gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of muscarinic potassium current in fetal and neonatal rat heart (1997)

Single atrial myocytes were isolated from fetal, neonatal, and adult rat hearts. The muscarinic K+ current activated by rapid application of acetylcholine (ACh) and adenosine (Ado) was recorded under the whole cell voltage clamp. The current density (pA/pF) of ACh-induced K+ current increased from gestation day 12 to the maximum on neonatal day 20 and decreased in the adult myocytes due to greater increase of the membrane capacitance. The development of Ado-induced K+ current followed a similar time course except for a remarkable decrease after neonatal day 10. No significant change was found in single-channel properties during the development. Receptor subtypes were M2 and A1 receptors for ACh and Ado, respectively. In the dose-response relationship, the half-maximal concentration for ACh-induced current markedly decreased with age, from 1.44 (fetus) to 0.17 microM (adult), whereas that for Ado increased from 0.45 (fetus) to 0.99 microM (adult). These changes of the muscarinic K+ current were discussed in relation to the functional development of cardiac myocytes and underlying mechanisms.
Multi-color thin film emitters (1980)

There is an increasing demand for multi-color flat panel matrix displays. Recent work (1) has shown that thin film electroluminescent devices fabricated from ZnS doped with manganese, sandwiched between two dielectric layers, are capable of high brightness and long life. These devices exhibit many of the characteristics required for flat matrix panels. Using the same structure as above, a green emitting film has been developed which used TbF <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> as the activator. The brightness of this film is 700 fl which is three times brighter and requires significantly lower drive voltage than previously reported (2). Data will be presented indicating the results of annealing at different temperatures in order to optimize the light output. Electro-optic data indicates that the tunnel field emission model previously reported for Mn activated ZnS films is valid for the TbF <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> activated ZnS films. Spectroscopic data will be given on other rare earth activated films.
Comparison of Time-Delay Estimation Techniques in Acoustic Environment (2010)

The calculation of time delay between a signal and its echo received at a microphone has been proven to be a useful parameter. Speech enhancement, speaker localization, speech and speaker recognition are few applications of TDE methods. We are implementing various methods for the estimation of time delay. These methods are implemented in MATLAB. The reason for choosing the MATLAB as the analysis and simulation tool is that it has more flexible choices to support the simulation and is easy to do modification or data recording. These methods are crosscorrelation (CC), phase transform (PHAT). Various time-delay estimation techniques based on the cross-correlation functions are compared through simulations and measurements. Their simulation results are compared in terms of computation complexity, hardware implementation, precision, and accuracy.
Lipase immobilized on hydrophobic porous polymer supports prepared by concentrated emulsion polymerization and their activity in the hydrolysis of triacylglycerides (1993)

Microporous polymer supports for the immobilization of lipase have been prepared by the polymerization of a concentrated emulsion precursor. The concentrated emulsion consists of a mixture of styrene and divinyl-benzene containing a suitable surfactant and an initiator as the continuous phase and water as the dispersed phase. The volume fraction of the latter phase was greater than 0.74, which is the volume fraction of the dispersed phase for the most compact arrangement of spheres of equal radius. The lipase from Candida rugosa has been immobilized on the internal surface of the hydrophobic microporous poly(styrene-divinyl benzene) supports and used as biocatalysts for the hydrolysis of triacylglycerides. The effects of the amount of surfactant, of the molar ratio of divinylbenzene/styrene in the continuous phase, and of the aquaphilicity of the supports on the adsorption, activity, and stability of the immobilized lipase have been investigated. The microporous poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) adsorbents constitute excellent supports for lipase because both the amount adsorbed is large and the rate of enzymatic reaction per molecule of lipase is higher for the immobilized enzyme than for the free one.
Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an <em>In Vitro</em> Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction (2015)

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents account for 80% of all strokes. A common cause of IR injury is the rapid inflow of fluids following an acute/chronic occlusion of blood, nutrients, oxygen to the tissue triggering the formation of free radicals. Ischemic stroke is followed by blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and vasogenic brain edema. Structurally, tight junctions (TJs) between the endothelial cells play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). IR injury is an early secondary injury leading to a non-specific, inflammatory response. Oxidative and metabolic stress following inflammation triggers secondary brain damage including BBB permeability and disruption of tight junction (TJ) integrity. Our protocol presents an in vitro example of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) on rat brain endothelial cell TJ integrity and stress fiber formation. Currently, several experimental in vivo models are used to study the effects of IR injury; however they have several limitations, such as the technical challenges in performing surgeries, gene dependent molecular influences and difficulty in studying mechanistic relationships. However, in vitro models may aid in overcoming many of those limitations. The presented protocol can be used to study the various molecular mechanisms and mechanistic relationships to provide potential therapeutic strategies. However, the results of in vitro studies may differ from standard in vivo studies and should be interpreted with caution.
Correlation of turbulent trailing vortex decay data (1976)

