gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Systems Level Performance Estimations for a Pulse Detonation Combustor Based Hybrid Engine (2008)

The Pulse Detonation Combustor (PDC) has recently evoked much interest as a pressure-gain combustor for use in gas turbines. A key application for a Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE) concept has been envisioned as a hybrid power generation engine, which would replace the combustor in a conventional gas turbine with a PDC. Estimations of performance parameters, namely, thermal efficiency (ηth) and specific work (Wnet) are reported for a PDC based hybrid engine for various configurations of the engine. The performance enhancing configurations of the PDC-based hybrid engine, considered in the present study, include simple cycle, intercooling, regeneration and reheat, similar to the configurations for a conventional gas turbine (GT) engine in the literature. The performance estimations for a conventional gas turbine engine and a PDC based hybrid engine are compared for the same operating conditions (such as inlet pressure, inlet temperature, compression ratio, overall equivalence ratio) and for various configurations. The thermal efficiency of an intercooled PDC hybrid engine with regeneration has the highest value for the entire range of turbine pressure ratios, from 1.2 to 40 (corresponding to a compression ratio range of 1 to 30). An intercooled PDC based hybrid engine with reheat produces the highest specific work (Wnet) when compared to all other configurations. Among simple-cycle /regeneration /reheat configurations of a PDC based hybrid engine, ητh for the intercooled PDC based hybrid engines has the highest estimated value (0.47) at a turbine pressure ratio of 30. The intercooled PDC based hybrid engine also produces the highest specific work (Wnet) when compared to simple-cycle/regeneration/reheat hybrid engine configurations over the entire range of turbine pressure ratios.
Establishment of the Tick (Acari: Ixodidae)-Borne Cattle Pathogen Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) in Tick Cell Culture (1996)

Anaplasma marginale is a tick-borne rickettsia that causes bovine anaplasmosis worldwide. Despite its importance, A. marginale has thus far not been established in a continuous culture system. We have propagated A. marginale continuously for the 1st time in a tick cell line derived from the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, using infected bovine blood as the inoculum. Erythrocytic stages invaded the tick cells and multiplied in membrane-lined vacuoles to form colonies typical of those observed in naturally infected ticks as demonstrated by light and electron microscopy. The rickettsiae have been passaged serially for 3 yr and have been cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Antigens present in A. marginale from tick cell culture were recognized by bovine immune serum against the blood stages of A. marginale. A. marginale grown in this tick cell line was infective for calves, and male ticks fed on the calves transmitted A. marginale to a susceptible calf. The ability to culture A. marginale removes a major impediment to the study of Anaplasma biology in vitro, and will enhance development of vaccines and diagnostic tests.
Autoluminescent Plants (2010)

Prospects of obtaining plants glowing in the dark have captivated the imagination of scientists and layman alike. While light emission has been developed into a useful marker of gene expression, bioluminescence in plants remained dependent on externally supplied substrate. Evolutionary conservation of the prokaryotic gene expression machinery enabled expression of the six genes of the lux operon in chloroplasts yielding plants that are capable of autonomous light emission. This work demonstrates that complex metabolic pathways of prokaryotes can be reconstructed and function in plant chloroplasts and that transplastomic plants can emit light that is visible by naked eye.
Formulation and standardization of a microbial composition useful for reproducible BOD estimation (1999)

Abstract A number of microorganisms were isolated from sewage. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) analysis was carried out by using these isolated microorganisms as a seed material with glucose‐glutamic acid (GGA) as a reference standard. Based on the BOD values, a defined microbial composition was formulated by using these isolates. This formulated microbial composition was standardized for reproducible BOD estimation by using four synthetic and four industrial samples. The results showed reproducibility of the BOD values within an acceptable limit. The BOD results are comparable with sewage which is used as a seed material in conventional BOD analysis. Storage stability studies of formulated microbial composition at different temperatures showed the maximum stability at 4° C. Such microbial composition offers better opportunity to be used as a standard seed inoculum in the BOD test.
Surface modification of silk fibroin with poly(ethylene glycol) for antiadhesion and antithrombotic applications (2009)

Silk fibroin film surfaces were PEGylated by reaction with cyanuric chloride-activated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Reactions with different concentrations of activated PEG generated films with PEG graft densities from 0.02 to 0.4 mg per square cm of silk fibroin. Increased PEGylation resulted in increased hydrophilicity as analyzed by contact angle, and a smoother morphology based on scanning electron microscopy. Increased PEGylation decreased human IgG adsorption and decreased the attachment and proliferation of human fibroblasts over two weeks. Increased concentration of PEG on the silk fibroin surfaces also decreased the proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells and inhibited human platelet attachment. Surface PEGylated silk fibroin films could be useful antiadhesion and antithrombotic materials for biomedical applications when considered along with the unique mechanical and tailorable degradation profiles of silk fibroin.
Digital implementation of full-order flux observers for induction motors (2002)

