gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Toward Precise Osteotomies: A Coarse-to-Fine 3D Cut Plane Planning Method for Image-Guided Pelvis Tumor Resection Surgery (2019)

Surgical resection is the main clinical method for the treatment of bone tumors. A critical procedure for bone tumor resection is to plan a set of cut planes that enable resecting the bone tumor with a safe margin while preserving the maximum amount of healthy bone. Currently, the surgeons rely on manual methods to plan the cut planes, which highly depend on the surgeons' experiences and have been demonstrated to be error-prone, and in turn, increase the recurrence rate or resect much healthy bone. This study targets on improving the precision of cut plane planning for the image guided pelvis tumor resection surgeries. A semi-automatic approach to cut plane planning was proposed via a coarse-to-fine strategy. It can efficiently identify a dangerous region in the 3D space, which contains the bone tumor and its surrounding normal tissue with a safe margin. By projecting the dangerous region into an appropriate 2D space, a segmented boundary-constrained linear regression method was leveraged to plan a set of 3D cut planes that ensure the minimum area of the resected specimen in the 2D space while having the dangerous region cleared. Further, a coarse-to-fine 3D cut plane planning method was developed by incorporating a 3D cut plane refinement scheme with our 2D planning method. Extensive experiments, on the surgical data from nine previous pelvis tumor resection surgeries, demonstrated that our proposed approach substantially improved the localization precision of cut planes ( ) and decreased the amount of resected specimen ( ), as compared to the manual method.
Research on Contraceptives (2004)

We could not agree more with Bruce Hannon's Letter in response to the list of “Grand challenges in global health” (H. Varmus et al. , Policy Forum, 17 Oct. p. [398][1]) in which he recommends implementation of “a timely and effective birth-control program” (“The grand challenge of birth
Improved throughput arithmetic coder for jpeg2000 (2005)

Increasing the throughput of the JPEG2000 block coder requires bit-plane and arithmetic coders capable of concurrent symbol processing. Previously described pipelined MQ coders are capable of consuming 1 symbol or less per clock cycle. We develop a new pipelined MQ coder that can process exactly two symbols per clock cycle. The technique is implemented on a FPGA, and is compared with our "Hypothesis Testing" arithmetic coder and a reference one symbol per cycle coder. Our implementation gives an increase in throughput of 1.9 times, at the cost of 1.7 times as much hardware, when compared to the reference coder. It also has 1.2 times the throughput, while consuming only 70% of the hardware associated with the Hypothesis Testing coder.
Carotid Plaque Vulnerability (2011)

Vulnerability of the upstream plaque region is associated with enhanced neovascularization, hemorrhage, and cap thinning induced by proteolytic and proapoptotic mechanisms. These processes are reflected in structural plaque characteristics, analyses of which could improve the efficacy of vascular diagnostics and prevention.
Using reinforcement learning to control advanced life support systems (2009)

This thesis deals with the application of reinforcement learning techniques to the control of a closed life support system simulator, such as could be used on a long duration space mission. We apply reinforcement learning to two different aspects of the simulator, control of recycling subsystems, and control of crop planting schedules. Comparisons are made between distributed and centralized controllers, generalized and non-generalized RL, and between different approaches to the construction of the state table and the design of reward functions. Distributed controllers prove to be superior to centralized controllers both in terms of speed and performance of the controller. Generalization helps to speed convergence, but the performance of the policy derived is dependent on the shape of the reward function.
Cellular computation and communications using engineered genetic regulatory networks (2001)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2001.
Monoclonal antibodies against the lac carrier protein from Escherichia coli. 2. Binding studies with membrane vesicles and proteoliposomes reconstituted with purified lac carrier protein (1984)

Monoclonal antibodies 4B1 and 5F7 bind to distinct, nonoverlapping epitopes in the lac carrier protein. By use of immunofluorescence microscopy and radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies and Fab fragments, it is shown that both 4B1 and 5F7 bind to spheroplasts and to right-side-out vesicles, but only to a small extent to inside-out vesicles. Clearly, therefore, the lac carrier protein has an asymmetric orientation within the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli, and both epitopes are located on the periplasmic surface. In right-side-out vesicles, radiolabeled 4B1 binds with a stoichiometry of 1 mol of antibody per 2 mol of lac carrier protein, while radiolabeled 4B1 Fab fragments bind 1:1. Importantly, the intact antibody and its Fab fragments bind to proteoliposomes reconstituted with purified lac carrier protein with a stoichiometry very similar to that observed in right-side-out membrane vesicles. Thus, it seems highly likely that the orientation of the lac carrier protein in the reconstituted system is similar to that in the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, at least with respect to 4B1 epitope.
An Alternative Efficient Redox Couple for the Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cell System (2003)

