gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Re-Translation Strategies for Long Form, Simultaneous, Spoken Language Translation (2020)

We investigate the problem of simultaneous machine translation of long-form speech content. We target a continuous speech-to-text scenario, generating translated captions for a live audio feed, such as a lecture or play-by-play commentary. As this scenario allows for revisions to our incremental translations, we adopt a re-translation approach to simultaneous translation, where the source is repeatedly translated from scratch as it grows. This approach naturally exhibits very low latency and high final quality, but at the cost of incremental instability as the output is continuously refined. We experiment with a pipeline of industry-grade speech recognition and translation tools, augmented with simple inference heuristics to improve stability. We use TED Talks as a source of multilingual test data, developing our techniques on English-to-German spoken language translation. Our minimalist approach to simultaneous translation allows us to scale our final evaluation to several other target languages, dramatically improving incremental stability for all of them.
To pace or not to pace: a pilot study of four‐ and five‐gaited Icelandic horses homozygous for the <i><scp>DMRT</scp>3</i> ‘Gait Keeper’ mutation (2017)

The Icelandic horse is a breed known mainly for its ability to perform the ambling four-beat gait 'tölt' and the lateral two-beat gait pace. The natural ability of the breed to perform these alternative gaits is highly desired by breeders. Therefore, the discovery that a nonsense mutation (C>A) in the DMRT3 gene was the main genetic factor for horses' ability to perform gaits in addition to walk, trot and canter was of great interest. Although several studies have demonstrated that homozygosity for the DMRT3 mutation is important for the ability to pace, only about 70% of the homozygous mutant (AA) Icelandic horses are reported to pace. The aim of the study was to genetically compare four- and five-gaited (i.e. horses with and without the ability to pace) AA Icelandic horses by performing a genome-wide association (GWA) analysis. All horses (n = 55) were genotyped on the 670K Axiom Equine Genotyping Array, and a GWA analysis was performed using the genabel package in r. No SNP demonstrated genome-wide significance, implying that the ability to pace goes beyond the presence of a single gene variant. Despite its limitations, the current study provides additional information regarding the genetic complexity of pacing ability in horses. However, to fully understand the genetic differences between four- and five-gaited AA horses, additional studies with larger sample materials and consistent phenotyping are needed.
Phase noise performance of optoelectronic oscillator using optical transversal filters (2014)

Narrowband RF filtering is required for stabilization of optoelectronic oscillators and forced oscillators. An optical transversal filter is proposed to perform narrowband RF filtering in opto-electronic (OEO) oscillators by realizing a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) at RF frequency of 8.8GHz. This 1 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> order optical filter is realized utilizing various lengths of SMF-28 fiber and 3dB couplers to perform RF filtering in the optical domain. With proper delay length, arm amplitude balance, and filter implementation, a stable filter with large null depth can be achieved. A tuning of 33kHz/nm is also achieved using standard fiber dispersion at 1550nm. The phase noise measurements of standard OEO are performed using this transversal filter with excellent results.
An Algorithm for Cellular Reprogramming (2017)

