gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydroxyapatite particle characteristics influence the enhancement of the mechanical and chemical properties of conventional restorative glassionomer cement (2011)

The aims of this study were to improve the mechanical and chemical properties of conventional restorative glass ionomer cement (GIC) by adding hydroxyapatite (HAp) preparations with different characteristics, and to investigate the underlying reaction mechanisms. Fuji IX GP® was used as the control GIC. The experimental GICs consisted of four HAp-particles with different characteristics added at 8 mass% to Fuji IX-powder. All cements were prepared by mixing with Fuji IX-liquid (P/L=3.6). Four HAp-particles were analyzed, and then the mechanical strengths and the fluoride-ion- release-recharge-behaviors of five GIC groups were evaluated. The results of this study demonstrate that the addition of HAp particles with highly reactive properties such as high specific surface area can enhance the flexural strength and fluoride ion release properties of conventional restorative GIC. Our results further indicate that HAp functions as an adsorbent and an ion exchangeable agent, resulting in improved mechanical and chemical properties of GIC.
A monocular-vision-based contouring error detection method for CNC machine tools (2018)

Contouring error detection for machine tools can be used to effectively evaluate their dynamic performances. In this paper, a cost-effective monocular-vision-based contouring error detection method is proposed to precisely measure the two-dimensional error of an arbitrary trajectory under wide working range and higher feed rate conditions. First, a novel measurement fixture with high accuracy is designed and calibrated, in which 196 coded primitives are utilized to accurately characterize the motion trajectory of a five-axis machine tool. Then, to ensure the measurement accuracy and efficiency for high-speed contouring error, a telecentric imaging system is employed to capture the image sequence of the primitives, with a selected small field of view and low camera resolution. Moreover, to extend the working range of measurement system, a primitives' decoding and position estimation algorithm based on the pre-calibrated geometric constraint is proposed to measure an arbitrary contouring error in a wide range. Finally, the contouring error can be accurately assessed by data transformation and post-calculation. Experiments for the contouring error detection of a butterfly curve interpolation at 3000mm/min are performed in a five-axis machine tool. The results, compared with the cross-grid encoder, shows that the average detecting error is 4.2μm, which verifies the vision measurement accuracy and feasibility.
Dielectric grating reflectors with large focusing power (2010)

We introduce a novel optical element, a dielectric resonance grating with a non-periodic pattern, able to reflect nearly 100% of incident light while shaping the reflected light phase front in an arbitrary way.
Pressure activated interconnection of micro transfer printed components (2016)

Micro transfer printing and other forms of micro assembly deterministically produce heterogeneously integrated systems of miniaturized components on non-native substrates. Most micro assembled systems include electrical interconnections to the miniaturized components, typically accomplished by metal wires formed on the non-native substrate after the assembly operation. An alternative scheme establishing interconnections during the assembly operation is a cost-effective manufacturing method for producing heterogeneous microsystems, and facilitates the repair of integrated microsystems, such as displays, by ex post facto addition of components to correct defects after system-level tests. This letter describes pressure-concentrating conductor structures formed on silicon (1 0 0) wafers to establish connections to preexisting conductive traces on glass and plastic substrates during micro transfer printing with an elastomer stamp. The pressure concentrators penetrate a polymer layer to form the connection, and reflow of the polymer layer bonds the components securely to the target substrate. The experimental yield of series-connected test systems with &gt;1000 electrical connections demonstrates the suitability of the process for manufacturing, and robustness of the test systems against exposure to thermal shock, damp heat, and mechanical flexure shows reliability of the resulting bonds.
A distal activation domain is critical in the regulation of the rat androgen receptor gene promoter (1993)

The far upstream region of the rat androgen receptor (AR) gene has been cloned, and the nucleotide sequence up to -2656 bp established. Nested deletion mutants of rat AR 5' flanking sequences were ligated to the luciferase reporter gene, and their promoter activities were examined in transfected COS1 cells. Results show a critical cis-acting domain located between positions -960 and -940. Deletion of this cis element resulted in a greater than 90% decrease in the promoter activity. A nuclear protein that specifically binds to this 21-nucleotide sequence was identified by gel mobility shift analysis. The -960/-940 cis element has no identify to the binding sequence of any known transcription factor. Furthermore, the cognate binding protein is present in both rat and human (HeLa) cell nuclear extracts. We conclude that a novel trans-activator interacting at the -960/-940 region plays a critical role in the regulation of AR gene expression.
Video caching in Radio Access Network: Impact on delay and capacity (2012)

