gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Ti/Mg molar ratio on bi-supported SiO2/MgCl2 (ethoxide type)/TiCl4 catalysts in ethylene homopolymerization and ethylene/1-hexene copolymerization (2018)

SiO2/MgCl2 (ethoxide type)/TiCl4 Ziegler-Natta catalysts for use in ethylene polymerization and ethylene/1-hexene copolymerization have been prepared using silica with a supported layer of magnesium ethoxide (Mg(OEt)2) as a catalyst precursor, followed by treating with TiCl4 at different Ti/Mg molar ratios, which showed significant effects on the active centers and pore structures of the catalysts. The formation amount of β-MgCl2 carrier increased to a maximum with increasing the Ti/Mg molar ratio from 1.50 to 2.25, and then decreased with the further increasing of Ti/Mg molar to 2.50. When the Ti/Mg molar ratio reached 2.25, the catalyst showed the best performance of polymerization, which could be attributed to the most active centers, high surface area and loose surface structure, mainly owing to the high conversion of Mg(OEt)2 to β-MgCl2. The polymers obtained showed medium and high molecular weight (Mw) with medium molecular weight distribution (MWD). In contrast to the conventional Mg(OEt)2-based ZN catalysts, the sphericity of particles was easy to control in this bi-supported catalyst. Furthermore, the prepared catalysts exhibited rather high activity, good copolymerization ability and hydrogen response.
<title>Femtosecond laser materials processing</title> (1998)

Femtosecond lasers enable materials processing of most any material with extremely high precision and negligible shock or thermal loading to the surrounding area. Applications ranging from drilling teeth to cutting explosives to making high-aspect ratio cuts in metals with no heat-affected zone are made possible by this technology. For material removal at reasonable rates, we developed a fully computer-controlled 15-Watt average power, 100-fs laser machining system.
The Determination of Salicylates in Gaultheria procumbens for Use as a Natural Aspirin Alternative (2003)

ABSTRACT A sensitive stable isotope dilution-based method was developed to analyze salicylates in plants. Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens L.) was found to contain 10 mg/g FW of total salicylate-the highest levels observed in plants. Levels of free salicylate and methyl salicylate were significantly less in the intact leaves of wintergreen. High levels of total salicylate were also observed in flowers, stems and berries of wintergreen. The salicylate was present predominantly as a derivatized form of methyl salicylate called gaultherin, which may exhibit aspirin-like therapeutic effects without the negative side effects of aspirin. Thus, gaultherin, which is more derivatized than aspirin, may be a safer natural alternative to aspirin.
Considerations in atmospheric compensation of spectral image data (1999)

Atmospheric emission, scattering, and photon absorption degrade spectral imagery data and reduce its utility. We report on the use of an atmospheric compensation code for the visible and near-infrared, based on MODTRAN 4, that includes spectral analysis, accounts for interference to a given pixel by adjacent pixels, and provides a polishing routine to clear residual atmospheric spectral features common to a group of pixels. A NASA/JPL AVIRIS data sample is analyzed.
Relay feedback tuning of robust PID controllers with iso-damping property (2004)

A new tuning method for PID controller design is proposed for a class of unknown, stable, and minimum phase plants. We are able to design a PID controller to ensure that the phase Bode plot is flat, i.e., the phase derivative w.r.t. the frequency is zero, at a given frequency called the "tangent frequency" so that the closed-loop system is robust to gain variations and the step responses exhibit an iso-damping property. At the "tangent frequency", the Nyquist curve tangentially touches the sensitivity circle. Several relay feedback tests are used to identify the plant gain and phase at the tangent frequency in an iterative way. The identified plant gain and phase at the desired tangent frequency are used to estimate the derivatives of amplitude and phase of the plant with respect to frequency at the same frequency point by Bode's integral relationship. Then, these derivatives are used to design a PID controller for slope adjustment of the Nyquist plot to achieve the robustness of the system to gain variations. No plant model is assumed during the PID controller design. Only- several relay tests are needed. Simulation examples illustrate the effectiveness and the simplicity of the proposed method for robust PID controller design with an iso-damping property.
Persistent luminescence in nanophosphors for long term<i>in-vivo</i>bio-imaging (2015)

