gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Acoustic inspection of concrete bridge decks</title> (1999)

The determination of concrete integrity, especially in concrete bridge decks, is of extreme importance. Current systems for testing concrete structures are expensive, slow, or tedious. State of the art systems use ground penetrating radar, but they have inherent problems especially with ghosting and signal signature overlap. The older method of locating delaminations in bridge decks involves either tapping on the surface with a hammer or metal rod, or dragging a chain-bar across the bridge deck. Both methods require a `calibrated' ear to determine the difference between good sections and bad sections of concrete. As a consequence, the method is highly subjective, different from person to person and even day to day for a given person. In addition, archival of such data is impractical, or at least improbable, in most situations. The Diagnostic Instrumentation and Analysis Laboratory has constructed an instrument that implements the chain-drag method of concrete inspection. The system is capable of real-time analysis of recorded signals, archival of processed data, and high-speed data acquisition so that post-processing of the data is possible for either research purposes or for listening to the recorded signals.
Biochemical and Immunological Characterizations of the Receptor Binding Domain of C. difficile Toxin B (2015)

Clostridium difficile (Cd) is an emerging nosocomial pathogen responsible for antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis and diarrhea in hospital acquired infections. Clostridial toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB) which specifically bind to unknown glycoprotein(s) on the surface of epithelial cells disrupt the intestinal barrier and ultimately lead to acute inflammation and diarrhea. There is still debate as to whether the receptor binding domains (RBD) of toxins can individually elicit protection in the hamster challenge model. In this study, a TcdB RBD which was derived from C. difficile strain VPI10463 with >95% amino acid sequence identity to hyper-virulent strain BI/ NAP1/027 was designed and expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant RBD (rRBD) was purified, characterized biologically and immunologically and found to have the following properties: (a) capable of binding to the cell surface of both Vero and Caco-2 cells and entering into the cytosol; (b) devoid of hemagglutinin activity (HA); (c) the ability to up-regulate cell surface markers expressions and cytokines secretions from dendritic cells; (d) eliciting anti-TcdB neutralizing antibody responses that could weakly cross-neutralize TcdA in the absence of adjuvant; (e) and inducing weak protection against a lethal dose of Cd spores in the hamster challenge model. Therefore, rRBD shows potential as an immunogen to be included in the development of vaccines against Clostridium difficileassociated diseases.
Single-Cell Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells as a Window into Tumor Heterogeneity (2016)

Recent advances in microfluidic approaches have enabled the efficient isolation and detailed molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood of patients with cancer. Single-cell molecular analyses of CTCs reveal a tremendous degree of intracellular heterogeneity in CTC populations, reflective of heterogeneity across different patients as well as the underlying heterogeneity of tumors within each individual patient. These studies have enabled the identification of heterogeneous drug resistance mechanisms that can coexist in treatment refractory tumors. CTC analyses also enable serial noninvasive monitoring in patients and can capture the emergence of tumor heterogeneity over time, whether due to tumor evolution through genetic instability or through cellular plasticity. The presence and extent of intratumoral heterogeneity as revealed through the study of CTCs have important clinical implications for understanding and predicting the development of treatment resistance in a variety of solid tumors and for formulating appropriate therapeutic strategies in the effective treatment of cancer.
A power grid analysis and verification tool based on a Statistical Prediction Engine (2010)

