gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acid Gas Composition Effects on the Optimum Temperature in Claus Reactor (2008)

Examination of the effect of gases accompanied with hydrogen sulfide in the sulfur recovery process is critical for determining the optimum operating temperature to obtain the maximum sulfur recovery. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen are the most popular gases contained in the hydrogen sulfide acid gas stream to be treated. This paper provides detailed examination of the effect of various combinations of N2 and CO2 in acid gas on the composition of the subsequent equilibrium product gas stream in order to seek the optimum operating temperature for high sulfur removal efficiency. The study provides the important role of the incoming gas composition on the fate of sulfur in the Claus reactor. Our studies reveal that the presence of N2 and CO2 in the acid gas stream impacts the sulfur recovery efficiency by altering the optimum temperature of the reactor as well as the conversion efficiency. The results show that the reactor temperature should be precisely monitored in order to enhance the sulfur recovery. The simulations provided here assist in quantifying the role of the acid gas composition on high sulfur recovery under different operational conditions of the reactor with minimal adverse effect on the environment.
Synthesis of A Novel Ferrocene Derivative and Cytotoxicity to A549, HCT116 and MCF-7 Cell Lines (2017)

Based on our previous results, a ferrocene derivative 1 was synthesized in this study and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS and XRD methods. And then, the cytotoxicity to A549, HCT116 and MCF-7 cell lines was evaluated using the MTT method. The results showed that this compound exhibited good cytotoxicity to A549, HCT116 and MCF-7 cell lines.
Blockchained Post-Quantum Signatures (2018)

Inspired by the blockchain architecture and existing Merkle tree based signature schemes, we propose BPQS, an extensible post-quantum (PQ) resistant digital signature scheme best suited to blockchain and distributed ledger technologies (DLTs). One of the unique characteristics of the protocol is that it can take advantage of application-specific chain/graph structures in order to decrease key generation, signing and verification costs as well as signature size. Compared to recent improvements in the field, BPQS outperforms existing hash-based algorithms when a key is reused for reasonable numbers of signatures, while it supports a fallback mechanism to allow for a practically unlimited number of signatures if required. We provide an open source implementation of the scheme and benchmark it.
Multi-layer miniaturized-element frequency selective surfaces (2008)

The miniaturized-element frequency selective surface (a single-band-pass FSS) has been studied as building blocks of multi-band FSSpsilas. By appropriately stacking a few number of miniaturized-element FSS surfaces with dielectric spacers in between, a maximally-flat or dual-band band-pass response can be achieved. Despite their simple architecture, these multi-band FSSpsilas are quite thick (0.037rdquo in a dual-band arrangement). To remedy this short-coming, a design process has been initiated with the idea of reducing the number of the metal layers of the original single-band FSS.
Immune gene expression in primary melanomas to predict lower risk of recurrence and death. (2013)

3014 Background: Improved biomarkers are needed to define recurrence risk in patients with completely resected skin melanomas. Standard prognostic indicators used in staging, including depth, ulceration, and mitotic rate, while useful, often fail to accurately predict recurrence for individual patients. The immune system may prevent recurrence in this population, but no evidence-based immune biomarkers are in clinical use. Biomarker development has been hindered by clinical standards necessitating that the entire specimen be formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) for morphology evaluation, a process damaging to RNA. Methods: To define a biomarker for melanoma recurrence, mRNA copy number of immune-related genes from FFPE melanoma was measured using NanoString, a hybridization assay suited for analysis of partially degraded RNA. Genes predictive of non-recurrence were defined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves in a training cohort and then validated in an independent patient cohort. Results: A panel of 21 genes predictive of non-recurrence were defined using ROC curves in a training cohort (N=44). This result was validated in an independent patient cohort (N=37, AUC=0.794). Protein levels of the most differentially expressed gene, CD2, also associated with non-recurrence (p<0.001). The immune gene panel and CD2 staining associated with prolonged survival (p<0.001 and p=0.019, respectively). Conclusions: mRNA copy number of immune-related genes in primary FFPE melanomas predicts non-recurrence and prolonged survival. This data highlights the impact of immunosurveillance in primary human melanoma and the identified gene panel may be a useful tool for patient stratification for adjuvant immunotherapy studies.
The Pinch-Off Circuit: Reducing Noise and Component Stresses by Eliminating Body Diode Conduction in Synchronous Rectifiers (2007)

