gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mutations in <i>XRS2</i> and <i>RAD50</i> Delay but Do Not Prevent Mating-Type Switching in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1994)

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a large number of genes in the RAD52 epistasis group has been implicated in the repair of chromosomal double-strand breaks and in both mitotic and meiotic homologous recombination. While most of these genes are essential for yeast mating-type (MAT) gene switching, neither RAD50 nor XRS2 is required to complete this specialized mitotic gene conversion process. Using a galactose-inducible HO endonuclease gene to initiate MAT switching, we have examined the effect of null mutations of RAD50 and of XRS2 on intermediate steps of this recombination event. Both rad50 and xrs2 mutants exhibit a marked delay in the completion of switching. Both mutations reduce the extent of 5'-to-3' degradation from the end of the HO-created double-strand break. The steps of initial strand invasion and new DNA synthesis are delayed by approximately 30 min in mutant cells. However, later events are still further delayed, suggesting that XRS2 and RAD50 affect more than one step in the process. In the rad50 xrs2 double mutant, the completion of MAT switching is delayed more than in either single mutant, without reducing the overall efficiency of the process. The XRS2 gene encodes an 854-amino-acid protein with no obvious similarity to the Rad50 protein or to any other protein in the database. Overexpression of RAD50 does not complement the defects in xrs2 or vice versa.
Neurogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease (2011)

It is widely acknowledged that neural stem cells generate new neurons through the process of neurogenesis in the adult brain. In mammals, adult neurogenesis occurs in two areas of the CNS: the subventricular zone and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The newly generated cells display neuronal morphology, generate action potentials and receive functional synaptic inputs, their properties being equivalent to those of mature neurons. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the widespread cause of dementia, and is an age-related, progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease that results in massive neuronal death and deterioration of cognitive functions. Here, we overview the relations between adult neurogenesis and AD, and try to analyse the controversies in the field. We also summarise recent data obtained in the triple transgenic model of AD that show time- and region-specific impairment of neurogenesis, which may account for the early changes in synaptic plasticity and cognitive impairments that develop prior to gross neurodegenerative alterations and that could underlie new rescue therapies.
Challenges and Opportunities in Edge Computing (2016)

Many cloud-based applications employ a data centers as a central server to process data that is generated by edge devices, such as smartphones, tablets and wearables. This model places ever increasing demands on communication and computational infrastructure with inevitable adverse effect on Quality-of-Service and Experience. The concept of Edge Computing is predicated on moving some of this computational load towards the edge of the network to harness computational capabilities that are currently untapped in edge nodes, such as base stations, routers and switches. This position paper considers the challenges and opportunities that arise out of this new direction in the computing landscape.
Truncation of merozoite surface protein 3 disrupts its trafficking and that of acidic–basic repeat protein to the surface of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> merozoites (2002)

Merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3), an important vaccine candidate, is a soluble polymorphic antigen associated with the surface of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. The MSP3 sequence contains three blocks of heptad repeats that are consistent with the formation of an intramolecular coiled-coil. MSP3 also contains a glutamic acid-rich region and a putative leucine zipper sequence at the C-terminus. We have disrupted the msp3 gene by homologous recombination, resulting in the expression of a truncated form of MSP3 that lacks the putative leucine zipper sequence but retains the glutamic acid-rich region and the heptad repeats. Here, we show that truncated MSP3, lacking the putative leucine zipper region, does not localize to the parasitophorous vacuole or interact with the merozoite surface. Furthermore, the acidic-basic repeat antigen (ABRA), which is present on the merozoite surface, also was not localized to the merozoite surface in parasites expressing the truncated form of MSP3. The P. falciparum merozoites lacking MSP3 and ABRA on the surface show reduced invasion into erythrocytes. These results suggest that MSP3 is not absolutely essential for blood stage growth and that the putative leucine zipper region is required for the trafficking of both MSP3 and ABRA to the parasitophorous vacuole.
Antigen Presentation by Murine Dendritic Cells is Nuclear Factor‐kappa B Dependent Both <i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> (2003)

