gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Starch biosynthesis and modification of starch structure in transgenic plants (1997)

Abstract Starch is synthesised through the ADP‐glucose pathway, involving the three enzymes ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthase and starch branching enzyme. ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase is the key enzyme of the pathway, determining the flux of carbon into starch. It generates ADP‐glucose, which is the substrate for the starch synthases, from glucose‐1‐phosphate and ATP releasing pyrophosphate. The enzyme is stimulated by 3‐phosphoglycerate and inhibited through inorganic phosphate. The starch synthases, which catalyse the transfer of glucose from ADP‐glucose to the nonreducing end of a growing α‐1,4‐glucan, are divided into two classes, the granule‐bound starch synthases (GBSS) and the soluble starch synthases (SS). In both classes several isoforms have been described from many different plant species. The branching enzyme, which introduces branchpoints into the amylopectin, can also occur in different isoforms. Other enzymes present in plants, which also act on α‐1,4‐glucans, such as the starch phosphorylases, disproportionating enzyme and different starch hydrolases, might also be important for dertermining the starch structure and, therefore, its processibility. Many aspects of starch synthesis are not fully understood to date. Starch metabolism can be manipulated through genetic engineering, either by the ectopic expression of different heterologous genes, or through the repression of the expression of endogenous genes using antisense RNA technology. This not only allows the functional analysis of starch biosynthetic proteins, but also the manipulation of starch structure in order to widen its industrial applications. In this way many different potato lines have been generated, containing either different amounts of starch, or which synthesize a structurally modified starch. These structural changes relate to the amylose content, the phosphate content, or the gelatinisation and gelation characteristics of the starch.
Multifunctional Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Cored Magnetic-Quantum Dot Fluorescent Nanocomposites for RF Nanohyperthermia of Cancer Cells (2010)

Highly biocompatible luminescent superparamagnetic nanocomposites have been synthesized from Fe3O4/SiO2−QDs (IQ). Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with a silica shell, Fe3O4/SiO2 (IOS), and water-soluble CdSe−ZnS quantum dots (QDs) were assembled together by the conjugation of an SH group. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), UV−vis absorption and emission spectroscopy, and magnetometry were applied to characterize the nanocomposites. The nanocomposites exhibited multifunctional superparamagnetic and photoluminescent properties. Bright orange IQ nanoparticles were found to be successfully uptaken into pancreatic human cancer cells (Panc-1) after 24 h incubation. The IQ nanocomposites showed virtually no cytotoxicity toward the Panc-1 cells when the exposure concentration was below 50 μg/mL or 200 μg/mL as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release measurements. After the inclusion of a very low dose (1.66 μg /ml) of fluorescent magnetic nanocomposites and exposure to a radio frequency (RF) treatment for only 2 min, most of the Panc-1 cells (99.2%) were found to die. The apoptosis process can be traceable because of the unique optical properties of the water-soluble IQs. It was also confirmed that the structure-controlled IQ nanocomposites have reasonable magnetic properties, self-heating temperature-rising characteristics, and high biocompatibility. This suggests that these IQ nanocomposites may be considered as biopotential materials for applications involving in vivo nanohyperthermia and cancer treatment.
A joint spatial and temporal equalizer using separated spatial and temporal signal processing for broadband mobile radio communications (2002)

Joint spatial and temporal equalization techniques are considered most effective in reducing the effects of cochannel interference (CCI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) in broadband mobile communications. This paper proposes a new configuration of spatial and temporal equalizer (S/T-equalizer) using separated spatial and temporal signal processing. The S/T-equalizer combines concepts of the adaptive array antenna (AAA) and temporal equalizer (TE). An iterative parameter estimation technique is also proposed for the S/T-equalizer. Computer simulations were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed S/T-equalizer. Results of computer simulations show that the proposed S/T-equalizer can achieve excellent performance in the presence of CCI and ISI.
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase is a novel regulator of energy metabolism in adipose tissue (2014)

