gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Connecting the Dots: Translating the Vaginal Microbiome Into a Drug (2020)

A Lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiota (VMB) has been associated with health and considered an important host defense mechanism against urogenital infections. Conversely, depletion of lactobacilli and increased microbial diversity, amplifies the risk of adverse gynecologic and obstetric outcomes. A common clinical condition that exemplifies dysbiosis is bacterial vaginosis (BV). BV is currently treated with antibiotics, but frequently recurs, due in part to persistent dysbiosis and failure of lactobacilli to repopulate the vagina. New treatment options are needed to address BV. The VMB is relatively simple and optimally dominated by one or several species of Lactobacillus. Lactobacillus crispatus is strongly associated with vaginal health and depleted in dysbiosis. Replenishing the dysbiotic VMB with protective L. crispatus CTV-05 is a promising approach to prevent recurrent infections and improve women's health. Here we discuss confirmation of this approach with the microbiome-based biologic drug, LACTIN-V (L. crispatus CTV-05), focusing on prevention of BV recurrence.
Search your memory ! - an associative memory based desktop search system (2009)

We present XSearcher, an associative memory based desktop search system, which exploits associations by creating semantic links of personal desktop resources from explicit and implicit user activities. With these links, associations among memory fragments can be built or rebuilt in a user's brain during a search. The personalized ranking scheme uses these links together with a user's personal preferences to rank results by both relevance and importance. XSearcher enhances traditional keyword based search systems since it is closer to the way that human associative memory works.
High Quality Factor Resonant MEMS Accelerometer With Continuous Thermal Compensation (2015)

We report a new silicon Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometer based on differential frequency modulation (FM) with experimentally demonstrated thermal compensation over a dynamic temperature environment and μg-level Allan deviation of bias. The sensor architecture is based on resonant frequency tracking in a vacuum packaged siliconon-insulator (SOI) tuning fork oscillator. To address drift over temperature, the MEMS sensor die incorporates two identical tuning forks with opposing axes of sensitivity. Demodulation of the differential FM output from the two simultaneously operated oscillators eliminates common mode errors and provides an FM output with continuous thermal compensation. The first SOI prototype with quality factor of 350000 was built and characterized over a temperature range between 30 °C and 75 °C. Temperature characterization of the FM accelerometer showed less than a 0.5% scale-factor change throughout a temperature range from 30 °C to 75 °C, without any external compensation. This is enabled by an inherently differential frequency output, which cancels common-mode influences, such as those due to temperature. Allan deviation of the differential FM accelerometer revealed a bias instability of 6 μg at 20 s, along with an elimination of any temperature drift due to increases in averaging time. After comparing the measured bias instability with the designed linear range of 20 g, the sensor demonstrates a wide dynamic range of 130 dB. A second design iteration of the FM accelerometer, vacuum-sealed with getter material, was created to maximize Q-factor, and thereby frequency resolution. A Q-factor of 2.4 million was experimentally demonstrated, with a time constant of >20 min.
Carbon Nanotube Arrays with Tunable Wettability and Their Applications (2011)

A combination of UV/ozone and vacuum pyrolysis treatments is introduced to tune the wetting properties of vertically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotube arrays. The UV/ozone treatment renders these arrays superhydrophilic by functionalizing them with oxygenated functional groups. These superhydrophilic arrays have a high affinity to water such that they have a very high specific capacitance in aqueous electrolytes. The vacuum pyrolysis treatment renders these arrays superhydrophobic by deoxidizing them. The presence of a thin film of air at the surface of superhydrophobic arrays when they are submerged in water creates a slip condition that is useful for drag reduction.
New processable polyaromatic amides curable by intramolecular cyclization. XVI (1980)

