gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrical conductivity of moist coal dust/rock dust layers (1992)

The Bureau of Mines has constructed a probe to measure the concentration of rock dust in homogenous rock dust/coal dust mixtures. The operation of the device is based on the difference in the optical infrared reflectivity of white rock dust and black coal dust. This reflectivity is also a function of the mixture's moisture content, so that current practice requires the mixture to be dried prior to each measurement. This research reports on a method to correct the probe reading for moisture content through measurement of the mixture's electrical conductivity. Such information will contribute to the construction of a more versatile device for measuring the rock dust concentration of coal dust/rock dust mixtures. 4 refs., 10 figs.
Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered natural killer cells for cancer immunotherapy (2020)

Natural killer (NK) cells are a critical component of the innate immune system. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) re-direct NK cells toward tumor cells carrying corresponding antigens, creating major opportunities in the fight against cancer. CAR NK cells have the potential for use as universal CAR cells without the need for human leukocyte antigen matching or prior exposure to tumor-associated antigens. Exciting data from recent clinical trials have renewed interest in the field of cancer immunotherapy due to the potential of CAR NK cells in the production of "off-the-shelf" anti-cancer immunotherapeutic products. Here, we provide an up-to-date comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in key areas of CAR NK cell research and identify under-investigated research areas. We summarize improvements in CAR design and structure, advantages and disadvantages of using CAR NK cells as an alternative to CAR T cell therapy, and list sources to obtain NK cells. In addition, we provide a list of tumor-associated antigens targeted by CAR NK cells and detail challenges in expanding and transducing NK cells for CAR production. We additionally discuss barriers to effective treatment and suggest solutions to improve CAR NK cell function, proliferation, persistence, therapeutic effectiveness, and safety in solid and liquid tumors.
Biospecific fractionation matrices for sequence specific endonucleases (1978)

Fractionation of several type II specific restriction endonucleases was achieved by separation on two novel biospecific matrices. The matrices are pyran, a copolymer of divinyl ether of maleic anhydride, and Cibacron Blue F3GA, a blue dye commonly used for the calibration of molecular sieves. Both compounds are insolubilized by coupling to sepharose through a cyanogen bromide linkage and in their soluble form inhibit the restriction endonucleases which we have tested. These affinity matrices can be used to obtain restriction endonucleases from crude extracts after removal of nucleic acids. They have also proven to have a high capacity when used as subsequent steps in enzyme purification. Their additional advantage is the rapid development time and reusability of columns packed with the two matrices.Images
Automatic Indoor 3D Surface Reconstruction with Segmented Building and Object Elements (2015)

Automatic generation of 3D indoor building models is important for applications in augmented and virtual reality, indoor navigation, and building simulation software. This paper presents a method to generate high-detail watertight models from laser range data taken by an ambulatory scanning device. Our approach can be used to segment the permanent structure of the building from the objects within the building. We use distinct techniques to mesh the building structure and the objects to efficiently represent large planar surfaces, such as walls and floors, while still preserving the fine detail of segmented objects, such as furniture or light fixtures. Our approach is scalable enough to be applied on large models composed of several dozen rooms, spanning over 14,000 square feet. We experimentally verify this method on several datasets from diverse building environments.
A Continuous‐Flow Process for the Synthesis of Artemisinin (2013)

Isolation of the most effective antimalarial drug, artemisinin, from the plant sweet wormwood, does not yield sufficient quantities to provide the more than 300 million treatments needed each year. The high prices for the drug are a consequence of the unreliable and often insufficient supply of artemisinin. Large quantities of ineffective fake drugs find a market in Africa. Semisynthesis of artemisinin from inactive biological precursors, either dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA) or artemisinic acid, offers a potentially attractive route to increase artemisinin production. Conversion of the plant waste product, DHAA, into artemisinin requires use of photochemically generated singlet oxygen at large scale. We met this challenge by developing a one-pot photochemical continuous-flow process for the semisynthesis of artemisinin from DHAA that yields 65 % product. Careful optimization resulted in a process characterized by short residence times. A method to extract DHAA from the mother liquor accumulated during commercial artemisinin extractions, a material that is currently discarded as waste, is also reported. The synthetic continuous-flow process described here is an effective means to supplement the limited availability of artemisinin and ensure increased supplies of the drug for those in need.
Structural evolution in epitaxial metalorganic chemical vapor deposition grown GaN films on sapphire (1995)

The structural evolution of epitaxial GaN layers grown on basal plane sapphire has been studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM), x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). High-temperature growth (1050–1080 °C) on optimized nucleation layers leads to clear, specular films. AFM on the as-grown surface shows evenly spaced monatomic steps indicative of layer by layer growth. AFM measurements show a step termination density of 1.7×108 cm−2 for 5 μm films. This value is in close agreement with TEM measurements of screw and mixed screw-edge threading dislocation density. The total measured threading dislocation density in the 5 μm films is 7×108 cm−2.
On the Loss of Protective Scale Formation in Creep-Resistant, Alumina-Forming Austenitic Stainless Steels at 900°C in Air (2008)