Voltage drops are one of the most stringent problems in modern IC implementation, which is exacerbated by the ever decreasing transistor sizes and interconnect line widths. In order to find the true worst case voltage drop that a power net of a design might suffer, the designer would have to check the voltage drops that occur from the simulation of all possible input vector pairs of a design. This is a prohibitive amount of simulations for modern ICs that have hundreds of inputs. Consequently, designers face two basic challenges, fast and accurate estimation of worst case voltage-drop and accurate modeling of the power distribution network. In this paper we present a voltage-drop aware tool for power grid analysis and verification based on a statistical engine, which can estimate the true worst case voltage drops on a design with a typical confidence level of 99%. The statistical engine is based on extensions to the Extreme Value Theory (EVT) which is a pertinent field of statistics for the estimation of the unknown maximum of a related population from one (or more) of its samples. The paper shows how the statistical engine can take input from gate-level simulation of digital logic, combined with transient simulation of the power and ground network with inductance-aware (RLCK) models. Using these techniques, a designer can estimate the true worst case voltage drop on each and every contact of the power and ground distribution network of a digital design, using a relatively small amount of input vectors, thus greatly reducing the turnaround time for power integrity verification.
Wnt Inhibition Correlates with Human Embryonic Stem Cell Cardiomyogenesis: A Structure–Activity Relationship Study Based on Inhibitors for the Wnt Response (2011)

Human embryonic stem cell-based high-content screening of 550 known signal transduction modulators showed that one "lead" (1, a recently described inhibitor of the proteolytic degradation of Axin) stimulated cardiomyogenesis. Because Axin controls canonical Wnt signaling, we conducted an investigation to determine whether the cardiogenic activity of 1 is Wnt-dependent, and we developed a structure-activity relationship to optimize the cardiogenic properties of 1. We prepared analogues with a range of potencies (low nanomolar to inactive) for Wnt/β-catenin inhibition and for cardiogenic induction. Both functional activities correlated positively (r(2) = 0.72). The optimal compounds induced cardiogenesis 1.5-fold greater than 1 at 30-fold lower concentrations. In contrast, no correlation was observed for cardiogenesis and modulation of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)/Smad signaling that prominently influences cardiogenesis. Taken together, these data show that Wnt signaling inhibition is essential for cardiogenic activity and that the pathway can be targeted for the design of druglike cardiogenic molecules.
Steady-State Free Precession MR Imaging: Improved Myocardial Tag Persistence and Signal-to-Noise Ratio for Analysis of Myocardial Motion (2004)

Tagging with balanced steady-state free-precession (SSFP) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging by using a steady-state storage scheme for myocardial motion analysis was evaluated. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), blood-tissue contrast, and tag persistence in volunteers and phantoms showed improved performance of SSFP imaging with tagging compared with that of radiofrequency spoiled gradient-echo (SPGR) MR imaging with tagging. Choice of flip angle with SSFP imaging involved a trade-off among SNR, blood-tissue contrast, and tag persistence. Increased SNR and tag persistence can be achieved simultaneously with SSFP imaging compared with SPGR tagging methods. As a result, the proposed technique may be useful for analysis of diastolic ventricular function.
Terahertz quantum-cascade laser operating up to 137 K (2003)

We report operation of a terahertz quantum-cascade laser at 3.8 THz (λ≈79 μm) up to a heat-sink temperature of 137 K. A resonant phonon depopulation design was used with a low-loss metal–metal waveguide, which provided a confinement factor of nearly unity. A threshold current density of 625 A/cm2 was obtained in pulsed mode at 5 K. Devices fabricated using a conventional semi-insulating surface-plasmon waveguide lased up to 92 K with a threshold current density of 670 A/cm2 at 5 K.
Visual Reference Resolution using Attention Memory for Visual Dialog (2017)

Visual dialog is a task of answering a series of inter-dependent questions given an input image, and often requires to resolve visual references among the questions. This problem is different from visual question answering (VQA), which relies on spatial attention (a.k.a. visual grounding) estimated from an image and question pair. We propose a novel attention mechanism that exploits visual attentions in the past to resolve the current reference in the visual dialog scenario. The proposed model is equipped with an associative attention memory storing a sequence of previous (attention, key) pairs. From this memory, the model retrieves the previous attention, taking into account recency, which is most relevant for the current question, in order to resolve potentially ambiguous references. The model then merges the retrieved attention with a tentative one to obtain the final attention for the current question; specifically, we use dynamic parameter prediction to combine the two attentions conditioned on the question. Through extensive experiments on a new synthetic visual dialog dataset, we show that our model significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art (by ~16 % points) in situations, where visual reference resolution plays an important role. Moreover, the proposed model achieves superior performance (~ 2 % points improvement) in the Visual Dialog dataset, despite having significantly fewer parameters than the baselines.
A Novel Low Reynolds Number Airfoil Design for Small Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (2014)

