gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
World class base and precious metal deposits; a quantitative analysis (1995)

Over 62 percent of the 193,000 metric tons of gold discovered to date is located in four countries and more than 68 percent occurs in four types of mineral deposits. About 55 percent of the 1,740,000 metric tons of silver found is in four countries and 45 percent is in four types of deposits. Fifty-six percent of the 1.52 billion metric tons of discovered copper is from four countries and four types of deposits contain 88 percent of the total. Over 50 percent of both the 713,000,000 metric tons of zinc and 349,000,000 metric tons of lead discovered to date come from four countries and 70 percent of both metals occur in four types of deposits. All discovered gold would fit in a cube with a height of 22 m, silver in a 55-m cube, copper in a 550-m cube, zinc in a 460-m cube, and lead in a 310-m cube. At least 74 percent of gold, silver, zinc, and lead is in deposits having average grades above the respective median grades and 44 percent of copper is in deposits with average grades above the median grade of all deposits. Lower grade deposits contain less total metal than higher grade deposits. Tonnage of mineralized rock is an even better predictor of contained metal with over 96 percent of each metal's total residing in deposits having greater than median size and between 47 and 79 percent of metal contained in the largest 10 percent of deposits. World class deposits, defined as the upper 10 percent of deposits in terms of contained metal, account for over 86 percent of all gold, 79 percent of silver, 84 percent of copper, 71 percent of zinc, and 73 percent of lead. These giant deposits contain at least 100 metric tons (3.2 Moz) gold, 2,400 metric tons (77 Moz) silver, 2 million metric tons copper, 1.7 million metric tons zinc, or 1 million metric tons lead. Mineral deposits occur rarely in the earth's crust and large ones are especially uncommon. This analysis shows that only the unusually large deposits can significantly affect supply.
Applications of Protein Epitope Mimetics in Vaccine Design. (2001)

An approach to synthetic vaccine design is illustrated, focusing on the immunodominant (NPNA)n repeat region of the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Modelling suggests that the NPNAN motif may adopt a helical β-turn, which is tandemly repeated in the CS protein to generate a novel supersecondary structure. Cyclic peptidomimetics of this NPNAN motif were synthesized and shown by NMR to adopt helical turns in aqueous solution. When incorporated into Immunopotentiating Reconstituted Influenza Virosomes (IRIVs), humoral immune responses were generated in mice that crossreact with native CS protein on sporozoites. IRIVs are a human-compatible delivery system that appear generally suitable for inducing antibody responses against conformational epitopes using constrained peptidomimetics. This approach may offer great potential for the design of molecularly defined synthetic vaccines, including those targeted against multiple antigens and development stages of P. falciparum, or against other infectious agents.
Perceived Leisure Functioning of Nursing Home Patients (1989)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an organized recreation program on the perceived leisure functioning of six elderly, mentally ill patients living in a nursing home. The Comprehensive Leisure Rating Scale (CLEIRS) was used as the assessment instrument. The CLEIRS was completed by a licensed practical nurse who observed the subjects prior to implementation of an organized recreation program and two times during the recreation rogram. Results indicated that one patient improved in perceived reisure functioning, one patient decreased in perceived leisure functioning, one patient showed mixed results, and three patients remained the same in their perceived leisure functioning.
The "Myth" of the minimum SAR antenna area constraint (2000)

A design constraint traceable to the early days of spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is known as the minimum antenna area constraint for SAR. In this paper, it is confirmed that this constraint strictly applies only to the case in which both the best possible resolution and the widest possible swath are the design goals. SAR antennas with area smaller than the constraint allows are shown to be possible, have been used on spaceborne SAR missions in the past, and should permit further, lower-cost SAR missions in the future.
Intersubband absorption at λ∼1.55 μm in well- and modulation-doped GaN/AlGaN multiple quantum wells with superlattice barriers (2000)

