gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of Identification Method of Swirling Motion by Swirl Function (2004)

A method of identification and estimation of swirling motion in complicated flow and its application are presented. Classification of flow can be performed with velocity gradient tensor and its eigenvalue, and complex eigenvalue indicates that flow is swirling motion. Here the complex number of the eigenvalue is defined as swirling function, and the local maximum point of swirling function is assumed to be the axis of swirling. This method enables to identify the swirling motion hidden in complicated flow, which is impossible to identify with velocity field or streamline. This definition prevents misunderstanding between swirling flow and non-swirling flow with (non-zero) vorticity, and the intensity of swirling can be estimated.
Compensation of self-phase modulation in fiber-based chirped-pulse amplification systems (2006)

We demonstrate a simple, all-fiber technique for removing nonlinear phase due to self-phase modulation in fiber-based chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) systems. Using a LiNbO3 electro-optic phase modulator to emulate a negative nonlinear index of refraction, we are able to remove 1.0 pi rad of self-phase modulation acquired by pulses during amplification and eliminate nearly all pulse distortion. Our technique is high speed, removes nonlinear phase on a pulse-to-pulse basis, and can be readily integrated into existing CPA systems.
Self-calibration of cone-beam CT geometry using 3D-2D image registration: development and application to tasked-based imaging with a robotic C-arm (2015)

The proposed geometric "self" calibration provides a means for 3D imaging on general non-circular orbits in CBCT systems for which a geometric calibration is either not available or not reproducible. The method forms the basis of advanced "task-based" 3D imaging methods now in development for robotic C-arms.
Feasibility of optically interconnected parallel processors using wavelength division multiplexing (1996)

New national security demands require enhanced computing systems for nearly ab initio simulations of extremely complex systems and analyzing unprecedented quantities of remote sensing data. This computational performance is being sought using parallel processing systems, in which many less powerful processors are ganged together to achieve high aggregate performance. Such systems require increased capability to communicate information between individual processor and memory elements. As it is likely that the limited performance of today`s electronic interconnects will prevent the system from achieving its ultimate performance, there is great interest in using fiber optic technology to improve interconnect communication. However, little information is available to quantify the requirements on fiber optical hardware technology for this application. Furthermore, we have sought to explore interconnect architectures that use the complete communication richness of the optical domain rather than using optics as a simple replacement for electronic interconnects. These considerations have led us to study the performance of a moderate size parallel processor with optical interconnects using multiple optical wavelengths. We quantify the bandwidth, latency, and concurrency requirements which allow a bus-type interconnect to achieve scalable computing performance using up to 256 nodes, each operating at GFLOP performance. Our key conclusion is that scalable performance, to {approx}150 GFLOPS, is achievable for several scientific codes using an optical bus with a small number of WDM channels (8 to 32), only one WDM channel received per node, and achievable optoelectronic bandwidth and latency requirements. 21 refs. , 10 figs.
Open-loop full-digital duty cycle correction circuit (2005)

The duty cycle of the clock is corrected to be 50% by an open-loop full-digital duty cycle correction (DCC) circuit. Due to its open-loop and full-digital architecture, the DCC completes its operation in less than five clock cycles and can be turned off during power-down state without any concern about losing its information. The DCC has been implemented in a 0.35 µm CMOS process and the measured accuracy is ±0.8% for ±10% input clock duty error.
Investigation of optimization-based reconstruction with an image-total-variation constraint in PET (2016)

Interest remains in reconstruction-algorithm research and development for possible improvement of image quality in current PET imaging and for enabling innovative PET systems to enhance existing, and facilitate new, preclinical and clinical applications. Optimization-based image reconstruction has been demonstrated in recent years of potential utility for CT imaging applications. In this work, we investigate tailoring the optimization-based techniques to image reconstruction for PET systems with standard and non-standard scan configurations. Specifically, given an image-total-variation (TV) constraint, we investigated how the selection of different data divergences and associated parameters impacts the optimization-based reconstruction of PET images. The reconstruction robustness was explored also with respect to different data conditions and activity up-takes of practical relevance. A study was conducted particularly for image reconstruction from data collected by use of a PET configuration with sparsely populated detectors. Overall, the study demonstrates the robustness of the TV-constrained, optimization-based reconstruction for considerably different data conditions in PET imaging, as well as its potential to enable PET configurations with reduced numbers of detectors. Insights gained in the study may be exploited for developing algorithms for PET-image reconstruction and for enabling PET-configuration design of practical usefulness in preclinical and clinical applications.
Recent Advances in Carbapenem Chemistry. (1996)

