gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The conduction band structure and deep levels in Ga<sub>1-x</sub>Al<sub>x</sub>As alloys from a high-pressure experiment (1980)

High-pressure Hall effect measurements on liquid phase epitaxial crystals of Ga1-xAlxAs with compositions in the range 0.23<or=x<or=0.79 have provided information about the relative positions of the Gamma and X conduction band minima across the system. The composition for the Gamma -X crossover is determined to be x=0.43. The inclusion of the Gamma -L crossover at x=0.47 has resolved the discrepancies about the direct-indirect cross-over composition. The pressure coefficients for the energies of the Gamma , L and X minima are determined to be (12.6+or-0.2)*10-6, (5.5+or-0.2)*10-6 and -1.5*10-6 eV bar-1 respectively. The implications of such a model on the conduction band structure of GaAs are discussed. The sub-band gap Delta EGamma X between the Gamma and X minima in GaAs is determined to be (0.485+or-0.007) eV at 300K. A deep impurity level in Ga1-xAlxAx has been determined from the pressure experiment to exist in crystals under pressure. For alloys with a high Ga content and before the Gamma -X crossover, the impurity level lies below the L minima at an energy of 205+or-5 meV. For pressures higher than that needed for the Gamma -X crossover, its impurity activation energy below the lowest-energy X minima decreases monotonically with pressure.
Mild and Efficient Modular Synthesis of Poly(acrylonitrile-<i>co</i>-butadiene) Block and Miktoarm Star Copolymer Architectures (2012)

An efficient approach for the synthesis of block copolymers of poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) (NBR) and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) is described. Conjugation of preformed polymer building blocks is achieved via a hetero-Diels-Alder (HDA) mechanism employing cyclopentadiene-capped NBRs with dienophile SAN copolymers, both synthesized via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The protocol is further extended toward the synthesis of 4-miktoarm star polymers, consisting of two NBR and two SAN arms. Molar masses of the obtained complex macromolecular architectures range from below 10 000 g·mol–1 up to 110 000 g·mol–1 with dispersities below 1.5. Molecular verification of the coupling moieties is provided via NMR spectroscopy as well as ESI mass spectrometry. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) traces of the obtained block copolymers and miktoarm star polymers were analyzed via deconvolution techniques, revealing the presence of 9.9–12.6 wt % (block copolymers) and 20 wt % (stars) of polymer chains not participating in the HDA conjugation, respectively. The residual polymers were analyzed toward their origin from either the loss of functionality during RAFT polymerization or incomplete conversion during the conjugation process. The comprehensive analysis of the macromolecular material was underpinned by kinetic simulations to estimate the fractions of nonfunctional polymer chains generated during the NBR and SAN polymerizations. The simulations evidenced that NBR-b-SAN samples cannot contain more than 94.4 wt % (Mn 13 000 g·mol–1), 93.6 wt % (Mn 57 000 g·mol–1), or 93.9 wt % (Mn 110 000 g·mol–1) of polymer chains actually possessing the targeted block copolymer structures when assuming an ideal RAFT process. These results unambiguously reveal that nonfunctionalized polymer chains formed during RAFT polymerization cause the incomplete conjugation of polymer building blocks, evidencing the limitations of end-group control in controlled/living radical polymerizations.
Research and design of restaurant service in wireless call system (2010)

The design of wireless calling system services is using STC89C52RC microcontroller as core in restaurant. The system is based on infrared remote controlling module, which sends the customer information to the client under table, the client to process the information, and then sends information to the service by nRF2401 radio frequency module. After receiving the information service will show the needs of customer by termination module. So it is providing the best “Efficient, Quick” Service for customer. The system has been proved to be of high accuracy, easy in operating and high reliability on site.
A W–InSb point contact diode for harmonic generation and mixing in the visible (2000)

Metal–oxide–metal (MIM) and Schottky barrier diodes are widely used as harmonic generators and mixers and for frequency measurements from far infrared to visible. MIM diodes have a low cost of fabrication and are very easy to handle, while Schottky diodes are mechanically more stable and long lived. In this article we present the performance of a W–InSb point contact diode for radiation at visible wavelength; the device is very simple, easy to fabricate and costless, has the advantages of MIM as well as of Schottky diodes, and has proved to be very effective as both detector and mixer.
High frequency resonant DC/DC current converter (2002)

