gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cache Design Options for a Clustered Multithreaded Architecture (2005)

The design of the memory hierarchy in a multi-core architecture is a critical component since it must meet the capacity (in terms of bandwidth and low latency) and coordination requirements of multiple threads of control. Most previous designs have assumed either a shared L1 data cache (e.g., simultaneous multithreaded architectures) or L1 caches that are private to each individual processor (e.g., chip multiprocessors (CMPs)) with coherence maintained across the L1s at the L2 level. A shared L1 cache has the benefit of potentially increasing cache capacity for threads with non-uniform working sets but the disadvantage of higher access latency from remote clusters/cores and the potential for conflicts among threads. Private caches have the benefit of lower L1 access latency but the disadvantages of reduced effective cache size and of coherence overhead. In this paper, we focus on the design of the L1 cache as being a critical design component especially for multithreaded/parallel workloads. We identify the factors contributing to reduced performance, and examine ways in which each factor---locality of access, capacity, as well as migratory, multiple-reader, and read-write sharing patterns---can be addressed in a low-overhead fashion. We demonstrate that direct access to remote L1 cache banks provides the flexibility to address thread-specific capacity issues as well as to provide improved sharing support for active read-write sharing. We propose a novel selectively replicating (SR) adaptive protocol to handle locality and capacity issues in addition to recognizing and adapting to migratory, multiple-reader, and read-write sharing access patterns. The SR cache design is able to meet or beat the performance of the coherent cache, improving performance by up to 44% relative to a coherent cache (with an average of 5% across all applications) when using 8 threads.
Cancer-associated fibroblast suppresses killing activity of natural killer cells through downregulation of poliovirus receptor (PVR/CD155), a ligand of activating NK receptor (2016)

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play an important role in cancer expansion and progression in tumor microenvironment (TME), via both direct and indirect interactions. Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in anticancer immunity. We investigated the inhibitory effects of CAFs on NK cell activity. CAFs were isolated from endometrial cancer tissue, while normal endometrial fibroblasts (NEFs) were obtained from normal endometrium with no pathological abnormality. NK cells were obtained from allogenic healthy volunteers. CAFs or NEFs were co-cultured at an NK/fibroblast ratio of 1:1 with or without inserted membrane. For NK cell activity, K562 cells were cultured as target cells. NK cell-killing activity was determined by calculating the ratio of PI-positive K562 cells in the presence of NK cells co-cultured with fibroblasts versus NK cells alone. To examine whether NK cell activity was suppressed by IDO pathway, we inhibited IDO activity using the IDO inhibitor 1-MT. We demonstrated that CAFs derived from endometrial cancer induced greater suppression of the killing activity of allogenic NK cells compared with normal endometrial fibroblasts (NEFs). The suppression of NK cell activity by CAFs was inhibited when a membrane was inserted between the CAFs and NK cells, but not by 1-MT, an inhibitor of IDO. We focused on receptor-ligand interactions between CAFs and NK cell and found that cell-surface poliovirus receptor (PVR/CD155), a ligand of activating NK receptor DNAM-1, was downregulated in the CAFs compared with NEFs. To confirm whether PVR downregulation results in the decrease of NK cell-killing activity, PVR expression in NEFs was knocked down using siRNA against PVR (PVRsi). NK cell activity was suppressed by co-culture with PVR-knockdown NEFs, to a similar extent than CAF-induced suppression. CAFs showed increased suppression of NK cell-killing activity compared with NEFs, due to decreased PVR cell surface expression, a ligand of an NK activating receptor. This study demonstrated a novel mechanism of suppression of NK cell activity by CAFs in the TME.
Effects of<i>Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG</i>on the Cell Growth and Polyamine Metabolism in HGC-27 Human Gastric Cancer Cells (2007)

