gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The UNIX Operating System: A Model for Software Design (1982)

The UNIX operating system, a general-purpose time-sharng system, has, without marketing, advertising, or technical support, become widely used by universities and scientific research establishments. It is the de facto standard of comparison for such systems and has spawned a small industry of suppliers of UNIX variants and look-alikes. This article attempts to uncover the reasons for its success and to draw some lessons for the future of operating systems.
Superhydrophobic Surfaces: Insights from Theory and Experiment (2020)

Biomimetic nanosurfaces with distinct wettability and versatility have found special enthusiasm in both fundamental research and industrial applications. With the advent of nanotechnology, it is doable to acclimate surface architecture and surface chemistry to attain superhydrophobicity. The uniqueness of superhydrophobic surfaces arises from various phenomenal advances, and its progress is expected to continue for decades in the future. In this Review Article, we discuss recent progress made in defining physical aspects of numerical modeling, experimental practices adopted, and applications of superhydrophobic surfaces. First, we revisit various classical models of superhydrophobicity and recent theoretical advances achieved related to the wetting phenomena. Subsequently, we emphasize various precursors and advance fabrication strategies adopted to fabricate superhydrophobic surfaces. In the following section, we take up various potential applications and appropriate working principles to explain wettability phenomena. Finally, some general conclusions are drawn along with proposed guidelines for designing robust superhydrophobic coatings.
LX-1031, a tryptophan 5-hydroxylase inhibitor that reduces 5-HT levels for the potential treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. (2010)

LX-1031, being developed by Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, is an oral, small-molecule tryptophan 5-hydroxylase (TPH) inhibitor that reduces 5-HT synthesis peripherally. LX-1031 is being developed for the potential treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), which is characterized by excess 5-HT. In preclinical studies, LX-1031 dose-dependently reduced expression of 5-HT in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, but had no effect on brain 5-HT levels. In ascending single-dose and multiple-dose (14 day) phase I clinical trials in healthy volunteers, LX-1031 significantly reduced urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA; a marker of 5-HT metabolism) levels, starting by day 5 and persisting over the duration of exposure. In a phase II clinical trial in patients with IBS-D, a 1000-mg qid dose of LX-1031 was associated with improved weekly global scores and stool consistency, and lower urinary 5-HIAA levels over a 28-day treatment period. LX-1031 was well tolerated in trials to date. In conclusion, LX-1031 appears promising for IBS-D. Optimal doses, efficacy in IBS clinical trials and safety need to be fully elucidated.
A liquid-metal reconfigurable Yagi-Uda monopole array (2013)

A liquid-metal reconfigurable Yagi-Uda monopole array is presented. The three-element array consists of driven and parasitic elements whose lengths can be tuned with pressure-driven liquid metal, resulting in an array in which directors can be transformed into reflectors, and in which elements can be tuned to different frequencies. The measured radiation patterns demonstrate single-axis beam steering at multiple operational frequencies from 1.95 to 4.11 GHz.
Health Care Use and Costs Among Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis With Advanced Fibrosis Using the Fibrosis‐4 Score (2020)

Limited evidence exists on the clinical and economic burden of advanced fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH) due to the invasiveness of liver biopsies for accurately staging liver disease. The fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score allows for noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis by using clinical and laboratory data alone. This study aimed to characterize the comorbidity burden, health care resource use (HCRU), and costs among patients with NAFLD/NASH with FIB-4-defined F3 (bridging fibrosis) and F4 (compensated cirrhosis) fibrosis. Using the Optum Research Database, a retrospective cohort study was conducted among 251,725 commercially insured adult patients with ≥1 NAFLD/NASH diagnosis from January 1, 2008, to August 31, 2016, and laboratory data required to calculate FIB-4 scores. Five criteria using varying FIB-4 score cutoffs were identified based on expert clinical opinion and published literature. Date of the first valid FIB-4 score marked the index date. Mean annual HCRU and costs were calculated during the pre-index and post-index periods. The prevalence of FIB-4-based F3 and F4 fibrosis was 0.40%-2.72% and 1.03%-1.61%, respectively. Almost 50% of patients identified with FIB-4-based F3 or F4 had type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or renal impairment. Total all-cause health care costs increased significantly from pre-index to post-index for patients with FIB-4-based F3 fibrosis across most criteria (17%-29% increase) and patients with FIB-4-based F4 fibrosis across all criteria (47%-48% increase). Inpatient costs were the primary drivers of this increment. <i>Conclusion:</i> Significant increases in HCRU and costs were observed following FIB-4-based identification of F3 and F4 fibrosis among U.S. adults with NAFLD/NASH. These data suggest the importance of early identification and management of NAFLD/NASH that may halt or reduce the risk of disease progression and limit the underlying burden.
Raman spectra of mirabilite, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·10H<sub>2</sub>O and the rediscovered metastable heptahydrate, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O (2010)