This paper presents a parallel resonant DC/DC current converter, built on a modified series resonant power converter. The series resonant power converter acts as a voltage to voltage converter, although in many industrial applications a current converter would be preferable. Consecutive replacing the series resonant circuit by a parallel one, bipolar current switches by unipolar voltage switches, voltage input and output sources by current ones, a new converter is developed in which all phenomena can be described based on a series resonant power converter. Current shapes in series resonant power converters can be transferred to voltage shapes in parallel resonant converters and voltage to current converters. In this paper, complete duality of the new converter to the old one is presented. The paper presents analysis, simulation and laboratory results of the new converter. The quasi-resonant operation mode allows neglection of switching losses, which results in a high efficiency, high switching frequency power converter. A laboratory model has been built for a 5 kW and 100 kHz operation frequency.
Decontamination of Surfaces From Extremophile Organisms Using Nonthermal Atmospheric-Pressure Plasmas (2009)

We showed that nonthermal dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma compromises the integrity of the cell membrane of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Deinococcus</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">radiodurans</i> , an extremophile organism. In samples of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D.</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">radiodurans</i> , which were dried in a laminar flow hood, we observe that DBD plasma exposure resulted in a six-log reduction in CFU (colony-forming unit) count after 30 min of treatment. When the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Deinococcus</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">radiodurans</i> cells were suspended in distilled water and treated, it took only 15 s to achieve a four-log reduction of CFU count.
Targeting VE-PTP activates TIE2 and stabilizes the ocular vasculature (2014)

Retinal and choroidal neovascularization (NV) and vascular leakage contribute to visual impairment in several common ocular diseases. The angiopoietin/TIE2 (ANG/TIE2) pathway maintains vascular integrity, and negative regulators of this pathway are potential therapeutic targets for these diseases. Here, we demonstrated that vascular endothelial-protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP), which negatively regulates TIE2 activation, is upregulated in hypoxic vascular endothelial cells, particularly in retinal NV. Intraocular injection of an anti-VE-PTP antibody previously shown to activate TIE2 suppressed ocular NV. Furthermore, a small-molecule inhibitor of VE-PTP catalytic activity (AKB-9778) activated TIE2, enhanced ANG1-induced TIE2 activation, and stimulated phosphorylation of signaling molecules in the TIE2 pathway, including AKT, eNOS, and ERK. In mouse models of neovascular age-related macular degeneration, AKB-9778 induced phosphorylation of TIE2 and strongly suppressed NV. Ischemia-induced retinal NV, which is relevant to diabetic retinopathy, was accentuated by the induction of ANG2 but inhibited by AKB-9778, even in the presence of high levels of ANG2. AKB-9778 also blocked VEGF-induced leakage from dermal and retinal vessels and prevented exudative retinal detachments in double-transgenic mice with high expression of VEGF in photoreceptors. These data support targeting VE-PTP to stabilize retinal and choroidal blood vessels and suggest that this strategy has potential for patients with a wide variety of retinal and choroidal vascular diseases.
Convergence properties of critical dimension measurements by spectroscopic ellipsometry on gratings made of various materials (2006)

Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) in the visible/near-UV spectral range is applied to monitor optical critical dimensions of quartz, Si, and Ta gratings, namely, the depth, linewidth, and period. To analyze the SE measurements, the rigorous coupled-wave theory is applied, whose implementation is described in detail, referred to as the Airy-like internal reflection series with the Fourier factorization rules taken into account. It is demonstrated that the Airy-like series implementation of the coupled-wave theory with the factorization rules provides fast convergence of both the simulated SE parameters and the extracted dimensions. The convergence properties are analyzed with respect to the maximum Fourier harmonics retained inside the periodic media and also with respect to the fineness of slicing imperfect Ta wires with paraboloidally curved edges.
Evaluation of a novel method of noise reduction using computer-simulated mammograms (2005)

A novel method of noise reduction has been tested for mammography using computer-simulated images for which the truth is known exactly. This method is based on comparing two images. The images are compared at different scales, using a cross-correlation function as a measure of similarity to define the image modifications in the wavelet domain. The computer-simulated images were calculated for noise-free primary radiation using a quasi-realistic voxel phantom. Two images corresponding to slightly different geometry were produced. Gaussian noise was added with certain properties to simulate quantum noise. The added noise could be reduced by >70% using the proposed method without any noticeable corruption of the structures. It is possible to save 50% dose in mammography by producing two images (each 25% of the dose for a standard mammogram). Additionally, a reduction of the anatomical noise and, therefore, better detection rates of breast cancer in mammography are possible.
Coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub>administration and its potential for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (1999)

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an essential cofactor of the electron transport chain as well as an important antioxidant. Previous studies have suggested that it may exert therapeutic effects in patients with known mitochondrial disorders. We investigated whether it can exert neuroprotective effects in a variety of animal models. We have demonstrated that CoQ10 can protect against striatal lesions produced by both malonate and 3-nitropropionic acid. It also protects against MPTP toxicity in mice. It extended survival in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We demonstrated that oral administration can increase plasma levels in patients with Parkinson's disease. Oral administration of CoQ10 significantly decreased elevated lactate levels in patients with Huntington's disease. These studies therefore raise the prospect that administration of CoQ10 may be useful for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
A Semi-Supervised Based K-Means Algorithm for Optimal Guided Waves Structural Health Monitoring: A Case Study (2019)