1976年にチエナマイシン (1) の発見が報告されて以来丁度20年が経過した。1は強力かつ幅広い抗菌活性という抗菌剤としての必要条件を満たしていたが, 化学的安定性, 生体内安定性 (デヒドロペプチダーゼ-I, DHP-Iに対する安定性) および, 腎毒性, 中枢毒性などの副作用面で克服すべき課題を有していた。その必要条件を維持し, いかに医薬品としての十分条件を満たすかという命題のもと多くの研究グループによってカルバペネム抗生剤の開発研究が展開された。その結果, これまでにイミペネム (2), パニペネム (4), メロペネム (6) の3剤が市販されている (図1) 。2および4はいずれも腎毒性の低減などを目的にそれぞれDHP-I阻害剤・シラスチタン (3), 有機アニオン輸送阻害剤・ベタミプロン (5) との合剤として開発された。したがって, 安全性, 使いやすさなどからカルバペネム単剤での開発が望まれていたが, 近年DHP-Iに対する安定性が向上することで注目された1β-メチルカルバペネム骨格を持っメロペネム (6) の開発がその夢を実現し, カルバペネム抗生剤の開発研究は1っの峠を越えたということができる。カルバペネム抗生剤の開発研究における合成化学の比重は極めて高く, その研究のほとんどが全合成によって展開された。合成法の開発が新しい誘導体での探索を可能ならしめ, その進歩が大量製造を可能ならしめ, その結果としてカルバペネム抗生剤開発に至ったというこれまでの経緯が, 合成化学の果たした役割の重さを如実に示しているが, 同時にカルバペネム合成化学は基盤が確立し, 次なる展開を図る時期にきたことを示している。既に多くの総説があるが本稿では “新世代カルバペネム抗生剤の開発” を目指した今後の研究を展望すべく, 最近の報文を中心に合成化学の現状を概説するとともに, 生物活性面から見たカルバペネム化学について触れる。
Chemoselective Metal-Free Aerobic Alcohol Oxidation in Lignin (2013)

An efficient organocatalytic method for chemoselective aerobic oxidation of secondary benzylic alcohols within lignin model compounds has been identified. Extension to selective oxidation in natural lignins has also been demonstrated. The optimal catalyst system consists of 4-acetamido-TEMPO (5 mol %; TEMPO = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl) in combination with HNO3 and HCl (10 mol % each). Preliminary studies highlight the prospect of combining this method with a subsequent oxidation step to achieve C-C bond cleavage.
Titrating and evaluating multi‐drug regimens within subjects (2003)

The dosing of combination therapies is commonly undertaken empirically by practising physicians, and a coherent algorithm to approach the problem of combination dosing is currently lacking. Current methods of evaluating multiple drug combinations in clinical trials fail to provide information regarding the location of more effective doses when the combination is not found to differ from the standard, even though the absence of a difference does not necessarily mean the new combination is ineffective. Moreover, in studies where the new combination is found more effective, often a large proportion of the study participants obtain no benefit from the trial. Even with early stopping rules, the time these subjects spend on inferior treatments can have lasting detrimental effects, leading to problems with patient enrolment and adherence to study protocol. This paper describes an evolutionary operation (EVOP) direct-search procedure to titrate combination doses within individual patients. The Nelder-Mead simplex direct-search algorithm is used to titrate combinations of drugs within individual subjects. Desirability functions are utilized to define the main response of interest and additional responses or constraints. Statistical methodology for determining whether the titrated treatment combination has resulted in an improvement in subject response and for evaluating for therapeutic synergism is developed. Inferences can then be made about the efficacy of the combination or about the individual drugs that comprise the combination. The advantages of this approach include affording every patient the potential to benefit from the combination under study and permitting the consideration of multiple endpoints simultaneously.
Versatile plasma probe (1975)

