gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Convolutional Networks Outperform Linear Decoders in Predicting EMG From Spinal Cord Signals (2018)

Advanced algorithms are required to reveal the complex relations between neural and behavioral data. In this study, forelimb electromyography (EMG) signals were reconstructed from multi-unit neural signals recorded with multiple electrode arrays (MEAs) from the corticospinal tract (CST) in rats. A six-layer convolutional neural network (CNN) was compared with linear decoders for predicting the EMG signal. The network contained three session-dependent Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) feature layers and three Gamma function layers were shared between sessions. Coefficient of determination (<i>R</i> <sup>2</sup>) values over 0.2 and correlations over 0.5 were achieved for reconstruction within individual sessions in multiple animals, even though the forelimb position was unconstrained for most of the behavior duration. The CNN performed visibily better than the linear decoders and model responses outlasted the activation duration of the rat neuromuscular system. These findings suggest that the CNN model implicitly predicted short-term dynamics of skilled forelimb movements from neural signals. These results are encouraging that similar problems in neural signal processing may be solved using variants of CNNs defined with simple analytical functions. Low powered firmware can be developed to house these CNN solutions in real-time applications.
Plasmonic Hot Electron Induced Structural Phase Transition in a MoS<sub>2</sub> Monolayer (2014)

A reversible 2H-to-1T phase transition in a MoS2 monolayer is realized by plasmonic hot electrons. This transition can be actively controlled by the incident light intensity, wavelength, sample areas, and perimeters, resulting in an effective shift of photoluminescence. The suggested configuration paves the way for plasmonic optoelectronic device applications of MoS2 in the future.
Children's Self-Concept Typology and its Effect on Internet Item Purchase Behavior and Self-Evaluation (2008)

The purpose of the study was to examine the internet purchase behavior of items and self-assessment according to self-concept of elementary school students. The data were collected from 716 elementary school students by a self-administered questionnaire. Frequencies and means, Cronbach's Alpha, factor analysis, t-test, Pearson's correlation analysis, cross-tabulation analysis, cluster Analysis were conducted by SPSSWIN 12.0. The results from this study were as follows; First, from self-concept measurements, 4 factors(affective, social, schooling, Family self-concept) were extracted through factor analysis. Second, the subjects were classified into 3 clusters as self-concept types(high self-concept, middle self-concept, low self-concept) through cluster analysis. Third, the significant variables affecting internet purchase behaviors of items included grade, allowance, rank in class, the number of hours on the internet. As the self-concept gets higher, the frequence of the impulsive purchase and imitation purchases gets lower. In the contrary, as the self-concept gets higher, the self-assessment on the impulse purchases and imitation purchases also gets higher. In combination, these results suggest that irrational purchase behaviors were protected by positive self-concept, therefore it is important that children have positive a self-concept.
<i>In vitro</i> Neuronal Production and Differentiation by Precursor Cells Derived from the Adult Human Forebrain (1994)

It has traditionally been held that the adult brain is incapable of significant self-repair, due in part to its inability to generate new neurons. Nevertheless, rodents and birds have been found to harbor neural precursor cells in adulthood. We asked whether the adult human brain might retain such precursors, by culturing samples of temporal lobe under conditions permissive for neuronal differentiation, while exposed to 3H-thymidine. Adult human temporal lobe cultures, derived from cortex, subcortex, and periventricular subependymal zone (SZ), were incubated for 7-28 d, stained for neuronal and glial antigens, and autoradiographed. Neuron-like cells were found in explant outgrowths and monolayer dissociates of SZ and periventricular white matter, but not cortex; they expressed neuronal antigens including MAP-2, MAP-5, NF, and N-CAM, and were GFAP-. Neurons responded to K+ depolarization with rapid and reversible increases in intracellular Ca2+, with much greater increments than those noted in glia. Although most neurons were not 3H-thymidine labeled, a small number of MAP-2+ and MAP-5+/GFAP- cells did incorporate 3H-thymidine, suggesting neuronal production from precursor mitosis. Rare 3H-thymidine+ neurons were also found in cultures of subventricular white matter; in these, GFAP+ astrocytic mitogenesis was common, while O4+ oligodendrocytes, although the predominant cell type, were largely postmitotic. Thus, the adult human forebrain harbors precursor cells that retain the potential for neuronal production and differentiation in vitro.
Convolutional Neural Networks to Enhance Coded Speech (2018)

