gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Practical application of anti-TNF therapy for luminal Crohnʼs disease (2011)

Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy to treat inflammatory bowel disease has been available for more than a decade. Although extensive data on the outcome of anti-TNF therapy from individual clinical trials and patient cohorts are available, integrated guidance on the best use of such therapy to achieve optimal clinical outcomes when managing patients with luminal Crohn's disease is lacking. This review combines published data to establish practical strategies for anti-TNF therapy with respect to effective and safe timing of introduction, use of concurrent immunosuppressive therapy, dose escalation, managing relapse, changing drugs, pregnancy and breast feeding, and stopping drug treatment.
DFT/B3LYP study of bridging e ffect on structural and electronic properties of a short π-conjugated systems based on thiophene and phenylene (2013)

We report in this article a DFT study of the bridgi ng effect on structural and electronic properties o f a several πconjugatedsystems of thiophene and phenylene based on Cylopenta-ThienylenePhenylene (CPTP) co-oligomer s in which both 3 and 2’positions (fig. 1a) were bridged with different fragment such as: CH 2, SiH 2, C(CN) 2,S,C=O, C=S, C=CH 2 and C=C(CN) 2). The important reduction of the gap energy observ ed for the whole series of the bridged compounds studied here is explained on the basisof an orbital interaction analysis. The calcul ations methods were performed by using Gaussian09 program at density functional theory DFT/B3LYP level. The compounds bridged by C=S and C=C(CN) 2 have small LUMO‐HOMO gaps; leading to suggest them as the promising candidates for the optoelectronic device applications.
Metformin improves urine concentration in rodents with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (2016)

Urine concentration is regulated by vasopressin. Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is caused by vasopressin type 2 receptor (V2R) mutations. We studied whether metformin could improve urine concentration in rodent models of congenital NDI by stimulating AMPK. To block the V2R in rats, tolvaptan (10 mg/kg/d) was given by oral gavage with or without metformin (800 mg/ kg/d). Control rats received vehicle with or without metformin. Tamoxifen-induced V2R KO mice were given metformin (600 mg/kg) or vehicle twice daily. Urine osmolality in tolvaptan-treated rats (1,303 ± 126 mOsM) was restored to control levels by metformin (2,335 ± 273 mOsM) within 3 days and was sustained for up to 10 days. Metformin increased protein abundance of inner medullary urea transporter UT-A1 by 61% and aquaporin 2 (AQP2) by 44% in tolvaptan-treated rats, and immunohistochemistry showed increased membrane accumulation of AQP2 with acute and chronic AMPK stimulation. Outer medullary Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup>-2Cl<sup>-</sup> cotransporter 2 (NKCC2) abundance increased (117%) with AMPK stimulation in control rats but not in V2R-blocked rats. Metformin increased V2R KO mouse urine osmolality within 3 hours, and the increase persisted for up to 12 hours. Metformin increased AQP2 in the V2R KO mice similar to the tolvaptan-treated rats. These results indicate that AMPK activators, such as metformin, might provide a promising treatment for congenital NDI.
Skin detection in video under changing illumination conditions (2002)

Techniques for colour-based tracking of faces or hands often assume a static skin colour model. However, skin color perceived by a camera can change when lighting changes. In common real environments multiple light sources impinge on the skin. Therefore, for robust skin pixel detection, a dynamic skin colour model that can cope with the changes must be employed. We show that skin detection in video can be enhanced by exploiting the knowledge of the range of possible skin colours for the camera used. In normalized colour coordinates this range has a distinct shape we call the skin locus. We developed an adaptive histogram backprojection technique where the skin colour model is updated by pixels in the search region which fall in the skin locus. We demonstrate increased detection capability with webcam videos of faces taken successively under daylight, incandescent lamp, fluorescent light and a combination of these light sources.
Bottom-Up Generalization: A Data Mining Solution to Privacy Protection (2005)

