gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure Characterization of Self-Acid-Doped Sulfonic Acid Ring-Substituted Polyaniline in Its Aqueous Solutions and as Solid Film (1996)

Self-doped sulfonic acid ring-substituted polyaniline (SPAN) reported so far is only slightly soluble in water. This work reports the synthesis route of SPAN in water with a solid content at least 50% by weight, which is stable (without precipitation) for more than 1 year and can be cast into free-standing films. The protons on the bound sulfonic acid groups can dope the imine nitrogens both in its aqueous form and as a solid film as evidenced by the presence of polaron absorption bands in its UV−vis spectra and of free spins from the ESR measurement. Titration analysis and spectroscopic data of the polymer in aqueous solution and as solid film, respectively, show that, surprisingly, the fractions of −SO3H groups that protonate (dope) the imine nitrogens to give semiquinone radical cations are equal in both cases, about 0.60 (equivalent to the doping level, 0.30). However, the free spins in the aqueous solution are more localized than those in the solid film. The thermostability of SPAN is also investigated. The conductivity of SPAN film (at 25 °C, 0.01 S/cm) increases with temperature from −10 (0.002 S/cm) to 190 °C (0.09 S/cm) and decreases with temperature from 190 to 225 °C (0.06 S/cm) due to thermal undoping accompanying a loss of some polarons as confirmed by the UV−vis, IR, and TGA analyses. After the heating scan, the conductivity at room temperature drops by a factor of 103.
Low ON-resistance and high current GaN Vertical Electron Transistors with buried p-GaN layers (2014)

Current Aperture Vertical Electron Transistors (CAVETs) benefit from the high electron mobility of the 2-dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) in the lateral direction and the better field distribution of the vertical geometry. Current flows laterally in the 2-DEG at the AlGaN/GaN heterojunction and is directed vertically down to the drain, through the aperture (Fig.1). A current blocking layer (CBL) is used to define the low resistance aperture. In this work, we use conductive Mg-doped MOCVD p-GaN as the CBL, hence blocking the current flow by the use of a reverse biased p-n junction as opposed to using insulating layers[1,2].
Latency and rate coding in a spiking model of retina (2013)

We describe a family of spiking retina computational models for large-scale simulations of the visual pathways. The models reproduce the overall spatial, temporal, and chromatic structure of the receptive fields of midget and parasol retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of the primate retina, as well as their contrast response, while using fairly simple models of bipolar, horizontal, amacrine, and RGCs. These retina models provide input to a realistic model of visual cortex, presented in a separate submission.

The retina model simulates cone and bipolar cell dynamics using a damped wave equation. Parameters are so chosen that an impulse retinal input gives rise to a damped biphasic output current, and that a coherent stimulus elicits a substantially stronger response than an incoherent stimulus of the same power (Figure ​(Figure1).1). Static or low-frequency visual inputs are smoothly rejected. In contrast to biology, this stage of the model is linear; rectification and adaptation mechanisms are all realized in the spiking ganglion cell layer. In the ganglion cell layer parasol, midget, and SBC cells are simulated. The spatio-temporal receptive fields of different RGCs are not prewired; they emerge via the lateral interactions between the horizontal, bipolar, and amacrine cells. Spike generation in the RGCs is modeled using spiking neurons with two dynamic variables and an intrinsic adaptation mechanism. Midget RGCs have an additional leaky temporal integration of the input current, to account for the relatively tonic character of their responses. Parasol RGCs have an additional partial divisive normalization of the input current, to reproduce the saturating parasol response to relative contrast of the stimulus. Simplified amacrine-cell dynamics is introduced to provide for the spatiotemporal structure of the parasol receptive field surrounds.



Figure 1

A-E: model response to coherent vs. randomized stimulus. Moving edge stimulus is presented (A) and elicits strong response (B). Same stimulus with fixed random permutation of pixels (C) elicits much weaker response (D). (E) compares the total responses ...



