gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Passivation and surface leakage in CdZnTe spectrometers (1997)

The subject of surface leakage and passivation in spectrometers fabricated in high pressure Bridgman CdZnTe crystals with evaporated gold contacts has been examined. The surface leakage has been found to be the dominant mechanism of dark current leakage in metal–semiconductor–metal detectors with noninjecting contacts. Several passivation techniques have been examined with various degrees of success in terms of reducing the mean value and the power spectral density of dark noise characteristics. An insulating polymer was applied on the bare surface reducing the total leakage current by the factor of 6–7, while favorably affecting the dark noise spectral density by decreasing the corner frequency of the low frequency noise. However, a considerable surface leakage has been observed even in these apparently passivated spectrometers. A three terminal device with iso-potential high voltage contacts has been fabricated and tested, exhibiting a reduction of the total dark current leakage by approximately two orders of magnitude. With this three terminal design, the bulk resistivity of typical high pressure Bridgman crystals is correctly determined and found to be ∼2⋅1011 Ω⋅cm.
3D nonlinear modeling of microhotplates in CMOS technology for use as metal-oxide-based gas sensors (2004)

A modeling approach has been developed to support CMOS microhotplate optimization and to allow for sensor system simulations. All steps are detailed that are necessary to arrive at a geometric hotplate representation for nonlinear 3D-FEM simulations starting from a physical microhotplate layout. A lumped-model description of the microhotplate is discussed, which forms the basis for combined simulations of sensor and circuitry. FEM simulations were performed for two different microhotplate designs. Both types of microhotplates were fabricated in a 0.8 µm industrial CMOS process by post-CMOS micromachining. The first design includes a circular microhotplate with a Si-island underneath the heated area of the microhotplate. The characteristic figures such as thermal resistance and thermal time constant were extracted from the model, which showed an agreement within 5–10% with experimental values for temperatures up to 325 °C. The second design without Si-island featured an array of temperature sensors for assessment of the temperature distribution. Experimental data from the different sensor locations were compared to simulation results, and, again, showed excellent agreement with a maximum deviation of 5%. The influence of the nanocrystalline tin oxide thick-film layer on the temperature distribution was also experimentally investigated: better temperature homogeneity in the heated area and somewhat slower temperature dynamics.
Personal model‐assisted identification of NAD <sup>+</sup> and glutathione metabolism as intervention target in NAFLD (2017)

To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), we recruited 86 subjects with varying degrees of hepatic steatosis (HS). We obtained experimental data on lipoprotein fluxes and used these individual measurements as personalized constraints of a hepatocyte genome-scale metabolic model to investigate metabolic differences in liver, taking into account its interactions with other tissues. Our systems level analysis predicted an altered demand for NAD<sup>+</sup> and glutathione (GSH) in subjects with high HS Our analysis and metabolomic measurements showed that plasma levels of glycine, serine, and associated metabolites are negatively correlated with HS, suggesting that these GSH metabolism precursors might be limiting. Quantification of the hepatic expression levels of the associated enzymes further pointed to altered <i>de novo</i> GSH synthesis. To assess the effect of GSH and NAD<sup>+</sup> repletion on the development of NAFLD, we added precursors for GSH and NAD<sup>+</sup> biosynthesis to the Western diet and demonstrated that supplementation prevents HS in mice. In a proof-of-concept human study, we found improved liver function and decreased HS after supplementation with serine (a precursor to glycine) and hereby propose a strategy for NAFLD treatment.
Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation for severe Parkinson's disease (1995)

Subthalamic nucleus (STN) lesions or high-frequency stimulations could improve parkinsonian symptoms in monkeys treated by MPTP. We have applied the procedure of chronic stimulation to the STN in severely disabled parkinsonian patients. This article presents the case of the first patient operated on bilaterally. Bilateral STN stimulation has greatly improved akinesia and rigidity. The benefit was maintained < or = 15 months after surgery. Unilateral stimulation induced motor effects mainly in contralateral limbs. Further studies are needed to evaluate the value of this procedure in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Organo-soluble segmented rigid-rod polyimide films. Part 4.—Anisotropic structure and properties (1993)