Abstract New Processable Polyaromatic amides were prepared from 2,2′‐diiododiphenyl‐4,4′‐dicarbonyl dichloride (I) and several aromatic diamines. Phenylethynyl groups were introduced in these polymides by replacing the iodine groups with copper phenyl acetylide. On thermal curing, 2,2′‐di(phenylethynyl)biphenyl group undergoes intramolecular cyclization to form 9‐phenyl dibenzanthracene derivative. The cured polymers showed increased heat and chemical stabilities. No melting points were observed for all the polymers below 500°C. The viscosity of the polymers was decreased on substitution of the iodine by phenylethynyl groups.
Reduction of the magnetic sensitivity of an atomic clock against the non-uniformity and variations of the C-field (2011)

The frequency of an atomic clock may be stabilized against C-field variations by applying weak magnetic pulses tuned to the Larmor frequency. The small signal produced by these pulses is a Ramsey spectrum of the Zeeman transitions which, when added to the microwave Ramsey signal, may be adjusted to compensate exactly for the quadratic frequency shift of clock transition at a given value of the C-field. The cancellation is provided by a feed-forward mechanism which modifies the error signal without the need to adjust the C-field. This can be implemented in most atomic clocks by generating the required audio-frequency pulses on wires producing a magnetic field perpendicular to the C-field.
A dual-stream deep convolutional network for reducing metal streak artifacts in CT images (2019)

Machine learning and deep learning are rapidly finding applications in the medical imaging field. In this paper, we address the long-standing problem of metal artifacts in computed tomography (CT) images by training a dual-stream deep convolutional neural network for streak removal. While many metal artifact reduction methods exist, even state-of-the-art algorithms fall short in some clinical applications. Specifically, proton therapy planning requires high image quality with accurate tumor volumes to ensure treatment success. We explore a dual-stream deep network structure with residual learning to correct metal streak artifacts after a first-pass by a state-of-the-art interpolation-based algorithm, NMAR. We provide the network with a mask of the streaks in order to focus attention on those areas. Our experiments compare a mean squared error loss function with a perceptual loss function to emphasize preservation of image features and texture. Both visual and quantitative metrics are used to assess the resulting image quality for metal implant cases. Success may be due to the duality of information processing, with one network stream performing local structure correction, while the other stream provides an attention mechanism to destreak effectively. This study shows that image-domain deep learning can be highly effective for metal artifact reduction (MAR), and highlights the benefits and drawbacks of different loss functions for solving a major CT reconstruction challenge.
Spectrum-sliced fiber-amplifier light source for multichannel WDM applications (1994)

Recent achievements in optical amplifiers revitalize the practicality of wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) systems. However, WDM systems require a multiple number of transmitter lasers operating at different wavelengths. Thus WDM transmitter lasers should be wavelength selected for each channel and should be controlled to operate at a specific wavelength to the end of system’s lifetime. This process would increase cost and complexity. There have been a few attempts to overcome this problem by using spectrum-sliced broadband light sources, such as 1.3-μm light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with grating-based demultiplexers.1,2 In this paper, we propose the use of broadband light as a multichannel WDM light source. Our approach is based on the following: (1) it is now possible to obtain strong amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in excess of 40 mW within the single-mode fiber from an erbium-doped fiber amplifier1 (EDFA), and (2) highly efficient and easy optical multiplexing is possible with the recently developed integrated-optic WDM multiplexers.4 5 Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the proposed WDM light source. The broadband ASE light is efficiently split into many WDM channels, modulated individually, and multiplexed back into a single-mode fiber. The (de)multiplexers and modulators could be fabricated monolithically on InP substrates.5 Thus this simple arrangement with an EDFA (requiring only one pump laser) can provide light sources for many WDM channels.
Interrupting the Hydrogen Bond Network at the Active Site of Human Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (1999)

