gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of tyre force excitation for tyre–road friction estimation (2016)

Knowledge of the current tyre–road friction coefficient is essential for future autonomous vehicles. The environmental conditions, and the tyre–road friction in particular, determine both the braking distance and the maximum cornering velocity and thus set the boundaries for the vehicle. Tyre–road friction is difficult to estimate during normal driving due to low levels of tyre force excitation. This problem can be solved by using active tyre force excitation. A torque is added to one or several wheels in the purpose of estimating the tyre–road friction coefficient. Active tyre force excitation provides the opportunity to design the tyre force excitation freely. This study investigates how the tyre force should be applied to minimise the error of the tyre–road friction estimate. The performance of different excitation strategies was found to be dependent on both tyre model choice and noise level. Furthermore, the advantage with using tyre models with more parameters decreased when noise was added to the force and slip ratio.
Identification and Validation of Key Wavelengths for On-Line Beef Tenderness Forecasting (2016)

<abstract> <b><sc>Abstract.</sc></b> The objective of this study was to identify and validate key wavelengths in the visible/near-infrared (VNIR) spectral region for beef tenderness assessment using hyperspectral images of beef carcasses acquired on-line in a commercial beef packing plant. A prototype on-line spectrograph hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system was developed and used to acquire images of exposed ribeye muscle on hanging beef carcasses (n = 274) at 2 days post-mortem. After image acquisition, a strip steak was cut from each carcass and vacuum packaged. After aging for 14 days, the steaks were cooked and Warner-Bratzler shear force values were collected as a measure of tenderness. Hyperspectral and multispectral image analysis approaches were conducted and compared to each other in terms of accuracy and speed of implementation. In the hyperspectral approach, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to reduce the spectral dimension of the hyperspectral images and create principal component (PC) bands. Image textural features were extracted from the PC bands and modeled to classify samples into two tenderness categories (tender or tough). In the multispectral approach, the loading vectors obtained from the PCA procedure were used to identify five key wavelengths (584, 619, 739, 832, and 950 nm). Image textural features were then extracted from these key wavelength images and modeled. In both approaches, the image features were extracted from the images acquired at 2 days post-mortem and used to forecast 14-day beef tenderness. Using a true validation procedure involving 101 beef samples, the hyperspectral approach had a tender certification accuracy, tender identification accuracy, tough identification accuracy, and accuracy index value of 86.7%, 65.8%, 63.6, and 66.8%, respectively. The corresponding metrics for the multispectral approach were 87.5%, 62%, 68.2%, and 67.8%, respectively. The tenderness prediction results for these two analysis methods were not considerably different; however, multispectral image analysis took far less time (about 8 s compared to 105 s on a quad-core computer with 8 GB of memory) to classify a beef sample into one of the two tenderness categories (tender or tough). Therefore, the multispectral approach shows great potential for real-time beef tenderness assessment in commercial beef packing plants.
Lock cohorting (2012)

Multicore machines are quickly shifting to NUMA and CC-NUMA architectures, making scalable NUMA-aware locking algorithms, ones that take into account the machines' non-uniform memory and caching hierarchy, ever more important. This paper presents lock cohorting, a general new technique for designing NUMA-aware locks that is as simple as it is powerful. Lock cohorting allows one to transform any spin-lock algorithm, with minimal non-intrusive changes, into scalable NUMA-aware spin-locks. Our new cohorting technique allows us to easily create NUMA-aware versions of the TATAS-Backoff, CLH, MCS, and ticket locks, to name a few. Moreover, it allows us to derive a CLH-based cohort abortable lock, the first NUMA-aware queue lock to support abortability. We empirically compared the performance of cohort locks with prior NUMA-aware and classic NUMA-oblivious locks on a synthetic micro-benchmark, a real world key-value store application memcached, as well as the libc memory allocator. Our results demonstrate that cohort locks perform as well or better than known locks when the load is low and significantly out-perform them as the load increases.
AbiQ, an Abortive Infection Mechanism from<i>Lactococcus lactis</i> (1998)

