gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anisotropic semiconduction in single crystals of dichlorodiamminepalladium(<scp>II</scp>)–tetrachlorodiamminepalladium(<scp>IV</scp>) and related halogen-bridged mixed-valence complexes (1971)

Single crystals of the mixed-valence halogen-bridged complexes [PdII(NH3)2Cl2,PdIV(NH3)2Cl4] and [PdII(NH3)2-Cl2,PtIV(NH3)2Cl4] exhibit anisotropic semiconducting properties with the highest conductivity in the direction of the –MII–Cl–MIV– chains. Conduction in the chain direction is reported for some similar complexes, and the bonding within the chains is discussed. A description is given of the apparatus developed to measure the conductivities σ‖ and σ⊥ of small crystals.
Skew-Fit: State-Covering Self-Supervised Reinforcement Learning (2019)

Autonomous agents that must exhibit flexible and broad capabilities will need to be equipped with large repertoires of skills. Defining each skill with a manually-designed reward function limits this repertoire and imposes a manual engineering burden. Self-supervised agents that set their own goals can automate this process, but designing appropriate goal setting objectives can be difficult, and often involves heuristic design decisions. In this paper, we propose a formal exploration objective for goal-reaching policies that maximizes state coverage. We show that this objective is equivalent to maximizing goal reaching performance together with the entropy of the goal distribution, where goals correspond to full state observations. To instantiate this principle, we present an algorithm called Skew-Fit for learning a maximum-entropy goal distributions. We prove that, under regularity conditions, Skew-Fit converges to a uniform distribution over the set of valid states, even when we do not know this set beforehand. Our experiments show that combining Skew-Fit for learning goal distributions with existing goal-reaching methods outperforms a variety of prior methods on open-sourced visual goal-reaching tasks. Moreover, we demonstrate that Skew-Fit enables a real-world robot to learn to open a door, entirely from scratch, from pixels, and without any manually-designed reward function.
[Review of] Simone Schwarz-Bart, The Bridge of Beyond (1983)

Simone Schwarz-Bart's first novel (1972) makes highly commendable reading for anybody interested in Afro-Caribbean literature. Barbara Bray's translation does remarkably well in capturing the poetic texture of the narrator's (Telumee) account; Bridget Jones' introduction is useful but could have focused more on the novel itself and on its sources.
Imaging and display systems for 3D mobile phone application (2009)

In this paper features of stereoscopic imaging and display systems for 3D mobile application are discussed. In imaging part 3D imaging layouts that reflect the characteristics of a mobile phone use are presented. In displaying part autostereoscopic 3D displays are presented. Features of the parallel and radial types as 3D imaging layouts are experimented and compared. Autostereoscopic 3D displays, typical parallax barrier and slanted parallax barrier, are realized and their experimental results are compared for several applications. This paper also discusses the possibility of multi-view imaging and display systems with mobile phone application.
대중 매체에 나타난 차(茶) 문화의 궤적(軌跡) 및 역할 탐구 (2015)

차(茶)의 역사는 복잡하다. 이 논문의 목적은 인간이 차를 마시기 시작한 것과 차 교역, 그리고 대중 매체에 나타난 차 문화에 대한 인류학적, 문화적 배경을 간단하게 파헤치는데 있다. 이 논문은 3가지 내용으로 구성되어 있다. 즉, 차를 마시게 된 기원과차가 중국에서 다른 문화로 전파된 것, 그리고 대중 매체에 나타난 현대 사회의 차 문화의 발전 및 역할에 대한 내용 등을 다루고 있다. 인디언 신화에 의하면, 원래 차는 북인도에서 시작되어서 1600년 경 중국의 쓰촨성으로 들어왔다고 한다. 그러나 중국의 전설에 의하면 중국인들은 5000년 전부터 차를 마시기 시작한 것으로 나타난다. 이처럼 차의 기원에 대하여는 여러 가지 이론이 존재하고 있다. 모든 문화에 있어 차를 마시는 것은 대체로 사회적 엘리트들의 취미로 간주되었다. 그리고 어떤 문화에 있어선 차를 마시는 문화가 종교적인 행위의 결과로 나타난 것으로 간주되고 있다. 대중 매체에 나타나는 차가 우리에게 끼치는 영향에 대하여 아직완전히 연구된 것은 아니지만, 차가 지닌 문화 잠재력은 매우 크다. 대중 매체 문화 속에서 차는 다음과 같은 역할을 하고 있다. 인간성을 회복하기위한 치유의 역할, 사람과 사람을 연결시켜 주는 유대적인 역할, 대인관계에서의 어색한 분위기를 해소시켜주는 역할, 상호간의 오해를 풀어주는 역할, 그리고 차 문화를 고양시켜 줄 수 있는 교육적인 역할 등을 하고 있다.
SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibitors: Small Molecules and Peptides Targeting Virus or Host Cells (2020)

