gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of high strength Ir based alloy tool for friction stir welding (2012)

The friction stir welding (FSW) tools for high temperature materials are required to have high performance at elevated temperatures. The purposes of this study are to strengthen iridium with an excellent oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures and to develop an FSW tool for high temperature materials. As a result, it was clarified that Ir based alloys are strengthened by the addition of elements with a larger atomic radius than that of Ir, and Zr was the most effective element in this study. Ir–10Re–1Zr has excellent mechanical properties and oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures. The FSW tool made from this alloy was hardly worn even if the SUS 304 stainless steel was friction stir welded.
Characterization of vapor-deposited Lu 2 O 3 :Eu<sup>3+</sup>scintillator for x-ray imaging applications (2009)

The europium-doped lutetium oxide (Lu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:Eu) transparent optical ceramic has excellent scintillation properties, namely very high density (9.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup>), high effective atomic number (67.3), light output comparable to thallium-doped cesium iodide (CsI:Tl), and emission wavelength (610 nm) for which silicon-based detectors have a very high quantum efficiency. If microcolumnar films of this material could be fabricated, it would find widespread use in a multitude of highspeed imaging applications. However, the high melting point of over 2400°C makes it extremely challenging to make microcolumnar films of this material. We have recently fabricated and characterized microcolumnar films of Lu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:Eu. These results are presented in this paper.
Electronic distribution in superlattice quantum cascade lasers (2000)

The electron population in the excited miniband of quantum cascade structures with intrinsic superlattice active regions is extracted from the fine structure analysis of spontaneous interminiband electroluminescence spectra. At current densities typical of laser thresholds, the electrons injected into the excited miniband of a (GaInAs)6 nm/(AlInAs)1.8 nm superlattice are described by a nonequilibrium thermal distribution characterized by temperatures Te&gt;200 K, much higher than the lattice temperature TL=15 K.
A global multi-satellite network for multi-media and PCS services with fault and disaster avoidance characteristics (2002)

Multi-satellite communication networks have been proposed to address the explosive growth in global multi-media and personal communications services. A satellite network, must provide continuous, error-free, and uninterrupted high-throughput transmission even if one or more satellites in the network fail. Consequently, fault tolerance, disaster avoidance and network survivability of a satellite network are important characteristics. Herein, a fully connected global multi-satellite network is presented and its fault tolerance, disaster avoidance, network survivability, and traffic capacity of the network are discussed.
Dynamics of Liquid Transfer from Nanoporous Stamps in High-Resolution Flexographic Printing (2019)

Printing of ultrathin layers of polymeric and colloidal inks is critical for the manufacturing of electronics on nonconventional substrates such as paper and polymer films. Recently, we found that nanoporous stamps overcome key limitations of traditional polymer stamps in flexographic printing, namely, enabling the printing of ultrathin nanoparticle films with micron-scale lateral precision. Here, we study the dynamics of liquid transfer between nanoporous stamps and solid substrates. The stamps comprise forests of polymer-coated carbon nanotubes, and the surface mechanics and wettability of the stamps are engineered to imbibe colloidal inks and transfer the ink upon contact with the target substrate. By high-speed imaging during printing, we observe the dynamics of liquid spreading, which is mediated by progressing contact between the nanostructured stamp surface and by the substrate and imbibition within the stamp-substrate gap. From the final contact area, the volume of ink transfer is mediated by rupture of a capillary bridge; and, after rupture, liquid spreads to fill the area defined by a precursor film matching the stamp geometry with high precision. Via modeling of the liquid dynamics, and comparison with data, we elucidate the scale- and rate-limiting aspects of the process. Specifically, we find that the printed ink volume and resulting layer thickness are independent of contact pressure; and that printed layer thickness decreases with retraction speed. Under these conditions, nanoparticle films with controlled thickness in the <100 nm regime can be printed using nanoporous stamp flexography, at speeds commensurate with industrial printing equipment.
Modulation of Body Mass Composition using Vestibular Nerve Stimulation (2016)

Abstract There is increasing evidence of a “set-point” for body weight in the brain, that is regulated by the hypothalamus. This system modifies feeding behavior and metabolic rate, to keep body fat within predetermined parameters. It is also known that animals subjected to chronic centrifugation show a reduction in body fat. Experiments with mutant mice found that this loss of fat appears to be mediated by a vestibulo-hypothalamic pathway. Vestibular nerve stimulation (VeNS), also known as galvanic vestibular stimulation, involves non-invasively stimulating the vestibular system by applying a small electrical current between two electrodes placed over the mastoid processes. We suggest that any means of repeatedly stimulating the otolith organs in humans would cause a reduction in total body fat, and that VeNS would be a useful technique to use in this regard. Below we provide pilot data to support this idea.
A cost effective and eco-friendly one-pot process for PC61BM synthesis under aerobic conditions (2014)

