gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Conductive concrete as an electromagnetic shield (2012)

Conductive concrete mixture was originally developed for surface de-icing purposes but can be designed to perform as an electromagnetic shield. Testing procedures have been developed to measure the attenuation provided by conductive concrete without the cost and labor of building a large structure. This paper provides a description of the design, testing methods, and results obtained from the development of conductive concrete as an electromagnetic shielding material.
Stretchable Optical and Electronic Fibers via Thermal Drawing (2018)

Stretchable optical and electronic fibers constitute increasingly important building blocks for a myriad of emerging applications, such as smart textile, robotics, or medical implants. Yet, it remains challenging to fabricate efficient and advanced soft fiber-base devices in a simple and scalable way. Conventional fiber manufacturing methods, such as wet and dry spinning, or extrusion, are not well adapted to fabricate multi-material functional fibers. The preform-to-fiber thermal drawing technique on the other hand is an emerging powerful platform to fabricate multi-material fibers with complex architectures and functionalities. Thus far however, this fabrication approach has been restricted to rigid thermoplastic or glass fibers. In this contribution we will show how we could revisit the selection criteria for cladding materials compatible with the thermal drawing process. In particular, thanks to a deeper rheological characterization, we could identify thermoplastic elastomers that could be drawn from a solid preform at high viscosity. Subsequently, we will demonstrate that thermoplastics, metals, and conductive polymer composites could be co-drawn with prescribed architectures within thermoplastic elastomer cladding. This allowed us to successfully fabricate stretchable optical and electronic fibers that are used as precise and robust pressure and strain sensors, as well as soft and stretchable waveguides as we will show via concrete examples, the ability to thermally draw soft multi-material fibers open new opportunities not only for exploring new academic research directions, but also in industrializing fiber-based flexible and stretchable devices for applications in sensing, health care, robotics and smart textiles.
N<sub>2</sub>gas is an effective fertilizer for bioethanol production by<i>Zymomonas mobilis</i> (2015)

A nascent cellulosic ethanol industry is struggling to become cost-competitive against corn ethanol and gasoline. Millions of dollars are spent on nitrogen supplements to make up for the low nitrogen content of the cellulosic feedstock. Here we show for the first time to our knowledge that the ethanol-producing bacterium, Zymomonas mobilis, can use N2 gas in lieu of traditional nitrogen supplements. Despite being an electron-intensive process, N2 fixation by Z. mobilis did not divert electrons away from ethanol production, as the ethanol yield was greater than 97% of the theoretical maximum. In a defined medium, Z. mobilis produced ethanol 50% faster per cell and generated half the unwanted biomass when supplied N2 instead of ammonium. In a cellulosic feedstock-derived medium, Z. mobilis achieved a similar cell density and a slightly higher ethanol yield when supplied N2 instead of the industrial nitrogen supplement, corn steep liquor. We estimate that N2-utilizing Z. mobilis could save a cellulosic ethanol production facility more than $1 million/y.
Gasohol developments: biothermal gasification of biomass and organic residues (1981)

Incidence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) among children with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) varies among different studies. We published data during the period of 1997-2007 of ICH in children with primary ITP, addressing risk factors and outcome. The aim of this study is to assess changes in incidence, risk factors, and outcome of ICH in children with ITP from last decade and to report the overall 20 years' experience. We compared 2008-2018 with the decade before it. Data of children with ITP and ICH during study period and ITP control cases were analyzed. Neurosurgical intervention and outcome were also reported. A total of 4340 children with primary ITP were evaluated. Twenty-five (0.63%) ICH events were reported over 2 decades. Head trauma, hematuria, and platelet counts < 10 × 109/L were the risk factors mostly associated with ICH. Overall mortality was 24%, and a further 28% had neurologic sequelae. Neurosurgical intervention was done in 12% of cases with good outcome.Conclusion: Persistent platelet counts < 10 × 109/L were a significant risk factor for ICH in both time periods, while head trauma and hematuria were more reported in the period of 2008-2018 as significant risk factors for ICH. Outcome was comparable in both periods. What is Known: • ICH is a rare complication of ITP; however, early recognition of risk factors and aggressive treatment might lead to complete recovery without sequalae. Platelet counts less than < 10 × 109/L are the main risk factor for ICH. Few studies reported other significant risk factors. What is New: • Hematuria and head trauma are significant risk factors for ICH in ITP, in addition to having a persistently low platelet count < 10 × 109/L. (more than 90 days in chronic ITP, 45 days in persistent and 21 days in acute ITP) • Combined treatment with IVIG and HDMP followed by platelet transfusion was associated with complete recovery without sequelae in almost 50% of patients.
Compact nonporous windscreen for infrasonic measurements (2005)

