gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hybrid frequency-polarization shift-keying Modulation for optical transmission (2005)

In this paper, we propose a new modulation scheme based on combining frequency and polarization modulated signals, which we will refer to as hybrid frequency-polarization shift keying (FPolSK). The FPolSK modulation is basically an extension of the conventional M-PolSK modulation over orthogonal domains. This expansion enables representing signal constellation points over multidimensional space, which ensures increasing the geometric distances between these points, and in turn, improving the system power efficiency. On the other hand, compared with M-FSK modulation, FPolSK improves the bandwidth efficiency by employing less number of orthogonal frequencies to represent information symbols. Moreover, FPolSK is extremely useful for implementing communication systems that have limitations in power and bandwidth usage. This advantage comes from the fact that FPolSK inherently enables selecting the appropriate number of orthogonal frequencies that convey with system constraints. The contribution in this paper is threefold. First, we propose a design for the transmitter and the receiver of the FPolSK technique. Second, we perform analysis for the system power and bandwidth efficiencies. Third, we derive an expression for the system power spectral density (PSD). A performance comparison between the FPolSK modulation technique and previously developed techniques is also presented in this paper. Our results reveal that the proposed modulation scheme performs better than M-PolSK, M-DPSK, and M-FSK modulation schemes in terms of both power and bandwidth efficiencies. We have also found that same bandwidth efficiency can be obtained using different FPolSK modulation formats, and the PSD of the FPolSK modulation does not contain discrete components that are considered as a waste of power. Finally, the effects of the laser phase noise and fiber dispersion on the performance of the proposed modulation are also discussed in detail.
A pipelined serial data receiver with oversampling techniques for high-speed data communications (2004)

In this paper, we propose a novel oversampling receiver to achieve NRZI (Non-Return-to-Zero-Inverted) data recovery for serial link communications. Adopting feed-forward not conventional PLL (Phase-Locked Loop) feed-back operation is quite suitable for high-bandwidth applications. The employment of byte-level pipelined architecture greatly reduces the complexity of the system clock configuration. Moreover, the characteristic of high data deviation tolerance was indicated from the experimental results.
A review of keyphrase extraction (2019)

Abstract Keyphrase extraction is a textual information processing task concerned with the automatic extraction of representative and characteristic phrases from a document that express all the key aspects of its content. Keyphrases constitute a succinct conceptual summary of a document, which is very useful in digital information management systems for semantic indexing, faceted search, document clustering and classification. This article introduces keyphrase extraction, provides a well‐structured review of the existing work, offers interesting insights on the different evaluation approaches, highlights open issues and presents a comparative experimental study of popular unsupervised techniques on five datasets. This article is categorized under: Ensemble Methods > Web Mining Ensemble Methods > Text Mining
Biopolymer nanoparticle production for controlled release of biopharmaceuticals (2013)

For drug applications, nanoparticles, used as drug carriers, offer the advantage of controlled release, therapeutic impact and targeted delivery. In drug delivery applications, biodegradable polymers can be extracted from natural sources or prepared synthetically by polymerization. Natural polymers typically have varying compositions and physiochemical properties. As a result, methods which utilize natural polymers to encapsulate drugs are more varied and polymer dependent. The following polymers are discussed in this review article: alginate, chitosan, gelatin, albumin, gliadin, pullulan, and dextran. Specialized encapsulation nanotechnologies will be discussed such as ionotropic gelation, complexation, the reverse microemulsion technique, cross-linking methods, emulsion-dependent methods, desolvation methods and self-assembly methods. For each biopolymer an overview of the structure is presented with the corresponding encapsulation techniques. Understanding the structure of the biopolymer is important as to not only understand the rational for current encapsulation techniques but to continue to develop new encapsulation techniques in pursuit of the ideal drug carrier for application in therapeutic treatments.
Development of Efficient Urea-SCR Systems for EPA 2010-Compliant Medium Duty Diesel Vehicles (2011)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued new emissions regulations, which came into effect in January, 2010. These EPA 2010 regulations are the most stringent emissions standards in the world, reducing both particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) to nearly zero levels. Hino Motors improved upon its previous EPA 2007-compliant engine, developing a new exhaust after-treatment system in which a Diesel Particulate active Reduction System (DPR), a Urea-Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) System and a Burner System are employed to meet EPA 2010 emissions regulations for medium duty commercial vehicles. DPR was already developed and utilized to reduce PM to meet EPA 2007 standards, but the Urea-SCR System is newly developed technology used to reduce NOx emissions to comply with EPA2010 emissions regulations. In addition, a Burner System is used to elevate exhaust gas temperatures in order to improve both SCR performance and DPR active Regeneration. The combined utilization of these systems, enables significant NOx reduction, achieving levels below 0.2g/bhp-hr (0.27g/kWh) as well as PM levels below 0.01g/bhp-hr (0.013g/kWh) under FTP cycle operating conditions. This paper reports the development approaches and results.</div></div>
Sec-Mediated Secretion of Bacteriocin Enterocin P by <i>Lactococcus lactis</i> (2005)

