gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mimicking the Mammalian Sense of Taste Through Single-Component and Multicomponent Analyte Sensors (2002)

An array for the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes in a solution has been developed. Single analyte receptors on resin beads in conjunction with fluorescent and colorimetric signaling strategies are the basis of the sensing ensemble. The pattern created is specific for each particular set of stimuli, allowing for analyte detection, analogous to the mammalian tongue.
Identification of several high-risk HPV inhibitors and drug targets with a novel high-throughput screening assay (2017)

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are oncogenic viruses that cause numerous different cancers as well as benign lesions in the epithelia. To date, there is no effective cure for an ongoing HPV infection. Here, we describe the generation process of a platform for the development of anti-HPV drugs. This system consists of engineered full-length HPV genomes that express reporter genes for evaluation of the viral copy number in all three HPV replication stages. We demonstrate the usefulness of this system by conducting high-throughput screens to identify novel high-risk HPV-specific inhibitors. At least five of the inhibitors block the function of Tdp1 and PARP1, which have been identified as essential cellular proteins for HPV replication and promising candidates for the development of antivirals against HPV and possibly against HPV-related cancers.
Towards mRNA with superior translational activity: synthesis and properties of ARCA tetraphosphates with single phosphorothioate modifications (2010)

We describe the chemical synthesis and preliminary biophysical and biochemical characterization of a series of mRNA 5' end (cap) analogs designed as reagents for obtaining mRNA molecules with augmented translation efficiency and stability in vivo and as useful tools to study mRNA metabolism. The analogs share three structural features: (i) 5',5'- bridge elongated to tetraphosphate to increase their affinity to translation initiation factor eIF4E (ii) a single phosphorothioate modification at either the α, β, γ or δ-position of the tetraphosphate to decrease their susceptibility to enzymatic degradation and/or to modulate their interaction with specific proteins and (iii) a 2'-O-methyl group in the ribose of 7-methylguanosine, characteristic to Anti-Reverse Cap Analogs (ARCAs), which are incorporated into mRNA during in vitro transcription exclusively in the correct orientation. The dinucleotides bearing modified tetraphosphate bridge were synthesized by ZnCl(2) mediated coupling between two mononucleotide subunits with isolated yields of 30-65%. The preliminary biochemical results show that mRNAs capped with new analogs are 2.5-4.5 more efficiently translated in a cell free system than m(7)GpppG-capped mRNAs, which makes them promising candidates for RNA-based therapeutic applications such as gene therapy and anti-cancer vaccines.
Electrostatic Endothelial Cell Seeding Technique for Small-Diameter (<6 MM) Vascular Prostheses: Feasibility Testing (1997)

Multiple studies have indicated the importance of surface charge in the adhesion of multiple cardiovascular cell lines including platelets and endothelial cells on the substrate materials (1,4,7-10,12-15). It is the purpose of this article to report a feasibility study conducted using an electrostatic endothelial cell seeding technique. The feasibility study was conducted using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), a static pool apparatus, a voltage source, and a parallel plate capacitor. The HUVEC concentration and seeding times were constant at 560,000 HUVEC/ml and 30 min, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy examination of the endothelial cell adhesion indicated that an induced temporary positive surface charge on e-PTFE graft material enhances the number and the maturation (flattening) of HUVECs adhered. The results indicated that the total number of endothelial cells adhered (70.9 mm 2 ) was increased from 9198 ± 1194 HUVECs on the control (no induced surface charge) e-PTFE to 22,482 ± 4814 HUVECs (2.4 × control) on the maximum induced positive surface charge. The total number of cells in the flattened phase of adhesion increased from 837 ± 275 to 6785 ± 1012 HUVECs (8.1 ×) under identical conditions. Thus, the results of the feasibility study support the premise that electrostatic interaction is an important factor in both the endothelial cell adhesion and spreading processes and suggest that the electrostatic seeding technique may lead to an increased patency of small diameter (<6 mm) vascular prostheses.
Three-dimensional localization and optical imaging of objects in turbid media with independent component analysis (2005)

