gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NO<tex>$_rm x$</tex>Reduction Aftertreatment System Using Nitrogen Nonthermal Plasma Desorption (2005)

In the flue emission from an internal combustion system using diffusing combustion such as coal or oil fuel boiler, incinerator, or diesel engine, around 10% oxygen is usually included. It is difficult to reduce the NO/sub x/ in the emission completely using catalysts or plasma alone because part of the NO/sub x/ is oxidized under an O/sub 2/-rich environment. In order to overcome these difficulties, we proposed a new after treatment system of NO/sub x/ included in the exhaust gas of the combustion system using nonthermal plasma (NTP) desorption and reduction. In this system, exchangeable adsorbent columns are equipped. First, the exhaust gas including NO/sub x/ is adsorbed to an NO/sub x/ adsorbent for a period of /spl Delta/t/sub a/. After the period of /spl Delta/t/sub a/, the path of the exhaust gas is changed with a pair of rotary valves and NO/sub x/ adsorbent is changed. The adsorbed NO/sub x/ is desorbed from the adsorbent and reduced by applying NTP for a period of /spl Delta/t/sub d/ using N/sub 2/ or low-oxygen-concentration gas. The exhaust gas is always kept clean by the exchange of adsorbent. Further, total electric energy can be reduced because NTP is not applied for /spl Delta/t/sub a/. This system can be operated at atmospheric temperature because no catalyst is used. As an initial step to realize such kind of after treatment system, the basic characteristics of the N/sub 2/ NTP desorption and NO/sub x/ reduction were examined experimentally using a pulse corona NTP reactor. After several adsorption/desorption processes, the amount of NO/sub x/ adsorbed becomes equal to that of the NO/sub x/ desorbed, that is, all the NO/sub x/ was desorbed in a single desorption process. It is confirmed that the NO/sub x/ complete reduction using N/sub 2/ NTP desorption is possible not only for a simulated exhaust gas but for a real diesel engine gas. The effective specific energy density can be decreased down to 22 Wh/m/sup 3/.
Identification of a Novel Polyamine Scaffold With Potent Efflux Pump Inhibition Activity Toward Multi-Drug Resistant Bacterial Pathogens (2018)

We have previously reported the use of combinatorial chemistry to identify broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. Herein, we extend our analysis of this technology toward the discovery of anti-resistance molecules, focusing on efflux pump inhibitors. Using high-throughput screening against multi-drug resistant <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, we identified a polyamine scaffold that demonstrated strong efflux pump inhibition without possessing antibacterial effects. We determined that these molecules were most effective with an amine functionality at R1 and benzene functionalities at R2 and R3. From a library of 188 compounds, we studied the properties of 5 lead agents in detail, observing a fivefold to eightfold decrease in the 90% effective concentration of tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and aztreonam toward <i>P. aeruginosa</i> isolates. Additionally, we determined that our molecules were not only active toward <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, but toward <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> as well. The specificity of our molecules to efflux pump inhibition was confirmed using ethidium bromide accumulation assays, and in studies with strains that displayed varying abilities in their efflux potential. When assessing off target effects we observed no disruption of bacterial membrane polarity, no general toxicity toward mammalian cells, and no inhibition of calcium channel activity in human kidney cells. Finally, combination treatment with our lead agents engendered a marked increase in the bactericidal capacity of tetracycline, and significantly decreased viability within <i>P. aeruginosa</i> biofilms. As such, we report a unique polyamine scaffold that has strong potential for the future development of novel and broadly active efflux pump inhibitors targeting multi-drug resistant bacterial infections.
A comparative study of human skin thermal response to sapphire contact and cryogen spray cooling (1998)

Surface cooling, in conjunction with various thermally mediated therapeutic procedures, can provide a means to protect superficial tissues from injury while achieving destruction of deeper targeted structures. We have investigated the thermal response of in-vivo human skin to: 1) contact cooling with a sapphire window (6-12 degrees C); and 2) spray cooling with a freon substitute cryogen [tetrafluoroethane; boiling point approximately -26 degrees C at 1 atmospheric pressure (atm)]. Measurements utilizing infrared radiometry show surface temperature reductions from 30 degrees C to 14-19 degrees C are obtained within approximately 1 s in response to sapphire contact cooling. Surface temperature reductions to values between 5 degrees C and -9 degrees C are obtained in response to 20-100-ms cryogen spurts. Computational results, based on fitting the measured radiometric surface temperature to estimate heat transfer parameters, show: 1) temperature reductions remain localized to approximately 200 microns of superficial tissue; and 2) values of heat flux and total energy removed per unit skin surface area at least doubled when using cryogen spray cooling.
SiC thin-film thermistors (1990)

