gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The TLR3/TICAM-1 Pathway Is Mandatory for Innate Immune Responses to Poliovirus Infection (2011)

Cytoplasmic and endosomal RNA sensors recognize RNA virus infection and signals to protect host cells by inducing type I IFN. The cytoplasmic RNA sensors, retinoic acid inducible gene I/melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, actually play pivotal roles in sensing virus replication. IFN-β promoter stimulator-1 (IPS-1) is their common adaptor for IFN-inducing signaling. Toll/IL-1R homology domain-containing adaptor molecule 1 (TICAM-1), also known as TRIF, is the adaptor for TLR3 that recognizes viral dsRNA in the early endosome in dendritic cells and macrophages. Poliovirus (PV) belongs to the Picornaviridae, and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 reportedly detects replication of picornaviruses, leading to the induction of type I IFN. In this study, we present evidence that the TLR3/TICAM-1 pathway governs IFN induction and host protection against PV infection. Using human PVR transgenic (PVRtg) mice, as well as IPS-1(-/-) and TICAM-1(-/-) mice, we found that TICAM-1 is essential for antiviral responses that suppress PV infection. TICAM-1(-/-) mice in the PVRtg background became markedly susceptible to PV, and their survival rates were decreased compared with wild-type or IPS-1(-/-) mice. Similarly, serum and organ IFN levels were markedly reduced in TICAM-1(-/-)/PVRtg mice, particularly in the spleen and spinal cord. The sources of type I IFN were CD8α(+)/CD11c(+) splenic dendritic cells and macrophages, where the TICAM-1 pathway was more crucial for PV-derived IFN induction than was the IPS-1 pathway in ex vivo and in vitro analyses. These data indicate that the TLR3/TICAM-1 pathway functions are dominant in host protection and innate immune responses against PV infection.
Joining user profiles across online social networks: from the perspective of an adversary (2016)

Being the anchor points for building social relationships in the cyber-space, online social networks (OSNs) play an integral part of modern peoples life. Since different OSNs are designed to address specific social needs, people take part in multiple OSNs to cover different facets of their life. While the fragmented pieces of information about a user in each OSN may be of limited use, serious privacy issues arise if a sophisticated adversary pieces information together from multiple OSNs. To this end, we undertake the role of such an adversary and demonstrate the possibility of splicing user profiles across multiple OSNs and present associated security risks to users. In doing so, we develop a scalable and systematic profile joining scheme, Splicer, that focuses on various aspects of profile attributes by simultaneously performing exact, quasi-perfect and partial matches between pairs of profiles. From our evaluations on three real OSN data, Splicer not only handles large-scale OSN profiles efficiently by saving 87% computation time compared to all-pair profile comparisons, but also far exceeds the recall of generic distance measure based approach at the same precision level by 33%. Finally, we quantify the amount of information lift attributed to joining of OSNs, where on average 22% additional profile attributes can be added to 24% of users.
Energy Scavenging From Low-Frequency Vibrations by Using Frequency Up-Conversion for Wireless Sensor Applications (2008)

This paper presents an electromagnetic (EM) vibration-to-electrical power generator for wireless sensors, which can scavenge energy from low-frequency external vibrations. For most wireless applications, the ambient vibration is generally at very low frequencies (1-100 Hz), and traditional scavenging techniques cannot generate enough energy for proper operation. The reported generator up-converts low-frequency environmental vibrations to a higher frequency through a mechanical frequency up-converter using a magnet, and hence provides more efficient energy conversion at low frequencies. Power is generated by means of EM induction using a magnet and coils on top of resonating cantilever beams. The proposed approach has been demonstrated using a macroscale version, which provides 170 nW maximum power and 6 mV maximum voltage. For the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) version, the expected maximum power and maximum voltage from a single cantilever is 3.97 muW and 76 mV, respectively, in vacuum. Power level can be increased further by using series-connected cantilevers without increasing the overall generator area, which is 4 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . This system provides more than an order of magnitude better energy conversion for 10-100 Hz ambient vibration range, compared to a conventional large mass/coil system.
DeepCodec: Adaptive Sensing and Recovery via Deep Convolutional Neural\n Networks (2017)