This paper deals with flux estimation for induction motor drives by using a full-order flux observer. A problem of full-order flux observers is their need for computationally demanding discretization methods in order to work stably and accurately at high speeds. An implementation of the full-order flux observer using the stator and rotor fluxes as state variables in the stator reference frame and in the rotor reference frame, respectively, was recently proposed. This paper describes how an observer gain can be included in this structure. It is shown that discretization errors of the proposed implementation are small and that there is more freedom to choose an observer gain, even if the simple forward Euler discretization is used.
Ionic colloidal crystals: Ordered, multicomponent structures via controlled heterocoagulation (2006)

We propose a new type of ordered colloid, the "ionic colloidal crystal" (ICC), which is stabilized by attractive electrostatic interactions analogous to those in atomic ionic materials. The rapid self-organization of colloids via this method should result in a diversity of orderings that are analogous to ionic compounds. Most of these complex structures would be difficult to produce by other methods. We use a Madelung summation approach to evaluate the conditions where ICC's are thermodynamically stable. Using this model, we compare the relative electrostatic energies of various structures showing that the regions of ICC stability are determined by two dimensionless parameters representing charge balance and the spatial extent of the electrostatic interactions. Parallels and distinctions between ICC's and classical ionic crystals are discussed. Monte Carlo simulations are utilized to examine the glass transition and melting temperatures, between which crystallization can occur, of a model system having the rocksalt structure. These tools allow us to make a first-order prediction of the experimentally accessible regions of surface charge, particle size, ionic strength, and temperature where ICC formation is probable.
Survey of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Fungi Endemic to Pecan Orchards of the Southeastern United States and Their Virulence to the Pecan Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (2003)

Abstract The pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Horn), is a major pest of pecans in the Southeastern United States. Entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi are potential alternatives to chemical insecticides for C. caryae control. Our objective was to survey pecan orchards in the southeastern United States for entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi and determine the virulence of the new isolates to C. caryae larvae. Soil was collected from 105 sites in 21 orchards in Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Entomopathogens were isolated by exposing soil to C. caryae and greater wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella, (L.). We isolated entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes from 16 and 6 of the 21 orchards surveyed, respectively. The entomopathogenic fungi included Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, and nematodes included Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), Steinernema glaseri (Steiner), and Steinernema rarum (Doucet). This is the first report of Steinernema rarum in the United States. Soil characteristics in orchards were analyzed for pH, organic matter, and nutrients; we detected a negative relationship between fungal occurrence and manganese levels in soil and a positive relationship between M. anisopliae occurrence and calcium or magnesium levels. In laboratory assays, virulence of 15 nematode and 22 fungal isolates to C. caryae larvae was tested in small plastic cups containing soil. Results indicated poor susceptibility of the C. caryae larvae to entomopathogenic nematodes. Several fungal isolates that caused significantly higher mortality in C. caryae larvae than other strains (including a commercial strain of B. bassiana) should be investigated further as potential control agents of C. caryae.
Optical multiple-access mesh-connected bus interconnects (1994)

We consider networks for interconnecting parallel computers that are parameterized by their degree (fan-out) of the switches that are used to build the network. Electronic networks tend towards the small fan-out/large diameter end of the spectrum due to limitations on the fan-out of electronic switches. The fan-out of systems of optical switches is anticipated to be significantly higher than electronic switches. Thus it has been suggested that optics can be used to build the complete network which is the most desirable of Clos's family of networks. Even optics, however, has limits on the fan-out of switches in any given configuration. Thus in this paper, we describe an implementation of a network with a significantly smaller degree and slightly larger network diameter than the complete network. The network that we implement is called the mesh-connected bus network. We remark, however, that it is essentially an implementation of the second most desirable network in the family of networks defined by Clos, which is widely referred to as the Clos network. We implement the network using novel free-space optical interconnection techniques along with a multiple-access scheme based on wavelength-division multiplexing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Investigation of the Structure–Activity Relationships of Aza-A-Ring Indenoisoquinoline Topoisomerase I Poisons (2016)