Objective: To investigate the role of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) in the regulation of energy metabolism.
Data Adaptive HDR Compression in VVC (2019)

This paper presents an advanced approach to HDR/WCG video coding developed at FastVDO called FVHDR, and built on top of the Versatile Video Coding (VVC) VTM-5.0 test model of the Joint Video Exploration Team, a joint committee of ITU|ISO/IEC. A fully automatic adaptive video process that differs from a known HDR video processing chain (analogous to HDR10, and herein called “anchor”), is used. FVHDR works entirely within the framework of the VVC software model but adds additional tools. These tools can become an integral part of a future video coding standard or be extracted as additional pre- and post-processing chains. Reconstructed video sequences using FVHDR show an improved subjective visual quality to the output of the anchor. Moreover, the resultant SDR content generated by the data adaptive grading process is backward compatible.
Design of Reverse Materials Resurfacing Implants for Mild–Moderate Medial Osteoarthritis of the Knee (2016)

The areas of the most frequent cartilage loss in mild–moderate medial osteoarthritis (OA) were reviewed from previous studies. Implant components were designed to resurface these areas. The surface geometries of the components were based on an average femur and tibia produced from 20 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) models of normal knees. Accuracy of fit of the components was determined on these 20 individual knees. The femoral surface was toroidal, covering a band on the distal end of the femur, angled inward anteriorly. For a five-size system, the average deviations between the implant surfaces and the intact cartilage surfaces of 20 femurs were only 0.3 mm. For the tibia, the deviations were 0.5–0.7 mm, but the errors were mainly around the tibial spine, with smaller deviations in the central bearing region. Hence, these small implant components would accurately restore the original bearing surfaces and allow for preservation of all the knee structures. Using a thin metal component for the tibia would preserve the strong cancellous bone near the surface, an advantage for fixation. In this case, the femoral component would have a plastic bearing surface, but still be less than 10 mm thickness. Such a design could have a useful place in the early treatment of medial OA of the knee.
Inflatable slar heat collector (1979)

An elongated inflatable tubular housing is provided including front and rear wall portions. The front wall portion is constructed of solar radiation transparent material and a panel of solar radiation absorbing material is mounted in the housing and extends between opposite sides thereof dividing the interior of the housing into front and rear compartments between the panel and the front and rear walls, respectively. Air inlet structure is operative to introduce air to be heated into the front compartment at one end of the housing, air pass structure is provided and operative to pass air from the front compartment into the rear compartment at the other end of the housing and air outlet structure is provided and operative to exhaust heated air from the rear compartment. The air inlet structure and air outlet structure include structures for conveying air from the interior of an enclosure to be heated into the front chamber and from the rear chamber back into the enclosure to be heated.
Tracheal Pressure Ventilator Control (2000)

Tracheal pressure ventilator control (TPVC) is a ventilator mode that relies on tracheal pressure at the carinal end of the endotracheal tube for triggering the ventilator ;;on,'' controlling pressure, and cycling the ventilator ;;off.'' TPVC automatically nullifies imposed resistive work of the breathing apparatus (endotracheal tube plus ventilator) by providing automatic and variable levels of pressure assist. TPVC improves ventilator responsiveness for a spontaneously breathing patient by providing significantly higher peak inspiratory flow rates much closer to that demanded by a patient. TPVC also provides higher assist pressures and flow rates earlier in the breath and thus better-match ventilator-supplied flow to patient-demanded flow than an equivalent level of pressure support ventilation. Matching patient demand for flow to ventilator supply of flow, early in the breath, promotes patient-ventilator synchrony and minimizes work of breathing. We recommend moving the pressure-triggering and control site to the carinal end of the endotracheal tube to provide TPVC.
WALRUS (1999)

