gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recombinant<i>Leishmania major</i>Secreting Biologically Active Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Survives Poorly in Macrophages In Vitro and Delays Disease Development in Mice (2003)

Leishmania is an intracellular pathogen that replicates inside macrophages. Activated macrophages produce a specific subset of cytokines that play an important role in the control of Leishmania infections. As part of our interest in developing suicide parasites that produce abortive infections for the purposes of vaccination, we engineered recombinant Leishmania major strains producing biologically active granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). We showed that GM-CSF is being produced in the phagosomes of infected macrophages and that it can be detected in the culture supernatants of both infected macrophages and extracellular parasites. Our data support the notion that GM-CSF secreted by both developmental forms of recombinant L. major can activate macrophages to produce high levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, and IL-18 and various chemokines including RANTES/CCL5, MIP-1alpha/CCL3, MIP-1beta/CCL4, MIP-2/CXCL2, and MCP-1/CCL2, which enhance parasite killing. Indeed, GM-CSF-expressing parasites survive poorly in macrophages in vitro and produce delayed lesion development in susceptible BALB/c mice in vivo. Selective killing of intracellular Leishmania expressing cytokine genes capable of activating cellular responses may constitute a promising strategy to control and/or prevent parasitic infections.
Inhibition of Hepatitis C Virus-Like Particle Binding to Target Cells by Antiviral Antibodies in Acute and Chronic Hepatitis C (2004)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic viral hepatitis worldwide. The study of antibody-mediated virus neutralization has been hampered by the lack of an efficient and high-throughput cell culture system for the study of virus neutralization. The HCV structural proteins have been shown to assemble into noninfectious HCV-like particles (HCV-LPs). Similar to serum-derived virions, HCV-LPs bind and enter human hepatocytes and hepatoma cell lines. In this study, we developed an HCV-LP-based model system for a systematic functional analysis of antiviral antibodies from patients with acute or chronic hepatitis C. We demonstrate that cellular HCV-LP binding was specifically inhibited by antiviral antibodies from patients with acute or chronic hepatitis C in a dose-dependent manner. Using a library of homologous overlapping envelope peptides covering the entire HCV envelope, we identified an epitope in the N-terminal E2 region (SQKIQLVNTNGSWHI; amino acid positions 408 to 422) as one target of human antiviral antibodies inhibiting cellular particle binding. Using a large panel of serum samples from patients with acute and chronic hepatitis C, we demonstrated that the presence of antibodies with inhibition of binding activity was not associated with viral clearance. In conclusion, antibody-mediated inhibition of cellular HCV-LP binding represents a convenient system for the functional characterization of human anti-HCV antibodies, allowing the mapping of envelope neutralization epitopes targeted by naturally occurring antiviral antibodies.
Coherent Doppler Lidar for Measuring Velocity and Altitude of Space and Arial Vehicles (2016)

A coherent Doppler lidar has been developed to support future NASA missions to planetary bodies. The lidar transmits three laser beams and measures line-of-sight range and velocity along each beam using a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) technique. Accurate altitude and velocity vector data, derived from the line-of-sight measurements, enables the landing vehicle to precisely navigate from several kilometers above the ground to the designated location and execute a gentle touchdown. The same lidar sensor can also benefit terrestrial applications that cannot rely on GPS or require surface-relative altitude and velocity data.
OC22.04: Ultrasound‐based strain mapping for contraction frequency in the non‐pregnant uterus (2018)

