gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The β <sub>2</sub> -adrenergic receptor/βarrestin complex recruits the clathrin adaptor AP-2 during endocytosis (1999)

betaarrestins mediate the desensitization of the beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) and many other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Additionally, betaarrestins initiate the endocytosis of these receptors via clathrin coated-pits and interact directly with clathrin. Consequently, it has been proposed that betaarrestins serve as clathrin adaptors for the GPCR family by linking these receptors to clathrin lattices. AP-2, the heterotetrameric clathrin adaptor protein, has been demonstrated to mediate the internalization of many types of plasma membrane proteins other than GPCRs. AP-2 interacts with the clathrin heavy chain and cytoplasmic domains of receptors such as those for epidermal growth factor and transferrin. In the present study we demonstrate the formation of an agonist-induced multimeric complex containing a GPCR, betaarrestin 2, and the beta2-adaptin subunit of AP-2. beta2-Adaptin binds betaarrestin 2 in a yeast two-hybrid assay and coimmunoprecipitates with betaarrestins and beta2AR in an agonist-dependent manner in HEK-293 cells. Moreover, beta2-adaptin translocates from the cytosol to the plasma membrane in response to the beta2AR agonist isoproterenol and colocalizes with beta2AR in clathrin-coated pits. Finally, expression of betaarrestin 2 minigene constructs containing the beta2-adaptin interacting region inhibits beta2AR endocytosis. These findings point to a role for AP-2 in GPCR endocytosis, and they suggest that AP-2 functions as a clathrin adaptor for the endocytosis of diverse classes of membrane receptors.
dc and rf performance of proton-irradiated AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (2001)

AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with a range of gate lengths (0.8–1.2 μm) and widths (100–200 μm) were exposed to 40 MeV protons at fluences of 5×109 or 5×1010 cm−2. The drain–source currents in the devices decreased by 15%–20% at the higher fluence, while the extrinsic transconductance decreased by ∼30% under the same conditions. Based on the increases in the reverse breakdown voltage and the channel resistance, the main degradation mechanism is believed to be creation of deep trap states in the band gap which remove electrons from the channel. The maximum frequency of oscillation, fMAX, also decreased as a result of the proton-induced damage, with a change of −20% at the shorter gate widths and −50% at the largest widths. The reverse recovery switching time was essentially unaffected by the irradiation, remaining at ∼1.6×10−8 s. Postradiation annealing at 800 °C was successful in restoring the dc and rf performance parameters to ⩾90% of their original values. The AlGaN/GaN HEMTs are much more robust than their AlGaAs/GaAs counterparts to displacement damage and appear well-suited to radiation environment applications.
Nobel lecture: When atoms behave as waves: Bose-Einstein condensation and the atom laser (2002)

The lure of lower temperatures has attracted physicists for the past century, and with each advance towards absolute zero, new and rich physics has emerged. Laypeople may wonder why ‘‘freezing cold’’ is not cold enough. But imagine how many aspects of nature we would miss if we lived on the surface of the sun. Without inventing refrigerators, we would only know gaseous matter and never observe liquids or solids, and miss the beauty of snowflakes. Cooling to normal earthly temperatures reveals these dramatically different states of matter, but this is only the beginning: many more states appear with further cooling. The approach into the kelvin range was rewarded with the discovery of superconductivity in 1911 and of superfluidity in helium-4 in 1938. Cooling into the millikelvin regime revealed the superfluidity of helium-3 in 1972. The advent of laser cooling in the 1980s opened up a new approach to ultralow-temperature physics. Microkelvin samples of dilute atom clouds were generated and used for precision measurements and studies of ultracold collisions. Nanokelvin temperatures were necessary to explore quantum-degenerate gases, such as Bose-Einstein condensates first realized in 1995. Each of these achievements in cooling has been a major advance, and recognized with a Nobel prize. This paper describes the discovery and study of BoseEinstein condensates (BEC’s) in atomic gases from my personal perspective. Since 1995, this field has grown explosively, drawing researchers from the communities of atomic physics, quantum optics, and condensedmatter physics. The trapped ultracold vapor has emerged as a new quantum system that is unique in the precision and flexibility with which it can be controlled and manipulated. At least 30 groups have now created condensates, and the publication rate on Bose-Einstein condensation has soared following the discovery of the gaseous condensates in 1995 (see Fig. 1).
A Walsh spectral analyser (1979)

Abstract A simple Walsh spectral analyser (WSA). as developed by the authors, is presented in this paper. The WSA employs a Walsh Function Generator (WFG) closely following Kartalopoulos (1976). It is found that the Kartalopoulos scheme fails to produce Walsh functions as desired normally, inverting some of the functions in the set. The present scheme on the other hand produces a standard set of Walsh functions. The performance of the WSA is tested with certain known periodic signals and the results suggest certain useful applications of the device in signal processing and system identification. The realization of the device is minimal in terms of hardware.
Translational control of depression-like behavior via phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (2018)

