gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Linear prediction of temporal envelopes for speech and audio applications (2007)

Contemporary analysis techniques for acoustic modeling in automatic speech recognition and music signal processing are spectrum-based. In speech, spectral structures such as formants convey important linguistic information and in music, melody is carried by the pitch of musical instruments which also manifests itself in the spectrum. Nevertheless this is only a partial representation of audio signals. 
Fine temporal structure in sub-10 ms transient segments contains important cues for the perception of timbre of natural sounds and the understanding of stop bursts in speech. At the other extreme, the gross temporal distribution of acoustic energy in windows of up to 1 sec has proven to be a successful domain for the recognition of complete speech phonemes and the description of their dynamics. This evidence suggests a paradigm shift from pure spectral models to ones that afford the flexibility to represent explicitly the above mentioned temporal cues. 
This dissertation is concerned with using Linear Prediction (LP) to form parametric models of temporal rather than spectral envelopes. The duality between the time and frequency domains means that LP modeling can be applied equally well to sequences which are discrete spectra instead of time-domain sequences. In this case the magnitude evaluated on the unit circle in the z-plane describes the time-domain envelope—specifically the squared Hilbert envelope. Just as conventional LP models are used most effectively on signals with sharp spectral peaks that can be well modeled with individual complex pole pairs, so LP models of the temporal envelope are most appropriate for 'peaky' temporal envelopes, and individual poles in the resulting polynomial may be directly associated with specific energy maxima in the time waveform. 
In the same way that a parametric description of the spectral envelope leads to numerous applications, this thesis presents an array of applications where a temporal envelope model can be useful. For signals that are expected to consist of a number of distinct transients, (be they the isolated vocal pitch pulses of low-pitch male speech, or the irregularly-spaced crackling of burning log) fitting an LP model can constrain the modeled envelope to be a sequence of maxima, and the LP fitting procedure can remove finer-scale detail. This suppression of detail is particularly useful in classification applications such automatic speech recognition where the goal is to extract the general form of the signal regardless of minor variations. Because the envelopes modeled by linear prediction can include sharp, narrow maxima even for low-order models, this approach is shown to be preferable to the implicit low-pass filtering of a low-order Fourier approximation.
First Practical Colorimetric Assay of Lithium in Serum (1992)

We report a colorimetric method for determining lithium in blood serum without sample pretreatment or solvent-extraction steps. The method is based on a novel chromogenic ionophore that exhibits exceptionally high selectivity (much greater than 4000:1) for lithium over sodium. The standard curve for the method is linear up to 3.5 mmol/L and exceeds the therapeutic range for lithium. The results for 57 patients' samples correlated well with results obtained with an Instrumentation Laboratory flame photometer (r = 0.97).
Isolation and functional characterization of fatty acid Δ5‐elongase gene from the liverwort <i>Marchantia polymorpha</i> L (2005)

Bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha L. produces C22 very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLCPUFA). Thus far, no enzyme that mediates elongation of C20 VLCPUFAs has been identified in land plants. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of the gene MpELO2, which encodes an ELO-like fatty acid elongase in M. polymorpha. Heterologous expression in yeast demonstrated that MpELO2 encodes delta5-elongase, which mediates elongation of arachidonic (20:4) and eicosapentaenoic acids (20:5). Phylogenetic and gene structural analysis indicated that the MpELO2 gene is closely related to bryophyte Delta6-elongase genes for C18 fatty acid elongation and diverged from them by local gene duplication.
<i>In vitro</i> cartilage formation using TGF‐β‐immobilized magnetic beads and mesenchymal stem cell‐magnetic bead complexes under magnetic field conditions (2009)

We evaluated the efficacy of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-immobilized magnetic beads for chondrogenesis in vitro using a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) delivery system and an external magnetic force (EMF). MSCs isolated from the bone marrow of Sprague Dawley rats were mixed with carboxyl group-combined magnetic beads (Ferri Sphere 100C) coated with anti-rat CD44 mouse monoclonal antibodies. TGF-beta3 (10 and 1 ng/mL) was attached magnetically to such other Ferri Sphere 100C beads via an amide bond formed between a primary amino group on the TGF-beta3 and the carboxyl groups on the surface of the beads. MSC-magnetic bead complexes were centrifuged to form a pellet and cultured in chondrogenic differentiation medium (CDM) supplemented with either 10 or 1 ng/mL TGF-beta-immobilized magnetic beads (10 or 1 ng/mL TGF-beta-immobilized magnetic bead groups) or in CDM supplemented with 1 or 10 ng/mL TGF-beta (1 or 10 ng/mL TGF-beta group). TGF-beta-immobilized magnetic beads were gathered effectively under an EMF. Chondrogenesis was achieved from the MSC-magnetic bead complexes in the presence of 1 ng/mL TGF-beta-immobilized magnetic beads.
Solar Photocatalytic Removal of Selenite, Selenate, and Selenocyanate Species (2017)

