gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Survival factors regulating ovarian apoptosis -- dependence on follicle differentiation (2002)

Only a minute fraction of the ovarian follicles present in a fetal ovary will complete the path to ovulation. Most of the follicles will undergo atresia, a hormonally controlled apoptotic process. Apoptosis occurs at each stage of follicular development and there is a marked reduction in the number of follicles present at birth. Stage-dependent mechanisms of follicle survival can be postulated to achieve co-ordinated development, leading to ovulation of a small fraction of follicles. Indeed, hormone and growth factor regulation of follicular atresia is stage-specific. This short review considers the factors that promote survival of ovarian follicles throughout development, including endocrine, locally produced and intracellular mediators, as exemplified mainly by follicular development in rodents. In primordial follicles, oocyte apoptosis is considered to be the cause of subsequent follicle degeneration. In slow-growing preantral follicles, FSH is not a survival factor, but some locally produced growth factors are. Progression to the antral follicle stage is probably the most critical stage of follicle development in vivo, and FSH is a major survival factor at this stage. In addition, insulin-like growth factor I and interleukin 1beta are potent survival factors for cultured rat follicles at the antral stage. Preovulatory follicles express receptors for LH, and both of the gonadotrophins are survival factors at this stage. Relatively little is known about the period between the LH surge and ovulation; however, it has been suggested that at this stage progesterone acts as a survival factor.
The 1,4-Benzodiazepine-2,5-dione Small Molecule Template Results in Melanocortin Receptor Agonists with Nanomolar Potencies (2008)

The melanocortin system consists of five seven-transmembrane spanning G-protein coupled receptors (MC1-5) that are stimulated by endogenous agonists and antagonized by the only two known endogenous antagonists of GPCRs, agouti and agouti-related protein (AGRP). These receptors have been associated with many physiological functions, including the involvement of the MC4R in feeding behavior and energy homeostasis, making this system an attractive target for the treatment of obesity. Small-molecule mimetics of endogenous ligands may result in the development of compounds with properties more suitable for use as therapeutic agents. The research presented herein involves the synthesis and analysis of 12 melanocortin receptor agonists using the 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-dione template and is the first report of these derivatives as melanocortin receptor agonists. Structure-activity relationship studies using this privileged structure template has resulted in molecules with molecular weights around 400 that possess nanomolar agonist potency at the melanocortin receptors examined in this study.
A Diffusive Sampler for Passive Monitoring of Underground Storage Tanks (1993)

Abstract Passive measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) provide a method for early detection and long‐term monitoring of potential leaks from underground storage tanks (USTs) and associated fuel service lines. A diffusive sampler was constructed of a sorbent tube that fits inside a specially designed sampling chamber. VOCs in the soil enter the chamber by molecular diffusion and are collected by the sorbent. The sorbent is easily retrieved for laboratory analyses by thermally desorbing into a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS), or qualitative concentrations can be determined directly in the field with specific‐indicator detectors. The diffusive samplers were evaluated in an exposure chamber under controlled conditions. Laboratory measurements of the sorbed mass of organic vapor were found to be in close agreement with theoretical values and indicate the passive sampling approach is viable for detecting relatively low concentrations of organic vapors in the vadose zone over a one‐day sampling period, as well as providing relatively long‐term monitoring periods up to 58 days. A field test found the sampling approach successful in identifying an area where the vadose zone was contaminated by leaking petroleum USTs.
Generation of mutation operators for aspect-oriented software systems (2014)

Effectiveness of a software development depends directly upon how efficiently testing techniques have been carried out on the software. Testing starts as soon as requirements are being collected for the software development process. It was a myth at earlier days that software testing can only be carried out after implementation phase. Now it has been experimentally proved that in order to reduce the overall cost and time for the software development process, it is necessary to carry out testing from the first phase of software development life cycle. Among a large number of software testing methodologies, mutation testing is one of the testing methodology in which testing is performed by introducing faults into the program. Mutation testing focuses on fault identification by examining the efficiency of test suite. Many researchers have contributed into the field of Mutation testing in Aspect oriented systems. In this paper, various mutation operators are proposed to detect faults in AspectJ Programs.
PP1γ2 and PPP1R11 Are Parts of a Multimeric Complex in Developing Testicular Germ Cells in which their Steady State Levels Are Reciprocally Related (2009)

