gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural Variations of <i>N</i>‐Acetylneuraminic Acid, 11, Synthesis of the 4‐Methylumbelliferyl 2α‐Glycosides of 7‐Epi‐, 8‐Epi‐, and 7,8‐Bis(epi)‐<i>N</i>‐acetylneuraminic Acids, as well as of 7‐Deoxy‐, 8‐Deoxy‐, 9‐Deoxy‐, and 4,7‐Dideoxy‐<i>N</i>‐acetylneuraminic Acids and Their Behaviour Towards Sialidase from <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> (1989)

Abstract The methyl esters of 7‐epi‐Neu5Ac ( 1a ), 8‐epi‐Neu5Ac ( 2a ), 7,8‐bis(epi)‐Neu5Ac ( 3a ), 7‐deoxy‐Neu5Ac ( 4a ), 8‐deoxy‐Neu5Ac ( 5a ), 9‐deoxy‐Neu5Ac ( 6a ), and 4,7‐dideoxy‐Neu5Ac ( 7a ) were transformed into their peracetylated mixtures of the α‐anomers 1b–7b and β‐anomers 1c–7c . In the next step the 2‐Cl derivatives were prepared with acetyl chloride/HCl which yielded in the following Königs‐Knorr reaction with 4‐methylumbelliferone (MU) the corresponding methylumbelliferyl 2α‐glycosides 7‐epi‐Neu4,5,7,8,9Ac 5 1Me‐αMU ( 1d ), 8‐epi‐Neu4,5,7,8,9Ac 5 1Me‐αMU ( 2d ), 7,8‐bis(epi)‐Neu4,5,7,8,9Ac 5 1Me‐αMU ( 3d ), 7‐deoxy‐Neu‐4,5,8,9Ac 4 1Me‐αMU ( 4d ), 8‐deoxy‐Neu4,5,7,9Ac 4 1Me‐αMU ( 5d ), 9‐deoxy‐Neu4,5,7,8A 4 1Me‐αMU ( 6d ), and 4,7‐dideoxy‐Neu‐5,8,9Ac 3 1Me‐αMU ( 7d ). In the last case also the β‐anomer of 4,7‐dideoxy‐Neu5,8,9Ac 3 1Me‐βMU ( 7d′ ) was formed. Zemplen saponification followed by hydrolysis of the ester group with sodium hydroxide, resulted in the sodium salts of the sialic acid MU 2α‐glycosides 7‐epi‐, 8‐epi‐, 7,8‐bis(epi)‐, 8‐deoxy‐, 9‐deoxy‐ and 4,7‐dideoxy‐Neu5Ac‐MU 1e–7e . The enzymatic hydrolysis of these compounds with sialidase from Vibrio cholerae showed only for 3e and 7e significantly reduced rates of cleavage, which is in agreement with the inhibitor constants K i of the related 2,3‐didehydro sialic acids 7,8‐bis(epi)‐Neu5Ac2en and 4,7‐dideoxy‐Neu5Ac2en 1,15) .
Elucidating the Role of Alternative RNA Export Promoting Signal Sequence Coding Regions in Potentiating Translation (2016)

Elucidating the Role of Alternative RNA Export Promoting Signal Sequence Coding Regions in Potentiating Translation\nKohila Kulendra\nDoctor of Philosophy\nGraduate Department of Biochemistry\nUniversity of Toronto\n2015\nAbstract\nIn vertebrates, a sub-population of mRNAs encoding secreted, membrane-bound and mitochondrial proteins contain nucleotide elements that promote the alternative mRNA nuclear export (ALREX) of microinjected mRNAs. This RNA element is present within the signal sequence coding region (SSCR) or mitochondria targeting sequence coding region (MSCR) and located at the 5'end of the mRNA just after the start codon. It is typically depleted of adenines and present in genes that lack introns in their 5'UTRs. I demonstrated that ALREX-promoting elements can potentiate translation in the presence of nuclear factors such as Nup358/RanBP2. To determine which domains of RanBP2 are required to enhance translation, I expressed mutant and/or truncated versions of RanBP2 in cells depleted of the endogenous protein and tested the translation of various reporters. I found that the entire C-terminal portion of RanBP2, including its E3 sumo ligase domain, is not required to enhance translation. In contrast, an N-terminal region, which includes eight zinc fingers and a tetratricopeptide repeat region that can bind to ALREX-promoting SSCRs, is required. Incorporating point mutations in the N-terminal domain of RanBP2, which disrupt its ability to bind SSCR RNAs in vitro, also impaired RanBP2's ability to enhance the translation of a reporter mRNA in vivo. Furthermore, N-terminal domain mutations in RanBP2 are known to be associated with the autosomal dominant genetic disorder Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy 1 (ANE1). In these individuals, influenza viral infection triggers a cytokine storm which leads to coma and death. I found that RanBP2 depletion promotes the translation of the interleukin 6 mRNA, which encodes a cytokine that is overproduced in ANE1 children during infection. Overall, the data suggests a novel mechanism by which RanBP2 may regulate the translation of mRNAs and thus impact human health.
Reperfusion injury in humans: A review of clinical trials on reperfusion injury inhibitory strategies (2007)

