gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adrenocortical carcinoma is characterized by a high frequency of chromosomal gains and high-level amplifications (2000)

Distinction of adrenocortical carcinoma from benign adrenocortical lesions by standard criteria is often difficult. In order to search for additional diagnostic parameters, a series of 25 adrenocortical tumors, 8 adenomas, 14 primary carcinomas, 1 metastasis, and the 2 adrenocortical carcinoma cell lines SW13 and NCI-H295 were analyzed by the approach of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Except for the two smallest adenomas, all tumors showed chromosomal imbalances with a high incidence of chromosomal gains, most frequently involving chromosomes or chromosome arms 5, 7, 8, 9q, 11q, 12q, 14q, 16, 17q, 19, 20, and 22q. The only significant loss of material concerned the distal part of 9p. Furthermore, 21 high-level amplifications were identified in 15 different regions of the genome. The consensus regions of recurrent gains and the focal high-level amplifications allowed identification of a series of chromosomal subregions containing candidate proto-oncogenes of potential pathogenic function in adrenocortical tumors: 1p34.3-pter, 1q22-q25, 3p24-pter, 3q29, 7p11.2-p14, 9q34, 11q12-11q13, 12q13, 12q24.3, 13q34, 14q11.2-q12, 14q32, 16p, 17q24-q25, 19p13.3, 19q13.4, and 22q11.2-q12. A subset of the CGH data was independently confirmed by interphase cytogenetics. Interestingly, the adenomas larger than 4 cm contained gained material of regions also overrepresented in carcinomas. In addition, several chromosomal gains, in particular the high-level amplifications, were exclusive for the malignant status of the tumors. These data indicate that the larger adrenal lesions need to be carefully considered in the diagnosis of adrenocortical tumors, and that genetic aberrations might provide useful markers for a better diagnostic differentiation.
Business-to-Business Electronic Commerce (2001)

Just as the industrial revolution mechanized the manufacturing functions of firms, the information revolution is automating their merchant functions. Four types of potential productivity gains are expected from business-to-business (B2B) electronic commerce: cost efficiencies from automation of transactions, potential advantages of new market intermediaries, consolidation of demand and supply through organized exchanges, and changes in the extent of vertical integration of firms. The article examines the characteristics of B2B online intermediaries, including categories of goods traded, market mechanisms employed, and ownership arrangements, and considers the market structure of B2B e-commerce.
Heterocyclopentadienyl Complexes of Group-3 Metals (2001)

Heterocyclopentadienyl complexes of group-3 metals (scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and the lanthanides, and uranium) are compounds in which one or more −CH units of a cyclopentadienyl-like ligand have been replaced by a heteroelement (nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, or antimony). These ligands can have very diverse substitution patterns, notably with bridged and cavitand-like structures. In addition to the classical η5-coordination behaviour, the heterocyclopentadienyl ligand can adopt a very large array of coordination patterns. Some complexes have a very promising chemistry since they have been found to activate small molecules such as nitrogen and ethylene.
Enhanced word classing for model M (2010)

Model M is a superior class-based n-gram model that has shown improvements on a variety of tasks and domains. In previous work with Model M, bigram mutual information clustering has been used to derive word classes. In this paper, we introduce a new word classing method designed to closely match with Model M. The proposed classing technique achieves gains in speech recognition word-error rate of up to 1.1% absolute over the baseline clustering, and a total gain of up to 3.0% absolute over a Katz-smoothed trigram model, the largest such gain ever reported for a class-based language model.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Blocks Apoptosis in Melanoma Cells when BRAF Signaling Is Inhibited (2007)

The protein kinase BRAF, a component of the RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)/ERK signaling pathway, regulates cell fate in response to extracellular signals. Activating mutations in BRAF occur in approximately 70% of human melanomas. The active proteins stimulate constitutive pathway signaling, proliferation, and survival. Thus, inhibition of BRAF signaling in melanoma cells causes cell cycle arrest and induces cell death through apoptosis, validating BRAF as an important therapeutic target. Here, we show that the apoptosis induced by inhibition of BRAF signaling in melanoma cells can be prevented if the cells are treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. This allows the cells to recover from the inhibition of BRAF signaling and reenter the cell cycle. This effect occurs due to a specific TNF-alpha and BRAF interaction because TNF-alpha does not prevent cell death in the presence of cisplatin, nitrogen mustard or thapsigargin. Furthermore, the cytokines Fas ligand, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6 do not prevent cell death when BRAF signaling is inhibited. The survival mechanism requires nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factor activity, which is strongly induced by TNF-alpha in these cells. These findings suggest that drugs that target the BRAF/MEK pathway could be combined with agents that target TNF-alpha and/or NF-kappaB signaling to provide exciting new therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of melanoma.
Dependability Benchmarking: making choices in an n-dimensional problem space (2018)

