gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A glycoprotein E deletion mutant of bovine herpesvirus 1 infects the same limited number of tissues in calves as wild-type virus, but for a shorter period (1995)

To gain insight into the role of glycoprotein E of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), we compared the distribution of wild-type (wt) BHV-1 with that of a gE deletion mutant (gE-) in calves after intranasal inoculation. The wt-infected calves had severe clinical signs, but the gE(-)-infected calves were virtually free of clinical signs. At 3, 4, 7, 8, 44, 45, 50 and 51 days post-infection (p.i.), one calf from each group was killed and tissues were collected for virus isolation and PCR analysis. At 3, 4, 7 and 8 days p.i., infectious virus could be isolated only from the nasopharyngeal mucosa, parotid gland and nearby lymphoid tissues for both the wt- and gE(-)-infected calves. At 3 and 4 days p.i., virus titres in these tissues were comparable in both the wt- and gE(-)-infected calves. However, the virus titres were significantly reduced at 7 and 8 days p.i. in the gE(-)-infected calves, but not in the wt-infected calves. Semi-quantitative PCR analysis revealed that for the entire infection period (3 to 51 days p.i.) significantly more BHV-1 DNA was detected in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of the wt-infected calves than in those of the gE(-)-infected calves. We conclude that the gE- mutant infects the same limited number of tissues as wt BHV-1, but for a shorter period.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Economic Asymmetric Synthesis of (+)‐Nootkatone (I), Tetrahydronootkatone (II), and Derivatives (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Resonantly driven laser-plasma electron accelerators (1995)

A method for generating large‐amplitude nonlinear plasma waves, which utilizes an optimized train of independently adjustable, intense laser pulses, is analyzed in 1‐D both theoretically and numerically (using both Maxwell‐fluid and particle‐in‐cell codes). Optimal pulse widths and interpulse spacings are computed for pulses with either square or finite‐risetime sine shapes. A resonant region of the plasma wave phase space is found where the plasma wave is driven by the laser most efficiently. The width of this region, and thus the optimal finite‐risetime laser pulse width, was found to decrease with increasing plasma density and plasma wave amplitude, while the nonlinear plasma wavelength, and thus the optimal interpulse spacing, was found to increase. Also investigated are the resonance sensitivities to variations in the laser and plasma parameters. Non‐linear Landau damping of the wave by trapped background electrons is found to be important. Resonant excitation by this method is shown to more advantageous for electron acceleration than either the single pulse wakefield or the plasma beatwave concepts, because comparable plasma wave amplitudes may be generated at lower plasma densities, thus reducing electron‐phase detuning, or at lower laser intensities, thus reducing laser‐plasma instabilities. Practical experimental methods for producing the required pulse trains are discussed.
Thin skin elastodynamics (2013)

We present a novel approach for simulating thin hyperelastic skin. Real human skin is only a few millimeters thick. It can stretch and slide over underlying body structures such as muscles, bones, and tendons, revealing rich details of a moving character. Simulating such skin is challenging because it is in close contact with the body and shares its geometry. Despite major advances in simulating elastodynamics of cloth and soft bodies for computer graphics, such methods are difficult to use for simulating thin skin due to the need to deal with non-conforming meshes, collision detection, and contact response. We propose a novel Eulerian representation of skin that avoids all the difficulties of constraining the skin to lie on the body surface by working directly on the surface itself. Skin is modeled as a 2D hyperelastic membrane with arbitrary topology, which makes it easy to cover an entire character or object. Unlike most Eulerian simulations, we do not require a regular grid and can use triangular meshes to model body and skin geometry. The method is easy to implement, and can use low resolution meshes to animate high-resolution details stored in texture-like maps. Skin movement is driven by the animation of body shape prescribed by an artist or by another simulation, and so it can be easily added as a post-processing stage to an existing animation pipeline. We provide several examples simulating human and animal skin, and skin-tight clothes.
Recombination between diverged clusters of the tomato <i>Cf-9</i> plant disease resistance gene family (1999)

