SCA). This data shows that the noise equivalent delta temperature (NEDT) is background limited at f/3.4 in the SWIR SCA (cutoff wavelength of 3.7 μm at 130K) up to 140K and in the MWIR SCA (cutoff wavelength of 4.8 μm at 115K) up to 115K.
Satirisk fake news: Når nyhedsmediernes virkemidler bruges til at udøve satire (2019)

Satirisk fake news er opfundne nyheder, der signalerer deres fiktive karakter. Selvom de åbenlyst ikke er korrekte, så er de holdningspåvirkende og fortæller noget om samtidens politiske, kulturelle og journalistiske landskab. I denne artikel introducerer vi til begrebet satirisk fake news og de overordnede funktioner og effekter, forskellige fake news-udtryk kan have.
Monoclonal Antibodies to Rabbit and Pig Zonae Pellucidae Distinguish Species-Specific and Shared Antigenic Determinants (1984)

Monoclonal antibodies against rabbit or porcine zonae pellucidae (ZP) demonstrate species-specific and shared antigenic determinants. In addition, these antibodies are used to characterize the biochemical nature of these determinants. All of six monoclonal antibodies developed against porcine ZP react with porcine but not with rabbit ZP. Only one of seven monoclonal antibodies developed against rabbit ZP cross-reacts with porcine ZP. None of these antibodies recognized antigens associated with other tissues tested. High-resolution, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) followed by immunoblotting was used to demonstrate that the cross-reactive antibody recognizes an antigenic determinant which is associated with the major low molecular weight glycoprotein of both the pig and rabbit ZP. Since this antibody recognizes all charge species of this glycoprotein, it is apparent that the antigenic determinant recognized by this antibody involves protein. Further studies demonstrate that proteolytic digestion of ZP will destroy the antigenic determinant while glycosidic digestion of ZP has no effect on antibody binding. Although polyclonal antibodies to this glycoprotein inhibit sperm from binding to the zona pellucida, this monoclonal antibody does not affect sperm binding. None of the species-specific antibodies recognize ZP glycoproteins following 2D-PAGE. This is a property typical of antibodies directed against conformational antigenic determinants. The presence of common as well as unique zona antigenic determinants could explain why ZP proteins induce heteroantibodies which result in infertility while alloimmunization has no effect on fertility.
Traceability-enabled refactoring for managing just-in-time requirements (2014)

Just-in-time requirements management, characterized by lightweight representation and continuous refinement of requirements, fits many iterative and incremental development projects. Being lightweight and flexible, however, can cause wasteful and procrastinated implementation, leaving certain stakeholder goals not satisfied. This paper proposes traceability-enabled refactoring aimed at fulfilling more requirements fully. We make a novel use of requirements traceability to accurately locate where the software should be refactored, and develop a new scheme to precisely determine what refactorings should be applied to the identified places. Our approach is evaluated through an industrial study. The results show that our approach recommends refactorings more appropriately than a contemporary recommender.
Reusable component interconnection patterns for distributed software architectures (2001)

This paper investigates the design of reusable component interconnection in client/ server systems. In particular, the paper describes the design of component interconnection patterns, which define and encapsulate the way client and server components communicate with each other. This paper uses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to describe the component interconnection patterns for synchronous, asynchronous, and brokered communication. When designing a new distributed application, the appropriate component interaction patterns may then be selected and reused.
Thermal stability of protective coatings produced on nickel based superalloy (2012)