The pandemic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection is forcing the scientific community to unprecedented efforts to explore all possible approaches against COVID-19. In this context, targeting virus entry is a promising antiviral strategy for controlling viral infections. The main strategies pursued to inhibit the viral entry are considering both the virus and the host factors involved in the process. Primarily, direct-acting antivirals rely on inhibition of the interaction between ACE2 and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the Spike (S) protein or targeting the more conserved heptad repeats (HRs), involved in the membrane fusion process. The inhibition of host TMPRSS2 and cathepsins B/L may represent a complementary strategy to be investigated. In this review, we discuss the development entry inhibitors targeting the S protein, as well as the most promising host targeting strategies involving TMPRSS2 and CatB/L, which have been exploited so far against CoVs and other related viruses.
The utility of methane clumped isotopes to constrain the origins of methane in natural gas accumulations (2017)

Abstract Methane clumped-isotope compositions provide a new approach to understanding the formational conditions of methane from both biogenic and thermogenic sources. Under some conditions, these compositions can be used to reconstruct the formational temperatures of the gas, and this capability can be applied to common subsets of both biogenic and thermogenic systems. Additionally, there are examples in which clumped-isotope compositions do not reflect gas-formation temperatures but instead mixing effects and kinetic phenomena; such kinetic effects also occur in common and recognizable subtypes of biogenic and thermogenic gases. Here we review the use of methane clumped-isotope measurements for understanding the origin of methane in the subsurface. We review methane clumped-isotope measurements from numerous biogenic and thermogenic natural gas reservoirs. We then place these measurements in the context of common frameworks for identifying the formational conditions of methane including the use of methane δ 13 C and δD values and C 1 /C 2–3 ratios. Finally, we propose a framework for how methane clumped isotopes can be used to identify the origin of methane accumulations.
A survey on goal-oriented visualization of clone data (2015)

Comprehending software clones is necessary for a number of activities in software development. The comprehension of software clones is challenged by the sheer volume of data and the complexity of the information content in that data. Visualization, or visual data analysis, takes advantage of human cognitive skills to discover unstructured insights from the visual presentations of complex and voluminous data. In this paper, we survey the existing literature on visualization of software clones. We gather the insights provided, and put that information in context of actual information needs systematically derived from the clone management goals. This framework allows us to better understand the role a visualization may play in achieving a specific user goal, identify potential gaps between existing types of visualization and information needs, and find complementary non-redundant subsets of visualizations for each user goal.
Bone Marrow Edema and Associated Pain in Early Stage Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: Prospective Study with Serial MR Images (1999)

The results of this study suggest that the combination of marrow edema of the proximal femur and focal osteonecrosis of the femoral head are strongly associated with hip pain in early stage osteonecrosis, even prior to collapse. Pain improvement usually parallels the resolution of edema.
2',5'-8-azidoadenylate trimer 5'-triphosphate (2,5-8-N3p3A3): enzymatic synthesis, biological properties and photoaffinity labelling of RNase L (1987)

Photoreactive analogs of 2-5A have been enzymatically synthesized from 8-azidoATP by 2-5A synthetase from lysed rabbit reticulocytes (LRR) in 1% average yield, but not from 100,000-fold purified 2-5A synthetase. The structure of the 2,5-8-N3p3A3 was established by enzymatic hydrolyses and HPLC. The ability of the 2,5-8-N3p3A3 to bind to and activate RNase L was compared to authentic p3A3 in radiobinding, core-cellulose and rRNA cleavage assays using RNase L in L929 cell extracts. The 2,5-8-N3p3A3 can bind to activate RNase L as well as does p3A3. Furthermore, ( -TSP)2,5-8-N3p3A3 is covalently cross-linked to a single protein with a M/sub r/ of approx.80,000 in L929 cell extracts following 1 min. ultraviolet irradiation, 0C. This cross-linking is inhibited by p3A3 but not by ATP or 8-azidoATP suggesting that the protein that was photolabeled was RNase L. The use of the 2,5-azido analog provides a way to further characterize the binding and activation processes of RNase L. ( -TSP)8-AzidoATP crosslinked to 2-5A synthetase; 2,5-8-N3p3A3 did not compete with 8-azidoATP for this cross-linking. The mild conditions needed for the covalent linkage to 2-5A synthetase and RNase L makes it possible to determine the subcellular distribution and role of RNase L in cell growth in the more » intact cell. « less
Polarization-dependent temporal behaviour of second harmonic generation in Si<i>/</i>SiO<sub>2</sub>systems (2011)

