gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Angle-multiplexed metasurfaces: encoding independent wavefronts in a\n single metasurface under different illumination angles (2017)

The angular response of thin diffractive optical elements is highly\ncorrelated. For example, the angles of incidence and diffraction of a grating\nare locked through the grating momentum determined by the grating period. Other\ndiffractive devices, including conventional metasurfaces, have a similar\nangular behavior due to the fixed locations of the Fresnel zone boundaries and\nthe weak angular sensitivity of the meta-atoms. To alter this fundamental\nproperty, we introduce angle-multiplexed metasurfaces, composed of reflective\nhigh-contrast dielectric U-shaped meta-atoms, whose response under illumination\nfrom different angles can be controlled independently. This enables flat\noptical devices that impose different and independent optical transformations\nwhen illuminated from different directions, a capability not previously\navailable in diffractive optics.\n
Metal-catalyzed electrochemical diazidation of alkenes (2017)

Vicinal diamines are a common structural motif in bioactive natural products, therapeutic agents, and molecular catalysts, motivating the continuing development of efficient, selective, and sustainable technologies for their preparation. We report an operationally simple and environmentally friendly protocol that converts alkenes and sodium azide-both readily available feedstocks-to 1,2-diazides. Powered by electricity and catalyzed by Earth-abundant manganese, this transformation proceeds under mild conditions and exhibits exceptional substrate generality and functional group compatibility. Using standard protocols, the resultant 1,2-diazides can be smoothly reduced to vicinal diamines in a single step, with high chemoselectivity. Mechanistic studies are consistent with metal-mediated azidyl radical transfer as the predominant pathway, enabling dual carbon-nitrogen bond formation.
The -9Ala/-9Val polymorphism in the mitochondrial targeting sequence of the manganese superoxide dismutase gene (MnSOD) is associated with age among Hispanics with colorectal carcinoma (2002)

Recently a T to C substitution in the mitochondrial targeting sequence of the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene was observed that changes the amino acid sequence of the protein from valine (V) to alanine (A) and is associated with a decreased defense capacity against oxidative stress. We investigated whether this polymorphism of the MnSOD gene is associated with increased risk for colorectal cancer among Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. All controls (63 Hispanic, 58 non-Hispanic) and colorectal cancer cases (64 Hispanic, 61 non-Hispanic) were genotyped using a fluorogenic 5'-nuclease assay. The observed alanine frequency was 0.62 among disease-free Hispanics and 0.51 among non-Hispanic whites controls. No significant differences were observed between cancer patients and disease-free controls in either ethnic group (p=0.90) excluding this polymorphism as a risk factor for colorectal cancer in Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Among Hispanic individuals with colorectal cancer the alanine allele was observed more frequently in young patients. Patients homozygous for the alanine allele (24/64) showed a mean age of 37.6 years compared to 42.3 years for heterozygotes (29/64) and 48.4 years for patients homozygous for the V allele (p=0.045, ANOVA). The data demonstrate that the -9Val/-9Ala substitution is more common in Hispanics than in non-Hispanic whites. Furthermore, the data suggest that the alanine allele of this polymorphism may be associated with an increased risk to develop colorectal cancer at a young age in Hispanics.
Demonstration of a GaN‐spacer high electron mobility transistor with low alloy scattering (2005)

Abstract A new kind of high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) based on a GaN‐spacer is reported. To confine the two‐dimensional electron gas in this AlGaN‐free HEMT, a GaN/ultrathin AlN/GaN pseudo‐hetero‐junction has been used. The effective conduction band discontinuity is given by the AlN polarization‐induced electric field. This new transistor shows a superior general performance than the standard HEMT due to a decrease in the alloy and real space transfer scattering, as well as lower ohmic contact resistance. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
One-step Multi-material Preform Extrusion for Robust Chalcogenide Glass Optical Fibers and Tapers (2012)

We demonstrate a novel process of one-step extrusion of multi-material fiber preforms containing chalcogenide glasses and polymers. The polymer lends mechanical robustness to the drawn chalcogenide infrared fibers and tapers.
Punchthrough transient voltage suppressor for low-voltage electronics (1995)

Transient voltage suppressors for electronic circuits with power supply voltage of 3.3 V or lower are urgently needed but unavailable due to excessive leakage of low-voltage reversed p-n diodes. We analyzed several candidate device structures by using two-dimensional device simulation. Adopting the punchthrough mechanism in an n/sup +/p/sup +/p/sup -/n/sup +/ structure rather than the traditional avalanche mechanism in a p/sup +/n/sup +/ structure, we can achieve low standoff voltage with excellent performances in low leakage current, low capacitance, and low clamping voltage. The new device appears to be satisfactory for protecting future electronic systems with power supply voltage at least down to 1.5 V.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Contextual boost for pedestrian detection (2012)

