gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Water Level Measurements Using GPS (2005)

Accurate knowledge about sea level and its change is essential to humanity because a large proportion of the Earth's population lives in coastal regions.This study discusses the existing techniques for sea level measurements, including the use of different types of gauges (e.g., water level gauge or tide gauge, and bottom pressure gauge), as well as GPS and satellite altimetry.The GPS water level measurements from a buoy or a vessel are presented and utilized in this study along with other techniques to collect ellipsoidal, geocentric sea surface height measurements for various studies that help improve our knowledge about sea level and its change.An operational technique of using GPS water level measurement is proposed in this study.The limitation and an upper bound accuracy of the kinematic (epoch-by-epoch) positioning in terms of baseline length are discussed.A set of GPS data in Lake Erie, including buoy data as well as a local GPS network on land, are used to provide the numerical results.Three main applications of using the GPS water level measurements are presented in this study.They are integration of various data sources in the coastal, satellite radar calibration, and GPS hydrology.The objective of these applications is to demonstrate the potential of the GPS technique in collecting water level measurements.The use of GPS 3.
Giant resistance switching in metal-insulator-manganite junctions: Evidence for Mott transition (2005)

Heteroepitaxial ${\mathrm{CeO}}_{2}(80\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})∕{\mathrm{L}}_{0.67}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.33}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}(400\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ film structures have been pulsed laser deposited on ${\mathrm{LaAlO}}_{3}(001)$ single crystals to fabricate two terminal resistance switching devices. $\mathrm{Ag}∕{\mathrm{CeO}}_{2}∕{\mathrm{L}}_{0.67}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.33}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ junctions exhibit reproducible switching between a high resistance state (HRS) with insulating properties and a semiconducting or metallic low resistance state (LRS) with resistance ratios up to ${10}^{5}$. Reversible electrical switching is a polar effect achievable both in continuous sweeping mode and in the pulse regime. Successive temperature crossover of electronic transport from the thermal activation of the deep levels $({E}_{a}=320\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV})$ at high temperatures to thermal activation of the shallow levels $({E}_{a}=40\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV})$ and finally at low temperatures to the regime of temperature independent resistance, usually associated with quantum tunneling, has been found for the insulating HRS. The temperature dependence of the LRS reveals a para-to-ferromagnetic phase transition in the ${\mathrm{L}}_{0.67}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.33}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ (LCMO) electrode at ${T}_{c}=260\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and an anomaly at lower temperatures $\ensuremath{\sim}200\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ corresponding to the Curie temperature of the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{4+}$ depleted part of the LCMO film. Current-voltage characteristics in the LRS are highly nonlinear, and show negative differential conductivity (NDC). We suggest that the reversible resistance switching ocurrs due to the electric field induced nucleation of filament-type conducting valence-shifted ${\mathrm{CeO}}_{x}$ domains inside the insulating ${\mathrm{CeO}}_{2}$ matrix. The abrupt insulator-to-metal transition is the result of localization of $4f$ electronic states in ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ ions and the subsequent appearance of hole conductivity in the oxygen $p$-bands. NDC at low temperatures is relied upon the interband scattering of ${\mathrm{CeO}}_{x}$ carriers from a low energy, high mobility valley into a high energy valley with low mobility.
Hybrid quasi-3D DWT/DCT and SVD video watermarking (2010)

A video watermarking robust algorithm based SVD is proposed. In order to analyze both the spatial and temporal characters of video sequence, each frame of the video is transformed to wavelet domain by 2-D DWT, and then 1-D DCT is used along the temporal axis. Watermarks were embedded into the singular values (SVs) of the coefficient frames and in the extraction procedure watermarks can be detected without the original video or any other information of the original singular values. Experiments show that the watermarked frames are indistinguishable from the original frames subjectively and the algorithm bears desirable robustness on filtering, additive noise, lossy compression, rotation and synchronization attacks etc.
Is granulocyte colony-stimulating factor level predictive for human IVF outcome? (2005)

