gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ferromagnetic nanospheres of perovskite manganite La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 prepared by template replication in porous carbon framework (2004)

Nanospheres of perovskite manganite La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 (LCMO) were prepared using porous carbon replica as a template. Close-packed arrays of silica spheres were infiltrated with a sucrose solution, which was then carbonized. After removal of the silica template, pores in the replica were filled with metal acetate precursors. The filled replica was sintered at 800 °C. The resulting hollow LCMO nanospheres were characterized by magnetization, electrical transport, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope measurements. The magnetization data of LCMO show a ferromagnetic transition near 250 K.
Estimating dry rock frame moduli of high-resolution 3D digital rock images using the contact-mechanics-based effective medium approach (2020)

ABSTRACT We have developed a method to estimate the dry frame elastic moduli of high-resolution 3D digital rock images using the contact-mechanics-based effective medium theory (EMT) model. The existing EMT models often are used to predict the effective dry frame elastic moduli of granular aggregates as a function of porosity, average number of contacts per grain, grain radius, contact radius, and contact stiffnesses of an elastic two-grain combination. But, it is almost impossible to measure the number of contacts per grain, contact radius distribution, or contact stiffness distribution in complex rocks. Therefore, explicit assumptions based on simplified microstructural geometries often are made to predict these contact properties in granular aggregates. As a result, the predictions of dry frame elastic moduli using EMT models may fail to match the observed properties because of numerous simplified assumptions, which can be violated in complex rocks. Our method uses the morphological contact properties (i.e., the grain-to-grain contact radius distribution, grain radius distribution, and coordination number distribution) directly extracted from 3D digital rock images to improve the prediction accuracy of dry frame elastic moduli using the EMT models. With integration of digital rocks technology, there is no longer a need to assume the size and shape of the grains, contact size, and number of contacts. The prediction accuracy of our method is validated on high-resolution 3D micro-CT digital rock images of miniplugs extracted from plugs with ultrasonic velocity measurements under dry conditions at different confining pressures. Image-computed dry frame elastic moduli using the EMT model are consistent with laboratory-measured moduli extrapolated to ambient conditions.
Stable color-center laser in K-doped NaCl tunable from 142 to 176 μm (1985)

Stable, broadly tunable cw lasing has been obtained from color centers in additively colored NaCl doped with K. The laser tunes from 1.42 to 1.76 microm with a peak output power of 530 mW when pumped by 6 W from a 1.06-microm Nd:YAG laser. Output power is strongly enhanced by exposing the crystal to an auxiliary UV light during lasing. No fading of output power has been observed over extended periods. The laser operates at 77 K; however, the crystals can be stored at room temperature. The active color center is tentatively identified as an (F(2)(+))(A) center.
A Research on Bevel Gear Hobbing (1992)

Abstract At present, hob cutters have mainly been used for the tooth cutting of gears. The each blades of the hob cutter have generally been designed with the same module size, therefore, it is not possible to cut gears of another module size using the aforementioned hob cutter. In our research, from the above viewpoint we have through theoretical analysis of a new hob cutter, tried to design a module hob cutter which is able to cut gears of several module sizes during rough cutting. Hereinafter, we are to call this new hob cutter “Variable Module Hob Cutter (= VMHC)”. This “VMHC” is not uniform in the whole length of hob cutter. It is designed so that the module size is made to vary in accordance with axial direction. With this “VMHC”, not only is it possible for us to cut the tooth profile of gear in any variety of module sizes, but also it is expected to be very suitable for cutting bevel gears by using general type hobbing machine. Most of bevel gears are manufactured by a unipurpose machine tool. Bevel gears, however, are able to be manufactured easily even by using the general type hobbing machine by applying the conventional method of tooth cutting and this hob cutter. The bevel gears have been difficult to manufacture by the conventional hob cutter. However, we will be able to expect to get “VMHC” easily through use of CNC technology.
Aerogels from metal chalcogenides and their emerging unique properties (2008)

