gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Eating behavior, milk production, rumination, and digestibility characteristics of high- and low-efficiency lactating cows fed a low-roughage diet (2018)

This study aimed to identify individual characteristics differing among high-efficiency (HEf; upper 20%, n = 31), low-efficiency (LEf; lower 20%, n = 31), and mid-efficiency (MEf, 60% n = 93) lactating cows. Primiparous (37) and multiparous (118) high-producing milking cows at 30 to 180 d in milk were fed individually a low-roughage diet [31.6% of dry matter (DM)] for 4 wk. Daily average DM intake, rate of eating, visit duration, meal size, and daily rumination time were higher in LEf compared with HEf cows. On the other hand, HEf cows exhibited higher digestibility of DM, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber than the LEf cows. Daily eating time was similar in the HEf and LEf groups and higher than that of the MEf cows. Visit and meal frequency, average visit and meal duration, daily lying time, and pedometer activity were similar in the HEf, LEf, and MEf groups. The HEf cows produced 1.75% more milk, but similar energy-corrected milk compared with the LEf cows. Milk fat and protein content were lower by 1.8 and 3.8%, respectively, in the HEf cows than in the LEf group. Body weight (BW) and BW gain were similar in the 3 efficiency groups. Diurnal distribution of DM intake showed 6 distinct major meals, each composed of 1.1 to 1.6 visits. Higher intake peaks (greater meal size) were found in the LEf cows compared with the HEf group. Daily DM intake was highly correlated (affected) with energy-corrected milk production (r = 0.61), BW (r = 0.4), eating rate (r = 0.57), and visit size (r = 0.54). Energy balance showed that the lower efficiency of the LEf cows was attributed to their excess heat production and energy loss.
A Facility and Approach to Performance Test of Check Valves (1983)

The important time for a check valve is the short period during which flow decelerates. The characteristics of this period are not well defined. The investigation suggests the use of deceleration (g) as a parameter, describes a test facility that provides a range of deceleration rates and presents results of tests at various g’s. This method couples the estimation of a system’s deceleration with the performance of the valve so that provisions can be made for the expected behavior and surge in a new installation or an improvement can be predicted for an existing problem situation.
War and Peace in the Hebrew Bible (1984)

If one were to choose a single word to describe the reality for which God created the world, and in which he seeks to sustain the community of those who respond to his initiating grace as an invitation to participate in it, that word would be “shalom.”
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activation suppresses pulmonary vascular remodeling by inducing apoptosis through the Hippo signaling pathway in rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension (2019)

<b>Objective:</b> To investigate the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activation on pulmonary arterial cell apoptosis during pulmonary vascular remodeling associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and to elucidate potential mechanisms related to Hippo signaling. <b>Methods:</b> PAH model was developed by injecting monocrotaline combined with left pneumonectomy using Sprague-Dawley rat. Then, resorcinolnaphthalein (Res; ACE2 activator), MLN-4760 (ACE2 inhibitor), A-779 (Mas inhibitor), and 4-((5,10-dimethyl-6-oxo-6,10-dihydro-5H-pyrimido[5,4-b]thieno[3,2-e][1,4]diazepin-2-yl)amino) benzenesulfonamide (XMU-MP-1; MST1/2 inhibitor) were administered via continuous subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection for 3 weeks. Animals were randomly divided into six groups: control, PAH, PAH+Res, PAH+Res+MLN-4760, PAH+Res+A-779, and PAH+Res+XMU-MP-1. On 21 day, hemodynamics and pathologic lesions were evaluated. Apoptosis and apoptosis-associated proteins were detected by TUNEL and western blotting. ACE2 activity and Hippo pathway components including large tumor suppressor 1 (LATS1), Yes-associated protein (Yap), and phosphorylated Yap (p-Yap) were investigated by fluorogenic peptide assays and western blotting. <b>Results:</b> In the PAH models, the mean pulmonary arterial pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy index, pulmonary vascular remodeling, anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and Yap were all increased but the pulmonary arterial cell apoptosis, pro-apoptotic proteins caspase-3 and Bax were lower. ACE2 activation significantly ameliorated pulmonary arterial remodeling, this action was related to increased apoptosis and up-regulation of LATS1 and p-Yap. These protective effects were mitigated by the co-administration of A779 or MLN-4760. Moreover, inhibiting the Hippo/LATS1/Yap pathway with XMU-MP-1 blocked apoptosis in pulmonary vascular cells induced by ACE2 activation during the prevention of PAH. <b>Conclusions:</b> Our findings suggest that ACE2 activation attenuates pulmonary vascular remodeling by inducing pulmonary arterial cell apoptosis via Hippo/Yap signaling during the development of PAH.
β<sup>2</sup>‐amino acids—syntheses, occurrence in natural products, and components of β‐peptides<sup>1,2</sup> (2004)