We have developed a plasma probe circuit which couples standard Langmuir probe diagnostic procedures with pulse mode operation. Circuit versatility provides the means for studying time-dependent phenomena and establishes an improved capability for measuring plasma density and temperature. As an application of our circuit, we show that pulse mode operation substantially reduces the time variance of electrode surface conditions which often causes hysteresis in the Langmuir probe current–voltage characteristic.
A Classification Based Framework for Concept Summarization (2012)

In this paper we propose a novel classification based framework for finding a small number of images that summarize a given concept. Our method exploits metadata information available with the images to get category information using Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Using this category information for each image, we solve the underlying classification problem by building a sparse classifier model for each concept. We demonstrate that the images that specify the sparse model form a good summary. In particular, our summary satisfies important properties such as likelihood, diversity and balance in both visual and semantic sense. Furthermore, the framework allows users to specify desired distributions over categories to create personalized summaries. Experimental results on seven broad query types show that the proposed method performs better than state-of-the-art methods.
Chondroitin sulfates play a major role in breast cancer metastasis: a role for CSPG4 and CHST11gene expression in forming surface P-selectin ligands in aggressive breast cancer cells (2011)

Cell surface P-selectin binding depends on CHST11 gene expression. CSPG4 serves as a P-selectin ligand through its CS chain and participates in P-selectin binding to the highly metastatic breast cancer cells. Removal of CS-GAGs greatly reduces metastatic lung colonization by 4T1 cells. The data strongly indicate that CS-GAGs and their biosynthetic pathways are promising targets for the development of anti-metastatic therapies.
Network reconstruction from dynamic data (2006)

Over the past decade, many powerful data mining techniques have been developed to analyze temporal and sequential data. The time is now fertile for addressing problems of larger scope under the purview of temporal data mining. The fourth SIGKDD workshop on temporal data mining focused on the question: What can we infer about the structure of a complex dynamical system from observed temporal data? The goals of the workshop were to critically evaluate the need in this area by bringing together leading researchers from industry and academia, and to identify promising technologies and methodologies for doing the same. We provide a brief summary of the workshop proceedings and ideas arising out of the discussions.
A technique for antenna configuration selection for reconfigurable circular patch arrays (2009)

This paper demonstrates a method that allows reconfigurable multi element antennas to select the antenna configuration at the receiver of a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) communication system. This antenna configuration selection scheme consists of using spatial correlation and average Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) information to select the antenna radiation pattern at the receiver. We show that using this approach it is possible to achieve capacity gains in a multi element reconfigurable antenna system without modifying the data frame of a conventional MIMO system. We demonstrate our configuration selection algorithm through an analysis of reconfigurable circular patch antennas in realistic MIMO clustered channel models. Using this approach we also show that the functionality of the proposed selection scheme is connected to antenna parameters such as radiation efficiency, input impedance, the level of diversity between the radiation patterns of different antenna configurations, and the average system SNR. The capacity gain achievable with this configuration selection approach is calculated through numerical simulations using reconfigurable circular patch antennas at the receiver of a MIMO system that employs minimum mean square error receivers for channel estimation. The performance of the proposed method is compared to that of a MIMO system that estimates the channel transfer matrix for each antenna configuration in order to select the optimal receiver antenna radiation pattern. Channel capacity and Bit Error Rate (BER) results show the improvement offered by the proposed selection scheme relative to a conventional antenna selection technique for reconfigurable MIMO systems; in particular we show that the improvement increases with the number of configurations in the multi element reconfigurable antenna.
Continuous wave operation of quantum cascade lasers (2003)

We present buried heterostructure quantum cascade lasers with a four quantum well (QW) active region based on a double phonon resonance and with an improved waveguiding scheme and better heat dissipation for high temperature CW operation. The laser structure is grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using ternary InGaAs and InAlAs alloys lattice matched to an n-doped InP substrate.
Digalactosyldiacylglycerol Synthesis in Chloroplasts of the Arabidopsis <i>dgd1</i> Mutant (2002)