Antigen presentation is a key rate-limiting step in the immune response. Dendritic cells (DCs) have been reported to be the most potent antigen-presenting cells for naïve T cells, but little is known about the biochemical pathways that regulate this function. We here demonstrate that mature murine DC can be infected with adenovirus at high efficiency (>95%) and that an adenovirus transferring the endogenous inhibitor IkappaBalpha blocks nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) function in murine DC. This result indicates that antigen presentation in the mixed leucocyte reaction is NF-kappaB dependent, confirming data with human DC in vitro. However, the importance of this finding depends on verifying that this is true also in vivo. Using delayed type hypersensitivity with allogeneic cells, we show that NF-kappaB inhibition had a marked immunosuppressive effect in vivo. These results thus establish NF-kappaB as an effective target for blocking DC antigen presentation and hence inhibiting T-cell-dependent immune responses. This finding has potential implications for the development of therapeutic agents for use in various pathological conditions of the immune system, including allergy and autoimmunity, and also in transplantation.
Impact of Culture Conditions, Culture Media Volumes, and Glucose Content on Metabolic Properties of Renal Epithelial Cell Cultures (1999)

When renal proximal tubular cells are brought into tissue culture, they revert from oxidative metabolism and gluconeogenesis to high rates of glycolysis. Among the factors possibly responsible for this metabolic conversion, limited oxygen availability and/or substrate supply are discussed. In order to study the role of these factors on long-term cultures, the impact of growth conditions, culture media volume, and glucose content on carbohydrate metabolism of the continuous renal cell lines LLC-PK(1) (porcine kidney) and OK (opossum kidney) was investigated. The impact of culture media volumes and glucose content, respectively, was determined by overlaying confluent monolayer cultures of LLC-PK(1) and OK cells (i) with increasing volumes of culture medium and thus increasing amounts of glucose, and (ii) with increasing culture medium volumes at constant absolute amounts of glucose by adding glucose-free medium, in order to increase volume at a constant glucose supply. Alternatively, and in order to improve cell oxygenation, LLC-PK(1) cells were also cultured in roller bottles. Cell carbohydrate metabolism was assessed by measuring rates of glucose consumption and lactate production, respectively, and by determination of specific activities of the key glycolytic enzymes hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Mitochondrial phosphate-dependent glutaminase (PDG) was assayed as marker enzyme of oxidative metabolism of glutamine. In LLC-PK(1) and OK cells, rates of glucose consumption were independent of the initial glucose concentrations and/or the culture media volumes used. Glucose was quantitatively converted to lactate, which accumulated in a 1:2 molar ratio. Lactate in culture media reached a maximum content after 24 h, and was reutilized by the cell lines thereafter. Interestingly, the rates of lactate reuptake strictly depended on culture medium volume, indicating a volume-induced stimulation of oxidative lactate metabolism. Marked changes were found for the specific activities of glycolytic enzymes. In LLC-PK(1) cells, increased glucose supply caused increases in HK, PFK, PK and LDH activities, which were superimposed to the stimulatory effects of increased media volumes. Enzyme activity showed a biphasic response, indicating that both glucose supply and culture media volumes covering the cell monolayer are factors determining glycolytic rates of LLC-PK(1) renal cells. Conversely, in OK cells glycolytic enzyme activities decreased with increasing culture media volumes at constant glucose levels. As expected, under conditions of enhanced oxygenation of LLC-PK(1) cells in roller bottle culture, glycolytic enzyme activities decreased, whereas PDG activity increased, which was paralleled by increased rates of ammonia generation. Thus, changes in nutrient supply and oxygenation of renal epithelial cell cultures by altered culture media volumes dramatically influence metabolic rates and levels of enzyme activities, respectively.
Maleimide and Maleic Anhydride Derivatives from the Mycelia of <i>Antrodia cinnamomea</i> and Their Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Activities in Macrophages (2008)

On cultivation of the fungus Antrodia cinnamomea (BCRC 36799) on a medium, the mycelium was extracted and evaluated for nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity. Bioactivity-directed fractionation led to the isolation of two new maleimide derivatives, antrocinnamomins A (1) and B (2), and two new maleic anhydride derivatives, antrocinnamomins C (3) and D (4), along with three known compounds, 3-isobutyl-4-[4-(3-methyl-2-butenyloxy)phenyl]furan-2,5-dione (5), 3-isobutyl-4-[4-(3-methyl-2-butenyloxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (6), and 3-isobutyl-4-[4-(3-methyl-2-butenyloxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrrol-1-ol-2,5-dione (7). Structural elucidation of compounds 1-4 was carried out by spectroscopic data. Compound 1 displayed significant inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production.
Barrier Effect on Field Emission from Stand-alone Carbon Nanotube (2004)

