gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Sultam Scaffolds via Intramolecular Oxa-Michael and Diastereoselective Baylis−Hillman Reactions (2008)

A divergent synthetic approach to new sultams utilizing intramolecular oxa-Michael and Baylis-Hillman reactions of readily prepared vinyl sulfonamides and suitably protected amino alcohols, is reported. A variety of seven- and eight-membered ring sultam scaffolds were synthesized using oxa-Michael pathways, whereas both five- and six-membered rings were synthesized using Baylis-Hillman methods. Baylis-Hillman reactions proceed with good to excellent levels of diastereoselectivity, and oxa-Michael reactions leading to eight-membered ring sultams provide empirical evidence validating 8- endo-trig cyclization pathways.
The screw gene encodes a ubiquitously expressed member of the TGF-beta family required for specification of dorsal cell fates in the Drosophila embryo. (1994)

The decapentaplegic (dpp) gene product, a TGF-beta related ligand, acts as an extracellular morphogen to establish at least two cellular response thresholds within the dorsal half of the Drosophila embryo. Null mutations in the screw (scw) gene are phenotypically similar to moderate dpp mutants and cause dorsal cells to adopt ventral fates. We show that scw encodes a novel TGF-beta protein and is an integral part of the signal that specifies dorsal pattern. Although scw is expressed uniformly during blastoderm stages, its effect on development appears graded and is restricted to the dorsal side of the embryo. Our results indicate that DPP activity alone is insufficient to specify different dorsal cell fates. We propose that SCW and DPP act together to establish distinct response boundaries within the dorsal half of the embryo, perhaps by forming heterodimers that have higher activity than homodimers of either molecule alone.
Interfacial Energy Transfer during Gamma Radiolysis of Water on the Surface of ZrO<sub>2</sub> and Some Other Oxides (2001)

The effect of an oxide interface on 60Co gamma radiolysis of water molecules was studied. On the basis of the molecular hydrogen yield when compared with the radiolysis of the control ampules without oxides, all the tested materials can be generally classified into three groups: I. Oxides that lower the H2 yield (MnO2, Co3O4, CuO, and Fe2O3); II. Oxides with H2 yields that are close to G values obtained in control experiments (MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO, ZnO, CdO, Cu2O, NiO, Cr2O3, Al2O3, CeO2, SiO2, TiO2, Nb2O5 and WO3); and III. Oxides that can increase the H2 yield as compared with the radiolysis of water without oxides (Ga2O3, Y2O3, La2O3, Nd2O3, Sm2O3, Eu2O3, Gd2O3, Yb2O3, Er2O3, HfO2, and ZrO2). For the third group, the H2 yield can be much greater than for the homogeneous process due to effective energy transfer at the oxide/water interface. There are several parameters, such as the oxide band-gap, water adsorption form, and energy migration distance that can collectively contribute to "enhanced" radiolysis yields at interfaces. We present data of "effective" H2 yield vs band-gap (Eg) energy that show a resonant maximum at Eg = 5 eV. This maximum corresponds to the energy of H−OH bond in the water molecule (5.1 eV). By varying the ZrO2 specific area within a 0.02−12 m2 g-1 range, we also demonstrated that the H2 yield per unit area of the crystal surface is constant. Doping the ZrO2 bulk with Nb5+ and Li+ ions has a remarkable effect on the H2 yield from the surface. We estimated the energy migration distance to be ∼5 nm. Thermostimulated luminescence was used to probe the nature of the migrating electronic excitations in ZrO2. Finally, we propose a mechanism for the adsorbed water radiolysis based on the migration of excitons to the surface and their resonant coupling with the H2O/oxide adsorption complex.
On-site HIV testing in resource-poor settings (1997)

In high prevalence, resource-poor settings, rapid, on-site HIV testing is feasible, accurate and highly cost-effective, substantially increasing the number of patients post-test counselled. A single rapid test may be sufficient.
Serum Uric Acid and Progression of Kidney Disease: A Longitudinal Analysis and Mini-Review (2017)

Our study showed a higher uric acid level is associated with a significant rapid decline in eGFR and a higher risk of kidney failure, particularly in patients without proteinuria. Our findings suggest hyperuricemia is a potential modifiable factor of CKD progression.
A systematic approach to SER estimation and solutions (2003)

