gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Medical linear accelerator mounted mini-beam collimator: design, fabrication and dosimetric characterization (2015)

The goal of this work was to design, build and experimentally characterize a linear accelerator mounted mini-beam collimator for use at a nominal 6 MV beam energy. Monte Carlo simulation was used in the design and dosimetric characterization of a compact mini-beam collimator assembly mounted to a medical linear accelerator. After fabrication, experimental mini-beam dose profiles and central axis relative output were measured and the results used to validate the simulation data. The simulation data was then used to establish traceability back to an established dosimetric code of practice. The Monte Carlo simulation work revealed that changes in collimator blade width have a greater influence on the valley-to-peak dose ratio than do changes in blade height. There was good agreement between the modeled and measured profile data, with the exception of small differences on either side of the central peak dose. These differences were found to be systematic across all depths and result from limitations associated with the collimator fabrication. Experimental mini-beam relative output and simulation data agreed to better than ± 2.0%, which is well within the level of uncertainty required for dosimetric traceability of non-standard field geometries. A mini-beam collimator has now been designed, built and experimentally characterized for use with a commercial linear accelerator operated at a nominal 6 MV beam energy.
Applying Near Shannon-limit Codes to Wireless Communications (2006)

Tremendous progress has been made on channel coding techniques during the last decade, starting from the invention of turbo codes and the rediscovery of the low-density parity check (LDPC) codes. These codes essentially closed the gap between the Shannon capacity limit and practical implementation. Commercial adoption of these new coding techniques, however, depends heavily on the introduction of the technology into communication standards. In this paper, we will briefly review the considerations when turbo codes and LDPC codes were introduced to the 3rd generation wireless standards (3GPP& 3GPP2), and the digital video broadcast for satellite standard (DVB-S2), respectively. We will then examine a few possible approaches to take advantage of these powerful codes for future wireless channels.
<title>Autostereoscopic-projection displays</title> (1995)

DTI has demonstrated new optical configurations designed to project autostereoscopic images to very large sizes using only one display and projector. They will allow the creation of large (50 cm and greater) immersive high resolution autostereoscopic displays with advanced features like head tracking and/or look around imaging. Previous autostereoscopic projection devices have used multiple displays in combination with multiple projectors, with attendant complexity and expense. The basic technique uses a small LCD to create viewing zones within a single large projection lens, of the type normally used for projection television applications. The lens images the LCD onto a large Fresnel lens. The Fresnel lens in turn re-images the viewing zones into the space in front of it. In this arrangement, the viewing area is limited to roughly twice the size of the lens that is used for projection. Methods used to expand the viewing area will be described.
High Temperature, High Performance Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Extreme High Temperature Wells (2015)

Abstract High performance (HP) water-based drilling fluids are particularly advantageous compared to conventional water-based systems because they provide faster penetration rates, enhanced hole cleaning, greater shale inhibition, and improved wellbore stability. Most high performance water-based drilling fluids only tolerate operating temperatures up to 300°F because they depend on biopolymer-based viscosifiers. Deeper exploration in extreme high temperature reservoirs (&gt;300°F) requires new drilling fluid technologies. A new high performance, high temperature water-based drilling fluid that is both thermally and rheologically stable at 400°F was developed to meet these demands. A novel synthetic polymer was developed for use in a new HP water-based mud (WBM). The new fluid system was hot rolled at 150°F for 16 hours to condition the fluid before testing. The conditioned fluids were subjected to dynamic or static aging conditions, with temperatures ranging from 300 to 400°F. The viscosity and pH values were determined with a direct indicating viscometer and pH meter, respectively. The Anton Paar viscosity was measured using the CC. 27 cup and bob geometry. The fluid loss properties of the fluids were determined by high pressure/high temperature (HP/HT) filtration at 350°F according to the API recommended practice. This paper provides an overview of the current high performance drilling fluid chemistry, as well as the detailed study of the high temperature, high performance water-based drilling fluid formulated with 10.0 to 17.0 lbm/gal densities that exhibits a stable rheological profile. For example, a 14.0 lbm/gal formulation aged at 150°F for 16 hours provided a plastic viscosity (PV) of 29 cp and a yield point (YP) of 22 lbf/100 ft2. After static aging for 48 hours at 400°F, the fluid provided a PV of 27 cp and YP of 24 lbf/100 ft2. The new fluid maintains viscosity, adequate suspension, low shear strengths, shale stability, and filtration control up to 400°F, and the fluid is resistant to contamination. This clay-free system uses a novel synthetic polymer viscosifier and filtration control agent, enabling the removal of thermally labile biopolymers without the addition of clay-based viscosifiers; it is environmentally acceptable for both land and offshore drilling and can be formulated with either chloride containing or non-chloride containing salts. The new fluid formulation provides reliable thermal stability that can function in extreme high temperature wells, while preserving the benefits of HP water-based drilling fluids.
Discrimination of Benign and Malignant Breast Lesions by Using Shutter-Speed Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging (2011)