Previous in vivo studies have suggested that lactobacilli can exert anti-proliferative effects on the gastric epithelium. However, few data are available on their mechanisms of action. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing concentrations of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG (L. GG) homogenate on cell growth and proliferation [by 3-(4,5 di-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation and polyamine biosynthesis] and apoptosis processes (by Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA expression) in HGC-27 human gastric cancer cells. To verify which bacterial fraction was involved in the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects, the cytoplasm and cell wall extracts were tested separately. HGC-27 cells were sensitive to the apoptotic induction and growth inhibition by increased concentrations of bacterial homogenate. HGC-27 cells were resistant to the bacterial cell wall fractions, whereas increasing cytoplasm fraction concentrations induced evident antiproliferative and proapoptotic actions. These data suggest that cytoplasm extracts could be responsible for L. GG action on HGC-27 cell proliferation.
Cutting Parameters Optimization of High-Speed Milling of Thin-Walled Graphite Electrode (2006)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Evolving Sorting Networks using Genetic Programming an Reconfigurable Xilinx 6216 Field-Programmable Gate Array (1998)

This paper describes how the massive parallelism of the rapidly reconfigurable Xilinx XC6216 FPGA (in conjunction with Virtual Computing Corporation's H.O.T. Works board) can be exploited to accelerate the computationally burdensome fitness measurement task of genetic algorithms and genetic programming. This acceleration is accomplished by embodying each individual of the evolving population into hnrdware in order to perform this time-consuming fitness measurement task. A 16-step sorting network for seven items was evolved that has two fewer steps than the sorting network described in the 1962 O'Connor and Nelson patent on sorting networks (and the same number of steps as a 7sorter that was devised by Floyd and Knuth subsequent to the patent and that is now known to be minimal).
Cytotoxic and Antimigratory Activities of Phenolic Compounds from<i>Dendrobium brymerianum</i> (2015)

Chromatographic separation of a methanol extract prepared from the whole plant of Dendrobium brymerianum led to the isolation of eight phenolic compounds. Among the isolated compounds (1-8), moscatilin (1), gigantol (3), lusianthridin (4), and dendroflorin (6) showed appreciable cytotoxicity against human lung cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 196.7, 23.4, 65.0, and 125.8 μg/mL, respectively, and exhibited antimigratory property at nontoxic concentrations. This study is the first report on the biological activities of this plant.
5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-<scp>d</scp>-ribofuranoside (AICAR) stimulates myocardial glycogenolysis by allosteric mechanisms (2003)

We tested the hypothesis that activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) promotes myocardial glycogenolysis by decreasing glycogen synthase (GS) and/or increasing glycogen phosphorylase (GP) activities. Isolated working hearts from halothane-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats perfused in the absence or presence of 0.8 or 1.2 mM 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-beta-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR), an adenosine analog and cell-permeable activator of AMPK, were studied. Glycogen degradation was increased by AICAR, while glycogen synthesis was not affected. AICAR increased myocardial 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-beta-d-ribofuranotide (ZMP), the active intracellular form of AICAR, but did not alter the activity of GS and GP measured in tissue homogenates or the content of glucose-6-phosphate and adenine nucleotides in freeze-clamped tissue. Importantly, the calculated intracellular concentration of ZMP achieved in this study was similar to the K(m) value of ZMP for GP determined in homogenates of myocardial tissue. We conclude that the data are consistent with allosteric activation of GP by ZMP being responsible for the glycogenolysis caused by AICAR in the intact rat heart.
Irregular beam sizes and non-uniform bandwidth allocation in HTS multibeam satellite systems (2013)