Most lactic acid bacterium bacteriocins utilize specific leader peptides and dedicated machineries for secretion. In contrast, the enterococcal bacteriocin enterocin P (EntP) contains a typical signal peptide that directs its secretion when heterologously expressed in Lactococcus lactis. Signal peptide mutations and the SecA inhibitor azide blocked secretion. These observations demonstrate that EntP is secreted by the Sec translocase.
A general framework for randomized benchmarking (2020)

Randomized benchmarking (RB) refers to a collection of protocols that in the past decade have become central methods for characterizing quantum gates. These protocols aim at efficiently estimating the quality of a set of quantum gates in a way that is resistant to state preparation and measurement errors. Over the years many versions have been developed, however, a comprehensive theoretical treatment of RB has been missing. In this work, we develop a rigorous framework of RB general enough to encompass virtually all known protocols as well as novel, more flexible extensions. Overcoming previous limitations on error models and gate sets, this framework allows us, for the first time, to formulate realistic conditions under which we can rigorously guarantee that the output of any RB experiment is well-described by a linear combination of matrix exponential decays. We complement this with a detailed analysis of the fitting problem associated with RB data. We introduce modern signal processing techniques to RB, prove analytical sample complexity bounds, and numerically evaluate performance and limitations. In order to reduce the resource demands of this fitting problem, we introduce novel, scalable post-processing techniques to isolate exponential decays, significantly improving the practical feasibility of a large set of RB protocols. These post-processing techniques overcome shortcomings in efficiency of several previously proposed methods such as character benchmarking and linear-cross entropy benchmarking. Finally, we discuss, in full generality, how and when RB decay rates can be used to infer quality measures like the average fidelity. On the technical side, our work substantially extends the recently developed Fourier-theoretic perspective on RB by making use of the perturbation theory of invariant subspaces, as well as ideas from signal processing.
Machine Learning based Anomaly Detection for 5G Networks (2020)

Protecting the networks of tomorrow is set to be a challenging domain due to increasing cyber security threats and widening attack surfaces created by the Internet of Things (IoT), increased network heterogeneity, increased use of virtualisation technologies and distributed architectures. This paper proposes SDS (Software Defined Security) as a means to provide an automated, flexible and scalable network defence system. SDS will harness current advances in machine learning to design a CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) using NAS (Neural Architecture Search) to detect anomalous network traffic. SDS can be applied to an intrusion detection system to create a more proactive and end-to-end defence for a 5G network. To test this assumption, normal and anomalous network flows from a simulated environment have been collected and analyzed with a CNN. The results from this method are promising as the model has identified benign traffic with a 100% accuracy rate and anomalous traffic with a 96.4% detection rate. This demonstrates the effectiveness of network flow analysis for a variety of common malicious attacks and also provides a viable option for detection of encrypted malicious network traffic.
Statistical Time-based Intrusion Detection in Embedded Systems (2020)

This paper presents a statistical method based on cumulative distribution functions (CDF) to analyze an embedded system's behavior to detect anomalous and malicious executions behaviors. The proposed method analyzes the internal timing of the system by monitoring individual operations and sequences of operations, wherein the timing of operations is decomposed into multiple timing subcomponents. Creating the normal model of the system utilizing the internal timing adds resilience to zero-day attacks, and mimicry malware. The combination of CDF-based statistical analysis and timing subcomponents enable both higher detection rates and lower false positives rates. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach and compare to several state-of-theart malware detection methods using two embedded systems benchmarks, namely a network connected pacemaker and an unmanned aerial vehicle, utilizing seven different malware.
Experimental study on the forcing design for an intermittent injection (2018)

In this paper we consider the effects of acceleration and deceleration on the forcing of an intermittent jet. This experimental study specifically focuses on the effect of the acceleration and deceleration on the mixing of an intermittent jet with the ambient fluid and on the growth of disturbances that may lead to turbulence. The influence of different injection strategies has been evaluated. The results show that the deceleration phase may be able to contribute significantly to enhance the mixing of the jet with the ambient fluid. This effect is manifested primarily around the tail of the jet, towards the end of injection. The acceleration phase on the other hand has mainly impact at the leading part of the jet, where the leading part of the jet forms a mushroom shaped structure with minor mixing effect.
Comparison of commercial enzyme immunoassay kits with plaque reduction neutralization test for detection of measles virus antibody (1995)

