gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reach for <i>A</i>*: Efficient Point-to-Point Shortest Path Algorithms (2006)

We study the point-to-point shortest path problem in a setting where preprocessing is allowed. We improve the reach-based approach of Gutman [17] in several ways. In particular, we introduce a bidirectional version of the algorithm that uses implicit lower bounds and we add shortcut arcs to reduce vertex reaches. Our modifications greatly improve both preprocessing and query times. The resulting algorithm is as fast as the best previous method, due to Sanders and Schultes [28]. However, our algorithm is simpler and combines in a natural way with A* search, which yields significantly better query times.
Potent vasopressin antagonist modified at the carboxy-terminal tripeptide tail (1987)

In a continuing effort to design more potent renal vasopressin (V2 receptor) antagonists, we have focused our attention on the carboxy-terminal tripeptide tail (Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2), a fragment common to both agonists and antagonists. Vasopressin antagonist analogues having a dibasic dipeptide tail, e.g., Arg-Arg-NH2 or Arg-Lys-NH2, attached directly to the cyclic hexapeptide ring are potent V2-receptor antagonists. Similar modification of a representative agonist drastically reduces its potency. We report the synthesis and pharmacological properties of a series of potent V2-receptor antagonists 3-9 where a combination of D or L dibasic dipeptide has been utilized to replace the common tripeptide fragment. Our results suggest a difference in the way agonists and antagonists bind to vasopressin receptor and further support the difference in the structure-activity relationships of agonists and antagonists. These results provide potentially useful insights for the design of novel V2-receptor antagonists.
Data volume analysis of a 100+ Gb/s LEO-to-ground optical link with ARQ (2018)

Space-based optical links can, in principle, support high data rates by using power efficient communication schemes and unconstrained spectrum. In particular, direct links from low-Earth orbit (LEO) to ground have the potential to support very high rates due to the short link distances involved. In this work, we consider an architecture for LEO-to-ground links that operate at peak rates of 100+Gb=s. Such rates are routinely achieved over fiber channels using power-efficient, fiber-coupled transceivers; however, free-space systems that use these devices may need additional error control to ensure reliable communication over an atmospheric channel. We analyze the data volume, or throughput, that can be delivered by a LEO-to-ground system using fiber-coupled transceivers in conjunction with automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocols. We show that many terabytes per day can be delivered error-free from LEO to a single ground terminal for a variety of orbit and ground terminal geometries.
Molecular-Weight-Controlled, End-Capped Polybenzimidazoles (1993)

Novel molecular-weight-controlled end-capped poly(arylene ether benzimidazole)s (PAEBI's) prepared by nucleophilic displacement reaction of di(hydroxyl)benzimidazole monomers with activated aromatic dihalides. Polymers prepared at various molecular weights by upsetting stoichiometry of monomers and end-capped with monohydroxybenzimidazole. Exhibit favorable physical and mechanical properties, improved solubility in polar aprotic solvents and better compression moldability. Potential applications as adhesives, coatings, films, fibers, membranes, moldings, and composite matrix resins.
In Vitro Selection of RNA Aptamers to a Small Molecule Target (2002)

This unit describes the selection of aptamers that bind to a small molecule target from a single-stranded RNA pool. Aptamers generated from this type of selection experiment can potentially function as receptors for small molecules for applications ranging from medical diagnostics to environmental monitoring. This unit describes two modes of selection, one by column filtration and one by batch selection.
BrightArm&#x2122; therapy for patients with advanced dementia: A feasibility study (2013)

Virtual reality use in cognitive rehabilitation of advanced dementia has been sparse. Three residents of a Dementia Ward participated in a feasibility study of the BrightArm™ system. They played custom games targeting several cognitive domains including short-term and working memory. Clinician observation revealed a positive effect on emotive state, with technology well accepted by all participants.
46‐1: <i>Invited Paper</i> : Touch and Display Integration with Force (2016)

A mobile touch interface integrating capacitive sensing electrodes onto a TFT display with a single touch and display IC has been demonstrated. However, new user experiences such as force input can also be integrated into a production device without additional components.
Modified STING-activating cyclic dinucleotide derivatives significantly enhance the anti-tumor activity of therapeutic vaccines (2013)

Meeting abstracts The STING signaling pathway has emerged as a central TLR-independent mediator of host innate defense in response to sensing cytosolic nucleic acids, either through direct binding of CDNs secreted by intracellular bacteria, or through binding of a structurally distinct CDN produced
Nanoparticle-based Plasmonic Transduction for Modulation of Electrically Excitable Cells (2017)

