gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on the strength of optical fiber fabricated by a hybridized process (1996)

Strength of single-mode optical fibers that were produced by a hybridized process consisting of overcladding a VAD-derived core rod with silica glass made from commercial silica powder was studied. There were such defects as a Zr-containing inclusion (Zr-inclusion), a bubble and two kinds of Cr-containing inclusions (Cr-inclusions) found in the fiber. These defects caused failure of the fiber at a proof test. In order to make a strong fiber, removal of the defects were studied and the following results were obtained as follows. 1) The Zr-inclusion could be removed by decanting an aqueous suspension of silica powder having an average diameter of 10 /spl mu/m (Silica A). 2) The bubble could be removed by using the decanted Silica A only or by purifying at 1000/spl deg/C. 3). The Cr-inclusions could be removed by purifying at 1000/spl deg/C in helium gas containing more than 30 vol.% chlorine. The strongest fiber fabricated had a break probability as low as 0.01/km in a proof test of 0.7% elongation for 1 s.
Multiple Physical Layer Pipes performance for DVB-T2 (2017)

The DVB-T2 terrestrial television standard is becoming increasingly important, and have been extensively studied and developed to provide many types of services with higher spectral efficiency and better performance. The Physical Layer Pipes in DVB-S2 are logical channels carrying one or more services with modulation scheme and robustness. The main changes are found in the physical layer where DVB-T2 incorporates a new physical layer pipe (PLP). Each physical layer pipe contains an individual configuration of modulation, coding and interleaving. This new concept allows a transmission with multiple physical layer pipes where each service can be transmitted with different physical layer configuration. The Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC3.0) standard will add value to broadcasting services, allowing a extending reach by adding new business models, providing higher quality, improved accessibility, personalization and interactivity and more flexible and efficient use of the spectrum.
Bringing the Khmer Rouge to Justice: The Challenges and Risks Facing the Joint Tribunal in Cambodia (2006)

This note analyzes the risks involved in the \t\t\t\testablishment of a joint tribunal in . It explores the several potential obstacles \t\t\t\tto the success of such a tribunal. \t\t\t\tFirst, it argues that the Cambodian government still exercises control \t\t\t\tover the Cambodian judiciary and the presence of a majority of Cambodian judges \t\t\t\tlikely will cause the tribunal to lack credibility in the eyes of Cambodians \t\t\t\tand the international community. Second, \t\t\t\tthrough tracing the history of negotiations between and the United Nations \t\t\t\tregarding the establishment of the joint tribunal, this note argues that the \t\t\t\tCambodian government greatly prolonged the process of reaching an agreement and \t\t\t\thas demonstrated a lack of good faith. \t\t\t\tFinally, this note argues that the structure of the tribunal is \t\t\t\tflawed. Specifically the features of the \t\t\t\ttribunal, which present risks to its success, include: (1) a lack of judicial \t\t\t\tindependence due to interference by political manipulation of the Cambodian \t\t\t\tgovernment, (2) no independent, international prosecutor, (3) the limited \t\t\t\tnumber of competent Cambodian judges and (4) a flawed supermajority \t\t\t\tformula. Lastly, this note contains a \t\t\t\tcase study of the Special Court established in Sierra Leone and asserts that a \t\t\t\tCambodian tribunal modeled after the Special Court may achieve several of the \t\t\t\tgoals of the joint tribunal with substantially fewer risks.
Development of a Humanized VHH Based Recombinant Antibody Targeting Claudin 18.2 Positive Cancers (2022)

Claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2), a tight junction (TJ) family protein controlling molecule exchange between cells, is frequently over-expressed in gastric cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinomas and in a fraction of non-small cell lung cancer cases. The tumor properties indicate that CLDN18.2 could be an attractive drug target for gastric and pancreatic cancers. In this study, we present effective strategies for developing anti-CLDN18.2 therapeutic candidates, based on variable domain of heavy chain of heavy chain antibodies (VHHs). CLDN18.2-specific VHHs were isolated by panning a phage display library from an <i>alpaca</i> immunized with a stable cell line highly expressing CLDN18.2. Humanized VHHs fused with human IgG1 Fc, as potential therapeutic candidates, exhibited desirable binding specificity and affinity to CLDN18.2. <i>In vitro</i> experiments showed that hu7v3-Fc was capable of eliciting both antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) on CLDN18.2 positive tumor cells. In the mouse xenograft model, the anti-tumor efficacy of hu7v3-Fc was significantly more potent than Zolbetuximab, the benchmark anti-CLDN18.2 monoclonal antibody. Moreover, <i>in vivo</i> biodistribution using zirconium-89 (<sup>89</sup>Zr) labeled antibodies demonstrated that hu7v3-Fc (<sup>89</sup>Zr-hu7v3-Fc) exhibited a better tumor penetration and a faster tumor uptake than Zolbetuximab (<sup>89</sup>Zr-Zolbetuximab), which might be attributed to its smaller size and higher affinity. Taken together, anti-CDLN18.2 hu7v3-Fc is a promising therapeutic agent for human CLDN18.2 positive cancers. Furthermore, hu7v3 has emerged as a potential module for novel CLDN18.2 related therapeutics.
Intradermal DNA Vaccination Enhanced by Low-Current Electroporation Improves Antigen Expression and Induces Robust Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses (2012)

DNA represents an ideal vaccine platform for HIV and many infectious diseases because of its safety, stability, and ease of manufacture. However, the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines has traditionally been low compared with viral vectors, recombinant protein, and live attenuated vaccines. The immunogenicity of DNA vaccines has been significantly enhanced by delivery with in vivo electroporation. Further improvements now allow electroporation to be performed in the dermis, which could potentially improve patient tolerability and may further enhance immunogenicity. In this study we examined how the current of intradermal vaccination impacts antigen expression, inflammation, and the induction of both humoral and cellular immunity in guinea pigs and nonhuman primates. We observed that a lower (0.1 A) current reduced inflammation and improved antigen expression compared with a 0.2 A current. The improved antigen expression resulted in a trend toward higher cellular immune responses but no impact on HIV- and influenza-specific binding titers. This study highlights the need for optimization of electroporation conditions in vivo in order to balance enhanced plasmid transfection with a loss of expression due to tissue inflammation and necrosis. These results suggest that a lower, 0.1-A current may not only improve patient tolerability but also improve immunogenicity.
Genetic characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae translational initiation suppressors sui1, sui2 and SUI3 and their effects on HIS4 expression. (1990)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains containing mutations of the HIS4 translation initiation AUG codon were studied by reversion analysis in an attempt to identify components of the translation initiation complex that might participate in initiation site selection during the scanning process. The genetic characterization of these revertants identified three unlinked suppressor loci: SUI1, SUI2 and sui3, which when mutated restored the expression of the HIS4 allele despite the absence of the AUG initiator codon. Both sui1 and sui2 are recessive and cause temperature-sensitive growth on enriched medium. The temperature-sensitive phenotype and the ability to restore HIS4 expression associated with either sui1 or sui2 mutations cosegregate in crosses. SUI3 mutations are dominant and do not alter the thermal profile for growth. None of the mutations at the three loci suppresses known frameshift, missense or nonsense mutations. Each is capable of suppressing the nine different point mutations of the initiator codon at HIS4 or HIS4-lacZ as well as a two base change (ACC) and a three base deletion of the AUG codon, suggesting that the site of suppression resides outside the normal initiator region. sui1 and sui2 suppressor mutations were mapped to chromosomes XIV and X, respectively. Suppression by sui1, sui2 and SUI3 mutations results in 14-, 11- and 47-fold increases, respectively, relative to isogenic parent strains, in the expression of a HIS4 allele lacking the initiator AUG codon. Part of this increase in the HIS4 expression by sui2 and SUI3 can be attributed to increases of HIS4 mRNA levels, presumably mediated by perturbation of the general amino acid control system of yeast.
A User’s Guide to Cell-Free Protein Synthesis (2019)

Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is a platform technology that provides new opportunities for protein expression, metabolic engineering, therapeutic development, education, and more. The advantages of CFPS over in vivo protein expression include its open system, the elimination of reliance on living cells, and the ability to focus all system energy on production of the protein of interest. Over the last 60 years, the CFPS platform has grown and diversified greatly, and it continues to evolve today. Both new applications and new types of extracts based on a variety of organisms are current areas of development. However, new users interested in CFPS may find it challenging to implement a cell-free platform in their laboratory due to the technical and functional considerations involved in choosing and executing a platform that best suits their needs. Here we hope to reduce this barrier to implementing CFPS by clarifying the similarities and differences amongst cell-free platforms, highlighting the various applications that have been accomplished in each of them, and detailing the main methodological and instrumental requirement for their preparation. Additionally, this review will help to contextualize the landscape of work that has been done using CFPS and showcase the diversity of applications that it enables.
Closed Suction Drainage for Hip and Knee Arthroplasty (2004)

Studies to date have indicated that closed suction drainage increases the transfusion requirements after elective hip and knee arthroplasty and has no major benefits. Further randomized trials with use of larger numbers of patients with full reporting of outcomes are indicated before the absence of any benefit, particularly for the outcome of wound infection, can be proved.
Design of a Kitchen-Monitoring and Decision-Making System to Support AAL Applications (2021)

Numerous researchers are working on Ambient Assisted Living systems to enable more comfortable and safer living for senior people in their homes. Due to modern lifestyles and an aging population, this has become a very important issue. According to the available literature, it is obvious that the kitchen is one of the most important and most dangerous rooms in the home. However, there is still evident lack of monitoring systems suitable for specific kitchen activities. In this paper, we propose a monitoring system capable of identifying activities related to the cooking process, and a decision-making system capable of identifying some unwanted and possibly critical conditions. The proposed systems are designed to satisfy the requirements of the modern Ambient Assisted Living systems dedicated to older adults. The proposed monitoring system consists of ultrasound, temperature, and humidity sensors. The acquired results from these sensors are the inputs for the decision-making system, which generate warnings or alarms intended for the senior users and/or formal or informal caregivers. This system is designed to improve home safety related to kitchen activities, as well as to provide information about the lifestyle and daily activities of senior users. Experimental validation of the proposed system confirms its functionality and accurate design approach.
Inferring Directed Road Networks from GPS Traces by Track Alignment (2015)

This paper proposes a method to infer road networks from GPS traces. These networks include intersections between roads, the connectivity between the intersections and the possible traffic directions between directly-connected intersections. These intersections are localized by detecting and clustering turning points, which are locations where the moving direction changes on GPS traces. We infer the structure of road networks by segmenting all of the GPS traces to identify these intersections. We can then form both a connectivity matrix of the intersections and a small representative GPS track for each road segment. The road segment between each pair of directly-connected intersections is represented using a series of geographical locations, which are averaged from all of the tracks on this road segment by aligning them using the dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm. Our contribution is two-fold. First, we detect potential intersections by clustering the turning points on the GPS traces. Second, we infer the geometry of the road segments between intersections by aligning GPS tracks point by point using a “stretch and then compress” strategy based on the DTW algorithm. This approach not only allows road estimation by averaging the aligned tracks, but also a deeper statistical analysis based on the individual track’s time alignment, for example the variance of speed along a road segment.
Recent progress in the antiviral activity and mechanism study of pentacyclic triterpenoids and their derivatives (2018)

