gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Double Hydrophilic Graft Copolymers with a Polyacetal Backbone (2002)

Cationic copolymerization of a functional aldehyde, methyl glyoxylate (GM), with a seven-membered cyclic acetal, 1,3-dioxepane (DXP), leads to polyacetals containing ester side groups that may be used for functionalization. Partial replacement of the ester groups in GM−DXP copolymers with amide groups by reaction with α-amino-ω-methoxypoly(oxyethylene) (Jeffamine) led to graft copolymers, and the remaining ester groups could easily be hydrolyzed to carboxylate groups. The resulting water-soluble graft copolymers, containing poly(oxyethylene) side chains and carboxylate groups along the main chain, belong to the class of double hydrophilic copolymers that are recently studied as modifiers of the processes occurring at the interface between crystal surfaces and surrounding solution.
Structure of Active IspH Enzyme from <i>Escherichia coli</i> Provides Mechanistic Insights into Substrate Reduction (2009)

The terminal step of the non-mevalonate pathway of terpene biosynthesis is catalyzed by IspH (see scheme). In the crystal structure of IspH from E. coli, a bound inorganic diphosphate ligand occupies the position of the diphosphate residue of the substrate. Together with mutation studies and theoretical calculations, these data support a mechanism which is analogous to the Birch reduction of allylic alcohols. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Ten Years of BrainAGE as a Neuroimaging Biomarker of Brain Aging: What Insights Have We Gained? (2019)

With the aging population, prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing, thus placing a growing burden on individuals and the whole society. However, individual rates of aging are shaped by a great variety of and the interactions between environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors. Establishing biomarkers of the neuroanatomical aging processes exemplifies a new trend in neuroscience in order to provide risk-assessments and predictions for age-associated neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases at a single-subject level. The "<i>Brain Age Gap Estimation (BrainAGE)"</i> method constitutes the first and actually most widely applied concept for predicting and evaluating individual brain age based on structural MRI. This review summarizes all studies published within the last 10 years that have established and utilized the <i>BrainAGE</i> method to evaluate the effects of interaction of genes, environment, life burden, diseases, or life time on individual neuroanatomical aging. In future, <i>BrainAGE</i> and other brain age prediction approaches based on structural or functional markers may improve the assessment of individual risks for neurological, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases as well as aid in developing personalized neuroprotective treatments and interventions.
LED 광원과 형광광원의 색온도 변화에 따른 작업면의 분위기에 대한 주관적 반응 평가 (2009)

This study aims to show the influence of two variables, luminance source and color temperature on the subjective impression of people. For the purpose, three kinds of LED light sources and a fluorescent light source were used in actual work plane and 16 selected questions with semantic differential method on four different luminance environment. During the evaluation, physical lighting environment were measured for every lighting scenario. As results of the mood evaluation, three factors were classified respectively 『activity』,『evaluation』,『potency』.『Activity』 has the most influential on mood of work plane with different luminance environments. For the mood evaluations of different lighting environment,『activity』factor was affected by fluorescent light source and 7,300K color temperature LED light sources as high color temperature. For the factor of 『evaluation』was influenced by 2,700K, 3,800K color temperature LED light sources as low color temperature, 『potency』 factor was affected by mood evaluation according to color temperature, 『activity』 factor was affected by 3,800K, 7,300K color temperature with the same work-plane illuminance.
Two Independent Pathways for Self-Recognition in Proteus mirabilis Are Linked by Type VI-Dependent Export (2013)

Our results support a model in which self-recognition in P. mirabilis is achieved by the combined action of two independent pathways linked by a shared machinery for export of encoded self-recognition elements. These proteins together form a mechanistic network for self-recognition that can serve as a foundation for examining the prevalent biological phenomena of territorial behaviors and self-recognition in a simple, bacterial model system.
Pattern-Integrated Interference Lithography: Prospects for Nano- and Microelectronics (2012)

In recent years, limitations in optical lithography have challenged the cost-effective manufacture of nano- and microelectronic chips. Spatially regular designs have been introduced to improve manufacturability. However, regular designed layouts typically require an interference step followed by a trim step. These multiple steps increase cost and reduce yield. In the present work, Pattern-Integrated Interference Lithography (PIIL) is introduced to address this problem. PIIL is the integration of interference lithography and superposed pattern mask imaging, combining the interference and the trim into a single-exposure step. Example PIIL implementations and experimental demonstrations are presented. The degrees of freedom associated with the source, pattern mask, and Fourier filter designs are described.
A general method of curve fitting and error analysis using a spreadsheet: determination of the binding constants of tight binding ligands in variable volume assays (1993)

