gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Energy-resolved CT imaging with a photon-counting silicon-strip detector (2014)

Photon-counting detectors are promising candidates for use in the next generation of x-ray CT scanners. Among the foreseen benefits are higher spatial resolution, better trade-off between noise and dose, and energy discriminating capabilities. Silicon is an attractive detector material because of its low cost, mature manufacturing process and high hole mobility. However, it is sometimes claimed to be unsuitable for use in computed tomography because of its low absorption efficiency and high fraction of Compton scatter. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate that high-quality energy-resolved CT images can nonetheless be acquired with clinically realistic exposure parameters using a photon-counting silicon-strip detector with eight energy thresholds developed in our group. We use a single detector module, consisting of a linear array of 50 0.5 × 0.4 mm detector elements, to image a phantom in a table-top lab setup. The phantom consists of a plastic cylinder with circular inserts containing water, fat and aqueous solutions of calcium, iodine and gadolinium, in different concentrations. We use basis material decomposition to obtain water, calcium, iodine and gadolinium basis images and demonstrate that these basis images can be used to separate the different materials in the inserts. We also show results showing that the detector has potential for quantitative measurements of substance concentrations.
Hybrid Crossbar Architecture for a Memristor Based Memory (2013)

This paper describes a new memristor crossbar architecture that is proposed for use in a high density cache design. This design has less than 10% of the write energy consumption than a simple memristor crossbar. Also, it has up to 4 times the bit density of an STT-MRAM system and up to 11 times the bit density of an SRAM architecture. The proposed architecture is analyzed using a detailed SPICE analysis that accounts for the resistance of the wires in the memristor structure. Additionally, the memristor model used in this work has been matched to specific device characterization data to provide accurate results in terms of energy, area, and timing.
Multidrug-resistant Human Sarcoma Cells with a Mutant P-Glycoprotein, Altered Phenotype, and Resistance to Cyclosporins (1997)

A variant of the multidrug-resistant human sarcoma cell line Dx5 was derived by co-selection with doxorubicin and the cyclosporin D analogue PSC 833, a potent inhibitor of the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein. The variant DxP cells manifest an altered phenotype compared with Dx5, with decreased cross-resistance to Vinca alkaloids and no resistance to dactinomycin. Resistance to doxorubicin and paclitaxel is retained. The multidrug resistance phenotype of DxP cells is not modulated by 2 microM PSC 833 or cyclosporine. DxP cells manifest a decreased ability to transport [3H]cyclosporine. DNA heteroduplex analysis and sequencing reveal a mutant mdr1 gene (deletion of a phenylalanine at amino acid residue 335) in the DxP cell line. The mutant P-glycoprotein has a decreased affinity for PSC 833 and vinblastine and a decreased ability to transport rhodamine 123. Transfection of the mutant mdr1 gene into drug-sensitive MES-SA sarcoma cells confers resistance to both doxorubicin and PSC 833. Our study demonstrates that survival of cells exposed to doxorubicin and PSC 833 in a multistep selection occurred as a result of a P-glycoprotein mutation in transmembrane region 6. These data suggest that Phe335 is an important binding site on P-glycoprotein for substrates such as dactinomycin and vinblastine and for inhibitors such as cyclosporine and PSC 833.
Crystallinity effects in polylactic acid-based foams (2012)

The use of carbon dioxide for the production of polylactic acid foams has been increasingly studied recently. Much of the reported work has used supercritical carbon dioxide as a processing or foaming medium. However, a new foaming process which uses sub-critical liquid carbon dioxide conditions has been developed by the Biopolymer Network Limited. It is generally recognised that processing crystalline thermoplastics, including crystalline polylactic acid polymers, into foam products using carbon dioxide is difficult due to lower solubility of liquid carbon dioxide in polymers and the increased polymer rigidity hindering the expansion of the polymer matrix. However, fundamental studies, and the associated knowledge of the foaming mechanisms at play, have allowed some new approaches to be developed within sub-critical carbon dioxide conditions which overcome many of these difficulties in polylactic acid foams. In this study, several commercially available grades of polylactic acid, ranging from crystalline to amorphous, were processed using carbon dioxide via the Biopolymer Network Limited process (sub-critical carbon dioxide). By adequately adjusting the process parameters, different crystalline grades were successfully foamed to low density. The resulting foams exhibited low to high levels of crystallinity, and consequently displayed varying thermal or physical properties. Cellular structures were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Crystallinity and thermal behaviour of the foamed samples were characterised using differential scanning calorimetry. Mechanical properties and dimensional stability were also investigated. It was shown that the selection of polylactic acid feedstock, and its associated processing conditions, had a significant impact on the final quality and properties of the foams.
An Intraocular Camera for Retinal Prostheses (2007)