There is a compelling need for the development of new sensory and neural prosthetic devices which are capable of more precise point stimulation. Current prosthetic devices suffer from the limitation of low spatial resolution due to the non-specific stimulation characteristics of electrical stimulation, i.e., the spread of electric fields generated. We present a visible light stimulation method for modulating the firing patterns of electrically-excitable cells using surface plasmon resonance phenomena. In in-vitro studies using gold (Au) nanoparticle-coated nanoelectrodes, we show that this method (substrate coated with nanoparticles) has the potential for incorporating this new technology into neural stimulation prosthetics, such as cochlear implants for the deaf, with very high spatial resolution. Au nanoparticles (NPs) were coated on micropipettes using aminosilane linkers; and these micropipettes were used for stimulating and inhibiting the action potential firing patterns of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and neonatal cardiomyocytes. Our findings pave the way for development of biomedical implants and neural testing devices using nanoelectrodes capable of temporally and spatially precise excitation and inhibition of electrically-excitable cellular activity.
The beta-catenin binding domain of adenomatous polyposis coli is sufficient for tumor suppression. (2000)

Inactivation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene is a critical event in the development of human colorectal cancers. At the biochemical level, several functions have been assigned to the multidomain APC protein, but the cellular effects of APC expression and how they relate to its biochemical functions are less well defined. To address these issues, we generated a recombinant adenovirus (Ad-CBR) that constitutively expresses the central third of APC, which includes all of the known beta-catenin binding repeats. When expressed in colon cancer cells, Ad-CBR blocked the nuclear translocation of beta-catenin and inhibited beta-catenin/Tcf-4-mediated transactivation. Accordingly, expression of endogenous targets of the APC/beta-catenin/Tcf-4 pathway was down-regulated. Ad-CBR infection of colorectal cancer cell lines with mutant APC but wild-type beta-catenin resulted in substantial growth arrest followed by apoptosis. These effects were attenuated in lines with wild-type APC but with mutated beta-catenin. These findings suggest that the beta-catenin-binding domain in the central third of APC is sufficient for its tumor suppressor activity.
Distributed Fibre Optic Temperature Sensing: A New Tool for Long-Term and Short-Term Temperature Monitoring in Boreholes (1997)

The distributed fibre optic temperature sensing technique represents a new physical approach for temperature measurements in geosciences. This method was applied for long-term surveying of temperature variations with time caused by injecting and extracting hot water in a 600-m-deep well. The measuring system was installed as a permanent sensor in the annulus between casing and tubings. The injection/ extraction regime was monitored by repeating the measurements euery few weeks. Short-term variations of the temperature during injection and extraction were studied by recording the temperature profile every 1 min over a time period of several hours. Testing shows that the fibre optic temperature sensing technique opens new possibilities for measuring the actual temperature along the entire length of a borehole as welt as for monitoring short-term and long-term temperature variations.
Tripulse: A system for determining orientation and attitude of a satellite borne active phased array (2002)

Tripulse is a novel system that is designed to accurately estimate the orientation of a satellite borne phased array relative to one or more Earth stations. It has conceptual similarities to amplitude comparison monopulse systems used in tracking radars. Tripulse differs from monopulse in that it is applicable primarily to transmitting active phased arrays aboard communication satellites. The signaling structure consists of a minimum of three separate time multiplexed coherent pulses. A statistical performance analysis and a description of the methodology for converting multiple ground station orientation data to attitude estimates are presented.
Efficient mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator based on CdSiP2 (2009)

We report the first optical parametric oscillator based on the new mid-infrared nonlinear optical crystal CdSiP2. Pumping with a 2W, 1.99-micron Tm:YALO laser produced 340 mW average power output (signal + idler) at 27% slope.
Synthesis of N‐Octyl‐2,7‐dimethoxy‐1,8‐bistrimethylsilyl‐3,6‐dibromocarbazole. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Cyclization via Onium Salts. A Novel Synthesis of 1,3‐Thiazolidines from Chloromethyl (Trimethylsilyl)methyl Sulfide and Nitrogen‐Containing Heteroaromatic Compounds. (1988)

Abstract The pyridine derivatives (I) are coupled with chloromethyl trimethylsilylmethyl sulfide (II) to form the intermediate pyridinium salts (III) which are cyclized upon desilylation to give the fused thiazolidines (IV).
Exosomes as a tumor immune escape mechanism: possible therapeutic implications (2008)

Advances in cancer therapy have been substantial in terms of molecular understanding of disease mechanisms, however these advances have not translated into increased survival in the majority of cancer types. One unsolved problem in current cancer therapeutics is the substantial immune suppression seen in patients. Conventionally, investigations in this area have focused on antigen-nonspecific immune suppressive molecules such as cytokines and T cell apoptosis inducing molecules such as Fas ligand. More recently, studies have demonstrated nanovesicle particles termed exosomes are involved not only in stimulation but also inhibition of immunity in physiological conditions. Interestingly, exosomes secreted by cancer cells have been demonstrated to express tumor antigens, as well as immune suppressive molecules such as PD-1L and FasL. Concentrations of exosomes from plasma of cancer patients have been associated with spontaneous T cell apoptosis, which is associated in some situations with shortened survival. In this paper we place the "exosome-immune suppression" concept in perspective of other tumor immune evasion mechanisms. We conclude by discussing a novel therapeutic approach to cancer immune suppression by extracorporeal removal of exosomes using hollow fiber filtration technology.
Quantum-Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers With Polarization-Independent Gains in 1.5-$\mu$m Wavelength Bands (2008)