Enhancing coded speech suffering from far-end acoustic background noise, quantization noise, and potentially transmission errors is a challenging task. In this paper, we propose two postprocessing approaches applying convolutional neural networks either in the time domain or the cepstral domain to enhance the coded speech without any modification of the codecs. The time-domain approach follows an end-to-end fashion, whereas the cepstral domain approach uses analysis-synthesis with cepstral domain features. The proposed postprocessors in both domains are evaluated for various narrowband and wideband speech codecs in a wide range of conditions. The proposed postprocessor improves perceptual evaluation of speech quality by up to 0.25 mean opinion score listening quality objective points for G.711, 0.30 points for G.726, 0.82 points for G.722, and 0.26 points for adaptive multirate wideband codec. In a subjective comparison category rating listening test, the proposed postprocessor on G.711-coded speech exceeds the speech quality of an ITU-T-standardized postfilter by 0.36 CMOS points, and obtains a clear preference of 1.77 CMOS points compared to legacy G.711, even better than uncoded speech with statistical significance. The source code for the cepstral domain approach to enhance G.711-coded speech is made available. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> https://github.com/ifnspaml/Enhancement-Coded-Speech.
Scanning Thermal Imaging Device Based on a Domestic Photodetector Device (2018)

The results of the development of a thermal imaging device based on the FEM10M photodetector produced by the Orion Research and Production Association are presented. As a result of the implementation of measures for improvement of the TPK-Z thermal imaging camera so as to comply with a domestic photodetector, the TPK-ZR thermal imaging device based on a domestic multirow array was developed, tuned, and tested. The minimum allowed temperature difference (MATD) and noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) characteristics of the device are at least as good as the corresponding characteristics of a thermal imager using a foreign photodetector. The complex of image processing algorithms used in the TPK-ZR device makes it possible to obtain thermal images whose quality is not worse then the quality of the images obtained with the TPK-Z device. Further development of the obtained result can be implementation of a series of measures aimed at achieving full automation of calibration processes in the thermal imager.
Baud-Rate Back-propagation for Intra-channel Nonlinear Impairments Compensation (2012)

We split each stage of back-propagation into a linear and a nonlinear part in parallel. We show by simulation and experiment that negligible performance degradation is achieved with half implementation complexity by baud-rate nonlinear compensation.
Dye sensitized solar cells using well-aligned zinc oxide nanotip arrays (2006)

Well-aligned zinc oxide (ZnO) nanotip arrays were grown on fluorinated tin oxide coated glass using metal organic chemical vapor deposition. Dye (N719) sensitized photoelectrochemical cells comprising of ZnO nanotip arrays were fabricated and characterized. It is found that the power conversion efficiency of the cells increases with the length of the ZnO nanotips. The cells with 3.2μm ZnO nanotip array exhibited an incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency of 21.1% (at 550nm) and a power conversion efficiency of 0.55% under 1 sun irradiance. Light harvesting in ZnO nanotips also contributes to the photocurrent in the UV range.
Lamb waves detection in a bovine cortical tibia using a scanning laser vibrometry (2008)

Most of the techniques for generating and detecting ultrasonic Lamb waves (e.g. angle-beam piezoelectric transducers, micro-electro mechanical systems (MEMS), comb and interdigital transducers, phased array transducers, and piezoceramic transducers) require a firm physical contact with the measured objects. For objects with highly irregular surfaces such as bones, it will be very difficult to produce a good contact. Thus, a non-contact Lamb wave measurement technique, the scanning laser vibrometry, is proposed in this paper to examine a bovine cortical tibia <i>in vitro</i>. The ultrasonic Lamb waves used had the center frequency of <i>84KHz</i>. The waves were generated using a planar transducer which was coupled with a cone-shaped resonant vibrator. Only the fundamental modes of <i>a<sub>0</sub></i> and <i>s<sub>0</sub></i> were expected to occur. 2-Dimensional images of the Lamb waves traveling in the bone were recorded. The scan results represent out-of-plane vibration of the surface of the bone. Lamb wave modes were verified with further post-processing analyses. In time-domain, time-history prediction of the modes is fitted onto the original detected signal as to confirm their common rising time for each mode. A frequency-domain method, i.e. wavelet analysis, is also employed to define the traveling modes and their group velocity. The expected modes can be clearly defined at the center frequency. Additionally, what seemed to be a new mode, <i>a<sub>1</sub></i>, was generated and detected at the higher frequency of the responses.
Accurate confidence intervals for proportion in studies with clustered binary outcome (2020)