Infrasonic windscreens, designed for service at frequencies below 20Hz, were fabricated from a variety of materials having a low acoustic impedance, and tested against four specifications (the first three in a small wind tunnel): (1) wind-generated noise reduction (“insertion loss”) at a free-stream wind speed of 9.3m∕s, (2) transmission of low-frequency sound from a known source (subwoofer), (3) spectrum of sound generated from trailing vortices (aeolian tones), and (4) water absorption (to determine suitability for all-weather service). The operating principle is based on the high penetrating capability of infrasound through solid barriers. Windscreen materials included three woods (pine, cedar, and balsa), closed-cell polyurethane foam, and Space Shuttle tile material. The windscreen inside diameter ranged from 0.0254to0.1016m (1to4in.), and wall thickness from 0.003175to0.01905m (18to34in.). A windscreen made of closed-cell polyurethane foam revealed a wind noise reduction of 10–20dB from 0.7to25Hz, transmission coefficient near unity from 10to20Hz, and spectral peaks beyond 20Hz due to vortex-generated sound. Following a description of past methods, the principle of operation, and the experimental method, experimental data are presented for a variety of windscreens.
Nuclear Studies of a Uranium Metal-Metal Excimer Nuclear Laser/Reactor with Nuclear Light Bulb Design. (1978)

Uranium metal may have the potential of forming a metal excimer with zinc, cadmium or mercury. Excimers are the most efficient electronic transition lasers known, and metal excimers have spectra in the visible wavelength regions. Metal excimers of interest are InZn (5308, 5626 augstroms), InCd (5544, 5760 augstroms), InHg (5226 augstroms), TIZn (4680, 6200 augstroms), TlCd (4872, 6400 A), and TlHg (4590, 6560 augstroms). A laser is proposed where uranium is both the pumping source, via fission fragments, and the lasant, via excimer formation (UZn, UCd, UHg) with output in the visible wavelengths. The metal excimers mentioned have not yet been made to lase. In this initial study, reactor physics calculations with the computer code ANISN, a multi-geometrym, one-dimensional Boltzmann neutron transport code, were made to examine different reactor configurations. The uranium is required to be in a vapor state, and therefore reactor design is based heavily on the Nuclear Light Bulb Engine. Dependent upon the density requirements (of uranium and mercury, for example) for transmitting laser light, the reactor options include lasers that are self-critical to lasers that require criticality drivers.
Natural CD4+ T-Cell Responses against Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (2012)

IDO is spontaneously recognized by HLA class II-restricted, CD4(+) T cells in cancer patients and in healthy individuals. IDO-specific T cells may participate in immune-regulatory networks where the activation of pro-inflammatory IDO-specific CD4(+) responses may well overcome or delay the immune suppressive actions of the IDO-protein, which are otherwise a consequence of the early expression of IDO in maturing antigen presenting cells. In contrast, IDO-specific regulatory T cells may enhance IDO-mediated immune suppression.
Americium-Curium Separation by Means of Selective Extraction of Hexavalent Americium Using a Centrifugal Contactor (1980)