We have demonstrated a polarization-independent gain in semiconductor optical amplifiers that have columnar quantum dots surrounded by strained side barriers in 1.5-mum wavelength bands. We obtained a polarization-dependent gain of 0.5 dB with a gain of 10 dB and a saturation output power of 18 dBm at a wavelength of 1.55 mum.
Reducing multidatabase query response time by tree balancing (1995)

Execution of multidatabase queries differs from that of traditional queries in that sort merge and hash joins are more often favored, as nested loop join requires repeated accesses to external data sources. As a consequence, left deep join trees obtained by traditional (e.g., System-R style) optimizers for multidatabase queries are often suboptimal, with respect to response time, due to the long delay for a sort merge (or hash) join node to produce its last result after the subordinate join node did. In this paper, we present an optimization strategy that first produces an optimal left deep join tree and then reduces the response time using simple tree transformations. This strategy has the advantages of guaranteed minimum total resource usage, improved response time, and low optimization overhead. We describe a class of basic transformations that is the cornerstone of our approach. Then we present algorithms that effectively apply basic transformations to balance a left deep join tree, and discuss how the technique can be incorporated into existing query optimizers.
Enhanced Next Generation Millimeter-Wave Multicarrier System with Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (2016)

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a popular multicarrier technique used to attain high spectral efficiencies. It also has other advantages such as multipath tolerance and ease of implementation. However, OFDM based systems suffer from high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) problem. Because of the nonlinearity of the power amplifiers, the high PAPR causes significant distortion in the transmitted signal for millimeter-wave (mmWave) systems. To alleviate the high PAPR problem, this paper utilizes Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) which can achieve high spectral efficiency as well as low PAPR. In this paper, we show the performance of GFDM using the IEEE 802.11ad multicarrier frame structures. IEEE 802.11ad is considered one of the most successful industry standards utilizing unlicensed mmWave frequency band. In addition, this paper indicates the feasibility of using GFDM for the future standards such as IEEE 802.11ay. This paper studies the performance improvements in terms of PAPR reduction for GFDM. Based on the performance results, the optimal numbers of subcarriers and subsymbols are calculated for PAPR reduction while minimizing the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance degradation. Moreover, transmitter side ICI (Intercarrier Interference) reduction is introduced to reduce the receiver load.
High-sensitivity Q-band electron spin resonance imaging system with submicron resolution (2011)

A pulsed electron spin resonance (ESR) microimaging system operating at the Q-band frequency range is presented. The system includes a pulsed ESR spectrometer, gradient drivers, and a unique high-sensitivity imaging probe. The pulsed gradient drivers are capable of producing peak currents ranging from ∼9 A for short 150 ns pulses up to more than 94 A for long 1400 ns gradient pulses. Under optimal conditions, the imaging probe provides spin sensitivity of ∼1.6 × 10(8) spins∕√Hz or ∼2.7 × 10(6) spins for 1 h of acquisition. This combination of high gradients and high spin sensitivity enables the acquisition of ESR images with a resolution down to ∼440 nm for a high spin concentration solid sample (∼10(8) spins∕μm(3)) and ∼6.7 μm for a low spin concentration liquid sample (∼6 × 10(5) spins/μm(3)). Potential applications of this system range from the imaging of point defects in crystals and semiconductors to measurements of oxygen concentration in biological samples.
Observation of Increased Ion Cyclotron Resonance Signal Duration through Electric Field Perturbations (2005)

