gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Substrate stimulation of 7 alpha-hydroxylase, an enzyme located in the cholesterol-poor endoplasmic reticulum. (1990)

We examined the role of cholesterol in altering the activity of the microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzyme, cholesterol-NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase). Liposomes were used to deliver cholesterol to hepatic microsomes. Formation of 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol was quantitated by isotope dilution/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. As the liposomal cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio increased, 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity increased, whereas the activity of another microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzyme, ethylmorphine N-demethylase, decreased. To determine if the degree of stimulation was affected by the endogenous activity (without liposomes), microsomes, from rats fed chow alone or chow containing cholestyramine, taurocholate, or cholesterol were challenged with cholesterol-enriched liposomes. The degree of stimulation was dependent upon the endogenous activity: cholestyramine-fed much greater than cholesterol = chow control greater than taurocholate-fed. To determine if cholesterol stimulates 7 alpha-hydroxylase by increasing membrane viscosity, microsomes were incubated with liposomes having the same cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio as microsomes, but different viscosities. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (high viscosity) liposomes increased microsomal viscosity and decreased 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity. In contrast, dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (low viscosity) liposomes decreased microsomal viscosity and increased enzyme activity. Since greater viscosity inhibits 7 alpha-hydroxylase, cholesterol cannot stimulate the enzyme by increasing membrane viscosity. The data suggest that cholesterol stimulates production of 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol by providing substrate.
Vertical Interference Testing With a Wireline-Conveyed St raddle-Packer Tool (1993)

Abstract A new approach to the in-situ determination of permeability, permeability anisotropy and lateral continuity of barriers to vertical fluid flow is introduced. The procedure employs a wireline-conveyed inflatable straddle-packer in conjunction with a vertically displaced pressure monitor probe to conduct vertical interference tests in openhole. The relatively large spacing between the packer interval and monitor probe (approximately 5 ft) results in a larger depth of investigation than is currently available with other wireline-conveyed tools. Multiple interference tests may be conducted during a single trip in the well. The method of analysis is illustrated with data acquired in an oil well located in a complex, low-permeability, carbonate reservoir that has been under production for almost 40 years and under waterflood for approximately 30 years. As part of a field management program the operator wished to assess the status of pressure maintenance by means of a pressure survey and to measure the permeability anisotropy for use in subsequent numerical simulation work. Analysis of core data indicated that the permeability anisotropy should be low. Feasibility of the testing procedure was established bearing in mind the restriction that flowrates would have to be limited during the pumping and sampling sequences to keep the test pressure above the bubble point pressure. Computer modelling and automatic parameter estimation techniques were employed to estimate the permeability and permeability anisotropy from the interference test data. Electrical and nuclear logs in conjunction with core photographs provided the means to establish the boundaries of the zones tested and to locate the major lithologic units. For comparison the pressure transients measured in the packer interval were analysed by established well testing methods.
Towards Design and Fabrication of a Miniature MRI-Compatible Robot for Applications in Neurosurgery (2008)

Brain tumors are among the most feared complications of cancer and they occur in 20–40% of adult cancer patients. Despite numerous advances in treatment, the prognosis for these patients is poor, with a median survival of 4–8 months. The primary reasons for poor survival rate are the lack of good continuous imaging modality for intraoperative intracranial procedures and the inability to remove the complete tumor tissue due to its placement in the brain and the corresponding space constraints to reach it. Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) supplements the surgeon’s visual and tactile senses in a way that no other imaging device can achieve resulting in less trauma to surrounding healthy brain tissue during surgery. To minimize the trauma to surrounding healthy brain tissue, it would be beneficial to operate through a narrow surgical corridor dissected by the neurosurgeon. Facilitating tumor removal by accessing regions outside the direct “line-of-sight” of the neurosurgical corridor will require a highly dexterous, small cross section, and MRI-compatible robot. Developing such a robot is extremely challenging task. In this paper we report a preliminary design of 6-DOF robot for possible application in neurosurgery. The robot actuators and body parts are constructed from MRI compatible materials. The current prototype is 0.36” in diameter and weighs only 0.0289 N (2.95 grams). The device was actuated using Flexinol® which is a shape memory alloy manufactured by Dynalloy, Inc. The end-effector forces ranged from 12 mN to 50 mN depending on the robot configuration. The end-effector force to robot weight ratio varied from 0.41 to 1.73. During trials the robot motion was repeatable and the range of motion of the robot was about 90 degrees for the end-effector when one side shape memory alloy (SMA) channel was actuated. The actuation time from the start to finish was about 2.5 s.
Data Dissemination With Network Coding in Two-Way Vehicle-to-Vehicle Networks (2015)

