gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cortical Inhibition Modified by Embryonic Neural Precursors Grafted into the Postnatal Brain (2006)

Embryonic medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) cells transplanted into the adult brain can disperse, migrate, and differentiate to neurons expressing GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter. It has been hypothesized that grafted MGE precursors could have important therapeutic applications increasing local inhibition, but there is no evidence that MGE cells can modify neural circuits when grafted into the postnatal brain. Here we demonstrate that MGE cells grafted into one location of the neonatal rodent brain migrate widely into cortex. Grafted MGE-derived cells differentiate into mature cortical interneurons; the majority of these new interneurons express GABA. Based on their morphology and expression of somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, parvalbumin, or calretinin, we infer that graft-derived cells integrate into local circuits and function as GABA-producing inhibitory cells. Whole-cell current-clamp recordings obtained from MGE-derived cells indicate firing properties typical of mature interneurons. Moreover, patch-clamp recordings of IPSCs on pyramidal neurons in the host brain, 30 and 60 d after transplantation, indicated a significant increase in GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition in regions containing transplanted MGE cells. In contrast, synaptic excitation is not altered in the host brain. Grafted MGE cells, therefore, can be used to modify neural circuits and selectively increase local inhibition. These findings could have important implications for reparative cell therapies for brain disorders.
Polymeric flame retardants for reinforced thermoplastic and thermoset resins (2017)

Polyphosphonates and phosphonate oligomers are a group of flame retardants that have gained much attention in recent years. Produced under the brand name Nofia, 1 they are now commercially used to flame retard different resins such as polyesters, polycarbonate, polyurethanes, epoxies, unsaturated polyesters, and polyureas. Phosphonates can be used as the single flame retardant but recently, it was also shown, that phosphonates can support other non-halogenated and halogenated flame retardants. FRX Polymers has been screening many systems including replacement of antimony trioxide as the synergist in flame retardant formulations that are based on halogenated flame retardants. The present article discusses examples of the use of phosphonates in reinforced thermoplastic and thermoset applications.
Teniae Coli Guided Navigation and Registration for Virtual Colonoscopy (2006)

We present a new method for guiding virtual colonoscopic navigation and registration by using teniae coli as anatomical landmarks. As most existing protocols require a patient to be scanned in both supine and prone positions to increase sensitivity in detecting colonic polyps, reference and registration between scans are necessary. However, the conventional centerline approach, generating only the longitudinal distance along the colon, lacks the necessary orientation information to synchronize the virtual navigation cameras in both scanned positions. In this paper we describe a semi-automatic method to detect teniae coli from a colonic surface model reconstructed from CT colonography. Teniae coli are three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle on the surface of the colon. They form a triple helix structure from the appendix to the sigmoid colon and are ideal references for virtual navigation. Our method was applied to 3 patients resulting in 6 data sets (supine and prone scans). The detected teniae coli matched well with our visual inspection. In addition, we demonstrate that polyps visible on both scans can be located and matched more efficiently with the aid of a teniae coli guided navigation implementation.
Synthesis of Fluorinated Nucleosides (2006)

Two practical synthetic approaches to the production of lodenosine [FddA, 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)adenine] via 6-chloropurine riboside or 6-chloropurine 3'-deoxyriboside are described. The reaction sequence contains new fluorination methods and new applications of radical reduction. The reagents and reaction conditions of each step have been carefully selected to ensure robustness and safety.
A novel reconfigurable origami spring antenna (2014)

A foldable origami spring structure is presented in this paper, which can be expanded and collapsed. Based on this structure, one origami antenna is designed with operating frequency that can be changed based on its height. The return loss, far-field radiation pattern and peak gain of this antenna are presented.
<title>Fractional dimension filtering for multiscale lung nodule detecton</title> (1997)

