gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The case for delay-based congestion control (2004)

We argue that, in the absence of explicit feedback, delay-based algorithms become the preferred approach for end-to-end congestion control as networks scale up in capacity. Their advantage is small at low speed but decisive at high speed. The distinction between packet-level and flow-level problems of the current TCP exposes the difficulty of loss-based algorithms at large congestion windows.
Linearly single polarization fibers with zero polarization mode dispersion (1982)

The optimum waveguide structure for linearly single polarization fibers, which satisfies the large modal birefringence and the zero polarization mode dispersion simultaneously, has been investigated. The basic waveguide structure is the single-mode optical fiber that has an elliptical core and stress-applying parts with a different expansion coefficient from that of the cladding. Waveguide parameters, such as index difference, core ellipticity, and cutoff wavelength, are first determined to obtain highly birefringent fibers with <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B = 1 \times 10^{-5}</tex> or <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B = 5 \times 10^{-5}</tex> . The structure of the stress-applying parts that provides zero polarization mode dispersion is then determined.
Two-dimensional DNA typing as a genetic marker system in humans (1995)

By two-dimensional (2-D) DNA typing several hundred genomic loci can be analysed simultaneously in a two-dimensional pattern as spots detected by micro- or minisatellite core probes. Many of these loci display DNA sequence polymorphisms, and we have examined whether it is possible to extract genetic information from the rather complex but potentially very informative 2-D DNA typing patterns. To do so, the segregation of 9 spots detected by the microsatellite core probe (CAC)n was followed in a large CEPH pedigree, and by linkage analysis it was possible to obtain chromosomal assignments of the corresponding (CAC)n loci in all cases except one. Furthermore, a regional, physical localization of these loci emerged from analysis of the existing genetic and physical localization data of DNA markers flanking the (CAC)n loci. We have hereby obtained evidence that the spots detected by the microsatellite core probe (CAC)n segregate in a Mendelian manner and that it is possible to reliably score the segregation of single spots within a family. These results indicate that the large amount of potential information inherent in 2-D DNA typing may be used as a genetic marker system; an important prerequisite for its application as a genome scanning method, e.g. in detection of genomic alterations in cancer and in mapping of genetic traits.
Thermochemical Ablation: A Novel Technique for Solid Tumor Therapy (2009)

To overcome the limitations of existing ablation techniques, we propose a novel combinatorial approach that would utilize the thermal and chemical destructive effects of exothermic chemical reactions, such as an acid/base neutralization reaction, to treat solid tumors. Thermochemical ablation is a potential technique for percutaneous probe-based tumor therapy. It involves simultaneous intratumoral delivery of multiple reagents resulting in thermal energy released by an exothermic reaction to ablate tumor tissue with concurrent generation of a hyperosmolar byproduct that could accentuate tumor destruction. Besides the benefit of synergistic thermal and chemical effects for tumor tissue destruction, this technique is potentially highly cost-effective, easy to implement, and able to treat larger sized tumors. Our hypothesis is that thermochemical ablation can create an evenly distributed zone of coagulation in tumor tissue without systemic toxicity. A prototype device assembled using off-the-shelf components is being investigated in our lab for concurrent intraparenchymal delivery of an acid and a base. The distal portion of the multi-lumen device allows for passive mixing of the reagents before entering the tissue. The prototype device also satisfies other desirable design criteria such as rigidity to penetrate body tissue, reduced diameter, chemical stability to reagents, etc. However, the device can be improved upon by incorporating additional characteristics such as optimized imaging characteristic for real-time visualization and localization within tumor tissue, MRI compatibility, thermal insulation, improved mixing at the tip, etc. Our lab is currently working on improving the design of the infusion device as well as assessing the feasibility of the thermochemical ablation technique in vitro and in vivo. While currently being targeted conservatively for palliative therapy of unresectable or late-stage aggressive malignancies such as hepatocellular carcinoma, thermochemical ablation has potential use in the therapy of a majority of solid tumors such as breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, sarcomas, etc.
Signal Processing for Hearing Aids (2005)