Histidine 30 in human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is located at a site partially exposed to solvent with its side chain participating in a hydrogen-bonded network that includes the active-site residues Tyr(166) and Tyr(34) and extends to the manganese-bound solvent molecule. We have replaced His(30) with a series of amino acids and Tyr(166) with Phe in human MnSOD. The crystal structure of the mutant of MnSOD containing Asn(30) superimposed closely with the wild type, but the side chain of Asn(30) did not participate in the hydrogen-bonded network in the active site. The catalytic activity of a number of mutants with replacements at position 30 and for the mutant containing Phe(166) showed a 10-40-fold decrease in k(cat). This is the same magnitude of decrease in k(cat) obtained with the replacement of Tyr(34) by Phe, suggesting that interrupting the hydrogen-bonded active-site network at any of the sites of these three participants (His(30), Tyr(34), and Tyr(166)) leads to an equivalent decrease in k(cat) and probably less efficient proton transfer to product peroxide. The specific geometry of His(30) on the hydrogen bond network is essential for stability since the disparate mutations H30S, H30A, and H30Q reduce T(m) by similar amounts (10-16 degrees C) compared with wild type.
Definition of Long Ocean Wave Slope for Radar Applications. (1988)

Abstract : Consideration is given to the definition of open ocean long wave slope, as a parameter for correlation with radar section (RCS). In preparation for studies of dependence of short pulse radar statistics on long wave features, we have re-examined the long time averaged RCS data previously reported by Keller, Plant and Weissman (KPW), and its dependence on in-situ measurements of long wave slope. Comparisons of RCS are made with the significant slope defined by Huang and Long, using ocean wave spectrum features; the 'radar slope' defined a KPW, using wave spectral features inferred from radar Doppler measure of orbital wave motions; and a variety of slope definitions from zero-crossing analysis of surface variance time series measured by a wave gauge. It appears that the in-situ measurements correlate with RCS better than the 'radar slope'. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
Optoelectronic tweezers: a versatile toolbox for nano-/micro-manipulation (2022)

The rapid development of micromanipulation technologies has opened exciting new opportunities for the actuation, selection and assembly of a variety of non-biological and biological nano/micro-objects for applications ranging from microfabrication, cell analysis, tissue engineering, biochemical sensing, to nano/micro-machines. To date, a variety of precise, flexible and high-throughput manipulation techniques have been developed based on different physical fields. Among them, optoelectronic tweezers (OET) is a state-of-art technique that combines light stimuli with electric field together by leveraging the photoconductive effect of semiconductor materials. Herein, the behavior of micro-objects can be directly controlled by inducing the change of electric fields on demand in an optical manner. Relying on this light-induced electrokinetic effect, OET offers tremendous advantages in micromanipulation such as programmability, flexibility, versatility, high-throughput and ease of integration with other characterization systems, thus showing impressive performance compared to those of many other manipulation techniques. A lot of research on OET have been reported in recent years and the technology has developed rapidly in various fields of science and engineering. This work provides a comprehensive review of the OET technology, including its working mechanisms, experimental setups, applications in non-biological and biological scenarios, technology commercialization and future perspectives.
World’s First Pure Fabry-Perot Diaphragm Fiber Optic Sensor (DFOS) (2006)

A critical test is proposed to determine if a diaphragm fiber optic sensor (DFOS) is interference or intensity based. Using the criterion, the first purely Fabry-Perot DFOS has been designed, fabricated with MEMS technology, and characterized with orders of improvement of signal-to-noise ratio.
A Two-Stage Multiplex Method for Quantitative Analysis of Botulinum Neurotoxins Type A, B, E, and F by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (2014)