Although they are less abundant than their alpha-analogues, beta-amino acids occur in nature both in free form and bound to peptides. Oligomers composed exclusively of beta-amino acids (so-called beta-peptides) might be the most thoroughly investigated peptidomimetics. Beside the facts that they are stable to metabolism, exhibit slow microbial degradation, and are inherently stable to proteases and peptidases, they fold into well-ordered secondary structures consisting of helices, turns, and sheets. In this respect, the most intriguing effects have been observed when beta2-amino acids are present in the beta-peptide backbone. This review gives an overview of the occurrence and importance of beta2-amino acids in nature, placing emphasis on the metabolic pathways of beta-aminoisobutyric acid (beta-Aib) and the appearance of beta2-amino acids as secondary metabolites or as components of more complex natural products, such as peptides, depsipeptides, lactones, and alkaloids. In addition, a compilation of the syntheses of both achiral and chiral beta2-amino acids is presented. While there are numerous routes to achiral beta2-amino acids, their EPC synthesis is currently the subject of many investigations. These include the diastereoselective alkylation and Mannich-type reactions of cyclic- or acyclic beta-homoglycine derivatives containing chiral auxiliaries, the Curtius degradation, the employment of transition-metal catalyzed reactions such as enantioselective hydrogenations, reductions, C-H insertions, and Michael-type additions, and the resolution of rac. beta2-amino acids, as well as several miscellaneous methods. In the last part of the review, the importance of beta2-amino acids in the formation of beta-peptide secondary structures is discussed.
Data Mining of Trouble Tickets for Automatic Action Recommendation (2017)

This work investigates the possibility of applying machine learning and data mining to the problem of finding solutions to software and hardware problems arising in telecommunication systems. Trouble ticket data is analyzed using traditional data mining techniques and more complex machine learning models, including neural networks, to find out which types of models are suitable for the task. Results show that there are relevant correlations in the data which enables the root cause to predicted with up to 90% accuracy in the case of the most common root cause, and up to 70% when classifying between up to 20 root causes. These predictive models could be used to assist the engineers by giving them probably suggestions for the root cause, and potentially save time in the troubleshooting process. Relatively simple data mining and linear models performed best which shows that this could be implemented in practice given that these methods are fast, robust, memory efficient and easy to implement. Neural networks were also investigated but gave no significant improvement in the results, athough there are indications that they could outperform linear models if more training data was available. A large fraction of the collected data could not be used for analysis because of missing values and other inconsistencies, which highlights the importance of defining standards for the data collection process. This would lead to higher quality data, and allow the trained models to be more general and perform well in multiple locations.
Advances in associated-particle sealed-tube neutron probe diagnostics for substance detection (1995)