Intersubband optical absorption around 1.55 μm has been measured in GaN/AlGaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. First, peak absorption wavelengths as short as 1.41 μm are reported for ultranarrow, ⩾11 Å wide, well-doped MQWs with high, 85%, AlN mole-fraction barriers. Second, in order to enable modulation doping as well as the use of lower AlN mole-fraction barriers, we designed and fabricated QWs embedded in barriers consisting of a short period superlattice of narrow GaN QWs and only 65% AlN mole-fraction barriers. The resulting electron Bragg confinement allows peak absorption wavelengths as short as 1.52 μm. Furthermore, the structures can now be modulation doped through doping of the narrow superlattice wells and subsequent charge transfer into the active well. We observe a reduction of the absorption linewidth, from ∼200 to ∼130 meV, for these structures.
Spectral comparison of low-weight and UAV-based hyperspectral frame cameras with portable spectroradiometer measurements (2014)

The non-destructive monitoring of crop growth status with field-based or tractor-based multi- or hyperspectral sensors is a common practice in precision agriculture. The demand for flexible, easy to use, and field scale systems in super-high resolution (<20 cm) or on single plant scale is given to provide in-field variability of crop growth status for management purposes. Satellite and airborne systems are usually not able to provide the spatial and temporal resolution for such purposes within a low-cost approach. The developments in the area of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) seem to fill exactly that niche. In this contribution, we introduce two hyperspectral frame cameras weighing less than 1 kg which can be mounted to low-weight UAVs (<3 kg). The first results of a campaign in June 2013 are presented and the derived spectra from the hyperspectral images are compared to related spectra collected with a portable spectroradiometer. The results are promising.
Microcirculatory disorders in sepsis and transplantation: therapy with natural coagulatory inhibitors antithrombin and activated protein C (2006)

Microcirculatory dysfunction plays a key role in the development of organ dysfunction in septic patients and after solid organ transplantation. The exogenous application of coagulatory inhibitors may provide a new important strategy for prevention and treatment of microcirculatory disorders. This mode of action may be the reason why coagulatory inhibitors could improve mortality in septic patients without directly influencing inflammatory mediator concentrations.
Evaluation of Pyrolized Carbon Black from Scrap Tires as Additive in Hot Mix Asphalt (1996)

The viability of using pyrolized carbon black (CBp) derived from waste tires as a reinforcing agent in asphalt mixtures was evaluated. Commercial carbon black (CB) has been previously shown to reduce the rutting resistance, temperature susceptibility, and cracking propagation potential of asphalt concrete. It was believed that CBp could produce similar benefits; this belief has been confirmed by this study. Different ratios of CBp and CB (5, 10, 15, and 20 percent by weight of asphalt) were blended with two grades of asphalt (AC-10 and AC-20). The Marshall method, the gyratory testing machine, the dynamic creep testing (confined), the indirect tensile testing, and the resilient modulus test were performed. The test results of CBp mixtures were compared with results of CB and conventional mixtures. The analyses of test results show that the typical performance of CBp-modified asphalt mixtures is improved with respect to commercial CB and conventional mixtures. The rutting potential and the temperature susceptibility can be reduced by the inclusion of CBp in the asphalt mixture. A CBp content of 10 to 15 percent by weight of asphalt is recommended for improvement of asphalt concrete.
Influence of microwaves on the rate of esterification of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoic acid with 2-propanol (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInfluence of microwaves on the rate of esterification of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoic acid with 2-propanolKevin D. Raner and Christopher R. StraussCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 23, 6231–6234Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00049a034https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00049a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views346Altmetric-Citations56LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Aurora kinase inhibitors as anti-cancer therapy (2010)

