gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multicoil Dixon chemical species separation with an iterative least‐squares estimation method (2003)

This work describes a new approach to multipoint Dixon fat-water separation that is amenable to pulse sequences that require short echo time (TE) increments, such as steady-state free precession (SSFP) and fast spin-echo (FSE) imaging. Using an iterative linear least-squares method that decomposes water and fat images from source images acquired at short TE increments, images with a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and uniform separation of water and fat are obtained. This algorithm extends to multicoil reconstruction with minimal additional complexity. Examples of single- and multicoil fat-water decompositions are shown from source images acquired at both 1.5T and 3.0T. Examples in the knee, ankle, pelvis, abdomen, and heart are shown, using FSE, SSFP, and spoiled gradient-echo (SPGR) pulse sequences. The algorithm was applied to systems with multiple chemical species, and an example of water-fat-silicone separation is shown. An analysis of the noise performance of this method is described, and methods to improve noise performance through multicoil acquisition and field map smoothing are discussed.
A switching traction control strategy based on tire force feedback (2009)

The paper presents a novel concept of switching traction control (or ABS) strategy which does not rely on wheel slip information. The core of the strategy includes a driven wheel speed control loop and a reference vehicle model in the wheel speed target path. The reference model is fed by a bidirectional sawtooth-like tire force input signal, in order to keep the longitudinal tire force close to its maximum value. The switching criterion for transition between adhesion and slipping region of the tire static curve is based on comparing the applied wheel force with the tire force that can be obtained by estimation or direct measurement. The proposed 4WD traction control strategy is verified by means of computer simulations and partly by experiment.
Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer Array with Pencil Beam Shape and Wide Range Beam Steering (2012)

Abstract A capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array is designed as an alternative to conventional piezoelectric transducers. A thin silicon nitride membrane is suspended over a bottom electrode on a silicon wafer. In the immersion mode, the transducer cell shape and dimensions are optimized for an operating frequency of 10 MHz. We show that the proposed imager array can generate a pencil shape beam with a ∼1.5° half beam width, enhancing the detector resolution. A phased array technique is employed to excite multiple cells using time-delayed signals to steer the acoustic beam toward the object. This eliminates the need to mechanically move the detector, simplifying the transducer driving system. Moreover, unlike conventional transducers, the pencil beam can be effectively steered over a wide range of angles without producing grating lobes, which minimizes power loss in undesired directions. This can also improve the signal to noise ratio of the imager CMUT array.
Recombinational construction in <i>Escherichia coli</i> of infectious adenoviral genomes (1997)

A two-step gene replacement procedure was developed that generates infectious adenoviral genomes through homologous recombination in Escherichia coli. As a prerequisite, a human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-derived genome was first introduced as a PacI restriction fragment into an incP-derived replicon which, in contrast to ColE1-derivatives (e.g., pBR322 or pUC plasmids), is functional in a polA mutant of E. coli. Any modification can be introduced at will following two consecutive homologous recombinations between the incP/Ad5 replicon and the ColE1 plasmid. The overall procedure requires only the in vitro engineering of the ColE1-derivative by flanking the desired modification with small stretches of identical sequences. In the first step, a cointegrate between the tetracycline-resistant incP/Ad5 replicon and the kanamycin-resistant ColE1-derivative is selected by growing the polA host in the presence of both antibiotics. Resolution of this cointegrate is further selected in sucrose growth conditions due to the loss of a conditional suicide marker (the sacB gene of Bacillus subtilis) present in the ColE1 plasmid, leading to unmodified and modified incP/Ad5 replicons that can be differentiated upon restriction analysis. Consecutive rounds of this two-step cloning procedure allowed the introduction of multiple independent modifications within the virus genome, with no requirement for an intermediate virus. The potential of this procedure is demonstrated by the recovery of several E1E3E4-deleted adenoviruses following transfection of the corresponding E. coli-derived genomes in IGRP2 cells.
TCP Performance Dynamics and Link-Layer Adaptation Based Optimization Methods for Wireless Networks (2007)