Dependability benchmarks should provide cost-effective ways to evaluate the behavior of components and computer systems in the presence of faults, allowing the quantification of dependability attributes or the characterization of the systems into well defined dependability classes. Beyond existing evaluation techniques, a dependability benchmark should represent an agreement accepted by the computer industry or/and by the user community, and specify the measures, the methods, and techniques required to perform measurements. This paper discusses the different dimensions involved in the dependability benchmarking problem and presents basic components required to specify dependability benchmarks. Although several obstacles still persist and are currently the subject of research, the definition of all the dimensions of the problem and the agreement of the community on a basic set of components that constitute a possible framework for dependability benchmarking seem to us a first step in the proposal of actual dependability benchmarks.
Soup consumption is associated with a lower dietary energy density and a better diet quality in US adults (2014)

Epidemiological studies have revealed that soup consumption is associated with a lower risk of obesity. Moreover, intervention studies have reported that soup consumption aids in body-weight management. However, little is known about mechanisms that can explain these findings. The objective of the present study was to investigate associations between soup consumption and daily energy intake, dietary energy density (ED), nutrient intake and diet quality. Adults aged 19-64 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys during 2003-8 were included in the study. Soup consumers were identified from the first dietary recall using the United States Department of Agriculture food codes and combination food type from the dietary data. Compared with non-consumers (n 9307), soup consumers (n 1291) had a lower body weight (P = 0.002), a lower waist circumference (P = 0.001) and a trend towards a lower total energy intake (P = 0.087). Soup consumption was associated with a lower dietary ED (P< 0.001); this was independent of whether data on beverage or water consumption were included. Diet quality, as measured by the Healthy Eating Index 2005, was significantly better in soup consumers (P = 0.008). Soup consumption was also associated with a reduced intake of total fat and an increased intake of protein, carbohydrate and dietary fibre, as well as several vitamins and minerals (P < 0.05 for all). However, it was also associated with a higher intake of Na (P < 0.001). The relationship between soup consumption and body weight could be due to a reduced dietary ED and an improved diet quality. Consumers need to pay attention to their Na intake and choose low-Na products for a healthier diet.
The Detection of DNA Hybridization on Phosphorus Dendrimer Multilayer Films by Surface Plasmon Field Enhanced-Fluorescence Spectroscopy (2009)

Dendrimer multilayers on gold substrates prepared via layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technique were characterized and used as substrates for DNA immobilization/hybridization. The multilayers, built using alternately polycationic and polyanionic phosphorus dendrimers of generation 4, were studied by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. By varying the concentration of NaCl, the optimized optical thickness of a single dendrimer layer (about 4.5 nm) was achieved. Using the multilayers as the substrate, a high loading of DNA probes was obtained through covalent coupling of probe DNA on dendrimer multilayer film. The following hybridization of Cy5-dye labeled complementary target DNA with immobilized probe DNA was detected by surface plasmon field-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy (SPFS). The limit of detection of target DNA upon hybridization reached 50 pM and 30 pM on 1 bilayer and 4 bilayers, respectively. The phosphorus dendrimer multilayer films display high stability during repeated regeneration and hybridization cycles. The sensitive platforms based on dendrimer multilayers deposited in the presence of NaCl make them attractive candidates for application in DNA sensing.
High Power Characteristics of $Pb(Y_{2/3}W_{1/3})O_3-Pb(Zr,Ti)O_3$Ceramics (1998)

High power characteristics with vibration velocity were studied in (PYW-PZT) ceramics by using the constant current method. Young s modulus and mechanical quality factor are a function of the square of effective vibration velocity . The nonlinear proportional constants of the above functions indicate the degree of stability under the vibration level change. The stability of PYW-PZT ceramics estimated by these constants coincides with the results obtained through the heat generation. It was found that was markedly decreased with increasing the vibration velocity, accompanying a lot of heat generation. The vibration hysteresis and dielectric loss according to the vibration velocity was reduced by doping to the ceramics. On the contrary, these losses was increased by doping .
Step Climbing Strategy Using Two Wheelchair Robots Connected by a Semi-passive Link (2001)

This paper describes a new cooperative strategy for two wheelchairs to climb a step. These two wheelchair robots are connected with a simple linkage mechanism between the rear of one wheelchair and the front of another. Two wheelchair robots climb a step one after the other. In this research, we did not use a method by which a robot lifts up and supports its weight using any special actuator but a method of handling the robot’s moment of rotation by the force of the link which come from the assisting robot. This method is especially influenced by the height of the two robot’s link positions. So we study this method from the viewpoint of changing the two-link positions. We perform a numerical calculation to clarify the combination of the two robot’s link positions from the two fixed points which enable them to climb (or descend) a step and is stable at the same time. We conclude from the result of the simulation that it is necessary to change the link position to climb and descend a step safely. We ascertain the effectiveness of this method by means of experiments using the robot system.
Diagnosis and management of endometriosis: summary of NICE guidance (2017)