This chapter deals with signal processing for hearing aids. The primary goal of a hearing aid is to improve the understanding of speech by an individual with a hearing impairment, although the perception of music and environmental sounds is also a concern. The basic signal-processing system consists of linear filtering followed by amplification, with more sophisticated techniques used to try to compensate for the nature of the hearing impairment and to improve speech intelligibility in noise.20 The chapter starts with a review of auditory physiology and the nature of hearing loss. Linear amplification systems are then discussed along with hearing-aid design objectives and the limitations of conventional technology. Feedback cancellation, which can improve hearing-aid system stability, is presented next. Dynamic-range compression is an important signal-processing approach since the impaired ear has a reduced dynamic range in comparison with the normal ear, and single-channel and multi-channel compression algorithms are described. Noise suppression is also a very important area of research, and several single-microphone approaches are described, including adaptive analog filters, spectral subtraction, and spectral enhancement. Multi-microphone noise-suppression techniques, such as adaptive noise cancellation, are discussed next. Noise can be more effectively suppressed using spatial filtering, and directional microphones and multi-microphone arrays are described. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of the work being done in cochlear implants.
Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Glucose Using a Combination of Lewis and Brønsted Acid Catalysts in Water in a Biphasic Reactor with an Alkylphenol Solvent (2012)

We report the catalytic conversion of glucose in high yields (62%) to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a versatile platform chemical. The reaction system consists of a Lewis acid metal chloride (e.g., AlCl3) and a Brønsted acid (HCl) in a biphasic reactor consisting of water and an alkylphenol compound (2-sec-butylphenol) as the organic phase. The conversion of glucose in the presence of Lewis and Brønsted acidity proceeds through a tandem pathway involving isomerization of glucose to fructose, followed by dehydration of fructose to HMF. The organic phase extracts 97% of the HMF produced, while both acid catalysts remain in the aqueous phase.
Fabrication of a rotary carbon nanotube bearing test apparatus (2015)

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are attractive elements for bearings in MicroElectro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), because their structure comprises nested shells with no bonding and sub-nanometre spacing between them, enabling relative motion with low friction and wear. A reliable bearing technology is critical to bringing rotating MEMS machines from laboratory demonstrations to common use. We report here the design and fabrication of a test rotor, a testing apparatus and testing attempts, and integration of CNTs with MEMS. The device improves on existing CNT bearing demonstrators by establishing a vertical bearing orientation (enabling superior rotor balance and speed, and drive mechanism placement flexibility) and a manufacturable process (employing CNTs grown in place by chemical vapour deposition (CVD)). The main outstanding challenge to demonstrating rotation is available CVD CNT quality.
Random Linear Network Coding For Time Division Duplexing: When To Stop Talking And Start Listening (2008)

A new random linear network coding scheme for reliable communications for time division duplexing channels is proposed. The setup assumes a packet erasure channel and that nodes cannot transmit and receive information simultaneously. The sender transmits coded data packets back-to-back before stopping to wait for the receiver to acknowledge (ACK) the number of degrees of freedom, if any, that are required to decode correctly the information. We provide an analysis of this problem to show that there is an optimal number of coded data packets, in terms of mean completion time, to be sent before stopping to listen. This number depends on the latency, probabilities of packet erasure and ACK erasure, and the number of degrees of freedom that the receiver requires to decode the data. This scheme is optimal in terms of the mean time to complete the transmission of a fixed number of data packets. We show that its performance is very close to that of a full duplex system, while transmitting a different number of coded packets can cause large degradation in performance, especially if latency is high. Also, we study the throughput performance of our scheme and compare it to existing half-duplex Go-back-N and Selective Repeat ARQ schemes. Numerical results, obtained for different latencies, show that our scheme has similar performance to the Selective Repeat in most cases and considerable performance gain when latency and packet error probability is high.
Measurement of spatial heating patterns from MR-compatible interstitial ultrasound heating probes (2003)

