gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sulfated graphene as an efficient solid catalyst for acid-catalyzed liquid reactions (2012)

Graphene with its two-dimensional sheet of sp2-hybridized carbon is a hot topic in the fields of materials and chemistry due to its unique features. Herein, we demonstrate that sulfated graphene is an efficient solid catalyst for acid-catalyzed liquid reactions. The sulfated graphene was synthesized from a facile hydrothermal sulfonation of reduced graphene oxide with fuming sulfuric acid at 180 °C. Combined characterizations of XRD, Raman, and AFM techniques show that G-SO3H has a sheet structure (1–4 layers). IR spectroscopy shows that G-SO3H has a SO bond, and the XPS technique confirms the presence of an S element in G-SO3H. Acid–base titration indicates that the acidic concentration of sulfonic groups in the sulfated graphene is 1.2 mmol g−1. TG curves shows that the decomposition temperature (268 °C) of the sulfonic groups on the sulfated graphene is much higher than that of conventional SO3H-functionalized ordered mesoporous carbon (237 °C). Catalytic tests of the esterification of acetic acid with cyclohexanol, the esterification of acetic acid with 1-butanol, the Peckmann reaction of resorcinol with ethyl acetoacetate, and the hydration of propylene oxide show that sulfated graphene is much more active than the conventional solid acid catalysts of Amberlyst 15, OMC-SO3H, SO3H-functionalized ordered mesoporous silica (SBA-15-SO3H), graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide, which is attributed to the fact that the sulfated graphene almost has no limitation of mass transfer due to its unique sheet structure. Very importantly, the sulfated graphene has extraordinary recyclability in these reactions, which is attributed to the stable sulfonic groups on the sulfated graphene. The advantages, including high activities and good recyclability as well as simple preparation, are potentially important for industrial applications of the sulfated graphene as an efficient heterogeneous solid acid catalyst in the future.
Change detection of small objects and linear features in multi-temporal polarimetric images (2002)

A SAR image sequence acquired over several months was used to study temporal variations of radar signatures of object classes which are relevant for updating topographic maps. For the selected object classes (buildings, roads, and hedgerows), the average pixel-to-pixel intensity variations are relatively stable over time intervals between data acquisitions from one month to one year. The threshold to be set in order to distinguish relevant changes from inherent signature variations decreases considerably, if signature mean values of individual objects are compared to each other rather than the signature values of individual pixels.
Hereditary diffuse leucoencephalopathy with spheroids. (1984)

The clinical, genetic, and morphological features of a previously unknown progressive neuropsychiatric disease are presented. By genealogical investigation of the background of an uncharacteristic case of presumed organic psychosis, we traced 71 relatives from four generations. The anamnestic data showed various combinations of psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, aggressiveness, and severe dementia), neurological symptoms (impaired balance with retropulsion, hyperkinesia, and epilepsy), and somatic symptoms (gastrointestinal disorders, arthritis, and gynaecological problems) in 17 (11 dead and 6 living) members of the family. Age at onset varied between 8 and 60 years. Some patients rapidly developed severe dementia and died a few months after the onset of symptoms, while in others the course was prolonged with dementia over several decades. The genetic interpretation indicated an autosomal dominant inheritance with possible full penetrance but widely variable expressivity. Morphological studies were performed on the central nervous system of four decreased family members (three siblings and their maternal uncle). The same type of widespread leucoencephalopathy was seen in the four autopsy cases. It was characterised by degeneration and loss of myelin sheaths and axons, occurrence of numerous neuroaxonal spheroids in the affected white matter, accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages, and gliosis. The bilateral, frontal, fronto-parietal, and temporal locations of the most pronounced, diffusely demarcated lesions corresponded fairly well to the symptoms of an organic psychosyndrome with its main substrate in the forebrain. For this new clinico-pathological entity, the name "hereditary diffuse leucoencephalopathy with spheroids" (HDLS) is proposed. As a working hypothesis, it is suggested that not only genetic, but also immunological and possible endocrine factors may contribute to the development of the disease.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Applications Normalized Prefrontal Dysfunctions and Cognitive-Related Metabolic Profiling in Aged Mice (2013)

Chronic high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that has recently received increasing interests as a therapeutic procedure for neurodegenerative diseases. To identify the metabolism mechanism underlying the improving effects of rTMS, we observed that high frequency (25Hz) rTMS for 14 days could reverse the decline of the performance of the passive avoidance task in aged mice. We further investigated the metabolite profiles in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in those mice and found that rTMS could also reverse the metabolic abnormalities of gamma-aminobutyric acid, N-acetyl aspartic, and cholesterol levels to the degree similar to the young mice. These data suggested that the rTMS could ameliorate the age-related cognitive impairment and improving the metabolic profiles in PFC, and potentially can be used to improve cognitive decline in the elderly.
Evidence of a Stimulatory Effect of Cyclic AMP on Pancreatic Lipase and Colipase Synthesis in Rats (1992)

