gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Structure-Activity Relationships of 2,4(1<i>H</i>,3<i>H</i>)-pyrimidinedione Derivatives as potent HIV type 1 and type 2 inhibitors (2007)

Since the discovery of the 2,4 (1H,3H)-pyrimidinediones as potent non-nucleoside inhibitors of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) this class of compounds has yielded a number of N-1 acyclic substituted pyrimidinediones with substantial antiviral activity, which is highly dependent upon their molecular fit into the binding pocket common to this inhibitory class. We have specifically examined the structure activity relationships of compounds with chemical modification made by substituting homocyclic rather than acyclic moieties at N-1 of the pyrimidinedione. Seventy-four compounds were synthesized and evaluated for antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2. The homocyclic modifications resulted in compounds with significant activity against both HIV-1 and HIV-2, suggesting these compounds represent a new class of non-nucleoside RT inhibitors. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) evaluations indicated that cyclopropyl, phenyl and 1- or 3-cyclopenten-1-yl substitutions at the N-1 of the pyrimidinedione, the addition of a methyl linker between the cyclic moiety and the N-1 and the addition of a benzoyl group at the C-6 of the pyrimidinedione had the greatest contribution to antiviral activity. Five pyrimidinedione analogues with therapeutic indexes (TIs) > 450,000 and a specific analogue (1-cyclopropylmethyl-5-isopropyl-6-(3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione), which exhibited a TI of > 2,000,000, were identified. None of the analogues were cytotoxic to target cells at the highest in vitro test concentration, which is the upper limit of compound solubility of the analogues in aqueous solution. Thus, we have identified a series of pyrimidinediones with substantially improved antiviral efficacy and range of action and with significantly reduced cellular cytotoxicity.
<title>Magnetic focusing immunosensor for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium in foods</title> (1999)

From 1988 through 1992 Salmonellosis accounted for 27% of the total reported foodborne disease outbreaks and 57% of the outbreaks in which the pathogen was identified. The prevalence of Salmonellosis and the new requirements to monitor the organism as a marker in pathogen reduction programs will drive the need for rapid, on-site testing. A compact fiber optic fluorometer using a red diode laser as an excitation source and fiber probes for analyte detection has been constructed and used to measure Salmonella. The organisms were isolated with anti-Salmonella magnetic beads and were labeled with a secondary antibody conjugated to a red fluorescent dye. The response of the system was proportional to the concentration of Salmonella typhimurium from 3.2 X 10<SUP>5</SUP> colony forming units (CFU)/ml to 1.6 X 10<SUP>7</SUP> CFU/ml. The system was developed to utilize a fiber-optic magnetic focusing problem that attracted the magnetic microspheres to the surface of a sample chamber directly in front of the excitation and emission fibers. The signal obtained from a homogenous suspension of fluorescent magnetic microspheres was 9 to 10 picowatts. After focusing, the signal from the fluorescent labeled magnetic microspheres increased to 200 picowatts, approximately 20 times greater than the homogeneous suspension. The magnetic focusing assay detected 1.59 X 10<SUP>5</SUP> colony forming units/ml of Salmonella typhimurium cultured in growth media. The process of magnetic focusing in front of the fibers has the potential to reduce the background fluorescence from unbound secondary antibodies, eliminating several rinsing steps, resulting in a simple rapid assay.
Cyclic Scheduling Analysis of Single-arm Cluster Tools with Wafer Residency Time Constraint and Chamber Cleaning Operations (2018)

In semiconductor manufacturing, a cleaning operation that takes significant time is required for eliminating the chemical residual in a chamber after a wafer being processed and removed from it. Such a cleaning operation makes a traditional backward strategy inefficient. In the existing work, it is shown that the productivity can be improved if some of chambers at a step are kept empty. With this idea, an extended backward strategy is proposed by deciding the optimal number of empty chambers. Based on such a strategy, this work studies the challenging problem for scheduling a single-arm cluster tool with both chamber cleaning operations and wafer residency time constraint for the first time. By building timed Petri net model for the system, two linear programs are proposed to determine the minimal cycle time and test the existence of a feasible schedule. At last, an industrial example is used to demonstrate the obtained results.
Learning Graph-Based Priors for Generalized Zero-Shot Learning (2020)