We presently introduce a novel generation of optical nanoprobes, based on chromium-doped zinc gallate, whose persistent luminescence can be activated<i> in vivo </i>through living tissues using highly penetrating low energy photons from the red region of the visible spectrum. Surface functionalization of this photonic nanoprobe can be adjusted to favor multiple challenging biomedical applications.
Digital holographic microscopy applied to metrology (2004)

We report on a method called Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM) for the numerical reconstruction of digital holograms taken with a microscope. It allows for simultaneous amplitude and quantitative phase contrast imaging. The reconstruction method computes the propagation of the complex optical wavefront diffracted by the object and is used to determine the refractive index and/or shape of the object with an accuracy in the nanometer range along the optical axis. A single hologram is needed for reconstruction. The method requires the adjustment of several reconstruction parameters. The adjustment is performed automatically by using a suitable algorithm. The method has been applied to the measurement of several integrated optics devices, MOEMS, and integrated micro-optical components: microlenses.
Reasoning About Human-Object Interactions Through Dual Attention Networks (2019)

Objects are entities we act upon, where the functionality of an object is determined by how we interact with it. In this work we propose a Dual Attention Network model which reasons about human-object interactions. The dual-attentional framework weights the important features for objects and actions respectively. As a result, the recognition of objects and actions mutually benefit each other. The proposed model shows competitive classification performance on the human-object interaction dataset Something-Something. Besides, it can perform weak spatiotemporal localization and affordance segmentation, despite being trained only with video-level labels. The model not only finds when an action is happening and which object is being manipulated, but also identifies which part of the object is being interacted with.
Automatic screening of age-related macular degeneration and retinal abnormalities (2011)

We describe a novel approach for screening retinal imagery to detect evidence of abnormalities. In this paper, we focus our efforts on age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a pathology that may often go undetected in the early or intermediate stages, and can lead to a neovascular form often resulting in blindness, if untreated. Our strategy for retinal anomaly detection is to employ a single class classifier applied to fundus imagery. We use a multiresolution locally-adaptive scheme that identifies both normal and anomalous regions within the retina. We do this by using a hybrid parametric/non-parametric characterization of the support of the probability distribution of normal retinal tissue in color and intensity feature space. We apply this approach to screen for evidence of AMD on a dataset of 66 healthy and pathological cases and found a detection sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 96%.
DeepIso: A Deep Learning Model for Peptide Feature Detection (2017)

Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based proteomics is a well-established research field with major applications such as identification of disease biomarkers, drug discovery, drug design and development. In proteomics, protein identification and quantification is a fundamental task, which is done by first enzymatically digesting it into peptides, and then analyzing peptides by LC-MS/MS instruments. The peptide feature detection and quantification from an LC-MS map is the first step in typical analysis workflows. In this paper we propose a novel deep learning based model, DeepIso, that uses Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to scan an LC-MS map to detect peptide features and estimate their abundance. Existing tools are often designed with limited engineered features based on domain knowledge, and depend on pretrained parameters which are hardly updated despite huge amount of new coming proteomic data. Our proposed model, on the other hand, is capable of learning multiple levels of representation of high dimensional data through its many layers of neurons and continuously evolving with newly acquired data. To evaluate our proposed model, we use an antibody dataset including a heavy and a light chain, each digested by Asp-N, Chymotrypsin, Trypsin, thus giving six LC-MS maps for the experiment. Our model achieves 93.21% sensitivity with specificity of 99.44% on this dataset. Our results demonstrate that novel deep learning tools are desirable to advance the state-of-the-art in protein identification and quantification.
Normalized metal artifact reduction (NMAR) in computed tomography (2009)