Desired latency encoding of input features is achieved by calibrating the parameters of the spiking RGC conductance dynamics. A near logarithmic latency to the first spike, for a step up in the input signal, provides for a good contrast invariance of the relative spike timing in the response. A combination of spike-latency and spike-count encoding of the input stimulus, together with the enhanced response of the simulated retina to coherent stimuli, results in an informative yet not too noisy spiking input to the LGN and V1; the information content analysis of the RGC spike-train vocabulary will be presented. This retina model was used to produce a fully-emergent orientation tuning in a spiking model [1] of V1 cortex.
Rate Adaptation for 802.11 Multiuser MIMO Networks (2013)

In multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) networks, the optimal bit rate of a user is highly dynamic and changes from one packet to the next. This breaks traditional bit rate adaptation algorithms, which rely on recent history to predict the best bit rate for the next packet. To address this problem, we introduce TurboRate, a rate adaptation scheme for MU-MIMO LANs. TurboRate shows that clients in an MU-MIMO LAN can adapt their bit rate on a per-packet basis if each client learns two variables: Its SNR when it transmits alone to the access point, and the direction along which its signal is received at the AP. TurboRate also shows that each client can compute these two variables passively without exchanging control frames with the access point. A TurboRate client then annotates its packets with these variables to enable other clients to pick the optimal bit rate and transmit concurrently to the AP. A prototype implementation in USRP-N200 shows that traditional rate adaptation does not deliver the gains of MU-MIMO WLANs, and can interact negatively with MU-MIMO, leading to low throughput. In contrast, enabling MU-MIMO with TurboRate provides a mean throughput gain of 1.7× and 2.3×, for 2-antenna and 3-antenna APs, respectively.
Planning of Fast EV Charging Stations on a Round Freeway (2016)

A novel planning method of fast electric vehicle (EV) charging stations on a round freeway was developed, considering the spatial and temporal transportation behaviors. A spatial and temporal model based on the origin-destination (OD) analysis was developed to obtain all the EV charging points (the location on the round freeway that an EV needs recharging due to the low battery capacity). Based on a shared nearest neighbor (SNN) clustering algorithm, a location determination model was developed to obtain the specific locations for EV charging stations with their service EV clusters. A capacity determination model based on the queuing theory was proposed to determine the capacity of each EV charging station. The round-island freeway in Hainan Island of China was employed as a test system to illustrate the planning method. Simulation results show that the developed planning method can not only accurately determine the most suitable locations for EV fast charging stations considering the travelling convenience of EV users, but also minimize the sum of waiting cost and charger cost.
Energy-efficient communication in the presence of synchronization errors (2013)

Communication systems are traditionally designed to have tight transmitter-receiver synchronization. This requirement has negligible overhead in the high-SNR regime. However, in many applications, such as wireless sensor networks, communication needs to happen primarily in the energy-efficient regime of low SNR, where requiring tight synchronization can be highly suboptimal. In this paper, we model the noisy channel with synchronization errors as an insertion/deletion/substitution channel. For this channel, we propose a new communication scheme that requires only loose transmitter-receiver synchronization. We show that the proposed scheme is asymptotically optimal for the Gaussian channel with synchronization errors in terms of energy efficiency as measured by the rate per unit energy. In the process, we also establish that the lack of synchronization causes negligible loss in energy efficiency. We further show that, for a general discrete memoryless channel with synchronization errors and a general cost function (with a zero-cost symbol) on the input, the rate per unit cost achieved by the proposed scheme is within a factor two of the information-theoretic optimum.
<title>Bitplane coding of DCT coefficients for image and video compression</title> (1998)

