gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Charge collection and pore filling in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (2008)

The solar to electrical power conversion efficiency for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) incorporating a solid-state organic hole-transporter can be over 5%. However, this is for devices significantly thinner than the optical depth of the active composites and by comparison to the liquid electrolyte based DSCs, which exhibit efficiencies in excess of 10%, more than doubling of this efficiency is clearly attainable if all the steps in the photovoltaic process can be optimized. Two issues are currently being addressed by the field. The first aims at enhancing the electron diffusion length by either reducing the charge recombination or enhancing the charge transport rates. This should enable a larger fraction of photogenerated charges to be collected. The second, though less actively investigated, aims to improve the physical composite formation, which in this instance is the infiltration of mesoporous TiO(2) with the organic hole-transporter 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxypheny-amine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD). Here, we perform a broad experimental study to elucidate the limiting factors to the solar cell performance. We first investigate the charge transport and recombination in the solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell under realistic working conditions via small perturbation photovoltage and photocurrent decay measurements. From these measurements we deduce that the electron diffusion length near short-circuit is as long as 20 µm. However, at applied biases approaching open-circuit potential under realistic solar conditions, the diffusion length becomes comparable with the film thickness, ∼2 µm, illustrating that real losses to open-circuit voltage, fill factor and hence efficiency are occurring due to ineffective charge collection. The long diffusion length near short-circuit, on the other hand, illustrates that another process, separate from ineffective charge collection, is rendering the solar cell less than ideal. We investigate the process of TiO(2) mesopore infiltration with spiro-MeOTAD by examining the cross-sectional images of and performing photo-induced absorption spectroscopy on devices with a range of thickness, infiltrated with spiro-MeOTAD with a range of concentrations. We present our interpretation of the mechanism for material infiltration, and by improving the casting conditions demonstrate efficient charge collection through devices of over 7 µm in thickness. This investigation represents an improvement in our understanding of the limiting factors to the dye-sensitized solar cell. However, much work, focused on composite formation and improved kinetic competition, is required to realize the true potential of this concept.
Self assembling nanoparticle enzyme clusters provide access to substrate channeling in multienzymatic cascades (2023)

Access to efficient enzymatic channeling is desired for improving all manner of designer biocatalysis. We demonstrate that enzymes constituting a multistep cascade can self-assemble with nanoparticle scaffolds into nanoclusters that access substrate channeling and improve catalytic flux by orders of magnitude. Utilizing saccharification and glycolytic enzymes with quantum dots (QDs) as a model system, nanoclustered-cascades incorporating from 4 to 10 enzymatic steps are prototyped. Along with confirming channeling using classical experiments, its efficiency is enhanced several fold more by optimizing enzymatic stoichiometry with numerical simulations, switching from spherical QDs to 2-D planar nanoplatelets, and by ordering the enzyme assembly. Detailed analyses characterize assembly formation and clarify structure-function properties. For extended cascades with unfavorable kinetics, channeled activity is maintained by splitting at a critical step, purifying end-product from the upstream sub-cascade, and feeding it as a concentrated substrate to the downstream sub-cascade. Generalized applicability is verified by extending to assemblies incorporating other hard and soft nanoparticles. Such self-assembled biocatalytic nanoclusters offer many benefits towards enabling minimalist cell-free synthetic biology.
Dielectric liquids for possible use in pulsed power switches (1989)

Dielectric liquids for possible use as (opening/closing) switching materials in pulsed power technology are identified. A concept for a dielectric-liquid-pulsed-power switch employing flashlamps is outlined.
DIAGNOSING ERROR PRONE APPLICATION OF OPTIMAL MODEL CALIBRATION (2005)

