gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Different Exfoliation Mechanisms in the Bipolar Electrochemical Fabrication of Graphene (2020)

Since the discovery of graphene, two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted increasing interest due to their extraordinary properties such as high thermal conductivity, high specific surface area, and broad electrochemical window. In general, different techniques have been employed to fabricate these materials, including chemical vapor deposition, mechanical, chemical, and electrochemical exfoliation. Bipolar electrochemistry (BPE) is one of the newest methods which has been used for the fabrication of 2D materials. In our previous study, a modified BPE concept was developed for simultaneous exfoliating and deposition of both reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphene oxide (GO) layers on conductive objects. Although the characteristics of the produced materials have been studied and reported, there are still remaining questions that need more investigations to be answered. The main focus of this study is investigating the active exfoliation mechanisms in the BPE process and finding out the dominant exfoliation reactions (either cathodic or anodic exfoliation). For this purpose, a novel and unique modified bipolar system has been developed, which could retard either anodic or cathodic exfoliation of graphite by replacing the relevant sites of the bipolar electrode with a platinum wire. This helped to have a better understanding of the source of produced rGO and GO. The morphology and functional groups of deposited materials on both negative and positive feeding electrodes were investigated when the graphite was polarized to either positive or negative potentials. The results proved that both anodic and cathodic exfoliation mechanisms are active at the same time when using graphite as the bipolar electrode. However, the morphology, functional groups, level of oxidation, the bipolar current, and deposition rate vary according to the exfoliation mechanism. The developed modified BPE technique and materials characterizations will be discussed in detail at the conference. Keywords: Electrochemical exfoliation, bipolar electrochemistry, 2D materials, graphene fabrication
Integrated Lithium Niobate Acousto-optic Cavities for Microwave-to-optical Conversion (2020)

Using integrated acousto-optic cavities on thin-film lithium niobate, we demonstrate efficient conversion of GHz microwaves to 1.5 pm wavelength light via the piezoelectric effects and the optomechanical interactions.
Insecticidal 2-Aryl-5-haloalkylthio-, sulfinyl-and sulfonylpyrroles (1998)

This report describes the synthesis and insecticidal activity of a series of 2-aryl-5-haloalkylthio-,sulfinyl-and sulfonylpyrroles containing a variety of substituents on the 3- and 4-positions of the pyrrole ring.
Sorghum MSD3 Encodes an ω-3 Fatty Acid Desaturase that Increases Grain Number by Reducing Jasmonic Acid Levels (2019)

Grain number per panicle is an important component of grain yield in sorghum (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i> (L.)) and other cereal crops. Previously, we reported that mutations in multi-seeded 1 (<i>MSD1)</i> and <i>MSD2</i> genes result in a two-fold increase in grain number per panicle due to the restoration of the fertility of the pedicellate spikelets, which invariably abort in natural sorghum accessions. Here, we report the identification of another gene, <i>MSD3,</i> which is also involved in the regulation of grain numbers in sorghum. Four bulked F<sub>2</sub> populations from crosses between BTx623 and each of the independent <i>msd</i> mutants p6, p14, p21, and p24 were sequenced to 20× coverage of the whole genome on a HiSeq 2000 system. Bioinformatic analyses of the sequence data showed that one gene, Sorbi_3001G407600, harbored homozygous mutations in all four populations. This gene encodes a plastidial ω-3 fatty acid desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of linoleic acid (18:2) to linolenic acid (18:3), a substrate for jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis. The <i>msd3</i> mutants had reduced levels of linolenic acid in both leaves and developing panicles that in turn decreased the levels of JA. Furthermore, the <i>msd3</i> panicle phenotype was reversed by treatment with methyl-JA (MeJA). Our characterization of <i>MSD1, MSD2,</i> and now <i>MSD3</i> demonstrates that JA-regulated processes are critical to the <i>msd</i> phenotype. The identification of the <i>MSD3</i> gene reveals a new target that could be manipulated to increase grain number per panicle in sorghum, and potentially other cereal crops, through the genomic editing of <i>MSD3</i> functional orthologs.
A two-dimensional uniplanar transmission-line metamaterial with a negative index of refraction (2005)