Blindness due to degenerative retinal diseases such as Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) and Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) afflict millions of people worldwide. Recent advances in retinal implants that bypass damaged photoreceptor cells and electrically stimulate the remaining healthy retinal neurons show promise for restoring functional vision to the blind [1]. Current intraocular retinal prostheses driven by an external camera mounted on the subject’s head require slow and unnatural head movements. To allow for normal foveation and expanded depth of field, a novel intraocular camera (IOC) has been designed to work in conjunction with an epiretinal microstimulator array, as shown schematically in Fig. 1.
Resurfaced cell‐penetrating nanobodies: A potentially general scaffold for intracellularly targeted protein discovery (2016)

By virtue of their size, functional group diversity, and complex structure, proteins can often recognize and modulate disease-relevant macromolecules that present a challenge to small-molecule reagents. Additionally, high-throughput screening and evolution-based methods often make the discovery of new protein binders simpler than the analogous small-molecule discovery process. However, most proteins do not cross the lipid bilayer membrane of mammalian cells. This largely limits the scope of protein therapeutics and basic research tools to those targeting disease-relevant receptors on the cell surface or extracellular matrix. Previously, researchers have shown that cationic resurfacing of proteins can endow cell penetration. However, in our experience, many proteins are not amenable to such extensive mutagenesis. Here, we report that nanobodies-a small and stable protein that can be evolved to recognize virtually any disease-relevant receptor-are amenable to cationic resurfacing, which results in cell internalization. Once internalized, these nanobodies access the cytosol. Polycationic resurfacing does not appreciably alter the structure, expression, and function (target recognition) of a previously reported GFP-binding nanobody, and multiple nanobody scaffolds are amenable to polycationic resurfacing. Given this, we propose that polycationic resurfaced cell-penetrating nanobodies might represent a general scaffold for intracellularly targeted protein drug discovery.
Catalytic Conversion of Cellulose into Sugar Alcohols (2006)

Süße Sache: Pt- oder Ru-Komplexe auf anorganischen Oxiden sind sehr aktive Katalysatoren der Umwandlung von Cellulose in Zuckeralkohole (hauptsächlich Sorbitol) in Wasser unter Wasserstoffdruck; außerdem können die Katalysatoren mehrmals wiederverwendet werden. Glucose entsteht in niedrigen Ausbeuten, was dafür spricht, dass die Pt- oder Ru-Oxide difunktionelle Katalysatoren der Cellulosehydrolyse und der anschließenden Reduktion zu Zuckeralkoholen sind.
Low actuation voltage totally free flexible RF MEMS switch with antistiction system (2008)

This paper concerns a new design of RF MEMS switch combined with an innovative process which enable low actuation voltage (<5 V) and avoid stiction. First, the structure described with principal design issues, the corresponding antistiction system is presented and FEM simulations are done. Then, a short description of the process flow based on two non polymer sacrificial layers. Finally, RF measurements are presented and preliminary experimental protocol and results of anti-stiction validation is detailed. Resulting RF performances are -30 dB of isolation and -0.45 B of insertion loss at 10 GHz.
Method and apparatus for laser/plasma chemical processing of substrates (1984)

A process for the modification of substrate surfaces is described, wherein etching or deposition at a surface occurs only in the presence of both reactive species and a directed beam of coherent light.
Exploring Uncertainty in Conditional Multi-Modal Retrieval Systems (2019)

