gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Demand reduction and inefficiency in multi-unit auctions (2014)

Auctions typically involve the sale of many related goods. The FCC spectrum auctions and the Treasury debt auctions are examples. With conventional auction designs, large bidders have an incentive to reduce demand in order to pay less for their winnings. This incentive creates an inefficiency in multi-unit auctions. Large bidders reduce demand for additional units and so sometimes lose to smaller bidders with lower values. We demonstrate this inefficiency in several auction settings: flat demand and downwardsloping demand, independent private values and correlated values, and uniform pricing and pay-your-bid pricing. We also establish that the ranking of the uniform-price and pay-your-bid auctions is ambiguous. We show how a Vickrey auction avoids this inefficiency and how the Vickrey auction can be implemented with a simultaneous, ascending-bid design (Ausubel 1997). Bidding behavior in the FCC spectrum auctions illustrates the incentives for demand reduction and the associated inefficiency.
Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenations of complex carbonaceous substrates. [Book chapter] (1978)

Even though homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation has had considerable practical utility in the hydrogenation of specialized chemicals such as certain fats, oils and pharmaceuticals, its economic and technical utility in processing carbonaceous feedstocks such as coal, oil or their derived intermediates is very uncertain. We have seen that prehydrogenation of coal can significantly increase the amount of liquids obtained by pyrolysis compared to the unhydrogenated coal. It has also been shown that the hydrogenolysis of prehydrogenated coal produces less asphaltenes and more light oil and gas than the catalytic hydrogenolysis of the parent coal. Finally, it was shown that homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation can effectively increase the atomic hydrogen to carbon ratio of the carbonaceous materials including coal and materials derived from coal by pyrolysis and solvent refining. Extrapolation of the experimental data indicates that homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation has considerable potential as a preliminary processing step for increasing the atomic H/C ratio over conventional methods for carbonaceous materials such as coal, and possibly oil shale and tar sands. The derived benefit from such a unit operation aside from the addition of hydrogen to these hydrogen-deficient materials is to increase the yield and quality of the products over that now obtainable by conventional more » processing techniques at such mild conditions. Yet another potential application of homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation is as an intermediate step in fuel processing or conversion schemes in which the H/C ratio is increased to produce a superior quality product. « less
Linearized Mach-Zehnder Modulators for Microwave Photonic Applications (2022)

A practical all-optical linearization scheme for a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) for use within Microwave Photonic systems is proposed and demonstrated. It utilizes the complimentary output of a 2-output MZM to create a linearized transmitter. The concept is validated using fiber interconnected discrete components, achieving record linearity for a nonamplified link, with spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of 118.5 dB.Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2/3</sup> for a single fiber system. This novel linearization scheme can be easily incorporated into photonic integrated circuits, such as on the Silicon Photonics platform with heterogeneous III–V integration, enabling high-performance, high-volume, low-cost systems.
Data from Exosome-Based Detection of <i>EGFR</i> T790M in Plasma from Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients (2023)

<div>Abstract<p><b>Purpose:</b> About 60% of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients develop resistance to targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor therapy through the <i>EGFR</i> T790M mutation. Patients with this mutation respond well to third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors, but obtaining a tissue biopsy to confirm the mutation poses risks and is often not feasible. Liquid biopsies using circulating free tumor DNA (cfDNA) have emerged as a noninvasive option to detect the mutation; however, sensitivity is low as many patients have too few detectable copies in circulation. Here, we have developed and validated a novel test that overcomes the limited abundance of the mutation by simultaneously capturing and interrogating exosomal RNA/DNA and cfDNA (exoNA) in a single step followed by a sensitive allele-specific qPCR.</p><p><b>Experimental Design:</b> ExoNA was extracted from the plasma of NSCLC patients with biopsy-confirmed T790M-positive (<i>N</i> = 102) and T790M-negative (<i>N</i> = 108) samples. The T790M mutation status was determined using an analytically validated allele-specific qPCR assay in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment laboratory.</p><p><b>Results:</b> Detection of the T790M mutation on exoNA achieved 92% sensitivity and 89% specificity using tumor biopsy results as gold standard. We also obtained high sensitivity (88%) in patients with intrathoracic disease (M0/M1a), for whom detection by liquid biopsy has been particularly challenging.</p><p><b>Conclusions:</b> The combination of exoRNA/DNA and cfDNA for T790M detection has higher sensitivity and specificity compared with historical cohorts using cfDNA alone. This could further help avoid unnecessary tumor biopsies for T790M mutation testing. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 24(12); 2944–50. ©2018 AACR</i>.</p></div>
Abstract 5455: Antitumor activity of death receptor agonists for prostate cancer therapy (2010)

