gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>One-step microlithography</title> (1997)

Subject of this investigation is a one-step rapid machining process to create miniaturized 3D parts, using the original sample material. An experimental setup where metal powder is fed to the laser beam-material interaction region has been built. The powder is melted and forms planar, 2D geometries as the substrate is moved under the laser beam in XY- direction. After completing the geometry in the plane, the substrate is displaced in Z-direction, and a new layer of material is placed on top of the just completed deposit. By continuous repetition of this process, 3D parts wee created. In particular, the impact of the focal spot size of the high power laser beam on the smallest achievable structures was investigated. At a translation speed of 51 mm/s a minimum material thickness of 590 micrometers was achieved. Also, it was shown that a small Z-displacement has a negligible influence on the continuity of the material deposition over this power range. A high power CO<SUB>2</SUB> laser was used as energy source, the material powder under investigation was stainless steel SS304L. Helium was used as shield gas at a flow rate of 15 1/min. The incident CO<SUB>2</SUB> laser beam power was varied between 300 W and 400 W, with the laser beam intensity distribute in a donut mode. The laser beam was focused to a focal diameter of 600 (Mu) m.
Magnetic resonance fingerprinting review part 2: Technique and directions (2019)

Magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) is a general framework to quantify multiple MR-sensitive tissue properties with a single acquisition. There have been numerous advances in MRF in the years since its inception. In this work we highlight some of the recent technical developments in MRF, focusing on sequence optimization, modifications for reconstruction and pattern matching, new methods for partial volume analysis, and applications of machine and deep learning. Level of Evidence: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:993-1007.
Passive Wireless Sensor for Measuring AC Electric Field in the Vicinity of High-Voltage Apparatus (2016)

A passive wireless sensor for the measurement of ac electric fields emanating from high-voltage (HV) apparatus using radio-frequency (RF) resonant cavities is presented. The sensor is composed of a coaxial transmission line resonator, where the resonant frequency is perturbed by capacitively coupled varactors. HV apparatus induces a bias voltage on the varactors through capacitively coupled electric fields. A printed circuit board on the top of the cavity provides coupling between the cavity and varactors and also between the varactors and the external electric field. The sensor is designed with a resonant frequency in the range of 2.4-2.5 GHz in the industrial, scientific, and medical band. Using capacitive coupling to an HV transmission line with 60 Hz at 1.7 kV, a resonant frequency shift of 7.2 (kHz)/12.5 (V/m) was obtained. The resonance frequency is determined remotely by sending pulses of RF signal to the sensor and recording the ring back of the resonator. RF pulses, with a frequency of 2455 MHz, are used to remotely interrogate the sensor at a repetition rate of 2.5 MHz and a pulsewidth of 100 ns. Downconverting the received signal, a ring back signal is recorded whose analysis determines the resonant frequency.
Algorithms for optimal sequencing of dynamic multileaf collimators (2003)

Dynamic multileaf collimator (DMLC) intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is used to deliver intensity modulated beams using a multileaf collimator (MLC), with the leaves in motion. DMLC-IMRT requires the conversion of a radiation intensity map into a leaf sequence file that controls the movement of the MLC while the beam is on. It is imperative that the intensity map delivered using the leaf sequence file be as close as possible to the intensity map generated by the dose optimization algorithm, while satisfying hardware constraints of the delivery system. Optimization of the leaf-sequencing algorithm has been the subject of several recent investigations. In this work, we present a systematic study of the optimization of leaf-sequencing algorithms for dynamic multileaf collimator beam delivery and provide rigorous mathematical proofs of optimized leaf sequence settings in terms of monitor unit (MU) efficiency under the most common leaf movement constraints that include leaf interdigitation constraint. Our analytical analysis shows that leaf sequencing based on unidirectional movement of the MLC leaves is as MU efficient as bi-directional movement of the MLC leaves.
Claudin‐5 as a target for drug delivery to the brain by modulation blood‐brain barrier (2019)

