gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective catalytic reduction of sulfur dioxide to elemental sulfur (1992)

Elemental sulfur recovery from SO[sub 2]-containing gas streams is highly attractive as it produces a saleable. Product and no waste to dispose of. However, commercially available schemes are complex and involve multi-stage reactors, such as, most notably in the Resox (reduction of SO[sub 2] with coke) and Claus plants(reaction of SO[sub 2] with H[sub 2]S over catalyst). This project win investigate a cerium oxide catalyst for the single-stage selective reduction SO[sub 2] to elemental sulfur by a reductant, such as carbon monoxide. Cerium oxide has been identified as a superior catalyst for SO[sub 2] reduction by CO to elemental sulfur because of its high activity and high selectivity to sulfur over COS over a wide temperature range(400--650C). Kinetic and parametric studies of SO[sub 2] reduction planned over various CeO[sub 2]-formulations will provide the necessary basis for development of a simplified process, a single-stage elemental sulfur recovery scheme from variable concentration gas streams. A first apparent application is treatment of regenerator off-gases in power plants using regenerative flue gas desulfurization. Such a simple catalytic converter may offer the long-sought Claus-alternative'' for coal-fired power plant applications.
Transparent Perfluoropolyethers for Vacuum Ultraviolet Applications (2006)

After a broad scouting based on quantum chemical calculations, optical absorption measurements in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) wavelength region between 140 and 190 nm were performed on a narrower series of commercial and experimental liquids. By elimination of sources of external contamination, mainly due to atmospheric gases, the analysis of the contributions to the absorption related to the backbone structure and to the chain end composition allowed the synthesis of a novel family of linear perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs) with optical absorbance at 157 nm between 0.3 and 0.6 cm(-1) in a broad range of compositions and molecular weights. The dependence of the optical threshold on the PFPE composition demonstrates that -OCF2- is the most transparent segmental unit in the VUV region.
Anti-complement Strategies in Experimental Sepsis (2003)

Using the cecal ligation/puncture (CLP) model of sepsis in rodents, evidence was obtained for excessive activation of the complement system, which leads to nearly total loss of innate immune protective functions of blood neutrophils. These defects are associated with profound defects in chemotaxis, respiratory burst (H2O2 production) and phagocytosis. The molecular mechanisms of these defects are linked to the complement activation product C5a. In CLP rats and mice, the C5a receptor (C5aR) is widely up-regulated in organs, in part owing to the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6). The up-regulation of C5aR in the thymus is linked to C5a-dependent induction of apoptosis in thymocytes, as revealed by caspase activation, increased binding of C5a and DNA laddering. Such events in thymocytes are prevented if rats first are treated with anti-C5a or with anti-C5aR at the time of CLP. Treatment of CLP rats and mice with anti-C5a, anti-IL-6 or anti-C5aR dramatically improves survival rates after CLP, indicating a linkage between C5a and C5aR in the harmful outcomes of sepsis in rodents. Studies are underway in humans with sepsis to determine whether similar mechanisms are in play.
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) Deficiency Exacerbates Cerebrovascular Fibrin Deposition and Brain Injury in a Murine Stroke Model (1999)

Although the serine protease, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for therapy to combat focal cerebral infarction, the basic concept of thrombolytic tPA therapy for stroke was challenged by recent studies that used genetically manipulated tPA-deficient (tPA-/-) mice, which suggested that tPA mediates ischemic neuronal damage. However, those studies were potentially flawed because the genotypes of tPA-/- and wild-type control mice were not entirely clear, and ischemic neuronal injury was evaluated in isolation of tPA effects on brain thrombosis. Using mice with appropriate genetic backgrounds and a middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model with nonsiliconized thread, which does lead to microvascular thrombus formation, in the present study we determined the risk for cerebrovascular thrombosis and neuronal injury in tPA-/- and genetically matched tPA+/+ mice subjected to transient focal ischemia. Cerebrovascular fibrin deposition and the infarction volume were increased by 8.2- and 6. 7-fold in tPA-/- versus tPA+/+ mice, respectively, and these variables were correlated with reduced cerebral blood flow up to 58% (P<0.05) and impaired motor neurological score by 70% (P<0.05). Our findings indicate that tPA deficiency exacerbates ischemia-induced cerebrovascular thrombosis and that endogenous tPA protects the brain from an ischemic insult, presumably through its thrombolytic action. In addition, our study emphasizes the importance of appropriate genetic controls in murine stroke research.
Efficient Conversion of Lignin Waste to High Value Bio-Graphene Oxide Nanomaterials (2019)

