gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Catalytic Asymmetric Epoxidation of .ALPHA.,.BETA.-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds. (2002)

This article summarizes recent progress in catalytic asymmetric epoxidation of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Asymmetric epoxidation of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds remains one of the most important functional group manipulations in organic synthesis, because of the usefulness of the corresponding enantiomerically enriched α, β-epoxy carbonyl compounds. Since the initial report by Juliá and co-workers, catalytic asymmetric epoxidation of α, β-epoxy ketones (enones) has been studied using several methodologies. In recent years, we and others have achieved efficient catalytic asymmetric epoxidation of enones using a variety of catalysts, including phase-transfer catalysts, polyamino acid catalysts, chiral ligand-metal peroxide complexes, and so on. On the other hand, there are only a few reports of catalytic asymmetric epoxidation of α, β-unsaturated carboxylic acid derivatives. Very recently we have reported the first example of a general catalytic asymmetric epoxidation of α, β-unsaturated carboxylic acid imidazolides to afford the corresponding α, β-epoxy peroxycarboxylic acid tert-butyl esters, which are transformed efficiently into α, β-epoxy esters, amides, aldehydes, and γ, δ-epoxy β-keto esters. The mechanism of the several reactions and applications to a catalytic asymmetric synthesis of biologically active compounds are also described briefly.
Selective Extraction of Tungsten from Searles Lake Brines (1981)

Abstract Tungsten was successfully extracted from the brines of Searles Lake, Calif., in a demonstration unit based on 9 years of laboratory research conducted by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. Pilot-scale operation was initiated in July 1979 at the Westend facility of the Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp. at Trona, Calif. The extractive method, based on a novel ion exchange resin, resulted from research supporting one of the Bureau's goals: helping to insure an adequate supply of minerals to meet national economic and strategic needs. The objectives met during pilot testing included proving operational viability during seasonal changes in brine properties, concentrating the tungsten to enable concluding tungsten recovery research, supplying escalation data necessary for commercialization, and confirming earlier small-scale laboratory work. The demonstration unit typically removed 92 percent of the tungsten from alkaline brine using QRF (8-hydroxyquino-line-resorcinol-formaldehyde) resin beads produced by the Bureau. A “merry-go-round” system was employed whereby two 12-inch-diameter resin beds were loaded in series while a third bed was eluted. Testing was concluded after treating over 500,000 gallons of brine. Tungsten, isolated in the primary ion exchange system, was recon-centrated in a secondary ion exchange system. Several tungsten products were produced from tungsten-rich solutions.
Design and production of extremely radiation-hard 26% InGaP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells (2002)

The authors report the design and testing of extremely radiation-hard high-efficiency large-area InGaP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells. The solar cell junctions are designed for longer minority carrier diffusion lengths after particle irradiation. The power remaining factors after 5E14 and 1E15 electrons/cm/sup 2/ 1-MeV electron radiation are 92% and 87.5%, respectively. These results are highest reported to date and are extremely desirable for electrical power design of the spacecraft. Furthermore, the InGaP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells are currently in production at EMCORE Photovoltaics. Minimum average AM0 efficiency for the large-area fight cells is 26%, with efficiencies as high as 27% demonstrated for a large number of cells.
Plasmodium vivax Invasion of Human Erythrocytes Inhibited by Antibodies Directed against the Duffy Binding Protein (2007)

These results show, for what we believe to be the first time, that both rabbit and human antibodies directed against PvDBPII reduce invasion efficiency of wild P. vivax isolated from infected patients, and suggest that a PvDBP-based vaccine may reduce human blood-stage P. vivax infection.
An Adaptive Fuzzy Algorithm for Domestic Hot Water Temperature Control of a Combi-Boiler (2000)