Selenium release into aqueous environment because of increased anthropogenic activities and its adverse effects onto human and animal health have initiated stringent selenium drinking water and wastewater discharge regulations. Though typically selenite (SeO 3 2− ) and selenate (SeO 4 2− ) account for most selenium species in selenium contaminated water bodies however selenocyanate (SeCN − ) is another dominant selenium form in specific industrial effluents including those from petroleum refineries, mining, and power plants using fossil fuels. The present study investigated the potential of solar photocatalytic degradation (SPCD) process employing titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) as photocatalyst and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a hole scavenging agent, for the removal of selenite, selenate, and selenocyanate species from aqueous phase. The experimental results indicated pH 4 to be the optimum for highest selenium removal. Furthermore, solar energized photocatalytic removal of selenite, selenate, and selenocyanate increased with an increase in both initial selenium and initial EDTA concentrations. Though selenite and selenate can be reduced directly to elemental selenium, selenocyanate is removed via a two steps process, i.e ., SeCN‐complex destruction followed by stepwise oxidation to selenite/selenate and then reduction to elemental selenium. Furthermore modeling results for selenocyanate removal using the response surface methodology and Box‐Behnken design method are also presented. In general, solar photocatalysis is a promising technology that can successfully remove the aforementioned selenium species from aqueous phase with a careful adjustment of process variables.
Traffic-Light-Preemption Vehicle-Transponder Software Module (2005)

A prototype wireless data-communication and control system automatically modifies the switching of traffic lights to give priority to emergency vehicles. The system, which was reported in several NASA Tech Briefs articles at earlier stages of development, includes a transponder on each emergency vehicle, a monitoring and control unit (an intersection controller) at each intersection equipped with traffic lights, and a central monitoring subsystem. An essential component of the system is a software module executed by a microcontroller in each transponder. This module integrates and broadcasts data on the position, velocity, acceleration, and emergency status of the vehicle. The position, velocity, and acceleration data are derived partly from the Global Positioning System, partly from deductive reckoning, and partly from a diagnostic computer aboard the vehicle. The software module also monitors similar broadcasts from other vehicles and from intersection controllers, informs the driver of which intersections it controls, and generates visible and audible alerts to inform the driver of any other emergency vehicles that are close enough to create a potential hazard. The execution of the software module can be monitored remotely and the module can be upgraded remotely and, hence, automatically
Epstein-Barr virus (B95-8) DNA VII: molecular cloning and detailed mapping. (1980)

Two of the Sal I fragments and all of the internal BamHI fragments (with the exception of BamHI c, a 0.6 x 10(6) dalton fragment) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA have been cloned in pBR322. The termini and other parts of the DNA (including the EcoRI fragment which contains BamHI c) have been cloned as EcoRI fragments in bacteriophage Charon 4A. The cloned DNAs have been used to derive a complete map of the BamHI fragments of EBV DNA and to align the BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, and SalI cleavage sites in EBV DNA.
ADL-MVDR: All deep learning MVDR beamformer for target speech separation (2020)

Speech separation algorithms are often used to separate the target speech from other interfering sources. However, purely neural network based speech separation systems often cause nonlinear distortion that is harmful for automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. The conventional mask-based minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformer can be used to minimize the distortion, but comes with high level of residual noise. Furthermore, the matrix operations (e.g., matrix inversion) involved in the conventional MVDR solution are sometimes numerically unstable when jointly trained with neural networks. In this paper, we propose a novel all deep learning MVDR framework, where the matrix inversion and eigenvalue decomposition are replaced by two recurrent neural networks (RNNs), to resolve both issues at the same time. The proposed method can greatly reduce the residual noise while keeping the target speech undistorted by leveraging on the RNN-predicted frame-wise beamforming weights. The system is evaluated on a Mandarin audio-visual corpus and compared against several state-of-the-art (SOTA) speech separation systems. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method across several objective metrics and ASR accuracy.
Speech enhancement using an equivalent source inverse filtering-based microphone array (2010)

This paper presents a microphone array technique aimed at enhancing speech quality in a reverberant environment. This technique is based on the central idea of single-input-multiple-output equivalent source inverse filtering (SIMO-ESIF). The inverse filters required by the time-domain processing in the technique serve two purposes: de-reverberation and noise reduction. The proposed approach could be useful in telecommunication applications such as automotive hands-free systems, where noise-corrupted speech signal generally needs to be enhanced. SIMO-ESIF can be further enhanced against uncertainties and perturbations by including an adaptive generalized side-lobe canceller. The system is implemented and validated experimentally in a car. As indicated by numerous performance measures, the proposed system proved effective in reducing noise in human speech without significantly compromising the speech quality. In addition, listening tests were conducted to assess the subjective performance of the proposed system, with results processed by using the analysis of variance and a post hoc Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) test to assess the pairwise difference between the noise reduction (NR) algorithms.
Semiochemical (Patent US 2005/0147635 A1) (2005)

