gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MRI estimation of contrast agent concentration in tissue using a neural network approach (2007)

Using an MRI T(1) by multiple readout pulses (TOMROP) image set, an adaptive neural network (ANN) was trained to directly estimate the concentration of a contrast agent (CA), gadolinium-bovine serum albumin (Gd-BSA), in tissue. In nine rats implanted with a 9L cerebral tumor, MRI acquisition of TOMROP inversion-recovery data was followed by quantitative autoradiography (QAR) using radioiodinated serum albumin (RISA). QAR autoradiograms were used as a training set for the ANN. Precontrast and 25 min postcontrast TOMROP image sets were shown to the ANN in the form of a physical feature set related to 24 inversion-recovery images; QAR autoradiograms at 30 min after injection of RISA were taken as the training standard for the network. After training and optimization, the ANN produced a map of Gd-BSA concentration [g-moles/liter]. The prediction by the ANN of CA concentration at 25 min after injection was well correlated (r = 0.82, P < 0.0001) with the corresponding autoradiogram's measure of CA concentration.
Highly stereoselective hydrogenations—As key‐steps in the total synthesis of statins (2009)

Statins are inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) and became the standard of care for treatment of hypercholesterolemia because of their efficacy, safety, and long-term benefits. They are administered as diastereo- and enantiomerically pure compounds. We summarize here two new approaches for the total synthesis of the most important representatives, atorvastatin, and rosuvastatin, based on highly stereoselective hydrogenations as key-steps.
Unified Virtual Oscillator Control for Grid-Forming and Grid-Following Converters (2020)

A unified virtual oscillator controller (uVOC) is proposed, which enables a unified analysis, design, and implementation framework for both grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) voltage source converters (VSCs). Oscillator based GFM controllers, such as dispatchable virtual oscillator control (dVOC), offer rigorous analytical framework with enhanced synchronization, but lack effective fault handling capability which severely limits practical application. The proposed uVOC facilitates synchronization with an arbitrarily low grid voltage and fast over-current limiting; this enables effective fault ride-through unlike existing GFM controllers which typically switch to a back-up controller during fault. GFM operation with uVOC is achieved in both grid connected and islanded modes with seamless transition between the two. In GFL converters, bidirectional power flow control and DC bus voltage regulation is achieved with uVOC. No phase-locked-loop (PLL) is required for either GFL or GFM operation circumventing the synchronization issues associated with PLLs in weak grid applications. Detail small signal models for GFM and GFL operation have been developed and systematic design guidelines for controller parameters are provided. The proposed controller is validated through hardware experiments in a hybrid AC-DC microgrid.
Human Neural Stem Cells Genetically Modified to Express Human Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) Gene Restore Cognition in the Mouse with Ibotenic Acid-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction (2012)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by degeneration and loss of neurons and synapses throughout the brain, causing the progressive decline in cognitive function leading to dementia. No effective treatment is currently available. Nerve growth factor (NGF) therapy has been proposed as a potential treatment of preventing degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in AD. In a previous study, AD patient's own fibroblasts genetically modified to produce NGF were transplanted directly into the brain and protected cholinergic neurons from degeneration and improved cognitive function in AD patients. In the present study, human neural stem cells (NSCs) are used in place of fibroblasts to deliver NGF in ibotenic acid-induced learning-deficit rats. Intrahippocampal injection of ibotenic acid caused severe neuronal loss, resulting in learning and memory deficit. NGF protein released by F3.NGF human NSCs in culture medium is 10-fold over the control F3 naive NSCs at 1.2 µg/10(6) cells/day. Overexpression of NGF in F3.NGF cells induced improved survival of NSCs from cytotoxic agents H2O2, Aβ, or ibotenic acid in vitro. Intrahippocampal transplantation of F3.NGF cells was found to express NGF and fully improved the learning and memory function of ibotenic acid-challenged animals. Transplanted F3.NGF cells were found all over the brain and differentiated into neurons and astrocytes. The present study demonstrates that human NSCs overexpressing NGF improve cognitive function of learning-deficit model mice.
Pilot Study of Irreversible Electroporation to Treat Brain Cancer (2009)