Americium-curium separations have always posed a challenge to chemists, mainly for two reasons : - In the trivalent state Am and Cm have closely comparable chemical properties, due to the proximity of their ionic radii (0.99 and 0.986 Å). Americium ions in the higher valency states (IV, V, VI, VII) are powerful oxidizing agents, and the known chemical processes for heterovalent actinide ion separations are not reliable because of the instability of Am ions in all valency states except (III). This paper deals with Am (VI) - Cm (III) separation in nitrate media. Three topics are examined in order to improve the performance of this process. - The kinetics of oxidation of Am (III) by sodium persulfate in the presence of Ag+ ions were reinvestigated by studying the effect of additions of small amounts of reagents which do not drastically change the distribution coefficients of Am (VI) or Cm (III)
Application of Walsh Transforms for Topographic Feature Extraction Using a Sensor Array System (1980)

Signal signatures and signatures of various spectral decompositions of selected topographic feature images, such as line roads, road intersections, and buildings were developed using a sensor array system with Walsh transform processing. Signal signatures of selected topographic features were constructed in the spatial domain, while the corresponding signatures of various spectral components were obtained in the Walsh transform domain. An electronic system for generating two-dimensional Walsh functions for decomposition of topographic features was designed. A scheme for detecting the decomposed spectral components using an analog processor is presented.
Ceftiofur Sodium:  Monoclonal Antibody Development and Cross-Reactivity Studies with Structurally Related Cephalosporins (1996)

Monoclonal antibodies were prepared against ceftiofur using its hydrolyzed form, desfuroylceftiofur, as the hapten. Desfuroylceftiofur was prepared in situ and conjugated directly to maleimide-activated carrier proteins bovine serum albumin and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Balb/c mice were immunized with the desfuroylceftiofur−KLH conjugate (KLH-SMCC−desCef). Splenic lymphocytes from these mice were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells to produce hybridomas. Two stable monoclonal antibodies, Cef-68 and Cef-116, of subclasses IgG2a and IgG1, respectively, were isolated. An indirect competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ciELISA) was developed for the quantitative detection of ceftiofur in liquid samples using a heterologous assay system to provide a more sensitive ELISA. Detection limits for ceftiofur were 32 and 0.3 ppb for the two clones Cef-68 and Cef-116, respectively. The ciELISA described here provides a sensitive assay for the detection of ceftiofur. Cross-reactivity studies with a variety of related cephalosporins and penicillins indicated that only a limited number of the cephalosporins and none of the penicillins that were tested competed in the ciELISA. Keywords: Ceftiofur; immunoassay; monoclonal antibody; residue analysis
Quantitative Makyoh topography (2000)

When a collimated beam of light is reflected by an approximately flat, mirror polished object and a screen is placed in the reflected beam some distance away from the object, a ‘‘magic mirror image’’ or Makyoh topogram of the object is formed on the screen. For objects with surface height variations, the topogram will not have a uniform intensity distribution, but even small height variations will show up strongly amplified as dark or bright patches/lines. Makyoh topography has been used for a number of years as a sensitive tool for the inspection of mirror polished surfaces, and in particular, semiconductor wafer surfaces. The main drawbacks of conventional Makyoh topography are, first, the ambiguity of interpretation because almost identical Makyoh topograms can result from an object with some given surface height profile and constant reflectivity, an object with constant surface height and a given nonuniform reflectivity profile, or an object with both height variations and a nonuniform reflectivity profile. The second drawback is the lack of quantitative interpretation, for example, surface height values cannot be obtained from the contrast in conventional topograms. I address these problems and describe a technique that for the first time enables the quantitative and unambiguous interpretation of Makyoh topograms.
The poor man's scanning force microscope (2002)

The Macroscope (Zypman F R and Guerra-Vela C 2001 Eur. J. Phys. 22 17-30), an educational large-scale version of a scanning force microscope's cantilever-tip system, is used in the presence of nonlinear forces. This paper presents quantitative experimental evidence confirming the validity of the beam model (BM) (Eppel S J, Todd B A and Zypman F R 2000 Materials Issues and Modeling for Device Nanofabrication ed L Merhari et al (Pittsburgh, PA: Materials Research Society) pp 584, 189) as a proper reconstruction algorithm. As a teaching laboratory experiment, the force measurements are first done directly with a variety of dynamometer-like setups. Subsequently, the measurements are performed indirectly with the Macroscope from the cantilever resonant frequency shifts and the BM algorithm. Two central results of this work lie in its ability to compare forces obtained by traditional algorithms with known forces, and to illustrate in a hands-on fashion the principles behind the working of a scanning force microscope.
Audio reconstruction of mechanically recorded sound by digital processing of metrological data (2004)