This paper introduces an original circuit that virtually eliminates body diode conduction in switching power electronics circuits. A brief discussion of the harmful effects of body diode conduction and recovery is presented. A new pinch-off circuit is proposed which consists of an additional switch and a delay function. Experimental data show improved performance with lower output noise and lower component stresses.
Modeling the non-linear index of optical fibers (2005)

We propose and validate experimentally a simple model that allows us to calculate the nonlinear index, n/sub 2/, of any fiber type. Single-mode and higher-order-mode dispersion-compensating fibers (DCF) are investigated and n/sub 2/ dependence on chromatic dispersion is analyzed.
Brillouin optical spectrum analyzer monitoring of subcarrier-multiplexed fiber-optic signals (2013)

Optical spectral analysis of closely spaced, subcarrier multiplexed fiber-optic transmission is performed, based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). The Brillouin gain window of a single, continuous-wave pump is scanned across the spectral extent of the signal under test. The polarization pulling effect associated with SBS is employed to improve the rejection ratio of the analysis by an order of magnitude. Ten tones, spaced by only 10 MHz and each carrying random-sequence on-off keying data, are clearly resolved. The measurement identifies the absence of a single subcarrier, directly in the optical domain. The results are applicable to the monitoring of optical orthogonal frequency domain multiplexing and radio over fiber transmission.
MRI guided focal blood brain barrier opening using focused ultrasound (2002)

Focal reversible opening of the blood brain barrier (BBB) was induced in rabbit brain using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided focused ultrasound energy. A series of targeted ultrasound bursts were emitted at low pressure levels after intravenous administration of a commercially available ultrasound contrast agent containing preformed gas bubbles. The deposition of acoustic energy bursts resulted in focal MRI signal intensity changes. The opening of the BBB was confirmed by detecting MRI contrast agent at the same location. The correspondence of focal MRI signal change with the uptake of large molecular size contrast agent makes image-guided targeting and control possible. This noninvasive method represents a breakthrough in targeted drug delivery within the central nervous system and could have a huge impact in the treatment of brain disorders.
The NEU1-selective sialidase inhibitor, C9-butyl-amide-DANA, blocks sialidase activity and NEU1-mediated bioactivities in human lung in vitro and murine lung in vivo (2016)

Neuraminidase-1 (NEU1) is the predominant sialidase expressed in human airway epithelia and lung microvascular endothelia where it mediates multiple biological processes. We tested whether the NEU1-selective sialidase inhibitor, C9-butyl-amide-2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid (C9-BA-DANA), inhibits one or more established NEU1-mediated bioactivities in human lung cells. We established the IC50 values of C9-BA-DANA for total sialidase activity in human airway epithelia, lung microvascular endothelia and lung fibroblasts to be 3.74 µM, 13.0 µM and 4.82 µM, respectively. In human airway epithelia, C9-BA-DANA dose-dependently inhibited flagellin-induced, NEU1-mediated mucin-1 ectodomain desialylation, adhesiveness for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and shedding. In lung microvascular endothelia, C9-BA-DANA reversed NEU1-driven restraint of cell migration into a wound and disruption of capillary-like tube formation. NEU1 and its chaperone/transport protein, protective protein/cathepsin A (PPCA), were differentially expressed in these same cells. Normalized NEU1 protein expression correlated with total sialidase activity whereas PPCA expression did not. In contrast to eukaryotic sialidases, C9-BA-DANA exerted far less inhibitory activity for three selected bacterial neuraminidases (IC50 > 800 µM). Structural modeling of the four human sialidases and three bacterial neuraminidases revealed a loop between the seventh and eighth strands of the β-propeller fold, that in NEU1, was substantially shorter than that seen in the six other enzymes. Predicted steric hindrance between this loop and C9-BA-DANA could explain its selectivity for NEU1. Finally, pretreatment of mice with C9-BA-DANA completely protected against flagellin-induced increases in lung sialidase activity. Our combined data indicate that C9-BA-DANA inhibits endogenous and ectopically expressed sialidase activity and established NEU1-mediated bioactivities in human airway epithelia, lung microvascular endothelia, and fibroblasts in vitro and murine lungs in vivo.
New class of diode-pumped, mid-IR, broadly-tunable lasers based on TM{sup 2+} lons in T{sub d} coordination: Cr{sup 2+}:ZnX (X=S,Se) (1997)