The well-known privacy-preserved data mining modifies existing data mining techniques to randomized data. In this paper, we investigate data mining as a technique for masking data, therefore, termed data mining based privacy protection. This approach incorporates partially the requirement of a targeted data mining task into the process of masking data so that essential structure is preserved in the masked data. The idea is simple but novel: we explore the data generalization concept from data mining as a way to hide detailed information, rather than discover trends and patterns. Once the data is masked, standard data mining techniques can be applied without modification. Our work demonstrated another positive use of data mining technology: not only can it discover useful patterns, but also mask private information. We consider the following privacy problem: a data holder wants to release a version of data for building classification models, but wants to protect against linking the released data to an external source for inferring sensitive information. We adapt an iterative bottom-up generalization from data mining to generalize the data. The generalized data remains useful to classification but becomes difficult to link to other sources. The generalization space is specified by a hierarchical structure of generalizations. A key is identifying the best generalization to climb up the hierarchy at each iteration. Enumerating all candidate generalizations is impractical. We present a scalable solution that examines at most one generalization in each iteration for each attribute involved in the linking.
Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions exhibiting catalyst turnover numbers (TONs) exceeding one million (2012)

Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling giving aryl-aryl, alkenyl-aryl, aryl-alkenyl, alkynyl-aryl, and alkynyl-alkenyl products exhibited ultra-high turnover numbers (TONs) of 0.710 7 ~0.6910 9 by using organozincs generated in situ by treatment of the corresponding organolithiums with dry ZnBr2. Additionally, the hydrozirconation-Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling tandem processes via treatment of 1-alkynes with i Bu2AlH-ZrCp2Cl2 followed by selective (98%) alkenyl-alkenyl coupling with either (E)-or (Z)-ethyl 3-bromoacrylate exhibited high TONs of 0.910 5 ~0.8110 7 . Furthermore, Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of 2-thienylzinc bromide and 1iodo-4-nitrobenzene also showed a high TON of 0.8710 5 .
Altered Body Composition of Psoas and Thigh Muscles in Relation to Frailty and Severity of Parkinson’s Disease (2019)

Background<b>:</b> To investigate the relationship between fat content and the cross-sectional area of psoas and thigh muscles, and clinical severity in patients with Parkinson's disease. Materials and <b>Methods:</b> Twenty-five patients and 20 age- and sex-matched normal controls were recruited. All subjects underwent MRI study to determine the fat content of the bilateral psoas and thigh muscles. Muscle quality was measured by grasp, walking speed, and cross-sectional area. All patients underwent clinical surveys to evaluate disease severity and frailty, and analyses of the correlations between muscle quality and disease severity were performed. <b>Results:</b> Compared with the controls, patients exhibited higher fatty content in the measured muscles. The higher fat infiltration of measured muscles was significantly correlated with increased disease severity and frailty in patients. The fat fraction of the bilateral medial compartment of the thigh was correlated with the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale-I results and the fat fraction of the bilateral anterior compartment of the thigh was correlated with weakness and exhaustion in patients. <b>Conclusions:</b> Decreased quality in psoas and thigh muscles is prominent in Parkinson's disease which is further associated with disease severity and frailty. Awareness of the risk of sarcopenia and associated sequelae might improve patient care and outcomes.
Phthalate Plasticizers Covalently Bound to PVC: Plasticization with Suppressed Migration (2010)

The internal plasticization of PVC by displacement of chlorine with phthalate-based thiol additives, that is, the covalent attachment of the plasticizer to the PVC chain, is described for the first time. Using this methodology, a good plasticization efficiency is achieved although flexibility is reduced compared with that of commercial PVC−phthalate systems. However, the migration is completely suppressed. This approach may open new ways to the preparation of flexible PVC with permanent plasticizer effect and zero migration.
A 43mW CT complex spl Delta/Σ ADC with 23MHz of signal bandwidth and 68.8dB SNDR (2005)

A low-power wide-BW CT complex /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ ADC suitable for a low-IF receiver is fabricated in a 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS process and consumes 42.6mW from a 1.8V supply. The IC achieves 68.8dB SNDR and a DR of 72.5dB over a 23.0MHz band centered around 11.5MHz.
Defects in optical fibres in regions of high stress gradients (1991)