Non-thermal irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a promising new technique for the ablation of tissue and tumors [1–5]. This minimally invasive procedure involves placing electrodes into or around the targeted area to deliver a series of short and intense electric pulses to induce the irreversible structural changes in the cell membranes [5]. To achieve IRE, the electric field in the targeted region needs to be above a critical value which is dependent on a variety of conditions such as tissue type and pulse parameters [5]. One of its primary advantages over other ablation techniques lies in its mechanism to kill undesirable cells by primarily affecting the cell membrane without thermally damaging major blood vessels, connective tissue, nerves and the surrounding healthy tissue.
Novel Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: Based Upon N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Hypoactivation and Oxidative Stress (2021)

Early detection and prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is important. The current treatment for early AD is acetylcholine esterase inhibitors (AChEIs); however, the efficacy is poor. Besides, AChEI did not show efficacy in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Beta-amyloid (A) deposits have been regarded to be highly related to the pathogenesis of AD. However, many clinical trials aiming at the clearance of A deposits failed to improve the cognitive decline of AD, even at its early phase. There should be other important mechanisms unproven in the course of AD and MCI. Feasible biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment response of AD are lacking to date. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation plays an important role in learning and memory. On the other hand, oxidative stress has been regarded to contribute to aging with the assumption that free radicals damage cell constituents and connective tissues. Our recent study found that an NMDAR enhancer, sodium benzoate (the pivotal inhibitor of D-amino acid oxidase [DAAO]), improved the cognitive and global function of patients with early-phase AD. Further, we found that peripheral DAAO levels were higher in patients with MCI and AD than healthy controls. We also found that sodium benzoate was able to change the activity of antioxidant. These pieces of evidence suggest that the NMDAR function is associated with anti-oxidation, and have potential to be biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment response of AD.
A compensation method for dual-bridge matrix converters operating under distorted source voltages (2004)

This paper investigates the performance of a dual-bridge matrix converter (DBMC) operating with distorted source voltages. A direct feed-forward unbalance control scheme is developed to reduce the influence of input voltage distortion to the load. The line side source voltages and its fundamental component are first detected. Then, appropriate distorted switching functions of the line side converter are applied to reduce the harmonic content of the load. The proposed method has several advantages: first, it can effectively reduce the harmonic content of the load side current with either unbalanced or distorted source voltage. Second, this control method requires only calculation of the fundamental components of the input line voltages. Third, the input power factor of the fundamental component can be adjusted readily without any difficulty. Lastly, the harmonic content of the line side current can also be easily approximated. Theoretical analysis and simulation results are presented in the paper to verify the effectiveness of the approach.
Metal–Organic Covalent Network Chemical Vapor Deposition for Gas Separation (2016)

The chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization of metalloporphyrin building units is demonstrated to provide an easily up-scalable one-step method toward the deposition of a new class of dense and defect-free metal-organic covalent network (MOCN) layers. The resulting hyper-thin and flexible MOCN layers exhibit outstanding gas-separation performances for multiple gas pairs.
Further Development of the Mechanically-Actuated Reconfigurable Reflectarry (MARR) for the Microwave Single Pixel Imager (MSPI) (2021)

The Microwave Single Pixel Imager is a project to determine whether compressive sensing techniques can be leveraged to reduce the required aperture size for microwave radiometers. A novel antenna assembly, the Mechanically-Actuated Reconfigurable Reflectarray, is a key enabler, allowing the development of a number of known sampling patterns which can properly sample the scene according to the needs of the compressive sensing imaging algorithm. Further development and testing of this novel antenna assembly is discussed, including further design details, expected parameter values for the prototype version, and an updated schedule for the hardware development and laboratory measurements to verify the simulated and expected parameter values.
Colorimetric Nucleic Acid Detection on Paper Microchip Using Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification and Crystal Violet Dye (2017)

Nucleic acid detection is of paramount importance in monitoring of microbial pathogens in food safety and infectious disease diagnostic applications. To address these challenges, a rapid, cost-effective label-free technique for nucleic acid detection with minimal instrumentations is highly desired. Here, we present paper microchip to detect and quantify nucleic acid using colorimetric sensing modality. The extracted DNA from food samples of meat as well as microbial pathogens was amplified utilizing loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). LAMP amplicon was then detected and quantified on a paper microchip fabricated in a cellulose paper and a small wax chamber utilizing crystal violet dye. The affinity of crystal violet dye toward dsDNA and positive signal were identified by changing the color from colorless to purple. Using this method, detection of Sus scrofa (porcine) and Bacillus subtilis (bacteria) DNA was possible at concentrations as low as 1 pg/μL (3.43 × 10 <sup>-1</sup> copies/μL) and 10 pg/μL (2.2 × 10<sup>3</sup> copies/μL), respectively. This strategy can be adapted for detection of other DNA samples, with potential for development of a new breed of simple and inexpensive paper microchip at the point-of-need.
Trace Humidity Sensor Based on Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (2006)