A generalized iterative method of curve fitting and error estimation is described, using a spreadsheet with Monte Carlo simulations. The method is demonstrated on an equilibrium binding experiment with reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus-1, in which the concentration of all reactants, including enzyme, can vary arbitrarily and any number of ligands can bind tightly.
Past and present of plasma protein research in clinical laboratory - From mucin to .ALPHA.1-T glycoprotein. (1989)

, serum protein
Catumaxomab: A bispecific trifunctional antibody (2009)

The trifunctional bispecific monoclonal antibody catumaxomab has two binding specificities directed at epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and the T-cell antigen CD3. With its Fc-fragment, catumaxomab additionally binds accessory cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages and natural killer cells. The trifunctional approach thus leads to unrestricted but specific killing of epithelial tumor cells by major histocompatibility complex without the need for preactivation or external costimulation. The tumor-associated antigen EpCAM is strongly expressed in carcinomas of various origins including colon, rectum, ovarian, gastric, esophagus, lung, pancreas, breast and head and neck. Expression of EpCAM is often associated with an unfavorable prognosis in patients with breast cancer. Catumaxomab has been approved in Europe for the intraperitoneal treatment of malignant ascites in patients with EpCAM-positive epithelial tumors when standard therapy is not available or is no longer feasible. Basic preclinical and clinical findings with different routes of catumaxomab administration in various indications are summarized and discussed in this review.
Study on slit pad structure to maintain MMIC characteristics both in on-wafer and on-package conditions in millimeter-wave applications (2005)

Slit pad structure has been suggested as a novel probing/bonding pad in order to achieve the same characteristics for MMIC between on-wafer and on-package cases in millimeter-wave applications. The dimensions for the new structure has been estimated with measurement for transmission lines and calculations using a commercial EM simulator (Sonnet EM), while a bonding strength for wire on the slit pad has been confirmed experimentally using wire pulling and pushing tests. As a result, it has become clear that a slit width of 5 /spl mu/m and a gap, which is a distance between a GND pad and a land pad, of 40 /spl mu/m are the most adequate dimensions to maintain MMIC characteristics both in on-wafer and on-package in broad frequency range. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the slit pad having the slit width of 5 /spl mu/m has maintained the same strength for wire bonding compared with wire bonding on a pad without the slit.
SCALE-Net: Scalable Vehicle Trajectory Prediction Network under Random Number of Interacting Vehicles via Edge-enhanced Graph Convolutional Neural Network (2020)

Predicting the future trajectory of surrounding vehicles in a randomly varying traffic level is one of the most challenging problems in developing an autonomous vehicle. Since there is no pre-defined number of interacting vehicles participate in, the prediction network has to be scalable with respect to the vehicle number in order to guarantee the consistency in terms of both accuracy and computational load. In this paper, the first fully scalable trajectory prediction network, SCALE-Net, is proposed that can ensure both higher prediction performance and consistent computational load regardless of the number of surrounding vehicles. The SCALE-Net employs the Edge-enhance Graph Convolutional Neural Network (EGCN) for the inter-vehicular interaction embedding network. Since the proposed EGCN is inherently scalable with respect to the graph node (an agent in this study), the model can be operated independently from the total number of vehicles considered. We evaluated the scalability of the SCALE-Net on the publically available NGSIM datasets by comparing variations on computation time and prediction accuracy per single driving scene with respect to the varying vehicle number. The experimental test shows that both computation time and prediction performance of the SCALE-Net consistently outperform those of previous models regardless of the level of traffic complexities.
Content Centric Routing for Future Generation Networks (2009)

In this poster, we propose a content centric protocol for the filtering and the distribution of data between users. This protocol has the advantage of working either in current IP networks or new networking frameworks like the ANA framework. Our protocol consists of a distributed filtering process associated to a dynamic optimization process that selects the best content matching a client request at a given time. The performance evaluation of the protocol presented a satisfactory behavior in IP networks, while the implementation done using the ANA prototype allowed to adapt our protocol to a new autonomic framework that we hope, will be one of the leading autonomic framework of the future generation networks. However, we have a lot of work to do. We are working on a Java prototype to be deployed in platforms like Planetlab and Onelab in order to test its performance in a large-scale IP infrastructures. We are also working on the deployment of the implemented prototype in an ANA testbed and the execution some scenarios that could help us to prove its autonomic features.
An artificial neural network to estimate physical activity energy expenditure and identify physical activity type from an accelerometer (2009)