It has been postulated that increased uterine peristalsis (UP) negatively influences in vitro fertilisation outcome due to endometrial hyper-contractility after embryo transfer. An objective and non-invasive characterisation of UP can therefore provide an important contribution to many clinical procedures. In this study, strain mapping based on optical flow is applied on two-dimensional (2D) transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) videos to quantify UP outside pregnancy. Eight healthy women, with a natural regular cycle, underwent 4-minute TVUS during the menses (M), late follicular (LF), early luteal (EL) and late luteal (LL) phase of the cycle. Strain mapping based on optical flow was applied to calculate and visualise strain variations. The obtained strain maps were rendered with suitable colour maps; red for relaxation (negative strain) and blue for contraction (positive strain). Statistical analysis based on Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn's test were applied to evaluate the differences in contraction frequency between the phases. 2D-strain maps were created for all phases in transversal direction (figure1). Statistical analysis showed significant differences in contraction frequency between M-LF (P=0.002), M-EL (P=0.003), LF-LL (P=0.034) and EL-LL (P=0.048) phase. The results show that we can accurately strain-map the non-pregnant uterus, and that we can objectively classify contraction frequency in different phases of the menstrual cycle. Future work will focus on three-dimensional strain analysis to provide more accurate results in multiple directions. Supporting information can be found in the online version of this abstract Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Improved Simultaneous Multi-slice imaging with Composition of k-space Interpolations (SMS-COOKIE) for myocardial T1 mapping (2023)

The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate a regularized Simultaneous Multi-Slice (SMS) reconstruction method for improved Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR). The proposed reconstruction method, SMS with COmpOsition of k-space IntErpolations (SMS-COOKIE) combines the advantages of Iterative Self-consistent Parallel Imaging Reconstruction (SPIRiT) and split slice-Generalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisitions (GRAPPA), while allowing regularization for further noise reduction. The proposed SMS-COOKIE was implemented with and without regularization, and validated using a Saturation Pulse-Prepared Heart rate Independent inversion REcovery (SAPPHIRE) myocardial T1 mapping sequence. The performance of the proposed reconstruction method was compared to ReadOut (RO)-SENSE-GRAPPA and split slice-GRAPPA, on both retrospectively and prospectively three-fold SMS-accelerated data with an additional two-fold in-plane acceleration. All SMS reconstruction methods yielded similar T1 values compared to single band imaging. SMS-COOKIE showed lower spatial variability in myocardial T1 with significant improvement over RO-SENSE-GRAPPA and split slice-GRAPPA (P < 10-4). The proposed method with additional locally low rank (LLR) regularization reduced the spatial variability, again with significant improvement over RO-SENSE-GRAPPA and split slice-GRAPPA (P < 10-4). In conclusion, improved reconstruction quality was achieved with the proposed SMS-COOKIE, which also provided lower spatial variability with significant improvement over split slice-GRAPPA.
Directed Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Microglia (2017)

Microglia, the immune cells of the brain, are crucial to proper development and maintenance of the CNS, and their involvement in numerous neurological disorders is increasingly being recognized. To improve our understanding of human microglial biology, we devised a chemically defined protocol to generate human microglia from pluripotent stem cells. Myeloid progenitors expressing CD14/CX3CR1 were generated within 30 days of differentiation from both embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Further differentiation of the progenitors resulted in ramified microglia with highly motile processes, expressing typical microglial markers. Analyses of gene expression and cytokine release showed close similarities between iPSC-derived (iPSC-MG) and human primary microglia as well as clear distinctions from macrophages. iPSC-MG were able to phagocytose and responded to ADP by producing intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> transients, whereas macrophages lacked such response. The differentiation protocol was highly reproducible across several pluripotent stem cell lines.
New approach to purifying silicon (1980)

Silicon tetrafluoride gas removes metallurgical-grade impurities when passed over silicon in quartz tube. Technique allows inexpensive increase in throughout rate. Approach could improve silicon production for silicon solar cells.
Erratum: Graphene oxide/metal nanocrystal multilaminates as the atomic limit for safe and selective hydrogen storage (2016)

Nature Communications 7:10804 Article number 10804 (2016); Published 23 February 2016; Updated 18 March 2016 The financial support for this Article was not fully acknowledged. The Acknowledgements should have included the following: The authors gratefully acknowledge research support from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Fuel Cell Technologies Office, under Contract No.
On Sample Preparation for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) of Bacteria and the Source of Spectral Features of the Spectra (2011)