Aurora kinases are serine and threonine kinases that function as key regulators of the mitosis process. There are three distinct human aurora kinases known as Aurora A, Aurora B, and Aurora C. Aurora A and Aurora B are overexpressed in a number of human cancers including non-small cell lung cancer, glioblastomas, and upper gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. Given their association with tumorigenesis, both Aurora A and Aurora B have been targeted for cancer therapy. Currently, a number of selective and nonselective aurora kinase inhibitors are being tested in preclinical and clinical settings as anti-tumor agents. We review the biology of human aurora kinases, followed by an overview of inhibitors undergoing current clinical investigations.
Neuroglia in Neurological Diseases (2013)

Neurological diseases are disorders of the brain, spinal cord and the nerves. Alexander disease (AxD) is the only known example of primary astrogliopathology, being caused by the mutation of astroglia-specific gene. The disruption of blood flow can be caused either by blood vessel rupture or by a restriction of blood supply to the brain or parts of the brain, commonly referred to as brain ischaemia. Astrocytes are the most ischaemia-resistant elements of neural circuits. They are powerful scavengers of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The chapter focuses on neurodegenerative diseases. Gliomas are tumours of the nervous system that develop from glial cells. Glioma cells can undergo substantial shrinkage, which helps them to attain an elongated shape and thus penetrate into narrow interstitial compartments. The majority of therapeutic approaches currently in clinical use target neurones, but it seems likely that future therapeutic efforts may benefit by a stronger focus on neuroglia.
연구소 기업의 기술사업화: 한국원자력연구원의 헤모힘을 중심으로 (2012)

한국원자력연구원이 기술 출자로 설립한 연구소기업인 (주)선바이오텍은 2006년 3월 '대덕연구개발특구 등의 육성에 관한 특별법' 의 제1호 연구소기업으로 선정되었다. 이 회사의 대표적 제품인 헤모힘은 항암치료 보조 기능성식품이다. 이 기술은 미국, 유럽, 일본 등에 특허를 획득한 3극 특허(Triad Patent Families)이기도 하다. 본 기술개발사례는 기존 선진기술을 습득하는 대신 새로운 기술을 개발하는 선진형 기술혁신이며, 소비재 사업화로서 기술개발이 소비자들이 직접 먹고 마시는 건강기능식품과 관련된다. 본 연구는 (주)선바이오텍이 천연 생약복합 조성물로 면역조절기능이 탁월한 '헤모힘'의 사업화 과정을 심층 분석하여 그 과정에서 나타난 성공요인, 문제점, 해결노력 등을 파악해 본다. 【Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute(KAERI) invested the technology and made the Research Institute Company, SunBioTech with Korea Colma in 2006. It is the first Research Institute Company, based on the 'Law for Daedeok Innopolis Development'. this company made a product of HemoHim which is the supportive functional food for the cancer treatment. This technology is very unique and get the Triad Patent Families. This paper deal with the new technology based innovation and the product is very sensitive because of the consumer oriented. We study the successful technology commercialization process of HemoHim and suggest a implication for the company and decision makers.】
Adaptive human-computer interfaces: a literature survey and perspective (1989)

The authors present a survey of recent research in adaptive interface computer software as well as a discussion of factors that require consideration in designing this software. An adaptive interface needs to include a knowledge base that encompasses four domains. These four domains are knowledge of the current user, knowledge of the interaction scheme, knowledge of the problem task, and knowledge of the underlying system. The authors review and discuss these knowledge bases along with the positive and negative aspects of adaptive interfaces.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A dense array of small coupled waveguides in fiber technology: trefoil channels of microstructured optical fibers (2008)

We calculate the limit to which the density of two-dimensional arrays of diffraction limited fiber waveguides can be reduced while maintaining weakly-coupled characteristics. We demonstrate that this density can be experimentally reached in an array of trefoil channels formed by the air holes of a microstructured optical fiber specially designed to meet limiting size and density specifications at lambda=1.55 microm.
Immunogenicity of Candidate MERS-CoV DNA Vaccines Based on the Spike Protein (2017)