Lactococcus lactis W-37 is highly resistant to phage infection. The cryptic plasmids from this strain were coelectroporated, along with the shuttle vector pSA3, into the plasmid-free host L. lactis LM0230. In addition to pSA3, erythromycin- and phage-resistant isolates carried pSRQ900, an 11-kb plasmid from L. lactis W-37. This plasmid made the host bacteria highly resistant (efficiency of plaquing <10(-8)) to c2- and 936-like phages. pSRQ900 did not confer any resistance to phages of the P335 species. Adsorption, cell survival, and endonucleolytic activity assays showed that pSRQ900 encodes an abortive infection mechanism. The phage resistance mechanism is limited to a 2.2-kb EcoRV/BclI fragment. Sequence analysis of this fragment revealed a complete open reading frame (abiQ), which encodes a putative protein of 183 amino acids. A frameshift mutation within abiQ completely abolished the resistant phenotype. The predicted peptide has a high content of positively charged residues (pI = 10.5) and is, in all likelihood, a cytosolic protein. AbiQ has no homology to known or deduced proteins in the databases. DNA replication assays showed that phage c21 (c2-like) and phage p2 (936-like) can still replicate in cells harboring AbiQ. However, phage DNA accumulated in its concatenated form in the infected AbiQ+ cells, whereas the AbiQ- cells contained processed (mature) phage DNA in addition to the concatenated form. The production of the major capsid protein of phage c21 was not hindered in the cells harboring AbiQ.
Bone-seeking /sup 99m/Tc complex (1977)

A bone-seeking, technetium-99m-tin-phosphonate complex effective as a skeletal-imaging agent has been found particularly useful for diagnostic purposes. Skeletal tissue concentrations or technetium-99m obtained with the complex compare favorably to other bone-seeking radionuclides.
Designing a B Cell-Based Vaccine against a Highly Variable Hepatitis C Virus (2018)

The ability to use structure-based design and engineering to control the molecular shape and reactivity of an immunogen to induce protective responses shows great promise, along with corresponding advancements in vaccine testing and evaluation systems. We describe in this review new paradigms for the development of a B cell-based HCV vaccine. Advances in test systems to measure <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> antibody-mediated virus neutralization include retroviral pseudotype particles expressing HCV E1E2 glycoproteins (HCVpp), infectious cell culture-derived HCV virions (HCVcc), and surrogate animal models mimicking acute HCV infection. Their applications have established the role of broadly neutralizing antibodies to control HCV infection. However, the virus has immunogenic regions in the viral envelope glycoproteins that are associated with viral escape or non-neutralizing antibodies. These regions serve as immunologic decoys that divert the antibody response from less prominent conserved regions mediating virus neutralization. This review outlines the immunogenic regions on E2, which are roughly segregated into the hypervariable region 1 (HVR1), and five clusters of overlapping epitopes designated as antigenic domains A-E. Understanding the molecular architecture of conserved neutralizing epitopes within these antigenic domains, and how other antigenic regions or decoys deflect the immune response from these conserved regions will provide a roadmap for the rational design of an HCV vaccine.
Efficient and Flexible XML-Based Data-Exchange in Microcontroller-Based Sensor Actor Networks (2010)

One of the critical challenges in embedded sensor actor networks is the communication between the diversity of widespread nodes. XML-based message formats are already widely adopted in other IT domains such as the Web and would be perfectly suited for data exchange in heterogeneous environments. Despite all its strengths, the common markup language cannot be adopted on small embedded devices with limited resources due to its verbosity and associated processing overhead. The paper describes an innovative source code generation technique by means of W3C's Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) format that enables the efficient usage of XML-based messages on small devices with limited resources. The outcome is an EXI Processor that allows an end-to-end XML-based communication between systems ranging from powerful workstations to microcontroller-based systems. Particularly, the paper emphasizes the flexibility with regard to alter an exchange format and its minimal adaption efforts due to the generated EXI Processor. An example application proves the applicability of the proposed approach and demonstrates a real life show-case for XML-based Web service communication on microcontroller-based devices.
Gain of function mutant of complement factor B K323E mimics pathogenic C3NeF autoantibodies in convertase assays (2018)