Almost a decade long research on the performance of TCP in wireless networks has resulted in many proposals and solutions to the problem of TCP throughput degradation. Several of these measures, however, have their share of drawbacks. With the continuing emergence of wireless technologies ever since the work on TCP performance over wireless began, smart link-layer mechanisms like adaptive modulation and coding, power control, and incremental redundancy have been designed and deployed. In this work, we outline a cross-layer optimization framework based on the congestion control dynamics of a bulk-transfer TCP flow and demonstrate its application to networks which offer link-layer adaptive measures. We begin by observing that the TCP's congestion window dynamics are comprised of certain recurring patterns which we term as cycles. We then overlay a TCP throughput optimization methodology that selects link-layer transmission modes (e.g. modulation scheme, coding rate, transmission power, or a combination thereof) in accordance with TCP dynamics and wireless channel conditions. We provide insights into the working of the optimization procedure which protects TCP segments against losses on the wireless channel when the TCP congestion window size (in bytes) is below the bandwidth-delay product of the network. The protection against wireless channel losses is rendered by the link-layer by employing robust modulation and coding schemes, high transmission power, etc. We show that TCP dynamics aware link adaptation measures lead to substantial enhancement of TCP throughput in EGPRS and IEEE 802.11a networks
TU‐C‐103‐02: Use of New Phantom and Chanelized Hotelling Obeserver (CHO) Based Detectability Algorithm for Demonstrating Variability in Dose Reduction Over CT Scanner Operating Range (2013)

Purpose: Our purpose is to assess detectability performance between filtered backprojection, adaptive iterative and model based iterative reconstruction methods for CT scanners from three different vendors identified as A thru C. The goal is to characterize the variability of detectability performance over the range of radiation dose levels and patient sizes. Methods: We scanned a special phantom containing three sections, having water equivalent diameters (WEQ) of 13.6, 21.2 and 30.9 cm, at six different radiation dose levels over a CTDIvol range of 0.8 to 22 mGy. Each section contained a region with 5 mm (n=3) and 2 mm (n=3) low contrast rods, a uniform region, and a region to measure rod contrasts in the image. Images were obtained using typical body protocols (target helical pitch of 1 and 1 mm slices for each scanner). A Channelized Hotelling Observer (CHO) algorithm with Laguerre‐Gaussian templates was used to evaluate approximately 100,000 images. The collection of detectability results was fitted to a continuous function of dose and patient size. Results: A continuous characterization of the dose reduction percentages over the scanner operating range was obtained for the three scanners. As an example, for scanner A, the dose reduction percentage for the Adaptive Iterative method ranged from 9% to 37%, as compared with FBP. For scanner C, the dose reduction percentage for the Model Based Iterative method ranged from 37% to 66%, as compared with FBP. The continuous detectability characterization captured (1) deviations from quantum noise limited behavior and (2) the presence of artifacts observable at higher flux levels. Conclusion: A rigorous CHO‐based analysis with our phantom can reveal significant performance differences when images are evaluated over a wide dose and size continuum, as compared with evaluating performance at isolated radiation dose and size operating points.
Redo Recovery after System Crashes (1995)

: This paper defines a framework for explaining redo recovery after a system crash. In this framework, an installation graph explains the order in which operations must be installed into the stable database if it is to remain recoverable. This installation graph is a significantly weaker ordering on operations than the conflict graph from concurrency control. We use the installation graph to devise (i) a cache management algorithm for writing data from the volatile cache to the stable database, (ii) the specification of a redo test used to choose the operations on the log to replay during recovery, and (iii) an idempotent recovery algorithm based on this test; and we prove that these cache management and recovery algorithms are correct. Most pragmatic recovery methods depend on constraining the kinds of operations that can appear in the log, but our framework allows arbitrary logged operations. We use our framework to explain pragmatic methods that constrain the logged operations to re...
Robust ESD Protection Solutions in CMOS/BiCMOS Technologies (2007)