Abstract Salt crystallisation in pores is known to cause serious damage to masonry. Sodium sulphate, often regarded as one of the most damaging salts, has a rich hydrate chemistry including one rediscovered metastable hydrate and a new high pressure octahydrate plus five known polymorphs of the anhydrous phase. The difficulty in working with these hydrates lies in their strong tendency to dehydrate or to convert to the stable phase, in the case of the heptahydrate. We present Raman spectra and a table of peak wavenumbers for randomly oriented crystals of mirabilite and the metastable heptahydrate, sufficient to distinguish between these phases that have SO 4 ν 1 values of 989.3 and 987.6 cm −1 , respectively. Mirabilite has a Raman spectrum very similar to the free sulphate anion in solution, which is probably due to the mobility of oxygen atoms within the sulphate tetrahedron. The oxygen atoms in the heptahydrate sulphate groups have no partial occupancy, and predicted peak splitting is observed in the region 400–1200 cm −1 . Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The transcription factor Sp3 interacts with promoter elements of the lens specific MIP gene. (1999)

The transcription factor Sp3 may play an important role in regulating MIP gene expression in the lens.
Macroscopic Invisibility Cloak for Visible Light (2011)

Invisibility cloaks, a subject that usually occurs in science fiction and myths, have attracted wide interest recently because of their possible realization. The biggest challenge to true invisibility is known to be the cloaking of a macroscopic object in the broad range of wavelengths visible to the human eye. Here we experimentally solve this problem by incorporating the principle of transformation optics into a conventional optical lens fabrication with low-cost materials and simple manufacturing techniques. A transparent cloak made of two pieces of calcite is created. This cloak is able to conceal a macroscopic object with a maximum height of 2 mm, larger than 3500 free-space-wavelength, inside a transparent liquid environment. Its working bandwidth encompassing red, green, and blue light is also demonstrated.
A54145, a new lipopeptide antibiotic complex. Factor control through precursor directed biosynthesis. (1990)

A54145 is a complex of new lipopeptide antibiotics produced by Streptomyces fradiae. Eight factors, containing four similar peptide nuclei in combination with three different fatty acid acyl side chains, have been isolated from the natural fermentation and characterized. The nuclei differ only in valine/isoleucine and glutamate/3-CH3-glutamate substitutions at one or both of two locations on the peptide ring. Prior deacylation of all four nuclei with Actinoplanes utahensis had permitted chemical reacylation of each nucleus with new fatty acid acyl chains for structure-activity relationship studies. In an effort to induce the native biosynthesis of preferred factors or analogs by S. fradiae, the effect of fatty acid precursors on the fermentation was examined. Many fatty acids were extremely toxic to S. fradiae, which limited experiments to slow, continuous feeding of the lipids in stirred bioreactors that were equipped for on-line respiration analysis by mass spectrometry. These studies determined that precursing with aliphatic fatty acids of various chain lengths did enhance the biosynthesis of factors containing specific fatty acid acyl side chains. Caprate, for example, increased the n-decanoyl-containing factors from the natural level of approximately 14% to approximately 80%. The percentage of factors containing branched-chain fatty acid acyl substituents was also increased, in shaken-flask studies, by enriching the medium with valine or isoleucine. These amino acids additionally enhanced the percentage of nuclei containing either valine or isoleucine.
Design of a programmable bandgap reference circuit (2009)

