gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Cortactin Is Required for H2O2-mediated Injury of Human Endothelial Cells (2000)

Injury of endothelial cells induced by reactive oxygen species plays an important role in the development of early stages of vascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. Exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), a common form of reaction oxygen species, triggers a series of intracellular events, including actin cytoskeletal reorganization, cytoplasm shrinkage, membrane blebbing and protein-tyrosine phosphorylation. The effect of H(2)O(2) on endothelial cells is dramatically enhanced when a survival pathway involving extracellular signal-regulated kinase is blocked by PD098059. In contrast, the injury of endothelial cells mediated by H(2)O(2) is inhibited by PP2, a selective specific inhibitor for protein-tyrosine kinase Src. Cortactin, a filamentous actin (F-actin)-associated protein, becomes phosphorylated at tyrosine residues upon stimulation by H(2)O(2) in a manner dependent on the activity of Src. The level of tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin is correlated with the formation of membrane blebs. Overexpression of wild-type cortactin tagged with green fluorescent protein in endothelial cells via a retroviral vector substantiates the H(2)O(2)-induced morphological changes, whereas overexpression of a green fluorescent protein-cortactin mutant deficient in tyrosine phosphorylation renders endothelial cells resistant to H(2)O(2). The functional role of cortactin in H(2)O(2)-mediated shape changes was also evaluated in NIH 3T3 cells. Stable 3T3 transfectants expressing wild-type cortactin in the presence of either H(2)O(2)/PD098059 or H(2)O(2) alone at 200 microm exhibited a dramatic shape change characterized by rounding up or aggregation. However, the similar changes were not detected with cells overexpressing a cortactin mutant deficient in tyrosine phosphorylation. These data demonstrate an important role of the Src/cortactin-dependent actin reorganization in the injury of endothelial cells mediated by reactive oxygen species.
Poly(lactic acid) Synthesis and Characterization (2012)

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a promising biodegradable polymer based on renewable resources. This paper describes scale-up studies to synthesize high molecular weight PLA (>100'000 g/mol) in five steps from commercial lactic acid. The first four steps of this process consist of synthesizing a highly pure precursor, lactide, which can be converted into a high molecular PLA by ring opening polymerization (ROP). We produced PLA with a molecular weight of 109'000 g/mol using this strategy.
Toward Plasmon-Induced Photoexcitation of Molecules (2010)

This Perspective describes studies aimed at effective excitation of molecules by localized surface plasmon polaritons. Recently developed bottom-up and top-down techniques allow the controlled fabrication of well-defined metal structures exhibiting desirable localization of plasmon energy. Under certain conditions, molecules display unique florescence and Raman scattering behavior in such localized fields, suggesting selective resonant excitation of specific electronic/vibrational modes. Finally, several examples of improvements in the efficiencies of photochemical and photoelectrochemcal systems are briefly discussed to find a way to overcome challenges for enhancement of photoenergy conversion in future.
Regulatory Defects in Cbl and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (Extracellular Signal-Related Kinase) Pathways Cause Persistent Hyperexpression of CD40 Ligand in Human Lupus T Cells (2000)

To identify intrinsic defects in lupus, we studied short-term, CD4(+) T cell lines that were established from 16 lupus patients (active or inactive) and 15 normal subjects by stimulating once with anti-CD3, anti-CD28, and IL-2. After resting, the pure CD4(+) T cells were exposed to anergy-inducing stimulation with plate-bound anti-CD3 mAb in the absence of APC. Lupus T cells showed prolonged high level expression of CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154) even in the face of anergy protocol, which shut down CD40L expression in normal T cells. The sustained CD40L expression in lupus T cells did not correlate with memory status or Th deviation, and was relatively independent of IL-2 or other autocrine or paracrine signals via CD28 or CTLA-4. Cyclosporin A could block CD40L expression by lupus T cells when added early during the anti-CD3 stimulation period, but only partially when added later, indicating that another mechanism regulates the prolonged hyperexpression of CD40L besides the Ca(2+) --> calcineurin-dependent NF-AT pathway. When exposed to the anergy protocol, lupus T cells, in marked contrast to normal T cells, did not phosphorylate Cbl/Cbl-b but continued to express strongly phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK); U0126, a specific inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase --> ERK, could block both the early and the prolonged hyperexpression of CD40L. Thus, pathways regulating the activities of Cbl and one particular mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK, are involved in the prolonged hyperexpression of CD40L in lupus T cells.
ANALISIS RISIKO KECELAKAAN KERJA PADA PEKERJA PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN PERPIPAAN AIR LIMBAH KOTA PEKANBARU (2022)