The characterization, detection, and identification of bacteria using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy is drawing considerable attention due to its ability to provide rich intrinsic molecular information about molecules and molecular structures in close proximity to noble metal surfaces. However, sample preparation methods and experimental conditions must be carefully evaluated in order to obtain healthy, interpretable, and comparable results. In this study, several bacterial species including E. coli, B. megaterium, S. aureus, and S. cohnii were systematically evaluated to demonstrate the source of the spectral features of bacterial SERS spectra. It was found that the features observed in bacterial SERS spectra originate mostly from the bacteria surface with some contributions from metabolic activity or molecular species detached from the bacteria surface during sample preparation.
MedMon: Securing Medical Devices Through Wireless Monitoring and Anomaly Detection (2013)

Rapid advances in personal healthcare systems based on implantable and wearable medical devices promise to greatly improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment for a range of medical conditions. However, the increasing programmability and wireless connectivity of medical devices also open up opportunities for malicious attackers. Unfortunately, implantable/wearable medical devices come with extreme size and power constraints, and unique usage models, making it infeasible to simply borrow conventional security solutions such as cryptography. We propose a general framework for securing medical devices based on wireless channel monitoring and anomaly detection. Our proposal is based on a medical security monitor (MedMon) that snoops on all the radio-frequency wireless communications to/from medical devices and uses multi-layered anomaly detection to identify potentially malicious transactions. Upon detection of a malicious transaction, MedMon takes appropriate response actions, which could range from passive (notifying the user) to active (jamming the packets so that they do not reach the medical device). A key benefit of MedMon is that it is applicable to existing medical devices that are in use by patients, with no hardware or software modifications to them. Consequently, it also leads to zero power overheads on these devices. We demonstrate the feasibility of our proposal by developing a prototype implementation for an insulin delivery system using off-the-shelf components (USRP software-defined radio). We evaluate its effectiveness under several attack scenarios. Our results show that MedMon can detect virtually all naive attacks and a large fraction of more sophisticated attacks, suggesting that it is an effective approach to enhancing the security of medical devices.
Room-temperature cycling of metal fluoride electrodes: Liquid electrolytes for high-energy fluoride ion cells (2018)

Fluoride ion batteries are potential "next-generation" electrochemical storage devices that offer high energy density. At present, such batteries are limited to operation at high temperatures because suitable fluoride ion-conducting electrolytes are known only in the solid state. We report a liquid fluoride ion-conducting electrolyte with high ionic conductivity, wide operating voltage, and robust chemical stability based on dry tetraalkylammonium fluoride salts in ether solvents. Pairing this liquid electrolyte with a copper-lanthanum trifluoride (Cu@LaF<sub>3</sub>) core-shell cathode, we demonstrate reversible fluorination and defluorination reactions in a fluoride ion electrochemical cell cycled at room temperature. Fluoride ion-mediated electrochemistry offers a pathway toward developing capacities beyond that of lithium ion technology.
Three-Level Two-Stage Decoupled Active NPC Converter With Si IGBT and SiC MOSFET (2018)

This paper presents the operation principle and benefits of a novel power converter topology named three-level two-stage decoupled active neutral point clamped (3L-TDANPC) converter, which is implemented based on a hybrid utilization of silicon (Si) insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and silicon carbide (SiC) metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (mosfets). The 3L-TDANPC converter can achieve high efficiency with limited number of SiC mosfet modules while keeping balanced loss distribution among the switching devices, which helps increase the converter power ratings. In addition, in this 3L-TDANPC converter, the SiC mosfet has a potential to ride through short-circuit fault because of the presence of Si IGBTs. The key challenges that are associated with system resonant current are investigated and the methods to damp such resonant current are proposed and explained in detail. The simulation and experimental results based on a 1-MW 3L-TDANPC converter prototype confirm the expected benefits of this proposed converter and the effectiveness of the proposed resonant current damping methods.
Regenerated silk fiber wet spinning from an ionic liquid solution (2005)