A new class of room-temperature, diode-pumped solid state lasers, that are broadly tunable in the mid-infrared spectral region, has been conceptualized and demonstrated. These lasers are based on intra-ion transitions of divalent transition metals placed in substitutional cation sites of tetrahedral symmetry in large bandgap chalcogenide semiconductor crystals. These combinations of laser-ions and host crystals are seen to provide favorable radiative and non-radiative transition processes for the realization of the desired laser performance characteristics. Spectroscopic data for candidate schemes are reviewed and divalent chromium doped zinc chalcogenides are identified as potentially superior laser candidates. Preparation of laser quality Cr{sup 2+}:ZnSe crystals is described and experimental results to date for a diode-pumped laser are given. Remaining laser development issues are discussed briefly.
A Short Review on Ammonia-based Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment (2011)

Since the beginning of the 21st century, we have observed a dramatic increase in the price of crude oil, passing the $100/barrel barrier to reach a historical maximum of $134.44/barrel in July of 2008. With this in mind, fuels made using lignocellulosic biomass are poised to become an important source of renewable energy. Liquid biofuels are made by pretreating lignocellulosic biomass, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and the subsequent fermentation of the sugars to alcohols or other fuels. Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) is considered one of the leading alkaline pretreatment processes. This technology incorporates many innovative features, including operation at relatively low temperatures and short residence times, showing extremely good results for enzymatic hydrolysis yields from grasses, and the ability to conduct fermentation without additional detoxification or nutrient supplementation. However, little is known about the important chemical reactions that occur during AFEX pretreatment and the relationship between structural changes in the biomass and its degradability. These issues will be discussed in this review.
OPTICAL CATASTROPHE APPLIED IN STUDY OF SPREADING OF EVAPORATING LIQUID DROPS ON A SOLID SURFACE (2005)

Optical catastrophe occurring in a far field of waves of a drop-refracted laser beam implies a wealth of information about drop spreading. The present paper reveals, based on catastrophe optics, that the far-field caustic images can successfully detect the interface instability of sessile drops, measure the contact angles of the drops, estimate the drop-foot height, visualize capillary flows in the drops, and investigate the spreading characteristics of evaporating liquid drops, such as the drop profile at the three-phase line, the effects of evaporation and capillary flows on the spreading, etc. All of these obviously are very important for the study of spreading of evaporating liquid drops. As an example of the applications, three typical volatile liquid drops were tested using the far-field caustic images of the drop-refracted laser beam. The effects of evaporation and thermocapillary convection on the spreading are revealed and discussed.
Detecting the "point of originality" in student writing (2010)

This paper proposes a new method for the objective evaluation of student work through the identification of original content in writing assignments. Using WordNet as a lexical reference, this process allows instructors to track how key phrases are employed and evolve over the course of a student's writing, and to automatically visualize the point at which the student's language first demonstrates original thought, phrased in their own, original words. After sketching the method for isolating "points of originality," the paper provides a method for visualizing the resulting information. By visualizing otherwise subjective information in a way that is objectively intelligible, the goal is to provide educators with the ability to monitor student investment in concepts from the course syllabus, and to extend or modify the boundaries of the syllabus in anticipation of pre-existing knowledge or trends in interest.
Fetal mouse selenophosphate synthetase 2 (SPS2): Characterization of the cysteine mutant form overproduced in a baculovirus–insect cell system (1997)