Pedestrian detection from images is an important and yet challenging task. The conventional methods usually identify human figures using image features inside the local regions. In this paper we present that, besides the local features, context cues in the neighborhood provide important constraints that are not yet well utilized. We propose a framework to incorporate the context constraints for detection. First, we combine the local window with neighborhood windows to construct a multi-scale image context descriptor, designed to represent the contextual cues in spatial, scaling, and color spaces. Second, we develop an iterative classification algorithm called contextual boost. At each iteration, the classifier responses from the previous iteration across the neighborhood and multiple image scales, called classification context, are incorporated as additional features to learn a new classifier. The number of iterations is determined in the training process when the error rate converges. Since the classification context incorporates contextual cues from the neighborhood, through iterations it implicitly propagates to greater areas and thus provides more global constraints. We evaluate our method on the Caltech benchmark dataset [11]. The results confirm the advantages of the proposed framework. Compared with state of the arts, our method reduces the miss rate from 29% by [30] to 25% at 1 false positive per image (FPPI).
Learning to Attend to Salient Targets in Driving Videos Using Fully Convolutional RNN (2018)

Driving involves the processing of rich audio, visual and haptic signals to make safe and calculated decisions on the road. Human vision plays a crucial role in this task and analysis of the gaze behavior could provide some insights into the action the driver takes upon seeing an object/region. A typical representation of the gaze behavior is a saliency map. The work in this paper aims to predict this saliency map given a sequence of image frames. Strategies are developed to address important topics for video saliency including active gaze (i.e. gaze that is useful for driving), pixel- and object-level information, and suppression of non-negative pixels in the saliency maps. These strategies enabled the development of a novel pixel- and object-level saliency ground truth dataset using real-world driving data around traffic intersections. We further proposed a fully convolutional RNN architecture capable of handling time sequence image data to estimate saliency map. Our methodology shows promising results.
Synthesis of photochromic 6’-sulfanyl substituted-spiro[indoline-naphthoxazines] (1997)

The unexpected synthesis of photochromic spiro{indoline-naphth[1,2-b]oxazines} in high-yield during the reaction of Fisher's base with mixture of oximes of 4-sulfanyl substituted-1,2-naphthoquinones is described.
Composition of the essential oil of Pink Chablisâ¢ bluebeard (Caryopteris Ãclandonensis &#039;Durio&#039;) and its biological activity against the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti (2015)

Caryopteris Ãclandonensis A. Simmonds ex C. H. Curtis &#039;Durio&#039; Pink Chablisâ¢, (Lamiaceae) a pink-flowered cultivar distinctive amongthe typically blue-flowered cultivars of bluebeard, is valued as a small, deciduous shrub in the landscape for its mounded growthhabit, showy flower display in summer, and attractiveness to insect pollinators. As part of a broader research program examiningaromatic compounds from ornamental species as natural alternatives to synthetic chemicals for control of insect pests, the essentialoil of Pink Chablisâ¢ bluebeard was investigated for its chemical composition and bioactivity as a repellent and larvicide against theyellow fever mosquito [Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae)]. Essential oil from the aerial parts of this mildly aromatic ornamentalspecies was extracted by water distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Theprimary compounds in the essential oil were Î±-copaene (8.3%), limonene (7.2%), and Î´-cadinene (6.3%), followed by trans-p-mentha2,8-dien-1-ol(4.6%), trans-p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol (4.5%), cis-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol (4.0%), and hotrienol (3.8%). Against theyellow fever mosquito, the essential oil exhibited mild repellency compared to DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) as a referencestandard. It exhibited weak activity as a mosquito larvicide.
From skeletal muscle to stem cells: an innovative and minimally-invasive process for multiple species (2017)

Bone marrow and adipose tissue represent the two most commonly exploited sources of adult mesenchymal stem cells for musculoskeletal applications. Unfortunately the sampling of bone marrow and fat tissue is invasive and does not always lead to a sufficient number of cells. The present study describes a novel sampling method based on microbiopsy of skeletal muscle in man, pigs, dogs and horses. The process includes explant of the sample, Percoll density gradient for isolation and subsequent culture of the cells. We further characterized the cells and identified their clonogenic and immunomodulatory capacities, their immune-phenotyping behavior and their capability to differentiate into chondroblasts, osteoblasts and adipocytes. In conclusion, this report describes a novel and easy-to-use technique of skeletal muscle-derived mesenchymal stem cell harvest, culture, characterization. This technique is transposable to a multitude of different animal species.
Compositional control of IP media (2006)

When there is more than one application server in the signaling path between IP media endpoints, and the servers manipulate media flow, media flow must be controlled com-positionally. This paper presents a protocol, signaling architecture, API, and API implementation for distributed, compositional media control. The semantics of the API is specified in linear temporal logic, and the implementation has been partially verified by model checking. The principles developed to solve this problem may be useful for making other network applications compositional.
Optimized Control of a Pressure-Wave Supercharger: A Model-Based Feedforward Approach (2007)

