gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Supercontinuum Generation in Media with Sign‐Alternated Dispersion (2020)

Abstract When an ultrafast optical pulse with high intensity propagates through transparent material a supercontinuum can be coherently generated by self‐phase modulation, which is essential to many photonic applications in fibers and integrated waveguides. However, the presence of dispersion causes stagnation of spectral broadening past a certain propagation length, requiring an increased input peak power for further broadening. Overcoming such spectral stagnation will be key to achieve practical integrated supercontinuum devices. Here, a concept is presented to drive supercontinuum generation with significantly lower input power by counteracting spectral stagnation via repeatedly alternating the sign of group velocity dispersion along the propagation. The effect is experimentally demonstrated in dispersion alternating fiber in excellent agreement with modeling, revealing almost an order of magnitude reduced peak power compared to uniform dispersion. Calculations also reveal a similar power reduction with integrated optical waveguides, simultaneously with a significant increase in flat bandwidth, which is important for on‐chip broadband photonics.
Plasma-Assisted Catalytic Reduction of NOx (1998)

Many studies suggest that lean-NO x SCR proceeds via oxidation of NO to NO 2 by oxygen, followed by the reaction of the NO 2 with hydrocarbons.On catalysts that are not very effective in catalyzing the equilibration of NO+O 2 and NO 2 , the rate of N 2 formation is substantially higher when the input NO x is NO 2 instead of NO.The apparent bifunctional mechanism in the SCR of NO x has prompted the use of mechanically mixed catalyst components, in which one component is used to accelerate the oxidation of NO to NO 2 , and another component catalyzes the reaction between NO 2 and the hydrocarbon.Catalysts that previously were regarded as inactive for NO x reduction could therefore become efficient when mixed with an oxidation catalyst.Preconverting NO to NO 2 opens the opportunity for a wider range of SCR catalysts and perhaps improves the durability of these catalysts.This paper describes the use of a non-thermal plasma as an efficient means for selective partial oxidation of NO to NO 2 .When combined with some types of SCR catalyst, the plasma can greatly enhance the NO x reduction and eliminate some of the deficiencies encountered in an entirely catalyst-based approach.
Crystal structure of the SarR protein from <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2001)

The expression of virulence determinants in Staphylococcus aureus is controlled by global regulatory loci (e.g., sarA and agr). The sar (Staphylococcus accessory regulator) locus is composed of three overlapping transcripts (sarA P1, P3, and P2, transcripts initiated from the P1, P3, and P2 promoters, respectively), all encoding the 124-aa SarA protein. The level of SarA, the major regulatory protein, is partially controlled by the differential activation of the sarA promoters. We previously partially purified a 13.6-kDa protein, designated SarR, that binds to the sarA promoter region to down-modulate sarA transcription from the P1 promoter and subsequently SarA expression. SarR shares sequence similarity to SarA, and another SarA homolog, SarS. Here we report the 2.3 A-resolution x-ray crystal structure of the dimeric SarR-MBP (maltose binding protein) fusion protein. The structure reveals that the SarR protein not only has a classic helix-turn-helix module for DNA binding at the major grooves, but also has an additional loop region involved in DNA recognition at the minor grooves. This interaction mode could represent a new functional class of the "winged helix" family. The dimeric SarR structure could accommodate an unusually long stretch of approximately 27 nucleotides with two or four bending points along the course, which could lead to the bending of DNA by 90 degrees or more, similar to that seen in the catabolite activator protein (CAP)-DNA complex. The structure also demonstrates the molecular basis for the stable dimerization of the SarR monomers and possible motifs for interaction with other proteins.
New Developments for Upper Rate Response in DDD Pacing (1986)