The effects of endogenous and exogenous cyclic AMP on the synthesis of pancreatic lipase, colipase, and amylase were studied. Pancreatic lobules were prepared and incubated with forskolin, dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP), and dibutyryl cyclic GMP (dbcGMP), respectively, in the presence of 35S-cystine. The individual pancreatic enzymes were isolated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the incorporation of radioactive cystine into lipase, colipase, and amylase was determined. Incubation with forskolin (25 microM) rapidly increased lipase synthesis rate within 30 min, followed by an increase in colipase synthesis rate after 60 min of incubation. Amylase synthesis rate did not change during the 1st h of incubation but decreased slightly when incubated for 2 h. Incubation of pancreatic lobules with dbcAMP (1 mM) for 1 h also stimulated the incorporation of cysteine into lipase and colipase by 21% and 25%, respectively, whereas incubation with dbcGMP had no effect on the synthesis rates of lipase and colipase. Neither dbcAMP nor dbcGMP had any effect on synthesis rate of amylase. It is concluded that cyclic AMP might be an important intracellular signal for the synthesis of pancreatic lipase and colipase in the rat.
Monocular Segment-Wise Depth: Monocular Depth Estimation Based on a Semantic Segmentation Prior (2019)

Monocular depth estimation using novel learning-based approaches has recently emerged as a promising potential alternative to more conventional 3D scene capture technologies within real-world scenarios. Many such solutions often depend on large quantities of ground truth depth data, which is rare and often intractable to obtain. Others attempt to estimate disparity as an intermediary step using a secondary supervisory signal, leading to blurring and other undesirable artefacts. In this paper, we propose a monocular depth estimation approach, which employs a jointly-trained pixel-wise semantic understanding step to estimate depth for individually-selected groups of objects (segments) within the scene. The separate depth outputs are efficiently fused to generate the final result. This creates more simplistic learning objectives for the jointly-trained individual networks, leading to more accurate overall depth. Extensive experimentation demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed approach compared to contemporary state-of-the-art techniques within the literature.
Anti-inflammatory, insecticidal and antimicrobial activities and chemical composition of the essential oils of different plant organs from navel orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck var. Malesy) grown in Egypt (2013)

Comparative study of the essential oils isolated from fruit peel, leaf and flowers of navel orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck var. malesy) was carried out using gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and gas liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (GLC/MS). A total of two hundred components were identified and quantified. The major component in the ripe and unripe fruit peel oils was limonene with 80.14 and 80.93%, respectively. In the leaf oil, terpinen-4-ol was the prominent compound (14.1%). The hydrodistilled oil and hexane-ether extract of the flower afforded 92 and 34 identified components, respectively. Sabinene followed by limonene were represented in higher amount in both flower hydrodistilled oil and its hexane-ether extract. Navel orange var. malesy volatile components exhibited high anti-inflammatory activity represented by its effect on tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide. They also showed significant insecticidal activity against the common home mosquito larvae and substantial antimicrobial effect against most common, Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and some fungi.

	 

	Key words: Citrus sinensis var. Malesy, essential oils, gas liquid chromatography (GLC),gas liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (GLC/MS), anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, larvicidal activity.
Landsat Data Continuity Mission Calibration and Validation (2008)

The primary payload for the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) is the Operational Land Imager (OLI), being built by Ball Aerospace and Technologies, under contract to NASA. The OLI has spectral bands similar to the Landsat-7 ETM+, minus the thermal band and with two new bands, a 443 nm band and 1375 nm cirrus detection band. On-board calibration systems include two solar diffusers (routine and pristine), a shutter and three sets of internal lamps (routine, backup and pristine). Being a pushbroom opposed to a whiskbroom design of ETM+, the system poses new challenges for characterization and calibration, chief among them being the large focal plane with 75000+ detectors. A comprehensive characterization and calibration plan is in place for the instrument and the data throughout the mission including Ball, NASA and the United States Geological Survey, which will take over operations of LDCM after on-orbit commissioning. Driving radiometric calibration requirements for OLI data include radiance calibration to 5% uncertainty (1 q); reflectance calibration to 3% uncertainty (1 q) and relative (detector-to-detector) calibration to 0.5% (J (r). Driving geometric calibration requirements for OLI include bandto- band registration of 4.5 meters (90% confidence), absolute geodetic accuracy of 65 meters (90% CE) and relative geodetic accuracy of 25 meters (90% CE). Key spectral, spatial and radiometric characterization of the OLI will occur in thermal vacuum at Ball Aerospace. During commissioning the OLI will be characterized and calibrated using celestial (sun, moon, stars) sources and terrestrial sources. The USGS EROS ground processing system will incorporate an image assessment system similar to Landsat-7 for characterization and calibration. This system will have the added benefit that characterization data will be extracted as part of the normal image data processing, so that the characterization data available will be significantly larger than for Landsat-7 ETM+.
Reactivity of (2-Alkenyl-3-pentene-1,5-diyl)iron Complexes: Preparation of Functionalized Vinylcyclopropanes and Cycloheptadienes (2008)

