gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Grain orientation effects on electrical properties of bismuth layer-structured ferroelectric Pb(1−<i>x</i>)(NaCe)<i>x</i>/2 Bi4Ti4O15 solid solution (1984)

Electrical properties, such as dielectric, resistive, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties, of bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics (BLSF) are studied on grain orientation prepared by the hot-forging (H.F.) method. The BLSF compound which can stand the high temperature poling process is Pb(1−x) (NaCe)x/2 Bi4Ti4O15 (PNC-100x) consisting of PbBi4Ti4O15 modified by partial substitution of (NaCe)1/2 for Pb. The effects of the solid solution introduced on piezoelectric properties are mentioned. The piezoelectrically activated PNC solid solution has a larger value of electromechanical coupling factors kt and k33 than those of nonmodified samples. The grain orientation makes the piezoelectric properties of BLSF ceramics much more pronounced than those of the nonoriented ceramics. Coupling factor k33 along with piezoelectric constants d33 and g33 of H.F. PNC ceramics are enhanced and their anisotropies in k33/k31, d33/d31, and g33/g31 are emphasized.
Sample preparation methods for the determination of pesticides in foods using CE‐UV/MS (2010)

Much progress has been made in pesticide analysis over the past decade, during this time hyphenated techniques involving highly efficient separation with sensitive detection have become the techniques of choice. Among these, methods based on separation with mass spectrometric detection have resulted in greater likelihood of identification and are acknowledged to be extremely useful and authoritative methods for the determination of pesticide residues but the inherent advantages of the use of CE as a separation technique are well-known and can be summarized as high separation efficiency, low analysis time, high resolution power, and low consumption of samples and reagents. Although UV is the most widely used detector in CE equipments so far so this detection mode is also included for the review. Even with such powerful instrumental techniques, however, the risk of interference increases with the complexity of the matrix studied, so sample preparation is often the limiting step in systems before instrumental analysis and is still mandatory in many applications, for example, food analysis. This article summarizes the analytical characteristics of the different methods of sample preparation for the determination of pesticide residues in a variety of food matrices, and surveys their recent applications in combination with CE using UV and MS detectors. We will discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of different methods, the instrumental aspects, summarize and conclude the perspectives for the future.
Mortality from time of listing for transplantation as an indicator of candidate outcomes (2004)

Mortality after listing is a more relevant statistic for prospective transplant candidates. Intraprogram comparisons of listed nontransplant survival to listed transplant survival may facilitate the acceptance of sicker patients for transplant consideration. It may also help foster the development of an "alternate" list for transplantation and prove useful in helping determine organ prioritization.
Applications of substituted arylacetaldehydes in the total synthesis of seco-mesembrane alkaloids. Part 1. The total synthesis of (±)-O-methyljoubertiamine (1980)

The substituted arylacetaldehyde 2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-5-dimethylaminobutanol (1a) is shown to serve as a precursor in the total synthesis of the seco-mesembrane alkaloid (±)-O-methyljoubertiamine (2; R1R2= O, R3= Me, Δ7 unsaturation).
Unequivocal Heteroatom Insertion into a 24-Ring Channel Gallophosphate and Its Photoluminescence (2006)

Five different transition metal elements have been successfully inserted into a unique 24-ring (24R) channel structure, NTHU-1, which is the first neutral framework gallophosphate displaying visible photoluminescence without added metal activators. Incorporation of heteroatoms into the intraframework sites has intricately tuned luminescence properties and made subtle changes in channel size as well as imposed magnetism to NTHU-1. The resultant phases, designated as NTHU-1M with M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, CrCo, and Zn, were respectively characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermal analyses, photoluminescence, UV−vis spectra, and/or magnetic studies. Our reaction conditions enabled the formation of large crystals with higher quality and a more definite degree of incorporation, which allowed unambiguous elucidation of the location, population, and environment of each of the heteroatoms in one 24R channel structure from single crystals, than ever reported before. In addition, the successful insertion of Cr produced unprecedented Cr and Ga mixed-metal phosphates with different optical properties from Cr-doped aluminophosphates or zeolites. Two distinct metal sites in different geometries were observed in NTHU-1, where the tetrahedral site was occupied by divalent heteroatoms and the octahedral site by the trivalent. The two distinct sites could even be occupied simultaneously, resulting in a unique CrCo dual insertion. Factors concerning the incorporation and the influence of heteroatoms on the luminescence property are discussed.
Three dimensional optimum controller for multiple UAV formation flight using behavior-based decentralized approach (2007)