#### What you need to know

Endometriosis is one of the most common gynaecological disorders, affecting an estimated 10% of women in the reproductive age group (usually 15-49 years old), and in the UK it is the second most common gynaecological condition (after fibroids).1 Endometriosis is hormone mediated and is associated with menstruation. The precise cause is not known, but it is widely accepted that endometrial cells deposited in the pelvis by retrograde menstruation are capable of implantation and development. It is a long term condition causing pelvic pain, painful periods, and subfertility. Endometriosis presents a diagnostic and clinical challenge, with many women left undiagnosed, often for many years. Small observational studies have reported delays of 4-10 years in diagnosis,2 3 which can result in decreased quality of life4 and disease progression.5 The diagnostic delay is not limited to adults; endometriosis is also often missed in adolescent girls,6 and this guideline aims to improve care by highlighting this age group in some recommendations.

This article summarises the most recent recommendations from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) on diagnosis and management of endometriosis.7 The recommendations were based on …
Factor Influencing Korean Consumers’ Buycott Participation in the Context of COVID-19 (2021)

COVID-19 is causing huge economic and social damage worldwide. This study identifies factors that affect Korean consumers’ intent to participate in a specific consumer movement aimed at mitigating the economic impacts of the pandemic. An online survey was conducted with 620 adult consumers in Korea over eight days from May 18-25, 2020. The data were analyzed via structural equation modeling using the following factors: social support, social trust, optimism about overcoming the crisis, buycott participation motivation, and buycott participation intent. The results show that social support and social trust have a positive effect on the participation intent for buycotting through optimism about overcoming the crisis. Additionally, reciprocity and self-esteem motives increase buycott participation motivation. People who have been financially impacted by COVID-19 should be supported, and we remain optimistic about overcoming the crisis. We also need to encourage reciprocity and self-esteem motives though public advertising.
Ultra High Temperature, Miniature, SOI Sensors for Extreme Environments (2004)

The need for semiconductor pressure transducers that can operate at extremely high temperatures, in harsh environments that are corrosive, oxidizing, experiencing high vibration, is constantly on the rise across many industries. This paper addresses the industry drive and discusses the latest developments of Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) piezoresistive pressure sensors for extreme environments. The Design of the latest leadless miniature dynamic pressure transducer capable of operating reliably under extreme environmental conditions: 1) at temperatures in excess of 600°C (1100°F), 2) under accelerations/vibrations greater than 200g, and 3) in corrosive/oxidizing environments is described in detail. The performance of such leadless pressure transducers is presented and indicates that ruggedized, high frequency, miniature, acceleration compensated piezoresistive transducers with improved performance characteristics are now feasible for use in extremely harsh, high temperature environments. The Building Block approach used in construction of these transducers enables enormous flexibility in the design, thus enabling these sensors to be used across a wide range of industry applications.
CO<sub>2</sub> Mass Transfer Induced through an Airlift Loop by a Microbubble Cloud Generated by Fluidic Oscillation (2011)

This article is closed access, it was published in the journal Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research [© American Chemical Society]. The definitive version is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie200960v
Nano-FTIR Absorption Spectroscopy of Molecular Fingerprints at 20 nm Spatial Resolution (2012)

We demonstrate Fourier transform infrared nanospectroscopy (nano-FTIR) based on a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM) equipped with a coherent-continuum infrared light source. We show that the method can straightforwardly determine the infrared absorption spectrum of organic samples with a spatial resolution of 20 nm, corresponding to a probed volume as small as 10 zeptoliter (10(-20) L). Corroborated by theory, the nano-FTIR absorption spectra correlate well with conventional FTIR absorption spectra, as experimentally demonstrated with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) samples. Nano-FTIR can thus make use of standard infrared databases of molecular vibrations to identify organic materials in ultrasmall quantities and at ultrahigh spatial resolution. As an application example we demonstrate the identification of a nanoscale PDMS contamination on a PMMA sample.
Phame: high resolution off-axis phase shift measurements on 45nm node features (2008)