Engine downsizing and boosting is known to substantially improve the fuel economy of passenger cars. Compared to traditional boosting devices, pressure-wave superchargers (PWS) have several advantages. In particular, the substantial delays in the torque dynamics caused by conventional turbochargers can be avoided by a careful tuning of the pressure-wave processes taking place inside the PWS. These processes can be tuned to match the changing thermodynamic boundary conditions of the engine system by changing the rotational speed, by opening or closing a bypass channel, and by adjusting the offset between the two rotor casings. The optimal choice of these control actions is not trivial such that a purely experimental approach is not possible. Accordingly, two models are developed that are able to predict the pressure wave dynamics. They are validated using data measured on an engine test bench. The second model which is based on a lumped-parameter approach, forms the basis for a feedforward controller. The synthesis of such a controller and its validation on the same engine test bench is described as well
Tunnelized Cyclostationary Signal Processing: A Novel Approach to Low-Energy Spectrum Sensing (2013)

We present novel tunnelized second- and higher-order cyclostationary signal processing algorithms to simultaneously detect and characterize RF signals. Techniques that exploit second- and higher-order cyclostationary features to detect and classify signals possess many desirable properties. However, their pervasive use and hardware implementation have been hampered because such features are highly complex, and consume substantial processor energy. In this paper we present a novel concept, where we observe that severe but purposeful under-sampling of the signals through tunneling preserves sufficient exploitable cyclostationarity, even when the tunnel bandwidth is much smaller than the signal bandwidth. This phenomenon is then exploited to create a low complexity and flexible suite of algorithms to simultaneously detect and characterize signals using their tunneling-distorted cyclostationary features. We also demonstrate that such algorithms can detect and characterize signals for a highly adverse signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, even when multiple signals completely overlap in time and frequency.
A Photometric Assay for Blood Coagulation Factor XIII (1991)

An assay for a direct photometric determination of F XIII in untreated and undiluted plasma was developed. In a one-step procedure F XIII is activated by thrombin and Ca2+ and cross-links glycine-ethylester to a specific glutamine containing peptide substrate. The released ammonia is incorporated into alpha-ketoglutarate by glutamate dehydrogenase, and the NADH consumption of this reaction is measured photometrically at 340 nm. NADH-consumption is directly proportional to the F XIII activity. Fibrin polymerization and the corresponding turbidity is avoided by the use of a fibrin aggregation inhibitor. The procedure is rapid and simple and enables to measure within the range of 0 to 150% F XIII. It can be performed with automated analyzers as well as with common photometric equipment. The normal range of F XIII activity in 167 healthy donors was determined to be 70 to 140%.
Interference Reduction in Multi-Cell Massive MIMO Systems I: Large-Scale Fading Precoding and Decoding (2014)

A wireless massive MIMO system entails a large number (tens or hundreds) of base station antennas serving a much smaller number of users, with large gains in spectral-efficiency and energy-efficiency compared with conventional MIMO technology. Until recently it was believed that in multi-cellular massive MIMO system, even in the asymptotic regime, as the number of service antennas tends to infinity, the performance is limited by directed inter-cellular interference. This interference results from unavoidable re-use of reverse-link training sequences (pilot contamination) by users in different cells. We devise a new concept that leads to the effective elimination of inter-cell interference in massive MIMO systems. This is achieved by outer multi-cellular precoding, which we call Large-Scale Fading Precoding (LSFP). The main idea of LSFP is that each base station linearly combines messages aimed to users from different cells that re-use the same training sequence. Crucially, the combining coefficients depend only on the slow-fading coefficients between the users and the base stations. Each base station independently transmits its LSFP-combined symbols using conventional linear precoding that is based on estimated fast-fading coefficients. Further, we derive estimates for downlink and uplink SINRs and capacity lower bounds for the case of massive MIMO systems with LSFP and a finite number of base station antennas.
A ρ<i>c</i> hydrophone (1985)

Traditional piezoelectric materials have much higher impedances than water, and so most hydrophones are hard compared to the surrounding water medium. This “hardness” is the cause of internal and external reflections which manifest themselves as resonance and diffraction factor effects, respectively. Even nonvoided polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a piezoelectric polymer, has a characteristic acoustic impedance (ρc) about 2.5 times that of water. With the advent of voided PVDF, however, it is possible to match water's impedance as closely as desired. Through the use of ρc window material and ρc PVDF, we have constructed a ρc hydrophone whose response is essentially free of resonance and diffraction factor effects. [Work supported by Naval Material Command via NUSC's Independent Exploratory Development program.]
Comparison of silicon stencil mask distortion measurements with finite element analysis (1999)