A series of fully aromatic copolyimides have been synthesized from 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), and 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl (PFMB) in m-cresol, (BPDA–PFMB)x-(PMDA–PFMB)y. The molar composition ratios are 100 : 0, 85 : 15, 70 : 30 and 50 : 50, respectively. The unoriented polyimide films with a thickness ranging between 10 and 20 µm have been characterized by an in-plane orientation of the c axis in the crystals as well as the molecular chain axis relative to the film surface. This in-plane orientation has been studied by transmission and reflection geometrical modes of wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WARD) and polarized Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and can be attributed to the rigidity and linearity of the chain molecules. The structural anisotropy leads to anisotropic behaviour in the glass-transition temperatures (Tg), the linear coefficients of thermal expansion (α), the dielectric behaviour (Îµ′ and Îµ″) as well as the refractive indices (n‖ and n⊥) parallel and perpendicular to the copolyimide film surface. Possible structure–property relationships are also discussed.
Met–HGF/SF: Tumorigenesis, Invasion and Metastasis (2007)

Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is synthesized by mesenchymal cells and is a paracrine effector of cells, predominantly epithelial, that express the Met tyrosine kinase receptor. We have demonstrated that autocrine Met-HGF/SF expression in mouse fibroblasts results in transformation and tumorigenesis. HGF/SF-treated cells expressing Met can respond in a variety of ways: mitogenically, by scattering (motility), and by forming branching tubules in gel matrices (branching morphogenesis). HGF/SF also induces in vitro invasiveness and is angiogenic in in vivo assays. A human cell line and several mouse cell lines that we have constructed to express Met-HGF/SF in an autocrine fashion are tumorigenic, invasive and metastatic in athymic nude mice. Thus, the very complex process of invasion and metastasis can be mediated by a ligand-receptor signalling pathway, and the cell lines we have developed provide important model systems for identifying the signalling molecules that mediate these phenotypes: For example Met-HGF/SF signalling activates the urokinase plasminogen proteolysis network, thus coupling this signal transduction pathway to the proteases that mediate dissolution of the extracellular matrix. Branching morphogenesis, mediated by Met-HGF/SF signalling, is dependent on this process, as well as the formation of cell-cell junctions and interaction with the extracellular matrix. We have proposed a hypothesis for the role of Met and downstream signalling molecules in generating normal ducts and lumenal structures, as well as a model for how interruption of this signalling leads to abnormal malignant progression. Is Met involved in human cancer? Human sarcomas often inappropriately express Met, suggesting that it is an important oncogene in these cancers, and an increasing number of reports have implicated Met-HGF/SF signalling in a variety of human cancers.
Complete Sequence and Enhancer Function of the Homologous DNA Regions of <i>Autographa californica</i> Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (1986)

The nucleotide sequence of the five regions of homologous DNA in the genome of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus DNA was determined. The homology of repeated sequences within a region was 65 to 87%, and the consensus sequences for each region were 88% homologous to each other. Sequences proximal to the EcoRI sites were most conserved, while the distal sequences were least conserved. The EcoRI sites formed the core of a 28-base-pair imperfect inverted repeat. All homologous regions functioned as enhancers in a transient expression assay. A single EcoRI minifragment located between EcoRI-Q and -L enhanced the expression of 39CAT as efficiently as the regions containing numerous EcoRI repeats did.
Perivascular Meningeal Projections from Cat Trigeminal Ganglia: Possible Pathway for Vascular Headaches in Man (1981)