The extension of optical lithography to 45nm and beyond goes along with an increased mask complexity and tighter specifications. Both attenuated and alternating phase shift masks (PSMs) require precise control of the phase shift as a function of both pitch and target sizes. Simulations show that the phase shift in the image plane of a microlithography scanner is strongly impacted by numerical aperture (NA), mask pitch, 3D mask effects, and polarization, especially if the feature sizes come close to the imaging wavelength. Carl Zeiss SMS has developed a new phase metrology system that overcomes the limitations of currently existing tools. The new optical metrology tool - Phame<sup>(R)</sup> - enables the industry to perform in-die phase measurements on alternating PSM (altPSM), attenuated PSM (attPSM), and CPL (chromeless phase lithography) masks down to 120nm half pitch at the mask. The optical beam path of the new metrology system allows actinic phase measurements of 193nm photomasks with a mask side NA up to 0.4, which is 1.6NA scanner equivalent at the wafer. This enables full compatibility to future 193nm immersion scanners down to the 32nm node. Off-axis phase measurement is realized by applying consecutive measurements of single source points according to the scanner relevant illumination settings. Phame<sup>(R)</sup> measures the scanner equivalent phase and amplitude in the image plane for each coherent source point. For off-axis phase shift extraction Zeiss has developed a new concept called high resolution phase. This high resolution phase is sensitive to the diffraction spectrum and to mask phase errors. In this paper we will explain the off-axis high resolution concept in detail. First measurements have been performed on attPSM with 45nm node test features. The results show strong deviations of the high resolution phase shift depending on the pitch. Isolated features combined with dense features have been investigated. The measurement results will be presented in the paper.
Structural Basis of Catalysis in the Bacterial Monoterpene Synthases Linalool Synthase and 1,8-Cineole Synthase (2017)

Terpenoids form the largest and stereochemically most diverse class of natural products, and there is considerable interest in producing these by biocatalysis with whole cells or purified enzymes, and by metabolic engineering. The monoterpenes are an important class of terpenes and are industrially important as flavors and fragrances. We report here structures for the recently discovered <i>Streptomyces clavuligerus</i> monoterpene synthases linalool synthase (bLinS) and 1,8-cineole synthase (bCinS), and we show that these are active biocatalysts for monoterpene production using biocatalysis and metabolic engineering platforms. In metabolically engineered monoterpene-producing <i>E. coli</i> strains, use of bLinS leads to 300-fold higher linalool production compared with the corresponding plant monoterpene synthase. With bCinS, 1,8-cineole is produced with 96% purity compared to 67% from plant species. Structures of bLinS and bCinS, and their complexes with fluorinated substrate analogues, show that these bacterial monoterpene synthases are similar to previously characterized sesquiterpene synthases. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that these monoterpene synthases do not undergo large-scale conformational changes during the reaction cycle, making them attractive targets for structured-based protein engineering to expand the catalytic scope of these enzymes toward alternative monoterpene scaffolds. Comparison of the bLinS and bCinS structures indicates how their active sites steer reactive carbocation intermediates to the desired acyclic linalool (bLinS) or bicyclic 1,8-cineole (bCinS) products. The work reported here provides the analysis of structures for this important class of monoterpene synthase. This should now guide exploitation of the bacterial enzymes as gateway biocatalysts for the production of other monoterpenes and monoterpenoids.
Mechanisms Underlying Resistance to FLT3 Inhibitors in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (2020)

FLT3-ITD and FLT3-TKD mutations were observed in approximately 20 and 10% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases, respectively. FLT3 inhibitors such as midostaurin, gilteritinib and quizartinib show excellent response rates in patients with FLT3-mutated AML, but its duration of response may not be sufficient yet. The majority of cases gain secondary resistance either by on-target and off-target abnormalities. On-target mutations (i.e., FLT3-TKD) such as D835Y keep the TK domain in its active form, abrogating pharmacodynamics of type II FLT3 inhibitors (e.g., midostaurin and quizartinib). Second generation type I inhibitors such as gilteritinib are consistently active against FLT3-TKD as well as FLT3-ITD. However, a "gatekeeper" mutation F691L shows universal resistance to all currently available FLT3 inhibitors. Off-target abnormalities are consisted with a variety of somatic mutations such as <i>NRAS</i>, <i>AXL</i> and <i>PIM1</i> that bypass or reinforce FLT3 signaling. Off-target mutations can occur just in the primary FLT3-mutated clone or be gained by the evolution of other clones. A small number of cases show primary resistance by an FL-dependent, FGF2-dependent, and stromal CYP3A4-mediated manner. To overcome these mechanisms, the development of novel agents such as covalently-coupling FLT3 inhibitor FF-10101 and the investigation of combination therapy with different class agents are now ongoing. Along with novel agents, gene sequencing may improve clinical approaches by detecting additional targetable mutations and determining individual patterns of clonal evolution.
<i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus </i><scp>GG</scp> supernatant upregulates serotonin transporter expression in intestinal epithelial cells and mice intestinal tissues (2015)

LGG-s can upregulate SERT mRNA and SERT-P levels in intestinal epithelial cells and mice intestinal tissues.