A series of new cobalt complexes [Co(LLL)(2)X(2)] were synthesized and evaluated as redox mediators for dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO(2) solar cells. The structure of the ligand and the nature of the counterions were found to influence the photovoltaic performance. The one-electron-transfer redox mediator [Co(dbbip)(2)](ClO(4))(2) (dbbip = 2,6-bis(1'-butylbenzimidazol-2'-yl)pyridine) performed best among the compounds investigated. Photovoltaic cells incorporating this redox mediator yielded incident photon-to-current conversion efficiencies (IPCE) of up to 80%. The overall yield of light-to-electric power conversion reached 8 % under simulated AM1.5 sunlight at 100 W m(-2) intensity and more than 4% at 1000 W m(-2). Photoelectrodes coated with a 2 microm thick nanoporous layer and a 4 microm thick light-scattering layer, sensitized with a hydrophobic ruthenium dye, gave the best results.
Liquid-jet laser–plasma extreme ultraviolet sources: from droplets to filaments (2004)

The laser plasma is one of the major contenders as a high-power source for future high-volume-manufacturing extreme ultraviolet lithography systems. Such laser–plasma sources require a target system that allows high-repetition-rate operation with low debris and manageable thermal load at the required high laser power. In this paper, we review the development of the liquid-jet target laser plasmas, from droplets to filaments, with special emphasis on its applicability for high-power extreme ultraviolet generation. We focus on two target systems, the liquid-xenon-jet and the liquid-tin-jet.
Method for Forming a Printed Circuit by Photolysis of Silver Salt of Organic Acid (1974)

A method for forming a printed circuit was carried out. The method comprises coating the surface of an insulating substrate with a solution of silver salts of organic acids in a mixed solvent consisting of alcohol, water, and ammonia to form a photosensitive layer thereon, exposing the layer to uv‐light so as to deposit the metal silver on a pattern of a desired circuit, and carrying out the electroless plating on the pattern, whereby the deposited metal silver functions as the nuclei for the plating.
Band bowing and band alignment in InGaN alloys (2010)

We use density functional theory calculations with the HSE06 hybrid exchange-correlation functional to investigate InGaN alloys and accurately determine band gaps and band alignments. We find a strong band-gap bowing at low In content. Band positions on an absolute energy scale are determined from surface calculations. The resulting GaN/InN valence-band offset is 0.62 eV. The dependence of InGaN valence-band alignment on In content is found to be almost linear. Based on the values of band gaps and band alignments, we conclude that InGaN fulfills the requirements for a photoelectrochemical electrode for In contents up to 50%.
Highly efficient GaN RF power amplifier MMIC using low-voltage driver (2017)

In this paper, we show that low-voltage operation of a GaN transistor (5.5V) as a driver allows very high line-up efficiency, including driver and end-stage. We realized two-stage MMIC in 0.25pm GaN HEMT technology. The MMIC die and high harmonic matching circuits were assembled into a standard ceramic RF package. The load-pull measurement results of the packaged MMIC show that the line-up efficiency is preserved to >70% in the presence of an 8 dB output power variation. We designed a PCB based on the load-pull measurement data as a demonstration board. We measured 76% line-up efficiency with an output power of 35.4dBm and a linear gain of 27dB at 2.14 GHz. Applying a WCDMA signal, a -52.4dBc ACLR performance was observed at 29.4dBm average output power using a vector switched generalized memory polynomial digital pre-distortion (VS-GMP DPD) algorithm.
Advantages of ethane oxidative dehydrogenation on the MoVNbTeO catalyst under elevated pressure (2019)

The oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane in the supercritical state into ethylene on MoVNbTeOx oxide catalysts at the total pressure of an O2-containing mixture of 100 atm was carried out. The high reaction pressure allowed us to decrease the temperature from 360 °C at 1 atm to 280 °C at 100 atm along with the increased productivity of C2H4 from 205to290 gC2H4h−1kgcat−1, respectively. Moreover, the higher pressure also prevents the destruction of M1 phase of the catalyst via the reduction of Te.
<p>Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Parkinson’s Disease: Inhibition of T Helper 17 Cell Differentiation and Regulation of Immune Balance Towards a Regulatory T Cell Phenotype</p> (2020)

The present in vitro study found that Ad-MSCs from healthy participants were able to correct the imbalance between Th17 and Treg found in PBMCs of PD patients, which were correlated with an increase in LIF secretion and a decrease in expression of IL-6R, IL-23R, and RORγt. These findings should be confirmed by in vivo experiments.
Continuous infusion during total joint arthroplasty in Japanese haemophilia A patients: comparison study among two recombinants and one plasma‐derived factor VIII (2010)