Abstract Clinical trials on TRAIL and death receptor (TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2) agonist antibodies are being carried out through out the world. Until today, there are no small organic molecules that bind to TRAIL-death receptors, and induce apoptosis mainly in cancer cells. Through molecular and biological approaches, we have identified novel death receptor agonists (small molecular weight organic compounds). Death receptor agonists termed as “DRAs” inhibited cell viability and colony formation, and induced apoptosis in androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and -independent (PC-3) human prostate cancer cell lines, but had no effect on human normal prostate epithelial cells and hepatocytes. The combinations of DRAs with TRAIL had additive effects on apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Commonly used anticancer drugs further enhanced the apoptosis-inducing potential of DRAs. DRAs recruited FADD and activated caspase-8, and thus formed active TRAIL-DISC (death-inducing signaling complex) similar to that of TRAIL. DRAs inhibited the growth of PC-3 and LNCaP xenografts in nude mice, and prostate cancer growth in TRAMP mice. In vivo, DRAs inhibited tumor cells proliferation (Ki67 staining) and induced caspase-3 activity and apoptosis (TUNEL staining). Pharmacokinetics data demonstrate that DRA is stable, possesses a long terminal half-life, and meats the criteria of clinical trials. Our data suggest, for the first time, that DRAs are specific activators of death receptor pathway of apoptosis, and can be used to treat human prostate cancer. Further studies are underway to assess their clinical significance for the treatment of prostate cancer. (Funding Support: Department of Defense, US Army) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5455.
Enhancing Photodynamic Therapy through Resonance Energy Transfer Constructed Near‐Infrared Photosensitized Nanoparticles (2017)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an important cancer treatment modality due to its minimally invasive nature. However, the efficiency of existing PDT drug molecules in the deep-tissue-penetrable near-infrared (NIR) region has been the major hurdle that has hindered further development and clinical usage of PDT. Thus, herein a strategy is presented to utilize a resonance energy transfer (RET) mechanism to construct a novel dyad photosensitizer which is able to dramatically boost NIR photon utility and enhance singlet oxygen generation. In this work, the energy donor moiety (distyryl-BODIPY) is connected to a photosensitizer (i.e., diiodo-distyryl-BODIPY) to form a dyad molecule (RET-BDP). The resulting RET-BDP shows significantly enhanced absorption and singlet oxygen efficiency relative to that of the acceptor moiety of the photosensitizer alone in the NIR range. After being encapsulated with biodegradable copolymer pluronic F-127-folic acid (F-127-FA), RET-BDP molecules can form uniform and small organic nanoparticles that are water soluble and tumor targetable. Used in conjunction with an exceptionally low-power NIR LED light irradiation (10 mW cm<sup>-2</sup> ), these nanoparticles show superior tumor-targeted therapeutic PDT effects against cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo relative to unmodified photosensitizers. This study offers a new method to expand the options for designing NIR-absorbing photosensitizers for future clinical cancer treatments.
Architecture Supporting Discovery and Management of Heterogeneous Sensors for Smart System Using Generic Middleware (2012)