Lung nodule (LN) detection using computer assisted diagnostic (CAD) methodology in chest radiolographs is generally composed of two steps, i.e., suspicious area (SA) location and differentiation of 'true' nodules from 'false' nodules among located SAs. The first step is related to computer image processing techniques, such as image enhancement and segmentation methods. The second step uses pattern classification techniques, such as statistical classifiers and artificial neural networks (ANN). This paper will address only the first step of the CAD lung nodule detection. We have designed a novel fractional dimension filtering (FDF) algorithm for the extraction of lung nodule patterns, which generally appear as circular bright areas in the chest radiograph. The FDF provides an improved performance of discriminating circular pattern from other patterns in the presence of overlapping structures. A multiscale analysis has also been introduced to locate multiscale nodules and eliminate false positives. A computed ROC analysis has been performed to show the improvement of discriminating performance of the FDF by using simulated patterns. A computed FROC analysis has also been conducted for analyzing the performance of the proposed location scheme with and without the multiscale analysis.
Simulation of Cutting Edge Wear Model Based on Chip Production Rate in Micro-Endmilling (2019)

Abstract In this paper, simulation of cutting edge wear rate model based on the chip production rate in micro-endmilling is conducted in order to understand the state of the interaction between the tool and the workpiece. In micro-endmilling, the chip production rate changes due to the cutting edge wear and it can be explained by the minimum chip thickness effect. If the cutting edge radius increases due to the tool wear until the minimum chip thickness becomes larger than the uncut chip thickness, the chips will not be generated with the cutting tooth sliding on the workpiece. If the new tool with the sharp cutting edge is used, the chips will be generated without the cutting tooth sliding on the workpiece. From this point of view, the cutting edge wear could be observed by measuring the chip production rate in micro-endmilling. Therefore, the cutting edge wear rate model is proposed and the simulation of the cutting edge wear rate estimation is conducted. Our proposed cutting edge wear rate model could be used in improving the tool life and the surface quality by estimating the cutting edge wear rate.
Layout Decomposition Approaches for Double Patterning Lithography (2010)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In double patterning lithography (DPL) layout decomposition for 45 nm and below process nodes, two features must be assigned opposite colors (corresponding to different exposures) if their spacing is less than the <emphasis emphasistype="italic">minimum coloring spacing</emphasis>. However, there exist pattern configurations for which pattern features separated by less than the minimum coloring spacing cannot be assigned different colors. In such cases, DPL requires that a layout feature be split into two parts. We address this problem using two layout decomposition approaches based on a <emphasis emphasistype="italic">conflict graph</emphasis>. First, node splitting is performed at all feasible dividing points. Then, one approach detects conflict cycles in the graph which are unresolvable for DPL coloring, and determines the coloring solution for the remaining nodes using integer linear programming (ILP). The other approach, based on a different ILP problem formulation, deletes some edges in the graph to make it two-colorable, then finds the coloring solution in the new graph. We evaluate our methods on both real and artificial 45 nm testcases. Experimental results show that our proposed layout decomposition approaches effectively decompose given layouts to satisfy the key goals of minimized line-ends and maximized overlap margin. There are no design rule violations in the final decomposed layout. </para>
Efficient Synthesis of (22<i>R</i>,23<i>R</i>,24<i>S</i>)-22,23-Isopropylidenedioxy-5α-ergost-2-en-6-one, a Key Intermediate in the Preparation of Brassinolide (1986)

(22R,23R,24S)-22,23-Isopropylidenedioxy-5α-ergost-2-en-6-one 2b is an important intermediate of brassinolide. We found that the enone 2b can be prepared by transformation of (22R,23R,24S)-3α,5-cyclo-22,23-isopropylidenedioxy-5α-ergostan-6-one 5b with catalytic amount of both p-TsOH and NaBr in DMF under reflux. 5b was prepared from (22R,23R,24S)-3α,5-cyclo-22,23-dihydroxy-6β-methoxy-5α-ergostane 9b or a 6β-benzyloxy compound 9c, which was obtained in a manner similar to Mori’s brassinolide synthesis. The enone 2b was eventually prepared via a benzyl ether 9c from stigmasterol 3a in a 15.5% yield in 11 steps.
A mobile phone-based retinal camera for portable wide field imaging (2013)