This paper concerns the health monitoring of pipelines and tubes. It proposes the k-means clustering algorithm as a simple tool to monitor the integrity of a structure (i.e., detecting defects and assessing their growth). The k-means algorithm is applied on data collected experimentally, by means of an ultrasonic guided waves technique, from healthy and damaged tubes. Damage was created by attaching magnets to a tube. The number of magnets was increased progressively to simulate an increase in the size of the defect and also, a change in its shape. To test the performance of the proposed method for damage detection, a statistical population was created for the healthy state and for each damage step. This was done by adding white Gaussian noise to each acquired signal. To optimize the number of clusters, many algorithms were run, and their results were compared. Then, a semi-supervised based method was proposed to determine an alarm threshold, triggered when a defect becomes critical.
Identification and functional analysis of beta-tubulin genes by site specific integrative transformation in Aspergillus nidulans. (1985)

We have cloned two different beta-tubulin sequences from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Each was used in the construction of transforming plasmids that carry the pyr4 gene of Neurospora crassa. We used these plasmids to transform a pyrG-strain of Aspergillus to uridine prototrophy. Both plasmids were shown to integrate site specifically into the homologous chromosomal sequences. We then used transformant strains in genetic crosses to demonstrate that one of the cloned beta-tubulin sequences was the benA beta-tubulin gene, which codes for the beta 1-and beta 2-tubulins. The other cloned beta-tubulin sequence was shown to be the structural gene for beta 3-tubulin by gene disruption and to participate in conidial development. This is the first report of a gene disruption by site specific, integrative recombination in Aspergillus nidulans.
Expression of Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Its Receptor Met in Wilms' Tumors and Nephrogenic Rests Reflects Their Roles in Kidney Development (2009)

These data show that the relatively infrequent expression of HGF and Met in WT tumorigenesis reflects their roles in nephrogenesis, particularly the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, rather than a dependence on oncogenic signaling pathways.
Trench capacitor leakage in Mbit DRAMs (1984)

The limitations on trench capacitors imposed by leakage mechanisms in high density DRAMs has been studied through simulations. The primary purpose of the work has been to investigate all possible leakage mechanisms and to determine the optimum substrate doping profile for which the trench capacitor leakage is sufficiently suppressed. The effect of all relevant structural, process and electrical parameters on the required substrate doping profile is also fully investigated. The substrate doping density at which impact ionization causes avalanche breakdown at the trench capacitor junction has also been estimated. It is shown that for trench spacing of 0.75 µm or more. an intermediate range of substrate doping concentrations can always be found for which both the trench leakage and the junction breakdown can be avoided.
Continuous Conditional Random Fields for Efficient Regression in Large Fully Connected Graphs (2013)

When used for structured regression, powerful Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) are typically restricted to modeling effects of interactions among examples in local neighborhoods. Using more expressive representation would result in dense graphs, making these methods impractical for large-scale applications. To address this issue, we propose an effective CRF model with linear scale-up properties regarding approximate learning and inference for structured regression on large, fully connected graphs. The proposed method is validated on real-world large-scale problems of image de-noising and remote sensing. In conducted experiments, we demonstrated that dense connectivity provides an improvement in prediction accuracy. Inference time of less than ten seconds on graphs with millions of nodes and trillions of edges makes the proposed model an attractive tool for large-scale, structured regression problems.
IPsec-GW redundancy method with high reliability (2010)

A large-scale disaster may cause communication failure in the case of IPsec-VPN. Trouble with an IPsec-GW is one of the reasons this failure happens. Generally, it is better to expand the area in which communication is restored by using an IPsec-GW redundancy method. The existing Ipsec-GW redundancy method reduces communication failure time. In this method, IPsec-GWs synchronize IPsec information in advance, and when an active GW fails, a standby GW takes over processing from the active GW. However, this method cannot be applied to devices deployed in different segments of the network. Thus, in this paper, we propose an IPsec-GW redundancy method that can be applied to IPsec-GWs that are deployed in different segments. The existing method is a framework that synchronizes IPsec information between an active IPsec-GW and a standby IPsec-GW. It enables communication to continue when the active GW fails. However, this method cannot completely prevent communication failures. Therefore, we propose which information should be synchronized and at what time. This proposal can reduce the processing load of the network.
Cross-Protective Immunity of Mice Induced by Oral Immunization with Pneumococcal Surface Adhesin A Encapsulated in Microspheres (2002)

