gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving the ocular absorption of phenylephrine (1986)

An oxazolidine prodrug of phenylephrine and the base form of phenylephrine were synthesized, suspended in sesame oil, and tested for mydriatic activity against phenylephrine HCl. The HCl salt was formulated as a viscous aqueous solution and as a sesame oil suspension. A dosing volume of 10 microliter was instilled into rabbit eyes and the pupillary diameter was measured over time. A 0.045 M prodrug suspension was judged equal in mydriatic activity to a 0.45 M viscous solution of phenylephrine HCl with the exception that the time of maximum response occurred 60 min earlier with the prodrug. When phenylephrine base was suspended in sesame oil at 0.045, 0.12, and 0.45 M, the mydriatic activity was also greater than equimolar suspensions of phenylephrine HCl. The pH of tear fluids was also measured over time and found to rise 1.1, 0.70, and 0.30 pH units for 0.45, 0.12, and 0.045 M suspensions of the base form but remain unchanged when phenylephrine HCl was instilled in the rabbit eye. The greater activity associated with the base form of phenylephrine was judged a result of the change in pH to favour the absorption of phenylephrine. This latter approach should be applicable to either weak acids or weak bases with pKa values outside of the normal pH range (7-8) of the tears and in concentrations greater than 0.045 M suspended in a non-aqueous vehicle.
Paper No 19.1: Industrial Aspects of Material Development for Organic Field Effect Transistors: High‐Mobility Organic Semiconductors for Large‐Area Deposition (2013)

Abstract Since its first introduction to the scientific community in 2005, N,N‐dialkyl‐3,6‐diheteroaryl‐derivatives of 3,6‐diaryl‐diketopyrrolopyrrole (commonly nicknamed DPP) have been intensively studied as new class of functional materials. This paper will demonstrate that optimization of processing conditions has a dramatic effect on transistor performance leading to not only a 30‐fold improvement in mobility, from 0.1 to 3 cm 2 .V‐ 1 .s‐ 1 , but also high Ion/Ioff ratio, very good homogeneity and reproducibility. Those results, generated while using spinless processes in non‐chlorinated aromatic solvents, are compatible with large area deposition techniques. An emphasis on the slit‐coating technique and the different important parameters to control the morphology of the semiconductor will be made.
Dual‐Function Air Cathode for Metal–Air Batteries with Pulse‐Power Capability (2013)

Air-breathing electrodes comprising carbon nanofoam papers coated with nanoscale manganese oxide (MnOx) exhibit two distinct functionalities – electrocatalysed oxygen reduction plus faradaic pseudocapacitance. Pseudocapacitance provides seconds-long discharge pulses at current densities that exceed oxygen reduction alone, even providing pulse power for one anaerobic cycle. The MnOx spontaneously recharges between pulses via reaction with oxygen while operating as an air cathode. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Watermarking applications and their properties (2002)

We describe a number of applications of digital watermarking and we examine the common properties of robustness, tamper resistance, fidelity, computational cost and false positive rate. We observe that these properties vary greatly depending on the application. Consequently, we conclude that evaluation of a watermarking algorithm is difficult without first indicating the context in which it is to be applied.
Automatic Architecture Synthesis and Compiler Retargeting for VLIW and EPIC Processors (2000)

architecture synthesis, micro-architecture synthesis, VLIW processors, EPIC processors, automatic processor design, architecture specification, datapath design, resource allocation, mdes extraction, compiler retargeting, controlpath design, instruction pipeline design, RTL generation This paper describes a mechanism for automatic design and synthesis of very long instruction word (VLIW), and its generalization, explicitly parallel instruction computing (EPIC) processor architectures starting from an abstract specification of their desired functionality. The process of architecture design makes concrete decisions regarding the number and types of functional units, number of read/write ports on register files, the datapath interconnect, the instruction format, its decoding hardware, and the instruction unit datapath. The processor design is then automatically synthesized into a detailed RTLlevel structural model in VHDL along with an estimate of its area. The system also generates the corresponding detailed machine description and instruction format description that can be used to retarget a compiler and an assembler respectively. This process is part of an overall design system, called Program-In-Chip-Out (PICO), which has the ability to perform automatic exploration of the architectural design space while customizing the architecture to a given application and making intelligent, quantitative, cost-performance tradeoffs. An overview of the system described in this document was presented at the International
Orthogonal lithography for organic electronics (2010)

