gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single molecule detection of DNA hybridization (2003)

We demonstrate the detection of nanometer-scale conformational changes of single DNA oligomers through a micromechanical technique. The quantity monitored is the displacement of a micrometer-size bead tethered to a surface by the probe molecule undergoing the conformational change. This technique allows probing of conformational changes within distances beyond the range of fluorescence resonance energy transfer. We apply the method to detect single hybridization events of label-free target oligomers. Hybridization of the target is detected through the conformational change of the probe.
Are Women Really More Talkative Than Men? (2007)

Women are generally assumed to be more talkative than men. Data were analyzed from 396 participants who wore a voice recorder that sampled ambient sounds for several days. Participants' daily word use was extrapolated from the number of recorded words. Women and men both spoke about 16,000 words per day.
Optimum size of dissipative nonlinear turn-off snubber (1988)

The use of voltage dependent, saturable capacitors as nonlinear turn-off snubbers for power electronic switches is discussed. Emphasis is placed on the optimisation of such a nonlinear turn-off snubber, is dissipative snubber configuration. The snubber capacitance is optimised in terms of minimum total energy losses (consisting of the stored energy in the capacitor, and the energy loss in the power switch during turn-off). By means of a computer analysis, which uses the exact capacitance-voltage curve of the nonlinear snubber capacitor, the needed energies are calculated and the results presented in clear graphical form. The computer simulation is also verified by means of an experimental measurement. From the results, it is evident that, from an energy point of view, the nonlinear capacitive snubber is about always superior to the normal linear snubber. This conclusion is applicable to the stored energy in the capacitor, total energy losses, as well as to the minimum total energy loss.
Downregulation of heat shock protein 70 protects rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes from nitric oxide-induced apoptosis (2009)

Knock-down of Hsp70 protects RA FLSs from nitric oxide-induced apoptosis by activating the Akt signaling pathway. These results suggest that Hsp70 has a pro-apoptotic role in RA FLSs.
60-GHz AMC-Based Circularly Polarized On-Chip Antenna Using Standard 0.18-$\mu$m CMOS Technology (2012)

A 60-GHz artificial magnetic conductor (AMC)-based circularly polarized (CP) on-chip antenna has been designed and fabricated using standard 0.18-μm six metal-layer CMOS technology. The design consists of a wideband circularly polarized loop antenna at the top layer M6 and a novel AMC structure at the bottom layer M1. The size of the antenna including the modified AMC structure is 1.8 × 1.8 × 0.3 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . The circular open-loop structure is employed for antenna design because the gap within the loop can excite traveling wave current and then achieve circular polarized radiation. In addition, it is found that the bandwidth of circular polarization can be significantly increased by introducing one more inner parasitic loop. With the modified AMC structure integrated into the bottom layer, the antenna performance can be optimized and improved as more design freedom is introduced. The proposed antenna can offer a simulated peak gain of -3.7 dBi and a measured gain of -4.4 dBi, respectively, as well as simulated and measured axial ratio (AR <; 3) bandwidth to cover from 57 to 67 GHz.
Whole-blood sorting, enrichment and in situ immunolabeling of cellular subsets using acoustic microstreaming (2018)

Abstract Analyzing undiluted whole human blood is a challenge due to its complex composition of hematopoietic cellular populations, nucleic acids, metabolites, and proteins. We present a novel multi-functional microfluidic acoustic streaming platform that enables sorting, enrichment and in situ identification of cellular subsets from whole blood. This single device platform, based on lateral cavity acoustic transducers (LCAT), enables (1) the sorting of undiluted donor whole blood into its cellular subsets (platelets, RBCs, and WBCs), (2) the enrichment and retrieval of breast cancer cells (MCF-7) spiked in donor whole blood at rare cell relevant concentrations (10 mL −1 ), and (3) on-chip immunofluorescent labeling for the detection of specific target cellular populations by their known marker expression patterns. Our approach thus demonstrates a compact system that integrates upstream sample processing with downstream separation/enrichment, to carry out multi-parametric cell analysis for blood-based diagnosis and liquid biopsy blood sampling.
Prospects for Clinical Introduction of Nitroimidazole Antibiotics for the Treatment of Tuberculosis (2004)