Although widely accepted as an effective method of dealing with rapid atrial rates in a DDD pacemaker, Wenckebach-type and multiblock-type upper rate behaviors may exacerbate pacemaker-mediated tachycardia through AV dissociation. In addition, pathologic atrial rates (e.g., atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, automatic atrial tachycardia, etc.) frequently result in ventricular pacing at inappropriately high rates. New, more sophisticated algorithms available in today's microprocessor-based DDD pacing systems provide the capability to discriminate successfully a normal atrial rate response to exercise from a pathologic atrial rate. These and other improved capabilities allow the clinician to provide safe rate-responsive pacing to patients in whom rate-responsive pacing was previously contraindicated.
Cerebrospinal fluid methylmalonic acid levels in normal subjects and patients with cobalamin deficiency (1991)

We measured methylmalonic acid, which accumulates in the blood and tissues of patients with cobalamin deficiency, in the CSF of 65 patients using capillary-gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In 58 control patients, methylmalonic acid concentrations were always higher in CSF than in serum (mean CSF: serum ratio, 2.65; range, 1.17 to 7.78). In contrast, in six patients with elevated serum methylmalonic acid levels due to renal failure, CSF concentrations were normal in five and the CSF: serum ratio was less than one in four. In three patients with neuropsychiatric syndromes due to cobalamin deficiency and one patient with a normal serum cobalamin level who was an abuser of nitrous oxide, CSF concentrations were markedly increased (mean level, 600 times that of controls), out of proportion to those in the serum (mean CSF: serum ratio, 8.38; range, 3.5 to 13.5). The potential usefulness of CSF metabolite levels in the diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency is undetermined.
Conical Bearingless Motor/Generators (2008)

Motor/generators based on conical magnetic bearings have been invented as an improved alternative to prior such machines based, variously, on radial and/or axial magnetic bearings. Both the present and prior machines are members of the class of so-called bearingless or self bearing (in the sense of not containing mechanical bearings) rotary machines. Each motor/generator provides both a torque and force allowing it to either function as a motor and magnetic bearing or a generator and magnetic bearing concurrently. Because they are not subject to mechanical bearing wear, these machines have potentially long operational lives and can function without lubrication and over wide ranges of speed and temperature that include conditions under which lubricants would become depleted, degraded, or ineffective and mechanical bearings would fail. The figure shows three typical configurations of conical bearingless motor/generators. The main elements of each motor/generator are concentric rotor and stator portions having conically tapered surfaces facing each other across a gap. Because a conical motor/generator imposes both radial and axial magnetic forces, it acts, in effect, as a combination of an axial and a radial magnetic bearing. Therefore, only two conical motor/generators - one at each end of a rotor - are needed to effect complete magnetic leviation of the rotor, whereas previously, it was necessary to use a combination of an axial and a radial magnetic bearing at each end of the rotor to achieve complete magnetic levitation and a separate motor to provide torque.
In vitro measurements of the lateral wave in human cortical bone (2003)

Ultrasonic wave propagation in human cortical bone has been investigated in vitro using an axial transmission technique. Two quasi-point source elements, one transmitter and one receiver, were used to generate a wide ultrasonic beam including the longitudinal critical angle and to receive the signals radiated from the sample surface. Validation of the measuring technique was performed on test materials, followed by experiments on human cortical bones. Velocity measurements of the first arriving signal based on time-of-flight determinations were in agreement with reported values of longitudinal velocities for both test materials and bone specimens, and so did the experimental arrival times of the first arriving signal and ray arrival times of the lateral wave. The velocity in cortical bone ranged from 3600 to 4050 m.s/sup -1/. Our results strongly suggest that the first arriving signal corresponds to the lateral wave predicted by theory.
Dynamic Characteristics of Air-Stabilized Flexible Optical Disk (2005)

A high NA lens must be used for large capacity optical disks. Generally, a flat disk and high accuracy focus servo system is used for this purpose. We showed that using a high NA lens is easy with an air-stabilized flexible optical disk(1). We also showed that a triangularly arranged stabilizer system can stabilize a disk without complex stabilizer position control(2). The RF signal and focus and tracking servo signal characteristics were studied by using the triangularly arranged stabilizer.
On the Design of High‐Efficiency Thermoelectric Clathrates through a Systematic Cross‐Substitution of Framework Elements (2010)