A correlation function, derived on the basis of self similar variable eddy viscosity decay, is introduced and utilized to correlate aircraft trailing vortex velocity data from ground and flight experiments. The correlation function collapses maximum tangential velocity data from scale model and flight tests to a single curve. The resulting curve clearly shows both the inviscid plateau and the downstream decay regions. A comparison between experimental data and numerical solution shows closer agreement with the variable eddy viscosity solution than the constant viscosity analytical solution.
Therapeutic‐Gas‐Responsive Hydrogel (2017)

Nitric oxide (NO) is a crucial signaling molecule with various functions in physiological systems. Due to its potent biological effect, the preparation of responsive biomaterials upon NO having temporally transient properties is a challenging task. This study represents the first therapeutic-gas (i.e., NO)-responsive hydrogel by incorporating a NO-cleavable crosslinker. The hydrogel is rapidly swollen in response to NO, and not to other gases. Furthermore, the NO-responsive gel is converted to enzyme-responsive gels by cascade reactions from an enzyme to NO production for which the NO precursor is a substrate of the enzyme. The application of the hydrogel as a NO-responsive drug-delivery system is proved here by revealing effective protein drug release by NO infusion, and the hydrogel is also shown to be swollen by the NO secreted from the cultured cells. The NO-responsive hydrogel may prove useful in many applications, for example drug-delivery vehicles, inflammation modulators, and as a tissue scaffold.
Laser Induced Chemical Deposition of Ferrihydrite Nanotubes: Exploring Growth Rate and Crystal Structure (2014)

This paper is one of three papers exploring and confirming a novel high rate nanomanufacturing method using laser to induce and accelerate chemical synthesis and deposition of nanotubes. We have shown elsewhere that the growth rate of SnO2 nanotubes by this method is a few orders faster than that by the state of the art electrochemical deposition method, the growth rate of the nanotubes is favorably affected by increasing the laser power under a constant number of scanning passes, and the process can grow nanotubes coalesced from ultrasmall particle size as small as 2 nm (Liu and Liu, 2013, "Laser Induced Chemical Solution Deposition of Nanomaterials: A Novel Process Demonstrated by Manufacturing SnO2 Nanotubes," Manuf. Lett., 1(1), pp. 42–35). In the second paper, we have shown that this novel method is generic, demonstrated by synthesizing various metal oxide and sulfide nanotubes (Liu and Liu, "Laser-Induced Solution Synthesis and Deposition: A Generic Method to Make Metal Chalcogenide Nanotubes at High Rate With High Consistency," J. Nanoeng. Nanosyst. (accepted)). Since the performance and properties of nanomaterials are highly dependent on its structure, we explore here how the basic processing variables affect the growth rate and crystal size. Our initial finding is that (1) the growth rate can be increased by increasing the pH value of the solution, resulting in little change on the crystal size and (2) the crystal size of the manufactured ferrihydrite nanotube arrays can be controlled by changing laser scanning passes. We found the increase of the pH value from 1.33 to 2.16 almost tripled the growth rate of ferrihydrite nanotubes, while the crystal size remained little changed as revealed by the transmission electron microscopy studies. However, increasing the number of laser scanning passes at a given power could coarsen the ferrihydrite nanocrystals. The crystal structure of the nanotubes could be converted to haematite by dry furnace annealing. These initial findings demonstrated the capability and controllability of the novel process.
Security Constrained Unit Commitment for open markets (2003)

For many electric power systems the limitations of the transmission network strongly affect the system operation. In traditional regulated power systems, the operator follows operating rules and procedures to schedule generation so that the power system operates reliably. As the power industry moves towards open markets, it is necessary to develop power system schedules that produce high-quality nondiscriminatory schedules that are consistent with secure operation. This paper describes the Security Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC) program that has been developed to meet this need. The SCUC program optimizes the scheduled generation and price-sensitive load while satisfying generation, reserve requirements, transmission constraints, and generator operating constraints such as minimum up and down times. The transmission constraints modeled are of two types: branch-flow constraints insuring that line and interface thermal limits are satisfied (for steady-state operating conditions) for the forecasted network configuration and for the configuration with a specified set of network and generator outages (i.e. contingencies). These constraints, which are enforced in a preventive mode, an automatically generated by the program; and import and export constraints limiting the generation from specified generators and loads. These constraints which can be used to model voltage and dynamic security constraints, are developed using offline analysis and are inputs to the program. This paper describes the methods used to develop secure schedules and describes our experience using this program.
Moving beyond discussions about paradigm shifts - Creating space for multiple meanings and narratives on changing patterns of employment (2022)