A new approach for optical imaging and localization of objects in turbid media that makes use of the independent component analysis (ICA) from information theory is demonstrated. Experimental arrangement realizes a multisource illumination of a turbid medium with embedded objects and a multidetector acquisition of transmitted light on the medium boundary. The resulting spatial diversity and multiple angular observations provide robust data for three-dimensional localization and characterization of absorbing and scattering inhomogeneities embedded in a turbid medium. ICA of the perturbations in the spatial intensity distribution on the medium boundary sorts out the embedded objects, and their locations are obtained from Green's function analysis based on any appropriate light propagation model. Imaging experiments were carried out on two highly scattering samples of thickness approximately 50 times the transport mean-free path of the respective medium. One turbid medium had two embedded absorptive objects, and the other had four scattering objects. An independent component separation of the signal, in conjunction with diffusive photon migration theory, was used to locate the embedded inhomogeneities. In both cases, improved lateral and axial localizations of the objects over the result obtained by use of common photon migration reconstruction algorithms were achieved. The approach is applicable to different medium geometries, can be used with any suitable photon propagation model, and is amenable to near-real-time imaging applications.
Strength of Sintered Alumina at Low Temperature Due to Ball Mill Abrasion Powder Seeding (1998)

Sinterability of low-temperature calcined α-alumina powder and the bending strength of sintered bodies were investigated. The α-alumina powder was made from commercial aluminum hydroxide with seeding of abrasion powder worn in the wet ball milling. The low-temperature calcined α-alumina powder was very fine and achieved the density of more than 3.8Mg/m3 by hot pressing at 1200°C. The microstructure of the sample sintered at low temperature was composed of very fine equiaxial gains in spite of low purity. The bending strength of this sample was more than 800MPa.
An integrated placement and synthesis approach for timing closure of PowerPC/sup TM/ microprocessors (1997)

This paper describes an approach for tight integration between a synthesis and a placement tool. The purpose of this integration is to improve timing convergence of advanced microprocessors. It is shown that this approach results in "legal" placements with, in general, lower delay, and design size. More significantly, the number of iterations to reach a timing closure is reduced drastically. The wire length estimates that are being used to traditionally drive the timing optimization in synthesis are inadequate. Instead, the integrated approach leads to enhanced results as well as faster timing convergence. The impact of various parameters in synthesis and placement on the final results is shown.
Improvement of the piezoelectric properties in (K,Na)NbO3-based lead-free piezoelectric ceramic with two-phase co-existing state (2015)

Two phases of (K,Na)NbO3 (KNN) co-exist in a KNN-based composite lead-free piezoelectric ceramic 0.910(K1−xNax)0.86Ca0.04Li0.02Nb0.85O3−δ–0.042K0.85Ti0.85Nb1.15O5–0.036BaZrO3–0.0016Co3O4– 0.0025Fe2O3–0.0069ZnO system, over a wide range of Na fractions, where 0.56 ≤ x ≤ 0.75. The crystal systems of the two KNN phases are identified to tetragonal and orthorhombic by analyzing the synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and selected-area electron diffraction (SAD). In the range 0.33 ≤ x ≤ 0.50, the main component of the composite system is found to be single-phase KNN with a tetragonal structure. Granular nanodomains of the orthorhombic phase dispersed in the tetragonal matrix have been identified by HR-TEM and SAD for 0.56 ≤ x ≤ 0.75. Only a trace amount of the orthorhombic phase has been found in the SAD patterns at the composition x = 0.56. However, the number of orthorhombic nanodomains gradually increases with increasing Na content up to x &lt; 0.75, as observed from the HR-TEM images. An abrupt increase and agglomeration of the nanodomains are observed at x = 0.75, where weak diffraction peaks of the orthorhombic phase have also become detectable from the XRD data. The maximum value of the electromechanical coupling coefficient, kp = 0.56, has been observed at the composition x = 0.56.
<title>Automatic quantitative analysis of cardiac MR perfusion images</title> (2001)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a powerful technique for imaging cardiovascular diseases. The introduction of cardiovascular MRI into clinical practice is however hampered by the lack of efficient and accurate image analysis methods. This paper focuses on the evaluation of blood perfusion in the myocardium (the heart muscle) from MR images, using contrast-enhanced ECG-triggered MRI. We have developed an automatic quantitative analysis method, which works as follows. First, image registration is used to compensate for translation and rotation of the myocardium over time. Next, the boundaries of the myocardium are detected and for each position within the myocardium a time-intensity profile is constructed. The time interval during which the contrast agent passes for the first time through the left ventricle and the myocardium is detected and various parameters are measured from the time-intensity profiles in this interval. The measured parameters are visualized as color overlays on the original images. Analysis results are stored, so that they can later on be compared for different stress levels of the heart. The method is described in detail in this paper and preliminary validation results are presented.
Defective LPS Signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr Mice: Mutations in <i>Tlr4</i> Gene (1998)