http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.11102413/-/DC1.
Genetic Identification of a Putative Vinyl Chloride Reductase in <i>Dehalococcoides</i> sp. Strain BAV1 (2004)

Dehalococcoides sp. strain BAV1 couples growth with the reductive dechlorination of vinyl chloride (VC) to ethene. Degenerate primers targeting conserved regions in reductive dehalogenase (RDase) genes were designed and used to PCR amplify putative RDase genes from strain BAV1. Seven unique RDase gene fragments were identified. Transcription analysis of VC-grown BAV1 cultures suggested that bvcA was involved in VC reductive dechlorination, and the complete sequence of bvcA was obtained. bvcA was absent in Dehalococcoides isolates that failed to respire VC, yet was detected in four of eight VC-respiring mixed cultures.
Resonance microwave volume plasma source (2007)

A conceptual design of a microwave gas-discharge plasma source is described. The possibility is considered of creating conditions under which microwave energy in the plasma resonance region would be efficiently converted into the energy of thermal and accelerated (fast) electrons. Results are presented from interferometric and probe measurements of the plasma density in a coaxial microwave plasmatron, as well as the data from probe measurements of the plasma potential and electron temperature. The dynamics of plasma radiation was recorded using a streak camera and a collimated photomultiplier. The experimental results indicate that, at relatively low pressures of the working gas, the nonlinear interaction between the microwave field and the inhomogeneous plasma in the resonance region of the plasmatron substantially affects the parameters of the ionized gas in the reactor volume.
Harmonic Injection Locking for a Direct Optical to RF Link (2018)

We demonstrate a chip-scale direct optical to RF link, that down-converts 60GHz optical frequency combs to 10GHz, using harmonic multi-tone injection locking. A minimum injection power of 10µW and locking bandwidth of 4.3MHz is observed.
Novel Active ESD Clamps for High-Voltage Applications (2013)

Large power MOS transistors (bigMOS) have potential electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection capabilities and are often used in actively controlled ESD clamps. In high-voltage and especially automotive applications ranging typically from 10 to 100 V operation voltage, statically triggered active ESD clamps are often used due to their false triggering safety. This paper presents novel statically triggered active ESD clamps, which rely on advanced trigger circuits optimizing the gate control of the bigMOS. With enhanced tailoring to the application requirements, the active ESD clamps substantially improve clamp area efficiency and significantly reduce ESD window requirements.
Surface wettability of silicone rubber films (1987)

Abstract Silicone films were equilibrated with special organosiloxanes in the presence of hexacholorocyclotriphosphatriene as catalyst in ethers as solvents. Thus, the hydrophobic silicone films developed a hydrophilic surface. This surface treatment does in no way reduce the oxygen permeability of the silicone films. The special organosiloxanes required for the equilibration were produced by addition of allyl compounds containing protected OH‐groups to siloxanes containing SiH‐groups, applying H 2 PtCl 6 as catalyst, and subsequent hydrolysis of the addition products.
Development and Operation of a Material Identification and Discrimination Imaging Spectroradiometer (1997)

