gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Strategy for Preparing Molecular Imaging and Therapy Agents Using Fluorine-Rich (Fluorous) Soluble Supports (2006)

A convenient new strategy for producing radiolabeled compounds in high effective specific activity was developed using soluble fluorous supports. The reported methodology involves a fluorous linker group that is released from the substrate of interest upon reaction with radioiodine. The desired product can then be selectively separated from unreacted starting material and reaction byproducts using a simple fluorous solid-phase extraction procedure. The utility of this approach was demonstrated by labeling a series of benzoic acid derivatives which are commonly used to prepare molecular imaging agents. All compounds were produced in high radiochemical yields, purities, and effective specific activities. The strategy was further elaborated in that it was used to prepare a small collection of radiolabeled benzamides as a way of demonstrating the potential utility of this method for creating libraries of molecular imaging agents.
Multi-Site Project seismic verification experiment and assessment of site suitability (1993)

The Multi-Site Project (M-Site No. 1) has been proposed as a means of resolving the significant unknowns associated with measuring and modeling the dimensions of hydraulic fractures. The proposed project would be performed using three existing wellbores associated with the former DOE Multiwell Experiment (MWX), as well as new wellbores drilled on the same site. The site initially appeared attractive because of: (1) multiple thick, laterally-continuous sandstone units present in the upper Mesaverde Group; (2) comprehensive, existing data sets which resulted from the MWX project; (3) the availability of the MWX wellbores for continued research; and (4) existing infrastructure which would facilitate the implementation of the project. However, before proceeding with full-scale project development, a series of assessments were necessary to definitively determine the suitability of the site from various perspectives. These perspectives included: (1) evaluation of confining stresses of the sandstone units; (2) assessment of wellbore (cement and casing) integrity; and (3) capability of remotely detecting seismic signals during a mini-frac. The site suitability assessments performed involved the use of existing stress data from the MWX wells and the acquisition of new seismic and fracture treatment data collected during field operations conducted in September and October 1992. These assessmentsmore » concluded that the mechanical wellbore conditions, background seismic noise, seismic signal attenuation, remote seismic signal detection, stress contrast and hydraulic fracture pressure response clearly show that the MWX site is suitable for future fracture diagnostics experimentation to be conducted by GRI and DOE.« less
Hardware-Software Co-Design for an Analog-Digital Accelerator for Machine Learning (2018)

The increasing deployment of machine learning at the core and at the edge for applications such as video and image recognition has resulted in a number of special purpose accelerators in this domain. However, these accelerators do not have full end-to-end software stacks for application development, resulting in hard-to-develop, proprietary, and suboptimal application programming and executables. In this paper, we describe software stack for a memristor-based hybrid (analog-digital)accelerator. The software stack consists of an ONNX converter, an application optimizer, a compiler, a driver, and emulators. The ONNX converter helps leveraging interoperable neural network models developed on frameworks that support ONNX, such as CNTK, Caffe2, Tensorflow, etc. The application optimization layer adapts these interoperable models to the underlying hardware. The compiler generates executable ISA code that the underlying accelerator can run. Finally, the emulator enables software execution without actual hardware which enables hardware design space exploration and testing. By building a software stack, we have made hybrid memristor-based ML accelerators more accessible to software developers, enabled a generation of better-performing executables, and created an environment that can be leveraged by a multitude of existing neural network models developed using other frameworks to target these accelerators.
MAPN: First-in-Class Reagent for Kinetically Resolved Thiol-to-Thiol Conjugation (2015)

Thiols are among the most frequently used functional groups in the field of bioconjugation. While there exists a variety of heterobifunctional reagents that allow for coupling thiols to other functions (e.g., amines, carboxylic acids), there is no specific reagent for creating heteroconjugates using two different thiols. In response to the ever-increasing demand for bioconjugation tools, we have developed p-(maleimide)-phenylpropionitrile (MAPN)-an efficient reagent for kinetically resolved thiol-to-thiol coupling. In a comparative study with its closest commercially available analogue, p-phenylenedimaleimide, MAPN has shown substantial advantages for the preparation of thiol-thiol heteroconjugates. Namely, an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) with mertansine (DM1), conjugated to the cysteine residues of Trastuzumab, was prepared for the first time.
Automated Packing S ystems--A Systems Engineering Approach (1996)