Galactolipid biosynthesis in plants is highly complex. It involves multiple pathways giving rise to different molecular species. To assess the contribution of different routes of galactolipid synthesis and the role of molecular species for growth and photosynthesis, we initiated a genetic approach of analyzing double mutants of the digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) synthase mutant dgd1 with the acyltransferase mutant, act1, and the two desaturase mutants, fad2 and fad3. The double mutants showed different degrees of growth retardation: act1,dgd1 was most severely affected and growth of fad2,dgd1 was slightly reduced, whereas fad3,dgd1 plants were very similar to dgd1. In act1,dgd1, lipid and chlorophyll content were reduced and photosynthetic capacity was affected. Molecular analysis of galactolipid content, fatty acid composition, and positional distribution suggested that the growth deficiency is not caused by changes in galactolipid composition per se. Chloroplasts of dgd1 were capable of synthesizing monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, DGDG, and tri- and tetragalactosyldiacylglycerol. Therefore, the reduced growth of act1,dgd1 and fad2,dgd1 cannot be explained by the absence of DGDG synthase activity from chloroplasts. Molecular analysis of DGDG accumulating in the mutants during phosphate deprivation suggested that similarly to the residual DGDG of dgd1, this additional lipid is synthesized in association with chloroplast membranes through a pathway independent of the mutations, act1, dgd1, fad2, and fad3. Our data imply that the severe growth defect of act1,dgd1 is caused by a reduced metabolic flux of chloroplast lipid synthesis through the eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathway as well as by the reduction of photosynthetic capacity caused by the destabilization of photosynthetic complexes.
Broad-spectrum respiratory tract pathogen identification using resequencing DNA microarrays (2006)

The exponential growth of pathogen nucleic acid sequences available in public domain databases has invited their direct use in pathogen detection, identification, and surveillance strategies. DNA microarray technology has offered the potential for the direct DNA sequence analysis of a broad spectrum of pathogens of interest. However, to achieve the practical attainment of this potential, numerous technical issues, especially nucleic acid amplification, probe specificity, and interpretation strategies of sequence detection, need to be addressed. In this report, we demonstrate an approach that combines the use of a custom-designed Affymetrix resequencing Respiratory Pathogen Microarray (RPM v.1) with methods for microbial nucleic acid enrichment, random nucleic acid amplification, and automated sequence similarity searching for broad-spectrum respiratory pathogen surveillance. Successful proof-of-concept experiments, utilizing clinical samples obtained from patients presenting adenovirus or influenza virus-induced febrile respiratory illness (FRI), demonstrate the ability of this approach for correct species- and strain-level identification with unambiguous statistical interpretation at clinically relevant sensitivity levels. Our results underscore the feasibility of using this approach to expedite the early surveillance of diseases, and provide new information on the incidence of multiple pathogens.
Raptor-Like Rate Compatible LDPC Codes and Their Puncturing Performance for the Cloud Transmission System (2014)

This paper proposes a class of raptor-like rate compatible low-density parity check (LDPC) codes for the cloud transmission (CTxN) system. The proposed LDPC codes have lengths of 16,200 and 64,800 which are the same as those of DVB T2/S2 LDPC codes so that the CTxn system can easily be combined with the DVB-T2/S2 system for a second layer service. As the proposed LDPC codes are optimized at low coding rate range (R <;1/2), their performance is not only close to the Shannon limit, but also better than the DVB-T2/S2 LDPC codes. Moreover, the proposed LDPC codes have raptor code's property so that they can be decoded with a punctured codeword at the receiver for power saving and less latency under high signal-to-noise ratio regions.
Bisphosphonate-based hydrogel mediates biomimetic negative feedback regulation of osteoclastic activity to promote bone regeneration (2021)