This paper describes an innovative adaptive fuzzy control (AFC) algorithm for regulating the domestic hot water temperature of a combi-boiler or instantaneous hot water heater when using a domestic hot water flow rate sensor. The AFC automatically learns the feedforward relationship between the domestic hot water flow rate and the gas valve position and adapts to process changes such as variations in the inlet water temperature, controller set point, gas composition, and flow sensor miscalibration without requiring additional sensors or a system identifier. Laboratory tests under typical operating conditions show that the AFC reduces the set-point error between 18% and 70% and reduces control effort between 23% and 41% when compared with a conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) feedback controller with feed-forward compensation. The AFC's memory and processing requirements are comparable to those for a PID plus feedforward algorithm, so it is a realistic replacement for a conventional PID algorithm with feedforward compensation.
Immunologic recognition of a 25-amino acid repeat arrayed in tandem on a major antigen of Blastomyces dermatitidis. (1993)

A 120-kD glycoprotein antigen abundantly expressed on Blastomyces dermatitidis yeasts is a target of cellular and humoral immune responses in human infection. To investigate the antigen and immune response more carefully at the molecular level, we screened an expression library from B. dermatitidis to identify clones that encode this antigen, designated WI-1. A 942-bp cDNA was isolated by immunologic screening with polyclonal, rabbit anti-WI-1 antiserum. Northern hybridization analysis showed that the cDNA hybridized to yeast message approximately equal to 3.9 kb. DNA and deduced protein sequence analysis of the clone demonstrated a 25-amino acid repeat arrayed in tandem, present in 4.5 copies near the 5' end, and rich in predicted antigenic epitopes. Further analysis showed strong homology in these tandem repeats with invasin, an adhesin of Yersiniae. Cloned cDNA was used to express a 30-kD fusion protein strongly recognized in western blots by rabbit anti-WI-1 antiserum, and by sera from all 35 blastomycosis patients studied. The fusion protein product of subcloned cDNA encoding only the tandem repeat also was strongly recognized in western blots by sera from the 35 blastomycosis patients, but not by sera from 10 histoplasmosis and 5 coccidioidomycosis patients. An antigen-inhibition radioimmunoassay showed that the tandem repeat alone completely eliminated rabbit and human anti-WI-1 antibody binding to radiolabeled native WI-1. From these results, we conclude that the 25-amino acid repeat of WI-1 displays an immunodominant B cell epitope, and that the carboxyl-terminus of the molecule exhibits an architecture that may promote adhesion of Blastomyces yeasts to host cells or extracellular matrix proteins and ultimately provide a clearer picture of the molecular pathogenesis of blastomycosis.
IMPROVING THE INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM USING ADVANCED SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY (1997)

The National Aviation and Transportation Center (NAT Center) has established the first Intermodal Transportation Simulation System (ITSS) in the United States. This system identifies and contributes to the solution of intermodal transportation problems using computer-based simulation that includes all three spatial dimensions: aerial, surface and subsurface. The simulation technology is used for public participation and conflict resolution, strategic planning and problem solving, environmental issues, route and system planning, emergency preparedness and risk assessment, human factor issues, logistics and scheduling, and economic development as well as financial feasibility and business planning. This technology helps define the systems that enable transportation specialists to better understand the movement of people and goods in a safe and efficient manner using risk-free and less environmentally intrusive training techniques. For the covering abstract, see IRRD 490001.
Surface Bacterial-Spore Assay Using Tb3+/DPA Luminescence (2007)

