gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impedance-matched Marx generators (2017)

We have conceived a new class of prime-power sources for pulsed-power accelerators: impedance-matched Marx generators (IMGs). The fundamental building block of an IMG is a brick, which consists of two capacitors connected electrically in series with a single switch. An IMG comprises a single stage or several stages distributed axially and connected in series. Each stage is powered by a single brick or several bricks distributed azimuthally within the stage and connected in parallel. The stages of a multistage IMG drive an impedance-matched coaxial transmission line with a conical center conductor. When the stages are triggered sequentially to launch a coherent traveling wave along the coaxial line, the IMG achieves electromagnetic-power amplification by triggered emission of radiation. Hence a multistage IMG is a pulsed-power analogue of a laser. To illustrate the IMG approach to prime power, we have developed conceptual designs of two ten-stage IMGs with $LC$ time constants on the order of 100 ns. One design includes 20 bricks per stage, and delivers a peak electrical power of 1.05 TW to a matched-impedance $1.22\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\Omega}$ load. The design generates 113 kV per stage and has a maximum energy efficiency of 89%. The other design includes a single brick per stage, delivers 68 GW to a matched-impedance $19\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\Omega}$ load, generates 113 kV per stage, and has a maximum energy efficiency of 90%. For a given electrical-power-output time history, an IMG is less expensive and slightly more efficient than a linear transformer driver, since an IMG does not use ferromagnetic cores.
An effective synchronization approach for fast and accurate multi-core instruction-set simulation (2009)

This paper proposes a synchronization approach for fast and accu-rate Multi-Core Instruction-Set Simulation (MCISS). An ideal MCISS should run accurately in a real-time fashion. In order to achieve accurate simulation results of MCISS, a lock-step approach, which synchronizes every cycle, is commonly used. However, this approach introduces immense overhead and lowers the simulation speed. Instead of synchronizing every cycle, our approach synchronizes the MCISS based on the data dependency among the simulated programs. Therefore, the synchronization overheads can be highly reduced while the accurate simulation results are ensured. With the proposed approach applied, the simulation speed of MCISS is up to 40 ~ 1,000 million instructions per second (MIPS) in general.
Iron Boltzmann factor LIDAR: Proposed new remote-sensing technique for mesospheric temperature (1995)

Describes a new lidar technique for upper atmospheric temperature measurement. The proposed lidar exploits the Fe layer in the 80-100 km altitude region. Absolute temperatures are inferred by the Maxwell-Boltzmann relationship from the ratio of lidar returns from mesospheric Fe atoms at 372 and 374 nm corresponding to the ground-state resonance line and a thermally populated resonance line, respectively. The wavelengths of the new lidar are favorable for capturing Rayleigh signals from the middle atmosphere. A simulation indicates that a complete temperature profile from 30 to 100 km can be acquired with the proposed lidar by monitoring simultaneously the Rayleigh signals and the Fe fluorescence returns excited by the same transmitter pulse. >
Status of the special-purpose airfoil families (1987)

This work is directed at developing thin and thick airfoil families, for rotors with diameters of 10 to 30 m, that enhance energy output at low to medium wind speeds and provide more consistent operating characteristics with lower fatigue loads at high wind speeds. Performance is enhanced through the use of laminar flow, while more consistent rotor operating characteristics at high wind speeds are achieved by tailoring the airfoil such that the maximum lift coefficient C/sub 1,max/ is largely independent of roughness effects. Using the Eppler airfoil design code, two thin and one thick airfoil family were designed; each family has a root, outboard, and tip airfoil. Two-dimensional wind-tunnel tests were conducted to verify the predicted performance characteristics for both a thin and thick outboard airfoil from these families. Atmospheric tests on full-scale wind turbines will complete the verification process. 3 refs., 7 figs., 3 tabs.
Room Temperature Bonding of Polymer to Glass Wafers Using Surface Activated Bonding (SAB) Method (2013)