The electron field emission from a stand-alone multiwalled carbon nanotube with and without an insulator barrier has been investigated. The insulator barrier is an amorphous carbon layer formed by electron-beam-induced deposition and removed by heat treatment during the field emission in situ. In this study we investigated the effect of the insulator barrier using the same nanotube and the same experimental conditions. The results indicate that the barrier increases the turn-on voltage and decreases the slope of a current–voltage curve. This is discussed in the frame work of the Fowler–Nordheim formalism.
Electronic signatures: they’re legal, now what? (2001)

In the USA, electronic signatures recently became as legally binding as printed signatures. But the legislation that made electronic signatures legal did nothing to specify how they should be implemented, or what precautions must be taken to ensure the security and validity of the signature process. This paper first reviews the status of electronic signatures in the USA, and compares it to work done by the United Nations. Next, the technology that can be used to implement electronic signatures is summarized. The paper concludes with a discussion of problems and open issues surrounding the use of electronic signatures.
Knowledge Levels of Nurses About Healthcare-Associated Infections and Control Measures (2021)

Özet Amaç: Bu araştırmada bir üniversitesi hastanesinde çalışan hemşirelerin Sağlık Bakım İlişkili İnfeksiyonlar ve Kontrol Önlemleri Hakkında Hemşirelerin Bilgi Düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Araştırma evrenini, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi İzzet Baysal Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesinde Ekim-Kasım 2020 tarihleri arasında çalışan 309 hemşire oluşturmuştur. Tanımlayıcı tipte tasarlanan bu çalışmada katılımcılara 26 sorudan oluşan anket formu uygulanmıştır. Anket formunun birinci bölümünde, araştırmaya katılanların sosyo-demografik özellikleri ve çalışma durumlarını belirlemeye yönelik sorular; İkinci bölümde ise, Sağlık Bakım İlişkili İnfeksiyonlar konusundaki bilgi düzeylerinin saptanmasına yönelik sorular yer almaktadır. Veriler; frekans, yüzde yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan hemşirelerin çoğunluğunun Kadın (%93.5), lisans mezunu (%83.8), genellikle genç/orta yaş grubunda bireyler olduğu (18-41, %96.4) saptanmıştır. Çalışmaya dahil olan hemşirelerin çoğunluğunun dahili ve cerrahi tıp birimlerinde (%59.9, %37.9) çalışıyor oldukları görülmektedir. Hemşirelerin Sağlık Bakım İlişkili İnfeksiyonlara dair ifadeleri incelendiğinde en fazla “Atıkların sınıflandırılması ile ilgili “Kırmızı renkli atık poşeti–Enjektör iğnesi Eşleştirmesi “yanlıştır”, “Vantilatör ilişkili pnömoni önlenmesi için hasta yatak başı 45-60 derece yukarıda olacak şekilde yükseltilmelidir” ve “Ameliyat öncesi cilt hazırlığında bölgenin tüylerden arındırılması için kullanılacak en uygun yöntem traş makinesidir” sorularına doğru yanıt verdikleri (sırası ile: %86.7; %85.1; %84.1) görülmektedir. Ayrıca araştırmaya katılan hemşirelerin “Endotrakeal aspirasyon işleminde steril eldiven kullanılmalıdır” (%83.5), Laringoskop bleydleri yarı kritik alet sınıfındadır (%77.7), Hepatit A kan yoluyla bulaşan hastalıklardan değildir (%73.5) ifadelerini “yanlış” olarak değerlendirdikleri saptanmıştır. Çalışmaya dahil olan hemşirelerin Sağlık Bakım İlişkili İnfeksiyonlar ile ilgili eğitime katılma durumu incelendiğinde ise %62.8’inin eğitime katıldığını ifade ettikleri belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Hemşirelerin sağlık bakım ilişkili infeksiyonlar ve bu İnfeksiyonların önlenmesi konusunda kendi üzerlerine düşen sorumluluğu kavramış olmaları gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre hemşirelerin bu beklentiyi tam olarak karşılayamadıkları görülmektedir. Bu sebepten dolayı sağlık bakım ilişkili İnfeksiyonların ortaya çıkmasını önlemek amacıyla hemşirelere yönelik hizmet içi eğitim programlarının düzenlenmesi ve bu programların sürekliliğinin sağlanması gerekmektedir. Ayrıca düzenlenen hizmet içi eğitimlere katılımı artırmaya yönelik aktivitelerin de planlanması önerilmektedir.
Linkage analysis of chromosome 17q markers and breast-ovarian cancer in Icelandic families, and possible relationship to prostatic cancer. (1993)