Traditional approaches for content-based image querying typically compute a single signature for each image based on color histograms, texture, wavelet tranforms etc., and return as the query result, images whose signatures are closest to the signature of the query image. Therefore, most traditional methods break down when images contain similar objects that are scaled differently or at different locations, or only certain regions of the image match. In this paper, we propose WALRUS (WAveLet-based Retrieval of User-specified Scenes), a novel similarity retrieval algorithm that is robust to scaling and translation of objects within an image. WALRUS employs a novel similarity model in which each image is first decomposed into its regions, and the similarity measure between a pair of images is then defined to be the fraction of the area of the two images covered by matching regions from the images. In order to extract regions for an image, WALRUS considers sliding windows of varying sizes and then clusters them based on the proximity of their signatures. An efficient dynamic programming algorithm is used to compute wavelet-based signatures for the sliding windows. Experimental results on real-life data sets corroborate the effectiveness of WALRUS's similarity model that performs similarity matching at a region rather than an image granularity.
Quality of service-oriented protocols for resource management in packet-switched satellites (1999)

The present paper deals with bandwidth allocation and congestion avoidance in a broadband satellite with on-board switching, oriented towards guaranteeing the Quality of Service (QoS) associated with various traffic/service classes as defined by ATM forum. At the core of the bandwidth allocation a novel uplink (UL) access protocol is proposed, based on a Multi-Frequency Time Division Multiple Access (MF-TDMA) primary access scheme, in conjunction with a downlink (DL) access protocol based on a more traditional Time Division Multiplex (TDM) scheme. This UL access protocol is complemented by a rate-based congestion control protocol (consistent with ATM Forum recommendations), which is an adaptation to GEO satellites environment of the Explicit Rate Indication for Congestion Avoidance (ERICA) algorithm developed for terrestrial networks. The performance of both UL access and congestion avoidance schemes has been evaluated through extensive simulations and the results compared with those obtained with other protocols or by analytical approximations. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implantable vagus nerve stimulation system performance is not affected by internal or external defibrillation shocks (2021)

Implantable VNS systems were tested in vivo for immunity to defibrillation via ICD, S-ICD, and ECD, and were found to be unaffected by a series of high-energy defibrillation shocks. These results confirm that ART systems are capable of continuing to function after defibrillation and the cervical vagus nerve is anatomically unaffected.
Ingested insecticide to control <i>Aedes aegypti</i> : Developing a novel dried attractive toxic sugar bait device for intra-domiciliary control (2019)

Abstract Background Illnesses transmitted by Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika comprise a considerable global burden; mosquito control is the primary public health tool to reduce disease transmission. Current interventions are inadequate and insecticide resistance threatens the effectiveness of these options. Dried attractive bait stations (DABS) are a novel mechanism to deliver insecticide to Ae. aegypti . The DABS are a high-contrast 28 inch 2 surface coated with dried sugar-boric acid solution. Ae. aegypti are attracted to DABS by visual cues only, and the dried sugar solution elicits an ingestion response from Ae. aegypti landing on the surface. The study presents the development of the DABS and tests of their impact on Ae. aegypti mortality in the laboratory and a series of semi-field trials. Methods We conducted multiple series of laboratory and semi-field trials to assess the survivability of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes exposed to the DABS. For laboratory experiments we assessed the lethality, the killing mechanism, and the shelf life of the device through controlled experiments. In the semi-field trials, we released laboratory-reared female Ae. aegypti into experimental houses typical of peri-urban tropical communities in South America in three trial series with six replicates each. Laboratory experiments were conducted in Quito, Ecuador, and semi-field experiments were conducted in Machala, Ecuador – an area with abundant wild populations of Ae. aegypti and endemic arboviral transmission. Results In the laboratory, complete lethality was observed after 48 hours regardless of physiological status of the mosquito. The killing mechanism was determined to be through ingestion, as the boric acid disrupted the gut of the mosquito. In experimental houses, total mosquito mortality was greater in the treatment house for all series of experiments (p<0.0001). Conclusions The DABS devices were effective at killing female Ae. aegypti under a variety of laboratory and semi-field conditions. DABS are a promising intervention for interdomiciliary control of Ae. aegypti and arboviral disease prevention.
Characterization of eomesodermin and T-bet expression by allostimulated CD8+ T cells of healthy volunteers and kidney transplant patients in relation to graft outcome (2018)

