gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antibody and cytotoxic T-cell responses to soluble hepatitis B virus (HBV) S antigen in mice: implication for the pathogenesis of HBV-induced hepatitis (1994)

Immune responses to components of hepatitis B virus (HBV) are assumed to play an essential role not only in the elimination of the virus but also in the pathogenesis of HBV-induced hepatitis. Protective humoral immunity to HBV is mediated by immune responses to HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). It is important to know which HBsAg preparations induce which type of cellular and humoral immune responses under which immunization conditions. We studied in BALB/c mice the humoral (antibody) response and the class I-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response to different preparations of HBsAg particles: recombinant, small protein particles; plasma-derived, mixed particles formed by large, medium, and small surface proteins; and different preparations of recombinant, mixed particles formed by large and small surface proteins. Specific antibody levels appeared in the sera of immunized mice 2 to 3 weeks after immunization and were correlated with the antigen dose used for priming. HBsAg-specific antibody levels were enhanced by boost injections or by adsorbing the antigen to aluminum hydroxide. Injected in particulate form without adjuvants in the dose range of 0.1 to 10 micrograms per mouse, all HBsAg preparations tested efficiently primed specific CD8+ CTL of defined restriction and epitope specificity. Specific CTL reactivity was detectable from 5 days to more than 4 months postimmunization. In the dose range tested, it was independent of the antigen dose used for immunization and not enhanced by repeated boost injections. CTL were not elicited by HBsAg adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide. We have thus defined conditions under which HBsAg induced preferentially either a cellular immune response or a humoral immune response. These findings may be relevant for the interpretation of HBV-associated immunopathologic phenomena.
The impact of age-related dysregulation of the angiotensin system on mitochondrial redox balance (2014)

Aging is associated with the accumulation of various deleterious changes in cells. According to the free radical and mitochondrial theory of aging, mitochondria initiate most of the deleterious changes in aging and govern life span. The failure of mitochondrial reduction-oxidation (redox) homeostasis and the formation of excessive free radicals are tightly linked to dysregulation in the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS). A main rate-controlling step in RAS is renin, an enzyme that hydrolyzes angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is further converted to Angiotensin II (Ang II) by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Ang II binds with equal affinity to two main angiotensin receptors-type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R). The binding of Ang II to AT1R activates NADPH oxidase, which leads to increased generation of cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species (ROS). This Ang II-AT1R-NADPH-ROS signal triggers the opening of mitochondrial KATP channels and mitochondrial ROS production in a positive feedback loop. Furthermore, RAS has been implicated in the decrease of many of ROS scavenging enzymes, thereby leading to detrimental levels of free radicals in the cell. AT2R is less understood, but evidence supports an anti-oxidative and mitochondria-protective function for AT2R. The overlap between age related changes in RAS and mitochondria, and the consequences of this overlap on age-related diseases are quite complex. RAS dysregulation has been implicated in many pathological conditions due to its contribution to mitochondrial dysfunction. Decreased age-related, renal and cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction was seen in patients treated with angiotensin receptor blockers. The aim of this review is to: (a) report the most recent information elucidating the role of RAS in mitochondrial redox hemostasis and (b) discuss the effect of age-related activation of RAS on generation of free radicals.
Adaptive multipath resolving for wireless location systems (2001)

We develop an adaptive technique for resolving overlapping multipath components. The technique relies on replacing the least-squares operation needed for resolving overlapping components by a gradient-based adaptive filter with projections. The projections are designed to incorporate a-priori channel information and improve the algorithm robustness against data ill-conditioning and high noise levels, which are common in wireless location applications.
Support Vector Method for Function Approximation, Regression Estimation and Signal Processing (1996)