A uniplanar transmission-line (TL) network has been loaded with lumped elements (chip or printed), enabling one to achieve a two-dimensional (2D) uniplanar negative-refractive-index (NRI) metamaterial. The metamaterial consists of a 2D array of unit cells, composed of TL sections connected in series and loaded in a specified manner. The unit cell dimensions can be designed to be much smaller than the operating wavelength, enabling one to identify the structure as an effective medium, with a negative index of refraction. This NRI metamaterial supports transverse electric (TE) waves, as opposed to related previous work on NRI-TL media that supported transverse magnetic (TM) waves. The dispersion characteristics are calculated using a simple, fast 2D loaded TL model with periodic (Bloch) boundary conditions. Subsequently the dispersion relation is simplified in the homogeneous limit, thus allowing one to identify effective permittivities and permeabilities, which are shown to be simultaneously negative. Simulations demonstrating the negative refraction of a plane wave on an interface between such a NRI uniplanar metamaterial and a commensurate positive-refractive-index (PRI) metamaterial verify the validity of the proposed concept and theory. A fully printed unit cell is presented at microwave frequencies (∼10 GHz) along with a prescription for synthesizing an isotropic 3D transmission line NRI metamaterial based on this unit cell.
Chemically Tuned Myosin Motors (2011)

A molecule that activates the contractile protein myosin points to a potential new means of treating heart failure.
Virulent systemic feline calicivirus infection: Local cytokine modulation and contribution of viral mutants (2005)

Virulent systemic feline calicivirus (VS-FCV) is a novel, emerging pathogen with mortality up to 67% even in previously healthy adult cats; VS-FCV has resulted in at least six epidemics since 1998. Affected cats have systemic vascular compromise and hemorrhagic-fever like signs in part due to viral invasion of epithelium and endothelium, coupled with host cytokine responses. Affected skin tissues had, on average, 3.8 elevated cytokines compared with control tissue, with prominent upregulation in IL-10, TNF-alpha, and MIP-1alpha. Sequencing of most of the genomes of two VS-FCV strains documented patterns of virus relatedness and implicated changes in the capsid gene in the emerging phenotype, possibly through initiation of immune mechanisms manifest in the cytokine changes. Understanding the features contributing to the emergence of this disease is critical for management and prevention of this and similar outbreaks attributable to RNA viruses in animals and humans.
Pilkington reduces NOx emissions from float furnaces to 500 mg/Nm{sup 3} using 3 R process; Pilkington reduit les emissions de NOx des floats a 500 mg/Nm{sup 3} avec le procede 3R (1998)

The British group Pilkington has developed a process, called 3R, to reduce NOx emissions from glass furnaces. This technology, for which patents are now being granted, reduces NOx emissions by adding hydrocarbon fuels in the furnace regenerators. It enables to achieve NOx emissions of approx. 2 lb/tons of glass melted or 500 mg/m{sup 3} at 8 % O{sub 2} in concentration terms. (authors)
Further studies on replication of virulent Treponema pallidum in tissue cultures of Sf1Ep cells (1982)

A number of parameters aimed at optimizing culture conditions for both Sf1Ep cells and Treponema pallidum have been investigated. Optimum temperature for replication of T. pallidum ranged between 33 and 35 degrees C. At 33 degrees C, replication occurred in the presence of atmospheric oxygen concentrations of less than 0.3 to 10%, the optimum range being 1.5 to 5%. No replication occurred in the presence of 12.5% oxygen. When both temperature and oxygen concentrations were varied between 33 and 35 degrees C and 1.5 to 5%, respectively, little differences in replication were noted. Although variation in the oxygen concentration within each temperature group had little or no effect on replication, it did have an effect on motility, which remained greater in the 5% oxygen concentration after 9 to 12 days of cultivation. Optimum concentration of fetal bovine serum in the culture medium was 20%, although replication occurred in concentrations ranging from 5 to 30%. If carefully screened, calf serum could be substituted for fetal bovine serum. Testis extract was an essential component of the culture medium. Although extract obtained from an adult rabbit--either normal or T. pallidum infected--was slightly superior, replication of T. pallidum occurred when rat or hamster testis extract was substituted.
Cost-effective wavelength-tunable fiber laser using self-seeding Fabry-Perot laser diode (2008)