Memory T cell (Tmem) responses play a critical role in the outcome of allo-transplantation. While the role of the T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin (Eomes) in the maintenance of antigen-specific Tmem is well studied, little is known about Eomes<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell responses after transplantation. We evaluated the phenotype and function of allo-reactive Eomes<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in healthy volunteers and kidney transplant patients and their relation to transplant outcome. High Eomes expression by steady-state CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells correlated with effector and memory phenotype. Following allo-stimulation, the expression of both the T-box proteins Eomes and T-bet by proliferating cells increased significantly, where high expression of Eomes and T-bet correlated with higher incidence of allo-stimulated IFNγ<sup>+</sup> TNFα<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells. In patients with no subsequent rejection, Eomes but not T-bet expression by donor-stimulated CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, increased significantly after transplantation. This was characterized by increased Eomes<sup>hi</sup> T-bet<sup>-/lo</sup> and decreased Eomes<sup>-/lo</sup> T-bet<sup>hi</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell subsets, with no significant changes in the Eomes<sup>hi</sup> T-bet<sup>hi</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell subset. No upregulation of exhaustion markers programmed-death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated-antigen-4 (CTLA4) by donor-stimulated Eomes<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells was observed. Before transplantation, in patients without rejection, there were higher incidences of Eomes<sup>hi</sup> T-bet<sup>-/lo</sup> , and lower incidences of Eomes<sup>hi</sup> T-bet<sup>hi</sup> and Eomes<sup>-/lo</sup> T-bet<sup>hi</sup> donor-stimulated CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell subsets, compared to those with subsequent rejection. Overall, our findings indicate that high Eomes expression by allo-stimulated T-bet<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells is associated with enhanced effector function, and that an elevated incidence of donor-stimulated CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells co-expressing high levels of Eomes and T-bet before transplantation, may correlate with an increased incidence of acute cellular rejection.
A method to implement full six‐degree target shift corrections for rigid body in image‐guided radiotherapy (2005)

Treatment position setup errors often introduce temporal variations in the position of target relative to the planned external radiation beams. The errors can be introduced by the movement of a target relative to external setup marks or to other relevant landmarks that are used to position a patient for radiotherapy. Those variations can cause dose deviations from the planned doses and result in suboptimal treatments where part of the target is not fully irradiated or a critical structure receives more than desired radiation doses. Clinically available technology for image-guided radiotherapy can detect variations of target position. In this study, a method has been developed to correct for target position variations and restore the original beam geometries relative to the target. The technique involves three matrix transformations: (1) transformation of beams from the machine coordinate system to the patient coordinate system as in the patient geometry in the approved dosimetric plan; (2) transformation of beams from the patient coordinate system in the approved plan to the patient coordinate system that is identified at the time of treatment; (3) transformation of beams from the patient coordinate system at the time of treatment in the treatment patient geometry back to the machine coordinate system. The transformation matrix used for the second transformation is determined through the use of image-guided radiotherapy technology and image registration. By using these matrix transformations, the isocenter shift, the gantry, couch and collimator angles of the beams for the treatment, adjusted for the target shift, can be derived. With the new beam parameters, the beams will possess the same positions and orientations relative to the target as in the plan for a rigid body. This method was applied to a head phantom study, and it was found that the target shift was fully corrected in treatment and excellent agreement was found in target dose coverage between the plan and the treatment.
Planar star coupler for multimode fibers (1980)

