gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recycling Cellulase by a pH-Responsive Lignin-Based Carrier through Electrostatic Interaction (2018)

Enzymatic conversion of lignocelluloses into fermentable sugars is a key step in producing liquid fuels and chemicals in an ecofriendly and sustainable manner. However, because of the large quantities of cellulase required in enzymatic hydrolysis, the high cellulase cost make the production cost of glucose still high. To reduce the overall production cost and achieve the comprehensive utilization of lignocelluloses. A new intensive production process for enzymatic saccharification was developed: lignin, the residue of lignocellulosic substrates after enzymatic hydrolysis, was modified to a pH-responsive carrier (pH-LC) by simple graft reactions and used to recycle cellulase through electrostatic interaction. pH-LC exhibited reversible soluble–insoluble property as solution pH changed, and it did not inhibit cellulase activity. By simply adjusting the pH of the solution contained pH-LC and cellulase, cellulase could be precipitated or dissolved for recycling. pH-LC could recover more than 90% of filter paper activity in solution for cellulase CTec2. During the enzymatic hydrolysis of corncob residue, pH-LC could not only recover more than 50% of cellulase but also increase the yield of glucose from 78.1% to 93.0%. This new process is not only green and convenient but also well integrated with existing processes and easily applied.
A Phospholipid−PEG2000 Conjugate of a Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 (VEGFR2)-Targeting Heterodimer Peptide for Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging of Angiogenesis (2010)

The transition of a targeted ultrasound contrast agent from animal imaging to testing in clinical studies requires considerable chemical development. The nature of the construct changes from an agent that is chemically attached to microbubbles to one where the targeting group is coupled to a phospholipid, for direct incorporation to the bubble surface. We provide an efficient method to attach a heterodimeric peptide to a pegylated phospholipid and show that the resulting construct retains nanomolar affinity for its target, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), for both the human (kinase insert domain-containing receptor - KDR) and the mouse (fetal liver kinase 1 - Flk-1) receptors. The purified phospholipid-PEG-peptide isolated from TFA-based eluents is not stable with respect to hydrolysis of the fatty ester moieties. This leads to the time-dependent formation of the lysophospholipid and the phosphoglycerylamide derived from the degradation of the product. Purification of the product using neutral eluent systems provides a stable product. Methods to prepare the lysophospholipid (hydrolysis product) are also included. Biacore binding data demonstrated the retention of binding of the lipopeptide to the KDR receptor. The phospholipid-PEG2000-peptide is smoothly incorporated into gas-filled microbubbles and provides imaging of angiogenesis in a rat tumor model.
Planar double-layer leaky-wave microstrip antenna (2002)

This paper presents a double-layer leaky-wave microstrip antenna that is entirely planar for easy fabrication. The cavity model and the full-wave spectral domain method are used to analyze the proposed structure. The results from these two approaches agree well with experimental data. The planar structure makes the leaky-wave antenna convenient for implementation in a monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) environment. Also, due to the flexibility of the microstrip structure, the geometrical shape can be modified for other desirable radiation patterns.
SST3-selective potent peptidic somatostatin receptor antagonists (2000)

