gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of “<i>C</i>‐Disaccharides” by Radical CC Bond Formation (1986)

The first disaccharides linked by a CH2 group can be synthesized by addition of carbohydrate radicals to “carbohydrate alkenes”. An example of these molecules, which are of interest because of their possible enzyme-inhibitor properties, is the species 1.
Beam steering by combining two binary phase modulated FLC SLMs (2003)

Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal (FLC) Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) are attractive because of their high switching speed. However, conventional FLC SLMs are only capable of binary phase modulation. This is inconvenient for beam steering since as much as 60% of the incident power is lost to unwanted diffraction orders. To overcome this problem two cascaded FLC SLMs were used in this work. By coherently imaging a 180° binary-phase FLC SLM onto a 90° FLC SLM, with high precision, an effective four-level phase modulator was realized experimentally. Beam steering was demonstrated in the angular range ±10.9 mrad. The angular inaccuracy of the steered beam was found to be about 0.1 mrad, which equals about 25% of the beam diameter. The beam steering device has also been used for tracking experiments.
Surface Modification of Polytetrafluoroethylene Films by Discharges (1990)

A triode glow discharge system was used for the plasma treatment of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films and the formation of plasma polymerized hexamethyldisiloxane (PPHMDS) films on PTFE films. The nitrogen plasma increased the surface tension of the PTFE films to about 40 dyn/cm by applying an rf voltage to the substrate electrode. The contact angle of water on the PPHMDS films with the rf voltage was changed to 40°∼90° by corona discharge exposure for 30 s at 6 kV. This reduction is due to the decarbonization and the oxidation of PPHMDS films.
Trastuzumab Plus Anastrozole Versus Anastrozole Alone for the Treatment of Postmenopausal Women With Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2–Positive, Hormone Receptor–Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer: Results From the Randomized Phase III TAnDEM Study (2009)

Trastuzumab plus anastrozole improves outcomes for patients with HER2/hormone receptor-copositive MBC compared with anastrozole alone, although adverse events and serious adverse events were more frequent with the combination.
[Impact of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 on tumor invasion and metastasis in breast cancer]. (2011)

Since HIF-1 is able to promote invasion and metastasis of tumor cells, which may be considered as a target in anti-cancer therapy.
Pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) expression and insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐4 protease activity in normal and malignant ovarian surface epithelial cells (2004)

Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A) proteolyses insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4), thereby regulating local IGF availability. Reduced PAPP-A mRNA expression has been reported in ovarian cancer specimens compared to normal ovarian surface epithelial cells (OSE). To characterize PAPP-A expression and proteolytic activity in OSE, we developed a lifespan-extended human cell model using a temperature-sensitive mutant of the SV40 large T antigen (SV40LT). These OSE(tsT) cells proliferate at 34 degrees C (i.e., when SV40LT-positive), but not at 39 degrees C, a temperature at which the SV40LT is unstable (SV40LT-negative). Proteolysis of radiolabeled IGFBP-4 in conditioned media from OSE(tsT) lines was IGF-dependent and blocked by anti-PAPP-A antisera. Temperature shifts that eliminated stable SV40LT induced a 7-fold increase in PAPP-A mRNA and a 4-fold increase in protein. The converse experiment (shifting to SV40LT-positive conditions) resulted in decreased levels of PAPP-A mRNA but little change in PAPP-A protein. Nevertheless, there was a marked reduction in IGF-BP-4 proteolytic activity in medium of SV40LT-positive OSE-(tsT) cells. This decreased PAPP-A activity coincided with a nearly 20-fold increase in mRNA encoding a physiological inhibitor of PAPP-A, the precursor form of eosinophil Major Basic Protein (proMBP), and 4- to 5-fold increases in proMBP protein. Primary cultures of unmodified OSE expressed high levels of PAPP-A and undetectable proMBP, and therefore produced abundant IGFBP-4 protease activity. Short-term ovarian tumor cell cultures expressed variable levels of PAPP-A and high levels of proMBP, and consequently secreted little or no IGFBP-4 protease activity. The concurrent regulation of PAPP-A and its inhibitor, proMBP, suggests that IGFBP-4 proteolysis and local regulation of IGF availability may be altered in malignant ovarian epithelial cells.
A Review of Ionic Liquids, Their Limits and Applications (2014)

