gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Super-resolution optics for virtual reality (2017)

In present commercial Virtual Reality (VR) headsets the resolution perceived is still limited, since the VR pixel density (typically 10-15 pixels/deg) is well below what the human eye can resolve (60 pixels/deg). We present here novel advanced optical design approaches that dramatically increase the perceived resolution of the VR keeping the large FoV required in VR applications. This approach can be applied to a vast number of optical architectures, including some advanced configurations, as multichannel designs. All this is done at the optical design stage, and no eye tracker is needed in the headset.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Deoxypreussomerin A and Palmarumycin CP<sub>1</sub> and Related Naphthoquinone Spiroketals. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Arterial input function measurements for bolus tracking perfusion imaging in the brain (2012)

Imaging of cerebral perfusion by tracking the first passage of an exogenous paramagnetic contrast agent (termed dynamic susceptibility contrast, MRI) has been used in the clinical practice for about a decade. However, the primary goal of dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI to directly quantify the local cerebral blood flow remains elusive. The major challenge of dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI is to measure the contrast inflow to the brain, i.e., the arterial input function. The measurement is complicated by the limited dynamic range of MRI pulse sequences that are optimized for a good contrast in brain tissue but are suboptimal for a much higher tracer concentration in arterial blood. In this work, we suggest a novel method for direct arterial input function quantification. The arterial input function is measured in the carotid arteries with a dedicated plug-in to the conventional pulse sequence to enable resolution of T(2) on the order of a millisecond. The new technique is compatible with the clinical measurement protocols. Applied to the pig model (N = 13), the method demonstrates robustness of the arterial input function measurement. The cardiac output and cerebral blood volume, obtained without adjustable parameters, agree well with positron emission tomography measurements and values found in the literature.
Study on the effects of proton irradiation on the dc characteristics of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors with source field plate (2014)

The effects of proton irradiation dose on the dc characteristics of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with source field plates were studied. The HEMTs were irradiated with various protons doses ranging from 5 × 1012 to 5 × 1015 cm−2 at a fixed energy of 5 MeV. HEMTs irradiated with proton dose below 5 × 1013 cm−2 showed less than 2% degradation of either saturation drain current (IDSS) or transconductance (gm). Significant changes of these parameters were observed for the devices irradiated with doses above 5 × 1013 cm−2. HEMTs irradiated with the highest proton dose of 5 × 1015 cm−2 showed a reduction of IDSS and gm of 86% and 64.7%, and a positive Vth shift of 0.84 V, respectively. Despite the significant IDSS and gm reductions, the off-state drain breakdown voltage (VBR) was improved more than five times at this particular irradiation condition. The significant improvement of off-state drain breakdown voltage was attributed to the formation of a virtual gate at drain side of gate edge, which was the result of the generation of defect centers at AlGaN/GaN interface.
3D hyperpolarized He‐3 MRI of ventilation using a multi‐echo projection acquisition (2008)

A method is presented for high-resolution 3D imaging of the whole lung using inhaled hyperpolarized (HP) He-3 MR with multiple half-echo radial trajectories that can accelerate imaging through undersampling. A multiple half-echo radial trajectory can be used to reduce the level of artifact for undersampled 3D projection reconstruction (PR) imaging by increasing the amount of data acquired per unit time for HP He-3 lung imaging. The point spread functions (PSFs) for breath-held He-3 MRI using multiple half-echo trajectories were evaluated using simulations to predict the effects of T(2)* and gas diffusion on image quality. Results from PSF simulations were consistent with imaging results in volunteer studies showing improved image quality with increasing number of echoes using up to 8 half-echoes. The 8-half-echo acquisition is shown to accommodate lost breath-holds as short as 6 sec using a retrospective reconstruction at reduced resolution and also to allow reduced breath-hold time compared with an equivalent Cartesian trajectory. Furthermore, preliminary results from a 3D dynamic inhalation-exhalation maneuver are demonstrated using the 8-half-echo trajectory. Results demonstrate the first high-resolution 3D PR imaging of ventilation and respiratory dynamics in humans using HP He-3 MR.
Applications of Composite Grid Structures (1998)

Abstract Composite grids have been exploited by users in the US, USSR, Japan, Germany, South Africa and no doubt others over the last twenty years. Most efforts suffered lack of manufacturing processes suitable for mass production. Our attempts during the last few years have produced several grid forms that show promise for commercialization. These processes are fundamentally different from the conventional laminated or woven structures currently in use.
Construction of retroviral vectors for targeted delivery and expression of therapeutic genes. (1995)