Equipment and a method for rapidly assaying solid surfaces for contamination by bacterial spores are undergoing development. The method would yield a total (nonviable plus viable) spore count of a surface within minutes and a viable-spore count in about one hour. In this method, spores would be collected from a surface by use of a transparent polymeric tape coated on one side with a polymeric adhesive that would be permeated with one or more reagent(s) for detection of spores by use of visible luminescence. The sticky side of the tape would be pressed against a surface to be assayed, then the tape with captured spores would be placed in a reader that illuminates the sample with ultraviolet light and counts the green luminescence spots under a microscope to quantify the number of bacterial spores per unit area. The visible luminescence spots seen through the microscope would be counted to determine the concentration of spores on the surface. This method is based on the chemical and physical principles of methods described in several prior NASA Tech Briefs articles, including Live/Dead Spore Assay Using DPA-Triggered Tb Luminescence (NPO-30444), Vol. 27, No. 3 (March 2003), page 7a. To recapitulate: The basic idea is to exploit the observations that (1) dipicolinic acid (DPA) is present naturally only in bacterial spores; and (2) when bound to Tb3+ ions, DPA triggers intense green luminescence of the ions under ultraviolet excitation; (3) DPA can be released from the viable spores by using L-alanine to make them germinate; and (4) by autoclaving, microwaving, or sonicating the sample, one can cause all the spores (non-viable as well as viable) to release their DPA. One candidate material for use as the adhesive in the present method is polydimethysiloxane (PDMS). In one variant of the method for obtaining counts of all (viable and nonviable) spores the PDMS would be doped with TbCl3. After collection of a sample, the spores immobilized on the sticky tape surface would be lysed by heating or microwaving to release their DPA. Tb3+ ions from the TbCl3 would become bound to the released DPA. The tape would then be irradiated with ultraviolet and examined as described above. In another variant of the method - for obtaining counts of viable spores only - the PDMS would be doped with L-alanine in addition to TbCl3. As now envisioned, a fully developed apparatus for implementing this method would include a pulsed source of ultraviolet light and a time-gated electronic camera to record the images seen through the microscope during a prescribed exposure interval at a prescribed short time after an ultraviolet pulse. As in the method of the second-mentioned prior article, the pulsing and time-gating would be used to discriminate between the longer-lived Tb3+/DPA luminescence and the shorter-lived background luminescence in the same wavelength range. In a time-gated image, the bright luminescence from bacterial spores could easily be seen against a dark background.
Temperature dependence of electrochromic processes in iridium oxide displays (1980)

We report measurements of the temperature dependence of coloration and bleaching times of electrochromic iridium oxide films in the range +20 to −43 °C. The intrinsic response times increase gradually with decreasing temperature according to an activation energy of ∼0.25 eV. For a contrast ratio of ∼4:1, suitable for a practical device, we find that the response times remain below ∼0.25 sec for T⩾−10 °C and below 1 sec for T⩾−25 °C. We have also found that the temperature variation of the response times is independent of pH, so that an optimized electrolyte can be chosen for a practical device. Moreover, its independence of pH suggests that the electrochromism of iridium oxide is due to insertion and fast-ion diffusion of the same ion species in either basic or acidic aqueous electrolytes.
Design, Synthesis, and Bioactivity of the First Nonsteroidal Mimetics of Brassinolide (2001)

Ten novel compounds, each consisting of two subunits and a linker, were designed with the aid of molecular modeling to resemble the natural steroidal phytohormone brassinolide. The mimetics were synthesized and subjected to the rice leaf lamina inclination bioassay to test for brassinosteroid activity. Most of the mimetics displayed very weak or no bioactivity, but two were strongly active when coapplied with the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which synergizes the activity of brassinosteroids. Thus, 1-(4,6 alpha,7 alpha-trihydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthyl)-2-(6 alpha',7 alpha'-dihydroxy-5',6',7',8'-tetrahydronaphthyl)ethyne (4) and (E)-1,2-bis[trans-(4a alpha,8a beta)-4-oxo-6 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-4a,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-(3H)-naphthyl]ethylene (11) showed exceptional activity at doses as low as 0.01 ng and 0.001 ng/plant, respectively. These compounds are the first biologically active nonsteroidal brassinolide mimetics.
An exogenous chloroplast genome for complex sequence manipulation in algae (2011)

