gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computational modeling of drug dissolution in the human stomach: Effects of posture and gastroparesis on drug bioavailability (2022)

The oral route is the most common choice for drug administration because of several advantages, such as convenience, low cost, and high patient compliance, and the demand and investment in research and development for oral drugs continue to grow. The rate of dissolution and gastric emptying of the dissolved active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) into the duodenum is modulated by gastric motility, physical properties of the pill, and the contents of the stomach, but current <i>in vitro</i> procedures for assessing dissolution of oral drugs are limited in their ability to recapitulate this process. This is particularly relevant for disease conditions, such as gastroparesis, that alter the anatomy and/or physiology of the stomach. <i>In silico</i> models of gastric biomechanics offer the potential for overcoming these limitations of existing methods. In the current study, we employ a biomimetic <i>in silico</i> simulator based on the realistic anatomy and morphology of the stomach (referred to as "StomachSim") to investigate and quantify the effect of body posture and stomach motility on drug bioavailability. The simulations show that changes in posture can potentially have a significant (up to 83%) effect on the emptying rate of the API into the duodenum. Similarly, a reduction in antral contractility associated with gastroparesis can also be found to significantly reduce the dissolution of the pill as well as emptying of the API into the duodenum. The simulations show that for an equivalent motility index, the reduction in gastric emptying due to neuropathic gastroparesis is larger by a factor of about five compared to myopathic gastroparesis.
Phosphorescent Organogels via “Metallophilic” Interactions for Reversible RGB−Color Switching (2004)

A trinuclear Au(I) pyrazolate complex bearing long alkyl chains (1) in hexane self-assembles via a Au(I)-Au(I) metallophilic interaction, to form a red-luminescent organogel (lambda(em) = 640 nm, lambda(ext) = 284 nm). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of an air-dried gel with 1 show the presence of heavily entangled fibers, each consisting of a rectangularly packed columnar assembly of 1. Doping of the organogel with a small amount of Ag(+) results in a blue luminescence (lambda(em) = 458 nm, lambda(ext) = 370 nm) without disruption of the gel, while removal of doped Ag(+) with cetyltrimethylammonium chloride results in complete recovery of the original red-luminescent gel. Upon heating, these organogels undergo gel-to-sol transition due to the destabilization of the metallophilic interactions, where the red luminescence of the nondoped system becomes hardly visible, while the blue luminescence of the Ag(+)-doped system turns green (lambda(em) = 501 nm, lambda(ext) = 370 nm). On cooling, these solutions undergo gelation and synchronously recover the original luminescences. The observed RGB (red-green-blue) luminescences are all long-lived (3-6 micros) and assigned to electronic transitions from triplet-excited states.
A new 4x4 array of active bipolar transistor crosspoints (1976)

Discusses a new 4/spl times/4 array of active bipolar transistor crosspoints realized for use in private branch telephone exchanges (PBX). It achieves low insertion loss by internal feedback and solves the interconnection problem cell by cell without a double metal layer or cross-chip bonding. Each crosspoint cell also includes a flip-flop for pulse triggering. The total number of pins is reduced to 25. The 4/spl times/4 crosspoint chip measures 3.0/spl times/2.9 mm and can easily be implemented in any higher order matrix.
Teams or Communities? Organizational Structures for Knowledge Management (1999)

Organizations are looking for new organizational structures in order to improve their knowledge management. Knowledge management is a general umbrella concept that covers many different processes, but here we limit ourselves to three specific knowledge management processes: knowledge creation, knowledge legitimization, and knowledge sharing. With this purpose in mind, we examine and define two types of group structures: teams and communities; and we elaborate propositions on their advantages and disadvantages for creating, legitimizing, and sharing knowledge in organizations.
Targeting neuronal and glial cell types with synthetic promoter AAVs in mice, non-human primates and humans (2019)