In this publication, we report on the development of a quantitative enzymatic method for the detection of four botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes responsible for human botulism by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Factors that might affect the linearity and dynamic range for detection of BoNT cleavage products were initially examined, including the amount of peptide substrate and internal standard, the timing of cleavage reaction, and the components in the reaction solution. It was found that a long incubation time produced sensitive results, but was not capable of determining higher toxin concentrations, whereas a short incubation time was less sensitive so that lower toxin concentrations were not detected. In order to overcome these limitations, a two-stage analysis strategy was applied. The first stage analysis involved a short incubation period (e.g., 30 min). If no toxin was detected at this stage, the cleavage reaction was allowed to continue and the samples were analyzed at a second time point (4 h), so that toxin levels lower than 1 mouse LD50 or 55 attomoles per milliliter (55 amol/mL) could be quantified. By combining the results from two-stage quantification, 4 or 5 orders of magnitude in dynamic range were achieved for the detection of the serotypes of BoNT/A, BoNT/B, BoNT/E, or BoNT/F. The effect of multiplexing the assay by mixing substrates for different BoNT serotypes into a single reaction was also investigated in order to reduce the numbers of the cleavage reactions and save valuable clinical samples.
Ordered Arrays Generated via Metal-Initiated Self-Assembly of Terpyridine Containing Dendrimers and Bridging Ligands (1999)

The interfacial reaction of the terpyridyl-pendant dendrimers (dend-n-tpy; n = 4, 8, 32) and of the bridging ligand 1,4-bis[4,4‘ ‘-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘terpyridine-4‘-yl]benzene (BBDTB) dissolved in CH2Cl2 with aqueous Fe2+ or Co2+ gives rise to film formation on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surfaces. Molecularly resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images reveal that these films form highly ordered 2-D hexagonal arrays which appear to be composed of one-dimensional polymeric strands with a repeat unit of (tpy-dend-tpy-M)x in the case of dendrimers or (tpy-bridge-tpy-M)x in the case of BBDTB (M = Fe2+, Co2+). The extension of the ordered domains appears to be delimited by terrace width. The dimensions obtained from an analysis of STM images is consistent with the size of the dendrimer or the bridging ligand (obtained from molecular modeling) from which the films are derived. In the case of films derived from dend-n-tpy the ordering is dependent on the dendrimer generation. In all cases, the films are electrochemically active and exhibit a reversible wave at a formal potential that corresponds to the respective [M(tpy)2]2+ complex.
Computational and Experimental Study of the Mechanism of Hydrogen Generation from Water by a Molecular Molybdenum-Oxo Electrocatalyst (2012)

We investigate the mechanism for the electrocatalytic generation of hydrogen from water by the molecular molybdenum-oxo complex, [(PY5Me(2))MoO](2+) (PY5Me(2) = 2,6-bis(1,1-bis(2-pyridyl)ethyl)pyridine). Computational and experimental evidence suggests that the electrocatalysis consists of three distinct electrochemical reductions, which precede the onset of catalysis. Cyclic voltammetry studies indicate that the first two reductions are accompanied by protonations to afford the Mo-aqua complex, [(PY5Me(2))Mo(OH(2))](+). Calculations support hydrogen evolution from this complex upon the third reduction, via the oxidative addition of a proton from the bound water to the metal center and finally an α-H abstraction to release hydrogen. Calculations further suggest that introducing electron-withdrawing substituents such as fluorides in the para positions of the pyridine rings can reduce the potential associated with the reductive steps, without substantially affecting the kinetics. After the third reduction, there are kinetic bottlenecks to the formation of the Mo-hydride and subsequent hydrogen release. Computational evidence also suggests an alternative to direct α-H abstraction as a mechanism for H(2) release which exhibits a lower barrier. The new mechanism is one in which a water acts as an intramolecular proton relay between the protons of the hydroxide and the hydride ligands. The calculated kinetics are in reasonable agreement with experimental measurements. Additionally, we propose a mechanism for the stoichiometric reaction of [(PY5Me(2))Mo(CF(3)SO(3))](+) with water to yield hydrogen and [(PY(5)Me(2))MoO](2+) along with the implications for the viability of an alternate catalytic cycle involving just two reductions to generate the active catalyst.
An Iterative Decoding Method of Updating Redundant Likelihood Information (2005)