In this paper, we introduce distributed caching of videos at the base-stations of the Radio Access Network (RAN) as a way to reduce the need to bring requested videos from Internet CDNs, thereby reducing backhaul transmission, improving video quality of experience - delay and video stalling - and increasing overall network capacity to support more number of simultaneous video requests. Unlike Internet CDNs that can store millions of videos in a relatively few large sized caches, our proposed caching architecture consists of a very large number of micro-caches, with each base-station micro-cache being able to store only 1000s of videos, and hence may not be able to have high cache hit ratio. To address this challenge, we propose two new caching policies based on the User Preference Profile (UPP) of users in a cell: R-UPP (Reactive UPP) and P-UPP (Proactive UPP). Further, for videos that result in cache misses and need to be fetched from Internet CDNs, we develop a video scheduling approach that allocates the RAN backhaul resources to the video requests so as to reduce video latency and increase network capacity. We develop a discrete event statistical simulation framework using MATLAB to study the performance of RAN caching. Our simulation results show that RAN micro-caches with the proposed UPP-based caching policies, together with the proposed scheduling approach, can improve the probability of video requests that can meet initial delay requirements by almost 60%, and the number of concurrent video requests that can be served by up to 100%. The results also show that UPP based policies can enhance network capacity by up to 30% compared to conventional caching policies.
Noninvasive temporal artery thermometry: physics, physiology, and clinical accuracy (2004)

Temporal artery (TA) thermometry was developed in answer to requests by pediatricians for a replacement for: 1) ear thermometry due to inaccuracy; and 2) rectal thermometry due to parents’ (and most clinicians’) growing dislike of the method. The underlying technology development spans some 20 years, borrowing heavily from methods invented for industrial processes and medical research. Although the forehead has been used since antiquity to detect fever, its accuracy had always been questionable until physiological artifacts were understood and overcome, and mathematical modeling of arterial heat balance at the skin has made it possible to produce accurate core temperatures entirely non-invasively with just a scan of the forehead. Clinical studies have been conclusive as to TA superiority to ear thermometry, and well on the way to being conclusive as to TA at least as accurate as rectal. The physics are relatively straightforward, but the physiological requirements are not. Underlying physiological artifacts cause errors of more than 2 deg C in non-invasive thermometry and must be reduced by an order of magnitude to provide medically useful temperatures. Patented TA technology incorporates methods of dealing with physiological artifacts to overcome these errors. Mass screening for SARS containment with this method is examined.
Chemically reduced lithium niobate single crystals: processing, properties and improvements in SAW device fabrication and performance (2002)

Chemical reduction of lithium niobate yields crystals with enhanced electrical conductivity and optical absorption. The higher conductivity of such crystals makes them less susceptible to pyroelectric charging, which would otherwise present difficulties in SAW device fabrication and operation. The crystals' increased near-ultraviolet light absorptivity allows improvements in photolithographic exposure, such as generating narrower and more precise lines.
Antibodies against Sporozoites of Human and Simian Malaria Produced in Rats (1973)

Abstract The various methods commonly used for the detection of antimalarial antibodies employ, in nearly all instances, the erythrocytic stages of these parasites as antigen source (1). The antigenic components of the different stages of development of the malaria parasites, however, differ considerably, in spite of the existence of some shared or common antigens (2, 3). Furthermore, the common antigens do not account for all of the antigenic components of the parasites, nor do they include the functional, i.e., protective, antigens of the various developmental stages. This is suggested by the finding that rodents immunized with attenuated sporozoites become totally resistant to an otherwise lethal sporozoite inoculum, but remain fully susceptible to challenge with erythrocytic stages of the same parasite strain (4). Anti-sporozoite antibodies, i.e., antibodies directed against the infective stages of all malaria parasites, have previously been shown to occur in avian and rodent malaria. In both instances, these antibodies were observed upon immunization of the animals with attenuated, irradiated sporozoites. Sporozoite agglutination was first observed in avian malaria (5). In the rodent malaria system, incubation of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites with immune serum led to the formation of a precipitate at one end of the sporozoite. This precipitate was easily distinguishable under phase microscopy, and was termed the circum-sporozoite precipitate (CSP) 2 reaction (6).The antibodies involved in the CSP reaction were shown to be strictly stage, i.e., sporozoite, specific; no reaction was observed with other developmental stages of these parasites (7).
Directed Evolution of a Panel of Orthogonal T7 RNA Polymerase Variants for <i>in Vivo</i> or <i>in Vitro</i> Synthetic Circuitry (2014)

T7 RNA polymerase is the foundation of synthetic biological circuitry both in vivo and in vitro due to its robust and specific control of transcription from its cognate promoter. Here we present the directed evolution of a panel of orthogonal T7 RNA polymerase:promoter pairs that each specifically recognizes a synthetic promoter. These newly described pairs can be used to independently control up to six circuits in parallel.
Considerations on Thrust-to-Input Ratio of a Cylindrical Moving Coil Type Linear DC Motor (1998)