This paper describes a method for estimating Soft Error Rate (SER) and a systematic approach to identifying SER solutions. Having a good SER estimate is the first step in identifying if a problem exists and what measures are necessary to solve the problem. In this paper, a high performance processor is used as the base framework for discussion since it contains most, if not all, commonly used micro-architecture and circuit techniques associated with any state-of-the-art design. The framework provides a guideline for users to follow and to apply appropriate judgment to their particular problem. One major finding in this paper is that latches/flip-flops and combinational logic contribute significantly to the overall chip Failure-In-Time (FIT) rate. We also discuss potential SER techniques to combat this revelation.
RADICAL trial: A phase Ib/IIa study to assess the safety and efficacy of AZD4547 in combination with either anastrozole or letrozole in ER positive breast cancer patients progressing on these aromatase inhibitors (AIs). (2017)

1059 Background: Patients with metastatic ER positive breast cancer invariably experience disease progression whilst taking AIs. Fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors (FGFRI) such as AZD4547 can reverse endocrine resistance in breast cancer cells. Consequently, we designed the RADICAL trial to test the safety and efficacy of AZD4547 combined with letrozole (L) or anastrozole (A). Methods: Patients with prior disease progression on either AI were initially recruited to a Phase Ib study which showed that L 2.5mg or A 1mg daily continuously could be safely combined with AZD4547 80mg twice daily on a 1wk on/1 wk off schedule. Pharmacokinetic data showed no significant interactions. Subsequently, 52 patients progressing on these AIs were recruited, either continuing, or, if other therapies had subsequently been given, restarting their prior AI together with AZD4547. Primary endpoint was change in tumour size (RECIST v 1.1) at 12 weeks compared to baseline. Results: Enrolled patients had previously received a median of 4 (range: 1-11) systemic therapies, including endocrine treatments with a median of 2 (range: 1-6). The mean tumour size change at 12 and 28 weeks was 7% (95%CI: -4%, 17%) and 8% (95%CI: -4%, 20%), respectively. Clinical benefit assessed by partial response (PR) or stable disease (SD) occurred in 36.5% (1 PR and 18 SD) and 25% (2 PR and 11 SD) of patients at 12 and 28 weeks, respectively. The median progression free survival was 3.1 months (95%CI: 2.4-5.4). Most adverse events (AEs) were G1/2 (95.3%). 11 (21%) patients developed asymptomatic AZD4547-induced retinal pigment epithelial detachment, all resolved and 1 and 6 were able to continue on study medication at full and half dose, respectively. Among 34 G3/4 AEs, only 6 were probably/possibly related to AZD4547. Out of 13 unrelated serious AEs, 2 were fatal. Conclusions: Combined AZD4547 with L or A appears to be safe and shows anti-tumour activity in advanced ER+ patients resistant to these AIs. Development of a biomarker to select patients for this therapy will facilitate future studies. Clinical trial information: NCT01791985.
On a fire extinguisher using sound winds (2016)

Sound fire extinguisher is developed based on principle of quenching fire by lowering its temperature with contacting vibration energy from low frequency sound under 100 Hz to fire and then blocking inflow of oxygen with a sound wind. The one researched by American students are at very basic level to be commercialized. It concentrates a sound beam through special sound winds and increases sound energy performance 10 times more to put out the fire. This is because it utilizes basic theory of making sound and as sound has a tendency of dispersing, big sound and energy have to be created to extinguish fire. That is, even if 100 W is produced, it just makes a big noise but only 1/10 of it can be used for putting out fire. This special sound winds has convex shape which concentrates all the sound into one place to increase effectiveness by more than 10 times. Even 1~2 m away, initial control can be done. As a result, size of battery as well as amplifier can be made small to have minimized size and weight, making it more practical.
Mouse cortical cells lacking cellular PrP survive in culture with a neurotoxic PrP fragment (1994)