Metal-oxide and carbon gels and aerogels have been known for a long time. These aerogels have always been of strong interest because of their intriguing properties and potential diverse technological impact. Thanks to new sol–gel chemistry, chalcogenide nanoparticle and cluster-based aerogels (chalcogels) are the latest aerogels to come to the field and are now gaining notoriety because of properties not available in conventional aerogels. In this article, we highlight the recent synthetic advances in chalcogenide aerogels and their emerging unique properties and discuss some potential applications.
Discovery of a Potent and Novel Motilin Agonist (2004)

A novel series of dihydro- and tetrahydrotriazolopyridazine-1,3-dione-based amino acid derivatives were identified as very potent motilin receptor agonists. Incorporating one additional phenylethyl glycinamide subunit to 1 (EC(50) = 660 nM) was found to improve in vitro potency approximately 3000-fold, resulting in compound 10 (EC(50) = 0.22 nM). The more potent enantiomer 11A has an EC(50) of 0.047 nM in the motilin receptor functional assay and a K(i) of 0.7 nM in the binding assay. In addition, compound 11A was shown to have a significantly reduced tendency to cause receptor desensitization as compared with the motilin receptor agonist ABT-229.
Interoperable strategies in automated trust negotiation (2001)

Automated trust negotiation is an approach to establishing trust between strangers through the exchange of digital credentials and the use of access control policies that specify what combinations of credentials a stranger must disclose in order to gain access to each local service or credential. We introduce the concept of a trust negotiation protocol, which defines the ordering of messages and the type of information messages will contain. To carry out trust negotiation, a party pairs its negotiation protocol with a trust negotiation strategy that controls the exact content of the messages, i.e., which credentials to disclose, when to disclose them, and when to terminate a negotiation. There are a huge number of possible strategies for negotiating trust, each with different properties with respect to speed of negotiations and caution in giving out credentials and policies. In the autonomous world of the Internet, entities will want the freedom to choose negotiation strategies that meet their own goals, which means that two strangers who negotiate trust will often not use the same strategy. To date, only a tiny fraction of the space of possible negotiation strategies has been explored, and no two of the strategies proposed so far will interoperate. In this paper, we define a large set of strategies called the disclosure tree strategy (DTS) family. Then we prove that if two parties each choose strategies from the DTS family, then they will be able to negotiate trust as well as if they were both using the same strategy. Further, they can change strategies at any point during negotiation. We also show that the DTS family is closed, i.e., any strategy that can interoperate with every strategy in the DTS family must also be a member of the DTS family. We also give examples of practical strategies that belong to the DTS family and fit within the TrustBuilder architecture and protocol for trust negotiation.
Spectroscopic Approach for On-Line Monitoring of Particle Size during the Processing of Pharmaceutical Nanoparticles (2003)

A novel application of near-infrared (near-IR) spectroscopy for the on-line determination of nanoparticle size of a drug compound in a high solids dispersion is described. The on-line spectroscopic technique provides real-time data for process monitoring and control and overcomes the limitations that are encountered using laboratory-based instrumentation for nanoparticle size determination. Near-IR spectroscopy is capable of providing an accuracy of 2.4 nm near the endpoint of particle production, where the volume-weighted D90 particle size is determined to be 200-220 nm. The accuracy is adequate for endpoint control, which minimizes excess processing and provides control over the particle size throughout nanoparticle production.
A highly active catalyst for the oxidation of carbon monoxide, prepared from amorphous palladium-zirconium alloy (1987)

In situ activation of an amorphous Pd1Zr2 alloy leads to a zirconia-supported palladium catalyst which exhibits more than one order of magnitude higher activity for carbon monoxide oxidation than a similar catalyst prepared by impregnation of zirconia with a palladium salt.
Spin–orbit torque-based reconfigurable physically unclonable functions (2020)

