gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Zur Einfuhr und Verbreitung römischer Münzen bei den Stämmen des freien Germaniens und zur Möglichkeit ihrer wirtschaftlichen Aussage (vorzugsweise anhand des Fundmaterials der DDR) (1976)

Zur Einfuhr und Verbreitung römischer Münzen bei den Stämmen des freien Germaniens und zur Möglichkeit ihrer wirtschaftlichen Aussage (vorzugsweise anhand des Fundmaterials der DDR) was published in Römer und Germanen in Mitteleuropa on page 63.
Atomic magnetic resonance induced by amplitude-, frequency-, or polarization-modulated light (2013)

In recent years diode laser sources have become widespread and reliable tools in magneto-optical spectroscopy. In particular, laser-driven atomic magnetometers have found a wide range of practical applications. More recently, so-called magnetically silent variants of atomic magnetometers have been developed. While in conventional magnetometers the magnetic resonance transitions between atomic sublevels are phase-coherently driven by a weak oscillating magnetic field, silent magnetometers use schemes in which either the frequency or the amplitude of the light beam is modulated. Here we present a theoretical model that yields algebraic expressions for the parameters of the multiple resonances that occur when either amplitude-, frequency-, or polarization-modulated light of circular polarization is used to drive the magnetic resonance transition in a transverse magnetic field. The relative magnitudes of the resonances that are observed in the transmitted light intensity at harmonic $m$ of the Larmor frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}$ (either by DC or phase sensitive detection at harmonics $q$ of the modulation frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{mod}}$) of the transmitted light are expressed in terms of the Fourier coefficients of the modulation function. Our approach is based on an atomic multipole moment representation that is valid for spin-oriented atomic states with arbitrary angular momentum $F$ in the low light power limit. We find excellent quantitative agreement with an experimental case study using (square-wave) amplitude-modulated light.
Dairy chemistry and physics (1984)

Milk and products made from it affect the lives of a large proportion of the world's population. Many dairy products are consumed at times and in places far removed from the point at which the milk was produced. This is made possible by the chemical and physical treatments and fractionations applied to milk by modern technology. These treatments are designed to preserve the nutritional value of the milk constituents in the form of palatable products. As food technology in general becomes more advanced and more sophisticated, there is less need for specific commodity technology; on the other hand, there is more need for specific knowledge of raw materials and the effects of various processing treatments on them. - From the Preface to Dairy Chemistry and Physics
<i>Clostridium difficile</i> Toxin A Stimulates Macrophage- Inflammatory Protein-2 Production in Rat Intestinal Epithelial Cells (1998)

Neutrophil infiltration of the colonic mucosa is a hallmark of Clostridium difficile toxin A-mediated enterocolitis. Macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) is a potent neutrophil chemoattractant secreted by rat macrophages and epithelial cells in response to inflammatory stimuli. In this work, we report that administration of toxin A into rat ileal loops increased mucosal levels of MIP-2 before the onset of fluid secretion and mucosal neutrophil infiltration. Administration of rabbit anti-MIP-2 IgG, but not control IgG, reduced toxin A-mediated secretion (by 58%), mucosal permeability (by 80%), and myeloperoxidase activity (by 85%). Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated increased MIP-2 expression in intestinal epithelial and lamina propria cells 1 h after toxin A administration. Intestinal epithelial cells purified from toxin A-exposed ileal loops also showed increased MIP-2 mRNA expression and MIP-2 protein release that was inhibited by pretreatment of rats with the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D. These results indicate that C. difficile toxin A induces MIP-2 release from intestinal epithelial cells and that MIP-2 contributes to neutrophil mucosal influx during toxin A enteritis.
Human Resources Mining for Examination of R&D Progress and Requirements (2020)