The regulatory success rate for central nervous system (CNS) drugs is less than half that of non‐CNS drugs. A current bottleneck in the development of CNS drugs is the lack of drug delivery systems to the brain. The blood‐brain barrier (BBB) is a membrane barrier formed by brain capillary endothelial cells and protects the brain from harmful materials circulating in the blood. Most small and all large drugs do not readily cross the BBB. The intercellular space between endothelial cells of the BBB is sealed by complex protein‐based structures called tight junctions (TJs). Claudin‐5 (CLDN‐5), a tetra‐transmembrane protein, is a key component of the TJ seal that prevents the paracellular diffusion of drugs into the CNS. Here, to investigate whether CLDN‐5 can be a target for CNS delivery of drugs, we generated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to the extracellular domain of CLDN‐5 using DNA immunization. Treatment of MDCKII/CLDN‐5 cells with anti‐CLDN‐5 mAbs time‐ and dose‐dependently decreased the integrity of TJs. The integrity was restored by removal of the anti‐CLDN‐5 mAbs. In an in vitro model of the BBB, anti‐CLDN‐5 mAbs also attenuated the integrity of TJs and enhanced permeability of small (Mw 376 Da) and large (4 kDa) solutes. The anti‐CLDN‐5 mAbs did not decrease TJ integrity in human intestinal epithelium models. In conclusion, CLDN‐5 is a potential target for the development of drug delivery systems to the brain. The anti‐CLDN‐5 mAb is a potential lead compound for development of novel drug delivery systems targeting the CNS. Support or Funding Information This study was partly supported by Grant‐in‐Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18K19400, 18H03190, 16K13044). This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .
Multilateration system time synchronization via over-determination of TDOA measurements (2011)

Sensors of any multilateration system have to be precisely synchronized to achieve accurate position estimation from targets' TDOA measurements. The GPS common view principle is frequently implemented in Distributed Time systems and on the other hand additional delays with one time reference in Central Time system. Such systems, however, may not operate effectively if the reference time is not available. This paper provides description together with test results of clock synchronization estimated using position over-determination principles applied to TDOA measurements of well-tracked targets in WAM system (Brno, Ostrava and simulated joint system operated by Czech ANS) with a height of about 5 km and higher. Clock correction factors or delays can then be applied to sensor clock signals, providing accurate tracking of targets such as aircraft, even in the event of GPS failure or jamming.
Hepatitis B Antigens: Separation of Two Populations Differing in Particle Size Distribution (1973)

Addition of polyethylene glycol 6000 to sera containing hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) at neutral pH resulted in the precipitation of the 42 nm diameter spherical particles and of the tubular forms of HBAg with most of the 20 nm diameter spherical particles remaining in solution. This procedure may serve as a first step in the purification of the distinct morphologic forms of HBAg.
An Engineered Human-Antibody Fragment with Fentanyl Pan-Specificity That Reverses Carfentanil-Induced Respiratory Depression (2023)

The opioid overdose crisis primarily driven by potent synthetic opioids resulted in more than 500,000 deaths in the US over the last 20 years. Though naloxone, a short-acting medication, remains the primary treatment option for temporarily reversing opioid overdose effects, alternative countermeasures are needed. Monoclonal antibodies present a versatile therapeutic opportunity that can be tailored to synthetic opioids and help prevent post-treatment renarcotization. The ultrapotent analog carfentanil is especially concerning due to its unique pharmacological properties. With this in mind, we generated a fully human antibody through a drug-specific B cell sorting strategy with a combination of carfentanil and fentanyl probes. The resulting pan-specific antibody was further optimized through scFv phage display, producing C10-S66K. This monoclonal antibody displays high affinity to carfentanil, fentanyl, and other analogs and reversed carfentanil-induced respiratory depression. Additionally, X-ray crystal structures with carfentanil and fentanyl bound provided structural insight into key drug:antibody interactions.
Seal with Integrated Shroud for Androgynous Docking and Berthing (2010)