Clustered binary data are commonly encountered in many medical research studies with several binary outcomes from each cluster. Asymptotic methods are traditionally used for confidence interval calculations. However, these intervals often have unsatisfactory performance with regards to coverage for a study with a small sample size or the actual proportion near the boundary. To improve the coverage probability, exact Buehler's one-sided intervals may be utilized, but they are computationally intensive in this setting. Therefore, we propose using importance sampling to calculate confidence intervals that almost always guarantee the coverage. We conduct extensive simulation studies to compare the performance of the existing asymptotic intervals and the new accurate intervals using importance sampling. The new intervals based on the asymptotic Wilson score for sample space ordering perform better than others, and they are recommended for use in practice.
Diagnose like a Radiologist: Attention Guided Convolutional Neural Network for Thorax Disease Classification (2018)

This paper considers the task of thorax disease classification on chest X-ray images. Existing methods generally use the global image as input for network learning. Such a strategy is limited in two aspects. 1) A thorax disease usually happens in (small) localized areas which are disease specific. Training CNNs using global image may be affected by the (excessive) irrelevant noisy areas. 2) Due to the poor alignment of some CXR images, the existence of irregular borders hinders the network performance. In this paper, we address the above problems by proposing a three-branch attention guided convolution neural network (AG-CNN). AG-CNN 1) learns from disease-specific regions to avoid noise and improve alignment, 2) also integrates a global branch to compensate the lost discriminative cues by local branch. Specifically, we first learn a global CNN branch using global images. Then, guided by the attention heat map generated from the global branch, we inference a mask to crop a discriminative region from the global image. The local region is used for training a local CNN branch. Lastly, we concatenate the last pooling layers of both the global and local branches for fine-tuning the fusion branch. The Comprehensive experiment is conducted on the ChestX-ray14 dataset. We first report a strong global baseline producing an average AUC of 0.841 with ResNet-50 as backbone. After combining the local cues with the global information, AG-CNN improves the average AUC to 0.868. While DenseNet-121 is used, the average AUC achieves 0.871, which is a new state of the art in the community.
Detection Of Gas Migration Behind Casing Using Ultrasonic Imaging Methods (1992)

Abstract Failure of the cement, providing zonal hydraulic isolation on the outside of the production casing, occurs in some wells and can result in upward migration of gas behind the casing. Such a cement failure might result in a gas flow from the surface vent connected to the production by surface casing annulus. Or, if the vent is closed, the gas might build sufficient pressure at surface to break down the formation strength at the casing shoe and thereby migrate up around the wellhead itself. Prior to attempting repairs, both the location of the gas source and the potential to displace the annular space with cement must be evaluated. These may be determined from an ultrasonic image obtained from the Cement Evaluation Tool (CET*). Temperature and audio logs attempt to detect the actual movement of the gas flow which may be very small and difficult to detect. In such cases the CET image has shown a significant presence of gas filled channels from the source zone up to the surface. Log examples pinpoint probable gas sources and identify annular materials enabling successful remedial cementing strategies to be developed. Introduction The Problem of Surface Gas Migration There are a significant number of wells today leaking gas to surface. In Alberta, Energy Resources Conservation Board statistics indicate that, in 1988,4.7% of wells in Alberta had surface casing vent flows compared to 2.6% in 1931(1). Potential environmental effects include ground water contamination and release of hydrocarbon vapours to the atmosphere. How much gas is a serious problem? What is the cause of the leak? Can it be repaired? How? When should it be repaired? immediately or if not serious, at time of abandonment? Many of these questions are being evaluated by regulatory agencies as well as energy companies. As we enter the 1990s, the onus will be on energy companies to reduce the number of wells that have surface gas leaks. Data is needed to evaluate these problem wells and develop remedial action plans. Part of the data required can be obtained through wireline logging techniques. These measurement techniques have had a measure of success detecting movement near the completed interval in a well. Figure 1 illustrates subsurface gas migration resulting in a surface flow at the casing vent valve. The Gas Migration Advisor (GMA) is a new wireline logging technique that employs ultrasonic imaging to identify the contents of the casing annulus as gas liquid or solid. Quantifying and Measuring the Problem Historically, gas leak detection has been accomplished with varying degrees of success by logging with noise and temperature tools(2). The noise tool responds to audio signals. Detectable signals are caused by fluid or gas moving turbulently through a sufficient pressure differential. By examining the tool response at different locations in the well, significant movement behind casing can be detected leading to an identification of the source of the gas (Fig, 2). The temperature tool measures the temperature in the wellbore.
Operating Experience With the Split MR Machinery Configuration of the C3MR LNG Process (2006)