The amount of job advertisement data is rapidly growing, and this rich dataset is expected to have implications for the employment market, sector trajectories, and the education sector. Most significantly, human resources (HR) data has never previously been examined with the lens of tech mining for science and technology analyses. This article is the first to examine job advertisement data considering research and development (R&D) progress and requirements, and hereafter, we refer to this as HR mining. The aim of this article is to use HR mining with the purpose of R&D and human capital intelligence using the job advertisement data of Turkey for the 2015-2017 period. The method of this study follows classification as part of the preprocessing step to determine R&D, engineering, and high-tech industry-related job advertisements. Afterward, we use clustering methods to identify areas where key human capital is required, and investments are made by R&D-oriented companies. The results show that it is possible to identify sector-oriented skill requirements and that the significance of the R&D skills varies. For the case of Turkey, we can clearly show the national human capital and R&D by identifying nine key clusters that indicate R&D progress and directions.
Duplex Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Detection and Quantification of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in Genital and Cutaneous Lesions (2004)

Real-time PCR is a sensitive method for diagnosing genital herpes, and the duplex format is convenient for typing. The method increased the detection rate by 27% compared with virus culture.
A facile, environmentally benign sulfonamide synthesis in water (2006)

A facile, environmentally benign synthesis of sulfonamides under dynamic pH control in aqueous media is described. This methodology uses equimolar amounts of amino compounds and arylsulfonyl chlorides and omits the use of organic bases. Isolation of products involves only filtration after acidification. Excellent yields and purity were obtained without further purification.
Sound-space recording and binaural presentation system based on a 252-channel microphone array (2015)

Sensing of high-definition three-dimensional (3D) sound-space information is of crucial importance for realizing total 3D spatial sound technology. We have proposed a sensing method for 3D sound-space information using symmetrically and densely arranged microphones. This method is called SENZI (Symmetrical object with ENchased Zillion microphones). In the SENZI method, signals recorded by the microphones are simply weighted and summed to synthesize a listener's head-related transfer functions (HRTFs), reflecting the direction in which the listener is facing even after recording. The SENZI method is being developed as a real-time system using a spherical microphone array and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In the SENZI system, 252 electric condenser microphones (ECMs) were almost uniformly distributed on a rigid sphere. The deviations of the microphone frequency responses were compensated for using the transfer function of the rigid sphere. To avoid the degradation of the accuracy of the synthesized sound space by microphone internal noise, particularly in the low-frequency region, we analyzed the effect of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of microphones on the accuracy of synthesized sound-space information by controlling condition numbers of matrix constructed from transfer functions. On the basis of the results of these analyses, a compact SENZI system was implemented. Results of experiments indicated that 3D sound-space information was well expressed using the system.
Effect of the cobalt‐N coordination on the cobamide recognition by the human vitamin B<sub>12</sub> binding proteins intrinsic factor, transcobalamin and haptocorrin (1991)

The binding of several corrinoids to the binding site of human intrinsic factor, transcobalamin or haptocorrin was investigated, p-Cresolyl cobamide and 2-amino-vitamin B12 are complete corrinoids, whose nucleotide at the lower face of the corrin ring is not coordinated to the cobalt. These corrinoids were greater than or equal to 10(3) times less efficiently recognized by intrinsic factor or transcobalamin than vitamin B12, which contains a Co-coordinated nucleotide. Pseudovitamin B12, with a weak Co-N coordination bond, revealed only moderate affinity to intrinsic factor. From these findings it is concluded that the cobamide binding to intrinsic factor and transcobalamin is strongly affected by the Co-N coordination bonds of their lower cobalt nucleotide ligands. We suggest that the Co-N coordination bond positions the nucleotide at a critical distance to the corrin ring, which is recognized by the binding proteins. Human haptocorrin, however, disclosed to distinctive selectivity regarding the different corrinoid structures. The protein bound all corrinoids with similar efficiency, independent of the strength of their Co-N coordinations, or the structures of their lower Co alpha ligands. Hence, the corrin ring, rather than a structural feature induced by the Co-N coordination, has to be considered responsible for the corrinoid binding to haptocorrin.
A Fast Lithography Verification Framework for Litho-Friendly Layout Design (2005)

