gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Semi-Supervised Clustering Algorithm with Sequential Constraints (2015)

Semi-supervised clustering leverages side information such as pairwise constraints to guide clustering procedures. Despite promising progress, existing semi-supervised clustering approaches overlook the condition of side information being generated sequentially, which is a natural setting arising in numerous real-world applications such as social network and e-commerce system analysis. Given emerged new constraints, classical semi-supervised clustering algorithms need to re-optimize their objectives over all data samples and constraints in availability, which prevents them from efficiently updating the obtained data partitions. To address this challenge, we propose an efficient dynamic semi-supervised clustering framework that casts the clustering problem into a search problem over a feasible convex set, i.e., a convex hull with its extreme points being an ensemble of m data partitions. According to the principle of ensemble clustering, the optimal partition lies in the convex hull, and can thus be uniquely represented by an m-dimensional probability simplex vector. As such, the dynamic semi-supervised clustering problem is simplified to the problem of updating a probability simplex vector subject to the newly received pairwise constraints. We then develop a computationally efficient updating procedure to update the probability simplex vector in O(m2) time, irrespective of the data size n. Our empirical studies on several real-world benchmark datasets show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art semi-supervised clustering algorithms with visible performance gain and significantly reduced running time.
GhMYB25‐like: a key factor in early cotton fibre development (2010)

MYB transcription factors have been implicated in regulation of the development of ovule epidermal cells into the elongated seed fibres of cotton. An R2R3 MYB, GhMYB25-like, identified from its reduced expression in a fibreless mutant of cotton (Xu142 fl), is here shown to play a key role in the very early stages of fibre cell differentiation. A GhMYB25-like promoter-GUS construct was expressed predominantly in the epidermal layers of cotton ovules before anthesis (-3days post-anthesis, dpa), increasing in expression in 0-dpa ovules, primarily in those epidermal cells expanding into fibres, and then in elongating fibres at +3dpa, declining thereafter. This was consistent with GhMYB25-like transcript abundance during fibre development. RNA interference suppression of GhMYB25-like resulted in cotton plants with fibreless seeds, but normal trichomes elsewhere, phenocopying the Xu142 fl mutant. Like Xu142 fl these plants had reduced expression of the fibre-expressed MYBs, GhMYB25 and GhMYB109, indicating that GhMYB25-like is upstream from those MYBs. This hierarchy was supported by the absence of any change in transcript level of GhMYB25-like in GhMYB25- and GhMYB109-silenced transgenic lines. Transgenic cotton with an additional copy of the native gene had elevated expression of GhMYB25-like in ovules, but no obvious increase in fibre initials, suggesting that there may be other factors that interact with GhMYB25-like to differentiate epidermal cells into fibre cells.
Dynamic cross-coupled bit-line content addressable memory cell for high-density arrays (1987)

The design of a novel dynamic content addressable memory (CAM) cell suitable for high-density arrays is described. The proposed cell is capable of storing three internal states: ONE, ZERO, and `don't care' (MASK). The cell consists of five NMOS transistors of which four are used to store and access data and one is used as a diode to isolate current paths. Charge is stored on the gate of a transistor which results in nondestructive current-driven READ and MATCH operations and increases the charge storage time leading to higher reliability and improved immunization to alpha particles. Using 2-/spl mu/m design rules, buried contacts, single-level metal, and low-resistance polycide lines results in a CAM cell area of 25/spl times/22 /spl mu/m/SUP 2/, which is comparable to 64-kb static random access memory (RAM) cell areas. The CAM cell was successfully fabricated using a 4-/spl mu/m NMOS process and its operation was verified with a 2/spl times/3-bit array.
Latency Sensitive FMA Design (2011)

The implementation of merged floating-point multiply-add operations can be optimized in many ways. For latency sensitive applications, our cascade design reduces the accumulation dependent latency by 2x over a fused design, at a cost of a 13% increase in non-accumulation dependent latency. A simple in-order execution model shows this design is superior in most applications, providing 12% average reduction in FP stalls, and improves performance by up to 6%. Simulations of superscalar out-of-order machines show 4% average improvement in CPI in 2-way machines and 4.6% in 4-way machines. The cascade design has the same area and energy budget as a traditional fused multiple-add FMA.
Radiative Recombination Dominated Monocrystalline CdTe/MgCdTe Double-Heterostructures (2017)