Organic electronics has recently gained attention as a new field promising cheaper, flexible, and large-scale devices. Although photolithography has proven to be a high-resolution and high-throughput patterning method with excellent registration capabilities, the emerging field of organic electronics has been largely unsuccessful in adapting this well-established method as a viable approach to patterning. Chemical compatibility issues between organic materials and the processing solvents and chemicals required by photolithography have been the main problem. This challenge has led us to identify a set of non-damaging processing solvents and to develop alternative imaging materials in order to extend photolithographic patterning methods to organic electronics. We have identified supercritical carbon dioxide and hydrofluoroether (HFE) solvents as chemically benign to organic electronic materials and which are also suitable as processing solvents. We refer to these solvents as orthogonal in that they do not substantially interact with traditional aqueous and organic solvents. Multi-layered devices are easily realized by exploiting this orthogonality property; subsequent layers are deposited and patterned without damaging or otherwise adversely affecting previously deposited underlying layers. We have designed and synthesized novel photoresists, which are processible in these benign solvents.
Telomerase is a true reverse transcriptase. A review. (1997)

Synthesis of telomeric repeats at chromosome ends requires telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein enzyme. The RNA subunit, which contains the template for DNA synthesis, has been identified in many organisms. Recently, the protein subunit that catalyzes telomeric DNA extension has also been identified in Euplotes aediculatus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has sequence and functional characteristics of a reverse transcriptase related to retrotransposon and retroviral reverse transcriptases, so this new family of telomerase subunits has been named TRT (Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase). We find it remarkable that the same type of protein structure required for retroviral replication is now seen to be essential for normal chromosome telomere replication in diverse eukaryotes.
Electron Donor Properties of Tertiary Amines in Cellulose Anion Exchangers (1977)

The preparation and properties of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) celluloses in which the tertiary amine groups are in the free amine form have been reported (1,2). Use of such groups within the cellulose matrix for the preparation of mono-quaternary ammonium ions and di-quaternary ammonium ions by reactions with alkyl halides and dihaloalkanes, respectively, has been reported (3). Recently, we have studied the use of cellulose anion exchangers in the preparation of exchangers having oxidation-reduction properties, as well as anion exchange properties. Initially, the source of the reducing or oxidizing power resided in the anion, stabilized by the quaternary ammonium groups of the cellulose matrix. Cellulose exchangers in which the tertiary amine groups of DEAE cottons acted as ligands to Ni (II) and Cu (II) cations were also prepared and were found to be paramagnetic (4). This is a report of the possible use of the free electrons on the tertiary amine groups
NLyze (2014)

Millions of computer end users need to perform tasks over tabular spreadsheet data, yet lack the programming knowledge to do such tasks automatically. This paper describes the design and implementation of a robust natural language based interface to spreadsheet programming. Our methodology involves designing a typed domain-specific language (DSL) that supports an expressive algebra of map, filter, reduce, join, and formatting capabilities at a level of abstraction appropriate for non-expert users. The key algorithmic component of our methodology is a translation algorithm for converting a natural language specification in the context of a given spreadsheet to a ranked set of likely programs in the DSL. The translation algorithm leverages the spreadsheet spatial and temporal context to assign interpretations to specifications with implicit references, and is thus robust to a variety of ways in which end users can express the same task. The translation algorithm builds over ideas from keyword programming and semantic parsing to achieve both high precision and high recall. We implemented the system as an Excel add-in called NLyze that supports a rich user interaction model including annotating the user's natural language specification and explaining the synthesized DSL programs by paraphrasing them into structured English. We collected a total of 3570 English descriptions for 40 spreadsheet tasks and our system was able to generate the intended interpretation as the top candidate for 94% (97 for the top 3) of those instances.
Contactless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicle Battery Charger (2010)

A contactless power transfer system is desirable for the recharging of electric vehicles (EVs). Transformers with single-sided windings have been popular; however, transformers with double-sided windings are expected to be more compact and lightweight. A contactless power transfer system for EVs must have high efficiency, a large air gap, good tolerance to misalignment and be compact and lightweight. A novel transformer was developed using series and parallel capacitors with rectangular cores and double-sided windings to satisfy these criteria, and its characteristics are described. An output power of 1.5 kW and efficiency of 95% was achieved in the normal position. The characteristics of the system when a charge control circuit and lead acid batteries are connected to the secondary winding are also presented Copyright Form of EVS25.
HMM topology design using maximum likelihood successive state splitting (1997)

Modelling contextual variations of phones is widely accepted as an important aspect of a continuous speech recognition system, and HMM distribution clustering has been sucessfully used to obtain robust models of context through distribution tying. However, as systems move to the challenge of spontaneous speech, temporal variation also becomes important. This paper describes a method fordesigning HMM topologies that learn both temporal and contextual variation, extending previous work on successive state splitting (SSS). The new approach uses a maximum likelihood criterion consistently at each step, overcoming the previous SSS limitation to speaker-dependent training. Initial experiments show both performance gains and training cost reduction over SSS with the reformulated algorithm.
Separation of Carbon Dioxide from Flue Gas Using Ion Pumping (2006)