Robust and novel devices called High Holding, Low-Voltage-Trigger Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (HH-LVTSCRs) for Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) protection of integrated circuits (ICs) are designed, fabricated and characterized. The S-type current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the HH-LVTSCRs are adjustable to different operating conditions by changing the device dimensions and terminal interconnections. Experimental results demonstrate that HH-LVTSCRs with a multiple-finger layout render high levels of ESD protection per unit area, applicable in the design of ICs with stringent ESD protection requirements of over 15 kV IEC.
Design of Poly(ethylene Glycol)-Functionalized Hydrophilic Carbon Clusters for Targeted Therapy of Cerebrovascular Dysfunction in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (2012)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves the elaboration of oxidative stress that causes cerebrovascular dysfunction, including impairment of autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Currently, there is no clinically effective antioxidant treatment for these pathologies. Most currently available antioxidants act through mechanisms in which the antioxidant either transfers the radical or requires regeneration, both of which are impaired in the toxic post-TBI environment. We previously reported that single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and ultrashort SWCNTs possess antioxidant activity, and their characteristics suggest that radical annihilation is the major mechanism. We have now developed a biologically compatible class of carbon-based nanovectors, poly(ethylene glycol)-functionalized hydrophilic carbon clusters (PEG-HCCs) that can be further functionalized with antibodies, and hence show promise as targeted drug delivery platforms. Here we report that PEG-HCCs possess innate antioxidant activity and can be rapidly targeted via an antibody to the P-selectin antigen in a model of injured cultured brain endothelial cells. One immediate application of this therapy is to vascular dysfunction that accompanies TBI and worsens outcome in the face of systemic hypotension. These in vitro results support the need for further investigation in animal models.
Development of high speed fiber grating sensor solutions for measuring velocity, position, pressure and temperature (2013)

A novel very high speed fiber grating sensor system has been used to support velocity, position, temperature and pressure measurements during burn, deflagration and detonation of energetic materials in Russian DDT tests. For the first time the system has been demonstrated in card gap testing and has allowed real time measurements of the position of the blast front into the card gap and monitoring of pressure at key locations in the card gap test. This paper provides an overview of this technology and examples of its application.
Towards an Automatic Generation of Low-Interaction Web Application Honeypots (2018)

Low-interaction honeypots (LIHPs) are a well-established tool to monitor malicious activities by emulating the appearance and behavior of a real system. However, existing honeypots share a common problem: Anyone aware of their existence can easily fingerprint and subsequently avoid them.
Effects of Calcium on the Erosive Potential of Acidic Candies in Saliva (2006)

Theoretical calculations have shown that acidic candies may be potentially erosive upon consumption. However, little is known about the protective effect of adding calcium to potentially erosive candies and about the protective effects of saliva that cannot be fully accounted for by theoretical calculations. Therefore, the aims of this study were to (1) determine the erosive potential of acidic candies with and without calcium and (2) to determine differences between theoretically calculated erosive potential and actual erosive potential in saliva. Twenty healthy test persons sucked acidic candy with and without calcium while their whole saliva was collected into a closed system at different times: baseline, candy-stimulated, and post-stimulated. The erosive potential of the candy was evaluated from candy-induced changes in saliva degree of saturation with respect to hydroxyapatite (HAp) and directly by dissolution of HAp crystals in candy-stimulated saliva. The results showed that similar salivary stimulation was obtained with both candies. The modified candy released more than 13 mmol/l of calcium into saliva, resulting in a lower critical pH, and considerably lower erosive potential than the control (p < 0.001). Although a significant correlation was obtained between theoretical calculation of DS(HAp) and dissolution of HAp crystals (r(s) = 0.65; p < 0.001), many samples obtained by sucking modified candy showed no signs of HAp dissolution in spite of being undersaturated. We conclude that saturation levels and critical pH may not fully reflect when dental erosion is expected to occur in saliva and that calcium addition reduces the erosive potential of acidic candies.
Adaptation of the 24-h growth hormone profile to a state of sleep debt (2000)

