gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improvement of Discoloration Resistance of Vacuum Annealed Commercially Pure Titanium Sheets in Atmospheric Environments (2004)

Titanium has been applied to roofs and walls of buildings. It is known that titanium used as architectural material discolors in atmospheric environments. This discoloration is mainly caused by interference color due to the growth of oxide film on the surface of titanium. Authors have proposed a discoloration mechanism, in which TiC begins to dissolve by acid rain, turning into an oxide, and an oxide film grows. In this paper, the formation and reduction mechanism of TiC was examined on the surface of titanium cold rolled sheets finished with vacuum annealing. An atomic bond between Ti and C in cold rolled sheets was detected with XPS, and it was found that C is unremovable by degreasing process. A large amount of TiC is formed on titanium surface vacuum annealed at lower temperature than 600°C. In this case, a discoloration index is as large as 25 after a discoloration accelerating test, in which titanium sheet is immersed in sulfuric acid solution for several days. On the other hand, when TiC is reduced with raising the vacuum annealing temperature to 650°C, C on the surface area diffuses into the inside of the titanium sheet and the surface C concentration decreases. Consequently, the discoloration index also decreases to onethird of that processed with lower annealing temperature. In addition, this modified annealing process was confirmed to be effective uniformly in the commercial large sized cold rolled coils. The discoloration level is equivalent to that of the polished surface titanium.
Pathologic Proteolytic Processing of N-Cadherin as a Marker of Human Fibrotic Disease (2022)

Prior research has implicated the involvement of cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin in tissue fibrosis and remodeling. We hypothesize that anomalies in N-cadherin protein processing are involved in pathological fibrosis. Diseased tissues associated with fibrosis of the heart, lung, and liver were probed for the precursor form of N-cadherin, pro-N-cadherin (PNC), by immunohistochemistry and compared to healthy tissues. Myofibroblast cell lines were analyzed for cell surface pro-N-cadherin by flow cytometry and immunofluorescent microscopy. Soluble PNC products were immunoprecipitated from patient plasmas and an enzyme-linked immunoassay was developed for quantification. All fibrotic tissues examined show aberrant PNC localization. Cell surface PNC is expressed in myofibroblast cell lines isolated from cardiomyopathy and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis but not on myofibroblasts isolated from healthy tissues. PNC is elevated in the plasma of patients with cardiomyopathy (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.0001), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with cirrhosis (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05). Finally, we have humanized a murine antibody and demonstrate that it significantly inhibits migration of PNC expressing myofibroblasts. Collectively, the aberrant localization of PNC is observed in all fibrotic tissues examined in our study and our data suggest a role for cell surface PNC in the pathogenesis of fibrosis.
Fast DCT domain filtering using the DCT and the DST (2002)

The use of the discrete sine transform (DST), together with the discrete cosine transform (DCT), for processing of compressed digital video and images, is introduced. Using this approach, a method for efficient spatial domain filtering, directly in the DCT domain, is developed and proposed. It is demonstrated that, in typical applications, the proposed algorithm is significantly more efficient than the conventional spatial domain method, and a recently-proposed advanced method. It assumes a separable kernel, but no symmetry is required. The method is applicable to any DCT based data compression standard, such as JPEG, MPEG, and H.261.
ARComposer (2019)

Augmented Reality (AR) is rapidly gaining popularity, enhancing human perception of the real world by augmenting digital experiences. Existing tools for authoring AR scenes are either template based or require domain knowledge from experts, and are therefore restrictive. ARComposer is a novel interface that enables easy authoring of AR experiences from free-form text describing the scene. Our proposed interface allows creators to compose varied scenes comprising of multiple objects with diverse relationships to each other as well as human models with animations, starting merely with a textual description. A qualitative evaluation shows that ARComposer provides a good flow experience to its users. Furthermore, a crowd-sourced experiment evaluating various aspects of the rendered AR scenes indicates the viability of the proposed approach.
Salmon gill poxvirus, a recently characterized infectious agent of multifactorial gill disease in freshwater‐ and seawater‐reared Atlantic salmon (2017)

