gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low Friction, Long-Stroke Rolling Diaphragm Cylinder for Passive Hydraulic Rehabilitation Robots (2017)

Hydraulic actuators are commonly used in mechanical systems, and actuator efficiency is one of the most important factors in these systems [1]. The energy loss to overcome friction force makes the actuator less efficient. Wearable rehabilitation robotics is one of the applications of hydraulic actuators. Hydraulic cylinders deliver the power extracted from the external resources and/or less stroke-affected limbs to the more stroke-affected limbs (Fig. 1). O-ring seal, rolling diaphragm, and gap seal cylinders are three common technologies that have been used in different hydraulic systems for years. O-ring seal actuators use an O-ring seal between the piston and cylinder. Rolling diaphragm actuators have a diaphragm between the cylinder and piston which rolls back and forth. In gap seal cylinders, there is a gap between the piston and cylinder. Since it is a tradeoff between leakage and friction, leakage between the two chambers in these cylinders is tolerated to reduce friction (Fig. 2). One study examined low friction cylinders in a low pressure hydraulic transmission [2]. In this study, rolling diaphragm cylinders were used in the transmission, but the restriction on stroke length of these cylinders is a problem that needs to be solved. Commercial rolling diaphragms are manufactured using compression molding of a sheet rubber and woven fabric [2], a manufacturing method that limits the stroke length to no more than the bore of the cylinder. Rolling diaphragm cylinders with the higher stroke-to-bore ratios could multiply the work per cycle of the system [2]. Furthermore, there are limitations of using short stroke length rolling diaphragm cylinders [3] [4]. A more thorough friction evaluation of various cylinder technologies is needed to determine which technology has the lowest friction and is most appropriate for low pressure hydraulic systems like rehabilitation robots. Developing a low friction, leakage-free cylinder without stroke limitations is needed for small hydraulics. Using an experimental test, we measured the resistance forces in three types of cylinders: O-ring, gap seal, and rolling diaphragm. The cylinders were tested at low-pressure and with mineral oil to determine the lowest friction cylinder technology. The same friction test was performed in a novel, long-stroke, rolling diaphragm cylinder (LSRD) to compare it in two different thicknesses with commercial actuators.
Calcium Phosphate‐Based Resorbable Ceramics: Influence of MgO, ZnO, and SiO <sub>2</sub> Dopants (2006)

Resorbable calcium phosphate (CaP)‐based biomaterials are important because they can significantly improve health care by shortening the time necessary for restoration of functional loading of grafted bones. Although synthetic CaPs show exceptional similarities to natural bone, however, they are deficient in one major area, in that they do not have the same mineral content of bone. The focus of our work is to understand the influence of dopants on the physical, mechanical, and biological properties of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) resorbable ceramics with special emphasis toward in vitro strength degradation and cell–materials interactions as a function of time. For this purpose, β‐TCP was doped with magnesia (MgO), zinc oxide (ZnO), and silica (SiO 2 ). Those dopants were added as individual dopants, and their binary and ternary compositions. It was found that these dopants significantly influenced densification behavior and as sintered microstructures of TCP. In vitro mineralization studies in simulated body fluids (SBF) for 12 weeks showed apatite growth on the highly porous compositions either on the surface or inside. From scanning electron microscopic analysis it was evident that surface degradation occurred on all compositions in SBF. Compression strengths for samples up to 12 weeks in SBF showed that it is possible to tailor strength loss behavior through compositional modifications. The highest compression strength was found for binary MgO–ZnO doped TCP. Overall, samples showed either a similar strength level during the 12 weeks test period, or a continuous decrease or a continuous increase in strength depending on dopant chemistry or amount. In vitro human osteoblast cell culture was used to determine influence of dopants on cell‐materials interactions. All samples were non‐toxic and biocompatible. Dopant chemistry also influenced adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblastic precursor cell line 1 (OPC1) cells on these matrices.
Design of CASIA-ARM: A novel rehabilitation robot for upper limbs (2015)