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) can efficiently offer safety-related and commercial contents for in-vehicle consumption. In this paper, we analyze the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) data dissemination with network coding in two-way road networks, where the vehicles move in opposite directions. In particular, depending on whether the broadcasting coverage areas overlap or not, two-way data dissemination is usually carried out in two phases, namely, the <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>encountering</i></b> phase and the <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>separated</i></b> phase. We first derive the probability mass function (pmf) of the dissemination completion time for the encountering disseminators during the encountering phase. The data dissemination velocity in the separated phase is mathematically derived. We prove that, without the help of the data dissemination in their own direction, the vehicles cannot recover all original packets from the opposite direction under a scarce handover condition. Furthermore, the dissemination slope and cache capacity of the vehicles in the proposed model are also analytically presented. Simulation results are provided to confirm the accuracy of the developed analytical results.
Correction: A Quorum Sensing Regulated Small Volatile Molecule Reduces Acute Virulence and Promotes Chronic Infection Phenotypes (2011)

A significant number of environmental microorganisms can cause serious, even fatal, acute and chronic infections in humans. The severity and outcome of each type of infection depends on the expression of specific bacterial phenotypes controlled by complex regulatory networks that sense and respond to the host environment. Although bacterial signals that contribute to a successful acute infection have been identified in a number of pathogens, the signals that mediate the onset and establishment of chronic infections have yet to be discovered. We identified a volatile, low molecular weight molecule, 2-amino acetophenone (2-AA), produced by the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa that reduces bacterial virulence in vivo in flies and in an acute mouse infection model. 2-AA modulates the activity of the virulence regulator MvfR (multiple virulence factor regulator) via a negative feedback loop and it promotes the emergence of P. aeruginosa phenotypes that likely promote chronic lung infections, including accumulation of lasR mutants, long-term survival at stationary phase, and persistence in a Drosophila infection model. We report for the first time the existence of a quorum sensing (QS) regulated volatile molecule that induces bistability phenotype by stochastically silencing acute virulence functions in P. aeruginosa. We propose that 2-AA mediates changes in a subpopulation of cells that facilitate the exploitation of dynamic host environments and promote gene expression changes that favor chronic infections.
Analysis of Current-Potential Hysteresis during Electrodeposition of Copper with Additives (2001)

Two models are described for cyclic voltammetry during electrodeposition of copper from an acid sulfate bath containing the additives polyethylene glycol (PEG), chloride ions, and mercapto-1-propanesulfonate (MPSA). The same bath may be used for superfilling of cavities during fabrication of copper on-chip metallization. Experimental current-potential scans show a characteristic hysteresis in solutions with all three additives, which demonstrates the presence of both activated and inhibited kinetics. Both models assume that deposition is inhibited by a PEG-chloride adsorbed surface complex, as established previously. One model further hypothesizes that PEG is incorporated into grain boundaries in the copper at the same fractional coverage found on the external surface. The second model neglects PEG incorporation, but assumes that adsorbing MPSA directly displaces PEG from the surface. Both models predict hysteresis quantitatively similar to experiments, without the use of fitting parameters. The competitive adsorption model is favored because, unlike the PEG incorporation model, it yields realistic predictions of carbon and sulfur concentrations in the deposit. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma: Beyond B Cell Maturation Antigen (2019)

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cell therapy is a rapidly emerging immunotherapeutic approach that is revolutionizing cancer treatment. The impressive clinical results obtained with CAR-T cell therapy in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma have fueled the development of CAR-T cells targeting other malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM). The field of CAR-T cell therapy for MM is still in its infancy, but remains promising. To date, most studies have been performed with B cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeted CARs, for which high response rates have been obtained in early-phase clinical trials. However, responses are usually temporary, and relapses have frequently been observed. One of the major reasons for relapse is the loss or downregulation of BCMA expression following CAR-T therapy. This has fostered a search for alternative target antigens that are expressed on the MM cell surface. In this review, we provide an overview of myeloma target antigens other than BCMA that are currently being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies.
MgSc<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>4</sub>—A Magnesium Solid Ionic Conductor for All‐Solid‐State Mg Batteries? (2019)