A new process for room temperature bonding of polymer to polymer and polymer to glass wafers was developed. The room temperature bonding of PEN (polyethylene naphthalate) -PEN, PET (polyethylene terephthalate) -PET, Kapton-PEN, Kapton-PET, PEN-Glass (non-alkali glass) and Kapton-Glass was performed by the modified SAB method. No void is observed at the bonding interface with the optimized condition and bonding interface is so strong that the failure occurred not at the bonded interface but rather in the bulk polymer.
Black-box Adversarial Attacks with Bayesian Optimization (2019)

We focus on the problem of black-box adversarial attacks, where the aim is to generate adversarial examples using information limited to loss function evaluations of input-output pairs. We use Bayesian optimization~(BO) to specifically cater to scenarios involving low query budgets to develop query efficient adversarial attacks. We alleviate the issues surrounding BO in regards to optimizing high dimensional deep learning models by effective dimension upsampling techniques. Our proposed approach achieves performance comparable to the state of the art black-box adversarial attacks albeit with a much lower average query count. In particular, in low query budget regimes, our proposed method reduces the query count up to $80\%$ with respect to the state of the art methods.
Generation and characterization of CD1d‐specific single‐domain antibodies with distinct functional features (2016)

Ligation of the CD1d antigen-presenting molecule by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can trigger important biological functions. For therapeutic purposes camelid-derived variable domain of heavy-chain-only antibodies (VHH) have multiple advantages over mAbs because they are small, stable and have low immunogenicity. Here, we generated 21 human CD1d-specific VHH by immunizing Lama glama and subsequent phage display. Two clones induced maturation of dendritic cells, one clone induced early apoptosis in CD1d-expressing B lymphoblasts and multiple myeloma cells, and another clone blocked recognition of glycolipid-loaded CD1d by CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. In contrast to reported CD1d-specific mAbs, these CD1d-specific VHH have the unique characteristic that they induce specific and well-defined biological effects. This feature, combined with the above-indicated general advantages of VHH, make the CD1d-specific VHH generated here unique and useful tools to exploit both CD1d ligation as well as disruption of CD1d-iNKT interactions in the treatment of cancer or inflammatory disorders.
Finite-size effects in bismuth nanowires (1998)

Arrays of semimetallic Bi nanowires, fabricated by electrodeposition, exhibit strong finite-size effects in transport properties as the carrier mean-free path is limited by the wire dimensions. We have observed a resistivity enhancement, a very large positive magnetoresistance, and a resistance maximum that depends on the strength and orientation of the magnetic field and the nanowire diameter. These results demonstrate electrodeposited Bi nanowires as a new medium for studying the intricate physics in Bi nanostructures.
Hydrogen Peroxide Induces Spawning in Mollusks, with Activation of Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthetase (1977)

Addition of hydrogen peroxide to seawater causes synchronous spawning in gravid male and female abalones, and certain other mollusks as well. This effect is blocked by exposure of the animals to aspirin, an inhibitor of the enzyme catalyzing oxidative synthesis of prostaglandin endoperoxide. Hydrogen peroxide activates this enzymatic reaction in cell-free extracts prepared from abalone eggs (a very rich source of the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase); this effect appears to reveal a fundamental property of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthesis. Applicability of these findings to both mariculture and medical purposes is suggested.
Effective Medium Theory combined with a polydisperse Structure Factor Model for characterizing red blood cell aggregation (2016)