Gill diseases cause considerable losses in Norwegian salmon farming. In 2015, we characterized salmon gill poxvirus (SGPV) and associated gill disease. Using newly developed diagnostic tools, we show here that SGPV infection is more widely distributed than previously assumed. We present seven cases of complex gill disease in Atlantic salmon farmed in seawater and freshwater from different parts of Norway. Apoptosis, the hallmark of acute SGPV infection, was not easily observed in these cases, and qPCR analysis was critical for identification of the presence of SGPV. Several other agents including Costia-like parasites, gill amoebas, Saprolegnia spp. and bacteria were observed. The studied populations experienced significant mortalities, which increased to extreme levels when severe SGPV infections coincided with smoltification. SGPV infection appears to affect the smoltification process directly by affecting the gills and chloride cells in particular. SGPV may be considered a primary pathogen as it was often found prior to identification of complex gill disease. It is hypothesized that SGPV-induced gill damage may impair innate immunity and allow invasion of secondary invaders. The distinct possibility that SGPV has been widely overlooked as a primary pathogen calls for extended use of SGPV qPCR in Atlantic salmon gill health management.
Hot filament activated chemical vapor deposition of boron nitride (1991)

Using a hot filament (≊1400 °C) to activate borazine (B3N3H6) molecules for subsequent reaction with a direct line-of-sight substrate, transparent boron nitride films as thick as 25 000 Å have been grown for substrate temperatures as low as 100 °C. The minimum temperature is determined by radiative heating from the adjacent hot filament. The low temperature BN films show no indication of crystallinity with x-ray diffraction (XRD), but the opaque BN deposit produced on the hot filament is identified by XRD as polycrystalline h-BN. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) show the films to have a B:N ratio (within experimental error) of 1:1 with no other XPS detectable impurities above the 0.5% level. Both Raman and infrared (IR) spectroscopy are characteristic of h-BN with small amounts of hydrogen detected as N–H and B–H bands in the IR spectrum. The important feature of this method is the separation and localization of the thermal activation step at the hot filament from the surface reaction and film growth steps at the substrate surface. This allows both higher temperature thermal activation and lower temperature film growth.
Indexing weighted-sequences in large databases (2004)

We present an index structure for managing weighted-sequences in large databases. A weighted-sequence is defined as a two-dimensional structure where each element in the sequence is associated with a weight. A series of network events, for instance, is a weighted-sequence in that each event has a timestamp. Querying a large sequence database by events' occurrence patterns is a first step towards understanding the temporal causal relationships among the events. The index structure proposed enables us to efficiently retrieve from the database all subsequences, possibly noncontiguous, that match a given query sequence both by events and by weights. The index method also takes into consideration the nonuniformfrequency distribution of events in the sequence data. In addition, our method finds a broad range of applications in indexing scientific data consisting of multiple numerical columns for discovery of correlations among these columns. For instance, indexing a DNA microarray that records expression levels of genes under different conditions enables us to search for genes whose responses to various experimental perturbations follow a given pattern. We demonstrate, using real-world data sets, that our method is effective and efficient.
Riboflavin and UV-Light Based Pathogen Reduction: Extent and Consequence of DNA Damage at the Molecular Level (2004)

We are developing a technology based on the combined application of riboflavin (RB) and light for inactivating pathogens in blood products while retaining the biological functions of the treated cells and proteins. Virus and bacteria reduction measured by tissue culture infectivity or colony formation with UV light alone and in combination with RB yield equivalent results. The effects of RB as a sensitizing agent on DNA in white cells, bacteria and viruses in combination with UV light exposure have been evaluated. UV-mediated DNA degradation in Jurkat T cells and leukocytes in plasma as measured by the FlowTACS assay was significantly increased in the presence of RB. Agarose gel electrophoretic analysis of DNA in Escherichia coli and leukocytes in plasma demonstrated enhanced DNA degradation in the presence of RB. UV light in combination with RB prevented the reactivation of lambda phage compared with samples irradiated in the absence of RB. UV-mediated oxidative damage in calf thymus DNA was also enhanced in the presence of RB. These observations clearly demonstrate that the presence of RB and UV light selectively enhances damage to the guanine bases in DNA. These data also suggest that the type and extent of damage to DNA for virus in the presence of RB and light make it less likely to be repaired by normal repair pathways available in host cells.
Gene Silencing Activity of siRNA Molecules Containing Phosphorodithioate Substitutions (2012)

