gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of phase separation in block copolymer melts (1989)

We consider the partial differential equation which describes phase separation in a block copolymer melt. We construct numerically the periodic solution which minimizes the free energy. The lamellar thickness of the final equilibrium pattern is found to scale with the molecular weight as a power law ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{L}$\ensuremath{\sim}${N}^{\ensuremath{\theta}}$. The exponent \ensuremath{\theta} takes the value (1/2 in the weak-segregation regime and (2/3 in the strong-segregation regime. We propose a scaling theory of the dynamics, from which we obtain \ensuremath{\theta}=2\ensuremath{\varphi}, where \ensuremath{\varphi} is the scaling exponent in spinodal decomposition, in agreement with a conjecture by Oono and Bahiana [Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 1109 (1988)]. Lastly, we also study the pattern formed by propagating fronts. The selection of the unique velocity of the front and of the wavelength of the pattern behind the front agrees well with the marginal-stability theory.
Detection of 3-hydroxykynurenine in a plant pathogenic fungus (2003)

A redox-active compound has been purified from the barley powdery mildew fungus Blumeria ( Erysiphe ) graminis f. sp. hordei. A combination of spectrophotometry, MS and NMR has identified it as 3-hydroxykynurenine (3OHKyn). This compound, never previously detected in any fungus or pathogen, is best known for its role in vertebrate cataracts. It is found abundantly in developing and germinating spores and also in runner hyphae. Two roles for 3OHKyn are discussed: first, the presence of active oxygen species would enable 3OHKyn to cross-link the spore chemically with the plant. Secondly, it may be acting as an UV protectant and an antioxidant.
Influence of cell structure parameters on the mechanical properties of microcellular polypropylene materials (2011)

Abstract Microcellular polypropylene (PP) was prepared through chemical microcellular injection under different processing parameters. The effects of cell structure parameters on the mechanical properties of PP materials were analyzed by the microsphere model. The results show that the mechanical properties of microcellular PP with a smaller cell size and more uniform size distribution were enhanced. The relationship between the mechanical properties and cell structure parameters correlated well with the theoretical model. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Modulation of Coagulation and Fibrinolytic Pathways by Statins (2003)

Activation of the coagulation pathway and the inhibition of the fibrinolytic pathway play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of thrombotic vascular disease such as acute coronary syndromes. Statins have been proved to be effective in patients with acute coronary syndromes in terms of reduction of cardiovascular events. It is assumed that the direct effects on vascular cells, which are independent of lipid-lowering, particularly the alterations in coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways, may contribute to these benefits. Indeed, in endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells as well as in monocytes/macrophages, stains reduce tissue factor and plasminogen activator-1 expression and activity and increase tissue plasminogen activator expression and activity. These effects are mainly mediated by the inhibition of the Rho pathway, whereas the activation of Akt by statins plays a role in the suppression of tissue factor expression. These effects on coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways may be particularly important in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
Combined effects of phase sweeping transmitter diversity and channel coding (1992)

A novel transmitter diversity scheme that generates forced fading to improve the performance of channel coding is proposed and investigated. Since the required phase sweeping frequency is much smaller than the transmission bit rate, bandwidth expansion is negligible. A sinusoidal phase sweeping function Delta Theta sin(2 pi f/sub H/t) is employed in laboratory experiments using 32 kbit/s quarternary differential phase shift keying (QDPSK) with differential detection and BCH(23,12) code. It is shown that Delta Theta =200 degrees and f/sub H/=67 Hz can be used when m (interleaving depth)=10 b. Hence, excessively long interleaving is not required by the use of transmitter diversity. Under very slow Rayleigh fading (f/sub D/=1 Hz), a measured improvement of 4.8 dB is obtained at a word error rate of 10/sup -2/ without receiver diversity. Applications include paging systems that require very simple receivers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ribosomal RNA: a key to phylogeny. (1993)

As molecular phylogeny increasingly shapes our understanding of organismal relationships, no molecule has been applied to more questions than have ribosomal RNAs. We review this role of the rRNAs and some of the insights that have been gained from them. We also offer some of the practical considerations in extracting the phylogenetic information from the sequences. Finally, we stress the importance of comparing results from multiple molecules, both as a method for testing the overall reliability of the organismal phylogeny and as a method for more broadly exploring the history of the genome.
Two-stage-cascaded Li-battery charger with current ripple considered (2010)

In this paper, a two-stage-cascaded scheme is presented to charge two Li batteries. The first stage consists of a boost converter which is used to step up the input voltage to some value and takes voltage-mode control, whereas the second stage is comprised of two paralleled buck converters which are used to charge two Li batteries under voltage-mode control and constant current control. Above all, the second stage takes interleaved control and hence the corresponding output current ripple of the boost converter is with double switching frequency and is decreased so that the life of the output capacitor of this stage is upgraded. Some experimental results, based on Cyclone II FPGA used as a control kernel, are provided to verify the proposed topology.
NeRF++: Analyzing and Improving Neural Radiance Fields (2020)

Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) achieve impressive view synthesis results for a variety of capture settings, including 360 capture of bounded scenes and forward-facing capture of bounded and unbounded scenes. NeRF fits multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs) representing view-invariant opacity and view-dependent color volumes to a set of training images, and samples novel views based on volume rendering techniques. In this technical report, we first remark on radiance fields and their potential ambiguities, namely the shape-radiance ambiguity, and analyze NeRF's success in avoiding such ambiguities. Second, we address a parametrization issue involved in applying NeRF to 360 captures of objects within large-scale, unbounded 3D scenes. Our method improves view synthesis fidelity in this challenging scenario. Code is available at https://github.com/Kai-46/nerfplusplus.
Comparison of exposure response relationship of atrasentan between <scp>N</scp> orth <scp>A</scp> merican and <scp>A</scp> sian populations (2016)

The higher exposure and albuminuria reduction of atrasentan in Asian patients is not associated with more fluid retention, suggesting that Asian patients are less sensitive to atrasentan-induced sodium retention.
Simultaneous multi-wavelength-band optical frequency domain imaging for spectroscopic investigations (2011)

A novel method of simultaneous multi-wavelength-band common-path optical frequency domain imaging is proposed for spectroscopic applications. Simultaneous multi-band wavelength tuning can be performed by using multiple fiber-ring cavities with corresponding optical semiconductor amplifier as their gain mediums and narrowband optical filters with a single polygonal scanner for synchronization. A simultaneous 1310/1550 dual-band swept laser source is constructed as a proof concept prototype. Broadband 1310/1550 wavelength-division multiplexing is used for coupling two wavelengths into a common-path single-mode GRIN-lensed fiber probe to form a dual-band common-path optical frequency domain imaging. Simultaneous imaging at 1310 and 1550 nm is achieved by using a depth ratio correction method. This technique allows potential for in vivo endoscopic high-speed functional optical frequency domain imaging with high quality spectroscopic contrast with low computational costs. On the other hand, the common path configuration is able to suppress common mode noise and potentially implement high stability quantitative phase measurements.
Use of urinary markers in cancer setting: A literature review (2015)

The potential use of urinary markers in the management of bone metastases is promising as it can allow for earlier and more convenient detection of bone metastases in comparison to other techniques. However, additional studies involving prospective clinical trials are suggested to further examine the potential of urinary markers in developing appropriate treatment strategies and endpoints, especially in developing a clearer protocol on the extent urinary markers should be reduced by to correlate with achievement of clinical benefit.
Beiträge zur Chemie des Schwefels. 115. Kristall‐ und MolekülStruktur von Benzopentathiepin (1979)

Abstract Die Struktur von Benzopentathiepin wurde aus Einkristalldaten röntgenographisch bestimmt. Die Kristalle sind monoklin, Raumgruppe P2 1 /c, mit 4 Molekeln in der Elementarzelle. Die Gitterkonstanten sind: a = 6,942(4) Å, b = 10,223(10) Å, c = 13,015(8) Å, β = 102,15(10)°. Der siebengliedrige Ring liegt in der Sesselkonformation vor. Einzelheiten der Konformation werden diskutiert. Bindungslängen und ‐winkel sowie die Diederwinkel werden mit denen anderer Molekeln ähnlicher Struktur verglichen.
Directional etching of Si with perfect selectivity to SiO2 using an ultraclean electron cyclotron resonance plasma (1990)

Using a newly developed ultraclean electron cyclotron resonance plasma etcher, Si wafers masked by SiO2 were etched with a chlorine plasma at pressures of 0.6–4.0 mTorr with a microwave power of 300–700 W. Ultraclean processing under a low ion energy condition at high pressures has revealed that there is an induction period during which time there is no SiO2 etching. This is not observed with Si. During the induction period, perfectly selective etching for Si to SiO2 has been achieved. Under this perfectly selective condition, anisotropic tenth micron patterns of polycrystalline silicon have been obtained with little undercut.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of 5‐Amino‐1‐(chloromethyl)‐3‐ [(5,6,7‐trimethoxyindol‐2‐yl)carbonyl]‐1,2‐diyhdro‐3H‐benz[e]indole (Amino‐seco‐CBI‐TMI) and Related 5‐Alkylamino Analogues: New DNA Minor Groove Alkylating Agents. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Side population cells and Bcrp1 expression in lung (2003)