The spin torque effects discovered in spintronics have a broad prospect for applications in information memory and logic devices, wherein deterministic switching is highly desired. Variations between devices originating from the fabrication process and inherently random physical features are detrimental to memory and logic devices; however, they are potential entropy sources for hardware security primitives. Here, we demonstrate two types of spin–orbit torque (SOT)-based reconfigurable physically unclonable functions (rPUFs) that are based on process-induced SOT switching current variations and SOT-induced domain wall (DW) nonlinear dynamics, respectively. The experimental results show that both rPUFs have excellent performance in terms of reliability and uniqueness, and the performance is sustained after reconfiguring. Furthermore, the DW nonlinear dynamics-based rPUF can be reconfigured for an unlimited number of times with high uniformity. We believe that our work paves a way for information security and expands the application fields of spintronics.
High-level simulation of substrate noise generation including power supply noise coupling (2000)

Substrate noise caused by large digital circuits will degrade the performance of analog circuits located on the same substrate. To simulate this performance degradation, the total amount of generated substrate noise must be known. Simulating substrate noise generated by large digital circuits is however not feasible with existing circuit simulators and detailed substrate models due to the long simulation times and high memory requirements. We have developed a methodology to simulate this substrate noise generation at a higher level. Not only does this methodology take noise coupling from switching gates into account, but also noise coupling from the power supply is included. This paper describes this simulation methodology. In the paper it is shown that the high-level simulations correspond very well with SPICE simulations and that a large gain in simulation speed is obtained. This high-level simulation methodology makes it possible to predict substrate noise generation of large digital circuits in a very efficient way, early in the design flow of mixed-signal ASICs.
Rare-earth-metal oxide buffer for epitaxial growth of single crystal GeSi and Ge on Si(111) (2011)

Ternary and binary rare-earth oxides that are used as a template buffer, which accommodates the crystal lattice mismatch between substrate and a semiconductor layer, are discussed here. The oxides were grown on Si(111) substrates and exhibit the cubic bixbyite crystal structure. Stabilization of the cubic bixbyite structure of ternary erbium-neodymium oxide and lanthanum oxide was analyzed using structural investigation of the epitaxially grown oxides and ab initio density functional theory calculations. The authors demonstrate that despite the more energetically favorable hexagonal structure of bulk lanthanum oxide a pseudomorphic single crystal cubic lanthanum oxide layer grows under nonequilibrium conditions of a molecular beam epitaxy process on gadolinium oxide. Growth of hexagonal lanthanum oxide begins when the critical thickness of the layer is reached. Germanium was epitaxially grown on the cubic bixbyite lanthanum sesquioxide. Due to a higher surface energy, germanium starts to grow in the form of twinned islands on the oxide layer that later merge, forming a closed layer. X ray diffraction reveals mostly single crystal structure of the germanium layer with stacking twins located only at the interface with the lanthanum oxide layer.
Living Radical Polymerization and New Block Copolymers (2003)

Living radical polymerization (LRP) is distinguished from conventional radical polymerization by its including a reversible deactivation process of the growing radical. It has several different branches depending on the mechanism of reversible deactivation. This work gives a brief survey of recent development in the theory, kinetics, and techniques of LRP, emphasizing the importance of mechanistic understandings for a successful application of LRP. It then illustrates applications and possibility of LRP for the synthesis of new block copolymers including thermoplastic elastomers.
Design, Synthesis, and SAR of a Novel Pyrazinone Series with Non-Nucleoside HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitory Activity (2004)

A series of novel pyrazinones designed as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) was synthesized and their anti-HIV structure-activity relationship (SAR) was studied.
A computer simulation facility for packet communication architecture (1976)

Several proposals for computer data processing and memory systems that exploit the inherent parallelism in programs expressed in data flow form have been advanced recently. These systems have packet communication architecture —each system consists of many units that interact only through the transmission of information packets through channels that link pairs of units. A simulation facility for evaluating the programmability and potential performance of these proposed data processing and memory systems has been designed. The facility uses microprocessor modules to emulate the behavior of system units or groups of units. By conducting a simulation in accurate scale time a precise extrapolation of performance of a proposed system may be obtained. The user of the facility will specify the system to be simulated in an architecture description language. A host computer translates the system description modules into microprocessor programs and controls the loading and monitors the operation of the microprocessors. Application of the facility is illustrated by consideration of a simple data flow processor.
Radiolabeled Small-Molecule Ligands for Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen:<i>In vivo</i>Imaging in Experimental Models of Prostate Cancer (2005)

