gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A deep learning-enabled portable imaging flow cytometer for cost-effective, high-throughput, and label-free analysis of natural water samples (2018)

We report a deep learning-enabled field-portable and cost-effective imaging flow cytometer that automatically captures phase-contrast color images of the contents of a continuously flowing water sample at a throughput of 100 mL/h. The device is based on partially coherent lens-free holographic microscopy and acquires the diffraction patterns of flowing micro-objects inside a microfluidic channel. These holographic diffraction patterns are reconstructed in real time using a deep learning-based phase-recovery and image-reconstruction method to produce a color image of each micro-object without the use of external labeling. Motion blur is eliminated by simultaneously illuminating the sample with red, green, and blue light-emitting diodes that are pulsed. Operated by a laptop computer, this portable device measures 15.5 cm × 15 cm × 12.5 cm, weighs 1 kg, and compared to standard imaging flow cytometers, it provides extreme reductions of cost, size and weight while also providing a high volumetric throughput over a large object size range. We demonstrated the capabilities of this device by measuring ocean samples at the Los Angeles coastline and obtaining images of its micro- and nanoplankton composition. Furthermore, we measured the concentration of a potentially toxic alga (<i>Pseudo-nitzschia</i>) in six public beaches in Los Angeles and achieved good agreement with measurements conducted by the California Department of Public Health. The cost-effectiveness, compactness, and simplicity of this computational platform might lead to the creation of a network of imaging flow cytometers for large-scale and continuous monitoring of the ocean microbiome, including its plankton composition.
Studies on the human T cell receptor α/β variable region genes. I. Identification of 7 additional V<sub>α</sub> subfamilies and 14 J<sub>α</sub> gene segments (1991)

The anchored-polymerase chain reaction has been used to study further the diversity of the human T cell receptor alpha chain. The analysis of 308 cDNA transcripts from human peripheral lymphocytes hybridizing with a C alpha probe led to the identification of a series of additional V alpha and J alpha gene segments. The sequences of seven V alpha gene segments which individually define a novel V alpha subfamily (termed V alpha w23 to V alpha w29) are reported. The sequences of some previously described V alpha 1, V alpha 2, V alpha 5, V alpha 7 and V alpha 22 gene segments are also extended. In addition, we report 14 novel J alpha gene segment sequences. Taken together, these data indicate that the contribution of the alpha chain combinatorial diversity to the human T cell receptor alpha/beta variability has not yet been fully appreciated.
P‐81: Reduced‐Aberration Tunable‐Focus Liquid Crystal Lenses for 3D Displays (2007)

Abstract A three‐dimensional display with eye accommodation is proposed. According to this design, by modifying the diopter of the display pixels using tunable‐focus liquid crystal micro‐lens array, eye accommodation information is provided. Potential applications for virtual reality and television are emphasized.
Beneficiation of a bituminous coal and a lignite coal by agglomeration using novel binding oils (1988)

Illinois number6 and both as received and hot water dried Zap (Indianhead) North Dakota lignite were agglomerated with Mandan refinery decant oil containing either p-xylene or deodorized rectisol naphtha from the Great Plains Gasification Plant. The effectiveness of each of the binding oils on agglomeration was determined from ash reduction and organic recovery as a function of mixing speed, mixing time, particle size, and oil-to-coal ratio. Results indicated that, although the ash reduction was significant in the Mandan decant/rectisol naphtha binder for both coals, greater reduction was achieved with the Mandan decant/p-xylene. Higher mixing speeds, longer mixing times, smaller particle size, and binder to coal ratio of 0.35 gave the greatest ash reductions. Agglomeration time was shortened substantially when either p-xylene or rectisol naphtha was added to the Mandan decant in place of using Mandan decant alone as binder.
Question utility: a novel static ranking of question search (2008)

In this paper, we propose a notion of 'question utility' for studying usefulness of questions and show how question utility can be integrated into question search as static ranking. To measure question utility, we examine three methods: (a) a method of employing the language model to estimate the probability that a question is generated from a question collection and then using the probability as question utility; (b) a method of using the LexRank algorithm to evaluate centrality of questions and then using the centrality as question utility; and (c) the combination of (a) and (b). To use question utility in question search, we employ a log linear model for combining relevance score in question search and utility score regarding question utility. Our experimental results with the questions about 'travel' from Yahoo! Answers show that question utility can be effective in boosting up ranks of generally useful questions.
Removing the Noise in Monte Carlo Rendering with General Image Denoising Algorithms (2013)