The aim of this investigation was to develop and test two artificial neural networks (ANN) to apply to physical activity data collected with a commonly used uniaxial accelerometer. The first ANN model estimated physical activity metabolic equivalents (METs), and the second ANN identified activity type. Subjects (n = 24 men and 24 women, mean age = 35 yr) completed a menu of activities that included sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous intensities, and each activity was performed for 10 min. There were three different activity menus, and 20 participants completed each menu. Oxygen consumption (in ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) was measured continuously, and the average of minutes 4-9 was used to represent the oxygen cost of each activity. To calculate METs, activity oxygen consumption was divided by 3.5 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) (1 MET). Accelerometer data were collected second by second using the Actigraph model 7164. For the analysis, we used the distribution of counts (10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles of a minute's second-by-second counts) and temporal dynamics of counts (lag, one autocorrelation) as the accelerometer feature inputs to the ANN. To examine model performance, we used the leave-one-out cross-validation technique. The ANN prediction of METs root-mean-squared error was 1.22 METs (confidence interval: 1.14-1.30). For the prediction of activity type, the ANN correctly classified activity type 88.8% of the time (confidence interval: 86.4-91.2%). Activity types were low-level activities, locomotion, vigorous sports, and household activities/other activities. This novel approach of applying ANNs for processing Actigraph accelerometer data is promising and shows that we can successfully estimate activity METs and identify activity type using ANN analytic procedures.
Optimized error diffusion for image display (1992)

Displaying natural images on an 8-bit computer monitor requires a substantial reduction ofphysically distinct colors. Simple minimum mean squared error quantization with 8 levels of red and green and 4 levels of blue yields poor image quality. A powerful means to improve the subjective quality of a quantized image is error diffusion. Error diffusion works by shaping the spectrum of the display error. Considering an image in raster ordering, this is done by adding a weighted sum of previous quantization errors to the current pixel before quantization. These weights form an error diffusion filter. We propose a method to find visually optimized error diffusion filters for monochrome and color image display applications. The design is based on the low-pass characteristic of the contrast sensitivity of the human visual system. The filter is chosen so that a cascade of the quantization system and the observer's visualmodulation transfer function yields a whitened error spectrum. The resulting images contain mostly high-frequency components of the display error, which are less noticeable to the viewer. This corresponds well with previously published results about the visibility of halftoning patterns. An informal comparison with other error diffusion algorithms shows less artificial contouring and increased image quality.
600V trench-gate IGBT with Micro-P structure (2009)

This paper describes the next generation 600V trench-gate IGBT utilizing the Micro-P structure to realize low noise and low power dissipation. We have achieved “better turn-on di/dt controllability”, “oscillation free turn-off” and “improved Von-Eoff trade-off relationship” in the 600V IGBTs. In a typical inverter operation, the new chip has realized 10% lower power dissipation and the dT <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">j-c</inf> can be reduced by 2.5deg.C.
Human lysosomes can be purified from diploid skin fibroblasts by free-flow electrophoresis. (1980)

Human diploid fibroblasts underwent lysis when resuspended in isotonic sucrose. After preparation of a granular fraction by differential centrifugation, lysosomes were almost completely purified by free-flow electrophoresis. Electron micrographs of the final fraction of fibroblast lysosomes (about 25-fold purified) showed mostly secondary lysosomes having an appearance identical to those in intact cells. There was no indication that the purification steps selectd for any lysosomal subpopulation. The lysomal nature of the isolated organelles was confirmed by cytochemical staining for acid beta-glycerophosphatase. As judged by a 92% structure-linked latency of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the final fraction, the structural integrity of the isolated lysosomes was unaffected by the purification procedure.
A portable scanning reflectance spectrophotometer using visible wavelengths for the rapid measurement of skin pigments (1989)

A portable rapid scan reflectance spectrometer (400-700 nm in 2.8 s) has been developed for the measurement of cutaneous pigments. The instrument incorporates a tungsten halogen lamp light source, light transmission by fibre optics and wavelength selection by a circular variable wavelength interference filter. A microcomputer controls the instrument and processes the data. The performance of the instrument was evaluated by undertaking in vitro measurements of the reflectance spectra of blood. An index of the haemoglobin content of the sample based on the gradients of the log inverse reflectance spectrum between isobestic points at 527.5, 544 and 573 nm was devised and shown to be independent of the oxygenation of the haemoglobin. The haemoglobin index was combined with measurements at 558.5 nm, a wavelength at which absorbance is sensitive to the oxygenation of haemoglobin, to give a measure of oxygen saturation. The parameter was validated by determining the oxygen dissociation curve of red cells in plasma in vitro at pH 7.33, 37 degrees C and under a partial pressure of 40 mmHg of CO2.
Flowpipe approximation and clustering in space-time (2013)