Optimization tools have been developed for automatic calibration of water distribution models. The tools are often based upon a powerful genetic algorithm optimization and seamlessly integrated with hydraulic and water quality modeling systems. It provides the advanced features for engineers and modelers. In spite of the power of the GA modeling, some users report that the optimal calibration tool has not worked effectively for practical model calibration. This paper presents a case study on uncovering the causes of problems in automated calibration and proposes an approach for effectively applying the optimization calibration method. The case study involves a real water distribution system. The model is constructed by experienced modeling engineers and an optimization calibration tool is applied to calibrating the model. However, the initial application of the calibration tool did not make any improvement at all over the uncalibrated model. A detailed analysis has been conducted to diagnose the problems with the model calibration. This study uncovers an error prone application of the optimization-based calibration tool and illustrates effective procedures for applying the calibration tool to a real water distribution model. The procedure and steps have been found efficient at improving model calibration. They may also serve the general guidelines for calibrating water distribution models even without use of optimization.
A Closed-Loop Digitally Controlled MEMS Gyroscope With Unconstrained Sigma-Delta Force-Feedback (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In this paper, we describe the system architecture and prototype measurements of a MEMS gyroscope system with a resolution of 0.025<formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}$</tex></formula>/s/<formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\sqrt{{\rm Hz}}$</tex></formula>. The architecture makes extensive use of control loops, which are mostly in the digital domain. For the primary mode both the amplitude and the resonance frequency are tracked and controlled. The secondary mode readout is based on unconstrained <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\Sigma\Delta$</tex></formula> force-feedback, which does not require a compensation filter in the loop and thus allows more beneficial quantization noise shaping than prior designs of the same order. Due to the force-feedback, the gyroscope has ample dynamic range to correct the quadrature error in the digital domain. The largely digital setup also gives a lot of flexibility in characterization and testing, where system identification techniques have been used to characterize the sensors. This way, a parasitic direct electrical coupling between actuation and readout of the mass-spring systems was estimated and corrected in the digital domain. Special care is also given to the capacitive readout circuit, which operates in continuous time. </para>
Antenna Selection, Diversity Coding and Spatial Multiplexing in Cooperative Wireless Networks (2007)

We propose novel antenna selection and link adaptive space- time modulation algorithms to support cooperative wireless networks composed of access points and user devices with multi-antenna elements. Well-known point-to-point multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna selection and link adaptation algorithms are extended, with slight modifications, to be applicable over a cooperative wireless network architecture; in which multiple transmitters are simultaneously communicating with a destination terminal. For these algorithms, a criterion based on the minimum Euclidean distance metric is used to select antennas and spatial modes (cooperative diversity and cooperative multiplexing) following the estimation of the instantaneous channel state and its feedback over a low-bandwidth feedback channel. Finally, we will present numerical results to empirically validate that our cooperative antenna selection and link adaptation algorithms yield almost equivalent performance to that achieved by MIMO antenna selection and link adaptation algorithms.
A radiation hard pixel design for x-ray imagers (2007)

Extending, the lifetime of amorphous silicon based radiation imagers is necessary for numerous applications including industrial inspection and radiation therapy. To achieve a longer lifetime, a new pixel design has been fabricated. This design incorporates a gated diode that significantly increase mitigates the effect of radiation damage. Additionally, each pixel incorporates a storage capacitor to increase the dynamic range of the pixel and a reflective layer to maximize the light collection efficiency. We report on the device performance of this design and the imaging performance of the complete detector.
A novel multimarker assay for the phenotypic profiling of circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma (2018)

Current clinicopathologic staging systems and serum biomarkers poorly discriminate tumor biology in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with high recurrence rates following curative-intent surgical resection and liver transplantation (LT). Identification of accurate biomarkers for improved prognostication and treatment selection is a critical unmet need. We sought to develop a novel "liquid-biopsy" assay capable of detecting HCC circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and characterizing phenotypic subpopulations with prognostic significance. Using HCC cell lines, a tissue microarray, and human blood samples, an antibody cocktail targeting the cell-surface markers asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), glypican-3, and epithelial cell adhesion molecule was optimized for HCC CTC capture using the NanoVelcro CTC Assay. The ability of HCC CTCs and vimentin (VIM)-positive CTCs (a subpopulation expressing an epithelial-to-mesenchymal phenotype) to accurately discriminate tumor stage, recurrence, progression, and overall survival (OS) was evaluated in a prospective study of 80 patients. Multimarker capture detected greater numbers of CTCs than any individual antibody alone for both cell line and patient samples (P < 0.001). HCC CTCs were identified in 59/61 (97%) patients, and HCC (median, 6 CTCs) and non-HCC patients (median, 1 CTC; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] = 0.92; P < 0.001; sensitivity = 84.2%; specificity = 88.5%) were accurately discriminated. VIM-positive CTCs accurately discriminated early-stage, LT eligible patients (median, 0 CTCs) from locally advanced/metastatic, LT ineligible patients (median, 6 CTCs; AUROC = 0.89; P = 0.001; sensitivity = 87.1%; specificity = 90.0%), and predicted OS for all patients (hazard ratio [HR], 2.21; P = 0.001), and faster recurrence after curative-intent surgical or locoregional therapy in potentially curable early-stage HCC (HR, 3.14; P = 0.002). In conclusion, we developed a novel multimarker CTC enrichment assay that detects HCC CTCs with high efficiency and accuracy. A phenotypic subpopulation of VIM-positive CTCs appears to signify the presence of aggressive underlying disease and occult metastases and may have important implications for treatment selection. Liver Transplantation 24 946-960 2018 AASLD.
Experimental Study on Underwater Wireless Power Transfer with Degree of Free Position Inside the Coils (2019)

