gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Intracerebroventricular Insulin Infusion on Diabetic Hyperphagia and Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Gene Expression (1995)

To test the hypothesis that diabetic hyperphagia results from insulin deficiency in the brain, diabetic rats (streptozotocin-induced) were given an intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of saline or insulin (at a dose that did not affect plasma glucose levels) for 6 days. Food and water intake were significantly increased in diabetic rats, but only food intake was affected by ICV insulin. Diabetic hyperphagia was reduced 58% by ICV insulin compared with ICV saline (P < 0.05) and was accompanied by a 69% increase in diabetes-induced weight loss (P < 0.05). To evaluate whether central nervous system (CNS) insulin deficiency affects expression of neuropeptides involved in food intake, in situ hybridization was done for neuropeptide Y (NPY), which stimulates feeding, in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and for cholecystokinin (CCK) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which inhibit feeding, in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. In diabetic rats, NPY mRNA hybridization increased 280% (P < 0.05), an effect reduced 40% by ICV insulin (P < 0.05). CCK mRNA hybridization increased 50% in diabetic rats (P < 0.05), a response reduced slightly by ICV insulin (P < 0.05), whereas CRH mRNA hybridization decreased 33% in diabetic rats (P < 0.05) and was unchanged by ICV insulin. The results demonstrate that CNS infusion of insulin to diabetic rats reduces both hyperphagia and overexpression of hypothalamic NPY mRNA. This observation supports the hypothesis that a deficiency of insulin in the brain is an important cause of diabetic hyperphagia and that increased hypothalamic NPY gene expression contributes to this phenomenon.
A Phase I Study Evaluating the Pharmacokinetic Profile of a Novel, Proprietary, Nano-formulated, Lower-Dose Oral Indomethacin (2012)

The nano-formulated, lower-dose indomethacin had an improved PK profile compared with indomethacin. Under the advisory issued by worldwide regulatory agencies regarding use of lowest effective doses, these data may support use of lower-dose NSAID formulations that improve safety/tolerability while maintaining pain relief similar to standard NSAID formulations.
A case-based assistant for diagnosis and analysis of dysmorphic syndromes (1995)

This report describes the development of a case-based reasoning (CBR) system designed to provide assistance to specialists within the dysmorphology field. An interactive CBR model is described which aids medical experts in arriving at potential diagnoses, and has an explicit learning goal in order to provide further analytical assessment of syndrome categories. The complexity of this real world domain has highlighted a number of important empirical issues with respect to CBR techniques, which are discussed along with the system design.
Application of Photocatalysts and LED Light Sources in Drinking Water Treatment (2013)

This study investigates a cross-section of TiO2 compositions for which existing evidence suggests the prospect of improved performance compared to standard Degussa P25. In the context of a program aimed toward a 365 nm LED based photo-reactor, the question is whether a distinctly superior photocatalyst composition for drinking water treatment is now available that would shape design choices. An answer was sought by synthesizing several photocatalysts with reported high reactivity in some context in the literature, and by performing photocatalysts reactivity tests using common pollutants of water system including Natural Organic Matter (NOM) and Emerging Contaminants (ECs) from the pesticide and pharmaceutical classes. 365 nm Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) were used as the irradiation source. Since LEDs are now available in the UV, we did not examine the TiO2 modifications that bring band gap excitation into the region beyond 400 nm. The results suggest that the choice of the photocatalyst should be best made to fit the reactor design and photocatalyst mounting constraints such as mass transport, reactive surface, and light field. No photocatalyst composition overall, superior for all classes emerged.
Bounding the diffuse adversary (1998)