In order to improve the performance of small horizontal axis wind turbines at low wind speed, this study designs a novel airfoil section with an optimum transition ramp through multipoint inverse design method. A viscous analysis code is used to close the design loop. Further, Shear stress transport-transition model in ANSYS-Fluent is employed with modified constants to analyze the flow and aerodynamic performance of the airfoil at Reynolds numbers 60 000, 100 000, 200 000, 300 000 and 500 000. Next we consider the designing of a 2m rotor from the new airfoil section using an evolutionary algorithm for optimization. The power coefficient and self starting of a small 2m wind turbine is improved significantly with the chosen generator resistive torque of 0.5Nm, the new airfoil section and the optimization technique for finding the optimal values of the parameters.
Quinolone 3-Carboxylic Acid Pharmacophore: Design of Second Generation HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors (2008)

Two decades of intensive research efforts have led to the discovery of a large number of HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors. Recently, the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) approved MK-0518, or raltegravir ( 1), as the first IN inhibitor for HIV/AIDS treatment. Growing clinical evidence also demonstrates that the emergence of HIV-1 virus strains bearing IN amino acid substitutions that confer resistance to IN inhibitors is inevitable. The discovery of second generation inhibitors with potency against viral strains bearing drug resistant IN substitutions is necessary for ongoing effective treatment of viral infections. We generated common feature pharmacophore hypotheses using a training set of quinolone 3-carboxylic acid IN inhibitors, including the clinical candidate GS-9137 ( 2). A database search of small molecules using the quinolone 3-carboxylic acid pharmacophore model, followed by in vitro evaluation of selected hits in an assay specific to IN, resulted in the discovery of potential leads with diverse structural scaffolds useful for the design of second generation IN inhibitors.
Steering Lasing Beam in Topological Light Sources (2017)

We demonstrated the Bound State in the Continuum Surface Emitting Laser that can steer the beam with angles depending on the topology. This novel type of the topological light source operates at room temperature.
Adaptive State and Parameter Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries based on a Dual Linear Kalman Filter (2014)

The estimation of the states and parameters of each cell, like the State-Of-Charge (SOC) or the State-OfHealth (SOH) in a battery pack significantly influences the efficiency of the system. Commonly used methods, such as current counting, show failures in their estimation, based on the accuracy of the used current and voltage sensors or an unknown aging behaviour of the battery cells. Other adaptive methods to solve these problems require such a high degree of processing power that there is no commercial implementation possible on a Battery Management System (BMS). Therefore in a previous work, an adaptive algorithm was created and implemented on a BMS. This algorithm enables an efficient adaptive method for estimating the states and parameters of each battery cell in an electrical vehicle, based on a simple battery model. A Dual Kalman Filter (DKF), was modified for the operation on the BMS. The deployment of a linear state estimator improves the filter performance. This modification allows a precise state estimation and with the dynamic of the battery, the DKF reveals a precise parameter estimation. In a previous work, the accuracy of the state estimator was validated, based on different cell temperatures and different SOCs. Thereby the algorithm enables an estimating error of the SOC less than 1.5%. This paper focuses on the behaviour of the modified DKF, based on the stateand parameter estimation and on the ideal tuning of the algorithm. Hence the derivation of the modified DKF will be shown. Improvements and differences in order to other KF systems will be illustrated. The modelling of the process and measurement noise for both KFs will be discussed. Based on different driving-charging cycles, the filter behaviour in the state and parameter estimation will be compared to commonly used methods. A stable filter response to dynamic and less dynamic loads is the goal of the paper.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST FOR ALCOHOL OXYCARBONYLATION TO DIALKYL OXALATES (1985)