This paper proposes a behavior-based decentralized approach for UAV formation flight. The objective of UAV formation flight is that UAVs have to fly to a specified region while maintaining the distances between UAVs. To design the controller, the coupled dynamics of multiple UAVs is considered with assumption that each UAV can share the state-information with one another. A feedback linearization rule with a diffeomorphic transfer map is derived for three degree-of-freedom point mass model. The behavior-based approach is considered to promptly react on various situations because its control input is decided based on the relative weight of each agent’s desired behavior. The optimization technique is used to provide the better performance of formation flying. To verify the performance of the proposed controller, numerical simulation is performed for a waypoint-passing mission of multiple UAVs.
Discovering Program's Behavioral Patterns by Inferring Graph-Grammars from Execution Traces (2008)

Frequent patterns in program executions represent recurring sequences of events. These patterns can be used to reveal the hidden structures of a program, and ease the comprehension of legacy systems. Existing grammar-induction approaches generally use sequential algorithms to infer formal models from program executions, in which program executions are represented as strings. Software developers, however, often use graphs to illustrate the process of program executions, such as UML diagrams, flowcharts and call graphs. Taking advantage of graphs' expressiveness and intuitiveness for human cognition, we present a graph-grammar induction approach to discovering program's behavioral patterns by analyzing execution traces represented in graphs. Moreover, to improve the efficiency, execution traces are abstracted to filter redundant or unrelated traces. A grammar induction environment called VEGGIE is adopted to facilitate the induction. Evaluation is conducted on an open source project JHotDraw. Experimental results show the applicability of the proposed approach.
Telomeres of polytene chromosomes in a ciliated protozoan terminate in duplex DNA loops (1999)

The end of a telomeric DNA sequence isolated from a polytene chromosome of a hypotrichous ciliate folds back and hybridizes with downstream telomeric sequence to form a t loop that is stable in the absence of protein and DNA cross-linking. The single-stranded, telomeric DNA sequence at the end of a macronuclear molecule does not form a t loop but, instead, is complexed with a heterodimeric, telomere-binding protein. Thus, two mechanisms for capping the ends of DNA molecules are used in the same cell.
Diffraction effects in honeycomb arrays of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (2004)

Carbon nanotubes were grown on silicon and quartz substrates in a honeycomb configuration using self-assembly nanosphere lithography and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition methods. Photonic nanoarrays were fabricated with varying spacing and carbon nanotube height. Both periodic and nonperiodic arrays were produced and evaluated. Optical properties of the arrays were studied and related to array geometry. Three dimensional diffraction maps were created that reveal the manner in which the nanoarrays interact with visible light. The unique optical properties of the arrays combined with the excellent mechanical and electrical properties of carbon nanotubes indicates that these materials may find many uses in the field of optoelectronics.
Targeting glutaminolysis has antileukemic activity in acute myeloid leukemia and synergizes with BCL-2 inhibition (2015)