These results show the feasibility of imaging PSMA-positive prostate cancer using low molecular weight agents.
Parallel Reasoning of Graph Functional Dependencies (2018)

This paper develops techniques for reasoning about graph functional dependencies (GFDs). We study the satisfiability problem, to decide whether a given set of GFDs has a model, and the implication problem, to decide whether a set of GFDs entails another GFD. While these fundamental problems are important in practice, they are coNP-complete and NP-complete, respectively. We establish a small model property for satisfiability, showing that if a set ? of GFDs is satisfiable, then it has a model of a size bounded by the size |Σ| of Σ; similarly we prove a small model property for implication. Based on the properties, we develop algorithms for checking the satisfiability and implication of GFDs. Moreover, we provide parallel algorithms that guarantee to reduce running time when more processors are used, despite the intractability of the problems. We experimentally verify the efficiency and scalability of the algorithms.
Preparation of microvillus-like nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as the cathode of a microbial fuel cell (2015)

The efficiency of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) generally suffers from its poor cathode performance. To improve this, a novel cathode material was prepared by growing vertically aligned nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes on carbon cloth, offering an efficient, metal-free, and low-cost alternative to Pt/C.
Theory and application of electrically controlled polymeric gels (1992)

Presents several applications of ionizable polymeric gels that are capable of undergoing substantial expansions and contractions when subjected to changing pH environments, temperature, electric field or solvent. Conceptual designs for smart, electrically activated devices exploiting this phenomenon are discussed. These devices have the possibility of being manipulated via active computer control as large-displacement actuators for use in adaptive structures. The technology enabling these novel devices is the use of compliant containers for the gels and their solvents, removing the difficulties associated with maintaining a bath for the gels. Though most of these devices are designed using properties discussed in the literature, some presented near the end of this paper make use of conclusions that the authors have drawn from the literature and their own experimental work. Those conclusions about the basic mechanisms of electromechanical gels are discussed in the third part of this paper and a complete set of governing equations describing these mechanisms is presented in the fourth section. This paper concludes with a discussion of some of the ramifications of the above system of equations and a discussion on gel-driven devices and the control of such devices.
O0072 6-MMP/6-TG METABOLITE LEVELS & THEIR RATIO GUIDE THIOPURINE TREATMENT IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS (2004)