To elucidate whether the neurotoxic effect of a prion protein fragment (PrP106-126) is in some way mediated by the cellular isoform of the prion protein (PrPC), dissociated cortical cell cultures were prepared from mice in which the PrP gene had been disrupted (PrP0/0 mice). Cell survival after 10 days in culture was tested with an MTT assay. PrP106-126 applied every second day for 10 days in cultures from normal mice resulted in the death of 34% more cells than in untreated cells. When PrP106-126 was applied to cultures from mice lacking PrPC expression, survival was equal to or greater than that of untreated control cells. These results support the notion that expression of PrPC is required for the neurotoxic effect of PrP106-126.
The Ozonolysis of Longifolene: A Tool for the Preparation of Useful Chiral Compounds. Configuration Determination of New Stereogenic Centers by NMR Spectroscopy and X‐Ray Crystallography (2003)

Abstract The ozonolysis of (+)‐longifolene ( 1 ) in different solvents (Et 2 O, CH 2 Cl 2 , CHCl 3 , acetone) at −80° provided quantitatively longifolene epoxide ( 3 ) as a single diastereoisomer in which the O‐atom is endo ‐positioned ( Scheme 2 ). Upon warming to room temperature, the epoxide remained stable only in acetone and was isolated as a low‐melting crystalline compound. In CH 2 Cl 2 , Et 2 O, or CHCl 3 solution, epoxide 3 rapidly rearranged to the isomeric enols 4 and 5 , which underwent further rearrangement to give the exo ‐aldehyde 6 . On standing for several weeks in CH 2 Cl 2 solution, or in CHCl 3 and Et 2 O as well, at room temperature, aldehyde 6 slowly rearranged into its epimer 7 . The aldehydes 6 and 7 were isolated on the preparative scale for further synthetic use. The addition of methylmagnesium iodide to 6 and 7 provided the corresponding alcohols 13 / 14 and 15 / 16 , respectively, which were isolated as pure diastereoisomers ( Scheme 4 ). The configurations of the new chiral centers in 13 – 16 were determined by NMR methods and X‐ray crystallography.
A 10.3125-Gbit/s SiGe BiCMOS burst-mode clock and data recovery circuit with 160-bit consecutive identical digit tolerance (2007)

A burst-mode clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit for 10 G-EPON OLT receivers is presented. The CDR employs a single-VCO architecture, which increases consecutive identical digit (CID) tolerance. The developed CDR demonstrates 160-bit CID tolerance. (2 pages)
[Antiviral activity of a chemical contraceptive (nonoxynol-9)]. (1987)

The aim of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the antiviral activity of a chemical contraceptive (Nonoxynol-9). The results have demonstrated that such a compound is able to inhibit the infectivity of enveloped viruses. It seems that the activity of this contraceptive is due to the lesion of the envelope.
Biosynthesis of fucoxanthin and diadinoxanthin and function of initial pathway genes in Phaeodactylum tricornutum (2012)

The biosynthesis pathway to diadinoxanthin and fucoxanthin was elucidated in Phaeodactylum tricornutum by a combined approach involving metabolite analysis identification of gene function. For the initial steps leading to β-carotene, putative genes were selected from the genomic database and the function of several of them identified by genetic pathway complementation in Escherichia coli. They included genes encoding a phytoene synthase, a phytoene desaturase, a ζ-carotene desaturase, and a lycopene β-cyclase. Intermediates of the pathway beyond β-carotene, present in trace amounts, were separated by TLC and identified as violaxanthin and neoxanthin in the enriched fraction. Neoxanthin is a branching point for the synthesis of both diadinoxanthin and fucoxanthin and the mechanisms for their formation were proposed. A single isomerization of one of the allenic double bounds in neoxanthin yields diadinoxanhin. Two reactions, hydroxylation at C8 in combination with a keto-enol tautomerization and acetylation of the 3'-HO group results in the formation of fucoxanthin.
Analysis of the perturbation's size and the feeding topology on the dual-mode resonator in microstrip structure using FDTD (2006)

The dual-mode resonators have characteristics that make them highly attractive for use in wireless and mobile communications systems. In this work, the method of the finite differences time domain (FDTD) is used to analyze the behavior of the structure type according to the variation of the perturbation's size and to the kind of the topology feeding.
Semiconductor Measurements and Instrumentation (1975)