Chemically synthesized small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been widely used to identify gene function and hold great potential in providing a new class of therapeutics. Chemical modifications are desired for therapeutic applications to improve siRNA efficacy. Appropriately protected ribonucleoside-3'-yl S-[β-(benzoylmercapto)ethyl]pyrrolidino-thiophosphoramidite monomers were prepared for the synthesis of siRNA containing phosphorodithioate (PS2) substitutions in which the two non-bridging oxygen atoms are replaced by sulfur atoms. A series of siRNAs containing PS2 substitutions have been strategically designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their gene silencing activities. These PS2-siRNA duplexes exhibit an A-form helical structure similar to unmodified siRNA. The effect of PS2 substitutions on gene silencing activity is position-dependent, with certain PS2-siRNAs showing activity significantly higher than that of unmodified siRNA. The relative gene silencing activities of siRNAs containing either PS2 or phosphoromonothioate (PS) linkages at identical positions are variable and depend on the sites of modification. 5'-Phosphorylation of PS2-siRNAs has little or no effect on gene silencing activity. Incorporation of PS2 substitutions into siRNA duplexes increases their serum stability. These results offer preliminary evidence of the potential value of PS2-modified siRNAs.
Netco (2018)

We consider a common setting where storage is disaggregated from the compute in data-parallel systems. Colocating caching tiers with the compute machines can reduce load on the interconnect but doing so leads to new resource management challenges. We design a system Netco, which prefetches data into the cache (based on workload predictability), and appropriately divides the cache space and network bandwidth between the prefetches and serving ongoing jobs. Netco makes various decisions (what content to cache, when to cache and how to apportion bandwidth) to support end-to-end optimization goals such as maximizing the number of jobs that meet their service-level objectives (e.g., deadlines). Our implementation of these ideas is available within the open-source Apache HDFS project. Experiments on a public cloud, with production-trace inspired workloads, show that Netco uses up to 5x less remote I/O compared to existing techniques and increases the number of jobs that meet their deadlines up to 80%.
Characterization of live, attenuated rubella viral vectors expressing SIV Gag or HIV MPER determinants (113.16) (2012)

Abstract Infection with HIV or SIV can elicit potent and broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies against HIV, as well as disease modifying CTL against SIV. In order to elicit similar responses by vaccination, we have developed live attenuated rubella viral vectors to express HIV and SIV antigens. Safety and immunogenicity of rubella vaccine is well known; it elicits mucosal immunity, and one dose protects for life (against rubella). We have identified two insertion sites, in the nonstructural (ns) and structural regions, where foreign genes can be expressed without affecting viral growth. We have made 15 vectors expressing HIV MPER and SIV Gag antigens containing multiple CTL epitopes. Inserts at the ns site were expressed as rubella early genes. Inserts at the structural site were over-expressed as late genes and processed with the structural polyprotein. Some of the structural inserts were incorporated into virions and displayed on their surface. The vector should be safe, since loss of the insert would revert to the vaccine strain. We are using rubella because it grows well in rhesus macaques, which provide a good model of immunogenicity and protection against SIV or SHIV challenge. In preliminary studies, one of the vectors is growing in vivo, and it has elicited antibodies to the vector. These vectors will be useful in determining the role of a live vector in eliciting protective immunity and for optimizing its use in a prime and boost strategy.
Dissolution of Low Enriched Uranium from Experimental Breeder Reactor-II Fuel (2019)