SUMMARY This paper presents a novel decoding algorithm for turbo codes, in which the likelihood values for redundant parts are updated in order for those values to become more reliable. A criterion for updating the redundant likelihood values is proposed, which is based on the comparisons of the channel values with the re-generated values by the soft-input and soft-output encoders. It is shown that the proposed method can improve the error correcting capabilities, i.e., the improvement of BER/BLER per
The how’s and what’s of vaccine reactogenicity (2019)

Reactogenicity represents the physical manifestation of the inflammatory response to vaccination, and can include injection-site pain, redness, swelling or induration at the injection site, as well as systemic symptoms, such as fever, myalgia, or headache. The experience of symptoms following vaccination can lead to needle fear, long-term negative attitudes and non-compliant behaviours, which undermine the public health impact of vaccination. This review presents current knowledge on the potential causes of reactogenicity, and how host characteristics, vaccine administration and composition factors can influence the development and perception of reactogenicity. The intent is to provide an overview of reactogenicity after vaccination to help the vaccine community, including healthcare professionals, in maintaining confidence in vaccines by promoting vaccination, setting expectations for vaccinees about what might occur after vaccination and reducing anxiety by managing the vaccination setting.
Microcontact Printing of Multicolor Quantum Dots Light Emitting Diode on Silicon (2009)

A novel inorganic quantum dot based light emitting diode is fabricated by microcontact printing of a well defined-geometry of CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles films onto p type silicon substrate that acts as the hole transporting layer.
Thermopower enhancement in Pb1−xMnxTe alloys and its effect on thermoelectric efficiency (2012)

The Seebeck coefficient of p-type PbTe can be enhanced at 300 K, either due to the addition of Tl-resonant states or by manipulation of the multiple valence bands by alloying with isovalent compounds, such as MgTe. PbTe alloyed with MnTe shows a similar thermopower enhancement that could be due to either mechanism. Here we investigate the characteristics that distinguish the resonant state mechanism from that due to multiple valence bands and their effect on the thermoelectric figure of merit, zT. Ultimately, we find that the transport properties of PbTe alloyed with MnTe can be explained by alloy scattering and multiple band model that result in a zT as high as 1.6 at 700 K, and additionally a ∼30% enhancement of the average zT. Thermoelectric materials, which can convert a heat flow into an electrical current, and vice versa, have potential for applications in cooling and in power generation. Yanzhong Pei, Jeffrey Snyder and co-workers from Tongji University in Shanghai and the California Institute of Technology have now enhanced the efficiency of a state-of-the-art thermoelectric material, lead telluride, by alloying it with manganese telluride (MnTe), and proposed a mechanism to account for this improvement. The properties of lead telluride can be improved by doping and alloying it with other species. This tuning in composition can reduce its thermal conduction or improve its electronic properties – the latter either by introducing resonant states or by utilizing multiple band conduction. Through comparisons with other doped PbTe materials, Pei, Snyder and co-workers suggest that the MnTe-induced performance enhancement arises from multiple band conduction. They also show that these band effects are more effective than the formation of resonant states. Increasing the Seebeck coefficient has long been pursued for increasing thermoelectric efficiency, but other changes in transport properties may compensate this effect and ultimately lead to no improvement in figure of merit. The Seebeck coefficient can be enhanced by either the addition of resonant states or the involvement of multiple band conduction. This work demonstrates the beneficial effect of multiple band conduction for highefficiency thermoelectrics.
Photonic choke-joints for dual-polarization waveguides (2010)

Photonic choke joint (PCJ) structures for dual-polarization waveguides have been investigated for use in device and component packaging. This interface enables the realization of a high performance non-contacting waveguide joint without degrading the in-band signal propagation properties. The choke properties of two tiling approaches, symmetric square Cartesian and octagonal quasi-crystal lattices of metallic posts, are explored and optimal PCJ design parameters are presented. For each of these schemes, the experimental results for structures with finite tilings demonstrate near ideal transmission and reflection performance over a full waveguide band.