gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical Propagation Networks for Fake News Detection: Investigation and Exploitation (2020)

Consuming news from social media is becoming increasingly popular. However, social media also enables the wide dissemination of fake news. Because of the detrimental effects of fake news, fake news detection has attracted increasing attention. However, the performance of detecting fake news only from news content is generally limited as fake news pieces are written to mimic true news. In the real world, news pieces spread through propagation networks on social media. The news propagation networks usually involve multi-levels. In this paper, we study the challenging problem of investigating and exploiting news hierarchical propagation network on social media for fake news detection.In an attempt to understand the correlations between news propagation networks and fake news, first, we build hierarchical propagation networks for fake news and true news pieces; second, we perform a comparative analysis of the propagation network features from structural, temporal, and linguistic perspectives between fake and real news, which demonstrates the potential of utilizing these features to detect fake news; third, we show the effectiveness of these propagation network features for fake news detection. We further validate the effectiveness of these features from feature importance analysis. We conduct extensive experiments on real-world datasets and demonstrate the proposed features can significantly outperform state-of-the-art fake news detection methods by at least 1.7% with an average F1>0.84. Altogether, this work presents a data-driven view of hierarchical propagation network and fake news and paves the way towards a healthier online news ecosystem.
Second generation bisheteroarylpiperazine (BHAP) HIV-1 reverse transcriptasae inhibitors: Enhancement of antiviral activity and aqueous solubility via 5- and 6-substitution of the indole ring (1993)

U-87201E, a potent HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI) discovered at Upjohn, is currently in Phase II clinical trials. Additional structure-activity studies have identified second-generation BHAPs with enhanced antiviral activity and improved pharmaceutical properties, notably increased aqueous solubility. Capitalizing on initial SAR studies which demonstrated a tolerance for substitution in the indole ring, a series of BHAPs bearing 5- and 6-substituted indoles was evaluated. Substituents such as ethers, sulfonamides, ureas, and sulfamides containing water-solubilizing groups such as polyethers or basic amines provided highly potent BHAPs with greatly enhanced solubility, such as U-93923. The synthesis, antiviral evaluation and solubility properties of these potent HIV-1 RTIs will be detailed.
Statistical Hypothesis Testing for Handwritten Word Segmentation Algorithms (2012)

We present a statistical hypothesis testing method for handwritten word segmentation algorithms. Our proposed method can be used along with any word segmentation algorithm in order to detect over-segmented or under-segmented errors or to adapt the word segmentation algorithm to new data in an unsupervised manner. The main idea behind the proposed approach is to learn the geometrical distribution of words within a sentence using a Markov chain or a Hidden Markov Model (HMM). In the former, we assume all the necessary information is observable, where in the latter, we assume the minimum observable variables are the bounding boxes of the words, and the hidden variables are the part of speech information. Our experimental results on a benchmark database show that not only we can achieve a lower over-segmentation and under-segmentation error rate, but also a higher correct segmentation rate as a result of the proposed hypothesis testing.
Expression in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> of Chimeric Cytochrome P450 cDNAs Constructed from cDNAs for Rat Cytochrome P450c and P450d (1987)