A dissolution flowsheet for the Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) ingots generated at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) from the electrochemical processing of the EBR-II fuel was demonstrated at the laboratory scale. Dissolution experiments were performed using samples of the LEU and a carbon steel can and an integrated experiment was performed in which an Al 1100 alloy was dissolved as a surrogate for Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF) followed by the dissolution of samples of the LEU and carbon steel can to demonstrate the complete flowsheet. The flowsheet allows the dissolution of a SNF batch in an H-Canyon dissolver using existing flowsheets followed by the dissolution of nominally 75 kg of LEU in the 6.4D dissolver or 45 kg of LEU in the 6.1D dissolver which were recovered from the Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II) fuel. In the demonstration experiment, the rate of dissolution of the LEU metal was significantly slower than the dissolution rate of the Al 1100 alloy (4.7 versus 27 mg/min/cm2) which projects to a longer cycle time for the LEU metal (compared to a SNF charge). The H2 generation rates from the dissolution of samples of the LEU metal and a carbon steel can were monitored by mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy and were shown to be inconsequential; therefore, the dissolution of the LEU ingots has no significant impact on the generation of H2.
Big Data Goes Small: Real-Time Spectrum-Driven Embedded Wireless Networking Through Deep Learning in the RF Loop (2019)

The explosion of 5G networks and the Internet of Things will result in an exceptionally crowded RF environment, where techniques such as spectrum sharing and dynamic spectrum access will become essential components of the wireless communication process. In this vision, wireless devices must be able to (i) learn to autonomously extract knowledge from the spectrum on-the-fly; and (ii) react in real time to the inferred spectrum knowledge by appropriately changing communication parameters, including frequency band, symbol modulation, coding rate, among others. Traditional CPU-based machine learning suffers from high latency, and requires application-specific and computationally-intensive feature extraction/selection algorithms. Conversely, deep learning allows the analysis of massive amount of unprocessed spectrum data without ad-hoc feature extraction. So far, deep learning has been used for offline wireless spectrum analysis only. Therefore, additional research is needed to design systems that bring deep learning algorithms directly on the device's hardware and tightly intertwined with the RF components to enable real-time spectrum-driven decision-making at the physical layer. In this paper, we present RFLearn, the first system enabling spectrum knowledge extraction from unprocessed I/Q samples by deep learning directly in the RF loop. RFLearn provides (i) a complete hardware/software architecture where the CPU, radio transceiver and learning/actuation circuits are tightly connected for maximum performance; and (ii) a learning circuit design framework where the latency vs. hardware resource consumption trade-off can explored. We implement and evaluate the performance of RFLearn on custom software-defined radio built on a system-on-chip (SoC) ZYNQ-7000 device mounting AD9361 radio transceivers and VERT2450 antennas. We showcase the capabilities of RFLearn by applying it to solving the fundamental problems of modulation and OFDM parameter recognition. Experimental results reveal that RFLearn decreases latency and power by about 17x and 15x with respect to a software-based solution, with a comparatively low hardware resource consumption.
Ohmic contacts to <i>p</i>-type InP using Be-Au metallization (1980)

A new contact to p-InP is reported with beryllium as the acceptor. The contact consists of a thin layer of 3 wt.% Be in Au alloy and a Au overlay sequentially deposited by e-gun evaporation. Alloying at 420 °C yields Ohmic contacts with low specific contact resistance rc⩽8×10−5 Ω cm2 for InP with NA−ND ≲1×1018 cm−3. To minimize the tendency of InP for thermal dissociation, the alloying temperature can be reduced to 375 °C by adding a thin Pd layer at the semiconductor metallization interface. This is achieved at the expense of a slight increase in resistance.
Examining Memory in Reconstruction Distortion: Dropping Additional Packets to Improve Video Quality (2005)

The source coding process and the packet loss process create certain dependencies between encoded video units in terms of the reconstruction distortion of the video signal at the receiver in case of transmission over packet erasure channels. In this paper, we examine the importance of this "distortion memory" via a specific class of memory-based models denoted Distortion Chains that are used for predicting the distortion of the reconstructed video signal in case of missing multiple packets at the receiver. We show that taking into account even the smallest amount of memory that is possible can yield substantial gains in terms of prediction accuracy and packet selection (packet dropping) performance. An additional and rather surprising result of our study is the fact that in certain situations dropping an additional video packet (which could otherwise be delivered) can actually improve the quality of the reconstructed video
Confined plasma gliding arc discharges (2008)

A confined plasma gliding arc is produced in a reactor with two-electrodes contained within a very narrow channel and water spray injected into the discharge. The evolution of pH and conductivity and the formation of hydrogen peroxide in pure water with different carrier gases and the decolourisation and mineralisation of an organic dye were compared with results for a non-confined three-electrode gliding arc reactor. The energy efficiency for the decolourisation of an organic blue dye in the confined reactor is twice that of the non-confined reactor. Significant levels of total organic carbon are removed in the confined plasma reactor.
Cytotoxicity of Platinum(IV) and Platinum(II) Complexes Containing lR,2R-Cyclohexanediamine as a Ligand. (1993)

