gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cushing's Syndrome: Where and How to Find It (2016)

The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome is challenging to endocrinologists as patients often present with an insidious history, together with subtle external clinical features. Moreover, complications of endogenous hypercortisolism, such as visceral obesity, diabetes, hypertension and osteoporosis, are conditions commonly found in the population, and discerning whether these are truly a consequence of hypercortisolism is not straightforward. To avoid misdiagnosis, a careful investigative approach is essential. The investigation of Cushing's syndrome is a three-step process. Firstly, after exclusion of exogenous glucocorticoid use, the decision to initiate investigations should be based on whether there is a clinical index of suspicion of the disease. Specific signs of endogenous hypercortisolism raise the a priori probability of a truly positive test. Secondly, if the probability of hypercortisolism is high, one should carry out specific tests as indicated by Endocrine Society guidelines. Populations with non-distinguishing features of Cushing's syndrome should not be screened routinely as biochemical tests have a high false-positive rate if used indiscriminately. Thirdly, once hypercortisolism is confirmed, one should move to establish the cause. This usually entails distinguishing between adrenal or pituitary-related causes and the remoter possibility of the ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome. It is crucial that the presence of Cushing's syndrome is established before any attempt at differential diagnosis.
Realization of Ground-State Artificial Skyrmion Lattices at Room Temperature (2016)

Magnetic Skyrmions exhibit topologically protected quantum states, not only offering exciting new mechanisms for ultrahigh density and low dissipation information storage, but also providing an ideal platform for explorations of unique topological phenomena. Prerequisite are systems exhibiting skyrmion lattices at ambient conditions. Here, we demonstrate the realization of artificial Bloch skyrmion lattices over extended areas in their ground state at room temperature by patterning asymmetric magnetic nanodots with controlled circularity on an underlayer film with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) [1], shown in Fig. 1.
Reduction in Frictional Force of ZnO Coatings in a Vacuum (2008)

Zinc oxide coatings with crystal preferred orientation on stainless steel substrates were deposited by rf magnetron sputtering. The crystal structure of the ZnO coatings was analyzed by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. The frictional properties of the coatings were measured under atmosphere and in a vacuum using a vacuum tribometer. The frictional properties of the ZnO coatings in a vacuum show irregularities when compared with the normal properties described by the Amonton–Coulomb law. It was revealed that the electric interaction between the probe for the friction test and the coatings changed owing to the piezoelectric effect in a vacuum. A reduction in the frictional coefficient of the ZnO coatings (µ= 0.075) was achieved at a normal load of 0.2 N under vacuum conditions.
Chemochromic hydrogen detection (2006)

Hydrogen is becoming an increasingly important fuel source as fossil fuel supplies decline. The low explosive limit of hydrogen makes leak detection a priority when dealing with this fuel. In an effort to support the use of hydrogen, a chemochromic sensor has been developed which is robust, simple to use, and does not require active operation. It can be made into a thin film or tape which can be conveniently used for leak detection at unions, valves, or outlets. There are two forms of the sensor, a reversible and an irreversible, allowing a variety of applications based on individual situations. The irreversible sensor is useful during hazardous operations when personnel cannot be present, while the reversible is ideal for monitoring the status of a leak in person or via a camera. Testing the irreversible sensor against environmental effects has been completed and results indicate this material is suitable for outdoor use in the harsh beachside environment of Kennedy Space Center. The environmental testing has led to increased sensitivity of the irreversible chemochromic sensor. In an effort to advance this technology further, this chemochromic sensor will be integrated into a sensor system using an electrical or optical signal.
Relaying functions for the multiple access relay channel (2010)

In this paper, we investigate the benefit of joint network-channel (JNC) distributed coding for the multiple-access half-duplex relay channel. In contrast with previous work, the orthogonality of the medium access is partially relaxed and the source-to-relay links are not error-free. More specifically, the sources are allowed to transmit simultaneously during the listening phase of the relay, while during the relay transmission phase, they are constrained to remain silent. The resulting collisions entail the need of more sophisticated joint multiuser detection and decoding procedures. Moreover, unsuccessful decoding at the relay may result from error propagation to the destination. This second issue is handled with different (digital or analog) relaying functions. We describe in detail the structure of the encoders, JNC coding, and the joint multiuser receiver structure. Furthermore, for the proposed protocol, we compare different relaying functions, and show through simulations, the benefit of the chosen cooperation introduced by the relay.
Error weighted classifier combination for multi-modal human identification (2005)