In this paper we develop a novel computational sensing framework for sensing\nand recovering structured signals. When trained on a set of representative\nsignals, our framework learns to take undersampled measurements and recover\nsignals from them using a deep convolutional neural network. In other words, it\nlearns a transformation from the original signals to a near-optimal number of\nundersampled measurements and the inverse transformation from measurements to\nsignals. This is in contrast to traditional compressive sensing (CS) systems\nthat use random linear measurements and convex optimization or iterative\nalgorithms for signal recovery. We compare our new framework with\n$\\ell_1$-minimization from the phase transition point of view and demonstrate\nthat it outperforms $\\ell_1$-minimization in the regions of phase transition\nplot where $\\ell_1$-minimization cannot recover the exact solution. In\naddition, we experimentally demonstrate how learning measurements enhances the\noverall recovery performance, speeds up training of recovery framework, and\nleads to having fewer parameters to learn.\n
Organic electroluminescent device: current status and future prospect (2002)

Summary form only given. Today, some electroluminescent devices show luminance of over 100,000 cd/m/sup 2/ and quantum efficiencies of more than 4.0%. One of the advantages of organics over inorganics is that organic materials can be designed and synthesized for a certain purpose. For example, molecular weight of organic compound can be low or high depending on application. Today, most efficient EL devices are composed of small molecules with a low molecular weight. In these devices, materials are vacuum deposited and made into multilayer structure to achieve high efficiencies. Emission color of the device depends on the materials used as the emitter layer, and three primary colors of blue, green and red can be obtained at high brightness levels. Emission with very sharp spectral bands can be obtained by using lanthanide complexes and white light by combining several fluorescent dyes.
Energy-Efficient Design of a Scalable Optical Multiplane Interconnection Architecture (2010)

As the power dissipation of data centers challenges their scalability, architectures for interconnecting computers, or servers must simultaneously achieve high throughput at peak utilization and power consumption proportional to utilization levels. To achieve this goal, this paper proposes the use of an optical multiplane interconnection network, named space-wavelength (SW) switched architecture, able to route and switch packets between servers (on cards) and between processors within a card (or card ports). SW architecture exploits the space domain to address the destination card and the wavelength domain to address the destination port on a per-packet basis. Scalability and energy efficiency of the considered architecture are quantified and compared to typical single-plane architectures. Not only can the SW multiplane architecture achieve higher throughput by exploiting two switching domains, but its performance is shown to be highly scalable with network utilization. More importantly, higher performance is reached with an energy efficiency superior to single-plane architectures. The excellent energy efficiency is achieved using optical devices with low idle power.
A TREK-1–Like Potassium Channel in Atrial Cells Inhibited by β-Adrenergic Stimulation and Activated by Volatile Anesthetics (2001)

Many members of the two-pore-domain potassium (K(+)) channel family have been detected in the mammalian heart but the endogenous correlates of these channels still have to be identified. We investigated whether I(KAA), a background K(+) current activated by negative pressure (stretch) and by arachidonic acid (AA) and sensitive to intracellular acidification, could be the native correlate of TREK-1 in adult rat atrial cells. Using the inside-out configuration of the patch-clamp technique, we found that I(KAA), like TREK-1, was outwardly rectifying in physiological K(+) conditions, with a conductance of 41 pS at +50 mV. Like TREK-1, I(KAA) was reversibly activated by clinical concentrations of volatile anesthetics (in mmol/L, chloroform 0.18, halothane 0.11, and isoflurane 0.69). In cell-attached experiments, I(KAA) was inhibited by chlorophenylthio-cAMP (500 micromol/L) and also by stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors with isoproterenol (1 micromol/L). In addition, TREK-1 mRNAs were detected in all cardiac tissues, and the TREK-1 protein was immunolocalized in isolated atrial myocytes. Such a background potassium channel might contribute to the positive inotropic effects produced by beta-adrenergic stimulation of the heart. It might also be involved in the regulation of the atrial natriuretic peptide secretion.
Syntheses of 4′-Deoxykanamycin and 4′-Deoxykanamycin B (1977)