We are developing a new way of separating carbon dioxide from flue gas based on ionic pumping of carbonate ions dissolved in water. Instead of relying on large temperature or pressure changes to remove carbon dioxide from solvent used to absorb it from flue gas, the ion pump increases the concentration of dissolved carbonate ion in solution. This increases the overlying vapor pressure of carbon dioxide gas, which can be removed from the downstream side of the ion pump as a nearly pure gas. This novel approach to increasing the concentration of the extracted gas permits new approaches to treating flue gas. The slightly basic water used as the extraction medium is impervious to trace acid gases that destroy existing solvents, and no pre-separation is necessary. The simple, robust nature of the process lends itself to small separation plants. Although the energy cost of the ion pump is significant, we anticipate that it will be compete favorably with the current 35% energy penalty of chemical stripping systems in use at power plants. There is the distinct possibility that this simple method could be significantly more efficient than existing processes.
Fingerprinting electronic control units for vehicle intrusion detection (2016)

As more software modules and external interfaces are getting added on vehicles, new attacks and vulnerabilities are emerging. Researchers have demonstrated how to compromise in-vehicle Electronic Control Units (ECUs) and control the vehicle maneuver. To counter these vulnerabilities, various types of defense mechanisms have been proposed, but they have not been able to meet the need of strong protection for safety-critical ECUs against in-vehicle network attacks. To mitigate this deficiency, we propose an anomaly-based intrusion detection system (IDS), called Clock-based IDS (CIDS). It measures and then exploits the intervals of periodic in-vehicle messages for fingerprinting ECUs. The thus-derived fingerprints are then used for constructing a baseline of ECUs' clock behaviors with the Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithm. Based on this baseline, CIDS uses Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) to detect any abnormal shifts in the identification errors - a clear sign of intrusion. This allows quick identification of in-vehicle network intrusions with a low false-positive rate of 0.055%. Unlike state-of-the-art IDSs, if an attack is detected, CIDS's fingerprinting of ECUs also facilitates a rootcause analysis; identifying which ECU mounted the attack. Our experiments on a CAN bus prototype and on real vehicles have shown CIDS to be able to detect a wide range of in-vehicle network attacks.
Method for retrieving data from Ultra Wideband radio transmission signals (2008)

Patent number: US Patent Application 61/006,972 Keywords: uwb ; wln ; nccr-mics/cl2 Reference LCA-PATENT-2008-004Search for this record at the European Patent Office Record created on 2008-10-07, modified on 2017-05-12
Optical Immunosensors Using Controlled- Release Polymers (1992)

Fiber-optic sensors based on controlled-release polymers provide sustained release of indicating reagents over long periods. This technique allows irreversible chemistries to be used in the design of sensors for continuous measurements. The sensor reported in this paper is based on a fluorescence energy transfer immunoassay. The sensor was cycled through different concentrations of antigen continuously for 30 hours. Although the sensor was not optimized, the data indicate the viability of the technique. Improvements in the sensor design to provide shorter response times are discussed.
Introducing biological phosphorus removal in an alternating plant by means of control: a full scale study (2006)

In this paper, a control strategy for introducing enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in an alternating plant designed for enhanced biological nitrogen removal (EBNR) is presented. Alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions to promote EBPR are provided by controlling the phases of the operational cycle, instead of a separate anaerobic volume. By utilising the control schemes already built in the STAR control system for nitrogen removal, the control strategy is fully integrated in the system. The control system relies on on-line measurements of nitrogen (ammonia and/or nitrate) and orthophosphate. The control strategy has been implemented in full-scale operation at the Avedøre wastewater treatment plant in Denmark and the results show clear indications of success. The control strategy has operated robustly for several months with a 60% decrease in use of precipitation chemicals.
Policy-Driven Exception-Management for Composite Web Services (2006)

Process-based composition of Web services has recently gained significant momentum in the implementation of business processes. A critical and time-consuming part of business process development is the detection and handling of exceptions that may occur during process execution. In this paper, we introduce a novel, policy-driven approach to exception management, which substantially simplifies business process development. We advocate that exception management should be implemented in the system infrastructure. Using our exception management framework, developers define exception policies in a declarative manner. Before a business process is executed, the service composition middleware integrates the exception policies with normal business logic to generate an exception-aware process schema. We argue that our policy-driven approach significantly reduces the development time of business processes through its separation of the development of the business logic and the exception handling policies.
P5D-5 Principal Component Analysis of Shear Strain Effects (2007)