The population of disabled stroke survivors is increasing sharply over the world, and robot-assisted training has been proved to be effective to help motor relearning and alleviate the shortage of physical therapists. This paper presents the design details of a novel upper limb rehabilitation robot named CASIA-ARM, which can assist poststroke patients to perform shoulder and elbow rehabilitation training in the horizontal plane, and provide both force and visual feedback to the patient: 1) A five-bar closed-chain structure is designed to realize a stiff and low-inertial mechanism. Workspace and singularity analysis is given, which guarantees that the workspace is large enough for upper limb moving and no singularity in the workspace. 2) Cable transmission, motor current controller and impedance control method guarantee the transparent and compliant interaction between the human and the robot. 3) Implementation examples of passive training based on position control and active training based on impedance control are presented in detail. 4) In order to evaluate the robot's applicability and performance, examples of trajectory tracking and active reaching tasks are used in this study, and the preliminary test results are also given (tracking error: 0.86±0:42 mm, force control error: 1.41±0.79 N in the X direction, and 1.22±0.91 N in the Y direction).
Pockel’s coefficient enhancement of poled electro-optic polymers with a hybrid organic-inorganic sol-gel cladding layer (2006)

Ultraefficient poling of electro-optic polymers is reported using an organically modified sol-gel cladding layer. This poling technique has resulted in a Pockel’s coefficient enhancement of up to a factor of 2.5, going from 26pm∕V when poled without a sol-gel cladding to 65pm∕V when optimally poled with a sol-gel cladding. The poling process directly applies to a previously reported hybrid electro-optic polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulator and may have applications in other poled polymer based devices.
MicroJet Printing for Low Cost Optical Interconnects (1996)

Drop-on-demand microjet printing methods are being developed for the formation of optical interconnections. Microdroplets of optical polymeric materials, 25-50μm in diameter, are dispensed at temperatures up to 220EC onto optical substrates and components, in order to create precisely placed & formed micro-optical elements 40-1,000μm in size. Micro-optical elements fabricated in this way include arrays of spherical and anamorphic microlenses, lenslets on the tips of optical fibers, optical waveguides and fiber-to-fiber optical interconnects. Advantages of the microjet printing method for micro-optics manufacture include: low cost (e.g., no photomasks and low material usage); flexible and automated (e.g., custom microlens arrays for diode laser array coupling into optical fibers); and in situ, non-planar processing (e.g., direct deposit of microlenses and waveguides onto flat, curved or flexible optical substrates as a value-added processing step).
Patterned perpendicular and longitudinal media: a magnetic recording study (2003)

Isolated tracks of single-domain magnetic islands have been fabricated using focused ion beam lithography. Islands were fabricated in thin films having either perpendicular or longitudinal magnetic anisotropy, and in both cases writing and reading of individual islands was demonstrated using a static write/read tester. Additionally, we have investigated the synchronization requirements (write margin) needed for writing the different flavors of patterned media. We have found that the write margin is strongly dependent on the switching field distribution of the islands and on the head field gradient. In the presented study, the write margin is much larger for the longitudinal patterned media than for perpendicular patterned media.
GLEAM (2019)

Mixed reality mobile platforms attempt to co-locate virtual scenes with physical environments, towards creating immersive user experiences. However, to create visual harmony between virtual and physical spaces, the virtual scene must be accurately illuminated with realistic lighting that matches the physical environment. To this end, we design GLEAM, a framework that provides robust illumination estimation in real-time by integrating physical light-probe estimation with current mobile AR systems. GLEAM visually observes reflective objects to compose a realistic estimation of physical lighting. Optionally, GLEAM can network multiple devices to sense illumination from different viewpoints and compose a richer estimation to enhance realism and fidelity. Using GLEAM, AR developers gain the freedom to use a wide range of materials, which is currently limited by the unrealistic appearance of materials that need accurate illumination, such as liquids, glass, and smooth metals. Our controlled environment user studies across 30 participants reveal the effectiveness of GLEAM in providing robust and adaptive illumination estimation over commercial status quo solutions, such as pre-baked directional lighting and ARKit 2.0 illumination estimation. Our benchmarks reveal the need for situation driven tradeoffs to optimize for quality factors in situations requiring freshness over quality and vice-versa. Optimizing for different quality factors in different situations, GLEAM can update scene illumination as fast as 30ms by sacrificing richness and fidelity in highly dynamic scenes, or prioritize quality by allowing an update interval as high as 400ms in scenes that require high-fidelity estimation.
Advances in subband adaptive filtering using a low-resource oversampled filterbank implementation (2004)