Current HTS multibeam satellite systems assume a uniform offered traffic per beam, but it is foreseen that future traffic demands will be highly uneven over the coverage area. Then imbalances result in some user beams being overprovisioned whilst others are under provisioned resulting in lower satisfaction for user traffic demands. One of the major challenges in designing a future broadband satellite system is how to increase the operators revenue and cope with the uneven traffic demands simultaneously. In the literature, it has been proposed to overcome these imbalances either by applying non-uniform bandwidth distribution (in the frequency domain or beam hopping in the time domain) or by engineering the beam sizes such as to balance the traffic demands over the beams. In this paper, we propose a joint optimisation of non-uniform bandwidth allocation and non-uniform beam sizes to better match the traffic demands, increase the total useful capacity and utilise the limited space resources more efficiently. The proposed method is applied for a hypothetical traffic scenario over Europe, where a maximum number of 200 user beams is assumed. Only the forward direction is studied herein. The DVB-S2 air interface is considered. A transparent payload is considered, where the user links operate in Ka-band. The results of the forward link are presented and compared with a uniform design and a case with only non-uniform bandwidth allocation. The improvements due the joint optimisation are presented, and the implications to the system design are discussed.
It Never Rains but it Pours: Modeling the Persistence of Spikes in Electricity Prices (2009)

During periods of market stress, electricity prices can rise dramatically. This paper treats these abnormal episodes or price spikes as count events and attempts to build a model of the spiking process. By contrast to the existing literature, which either ignores temporal dependence in the spiking process or attempts to model the dependence solely in terms of deterministic variables (like seasonal and day of the week effects), this paper argues that persistence in the spiking process is an important factor in building an effective model. A Poisson autoregressive framework is proposed in which price spikes occur as a result of the latent arrival and survival of system stresses. This formulation captures the salient features of the process adequately, and yields forecasts of price spikes that are superior to those obtained from naïve models that do not account for persistence in the spiking process.
Targeting Acute Allograft Rejection by Immunotherapy With Ex Vivo-Expanded Natural CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells (2006)

Therapeutic use of ex vivo-expanded natural CD4+ CD25+ Treg may be a feasible and nontoxic modality for controlling allograft rejection or perhaps inducing allograft tolerance.
Obstructive sleep apnoea and Alzheimer’s disease: In search of shared pathomechanisms (2017)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a significant public health concern. The incidence continues to rise, and it is set to be over one million in the UK by 2025. The processes involved in the pathogenesis of AD have been shown to overlap with those found in cognitive decline in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA). Currently, the standard treatment for OSA is Continuous Positive Airway Pressure. Adherence to treatment can, however, be an issue, especially in patients with dementia. Also, not all patients respond adequately, necessitating the use of additional treatments. Based on the body of data, we here suggest that excessive and prolonged neuronal activity might contribute to genesis and acceleration of both AD and OSA in the absence of appropriately structured sleep. Further, we argue that external factors, including systemic inflammation and obesity, are likely to interfere with immunological processes of the brain, and further promote disease progression. If this hypothesis is proven in future studies, it could have far-reaching clinical translational implications, as well as implications for future treatment strategies in OSA.
<i>Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 2</i>regulates nerve growth factor release to induce airway inflammation via a reactive oxygen species-dependent pathway (2010)

Group 2 allergen of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 2 (Der p2) induces airway inflammation without protease activity, and elevated nerve growth factor (NGF) levels are also found in this inflammation. How the allergen Der p2 regulates NGF release via reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce inflammation remains unclear. In the present study, intratracheal administration of Der p2 to mice led to inflammatory cell infiltration, mucus gland hyperplasia, and NGF upregulation in the bronchial epithelium, as well as elevated ROS and NGF production in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. In addition, Der p2 caused fibrocyte accumulation and mild fibrosis. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitors inhibited Der p2-induced NGF release in LA4 lung epithelial cells and MLg lung fibroblasts. Pretreatment with an antioxidant, tiron, reduced the Der p2-induced ROS production, NGF expression and release, p38 MAPK or JNK phosphorylation, and airway inflammation. These results suggest that Der p2 allergen-induced airway inflammation and elevated NGF release were through increasing ROS production and a MAPK-dependent pathway. The use of an antioxidant, tiron, may provide a new therapeutic modality for the treatment of allergic asthma.
Reflective optics system for multiple beam laser fusion (1983)