Monocrystalline CdTe/MgCdTe double-heterostructures (DHs) grown on lattice-matched InSb substrates have achieved remarkable carrier-lifetimes up to 3.6 μs recently. In this paper, external luminescence quantum efficiencies η <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ext</sub> of CdTe/MgCdTe DHs are determined using photoluminescence quantum efficiency measurements. The external luminescence quantum efficiency of a 1-μm-thick CdTe/MgCdTe DH with indium-doped n-type at 1 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">17</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> is measured to be 3.0% under one-sun condition, i.e., a carrier injection current density of ~30 mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , which corresponds to a spontaneous emission quantum efficiency η <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</sub> of 90 ± 4%. Such a high efficiency gives an implied open-circuit voltage V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</sub> , or quasi-Fermi-level splitting of 1.13 V. The η <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</sub> of unintentionally doped DH samples with optimum barrier layers can be over 95% at one-sun injection level.
Analysis of beamformer directed single-channel noise reduction system for hearing aid applications (2015)

We study multi-microphone noise reduction systems consisting of a beamformer and a single-channel (SC) noise reduction stage. In particular, we present and analyse a maximum likelihood (ML) method for jointly estimating the target and noise power spectral densities (psd's) entering the SC filter. We show that the estimators are minimum variance and unbiased, and provide closed-form expressions for their mean-square error (MSE). Furthermore, we show that the MSE of the noise psd estimator is particularly simple: it is independent of target signal characteristics, frequency, and microphone locations. In a hearing aid context, we analyze the performance of the estimators as a function of target angle-of-arrival and frequency. Finally, we demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method in a hearing aid situation with a target speaker in large-crowd noise.
Multichannel detection for correlated non-Gaussian random processes based on innovations (1995)

The paper addresses the problem of multichannel signal detection in additive correlated non-Gaussian noise using the innovations approach. Although this problem has been addressed extensively for the case of additive Gaussian noise, the corresponding problem for the non-Gaussian case has received limited attention. This is due to the fact that there is no unique specification for the joint probability density function (PDF) of N correlated non-Gaussian random variables. The authors overcome this problem by using the theory of spherically invariant random processes (SIRPs) and derive the innovations-based detector. It is found that the optimal estimators for obtaining the innovations, processes are linear and that the resulting detector is canonical for the class of PDFs arising from SIRPs. The authors also present a performance analysis of the innovations-based detector for the case of a K-distributed SIRP.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Genetic and Structural Characterization of L11 Lipooligosaccharide from Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup A Strains (2010)

The lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of immunotype L11 is unique within serogroup A meningococci. In order to resolve its molecular structure, we conducted LOS genotyping by PCR analysis of genes responsible for alpha-chain sugar addition (lgtA, -B, -C, -E, -H, and -F) and inner core substituents (lgtG, lpt-3, and lpt-6). For this study, we selected seven strains belonging to subgroup III, a major clonal complex responsible for meningococcal meningitis epidemics in Africa. In addition, we sequenced the homopolymeric tract regions of three phase-variable genes (lgtA, lgtG, and lot-3) to predict gene functionality. The fine structure of the L11 LOS of each strain was determined using composition and glycosyl linkage analyses, NMR, and mass spectrometry. The masses of the dephosphorylated oligosaccharides were consistent with an oligosaccharide composed of two hexoses, one N-acetyl-hexosamine, two heptoses, and one KDO, as proposed previously. The molar composition of LOS showed two glucose residues to be present, in agreement with lgtH sequence prediction. Despite phosphoethanolaminetransferase genes lpt-3 and lpt-6 being present in all seven Neisseria meningitidis strains, phosphoethanolamine (PEtn) was found at both O-3 and O-6 of HepII among the three ST-5 strains, whereas among the four ST-7 strains, only one PEtn was found and located at O-3 of the HepII. The L11 LOS was found to be O-acetylated, as was indicated by the presence of the lot-3 gene being in-frame in all of the seven N. meningitidis strains. To our knowledge, these studies represent the first full genetic and structural characterization of the L11 LOS of N. meningitidis. These investigations also suggest the presence of further regulatory mechanisms affecting LOS structure microheterogeneity in N. meningitidis related to PEtn decoration of the inner core.
A new approach to design low cost, low complexity phased arrays (2010)

A new approach to design phased arrays with low cost and complexity is presented. In this approach, phase progression across the antenna elements is controlled by tuning a single phase shifter. As a result of reduction in the number of phase shifters, cost and complexity of phased arrays can be significantly reduced based on this approach. The presented phased array is a symmetrical structure consisting of directional couplers, phase shifters, amplifying stage and power combiners. The simple and compact phase shifters used in the design are composed of varactor diodes and inductors. As a proof-of-principle a 2 GHz phased arrays is fabricated and tested. The measurement results showing an approximate scan angle of 25 degrees are in a good agreement with the simulation.
Label-free high-throughput cell screening in flow (2013)