We demonstrate a system for cloning and modifying the chloroplast genome from the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Through extensive use of sequence stabilization strategies, the ex vivo genome is assembled in yeast from a collection of overlapping fragments. The assembled genome is then moved into bacteria for large-scale preparations and transformed into C. reinhardtii cells. This system also allows for the generation of simultaneous, systematic and complex genetic modifications at multiple loci in vivo. We use this system to substitute genes encoding core subunits of the photosynthetic apparatus with orthologs from a related alga, Scenedesmus obliquus. Once transformed into algae, the substituted genome recombines with the endogenous genome, resulting in a hybrid plastome comprising modifications in disparate loci. The in vivo function of the genomes described herein demonstrates that simultaneous engineering of multiple sites within the chloroplast genome is now possible. This work represents the first steps toward a novel approach for creating genetic diversity in any or all regions of a chloroplast genome.
A Simulative Investigation of Hotspot Detection Based on Erroneous User Location Data (2016)

Regarding capacity as well as commercial aspects deploying small cells is a proper way to cover user hotspots. In particular when macro and pico eNodeBs are running on the same frequency the pico site should be located near to the hotspot centre. However, practical user localisation methods have a mean error in the range of 50m. In order to investigate if hotspot detection is possible although the quite large localisation error we simulate erroneous user locations in realistic hotspot scenarios. According to our simulations the hotspots is visually to find on user density maps and a numerical hotspot detection is possible for hotspot user density exceeding 4 times that one outside the hotspot. The deviation between the real and the detected hotspot centre point is well below 20m.
Managing the Evolution of an Enterprise Architecture using a MAS-Product-Line Approach (2006)

We view an evolutionary system as being a software product line. The core architecture is the unchanging part of the system, and each version of the system may be viewed as a product from the product line. Each &quot;product&quot; may be described as the core architecture with some agent-based additions. The result is a multiagent system software product line. We describe an approach to such a Software Product Line-based approach using the MaCMAS Agent-Oriented methodology. The approach scales to enterprise architectures as a multiagent system is an appropriate means of representing a changing enterprise architecture and the interaction between components in it.
Small-Molecule-Based Affinity Chromatography Method for Antibody Purification via Nucleotide Binding Site Targeting (2012)

The conserved nucleotide binding site (NBS), found within the Fab variable domain of antibodies, remains a not-so-widely known and underutilized site. Here we describe a novel affinity chromatography method that utilizes the NBS as a target for selectively purifying antibodies from complex mixtures. The affinity column was prepared by coupling indole butyric acid (IBA), which has a monovalent affinity for the NBS with a K(d) ranging between 1 and 8 μM, to ToyoPearl resin resulting in the NBS targeting affinity column (NBS(IBA)). The proof-of-concept studies performed using the chimeric pharmaceutical antibody rituximab demonstrated that antibodies were selectively captured and retained on the NBS(IBA) column and were successfully eluted by applying a mild NaCl gradient at pH 7.0. Furthermore, the NBS(IBA) column consistently yielded >95% antibody recovery with >98% purity, even when the antibody was purified from complex mixtures such as conditioned cell culture supernatant, hybridoma media, and mouse ascites fluid. The results presented in this study establish the NBS(IBA) column as a viable small-molecule-based affinity chromatography method for antibody purification with significant implications in industrial antibody production. Potential advantages of the NBS(IBA) platform are improved antibody batch quality, enhanced column durability, and reduced overall production cost.
Concurrent Quantitative Laser-Induced Incandescence and SMPS Measurements of EGR Effects on Particulate Emissions from a TDI Diesel Engine (2002)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A comparison of scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and laser-induced incandescence (LII) measurements of diesel particulate matter (PM) was performed. The results reveal the significance of the aggregate nature of diesel PM on interpretation of size and volume fraction measurements obtained with an SMPS, and the accuracy of primary particle size measurements by LII. Volume fraction calculations based on the mobility diameter measured by the SMPS substantially over-predict the space-filling volume fraction of the PM. Correction algorithms for the SMPS measurements, to account for the fractal nature of the aggregate morphology, result in a substantial reduction in the reported volume. The behavior of the particulate volume fraction, mean and standard deviation of the mobility diameter, and primary particle size are studied as a function of the EGR for a range of steady-state engine speeds and loads for a turbocharged direct-injection diesel engine. Both the SMPS and LII techniques demonstrate good repeatability and consistency with each other. Increasing the EGR results in a sharp rise in the volume fraction of particulates for all engine speeds and loads. At all speed and load conditions the primary particle size decreases with increasing EGR.</div>
Constitutional von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene deletions detected in VHL families by fluorescence in situ hybridization. (1999)