Abstract-The ability to manipulate previously unseen objects under visual control is one of the key tasks in the successful implementation of robotic, automated assembly and adaptive material handling systems. The automation of such complex industrial environments will require the development of machine vision systems that are highly adaptable and capable of dealing with a wide range of variable products. An important group of applications of this type is found in the automated packing and nesting of arbitrary shapes. The aim of this work has been to produce an efficient packing strategy that is flexible enough for a wide variety of industrial uses and which can be implemented using fast moderately priced hardware. A systems approach, as distinct from a purely algorithmic one, has been deliberately adopted since the work is concerned with industrial vision applications in which significant problem constraints exist. This paper also outlines the background to this research, and reviews a selection of industrial packing applications. The packing procedure that has been devised, consists of two major components. The first is a geometric packing technique that is based on morphological image processing operations. This is used in conjunction with a Prolog based heuristic packing procedure. Some of the factors considered at the heuristic level include shape ordering and shape orientation, both of which must be carried out prior to the implementation of the geometric packer. The heuristic procedures deal with problem constraints that are specific to a given application. I.
Field injection electrostatic spraying of liquid hydrogen (1988)

Uniform charged liquid-hydrogen drops are produced using the method of field injection electrostatic spraying. This method consists of forming a meniscus of liquid hydrogen at the end of a glass nozzle and injecting charge into the liquid using a sharp electrode raised to a high voltage. A small pressure drop across the nozzle results in a constant volume flow rate of liquid through the nozzle allowing a drop to form and drip off. As the amount of charge injection increases with the raised needle electrode voltage, the drop size decreases due to the increased electrostatic forces compensating for the surface tension forces. As a result, the drops drip off at an increased frequency. Eventually a charged jet forms which in turn breaks up into small uniform charged drops. A detailed description of the experimental apparatus is presented. Experimental results are presented and discussed.
An information-theoretic approach to automatic query expansion (2001)

Techniques for automatic query expansion from top retrieved documents have shown promise for improving retrieval effectiveness on large collections; however, they often rely on an empirical ground, and there is a shortage of cross-system comparisons. Using ideas from Information Theory, we present a computationally simple and theoretically justified method for assigning scores to candidate expansion terms. Such scores are used to select and weight expansion terms within Rocchio's framework for query reweigthing. We compare ranking with information-theoretic query expansion versus ranking with other query expansion techniques, showing that the former achieves better retrieval effectiveness on several performance measures. We also discuss the effect on retrieval effectiveness of the main parameters involved in automatic query expansion, such as data sparseness, query difficulty, number of selected documents, and number of selected terms, pointing out interesting relationships.
Overview of Data Routing Approaches for Wireless Sensor Networks (2012)

Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in deploying large populations of microsensors that collaborate in a distributed manner to gather and process sensory data and deliver them to a sink node through wireless communications systems. Currently, there is a lot of interest in data routing for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) due to their unique challenges compared to conventional routing in wired networks. In WSNs, each data routing approach follows a specific goal (goals) according to the application. Although the general goal of every data routing approach in WSNs is to extend the network lifetime and every approach should be aware of the energy level of the nodes, data routing approaches may focus on one (or some) specific goal(s) depending on the application. Thus, existing approaches can be categorized according to their routing goals. In this paper, the main goals of data routing approaches in sensor networks are described. Then, the best known and most recent data routing approaches in WSNs are classified and studied according to their specific goals.
Interfacing microwave qubits and optical photons via spin ensembles (2015)

A protocol is discussed which allows one to realize a transducer for single photons between the optical and the microwave frequency range. The transducer is a spin ensemble, where the individual emitters possess both an optical and a magnetic-dipole transition. Reversible frequency conversion is realized by combining optical photon storage, by means of electromagnetically induced transparency, with the controlled switching of the coupling between the magnetic-dipole transition and a superconducting qubit, which is realized by means of a microwave cavity. The efficiency is quantified by the global fidelity for coherently transferring a qubit excitation between a single optical photon and the superconducting qubit. We test various strategies and show that the total efficiency is essentially limited by the optical quantum memory: It can exceed 80% for ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy centers and approaches 99% for cold atomic ensemble, assuming state-of-the-art experimental parameters. This protocol allows one to bridge the gap between the optical and the microwave regime in order to efficiently combine superconducting and optical components in quantum networks.
Synthesis of novel tritium labeled oxamyristic acids (1991)

Abstract Syntheses of [ 3 H]‐labeled 13‐oxa ( 5 ) and 6‐oxa ( 9 ) myristic acids with specific activity of 137 Ci/mmol and 105 Ci/mmol respectively, starting from the corresponding acetylenic precursors, 12‐methoxy‐10‐dodecynoic acid ( 4 ) and 5‐(3‐octynyloxy)pentanoic acid ( 8 ) are described. The precursor 4 is readily obtained in high yield by alkylation of the lithium salt of methyl propargyl ether with 9‐iodononanoic acid, whereas 8 is obtained by alkylation of 3‐octyn‐1‐ol with t ‐butyl‐5‐bromovalerate under phase transfer conditions, followed by acid catalysed removal of the t ‐butyl group.
Radar detection and preclassification based on multiple hypothesis testing (2004)

