gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Covalently functionalized reduced graphene oxide by organically modified silica: a facile synthesis of electrically conducting black coatings on glass (2012)

The fabrication of black and electrically conducting films on glass substrate derived from covalently functionalized reduced graphene oxide (FRGO) has been reported in this work. Graphene oxide (GO) was first prepared following the Hummers method and then functionalized using an organically modified silicon alkoxide, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GLYMO) in an ordered fashion. Catalyst (aluminium acetylacetonate) induced selective polymerization of the epoxy groups of GO and GLYMO was found to occur via the formation of ethereal (–C–O–C–) linkages. The formation of such linkages was confirmed by IR, Raman, TGA, X-Ray diffraction and TEM studies. Finally the functionalized graphene oxide (FGO) films were subjected to thermal reduction in an inert (N2) atmosphere to obtain FRGO films. These hard FRGO films are electrically conducting and appeared as black coatings on glass. By varying the loading (20–30 wt%) of GO with the covalently bonded organically modified silica, the sheet resistance values can be tuned in a linear way from 0.8 × 106 to 1.4 × 103 Ω □−1. The uniform current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the films can be nicely correlated with the sheet resistance values.
Particle acceleration by stimulated emission of radiation: Theory and experiment (2006)

The interaction of electromagnetic radiation with free electrons in the presence of an active medium has some appealing outcomes. Among them is particle acceleration by stimulated emission of radiation (PASER). In its framework, energy stored in an active medium (microscopic cavities) is transferred directly to an e -beam passing through. We have developed a two-dimensional analytic model for the evaluation of the energy exchange occurring as a train of electron microbunches traverses a dilute resonant medium. Efficient interaction occurs at resonance-namely, when the frequency of the train matches the resonance frequency of the medium. It is shown that the energy exchange is gamma independent for relativistic energies and it drops dramatically with an increase of the beam's radius. Based on this model, we have evaluated the relative change in the kinetic energy of a 0.1-nC 45-MeV macrobunch traversing an excited CO2 gas mixture-the former being modulated at the CO2 laser wavelength. Good agreement is found between the theoretical predictions and the results of the PASER experiment performed recently at Brookhaven National Laboratory.
A Cascadable VLSI Echo Canceller (1984)

A new single-chip echo canceller has been developed. In addition to offering improved performance over an earlier single-chip echo canceller [14], the new canceller has many desirable features not available before. The most important of these features is that multiples of the chip can be connected in cascade to synthesize very long impulse responses. This paper describes the new features implemented on the chip and characterizes its performance.
Fuel wood projects and pre-history (1987)

Archaeological evidence from southern Africa has shown that wood chosen for fuel in the past originated almost exclusively from two families. The selected species depended for their survival in drought on the formation of gelatinous fibres. Further work on drought tolerance and the production of suitable species of trees requires considerable co-operation and a broadening of the current narrow view of projects.
<a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><a:msub><a:mrow><a:mi>L</a:mi></a:mrow><a:mrow><a:mi>p</a:mi></a:mrow></a:msub></a:math>-Curvature Measures and<c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><c:msub><c:mrow><c:mi>L</c:mi></c:mrow><c:mrow><c:mi>p</c:mi><c:mo>,</c:mo><c:mi>q</c:mi></c:mrow></c:msub></c:math>-Mixed Volumes (2022)