The development and investigation of a small associated-particle sealed-tube neutron generator (APSTNG) shows potential to allow the associated-particle diagnostic method to be moved out of the laboratory into field applications. The APSTNG interrogates the inspected object with 14-MeV neutrons generated from the deuterium-tritium reaction and detects the alpha-particle associated with each neutron inside a cone encompassing the region of interest. Gamma-ray spectra of resulting neutron reactions identify many nuclides. Flight-times determined from detection times of the gamma-rays and alpha-particles can yield a separate coarse tomographic image of each identified nuclide, from a single orientation. Chemical substances are identified by comparing relative spectral line intensities with ratios of elements in reference compounds. The high-energy neutrons and gamma-rays penetrate large objects and dense materials. Generally no collimators or radiation shielding are needed. Proof-of-concept laboratory experiments have been successfully performed for simulated nuclear, chemical warfare, and conventional munitions. Most recently, inspection applications have been investigated for radioactive waste characterization, presence of cocaine in propane tanks, and uranium and plutonium smuggling. Based on lessons learned with the present APSTNG system, an advanced APSTNG tube (along with improved high voltage supply and control units) is being designed and fabricated that will be transportable and rugged, yield a substantial neutron output increase, and provide sufficiently improved lifetime to allow operation at more than an order of magnitude increase in neutron flux.
Efficient Intracellular Delivery of Molecules with High Cell Viability Using Nanosecond-Pulsed Laser-Activated Carbon Nanoparticles (2014)

Conventional physical and chemical methods that efficiently deliver molecules into cells are often associated with low cell viability. In this study, we evaluated the cellular effects of carbon nanoparticles believed to emit photoacoustic waves due to nanosecond-pulse laser activation to test the hypothesis that this method could achieve efficient intracellular delivery while maintaining high cell viability. Suspensions of DU145 human prostate carcinoma cells, carbon black (CB) nanoparticles, and calcein were exposed to 5-9 ns long laser pulses of near-infrared (1064 nm wavelength) light and then analyzed by flow cytometry for intracellular uptake of calcein and cell viability by propidium iodide staining. We found that intracellular uptake increased and in some cases saturated at high levels with only small losses in cell viability as a result of increasing laser fluence, laser exposure time, and as a unifying parameter, the total laser energy. Changing interpulse spacing between 0.1 and 10 s intervals showed no significant change in bioeffects, suggesting that the effects of each pulse were independent when spaced by at least 0.1 s intervals. Pretreatment of CB nanoparticles to intense laser exposure followed by mixing with cells also had no significant effect on uptake or viability. Similar uptake and viability were seen when CB nanoparticles were substituted with India ink, when DU145 cells were substituted with H9c2 rat cardiomyoblast cells, and when calcein was substituted with FITC-dextran. The best laser exposure conditions tested led to 88% of cells with intracellular uptake and close to 100% viability, indicating that nanosecond-pulse laser-activated carbon nanoparticles can achieve efficient intracellular delivery while maintaining high cell viability.
An ion‐gate response of a glutathione monolayer assembly highly sensitive to lanthanide ions (1994)

Abstract The self‐assembled glutathione (γ‐L‐glutamyl‐L‐cysteinyl‐glycine, GSH) monolayer was formed on a gold electrode via a sulfur attachment of the cysteinyl residue. The effect of lanthanide ions (La 3+ , Eu 3+ and Lu 3+ ) on the ion‐gate behavior of this electrode was studied by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Fe(CN) 6 3– as a probe ion. These ions were found to open the ion gate with a few micromoles, and the effect was in the order of La 3+ > Eu 3+ Lu 3+ .
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitors induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells and inhibit in-vivo tumor growth (2011)

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy among US women. Paclitaxel/carboplatin is the current drug therapy used to treat ovarian cancer, but most women develop drug resistance and recurrence of the disease, necessitating alternative strategies for treatment. A possible molecular target for cancer therapy is glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), a downstream kinase in the Wnt signaling pathway that is overexpressed in serous ovarian cancer. Novel maleimide-based GSK3β inhibitors (GSK3βi) were synthesized, selected, and tested in vitro using SKOV3 and OVCA432 serous ovarian cancer cell lines. From a panel of 10 inhibitors, GSK3βi 9ING41 was found to be the most effective in vitro. 9ING41 induced apoptosis as indicated by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-positive nuclear condensation, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining. The mechanism for apoptosis was through caspase-3 cleavage. GSK3βi upregulated phosphorylation of the inhibitory serine residue of GSK3β in OVCA432 and SKOV3 cell lines and also inhibited phosphorylation of the downstream target glycogen synthase. An in-vivo xenograft study using SKOV3 cells demonstrated that tumor progression was hindered by 9ING41 in vivo. The maximum tolerated dose for 9ING41 was greater than 500 mg/kg in rats. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed 9ING41 to have a bioavailability of 4.5% and to be well distributed in tissues. Therefore, GSK3β inhibitors alone or in combination with existing drugs may hinder the growth of serous ovarian cancers.
Unifying intensity noise and second-order coherence properties of amplified spontaneous emission sources (2011)

