gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Controlled interphases in composite materials : proceedings of the Third International Conference on Composite Interfaces (ICCI-III) held on May 21-24, 1990 in Cleveland, Ohio, USA (1990)

The third International Conference on Composite Interfaces (ICCI-III) was held under the auspecies of ASM International, The Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa), The Edison Polymer Innovation Co. (EPIC), Case Western Reserve University, Nippon Glass Fiber Co., Nitto Boseki Co., Office of Naval Reserach (ONR), SAMPE Japan, Teijin Co., Mobay Co., Union Carbide Co., and Vetrotex Sain-Gobain. The underlying philosophy of the conference continues to be the promotion of fundamental understanding of the structure and role of composite interfaces. With the growth of composite interface studies, the research direction naturally changes from characterization and understanding of interfacial structure to controlling this structure. For this reason, the conference was subtitled, Controlled Interphase Structure. The rather unfamiliar phrase is used to emphasize the interfacial region whose properties are different from the bulk. The importance of the interphase to the mechanochemical properties has been rapidly recognized among composite researchers in recent years. The conference incorporated nine sessions. No concurrent sessions were planned because of the strong interest among panicipants and organizers to intennix researchers from different disciplines. Papers presented were redistributed in Pans I throught V. Because of this, both the conference and proceedings are not organized based on the traditional disciplines or materials, but rather around concepts.
Layer assignment for VLSI interconnect delay minimization (1989)

A formulation of the layer assignment problem for VLSI circuits is presented in which the objective is to minimize the interconnect delay by taking into account the resistance and capacitance of interconnect wires and contacts. For MOS circuits with two layers of interconnections the problem is shown to be equivalent to that of minimizing a weighted resistance of the corresponding RC network. This formulation readily handles wires with preassigned layers, such as power supply lines or module terminals. With user-defined weights assigned to selected nets, this method can be used to minimize critical path delays. The problem is shown to be NP-complete. A polynomial-time approximation algorithm, based on graph partitioning technique, is presented along with some experimental results. The layer assignment algorithm presented in this paper has been implemented in LISP and tested on several design examples with complexity ranging from tens to a few hundred nets. Computational complexity of this algorithm is on the order of O(n/sup 2/) for building the required data structure, and O(n/sup 1.5/) for actual layer assignment, where n is the number of wire segments in the routing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Impending Chemotherapeutic Impact of Arthrospira platensis Nanoparticles and/or Sorafenib against Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Modulation of Antioxidant Status, Tumor Marker Genes, and Anti-Inflammatory Signaling Pathways (2023)

This study investigated <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> nanoparticles (NSP) to overcome sorafenib resistance in diethyl nitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats. This study used sixty Wistar male rats randomly grouped into two main groups, the normal control group, and the HCC model. For the normal control group (<i>n</i> = 12), animals were injected i.p. with PBS two times/week for 16 weeks. The remaining 48 rats were injected i.p. with using a single dose of diethyl nitrosamine (DENA) (200 mg/kg, ip), followed by phenobarbital sodium (0.05%) in drinking water for 16 weeks. At the end of the 16th week, rats were allocated into four groups (11 rats/each), one group was left without treatment (DENA group), and the other three groups were treated with either sorafenib (30 mg/kg; p.o.) or <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> Nanoparticles (NSP) (0.5 mg/kg body weight) once daily orally with the aid of gastric gavage or their combination for another four weeks. Blood and tissue samples were collected for further biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical, and gene expression analysis. Our result revealed that DENA-treated rats showed a marked elevation of hepatic enzyme markers with an increase in the total protein and globulin and decreases in the hepatic SOD. Catalase and GSH, with significantly increased MDA levels, subsequently increased the tumor biomarkers (AFP and CEA). On the molecular level, the DENA-treated rats showed significant up-regulation of Cyp19 mRNA and the inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, iNOS, and TGF-1β) as well as the Ki-67 gene expression (<i>p</i> < 0.05) with down-regulation of the PPAR-γ and FOXO-1. In addition, the HCC group showed a loss of hepatic architecture, as well as atypia, swelling, macrosteatosis of hepatocytes, and fibrosis, besides increased vascularization. The immunohistochemical findings show increased expression of both GPC-3 and Hep Par 1 in the HCC group. SOR, NSP, or a combination of NSP and SOR.NSP treatment significantly overturned the DENA's harmful effect near the normal levels and restored all cancer biomarkers and antioxidant activities, indicating the chemotherapeutic impact of NSP. The present study provides evidence that NSP exerts a major anticancer effect on DENA-induced HCC. SOR/NSP is a promising combination for tumor suppression and overcoming sorafenib resistance in HCC by modulating antioxidants, anti-inflammatory signals, and tumor markers.
The topological relationship between the large-scale attributes and local interaction patterns of complex networks (2004)