Abstract Monte Carlo rendering systems can produce important visual effects such as depth of field, motion blur, and area lighting, but the rendered images suffer from objectionable noise at low sampling rates. Although years of research in image processing has produced powerful denoising algorithms, most of them assume that the noise is spatially‐invariant over the entire image and cannot be directly applied to denoise Monte Carlo rendering. In this paper, we propose a new approach that enables the use of any spatially‐invariant image denoising technique to remove the noise in Monte Carlo renderings. Our key insight is to use a noise estimation metric to locally identify the amount of noise in different parts of the image, coupled with a multilevel algorithm that denoises the image in a spatially‐varying manner using a standard denoising technique. We also propose a new way to perform adaptive sampling that uses the noise estimation metric to identify the noisy regions in which to place more samples. We show that our framework runs in a few seconds with modern denoising algorithms and produces results that outperform state‐of‐the‐art techniques in Monte Carlo rendering.
Microfluidic Electrolyzers for Production and Separation of Hydrogen from Sea Water using Naturally Abundant Solar Energy (2016)

Abstract We report the design and development of a microfluidic electrolyzer for the continuous production and in situ separation of hydrogen fuel. A series of photovoltaic cells was integrated with a microchannel to produce a high‐intensity electric field under direct solar illumination, which electrolyzed the sea water in the microchannel. The rate of hydrogen production could be varied by tuning the electric field intensity or the flow rate of the sea water. The addition of an outlet near the cathode led to the in situ separation of hydrogen in the straight‐channel electrolyzer. Hydrogen was also separated from oxygen by using a Y‐shaped electrolyzer in which the electrodes were placed on the Y‐arms. The power required for the proposed process was much lower than that of macroscopic analogues because the smaller gap between the electrodes ensured a lower electrical resistance and high‐intensity field inside the microchannel. The large‐scale integration of an array of such electrolyzers could lead to an economic, portable, continuous, and clean pathway to produce hydrogen under ambient conditions.
A Development of a Legacy Proxy for the Device not to load P2P Middleware (2007)

This paper discusses the method for making the legacy apparatus not to load the P2P middleware participation in the P2P infra. The proxy peer is comprised of the P2P middleware core, the proxy core service and the driver controlling apparatus. It is the contents which is in the apparatus searched on the P2P infra with share. It provides the number method moreover remote-controlling the legacy apparatus.
Design and Regioselective Synthesis of (2-Bromo-2-alkoxycarbonyl)ethyl Acrylates as Inimers for Hyperbranched (Co)Polyacrylates (2010)

A route based on deaminohalogenation of serine is established to synthesize bromoinimers that can be homopolymerized to produce hyperbranched polyacrylates that are true architectural analogues of linear polyacrylates; that is, an ester group is attached to every other carbon along the polymer backbone, and each repeat unit contains a free ester side chain.
Iterative inverse kinematics with manipulator configuration control (1993)

A new method, termed the offset modification method (OM method), for solving the manipulator inverse kinematics problem is presented. The OM method works by modifying the link offset values of a manipulator until it is possible to derive closed-form inverse kinematics equations for the resulting manipulator (termed the model manipulator). This procedure allows one to derive a set of three nonlinear equations in three unknowns that, when numerically solved, give an inverse kinematics solution for the original manipulator. The OM method can be applied to manipulators with any number of degrees of freedom, as long as the manipulator satisfies a given set of conditions (Theorem 1). The OM method is tested on a 6-degree-of-freedom manipulator that has no known closed-form inverse kinematics equations. It is shown that the OM method is applicable to real-time manipulator control, can be used to guarantee convergence to a desired endpoint position and orientation (if it exists), and allows one to directly choose which inverse kinematics solution the algorithm will converge to (as specified in the model manipulator closed-form inverse kinematics equations). Applications of the method to other 6-DOF manipulator geometries and to redundant manipulators (i.e. greater than 6 DOF geometries) are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Temperature-stable MOSFET reference voltage source (1976)

Punchthrough operation of a short-channel MOSFET device to obtain a temperature-stable output voltage is described. The MOSFET is operated as a two-terminal device with its gate, source and substrate connected to ground, and a variable current source connected to its drain. When the voltage that is developed at the drain of the device, V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</inf> , exceeds punchthrough, the sensitivity of V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</inf> to changes in ambient temperature, T, can be minimized at any chosen temperature, T <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</inf> , by selecting an appropriate current density, J <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">opt</inf> . For constant J <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">opt</inf> , a deviation of approximately 10 ppM/°C is predicted for V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</inf> over the temperature range from 200 to 300°K. Experimentally, deviations as low as 1 ppM/°C have been measured over a 100°C temperature range.
A Photolabile Linker for the Solid-Phase Synthesis of Peptide Hydrazides and Heterocycles (2014)