Peroxidase-containing cell bodies were found in the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia after horseradish peroxidase was applied to the proximal segment of the middle cerebral artery in seven cats. Cell bodies containing the enzyme marker were located among clusters of cells that project via the first division. The existence of sensory pathways surrounding large cerebral arteries provides an important neuroanatomical explanation for the hemicranial distribution of headaches associated with certain strokes and migraine.
Somatic and germline mosaicism in sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease (2004)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the commonest neurodegenerative disease worldwide. Rare familial cases may be caused by mutations in one of three genes-amyloid precursor protein, presenilin-1 and presenilin-2; however, the molecular basis of >99% of AD cases is unknown. Somatic mutation has been considered to be a mechanism that may account for a proportion of sporadic cases of AD, but to date there has been no evidence for this. We now report a sporadic early-onset patient with AD, and show that this individual is a somatic mosaic for a mutation in the presenilin-1 gene, suggesting a novel molecular mechanism for AD. Quantification of the mosaicism demonstrated the degree of mosaicism at 8% in peripheral lymphocytes and 14% in cerebral cortex in the index patient; a clear gene dosage effect on age of presentation and clinical phenotypic presentation is demonstrated. This finding has important implications for the aetiology of sporadic AD, and for other apparently sporadic neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Peptide sequence analysis by laser photodissociation Fourier transform mass spectrometry (1987)

Photodissociation of (M+ H)+ ions from a 10 pmol sample of a 15 residue tryptic peptide Phe-Gln-Glu-Thr-Phe-Glu-Asp-Val-Phe-Ser-Ala-Ser-Pro-Lxx-Arg (Lxx = Leu or Ile) from beef spleen, purple acid phosphatase affords a mass spectrum characteristic of the amino acid sequence of this molecule.
Crystal Structure and Oxide-Ion Conductivity along <i>c</i>-Axis of Si-Deficient Apatite-Type Lanthanum Silicate (2013)

We have prepared the highly c-axis-oriented polycrystalline material of Si-deficient apatite-type lanthanum silicate by isothermal heating of the sandwich-type La2SiO5/La2Si2O7/La2SiO5 diffusion couple at 1873 K for 100 h. The resulting polycrystal of La9.50(Si5.87□0.13)O26, where □ denotes a vacancy in Si site, was characterized using optical microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and impedance spectroscopy. The annealed couple was mechanically processed, and the textured thin-plate electrolyte was obtained. The ionic conductivity (σ) along the c-axis steadily increased from 1.6 × 10–2 S/cm to 1.26 × 10–1 S/cm with increasing temperature from 623 to 1073 K. The Arrhenius plot of σ showed the marked slope change at ca. 800 K; the activation energies of conduction were, above and below 800 K, 0.53 and 0.17 eV, respectively. The crystal structure of La9.50(Si5.87□0.13)O26 at ambient temperature (space group P63/m) showed the appreciable positional disordering of O atoms (12i site) that are bonded to Si atoms, together with the anharmonic displacements of La atoms (4f and 6h sites). The Si-deficient apatite was formed by the extraction of the SiO2 component from the La2O3-excess apatite according to La9.33+2xSi6O26+3x – 1.5xSiO2 → La9.33+2x(Si6–1.5x□1.5x)O26 (x ∼ 0.087).
Development of a low-IF receiver and a fixed wireless utility network (2003)

We present the design and development of a low-IF receiver and a fixed wireless utility network. This receiver is designed to achieve a dynamic range of 80 dB, a sensitivity of -105 dBm and a noise figure of 5 dB for a narrow band spread spectrum modulation scheme at 900 MHz. We demonstrate the feasibility of the low-IF receiver for low-cost implementation that alleviates the issue of 60 Hz power line in wireless electricity meter networks.
Pituitary Autoantibodies in Lymphocytic Hypophysitis Target Both γ- and a-Enolase – A Link with Pregnancy? (2002)