Crystal Orientation.Crystal Defects.Impurity Concentration.Resistivity, Sheet Resistance, and contact Resistance.Mobility, conductivity type, and Ahll Effect.Carrier Lifetime.Film Thickness.Wafer-Oriented Measurements.Optical Microscopy.Scanning Electron Microscopy.Electron Probe Microanalysis.Transmission Electron Microscopy.Auger Electron Spectroscopy. Scanning Probe Microscopy.Secondary ion Mass Spectrometry.appenix 1L Safety Precautions.appendix 2: Measurement Related Acronyms and Abbreviations.Appendix 3: Conversion Tables.Appendix 4: analytical instrument Comparison and Capability.Subject Index.Name Index.
The impact of an indeno[1,2-b]thiophene spacer on dye-sensitized solar cell performances of cyclic thiourea functionalized organic sensitizers (2014)

Two new organic sensitizers (JK-313 and JK-314) possessing bulky cyclic thiourea functionalized triphenylamine as an electron donor were designed and synthesized. Especially, JK-314 showed a strong molar absorption coefficient and a red-shifted absorption compared with JK-313 due to its planar indeno[1,2-b]thiophene spacer. An indeno[1,2-b]thiophene spacer as well as bulky groups on the cyclic thiourea plays a key role in preventing both the intermolecular aggregation and undesired charge recombination in DSSCs, which resulted in an improvement in both short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) and open-circuit voltage (Voc). Under standard AM 1.5G solar conditions, JK-314 based DSSCs in the presence of polymer gel electrolytes showed an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.44%. It is one of the highest values in organic dye based DSSCs ever reported.
A Physical Interaction between the Cell Death Protein Fas and the Tyrosine Kinase p59 (1996)

The Fas antigen (Apo1/CD95) is a transmembrane protein belonging to the nerve growth factor receptor family. It is expressed on a variety of cells, including activated T lymphocytes. Ligation of Fas with its natural ligand or with anti-Fas antibodies often results in the apoptotic death of the cell, making Fas an important mediator of down-regulating immune responses. The signal transduction pathways utilized by Fas are currently unknown, although tyrosine kinase activity has recently been strongly implicated. Here, we report that the tyrosine kinase p59fyn physically associates with Fas in Fas-sensitive cells. In addition, we show that activated T lymphocytes from fyn knockout mice exhibit elevated lifespans and reduced apoptosis in vitro compared to their normal counterparts. Furthermore, activated T lymphocytes from the fyn-deficient mice are less sensitive to killing by both anti-Fas antibody and Fas-ligand cytotoxic T cells. These results suggest that p59fyn plays an important role in Fas signal transduction.
A literature review of the techniques to measure tooth wear and erosion. (2000)

This paper reviews methods to measure tooth wear especially those more recently introduced as a result of improvements in technology. The review searched methods to measure tooth wear and dental erosion from large epidemiological investigations, in vitro and in vivo studies. There seems to be wide variation in techniques used to measure tooth wear and erosion. In vitro techniques may have little direct clinical relevance but can lead to new and more accurate clinical methods. In vivo studies have problems with reference points and accurate validation of the techniques. There is a need for a simple, reliable technique to quantify tooth wear due to erosion.
Gas Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers (2007)

The gas sensors fabricated by using conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PAni), polypyrrole (PPy) and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as the active layers have been reviewed. This review discusses the sensing mechanism and configurations of the sensors. The factors that affect the performances of the gas sensors are also addressed. The disadvantages of the sensors and a brief prospect in this research field are discussed at the end of the review.
Evidence that fragile X mental retardation protein is a negative regulator of translation (2001)

Fragile X syndrome is a common form of inherited mental retardation. Most fragile X patients exhibit mutations in the fragile X mental retardation gene 1 (FMR1) that lead to transcriptional silencing and hence to the absence of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Since FMRP is an RNA-binding protein which associates with polyribosomes, it had been proposed to function as a regulator of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In the present study, we show that FMRP strongly inhibits translation of various mRNAs at nanomolar concentrations in both rabbit reticulocyte lysate and microinjected Xenopus laevis oocytes. This effect is specific for FMRP, since other proteins with similar RNA-binding domains, including the autosomal homologues of FMRP, FXR1 and FXR2, failed to suppress translation in the same concentration range. Strikingly, a disease-causing Ile-->Asn substitution at amino acid position 304 (I304N) renders FMRP incapable of interfering with translation in both test systems. Initial studies addressing the underlying mechanism of inhibition suggest that FMRP inhibits the assembly of 80S ribosomes on the target mRNAs. The failure of FMRP I304N to suppress translation is not due to its reduced affinity for mRNA or its interacting proteins FXR1 and FXR2. Instead, the I304N point mutation severely impairs homo-oligomerization of FMRP. Our data support the notion that inhibition of translation may be a function of FMRP in vivo. We further suggest that the failure of FMRP to oligomerize, caused by the I304N mutation, may contribute to the pathophysiological events leading to fragile X syndrome.
Structural Effect on Thermal Cure and Property of Naphthalene‐Based Epoxies: Preparation and Characterization (2004)

