gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SYNTHESIS AND FORMULATION OF IBUPROFEN PRO-DRUGS FOR ENHANCED TRANSDERMAL ABSORPTION (2014)

Objectives: The aim is to synthesize ibuprofen prodrugs that have more suitable physicochemical properties and formulate them into a liquid formulation for topical administration. The transdermal delivery (TDD) is one of the most attractive routes for drug administration as it eliminates the GIT absorption variable, improves patient compliance and also reduces drug plasma fluctuations. However, TDD only drugs with suitable physico-chemical properties can be absorbed. The oral administration of NSAIDs for a long time can cause gastric mucosal damage, which may result in ulceration and bleeding. Thus, the development of a TDD of NSAIDs is of great interest as it decreases GIT side effects Methods: The synthesis of ibuprofen alkyl esters was carried out by esterification reactions with methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol and hexanol. The formulated samples were then subjected to stability studies according to ICH guidelines. Results: We have successfully synthesized and characterized various esters of ibuprofen. Moreover, ibuprofen butyl ester has been prepared as topical solutions. The formulated TDD was tested for stability according to ICH guidelines and the results showed no changes in the initial appearance during three months of study at room temperature & at 40 °C. Conclusion: The assay and pH were within the pharmacopeial limits during the period of the study. In conclusion, stable topical formulation of Ibuprofen esters was obtained.
Low-loss 2-bit tunable bandpass filters using MEMS DC contact switches (2005)

This paper presents the development of tunable filters using ohmic contact microelectromechanical system switches. It is shown that this type of switch is very well suited for the fabrication of low-loss high tuning-range microwave filters. Two sets of tunable Ku-band microstrip filters and resonators have been fabricated, with measured tuning ranges of 20% and 44%, and unloaded quality factors better than 75 in all cases. The 2-bit 5.7% fractional bandwidth, tunable bandpass filters exhibit insertion losses lower than 3.2 dB in all states.
A Simple Nanocellulose Coating for Self‐Cleaning upon Water Action: Molecular Design of Stable Surface Hydrophilicity (2017)

Coating solid surfaces with cellulose nanofibril (CNF) monolayers via physical deposition was found to keep the surfaces free of a variety of oils, ranging from viscous engine oil to polar n-butanol, upon water action. The self-cleaning function was well correlated with the unique molecular structure of the CNF, in which abundant surface carboxyl and hydroxy groups are uniformly, densely, and symmetrically arranged to form a polar corona on a crystalline nanocellulose strand. This isotropic core-corona configuration offers new and easily adoptable guidance to design self-cleaning surfaces at the molecular level. Thanks to its excellent self-cleaning behavior, the CNF coating converted conventional meshes into highly effective membranes for oil-water separation with no prior surface treatment required.
The Use of Molybdenum in Automotive Three-Way Catalysts (1982)

Recent developments in three-way catalyst (TWC) technology may have potential to decrease the amount of rhodium needed in TWC formulations. Current TWC formulations contain platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh). The amount of Rh used in the TWCs, that have desired durability, is considerably higher than the mine ratio of Pt/Rh of 17-19. For large scale vehicle application, it is necessary to find ways to minimize the use of this scarce material. Recent findings show that improved net NOx activity, with minimum NH3 formation, is accomplished by the incorporation of molybdenum oxide in Pt and Pt-Rh catalysts. Temperature programmed reduction and IR studies were carried out to investigate the interaction of MoO3 with PtO2 and with the γ-Al2O3 support. The results are used to explain the improved selectivity for the NO to N2 reaction and the decreased CO poisoning of molybdenum-containing Pt catalysts when compared to pure Pt catalysts.
Atomistic simulations of field assisted evaporation in atom probe tomography (2015)