Purpose: In this paper the results of high temperature cyclic oxidation tests of the protective diffusion coatings were presented. One of the main purposes of this work was to produce three different types of protective coatings by three different methods, i.e. slurry method, vapour phase aluminizing (VPA) and chemical vapour deposition (CVD), applied on nickel based Rene 80 superalloy substrate. Design/methodology/approach: The high temperature cyclic oxidation tests were carried out in 23h cycles at constant temperature 1100°C using Carbolite CWF 1300 chamber furnace. The samples were removed outside and were weighted after each cycle. The microstructure investigations of all kinds of the coatings were conducted by the use of light microscope (Nikon Epiphot 300) and a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi S-3400N). In the analysis influence of each method have been taken into consideration, i.e. especially influence of the kind of process on microstructure, coating thickness, chemical composition, first of all aluminium content (in outer ��-NiAl layer so-called additive layer, diffusion layer and substrate). For the chemical composition examination x-ray energy dispersive (EDS) method was applied using Thermo equipment. Findings: It was found that the best high cyclic oxidation resistance of coating was obtained using CVD method (the maximal increase of samples weight after 28th cycle was observed, whereas in case of the slurry sample after 3rd and VPA after 5th). Research limitations/implications: The research results will be used in the future in order to increase coating thickness, aluminium content and to produce Pt, Pd, Zr, Hf and Si modified aluminide coatings. Practical implications: The CVD method will be used to coat internal passages of turbine blades, for example to produce modified aluminide bond coats on single crystal nickel based superalloys. Originality/value: Chemical vapour deposition is an unique method which is a “pure method” and allows to coat hardly accessible locations/areas.
Forces stabilizing proteins (2014)

The goal of this article is to summarize what has been learned about the major forces stabilizing proteins since the late 1980s when site-directed mutagenesis became possible. The following conclusions are derived from experimental studies of hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding variants. (1) Based on studies of 138 hydrophobic interaction variants in 11 proteins, burying a -CH2- group on folding contributes 1.1±0.5 kcal/mol to protein stability. (2) The burial of non-polar side chains contributes to protein stability in two ways: first, a term that depends on the removal of the side chains from water and, more importantly, the enhanced London dispersion forces that result from the tight packing in the protein interior. (3) Based on studies of 151 hydrogen bonding variants in 15 proteins, forming a hydrogen bond on folding contributes 1.1±0.8 kcal/mol to protein stability. (4) The contribution of hydrogen bonds to protein stability is strongly context dependent. (5) Hydrogen bonds by side chains and peptide groups make similar contributions to protein stability. (6) Polar group burial can make a favorable contribution to protein stability even if the polar group is not hydrogen bonded. (7) Hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds both make large contributions to protein stability.
Hierarchically Structured ZnO Film for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells with Enhanced Energy Conversion Efficiency (2007)

A hierarchically-structured ZnO film consisting of secondary colloidal spheres of ~ 300 nm in diameter and primary nanoparticles of ~ 20 nm in diameter is shown to have an ~ 83% improvement in the overall light conversion efficiency, when compared to commercially-obtained ZnO film with ~ 25 nm particles. This increase is attributed to the hierarchical structure, where the secondary colloidal spheres promote light scattering for enhanced photon absorption.
Preparation and evaluation of a microemulsion for oral delivery of berberine. (2008)

The principal aim of this study was to develop an oral microemulsion formulation of berberine in order to improve its bioavailability. The Microemulsion was prepared with pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients such as oleic acid, Tween 80 and PEG400. Phase diagrams were drawn to elucidate the phase behavior of systems, which were composed of Tween 80 as surfactant and PEG400 as cosurfactant. A single isotropic region, considered to be a bicontinuous microemulsion, was detected in the pseudo ternary phase diagrams. The berberine-loaded microemulsion was characterized by viscosity, refractive index, electrical conductivity and particle size. In vivo pharmacokinetic profile and oral bioavailability were also investigated in rats. The optimized formulation was as follows: 15 wt.% oleic acid, 17 wt.% Tween-80, 17 wt.% PEG400, and 51 wt.% water. The formulated microemulsion was found to be relatively uniform in size (24.0 nm). The in vivo study indicated that the bioavailability of the oral berberine-loaded microemulsion formulation was 6.47 times greater than that of the berberine tablet suspensions. The results suggest that the microemulsion is a promising oral drug delivery system for berberine.
Fine-granularity tile-level parallelism in non-volatile memory architecture with two-dimensional bank subdivision (2016)