Abstract Im Hinblick auf die technisch‐kommerziell interessante Ethylenglykol‐Darstellung, die nach R‐O‐CO‐CO‐O‐R + 4 H 2 ‐+ HO‐CH2‐CH2‐OH + 2 R‐OH verläuft, wird die Carbonylierung von Alkoholen über Ti‐dotierten Pd‐/V‐pentoxiden untersucht, die nach 2 CO + 2 ROH + 1/2 O 2 ‐ R‐O‐CO‐CO‐0‐R + H 2 O verläuft.
Gamma-ray tracking for Ge telescope Compton camera imaging (2008)

In order to improve the performance of a Ge Compton camera system, γ-ray tracking technique which determines the γ-ray multi-scattering sequence in a crystal is implemented. Using this tracking technique with optimized parameters, imaging sensitivity increases by a factor of 3.7 in the case of 1115-keV γ-ray energy.
Alzheimer's Disease β-Amyloid Peptide Is Increased in Mice Deficient in Endothelin-converting Enzyme (2003)

The abnormal accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta) in the brain is an early and invariant feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is believed to play a pivotal role in the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease. As such, a major focus of AD research has been the elucidation of the mechanisms responsible for the generation of Abeta. As with any peptide, however, the degree of Abeta accumulation is dependent not only on its production but also on its removal. In cell-based and in vitro models we have previously characterized endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1) as an Abeta-degrading enzyme that appears to act intracellularly, thus limiting the amount of Abeta available for secretion. To determine the physiological significance of this activity, we analyzed Abeta levels in the brains of mice deficient for ECE-1 and a closely related enzyme, ECE-2. Significant increases in the levels of both Abeta40 and Abeta42 were found in the brains of these animals when compared with age-matched littermate controls. The increase in Abeta levels in the ECE-deficient mice provides the first direct evidence for a physiological role for both ECE-1 and ECE-2 in limiting Abeta accumulation in the brain and also provides further insight into the factors involved in Abeta clearance in vivo.
Novel Periodic-Aperiodic Routing to Mitigate Floquet Mode Resonances in Crosstalk Transfer Function Due to Periodically Routed Structures (2016)

Reducing cost in printed circuit board (PCB) layout has pushed designers to use broadside coupled layers to reduce the layer count. The traces are generally routed at an angle in zig-zag fashion to eliminate fiber-weave impact on the insertion loss (THRU) of the channel. If the zig-zag routing is periodic, then it can increase the crosstalk due to Floquet mode resonances. The Floquet resonances aggravate near-end crosstalk (NEXT) and degrade the insertion loss (THRU) profiles. Creating any random structure will not mitigate the Floquet mode resonance. The aperiodic topology created by making the each unitcell different in length did not mitigate the resonances observed in periodic structure but instead created additional resonances in the frequency range of interest. The other challenge for the layout engineers is to route the aperiodic topology that contains different unit cell blocks with different lengths and angles on a real board. In this paper, the proposed solution relies on "periodic-aperiodicity" to eliminate these resonances. The topology reuses the unitcell from periodic routing that have same lengths but only vary the spacing between each unitcell to create the aperiodicity. The proposed topology is easy to route as layout engineers can reuse the periodic routing and space them with aperiodic uncoupled segments.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ionically Conducting Alkoxy Ether/Alkoxy Mixed-Substituent Poly(organophosphazenes) and Their Use as Solid Solvents for Ionic Conduction (1996)

A series of mixed-substituent poly(organophosphazenes) with the general structure {NP[OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3]x[O(CH2)yCH3]2-x}n, where x = 1 and y = 2−9 was synthesized. These polymers are candidates for use as solid polymeric, ionic conduction media. The polymers were characterized by 1H, 13C, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, elemental microanalysis, infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The polymers were complexed with LiSO3CF3 and ambient temperature (25 °C) ionic conductivity studies were performed with the use of complex impedance analysis. The effect of changes in the length of the alkyl component of the alkoxy groups on conductivity was examined. A maximum conductivity as a function of the concentration of lithium triflate was found for each system. The conductivity decreased with an increase in the alkyl group side-chain length. These polymers were compared to the polyphosphazene single-substituent polymer [NP(OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3)2]n, as well as to the n-alkyloxy single-substituent polymers {NP[O(CH2)xCH3]2}n, where x = 2−9.
Generalized filtered back-projection for digital breast tomosynthesis reconstruction (2012)