Atom probe tomography (APT) is an extremely powerful technique for determining the three-dimensional structure and chemical composition of a given sample. Although it is designed to provide images of material structure with atomic scale resolution, reconstruction artifacts, well-known to be present in reconstructed images, reduce their accuracy. No existing simulation technique has been able to describe the origin of these artifacts. Here we develop a simulation technique which allows for atomistic simulations of the atom emission process in the presence of high electric fields in APT experiments. Our code combines hybrid concurrent electrodynamics—molecular dynamics and a Monte Carlo approach. We use this technique to demonstrate the atom-level origin of artifacts in APT image reconstructions on examples of inclusions and voids in investigated samples. The results show that even small variations in the surface topology give rise to distortions in the local electric field, limiting the accuracy of conventional APT reconstruction algorithms.
HIV-1 Vpu Sequesters β-Transducin Repeat-containing Protein (βTrCP) in the Cytoplasm and Provokes the Accumulation of β-Catenin and Other SCFβTrCP Substrates (2003)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu protein acts as an adaptor for the proteasomal degradation of CD4 by recruiting CD4 and beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (betaTrCP), the receptor component of the multisubunit SCF-betaTrCP E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. We showed that the expression of a Vpu-green fluorescent fusion protein prevented the proteosomal degradation of betaTrCP substrates such as beta-catenin, IkappaBalpha, and ATF4, which are normally directly targeted to the proteasome for degradation. Beta-catenin was translocated into the nucleus, whereas the tumor necrosis factor-induced nuclear translocation of NFkappaB was impaired. Beta-catenin was also up-regulated in cells producing Vpu+ human immunodeficiency virus type 1 but not in cells producing Vpu-deficient viruses. The overexpression of ATF4 also provoked accumulation of beta-catenin, but to a lower level than that resulting from the expression of Vpu. Finally, the expression of Vpu induces the exclusion of betaTrCP from the nucleus. These data suggest that Vpu is a strong competitive inhibitor of betaTrCP that impairs the degradation of SCFbetaTrCP substrates as long as Vpu has an intact phosphorylation motif and can bind to betaTrCP.
The ASVspoof 2017 Challenge: Assessing the Limits of Replay Spoofing Attack Detection (2017)

The ASVspoof initiative was created to promote the development of countermeasures which aim to protect automatic speaker verification (ASV) from spoofing attacks. The first community-led, common evaluation held in 2015 focused on countermeasures for speech synthesis and voice conversion spoofing attacks. Arguably, however, it is replay attacks which pose the greatest threat. Such attacks involve the replay of recordings collected from enrolled speakers in order to provoke false alarms and can be mounted with greater ease using everyday consumer devices. ASVspoof 2017, the second in the series, hence focused on the development of replay attack countermeasures. This paper describes the database, protocols and initial findings. The evaluation entailed highly heterogeneous acoustic recording and replay conditions which increased the equal error rate (EER) of a baseline ASV system from 1.76% to 30.71%. Submissions were received from 49 research teams, 20 of which improved upon a baseline replay spoofing detector EER of 24.65%, in terms of replay/non-replay discrimination. While largely successful, the evaluation indicates that the quest for countermeasures which are resilient in the face of variable replay attacks remains very much alive.
A fluorescent host-guest complex of cucurbituril in solution: a molecular Jack O'Lantern (2001)

Fluorescence enhancement of a probe molecule in solution by the container molecule cucurbituril (CB) is reported for the first time. The fluorescence of the probe 2-anilinonaphthalene-6-sulfonate (2,6-ANS) in aqueous Na 2 SO 4 solution is found to increase by a maximum factor of 5.0 upon addition of cucurbituril. This fluorescence enhancement is the result of the formation of a hostguest inclusion complex, in which the guest 2,6-ANS is incorporated inside the cavity of the host, cucurbituril. Measurement of the enhancement as a function of cucurbituril concentration yielded a value of the equilibrium constant (K) of 52 ± 10 M 1 . It is proposed that the mode of inclusion involves the phenyl group of the 2,6-ANS, because of the relatively small size of the cucurbituril cavity. It is further proposed that the observed enhancement is a result of loss of rotational mobility of the phenyl ring relative to the naphthyl fluorophore of 2,6-ANS upon inclusion of the phenyl ring. Since the name cucurbituril is derived from the Latin word for "pumpkin," this fluorescent host-guest complex is referred to as a "molecular Jack O'Lantern," with the 2,6-ANS serving as the candle.Key words: hostguest chemistry, fluorescence, cucurbituril, inclusion compounds.
Carbon nanotube-composite wafer bonding for ultra-high efficiency III&#x2013;V multijunction solar cells (2010)