Quantitative ultrasound techniques for determining red blood cell (RBC) aggregate structures rely on a theoretical scattering model to fit the BackScatter Coefficient (BSC) of blood to an estimated theoretical BSC. The two scattering theories commonly used are the Structure Factor Size Estimator (SFSE) and the Effective Medium Theory combined with the Structure Factor Model (EMTSFM), that assume locally RBC aggregates of identical size. The aim of this work was to further develop the EMTSFM to incorporate the polydispersity in terms of aggregate size, and assess its ability to estimate the aggregate size distribution with in vitro experiments. The polydisperse EMTSFM assumes that the aggregate compactness is identical and that the aggregate radius follows a statistical Schulz distribution. This model consists of treating the RBC aggregates as individual homogenous spheres and of calculating the scattering from the polydisperse system of effective spheres using the local monodisperse approximation. The polydisperse EMTSFM allows to estimate three parameters: the compactness of aggregates φi, the mean radius of aggregates rag/a, where a is the radius of a single RBC, and the width factor z of the aggregate size distribution. Ultrasonic backscatter measurements were conducted at frequencies ranging from 10 to 43 MHz on porcine blood sheared in a Couette flow device. The distribution of aggregate sizes estimated with the polydisperse EMTSFM was compared with those obtained with the SFSE and the monodisperse EMTSFM. Aggregate sizes were also quantified under the same shear rates using a plane-plane rheometer coupled with a light microscope. The aggregate size distributions estimated with the polydisperse EMTSFM agreed well with the optical observations performed on the same blood sheared in the plane-plane rheometer, especially for the smallest shear rates (corresponding to the highest aggregation levels).
Design and fabrication of crack-junctions (2017)

Nanogap electrodes consist of pairs of electrically conducting tips that exhibit nanoscale gaps. They are building blocks for a variety of applications in quantum electronics, nanophotonics, plasmonics, nanopore sequencing, molecular electronics, and molecular sensing. Crack-junctions (CJs) constitute a new class of nanogap electrodes that are formed by controlled fracture of suspended bridge structures fabricated in an electrically conducting thin film under residual tensile stress. Key advantages of the CJ methodology over alternative technologies are that CJs can be fabricated with wafer-scale processes, and that the width of each individual nanogap can be precisely controlled in a range from <2 to >100 nm. While the realization of CJs has been demonstrated in initial experiments, the impact of the different design parameters on the resulting CJs has not yet been studied. Here we investigate the influence of design parameters such as the dimensions and shape of the notches, the length of the electrode-bridge and the design of the anchors, on the formation and propagation of cracks and on the resulting features of the CJs. We verify that the design criteria yields accurate prediction of crack formation in electrode-bridges featuring a beam width of 280 nm and beam lengths ranging from 1 to 1.8 μm. We further present design as well as experimental guidelines for the fabrication of CJs and propose an approach to initiate crack formation after release etching of the suspended electrode-bridge, thereby enabling the realization of CJs with pristine electrode surfaces.
Asymmetric End-Functionalization of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2005)

Asymmetric end-functionalization of carbon nanotubes was achieved by sequentially floating a substrate-free aligned carbon nanotube film on two different photoreactive solutions with only one side of the nanotube film being contacted with the photoreactive solution and exposed to UV light each time. The resultant nanotubes with different chemical reagents attached onto their opposite tube-ends should be very useful for site-selective self-assembling of carbon nanotubes into many novel functional structures for various potential applications.
Reconstruction of Transient Acoustic Radiation From Impulsively Accelerated Objects (2001)

Abstract The HELS method (Wu, 2000) is extended to reconstruction of transient acoustic radiation from an impulsively accelerated object. The temporal acoustic pressure field is reconstructed by taking an inverse Fourier transformation of the acoustic pressure in the frequency domain. The infinite integral is replaced by a contour integral and evaluated using the residue theory. The formulations thus derived are valid for a spherical surface with an arbitrary normal velocity distribution. These formulations are used to reconstruct the normal surface velocities and transient acoustic fields generated by explosively expanding sphere, impulsively accelerating sphere, and impulsively accelerating baffled sphere. Results show that satisfactory reconstruction can be obtained with relatively few measurements taken around the object under consideration.
Testing and Design-for-Testability Techniques for 3D Integrated Circuits (2011)