The principal therapy in patients with myocardial infarction to limit infarct size is myocardial reperfusion by mechanical or pharmacological intervention. Reperfusion has been proposed to cause myocardial injury beyond that caused by the preceding ischaemia, termed "reperfusion injury" (RI). While the precise mechanism of RI is still incompletely understood, a large number of clinical studies have been performed over the past decade targeting some of the postulated mechanisms of RI. These clinical studies were based on experimental data demonstrating significant myocardial salvage. Nevertheless, clinical benefits were absent or very limited. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the various strategies that inhibit RI and to discuss potential mechanisms that may contribute to the discrepancy between the promising pre-clinical data and the rather disappointing results obtained from prospective clinical trials. There are numerous differences between the experimental models and clinical studies, including the fact that experimental studies typically use abrupt occlusion and reperfusion protocols in animals with previously healthy myocardium that apparently do not predict the therapeutic efficacy of novel cardioprotective agents in a clinical setting with pre-existing progressive coronary disease, intermittent coronary occlusion, and relatively late reperfusion. However, discrepancies also exist between experimental studies. Future experimental studies of reperfusion injury should use models that mimic the clinical situation more closely. Furthermore, future large clinical trials should only be performed in cases where the drug under investigation proved to reduce RI in a series of well-designed (possibly multicenter) experimental studies and in clinical trials with predefined subgroups.
Ballistic Helmets and Aspects of Their Design (2000)

The head represents approximately 9% of the body area exposed in combat yet receives approximately 20% of all "hits." The desirability of protecting this vital structure would appear self-evident. Helmet design is a complex issue. Factors that designers of United States Army helmets thoughtfully consider include weight, ballistic qualities of the construction material, balance, helmet-to-person interface (comfort), maintenance of vision and hearing, equipment and weapon compatibility, ease of modification, available materials and manufacturing techniques, durability, ease of decontamination, disposability, and cost. The envisioned future role of the infantryman will make the interplay among these factors even more daunting.
Antibody-Mediated Encephalitis (2018)

The category of autoimmune encephalitides constitutes disorders with relatively distinct characteristics such as psychosis, seizures, abnormal movements, coma, and dysautonomia. Specific autoantibodies can be identified, and the disorders can be successfully treated.
Two-step phosphorescent mechanochromism due to intramolecular deformation (2019)

The Pt<sub>2</sub>Cu complex exhibits unusual stepwise phosphorescent changes from green to yellow first and then to orange-red emission when gentle and intense mechanical stimuli are exerted, arising from gradual intramolecular deformation.
Incorporating Generic Learning to Design Discriminative Classifier Adaptable for Unknown Subject in Face Verification (2006)

In recent years, there has been a growing interest on the verification of unspecific person, which requires the system adaptable for unknown new subject. Most of previous works used generative methods. In this paper, we propose a discriminative method, Bayesian Competitive Model, to explicitly handle the person-unspecific problem. The key idea originates from the observation that it is possible to design a discriminative classifier adaptable for unknown new subject when generic learning is applied. The generic learning functions in two aspects: First, it learns the generic distribution of faces, and thus provides a MAP framework for verification. Second, it learns the intra-personal variations of numerous known persons to infer the distribution of the unknown new subject. Both distributions are formulated in GMM model, respectively. To further improve the performance, we integrate Bayesian Competitive Model with a generative classifier based on confidence. A number of experiments on the BANCA dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the new algorithm in handling the personunspecific problem, and its advantage over existing algorithms.
Structural Correlates of Idiotopes (1986)