It is difficult to transfer the power wirelessly under sea because seawater have high conductivity. We decide transfer frequency under the sea and design the wireless power transfer system with multiple coils. We measure inductance, Q and coupling coefficient of coils. We verify the transmitting efficiency by changing the receiving coil position on the central axis of the transmitting coils. Also, we confirm position free wireless power transfer system under the sea.
Capture of Fluorescence Decay Times by Flow Cytometry (2012)

In flow cytometry, the fluorescence decay time of an excitable species has been largely underutilized and is not likely found as a standard parameter on any imaging cytometer, sorting, or analyzing system. Most cytometers lack fluorescence lifetime hardware mainly owing to two central issues. Foremost, research and development with lifetime techniques has lacked proper exploitation of modern laser systems, data acquisition boards, and signal processing techniques. Secondly, a lack of enthusiasm for fluorescence lifetime applications in cells and with bead-based assays has persisted among the greater cytometry community. In this unit, we describe new approaches that address these issues and demonstrate the simplicity of digitally acquiring fluorescence relaxation rates in flow. The unit is divided into protocol and commentary sections in order to provide a most comprehensive discourse on acquiring the fluorescence lifetime with frequency-domain methods. The unit covers (i) standard fluorescence lifetime acquisition (protocol-based) with frequency-modulated laser excitation, (ii) digital frequency-domain cytometry analyses, and (iii) interfacing fluorescence lifetime measurements onto sorting systems. Within the unit is also a discussion on how digital methods are used for aliasing in order to harness higher frequency ranges. Also, a final discussion is provided on heterodyning and processing of waveforms for multi-exponential decay extraction.
PSC-TG: RTL Power Side-Channel Leakage Assessment with Test Pattern Generation (2021)

Power side-channel attacks (SCAs) exploit leakage from cryptographic implementations to recover secrets in a non-invasive manner. Existing power side-channel assessment techniques mostly focus on post-silicon stages, suffering from the extremely low flexibility in changing designs to address identified leakages. In this paper, we propose a framework called PSC-TG which supports side-channel leakage assessment at the earliest stage of design cycle, i.e., RTL, allowing the maximum flexibility for countermeasure deployment. The assessment starts with RTL information flow tracking to identify the most sensitive variables according to pre-defined SCA-aware properties. Then, formal assertions are generated based on these variables and the presumed attack model to derive the corresponding test patterns. Next, the sidechannel vulnerability (SCV) metric is calculated using the estimated power with as low as two patterns to quantify the first-order sidechannel leakage. Besides, PSC-TG can give pass/fail indication for masked implementations at higher orders with t-test. We experimentally evaluate the leakage of multiple non-protected benchmarks at RTL, and validate with gate-level and FPGA results. Also, the t-test results of the masked Simon implementation are consistent with the post-silicon findings.
Antigenic analysis of a major neutralization site of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D, using deletion mutants and monoclonal antibody-resistant mutants (1988)

Herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D is a component of the virion envelope and appears to be involved in attachment, penetration, and cell fusion. Monoclonal antibodies against this protein can be arranged in groups on the basis of a number of biological and biochemical properties. Group I antibodies are type common, have high complement-independent neutralization titers, and recognize discontinuous (conformational) epitopes; they are currently being used in several laboratories to study the functions of glycoprotein D. We have used a panel of neutralization-resistant mutants to examine the relationships between these antibodies in detail. We found that they can be divided into two subgroups, Ia and Ib, such that mutations selected with Ia antibodies have little or no effect on binding and neutralization by Ib antibodies and vice versa. In addition, Ia antibodies are able to bind deletion and truncation mutants of glycoprotein D that Ib antibodies do not recognize, suggesting that their epitopes are physically distinct. However, with one exception, Ia and Ib antibodies block each other strongly in binding assays with purified glycoprotein D, whereas antibodies from other groups have no effect. We have therefore defined the sum of the Ia and Ib epitopes as antigenic site 1.
Development of a Raised-Floor Plenum Design Tool (2015)