The task of zero-shot learning (ZSL) requires correctly predicting the label of samples from classes which were unseen at training time. This is achieved by leveraging side information about class labels, such as label attributes or word embeddings. Recently, attention has shifted to the more realistic task of generalized ZSL (GZSL) where test sets consist of seen and unseen samples. Recent approaches to GZSL have shown the value of generative models, which are used to generate samples from unseen classes. In this work, we incorporate an additional source of side information in the form of a relation graph over labels. We leverage this graph in order to learn a set of prior distributions, which encourage an aligned variational autoencoder (VAE) model to learn embeddings which respect the graph structure. Using this approach we are able to achieve improved performance on the CUB and SUN benchmarks over a strong baseline.
Advanced environment‐friendly polymer materials (2002)

Abstract Novel environment‐friendly hydrophobic polymer materials–layer composites–were developed. These composites consist of a thick layer of cellulose substrate and a thin protective layer of a biodegradable polymer. Various types of the layer composites and their applications were described. Correlation between a porous structure of the protective polymer layer and composite properties was found. Wastes of the novel polymer materials can be utilized in two ways: by repulping and by biodegradation. Widespread usage of the proposed polymer composite materials will bring about an improvement in the ecological state of the environment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human lymphokine-activated killer cells: further isolation and characterization of the precursor and effector cell. (1987)

In a series of experiments we have demonstrated the progressive enrichment (5- to 40-fold) in lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) precursor activity by adherence depletion, sheep red cell rosetting, and depletion of CD3- and DR-positive lymphocytes. The LAK precursor cell thus appears to fall within the 'null' cell population. CD16 and CD11 are cell surface antigens expressed on the surface of the LAK precursor as demonstrated in sorting experiments. A 6- to 100-fold enrichment compared to unseparated peripheral blood was noted when sorted cells positive for CD16 and CD11 were tested. The LAK effector has been identified as being primarily CD3- and CD2+. Similar sorting equipment demonstrated a 7- to 500-fold difference in lytic activity for fresh tumor when comparing CD2+/CD3- and CD2+/CD3+ cells. The CD16+/CD11+ lymphocyte can proliferate in response to interleukin-2 (IL-2) alone in the absence of accessory cells and can be expanded in IL-2 alone with maintenance of lytic activity.
High mobility solution-deposited chalcogenide films for flexible applications (2005)

The fabrication of solution-processed thin-film transistors (TFTs), which yield field-effect mobilities >10 cm/sup 2//V-sec, is a key challenge for the production of high-performance flexible electronics. This talk addresses a hydrazinium precursor approach for solution-processing metal chalcogenide films. Ultrathin n-type SnSe/sub 2-x/S/sub x/, In/sub 2/Se/sub 3/ and p-type CuInSe/sub 2-x/S/sub x/ TFT channels have been deposited by spin coating from hydrazine- and nonhydrazine-based solutions, yielding saturation regime field-effect mobilities and on-off ratios as high as 16 cm/sup 2//V-s and 10/sup 6/, respectively. The new deposition technique is expected to be extendable to a wider range of metal chalcogenides, offering opportunities for TFTs as well as other thin-film devices, including solar cells, memory and thermoelectric devices.
Enhanced optimization with composite objectives and novelty pulsation (2019)

An important benefit of multi-objective search is that it maintains a diverse population of candidates, which helps in deceptive problems in particular. Not all diversity is useful, however: candidates that optimize only one objective while ignoring others are rarely helpful. A recent solution is to replace the original objectives by their linear combinations, thus focusing the search on the most useful tradeoffs between objectives. To compensate for the loss of diversity, this transformation is accompanied by a selection mechanism that favors novelty. This paper improves this approach further by introducing novelty pulsation, i.e. a systematic method to alternate between novelty selection and local optimization. In the highly deceptive problem of discovering minimal sorting networks, it finds state-of-the-art solutions significantly faster than before. In fact, our method so far has established a new world record for the 20-lines sorting network with 91comparators. In the real-world problem of stock trading, it discovers solutions that generalize significantly better on unseen data. Composite Novelty Pulsation is therefore a promising approach to solving deceptive real-world problems through multi-objective optimization.
Fluoroscopic-guided radiofrequency ablation of the basivertebral nerve: application and analysis with multiple imaging modalities in an ovine model (Invited Paper) (2005)

