gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Dual Layered Pellets for Sustained Release of Poorly Water-Soluble Drug (2007)

The aim of this study was to develop pellet formulations that could be used to improve the dissolution and bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble model drug, cisapride. Six different types of pellets were prepared by coating sugar spheres in a fluidized bed coater. When the sugar spheres were single layered containing cisapride and solubilizer such as polysorbate 80, the resulting pellets provided an instant release of cisapride in the simulated gastric fluid. Dissolution tests carried out in the simulated intestinal fluid showed that there were negligible amounts of cisapride released, regardless of the pellet formulation. To succeed in attaining dissolution and the sustained release of cisapride at a neural pH, the single layered pellets were coated again with a coating suspension containing Eudragit RS 30D and L 30D. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the dual layered pellets had a crack-free and spherical surface. Interestingly, the dual layered pellets provided the sustained release of cisapride in both the simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. The composition and components of the dual layers were found to be key parameters affecting the pattern of cisapride dissolution. Significant improvement in the bioavailability of cisapride was achieved when the dual layered pellets were administered orally to dogs. Overall, these results suggest that the dual layered pellets have potential as a sustained release dosage form for poorly water-soluble drugs.
Chemically Vapor Deposited Polycrystalline-Silicon Films (1974)

In recent years polycrystalline silicon deposited by chemical vapor deposition has become of importance in many semiconductor applications. The formation and properties of films deposited for different applications are reviewed in this paper, and the use of the films in semiconductor devices is discussed. The deposition temperature, gases, and impurities are found to have the major influence on the properties of the films. These deposition variables significantly affect the crystal
Development and Validation of Pore Structure Models for Adsorption in Activated Carbons (1999)

Predicting adsorption over a range of operating conditions and the improvement of the adsorbent itself are two important aspects that arise in the industrial application of adsorption. Both of these aspects can be addressed using molecular simulation techniques in conjunction with an appropriate model of the internal structure of the adsorbent. The internal structure of activated carbons is particularly difficult to model due to the fact that the structure is only locally crystalline and that most of the void volumes within the structure have length scales comparable to small molecules. This paper presents a systematic method to develop suitable models of the internal structure that are based on networks of regularly shaped model pores. Important aspects that are addressed include the realism and consistency of the resulting models. The method is illustrated using the adsorption of pure methane and ethane, and binary mixtures of these components, over a wide range of operating conditions onto four activated carbons.
Planning for Autonomous Cars that Leverage Effects on Human Actions (2016)

Traditionally, autonomous cars make predictions about other drivers' future trajectories, and plan to stay out of their way. This tends to result in defensive and opaque behaviors. Our key insight is that an autonomous car's actions will actually affect what other cars will do in response, whether the car is aware of it or not. Our thesis is that we can leverage these responses to plan more efficient and communicative behaviors. We model the interaction between an autonomous car and a human driver as a dynamical system, in which the robot's actions have immediate consequences on the state of the car, but also on human actions. We model these consequences by approximating the human as an optimal planner, with a reward function that we acquire through Inverse Reinforcement Learning. When the robot plans with this reward function in this dynamical system, it comes up with actions that purposefully change human state: it merges in front of a human to get them to slow down or to reach its own goal faster; it blocks two lanes to get them to switch to a third lane; or it backs up slightly at an intersection to get them to proceed first. Such behaviors arise from the optimization, without relying on hand-coded signaling strategies and without ever explicitly modeling communication. Our user study results suggest that the robot is indeed capable of eliciting desired changes in human state by planning using this dynamical system.
Molecular cloning and expression of a 70-kilodalton heat shock protein of Candida albicans (1995)

By screening an expression library of the yeast form of Candida albicans with a serum directed against whole fungal cells, a cDNA (2,325 bp) encoding a stress protein of C. albicans was cloned and sequenced. The cloned sequence (CaRLV130) identified a single open reading frame with a length of 1,968 bp coding for a protein containing 656 amino acid residues (70 kDa). The deduced amino acid sequence was 84% similar to the sequence of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SSA1 gene, which encodes one member of the 70-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) family. The relevant gene (C. albicans HSP70 gene [CaHSP70]) was localized on the highest-M(r) (R1; approximately 3.8 Mb) chromosome of C. albicans as determined by pulse-field electrophoresis. CaHSP70 was expressed after heat shock, as demonstrated by Northern (RNA) blotting and reverse transcriptase-PCR with specific pairs of oligonucleotide sequences and gene probes. A recombinant protein was obtained in Escherichia coli after cloning of the full coding sequence into the BamHI site of the pDS56/RBSII6xhisE- plasmid and purification by nickel chelate affinity chromatography. The recombinant protein (6xhis-CaHsp70) was efficiently recognized in immunoblots by a monoclonal antibody directed against a common epitope of eukaryotic Hsp70 proteins, as well as by sera from normal human subjects. Moreover, immune mouse sera against the purified recombinant protein recognized native, heat-inducible constituents with sizes of around 70 kDa in whole-cell protein extracts of C. albicans. Overall, our data demonstrate that CaHSP70 encodes one member of a family of proteins (Hsp70) which usually represent highly conserved immunodominant antigens of infectious agents.
Polyelectrolyte multilayer functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles for pH-responsive drug delivery: layer thickness-dependent release profiles and biocompatibility (2013)