PT. WIJAYA KARYA Tbk. adalah salah satu perusahaan konstruksi milik Pemerintah Indonesia. Wika Karaga-KSO merupakan perusahaan yang melakukan kerja sama operasi untuk menyelesaikan sistem pemasangan perpipaan air limbah Kota Pekanbaru Area Selatan SC-1. Ada 3 metode yang digunakan untuk pemasangan perpipaan air limbah Kota Pekanbaru yaitu sistem Open Trench, sistem Boring dan sistem Pipe Jacking. Dari 3 metode kerja yang ada, maka dalam penentuan konteks manajemen risiko yang dipilih adalah metode kerja sistem Open Trench karena merupakan galian terbuka yang memiliki risiko tinggi bagi pekerja proyek. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk Mengetahui identifikasi bahaya, penilaian risiko dan pengendalian risiko dengan metode open trench. metode yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data ialah obeservasi lapangan dan wawancara dengan pekerja. Dari hasil penilaian risiko, ada 12 sumber bahaya yang bisa menimbulkan 13 risiko lainnya, termasuk 4 risiko dengan kategori rendah, 7 risiko dengan kategori sedang, dan 2 risiko dengan kategori Tinggi. pengendalian risiko yang dilaksanakan sudah cukup baik dan perlu ditingkatkan agar tidak terjadi kecelakaan kedepannya. Setiap rangkaian pada metode open trench sudah cukup sesuai dengan bahaya dan risiko yang ada. sehingga perlu dilakukan penilaian risiko lanjutan untuk mengevaluasi program pengendalian risiko yang sudah berjalan, agar para pekerja lebih efektif tanpa khawatir adanya bahaya dan risiko yang ada dilapangan. PT. WIJAYA KARYA Tbk. is a construction company owned by the Government of Indonesia. Wika Karaga-KSO is a company that is conducting joint operations to complete the installation of a wastewater piping system in Pekanbaru City, South Area SC-1. There are 3 methods used for the installation of Pekanbaru City wastewater piping, namely the Open Trench system, the Boring system and the Pipe Jacking system. Of the 3 existing work methods, in determining the context of risk management the chosen method is the Open Trench system work method because it is an open excavation that has a high risk for project workers. The purpose of this study was to determine hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control using the open trench method. The method used in data collection is field observation and interviews with workers. From the results of the risk assessment, there are 12 sources of danger that can cause 13 other risks, including 4 risks in the low category, 7 risks in the moderate category, and 2 risks in the High category. The risk control implemented is quite good and needs to be improved so that accidents do not occur in the future. Each series in the open trench method is sufficient in accordance with the hazards and risks that exist. so it is necessary to carry out a further risk assessment to evaluate the risk control program that is already running, so that workers are more effective without worrying about the dangers and risks that exist in the field.
BMI-1: a protein expressed in stem cells, specialized cells and tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. (2006)