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression, ...Read More
Conceptual Framework for Internet of Things' Virtualization via OpenFlow in Context-aware Networks (2013)

A novel conceptual framework is presented in this paper with an aim to standardize and virtualize Internet of Things ’ (IoT) infrastructure through deploying OpenFlow technology. The framework can receive e-services based on context information leaving the current infrastructure unchanged. This framework allows the active collaboration of heterogeneous devices and protocols. Moreover it is capable to model placement of physical objects, manage the system and to collect information for services deployed on an IoT infrastructure. Our proposed IoT virtualization is applicable to a random topology scenario which makes it possible to 1) share flow-sensors ’ resources, 2) establish multi-operational sensor networks, and 3) extend reachability within the framework without establishing any further physical networks. Flowsensors achieve better results comparable to the typical-sensors with respect to packet generation, reachability, simulation time, throughput, energy consumption point of view. Even better results are possible through utilizing multicast groups in large scale networks.
Transcriptome signatures of class I and III stress response deregulation in Lactobacillus plantarum reveal pleiotropic adaptation (2013)

Taken together, our results enabled the refinement of the CtsR and HrcA regulatory networks in L. plantarum, illustrating the complex nature of adaptive stress responses in this bacterium.
A review of cold sintering processes (2020)

The need to reduce the energy consumed and the carbon footprint generated by firing ceramics has stimulated research to develop consolidation techniques operating at lower temperatures, ideally not exceeding 300 °C. This has been realised in Ultra Low Energy Sintering (ULES) using high pressure (hundreds of MPa) in the presence of a transient liquid phase, which accelerates plasticity, grain boundary/surface diffusion and mass transport. Several ULES techniques have been developed in the past 50 years, and a common feature of all of them is low temperature consolidation, through mechanisms not yet fully understood, enabling multi-material integration (e.g. organics and inorganics). This research could transform the traditional firing of functional and structural materials. Early stage work on ULES, started in the 1960s, clearly demonstrated cohesion between the compacted particles exceeding what was possible if simply produced by Van der Waals bonding, suggesting the formation of primary inter-particle bonds. Surprisingly, metals Cold Sintered (CS) in dry conditions at room temperature can be even stronger than their counterparts sintered at high temperatures (typically ≈ 2/3 Tm). Hydrothermal Hot Pressing (HHP) was originally conceived in the context of sustainability and environmental preservation, with some examples being the concept of 'synthetic rock' for immobilisation of toxic/radioactive waste and the consolidation of high surface area porous ceramics for filtration. Follow up work on HHP considered the possibility of recreating in the lab bio-mineralisation using hydroxyapatite and bioglass (including hybrids) as proof of concept. Recent work on the Cold Sintering Process has demonstrated the potential to bridge the processing gap of multi-material devices (sensors, batteries, 5G antennas, electronic components and biomaterials), enabling integration of polymers, ceramics and metals without degradation of the individual components both at the bulk and interface level. The absence of heating unlocks grain boundary design to an unprecedented level, offering further degrees of freedom in tuning functional properties.This review provides a wide perspective on room temperature consolidation, and covers the related but fragmented work published (≈ 450 papers) during the past 50 years, encompassing the relevant work developed in different disciplines including chemistry, physics, biology and geoscience. Liquid-assisted or liquid-mediated phenomena involving diffusion, plasticity, rheology, and grain growth are still largely unexplored in material science. The purpose of bringing together this literature is to build a general and multidisciplinary knowledge to guide future research directions. Both the reduction of energy consumption and carbon footprint are driving the growing interest in ULES, which could reinvent the concept of sintering, 'rendering kilns obsolete'. Also, ULES has the potential to produce new classes of materials that cannot be fabricated using conventional routes.
From sBoW to dCoT marginalized encoders for text representation (2012)