Results Koutsoupias and Papadimitriou recently raised the question of how well deterministic on-line paging algorithms can do against a certain class of adversariallu biased random input> (3). Such an input is given in an on-line fashion; the adversary determines the next request probabilistically, subject to the constraint that no page may be requested with probability more than a fixed 6 > 0. In this note, we answer their question by estimating, within a factor of two, the optimal competitive ratio of any deterministic on-line strategy against this adversary. We fur- ther analyze randomized on-line strategies, obtaining upper and lower bounds within a factor of two. These estimates reveal the qualitative changes as E ranges continuously from 1 (the standard model) towards 0 (a severely handicauued adbersary). Our upper bounds usk an %&rance-b&id charging scheme that reduces the analysis of the expected cost on an adversarially biased random input to the analysis of the adjusted cost of a worst-case input.
Determinants of Calcineurin Binding to Model Membranes (1997)

The biochemical factors that lead to membrane targeting of the Ser/Thr protein phosphatase calcineurin were examined using model phospholipid membranes. The interaction of myristoyl- and non-myristoylcalcineurin with lipid surfaces was investigated as a function of negatively charged phospholipids, diacylglycerol, Ca2+, and calmodulin. The data indicate that calcineurin binding to phospholipid monolayers both is myristoyl-independent and is mediated by anionic phospholipids and/or diacylglycerol. Although the effect of Ca2+ on calcineurin-lipid binding is minor, calmodulin altered the binding of calcineurin to the lipid membrane in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Experiments with a constitutively active form of calcineurin that does not bind calmodulin indicated that the effect required the interaction of calcineurin with calmodulin. Our results suggest that phosphatidylserine, diaclyglycerol, and calmodulin may mediate the lipid binding properties of calcineurin in vivo.
Induction of dwarfism in transgenic <i>Solanum dulcamara</i> by over‐expression of a gibberellin 20‐oxidase cDNA from pumpkin (2000)

The gibberellin (GA) 20-oxidase (CmGA20ox1) from immature pumpkin seed produces predominantly inactive tricarboxylic acid GAs. We expressed CmGA20ox1 under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter in Solanum dulcamara to assess the usefulness of this gene for reducing GA content in transgenic plants. All transgenic plants obtained were semi-dwarfs with smaller, deep-green leaves and highly pigmented stems compared to the wild-type. Such transformants flowered earlier than the wild-type plants and produced more fruit and more seeds per fruit. The transgene was efficiently expressed, producing high levels of CmGA20ox1 transcript and protein. Furthermore, the concentration of GA(1) was reduced in leaves of the transformants to approximately 20% or less of that in the wild-type and to about 40% or less in stems. The concentrations of other 13-hydroxylated GAs were also reduced, except for the tricarboxylic acid, GA(17), which accumulated in the transformants due to 13-hydroxylation of GA(25). By contrast, the concentrations of non-13-hydroxylated GAs, GA(4) and GA(34), were not consistently reduced, indicating that the effect of expressing the pumpkin gene may not be predictable. Transcript abundance for a native GA 20-oxidase gene was higher in the leaves and stems of S. dulcamara transformed with the pumpkin gene than in wild-type, reflecting the feedback control of 20-oxidase gene expression that serves as a homeostatic mechanism for GAs.
Strategies for Reliable ARC Flash Detection in Low-Voltage Switchgear: Copyright Material IEEE, Paper No. PCIC-2018-14 (2018)

Reliably detecting the ignition of an arc flash inside low-voltage metal enclosed switchgear using an arc flash detection system presents a number of technical challenges and requires careful system design to provide maximum equipment and personnel protection. The proper placement of sensors throughout the switchgear is critical to ensuring reliable arc flash detection. Given the large number of potential switchgear design variations, the best way to ensure reliable arc flash detection is through verification of sensor placement by creating true arcing events at a high power test lab using worst-case switchgear configurations in which the detection system will be applied. This paper will briefly discuss the tradeoffs between fiber optic and wired point sensors and will provide extensive treatment of methods to determine sensor placement, sensitivity and quantity within a given low-voltage switchgear design as well as strategies to avoid nuisance operation of the arc flash detection system.
Application and evaluation of distributed WAN optimization technique in heterogeneous networks (2014)