Targeting genes to specific neuronal or glial cell types is valuable for both understanding and repairing brain circuits. Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are frequently used for gene delivery, but targeting expression to specific cell types is an unsolved problem. We created a library of 230 AAVs, each with a different synthetic promoter designed using four independent strategies. We show that a number of these AAVs specifically target expression to neuronal and glial cell types in the mouse and non-human primate retina in vivo and in the human retina in vitro. We demonstrate applications for recording and stimulation, as well as the intersectional and combinatorial labeling of cell types. These resources and approaches allow economic, fast and efficient cell-type targeting in a variety of species, both for fundamental science and for gene therapy.
Unsteady Flow Model for Fractured Gas Reservoirs (2010)

Developing low permeability reservoirs is currently a big challenge to the industry. Because low permeability reservoirs are of low quality and are easily damaged, production from a single well is low, and there is unlikely to be any primary recovery. Therefore, in most cases, unconventional recovery methods are used for economic development of those reservoirs. Hydraulic fracturing has been an important means to develop low permeability gas reservoirs both at home and abroad. Correctly predicting fractured gas well's productivity can provide important guidance to formation sensitivity analysis and production plans for fractured wells. Taken into consideration the effects of the flows in artificially fractured cracks on formation as well as gas properties and real gas's equation of state, a partial differential initial boundary problem is established to describe the unstable flows in artificially fractured low permeability gas reservoir. We analyzed a concrete example, and the results show that the derived productivity formula can be used in practical engineering calculations and the model can be applied to multiple parallel fractures and other more complex conditions.
Wavelength selective uncooled infrared sensor by plasmonics (2012)

A wavelength selective uncooled infrared (IR) sensor using two-dimensional plasmonic crystals (2D PLCs) has been developed. The numerical investigation of 2D PLCs demonstrates that the wavelength of absorption can be mainly controlled by the period of the surface structure. A microelectromechanical systems-based uncooled IR sensor with 2D PLCs as the IR absorber was fabricated through a complementary metal oxide semiconductor and a micromachining technique. The selective enhancement of responsivity was observed at the wavelength that coincided with the period of the 2D-PLC absorber.
CD64 on neutrophils is a sensitive and specific marker for detection of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (2006)

Our results suggest that quantitative measurement of CD64 expression on neutrophils can be used as a sensitive and specific marker to detect infection complicating RA.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Differential Diagnosis of Meningiomas Using ANOVA (2021)

This work explored the diagnostic value of different subtypes of meningiomas under T2WI low signal based on analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the expression differences of Ki67, VEGF, and P73 in different subtypes were analyzed. 67 patients with meningioma confirmed surgically and pathologically in hospital were selected as the research subjects, whose pathological classification occurs with obvious low signal on T2WI. First, the age distribution of the subjects and the distribution of different subtypes were counted. Then, ANOVA was adopted to analyze the MRI imaging signs of patients with different subtypes of meningioma. Finally, the differences of Ki67, VEGF, and P73 proteins and mRNA expression levels in different subtypes were detected via immunohistochemical assay and qPCR. The results showed that the proportion of patients with transitional meningioma was the most, which was 43.28%, while the proportion of patients with meningeal melanoma was the least, which was 7.46%. In patients with transitional meningioma, the MRI images showed mixed signals in different layers. Fibrous MRI images showed hyalinosis and calcification of collagen fibers in the tumor, with low T2WI signal. Sand-shape MRI images showed double low signals. MRI images of meningeal melanoma showed high signal on T1-weighted Imaging (T1WI) and low signal on T2WI. The protein expression and mRNA levels of Ki67 and P73 in transitional meningioma were evidently higher in contrast to those in fibrous meningioma (<i>P</i> < 0.05). The expression level of VEGF protein and mRNA in meningeal melanoma were notably higher in contrast to those in fibro meningioma (<i>P</i> < 0.05). It was revealed that the MRI images of the four subtypes of meningiomas under ANOVA-based T2WI low signal were quite different, and the expressions of Ki67, P73, and VEGF in different subtypes had significant differences. This work provided a reference basis for the preoperative diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of meningiomas.
Compendium of food additive specifications (2023)