Recently, BMI-1 was identified as a protein downregulating p16ink4a and mandatory for the continued existence of several stem cell compartments like hematopoietic and neural stem cells. In this study we investigated BMI-1 expression as a potential stem cell marker of the gastrointestinal tract. We found weak expression in the isthmus region of the stomach, and moderate expression in crypts of the intestines, whereas intestinal surface epithelial cells were weakly positive or negative for BMI-1. In addition, a variety of highly differentiated cells such as parietal cells, neuroendocrine cells of the pylorus, Paneth cells and a subset of goblet cells were moderately to strongly positive for BMI-1. Furthermore, we detected strong expression in gastrointestinal neoplasias. This expression pattern indicates a correlation of BMI-1 expression with gastrointestinal stem cells as well as numerous specialized cell types and points to a role of this protein in cellular differentiation in addition to that of stem cell maintenance. Besides, our results imply a role for BMI-1 in the tumorigenesis of gastrointestinal cancer.
Response to Superantigen Stimulation in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Children Perinatally Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (2004)

Our understanding of the pathogenesis of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is still evolving. We sought to characterize the response to the bacterial superantigen Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) of lymphocytes from HIV-infected children receiving treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Using the flow cytometric methodology, we quantified apoptosis, proliferation, cytokine production, and activation antigen upregulation in CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes following in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with SEB. The levels of proliferation, CD4 interleukin-2 (IL-2) production, CD8 gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production, and upregulation of CD69 expression by cells from HIV-infected children were indistinguishable from those by cells from controls. However, stimulation with SEB dramatically decreased the ratio of resting apoptotic cells to cycling apoptotic cells in the controls but not in the patients. In addition, unstimulated spontaneous apoptosis of CD4 T cells remained greater in the patients than in the controls. The percentages of IL-2-positive CD8 T cells and IFN-gamma-positive CD4 T cells following SEB stimulation were significantly lower in the patients than in the controls. Our multiparameter approach was able to demonstrate differences in lymphocyte superantigen responsiveness in HIV-infected children receiving HAART in comparison to that in uninfected controls, notably, an apoptotic versus a proliferative response to stimulation.
"Goin' 'Round in Circles" ... and Letting the Bad Loans Win: When Subprime Lending Fails Borrowers: The Need for Uniform Broker Regulation (2007)

Home ownership is an American dream. Yet, America faces a crisis in the residential housing market that threatens that dream for many. Approximately 2.2 million borrowers with home equity totaling $164 billion or almost one-third of outstanding subprime mortgages will face foreclosure. An even greater number of subprime home loans, 16.31% are delinquent, with 2.12% beginning foreclosure in the third quarter of 2007 and 6.89% of the delinquent subprime loans in foreclosure at the end of the third quarter. Loans totaling $164 billion are delinquent in monthly mortgage payments. Ironically, these rising delinquency and foreclosure rates are due in large part to greater access to credit for homebuyers through the subprime lending market. Though subprime lending has filled a credit gap and addressed the problem of access to mortgage financing by creating a new market for home ownership, it has created more opportunities for abusive lending. Borrowers have entered into financially detrimental and imprudent loans, often without being fully aware of or understanding the substance of their commitments. These often predatory loans are characterized by product terms and features such as interest- only, high loan-to-value ("LTV") ratios, low start rates, and adjustable rates. Borrowers also have entered into mortgage agreements with high debt-to-income ratios; loans in which the monthly payment was large relative to the borrower's income. Many of these borrowers received loans without providing supporting documentation of their income or even providing a down payment. The rising number of subprime mortgage foreclosures threatens to undermine the significant home ownership gains made over the past two decades.
Collection of Analytes from Microneedle Patches (2014)