In this paper we describe a technique of classifier combination used in a human identification system. The system integrates all available features from multi-modal sources within a Bayesian framework. The framework allows representing a class of popular classifier combination rules and methods within a single formalism. It relies on a “perclass” measure of confidence derived from performance of each classifier on training data that is shown to improve performance on a synthetic data set. The method is especially relevant in autonomous surveillance setting where varying time scales and missing features are a common occurrence. We show an application of this technique to the real-world surveillance database of video and audio recordings of people collected over several weeks in the office setting. 1
Analysis of traditional and reverberation-reducing methods of room equalization (2003)

Traditionally, electronic equalization has used linear filters of low complexity. The nature of spectral and temporal distortions of rooms limits useful equalization to minimum-phase filters of relatively low order, despite the existence of new and powerful digital signal processing tools. The high Q and non-minimum-phase nature of the room-loudspeaker-listener transfer function, caused by wave interference effects, creates severe problems for more complete equalization. A typical professional listening room and three cinema acoustic environments were used to investigate the difficulties inherent for more ambitious equalization approaches.
Characterization of a New Sensitive PCR Assay for Quantification of Viral DNA Isolated from Patients with Hepatitis B Virus Infections (2007)

Sensitive and accurate quantification of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA is necessary for monitoring patients with chronic hepatitis receiving antiviral therapy in order to determine treatment response and to adapt therapy in case of inadequate virologic control. The development of quantitative PCR assays has been crucial in meeting these needs. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of a new real-time PCR assay (Abbott RealTime) for HBV DNA with that of three other commercial assays for the detection of HBV DNA. These were the Versant 3.0 branched-chain DNA assay, the Cobas Amplicor HBV Monitor test, and the Cobas AmpliPrep-Cobas TaqMan hepatitis B virus assay (CAP-CTM). HBV DNA was measured in blood samples taken from two cohorts of patients with chronic hepatitis. HBV DNA levels measured with the Abbott RealTime assay were highly correlated with those measured with the other three tests over their respective dynamic ranges (r, 0.88 to 0.96). The sensitivity (detection limit, 10 IU/ml) and dynamic range of the Abbott RealTime assay (10(1) to 10(9) IU/ml) was superior to that of the Versant assay. The RealTime assay recognized both HBV strains belonging to genotypes A to G and those bearing polymerase gene mutations equivalently. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the utility of the Abbott RealTime assay for monitoring HBV DNA levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Its sensitivity and wide dynamic range should allow optimal monitoring of antiviral therapy and timely treatment adaptation.
Estimating central SBP from the peripheral pulse: influence of waveform analysis and calibration error (2011)

SBP(2) potentially provides a simple measure of cSBP and is of comparable accuracy to a GTF. Noninvasive calibration increases variability for both methods but has less effect on the cSBP to peripheral SBP increment.
Producing vapor-grown carbon fibers with coal fines without SO{sub 2} emissions (1996)

The development of a unique process for producing highly graphitic vapor-grown carbon fibers (VGCF) from natural gas in pound quantities has been demonstrated. Prior methods of vapor-grown carbon fiber production using iron particles as the catalyst do not produce fibers profusely enough to make a continuous reactor practical. It has been found that the addition of hydrogen sulfide to the process at an equimolar level with the iron catalyst vastly increases fiber yield. However, since hydrogen sulfide is expensive, toxic and corrosive, coal fines transported into the reactor by a natural gas stream were used as an alternative sulfur source. This paper shows that coal fines pulverized to -325 mesh are a viable source of sulfur for VGCF production. Furthermore, there is evidence that the sulfur from the coal remains with the carbon fiber catalyst during the reaction and does not exhaust as SO{sub 2} into the atmosphere.
Low-energy defibrillation with nanosecond electric shocks (2017)

Nanosecond-defibrillation is a promising technology that may allow clinical defibrillation with profoundly reduced energies.
Hybrid covalent/ionic self-assembly of second order nonlinear optical films (2003)

Ionically self-assembled monolayer (ISAM) films spontaneously assemble with a noncentrosymmetric ordering that gives rise to a substantial second order nonlinear optical (NLO) response with exceptional temporal and thermal stability. Typically, polar ISAM films are made from two oppositely-charged polyelectrolytes with an ionic, conjugated NLO chromophore attached as a side-chain to one of the polymers. The second order susceptibility of such a system is diminished due to competing dipole alignment at opposing ends of each polyelectrolyte layer and by randomized chromophore orientation within thicker layers. Significant enhancements in NLO response have been achieved by replacing the NLO-active polyelectrolyte with a monomeric chromophore that has reactive functionality and ionic moieties on opposite ends of the molecule, as illustrated in Figure 1 for the case of Procion Red MX-5B [1]. The growth of multilayers through alternating mechanisms of covalent coupling and electrostatic adsorption results in highly polar chromophore ordering with χ(2) values as large as 30× 10−9 esu, fifteen times that of quartz. Variation of the solution pH allows one to turn the reactive coupling on and off, verifying the important role of the alternating adsorption mechanisms in producing a film with bulk polar order. Quadratic growth of the second harmonic generation (SHG) intensity with the number of layers demonstrates that the bulk polar order exists through large (>50) numbers of bilayers. Since the solution cells, aqueous solutions, and glass susbtrates are all amorphous and exhibit negligible SHG, in situ SHG measurements allow real-time measurement of the growth of a single, polar monolayer onto the substrate from the solution. These measurements demonstrate that the covalent formation of the chromophore monolayer is complete in less than two minutes, allowing for relatively rapid buildup of thick multilayer films. In addition, we will discuss the effects of the glass-film and film-air interfaces on the observed SHG signals. Each of these produces a large SHG signal that causes a plot of the square root of the SHG versus the number of bilayers to intercept the ordinate axis well-above the origin but does not affect the slope of this plot, which determines χ(2). However, this does demonstrate that care must be taken in determining the χ(2) values of selfassembled films comprising small numbers of layers.
Electrostatic deposition of graphene (2007)