Current gene therapy protocols take an ex vivo approach in which cells are removed from a patient, genetically modified and then reimplanted. However this kind of approach is both cumbersome and costly, requiring high tech facilities and is limited to cell types that can be easily cultured. The in vivo delivery of genes by retroviral vectors will greatly facilitate gene therapy protocols of the future. However before in vivo gene therapy becomes a reality a number of problems must be overcome. Ideally therapeutic genes should be delivered only to the relevant cell type and/or expressed in this cell type. Strategies are described that (I) limit therapeutic gene delivery, using pseudotyping or vectors based on retroviruses that show a restricted infection spectrum or (II) limit the expression of transferred genes by inclusion of tissue specific promoters or cis acting regulatory elements. The combination of some of these strategies should permit the construction of novel retroviral vectors that provide safe and targeted in vivo gene transfer.
Enumerative Encoding with Non-Uniform Modulation Constraints (2007)

A reverse concatenation scheme based on an efficient modulation encoder satisfying non-uniform constraints, a systematic Reed-Solomon encoder and a partial symbol interleaver is presented. This architecture achieves very tight modulation constraints and minimizes error propagation and rate loss. The modulation constraints considered are of the same type as the constraints that have been used in generalized partial-response maximum-likelihood (PRML) detection systems. A class of codes that is based on serial concatenation of a prefix-constrained code and two interleaved enumerative codes with non-uniform constraints is proposed. Specific rate-199/200 PRML(G, I) codes are constructed.
Molecular Cloning and Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Cytochrome P450, Flavone Synthase II, that Catalyzes Direct Conversion of Flavanones to Flavones (1999)

Cytochrome P450 cDNAs, AFNS2 and TFNS5, were isolated from snapdragon and torenia petal cDNA libraries, respectively, based on the sequence homology with licorice CYP93B1 cDNA encoding (2S)-flavanone 2-hydroxylase. They were expressed in yeast and identified to encode flavone synthase II catalyzing direct conversion of flavanones to flavones probably via 2-hydroxyflavanones.
Wetting-induced electrorheological effect (2006)

We demonstrate the role of particle-fluid wetting in inducing the electrorheological (ER) effect. Nanoparticles of barium titanyl oxalate coated with urea (BTRU) were suspended in either silicone oil or hydrocarbon oil. In the former, a high yield stress of more than 250kPa can be attained at an electric field of 5kV∕mm, while for the latter no measurable ER effect can be obtained. The two suspensions exhibit completely different appearances. Whereas the silicone oil suspension has the consistency of light cream, in the case of hydrocarbon oil with the same solid concentration the appearance is that of a lumpy paste. This clear visual distinction is attributed to the wetting characteristic between the solid BTRU particles and the suspending oil. We found that by adding a controlled, small amount of surfactant additive to the hydrocarbon oil suspension (oleic acid), the consistency can change drastically to resemble that of the silicone oil suspension, with a yield stress of 260kPa attained at an electric field of 3kV∕mm. We give a simple physical picture of wetting-induced giant electrorheological effect.
On demand Web services-based business process composition (2004)

In this paper, we present the Web services outsourcing manager framework via a mathematical model for dynamic business processes configuration using existing Web services to meet customers' requirements. An XML-based annotation document is proposed to capture the business requirements and used to dynamically generate search scripts for an advanced Web services discovery engine to find Web services from UDDI registries and Web service inspection language documents. A list of available Web services is returned for further composition and optimization to produce the final business process. This paper proposes a novel mechanism to map a service selection problem into a solution space {0,1} to utilize gold optimization algorithms such as genetic algorithms (GA). A working research prototype has been implemented to demonstrate the feasibility of the on-demand Web services flow composition.
Responses to Aggregation Pheromones for FiveCarpophilusSpecies (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in a California Date Garden (1994)

The nitidulid species, Carpophilus mutilatus Erichson, C. hemipterus (L.), C. freemani Dobson, and C. obsoletus Erichson, responded to their aggregation pheromones during a 17-mo study in a California date garden. The pheromones were dramatically synergized by volatiles from fermenting whole-wheat bread dough; pheromones alone attracted only 1.0–29% as many beetles as the combinations with dough, and dough alone attracted only 0–2.9% as many as the combinations. Unbaited controls caught no Carpophilus. C. mutilatus was the most abundant species, and individual trap catches were as high as 63,500 per week. Cross attraction was significant in some cases, especially for C. mutilatus responding to the pheromones of C. hemipterus and C. obsoletus but was minimal compared with responses to the species’ own pheromones. The pheromone of C. lugubris Murray was also tested, but no C. lugubris were detected in the date garden. Two additional nitidulid species were caught consistently: C. (Urophorus) humeralis ( F .) and Haptoncus luteolus (Erichson). C. humeralis responded significantly to all of the pheromones but especially to those for C. hemipterus , C. lugubris, and C. obsoletus in combination with dough. H. luteolus was attracted only to the dough. Adult beetles were present in the dates on the ground throughout the year, but flight activity, as measured by trap catch, occurred erratically. All species had an intense period of flight activity in April and May, following a winter with favorable rains and an abundant food supply. This flight terminated abruptly when dates spilled to the ground during harvest and were hydrated bya rain storm. Flights of C. freemani , C. obsoletus , C. humeralis , and H. luteolus were more frequent in summer than for C. mutilatus or C. hemipterus. Flight activity during December and January was low for all species, but there was great variability in patterns of flight activity. The use of these pheromones is discussed in relation to pest management.
Analytical Investigation of Non-Coherent Mutual FMCW Radar Interference (2018)