Digital fundus imaging is used extensively in the diagnosis, monitoring and management of many retinal diseases. Access to fundus photography is often limited by patient morbidity, high equipment cost and shortage of trained personnel. Advancements in telemedicine methods and the development of portable fundus cameras have increased the accessibility of retinal imaging, but most of these approaches rely on separate computers for viewing and transmission of fundus images. We describe a novel portable handheld smartphone-based retinal camera capable of capturing high-quality, wide field fundus images. The use of the mobile phone platform creates a fully embedded system capable of acquisition, storage and analysis of fundus images that can be directly transmitted from the phone via the wireless telecommunication system for remote evaluation.
A New Urban Tree Soil to Safely Increase Rooting Volumes Under Sidewalks (1995)

Soil compaction, which is necessary to safely support sidewalks and pavement, conflicts with urban trees' need for usable rooting space to support healthy tree growth. We have defined a rigid soil medium that will safely bear loads required by engineering standards yet still allow for rapid root exploration and growth. This was accomplished by forming a stone matrix and suspending soil within the matrix pores with the assistance of a hydrogel gluing agent. Initial studies using three stone types and various stone to soil ratios showed that the compacted stone-soil test medium (dry densities > 1700 kg/m3) increased root growth by a minimum of 320% over the compacted clay loam control (dry density of 1378 kg/m3). The proposed system can safely bear load demonstrated by California Bearing Ratios consistently exceeding 40. Discussion of a critical mixing ratio is presented as an approach for developing a specification for field installation.
Passive Shroud Cooling Concepts for HP Turbines: Experimental Investigations (2008)

The cooling of rotor shrouds in the first stage of a high-pressure turbine requires special attention as flatter turbine inlet temperature profiles and more highly loaded blades result in increased thermal and mechanical stresses. The use of film cooling and/or internal convective cooling makes the rotor shroud heavier and oversized, restricting the maximum rotational speed. Alternative methods are, therefore, sought to achieve improved cooling of the shroud. This paper discusses the low-speed experimental investigation of two “passive” cooling concepts known as “rail cooling” and “platform cooling.” It has been shown experimentally that the modified cooling method, namely, the platform cooling, substantially improves the rotor shroud coolant distribution in the critical areas while employing significantly lower amounts of coolant.
Monitoring Ligand Modulation of Protein−Protein Interactions by Mass Spectrometry: Estrogen Receptor α-SRC1 (2008)

Many drugs and chemicals exert their biological effect by modulating protein-protein interactions. In vitro approaches to characterize these mechanisms are often based on indirect measurements (e.g., fluorescence). Here, we used mass spectrometry (MS) to directly monitor the effect of small-molecule ligands on the binding of a coactivator peptide (SRC1) by the human estrogen receptor alpha ligand binding domain (hERalpha LBD). Nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS) and high-mass matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) combined with chemical cross-linking were employed to follow these processes. The chemical cross-linking protocol used prior to high-mass MALDI analysis allows detection of intact noncovalent complexes. The binding of intact hERalpha LBD homodimer with two coactivator peptides was detected with nanoESI-MS and high-mass MALDI-MS only in the presence of an agonist ligand. Furthermore, high-mass MALDI-MS revealed an increase of the homodimer abundance after incubating the receptor with a ligand, independent of the ligand character (i.e., agonist, antagonist). The binding characteristics of the compounds tested by MS correlate very well with their biological activity reported by cell-based assays. High-mass MALDI appears to be an efficient and simple tool for directly monitoring ligand regulation mechanisms involved in protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, the combination of both MS methods allows identifying and characterizing endocrine-disrupting compounds or new drug compounds in an efficient way.
Ultrasonic tomography application to the visualization of air flow (2005)