Abstract 4′-Deoxykanamycin (9) was prepared from kanamycin via N-benzyloxycarbonylation, 4″,6″-O-cyclohexylidenation, selective benzoylation at 2′,3′, and 2″-hydroxyl groups, 4′-O-mesylation, 4′-iodination, 4′-hydrogenation, and removal of the protective groups. 4′-Deoxykanamycin B (19) was analogously prepared from kanamycin B. 4′-O-Tosyl derivative of kanamycin B was also led to 19. Selective formylation of the 3′-hydroxyl group of a protected kanamycin B derivative with N,N-dimethylformamide-tosyl chloride followed by mesylation of the unstable 3′-O-formyl derivative also led to 4′-deoxykanamycin B. Throughout the syntheses, the 4′-hydroxyl group of the protected kanamycins was found to be least reactive for benzoylation among the 2′,3′,4′, and 2″-hydroxyl groups. The 13C NMR spectrum of 9 was also measured. It was concluded that 4′-deoxygenation of antibiotics structurally related to kanamycin caused the resonances of 13C-6′ downfield shift.
Local zerotree coding (1999)

In this paper, we introduce a novel transform-based image compression framework called local zerotree (LZT) coding. The main idea is to partition the transform coefficients into small groups, each of which is encoded independently using popular zerotree algorithms such as EZW or SPIHT. The advantage of the new coding algorithm is fourfold: (i) because of the reduction of memory buffering, LZT can reduce the complexity of the codec implementation and increase the speed of the zerotree algorithm significantly, especially in hardware; (ii) LZT is capable of processing large images under limited memory constraint; (iii) LZT supports parallel processing mode as long as the transform in use has that capability; and (iv) LZT facilitates the coding/decoding of regions of interest. Moreover, we shall demonstrate that the penalty in coding performance is minute comparing to its global zerotree predecessors: there are only a few extra bytes of side information. Essentially, the only property that LZT sacrifices is the embeddedness, which might not be crucial in many applications.
A novel approach to Heatsink mass minimisation (2016)

Typical Heatsink design includes deciding base and fin thickness, fin height, and fin gap optimization. In situations where material cost or mass of the heat sink are also a design priority, further optimization with respect to mass removal can be significant. This paper discusses a `Subtractive Design' method to further evolve the heat sink topology by the systematic removal of heat sink mass where the Thermal BottleNeck (BN) Number [1] was found to be lowest. The aim is to identify topologies that optimise the use of material but do not unduly affect thermal performance.
A JPEG variable quantization method for compound documents (2000)

In this paper, we present a JPEC-compliant method for the efficient compression of compound documents using variable quantization. Based on the DCT activity of each 8 x 8 block, our scheme automatically adjusts the quantization scaling factors so that test blocks are compressed at higher quality than image blocks. Results from three different quantization mappings are also reported.
Extended optical broadcasting in interconnected flexible metro WDM ring networks (2005)

An "extended" broadcast and select architecture across transparently connected metro core and metro collector/access ring networks are demonstrated. WDM channel paths can be dynamically reconfigured and selectively broadcast into multiple areas of metro access networks.
Tissue-Mimicking Oil-in-Gelatin Dispersions for Use in Heterogeneous Elastography Phantoms (2003)