We report incident laser beam polarization-dependent second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements in thin oxide Si(100)/SiO2 systems. For Pin and Sin incident fundamental beams, typically strong temporal variations are observed in Pout SHG signals in these systems. We observed a critical incident polarization angle between Pin and Sin in which no temporal variation exists in the Pout SHG signal. We also observed that the critical angle is independent of dopant type, concentration, oxide thickness, oxide type and internal photoemission induced interface electric field. We characterize these experimental results using the dipole radiation approximation.
Pressure-flow effects on endurance of inspiratory muscles (1986)

We examined the effects of varying inspiratory pressures and flows on inspiratory muscle endurance. Four normal subjects performed voluntary forced breathing with various assigned inspiratory tasks. Duty cycle, tidal volume, and mean lung volume were the same in all tasks. Mean esophageal pressure, analogous to a pressure-time integral (PTes), was varied over a wide range. In each task the subject maintained an assigned PTes while breathing on one of a range of inspiratory resistors, and this gave a range of inspiratory flows at any given PTes. Inspiratory muscle endurance for each task was assessed by the length of time the task could be maintained (Tlim). For a given resistor, Tlim increased as PTes decreased. At a given PTes, Tlim increased as the external resistance increased and therefore as mean inspiratory flow rate (VI) decreased. Furthermore, for a given Tlim, PTes and VI were linearly related with a negative slope. We conclude that inspiratory flow, probably because of its relationship to the velocity of muscle shortening, is an independent variable importantly influencing endurance of the inspiratory muscles.
Thrombocytosis as a Marker for Postoperative Complications in Colorectal Surgery (2018)

In this retrospective study, thrombocytosis was shown to have a positive correlation with postoperative medical and surgical complications. An elevated platelet count in the postoperative period should alert the clinician to a developing complication. We recommend that further studies with a larger sample size would test the specific associations with individual complications.
Seismic Control of a Nonlinear Benchmark Building Using Smart Dampers (2004)

This paper addresses the third-generation benchmark problem on structural control, and focuses on the control of a full-scale, nonlinear, seismically excited, 20-story building. A semiactive design is developed in which magnetorheological (MR) dampers are applied to reduce the structural responses of the benchmark building. Control input determination is based on a clipped-optimal control algorithm which employs absolute acceleration feedback. A phenomenological model of an MR damper, based on a Bouc–Wen element, is employed in the analysis. The semiactive system using the MR damper is compared to the performance of an active system and an ideal semiactive system, which are based on the same nominal controller as is used in the MR damper control algorithm. The results demonstrate that the MR damper is effective, and achieves similar performance to the active and ideal semiactive system, while requiring very little power.
Mechanical Properties of Human Pulleys (1990)

In order to determine the mechanical properties of the fibro-osseous pulleys in the hand, the diaphyseal annular pulleys, the volar plate annular pulleys and the cruciate or condensable portions were tested. A custom-made loading device provided proper fit of the soft tissues for a uniform distribution of the pulley load during testing. The A2 pulley was found to be the strongest of the pulleys; the A1 and A4 were the next strongest. The A3 pulley was nearly equal in mean breaking strength to the other annular pulleys, but in absolute breaking load was considerably weaker because of its shortness. The A4 was the least compliant of the pulleys. We concluded that the fibro-osseous A2 and A4 were mechanically stronger and stiffer pulleys than the A1, A3, A5 (volar plate) pulleys. In testing one type of pulley reconstruction, we found that the "belt loop" technique of Karev nearly matched the annular pulleys in strength and energy absorption.
MYC Expression in Concert with BCL2 and BCL6 Expression Predicts Outcome in Chinese Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified (2014)

