gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Linear array characteristics with one-dimensional reactive-region near-field scanning: simulations and measurements (1991)

A model for simulating the performance of a phased-array antenna with one-dimensional near-field scanning is addressed. Measurements and simulations in the reactive near-field region for a linear array with monopole elements are described. The array and near-field probe characteristics are simulated by using the method of moments. Measurements and simulations of the array near-zone received voltage, plane-wave spectrum, and far-field data, using centerline scanning at less than one wavelength distance from the antenna, are shown to be in good agreement. The presence of evanescent grating lobes in the plane-wave spectrum is observed. It is shown that a V-dipole theoretical probe antenna can accurately model a practical near-field measurement probe.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Water cooled DBC direct bonded copper substrates (2002)

Between two insulating DBC substrates (Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ or AlN) there are structured copper foils bonded together by DBC technology, to build a three dimensional system of micro channels. The large internal surface of the highly conductive copper allows an extremely efficient cooling of the DBC substrates. The DBC layout is customer specified and both DBCs are mounted to the top and the bottom of the water cooler. This compact cooling system designed to the customer's requirements gives four times the system offered efficient cooling of conventional module assemblies with liquid cooling. Due to the low weight and the relatively small dimensions the water cooled DBC substrate is an ideal solution for very high power applications. In detail we describe the following items: (i) the 3D MCI cooler; (ii) water for cooling; measurement of heat dissipation and flow rates; (iii) results of water flow measurement; and (iv) results of thermal dissipation measurement.
Attack and Defense of Dynamic Analysis-Based, Adversarial Neural Malware Classification Models (2017)

Recently researchers have proposed using deep learning-based systems for malware detection. Unfortunately, all deep learning classification systems are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Previous work has studied adversarial attacks against static analysis-based malware classifiers which only classify the content of the unknown file without execution. However, since the majority of malware is either packed or encrypted, malware classification based on static analysis often fails to detect these types of files. To overcome this limitation, anti-malware companies typically perform dynamic analysis by emulating each file in the anti-malware engine or performing in-depth scanning in a virtual machine. These strategies allow the analysis of the malware after unpacking or decryption. In this work, we study different strategies of crafting adversarial samples for dynamic analysis. These strategies operate on sparse, binary inputs in contrast to continuous inputs such as pixels in images. We then study the effects of two, previously proposed defensive mechanisms against crafted adversarial samples including the distillation and ensemble defenses. We also propose and evaluate the weight decay defense. Experiments show that with these three defensive strategies, the number of successfully crafted adversarial samples is reduced compared to a standard baseline system without any defenses. In particular, the ensemble defense is the most resilient to adversarial attacks. Importantly, none of the defenses significantly reduce the classification accuracy for detecting malware. Finally, we demonstrate that while adding additional hidden layers to neural models does not significantly improve the malware classification accuracy, it does significantly increase the classifier's robustness to adversarial attacks.
Suppressive effects of black seed oil on ovalbumin induced acute lung remodelling in E3 rats (2010)

Administration of BSO significantly reduced the level of allergen induced lung remodelling. The effect of BSO on lung remodelling is probably mediated by the inhibition of arginase pathways and the expression of Edn1, MMP3 and growth factors. Our findings suggest that BSO might have useful implications in the treatment and future research into allergen-induced lung remodelling.
Testing Interval Trees for Real-Time Scheduling Systems (2008)

In real-time systems, the efficiency of scheduling modules (SM) is of critical importance. While efficient algorithms result in efficient SMs, this will not occur without appropriate implementations of the algorithms. Moreover, an algorithm with good implementation could further improve the efficiency of the SM. Therefore, creative implementations of algorithms are well worthy of exploring. In this paper, we propose novel data structures (i.e., testing interval trees (TIT)) to help build efficient algorithms for schedulability test and admission control in some real-time SMs. With the testing interval tree for vacancy analysis (TIT-V), the complexities of the schedulability tests in a class of parallel/distributed real-time systems can be effectively reduced from O(m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> nlogn) to O(mlogn+mlogm) (where m is the number of processors, and n is the number of tasks). Similarly, with the testing interval tree for release time and laxity analysis (TIT-RL), the complexity of the online admission control in a uni-processor based real-time system can be reduced from O(n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) to O(nlogn) (where n is the number of tasks). Furthermore, the TIT-RL tree can also be applied to a class of parallel/distributed real-time systems. Therefore, the TIT trees are effective approaches to building efficient real-time SMs.
[A new handpiece attachment for Nd:YAG laser ablation of emphysematous bullae]. (1997)