A thermistor using an RF-sputtered SiC film has been developed as a temperature sensor for cooking products. Since the SiC film has the advantage of being able to detect temperatures over the wide range of 0-500 degrees C with a good thermal stability, the thermistor can be applied not only to a conventional oven but also to a pyrolytic self-cleaning oven. Since the thermistor can detect surface temperatures with a rapid thermal response by contacting physically with an outer surface of an object, it can be also applied to a surface cooking top. The construction, electrical properties, and forming method of the SiC thin-film thermistor and applications to cooking products are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Heartbeat OCE: corneal biomechanical response to simulated heartbeat pulsation measured by optical coherence elastography (2020)

The described technique opens the possibility for completely passive and noncontact in vivo assessment of corneal stiffness.
Original Research Report Peripherally Administered Human Umbilical Cord Blood Cells Reduce Parenchymal and Vascular -Amyloid Deposits in Alzheimer Mice (2008)

Modulation of immune/inflammatory responses by diverse strategies including amyloid-� (A� ) im- munization, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and manipulation of microglial activation states has been shown to reduce Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like pathology and cognitive deficits in AD trans- genic mouse models. Human umbilical cord blood cells (HUCBCs) have unique immunomodulatory potential. We wished to test whether these cells might alter AD-like pathology after infusion into the PSAPP mouse model of AD. Here, we report a marked reduction in Alevels/� -amyloid plaques and associated astrocytosis following multiple low-dose infusions of HUCBCs. HUCBC infusions also reduced cerebral vascular Adeposits in the Tg2576 AD mouse model. Interestingly, these ef- fects were associated with suppression of the CD40-CD40L interaction, as evidenced by decreased circulating and brain soluble CD40L (sCD40L), elevated systemic immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels, attenuated CD40L-induced inflammatory responses, and reduced surface expression of CD40 on microglia. Importantly, deficiency in CD40 abolishes the effect of HUCBCs on elevated plasma A� levels. Moreover, microglia isolated from HUCBC-infused PSAPP mice demonstrated increased phagocytosis of A� . Furthermore, sera from HUCBC-infused PSAPP mice significantly increased microglial phagocytosis of the A� 1-42 peptide while inhibiting interferon-� -induced microglial CD40 expression. Increased microglial phagocytic activity in this scenario was inhibited by addition of re- combinant CD40L protein. These data suggest that HUCBC infusion mitigates AD-like pathology by disrupting CD40L activity.
Multifunctional Benzoquinone Additive for Efficient and Stable Planar Perovskite Solar Cells (2016)

Device stability of planar perovskite solar cells is improved by virtue of multifunctional BQ additive. The morphology and crystal quality of the perovskite films are improved because BQ slows the rate of perovskite crystal formation. Electron transfer from perovskite to BQ reduces charge-recombination losses, and the oxidizing ability of BQ effectively suppresses the formation of metallic lead and improves device lifetime.
Retention of Zero‐Valent Iron Colloids by Sand Columns: Application to Chemical Barrier Formation (1996)

Abstract Chemical barriers are an emerging technology used for the in situ remediation of groundwater. They are placed in the subsurface environment perpendicular to groundwater flow where they selectively remove targeted groundwater contaminants while permitting water and other nontargeted constituents to pass through freely. A novel approach to emplacing chemical barriers is by the injection of zero‐valent iron (Fe 0 ) colloids into the subsurface. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of influent Fe 0 colloid concentration and injection rate on colloid retention by columns of sand. Suspensions of Fe 0 colloids (2 ± 1 µm) were injected into coarse‐grain sand that simulated a simplified aquifer matrix. Influent colloid injection rate ( P ≤ 0.01) and concentration ( P ≤ 0.05) had a significant effect on colloid retention by the sand. Efficiency of the column to retain colloids decreased as the concentration of retained colloids increased. Colloids were uniformly distributed throughout 1‐m long columns at concentrations >3 g kg −1 . Based on filtration theory, gravitational settling was clearly the primary mechanism controlling colloid retention; diffusion, electrostatic attraction, and interception were less important mechanisms. These results were rationalized as follows: the high density of the colloids (7.6 g cm −3 ) enhanced gravitational settling, the fast experimental flow rates minimized diffusion, the weak surface charge of the colloids and sediments minimized electrostatic attraction, and the small size of the colloids relative to the sand particles (640 µm) minimized interception.
Spatial frequency-dependent signal-to-noise ratio as a generalized measure of image quality (2005)