A photolabile hydrazine linker for the solid-phase synthesis of peptide hydrazides and hydrazine-derived heterocycles is presented. The developed protocols enable the efficient synthesis of structurally diverse peptide hydrazides derived from the standard amino acids, including those with side-chain protected residues at the C-terminal of the resulting peptide hydrazide, and are useful for the synthesis of dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles. The linker is compatible with most commonly used coupling reagents and protecting groups for solid-phase peptide synthesis.
Metallurgically lithiated SiO <sub>x</sub> anode with high capacity and ambient air compatibility (2016)

A common issue plaguing battery anodes is the large consumption of lithium in the initial cycle as a result of the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase followed by gradual loss in subsequent cycles. It presents a need for prelithiation to compensate for the loss. However, anode prelithiation faces the challenge of high chemical reactivity because of the low anode potential. Previous efforts have produced prelithiated Si nanoparticles with dry air stability, which cannot be stabilized under ambient air. Here, we developed a one-pot metallurgical process to synthesize LixSi/Li2O composites by using low-cost SiO or SiO2 as the starting material. The resulting composites consist of homogeneously dispersed LixSi nanodomains embedded in a highly crystalline Li2O matrix, providing the composite excellent stability even in ambient air with 40% relative humidity. The composites are readily mixed with various anode materials to achieve high first cycle Coulombic efficiency (CE) of >100% or serve as an excellent anode material by itself with stable cyclability and consistently high CEs (99.81% at the seventh cycle and ∼99.87% for subsequent cycles). Therefore, LixSi/Li2O composites achieved balanced reactivity and stability, promising a significant boost to lithium ion batteries.
Dendritic Cells Exposed to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Transmit a Vigorous Cytopathic Infection to CD4 <sup>+</sup> T Cells (1992)

The paucity of virus-laden CD4+ cells in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) contrasts with the greatly reduced numbers and function of these lymphocytes. A pathway is described whereby dendritic cells carry HIV-1 to uninfected T cells, amplifying the cytopathic effects of small amounts of virus. After exposure to HIV-1, dendritic cells continue to present superantigens and antigens, forming clusters with T cells that are driven to replicate. Infection of the dendritic cells cannot be detected, but the clustered T cells form syncytia, release virions, and die. Carriage of HIV-1 by dendritic cells may facilitate the lysis and loss of antigen specific CD4+ T cells in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Regulation of Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Control across Frailty Statuses: A Systematic Review (2015)

The current systematic review provides evidence that the cardiac ANS is impaired in frail compared to nonfrail older adults, as indicated by a reduction in the complexity of HR dynamics, reduced HRV, and reduced HR changes in response to daily activities. Four out of 6 included articles recruited only female participants, and in the other 2 articles the effect of gender on impairment of cardiac ANS was insufficiently investigated. Therefore, further studies are required to study the association between cardiac ANS impairments and frailty in males. Furthermore, HRV was studied only during static postures such as sitting, or without considering the level of activity as a potential confounder. Accordingly, simultaneous measurement of both physiological (i.e., HRV) and kinematic (e.g., using wearable sensor technology) information may provide a better understanding of cardiac ANS impairments with frailty while controlling for activity.
Amorphous Silicon Carbide Platform for Next Generation Penetrating Neural Interface Designs (2018)

Microelectrode arrays that consistently and reliably record and stimulate neural activity under conditions of chronic implantation have so far eluded the neural interface community due to failures attributed to both biotic and abiotic mechanisms. Arrays with transverse dimensions of 10 µm or below are thought to minimize the inflammatory response; however, the reduction of implant thickness also decreases buckling thresholds for materials with low Young's modulus. While these issues have been overcome using stiffer, thicker materials as transport shuttles during implantation, the acute damage from the use of shuttles may generate many other biotic complications. Amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC) provides excellent electrical insulation and a large Young's modulus, allowing the fabrication of ultrasmall arrays with increased resistance to buckling. Prototype a-SiC intracortical implants were fabricated containing 8 - 16 single shanks which had critical thicknesses of either 4 µm or 6 µm. The 6 µm thick a-SiC shanks could penetrate rat cortex without an insertion aid. Single unit recordings from SIROF-coated arrays implanted without any structural support are presented. This work demonstrates that a-SiC can provide an excellent mechanical platform for devices that penetrate cortical tissue while maintaining a critical thickness less than 10 µm.
Predicting autoimmunity after alemtuzumab treatment of multiple sclerosis (2013)