As for the available factor VIII (FVIII) concentrates in Japan, there are two recombinant FVIII concentrates (Kogenate-FS and Advate) and one highly purified plasma-derived FVIII concentrate (Cross-Eight M). To evaluate the inter-product variability, the differences in the continuous infusion rates and total consumption of the above three concentrates were compared when continuous infusion was used as the administration mode to control bleeding during 28 total joint arthroplasties (TJAs) for 17 patients. There were no significant differences among the FVIII plasma levels during surgery, except day 0. Advate needed to be given at a significantly higher infusion rate (4.2-2.1 IU kg(-1) h(-1)) than the other two concentrates (Kogenate-FS: 1.0-2.9 IU kg(-1) h(-1), P < 0.01 and P < 0.05; Cross-Eight M: 3.2-1.8 IU kg(-1 )h(-1), P < 0.01); however, their infusion rates were within the rates which were previously reported. The total consumption of Advate (652.1 IU kg(-1)) was also significantly greater than either of the other concentrates (Kogenate-FS: 395.1 IU kg(-1), P < 0.01; Cross-Eight M: 519.1 IU kg(-1), P < 0.05). The results of this study showed that the continuous infusion of three FVIII concentrates is effective and safe during TJA, and also showed the differences in the continuous infusion rates and total consumption among concentrates when continuous infusion was used to control bleeding during surgery. These two results suggested that the continuous infusion of FVIII concentrate is a good administration mode, but there is still room for further investigation to use it as a more cost-effective and safer administration mode.
Micro-concentrator with a self-assembly process (2016)

Existing CPV Technology Markets are not compliant with a standard configuration Concentrations vary from several suns to more than 1000 suns and the optical technology used could be very different. Nowadays, the market trends are moving toward more and more compact optical systems [2] in order to exploit the Light Emitting Diodes like approach [3]. The aim is to increase the optical efficiency by using an ultra-short focal distance and to have a better thermal management. Moreover the ratio between the efficiency and the weight is increasing and the solar cell size becomes sub-millimetric. Then, more severe mechanical tolerances are essential to keep an optimum optical alignment between the cells and the optics. A new process of micro-concentrator manufacturing is patented [4] and developed at CEA CPV laboratory. This process enables manufacturing and auto-aligning of Primary Optical Elements with Secondary Optical Elements and solar cells. A 275 suns micro-concentrator is manufactured with 0.819 mm triplejunction cells and molded silicone optics. An efficiency of 29.7% is measured with an acceptance angle of 0.7.
Phase Conjugation And Optical Resonators (1982)

Unique properties of transverse and axial modes of phase-conjugate-mirror resonators are discussed and experimental results already published are summarized.
Inferring the origin locations of tweets with quantitative confidence (2014)

Social Internet content plays an increasingly critical role in many domains, including public health, disaster management, and politics. However, its utility is limited by missing geographic information; for example, fewer than 1.6% of Twitter messages (<i>tweets</i>) contain a geotag. We propose a scalable, content-based approach to estimate the location of tweets using a novel yet simple variant of gaussian mixture models. Further, because real-world applications depend on quantified uncertainty for such estimates, we propose novel metrics of accuracy, precision, and calibration, and we evaluate our approach accordingly. Experiments on 13 million global, comprehensively multi-lingual tweets show that our approach yields reliable, well-calibrated results competitive with previous computationally intensive methods. We also show that a relatively small number of training data are required for good estimates (roughly 30,000 tweets) and models are quite time-invariant (effective on tweets many weeks newer than the training set). Finally, we show that toponyms and languages with small geographic footprint provide the most useful location signals.
Wide-angle, polarization-independent ultrathin broadband visible absorbers (2016)

A capability of absorbing a broad range of visible lights is essential to boost the performance of various applications, such as photovoltaics (PV), photodetectors, and thermal emitters. Here, we present an angle-insensitive, polarization-independent ultrathin (&lt;150 nm) broadband absorber in the visible regime exploiting strong interference behaviors in highly absorbing semiconductor materials. A proposed structure simply has four layers composed of two stacks of a metal and a semiconductor demonstrating a remarkably enhanced absorption property as compared with the device without a top semiconductor film. This is attributed to multi-cavity resonance effects in each cavity, which is obviously elucidated with phase calculations and electric field distributions. The maximum absorption efficiency of the device is 95.5% at a resonance and its absorption characteristic can be maintained over a wide angle of incidence up to ±70° regardless of the incident light polarization. Finally, we investigate how our approach can be utilized to achieve a tandem PV cell with high efficiency. Our strategy can be applied to other material systems and can be useful in diverse applications, including thermal emitters and PV.
Obesity Among Children and Adolescents With Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (2006)