Introduction: The efficient conversion of the thiopurine drugs azathioprine (AZA) and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) to the immunosuppressive metabolites, the 6-thioguanine nucleotides (6-TG), is determinant to its clinical efficacy. The major catabolic metabolite, 6-methylmercaptopurine (6-MMP), is formed via the competing pathway by thiopurine methyltransferase. Measurement of these metabolites in Crohn’s disease patients has been shown to be helpful in titrating dose to enhance efficacy, to explain therapeutic failures and to identify non-adherence. However, little information has been reported in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Aim: To assess the clinical utility of repeated 6-MP drug metabolite measurements in a cohort of pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis. Methods: 6-MP metabolite levels were measured prospectively at 6 monthly intervals, or at the time of a clinical relapse, in 25 pediatric patients with UC receiving 6-MP or AZA. Therapeutic response was determined by UC activity index and physical exam was ascertained at each clinic visit corresponding to a 6-MP metabolite measurement (clinical evaluation point). Erythrocyte 6-TG and 6-MMP concentrations (pmol/8x108 RBC) were measured by HPLC assay at Ste Justine Hospital. Logistic regression analysis using generalized estimation equations (GEE) was carried out accounting for correlation between repeated measures. Results: Mean age (SD) was 10.2 (3.6) years. 13/25 patients (52%) had one or more relapses, and 30% of all the 103 clinical evaluation points corresponded to disease relapses. Mean 6-TG level in remission was higher (244, SD 205) compared to patients with active disease (183, SD 113) (p<0.05). After controlling for time since diagnosis and age at diagnosis, clinical remission was strongly correlated with higher erythrocyte 6-TG levels (OR=0.21; 95% CI= [0.06–0.8], p= 0.02), but neither with 6-MMP levels nor dose of 6-MP/AZA. An increased risk for relapse was associated with above average (35.7 mean, SD 80.7) ratios of 6-MMP/6-TG: odds ratio (OR) = 1.65; 95% CI= [0.99 - 2.7], p<0.001. With a 5 log unit increase in the ratio, the risk for relapse among the UC patients increased 12 fold. Baseline (close to diagnosis of disease) ratios of 6-MMP/6-TG were good predictors of future relapse (Area under the curve, AUC=0.70, 95% CI= [0.45–0.95]). Conclusion: 6-MP metabolite levels and 6-MMP/6-TG ratio determination provide clinicians with useful tools for optimizing therapeutic response to thiopurine drugs in UC. An excessive 6-MMP/6-TG ratio supports the use of other, non-thiopurine drugs.
Elastomer-Modified Vinyl Ester Resins: Impact Fracture and Fatigue Resistance (1996)

Vinyl esters are preeminent chemical- and corrosion-resistant materials. Various products are available that are based primarily on epoxy resins that have been addition-esterified with methacrylic acid and diluted with styrene monomer. These products are based on diepoxide structure, molecular weight, and modifier type (e.g., nitrile rubber, urethane, and glycol); and blends with styrenated resins are also available. Elastomer modification gives a fourfold improvement in the fracture energy of vinyl esters over that of unmodified vinyl esters. Impact fracture energy and fatigue properties of elastomer-modified vinyl ester resins that are further modified with epoxy-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber are greatly enhanced and do not appear to be rate-sensitive. Additive tougheners greatly alter the morphology of cured specimens, providing clues to toughness enhancement.
Synthesis of two new enrichable and MS-cleavable cross-linkers to define protein–protein interactions by mass spectrometry (2015)

The cross-linking Mass Spectrometry (XL-MS) technique extracts structural information from protein complexes without requiring highly purified samples, crystallinity, or large amounts of material. However, there are challenges to applying the technique to protein complexes in vitro, and those challenges become more daunting with in vivo experiments. Issues include effective detection and identification of cross-linked peptides from complex mixtures. While MS-cleavable cross-linkers facilitate the sequencing and identification of cross-linked peptides, enrichable cross-linkers increase their detectability by allowing their separation from non-cross-linked peptides prior to MS analysis. Although a number of cross-linkers with single functionality have been developed in recent years, an ideal reagent would incorporate both capabilities for XL-MS studies. Therefore, two new cross-linkers have been designed and prepared that incorporate an azide (azide-A-DSBSO) or alkyne (alkyne-A-DSBSO) to enable affinity purification strategies based on click chemistry. The integration of an acid cleavage site next to the enrichment handle allows easy recovery of cross-linked products during affinity purification. In addition, these sulfoxide containing cross-linking reagents possess robust MS-cleavable bonds to facilitate fast and easy identification of cross-linked peptides using MS analysis. Optimized, gram-scale syntheses of these cross-linkers have been developed and the azide-A-DSBSO cross-linker has been evaluated with peptides and proteins to demonstrate its utility in XL-MS analysis.
MOBIES (2011)

Many web databases are hidden behind form-based interfaces which are not always easy-to-use on mobile devices because of limitations such as small screen sizes, trickier text entry, etc. In this demonstration, we have developed MOBIES, a third-party system that generates mobile-user-friendly interfaces by exploiting data analytics specific to the hidden web databases. Our user studies show the effectiveness of MOBIES on improving user experience over a hidden web database.