gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-power single-mode antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide-type diode lasers (1995)

ARROW-type diode lasers show strong single-mode selectivity with stable beam operation to high powers (500 mW) due to the large built-in index profile. Triple-core ARROW lasers have potential for 1 W single-spatial mode operation. Preliminary results are 550 mW (diffraction- limited beam) from a 20 micron aperture triple-core ARROW laser fabricated using the InGaP based material system.
The cAMP binding protein Epac modulates Ca <sup>2+</sup> sparks by a Ca <sup>2+</sup> /calmodulin kinase signalling pathway in rat cardiac myocytes (2007)

cAMP is a powerful second messenger whose known general effector is protein kinase A (PKA). The identification of a cAMP binding protein, Epac, raises the question of its role in Ca(2+) signalling in cardiac myocytes. In this study, we analysed the effects of Epac activation on Ca(2+) handling by using confocal microscopy in isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes. [Ca(2+)](i) transients were evoked by electrical stimulation and Ca(2+) sparks were measured in quiescent myocytes. Epac was selectively activated by the cAMP analogue 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-2'-O-methyladenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-CPT). Patch-clamp was used to record the L-type calcium current (I(Ca)), and Western blot to evaluate phosphorylated ryanodine receptor (RyR). [Ca(2+)](i) transients were slightly reduced by 10 microm 8-CPT (F/F(0): decreased from 4.7 +/- 0.5 to 3.8 +/- 0.4, P < 0.05), an effect that was boosted when cells were previously infected with an adenovirus encoding human Epac. I(Ca) was unaltered by Epac activation, so this cannot explain the decreased [Ca(2+)](i) transients. Instead, a decrease in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) load underlies the decrease in the [Ca(2+)](i) transients. This decrease in the SR Ca(2+) load was provoked by the increase in the SR Ca(2+) leak induced by Epac activation. 8-CPT significantly increased Ca(2+) spark frequency (Ca(2+) sparks s(-1) (100 microm)(-1): from 2.4 +/- 0.6 to 6.9 +/- 1.5, P < 0.01) while reducing their amplitude (F/F(0): 1.8 +/- 0.02 versus 1.6 +/- 0.01, P < 0.001) in a Ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII)-dependent and PKA-independent manner. Accordingly, we found that Epac increased RyR phosphorylation at the CaMKII site. Altogether, our data reveal a new signalling pathway by which cAMP governs Ca(2+) release and signalling in cardiac myocytes.
Macrophages and mesenchymal stromal cells support survival and proliferation of multiple myeloma cells (2012)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by almost exclusive tropism of malignant cells for the bone marrow (BM) milieu. The survival and proliferation of malignant plasma cells have been shown to rely on interactions with nonmalignant stromal cells, in particular mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), in the BM microenvironment. However, the BM microenvironment is composed of a diverse array of cell types. This study examined the role of macrophages, an abundant component of BM stroma, as a potential niche component that supports malignant plasma cells. We investigated the proliferation of MM tumour cell lines when cultured alone or together with MSCs, macrophages, or a combination of MSCs and macrophages, using the carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester assay. Consistently, we observed increased proliferation of MM cell lines in the presence of either MSCs or macrophages compared to cell line-only control. Furthermore, the combined co-culture of MSCs plus macrophages induced the greatest degree of proliferation of myeloma cells. In addition to increased proliferation, MSCs and macrophages decreased the rate of apoptosis of myeloma cells. Our in vitro studies provide evidence that highlights the role of macrophages as a key component of the BM microenvironment facilitating the growth of malignant plasma cells in MM.
Isolation of human induced pluripotent stem cell lines (2012)

Unless otherwise specifically indicated, Miltenyi Biotec products and services are for research use only and not for therapeutic or diagnostic use. MACS and MiniMACS are registered trademarks or trademarks of Miltenyi Biotec GmbH. All other trademarks mentioned in this document are the property of their respective owners and are used for identification purposes only. Copyright © 2012 Miltenyi Biotec GmbH. All rights reserved. Excerpt from MACS&more Vol 14 – 2/2012 Isolation of human induced pluripotent stem cell lines
Structural indexing: efficient 2D object recognition (1992)