von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an autosomal dominantly inherited cancer syndrome predisposing to a variety of tumor types that include retinal hemangioblastomas, hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system, renal cell carcinomas, pancreatic cysts and tumors, pheochromocytomas, endolymphatic sac tumors, and epididymal cystadenomas [W. M. Linehan et al., J. Am. Med. Assoc., 273: 564-570, 1995; E. A. Maher and W. G. Kaelin, Jr., Medicine (Baltimore), 76: 381-391, 1997; W. M. Linehan and R. D. Klausner, In: B. Vogelstein and K. Kinzler (eds.), The Genetic Basis of Human Cancer, pp. 455-473, McGraw-Hill, 1998]. The VHL gene was localized to chromosome 3p25-26 and cloned [F. Latif et al., Science (Washington DC), 260: 1317-1320, 1993]. Germline mutations in the VHL gene have been detected in the majority of VHL kindreds. The reported frequency of detection of VHL germline mutations has varied from 39 to 80% (J. M. Whaley et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet., 55: 1092-1102, 1994; Clinical Research Group for Japan, Hum. Mol. Genet., 4: 2233-2237, 1995; F. Chen et al., Hum. Mutat., 5: 66-75, 1995; E. R. Maher et al., J. Med. Genet., 33: 328-332, 1996; B. Zbar, Cancer Surv., 25: 219-232, 1995). Recently a quantitative Southern blotting procedure was found to improve this frequency (C. Stolle et al., Hum. Mutat., 12: 417-423, 1998). In the present study, we report the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) as a method to detect and characterize VHL germline deletions. We reexamined a group of VHL patients shown previously by single-strand conformation and sequencing analysis not to harbor point mutations in the VHL locus. We found constitutional deletions in 29 of 30 VHL patients in this group using cosmid and P1 probes that cover the VHL locus. We then tested six phenotypically normal offspring from four of these VHL families: two were found to carry the deletion and the other four were deletion-free. In addition, germline mosaicism of the VHL gene was identified in one family. In sum, FISH was found to be a simple and reliable method to detect VHL germline deletions and practically useful in cases where other methods of screening have failed to detect a VHL gene abnormality.
Autonomic Microprocessor Execution via Self-Repairing Arrays (2005)

To achieve high reliability despite hard faults that occur during operation and to achieve high yield despite defects introduced at fabrication, a microprocessor must be able to tolerate hard faults. In this paper, we present a framework for autonomic self-repair of the array structures in microprocessors (e.g., reorder buffer, instruction window, etc.). The framework consists of three aspects: 1) detecting/diagnosing the fault, 2) recovering from the resultant error, and 3) mapping out the faulty portion of the array. For each aspect, we present design options. Based on this framework, we develop two particular schemes for self-repairing array structures (SRAS). Simulation results show that one of our SRAS schemes adds some performance overhead in the fault-free case, but that both of them mask hard faults 1) with less hardware overhead cost than higher-level redundancy (e.g., IBM mainframes) and 2) without the per-error performance penalty of existing low-cost techniques that combine error detection with pipeline flushes for backward error recovery (BER). When hard faults are present in arrays, due to operational faults or fabrication defects, SRAS schemes outperform BER due to not having to frequently flush the pipeline.