Recent evidence indicates that the abundance of recurring elementary interaction patterns in complex networks, often called subgraphs or motifs, carry significant information about their function and overall organization. Yet, the underlying reasons for the variable quantity of different subgraph types, their propensity to form clusters, and their relationship with the networks' global organization remain poorly understood. Here we show that a network's large-scale topological organization and its local subgraph structure mutually define and predict each other, as confirmed by direct measurements in five well studied cellular networks. We also demonstrate the inherent existence of two distinct classes of subgraphs, and show that, in contrast to the low-density type II subgraphs, the highly abundant type I subgraphs cannot exist in isolation but must naturally aggregate into subgraph clusters. The identified topological framework may have important implications for our understanding of the origin and function of subgraphs in all complex networks.
A Review of Laboratory-Scale Research on Upgrading Heavy Oil in Supercritical Water (2015)

With the growing demand for energy and the depletion of conventional crude oil, heavy oil in huge reserve has attracted extensive attention. However, heavy oil cannot be directly refined by existing processes unless they are upgraded due to its complex composition and high concentration of heteroatoms (N, S, Ni, V, etc.). Of the variety of techniques for heavy oil upgrading, supercritical water (SCW) is gaining popularity because of its excellent ability to convert heavy oil into valued, clean light oil by the suppression of coke formation and the removal of heteroatoms. Based on the current status of this research around the world, heavy oil upgrading in SCW is summarized from three aspects: Transformation of hydrocarbons, suppression of coke, and removal of heteroatoms. In this work, the challenge and future development of the orientation of upgrading heavy oil in SCW are pointed out.
Tissue engineering of human knee meniscus using functionalized and reinforced silk‐polyvinyl alcohol composite three‐dimensional scaffolds: Understanding the <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> behavior (2018)

Tissue engineered constructs with rapid restoration of mechanical and biological properties remain a challenge, emphasizing the need to develop novel scaffolds. Here, we present a multicomponent composite three-dimensional scaffold structure with biomimetic reinforcement and biomolecule functionalization for meniscus tissue engineering. The scaffold structure was developed using 3:1 silk fibroin (SF) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Autoclaved eggshell membrane (AESM) powder (1-3%w/v) was used as reinforcement to enhance biomechanical properties. Further to improve cell attachment and proliferation, these scaffolds were functionalized using an optimized unique combination of biomolecules. Comprehensive analysis of scaffolds was carried out on morphological, structural, mechanical and biological functionalities. Their mechanical properties were compared with different native human menisci. The results indicated that, functionalized SF-PVA with 3%AESM has shown similar order of magnitude of compressive and dynamic mechanical properties as in human meniscus. Moreover, 3% AESM based scaffolds were found to support better primary human meniscal cellular proliferation and extracellular matrix secretion. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed angiogenesis and biocompatibility with minimal inflammatory response for subcutaneously implanted scaffolds in New Zealand white rabbits. The developed reinforced and functionalized SF-PVA scaffolds can uniquely combine the potential for load-bearing properties with improved in vitro and in vivo support for meniscus tissue regeneration. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1722-1731, 2018.
Fuel Cell Technologies Budget (2012)