Linear DC motors (LDMs) are widely used for servo-actuator, compressor and so on. High-efficiency LDMs are strongly desired for compressors. To realize the LDMs with high-efficiency characteristics, decreasing the copper losses, namely, thrust-to-input ratio, F/P, must be increased. This paper describes an optimization method for the F/P of a moving coil type LDM. The following results are obtained:(1) Simplified expression for the F/P of the LDM is derived from the permeance analysis method. The effects that dimensions of the LDM influence the F/P of the LDM are investigated through the simplified expression for the F/P. As a result, the optimum dimension of the LDM for maximizing the F/P exists.(2) When the static thrust is 100 N, the measured F/P of the initial LDM is 7.9 N/W, and the errors by using the simplified expression for the F/P and the finite element method (FEM) are 33% and 8%, respectively. Derived simplified expression for the F/P is useful because the F/P can be calculated easily.(3) An improved LDM, which has 26% higher F/P than those of the initial LDM, is designed by using the permeance analysis method and the FEM.
High-performance quantum cascade lasers with electric-field-free undoped superlattice (2000)

An optimized design of quantum cascade lasers with electric field free undoped superlattice active regions is presented. In these structures the superlattice is engineered so that: (1) the first two extended states of the upper miniband are separated by an optical phonon to avoid phonon bottleneck effects and concentrate the injected electron density in the lower state and (2) the oscillator strength of the laser transition is maximized. The injectors' doping profile is also optimized by concentrating the doping in a single quantum well to reduce the electron density in the active material. These design changes result in major improvements of the pulse/continuous-wave performance such as a weak temperature dependence of threshold (T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> =167 K), high peak powers (100-200 mW at 300 K) and higher CW operating temperatures for devices emitting around at /spl lambda//spl sim/8.5 μm.
Investigation for wide-band underwater ultrasonic transducers (1987)

Le transducteur est forme d'un resonateur en ceramique (piezoelectrique) et d'une plaque d'adaptation acoustique reliee au resonateur
Implantable functional gastrointestinal neurostimulation (2009)

Neural Gastrointestinal Electrical Stimulation (NGES) is a new microprocessor-based method for invoking gastric or colonic contractions by generating multi-channel, high energy, high frequency waveforms. It has been shown that when applied to the lower stomach, NGES offers the possibility for enhancing propulsive peristalsis for the treatment of gastric motor dysfunctions, or for producing retrograde peristalsis for the treatment of obesity. When applied to the colon, NGES can be utilized either for propulsive control in severe constipation or for invoked retrograde contractility. This paper briefly discusses the implementation of an implantable neurostimulator and summarizes the performance of the NGES technique in acute tests on experimental animals and humans, and in chronic tests on animals. These experimental tests indicate that NGES is successful in accelerating gastric emptying of both liquids and solids, and in producing strong, externally-controlled, retrograde contractions.
Sensitive Detection of Small-Molecule Targets Using Cooperative Binding Split Aptamers and Enzyme-Assisted Target Recycling (2018)

Signal amplification via enzyme-assisted target recycling (EATR) offers a powerful means for improving the sensitivity of DNA detection assays, but it has proven challenging to employ EATR with aptamer-based assays for small-molecule detection due to insensitive target response of aptamers. Here, we describe a general approach for the development of rapid and sensitive EATR-amplified small-molecule sensors based on cooperative binding split aptamers (CBSAs). CBSAs contain two target-binding domains and exhibit enhanced target response compared with single-domain split aptamers. We introduced a duplexed C3 spacer abasic site between the two binding domains, enabling EATR signal amplification through exonuclease III's apurinic endonuclease activity. As a demonstration, we engineered a CBSA-based EATR-amplified fluorescence assay to detect dehydroisoandrosterone-3-sulfate. This assay achieved 100-fold enhanced target sensitivity relative to a non-EATR-based assay, with a detection limit of 1 μM in 50% urine. We further developed an instrument-free colorimetric assay employing EATR-mediated aggregation of CBSA-modified gold nanoparticles for the visual detection of low-micromolar concentrations of cocaine. On the basis of the generalizability of CBSA engineering and the robust performance of EATR in complex samples, we believe that such assays should prove valuable for detecting small-molecule targets in diverse fields.
The protective effect of stevia extract on the gastric mucosa of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) fed dietary histamine (2004)