In the current image and video coding standards, such as MPEG- 1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.261, H.263, and JPEG, quantized DCT coefficients are entropy coded using a so-called run_value coding technique. A problem with this technique is that the statistics of the run_value symbols are highly dependent on the quantization step size and the dynamic range of the DCT coefficients. Therefore, a single fixed entropy coding table cannot achieve the optimal coding efficiency for all possible quantization step sizes and all possible dynamic ranges of the DCT coefficients. Bitplane coding of the DCT coefficients is a new coding scheme that overcomes this problem. It provides a better performance than run_value coding under all conditions.
Design of an electromechanical pump system for training in beating heart cardiac surgery (2003)

Heart surgeons and trainees benefit greatly from continuous practice of bypass surgery and other cardiac operations. This is true of beating heart surgery where, unlike traditional methods, the heart is not arrested during the operation. At the Dept. of Surgery, University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) a system has been devised to simulate a beating human heart using intra-ventricular balloons, which are inserted inside a preserved in vitro porcine heart and made to pulsate using a pneumatic pump. The work is currently being developed in collaboration with the School of Engineering at the University of Technology, Jamaica (UTech) and the Dept. of Mathematics & Computer Science at the University of the West Indies (UWI), with the aim of producing a computer controlled device capable of simulating the range of intra-operative cardiac behaviours typically found in heart surgery. An electromechanical pumping system is described, based on a computer controllable linear actuator. A comparison of associated pulsatile pump choices is presented along with results of the design of a prototype diaphragm pump, which was tested with the porcine heart, demonstrating normal and abnormal beating, and ventricular fibrillation. A software architecture is also presented, showing how the heart may be controlled in a variety of beating modes over the course of a surgical training session.
Dioxygen independent oxygenation of hydrocarbons by methane monooxygenae hydroxylase component (1991)

Hydrogen peroxide added to the hydroxylase component of the soluble Methane Monooxygenase system (MMO) isolated from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b is shown to support dioxygen independent oxygenation of linear, cyclic, saturated, unsaturated, and aromatic hydrocarbons inculding methane, the natural substrate for the enzyme. The reductase and component B of the complete MMO system are not required for H 2 O 2 coupled catalysis
Non-invasive ultrasound surgery: role of microbubble enhanced cavitation (2002)

A method to make in-vivo acoustic cavitation practical as a mechanism for non-invasive ultrasound surgery is presented. Unlike thermal ablation mechanisms, acoustic cavitation can destroy tissue without heating complex overlying layers. However, cavitation thresholds are widely varying in tissues and cavitation requires high intensities to initiate. We have shown that introducing microbubbles (Optison/sup TM/ ultrasound contrast agent) significantly reduces the threshold for cavitation in canine kidneys. Non-invasive ultrasound surgery of deep-seated tissues may be possible using this approach.
Preionised pulsed magnetron discharge for ionised physicalvapour deposition (2004)

To improve the quality of thin film deposition by magnetron
discharges, particularly by an effective ionisation of
sputtered vapour, we developed a new ionised physical vapour
deposition method based on preionised magnetron discharges. By
superposition of continuous, microwave or RF discharge, with a
fast pulsed abnormal discharge, target current density is
extended to very high values during short pulses.
Sequence and expression of a type II keratin, K5, in human epidermal cells. (1988)

We report here the cDNA and amino acid sequences of a human 58-kilodalton type II keratin, K5, which is coexpressed with a 50-kilodalton type I keratin partner, K14, in stratified squamous epithelia. Using a probe specific for the 3'-noncoding portion of this K5 cDNA, we demonstrated the existence of a single human gene encoding this sequence. Using Northern (RNA) blot analysis and in situ hybridization with cRNA probes for both K5 and K14, we examined the expression of these mRNAs in the epidermis and in cultured epidermal cells. Our results indicate that the mRNAs for K5 and K14 are coordinately expressed and abundant in the basal layer of the epidermis. As cells undergo a commitment to terminally differentiate, the expression of both mRNAs seems to be downregulated.
DynamicGEM: A Library for Dynamic Graph Embedding Methods (2018)

