gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Brief Summary of the Synthesis of Polyester Building‐Block Chemicals and Biofuels from 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (2012)

Abstract The synthesis of fine chemicals from the platform molecules obtained through the degradation of the cellulosic and lignocellulosic biomass is a most widely envisioned approach toward the implementation of renewable feedstocks for fuels and chemicals. Significant advances have been made in the synthesis of furan‐based polyester building block 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and related compounds such as 2,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl)furan and 2,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran from biomass‐derived 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by using homogeneous and nanoparticulate catalysts. This review provides a survey of selective aerobic oxidation of HMF to give FDCA as the end‐product. The article highlights the fundamental aspects of preferring nanoparticulate catalysts over the conventional supported metal catalysts for the synthesis of FDCA with high selectivity. Another objective of the review is to discuss how efficiently the HMF‐platform produces biofuels, including gasoline blendstock 2,5‐dimethylfuran (DMF), 5‐ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF), and ethyl levulinate (EL), which are competitive of existing liquid fuels.
Health Effects and Bioavailability of Dietary Flavonols (1999)

Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that are ubiquitously present in foods of plant origin. Flavonoids are categorised into flavonols, flavones, catechins, flavanones, anthocyanidins, and isoflavonoids. They may have beneficial health effects because of their antioxidant properties and their inhibitory role in various stages of tumour development in animal studies. It is estimated that the human intake of all flavonoids is a few hundreds of milligram per day. Flavonoids present in foods used to be considered non-absorbable because they are bound to sugars as beta-glycosides. However, we found that human absorption of the quercetin glycosides from onions (52%) is far better than that of the pure aglycone (24%). The sugar moiety is an important determinant of their absorption and bioavailability. Flavonol glycosides might contribute to the antioxidant defences of blood. The average intake of the flavonols quercetin, myricetin and kaempferol and the flavones luteolin and apigenin in the Netherlands was 23 mg/day. The intake of these flavonols and flavones was inversely associated with subsequent coronary heart disease in some but not all prospective epidemiological studies. A protective effect of flavonols on cancer was found in one prospective study; two others showed no association. Thus the epidemiological evidence does not yet allow a decision on the involvement of flavonols in the etiology of either cardiovascular diseases or cancer.
Validation of CT dose‐reduction simulation (2008)

The objective of this research was to develop and validate a custom computed tomography dose-reduction simulation technique for producing images that have an appearance consistent with the same scan performed at a lower mAs (with fixed kVp, rotation time, and collimation). Synthetic noise is added to projection (sinogram) data, incorporating a stochastic noise model that includes energy-integrating detectors, tube-current modulation, bowtie beam filtering, and electronic system noise. Experimental methods were developed to determine the parameters required for each component of the noise model. As a validation, the outputs of the simulations were compared to measurements with cadavers in the image domain and with phantoms in both the sinogram and image domain, using an unbiased root-mean-square relative error metric to quantify agreement in noise processes. Four-alternative forced-choice (4AFC) observer studies were conducted to confirm the realistic appearance of simulated noise, and the effects of various system model components on visual noise were studied. The "just noticeable difference (JND)" in noise levels was analyzed to determine the sensitivity of observers to changes in noise level. Individual detector measurements were shown to be normally distributed (p > 0.54), justifying the use of a Gaussian random noise generator for simulations. Phantom tests showed the ability to match original and simulated noise variance in the sinogram domain to within 5.6% +/- 1.6% (standard deviation), which was then propagated into the image domain with errors less than 4.1% +/- 1.6%. Cadaver measurements indicated that image noise was matched to within 2.6% +/- 2.0%. More importantly, the 4AFC observer studies indicated that the simulated images were realistic, i.e., no detectable difference between simulated and original images (p = 0.86) was observed. JND studies indicated that observers' sensitivity to change in noise levels corresponded to a 25% difference in dose, which is far larger than the noise accuracy achieved by simulation. In summary, the dose-reduction simulation tool demonstrated excellent accuracy in providing realistic images. The methodology promises to be a useful tool for researchers and radiologists to explore dose reduction protocols in an effort to produce diagnostic images with radiation dose "as low as reasonably achievable".
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome-like Illness among Gulf War Veterans: A Population-based Survey of 30,000 Veterans (2003)