Heating experiments were performed in bovine liver tissue to investigate the ability of interstitial ultrasound transducers to generate a continuous region of thermal coagulation via scanned heating. Results showed that temperature increases sufficient for thermal coagulation could be generated within minutes, and thermal lesions were restricted to the scanning path.
SEAMA: a source encoding assisted multiple access protocol for wireless communications (2000)

This paper presents SEAMA, a source encoding assisted multiple access (MAC) protocol, to integrate voice and data traffic in a wireless network. SEAMA exploits the time variations of the speech coding rate, through statistical multiplexing, to efficiently use the available bandwidth and to increase the link utilization. In each frame, SEAMA allocates bandwidth among calls as needed. Ongoing calls are always assigned some minimum bandwidth to allow for coding of the background noise during silence periods. An embedded voice encoding scheme is employed to allow the network to control the rate of the calls during congestion by selectively dropping some of the less significant packets, thus causing a graceful degradation of quality. It is shown that by employing an appropriate voice coding scheme and exploiting the characteristics of the source encoder in the MAC protocol, SEAMA almost doubles the capacity of the voice section compared to a circuit-switched network, while practically maintaining the quality of voice traffic.
Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers with Corrugated Diaphragms Using Surface Micromachining (2019)

A key metric of micromachined ultrasonic transducer (MUT) performance is the volume velocity, which determines the transmitting output pressure. Here, we present a study to demonstrate corrugated-diaphragm piezoelectric MUTs (PMUTs) which have up to 3.2X higher volume velocity than conventional PMUTs of the same area. The PMUTs are manufactured by a surface-micromachining process forming a high fill-factor (80%) array, and corrugations can be added without any additional masks or process steps. The PMUTs with corrugations are implemented to have the increased displacement and resonant frequency. The corrugations and released holes are etched and formed by the same fabrication step, and their opening-area ratios determines the corrugation depth which is critical to PMUT efficiency. By corrugating PMUT diaphragm, it provides a simple method to tune resonant frequency. The study includes design, fabrication, and characterization for the various approaches to corrugated PMUTs.
Room temperature and high responsivity short wavelength II-VI quantum well infrared photodetector (2013)

We report the experimental demonstration of a room temperature, high responsivity, short wavelength II-VI Zn0.51Cd0.49Se/Zn0.29Cd0.26Mg0.45Se based quantum well infrared photodetector operating between 3 and 5 μm. Spectral response was observed up to room temperature with a cut off wavelength of 5 μm at 280 K. Measurements with a calibrated blackbody source yielded a peak responsivity of over 30 A/W at 280 K and an applied bias of −3 V. The dark current limited peak detectivity at 80 K and 280 K were measured to be 2 × 109 cm √Hz/W and 4 × 107 cm √Hz/W, respectively. These results are consistent with theoretical calculations that predict a maximum detectivity of the order of 107 cm √Hz/W at room temperature for typical carrier lifetimes and optimized doping levels.
Composite-Metal-Matrix Arc-Spray Process (1987)

Arc-spray monotape process automated, low in cost, and produces at high rate. Ideal for development of new metal-matrix composites. Monotape reproducible and of high quality. Process carried out in controlled gas environment with programmable matrix-deposition rates, resulting in significant cost saving
Review of Research Efforts in Coalbed Methane Recovery (1991)

