gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Magnetic and recording characteristics of perpendicular magnetic media with different anisotropy orientation dispersions (2005)

A systematic investigation of the magnetic and recording characteristics of CoPtCrO media with different Co grain magnetic anisotropy orientation dispersion (AOD) is performed. AOD is characterized by Δθ50 of the x-ray diffraction Co peak. AOD was systematically varied between 3.3° and 10.5° by varying the growth condition of Ru layer. With increasing AOD, more grain-boundary segregation occurs, resulting in reduced exchange coupling. Micromagnetic simulation and experimentally measured time dependence of coercivity indicate that magnetic switching of well-isolated Co particles is affected by exchange coupling strength as well as Co AOD. Higher coercivity, narrower switching field distribution, and good thermal stability are achieved with lower Co AOD. Reduced Co AOD leads to a substantial decrease of both transition jitter and dc noise.
Retinal layers located with a precision of 5 μm by partial coherence interferometry (1995)

During the last years a new optical technique for measuring intraocular distances, partial coherence interferometry, was developed. It is based on the special coherence properties of multimode semiconductor laser diodes or super luminescent diodes. A special dual beam version of this method eliminates any influence of longitudinal eye motions on the results. It was shown that the axial length of the eye (the distance cornea - retina) can be measured with a precision of 20 micrometers in human eyes in vivo. This technique has further been improved: In case of well defined, sharp boundaries between two layers of different refractive indices (e.g. the internal limiting membrane), it is now possible to determine the absolute position (with the cornea as the reference surface) of individual retinal layers with a precision (standard deviation) of a 5 micrometers in human eyes in vivo. The thickness of fundus layers can be measured with the same precision, provided the reflectivity of the corresponding interfaces is high enough to separate the signals from noise. By performing these measurements to different points of the retina, the contours of retinal layers can be determined and thickness profiles of individual layers can be obtained with a precision down to 5 micrometers .
Application of a Maneuvering Propulsor Technology to Undersea Vehicles (2013)

Previous computational and experimental studies that have demonstrated a method to generate vehicle maneuvering forces from a propulsor alone have been applied to a generic undersea vehicle. An open, preswirl propulsor was configured with an upstream stator row and downstream rotor. During normal operation, the upstream stator blades are all situated at the same pitch angle and preswirl the flow into the propulsor while generating a roll moment to counter the torque produced by the rotor. By varying the pitch angles of the stator blade about the circumference, it is possible to generate a mean stator side force that can be used to maneuver the vehicle. The stator wake axial velocity and swirl that is ingested into the rotor produces a counter-force by the rotor. Optimal design of the rotor minimizes the unsteady force and redirects the rotor force vector in an orthogonal direction to minimize the counter force. The viscous, 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) commercial code FLUENT® was used to predict the stator forces, velocity fields, and rotor response. Radiated noise was computed for the rotor separately and the entire geometry utilizing the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings module available in FLUENT. Two separate geometries were studied—the first with a maximum stator blade row diameter contained within the body diameter and a second that was allowed to exceed the body diameter. Side force coefficients were computed for the two maneuvering propulsor configurations and compared with currently used control surface forces. Computations predicted that the maneuvering propulsor generated side forces equivalent to those produced by conventional control surfaces with side force coefficients on the order of 0.3. This translates to 50% larger forces than can be generated by conventional control surfaces on 21 in. unmanned undersea vehicles. Radiated noise calculations in air demonstrated that the total sound pressure levels produced by the maneuvering propulsor were on the order of 5 dB lower than the control fin test cases.
Gold nanoparticles for naked-eye DNA detection: smart designs for sensitive assays (2013)

Methods allowing colorimetric (instrument-free) detection of biomarkers at clinically relevant concentrations are highly desirable for point-of-care diagnostics. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can fulfill such a scope in several ways. This review describes different schemes for AuNPs-based colorimetric detection of nucleic acid biomarkers, with a particular focus on factors, sometimes overlooked, which can help in the design of sensitive assays. These include AuNPs multivalency, ligand density on the surface of functionalized particles, and proper combination of AuNPs and enzymes, these latter being used for both signal amplification and PCR-free target amplification.
Multiple transmit antenna differential detection from generalized orthogonal designs (2001)

We explicitly construct multiple transmit antenna differential encoding/decoding schemes based on generalized orthogonal designs. These constructions generalize the two transmit antenna differential detection scheme that we proposed before (Tarokh and Jafarkhani 2000).
Inexpensive position sensitive detector block for dedicated PET cameras using 40-mm diameter PMT in quadrant sharing configuration (2003)