Surface functionalization of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) has been proposed as an efficient approach to enhance the biocompatibility and efficiency of MSN-based carrier systems. Herein, polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) composed of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) were coated onto the MSN surface via a layer-by-layer (LbL) technique, and doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) was loaded into the prepared PEM-MSNs, thus constructing potential pH-responsive carrier systems. Extensive studies were performed to evaluate their biocompatibility and efficiency, emphasizing the influences of the layer numbers on the release profiles, cytotoxicity and hemocompatibility. It is demonstrated that PEM layer thickness has an exponential relationship with the number of coated layers, and release profiles of nanoparticles were both pH- and layer thickness-dependent. PEM-MSNs exhibited a very low and layer thickness-dependent cytotoxicity against macrophage cells. They did not induce obvious hemolysis or cause significant platelet aggregation, but also did not activate any coagulation pathways. The cellular uptake of DOX-loaded PEM-MSNs in HeLa cells was remarkably larger than that in L929 cells, thus resulting in a desirable growth-inhibiting effect on cancer cells. DOX-loaded PEM-MSNs exhibited a slower and prolonged DOX accumulation in the nucleus than free DOX. In vivo biodistribution indicated that they induced a sustained drug concentration in blood plasma but lower drug accumulation in the major organs, especially in the heart, compared to free DOX. The histological results also revealed that DOX-loaded PEM-MSNs had lower systemic toxicity than free DOX. Therefore, LbL functionalization of MSNs provides the practical possibility for creating MSN-based carrier systems with low systemic toxicity and high efficiency.
Oxygen radicals generated during anoxia followed by reoxygenation reduce the synthesis of tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human endothelial cell culture (1990)

The effect of anoxia and reoxygenation on the synthesis and secretion of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was studied in primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Sublethal anoxia, determined by trypan blue dye exclusion and lactate dehydrogenase release, was produced by cell culture under a 95% N2, 5% CO2 atmosphere for 2-24 h and was followed by reoxygenation with 95% air, 5% CO2 for 24 or 48 h. Anoxia did not alter the levels of mRNA for t-PA or PAI-1 in the cells or the secretion of t-PA or PAI-1 into the medium. At 24 h, t-PA secreted into conditioned medium was 7.0 +/- 1.4 ng/2 x 10(6) cells (n = 9) and PAI-1 was 300 +/- 13 IU/2 x 10(6) cells (n = 9), whereas the content of t-PA mRNA was 2.2 pg/micrograms of RNA and PAI-1 mRNA was 180 pg/micrograms of RNA. During reoxygenation, however, t-PA antigen and PAI-1 activity as well as mRNA for PAI-1 decreased proportionally to the duration of anoxia, to reach 27 +/- 1.0, 49 +/- 2.0, and 47 +/- 14% of control values, respectively, within 24 h of anoxia. t-PA mRNA also decreased significantly during reoxygenation following anoxia, but the extent could not be accurately quantitated. Addition, during anoxia, of a 200 micrograms/ml concentration of the superoxide anion radical scavenger superoxide dismutase or of a 5 mM concentration of the iron chelator deferoxamine mesylate prevented the subsequent decrease of t-PA antigen during reoxygenation; addition of these compounds during reoxygenation had no effect. Superoxide dismutase, but not deferoxamine mesylate, when added during anoxia prevented the subsequent decrease in PAI-1 activity. These studies suggest that the marked alteration of endothelial cell fibrinolysis during anoxia followed by reoxygenation is most likely mediated by a mechanism dependent on oxygen radicals. Impaired endothelial cell fibrinolysis may contribute to the pathophysiology of ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Hardware Verification Using Software Analyzers (2015)

Program analysis is a highly active area of research, and the capacity and precision of software analyzers is improving rapidly. We investigate the use of modern software verification tools for formal property checking of hardware given in Verilog at register-transfer level. To this end, we translate RTL Verilog into an equivalent word-level ANSI-C program, according to synthesis semantics. The property of interest is instrumented into the Cprogram as an assertion. We subsequently apply three different software verification techniques -- bounded model checking, path-based symbolic simulation and abstract interpretation -- and compare their performance to conventional methods for property verification of hardware designs at net list and register transfer level. Our experimental results indicate that speedups of more than an order of magnitude are possible. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to perform property verification of hardware IPs given at register-transfer level using software verifiers.
Reliable quantification of marrow fat content and unsaturation level using in vivo MR spectroscopy (2017)