Pathologic involvement of the basivertebral nerve, an intraosseous vertebral nerve found in humans and most mammalian species, may play a role in some forms of back pain. This study was designed to assess the feasibility and effects of the percutaneous delivery of radiofrequency (RF) energy to thermally ablate the basivertebral nerve in the lumbar vertebrae of mature sheep. Using fluoroscopic guidance, a RF bipolar device was placed and a thermal dose delivered to lumbar vertebral bodies in sheep. Post-treatment assessment included multiple magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques and computed tomography (CT). These data were analyzed and correlated to histopathology and morphometry findings to describe the cellular and boney structural changes resulting from the treatment. Imaging modalities MRI and CT can be implemented to non-invasively describe treatment region and volume, marrow cellular effects, and bone density alterations immediately following RF treatment and during convalescence. Such imaging can be utilized to assess treatment effects and refine the thermal dose to vertebral body volume ratio used in treatment planning. This information will be used to improve the therapeutic ratio and develop a treatment protocol for human applications.
<i>Corticotropin releasing hormone</i>is a promising candidate gene for marbling and subcutaneous fat depth in beef cattle (2007)

The gene corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) is mapped on bovine chromosome 14 (BTA14), where more than 30 fat-related quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been reported in dairy and beef cattle. The gene product regulates secretion of adrenocorticotrophin hormone, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and multiple hypothalamic functions; therefore, we hypothesized that CRH is a promising candidate gene for beef marbling score (BMS) and subcutaneous fat depth (SFD) in a Wagyu x Limousin F2 population. Two pairs of primers were designed and a total of 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified: g.9657C>T, c.10718G>C, c.10841G>A, c.10893A>C, and c.10936G>C (AAFC03076794.1). Among the 4 cSNPs, c.10718G>C, c.10841G>A, and c.10936G>C are missense mutations leading to amino acid changes from arginine to proline, from serine to asparagine, and from aspartic acid to histidine, respectively. These 5 SNPs were genotyped on ~250 F2 progeny, but only 4 were selected as tagging SNPs for association analysis because no historical recombination was observed between c.10718G>C and c.10893A>C. Statistical analysis showed that g.9657C>T, c.10718G>C, and c.10936G>C and their haplotypes had significant effects on SFD, but only c.10936G>C was significantly associated with BMS. The SNP in the promoter (g.9657C>T) led to gain/loss of a CpG site and 4 potential regulatory binding sites. Different haplotypes among the 4 cSNPs significantly affected mRNA secondary structures but were not associated with phenotypes. Overall, our results provide further evidence that CRH is a promising candidate gene for a concordant QTL related to lipid metabolism in mammals.
Introducing a new recruitment approach to sample collection for genetic association studies in opioid dependence (2003)

For the two allelic variants of OPRM1 under study we did not find evidence for association with opioid dependence. CONCLUSIONS ;Despite absence of association we think that this recruitment approach introduced here, is useful since it putatively offers a more adequate matching for case-control association studies of opioid dependent individuals.
Analysis of masked mutations in familial adenomatous polyposis (1999)

