gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of Fluid Dynamics Model to Estimate Cylinder Intake Volume (1996)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In a conventional fuel metering control system (speed density method) for an internal combustion engine, the fuel injection amount during transient operation is usually determined by using mapped data and various settings in a feedforward system predetermined through experimentation. However, this still does not necessarily represent the ideal level of compensation under a diverse range of environmental conditions. In order to satisfy various demanding requirements, such as reducing emissions, it is vital that the controllability of the air excess ratio(λ) be enhanced. The main technological obstacle that needs to be overcome is how best to determine accurately the required fuel amount from the engine in the feedforward system. To enable accurate prediction of the cylinder intake air volume, physical formulas of fluid dynamics were used to facilitate formulation of a model for the dynamic behavior of the intake air. In order to allow real-time calculation, an extremely simple yet highly accurate injection fuel amount calculation was used, in which certain elements are combined with the conventional speed density method. This enabled the controllability of λ to be dramatically enhanced. In addition, the number of transient fuel compensation items were substantially reduced.</div>
Linear-testable and C-testable Nx × Ny modified Booth multipliers (1996)

The testability of modified Booth multipliers is examined with respect to the cell fault model, an implementation–independent fault model. This is especially useful in design environments where the cell realisations are unknown. First, a linear-testable multiplier is proposed which can be tested with 2Nx + ⌉Ny/2⌈ + 40 test vectors and requires only one extra primary input. Zero delay overhead and negligible hardware overhead is imposed. Then, a C-testable multiplier is proposed which can be tested with 70 test vectors and requires only two extra primary inputs. Both the hardware and delay overheads are very small and decrease rapidly with increasing Nx or Ny. The linear-testable design is superior to the C-testable one, for small multipliers since it requires less test vectors in addition to the much smaller hardware overhead and zero delay overhead it imposes. For larger multipliers there is a trade-off between the number of test vectors, which is smaller for the C-testable design, and the overheads, which are smaller for the linear-testable design.
Is Prostate-Specific Antigen Present in Female Serum? (1998)

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a tumor marker widely used for the diagnosis and management of patients with prostate cancer. Despite the original notion that PSA was a prostatic tissue-specific marker, it is now well accepted that PSA can be found in many nonprostatic tissues and fluids (1). With the advent of highly sensitive methods for measuring trace amounts of PSA, it became possible to show that female sera demonstrate PSA immunoreactivity (2)(3)(4). If PSA immunoassays with detection limits of ∼1 ng/L are used, then ∼50% of female sera are positive for PSA. However, because of very low concentrations of PSA in female serum, it is impossible to characterize the immunoreactivity in detail and prove …
Abstract 1806: Efficacy of MM121 in ER+ and triple negative breast cancer studies (2010)

Abstract In women, breast cancer is among the most common cancers and the fifth most common cause of cancer deaths. Due to the heterogeneity of the disease, 10-year progression free survival can vary widely with stage and type from 98% to 10%. We present data showing that MM-121, a fully human monoclonal anti-ErbB3 antibody, is efficacious in studies of both hormone dependent (ER+) and triple negative (ER-,PR-, Low Erb2) breast cancer lines that express the molecular profile consistent with MM-121 response (co-expression of ErbB3 and HRG). Using a combination of computational and experimental approaches, ErbB3 was identified as a critical transducer of oncogenic signaling leading to the development of MM-121, a first in class anti-ErbB3 antibody. We have previously demonstrated that MM-121, when used as a single agent, inhibits heregulin-induced signaling events in human cancer cell lines. Moreover, MM-121 caused dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth in multiple xenograft models of human cancer, including ovarian, renal cell, pancreatic, lung, and prostate cancer. Estrogen dependent, or ER+ breast cancers, make up about 80% of breast cancers. A standard treatment for ER+ breast cancer includes hormone therapy; however a substantial number of ER+ breast cancers eventually develop resistance requiring additional treatments. Here we show that in ER+ breast cancer cells, MM-121 can block HRG induced ErbB3 activation and VEGF secretion as well as HGF induced pErbB3 in vitro. Additionally, in ER+ breast cancer xenograft models, MM121 is effective in combination with both chemotherapy agents and targeted therapies and may be effective in ER+ breast cancers that are refractory to hormone treatment. The triple negative breast cancers are characterized by poor prognosis, aggressiveness, and reduced responsiveness to standard treatments. MM-121 used as a single agent therapy was able to suppress tumor growth in triple negative primary human tumors, when grown as xenografts suggesting that MM-121 monotherapy may be clinically efficacious in triple negative breast cancers. Together, these data suggest that MM-121, when used as a single agent or in combination with other therapies, could offer significant clinical benefit to both ER+ and triple negative breast cancer patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1806.
Determination of remaining life of rotating machines in Shipboard Power Systems by modeling of dielectric breakdown mechanisms (2013)