The first target autoantigen to have been identified in lymphocytic hypophysitis is a 49 kDa protein, identified as alpha-enolase. Pituitary autoimmunity is strongly associated with pregnancy and we have shown that pituitary autoantibodies from patients with peripartum lymphocytic hypophysitis also recognise enolase in the placenta. Enolase exists in different forms as a number of isoenzymes, which are homo- or heterodimers of three subunits, alpha, beta and gamma. alphaalpha-enolase is ubiquitous, betabeta-enolase is muscle-specific and gammagamma-enolase, which is restricted to neuronal tissue and neuroendocrine cells, is known as neuron-specific enolase (NSE). NSE is expressed in normal human pituitary and pituitary neoplasms. The current study investigated which isoforms of enolase in pituitary and placenta reacted with the sera of patients with lymphocytic hypophysitis. Immunoblotting of two-dimensional gels of human pituitary cytosolic proteins showed that autoantibodies in patient sera react with both an acidic form, and more neutral forms of enolase. Immunoblotting with a monoclonal antibody to NSE confirmed the identity of the acidic enolase isoform as the gammagamma-isoform in both pituitary and placental samples. Gamma-enolase, i.e. NSE, was detected by immunohistochemistry in term placenta in decidua, syncytiotrophoblasts, anchoring villi and terminal villi. Our study is the first to describe the cellular localisation of NSE in normal human placenta, thus establishing a direct link between pituitary and placental autoantigens. This link provides a theoretical basis for the strong prediliction of lymphocytic hypophysitis to occur during or after pregnancy.
Rapid and specific detection of verotoxin genes in Escherichia coli by the polymerase chain reaction (1990)

A set of four synthetic oligonucleotide probes derived from sequences of the VT1 (Shiga-like toxin I [SLT-I]) and VT2 (SLT-II) genes were used in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification procedure to detect these genes in some enteric pathogens. A total of 40 verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli strains and 43 isolates of other recognized enteric pathogens were studied. PCR amplification products identifying the VT1 and VT2 gene sequences were observed only in nucleic acid extracted from strains found to be VT positive in traditional tissue culture assays. Template nucleic acid extracted from other gram-negative bacteria was found to be negative with the exception of five isolates of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in which good amplification with the VT1 probe was observed. The oligonucleotide probes clearly distinguished VT1 and VT2 strains of E. coli and did not give specific amplification with nucleic acid from VTe (a SLT-II variant)-producing E. coli. VT1 or VT2 genes or both were not detected in E. coli K-12 strain C600 or HB101 or in strains known to express other virulence factors, such as enterotoxins, adhesins, hemolysins, or unrelated cytotoxins. The sensitivity of the PCR procedure for detection of both VT1 and VT2 genes was determined to be 1 ng of total nucleic acid. Furthermore, the VT1 gene was easily detected when only 100 pg of nucleic acid was used as the template in the PCR procedure.
Direct 3D printing of silicone elastomer soft robots and their performance comparison with molded counterparts (2018)

Additive manufacturing has a wide range of applications and addresses many challenges inherited from conventional molding techniques such as human error, multistep fabrication, and manual handling. However, 3D printing soft functional robots with two-part platinum cure silicones requires development to match the material performance of the molded counterparts. In this paper, we present a custom 3D printer and an extrusion mechanism capable of 3D printing soft functional robots. Moreover, we compare the performance differences between our 3D printed soft robots and molded counterparts via lamination casting and lost wax casting. We validate our results by conducting multiple experiments such as blocked force, bend angle, failure pressure, and dimensional quality analyses. We demonstrate that our method enables 3D printing of soft robots that can perform better, or match the performance of molded counterparts while being more reliable and robust with the usage of the same materials.
Numerical Analysis of the Relationship between Friction Coefficient and Repose Angle of Blast Furnace Raw Materials by Discrete Element Method (2022)