G-CSF is involved in follicle development and may be a predictor of IVF outcome.
Inertial sensor based wireless control of a robotic arm (2012)

This paper describes and details the development of a wireless motion sensing control unit, whose operation is based on inertial sensors, and extends its application to the control of an anthropomorphic robotic arm. Accelerometers and a gyroscope are used to measure the orientation of the users lower arm and this data is transmitted wirelessly to a receiver where processing is carried out. The robotic arm is programmed to mimic the movements of the users arm. Data processing has been carried out on low-cost microcontrollers and the use of filters to smoothen the operation of the arm has been explored. The data transmitted from the control unit has been analysed and plotted in real time on a computer using MATLab, and the orientation of the control unit tracked and displayed. This system has potential application in fields including industrial operations, remote operations in hazardous areas, medicine and undersea recovery.
Foam nest components of the túngara frog: a cocktail of proteins conferring physical and biological resilience (2009)

The foam nests of the túngara frog (Engystomops pustulosus) form a biocompatible incubation medium for eggs and sperm while resisting considerable environmental and microbiological assault. We have shown that much of this behaviour can be attributed to a cocktail of six proteins, designated ranaspumins (Rsn-1 to Rsn-6), which predominate in the foam. These fall into two discernable classes based on sequence analysis and biophysical properties. Rsn-2, with an amphiphilic amino acid sequence unlike any hitherto reported, exhibits substantial detergent-like surfactant activity necessary for production of foam, yet is harmless to the membranes of eggs and spermatozoa. A further four (Rsn-3 to Rsn-6) are lectins, three of which are similar to fucolectins found in teleosts but not previously identified in a land vertebrate, though with a carbohydrate binding specificity different from previously described fucolectins. The sixth, Rsn-1, is structurally similar to proteinase inhibitors of the cystatin class, but does not itself appear to exhibit any such activity. The nest foam itself, however, does exhibit potent cystatin activity. Rsn-encoding genes are transcribed in many tissues of the adult frogs, but the full cocktail is present only in oviduct glands. Combinations of lectins and cystatins have known roles in plants and animals for defence against microbial colonization and insect attack. Túngara nest foam displays a novel synergy of selected elements of innate defence plus a specialized surfactant protein, comprising a previously unreported strategy for protection of unattended reproductive stages of animals.
Rydberg-Mediated Entanglement in a Two-Dimensional Neutral Atom Qubit Array (2019)

We demonstrate high fidelity two-qubit Rydberg blockade and entanglement on a pair of sites in a large two-dimensional qubit array. The qubit array is defined by a grid of blue detuned lines of light with 121 sites for trapping atomic qubits. Improved experimental methods have increased the observed Bell state fidelity to F_{Bell}=0.86(2). Accounting for errors in state preparation and measurement we infer a fidelity of F_{Bell}^{-SPAM}=0.88. Accounting for errors in single qubit operations we infer that a Bell state created with the Rydberg mediated C_{Z} gate has a fidelity of F_{Bell}^{C_{Z}}=0.89. Comparison with a detailed error model based on quantum process matrices indicates that finite atom temperature and laser noise are the dominant error sources contributing to the observed gate infidelity.
Infection-Related Hospitalization Rates in Pediatric versus Adult Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States (2007)

Infection is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with ESRD. Infection-related hospitalization (IH) incidence among US Medicare incident pediatric and adult dialysis and transplant patients within 3 yr of presentation was compared from 1996 to 2001: Hemodialysis (HD) patients (pediatric n = 1469; adult n = 305,323); peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients (pediatric n=982; adult n=27,119), and kidney transplant (KTx) patients (pediatric n=1108; adult n=31,663). IH were identified from principal diagnosis codes; IH cumulative incidence and rates were calculated from claims data. Cumulative incidence of IH at 36 mo for incident pediatric patients with ESRD during 1996 to 2001 was 39.9% in HD, 51.2% in PD, and 47.4% in KTx patients (HD or PD versus KTx, P<0.0001). Cumulative incidence for adults was 52.6% in HD, 51.8% in PD, and 39.8% in KTx patients (HD or PD versus KTx, P<0.0001). IH rates per 1000 patient-months were highest for pediatric KTx patients (adjusted rate ratio 1.53 versus HD and 1.90 versus PD, P<0.001 for each) and adult HD patients (adjusted rate ratio 1.20 versus KTx and 1.11 versus PD, P < 0.001 for each). Within the first 36 mo of incidence, IH rates are highest for incident pediatric KTx patients compared with HD and PD patients, in contrast to findings for adult patients with ESRD. Pediatric KTx patients require infection surveillance after transplantation.
<title>Sensitive laser wave-mixing detection methods for biomedical applications</title> (1995)

