gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Non-invasive peripheral nerve stimulation via focused ultrasound<i>in vivo</i> (2017)

Focused ultrasound (FUS) has been employed on a wide range of clinical applications to safely and non-invasively achieve desired effects that have previously required invasive and lengthy procedures with conventional methods. Conventional electrical neuromodulation therapies that are applied to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are invasive and/or non-specific. Recently, focused ultrasound has demonstrated the ability to modulate the central nervous system and ex vivo peripheral neurons. Here, for the first time, noninvasive stimulation of the sciatic nerve eliciting a physiological response in vivo is demonstrated with FUS. FUS was applied on the sciatic nerve in mice with simultaneous electromyography (EMG) on the tibialis anterior muscle. EMG signals were detected during or directly after ultrasound stimulation along with observable muscle contraction of the hind limb. Transecting the sciatic nerve downstream of FUS stimulation eliminated EMG activity during FUS stimulation. Peak-to-peak EMG response amplitudes and latency were found to be comparable to conventional electrical stimulation methods. Histology along with behavioral and thermal testing did not indicate damage to the nerve or surrounding regions. The findings presented herein demonstrate that FUS can serve as a targeted, safe and non-invasive alternative to conventional peripheral nervous system stimulation to treat peripheral neuropathic diseases in the clinic.
Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide without the use of acids or halide promoters in dissolution (2020)

We show the first catalyst family able to produce hydrogen peroxide at concentrations higher than 5 wt% in the absence of any promoter or stabilizing agent in dissolution.
The Global Adaptation Atlas (2009)

Climate change is a global problem that will likely contribute to a wide range of local environmental changes. Even if society averts the most severe projected impacts of climate change through long term reductions in CO2 emissions, climate changes already underway will present challenges for sustaining livelihoods of communities around the world. Accordingly, adaptation will play a major role in addressing these human sustainability challenges. Decision makers need to understand which climate impacts are important in their region and what their options are for adapting well, to decide how money and resources should be allocated. The Global Adaptation Atlas is intended to enable this type of knowledge creation, sharing, and learning. As a web-based mapping application (in development), the Atlas will integrate interactive maps of the best-available science on climate impacts and the latest information on adaptation activities, provided free to the public.
Memory-Efficient Backpropagation Through Time (2016)

We propose a novel approach to reduce memory consumption of the backpropagation through time (BPTT) algorithm when training recurrent neural networks (RNNs). Our approach uses dynamic programming to balance a trade-off between caching of intermediate results and recomputation. The algorithm is capable of tightly fitting within almost any user-set memory budget while finding an optimal execution policy minimizing the computational cost. Computational devices have limited memory capacity and maximizing a computational performance given a fixed memory budget is a practical use-case. We provide asymptotic computational upper bounds for various regimes. The algorithm is particularly effective for long sequences. For sequences of length 1000, our algorithm saves 95\% of memory usage while using only one third more time per iteration than the standard BPTT.
Enhancement of the Gel Hardness of Candelilla Wax through the Addition of Long-chain Ester Wax Behenyl Behenate (2022)

Candelilla wax (CW) is used as an oil-gelling agent in cosmetic sticks. However, its hardness is inadequate compared to those of hydrocarbon waxes such as paraffin. In this study, behenyl behenate (BB), an additive plant-derived wax ester with a high melting point, was shown to improve the oil-gel hardness of CW.Although the gel with BB alone had a relatively low gel hardness, when BB was mixed with CW at a ratio of 70:30 (CW:BB), the gel hardness significantly increased to four times that of the CW gel. The hardness of the CW and BB mixtures was higher than that of paraffin wax, which is used to solidify cosmetic oils. An increase in gel hardness was not observed when additives with chemical structures similar to those of BB, such as stearyl stearate (which has a lower molecular weight than BB) and behenic acid or behenyl alcohol (which are components of BB), were blended.Scanning electron microscopy indicated the presence of many spherical clusters comprising fine crystallites in the CW gel. This morphology was in contrast to that of paraffin wax gel, in which only plate crystals were observed. It was concluded that this heterogeneous structure led to the low gel hardness of CW. When BB was added to CW, the spherical clusters disappeared, and the internal structure changed to a homogeneous card-house structure composed of plate crystals.
N‐linked glycans of the human insulin receptor and their distribution over the crystal structure (2007)