A reflective optics system is described that will uniformly heat or transfer momentum to a spherical target. Six laser beams or three split beams are incident along three mutually perpendicular axes. The beams are reflected from cones with a 45° half-angle onto an aspheric reflector wing shaped to impart uniform heat or momentum to the target. A sample calculation shows that, for a target sphere with 1.5 index of refraction, 93% of the energy incident on the target is transmitted into the target. For smaller indices, a greater fraction of the incident energy is imparted to the target. The design provides completely uniform transmitted light as well as nearly orthogonal distribution of light over the target and is relatively insensitive to alignment errors.
Virtual Machine Placement Optimization Supporting Performance SLAs (2013)

Cloud computing model separates usage from ownership in terms of control on resource provisioning. Resources in the cloud are projected as a service and are realized using various service models like IaaS, PaaS and SaaS. In IaaS model, end users get to use a VM whose capacity they can specify but not the placement on a specific host or with which other VMs it can be co-hosted. Typically, the placement decisions happen based on the goals like minimizing the number of physical hosts to support a given set of VMs by satisfying each VMs capacity requirement. However, the role of the VMM usage to support I/O specific workloads inside a VM can make this capacity requirement incomplete. I/O workloads inside VMs require substantial VMM CPU cycles to support their performance. As a result, placement algorithms need to include the VMM's usage on a per VM basis. Secondly, cloud centers encounter situations wherein change in existing VM's capacity or launching of new VMs need to be considered during different placement intervals. Usually, this change is handled by migrating existing VMs to meet the goal of optimal placement. We argue that VM migration is not a trivial task and does include loss of performance during migration. We quantify this migration overhead based on the VM's workload type and include the same in placement problem. One of the goals of the placement algorithm is to reduce the VM's migration prospects, thereby reducing chances of performance loss during migration. This paper evaluates the existing ILP and First Fit Decreasing (FFD) algorithms to consider these constraints to arrive at placement decisions. We observe that ILP algorithm yields optimal results but needs long computing time even with parallel version. However, FFD heuristics are much faster and scalable algorithms that generate a sub-optimal solution, as compared to ILP, but in time-scales that are useful in real-time decision making. We also observe that including VM migration overheads in the placement algorithm results in a marginal increase in the number of physical hosts but a significant, of about 84 percent reduction in VM migration.
Hydrophobic Nanocellulose Aerogels as Floating, Sustainable, Reusable, and Recyclable Oil Absorbents (2011)

Highly porous nanocellulose aerogels can be prepared by vacuum freeze-drying from microfibrillated cellulose hydrogels. Here we show that by functionalizing the native cellulose nanofibrils of the aerogel with a hydrophobic but oleophilic coating, such as titanium dioxide, a selectively oil-absorbing material capable of floating on water is achieved. Because of the low density and the ability to absorb nonpolar liquids and oils up to nearly all of its initial volume, the surface modified aerogels allow to collect organic contaminants from the water surface. The materials can be reused after washing, recycled, or incinerated with the absorbed oil. The cellulose is renewable and titanium dioxide is not environmentally hazardous, thus promoting potential in environmental applications.
Analysis of the current linearity at low illumination of high‐efficiency back‐junction back‐contact silicon solar cells (2008)

Abstract The relation between current and illumination intensity of three structures of high‐efficiency back‐junction back‐contact silicon solar cells was analyzed. Both, n‐type cells with non‐diffused front surface and p‐type cell with floating n‐emitter show a pronounced non‐linearity due to strong illumination dependence of the passivation quality of the non‐diffused surface and the floating junction respectively. Quantum efficiency (QE) of this cell type drops significantly for the illumination lower than 0.5 suns. In contrast the QE of n‐type cells with n + ‐front surface field (FSF) is linear. Low illumination current characteristics of all three of the analyzed structures could be well described by physical models. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Two-temperature Elenbaas-Heller problem with argon plasma (1984)