Advanced adaptive filtering algorithms for low-resource real-time subband implementations are discussed. First, normalized LMS (NMLS) and an associated whitening by decimation (WBD) convergence improvement technique are discussed. Next, complexity reduction techniques termed sequential partial update normalized LMS (S-NLMS) algorithms are introduced. Treatment of these algorithms from a multirate filterbank viewpoint provides a novel and valuable insight into its performance. A hybrid algorithm is then presented combining the advantages of WBD and S-NLMS. Both S-NLMS and hybrid algorithms are implemented on a low-resource subband adaptive filter utilizing oversampled filterbanks. Performance evaluations show that considerable computation cost reduction is achieved without materially reducing the convergence properties or the steady-state performance of the subband adaptive system.
Genomic-based predictive biomarkers to anti-HER2 therapies: A combined analysis of CALGB 40601 (Alliance) and PAMELA clinical trials. (2019)

571 Background: In HER2-positive breast cancer, new biomarkers of response are needed in order to direct multi-agent anti-HER2 combinations towards patients in whom they are truly needed. CALGB 40601 and PAMELA trials tested neoadjuvant dual HER2 blockade and included gene expression analysis aimed to evaluate different genomic biomarkers of trastuzumab and/or lapatinib benefit. Methods: Gene expression by mRNA sequencing (RNAseq) was performed on 265 and 142 pre-treatment tumors of the CALGB 40601 and the PAMELA clinical trials respectively. Intrinsic subtypes were determined by nCounter PAM50-predictor on the PAMELA samples. A new HER2-positive specific gene-centering method was trained on the PAMELA RNAseq data, and showed a higher concordance with PAM50 predictions obtained from nCounter platform. This method was then applied to CALGB 40601 samples. Results: In the combined cohort, the subtype distribution was 10% Luminal A, 8% Luminal B, 62% HER2-enriched (HER2-E), 10% Basal and 10% Normal-like. The pCR rate was significantly higher in HER2-E vs. not HER2-E subtypes (48.6% vs. 20.7%; P < 0.001). HER2-E subtype correlation, ERBB2 amplicon and B-cell genomic signatures were associated with pCR, while luminal signatures were associated with non-responders. In multivariate analysis HER2-E subtype, ERBB2 mRNA and IgG signature expression were independent predictors of response to paclitaxel + trastuzumab +/-lapatinib (OR = 1.98, OR = 1.51, OR = 1.48, respectively, P <0.05). The event free survival analysis at 5 years in the CALGB 40601 cohort showed a benefit of dual vs single anti-HER2-blockade (HR 0.35, P <0.05). Within the HER2-E, ERBB2-high and IgG–high subpopulations, there were also a benefit of dual vs. single anti-HER2 treatment (HR = 0.32, HR = 0.15, HR =0.15, respectively, P <0.05). Conclusions: Intrinsic subtype, ERBB2 mRNA levels, and IgG genomic signature are independent predictive biomarkers of response in the combined cohort. The clinical implementation of these biomarkers could help to design future escalation/de-escalation clinical trials in the HER2-positive neoadjuvant setting. Support: U10CA180821, U10CA180882, U24CA196171, P50-CA58223, GSK, SPORE, BCRF and SEOM. https://acknowledgments.alliancefound.org .
BRIDGE DECK DEICING (1998)