Viral infections cause many serious human diseases with high mortality rates. New drug-resistant strains are continually emerging due to the high viral mutation rate, which makes it necessary to develop new antiviral agents. Compounds of plant origin are particularly interesting. The pentacyclic triterpenoids (PTs) are a diverse class of natural products from plants composed of three terpene units. They exhibit antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. Oleanolic, betulinic, and ursolic acids are representative PTs widely present in nature with a broad antiviral spectrum. This review focuses on the recent literatures in the antiviral efficacy of this class of phytochemicals and their derivatives. In addition, their modes of action are also summarized.
Phosphorylated EGFR on tumor-associated endothelial cells in human renal cell carcinoma is a primary target for therapy by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. (2006)

5702 Our laboratory recently isolated a novel protein from lung carcinoma which has been found to inhibit tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo animal studies. This protein, termed Angiocidin, is over-expressed in a wide range of tumor tissue and is present at elevated levels in the blood of patients with advanced cancers. Subsequent to these initial studies, we have also obtained preliminary data indicating that Angiocidin may play a significant role in immune system modulation by functioning as a proinflammatory mediator. Activation of the acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate resulted in secretion of Angiocidin in the pg/mL range, as quantitated by an Angiocidin capture ELISA developed by our lab. This result was also observed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), indicating potential cytokine-like activities for this molecule. MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma, Colo 357 pancreatic carcinoma, and DAOY medulloblastoma cell lines, as well as Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs), have also been demonstrated to secrete Angiocidin. Flow cytometric analysis of PBMCs has demonstrated that Angiocidin also acts as a potent activator of both monocytes and lymphocytes. This activity has been titered to as little as 1 μg/mL Angiocidin. Flow cytometric analysis and human cytokine antibody arrays have shown various cytokines to be secreted from monocytes in response to Angiocidin treatment, including Monocyte Chemotactic Proteins 1 and 2, Interleukins 6, 10, and 12, and TNF-α. Using the THP-1 cell line, we have also demonstrated Angiocidin-induced monocyte activation immunocytochemically. Treated with 1 μg/mL Angiocidin for 24 hours causes cell-substratum adhesion. Cells morphologically resemble tissue macrophages, showing distinct focal adhesion and stress fiber formation. In addition to cytokine release, Angiocidin also stimulates secretion of several matrix-degrading enzymes, namely MMP-9 from THP-1 cells and PBMCs, and MMP-2 from HUVECs. Accordingly, conditioned media from Angiocidin-treated THPs has been shown to act as a potent inducer of monocyte invasion through Collagen Type I and gelatin. These data suggest a potential immunologic mechanism by which Angiocidin may exert its antitumor effect. We hypothesize that reduced tumor growth previously observed in Angiocidin-treated mice may be partly attributable to the specific cytokine profile found within the tumor microenvironment, as well as to enhanced leukocyte infiltration into the tumor bed. The focus of this project is to expand upon these data and elucidate the functional roles this molecule plays in modulating an immune response.
Maturing Human CD127+ CCR7+ PDL1+ Dendritic Cells Express AIRE in the Absence of Tissue Restricted Antigens (2019)

Expression of the Autoimmune regulator (AIRE) outside of the thymus has long been suggested in both humans and mice, but the cellular source in humans has remained undefined. Here we identify AIRE expression in human tonsils and extensively analyzed these "extra-thymic AIRE expressing cells" (eTACs) using combinations of flow cytometry, CyTOF and single cell RNA-sequencing. We identified AIRE+ cells as dendritic cells (DCs) with a mature and migratory phenotype including high levels of antigen presenting molecules and costimulatory molecules, and specific expression of CD127, CCR7, and PDL1. These cells also possessed the ability to stimulate and re-stimulate T cells and displayed reduced responses to toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists compared to conventional DCs. While expression of <i>AIRE</i> was enriched within CCR7+CD127+ DCs, single-cell RNA sequencing revealed expression of <i>AIRE</i> to be transient, rather than stable, and associated with the differentiation to a mature phenotype. The role of AIRE in central tolerance induction within the thymus is well-established, however our study shows that <i>AIRE</i> expression within the periphery is not associated with an enriched expression of tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs). This unexpected finding, suggestive of wider functions of AIRE, may provide an explanation for the non-autoimmune symptoms of APECED patients who lack functional AIRE.
Elimination Reactions Promoted by Fluoride Ion in Acetonitrile. Elimination Reaction from 2-Arylethyl Derivatives (1971)