Recent approvals by CMS (HCFA) for reimbursement of positron emission tomography (PET) scans fuels the rapid grow of the PET market, thus creating the need for more affordable dedicated PET scanners. The objective of the work presented here was the development of a BGO position-sensitive block with similar detector area (40 mm /spl times/ 40 mm) and same number of crystals (8 /spl times/ 8) as the block of a commercial BGO PET, using the less expensive photomultiplier quadrant sharing (PQS) technique. This block is coupled to four single-anode 40-mm diameter photomultipliers (PMT) instead of the 19-mm PMT used in a popular commercial BGO PET, and each PMT is shared by four adjacent detector blocks. Potentially, this design needs only 25% of the number of PMT used in the commercial BGO PET. In order not to waste the unused half-row of PMT at the edges of a detector panel/module when the module is made up solely of square blocks, an extended rectangular block has to be developed for the edge-blocks in the module, which maximized the use of the PMT and minimized the gap between modules. Only the extended block needs to be developed to derive the design for all the blocks in the module because the symmetric square block uses the same light-distributing partitions as those along the short side of the extended rectangular block. White-paint masks applied with accurate templates and airbrush were fine-tuned for every pair of adjacent crystals. The experimental block developed in this study provided good crystal-decoding. The composite energy spectrum of all 64 crystals showed a prominent photopeak. The worst crystal sitting in the air space between 4 round PMTs still has 60% of the signal pulse height as the best crystal. The average energy resolution was 21.8% for 511 keV gamma (range 17% - 28.7%) that compared well with the 22% - 44% measured with GE and CTI blocks. The image resolution provided by the PQS blocks is expected to be comparable to that of commercial BGO PETs as similar size crystals were decoded.
An optically programmable mode-locked laser (1994)

We demonstrate an optically mode-locked laser that generates a repetitive pattern of ultrashort pulses when driven by a repetitive pattern of optical pulses from an external source. Two modes of operation are described: in one mode of operation the generated pattern is determined directly by the driving pulse train; in the other mode it represents the result of logic operations between elements of the driving pulse train.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cell surface antigens of human bladder tumors: definition of tumor subsets by monoclonal antibodies and correlation with growth characteristics. (1986)

Normal human urothelium and tumors of urothelial origin were analyzed with a panel of seven mouse monoclonal antibodies that identify surface antigens of cultured bladder cancer cell lines. Three categories of antigens were defined on the basis of differential expression on normal urothelium versus bladder tumors. Om5 (a category 1 antigen) is a highly restricted, differentiation antigen detected in the normal urothelium of 50-60% individuals. No other normal cell type in Om5- or Om5+ individuals expresses Om5. The incidence of Om5 expression in superficial bladder tumors is significantly higher (88%) than in normal urothelium, whereas its expression in invasive or metastatic tumors is far lower (20%), suggesting Om5 gain/loss in bladder tumors. Paired biopsies of normal urothelium and bladder tumors from the same individuals have shown Om5 induction in the superficial bladder tumors of Om5- individuals and Om5 loss in invasive bladder cancers of Om5+ individuals. Category 2 antigens (T43, T138, T23) are not expressed by normal urothelium or most superficial bladder tumors but are detected on a high proportion of invasive or metastatic bladder tumors, indicating that category 2 antigens are associated with late stages of tumor progression. Category 3 antigens (T16, T87, J143) provide lineage markers for normal or neoplastic cells of urothelial origin, being found on normal urothelium and virtually all bladder tumors. Thus, differential expression of category 1 and 2 antigens divide bladder tumors into distinct subsets, and these subsets correlate with pathological and clinical features of the disease.
A Technique for Accelerating Characteristic 2 Elliptic Curve Cryptography (2008)

In this paper we describe a novel approach for speeding up the computations of characteristic 2 elliptic curve cryptography. Using a projective space such as the Lopez-Dahab space (1999) for representing point coordinates we accelerate point additions and point doublings by introducing a novel way for multiply elements in finite fields of the form GF(2m). Our technique uses a CPU instruction for carry-less multiplication (GFMUL) and single iteration Karatsuba-like formulae (Kounavis, 2007) for computing the carry-less product of large degree polynomials in GF(2). It then performs the reduction of the carry-less product of these polynomials by taking into account the fact that many curves specify fields with irreducible polynomials which are sparse. For example NIST curves specify polynomials with either three terms (trinomials) or five terms (pentanomials). We demonstrate results from a prototype implementation showing that our technique speeds up Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman based on the NIST B-233 curve by 55% in software on a 3.6 GHz Pentium 4 processor. If a 3 clock latency GFMUL instruction is introduced to the CPU then the acceleration factor becomes 5.2times. We also show that further software optimizations have the potential to further increase the speedup beyond 10times.
Separation of ventricular tachycardia from ventricular fibrillation using paired unipolar electrograms (2002)