Nitroaromatic antibiotics have a long and controversial history in human and veterinary medicine. This controversy lies behind the presumption of many pharmaceutical companies that nitroaromatic compounds should be filtered from the list of drug-like compounds but stands at odds with the remarkably safe clinical record of use of such compounds. In this review, we will describe the whole-cell structure-activity relationships that have been reported for antimycobacterial nitroimidazoles as well as the available in vivo data supporting efficacy with a particular emphasis on nitroimidazo[2,1-b]oxazines such as PA-824. We will also explore the unique potential of such compounds to shorten the course of tuberculosis therapy by exerting a bactericidal effect on non-replicating bacilli. We will consider the mode of action of such compounds in sensitive organisms and discuss the mechanisms by which resistance may emerge. Finally, we will review the pharmacokinetics, toxicology and laboratory and animal studies linking nitroimidazoles with carcinogenicity and mutagenicity and assess the prospects for the clinical introduction of nitroimidazoles for the treatment of tuberculosis.
Down-regulation of neurosteroid biosynthesis in corticolimbic circuits mediates social isolation-induced behavior in mice (2007)

Allopregnanolone (ALLO), synthesized by pyramidal neurons, is a potent positive allosteric modulator of the action of GABA at GABA(A) receptors expressing specific neurosteroid binding sites. In the brain, ALLO is synthesized from progesterone by the sequential action of two enzymes: 5alpha-reductase type I (5alpha-RI) and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3alpha-HSD). In the cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala, these enzymes are colocalized in principal glutamatergic output neurons [Agís-Balboa RC, Pinna G, Zhubi A, Maloku E, Veldic M, Costa E, Guidotti A (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:14602-14607], but they are not detectable in GABAergic interneurons. Using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization, this study compares 5alpha-RI and 3alpha-HSD mRNA brain expression levels in group housed and in socially isolated male mice for 4 weeks. In these socially isolated mice, the mRNA expression of 5alpha-RI was dramatically decreased in hippocampal CA3 glutamatergic pyramidal neurons, dentate gyrus granule cells, glutamatergic neurons of the basolateral amygdala, and glutamatergic pyramidal neurons of layer V/VI frontal (prelimbic, infralimbic) cortex (FC). In contrast, 5alpha-RI mRNA expression failed to change in CA1 pyramidal neurons, central amygdala neurons, pyramidal neurons of layer II/III FC, ventromedial thalamic nucleus neurons, and striatal medium spiny and reticular thalamic nucleus neurons. Importantly, 3alpha-HSD mRNA expression was unchanged by protracted social isolation (Si). These data suggest that, in male mice, after 4 weeks of Si, the expression of 5alpha-RI mRNA, which is the rate-limiting-step enzyme of ALLO biosynthesis, is specifically down-regulated in glutamatergic pyramidal neurons that converge on the amygdala from cortical and hippocampal regions. In socially isolated mice, this down-regulation may account for the appearance of behavioral disorders such as anxiety, aggression, and cognitive dysfunction.
Migration by Fourier transform (1978)

Abstract Wave equation migration is known to be simpler in principle when the horizontal coordinate or coordinates are replaced by their Fourier conjugates. Two practical migration schemes utilizing this concept are developed in this paper. One scheme extends the Claerbout finite difference method, greatly reducing dispersion problems usually associated with this method at higher dips and frequencies. The second scheme effects a Fourier transform in both space and time; by using the full scalar wave equation in the conjugate space, the method eliminates (up to the aliasing frequency) dispersion altogether. The second method in particular appears adaptable to three-dimensional migration and migration before stack.
THE SEQUENCE OF PORCINE CHROMOGRANIN A MESSENGER RNA DEMONSTRATES CHROMOGRANIN A CAN SERVE AS THE PRECURSOR FOR THE BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE HORMONE, PANCREASTATIN (1988)