Currently available IL-21 ELISA kits should not be used to counsel individuals with multiple sclerosis considering treatment with alemtuzumab.
Comparison of Partial and Full Nitrification Processes Applied for Treating High-Strength Nitrogen Wastewaters: Microbial Ecology through Nitrous Oxide Production (2011)

The goal of this study was to compare the microbial ecology, gene expression, biokinetics, and N2O emissions from a lab-scale bioreactor operated sequentially in full-nitrification and partial-nitrification modes. Based on sequencing of 16S rRNA and ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) genes, ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) populations during full- and partial-nitrification modes were distinct from one another. The concentrations of AOB (XAOB) and their respiration rates during full- and partial-nitrification modes were statistically similar, whereas the concentrations of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (XNOB) and their respiration rates declined significantly after the switch from full- to partial-nitrification. The transition from full-nitrification to partial nitrification resulted in a protracted transient spike of nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions, which later stabilized. The trends in N2O and NO emissions correlated well with trends in the expression of nirK and norB genes that code for the production of these gases in AOB. Both the transient and stabilized N2O and NO emissions during partial nitrification were statistically higher than those during steady-state full-nitrification. Based on these results, partial nitrification strategies for biological nitrogen removal, although attractive for their reduced operating costs and energy demand, may need to be optimized against the higher carbon foot-print attributed to their N2O emissions.
Prediction of overall atmospheric MTF with standard weather parameters: comparison with measurements with two imaging systems (1995)

Overall atmospheric modulation transfer function (MTF) is essentially the product of turbulence and aerosol MTF. Models describing meteorological dependences of both C<SUB>n</SUB><SUP>2</SUP> and coarse aerosol size distribution have been developed previously. Here, they are used to predict turbulence MTF, aerosol MTF, and overall atmospheric MTF according to weather. Comparison of predictions to measurements yields very high correlations and suggests that such prediction models can also be very useful in image restoration based on weather data at the time and general location in which the image was recorded. An interesting aspect of this work is that measurements of aerosol MTF with different imaging instrumentation are very different, as expected from theory developed previously concerning the practical aerosol MTF actually recorded in the image. This is dependent upon instrumentation parameters. This experimental verification supports the model that the `practical' aerosol MTF is very dependent upon instrumentation.
The nature and kinetics of the adsorption of dibenzothiophene in model diesel fuel on carbonaceous materials loaded with aluminum oxide particles (2015)

The resulted environmental and industrial problems from presence of sulfur compounds such as dibenzothiophene (DBT) in some fuel led to attract greater interest in research on the removal of these compounds. In this study the adsorption isotherms of dibenzothiophene (DBT) in model diesel fuel were obtained and desulfurization kinetics was carried out. The adsorbents used were commercial coconut activated carbon (AC), multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNT) and synthesized graphene oxide (GO) loaded with 5% and 10.9% aluminum (Al) in the form of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) particles to improve the chemical properties of their surface. The physicochemical properties for these adsorbents were characterized using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), N2 adsorption–desorption surface area analyzer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energetic dispersive X-ray diffractogram (EDX), field emission electron microscope (FE-TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). The adsorption capacities for DBT on the aluminum oxide modified adsorbents are improved by about twofold, which is attributable to introduction of Al2O3 Lewis acid as an additional adsorption site. The highest adsorption capacity for DBT (85 ± 1 mg/g) with high selectivity factor relative to naphthalene (54 mg/g) was achieved using loaded activated carbon with 5% Al. The adsorption capacities, removal selectivity and efficiencies with which the other prepared adsorbents remove DBT from model fuel are reported. The adsorption isotherms fitted both the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The adsorption rate for DBT follows pseudo-second order kinetics with correlation coefficients close to 1.00. The adsorbents are stable and reusable for at least 5 times.
Comparative Trial of the Safety and Immunogenicity of Quadrivalent (A, C, Y, W-135) Meningococcal Polysaccharide-Diphtheria Conjugate Vaccine Versus Quadrivalent Polysaccharide Vaccine in Two- to Ten-Year-Old Children (2005)

In 2- to 10-year-old children MCV-4 had a safety profile similar to that of PSV-4 and elicited significantly higher and more persistent serum bactericidal antibody responses against meningococcal serogroups A, C, Y and W-135 than did the licensed polysaccharide vaccine.