Mutations of the gene Lps selectively impede lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signal transduction in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice, rendering them resistant to endotoxin yet highly susceptible to Gram-negative infection. The codominant Lpsd allele of C3H/HeJ mice was shown to correspond to a missense mutation in the third exon of the Toll-like receptor-4 gene (Tlr4), predicted to replace proline with histidine at position 712 of the polypeptide chain. C57BL/10ScCr mice are homozygous for a null mutation of Tlr4. Thus, the mammalian Tlr4 protein has been adapted primarily to subserve the recognition of LPS and presumably transduces the LPS signal across the plasma membrane. Destructive mutations of Tlr4 predispose to the development of Gram-negative sepsis, leaving most aspects of immune function intact.
DP-BIST: a built-in self-test for DSP data paths-a low overhead and high fault coverage technique (2002)

A new Built-In Self Test (BIST) technique suitable for high performance DSP datapaths is presented. The BIST session is controlled via hardware without the need for a separate test pattern generation register or test program storage. Furthermore, the BIST scenario is appropriately set-up so as to also test the register file as well as the shift and truncation logic in the datapath. The use of DP-BIST enables a very high speed test (one test vector is applied per clock cycle) with no performance degradation and little area overhead for the hardware test control. Comparison between DP-BIST and scan based BIST technique is also presented. We show how DB-BIST can be used a centralized test resource to test other macros on the chip and the integration of DP-BIST with internal scan and boundary scan is addressed.
Pyruvate Formate-Lyase Enables Efficient Growth of <i>Escherichia coli</i> on Acetate and Formate (2016)

Pyruvate formate-lyase (PFL) is a ubiquitous enzyme that supports increased ATP yield during sugar fermentation. While the PFL reaction is known to be reversible in vitro, the ability of PFL to support microbial growth by condensing acetyl-CoA and formate in vivo has never been directly tested. Here, we employ Escherichia coli mutant strains that cannot assimilate acetate via the glyoxylate shunt and use carbon labeling experiments to unequivocally demonstrate PFL-dependent co-assimilation of acetate and formate. Moreover, PFL-dependent growth is faster than growth on acetate using the glyoxylate shunt. Hence, growth via the reverse activity of PFL could have substantial ecological and biotechnological significance.
Amazing Pores: Processing, Morphology and Functional States of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Sensor Materials (2008)

Molecularly imprinted polymers function as synthetic antibodies, binding with specificity to a molecule of a particular shape or exhibiting a specific functional group. The polymers may be applied to numerous fields of research including separations, drug delivery and sensors. In this review, we describe the general properties of imprinted polymers, several production techniques and physical and morphological characteristics, especially for thin films. Particular focus is made with respect to functional states of imprinted polymers and their application as the active component of sensing devices.
State based single channel selection in multi-channel wireless networks (2011)