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a continuous wave (CW) tunable-wavelength fiber laser using self-seeding Fabry-Perot laser diode (FP-LD) without optical amplifier inside gain cavity. By employing a tunable bandpass filter (TBF) and a fiber reflected mirror (FRM) within a gain cavity, the fiber laser can lase a single-longitudinal wavelength due to the self-seeding operation. The proposed tunable wavelength laser has a good performance of the output power (> -15 dBm) and optical side-mode suppression ratio (> 40 dB) in the wavelength tuning range of 1533.75 to 1560.95 nm. In addition, the output stabilities of the fiber laser are also investigated.
Cladding For Transversely-Pumped Laser Rod (1989)

Combination of suitable dimensioning and cladding of neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet of similar solid-state laser provides for more efficient utilization of transversely-incident pump light from diode lasers. New design overcomes some of limitations of longitudinal- and older transverse-pumping concepts and promotes operation at higher output powers in TEM00 mode.
Computing genus 2 curves from invariants on the Hilbert moduli space. (2010)

Abstract. We give a new method for generating genus 2 curves over a finite field with a given number of points on the Jacobian of the curve. We define two new invariants for genus 2 curves as values of modular functions on the Hilbert moduli space and show how to compute them. We relate them to the usual three Igusa invariants on the Siegel moduli space and give an algorithm to construct curves using these new invariants. Our approach simplifies the complex analytic method for computing genus 2 curves for cryptography and reduces the amount of computation required. 1.
<scp>l</scp>-Leucine-Based Poly(ester urea)s for Vascular Tissue Engineering (2015)

Poly(ester urea)s (PEUs) derived from α-amino acids are promising for vascular tissue engineering applications. The objective of this work was to synthesize and characterize l-leucine-based PEUs and evaluate their suitability for vascular tissue engineering. Four different PEUs were prepared from di-<i>p</i>-toluenesulfonic acid salts of bis-l-leucine esters and triphosgene using interfacial condensation polymerizations. Mechanical testing indicated that the elastic moduli of the respective polymers were strongly dependent on the chain length of diols in the monomers. Three of the resulting PEUs showed elastic moduli that fall within the range of native blood vessels (0.16 to 12 MPa). The in vitro degradation assays over 6 months indicated that the polymers are surface eroding and no significant pH drop was observed during the degradation process. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and A-10 smooth muscle cells (A-10 SMCs) were cultured on PEU thin films. Protein adsorption studies showed the PEUs did not led to significant platelet adsorption in platelet rich plasma (PRP) after pretreatment with fibrinogen. Taken together, our data suggest that the l-leucine-based PEUs are viable candidate materials for use in vascular tissue engineering applications.
Fish vaccine antigens produced or delivered by recombinant DNA technologies. (1997)