The tomato Cf-4 and Cf-9 genes are the founder members of a large gene family of homologues of Cladosporium fulvum resistance gene Cf-9 (Hcr9 genes), several of which confer resistance against C. fulvum through recognition of different pathogen-encoded avirulence determinants. Three loci of tandemly repeated Hcr9 genes-Southern Cross (SC), Milky Way (MW), and Northern Lights (NL)-are located on the short arm of tomato chromosome 1. Comparisons between 2 SC-Hcr9s, 11 from MW, and 5 from NL implicated sequence exchange between gene family members in their evolution. The extent to which novel variants can be generated by recombination depends on the degree of sequence polymorphism available within the gene family. Here we show that physical separation of Hcr9 genes can be associated with elevated sequence divergence. Two diverged subclasses of Hcr9s could be defined. These are physically separated from each other, with members of one class exclusively residing at Northern Lights. One exceptional Hcr9 at Northern Lights carried sequence features specific for Hcr9s at other loci, suggesting a recent transfer of this gene by an interlocus recombination event. As members of diverged subclasses are brought into physical vicinity within a tandem repeat, a larger spectrum of sequence variants can potentially be generated by subsequent interhomologue sequence exchange.
Interleukin-1/-33 Signaling Pathways as Therapeutic Targets for Endometriosis (2019)

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disease with symptoms of dysmenorrhea, chronic pain, and infertility that affects 6-10% of women of reproductive age. Medical or surgical therapy, such as administration of an anti-gonadotropin or ovarian cystectomy, provide effective pain relief. However, neither therapy can be used for patients wishing to become pregnant. Despite the high morbidity, the pathogenesis of endometriosis has not been well-elucidated. Several inflammatory cytokines are reported to participate in the onset of endometriosis. Here, we examined the role of interleukin (IL)-1/IL-33 signaling in the development of endometriosis using a mouse model of endometriosis. Endometriotic lesion volume was significantly reduced in <i>Il33</i><sup>-/-</sup> and <i>Il1r1</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice, and almost completely suppressed in <i>Myd88</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice. Mice intraperitoneally administered with an antibody against IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1) or IL-33 developed limited endometriotic lesions. Oral administration of an inhibitor against IL-1R-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4), a downstream signal molecule of MyD88, also suppressed lesion formation. Furthermore, even after the development of cystic lesions the IRAK4 inhibitor prevented the enlargement of lesions. These treatments all significantly reduced cellular proliferation, shown by decreased Ki-67 expression. These results reveal that IL-1/IL-1R1, IL-33/IL-33R and associated downstream signaling molecules are involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis, and may provide novel therapeutic targets for endometriosis.
Multiple ultrasonic aiding system for car navigation in GNSS denied environment (2018)

This paper proposes a novel approach for estimating the navigation states of land vehicles in GNSS denied environment by integrating low-cost multiple ultrasonic sensors with the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) using Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). These multiple ultrasonic sensors act as an aiding by providing the vehicle forward velocity to limit the INS large drift during GNSS signal outages. Ultrasonic sensors are installed on the left and right rear wheels to measure the range difference between the sensor and the spokes of the wheel to determine the angular velocity and then determine the vehicle forward velocity. As the ultrasonic raw data is contaminated with outliers and noise, outliers' removal is applied, and a moving average filter is used to reduce the noise. Two experimental road tests were performed for low velocity (30 km/hr) and moderate vehicle velocity (50 km/hr). Ultrasonic sensors were integrated with GNSS/INS in loosely coupled integration scheme through EKF. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the velocity estimated by the ultrasonic sensors was 0.28 m/sec. Moreover, the position RMSE enhanced from 101.18 meters for the case of INS standalone navigation solution to 5.07 meters when INS integrated with ultrasonic sensors for GNSS signal outage of 60 seconds in the first test. The RMSE of the position is decreased to 17.99 meters in case of ultrasonic/INS integration navigation solution compared to INS standalone solution with RMSE of 72.43 meters for an outage of 60 seconds in the second test. The proposed multiple ultrasonic system provides the land vehicle navigation solution with forward velocity update with higher accuracy and data rate than the velocity provided by regular odometer of On-Board Diagnostics (OBD II).
pH-Metric Determination of the Acid Value of Vegetable Oils without Titration (1998)