Shear stresses are always present during a applied axial compression, since tissue slippage occurs along both the lateral and elevational directions. The shear stress component along the axial compression axes, adds to the axial compression, while the perpendicular components introduce both lateral and elevational motion and deformation introducing additional noise artifacts into the axial and lateral strain images. We evaluate the impact of the lateral shear stress component within the image plane on the normal strain tensors by varying the shear angle during axial compression. For small axial compressions, shearing strains can significantly reduce strain image quality, quantified using the elastographic signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratio. Shear strain effects also increase the noise level in the strain tensor images for larger axial compressions. On the other hand, principal component analysis can be used to project the strain tensor images into the first and second principal component images that provide reproducible strain images with significantly higher elastographic signal and contrast-to-noise ratios.
In Vitro and Intraoperative Laxities After Single‐Bundle and Double‐Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions (2011)

Level III, meta-analysis.
Noncontact interface trap determination of SiO2–4H–SiC structures (2010)

A sequence of noncontact corona-Kelvin metrology is introduced that enables the determination and monitoring of interface properties in dielectric/wide band gap semiconductor structures. The technique involves the incremental application of precise and measured quantities of corona charge, QC, onto the dielectric surface followed by determination of the contact potential difference, VCPD, as the material structure response. The V-Q characteristics obtained are used to extract the surface barrier, VSB, response related to the applied corona charge. The described approach differs from the common noncontact method applied in the case of dielectric/silicon structures where for each quanta of applied charge the value of surface barrier voltage, VSB, is obtained. Materials with wide band gaps and high concentrations of deep levels, as suggested for silicon carbide, do not permit quick determination of VSB by modulation of the band bending in the semiconductor with light. Light exposure in the case of SiC results in a long recovery time required to approach the nominal value of the preillumination VCPD value. The metrology approach presented determines an intersection of the VCPD-QC characteristic obtained in the dark with the Vox-QC characteristic representing the dielectric response. The specific VSB-QC dependence surrounding the reference VFB value is obtained from this approach and enables the noncontact determination of the dielectric interface trap density and its spectrum. Application of the modified metrology method to thermal oxide on n-type 4H-SiC demonstrates the modification of the Dit distribution by Fowler–Nordheim stress. In addition, an ability to quantify and separate trapped charge components is shown.
Improving downlink multiuser MIMO throughput in LTE-advanced cellular systems (2011)

In this paper, we consider a downlink (DL) multiuser (MU) multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) channel with linear precoding where the base station simultaneously schedules several user terminals on the same frequency sub-band. We assume imperfect (or quantized) per-user channel state information at the base station and present two types of channel state information (CSI) reports from user terminals, namely, the CSI report that assumes the single-user (SU) MIMO transmissions and the enhanced CSI feedback report that assumes the MU-MIMO transmissions, and in the latter case we consider both uniform and nonuniform power allocations. To improve the MU-MIMO system performance, we propose signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) approximation techniques that utilize the quantized CSI available at the base station and improve the rate matching. We also introduce user pooling techniques which enable a reduction in feedback signaling overhead via per-user feedback mode selection. The proposed techniques also allow unconstrained user pairing at the base station scheduler and hence enable dynamic switching between SU and MU MIMO transmissions. The simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed MU-MIMO enhancement techniques.
A magnetoacoustic position sensor (1980)

We have developed an absolute position sensor using a magnetostrictive plated wire delay fine. Position is calculated by measuring the time for a torsional acoustic pulse to propagate from a moving multigap head to fixed sense coils at either end of the wire. The sensor provides positonal information over a 2 meter span every few milliseconds, with an accuracy of better than 100 micrometers.
High-Field Open MRI for Breast Cancer Screening (2014)

The design of a 1.5-T superconducting magnet for open MRI for breast imaging is described. The homogeneous field region is designed to lie above the surface of the unit, so that it includes both breasts for a woman lying prone upon the surface. The magnet was designed using a novel approach to optimizing the field, and the coil structure utilizes a novel structured coil strategy that makes it possible to produce the patterns of current required in the design.
Extensible resource management for cluster computing (2002)

Advanced general purpose parallel systems should be able to support diverse applications with different resource requirements without compromising effectiveness and efficiency. We present a resource management model for cluster computing that allows multiple scheduling policies to co-exist dynamically. In particular, we have built Octopus, an extensible and distributed hierarchical scheduler that implements new space sharing, gang scheduling and load sharing strategies. A series of experiments performed on an IBM SP2 suggest that Octopus can effectively match application requirements to available resources, and improve the performance of a variety of parallel applications within a cluster.