Four-wave mixing is presented as an ultrasensitive detection method for liquid analytes in capillary flow cells and for circular dichroism measurements. A two-input-beam forward- scattering degenerate four-wave mixing optical setup offers simplified optical alignment, effective use of compact low-power lasers, and convenient interface to powerful chemical separation methods using capillary columns. The use of a single focusing lens for both input beams provides very high wave-mixing efficiency and tight focusing inside a small detection probe volume. Attomole or better detection sensitivity levels of this nonlinear laser detector compare favorably to those of many conventional laser-based analytical methods, yet this nonlinear detector can detect both fluorescing and non-fluorescing analytes. One can conveniently interface this multi-wave mixing detector to liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis for on-column detection. Nonlinear wave-mixing as a sensitive `direct' or `indirect' absorbance detection method offers important advantages in many biomedical applications.
Clock-SI: Snapshot Isolation for Partitioned Data Stores Using Loosely Synchronized Clocks (2013)

Clock-SI is a fully distributed protocol that implements snapshot isolation (SI) for partitioned data stores. It derives snapshot and commit timestamps from loosely synchronized clocks, rather than from a centralized timestamp authority as used in current systems. A transaction obtains its snapshot timestamp by reading the clock at its originating partition and Clock-SI provides the corresponding consistent snapshot across all the partitions. In contrast to using a centralized timestamp authority, Clock-SI has availability and performance benefits: It avoids a single point of failure and a potential performance bottleneck, and improves transaction latency and throughput. We develop an analytical model to study the trade-offs introduced by Clock-SI among snapshot age, delay probabilities of transactions, and abort rates of update transactions. We verify the model predictions using a system implementation. Furthermore, we demonstrate the performance benefits of Clock-SI experimentally using a micro-benchmark and an application-level benchmark on a partitioned key-value store. For short read-only transactions, Clock-SI improves latency and throughput by 50% by avoiding communications with a centralized timestamp authority. With a geographically partitioned data store, Clock-SI reduces transaction latency by more than 100 milliseconds. Moreover, the performance benefits of Clock-SI come with higher availability.
A static Fourier-transform spectrometer based on Wollaston prisms (1995)

A static Fourier-transform spectrometer has been designed based on Wollaston prisms. It produces an interferogram in the spatial domain which is recorded using a 2D camera. A combination of two Wollaston prisms localizes the interference fringes coincident with the plane of the detector, thereby facilitating an extremely compact design. A personal computer is used to calculate the wavelength spectrum of the input light from the Fourier transform of the interferogram. In addition to its use as a compact and efficient spectrometer, the instrument’s use as a laser wavemeter has also been demonstrated.
Parallel execution of prioritized test cases for regression testing of web applications (2013)

We present a new approach for automatically prioritizing and distributing test cases on multiple machines. Our approach is based on a functional dependency graph (FDG) of a web application. We partition the test suite into test sets according to the functionalities and associate the test sets with each module of the FDG. The high priority modules and their associated test sets are then distributed evenly among the available machines. Moreover, we further prioritize the test cases by using inter-procedural control flow graphs within individual functional modules. Our suggested approach reduces the test suite execution time and helps in detecting the faults early in a regression testing cycle. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique through an experimental study of a web application and measuring the performance of our technique by using the well known APFD metric.
Second Kind Integral Equation Formulation of Stokes’ Flows Past a Particle of Arbitrary Shape (1987)