This paper presents a model to simulate electrical trees in dielectric materials. The model accounts for the characteristic tree patterns and the partial discharges associated with the propagation of trees. This simulation model is used as basis to develop a diagnostic tool to determine the remaining life of insulation materials by relating the fractal dimension of the tree to the supply voltage and material properties. Simulation results are presented to show the performance of the prognosis method.
Decentralized orchestration of composite web services (2004)

Web services make information and software available programmatically via the Internet and may be used as building blocks for applications. A composite web service is one that is built using multiple component web services and is typically specified using a language such as BPEL4WS or WSIPL. Once its specification has been developed, the composite service may be orchestrated either in a centralized or in a decentralized fashion. Decentralized orchestration offers performance improvements in terms of increased throughput and scalability and lower response time. However, decentralized orchestration also brings additional complexity to the system in terms of error recovery and fault handling. Further, incorrect design of a decentralized system can lead to potential deadlock or non-optimal usage of system resources. This paper investigates build time and runtime issues related to decentralized orchestration of composite web services. We support our design decisions with performance results obtained on a decentralized setup using BPEL4WS to describe the composite web services and BPWS4J as the underlying runtime environment to orchestrate them.
Optimization of Potent Inhibitors of <i>P. falciparum</i> Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase for the Treatment of Malaria (2011)

Inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) for P. falciparum potentially represents a new treatment option for malaria, since DHODH catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway and P. falciparum is unable to salvage pyrimidines and must rely on de novo biosynthesis for survival. We report herein the synthesis and structure-activity relationship of a series of 5-(2-methylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-N-alkylthiophene-2-carboxamides that are potent inhibitors against PfDHODH but do not inhibit the human enzyme. On the basis of efficacy observed in three mouse models of malaria, acceptable safety pharmacology risk assessment and safety toxicology profile in rodents, lack of potential drug-drug interactions, acceptable ADME/pharmacokinetic profile, and projected human dose, 5-(4-cyano-2-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)-N-cyclopropylthiophene-2-carboxamide 2q was identified as a potential drug development candidate.
Stern-Gerlach-like approach to electron orbital angular momentum measurement (2017)

Many methods now exist to prepare free electrons into orbital-angular-momentum states, and the predicted applications of these electron states as probes of materials and scattering processes are numerous. The development of electron orbital-angular-momentum measurement techniques has lagged behind. We show that coupling between electron orbital angular momentum and a spatially varying magnetic field produces an angular-momentum-dependent focusing effect. We propose a design for an orbital-angular-momentum measurement device built on this principle. As the method of measurement is noninterferometric, the device works equally well for mixed, superposed, and pure final orbital-angular-momentum states. The energy and orbital-angular-momentum distributions of inelastically scattered electrons may be simultaneously measurable with this technique.
Phosphonoacetate Modifications Enhance the Stability and Editing Yields of Guide RNAs for Cas9 Editors (2022)