The Support Vector (SV) method was recently proposed for estimating regressions, constructing multidimensional splines, and solving linear operator equations [Vapnik, 1995]. In this presentation we report results of applying the SV method to these problems. 1 Introduction The Support Vector method is a universal tool for solving multidimensional function estimation problems. Initially it was designed to solve pattern recognition problems, where in order to find a decision rule with good generalization ability one selects some (small) subset of the training data, called the Support Vectors (SVs). Optimal separation of the SVs is equivalent to optimal separation the entire data. This led to a new method of representing decision functions where the decision functions are a linear expansion on a basis whose elements are nonlinear functions parameterized by the SVs (we need one SV for each element of the basis). This type of function representation is especially useful for high dimensional...
Notes on Regularized Least Squares (2007)

This is a collection of information about regularized least squares (RLS). The facts here are not “new results”, but we have not seen them usefully collected together before. A key goal of this work is to demonstrate that with RLS, we get certain things “for free”: if we can solve a single supervised RLS problem, we can search for a good regularization parameter λ at essentially no additional cost. The discussion in this paper applies to “dense ” regularized least squares, where we work with matrix factorizations of the data or kernel matrix. It is also possible to work with iterative methods such as conjugate gradient, and this is frequently the method of choice for large data sets in high dimensions with very few nonzero dimensions per point, such as text classifciation tasks. The results discussed here do not apply to iterative methods, which have different design tradeoffs. We present the results in greater detail than strictly necessary, erring on the side of showing our work. We hope that this will be useful to people trying to learn more about linear algebra manipulations in the machine learning context.
Three-Dimensional Visualization of Subdural Electrodes for Presurgical Planning (2011)

We present an accurate method for visualizing subdural electrodes on brain compression effected 3D models that serves as an ideal platform for surgical planning.
Reflectometric measurement of the complete spin profile in randomly birefringent spun fibers (2009)

We report non-invasive OFDR based reflectometric measurements of the complete spin profile in short spun fiber samples. In addition, the spin homogeneity is also verified on longer distance by means of P-OTDR measurements.
Strategies for aggressive scaling of EUV multi-patterning to sub-20 nm features (2020)

As future patterning processes reach the limit of lithographic printability, continuous innovation in mandrel trim or shrink strategies are required to reach sub-20 nm line-space patterning. Growing concerns of lithography defectivity, mask selectivity, line edge roughness (LER), line width roughness (LWR), and critical dimension uniformity (CDU) present significant challenges towards this goal. The authors compare various alternative mandrel trim strategies to highlight potential solutions and drawbacks towards enabling successful printing of mandrels used in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) multi-patterning schemes. Through this comparison, the authors demonstrate the challenges of maintaining adequate pattern transferability while keeping aspect ratio-driven line roughness and material selectivity under control. By process partitioning, the limitations of traditional lithography and etch trimming strategies are highlighted, suggesting the need for new methods of CD reduction after the pattern has been transferred. These new trimming methods offer flexibility in CD control without negatively impacting the mandrel profile and demonstrates better tunability across different material sets, allowing for evaluation of different mask and mandrel material combinations for downstream process optimization.
Integrated optical deserialiser time sampling based SiGe photoreceiver (2015)

A novel photoreceiver architecture enabling parallel processing in the electronic domain of a high-speed optical signal is demonstrated. This allows the electronics to operate at significantly lower frequency than the optical signal and hence reduce power consumption and the impact of parasitics. The photoreceiver performs optical time sampling with four integrated SiGe photodetectors connected in series by waveguide delay lines. Four variations of the optical time sampling receiver are designed and demonstrated which differ by the data rate (10 Gb/s and 20 Gb/s) and silicon delay waveguide loss (2.5 dB/cm and 0.2 dB/cm). The bit error rate performance of the photodetectors in the receiver was measured individually and reached a performance below 1 × 10⁻¹⁰ at an input optical power between 4.8 and 6.3 dBm through an off-chip 50 Ω load at the output. After O/E conversion, the electrical signal (one segment of 2¹⁵ - 1 PRBS data) from each of the photodetector is processed without errors at a quarter of the bit rate, leading to an overall more power efficient receiver front-end.
High-speed parallel-prefix module 2/sup n/-1 adders (2000)