cis-Jasmone has been discovered to be useful as a semiochemical that changes the behaviour of insects and/or the physiology of plants. It has direct signalling roles with plant-feeding aphids, in attraction of aphid predators and parasitoids, and may act as an airborne signal inducing production of volatile plant semiochemicals, including the monoterpene (E)-beta-ocimene, that stimulate foraging by parasitoids. It is an extremely benign compound having, to human beings, a pleasant aroma and gives a long-lasting effect after removal of the stimulus.
Image denoising using the squared eigenfunctions of the Schrodinger operator (2015)

This study introduces a new image denoising method based on the spectral analysis of the semi-classical Schrodinger operator. The noisy image is considered as a potential of the Schrodinger operator, and the denoised image is reconstructed using the discrete spectrum of this operator. First results illustrating the performance of the proposed approach are presented and compared to the singular value decomposition method.
Abstract C77: A novel BRCA2 targeting antisense oligonucleotide sensitizes human tumor cells to chemotherapy and radiotherapy - the induction of ‘complementary lethality’ by targeting DNA repair. (2013)

Abstract BRCA2 is a protein involved in homologous recombination repair of double-stranded DNA breaks in human cells. Inactivating mutations in BRCA2 predispose to early onset cancer of the breast, ovary and other tissues. However, patients with tumors that harbour BRCA2 mutations respond more favourably to cancer therapy. Therefore, inhibiting BRCA2 function in cancer cells capable of homologous recombination repair may sensitize otherwise resistant tumors to distinct types of anti-cancer treatment. We have reported that BRCA2 siRNA sensitizes human tumor cells to specific DNA-damaging agents (e.g., cisplatin), but not anti-folate drugs (e.g., pemetrexed), a phenomenon we termed ‘complementary lethality’. Based on these results, we developed and are testing a second generation antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (BR-1) that specifically targets BRCA2. BR-1 decreased BRCA2 mRNA and protein levels, and also inhibited BRCA2-mediated RAD51 repair focus formation. BR-1 potently sensitized human non-small cell lung cancer (A549) cells to cisplatin, melphalan, and carboplatin as evidenced by reduced overall proliferation. In addition, A549 cells exhibited reduced ability to form colonies after concomitant treatment with BR-1 and cisplatin, melphalan, or ionizing radiation. Furthermore, cisplatin-resistant, patient-derived head and neck squamous cancer cells (HN-5a) were rendered sensitive to cisplatin following BR-1 treatment, and the level of cisplatin sensitivity was comparable to that of the parent population. Interestingly, treatment with BR-1 and cisplatin significantly decreased cellular respiration compared to control oligonucleotide and cisplatin treatment, suggesting that downregulation of BRCA2 in the context of alkylating drug treatment alters cellular metabolism. However, this change in respiration occurred independently of mitochondrial integrity. BR-1 is currently being tested in vivo to determine its ability to downregulate BRCA2 in human xenografts and sensitize solid tumors to chemotherapy. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):C77. Citation Format: Mateusz Rytelewski, Jessica Tong, Adrian Buensucesco, Saman Maleki Vareki, Peter J. Ferguson, Rene Figueredo, Mark Vincent, Trevor Shepherd, Bonnie J. Deroo, James D. Koropatnick. A novel BRCA2 targeting antisense oligonucleotide sensitizes human tumor cells to chemotherapy and radiotherapy - the induction of ‘complementary lethality’ by targeting DNA repair. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C77.
Common mode EMI noise suppression in bridgeless boost PFC converter (2007)

Bridgeless boost PFC converter has high efficiency by eliminating the input diode bridge. However, Common Mode (CM) conducted EMI becomes a great issue. The goal of this paper is to study the possibility to minimize the CM noise in this converter. First the noise model is studied. Then a balance concept is introduced and applied to cancel the CM noise. Two approaches to minimize CM noise are introduced and compared. Experiments verify the effectiveness of both approaches.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 2-Acyl Analogues of Paclitaxel (Taxol) (1998)

The anticancer drug paclitaxel (Taxol) has been converted to a large number of 2-debenzoyl-2-aroyl derivatives by three different methods. The bioactivities of the resulting analogues were determined in both tubulin polymerization and cytotoxicity assays, and several analogues with enhanced activity as compared with paclitaxel were discovered. Correlation of cytotoxicity in three cell lines with tubulin polymerization activity showed reasonable agreement. Among the cell lines examined, the closest correlation with antitubulin activity was observed with a human ovarian carcinoma cell line.
Slowing down DNA translocation through solid-state nanopores by edge-field leakage (2021)