Not available
Advection-Diffusion Equations for Internal State-Mediated Random Walks (2000)

In many biological examples of biased random walks, movement statistics are determined by state dynamics that are internalto the organism or cell and that mediate responses to variable environments. Internal state dynamics are an essential element of such behaviors because they provide a "memory" mechanism for retaining effects of previous environments over multiple iterations of the random walk, and because they impose constraints on the gradient-climbing movements that can result. When spatial gradients in individual density and in environmental properties are small, the timescales characterizing redistribution of populations over large spatial scales are typically much larger than those characterizing equilibration in the internal state and in orientation. Taking advantage of this difference in timescales, an advection-diffusion equation is derived that approximates the long-term spatial redistribution of individuals performing a velocity-jump process in which turning probabilities are mediated by complex internal state dynamics. The coefficients in the approximation are functions of the environment and are specified by the solution to a reduced set of internal state-related differential equations. This paper addresses the special case of a single space dimension and a single internal state variable. Two types of internal state dynamics are considered explicitly: those in which fluxes are described by advection-diffusion equations, represented by simplified models of receptor-mediated bacterial taxis and kinesis; and those described by hyperbolic equations with nonlocal changes or "jumps" in state-space, represented by a model of foraging behavior mediated by cognitive or physiological assessments of habitat quality. For these cases, analytical expressions for the coefficients can be obtained. The analysis also gives an estimate of the state-distribution at all points in space and time, from which other biologically meaningful statistics can be derived. The parabolic approximation is much more tractable analytically and numerically than the original hyperbolic model. This tractability makes it possible to address a variety of biological questions that are otherwise prohibitively computation-intensive.
AN INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE AND PERMEABILITY OF ION CHANNELS (1987)

Many bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems employ the dual RNA–guided DNA endonuclease Cas9 to defend against invading phages and conjugative plasmids by introducing site-specific ...Read More
Plasma Viscosity in Isolated Systolic Hypertension: The Role of Pulse Pressure (2005)

Atherosclerosis is increasingly recognized as an inflammatory vascular disease, and high blood pressure (BP) has been suggested to exert a proinflammatory action. Whether plasma viscosity (PV), a major determinant of blood flow in microcirculation and a marker of systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk, is increased in elderly subjects with isolated systolic hypertension is not known. In addition, the correlation of BP and its pulsatile component (ie, pulse pressure [PP]), with PV levels independent of the confounding effect of other cardiovascular risk factors has not been investigated. To this aim, we measured PV in 108 elderly men with never treated, uncomplicated isolated systolic hypertension, and in 60 healthy matched normotensive control subjects. The PV values were higher in hypertensive subjects than in controls (1.39+/-0.11 v 1.34+/-0.09 cP, P<.01). The PV showed a significant direct relation with both systolic BP (r=0.32) and PP (r=0.37, both P<.01), but not with diastolic BP (r=-0.03, P=.68). The PV was also directly associated with serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. In a multivariate analysis, PP was a significant predictor of PV levels when a consistent number of cardiovascular risk factors were simultaneously controlled for. In conclusion, PV is elevated in elderly subjects with isolated systolic hypertension. Systolic BP and PP appear to be major determinants of PV levels in these patients, independent of the potential proinflammatory action of traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
The IL-27 Receptor (WSX-1) Is an Inhibitor of Innate and Adaptive Elements of Type 2 Immunity (2004)

Although previous studies have investigated the role of IL-27/WSX-1 interactions in the regulation of Th1 responses, little is known about their role in regulating Th2-type responses. Studies presented in this work identify a direct role for IL-27/WSX-1 interactions in the negative regulation of type 2 responses independent of effects on type 1 cytokines. WSX-1-/- mice infected with the gastrointestinal helminth Trichuris muris displayed accelerated expulsion of parasites and the development of exaggerated goblet cell hyperplasia and mastocytosis in the gut due to increased production of Th2 cytokines. Enhanced mast cell activity in the absence of WSX-1 was consistent with the ability of wild-type mast cells to express this receptor. In addition, IL-27 directly suppressed CD4+ T cell proliferation and Th2 cytokine production. Together, these studies identify a novel role for IL-27/WSX-1 in limiting innate and adaptive components of type 2 immunity at mucosal sites.
An adaptive object model with dynamic role binding (2005)