Since environmental pollution caused by chemical and energy industries has increased for several decades, there is a social expectation that scientists and engineers try to design sustainable chemical processes, to generate less hazardous materials and more environmentally friendly sources of energy production. In this review the roles of Ionic Liquids (ILs) and IL based solvent systems as proposed alternative for conventional organic solvents are described. Since there are already many reviews on benefits of ILs, after a very brief review of ILs we focus mostly on aspects that are not covered in other reviews, in particular the known limits of these solvents. In addition, different methods to measure the physicochemical properties relevant to their use in energy storage applications such as fuel cells and batteries are introduced. The physicochemical properties that are reviewed are thermal properties, conductivity and chemical reactivity. The focus of the review is on the literature after 2008, with the exception of some important historic articles on ILs.
Microwave Low-Noise Performance of $0.17~\mu \text{m}$ Gate-Length AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on SiC With Wide Head Double-Deck T-Shaped Gate (2016)

Microwave low-noise performance AlGaN/GaN HEMT on a SiC substrate with a wide head double-deck T-shaped gate has been reported. The HEMTs with gate-length ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L_{\mathrm { {g}}})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.17~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and source–drain spacing ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L_{\mathrm { {sd}}})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3.5~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> exhibited a maximum extrinsic transconductance of 360 mS/mm, a current gain cutoff frequency ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f_{\mathrm { {T}}})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 50 GHz, a maximum oscillation frequency ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f_{\mathrm { {max}}})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 149 GHz, and three-terminal breakdown voltage of 113 V. The device exhibited a minimum noise figure (NF <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{\mathrm { {min}}})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 0.50 and 0.84 dB at 10 and 18 GHz, respectively, when biased at <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\mathrm { {ds}}}= 5$ </tex-math></inline-formula> V and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$I_{\mathrm { {ds}}}= 140$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mA/mm, which is the lowest noise characteristics ever reported for the GaN-based T-shaped gate HEMTs with gate length larger than <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.1~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . This excellent noise performance is attributed to the reduction of the gate resistance resulting from a wide head T-shaped gate and the improved device characteristics.
An inter-element phase-detecting retrodirective array for nonuniform wavefronts (2009)

A retrodirective array designed to respond to nonuniform wavefronts is presented. The design overcomes the limitations of existing phase-detection-based retrodirective array architectures by measuring the phase difference between adjacent element pairs to increase array resolution. The transmit and receive frequencies are 2.45 and 2.4 GHz, respectively. Measurements demonstrate the ability to retrodirect to both single and multiple interrogators.
Nonrigid Registration of Joint Histograms for Intensity Standardization in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2008)

A major disadvantage of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared to other imaging modalities like computed tomography is the fact that its intensities are not standardized. Our contribution is a novel method for MRI signal intensity standardization of arbitrary MRI scans, so as to create a pulse sequence dependent standard intensity scale. The proposed method is the first approach that uses the properties of all acquired images jointly (e.g., T1- and T2-weighted images). The image properties are stored in multidimensional joint histograms. In order to normalize the probability density function (pdf) of a newly acquired data set, a nonrigid image registration is performed between a reference and the joint histogram of the acquired images. From this matching a nonparametric transformation is obtained, which describes a mapping between the corresponding intensity spaces and subsequently adapts the image properties of the newly acquired series to a given standard. As the proposed intensity standardization is based on the probability density functions of the data sets only, it is independent of spatial coherence or prior segmentations of the reference and current images. Furthermore, it is not designed for a particular application, body region or acquisition protocol. The evaluation was done using two different settings. First, MRI head images were used, hence the approach can be compared to state-of-the-art methods. Second, whole body MRI scans were used. For this modality no other normalization algorithm is known in literature. The Jeffrey divergence of the pdfs of the whole body scans was reduced by 45%. All used data sets were acquired during clinical routine and thus included pathologies.
Assessment of therapeutic response of locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) monitored using sequential magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) (2010)

The potential of total choline (tCho) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (ChoSNR) and tumor volume in the assessment of tumor response in locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) patients (n = 30) undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) was investigated using magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) and conventional MRI at 1.5 T. Experiments were carried out sequentially at four time-points: prior to therapy and after I, II and III NACT and ChoSNR, and the tumor volume was measured. The MR response was compared with the clinical response. Sequential data of 25 patients were retrospectively analyzed by classifying them as clinical responders and non-responders. In 14 responders, the pre-therapy ChoSNR was 7.8 +/- 5.1. In 10/14 responders, no choline was observed after III NACT while in the remaining four patients the ChoSNR was reduced to 3.6 +/- 1.1 (p < 0.05). Non-responders showed no statistically significant change in ChoSNR. After III NACT, the tumor volume reduced by 84.0 +/- 14.8% in responders. Using receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis, cut-off values of 53% for ChoSNR and 47.5% for volume were obtained to differentiate responders from non-responders. The sensitivity to detect responders from non-responders using ChoSNR was 85.7% with 91% specificity while 100% sensitivity was observed for volume but with reduced specificity of 73%. Our results indicate that ChoSNR may serve as a useful parameter to predict tumor response to NACT with higher specificity compared to volume, suggesting its potential in effective treatment management.
Using neural networks and genetic algorithms to enhance performance in an electronic nose (1999)