The method proposed in this study has better performance than conventional methods in the quantification of bone marrow MRS data and has great potential for wide applications of studying marrow fat content and composition. Magn Reson Med 79:1722-1729, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Angiotensin II–Independent Upregulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 by Activation of the (Pro)Renin Receptor in Rat Renal Inner Medullary Cells (2012)

During renin-angiotensin system activation, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-derived prostaglandins attenuate the pressor and antinatriuretic effects of angiotensin II (AngII) in the renal medulla. The (pro)renin receptor (PRR) is abundantly expressed in the collecting ducts (CD) and its expression is augmented by AngII. PRR overexpression upregulates COX-2 via mitogen-activated kinases/extracellular regulated kinases 1/2 in renal tissues; however, it is not clear whether this effect occurs independently or in concert with AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R) activation. We hypothesized that PRR activation stimulates COX-2 expression independently of AT(1)R in primary cultures of rat renal inner medullary cells. The use of different cell-specific immunomarkers (aquaporin-2 for principal cells, anion exchanger type 1 for intercalated type-A cells, and tenascin C for interstitial cells) and costaining for AT(1)R, COX-2, and PRR revealed that PRR and COX-2 were colocalized in intercalated and interstitial cells whereas principal cells did not express PRR or COX-2. In normal rat kidney sections, PRR and COX-2 were colocalized in intercalated and interstitial cells. In rat renal inner medullary cultured cells, treatment with AngII (100 nmol/L) increased COX-2 expression via AT(1)R. In addition, AngII and rat recombinant prorenin (100 nmol/L) treatments increased extracellular regulated kinases 1/2 phosphorylation, independently. Importantly, rat recombinant prorenin upregulated COX-2 expression in the presence of AT(1)R blockade. Inhibition of mitogen-activated kinases/extracellular regulated kinases 1/2 suppressed COX-2 upregulation mediated by either AngII or rat recombinant prorenin. Furthermore, PRR knockdown using PRR-short hairpin RNA blunted the rat recombinant prorenin-mediated upregulation of COX-2. These results indicate that COX-2 expression is upregulated by activation of either PRR or AT(1)R via mitogen-activated kinases/extracellular regulated kinases 1/2 in rat renal inner medullary cells.
A Review of Inactive Materials and Components of Flexible Lithium‐Ion Batteries (2017)

Abstract Flexible Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) have a strong oncoming consumer market demand for use in wearable electronics, flexible electronics, and implantable medical devices. This market demand necessitates research on flexible LIBs to fulfill the energy requirements of these devices. One of the main areas of research of flexible LIBs is the active and inactive materials used in manufacturing these batteries. Active materials are those used in the battery electrodes to store lithium in their structure. The remaining materials in flexible LIBs, which do not directly contribute to energy storage, are inactive materials. Inactive materials and components—including electrode conductive materials, binders, separator, current collectors, electrolyte, and casing/packaging—make up almost 60% of the total weight of a LIB. Thus, they are important in the determination of energy and power density of flexible LIBs. This study reviews the inactive materials and components of flexible LIBs from two aspects. First, inactive materials and components used in flexible LIBs and their properties are compared. Then, the compatibility and stability of inactive materials and components are discussed. Overall, this article gives an extensive insight to researchers on inactive materials and components employed so far for flexible LIBs.
Numerical computation of fat layer effects on microwave near-field radiation to the abdomen of a full-scale human body model (1997)

Numerical computation results of fat layer effects on the microwave near field radiation to the abdomen of a three-dimensional (3-D) full-scale human body model are presented. The human body is modeled as a 3-D homogeneous muscle phantom with a fat layer covering the abdomen part. The dipole wire-antenna located proximate to the abdomen is used as the microwave radiation source at 915 MHz. This is to study the effects on hyperthermia heating by using the microwave applicator (at 915 MHz) or the near-field exposure from the proximate handset antenna to the human body at ISM band wireless communication band (902-928 MHz). Coupled integral equations (CIE) and the method of moments (MoM) are employed to numerically compute electromagnetic (EM) energy deposition specific absorption rate (SAR) from the radio frequency (RF) antenna applicator into the proximate fat layer covered abdomen. The antenna input impedance (proximate to the body), return loss (RL), and the resonant antenna length (proximate to the body) will also be numerically determined to increase the microwave power delivered into the body. The study of fat layer effects is important for microwave hyperthermia applications. It is also important for the investigation of the potential health hazard from the near-field radiation of a wireless communication antenna.
Epidermal Growth Factor-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Activity Regulates Expansion of Porcine Oocyte-Cumulus Cell Complexes In Vitro1 (2003)