A specially configured seal system (see figure) has been developed and produced that provides a barrier to gas leakage between a pressurized module and its external environment. The seal system includes a shroud covering that both protects the sealing surface from its environment when not in use and retracts to expose the sealing surface when engaged. The seal system is constructed and arranged to mate with a replicate seal system or with a flat surface. When mated with a replicate seal system, the seal system functions when the two sealing surfaces are aligned or misaligned. The seal system can operate over a wide range of temperatures, limited only by the glass transition and melt temperatures of the material from which the sealing surface is manufactured.
Mouse nerve growth factor gene: structure and expression. (1987)

The organization and biologically significant sequences of the entire mouse nerve growth factor (NGF) gene have been determined. The gene spans 45 kilobases and contains several small 5' exons. Transcription of the gene results in four different mRNA species, which can be accounted for by alternative splicing and independent initiation from two promoters. These transcripts encode proteins which have divergent N termini and the NGF moiety at their C termini. The levels of the various NGF transcripts have been determined in different tissues and throughout postnatal development. We have also examined the expression of these transcripts in the brain in response to specific early sensory deprivation. The results suggest that the expression of NGF mRNA during postnatal development is regulated independently of the formation of complex neural networks.
Spatial distribution of magnitude and phase of optical-wave fields* (1973)

A method to find the spatial distribution of magnitude and phase of a time-harmonic optical-wave field is presented. This method evaluates a series of three fringe patterns that arise from the interference between the wave field to be determined and three variations of a reference-wave field. The wave field to be determined may have any spatial distribution. A spatial distribution of the reference-wave field can be chosen such that the fringes obtained under far-field conditions vary slowly with the recording coordinates; both the magnitude and the phase of the unknown wave field are obtained over a surface given by a wave front of the reference wave. Magnitude and phase of the plane-wave spectrum of some diffracted-wave field can be obtained with this method.
Monolithic integration of a suspended light-emitting diode with a Y-branch structure (2016)

Abstract We describe a double-sided process for the monolithic integration of a light-emitting diode (LED) and a Y-branch structure on a GaN-on-silicon platform. The suspended LED and highly confined waveguides are fabricated by silicon removal with back-side thinning of the suspended membrane. When the LED is turned on, part of the light emission is confined by a suspended rectangular waveguide, and the light propagates laterally. The guided light is then coupled into two branching rectangular waveguides and diffracted into the air at the output facets. The light output can be tuned by the LED, opening the potential for more sophisticated integrated photonic circuits.
<title>Development of advanced micromirror arrays by flip-chip assembly</title> (2001)

This paper presents the design, commercial prefabrication, modeling and testing of advanced micromirror arrays fabricated using a novel, simple and inexpensive flip-chip assembly technique. Several polar piston arrays and rectangular cantilever arrays were fabricated using flip-chip assembly by which the upper layers of the array are fabricated on a separate chip and then transferred to a receiving module containing the lower layers. Typical polar piston arrays boast 98.3% active surface area, highly planarized surfaces, low address potentials compatible with CMOS electronics, highly standardized actuation between devices, and complex segmentation of mirror surfaces which allows for custom aberration configurations. Typical cantilever arrays boast large angles of rotation as well as an average surface planarity of only 1.779 nm of RMS roughness across 100 +m mirrors. Continuous torsion devices offer stable operation through as much as six degrees of rotation while binary operation devices offer stable activated positions with as much as 20 degrees of rotation. All arrays have desirable features of costly fabrication services like five structural layers and planarized mirror surfaces, but are prefabricated in the less costly MUMPs process. Models are developed for all devices and used to compare empirical data.
Detection of Face Representative Using Newly Proposed Filter (2004)