Complement convertases are enzymatic complexes, which play a critical role in propagation and amplification of the complement cascade. Under physiological conditions, convertases decay shortly after being formed in either spontaneous or inhibitor-driven process. Prolongation of their half-life by C3NeF autoantibodies that prevent convertase dissociation results in pathogenic condition often manifested by renal diseases. However, the diagnosis of convertase abnormalities is difficult due to the labile nature of these enzymes and low credibility of existing methods. Only recently, two-step functional assays employing C5-depleted serum or C5 inhibitors were introduced. Their advantage is convertase formation in the physiological milieu of whole serum and the drawback is inter-assay variability due to variations in rabbit erythrocytes used for the haemolysis-based readout. Abovementioned problems demand the application of the internal standard in each experiment. Obtaining a defined preparation of autoantibodies is complicated due to ethical and practical considerations. We found that recombinant, his-tagged factor B (fB) variant K323E retains full hemolytic activity and possess the ability to form convertases with prolonged half-life either in fB-depleted serum or when mixed with normal human serum. Such dominant character of K323E mutation allows using recombinant protein as a reference in functional convertase assays, not limited to these using rabbit erythrocytes. Additionally, our results demonstrate that gain of function mutations in complement components mimic the phenotype of C3NeF. Hence, patients with such "genetic C3NeF" would not benefit from B-cell depletion (e.g. by rituximab) and therefore should be properly diagnosed in order to choose suitable therapeutic intervention.
Expression and Purification of Thioredoxin Fusion Proteins (1997)

Abstract This unit describes a gene fusion expression system that uses thioredoxin, the product of the Escherichia coli trxA gene, as the fusion partner. The inherent thermal stability of thioredoxin and its susceptibility to quantitative release from the E. coli cytoplasm by osmotic shock can also be exploited as useful tools for thioredoxin fusion protein purification. In this protocol, a fusion of trxA to any desired gene is constructed and the resulting fusion protein is expressed in an appropriate host strain. Additional protocols describe E. coli cell lysis and fractionation, osmotic release of thioredoxin fusion proteins from the E. coli cytoplasm, and heat treatment to purify some thioredoxin fusion proteins.
Growth Differentiation Factor 15 as a Novel Biomarker for Metformin (2016)

GDF15 levels are a biomarker for the use of metformin in people with dysglycemia, and its concentration reflects the dose of metformin.
Toward surround gates on vertical single-walled carbon nanotube devices (2009)

The one-dimensional, cylindrical nature of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) suggests that the ideal gating geometry for nanotube field-effect transistors (FETs) is a surround gate (SG). Using vertical SWCNTs templated in porous anodic alumina, SGs are formed using top-down processes for the dielectric/metal depositions and definition of the channel length. Surround gates allow aggressive scaling of the channel to 25% of the length attainable with a bottom-gate geometry without incurring short-channel effects. The process demonstrated here for forming SGs on vertical SWCNTs is amenable for large-scale fabrication of multinanotube FETs.
Determination of glycated hemoglobin in clinically silent hemoglobin variants (2004)

Our study underscores the need for clinical laboratories and physicians to be aware of the limitations of their HbA1c assay methods as well as the importance of visual inspection of ion-exchange chromatograms to detect abnormalities caused by the hemoglobin variants. Samples with clinically silent Hb variants should be analyzed by a second method with a different assay principle, preferably a boronate affinity HPLC or an enzymatic assay.
Analytic design of optimum holographic optical elements (1987)