Clinical medicine and public health would benefit from simplified acquisition of biological samples from patients that can be easily obtained at point of care, in the field, and by patients themselves. Microneedle patches are designed to serve this need by collecting dermal interstitial fluid containing biomarkers without the dangers, pain, or expertise needed to collect blood. This study presents novel methods to collect biomarker analytes from microneedle patches for analysis by integration into conventional analytical laboratory microtubes and microplates. Microneedle patches were made out of cross-linked hydrogel composed of poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol) prepared by micromolding. Microneedle patches were shown to swell with water up to 50-fold in volume, depending on degree of polymer cross-linking, and to collect interstitial fluid from the skin of rats. To collect analytes from microneedle patches, the patches were mounted within the cap of microcentrifuge tubes or formed the top of V-bottom multiwell microplates, and fluid was collected in the bottom of the tubes under gentle centrifugation. In another method, microneedle patches were attached to form the bottom of multiwell microplates, thereby enabling in situ analysis. The simplicity of biological sample acquisition using microneedle patches coupled with the simplicity of analyte collection from microneedles patches integrated into conventional analytical equipment could broaden the reach of future screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of biomarkers in healthcare and environmental/workplace settings.
Linear polythioesters. I. Products of interfacial polycondensation of 4,4′‐di(mercaptomethyl)benzophenone with terephthaloyl, isophthaloyl, and phthaloyl chlorides (1976)

Abstract New polythioesters have been obtained in the interfacial polycondensation of 4,4′‐di(mercaptomethyl)benzophenone with terephthaloyl, isophthaloyl and phthaloyl chlorides. The reactions were carried out at room temperature with the use of 10% excess of acid chloride per mole of mercaptan with vigorous stirring (2000 rpm). The organic phase was composed of benzene and hexane in equal volumes and the ratio of this mixture to water also was 1:1. The structure of the polythioesters was determined from elementary analysis and the infrared spectra. The molecular weight was not determined because of the very low solubility of polythioesters. Some thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of the products have been determined. Products of dimercaptan with the terephthaloyl and isophthaloyl chlorides show the best properties.
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Fetal Skin Reveals Key Genes Related to Hair Follicle Morphogenesis in Cashmere Goats (2016)

Cashmere goat skin contains two types of hair follicles (HF): primary hair follicles (PHF) and secondary hair follicles (SHF). Although multiple genetic determinants associated with HF formation have been identified, the molecules that determine the independent morphogenesis of HF in cashmere goats remain elusive. The growth and development of SHF directly influence the quantity and quality of cashmere production. Here, we report the transcriptome profiling analysis of nine skin samples from cashmere goats using 60- and 120-day-old embryos (E60 and E120, respectively), as well as newborns (NB), through RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). HF morphological changes indicated that PHF were initiated at E60, with maturation from E120, while differentiation of SHF was identified at E120 until formation of cashmere occurred after birth (NB). The RNA-sequencing analysis generated over 20.6 million clean reads from each mRNA library. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in E60 vs. E120, E120 vs. NB, and E60 vs. NB were 1,024, 0 and 1,801, respectively, indicating that no significant differences were found at transcriptomic levels between E120 and NB. Key genes including B4GALT4, TNC, a-integrin, and FGFR1, were up-regulated and expressed in HF initiation from E60 to E120, while regulatory genes such as GPRC5D, PAD3, HOXC13, PRR9, VSIG8, LRRC15, LHX2, MSX-2, and FOXN1 were up-regulated and expressed in HF keratinisation and hair shaft differentiation from E120 and NB to E60. Several genes belonging to the KRT and KRTAP gene families were detected throughout the three HF developmental stages. The transcriptional trajectory analyses of all DEGs indicated that immune privilege, glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, extracellular matrix receptor interaction, and growth factor receptors all played dominant roles in the epithelial-mesenchymal interface and HF formation. We found that the Wnt, transforming growth factor-beta/bone morphogenetic protein, and Notch family members played vital roles in HF differentiation and maturation. The DEGs we found could be attributed to the generation and development of HF, and thus will be critically important for improving the quantity and quality of fleece production in animals for fibres.
BMP‐7 protects against progression of cartilage degeneration after impact injury (2008)