In this paper, we present an approximation of the set of reachable states, called flowpipe, for a continuous system with affine dynamics. Our approach is based on a representation we call flowpipe sampling, which consists of a set of continuous, interval-valued functions over time. A flowpipe sampling attributes to each time point a polyhedral enclosure of the set of states reachable at that time point, and is capable of representing a nonconvex enclosure of a nonconvex flowpipe. The use of flowpipe samplings allows us to represent and approximate the nonconvex flowpipe efficiently. In particular, we can measure the error incurred by the initial approximation and by further processing such as simplification and convexification. A flowpipe sampling can be efficiently translated into a set of convex polyhedra in a way that minimizes the number of convex sets for a given error bound. When applying flowpipe approximation for the reachability of hybrid systems, a reduction in the number of convex sets spawned by each image computation can lead to drastic performance improvements.
Suppression and synthetic‐lethal genetic relationships of Δ<i>gps</i><scp><i>B</i></scp> mutations indicate that <scp>G</scp>ps<scp>B</scp> mediates protein phosphorylation and penicillin‐binding protein interactions in <scp><i>S</i></scp><i>treptococcus pneumoniae</i><scp>D</scp>39 (2016)

GpsB regulatory protein and StkP protein kinase have been proposed as molecular switches that balance septal and peripheral (side-wall like) peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus); yet, mechanisms of this switching remain unknown. We report that ΔdivIVA mutations are not epistatic to ΔgpsB division-protein mutations in progenitor D39 and related genetic backgrounds; nor is GpsB required for StkP localization or FDAA labeling at septal division rings. However, we confirm that reduction of GpsB amount leads to decreased protein phosphorylation by StkP and report that the essentiality of ΔgpsB mutations is suppressed by inactivation of PhpP protein phosphatase, which concomitantly restores protein phosphorylation levels. ΔgpsB mutations are also suppressed by other classes of mutations, including one that eliminates protein phosphorylation and may alter division. Moreover, ΔgpsB mutations are synthetically lethal with Δpbp1a, but not Δpbp2a or Δpbp1b mutations, suggesting GpsB activation of PBP2a activity. Consistent with this result, co-IP experiments showed that GpsB complexes with EzrA, StkP, PBP2a, PBP2b and MreC in pneumococcal cells. Furthermore, depletion of GpsB prevents PBP2x migration to septal centers. These results support a model in which GpsB negatively regulates peripheral PG synthesis by PBP2b and positively regulates septal ring closure through its interactions with StkP-PBP2x.
A deep-network solution towards model-less obstacle avoidance (2016)

Obstacle avoidance is the core problem for mobile robots. Its objective is to allow mobile robots to explore an unknown environment without colliding into other objects. It is the basis for various tasks, e.g. surveillance and rescue, etc. Previous approaches mainly focused on geometric models (such as constructing local cost-maps) which could be regarded as low-level intelligence without any cognitive process. Recently, deep learning has made great breakthroughs in computer vision, especially for recognition and cognitive tasks. It takes advantage of the hierarchical models inspired by human brain structures. However, it is a fact that deep learning, up till now, has seldom been used for controlling and decision making. Inspired by the advantages of deep learning, we take indoor obstacle avoidance as example to show the effectiveness of a hierarchical structure that fuses a convolutional neural network (CNN) with a decision process. It is a highly compact network structure that takes raw depth images as input, and generates control commands as network output, by which a model-less obstacle avoidance behavior is achieved. We test our approach in real-world indoor environments. The new findings and results are reported at the end of the paper.
Development of a Multi-Link Beam Rear Suspension for Front-Wheel-Drive Cars (1995)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Research into stability at high speed shows that rear suspension characteristics play an important role in vehicle control and stability. In order to improve the cornering limit steering performance and traction of front-wheel-drive vehicles, where the front wheels bear a large proportion of the load and transmit the driving force, and to maintain vehicle stability when decelerating while cornering, rear suspension characteristics are needed that will fully draw out the cornering force capacity of the rear tires. This requirement continues to grow every year, along with demands for higher levels of comfort in passenger cars, including improved ride quality and quietness.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">It was against this background that the new multi-link beam rear suspension, which is installed in the new Maxima and Sentra models, was developed. This paper describes the aims, construction, characteristics and effects of this new suspension, with focus on vehicle control and stability.</div>