Flow cytometry is a powerful tool for cell counting and biomarker detection in biotechnology and medicine especially with regards to blood analysis. Standard flow cytometers perform cell type classification both by estimating size and granularity of cells using forward- and side-scattered light signals and through the collection of emission spectra of fluorescently-labeled cells. However, cell surface labeling as a means of marking cells is often undesirable as many reagents negatively impact cellular viability or provide activating/inhibitory signals, which can alter the behavior of the desired cellular subtypes for downstream applications or analysis. To eliminate the need for labeling, we introduce a label-free imaging-based flow cytometer that measures size and cell protein concentration simultaneously either as a stand-alone instrument or as an add-on to conventional flow cytometers. Cell protein concentration adds a parameter to cell classification, which improves the specificity and sensitivity of flow cytometers without the requirement of cell labeling. This system uses coherent dispersive Fourier transform to perform phase imaging at flow speeds as high as a few meters per second.
Formation of high quality ohmic contacts to p-GaN using metal/transparent conducting oxides (2004)

We report on promising Ni/transparent conducting oxides for producing high quality ohmic contacts to p-GaN. It is shown that the contacts annealed at 450-600/spl deg/C for 2 min in air ambient result low specific contact resistances of 10/sup -5/-10/sup -6/ /spl Omega/cm/sup 2/. Based on the X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy results, ohmic formation mechanisms are described.
An Efficient New Method of Doppler Removal and Correlation with Application to Software-Based GNSS Receivers (2006)

Dr. Mark Petovello is a senior research engineer in the Position, Location and Navigation (PLAN) group where he executes and supervises various navigation-related projects. Since 1998, he has worked on several projects including satellite-based navigation, inertial navigation, reliability analysis, dead-reckoning sensor integration, and most recently, software-based GNSS receivers. Dr. Gérard Lachapelle is a professor and CRC/iCORE Chair in Wireless Location in the above department, where he heads the PLAN group. He has been involved with GPS developments and application since 1980. For more information visit
Structural mechanisms of plant glucan phosphatases in starch metabolism (2016)

Glucan phosphatases are a recently discovered class of enzymes that dephosphorylate starch and glycogen, thereby regulating energy metabolism. Plant genomes encode two glucan phosphatases, called Starch EXcess4 (SEX4) and Like Sex Four2 (LSF2), that regulate starch metabolism by selectively dephosphorylating glucose moieties within starch glucan chains. Recently, the structures of both SEX4 and LSF2 were determined, with and without phosphoglucan products bound, revealing the mechanism for their unique activities. This review explores the structural and enzymatic features of the plant glucan phosphatases, and outlines how they are uniquely adapted to perform their cellular functions. We outline the physical mechanisms used by SEX4 and LSF2 to interact with starch glucans: SEX4 binds glucan chains via a continuous glucan-binding platform comprising its dual-specificity phosphatase domain and carbohydrate-binding module, while LSF2 utilizes surface binding sites. SEX4 and LSF2 both contain a unique network of aromatic residues in their catalytic dual-specificity phosphatase domains that serve as glucan engagement platforms and are unique to the glucan phosphatases. We also discuss the phosphoglucan substrate specificities inherent to SEX4 and LSF2, and outline structural features within the active site that govern glucan orientation. This review defines the structural mechanism of the plant glucan phosphatases with respect to phosphatases, starch metabolism and protein-glucan interaction, thereby providing a framework for their application in both agricultural and industrial settings.
A sensate liner for biomedical monitoring applications. (1998)

This program develops and demonstrates technologies useful for implementing a manageable cost effective systems approach to monitoring the medical condition of personnel by way of an instrumented uniform hereafter referred to as a Sensate Liner (SL). The SL consists of a form fitting garment which contains and interconnects sensing elements and devices to an electronics pack containing a processor and transmitter. The SL prototype requires fiber, textile, garment and sensor development. The SL textile consists of a mesh of electrically and optically conductive fibers integrated into the normal structure (woven or knitted) of fibers and yarns selected for comfort and durability. A suite of SL garment compatible embedded biological and physical sensors are then integrated into the SL. The initial SL sensor suite is selected to improve triage for combat casualties. Additional SL sensor concepts for medical monitoring will be discussed.
Kinetics of poly(propylene fumarate) synthesis by step polymerization of diethyl fumarate and propylene glycol using zinc chloride as a catalyst (2002)