Recently, attention has been drawn to lung volume reduction for bullous emphysema by wedge excision or laser ablation. We used a neodymium: yttrium-aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser with a free-beam mode to ablate peripheral emphysematous areas of lung tissue. To aid us in this procedure, we developed an attachment consisting of a stainless steel rod 3 cm in effective length, with a 1.8-cm diameter ring attached to its tip, and installed it on the tip of the laser handpiece used for free-beam laser ablation. This device has the following distinct advantages: 1) the distance between the tip of the laser and the pleura can easily be held constant, 2) the angle of irradiation can easily be maintained at 90 degrees. These result in 3) a constant area of irradiation (one square centimeter), and 4) an irradiated area that is clearly distinguished by the ring. In addition, the attachment is 5) simple and easy to construct. Three patients with bullous emphysema underwent unilateral laser ablation of the visceral pleura with the new device. All patients recovered completely. We found this rod-and-ring attachment to be useful for free-beam laser ablation.
A chemogenetic approach for treating experimental Parkinson's disease (2018)

Our findings support the hypothesis that enhanced inhibitory output activity of the basal ganglia complex underlie motor signs in PD, and point to the therapeutic potential of chemogenetic based treatments in PD patients. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Structural context for mobilization of a human tRNA synthetase from its cytoplasmic complex (2011)

Human lysyl-tRNA synthetase is bound to the multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC) that maintains and regulates the aminoacylation and nuclear functions of LysRS. The p38 scaffold protein binds LysRS to the MSC and, only with the appropriate cue, mobilizes LysRS for redirection to the nucleus to interact with the microphthalmia associated transcription factor (MITF). In recent work, an (α(2))(2) LysRS tetramer crystallized to yield a high-resolution structure and raised the question of how LysRS is arranged (dimer or tetramer) in the MSC to interact with p38. To understand the structural organization of the LysRS-p38 complex that regulates LysRS mobilization, we investigated the complex by use of small angle X-ray scattering and hydrogen-deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry in solution. The structure revealed a surprising α(2)β(1):β(1)α(2) organization in which a dimeric p38 scaffold holds two LysRS α(2) dimers in a parallel configuration. Each of the N-terminal 48 residues of p38 binds one LysRS dimer and, in so doing, brings two copies of the LysRS dimer into the MSC. The results suggest that this unique geometry, which reconfigures the LysRS tetramer from α(2):α(2) to α(2)β(1):β(1)α(2), is designed to control both retention and mobilization of LysRS from the MSC.
The value creation index (2000)

The Cap Gemini Ernst & Young Center for Business Innovation (CBI) has conducted a series of studies on the role of intangibles in creating value in the modern corporation and developed a rigorous, comprehensive model – the value creation index – of value creation for progressive companies, one that enables users to measure the impact of key intangible asset categories on a company’s market value. By devising a set of standardized measures, weighted according to their relative impact, managers have the tools to better drive and monitor their company’s future performance. At the same time, if disclosure rules change in parallel, investors will be armed with a more uniform, less subjective and more robust way of evaluating companies. Over time, the value creation index will evolve, continuing to identify value creation drivers, while remaining sufficiently flexible so it can adapt to the constantly changing nature of companies in the connected economy.
A study of the decrease of skin collagen content, skin thickness, and bone mass in the postmenopausal woman. (1987)

The skin collagen content, skin thickness, metacarpal index, and forearm bone mineral content in postmenopausal women showed a similar decline of between 1-2% per year after the menopause. All four parameters showed a decline that was significant when compared with the years from the menopause. Significant correlations between all four parameters suggest that a similar pathology causes the decrease in bone mass and skin thickness--a decline in the connective tissue element that is common to both bone and skin.
Oleate stimulates secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins from Hep G2 cells by inhibiting early intracellular degradation of apolipoprotein B. (1991)