We cast visual retrieval as a regression problem by posing triplet loss as a regression loss. This enables epistemic uncertainty estimation using dropout as a Bayesian approximation framework in retrieval. Accordingly, Monte Carlo (MC) sampling is leveraged to boost retrieval performance. Our approach is evaluated on two applications: person re-identification and autonomous car driving. Comparable state-of-the-art results are achieved on multiple datasets for the former application. We leverage the Honda driving dataset (HDD) for autonomous car driving application. It provides multiple modalities and similarity notions for ego-motion action understanding. Hence, we present a multi-modal conditional retrieval network. It disentangles embeddings into separate representations to encode different similarities. This form of joint learning eliminates the need to train multiple independent networks without any performance degradation. Quantitative evaluation highlights our approach competence, achieving 6% improvement in a highly uncertain environment.
Information retrieval using a singular value decomposition model of latent semantic structure (1988)

In a new method for automatic indexing and retrieval, implicit higher-order structure in the association of terms with documents is modeled to improve estimates of term-document association, and therefore the detection of relevant documents on the basis of terms found in queries. Singular-value decomposition is used to decompose a large term by document matrix into 50 to 150 orthogonal factors from which the original matrix can be approximated by linear combination; both documents and terms are represented as vectors in a 50- to 150- dimensional space. Queries are represented as pseudo-documents vectors formed from weighted combinations of terms, and documents are ordered by their similarity to the query. Initial tests find this automatic method very promising.
Isolation of a human DNA sequence which spans the fragile X. (1991)

To identify the sequences involved in the expression of the fragile X and to characterize the molecular basis of the genetic lesion, we have constructed yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) containing human DNA and have screened them with cloned DNA probes which map close to the fragile site at Xq27.3. We have isolated and partly characterized a YAC containing approximately 270 kb of human DNA from an X chromosome which expresses the fragile X. This sequence in a yeast artificial ring chromosome, XTY26, hybridizes to the two closest DNA markers, VK16 and Do33, which flank the fragile site. The human DNA sequence in XTY26 also spans the fragile site on chromosome in situ hybridization. When a restriction map of XTY26, derived by using infrequently cutting restriction enzymes, is compared with similar YAC maps derived from non-fragile-X patients, no large-scale differences are observed. This YAC, XTY26, may enable (a) the fragile site to be fully characterized at the molecular level and (b) the pathogenetic basis of the fragile-X syndrome to be determined.
Side Effects That Occurred Early in People With Multiple Sclerosis During the First Year of Treatment With Cladribine Tablets: A Plain Language Summary (2022)

People with multiple sclerosis (also shortened to MS) may have difficulties staying on treatment due to side effects. Cladribine tablets, approved for treating relapsing forms of MS, are given by mouth for four short periods over two years. The benefit of convenient dosing may be lost if side effects prevent people with MS from finishing their treatment. This is the summary of a study that examined side effects from cladribine tablets treatment in the first 12 weeks of two clinical studies called CLARITY and ORACLE-MS. Overall, 34.7% of participants who took cladribine tablets experienced drug-related side effects compared to 23.2% of participants who took placebo. Most side effects were mild and were seen in 54.8% of participants taking cladribine tablets and 59.1% taking the placebo. A low number of participants discontinued treatment due to side effects (1.6% of participants who took cladribine tablets; 1.4% of participants who took placebo). The researchers concluded that cladribine tablets are well-tolerated and people with MS are likely to complete the full treatment course. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT numbers: CLARITY study - NCT00213135 and ORACLE-MS study - NCT00725985.
Fuzzy Controllers for a Gantry Crane System with Experimental Verifications (2016)