Recent studies provide convincing evidence that a combined immunohistochemical or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) score of MYC, BCL2, BCL6 proteins and MYC translocations predicted outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP). However, by far, all these researches are based on Western populations. Therefore, we investigate the prognostic relevance of MYC-, BCL2- and BCL6-rearrangements and protein expression by immunohistochemistry and FISH from 336 de novo DLBCL, NOS treated with CHOP or R-CHOP. Breaks in MYC and BCL6, and fusion in IGH/BCL2 were detected in 9.7%, 20.0%, and 11.1% of the cases, respectively, and were not significantly associated with clinical outcomes. Protein overexpression of MYC (≥40%), BCL2 (≥70%) and BCL6 (≥50%) was encountered in 51%, 51% and 36% of the tumors, respectively. On the basis of MYC, BCL2 and BCL6 expression, double-hit scores (DHSs) and triple-hit score (THS) were assigned to all patients with DLBCL. Patients with high MYC/BCL2 DHS, high MYC/BCL6 DHS and high THS had multiple adverse prognostic factors including high LDH level, poor performance status, advanced clinical stage, high International Prognostic Index (IPI) score, and non-germinal center B-cell. In univariate analysis, high MYC/BCL2 DHS, high MYC/BCL6 DHS and high THS were associated with inferior OS and PFS in both CHOP and R-CHOP cohorts (P<0.05). The highly significant correlations with OS and PFS were maintained in multivariate models that controlled for IPI (P<0.05). DLBCLs with high DHSs and high THS share the clinical features and poor prognosis of double-hit lymphoma (P>0.05). These data together suggest that the immunohistochemical DHSs and THS defined a large subset of DLBCLs with double-hit biology and was strongly associated with poor outcome in patients treated with R-CHOP or CHOP.
Fabrication of large (Th,U)O/sub 2/ microspheres (1979)

A sol-gel process was modified to allow fabrication of coarse microspheres for ternary sphere-pac fuel. The key to formation of large spheres is viscosity control. Allowable limits of variables that affect the viscosity of thoria-uranium sols were established. Nearly perfect spheres are required to optimize packing efficiency, and the spheroidicity and size of the drop formed depend on interfacial tension. A method for increasing interfacial tension, permitting the formation of large (Th,U)O/sub 2/ microspheres, was developed.
Quality Management by Concurrent Computer Aided Tolerance Analysis and Functional Prototyping (2005)

Six Sigma philosophy is the dominating paradigm in mass production to minimise loss units. The geometric variation of a product is a source of malfunction of the product caused by the design, manufacturing and assembly processes. Simulation tools such as Computer Aided Tolerance (CAT) analysis and Multi-Body Systems (MBS) analysis provide designers with models that can be utilized for this purpose. The objective of this paper is to study the similarities of modelling components in CAT- and MBS-analysis. Based on the study, a general process model for concurrent utilisation of the tools in the design process is presented. The dimensional variation analysed by CAT predicts the tolerance level of Six Sigma limits. The variation of Six Sigma limits is utilised in the MBS analysis to predict the functional variation of a product. Finally, the behaviour of mass-produced products is predicted as a function of their tolerance limits.
Turn, Turn, Turn... (2016)

This essay examines how new methodological approaches and historical sub-disciplines - influenced by numerous global, cultural and transnational «turns» - have affected the study of the relations among states and their leaders. The author claims that approaches such as transnational history or the «global turn» are fundamental for the analysis of phenomena like migrations or cultural transfers that cannot be studied within a traditional, state-centred frame. At the same time, the essay underlines that the interactions among states and the agency of their leaders still represent key explanatory factors of historical change in an interdependent world.
Prolongation of rat corneal graft survival by treatment with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody. (1992)

A rat model of orthotopic corneal graft rejection was used to investigate the effect of depletion of subpopulations of immune cells by treatment with monoclonal antibodies. Though CD4+ cells were not eliminated completely by anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies there was a profound delay in the rejection times of orthotopic corneal allografts. Furthermore a third of the CD4+ depleted animals failed to reject corneal allografts by 100 days post grafting. Despite an almost complete depletion of circulating CD8+ cells, the anti-CD8 antibody treated animals rejected corneal allografts in a similar time course to allografted controls treated with a non-reactive control antibody OX21. These results demonstrate that CD8+ T-cells are not required for rejection of corneal allografts whereas CD4+ T-cells play a critical role in the rejection response. Treatment with anti-CD4 antibodies may have a useful clinical application.
Human Defensins in Crohn’s Disease (2005)

