gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solution-Processed Nickel-Alloyed Iron Pyrite Thin Film as Hole Transport Layer in Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells (2017)

Here, we report the test of solution-processed nickel (Ni)-alloyed iron disulfide (FeS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) pyrite nanocrystals (NCs) as back contact interface layer in cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells. The alloyed NCs were synthesized using the hot-injection colloidal method, and the thin films were fabricated using layerby-layer drop-cast method as the back contacts to the CdTe solar cells. Based on this study, the average increase in device performance observed was 6% with Ni <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.05</sub> Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.95</sub> S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and Ni <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.1</sub> Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.9</sub> S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> NCs compared to standard copper/gold (Cu/Au) back contacts while the device performance was sharply reduced with ≥ 20% Ni-alloyed iron pyrite NCs.
Dynamic aggregation algorithms for forwarding information in distributed router architecture (2004)

As the Internet grows in size and bandwidth, packet-forwarding at the line card of routers became a technical challenge to overcome in the design of router architecture. One approach is to decrease the size of forwarding tables at line cards to reduce the time for table lookup and management. In this paper, we propose the novel algorithms that reduce the forwarding table size and the number of control packets for updating the forwarding table in a distributed router architecture. The algorithms build an aggregation tree, which aggregates the forwarding addresses dynamically. The dynamic insertion of a virtual node makes it possible to aggregate the forwarding address. The algorithms have been tested with more than 53000 BGP entries, which have been originated on a typical IPv4 BGP backbone router. We achieved 15 to 20 percent reduction in forwarding table size and number of control packets.
Genetic Fusion of an α-Subunit Gene to the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Chorionic Gonadotropin-β Subunit Genes: Production of a Bifunctional Protein (1999)

The human glycoprotein hormones, hCG, TSH, LH, and FSH, are composed of a common alpha-subunit assembled to a hormone-specific beta-subunit. The subunits combine noncovalently early in the secretory pathway and exist as heterodimers but not as multimers. LH/FSH are synthesized in the pituitary gonadotrophs, and several of the alpha-subunit sequences required for association with either the LHbeta or FSHbeta subunits are different. Thus, it is intriguing that no ternary complexes are observed for LH and FSH in vivo (e.g. two different beta-assembled to a single alpha-subunit). To examine whether the alpha-subunit can interact with more than one beta-subunit, and to study the conformational relationships between the ligand and the receptor, we constructed a vector encoding two tandemly arranged beta-subunits fused to a single alpha-subunit gene (FSHbeta-CGbeta-alpha). This approach permitted structure-function analyses of alpha/beta domain complexes without the possibility of subunit dissociation. We reported previously that the CGbeta or FSHbeta subunit gene can be genetically fused to the alpha-gene and the resulting single chains (CGbetaalpha and FSHbetaalpha, respectively) were biologically active. Here we demonstrate that a triple-domain single chain bearing the configuration FSHbeta-CGbeta-alpha is efficiently secreted from transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and exhibits high-affinity receptor binding to both FSH and LH/hCG receptors, comparable to the native heterodimers. These results indicate that the alpha-subunit can interact with each beta-subunit in the same complex and that an alpha-domain fused to a beta-domain can still interact with an additional beta-subunit. The data also demonstrate the remarkable flexibility of the receptor to accommodate the increased bulkiness of the triple-domain ligand. In addition, the formation of intrachain FSH- and CG-like complexes observed in a triple-domain single chain suggests that the alpha-subunit can resonate, i.e. shuttle between alpha-beta heterodimeric intermediates during the early stages of synthesis and accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Such model compounds could be useful as substrates to generate a new class of analogs in which the ratio of the LH/FSH activity is varied. This could aid in the design of analogs that could be used to mimic the in vivo hormonal profiles.
71.2: Gray Level Redistribution in Field Sequential Color LCD Technique for Color Breakup Reduction (2008)