Summary Efficiency and economics have motivated RasGas Trains 3 through 5 to implement a novel compressor-driver arrangement comprising both propane and mixed-refrigerant (MR) compressors on a single shaft. One Frame 7E gas turbine drives the low-pressure (LP) and medium-pressure (MP) MR compressors, while a second Frame 7E drives the propane and high-pressure (HP) MR machines. With minor control system adjustments after startup, the refrigerant compressors in RasGas Train 3 are operating reliably.
INSURANCE Kinds of Insurance; Limits of Risks; Reinsurance: Regulate Motor Vehicle Insurance, Coverage, and Proof Thereof, Change Certain Provisions Relating to Uninsured Motorist Coverage; Provide for Applicability and Exceptions; Change Certain Provisions Relating to Proof of Insurance (2001)

The Act requires that vehicle insurance policies be issued with a default amount of uninsured motorist coverage in amounts either equal to their personal coverage or with a minimum of $25,000 for injury or death of one person, $50,000 for injury or death of two or more persons, and $25,000 for property loss. The Act gives insured individuals the option of reducing their uninsured motorist coverage below the default minimum and omits language that allowed the insurer to reject non-written requests to increase coverage above the former statutory minimum. The Act also allows for the coverage agreed to when the policy is issued to remain the same when renewed. Finally, the Act provides for delayed effective dates for proof of insurance requirements and for the amended Code sections to take effect.
1-(3,5-O-Alkylidene-2-deoxy-4-C-hydroxymethyl-α-L-threo-pentofuranosyl)uracils (1997)

1-(2,3- O -Cyclohexylidene-4- C -hydroxymethyl-α-L-lyxofuranosyl)uracil ( 1 ) was converted in seven steps into 1-(2-deoxy-4- C -hydroxymethyl-α-L- threo -pentofuranosyl)uracil ( 8 ) and further into 1-(2-deoxy-4- C -hydroxymethyl-3,5- O -isopropylidene-α-L- threo -pentofuranosyl)uracil ( 9 ). Successive benzoylation, removal of the isopropylidene group, reaction with acetaldehyde diethyl acetal, and debenzoylation afforded ( R )- and ( S )-1-(2-deoxy-3,5- O -ethylidene-4- C -hydroxymethyl-α-L- threo -pentofuranosyl)uracil ( 10a and 10b , respectively). Reaction of 1-(2-deoxy-4- C -triphenylmethyloxymethyl-α-L- threo -pentofuranosyl)uracil ( 14 ) with dichloromethane under conditions of phase transfer, followed by detritylation, afforded 1-(2-deoxy-4- C -hydroxymethyl-3,5- O -methylidene-α-L- threo - pentofuranosyl)uracil ( 15 ). Compound 14 was obtained from the derivative 8 by partial silylation, tritylation and desilylation. The absolute configuration of the isomeric ethylidene derivatives 10a and 10b was determined by NMR spectroscopy and the population of the deoxypentofuranose ring conformers was derived from the vicinal coupling constants J (H,H). The obtained results were compared with energy calculations. Neither of the prepared nucleoside analogues was active in vitro against HIV-1 and HIV-2.
Vaccination with Replication Deficient Adenovectors Encoding YF-17D Antigens Induces Long-Lasting Protection from Severe Yellow Fever Virus Infection in Mice (2016)