In text mining, information retrieval, and machine learning, text documents are commonly represented through variants of sparse Bag of Words (sBoW) vectors (e.g. TF-IDF [1]). Although simple and intuitive, sBoW style representations suffer from their inherent over-sparsity and fail to capture word-level synonymy and polysemy. Especially when labeled data is limited (e.g. in document classification), or the text documents are short (e.g. emails or abstracts), many features are rarely observed within the training corpus. This leads to overfitting and reduced generalization accuracy. In this paper we propose Dense Cohort of Terms (dCoT), an unsupervised algorithm to learn improved sBoW document features. dCoT explicitly models absent words by removing and reconstructing random sub-sets of words in the unlabeled corpus. With this approach, dCoT learns to reconstruct frequent words from co-occurring infrequent words and maps the high dimensional sparse sBoW vectors into a low-dimensional dense representation. We show that the feature removal can be marginalized out and that the reconstruction can be solved for in closed-form. We demonstrate empirically, on several benchmark datasets, that dCoT features significantly improve the classification accuracy across several document classification tasks.
Prevention of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>‐induced red blood cell lipid peroxidation and hemolysis by aqueous extracted turmeric (1999)

The protective effect of the aqueous extracted turmeric antioxidant protein on H2O2-induced red blood cell lipid peroxidation and hemolysis was investigated. Turmeric antioxidant protein inhibited lipid peroxidation and hemolysis by 70% and 80%, respectively, and was found to be more effective as an antioxidant than were -tocopherol and curcumin.
Application of chromeless phase-shift masks to sub-100-nm SOI CMOS transistor fabrication (2000)

This work looks at the application of chromeless phase-shift masks to sub-100 nm gatelength SOI transistor fabrication. The double-exposure technique of Numerical Technologies is extended to the chromeless-edge case. Two masks are used in this method. The first is a darkfield mask with chromeless edges defining the minimum geometry gates and the second is a binary blockout mask which also patterns the larger gate features. This approach provides considerably enhanced resolution performance compared with alternating aperture while still preserving good process latitudes. The chromeless mask fabrication approach is discussed. A simple, single step dry etch is used with no minimum geometry features, thus simplifying mask fabrication. We employed an 0.6 NA, DUV tool for this work together with commercially available resist and anti-reflection layers. Lithography results for k<SUB>1</SUB> factors down to 0.10 and 0.3 are presented. This corresponds to CDs of 40 nm and 125 nm on our Canon EX-4, 248nm stepper. Excellent pattern transfer into polysilicon was achieved using a high density plasma etch process producing gate features down to 25 nm linewidths. We discuss the application of this method to the fabrication of sub-100 nm gate-length fully-depleted SOI CMOS transistors. We have fabricated SOI CMOS transistors with excellent short channel behavior down to 50 nm physical gate lengths. This method enables the development of deep sub-100 nm gate length CMOS technologies using standard 248- nm exposure sources.
Celecoxib Induces Apoptosis by Inhibiting 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent Protein Kinase-1 Activity in the Human Colon Cancer HT-29 Cell Line (2002)

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, are powerful antineoplastic agents that exert their antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on cancer cells by COX-dependent and/or COX-independent pathways. Celecoxib, a COX-2-specific inhibitor, has been shown to reduce the number of adenomatous colorectal polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Here, we show that celecoxib induces apoptosis in the colon cancer cell line HT-29 by inhibiting the 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) activity. This effect was correlated with inhibition of the phosphorylation of the PDK1 downstream substrate Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) on two regulatory sites, Thr(308) and Ser(473). However, expression of a constitutive active form of Akt/PKB (myristoylated PKB) has a low protective effect toward celecoxib-induced cell death. In contrast, overexpression of constitutive active mutant of PDK1 (PDK1(A280V)) was as potent as the pancaspase inhibitor, benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone, to impair celecoxib-induced apoptosis. By contrast, cells expressing a kinase-defective mutant of PDK1 (PDK1(K114G)) remained sensitive to celecoxib. Furthermore, in vitro measurement reveals that celecoxib was a potential inhibitor of PDK1 activity with an IC(50) = 3.5 microm. These data indicate that inhibition of PDK1 signaling is involved in the proapoptotic effect of celecoxib in HT-29 cells.
14. Boussinesq (Joseph) (1989)

Charle Christophe, Telkès Eva. 14. Boussinesq (Joseph). In: Charle Christophe, Telkès Eva. Les Professeurs de la faculté des sciences de Paris, 1901-1939. Dictionnaire biographique (1901-1939) Paris : Institut national de recherche pédagogique, 1989. pp. 51-53. (Histoire biographique de l'enseignement, 25)
Incorporation of basic fibroblast growth factor by a layer‐by‐layer assembly technique to produce bioactive substrates (2007)