Abstract A gray level redistribution for color filterless liquid crystal displays (LCDs) was proposed to suppress the color breakup (CBU) artifact on field sequential color (FSC) displays. This method discolors the primary color fields and redistributes the color intensities to a color‐mixed field. The algorithm based on the image content was developed and implemented on a 32‐inch panel. According to the evaluation of experiments and observations, the proposed method has been demonstrated to greatly suppress CBU in LCD applications.
Multimode fiber link equalization by mode filtering via a multisegment photodetector (2003)

For short-haul optical networks, multimode fiber is ideal in regards to ease of use and cost-effectiveness. Unfortunately, modal dispersion in the fiber, can lead to severe intersymbol interference. A multisegment photodetector is used to perform spatially resolved equalization of the channel response. We demonstrate, through measured impulse response and bit error rate, robust performance to variations in channel condition.
Breathable polymer films produced by the microlayer coextrusion process (2000)

Fabrication of a breathable film by the microlayer coextrusion process is described. Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was microlayered with a filled polyolefin, either CaCO3-filled polyethylene or CaCO3-filled polypropylene. The thickness of individual layers was varied by increasing the total number of layers in the microlayered film from 8 to 4096. The water vapor transport rate (WVTR) was measured for microlayer films that varied in composition and number of layers. Especially with the PP(CaCO3)/PEO system, systematic variation in composition and number of layers made it possible to obtain large changes in the WVTR. The results were related to the tortuousity of the pathway through the microlayer. The filled polyolefins acted as a barrier to water vapor transport through the hydrophilic PEO. As the individual layers were made thinner by increasing the total number of layers, the polyolefin layers changed from continuous to discontinuous. Tortuousity concepts were used to correlate the increase in WVTR with an effective aspect ratio of the discontinuous polyolefin layers. In addition to high WVTR values, the breathable films produced by microlayering PEO with a filled polyolefin exhibited excellent mechanical properties. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 78: 816–828, 2000
Syndiospecific Living Catalysts for Propylene Polymerization: Effect of Fluorination on Activity, Stereoselectivity, and Termination (2002)

Abstract The polymerization of propylene using a variety of fluorinated bis(phenoxyimine)titanium complexes is reported. The synthesis of ten complexes containing varying fluorinated N ‐aryl substituents is described. X‐ray structural and solution NMR data indicate that these complexes are C 2 ‐symmetric in the solid state, although in some cases C 1 ‐symmetric isomers are observed in solution. When activated with methylalumoxane, all complexes formed syndiotactic polypropylene. Catalysts with ortho ‐fluorine substituents formed polymers with very narrow molecular weight distributions, indicative of a living polymerization. Catalysts with fluorine in at least the ortho and para positions exhibited the highest syndio‐specificities. Catalysts with meta ‐ or para ‐fluorine‐containing substituents were more active for propylene polymerization than the corresponding non‐fluorinated catalyst.
Vehicle type classification from laser scanner profiles: A benchmark of feature descriptors (2013)

This article targets the problem of vehicle classification using laser scanner profiles, which is usually found as a component of electronic tolling systems. Laser scanners obtain a 3D measurement of the vehicle surface. Previous approaches have extracted high-level features (such as width, height, length and other measurements) from the scanner profiles, or have taken the raw profiles for further pattern analysis. In this article, we focus on feature descriptors for supervised classification of laser scanner profiles. We evaluate a number of feature descriptors, including high-level features and raw profiles, but also introduce new descriptors. A 3D profile when interpreted as a 2D image with depth values as pixel intensities can benefit from recent advances in computer vision. Experiments on a real-world vehicle classification task indicate that the image-based descriptors, especially the Fisher vector, obtain improved performances with respect to high-level features and raw profiles.
Constrained physical design tuning (2008)