For much of recorded sound history, audio information was stored on mechanical media, such as a phonograph disc record or cylinder, through undulations of the surface structure (grooves). The groove shape and position can be reconstructed without mechanical contact using precision optical metrology tools. The surface map thus obtained can be digitally processed to remove noise artifacts due to debris, damage and wear, and to convert the groove positional information into audio data. The viability of this approach was recently demonstrated on a 78 rpm shellac disk using two dimensional image capture and analysis methods and further developments are reported. A three dimensional reconstruction of mechanically recorded sound has been recently completed. The surface of the source material, a celluloid cylinder, was scanned using confocal microscopy methods and resulted in a faithful playback of the recorded information. These results are discussed. The approach holds promise for the reconstruction of valuable historical recordings, using full surface information to improve the sound fidelity, and eventually as a means of automated mass preservation. Fast processing is required for the latter application. Methods to accelerate the scan rates and make these techniques practical for use at working archives are discussed.
A Highly Potent and Broadly Neutralizing H1 Influenza-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibody (2018)

Influenza's propensity for antigenic drift and shift, and to elicit predominantly strain specific antibodies (Abs) leaves humanity susceptible to waves of new strains with pandemic potential for which limited or no immunity may exist. Subsequently new clinical interventions are needed. To identify hemagglutinin (HA) epitopes that if targeted may confer universally protective humoral immunity, we examined plasmablasts from a subject that was immunized with the seasonal influenza inactivated vaccine, and isolated a human monoclonal Ab (mAb), KPF1. KPF1 has broad and potent neutralizing activity against H1 influenza viruses, and recognized 83% of all H1 isolates tested, including the pandemic 1918 H1. Prophylactically, KPF1 treatment resulted in 100% survival of mice from lethal challenge with multiple H1 influenza strains and when given as late as 72 h after challenge with A/California/04/2009 H1N1, resulted in 80% survival. KPF1 recognizes a novel epitope in the HA globular head, which includes a highly conserved amino acid, between the Ca and Cb antigenic sites. Although recent HA stalk-specific mAbs have broader reactivity, their potency is substantially limited, suggesting that cocktails of broadly reactive and highly potent HA globular head-specific mAbs, like KPF1, may have greater clinical feasibility for the treatment of influenza infections.
Ultrasonic Air Temperature Sensing for Automatic Climate Control - Vehicle Test (2004)

An ultrasonic air temperature sensor, intended to help improve automatic climate control (ACC), has been demonstrated in a vehicle. Ideally, ACC should be based on inputs correlated with thermal comfort. Current ACC systems do not measure the air temperature best correlated to thermal comfort — at breath level in front of an occupant. This limits the thermal comfort that ACC can provide under transient conditions. An ultrasonic sensor measures the bulk air temperature, is transparent to the driver, and can use commercially available components. In a proof-ofconcept test, we monitored the thermal transients in a vehicle during cool-down after a hot soak and also during warm-up after a cold soak. The ultrasonic path was along the roof console. The ultrasonic temperature always agreed to ±1 oC with the air temperature measured by a thermocouple at the midpoint of the ultrasonic path. Compared to breath-level temperature, there was good agreement for the winter test but, for the summer test there was a 5 oC constant shift. Thermocouple data taken at the two locations showed the same effect. The ultrasonic sensor is rapid and precise, and it is a good candidate for improving ACC.
Frequency assignment for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks (2003)