Many imaging applications require quantitative determination of a scene's spectral radiance. This paper describes a new system capable of real-time spectroradiometric imagery. Operating at a full-spectrum update rate of 30Hz, this imager is capable of collecting a 30 point spectrum from each of three imaging heads: the first operates from 400 nm to 950 nm, with a 2% bandwidth; the second operates from 1.5 micro-m to 5.5 micro-m with a 1.5% bandwidth; the third operates from 5 micro-m to 12 micro-m, also at a 1.5% bandwidth. Standard image format is 256 x 256, with 512 x 512 possible in the VIS/NIR head. Spectra of up to 256 points are available at proportionately lower frame rates. In order to make such a tremendous amount of data more manageable, internal processing electronics perform four important operations on the spectral imagery data in real-time. First, all data in the spatial/spectral cube of data is spectro-radiometrically calibrated as it is collected. Second, to allow the imager to simulate sensors with arbitrary spectral response, any set of three spectral response functions may be loaded into the imager including delta functions to allow single wavelength viewing; the instrument then evaluates the integral of the product of the scene spectral radiances and the response function. Third, more powerful exploitation of the gathered spectral radiances can be effected by application of various spectral-matched filtering algorithms to identify pixels whose relative spectral radiance distribution matches a sought-after spectral radiance distribution, allowing materials-based identification and discrimination. Fourth, the instrument allows determination of spectral reflectance, surface temperature, and spectral emissivity, also in real-time. The spectral imaging technique used in the instrument allows tailoring of the frame rate and/or the spectral bandwidth to suit the scene radiance levels, i.e., frame rate can be reduced, or bandwidth increased to improve SNR when viewing low radiance scenes. The unique challenges of design and calibration are described. Pixel readout rates of 160 MHz, for full frame readout rates of 1000 Hz (512 x 512 image) present the first challenge; processing rates of nearly 600 million integer operations per second for sensor emulation, or over 2 billion per second for matched filtering, present the second. Spatial and spectral calibration of 66,536 pixels (262,144 for the 512 x 512 version) and up to 1,000 spectral positions mandate novel decoupling methods to keep the required calibration memory to a reasonable size. Large radiometric dynamic range also requires care to maintain precision operation with minimum memory size.
Hardware reuse at the behavioral level (1999)

Standard interfaces for hardware reuse are currently defined at the structural level. In contrast to this, our contribution defines the reuse interface at the behavioral registertransfer (RT) level. This promotes direct reuse of functionality and avoids the integration problems of structural reuse. We present an object oriented reuse interface in C++ and show the use of it within two real-life designs.
Dynamic consolidation of super-hard materials. Technical report, 1 October 1988-31 December 1989 (1990)

Shock consolidation experiments were conducted via flyer impact on synthetic diamond (6-12 microns) and cubic boron nitride (c-BN) (4-8 microns) admixed with SiC whisker, Si3N4 whisker, SiC powder and Si powder contained in stainless steel capsules in the shock pressure range 10-30 GPa. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy imaging of the samples revealed no plastic deformation or melting of diamond and virtually no deformation of c-BN, whereas the SiC and Si3N4 whiskers were extensively melted and recrystallized into bundle-shaped crystallites. In contrast, SiC powder mixed with diamond was also melted but demonstrated equant grain growth. A new mixture model of powder plus whisker materials is formulated on the basis of sphere-rod mixing and packing experiments. The model assigns excess porosity to the zone around whiskers and yields a better description of the energy deposition mechanism of the consolidation of powder-whisker systems. Some of the experiments employed Sawaoka's post-shock annealing technique, in which the sample is sandwiched between two layers of a mixture of titanium powder plus carbon. Very well consolidated samples were obtained with post-shock heating under shock pressures of only about 12 GPa.
Recombinant HT.sub.m4 gene, protein and assays (1996)