Existing tools for analyzing raised-floor-plenum airflow distribution focus on the prediction of tile-by-tile airflow rates and therefore necessarily require the input of a specific floor layout. Such CFD-based tools are also typically expensive, potentially slow and are of limited availability. The present study describes a design tool which takes a somewhat more qualitative approach in which overall tile airflow uniformity and the breakdown of cooling airflow (e.g., through the perforated tiles, raised-floor leakage, and cable cutouts) are estimated from only high-level design information. The design tool’s predictions are based on both CFD simulations performed “off line” and an analytical flow network model and can be used at the concept stage in a construction project or as a learning tool to quickly demonstrate the effect of design tradeoffs on plenum airflow distribution. The applicability of the tool to a real facility is confirmed through measured data and the tool is used to investigate the effect of various design choices on perforated tile airflow uniformity and distribution.
Human Cord Blood-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells Engraft Following In Utero Transplantation, Integrate into the Developing Cytoarchitecture and Contribute to Ongoing Vasculogenesis. (2007)

Abstract Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), whether isolated from the bone marrow (BM), peripheral (PB), or cord blood (CB), represent a promising tool for the development of novel cell therapies. EPC have been shown to contribute to re-endothelialization and neovascularization of damaged tissue, and have been proposed to be some of the primary regulators of tissue regeneration in organs such as the liver. Many studies have looked at the role of EPC in vasculogenic processes, but very few, if any, have focused their efforts on determining the complete differentiative potential of EPC upon transplantation in an experimental model that permits the robust formation of donor-derived tissue-specific cells in the absence of selective pressure to drive differentiation towards a specific phenotype. To this end, CB-derived EPC were obtained as previously described (Ingram et al. Blood:104,2004), transduced with a retroviral vector expressing dsRed, and transplanted (Tx) into 55–60 days old fetal sheep recipients (n=8) at concentrations ranging from 0.5–1.5 × 106cells/fetus. Recipients were then evaluated at 85 days post-transplant for the presence of donor (human)-specific cell types using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Using these methods, we found that levels of EPC engraftment in liver, as detected by dsRed expression, correlated directly with the Tx cell dose. Furthermore co-localization of CD31 or vWF was found within the dsRed+ cells. In animals receiving lower cell doses, EPC engrafted throughout the liver at the overall level of 0.12±0.03%; this number doubled in animals that received 2.6 × 106cells. Importantly, there was a preferential distribution of EPC around the vessels, with the EPC comprising 10 to 25% of the cells located around the perivascular areas, with some contributing directly to the endothelial layer of these vessels. Furthermore, expression of Connexin-43 and 45 in engrafted EPC demonstrated that the EPC had not only engrafted, but had also functionally integrated into the developing blood vessels. In addition, co-expression of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein in some of the engrafted EPC suggests that some of these cells may also have contributed to cells with a hepatocyte-like phenotype. Flow cytometric analysis of BM and PB of the transplanted sheep demonstrated that EPC engrafted and proliferated in the BM, with cells expressing CD105 (6.2±2.2) and CD146 (0.6±0.1), and continued to circulate in the PB with cells positive for CD105 (1.4±0.4) and CD146 (0.9±0.2). Of interest is that a CD45 negative aminopeptidase N+ (APN/CD13) population was found in both BM (18±7) and PB (5.6±2). This is particularly interesting, since CD13/APN is a potent regulator of vascular endothelial morphogenesis during angiogenesis. In conclusion, CB derived EPC are able to engraft and proliferate in vivo, integrate into the developing cytoarchitecture, and establish a circulating EPC pool ensuring long-term contribution to ongoing vasculogenesis.
Minimum-cost multicast over coded packet networks (2006)

We consider the problem of establishing minimum-cost multicast connections over coded packet networks, i.e., packet networks where the contents of outgoing packets are arbitrary, causal functions of the contents of received packets. We consider both wireline and wireless packet networks as well as both static multicast (where membership of the multicast group remains constant for the duration of the connection) and dynamic multicast (where membership of the multicast group changes in time, with nodes joining and leaving the group). For static multicast, we reduce the problem to a polynomial-time solvable optimization problem, and we present decentralized algorithms for solving it. These algorithms, when coupled with existing decentralized schemes for constructing network codes, yield a fully decentralized approach for achieving minimum-cost multicast. By contrast, establishing minimum-cost static multicast connections over routed packet networks is a very difficult problem even using centralized computation, except in the special cases of unicast and broadcast connections. For dynamic multicast, we reduce the problem to a dynamic programming problem and apply the theory of dynamic programming to suggest how it may be solved.
980 nm diode pumped laser operation and wavelength tunability performance in Yb3+:YCOB (2001)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text D. A. Hammons, L. Shah, J. Eichenholz, Q. Ye, M. Richardson, B. H. T. Chai, A. Chin, and J. Cary, "980 nm diode pumped laser operation and wavelength tunability performance in Yb3+:YCOB," in Advanced Solid State Lasers, M. Fejer, H. Injeyan, and U. Keller, eds., Vol. 26 of OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics (Optica Publishing Group, 1999), paper ME7. Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article