Translation of mRNA into protein has a fundamental role in neurodevelopment, plasticity, and memory formation; however, its contribution in the pathophysiology of depressive disorders is not fully understood. We investigated the involvement of MNK1/2 (MAPK-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and 2) and their target, eIF4E (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E), in depression-like behavior in mice. Mice carrying a mutation in eIF4E for the MNK1/2 phosphorylation site (Ser209Ala, Eif4e ki/ki), the Mnk1/2 double knockout mice (Mnk1/2<sup>-/-</sup>), or mice treated with the MNK1/2 inhibitor, cercosporamide, displayed anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, impaired serotonin-induced excitatory synaptic activity in the prefrontal cortex, and diminished firing of the dorsal raphe neurons. In Eif4e ki/ki mice, brain IκBα, was decreased, while the NF-κB target, TNFα was elevated. TNFα inhibition in Eif4e ki/ki mice rescued, whereas TNFα administration to wild-type mice mimicked the depression-like behaviors and 5-HT synaptic deficits. We conclude that eIF4E phosphorylation modulates depression-like behavior through regulation of inflammatory responses.
Coherent and incoherent excitations of the Gd(0001) surface on ultrafast timescales (2007)

The dynamics of collective excitations of electrons, phonons, and spins are of fundamental interest to develop a microscopic understanding of interactions among elementary excitations and of the respective relaxation mechanisms. The present work employs pump–probe investigations on the femto- and picosecond timescale to study the ultrafast dynamics of electrons, spin-waves, and phonons after intense optical excitation. The Gd(0001) surface, which serves as a model system for a ferromagnetic metal, is investigated by complementary time-resolved techniques, photoelectron spectroscopy and linear/nonlinear optical spectroscopy. The energy relaxation of hot electrons is analysed by transient changes of the electron distribution function and of the complex self-energy of the occupied component of the 5dz2 surface state. In combination with a simplified description by the two-temperature model this analysis characterizes the optically excited state quantitatively. We analyse the mechanism that leads to a drop in spin polarization upon optical excitation, which is observed in nonlinear magneto-optics. Since the exchange splitting, analysed by photoemission, is not affected under these non-equilibrium conditions, we propose spin-flip scattering of hot electrons to be responsible. The Gd(0001) surface presents a previously unknown coupled phonon–magnon mode, which can be excited by femtosecond laser pulses. Time-resolved detection of the optical second harmonic yield separates spin dynamics from electron and lattice contributions. A coherent phonon–magnon mode at 3 THz, which is driven by electronic excitations of surface and bulk states, is observed. Time-resolved photoemission provides information on the interaction mechanism. We find that the binding energy of the surface state oscillates at the same frequency. In combination with calculations of the surface state binding energy upon lattice contraction this suggests a phonon–magnon coupling due to spin-flip scattering, in contrast to the conventional type mediated by spin–orbit interaction.
FPGA implementation and evaluation of a simple processor for multi-scalar/vector/matrix instructions (2014)

On FPGA, this paper presents the implementation of a simple processor architecture for accelerating data-parallel applications. Our proposed processor called SuperSMP, which can execute multi-scalar, vector, and matrix instructions on parallel execution datapaths. 4×32-bit instructions are fetched from instruction cache. The fetched instructions are decoded and their dependencies are checked. Up to four independent scalar instructions can be issued in-order to the parallel execution units. However, vector/matrix instructions iterate the issuing of four vector/matrix operations without checking. On four parallel execution units, SuperSMP can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and shifting on scalar/vector/matrix data. 4×32-bit contiguous vector/matrix elements can be loaded/stored per clock cycle from/to L2 cache to/from matrix register file. Finally, up to 4×32-bit results or loaded data can be written into scalar/matrix register files. The FPGA implementation of our proposed SuperSMP requires 14,032 slices on Xilinx Virtex-5, XC5VLX110-3FF1153. The number of LUT flip-flop pairs is 49,398, where 17,166, 10,267, and 21,965, are the numbers of unused flip-flop, unused LUT, and fully used LUT flip-flop pairs, respectively. The complexity of SuperSMP is about 3.5 times of the baseline scalar processor. However, the performance of SuperSMP ranges from 4.3 to 18.2 times higher than the baseline scalar processor.
Analysis of Safety from a Human Clinical Trial with Pterostilbene (2013)