MERS-coronavirus is a novel zoonotic pathogen which spread rapidly to >25 countries since 2012. Its apparent endemicity and the wide spread of its reservoir host (dromedary camels) in the Arabian Peninsula highlight the ongoing public health threat of this virus. Therefore, development of effective prophylactic vaccine needs to be urgently explored given that there are no approved prophylactics or therapeutics for humans or animals to date. Different vaccine candidates have been investigated but serious safety concerns remain over protein or full-length spike (S) protein-based vaccines. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of naked DNA vaccines expressing different fragments of MERS-CoV S protein in mice. We found that plasmids expressing full-length (pS) or S1-subunit (pS1) could induce significant levels of S1-specific antibodies (Abs) but with distinct IgG isotype patterns. Specifically, pS1 immunization elicited a balanced Th1/Th2 response and generally higher levels of all IgG isotypes compared to pS vaccination. Interestingly, only mice immunized with pS1 demonstrated significant S1-specific cellular immune response. Importantly, both constructs induced cross-neutralizing Abs against multiple strains of human and camel origins. These results indicate that vaccines expressing S1-subunit of the MERS-CoV S protein could represent a potential vaccine candidate without the possible safety concerns associated with full-length protein-based vaccines.
Incidence of Sexual Dysfunction Associated With Antidepressant Agents: A Prospective Multicenter Study of 1022 Outpatients (2001)

Background: Antidepressants, especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), venlafaxine, and clomipramine, are frequently associated with sexual dysfunction. Other antidepressants (nefazodone, mirtazapine, bupropion, amineptine, and moclobemide) with different mechanisms of action seem to have fewer sexual side effects. The incidence of sexual dysfunction is underestimated, and the use of a specific questionnaire is needed. Method: The authors analyzed the incidence of antidepressant-related sexual dysfunction in a multicenter, prospective, open-label study carried out by the Spanish Working Group for the Study of Psychotropic-Related Sexual Dysfunction. The group collected data from April 1995 to February 2000 on patients with previously normal sexual function who were being treated with antidepressants alone or antidepressants plus benzodiazepines. One thousand twenty-two outpatients (610 women, 412 men; mean age = 39.8 ± 11.3 years) were interviewed using the Psychotropic-Related Sexual Dysfunction Questionnaire, which includes questions about libido, orgasm, ejaculation, erectile function, and general sexual satisfaction. Results: The overall incidence of sexual dysfunction was 59.1% (604/1022) when all antidepressants were considered as a whole. There were relevant differences when the incidence of any type of sexual dysfunction was compared among different drugs: fluoxetine, 57.7% (161/279); sertraline, 62.9% (100/159); fluvoxamine, 62.3% (48/77); paroxetine, 70.7% (147/208); citalopram, 72.7% (48/66); venlafaxine, 67.3% (37/55); mirtazapine, 24.4% (12/49); nefazodone, 8% (4/50); amineptine, 6.9% (2/29); and moclobemide, 3.9% (1/26). Men had a higher frequency of sexual dysfunction (62.4%) than women (56.9%), although women had higher severity. About 40% of patients showed low tolerance of their sexual dysfunction. Conclusion: The incidence of sexual dysfunction with SSRIs and venlafaxine is high, ranging from 58% to 73%, as compared with serotonin-2 (5-HT 2 ) blockers (nefazodone and mirtazapine), moclobemide, and aminentine.
Integrated gate-protected HEMTs and mixed-signal functional blocks for GaN smart power ICs (2012)

On a GaN smart power IC platform, a robust GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) with integrated gate protection is demonstrated by embedding a depletion-mode HEMT (D-HEMT) into the gate electrode of an enhancement-mode HEMT (E-HEMT). This protection scheme allows large input bias (e.g. 20 V) without gate-overdrive-induced reliability issues, and yields no penalties on the ON-state current and OFF-state breakdown voltage. Mixed-signal functional blocks, such as a 2-level quantizer circuit and a set/reset flip-flop, are demonstrated with operation up to 250°C to expand the design library for implementation of GaN smart power ICs.
Impact of Roasting Conditions on the Formation of Aroma Compounds in Coffee Beans (2002)