Device-wafer bonding provides a platform for the implementation of ultra-high-efficiency multijunction solar cell designs, by allowing optimal subcell bandgap combinations to be attained while using only high-quality materials lattice-matched to their growth substrates. One promising new method for achieving wafer bonding is to use carbon nanotube composite thin films as the bonding agent between subcells grown on dissimilar substrates. In this paper we present the first demonstration of CNT-composite bonding of III-V materials, and evaluate its suitability for solar-cell integration in terms of optical transparency, electrical conductivity, bond uniformity and robustness, and bonded-device electrical performance. Another, relatively more mature method for device-wafer integration is that of direct semiconductor bonding technology. In order to provide a basis for comparison with CNT-bonding, we also summarize the latest achievements of the SBT solar cell development effort at Spectrolab.
Synthesis of the C1–C20 and C15–C27 Segments of Aplyronine A (2011)

The synthesis of C1-C20 and C15-C27 segments of Aplyronine A is described. Oxidative cleavage of cyclic vinyl sulfones has been used to prepare key fragments of Aplyronine A. Key precursors are united by Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons and Julia-Kociensky olefination for the respective elaboration of the C1-C20 and C15-C27 segments.
Role of Concentration on the Formulation of Zinc Oxide Nanorods from Poly(styrene-<i>alt</i>-maleic acid) Template (2009)

The self-assembled nanotube structure of poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) derivatives had been previously ascribed to its favorable chirality on the polymer chain. Therefore, poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) (SMAc) was used as a template to chelate with zinc ion and to generate SMAc-Zn with rigid-chain structure for the formulation of ZnO nanorods. In this way, SMAc-Zn polychelates (as SMAc-Zn(c)) prepared from concentrated aqueous solution are nanorods with larger dimensions than SMAc-Zn(d) prepared from dilute aqueous solution. A two-phase structure with randomly distributed small ZnO nanoparticles and large polymer-dominant nanospheres was observed if SMAc-Zn was further heated at 150 °C. In contrast, only ZnO nanorods with the observed dimensions comparable to their SMAc-Zn(c) or -Zn(d) precursor were obtained if heating was performed at 450 °C. Dimensions of the resulting ZnO nanorods are determined from the starting precursors, that is, ZnO nanorods from SMAc-Zn(c) have larger dimensions than ZnO nanorods from SMAc-Zn(d). Photoluminescent emission properties in relation to the morphological difference were also investigated in this study.
“Amide Resonance” Correlates with a Breadth of C−N Rotation Barriers (2007)

Complete basis set calculations (CBS-QB3) were used to compute the CN rotation barriers for acetamide and eight related compounds, including acetamide enolate and O-protonated acetamide. Natural resonance theory analysis was employed to quantify the "amide resonance" contribution to ground-state electronic structures. A range of rotation barriers, spanning nearly 50 kcal/mol, correlates well to the ground-state resonance weights without the need to account for transition-state effects. Use of appropriate model compounds is crucial to gain an understanding of the structural and electronic changes taking place during rotation of the CN bond in acetamide. The disparate changes in bond length (DeltarCO << DeltarCN) are found to be consonant with the resonance model. Similarly, charge differences are consistent with donation from the nitrogen lone pair electrons into the carbonyl pi* orbital. Despite recent attacks on the resonance model, these findings demonstrate it to be a sophisticated and highly predictive tool in the chemist's arsenal.
III-V nitrides for electronic and optoelectronic applications (1991)