Abstract Type I clathrates have recently been identified as prospective thermoelectric materials for power generation purposes due to their very low lattice thermal conductivity values. The maximum thermoelectric figure of merit of almost all type I clathrates is, however, less than 1 and occurs at, or above, 1000 K, making them unfavorable especially for intermediate temperature applications. In this report, the Zintl–Klemm rule is demonstrated to be valid for Ni, Cu, and Zn transition metal substitution in the framework of type I clathrates and offers many degrees of freedom for material modification, design, and optimization. The cross‐substitution of framework elements introduces ionized impurities and lattice defects into these materials, which optimize the scattering of charge carriers by the substitution‐induced ionized impurities and the scattering of heat‐carrying lattice phonons by point defects, respectively, leading to an enhanced power factor, reduced lattice thermal conductivity, and therefore improved thermoelectric figure of merit. Most importantly, the bandgap of these materials can be tuned between 0.1 and 0.5 eV by adjusting the cross‐substitution ratio of framework elements, making it possible to design clathrates with excellent thermoelectric properties between 500 and 1000 K.
Induction of Mouse Homocytotropic Antibodies to Timothy Pollen Antigens (1975)

Abstract The IgG1 and IgE homocytotropic antibody responses of LAF1 and C3H mice to timothy pollen antigens are defined. Both mouse strains responded to low doses of crude timothy pollen extract (WST) or a major antigen of timothy pollen coupled to a purified fraction of Ascaris suum (Antigen B-Ascaris). Titers in LAF1 mice were greater than those in C3H mice. Regardless of the immunogen, antigen B was the major determinant recognized by the homocytotropic antibodies; PCA titers with WST or antigen B for challenge were equivalent and PCA activity could be inhibited by antigen D, a dialyzable fraction of timothy pollen possessing the antigen B determinant in monovalent form. The possible usefulness of antigen D for in vivo and in vitro studies of specific immune suppression of cellular activity is discussed.
The use of pronase-digested human leukocytes to improve specificity of the flow cytometric crossmatch (1995)

Two-color fluorescence cytometry (FCXM) has recently been introduced to improve the detection of anti-HLA antibodies that react to donor cells, especially in recipients receiving kidney allografts. Although this assay system is highly sensitive, it lacks specificity. Between 70% and 90% of potential kidney recipients with a positive FCXM would have been denied transplant if such an assay had been used alone to detect antidonor antibodies. Lack of specificity is principally due to normal or irrelevant IgG in aggregates or immune complexes binding to Fc gamma R receptors on lymphocytes including B cells and a significant subset of T cells. To circumvent this problem, we digested Fc gamma R receptors on lymphocytes with pronase. We present data demonstrating that pronase digestion of lymphocytes does not alter HLA antigenicity. In addition, pronased lymphocytes allow one to use either single- or two-color FCXM. With single-color FCXM, one can quantitate antibody reactivity to lymphocytes via a cursor (on the fluorescence histogram) that separates lymphocytes that do not bind to antibodies. We present data demonstrating that this modification renders FCXM highly sensitive and specific. In addition, one can discriminate between IgG and IgM antibodies that react to lymphocytes.
Anti–MSP1 Block 2 Antibodies Are Effective at Parasite Killing in an Allele‐Specific Manner by Monocyte‐Mediated Antibody‐Dependent Cellular Inhibition (2009)

We investigated whether anti-merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP1) block 2 antibodies mediate the monocyte-dependent antibody-mediated cellular inhibition (ADCI) of Plasmodium falciparum. This study was performed because soluble molecules have been shown to trigger ADCI and because MSP1 block 2 is released following processing and is the target of cytophilic IgG3 responses in exposed populations. We assessed human anti-MSP1 block 2 antibodies against 4 P. falciparum strains that carry the 3 main block 2 sequence alleles. These antibodies were able to inhibit in vitro growth of P. falciparum only in cooperation with human monocytes, whereas no direct inhibition was observed. However, the ADCI effect was strictly allele specific. Our findings highlight a new mechanism involving MSP1 in the protection against malaria.
Zig–Zag-Array Superconducting Resonators for Relatively High-Power Applications (2008)

