gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis b e antigen and antibody: detection by radioimmunoassay in chimpanzees during experimental hepatitis b (1980)

Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and its antibody (anti-HBe) were evaluated using a sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) in weekly serum samples obtained from nine chimpanzees experimentally infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). In two chimpanzees with HBV infection with detectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG) for less than five weeks, and in one chimpanzee with documented HBV infection with no detectable HBsAg, HBeAg was not detected; in all three, anti-HBe became detectable early in the infection. In six chimpanzees in which HGsAg was detected for 16 weeks or longer, HBeAg was detected early in the infection; in five, anti-HBe became detectable and HBeAg undetectable prior to the clearance of HBsAg. The sixth remained HGsAg-positive and HBeAg-positive for more than two years and never developed anti-HBe. These results confirmed the sensitivity of this RIA and its value in predicting the course of HBV infections.
Reflections on the development of a host-response diagnostic test for periodontal disease (1996)

This manuscript reviews the sequence of events surrounding the development of a proposed diagnostic test for periodontal disease based on analysis of a host mediator in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). The mediator is lysosomal beta-glucuronidase (beta G), a marker of granule release from polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Preliminary studies were conducted to evaluate the most reproducible method of collecting GCF and analyzing the data. This was followed by analysis of the mediator in GCF in a variety of cross-sectional and short-term longitudinal studies, and eventually by a study of the relationship of beta G in GCF to disease progression (probing attachment loss) in a single center longitudinal trial. Development of an academic-industrial collaboration allowed the project to progress, as a rapid, practical assay system was developed, and a multi-center longitudinal trial was conducted. The multicenter trial indicated that patients with elevated beta G in GCF were at 6 to 14 times higher risk for experiencing probing attachment loss. The technical, regulatory, business and marketing issues surrounding the introduction of a diagnostic test for periodontal disease were considered. While technical and regulatory issues were not major impediments, business and marketing concerns contributed to a decision to halt development of the test. Specifically, there was concern about acceptance of the test by practitioners and third party reimbursement. Underlying these issues were the multifactorial nature of periodontal disease, and the lack of a direct cause and effect relationship of test results to disease outcome. While analysis of beta G in GCF is not currently available as a diagnostic test for periodontal disease, the development process has identified important issues for the introduction of diagnostic tests, including consideration of the relationship of test results to treatment, the need to integrate diagnostic tests into dental practice, and an appreciation of the financial and health care benefits derived by practitioners and patients with use of such tests.
Distributed Input and State Estimation Using Local Information in Heterogeneous Sensor Networks (2017)

A new distributed input and state estimation architecture is introduced and analyzed for heterogeneous sensor networks. Specifically, nodes of a given sensor network are allowed to have heterogeneous information roles in the sense that a subset of nodes can be active (that is, subject to observations of a process of interest) and the rest can be passive (that is, subject to no observation). Both fixed and varying active and passive roles of sensor nodes in the network are investigated. In addition, these nodes are allowed to have non-identical sensor modalities under the common underlying assumption that they have complimentary properties distributed over the sensor network to achieve collective observability. The key feature of our framework is that it utilizes local information not only during the execution of the proposed distributed input and state estimation architecture but also in its design in that global uniform ultimate boundedness of error dynamics is guaranteed once each node satisfies given local stability conditions independent from the graph topology and neighboring information of these nodes. As a special case (e.g., when all nodes are active and a positive real condition is satisfied), the asymptotic stability can be achieved with our algorithm. Several illustrative numerical examples are further provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed architecture.
Shape Control of Metal Halide Perovskite Single Crystals: From Bulk to Nanoscale (2020)

Metal halide perovskite (MHP) single crystals are promising candidates for photovoltaics and related optoelectronic devices. They afford optical and charge transport properties superior to those of their polycrystalline counterparts. Despite this advantage, MHP single crystals are less widely adopted. Traditional bulk growth methods do not lend single-crystal MHPs to device integration as readily as their polycrystalline analogues, which are amenable to a multitude of approaches for deposition and growth. Fortunately, diverse shape-control approaches for MHP single crystals have been recently reported, enabling tunable optoelectronic properties and expanding the potential for single-crystal applications. In this review, we summarize recent developments in the shape control of MHP single crystals, including those pertaining to microcrystals, single-crystal thin films, nano/microplates, nano/microrods, and nanocrystals. We highlight strategies for optimizing the synthesis of these crystals to achieve targeted materials properties and device performance. This review aims to guide the future of shape design in MHP single crystals for various optoelectronic applications.
Distributed diagnosis for qualitative systems (2003)