We present a scheme for identifying and selecting high performing channels in a multi-channel wireless network through the application of a state based approach. The proposed scheme can increase throughput and reduce delay; however a significant challenge is node coordination. In dedicated control channel schemes, data channels are selected based upon channel agreement between nodes. One widely implemented channel selection scheme is random selection which can lead to suboptimal network performance when one or more data channels are disadvantaged. Our proposed channel selection scheme is shown to overcome the inefficiency of random selection. We develop a theoretical performance model of our state based selection scheme and compare it against random selection. We then present simulation results to demonstrate a significant reduction in transmission errors by state based over random selection.
Task-level imitation learning using variance-based movement optimization (2009)

Recent advances in the field of humanoid robotics increase the complexity of the tasks that such robots can perform. This makes it increasingly difficult and inconvenient to program these tasks manually. Furthermore, humanoid robots, in contrast to industrial robots, should in the distant future behave within a social environment. Therefore, it must be possible to extend the robot's abilities in an easy and natural way. To address these requirements, this work investigates the topic of imitation learning of motor skills. The focus lies on providing a humanoid robot with the ability to learn new bi-manual tasks through the observation of object trajectories. For this, an imitation learning framework is presented, which allows the robot to learn the important elements of an observed movement task by application of probabilistic encoding with Gaussian Mixture Models. The learned information is used to initialize an attractor-based movement generation algorithm that optimizes the reproduced movement towards the fulfillment of additional criteria, such as collision avoidance. Experiments performed with the humanoid robot ASIMO show that the proposed system is suitable for transferring information from a human demonstrator to the robot. These results provide a good starting point for more complex and interactive learning tasks.
Results of Postoperative, CT-based, Electrode Deactivation on Hearing in Prelingually Deafened Adult Cochlear Implant Recipients (2015)

Knowledge of the geometric relationship between CI electrodes and the modiolus appears to be useful in adjusting CI maps in prelingually deafened adults. Long-term improvements may be observed resulting from improved spatial selectivity and spectral resolution.
Image enhancement by nonlinear extrapolation in frequency space (2000)

A technique for enhancing the perceptual sharpness of an image is described. The enhancement algorithm augments the frequency content of the image using shape-invariant properties of edges across scale by using a nonlinearity that generates phase coherent higher harmonics. The procedure utilizes the Laplacian transform and the Laplacian pyramid image representation. Results are presented depicting the power-spectra augmentation and the visual enhancement of several images. Simplicity of computations and ease of implementation allow for real-time applications such as high-definition television (HDTV).
ChemInform Abstract: 6‐(PHENYLTHIO)‐SUBSTITUTED 2,3,4,5‐TETRAHYDRO‐1H‐3‐BENZAZEPINES, A NOVEL CLASS OF DOPAMINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS AND NEUROLEPTICS (1981)

Abstract 9′" .‐L" : N‐Heterocyclen 6‐(Phenylthio)‐Substituted 2,3,4,5‐Tetrahydro‐1H‐3‐benzazepines, a Novel Class of Dopamine Receptor Antagonists and Neuroleptics.
The design of a more accurate, higher fidelity dual source air mass zero solar simulator (2002)

A dual source solar simulator has been designed that provides a more accurate, higher fidelity spectral match to the Air Mass Zero (AMO) solar spectrum in comparison to presently available conventional and state-of-the-art solar simulators. The dual source solar simulator design combines the ultraviolet (UV) light from a xenon arc lamp and the visible and infrared (IR) light from a tungsten lamp using standard wide band hot and cold mirrors. However, additional filtering is required to match the dual source and AMO spectra. It was determined that the required transmission function can not be meet with a single filter, but separate filtering of the individual sources was necessary. A standard color glass filter has been chosen to both change the shape of the xenon UV spectrum and reduce the magnitude of the high intensity spikes in the visible and IR wavelengths. A custom thin film filter was designed to meet the required transmission function of the visible and IR portions of the tungsten light. The combined, filtered spectra provides a more accurate spectral distribution and integral energy match to the AMO spectrum over the entire wavelength range while completely removing the common high intensity xenon arc lamp spikes. The design is presented by comparing conventional solar simulators, identifying the limitations posed by the presence of spikes in the xenon are lamp spectrum, analyzing each of the separate components of the design and their system impacts, and concluding with additional options or variations that may improve the accuracy range of the dual source solar simulator.
Shale Gas Production Profiling by NMR (2016)