Four commercially available enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits were evaluated in comparison with the plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) test for detection of measles virus antibody. The EIA kits, Enzygnost (Behring), Diamedix, Vidas (bioMerieux Vitek), and Measlestat (Biowhittaker), were assessed with two PRN cutoff titers: a PRN titer of 8, the lowest detectable antibody level by the PRN test under the test conditions, and a titer of 120, which has been shown to be the minimum protective antibody titer. At a PRN cutoff titer of 8, the sensitivity was 88.2, 91.1, 74.6, and 69.8% for Behring, Diamedix, Vidas, and Biowhittaker EIA tests, respectively, with negative predictive values ranging from 22.7 to 45.5%. The specificity was 93.8% for Diamedix and 100% for the rest. At a PRN cutoff titer of 120, the sensitivity and specificity, respectively, were 100 and 90.7% (Behring), 98.2 and 58.8% (Diamedix), 90.6 and 94.5% (Vidas), and 85.7 and 96.4% (Biowhittaker). At this PRN cutoff titer, the negative predictive values of all EIA tests improved considerably, ranging from 70.7 to 100%. The EIA results showed an excellent association with PRN results when the PRN titers of the test samples were either < 8 or > 1,052. Discrepancies occurred especially when testing samples having PRN titers in the range of 8 to 120, indicating lack of sensitivity of the EIA tests in detecting measles virus antibody at low levels. Maternally derived measles virus antibody at this level has been shown to interfere with measles vaccine response in children and hence has implications from the standpoint of measles immunization. The ready availability, ease of operation, and rapid turnaround time are strong plus points of the EIA kits, and they could be useful in a clinical laboratory setting for routine application, but they may have limited use in vaccine-related studies and seroepidemiological surveys.
Pyroptosis: A new frontier in cancer (2019)

Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of cell death triggered by certain inflammasomes, leading to the cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD) and activation of inactive cytokines like IL-18 and IL-1β. Pyroptosis has been reported to be closely associated to some diseases like atherosclerosis and diabetic nephropathy. Recently, some studies found that pyroptosis can influence the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumor, which regulated by some non-coding RNAs and other molecules. Hence, we provided an overview of morphological and molecular characteristics of pyroptosis. We also focus on mechanism of regulating pyroptosis in tumor cells as well as the potential roles of pyroptosis in cancer to explore potential diagnostic markers in cancers contributing to the prevention and treatment in cancers.
Transjugular approach to balloon mitral valvuloplasty helps overcome impediments caused by anatomical alterations (2002)

Ten patients who had anatomic alterations that cause impediments to successful completion of conventional transfemoral balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV) underwent transjugular BMV. They included six patients in whom conventional BMV could not be completed due to cardiac anatomic distortion; two patients with dextrocardia (one with visceroatrial situs solitus and the other with situs inversus); two patients with venous abnormalities (one with azygous continuation of the inferior vena cava and the other with bilateral iliac/femoral vein occlusion). Transjugular BMV was successful in all 10 patients (mean mitral valve area increasing from 0.68 +/- 0.17 to 1.92 +/- 0.40 cm(2); range, 1.56-2.76 cm(2)); it was quick (mean total fluoroscopy time, 10.5 +/- 2.7 min; range, 7.3-15.2 min); and it was safe (no major or minor complications except one patient who developed severe mitral regurgitation that only required medical therapy). The jugular approach to BMV overcomes many of the technical problems caused by anatomic changes that are encountered in transfemoral BMV and complements the latter approach.
Elastic components for prosthetic skin (2011)

We have developed two fundamental components to manufacture a prosthetic skin: a stretchable pressure sensor formed of piezoelectric elastomer/ferroelectret multilayer sandwiched between stretchable electrodes and stretchable thin-film transistors. The components are prepared and embedded in silicone rubber, a polymer, which mimics the mechanical compliance of human skin. We demonstrate the stretchability of the sensory unit. In both relaxed and stretched states, the soft sensor skin transduces kPa pressures into electrical currents in the μA range.
Simplified algorithms for calculating double-couple rotation (2007)

We derive new, simplified formulae for evaluating the 3-D angle of earthquake double-couple (DC) rotation. The complexity of the derived equations depends on both accuracy requirements for angle evaluation and the completeness of desired solutions. The solutions are simpler than my previously proposed algorithm based on the quaternion representation designed in 1991. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of both approaches. These new expressions can be written in a few lines of computer code and used to compare both DC solutions obtained by different methods and variations of earthquake focal mechanisms in space and time.
A channel-based mobile-assisted fairly-shared packet scheduling scheme for nonreal-time applications in CDMA networks (2004)