Recently, the ternary spinel selenide MgSc<sub>2</sub> Se<sub>4</sub> was proposed to have high magnesium ion mobility and is therefore an interesting potential candidate as a solid electrolyte in magnesium secondary batteries. To test the properties of the material, a modified solid-state reaction was used to synthesize pure MgSc<sub>2</sub> Se<sub>4</sub> . Electrochemical characterizations identified detrimental high electronic conductivities, which limit its application as a Mg-conducting solid electrolyte. Two methods were attempted to lower electronic conductivities, including the implementation of Se-rich phases and aliovalent doping, however, with no sufficient improvement. Based on the mixed conducting properties of MgSc<sub>2</sub> Se<sub>4</sub> , a reversible insertion/extraction of Mg<sup>2+</sup> into the spinel structure could be demonstrated.
Folopa existential verbs (1989)

https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/23837
1.7-W femtosecond fiber-based source at 3.6 µm (2016)

We demonstrate a watt-level femtosecond fiber source that produces stable sub-250-fs solitons tunable from 2.8 to 3.6 µm with peak powers up to 200 kW. Perspectives for scaling up the performance of this system are also discussed.
Recursive Least-Squares Source Tracking using One Acoustic Vector Sensor (2012)

An acoustic vector-sensor (a.k.a. vector-hydrophone) is composed of three acoustic velocity-sensors, plus a collocated pressure-sensor, all collocated in space. The velocity-sensors are identical, but orthogonally oriented, each measuring a different Cartesian component of the three-dimensional particle-velocity field. This acoustic vector-sensor offers an azimuth-elevation response that is invariant with respect to the source's center frequency or bandwidth. This acoustic vector-sensor is adopted here for recursive least-squares (RLS) adaptation, to track a single mobile source, in the absence of any multipath fading and any directional interference. A formula is derived to preset the RLS forgetting factor, based on the prior knowledge of only the incident signal power, the incident source's spatial random walk variance, and the additive noise power. The work presented here further advances a multiple-forgetting-factor (MFF) version of the RLS adaptive tracking algorithm, that requires no prior knowledge of these aforementioned source statistics or noise statistics. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the tracking performance and computational load of the proposed algorithms.
Macromolecules reduce abnormal microvascular permeability in rat limb ischemia-reperfusion injury (1989)

We studied the effect of iv administration of biodegradable macromolecules on microvascular permeability after ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat gastrocnemius model. After 2 h of tourniquet ischemia of the rats' hind limb, groups of animals were given iv lactated Ringer's solution (RL), serum albumin 5%, or varying MW fractions of biodegradable macromolecules of hydroxyethyl starch (HES), glycogen, and dextran. At the conclusion of the 24-h reperfusion period, the rat gastrocnemius muscles were collected. Water and K+ differences between the ischemic and control muscles were compared. Rats given a 100,000 to 300,000-dalton fraction of HES had significantly decreased water content (5.1 +/- 3.4%) when compared to rats receiving RL (8.3 +/- 2.2, p less than .01), less than 100,000 dalton HES (8.3 +/- 3.2, p less than .05), less than 300,000 glycogen (7.9 +/- 2.5, p less than .01), or dextran 150,000 (8.3 +/- 1.5, p less than .05). Rats given 100,000 to 300,000-dalton HES also had significantly higher ischemic muscle K+ content as compared to the nontourniquet control (difference 14.2 +/- 9.7 mEq/g) than rats receiving any of the other solutions (range 32.5 to 39.3) except the 300,000 to 1,000,000-dalton fraction of HES. Regression analysis comparison of K+ difference to the histologic evaluation of the muscles on the criteria of polymorphonuclear infiltration and interstitial edema (0, best; 3, worst) had a Pearson correlation coefficient of r = .73. Reduction of abnormally increased microvascular permeability may be accomplished by the iv use of appropriate sized biodegradable macromolecules.
Chemical Compounds Effective Against the Citrus Huanglongbing Bacterium ‘<i>Candidatus</i> Liberibacter asiaticus’ In Planta (2011)

Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most destructive diseases of citrus worldwide and is threatening the survival of the Floridian citrus industry. Currently, there is no established cure for this century-old and emerging disease. As a possible control strategy for citrus HLB, therapeutic compounds were screened using a propagation test system with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'-infected periwinkle and citrus plants. The results demonstrated that the combination of penicillin and streptomycin (PS) was effective in eliminating or suppressing the 'Ca. L. asiaticus' bacterium and provided a therapeutically effective level of control for a much longer period of time than when administering either antibiotic separately. When treated with the PS, 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-infected periwinkle cuttings achieved 70% of regeneration rates versus <50% by other treatments. The 'Ca. L. asiaticus' bacterial titers in the infected periwinkle plants, as measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, decreased significantly following root soaking or foliar spraying with PS. Application of the PS via trunk injection or root soaking also eliminated or suppressed the 'Ca. L. asiaticus' bacterium in the HLB-affected citrus plants. This may provide a useful tool for the management of citrus HLB and other Liberibacter-associated diseases.
ChemInform Abstract: The Diyne Reaction of 3,3′‐Bis(phenylethynyl)‐2,2′‐bithiophene Derivatives via Rhodium Complexes: A Novel Approach to Condensed Benzo( 2,1‐b:3,4‐b′)dithiophenes. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
All-polymer thin film transistor fabricated by high-resolution ink-jet printing (2004)