Existing solutions to the automated physical design problem in database systems attempt to minimize execution costs of input workloads for a given a storage constraint. In this paper, we argue that this model is not flexible enough to address several real-world situations. To overcome this limitation, we introduce a constraint language that is simple yet powerful enough to express many important scenarios. We build upon an existing transformation-based framework to effectively incorporate constraints in the search space. We then show experimentally that we are able to handle a rich class of constraints and that our proposed technique scales gracefully.
Cell-wall determinants of the bactericidal action of group IIA phospholipase A2 against Gram-positive bacteria (1999)

We have shown previously that a group IIA phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is responsible for the potent bactericidal activity of inflammatory fluids against many Gram-positive bacteria. To exert its antibacterial activity, this PLA2 must first bind and traverse the bacterial cell wall to produce the extensive degradation of membrane phospholipids (PL) required for bacterial killing. In this study, we have examined the properties of the cell-wall that may determine the potency of group IIA PLA2 action. Inhibition of bacterial growth by nutrient deprivation or a bacteriostatic antibiotic reversibly increased bacterial resistance to PLA2-triggered PL degradation and killing. Conversely, pretreatment of Staphylococcus aureus or Enterococcus faecium with subinhibitory doses of beta-lactam antibiotics increased the rate and extent of PL degradation and/or bacterial killing after addition of PLA2. Isogenic wild-type (lyt+) and autolysis-deficient (lyt-) strains of S. aureus were equally sensitive to the phospholipolytic action of PLA2, but killing and lysis was much greater in the lyt+ strain. Thus, changes in cell-wall cross-linking and/or autolytic activity can modulate PLA2 action either by affecting enzyme access to membrane PL or by the coupling of massive PL degradation to autolysin-dependent killing and bacterial lysis or both. Taken together, these findings suggest that the bacterial envelope sites engaged in cell growth may represent preferential sites for the action and cytotoxic consequences of group IIA PLA2 attack against Gram-positive bacteria.
MonoMax Suture: A New Long-Term Absorbable Monofilament Suture Made from Poly-4-Hydroxybutyrate (2012)

A long-term absorbable monofilament suture was developed using poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) made from a biosynthetically produced homopolymer of the natural metabolite 4-hydroxybutyrate. The suture, called MonoMax, has prolonged strength retention. At 12 weeks, a size 3-0 MonoMax suture retains approximately 50% of its initial tensile strength in vivo and is substantially degraded in one year with minimal tissue reaction. In contrast, PDS II monofilament suture (Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, NJ) has no residual strength in vivo after 12 weeks. In vivo , the MonoMax suture is hydrolyzed primarily by bulk hydrolysis, and is then degraded via the Krebs cycle. MonoMax is substantially more compliant than other monofilament sutures, and incorporates an element of elasticity. Its tensile modulus of 0.48 GPa is approximately one-third of the value of the PDS II fiber providing an exceptionally flexible and pliable fiber with excellent knot strength and security. These features are further enhanced by the fiber's elasticity, which also improves knot security and may help prevent wound dehiscence. Because of its performance advantages, this suture may find clinical utility in applications where prolonged strength retention, and greater flexibility are required, particularly in procedures like abdominal wall closure where wound dehiscence is still a significant post-surgical complication.
Nanoparticles Containing High Loads of Paclitaxel-Silicate Prodrugs: Formulation, Drug Release, and Anticancer Efficacy (2015)

We have investigated particle size, interior structure, drug release kinetics, and anticancer efficacy of PEG-b-PLGA-based nanoparticles loaded with a series of paclitaxel (PTX)-silicate prodrugs [PTX-Si(OR)3]. Silicate derivatization enabled us to adjust the hydrophobicity and hydrolytic lability of the prodrugs by the choice of the alkyl group (R) in the silicate derivatives. The greater hydrophobicity of these prodrugs allows for the preparation of nanoparticles that are stable in aqueous dispersion even when loaded with up to ca. 75 wt % of the prodrug. The hydrolytic lability of silicates allows for facile conversion of prodrugs back to the parent drug, PTX. A suite of eight PTX-silicate prodrugs was investigated; nanoparticles were made by flash nanoprecipitation (FNP) using a confined impingement jet mixer with a dilution step (CIJ-D). The resulting nanoparticles were 80-150 nm in size with a loading level of 47-74 wt % (wt %) of a PTX-silicate, which corresponds to 36-59 effective wt % of free PTX. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy images show that particles are typically spherical with a core-shell structure. Prodrug/drug release profiles were measured. Release tended to be slower for prodrugs having greater hydrophobicity and slower hydrolysis rate. Nanoparticles loaded with PTX-silicate prodrugs that hydrolyze most rapidly showed in vitro cytotoxicity similar to that of the parent PTX. Nanoparticles loaded with more labile silicates also tended to show greater in vivo efficacy.
Space Warping Based Dimensionality Reduction of Higher Order Ambisonics Signals (2019)