In vivo studies were used to characterize a model of cartilage injury leading to osteoarthritis progression in the medial femorotibial joint of sheep. In three subsequent studies, bilateral impact injuries were created and one joint received intraarticular injections of 340 microg of rhBMP-7 protein in a collagen particle carrier while the contralateral knee received the vehicle alone. Sheep were allocated to three groups that received intraarticular injections on day 0 (group A), 21 (group B), or 90 (group C) after experimental knee injury. In each group the, joints were evaluated for signs of osteoarthritis progression 90 days after the last treatment using India ink stained area, OARSI histological scoring, cartilage sGAG content, immunostaining for apoptosis (TUNEL), caspase-3, collagen degradation (Col 2 3/4C short collagen epitope), and the endogenous (pro-) form of BMP-7 protein. Knee joints that received rhBMP-7 immediately after injury had small focal lesions at the injury site that did not progress into the surrounding cartilage. Joints that received BMP-7 3 weeks after injury were improved and had limited progression compared to controls, but joints that received the protein 12 weeks after injury had no statistically significant improvement. These studies suggest that BMP-7 may be chondroprotective after traumatic injury in patients if it is administered within 3 to 4 weeks of the index injury. The mechanism of protection after sublethal injury appeared to be an increased survival of chondrocytes that are able to participate in the repair process.
Evaluation of the Nanosphere Verigene Gram-Positive Blood Culture Assay with the VersaTREK Blood Culture System and Assessment of Possible Impact on Selected Patients (2013)

The Verigene Gram-positive blood culture (BC-GP) assay (Nanosphere, Northbrook, IL) is a molecular method for the rapid identification of Gram-positive organisms and resistance markers directly from blood culture bottles. A total of 148 VersaTREK REDOX 1 40-ml aerobic bottles demonstrating Gram-positive bacteria were tested. Results were compared with those from conventional biochemical and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) identifications. We obtained isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (24), methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (14), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) (17), methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis (MSSE) (9), other coagulase-negative staphylococci (19), Streptococcus salivarius (5), Streptococcus parasanguinis (2), Streptococcus sanguinis (1), Streptococcus cristatus (1), the Streptococcus bovis group (5), Streptococcus agalactiae (9), the Streptococcus anginosus group (1), Streptococcus pneumoniae (6), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE FCM) (16), vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis (3), Aerococcus viridans (2), Bacillus (6), Corynebacterium (8), Lactobacillus (2), Micrococcus (2), Neisseria mucosa (1), Escherichia coli (3), Candida tropicalis (1), Propionibacterium (1), and Rothia (1). Overall agreement with the culture results was 95%. A total of 137 of 138 (99%) monomicrobial cultures were concordant. We tested 9 polymicrobial samples and found 33% agreement. A chart review of 31 patients with MRSA, MSSA, or VRE demonstrated that the Nanosphere BC-GP assay might have led to more appropriate antibiotic selection for these patients an average of 42 h earlier. Additionally, contact isolation could have been initiated an average of 37 h earlier for patients with MRSA or VRE. The BC-GP assay may have a positive impact on patient care, health care costs, and antibiotic stewardship.
Senile Dementia of the Neurofibrillary Tangle Type: A Comparison with Alzheimer’s Disease (2001)

A subset of senile dementia, 'senile dementia (SD) of the neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) type' (SD-NFT), is characterized by numerous NFTs in the hippocampal region and absence or scarcity of senile plaques throughout the brain. To elucidate the pathogenesis of SD-NFT in comparison with Alzheimer's disease (AD), we investigated the hippocampal lesions and analyzed the tau gene. The hippocampal regions from 5 patients with SD-NFT were neuropathologically evaluated in comparison with AD and nondemented control subjects. The tau gene was analyzed in 3 patients with SD-NFT. The densities of NFTs in the CA1/subiculum and entorhinal cortex of SD-NFT were significantly higher than those in AD. However, hippocampal atrophy, neuronal and synaptic loss, and astrocytic and microglial proliferation in SD-NFT were significantly mild compared with AD. There was no significant difference between SD-NFT and AD in the immunoreactivities of NFTs with different anti-tau antibodies. No mutation was found in the tau gene from the SD-NFT patients. Our results indicate that the neurodegenerative process with NFT formation of the hippocampal region in SD-NFT would be different from that in AD.