Germanosilicate optical fibres produced by the modified chemical vapour deposition process are characterised by point defects which disrupt the tetrahedral network structure. It is shown that the GeE' defect profiles in germanosilicate preforms and fibres, as measured by cathodoluminescence, do not follow the Ge composition profile, but are most intense in regions of high stress gradients, at the core-cladding interface and the Ge depletion region. The results suggest that the GeE' centres arise from Si–Ge bond rupture during the draw of the fibre to reduce the thermoelastic stress.
Understanding and Improving Mechanical Properties in 3D printed Parts Using a Dual‐Cure Acrylate‐Based Resin for Stereolithography (2018)

Application of 3D printed structures via stereolithography (SLA) is limited by imprecise dimensional control and inferior mechanical properties. These challenges is attributed to poor understanding ofpolymerization behavior during the printing process and inadequate post-processing methods. The former via a modified version of Jacob's working curve equation that incorporates the resin's sub-linear response to irradiation intensity is addressed by the authors. This new model provides a more accurate approach to select 3D printing parameters given a desired z-resolution and conversion profile along the depth of the printed part. The authors use this improved model to motivate a novel material design that can be post-processed to be indistinguishable from the polymer at 100% conversion. This approach employs a dual initiating system in which photo-initiated printing is followed by a thermal post-cure to achieve uniform conversion. The authors show that this approach enables fast printing times (10 s per layer), exceptional horizontal resolution (1-10 microns), precise control over vertical resolution, and decreased surface corrugations on a 10's of microns scale. The techniques described herein use an acrylate-based SLA resin, but the approach can be extended to other monomer systems to simultaneously achieve predictable properties and dimensions that are critical for application of additive manufacturing in load-bearing applications.
Carbon repression in aspergilli (2006)

Many microorganisms prefer easily metabolizable carbon sources over alternative, less readily metabolized carbon sources. One of the mechanisms to achieve this is repression of the synthesis of enzymes related to catabolism of the alternative carbon sources, i.e. carbon repression. It is now clear that in Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus niger the repressor protein CREA plays a major role in carbon repression. CREA inhibits transcription of many target genes by binding to specific sequences in the promoter of these genes. Unfortunately there is little information on other components of the signalling pathway that triggers repression by CREA. In this review we summarize the current understanding of carbon repression in Aspergilli.
Bioactive Marine Metabolites, IV. Isolation and the Amino Acid Composition of Discodermin A, an Antimicrobial Peptide, from the Marine Sponge Discodermia kiiensis (1985)

An antimicrobial peptide, discodermin A, has been isolated from the marine sponge Discodermia kiiensis. The peptide showed antimicrobial activity as well as an inhibition of starfish embryo development. It appeared to be a tetradecapeptide consisting of D-Cys(O3H), L-Asp, L-MeGlu, L-Thr (2 moles), Sar, D-Pro, D-Ala, D- and L-t-Leu, D-Leu, L-Phe, D-Trp, and L-Arg.
Nucleic acid dyes for detection of apoptosis in live cells (1995)

Apoptotic thymocytes were found to be much dimmer than normal thymocytes when stained with several nucleic acid dyes. These dyes provide a quick and simple assay for apoptosis which works for live cells and does not require a UV laser. The collection of dyes giving this staining pattern includes reagents suitable for use in either the FL1, FL2, or FL3 channel of a standard FACScan. Cells identified by these reagents were identical to apoptotic thymocytes defined by several widely used criteria: (i) rapid uptake of Hoechst 33342 but exclusion of propidium iodide, (ii) merocyanin 540 bright, and (iii) sub-G1 DNA content when permeabilized in a buffer that elutes fragmented DNA. In addition, L3T4/Thy-1 dim thymocytes were included in the dyc dim population. The standard Hoechst 33342 and merocyanin 540 assays were not able to separate the normal and apoptotic populations in HL-60 cells treated with camptothecin. However, the dyes SYTO-16 and LDS-751 both gave adequate differentiation of apoptotic from nonapoptotic cells in this model system. Some of these dyes also emit very little in other fluorescence channels of the flow cytometer and can be used in multicolor assays on cytometers equipped with only a single argon-ion laser.
Generation of biologically active C-reactive protein peptides by a neutral protease on the membrane of phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated neutrophils. (1989)