A family of octapeptide derivatives of somatostatin cyclized via a disulfide bridge (des-AA(1,2,4,5,12,13)[d-2Nal(8)]-somatostatin-14, ODN-8) was identified that has high affinity and selectivity for the human sst(3) somatostatin receptor subtype transfected in CCL39 cells. The binding affinity of carbamoyl-des-AA(1,2,4,5,12, 13)[d-Cys(3),Tyr(7),d-Agl(8)(Me,2-naphthoyl)]-somatostatin-14 (sst(3)-ODN-8) is equal to that of somatostatin-28 for sst(3) and less than one-thousandth that for the other four somatostatin receptor subtypes. Compound sst(3)-ODN-8 potently reverses the somatostatin-28-induced inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP production (pK(B) = 9.07) and reverses the somatostatin-28-induced stimulation of phospholipase C activity (pK(i) = 9.22) in sst(3)-transfected CCL39 cells. [(125)I-Tyr(7)]sst(3)-ODN-8 selectively labels sst(3)-expressing cells with subnanomolar binding affinity (K(D) = 0.27 nM). With the use of this radioligand, sst(3)-expressing human tumors, particularly inactive pituitary adenomas, can be identified with receptor autoradiography; moreover, areas of the human lymphoreticular system express sst(3) binding sites selectively displaced by nanomolar concentrations of sst(3)-ODN-8. Based on the structure-activity relationship of selected analogs substituted at positions 3, 7, and 8, we hypothesize that the basis for sst(3) selectivity, high affinity, and possibly antagonism resides in the ring size of the analog and the unique conformational and structural character of the N-methylated amino-2-naphthoyl side chain of aminoglycine at position 8 and not in the Tyr(7) substitution or in the d-configuration at position 3. The family of labeled and unlabeled sst(3)-ODN-8 analogs represents highly innovative, potent, and specific sst(3)-selective antagonist tools for the study of sst(3)-mediated physiological and pathophysiological conditions that may suggest novel clinical applications.
An amino-benzosuberene analogue that inhibits tubulin assembly and demonstrates remarkable cytotoxicity (2012)

The recent discovery of a small-molecule benzosuberene-based phenol that demonstrates remarkable picomolar cytotoxicity against selected human cancer cell lines and strongly inhibits tubulin polymerization (1-2 µM) inspired the design and synthesis of a variety of new, structurally diverse benzosuberene derivatives. An efficient synthetic route to functionalized benzosuberenes was developed. This methodology utilized a Wittig reaction, followed by a selective alkene reduction and ring-closing cyclization to form the core benzosuberone structure. This synthetic route facilitated the preparation of a 6-nitro-1-(3',4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl) benzosuberene derivative and its corresponding 6-amino analogue in good yield. The 6-amino analogue was a strong inhibitor of tubulin polymerization (1.2 µM), demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity against the human cancer cell lines examined (GI<sub>50</sub> = 33 pM against SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer, for example), and exhibited a concentration dependent disruption of a pre-established capillary-like network of tubules formed from human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
DQE(f) of an amorphous-silicon flat-panel x-ray detector: detector parameter influences and measurement methodology (2000)

We discuss how the frequency dependent detective quantum efficiency [DQE(f)] in a well-designed amorphous silicon flat panel detector is affected by several phenomena that reduce the DQE in other types of medical imaging detectors. The detector examined employs a CsI(Tl) scintillator and is designed for general diagnostic x-ray imaging applications. We consider DQE degradation due to incomplete x-ray absorption, secondary quantum noise, Swank factor, Lubberts effect, spatial variation in gain, noise aliasing, and additive system noise. The influences of detector design parameters on the frequency- and exposure-dependent DQE are also examined. We find that the DQE does not depend directly on MTF and that DQE is independent of exposure within the detector's operating range, except at the lowest exposures. Likewise the signal per absorbed x-ray, which contains the fill factor as one of several multiplicative components, does not affect DQE except at the lowest exposures. A methodology for determining DQE(f) from measurements of MTF(f), noise power spectrum (NPS), average signal, and x-ray exposure is presented. We find that it is important to incorporate several corrections in the NPS measurement procedure in order to obtain accurate results. These include corrections for lag, non-linearity, response variation from pixel to pixel, and use of a finite number of flat-field images. MTF, NPS, and DQE results are presented for a 41 X 41-cm<SUP>2</SUP> flat panel detector designed for radiographic applications.
A single-transistor silicon synapse (1996)

We have developed a new floating-gate silicon MOS transistor for analog learning applications. The memory storage is nonvolatile; hot-electron injection and electron tunneling permit bidirectional memory updates. Because these updates depend on both the stored memory value and the transistor terminal voltages, the synapse can implement a learning function. We have derived a memory-update rule from the physics of the tunneling and injection processes, and have investigated synapse learning in a prototype array. Unlike conventional EEPROM devices, the synapse allows simultaneous memory reading and writing. Synapse transistor arrays can therefore compute both the array output, and local memory updates, in parallel. The synapse is small, and typically is operated at subthreshold current levels; it will permit the development of dense, low-power silicon learning systems.
Ensemble learning boosts the inference accuracy of diffractive neural networks (2021)