The human insulin receptor (IR) homodimer is heavily glycosylated and contains a total of 19 predicted N-linked glycosylation sites in each monomer. The recent crystal structure of the IR ectodomain shows electron density consistent with N-linked glycosylation at the majority of sites present in the construct. Here, we describe a refined structure of the IR ectodomain that incorporates all of the N-linked glycans and reveals the extent to which the attached glycans mask the surface of the IR dimer from interaction with antibodies or other potential therapeutic binding proteins. The usefulness of Fab complexation in the crystallization of heavily glycosylated proteins is also discussed. The compositions of the glycans on IR expressed in CHO-K1 cells and the glycosylation deficient Lec8 cell line were determined by protease digestion, glycopeptide purification, amino acid sequence analysis, and mass spectrometry. Collectively the data reveal: multiple species of complex glycan at residues 25, 255, 295, 418, 606, 624, 742, 755, and 893 (IR-B numbering); multiple species of high-mannose glycan at residues 111 and 514; a single species of complex glycan at residue 671; and a single species of high-mannose glycan at residue 215. Residue 16 exhibited a mixture of complex, hybrid, and high-mannose glycan species. Of the remaining five predicted N-linked sites, those at residues 397 and 906 were confirmed by amino acid sequencing to be glycosylated, while that at residue 78 and the atypical (NKC) site at residue 282 were not glycosylated. The peptide containing the final site at residue 337 was not recovered but is seen to be glycosylated in the electron density maps of the IR ectodomain. The model of the fully glycosylated IR reveals that the sites carrying high-mannose glycans lie at positions of relatively low steric accessibility.
Innovative Approaches for Immune Tolerance to Factor VIII in the Treatment of Hemophilia A (2017)

Hemophilia A (coagulation factor VIII deficiency) is a debilitating genetic disorder that is primarily treated with intravenous replacement therapy. Despite a variety of factor VIII protein formulations available, the risk of developing anti-dug antibodies ("inhibitors") remains. Overall, 20-30% of patients with severe disease develop inhibitors. Current clinical immune tolerance induction protocols to eliminate inhibitors are not effective in all patients, and there are no prophylactic protocols to prevent the immune response. New experimental therapies, such as gene and cell therapies, show promising results in pre-clinical studies in animal models of hemophilia. Examples include hepatic gene transfer with viral vectors, genetically engineered regulatory T cells (Treg), <i>in vivo</i> Treg induction using immune modulatory drugs, and maternal antigen transfer. Furthermore, an oral tolerance protocol is being developed based on transgenic lettuce plants, which suppressed inhibitor formation in hemophilic mice and dogs. Hopefully, some of these innovative approaches will reduce the risk of and/or more effectively eliminate inhibitor formation in future treatment of hemophilia A.
A comparative multidimensional LC-MS proteomic analysis reveals mechanisms for furan aldehyde detoxification in Thermoanaerobacter pseudethanolicus 39E (2014)

T. pseudethanolicus 39E displays intrinsic tolerance to the common pretreatment inhibitors furfural and 5-HMF. Multidimensional proteomic analysis was used as an effective tool to identify putative mechanisms for detoxification of furfural and 5-HMF. T. pseudethanolicus was found to upregulate an NADPH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase 6.8-fold in response to furfural. In vitro enzyme assays confirmed the reduction of furfural and 5-HMF to their respective alcohols.
Decision Analysis for Use of Platelet Aggregation Test, Carbon 14–Serotonin Release Assay, and Heparin–Platelet Factor 4 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosis of Heparin-lnduced Thrombocytopenia (1999)

The value of the platelet aggregation test, carbon 14-labeled serotonin release assay (SRA), and heparin-platelet factor 4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (H-PF4 ELISA) for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia was evaluated by studying blood samples from 100 patients with suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and categorized into 4 clinical groups: unlikely (n = 22), possible (34), probable (36), and definite (8) thrombocytopenia. Results of the platelet aggregation test were positive in 40 of 44 patients with probable or definite heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (sensitivity 91%) and in 5 of 22 unlikely to have heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (specificity 77%). The SRA exhibited sensitivity of 88% and negative predictive value of 81%, close to those values for the platelet aggregation test; specificity and positive predictive value were 100%. The sensitivity of the heparin-PF4 ELISA was 97%, with specificity 86%, and a positive correlation was recorded between the level of antibodies to H-PF4 and clinical score (P = 0.66). When ELISA was used with the platelet aggregation test or SRA, positive predictive value and specificity were 100% when both tests yielded positive results, and negative predictive value was 100% when both tests yielded negative results. A biologic flow chart was designed that presented a choice based on the results of the platelet aggregation test or SRA in association with ELISA, and enabled more accurate and specific identification of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
Immobilization of Calcium Oxide Absorbent on a Fibrous Alumina Mat for High Temperature Carbon Dioixde Capture (2008)