In this paper we propose a novel automaton-based architecture to build a diagnoser, based on which an efficient distributed diagnostic method consisting of local computation and communication is presented. The method proposed here is highly scalable and robust to partial failures of the overall diagnoser.
Evaluation of a Fiber-Modified Adenovirus Vector Vaccine against Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Cattle (2015)

Novel vaccination approaches against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) include the use of replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vectors that contain the capsid-encoding regions of FMD virus (FMDV). Ad5 containing serotype A24 capsid sequences (Ad5.A24) has proved to be effective as a vaccine against FMD in livestock species. However, Ad5-vectored FMDV serotype O1 Campos vaccine (Ad5.O1C.2B) provides only partial protection of cattle against homologous challenge. It has been reported that a fiber-modified Ad5 vector expressing Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) enhances transduction of antigen-presenting cells (APC) in mice. In the current study, we assessed the efficacy of a fiber-modified Ad5 (Adt.O1C.2B.RGD) in cattle. Expression of FMDV capsid proteins was superior in cultured cells infected with the RGD-modified vector. Furthermore, transgene expression of Adt.O1C.2B.RGD was enhanced in cell lines that constitutively express integrin αvβ6, a known receptor for FMDV. In contrast, capsid expression in cattle-derived enriched APC populations was not enhanced by infection with this vector. Our data showed that vaccination with the two vectors yielded similar levels of protection against FMD in cattle. Although none of the vaccinated animals had detectable viremia, FMDV RNA was detected in serum samples from animals with clinical signs. Interestingly, CD4(+) and CD8(+) gamma interferon (IFN-γ)(+) cell responses were detected at significantly higher levels in animals vaccinated with Adt.O1C.2B.RGD than in animals vaccinated with Ad5.O1C.2B. Our results suggest that inclusion of an RGD motif in the fiber of Ad5-vectored FMD vaccine improves transgene delivery and cell-mediated immunity but does not significantly enhance vaccine performance in cattle.
1.6-<formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\mu$</tex> </formula>m Multiwavelength Emission of an InAs&#x2013;InGaAsP Quantum-Dot Laser (2008)

A multiwavelength laser with maximum signal-to-noise ratio up to 62 dB was demonstrated on the basis of a 461-m-long InAs-InGaAsP quantum-dot waveguide Fabry-Perot cavity chip. It has 24 channels with 0.8-nm channel spacing and 8.0-dB maximum channel intensity nonuniformity over a wavelength range from 1612 to 1632 nm. Its channel spacing irregularity due to linear intracavity waveguide dispersion was also investigated.
RECLAIM-DCP: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Deutetrabenazine for the Treatment of Dyskinesia in Cerebral Palsy in Children and Adolescents (P4.8-036) (2019)

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of deutetrabenazine in the treatment of dyskinetic involuntary movements associated with cerebral palsy.
Characterization and Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Coronavirus, Coronavirus HKU1, from Patients with Pneumonia (2004)

Despite extensive laboratory investigations in patients with respiratory tract infections, no microbiological cause can be identified in a significant proportion of patients. In the past 3 years, several novel respiratory viruses, including human metapneumovirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and human coronavirus NL63, were discovered. Here we report the discovery of another novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1 (CoV-HKU1), from a 71-year-old man with pneumonia who had just returned from Shenzhen, China. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR showed that the amount of CoV-HKU1 RNA was 8.5 to 9.6 x 10(6) copies per ml in his nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) during the first week of the illness and dropped progressively to undetectable levels in subsequent weeks. He developed increasing serum levels of specific antibodies against the recombinant nucleocapsid protein of CoV-HKU1, with immunoglobulin M (IgM) titers of 1:20, 1:40, and 1:80 and IgG titers of <1:1,000, 1:2,000, and 1:8,000 in the first, second and fourth weeks of the illness, respectively. Isolation of the virus by using various cell lines, mixed neuron-glia culture, and intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice was unsuccessful. The complete genome sequence of CoV-HKU1 is a 29,926-nucleotide, polyadenylated RNA, with G+C content of 32%, the lowest among all known coronaviruses with available genome sequence. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that CoV-HKU1 is a new group 2 coronavirus. Screening of 400 NPAs, negative for SARS-CoV, from patients with respiratory illness during the SARS period identified the presence of CoV-HKU1 RNA in an additional specimen, with a viral load of 1.13 x 10(6) copies per ml, from a 35-year-old woman with pneumonia. Our data support the existence of a novel group 2 coronavirus associated with pneumonia in humans.
Efficient algorithms for verifying memory consistency (2005)

