gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Model-based design evaluation of a compact, high-efficiency neutron scatter camera (2017)

This paper presents the model-based design and evaluation of an instrument that estimates incident neutron direction using the kinematics of neutron scattering by hydrogen-1 nuclei in an organic scintillator. The instrument design uses a single, nearly contiguous volume of organic scintillator that is internally subdivided only as necessary to create optically isolated pillars, i.e., long, narrow parallelepipeds of organic scintillator. Scintillation light emitted in a given pillar is confined to that pillar by a combination of total internal reflection and a specular reflector applied to the four sides of the pillar transverse to its long axis. The scintillation light is collected at each end of the pillar using a photodetector, e.g., a microchannel plate photomultiplier (MCP-PM) or a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM). In this optically segmented design, the (x,y) position of scintillation light emission (where the x and y coordinates are transverse to the long axis of the pillars) is estimated as the pillar’s (x,y) position in the scintillator “block”, and the z-position (the position along the pillar’s long axis) is estimated from the amplitude and relative timing of the signals produced by the photodetectors at each end of the pillar. The neutron’s incident direction and energy is estimated from the (x,y,z)-positions of two sequential neutron–proton scattering interactions in the scintillator block using elastic scatter kinematics. For proton recoils greater than 1 MeV, we show that the (x,y,z)-position of neutron–proton scattering can be estimated with < 1 cm root-mean-squared [RMS] error and the proton recoil energy can be estimated with < 50 keV RMS error by fitting the photodetectors’ response time history to models of optical photon transport within the scintillator pillars. Finally, we evaluate several alternative designs of this proposed single-volume scatter camera made of pillars of plastic scintillator (SVSC-PiPS), studying the effect of pillar dimensions, scintillator material (EJ-204, EJ-232Q and stilbene), and photodetector (MCP-PM vs. SiPM) response vs. time. We demonstrate that the most precise estimates of incident neutron direction and energy can be obtained using a combination of scintillator material with high luminosity and a photodetector with a narrow impulse response. Specifically, we conclude that an SVSC-PiPS constructed using EJ-204 (a high luminosity plastic scintillator) and an MCP-PM will produce the most precise estimates of incident neutron direction and energy.
Sorption performances of TiO(OH)(H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>)·H<sub>2</sub>O in synthetic and mine waters (2017)

The first report on sorption behaviour of a titanium phosphate sorbent containing entirely –H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> groups reveals a high exchange capacity and fast kinetics.
New Class of Ag/AgCl Electrodes Based on Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid Saturated with AgCl (2007)

A new type of Ag/AgCl electrodes based on a hydrophobic ionic liquid has been proposed. The electrode consists of a Ag/AgCl electrode immersed in or coated with a AgCl-saturated ionic liquid, 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C(8)mim+][C(1)C(1)N-]), instead of the internal aqueous solution. The [C(8)mim+][C(1)C(1)N-] phase plays dual roles, that is, as a medium dissolving AgCl and an ionic-liquid-type salt bridge upon contact with an aqueous solution. The gelation of the [C(8)mim+][C(1)C(1)N-] phase allows us to prepare coated-wire-type solid-state reference electrodes with a well-defined thermodynamic basis for the electrode potential. Both gelled and nongelled types show stable electrode potentials against the change in the concentration of KCl between 0.05 mmol dm(-3) and 2 mol dm(-3). This new class of reference electrodes opens the way for a variety of miniaturized and solid-state reference electrodes.
Mechanism of the acyloin condensation (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMechanism of the acyloin condensationJordan J. Bloomfield, Dennis C. Owsley, C. Ainsworth, and R. E. RobertsonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 4, 393–402Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00892a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00892a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1010Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Light field transfer (2008)

We present a novel image-based method for compositing real and synthetic objects in the same scene with a high degree of visual realism. Ours is the first technique to allow global illumination and near-field lighting effects between both real and synthetic objects at interactive rates, without needing a geometric and material model of the real scene. We achieve this by using a light field interface between real and synthetic components---thus, indirect illumination can be simulated using only two 4D light fields, one captured from and one projected onto the real scene. Multiple bounces of interreflections are obtained simply by iterating this approach. The interactivity of our technique enables its use with time-varying scenes, including dynamic objects. This is in sharp contrast to the alternative approach of using 6D or 8D light transport functions of real objects, which are very expensive in terms of acquisition and storage and hence not suitable for real-time applications. In our method, 4D radiance fields are simultaneously captured and projected by using a lens array, video camera, and digital projector. The method supports full global illumination with restricted object placement, and accommodates moderately specular materials. We implement a complete system and show several example scene compositions that demonstrate global illumination effects between dynamic real and synthetic objects. Our implementation requires a single point light source and dark background.
Pharmacodynamic analysis of tacrolimus and cyclosporine in living-donor liver transplant patients (2005)