Lignin graphene oxide was oxidized after Kraft lignin was graphitized by thermal catalytic conversion. The reduced lignin graphene oxide was derived from lignin graphene oxide through thermal reduction treatment. These Kraft lignin, lignin graphite, lignin graphene oxide, and reduced lignin graphene oxide were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, raman microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed lignin graphite converted from Kraft lignin had fewer layers with smaller lateral size than natural graphite. Moreover, lignin graphene oxide was successfully produced from lignin graphite by an oxidation reaction with an hour-long reaction time, which has remarkably shorter reaction time than that of graphene oxide made from natural graphite. Meanwhile, this lignin-derived graphene oxide had the same XRD, FTIR and Raman peaks as graphene oxide oxidized from natural graphite. The SEM, TEM, and AFM images showed that this lignin graphene oxide with 1⁻3 average layers has a smaller lateral size than that of graphene oxide made from natural graphite. Moreover, the lignin graphene oxide can be reduced to reduced lignin graphene oxide to fabricate graphene-based aerogel, wire, and film for some potential applications.
Silicon Quantum Dot Nanoparticles with Antifouling Coatings for Immunostaining on Live Cancer Cells (2016)

Fluorescent silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) have shown a great potential as antiphotobleaching, nontoxic and biodegradable labels for various in vitro and in vivo applications. However, fabricating SiQDs with high water-solubility and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) remains a challenge. Furthermore, for targeted imaging, their surface chemistry has to be capable of conjugating to antibodies, as well as sufficiently antifouling. Herein, antibody-conjugated SiQD nanoparticles (SiQD-NPs) with antifouling coatings composed of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are demonstrated for immunostaining on live cancer cells. The monodisperse SiQD-NPs of diameter about 130 nm are synthesized by a novel top-down method, including electrochemical etching, photochemical hydrosilylation, high energy ball milling, and "selective-etching" in HNO3 and HF. Subsequently, the BSA and PEG are covalently grafted on to the SiQD-NP surface through presynthesized chemical linkers, resulting in a stable, hydrophilic, and antifouling organic capping layer with isothiocyanates as the terminal functional groups for facile conjugation to the antibodies. The in vitro cell viability assay reveals that the BSA-coated SiQD-NPs had exceptional biocompatibility, with minimal cytotoxicity at concentration up to 1600 μg mL(-1). Under 365 nm excitation, the SiQD-NP colloid emits bright reddish photoluminescence with PLQY = 45-55% in organic solvent and 5-10% in aqueous buffer. Finally, through confocal fluorescent imaging and flow cytometry analysis, the anti-HER2 conjugated SiQD-NPs show obvious specific binding to the HER2-overexpressing SKOV3 cells and negligible nonspecific binding to the HER2-nonexpressing CHO cells. Under similar experimental conditions, the immunofluorescence results obtained with the SiQD-NPs are comparable to those using conventional fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC).
A Screening and Intervention Program Reducing Mortality and Serious Morbidity Associated with Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia. (2005)