Specific oligonucleotide priming of double-stranded DNA has been employed to sequence a porcine chromogranin A adrenomedullary cDNA. Porcine chromogranin A is more than 80% identical to human, bovine, and rat chromogranin A at its deduced N- and C-termini. A 49-amino acid region of the porcine molecule is 59-71% homologous to corresponding areas of rat, bovine, and human chromogranin A, and identical to the amino acid sequence of porcine pancreastatin. The sequence is preceded by an arginine at the N-terminus and followed by a GKR sequence at the C-terminus. Thus, porcine chromogranin A can serve as the precursor for pancreastatin, a polypeptide capable of inhibiting insulin release from the endocrine pancreas and acid secretion from parietal cells of the gut.
Bile Acid Recognition by the Clostridium difficile Germinant Receptor, CspC, Is Important for Establishing Infection (2013)

Clostridium difficile spores must germinate in vivo to become actively growing bacteria in order to produce the toxins that are necessary for disease. C. difficile spores germinate in vitro in response to certain bile acids and glycine. In other sporulating bacteria, proteins embedded within the inner membrane of the spore sense the presence of germinants and trigger the release of Ca⁺⁺-dipicolinic acid (Ca⁺⁺-DPA) from the spore core and subsequent hydrolysis of the spore cortex, a specialized peptidoglycan. Based upon homology searches of known germinant receptors from other spore-forming bacteria, C. difficile likely uses unique mechanisms to recognize germinants. Here, we identify the germination-specific protease, CspC, as the C. difficile bile acid germinant receptor and show that bile acid-mediated germination is important for establishing C. difficile disease in the hamster model of infection. These results highlight the importance of bile acids in triggering in vivo germination and provide the first description of a C. difficile spore germinant receptor. Blocking the interaction of bile acids with the C. difficile spore may represent an attractive target for novel therapeutics.
BLISK Fabrication by Linear Friction Welding (2011)

Advances in Gas
Rapid adaptation of single mechanosensitive channels in Xenopus oocytes. (1992)

Mechanosensitive (MS) channels are expressed in a wide range of cell types and have been implicated in diverse functions, including osmoregulation and mechanoreception. The majority of previous studies on single MS channels have been carried out on nonsensory cells and have dealt with the steady-state properties of the channel. Here we measure the dynamic or nonstationary properties of the MS channel in Xenopus laevis oocytes. MS channels open transiently in response to a step change in suction applied to the membrane patch. This adaptive behavior occurs because of a reduction in open channel probability rather than a decrease in channel conductance. Double-step suction protocols indicate that adapted MS channels can be reactivated by application of stronger stimulation, consistent with a change in gating sensitivity rather than channel inactivation. Adaptation is highly voltage dependent, being most evident at resting or hyperpolarized potentials and absent at strongly positive potentials. Neither adaptation nor its voltage sensitivity requires the presence of extracellular Ca2+. Adaptation is fragile, dependent on patch history, and can be irreversibly abolished by moderate suction applied to the patch while MS channel activity is retained. Further suction can abolish MS channel activity without compromising the seal. We propose that the selective loss of adaptation and MS channel activity is due to different stages of membrane-cytoskeleton decoupling caused by the mechanical stresses associated with patch clamp recording.
Head and neck multimodality volumes visualization methods (2004)

This paper describes design strategies and algorithms which have been developed for visualization. registration, Volume of Interest (VoI) definition and measurements on multimodality single subject head and neck CT, MR, PET and surgical tumor specimen images. This work was part of a project that measured the usefulness of MR and PET images in three-dimensional radiotherapy treatment planning which was originally based only on CT images. The VoIs. which could be defined on any of the registered volume. were exported with the CT images to the treatment planning system, using DICOM. The major problem was the handling of large datasets with big differences in FOV and voxel sizes. We used object-oriented design and C++ programming language to develop object classes and methods for efficient data management. We used the eXtensible Markup Language (XMEL) standard to save the registration transformers and the VoIs. The registered volumes were resliced on the fly for visualization or VoI statistical information computing. Therefore, we avoided creation of large resliced dataset files. We used the new classes to extend two existing applications: interactive registration and RoI drawing. The paper describes: (i) the data handling problems.. (ii) the developed objects relationship and methods and (iii) the two applications.
Rates of Synthesis of Basement Membrane Proteins by Differentiating Teratocarcinoma Stem Cells and Their Modulation by Hormones (1982)