Loose graphene sheets, one to a few atomic layers thick, are often observed on freshly cleaved HOPG surfaces. A straightforward technique using electrostatic attraction is demonstrated to transfer these graphene sheets to a selected substrate. Sheets from one to 22 layers thick have been transferred by this method. One sheet after initial deposition is measured by atomic force microscopy to be only an atomic layer thick (∼0.35 nm). A few weeks later, this height is seen to increase to ∼0.8 nm. Raman spectroscopy of a single layer sheet shows the emergence of an intense D band which dramatically decreases as the number of layers in the sheet increase. The intense D band in monolayer graphene is attributed to the graphene conforming to the roughness of the substrate. The disruption of the C-C bonds within the single graphene layer could also contribute to this intense D band as evidenced by the emergence of a new band at 1620 cm(-1).
Semiconductor optoelectronic devices based on interference-induced carrier modulation (1988)

Transport of carriers generated under the influence of optically induced spatial modulation is investigated theoretically and experimentally in semiconductors. The resulting transient photocurrent is studied under varied degrees of optical interference. It is shown that strong anisotropic properties describable by an interaction tensor are suitable for device applications. Device properties are characterized and are seen to be useful for the processing of optical signals with picosecond and femtosecond features. Accurate modeling demonstrates the formation of strong nodal fields whose effect is detrimental to the achievement of high current extinction. The manifestation of interference-induced carrier modulation is demonstrated with high-contrast recordings of autocorrelation of picosecond laser pulses in homogeneous materials. In other experiments, monitoring of laser coherence ranging from picoseconds to tens of femtoseconds is shown.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fine Mapping of the brachytic Locus on the Tomato Genome (2018)

Mechanization of farm work is increasingly demanded for the current system of fresh-market tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) production. One essential element for the adoption of mechanical harvest of fresh-market tomatoes is modification of plant architecture so that the crop can be grown without staking. To address this in the current production system, the stem length should be reduced. The tomato brachytic ( br ) locus has been shown to be a primary source of reducing stem length. To improve the effectiveness of marker-assisted selection (MAS) for the br -mediated trait and to provide resources for cloning this gene, we fine-mapped br to the tomato genome. Fine mapping of br to chromosome 1 was initiated by a survey of genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) shown to be polymorphic between the br phenotype and normal using the tomato array, identifying the interval that harbors br . Genetic markers that flank the locus further permitted saturation of the interval. Twenty-six fixed homozygous recombinant lines were identified together in two different populations and tested with those markers. These efforts resulted in the first report that the br is fine-mapped to a 763-kb physical interval of tomato reference genome. The identified markers close to the br in the present study will be significant resources for MAS and gene cloning research.
Alteration of DNA adenine methylase (Dam) activity in Pasteurella multocida causes increased spontaneous mutation frequency and attenuation in mice (2003)

Pasteurella multocida is one of the primary bacterial pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex. Relatively few virulence factors of P. multocida have been characterized, and there is a need for improved vaccines for prevention of BRD. In other Gram-negative species, DNA adenine methylase (Dam) regulates the expression of virulence genes, and appropriate expression of Dam is required for virulence. In this study, the authors cloned and sequenced the P. multocida A1 dam gene and demonstrated that it is able to restore Dam function in an Escherichia coli dam mutant. When P. multocida dam was placed under the control of a constitutively expressed promoter on a plasmid, it caused an increased spontaneous mutation rate in P. multocida. In addition, the plasmid-mediated alteration of Dam production in P. multocida caused it to be highly attenuated in mice. These findings indicate that appropriate expression of Dam is required for virulence of P. multocida, which is believed to be the first report that Dam is required for virulence of a species in the Pasteurellaceae. Therefore, Dam may function as a virulence gene regulator in the Pasteurellaceae, similar to previously reported findings from other Gram-negative species.
Orthogonal Processing and Patterning Enabled by Highly Fluorinated Light‐Emitting Polymers (2010)