This Smart environments, starting from smart home to more complex one like smart city, demand efficient interoperation mechanism among different heterogeneous sensors including the discovery and the management of these devices. The diverse domains of applications also require interoperation among themselves. The middleware plays a key role to achieve this interoperation. The middleware is also responsible for providing abstractions to the application interfaces and device sensing. In the current article middleware architecture along with a method for efficient device interoperation by generating a generic device attributes (GDA) structure is presented. The middleware performs semantic analysis on the content of the device attributes while performing the discovery and managing the device. It supports, efficient way of sensor discovery, management and posting of sensed data. Smart irrigation and firming environment is considered as a use case here. The presented architecture is modular, based on object oriented concept and generic in nature. This can be further extended for any smart system. A future research scope of the proposed architecture is also discussed while concluding the article.
Automated radar image target recognition based on segmented feature extraction using adaptive Length Estimation and Hough lines aiding optimized Neural Network classification (2013)

This research deals with the creation of an automatic target recognition system used for maritime vessels, for such applications as border patrol, friendly vs. foe id, etc. The paper encompasses robust maritime target feature extraction from 2-d real Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar images and projects them onto a classifier friendly 1-d space. The image database in use consists of over 2500 images at 1' range resolution. The classifiers for target designations are Neural Networks based on Gaussian Mixture Models. The automated target recognition engine performs at a 96% correct joint-classification level and at a 77% correct classification level.
The tumour microenvironment harbours ontogenically distinct dendritic cell populations with opposing effects on tumour immunity (2016)

Various steady state and inflamed tissues have been shown to contain a heterogeneous DC population consisting of developmentally distinct subsets, including cDC1s, cDC2s and monocyte-derived DCs, displaying differential functional specializations. The identification of functionally distinct tumour-associated DC (TADC) subpopulations could prove essential for the understanding of basic TADC biology and for envisaging targeted immunotherapies. We demonstrate that multiple mouse tumours as well as human tumours harbour ontogenically discrete TADC subsets. Monocyte-derived TADCs are prominent in tumour antigen uptake, but lack strong T-cell stimulatory capacity due to NO-mediated immunosuppression. Pre-cDC-derived TADCs have lymph node migratory potential, whereby cDC1s efficiently activate CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells and cDC2s induce Th17 cells. Mice vaccinated with cDC2s displayed a reduced tumour growth accompanied by a reprogramming of pro-tumoural TAMs and a reduction of MDSCs, while cDC1 vaccination strongly induces anti-tumour CTLs. Our data might prove important for therapeutic interventions targeted at specific TADC subsets or their precursors.
Vascular Deformation Mapping for CT Surveillance of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Growth (2021)

Background Aortic diameter measurements in patients with a thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) show wide variation. There is no technique to quantify aortic growth in a three-dimensional (3D) manner. Purpose To validate a CT-based technique for quantification of 3D growth based on deformable registration in patients with TAA. Materials and Methods Patients with ascending and descending TAA with two or more CT angiography studies between 2006 and 2020 were retrospectively identified. The 3D aortic growth was quantified using vascular deformation mapping (VDM), a technique that uses deformable registration to warp a mesh constructed from baseline aortic anatomy. Growth assessments between VDM and clinical CT diameter measurements were compared. Aortic growth was quantified as the ratio of change in surface area at each mesh element (area ratio). Manual segmentations were performed by independent raters to assess interrater reproducibility. Registration error was assessed using manually placed landmarks. Agreement between VDM and clinical diameter measurements was assessed using Pearson correlation and Cohen κ coefficients. Results A total of 38 patients (68 surveillance intervals) were evaluated (mean age, 69 years ± 9 [standard deviation]; 21 women), with TAA involving the ascending aorta (<i>n</i> = 26), descending aorta (<i>n</i> = 10), or both (<i>n</i> = 2). VDM was technically successful in 35 of 38 (92%) patients and 58 of 68 intervals (85%). Median registration error was 0.77 mm (interquartile range, 0.54-1.10 mm). Interrater agreement was high for aortic segmentation (Dice similarity coefficient = 0.97 ± 0.02) and VDM-derived area ratio (bias = 0.0, limits of agreement: -0.03 to 0.03). There was strong agreement (<i>r</i> = 0.85, <i>P</i> < .001) between peak area ratio values and diameter change. VDM detected growth in 14 of 58 (24%) intervals. VDM revealed growth outside the maximally dilated segment in six of 14 (36%) growth intervals, none of which were detected with diameter measurements. Conclusion Vascular deformation mapping provided reliable and comprehensive quantitative assessment of three-dimensional aortic growth and growth patterns in patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms undergoing CT surveillance. Published under a CC BY 4.0 license <i>Online supplemental material is available for this article.</i> See also the editorial by Wieben in this issue.
Fast functional simulation using branching programs (1995)