WAN optimization becomes a well-known technique to improve transmission rate in file transfer applications and interactive applications served in international cloud services. WAN optimization technique can improve transmission speed by using high performance protocols instead of TCP between both ends of wide area network, which has a large round trip time and a high packet loss rate. There are some kinds of high performance protocols, and their effectiveness in improving communication are different from each other based on the characteristics of the networks and applications. When WAN optimization technique is only used at both ends of a heterogeneous network containing networks such as wireless networks, international leased lines, etc. (e.g., access from a mobile device to a foreign cloud data center), improvement in communication is limited because only one high performance protocol is being applied. Therefore, we propose “distributed WAN optimization technique” that dynamically changes high performance protocols and sections to adapt those protocols based on network characteristics and applications.
In Search of the Waterless Fracture (2013)

Waterless Fractures The first hydraulic fracture experiment was waterless. A gasoline gel was injected into the Hugoton field in 1947. What was once an emerging technology in the US has become the growth engine for oil and gas production globally, and the napalm-based mix that was used then looks like an anachronism. But fracturing using hydrocarbons is on the short list of options for the industry, which is looking for an effective substitute for water in hydraulic fracturing. Environmental questions have arisen about water use and water quality in unconventional resource development, which requires millions of gallons of water per well to open path-ways for oil and gas trapped in nearly impermeable rock. The Research Partnership to Secure Energy for America (RPSEA) has one waterless project in progress—to see if liquid nitrogen can fracture effectively—and the government/industry-funded research group is seeking more projects that experiment with waterless alternatives. “Water does work and has opened up the shale resources,” said Kent Perry, vice president of onshore programs at RPSEA. “(Fracturing) does take a lot of water. If you are in an area, particularly in parts of south Texas that are in a drought, even a little water is precious.” Another driver for seeking waterless fractures is the search for a way to pro-duce more of the oil and gas out of the ground. Oil recovery in unconventional formations is generally well below that of conventional formations, with 3% to 6% estimated ultimate recovery rates in many unconventional oil formations. “If you recover 10% (of the oil and gas), you are doing well but you are leaving 90% behind,” Perry said. “It is not just the fracture treatment. The whole approach will have to be looked at within those resources.” Waterless fracturing could also remove an impediment to tapping unconventional formations in many spots around the world: limited water supplies. During a panel discussion at the recent International Petroleum Technology Conference, Peter Voser, chief executive officer of Shell Oil, said he “told the R&D group to come back with the waterless fracture.” His comment was delivered in Beijing, where Shell has been aggressively pursuing unconventional exploration opportunities in a country that has both enormous unconventional natural gas reserves and water shortages over large areas.
Density matrix embedding in an antisymmetrized geminal power bath (2015)

Density matrix embedding theory (DMET) has emerged as a powerful tool for performing wave function-in-wave function embedding for strongly correlated systems. In traditional DMET, an accurate calculation is performed on a small impurity embedded in a mean field bath. Here, we extend the original DMET equations to account for correlation in the bath via an antisymmetrized geminal power (AGP) wave function. The resulting formalism has a number of advantages. First, it allows one to properly treat the weak correlation limit of independent pairs, which DMET is unable to do with a mean-field bath. Second, it associates a size extensive correlation energy with a given density matrix (for the models tested), which AGP by itself is incapable of providing. Third, it provides a reasonable description of charge redistribution in strongly correlated but non-periodic systems. Thus, AGP-DMET appears to be a good starting point for describing electron correlation in molecules, which are aperiodic and possess both strong and weak electron correlation.
Preconditioned non-linear conjugate gradient method for frequency domain full-waveform seismic inversion (2011)