We present joint investigations of relative intensity noise (RIN) and second-order coherence properties of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) generated by a superluminescent diode. We introduce a generalized intensity noise description for ASE sources that contains the shot noise contribution but also accounts for first- and second-order coherence properties reflecting the process of light generation. We find excellent agreement between pump-current-dependent RIN values and this new description, with the perspective of particular interesting consequences for the realization of low-noise broadband emitters.
Near-field Raman imaging using optically trapped dielectric microsphere (2008)

The stumbling block of employing Raman imaging in nanoscience and nanotechnology is the diffraction-limited spatial resolution. Several approaches have been employed to improve the spatial resolution, among which aperture and apertureless near-field Raman techniques are the most frequently used. In this letter, we report a new approach in doing near-field Raman imaging with spatial resolution of about 80 nm, by trapping and scanning a polystyrene microsphere over the sample surface in water. We have used this technique to resolve PMOS transistors with SiGe source drain stressors with poly-Si gates, as well as gold nanopatterns with excellent reproducibility.
Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GFR) FY04 Annual Report (2004)

The gas-cooled fast reactor (GFR) was chosen as one of the Generation IV nuclear reactor systems to be developed based on its excellent potential for sustainability through reduction of the volume and radio toxicity of both its own fuel and other spent nuclear fuel, and for extending/utilizing uranium resources orders of magnitude beyond what the current open fuel cycle can realize. In addition, energy conversion at high thermal efficiency is possible with the current designs being considered, thus increasing the economic benefit of the GFR. However, research and development challenges include the ability to use passive decay heat removal systems during accident conditions, survivability of fuels and in-core materials under extreme temperatures and radiation, and economical and efficient fuel cycle processes. Nevertheless, the GFR was chosen as one of only six Generation IV systems to be pursued based on its ability to meet the Generation IV goals in sustainability, economics, safety and reliability, proliferation resistance and physical protection.
Iron Complexes Containing the Tripodal Tetraphosphine Ligand P(CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>PMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub> (1997)

The preparation and characterization of iron(II) complexes containing the tripodal tetraphosphine ligand tris[2-(dimethylphosphino)ethyl]phosphine, P(CH(2)CH(2)PMe(2))(3) (PP(3), 1), are reported. The complex FeCl(2)(PP(3)) (2) was formed by the reaction of PP(3) with anhydrous iron(II) chloride. The complexes FeHCl(PP(3)) (3) and FeH(2)(PP(3)) (4) were formed by the reaction of 2 with lithium aluminum hydride. Likewise, the complexes FeMeCl(PP(3)) (5) and FeMe(2)(PP(3)) (6) were formed by the reaction of 2 with methyllithium or dimethylmagnesium. Reaction of 2 with CO afforded a mixture of isomeric carbonyl chloride complexes [Fe(CO)Cl(PP(3))](+) (7 and 8). Reaction of 2 with PPh(3) afforded [Fe(PPh(3))Cl(PP(3))](+) (9). The air-sensitive complexes 2-9 were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and 9 was characterized by X-ray crystallography. Crystals of 9 (BPh(4) salt), C(54)H(65)BClFeP(5), M 971.09, are monoclinic, space group P2(1)/c, a = 13.246(3) Å, b = 30.314(2) Å, c = 14.338(2) Å, beta = 100.92(2) degrees, Z = 4; R = 0.058.
Improved Synthesis of Trans-4-Diethylaminocinnamaldehyde (1988)