Crohn's disease, a transmural inflammation of the gut, has been linked to good childhood hygiene, frequent use of antibiotics before diagnosis, adherent or invasive mucosal bacteria and a break in the tolerance of luminal bacteria. A decrease or lack of mucosal peptide antibiotics may play a central role in the etiopathogenesis of Crohn's disease. The dysregulated adaptive immune system may reflect only the primary break of the mucosal defence since the immune response is mostly directed against luminal bacteria. Crohn's disease patients with ileal involvement, as compared to controls and Crohn's disease patients without ileal disease, are characterized by a diminished expression of the ileal Paneth cell defensins. This decrease is even more pronounced in Crohn's disease patients with a mutation in the NOD2 gene, which is associated with Crohn's disease and ileal involvement. NOD2 is an intracellular peptidoglycan receptor and is expressed in Paneth cells. In contrast to ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease of the colon is characterized by an impaired induction of human beta defensins 2 and 3. The hypothesis of an impaired mucosal antibacterial activity is also consistent with the benefit from antibiotic or probiotic treatment in certain disease states.
Utvärdering av ny teknik vid dimensionsmätning av sågtimmer (2000)

En stor källa vid dagens diametermätning och sortering av obarkat sågtimmer på stockindividnivå är barkavskav. I detta arbete har en prototyputrustning som deketerar barkförekomst på en del av stockars omkrets utvärderats. Barkförekomstmätaren använder laser- och kamerateknik för att detektera barkförekomst genom att utnyttja trakeideffekten. Fem olika metoder för att kunna utvärdera barkförekomstmätaren har provats. Alla fem metoderna har sina respektive nackdelar och metodvalet bör därför baseras på vad som ska kontrolleras.
Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (2016)

Phenylalalnyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS), a member of class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, catalyzes the synthesis of phenylalanyl-tRNA Phe (Phe-tRNA Phe ). Hence, like other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, PheRS also plays a crucial role in the cellular translation process. Structural characterization demonstrates remarkable architectural diversity ranging from monomer to hetero-oligomer. Heterotetrameric PheRS contains an editing domain to proofread misincorporation of non-cognate amino acids. However, editing activity is absent in monomeric PheRS. PheRS has also shown some noncanonical functions, such as DNA binding properties, suggesting its involvement in complex regulatory pathways. Engineered mutants with relaxed substrate specificities of PheRS can be a promising tool for chemical and synthetic biology. Because of substantial structural variations among species due to evolutionary divergence, PheRS may be validated as a novel drug target. Human PheRS gene mutations have recently been implicated in several neurological disorders prompting structure-function studies to elucidate the molecular role of PheRS in such pathologies. In this review on PheRS, we will briefly cover all of the aforementioned aspects and our current understanding about the enzyme.
Drug evaluation: Therion's rV-PSA-TRICOM + rF-PSA-TRICOM prime-boost prostate cancer vaccine. (2007)

Therion Biologics Corp is developing PROSTVAC-VF-TRICOM, a prime-boost vaccine regimen that consists of a priming injection with a recombinant attenuated vaccinia virus expressing PSA and TRICOM (the company's proprietary triad of costimulatory molecules: ICAM-1, B7.1 and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3), and a booster injection with a fowlpox virus expressing the same combination, for the potential treatment of prostate cancer. Phase II clinical trials are underway.
β-Amyrin Oxidation by Oat CYP51H10 Expressed Heterologously in Yeast Cells: The First Example of CYP51-Dependent Metabolism Other than the 14-Demethylation of Sterol Precursors (2012)

CYP51 has been recognized as a unique CYP family that consists of one isolated molecular species, a sterol 14-demethylase essential for sterol biosynthesis. However, another CYP51 gene classified as the CYP51H subfamily has been identified in higher plants, in addition to a sterol 14-demethylase gene, CYP51G1. To shed light on the function of this "second CYP51", oat CYP51H10 was introduced into the β-amyrin-producing yeast cells, and the effect of the expressed CYP51H10 on β-amyrin metabolism in the host cells was examined. In the CYP51H10-introduced cells, β-amyrin was converted to a metabolite with 12,13-epoxy and one additional hydroxyl group. Since the 12,13-epoxy group introduced into β-amyrin ring is an essential structure of avenacin A-1, a triterpene glycoside produced in oat from β-amyrin, the present findings indicate the contribution of CYP51H10 to avenacin A-1 biosynthesis from β-amyrin. This is the first study showing a second function of the CYP51 family.