A ten-month study is presented of materials for use in heterogeneous elastography phantoms. The materials consist of gelatin with or without a suspension of microscopic safflower oil droplets. The highest volume percent of oil in the materials is 50%. Thimerosal acts as a preservative. The greater the safflower oil concentration, the lower the Young's modulus. Elastographic data for heterogeneous phantoms, in which the only variable is safflower oil concentration, demonstrate stability of inclusion geometry and elastic strain contrast. Young's modulus ratios (elastic contrasts) producible in a heterogeneous phantom are as high as 2.7. The phantoms are particularly useful for ultrasound elastography. They can also be employed in MR elastography, although the highest achievable ratio of longitudinal to transverse relaxation times is considerably less than is the case for soft tissues.
Self‐Dopant Formation in Poly(9,9‐di‐<i>n</i>‐octylfluorene) Via a Dipping Method for Efficient and Stable Pure‐Blue Electroluminescence (2007)

Dipping pristine poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene) film into a mixed solvent/ nonsolvent THF/MeOH transforms the conformation of minor amorphous-phase chains to β-phase conformers (see figure) with a controllable content. The β phase acts as a dopant and causes electron trapping and promoted hole mobility. It allows efficient energy transfer and charge trapping and thus achieves pure-blue electroluminescence and enhanced device performance.
Targeted RGD nanoparticles for highly sensitive <i>in vivo</i> integrin receptor imaging (2012)

A new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast bearing RGD peptide is reported. In this study, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles with various sizes were prepared. Particles sizes between 6 and 13 nm were tuned by varying the stirring rate. Remarkable negative contrast was observed because USPIO nanoparticles (13.1 ± 2.1 nm) generated high transversal relaxivity r₂ (188 ± 3 m m(-1) s(-1) ) and saturation magnetization (94 emu g(-1) Fe). The USPIO nanoparticles were coated with PDA [2-(pyridyldithio)-ethylamine; PDA nanoparticles] containing functional polymer, which can be readily synthesized by Michael addition. The PDA nanoparticles were conjugated with RGD peptide (RGD nanoparticles) for targeting the specific site. The target specificity and high relaxivity allowed RGD nanoparticles to differentiate the expression level of integrin receptor on several cell lines and tumors (MCF-7, A-549, HT-29 and HT-1080) by in vitro and in vivo MR imaging. Importantly, a remarkable negative contrast (-51.3 ± 6.7%) was observed for in vivo MR imaging of MCF-7 tumor. This result implies that the RGD nanoparticles that greatly enhance the MR imaging are highly sensitive for early stage tumor detection.
Generalized Displacement Maps (2004)

In this paper, we introduce a real-time algorithm to render the rich visual effects of general non-height-field geometric details, known as mesostructure. Our method is based on a five-dimensional generalized displacement map (GDM) that represents the distance of solid mesostructure along any ray cast from any point within a volumetric sample. With this GDM information, we propose a technique that computes mesostructure visibility jointly in object space and texture space which enables both control of texture distortion and efficient computation of texture coordinates and shadowing. GDM can be rendered with either local or global illumination as a per-pixel process in graphics hardware to achieve real-time rendering of general mesostructure.
USING ELECTRET ION CHAMBERS (1994)

Electiet ion chambers are normally standardized for measurement of relatively low ^Rn (radon) concentrations usually found in indoor and outdoor environments. However, there are situations when very high levels need to be measured. For example in unventilated uranium and other mines, radon therapy caves, acute inhalation experiments and waste storage silos. Concentrations of 50,000 to 100,000 pCi I (2 to 4 MBq mS3) are not uncommon in these situations. At such high levels, exposure periods must be necessarily short (less than one hour) to avoid total discharge of electret. Such short intervals does not allow equilibrium to reach between radon and the associated progeny inside the chamber. For this reason the standard calibration does not hold good. There are two ways of achieving the equivalent steady slate. One method is called as delayed final method and the other is called initialization method. The theoretical basis for the equivalence of the two procedures is presented in the paper. Such procedures were successfully used in radon therapy caves in Badgastein (Austria), in using NIST radon emanation standard with high radium content and in some special studies conducted in UK. The procedures devloped in this work expands the horizon of EICs to new and difficult to measure areas.
Synthesis of Ultrathin Zeolite Y Membranes and their Application for Separation of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Gases (2010)