Compendium of food additive specifications , Compendium of food additive specifications , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Impact of TCP-like congestion control on the throughput of multicast groups (2002)

We study the impact of random queueing delays stemming from traffic variability on the performance of a multicast session. With a simple analytical model, we analyze the throughput degradation within a multicast (one-to-many) tree under TCP-like congestion and flow control. We use the (max,plus) formalism together with methods based on stochastic comparison (association and convex ordering) and on the theory of extremes to prove various properties of the throughput. We first prove that the throughput predicted by a deterministic model is systematically optimistic. In the presence of light-tailed random delays, we show that the throughput decreases according to the inverse of the logarithm of the number of receivers. We find analytically an upper and a lower bound for the throughput degradation. Within these bounds, we characterize the degradation which is obtained for various tree topologies. In particular, we observe that a class of trees commonly found in IP multicast sessions is significantly more sensitive to traffic variability than other topologies.
<title>High-power and high-temperature FET technology</title> (2000)

The performance of heterojunction metal-semiconductor-field- effect-transistors (MESFETs) and junction-field-effect- transistors (JFETs) fabricated with different buffers is presented. For the JFET, carbon was chosen as the p-type dopant because of its relative low diffusivity compared to other doping elements. The viability of heterojunction MESFET and JFET devices operating at 400 degrees C have been demonstrated. Two key factors contributing to the reduction of drain leakage currents were the use of a high resistivity, undoped AlAs buffer layers and the gate contacting layers: n-type AlGaAs for the MESFET and p-type AlGaAs for the JFET. A two LT-AL<SUB>0.3</SUB>Ga<SUB>0.7</SUB>As layer scheme were used for the first time specifically for use in high temperature applications. Even at 400 degrees, C the gate leakage current density for a gate length of 2 micrometers was 9 by 10<SUP>-7</SUP> A/micrometers at Vds equals 3V Vgs equals -7. The high resistance of LT-AlGaAs materials after annealing was responsible for such low gate leakage currents. The p- HEMTs became leaky at high temperature because of the parallel conduction and buffer design. The gate diode performed better when contacted to the undoped AlGaAs layer. DC and high-temperature performance of GaN-based MESFETs and MODFETs were compared. Al<SUB>0.3</SUB>Ga<SUB>0.7</SUB>N/GaN MODFETs with a gate-length of 2micrometers exhibited high transconductance was 47mS/mm, and dropped by 12 percent of its initial value to 41.4 mS/mm at 350 degrees C. The decrease in transconductance with temperature can be explained by the temperature dependence of the electron mobility. The large conduction band discontinuity in this material system may play an important role in terms of better electron confinement thus resulting in less degradation in transconductance.
Activation of mouse sperm T-type Ca <sup>2+</sup> channels by adhesion to the egg zona pellucida (1996)

The sperm acrosome reaction is a Ca(2+)-dependent exocytotic event that is triggered by adhesion to the mammalian egg's zona pellucida. Previous studies using ion-selective fluorescent probes suggested a role of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels in acrosome reactions. Here, wholecell patch clamp techniques are used to demonstrate the expression of functional T-type Ca2+ channels during mouse spermatogenesis. The germ cell T current is inhibited by antagonists of T-type channels (pimozide and amiloride) as well as by antagonists whose major site of action is the somatic cell L-type Ca2+ channel (1,4-dihydropyridines, arylalkylamines, benzothiazapines), as has also been reported for certain somatic cell T currents. In sperm, inhibition of T channels during gamete interaction inhibits zona pellucida-dependent Ca2+ elevations, as demonstrated by ion-selective fluorescent probes, and also inhibits acrosome reactions. These studies directly link sperm T-type Ca2+ channels to fertilization. In addition, the kinetics of channel inhibition by 1,4-dihydropyridines suggests a mechanism for the reported contraceptive effects of those compounds in human males.
Instantaneous depolarization of T cells via dopamine receptors, and inhibition of activated T cells of Psoriasis patients and inflamed human skin, by D1‐like receptor agonist: Fenoldopam (2019)