The acid value (AV) of vegetable oils is determined without titration by using a new reagent consisting of triethanolamine in a solution of water and isopropyl alcohol. When the oil sample is mixed with the reagent in the pH-metric cell, free fatty acids from the sample are extracted into the reagent (3-4 min). The initial pH, called conditional pH'1, is measured, a standard acid (HCl) is added, and the final pH, pH'2, is measured. AV is calculated from the difference between pH'1 and pH'2. The method is applicable for quality control of vegetable oils during their production, trade, and use.
Synthesis and analgetic activity of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-1,6-methano-3-benzazocines (1978)

1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexahydro-1,6-methano-3-benzazocine (1) has been synthesized via a four-step sequence from benzo-norbornadiene. This compound and its N-methyl derivative are more active than codeine in the mouse hot-plate antinociceptive assay and will not suppor morphine dependence in Rhesus monkeys.
Novel Organizational Features, Captured Cellular Genes, and Strain Variability Within the Genome of KSHV/HHV8 (1998)

Strong serologic and molecular probe correlations indicate that the newly discovered gamma herpesvirus KSHV or HHV8 is the likely etiologic agent of all forms of Kaposi's sarcoma as well as BCBL/PEL and MCD in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Two large segments of HHV8 DNA from an AIDS-associated BCBL tumor covering genomic positions 0-52 kilobase [kb] and 108-140 kb have been cloned, mapped, and partially sequenced. Our studies have focused on novel viral proteins encoded within a 13-kb divergent locus (DL-B) by nine captured homologues of cellular genes, including vIL-6, vDHFR, vTS, vBcl-2, three C-C beta chemokines (vMIP-1A, vMIP-1B, and vBCK), and two LAP/PHD subclass zinc finger proteins (IE1A and IE1B). The HHV-8 vIL-6, vDHFR, vTS, and vBcl-2 proteins have all been shown to be active in a variety of appropriate functional assays, and transcripts from vIL-6, vMIP-1B, vIE1-A, vIE1-B, and vDHFR genes are all expressed as abundant single messenger RNA species after butyrate or phorbol ester (TPA) induction of the lytic cycle in HHV8-positive BCBL cell lines. All of these genes lie within a divergent transcriptional domain that contains a single central enhancer and associated untranslated leader region plus seven distinct proximal promoters, some of which are negatively regulated through AP-1 and ZRE motifs by the EBV ZTA transactivator. This region also encompasses a predicted complex oriLyt domain of 1050 bp that is duplicated in inverted orientation adjacent to the T0.7 latency RNA in another large divergent locus (DL-E). We have previously described three distinct subtypes of the HHV8 genome that differ by 1.0%-1.5% at the nucleotide level within the ORF26 and ORF75 genes. Certain strains or clades appear to have preferential geographic distributions, but it is not known as yet whether there are any specific disease associations. Interestingly, the A, B, and C subtypes of HHV-8 also proved to differ dramatically in coding content at both the extreme left and right ends of the unique segment of the genome as well as in the positions of the junctions with the terminal repeats. On the left-hand side, the receptor-like ORF-K1 protein is highly variable with A-strain subtypes displaying 15% amino acid differences from C strains and up to 30% differences from B strains. On the right-hand side, two unrelated alternative types of the putative multiple membrane spanning ORF-K15 protein are found.
Signal Processing for Probe Storage (2006)

Scanning-probe data storage is emerging as a viable alternative to conventional data storage, offering ultra-high density, low access times, and low power consumption. One probe-storage technique utilizes a thermomechanical means to store and retrieve information in thin polymer films. We describe the readback signal path and characterize the thermomechanical-based probe-storage recording channel. It is shown that this channel exhibits a particular nonlinear behavior at high storage densities or high recording power, that is, the energy per unit time used to write a bit of information. A simple model is proposed that accurately captures the characteristics of this nonlinearity. Experimental results from single-probe recording setups are used to verify the validity of this model and identify its relevant parameters.
Coal reburning application on a Cyclone boiler (1994)