Here we demonstrate a cost effective and eco-friendly process for one-pot synthesis of PC61BM under aerobic conditions where, the key step of diazomethane intermediate preparation is modified. Instead of using pyridine and sodium methoxide under inert atmosphere, we used triethyl amine and dichloromethane under aerobic conditions. This process is envisaged as a green chemistry and will open channels for the large scale synthesis of PC61BM and its derivatives for solar cells applications without bothering for controlled environment conditions.
CD277 an Immune Regulator of T Cell Function and Tumor Cell Recognition (2011)

Molecules involved in tumor cell recognition are potentially important targets in cancer therapeutics. Therefore, research on the identification of tumor cell antigens as well as, immune-regulatory molecules is essential. The study of new co-stimulatory molecules has attracted special interest due to, their role in activation and/or inhibition of effector function of immune cells. In this chapter, we focused on the study of CD277 and its putative counterreceptor, and their possible role in activation or inhibition of immune cells and recognition of cancer cells. CD277 has been involved in immune cells regulation, because of its role in activating or inhibiting effector, cytokine secretion and cytotoxic functions, depending on the activating conditions of these cells. Moreover, the fact that the stimulation of tumor cell lines with anti-CD277 leave to a better recognition and killing by and T cells lead us to postulate that these molecules is involved also in tumor recognition. We will discuss different aspects of CD277 and its counter-receptor in this chapter. Classically, the immune response has been divided into innate and adaptive immunity, with distinct properties. The innate immune response uses a small number of receptors that detect a limited set of conserved antigens. Induction of the adaptive immune response involves antigen presenting cells (APC) and T cells (Borghesi & Milcarek, 2007). The interaction between the T cell and the APC is the pivotal step that controls a series of events, including T cell activation, cell division and effector differentiation
Molecular Mimetics of<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>Serogroup B Polysaccharide (2001)

Strains of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (NmB) are an important cause of meningitis and sepsis. Efforts to develop a NmB vaccine have been hampered by poor immunogenicity of the polysaccharide capsule, which cross-reacts with host polysialic acid, and the danger of eliciting autoantibodies. To investigate the potential of molecular mimetics to circumvent these problems, we prepared murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the N-propionyl derivative (N-Pr) of NmB polysaccharide. Several mAbs were found that reacted with capsular polysaccharide epitopes, which were distinct from host polysialic acid. These mAbs also passively conferred protection against experimental bacteremia. We used these mAbs to screen novel independently folding peptide phage display libraries, and pools of combinatorial small molecules, each consisting of approximately 30 to approximately 700 small molecules of diverse composition. To date, several mimetic candidates have been identified. One is a peptide selected from a library of independently folding alphabeta peptides, and others are peptoid dimers or trimers selected from the small molecule pools. The peptoids contain an indan-type of ring system, and some of them also contain a large hydrophobic group such as oleyl amine or dehydroabietyl amine, and a positively charged group at the amino-terminus. Both the alphabeta peptide from the phage library, and the peptoids from the small molecule pools, inhibit binding of the mAbs to N-Pr NmB polysaccharide. Future studies will focus on the structure/activity relationship of these mimetics, and the development of immunogens that may be capable of eliciting anticapsular antibody without autoantibody activity.
Design and Evaluation of a Novel-Controlled Periodic Illumination Reactor To Study Photocatalysis (1999)

A novel reactor designed to study the effects of continuous or controlled periodic illumination (CPI) on photocatalytic reactions was built and tested. The reactor uses immobilized films of TiO2 on the circular face of a disk. Rotating disk hydrodynamics provide uniform access to the catalyst surface. These coated disks rotate in a closed cell filled with the reagents at angular velocities ranging from 20 to 100 revolutions per minute (rev/min). A bank of black lamps provides uniform UV illumination to the disk surface. A mechanical shutter is used to provide the periodic illumination. This shutter can provide light or dark times as short as 100 ms and as long as minutes. To evaluate the performance of this reactor, the oxidation of formate ion (HCOO-) to CO2 and H2O was studied at various light intensities and a single light and dark time. As the light intensity was increased from 0.05 to 5.5 mW/cm2 the photoefficiency for continuous illumination experiments decreased from 80% to 5%. At a light time of 0.6 s and a dark time of 2.0 s and a light intensity of 5.5 mW/cm2, the photoefficiency increased from 5% during the continuous illumination experiments to 20% with CPI. However, at low light intensities (I < 0.5 mW/cm2), CPI did not effect the photoefficiency. Analysis of the results indicates that the reactor is oxygen diffusion-limited at light intensities above 0.5 mW/cm2 when air is used as the oxidant. At intensities below 0.3 mW/cm2, the reaction is photon limited and we are able to study the kinetics of the reaction. At light intensities between 0.3 and 0.5 mW/cm2, the reaction is controlled by both surface kinetics and diffusion limitations.
Abstract 4765: Synthesis and evaluation of nonclassical 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidine antifolates: Role of terminal amino acid moiety in membrane transport and antitumor activity. (2012)