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal-dominant disease characterized by the development of hundreds of adenomatous polyps of the colorectum. Approximately 80% of FAP patients can be shown to have truncating mutations of the APC gene. To determine the cause of FAP in the other 20% of patients, MAMA (monoallelic mutation analysis) was used to independently examine the status of each of the two APC alleles. Seven of nine patients analyzed were found to have significantly reduced expression from one of their two alleles whereas two patients were found to have full-length expression from both alleles. We conclude that more than 95% of patients with FAP have inactivating mutations in APC and that a combination of MAMA and standard genetic tests will identify APC abnormalities in the vast majority of such patients. That no APC expression from the mutant allele is found in some FAP patients argues strongly against the requirement for dominant negative effects of APC mutations. The results also suggest that there may be at least one additional gene, besides APC, that can give rise to FAP.
Controlling Low Temperature Aqueous Synthesis of ZnO. 1. Thermodynamic Analysis (2009)

A thermodynamic model based on published data is presented for calculating the solubility and speciation of ZnO in aqueous solutions as a function of pH, ammonia concentration, and temperature. These calculations are used to explain how solubility and speciation control nucleation and growth behavior from an aqueous solution. The nucleation and growth behavior, in turn, can lead to the different morphologies of epitaxial and particulate ZnO obtained experimentally using low temperature aqueous methods. The calculations indicate that the presence of the zinc amine complex, Zn(NH3)42+, causes ZnO to display a substantial decrease in solubility when the temperature is raised from room temperature to 90 °C. This retrograde solubility is the basis for a novel continuous circulation reactor for synthesizing ZnO, which is presented in part 2 of this series.
AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs heterostructure-emitter and heterostructure-basetransistor (HEHBT) (1996)

A new AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs heterostructure-emitter and heterostructure-base transistor (HEHBT) has been fabricated and demonstrated. Owing to the presence of the InGaAs/GaAs heterostructure base, a quantum well is formed between the emitter-base (E-B) junction. This may enhance the E-B valence band discontinuity (ΔEV) and the confinement effect of minority carriers (holes) in the base region. Thus the emitter injection efficiency can be improved. A high current gain of 280 and an offset voltage lower than 100 mV are obtained if the base metal is deposited on the InGaAs base layer.
Arrays of Geiger mode avalanche photodiodes (2006)

Following our previous work which has led us to fabricate single pixels of geiger mode avalanche photodiodes (GMAPs), we present in this letter the results regarding the fabrication and characterization of a bidimensional array of GMAPs. Low dark count rates and very good uniformity over the sensor are reported. High quantum efficiency in the visible range has been measured. Measurements indicate that not all the nominal active area is effectively sensitive. We have some preliminary evidence that no crosstalk effects are present in our device. Notwithstanding this, in view of a near future shrinking of all dead regions, an optical trench process has been developed and is illustrated here. Possible future trends are highlighted
Shape-Based Magnetic Domain Wall Drift for an Artificial Spintronic Leaky Integrate-and-Fire Neuron (2019)

Spintronic devices based on domain wall (DW) motion through ferromagnetic nanowire tracks have received great interest as components of neuromorphic information processing systems. Previous proposals for spintronic artificial neurons required external stimuli to perform the leaking functionality, one of the three fundamental functions of a leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron. The use of this external magnetic field or electrical current stimulus results in either a decrease in energy efficiency or an increase in fabrication complexity. In this article, we modify the shape of previously demonstrated three-terminal magnetic tunnel junction neurons to perform the leaking operation without any external stimuli. The trapezoidal structure causes a shape-based DW drift, thus intrinsically providing the leaking functionality with no hardware cost. This LIF neuron, therefore, promises to advance the development of spintronic neural network crossbar arrays.
Future Mobility Survey (2013)

The Future Mobility Survey (FMS) is a smartphone-based prompted-recall travel survey that aims to support data collection initiatives for transport-modeling purposes. This paper details the considerations that have gone into the survey's development, including the smartphone apps for iPhone and Android platforms, the online activity diary and user interface, and the background intelligence for processing collected data into activity locations and travel traces. The various trade-offs concerning user comprehension, resource use, and participant burden, including findings from usability tests and a pilot study, are discussed. Close attention should be paid to the simplicity of the user interaction, determinations of activity locations (such as the false positive and false negative trade-off in their automatic classification), and the clarity of interactions in the activity diary. The FMS system design and implementation provide pragmatic, useful insights into the development of similar platforms and approaches for travel and activity surveys.
CF/sub 4/ laser. [Patent application] (1977)