Sensitivity, repeatability, and discernment are three major issues in any classification problem. In this study, an electronic nose with an array of 32 sensors was used to classify a range of odorous substances. The collective time response of the sensor array was first partitioned into four time segments, using four smooth time-windowing functions. The dimension of the data associated with each time segment was then reduced by applying the Karhunen-Loéve (truncated) expansion (KLE). An ensemble of the reduced data patterns was then used to train a neural network (NN) using the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) learning method. A genetic algorithm (GA)-based evolutionary computation method was used to devise the appropriate NN training parameters, as well as the effective database partitions/features. Finally, it was shown that a GA-supervised NN system (GANN) outperforms the NN-only classifier, for the classes of the odorants investigated in this study (fragrances, hog farm air, and soft beverages).
A New Selective Fading Model: Application to Propagation Data (1979)

Channel transmission models for use in estimating the performance of radio systems on line-of-sight paths at 6 GHz are explored. The basis for this study is the simple three-ray multipath fade, which provides a channel transfer function of the form H(ω) = a[1 − b exp −j(ω − ω <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> )τ], where a is the scale parameter, b is a shape parameter, τ is the delay difference in the channel, and ω <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> is the (radian) frequency of the fade minimum. This model is indistinguishable from an ideal channel model, within the accuracy of existing measurements. The propagation data that confirm the model were obtained in summer 1977 from a 26.4-mile hop near Atlanta, Georgia. The received power at 24 sample frequencies spaced at 1.1 MHz and centered on 6034.2 MHz was continuously monitored and recorded during periods of anomalous behavior. The model is applied to estimating the statistics of the channel delay difference, τ. The average delay difference giving rise to significant selectivity in the channel is between 5 and 9 ns. The distribution of delay difference is obtained for delay differences greater than 10 ns. The channel is found to have more than 3 dB of selectivity (difference between maximum and minimum attenuation in band) due to delay differences greater than 20 ns for more than 70 seconds in a heavy fading month. (This is comparable to the time the channel attenuation of a single frequency exceeds 40 dB.) The three-path model requires further simplification for narrowband channel application. For a channel with 30 MHz bandwidth, a model with fixed delay of 6.3 ns provides a sufficiently accurate representation of all observed channel conditions. The resulting nonphysical model is used to statistically characterize the condition of the fading channel. The statistics of the parameters of the fixed delay model are almost independent and of relatively simple form. The distribution of the shape parameter b is of the form (1 − b) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2.3</sup> . The distribution of a is lognormal.
A visual language for image processing (2002)

The visual language Contata is a simple, but powerful, programming environment for the KHOROS system. By providing a graphical interface to basic components in the form of block diagrams with which researchers in many fields are already familiar, Contata promotes experimentation and learning without the need for advanced programming skills. The syntax of the language is discussed. Language features such as control structures and hierarchy are discussed. An image processing library and interoperable data exchange format are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Tau in neurodegenerative disease (2018)

Tau, a microtubule-associated protein, is the main component of the intracellular filamentous inclusions that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases known as tauopathies, including Alzheimer disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism-17 (FTDP-17), Pick disease (PiD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). Hyperphosphorylated, aggregated tau proteins form the core of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are shown to be one of the pathological hallmarks of AD. The discovery of mutations in the microtubule-associated protein tau (<i>MAPT</i>) gene in patients with FTDP-17 also contributes to a better understanding of the dysfunctional tau as a cause of diseases. Although recent substantial progress has been made in the tau pathology of tauopathies, the mechanisms underlying tau-induced neurodegeneration remain unclear. Here, we present an overview of the biochemical properties of tau protein and the pathogenesis underlying tau-induced neurodegenerative diseases. Meanwhile, we will discuss the tau-related biomarkers and ongoing tau-targeted strategies for therapeutic modulation.
Effects of sampling and preservation on apparent feeding by chaetognaths (1997)

Chaetognaths are abundant predators of manne zooplankton. Their feeding typically has been quantified from gut contents of net-collected specimens. We evaluated the effects of mesh size and sampling duration on the gut contents of chaetognaths. Samples were compared from 333 pm and 64 pm mesh nets towed for 2 min and preserved immediately (controls), or towed for 5 min and preserved after 0, 5, 15, or 35 min. The 333 I.lm mesh net undersampled small chaetognaths, resulting in different chaetognath species and length distributions and different prey compositions than those obtained from the 64 pm mesh net. Prey loss from gut contents was substantial, with as much as 50% of prey lost in tows of greater than 2 min duration Cod-end feeding, as indicated by prey in the foregut, undigested prey, and non-prey ~t e m s , was much less than prey loss. Actual chaetognath predation effects may be more than double estimates made using net tow durations greater than 2 min.
Efficacy and Safety of Sildenafil in Men With Serotonergic Antidepressant-Associated Erectile Dysfunction (2006)