A novel approach to non-uniform spatial resolution encoding and dimensionality reduction of Higher Order Ambisonics spatial audio content is proposed. Space warping is applied to modify the spatial arrangement of the audio scene such that the coefficient energy is packed in few low order coefficients. The underlying idea is to squeeze or stretch parts of the spherical coordinates. In contrast to conventional Mixed Order Ambisonics, our approach is based on a transformation. Unlike methods for dimensionality reduction such as PCA, the resulting signal remains a valid HOA signal and spatial relations are maintained. We present a mathematical framework for space warping, demonstrate the potential of the method using an example, and discuss prerequisites and applications.
Charge-Withheld Converter-Reshuffling: A Countermeasure Against Power Analysis Attacks (2015)

Converter-reshuffling (CoRe) technique has recently been proposed as a power-efficient countermeasure against differential power analysis (DPA) attacks by randomly reshuffling the individual stages within a multiphase switched-capacitor voltage converter. This randomized reshuffling of the converter stages inserts noise to the monitored power profile and prevents an attacker from extracting the correct input power data. The total number of activated phases within a switch period, however, still correlates with the dynamic power consumption of the workload. To break the one-to-one relationship between the monitored and actual power consumption, a charge-withheld CoRe technique is proposed in this brief by utilizing the flying capacitors to withhold a random amount of charge for a random time period. As compared to the conventional CoRe technique, the proposed charge-withheld CoRe technique eliminates the possibility of having a zero power trace entropy (PTE) even under machine-learning-based DPA attacks. The average PTE of the monitored power profile is increased ~46.1% with a 64-phase charge-withheld CoRe technique.
Optimal turn-off angle control in the face of automatic turn-on angle control for switched-reluctance motors (2007)

A new approach to the automatic control of excitation parameters for the switched-reluctance motor (SRM) is presented. The excitation parameters include the turn-on angle, the turn-off angle and the magnitude of the phase current. The objective is to develop an easily implementable control algorithm that automatically maintains the most efficient excitation angles in producing the required current to produce the electromagnetic torque. The control algorithm determining the turn-on and turn-off angles supports the most efficient operation of the motor drive system. The turn-on angle and turn-off angle controllers work independently and harmoniously with the speed controller. The turn-on angle controller consists of two pieces: the first piece of the control technique monitors the position of the first peak of the phase current (thetasp) and seeks to align this position with the angle where the inductance begins to increase (thetasm). The second piece of the controller monitors the peak phase current and advances the turn-on angle if the commanded reference current cannot be produced by the controller. The first piece of the controller tends to be active below base speed of the SRM, where phase currents can be built easily by the inverter and thetasp is relatively independent of thetasm. The second piece of the controller is active above base speed, where the peak of the phase currents tends to naturally occur at thetasm regardless of the current amplitude. The two pieces of the controller naturally exchange responsibility as a result of a change in command or operating point. The turn-off angle controller works independent of the turn-on angle controller. Through modelling of an experimental SRM and extensive simulation, it is seen that the optimal-efficiency turn-off angles can be characterised as a function of peak phase current and motor speed. Accordingly, the optimal-efficiency turn-off angle is determined from an analytic curve fit. It has been shown that a curve fit using only four optimised points gives very close estimation to the most efficient turn-off angle at any given operating point. The SRM, inverter and control system are modelled in Simulink to demonstrate the operation of the system. The modelling is based on the finite element data that include spatial nonlinearities and magnetic saturation. The control technique is then applied to an experimental SRM system. Experimental operation documents that the technique provides for efficient operation of the SRM system through tuning the controller at only four operating points.
Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4A Protease Inhibitors Incorporating Flexible P2 Quinoxalines Target Drug Resistant Viral Variants (2017)