The invention relates to a recombinant DNA molecule which encodes a HT.sub.m4 protein, a transformed host cell which has been stably transfected with a DNA molecule which encodes a HT.sub.m4 protein and a recombinant HT.sub.m4 protein. The invention also relates to a method for detecting the presence of a hereditary atopy.
Efficient Schottky-quantum-dot photovoltaics: The roles of depletion, drift, and diffusion (2008)

PbS colloidal quantum dot photovoltaic devices in a Schottky architecture have demonstrated an infrared power conversion efficiency of 4.2%. Here, we elucidate the internal mechanisms leading to this efficiency. At relevant intensities, the drift length is 10μm for holes and 1μm for electrons. Transport within the 150nm wide depletion region is therefore highly efficient. The electron diffusion length of 0.1μm is comparable to neutral region width. We quantitatively account for the observed 37% external quantum efficiency, showing that it results from the large depletion width and long carrier lifetime combined.
Experimentally validated quantitative linear model for the device physics of elastomeric microfluidic valves (2007)

A systematic experimental study and theoretical modeling of the device physics of polydimethylsiloxane "pushdown" microfluidic valves are presented. The phase space is charted by 1587 dimension combinations and encompasses 45-295 μm lateral dimensions, 16-39 μm membrane thickness, and 1-28 psi closing pressure. Three linear models are developed and tested against the empirical data, and then combined into a fourth-power-polynomial superposition. The experimentally validated final model offers a useful quantitative prediction for a valve's properties as a function of its dimensions. Typical valves (80-150 μm width) are shown to behave like thin springs.
Rateless and pollution-attack-resilient network coding (2015)

Consider the problem of reliable multicast over a network in the presence of adversarial errors. In contrast to traditional network error correction codes designed for a given network capacity and a given number of errors, we study an arguably more realistic setting that prior knowledge on the network and adversary parameters is not available. For this setting we propose efficient and throughput-optimal error correction schemes, provided that the source and terminals share randomness that is secret form the adversary. We discuss an application of cryptographic pseudorandom generators to efficiently produce the secret randomness, provided that a short key is shared between the source and terminals. Finally we present a secure key distribution scheme for our network setting.
Non-Invasive Temperature Monitoring in Freeze Drying: Control of Freezing as a Case Study (2015)

In this study, a new technology, based on the use of an array of thin-film thermocouples, is proposed for the real-time and non-invasive monitoring of product temperature during a freeze-drying cycle. This array of thin-film thermocouples was demonstrated to give quantitative accurate results without altering the freezing and drying behavior of the monitored vials, making this sensor a good alternative to conventional wire thermocouples. Furthermore, unlike conventional thermocouples, the array of thin-film thermocouples can measure the entire temperature profile within the product being dried and can also measure the position of the interface of sublimation. This information was then used to estimate the heat and mass transfer coefficient of the system under investigation, showing a fairly good agreement with data obtained by conventional, time-consuming procedures. Finally, it is shown how these parameters can be used to guide the lyophilization professional during the cycle development.
Deterministic Replay for Transparent Recovery in Component-Oriented Middleware (2009)

We present and evaluate a low-overhead approach for achieving high-availability in distributed event-processing middleware systems consisting of networks of stateful software components that communicate by either one-way (send) or two-way (call) messages. The approach is based on transparently augmenting each component to produce a deterministic component whose state can be recovered by checkpoint and replay. Determinism is achieved by augmenting messages with virtual times, and by scheduling message handling in virtual time order. Scheduling delays are reduced by computing virtual times with estimators: deterministic functions that approximate the expected real times of arrival. We describe our algorithms, show how Java components can be transparently augmented with checkpointing code and with good estimators, discuss how our deterministic runtime can be tuned to reduce overhead, and provide experimental results to measure the overhead of determinism relative to non-determinism.
Theory of a slow wave cyclotron amplifier (1981)