A novel parallel-prefix architecture for high speed module 2/sup n/-1 adders is presented. The proposed architecture is based on the idea of recirculating the generate and propagate signals, instead of the traditional end-around carry approach. Static CMOS implementations verify that the proposed architecture compares favorably with the already known parallel-prefix or carry look-ahead structures.
Remote ultrasonic classification of fluids in cylindrical containers by analyzing the response of circumferential guided waves (1999)

A novel technique for classifying fluids in sealed, metal containers at large stand-off distances has been developed. It utilizes a recently constructed air-coupled acoustic array made from inexpensive, commercial-off-the-shelf components to excite the resonance vibrations of fluid-filled vessels. The sound field from the array is constructed by transmitting a high-frequency modulated carrier wave which utilizes the nonlinearity in the air medium to demodulate the carrier frequency along its propagation path in air. The array has a narrow beamwidth and an operating bandwidth of greater than 25 kHz. The vibrations are detected using a laser vibrometer in a monostatic configuration with the acoustic source. It is shown that the propagation characteristics of the ao Lamb wave are highly affected by different interior loading conditions on the interior wall of a cylindrical container. Classification of the interior fluid is obtained by analyzing the change of this response as a function of frequency. Experiments demonstrate that classification of the fluid-filler inside closed, steel vessels is possible with incident sound pressure levels of the demodulated wave as low as 80 dB at the container location. Preliminary experiments demonstrate that stand-off distances greater than 3 m are achievable for classification purposes.
Clinical Features of Pathologic Subtypes of Behavioral-Variant Frontotemporal Dementia (2007)

Poor planning and/or judgment was associated with behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia patients who had tau-positive pathology. The constellation of impaired personal conduct and a paucity of dysexecutive symptoms identified tau-negative patients.
A Novel Topology Aggregation Method for Hierarchical Routing in ASON Network (2007)

In this paper we consider the topology aggregation problem in hierarchical ASON networks. Usually, the requirement of scalability and security of the network is fulfilled by domain division. The relevant information exchanged among domains will be greatly increased for large scale networks. The topology aggregation aims at reducing the amount of link state information without losing accuracy for routing calculation. We propose to apply a bidirectional shuffle-net model to topology abstraction procedure, which can significantly reduce the size of link state information. A genetic algorithm is utilized to construct the optimal mapping relationship between shuffle-net and aggregated topology for accuracy purpose. Simulation shows that the proposed scheme has good performance compared with symmetric-star approach and heuristic shuffle-net algorithm.
IL-2Rα mediates temporal regulation of IL-2 signaling and enhances immunotherapy (2015)

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a lymphocyte growth factor that is an important component of many immune-based cancer therapies. The efficacy of IL-2 is thought to be limited by the expansion of T regulatory cells, which express the high-affinity IL-2 receptor subunit IL-2Rα. IL-15 is under investigation as an alternative to IL-2. Although both cytokines signal through IL-2Rβγ, IL-15 does not bind IL-2Rα and therefore induces less T regulatory cell expansion. However, we found that transferred effector CD8(+) T cells induced curative responses in lymphoreplete mice only with IL-2-based therapy. Although conventional in vitro assays showed similar effector T cell responsiveness to IL-2 and IL-15, upon removal of free cytokine, IL-2 mediated sustained signaling dependent on IL-2Rα. Mechanistically, IL-2Rα sustained signaling by promoting a cell surface IL-2 reservoir and recycling of IL-2 back to the cell surface. Our results demonstrate that IL-2Rα endows T cells with the ability to compete temporally for limited IL-2 via mechanisms beyond ligand affinity. These results suggest that strategies to enhance IL-2Rα expression on tumor-reactive lymphocytes may facilitate the development of more effective IL-2-based therapies.
Addition of Carbon Sorbents to Reduce PCB and PAH Bioavailability in Marine Sediments:  Physicochemical Tests (2004)