The inhibitory effects on calcineurin activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells differed between tacrolimus and cyclosporine in living-donor liver transplant patients. Pharmacodynamic assessment in combination with blood concentration monitoring may be useful for determining the individual therapeutic range of tacrolimus and cyclosporine.
Comparison of Plasma, Epithelial Lining Fluid, and Alveolar Macrophage Concentrations of Solithromycin (CEM-101) in Healthy Adult Subjects (2012)

The steady-state concentrations of solithromycin in plasma were compared with concomitant concentrations in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and alveolar macrophages (AM) obtained from intrapulmonary samples during bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in 30 healthy adult subjects. Subjects received oral solithromycin at 400 mg once daily for five consecutive days. Bronchoscopy and BAL were carried out once in each subject at either 3, 6, 9, 12, or 24 h after the last administered dose of solithromycin. Drug concentrations in plasma, ELF, and AM were assayed by a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Solithromycin was concentrated extensively in ELF (range of mean [± standard deviation] concentrations, 1.02 ± 0.83 to 7.58 ± 6.69 mg/liter) and AM (25.9 ± 20.3 to 101.7 ± 52.6 mg/liter) in comparison with simultaneous plasma concentrations (0.086 ± 0.070 to 0.730 ± 0.692 mg/liter). The values for the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC(0-24) values) based on mean and median ELF concentrations were 80.3 and 63.2 mg · h/liter, respectively. The ratio of ELF to plasma concentrations based on the mean and median AUC(0-24) values were 10.3 and 10.0, respectively. The AUC(0-24) values based on mean and median concentrations in AM were 1,498 and 1,282 mg · h/L, respectively. The ratio of AM to plasma concentrations based on the mean and median AUC(0-24) values were 193 and 202, respectively. Once-daily oral dosing of solithromycin at 400 mg produced steady-state concentrations that were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in ELF (2.4 to 28.6 times) and AM (44 to 515 times) than simultaneous plasma concentrations throughout the 24-h period after 5 days of solithromycin administration.
TARO: an interactive, object-oriented tool for building natural language systems (2003)

The authors present TARO, an interactive tool to assist linguists in designing, building, testing, and extending natural language processing (NLP) systems. TARO (text analysis and representation with objects) is implemented in KSL, a reflective, object-oriented programming language. The architecture of TARO takes advantage of encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance of object-oriented programming to provide an environment in which testing and refinement of complex NLP components can be achieved without major program modifications. It also benefits from the reflectivity of KSL to allow building and extending NLP prototypes dynamically. These qualities, coupled with the ability of TARO to integrate syntactic with semantic analysis, provide the opportunity to achieve greater modularity, extensibility, and integration in the design of natural language systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis of [<sup>18</sup>F]Fluoroarenes by Nucleophilic Radiofluorination of <i>N</i>‐Arylsydnones (2017)

A practical method for radiofluorination of anilines with [<sup>18</sup> F]fluoride via N-arylsydnone intermediates is described. These precursors are stable, easy to handle and facilitate direct and regioselective <sup>18</sup> F-labeling to prepare [<sup>18</sup> F]fluoroarenes. The value of this methodology is further highlighted by successful application to prepare an <sup>18</sup> F-labeled neuropeptide.
Color-variable highly efficient organic electrophosphorescent diodes manipulating molecular exciton and excimer emissions (2009)

A simple way of tuning the emission color and electroluminescence efficiency from vacuum-deposited emitters of phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (LEDs) is demonstrated. For each color a single-emissive layer consisting of a blend of two materials, one of Pt(N∧C∧N) complex series [where (N∧C∧N)=di(2-pyridinyl)benzene-based tridentate ligands] as either the low-concentration bluish green (molecular) phosphorescence emitter or high-concentration red (excimer) phosphorescence emitter, and (4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl-triphenylamine) as the host was employed. By adjusting the relative amount of blue and red emissive species, the color of the light emission was tuned from bluish green through green and white up to red. Very high external quantum efficiency (up to 18.3±0.5%) and current efficiency (up to 44.8±0.5 cd/A) at ∼500 cd/m2 four-layer devices were achieved with white and greenish light emitting layers, respectively. It is found that the introduction of electron-withdrawing fluorine atoms at the central ring and electron-donating groups at the lateral rings of the Pt complex leads to a blueshift in the molecular and excimer emissions, respectively. This allows to refine colors and optimize the efficiency of the LEDs by selecting suitable substituents.
Analytical studies on multiple delta doping in diamond thin films for efficient hole excitation and conductivity enhancement (1994)