Cancer cells require glutamine to adapt to increased biosynthetic activity. The limiting step in intracellular glutamine catabolism involves its conversion to glutamate by glutaminase (GA). Different GA isoforms are encoded by the genes GLS1 and GLS2 in humans. Herein, we show that glutamine levels control mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Glutaminase C (GAC) is the GA isoform that is most abundantly expressed in AML. Both knockdown of GLS1 expression and pharmacologic GLS1 inhibition by the drug CB-839 can reduce OXPHOS, leading to leukemic cell proliferation arrest and apoptosis without causing cytotoxic activity against normal human CD34(+) progenitors. Strikingly, GLS1 knockdown dramatically inhibited AML development in NSG mice. The antileukemic activity of CB-839 was abrogated by both the expression of a hyperactive GAC(K320A) allele and the addition of the tricarboxyclic acid cycle product α-ketoglutarate, indicating the critical function of GLS1 in AML cell survival. Finally, glutaminolysis inhibition activated mitochondrial apoptosis and synergistically sensitized leukemic cells to priming with the BCL-2 inhibitor ABT-199. These findings show that targeting glutamine addiction via GLS1 inhibition offers a potential novel therapeutic strategy for AML.
Analysis on the Risk-Based Screening Levels Determined by Various Risk Assessment Tools (III): Proposed Methodology for Lead Risk Assessment in Korea (2015)

The most critical health effect of lead exposure is the neurodevelopmental effect to children caused by the increased blood lead level. Therefore, the endpoint of the risk assessment for lead-contaminated sites should be set at the blood lead level of children. In foreign countries, the risk assessment for lead-contaminated sites is conducted by estimating the increased blood lead level of children via oral intake and/or inhalation (United States Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA), or by comparing the estimated oral dose to the threshold oral dose of lead, which is derived from the permissible blood lead level of children (Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM). For the risk assessment, USEPA employs Integrated-Exposure-Uptake-Biokinetic (IEUBK) Model to check whether the estimated portion of children whose blood lead level exceeds 10 µg/dL, threshold blood lead level determined by USEPA, is higher than 5%, while Dutch RIVM compares the estimated oral dose of lead to the threshold oral dose (2.8 µg/kg-day), which is derived from the permissible blood lead level of children. In Korea, like The Netherlands, risk assessment for lead-contaminated sites is conducted by comparing the estimated oral dose to the threshold oral dose; however, because the threshold oral dose listed in Korean risk assessment guidance is an unidentified value, it is recommended to revise the existing threshold oral dose described in Korean risk assessment guidance. And, if significant lead exposure via inhalation is suspected, it is useful to employ IEUBK Model to derive the risk posed via multimedia exposure (i.e., both oral ingestion and inhalation).
Phylogeny, Function, and Evolution of the Cupins, a Structurally Conserved, Functionally Diverse Superfamily of Proteins (2001)

The cupin superfamily is a group of functionally diverse proteins that are found in all three kingdoms of life, Archaea, Eubacteria, and Eukaryota. These proteins have a characteristic signature domain comprising two histidine- containing motifs separated by an intermotif region of variable length. This domain consists of six beta strands within a conserved beta barrel structure. Most cupins, such as microbial phosphomannose isomerases (PMIs), AraC- type transcriptional regulators, and cereal oxalate oxidases (OXOs), contain only a single domain, whereas others, such as seed storage proteins and oxalate decarboxylases (OXDCs), are bi-cupins with two pairs of motifs. Although some cupins have known functions and have been characterized at the biochemical level, the majority are known only from gene cloning or sequencing projects. In this study, phylogenetic analyses were conducted on the conserved domain to investigate the evolution and structure/function relationships of cupins, with an emphasis on single- domain plant germin-like proteins (GLPs). An unrooted phylogeny of cupins from a wide spectrum of evolutionary lineages identified three main clusters, microbial PMIs, OXDCs, and plant GLPs. The sister group to the plant GLPs in the global analysis was then used to root a phylogeny of all available plant GLPs. The resulting phylogeny contained three main clades, classifying the GLPs into distinct subfamilies. It is suggested that these subfamilies correlate with functional categories, one of which contains the bifunctional barley germin that has both OXO and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. It is proposed that GLPs function primarily as SODs, enzymes that protect plants from the effects of oxidative stress. Closer inspection of the DNA sequence encoding the intermotif region in plant GLPs showed global conservation of thymine in the second codon position, a character associated with hydrophobic residues. Since many of these proteins are multimeric and enzymatically inactive in their monomeric state, this conservation of hydrophobicity is thought to be associated with the need to maintain the various monomer- monomer interactions. The type of structure-based predictive analysis presented in this paper is an important approach for understanding gene function and evolution in an era when genomes from a wide range of organisms are being sequenced at a rapid rate.
Charging and aggregation of latex particles in aqueous solutions of ionic liquids: towards an extended Hofmeister series (2016)