Technology scaling for higher performance and lower power consumption is being hampered today by the bottleneck of interconnect lengths. 3D integrated circuits (3DICs) based on through-silicon vias (TSVs) have emerged as a promising solution for overcoming the interconnect bottleneck. However, testing of 3D ICs remains a significant challenge, and breakthroughs in test technology are needed to make 3Dintegration commercially viable. This paper presents a survey of test challenges for 3D ICs and describes recent innovations on various aspects of 3D testing and DfT. Topics covered include pre-bond testing (BIST and TSV probing), optimizations for post bond testing, and cost modeling for 3D integration and associated test flows.
Mitral Valve repair for surgical remodeling (2000)

In conclusion, mitral reconstruction via an annuloplasty ring effectively corrects mitral regurgitation in cardiomyopathy patients and is a safe procedure in a high-risk population with an acceptable operative mortality rate. Not only has survival in these patients improved but also functional status has changed remarkably. The effects of this procedure in patients with severe myocardial dysfunction may be attributed to a decrease in the regurgitant orifice area, improvement in the efficiency of each contraction with better effective forward flow, an increase in coronary flow reserve, and reversal of some the alterations in the neurohormonal changes seen in heart failure. These changes all contribute to restoration of the normal left ventricular geometric relationship. While longer-term follow-up is necessary with a greater number of patients, we are encouraged by these results and feel that mitral reconstruction offers a new strategy for end-stage cardiomyopathy.
Autonomous real-time object tracking with an adaptive joint transform correlator (1990)

A hybrid optical/digital system for tracking an object in a sequence of images is described. Since a joint transform correlator does not require a matched spatial filter in the correlation process, object tracking can be carried out by continuously updating the reference image with the object image in the previous frame. This adaptive property of a joint transform correlator, together with the parallelism and high processing speed of an optical system, ensure high correlation between objects in two sequential frames. The relative position of the object can then be determined based on the location of the correlation peak. System performance is evaluated and experimental demonstrations are presented.
Surreptitious Deployment and Execution of Kernel Agents in Windows Guests (2012)

As more and more virtual machines (VM) are packed into a physical machine, refactoring common kernel components shared by the virtual machines running on the same physical machine significantly reduces the overall resource consumption. A refactored kernel component typically runs on a special VM called a virtual appliance. Because of the semantics gap in Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)-based virtualization, a physical machine's virtual appliance requires the support of per-VM in-guest agents to perform VM-specific operations such as kernel data structure access and modification. To simplify deployment, these agents must be injected into guest virtual machines without requiring any manual installation. Moreover, it is essential to protect the integrity of in-guest agents at run time, especially when the underlying refactored kernel service is security-related. This paper describes the design, implementation and evaluation of a surreptitious kernel agent deployment and execution mechanism called SADE that requires zero installation effort and effectively hides the execution of agent code. To demonstrate the efficacy of SADE, we describe a signature-based memory scanning virtual appliance that uses SADE to inject its in-guest kernel agents without any support from the injected virtual machine, and show that both the start-up overhead and the run-time performance penalty of SADE are quite modest in practice.
Plasma diagnostics with a high-aspect ratio cylindrical probe used as an impedance probe (2011)

Using a network analyzer to supply a driving rf signal to varying sizes of spherical probes in plasma, we have performed plasma diagnostics using theory based on an assumption of a thin sheath and a collisionless plasma. The rf signal applied to the probe by the network analyzer is small in magnitude compared to probe bias voltages and the instrument returns both real and imaginary parts of the complex plasma impedance as a function of frequency for given bias voltages. This information can be used to determine plasma potential, electron density and temperature, in addition to the electron distribution function. Further, we have shown that sheath resistance and sheath density profiles are also a product of the method. The theoretical basis of the work indicates that in the thin sheath limit the results should be independent of probe geometry. To test this we have used a 100-1 (length - radius) aspect ratio cylinder which we also sweep as a Langmuir probe. We compare the impedance-based plasma measurements to those of the cylinder when swept as a Langmuir probe using conventional algorithms to reduce the I-V characteristic. This method has general application to either laboratory or space plasma measurement.
Prepenetrant Etchant For Incology(R) 903 Weld Overlays (1990)