Anthropogenic carbon dioxide emission from its sources must be reduced to decrease the threat of global warming. Calcium oxide is considered as an effective carbon dioxide absorbent in biomass or coal gasification process as well as conventional power plants. It reacts with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate which can be decomposed into the original oxide and carbon dioxide at high temperature by calcination. In order to make this method practical for the carbon dioxide capture and sequestration, the performance of the calcium oxide absorbent must be maintained over a large number of carbonation/calcination cycles. For this reason, loss in the surface area of the absorbent due to pore plugging and sintering of particles in cyclic operation must be avoided. To prevent or minimize this problem, a simple and effective procedure for immobilization of calcium oxide on a fibrous alumina mat was developed in this study. The prepared samples were observed by SEM and the cyclic performance of the calcium oxide absorbent was evaluated by TGA experiments and compared to the previous studies in literature. 75% and 62% maximum carbonation conversions of the prepared absorbents with 23 wt % and 55 wt % calcium oxide content were achieved respectively and remained stable even after ten cycles whereas conversion in the literature data dropped steeply with the number of cycles.
A Central Positron Source to Perform the Timing Alignment of Detectors in a PET Scanner (2005)

Accurate timing alignment and stability is important to maximize the true counts and minimize the random counts in positron emission tomography. It importance increases in time-of-flight scanners. We propose using a central positron emitting source enclosed in a detector which detects the excess energy of the positron before it annihilates as a timing reference. All crystals can be time-aligned with respect to this central source. We evaluated 10 /spl mu/Ci /sup 22/Na and /sup 68/Ge sources embedded in cylinders of plastic scintillator coupled to a fast PMT. Light flashes produced after the parent isotope emits positrons are detected, and the anode signals from the PMT are the reference time for each positron decay. The time delay before the gamma ray is detected by the scanner's conventional gamma ray detectors is the time offset to be applied to that crystal. Since all detectors are almost the same distance from the central source, time-of-flight errors are minimized. Preliminary results show a mean signal amplitude of >0.5 V from /sup 22/Na at 1000 V PMT bias, a timing FWHM of 850 psec with respect to a small LSO crystal. This suggests it could be useful to align both conventional and time-of-flight PET scanners.
Continuous Polymer Coating/Encapsulation of Submicrometer Particles Using a Solid Hollow Fiber Cooling Crystallization Method (2014)

Currently, no technique is available to continuously film coat nanosized drug particles with a polymer to produce large amounts of free-flowing coated particles. In this work, Eudragit RL 100 and poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) were chosen as the coating polymers and Cosmo 55 (550 nm silica particles) as a surrogate for drug particles. After determining the cloud point of the polymer solutions by UV spectrophotometry, we adopted the solid hollow fiber cooling crystallization (SHFCC) technique to continuously coat the submicrometer particles with the polymer. In this method the polymer solution containing a suspension of submicrometer particles flows in the lumen of a solid polymeric hollow fiber. Controlled cooling of the polymer solution by a coolant on the shell side of the hollow fibers allows for polymer nucleation on the surface of the particles; the precipitated polymer forms a thin film around the particles, the thickness of which can be varied depending on the operating conditions. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, laser diffraction spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were all used to characterize the coatings. The results indicate that a uniformly coated and free-flowing product can be achieved under optimized conditions in the SHFCC and suitable posttreatments. Furthermore, scale-up of the method can be easily accomplished by using a larger SHFCC module containing a much larger number of solid hollow fibers. This method is easily adaptable for coating nanosized drug particles as well.
Optical properties of ultrapure nano-polycrystalline diamond (2016)

Abstract We synthesized an ultrapure nano-polycrystalline diamond (NPD) containing very few chemical impurities (<1 ppm). The 13 C concentration of the carbon source was reduced to less than 0.01% by using 12 C-enriched high-purity carbon. The ultrapure NPD was synthesized by direct conversion from graphite under high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) conditions. We measured the optical properties of the ultrapure NPD, which appeared yellowish, attributed to the structural features of the specimen. Also, the one-phonon absorption peak at 1220 cm −1 is attributed to the broken symmetry of the diamond lattice. Moreover, a defect-related PL peak was found at 730 nm.
Inhibitors of the Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Protease with Basic Amine Functionality at the P3-Amino Acid N-Terminus: Discovery and Optimization of a New Series of P2−P4 Macrocycles (2009)

In a follow-up to our recent disclosure of P2-P4 macrocyclic inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protease (e.g., 1, Chart 1), we report a new but related compound series featuring a basic amine at the N-terminus of the P3-amino acid residue. Replacement of the electroneutral P3-amino acid capping group (which is a feature of almost all tripeptide-like inhibitors of NS3 reported to date) with a basic group is not only tolerated but can result in advantageous cell based potency. Optimization of this new class of P3-amine based inhibitors gave compounds such as 25 and 26 that combine excellent cell based activity with pharmacokinetic properties that are attractive for an antiviral targeting HCV.
Leveraging on-chip voltage regulators as a countermeasure against side-channel attacks (2015)