Objectives. The purpose of this trial was to evaluate the safety of long-term pterostilbene administration in humans. Methodology. The trial was a prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled intervention trial enrolling patients with hypercholesterolemia (defined as a baseline total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL and/or baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥100 mg/dL). Eighty subjects were divided equally into one of four groups: (1) pterostilbene 125 mg twice daily, (2) pterostilbene 50 mg twice daily, (3) pterostilbene 50 mg + grape extract (GE) 100 mg twice daily, and (4) matching placebo twice daily for 6-8 weeks. Safety markers included biochemical and subjective measures. Linear mixed models were used to estimate primary safety measure treatment effects. Results. The majority of patients completed the trial (91.3%). The average age was 54 years. The majority of patients were females (71%) and Caucasians (70%). There were no adverse drug reactions (ADRs) on hepatic, renal, or glucose markers based on biochemical analysis. There were no statistically significant self-reported or major ADRs. Conclusion. Pterostilbene is generally safe for use in humans up to 250 mg/day.
A Survey on Evolutionary Neural Architecture Search (2021)

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved great success in many applications. The architectures of DNNs play a crucial role in their performance, which is usually manually designed with rich expertise. However, such a design process is labor-intensive because of the trial-and-error process and also not easy to realize due to the rare expertise in practice. Neural architecture search (NAS) is a type of technology that can design the architectures automatically. Among different methods to realize NAS, the evolutionary computation (EC) methods have recently gained much attention and success. Unfortunately, there has not yet been a comprehensive summary of the EC-based NAS algorithms. This article reviews over 200 articles of most recent EC-based NAS methods in light of the core components, to systematically discuss their design principles and justifications on the design. Furthermore, current challenges and issues are also discussed to identify future research in this emerging field.
Pinhole-array and lensless micro-imaging with interferograms (2014)

Gabors inline holography with a pinhole is extended by using a pinhole-array and a CCD. The arrangement is focused on microscopic imaging. The spatial resolution is given by the diameter of the pinholes and the dimensions of the CCD. By using a pinhole-array and a CCD with more than 1.3 Mpixels the field of view can be extended without lost of resolution. An example for dimensions and results of E. Coli imaging are given. A part of the detected light is influenced by the sample, another part acts as a reference wave. So the area of the sample in the middle of the de-tected light cone (fig. 4) must be limited to about a half of the illuminating cone in one dimension. Ga-bors arrangement is used for a lateral resolution up to the diffraction limit like that of an optical micro-scope /2/. The set up shown in fig. 2 uses a lens to compare the image of the reconstructed interfero-grams with that of a microscope, results see fig. 5. In case of maximum spatial resolution a CCD with about 1.3 Mpixels is needed for detection of the field of view of a optical microscope. Today CCDs with more pixels are available. So the idea of holo-graphic micro-imaging, a compact lensless micro-scope, with an extended field of view was born. 1 Digital inline holography Fig. 1 shows the arrangement of Gabors inline holography for microscopy [1], [2]. Modern ar-rangements use CCDs for image registration, this technique is called digital inline holography [3].
UML-based modeling and validity checking of Web service descriptions (2005)

Web services are software systems designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. WSDL descriptions, often characterized as IDLs for Web services, are a key for Web service interoperability. Therefore, special care should be taken in designing WSDL descriptions. We present an approach that provides UML-based support to design and validate WSDL descriptions. To promote Web service interoperability, WS-I organization provides a basic profile that defines clarifications, refinements, interpretations and amplifications of Web service specifications, including WSDL. We propose UML-based profiles to define structural rules of WSDL documents as well as basic profile recommendations for WSDL descriptions. These profiles can be used to guide the user in designing correct and basic profile compliant WSDL descriptions and to check the validity of existing WSDL descriptions. We propose a method and tools for such validity checking, and demonstrate the applicability of the approach with a case study.
Development of Improved Dengue 2 Antigen Configurations for a Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Replicon Particle-Launched Dengue Vaccine (2019)

Dengue has become one of the most important vector-borne diseases. There is currently no licensed dengue vaccine. The envelope glycoprotein is the major target of neutralizing antibodies. Researchers have tried to identify the most antigenic configuration of the envelope protein in different vaccine platforms. In this study, six dengue 2 E configurations, including full-length E, truncated forms of E and the domain III subunit, were expressed as antigen using the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon paricle system and characterized in vitro and in vivo. Each construct was immunogenic in mice; however, there was a correlation between protein secretion and neutralizing responses. Two truncated and soluble configurations of E encoding amino acid changes from the previously evaluated DEN2 prME-VRP sequence elicited significant neutralizing immune responses. These amino acid changes may be important in the structure of neutralizing epitopes or for proper folding, processing and secretion, leading to improved neutralizing antibody responses.
Structure of the fibrinogen γ‐chain integrin binding and factor XIIIa cross‐linking sites obtained through carrier protein driven crystallization (1999)