Activated T cells are pathological in various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases including Psoriasis, and also in graft rejection and graft-versus-host-disease. In these pathological conditions, selective silencing of activated T cells through physiological receptors they express remains a clinical challenge. In our previous studies we found that activation of dopamine receptors (DRs) in resting human T cells activates these cells, and induces by itself many beneficial T cell functions. In this study, we found that normal human T cells express all types of DRs, and that expression of D1R, D4R and D5R increases profoundly after T cell receptor (TCR) activation. Interestingly, DR agonists shift the membrane potential (V<sub>m</sub> ) of both resting and activated human T cells, and induces instantaneous T cell depolarization within 15 seconds only. Thus, activation of DRs in T cells depolarize these immune cells, alike activation of DRs in neural cells. The skin of Psoriasis patients contains 20-fold more D1R<sup>+</sup> T cells than healthy human skin. In line with that, 25-fold more D1R<sup>+</sup> T cells are present in Psoriasis humanized mouse model. Highly selective D1-like receptor agonists, primarily Fenoldopam (Corlopam) - a D1-like receptor agonist and a drug used in hypertension, induced the following suppressive effects on activated T cells of Psoriasis patients: reduced chemotactic migration towards the chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12; reduced dramatically the secretion of eight cytokines: tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10; and reduced three T cell activation proteins/markers: CD69, CD28 and IL-2. Next, we invented a novel topical/dermal Fenoldopam formulation, allowing it to be spread on, and providing prolonged and regulated release in, diseased skin. Our novel topical/dermal Fenoldopam: reduced secretion of the eight cytokines by activated human T cells; reduced IL-1β and IL-6 secretion by human lipopolysaccharide-inflamed skin; eliminated preferentially >90% of live and large/proliferating human T cells. Together, our findings show for the first time that both resting and activated T cells are depolarized instantaneously via DRs, and that targeting D1-like receptors in activated T cells and inflamed human skin by Fenoldopam, in Psoriasis, and potentially in other T cell-mediated diseases, could be therapeutic. Validation in vivo is required.
Transient boron diffusion in ion-implanted crystalline and amorphous silicon (1988)

Boron diffusion in ion-implanted and annealed single-crystal and amorphized Si is compared to determine the effect of amorphization on the initial transient boron motion reported for single crystal. The boron was implanted at 20 keV and at doses of 1×1015 and 3×1015cm−2. The Si was either preamorphized or postamorphized to a depth of 320 nm by implantation of Si ions at three different energies. In the amorphized samples the entire boron profile was always contained within this distance. The samples were annealed by furnace or rapid thermal annealing to 900–1100 °C with or without a preanneal at 600 °C. The initial rapid diffusion transient in the tail region of the boron profile was observed in all the crystal samples. This transient was totally absent in the amorphized samples. This is manifest by careful comparison of boron concentration profiles determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry of single-crystal and amorphized samples after annealing. For anneals where significant motion occurs, the profiles of the amorphized samples could be fit with a computational model that did not include anomalous transient effects. It is proposed that excess interstitials cause the transient diffusion in the case of the crystalline samples. The source of interstitials is believed to be provided by the thermal dissolution of small clusters that are formed by the implantation process. They exist for only a short time, during which they enhance the boron diffusion. Since there is no enhanced diffusion in the amorphous region that regrows to single crystal, apparently interstitial clusters are neither produced by nor do they survive the regrowth process in that region. In addition, the interstitials generated by the damage beyond the amorphous-crystalline boundary are prevented from entering the regrown region by the dislocation loops formed at that boundary which act as a sink consuming the interstitials diffusing toward the surface.
Depigmenting Effects of Calcium <scp>d</scp>‐Pantetheine‐<i>S</i>‐Sulfonate on Human Melanocytes (2000)