Children and adolescents with CAH have a higher risk of obesity. Glucocorticoid dosage, chronologic age, advanced bone age maturation, and parental obesity contributed to elevated BMI SDS, whereas birth weight and length, serum leptin levels, used glucocorticoid, and fludrocortisone dosage were not associated with obesity. Therefore, children with CAH who become obese should be tightly monitored and should participate concurrently in weight management programs that include obese family members.
Relating Graph Neural Networks to Structural Causal Models (2021)

Causality can be described in terms of a structural causal model (SCM) that carries information on the variables of interest and their mechanistic relations. For most processes of interest the underlying SCM will only be partially observable, thus causal inference tries leveraging the exposed. Graph neural networks (GNN) as universal approximators on structured input pose a viable candidate for causal learning, suggesting a tighter integration with SCM. To this effect we present a theoretical analysis from first principles that establishes a more general view on neural-causal models, revealing several novel connections between GNN and SCM. We establish a new model class for GNN-based causal inference that is necessary and sufficient for causal effect identification. Our empirical illustration on simulations and standard benchmarks validate our theoretical proofs.
X-ray computed tomography methods for in vivo evaluation of local drug release systems (2002)

Recent advances in drug delivery techniques have necessitated the development of tools for in vivo monitoring of drug distributions. Gamma emission imaging and magnetic resonance imaging suffer from problems of resolution and sensitivity, respectively. We propose that the combination of X-ray CT imaging and image analysis techniques provides an excellent method for the evaluation of the transport of platinum-containing drugs from a localized, controlled release source. We correlated local carboplatin concentration with CT intensity, producing a linear relationship with a sensitivity of 62.6 microg/mL per Hounsfield unit. As an example application, we evaluated the differences in drug transport properties between normal and ablated rabbit liver from implanted polymer millirods. The use of three-dimensional visualization provided a method of evaluating the placement of the drug delivery device in relation to the surrounding anatomy, and registration and reformatting allowed the accurate comparison of the sequence of temporal CT volumes acquired over a period of 24 h. Taking averages over radial lines extending away from the center of the implanted millirods and integrating over clinically appropriate regions, yielded information about drug release from the millirod and transport in biological tissues. Comparing implants in normal and ablated tissues, we found that ablation prior to millirod implantation greatly decreased the loss of drug from the immediate area, resulting in a higher average dose to the surrounding tissue. This work shows that X-ray CT imaging is a useful technique for the in vivo evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of platinated agents.
Scalar fused multiply-add instructions produce floating-point matrix arithmetic provably accurate to the penultimate digit (2003)

Combined with doubly compensated summation, scalar fused multiply-add instructions redefine the concept of floating-point arithmetic, because they allow for the computation of sums of real or complex matrix products accurate to the penultimate digit. Particular cases include complex arithmetic, dot products, cross products, residuals of linear systems, determinants of small matrices, discriminants of quadratic, cubic, or quartic equations, and polynomials.
Robust iterative fitting of multilinear models (2005)

Parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis is an extension of low-rank matrix decomposition to higher way arrays, also referred to as tensors. It decomposes a given array in a sum of multilinear terms, analogous to the familiar bilinear vector outer products that appear in matrix decomposition. PARAFAC analysis generalizes and unifies common array processing models, like joint diagonalization and ESPRIT; it has found numerous applications from blind multiuser detection and multidimensional harmonic retrieval, to clustering and nuclear magnetic resonance. The prevailing fitting algorithm in all these applications is based on (alternating) least squares, which is optimal for Gaussian noise. In many cases, however, measurement errors are far from being Gaussian. In this paper, we develop two iterative algorithms for the least absolute error fitting of general multilinear models. The first is based on efficient interior point methods for linear programming, employed in an alternating fashion. The second is based on a weighted median filtering iteration, which is particularly appealing from a simplicity viewpoint. Both are guaranteed to converge in terms of absolute error. Performance is illustrated by means of simulations, and compared to the pertinent Crame/spl acute/r-Rao bounds (CRBs).
Pronounced photorefractive effect at wavelength over 1000 nm in monolithic organic materials (2005)

Two monolithic organic materials exhibiting high photorefractive (PR) performances at a wavelength of 1064 nm were prepared and characterized. It was found that thiophene-based molecule T6 demonstrated better PR properties than benzene based molecule B6. A net optical gain of 139.1cm−1 at a low applied field of 43.7V∕μm and a diffraction efficiency of 45.6% at 35.3V∕μm were observed for materials made from T6. Net optical gain at 1300 nm was also observed for T6. The differences in PR behavior between two materials with similar structures were explained based on dipole moment and photoconductivity differences.
Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA): preliminary results from the southport site, 1999 (1999)

The Drug Use Monitoring in Australia pilot project seeks to measure drug use among those people who have been arrested and held in custody by police. The focus of this paper is on the urinalysis results from the DUMA site at Southport. The data collected provides information about drug offenders, whether drug use varies according to the type of offences charged, and multiple drug use.