gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extra-articular techniques in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (2011)

This annotation considers the place of extra-articular reconstruction in the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency. Extra-articular reconstruction has been employed over the last century to address ACL deficiency. However, the technique has not gained favour, primarily due to residual instability and the subsequent development of degenerative changes in the lateral compartment of the knee. Thus intra-articular reconstruction has become the technique of choice. However, intra-articular reconstruction does not restore normal knee kinematics. Some authors have recommended extra-articular reconstruction in conjunction with an intra-articular technique. The anatomy and biomechanics of the anterolateral structures of the knee remain largely undetermined. Further studies to establish the structure and function of the anterolateral structures may lead to more anatomical extra-articular reconstruction techniques that supplement intra-articular reconstruction. This might reduce residual pivot shift after an intra-articular reconstruction and thus improve the post-operative kinematics of the knee.
Application of adaptive optics: optical coherence tomography for in vivo imaging of microscopic structures in the retina and optic nerve head (2007)

Two deformable mirrors (2DM) were used in an adaptive optics - optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) system to image <i>in vivo</i> microscopic retinal structures of healthy and diseased retinas. As a result, multiple morphological structures not previously seen <i>in vivo</i> have been visualized. Among those presented are three-dimensional representations of the fovea and optic nerve head (ONH), revealing cellular structures and micro-vasculature. Drusen in macular degeneration and photoreceptor dystrophies are also presented. Different methods for displaying volumetric AO-OCT data to facilitate visualization of certain morphological details are compared.
A codec for speech recognition in a wireless system (2002)

We consider a distributed speech recognition system where representative parameters of the speech signal are extracted at the wireless terminal and transmitted to a centralized automatic speech recognition (ASR) server. Several error protection schemes are proposed for the ASR feature stream. In addition, a "soft-feature" error concealment strategy is introduced at the ASR server that uses the marginal distribution of only the reliable features during likelihood computation. The performance of the error protection and concealment schemes is evaluated over typical cellular wireless channels and it is shown to reduce ASR error rate up to 65% for certain channels.
Identification of minimum essential therapeutic mixtures from cannabis plant extracts by screening in cell and animal models of Parkinson’s disease (2022)

Medicinal cannabis has shown promise for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), but patient exposure to whole plant mixtures may be undesirable due to concerns around safety, consistency, regulatory issues, and psychoactivity. Identification of a subset of components responsible for the potential therapeutic effects within cannabis represents a direct path forward for the generation of anti-PD drugs. Using an <i>in silico</i> database, literature reviews, and cell based assays, GB Sciences previously identified and patented a subset of five cannabinoids and five terpenes that could potentially recapitulate the anti-PD attributes of cannabis. While this work represents a critical step towards harnessing the anti-PD capabilities of cannabis, polypharmaceutical drugs of this complexity may not be feasible as therapeutics. In this paper, we utilize a reductionist approach to identify minimal essential mixtures (MEMs) of these components that are amenable to pharmacological formulation. In the first phase, cell-based models revealed that the cannabinoids had the most significant positive effects on neuroprotection and dopamine secretion. We then evaluated the ability of combinations of these cannabinoids to ameliorate a 6-hydroxydopmamine (OHDA)-induced change in locomotion in larval zebrafish, which has become a well-established PD disease model. Equimolar mixtures that each contained three cannabinoids were able to significantly reverse the OHDA mediated changes in locomotion and other advanced metrics of behavior. Additional screening of sixty-three variations of the original cannabinoid mixtures identified five highly efficacious mixtures that outperformed the original equimolar cannabinoid MEMs and represent the most attractive candidates for therapeutic development. This work highlights the strength of the reductionist approach for the development of ratio-controlled, cannabis mixture-based therapeutics for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Permeating the Blood Brain Barrier and Abrogating the Inflammation in Stroke: Implications for Stroke Therapy (2012)