Abstract The title compound was prepared from diisobuty1 aluminum hydride reduction of 4-diethylaminocinnamonitrile, which in turn was obtained by condensing 4-diethylaminobenzaldehyde and cyanoacetic acid.
Nonlinear Elastic Wave NDE II. Nonlinear Wave Modulation Spectroscopy and Nonlinear Time Reversed Acoustics (2005)

This paper presents the second part of the review of Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy (NEWS) in NDE, and describe two different methods of nonlinear NDE that provide not only damage detection but location as well. Nonlinear Wave Modulation Spectroscopy is based on the application of an ultrasonic probe signal modulated by a low frequency vibration. Damage location can be obtained by application of Impulse Modulation Techniques that exploit the modulation of a short pulse reflected from a damage feature (e.g. crack) by low frequency vibration. Nonlinear Time Reversed Acoustic methods provide the means to focus acoustic energy to any point in a solid. In combination, we are applying the focusing properties of TRA and the nonlinear properties of cracks to locate them.
A high out-of-order issue symmetric superpipeline superscalar microprocessor (2002)

Due to technology's evolution, the number of transistors that can be integrated in a same chip has become, at the dawn of the 21st century, more than sufficient to implement simple superscalar cores. This excess, nowadays generally used for on-chip caches, can also be utilized to improve core's performances, but mainly to increase the core's superscalarness degree. Although it now seems that a high degree is not justified, it could become useful in the future with progress in compilation. Setting out from this observation, we describe a new superscalar architecture with a high out-of-order issue rate. This architecture implements, in particular, precise interrupt management and multiple branch prediction. Furthermore, the architecture's specification has taken into account the aspect of hardware implementation, and thus, temporal matching of pipeline's stages. We therefore assist to a finer partitioning of this pipeline, hence the additional superpipeline label.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A clinical study of Arthrocentesis and intraarticular injection of hyaluronate treatment of anterior disc displacement without reduction (2010)

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the TMJ arthrocentesis and intraarticular injection of hyaluronate as a treatment for anterior disc displacement without reduction of the TMJ. Methods 56 patients with limited mouth opening and pain caused by anterior disc displacement without reduction were divided into experimental and control groups. the experimental group were treated by using TMJ arthrocentesis and intraarticular injection of hyaluronate. In the control group, hyaluronate was only injected into the superior cavity.the Clinical data including pain and maximum mouth opening were collected and then analyzed. Results The mouth opening had increased significantly (P ＜ 0. 001 ) , Jaw pain had also significantly improved (P ＜ 0. 01 ).The mouth opening and Jaw pain in experimental group had more improved than the control group. Conclusion Arthrocentesis and intraarticular injection of hyaluronate is more effective in reducing pain and increasing mouth opening in patients with anterior disc displacement without reduction, It is recommended as a simple alternative to more invasive procedures.

Key words: 
Temporomandibular joint;  Anterior disc displacement without reduction;  Arthrocentesis;  Hyaluronate
Adversarial Risk and the Dangers of Evaluating Against Weak Attacks (2018)

This paper investigates recently proposed approaches for defending against adversarial examples and evaluating adversarial robustness. We motivate 'adversarial risk' as an objective for achieving models robust to worst-case inputs. We then frame commonly used attacks and evaluation metrics as defining a tractable surrogate objective to the true adversarial risk. This suggests that models may optimize this surrogate rather than the true adversarial risk. We formalize this notion as 'obscurity to an adversary,' and develop tools and heuristics for identifying obscured models and designing transparent models. We demonstrate that this is a significant problem in practice by repurposing gradient-free optimization techniques into adversarial attacks, which we use to decrease the accuracy of several recently proposed defenses to near zero. Our hope is that our formulations and results will help researchers to develop more powerful defenses.
Restless Legs Syndrome Prevalence and Impact (2005)

Clinically significant RLS is common (prevalence, 2.7%), is underdiagnosed, and significantly affects sleep and quality of life.