Emerging memory technologies such as phase-change memory (PCM) and resistive RAMs (RRAM) have been proposed as promising candidates for future DRAM replacements. Due to the nature of how these memories operate, unique properties (such as non-destructive read and current-sensing) can be exploited to further subdivide memory and provide increasing parallelism with negligible overhead. In this work, we leverage these properties to design a finegrained non-volatile memory (FgNVM), featuring two-dimensional bank subdivision for tile-level parallelism (TLP) in a NVM memory bank, with much finer-granularity and increased parallelism than the one-dimensional bank subdivision for subarray-level parallelism (SALP) in a DRAM memory bank. With such new tile-level parallelism, three new memory access modes are proposed for further performance improvement and energy reduction: Partial-Activation, Multi-Activation, and Background Writes. Our experimental results show that the new architecture is highly effective in boosting non-volatile memory performance with significant energy reduction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to study fine-granularity memory access in emerging non-volatile memory architectures.
Abstract 1238: IMCgp100: a novel bispecific biologic for the treatment of malignant melanoma. (2013)

Abstract Despite significant advances in the treatment of metastatic melanoma long-term remission for the majority of patients remains elusive. Kinase inhibitors provide potent but short-term responses for a significant proportion of patients and immunotherapy elicits long-term responses but only in a minority. IMCgp100 is a novel bi-specific immunotherapy comprising a soluble, affinity-enhanced, T cell receptor (TCR) specific for the melanoma-associated antigen gp100, fused to an anti-CD3 specific antibody fragment (scFv). The engineered TCR portion of the drug targets the gp100 peptide 280-288 antigen, which is over-expressed and presented by HLA-A2 on the surface of melanoma cells, thereby effectively coating these cells with CD3-specific antibody fragments. The anti-CD3 scFv portion captures and redirects T cells in physical contact with the melanoma cell to kill it. In vitro IMCgp100 potently redirects T cells from the blood of late stage cancer patients to target melanoma cells exhibiting substantial HLA-down regulation, even in the presence of high numbers of regulatory T cells. Target cell killing is observed within hours, and is associated with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and dendritic cell cross-presentation of gp100 and other melanoma-specific antigens. Thus, IMCgp100 demonstrates the potential to elicit potent short-term responses and trigger longer-term anti melanoma activity. As part of a Phase 1 dose-finding study in HLA-A2 positive patients with advanced melanoma, 18 patients have received single IV infusions of 5, 15, 45, 135, 270 or 405ng/Kg of IMCgp100. Seven patients have subsequently received weekly IMCgp100 infusions for 6 weeks, with a brief clinical response in 1 patient at 270ng/Kg. To date, the most frequent drug related toxicities observed are rash (12 patients), pruritus (7), hypotension (5) and oedema (7), starting at the 45ng/Kg dose level. The frequency, severity and duration of adverse events demonstrate a clear dose response relationship. Pharmacodynamic data show a transient reduction in peripheral lymphocyte count 24h after dosing, consistent with the proposed mechanism of action of IMCgp100. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicates a linear dose relationship, with Cmax at 4h and T1/2 of approximately 9h. IMCgp100 is well-tolerated, with evidence of T-cell trafficking after dosing. Toxicity to date has been consistent with on target effects. Citation Format: Mark Middleton, Jeff Evans, Neil Steven, Pippa G. Corrie, Clive Mulatero, Debbie Baker, Giovanna Bossi, Katherine Adams, Jane Harper, Andy Johnson, William Shingler, Dominic Smethurst, Namir Hassan, Yvonne McGrath, Bent Jakobsen. IMCgp100: a novel bispecific biologic for the treatment of malignant melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1238. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1238
Comparison of methods to determine methane emissions from dairy cows in farm conditions (2015)