Several Pt(IV) and Pt(II) complexes containing 1R,2R-cyclohexanediamine (1R,2R-dach) as a carrier ligand were synthesized. The cytotoxicities and the uptake of the platinum complexes by leukemia L1210 cells were compared in order to study the correlation between their structures and cytotoxicities. [Pt(II)Cl2(1R,2R-dach)], [(Pt(II)(oxalato)(1R,2R-dach)], and [Pt(II)(malonato)(1R,2R-dach)], which have excellent anticancer properties, exhibited very high cytotoxicities and were easily taken up by leukemia L1210 cells. [Pt(IV)Cl4(1R,2R-dach)], trans(Cl)-[Pt(IV)Cl2(oxalato)(1R,2R-dach)], and trans(Cl)-[Pt(IV)Cl2(malonato)(1R,2R-dach)] also had high cytotoxicities. After a short incubation time, the uptake of [Pt(II)Cl2(1R,2R-dach)], [Pt(II)(oxalato)(1R,2R-dach)], and [Pt(II)(malonato)(1R,2R-dach)] by leukemia L1210 cells were respectively very similar to those of [Pt(IV)Cl4(1R,2R-dach)], trans(Cl)-[Pt(IV)Cl2(oxalato)(1R,2R-dach)], and trans(Cl)-[Pt(IV)Cl2(malonato)(1R,2R-dach)]. In addition, trans(OH)-[Pt(IV)(OH)2Y2(1R,2R-dach)] (Y2: oxalato or malonato) did not exhibit cytotoxicity towards leukemia L1210 cells, whereas trans(Cl)-[Pt(IV)Cl2Y2(1R,2R-dach)] (Y2: oxalato or malonato) were highly cytotoxic. The accumulation of trans(OH)-[Pt(IV)(OH)2Y2(1R,2R-dach)] in leukemia L1210 cells was much lower than that of trans(Cl)-[Pt(IV)Cl2Y2(1R,2R-dach)]. Platinum(IV) complexes, in which leaving groups are replaced by hydroxide groups, have decreased cytotoxic activity, because the hydroxide groups of the platinum(IV) complex reduce the uptake of platinum by the cells. trans(OH),cis(Cl)-[Pt(IV)(OH)2Cl2(1R,2R-dach)], which has hydroxide and chloride groups, was easily incorporated into the cells and exhibited the high cytotoxic activity. This behavior indicates that the chloride group apparently overcomes the ameliorating effect of the hydroxide group.
Study on evaluation method for polishing pad surface topography based on optical fourier transform (2014)

An optical technique based on the optical Fourier transform has been developed to evaluate the characteristics of polishing pad surface topography. The power spectrum from the optical Fourier transform, which correlates with the diffracted light intensity distribution from the diffused reflection laser light of the polishing pad surface, is observed by an area sensor camera. Then, the correlation between the spatial frequency characteristic of the polishing pad topographies and the material removal rate are investigated.
Ultrafast shape recognition to search compound databases for similar molecular shapes (2007)

Finding a set of molecules, which closely resemble a given lead molecule, from a database containing potentially billions of chemical structures is an important but daunting problem. Similar molecular shapes are particularly important, given that in biology small organic molecules frequently act by binding into a defined and complex site on a macromolecule. Here, we present a new method for molecular shape comparison, named ultrafast shape recognition (USR), capable of screening billions of compounds for similar shapes using a single computer and without the need of aligning the molecules before testing for similarity. Despite its extremely fast comparison rate, USR will be shown to be highly accurate at describing, and hence comparing, molecular shapes.
IMPROVED YOUNG'S MODULUS OF GRAPHENE PAPERS MADE FROM LARGE GRAPHENE OXIDE SHEETS (2013)

Molecular dynamics simulation is used to investigate the interactions between GO sheets of different sizes and reveal the dominant mechanisms underlying the size-property relationship.