Radar sensors are increasingly utilized in today's cars. This inevitably leads to increased mutual sensor interference and thus a performance decrease, potentially resulting in major safety risks. Understanding signal impairments caused by interference accurately helps to devise signal processing schemes to combat said performance degradation. For the frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radars prevalent in automotive applications, it has been shown that so-called non-coherent interference occurs frequently and results in an increase of the noise floor. In this work we investigate the impact of interference analytically by focusing on its detailed description. We show, among others, that the spectrum of the typical interference signal has a linear phase and a magnitude that is strongly fluctuating with the phase parameters of the time domain interference signal. Analytical results are verified by simulation, highlighting the dependence on the specific phase terms that cause strong deviations from spectral whiteness.
Influence of pre-impact occupant properties on the injury response during frontal collisions (2008)

Optimal performance of future adaptive restraint systems will require an accurate assessment of occupant characteristics including physical properties and pre-collision behavior of the occupant. The sensitivity of frontal collision induced injuries to occupant state parameters: stature, mass, and pre-collision postural orientation was investigated. A numerically modeled restraint system was used to determine the potential benefits in injury mitigation by accounting for the occupant state parameters estimated during the pre-collision phase. The restraint system with properties optimized for varying sets of occupant anthropometries and posture states reported a reduction of 20-35% in the value of overall injuries. Restraint loading characteristics optimized for individual values of occupant parameters reported significant variation in the load-limiting threshold of the restraint system (4 kN to 8 kN). The influence of occupant state parameters on the overall injuries sustained in frontal collisions and the requirements on optimized restraint performance will provide a framework for developing restraint systems using accurate information regarding precollision occupant behavior. For the covering abstract see ITRD E144229.
The Active Gate Drive Based on Negative Feedback Mechanism for Fast Switching and Crosstalk Suppression of SiC Devices (2021)

This article introduces the negative feedback into the gate drive. It proposes a negative feedback active gate drive (NFAGD) for silicon carbide devices to fully utilize their potential of high switching-speed capability in a phase-leg configuration. An auxiliary P-channel <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">mosfet</small> is introduced to construct a negative feedback control mechanism. Due to the negative feedback mechanism, the proposed drive can automatically attenuate the disturbance from the complementary device of the phase-leg. Compared to conventional gate drives, the proposed drive can suppress the crosstalk without influencing the switching speed, thus enables coordinated optimization of gate voltage stability and switching behavior. This article analyzes the operation principle and then recommend the fundamental design principle for the proposed NFAGD. Finally, experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed NFAGD.
Circuit details and application note for a versatile plasma probe. Interim report (1974)

A plasma-probe circuit was developed which couples standard Langmuir-probe diagnostic procedures with pulse-mode operation. Circuit versatility provides the means for studying time-dependent phenomena and establishes an improved capability for measuring plasma density and temperature. As an application of the circuit, it is shown that pulse-mode operation reduces the time variance of electrode surface conditions which often cause hysteresis in the Langmuir-probe current-voltage characteristic. (GRA)
Improving the Path from Diagnoses to Documentation: A Cognitive Review Tool for Clinical Notes and Administrative Records. (2018)

EMR systems are intended to improve patient-centered care management and hospital administrative processing. However, the information stored in EMRs can be disorganized, incomplete, or inconsistent, creating problems at the patient and system level. We present a technology that reconciles inconsistencies between clinical diagnoses and administrative records by analyzing free-text notes, problem lists and recorded diagnoses in real time. A fully integrated pipeline has been developed for efficient, knowledge-driven extraction, normalization, and matching of disease terms among structured and unstructured data, with modular precision of 94-98% on over 1000 patients. This cognitive data review tool improves the path from diagnosis to documentation, facilitating accurate and timely clinical and administrative decision-making.
Organic Dyes Containing Thienylfluorene Conjugation for Solar Cells. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Metabolism of γlinolenic acid in human neutrophils (1996)