The human fibrinogen gamma-chain C-terminal segment functions as the platelet integrin binding site as well as the Factor XIIIa cross-linking substrate and thus plays an important role in blood clot formation and stabilization. The three-dimensional structure of this segment has been determined using carrier protein driven crystallization. The C-terminal segment, gamma-(398-411), was attached to a linker sequence at the C-terminus of glutathione S-transferase and the structure of this fusion protein determined at 1.8 A resolution. Functional studies of the chimeric protein demonstrate that the fibrinogen sequence in the presence of the carrier protein retains its specific functions as ligand for platelet integrin alpha(IIb)beta3 (gpIIb/IIIa) and as a cross-linking substrate for Factor XIIIa. The structure obtained for the fibrinogen gamma-chain segment is not affected by crystal packing and can provide the missing links to the recently reported model of cross-linked fibrin.
Single- and multi-carrier techniques to build up Tb/s per channel transmission systems (2010)

In this paper, we review emerging technologies to build up Tb/s per channel transmission capacity. The different approaches, mainly based on various implementations of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Nyquist wavelength division multiplexing and optical time division multiplexing, are introduced and compared with respect to complexity, spectral efficiency and transmission reach. In addition to this analysis, we review recent Tb/s per channel transmission experiments, which have employed at least one of these techniques, and compare them to conventional WDM systems.
Bladder tumor markers: a review of the literature (2008)

Bladder cancer is among the top eight most frequent cancers. Its natural history is related to a combination of factors that impact on its aggressiveness. Cystoscopy and urine cytology are the currently used techniques for the diagnosis and surveillance of non-invasive bladder tumors. The sensitivity of urine cytology for diagnosis is not high, particularly in low-grade tumors. The combination of voided urine cytology and new diagnostic urine tests would be ideal for the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder cancer. However, in order to have some clinical utility, new diagnostic and/or prognostic markers should achieve better predictive capacity that the currently used diagnostic tools. None of the markers evaluated over the last years showed remarkable sensitivity or specificity for the identification of any of the diverse types of bladder cancer in clinical practice. The limitations of the known prognostic markers have led to the research of new molecular markers for early detection of bladder cancer. This research focused in particular on the discovery of biomarkers capable of reducing the need for periodic cystoscopies or, ideally, offering a non-invasive examination instead. In this review, we will examine various new markers of bladder cancer and their value in the diagnosis and follow-up of non-muscleinvasive bladder cancer. When compared with urine cytology, which showed the highest specificity, most of these markers demonstrated an increased sensitivity.
Hydrogenation of CO/sub 2/ on group VIII metals. I. Specific activity of Ni/SiO/sub 2/ (1981)

Specific, intrinsic rates and product distributions for CO/sub 2/ hydrogenation on Ni/SiO/sub 2/ were determined at 500 to 575 K, 140 to 2500 kPa, and a range of space velocities. The data show that the turnover number for O/sub 2/ methanation on nickel is the same as for CO methanation at 525 K; apparent activation energies ofr CH/sub 4/ formation are 96 and 80 kJ/mol in CO and CO/sub 2/ hydrogenation, respectively. Besides methane, CO and small amounts of C/sub 2/ hydrocarbons are produced as products of CO/sub 2/ methanation; the product distribution is a function of space velocity from 4000 to 49,000 h/sup -1/, the yield of methane being significantly higher at low space velocities. Results of conversion vs temperature tests show that the production of CH/sub 4/ is higher from CO than CO/sub 2/ hydrogenation over the temperature range 500 to 727 K.
Algal polysaccharides as source of plant resistance inducers (2014)

Algal compounds exhibit great potential to enhance plant growth and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. This review focuses on aspects concerning the physical-chemical properties, function and biological activity of macroalgae polysaccharides. Updated results of the main poly- and oligosaccharides studied for the control of plant diseases are discussed and summarized. The carrageenans from red algae have a well-established obtaining system, but its high market value discourages its use in plant protection. The fucans found in the cell walls of brown algae are present in several fertilizers and accounted for the benefits of such commercial products on plant physiology. The laminarans, from brown algae mainly Laminaria digitata, are currently the main algal polysaccharides on the phytosanitary market. The ulvans, from cell the walls of Ulva spp., open new ways to obtain polysaccharides able to induce resistance due to its abundance worldwide. All these algal polysaccharides show ability to activate multiple plant defense mechanisms against a broad spectrum of plant pathogens. Taking into account the promising results reported in the literature and the enormous biochemical diversity of these biopolymers, it is likely that they will provide new types of resistance inducers in a near future.
An Acid-Stable<i>tert</i>-Butyldiarylsilyl (TBDAS) Linker for Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis (2005)

[reaction: see text] A new, robust tert-butyldiarylsilyl (TBDAS) linker has been developed for solid-phase organic synthesis. This linker is stable to both protic and Lewis acidic reaction conditions, overcoming a significant limitation of previously reported silyl linkers. Solid-phase acetal deprotection, olefination, asymmetric allylation, and silyl protecting group deblocking reactions have been demonstrated with TBDAS-linked substrates.