Since power handling of superconducting resonators is severely limited by current density saturation, it is proposed to form resonators having their incident power and resulting currents divided within interior arrays of "basic resonators" (A properly designed array of basic resonators acts as a single resonator.) Though other forms of basic resonators may also be attractive, in this paper, in all examples, the basic resonator used is a "zig-zag resonator" having a fundamental resonance at f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> . This type of resonator is attractive because it is relatively compact and tends to keep the energy confined to a region close to the surface of the substrate. This latter is important so that even if a large number of basic resonators are used, energy will not be radiating out to the normal-metal resonator housing, which would greatly lower the unloaded Q. The use of parallel and cascade connections of basic resonators are analyzed and are found to both yield an increase in power handling proportional to the number of basic resonators used. However, these two types of connections have different characteristics with regard to introducing spurious modes, and it is found that it will usually be desirable to use both types of connections within an array. A sizable number of computed explorative examples are presented containing as many as 64 zig-zags. Calculation of the current densities within the zig-zags shows them to be remarkably uniform throughout the arrays. Measured high-temperature superconductor resonator results are presented, which confirm the principles involved. Unloaded Q's measured at 77 K were consistently well above 100 000. This array technique should also be useful for some relatively high-power planar normal-metal filters.
A sensitivity variable tactile sensor (2002)

分布型触覚センサからのアナログ信号を処理する場合, 一般的にアナログマルチプレクサを使うことが多い。分布型触覚センサの各感度を変える場合, この方法では制御アルゴリズムが複雑になりがちである。また, センサ数が増えるにしたがって, センサ自体にその認識機能をもたせることは有効である。本研究では, 交流の周波数と振幅の組合せによって各センサの感度を可変し, センサ数が増えてもサンプリング速度は一定上であるセンシング手法について提案する。
Detecting online commercial intention (OCI) (2006)

Understanding goals and preferences behind a user's online activities can greatly help information providers, such as search engine and E-Commerce web sites, to personalize contents and thus improve user satisfaction. Understanding a user's intention could also provide other business advantages to information providers. For example, information providers can decide whether to display commercial content based on user's intent to purchase. Previous work on Web search defines three major types of user search goals for search queries: navigational, informational and transactional or resource [1][7]. In this paper, we focus our attention on capturing commercial intention from search queries and Web pages, i.e., when a user submits the query or browse a Web page, whether he/she is about to commit or in the middle of a commercial activity, such as purchase, auction, selling, paid service, etc. We call the commercial intentions behind a user's online activities as OCI (Online Commercial Intention). We also propose the notion of "Commercial Activity Phase" (CAP), which identifies in which phase a user is in his/her commercial activities: Research or Commit. We present the framework of building machine learning models to learn OCI based on any Web page content. Based on that framework, we build models to detect OCI from search queries and Web pages. We train machine learning models from two types of data sources for a given search query: content of algorithmic search result page(s) and contents of top sites returned by a search engine. Our experiments show that the model based on the first data source achieved better performance. We also discover that frequent queries are more likely to have commercial intention. Finally we propose our future work in learning richer commercial intention behind users' online activities.
Biosynthesis of heparan sulphate with diverse structures and functions: two alternatively spliced forms of human heparan sulphate 6-O-sulphotransferase-2 having different expression patterns and properties (2003)

Heparan sulphate 6- O -sulphotransferase (HS6ST) catalyses the transfer of sulphate from adenosine 3'-phosphate, 5'-phosphosulphate to the 6th position of the N -sulphoglucosamine residue in HS. We previously described the occurrence of three isoforms of mouse HS6ST, mHS6ST-1, -2, and -3 [Habuchi, Tanaka, Habuchi, Yoshida, Suzuki, Ban and Kimata (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 2859-2868]. In the present study, we have characterized HS6ST-2 and HS6ST-1 human isologues, including their chromosomal localizations. In the process of their cDNA cloning, we found two forms of HS6ST-2: the original (hHS6ST-2) and a short form (hHS6ST-2S) with 40 amino acids deleted. Both hHS6ST-2 and hHS6ST-2S catalysed the same sulphation reaction, but their preferences for sulphation sites in HS substrates were different. Dot-blot analysis of the two forms showed that the original form was exclusively expressed in adult and foetal brain tissues, whereas the short form was expressed preferentially in ovary, placenta and foetal kidney, suggesting that the expression of two forms of hHS6ST-2 is strictly regulated to yield tissue-dependent differences in the fine structure of HS. A refined analysis of their reaction products has led us to another finding, that HS6STs could also transfer sulphate to N -sulphoglucosamine residues located at the non-reducing terminal of HS with high affinity.
In Situ Synthesis of Thermochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Conducting Nanocomposites (2012)