Abstract Background: Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is most frequently caused by antibodies against the human platelet antigen (HPA) 1a. The objective of the present study was to identify HPA 1a negative women, and to offer them an intervention program aimed to reduce morbidity and mortality of NAIT. Methods: A total of 100,448 pregnant women were HPA 1 typed. The HPA 1a negative women were screened for anti-HPA 1a, which was quantified when present. Immunized women were referred to a university hospital for clinical follow-up, including ultrasonographic examination of the fetal brain. Caesarean section was performed 2–4 weeks prior to term with platelets from HPA 1bb donors reserved for immediate transfusion if petechiae were present and/or if platelet count was &lt; 35 × 109/L. Results: Of all women typed 2.1% were HPA 1a negative. Anti-HPA 1a was detected in 210 of 1,990 HPA 1a negative women. A total of 170 pregnancies in 154 HPA 1a negative women were managed according to the intervention program. These women gave birth to 161 HPA 1a positive children of whom 55 had severe thrombocytopenia (&lt;50 × 109/L) including two with ICH. There were no intrauterine deaths. In 13 previously published prospective studies comprising 131,465 women of whom 2,290 were HPA 1a negative, there were 10 cases with severe NAIT-related complications (3 intrauterine deaths and 7 neonates with ICH), which are significantly higher than in our study (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: The screening and intervention program seems to reduce mortality and serious morbidity associated with NAIT.
Efficacy of a Live‐attenuated <i>Edwardsiella ictaluri</i> Oral Vaccine in Channel and Hybrid Catfish (2018)

Abstract This study evaluated the efficacy of an oral live‐attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine against enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC) in channel and hybrid catfish. The vaccine was delivered one time orally by feeding fish a diet coated with an attenuated E. ictaluri isolate at four doses to deliver between 4 × 10 6 to 3.2 × 10 7 viable vaccine cells/g wet feed. Thirty‐five days postvaccination, control and vaccinated fish were challenged with virulent E . ictaluri and mortality was examined for 30 d postchallenge. Mortality of nonvaccinated hybrids (85%) and nonvaccinated channel catfish (73%) was similar but significantly greater than all groups of vaccinated fish. In channel catfish, a trend toward increasing mortality with decreasing dose was observed. Mortality of channel catfish vaccinated with the lowest dose (26.6%) was significantly higher than fish vaccinated with the highest dose (14.1%) but similar to fish vaccinated at the intermediate doses (17.5 and 19.4%). In contrast, mortality of four doses of vaccinated hybrid catfish was similar and ranged between 10.4 and 14.0%. The data demonstrate that the attenuated E . ictaluri vaccine at all four doses tested is effective at reducing ESC‐related mortalities in hybrid and channel catfish.
Analysis of a Wind Turbine Power Transmission System with Intrinsic Energy Storage Capability (2015)

A wind turbine transmission system is described wherein mechanical power directly from the slow rotation of the shaft of a large wind turbine rotor is carried over to electrical power through a synchronous generator via the circulation of a high pressure gas running in a closed circuit. In the most straightforward mode of operation, power is injected into the gas circuit via special low-speed nearly-adiabatic compressors with very high isentropic efficiency and is extracted using an expander that is also nearly-adiabatic with relatively high isentropic efficiency. In other operating modes, it is possible to exploit the temperature changes arising naturally from adiabatic compression or expansion of gas so as to put energy into storage or recover energy from storage. This paper explores some of the design rationale behind such a power transmission system and uses exergy analysis to explain and evaluate its operation.
A 3-D reconstruction system for the human jaw using a sequence of optical images (2000)

This paper presents a model-based vision system for dentistry that will assist in diagnosis, treatment planning, and surgical simulation. Dentistry requires an accurate three-dimensional (3-D) representation of the teeth and jaws for diagnostic and treatment purposes. The proposed integrated computer vision system constructs a 3-D model of the patient's dental occlusion using an intraoral video camera. A modified shape from shading (SFS) technique, using perspective projection and camera calibration, extracts the 3-D information from a sequence of two-dimensional (2-D) images of the jaw. Data fusion of range data and 3-D registration techniques develop the complete jaw model. Triangulation is then performed, and a solid 3-D model is reconstructed. The system performance is investigated using ground truth data, and the results show acceptable reconstruction accuracy.
A fully-pipelined single-precision floating point unit in the synergistic processor element of a CELL processor (2005)