In this paper, we propose a real-time detection algorithm for face representative called Between-the-Eyes by using newly introduced Six-Segmented Rectangular (SSR) filter, distance information, and template matching technique. The Between-the-Eyes is selected as face representative because its characteristic is common to most people and is easily seen for a wide range of face orientation. Firstly, we scan a certain size of rectangle divided into six segments throughout the face image. Then their bright-dark relations are tested if its center can be a candidate of Between-the-Eyes. Next, the distance information obtained from stereo camera and template matching is applied to detect the true Between-the-Eyes among candidates. We implement this system on PC with Xeon 2.2 GHZ. The system can run at real-time speed of 30 frames/sec.
Rate of Strabismus Detection on Digital Photographs Increases by Using Off-center Near Target (2017)

Off-center fixation onto a near target ensures that participants are actively looking at the target and may increase accommodative effort, thereby increasing the detection rate of strabismus. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2017;54(2):90-96.].
Considerations in dynamic time warping algorithms for discrete word recognition (1978)

The technique of dynamic time warping for time registration of a reference and test utterance has found widespread use in the areas of speaker verification and discrete word recognition. As originally proposed, the algorithm placed strong constraints on the possible set of dynamic paths-namely it was assumed that the initial and final frames of both the test and reference utterances were in exact time synchrony. Because of inherent practical difficulties with satisfying the assumptions under which the above constraints are valid, we have considered some modifications to the dynamic time warping algorithm. In particular, an algorithm in which an uncertainty exists in the registration both for initial and final frames was studied. Another modification constrains the dynamic path to follow (within a given range) the path which is locally optimum at each frame. This modification tends to work well when the location of the final frame of the test utterance is significantly in error due to breath noise, etc. To test the different time warping algorithms a set of ten isolated words spoken by 100 speakers was used. Probability density functions of the distances from each of the 100 versions of a word to a reference version of the word were estimated for each of three dynamic warping algorithms. From these data, it is shown that, based on a set of assumptions about the distributions of the distances, the warping algorithm that minimizes the overall probability of making a word error is the modified time warping algorithm with unconstrained endpoints. A discussion of this key result along with some ideas on where the other modifications would be most useful is included.
Holistic tactical-level planning in liner shipping: an exact optimization approach (2020)

Abstract Effective liner shipping is important for the global seaborne trade. The volume of cargoes transported by liner shipping has been increasing over the past decades. Liner shipping companies face three levels of decision problems, including strategic, tactical, and operational problems. The tactical-level decisions are commonly made every three to 6 months. These decisions include: (1) port service frequency determination; (2) fleet deployment; (3) sailing speed optimization; and (4) vessel schedule design. Most of the concurrent liner shipping studies have addressed the tactical-level decision problems separately. Even though a few studies have proposed joint planning models that capture multiple decision problems at the same time, none of the conducted studies has integrated all the four tactical-level decision problems. To address this gap in the state-of-the-art, this study presents a holistic optimization model that addresses all the tactical-level liner shipping decision problems, aiming to maximize the total profit obtained from liner shipping services. The key route service cost components, found in the liner shipping literature, are considered in this study, which include: (1) vessel operational cost; (2) vessel chartering cost; (3) port handling cost; (4) port late arrival cost; (5) fuel consumption cost; (6) container inventory costs in sea and at ports of call; and (7) emission costs in sea and at ports of call. An exact optimization approach is adopted for the developed mathematical model. The computational experiments, conducted for a set of Asia-North America liner shipping routes, showcase the efficiency of the proposed approach and offer some important managerial insights.
A 47.3-MHz SAW resonator based CMOS second-order bandpass sigma-delta modulator with 54-dB peak SNDR (2006)

A second-order bandpass sigma-delta modulator employing a SAW resonator is described. The proposed modulator is fabricated in a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS process and tested with an off-chip 47.3-MHz SAW resonator. The measured results show a dynamic range of 57dB and a SNDR of 54dB in a 200-kHz signal bandwidth when sampled at 189.2 MHz. The modulator operates under a 3.3-V single supply with a power dissipation of 30mW.
Tracko (2015)