Severe artifacts degrade the image quality and the diagnostic value of CT images if metal objects are present in the field of measurement. The standard method for metal artifact reduction (MAR) replaces affected projection data by interpolated data. Often, linear interpolation is used. However, sinogram interpolation introduces new artifacts and lacks accuracy close to metal objects even if more complex interpolation schemes are used. Recently, a method was presented, which uses a simple length normalization of the sinogram prior to interpolation in order to better preserve the contrast between air and water-equivalent objects. However, contrast between objects from different materials, water and bone, for example, is still impaired. We introduce a generalized normalization technique, which concisely preserves details of different materials. This normalization is performed based on a forward projection of a ternary image, which is obtained from a multi-threshold segmentation of the initial image. Simulations and measurements are performed to evaluate our normalized metal artifact reduction method (NMAR) in comparison to standard MAR with linear interpolation and MAR based on simple length normalization. We find considerable improvements in particular for bone structures with metal implants. The improvements are quantified by comparing profiles through images and sinograms for the different methods using simulated data. NMAR clearly outperforms both other methods. We also obtain promising results by applying NMAR to clinical data. This is demonstrated with a scan of a patient with two hip endoprostheses. NMAR is computationally inexpensive, as only parts of a forward projection need to be computed additional to the steps of a interpolation-based MAR. Therefore, our normalization technique can be used as an additional step in any conventional sinogram interpolation-based MAR method.
Biliverdin Reductase: More than a Namesake – The Reductase, Its Peptide Fragments, and Biliverdin Regulate Activity of the Three Classes of Protein Kinase C (2012)

The expanse of human biliverdin reductase (hBVR) functions in the cells is arguably unmatched by any single protein. hBVR is a Ser/Thr/Tyr-kinase, a scaffold protein, a transcription factor, and an intracellular transporter of gene regulators. hBVR is an upstream activator of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway and of protein kinase C (PKC) kinases in the two major arms of the pathway. In addition, it is the sole means for generating the antioxidant bilirubin-IXα. hBVR is essential for activation of ERK1/2 kinases by upstream MAPKK-MEK and by PKCδ, as well as the nuclear import and export of ERK1/2. Small fragments of hBVR are potent activators and inhibitors of the ERK kinases and PKCs: as such, they suggest the potential application of BVR-based technology in therapeutic settings. Presently, we have reviewed the function of hBVR in cell signaling with an emphasis on regulation of PKCδ activity.
Photovoltaic optically addressed spatial light modulator (1991)

Abstract We present the physical structure of and experimental results on a photovoltaic optically addressed spatial light modulator. The device is composed of a photosensor with a stack of four p - i - n photodiodes and a ferroelectric liquid crystal light modulator. The spatial resolution is 20 lp/mm 2 and the ON/OFF contrast ratio is 10:1. An optical novelty filtering system using this device is also presented.
Brief Report Efficient Lentiviral Vectors for Short Hairpin RNA Delivery into Human Cells (2003)

RNA interference is an evolutionarily conserved process of gene silencing that in plants serves as a natural defense mechanism against exogenous viral agents. RNA interference is becoming an important tool for the study of biological processes through reverse genetics and has potential for therapeutic applications in humans; however, effective delivery is still a major issue. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) have been introduced into cells by transfection of chemically synthesized and RNA expression via plasmid cassettes utilizing RNA polymerase III transcription. The employment of siRNA/shRNA for gene knockout requires an efficient stable transfection or transduction process. Here, we report the successful construction of lentiviral vectors to express shRNA stably in human cells. We demonstrate that lentiviral vectors expressing siRNA directed to the reporter gene luciferase, when stably transduced into human cells without drug selection, are capable of protecting the cells from infection by a lentiviral vector encoding humanized firefly luciferase as a reporter gene. We observed 16- to 43-fold reduction of gene expression in infected cells transduced with shRNA vectors relative to cells transduced with control vectors. This model system demonstrates the utility of lentiviral vectors to stably express shRNA as both a cellular gene knockout tool and as a means to inhibit exogenous infectious agents such as viruses in human cells.
Online Machine Vision System for Inspection of Poultry Carcasses (2008)