Motivated by Lutwak et al.’s <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"><a:msub><a:mrow><a:mi>L</a:mi></a:mrow><a:mrow><a:mi>p</a:mi></a:mrow></a:msub></a:math> -dual curvature measures, we introduce the concept of <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"><c:msub><c:mrow><c:mi>L</c:mi></c:mrow><c:mrow><c:mi>p</c:mi></c:mrow></c:msub></c:math> -curvature measures. This new <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"><e:msub><e:mrow><e:mi>L</e:mi></e:mrow><e:mrow><e:mi>p</e:mi></e:mrow></e:msub></e:math> -curvature measure is an extension of the classical surface area measure, <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6"><g:msub><g:mrow><g:mi>L</g:mi></g:mrow><g:mrow><g:mi>p</g:mi></g:mrow></g:msub></g:math> -surface area measure, and curvature measure. In this paper, we first prove some properties of the <i:math xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7"><i:msub><i:mrow><i:mi>L</i:mi></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mi>p</i:mi></i:mrow></i:msub></i:math> -curvature measure. Next, using the <k:math xmlns:k="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8"><k:msub><k:mrow><k:mi>L</k:mi></k:mrow><k:mrow><k:mi>p</k:mi></k:mrow></k:msub></k:math> -curvature measure, we define the <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M9"><m:msub><m:mrow><m:mi>L</m:mi></m:mrow><m:mrow><m:mi>p</m:mi><m:mo>,</m:mo><m:mi>q</m:mi></m:mrow></m:msub></m:math> -mixed volume which includes <o:math xmlns:o="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M10"><o:msub><o:mrow><o:mi>L</o:mi></o:mrow><o:mrow><o:mi>p</o:mi></o:mrow></o:msub></o:math> -mixed volume as the special cases. Further, the Minkowski-type inequality related <q:math xmlns:q="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M11"><q:msub><q:mrow><q:mi>L</q:mi></q:mrow><q:mrow><q:mi>p</q:mi><q:mo>,</q:mo><q:mi>q</q:mi></q:mrow></q:msub></q:math> -mixed volume and the uniqueness of the solution for the <s:math xmlns:s="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M12"><s:msub><s:mrow><s:mi>L</s:mi></s:mrow><s:mrow><s:mi>p</s:mi><s:mo>,</s:mo><s:mi>q</s:mi></s:mrow></s:msub></s:math> - Minkowski problem are obtained. Finally, we propose several problems that need to be studied further.
Statistical inversion of aerosol size measurement data (2001)

We consider the determination of the particle size distribution function from Poisson distributed observations arising in aerosol size distribution measurements with the differential mobility particle sizer (DMPS). The DMPS measurement data consists of counts of aerosol particles classified into different size ranges and the goal is to compute an estimate for the particle size distribution function on the basis of this data. This leads to an ill-posed inverse problem. The approach we take in this paper is to consider this inverse problem by treating both the observations and the unknown parameters as random variables. We construct a realistic posterior model for the aerosol size distribution function by using the Bayes' theorem. In the construction of this model we assume that the measurements obey Poisson statistics and that the solution is a smooth non-negative function. We discuss the computation of two point estimates from the posterior density. These are the maximum a posteriori estimate, which is computationally an optimisation problem, and the conditional mean which is computationally an integration problem. The former is solved by using an exterior point algorithm and the latter with a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. The virtue of using MCMC methods for drawing samples from the posterior distribution is not limited to computing the conditional mean only – they can also be used for the computation of other moments and confidence intervals. The point estimates as well as some marginal distributions and confidence intervals are investigated using artificially generated data. The estimates are also compared to those obtained by using Gaussian statistical assumptions.
Preparation of Porous Silicone Resin Sheet with Phase Inversion in Parallel with Non Solvent Induced Phase Separation and Application to Hollow Particle Formation (2014)

We have tried to prepare the porous silicone resin sheet with the phase inversion method in parallel with the non solvent induced phase separation method. In the experiment, ethyl acetate and water were adopted as a good solvent and a poor solvent for silicone resin, respectively and ethyl alcohol as an amphiphilic solvent was used to increase the solubility of ethyl acetate in water and decrease the interfacial tension by mass transfer from water to ethyl acetate. The concentration of silicone resin in ethyl acetate and the oil soluble surfactant species were changed. Increasing the concentration of silicone resin could depress coalescence between the water droplets in the (W/O) dispersion and increase the porosity and pore number density of silicone resin sheet. Span 80 among the oil soluble surfactant species made the porosity and pore number density larger. The effect of physical proparties of liquids concerned on the porosity and pore number density was discussed on the basis of dispersing behavior of liquid droplets in the liquid-liquid dispersion. The hollow silicone resin particles could be prepared by applying the preparation method presented here.
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry of Zeolite Materials:  Observation of Abundant Aluminosilicate Oligomers Using an Ion Trap (2000)