We present preconditioned non-linear conjugate gradient algorithms as alternatives to the Gauss-Newton method for frequency domain full-waveform seismic inversion. We designed two preconditioning operators. For the first preconditioner, we introduce the inverse of an approximate sparse Hessian matrix. The approximate Hessian matrix, which is highly sparse, is constructed by judiciously truncating the Gauss-Newton Hessian matrix based on examining the auto-correlation and cross-correlation of the Jacobian matrix. As the second preconditioner, we employ the approximation of the inverse of the Gauss-Newton Hessian matrix. This preconditioner is constructed by terminating the iteration process of the conjugate gradient least-squares method, which is used for inverting the Hessian matrix before it converges. In our preconditioned non-linear conjugate gradient algorithms, the step-length along the search direction, which is a crucial factor for the convergence, is carefully chosen to maximize the reduction of the cost function after each iteration. The numerical simulation results show that by including a very limited number of non-zero elements in the approximate Hessian, the first preconditioned non-linear conjugate gradient algorithm is able to yield comparable inversion results to the Gauss-Newton method while maintaining the efficiency of the un-preconditioned non-linear conjugate gradient method. The only extra cost is the computation of the inverse of the approximate sparse Hessian matrix, which is less expensive than the computation of a forward simulation of one source at one frequency of operation. The second preconditioned non-linear conjugate gradient algorithm also significantly saves the computational expense in comparison with the Gauss-Newton method while maintaining the Gauss-Newton reconstruction quality. However, this second preconditioned non-linear conjugate gradient algorithm is more expensive than the first one.
HEMlets Pose: Learning Part-Centric Heatmap Triplets for Accurate 3D Human Pose Estimation (2019)

Estimating 3D human pose from a single image is a challenging task. This work attempts to address the uncertainty of lifting the detected 2D joints to the 3D space by introducing an intermediate state - Part-Centric Heatmap Triplets (HEMlets), which shortens the gap between the 2D observation and the 3D interpretation. The HEMlets utilize three joint-heatmaps to represent the relative depth information of the end-joints for each skeletal body part. In our approach, a Convolutional Network (ConvNet) is first trained to predict HEMlests from the input image, followed by a volumetric joint-heatmap regression. We leverage on the integral operation to extract the joint locations from the volumetric heatmaps, guaranteeing end-to-end learning. Despite the simplicity of the network design, the quantitative comparisons show a significant performance improvement over the best-of-grade method (by 20% on Human3.6M). The proposed method naturally supports training with "in-the-wild" images, where only weakly-annotated relative depth information of skeletal joints is available. This further improves the generalization ability of our model, as validated by qualitative comparisons on outdoor images.
Multicolor FISH probe sets and their applications. (2004)

Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays are nowadays indispensable for a precise description of complex chromosomal rearrangements. Routine application of such techniques on human chromosomes started in 1996 with the simultaneous use of all 24 human whole chromosome painting probes in multiplex-FISH (M-FISH) and spectral karyotyping (SKY). Since then different approaches for chromosomal differentiation based on multicolor-FISH (mFISH) assays have been described. Predominantly, they have been established to characterize marker chromosomes identified in conventional banding analysis. Their characterization is of high clinical impact and is the requisite condition for further molecular investigations aimed at the identification of disease-related genes. Here we present a review on the available mFISH methods including their advantages, limitations and possible applications.
Fontolizumab, a humanised anti-interferon   antibody, demonstrates safety and clinical activity in patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease (2005)

Treating active CD with fontolizumab was well tolerated and resulted in increased rates of clinical response and remission compared with placebo.
Classification of G‐protein coupled receptors by alignment‐independent extraction of principal chemical properties of primary amino acid sequences (2002)