The imaging of very small acoustic impedance variations in a medium cannot be performed by echography. On the contrary, the transmitted signals are sufficiently sensitive to these variations to allow the extraction of information on the medium. As the amplitude and time of arrival of transmitted signals through an air flow can be determined with sufficient accuracy, this information may be used to realize images. As the parameters of each individual transmitted signal are the result of the whole history of the acoustic ray along its path, an inversion procedure must be performed. Tomography is achieved by the use of multiple acoustic paths networking the area of investigation. The different inversion methods are discussed as well as their tractability in air flow visualization. The technique requires a very accurate determination of the amplitude and time of arrival of the acoustical signal. Although piezoelectric transducers provide easily this precision when exploited in immersion in liquids, their use is notoriously difficult when exploited in air where the huge impedance mismatch requires high excitation voltages and high amplification when pulse mode is used. Furthermore, in order to launch enough energy, the emitting surface of these transducers has to be fairly large. This large surface induces a high directivity impairing the use of piezoelectric transducers as a source emitting toward many receivers. Therefore, we have developed spark emitters perfectly suited to the problem. Very stable acoustic pulses, with a wide frequency band (audio frequencies to 1MHz) are generated. The effective bandwidth in a given experiment is only limited by the viscous damping in air. In that frequency range, the sources are highly non directive due to cylindrical symmetry and the small size (few millimeters) of the linear, sound emitting zone. The receivers are small radius capacitive microphones. Emitters and receivers are placed on a rotating wheel. 1200 acoustic paths are recorded in a tomography experiment. Stationary components of the velocity and turbulence in the flow fields are obtained using an iterative algorithm. The pixel resolution size is of a few centimeters for an investigation zone with a 1.8 m diameter size. The theoretical aspects of the problem and the assumptions made are discussed.
High density lipoproteins reduce organ injury and organ dysfunction in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock (2001)

High density lipoproteins (HDLs) inhibit the cytokine-induced expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules both in vitro and in vivo. We examined the ability of HDLs to mediate a functional anti-inflammatory effect by measuring their ability to prevent neutrophil adhesion and transmigration in vitro. Treatment of human endothelial cell cultures with physiologic concentrations of HDLs inhibited neutrophil binding by 68 +/- 5.9% (mean and se, n=6, P<0.05) and neutrophil transmigration by 48.7 +/- 6.7% (n=8, P<0.05). We then examined the effect of HDLs on inflammatory infiltration and subsequent multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), associated with trauma in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock. Rats given human HDLs (80 mg apo A-I/kg, i.v.) 90 min after hemorrhage (which reduced mean arterial pressure to 50 mmHg) and 1 min before resuscitation showed attenuation of the increases in the serum levels of markers of MODS normally observed in this model. Severe disruption of the architecture of tissues and the extensive cellular infiltration into those tissues were also largely inhibited in animals that received HDLs. Human HDLs attenuate the MODS associated with ischemia and reperfusion injury after hemorrhagic shock in rats.
Research on a novel two-stage direct current hybrid circuit breaker (2014)

The DC hybrid circuit breaker based on high-speed switch (HSS) and parallel connected capacitor has been widely applied in the fault current breaking of DC system. However, when the current is commutated from HSS to the capacitor according to single-stage operation, the capacitor has to absorb a large amount of energy stored in the system inductance within very short time. Meanwhile, a high over-voltage rate of rise is especially prone to be produced between the contacts of HSS, which will lead to a failed breaking. As a result, a novel DC hybrid circuit breaker based on the two-stage operation is proposed and analyzed in this paper. By controlling the thyristors in the commutation branches, the fault current is fast commutated into the capacitor, which can not only realize the arcless open of HSS, but also decrease the over-voltage rate of rise significantly in comparison to the traditional single-stage operation. The simulation model of fault current breaking under different conditions in 10 kV medium voltage DC system is constructed. The simulated over-voltages of single-stage and two-stage operations in the case of fault current breaking are compared and analyzed. Finally, the fault current breaking test in the two-stage operation is investigated experimentally, which validates the feasibility and effectiveness of the simulation model well.
Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanowires for nanosensor applications (2010)