The association of human C-reactive protein (CRP) with nonstimulated and PMA-stimulated human neutrophils and the concomitant degradation of CRP (monitored by TCA-soluble peptides and SDS-PAGE analysis) has been studied. Maximum association of 125I-labeled CRP with neutrophils and 125I-labeled CRP degradation during association with these cells was achieved by stimulating the neutrophils with PMA at 10 ng/ml; a concentration in which azurophil granule release was not significant. For PMA-stimulated neutrophils, the association of 125I-labeled CRP was 1.8 times higher and PMA-stimulated neutrophil-mediated degradation of the ligand was three times faster than that for nonstimulated cells. The neutrophil-associated 125I-labeled CRP in the absence and presence of PMA proved on SDS-PAGE analysis to be approximately 50% degraded. There was a positive correlation between the extent of CRP degradation and the association of 125I-labeled CRP with neutrophils. In addition to generation of neutrophil associated CRP intermediates, small soluble CRP peptides were generated during association of CRP with neutrophils. These peptides inhibited superoxide production from opsonized zymosan-activated neutrophils by approximately 40% at 10 micrograms/ml. 125I-labeled CRP degradation mediated by nonstimulated neutrophils, and neutrophil-conditioned medium (from both non-stimulated and PMA-stimulated cells) was inhibitable by alpha 1-antitrypsin and approximately seven times less at 1 h than that occurring during 125I-labeled CRP-association with PMA-stimulated neutrophils. The degradation of 125I-labeled CRP mediated by PMA-stimulated neutrophils was not fully inhibitable by alpha 1-antitrypsin. The data point to the involvement of a membrane-associated serine protease, which is maximally activated by PMA, in the degradation of 125I-labeled CRP during association with neutrophils. Our results indicate that at an inflammatory site CRP-derived peptides can be produced that inhibit the action of activated neutrophils.
Dynamic and hierarchical multi-structure geometric model fitting (2011)

The ability to generate good model hypotheses is instrumental to accurate and robust geometric model fitting. We present a novel dynamic hypothesis generation algorithm for robust fitting of multiple structures. Underpinning our method is a fast guided sampling scheme enabled by analysing correlation of preferences induced by data and hypothesis residuals. Our method progressively accumulates evidence in the search space, and uses the information to dynamically (1) identify outliers, (2) filter unpromising hypotheses, and (3) bias the sampling for active discovery of multiple structures in the data-All achieved without sacrificing the speed associated with sampling-based methods. Our algorithm yields a disproportionately higher number of good hypotheses among the sampling outcomes, i.e., most hypotheses correspond to the genuine structures in the data. This directly supports a novel hierarchical model fitting algorithm that elicits the underlying stratified manner in which the structures are organized, allowing more meaningful results than traditional “flat” multi-structure fitting.
The Evi-1 zinc finger myeloid transforming gene is normally expressed in the kidney and in developing oocytes. (1990)

Activation of the Evi-1 zinc finger gene is commonly associated with the transformation of murine leukemias and is involved in some cases of human AML involving rearrangements at chromosome 3q25. To determine the normal function of the gene, we have looked for expression in a variety of cell lines and tissues. The predominant sites of expression of the gene are in the kidney and ovary. In the kidney, expression is localized to the renal tubules in the corticomedullary junction. In the ovary, high levels of the Evi-1 protein are found in the cytoplasm of developing oocytes. The latter result suggests a potential role for the Evi-1 gene product in early oocyte development.
Substrate-induced closure of the flap domain in the ternary complex structures provides insights into the mechanism of catalysis by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl–CoA reductase (1999)