The problem of recognition of multiple flat objects in a cluttered environment from an arbitrary viewpoint is addressed. The models are acquired automatically and approximated by polygons with multiple line tolerances for robustness. Groups of consecutive segments (super segments) are then encoded and entered into a table. This provides the essential mechanism for indexing and fast retrieval. Once the database of all models is built, the recognition proceeds by segmenting the scene into a polygonal approximation; the code for each super segment retrieves model hypotheses from the table. Hypotheses are clustered if they are mutually consistent and represent the instance of a model. Finally, the estimate of the transformation is refined. This methodology makes it possible to recognize models despite noise, occlusion, scale rotation translation, and a restricted range of weak perspective. A complexity bound is obtained.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Riley's fish: Using estimation to build a feeling for the measurement of mass (2013)

Estimation is an important skill in everyday life, but one that is not always given the emphasis it deserves in the mathematics curriculum. When provided with rich learning experiences, young students can show remarkable growth in their understanding of Mass measurement (Cheeseman, McDonough, and Ferguson, 2012). This lesson brought estimation and Mass together in an exciting way. The students in Years 3/4 were thoroughly engaged in building upon what they learned early in the lesson, and saw very encouraging growth in their understanding at the end of the hour.
A high speed buried channel MOSFET isolated by an implanted silicon dioxide layer (1980)

This paper reports a high speed buried channel MOSFET dielectrically, isolated from the substrate by using oxygen implantation technology. An implanted silicon dioxide layer is formed just beneath the surface. An n-type epitaxial layer is grown on the remaining thin single-crystal layer at the surface. Then, buried channel MOSFETs were formed on the n-type layer. MOSFETs with various channel lengths were fabricated. Sub-micron MOSFETs have shown much smaller threshold voltage shift, compared conventional ones, which agrees with the result of the two-dimensional numerical calculation. The ring-oscillator composed of MOSFETs with 1 µm channel length has shown a minimum delay time of 95 ps and power delay product of 310 fJ at V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</inf> of 15 V.
Levels of biogenic amines in lung tissues of patients with non-small cell lung cancer after COVID-19 of various severity (2023)

Purpose of the study. Was to analyze levels of biogenic amines (serotonin and its metabolite 5-HIAA, dopamine, norepinephrine and histamine) in lung tissues of patients with lung cancer with previous COVID-19 infection. Patients and methods. The study was carried out on samples of intact lung tissues, tumor tissues and peritumoral lung tissues obtained during open biopsy while performing radical surgery from patients with morphologically verified non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), stage I–IIIA (cT 1–3 N Х M 0 ). The main group included 30 NSCLC patients (15 men and 15 women) after severe or moderate to severe COVID-19 who required hospitalization. The control group included 15 men and 15 women with NSCLC after asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. The mean age of patients was 59.11 ± 2.9 years. Levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and histamine were measured by ELISA (IBL, Germany). Results. All studied lung tissue samples from men and women of the main group, compared to the control group, showed deficiency of catecholamines with their ratio unchanged, and changes in serotonin metabolism to ensure its stable level. Thus, levels of dopamine in samples of patients of the main group were lower on average by 1.3 times, norepinephrine by 1.3–3.3 times, serotonin by 1.6 times, and 5-HIAA by 1.8–4 times. At the same time, sex differences were observed in histamine levels. Regardless of the COVID-19 severity, levels of diamine in women were lower in the resection line tissue by an average of 2.4 times, and in the peritumoral tissue by 1.6 times, compared with men, but there were no sex differences in the tumor tissue. Conclusion. Apparently, changes in the levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in lung tissues could be associated with the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since dopamine is involved in counteracting the carcinogenic action of the adrenergic system and in the regulation of various immunocompetent cells in the tumor microenvironment, such changes in the biogenic status in the lungs of patients of the main group could lead to a more severe tumor course.
Carbene-Stabilized Diphosphorus (2008)