Abstract: This paper addresses the problem of speeding up functional (delay-independent) logic simulation for synchronous digital systems. The problem needs very little new motivation-cycle-based functional simulation is the largest consumer of computing cycles in system design. Most existing simulators for this task can he classified as being either event driven or levelized compiled-code, with the levelized compiled code simulators generally being considered faster for this task. An alternative technique, based on evaluation using branching programs, was suggested about a decade ago in the context of switch level functional simulation. However, this had very limited application since it could not handle the large circuits encountered in practice. This paper resurrects the basic idea present this technique and provides significant modifications that enable its application to contemporary industrial strength circuits. We present experimental results that demonstrate up to a 10X speedup over levelized compiled code simulation for a large suite of benchmark circuits as well as for industrial examples with over 40.000 gates.
Vehicle and Course Characterization Process for Indoor Tire Wear Simulation (2002)

Abstract An empirical methodology is described for separately characterizing vehicles and road courses for subsequent combination to predict tire force histories in tire use or testing. By building a library of vehicle and wear course characterizations, indoor wear test simulations can be selectively constructed by using any combination of “virtual” test vehicles and wear courses. A reliable transient record of vertical, lateral and fore‐aft forces and inclination angles can be generated and supplied to drive the indoor wear tire loading fixture. Vehicle characterization involves mapping the basic dynamic load transfer behavior over a range of acceleration, deceleration and cornering maneuvers. A unique indoor vehicle test facility is described for efficiently capturing the tire forces and inclination angles during various maneuvers. All four tire positions can be characterized. Vehicle center of gravity (CG) accelerations and speeds are also recorded during indoor testing. An alternative to experimental measurements is the use of a vehicle computer model for mapping the basic dynamic load transfer behavior. Empirical equations relating vehicle kinematics to tire forces and inclination angles have been developed and are presented. A method of utilizing these equations together with outdoor wear course measurements for predicting transient tire force histories is presented. The method is demonstrated and validated with several vehicle case studies. The tire force component of a wear course can be characterized by measurement of a few parameters: the vehicle CG accelerations and the longitudinal velocity. Course characterization is illustrated using the Department of Transportation's Uniform Tire Quality Grading wear course in the San Angelo, TX area. The full 650 km course was characterized and combined with the laboratory characterization of a 1997 Pontiac Grand Am. Four 650 km drive files were created, one for each tire position, for an indoor wear machine. These consisted of five time‐based parameters: radial load, lateral force, wheel torque (acceleration, deceleration forces), inclination angle, and velocity. By sequencing a tire through these four drive files, it was “rotated” as it would have been on the actual vehicle. Examples of tire wear rates and irregular wear are shown for a number of tire constructions, comparing the indoor to the outdoor results. Good correlation was achieved. This simulation technique permits the tire force spectrum of quite complex and lengthy routes to be accurately reproduced in the precisely controlled environment of the laboratory. Each cornering maneuver, each braking and acceleration event, every hill and town can be reproduced in real‐time. Only by combining the specific vehicle dynamics of a given vehicle with that of a specific wear route can tire wear be accurately simulated. This tire‐vehicle system simulation methodology is referred to as a TS‐Sim model.
Reconstruction and analysis of pulsed thermographic data (2004)