In normal men, the majority of GH secretion occurs in a single large postsleep onset pulse that is suppressed during total sleep deprivation. We examined the impact of semichronic partial sleep loss, a highly prevalent condition, on the 24-h growth hormone profile. Eleven young men were studied after six nights of restricted bedtimes (0100-0500) and after 7 nights of extended bedtimes (2100-0900). Slow-wave sleep (SWS) was estimated as the duration of stages III and IV. Slow-wave activity (SWA) was calculated as electroencephalogram power density in the 0.5- to 3-Hz frequency range. During the state of sleep debt, the GH secretory pattern was biphasic, with both a presleep onset "circadian" pulse and a postsleep onset pulse. Postsleep onset GH secretion was negatively related to presleep onset secretion and tended to be positively correlated with the amount of concomitant SWA. When sleep was restricted, both SWS and SWA were increased during early sleep. Unexpectedly, the increase in SWA affected the second, rather than the first, SWA cycle, suggesting that presleep onset GH secretion may have limited SWA in the first cycle, possibly via an inhibition of central GH-releasing hormone activity. Thus neither the GH profile nor the distribution of SWA conformed with predictions from acute sleep deprivation studies, indicating that adaptation mechanisms are operative during chronic partial sleep loss.
Nitroproteins Identified in Human Ex-smoker Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid. (2011)

The long-term goal of our study is to identify chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-related bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) nitroproteins to clarify COPD pathological mechanisms and to discover biomarkers of COPD. The goal of the present study was to detect the presence of, and potential roles of, nitroproteins in, human ex-smoker (without COPD) BALF samples. Nitroproteins were immunoprecipitated from two separate BALF samples, and digested with trypsin; and tryptic peptides were analyzed with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Each MS/MS spectrum was composed of accumulated scans (n = 50-100). The MS/MS data were searched with BioWorks 2.0 TuboSequest in the SwissProt database to generate the amino acid sequence, which was evaluated manually. Eleven nitrotyrosine sites were identified in eight proteins, including progestin and adipoQ receptor family member III, zinc finger protein 432, proteasome subunit alpha type 2, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase B14, slit homolog 1 protein, lysozyme, aldose 1-epimerase, and PTS system lactose-specific EIICB component. Each nitrotyrosine site was located within a specific protein domain and motif. Those identified nitrated proteins could be involved in multiple functional metabolic systems, including transcriptional regulation, mitochondrial complex, immune system, and energy metabolism.
Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals Incorporating the Optically Active γ-Lactone Ring (1990)

Ferroelectric liquid crystals incorporating an optically active γ-lactone ring were prepared. They show enantiotropic smectic C phases which have very large spontaneous polarizations as large as ∼590 nC/cm 2 (5.9 mC/m 2 ). The large spontaneous polarizations are attributed to the structural features wherein a dipole and two chiral centers are fixed in the γ-lactone ring.
Wideband Receivers: Design Challenges, Tradeoffs and State-of-the-Art (2015)