Cell therapy has been shown as a potential treatment for stroke and other neurological disorders. Human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) may be a promising source of stem cells for cell therapy. The most desired outcomes occur when stem cells cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and eventually reach the injured brain site. We propose, from our previous studies, that mannitol is capable of disrupting the BBB, allowing the transplanted cells to enter the brain from the periphery. However, when the BBB is compromised, the inflammatory response from circulation may also be able to penetrate the brain and thus may actually exacerbate the stroke rather than afford therapeutic effects. We discuss how an NF-kB decoy can inhibit the inflammatory responses in the stroke brain thereby reducing the negative effects associated with BBB disruption. In this review, we propose the combination of mannitol-induced BBB permeation and NF-kB decoy for enhancing the therapeutic benefits of cell therapy in stroke.
Design and implementation of content-adaptive background skipping for wireless video (2006)

This work presents a low-complexity system implementation of a novel content-adaptive background skipping scheme for region-of-interest (ROI) video coding in mobile video phone applications. To improve the overall perceptual quality, the proposed approach reallocates bits to ROI macroblocks by adaptively skipping the non-ROI and using a weighted bit allocation scheme. The skip decision for the non-ROI is adaptively determined by the content information of the video, such as foreground shape deformation, foreground motion, background motion and background texture complexity. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms traditional schemes by up to 2 dB.
Purification of Human α<sub>2</sub>-Antiplasmin with Chicken IgY Specific to Its Carboxy-Terminal Peptide (1997)

alpha 2-antiplasmin, a plasma glycoprotein of the serpin superfamily, is the primary physiological inhibitor of plasmin, the key enzyme in fibrin degradation. Previous purification methods utilize lengthy multistep protocols with low yields or use monoclonal antibodies that are expensive or difficult to make. With a relatively small investment, a chicken was immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin-conjugated to alpha 2-antiplasmin C-terminal 26 residue synthetic peptide and the peptide-specific antibody (IgY) was isolated from the egg yolks of hens using the peptide affinity column. Based on the interaction between this IgY and alpha 2-antiplasmin, pure alpha 2-antiplasmin was isolated from human plasma in two steps: (a) citrated plasma was precipitated with 15% PEG-8000 to remove the bulk of plasma proteins while retaining the majority of alpha 2-antiplasmin activity; and (b) the alpha 2-antiplasmin was affinity-purified from the supernatant using the IgY column. Yields were typically 48% and the purity and authenticity of the alpha 2-antiplasmin were verified by gel electrophoresis, Western Blot analysis, N-terminal sequence, and amino acid analysis.
X-Tolerant Compactor with On-Chip Registration and Signature-Based Diagnosis (2007)

This article describes a two-stage test response compactor with an overdrive section, scan chain selection logic, and an on-chip comparator and registration scheme for efficient signature-based diagnosis. This solution offers compaction ratios much higher than those determined by the ratio of scan chains to compactor outputs, and it guarantees very good observability and diagnostic resolution of scan errors, even for a large number of Xs. Experimental results confirm that the proposed solution does not compromise test quality and requires a minimal amount of information to control the compactor itself.
Extraction of potassium with trifluoromethyl-substituted chromogenic crown ethers (1981)

Two new chromogenic crown ethers with trifluoromethyl substituents have been synthesised and evaluated as reagents for the extraction and spectrophotometric determination of potassium in the presence of sodium. These crown ethers, 4′-(2″, 6″-dinitro-4″-trifluoromethylphenyl)aminobenzo-15-crown-5 (4TF) and 4′-(2″, 4″-dinitro-6″-trifluoromethylphenyl)aminobenzo-15-crown-5 (6TF), exhibited large differences in the values of λmax. and molar absorptivity for the complexed and uncomplexed species and also in their extraction efficiencies. 6TF showed the best extraction efficiency and was capable of extracting 5–700 p.p.m. of potassium ions in the presence of 3000 p.p.m. of sodium ions.
CV-containing vesicle budding from chloroplast inner envelope membrane is mediated by clathrin but inhibited by GAPC (2021)