In this paper, we propose a fair packet scheduling scheme called CB+MA+FS for nonreal-time applications in a cellular CDMA network. Our research is motivated by the need to provide increased throughput in downlinks of a cellular CDMA system while ensuring fairness to users in terms of delivered throughput over time. The following packet scheduling schemes are investigated in this paper: channel based only (CBO), channel based and proportional fairness (CB+PF), and the proposed channel-based mobile-assisted and fairly-shared (CB+MA+FS). An indicator is used to decide the packets to be scheduled in each slot based on realtime channel conditions, required E/sub b//I/sub 0/, required average rate and achieved average rate. For each user, base station computes this indicator and ranks all users based on this indicator. Then, a certain percentage of users is scheduled based on the current link states and achieved average throughput.
Long-term Morbidity Following Jejunoileal Bypass (1995)

Jejunoileal bypass is associated with progressive accrual of serious, sometimes life-threatening complications. Lifelong follow-up for early diagnosis and surgical reversal before life is threatened should reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this procedure.
SoK: Cryptographically Protected Database Search (2017)

Protected database search systems cryptographically isolate the roles of reading from, writing to, and administering the database. This separation limits unnecessary administrator access and protects data in the case of system breaches. Since protected search was introduced in 2000, the area has grown rapidly, systems are offered by academia, start-ups, and established companies. However, there is no best protected search system or set of techniques. Design of such systems is a balancing act between security, functionality, performance, and usability. This challenge is made more difficult by ongoing database specialization, as some users will want the functionality of SQL, NoSQL, or NewSQL databases. This database evolution will continue, and the protected search community should be able to quickly provide functionality consistent with newly invented databases. At the same time, the community must accurately and clearly characterize the tradeoffs between different approaches. To address these challenges, we provide the following contributions:1) An identification of the important primitive operations across database paradigms. We find there are a small number of base operations that can be used and combined to support a large number of database paradigms.2) An evaluation of the current state of protected search systems in implementing these base operations. This evaluation describes the main approaches and tradeoffs for each base operation. Furthermore, it puts protected search in the context of unprotected search, identifying key gaps in functionality.3) An analysis of attacks against protected search for different base queries.4) A roadmap and tools for transforming a protected search system into a protected database, including an open-source performance evaluation platform and initial user opinions of protected search.
Decoding a Temporal Population Code (2004)

Encoding of sensory events in internal states of the brain requires that this information can be decoded by other neural structures. The encoding of sensory events can involve both the spatial organization of neuronal activity and its temporal dynamics. Here we investigate the issue of decoding in the context of a recently proposed encoding scheme: the temporal population code. In this code, the geometric properties of visual stimuli become encoded into the temporal response characteristics of the summed activities of a population of cortical neurons. For its decoding, we evaluate a model based on the structure and dynamics of cortical microcircuits that is proposed for computations on continuous temporal streams: the liquid state machine. Employing the original proposal of the decoding network results in a moderate performance. Our analysis shows that the temporal mixing of subsequent stimuli results in a joint representation that compromises their classification. To overcome this problem, we investigate a number of initialization strategies. Whereas we observe that a deterministically initialized network results in the best performance, we find that in case the network is never reset, that is, it continuously processes the sequence of stimuli, the classification performance is greatly hampered by the mixing of information from past and present stimuli. We conclude that this problem of the mixing of temporally segregated information is not specific to this particular decoding model but relates to a general problem that any circuit that processes continuous streams of temporal information needs to solve. Furthermore, as both the encoding and decoding components of our network have been independently proposed as models of the cerebral cortex, our results suggest that the brain could solve the problem of temporal mixing by applying reset signals at stimulus onset, leading to a temporal segmentation of a continuous input stream.
Vitamin D Insufficiency and Deficiency in Chronic Kidney Disease (2004)

In the predialysis patients, we found that 37 of the 43 patients (86%) had suboptimal levels of vitamin D (<30 ng/ml). Regression analysis indicated that there was a negative correlation between 25(OH)D and intact parathyroid hormone (PTH). Alkaline phosphatase showed a similar but less sensitive relationship. Serum albumin levels correlated with 25(OH)D levels. In contrast to findings reported in normal individuals, the levels of calcitriol correlated with those of 25(OH)D in the patients with CKD. In the group undergoing maintenance hemodialyis, we found that 97% of the patients had vitamin D levels in the suboptimal range, and there was no correlation of 25(OH)D levels with either PTH or serum albumin values. These data indicate that vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are highly prevalent in patients with CKD and may play a role in the development of hyperparathyroidism. The functional significance of low levels of 25(OH)D in patients with stage 5 CKD remains to be determined.