The authors estimated the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and illness resembling chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in the entire population of Gulf War and non-Gulf-War veterans. They also evaluated the relation between the extent of deployment-related stress and the risk of either PTSD or CFS. In 1995-1997, the authors conducted a health survey in which these two symptom-based medical diagnoses in a population-based sample of 15,000 Gulf War veterans representing four military branches and three unit components (active, reserve, and National Guard) were compared with those of 15,000 non-Gulf veteran controls. Gulf War veterans, compared with non-Gulf veteran controls, reported significantly higher rates of PTSD (adjusted odds ratio = 3.1, 95% confidence interval: 2.7, 3.4) and CFS (adjusted odds ratio = 4.8, 95% confidence interval: 3.9, 5.9). The prevalence of PTSD increased monotonically across six levels of deployment-related stress intensity (test for trend: p < 0.01), while the prevalence of CFS rose only at the low end of the stress spectrum. While deployment-related stress could account for the higher risks of both PTSD and CFS, additional factor(s) unique to the Gulf environment may have contributed to the risk of CFS among Gulf War veterans.
The role of galectins in colorectal cancer progression (2011)

Abstract Galectins constitute a family of 15 mammalian galactoside‐binding proteins that share a consensus amino acid sequence in their carbohydrate binding sites. They are multi‐functional molecules and are expressed widely in human tissues. Four galectins: galectin −1, −3, −4 and −8 are expressed in the human colon and rectum and their expressions show significant changes during colorectal cancer development and metastasis. These changes in galectin expression correlate with alterations in cancer cell growth, apoptosis, cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions and angiogenesis. This review summaries current knowledge of the expression and roles of these galectins in the progression of human colorectal cancer and discusses the relevance of galectins and their ligands as potential therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.
PULO DO GATO, OU, BREVE CONSIDERAÇÃO SOBRE A REVERSÃO DO PLATONISMO (2023)

Este é um texto concebido a partir de duas diferentes experiências. A primeira é a da leitura A lógica do sentido de Gilles Deleuze, e também do romance Alice no país das maravilhas, de Lewis Carroll, livro este que é objeto de estudo do livro de Deleuze, e a segunda experiência, que remete à sala de aula e às disciplinas de filosofia da educação, que inerem certa bibliografia básica em torno deste assunto e por isto, um debate recorrente em torno do conceito de educação. Neste artigo, portanto, tento fazer o transporte das ideias presentes no início da Lógica do sentido, a da série dos paradoxos, principalmente aquele paradoxo maior/menor para o âmbito ou território escolar da educação.
Comparison between Model- and pH/ORP- Based Process Control for an AAA System (2000)

ABSTRACT

Model-based and on-line sensor control schemes in an alternating aerobic/anoxic system for nitrogen removal were applied and compared for system performance. A linear model was developed by simplifying the well known Activated Sludge Model No. 1 and incorporated into an optimization scheme. A program was developed to detect control points on the pH and ORP profiles to control aeration duration in an alternating system. Both systems demonstrate good COD (85%) and nitrogen (76-80%) removal efficiencies, with a range of the aeration ratio (aeration cycle time/total cycle time) 0.23 to 0.3. Both systems could save significant aeration energy, in addition to handling the variation of influent nitrogen loading. The model-based optimization approach has some advantages over the pH and ORP sensor control scheme, since the effluent ammonia level can be set by an operator according to the effluent regulation. Conversely, the online sensor based control scheme can be easily applied into a real system, since it does not require calibration or measurements of influent compositions.
A synchronous, reservation based medium access control protocol for multihop wireless networks (2004)

We describe a new synchronous and distributed medium access control (MAC) protocol for multihop wireless networks that provides bandwidth guarantees to unicast connections. Our MAC protocol is based on a slotted time division multiple access (TDMA) architecture, with a multi-mini-slotted signaling phase scheduling data transmissions over slots in the following data phase. Resolving contentions at the beginning of a frame allows for effective utilization of bandwidth. Our protocol essentially combines the benefits of TDMA architecture with the distributed reservation mechanism of IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol, thereby performing well even at high loads. We implement a two-way handshake before each data slot to avoid deadlocks, a phenomena that plagues 802.11. Through theoretical analysis, we derive the system throughput achieved by our MAC protocol. We implemented our MAC protocol into ns-2 simulator, and demonstrate its vast superiority to IEEE 802.11 and a synchronous MAC protocol CATA through extensive simulations.
Vascularity in asthmatic airways: relation to inhaled steroid dose (1999)

These findings suggest that ICS, especially at higher doses, may reduce airway wall vascularity in asthmatic subjects but further longitudinal intervention studies are required to confirm this suggestion.
The Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Is Required for Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Mediated Apoptosis and Cytochrome<i>c</i>Release (1998)