Stencil mask fabrication processes using silicon-on-insulator (SOI) mask-wafer blanks have already been established. In order to meet the stringent requirements of pattern placement both mask distortion measurements and finite element analyses serve as tools to understand the sources of the pattern distortions. In this article experimental results from LMS IPRO measurements in intermediate process steps and comparison to corresponding finite element analyses of two stencil masks are presented, demonstrating the decisive influence of SOI mask-wafer blank quality, in particular with respect to the warp of the wafer substrate and thickness homogeneity of the silicon membrane layer.
Exposure results with four column cells in multicolumn EB exposure system (2009)

In the Mask D2I project at ASET, the authors assembled an electron beam exposure system to prove the concept ofmulti column cell with character projection technology. They performed beam calibrations in individual column cells to evaluate the resolution capabilities and stitching accuracies of the deflection fields of the system. Isolated 35nm line pattern and 60nm 1:1 line-and-space pattern were exposed in each column cell. Present stitching errors among the deflection fields were less than 15nm. We also evaluated stitching errors of patterns exposed by the different column cells. The stitching errors among the column cells were estimated to be less than 20nm. We are now investigating the origins of these errors to improve the exposure accuracies of the multi column cell system.
A Silicon BJT Active ESD Clamp Design in a Silicon Germanium HBT BiCMOS Technology (2021)

This paper describes an active ESD clamp design using a silicon bipolar junction transistor NPN in a silicon germanium hetero-junction bipolar transistor 0.25µm BiCMOS process. The crystal defects causing a random leakage increase inside the ESD clamp were eliminated successfully. The ESD clamp achieved a good ESD performance.
Photon-Flooded Single-Photon 3D Cameras (2019)

Single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are starting to play a pivotal role in the development of photon-efficient, long-range LiDAR systems. However, due to non-linearities in their image formation model, a high photon flux (e.g., due to strong sunlight) leads to distortion of the incident temporal waveform, and potentially, large depth errors. Operating SPADs in low flux regimes can mitigate these distortions, but, often requires attenuating the signal and thus, results in low signal-to-noise ratio. In this paper, we address the following basic question: what is the optimal photon flux that a SPAD-based LiDAR should be operated in? We derive a closed form expression for the optimal flux, which is quasi-depth-invariant, and depends on the ambient light strength. The optimal flux is lower than what a SPAD typically measures in real world scenarios, but surprisingly, considerably higher than what is conventionally suggested for avoiding distortions. We propose a simple, adaptive approach for achieving the optimal flux by attenuating incident flux based on an estimate of ambient light strength. Using extensive simulations and a hardware prototype, we show that the optimal flux criterion holds for several depth estimators, under a wide range of illumination conditions.
Analysis of Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Eosinophils from Patients with Atopic Dermatitis by Differential Display (2003)

To identify the genes related to atopic dermatitis (AD), we compared gene expression in eosinophils from AD patients and healthy volunteers. RNA was prepared from peripheral blood eosinophils. Gene expression was monitored by fluorescent differential display (DD) and real-time RT-PCR. Eighteen new sequences, including expressed sequence tags (ESTs), were expressed at higher levels in eosinophils from AD patients than in those from healthy volunteers. The functions of most of these genes are unknown. We found no correlation between the expression of a particular gene and clinical markers such as the number of eosinophils and the amount of IgE. Multivariate analysis of the gene expression data in each sample showed a very high coefficient of correlation among the copy numbers of each gene. The genes under investigation were also expressed in cultured blood eosinophils after IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma stimulation. We were able to predict the function of some of the sequences by scanning for homologies within either the human or mouse genome databases. The mouse counterpart of one of these genes, intersectin 2, was expressed dramatically, as measured by ear edema, in 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene-induced mouse contact dermatitis and in NC/Nga mouse dermatitis.
At-wavelength interferometry of high-NA diffraction-limited EUV optics (2003)

Recent advances in all-reflective diffraction-limited optical systems designed for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography have pushed numerical aperture (NA) values from 0.1 to 0.3, providing Rayleigh resolutions of 27-nm. Worldwide, several high-NA EUV optics are being deployed to serve in the development of advanced lithographic techniques required for EUV lithography, including the creation and testing of new, high-resolution photoresists. One such system is installed on an undulator beamline at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Advanced Light Source. Sub{angstrom}-accuracy optical testing and alignment techniques, developed for use with the previous generations of EUV lithographic optical systems, are being extended for use at high NA. Considerations for interferometer design and use are discussed.
Nickel-Mediated Oxidative Fluorination for PET with Aqueous [<sup>18</sup>F] Fluoride (2012)

A one-step oxidative fluorination for carbon-fluorine bond formation from well-defined nickel complexes with oxidant and aqueous fluoride is presented, which enables a straightforward and practical (18)F late-stage fluorination of complex small molecules with potential for PET imaging.