The effect of ionic liquid (IL) constituents and other monovalent salts on the stability of polystyrene latex particles was studied by electrophoresis and light scattering in dilute aqueous suspensions. The surface charge and the aggregation rate were both sensitive to the type of ion leading to different critical coagulation concentration (CCC) values. Systematic variation of the type of IL cation and anion allows us to place these ions within the Hofmeister series. We find that the dicyanoamide anion should be placed between iodide and thiocyanate, while all 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cations can be positioned to the left of the tetramethylammonium and ammonium ions. The hydrophobicity of the 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium (BMPL(+)) ion is intermediate between 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMIM(+)) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (BMIM(+)). With increasing alkyl chain length, the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cations adsorb on the latex particles very strongly, and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium (HMIM(+)) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium (OMIM(+)) lead to pronounced charge reversal and to an intermediate restabilization region.
Indirect-detection single-photon-counting x-ray detector for breast tomosynthesis (2016)

X-ray mammography is a crucial screening tool for early identification of breast cancer. However, the overlap of anatomical features present in projection images often complicates the task of correctly identifying suspicious masses. As a result, there has been increasing interest in acquisition of volumetric information through digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) which, compared to mammography, offers the advantage of depth information. Since DBT requires acquisition of many projection images, it is desirable that the noise in each projection image be dominated by the statistical noise of the incident x-ray quanta and not by the additive noise of the imaging system (referred to as quantum-limited imaging) and that the cumulative dose be as low as possible (e.g., no more than for a mammogram). Unfortunately, the electronic noise (~2000 electrons) present in current DBT systems based on active matrix, flat-panel imagers (AMFPIs) is still relatively high compared with modest x-ray gain of the a-Se and CsI:Tl x-ray converters often used. To overcome the modest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) limitations of current DBT systems, we have developed a large-area x-ray imaging detector with the combination of an extremely low noise (~20 electrons) active-pixel CMOS and a specially designed high resolution scintillator. The high sensitivity and low noise of such system provides better SNR by at least an order of magnitude than current state-of-art AMFPI systems and enables x-ray indirect-detection single photon counting (SPC) at mammographic energies with the potential of dose reduction.
Thin-Film Deposition and Characterization of a Sn-Deficient Perovskite Derivative Cs<sub>2</sub>SnI<sub>6</sub> (2016)

In this work, we describe details of a two-step deposition approach that enables the preparation of continuous and well-structured thin films of Cs<sub>2</sub>SnI<sub>6</sub>, which is a one-half Sn-deficient 0-D perovskite derivative (i.e., the compound can also be written as CsSn<sub>0.5</sub>I<sub>3</sub>, with a structure consisting of isolated SnI<sub>6</sub><sup>4-</sup> octahedra). The films were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV-Vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS, IPES, XPS) and Hall effect measurements. UV-Vis and PL measurements indicate that the obtained Cs<sub>2</sub>SnI<sub>6</sub> film is a semiconductor with a band gap of 1.6 eV. This band gap was further confirmed by the UPS and IPES spectra, which were well reproduced by the calculated density of states with the HSE hybrid functional. The Cs<sub>2</sub>SnI<sub>6</sub> films exhibited n-type conduction with a carrier density of 6(1) × 10<sup>16</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup> and mobility of 2.9(3) cm<sup>2</sup>/V·s. While the computationally-derived band structure for Cs<sub>2</sub>SnI<sub>6</sub> shows significant dispersion along several directions in the Brillouin zone near the band edges, the valence band is relatively flat along the $Γ$–X direction, indicative of a more limited hole minority carrier mobility compared to analogous values for the electrons. The ionization potential (IP) and electron affinity (EA) were determined to be 6.4 and 4.8 eV, respectively. The Cs<sub>2</sub>SnI<sub>6</sub> films show some enhanced stability under ambient air, compared to methylammonium lead (II) iodide perovskite films stored under similar conditions; however, the films do decompose slowly, yielding a CsI impurity. We discuss these findings in the context of suitability of Cs<sub>2</sub>SnI<sub>6</sub> for photovoltaic and related optoelectronic applications.
Induction of p21ras in Alzheimer pathology (1995)