A method is developed for analytically determining the holographic optical element phase function that is optimum for transforming a set of input wave fronts into a corresponding set of output wave fronts. These sets are allowed to be infinite in the sense that the wave-front phases can be given as functions of continuous parameters. The method can be tolerant of specified wave-front aberrations, with the optimum amount of these aberrations determined as part of the solution process. For many practical design problems, the phase function and its first derivatives will be continuous. The method is applied to the design of a one-dimensional Fourier-transform holographic element with the input wave-front angle of arrival as a continuous parameter and with the optimum distortion of the output plane determined by the solution. The resulting design compares favorably with other work using damped-least-squares optimization.
Direct estimation and correction of bias from temporally variable non-stationary noise in a channelized Hotelling model observer (2016)

Channelized Hotelling model observer (CHO) methods were developed to assess performance of an x-ray angiography system. The analytical methods included correction for known bias error due to finite sampling. Detectability indices ([Formula: see text]) corresponding to disk-shaped objects with diameters in the range 0.5-4 mm were calculated. Application of the CHO for variable detector target dose (DTD) in the range 6-240 nGy frame(-1) resulted in [Formula: see text] estimates which were as much as 2.9× greater than expected of a quantum limited system. Over-estimation of [Formula: see text] was presumed to be a result of bias error due to temporally variable non-stationary noise. Statistical theory which allows for independent contributions of 'signal' from a test object (o) and temporally variable non-stationary noise (ns) was developed. The theory demonstrates that the biased [Formula: see text] is the sum of the detectability indices associated with the test object [Formula: see text] and non-stationary noise ([Formula: see text]). Given the nature of the imaging system and the experimental methods, [Formula: see text] cannot be directly determined independent of [Formula: see text]. However, methods to estimate [Formula: see text] independent of [Formula: see text] were developed. In accordance with the theory, [Formula: see text] was subtracted from experimental estimates of [Formula: see text], providing an unbiased estimate of [Formula: see text]. Estimates of [Formula: see text] exhibited trends consistent with expectations of an angiography system that is quantum limited for high DTD and compromised by detector electronic readout noise for low DTD conditions. Results suggest that these methods provide [Formula: see text] estimates which are accurate and precise for [Formula: see text]. Further, results demonstrated that the source of bias was detector electronic readout noise. In summary, this work presents theory and methods to test for the presence of bias in Hotelling model observers due to temporally variable non-stationary noise and correct this bias when the temporally variable non-stationary noise is independent and additive with respect to the test object signal.
Two Azolium Rings Are Better Than One: A Strategy for Controlling Catenation and Morphology in Zn and Cu Metal–Organic Frameworks (2011)

Four new azolium-containing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been synthesized, where the azoliums are potential organocatalyst precursors. Modifying the number of azoliums on a standard biphenyl dicarboxylate strut affects the morphology or the degree of interpenetration in two representative types of MOFs: NbO-type Cu-paddlewheel 2D sheets and cubic IRMOFs.
Design and simulation of a gallium-arsenide second order sigma-delta analog to digital converter (1993)

In this report, the design and simulation of a sigma-delta a sigma a analog-digital converter is presented. The key to sigma-delta conversion is trading off time resolution for amplitude resolution. In this report, second- order converters are used which allows the amplitude resolution to increase several times faster than the time resolution decreases. The sigma-delta modulator contains two basic components-an analog sigma-delta modulator and a digital low-pass filter. The modulator generates a stream of bits representing the analog input. The low-pass filter takes out the high frequency variations in this bit stream and generates a stream of multi-bit words. The report shows the designs and simulations of two different second-order sigma-delta modulators. Both of these circuits use Gallium-Arsenide MESFET technology to achieve an oversampled clock rate of 512-MHz. The first modulator contains unique integrators based on the square law of field effect transistors (FETSs). The second modulator contains integrators using single-stage op-amps, current sources, and current sinks.
The melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA) protein is an early indicator for therapeutic response in preclinical melanoma models (2007)