This paper describes the design of a programmable voltage bandgap reference, simulated in 0.35 mum CMOS technology. This work is used for trimming and calibration process. The circuit generates a variable reference voltage of 1.2380 until 1.3051. It can operate with supply voltages between 3.0 v and 3.6 V and between 0C and 85C. It has a PSRR 56 dB under normal operating conditions. This circuit works in a current feedback mode, and it generates its own reference current, resulting in a stable operation. A startup circuit is required for successful operation of the system.
Biotype and macromolecular profiles of cytotoxin-producing strains of Helicobacter pylori from antral gastric mucosa (1991)

Biotype, genome, protein and plasmid profile diversitu amongst 40 epidemiologically unrelated strains of Helicobacter pylori was studied. Strains were API Zym biotypes II, III and IV but most (87%) were biotype II. Four subsets of strains were defined on a combination of motility (56% positive) and cytotoxin production (44% positive). A close association (P= 0.45) between these two features was observed for 69% of strains. Each strain of H. pylori had a unique DNA type defined by either HaeIII or HindIII total digest patterns and by ribopatterns, except for DNA of the rare strains not cut by these endonucleases. Strain diversity was confirmed by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE electrophoretic protein patterns. No consistent associations between cytotoxin activity and overall ribopattern or band subsets within a ribopattern were detected. Some strains (39%) contained a plasmid but the presence of plasmids was not consistently associated with either cytotoxin activity, biotype, motility or ribopattern. We conclude that the cytotoxin-producing strains of H. pylori were genomically as diverse as the non-cytotoxin producing strains.
Persulphate oxidations. Part XI. Oxidative dimerisation of aminonaphthoquinones (1975)

Persulphate oxidation of 2-amino-, 2-methylamino- and 2-ethylamino-1,4-naphthoquinone generated vinylogous π-amidyls which dimerised on carbon to form 3,3′-diamino-2,2′-binaphthoquinonyls; these may subsequently cyclise to dibenzocarbazolediquinones. Similar treatment of 2-dimethylamino-1,4-naphthoquinone gave a dinaphthofurandiquinone. Oxidation of 2-alkylamino-3-phenyl-1,4-naphthoquinones afforded benzocarbazolequinones; the 2-anilino- and 2-o-toluidino-analogues formed, in addition, NN′-dinaphthoquinonylbenzidines.
Scientific considerations for complex drugs in light of established and emerging regulatory guidance (2012)

On March 9, 2012, the New York Academy of Sciences brought together experts representing a variety of perspectives--including academic, industrial, regulatory, as well as those from physicians and consumers--to discuss considerations for the non-biological complex drug (NBCD) regulatory approval pathway, given the emerging regulatory guidelines for biosimilars (follow-on biological complex drugs). Some of the organizers of the conference expressed their belief that NBCDs share a number of characteristic features with biologicals: the structure cannot be fully defined by the available (physicochemical) analytical tests, and quality assurance is based on in-depth knowledge, consistency, and control of the production process. However, their view on NBCDs was not universally accepted among the experts who participated in the conference. Plenary sessions addressed the most recent regulatory developments, experimental design, interchangeability, and immunogenicity issues for follow-on versions of complex drugs from the perspective of key audiences, including industry, regulatory agencies, physicians, and consumers. This report summarizes these various perspectives on NBCDs and the scientific and regulatory considerations associated with complex drug categories.
FUNCTION, CHARACTERIZATION AND AUTORADIOGRAPHIC LOCALIZATION AND QUANTITATION OF β‐ADRENOCEPTORS IN CARDIAC TISSUES (1989)