The increase in pattern complexity due to optical proximity correction (OPC), the tight requirements for critical dimension (CD) control and the difficulties in defect inspections make IC manufacture more expensive. To alleviate the high cost, manufacturing requirements must be handled at the design stage to improve the quality and yield of ICs. We demonstrate the extraction of critical areas for detecting failures and a new lithography simulation method for full-chip level optical proximity corrected layout. The methodology has been used in our mask verification process that is called litho-friendly layout (LFL). For the critical area extraction, we present three approaches using process window, normalized image log-slope (NILS) and edge placement error (EPE). For full-chip level simulation, we introduce an automatic calibration method for simulation process parameters, a mask decomposition method and a selective simulation method. The verification process includes lithography process simulation, print-image based LVS (layout vs. schematic) and DRC (design rule check). We also demonstrate that LFL can provide guidelines for better OPC of sub-80 nm processes.
Electrochromic Nanocrystal Quantum Dots (2001)

Incorporating nanocrystals into future electronic or optoelectronic devices will require a means of controlling charge-injection processes and an understanding of how the injected charges affect the properties of nanocrystals. We show that the optical properties of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots can be tuned by an electrochemical potential. The injection of electrons into the quantum-confined states of the nanocrystal leads to an electrochromic response, including a strong, size-tunable, midinfrared absorption corresponding to an intraband transition, a bleach of the visible interband exciton transitions, and a quench of the narrow band-edge photoluminescence.
Gene expression signature based screening identifies ribonucleotide reductase as a candidate therapeutic target in Ewing sarcoma (2016)

There is a critical need in cancer therapeutics to identify targeted therapies that will improve outcomes and decrease toxicities compared to conventional, cytotoxic chemotherapy. Ewing sarcoma is a highly aggressive bone and soft tissue cancer that is caused by the EWS-FLI1 fusion protein. Although EWS-FLI1 is specific for cancer cells, and required for tumorigenesis, directly targeting this transcription factor has proven challenging. Consequently, targeting unique dependencies or key downstream mediators of EWS-FLI1 represent important alternative strategies. We used gene expression data derived from a genetically defined model of Ewing sarcoma to interrogate the Connectivity Map and identify a class of drugs, iron chelators, that downregulate a significant number of EWS-FLI1 target genes. We then identified ribonucleotide reductase M2 (RRM2), the iron-dependent subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), as one mediator of iron chelator toxicity in Ewing sarcoma cells. Inhibition of RNR in Ewing sarcoma cells caused apoptosis in vitro and attenuated tumor growth in an in vivo, xenograft model. Additionally, we discovered that the sensitivity of Ewing sarcoma cells to inhibition or suppression of RNR is mediated, in part, by high levels of SLFN11, a protein that sensitizes cells to DNA damage. This work demonstrates a unique dependency of Ewing sarcoma cells on RNR and supports further investigation of RNR inhibitors, which are currently used in clinical practice, as a novel approach for treating Ewing sarcoma.
Microencapsulation of therapeutic bispecific antibodies producing cells: immunotherapeutic organoids for cancer management (2014)

Regardless of the important therapeutic advances developed over the last years for the management of cancer, the fact is that many patients still suffer from a tremendous reduction on their quality of life due to lack of complete selectivity of conventionally administered chemotherapeutic drugs. In the search of more efficacious tumor-targeted therapies, the use of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) capable of simultaneous binding to tumor-associated antigens and to an activating receptor, such as CD3, has emerged as a promising approach. With the intention to complementing and improving this cancer immunotherapy, human HEK-293 cells have been genetically modified ex vivo to secrete a recombinant anti-CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) × anti-CD3 bsAb. After encapsulation in alginate-poly-l-lysine microcapsules, bsAb-secreting HEK-293 cells were monitorized for several weeks. This system has proved to be feasible for the maintenance of cell growth and recombinant antibody production giving proof-of-concept of its use as immunotherapeutic organoids in cancer treatment.
Two-Dimensional Tracking of Heart Wall for Detailed Analysis of Heart Function at High Temporal and Spatial Resolutions (2010)