In recent years, the discrete element method (DEM) has been widely used to study the factors affecting the repose angle and calibrate particle parameters for simulations. In this paper, DEM is used to study the effects of the coefficient of rolling and static friction of pellet, sinter and coke particles on the repose angle. By comparison of the results of simulations and physical experiments, the coefficients of rolling and static friction suitable for simulation work are determined. The results demonstrate that repose angle increases with the coefficient of rolling and static friction, but the rate of increase gradually decays, when the coefficient of rolling friction exceeds 0.4 or the coefficient of static friction exceeds 0.35. The coefficient of static friction has a greater impact on the repose angle than the coefficient of rolling friction. The rougher of the base surface, the larger the repose angle of the formed particle piled. It can be concluded that appropriate coefficient of rolling and static friction for simulations can be obtained by the outlined procedure.
Cerium, uranium, and plutonium behavior in glass-bonded sodalite, a ceramic nuclear waste form. (1999)

Glass-bonded sodalite is being developed as a ceramic waste form (CWF) to immobilize radioactive fission products, actinides, and salt residues from electrometallurgical treatment of spent nuclear reactor fuel. The CWF consists of about 75 mass % sodalite, 25 mass % glass, and small amounts of other phases. This paper presents some results and interpretation of physical measurements to characterize the CWF structure, and dissolution tests to measure the release of matrix components and radionuclides from the waste form. Tests have been carried out with specimens of the CWF that contain rare earths at concentrations similar to those expected in the waste form. Parallel tests have been carried out on specimens that have uranium or plutonium as well as the rare earths at concentrations similar to those expected in the waste forms; in these specimens UCl{sub 3} forms UO{sub 2} and PuCl{sub 3} forms PuO{sub 2}. The normalized releases of rare earths in dissolution tests were found to be much lower than those of matrix elements (B, Si, Al, Na). When there is no uranium in the CWF, the release of cerium is two to ten times lower than the release of the other rare earths. The low release of cerium may be due to its tetravalent state in uranium-free CWF. However, when there is uranium in the CWF, the release of cerium is similar to that of the other rare earths. This trivalent behavior of cerium is attributed to charge transfer or covalent interactions among cerium, uranium, and oxygen in (U,Ce)O{sub 2}.
Automatic Transformation of XML Documents (2001)

XML documents exchanged between two E-Services partners may need to be reconciled to conform to the receiver's expecting structure. Proprietary manual translation of XML documents is not only laborious but also error-prone for the quickly evolving E-Services world. We propose an approach automatically identifies most likely matching choices between the schemas and then generates the corresponding XSLT script to perform the appropriate data transformation. For this, we introduce a set of transformation operations on XML's hierarchical structure. Our system will set up the semantic relationship between two schemas by discovering the operations that transform the source schema to the target one. We report the experimental studies on real DTDs.
Structural Basis of 5-Nitroimidazole Antibiotic Resistance (2004)

5-Nitroimidazole-based antibiotics are compounds extensively used for treating infections in humans and animals caused by several important pathogens. They are administered as prodrugs, and their activation depends upon an anaerobic 1-electron reduction of the nitro group by a reduction pathway in the cells. Bacterial resistance toward these drugs is thought to be caused by decreased drug uptake and/or an altered reduction efficiency. One class of resistant strains, identified in Bacteroides, has been shown to carry Nim genes (NimA, -B, -C, -D, and -E), which encode for reductases that convert the nitro group on the antibiotic into a non-bactericidal amine. In this paper, we have described the crystal structure of NimA from Deinococcus radiodurans (drNimA) at 1.6 A resolution. We have shown that drNimA is a homodimer in which each monomer adopts a beta-barrel fold. We have identified the catalytically important His-71 along with the cofactor pyruvate and antibiotic binding sites, all of which are found at the monomer-monomer interface. We have reported three additional crystal structures of drNimA, one in which the antibiotic metronidazole is bound to the protein, one with pyruvate covalently bound to His-71, and one with lactate covalently bound to His-71. Based on these structures, a reaction mechanism has been proposed in which the 2-electron reduction of the antibiotic prevents accumulation of the toxic nitro radical. This mechanism suggests that Nim proteins form a new class of reductases, conferring resistance against 5-nitroimidazole-based antibiotics.