The floating point unit in the synergistic processor element of a CELL processor is a fully-pipelined 4-way SIMD unit designed to accelerate media and data streaming. It supports 32-bit single-precision floating point and 16-bit integer operands with two different latencies, optimizing the performance of critical single-precision multiply-add operations. It employs fine-grained clock gating for power saving. Architecture, logic, circuits and integration are co-designed to meet the performance, power, and area goals.
Bifunctional T cells allow for discrimination between latent and active tuberculosis (2011)

Introduction: The diagnosis of active tuberculosis remains challenging especially in a high tuberculosis incidence country as South Africa. We propose that further knowledge on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific bifunctional cytokine immune response will help to immunologically distinguish latent versus active disease. Material and methods: Tuberculosis was diagnosed by culture positivity. Latent tuberculosis was confirmed by a tuberculin skin test on people who did not have clinical symptoms of active tuberculosis. Following informed consent, peripheral blood was drawn from 12 persons with active and 12 persons with latent tuberculosis. To compare the Mtb-specific immune response, 200.000 mononuclear cells/well were stimulated with the Mtb-specific antigens ESAT6/CFP10, MTP65 and PPD overnight and Interferon gamma (IFNg), Interleukin (IL)-2 or IFNg/IL-2 producing T cells were detected as spot forming cells in a FluoroSpot plate. Results: As expected, Mtb-specific IFNg immune response did not discriminate between active and latent tuberculosis. In contrast persons with latent tuberculosis had significantly higher numbers of MTP65-specific cells producing IL-2 (p=0.035) and bifunctional cells producing IFNg/IL-2 (p=0.03). Furthermore an algorithm using the ESAT6/CFP10 induced IFNg, IL-2 and double positive cells significantly distinguished between the two cohorts (p=0.001). Conclusion: These preliminary data reveal that defining effector and central memory T cells might allow a better differentiation between latent and active tuberculosis in a blood cell test even in a high incidence country. This is an ongoing study.
Carbonate extraction process for the metabolic, isozymic and proteomic profiling of rose‐scented geranium (<i>Pelargonium</i> sp.), a hyper‐acidic plant (2007)

Rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium sp.) is a valuable monoterpene-yielding plant. It has been well characterised phytochemically through the isolation of >270 secondary metabolites, however, there is hardly any biochemical or metabolic information concerning this plant. Initial attempts to investigate its metabolism failed to produce any enzyme activity in the tissue extracts prepared in routine extraction buffers owing to the intrinsic properties of the tissue matrix. It was recognised that cellular hyper-acidity (cell sap pH approximately 3.0) gave rise to very low protein levels in the extracts, thus prohibiting detection of activities of even primary metabolic enzymes that are usually abundantly present in plants. Tissue extraction in Tris solution without pH adjustment (as used for studies involving citrus and banana) led to little or no improvement. Therefore, a novel approach using sodium carbonate solution as an efficient extraction system for enzymes and proteins from the plant was studied. Functionality of the carbonate extraction has been demonstrated through its effectiveness, a several-fold superior performance, in yielding protein, monitoring primary metabolism and secondary metabolic enzymes, and isozymic and polypeptide profiling. The process may also be helpful in the reliable analysis of other acidic plant tissues.
Fine-Tuning the Amphiphilicity:  A Crucial Parameter in the Design of Potent α-Phenyl-<i>N</i>-<i>tert</i>-butylnitrone Analogues (2007)

A new series of hydrophilic, lipophilic, and amphiphilic alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) derivatives were synthesized to explore the relationship between their hydrophilic-lipophilic properties and antioxidant potency. Very potent protective effects of amphiphilic lactobionamide and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane PBN derivatives were observed in mitochondrial preparations, in cell cultures, and in rotifers exposed to unspecific and mitochondria targeted oxidotoxins.
A Screening Methodology for VMIN Drift in SRAM Arrays with Application to Sub-65nm Nodes (2006)