CRISPR gene editing and control systems continue to emerge and inspire novel research and clinical applications. Advances in CRISPR performance such as optimizing the duration of activity in cells, tissues, and organisms, as well as limiting off-target activities, have been extremely important for expanding the utility of CRISPR-based systems. By investigating the effects of various chemical modifications in guide RNAs (gRNAs) at defined positions and combinations, we find that 2'-<i>O</i>-methyl-3'-phosphonoacetate (MP) modifications can be substantially more effective than 2'-<i>O</i>-methyl-3'-phosphorothioate (MS) modifications at the 3' ends of single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) to promote high editing yields, in some instances showing an order of magnitude higher editing yield in human cells. MP-modified 3' ends are especially effective at promoting the activity of guide RNAs cotransfected with Cas messenger RNA (mRNA), as the gRNA must persist in cells until the Cas protein is expressed. We demonstrate such an MP enhancement for sgRNAs cotransfected with a BE4 mRNA for cytidine base editing and also demonstrate that MP at the 3' ends of prime editing guide RNAs (pegRNAs) cotransfected with PE2 mRNA can promote maximal prime editing yields. In the presence of serum, sgRNAs with MP-modified 3' ends showed marked improvements in editing efficiency over sgRNAs with MS-modified 3' ends codelivered with Cas9 mRNA and showed more modest improvements at enhancing the activity of transfected ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. Our results suggest that MP should be considered as a performance-enhancing modification for the 3' ends of synthetic gRNAs, especially in situations where the guide RNAs may be susceptible to exonuclease-mediated degradation.
Repellent Activity of Carrot Seed Essential Oil and Its Pure Compound, Carotol, Against Mosquitoes (2018)

In our natural products screening program for mosquitoes, carrot seed essential oil showed high repellency. The gas chromatography (GC)/flame ionization detector and GC/mass spectrometry analysis of the essential oil revealed the presence of 47 compounds. Carotol was more than 75% w/w, followed by muurolene (4.86%), (<i>Z</i>)-β-farnesene (2.9%), and diepicedrene (1.1%). Systematic bioassay-guided fractionation of the essential oil was performed to identify active repellent compounds. In both Klun and Debboun (K&D) and Ali and Khan (A&K) bioassays, carotol showed biting deterrent activity similar to <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) and carrot seed essential oil against both <i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Anopheles quadrimaculatus</i>, while in in vivo cloth patch bioassay, the minimum effective dose (MED) of deet was lower (12.5 μg/cm<sup>2</sup>) than the essential oil and carotol (25 μg/cm<sup>2</sup>) against <i>Ae. aegypti</i>. In the A&K bioassay, the MED values were similar, whereas the values of the mixtures of deet with essential oil and carotol was lower (6.25 + 6.25 = 12.5 μg/cm<sup>2</sup>) than their individual treatments (25 μg/cm<sup>2</sup>). In direct skin application bioassay, both the essential oil and carotol provided good repellency. The mixtures of deet and essential oil or carotol significantly increased the residual activity, indicating synergism. Mosquito repellency of the essential oil and carotol is reported for the 1st time. These data indicate the potential of these natural products to be developed as commercial repellents.
The matched-lag filter: Detecting broadband multipath signals with auto- and cross-correlation functions (2001)

Signal detection is considered for uncertain noise variance and a broadband source of unknown waveform and emission time. Multipath travel times may be unknown. Using a new ‘‘matched-lag filter,’’ the presence or absence of the signal is estimated from the auto- and cross-correlation functions of the receptions. Like a matched filter, correlation functions provide the first stage of gain in signal to noise ratio because the paths are assumed to be partially coherent. The second stage achieves additional gain by searching only over physically possible arrangements of signals in the auto- and cross-correlation functions while excluding forbidden arrangements. These stages enable the matched-lag filter to behave like a matched filter within a matched filter. In an ideal case, simulations of the matched-lag filter yield probabilities of detection that are, with one and two receivers, 4.1 to 366 times respectively that obtained from the conventional energy detector at a false-alarm probability of 0.001. The matched-lag filter has applications to wireless communications and the detection of acoustic signals from animals, vehicles, ships, and nuclear blasts. The matched-lag filter more completely describes signal structure than stochastic detection and communication theories whose specified autocorrelation function does not prohibit forbidden arrangements. [Work supported by ONR.]
Identification and classification of genes required for tolerance to freezeâthaw stress revealed by genome-wide screening of<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>deletion strains (2006)