This work presents a single-scan-processing approach to the problem of detecting and preclassifying a radar target that may belong to different target classes. The proposed method is based on a hybrid of the maximum a posteriori (MAP) and Neyman-Pearson (NP) criteria and guarantees the desired constant false alarm rate (CFAR) behavior. The targets are modeled as subspace random signals having zero mean and given covariance matrix. Different target classes are discriminated based on their different signal subspaces, which are specified by their corresponding projection matrices. Performance is investigated by means of numerical analysis and Monte Carlo simulation in terms of probability of false alarm, detection and classification; the extra signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) necessary to classify once target detection has occurred is also derived.
DUBs and cancer: The role of deubiquitinating enzymes as oncogenes, non-oncogenes and tumor suppressors (2009)

It is increasingly apparent that ubiquitin (Ub) mediated events are critical in cell proliferation. With much attention placed on the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway as a target for pharmacologic intervention, we must consider the role of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) as regulators of these processes. There is a growing recognition of DUBs that are mutated in human cancers suggesting their roles as oncogenes and tumor suppressors. There is also an expanding list of enzymes that play essential roles in pathways that contribute to, or support cellular adaptations required for, malignant transformation (non-oncogenes). (Luo J, Cell 2009) Here we review the association of DUBs with cancer beginning with those with known mutations in human disease and concluding with those with a clear role in regulating cancer-relevant pathways. The molecular mechanisms underlying the association with cancer are described along with data regarding altered expression in human diseases. Although few specific, cell permeable, inhibitors exist, DUBs as a class are eminently drugable targets making it important to better understand the sites at which such modulation may have useful effects therapeutically. Given the numbers of ubiquitin-dependent pathways where we do not yet understand the role of deubiquitination, it is certain that the list of cancer-related DUBs will grow in coming years.
The prediction analysis of cellular radio access network traffic: From entropy theory to networking practice (2014)

Although the research on traffic prediction is an established field, most existing works have been carried out on traditional wired broadband networks and rarely shed light on cellular radio access networks (CRANs). However, with the explosively growing demand for radio access, there is an urgent need to design a traffic-aware energy-efficient network architecture. In order to realize such a design, it becomes increasingly important to model the traffic predictability theoretically and discuss the traffic-aware networking practice technically. In light of that perspective, we first exploit entropy theory to analyze the traffic predictability in CRANs and demonstrate the practical prediction performance with the state-of-the-art methods. We then propose a blueprint for a traffic-based software-defined cellular radio access network (SDCRAN) architecture and address the potential applications of predicted traffic knowledge into this envisioned architecture.
Software Troubleshooting Using Machine Learning (2017)

Configuration errors account for 60% of today's system failures. These misconfigurations cause the system to crash, hang or silently fail, forcing users to reach out to developers for technical support. Previous approaches have relied upon detailed knowledge of application architecture or semantics of system performance measures. This paper aims at detecting potential application failures due to configuration errors using a pure machine learning approach. Our experiments using Hadoop MapReduce applications demonstrate an accuracy of 95% in detecting the presence of a misconfiguration. Further, our mechanism also detects both - the type of misconfiguration and the exact misconfiguration, in a Hadoop cluster with an accuracy of 85% and 60% respectively.
Automating Isolation and Least Privilege in Web Services (2014)

In many client-facing applications, a vulnerability in any part can compromise the entire application. This paper describes the design and implementation of Passe, a system that protects a data store from unintended data leaks and unauthorized writes even in the face of application compromise. Passe automatically splits (previously shared-memory-space) applications into sandboxed processes. Passe limits communication between those components and the types of accesses each component can make to shared storage, such as a backend database. In order to limit components to their least privilege, Passe uses dynamic analysis on developer-supplied end-to-end test cases to learn data and control-flow relationships between database queries and previous query results, and it then strongly enforces those relationships. Our prototype of Passe acts as a drop-in replacement for the Django web framework. By running eleven unmodified, off-the-shelf applications in Passe, we demonstrate its ability to provide strong security guarantees-Passe correctly enforced 96% of the applications' policies-with little additional overhead. Additionally, in the web-specific setting of the prototype, we also mitigate the cross-component effects of cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks by combining browser HTML5 sandboxing techniques with our automatic component separation.
Research issues in image registration for remote sensing (2007)

Image registration is an important element in data processing for remote sensing with many applications and a wide range of solutions. Despite considerable investigation the field has not settled on a definitive solution for most applications and a number of questions remain open. This article looks at selected research issues by surveying the experience of operational satellite teams, application-specific requirements for Earth science, and our experiments in the evaluation of image registration algorithms with emphasis on the comparison of algorithms for subpixel accuracy. We conclude that remote sensing applications put particular demands on image registration algorithms to take into account domain-specific knowledge of geometric transformations and image content.
Herbicide Use on Roundup Ready Crops (2000)