Side population (SP) cells are a rare subset of cells found in various tissues that are highly enriched for stem cell activity. SP cells can be isolated by dual-wavelength flow cytometry because of their capacity to efflux Hoechst dye, a process mediated by the ATP-binding cassette transporter breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) 1. By performing flow cytometry of enzymedigested mouse lung stained with Hoechst dye, we found that SP cells comprise 0.03-0.07% of total lung cells and are evenly distributed in proximal and distal lung regions. By RT-PCR, we found that lung SP cells express hepatocyte nuclear factor-3beta, but not thyroid transcription factor-1. Surface marker analysis revealed lung SP cells to be stem cell antigen 1 positive, Bcrp1 positive, lineage marker negative, and heterogeneous at the CD45 locus. As expected, we did not detect lung SP cells in Bcrp1-deficient animals. We, therefore, employed nonisotopic in situ hybridization and immunostaining for Bcrp1 as a strategy to localize these cells in vivo. Expression was observed in distinct lung cell types: bronchial and vascular smooth muscle cells and round cells within the distal air space. We confirmed the expression of Bcrp1 in primary bronchial smooth muscle cell cultures (BSMC) and in lavaged distal airway cells, but neither possessed the capacity to efflux Hoechst dye. In BSMC, Bcrp1 was localized to an intracellular compartment, suggesting that the molecular site of Bcrp1 expression regulates SP phenotype.
HMMSplicer: A Tool for Efficient and Sensitive Discovery of Known and Novel Splice Junctions in RNA-Seq Data (2010)

HMMSplicer was found to perform especially well in compact genomes and on genes with low expression levels, alternative splice isoforms, or non-canonical splice junctions. Because HHMSplicer does not rely on pre-built gene models, the products of inexact splicing are also detected. For H. sapiens, we find 3.6% of 3' splice sites and 1.4% of 5' splice sites are inexact, typically differing by 3 bases in either direction. In addition, HMMSplicer provides a score for every predicted junction allowing the user to set a threshold to tune false positive rates depending on the needs of the experiment. HMMSplicer is implemented in Python. Code and documentation are freely available at http://derisilab.ucsf.edu/software/hmmsplicer.
Investigations into an Intramolecular Proton Transfer and Solvent Dependent Acid‐Base Equilibria in 2,6‐Pyridine Diacetic Acid (2019)

Abstract This study highlights an intramolecular proton transfer and solvent dependent acid‐base equilibria in 2,6‐pyridine diacetic acid, as contributing factors to a solid state reversible structural transformation and a spontaneous double decarboxylation. Differential scanning calorimetry exhibited several reversible phase transitions, with the most pronounced change occurring at 168 K. A reversible structural transformation, from the monoclinic system to the triclinic one, was confirmed via temperature dependent X‐ray diffraction studies. In water, absorbance shifts from 198 to 210 nm were observed, correlating to the deprotonation of the carboxylic groups, synergistically, protonation of the pyridine ring showed shifts from 280 to 270 nm. 1 H NMR provided evidence of the solvent dependent, irreversible conversion to 2,6‐dimethylpyridine via sequential decarboxylations. The ΔS ≠ for each decarboxylation were 39.53 ± 3.87 and 23.56 ± 2.84 JK −1 mol −1 respectively. Finally, the rate constants for observed D 2 O exchange with the α‐carbon protons were determined as 1.02 ± 0.12 x 10 −3 s −1 and 6.13 ± 0.12 x 10 −4 s −1 with a double exponential fit.
Site-Specific Intracoronary Delivery of Octreotide in Humans: A Pharmacokinetic Study to Determine Dose-Efficacy in Restenosis Prevention (2003)

Somatostatin analogues have been shown to inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation after local administration in vivo in animal models and in vitro using human coronary smooth muscle cell cultures. However, the optimal dosage for attaining effective site-specific administration remains undefined. This study was performed to determine the required theoretical dose of the somatostatin analogue, octreotide, to be delivered site specifically, for prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty in humans using a previously described methodology to determine regional pharmacokinetics of site-specific intracoronary administrated compounds. In 7 patients, 111In-octreotide, a gamma-labeled somatostatin analogue, was infused post angioplasty at the site of dilatation via a coil-balloon and quantified using a radio-isotopic technique. Efficiency of delivery ranged from 0.1% to 2.7% of the total infused dose of 0.18 microg, corresponding to a mean peak delivered amount of 1.8 +/- 1.9 ng. Total locally bioavailable 111In-octreotide reached 2.28 +/- 2.15 ng h. Based on current in vitro bioavailability and peak concentration data to inhibit proliferation and thymidine incorporation in human coronary smooth muscle cells, a 4000x higher averaged dose (approximately 700 microg) should be infused site specifically to obtain a biologic efficacy in 50% of the treated patients (ED50). Quantification of regional pharmacokinetics enables the determination of a theoretical site-specific dose for achieving appropriate bioavailability above the therapeutic threshold concentration for smooth muscle cell inhibition. This approach is proposed for the determination of the appropriate site-specific coronary infusion dose for the inhibition of restenosis after balloon angioplasty.
Polarization state modifications in the propagation of high azimuthal order annular beams (2001)