Nutritional and animal-selection strategies to mitigate enteric methane (CH4) depend on accurate, cost-effective methods to determine emissions from a large number of animals. The objective of the present study was to compare 2 spot-sampling methods to determine CH4 emissions from dairy cows, using gas quantification equipment installed in concentrate feeders or automatic milking stalls. In the first method (sniffer method), CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations were measured in close proximity to the muzzle of the animal, and average CH4 concentrations or CH4/CO2 ratio was calculated. In the second method (flux method), measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentration was combined with an active airflow inside the feed troughs for capture of emitted gas and measurements of CH4 and CO2 fluxes. A muzzle sensor was used allowing data to be filtered when the muzzle was not near the sampling inlet. In a laboratory study, a model cow head was built that emitted CO2 at a constant rate. It was found that CO2 concentrations using the sniffer method decreased up to 39% when the distance of the muzzle from the sampling inlet increased to 30cm, but no muzzle-position effects were observed for the flux method. The methods were compared in 2 on-farm studies conducted using 32 (experiment 1) or 59 (experiment 2) cows in a switch-back design of 5 (experiment 1) or 4 (experiment 2) periods for replicated comparisons between methods. Between-cow coefficient of variation (CV) in CH4 was smaller for the flux than the sniffer method (experiment 1, CV=11.0 vs. 17.5%, and experiment 2, 17.6 vs. 28.0%). Repeatability of the measurements from both methods were high (0.72-0.88), but the relationship between the sniffer and flux methods was weak (R(2)=0.09 in both experiments). With the flux method CH4 was found to be correlated to dry matter intake or body weight, but this was not the case with the sniffer method. The CH4/CO2 ratio was more highly correlated between the flux and sniffer methods (R(2)=0.30), and CV was similar (6.4-8.8%). In experiment 2, cow muzzle position was highly repeatable (0.82) and influenced sniffer and flux method results when not filtered for muzzle position. It was concluded that the flux method provides more reliable estimates of CH4 emissions than the sniffer method. The sniffer method appears to be affected by variable air-mixing conditions created by geometry of feed trough, muzzle movement, and muzzle position.
Conductive Inkjet-Printed Antennas on Flexible Low-Cost Paper-Based Substrates for RFID and WSN Applications (2009)

In this paper, a review of the authors' work on inkjet-printed flexible antennas, fabricated on paper substrates, is given. This is presented as a system-level solution for ultra-low-cost mass production of UHF radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags and wireless sensor nodes (WSN), in an approach that could be easily extended to other microwave and wireless applications. First, we discuss the benefits of using paper as a substrate for high-frequency applications, reporting its very good electrical/dielectric performance up to at least 1 GHz. The RF characteristics of the paper-based substrate are studied by using a microstrip-ring resonator, in order to characterize the dielectric properties (dielectric constant and loss tangent). We then give details about the inkjet-printing technology, including the characterization of the conductive ink, which consists of nano-silver particles. We highlight the importance of this technology as a fast and simple fabrication technique, especially on flexible organic (e.g., LCP) or paper-based substrates. A compact inkjet-printed UHF ldquopassive RFIDrdquo antenna, using the classic T-match approach and designed to match the IC's complex impedance, is presented as a demonstration prototype for this technology. In addition, we briefly touch upon the state-of-the-art area of fully-integrated wireless sensor modules on paper. We show the first-ever two-dimensional sensor integration with an RFID tag module on paper, as well as the possibility of a three-dimensional multilayer paper-based RF/microwave structure.
Recognition using extended multiple discriminant analysis (EMDA) method (2003)

In this paper, we propose an extended multiple discriminant analysis (EMDA) method to solve the feature extraction problem in high dimensional pattern space for multiple classes discrimination. The proposed method can be seen as an extension of the traditional multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) method. which requires that the within-class scatter matrix is nonsingular. However, we may face many discriminant problems that do not satisfy this condition, such as the face recognition where the within-class matrix is often singular. To solve this problem, we extend the traditional MDA method and propose the EMDA method. The feature extraction strategy of the EMDA method is to maximize the trace of the between-class scatter matrix while constrains the trace of the within-class scatter matrix to be zero. However, to find the solution of the EMDA turns out to be a difficult task. In this paper, we find a way to overcome this problem. With the ORL face database, experiments show that the EMDA method reaches the lowest average class error rate compared to the eigenface method and the Fisherface method, which is only 49.9% of that the traditional eigenface and 79.4% of that the Fisherface method.
Jumping the Air Gap (2017)

The proliferation of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices within homes raises many security and privacy concerns. Recent headlines highlight the lack of effective security mechanisms in IoT devices. Security threats in IoT arise not only from vulnerabilities in individual devices but also from the composition of devices in unanticipated ways and the ability of devices to interact through both cyber and physical channels. Existing approaches provide methods for monitoring cyber interactions between devices but fail to consider possible physical interactions. To overcome this challenge, it is essential that security assessments of IoT networks take a holistic view of the network and treat it as a "system of systems", in which security is defined, not solely by the individual systems, but also by the interactions and trust dependencies between systems.