The addition of activated carbon as particulate sorbent to the biologically active layer of contaminated sediment is proposed as an in-situ treatment method to reduce the chemical and biological availability of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We report results from physicochemical experiments that assess this concept. PCB- and PAH-contaminated sediment from Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, San Francisco Bay, CA, was contacted with coke and activated carbon for periods of 1 and 6 months. Sediment treated with 3.4 wt % activated carbon showed 92% and 84% reductions in aqueous equilibrium PCB and PAH concentrations, 77% and 83% reductions in PCB and PAH uptake by semipermeable membrane devices (SPMD), respectively, and reductions in PCB flux to overlying water in quiescent systems up to 89%. Adding coke to contaminated sediment did not significantly decrease aqueous equilibrium PCB concentrations nor PCB or PAH availability in SPMD measurements. Coke decreased PAH aqueous equilibrium concentrations by 38-64% depending on coke dose and particle size. The greater effectiveness of activated carbon as compared to coke is attributed to its much greater specific surface area and a pore structure favorable for binding contaminants. The results from the physicochemical tests suggest that adding activated carbon to contaminated field sediment reduces HOC availability to the aqueous phase. The benefit is manifested relatively quickly under optimum contact conditions and improves in effectiveness with contact time from 1 to 6 months. Activated carbon application is a potentially attractive method for in-situ, nonremoval treatment of marine sediment contaminated with HOCs.
Simultaneous inversion of formation shear-wave anisotropy parameters from cross-dipole acoustic-array waveform data (1999)

Abstract This study presents an effective technique for obtaining formation azimuthal shear-wave anisotropy parameters from four-component dipole acoustic array wave-form data. The proposed technique utilizes the splitting of fast and slow principal flexural waves in an anisotropic formation. First, the principal waves are computed from the four-component data using the dipole source orientation with respect to the fast shear-wave polarization azimuth. Then, the fast and slow principal waves are compared for all possible receiver combinations in the receiver array to suppress noise effects. This constructs an objective function to invert the waveform data for anisotropy estimates. Finally, the anisotropy and the fast shear azimuth are simultaneously determined by finding the global minimum of the objective function. The waveform inversion procedure provides a reliable and robust method for obtaining formation anisotropy from four-component dipole acoustic logging. Field data examples are used to demonstrate the application and features of the proposed technique. A comparison study using the new and conventional techniques shows that the new technique not only reduces the ambiguity in the fast azimuth determination but also improves the accuracy of the anisotropy estimate. Some basic quality indicators of the new technique, along with the anisotropy analysis results, are presented to demonstrate the practical application of the inversion technique.
Enhanced fluidization of nanoparticles in an oscillating magnetic field (2005)

Abstract Some experimental observations on the fluidization characteristics of nanoparticles in the form of agglomerates with magnetic assistance are presented. The nanoagglomerates consist of Degussa Aerosil® R974 fumed silica, with a primary particle size of 12 nm. An oscillating AC magnetic field is used to excite large (mm size) permanent magnetic particles mixed in with the nanoparticle agglomerates, and the fluidization behavior of the nanoagglomerates, including the fluidization regime, the minimum fluidization velocity, the bed pressure drop, and the bed expansion are investigated. It is shown that, with the aid of an oscillating magnetic field at low frequencies, the bed of nanoparticle agglomerates can be smoothly fluidized, and the minimum fluidization velocity is significantly reduced. In addition, channeling or slugging of the bed disappears and the bed expands uniformly without bubbles, and with negligible elutriation. The bed expansion and the minimum fluidization velocity depend on the mass ratio of magnetic particles to nanoparticles, and the intensity and frequency of the oscillating magnetic field. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Rotary Actuators Based on Pneumatically Driven Elastomeric Structures (2016)