This study assesses the controversial role of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) in apoptosis. In primary rat hepatocytes expressing an IkappaB superrepressor, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) induced apoptosis as shown by nuclear morphology, DNA ladder formation, and caspase 3 activation. Confocal microscopy showed that TNFalpha induced onset of the MPT and mitochondrial depolarization beginning 9 h after TNFalpha treatment. Initially, depolarization and the MPT occurred in only a subset of mitochondria; however, by 12 h after TNFalpha treatment, virtually all mitochondria were affected. Cyclosporin A (CsA), an inhibitor of the MPT, blocked TNFalpha-mediated apoptosis and cytochrome c release. Caspase 3 activation, cytochrome c release, and apoptotic nuclear morphological changes were induced after onset of the MPT and were prevented by CsA. Depolarization and onset of the MPT were blocked in hepatocytes expressing DeltaFADD, a dominant negative mutant of Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD), or crmA, a natural serpin inhibitor of caspases. In contrast, Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-cho, an inhibitor of caspase 3, did not block depolarization or onset of the MPT induced by TNFalpha, although it inhibited cell death completely. In conclusion, the MPT is an essential component in the signaling pathway for TNFalpha-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes which is required for both cytochrome c release and cell death and functions downstream of FADD and crmA but upstream of caspase 3.
A Two-Step Named Entity Recognizer for Open-Domain Search Queries (2013)

Named entity recognition in queries is the task of identifying sequences of terms in search queries that refer to a unique concept. This problem is catching increasing attention, since the lack of context in short queries makes this task difficult for full-text off-the-shelf named entity recognizers. In this paper, we propose to deal with this problem in a two-step fashion. The first step classifies each query term as token or part of a named entity. The second step takes advantage of these binary labels for categorizing query terms into a pre-defined set of 28 named entity classes. Our results show that our two-step strategy is promising by outperforming a one-step traditional baseline by more than 10%.
On the Action of 5-Amino-Salicylic Acid and Sulfapyridine on M. avium including Subspecies paratuberculosis (2007)

5-ASA inhibits MAP growth in culture. We posit that, unknowingly, the medical profession has been treating MAP infections since sulfasalazine's introduction in 1942. These observations may explain, in part, why MAP has not previously been identified as a human pathogen. We conclude that henceforth in clinical trials evaluating antiMAP agents in IBD, if considered ethical, the use of 5-ASA (as well as methotrexate and 6-MP) should be excluded from control groups.
Generating Rule-Based Signatures for Detecting Polymorphic Variants Using Data Mining and Sequence Alignment Approaches (2018)

Antiviral software systems (AVSs) have problems in detecting polymorphic variants of viruses without specific signatures for such variants. Previous alignment-based approaches for automatic signature extraction have shown how signatures can be generated from consensuses found in polymorphic variant code. Such sequence alignment approaches required variable length viral code to be extended through gap insertions into much longer equal length code for signature extraction through data mining of consensuses. Non-nested generalized exemplars (NNge) are used in this paper in an attempt to further improve the automatic detection of polymorphic variants. The important contribution of this paper is to compare a variable length data mining technique using viral source code to the previously used equal length data mining technique obtained through sequence alignment. This comparison was achieved by conducting three different experiments (i.e. Experiments I-III). Although Experiments I and II generated unique and effective syntactic signatures, Experiment III generated the most effective signatures with an average detection rate of over 93%. The implications are that future, syntactic-based smart AVSs may be able to generate effective signatures automatically from malware code by adopting data mining and alignment techniques to cover for both known and unknown polymorphic variants and without the need for semantic (run-time) analysis.
Lighting simulation in augmented reality scenes: Teaching experience in interior design (2012)

One of the weaknesses in augmented reality (AR) scenes is that, most of the times, the virtual model lacks realism and is not integrated sufficiently into the scene to be credible. The problem lies in lighting conditions differences from real environment and virtual objects superimposed. This problem takes on special significance indoors, to visualize interior design proposals, because a non-integrated scene may seem unlikely and unattractive. In this paper, we describe a teaching experience conducted in the framework of an interior design specialization course. It was carried out by students from the School of Building Construction of Barcelona in November 2011, at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia. Students were required to use AR freeware tools for modeling and visualize their own proposals indoor. The challenging task was to make virtual objects blend harmoniously into the real scene, so they should appear as if they were like real. New modeling techniques have been experienced in order to add lighting conditions maps to virtual objects. We used for that radiance and global illumination simulations from the real environment to get real scene lighting information. Experience was useful to determine the consistency of illumination between the virtual objects and the surrounding real objects in the scene, as well as, to evaluate the importance of the use of this technology in interior design proposals and architectural visualization.
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization on Formalin-fixed and Paraffin-Embedded Tissue (2004)