One approach in verifying the correctness of a multiprocessor system is to show that its execution results comply with the memory consistency model it is meant to implement. It has been shown in prior work, however, that accurately verifying such compliance even of a single execution result is an NP-complete problem, for an unlimited number of processors. In this paper, we present a suite of post-mortem algorithms that perform the compliance check in an efficient, although not exhaustive, manner. Our algorithms employ the concept of vector clocks together with a heuristic made from a variation of the problem in P class. An implementation of these algorithms has been successful in efficiently detecting several bugs during the course of validating the design of commercial microprocessors and systems.Although our algorithms are presented with the Total Store Order (TSO) memory model, the ideas can also be applied to other models ranging from Sequential Consistency (SC) to a more relaxed one such as Relaxed Memory Order (RMO).
A Maximum Likelihood Doppler Frequency Estimator for OFDM Systems (2006)

This paper derives a maximum likelihood Doppler frequency estimator for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems in time-varying multipath channels. The proposed scheme is a frequency-domain approach that utilizes pilot subcarriers, which are commonly implemented in most practical systems. Time-varying fading causes intercarrier interference (ICI) in OFDM systems. Thus, in the proposed estimator, the effect of ICI is taken into consideration with a proper model for accurate results. The estimator can be implemented using a finite impulse response (FIR) filter bank whose coefficients can be pre-calculated and stored in order to lower the computational complexity. We evaluate various methods to improve the estimation accuracy and analyze their complexity-performance tradeoffs. We also derive the Cramér-Rao bound and provide simulation results to quantify the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Resolution-Adaptive All-Digital Spatial Equalization for mmWave Massive MU-MIMO (2021)

All-digital basestation (BS) architectures for millimeter-wave (mmWave) massive multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO), which equip each radio-frequency chain with dedicated data converters, have advantages in spectral efficiency, flexibility, and baseband-processing simplicity over hybrid analog-digital solutions. For all-digital architectures to be competitive with hybrid solutions in terms of power consumption, novel signal-processing methods and baseband architectures are necessary. In this paper, we demonstrate that adapting the resolution of the analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and spatial equalizer of an all-digital system to the communication scenario (e.g., the number of users, modulation scheme, and propagation conditions) enables orders-of-magnitude power savings for realistic mmWave channels. For example, for a 256-BS-antenna 16-user system supporting 1 GHz bandwidth, a traditional baseline architecture designed for a 64-user worst-case scenario would consume 23 W in 28 nm CMOS for the ADC array and the spatial equalizer, whereas a resolution-adaptive architecture is able to reduce the power consumption by 6.7×.
Prefetching irregular references for software cache on cell (2008)

The IBM Single Source Research Compiler for the Cell processor (the SSC Research Compiler) was developed to manage the complexity of programming the heterogeneous multicore Cell processor. The compiler accepts conventional source programs as input, and automatically generates binaries that execute on both the PPU and SPU cores available on a Cell chip. The compiler uses a software cache and direct buffers to manage data in the small local memory of SPUs. However, irregular references, such as a[ind[i]], often become performance bottle-necks. These references are accessed through software cache, usually with high miss rates. To solve this problem, we propose a method to prefetch irregular references accessed through a software cache that is built upon hardware such as Cell. This method includes code transformation in the compiler and a runtime library component for the software cache. Our design simplifies the synchronization required when prefetching into software cache, overlaps DMA operations for misses, and avoids frequent context switching to the miss handler. It also minimizes the cache pollution caused by prefetching, by looking both forwards and backwards through the sequence of addresses to be prefetched. We evaluated our prefetching method using the NAS benchmarks. We found that when applicable, our prefetching can improve the performance of some benchmarks by 2 times on average, and by close to 4 times in the best case. We also present data to show the impact of different configurations and optimizations when prefetching in a software cache.
On the Placement of VNF Managers in Large-Scale and Distributed NFV Systems (2017)

The European Telecommunications Standards Institute management and orchestration framework is designed to enable automated management of the network services and their corresponding virtualized network functions (VNFs). In that context, the network function virtualization (NFV) orchestrator (NFVO) manages the lifecycle of the network services and coordinates with the VNF managers (VNFMs) which manage the VNFs lifecycle. In large-scale and distributed NFV deployments, these management functions face critical challenges such as delays, and variations in VNFs workload. Placing NFVO and VNFM in a large-scale distributed NFV deployment is therefore a very challenging problem due to the potential negative impact on performance and operational cost. However, to the best of our knowledge, the problem has not yet been addressed in the literature. This paper is a first step toward a solution to the overall problem. It focuses on the VNFM placement and aims at minimizing the operational cost without violating the performance requirements. We call this the VNFM placement problem (MPP). We provide an integer linear programming formulation and propose a tabu search algorithm to solve larger instances of the MPP. We evaluate our algorithm in a real-world large-scale scenario. The results show that it leads to significant reductions in the operational cost of large-scale distributed NFV deployments.
Relationship of fracture behavior and morphology in polyolefin blends (1999)