In third-generation implantable antitachycardia devices, immediate defibrillation is necessary for ventricular fibrillation (VF) while lower-energy therapies convert many ventricular tachycardias (VTs). Precise distinction between true VF and VT is required if tiered-therapy is to be effectively utilized. To separate VF from VT, this study employed a measurement to quantify the coherence between two unipolar electrograms from the same catheter, where incoherence between signals indicates VF. A normalized cross correlation (CC) measured similarity, and standard deviation (STD) and interquartile range (IQR) of the CC measured consistency for sinus rhythm (SR), VT, and VF passages from 10 patients. Patient-independent STD thresholds of 0.15-0.25 and IQR thresholds of 0.3-0.6 provided 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. This method was able to successfully separate VF from coherent rhythms (SR,VT). Proper distinction of VT would allow defibrillation to be deferred for consideration of lower energy therapies, providing significant energy savings.
A “Trojan horse” bispecific-antibody strategy for broad protection against ebolaviruses (2016)

Treating Ebola with a Trojan horse The recent major Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa high-lighted the need for effective therapeutics against this and other filoviruses. Neutralizing ebolaviruses with antibodies is a challenge because the viruses bind their entry receptor, NPC1, inside the cell within endosomes rather than on the cell surface. Furthermore, enzymes in endosomes cleave the Ebola virus surface glycoprotein (GP) to reveal its receptor binding site. Wec et al. now report a bispecific antibody strategy targeting all known ebolaviruses that overcomes this problem (see the Perspective by Labrijn and Parren). They coupled an antibody specific for a conserved, surface-exposed epitope of GP to antibodies that recognize either NPC1 or the NPC1 binding site on GP. Treating mice therapeutically with these antibodies allowed them to survive otherwise lethal ebolavirus infection. Science , this issue p. 350 ; see also p. 284
On Realizing Higher Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells Using a Textured Substrate Platform (2010)

Polythiophene:fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells are fabricated on a one-dimensional photoresist grating of 2 μm pitch and 300 nm height. These dimensions ensure conformal coating of the photovoltaic active-layer and lead to higher power conversion efficiency due to light-trapping, especially for higher wavelength photons.
Illumination invariant face recognition using thermal infrared imagery (2005)

A key problem for face recognition has been accurate identification under variable illumination conditions. Conventional video cameras sense reflected light so that image grayvalues are a product of both intrinsic skin reflectivity and external incident illumination, thus obfuscating the intrinsic reflectivity of skin. Thermal emission from skin, on the other hand, is an intrinsic measurement that can be isolated from external illumination. We examine the invariance of Long-Wave InfraRed (LWIR) imagery with respect to different illumination conditions from the viewpoint of performance comparisons of two well-known face recognition algorithms applied to LWIR and visible imagery. We develop rigourous data collection protocols that formalize face recognition analysis for computer vision in the thermal IR.
Spatially Heterogeneous Electrical and Electrochemical Properties of Hydrogen-Terminated Boron-Doped Nanocrystalline Diamond Thin Film Deposited from an Argon-Rich CH<sub>4</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>/Ar/B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> Source Gas Mixture (2007)

Spatially heterogeneous electrical and electrochemical properties were observed for hydrogen-terminated, boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond thin-film electrodes by conducting-probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). CP-AFM was used to simultaneously map the topography and electrical conductivity of the film as a function of the boron-doping level and bias voltage. The electrode was characterized by areas of high electrical conductivity separated by regions of low conductivity. The fraction of a particular film's area that exhibited high conductivity remained invariant with the polarity and magnitude of the bias voltage, while the current flow at any of the conductive regions increased proportionally with the bias voltage indicative of metal-like electronic properties. The fraction of highly conductive area increased with the doping level. One possible cause for the differential conductivity across a film is a nonuniform distribution of boron dopant, which leads to a nonuniform charge carrier concentration. SECM was also used to spatially interrogate the electrochemical activity of the diamond film using three redox systems: Ru(NH3)(6)(+3/+2), Fe(CN)(6)(3-/4-), and IrCl62-/3-. Isolated regions of high electrochemical activity were found for all three systems, and interestingly, the active regions on a given thin-film electrode were different for each. It is concluded that current flow through this doped nanocrystalline film occurs through a fixed number of conductive sites and all of these sites appear to be electrochemically active for the redox systems tested. The results have important implications for understanding how boron-doped diamond functions as an electrochemical electrode.
High‐Performance Perovskite Photovoltaics by Heterovalent Substituted Mixed Perovskites (2022)