We improve the inference performance of diffractive deep neural networks (D2NN) for image classification by utilizing ensemble learning and feature engineering. Through a novel pruning algorithm, we designed an ensemble of e.g., N=14 D2NNs that collectively achieve a blind testing accuracy of 61.14% on the classification of CIFAR-10 images, which provides an improvement of >16% compared to the average performance of the individual D2NNs within the ensemble. These results constitute the highest inference accuracies achieved to date by any diffractive network design and would be broadly useful to create diffractive optical machine learning systems for various imaging and sensing needs.
Reconfigurable pentagonal slot based 4-element MIMO antennas (2017)

In this paper, a compact 4-element multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system is presented. The proposed antenna design is planar in structure with a wide tuning capability. Pentagonal slot antennas are used for this purpose. The MIMO antenna design is optimized to cover various subbands of WiMAX standard (3.4-3.6 GHz) along with several others. The antenna is tuned to cover frequency band from 3.230 GHz to 3.880 GHz. Reconfigurability is achieved electronically using varactor diodes by varying the capacitance of the pentagonal slot antenna. In addition, dual band-notched slot lines are etched out from ground (GND) plane to enhance the isolation between the closely spaced antenna elements. The design is suitable for wireless handheld devices in WiMAX applications and cognitive radio (CR) platforms. Simulation and measurement results are in good agreement.
General Method of Synthesis for Naloxone, Naltrexone, Nalbuphone, and Nalbuphine by the Reaction of Grignard Reagents with an Oxazolidine Derived from Oxymorphone (2013)

Abstract The N ‐oxide of O ‐acyloxymorphone, when treated with the Burgess reagent, provides the corresponding oxazolidine in a one‐pot sequence and in excellent yield. The oxazolidine derived from oxymorphone, temporarily protected at O‐3 and C‐6, reacts with Grignard reagents to provide directly N ‐allyl, N ‐cyclopropylmethyl, and N ‐cyclobutylmethyl derivatives that are further converted to the title compounds, namely naltrexone, naloxone, nalbuphone, and nalbuphine in excellent yields. Each of these medicinal agents is obtained from the oxazolidine in a one‐pot sequence. Complete spectral and experimental data are provided for all compounds.
Molecular-like hierarchical self-assembly of monolayers of mixtures of particles (2014)

We present a technique that uses an externally applied electric field to self-assemble monolayers of mixtures of particles into molecular-like hierarchical arrangements on fluid-liquid interfaces. The arrangements consist of composite particles (analogous to molecules) which are arranged in a pattern. The structure of a composite particle depends on factors such as the relative sizes of the particles and their polarizabilities, and the electric field intensity. If the particles sizes differ by a factor of two or more, the composite particle has a larger particle at its core and several smaller particles form a ring around it. The number of particles in the ring and the spacing between the composite particles depend on their polarizabilities and the electric field intensity. Approximately same sized particles form chains (analogous to polymeric molecules) in which positively and negatively polarized particles alternate.
A time series clustering based framework for multimedia mining and summarization using audio features (2004)