Three chimeric cytochrome P450 cDNAs were constructed by replacing the central region, carboxy-terminal region, or both central and carboxy-terminal regions of cytochrome P450c cDNA with the corresponding regions of cytochrome P450d cDNA. These were inserted between the alcohol dehydrogenase I promoter and terminator of yeast expression vector pAAH5 to form expression plasmids pACDC2, pACCD1, and pACDD2. On introduction of each of these plasmids into Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH22 cells, chimeric cytochrome P450 proteins were expressed in AH22/pACDC2, AH22/pACCD1, and AH22/pACDD2 cells at the level of at least 10(5), 4 X 10(5) molecules per cell, respectively. The reduced CO-difference spectra showed that AH22/pACCD1 and AH22/pACDD2 cells contained 4 X 10(5) and 10(5) molecules per cell of the corresponding chimeric cytochrome P450 hemoproteins, designated as cytochrome P450ccd and cytochrome P450cdd, respectively. Cytochrome P450ccd exhibited higher monooxygenase activities toward 7-ethoxycoumarin, acetanilide, and benzo[alpha]pyrene than cytochrome P450c, although the substrate specificity of cytochrome P450ccd seemed to be the same as that of cytochrome P450c. Cytochrome P450cdd exhibited lower activities toward 7-ethoxycoumarin and benzo[alpha]pyrene, and a higher activity toward acetanilide as compared with those of cytochrome P450c and cytochrome P450ccd. Therefore, the substrate specificity of cytochrome P450cdd seemed to be the same as that of cytochrome P450d. These results suggest that the central one-third region of cytochrome P450c and cytochrome P450d is responsible for substrate-binding, and that the carboxy-terminal third of both cytochromes P450 plays an important role in electron transport.
Spatial Architecture and Arrangement of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes for Predicting Likelihood of Recurrence in Early-Stage Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2018)

A set of features related to density and spatial architecture of TILs was found to be associated with a likelihood of recurrence of early-stage NSCLC. This information could potentially be used for helping in treatment planning and management of early-stage NSCLC.<i>See related commentary by Peled et al., p. 1449</i>.
Building chatbots from large scale domain-specific knowledge bases:\n challenges and opportunities (2019)

Popular conversational agents frameworks such as Alexa Skills Kit (ASK) and\nGoogle Actions (gActions) offer unprecedented opportunities for facilitating\nthe development and deployment of voice-enabled AI solutions in various\nverticals. Nevertheless, understanding user utterances with high accuracy\nremains a challenging task with these frameworks. Particularly, when building\nchatbots with large volume of domain-specific entities. In this paper, we\ndescribe the challenges and lessons learned from building a large scale virtual\nassistant for understanding and responding to equipment-related complaints. In\nthe process, we describe an alternative scalable framework for: 1) extracting\nthe knowledge about equipment components and their associated problem entities\nfrom short texts, and 2) learning to identify such entities in user utterances.\nWe show through evaluation on a real dataset that the proposed framework,\ncompared to off-the-shelf popular ones, scales better with large volume of\nentities being up to 30% more accurate, and is more effective in understanding\nuser utterances with domain-specific entities.\n
Waveform design for electroseismic exploration (2006)

Electroseismic (ES) exploration remotely identifies the presence of hydrocarbons using the conversion of electromagnetic energy to seismic energy. These conversions are relatively larger in a porous, permeable resistive body (such as an oil or gas reservoir) when compared with background conversions. Typical ES signals, however, may be several orders of magnitude below the expected ambient noise levels, thus requiring repetitions of long source sequences. In addition, the ES signals may vary linearly or nonlinearly with the input current. Two classes of coded waveforms are presented for the detection of these linear and nonlinear conversions. The linear conversions are detected using a Golay sequence pair with side lobes that cancel when the correlated pair is summed. A set of pseudo-random binary sequences (PRBSs) can be modified to detect a nonlinear squared response with minimal side lobes while removing undesired linear conversions. These source waveforms are implemented in the power waveform synthesizer (PWS) that is capable of switching three-phase power to create the specified waveforms. The PWS is an important part of the overall electroseismic exploration system that includes source electrodes, pickup-free receivers, and acquisition and processing features aimed at effective detection of small ES signals.
Uranium recovery from seawater: development of fiber adsorbents prepared via atom-transfer radical polymerization (2014)

Fiber adsorbents synthesized<italic>via</italic>ATRP.
Imide Cyclotriphosphazene/Hexafluoroisopropylidene Polymers (1986)

Useful physical and chemical properties observed in compounds obtained by thermally-induced melt polymerization of maleimido-phenoxy cyclotriphosphazenes linked through hexafluoroisopropylidene-diphthalimide groups. Polymers exhibit high strength, high thermal stability, and high char yields, and appear to be excellent candidates for fabricating composite materials.
Crystallisation studies of sodium acetate trihydrate – suppression of incongruent melting and sub-cooling to produce a reliable, high-performance phase-change material (2020)