The effects of calcium D-pantetheine-S-sulfonate (PaSSO3Ca) on human pigmentation were examined by in vitro assays using two types of human melanocytes: normal adult melanocytes (HNM) and M4Be melanoma cells. The compound, when added to a culture medium at doses indicating no cytotoxicity, causes a visually recognizable, reversible loss of pigment in both types of cells. Determination of melanin content, incorporation of 14C-DOPA into melanins and tyrosinase activities demonstrated that treatment of these cells with PaSSO3Ca resulted in a marked decrease in all three areas. When homogenates of these cells were assayed with lectins, the glycosylation pattern was modified, as tyrosinase activities were reduced in the cells treated with the compound. Immunoprecipitation of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1 or TRP1) in cells incubated with radioactive glucosamine disclosed that glucosamine uptake by these enzymes was apparently increased, suggesting structural alterations in their sugar moieties. It is also noted that PaSSO3Ca is analogous in its chemical structure to Coenzyme A (CoA), which plays an important role in the intracellular transport of proteins. Based on these findings, it is likely that the compound exerts its depigmenting effects in human pigment cells through the modification of glycosylation of tyrosinase and TRP1, which are key enzymes for melanogenesis.
Analysis of metal ion‐induced DNA damage, apoptosis, and necrosis in human (Jurkat) T‐cells demonstrates Ni<sup>2+</sup> and V<sup>3+</sup> are more toxic than other metals: Al<sup>3+</sup>, Be<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Mo<sup>5+</sup>, Nb<sup>5+</sup>, Zr<sup>2+</sup> (2007)

It remains unclear how metal released from implants affects cells of the immune system and, in particular, cells of the adaptive immune system, that is, T-helper lymphocytes. In this study, we investigated the effects of aluminum, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, vanadium, and zirconium ions at concentrations from 0.05 to 5.0 mM on human CD4+ T lymphocytes. The DNA damage, apoptosis, necrosis, and proliferation responses of a human T-helper lymphocyte (Jurkat) cell line were evaluated to test our hypothesis that some metals will preferentially induce genotoxicity (DNA damage). Our results demonstrated that metal ions did not preferentially induce Jurkat T-lymphocyte DNA damage prior to other forms of toxicity, that is, apoptosis and/or direct necrosis. Nickel and vanadium induced the most DNA damage and were the most apoptotic metals tested, inducing >50% caspase-9 positive T cells at 0.05 mM and 0.1 mM concentrations, respectively. Cobalt and niobium were the most toxic metals, inducing <50% viability at approximately 0.5 mM concentrations. Nickel and vanadium were the only metals to induce DNA damage at nearly the same concentrations that induced >50% apoptosis (i.e., <0.05 mM). All the metals tested induced T-cell apoptosis at a lower dose than that required to affect DNA damage or toxicity, implying that soluble metals released from implants may not be preferentially genotoxic to lymphocytes.
Inflammation, Innate Immunity, and the Intestinal Stromal Cell Niche: Opportunities and Challenges (2015)

Stromal cells of multiple tissues contribute to immune-mediated protective responses and, conversely, the pathological tissue changes associated with chronic inflammatory disease. However, unlike hematopoietic immune cells, tissue stromal cell populations remain poorly characterized with respect to specific surface marker expression, their ontogeny, self-renewal, and proliferative capacity within tissues and the extent to which they undergo phenotypic immunological changes during the course of an infectious or inflammatory insult. Extending our knowledge of the immunological features of stromal cells provides an exciting opportunity to further dissect the underlying biology of many important immune-mediated diseases, although several challenges remain in bringing the emerging field of stromal immunology to equivalence with the study of the hematopoietic immune cell compartment. This review highlights recent studies that have begun unraveling the complexity of tissue stromal cell function in immune responses, with a focus on the intestine, and proposes strategies for the development of the field to uncover the great potential for stromal immunology to contribute to our understanding of the fundamental pathophysiology of disease, and the opening of new therapeutic avenues in multiple chronic inflammatory conditions.