Highly conductive reduced graphene oxide (GO) polymer nanocomposites are synthesized by a well-organized in situ thermochemical synthesis technique. The surface functionalization of GO was carried out with aryl diazonium salt including 4-iodoaniline to form phenyl functionalized GO (I-Ph-GO). The thermochemically developed reduced GO (R-I-Ph-GO) has five times higher electrical conductivity (42,000 S/m) than typical reduced GO (R-GO). We also demonstrate a R-I-Ph-GO/polyimide (PI) composites having more than 10(4) times higher conductivity (~1 S/m) compared to a R-GO/PI composites. The electrical resistances of PI composites with R-I-Ph-GO were dramatically dropped under ~3% tensile strain. The R-I-Ph-GO/PI composites with electrically sensitive response caused by mechanical strain are expected to have broad implications for nanoelectromechanical systems.
Polycrystalline Silicon Films and Thin-Film Transistors Using Solution-Based Metal-Induced Crystallization (2006)

Polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) films consisting of dish-like and wadding-like domains were obtained with solution-based metal-induced crystallization (SMIC) of amorphous silicon. The Hall mobility of poly-Si was much higher in dish-like domains than in wadding-like domains. Thin-film transistors (TFTs) have been prepared using those two kinds of poly-Si films as the active layer, followed by the phosphosilicate glass (PSG) nickel gettering. The field effect mobility of dish-like domain poly-Si TFTs and wadding-like poly-Si TFTs were 70~80 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Vmiddots and 40~50 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Vmiddots, respectively. With a multi-gate structure, the leakage current of poly-Si TFTs was reduced by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude. In addition, the gate-induced drain leakage current (GIDL) and uniformity of the drain current distribution were also improved. P-type TFTs fabricated using SMIC exhibited excellent reliability
Coherent multi-frequency optical source generation using a femto-second laser and its application for coherent population trapping (2007)

We present a coherent multi-frequency source generated from a mode-locked femto-second laser. The key concept for the coherent multi-frequency source generation is using the mode-locked femto-second laser as many continuous wave (CW) optical sources. We simultaneously selected and amplified the desired modes of the optical frequency comb using femto-second laser injection-locking (FSLIL). Using two coherent sources generated by the mode-locked femto-second laser, we have demonstrated a coherent spectroscopy in a Lambda-type system of the Cs D2 line. The proposed coherent multi-frequency source generation technique will be a useful technique for optical frequency standards based on multi-photon schemes.
Photocatalytic Self‐Doped SnO<sub>2−<i>x</i></sub> Nanocrystals Drive Visible‐Light‐Responsive Color Switching (2017)

Abstract Visible‐light‐responsive reversible color‐switching systems are attractive to many applications because visible light has superior penetration and causes far less damage to organic molecules than UV. Herein, we report that self‐doping of SnO 2− x nanocrystals with Sn 2+ red‐shifts their absorption to the visible region and simultaneously produces oxygen vacancies, which can effectively scavenge photogenerated holes and thus enable the color switching of redox dyes using visible light. Wavelength‐selective switching can also be achieved by coupling the photocatalytic activity of the SnO 2− x NCs with the color‐switching kinetics of different redox dyes. The fast light response enables the further fabrication of a solid film that can be repeatedly written on using a visible laser pen or projection printing through a photomask. This discovery represents a big step forward towards practical applications, especially in areas in which safety issues and photodamage by UV light are of concern.