Seven families, selected for breast cancer segregation, have been analyzed for chromosome 17q12-q23 linkage to breast and ovarian cancer. In two of them, linkage is seen with most markers tested, increasing toward the most proximal region, but without informative recombinations above NM23. In the remaining families, no linkage is observed. Families with 17q linkage are not easily distinguished by clinical characteristics such as early onset (mean age at diagnosis < or = 45 years) or organs involved. In fact, the family with the highest lod scores (> or = 2.3) belongs to the "later onset" (> 45 years) category of families. Interestingly, prostatic cancer is the most frequent malignancy, after breast cancer, in the families that we studied (13 cases total, all metastasizing) and is especially prevalent in males presumed to carry the trait. Of 16 paternal carriers, 7 (44%) had developed prostatic cancer. Haplotype analysis in families with 17q linkage reveals two further prostatic cases as potential carriers. We propose that breast cancer genes may predispose to prostatic cancer in male carriers.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Urea Derivatives as Highly Potent and Selective Rho Kinase Inhibitors (2013)

RhoA and its downstream effector ROCK mediate stress fiber formation and cell contraction through their effects on the phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC). Inhibition of the RhoA/ROCK pathway has proven to be a promising strategy for several indications such as cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, and inflammatory disease. In 2010, our group reported urea-based ROCK inhibitors as potential antiglaucoma agents. These compounds showed potent IC50 values in enzymatic and cell-based assays and significant intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effects in rats (∼7 mmHg). (22) To develop more advanced ROCK inhibitors targeting various potential applications (such as myocardial infarction, erectile dysfunction, multiple sclerosis, etc.) in addition to glaucoma, a thorough SAR for this urea-based scaffold was studied. The detailed optimization process, counter-screening, and in vitro and in vivo DMPK studies are discussed. Potent and selective ROCK inhibitors with various in vivo pharmacokinetic properties were discovered.
Denoising vs. deblurring: HDR imaging techniques using moving cameras (2010)

New cameras such as the Canon EOS 7D and Pointgrey Grasshopper have 14-bit sensors. We present a theoretical analysis and a practical approach that exploit these new cameras with high-resolution quantization for reliable HDR imaging from a moving camera. Specifically, we propose a unified probabilistic formulation that allows us to analytically compare two HDR imaging alternatives: (1) deblurring a single blurry but clean image and (2) denoising a sequence of sharp but noisy images. By analyzing the uncertainty in the estimation of the HDR image, we conclude that multi-image denoising offers a more reliable solution. Our theoretical analysis assumes translational motion and spatially-invariant blur. For practice, we propose an approach that combines optical flow and image denoising algorithms for HDR imaging, which enables capturing sharp HDR images using handheld cameras for complex scenes with large depth variation. Quantitative evaluation on both synthetic and real images is presented.
Pool Boiling Heat Transfer in Saturated Nanofluids (2004)