While current mobile devices detect the presence of surrounding devices, they lack a truly spatial awareness to bring them into the user's natural 3D space. We present Tracko, a 3D tracking system between two or more commodity devices without added components or device synchronization. Tracko achieves this by fusing three signal types. 1) Tracko infers the presence of and rough distance to other devices from the strength of Bluetooth low energy signals. 2) Tracko exchanges a series of inaudible stereo sounds and derives a set of accurate distances between devices from the difference in their arrival times. A Kalman filter integrates both signal cues to place collocated devices in a shared 3D space, combining the robustness of Bluetooth with the accuracy of audio signals for relative 3D tracking. 3) Tracko incorporates inertial sensors to refine 3D estimates and support quick interactions. Tracko robustly tracks devices in 3D with a mean error of 6.5 cm within 0.5 m and a 15.3 cm error within 1 m, which validates Trackoffs suitability for cross-device interactions.
Corrosion and magnetoresistance of permalloy-rhodium alloys (1976)

Bulk samples of permalloy‐rhodium alloys have been fabricated according to the formula (Ni.78 Fe.22)1−x Rhx where x is 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3. It was found that the resistance of permalloy to atmospheric corrosion is significantly improved by the addition of rhodium. By contrast, a bulk sample of permalloy with 30 at.% ruthenium showed no improvement in corrosion resistance. The room temperature magnetic moment decreases with increasing rhodium content up to x=0.2 as expected for simple dilution assuming zero moment for the rhodium. The addition of 10 at.% rhodium to permalloy increases the resistivity by a factor of three and reduces the magnetoresistance anisotropy by nearly an order of magnitude. The resistivity and magnetoresistance changes are attributed to increased electron scattering caused by a rhodium 4d band.
ActRIIB:ALK4-Fc alleviates muscle dysfunction and comorbidities in murine models of neuromuscular disorders (2021)

Patients with neuromuscular disorders suffer from a lack of treatment options for skeletal muscle weakness and disease comorbidities. Here, we introduce as a potential therapeutic agent a heterodimeric ligand-trapping fusion protein, ActRIIB:ALK4-Fc, which comprises extracellular domains of activin-like kinase 4 (ALK4) and activin receptor type IIB (ActRIIB), a naturally occurring pair of type I and II receptors belonging to the TGF-β superfamily. By surface plasmon resonance (SPR), ActRIIB:ALK4-Fc exhibited a ligand binding profile distinctly different from that of its homodimeric variant ActRIIB-Fc, sequestering ActRIIB ligands known to inhibit muscle growth but not trapping the vascular regulatory ligand bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9). ActRIIB:ALK4-Fc and ActRIIB-Fc administered to mice exerted differential effects - concordant with SPR results - on vessel outgrowth in a retinal explant assay. ActRIIB:ALK4-Fc induced a systemic increase in muscle mass and function in wild-type mice and in murine models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and disuse atrophy. Importantly, ActRIIB:ALK4-Fc improved neuromuscular junction abnormalities in murine models of DMD and presymptomatic ALS and alleviated acute muscle fibrosis in a DMD model. Furthermore, in combination therapy ActRIIB:ALK4-Fc increased the efficacy of antisense oligonucleotide M12-PMO on dystrophin expression and skeletal muscle endurance in an aged DMD model. ActRIIB:ALK4-Fc shows promise as a therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with dystrophin rescue therapy, to alleviate muscle weakness and comorbidities of neuromuscular disorders.
Integrated Optical Polarizers On Lithium Niobate For Lone Wavelengths (1988)

Metal:dielectric overlay integrated optical waveguide polarizers have been made using ZnO/A1 layers on Ti:LiNb0<sub>3</sub>. The effect of process variations on device performance at 1.3μm wavelength has been determined. The first published report of the use of dielectric:metal overlays to fabricate 1.5μm polarizers is also presented