A novel gene detected in mouse embryonic sites of hematopoiesis was cloned and shown to be a eukaryotic analog of the Escherichia coli selenophosphate synthetase gene. Unlike the E. coli enzyme, which is not a selenoprotein, the presence of selenocysteine in the mouse enzyme is indicated by a TGA codon in the open reading frame of the gene in a position corresponding to the essential cysteine of the E. coli enzyme. An ionized selenol group in place of a cysteine sulfhydryl group could render this mammalian selenocysteine-containing enzyme a more active catalyst. The native cDNA clone and also a mutant form containing a TGC (cysteine) codon in place of TGA were expressed in a baculovirus-insect cell system. Based on recovery of purified proteins, expression of the mutant enzyme was about 40 times higher than wild-type enzyme. The cysteine mutant enzyme exhibited selenophosphate synthetase activity in the assay that measures selenide-dependent AMP formation from ATP. Although expression of wild-type enzyme has not been optimized, the mutant form of the fetal mouse enzyme can be produced in amounts sufficient for isolation in homogeneous form and precise physicochemical and mechanistic studies allowing direct comparison with the analogous cysteine-containing prokaryotic enzyme.
Design of a Nozzle Beam Type Metal Vapor Source' (1976)

Abstract : A prototype design of a directional high flux source for use in vapor deposition of electrode materials during fabrication of precision quartz crystal resonators is presented. The design is based on the theory and technology of nozzle beams. This nozzle beam type source is conceived: (1) to permit large deposition rates with minimum wastage of electrode materials, (2) to operate in the high vacuum, (3) to emit vapor in a horizontal direction, thereby permitting the use of a pair of sources to plate both sides of a substrate simultaneously, and (4) to operate for extended periods without requiring frequent breaking of the vacuum in order to replenish the source. It is estimated that this design can operate at a deposition rate equal or above that of a conventional evaporation type source with less than one percent of the wastage of electrode material experienced with a conventional source. (Author)
Logic emulation with virtual wires (1997)

Logic emulation enables designers to functionally verify complex integrated circuits prior to chip fabrication. However, traditional FPGA-based logic emulators have poor inter-chip communication bandwidth, commonly limiting gate utilization to less than 20%. Global routing contention mandates the use of expensive crossbar and PC-board technology in a system of otherwise low-cost commodity parts. Even with crossbar technology, current emulators only use a fraction of potential communication bandwidth because they dedicate each FPGA pin (physical wire) to a single emulated signal (logical wire). Virtual wires overcome pin limitations by intelligently multiplexing each physical wire among multiple logical wires, and pipelining these connections at the maximum clocking frequency of the FPGA. The resulting increase in bandwidth allows effective use of low-dimension direct interconnect. The size of the FPGA array can be decreased as well, resulting in low-cost logic emulation. This paper covers major contributions of the MIT Virtual Wires project. In the context of a complete emulation system, we analyze phase-based static scheduling and routing algorithms, present virtual wires synthesis methodologies, and overview an operational prototype with 20 K-gate boards. Results, including in-circuit emulation of a SPARC microprocessor, indicate that virtual wires eliminate the need for expensive crossbar technology while increasing FPGA utilization beyond 45%. Theoretical analysis predicts that virtual wires emulation scales with FPGA size and average routing distance, while traditional emulation does not.
Amorphous Niobium Sulfides as Novel Positive-Electrode Materials (2014)

Novel high-capacity electrode materials are required to increase the energy density of lithium-ion batteries. Metal polysulfides, MSx (x > 2), are plausible candidates for such materials, whose high capacities are owed to multielectron processes. Hence, we mechanochemically synthesized novel amorphous niobium sulfides (NbS3, NbS4, and NbS5) at room temperature. The cells fabricated using amorphous NbS3, NbS4, and NbS5 showed high initial discharge capacities of 281, 446, and 596 mAh g−1, corresponding to 2.0, 3.7, and 5.6 electron processes per formula unit, respectively. Remarkably, the cells using a carbonate-based electrolyte showed reversible high-capacity charging and discharging.
Survivin in apoptosis control and cell cycle regulation in cancer. (2003)