Abstract Clathrin-mediated vesicular formation and trafficking are highly conserved in eukaryotic cells and are responsible for molecular cargo transport and signal transduction among organelles. It remains largely unknown whether clathrin-coated vesicles can be generated from chloroplasts. CHLOROPLAST VESICULATION ( CV )-containing vesicles (CVVs) generate from chloroplasts and mediate chloroplast degradation under abiotic stress. In this study, we showed that CV interacted with the clathrin heavy chain (CHC) and induced vesicle budding from the chloroplast inner envelope membrane. Defects on CHC2 and the dynamin-encoding DRP1A gene affected CVV budding and releasing from chloroplast. CHC2 is also required for CV-induced chloroplast degradation and hypersensitivity to water stress. Moreover, GLYCERALDEHYDE-3-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE (GAPC) interacts with CV and impairs the CV-CHC2 interaction. GAPC1 overexpression inhibited CV-mediated chloroplast degradation and hypersensitivity to water stress. CV silencing alleviated the hypersensitivity of gapc1gapc2 plant to water stress. Together, our work revealed a pathway of clathrin-assisted CVV budding from the chloroplast inner envelope membrane, which mediated the stress-induced chloroplast degradation and stress response.
Compact in-fiber polarizer based on the hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber (2008)

A broadband, compact in-fiber polarizer was fabricated by using a pulsed CO<sub>2</sub> laser to modify the air-holes along oneside of a hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber. The polarizer has a length of 3 to 6mm and exhibits a polarization extinction ratio of better than 20 dB over a wavelength range of 100nm around 1550nm.
Cloud Types: Robust Abstractions for Replicated Shared State (2014)

In the age of cloud-connected mobile devices, users want responsive apps that read and write shared data everywhere, at all times, even if network connections are slow or unavailable. Cloud types [6] have been proposed as a solution that lets programmers declare, read, and update shared structured data while hiding tricky consistency issues related to update propagation and conflict resolution. However, previous work on cloud types does not satisfactorily address (1) how to best understand the weak consistency model, (2) where consistency pitfalls continue to lurk, and (3) how to implement the system efficiently and reliably. We address these questions by (1) introducing the GLUT model (global log of update transactions), suitable as a mental reference model that helps programmers to visualize executions and reason about correctness, (2) describing typical consistency pitfalls (anti-patterns) and how to avoid them using cloud types, and (3) an efficient client-server implementation of GLUT that uses robust streaming and optimal delta reduction.
Quantitative two‐dimensional ultrashort echo time magnetization transfer (2D UTE‐MT) imaging of cortical bone (2017)

UTE-MT two-pool modeling provides novel and useful quantitative information for cortical bone. Magn Reson Med 79:1941-1949, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Structural Definition of an Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Response Implicated in Reduced Risk for HIV-1 Infection (2014)

HIV-1 Env is a primary target for antibodies elicited during infection. Although a small number of infected individuals elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies, the bulk of the humoral response consists of antibodies that do not neutralize or do so with limited breadth but may effect protection through Fc receptor-dependent processes, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Understanding these nonneutralizing responses is an important aspect of elucidating the complete spectrum of immune response against HIV-1 infection. With this report, we provide the first atomic-level definition of nonneutralizing CD4-induced epitopes in the N-terminal region of the HIV-1 gp120 (A32-like epitopes). Further, our studies point to the dominant role of precise epitope targeting and mode of antibody attachment in ADCC responses even when largely overlapping epitopes are involved. Such information provides key insights into the mechanisms of Fc-mediated function of antibodies to HIV-1 and will help us understand the outcome of vaccine trials based on humoral immunity.
Single-mask, high aspect ratio, 3-d micromachining of bulk titanium (2005)