Past work on multimedia analysis has shown the utility of detecting specific temporal patterns for different content genres. In this paper, we propose a unified, content-adaptive, unsupervised mining framework to bring out such temporal patterns from different multimedia genres. We formulate the problem of pattern discovery from video as a time series clustering problem. We treat the sequence of low/mid level audio-visual features extracted from the video as a time series and perform a temporal segmentation. The segmentation is based on eigenvector analysis of the affinity matrix constructed from statistical models estimated from the subsequences of the time series. We are thus able to detect transitions and outliers from a sequence of observations from a stationary background process. We define a confidence measure on each of the detected outliers as the probability that it is an outlier. Then, we establish a relationship between the mining parameters and the confidence measure. Furthermore the confidence measure can be used to rank the detected outliers in terms of their departures from the back-ground process. Our experimental results with sequences of low and mid level audio features extracted from sports video show that "highlight" events can be extracted effectively as outliers from a background process using the proposed framework. We proceed to show the effectiveness of the proposed framework in bringing out patterns from surveillance videos without any a priori knowledge. Finally, we show that such temporal segmentation into background and outliers, along with the ranking based on the departure from the background, can be used to generate content summaries of any desired length
Acid leaching of ores with an agglomeration pretreatment (1984)

This invention relates to the recovery of precious metals such as gold, silver, copper, and uranium by percolation or heap leaching, and in particular relates to the treatment of ores of these metals with acidic solutions to make the ores more amenable to percolation leaching.
Experimental validation of a simple model capable of predicting the phase contrast imaging capabilities of any x-ray imaging system (2006)

Phase contrast (PC) imaging is one of the most exciting emerging x-ray imaging techniques, with the potential of removing some of the main limitations of conventional radiology. After extensive experimentation carried out particularly at synchrotron radiation (SR) facilities, the scientific community agrees that it is now time to translate these ideas towards the first clinical implementations. In this framework, a complete model, based on Fresnel/Kirchoff diffraction integrals, was devised. This model accounts for source dimensions, beam spectrum and divergence and detector point spread function (PSF), and can thus be applied to any x-ray imaging system. In particular, by accepting in input the above parameters along with the ones describing the sample, the model can be used to optimize the geometry of the set-up, i.e. to assess the source-to-sample and sample-to-detector distances which maximize feature detection. The model was evaluated by acquiring a range of images of different samples with a laboratory source, and a good agreement was found between simulated and experimental data in all cases. In order to maximize the generality of the results, all acquisitions were carried out using a polychromatic source and an energy-resolving detector; in this way, a range of monochromatic images could be obtained as well as polychromatic images, which can be created by integrating different parts of the acquired spectra. One of the most notable results obtained is that in many practical cases polychromatic PC imaging can provide the same image quality as its monochromatic counterpart. This is an important step in the wider application of PC using conventional sources.
A MEMS electrostatic particle transportation system (2002)

We demonstrate here an electrostatic MEMS system capable of transporting particles 5-10 /spl mu/m in diameter in air. This system consists of 3-phase electrode arrays covered by insulators. Extensive testing of this system has been done using a variety of insulation materials (silicon nitride, photoresist, and Teflon), thickness (0-12 /spl mu/m), particle sizes (1-10 /spl mu/m), particle materials (metal, glass, polystyrene, spores, etc.), waveforms, frequencies, and voltages. Although previous literature claimed it impractical to electrostatically transport particles with sizes 5-10 /spl mu/m due to complex surface forces, this effort actually shows it feasible (as high as 90% efficiency) with the optimal combination of insulation thickness, electrode geometry, and insulation material. Moreover, we suggest a qualitative theory for our particle transportation system which is consistent with our data and finite-element electrostatic simulations.
Novel α‐Amino‐Acid Phenolic Ester Derivatives with Intravenous Anaesthetic Activity. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fast polarization QKD scheme based on LiNbO<sub>3</sub> phase modulators (2016)

An optical scheme for polarization encoding BB84 protocol is described. Fiber electro-optical LiNbO<sub>3</sub> phase modulators based on Pockels cells provide both polarization states generation for Alice and basis choosing for Bob at high frequency, requiring low operation voltages (V<sub>π</sub> < 5V). Proposed scheme uses only one laser source, which guarantee the indistinguishability of the pulses and active basis choosing allows the system to have two single photon detectors in contrast to the four in the standard polarization encoding schemes. Two phase modulators compensate each others’ polarization mode dispersion, caused by the natural birefringence of the lithium niobate crystal. The system consists of standard components and has simple configuration. The principle of operation is experimentally demonstrated.
Stabilizing Semiconductor Devices With Hydrogen (1989)