Abstract The day we understand the time evolution of subcellular elements at a level of detail comparable to physical systems governed by Newton’s laws of motion seems far away. Even so, quantitative approaches to cellular dynamics add to our understanding of cell biology, providing data-guided frameworks that allow us to develop better predictions about, and methods for, control over specific biological processes and system-wide cell behavior. In this paper, we describe an approach to optimizing the use of transcription factors (TFs) in the context of cellular reprogramming. We construct an approximate model for the natural evolution of a cell cycle synchronized population of human fibroblasts, based on data obtained by sampling the expression of 22,083 genes at several time points along the cell cycle. In order to arrive at a model of moderate complexity, we cluster gene expression based on the division of the genome into topologically associating domains (TADs) and then model the dynamics of the TAD expression levels. Based on this dynamical model and known bioinformatics, such as transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) and functions, we develop a methodology for identifying the top transcription factor candidates for a specific cellular reprogramming task. The approach used is based on a device commonly used in optimal control. Our data-guided methodology identifies a number of transcription factors previously validated for reprogramming and/or natural differentiation. Our findings highlight the immense potential of dynamical models, mathematics, and data-guided methodologies for improving strategies for control over biological processes. Significance Statement Reprogramming the human genome toward any desirable state is within reach; application of select transcription factors drives cell types toward different lineages in many settings. We introduce the concept of data-guided control in building a universal algorithm for directly reprogramming any human cell type into any other type. Our algorithm is based on time series genome transcription and architecture data and known regulatory activities of transcription factors, with natural dimension reduction using genome architectural features. Our algorithm predicts known reprogramming factors, top candidates for new settings, and ideal timing for application of transcription factors. This framework can be used to develop strategies for tissue regeneration, cancer cell reprogramming, and control of dynamical systems beyond cell biology.
Near-zero magnetostrictive metallic glasses with very high saturation induction (1982)

The soft magnetic properties of a series of metallic glasses in the Co–Fe–Ni–Mn–B–Si system are described. These glasses have very low values for saturation magnetostriction (+5 to −1 ppm) and some of the highest values for saturation induction (1.1 to 1.3 T) reported for such glasses. Most importantly, the Curie temperture is lower than the crystallization temperature, thus allowing the use of easy, conventional annealing procedures for the optimization of the soft magnetic properties. Initial permeabilities in excess of 17 000 at 1 kHz may thus be achieved for optimal compositions within the system. These metallic glasses offer great promise for applications such as recording heads to be used in conjunction with high coercivity metal tapes.
Considerations in device design and materials selection in organic light emitting diodes (2012)

An approach to significantly increase the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) in a highly simplified device structure is discussed in this paper.
Multiuser joint equalization and decoding of space-time codes (2004)

In this paper we study the multiple-access channel where users employ space-time block codes (STBC). The problem is formulated in the context of an inter-symbol interference (IS) multiple-access channel. The algebraic structure of the STBC is utilized to design joint interference suppression, equalization, and decoding schemes. Each user transmits using 2 transmit antennas and a time-reversed space-time block code suitable for frequency-selective channels. We first show that a diversity order of 2M/sub r/(v+1) is achievable at full transmission rate for each user, when we have M/sub r/ receive antennas, channel memory of v and an optimal multi-user maximum-likelihood (ML) decoder is used. Due to the decoding complexity of the ML detectors we study the algebraic structure of linear multiuser detectors, which utilize he properties of the STBC. We do this both in the transform domain (D-domain formulation) and when we impose finite block length constraints (matrix formulation). The receiver is designed to utilize the algebraic structure of the codes in order to preserve the block quaternionic structure of the equivalent channel for each user.
YouMove (2013)

YouMove is a novel system that allows users to record and learn physical movement sequences. The recording system is designed to be simple, allowing anyone to create and share training content. The training system uses recorded data to train the user using a large-scale augmented reality mirror. The system trains the user through a series of stages that gradually reduce the user's reliance on guidance and feedback. This paper discusses the design and implementation of YouMove and its interactive mirror. We also present a user study in which YouMove was shown to improve learning and short-term retention by a factor of 2 compared to a traditional video demonstration.
Efficient implementation of a class of MDCT/IMDCT filterbanks for speech and audio coding applications (2008)

In this paper, an efficient algorithm for implementing MDCT/IMDCT of lengths N = 5 ldr 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sup> (m ges 2) is presented. Transforms for such lengths are of interest for speech and audio coding applications, such as recently issued and/or emerging standards G.729.1, G.EV-VBR, and EVRC-WB. In our design we utilize a mapping of MDCT of size N into JV/2-point DCT-IV and DCT-II with isolated pre- multiplications, which are subsequently moved in the windowing stage. We show that such a modified window is piece-wise symmetric, and can be stored using N/2 words. In our algorithm we also use an efficient factorization of 5- point DCT-II which requires only 4 multiplications by irrational factors. We compare our proposed algorithm with several alternative implementations and show that our design offers practically appreciable reduction in complexity and memory usage.
<i>In Vitro</i> Amplification of Whole Large Plasmids Via Transposon-Mediated <i>oriC</i> Insertion (2021)