ABSTRACT: Hot air roasting of coffee beans results in a large number of aroma compounds. For a given coffee, the aroma profile is determined by the specific conditions for chemical reactions as controlled by the process parameters. Therefore, the influence of roasting temperatures on the formation of key aroma compounds was investigated. Coffee was roasted in 6 different processes to equal degrees of roast and the developing aroma compound profiles were characterized by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and olfactometry. A majority of aroma compounds showed the highest increase in concentration at medium stage of dehydration with bean water content from 7 to 2% (wb). Different time‐temperature histories led to distinct aroma compound profiles. To reach a specific flavor profile, precise control of roasting time and temperature is required.
Mass and charge transport in the PEO–NaI polymer electrolyte system: effects of temperature and salt concentration (2006)

Ionic transport in amorphous complexes of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and sodium iodide (NaI) was investigated by means of radiotracer diffusion and electrical conductivity measurements for three different compositions characterised by O-to-Na ratios of 20, 30, and 60. The diffusivity of 22Na and 125I as well as the charge diffusivity each show a systematic dependence on both temperature and salt concentration. The experimental data can be described within a transport model based on the occurrence of neutral ion pairs in addition to charged single cations and anions. It is found that both the enthalpy and entropy of ion pair formation decrease with increasing salt concentration. This indicates that the state of coordination between cations and polymer chain segments correlates with the number of available oxygen atoms per cation.
People: September 2013 (2013)

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Design of in vitro light stimulation device (2009)

Optogenetic technology is a novel method which can achieve bidirectional control of neural signals with cell type specific and high spatiotemporally precise. We developed an illumination system to control light sensitive cytoactive based on optogenetic technology. A NE555 driven circuit was utilized to control the high-intensity of a blue or yellow light-emitting diode (LED). The optical wavelength is about 470nm for the blue LED and 590nm for the yellow LED. To supply enough light intensity to activatee the light sensitive cells which were living in the culture dish, the whole LED circuit was integrated into a culture dish.
Human apolipoprotein E3 in aqueous solution. II. Properties of the amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains. (1988)

Hydrodynamic, chromatographic, and spectroscopic techniques were used to study the aqueous solution properties of the two structural domains of human apolipoprotein (apo) E3. An amino-terminal thrombolytic fragment of apoE (22 kDa, residues 1-191) and a carboxyl-terminal thrombolytic fragment of apoE (10 kDa, residues 216-299) were used as models for the two domains. Sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation showed that apoE and the 10-kDa model domain self-associated predominantly as tetramers. The 22-kDa model domain was primarily monomeric. Molecular weights calculated from the weight average sedimentation and diffusion coefficients or from the sedimentation coefficients and Stokes radii were in agreement with the sedimentation equilibrium results. Derived frictional coefficients suggest larger axial ratios and/or more extensive hydration for the apoE and the 10-kDa domain tetramers as compared with the 22-kDa domain. Proteolysis of apoE followed by high performance liquid chromatography showed rapid production of free 22-kDa domain, whereas the free 10-kDa domain appeared as a tetramer late in the course of the hydrolysis. Assessment by circular dichroism demonstrated that both model domains and apoE had over 54% alpha-helical content, which changed little in a detergent (octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside) or lipid (dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine) environment. In contrast to the circular dichroism results, apoE and the 10-kDa domain showed a marked blue shift in the fluorescence maximum in a lipid environment. The results suggest that the self-association of apoE in solution as a tetramer is mediated by the carboxyl-terminal domain and that the amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains do not associate with one another. The amino-terminal domain is most likely compact and globular, whereas the carboxyl-terminal domain is probably elongated. The isolated model domains appear to have structures that are similar to those of the domains in the intact protein.