We have developed an alignment-independent method for classification of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) according to the principal chemical properties of their amino acid sequences. The method relies on a multivariate approach where the primary amino acid sequences are translated into vectors based on the principal physicochemical properties of the amino acids and transformation of the data into a uniform matrix by applying a modified autocross-covariance transform. The application of principal component analysis to a data set of 929 class A GPCRs showed a clear separation of the major classes of GPCRs. The application of partial least squares projection to latent structures created a highly valid model (cross-validated correlation coefficient, Q(2) = 0.895) that gave unambiguous classification of the GPCRs in the training set according to their ligand binding class. The model was further validated by external prediction of 535 novel GPCRs not included in the training set. Of the latter, only 14 sequences, confined in rapidly expanding GPCR classes, were mispredicted. Moreover, 90 orphan GPCRs out of 165 were tentatively identified to GPCR ligand binding class. The alignment-independent method could be used to assess the importance of the principal chemical properties of every single amino acid in the protein sequences for their contributions in explaining GPCR family membership. It was then revealed that all amino acids in the unaligned sequences contributed to the classifications, albeit to varying extent; the most important amino acids being those that could also be determined to be conserved by using traditional alignment-based methods.
Use of phenylalanine-to-tyrosine ratio determined by tandem mass spectrometry to improve newborn screening for phenylketonuria of early discharge specimens collected in the first 24 hours (1998)

We compared the screening interpretation of fluorometric analytical results for phenylketonuria (PKU) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in filter paper blood spots collected from newborns <24 h of age. In MS/MS, both Phe and Tyr are quantified. Two hundred and eight blood spots collected from infants <24 h of age were retrieved from storage from the California newborn screening program. These samples had been categorized on the basis of fluorometric analysis as initial negative, initial positive for hyperphenylalaninemia with negative determination on recall, or initial positive for hyperphenylalaninemia and confirmed on follow up as PKU or variant hyperphenylalaninemia. The retrieved samples were analyzed in a blinded fashion using MS/MS. Correlation analysis of fluorometry vs MS/MS for Phe concentration was high, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.817. When 180 micromol/L was used as the cutoff Phe concentration for MS/MS and 258 micromol/L was used as the cutoff for fluorometry, all infants with confirmed classical PKU and variant hyperphenylalaninemia were detected. MS/MS analysis reduced the number of false-positive results from 91 to 3. Simultaneous quantification of Phe and Tyr by MS/MS with the use of a cutoff Phe/Tyr molar ratio of 2.5 further reduced the number of false positives to 1. Samples from affected infants showed a discernible trend of increasing Phe concentration and Phe/Tyr molar ratio with age of collection. These results demonstrate the utility of MS/MS in the routine PKU screening of early-discharge newborns. MS/MS reduces the false-positive rate of fluorometric screening almost 100-fold because of the improved accuracy and precision of Phe measurement and simultaneous confirmation with the Phe/Tyr molar ratio. In addition to the detection of PKU, MS/MS can also detect other aminoacidopathies and disorders of fatty acid and organic acid metabolism with lower false-positive rates than other methods currently used in newborn screening programs.
Simplified Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Model as Platform for Asphalt Concrete Fatigue Analysis (2012)

Cracking in asphalt concrete pavements is a major form of pavement distress in the United States. Because the cracking phenomenon is complex and cracking is often affected by both material and structural factors, field engineers have no quick and effective test and analysis protocols. A suite of fatigue analysis tools—as well as applications built around the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage (S-VECD) model—is presented. The S-VECD formulation is presented in a summarized form. Next, the characterization protocols, which are consistent with the capabilities of the asphalt mixture performance tester, are shown. Considerable attention is then given to S-VECD–based analysis tools for assessment of material- and pavement-level fatigue performance. Results show that the S-VECD model can be used to predict the number of cycles until fatigue failure for both constant stress and constant strain loading. The S-VECD model's sensitivity to mixture composition and external factors is shown through predictions of the endurance limit. Finally, pavement performance predictions are used to show how the S-VECD model can predict the field performance results of full-scale accelerated pavement tests, quantify the expected performance of pavement design alternatives, and identify factors that affect top-down cracking.
The Impact of Product Usage Warnings in Alcoholic Beverage Advertising (1990)

Warnings in alcoholic beverage advertising are a subject of increasing policy interest. An experiment uncovers communication capabilities of such warnings in television advertising—the likely future battleground for policymaking. Results indicate a positive communication potential for including warnings in television advertising for alcoholic beverages with varying effects based on message severity and transmission mode (audio versus video).