A new type of travelling wave amplifier is proposed which features a slow wave structure and wide bandwidth operation. It is bused on the cyclotron interaction between a slow electromagnetic wave and helically moving electrons. Gain and bandwidths are calculated including the effect of beam velocity spread. It is shown that a bandwidth as high as 50% could be achieved with beam velocity spread≲1%.
Multi-mode redundancy removal (2011)

Redundancy removal, i.e., identifying and eliminating redundant logic, is an essential optimization strategy for decreasing design area, reducing critical path delay, and simplifying circuit testability analysis. However, redundancy removal strategies invoke time-consuming proof engines with worst-case exponential behavior. While continual enhancements to heuristics resident in these engines result in large average runtime improvements, inherent intractability still leads to sub-optimal optimization and occasional large runtime outliers. Such outliers are unacceptable in an industrial setting where an outlier compromises design turnaround time. Our work introduces a semi-local optimization algorithm that mitigates the inherent intractability in redundancy removal and eliminates crippling runtime outliers. We further embed this algorithm within a framework that minimizes any negative impact to delay and area metrics. Using the cutting-edge Synopsys® Design Compiler® logic synthesis tool, we demonstrate 1) statistical neutrality in area and timing while achieving consistent runtime improvements on a large set of proprietary circuit designs of varying type and complexity and 2) over 50% runtime improvement on a suite of computationally intractable industrial designs, even when measured at the end of the physical synthesis flow.
First-in-Class, Dual-Action, 3,5-Disubstituted Indole Derivatives Having Human Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS) and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitory (NERI) Activity for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain (2012)

A family of different 3,5-disubstituted indole derivatives having 6-membered rings were designed, synthesized, and demonstrated inhibition of human nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with norepinephrine reuptake inhibitory activity (NERI). The structure-activity relationship (SAR) within the cyclohexane ring showed the cis-isomers to be more potent for neuronal NOS and selective over endothelial NOS compared to their trans-counterparts. Compounds, such as cis-(+)-37, exhibited dual nNOS and NET inhibition (IC(50) of 0.56 and 1.0 μM, respectively) and excellent selectivity (88-fold and 12-fold) over eNOS and iNOS, respectively. The lead compound (cis-(+)-37) showed lack of any direct vasoconstriction or inhibition of ACh-mediated vasorelaxation in isolated human coronary arteries. Additionally, cis-(+)-37 was effective at reversing both allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in a standard Chung (spinal nerve ligation) rat neuropathic pain model. Overall, the data suggest that cis-(+)-37 is a promising dual action development candidate having therapeutic potential for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Detection of parathyroid hypertensive factor in parathyroid cell culture mediaRapid in vitro stimulation of parathyroid hypertensive factor secretion by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (2000)

Parathyroid hypertensive factor (PHF) is a circulating hypertensive factor found in a proportion of human essential hypertensive patients and spontaneously hypertensive rats. This study describes a new immunoassay system for detection of PHF in rat parathyroid cell culture media. We have developed a hybridoma which secreted specific anti-PHF antibodies of IgM isotype. Research study demonstrated no detectable cross-reactivity with rat parathyroid hormone or shorter parathyroid hormone fragments, different vasoactive substances and plasma proteins. PHF assay is a one step competitive assay using a microtiter plates coated with monoclonal antibodies. Culture media supernatant is diluted (1:10) in a specimen diluent and incubated with horseradish peroxidase labeled PHF in microtiter plate wells. The assay has a dynamic range of 0–2.0 units/ml, with lower detection limit of 0.02 units/ml. Assay reproducibility was determined by testing three samples over the dynamic range; a precision of 14% (inter assay) and 8.3% (intra assay) was achieved. PHF immunoassay results are in agreement with previously used bioassay and show significant difference between the level of PHF secreted by parathyroid cells from spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. In conclusion PHF enzyme immunoassay is rapid, highly sensitive and can provide a useful tool for further investigation of the physiological role of PHF.