DNA amplification is a fundamental technique in molecular biology. The replication cycle reaction is a new method for amplification of large circular DNA having <i>oriC</i> sequences, which is a replication initiation site of the <i>Escherichia coli</i> chromosome. We here developed a replication cycle reaction-based method useful for amplification of various circular DNAs lacking <i>oriC</i>, even in the absence of any sequence information, via transposon-mediated <i>oriC</i> insertion to the circular DNA template. A 15-kb non-<i>oriC</i> plasmid was amplified from a very small amount of starting DNA (50 fg, 1 fM). The method was also applicable to GC-rich plasmid (69%) or large F-plasmid (230 kb). This method thus provides a powerful tool to amplify various environmental circular DNAs.
A Gas Cell Based on Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) and Its Application for the Detection of Greenhouse Gas (GHG): Nitrous Oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) (2016)

The authors report the detection of nitrous oxide gas using intracavity fiber laser absorption spectroscopy. A gas cell based on a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber was constructed and used inside a fiber ring laser cavity as an intracavity gas cell. The fiber laser in the 1.55 μ m band was developed using a polarization-maintaining erbium-doped fiber as the gain medium. The wavelength of the laser was selected by a fiber Bragg grating (FBG), and it matches one of the absorption lines of the gas under investigation. The laser wavelength contained multilongitudinal modes, which increases the sensitivity of the detection system. N 2 O gas has overtones of the fundamental absorption bands and rovibrational transitions in the 1.55 μ m band. The system was operated at room temperature and was capable of detecting nitrous oxide gas at sub-ppmv concentration level.
Speaker normalization training for mixture stochastic trajectory model (1997)

In this paper we are interested in speaker and environment adaptation techniques for speaker independent (SI) continuous speech recognition. These techniques are used to reduce mismatch between training and the testing conditions, using a small amount of adaptation data. In addition to reducing this mismatch during the adaptation, we propose to reduce the variation due to speakers or environments during the training itself in the context of Speaker Normalisation (SN) approach, using MLLR transformation. SN also includes a combination of the context-dependent, phone dependent and broad phonetic class dependent information. The use of linear regression to model broad phonetic class dependent information assures our model to be used in the case that the adaptation data or training data is not given for some phonetic symbols. SN is developed for Mixture Stochastic Trajectory Model, a segment based model. The approach can be used for speaker, gender or environment normalization. We show the performance of SN compared to SI recognition and to MLLR speaker adaptation, through experiments on continuous speech recognition.
Switched‐capacitor multilevel inverter with self‐voltage‐balancing for high‐frequency power distribution system (2020)

Switched capacitor multilevel inverter (SCMLI) with reduced components is attractive for higher number of voltage levels due to less implementation complexity and low cost. In this study, a new family of hybrid SCMLI for high frequency power distribution system is presented to eliminate the intermediate power conversion. Firstly, a five‐level SCMLI employing a single voltage source is proposed, which is further extended to nine‐level (9L) with its operation. Further extension/enhancement of the proposed 9L‐SCMLI for generating a higher number of voltage levels with reduced number of components is achieved on the basis of structural modification. The mathematical analysis for determination of capacitance, power loss analysis and comparative analysis has been provided in detail. A comprehensive comparison with other similar topologies is also provided to highlight the merits of the proposed topology. Simulation and experimental results are discussed for various dynamic load conditions with different output frequencies to validate the suitability of the proposed SCMLI for various high‐frequency AC applications, such as renewable energy systems, microgrids, electric vehicles and so on.
Further Evidence of <i>Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus</i> but Not of <i>Lettuce big-vein associated virus</i> with Big-Vein Disease in Lettuce (2008)

Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus (MLBVV) and Lettuce big-vein associated virus (LBVaV) are found in association with big-vein disease of lettuce. Discrimination between the two viruses is critical for elucidating the etiology of big-vein disease. Using specific antibodies to MLBVV and LBVaV for western blotting and exploiting differences between MLBVV and LBVaV in host reaction of cucumber and temperature dependence in lettuce, we separated the two viruses by transfering each virus from doubly infected lettuce plants to cucumber or lettuce plants. A virus-free fungal isolate was allowed to acquire the two viruses individually or together. To confirm the separation, zoospores from MLBVV-, LBVaV-, and dually infected lettuce plants were used for serial inoculations of lettuce seedlings 12 successive times. Lettuce seedlings were infected at each transfer either with MLBVV alone, LBVaV alone, or both viruses together, depending on the virus carried by the vector. Lettuce seedlings infected with MLBVV alone developed the big-vein symptoms, while those infected with LBVaV alone developed no symptoms. In field surveys, MLBVV was consistently detected in lettuce plants from big-vein-affected fields, whereas LBVaV was detected in lettuce plants not only from big-vein-affected fields but also from big-vein-free fields. LBVaV occurred widely at high rates in winter-spring lettuce-growing regions irrespective of the presence of MLBVV and, hence, of the presence of the big-vein disease.
Reliable, Sensitive, Rapid and Quantitative Enzyme-Based Assay for <i>Gamma</i>-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) (2004)

Several assays for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (4-hydroxybutyrate, GHB) have been developed based on the enzyme gamma-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (GHB-DH). Enzymatic oxidation of GHB by NAD+ is coupled to diaphorase-mediated reduction of pro-dye to yield colored product. GHB-DH from Ralstonia eutropha was cloned and expressed as a stable fusion protein easily purified by affinity chromatography. Quantitative initial velocity and endpoint versions of the assay in solution are described. Michaelis-Menten parameters for oxidation of GHB and ethanol were estimated. A semi-quantitative "dipstick" version of the assay on paper also is described. Both solution endpoint and "dipstick" assays are sensitive to about 0.05 mg GHB/mL using 10 microL of sample. Ethanol at concentrations possible in urine and agents used to stabilize physiological fluids for forensics analysis do not interfere significantly. The "dipstick" assay also allows detection of GHB in alcoholic beverages after evaporation of about one-fourth drop of beverage before testing. The enzymatic assay for GHB is reliable, sensitive, inexpensive and rapid.
Harmonic mode locking by synchronous optical pumping of a saturable absorber with the residual pump (2003)

An actively mode-locked fiber laser is demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge, by modulation of a saturable-absorber mirror with the light used simultaneously for pumping the gain fiber. Stabilization of a harmonically passive mode-locked fiber laser that generates soliton pulses of 550-fs duration is obtained with this technique. The results indicate a reduction of supermode suppression by more than 55 dB. The timing jitter is improved by 9 dB.
Analysis of the genes encoding the mast cell function-associated antigen and its alternatively spliced transcripts (1997)

The mast cell function-associated Ag (MAFA) is a C-type lectin that, upon being clustered, inhibits the Fc epsilon RI stimulation-induced mast cell secretory response. We here report that MAFA is encoded by a single-copy gene that spans 13 kb in the rat genome and is composed of five exons. Three separate exons encode the carbohydrate recognition domain of the MAFA, defining its close homology to the genes of CD23, CD69, CD72, NKR-P1, and Ly49. Functional analysis of the 5' flanking region of the gene reveals that a cell type-specific promoter is located within the first 664 bp upstream of the transcription origin. The promoter lacks any obvious TATA box and drives gene transcription originating from multiple start sites. Examination for possible polymorphism of the MAFA transcripts revealed two novel transcripts, generated by alternative splicing. Deletion of the transmembranal exon in one of them does not result in a frameshift and would, upon translation, give rise to a soluble MAFA molecule. Splicing of two exons in a second transcript results in a new reading frame encoding a putative protein containing MAFA's cytoplasmic domain. The transcription of the MAFA gene was detected in normal rat lungs, where both transmembranal and soluble MAFA appear to be expressed. Lung immunohistochemical analysis further suggests that MAFA expression is restricted to mast cells.
Effects of Evaporation and Thermocapillary Convection on Volatile Liquid Droplets (2001)