This paper reports the development of a simple method for 3D microfabrication of complex, high aspect ratio structures with arbitrary surface height profiles in bulk titanium. The method relies on the exploitation of reactive ion etching lag (RIE Lag) to simultaneously define all features using a single lithographic masking step. Modulation of the mask pattern openings used to define the features results in etch depth variation across the pattern, which is then translated into surface height variation through removal of the superstructures above the etched floor. The utility of this approach is demonstrated in the fabrication of a sloping electrode structure intended for application in bulk micromachined titanium micromirror devices.
Identification and Fine Mapping of <i>qSCR4.01</i>, a Novel Major QTL for Resistance to <i>Puccinia polysora</i> in Maize (2020)

Southern corn rust (SCR) is a prevalent foliar disease that can lead to severe yield losses in maize. Growing SCR-resistant varieties is the most effective way to control the disease. To identify major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for SCR resistance, a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between CIMBL83 (resistant) and Lx9801 (susceptible) was analyzed. The resistance to SCR had high heritability within the population, and a major QTL on chromosome 4 (<i>qSCR4.01</i>), which can explain 48 to 65% of the total phenotypic variation, was consistently detected across multiple environments. Using a progeny-based fine-mapping strategy, we delimited <i>qSCR4.01</i> to an interval of ∼770 kb. In contrast to other major QTLs for SCR resistance previously reported on the short arm of chromosome 10, <i>qSCR4.01</i> is a novel QTL and, therefore, a desirable source of SCR resistance in maize breeding programs.
Abstract 3715: Benzimidazolone sulphonamides - potent, selective and drug-like inhibitors of poly(ADP Ribose) Glycohydrolase (PARG) (2016)

Abstract In recent years, many proteins involved in DNA repair, such as ATR, ATM and PARP, have received considerable attention as potential points of therapeutic intervention in cancer. Indeed, these efforts have recently delivered several agents into clinical evaluation or FDA regulatory approval. However, the DNA repair protein poly(ADP ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), which plays an equally critical role in DNA single stand break repair, to successful drug discovery efforts. Through our innovative collaboration with AstraZeneca, we have discovered a novel PARG-binding pharmacophore and have employed this information to discover drug-like chemotypes, facilitating the development of potent and selective inhibitors. This poster will describe our emerging results in this area, where a novel benzimidazolone sulphonamide scaffold has been shown potently to inhibit PARG in both biochemical and cellular assays with potencies of 40 nM and 60 nM respectively. Moreover, these agents display pharmacology consistent with the anticipated mode of action, appropriate drug-like properties and are selective against PARP1 and the close glycohydrolase homologue ARH3. The medicinal chemistry optimisation of this scaffold will be described, alongside the recent biological results obtained. Ultimately, this work has helped deliver tool compounds which may help to elucidate the true pharmacology and roles of PARG in cancer and other disease settings. Citation Format: Allan Jordan, Ben Acton, Nicola Hamilton, James Hitchin, Colin Hutton, Dominic James, Cliff Jones, Stuart Jones, Alison McGonagle, Helen Small, Kate Smith, Alex Stowell, Julie Tucker, Ian Waddell, Bohdan Waszkowycz, Donald Ogilvie. Benzimidazolone sulphonamides - potent, selective and drug-like inhibitors of poly(ADP Ribose) Glycohydrolase (PARG). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3715.
Visualization System of Swirl Motion (2004)

An instrumentation of system composed of experimental device and numerical analysis is presented to visualize flow and identify swirling motion. Experiment is performed with transparent material and PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) instrumentation, by which velocity vector field is obtained. This vector field is then analyzed numerically by “swirling flow analysis”, which estimate its velocity gradient tensor and the corresponding eigenvalue (swirling function). As an instantaneous flow field in steady/unsteady states is captured by PIV, the flow field is analyzed, and existence of vortices or swirling motions and their locations are identified in spite of their size. In addition, intensity of swirling is evaluated. The analysis enables swirling motion to emerge, even though it is hidden in uniform flow and velocity filed does not indicate any swirling. This visualization system can be applied to investigate condition to control flow or design flow.
Pharmacological characterization of lipidized analogs of prolactin-releasing peptide with a modified C- terminal aromatic ring. (2016)

Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) is an anorexigenic neuropeptide expressed in the brain where it regulates food intake and energy expenditure. The C-terminal Arg-Phe-NH2 of PrRP is crucial for its biological activity. In our previous study, we showed that PrRP analogs myristoylated or palmitoylated at the N- terminus seem to cross the blood-brain barrier and lower food intake following peripheral administration. In this study, myristoylated and palmitoylated PrRP31 analogs with a modified C-terminal Phe were designed and tested. Lipidized analogs containing Phe(31) replaced by aromatic non-coded amino acids or tyrosine revealed high binding affinity to rat pituitary RC-4B/C cells with endogenous PrRP and neuropeptide FF 2 receptors and to CHO-K1 cells overexpressing either PrRP or neuropeptide FF 2 receptors. The analogs also showed strong agonistic properties at the GPR10 receptor using the beta-lactamase reporter gene assay. Moreover, lipidized PrRP analogs, especially those that were palmitoylated, demonstrated strong and long-lasting anorexigenic effects in fasted mice after subcutaneous administration. The most efficient PrRP31 analogs with PheCl2(31), either palmitoylated or myristoylated at the N-terminus, are promising candidates for the study of food disorders, possibly for anti-obesity treatment. Despite the therapeutic potential in targeting central GPR10, the endogenous ligand PrRP cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. Understanding biological activity and transport of novel structural analogs of PrRP with a potential central anorexigenic effect is of key therapeutic significance.
Adaptive 3D beamforming for ultrasound systems deploying linear and planar phased array probes (2004)

The present work is part of the European Commission project ADUMS (IST-2001-34088) aimed at developing a fully digital 4D ultrasound system for medical imaging applications. The system is based on adaptive beamforming, which provides better resolution with respect to conventional beamforming. The parallel algorithm adopted allows for decomposing the planar array beamforming into two linear steps, and for implementation on a parallel computing architecture. The present paper describes the testing results of our adaptive beamforming structure, on both simulated and real data. Comparisons with conventional beamforming, under the same operating conditions are also shown.
Cheating the diffraction limit: electrodeposited nanowires patterned by photolithography (2009)

The diffraction limit, d approximately lambda/2, constrains the resolution with which structures may be produced using photolithography. Practical limits for d are in the 100 nm range. To circumvent this limit, photolithography can be used to fabricate a sacrificial electrode that is then used to initiate and propagate the growth by electrodeposition of a nanowire. We have described a version of this strategy in which the sacrificial electrode delimits one edge of the nascent nanowire, and a microfabricated "ceiling" constrains its height during growth. The width of the nanowire is determined by the electrochemical deposition parameters (deposition time, applied potential, and solution composition). Using this method, called lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition (LPNE), nanowires with minimum dimensions of 11 nm (w) x 5 nm (h) have been obtained. The lengths of these nanowires can be wafer-scale. LPNE has been used to synthesize nanowires composed of bismuth, gold, silver, palladium, platinum, and lead telluride.
Thin-Film Morphology Control in Naphthalene-Diimide-Based Semiconductors: High Mobility n-Type Semiconductor for Organic Thin-Film Transistors (2008)

In organic thin film transistors (OTFT), the morphology and microstructure of an organic thin film has a strong impact on the charge carrier mobility and device characteristics. To have well-defined and predictable thin film morphology, it is necessary to adapt the basic structure of semiconducting molecules in a way that results in an optimum crystalline packing motif. Here we introduce a new molecular design feature for organic semiconductors that provides the optimized crystalline packing and thin film morphology that is essential for efficient charge-carrier transport. Thus, cyclohexyl end groups in naphthalene diimide assist in directing intermolecular stacking leading to a dramatic improvement in field effect mobility. Accordingly, OTFT devices prepared with vapor deposited N,N′-bis(cyclohexyl) naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide) (1) regularly exhibit field effect mobility near 6 cm2/(V s), which is one of the highest carrier mobilities reported for either n- or p-type organic semiconducting thin films.