Side-channel attacks have become a significant threat to the integrated circuit security. Circuit level techniques are proposed in this paper as a countermeasure against side-channel attacks. A distributed on-chip power delivery system consisting of multi-level switched capacitor (SC) voltage converters is proposed where the individual interleaved stages are turned on and turned off either based on the workload information or pseudo-randomly to scramble the power consumption profile. In the case that the changes in the workload demand do not trigger the power delivery system to turn on or off individual stages, the active stages are reshuffled with so called converter-reshuffling to insert random spikes in the power consumption profile. An entropy based metric is developed to evaluate the security-performance of the proposed converter-reshuffling technique as compared to three other existing on-chip power delivery schemes. The increase in the power trace entropy with CoRe scheme is also demonstrated with simulation results to further verify the theoretical analysis.
Towards Cloud, Service and Tenant Classification for Cloud Computing (2014)

One of the major concerns cloud computing platforms face today is the lack of a unique identification of the "who" within the network infrastructure. State-of-the-art technologies (such as VLANs or IP addresses) lack functionality to cope with the highly dynamic and scalable, ever changing and virtualized cloud-enabled data center infrastructures. A shared and limited address space or the loss of identification across boundaries render classification unusable for per-tenant, per-service or per-cloud-provider policies. In this work, we introduce the concept of a classification mechanism that is fine-grained enough to associate tenants, services and cloud providers to their network streams. The Tenant-ID, Service-ID and Cloud-ID is added as a tag to Layer 3 packets throughout the consumer-to-service communication. We argue that the proposed service and tenant isolation concept is generic enough to be applicable across the whole cloud environment, thereby eliminating current limitations and enabling new network functionality.
Low off-state leakage current thin-film transistor using Cl incorporated hydrogenated amorphous silicon (1996)

We have studied the fabrication of low off-state leakage current amorphous silicon thin-film transistor (TFT) using Cl incorporated amorphous silicon [a-Si:H(:Cl)] as an active layer. The room temperature conductivity and conductivity activation energy of a-Si:H(:Cl) deposited by adding 10% SiH2Cl2 into silane plasma are much less than those of undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon because the a-Si:H(:Cl) shows a p-type conduction. The off-state leakage currents of the a-Si:H(:Cl) TFT under light illumination are much less than that of conventional a-Si:H TFT without degrading the field effect mobility because the photoconductivity of a-Si:H(:Cl) is much less than that of a-Si:H.
Providing common I/O clock for wireless distributed platforms (2004)

We propose a novel synchronization scheme for distributed audio-video input and output on heterogeneous general purpose computers (GPC) such as laptops, tablets, PDA, smart telephones, audio recorders, and camcorders. These devices typically possess sensors such as microphones and possibly cameras, and actuators such as loudspeakers and displays. In order to combine them wirelessly into a distributed array signal processing system, it is necessary to provide relative time synchronization to sensors and actuators. In this work we propose a setup and an algorithm to synchronize input and output for a network of distributed multichannel audio sensors and actuators connected to GPC. An IEEE 802.11 wireless network is used to deliver the global clock to distributed GPC, while the interrupt mechanism is employed to distribute the clock between I/O devices. Experimental results demonstrate a precision in A/D D/A synchronization precision better than 50 /spl mu/s (a couple of samples at 48 kHz).
A Foaming Esterification Sol–Gel Route for the Synthesis of Magnesia–Yttria Nanocomposites (2011)

Nanocomposites of MgO with Y 2 O 3 have been produced from the respective nitrates by an esterification reaction with ethylene glycol and citric acid. The evolution of nitrous oxides during the reaction causes the product to foam, and the calcination of this foam gives nanocomposite powders with extremely fine, uniform grains, and phase domains. These microstructures are remarkably stable both under postcalcination heat treatment and during consolidation by hot pressing. These stable microstructures arise as a result of the decomposition sequence: this involves the formation of a metastable amorphous/vitreous intermediate followed by concurrent crystallization and phase separation on the nanoscale.
Photoplethysmogram Measurement Without Direct Skin-to-Sensor Contact Using an Adaptive Light Source Intensity Control (2009)

We developed a chair-attached, nonintrusive photoplethysmogram (PPG) measuring system for everyday life, unconstrained monitoring using nonskin-contacting sensor-amplifier circuits capable of emitting suitable light intensity adaptable to clothing characteristics. Comparison between proposed and conventional systems showed reasonable correlation and root-mean-squared error levels, indicating its feasibility for unconstrained PPG monitoring.
Optimization of transmission-scan time for the FixER method: a MR-based PET attenuation correction with a weak fixed-position external radiation source (2014)

In recent work, we proposed an MRI-based attenuation-coefficient (-value) estimation method that uses a weak fixed-position external radiation source to construct an attenuation map for PET/MRI. In this presentation we refer to this method as FixER, and perform a series of simulations to investigate the duration of the transmission scan required to accurately estimate -values.