Cyclone reburn involves the injection of a supplemental fuel (natural gas, oil or coal) into the main furnace of a Cyclone-fired boiler to produce locally reducing conditions which convert NO{sub x}, generated in the main combustion zone, to molecular nitrogen, thereby reducing overall NO{sub x} emissions. The world`s only application of the Cyclone reburn technology using pulverized coal as the reburn fuel was installed at Wisconsin Power & Light`s Nelson Dewey Generating Station, Unit 2. The project was selected for demonstration under the US Department of Energy`s Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Program, Round II.
Particle Transport in Liquid Core Photonic Crystal Fibers (2006)

Here we describe the optical guidance and transport of particles in a liquid-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF). Immediate possible applications of our work include bioanalytical separation and sensing
Method for Evaluation of Drug Resistance for Plasmodium Falciparum. Phase 2 (1991)

Abstract : This contract was designed to show the feasibility of a method to more efficiently assess the drug sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum. The method depends on the differential detection of parasite produced enzyme against a background of host produced enzyme. The basic premise is that any compound with anti-malarial activity should be detected with this enzyme based readout since any anti-malarial activity should lead to lower levels of parasite- produced enzyme in test compared to control cultures. The contract goals were to optimize the conditions for enzyme measurement and then to demonstrate that the enzyme assay could be substituted for existing methods of growth measurement of P. falciparum in vitro. The final goal of this project was to obtain recent isolates of chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum and demonstrate that the enzyme measurement system could be used in chloroquine sensitivity assays in vitro.
Reactive ion etching of high-aspect-ratio 100 nm linewidth features in tungsten (1994)

The subtractive patterning of fine-linewidth (sub-250-nm) tungsten absorbers for x-ray masks requires the ability to etch features with high aspect ratios and vertical sidewalls. In this letter, a reactive-ion-etching process which meets these requirements is described. The etch gases used are SF6 and H2. It is further shown that an intermittent etch process, whereby the sample is vented to atmosphere in between etches results in an etch profile with vertical tungsten sidewalls. This interrupted etching is compared with the results from continuous etching. The straighter sidewalls in the case of the interrupted etch suggests a passivation of the sidewalls which occurs during the venting process. Results are presented to show etching of 100 nm gratings and 200 nm dot arrays. An in situ endpoint detection method developed for the reactive-ion-etching system is presented.
Cobalt-catalyzed intermolecular C–H amination with bromamine-T as nitrene source (2007)

Cobalt, supported by porphyrin ligands, is capable of catalyzing intermolecular nitrene insertion of sp(3) C-H bonds with bromamine-T as the nitrene source, forming the desired tosyl-protected amines with NaBr as the by-product.
Electronic tuning of magnetic permeability in Co2Z hexaferrite toward high frequency electromagnetic device miniaturization (2011)

The magnetic and magnetostriction properties of Z-type cobalt-doped barium hexaferrite with perpendicular c-axis crystallographic texture are presented. The hexaferrite was utilized as a component in Co2Z/lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate multiferroic heterostructures whose tunability of permeability with electric field in terms of ferromagnetic resonance shift was supported by experiments and theoretical calculation. A permeability change of 16% was measured by an induced magnetic field of 38 Oe under the application of 6 kV/cm of electric field. These findings lay the foundation for the application of Z-type hexaferrites in tunable rf and microwave devices valued for sending, receiving, and manipulating electromagnetic signals.
LiNbO <sub>3</sub> high-speed optical FSK modulator (2004)

An optical frequency-shift-keying (FSK) modulator with a pair of Mach-Zehnder structures that can switch optical frequency is developed. The operation is demonstrated at a 10 Gbit/s FSK transmission conducted on a standard singlemode fibre of 60 km, where the FSK signal is demodulated by a fibre Bragg grating.
Simultaneous hydrogen utilization and in situ biogas upgrading in an anaerobic reactor (2011)