The control problem of gantry cranes has attracted the attention of many researchers because of the various applications of these cranes in the industry. In this paper we propose two fuzzy controllers to control the position of the cart of a gantry crane while suppressing the swing angle of the payload. Firstly, we propose a dual PD fuzzy controller where the parameters of each PD controller change as the cart moves toward its desired position, while maintaining a small swing angle of the payload. This controller uses two fuzzy subsystems. Then, we propose a fuzzy controller which is based on heuristics. The rules of this controller are obtained taking into account the knowledge of an experienced crane operator. This controller is unique in that it uses only one fuzzy system to achieve the control objective. The validity of the designed controllers is tested through extensive MATLAB simulations as well as experimental results on a laboratory gantry crane apparatus. The simulation results as well as the experimental results indicate that the proposed fuzzy controllers work well. Moreover, the simulation and the experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed control schemes against output disturbances as well as against uncertainty in some of the parameters of the crane.
An In Vivo Chemical Genetic Screen Identifies Phosphodiesterase 4 as a Pharmacological Target for Hedgehog Signaling Inhibition (2015)

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays an integral role in vertebrate development, and its dysregulation has been accepted widely as a driver of numerous malignancies. While a variety of small molecules target Smoothened (Smo) as a strategy for Hh inhibition, Smo gain-of-function mutations have limited their clinical implementation. Modulation of targets downstream of Smo could define a paradigm for treatment of Hh-dependent cancers. Here, we describe eggmanone, a small molecule identified from a chemical genetic zebrafish screen, which induced an Hh-null phenotype. Eggmanone exerts its Hh-inhibitory effects through selective antagonism of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), leading to protein kinase A activation and subsequent Hh blockade. Our study implicates PDE4 as a target for Hh inhibition, suggests an improved strategy for Hh-dependent cancer therapy, and identifies a unique probe of downstream-of-Smo Hh modulation.
Involvement of Src and Syk Tyrosine Kinases in HIV-1 Transfer from Dendritic Cells to CD4+ T Lymphocytes (2007)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered as key mediators of the early events in HIV-1 infection at mucosal sites. Although several aspects of the complex interactions between DCs and HIV-1 have been elucidated, there are still basic questions that remain to be answered about DCs/HIV-1 interplay. In this study, we examined the contribution of nonreceptor TKs in the known ability of DCs to efficiently transfer HIV-1 to CD4(+) T cells in trans. Experiments performed with specific inhibitors of Src and Syk family members indicate that these tyrosine kinases (TKs) are participating to HIV-1 transfer from immature monocyte-derived DCs (IM-MDDCs) to autologous CD4(+) T cells. Experiments with IM-MDDCs transfected with small interfering RNAs targeting Lyn and Syk confirmed the importance of these nonreceptor TKs in HIV-1 transmission. The Src- and Syk-mediated effect on virus transfer was linked with infection of IM-MDDCs in cis-as monitored by quantifying integrated viral DNA and de novo virus production. The process of HIV-1 transmission from IM-MDDCs to CD4(+) T cells was unaffected following treatment with protein kinase C and protein kinase A inhibitors. These data suggest that Src and Syk TKs play a functional role in productive HIV-1 infection of IM-MDDCs. Additional work is needed to facilitate our comprehension of the various mechanisms underlying the exact contribution of Src and Syk TKs to this phenomenon.
A Novel Production Method for Nitridosilicate‐type Phosphors (2013)

Abstract M 2– x Eu x Si 5 N 8 ( M = Ca, Sr, and Eu), well performing orange‐to‐red phosphors for white‐LED applications, were prepared with a novel production route based on employing molecular and polymeric precursors. The procedure presented allows a one‐pot, solution‐based synthesis of the desired phosphors by reacting SiCl 4 with liquid NH 3 , in which Ca, Sr, and Eu metals are dissolved, or Eu[N(Si(CH 3 ) 3 ) 2 ] 3 is suspended. The significant advantages of this new approach over the conventional solid state syntheses are easily achievable high purities of the starting compounds, and thus of the final phosphors, as well as processing at mild conditions, avoiding laborious handling and complex equipments.
Holography and numerical projection methods for characterizing the three-dimensional acoustic fields of arrays in continuous-wave and transient regimes (2013)