Polymer additives reliably prevent incongruent melting of sodium acetate trihydrate when temperature-cycled over multiple thousands of melting and freezing cycles.
CAUSAL INFERENCE IN BIOLOGY NETWORKS WITH INTEGRATED BELIEF PROPAGATION (2014)

Inferring causal relationships among molecular and higher order phenotypes is a critical step in elucidating the complexity of living systems. Here we propose a novel method for inferring causality that is no longer constrained by the conditional dependency arguments that limit the ability of statistical causal inference methods to resolve causal relationships within sets of graphical models that are Markov equivalent. Our method utilizes Bayesian belief propagation to infer the responses of perturbation events on molecular traits given a hypothesized graph structure. A distance measure between the inferred response distribution and the observed data is defined to assess the 'fitness' of the hypothesized causal relationships. To test our algorithm, we infer causal relationships within equivalence classes of gene networks in which the form of the functional interactions that are possible are assumed to be nonlinear, given synthetic microarray and RNA sequencing data. We also apply our method to infer causality in real metabolic network with v-structure and feedback loop. We show that our method can recapitulate the causal structure and recover the feedback loop only from steady-state data which conventional method cannot.
A Reliable and Sensitive Immunoassay for the Determination of Crustacean Protein in Processed Foods (2007)

Among food allergens, crustacea such as shrimps, crabs, and lobsters are a frequent cause of adverse food reactions in allergic patients. The major allergen has been identified as a muscular protein, tropomyosin. A novel sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection and quantification of crustacean protein in processed foods was developed using the sample dilution buffer that is added to porcine tropomyosin. The sandwich ELISA method was highly specific for the Decapoda group, apart from minor cross-reactivities to other crustacea and mollusks. The recovery ranged from 85 to 141%, while the intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were less than 2.8 and 8.4%, respectively.
Vaccination against feline leukaemia virus using a cell membrane antigen system (1975)

Cats inoculated with live feline lymphoblastoid cells of the FL74 line developed high titres of antibody to feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA). Eight cats were subsequently challenged with a large dose of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) of a highly pathogenic strain. All resisted infection while 10 cats given the challenge virus alone became infected. The FeLV produced by FL74 cells was shown to be of extremely low infectivity in cats and in cultured feline cells. Cats inoculated with either FL74 cells or virus purified from them did not become infected. The purified virus did not induce FOCMA antibody in cats not previously exposed to FeLV. The fact that FL74 cells are highly immunogenic, but produce virus of low infectivity, is of value in devising vaccines against FeLV. Cats were also inoculated with FL74 cells which had been inactivated with paraformaldehyde. They developed FOCMA antibody, reaching a peak titre of 256, and no virus could be cultured either from the vaccine preparations or from the tissues of the cats.
Chapter 6. Commercial Synthesis and Applications of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (2016)

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was first introduced commercially in the 1960s for architectural coatings, followed shortly thereafter by additional grades for industrial applications with continued technology developments to service demand in other application areas. PVDF homopolymers and copolymers are synthesized commercially as stable aqueous latexes, or using suspension processes in which larger particle sizes are produced. Nearly all grades are melt and solution processable and are relatively low-cost fluoropolymers with excellent weatherability and resistance to chemical attack. They find application where excellent physical properties, coupled with ease of processability, are of critical importance. They are particularly useful in formulations for highly weatherable coatings, or processed for high-purity piping, porous membranes, binders for lithium ion batteries and photovoltaics, among others. PVDF, by volume, is the second-highest produced fluoropolymer worldwide, with the majority of demand from the USA, Europe, China and Japan. It continues to experience good market growth, and is projected to exceed a 5% volume increase per year for the foreseeable future.
Dissecting the role of the CRMP2–neurofibromin complex on pain behaviors (2017)