Thermal non-equilibrium in a preionized argon plasma kept between two plane parallel plates in the presence of an applied electric field parallel to the surface is investigated theoretically. A multifluid theory is formulated taking into consideration the kinetics of sheath region formed near the surface. With the local transport properties accurately evaluated from kinetic theory, the system of equations is solved numerically. The influence of various parameters on thermal non-equilibrium characteristics is studied. The present study reveals substantial deviations from LTE in the regions near the wall at lower currents. Of the several modes of energy transfer mechanisms identified near the wall, the heat conduction of heavy particles is found to be the dominating one. Numerical experiments show that both electron temperature gradient and electron energy flux at the wall are negligible and consequently in all multifluid analysis it is proposed that the electron subgas may be taken as thermally insulated at the boundaries.
HFSP: Size-based scheduling for Hadoop (2013)

Size-based scheduling with aging has, for long, been recognized as an effective approach to guarantee fairness and near-optimal system response times. We present HFSP, a scheduler introducing this technique to a real, multi-server, complex and widely used system such as Hadoop. Size-based scheduling requires a priori job size information, which is not available in Hadoop: HFSP builds such knowledge by estimating it on-line during job execution. Our experiments, which are based on realistic workloads generated via a standard benchmarking suite, pinpoint at a significant decrease in system response times with respect to the widely used Hadoop Fair scheduler, and show that HFSP is largely tolerant to job size estimation errors.
Ketamine and Rapid-Acting Antidepressants: A Window into a New Neurobiology for Mood Disorder Therapeutics (2014)

Ketamine is the prototype for a new generation of glutamate-based antidepressants that rapidly alleviate depression within hours of treatment. Over the past decade, there has been replicated evidence demonstrating the rapid and potent antidepressant effects of ketamine in treatment-resistant depression. Moreover, preclinical and biomarker studies have begun to elucidate the mechanism underlying the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine, offering a new window into the biology of depression and identifying a plethora of potential treatment targets. This article discusses the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ketamine, summarizes the neurobiology of depression, reviews the mechanisms underlying the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine, and discusses the prospects for next-generation rapid-acting antidepressants.
On the Immunogenicity of Recombinant Staphylokinase in Patients and in Animal Models (1994)

Streptokinase and staphylokinase, the presently available thrombolytic agents of bacterial origin, are immunogenic in man; their use may cause allergic reactions and/or refractoriness to renewed administration. Infusion of 2 to 10 mg of recombinant staphylokinase (STAR) in 20 patients with acute myocardial infarction or peripheral arterial occlusion induced IgG-related neutralizing activity in plasma with a lag phase of 10 to 12 days, from a baseline of 0.2 +/- 0.06 microgram STAR neutralized per ml plasma (mean +/- SEM) to a maximum of 30 +/- 6.2 micrograms/ml after 3 to 9 weeks, which persisted at a level of 14 +/- 5.8 micrograms/ml after 18 months (n = 4). In 4 baboons with a 125I-fibrin labeled clot in an extracorporeal arteriovenous loop, i.v. administration of 63 micrograms/kg STAR over 1 h, repeated at weekly intervals, induced a progressive increase of STAR-neutralizing activity (from 0.05 +/- 0.1 microgram/ml at baseline to 4.8 +/- 1.5 micrograms/ml at week 6), which was paralleled by a reduction of in vivo clot lysis (from 60 +/- 7% to 8 +/- 3%). After temporary discontinuation of STAR-administration, neutralizing activity reverted to baseline within 7 weeks, whereafter the sensitivity of in vivo clot lysis to STAR was restored. In rabbits, i.v. administration of 250 micrograms/kg STAR over 1 h, repeated at weekly intervals, also induced a progressive increase of STAR-neutralizing activity (from 0.5 +/- 0.2 microgram/ml at baseline to 6.4 +/- 1.1 micrograms/ml at week 6), which was paralleled by a reduction of in vivo clot lysis (from 68 +/- 3% to 31 +/- 7%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)