Stevia extract was made from stevia stem by extraction with boiling water and fermentation. The protective effect of a Stevia extract on rainbow trout (average weight, 12 g) fed 1% of dietary histamine for 4 weeks was investigated. Administration of dietary histamine to trout did not result in a reduction in growth rate or feed consumption but caused a gastric abnormality, e.g. exfoliation of the mucosal epithelium and atrophy of mucosal lamina propria. Stevia extract protected gastric tissue from histamine-induced damage. Pepsin activity in gastric fluid increased and liver α-tocopherol content was reduced after histamine treatment, but Stevia treatment prevented these abnormalities. The results suggest that the stevia extract might protect the rainbow trout stomach from histamine toxicity.
Organometallic chemical vapor deposition of superconducting, high <i>T</i> <i>c</i> Pb-doped Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O thin films (1989)

Highly oriented films of the high Tc Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O (BPSCCO)superconductor have been prepared by two organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD) approaches. In the first approach, Pb is introduced by alternate deposition of BSCCO and PbOx films using the volatile metalorganic precursors Cu(acetylacetonate)2, Sr(dipivaloylmethanate)2, Ca(dipivaloylmethanate)2, triphenyl bismuth, and tetraphenyl lead. In the second approach, Pb is incorporated into an OMCVD-derived BSCCO film by vapor diffusion using PbO as the source. X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy reveal that Pb doping significantly improves the crystalline orientation and the film morphology. Films deposited by both methods on [100] single-crystal MgO consist predominantly of the Bi2(Sr,Ca)3Cu2Ox phase and have a high preferential orientation of the crystallite c axes perpendicular to the substrate surface. Four-probe resistivity measurements indicate the onset of film superconductivity at ∼110 K and zero resistance by 80 K.
Mode of action uncovered for the specific reduction of methane emissions from ruminants by the small molecule 3-nitrooxypropanol (2016)

Ruminants, such as cows, sheep, and goats, predominantly ferment in their rumen plant material to acetate, propionate, butyrate, CO2, and methane. Whereas the short fatty acids are absorbed and metabolized by the animals, the greenhouse gas methane escapes via eructation and breathing of the animals into the atmosphere. Along with the methane, up to 12% of the gross energy content of the feedstock is lost. Therefore, our recent report has raised interest in 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), which when added to the feed of ruminants in milligram amounts persistently reduces enteric methane emissions from livestock without apparent negative side effects [Hristov AN, et al. (2015) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112(34):10663-10668]. We now show with the aid of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo experiments that 3-NOP specifically targets methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR). The nickel enzyme, which is only active when its Ni ion is in the +1 oxidation state, catalyzes the methane-forming step in the rumen fermentation. Molecular docking suggested that 3-NOP preferably binds into the active site of MCR in a pose that places its reducible nitrate group in electron transfer distance to Ni(I). With purified MCR, we found that 3-NOP indeed inactivates MCR at micromolar concentrations by oxidation of its active site Ni(I). Concomitantly, the nitrate ester is reduced to nitrite, which also inactivates MCR at micromolar concentrations by oxidation of Ni(I). Using pure cultures, 3-NOP is demonstrated to inhibit growth of methanogenic archaea at concentrations that do not affect the growth of nonmethanogenic bacteria in the rumen.
LEWIS ACID CATALYZED RACEMIZATION OF CHRYSANTHEMOYL CHLORIDE (1984)

Abstract The facile racemization of chrysanthemic acid was achieved by treatment of chrysanthemoyl chloride with a catalytic amount of Lewis acid followed by hydrolysis. The reaction mechanism is also proposed.
ViLDAR - Visible Light Sensing Based Speed Estimation using Vehicle's\n Headlamps (2018)

The introduction of light emitting diodes (LED) in automotive exterior\nlighting systems provides opportunities to develop viable alternatives to\nconventional communication and sensing technologies. Most of the advanced\ndriver-assist and autonomous vehicle technologies are based on Radio Detection\nand Ranging (RADAR) or Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems that use\nradio frequency or laser signals, respectively. While reliable and real-time\ninformation on vehicle speeds is critical for traffic operations management and\nautonomous vehicles safety, RADAR or LiDAR systems have some deficiencies\nespecially in curved road scenarios where the incidence angle is rapidly\nvarying. In this paper, we propose a novel speed estimation system so-called\nthe Visible Light Detection and Ranging (ViLDAR) that builds upon sensing\nvisible light variation of the vehicle's headlamp. We determine the accuracy of\nthe proposed speed estimator in straight and curved road scenarios. We further\npresent how the algorithm design parameters and the channel noise level affect\nthe speed estimation accuracy. For wide incidence angles, the simulation\nresults show that the ViLDAR outperforms RADAR/LiDAR systems in both straight\nand curved road scenarios. A provisional patent (US#62/541,913) has been\nobtained for this work.\n
Enteropeptidase: A Gene Associated with a Starvation Human Phenotype and a Novel Target for Obesity Treatment (2012)

In vivo testing of novel boroarginine or borolysine-based EP inhibitors validates a novel approach to the treatment of obesity.