In this paper we report the synthesis of ZnO nanowires via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at 650 °C. It will be shown that these nanowires are suitable for sensing applications. ZnO nanowires were grown with diameters ranging from 50 to 200 nm depending on the substrate position in a CVD synthesis reactor and the growth regimes. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence (PL), and Raman spectroscopy (RS) have been used to characterize the ZnO nanowires. To investigate the suitability of the CVD synthesized ZnO nanowires for gas sensing applications, a single ZnO nanowire device (50 nm in diameter) was fabricated using a focused ion beam (FIB). The response to H2 of a gas nanosensor based on an individual ZnO nanowire is also reported.
Advances in high & kappa gate dielectrics for Si and III-V semiconductors (2003)

Nanoscale device technology is driving intense study of thin dielectric layers on semiconductors. The aggressive scaling of Si CMOS technology calls for identifying high /spl kappa/ dielectrics to replace SiO/sub 2/ and oxynitrides in gate related applications. The material, requirements for the alternative gate dielectric are very challenging in order to achieve performance comparable to SiO/sub 2/. Furthermore, there are demanding issues for process integration compatibility. Among several binary oxides proposed the rare earth oxides are attractive candidates based on thermodynamic energy considerations and a high conduction band offset over 2eV. The interest in the rare earth oxide stems from our earlier work on GaAs passivation. The Ga/sub 2-x/Gd/sub x/O/sub 3/ mixed oxides (/spl kappa/ =12) and the Gd/sub 2/O/sub 3/ oxides (/spl kappa/ =14) films grown by ultrahigh vacuum deposition from an oxide source formed an excellent insulating barrier with low interfacial state density D/sub it/ on the GaAs surface. This discovery has led to the first GaAs based inversion channel MOSFET devices. These dielectrics were also successfully applied to other III-V semiconductors including InGaAs, AlGaAs, InP, and GaN producing MOS diodes and MOSFETs.
Glass Matrix Composites - I - Graphite Fiber Reinforced Glass (1978)

An experimental program is described in which graphite fibers of Hercules HMS and HTS, Thornel 300, and Celanese DG-12 were used to reinforce, both uniaxially and biaxially, borosilicate pyrex glass. Composite flexural strength distribution, strength as a function of test temperature, fracture toughness and oxidative stability were determined and shown to be primarily a function of fiber type and the quality of fiber-matrix bond formed during composite fabrication. It is demonstrated that the graphite fiber reinforced glass system offers unique possibilities as a high performance structural material.
Probabilistic one-time programs using quantum entanglement (2021)

Abstract Quantum technology allows for unparalleled levels of data and software protection. Probabilistic one-time programs harness these capabilities for quantum-assisted classical computations by encoding classical software in small quantum states resulting in computer programs that can be used only once. Such self-destructing one-time programs facilitate a variety of applications reaching from software distribution to one-time delegation of signature authority. Whereas previous experiments demonstrated the feasibility of such schemes, the practical applications were limited. Here we present an improved protocol for one-time programs that resolves major drawbacks of previous schemes, by employing entangled qubit pairs. This results in four orders of magnitude higher count rates and the ability to execute a program long after the quantum information exchange has taken place. We implement a one-time delegation of signature authority over an underground fiber link between university buildings in downtown Vienna, emphasizing the compatibility of our scheme with prepare-and-measure quantum internet networks.
Table S2 from PF-06804103, A Site-specific Anti-HER2 Antibody–Drug Conjugate for the Treatment of HER2-expressing Breast, Gastric, and Lung Cancers (2023)

<p>In vitro cytotoxicity of PF-06804103 across a panel of cancer cell lines.</p>
High-resolution light-field imaging via phase space retrieval (2019)

By combining a high-resolution image from a standard camera with a low-resolution light-field image from a lenslet array, we numerically reconstruct a high-resolution light-field image. We experimentally demonstrate the method by creating a high-definition 3D image of a human cheek cell with a commercially available microscope.