Current efforts to develop vaccines, particularly for aquacultured species, have turned largely to biotechnology because it provides the means to inexpensively produce sufficient quantities of the immunoprotective antigen. These efforts have resulted in several prototype vaccines for fish and the publication of a large number of articles on the subject. However, there are only a few recombinant DNA-based vaccines for aquaculture in the licensing pipeline. Continued funding of research on recombinant DNA vaccines comes from the recognition by industry and government funding agencies that this research can lead to an increased understanding of the mechanisms in protective immunity. This is especially important for fish and shellfish species since our knowledge of the immune mechanisms in these animals is pitifully meagre. This presentation discusses the relative merits of the different recombinant DNA technologies that have been used to produce viral vaccines for fish and the promising approaches that are under consideration to increase the efficacy of these vaccines. There are many approaches to antigen production by recombinant DNA techniques including: (i) the preparation of purified antigenic proteins produced from the cloned viral genes in a variety of vector/host expression systems, (ii) chemical synthesis or the use of fusion vectors to produce peptides corresponding to known epitopes, (iii) defined attenuations, i.e. specific genetic alterations, of live virus vaccines, (iv) the use of live bacterial or viral vectors to deliver resistance genes or viral antigens, (v) anti-idiotype antibodies, and (vi) DNA vaccines where purified plasmid DNA expressing the pathogen gene under a eucaryotic promoter is injected. All of these technologies have been used more or less successfully in the development of vaccines for aquacultured species. However, the requirements for safety, effectiveness, ease of application and low cost/dose restrict their commercial development for aquaculture. The ideal viral vaccine for aquaculture must be effective in preventing death, be inexpensive to produce and license, provide immunity of long duration, and be easily administered. In addition, these vaccines must not only provide protection against the lethal effects of virus infection but prevent the formation of virus persistence. This is especially true for infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) which has been shown to persist in survivors in the presence of high antibody levels. Since resolution of virus persistence is thought to be correlate with cell-mediated immunity, vaccines designed to augment the cell-mediated immunity must be developed for fish. Approaches that are being considered include the use of cytokines in combination with subunit vaccines and the use of specific MHC-I inducer adjuvants with the vaccine. The "tailoring" of vaccine immunogenicity using different combinations of antigen and adjuvant will be presented.
Optoacoustic signal profiles for monitoring glucose concentration in turbid media (1999)

Our research project is focused on theoretical and experimental studies into the possibility of in vivo monitoring of blood glucose concentration. Previous experiments demonstrated that the presence of glucose dissolved in aqueous solution of polystyrene microspheres increases the refractive index of this solution due to glucose hydrophilic properties. As a strong osmolyte glucose influences the scattering properties of any particles or fibers suspended in water or biological fluids. We measured profiles of absorbed laser energy distributions as a function of glucose concentration in aqueous solution of polystyrene microspheres colored with potassium chromate. Experiments were performed at the wavelength of the Nd:YAG laser third harmonic, (lambda) equals 355 nm. The results obtained demonstrated a 4.5% decrease in effective optical attenuation coefficient with a 100 mM increase in glucose concentration. These initial results demonstrated that the effect of glucose on optical attenuation of turbid aqueous solutions is small but reliably measurable with the use of the time-resolved optoacoustic technique.
Nitric oxide synthase regulatory sites. Phosphorylation by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C, and calcium/calmodulin protein kinase; identification of flavin and calmodulin binding sites. (1992)

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important molecular messenger accounting for endothelial-derived relaxing activity in blood vessels, mediating cytotoxic actions of macrophages, and functioning as a neurotransmitter in the brain and periphery. NO synthase (NOS) from brain has been purified to homogeneity and molecularly cloned. We now report that NOS is stoichiometrically phosphorylated by cAMP dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, with each kinase phosphorylating a different serine site on NOS. Activation of PKC in transfected cells reduces NOS enzyme activity by approximately 77% in intact cells and by 50% in protein homogenates from these cells. Utilizing fluorescence spectroscopy we find that purified monomer NOS contains 1 molar equivalent of both FMN and FAD. This stoichiometry is supported by enzymatic digestion of the flavins with phosphodiesterase, and titration of the FMN with a specific FMN binding protein. We demonstrate that purified NOS is labeled by a photoaffinity derivative of calmodulin. These recognition sites on NOS provide multiple means for regulation of NO levels and "cross-talk" between second messenger systems.
Extraction of lipids from cottonseed tissue: V. Ultrastructural effects of extraction with hexane‐acetic acid (1974)