Beneficial features of boron multiple delta doping (MDD) in synthetic diamond thin films are studied analytically and compared with MDD in GaAs. In spite of a deep boron level (∼0.3 eV), MDD greatly helps the thermal excitation of holes via elevation of the Fermi level toward the acceptor boron level. Thus, a hole excitation 6–7 times higher than that of the uniformly doped one is obtained. Furthermore, more than 90% of holes are in the spacer layer (i-diamond) where the mobility is high, resulting in a film conductance of the MDD structure more than 20 times higher than that of the conventional one when the same amount of boron is uniformly doped.
Effects of Walnut Consumption as Part of a Low-Fat, Low-Cholesterol Diet on Serum Cardiovascular Risk Factors (2002)

Serum components, such as lipoproteins, coagulation factors (factor VII, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), fibrinogen), and homocysteine have been associated with cardiovascular disease. Dietary intervention with a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet has favorably influenced cardiovascular disease and certain food, specifically the consumption of nuts, has been associated with reduced cardiovascular risks. The effects of walnuts, as part of a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet, on serum cardiovascular risk factors were determined. Sixty-seven (67) outpatients with borderline high total cholesterol following a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet for six weeks before being randomly assigned to continue the diet or have 64 grams/day of walnuts in conjunction with the diet. After six weeks, the patients' diets were switched. Therefore, all patients consumed 64 grams/day of walnuts for six weeks during part of the trial as part of a low-fat, low cholesterol diet. Serum lipids demonstrated a significant reduction in triacyglycerols and favorable trend with decreases in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and a slight increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. No statistical effects on homocysteine or the coagulation factors were observed. However, there was a slight favorable trend for tPA and PAI-1. This study demonstrated that walnuts, when consumed as part of a low fat, low-cholesterol diet, have a beneficial effect on serum cardiovascular risk factors. However, these changes may not explain all of the beneficial effects that walnut consumption has on cardiovascular disease.
A decade bandwidth, low voltage, medium power Class B push-pull Si/SiGe HBT power amplifier employing through-wafer vias (2008)

We report a 0.5-5 GHz, 2 V class B push-pull power amplifier in a through-wafer via Si/SiGe HBT process. The amplifier utilized a small, low loss, broadband balun and a coupled spiral inductor transformer. Power added efficiencies greater than 40% from 1 GHz to 4 GHz and greater than 30% from 0.5 to 5 GHz have been achieved. Small signal gain of greater than 13 dB and maximum output power of 22 dBm were realized from 0.5 GHz to 4 GHz with a 2 V supply voltage.
Analytical Design Study of a Novel Witricity Charger With Lateral and Angular Misalignments for Efficient Wireless Energy Transmission (2011)

Detailed theoretical and numerical analysis reveals that Witricity, which was first reported by a research team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is efficient and practical for mid-range wireless energy exchange to transmit nontrivial amount of power wirelessly over a long distance. This paper presents an analytical model, based on Witricity technology, for resonant magnetic coupling to address misalignments between the transmitter and receiver of this advanced system. The relationships among the energy transfer efficiency and several key parameters of the system are analyzed using finite element method (FEM). Formulae are derived for the magnetic field of the receiver coil when it is laterally and angularly misaligned from the transmitter. A resonant near-field power transfer formula is suggested to incorporate the coil characteristics and misalignments. Experiments have also been carried out to facilitate quantitative comparison. It is shown that a maximum degree of misalignment can be defined in a given application. The analysis reported allows a formal design procedure to be established for the optimization of Witricity for a given application.
Isolation and Characterization of Biotin Carboxylase from Pea Chloroplasts (1995)

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaf acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) exists as two structurally different forms: a major, chloroplastic, dissociable form and a minor, multifunctional enzyme form located in the leaf epidermis. The dissociable form is able to carboxylate free D-biotin as an alternate substrate in place of the natural substrate, biotin carboxyl carrier protein. Here we report the purification of the biotin carboxylase component of the chloroplastic pea leaf ACCase. The purified enzyme, free from carboxyltransferase activity, is composed of two firmly bound polypeptides, one of which (38 kD) is biotinylated. In contrast to bacterial biotin carboxylase, which retains full activity upon removal of the biotin carboxyl carrier component, attempts to dissociate the two subunits of the plant complex led to a complete loss of biotin carboxylase activity. Steady-state kinetic studies of the biotin carboxylase reaction reveal that addition of all substrates on the enzyme is sequential and that no product release is possible until all three substrates (MgATP, D-biotin, bicarbonate) are bound to the enzyme and all chemical processes at the active site are completed. In agreement with this mechanism, bicarbonate-dependent ATP hydrolysis by the enzyme is found to be strictly dependent on the presence of exogenous D-biotin in the reaction medium.
Artifacts In Spiral X-Ray Ct Scanners: Problems And Solutions (2007)