Abstract One of the most uncertain aspects of producing gas shale is the prediction of production with time. Typically, the production qualitatively exhibits a two-component decline. It drops at a fast rate just after the well is stimulated (fractured), then settles with slow declining long-term production. Quantifying this decline is a crucial aspect in determining the economic viability of the well and making revenue predictions. In this work, we reproduced in the laboratory the depletion of a gas shale reservoir using three different shale core plugs. Starting from a sample saturated with methane gas, we monitored the depletion for several days by continuously acquiring the nuclear magnetic resonance transverse relaxation time (NMR-T2) signal arising from the methane in different pore types. The results showed that we were able to develop an experimental workflow to quantify methane saturation in a shale sample down to fractions of porosity units and monitor production of gas over several days, which allowed the determination of production rates of different T2 environments in shale. We were also able to predict reasonable permeabilities with a highly simplified model in the range of 1.4 nD to 145 nD. The results also showed different behaviors of production rates despite the very similar native T2 distributions measured from the samples. This workflow using NMR time dependent monitoring allowed us to extract an extremely rich dataset, demonstrating that permeability in unconventional reservoirs is an extremely complex phenomenon not accurately describable with a single number.
EM simulation and design of frequency reconfigurable planar antenna (2015)

This paper presents the EM analysis and design of a frequency reconfigurable antenna for the mobile handset and wireless terminal applications. The proposed antenna has a simple planar layout and utilizes RF switches to provide the multiband frequency reconfigurable capabilities. Two designs are presented and their multimode antenna performances within the 0.8 to 2.45 GHz band are analyzed in terms of current density distributions and radiation characteristics.
–NH– Termination of the Si(111) Surface by Wet Chemistry (2011)

For over a quarter of a century the hydrogen-terminated Si(111) single-crystalline surface has been the gold standard as a starting point for silicon surface modification chemistry. However, creating a well-defined and stable interface based on Si-N bonds has remained elusive. Despite the fact that azides, nitro compounds, and amines do lead to the formation of surface Si-N, each of these modification schemes produces additional carbon- or oxygen-containing functional groups that in turn react with the surface itself, leaving contaminants that affect the interface properties for any further modification protocols. We describe the preparation of a Si(111) surface functionalized predominantly with Si-NH-Si species based on chlorination followed by the room temperature ammonia treatment utilizing NH(3)-saturated tetrahydrofuran (THF). The obtained surface has been characterized by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This analysis was supplemented with DFT calculations. This newly characterized surface will join the previously established H-Si(111) and Cl-Si(111) surfaces as a general starting point for the preparation of oxygen- and carbon-free interfaces, with numerous potential applications.
Behavior classification algorithms at intersections and validation using naturalistic data (2011)

The ability to classify driver behavior lays the foundation for more advanced driver assistance systems. Improving safety at intersections has also been identified as high priority due to the large number of intersection related fatalities. This paper focuses on developing algorithms for estimating driver behavior at road intersections. It introduces two classes of algorithms that can classify drivers as compliant or violating. They are based on 1) Support Vector Machines (SVM) and 2) Hidden Markov Models (HMM), two very popular machine learning approaches that have been used extensively for classification in multiple disciplines. The algorithms are successfully validated using naturalistic intersection data collected in Christiansburg, VA, through the US Department of Transportation Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System for Violations (CICAS-V) initiative.