Abstract Reduced folates are essential cofactors for biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines. Since humans do not synthesize folate, it is necessary to obtain these cofactors from dietary sources. In mammals, three specialized systems exist that mediate membrane transport of folates and antifolates across biological membranes. These include the reduced folate carrier (RFC), the primary route for the uptake of folates and antifolates in mammalian cells, folate receptors (FRs) ≤ and β, and the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT). Whereas RFC is ubiquitously expressed, FRs and PCFT show a more narrow pattern of tissue expression. Toxicity of clinically used antifolates is due to their lack of selectivity for tumor cells over normal cells, since these drugs are transported by RFC. Antifolates with selective substrate activity for FRs and/or PCFT over RFC can potentially target tumors that express these non-RFC transporters relative to normal tissues. Thus, antifolates with tumor-specific FR and/or PCFT drug uptake would circumvent major toxicities of currently used antifolates. 6-Substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine thienoyl antifolates with four carbon bridge length and with L-aspartic acid (AG170), aminomalonic acid (AG173) and α-glutamic acid (AG172) were designed and synthesized in place of the normal L-glutamic acid (AG118) of this series to evaluate the importance of L-glutamic acid for RFC, FRα, and PCFT transport and inhibition of cell proliferation. AG170 was slightly less active than AG118 in inhibiting growth of a CHO cell line (RT16) expressing human FRα (IC50s of 18.7 and 2.6 nM, respectively) but similarly active in inhibiting PCFT-expressing CHO cells (R2/PCFT4) (IC50s of 81.7 and 63.8, nM, respectively). AG173 and AG172 were inactive toward both RT16 and R2/PCFT4 cells (IC50&gt;1000nM). All four analogues were inactive toward a CHO cell line (PC43-10) expressing human RFC but not FRα or PCFT. These analogues were further evaluated in KB and IGROV-1 human tumor cell lines in culture. Whereas AG118 was potently inhibitory toward KB and IGROV1 tumor cells (IC50s of 0.27 and 1.4 nM, respectively), AG170, AG173, and AG172 all were inert toward these tumor cells at concentrations up to 1000 nM. Collectively, these results establish an important role for the terminal amino acid in the anti-proliferative effects of this series of 6-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine thienoyl antifolates. The disparate inhibitions of AG170 toward FRα-expressing CHO versus human tumor cells implies that there may be differences in metabolic pathways and/or target enzymes in CHO cell lines compared to human cancer cell lines that are responsible. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4765. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4765
A miniature differential atomic magnetometer based on a diverging laser beam (2007)

We demonstrate a novel miniature atomic magnetometer that uses differential detection of the spatially diverging components of a light field to monitor the Larmor precession frequency of alkali atoms confined in a micromachined vapor cell.
Magnetic particle templating of hydrogels: engineering naturally derived hydrogel scaffolds with 3D aligned microarchitecture for nerve repair (2019)

This simple and scalable technology has the flexibility to control tubular microstructure over long length scales, and thus the potential to meet the need for engineered scaffolds for tissue regeneration, including nerve guidance scaffolds.
Spongelike Nanosized Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> as a High-Capacity Anode Material for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries (2011)

Mn3O4 has been investigated as a high-capacity anode material for rechargeable lithium ion batteries. Spongelike nanosized Mn 3O4 was synthesized by a simple precipitation method and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering and scanning electron microscopy. Its electrochemical performance, as an anode material, was evaluated by galvanostatic discharge-charge tests. The results indicate that this novel type of nanosized Mn3O4 exhibits a high initial reversible capacity (869 mA h/g) and significantly enhanced first Coulomb efficiency with a stabilized reversible capacity of around 800 mA h/g after over 40 charge/discharge cycles. © 2011 American Chemical Society.
Eye-safe collimated laser emitter for optical wireless communications (2002)

In this work we present laser-based novel devices that maximize the emitted power for constant eye safety level and beam divergence angle, i.e., without affecting the eye safety classification or the necessary tracking accuracy. This is achieved by breaking the spatial coherence of the beam, which allows the system to be considered as an extended light source. The system comprises a laser, a diffuser, a collimator and, sometimes, other optical elements. As an example, one of the devices is composed of a laser, a Lambertian reflective-type diffuser, and a single-piece reflective-refractive collimator of 20 mm aperture and ultra-high numerical aperture (NA = 1.43), which re-collimates the radiation into 3.5 deg. (full angle). According to the IEC 60825-1:1993 (amendment 2, 2001-01), the Accessible Emission Limit (AEL) (Class 1, wavelength λ = 780 nm, exposure T = 30000 s) for this device is 35.9 times greater than that of a laser with the same divergence angle (15.6 dB), i.e., this device is allowed to emit 35.9 times more power than that of the laser alone with the same divergence angle. The switching time, the beam divergence and the eye safety classification remain the same. This power gain varies with the design conditions. In the cases analyzed it goes from = 8.4 (9.24dB) to 551.3 (27.4 dB).
Human Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Enhances Antibiotic Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Persister Cells (2015)