Solid-state nanopores allow high-throughput single-molecule detection but identifying and even registering all translocating small molecules remain key challenges due to their high translocation speeds. We show here the same electric field that drives the molecules into the pore can be redirected to selectively pin and delay their transport. A thin high-permittivity dielectric coating on bullet-shaped polymer nanopores permits electric field leakage at the pore tip to produce a voltage-dependent surface field on the entry side that can reversibly edge-pin molecules. This mechanism renders molecular entry an activated process with sensitive exponential dependence on the bias voltage and molecular rigidity. This sensitivity allows us to selectively prolong the translocation time of short single-stranded DNA molecules by up to 5 orders of magnitude, to as long as minutes, allowing discrimination against their double-stranded duplexes with 97% confidence.
Possible origin of sequence divergence in the P1 cytadhesin gene of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (1993)

Specific regions of the P1 adhesin structural gene of Mycoplasma pneumoniae hybridize to various parts of the mycoplasma genome, indicating their multiple-copy nature. In addition, restriction fragment length polymorphisms and sequence divergence have been observed in the P1 gene, permitting the classification of clinical isolates of M. pneumoniae into two groups, I and II. These data suggest that the observed P1 gene diversity may be explained by homologous recombination between similar but not identical multicopy P1-related sequences and the P1 structural gene. We used oligonucleotide probes specific to the diverged regions of the group I and group II P1 structural genes to clone and sequence multicopy P1-related DNA segments. We detected sequences in group I M. pneumoniae isolates that were homologous not only to the group I P1 structural gene but also to the diverged regions of the group II P1 structural gene. Likewise, sequences in group II clinical isolates that were homologous both to the group II P1 structural gene and the diverged regions of the group I P1 structural gene were detected.
Rescoring multiple pronunciations generated from spelled words (1998)

Building on earlier work [2], we show how a set of binary decision trees grown by means of the Gelfand-Ravishankar-Delp algorithm [8] can be trained to generate an ordered list of possible pronunciations from a spelled word. Training is carried out on a database consisting of spelled words paired with their pronunciations (in a particular language). We show how phonotactic information can be learned by a second set of decision trees, which reorder the multiple pronunciations generated by the first set. The paper defines the “inclusion” metric for scoring phoneticizers that generate multiple pronunciations. Experimental results employing this metric indicate that phonotactic reordering yields a slight improvement when only the top pronunciation is retained, and a large improvement when more than one hypothesis is retained. Isolated-word recognition results which show good performance for automatically-generated pronunciations are given.
Aerosol jet etching of fine patterns (1987)

Successful demonstration of a new etching technique, aerosol jet etching (AJE), is reported. AJE has been used to pattern fine lines with good anisotropy in silicon dioxide surfaces on silicon substrates using a hydrofluoric acid ultrafine aerosol jet.
Correlative Microscopy in 3D: Helium Ion Microscopy-Based Photogrammetric Topography Reconstruction Combined with in situ Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (2018)

The chemical or elemental analysis of samples with complex surface topography is challenging for secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), if the three-dimensional structure of the sample is not taken into account. Conventional 3D reconstruction of SIMS data assumes a flat surface and uniform sputtering conditions, which is not the case for many analytical applications involving micro- and nanosized particles, composites, or patterned materials. Reliable analysis of such samples requires knowledge of the actual 3D surface structure to correctly reconstruct the SIMS 3D maps. To this end, we introduce the use of photogrammetric 3D topography reconstruction from scanning helium ion microscopy (HIM) correlated with in situ SIMS data for the reconstruction of 3D SIMS data. The HIM and SIMS data are acquired under in situ conditions in a Zeiss ORION NanoFab HIM using a novel SIMS analyzer. We successfully tested the applicability of the approach to generate 3D models of different samples and show that the combination of SIMS and 3D topography is able to provide insights into the influence of the sample topography in a single instrument and with a single ion column and hence without the need for ex-situ sample analysis or additional instrumentation. These findings offer a path toward ion-based correlative 3D spectromicroscopy (3D-HIM-SIMS) and suggest that many combinations of charged particle based P3D (SEM, HIM) and analytical microscopy techniques, such as SIMS, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), or ionoluminescence/cathodoluminescence (IL/CL), can be used for correlative microscopy in 3D.
Syntheses of Functionalized 1,4-Disubstituted γ-Carbolines (2003)

We report the complete synthesis of a variety of 1,4-disubstituted gamma-carbolines. These compounds are of particular interest for their involvement in many biological processes and are believed to possess various medicinal activities. A large number of N-tosylaldimines were condensed with indoles affording an array of 3-aminomethyl indoles. Subsequent additions, followed by intramolecular cyclization, afforded an array of 1,2-dihydro-3H-gamma-carbolones in good yield. Upon subsequent aromatization, the corresponding fully aromatic functionalized 1-aryl-4-hydroxy-gamma-carbolines resulted.