The reactivity of (2-alkenyl-3-pentene-1,5-diyl)iron complexes toward olefin metathesis, cycloaddition, and mild oxidations (MnO 2 or mCPBA) was examined. Cycloaddition reactions were observed to occur with modest diastereoselectivity (33-63% de). Decomplexation of the (3-pentenediyl) ligand may be accomplished by oxidation with either CAN or alkaline hydrogen peroxide to afford vinylcyclopropanecarboxylates or divinylcyclopropanecarboxylates. Reduction of the latter, followed by Cope rearrangement generates cycloheptadienylmethanols. These studies demonstrate that (2-alkenyl-3-pentene-1,5-diyl)iron complexes can serve as organometallic scaffolds for the preparation of a wide variety of structural motifs containing up to 5 contiguous stereocenters.
Microorganisms for lipids (1991)

Abstract Micro‐organisms have often been considered for the production of oils and fats as an alternative to agricultural commodities. However, with the continuing low cost of agricultural production of oil‐seeds, biotechnology has little to offer in the way of competition against such items as soybean oil, groundnut oil, and even polyunsaturated oil such as sunflower oil even though good facsimiles of these oils could be produced. It is now clear that if we are to use microorganisms to produce lipids, i.e. Single Cell Oil, then these must be highly specific ones which are currently expensive to obtain from agricultural sources. In particular, the possible production of a cocoa‐butter substitute using mutated yeast cells is reviewed here as well as the production of highly polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) using various species of mould. With regard to producing a cocoa‐butter equivalent fat, it is necessary to identify not only a cheap carbon source on which the yeast may grow (this is now considered likely to be lactose arising from whey) as well as deriving a mutant strain of the yeast which will accumulate large amounts of stearic acid within the oil. The recent work carried out in The Netherlands and New Zealand to achieve these goals is described. With regard to polyunsaturated fatty acid production, various prospects exist and indeed, the commercial production of one acid, gamma‐linolenic acid, is now being produced commercially in both the U.K. and Japan. The background work leading to this product is described and opportunities for other PUFAs being produced biotechnologically are discussed.
Room-Temperature Activation of Methane and Dry Re-forming with CO<sub>2</sub> on Ni-CeO<sub>2</sub>(111) Surfaces: Effect of Ce<sup>3+</sup> Sites and Metal–Support Interactions on C–H Bond Cleavage (2016)

The results of core-level photoemission indicate that Ni-CeO2(111) surfaces with small or medium coverages of nickel are able to activate methane at 300 K, producing adsorbed CHx and COx (x = 2, 3) groups. Calculations based on density functional theory predict a relatively low activation energy of 0.6–0.7 eV for the cleavage of the first C–H bond in the adsorbed methane molecule. Ni and O centers of ceria work in a cooperative way in the dissociation of the C–H bond at room temperature, where a low Ni loading is crucial for the catalyst activity and stability. The strong electronic perturbations in the Ni nanoparticles produced by the ceria supports of varying natures, such as stoichiometric and reduced, result in a drastic change in their chemical properties toward methane adsorption and dissociation as well as the dry reforming of methane reaction. The coverage of Ni has a drastic effect on the ability of the system to dissociate methane and catalyze the dry re-forming process.
High Efficiency Single Crystal CdTe Solar Cells: November 19, 2009 - January 31, 2011 (2011)

The goal of the program was to develop single crystal CdTe-based top cells grown on Si solar cells as a platform for the subsequent manufacture of high efficiency tandem cells for CPV applications. The keys to both the single junction and the tandem junction cell architectures are the ability to grow high quality single-crystal CdTe and CdZnTe layers on p-type Si substrates, to dope the CdTe andCdZnTe controllably, both n and p-type, and to make low resistance ohmic front and back contacts. EPIR demonstrated the consistent MBE growth of CdTe/Si and CdZnTe/Si having high crystalline quality despite very large lattice mismatches; epitaxial CdTe/Si and CdZnTe/Si consistently showed state-of-the-art electron mobilities and good hole mobilities; bulk minority carrier recombination lifetimesof unintentionally p-doped CdTe and CdZnTe grown by MBE on Si were demonstrated to be consistently of order 100 ns or longer; desired n- and p-doping levels were achieved; solar cell series specific resistances <10 ?-cm2 were achieved; A single-junction solar cell having a state-of-the-art value of Voc and a unverified 16.4% efficiency was fabricated from CdZnTe having a 1.80 eV bandgap, idealfor the top junction in a tandem cell with a Si bottom junction.
Modal Filtering for Optimized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensing in Multimode Plastic Optical Fibers (2015)