Mice lacking the protein phosphatase 1 gamma isoforms, PP1gamma1 and PP1gamma2, are male-sterile due to defective germ cell morphogenesis and apoptosis. However, this deficiency causes no obvious abnormality in other tissues. A biochemical approach was employed to learn how expression versus deficiency of PP1gamma2, the predominant PP1 isoform in male germ cells, affects spermatogenesis. Methods used in this study include column chromatography, western blot and northern blot analyses, GST pull-down assays, immunoprecipitation, non-denaturing gel electrophoresis, phosphatase enzyme assays, protein sequencing, and immunohistochemistry. We report for the first time that in wild-type testis, PP1gamma2 forms an inactive complex with actin, protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 7 (PPP1R7), and protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 11 (PPP1R11), the latter, a potent PP1 inhibitor. Interestingly, PPP1R11 protein, but not its mRNA level, falls significantly in PP1gamma-null testis where mature sperm are virtually absent. Conversely, both mature sperm numbers and the PPP1R11 level increase substantially in PP1gamma-null testis expressing transgenic PP1gamma2. PPP1R11 also appears to be ubiquitinated in PP1gamma-null testis. The levels of PP1gamma2 and PPP1R11 were increased in phenotypically normal PP1alpha-null testis. However, in PP1alpha-null spleen, where PP1gamma2 normally is not expressed, PPP1R11 levels remained unchanged. Our data clearly show a direct reciprocal relationship between the levels of the protein phosphatase isoform PP1gamma2 and its regulator PPP1R11, and suggest that complex formation between these polypeptides in testis may prevent proteolysis of PPP1R11 and thus, germ cell apoptosis.
Room temperature hydrogen and hydrocarbon sensors based on single nanowires of metal oxides (2007)

Hydrogen sensing characteristics of single nanowires of ZnO, TiO2 and WO2.72 have been investigated by contact mode atomic force microscopy. All these nanostructures are able to sense hydrogen, but the WO2.72 nanowire (40 nm diam) exhibits the highest sensitivity of 22 for 1000 ppm at 298 K. The WO2.72 nanowire is also found to be good at sensing aliphatic hydrocarbons in the form of liquefied petroleum gas with a sensitivity of 15 for 1000 ppm at room temperature. A WO2.72 nanowire with a diameter of 40 nm shows better sensing characteristics than a nanowire of 16 nm diameter.
Manifestation of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mi>T</mml:mi></mml:math>Symmetry Breaking in Polarization Space with Terahertz Metasurfaces (2014)

By utilizing the vector nature of light as well as the inherent anisotropy of artificial meta-atoms, we investigate parity time symmetry breaking in polarization space using a metasurface with anisotropic absorption, whose building blocks consist of two orthogonally orientated meta-atoms with the same resonant frequency but different loss coefficients. By varying their coupling strength, we directly observe a phase transition in the eigenpolarization states of the system, across which the long axis of the eigenpolarization ellipses experience a sudden rotation of 45°. Despite the lack of rotational symmetry of the metasurface, precisely at the phase transition, known as the exceptional point, the eigenmodes coalesce into a single circularly polarized state. The PT symmetric metasurfaces are experimentally implemented at terahertz frequencies.
Revelation of the Difference between Arylzinc Reagents Prepared from Aryl Grignard and Aryllithium Reagents Respectively: Kinetic and Structural Features (2009)