Abstract The production of coalbed methane in the United States dates back to the early 1930's. Yet it was not until the early 1980's that research and development projects began to show the enormous potential of this energy resource. These efforts have resulted in the rapid commercialization of coalbed methane production in the United States, including the drilling of almost 800 wells by Amoco. Efforts to evaluate and implement coalbed methane recovery projects are continuing, with current emphasis being placed on worldwide resources. In recent months, we (and our colleagues) have published almost a dozen papers on coalbed methane production encompassing a wide variety of topics. This paper summarizes the significant findings of those papers and stresses their importance to field operations. Subjects covered include reservoir modeling, pressure transient analysis, rock property measurements, well stimulation, and enhanced coalbed methane recovery. Although most of the work discussed here was done on coals from the San Juan (Colorado and New Mexico) and Warrior (Alabama) Basins, the results are general and applicable to coals in other parts of the world.
Epstein–Barr virus antibodies mark systemic lupus erythematosus and scleroderma patients negative for anti‐<scp>DNA</scp> (2013)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that can attack many different body organs; the triggering event is unknown. SLE has been associated with more than 100 different autoantibody reactivities - anti-dsDNA is prominent. Nevertheless, autoantibodies to dsDNA occur in only two-thirds of SLE patients. We previously reported the use of an antigen microarray to characterize SLE serology. We now report the results of an expanded study of serology in SLE patients and scleroderma (SSc) patients compared with healthy controls. The analysis validated and extended previous findings: two-thirds of SLE patients reacted to a large spectrum of self-molecules that overlapped with their reactivity to dsDNA; moreover, some SLE patients manifested a deficiency of natural IgM autoantibodies. Most significant was the finding that many SLE patients who were negative for autoantibodies to dsDNA manifested abnormal antibody responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): these subjects made IgG antibodies to EBV antigens to which healthy subjects did not respond or they failed to make antibodies to EBV antigens to which healthy subjects did respond. This observation suggests that SLE may be associated with a defective immune response to EBV. The SSc patients shared many of these serological abnormalities with SLE patients, but differed from them in increased IgG autoantibodies to topoisomerase and centromere B; 84% of SLE patients and 58% of SSc patients could be detected by their abnormal antibodies to EBV. Hence an aberrant immune response to a ubiquitous viral infection such as EBV might set the stage for an autoimmune disease.
A Novel Pediatric Vision Screener Employing Wave-Plate-Enhanced, Retinal-Birefringence-Scanning-Based Strabismus Detection and Double-Pass Focus Detection (2013)

We describe a novel Pediatric Vision Screener (PVS) that employs wave-plate-enhanced retinal birefringence scanning for strabismus detection, essentially independent of an eye’s corneal birefringence, and double-pass focus detection using a bull’s eye photodetector, with an improved target system. The performance of the novel PVS is demonstrated in adult volunteers.
Skin‐test reactivity and isotype‐specific immune responses to recombinant Asp f 3, a major allergen of <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> (1998)

rAsp f 3 represents a major allergen of A. fumigatus. It is recognized by 84% of asthmatic individuals sensitized to the fungus and elicits specific type I skin reactions. The skin test outcome strictly depends on the presence of rAsp f 3-specific IgE and the lack of false positive or false negative results comparing skin test outcome with specific serum IgE levels determined by ELISA or rAsp f 3-ImmunoCAP suggests the possibility to rely on serological data obtained with recombinant allergens to diagnose sensitization to A. fumigatus.
Qualification of a null lens using image-based phase retrieval (2012)

In measuring the figure error of an aspheric optic using a null lens, the wavefront contribution from the null lens must be independently and accurately characterized in order to isolate the optical performance of the aspheric optic alone. Various techniques can be used to characterize such a null lens, including interferometry, profilometry and image-based methods. Only image-based methods, such as phase retrieval, can measure the null-lens wavefront in situ – in single-pass, and at the same conjugates and in the same alignment state in which the null lens will ultimately be used – with no additional optical components. Due to the intended purpose of a null lens (e.g., to null a large aspheric wavefront with a near-equal-but-opposite spherical wavefront), characterizing a null-lens wavefront presents several challenges to image-based phase retrieval: Large wavefront slopes and high-dynamic-range data decrease the capture range of phase-retrieval algorithms, increase the requirements on the fidelity of the forward model of the optical system, and make it difficult to extract diagnostic information (e.g., the system F/#) from the image data. In this paper, we present a study of these effects on phase-retrieval algorithms in the context of a null lens used in component development for the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) mission. Approaches for mitigation are also discussed.
Finite thickness effect on slab-type asymmetrical two- dimensional photonic crystal waveguides (2000)