Interpretation of pulsed thermographic data sequences has typically been based on contrast analysis, in which regions with subsurface anomalies are visually identified with respect to defect-free areas. Quantitative contrastbased analysis requires that the time history of a defect-free reference point, either real or synthetic, is subtracted from the time history of a given point in order to create a contrast curve. In practice, this approach has been limited by the fact that real samples may be either completely defective or intact, so that no contrast exists within the field of view. Although numerous variants to this approach have been developed, they all require the identification of a defect-free region as a reference.
Lipidomics: A Tool for Studies of Atherosclerosis (2010)

Lipids, abundant constituents of both the vascular plaque and lipoproteins, play a pivotal role in atherosclerosis. Mass spectrometry-based analysis of lipids, called lipidomics, presents a number of opportunities not only for understanding the cellular processes in health and disease but also in enabling personalized medicine. Lipidomics in its most advanced form is able to quantify hundreds of different molecular lipid species with various structural and functional roles. Unraveling this complexity will improve our understanding of diseases such as atherosclerosis at a level of detail not attainable with classical analytical methods. Improved patient selection, biomarkers for gauging treatment efficacy and safety, and translational models will be facilitated by the lipidomic deliverables. Importantly, lipid-based biomarkers and targets should lead the way as we progress toward more specialized therapeutics.
The Luminex method: a new geophysical method for airborne and ground prospecting for ore deposits (1983)

The examples shown here indicate the ability of the Luminex method, to detect, either from the air or on the ground, luminescent minerals related to certain deposits of tungsten, molybdenum, zinc, gold and uranium. In addition, other tests of the method have yielded positive responses over tin deposits. The luminescent responses obtained are sometimes related to the presence of key ore minerals or pathfinder minerals and, at other times, to alteration minerals in the same environment. The sensitivity of the method is very high, so that key minerals may be detected even when present in much less than ore grade amounts.
A Framework for the Control of Wavelength Switched Optical Networks (WSONs) with Impairments (2012)

The operation of optical networks requires information on the physical
characterization of optical network elements, subsystems, devices, and
cabling. These physical characteristics may be important to consider
when using a GMPLS control plane to support path setup and
maintenance. This document discusses how the definition and
characterization of optical fiber, devices, subsystems, and network
elements contained in various ITU-T recommendations can be combined
with GMPLS control plane protocols and mechanisms to support
Impairment Aware Routing and Wavelength Assignment (IA-RWA) in optical
networks.
Preparation of new 7-hydroxyguanine derivatives and their biological activities. (1990)

We prepared new 7-hydroxyguanine derivatives, 7-hydroxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate and N2-tetrahydropyranyl-7-hydroxyguanine, and compared biological activities of 7-hydroxyguanine derivatives including nucleosides acquired previously. 7-Hydroxyguanine and its nucleotide inhibited the focus formation of Rous sarcoma virus. Antitumor activities of these derivatives against mouse leukemia L1210 were not so different from one another. Anti-proliferative activities of the derivatives on various human cell lines were significantly different from one another.
Esophageal IgG4 levels correlate with histopathologic and transcriptomic features in eosinophilic esophagitis (2018)

These findings extend prior studies on IgG4 in adult EoE to the pediatric population and provide deeper understanding of the potential significance and regulation of IgG4, demonstrating that IgG4 is a relevant feature of the disease; is closely related to esophageal eosinophil levels, type 2 immunity and T regulatory cytokines; and is likely produced locally.
Interferometric ring diode lasers (1992)

We report the first demonstration of interferometric ring diode lasers. These devices show a sharply peaked light versus current curve with cw output powers up to 8 mW. The output emission is single-frequency with side-mode-rejection ratios up to 30 dB.