Organozinc halide reagents are not as simple as RZnCl. Differences in solution NMR spectra and kinetic behavior of phenyzinc halide reagents prepared from Grignard (1a system) and lithium reagents (1b system), respectively, were observed. In the 1a system, zero-order kinetic behavior indicates that transmetalation is not the rate-limiting step, while first-order kinetics were observed in the 1b system, and the transmetalation step proved to be rate-limiting. The structure of 1a was revealed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to contain (THF)(4)MgCl(2) complexed to PhZnX. DFT calculations suggest weaker Ph-Zn bonds in 1a than in 1b, consistent with the faster transmetalation process in catalytic reactions.
Security Policy Management for a Cooperative Firewall (2018)

Increasing popularity of the Internet service and increased number of connected devices along with the introduction of IoT are making the society ever more dependent on the Internet services availability. Therefore, we need to ensure the minimum level of security and reliability of services. Ultra-Reliable Communication (URC) refers to the availability of life and business critical services nearly 100 percent of the time. These requirements are an integral part of upcoming 5th generation (5G) mobile networks. 5G is the future mobile network, which at the same time is part of the future Internet. As an extension to the conventional communication architecture, 5G needs to provide ultra-high reliability of services where; it needs to perform better than the currently available solutions in terms of security, confidentiality, integrity and reliability and it should mitigate the risks of Internet attack and malicious activities. To achieve such requirements, Customer Edge Switching (CES) architecture is presented. It proposes that the Internet user’s agent in the network provider needs to have prior information about the expected traffic of users to mitigate maximum attacks and only allow expected communication between hosts. CES executes communication security policies of each user or device acting as the user’s agent. The policy describes with fine granularity what traffic is expected by the device. The policies are sourced as automatically as possible but can also be modified by the user. Stored policies will follow the mobile user and will be executed at the network edge node executing Customer Edge Switch functions to stop all unexpected traffic from entering the mobile network. State-of-the-art in mobile network architectures utilizes the Quality of Service (QoS) policies of users. This thesis motivates the extension of current architecture to accommodate security and communication policy of end-users. The thesis presents an experimental implementation of a policy management system which is termed as Security Policy Management (SPM) to handle above-mentioned policies of users. We describe the architecture, implementation and integration of SPM with the Customer Edge Switching. Additionally, SPM has been evaluated in terms of performance, scalability, reliability and security offered via 5G customer edge nodes. Finally, the system has been analyzed for feasibility in the 5G architecture.
Instrument to Measure Energy and Charge of Low Energy Interplanetary Particles (1974)

An experiment to measure the charge composition and energy spectra of ultra low energy charged particles in interplanetary space has been developed and launched on the IMP 8 (Explorer 50) satellite on 26 October 1973. The instrument consists of two separate sensors sharing common electronics. One of these sensors, developed by Max Planck Institut, uses a thin window gas proportional counter to measure the rate of energy loss and a totally depleted silicon surface barrier detector to measure total energy of incoming particles. The energy range for two dimensional analysis extends from 300 KeV to 2.5 MeV for protons and 60 KeV/nucleon to % 25 MeV/nucleon for iron with excellent resolution of individual chemical elements. The other sensor, developed at the University of Maryland, cobines electrostatic deflection with total energy measurements in silicon surface barrier detectors to give the ionic charge and kinetic energy of the particle. The overall energy range of the electrostatic analyzer is from ~125 KeV to ~1.25 MeV for singly charged ions and from 37 KeV/charge to 1.25 MeV/charge for particles with charge ≥4.
Alianza de clase y cardenismo (junio de 1935-febrero de 1936 (1977)

Sin duda alguna, el movimiento más importante en el México contemporáneo ha sido el cardenismo. Durante esa administración (1934-1940) se llevan a cabo una serie de cambios institucionales que configuran el moderno sistema político mexicano; el cardenismo representó a la corriente crítica de la revolución mexicana.
A Comparative Analysis of the Immunological Evolution of Antibody 28B4 (2001)