Recent developments in III-V nitride thin-film materials for electronic and optoelectronic applications are reviewed. The problems that are limiting the development of these materials and devices made from them are discussed. The properties of cubic boron nitride, aluminum nitride, gallium nitride, AlN/GaN solid solutions and heterostructures, and indium nitride are discussed. It is pointed out that the lack of a suitable substrate, with the possible exception of SiC for AlN, is a problem of considerable magnitude. This is compounded by the presence of shallow donor bands in GaN and InN which are apparently caused by N vacancies. The question of whether these vacancies occur (if they do) as a result of intrinsic or extrinsic (as a result of deposition) nonstoichiometry has not been answered. However, the recent advances in the fabrication of p-type GaN and a p-n junction light emitting diode via the electron beam stimulation of the Mg dopant are very encouraging and may considerably advance the technology of this material. This would indicate that self-compensation effects, similar to those observed in ZnO and ZnSe, may not be present in the III-V nitrides, since cubic BN (cBN) AlN and now GaN have been reportedly doped both n- and p-type.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Phase 1 study of temozolamide (TMZ) combined with procarbazine (PCB) in patients with gliomas (2003)

Temozolomide (TMZ) is an oral alkylating agent with a good safety profile and proven efficacy in the treatment of malignant glioma. Procarbazine (PCB) has been used for treating gliomas for many years and here both agents were combined in the treatment. This phase I study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TMZ alone (course 1) and TMZ in combination with PCB in subsequent courses in chemotherapy-naïve patients with malignant glioma. Patients with anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and low-grade glioma were treated with TMZ 200 mg m(-2) on days 1-5 on a 28-day cycle for course 1. Beginning with course 2, cohorts of patients received TMZ at full dose with escalating doses of PCB (50/75/100/125 mg m(-2) days 1-5 given 1 h prior to TMZ). A total of 28 patients were enrolled with three patients each at dose level 1 and 2, 16 patients at dose level 3 and six patients at dose level 4 received 182+ cycles of treatment and were included in this analysis. In all, 16 patients had GBM, seven patients had AA, five had grade 1 or 2 glioma and the median age was 47 years. The patients had received prior surgery and radiotherapy. Responses were seen at all dose levels. Overall, there were 10 (36%) responses lasting from 2 to 17+ months. Treatment was generally well tolerated with few grade 3 or 4 toxicities, except at dose level 4, where four patients had grade 3/4 had thrombocytopaenia at this dose and several patients had moderate-to-severe lethargy. TMZ 200 mg m(-2) and PCB 100 mg m(-2) were well tolerated on a daily 5 x and four weekly cycle in patients with malignant glioma and clearly had antitumour activity.
Groshong versus Hickman catheters. (1992)

There has been an increasing need for safe and efficient means of establishing vascular access in the patient with cancer. Recently, the use of percutaneous cannulation of the central veins, using guidewires, venous dilators and tearaway introducer sheaths, has become a popular method of establishing such access. The greatest concerns with the use of such catheters include sepsis, thrombus formation within the vein and catheter malfunction. The current study compared the incidence of these complications with Groshong (Cath Tech CV catheters with Groshong valve) and Hickman (Bard Access Systems vascular access catheters) catheters. Although there was no significant difference in septic complications and thrombus formation between the two groups, there was a significant (p less than 0.05) difference in catheter malfunction. Patients with Hickman catheters experienced significantly less problems with one way intermittent and one way catheters than did patients with Groshong catheters. We conclude that, based on catheter function, the Hickman catheter appears to be a more favorable alternative when compared with the Groshong catheter in the patient with cancer.
Early divergence of central and peripheral neural retina precursors during vertebrate eye development (2014)

This review focuses on lineage relationships in the retina and revisits the historical context for segregation of central and peripheral retina precursors before overt eye morphogenesis.
The fatty acid analogue 11-(dansylamino)undecanoic acid is a fluorescent probe for the bilirubin-binding sites of albumin and not for the high-affinity fatty acid-binding sites (1990)