A machine vision system was developed and evaluated for automation of online inspection to differentiate freshly slaughtered wholesome chickens from systemically diseased ones. The system consisted of an electron-multiplying charge-coupled-device (EMCCD) camera and an imaging spectrograph to obtain line-scan images quickly in a processing line of a poultry plant. The system scanned the surfaces of freshly slaughtered chicken carcasses on an eviscerating line at a speed of 140 chickens per minute. An algorithm was implemented in the system to automatically recognize carcasses entering and exiting the field of view, to locate the region of interest (ROI) of the chicken surface, to extract useful spectra from the ROI as inputs to the differentiation method, and to determine the chicken condition for each carcass. The system can take either hyperspectral or multispectral images without any cross-system calibration. The essential spectral features were selected from hyperspectral images of chicken samples. The differentiation of chickens on the processing line was carried out using multispectral imaging. The high accuracy obtained from the evaluation results showed that the machine vision system can be applied successfully to automatic online inspection for chicken processing.
Immunoproteasome β5i‐Selective Dipeptidomimetic Inhibitors (2016)

N,C-capped dipeptides belong to a class of noncovalent proteasome inhibitors. Herein we report that the insertion of a β-amino acid into N,C-capped dipeptides markedly decreases their inhibitory potency against human constitutive proteasome β5c, while maintaining potent inhibitory activity against human immunoproteasome β5i, thereby achieving thousands-fold selectivity for β5i over β5c. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that β5c does not tolerate the β-amino acid based dipeptidomimetics as does β5i. In vitro, one such compound was found to inhibit human T cell proliferation. Compounds of this class may have potential as therapeutics for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases with less mechanism-based cytotoxicity than agents that also inhibit the constitutive proteasome.
On the influence of noise correlations in measurement data on basis image noise in dual‐energylike x‐ray imaging (2007)

In conventional dual-energy systems, two transmission measurements with distinct spectral characteristics are performed. These measurements are used to obtain the line integrals of two basis material densities. Usually, the measurement process is such that the two measured signals can be treated as independent and therefore uncorrelated. Recently, however, a readout system for x-ray detectors has been introduced for which this is no longer the case. The readout electronics is designed to obtain simultaneous measurements of the total number of photons N and the total energy E they deposit in the sensor material. Practically, this is realized by a signal replication and separate counting and integrating processing units. Since the quantities N and E are (electronically) derived from one and the same physical sensor signal, they are statistically correlated. Nevertheless, the pair N and E can be used to perform a dual-energy processing following the well-known approach by Alvarez and Macovski. Formally, this means that N is to be identified with the first dual-energy measurement M1 and E with the second measurement M2. In the presence of input correlations between M1 = N and M2 = E, however, the corresponding analytic expressions for the basis image noise have to be modified. The main observation made in this paper is that for positively correlated data, as is the case for the simultaneous counting and integrating device mentioned above, the basis image noise is suppressed through the influence of the covariance between the two signals. We extend the previously published relations for the basis image noise to the case where the original measurements are not independent and illustrate the importance of the input correlations by comparing dual-energy basis image noise resulting from the device mentioned above and a device measuring the photon numbers and the deposited energies consecutively.
JAGUAR: a high speed VLSI chip for JPEG image compression standard (2002)

In this paper, we describe a fully pipelined single chip VLSI architecture for implementing the JPEG baseline image compression standard The architecture exploits the principles of pipelining and parallelism to the maximum extent in order to obtain high speed and throughput. The architecture for discrete cosine transform and the entropy encoder are based on efficient algorithms designed for high speed VLSI implementation. The entire architecture can be implemented on a single VLSI chip to yield a clock rate of about 100 MHz which would allow an input rate of 30 frames per second for 1024/spl times/1024 color images. Currently, a prototype CMOS VLSI chip implementing the proposed architecture is being designed.
The Absorption of Insulin (1989)