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a genetic disorder linked to inactivating mutations or a homozygous deletion of the Nf1 gene, is characterized by tumorigenesis, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, migraine, and pain. Omic studies on human NF1 tissues identified an increase in the expression of collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2), a cytosolic protein reported to regulate the trafficking and activity of presynaptic N-type voltage-gated calcium (Cav2.2) channels. Because neurofibromin, the protein product of the Nf1 gene, binds to and inhibits CRMP2, the neurofibromin–CRMP2 signaling cascade will likely affect Ca2+ channel activity and regulate nociceptive neurotransmission and in vivo responses to noxious stimulation. Here, we investigated the function of neurofibromin–CRMP2 interaction on Cav2.2. Mapping of >275 peptides between neurofibromin and CRMP2 identified a 15-amino acid CRMP2–derived peptide that, when fused to the tat transduction domain of HIV-1, inhibited Ca2+ influx in dorsal root ganglion neurons. This peptide mimics the negative regulation of CRMP2 activity by neurofibromin. Neurons treated with tat-CRMP2/neurofibromin regulating peptide 1 (t-CNRP1) exhibited a decreased Cav2.2 membrane localization, and uncoupling of neurofibromin–CRMP2 and CRMP2–Cav2.2 interactions. Proteomic analysis of a nanodisc-solubilized membrane protein library identified syntaxin 1A as a novel CRMP2-binding protein whose interaction with CRMP2 was strengthened in neurofibromin-depleted cells and reduced by t-CNRP1. Stimulus-evoked release of calcitonin gene–related peptide from lumbar spinal cord slices was inhibited by t-CNRP1. Intrathecal administration of t-CNRP1 was antinociceptive in experimental models of inflammatory, postsurgical, and neuropathic pain. Our results demonstrate the utility of t-CNRP1 to inhibit CRMP2 protein–protein interactions for the potential treatment of pain.
Nanoscale Control of Homoepitaxial Growth on a Two‐Dimensional Zeolite (2016)

Abstract Nanoscale crystal growth control is crucial for tailoring two‐dimensional (2D) zeolites (crystallites with thickness less than two unit cells) and thicker zeolite nanosheets for applications in separation membranes and as hierarchical catalysts. However, methods to control zeolite crystal growth with nanometer precision are still in their infancy. Herein, we report solution‐based growth conditions leading to anisotropic epitaxial growth of 2D zeolites with rates as low as few nanometers per day. Contributions from misoriented surface nucleation and rotational intergrowths are eliminated. Growth monitoring at the single‐unit‐cell level reveals novel nanoscale crystal‐growth phenomena associated with the lateral size and surface curvature of 2D zeolites.
Reducing Data Movement Costs: Scalable Seismic Imaging on Blue Gene (2012)

We present an optimized Blue Gene/P implementation of Reverse Time Migration, a seismic imaging algorithm widely used in the petroleum industry today. Our implementation is novel in that it uses large communication bandwidth and low latency to convert an embarrassingly parallel problem into one that can be efficiently solved using massive domain partitioning. The success of this seemingly counterintuitive approach is the result of several key aspects of the imaging problem, including very regular and local communication patterns, balanced compute and communication requirements, scratch data handling, multiple-pass approaches, and most importantly, the fact that partitioning the problem allows each sub-problem to fit in cache, dramatically increasing locality and bandwidth and reducing latency. This approach can be easily extended to next-generation imaging algorithms currently being developed. In this paper we present details of our implementation, including application-scaling results on Blue Gene/P.
Hyperspectral imaging system for whole corn ear surface inspection (2013)