SRAMs are an integral part of system on chip devices. With transistor and gate length scaling to 65nm/45nm nodes, SRAM stability across the product's lifetime has become a challenge. Negative bias temperature instability, defects, or other phenomena that may manifest itself as a transistor threshold voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> ) increase can result in VMIN drift of SRAM memory cells through burn-in and/or operation. A direct assessment at time-zero is difficult because the transistor V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> has not yet shifted, and therefore no capability to screen VMIN shift at time zero can be developed. This work describes a methodology developed on 65nm low power and high performance process technologies at Texas Instruments for screening SRAM cells at time zero before they become reliability issues
Structure–Activity Analysis and Cell-Based Optimization of Human Galactokinase Inhibitors (2011)

Classic Galactosemia is a rare human disease associated with the accumulation of toxic level of galactose-1-phosphate (gal-1P) caused by the inherited deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) activity. To reduce the toxic level of gal-1P in the patients, we have identified, via high-throughput screening, over 200 small molecule GALK inhibitors. We selected a 4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-thiazine-5-carbonitrile scaffold for further structure-activity relationships characterization, lead optimization with regards to potency and efficacy to reduce gal-1P accumulation in patient cells.
Direct laser writing of 3D microfluidic structures in glass for lab-on-a-chip applications (2018)

Three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic structures provide new opportunities for developing novel functional lab-on-a-chip devices. In the past decade, the femtosecond laser direct writing has been developed to become a unique and powerful technology for straightforward fabrication of 3D microfluidic structures in glass. Herein we overview our efforts on femtosecond laser fabrication of three-dimensional microfluidic structures in glass and their lab-on-a-chip applications such as the creation of high-complexity of microfluidic devices and functionalization of microchannels.
Harmonic generation at high repetition rate with Q-switched Nd:YVO 4 lasers (1995)

A variety of applications require short, energetic laser pulses delivered at high repetition rate. These include micro-machining, range finding, and scientific applications such as amplifier pumping. An important advantage provided by diode-end-pumping of solid state lasers is that this type of geometry allows the generation of short, energetic, Q-switched pulses at high repetition rate. The high peak power of such pulses facilitates harmonic generation. In this paper, we describe a high average power, high repetition rate Q-switched Nd:YVO<SUB>4</SUB> laser, pumped by a fiber-coupled diode bar. The laser provides pulses of excellent spatial quality at repetition rates up to 100 kHz, average power 3-4 W, and durations of 8 to 20 nsec. The near-diffraction-limited beam and the high peak power allow efficient harmonic generation at high repetition rates. Second harmonic generation is achieved in non- critically-phase-matched LBO with a conversion efficiency of 55% at 20 kHz, providing an average power of 1.75 W at 532 nm. third harmonic generations (to 355) in LBO has been achieved with > 20% efficiency, resulting in an ultraviolet average power of 0.65 W at 20 kHz.
ChemInform Abstract: A trans‐Selective Hydroboration of Internal Alkynes. (2014)

Abstract The use of a cationic Ru‐complex as catalyst and pinacolborane as reagent allows the hydroboration of different functionalized alkynes including macrocyclic alkynes with high to excellent E‐selectivity.
Automating physical database design in a parallel database (2002)

Physical database design is important for query performance in a shared-nothing parallel database system, in which data is horizontally partitioned among multiple independent nodes. We seek to automate the process of data partitioning. Given a workload of SQL statements, we seek to determine automatically how to partition the base data across multiple nodes to achieve overall optimal (or close to optimal) performance for that workload. Previous attempts use heuristic rules to make those decisions. These approaches fail to consider all of the interdependent aspects of query performance typically modeled by today's sophisticated query optimizers.We present a comprehensive solution to the problem that has been tightly integrated with the optimizer of a commercial shared-nothing parallel database system. Our approach uses the query optimizer itself both to recommend candidate partitions for each table that will benefit each query in the workload, and to evaluate various combinations of these candidates. We compare a rank-based enumeration method with a random-based one. Our experimental results show that the former is more effective.