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme and the first committed step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol in mammals. We have determined the crystal structures of two nonproductive ternary complexes of HMG-CoA reductase, HMG-CoA/NAD+ and mevalonate/NADH, at 2.8 A resolution. In the structure of the Pseudomonas mevalonii apoenzyme, the last 50 residues of the C terminus (the flap domain), including the catalytic residue His381, were not visible. The structures of the ternary complexes reported here reveal a substrate-induced closing of the flap domain that completes the active site and aligns the catalytic histidine proximal to the thioester of HMG-CoA. The structures also present evidence that Lys267 is critically involved in catalysis and provide insights into the catalytic mechanism.
Melatonin: From Basic Research to Cancer Treatment Clinics (2002)

Melatonin, the chief secretory product of the pineal gland, is a direct free radical scavenger, an indirect antioxidant, as well as an important immunomodulatory agent. In both in vitro and in vivo investigations, melatonin protected healthy cells from radiation-induced and chemotherapeutic drug-induced toxicity. Furthermore, several clinical studies have demonstrated the potential of melatonin, either alone or in combination with traditional therapy, to yield a favorable efficacy to toxicity ratio in the treatment of human cancers. This study reviews the literature from laboratory investigations that document the antioxidant and oncostatic actions of melatonin and summarizes the evidence regarding the potential use of melatonin in cancer treatment. This study also provides rationale for the design of larger translational research-based clinical trials.
Interactive Omnidirectional Video Delivery: A Bandwidth-Effective Approach (2012)

Omnidirectional video (cylindrical or spherical) is a new media becoming more and more popular thanks to its interactivity for online multimedia applications such as Google Street View as well as for video surveillance and robotics applications. Interactivity in this context means that the user is able to explore and navigate audio-visual scenes by freely choosing viewpoint and viewing direction. In order to provide this key feature, omnidirectional video is typically represented as a classical two-dimensional (2D) rectangular panorama video that is mapped onto a (spherical or cylindrical) mesh and then rendered on the client's screen. Early transmission models of this full panorama video and mesh content simply deal with the panorama as a high-resolution video to be encoded at uniform quality. Generally the user can only view a restricted field-of-view of the content and then interact with pan-tilt-zoom commands. This means that a significant part of the bandwidth is wasted by transmitting quality video in regions that are not being visualized. In this paper we evaluate the relevance and optimality of a personalized transmission where quality is modulated in spherical or cylindrical regions depending on their likelihood to be viewed during a live user interaction. We show, based on interaction delay as well as bandwidth constraints, how tiling and predictive methods can improve on existing methods. © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent.
Estrogen monotherapy and combined estrogen-progestogen replacement therapy attenuate aortic accumulation of cholesterol in ovariectomized cholesterol-fed rabbits. (1991)

Cardiovascular disease is currently the leading cause of death among women in the United States. To investigate the effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on atherogenesis, we studied 75 cholesterol-fed female rabbits for 19 wk. The rabbits were randomly assigned to five groups. Four groups underwent bilateral ovariectomy followed by treatment with either 17 beta-estradiol, 17 beta-estradiol plus norethisterone acetate, 17 beta-estradiol plus levonorgestrel, or placebo. The fifth group had a sham operation and received placebo. The hormone groups had only one-third of the aortic accumulation of cholesterol found in the placebo groups, a difference that was highly statistically significant (P less than 0.0001). No significant differences in aortic accumulation of cholesterol were found in the hormone groups. This indicates that estrogen attenuates atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed ovariectomized rabbits and that two commonly prescribed progestogens do not counteract the effect. The beneficial effect of estradiol could only partly be explained by its lowering effects on serum total cholesterol or VLDL cholesterol, which implies that estradiol possesses additional beneficial effects, possibly a direct action on the arterial wall.
<i>Mtb</i> H<sub>37</sub>Rv and BJ cell data of benzothiazolyl Sulindac amide derivatives 38–43. (2016)

<p><i>Mtb</i> H<sub>37</sub>Rv and BJ cell data of benzothiazolyl Sulindac amide derivatives 38–43.</p>