A universal wideband receiver supporting multi-band multi-standard wireless communications offers the prospective for cost reduction and flexibility improvement of next-generation handheld devices. Unlike the traditional narrowband receivers that are tailored for specific standards and are assisted by dedicated SAW filters to restrict the input signals (frequency and power), SAW-less wideband receivers are fully exposed to the dynamic spectrum conditions, stimulating circuits and systems innovation to surmount the challenges while keeping up the integration level, power and area efficiencies. This article outlines the design challenges and fundamental tradeoffs of wideband receivers, and describes how they can be addressed by three circuit techniques: noise cancelling, N-path filtering and N-path mixing improving the noise figure, out-of-band linearity and harmonic-rejection capability, respectively. Case studies of silicon-proven solutions representing the state-of-the-art are included, illustrating the pros and cons of different implementation and combination of such three techniques. Architecturally those wideband receivers can be classified as: i) current-mode passive-mixer receiver; ii) voltage-mode passive-mixer receiver; iii) current-mode active-mixer receiver, and iv) current-mode parallel active/passive-mixer receiver. This article should be relevant to junior designers preparing to jump-start in this evolving field, and experience designers intended to collectively compare the existing solutions before further development.
On-line Monitoring of Stator Inter-Turn Failures in DTC driven Asynchronous Motors using Mathematical Morphological Gradient (2019)

This study presents an in-service non-intrusive diagnosis methodology for the detection of incipient faults in the induction motor's (IM) stator windings. The failure identification (FI) algorithm is based on the application of mathematical morphological gradient (MMG) technique on the stator's current in the time domain. The IM under study is driven by the direct torque control (DTC). Comprehensive investigation of harmonics, inter-harmonics and sub-harmonics content is conducted to compare between the FI based on the classical motor current signature analysis (MCSA), and the proposed technique. The proposed MMG based FI routine is fast, online, and easy to implement on digital controllers. The FI technique was validated through the co-simulation between the physics based finite element (FE) model of IM, and the voltage source inverter (VSI), DTC controller, and FI logic. The co-simulation have the merit of simulating the IM with all the harmonic content to improve the reliability of the FI. Moreover, it represents a trustworthy alternative to the experimental platform, which accelerate the ageing rate of the IM. Simulation reinforced by experimental results depicted the robustness of the FI method.
DeTrust-FL: Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning in Decentralized Trust Setting (2022)

Federated learning has emerged as a privacy-preserving machine learning approach where multiple parties can train a single model without sharing their raw training data. Federated learning typically requires the utilization of multi-party computation techniques to provide strong privacy guarantees by ensuring that an untrusted or curious aggregator cannot obtain isolated replies from parties involved in the training process, thereby preventing potential inference attacks. Until recently, it was thought that some of these secure aggregation techniques were sufficient to fully protect against inference attacks coming from a curious aggregator. However, recent research has demonstrated that a curious aggregator can successfully launch a disaggregation attack to learn information about model updates of a target party. This paper presents DeTrust-FL, an efficient privacy-preserving federated learning framework for addressing the lack of transparency that enables isolation attacks, such as disaggregation attacks, during secure aggregation by assuring that parties' model updates are included in the aggregated model in a private and secure manner. DeTrust-FL proposes a decentralized trust consensus mechanism and incorporates a recently proposed decentralized functional encryption (FE) scheme in which all parties agree on a participation matrix before collaboratively generating decryption key fragments, thereby gaining control and trust over the secure aggregation process in a decentralized setting. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates that DeTrust-FL outperforms state-of-the-art FE-based secure multi-party aggregation solutions in terms of training time and reduces the volume of data transferred. In contrast to existing approaches, this is achieved without creating any trust dependency on external trusted entities.
Characterization of a Panel of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Human Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator (1988)

Five murine monoclonal antibodies have been produced against the 1-chain form of human tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). Affinity constants, calculated from data generated in a solid phase radioimmunoassay, ranged from 4.9 x 10(8)M-1 to 2.3 x 10(9) M-1 for these antibodies. This panel was classified into three groups based on the antibodies' effects on both the plasminogen activation and amidolytic activities of t-PA: complete inhibitors (CD2), partial inhibitors (DB10), and those with limited effects (AE5, BA10 and EG2). This same pattern for the five antibodies was observed in an assay measuring the binding of 125I-t-PA to its fast-acting inhibitor, PAI-1. It is concluded that this panel of antibodies defines at least three domains on the t-PA molecule, including its catalytic site.