The potassium graphite reduction of L:PCl3 leads to the formation of carbene-stabilized diphosphorus molecules, L:P-P:L, 1 (L: = :C{N(2,6-Pri2C6H3)CH}2) and 2 (L: = :C{N(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)CH}2), respectively. The nature of the bonding in 1 and 2 was delineated by DFT computations.
A new arrival: evidence about differential diagnosis (2000)

You are a primary care physician seeing a 53 year old man who was examined 2 days ago in an emergency department for an episode of syncope. He had been waiting in a long queue when he felt lightheaded and nauseated; then he lost consciousness, with no witnessed seizure activity. He has been healthy, with no known cardiac or neurological disease. In the emergency department, his vital signs and findings on cardiac and neurological examinations had been normal, as were his blood count, blood glucose concentration, and 12 lead electrocardiogram. He was given no diagnosis, and he is now worried about what caused this episode and whether it will recur. Of the many causes of syncope, you wonder which should be sought in this patient. 

“Differential diagnosis” refers to the methods by which we consider the possible causes of patients' clinical findings before making final diagnoses.1, 2 At its heart, differential diagnosis involves acts of selection: we consider a patient's illness and choose which disorders to pursue further. Is there high quality research that could guide our selections, such as evidence about the frequency of disorders that can cause clinical problems like syncope? If so, wouldn't it be grand if someone would find it, summarise it, and tell us about it?

Beginning with this issue, Evidence-Based Medicine will do just that—search for the best new evidence about differential …
Real-time canny edge detection parallel implementation for FPGAs (2010)

Edge detection is one of the most fundamental algorithms in digital image processing. The Canny edge detector is the most implemented edge detection algorithm because of its ability to detect edges even in images that are intensely contaminated by noise. However, this is a time consuming algorithm and therefore its implementations are difficult to reach real time response speeds. Especially nowadays where the demand for high resolution image processing is constantly increasing, the need for fast and efficient edge detector implementations is ever so present. A new parallel Canny edge detector FPGA implementation is proposed in this paper to answer this demand. This design takes advantage of 4-pixel parallel computations to achieve high throughput without increasing the on-chip memory demands. Synthesis and simulation results are presented to prove the design's efficiency and high frames per second rate.
Chemical engineering of methylammonium lead iodide/bromide perovskites: tuning of opto-electronic properties and photovoltaic performance (2015)

A convenient 1-step spincoating method for the hybrid perovskite MAPb(I<sub>1−x</sub>Br<sub>x</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(Cl)<sub>y</sub>, with PbCl<sub>2</sub> as lead source, enables tuning of the bandgap.
Continuous Flow Ligand-Free Heck Reactions Using Monolithic Pd [0] Nanoparticles (2007)

An automated reactor has been developed for performing ligand-free Heck reactions in continuous flow mode. The reactor utilises a monolithic reactor cartridge derivatised with Pd(0) nanoparticles in-line with a scavenging cartridge containing Quadrapure-TU to efficiently capture palladium residues and thereby afford Heck products directly in high purity.
Carbon Fibres (1982)

University of Madras, Madras-600 005 Carbon Fibres
Instrument for instantaneous in situ analysis of the mode structure of a high-power laser beam (1984)

The device described can be used in two ways. With the detecting rod rotating it is capable of continuous in-process monitoring of a CW high-power laser beam. It provides high resolution signals of the beam power distribution and beam size. With the rod locked stationary in the beam path of a pulsed or continuous laser beam it provides in-process high resolution signals of the power fluctuation with time. These signals can be displayed on a twin beam oscilloscope.
Diffuse bile duct tumors: guidelines for management. (1991)