5464 Melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA) is a 12-kDa protein secreted by melanoma tumor cells that is thought to play a role in detachment of cells from surrounding matrix. Studies have shown that increasing serum levels of MIA are associated with clinical disease progression, and MIA has been proposed as a potential prognostic marker for melanoma. In this report, we investigated the use of MIA as a possible biomarker for drug activity in preclinical melanoma models. MIA was secreted by melanoma cell lines and was detectable in the plasma of tumor bearing mice. MIA levels reflected tumor burden in several human melanoma xenograft models, including A375M, CHL-1 and two human tumor isolates (MEXF 276 and MEXF 1341). MIA levels were undetectable (≤ 3 ng/ml) in naive animals and ranged from 6 to 155 ng/ml in tumor-bearing mice. Treatment of mice with compounds, such as RAF265 (formerly known as CHIR-265), TKI258 (formerly known as CHIR-258) or sorafenib, that induced either tumor growth inhibition or regression of these xenografts was associated with a decrease in circulating MIA levels consistent with response. MIA levels dropped below the limit of detection following treatment with RAF265 that induced tumor regression. We also demonstrated that the decrease in MIA levels preceded tumor response, indicating that MIA is an early marker of drug activity in these preclinical models. We propose that MIA could be used in a similar manner in clinical trials and may be useful as an early indicator of drug activity, particularly in trials of targeted agents that are cytostatic rather than cytotoxic.
The conversion of hepatitis B core antigen synthesized in e coli into e antigen (1981)

The antigen (HBeAg) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a polypeptide of 17-20,000 daltons closely associated with the core antigen (HBcAg) of Dane particles, from which it is released by a variety of disruptive procedures. HBeAg could be a unique component of HBV core particles or a derivative of HBcAg. To resolve this question immunodiffusion experiments were carried out with preparations of HBcAg synthesized in E coli carrying a recombinant plasmid from which the HBcAg, but no other HBV gene, was expressed. HBcAg was converted into HBeAg by proteolytic degradation under dissociating conditions, thus confirming at the molecular level that HBeAg is a component of HBcAg. This offers a new route to the detection of HBeAg and antibodies to the antigen.
Novel immunoassay for the measurement of complexed prostate-specific antigen in serum (1998)

Abstract Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an effective diagnostic tool for detection of prostate cancer (CaP) at an early and potentially curable stage, but specificity is low. Studies have shown that the proportion of serum PSA complexed with α-1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) is higher in men with CaP than in men with benign prostate disease. We developed a novel immunoassay for complexed PSA based on the unique binding properties of a monoclonal antibody that fails to bind free PSA in the presence of antibodies specific for free PSA. The assay measured mixtures of free and complexed PSA accurately, and the measured values of free + complexed PSA in artificial mixtures and in patient sera were equivalent to the measured value of total PSA. Both the serum concentration and the proportion of complexed PSA was substantially higher in patients with CaP compared with patients with benign prostate disease. The cPSA assay may have utility in improving specificity in screening for prostate cancer.
Miniaturization of SCMR Systems Using Multilayer Resonators (2019)

Multilayer elements are used to miniaturize the size of highly efficient wireless power transfer systems based on the Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonance (SCMR). Specifically, inspired by miniaturization techniques used in antennas, multilayer resonators in conformal SCMR systems (instead of single-layer resonators traditionally used) are tightly stacked to significantly shrink the size of CSCMR systems. An analytical methodology is developed, based on Kirchhoff's law and Maxwell's mutual inductance formula using elliptic integrals, which can predict the system's resonance. Excellent agreement is shown between analytical, simulated and measured results. Based on our results the proposed multilayer CSCMR systems can operate at significantly lower frequencies than traditional CSCMR systems, while maintaining significantly smaller size as well as providing significantly higher efficiency and transmission range than traditional CSCMR systems.