The embryonal carcinoma mouse cell line F-9 was used as a convenient model for a quantitative study of the production of the basement membrane proteins laminin and type IV collagen. Both proteins could be identified in the culture medium and cell layer by radioimmuno assays, metabolic labeling and immunofluorescence. More than 95% of the material is secreted into the medium. Lack of ascorbic acid inhibits secretion of type IV collagen but not of laminin. Induction of differentiation into endoderm-like cells by retinoic acid consistently caused after a lag period of 2-3 days a 5-10 fold increase in the production of basement membrane proteins but not of total protein. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP further potentiated this specific effect particularly with respect to type IV collagen synthesis. Insulin, epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor produced only moderate increases (10-60%) in the amount of laminin and type IV collagen. Effects of these hormones were only observed with certain doses and were quite variable between different experiments.
The Salford Technique for the Treatment of Complicated Tibial Fractures (1980)

A simple method of external fixation of tibial fractures is described. Acrylic cement is used to secure the bone screws to the external fixator. The angulation at the fracture site can be easily adjusted by the addition of an auxiliary mechanism which can be removed after completion of any necessary realignment manoeuvre.
A measurement of the local energy deposition by antiprotons coming to rest in tissue-like material (1985)

The measurement of the energy deposited in tissue-equivalent plastic as a beam of low-energy antiprotons slows down is described. The resulting depth-dose curve is presented and compared with that of protons measured under similar conditions. These curves indicate that the ratio of the dose in the antiproton stopping peak to that in the plateau region is about twice that found for protons. Analysis of the data shows that out of the 2 GeV available in an antiproton annihilation, on average less than 30 MeV is deposited close to the site of the interaction. This leads to the conclusion that antiprotons are unlikely to offer any marked advantage over other radiations for radiotherapeutic applications of the future.
Introduction (1988)

The immune system has long been linked with the natural homeostatic regulation of the growth of malignant cells. Moreover, immunotherapeutic approaches have been sought to control cancer because of the inherent specificity of the immune system. The majority of these immunotherapeutic approaches has relied on specific or nonspecific activation of immune effector cells. Recently, however, interest has centered on leukolysins, the term recently adopted by the Reticuloendothelial Society to denote the soluble cytotoxic molecules secreted by activated leukocytes with anticancer activities. This specialized class of immunologic hormones is rapidly being brought to the clinic as a result of genetic engineering. A typical pattern has emerged in the clinical development of these cytotoxic molecules. Initially, a biologic “activity” is described, generally the growth inhibition or cytolysis of some type of tumor cell by the soluble product of an activated leukocyte. The “activity” is biochemically characterized and purified. Because these molecules are difficult to isolate in large quantities, only limited clinical trials have been performed with native materials. Hence, genetically engineered molecules are being used clinically. The leukolysins represent a whole new type of therapeutic agent, and much new research needs to be done to determine their best methods of use.
A shallow trench isolation using LOCOS edge for preventing corner effects for 0.25/0.18 μm CMOS technologies and beyond (2002)