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is widely used to study numerical and structural genetic abnormalities in both metaphase and interphase cells. The technique is based on the hybridization of labeled probes to complementary sequences in the DNA or RNA of the cells. Interphase FISH is most often applied on cytologic material such as hematologic smears or imprints, but the method is also used to study genetic changes in tissue sections when morphology is important or when cytologic material is not available. In cases in which the presence of intact nuclei is of importance, such as quantitation of signals as in triploidy, it is possible to isolate nuclei from paraffin-embedded tissue. However, using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, either in thin sections or as isolated nuclei, one encounters a range of technical problems, paralleling those met in immunohistochemistry. Variations in time lapse between removal of tissue and fixation, duration of fixation, enzymatic pretreatment, hybridization conditions, and posthybridization washing conditions are important factors in the hybridization. In this study, we have listed the results of a systematic approach to improve FISH on isolated nuclei and tissue sections from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue.
The Ecoresponsive Genome of <i>Daphnia pulex</i> (2011)

We describe the draft genome of the microcrustacean Daphnia pulex, which is only 200 megabases and contains at least 30,907 genes. The high gene count is a consequence of an elevated rate of gene duplication resulting in tandem gene clusters. More than a third of Daphnia's genes have no detectable homologs in any other available proteome, and the most amplified gene families are specific to the Daphnia lineage. The coexpansion of gene families interacting within metabolic pathways suggests that the maintenance of duplicated genes is not random, and the analysis of gene expression under different environmental conditions reveals that numerous paralogs acquire divergent expression patterns soon after duplication. Daphnia-specific genes, including many additional loci within sequenced regions that are otherwise devoid of annotations, are the most responsive genes to ecological challenges.
Contact Angle and Surface Tension Measurement (2004)

The wetting phenomenon is an important issue in various technological processes. In some fields, liquids are desired to spread over solid surfaces, e.g., lubrication oils on metallic surfaces or paint on paper. On the other hand, it is necessary for hydrophobic coatings to repel water such as Teflon film on frying pans. The behavior of bubbles on solid surfaces immersed in liquid often has important effects on the performance of industrial apparatus dealing boiling or condensation. In these problems regarding wetting, it is known that the behavior of a drop or bubble on a solid surface is dependent on the three interfacial tensions between solid, gas, and liquid phases, as shown in Fig. 1. The tangential force balance between these interfacial tensions on the three-phase contact line leads to the following well-known Young’s equation [1]:σSV−σSL=σLV cos αY. (1)σSV, σSL, and σLV indicate solid-vapor, solid-liquid, and liquid-vapor interfacial tensions, respectively. The environmental atmosphere is assumed to be filled with saturated vapor of liquid. When a drop is exposed to air, however, σLV usually does not change because a thin layer of saturated vapor may be formed around the drop [2]. In the right-hand side of Eq. (1), αY is the angle between the solid surface and the liquid-vapor interface measured from the inside of the liquid phase and is called the contact angle. When the difference between the two interfacial tensions on the left-hand side of Eq. (1) is large enough to make αY on the right-hand side small, the solid is favorably wetted by the liquid. As the drop size becomes sufficiently small and the curvature of the solid-gas-liquid contact line becomes quite large, we should add a term representing the effect of line tension to the above equation [3]. In this
Region-based representations of image and video: segmentation tools for multimedia services (1999)

This paper discusses region-based representations of image and video that are useful for multimedia services such as those supported by the MPEG-4 and MPEG-7 standards. Classical tools related to the generation of the region-based representations are discussed. After a description of the main processing steps and the corresponding choices in terms of feature spaces, decision spaces, and decision algorithms, the state of the art in segmentation is reviewed. Mainly tools useful in the context of the MPEG-4 and MPEG-7 standards are discussed. The review is structured around the strategies used by the algorithms (transition based or homogeneity based) and the decision spaces (spatial, spatio-temporal, and temporal). The second part of this paper proposes a partition tree representation of images and introduces a processing strategy that involves a similarity estimation step followed by a partition creation step. This strategy tries to find a compromise between what can be done in a systematic and universal way and what has to be application dependent. It is shown in particular how a single partition tree created with an extremely simple similarity feature can support a large number of segmentation applications: spatial segmentation, motion estimation, region-based coding, semantic object extraction, and region-based retrieval.
Microbispora corallina sp. nov., a new species of the genus Microbispora isolated from Thai soil (1999)

Two actinomycete strains, DF-28 and DF-32T, were isolated from soil samples collected in a deciduous dipterocarp forest in Thailand. They produced longitudinally paired spores on the tips of short sporophores alternately branched from aerial hyphae, and the chemotaxonomic properties of the isolates were the same as those of members of the family Streptosporangiaceae. These phenotypic properties, together with the results of a phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, indicated that these isolates should be assigned to the genus Microbispora. The two isolates showed more than 93% DNA relatedness to each other, but their relatedness to any previously described species of the genus Microbispora was only 45% or less. They were distinguishable from previously described Microbispora spp. by a combination of physiological and biochemical properties. Therefore, a new species is proposed for these strains, under the name Microbispora corallina sp. nov. The type strain is strain DF-32T (= JCM 10267T).