In this paper, we present the numerical and the experimental results of a new low cost surface plasmon resonance sensor configuration. It is based on a plasmonic sensor platform and an efficient higher order modes filtering in plastic multimode fibers, exploiting a tapered plastic optical fiber at the output of the sensor system. The experimental results have demonstrated that the tapered filter positioned after the sensor system improves the performances in terms of refractive index range and depth of the resonance curve. The results are in agreement with the numerical simulations.
Computer aided differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules using curvature based analysis (2003)

This paper focuses on characterizing the internal intensity structure of pulmonary nodules in thin-section CT images for classification between benign and malignant nodules. This approach makes use of shape index curvedness, and CT density to represent locally each voxel constructing the three-dimensional (3D) pulmonary nodule image. From the distribution of shape index, curvedness, and CT density over the 3D pulmonary nodule image a set of histogram features, and 3D texture features is computed to classify benign and malignant nodules. Linear discriminant analysis is used for classification and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis is used to evaluate the classification accuracy. The potential usefulness of the curvature-based features in the computer-aided differential diagnosis is demonstrated by using ROC curves as the performance measure.
Human serum IgA downregulates the release of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6) in human monocytes (1994)

While the protective effect of IgA antibodies against infection of the mucosal surfaces is well documented, the mechanisms involved are not entirely clear. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of human serum IgA on the release of inflammatory cytokines in human monocytes activated with a particulate stimulus, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), or soluble lipopolysaccharide (LPS) purified from Escherichia coli. Our results show that IgA downregulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production, whereas IgG examined in parallel had no effect. IgA had no inhibitory effect on Hib-induced granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor release. TNF-alpha and IL-6 release were downmodulated if IgA was present during cytokine induction, and IgA was also inhibitory if added to Hib-pretreated monocytes during the phase of cytokine release. These findings indicate that there are at least two mechanisms whereby IgA antibodies can downregulate TNF-alpha and IL-6 release in human monocytes: by a mechanism acting during the time of monocyte activation, and a mechanism that downregulates the production and/or the release of these cytokines in activated monocytes. Regulation of TNF-alpha and IL-6 release by IgA may be among the antiinflammatory mechanisms preventing an uncontrolled release of potentially noxious levels of inflammatory cytokines during acute and/or chronic inflammation.
Heated Injectors for Ethanol Cold Starts (2009)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Ethanol is commonly employed as a transportation fuel in Brazil. However, since pure ethanol’s flash point is 12°C, flex-fuel vehicles marketed in Brazil are currently equipped with a redundant fuel system which delivers gasoline during cold starts below [typically] 18°C. Since these low temperatures are infrequently experienced in Brazil, gasoline in the auxiliary fuel tank may evaporate and/or varnish during extended dormant periods, resulting in poor quality or no-starts. It is therefore desirable to eliminate the gasoline system by vaporizing a sufficient quantity of ethanol to enable cold starts at low ambient temperatures.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A port fuel injector capable of rapidly heating ethanol above its flash point has been developed which eliminates the need for the redundant fuel system. During cold-start conditions, the vehicle’s controller commands power to an electrical heater contained within each injector. The injector heaters raise the temperature of the delivered ethanol during the engine crank and initial run.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">When these heated injectors are employed in conjunction with engine management system enhancements, ethanol cold start performance is similar to that of gasoline. In addition, heating ethanol fuel enables the leaning-out of 20°C cold start fueling, which has shown to reduce both engine-out and FTP bag emissions.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Heated injector flow temperature data, low ambient temperature engine cold start performance and vehicle FTP emission results are presented and discussed.</div>
BAD: Bidirectional Arbitrated Decision-Feedback Equalization (2005)

The bidirectional arbitrated decision-feedback equalizer (BAD), which has bit-error rate performance between a decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) and maximum a posteriori (MAP) detection, is presented. The computational complexity of the BAD algorithm is linear in the channel length, which is the same as that of the DFE, and significantly lower than the exponential complexity of the MAP detector. While the relative performance of BAD to those of the DFE and the MAP detector depends on the specific channel model, for an error probability of 10/sup -2/, the performance of BAD is typically 1-2 dB better than that of the DFE, and within 1 dB of the performance of MAP detection.
Sequence artefacts in a prospective series of formalin-fixed tumours tested for mutations in hotspot regions by massively parallel sequencing (2014)

These findings indicate that DNA damage following formalin fixation remains a major challenge in laboratories working with MPS. Methodologies that assess, minimise or remove formalin-induced DNA damaged templates as part of MPS protocols will aid in the interpretation of genomic results leading to better patient outcomes.