Gammalinolenic acid (GLA), when provided as a dietary supplement, has been reported to improve clinical symptoms of several inflammatory disorders. The goal of the current study was to examine the metabolism of GLA and its relationship to arachidonic acid (AA) in the human neutrophil. Initial studies indicated that neutrophils provided GLA in vitro rapidly elongate it (by two carbons) to dihomogammalinolenic acid (DGLA). The bulk of this newly formed DGLA is incorporated into neutral lipids and specifically triacylglycerides. Neutrophils from volunteers supplemented with GLA as borage oil also had elevated quantities of DGLA but not GLA, when compared with neutrophils from volunteers not consuming the GLA supplement. To determine whether DGLA could be mobilized from cellular glycerolipids, neutrophils were stimulated with ionophore A23187 and fatty acid levels were determined. DGLA and AA were both released during stimulation, and the quantities of DGLA mobilized increased threefold after in vitro GLA supplementation. Exogenously provided DGLA was converted to one major metabolite during cell stimulation; this product migrated on reverse-phase HPLC with the 15-lipoxygenase product, 15-hydroxy-eicosa-trienoic acid (15-HETre). Both 15-HETre and DGLA (provided exogenously) inhibited the formation of leukotriene B4, (LTB4) and 20-hydroxy-leukotriene B4 (20-OH-LTB4). The IC50 for 15-HETre inhibition of both LTR, and 20-OH-LTB4 in A23187-stimulated neutrophils was 5 microM. This inhibition could be reversed by removing the compounds from the cells. Taken together, these data reveal that there are enzymes within the human neutrophil that metabolize GLA or its elongation product DGLA, and that the metabolism of GLA and AA may interact at a number of critical junctures.
Using the Granold for texture classification (1999)

This paper describes the use the granold texture representation for image texture classification. The granold uses two different parameterised monotonic mappings to transform an input image into a function on two dimensions that may be regarded as a surface. The nature of this surface is such that corners appear at positions where there are simultaneously large changes in the response of the monotonic mappings to the input image. The shape and position of these corners is then analysed to provide information about the texture of the input image. Marginal probability mass functions are presented as a means to extract features from the granold for image texture classification purposes. A 16 class and a 2 class image texture classification experiment are described and their results discussed. The conclusion is that features extracted from the granold have discriminant power for image texture analysis.
Oligonucleotide N3′ → P5′ Thio-phosphoramidate Telomerase Template Antagonists as Potential Anticancer Agents (2003)

Human telomerase is a reverse transcriptase that is expressed in essentially all cancer cells, but not in the vast majority of normal somatic cells. Therefore, the specific inhibition of telomerase activity in tumors might have significant beneficial therapeutic effects. We have designed and evaluated oligonucleotide N3' --> P5' thio-phosphoramidates as telomerase template antagonists. In biochemical cell-free assays 11-13-mer thio-phosphoramidate oligonucleotides demonstrated sequence specific and dose dependent inhibition of telomerase with pico-molar IC50 values. Optimization of the oligonucleotide sequence and length resulted in the identification of a 13-mer-oligonucleotide thio-phosphoramidate GRN163 as a drug development candidate. In cell cultures GRN163 was able to inhibit telomerase activity in the absence of cationic lipid with approximately 1 microM IC50 values. Telomerase inhibition by GRN163 produced gradual telomere shortening, followed by cellular senescence and/or apoptosis of cancer derived cell lines.
Multiple-reflection effects in hemiellipsoid reflectometers (1987)

Collecting mirror reflectometers such as the Coblentz hemisphere and the hemiellipsoid are useful for measuring diffuse reflectance and transmittance. The three primary sources of systematic error in these instruments are: optical aberrations (and associated overfilling of the detector), nonuniform angular response of the detector, and multiple reflections between the sample and detector. In previous work, Snail 1 derived an approximate upper bound for the magnification of a hemiellipsoid and suggested using an inverted nonimaging 2 compound parabolic concentrator to eliminate the angular response of the detector. This paper considers the effect of multiple reflections between the sample and detector of a hemiellipsoidal mirror reflectometer. For a point sample and point detector, multiple reflections can be included in the throughput equation analytically. The result is a power series. For finite sized detectors and samples, a ray tracing approach must be used. In addition to reporting on such a ray tracing study, techniques for correcting for and/or minimizing multiple-reflection effects are discussed.
The bounds and realization of spatial stiffnesses achieved with simple springs connected in parallel (1998)

We identify the space of spatial compliant behavior that can be achieved through the use of simple springs connected in parallel to a single rigid body. Here, the expression "simple spring" refers to the set of compliant relations associated with passive translational springs and rotational springs. The restriction on the stiffness matrices is derived using the screw theory by investigating the compliant behavior of individual simple springs. We show that the restriction results from the fact that simple springs can only provide either a pure force or a pure torque to the suspended body. We show that the 20-dimensional subspace of "realizable" spatial stiffness matrices achieved with parallel simple springs is defined by a linear necessary and sufficient condition on the positive semidefinite stiffness matrix. A procedure to synthesize an arbitrary full-rank stiffness matrix within this realizable subspace is provided. This procedure requires no more than seven simple springs.