We report a family of full-color highly fluorinated light-emitting polymers. The high fluorine content allows the formation of multi-layer devices, which are shown to exhibit emission from the individual layers. A 3 x 3 photoluminescent red-green-blue (RGB) pixel array is also fabricated using standard photolithographic patterning techniques, taking advantage of the robustness of these polymers.
S021-06 OA. Potent and broad neutralizing antibodies from HIV-1 non-clade B infected donor reveal a new HIV-1 vaccine target (2009)

Background The ability to elicit broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies is a major challenge in the development of an HIV-1 vaccine capable of neutralizing broad array of viruses in circulation. Nevertheless, a number of HIV-1 infected donors have broadly neutralizing sera and a handful of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies have been isolated from clade B infected donors arguing that a vaccine strategy based upon eliciting broadly protective antibodies is feasible. These antibodies tend to display less breadth and potency against non-clade B viruses and they recognize epitopes on the virus that have so far proven refractory to incorporation into immunogens for elicitation of virus neutralizing responses.
Answering queries from statistics and probabilistic views (2005)

this paper, require complex correlations between tuples, for which the query semantics has not been previously studied
An Effective Epipolar Geometry Assisted Motion Estimation Technique for Multi-View Image and Video Coding (2006)

To efficiently encode data-intensive multi-view imaging content, conventional hybrid predictive coding methodologies choose to address the compression by exploiting temporal and inter-viewpoint redundancy. However, their key yet time-consuming component, motion estimation (ME), is usually not efficient in inter-viewpoint prediction because inter-viewpoint motion is quite different from temporal motion. In essence, inter-viewpoint correlation is subject to epipolar geometry, which provides constraints for multi-view image sequences. A fast inter-viewpoint ME technique is hence proposed in this paper to accelerate the encoding by employing epipolar geometry. Theoretical analysis and experimental results prove that the proposed ME algorithm can greatly reduce search region and effectively track large and irregular motion that is typical for convergent multi-view camera setups. As a result, compared with fast full search at large search size adopted in H.264, our proposed ME algorithm can obtain a similar coding efficiency while achieving a speedup ratio of 2.9.
Power scale-up of the extreme-ultraviolet electric capillary discharge source (2002)

Recent development work on the EUV electric capillary discharge source been has focused on two areas: increasing EUV power generation and minimizing debris deposition on plasma facing optics. To achieve high-power operation, a pulser capable of driving the source up to 1.7 kHz and a new high-power lamp have been integrated. An EUV flux of 9 W into p-sr and a 2 percent bandwidth has been generated in burst mode at 1000 Hz. Three additional parametric studies are discussed. The first compares the EUV power generation and spectral output for three different capillary materials. The second study compares the source efficiency for 3 mm and 6 mm length capillaries. And the third parametric study measures the EUV output stability over a one million pulse run. The second focus area has been to increase mirror reflectance lifetimes through the further development of the gas curtain debris mitigation approach. A new gas curtain laboratory has been built with more than a 10x increase in flow capability and a 10x reduction in chamber background pressure. Measurements of the gas curtain efficiency have demonstrated a reduction in particulate deposition rate of at least a factor of eighty.
Hybrid free-space and planar lightwave circuit wavelength-selective 1×3 switch with integrated drop-side demultiplexer (2005)

We propose and demonstrate a 100 GHz-spaced, wavelength-selective switch with a single input port, three multiplexed output ports for mesh networking functionality, and an integrated demultiplexer for locally dropping channels for detection. (2 pages)
Predicting ischemic stroke tissue fate using a deep convolutional neural network on source magnetic resonance perfusion images (2019)

Predicting infarct volume from magnetic resonance perfusion-weighted imaging can provide helpful information to clinicians in deciding how aggressively to treat acute stroke patients. Models have been developed to predict tissue fate, yet these models are mostly built using hand-crafted features (e.g., time-to-maximum) derived from perfusion images, which are sensitive to deconvolution methods. We demonstrate the application of deep convolution neural networks (CNNs) on predicting final stroke infarct volume using only the source perfusion images. We propose a deep CNN architecture that improves feature learning and achieves an area under the curve of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.871</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.024</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:math> , outperforming existing tissue fate models. We further validate the proposed deep CNN with existing 2-D and 3-D deep CNNs for images/video classification, showing the importance of the proposed architecture. Our work leverages deep learning techniques in stroke tissue outcome prediction, advancing magnetic resonance imaging perfusion analysis one step closer to an operational decision support tool for stroke treatment guidance.