Abstract High‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and isotactic polypropylene (PP) were mixed either with a stabilizer or with a stabilizer and a compatibilizer in different mixing ratios. The structure and properties of these blends were analyzed by methods such as torsion pendulum measurements, mechanical short time experiments, electron microscopy, and fracture mechanical toughness tests. The results display a strongly increased impact strength in the HDPE/PP blend with compatibilizer within a specific mixing region. The deformation behavior and the mechanism leading to the increased impact strength of the blends were investigated in tensile tests by acoustic emission analysis and scanning electron microscopy: Increased fibrilation and strong strain was registered in the blend with compatibilizer. The impact strength was modeled, using experimentally measured properties such as energy release rate, matrix and inclusion volumes, the impact strength of each component. The inclusion volume that causes plastic deformation was chosen as an additional parameter. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.
V‐shaped electro‐optical mode based on deformed‐helix ferroelectric liquid crystal with subwavelength pitch (2012)

Abstract— V‐shaped electro‐optical response is shown, both theoretically and experimentally, to be an inherent property of a deformed‐helix ferroelectric liquid‐crystal cell (DHFLC) under a special choice of the applied rectangular alternating‐electric‐field waveform, frequency, and cell geometry. In contrast to other known V‐shaped ferroelectric liquid‐crystal (FLC) modes, the discovered V‐shaped switching is observed in a broadband frequency range including 1 kHz, and not at a certain characteristic frequency. This type of V‐shaped switching allows for a drastic increase in the operating frequency of field‐sequential‐color (FSC) LCD cells in comparison with fast nematic liquid‐crystal (NLC) modes.
Guidance for Precision Three-Dimensional Maneuvers Through Orifices Using Safe-Passage Cones (2016)

This paper proposes a safe-passage cone-based guidance strategy developed in a relative velocity framework to enable a generic aerial robot execute a precision three-dimensional maneuver through a narrow orifice in a wall. The relative sizes of the robot and the orifice are such that the orifice is only slightly larger than the robot. The orifice is approximated as an elliptical shape, and analytical nonlinear guidance laws incorporating state-based switching are derived. It is demonstrated that the guidance laws developed can be used to maneuver the robot through both fixed and moving orifices as well as in scenarios when the orifice is closing with time.
Frontispiece: Heterogeneous Parahydrogen‐Induced Polarization of Diethyl Ether for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Applications (2021)

Pulmonary MRI: The frontispiece illustrates that hyperpolarized diethyl ether vapor can be imaged on any clinical MRI scanner, and it can provide information on the structure and functions of lungs. In their Full Paper on page 1316 ff., O. G. Salnikov et al. present 1.3% nuclear spin polarization level for diethyl ether achieved by using heterogeneous hydrogenation with parahydrogen and the possibility of ∼10-fold prolongation of the hyperpolarization lifetime. Since diethyl ether is a well-established anesthetic, translation of the proposed method to the clinical use represents the plausible future of pulmonary MRI.
Experimental verification of pulse-probing technique for improving phase coherence grating lobe suppression (2013)

Fabrication of high-frequency phased-array ultrasound transducers is challenging because of the small element- to-element pitch required to avoid large grating lobes appearing in the field-of-view. Phase coherence imaging (PCI) was recently proposed as a highly effective technique to suppress grating lobes in large-pitch arrays for synthetic aperture beamforming. Our previous work proposed and theoretically validated a technique called pulse probing for improving grating lobe suppression when transmit beamforming is used with PCI. The present work reports the experimental verification of the proposed technique, in which the data was collected using a high-frequency ultrasound system and the processing was done offline. The data was collected with a 50-MHz, 256-element, 1.26 λ-pitch linear array, for which only the central 64-elements were used as the full aperture while the beam was steered to various angles. By sending a defocused pulse, the PCI weighting factors could be calculated, and were subsequently applied to the conventional transmit-receive beamforming. The experimental two-way radiation patterns showed that the grating lobe level was suppressed approximately 40 dB using the proposed technique, consistent with the theory. The suppression of overlapping grating lobes in reconstructed phased array images from multiple wire-phantoms in a water bath and tissue phantoms further validated the effectiveness of the proposed technique. The application of pulse probing along with PCI should simplify the fabrication of large-pitch phased arrays at high frequencies.
Singing information processing (2014)

This paper introduces singing information processing, which is defined as music information processing for singing voices. As many people listen to music with a focus on singing, singing is one of the most important elements of music. Singing information processing attracts attention not only from a scientific point of view but also from the standpoint of commercial applications, such as singing synthesis, automatic singing pitch correction, query-by-humming, and singing skill evaluation for karaoke. The concept of singing information processing is broad and still emerging.