Abstract 2D perovskites are relatively stable but possess poor charge transport compared to 3D perovskites. To boost charge transport, novel 2D perovskites mixed with 3D perovskites are developed, where Pb 2+ are partially substituted by the heterovalent neodymium cations (Nd 3+ ) within both 2D and 3D perovskites (termed Nd 3+ ‐substituted 2D:3D mixed perovskites. Systematical studies reveal that the Nd 3+ ‐substituted 2D:3D mixed perovskites possess larger crystals, superior crystallinity, suppressed non‐radiative charge recombination, and enhanced and balanced charge transport compared to the 2D:3D mixed perovskites. As a result, perovskite photovoltaics based on the Nd 3+ ‐substituted 2D:3D mixed perovskites exhibit a power conversion efficiency of 22.11%, a photoresponsibility of over 700 mA W −1 , a photodetectivity of 4.29 × 10 14 cm Hz 1/2 W −1 , a linear dynamic range of 165 dB at room temperature, and dramatically boosted stability. These results demonstrate that, a facile way is developed to realize high‐performance perovskite photovoltaics through partially heterovalent substituted Pb 2+ by Nd 3+ within 2D:3D mixed perovskites.
Crystal Growth Control (1997)

We present an innovative design of a vertical transparent multizone furnace which can operate in the temperature range of 25 C to 750 C and deliver thermal gradients of 2 C/cm to 45 C/cm for the commercial applications to crystal growth. The operation of the eight zone furnace is based on a self-tuning temperature control system with a DC power supply for optimal thermal stability. We show that the desired thermal profile over the entire length of the furnace consists of a functional combination of the fundamental thermal profiles for each individual zone obtained by setting the set-point temperature for that zone. The self-tuning system accounts for the zone to zone thermal interactions. The control system operates such that the thermal profile is maintained under thermal load, thus boundary conditions on crystal growth ampoules can be predetermined prior to crystal growth. Temperature profiles for the growth of crystals via directional solidification, vapor transport techniques, and multiple gradient applications are shown to be easily implemented. The unique feature of its transparency and ease of programming thermal profiles make the furnace useful for scientific and commercial applications for the determination of process parameters to optimize crystal growth conditions.
Single crystal birefringent lens interferometers: application to FINCH super resolution microscopy and other applications (2017)

Fresnel Incoherent Correlation Holography (FINCH) is a self-referenced holographic imaging technique that possesses the additional advantage of inherent super-resolution at up to twice the performance of classical methods. The key aspect of FINCH is its differentially-focusing polarization-based coincident beam splitting system. In order to achieve the maximum possible optical quality, it is necessary to avoid loss, aliasing and other quantization artifacts in hologram forming optics that have been previously used. Birefringent crystal inline interferometers are the first analog all optical lens devices that do not need electrical control that produce holograms which are free of quantization errors and other aberrations. A simple bifocal lens interferometer constructed from α-BBO birefringent crystal creates holograms in a FINCH configuration that produce super resolution microscopic images with optical clarity that is at least equivalent to and obtained faster than more complex structured illumination methods.
Natural zwitterionic betaine enables cells to survive ultrarapid cryopreservation (2016)

Cryoprotectants (CPAs) play a critical role in cryopreservation because they can resist the cell damage caused by the freezing process. Current state-of-the-art CPAs are mainly based on an organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and several DMSO-cryopreserved cell products have been brought to market. However, the intrinsic toxicity and complex freezing protocol of DMSO still remain as the bottleneck of the wide use for clinical applications. Herein, we reported that betaine, a natural zwitterionic molecule, could serve as a nontoxic and high efficient CPA. At optimum concentration of betaine, different cell types exhibited exceptional post-thaw survival efficiency with ultrarapid freezing protocol, which was straightforward, cost efficient but difficult to succeed using DMSO. Moreover, betaine showed negligible cytotoxicity even after long-term exposure of cells. Mechanistically, we hypothesized that betaine could be ultra-rapidly taken up by cells for intracellular protection during the freezing process. This technology unlocks the possibility of alternating the traditional toxic CPAs and is applicable to a variety of clinical applications.
Color Passive-matrix Organic Electroluminescent Displays. (2002)

We have developed 2.2-inch diagonal (132 x RGB x 162 dots) Color Passive-matrix Organic Electroluminescent (OEL) Displays through the use of patterned lateral RGB emitters, and have started the pilot production. The devices have achieved practical level in their performance. The organic electroluminescent layers and the metal cathodes have been fabricated using metal shadow (slits) masks. Further examination of the panel fabrication process and the organic materials has been made, and the results have been applied to the display devices. The organic electroluminescent device structure of the display panel is a four-layer stack consisting of a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emitting layer, and an electron transport layer. The display pixel consists of three-color elements, which are green, red, and blue. These three emitting materials, the hole injection layer and the electron transport material have been newly developed. The display panel has been encapsulated by a stainless steel cap and driven by the dual-scan method. That display is thin (2.5mm, the driver circuit included) and light (10g, the driver circuit included), and has a wide range of viewing angles. That is proven to be practical for commercial purposes.