In his News Focus article “GM crops in the cross hairs” (26 Nov., p. 1662), Dan Ferber refers to the assessment by Charles Benbrook of the effect that the introduction of Roundup Ready crops has had on herbicide use, concluding that the benefits are not clear-cut. We disagree with this conclusion. Changes in herbicide use are largely meaningless unless relative environmental and health risks are taken into consideration, and Benbrook notes the more benign nature of Roundup compared with other herbicides. According to Ferber's article, Benbrook found that farmers apply two to five times more herbicide to Roundup Ready acreage than to conventional soybeans. However, an examination of herbicide use data does not seem to support this finding.
The <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> tyrosine phosphatase SptP is translocated into host cells and disrupts the actin cytoskeleton (1998)

The Salmonella typhimurium protein tyrosine phosphatase SptP is a target of the centisome 63 type III protein secrtion system. This system is essential for the interaction of these bacteria with host cells. We have shown here by a combination of biochemical and microscopy techniques that S. typhimurium directs the translocation of SptP into cultured epithelial cells. Translocation requires the function of the secreted proteins, SipB, SipC and SipD, as strains carrying mutations in any of the genes encoding these proteins fail to translocate SptP. Microinjection of purified GST-SptP into cultured cells results in the disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and the disappearance of stress fibres. These changes are reversible, as microinjected cells regain the normal appearance of their actin cytoskeleton upon prolonged incubation. Microinjection of the catalytically active GST-SptP(C481S) protein results in changes similar to those induced by the wild-type toxin. Furthermore, microinjection of a fusion protein between GST and the first 285 amino acids of SptP also leads to identical disruption of the host cell actin cytoskeleton, indicating that the amino-terminal half of SptP is sufficient to mediate this effect. However, microinjection of a fusion protein between GST and the last 259 amino acids of SptP also disrupted the normal appearance of the cytoskeleton. These results support the hypothesis that SptP is an effector protein arranged in modular domains that may co-operate with each other to exert relate functions.
A new perspective on terahertz image reconstruction based on linear spectral unmixing (2008)

Because of their unique capabilities, terahertz waves have demonstrated great potential in the concealed objects detection. However, the limitations in terahertz wave generation/detection devices and the disturbance from the pervasive water molecule absorption have hindered its wide deployment. Terahertz image reconstruction refers to the technique that extracts useful information from raw data to produce a meaningful image. In this paper, we present a new perspective of this technique. By defining the term differential spectrum as the difference between the transmitted spectrum and the received spectrum of the terahertz wave, we model the overall absorption effect as a linear combination of the differential spectrum of individual substance. Hence, a linear unmixing algorithm can be used to separate the overlapped substances represented by their weights, producing several image planes associated with each of the substances in the image scene. Experimental results have shown that the proposed algorithm can generate cleaner and sharper images compared to existing approaches. In addition, the object recognition process is inherent in the unmixing procedure thus making object detection and recognition easier.
BRAKE-BY-WIRE : SOLUTIONS, ADVANTAGES AND THE NEED FOR STANDARDIZATION (1994)

This paper discusses the need, status and activities in the standardization of brake-by-wire systems. It first discusses the reasons for brake-by-wire systems and then presents a classification for brake-by- wire systems. This is followed by a discussion of the need for standardization, the current status, and a proposal for further standardization activities.
MUC1 Initiates a Calcium Signal after Ligation by Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (2004)

The MUC1 mucin is normally restricted to the apical surface of breast epithelial cells. In tumors, it is frequently overexpressed and underglycosylated. The MUC1 peptide core mediates firm adhesion of tumor cells to adjacent cells via binding to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). There is increasing evidence that MUC1 is involved in signaling, with current reports focusing on phosphorylation of the MUC1 cytoplasmic tail after indirect or artificial modes of stimulation. ICAM-1 is the only known direct ligand of the MUC1 extracellular domain. The data presented herein show that MUC1 expressed on the surface of breast cancer cell lines or transfected 293T cells can initiate a calcium-based oscillatory signal on contact with ICAM-1-transfected NIH 3T3 cells, and we present a novel method of quantifying and comparing calcium oscillations. The MUC1-induced signal appears to be distinct from those previously described, and may involve a Src family kinase, phosphoinositol 3-kinase, phospholipase C, and lipid rafts, but not mitogen-activated protein kinase. As calcium signaling has been associated with cytoskeletal change and motility, it is possible that the functions of MUC1 include heterotypic cell-cell adhesion followed by a calcium-based promigratory signal within tumor cells, thus facilitating metastasis.