1. This paper demonstrates the use of organ bath, radioligand binding and autoradiography to detect beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors in human and guinea-pig cardiac tissues. 2. In organ bath experiments, non-selective and beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor selective agonists produced concentration-dependent inotropic responses in human right atrial appendage. Both subtypes mediate inotropic responses. In guinea-pig right atria chronotropic responses were mediated predominantly through beta 1-adrenoceptors. 3. Receptor binding studies using (-)[125I]-cyanopindolol (CYP) and beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor selective antagonists showed that beta 2-adrenoceptors comprised 25% of the total population of beta-adrenoceptors in guinea-pig right atria. In human right atria the proportion is higher (40%). 4. Quantitative autoradiography was used to determine the location and densities of beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors in guinea-pig heart. Both beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors were distributed on myocardium. The atrioventricular conducting system had a higher density of beta 2-adrenoceptors compared with myocardium.
The Importance Of Selling Techniques In The Tourism Industry (2018)

Effective sales monitoring provides the manager with a host of important information that helps him to have a realistic insight into the customer, which is the company's most important category of business partner. Therefore, learning as much information about the target audience of current and potential customers will enable the manager to find the right approach to both reward existing ones and address the new ones and communicate it to the team. In-depth customer knowledge will enable the company to offer, now and in the future, a customer experience that will lead to greater brand engagement, brand awareness and, ultimately, sales. Equally, the information obtained helps to modify products or services marketed to meet customers' needs as much as possible and to reduce problems or failures that may arise from signing the contract until delivery of the contract product or service.
1H-NMR detectable fatty acyl chain unsaturation in excised leiomyosarcoma correlate with grade and mitotic activity. (1996)

We report on the use of 1H-NMR two-dimensional total correlated spectroscopy (2D TOCSY) at 600 MHz for an ex vivo analysis of fatty acyl chain lipid in normal smooth muscle and a series of primary retroperitoneal leiomyosarcomas. These TOCSY spectra were used to identify and quantitate the methylene protons situated between unsaturated site protons (D) to those bordered by only one unsaturated site proton (C). The D/C cross-peak volume ratios determined for oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), linolenic (18:3), and arachidonic (20:4) acids were 0.0, 1.3, 2.7, and 4.0, respectively, suggesting that this ratio can be a measure of the degree of unsaturation for fatty acyl chains of lipids. The D/C cross-peak volume ratio was found to be proportional to the mean mitotic activity (r = 0.94) in nine smooth muscle tissues. These results suggest, that for leiomyosarcoma, the degree of fatty acyl unsaturation may be an important determinant of the metastatic potential of these tumors. Furthermore, application of TOCSY for the ex vivo study of smooth muscle tumors would potentially serve as a pathologist-independent and quantitative method for assessment of leiomyosarcoma grade and mitotic activity thereby rendering a more accurate staging of patients.
Fluid Flow Complexity in Fracture Networks: Analysis with Graph Theory and LBM (2011)

Through this research, embedded synthetic fracture networks in rock masses are studied. To analysis the fluid flow complexity in fracture networks with respect to the variation of connectivity patterns, two different approaches are employed, namely, the Lattice Boltzmann method and graph theory. The Lattice Boltzmann method is used to show the sensitivity of the permeability and fluid velocity distribution to synthetic fracture networks' connectivity patterns. Furthermore, the fracture networks are mapped into the graphs, and the characteristics of these graphs are compared to the main spatial fracture networks. Among different characteristics of networks, we distinguish the modularity of networks and sub-graphs distributions. We map the flow regimes into the proper regions of the network's modularity space. Also, for each type of fluid regime, corresponding motifs shapes are scaled. Implemented power law distributions of fracture length in spatial fracture networks yielded the same node's degree distribution in transformed networks. Two general spatial networks are considered: random networks and networks with "hubness" properties mimicking a spatial damage zone (both with power law distribution of fracture length). In the first case, the fractures are embedded in uniformly distributed fracture sets; the second case covers spatial fracture zones. We prove numerically that the abnormal change (transition) in permeability is controlled by the hub growth rate. Also, comparing LBM results with the characteristic mean length of transformed networks' links shows a reverse relationship between the aforementioned parameters. In addition, the abnormalities in advection through nodes are presented.
Ralstonins A and B, Lipopeptides with Chlamydospore-Inducing and Phytotoxic Activities from the Plant Pathogen <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i> (2017)