Ion motion in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) is complex and the subject of ongoing theoretical and experimental studies. Two predominant pathways for the loss of ICR signals are thought to include damping of cyclotron motion, in which ions lose kinetic energy and radially damp toward the center of the ICR cell, and dephasing of ion coherence, in which ions of like cyclotron frequency become distributed out of phase at similar cyclotron radii. Both mechanisms result in the loss of induced ion image current in FTICR-MS measurements and are normally inseparable during time-domain signal analysis. For conventional ICR measurements which take advantage of ion ensembles, maximization of the ion population size and density can produce the desired effect of increasing phase coherence of ions during cyclotron motion. However, this approach also presents the risk of coalescence of ion packets of similar frequencies. In general, ICR researchers in the past have lacked the tools necessary to distinguish or independently control dephasing and damping mechanisms for ICR signal loss. Nonetheless, the ability to impart greater phase coherence of ions in ICR measurements will allow significant advances in FTICR-MS research by improving the current understanding of ICR signal loss contributions of dephasing and damping of ion ensembles, increasing overall time-domain signal length, and possibly, resulting in more routine ultrahigh resolution measurements. The results presented here demonstrate the ability to employ a high density electron beam to perturb electric fields within the ICR cell during detection of cyclotron motion, in an approach we call electron-promoted ion coherence (EPIC). As such, EPIC reduces ICR signal degradation through loss of phase coherence, and much longer time-domain signals can be obtained. Our results demonstrate that time-domain signals can be extended by more than a factor of 4 with the implementation of EPIC, as compared to conventional experiments with otherwise identical conditions. The application of EPIC has also been observed to reduce the appearance of peak coalescence. These capabilities are not yet fully optimized nor fully understood in terms of the complex physics that underlies the enhancement. However, the enhanced time-domain signals can result in improved resolution in frequency-domain signals, and as such, this result is important for more efficient utilization of FTICR-MS. High resolution and accurate mass analysis are prime motivating factors in the application of advanced FTICR technology. We believe the approach presented here and derivatives from it may have significant benefit in future applications of advanced FTICR technology.
Detecting anomalies from echocardiography using multi-view regression of clinical measurements (2018)

Automated methods for detection of abnormalities in echocardiography are valuable for screening and routing patients with various cardiovascular diseases. Existing methods of abnormality detection are specific to the disease and usually involve extraction of various anatomical structures seen in an echocardiogram and hence, are dependent on accurate segmentation methods. In this paper, we propose a novel method of determining abnormalities from echocardiograms by directly regressing for key measurements using suitable deep learning networks. This method is illustrated in the automatic discrimination of normal and dilated cardiomyopathy cases. Specifically, a network is trained on the association of specific echocardiogram views with clinical measurements taken from such views. We show the superiority of this method of assessing abnormality by comparing it to the conventional region extraction and region characterization methods.
Molecular and Cellular Effects of C‐peptide—New Perspectives on an Old Peptide (2003)

New results present C-peptide as a biologically active peptide hormone in its own right. Although C-peptide is formed from proinsulin and cosecreted with insulin, it is a separate entity with biochemical and physiological characteristics that differ from those of insulin. There is direct evidence of stereospecific binding of C-peptide to a cell surface receptor, which is different from those for insulin and other related hormones. The C-peptide binding site is most likely a G-protein-coupled receptor. The association constant for C-peptide binding is approximately 3 x 10(9) M(-1). Saturation of the binding occurs already at a concentration of about 1 nM, which explains why C-peptide effects are not observed in healthy subjects. Binding of C-peptide results in activation of Ca2+ and MAPK-dependent pathways and stimulation of Na+,K(+)-ATPase and eNOS activities. The latter 2 enzymes are both deficient in several tissues in type 1 diabetes. There is some evidence that C-peptide, and insulin may interact synergistically on the insulin signaling pathway. Clinical evidence suggests that replacement of C-peptide, together with regular insulin therapy, may be beneficial in patients with type 1 diabetes and serve to retard or prevent the development of long-term complications.
Investigations on a virtual airflow meter using projected motor and fan efficiencies (2014)

Airflow measurements are not as accurate as needed in air-handling units due to space and cost limitations of physical meters. Generally, the airflow in an air-handling unit is propelled by a fan driven by a motor and, hence, the airflow rate is related to fan-motor system performance, which can be affected by other measurable variables, such as fan head and motor power. Theoretically, a virtual airflow meter can be developed to virtually obtain the airflow rate from measured fan head and motor power along with projected motor and fan efficiency models. Because variable frequency drives have been widely installed in HVAC systems, a comprehensive motor efficiency model is needed to project motor efficiency under variable frequency and voltage. At the same time, an in situ fan efficiency curve needs to be projected through a calibration process corresponding to actual fan head measurement. This article explores a theoretical model of virtual airflow meters in order to identify the relationship of fan airflow rate with measurable fan head, motor power, and power frequency and voltage; then, demonstrates a procedure to implement a virtual airflow meter and validate the virtual fan airflow meter through an experiment. The results show that airflow measurements from the virtual airflow meter match very well with a conventional duct mounted airflow meter with an standard deviation of 0.0177 m3/s (37.5 cubic feet per minute [CFM]) for instant measurement and 0.0142 m3/s (30.1 CFM) for a 5-min moving average with the measured airflow range between 0.45 m3/s (950 CFM) and 0.70 m3/s (1,480 CFM).
CASA-NLU: Context-Aware Self-Attentive Natural Language Understanding for Task-Oriented Chatbots (2019)

Arshit Gupta, Peng Zhang, Garima Lalwani, Mona Diab. Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). 2019.