Experimental investigations were performed to understand the fundamentals of pool boiling heat transfer in nanofluids. The pool boiling curves of water and nanofluids at the pressure of 2.89 psia (Tsat = 60°C) were obtained and compared using a flat square (1 × 1 cm) heater. The tested nanofluids contain aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles dispersed in distilled-deionized water. The concentrations of nanofluids range from 0 gram/liter to 0.05 gram/liter. The results show that the boiling heat transfer coefficient is independent of concentrations of nanofluids. Remarkable enhancement (~200%) of CHF was achieved for low concentrations of nanofluids (above 0.01 gram/liter). The boiling parameters, such as bubble size and departure frequency, were measured and analyzed using a 390-μm-diameter platinum wire. The measurement reveals that the size of bubbles increases and the bubble frequency decreases significantly in saturated nanofluids as compared to those in pure saturated water. The surface orientation effects on boiling heat transfer in nanofluids are also investigated. The results show that CHF enhancement of nanofluids is more effective as the boiling surface faces downward.
Conceptual workflow schemas (1999)

Today, the design of workflow schemas is to a large extent a manual process. Starting with business-process models, developers must make many decisions that are not supported by tools, to finally deliver a workflow schema that can be executed by a particular workflow management system (WFMS). This paper presents an approach that uses intermediate descriptions to make design decisions explicit, to organize these decisions in a substantiated sequence, and to provide a definition of workflow schemas that is independent of a particular WFMS. Move specifically, a task-type structure is introduced to capture the so-called functional perspective of workflows. This structure can be mapped semi-automatically to a workflow-type configuration that is enhanced and modified so that it takes into account the specific model elements and functionality provided by a particular WFMS. This configuration is finally used to automatically generate a workflow schema skeleton in the individual language of thus WFMS.
Enhanced Photon Generation in a<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>Nb</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>InGaAs</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>InP</mml:mi></mml:math>Superconductor/Semiconductor-Diode Light Emitting Device (2011)

We experimentally demonstrate Cooper pairs' drastic enhancement of the band-to-band radiative recombination rate in a semiconductor. Electron Cooper pairs injected from a superconducting electrode into an active layer by the proximity effect recombine with holes injected from a p-type electrode. The recombination of a Cooper pair with p-type carriers dramatically increases the photon generation probability of a light-emitting diode in the optical-fiber communication band. The measured radiative decay time rapidly decreases with decreasing temperature below the superconducting transition temperature of the niobium electrodes. Our results indicate the possibility to open up new interdisciplinary fields between superconductivity and optoelectronics.
Contact allergens in ultraviolet-cured acrylic resin systems. (1987)

Ultraviolet-cured acrylic resin systems expose the worker to an ultraviolet reactive prepolymer, multifunctional acrylate esters, and a photoinitiator system. Irritation occurs primarily with exposure to the acrylate compounds and increases with an increased number of acrylic double bonds, decreased viscosity, and the presence of hydrophilic groups. It is recommended that sensitive individuals handle these materials with nitrile gloves, but acrylics have been known to penetrate even this form of protection.
Understanding Brand Competition Using Micro and Macro Scanner Data (1994)

Gary J. Russell, Wagner A. Kamakura, Understanding Brand Competition Using Micro and Macro Scanner Data, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 31, No. 2, Special Issue on Brand Management (May, 1994), pp. 289-303
Global model for high pressure electronegative radio-frequency discharges (1997)

We develop a global model for high pressure (0.1–1 Torr) electronegative rf discharges and apply it to model a capacitively driven plasma etcher. The molecular gases considered consist of either pure chlorine species or a mixture of chlorine and helium species. The charged and neutral heavy particle densities together with the electron density and electron temperature are calculated by using the equations of particle balance and power balance for the input discharge parameters rf power or rf current, inlet pressure, gas flow rates, reactor diameter, and gap spacing. The power is deposited in the electrons via ohmic heating and in those ions accelerated across the dc sheath potential. The voltage across the sheath is calculated self-consistently with the densities and the electron temperature by using a collisional Child law sheath model. Analytic scaling laws for the dependence of charged and neutral particle densities, electron temperature, rf voltage and current, sheath width, and plasma impedance on pressure and absorbed rf power are presented and used to explain the numerical results obtained from the global model. The model results are compared to recent experimental measurements in a chlorine discharge over a range of absorbed power Pabs=20–180 W at an inlet pressure pin=0.4 Torr and a range of pressure 0.1–1.6 Torr with a fixed input power of 100 W. We obtain reasonable agreement for Pabs&lt;200 W and for 0.2 Torr&lt;pin&lt;1 Torr.