The majority of patients with bile duct cancer have small focal adenocarcinomas localized to the upper, middle, or lower third of the bile duct. In contrast, a small subgroup of patients have been identified with bile duct tumors that are diffuse, involving multiple segments of the extrahepatic biliary tract. Among 186 patients with documented bile duct cancer treated at the UCLA Medical Center between 1954 and 1988, 13 patients (7%) had diffuse lesions. Patients with diffuse tumors had markedly poorer survival rates than did those with focal lesions. As diffuse tumors are not amenable to resection, surgical management consists primarily of establishing suitable biliary drainage. All patients with bile duct cancer should undergo careful intraoperative evaluation to exclude a diffuse lesion before tumor resection.
Extended Nijboer–Zernike approach for the computation of optical point-spread functions (2002)

New Bessel-series representations for the calculation of the diffraction integral are presented yielding the point-spread function of the optical system, as occurs in the Nijboer-Zernike theory of aberrations. In this analysis one can allow an arbitrary aberration and a defocus part. The representations are presented in full detail for the cases of coma and astigmatism. The analysis leads to stably converging results in the case of large aberration or defocus values, while the applicability of the original Nijboer-Zernike theory is limited mainly to wave-front deviations well below the value of one wavelength. Because of its intrinsic speed, the analysis is well suited to supplement or to replace numerical calculations that are currently used in the fields of (scanning) microscopy, lithography, and astronomy. In a companion paper [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 19, 860 (2002)], physical interpretations and applications in a lithographic context are presented, a convergence analysis is given, and a comparison is made with results obtained by using a numerical package.
A Simple Inexpensive Bridgman-Stockbarger Crystal Growth System for Organic Materials (1996)

Direct observation of solid-liquid interface is important for the directional solidification to determine the desired interface shape by controlling the growth parameters. To grow good quality single crystals of novel organic nonlinear optical materials, a simple inexpensive Bridgman-Stockbarger (BS) crystal growth system has been designed and fabricated. Two immiscible liquids have been utilized to create two zones for this crystal growth system. Bulk single crystals of benzil derivative and n-salicylidene-aniline have been successfully grown in this system. The optimum lowering rate has been found to be 0.1 mm/h for the flat interface. Results on the crystal growth and other parameters of the grown crystals are presented.
Silencing of end-joining repair for efficient site-specific gene insertion after TALEN/CRISPR mutagenesis in<i>Aedes aegypti</i> (2015)

Conventional control strategies for mosquito-borne pathogens such as malaria and dengue are now being complemented by the development of transgenic mosquito strains reprogrammed to generate beneficial phenotypes such as conditional sterility or pathogen resistance. The widespread success of site-specific nucleases such as transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 in model organisms also suggests that reprogrammable gene drive systems based on these nucleases may be capable of spreading such beneficial phenotypes in wild mosquito populations. Using the mosquito Aedes aegypti, we determined that mutations in the FokI domain used in TALENs to generate obligate heterodimeric complexes substantially and significantly reduce gene editing rates. We found that CRISPR/Cas9-based editing in the mosquito Ae. aegypti is also highly variable, with the majority of guide RNAs unable to generate detectable editing. By first evaluating candidate guide RNAs using a transient embryo assay, we were able to rapidly identify highly effective guide RNAs; focusing germ line-based experiments only on this cohort resulted in consistently high editing rates of 24-90%. Microinjection of double-stranded RNAs targeting ku70 or lig4, both essential components of the end-joining response, increased recombination-based repair in early embryos as determined by plasmid-based reporters. RNAi-based suppression of Ku70 concurrent with embryonic microinjection of site-specific nucleases yielded consistent gene insertion frequencies of 2-3%, similar to traditional transposon- or ΦC31-based integration methods but without the requirement for an initial docking step. These studies should greatly accelerate investigations into mosquito biology, streamline development of transgenic strains for field releases, and simplify the evaluation of novel Cas9-based gene drive systems.
Multiscale detection and analysis of the senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease (1995)