1. The fluorescent fatty acid probe 11-(dansylamino)undecanoic acid (DAUDA) binds with high affinity to bovine and human serum albumin (BSA and HSA) at three sites. 2. The Kd of the primary binding site could not be determined; however, the two secondary sites appeared to be equivalent, with an apparent Kd of 8 x 10(-7) M for both BSA and HSA. 3. The spectral characteristics of DAUDA when bound to the primary site of the two albumins were different, with HSA producing a greater fluorescence enhancement and emission maximum at a shorter wavelength (480 nm) than for BSA (495 nm). 4. Displacement studies indicated that the DAUDA-binding sites were not equivalent to the primary long-chain fatty acid-binding sites on albumin, but corresponded to the bilirubin sites. Fatty acyl-CoAs also bind to the bilirubin sites, as do medium-chain fatty acids. 5. The solubility, stability and spectral properties of DAUDA make it an excellent probe for investigating the bilirubin-binding sites of albumin, particularly HSA.
Recent progress in the development of metal complexes as β-amyloid imaging probes in the brain (2017)

In this review, we have focused on the recent progress in metal complexes that are able to bind to β-amyloid (Aβ) species. We have discussed various radioactive complexes of <sup>99m</sup>Tc, <sup>68</sup>Ga, <sup>64</sup>Cu, <sup>89</sup>Zr, and <sup>111</sup>In, which were designed as Aβ imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, non-radioactive Re and Ru complexes as Aβ sensors using luminescence methods, and Gd<sup>3+</sup> complexes as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Coastal and Environmental Remote Sensing from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: An Overview (2015)

Klemas, V.V., 2015. Coastal and environmental remote sensing from unmanned aerial vehicles: An overview.Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offer a viable alternative to conventional platforms for acquiring high-resolution remote-sensing data at lower cost and increased operational flexibility. UAVs include various configurations of unmanned aircraft, multirotor helicopters (e.g., quadcopters), and balloons/blimps of different sizes and shapes. Quadcopters and balloons fill a gap between satellites and aircraft when a stationary monitoring platform is needed for relatively long-term observation of an area. UAVs have advanced designs to carry small payloads and integrated flight control systems, giving them semiautonomous or fully autonomous flight capabilities. Miniaturized sensors are being developed/adapted for UAV payloads, including hyperspectral imagers, LIDAR, synthetic aperture radar, and thermal infrared sensors. UAVs are now used for a wide range of environmental applications, such as coastal wetland mapping, LIDAR bathymetry, flood and wildfire surveillance, tracking oil spills, urban studies, and Arctic ice investigations.
CDMA Smart Antenna Performance (2006)

Applications of smart antenna technology to CDMA networks include both high-mobility cellular/PCS as well as fixed-terminal and low-mobility wireless local hop deployments. Smart antennas are emerging as an integral element of the new wideband CDMA standards for third generation mobile telephone systems across North America, Europe and Asia. This paper proposes a realizable architecture that applies smart antennas to current TIA/IS-95 CDMA networks; the approach employs a noninvasive applique technique designed to address many of the fundamental performance limitations that exist with current CDMA networks. The design integrates naturally with existing smart antenna architectures for analog AMPS service. Computer simulations are used to examine improvements in capacity and performance employing the fixed-beam technology. The non-traditional roles phased-array antenna deployments can play in traffic load balancing, handoff management and network-wide interference control are explored.
Beat wave injection of electrons into plasma waves using two interfering laser pulses (2004)

An electron injector concept that uses a single injection laser pulse colliding with a pump laser pulse in a plasma is analyzed. The pump pulse generates a large amplitude laser wakefield (plasma wave). The counterpropagating injection pulse collides with the pump laser pulse to generate a beat wave with a slow phase velocity. The ponderomotive force of the slow beat wave is responsible for injecting plasma electrons into the wakefield near the back of the pump pulse. Test particle simulations indicate that significant amounts of charge can be trapped and accelerated ( approximately 10 pC). For higher charge, beam loading limits the validity of the simulations. The accelerated bunches are ultrashort ( approximately 1 fs) with good beam quality (relative energy spread of a few percent at a mean energy of approximately 10 MeV and a normalized root-mean-square emittance on the order 0.4 mm mrad). The effects of interaction angle and polarization are also explored, e.g., efficient trapping can occur for near-collinear geometries. Beat wave injection using a single injection pulse has the advantages of simplicity, ease of experimental implementation, and requires modest laser intensity < 10(18) W/cm(2).