Ralstonia solanacearum has an orphan hybrid polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene cluster. We herein isolate its products (named ralstonins A and B) from R. solanacearum and elucidate their structures and biological activities. Ralstonins are unusual lipodepsipeptides composed of 11 amino acids (containing unique amino acids such as β-hydroxytyrosine and dehydroalanine) and a 3-amino-2-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, and their production is controlled by quorum sensing, a mechanism of bacterial cell-cell communication. Ralstonins exhibited chlamydospore-inducing activity and phytotoxicity.
Long-Acting Progestin-Only Contraceptives Enhance Human Endometrial Stromal Cell Expressed Neuronal Pentraxin-1 and Reactive Oxygen Species to Promote Endothelial Cell Apoptosis (2014)

LAPC-enhanced NPTX1 secretion and reactive oxygen species generation in HESCs impair HEEC survival resulting in a loss in vascular integrity, demonstrating a novel paracrine mechanism to explain LAPC-induced abnormal uterine bleeding.
The chemical potential of radiation (1982)

In a thermodynamic treatment electromagnetic radiation of any kind is described. The difference between thermal and non-thermal radiation is accounted for by introducing the chemical potential of photons. Instead of an effective temperature all kinds of radiation have the real temperature of the emitting material. As a result Planck's law for thermal radiation is extended to radiation of any kind. The concept of the chemical potential of radiation is discussed in detail in conjunction with light-emitting diodes, two-level systems, and lasers. It allows the calculation of absorption coefficients, of emission spectra of luminescent materials, and of radiative recombination lifetimes of electrons and holes in semiconductors. Theoretical emission spectra are compared with experimental data on GaAs light-emitting diodes and excellent agreement is obtained.
82 dB SNDR 20-channel incremental ADC with optimal decimation filter and digital correction (2010)

A third-order multi-channel incremental ADC with a 5-level quantizer is presented. An optimal decimation filter is used which minimizes the weighted sum of the thermal and quantization output noises. Digital correction is used to suppress mismatches in the multi-bit DAC. The prototype obtained a signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio of 81.5 dB, within a total of 21.7 kHz signal bandwidth at a 10 MHz sampling frequency. The total power consumption for 20 channels is 6.7 mW.
Unsupervised discovery of microbial population structure within metagenomes using nucleotide base composition (2011)

An approach to infer the unknown microbial population structure within a metagenome is to cluster nucleotide sequences based on common patterns in base composition, otherwise referred to as binning. When functional roles are assigned to the identified populations, a deeper understanding of microbial communities can be attained, more so than gene-centric approaches that explore overall functionality. In this study, we propose an unsupervised, model-based binning method with two clustering tiers, which uses a novel transformation of the oligonucleotide frequency-derived error gradient and GC content to generate coarse groups at the first tier of clustering; and tetranucleotide frequency to refine these groups at the secondary clustering tier. The proposed method has a demonstrated improvement over PhyloPythia, S-GSOM, TACOA and TaxSOM on all three benchmarks that were used for evaluation in this study. The proposed method is then applied to a pyrosequenced metagenomic library of mud volcano sediment sampled in southwestern Taiwan, with the inferred population structure validated against complementary sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA marker genes. Finally, the proposed method was further validated against four publicly available metagenomes, including a highly complex Antarctic whale-fall bone sample, which was previously assumed to be too complex for binning prior to functional analysis.
New generation 3-dimensional echocardiography for left ventricular volumetric and functional measurements: Comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance (2006)

New generation 3DE provides accurate and reproducible quantification of LV volumetric and functional data in subjects with good acoustic windows as compared with CMR.
Learning Physical Intuition of Block Towers by Example (2016)

Wooden blocks are a common toy for infants, allowing them to develop motor skills and gain intuition about the physical behavior of the world. In this paper, we explore the ability of deep feed-forward models to learn such intuitive physics. Using a 3D game engine, we create small towers of wooden blocks whose stability is randomized and render them collapsing (or remaining upright). This data allows us to train large convolutional network models which can accurately predict the outcome, as well as estimating the block trajectories. The models are also able to generalize in two important ways: (i) to new physical scenarios, e.g. towers with an additional block and (ii) to images of real wooden blocks, where it obtains a performance comparable to human subjects.