Etching solution developed for use prior to type-IVc penetrant inspection of Incology(R) 903 weld overlays. Formulated as follows: 80 g ferric chloride hexahydrate, 300 mL reagent-grade hydrochloric acid, 25 mL food- or reagent-grade phosphoric acid, and 100 mL ethylene glycol. Gives more reasonable range of etching time and reduces probability of overetching and resulting damage. Stored indefinitely.
Rapid nondestructive measurement of bacterial cultures with 3D interferometric imaging (2019)

The agar culture plate has played a crucial role in bacteriology since the origins of the discipline and is a staple bioanalytical method for efforts ranging from research to standard clinical diagnostic tests. However, plating, inoculating, and waiting for microbes to develop colonies that are visible is time-consuming. In this work, we demonstrate white-light interferometry (WLI) as a practical tool for accelerated and improved measurement of bacterial cultures. High resolution WLI surface profile imaging was used for nondestructive characterization and counting of bacterial colonies on agar before they became visible to the naked eye. The three-dimensional (3D) morphology of Gram-negative (Pseudomonas fluorescens) and Gram-positive (Bacillus thuringiensis) bacterial species were monitored with WLI over time by collecting surface profiles of colonies on agar plates with high vertical resolution (3-5 nanometers) and large field of view (3-5 mm). This unique combination of sensitive vertical resolution and large field of view uniquely provided by WLI enables measurement of colony morphologies and nondestructive monitoring of hundreds of microcolonies. Individual bacteria were imaged within the first few hours after plating and colonies were accurately counted with results comparing favorably to counts made by traditional methods that require much longer wait times. Nondestructive imaging was used to track single cells multiplying into small colonies and the volume changes over time in these colonies were used to measure their growth rates. Based on the results herein, bioimaging with WLI was demonstrated as a novel rapid bacterial culture assay with several advantageous capabilities. Fast nondestructive counting of colony-forming units in a culture and simultaneous measurement of bacterial growth rates and colony morphology with this method may be beneficial in research and clinical applications where current methods are either too slow or are destructive.
PNEUMATIC POWERTRAIN FOR AN AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE (2010)

\n\t\t\t\t\tA pneumatic vehicle is provided with a chassis, wheels, a compressed air tank, a heat exchanger to heat the compressed air, and an air motor driven by the heated air and connected to at least one wheel. A pneumatic vehicle is provided with a chassis, wheels, a compressed air tank, and an air motor driven by the compressed air and connected to a wheel. The vehicle also has a ventilation system for the passenger compartment, a heat exchanger, and a restrictive solenoid valve for directing ventilation system air to the heat exchanger. A pneumatic vehicle is provided with a chassis, wheels, an aluminum compressed air tank, a carbon filament reinforced plastic layer over the tank, a fiberglass and aramid-fiber layer over the carbon filament reinforced plastic layer, and an air motor driven by the compressed air and connected to at least one wheel.\n\t\t\t\t
Distributed crossbar architecture for area-efficient combined data/instruction caches with multiple ports (2004)

A proposal to improve the low access bandwidth of conventional one-port caches by utilising a multi-bank structure with distributed crossbar to increase port number at small additional area cost is presented. This enables combination of data and instruction caches into a single multi-port cache as well as different wordlength for each port. Through dynamically scheduling the storage space used for data and instructions, 25% smaller storage capacity is sufficient for a given maximum cache-miss probability.
Thermoacoustic Tomography Using Integrating Detectors (2005)

Thermoacoustic (optoacoustic, photoacoustic) tomography is an emerging technology for imaging semitransparent objects, like soft biological tissue. A novel measurement setup using integrating detectors is proposed and demonstrated by reconstructing the cross section of a grape.