Changes in the expression of the small G-protein p21ras, a critical regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation, were investigated by immunohistochemical methods in the temporal cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease. In both normal brain and in Alzheimer's disease, the H-ras, K-ras and N-ras gene products were equally detected in almost all neurones and occasionally also in glial cells. In Alzheimer's disease an increased expression of p21ras was observed within neuritic plaques as well as in neurones and glial cells closely associated with plaques. Neurones containing tangle-bearing material also showed a high level of expression. It is suggested that activation of p21ras dependent signalling pathways are involved in the processes of neurodegeneration and/or aberrant repair in Alzheimer's disease.
WN/sub x/ diodes on plasma-treated GaAs surfaces (1989)

The formation of WN/sub x/ Schottky diodes on GaAs surfaces with various interface conditions was investigated by performing H/sub 2/- and N/sub 2/-plasma treatments on GaAs surfaces prior to the WN/sub x/ film deposition. After annealing at 810 degrees C for 10 min, an improvement in the diode rectifying characteristics was generally observed, resulting from the thermal recovery of the sputtering and plasma-induced damage. The maximum Phi /sup I-V/=0.76 eV was obtained for the H/sub 2/-plasma-treated diodes. Samples with an N/sub 2/-plasma-treated interface showed a reduced barrier height and a higher ideality factor with corresponding nonlinearity in the C-V curves due to the presence of a high density of interfacial states.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Water sensitivity of layered P2/P3-Na<sub>x</sub>Ni<sub>0.22</sub>Co<sub>0.11</sub>Mn<sub>0.66</sub>O<sub>2</sub> cathode material (2014)

The interlayer distance calculated with the Bragg equation identifies the sodium content below which the spontaneous hydration of P2/P3-Na<sub>x</sub>Ni<sub>0.22</sub>Co<sub>0.11</sub>Mn<sub>0.66</sub>O<sub>2</sub> occurs.
The fractal pyramid with applications to image coding (2002)

Extends the iterated transformation theory (ITT) fractal image coding algorithm proposed by A. Jacquin [1993] to generate a pyramid image representation. An ITT-coded image is modeled as the solution of a second type functional equation. This representation is iterated to form an ITT-chain of functional equations which can serve as the framework for a multiscale signal decomposition. This formalism can be extended to accommodate hybrid ITT representations and, in the limit, ITT-coded signals as a solution of a homogeneous functional equation. Existence of the ITT-chain signal representation is shown to be connected to the eigen-structure of the linear operators of the associated functional equations. At each level of the ITT-chain representation, the signal is decomposed into two parts which are not orthogonal. The authors use this decomposition to build an ITT-pyramid representation for gray-tone images as well as for RGB color images.
A MIP-SIP macro-mobility management scheme for VoIP across wired and wireless domains (2004)

With the convergence of the Internet and cellular networks, voice-over-IP (VoIP) applications across wired and wireless domains are of increasing importance. Two major management protocols, Mobile IP (MIP) and session initiation protocol (SIP), have been proposed to handle macro-mobility in the network layer and the application layer respectively, either independently or jointly for different scenarios. The paper explores the capabilities of MIPv6 and SIP in supporting VoIP applications from the point of view of mobility awareness or mobility unawareness. It proposes a MIP-SIP hybrid management architecture that enables mobile hosts running mobility-unaware applications to communicate with CHs (correspondent hosts) running mobility-aware applications. The paper focuses on. macro-mobility support across wireless and wired domains and compares the hybrid architecture with MIPv6 and SIP in terms of handoff disruption time and the user-perceived quality of service (QoS) through analysis and proof-of-concept simulations. The AAA (authentication, authorisation and accounting) functions are also considered for inter-domain handoffs.