A compact trace humidity sensor based on quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) technique was designed and characterized. A sensitivity of 2.5×10−9 cm−1W/Hz½ was achieved. An influence of oxygen presence on the detected signal was observed.
Parallel interference cancellation receiver performance in the presence of TDMA interference (2004)

The 3G telecommunication system uses DS-CDMA as air interface. It has been proven many times in the literature that CDMA based multiple access methods are inherently interference resistant, but in some cases the performance of the DS-CDMA is decreasing due to the interference. In this paper, we discuss about nearby TDMA based cellular system and its effects to the performance of the DS-CDMA system. We will discuss about the load and cell capacity issues also in this paper. The basic receivers are rake and parallel interference canceller (PIC) receiver, i.e. no special attention is paid to suppress the TDMA originated interference. We will show the effects of the TDMA interference to both rake and PIC receiver performance. We do not include the other cell interference in this treatment.
Single Shot High Resolution Digital Holographic Imaging (2014)

We describe a constrained optimization approach to image recovery in digital holography that is unlike the physical hologram replay process. The possibility of single shot high resolution quantitative phase imaging is illustrated with experimental results.
A 5 V single-chip delta-sigma audio A/D converter with 111 dB dynamic-range (2002)

A 5V, 24 bit audio delta-sigma A/D converter has been developed. The single chip integrates stereo delta-sigma modulators, voltage reference and decimation filter. A 4th order cascaded delta-sigma with use of local feedback was employed to improve noise performance.
HOLOGRAPHIC CONTOURING VIA MULTIFREQUENCY LASERS (1969)

Holographic images covered with range contours were produced by the multifrequency emission of a pulsed ruby. The multifrequency emission arises from the use of a resonant output reflector in the laser cavity, producing contour intervals equal to the optical thickness of the resonator. Intervals of about 1 cm and greater are attainable.
Nonfluorinated Volatile Copper(I) 1,3-Diketiminates as Precursors for Cu Metal Deposition via Atomic Layer Deposition (2006)

Novel nonfluorinated Cu(diketiminate)L complexes with L = neutral olefinic ligand have been prepared as stable, volatile Cu(I) precursors for the deposition of copper films by an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process. Among them, the complexes of 4-a and 5-a are the most volatile and stable at low temperature (55 degrees C). A clean, conformal copper film was deposited at 120 degrees C in an ALD process. These Cu(I) complexes are the first examples of nonfluorinated copper(I) diketiminates that can be readily applied to an industrial microelectronic fabrication process.
High-Performance Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-Film Transistors Based on Metal-Induced Crystallization in an Oxidizing Atmosphere (2015)

An oxidizing rather than the commonly used nonoxidizing atmosphere is used to carry out the thermal process required by the metal-induced crystallization (MIC) of amorphous silicon. Thin-film transistors fabricated on the resulting polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) exhibit improved device characteristics. Since thermal oxidation is known to induce the injection of silicon interstitials, the improvement is attributed to a reduction in the defect population caused by the incorporation of the injected silicon interstitials in the grain boundaries of the MIC poly-Si.
Fecal Lactoferrin Is a Sensitive and Specific Marker of Disease Activity in Children and Young Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2007)

Data presented here demonstrate that FLA is a sensitive and specific biochemical marker of inflammation for use in the diagnosis and interval assessment of pediatric patients with IBD, and its level correlates well with both clinical disease activity indices and ESR. Elevated levels of FLA may also identify patients at greater risk for the development of subsequent clinical flares.
High‐Performance Silicon Anodes Enabled By Nonflammable Localized High‐Concentration Electrolytes (2019)

Abstract Silicon anodes are regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to graphite for high energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), but their practical applications have been hindered by high volume change, limited cycle life, and safety concerns. In this work, nonflammable localized high‐concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) are developed for Si‐based anodes. The LHCEs enable the Si anodes with significantly enhanced electrochemical performances comparing to conventional carbonate electrolytes with a high content of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). The LHCE with only 1.2 wt% FEC can further improve the long‐term cycling stability of Si‐based anodes. When coupled with a LiNi 0.3 Mn 0.3 Co 0.3 O 2 cathode, the full cells using this nonflammable LHCE can maintain >90% capacity after 600 cycles at C/2 rate, demonstrating excellent rate capability and cycling stability at elevated temperatures and high loadings. This work casts new insights in electrolyte development from the perspective of in situ Si/electrolyte interphase protection for high energy‐density LIBs with Si anodes.
Trifluoroacetic Acid-Mediated Cleavage of a Triethylsilyl Protecting Group:  Application in the Final Step of the Semisynthetic Route to Paclitaxel (Taxol) (2002)