Regenerated silk fibroin from Bombyx mori silkworms was extruded into fibers from a 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid solvent system; the drawn fibers rinsed in methanol exhibit alignment of the β-sheet crystallites along the fiber axis.
Fluorescence correlation microscopy with real-time alignment readout (2005)

In confocal fluorescence correlation microscopy (FCM) it is important to ensure that the correlation measurement is actually performed at the chosen location of the three-dimensional image of the specimen. We present a confocal FCM design that provides an automatic real-time readout of the location in the confocal microscopic image, which is aligned with the detector of the fluorescence correlation spectrometer. The design accomplishes this without using any special positioning device. The design is based on an apertured fluorescence detector placed close to the back aperture of the objective lens and can be easily incorporated into virtually any confocal microscope. We demonstrate the method by performing FCM measurements of a dye diffusing on a cell membrane.
TCP dynamics over mmwave links (2017)

Due to massive available spectrum in the millimeter wave (mmWave) bands, cellular systems in these frequencies may provides orders of magnitude greater capacity than networks in conventional lower frequency bands. However, due to high susceptibility to blocking, mmWave links can be extremely intermittent in quality. This combination of high peak throughputs and intermittency can cause significant challenges in end-to-end transport-layer mechanisms such as TCP. This paper studies the particularly challenging problem of bufferbloat. Specifically, with current buffering and congestion control mechanisms, high throughput - high variable links can lead to excessive buffers incurring long latency. In this paper, we capture the performance trends obtained while adopting two potential solutions that have been proposed in the literature: Active queue management (AQM) and dynamic receive window. We show that, over mmWave links, AQM mitigates the latency but cannot deliver high throughput. The main reason relies on the fact that the current congestion control was not designed to cope with high data rates with sudden change. Conversely, the dynamic receive window approach is more responsive and therefore supports higher channel utilization while mitigating the delay, thus representing a viable solution.
Plug Flow Cytometry (2001)

Although flow cytometry has the powerful ability to rapidly screen large collections of cells, the technology has yet to be efficiently applied to large-scale screening operations involving multiple discrete suspensions. High-throughput flow cytometry would be beneficial to many areas of biological investigation, such as modern drug discovery, which involves testing of cellular targets against millions of potentially valuable compounds. The authors have developed a flow injection analysis approach to automated sample handling in which individual sample suspensions are sequentially inserted as plugs of precisely defined volumes into a flowing fluid which delivers them to the laser beam. The unit describes the basic elements and concepts of this plug flow system and discusses representative applications.
Controlling automotive exhaust emissions: successes and underlying science (2005)

Photochemical reactions of vehicle exhaust pollutants were responsible for photochemical smog in many cities during the 1960s and 1970s. Engine improvements helped, but additional measures were needed to achieve legislated emissions levels. First oxidation catalysts lowered hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide, and later nitrogen oxides were reduced to nitrogen in a two-stage process. By the 1980s, exhaust gas could be kept stoichiometric and hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides were simultaneously converted over a single 'three-way catalyst'. Today, advanced three-way catalyst systems emissions are exceptionally low. NOx control from lean-burn engines demands an additional approach because NO cannot be dissociated under lean conditions. Current lean-burn gasoline engine NOx control involves forming a nitrate phase and periodically enriching the exhaust to reduce it to nitrogen, and this is being modified for use on diesel engines. Selective catalytic reduction with ammonia is an alternative that can be very efficient, but it requires ammonia or a compound from which it can be obtained. Diesel engines produce particulate matter, and, because of health concerns, filtration processes are being introduced to control these emissions. On heavy duty diesel engines the exhaust gas temperature is high enough for NO in the exhaust to be oxidised over a catalyst to NO2 that smoothly oxidises particulate material (PM) in the filter. Passenger cars operate at lower temperatures, and it is necessary to periodically burn the PM in air at high temperatures.
Strategies for Choosing Descent Flight-Path Angles for Small Jets (2012)