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was immobilized onto quartz slides and collagen films by assembly with chondroitin sulfate (CS) in a layer-by-layer (LBL) manner. First, the LBL-deposition process on the amino-silanized quartz slides was monitored by UV-vis spectroscopy and water contact angle measurement. By substituting the normal bFGF with rhodamine-labeled one (Rd-bFGF), a linear increase of the absorbance versus bilayer number was recorded. The water contact angle oscillated between the odd CS and the even bFGF layers, demonstrating the alternating change of the surface chemistry. Scanning force microscopy (SFM) revealed that the surface topography was altered slightly after multilayer assembly. In vitro incubation of the CS/bFGF multilayers in PBS showed that approximately 30% of the incorporated bFGF was released within 8 days. In vitro cell culture found that the fibroblasts showed star-like morphology with plenty of pseudopods on the bFGF-incorporated collagen film after cultured for 1 day, and the collagen films assembled with bFGF possess improved bioactivity than that of the virgin one and the bFGF control. Since the immobilized growth factors can maximally retain their bioactivity, the LBL assembly would be a potential approach to construct a bioactive substrate for biomedical applications.
Assessment of the efficacy of topical anesthetics using the tactile spatial resolution method. (2012)

The aim of this study was to compare the purported advantages of 4% tetracaine gel (Ametop gel) and 4% liposomal lidocaine gel (LMX4 gel) with EMLA cream (eutectic mixture of 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine) using an objective and repeatable method. Ametop gel and LMX4 gel were administered under occlusion for 30 min and compared to EMLA cream applied for 30 and 60 min on the intact upper lip skin of 15 volunteers each. The efficacy of the anesthetics was assessed by the spatial resolution method. Measurements were conducted just after removal of the products from the skin, then 20, 40 and 60 min later. Each of the formulations, except for EMLA cream applied for 30 min, decreased tactile spatial discrimination thresholds significantly just after removal from the skin when compared to the output levels (p<0.05). Ametop gel kept significantly good skin anesthesia also 20, 40 and 60 min later (p<0.05). The efficacy of LMX4 gel and EMLA(60) cream decreased to the initial levels after 40-min application. Ametop gel anesthetized the skin in a highly homogeneous manner providing similar effect in most subjects, which was not the case in the EMLA and LMX4 groups. In conclusion, LMX4 gel and Ametop gel appeared to be faster acting than EMLA cream. Our results showed the 30-min application of LMX4 and Ametop gel under occlusion to be equivalent to 60-min administration of EMLA cream. Ametop gel, in contrast to the rest, provides very good anesthesia for up to 60 min. The application of EMLA cream under occlusion over only 30 min cannot guarantee appropriate effects.
Image rotation modeling for two-dimensional plane mirror scanning and its application in precise image positioning for linear sensor imager on geostationary platform (2007)

In the domain of modern space-borne remote sensing in optical band, the operation mode of multiple-element or linear sensor with plane mirror's two-dimensional (2-D) scanning is popular and has been applied in some real applications successfully. Three basic image rotation models of different 2-D plane mirror scanning modes are analyzed in mathematic detail, and their performances are also compared in the aspects of scanning coverage, observing efficiency and degree of image rotation respectively. It is shown that two of them are feasible for real applications and have some advantages with each other. On the other hand, some raw observed sub-image series of Indian National Satellite (INSAT) Charge Coupled Device (CCD) imager, whose plane mirror uses one of the modes to complete the full-disc view of the Earth, are used to validate the authenticity of the image rotation models above. It is shown that, the accuracy of image positioning (about 2~3 pixels) is some better than that (about 5 pixels) achieved by the investigators who cared the launch and the first accuracy assessment of this satellite. Moreover, both the image rotation model based on the plane mirror's 2-D scanning and the corresponding image derotation method are useful for end-user who wants to utilize the images quantitatively on ground.
The impact of evolving structures on managing corporate real estate (2000)

Managing corporate real estate is confronted with more problems than just the changing characteristics of real estate. While operating companies strive for more autonomy, corporate headquarters are increasingly struggling for a synergetic approach to corporate resources and capabilities. The authors argue that the impact of the corporate setting on the role and position of corporate real estate management is underestimated. This paper describes the effects of transisions in corporate structure and strategies and provides insight in a new perspective on managing corporate real estate.