Several indenoisoquinolines have shown promise as anticancer agents in clinical trials. Incorporation of a nitrogen atom into the indenoisoquinoline scaffold offers the possibility of favorably modulating ligand-binding site interactions, physicochemical properties, and biological activities. Four series of aza-A-ring indenoisoquinolines were synthesized in which the nitrogen atom was systematically rotated through positions 1, 2, 3, and 4. The resulting compounds were tested to establish the optimal nitrogen position for topoisomerase IB (Top1) enzyme poisoning activity and cytotoxicity to human cancer cells. The 4-aza compounds were the most likely to yield derivatives with high Top1 inhibitory activity. However, the relationship between structure and cytotoxicity was more complicated since the potency was influenced strongly by the side chains on the lactam nitrogen. The most cytotoxic azaindenoisoquinolines 45 and 46 had nitrogen in the 2- or 3-positions and a 3'-dimethylaminopropyl side chain, and they had MGM GI50 values that were slightly better than the corresponding indenoisoquinoline 64.
Design rules for the fabrication of binary half-tone masks used for MEMS and photonic devices (2003)

Gray scale lithography is becoming a popular technique for producing three-dimensional structures needed in fabricating photonics and MEMS devices. The structures are printed using a variable transmission mask to yield the required continuous tone intensity during image formation. In binary half tone imaging (i.e., BHT), the transmission through the mask is adjusted by varying the open area of sub-patterns. Design rules, fabrication tradeoffs and a layout methodology employing a novel primitive cell to aid in constructing the BHT masks are discussed Simulation is leveraged to tie the BHT design with expected imaging results. The overall process is exercised by fabricating a specific grayscale design for use in a photonic application. The BHT mask approach to gray scale lithography is a viable method to fabricate three-dimensional images offering MEMS and photonics communities a cost effective alternative to gray scale masks which rely on specialty materials and films.
<title>High-order birefringence measurement using spectroscopic polarized light</title> (2000)

The paper covers an issue of method and device for measurement of two-dimensional retardance with high-order and azimuthal direction. The system based on the use of a crossed polarizer by changing spectroscopic polarized light. Sixty-four sets of images are used for birefringence analysis. The spectroscopic interferogram change sinusoidal with wave number and the period is in proportion to birefringence of specimen. The measured results of the two dimensional birefringence distribution of a plastic and standard phase plate of retardation are shown. Fourier transform method and maximum entropy method enable to measure birefringence with high resolution. Two examples, measurement of aligned polymer film, which is laminated as steps, and that of birefringence distribution, are demonstrated.
A 1-Megapixel, progressive-scan image sensor with antiblooming control and lag-free operation (1991)

A 1024-pixel*1024-pixel interline charge-coupled device (IL CCD) image sensor has been developed. It incorporates antiblooming and electronic exposure control while eliminating lag and obtaining a high responsivity. The novel features of this device include a noninterlaced, or progressive-scan, architecture and dual-horizontal registers that can be used to clock out the image area by one or two lines at a time. These features make it well suited for applications demanding high-resolution-image capture from a single, high-speed scan. The progressive-scan architecture of this device covers the same resolution in an electronic-camera application as that of a 2-million-element, interlaced device.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
PMD outage measurements in a joint field trial of a 43-Gbit/s NTT WDM transmission system within DT's installed fiber environment (2004)

PMD induced system outage probabilities have been measured in a joint field trial of NTT and DT. For outage evaluation 43-Gbit/s CS-RZ signals of the NTT WDM system were transmitted over selected high-PMD fiber links of DT's fiber network.
Quasi-epitaxial growth of organic multiple quantum well structures by organic molecular beam deposition (1990)

Multiple quantum well structures consisting of alternating layers of two crystalline organic semiconductors, namely, 3,4,9,10 perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) and 3,4,7,8 naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA), have been grown by organic molecular beam deposition. The individual layer thicknesses in the multilayer samples were varied from 10 to 200 Å. X-ray diffraction and birefringence data show that there is a strong structural ordering in all layers, as well as across large spatial distances along the sample surface. Thus, the growth is ‘‘quasi-epitaxial’’ even though the PTCDA and NTCDA crystal structures are incommensurate. From the optical absorption spectra, it was found that the lowest energy PTCDA singlet exciton line shifts to higher energy with decreasing layer thickness. Comparison of these results with a quantum mechanical model based on exciton confinement in the PTCDA layers is proposed to describe the energy shift.
Crystal Structures of Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV in its Apo and Diprotin B-complexed Forms (2007)