In order to study the possible oral administration of biologically active insulin we have developed animal models. These models are based on injecting insulin, mixed with other compounds, directly into the small intestine. We have found that the absorption of insulin is surfactant dependent
Lithium niobate cylinder fiber strain sensor and sonar detector (2008)

We have developed optical fibers with a thin approximately 40 to 60 nm thick Lithium Niobate Layer at the glass core and cladding boundary. These Lithium Niobate Cylinder Fibers (LNCF) are now in the process of being commercialized as strain gauges for bridges, tunnels, pipe lines and aircraft components. An application as a sonar sensor is also being investigated. LNCF strain sensors use light amplitude detection rather than phase detection. Amplitude detection is easier to implement and is substantially less costly. LNCF's when used as light amplitude sensing sonar detectors are over 1000 times more sensitive than standard Single Mode Fibers. LNCFs use so called "Non Propagating" light modes rather than the conventional propagating modes.
Enantioselective synthesis and teratogenicity of propylisopropyl acetamide, a CNS-active chiral amide analogue of valproic acid (1999)

Propylisopropyl acetamide (PID), an amide analogue of the major antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA), possesses favorable anticonvulsant and CNS properties. PID contains one chiral carbon atom and therefore exists in two enantiomeric forms. The purpose of this work was to synthesize the two PID enantiomers and evaluate their enantiospecific teratogenicity. Enantioselective synthesis of PID enantiomers was achieved by coupling valeroyl chloride with optically pure (4S)- and (4R)-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone chiral auxiliaries. The two oxazolidinone enolates were alkylated with isopropyl triflate, hydrolyzed, and amidated to yield (2R)- and (2S)-PID. These two PID enantiomers were obtained with excellent enantiomeric purity, exceeding 99.4%. Unlike VPA, both (2R)- and (2S)-PID failed to exert teratogenic effects in NMRI mice following a single 3 mmol/kg subcutaneous injection. From this study we can conclude that individual PID enantiomers do not demonstrate stereoselective teratogenicity in NMRI mice. Due to its better anticonvulsant activity than VPA and lack of teratogenicity, PID (in a stereospecific or racemic form) has the potential to become a new antiepileptic and CNS drug.
Strengthened Fault Tolerance in Byzantine Fault Tolerant Replication (2021)

Byzantine fault tolerant (BFT) state machine replication (SMR) is an important building block for constructing permissioned blockchain systems. In contrast to Nakamoto Consensus where any block obtains higher assurance as buried deeper in the blockchain, in BFT SMR, any committed block is secure has a fixed resilience threshold. In this paper, we investigate strengthened fault tolerance (SFT) in BFT SMR under partial synchrony, which provides gradually increased resilience guarantees (like Nakamoto Consensus) during an optimistic period when the network is synchronous and the number of Byzantine faults is small. Moreover, the committed blocks can tolerate more than one-third (up to two-thirds) corruptions even after the optimistic period. Compared to the prior best solution Flexible BFT which requires quadratic message complexity, our solution maintains the linear message complexity of state-of-the-art BFT SMR protocols and requires only marginal bookkeeping overhead. We implement our solution over the open-source Diem project, and give experimental results that demonstrate its efficiency under real-world scenarios.
Chiral ionic liquids: A compendium of syntheses and applications (2005–2012) (2011)

In recent years, the field of chiral ionic liquids (CILs) has undergone exponential growth. As the technology has advanced, new ways of synthesizing stable and structurally diverse ionic liquids have been established. This has led to heretofore unknown applications of CILs as well as in improving efficiency of previously identified applications. In this review article we have compiled a comprehensive database containing structures and physical properties of notable CILs that have been synthesized during the last 6 years. Their applications in the fields of asymmetric organic synthesis, spectroscopy, and chromatography are also illustrated. This is an expansion of our previous review, which covered the literature before 2005.