Shallow trench isolation schemes using a LOCOS edge to avoid sharp corner effects are applied to 0.25 /spl mu/m and 0.18 /spl mu/m technologies. Two variations are studied. In the first case (Case A) a mini-LOCOS is grown and deglazed prior to trench etch whereas in the second case (Case B) the deglaze is omitted. Excellent narrow width effect is demonstrated. The V/sub T/ increases by /spl les/50 mV when the transistor width is reduced from 10 /spl mu/m to 0.3 /spl mu/m. Minimum isolation space of 0.3 /spl mu/m and minimum n/sup +/-to-p/sup +/ space of 0.6 /spl mu/m across a well boundary are demonstrated. Diode leakages and oxide reliability are reasonable. Transistor subthreshold characteristics show no double hump for Case A, while for Case B some devices indicate presence of double hump when a substrate back bias is applied. Despite the mini-LOCOS formation the width reductions are /spl les/0.05 /spl mu/m and excellent drive currents of 660 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m (NMOS) and 290 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m (PMOS) are achieved corresponding to I/sub off/=1 nA//spl mu/m and V/sub cc/=1.8 V.
Sulfur Interaction with Lean NOx Traps: Laboratory and Engine Dynamometer Studies (1998)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Lean NOx traps were tested under various laboratory and engine dynamometer conditions to assess the effects of sulfur, temperature, and other exhaust gas parameters on their NOx efficiency and durability. Most recent vendor supplied NO<sub>x</sub> trap materials have shown significant temperature durability improvements, but sulfur tolerance has remained unchanged. Trap samples were subjected to sulfur poisoning and were desoxed at high temperatures and at various air to fuel ratios. It was found that a simple sulfate model of sulfur interaction with the NOx trapping specie is not sufficient to explain the sulfur interactions observed.</div>
OPEDD: Offroad Pedestrian Detection Dataset (2020)

The detection of pedestrians plays an essential part in the development of automated driver assistance systems. Many of the currently available datasets for pedestrian detection focus on urban environments. State-of-the-art neural networks trained on these datasets struggle in generalizing their predictions from one environment to a visually dissimilar one, limiting the use case to urban scenes. Commercial working machines like tractors or excavators make up a substantial share of the total number of motorized vehicles and are often situated in fundamentally different surroundings, e.g. forests, meadows, construction sites or farmland. In this paper, we present a dataset for pedestrian detection which consists of 1018 stereo-images showing varying numbers of persons in differing non-urban environments and comes with manually annotated pixel-level segmentation masks and bounding boxes.
Haplotype Structure of <i>FSHB,</i> the Beta‐Subunit Gene for Fertility‐Associated Follicle‐Stimulating Hormone: Possible Influence of Balancing Selection (2006)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is essential for human reproduction. The unique functions of this hormone are provided by the FSH receptor-binding beta-subunit encoded by the FSHB gene. Resequencing and genotyping of FSHB in three European, two Asian and one African population, as well as in the great apes (chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan), revealed low diversity and significant excess of polymorphisms with intermediate frequency alleles. Statistical tests for FSHB showed deviations from neutrality in all populations suggesting a possible effect of balancing selection. Two core haplotypes were identified (carried by 76-96.6% of each population's sample), the sequences of which are clearly separated from each other. As fertility most directly affects an organism's fitness, the carriers of these haplotypes have apparently had more success in human history to contribute to the next generation. There is a preliminary observation suggesting that the second most frequent FSHB haplotype may be associated with rapid conception success in females. Interestingly, the same haplotype is related to an ancestral FSHB variant shared with the ancestor of the great apes. The determination of the functional consequence of the two core FSHB variants may have implications for understanding and regulating human fertility, as well as in assisting infertility treatments.
Treatment options for essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera (2009)

Polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia are the most common chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms; their molecular basis has been appreciated only recently and is briefly discussed in this article. Major causes of morbidity and mortality are represented by arterial and venous thrombosis, as well as by evolution to myelofibrosis or transformation to acute leukemia. Therapy is currently aimed at reducing the rate of thrombosis without increasing the risk of hematologic transformation that might be caused by exposure to cytotoxic drugs. A risk-oriented approach is employed for stratifying patients to the most appropriate therapeutic options. However, results of clinical trials with interferon, and the expected effects of novel drugs selectively targeting the abnormal pathways that are involved in the clonal myeloproliferation, are pushing therapeutic goals from disease control only to cure. These different issues, and current recommendations for treatment, will be discussed in the review.