A generalized, objective image quality measure can be defined for X-ray based medical projection imaging: the spatial frequency-dependent signal-to-noise ratio <i>SNR</i> = <i>SNR(u,v)</i>. This function includes the three main image quality parameters, i.e. spatial resolution, object contrast, and noise. The quantity is intimately related to the <i>DQE</i> concept, however its focus is not to characterize the detector, but rather the detectability of a certain object embedded into a defined background. So also effects from focus size and radiation scatter can be quantified by this method. The <i>SNR(u,v)</i> is independent of basic linear post-processing steps such as appropriate windowing or spatial filtering. The consideration of the human visual system is beyond the scope of this concept. By means of this quantity, different X-ray systems and setups can be compared with each other and with theoretical calculations. Moreover, X-ray systems (i.e. detector, beam quality, geometry, anti-scatter grid, basic linear post-processing steps etc.) can be optimized to deliver the best object detectability for a given patient dose. In this paper <i>SNR(u,v)</i> is defined using analytical formulas. Furthermore, we demonstrate how it can be applied with a test phantom to a typical flat panel detector system by a combination of analytical calculations and Monte Carlo simulations. Finally the way this function can be used to optimize an X-ray imaging device is demonstrated.
Phenomenology Based Missile Classification using Radar Micro-Doppler Processing (2020)

This paper sets forth new methods to measure the physical dimensions of structures of rotating objects observed by a radar. Using a pure CW waveform, it is possible to dimension structures that are rotating in the Doppler dimension by exploiting micro-Doppler cyclic signal processing methods that allow for the replacement of absolute time with the relative periodicity of a rigid body rotating structure across a fixed axis. The formulaic breakdown is given to determine a rotating object's rotation rate, main body diameter, fin/stabilizer lengths, and the number of fins/scatterers on a rigid body with high precision that is not dependent on the range resolution of the radar. Examples of dimension determination using live data from a 155mm artillery round and a Terrier sounding rocket are provided and discussed.
Meta-analysis of genome scans of age-related macular degeneration (2005)

A genetic contribution to the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is well established. Several genome-wide linkage studies have identified a number of putative susceptibility loci for AMD but only a few of these regions have been replicated in independent studies. Here, we perform a meta-analysis of six AMD genome screens using the genome-scan meta-analysis method, which allows linkage results from several studies to be combined, providing greater power to identify regions that show only weak evidence for linkage in individual studies. Results from non-parametric analysis for a broad AMD clinical phenotype (including two studies with quantitative traits) were extracted. For each study, 120 genomic bins of approximately 30 cM were defined and ranked according to maximum evidence for linkage within each bin. Bin ranks were weighted according to study size and summed across all studies; the summed rank (SR) for each bin was assessed empirically for significance using permutation methods. A high SR indicates a region with consistent evidence for linkage across studies. The strongest evidence for an AMD susceptibility locus was found on chromosome 10q26 where genome-wide significant linkage was observed (P=0.00025). Several other regions met the empirical significance criteria for bins likely to contain linked loci including adjacent pairs of bins on chromosomes 1q, 2p, 3p and 16. Several of the regions identified here showed only weak evidence for linkage in the individual studies. These results will help prioritize regions for future positional and functional candidate gene studies in AMD.
Flat nonlinear optics: Efficient frequency conversion in ultrathin nonlinear metasurfaces (2015)

We report highly-nonlinear ultrathin metasurfaces based on coupling of plasmonic nanoresonators with intersubband nonlinearities. Nonlinear susceptibilities over 1×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> pm/V and conversion efficiencies ~0.1% were measured for second harmonic generation in mid-infrared for 10 kW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> input intensity. Complete phase control of local nonlinear response is demonstrated.
Pulsed Phase Shifter Improves Doppler Radar (1982)

Ability of microwave Doppler radar to measure velocity of slow moving nearby target is enhanced by pulsed 90 degrees phase shifter in radar transmission line between circulator and antenna. Because of phase shifting, Doppler frequency is detected as modulation on carrier instead of baseband signal. Carrier is amplified and filtered before demodulation, resulting in strong, clean demodulated Doppler for measurement and display.
Evaluation of Digital Optical Method To Determine Plume Opacity during Nighttime (2009)

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) set opacity standards for visual emissions from industrial sources to protect ambient air quality. USEPA developed Method 9, which is a reference method to describe how plume opacity can be quantified by human observers during daytime conditions. However, it would be beneficial to determine plume opacity with digital still cameras (DSCs) to provide graphical records of the plume and its environment during visual emission evaluation and to be able to determine plume opacity with DSCs during nighttime conditions. Digital optical method (DOM) was developed to quantify plume opacity from photographs that were provided by a DSC during daytime. Past daytime field campaigns have demonstrated that DOM provided opacity readings that met Method 9 certification requirements. In this paper, the principles and methodology of DOM to quantify plume opacity during nighttime are described. Also, results are described from a nighttime field campaign that occurred at Springfield, IL. Opacity readings provided by DOM were compared with the opacity values obtained with the reference in-stack transmissometer of the smoke generator. The average opacity errors were 2.3-3.5% for contrast model of DOM for all levels of plume opacity. The average opacity errors were 2.0-7.6% for the transmission model of DOM for plumes with opacity 0-50%. These results are encouraging and indicate that DOM has the potential to quantify plume opacity during nighttime.
Influence of HLA-DR genes on the production of rheumatoid arthritis-specific autoantibodies to citrullinated fibrin (2005)