We show that a two-dimensional (2-D) Photonic crystal with an asymmetrical structure in the thickness direction can have a Photonic Band Gap. We also demonstrate that its waveguide can confine the light in the in-plane direction, even if it is thin.
Efficient algorithms for mining outliers from large data sets (2000)

In this paper, we propose a novel formulation for distance-based outliers that is based on the distance of a point from its k th nearest neighbor. We rank each point on the basis of its distance to its k th nearest neighbor and declare the top n points in this ranking to be outliers. In addition to developing relatively straightforward solutions to finding such outliers based on the classical nested-loop join and index join algorithms, we develop a highly efficient partition-based algorithm for mining outliers. This algorithm first partitions the input data set into disjoint subsets, and then prunes entire partitions as soon as it is determined that they cannot contain outliers. This results in substantial savings in computation. We present the results of an extensive experimental study on real-life and synthetic data sets. The results from a real-life NBA database highlight and reveal several expected and unexpected aspects of the database. The results from a study on synthetic data sets demonstrate that the partition-based algorithm scales well with respect to both data set size and data set dimensionality.
Latest developments in virtual casting of lightweight metals (2019)

The increasing use of lightweight metal castings in critical automotive and aerospace structures has required improved quality, with more reliable and quantifiable performance. Metal casting processing is very complex and often involves many competing mechanisms, multi-physics phenomena, and potentially large uncertainties. The most effective way to optimise the processes and achieve the desirable mechanical properties is through the development and exploitation of robust and accurate computational models. This paper reviews the latest advances in computational tools for lightweight shape casting processing and discusses the opportunities and challenges for future development of virtual casting.
Stretchable Light‐Emitting Diodes with Organometal‐Halide‐Perovskite–Polymer Composite Emitters (2017)

Intrinsically stretchable light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are demonstrated using organometal-halide-perovskite/polymer composite emitters. The polymer matrix serves as a microscale elastic connector for the rigid and brittle perovskite and induces stretchability to the composite emissive layers. The stretchable LEDs consist of poly(ethylene oxide)-modified poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate as a transparent and stretchable anode, a perovskite/polymer composite emissive layer, and eutectic indium-gallium as the cathode. The devices exhibit a turn-on voltage of 2.4 V, and a maximum luminance intensity of 15 960 cd m<sup>-2</sup> at 8.5 V. Such performance far exceeds all reported intrinsically stretchable LEDs based on electroluminescent polymers. The stretchable perovskite LEDs are mechanically robust and can be reversibly stretched up to 40% strain for 100 cycles without failure.
HIV‐1 integrase inhibitors: 2005–2006 update (2007)

HIV-1 integrase (IN) catalyzes the integration of proviral DNA into the host genome, an essential step for viral replication. Inhibition of IN catalytic activity provides an attractive strategy for antiretroviral drug design. Currently two IN inhibitors, MK-0518 and GS-9137, are in advanced stages of human clinical trials. The IN inhibitors in clinical evaluation demonstrate excellent antiretroviral efficacy alone or in combination regimens as compared to previously used clinical antiretroviral agents in naive and treatment-experienced HIV-1 infected patients. However, the emergence of viral strains resistant to clinically studied IN inhibitors and the dynamic nature of the HIV-1 genome demand a continued effort toward the discovery of novel inhibitors to keep a therapeutic advantage over the virus. Continued efforts in the field have resulted in the discovery of compounds from diverse chemical classes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive report of all IN inhibitors discovered in the years 2005 and 2006.