Artifact is one of the most important factors in degrading the CT image quality and plays an important role in diagnostic accuracy. In this paper, some artifacts typically appear in Spiral CT are introduced. The different factors such as patient, equipment and interpolation algorithm which cause the artifacts are discussed and new developments and image processing algorithms to prevent or reduce them are presented.
Node clustering in wireless sensor networks: recent developments and deployment challenges (2006)

The large-scale deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and the need for data aggregation necessitate efficient organization of the network topology for the purpose of balancing the load and prolonging the network lifetime. Clustering has proven to be an effective approach for organizing the network into a connected hierarchy. In this article, we highlight the challenges in clustering a WSN, discuss the design rationale of the different clustering approaches, and classify the proposed approaches based on their objectives and design principles. We further discuss several key issues that affect the practical deployment of clustering techniques in sensor network applications.
Dynamics of Information Technology (IT) in Tourism Promotion (2014)

The importance of Information Technology (IT) in tourism has increased tremendously over the years. Role of IT within the context of tourism travel and hospitality is of profound importance in a nation's development. It has influenced all walks of our lives over the last few decades in an incredible manner with the Tourism and Travel sector being one of the principal beneficiaries. With the advent of IT into the travel sector, things have changed. Travel has become much more enjoyable and comfortable. Places of tourist interest and scenic beauty often do not catch the attention of the customer largely due to the fact that they are not marketed well. The advent of the Internet is also having deep impacts on the industry. Manipur has its own physical and social constraints. The state has a complex social composition with diverse ethnic communities including different scheduled tribes of different ethnic origins. There is apparent disparity in the level of income and consumption between the rich and poor, between public living in the hills and valleys. IT can play an important role in the socio-economic and political development of the state. It can create new employment opportunities. IT can promote tourism and bring positive opportunities for community development even in the remotest district of Manipur. This paper examines the present status of Information Technology, role of State in promoting IT, its policies and subsequently promotion of tourism in Manipur.
Occurrence and activity of hydrogenase in symbiotic <i>Frankia</i> from field‐collected <i>Alnus incana</i> (1989)

Occurrence and activity of the hydrogen uptake enzyme were studied in root nodule homogenates made from plants of Alnus incana (L.) Moench collected from field sites in the northern part of Sweden. Nitrogenase (EC 1.7.99.2) activity (estimated by acetylene reduction) and hydrogen evolution were studied in excised nodules. All Frankia sources showed acetylene reduction activity, and possessed a hydrogen uptake system. Hydrogen uptake in nodule homogenates from the Frankia sources measured at 23.8 μM H 2 ranged from 0.04 to 5.0 μmol H 2 (g fresh weight nodule) −1 h −1 . The H 2 uptake capacity of nodule homogenates from one of the Frankia sources was almost 8 times higher than the hydrogen evolution from nitrogenase, both expressed on a nodule fresh weight basis. Frankia sources from field sites 6 and 11 showed K m for H 2 of 13.0 and 23.6 μM H 2 , respectively. This indicates similarities in the hydrogen uptake enzymes in the two Frankia sources. It is concluded that hydrogen uptake is a common characteristic in Frankia.
Accelerated receptor shedding inhibits kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1)-mediated efferocytosis (2014)

Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) prevents inflammation and permits repair following tissue injury. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a receptor for phosphatidylserine, an "eat-me" signal exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells that marks them for phagocytic clearance. KIM-1 is upregulated on proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs) during ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI), enabling efferocytosis by surviving PTECs. KIM-1 is spontaneously cleaved at its ectodomain region to generate a soluble fragment that serves a sensitive and specific biomarker for AKI, but the biological relevance of KIM-1 shedding is unknown. Here, we sought to determine how KIM-1 shedding might regulate efferocytosis. Using cells that endogenously and exogenously express KIM-1, we found that hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidative injury or PMA treatment accelerated KIM-1 shedding in a dose-dependent manner. KIM-1 shedding was also accelerated when apoptotic cells were added. Accelerated shedding or the presence of excess soluble KIM-1 in the extracellular milieu significantly inhibited efferocytosis. We also identified that TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE or ADAM17) mediates both the spontaneous and PMA-accelerated shedding of KIM-1. While accelerated shedding inhibited efferocytosis, we found that spontaneous KIM-1 cleavage does not affect the phagocytic efficiency of PTECs. Our results suggest that KIM-1 shedding is accelerated by worsening cellular injury, and excess soluble KIM-1 competitively inhibits efferocytosis. These findings may be important in AKI when there is severe cellular injury.