The problem of determining the slow viscous flow of an unbounded fluid past a single solid particle is formulated exactly as a system of linear Fredholm integral equations of the second kind for a distribution of Stresslets over the particle surface plus a pair of singularities (Stokeslet and Rotlet) located in the interior of the particle, singularities which give rise to a force and torque with magnitude depending linearly upon the unknown density of the surface Stresslets. It is shown that this integral equation possesses a unique continuous solution when the particle boundary is a Lyapunov surface and the velocity data on the boundary surface is continuous.
The Novel Coronavirus: A Bird's Eye View (2020)

The novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak, which initially began in China, has spread to many countries around the globe, with the number of confirmed cases increasing every day. With a death toll exceeding that of the SARS-CoV outbreak back in 2002 and 2003 in China, 2019-nCoV has led to a public health emergency of international concern, putting all health organizations on high alert. Herein, we present on an overview of the currently available information on the pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of this virus.
Serial two‐dimensional echocardiography in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (1982)

Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are known to have progressive epicardial fibrosis of the free wall of the left ventricle, but standard noninvasive M-mode echocardiographic tests of left ventricular function are relatively insensitive detectors of this cardiomyopathy. We therefore used two-dimensional echocardiography to record three short axis levels of the left ventricle in 13 Duchenne patients. Serial studies were separated by 2 years for most patients. The two-dimensional echocardiographic technique allows qualitative evaluation of segmental contraction of the left ventricle. Four general principles were found during this study: (1) Obvious contraction abnormalities of the left ventricle were present in most patients with DMD. (2) In most patients, the contraction deficit was first noted in the left ventricular posterior free wall behind the mitral valve. (3) Once a contraction deficit was observed, the area of abnormal contraction progressed inferiorly to include additional areas of the left ventricular posterior free wall. (4) Standard M-mode left ventricular function techniques were unreliable for detecting individuals with segmental contraction abnormalities.
Electrically Robust Single‐Crystalline WTe<sub>2</sub> Nanobelts for Nanoscale Electrical Interconnects (2018)

As the elements of integrated circuits are downsized to the nanoscale, the current Cu-based interconnects are facing limitations due to increased resistivity and decreased current-carrying capacity because of scaling. Here, the bottom-up synthesis of single-crystalline WTe<sub>2</sub> nanobelts and low- and high-field electrical characterization of nanoscale interconnect test structures in various ambient conditions are reported. Unlike exfoliated flakes obtained by the top-down approach, the bottom-up growth mode of WTe<sub>2</sub> nanobelts allows systemic characterization of the electrical properties of WTe<sub>2</sub> single crystals as a function of channel dimensions. Using a 1D heat transport model and a power law, it is determined that the breakdown of WTe<sub>2</sub> devices under vacuum and with AlO <i><sub>x</sub></i> capping layer follows an ideal pattern for Joule heating, far from edge scattering. High-field electrical measurements and self-heating modeling demonstrate that the WTe<sub>2</sub> nanobelts have a breakdown current density approaching ≈100 MA cm<sup>-2</sup>, remarkably higher than those of conventional metals and other transition-metal chalcogenides, and sustain the highest electrical power per channel length (≈16.4 W cm<sup>-1</sup>) among the interconnect candidates. The results suggest superior robustness of WTe<sub>2</sub> against high-bias sweep and its possible applicability in future nanoelectronics.
Rapid Signal Acquisition for Low-Rate Carrier-Based Ultra-Wideband Impulse Radio (2005)