Three candidate strategies for choosing the descent flight path angle (FPA) for small jets are proposed, analyzed, and compared for fuel efficiency under arrival metering conditions. The strategies vary in operational complexity from a universally fixed FPA, or FPA function that varies with descent speed for improved fuel efficiency, to the minimum-fuel FPA computed for each flight based on winds, route, and speed profile. Methodologies for selecting the parameter for the first two strategies are described. The differences in fuel burn are analyzed over a year s worth of arrival traffic and atmospheric conditions recorded for the Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) Airport during 2011. The results show that the universally fixed FPA strategy (same FPA for all flights, all year) burns on average 26 lbs more fuel per flight as compared to the minimum-fuel solution. This FPA is adapted to the arrival gate (direction of entry to the terminal) and various timespans (season, month and day) to improve fuel efficiency. Compared to a typical FPA of approximately 3 degrees the adapted FPAs vary significantly, up to 1.3 from one arrival gate to another or up to 1.4 from one day to another. Adapting the universally fixed FPA strategy to the arrival gate or to each day reduces the extra fuel burn relative to the minimum-fuel solution by 27% and 34%, respectively. The adaptations to gate and time combined shows up to 57% reduction of the extra fuel burn. The second strategy, an FPA function, contributes a 17% reduction in the 26 lbs of extra fuel burn over the universally fixed FPA strategy. Compared to the corresponding adaptations of the universally fixed FPA, adaptations of the FPA function reduce the extra fuel burn anywhere from 15-23% depending on the extent of adaptation. The combined effect of the FPA function strategy with both directional and temporal adaptation recovers 67% of the extra fuel relative to the minimum-fuel solution.
A Novel Glycoprotein of the Aspartic Proteinase Gene Family Expressed in Bovine Placental Trophectoderm1 (1994)

The pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG 1) that appear in the maternal serum of cattle and sheep soon after implantation are apparently inactive members of the aspartic proteinase family. Here we describe the isolation of a highly abundant cDNA (PAG 2 cDNA) that represents a second member of this gene family which is structurally related to bovine PAG 1, ovine PAG 1, and pepsin (58%, 58%, and 51% amino acid sequence identity, respectively). The bovine PAG 2 cDNA was identified in two ways. First, the bovine placental library was screened under relatively nonstringent conditions with an ovine PAG 1 cDNA. The second fortuitous approach employed immunoscreening with an antiserum raised against a partially purified factor that competed with bovine LH for binding to the LH receptor on the CL of the ovary. The full-length cDNA (1258 bp) codes for a polypeptide of 376 amino acids. Bovine PAG 2, unlike bovine PAG 1, has a catalytic center with a consensus sequence of amino acids. Its mRNA is expressed in fetal placenta but not in other fetal organs, and is localized to both the mononucleate and binucleate cells of the trophectoderm, whereas PAG 1 is expressed only in binucleate cells. PAG 2 is synthesized by placental explants as a 70-kDa glycoprotein that is processed to several smaller molecules. Western blot analysis of culture media developed with epitope-selected antibodies to PAG 2 reveals several bands ranging in apparent M(r) from 31,000-70,000, which correspond in size to the polypeptides present in the preparation used for immunization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Validation of a Mobile Device for Acoustic Coordinated Reset Neuromodulation Tinnitus Therapy (2016)

Mobile devices are able to reliably and accurately deliver the acoustic therapy signals. There was no difference in mean pitch matches (t test, p > 0.05) between an automated adaptive method compared to a traditional manual pitch-matching method. However, the variability of the automated pitch-matching method was much less (f test, p < 0.05) with twice as many matches within the predefined error range (±5%) compared to the manual pitch-matching method (80% versus 40%). After a short initial training, all participants were able to use the mobile device effectively and to perform the required tasks without further professional assistance.