Chaperonins have classically been thought of as intracellular molecules involved in the correct folding of proteins. Their expression is upregulated during times of stress such as heat (hence their common nomenclature as heat shock proteins [HSP]), anoxia, hypoglycaemia and reactive oxygen species [1]. These are conditions found in infected tissues or in tissues with chronic inflammation such as the rheumatoid synovium. In their intracellular location they protect the cell from apoptotic death due to stress. Increasingly chaperonins have been recognised to subserve extracellular functions for which they have received the name 'chaperokines' since they bind to specific receptors on the cell surface and activate cells of the innate immune system to secrete inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and small molecular weight mediators such as prostaglandins [2]. Indeed, an early event in inflammation is cell stress/necrosis leading to the release of HSP60 and HSP70 that binds via a CD14-mediated mechanism to Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 [2] as part of the 'danger' signal [3]. The secretion of tumour necrosis factor alpha, IL-1, IL-12 and other chemokines prepares the environment for a TH1 adaptive immune response. It is now recognised that some chaperonins, such as BiP and HSP27, may activate the innate immune system to secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 [4,5] that may skew the adaptive immune response to TH2. Recent work by our group has shown that BiP can not only prevent but also treat ongoing collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice [6], suggesting that chaperonins may down modulate ongoing TH1 responses. Thus, it may be possible to suppress rheumatoid inflammation by administration of appropriate chaperonins such as BiP. Finally, chaperonins may be important system regulators determining the outcome between TH1 and Th2 immune responses. References 1.
A New High Gain Active Switched Network-Based Boost Converter for DC Microgrid Application (2021)

This paper deals with an active switched inductor network-based high gain boost converter. By using less number of components in circuit topology, a higher gain in voltage can be attained at a small duty cycle value by using the proposed converter, which helps in reducing the switch voltage stress and conduction loss. In addition, it draws continuous input current, has lower diode voltage stress, and lower passive component voltage ratings. The operating principles and key waveforms in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) are presented. Parameter design, power loss calculation, characteristics, and comparative study with other non-isolated converters have been presented. Finally, a 200W hardware prototype is constructed and the viability of the proposed converter is verified through the experimentally obtained results.
Optimum receivers for pilot symbol assisted modulation in Rician fading (2005)

Optimum detectors for pilot symbol assisted modulation signals in a Rician fading channel are derived. Conventional pilot symbol assisted modulation (CPSAM) as used on Rayleigh fading channels has been employed on Rician fading channels. It is shown that the intuitive CPSAM structure is suboptimal for Rician fading. The optimum pilot symbol assisted modulation (OPSAM) signal detector uses knowledge of the specular component power and also jointly processes the pilot symbols and the data symbol. The performance of the optimum detector is analyzed and compared with that of the conventional detector. It is concluded that substantial gains can be achieved by exploiting knowledge of the specular component while joint processing of the data symbol with the pilot symbols may offer only small benefits.
Hydrides of the formula AB/sub n/H/sub m/ (1980)

A hydride of the gross formula AB/sub n/H/sub m/, in which A is calcium or one or more of the rare earth metals with or without thorium, zirconium, or hafnium, B is nickel and/or cobalt, with or without iron and/or copper, n has a value between about 3 and 8.5 and m has a value up to about 7.
An all-reflective computed tomography imaging spectrometer (2004)

The computed tomographic imaging spectrometer (CTIS) is a passive non-scanning instrument which simultaneously records a scenes spectral content as well as its 2-D spatial. Simultaneously implies a time frame limited only by the frame rate and signal-to-noise of the imaging device. CTIS accomplishes this by feeding incident scene radiation through a computer generated hologram (CGH) in Fourier space. The resulting dispersion pattern is recorded on a conventional pixilated imager and is stored on a local computer for post processing using iterative reconstruction techniques. A virtual 3-D datacube is constructed with one dimension in terms of energy weights for each wavelength band. CTIS is ideal for observing rapidly varying targets and has found use in military, bio-medical and astronomical applications. For the first time we have built an entirely reflective design based on the popular Offner reflector using a computer generated hologram formed on a convex mirror surface. Furthermore, a micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) has been uniquely incorporated as a dynamic field stop for smart scene selection. Both the MEMS and reflective design are discussed. The CTIS multiplexes spatial and spectral information, so the two quantities are interdependent and adjustments must be made to the design in order to allow adequate sampling for our given application. Optical aberrations arising from a tilted image plane are alleviated through design optimization.