Results of an experimental investigation of evaporating sessile drops on a glass-slide surface for three volatile liquids show that both evaporation and thermocapillary convection in the sessile drop strongly affect the drop spreading and contact angle. The evolution of contact diameter of the drops can be divided into four stages: 1) initial spreading, 2) spreading-evaporation balance, 3) evaporation-dominating contraction, and 4) final rapid contraction. Molecular-kinetic spreading always occurs in the early first stage and is rapidly restrained and then taken over by the effects of evaporation. Thermocapillary convection, induced by the evaporation, promotes the competition of evaporation over the spreading and shortens the spreading-evaporation balance stage to become undetectable. Evaporation may increase or decrease the contact angle of the evaporating sessile drops, depending on the evaporation rate
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Using the Optovue Device (2016)

Optovue AngioVue system technology for optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography is based on the AngioVue Imaging System (Optovue, Inc., Freemont, CA), using split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography (SSADA) algorithm. This algorithm was developed to minimize scanning time. It detects motion in blood vessel lumen by measuring the variation in reflected OCT signal amplitude between consecutive cross-sectional scans. The novelty of SSADA lies in how the OCT signal is processed to enhance flow detection and reject axial bulk motion noise. Specifically, the algorithm splits the OCT image into different spectral bands, thus increasing the number of usable image frames. Each new frame has a lower axial resolution that is less susceptible to axial eye motion caused by blood pulsation. Optovue AngioVue system technology allows quantitative analysis. It provides numerical data about flow area and non-flow area. It can also generate a flow density map. These metrics may serve as biomarkers in diagnosis and for tracking disease progression or treatment response. Flow area: the software will calculate the drawn area and vessel area in mm(2). It allows for comparison of all measurements for a given participant. Non-flow area: the software shows the non-perfused areas by mouse click selection. Ischemic areas will be shown in yellow. These areas may be saved and matched with others in the study. Flow density tool is able to measure the percentage of vascular areas on en face angiograms. This analysis is based on an ETDRS grid centered on the macula as with the thickness map. This tool works both on inner and outer vascular plexus.
Ultrafast All-Optical Switching Incorporating <i>in Situ</i> Graphene Grown along an Optical Fiber by the Evanescent Field of a Laser (2017)

Graphene, with its high optical nonlinearity and unique dispersionless nonlinear optical response over a broad wavelength range, has been studied extensively to implement optical devices such as fiber lasers, broadband modulators, polarizers, and optical switches. Conventionally synthesized graphene relying on high temperature and vacuum equipment suffers from deleterious transfer steps that degrade the graphene quality, thereby affecting the efficiency of nonlinear optical operation and lacking the customized patterning with minimized footprint as well as missing the facilitated fabrication process. Here, a laser-aided in situ synthesis of multilayered graphene directly onto the flat surface of a side-polished optical fiber in ambient condition is demonstrated for absolute investigation of an as-grown graphene crystal in the optical domain. The evanescent field of an amplified continuous wave laser, propagating through an optical fiber, provides activation energy for carbon atoms to diffuse through the nickel catalyst and grow graphene directly on the polished side of an optical fiber. Ultrafast all-optical switching near 1550 nm is elucidated by exploiting four-wave mixing with the grown graphene to confirm that the nonlinear response improvement of 58.5% originates from the graphene. The incident signal is modulated at the ultrafast speed of up to 20 GHz, and the modulation information is successfully copied in the newly generated signals at different wavelengths.