Diethyl fumarate and propylene glycol were reacted in the presence of a zinc chloride catalyst to synthesize poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) over a period of 12 hours. The kinetics of the transesterification polymerization at 130 degrees C, 150 degrees C, and 200 degrees C were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. The initial rate of polymerization at each temperature was quantified by calculating the rate of change of the number average molecular weight (Mn). At 200 degrees C, gelation of the PPF occurred after 4 h. GPC analysis of the reaction showed that PPF synthesized at 150 degrees C had a higher final Mn of 4600 (+/- 190) and a higher weight average molecular weight of 10500 (+/- 760) than at 130 degrees C (n = 3). The chemical structure of the PPF was verified by NMR and FT-IR analysis. This study demonstrated that the maximum Mn of PPF by a transesterification reaction is limited due to gelation of PPF at high temperature.
<title>Scale-based filtering of medical images</title> (2000)

Image acquisition techniques often suffer from low signal-to- noise ratio (SNR) and/or contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Although many acquisition techniques are available to minimize these, post acquisition filtering is a major off-line image processing technique commonly used to improve the SNR and CNR. A major drawback of filtering is that it often diffuses/blurs important structures along with noise. In this paper, we introduce two novel scale-based filtering methods that use local structure size or 'object scale' information to arrest smoothing around fine structures and across even low-gradient boundaries. The first of these methods uses a weighted average over a scale-dependent neighborhood while the other employs scale-dependent diffusion conductance to perform filtering. Both methods adaptively modify the degree of filtering at any image location depending on local object scale. Qualitative experiments based on both phantoms and patient MR images show significant improvements using the scale-based methods over the extant anisotropic diffusive filtering method in preserving fine details and sharpness of object boundaries. Quantitative analysis on phantoms generated under a range of conditions of blurring, noise, and background variation confirm the superiority of the new scale-based approaches.
Model-based placement and optimization of subresolution assist features (2006)

Sub-resolution assist features (SRAFs) are an important tool for improving through-process robustness of advanced lithographic processes. Assist features have generally been placed and adjusted according to heuristic rules. The complexity of these rules increases rapidly with shrinking features size requiring more wafer data for calibration and more effort on the part of engineers. For advanced nodes, a model-based approach may better account for the variety of two-dimensional geometries and reduce substantially the amount of user effort required for effective SRAF placement. There are many ways in which model-based methods can be used to improve the effectiveness of assist features; we investigate several here. In the investigations described here, process window models may be employed to: 1) derive optimal rules for initial AF placement in a rule-based process, 2) resolve mask rule violations in optimal ways, and 3) make post-placement corrections of mask sites with poor behavior. In addition, we discuss a method for replacing an initial rule-based assist feature placement with a model-based placement which can consider the local two-dimensional geometry.
Genetic analysis of the S-mephenytoin polymorphism in a chinese population* (1995)

The 4'-hydroxylation of S-mephenytoin exhibits a polymorphism in humans, with the poor metabolizer phenotype exhibiting a lower frequency in white (3% to 5%) than in Oriental populations (13% to 23%). Two mutations in CYP2C19 (CYP2C19m1 and CYP2C19m2) have recently been described that account for approximately 85% of white and 100% of Japanese poor metabolizers. This study examines whether these mutations account for the poor metabolizer phenotype in the Chinese population. The metabolism of S-mephenytoin exhibited a bimodal distribution in 244 unrelated Chinese subjects, although the distribution of the two phenotypes overlapped. In 75 selected Chinese subjects, CYP2C19 genotype analysis predicted the phenotype with 100% accuracy. The frequency of the poor metabolizer phenotype was approximately 11% (95% confidence interval 7% to 15%). The frequency of the CYP2C19m1 allele was 0.289, whereas that of CYP2C19m2 was 0.044. Homozygous extensive metabolizers had slightly lower ratios of S/R-mephenytoin compared with heterozygous extensive metabolizers, showing a gene-dosage effect. These data show the advantages of genotype analysis in investigations of the mephenytoin phenotype in Oriental subjects.
Synthesis and characterization of fluorene‐based polybenzimidazole copolymer for gas separation (2014)

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to develop new cardo‐polybenzimidazole (CPBI) copolymers containing cardo fluorene, with improved gas permeability, specifically oxygen permeability. The characteristics of these copolymers are investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, 1 H and 13 C), thermo‐gravimetric analysis, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. These membranes fabricated from copolymers have relatively high oxygen diffusion coefficients, determined using gas permeation. In particular, the CPBI‐co91 (synthesized by using the monomers ratio containing dibenzoic acid = 9 : 1) membrane have oxygen permeability coefficient ( P O2 ) of 10.69 Barrer, theoretical selectivity of 5.4 for oxygen to nitrogen, and O 2 diffusion coefficient of 9.64 × 10 −8 cm 2 /s. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131 , 40521.