DynamicGEM is an open-source Python library for learning node representations of dynamic graphs. It consists of state-of-the-art algorithms for defining embeddings of nodes whose connections evolve over time. The library also contains the evaluation framework for four downstream tasks on the network: graph reconstruction, static and temporal link prediction, node classification, and temporal visualization. We have implemented various metrics to evaluate the state-of-the-art methods, and examples of evolving networks from various domains. We have easy-to-use functions to call and evaluate the methods and have extensive usage documentation. Furthermore, DynamicGEM provides a template to add new algorithms with ease to facilitate further research on the topic.
Hollow-core resonator fiber optic gyroscope using nodeless anti-resonant fiber (2020)

Resonator fiber optic gyroscope (RFOG) performance has hitherto been limited by nonlinearity, modal impurity, and backscattering in the sensing fibers. The use of hollow-core fiber (HCF) effectively reduces nonlinearity, but the complex interplay among glass and air-guided modes in conventional HCF technologies can severely exacerbate RFOG instability. By employing high-performance nested anti-resonant nodeless fiber, we demonstrate long-term stability in a hollow-fiber RFOG of 0.05 deg/h, nearing the levels required for civil aircraft navigation. This represents a ${{3}} \times$ improvement over any prior hollow-core RFOG and a factor of ${{500}} \times$ over any prior result at integration times longer than 1 h.
<title>Effect of dielectric constant on modulation voltage for nonlinear optic polymer-based optoelectronic devices</title> (2000)

Presented is the effect of using various cladding layers with different dielectric constants on the applied modulation voltage for nonlinear optic (NLO) polymer based integrated OE devices. The dielectric constants of the core and cladding materials used for NLOs polymer based integrated optoelectronic devices are typically very similar in magnitude. This suggests that even for low modulation rates, only 20% to 25% of the applied modulation voltage (voltage between the electrodes) is being dropped across the core region. With this small percentage of applied voltage reaching the NLO core layer, it becomes necessary to apply 4 to 5 times higher modulation voltage in order to achieve the desired (pi) phase change through the core.
The Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]-based vector: a new and versatile gene delivery platform (2015)

Based upon advances in gene sequencing and construction, it is now possible to identify specific genes or sequences thereof for gene delivery applications. Recombinant adenovirus serotype-5 (Ad5) viral vectors have been utilized in the settings of gene therapy, vaccination, and immunotherapy but have encountered clinical challenges because they are recognized as foreign entities to the host. This recognition leads to an immunologic clearance of the vector that contains the inserted gene of interest and prevents effective immunization(s). We have reported on a new Ad5-based viral vector technology that can be utilized as an immunization modality to induce immune responses even in the presence of Ad5 vector immunity. We have reported successful immunization and immunotherapy results to infectious diseases and cancers. This improved recombinant viral platform (Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]) can now be utilized in the development of multiple vaccines and immunotherapies.
Embedded CELP with adaptive codebooks in enhancement layers and multi-layer gain optimization (2009)

The paper describes an embedded CELP coder in which an adaptive codebook is included in every enhancement layer and the lower-layer codebook gains are re-optimized in the higher layers to further improve speech quality. Each layer maintains its own filter memories to generate required target vectors, adds adaptive and fixed codebook contributions, and re-optimizes all codebook gains to improve coder performance (multi-layer gain optimization). The common elements across the embedded layers include the lower-layer adaptive and fixed codebook entries. The pitch-lag used in the core layer is also re-used in the enhancement layers to maintain time synchronization between layers. Estimation and encoding of selected lower-layer parameters may take into account their estimated impact on the higher layers. The described embedded CELP coder has been implemented in the embedded variable bit-rate (EV-VBR) codec standardized by ITU-T as recommendation G.718. The characterization test results of the G.718 embedded CELP are summarized.
Sketching Stylized Animated Drawings with Motion Amplifiers (2016)