A family of creep-resistant, Al2O3-forming austenitic (AFA) stainless steels was recently developed. The alloys exhibit excellent oxidation resistance up to ∼800°C, but are susceptible to internal attack of Al at higher temperatures. In the present work, higher levels of Ni, Cr, Al, and Nb additions were found to correlate with improved oxidation behavior at 900°C in air. The alloys generally appeared to be initially capable of external Al2O3 scale formation, with a subsequent transition to internal attack of Al (internal oxidation and internal nitridation) that is dependent on alloy composition. Compositional profiles at the alloy/scale interface suggest that the transition to internal oxidation is preceded by subsurface depletion of Al in the lower-Al compositions. In higher Al-containing compositions, NiAl second-phase precipitates act as an Al reservoir, and Al depletion may not be a key factor. Alloy design directions to increase the upper-temperature limit of protective Al2O3 scale formation in these alloys are discussed.
<i>cag</i> , a pathogenicity island of <i>Helicobacter pylori,</i> encodes type I-specific and disease-associated virulence factors (1996)

cagA, a gene that codes for an immunodominant antigen, is present only in Helicobacter pylori strains that are associated with severe forms of gastroduodenal disease (type I strains). We found that the genetic locus that contains cagA (cag) is part of a 40-kb DNA insertion that likely was acquired horizontally and integrated into the chromosomal glutamate racemase gene. This pathogenicity island is flanked by direct repeats of 31 bp. In some strains, cag is split into a right segment (cagI) and a left segment (cagII) by a novel insertion sequence (IS605). In a minority of H. pylori strains, cagI and cagII are separated by an intervening chromosomal sequence. Nucleotide sequencing of the 23,508 base pairs that form the cagI region and the extreme 3' end of the cagII region reveals the presence of 19 ORFs that code for proteins predicted to be mostly membrane associated with one gene (cagE), which is similar to the toxin-secretion gene of Bordetella pertussis, ptlC, and the transport systems required for plasmid transfer, including the virB4 gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Transposon inactivation of several of the cagI genes abolishes induction of IL-8 expression in gastric epithelial cell lines. Thus, we believe the cag region may encode a novel H. pylori secretion system for the export of virulence determinants.
Highly Efficient Implementation for Parameter Error Identification Method Exploiting Sparsity (2016)

Accuracy of the network parameters has a strong influence on the results of power system state estimation. It has been shown earlier that normalized Lagrange multipliers can be used as a systematic way for identifying errors in network parameters. However, this approach carries a rather heavy computational burden limiting its practical utilization to small-size systems. In this paper, a computationally efficient algorithm is proposed to address this limitation. The idea is to derive and compute only the necessary subset of the gain matrix and covariance matrix, thus avoiding the computation and storage of large dense matrices. The proposed efficient procedure can be applied either to the single-scan or multiple-scan schemes with equal ease. Test results confirm that the improvements in computational speed and memory requirements brought by the proposed algorithm are quite remarkable. The proposed implementation of the normalized Lagrange multipliers method is tested using a large utility power system. The effectiveness and limitations of the single-scan scheme, and the improvements brought by incorporating multiple measurement scans, are discussed in detail.
DNA‐Linked Nanoparticle Building Blocks for Programmable Matter (2011)

Eine nach der anderen: DNA-Sequenzen wurden an definierten Stellen und 3D-Orientierungen auf kolloidalen Nanopartikeln angebracht. Als Folge des stufenweisen Ligandenaustauschs wichen sich die DNA-Sequenzen maximal aus, sodass sie 90°- oder 180°-Winkel auf der Nanopartikeloberfläche aufspannten (siehe Bild). Diese Bausteine sollten den Weg zu anisotropen Nanostrukturen mit exakten geometrischen Vorgaben und komplexen Funktionalitäten ebnen. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
High-Gain Lasers Excited by Inner-Shell Photoionization from Broadband Soft-X-Ray Laser-Produced-Plasma Sources (1984)

High-intensity, broadband soft-x-ray and extreme-ultraviolet radiation produced by focusing 1.06-μm and 10.6-μm lasers onto solid targets has been used to efficiently pump inner-shell transitions in Cd (Ref. 1) and Zn vapor to produce lasers at 325, 442, and 748 nm. Gains as high as 40 cm−1 and inversion densities greater than 1016 cm−3 have been obtained in vapors of these metals at pressures ranging from 1 to 10 Torr. Using tunable lasers to transfer the population from the photoionization pumped laser levels to higher-lying levels, stimulated emission has been observed at 231, 257, and 275 nm. The use of double-transfer techniques should allow the generation of lasers as short as 120 nm in Cd.
Effects of UV Photographs, Photoaging Information, and Use of Sunless Tanning Lotion on Sun Protection Behaviors (2005)