Abstract Cottonseed tissue was extracted with acidified hexane (hexane containing 2–25% acetic acid, v/v) and then examined with an electron microscope. In all cases, the contents of the oil‐rich spherosomes were emptied and cytoplasm remained intact after lipid extraction. However, membranous elements of the cytoplasm appeared diffuse and disorganized. The possible effect of this disorganization of membranes in accounting for the greater amount of lipid extracted by acidified hexane than by hexane is discussed.
Integrating support for undo with exception handling (2004)

One of the important tasks of exception handling is to restore program state and invariants. Studies suggest that this is often done incorrectly. We introduce a new language construct that integrates automated memory recovery with exception handling. When an exception occurs, memory can be automatically restored to its previous state. We also provide a mechanism for applications to extend the automatic recovery mechanism with callbacks for restoring the state of external resources. We describe a logging-based implementation and evaluate its effect on performance. The implementation imposes no overhead on parts of the code that do not make use of this feature.
Biologically controlled synthesis and assembly of magnetite nanoparticles (2014)

Magnetite nanoparticles have size- and shape-dependent magnetic properties. In addition, assemblies of magnetite nanoparticles forming one-dimensional nanostructures have magnetic properties distinct from zero-dimensional or non-organized materials due to strong uniaxial shape anisotropy. However, assemblies of free-standing magnetic nanoparticles tend to collapse and form closed-ring structures rather than chains in order to minimize their energy. Magnetotactic bacteria, ubiquitous microorganisms, have the capability to mineralize magnetite nanoparticles, the so-called magnetosomes, and to direct their assembly in stable chains via biological macromolecules. In this contribution, the synthesis and assembly of biological magnetite to obtain functional magnetic dipoles in magnetotactic bacteria are presented, with a focus on the assembly. We present tomographic reconstructions based on cryo-FIB sectioning and SEM imaging of a magnetotactic bacterium to exemplify that the magnetosome chain is indeed a paradigm of a 1D magnetic nanostructure, based on the assembly of several individual particles. We show that the biological forces are a major player in the formation of the magnetosome chain. Finally, we demonstrate by super resolution fluorescence microscopy that MamK, a protein of the actin family necessary to form the chain backbone in the bacteria, forms a bundle of filaments that are not only found in the vicinity of the magnetosome chain but are widespread within the cytoplasm, illustrating the dynamic localization of the protein within the cells. These very simple microorganisms have thus much to teach us with regards to controlling the design of functional 1D magnetic nanoassembly.
Write Strategies for 2 and 4-bit Multi-Level Phase-Change Memory (2007)

We discuss novel multi-level write algorithms for phase change memory which produce highly optimized resistance distributions in a minimum number of program cycles. Using a novel integration scheme, a test array at 4 bits/cell and a 32 kb memory page at 2 bits/cell are experimentally demonstrated.
Disulfide bridge reorganization induced by proline mutations in maurotoxin (2001)

Maurotoxin (MTX) is a 34‐residue toxin that has been isolated from the venom of the chactidae scorpion Scorpio maurus palmatus, and characterized. Together with Pi1 and HsTx1, MTX belongs to a family of short‐chain four‐disulfide‐bridged scorpion toxins acting on potassium channels. However, contrary to other members of this family, MTX exhibits an uncommon disulfide bridge organization of the type C1–C5, C2–C6, C3–C4 and C7–C8, versus C1–C5, C2–C6, C3–C7 and C4–C8 for both Pi1 and HsTx1. Here, we report that the substitution of MTX proline residues located at positions 12 and/or 20, adjacent to C3 (Cys 13 ) and C4 (Cys 19 ), results in conventional Pi1‐ and HsTx1‐like arrangement of the half‐cystine pairings. In this case, this novel disulfide bridge arrangement is without obvious incidence on the overall three‐dimensional structure of the toxin. Pharmacological assays of this structural analog, [A 12 ,A 20 ]MTX, reveal that the blocking activities on Shaker B and rat Kv1.2 channels remain potent whereas the peptide becomes inactive on rat Kv1.3. These data indicate, for the first time, that discrete point mutations in MTX can result in a marked reorganization of the half‐cystine pairings, accompanied with a novel pharmacological profile for the analog.