Short-term (6-week) administration of sildenafil was well tolerated and significantly improved erectile function and overall sexual satisfaction in men with ED associated with SRI therapy for MDD. Sildenafil may be successfully used to treat SRI-associated ED without interruption of antidepressant therapy.
Streamflow—Water year 2021 (2022)

First posted August 19, 2022 For additional information, contact: U.S. Geological Survey 415 National Center Reston, Virginia 20192Contact Pubs Warehouse The maps and graphs in this summary describe national streamflow conditions for water year 2021 (a water year is the period from October 1 to September 30 and is designated by the year in which it ends; for example, water year 2021 was from October 1, 2020, to September 30, 2021) in the context of streamflow ranks relative to the 92-year period of water years 1930–2021. Annual runoff in the Nation’s rivers and streams during water year 2021 (9.43 inches) was higher than the long-term (1930–2021) mean annual runoff of 9.42 inches for the contiguous United States. Nationwide, the 2021 streamflow ranked the 46th highest out of the 92 years.
The CD8+ Dendritic Cell Subset Selectively Endocytoses Dying Cells in Culture and In Vivo (2002)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are able in tissue culture to phagocytose and present antigens derived from infected, malignant, and allogeneic cells. Here we show directly that DCs in situ take up these types of cells after fluorescent labeling with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and injection into mice. The injected cells include syngeneic splenocytes and tumor cell lines, induced to undergo apoptosis ex vivo by exposure to osmotic shock, and allogeneic B cells killed by NK cells in situ. The CFSE-labeled cells in each case are actively endocytosed by DCs in vivo, but only the CD8+ subset. After uptake, all of the phagocytic CD8+ DCs can form major histocompatibility complex class II-peptide complexes, as detected with a monoclonal antibody specific for these complexes. The CD8+ DCs also selectively present cell-associated antigens to both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Similar events take place with cultured DCs; CD8+ DCs again selectively take up and present dying cells. In contrast, both CD8+ and CD8- DCs phagocytose latex particles in culture, and both DC subsets present soluble ovalbumin captured in vivo. Therefore CD8+ DCs are specialized to capture dying cells, and this helps to explain their selective ability to cross present cellular antigens to both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
Fluorine-Containing Free Radicals (1978)

The study of reactions of free fluorine atoms in their ground 2p5 2P3/2, 1/2 states has progressed rapidly in the last several years. Major technique difficulties have been gradually overcome, and several methods of determining F atom concentrations are now available. Elementary reaction kinetics in low pressure flow systems have received particular attention, probably because of the relative ease of interfacing flow systems to F-atom detection devices such as mass spectrometers and vacuum-uv atomic resonance spectrometers. Photolytic production of F atoms is less easy - F2, for instance, absorbs only very weakly in the near ultraviolet or visible regions. Similarly,detection of F 2PJ atoms in static systems presents problems that have not been fully solved at the present time. Therefore, the work described in this article has mostly been carried out in flow systems.
The Crying of Infants With Colic: A Controlled Empirical Description (1992)

To obtain a controlled empirical description of some of the measurable clinical features of colic in a naturalistic context, 38 infants whose mothers considered crying a problem ("colic") and 38 pair-matched control infants were observed and videotaped at home 10 minutes before and after an evening feed. The parents kept a diary of infant behaviors (including crying and fussing) for 7 days following the visit. Following Wessel et al (Pediatrics. 1954;14:421-434), each "colic" infant was classified according to the number of days per week that crying and fussing duration was greater than 3 h/d. The distribution of infants with colic suggested that there were two subgroups: Wessel's colic infants, with 3 days or more per week of more than 3 hours of crying and fussing per day; and non-Wessel's colic infants, with fewer such days. Maternal measures of total daily crying/fussing duration, crying/fussing bout length, and infant temperament and objective analyses of facial activity showed a consistent pattern of differences in which Wessel's colic infants differed from both non-Wessel's colic and control infants, who in turn did not differ from each other. Both colic groups differed from control infants only in the perception of postfeed cries as being more "sick sounding." The results imply that the complaint of colic represents two (or more) groups and that there may be meaningfully distinct colic syndromes. They also provide the first independent empirical support for Wessel and colleagues' clinical distinction between "fussy" and "contented" babies.