The global use of a capsular polysaccharide-based pneumococcal vaccine has been limited because of serotype-specific protection and poor effectiveness in individuals with low immunocompetency. The mucosal immune system develops earlier in infants and lasts longer in the elderly than does the systemic immune system. Furthermore, mucosal immunization is beneficial for AIDS patients, because human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects can develop normal mucosal antibody responses even in late clinical phases. For these reasons, we evaluated recombinant pneumococcal surface adhesin A (rPsaA) of Streptococcus pneumoniae in terms of cross-protective immune responses after oral delivery. Encapsulated rPsaA provided higher immunogenicity than naked rPsaA. Coencapsulation or codelivery of the cholera toxin (CT) B subunit (CTB) and CT also increased the immunogenicity of rPsaA. Cross-protective immunities against five strains of S. pneumoniae (types 4, 6B, 14, 19F, and 23F) were induced after oral immunization with microencapsulated rPsaA. Lung colonization and septicemia caused by the five serotypes were significantly inhibited by oral immunization with microencapsulated rPsaA. These results suggest that rPsaA coencapsulated with CTB can be used as an oral vaccine to induce cross-protective immunity for the prevention of pneumococcal infection.
Detection of colored nanomaterials using evanescent field-based waveguide sensors (2010)

We have developed an optical system designed for detecting colored nanomaterials in aqueous solutions, using the concept of evanescent-field-coupled waveguide-mode sensors. In this study, we found that the waveguide modes induced in the sensor are intrinsically sensitive to a change in optical absorption, or a 'change in color'. The system detects less than one gold nanoparticle (diameter: 20 nm) adsorbed per square micrometer. It is also demonstrated that significant signal enhancement due to adsorption of molecules is achieved using a dye. The developed sensor rarely suffers from a drawback of impurity adsorption. The system is expected to be applied as an effective sensing tool for metal colloids, nanoparticles, and colored biomolecules in solution.
Development and evaluation of a hybrid point-wise gamut mapping framework (2015)

For point-wise gamut mapping, the largest challenge is how to preserve both detail and saturation with state of the art gamut mapping algorithms based on the main concepts of gamut clipping or gamut compression. Based on a combination of clipping and compression algorithms, a hybrid point-wise gamut mapping framework is proposed and evaluated in this paper. Using five standard scenes, five combination ratios, our framework based on cusp point is evaluated. According to the subjective experiment results, the trend of accuracy scale and preference scale were indicated first decreasing stage and second increasing stage, and its turning point is mainly 50% ratio scale. Three objective image quality metrics were further used to correlate and analyze the above special phenomenon clearly.
Posttranslational Regulation of <i>I-E</i> <i>d</i> by Affinity for CLIP (2007)

Several MHC class II alleles linked with autoimmune diseases form unusually low stability complexes with CLIP, leading us to hypothesize that this is an important feature contributing to autoimmune pathogenesis. To investigate cellular consequences of altering class II/CLIP affinity, we evaluated invariant chain (Ii) mutants with varying CLIP affinity for a mouse class II allele, I-E(d), which has low affinity for wild-type CLIP and is associated with a mouse model of spontaneous, autoimmune joint inflammation. Increasing CLIP affinity for I-E(d) resulted in increased cell surface and total cellular abundance and half-life of I-E(d). This reveals a post-endoplasmic reticulum chaperoning capacity of Ii via its CLIP peptides. Quantitative effects on I-E(d) were less pronounced in DM-expressing cells, suggesting complementary chaperoning effects mediated by Ii and DM, and implying that the impact of allelic variation in CLIP affinity on immune responses will be highest in cells with limited DM activity. Differences in the ability of cell lines expressing wild-type or high-CLIP-affinity mutant Ii to present Ag to T cells suggest a model in which increased CLIP affinity for class II serves to restrict peptide loading to DM-containing compartments, ensuring proper editing of antigenic peptides.
A belief-driven method for discovering unexpected patterns (1998)

Several pattern discovery methods proposed in the data mining literature have the drawbacks that they discover too many obvious or irrelevant patterns and that they do not leverage to a full extent valuable prior domain knowledge that decision makers have. In this paper we propose a new method of discovery that addresses these drawbacks. In particular we propose a new method of discovering unexpected patterns that takes into consideration prior background knowledge of decision makers. This prior knowledge constitutes a set of expectations or beliefs about the problem domain. Our proposed method of discovering unexpected patterns uses these beliefs to seed the search for patterns in data that contradict the beliefs. To evaluate the practicality of our approach, we applied our algorithm to consumer purchase data from a major market research company and to web logfile data tracked at an academic Web site and present our findings in the paper. 1.