In an effort to gain greater insight into the evolution of the redox active, catalytic antibody 28B4, the germline genes used by the mouse to generate this antibody were cloned and expressed, and the X-ray crystal structures of the unliganded and hapten-bound germline Fab of antibody 28B4 were determined. Comparison with the previously determined structures of the unliganded and hapten-bound affinity-matured Fab [Hsieh-Wilson, L. C., Schultz, P. G., and Stevens, R. C. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 5363] shows that the germline antibody binds the p-nitrophenyl ring of hapten 3 in an orientation significantly different from that seen in the affinity-matured antibody, whereas the phosphonate moiety is bound in a similar mode by both antibodies. The affinity-matured antibody 28B4 has more electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with hapten 3 than the germline antibody and binds the hapten in a lock-and-key fashion. In contrast, significant conformational changes occur in the loops of CDR H3 and CDR L1 upon hapten binding to the germline antibody, consistent with the notion of structural plasticity in the germline antibody-combining site [Wedemayer, G. J., Patten, P. A., Wang, L. H., Schultz, P. G., and Stevens, R. C. (1997) Science 276, 1665]. The structural differences are reflected in the differential binding affinities of the germline Fab (K(d) = 25 microM) and 28B4 Fab (K(d) = 37 nM) to hapten 3. Nine replacement mutations were found to accumulate in the affinity-matured antibody 28B4 compared to its germline precursor. The effects of each mutation on the binding affinity of the antibody to hapten 3 were characterized in detail in the contexts of both the germline and the affinity-matured antibodies. One of the mutations, Asp95(H)Trp, leads to a change in the orientation of the bound hapten, and its presence is a prerequisite for other somatic mutations to enhance the binding affinity of the germline antibody for hapten 3. Thus, the germline antibody of 28B4 acquired functionally important mutations in a stepwise manner, which fits into a multicycle mutation, affinity selection, and clonal expansion model for germline antibody evolution. Two other antibodies, 20-1 and NZA6, with very different antigen specificities were found to be highly homologous to the germline antibody of 28B4, consistent with the notion that certain germline variable-region gene combinations can give rise to polyspecific hapten binding sites [Romesberg, F. E., Spiller, B., Schultz, P. G., and Stevens, R. C. (1998) Science 279, 1929]. The ultimate specificity of the polyspecific germline antibody appears to be defined by CDR H3 variability and subsequent somatic mutation. Insights into the evolution of antibody-combining sites provided by this and other structural studies are discussed.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) Option for Dual-Stack Lite (2011)

This document specifies two DHCPv6 Options which are meant to be used
by Softwire Initiator (SI) to retrieve its attached DS-Lite AFTR
(Address Family Transition Router).
Crowdsourcing for Enterprises (2009)

Crowdsourcing is emerging as the new on-line distributed problem solving and production model in which networked people collaborate to complete a task. Enterprises are increasingly employing crowdsourcing to access scalable workforce on-line. In parallel, cloud computing has emerged as a new paradigm for delivering computational services, which seamlessly interweave physical and digital worlds through a common infrastructure.This paper presents a sample crowdsourcing scenario in software development domain to derive the requirements for delivering a general-purpose crowdsourcing service in the Cloud. It proposes taxonomy for categorization of crowdsourcing platforms, and evaluates a number of existing systems against the set of identified features. Finally, the paper outlines a research agenda for enhancing crowdsourcing capabilities, with focus on virtual team building and task-based service provisioning, whose lack has been a barrier to the realization of a peer-production model that engages providers from around the world.
Antiproliferative Effects of Fresh and Thermal Processed Green and Red Cultivars of Curly Kale (Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala var. sabellica) (2012)

Brassica vegetables contain a diverse range of phytochemicals with biological properties such as antioxidant and anticancer activity. However, knowledge about how biological activities are affected by processing is lacking. A green cultivar and a red cultivar of curly kale were evaluated for water/methanol-soluble phytochemicals before and after processing involving blanching, freeze storage, and boil-in-bag heat treatment. In both kale cultivars, processing resulted in a significant decrease of total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, and content and distribution of flavonols, anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, glucosinolates, and vitamin C. Interestingly, the red curly kale cultivar had a higher capacity to withstand thermal loss of phytochemicals. The extracts of both green and red curly kale inhibited the cell proliferation of three human colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2, HT-29, and HCT 116). However, extracts from fresh plant material had a significantly stronger antiproliferative effect than extracts from processed plant material.
Design and optimisation of quantum logic circuits for a three-qubit Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm implemented with optically-controlled, solid-state quantum logic gates (2009)