Filtered backprojection (FBP) has been commonly used as an efficient and robust reconstruction technique in tomographic X-ray imaging during the last decades. For standard geometries like circle or helix it is known how to efficiently filter the data. However, for geometries with only few projection views or with a limited angular range, the application of FBP algorithms generally provides poor results. In digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) these limitations give rise to image artifacts due to the limited angular range and the coarse angular sampling. In this work, a generalized FBP algorithm is presented, which uses the filtered projection data of all acquired views for backprojection along one direction. The proposed method yields a computationally efficient generalized FBP algorithm for DBT, which provides similar image quality as iterative reconstruction techniques while preserving the ability for region of interest reconstructions. To demonstrate the excellent performance of this method, examples are given with a simulated breast phantom and the hardware BR3D phantom.
Moisture Content Determination in Single Peanut Kernels With a Microwave Resonator (1993)

Abstract Principles are discussed for determining moisture content of individual peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., kernels by microwave resonator measurements, and data illustrating the application of these principles are presented. By measuring the shift in the resonant frequency and the change in the cavity transmission characteristics when a peanut kernel is inserted into the cavity, and taking the ratio of these two parameters, it is possible to obtain the moisture content of the kernel independent of its mass (size) and apparently independent of peanut type, as far as runner and virginia market types are concerned. Moisture contents in the range from 4 to 14 percent, wet basis, were determined with an uncertainty of 0.9 percent moisture, at the 95-percent confidence level.
Development of a microfluidic device (μPADs) for forensic serological analysis (2019)

In this paper, we describe a paper microfluidic device capable of performing a variety of presumptive tests for the presence of biological fluids at crime scenes.
Use of Hydration Inhibitors to Improve Bond Durability of Aluminum Adhesive Joints (1985)

An investigation is conducted of the mechanisms by which nitrilotris methylene phosphonic acid (NTMP) and related compounds are adsorbed onto oxidized aluminum surfaces to inhibit hydration and increase the durability of adhesive bonds formed with inhibitor-treated panels. P - O - Al bonds are identified as the basis of adsorption, and it is found that water initially adsorbed onto the etched aluminum surfaces is displaced by the NTMP. The hydration of the NTMP-treated surfaces occurs in three stages, namely the reverisble physisorption of water, the slow dissolution of NTMP followed by rapid hydration of the freshly exposed Al2O3 to AlOOH and further hydration of the surface to Al(OH)3. Five properties of an ideal inhibitor are identified.
Information Extraction from Hand-Marked Industrial Inspection Sheets (2017)

In order to effectively detect faults and maintain heavy machines, a standard practice in several organizations is to conduct regular manual inspections. The procedure for conducting such inspections requires marking of the damaged components on a standardized inspection sheet which is then camera scanned. These sheets are marked for different faults in corresponding machine zones using hand-drawn arrows and text. As a result, the reading environment is highly unstructured and requires a domain expert while extracting the manually marked information. In this paper, we propose a novel pipeline to build an information extraction system for such machine inspection sheets, utilizing state-of-the-art deep learning and computer vision techniques. The pipeline proceeds in the following stages: (1) localization of different zones of the machine, arrows and text using a combination of template matching, deep learning and connected components, and (2) mapping the machine zone to the corresponding arrow head and the text segment to the arrow tail, followed by pairing them to get the correct damage code for each zone. Experiments were performed on a dataset collected from an anonymous real world manufacturing unit. Results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach and we also report the accuracy for each step in the pipeline.