Synthesis of zeolite Y membranes from submicrometer (>100 nm) and nano seed (<100 nm) crystals on alumina supports was examined and the separation characteristics of these membranes for CO(2) and N(2) were studied. Two secondary growth solutions were examined, one for a rapid growth (hours) and one for a slower growth process (days). Membranes formed from the rapid growth solution resulted in 2-2.5 microm thickness, while for the slower growth solution, a dense membrane of 350-600 nm thickness was formed, covered by a 25 microm porous zeolite layer. With the nano seeds as the seeding layer, no membrane was formed. A mechanism involving seed dissolution to initiate membrane formation is concluded. The separation characteristics of membranes for CO(2)/N(2) separation were similar, with very high selectivities for separation (alpha(CO(2),N(2)) > 500). The thicker membrane had lower permeance. By investigating both single gas and mixed gas permeances, strong evidence for a percolative type separation process is obtained.
Miniaturized high-NA focusing-mirror multiple optical tweezers (2007)

An array of high numerical aperture parabolic micromirrors (NA = 0.96) is used to generate multiple optical tweezers and to trap micron-sized dielectric particles in three dimensions within a fluidic device. The array of micromirrors allows generating arbitrarily large numbers of 3D traps, since the whole trapping area is not restricted by the field-of-view of the high-NA microscope objectives used in traditional tweezers arrangements. Trapping efficiencies of Q(max) r approximately = 0.22, comparable to those of conventional tweezers, have been measured. Moreover, individual fluorescence light from all the trapped particles can be collected simultaneously with the high-NA of the micromirrors. This is demonstrated experimentally by capturing more than 100 fluorescent micro-beads in a fluidic environment. Micromirrors may easily be integrated in microfluidic devices, offering a simple and very efficient solution for miniaturized optical traps in lab-on-a-chip devices.
Gpr17 in AgRP Neurons Regulates Feeding and Sensitivity to Insulin and Leptin (2015)

Hypothalamic neurons expressing agouti-related peptide (AgRP) regulate eating and glucose metabolism. Ablation of FOXO1 in AgRP neurons of mice results in reduced food intake, leanness, improved glucose homeostasis, and increased sensitivity to insulin and leptin. We tentatively identified G-protein-coupled receptor Gpr17 as an effector of FOXO1 orexigenic signals in AgRP neurons. In this study, we generated and characterized AgRP neuron-specific Gpr17 knockout mice (Agrp-Gpr17(-/-)) to test the hypothesis that Gpr17 regulates appetite, energy expenditure, and metabolism. Agrp-Gpr17(-/-) mice show reduced food intake, increased relative energy expenditure, and increased satiety, resulting in leanness and reduced body fat. They also show increased central nervous system sensitivity to insulin and leptin and reduced plasma glucose excursions following the administration of glucose or pyruvate. In summary, AgRP neuron-specific Gpr17 knockouts phenocopy FOXO1 knockouts in the same cell type, thus supporting our original hypothesis and providing further impetus to develop Gpr17 antagonists for the treatment of obesity.
<title>Switchable holograms in new photopolymer-liquid-crystal composite materials</title> (1995)

Switchable holograms open up the possibility of real-time electro-optical control of diffractive optic components. We have developed a novel photopolymer-liquid crystal material system which allows fast, single-step recording of holograms with diffraction efficiency controllable by conveniently applied electric fields. With the addition of a surfactant to our standard material recipe, we have achieved complete switching of a first-order Bragg diffracted beam into the zero-order with an applied field of approximately 5 V/micrometers and microsecond response time. We have also demonstrated image storage and electro-optical readout with these materials. Low voltage, high resolution scanning electron microscopy studies have confirmed that gratings formed in this material system consist of periodic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal planes. The critical fields for switching and the response times agree very well with a simple liquid crystal shaped-droplet model which we have applied to these gratings.