We analyse the design and optimisation of quantum logic circuits suitable for the experimental demonstration of a three-qubit quantum computation prototype based on optically-controlled, solid-state quantum logic gates. In these gates, the interaction between two qubits carried by the electron-spin of donors is mediated by the optical excitation of a control particle placed in their proximity. First, we use a geometrical approach for analysing the entangling characteristics of these quantum gates. Then, using a genetic programming algorithm, we develop circuits for the refined Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm investigating different strategies for obtaining short total computational times. We test two separate approaches based on using different sets of entangling gates with the shortest possible gate computation time which, however, does not introduce leakage of quantum information to the control particles. The first set exploits fast approximations of controlled-phase gates as entangling gates, while the other one arbitrary entangling gates with a shorter gate computation time compared to the first set. We have identified circuits with consistently shorter total computation times when using controlled-phase gates.
The β3 subunit of the integrin αIIbβ3 regulates αIIb-mediated outside-in signaling (2005)

Abstract Bidirectional signaling is an essential feature of αIIbβ3 function. The αIIb cytoplasmic domain negatively regulates β3-mediated inside-out signaling, but little is known about the regulation of αIIb-mediated outside-in signaling. We show that αIIb-mediated outside-in signaling is enhanced in platelets of a patient lacking the terminal 39 residues of the β3 cytoplasmic tail. This enhanced signaling was detected as thromboxane A2 (TxA2) production and granule secretion, and required ligand cross-linking of αIIbβ3 and platelet aggregation. This outside-in signaling was specifically inhibited by a palmitoylated version of a β3 peptide corresponding to cytoplasmic domain residues R724-R734. Unlike the palmitoylated peptide, the nonpalmitoylated β3 peptide could not cross the platelet membrane and did not inhibit this outside-in signaling. The physiologic relevance of this β3-mediated negative regulation of αIIb outside-in signaling was demonstrated in normal platelets treated with the palmitoylated peptide and a physiologic agonist. Binding of αIIbβ3 complexes to immobilized peptides demonstrated that a peptide corresponding to β3 residues R724-R734 appears to bind to an αIIb cytoplasmic domain peptide containing residues K989-D1002, but not to control peptides. These results demonstrate that αIIb-mediated outside-in signaling resulting in TxA2 production and granule secretion is negatively regulated by a sequence of residues in the membrane distal β3 cytoplasmic domain sequence RKEFAKFEEER.
Tremorigenic Effect and Inhibition of Tryptamine and Serotonin Receptor Binding by β‐Carbolines (1987)

The abilities of some naturally occurring beta-carbolines (BCs), dihydro-BCs and tetrahydro-BCs to inhibit the specific binding of 3H-tryptamine (TA), 3H-serotonin (5-HT) and 3H-ketanserine to rat brain membranes and to induce tremor in mice were studied. These compounds, particularly DHBCs and BCs, showed higher affinity for TA binding sites than to 5-HT1 or 5-HT2 binding sites inhibiting the former at nanomolar and the two latter ones at micromolar or high micromolar concentrations. The Ki values for norharmane, harmaline and harmine (17, 18 and 74 nM, respectively) for TA sites indicate the highest affinity so far described for natural beta-carbolines to any receptor sites and thus may indicate their major site of action. among the BC derivatives studied, the before mentioned harmala alkaloids were the most potent inducers of tremor in mice, although the orders of the tremorogenic potency and the binding to TA site did not correlate. It is suggested that especially the tremorigenic effect of BC derivatives is partly based on the binding to specific tryptamine receptors.