Senile plaques (SP) are one of the characteristic neuropathologic lesions of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and studies of SP cortical distribution, density (number of SP/mm2), and morphology are expected to lead to new information about the mechanism and pathogenesis of AD. We describe a digital image analysis procedure to detect SP, and to measure SP size, shape, and total fractional area in digital micrographs of silver-stained tissue sections. This histology is nonspecific so the program detects all the significant stained objects and a classifier sorts the SP from other tissue elements. SP vary greatly in size and form, and detection is based on multiscale template correlation. Three independent comparisons of computed versus expert-determined SP densities produced correlation coefficients greater than 0.8. The program found 94,000 SP in 2800 digital images of tissue sections from 42 postmortem cases including healthy aged controls and severely demented subjects.
Multiple receptor tyrosine kinases promote the in vitro phenotype of metastatic human osteosarcoma cell lines (2012)

The survival rate for osteosarcoma patients with localized disease is 70% and only 25% for patients with metastases. Therefore, novel therapeutic and prognostic tools are needed. In this study, extensive screening and validation strategies identified Axl, EphB2, FGFR2, IGF-1R and Ret as specific receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that are activated and promote the in vitro phenotype of two genetically different metastatic osteosarcoma cell lines. Initial phosphoproteomic screening identified twelve RTKs that were phosphorylated in 143B and/or LM7 metastatic human osteosarcoma cells. A small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen demonstrated that siRNA pools targeting ten of the twelve RTKS inhibited the in vitro phenotype of one or both cell lines. To validate the results, we individually tested the four siRNA duplexes that comprised each of the effective siRNA pools from the initial screen. The pattern of phenotype inhibition replicated the pattern of mRNA knockdown by the individual duplexes for seven of the ten RTKs, indicating the effects are consistent with on-target silencing. Five of those seven RTKs were further validated using independent approaches including neutralizing antibodies (IGF-1R), antisense-mediated knockdown (EphB2, FGFR2, and Ret) or small molecule inhibitors (Axl), indicating that those specific RTKs promote the in vitro behavior of metastatic osteosarcoma cell lines and are potential therapeutic targets for osteosarcoma. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that Axl is frequently activated in osteosarcoma patient biopsy samples, further supporting our screening and validation methods to identify RTKs that may be valuable targets for novel therapies for osteosarcoma patients.
Photoresist stabilization for double patterning using 172 nm photoresist curing (2009)

We describe progress in low-k<sub>1</sub> factor double patterning using 172 nm ultraviolet (UV) curing as a resist stabilization method. Factors that have contributed to enhanced patterning capability include a) resists design and optimization for both patterning and UV curing; b) use of unique R&D tooling capabilities to rapidly identify and optimize key process variables; c) development of simple process metrics for characterizing double patterning process quality, and d) use of 172 nm-resistant antireflective materials. A designed resist, XP-7600A, was selected for detailed evaluation based on superior patterning and curing behavior (less than 10 percent volumetric shrinkage during cure.) Process optimization on 172 nm damage-prone antireflective coatings produced 60 nm cross-grid contact holes at 0.93 NA (litho k<sub>1</sub> = 0.28) with good uniformity when an ancillary 150 °C post-UV bake was used. Additional optimization on improved antireflective coatings yielded superior process latitude (>20 percent 172 nm dose latitude) and also demonstrated that a UV-cure-only resist stabilization process flow may be attainable. Under optimized conditions, highly uniform 60 nm half-pitch cross-grid contacts with cross-sectional area uniformity (1σ) of approximately 200 nm<sup>2</sup> (5 percent) are produced at 135 nm resist film thickness.
Bacteremia, Fever, and Splenomegaly Caused by a Newly Recognized Bartonella Species (2007)

Bartonella species cause serious human infections globally, including bacillary angiomatosis, Oroya fever, trench fever, and endocarditis. We describe a patient who had fever and splenomegaly after traveling to Peru and also had bacteremia from an organism that resembled Bartonella bacilliformis, the causative agent of Oroya fever, which is endemic to Peru. However, genetic analyses revealed that this fastidious bacterium represented a previously uncultured and unnamed bartonella species, closely related to B. clarridgeiae and more distantly related to B. bacilliformis. We characterized this isolate, including its ability to cause fever and sustained bacteremia in a rhesus macaque. The route of infection and burden of human disease associated with this newly described pathogen are currently unknown.