A substrate envelope-guided design strategy is reported for improving the resistance profile of HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors. Analogues of 5172-mcP1P3 were designed by incorporating diverse quinoxalines at the P2 position that predominantly interact with the invariant catalytic triad of the protease. Exploration of structure-activity relationships showed that inhibitors with small hydrophobic substituents at the 3-position of P2 quinoxaline maintain better potency against drug resistant variants, likely due to reduced interactions with residues in the S2 subsite. In contrast, inhibitors with larger groups at this position were highly susceptible to mutations at Arg155, Ala156, and Asp168. Excitingly, several inhibitors exhibited exceptional potency profiles with EC<sub>50</sub> values ≤5 nM against major drug resistant HCV variants. These findings support that inhibitors designed to interact with evolutionarily constrained regions of the protease, while avoiding interactions with residues not essential for substrate recognition, are less likely to be susceptible to drug resistance.
A Semi-Active Magnetorheological Fluid Snubber Lag Damper for a Hingeless/Bearingless Helicopter (2008)

A magnetorheolocial fluid elastomeric (snubber) lag damper is developed to provide adaptive lead-lag damping augmentation for a hingeless helicopter rotor. The MR fluid elastomeric (MRFE) lag damper consists of a flow valve, a flexible snubber body, and a flexible center wall separating the body into two fluid chambers. MR fluid enclosed in the snubber body can flow through the valve and be activated by a magnetic field in the valve. Consistent with the loading conditions for a helicopter lag damper, the MRFE damper is tested under single frequency (lag/rev) sinusoidal excitation. The complex modulus method was used to compare the MRFE damper damping characteristics with a baseline passive snubber type Fluidlastic® damper. The field-off damping of MRFE damper is smaller than the baseline damper. A significant controllable damping range is also observed as current was applied to a magnetic valve in the MRFE damper. Furthermore, the non-linear behavior of the MRFE damper is not sufficiently modeled using the complex modulus method. Thus, to account for the hysteresis behavior of the MRFE damper and estimate the damping force, a hydro-mechanical model is formulated based on lumped parameters. Parameters for the model are established using experimental data and a least-mean-square error minimization technique. The model is then applied to reconstruct the force time history under lag/rev excitation frequency. The average error between the predicted and measured damping forces is also evaluated to assess model accuracy.
Chalcogenization-Derived Band Gap Grading in Solution-Processed CuIn<sub><i>x</i></sub>Ga<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>(Se,S)<sub>2</sub> Thin-Film Solar Cells (2015)

Significant enhancement of solution-processed CuIn(x)Ga(1-x)(Se,S)2 (CIGSSe) thin-film solar cell performance was achieved by inducing a band gap gradient in the film thickness, which was triggered by the chalcogenization process. Specifically, after the preparation of an amorphous mixed oxide film of Cu, In, and Ga by a simple paste coating method chalcogenization under Se vapor, along with the flow of dilute H2S gas, resulted in the formation of CIGSSe films with graded composition distribution: S-rich top, In- and Se-rich middle, and Ga- and S-rich bottom. This uneven compositional distribution was confirmed to lead to a band gap gradient in the film, which may also be responsible for enhancement in the open circuit voltage and reduction in photocurrent loss, thus increasing the overall efficiency. The highest power conversion efficiency of 11.7% was achieved with J(sc) of 28.3 mA/cm(2), V(oc) of 601 mV, and FF of 68.6%.