Unique elastomeric rotary actuators based on pneumatically driven peristaltic motion are demonstrated. Using silicone-based wheels, these motors enable a new class of soft locomotion not found in nature, which is capable of withstanding impact, traversing irregular terrain, and operating in water. For soft robotics, this work marks progress toward providing torque without bending actuators.
Synthesis of Glyconanospheres Containing Luminescent CdSe−ZnS Quantum Dots (2003)

Negatively charged luminescent CdSe−ZnS quantum dots (QDs) were successfully incorporated into novel luminescent glyconanopsheres averaging 190 nm in diameter through electrostatic interactions with carboxymethyldextran (CM-dextran) and polylysine. In addition to electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged dextran, the negatively charged CdSe−ZnS QDs, and the positively charged polylysine, covalent amide bonds were introduced to cross link the QDs with the polysaccharide matrix to further stabilize the nanospheres. The dextran residues on the surface of the nanospheres show high affinity toward the glucose binding protein-Concanavalin A (Con A). As a result, these luminescent CdSe−ZnS QD incorporated glyconanospheres are a useful tool for studying carbohydrate−protein interactions that are critical steps in bacterial and viral infection.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism in the cytadhesin P1 gene of human clinical isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (1990)

Genomic DNA obtained from Mycoplasma pneumoniae clinical isolates spanning a 30-year period was analyzed for the presence of polymorphism in their P1 cytadhesin genes. All clinical isolates expressed a 170-kilodalton P1 protein that reacted with anti-P1 monoclonal antibodies. However, Southern blot analysis of specific M. pneumoniae isolates with subclones of the P1 structural gene revealed the presence of restriction fragment length polymorphism, permitting the classification of their P1 genes into two distinct categories.
Queued Cooperative Wireless Networks With Rateless Codes (2008)

Cooperative communication using rateless codes, in which the source transmits an infinite number of parity bits to the destination until the receipt of an acknowledgment, has recently attracted considerable interest. It provides a natural and efficient mechanism for accumulating mutual information from multiple transmitting relays. We develop an analysis of queued cooperative relay systems that combines the communication-theoretic transmission aspects of cooperative communication using rateless codes over Rayleigh fading channels with the queuing-theoretic aspects associated with buffering messages at the relays. Relay cooperation combined with queuing reduces the message transmission times and also helps distribute the traffic load in the network, which improves throughput significantly.
A thermal-neutron detector with a phoswich system of LiCaAlF<inf>6</inf> and BGO crystal scintillators onboard PoGOLite (2010)

To measure the flux of atmospheric neutrons and study the neutron contribution to the background of the main detector of the PoGOLite (Polarized Gamma-ray Observer) balloon-borne experiment, a thermal-neutron detector with a phoswich system of LiCaAlF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> (Eu) and BGO crystal scintillators is developed. The performance to separate thermal-neutron events from those of gamma-rays and charged particles is validated with <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">252</sup> Cf on ground. The detector is attached to the PoGOLite instrument and is launched in 2011 from the Esrange facility in the North of Sweden. Although the emission wavelength of the LiCaAlF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> (Ce) is ~ 300 nm and overlaps with the absorption wavelength of the BGO, the phoswich capability of the LiCaAlF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> (Ce) with the BGO is also confirmed with installing a waveform shifter.
Yb-doped Pedestal Aluminosilicate Fiber through Vapor Phase Doping for High Power Laser Applications (2015)

Presenting fabrication process and characteristics of large core Yb–doped optical fibers with pedestal design using vapor phase doping technique. Preforms have uniform step–index profiles. Fibers exhibit good optical properties, suitable for high power laser applications.
Nonsteroidal Androgen Receptor Ligands: Versatile Syntheses and Biological Data (2012)

We report herein a stereoselective and straightforward methodology for the synthesis of new androgen receptor ligands with (anti)-agonistic activities. Oxygen-nitrogen replacement in bicalutamide-like structures paves the way to the disclosure of a new class of analogues, including cyclized/nitrogen-substituted derivatives, with promising antiandrogen (or anabolic) activity.