The intricate dynamic feedback mechanisms involved in bone homeostasis provide valuable inspiration for the design of smart biomaterial scaffolds to enhance in situ bone regeneration. In this work, we assembled a biomimetic hyaluronic acid nanocomposite hydrogel (HA-BP hydrogel) by coordination bonds with bisphosphonates (BPs), which are antiosteoclastic drugs. The HA-BP hydrogel exhibited expedited release of the loaded BP in response to an acidic environment. Our <i>in vitro</i> studies showed that the HA-BP hydrogel inhibits mature osteoclastic differentiation of macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells via the released BP. Furthermore, the HA-BP hydrogel can support the initial differentiation of primary macrophages to preosteoclasts, which are considered essential during bone regeneration, whereas further differentiation to mature osteoclasts is effectively inhibited by the HA-BP hydrogel via the released BP. The <i>in vivo</i> evaluation showed that the HA-BP hydrogel can enhance the in situ regeneration of bone. Our work demonstrates a promising strategy to design biomimetic biomaterial scaffolds capable of regulating bone homeostasis to promote bone regeneration.
Exosome‐mediated regulation of tumor immunology (2018)

Exosomes are representative extracellular vesicles (EV) derived from multivesicular endosomes (MVE) and have been described as new particles in the communication of neighborhood and/or distant cells by serving as vehicles for transfer between cells of membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, and nucleotides including micro (mi) RNAs. Exosomes from immune cells and tumor cells act in part as a regulator in tumor immunology. CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells that show potent cytotoxic activity against tumor cells reside as an inactive naïve form in the T-cell zone of secondary lymphoid organs. Once receiving tumor-specific antigenic stimulation by dendritic cells (DC), CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells are activated and differentiated into effector CTL. Subsequently, CTL circulate systemically, infiltrate into tumor lesions through the stromal neovasculature where mesenchymal stromal cells, for example, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), abundantly exist, destroy mesenchymal tumor stroma in an exosome-mediated way, go into tumor parenchyma, and attack tumor cells by specific interaction. DC-derived and regulatory T (Treg) cell-derived exosomes, respectively, promote and inhibit CTL generation in this setting. In this review, we describe the roles of exosomes from immune cells and tumor cells on the regulation of tumor progression.
Assessing Identity, Phenotype, and Fate of Endothelial Progenitor Cells (2008)

From the paradigm shifting observations of Harvey, Malpighi, and van Leeuwenhoek, blood vessels have become recognized as distinct and dynamic tissue entities that merge with the heart to form a closed circulatory system.1 Vessel structures are comprised predominantly of a luminal layer of endothelial cells that is surrounded by some form of basement membrane, and mural cells (pericytes or vascular smooth muscle cells) that make up the vessel wall. In larger more complex vessel structures the vessel wall is composed of a complex interwoven matrix with nerve components. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis for the formation, remodeling, repair, and regeneration of the vasculature have been and continue to be popular areas for investigation.\n\nThe endothelium has become a particularly scrutinized cell population with the recognition that these cells may play important roles in maintaining vascular homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases.2 Although it has been known for several decades that some shed or extruded endothelial cells enter the circulation as apparent contaminants in the human blood stream,3 only more recent technologies have permitted the identification of not only senescent sloughed endothelial cells,4 but also endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which have been purported to represent a normal component of the formed elements of circulating blood5 and play roles in disease pathogenesis.6–9 Most citations refer to an article published in 1997 in which Asahara and colleagues isolated, characterized, and examined the in vivo function of putative EPCs from human peripheral blood as a major impetus for generating interest in the field.10 This seminal article presented some evidence to consider emergence of a new paradigm for the process of neovascularization in the form of postnatal vasculogenesis. Since publication of that article, interest in circulating endothelial cells, and particularly EPCs, has soared, and one merely has to type the keyword search terms, endothelial progenitor cell, to recover more than 8984 articles including 1347 review articles in PubMed (as of June 2008).\n\nWhat can we possibly add in the form of another EPC review that will be considered of significant value for the reader? We will attempt to review some of the early article in the field and reflect on how information in those articles was gradually derivatized into perhaps more conflicting rather than unifying concepts. We will also attempt to concisely address some of the important determinants and principles that are now leading to a new understanding of what functionally constitutes an EPC and outline some of the current measures used to identify, enumerate, and quantify these cells. Finally, we give our opinion of the best definition for an EPC based on some comparative analyses performed primarily in human subjects.