Abstract Summary: Three naphthalene‐based epoxy monomers containing different size of linkages between two naphthalene rings: CC covalent bond ( 1 ), methylene ( 2 ), cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon derived from limonene ( 3 ) were prepared, and the effect of molecular structure on thermal cure behavior and property analyzed. Judged from the combination of the dynamic DSC and isothermal FTIR results, the cure reactivities were found to increase in the order of 1 > 2 > 3 when dicyandiamide was used in the curing systems, and the situation was slightly different in the monomer/4,4′‐methylenedianiline systems. The differences in reactivity as well as in thermal and mechanical properties for the epoxies can be attributed to the differences of configuration and conformational changes during the formation of crosslinked networks. These thermosets exhibited high glass transition temperature ( T g ) and had excellent thermal oxidative resistance. DSC thermograms for epoxy/dicyandiamide systems at a heating rate of 10 °C · min −1 . magnified image DSC thermograms for epoxy/dicyandiamide systems at a heating rate of 10 °C · min −1 .
Association of murine CD31 with transmigrating lymphocytes following antigenic stimulation. (1992)

Human CD31 is a recently characterized molecule present on leukocytes, platelets, and endothelium. Its function is not known. Because it is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and structurally homologous to carcinoembryonic antigen, a putative intercellular adhesion molecule, it is believed that CD31 may function also as an adhesion molecule. In this report, we characterize the cellular reactivity of a monoclonal antibody to a murine protein that is homologous to CD31. To delineate the cellular reactivity of the murine CD31 homologue recognized by our monoclonal antibody, we used immunoperoxidase and immunoelectron microscopic techniques. The most striking finding was that the putative murine homolog of CD31 is expressed in particularly high amounts on endothelium-adherent lymphocytes transmigrating across sinusoidal or venular vascular boundaries. Such a distribution was apparent in draining murine lymph nodes during the peak of an immune response after immunization with a protein antigen in adjuvant, a situation in which there are many transmigrating lymphocytes. Immunoelectron microscopic analysis also shows that CD31 is predominantly distributed on portions of transmigrating lymphocytes that are in contact with or adjacent to areas of contact with endothelial cells. These findings suggest a previously undescribed role for CD31 in lymphocyte recruitment and transmigration.
Identifying subjective statements in news titles using a personal sense annotation framework (2013)

Subjective language contains information about private states. The goal of subjective language identification is to determine that a private state is expressed, without considering its polarity or specific emotion. A component of word meaning, “Personal Sense,” has clear potential in the field of subjective language identification, as it reflects a meaning of words in terms of unique personal experience and carries personal characteristics. In this paper we investigate how Personal Sense can be harnessed for the purpose of identifying subjectivity in news titles. In the process, we develop a new Personal Sense annotation framework for annotating and classifying subjectivity, polarity, and emotion. The Personal Sense framework yields high performance in a fine‐grained subsentence subjectivity classification. Our experiments demonstrate lexico‐syntactic features to be useful for the identification of subjectivity indicators and the targets that receive the subjective Personal Sense.
Epitaxial growth of engineered metals for mid-infrared plasmonics (2013)

The authors demonstrate the ability of high-quality epitaxial InAs films to be used as wavelength-flexible, low-loss, engineered plasmonic metals across the mid-infrared spectral range. Films are grown by molecular beam epitaxy and characterized by Hall effect measurements, atomic force microscopy, and infrared reflection and transmission spectroscopy. The losses of our plasmonic material are studied as a function of InAs doping density, growth rate, buffer layer type, and substrate type. High growth rates are shown to be integral to obtaining films with low losses and doping densities approaching 1×1020 cm−3.