All-polymer TFTs are developed using an inkjet printing process. Conductive polymer is deposited onto a substrate having a wettability contrast to realize a channel length of 10/spl mu/m and 500/spl mu/m width. Polymer integrated circuits and active-matrix backplanes are also developed and their operation demonstrated.
Preclinical biomarker qualification (2017)

Biomarkers are ubiquitously used within drug development programs in both nonclinical species and in humans to assess safety and efficacy of novel compounds. To routinely apply such novel biomarkers with certainty, a well-defined data package is necessary for review and endorsement by regulatory agencies including the US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, and Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency. This type of endorsement is known as regulatory qualification. Novel approaches are being applied to speed the process, lower the resource intensity, and increase the accessibility of biomarker qualification data and it is likely that consortia will continue to play a fundamental role in the qualification process by bringing together like-minded stakeholders focused on specific tools to accelerate drug development. This article will focus on learnings from the previous three nonclinical biomarker qualification projects, as well as discuss the progression of preclinical biomarker projects into the clinical qualification space and the current strategy for the use of nonclinical biomarker data in the translational qualification of clinical biomarkers; much like nonclinical information is used in the approval of drug development candidates. Impact statement This minireview provides an overview of the history of preclinical biomarker qualification by summarizing the three examples of this type of qualification with US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, and Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency. In addition, an overview of the biomarker qualification process is included to educate key stakeholders with links to relevant white papers that provide information on current evidentiary considerations. The manuscript also provides new information on the evolution of the role that preclinical qualification plays in clinical qualification of biomarkers and the novel approaches that are being utilized to improve the process.
The HK2 Dependent “Warburg Effect” and Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation in Cancer: Targets for Effective Therapy with 3-Bromopyruvate (2016)

This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about the metabolism of cancer cells, especially with respect to the "Warburg" and "Crabtree" effects. This work also summarizes two key discoveries, one of which relates to hexokinase-2 (HK2), a major player in both the "Warburg effect" and cancer cell immortalization. The second discovery relates to the finding that cancer cells, unlike normal cells, derive as much as 60% of their ATP from glycolysis via the "Warburg effect", and the remaining 40% is derived from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Also described are selected anticancer agents which generally act as strong energy blockers inside cancer cells. Among them, much attention has focused on 3-bromopyruvate (3BP). This small alkylating compound targets both the "Warburg effect", i.e., elevated glycolysis even in the presence oxygen, as well as mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in cancer cells. Normal cells remain unharmed. 3BP rapidly kills cancer cells growing in tissue culture, eradicates tumors in animals, and prevents metastasis. In addition, properly formulated 3BP shows promise also as an effective anti-liver cancer agent in humans and is effective also toward cancers known as "multiple myeloma". Finally, 3BP has been shown to significantly extend the life of a human patient for which no other options were available. Thus, it can be stated that 3BP is a very promising new anti-cancer agent in the process of undergoing clinical development.
Noradrenergic content and turnover rate in kidney and heart shows gender and strain differences (2002)

The objective of this study was to compare strain and gender differences in kidney and heart norepinephrine (NE) content and turnover rate in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, SHR/a, and SHR/y). Our laboratory has shown that the Y chromosome has a significant effect on blood pressure in the SHR model of hypertension through the use of two new rat stains, SHR/a and SHR/y, to study the Y chromosome. SHR/a have a SHR autosomal genetic background with a WKY Y chromosome, whereas the SHR/y rats have a WKY autosomal genetic background with a SHR Y chromosome. Tissues were homogenized after alpha-methyl-DL-p-tyrosine injection and analyzed for NE. The male kidney NE content was significantly lower in the WKY compared with the SHR, SHR/y, and SHR/a. Kidney and heart NE content was significantly higher in females compared with males in all strains except the SHR/y. The WKY and SHR/y females had significantly lower kidney NE turnover rates, and the SHR and SHR/a females had significantly higher kidney NE turnover rates than strain-matched males. This study suggests both a strain and gender difference in sympathetic nervous system activity through noradrenergic neurotransmission.