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), which belongs to the prolyl oligopeptidase family of serine proteases, is known to have a variety of regulatory biological functions and has been shown to be implicated in type 2 diabetes. It is therefore important to develop selective human DPPIV (hDPPIV) inhibitors. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of apo hDPPIV at 1.9 A resolution. Our high-resolution crystal structure of apo hDPPIV revealed the presence of sodium ion and glycerol molecules at the active site. In order to elucidate the hDPPIV binding mode and substrate specificity, we determined the crystal structure of hDPPIV-diprotin B (Val-Pro-Leu) complex at 2.1 A resolution, and clarified the difference in binding mode between diprotin B and diprotin A (Ile-Pro-Ile) into the active site of hDPPIV. Comparison between our crystal structures and the reported apo hDPPIV structures revealed that positively charged functional groups and conserved water molecules contributed to the interaction of ligands with hDPPIV. These results are useful for the design of potent hDPPIV inhibitors.
MEASURING THE GROWTH OF INDIVIDUAL TREES USING MULTI-TEMPORAL AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING POINT CLOUDS (2005)

It is well known that characteristics of individual trees, such as tree height, biomass and crown area, can be derived from airborne laser scanning (ALS) and that heights for individual trees can be obtained with an accuracy of 0.5 to 1.5 m. However, the ability to measure the growth of individual trees using ALS has not been documented. This paper reports multi-temporal laser surveys conducted in a boreal forest zone suggesting that the height growth for individual trees can be measured with an accuracy better than 0.5 m. Methods to automatically extract height growth of tree crowns are presented. It is expected that similar methods are feasible for reference measurements in studies analyzing global forest changes and the carbon sink, in national forest inventories, and in describing the effects of global warming on forest growth.
2D multi‐spectral imaging for fast MRI near metal (2017)

2D MSI offers a fast and flexible alternative to 3D MSI for artifact reduction near metal. Magn Reson Med 79:968-973, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Chordwise implementation of pneumatic artificial muscles to actuate a trailing edge flap (2018)

This work describes the theoretical design and experimental validation of a rotorcraft-specific trailing edge flap powered by pneumatic artificial muscle actuators. The actuators in this work are co-located outboard on the rotor blade with the flap and arranged with a chordwise orientation where diameter and length restrictions can severely limit the operating range of the system. Techniques for addressing this configuration, such as introducing a bias contraction and mechanism optimization, are discussed and a numerical optimization is performed for an actuation system sized for implementation on a medium utility helicopter rotor. The optimized design achieves ±10° of deflection at 1/rev, and maintains at least ±2° half peak-to-peak deflection out to 10/rev, indicating that the system has the actuation authority and bandwidth necessary for both primary control and vibration/noise reduction.
Time interval measurement device based on surface acoustic wave filter excitation, providing 1ps precision and stability (2007)

This article deals with the time interval measurement device, which is based on a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter as a time interpolator. The operating principle is based on the fact that a transversal SAW filter excited by a short pulse can generate a finite signal with highly suppressed spectra outside a narrow frequency band. If the responses to two excitations are sampled at clock ticks, they can be precisely reconstructed from a finite number of samples and then compared so as to determine the time interval between the two excitations. We have designed and constructed a two-channel time interval measurement device which allows independent timing of two events and evaluation of the time interval between them. The device has been constructed using commercially available components. The experimental results proved the concept. We have assessed the single-shot time interval measurement precision of 1.3 ps rms that corresponds to the time of arrival precision of 0.9 ps rms in each channel. The temperature drift of the measured time interval on temperature is lower than 0.5 ps/K, and the long term stability is better than +/-0.2 ps/h. These are to our knowledge the best values reported for the time interval measurement device. The results are in good agreement with the error budget based on the theoretical analysis.
SLIME: scattering labeled imaging of microvasculature in excised tissues using OCT (Conference Presentation) (2017)

Abnormal coronary development causes various health problems. However, coronary development remains one of the highly neglected areas in developmental cardiology due to limited technology. Currently, there is not a robust method available to map the microvasculature throughout the entire embryonic heart in 3D. This is a challenging task because it requires both micron level resolution over a large field of view and sufficient imaging depth. Speckle-variance optical coherence tomography (OCT) has reasonable resolution for coronary vessel mapping, but limited penetration depth and sensitivity to bulk motion made it impossible to apply this method to late-stage beating hearts. Some success has been achieved with coronary dye perfusion, but smaller vessels are not efficiently stained and penetration depth is still an issue. To address this problem, we present an OCT imaging procedure using optical clearing and a contrast agent (titanium dioxide) that enables 3D mapping of the coronary microvasculature in developing embryonic hearts. In brief, the hearts of stage 36 quail embryos were perfused with a low viscosity mixture of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and titanium dioxide through the aorta using micropipette injection. After perfusion, the viscosity of the solution was increased by crosslinking the PVA polymer chains with borate ions. The tissue was then optically cleared. The titanium dioxide particles remaining in the coronaries provided a strong OCT signal, while the rest of the cardiac structures became relatively transparent. Using this technique, we are able to investigate coronary morphologies in different disease models.