Yeasts used in bread making are exposed to freeze-thaw stress during frozen-dough baking. To clarify the genes required for freeze-thaw tolerance, genome-wide screening was performed using the complete deletion strain collection of diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The screening identified 58 gene deletions that conferred freeze-thaw sensitivity. These genes were then classified based on their cellular function and on the localization of their products. The results showed that the genes required for freeze-thaw tolerance were frequently involved in vacuole functions and cell wall biogenesis. The highest numbers of gene products were components of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase. Next, the cross-sensitivity of the freeze-thaw-sensitive mutants to oxidative stress and to cell wall stress was studied; both of these are environmental stresses closely related to freeze-thaw stress. The results showed that defects in the functions of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase conferred sensitivity to oxidative stress and to cell wall stress. In contrast, defects in gene products involved in cell wall assembly conferred sensitivity to cell wall stress but not to oxidative stress. Our results suggest the presence of at least two different mechanisms of freeze-thaw injury: oxidative stress generated during the freeze-thaw process, and defects in cell wall assembly.
GPS profiling of the lower troposphere from space: Inversion and demodulation of the open‐loop radio occultation signals (2006)

Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) is a space‐borne remote sensing technique providing accurate, all‐weather, high vertical resolution atmospheric parameters, including pressure, temperature and humidity in the troposphere and stratosphere. In the moist lower troposphere (LT) RO encounters known problem related to the phase‐locked loop (PLL) tracking technique applied in standard GPS receivers and the complicated structure of LT RO signals. This problem has been overcome by developing an open‐loop (OL) tracking technique. This paper outlines post‐processing of OL RO data. In order to invert OL RO signals, the GPS navigation data modulation (NDM) has to be removed in post‐processing. This paper demonstrates that some tropical occultations are not accurately inverted (associated refractivity inversion errors exceed 5%) without the use of externally supplied NDM bit sequences. This result has important implications for the use of RO data from future RO missions for climate research and weather forecasting.
Physical random number generators for cryptographic application in mobile devices (2005)

We present small random number generators using silicon devices that generate large fluctuating signal as noise source devices. Since the noise signal of these devices is very large, the noise signal can be directly input to an RC oscillator or a differential amplifier without preamplifiers. In this paper, we present a small physical random number generator using an astable multivibrator and post-processing circuits, which can generate excellent quality random numbers suitable for cryptographic applications. We also introduce the concept of random number generator using a filter circuit and a differential amplification for high bit rate application.
ChemInform Abstract: ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS. 3. SYNTHESIS AND ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITIES OF NOVEL 2‐PYRIDINYL‐5‐ISOTHIOCYANATOBENZIMIDAZOLES (1980)

Abstract Die Imine (I) werden zu den Benzimidazolen (II) cyclisiert und anschließend auf verschiedenen Wegen in die Thiocyanate (III) umgewandelt.
Character Recognition in Air-Writing Based on Network of Radars for Human-Machine Interface (2019)

Radar technology plays a vital role in contact-less detection of hand gestures or motions, which forms an alternate and intuitive form of human-computer interface. Air-writing refers to the writing of linguistic characters or words in free space by hand gesture movements. In this paper, we propose an air-writing system based on a network of millimeter wave radars. We propose a two-stage approach for extraction and recognition of handwriting gestures. The extraction processing stage uses a fine range estimate combined with the trilateration technique to detect and localize the hand marker, followed by a smoothening filter to create a trajectory of the character through the hand movement. For the recognition stage, we explore two approaches: one extracts the time-series trajectory data and recognizes the drawn character using long short term memory (LSTM), bi-directional LSTM (BLSTM), and convolutional LSTM (ConvLSTM) with connectionist temporal classification (CTC) loss function, and the other approach reconstructs a 2D image from the trajectory of drawn character and uses deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) to classify the alphabets drawn by the user. ConvLSTM-CTC performs best among LSTM variants on time-series trajectory data achieving 98.33% classification accuracy similar to DCNN over the chosen character set. This paper employs real data using a network of three 60-GHz millimeter wave radar sensor to demonstrate the success of the proposed setup and associated algorithm with design consideration.
Duty cycle enhancement of an orthogonal acceleration TOF mass spectrometer using an axially-resonant excitation linear ion trap (2006)