The possibility of converting hydrogen to methane and simultaneous upgrading of biogas was investigated in both batch tests and fully mixed biogas reactor, simultaneously fed with manure and hydrogen. Batch experiments showed that hydrogen could be converted to methane by hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis with conversion of more than 90% of the consumed hydrogen to methane. The hydrogen consumption rates were affected by both P(H₂) (hydrogen partial pressure) and mixing intensity. Inhibition of propionate and butyrate degradation by hydrogen (1 atm) was only observed under high mixing intensity (shaking speed 300 rpm). Continuous addition of hydrogen (flow rate of 28.6 mL/(L/h)) to an anaerobic reactor fed with manure, showed that more than 80% of the hydrogen was utilized. The propionate and butyrate level in the reactor was not significantly affected by the hydrogen addition. The methane production rate of the reactor with H₂ addition was 22% higher, compared to the control reactor only fed with manure. The CO₂ content in the produced biogas was only 15%, while it was 38% in the control reactor. However, the addition of hydrogen resulted in increase of pH (from 8.0 to 8.3) due to the consumption of bicarbonate, which subsequently caused slight inhibition of methanogenesis.
<title>New vacuum packaging method of field emission display</title> (1997)

Two ITO-coated glass wafers are successfully bonded by the typical Si-Pyrex electrostatic bonding mechanism. Both Si- 7740 and Ti-(Li-doped SiO$02)) interlayer systems can be employed for the electrostatic bonding of 7059-7059 and 0080-0080 glass wafer pairs. This glass-to-glass electrostatic bonding process can be applied to the clean and tubeless packaging of field emission display panels.
Double pulsed field gradient (double‐PFG) MR imaging (MRI) as a means to measure the size of plant cells (2011)

Measurement of diffusion in porous materials and biological tissues with the pulsed field gradient (PFG) MR techniques has proven useful in characterizing the microstructure of such specimens noninvasively. A natural extension of the traditional PFG technique comprises multiple pairs of diffusion gradients. This approach has been shown to provide the ability to characterize anisotropy at different length scales without the need to employ very strong gradients. In this work, the double-PFG imaging technique was used on a specimen involving a series of glass capillary arrays with different diameters. The experiments on the phantom demonstrated the ability to create a quantitative and accurate map of pore sizes. The same technique was subsequently employed to image a celery stalk. A diffusion tensor image (DTI) of the same specimen was instrumental in accurately delineating the regions of vascular tissue and determining the local orientation of cells. This orientation information was incorporated into a theoretical double-PFG framework and the technique was employed to estimate the cell size in the vascular bundles of the celery stalk. The findings suggest that the double-PFG MRI framework could provide important new information regarding the microstructure of many plants and other food products.
Nonlinear Optics in Crystalline Whispering Gallery Resonators (2013)

Whispering gallery resonators made from crystalline materials are compact, stable and highly tunable. These versatile devices can produce light in the classical and quantum domains, showing promise for applications in spectroscopy, metrology and quantum information schemes.
Development of Spexin-based Human Galanin Receptor Type II-Specific Agonists with Increased Stability in Serum and Anxiolytic Effect in Mice (2016)

The novel neuropeptide spexin (SPX) was discovered to activate galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) and 3 (GALR3) but not galanin receptor 1 (GALR1). Although GALR2 is known to display a function, particularly in anxiety, depression, and appetite regulation, the further determination of its function would benefit from a more stable and selective agonist that acts only at GALR2. In the present study, we developed a GALR2-specific agonist with increased stability in serum. As galanin (GAL) showed a low affinity to GALR3, the residues in SPX were replaced with those in GAL, revealing that particular mutations such as Gln5 → Asn, Met7 → Ala, Lys11 → Phe, and Ala13 → Pro significantly decreased potencies toward GALR3 but not toward GALR2. Quadruple (Qu) mutation of these residues still retained potency to GALR2 but totally abolished the potency to both GALR3 and GALR1. The first amino acid modifications or D-Asn1 substitution significantly increased the stability when they are incubated in 100% fetal bovine serum. Intracerebroventricular administration of the mutant peptide with D-Asn1 and quadruple substitution (dN1-Qu) exhibited an anxiolytic effect in mice. Taken together, the GALR2-specific agonist with increased stability can greatly help delineation of GALR2-mediated functions and be very useful for treatments of anxiety disorder.
ChemInform Abstract: Lignocellulosics as a Renewable Feedstock for Chemical Industry: Chemical Hydrolysis and Pretreatment Processes (2012)

Abstract Review: 341 refs.