Damage by radiation healed rapidly. Feature provides continuous, rapid recovery of devices from degradation caused by hot electrons, photons, and ionizing radiation. Several candidate sites for palladium film catalysts, inserted during manufacture as integral parts of devices. Paladium films made by evaporation, sputtering, or chemical-vapor deposition. If additional storage required, thick layer of palladium plated on inside of package surrounding device. Hydrogen stored by exposing palladium to hydrogen gas just before package sealed hermetically.
Design and Synthesis of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks for Second-order Nonlinear Optics (1996)

There has been a tremendous recent interest in the development of second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) polymeric materials for photonic applications. However, a major drawback of second-order NLO polymers that prevents them from being used in device applications is the instability of their electric field induced dipolar alignment. The randomization of the dipole orientation leads to the decay of second-order optical nonlinearities. Numerous efforts have been made to increase the stability of the second-order NLO properties of polymers. The search for new approaches to develop NLO polymers with optimal properties has been an active research area since the past decade. A novel approach, combining the hybrid properties of high glass transition temperatures, extensively extensively crosslinked networks and permanent entanglements, based on interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) is introduced to develop stable second-order NLO materials. Two types of IPN systems are prepared and their properties are investigated. The designing criteria and the rationale for the selection of polymers are discussed. The IPN samples show excellent temporal stability at elevated temperatures. Long-term stability of the optical nonlinearity at 100°C has been observed in these materials. Temporal stability of the NLO properties of these IPNs is synergistically enhanced. Relaxation behavior of the optical nonlinearity of an IPN system has been studied and compared with that of a typical guest/host system. The improved temporal stability of the second-order NLO properties of this IPN system is a result of the combination of the high rigidity of the polymer backbones, crosslinked matrices and permanent entanglements of the polymer networks. A slight modification of the chemical structure resulted in an improvement of the optical quality of the sample.
Aromatic-dependent Salmonella typhimurium as modified live vaccines for calves (1984)

Strains of Salmonella sp with complete nonreverting aromatic biosynthesis (aro) defects are expected to be nonvirulent, in respect to invasive infection, because they need the aromatic metabolites paraaminobenzoate (for making folate) and dihydroxybenzoate (for making enterochelin) which are not available in host tissues. Derivatives with transposon-generated complete nonreverting aro-defects were prepared from 3 mouse-virulent strains of S typhimurium, namely, FIRN, WRAY, and UCD. The latter 2 parent strains originally were isolated from calves and are known to be calf-virulent. The resultant aromatic-dependent (aro-) strains were used to vaccinate 27 calves (2 to 3 weeks old), usually giving 2 doses by the IM route (10(9) bacteria) or orally (1.5 X 10(11)). Vaccination did not cause severe ill effects in any calf. Thus aro- defects cause loss of virulence for calves, as previously shown for mice. Vaccinated and control calves were challenge exposed, usually at 5 weeks of age, by feeding 1.5 X 10(11) cells of 1 of 2 calf-virulent S typhimurium strains, either UCD 108-11 or SL1323. Of the 16 challenge-exposed control calves, all became anorectic and depressed (CNS), and 15 had diarrhea. Fourteen of the 16 died; all tested tissues were bacteriologically culture-positive for Salmonella at necropsy. Vaccination with the live UCD aro- vaccine strain, SL1479 by either of 2 schedules (IM or orally) appeared effective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Suppressing electroabsorption with intra-step-barrier quantum wells for high-power electroabsorption modulators (2002)

Asymmetric intra-step-barrier quantum wells (IQWs) are examined to show that an electric field directed from the deeper well to the step barrier can produce suppression in electroabsorption. The IQW electroabsorption modulator is shown experimentally to delay electroabsorption up to ∼2.5 V. Preliminary optical saturation measurement of the modulator indicates that the RF link gain does not saturate up to ∼12 dBm optical power.