Overtransmission of the GSTP1*A haplotype to case mothers suggests that action in the mother during pregnancy likely increases the likelihood of AD in her fetus. If this is confirmed and is a result of a gene-environment interaction occurring during pregnancy, these findings could lead to the design of strategies for prevention or treatment.
Carbazole-Based Hole-Transport Materials for High-Efficiency and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells (2020)

As organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) near commercialization, stability challenges during real-world conditions, such as durability at elevated temperatures, still need to be addressed. We have previously reported that doping of triarylamine-based hole-transport layers (HTLs) with a triarylamine-based radical cation salt (EHCz-3EtCz/EH44-ox) leads to enhanced PSC stability at elevated temperatures. While it was shown the radical cation dopant did not need to be identical to the HTL matrix, little was known about dopant exchange to realize the maximum impact on device-level properties (e.g., increase in low intrinsic conductivity, mobility, hydrophobic properties, ease of synthesis, and thermal stability). In this paper, we study the impact of dopant exchange among stable, low-cost, high-glass-transition temperature (Tg), and easily synthesized triarylamine-based HTL and radical triarylamine cation salts as dopants. Using EH44-ox as dopant leads to the improved device-level power conversion efficiency (PCE) for all HTL matrices assessed. Moreover, increasing the number of ethylhexyl chains from one to two per molecule and positioning these chains at the periphery rather than the core resulted in improved hydrophobicity. PSCs based on our HTL formulations have similar power conversion efficiencies (PCE) as those of PSCs based on commercially available HTLs while demonstrating greatly improved device-level stability at elevated temperatures.
Development of slit-type pressure differentiator using an isothermal chamber (2005)

Recently, measurement of the differentiated value of pressure has become necessary to realize precise control of pneumatic apparatuses. This paper proposes a pressure differentiator that contains a slit-type laminar flow element and an isothermal chamber. The underlying principle and the design method for the sensor are detailed. Then, simulations and experiments are conducted. The results verify the effectiveness of the proposed sensor and its potential in future applications.
Gabor Domain Optical Coherence Microscopy of Human Skin (2013)

The skin is the largest organ of the human body. Its key functions are to cover the internal organs, serve as a barrier to external pathogens and elements, and control haemostasis through thermoregulation and prevention of water loss. Because it is in constant contact with physical, chemical, and biological factors, the skin is susceptible to the development of various benign and malignant tumours. Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC), which include basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), are the most prevalent human cancers, with numbers exceeding that of all other malignancies combined.
<title>Nanodispersed liquid crystal polymer composites for optically tunable filters</title> (2000)

Nano-phase polymer dispersed liquid crystal composites (n-PDLCs) have shown significant potential for use as in voltage tunable optical devices. In such composites, the dimensional scale of the liquid crystal droplets is such that optical scattering effects can be minimised in the visible and near infrared spectrum. The nanoscopic scale also allows the material to be described as a single homogeneous medium using effective medium approximations. The average refractive index of the material can be changed as electric field is applied and it is possible to effect spectral shifts in transmission bands when the material is incorporated into resonant filter structures. The paper summarises recent developments in such composite materials emphasizing the role of different co-polymer formulations for the matrix phase, and the useof different surfactant species to reduce the effects of pinning of the liquid crystal molecules at the droplet walls.
Preparation of Cu{sub x}In{sub y}Ga{sub z}Se{sub n} precursor films and powders by electroless deposition (1999)

A method for electroless deposition of Cu{sub x}In{sub y}Ga{sub z}Se{sub n} (x = 0--2, y = 0--2, z = 0--2, n = 0--3) precursor films and powders onto a metallic substrate comprising: preparing an aqueous bath solution of compounds selected from the group consisting of: (I) a copper compound, a selenium compound, an indium compound and gallium compound; (II) a copper compound, a selenium compound and an indium compound; (III) a selenium compound, and indium compound and a gallium compound; (IV) a selenium compound and a indium compound; and (V) a copper compound and selenium compound; each compound being present in sufficient quantity to react with each other to produce Cu{sub x}In{sub y}Ga{sub z}Se{sub n} (x = 0--2, y = 0--2, z = 0--2, n = 0--3); adjusting the pH of the aqueous bath solution to an acidic value by the addition of a dilute acid; and initiating an electroless reaction with an oxidizing counterelectrode for a sufficient time to cause a deposit of Cu{sub x}In{sub y}Ga{sub z}Se{sub n} (x = 0--2, y = 0--2, z = 0--2, n = 0--3) from the aqueous bath solution onto a metallic substrate.
Analgesic activity of the naturally occurring heptapeptide [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7. (1980)