The live attenuated yellow fever vaccine (YF-17D) has been successfully used for more than 70 years. It is generally considered a safe vaccine, however, recent reports of serious adverse events following vaccination have raised concerns and led to suggestions that even safer YF vaccines should be developed. Replication deficient adenoviruses (Ad) have been widely evaluated as recombinant vectors, particularly in the context of prophylactic vaccination against viral infections in which induction of CD8+ T-cell mediated immunity is crucial, but potent antibody responses may also be elicited using these vectors. In this study, we present two adenobased vectors targeting non-structural and structural YF antigens and characterize their immunological properties. We report that a single immunization with an Ad-vector encoding the non-structural protein 3 from YF-17D could elicit a strong CD8+ T-cell response, which afforded a high degree of protection from subsequent intracranial challenge of vaccinated mice. However, full protection was only observed using a vector encoding the structural proteins from YF-17D. This vector elicited virus-specific CD8+ T cells as well as neutralizing antibodies, and both components were shown to be important for protection thus mimicking the situation recently uncovered in YF-17D vaccinated mice. Considering that Ad-vectors are very safe, easy to produce and highly immunogenic in humans, our data indicate that a replication deficient adenovector-based YF vaccine may represent a safe and efficient alternative to the classical live attenuated YF vaccine and should be further tested.
Antworten der Gesetzgeber auf den 11. September – eine Analyse internationaler Entwicklungen (2022)

Anti-terrorism legislation drafted and enacted after 9/11 certainly carries clear signs of coordination and convergence, as promoted by precisely formulated demands voiced by the UN, the security council, and other international and supranational bodies. Moreover, anti-terrorism legislation after 9/11 implements a program that was developed in the course of the 1980s and 1990s in the context of controlling transnational organized crime, money laundering, and illegal immigration. Anti-terrorism legislation is of a cross-sectional nature as it encompasses changes not only in criminal law but also telecommunication law, immigration law, police law, etc. In criminal law we find new statutes that penalize support of terrorist organizations and financing terrorism, in procedural law police powers have been widened while telecommunication providers are required to keep data for long periods. Cooperation between police and intelligence agencies has been made easier, and the emergence of task force approaches combining police, intelligence agencies, customs, immigration authorities, etc. also points to a convergence of prevention and repression. Broadly speaking, anti-terrorism legislation demonstrates the transformation of the formerly privileged status of politically and ideologically motivated violence into behavior deemed to be particularly dangerous and therefore eligible for increased penalties and harsher responses. Such a transformation can be also understood as the emergence of criminal law aimed at „enemies,” as opposed to the version that addresses citizens and treasures civil liberties.
A method of designing parallel‐type pseudo‐minimum‐phase FIR QMF banks (1991)

Abstract Subband coding (SBC) is a low bit‐rate speed transmission system in which a quadrature mirror filter (QMF) is used to split a speech into frequency bands of the transmitter and recombine these subband signals to form an approximation to the input speech at the receiver. In the conventional parallel‐type FIR multiband pseudo‐QMF bank, the linear‐phase filters are employed in the transmitter and receiver, which gives rise to a problem wherein a large delay is produced. This paper presents a design method for the equal‐bandwidth parallel‐type QMF bank with smaller delay by allowing some delay distortion. The amplitude and phase constraints on each channel filter are shown so that the transmitted signal can be reconstructed approximately at the receiver. A design example is presented for the 4‐band filter bank, where the amplitude constraint is satisfied by a minimum‐phase filter and the phase constraint is satisfied by a allpass circuit cascaded to the filter. The designed low‐pass filter is of 50 percent roll‐off, and the bandpass filter is a 100 percent roll‐off. The attenuation is 43 dB. The delay is almost flat in characteristic and the amount is reduced to approximately one‐half that of the linear‐phase filter bank.