The use of projection methods is increasingly accepted as a standard way of characterizing the 3D fields generated by medical ultrasound sources. When combined with hydrophone measurements of pressure amplitude and phase over a surface transverse to the wave propagation, numerical projection can be used to reconstruct 3D fields that account for operational details and imperfections of the source. Here, we use holography measurements to characterize the fields generated by two array transducers with different geometries and modes of operation. First, a seven-element, high-power therapy transducer is characterized in the continuous-wave regime using holography measurements and nonlinear forward-projection calculations. Second, a C5-2 imaging probe (Philips Healthcare) with 128 elements is characterized in the transient regime using holography measurements and linear projection calculations. Results from the numerical projections for both sources are compared with independent hydrophone measurements of select waveforms, including shocked focal waveforms for the therapy transducer. Accurate 3D field representations have been confirmed, though a notable sensitivity to hydrophone calibrations is revealed. Uncertainties associated with this approach are discussed toward the development of holography measurements combined with numerical projections as a standard metrological tool. [Work supported by NIH EB007643, P01DK043881, R01DK092197 and T32DK007779, NSBRI through NASA NCC 9-58, and RFBR 13-02-00183.]
Bisphosphonate-based nanocomposite hydrogels for biomedical applications (2020)

Nanocomposite hydrogels consist of polymeric network embedded with functional nanoparticles or nanostructures, which not only contribute to the enhanced mechanical properties but also exhibit the bioactivities for regulating cell behavior. Bisphosphonates (BPs) are capable of coordinating with various metal ions and modulating bone homeostasis. Thanks to the inherent dynamic properties of metal-ligand coordination bonds, BP-based nanocomposite hydrogels possess tunable mechanical properties, highly dynamic structures, and the capability to mediate controlled release of encapsulated therapeutic agents, thereby making them highly versatile for various biomedical applications. This review presents the comprehensive overview of recent developments in BP-based nanocomposite hydrogels with an emphasis on the properties of embedded nanoparticles (NPs) and interactions between hydrogel network and NPs. Furthermore, various challenges in the biomedical applications of these hydrogels are discussed to provide an outlook of potential clinical translation.
Multicasting in a spatial division multiplexing system based on optical orbital angular momentum (2013)

We report multicasting data from a single orbital angular momentum (OAM) spatial channel onto multiple OAM channels of equally spaced OAM charge numbers. The designed sliced phase patterns for multicasting are loaded on the spatial light modulator. By optimizing the design of the phase pattern, the power of multicasted OAM channels can be equalized. We experimentally demonstrate multicasting five and seven OAM channels from a single-input OAM channel carrying a 100 Gbit/s quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) data stream.
ChemInform Abstract: CATALYTIC SYNTHESIS OF MAGNESIUM HYDRIDE UNDER MILD CONDITIONS (1981)

Abstract Besonders aktive homogene Katalysatoren für die Synthese von MgH 2 , das als reversibler H,‐ Speicher von Interesse ist, erhält man durch Umsetzen von Anthracenmagnesium mit Cr‐, Ti‐ oder Fe‐halogeniden in THF.
Non-parametric error distribution analysis from the laboratory calibration of various rainfall intensity gauges (2012)

The analysis of counting and catching errors of both catching and non-catching types of rain intensity gauges was recently possible over a wide variety of measuring principles and instrument design solutions, based on the work performed during the recent Field Intercomparison of Rainfall Intensity Gauges promoted by World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The analysis reported here concerns the assessment of accuracy and precision of various types of instruments based on extensive calibration tests performed in the laboratory during the first phase of this WMO Intercomparison. The non-parametric analysis of relative errors allowed us to conclude that the accuracy of the investigated RI gauges is generally high, after assuming that it should be at least contained within the limits set forth by WMO in this respect. The measuring principle exploited by the instrument is generally not very decisive in obtaining such good results in the laboratory. Rather, the attention paid by the manufacturer to suitably accounting and correcting for systematic errors and time-constant related effects was demonstrated to be influential. The analysis of precision showed that the observed frequency distribution of relative errors around their mean value is not indicative of an underlying Gaussian population, being much more peaked in most cases than can be expected from samples extracted from a Gaussian distribution. The analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA), assuming the instrument model as the only potentially affecting factor, does not confirm the hypothesis of a single common underlying distribution for all instruments. Pair-wise multiple comparison analysis revealed cases in which significant differences could be observed.