In this paper, a rapid signal-acquisition method is proposed for carrier-based ultra-wideband impulse-radio systems in low-data-rate applications such as sensor networks. For low-data-rate ultra-wideband impulse radio systems, highly precise synchronization must be established over relatively long periods. In the proposed method, signal-acquisition times are reduced by assigning different blocks responsibility for synchronization with the pulse and with the spreading code. Furthermore, dividing up the symbols to produce a smaller unit for integration enables signal acquisition even when there is a realistic difference between the transmitter and receiver-local frequencies. Results of simulation indicate that, for a given Eb/N0, the proposed method reduces acquisition times from those required by the conventional method.
Activated lymphocytes during acute Epstein-Barr virus infection. (1987)

Activated lymphocytes, as identified by HLA-DR expression, associated with acute Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced infectious mononucleosis (IM) were shown to be a heterogeneous population containing significantly elevated cytotoxic/suppressor (CD8) T cells, natural killer (CD16) cells and helper (CD4) T cells. CD8 T cells were the primary activated population representing 24.5% of the total lymphocyte population. The activated CD4 T cells and natural killer cells accounted for 6.7% and 3.5% of the total lymphocyte population, respectively. Analysis of serum soluble interleukin 2 receptors (IL-2R) demonstrated significantly (p less than 0.001) elevated levels in the serum of acute IM patients compared with normal controls. Elevated levels of serum IL-2R were correlated (r = 0.67) with increased percentages of Leu 2a+/HLA-DR+T cells (i.e., activated CD8 T cells). Patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome and virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, two syndromes associated with severe acute EBV infections, demonstrated the most dramatic increase in serum IL-2R levels. These data demonstrate that EBV is associated with intense immune stimulation and that during acute IM activated lymphocytes, other than the CD8 T cells, may contribute to the immune response to EBV.
A high‐throughput eight‐channel probe head for murine MRI at 9.4 T (2010)

Murine MRI studies are conducted on dedicated MR systems, typically equipped with ultra-high-field magnets (>or=4.7 T; bore size: approximately 12-25 cm), using a single transmit-receive coil (volume or surface coil in linear or quadrature mode) or a transmit-receive coil combination. Here, we report on the design and characterization of an eight-channel volume receive-coil array for murine MRI at 400 MHz. The array was combined with a volume-transmit coil and integrated into one probe head. Therefore, the animal handling is fully decoupled from the radiofrequency setup. Furthermore, fixed tune and match of the coils and a reduced number of connectors minimized the setup time. Optimized preamplifier design was essential for minimizing the noise coupling between the elements. A comprehensive characterization of transmit volume resonator and receive coil array is provided. The performance of the coil array is compared to a quadrature-driven birdcage coil with identical sensitive volume. It is shown that the miniature size of the elements resulted in coil noise domination and therefore reduced signal-to-noise-ratio performance in the center compared to the quadrature birdcage. However, it allowed for 3-fold accelerated imaging of mice in vivo, reducing scan time requirements and thus increasing the number of mice that can be scanned per unit of time.
Cytokine Production by Oral and Peripheral Blood Neutrophils in Adult Periodontitis (1997)

Proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) also possess bone-resorptive properties, and are generally considered to play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. In the present study, TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta production by oral and peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was examined in 40 patients with adult periodontitis and 40 orally healthy matched controls. Oral PMN released considerable amounts of both cytokines in unstimulated culture, and there was no difference between patients and controls when the cytokine levels were corrected for cell number. However, when the effect of disease activity was examined, cytokine release by oral PMN was found to be greatest in patients with advanced periodontitis. Within the healthy control group, IL-1 beta production by oral PMN was significantly higher in males (Mann-Whitney test, P = 0.0008). Examination of IL-1 beta production by peripheral blood PMN exposed to recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor revealed no difference between the patient and control groups. In contrast, IL-1 beta production by peripheral blood PMN was significantly reduced in patients with advanced disease (Mann-Whitney test, P = 0.02), and peripheral PMN IL-1 beta synthesis was greater in female controls (Mann-Whitney test, P = 0.054). No effect of race on cytokine production could be discerned in patients or controls. These results indicate that several factors influence cytokine production in oral health and disease, and that a dichotomy in cytokine gene expression exists between oral and peripheral blood PMN in adult periodontitis.