T-shaped network configurations cannot be used for optical data bus systems intended for passive communication between more than about ten terminals because of balanced power distribution and the severe requirements that would have to be met with respect to the dynamic range of the detectors. Star network configurations, however, allow passive communication between several hundreds of terminals using state-of-the-art fibers, transmitters, and detectors. The planar mixers used in such star couplers are investigated from both theoretical and experimental aspects with regard to their influence on the uniformity of optical power distribution and insertion losses. Measurements on a star coupler with twelve fibers of 200-microm core diam and 15-microm cladding thickness showed an optical power variation of ~+/-12% along the entire width of the mixer accompanied by an insertion loss of ~3dB.
Identification, solubility enhancement and in vivo testing of a cyanide antidote candidate (2013)

Present studies focused on the in vitro testing, the solubility enhancement and the in vivo testing of methyl propyl trisulfide (MPTS), a newly identified sulfur donor to treat cyanide (CN) intoxication. To enhance the solubility of the lipophilic MPTS, various FDA approved co-solvents, surfactants and their combinations were applied. The order of MPTS solubility in the given co-solvents was found to be the following: ethanol >> PEG 200 ≈ PEG400 ≈ PEG300 > PG. The maximum solubility of MPTS was found at 90% ethanol of 177.11 ± 12.17 mg/ml. The order of MPTS solubility in different surfactants is Cremophor EL>Cremophor RH40>polysorbate 80>sodium deoxycholate>sodium cholate. The maximum solubility of 40.99 mg/ml was achieved with 20% Cremophor EL. A synergistic solubilizing effect encountered with the combination of 20% Cremophor EL+75% ethanol lead to a 2900-fold increase (compared to water solubility) in solubility. The in vivo efficacy using intramuscular administration was determined on a therapeutic mice model and expressed as a ratio of CN LD50 with and without the test antidote(s) (APR). Intramuscular administration was shown to be effective and the therapeutic antidotal protection by MPTS alone and MPTS+thiosulfate (TS) was significantly higher than the present therapy of TS.
Internal BGP as the Provider/Customer Edge Protocol for BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) (2011)

This document defines protocol extensions and procedures for BGP
Provider/Customer Edge router iteration in BGP/MPLS IP VPNs. These
extensions and procedures have the objective of making the usage of
the BGP/MPLS IP VPN transparent to the customer network, as far as
routing information is concerned. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
Study on Control Method of AFM Probe Based Nanomanipulation (2007)

Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) based nanomanipulation has been extensively investigated for many years. However, efficiency and accuracy of AFM based nanomanipulation is still a major issue due to the nonlinearities and uncertainties in nanomanipulation. The compensation of drift, creep, hysteresis and some other nonlinearities generating large spatial uncertainties has been studied by some research groups. The compensation of these uncertainties does help to improve the accuracy of nanomanipulation to a certain extent. However, the deformation of the cantilever is one of the major nonlinearities affecting the accuracy during manipulations. It is difficult to control the tip position precisely due to the uncertainty of the deformation. A promising way to solve this problem is to actively change the nominal rigidity of the cantilever. This paper focused on the accurate control of active AFM probe based on survey of existing way to eliminate the deformation. The experimental results have verified the theoretical model and demonstrated that the precise position control.
Design of Floating Distribution of Abrasive Grains in Magnetic Fluid Grinding. (1995)

Magnetic fluid grinding has been developed as a new process which can remove materials more rapidly than the lapping process that is conventionally used. However, sufficient data on the relationship between the floating distribution of abrasive grains in magnetic fluid and the removal rate are not available for optimum design of the floating abrasive grains. This paper presents an new non dimensional parameter h*(=he/te), which is the ratio of the distance he between the minimum height of the lower surface of the floating abrasive grain layer and workpiece to the maximum thickness te of the abrasive grain layer, which indicates the relative position of the workpiece to the abrasive grain layer floating in magnetic fluid. It was found that larger removal rate is obtained for magnetic fluid grinding of an aluminium alloy ring at 0≤h*≤1. The method of calculating floating height of the abrasive grain layer is also proposed and verified by comparing calculated and observed results.