A CF/sub 4/ laser for producing near 16 ..mu..m radiation utilizing a line tunable CO/sub 2/ laser as an optical pumping source is described. The device uses a cryogenically cooled optical pumping cavity containing molecular CF/sub 4/ gas. An optical resonant cavity formed around the optical pumping cavity induces oscillations of near 16 ..mu..m radiation from the ..nu../sub 2/ + ..nu../sub 4/ yields ..nu../sub 2/ transition in the molecular CF/sub 4/ gas.
Memory Switches Based On MnO2-x Thin Films (1989)

Thin films of Mn02-x at intersections between metallic row and column conductors serve as switching elements for nonvolatile electronic memories. On-state resistance adjustable, and on-to-off transition irreversible. Elements electrically programmable and especially suitable for use in associative electronic memories based on neural-network concepts.
Molecular characterization of Mycoplasma genitalium species-specific and cross-reactive determinants: identification of an immunodominant protein of M. genitalium. (1987)

Species-specific proteins of Mycoplasma genitalium as well as proteins cross-reactive with M. pneumoniae have been identified using monoclonal antibodies generated against these mycoplasmas in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and Western blot analyses. Specificity of the antibodies was examined using M. hominis, M. orale M. salivarium and Acholeplasma laidlawii. A 140-kDa (kilodalton) protein of M. genitalium that appeared to be immunodominant in mice was also shown by radioimmunoprecipitation to be immunodominant in experimentally infected chimpanzees.
Some Aspects of the Coordination Chemistry and Catalytic Properties of Cationic Rhodium-Phosphine Complexes (1979)

The chemistry of cationic rhodium complexes containing chelating diphosphine ligands was found to differ significantly from that of corresponding complexes of monodentate phosphine ligands. The characterization of [Rh(DIPHOS)]+ and of its alkene and arene adducts is described, together with studies on the kinetics of the catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes in which such adducts are intermediates. The results of these studies are pertinent to the role of such complexes as catalysts for the asymmetric hydrogenation of prochiral olefins.
A simple 8*8 optoelectronic crossbar switch (1989)

The authors demonstrate the operation of an 8*8 optoelectronic crossbar switch consisting of integrated arrays of eight 1*8 GaAs metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM photodiodes connected in a current summing network to the input of Si bipolar transimpedance amplifiers. The MSM devices are also connected to TTL transistor-transistor logic) driven CMOS analog multiplexers which, in the 'off' state, switch the detectors into an open-circuit mode. This particular combination of detectors and switching network gives a very high interchannel isolation, reduced circuit complexity, and low input noise. Data rates of 200 Mbit's and switch reconfiguration times of -100 ns are achieved. System noise is calculated and measured, and the advantages of using fully integrated GaAs crossbar switch arrays are quantitatively discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Hybrid Energy Storage System Based on Compressed Air and Super-Capacitors with Maximum Efficiency Point Tracking (MEPT) (2006)

This paper presents a hybrid energy storage system mainly based on Compressed Air, where the storage and withdrawal of energy are done within maximum efficiency conditions. As these maximum efficiency conditions impose the level of converted power, an intermittent time-modulated operation mode is applied to the thermodynamic converter to obtain a variable converted power. A smoothly variable output power is achieved with the help of a supercapacitive auxiliary storage device used as a filter. The paper describes the concept of the system, the power-electronic interfaces and especially the Maximum Efficiency Point Tracking (MEPT) algorithm and the strategy used to vary the output power. In addition, the paper introduces more efficient hybrid storage systems where the volumetric air machine is replaced by an oil-hydraulics and pneumatics converter, used under isothermal conditions. Practical results are also presented, recorded from a low-power air motor coupled to a small DC generator, as well as from a first prototype of the hydro-pneumatic system. Some economical considerations are also made, through a comparative cost evaluation of the presented hydro-pneumatic systems and a lead acid batteries system, in the context of a stand alone photovoltaic home application. This evaluation confirms the cost effectiveness of the presented hybrid storage systems.