We report a new technique to enhance detection duty cycle of an orthogonal-acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer (oaTOF) over a broad mass range. To this end, we used an axially-resonant-excitation linear ion trap, which ejects ions axially and mass selectively into a non-mass-selective linear ion trap in front of the TOF pusher. A delay between the ejection timing of the non-mass-selective LIT and the push timing of the oaTOF was swept mass-synchronously with the axially-resonant-excitation linear ion trap, so that ions are detected with duty cycle larger than 60% over a wide mass range from m/z 174.1 to 1922.0, which is 3 to 10 times better than conventional oaTOF.
Magnetless cochlear implant: relevance of adult experience for children. (1997)

A method of implanting magnetless cochlear implants without alignment problems is outlined and the first adult experience is presented. Some special considerations relevant for implanting such an implant in children are discussed.
Extending the volume and processing area of atmospheric pressure plasma jets (2017)

Atmospheric pressure plasmas have certain advantage in materials synthesis and processing that are not available with other approaches including low-pressure plasmas. In particular, the breadth of reactions afforded by non-equilibrium, low temperature plasmas is unique; plasmas produced in full density air allows one to extend the application space to systems and materials that are not vacuum compatible. Non-equilibrium, atmospheric pressure plasma jet devices are well-suited for such applications given their relatively simple design and modest power requirements. However, their size tends to limit their utility to small scale processes and treatments. In this work, we describe approaches to extend the volume of non-equilibrium, atmospheric pressure plasma jets and thus, surface area that can be treated. In particular, we consider geometric and gas flow solutions to increase volume. We use high-speed cameras, optical emission spectroscopy (OES), current and voltage measurements, and simulations to characterize the results and understand the potential for and/or limitations to scale-up. This work is supported by the Naval Research Laboratory base program.
Reply to ‘‘Comment on ‘Digital parallel acquisition in frequency domain fluorometry’ ’’ [Rev. Sci. Instrum. <b>6</b> <b />, 2929 (1989)] (1991)

The duty cycle problem referred to by Alcala has been discussed in our original manuscript, and we calculated the reduction of the signal quite explicitly. His comments on the harmonic content are in error, and the correct values were given in the original paper.
An integrated programmable quantum photonic processor for linear optics (2014)

We introduce a reconfigurable silicon quantum photonic network for implementing general linear optics transformations in the spatial mode basis. This network enables implementation of a range of quantum algorithms; we discuss the phase estimation algorithm.
A catalytic route to dibenzodiazepines involving Buchwald–Hartwig coupling: reaction scope and mechanistic consideration (2015)

We report a new synthetic method for the synthesis of a family of dibenzodiazepines (DBDAs), employing Pd-catalyzed C–N coupling of <italic>o</italic>-bromoaldimine, with <italic>o</italic>-bromoaniline as the key step.
RITE-Net: A Passive Optical Network Architecture Based on the Remote Interrogation of Terminal Equipment (1994)

Current passive optical networks (PONs) utilize a splitter at the remote node (RN) to distribute signals from a central office (CO) to N subscribing optical network units (ONUs). Although commercially attractive for low rates [1], the bus’ optical loss hampers future upgrades and TDM/TDMA protocols add network vulnerability if violated. WDM PONs have been proposed [2,3], but have not been accepted due to costly wavelength-specific lasers and the complexity of locking their 2N wavelengths to a remote WDM's wavelength channels.