The final step of the semisynthetic route to paclitaxel involves cleavage of the triethylsilyl (TES) protecting group from the C-7 hydroxyl group. Paclitaxel is an extremely complex molecule, and standard deprotection conditions led to formation of several impurities. Trifluoroacetic acid in aqueous acetic acid was found to be very effective in the cleavage of the TES group without compromising the quality of the product.
Circumventing Data Quality Problems Using Multiple Join Paths. (2006)

We propose the Multiple Join Path (MJP) framework for obtaining high quality information by linking fields across multiple databases, when the underlying databases have poor quality data, which are characterized by violations of integrity constraints like keys and functional dependencies within and across databases. MJP associates quality scores with candidate answers by first scoring individual data paths between a pair of field values taking into account data quality with respect to specified integrity constraints, and then agglomerating scores across multiple data paths that serve as corroborating evidences for a candidate answer. We address the problem of finding the top-few (highest quality) answers in the MJP framework using novel techniques, and demonstrate the utility of our techniques using real data and our Virtual Integration Prototype testbed.
Optimal INL/DNL testing of A/D converters using a linear model (2002)

As Analog to Digital Converters continue to improve in resolution, their linearity testing has become increasingly challenging in terms of test accuracy and test time. In this paper we present a technique for estimation the linearity metrics of an ADC that is optimal in terms of expected r.m.s error in INL/DNL estimates, for a given test time. Experimental results measured on an ADC from industry to validate the effectiveness of the technique are presented.
Complex Bandpass   AD Modulator Architecture without I, Q-Path Crossing Layout (2006)

This paper proposes a new architecture for multibit complex bandpass ΔΣAD modulators with built-in Switched-Capacitor (SC) circuits for application to Low-IF receivers such as used for Bluetooth and WLAN. In the realization of complex bandpass ΔΣAD modulators, we face the following problems: (i) SNR of AD converter is deteriorated by mismatches between internal analog I and Q paths. (ii) Layout design becomes complicated because of signal lines crossing by complex filter and feedback from DAC for I and Q paths in the complex modulator, and this increases required chip area. We propose a new structure for a complex bandpass ΔΣAD modulator which can be completely divided into two paths without layout crossing, and solves the problems mentioned above. The two parts of signal paths and circuits in the modulator are changed for I and Q while CLK is changed for High/Low by adding multiplexers. Symmetric circuits are used for I and Q paths at a certain timing, and they are switched by multiplexers to those used for Q and I paths at another timing. Therefore the influence from mismatches between I and Q paths is reduced by dynamic matching. As a result, the modulator is divided into two separate parts without crossing signal lines between I and Q paths and its layout design can be greatly simplified compared with conventional modulators. We have conducted MATLAB simulations to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed structure.
Predicting and Preventing Anthracycline-Related Cardiotoxicity (2018)

Anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, and idarubicin) are among the most potent chemotherapeutic agents and have truly revolutionized the management of childhood cancer. They form the backbone of chemotherapy regimens used to treat childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and neuroblastoma. More than 50% of children with cancer are treated with anthracyclines. The clinical utility of anthracyclines is compromised by dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, manifesting initially as asymptomatic cardiac dysfunction and evolving irreversibly to congestive heart failure. Childhood cancer survivors are at a five- to 15-fold increased risk for congestive heart failure compared with the general population. Once diagnosed with congestive heart failure, the 5-year survival rate is less than 50%. Prediction models have been developed for childhood cancer survivors (i.e., after exposure to anthracyclines) to identify those at increased risk for cardiotoxicity. Studies are currently under way to test risk-reducing strategies. There remains a critical need to identify patients with childhood cancer at diagnosis (i.e., prior to anthracycline exposure) such that noncardiotoxic therapies can be contemplated.
The spoken web (2010)

It has been a constant aim of computer scientists, programming language designers and practitioners to raise the level of programming abstractions and bring them as close to the user's natural context as possible. The efforts started right from our transition from machine code programming to assembly language programming, from there to high level procedural languages, followed by object oriented programming. Nowadays, service oriented software development and composition are the norm.