[Met]Enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 is an opiate-like peptide normally found in the the adrenal gland and brain that has analgesic (antinociceptive) activity when administered directly into the cerebral ventricles of mice. On a molar basis, [Met]-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7, with a median effective dose (ED50) of 38.5 nmol/mouse, is 8 times more potent than [Met]enkephalin. As with [Met]enkephalin, analgesic activity is blocked by naloxone and intravenous administration does not produce characteristic opiate effects in tests for analgesic, antidiuretic, or antidiarrheal activity. These findings suggest that [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 may be at least as important as the enkephalins in the postulated enkephalin system mediating pain and analgesia.
Agglomerating combustor-gasifier method and apparatus for coal gasification. [11 claims] (1976)

A method and apparatus are described for gasifying coal wherein the gasification takes place in a spout fluid bed at a pressure of about 10 to 30 atmospheres and a temperature of about 1800 to 2200/sup 0/F and wherein the configuration of the apparatus and the manner of introduction of gases for combustion and fluidization is such that agglomerated ash can be withdrawn from the bottom of the apparatus and gas containing very low dust loading is produced. The gasification reaction is self-sustaining through the burning of a stoichiometric amount of coal with air in the lower part of the apparatus to form the spout within the fluid bed. The method and apparatus are particularly suitable for gasifying coarse coal particles. 11 claims, 4 figures.
A test of a controlled downhole seismic source (1989)

Abstract With the growing interest in borehole seismic investigations such as vertical seismic profiling and crosshole surveys, the need for new instrumentation has arisen, especially in the area of seismic sources. An ideal seismic downhole source should be nondestructive to the well, provide enough energy to be recorded at useful distances, produce a broad band of seismic frequencies, and create a reproducible signal. A prototype of a source that fits these requirements has been constructed and was described in a previous paper (Hardee et al., 1987).
Appearance-Based Facial Recognition Using Visible and Thermal Imagery: A Comparative Study (2006)

Abstract : We present a comprehensive performance analysis of multiple appearance-based face recognition methodologies, on visible and thermal infrared imagery. We compare algorithms within and between modalities in terms of recognition performance, false alarm rates and requirements to achieve specified performance levels. The effect of illumination conditions on recognition performance is emphasized, as it underlines the relative advantage of radiometrically calibrated thermal imagery for face recognition.
High-accuracy flow rate measurement for water supply and dredged slurry transport pipelines (1997)

Abstract : The conventional techniques for high-accuracy ultrasonic flow measurement using multiple chordal paths in a pipe require drilling holes in the pipe for inserting the sensors. Under the Construction Productivity Advancement Research (CPAR) program, a research project was jointly undertaken by ORE and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for development of a new flow meter. The product developed is an externally mounted acoustic flow meter. The advantages of the 'clamp-on' type flow meter are as follows: (a) no contact with the fluid, (b) no welding or cutting of pipe necessary, (c) no operational shutdown needed for installation, repairs, or maintenance, (d) quick and easy installation, and (c) low cost of installation. The technology consists of the following: (a) conformal phased array transducers applied to a prepared surface at four to six locations on the exterior of the pipeline, and (b) a signal processing unit that generates acoustic signals for transmission between pairs of transducers installed above; receives and time-compresses the signals; determines precise acoustic travel times between one or more transducer pairs; and employs these measured travel times to determine the flow rate using algorithms well known to the flow measurement industry. The transducers are constructed of a relatively new material, PVDF. This material is found to be ideal for a flexible production transducer easily installable in the field conforming to a variety of pipe exterior dimensions. The new meter is a differential travel-time acoustic meter. The system measures the difference in travel time between signals propagating upstream and downstream between multiple pairs of transducers. Under no-flow conditions the travel time in each direction will be the same.
Finite-Alphabet Wiener Filter Precoding for mmWave Massive MU-MIMO Systems (2019)

Power consumption of multi-user (MU) precoding is a major concern in all-digital massive MU multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) base-stations with hundreds of antenna elements operating at millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies. We propose to replace part of the linear Wiener filter (WF) precoding matrix by a finite-alphabet WF precoding (FAWP) matrix, which enables the use of low-precision hardware that consumes low power and area. To minimize the performance loss of our approach, we present methods that efficiently compute FAWP matrices that best mimic the WF precoder. Our results show that FAWP matrices approach infinite-precision error-rate and error-vector magnitude performance with only 3-bit precoding weights, even when operating in realistic mmWave channels. Hence, FAWP is a promising approach to substantially reduce power consumption and silicon area in all-digital mmWave massive MU-MIMO systems.