Studies were conducted to explore the effects of oleate addition on the secretion of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins from Hep G2 cells. Whether oleate was added simultaneously with [3H]-leucine or added to prelabeled cells, the rate of secretion of apoB was stimulated more than 100% within 40 min. When oleate was withdrawn from the cells, the rate of secretion returned to the prestimulated rate within 40 min. These observations suggested that oleate affects apoB secretion early in the secretory pathway. When the effects of oleate on apoB secretion were studied in pulse-chase experiments, it was observed that although apoB synthesis was not affected, apoB intracellular degradation was significant inhibited by oleate. In the absence of oleate, 58% of apoB synthesized during the labeling period was degraded within 20 min, before secretion of apoB into the media had begun, whereas only 29% of labeled apoB was degraded intracellularly during this same time period when oleate was present. Thus, it appears that oleate rapidly stimulates the secretion of apoB by protecting nascent apoB from degradation early in the secretory pathway. Furthermore, stimulation of apoB secretion was observed over a range that includes physiological concentrations of oleate, from 0.1 mM (oleate: bovine serum albumin ratio = 0.45) to 0.8 mM (oleate: ratio = 3.6), suggesting that exogenous oleate could be a physiological modulator of apoB secretion.
Synthesis of 1-alkoxy-1,2,3,4-tetra-hydrocarbazoles by mercury(II) mediated heterocyclization of 2-cyclohex-2′-enyl-<i>N</i>-alkylanilines (1996)

The title compounds 3(a–i) were synthesized in high yields by the mercury(II) mediated heterocyclization of 2-cyclohex-2′-enyl-N-alkylanilines 2(a–g), which in turn were obtained by the acid-catalyzed amino Claisen rearrangement of 3-N-alkylanilinocyclohexenes 1(a–g). Additional supporting evidence for the structure of product 3 was obtained from chemical transformations. Key words: 1-alkoxy tetrahydrocarbazole, mercury(II) mediated heterocyclization, amino Claisen rearrangement, 3-N-methylanilinocyclohexene.
Strategies for the Anchoring of Metal Complexes, Clusters, and Colloids Inside Nanoporous Alumina Membranes (2000)

Two complementary strategies are presented for the anchoring of molecular palladium complexes, of cobalt or platinum clusters or of gold colloids inside the nanopores of alumina membranes. The first consists in the one step condensation of an alkoxysilyl functional group carried by the metal complex with the hydroxy groups covering the surface of the membrane pores. Thus, using the short-bite alkoxysilyl-functionalized diphosphane ligands (Ph2P)2N(CH2)3Si(OMe)3 (1) and (Ph2P)2N(CH2)4SiMe2(OMe)] (2) derived from (Ph2P)2NH (dppa) (dppa bis(diphenylphosphanyl)amine), the palladium complexes [Pd(dmba)(kappa2-P,P-(Ph2P)2N(CH2)3Si(OMe)3)] Cl (3) and [Pd(dmba)[kappa2-P,P-(Ph2P)2N(CH2)4SiMe2(OMe)]]Cl (4) (dmba-H = dimethylbenzylamine). respectively, were tethered to the pore walls. After controlled thermal treatment. confined and highly dispersed palladium nanoparticles were formed and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This method could not be applied to the cobalt cluster [Co4(CO)8(mu-dppa)[mu-P,P-(Ph2P)2N(CH2)4SiMe2(OMe)]] (7) owing to its too limited solubility. However, its anchoring was achieved by using the second method which consisted of first derivatizing the pore walls with 1 or 2. The covalent attachment of the diphosphane ligands provides a molecular anchor that allows subsequent reaction with the cluster [Co4(CO)10(mu-dppa)] 6 to generate anchored 7 and this step was monitored by UV/Vis spectroscopy. In addition, the presence of carbonyl ligands in the cluster provides for the first time a very sensitive spectroscopic probe in the IR region which confirms both cluster incorporation and the retaining of its molecular nature inside the membrane. The presence of the bridging dppa ligand in 6 provides additional stabilization and accounts for the selectivity of the procedure. Using this method, platinum clusters (diameter ca. 2 nm) and gold colloids (diameter ca. 13 nm) were immobilized after passing their solution through the functionalized membrane pores. The resulting membranes were characterized by TEM which demonstrated the efficiency of the complexation and showed the high dispersion of the metal loading. The successful application of these methods has demonstrated that nanoporous alumina membranes are not only unique supports to incorporate metal complexes, clusters, or colloids but can also be regarded as functional matrices or microreactors, thus opening new fields for applications.
Via fill properties of organic BARCs in dual-damascene application (2004)