The IEEE 802.11 standard specifies both radio and MAC protocol design. We observe that its CSMA protocol helps avoid much of co-channel interference by sharing radio resources in time at the potential expense of degraded network performance. Due to the coupling between the physical and MAC layers, conventional frequency allocation methods for typical cellular networks cannot be applied directly to the 802.11 networks. In this paper, by focusing on interactions among access points, we formulate the channel assignment problem for the 802.11 network, considering the traffic load at the MAC layer, and prove that the problem is NP-complete. In light of computational complexity, a heuristic algorithm is proposed and analyzed. The algorithm is then applied to two cellular settings with known optimal assignments for verification. For one of the settings, the proposed technique generates the optimal channel assignment. As for the second case of a large network, although only a suboptimal solution is obtained by the algorithm, it is shown to be excellent. Thus, as the 802.11 networks are widely deployed, the proposed method can serve as a valuable tool for frequency planning of networks with non-uniform coverage and load.
Fiber optic sensor system for structural acoustics control (2001)

Recent work on acoustic measurements using a fiber-tip-based Fabry–Perot sensor system is presented. A single Fabry–Perot sensor using a path matched Mach–Zehnder interferometer is developed, and by taking advantage of an integrated optical circuit phase modulator, a digital demodulation scheme based on the phase stepping technique is developed. It has been determined that this system can be used to detect acoustic fields in the frequency range of 20 Hz–6 kHz with a sensitivity of 0.9 rad/Pa. This sensor is designed to be used in a multiplexed architecture to provide inputs to a structural acoustic control system. A series of experiments are performed to investigate the possibility and potential use of this sensor system for acoustic noise detection. In this study, initial test data from the prototype optical sensor microphone are presented and the envisioned multiplexed sensor scheme and control system are illustrated.
Bucket-Brigade Transversal Filters (1974)

The bucket-brigade delay line (BBDL) is a sampled data circuit in which signal samples are stored and manipulated as packets of charge under the control of a digitally generated clock. The clock-controllable time delay function that is realized by the BBDL may be used to implement a number of signal processing functions. The tapped delay line or transversal filter structure is of particular interest, however, since it has wide application in the field of signal processing. The implementation of transversal filters via BBDL's is examined. The impact of nonideal delay line parameters on filter performance is considered and the results of computer simulations are presented. The practicability of monolithic transversal filters is demonstrated and the performance of experimental filters is described.
The potential of biobanked liquid based cytology samples for cervical cancer screening using Raman spectroscopy (2019)

Patient samples are unique and often irreplaceable. This allows biobanks to be a valuable source of material. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of Raman spectroscopy to screen for histologically confirmed cases of Cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) using biobanked liquid based cytology (LBC) samples. Two temperatures for long term storage were assessed; 80°C and -25°C. The utility of Raman spectroscopy for the detection of CIN was compared for fresh LBC samples and biobanked LBC samples. Two groups of samples were used for the study with one group associated with disease (CIN 3) and the other associated with no disease (cytology negative). The data indicates that samples stored at -80°C are not suitable for assessment by Raman spectroscopy due to a lack of cellular material and the presence of cellular debris. However, the technology can be applied to fresh LBC samples and those stored at -25°C and is, moreover, effective in the discrimination of negative samples from those where CIN 3 has been confirmed. Pooled fresh and biobanked samples are also amenable to the technology and achieve a similar sensitivity and specificity for CIN 3. This study demonstrates that cervical cytology samples stored within biobanks at temperatures that preclude cell lysis can act as a useful resource for Raman spectroscopy and will facilitate research and translational studies in this area.
Effect of intraocular scattering in macular pigment optical density measurements (2018)

Fundus reflectometry is a common in-vivo, noninvasive method to estimate the macular pigment optical density (MPOD). The measured density, however, can be affected by the individual's intraocular scattering. Scattering causes a reduction in the contrast of the fundus image, which in turn leads to an underestimation of the measured density. Intraocular scattering was measured optically in a group of seven young, healthy subjects using the method of optical integration and was subsequently used to correctly estimate the MPOD from fundus images. It was shown that when scattering is not considered, the measured optical density using fundus reflectometry can be underestimated by as high as 16% for our group of subjects.
In vivo and in vitro diagnostics using Full Field Optical Coherence Tomography (2012)

Full Field OCT has found to be useful in helping both pathologists and surgeons in their per-operatory diagnosis. We describe, here, applications to breast, brain and skin cancers and demonstrate ex and in vivo capability.