For noninvasive and quantitative measurements of global two-dimensional (2D) heart wall motion, speckle tracking methods have been developed and applied. These methods overcome the limitation of tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), which is susceptible to aliasing, by directly tracking backscattered echoes by pattern matching techniques, i.e., the cross-correlation or the sum of absolute differences, in real time. In these conventional methods, the frame rate (FR) is limited to about 200 Hz, corresponding to the sampling period of 5 ms. However, myocardial function during the isovolumic contraction period obtained by these conventional speckle tracking methods remains unclear owing to low temporal and spatial resolutions of these methods. Moreover, the accuracy of the speckle tracking method depends on an important parameter, i.e., the size of the correlation kernel. To track backscattered echoes accurately, it is necessary to determine the optimal kernel size. However, the optimal kernel size has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, correlation kernel size, which determines the tracking accurately, was optimized by evaluating root mean squared (RMS) errors in the lateral and axial displacements of a phantom estimated by speckle tracking methods at high spatial and temporal resolutions. For this purpose, the RF data from the longitudinal-axis cross-sectional view for the interventricular septum (IVS) were acquired on the basis of parallel beam forming (PBF) to improve temporal and spatial resolutions. A wide transmit beam scanned in 7 different directions sparsely and 16 receiving beams were generated for each transmission. The RF data of the phantom and the heart wall were obtained at high spatial (angle intervals of scan lines: 0.375 degrees) and temporal [frame rate (FR): 1020 Hz] resolutions. The determined optimal size of the correlation kernel was 7.9° ×4.8 mm. Estimated displacements of the phantom were in good agreement with the actual displacement at an RMS error of 0.34 mm. Furthermore, the IVS motion during the isovolumic contraction (IC) was analyzed in detail. The speckle tracking method using the optimal kernel size 7.9° ×4.8 mm was applied to multiple points in IVS to estimate 2D displacements during the IC period. In this period, a rapid displacement of IVS at a small amplitude of 1.5 mm, which suggests the expansion of the left ventricle and has not been measured by conventional tracking methods at a low temporal resolution, was detected by 2D tracking. Furthermore, the displacement on the apical side was found to be delayed by 10 ms compared with that on the basal side. These results indicate the potential of this method in the high-accuracy estimation of 2D displacements and detailed analyses of physiological function of the myocardium.
Isolation of residual lignin from softwood kraft pulp. Advantages of the acetic acid acidolysis method☆☆Many thanks to Bernard Monties for the enthusiasm he has been able to transmit to us and for his immense knowledge of the state-of-the art in wood chemistry, from which we all benefited. (2004)

Lignin in kraft pulp was extracted by enzymatic hydrolysis of the carbohydrates, acidolysis with dioxane-water-HCl (conventional method), and acidolysis with acetic acid-water-ZnCl2. The latter method was shown to extract lignin with a better yield than for conventional acidolysis and with a much lower content in impurities than for enzymatic hydrolysis. It was confirmed by 13C NMR analysis of the lignin samples that conventional hydrolysis modified the lignin polymer, causing the cleavage of some aryl-ether linkages. The cleavage was also observed on a model compound submitted to the same extraction conditions. In that respect, the acetic acid-water-ZnCl2 method was less damaging and consequently more suitable for analytical purposes.
Criminal Conviction Classification Based on Multiple Learning Methods (2019)

The application of artificial intelligence in the legal field can save a lot of the time for legal professionals. In particular, in this paper we propose a method for predicting what kind of conviction a suspect has according to the facts of the crime of the suspect. Specifically, we first pre-process the data and then use multiple classification methods to classify the crime facts, and finally combine the results of each model to gain a more accurate of conviction classification.
Determination of carrier mobility in phenylamine by time-of-flight, dark-injection, and thin film transistor techniques (2008)

The hole transport property of a phenylamine-based compound, 4, 4′,4″-tris(n- (2-naphthyl)-n-phenyl-amino)-triphenylamine, was independently studied by time-of-flight (TOF), dark-injection space-charged-limited-current (DI-SCLC), and thin film transistor (TFT) techniques. With UV-ozone treated gold as the injecting anode, clear DI-SCLC transient peaks were observed over a wide range of electric fields. The hole mobilities evaluated by DI-SCLC experiment were in excellent agreement with the mobilities obtained from the TOF technique. The injection contact was demonstrated to be Ohmic by an independent current-voltage (J-V) experiment. However, with the same injecting electrode, the mobility deduced from the TFT method was found to be 9.8×10−7 cm2/V s, which was about one order of magnitude smaller than the TOF mobility (∼1.2 ×10−5 cm2/V s). The origin of the discrepancy is discussed.
Platelet-derived growth factors and their receptors in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. (2012)

Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) bind to two closely related receptor tyrosine kinases, PDGF receptor α and β, which are encoded by the PDGFRA and PDGFRB genes. Aberrant activation of PDGF receptors occurs in myeloid malignancies associated with hypereosinophilia, due to chromosomal alterations that produce fusion genes, such as ETV6-PDGFRB or FIP1L1-PDGFRA. Most patients are males and respond to low dose imatinib, which is particularly effective against PDGF receptor kinase activity. Recently, activating point mutations in PDGFRA were also described in hypereosinophilia. In addition, autocrine loops have been identified in large granular lymphocyte leukemia and HTLV-transformed lymphocytes, suggesting new possible indications for tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Although PDGF was initially purified from platelets more than 30 years ago, its physiological role in the hematopoietic system remains unclear. Hematopoietic defects in PDGF-deficient mice have been reported but appear to be secondary to cardiovascular and placental abnormalities. Nevertheless, PDGF acts directly on several hematopoietic cell types in vitro, such as megakaryocytes, platelets, activated macrophages and, possibly, certain lymphocyte subsets and eosinophils. The relevance of these observations for normal human hematopoiesis remains to be established.
On the Measurement of Inclusions in Copper-Based Melts (1989)

An Electric Sensing Zone (E.S.Z.) technique for the direct measurement of the number density and size distribution of inclusions in molten metals, with particular reference to copper and copper-beryllium alloys is described. In the probe assembly, the sensing zone is an orifice set in the lower end of a quartz tube. As a sample of molten metal is drawn into the tube through the E.S.Z., its suspended inclusions are electronically counted and sized. The method is rapid. Because of the relatively large volume of sample analysed, this technique is also statistically more accurate than those methods based on microscopic analysis. Résumé Une technique basée sur le principe de zone sensible électrique pour la mesure directe du nombre et la distribution de tailles des inclusions dans les métaux liquides est décrite avec une attention particuliere pour le cuivre et les alliages de cuivre-béryllium. Dans Ie montage de la sonde, la zone sensible est un orifice situé dans la partie inférieure d'un tube de quartz. Pendant que le métal échantillonné est entrainé dans le tube, ses particules en suspension sont comptées et mesurées par un système électronique. La méthode est rapide. Parce que le volume des échantillons analysés est important, elle est aussi statistiquement plus précise en comparaison avec d'autres méthodes basées sur l'analyse de surfaces.
Isolation and Characterization of the Prolyl Aminopeptidase Gene {pap) from Aeromonas sobria: Comparison with the Bacillus coagulans Enzyme1 (1994)

The Aeromonas sobria pap gene encoding prolyl aminopeptidase (PAP) was cloned. It consists of 425 codons and encodes a homotetrameric enzyme of 205 kDa. The purified enzyme showed an almost absolute specificity for amino-terminal proline. Proline and hydroxyproline residues from many peptide and amide substrates could be easily removed, while no activity was detected for substrates having other amino terminals. The enzyme was very similar to that from Bacillus coagulans in many aspects, such as the strong inhibition caused by PCMB and the weak or no inhibition caused by DFP and chelators, respectively. However, these enzymes show only 15% identity in their amino acid sequences. Differences were also observed in their molecular weight, stability and activity toward some peptide substrates. When aligning the deduced amino acid sequence with known sequences from other microorganisms, conserved sequences were found at the amino-terminal region; the significance of these conserved regions is discussed. Based on the results of this work, and on the studies available to date, the occurrence of at least two types of PAPs is postulated. One group would be formed by the Bacillus, Neisseria, and Lactobacillus enzymes, and the other by enzymes such as the Aeromonas PAP.