Oligomeric oxyanions were observed in the secondary ion mass spectra (SIMS) of zeolite materials. The oxyanions have the general composition AlmSinO2(m+n)H(m-1)(-)(m+n = 2 to 8) and are termed dehydrates. For a given mass, multiple elemental compositions are possible because (Al + H) is an isovalent and isobaric substitute for Si. Using 18 keV Ga+ as a projectile, oligomer abundances are low relative to the monomers. Oligomer abundance can be increased by using the polyatomic projectile ReO4- (approximately 5 keV). Oligomer abundance can be further increased using an ion trap (IT-) SIMS; in this instrument, long ion lifetimes (tens of ms) and relatively high He pressure result in significant collisional stabilization and increased high-mass abundance. The dehydrates rapidly react with adventitious H2O present in the IT-SIMS to form mono-, di-, and trihydrates. The rapidity of the reaction and comparison to aluminum oxyanion hydration suggest that H2O adds to the aluminosilicate oxyanions in a dissociative fashion, forming covalently bound product ions. In addition to these findings, it was noted that production of abundant oligomeric aluminosilicates could be significantly increased by substituting the countercation (NH4+) with the larger alkali ions Rb+ and Cs+. This constitutes a useful tactic for generating large aluminosilicate oligomers for surface characterization and ion-molecule reactivity studies.
Defects in regulation of apoptosis in caspase-2-deficient mice (1998)

During embryonic development, a large number of cells die naturally to shape the new organism. Members of the caspase family of proteases are essential intracellular death effectors. Herein, we generated caspase-2-deficient mice to evaluate the requirement for this enzyme in various paradigms of apoptosis. Excess numbers of germ cells were endowed in ovaries of mutant mice and the oocytes were found to be resistant to cell death following exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs. Apoptosis mediated by granzyme B and perforin was defective in caspase-2-deficient B lymphoblasts. In contrast, cell death of motor neurons during development was accelerated in caspase-2-deficient mice. In addition, caspase-2-deficient sympathetic neurons underwent apoptosis more effectively than wild-type neurons when deprived of NGF. Thus, caspase-2 acts both as a positive and negative cell death effector, depending upon cell lineage and stage of development.
Providing synthetic views for teleoperation using visual pose tracking in multiple cameras (2001)

This paper describes a visual tool for teleoperative experimentation involving remote manipulation and contact tasks. Using modest hardware, it recovers in real time the pose of moving polyhedral objects, and presents a synthetic view of the scene to the operator of a teleoperated robot using any chosen viewpoint and viewing direction. To recover pose, the method of line tracking first introduced by Harris (1992) is extended to multiple calibrated cameras, and its dynamic performance improved using robust methods and iterative filtering. Experiments are reported which determine the static and dynamic performance of the vision system, and its use in teleoperation is illustrated in two experiments, a peg-in-hole manipulation task and an impact control task.
Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN): Current concepts (1992)

Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) represents the putative precancerous end of the morphologic continuum of cellular proliferations within prostatic ducts, ductules and acini. Two grades of PIN are identified (low grade and high grade), and high grade PIN is considered to be a precursor to invasive carcinoma. The continuum which culminates in high grade PIN and early invasive cancer is characterized by basal cell layer disruption, basement membrane disruption, progressive loss of secretory differentiation markers, increasing nuclear and nucleolar abnormalities, increasing proliferative potential, and increasing variation in DNA content (aneuploidy). Clinical studies suggest that PIN predates carcinoma by ten years or more, with low grade PIN first emerging in men in the third decade of life. The clinical importance of recognizing PIN is based on its strong association with carcinoma; its identification in biopsy specimens of the prostate warrants further search for concurrent invasive carcinoma.
Expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor family in normal and malignant urothelium (2005)