We have recently shown that epidermal growth factor (EGF) strongly stimulates expansion of porcine oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCCs) isolated from large follicles (>6 mm) and does not promote expansion of OCCs from small (3-4-mm) follicles. In order to elucidate the role of EGF in OCCs expansion, in the present study, we first examined the presence of EGF receptors (EGFRs) in cumulus cells isolated from follicles of different sizes. Surprisingly, immunoblotting showed that cumulus cells obtained from all follicular size categories contained similar amounts of EGFR protein. On the other hand, we found a dramatic difference in the pattern of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in a comparison of cumulus cells isolated from small and large follicles treated by EGF. Furthermore, tyrosine-phosphorylated EGFR was specifically immunoprecipitated with antiphosphotyrosine antibodies from EGF-treated cumulus cells isolated from the large follicles. This result strongly indicates that only OCCs from the large follicles contain mature EGFRs that are capable of becoming activated by EGF. Remarkably, preincubation of cumulus cells from small follicles (3-4 mm) with FSH strongly increased EGF-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation to levels comparable with OCCs from large follicles. The FSH-dependent activation of EGFRs was beneficial for expansion of OCCs isolated from the small follicles since OCCs treated sequentially by FSH (3 h) and EGF (1 h) underwent expansion significantly better then OCCs cultured in FSH or EGF alone. We conclude that a FSH-dependent pathway has an important role in the maturation of the EGFR in cumulus cells and that activation of EGFR-dependent signaling is sufficient to induce expansion.
Kinetics and mechanism of the hydration of carbon dioxide and dehydration of bicarbonate catalyzed by a zinc (II) complex of 1,5,9-triazacyclododecane as a model for carbonic anhydrase (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetics and mechanism of the hydration of carbon dioxide and dehydration of bicarbonate catalyzed by a zinc (II) complex of 1,5,9-triazacyclododecane as a model for carbonic anhydraseXiaoping Zhang, Rudi van Eldik, Tohru Koike, and Eiichi KimuraCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1993, 32, 25, 5749–5755Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00077a017https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00077a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1038Altmetric-Citations127LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Histologic Evaluation of the Effects of Er:YAG Laser on Bone Ablation (2009)

Within the limits of this study a 2940 nm Er:YAG laser at 1.5 W can be used with confidence in cases requiring effective bone ablation.
Cocaethylene: A neuropharmacologically active metabolite assciated with concurrent cocaine-ethanol ingestion (1991)

High concentrations of cocaethylene (EC), the ethyl ester of benzoylecgonine, were measured in the blood of individuals who had concurrently used cocaine and ethanol. Since the powerful reinforcing effects of cocaine appear to be dependent on inhibition of dopamine reuptake in brain, we compared the effects of EC on the dopamine uptake system and its behavioral effects with those of cocaine. EC was equipotent to cocaine with respect to inhibition of binding of [3H]GBR 12935 to the dopamine reuptake complex, inhibition of [3H]dopamine uptake into synaptosomes and in its ability to increase extracellular dopamine concentration in the nucleus accumbens following its systemic administration to rats. Moreover, in rats, EC and cocaine each increased locomotor activity and rearing to the same extent following i.p. administration. In self-administration studies in primates, EC was approximately equipotent to cocaine in maintaining responding. The in vivo formation of this active, transesterified ethyl homolog of cocaine may contribute to the effects and consequences of combined cocaine and ethanol abuse.
Integrated characterization of porous low-k films for identifying killer pores and micropores (2004)

The need of introducing higher density of nanopores into interlayer dielectrics to realize k<2.0 increases the danger of pore coagulation to form unexpectedly large 'killer' pores, which cause defects in Cu diffusion barrier layer to lead to device failure. On the other hand, unintentional small micropores with less than 0.7 nm in diameter are also problematic in terms of physico-chemical and mechanical stability. In this work, we employ two different low-k films with k=1.8 and show experimental results on the largeand small-ends of pore size distributions to address most important technological issues in ultra-low-k/Cu interconnects.
Stress release for shallow trench isolation by single-wafer, rapid-thermal steam oxidation (2003)

Shallow trench isolation (STI) is the predominant isolation technology for advanced integrated circuits. Dislocations are often found at STI after repeated thermal cycles. For STI integrity, it is insufficient to have excellent STI patterning fidelity and rounded corners; it is also critical to have minimal thermal mismatch during oxidation and dislocation-free high-temperature annealing. Single-wafer, rapid-thermal steam oxide is found to be an excellent candidate for STI liner oxide and sacrificial oxide in that it provides lower thermal budget, rounded top and bottom corners, and significant improvement in stress release, the mechanism of which is also presented.