To achieve the goal of realizing object adaptation to environments, a new role-based model Epsilon and a language EpsilonJ is proposed. In Epsilon, an environment is defined as a field of collaboration between roles and an object adapts to the environment assuming one of the roles. Objects can freely enter or leave environments and belong to multiple environments at a time so that dynamic adaptation or evolution of objects is realized. Environments and roles are the first class constructs at runtime as well as at model description time so that separation of concerns is not only materialized as a static structure but also observed as behaviors. Environments encapsulating collaboration are independent reuse components to be deployed separately from objects. In this paper, the Epsilon model and the language are explained with some examples. The effectiveness of the model is illustrated by a case study on the problem of integrated systems. Implementation of the language is also reported.
Machine learning-based patient specific prompt-gamma dose monitoring in proton therapy (2013)

Online dose monitoring in proton therapy is currently being investigated with prompt-gamma (PG) devices. PG emission was shown to be correlated with dose deposition. This relationship is mostly unknown under real conditions. We propose a machine learning approach based on simulations to create optimized treatment-specific classifiers that detect discrepancies between planned and delivered dose. Simulations were performed with the Monte-Carlo platform Gate/Geant4 for a spot-scanning proton therapy treatment and a PG camera prototype currently under investigation. The method first builds a learning set of perturbed situations corresponding to a range of patient translation. This set is then used to train a combined classifier using distal falloff and registered correlation measures. Classifier performances were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves and maximum associated specificity and sensitivity. A leave-one-out study showed that it is possible to detect discrepancies of 5 mm with specificity and sensitivity of 85% whereas using only distal falloff decreases the sensitivity down to 77% on the same data set. The proposed method could help to evaluate performance and to optimize the design of PG monitoring devices. It is generic: other learning sets of deviations, other measures and other types of classifiers could be studied to potentially reach better performance. At the moment, the main limitation lies in the computation time needed to perform the simulations.
L'efficacia dell'autoregolamentazione. L'esperienza dell'autodisciplina pubblicitaria in Italia (2022)

The increasing complexity of contemporary legal systems has highlighted the role of public and private actors in the law-making process. This theme, widely explored by socio-legal theory, has also been taken into consideration by the European institutions, in order to improve the quality and effectiveness of law making, especially with regards to self-regulation and co-regulation tools. The article focuses on a particularly successful example of self-regulatory organization, the Istituto Italiano di Autodisciplina Pubblicitaria that has been monitoring the fairness and correctness of commercial communica-tion since 1966. Its effectiveness in guiding the conduct of advertising operators and pro-tecting consumers is widely recognized. However, in a legal system like the Italian one, which still appears to be strongly influenced by a formalistic notion of sources of law, full coordination between legislative instruments and self-regulation does not seem easy to achieve
Synthesis and Characterizations of Block Copolymer of Poly(<i>n</i>-butyl acrylate) and Gradient Poly(methyl methacrylate-<i>co</i>-<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethyl acrylamide) Made via Nitroxide-Mediated Controlled Radical Polymerization (2007)

Methyl methacrylate (MMA)/N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMA) gradient copolymers with various chemical composition were synthesized by nitroxide-mediated controlled radical polymerization (NMP). Molecular weight (MW) characterization via gel permeation chromatography demonstrated that these materials were made in a “controlled” manner. The reactivity ratios values r1(MMA) = 2.36 and r2(DMA) = 0.33 were experimentally determined using the linear least-squares numerical method, results in good agreement with the literature. Characterization of the glass transition temperature, Tg, by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of gradient copolymers exhibited one Tg, with a value intermediate to the Tg of pure poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(N,N-dimethyl acrylamide) (PDMA). In contrast, di- and triblock copolymers made of poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA) as central block and PMMA/PDMA gradient copolymer as external block yielded two Tg, one corresponding to the Tg of PBA and the other intermediate to the Tg of PMMA and PDMA, indicating microphase separation which was confirmed by dynamic mechanical analysis and TEM observations of films of di- and triblock copolymers showing lamellae structure.
System characteristics of CDMA-based PCS (2002)

KMT has developed wireless access technology with its own CDMA method to provide economical and satisfactory PCS. To design an efficient system with high density under a micro and pico cell environment, KMT-PCS applied the following characteristics: (1) the use the coherent DS-CDMA method in the forward and reverse links, (2) the use the inter-cell asynchronous mode, (3) reverse link channel synchronization, and (4) the production of high-quality voice by applying 32 kb/s ADPCM for voice coding. This paper introduces the basic concept of this technology and the channel structure of the testbed under development.