We hypothesise that: (i) ERBB4 is important for differentiation in NU; (ii) ERBB2 is up-regulated with carcinogenesis in the urinary bladder but does not discriminate between bladder cancer with or without metastases; (iii) EGFR may be a marker of indolent disease. A current hypothesis, that superficial layers of NU do not express EGFR and thus protect the basal cells from the mitogenic effect of urinary EGF, is challenged.
Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-κB DNA Binding by Organoselenocyanates through Covalent Modification of the p50 Subunit (2007)

Most known chemopreventive agents including certain selenium compounds suppress the activation of the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), but the mechanisms remain largely elusive. Toward this end, we initially showed that the inhibition of NF-kappaB DNA binding by benzyl selenocyanate (BSC) and 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate (p-XSC) was reversed by the addition of DTT; this suggests the formation of DTT-reducible selenium-sulfur bonds between selenocyanate moieties and cysteine residues in NF-kappaB (p50) protein. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of selenocyanates on NF-kappaB was not altered in the presence of physiologic level of reduced glutathione (1 mmol/L), suggesting that selenocyanates can also inhibit NF-kappaB in vivo. Using both matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight and tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation, we showed for the first time that the Cys(62) residue in the active site of NF-kappaB (p50) protein was modified by BSC through the formation of a selenium-sulfur bond. In addition, p-XSC-bound NF-kappaB (p50) protein was also detected by a radiotracer method. To provide further support, molecular models of both BSC and p-XSC positioned in the DNA binding pocket of the p50 were constructed through the covalent modification of Cys(62); the models reveal that DNA substrate could be hindered to enter its DNA binding region. This study shows for the first time that BSC and p-XSC may exert their chemopreventive activity, at least in part, by inhibiting NF-kappaB through covalent modification of Cys(62) of the p50 subunit of NF-kappaB.
Influence of the Pineal Gland and Melatonin on Blood Flow and Evaporative Water Loss During Heat Stress in Rats (1987)

Plasma melatonin levels of laboratory rats were elevated both during acute heat exposure (43 degrees C for 40 min) and chronic exposure (33 degrees C for 17 days) suggesting a possible correlation between melatonin and thermoregulatory mechanisms. Pinealectomy reduced the nighttime elevation in oxygen consumption and evaporative water loss. In addition, pinealectomized animals exhibited a significantly lower cutaneous evaporative water loss both at night and during the day when exposed to an acute heat exposure of 38 degrees C for 45 min. Pinealectomy elevated the blood pressure over the control group whereas melatonin infusion depressed the blood pressure without altering the cardiac output. This relationship implies an action by melatonin on the peripheral vasculature. In support of this conclusion, melatonin pretreatment tended to dampen the vasopressive effect of infused norepinephrine. These data, therefore, suggest a role of the pineal gland and melatonin in thermoregulation through an influence on the cardiovascular system and evaporative water loss.
How is the concept of resilience operationalised in practice with vulnerable children (2009)

Increasing emphasis is being placed on the concept of resilience in policy and practice relating to vulnerable children and their families yet little is known about how, and to what extent, the concept is actually being operationalised in child and family services. This article presents the findings from a study which aimed to analyse the ways in which &lsquo;resilience' as a concept is shaping practice in settings that explicitly espouse a resilience-led framework. The study included a UKbased and an Australian component, to allow for international comparisons and contrasts in the use of resilience as a concept in practice. The findings from a survey of 201 practitioners (108 in the UK; 93 in Australia) and 32 case studies (18 in the UK; 14 in Australia) are presented and considered in the light of the existing resilience literature in order to gauge the extent of congruence between practice as described and the principles indicated by the existing literature.
Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Cyclization of 3-Amino-2-alkenimines. Synthesis of Quinolines (1987)

3-Amino-2-alkenimines react with aluminium chloride to afford quinolines in a regioselective manner.
Selection of Cations for Ambient Temperature Chloroaluminate Molten Salts Using MNDO Molecular Orbital Calculations (1982)