Concrete bridge decks are prone to ice accumulation. The use of road salts and chemicals for deicing is cost effective but causes damage to concrete and corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete bridge decks. This problem is a major concern to transportation officials and public works due to rapid degradation of existing concrete pavements and bridge decks. The use of insulation materials for ice control and electric or thermal heating for deicing have been attempted and met limited success. Conductive concrete may be defined as a cementitious composite, which contains a certain amount of electronically conductive components to attain stable and relatively high electrical conductivity. When connected to a power source, heat is generated due to the electrical resistance in the cement admixture with metallic particles and steel fibers. Based on the results of a transient heat transfer analysis, a thin conductive concrete overlay on a bridge deck has the potential to become a cost effective deicing method. Small-scale slab heating experiments have shown that an average power of about W/m2 was generated by the conductive concrete to raise the slab temperature from -1.1 degrees C (30 degrees F) to 15.6 degrees C (60 degrees F) in 30 minutes. This power level is consistent with the successful deicing applications using electrical heating cited in the literature. The work described in this paper is part of an on-going research project being conducted for Nebraska Department of Roads. Two large slabs are under construction for a bridge deck deicing experiment in a natural environment to monitor power consumption and deicing performance. The construction costs and experimental data will be used to evaluate the cost effectiveness of using a conductive concrete overlay for bridge deck deicing or anti-icing.
A Novel Way to Go Whole Cell in Patch-Clamp Experiments (2010)

With a conventional patch-clamp electrode, an Ag/AgCl wire sits stationary inside the pipette. To move from the gigaseal cell-attached configuration to whole-cell recording, suction is applied inside the pipette. We have designed and developed a novel Pushpen patch-clamp electrode, in which a W wire insulated and wound with Ag/AgCl wire can move linearly inside the pipette. The W wire has a conical tip, which can protrude from the pipette tip like a push pen, a procedure we call the Pushpen Operation. We use the Pushpen operation to impale the cell membrane in cell-attached configuration to go whole-cell without disruption of the gigaseal. We successfully recorded whole-cell currents from chinese hamster ovarian cells expressing influenza A virus protein A/M2, after obtaining whole-cell configuration with the Pushpen operation. This novel method of achieving whole-cell configuration may have a higher success rate than is the case with the conventional patch clamp technique.
<title>Holographic Figure Sensing Of Large Primary Mirrors</title> (1983)

A holographic technique for sensing the optical figure of a deformable mirror is described. This technique uses the coherent summation of subaperture zone plate to achieve full aperture interferograms. As such, it is inherently scalable to arbitrarily large mirrors. Experimental confirmation of feasibility is presented.
In vitro and in vivo activity of protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine chloride induces tumor cell toxicity and growth delay in vivo. (2000)

Although clonogenic or divisional death is the main mechanism by which DNA-damaging agents demonstrate antitumor activity, recent data indicate that strategies specifically designed to trigger apoptosis may also prove to be useful antitumor agents. Protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Whereas pharmacological inhibition of PKC activity triggers apoptosis in most mammalian cells, cell line and tissue differences in sensitivities to these inhibitors remain. Whereas PKC inhibitors have potential as antitumor agents, issue of kinase specificity and solubility have remained obstacles to their clinical use. In this report, we investigated the antitumor activity of the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine chloride (chelerythrine), a selective inhibitor of group A and B PKC isoforms. Chelerythrine exhibited cytotoxic activity against nine human tumor cell lines tested in vitro. On the basis of the finding that radioresistant and chemoresistant squamous cell carcinoma lines (HNSCC) undergo apoptosis rapidly after treatment with chelerythrine in vitro, we assessed the effects of this agent on p53-deficient SQ-20B HNSCC cells in vivo. The results demonstrate that chelerythrine treatment of nude mice bearing SQ-20B is associated with significant tumor growth delay. Significantly, treatment with chelerythrine resulted in minimal toxicity. These findings demonstrate a potential for chelerythrine as an antitumor drug against squamous cell carcinoma.
A CONVENIENT METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF GUANIDINIUM SULFATE FROM SULFUR TRIOXIDE-AMMONIA REACTION MIXTURE AND UREA (1974)