Abstract Rates of bimolecular elimination have been determined for the reaction of 2-arylethyl bromides, chlorides, and tosylates with anhydrous tetraethylammonium fluoride in acetonitrile. The rates of elimination reactions in this new base system were much faster than those in conventional base systems (alkoxide-alcohol). The Hammett ρ values were found to be ρ=2.033 (X=Cl) at 25.0°C and ρ=1.879 (X=Br) at 5.0°C for p-Y-C6H4CH2CH2X. Kinetic deuterium isotope effects were determined using 2-phenylethyl-2,2-d2 bromide and chloride to be kH/kD=3.99 (X=Cl) and 5.03 (X=Br). These data and the low kOTs/kBr ratio suggest that fluoride-ionpromoted elimination reaction proceeds through a very tight transition state where β-proton is less than half transferred to the base.
Lattice Structure Design and Optimization With Additive Manufacturing Constraints (2017)

Lattice structures with different desired physical properties are promising for a broad spectrum of applications. The availability of additive manufacturing (AM) technology has relaxed the fabricating limitation of lattice structures. However, manufacturing constraints still exist for AM-fabricated lattice structures, which have a significant influence on the printing quality and mechanical properties of lattice struts. In this paper, a design and optimization strategy is proposed for lattice structures with the consideration of manufacturability to ensure desired printing quality. The concept of manufacturable element is used to link the design and manufacturing process. A meta-model is constructed by experiments and the artificial neural network to obtain the manufacturing constraints. Sizes of struts are optimized by a bidirectional evolutionary structural optimization-based algorithm with these manufacturing constraints. An arm of quadcopter is redesigned and optimized to validate the proposed method. Its result shows that optimized heterogeneous lattice structures can improve the stiffness of the model compared to the homogeneous lattice structure and the original design. Both the Von-Mises stress and the maximum displacement are reduced without increasing the weight of designed part. And by considering the manufacturability constraints, the optimized design has been successfully fabricated by the selected additive manufacturing process. Note to Practitioners-Lattice structures might fail to be fabricated by the additive manufacturing technique if the designed model exceeds the processability of the machine. Our approach has the capability of considering the manufacturing constraints in the design and optimization process. We conducted experiments to investigate the manufacturability and proposed a method that can give the domain of the design variables for a selected manufacturing process. And we also designed an algorithm that can optimize the lattice structure inside the domain of design variables. It ensures that the lattice model can be successfully fabricated by the selected process and the performance is dramatically increased compared to the original design. Engineers can use our approach to optimize the lattice structure automatically without knowing the knowledge of optimization and manufacturability.
Applications of Population Genetics to Animal Breeding, from Wright, Fisher and Lush to Genomic Prediction (2014)

Although animal breeding was practiced long before the science of genetics and the relevant disciplines of population and quantitative genetics were known, breeding programs have mainly relied on simply selecting and mating the best individuals on their own or relatives' performance. This is based on sound quantitative genetic principles, developed and expounded by Lush, who attributed much of his understanding to Wright, and formalized in Fisher's infinitesimal model. Analysis at the level of individual loci and gene frequency distributions has had relatively little impact. Now with access to genomic data, a revolution in which molecular information is being used to enhance response with "genomic selection" is occurring. The predictions of breeding value still utilize multiple loci throughout the genome and, indeed, are largely compatible with additive and specifically infinitesimal model assumptions. I discuss some of the history and genetic issues as applied to the science of livestock improvement, which has had and continues to have major spin-offs into ideas and applications in other areas.