Bacterial persister cells are highly tolerant to antibiotics and cause chronic infections. However, little is known about the interaction between host immune systems with this subpopulation of metabolically inactive cells, and direct effects of host immune factors (in the absence of immune cells) on persister cells have not been studied. Here we report that human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can sensitize the persister cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and PDO300 to multiple antibiotics including ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, tetracycline, and gentamicin. GM-CSF also sensitized the biofilm cells of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PDO300 to tobramycin in the presence of biofilm matrix degrading enzymes. The DNA microarray and qPCR results indicated that GM-CSF induced the genes for flagellar motility and pyocin production in the persister cells, but not the normal cells of P. aeruginosa PAO1. Consistently, the supernatants from GM-CSF treated P. aeruginosa PAO1 persister cell suspensions were found cidal to the pyocin sensitive strain P. aeruginosa PAK. Collectively, these findings suggest that host immune factors and bacterial persisters may directly interact, leading to enhanced susceptibility of persister cells to antibiotics.
Design and Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained Inhibitors of Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase (2011)

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) significantly reduces human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load and has led to a dramatic decrease in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) related mortality. Despite this success, there remains a critical need for new HIV therapies to address the emergence of drug resistant viral strains. Next generation NNRTIs are sought that are effective against these mutant forms of the HIV virus. The bound conformations of our lead inhibitors, MK-1107 (1) and MK-4965 (2), were divergent about the oxymethylene linker, and each of these conformations was rigidified using two isomeric cyclic constraints. The constraint derived from the bioactive conformation of 2provided novel, highly potent NNRTIs that possess broad spectrum antiviral activity and good pharmacokinetic profiles. Systematic SAR led to the identification of indazole as the optimal conformational constraint to provide MK-6186 (3) and MK-7445 (6). Despite their reduced flexibility, these compounds had potency comparable to that of the corresponding acyclic ethers in both recombinant enzyme and cell based assays against both the wild-type and the clinically relevant mutant strains.
Development of a negative ion-based neutral beam injector in Novosibirsk (2013)

The negative-ion based injector of a hydrogen neutral beam with the energy up to 1 MeV is being developed in the Budker Institute. In order to provide high energy efficiency, the injector will employ a plasma (or photon) beam neutralization target and electrostatic beam energy recuperators. The design of the injector components is in progress. The experimental test facility for acceleration of a 1.5-Ampere hydrogen negative ion beam to the energy of 120 keV is under construction.
Ethanol Production by Thermophilic Bacteria: Fermentation of Cellulosic Substrates by Cocultures of <i>Clostridium thermocellum</i> and <i>Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum</i> (1981)

The fermentation of various saccharides derived from cellulosic biomass to ethanol was examined in mono- and cocultures of Clostridium thermocellum strain LQRI and C. thermohydrosulfuricum strain 39E. C. thermohydrosulfuricum fermented glucose, cellobiose, and xylose, but not cellulose or xylan, and yielded ethanol/acetate ratios of >7.0. C. thermocellum fermented a variety of cellulosic substrates, glucose, and cellobiose, but not xylan or xylose, and yielded ethanol/acetate ratios of approximately 1.0. At nonlimiting cellulosic substrate concentrations ( approximately 1%), C. thermocellum cellulase hydrolysis products accumulated during monoculture fermentation of Solka Floc cellulose and included glucose, cellobiose, xylose, and xylobiose. A stable coculture that contained nearly equal numbers of C. thermocellum and C. thermohydrosulfuricum was established that fermented a variety of cellulosic substrates, and the ethanol yield observed was twofold higher than in C. thermocellum monoculture fermentations. The metabolic basis for the enhanced fermentation effectiveness of the coculture on Solka Floc cellulose included: the ability of C. thermocellum cellulase to hydrolyze alpha-cellulose and hemicellulose; the enhanced utilization of mono- and disaccharides by C. thermohydrosulfuricum; increased cellulose consumption; threefold increase in the ethanol production rate; and twofold decrease in the acetate production rate. The coculture actively fermented MN300 cellulose, Avicel, Solka Floc, SO(2)-treated wood, and steam-exploded wood. The highest ethanol yield obtained was 1.8 mol of ethanol per mol of anhydroglucose unit in MN300 cellulose.