Abstract A convenient method of preparing guanidinium sulfate in a good yield has been established, which makes use of the reaction between urea and SO3–NH3 reaction mixture under an atmosphere of ammonia, and a series of novel treatments of the reaction mixture thus obtained.
Double-layer anisotropic light diffusion films fabricated using a two-step UV curing technique (2016)

Abstract We developed a novel light diffusion film with a double diffusion layer structure for high reflectivity and a wide diffusion angle range. We demonstrated that the internal layer structure of the light diffusion film is controlled by the diffusion angle of the ultraviolet (UV) light used for photopolymerization. We successfully fabricated two different diffusion layers in a single polymer film using a two-step UV curing process and achieved a wide diffusion angle range and high reflectivity normal to the film surface. Our light diffusion film can control the distribution of diffused light, and should contribute to the development of future low-power reflective displays with high reflectivity similar to the white paper.
Intelligent Load Shedding (2011)

This article demonstrates the need for a modern load-shedding system and introduces the new technology of intelligent load shedding (ILS) that goes beyond a contingency-based load-shedding scheme. A case study of the application of an ILS scheme in a large industrial facility is provided.
Methylated miR-124, -137, and -34b/c as predictive biomarkers for ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal neoplasia. (2013)

e14631 Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) can be targets of methylation-induced silencing in colorectal cancer, which can occur in an age-dependent manner, and constitutes an epigenetic “field defect”. We hypothesized whether methylation of miR-124, -137 and -34b/c can predict colorectal neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods: We examined 185 samples from 70 UC patients (45 patients without neoplasia, 12 with dysplasia and 13 with cancers) for the methylation status of miR-124, -137 and -34b/c by quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing analysis. In addition, expression levels of these 3 miRNAs in dysplastic (n=12), cancerous (n=13) and non-neoplastic UC mucosa (n=20) were quantified by TaqMan qRT-PCR. Results: MiR-124 and -137 methylation levels were significantly higher in rectal tissues than in proximal mucosa from non-neoplastic UC tissues, and were significantly associated with age and disease duration in rectal tissues. Methylation levels of all 3 miRNAs were significantly higher in dysplasia and cancer compared to mucosa without neoplasia, and showed a “field defect” in the non-neoplastic rectal tissues from patients with cancer . Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that methylation levels of all 3 miRNAs in non-neoplastic rectal tissues could discriminate patients with cancer from those without (miR-124 AUC value = 0.74; miR-137 AUC = 0.79; miR-34b/c AUC=0.72). Furthermore, methylated miR-137 in non-neoplastic rectal tissues allowed discrimination of UC patients with neoplasia from those without (AUC = 0.76), and independently predicted neoplasia (OR= 5.55; 95% CI: 1.40–22.05; P = 0.0148). Expression levels of all 3 miRNAs were significantly downregulated in dysplasia or cancer compared to non-neoplastic UC mucosa, and the expression and methylation were negatively correlated. Conclusions: Methylation of miR-124, -137 and -34b/c in rectal biopsies, particularly miR-137, may serve as novel predictive biomarkers for neoplasia in UC patients. Restoration of expression by reversing their methylation status could be an attractive strategy to slow or reverse age-related UC-associated neoplasia.
Integrated small cell and Wi-Fi networks (2015)

The current 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) telecommunication standards support core-network based interworking between Evolved Packet Core (EPC) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) at the Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN-GW). Using the PDN-GW as the integration point causes a bottleneck in the mobile core network and results in inefficient inter-system handover procedure between the long term evolution (LTE) and Wi-Fi air interfaces. In this paper, we propose three new LTE-WLAN integrated architectures which enable more efficient inter-system handover mechanisms. The new architectures propose moving the integration point closer to the local integrated LTE/Wi-Fi network. In doing so, we introduce new logical network entities, reference points, and messages to the current 3GPP LTE-WLAN integrated architecture. Unlike existing user-initiated intersystem handover mechanisms, the proposed handover mechanisms may also be network-initiated to dynamically adapt to the conditions in the local LTE/Wi-Fi network (e.g., load balancing).