Aflatoxin is a mycotoxin produced mainly by <i>Aspergillus flavus (A.flavus)</i> and <i>Aspergillus parasitiucus</i> fungi that grow naturally in corn. Very serious health problems such as liver damage and lung cancer can result from exposure to high toxin levels in grain. Consequently, many countries have established strict guidelines for permissible levels in consumables. Conventional chemical-based analytical methods used to screen for aflatoxin such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are time consuming, expensive, and require the destruction of samples as well as proper training for data interpretation. Thus, it has been a continuing effort within the research community to find a way to rapidly and non-destructively detect and possibly quantify aflatoxin contamination in corn. One of the more recent developments in this area is the use of spectral technology. Specifically, fluorescence hyperspectral imaging offers a potential rapid, and non-invasive method for contamination detection in corn infected with toxigenic <i>A.flavus</i> spores. The current hyperspectral image system is designed for scanning flat surfaces, which is suitable for imaging single or a group of corn kernels. In the case of a whole corn cob, it is preferred to be able to scan the circumference of the corn ear, appropriate for whole ear inspection. This paper discusses the development of a hyperspectral imaging system for whole corn ear imaging. The new instrument is based on a hyperspectral line scanner using a rotational stage to turn the corn ear.
Equal BER Power Control for Uplink MC-CDMA With MMSE Successive Interference Cancellation (2004)

For a given decision order, MMSE successive interference cancellation (MMSE-SIC) can simultaneously maximize SIR's of all users. To further increase its efficiency, a power control (PC) algorithm, under equal BER criterion, is proposed in this letter for uplink MC-CDMA. In frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels, the MMSE-SIC integrated with the equal BER PC suppresses multiple access interference effectively, resulting in a performance very close to the single user bound (SUB).
Hernandulcin: An Intensely Sweet Compound Discovered by Review of Ancient Literature (1985)

Ancient Mexican botanical literature was systematically searched for new plant sources of intensely sweet substances. Lippia dulcis Trev., a sweet plant, emerged as a candidate for fractionation studies, and hernandulcin, a sesquiterpene, was isolated and judged by a human taste panel as more than 1000 times sweeter than sucrose. The structure of the sesquiterpene was determined spectroscopically and confirmed by chemical synthesis. Hernandulcin was nontoxic when administered orally to mice, and it did not induce bacterial mutation.
A broadly protective therapeutic antibody against influenza B virus with two mechanisms of action (2017)

Influenza B virus (IBV) causes annual influenza epidemics around the world. Here we use an in vivo plasmablast enrichment technique to isolate a human monoclonal antibody, 46B8 that neutralizes all IBVs tested in vitro and protects mice against lethal challenge of all IBVs tested when administered 72 h post infection. 46B8 demonstrates a superior therapeutic benefit over Tamiflu and has an additive antiviral effect in combination with Tamiflu. 46B8 binds to a conserved epitope in the vestigial esterase domain of hemagglutinin (HA) and blocks HA-mediated membrane fusion. After passage of the B/Brisbane/60/2008 virus in the presence of 46B8, we isolated three resistant clones, all harbouring the same mutation (Ser301Phe) in HA that abolishes 46B8 binding to HA at low pH. Interestingly, 46B8 is still able to protect mice against lethal challenge of the mutant viruses, possibly owing to its ability to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
Screen for Excess FMR1 Premutation Alleles Among Males With Parkinsonism (2007)

Broad screening for premutation alleles in Parkinson disease populations is unlikely to be productive in the absence of additional clinical or family history data that suggest involvement of the FMR1 gene.
Shape Memory Alloy Actuation of a Metered-Dose Inhaler (2017)

Respiratory diseases such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) affect millions of people around the world. The most common treatment approach is to take an inhaled corticosteroid as needed with a dry-powder inhaler or a metered-dose inhaler. Unfortunately, rates of inhaler mishandling and misuse are staggeringly high and as a result, the majority of those suffering from asthma and COPD are not receiving proper treatment. There are a myriad of ways inhalers are mishandled and misused, but one significant challenge results from the timing miscoordination of the medicine dispersion and inhalation breath. To address this, the current study successfully demonstrates the feasibility of automating the timing of the medicine dispersion by the addition of a Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) actuator and a differential pressure sensor into the casing of a traditional metered-dose inhaler. To meet actuation requirements and reliably depress the inhaler cartridge, the SMA wire was routed around a set of miniature bearings within the casing of the inhaler. By demonstrating that a metered-dose inhaler may be actuated by SMA without a significant increase of its weight or size, this study provides a practical technological approach to reducing the improper treatment of asthma and COPD due to inhaler misuse.