Evasion of apoptosis, and the ability to proliferate uncontrollably are two of the molecular traits found perhaps in all human cancers (1). Positioned at the interface between the regulation of apoptosis and the control of cell proliferation, survivin is a recently described molecule that is expressed in most human cancers but not in normal tissues. Encouraging new studies demonstrate that it may be possible to exploit the survivin pathway for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Vertical coupler with separated inputs and outputsfabricated usingdouble-sided process (1999)

A novel vertical coupler used as a wavelength multiplexer with separated input and output waveguides is demonstrated. The wafer fusion technique enables both frontside and backside processing of the thin epitaxial films. A vertical coupler with a 4 mm interaction region demonstrates 20 nm wavelength spacing.
Properties of epoxy resins cured with ring‐alkylated <i>m</i>‐phenylene diamine blends (1990)

Abstract Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A was cured, individually, with diaminoisopropyl benzene (DAIPB), diaminoethyl benzene (DAEB), blends of DAIPB/DAEB (up to 40 wt % DAEB), and DAIPB modified with up to 5 wt % amine‐terminated poly(butadiene‐co‐acrylonitrile) liquid rubber (ATBN). For each diamine system glass transition temperature (differential scanning calorimetry) and room temperature tensile properties (Instron) were determined. Blends of DAIPB/DAEB produced cured resins displaying greatly increased tensile strength (up to 50% higher) and slightly lower glass transition temperature compared with resins cured with either diamine alone. DAIPB modified with ATBN yielded moderately improved tensile properties over DAIPB alone. Blends of DAIPB/DAEB (from 10 to 40 wt % DAEB) were observed to be eutectic liquids at room temperature.
Enhanced real-time pose estimation for closed-loop robotic manipulation of magnetically actuated capsule endoscopes (2018)

Pose estimation methods for robotically guided magnetic actuation of capsule endoscopes have recently enabled trajectory following and automation of repetitive endoscopic maneuvers. However, these methods face significant challenges in their path to clinical adoption including the presence of regions of magnetic field singularity, where the accuracy of the system degrades, and the need for accurate initialization of the capsule's pose. In particular, the singularity problem exists for any pose estimation method that utilizes a single source of magnetic field if the method does not rely on the motion of the magnet to obtain multiple measurements from different vantage points. We analyze the workspace of such pose estimation methods with the use of the point-dipole magnetic field model and show that singular regions exist in areas where the capsule is nominally located during magnetic actuation. Since the dipole model can approximate most magnetic field sources, the problem discussed herein pertains to a wider set of pose estimation techniques. We then propose a novel hybrid approach employing static and time-varying magnetic field sources and show that this system has no regions of singularity. The proposed system was experimentally validated for accuracy, workspace size, update rate and performance in regions of magnetic singularity. The system performed as well or better than prior pose estimation methods without requiring accurate initialization and was robust to magnetic singularity. Experimental demonstration of closed-loop control of a tethered magnetic device utilizing the developed pose estimation technique is provided to ascertain its suitability for robotically guided capsule endoscopy. Hence, advances in closed-loop control and intelligent automation of magnetically actuated capsule endoscopes can be further pursued toward clinical realization by employing this pose estimation system.
Fluidic Variable Inertia Flywheel (2009)

Energy storage is important for many applications from hybrid vehicles to off-peak electric power to rotating machinery. A flywheel offers the combination of high energy density and high power density not attainable with other energy storage medium. In many situations, it is desirable to store energy at a constant angular velocity. This work proposes a novel self-governing fluidic variable inertia flywheel that can maintain a constant angular velocity across a range of energy storage. The fluidic flywheel uses a piston to separate the liquid filled chamber from a chamber vented to atmosphere. A force balance is created on the piston due to the radial pressure gradient of the liquid reacted by a constant force spring. Energy added to the system is stored in equally two forms: increases the kinetic energy of the flywheel at a constant angular velocity and increasing the potential energy of the constant force spring. A design example demonstrates that the fluidic flywheel enables a constant angular velocity with an order of magnitude lower mass moment of inertia than a conventional flywheel. This promising technology enables a simple constant angular velocity energy storage system, yet requires future work in numerous areas.