Using a vector Fresnel diffraction propagator we investigate the far-field distributions obtained from guided annular modes with different polarization states. Furthermore we demonstrate that a pure azimuthal polarization transforms into a mainly radial one in the propagation of annular beams with azimuthal mode number higher than 0. This property could enhance the performance of a laser metal-cutting system based on these kind of beams.
ChemInform Abstract: Current Directions in Co‐Crystal Growth (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Whole-body PET/CT imaging: Combining software- and hardware-based co-registration (2007)

In clinical PET/CT imaging, retrospective registration of CT and uncorrected PET images may improve the quality of the AC-PET images. As of today no validated and clinically viable commercial registration software is in routine use. This has triggered our efforts in pursuing new approaches to a validated, non-rigid co-registration algorithm applicable to whole-body PET/CT imaging of which first results are presented here. This approach appears suitable for applications in retrospective WB-PET/CT alignment.
Pathogenicity, virulence factors, and strategies to fight against Burkholderia cepacia complex pathogens and related species (2010)

The Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) is a group of 17 closely related species of the beta-proteobacteria subdivision that emerged in the 1980s as important human pathogens, especially to patients suffering from cystic fibrosis. Since then, a remarkable progress has been achieved on the taxonomy and molecular identification of these bacteria. Although some progress have been achieved on the knowledge of the pathogenesis traits and virulence factors used by these bacteria, further work envisaging the identification of potential targets for the scientifically based design of new therapeutic strategies is urgently needed, due to the very difficult eradication of these bacteria with available therapies. An overview of these aspects of Bcc pathogenesis and opportunities for the design of future therapies is presented and discussed in this work.
Autonomous growth of androgen-independent human prostatic carcinoma cells: role of transforming growth factor alpha. (1991)

The androgen-independent prostatic carcinoma cell line PC3 is known to exhibit autonomous growth in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) and its receptor, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, in the regulation of PC3 cell proliferation. Results showed that PC3 cells secrete factors into conditioned medium that are mitogenic for the less aggressive prostatic carcinoma lines DU145 and LNCaP. Gel filtration chromatography of PC3-conditioned medium revealed a major peak of mitogenic activity at a molecular weight of 5,000 to 10,000 which was inhibited by the addition of antibody to TGF-alpha. The synthesis and secretion of TGF-alpha by PC3 cells were further demonstrated by immunoblotting and radioimmunoassay. Radioreceptor analysis showed a single class (Kd 5.3 nM) of EGF receptors on PC3 cells. The presence of Mr 170,000 EGF receptors on PC3 cells was further demonstrated by immunoprecipitation of metabolically labeled proteins. TGF-alpha was effective in stimulating the growth of low-density, but not high-density, PC3 cultures. In addition, the proliferation of PC3 cells under serum-free defined conditions was inhibited by antibodies to TGF-alpha and/or the EGF receptor. These data indicate that TGF-alpha/EGF receptor interactions are partially responsible for autonomous growth of the PC3 cell line and may explain one mechanism of escape from androgen-dependent growth in human prostatic carcinoma.
Addiction Treatment in Psychiatric Settings (1994)

We have had dichotomous systems for the treatment of addictive and psychiatric disorders. While there has been some movement on each side, the progress toward combined treatment for addictive and psychiatric disorders has been slow. As a result, the treatment for the chronic mentally ill remains limited.
Meso/Macroporous CoMo Alumina Pellets for Hydrotreating of Heavy Oil (2013)

CoMo catalysts supported on meso/macroporous alumina have been designed for hydrotreating of heavy oil. Pellets were prepared from pseudoboehmite and polystyrene colloidal crystals with subsequent CoMo compounds supporting on alumina. Supports, fresh and spent catalysts were characterized by crushing tests, X-ray diffraction, scanning and high-resolution transmission electron microscopies, N2 sorption and pycnometric techniques, mercury porosimetry, and different methods of elemental analyses. The hydrotreating experiments were carried out at 380–420 °C and 70 bar in the presence of CoMo catalysts supported on meso/macroporous or reference mesoporous alumina. Viscosity, desulfurization extent, microcarbon residue, and asphaltenes content were determined for the reaction products. CoMo compounds supported on meso/macroporous Al2O3 had transformed to the layered sulfides under the influence of reaction medium, while no significant changes of supported compounds were observed for the reference mesoporous catalyst. The bimodal meso/macroporous catalyst had increased activity in hydrodemetallization and hydrodesulfurization reactions compared with the mesoporous analogue.