Abstract : Mixtures of aluminum chloride and some organic chloride salts form new salts that are liquid at room temperature. The properties of the organic salt often have a large effect on the physical and electrochemical properties of the melts. A method is described for predicting the reduction potentials for a variety of organic cations that might be candidates to form low melting mixtures with aluminum chloride. The method involves calculation of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies for cations and estimations of half-wave reduction potentials. Comparisons of predicted and measured potentials are made.
Walking the Web of trust (2002)

Most currently deployed public key infrastructures (PKIs) are hierarchically oriented and rely on a centralized design. Hierarchical PKIs may be appropriate solutions for many usage-scenarios, but there exists the viable alternative of the 'Web of Trust'. In a web of trust, each user of the system can choose for himself whom he elects to trust, and whom not. After contrasting the properties of web-of-trust based PKIs to those of hierarchical PKIs, an introduction to webs of trust and to quantitative trust calculations is given. The paper concludes with the presentation of an efficient, sub-exponential algorithm that allows heuristic computations of trust paths in a web of trust.
Many Americans Have Pre-Diabetes and Should Be Considered for Metformin Therapy (2009)

More than 96% of individuals with both IFG and IGT are likely to meet ADA consensus criteria for consideration of metformin. Because >28% of all those with IFG met the criteria, providers should perform oral glucose tolerance tests to find concomitant IGT in all patients with IFG. To the extent that our findings are representative of the U.S. population, approximately 1 in 12 adults has a combination of pre-diabetes and risk factors that may justify consideration of metformin treatment for diabetes prevention.
Monitoring of Grouting Compactness in a Post-Tensioning Tendon Duct Using Piezoceramic Transducers (2016)

A post-tensioning tendon duct filled with grout can effectively prevent corrosion of the reinforcement, maintain bonding behavior between the reinforcement and concrete, and enhance the load bearing capacity of concrete structures. In practice, grouting of the post-tensioning tendon ducts always causes quality problems, which may reduce structural integrity and service life, and even cause accidents. However, monitoring of the grouting compactness is still a challenge due to the invisibility of the grout in the duct during the grouting process. This paper presents a stress wave-based active sensing approach using piezoceramic transducers to monitor the grouting compactness in real time. A segment of a commercial tendon duct was used as research object in this study. One lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoceramic transducer with marble protection, called a smart aggregate (SA), was bonded on the tendon and installed in the tendon duct. Two PZT patch sensors were mounted on the top outside surface of the duct, and one PZT patch sensor was bonded on the bottom outside surface of the tendon duct. In the active sensing approach, the SA was used as an actuator to generate a stress wave and the PZT sensors were utilized to detect the wave response. Cement or grout in the duct functions as a wave conduit, which can propagate the stress wave. If the cement or grout is not fully filled in the tendon duct, the top PZT sensors cannot receive much stress wave energy. The experimental procedures simulated four stages during the grout pouring process, which includes empty status, half grouting, 90% grouting, and full grouting of the duct. Experimental results show that the bottom PZT sensor can detect the signal when the grout level increases towards 50%, when a conduit between the SA and PZT sensor is formed. The top PZT sensors cannot receive any signal until the grout process is completely finished. The wavelet packet-based energy analysis was adopted in this research to compute the total signal energy received by PZT sensors. Experimental results show that the energy levels of the PZT sensors can reflect the degree of grouting compactness in the duct. The proposed method has the potential to be implemented to monitor the tendon duct grouting compactness of the reinforced concrete structures with post tensioning.
Fecal and Oral Shedding of <EMPH TYPE="ITAL">Helicobacter pylori</EMPH> From Healthy Infected Adults (1999)

Helicobacter pylori can be cultivated uniformly from vomitus and, occasionally, from saliva and cathartic stools. The organism is potentially transmissible during episodes of gastrointestinal tract illness, particularly with vomiting.