With the introduction of copper as the interconnect metal, the Dual Damascene (DD) process has been integrated into integrated circuit (IC) device fabrication. The DD process utilizes organic bottom anti-reflective coatings (BARCs) not only to eliminate the thin film interference effects but also to act as via fill materials. However, three serious processing problems are encountered with organic BARCs. One is the formation of voids, which are trapped gas bubbles (evaporating solvent, byproduct of the curing reaction and air) inside the vias. Another problem is non-uniform BARC layer thickness in different via pitch areas. The third problem is the formation of fences during plasma etch. Fences are formed from materials that are removed by plasma and subsequently deposited on the sidewall surrounding the via openings during the etching process. Voids can cause variations in BARC top thickness, optical properties, via fill percentage, and plasma etch rate. This study focuses on the factors that influence the formation of voids and addresses the ways to eliminate them by optimizing the compositions of formulations and the processing conditions. Effects of molecular weight of the polymer, nature of the crosslinker, additives, and bake temperature were examined. The molecular weight of the polymer is one of the important factors that needs to be controlled carefully. Polymers with high molecular weights tend to trap voids inside the vias. Low molecular weight polymers have low Tg and low viscosity, which enables good thermal flow so that the BARC can fill vias easily without voids. Several kinds of crosslinkers were investigated in this study. When used with the same polymer system, formulations with different crosslinkers show varying results that affect planar fill, sidewall coverage, and, in some cases, voids. Additives also can change via fill behavior dramatically, and choosing the right additive will improve the via fill property. Processing conditions such as bake temperature also greatly affect via fill. Depending on the polymer thermal property and crosslinking reaction, varying the bake temperature can change the via fill behavior of the BARC. By understanding the nature of the polymer, the crosslinking reaction, and the processing conditions, we are able to design BARCs with better flow property to provide planar topography without voids inside the vias.
Design Environment for Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (2016)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Model Predictive Control (MPC) design methods are becoming popular among automotive control researchers because they explicitly address an important challenge faced by today’s control designers: How does one realize the full performance potential of complex multi-input, multi-output automotive systems while satisfying critical output, state and actuator constraints? Nonlinear MPC (NMPC) offers the potential to further improve performance and streamline the development for those systems in which the dynamics are strongly nonlinear. These benefits are achieved in the MPC framework by using an on-line model of the controlled system to generate the control sequence that is the solution of a constrained optimization problem over a receding horizon. Motivated by the application of NMPC to the Diesel engine air path control problem, we present a control design environment that leverages Maple’s symbolic computation engine to facilitate NMPC problem formulation, solution, and C code-generation. Given the limited on-line computational resources available for automotive control implementation and the dependence of effective NMPC problem formulation and solution on the application at hand, the designer needs to be able to fully explore the NMPC formulation / solution / computation cost design space. Thus our Symbolic Computing Design Environment (SCDE) for NMPC is constructed so that the designer can rapidly evaluate the performance and computation cost of several implementation options. In particular, we show by example how SCDE can be used to choose between numeric and symbolic solutions approaches and reduce NMPC computation cost by generating functions from the controller’s equations that re-use the sub-expressions common to different aspects of the solution.</div></div>
Deletion of Two-Component Regulatory Systems Increases the Virulence of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2003)

Two-component regulatory signal transduction systems are widely distributed among bacteria and enable the organisms to make coordinated changes in gene expression in response to a variety of environmental stimuli. The genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains 11 complete two-component systems, four isolated homologous regulators, and three isolated homologous sensors. We have constructed defined mutations in six of these genes and measured virulence in a SCID mouse model. Mice infected with four of the mutants (deletions of devR, tcrXY, trcS, and kdpDE) died more rapidly than those infected with wild-type bacteria. The other two mutants (narL and Rv3220c) showed no change compared to the wild-type H37Rv strain. The most hypervirulent mutant (devRdelta) also grew more rapidly in the acute stage of infection in immunocompetent mice and in gamma interferon-activated macrophages. These results define a novel class of genes in this pathogen whose presence slows down its multiplication in vivo or increases its susceptibility to host killing mechanisms. Thus, M. tuberculosis actively maintains a balance between its own survival and that of the host.
A Proof-of-Stake protocol for consensus on Bitcoin subchains. (2017)

Although the transactions on the Bitcoin blockchain have the main purpose of recording currency transfers, they can also carry a few bytes of metadata. A sequence of transaction metadata forms a subchain of the Bitcoin blockchain, and it can be used to store a tamper-proof execution trace of a smart contract. Except for the trivial case of contracts which admit any trace, in general there may exist inconsistent subchains which represent incorrect contract executions. A crucial issue is how to make it difficult, for an adversary, to subvert the execution of a contract by making its subchain inconsistent. Existing approaches either postulate that subchains are always consistent, or give weak guarantees about their security (for instance, they are susceptible to Sybil attacks). We propose a consensus protocol, based on Proof-of-Stake, that incentivizes nodes to consistently extend the subchain. We empirically evaluate the security of our protocol, and we show how to exploit it as the basis for smart contracts on Bitcoin.