We present a sketching tool for crafting animated illustrations that contain the exaggerated dynamics of stylized 2D animations. Our system provides a set of motion amplifiers which implement a set of established principles of 2D animation. These amplifiers break down a complex animation effect into independent, understandable chunks. Each amplifier imposes deformations to an underlying grid, which in turn updates the corresponding strokes. Users can combine these amplifiers at will when applying them to an existing animation, promoting rapid experimentation. Our system leverages the freeform nature of sketching, allowing users to rapidly sketch, record motion, explore exaggerated dynamics using the amplifiers, and fine-tune their animations.
Development of Black Surface Treatment Applicable to Bolts for Motorcycles (2015)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">A black surface treatment without using hexavalent chromium and applicable to bolts of motorcycles has been developed. The surface treatment also satisfies the requirements of bolts for motorcycles such as fastening performance, corrosion resistance, weather resistance and appearance of outer finish.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">There is a method of coating a black chemical conversion film using trivalent chromium on the zinc-plated surface as one of the surface treatments that do not use the hexavalent chromium. Such a black film, however, is thinner than the film using hexavalent chromium, and unable to ensure satisfactory black appearance. Meanwhile, although the dip-coating using a black paint can provide a sufficient black color, it is necessary to apply coating two times to eliminate an irregular color. As a result, thick paint films are formed on the roots of thread, making it difficult to fit into the internal thread. To simultaneously solve the above-mentioned two issues, two measures were executed. One was to apply the black film using trivalent chromium as an undercoat of dip-coating. The second was to develop paints that the amount of pigments in paints was adjusted on the assumption of the color of the undercoat. Thus a proper fit of thread was ensured when fastening in addition to a satisfactory black appearance even with the dip-coating only once. Also, the friction coefficient was controlled at an appropriate level by the selection of friction modifier. Moreover, the adhesion was improved by the enhancement of anchor effect of coating with the elimination of finishing process of the black chemical conversion film, and the requested corrosion resistance was achieved.</div></div>
Fast Concurrent Data Sketches (2019)

Data sketches are approximate succinct summaries of long data streams. They are widely used for processing massive amounts of data and answering statistical queries about it. Existing libraries producing sketches are very fast, but do not allow parallelism for creating sketches using multiple threads or querying them while they are being built. We present a generic approach to parallelising data sketches efficiently and allowing them to be queried in real time, while bounding the error that such parallelism introduces. Utilising relaxed semantics and the notion of strong linearisability we prove our algorithm's correctness and analyse the error it induces in two specific sketches. Our implementation achieves high scalability while keeping the error small. We have contributed one of our concurrent sketches to the open-source data sketches library.
A Microreactor for Hydrogen Production in Micro Fuel Cell Applications (2004)

A silicon-chip based microreactor has been successfully fabricated and tested for carrying out the reaction of methanol reforming for microscale hydrogen production. The developed microreactor in combination with a micro fuel cell is proposed as an alternative to conventional portable sources of electricity such as batteries due to its ability to provide an uninterrupted supply of electricity as long as a supply of methanol and water can be provided. The microreformer-fuel cell combination has the advantage of not requiring the tedious recharging cycles needed by conventional rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. It also offers significantly higher energy storage densities, which translates into less frequent "recharging" through the refilling of methanol fuel. The microreactor consists of a network of catalyst-packed parallel microchannels of depths ranging from 200 to 400 /spl mu/m with a catalyst particle filter near the outlet fabricated using photolithography and deep-reactive ion etching (DRIE) on a silicon substrate. Issues related to microchannel and filter capping, on-chip heating and temperature sensing, introduction and trapping of catalyst particles in the microchannels, flow distribution, microfluidic interfacing, and thermal insulation have been addressed. Experimental runs have demonstrated a methanol to hydrogen molar conversion of at least 85% to 90% at flow rates enough to supply hydrogen to an 8- to 10-W fuel cell.