The Fuel Cell Technologies Office receives appropriations from Energy and Water Development. The offices's major activities and budget are outlined in this Web page.
Global authentication in an untrustworthy world (2013)

With the advent in the 1980's of truly global hierarchical naming (via the Domain Name Service), security researchers realized that the trust relationships needed to authenticate principals would often not follow the naming hierarchy [1,13]. The most successful non-hierarchical authentication schemes are based on X.509 and RFC 5280, as used for example in TLS and Authenticode. These are extremely widely deployed, and are trusted for most people's everyday use of the Internet. Unfortunately several incidents in the last few years have proved that this trust is misplaced [9,14]. We explore the weaknesses of this machinery, helped by a large database of X.509 certificates, and we offer an analysis technique and a suggestion for how the trust could be enhanced.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Resolution of Racemic 2‐Amino‐2′‐hydroxy‐1,1′‐binaphthyl. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Adverse Impact of Temperature and Humidity on Blood Glucose Monitoring Reliability: A Pilot Study (2007)

Background: The effect of temperature and humidity on the reliability of glucose monitoring systems (GMS) has not been well reported. We performed a study to determine if the effect of temperature and humidity on glucose values could be accurately predicted. Methods: Eight GMS, including meter, strips, and glucose control solution (GCS), were placed in an environmental chamber for 50 days. Failure of the environmental chamber allowed for the serendipitous observation of the effect on glucose results of a range of temperature (54–87°F) and humidity (49–100%) typically experienced by patients when performing self-monitoring of blood glucose. GCS was used to generate glucose results in triplicate for each meter daily. Temperature and humidity variations were recorded, and a linear model was generated to explain the variation in glucose results. Results: Both temperature and humidity had significant effects on the reliability of nearly all GMS. The effect of temperature was greater than the effect of humidity. Conclusions: In this pilot study, GMS were unreliable at temperatures and humidity within the manufacturers′ recommended limits. Such variations could result in clinically significant errors in diabetes management. Further studies are needed to confirm the potential inadequacies of GMS with multiple meters and real-time patient blood samples. Glucose meter manufacturers should develop systems that either are less affected by climate or adjust reported values based on ambient temperature and humidity.
Guidelines for the use of cell lines in biomedical research (2014)

Cell-line misidentification and contamination with microorganisms, such as mycoplasma, together with instability, both genetic and phenotypic, are among the problems that continue to affect cell culture. Many of these problems are avoidable with the necessary foresight, and these Guidelines have been prepared to provide those new to the field and others engaged in teaching and instruction with the information necessary to increase their awareness of the problems and to enable them to deal with them effectively. The Guidelines cover areas such as development, acquisition, authentication, cryopreservation, transfer of cell lines between laboratories, microbial contamination, characterisation, instability and misidentification. Advice is also given on complying with current legal and ethical requirements when deriving cell lines from human and animal tissues, the selection and maintenance of equipment and how to deal with problems that may arise.
y-spaces and metrization theorems (2012)

We present some equivalent conditions for a topological space to be a ?-space and some criteria for the metrizability of a topological space in terms of (weak base) y-functions.
Compact multilayer filter structures for coplanar MMICs (1992)

Coplanar filter structures busing two metallization layers separated by a polyimide film on GaAs were investigated. This arrangement provides additional degrees of freedom compared to the standard coplanar line, resulting in extremely compact filters suitable for monolithic integration.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Study on Oprimum Design of PM Vernier Motor. (1994)

It has been made clear by authors' previous paper that PM vernier motor is a promising direct drive motor. In this paper, the results of study on the optimum design focusing on increase of the torque to put it to practical use are described.It is shown that the torque of PM vernier motor is most influenced by the maximum value of the fundamental flux density produced by the interaction between the permanent magnets and the permeance fluctuation by slot openings and the ratio of the number of magnets mounted on the rotor to the number of pole pairs of stator windings. It is also necessary to decrease the harmonic torque produced by the rotor magnets. How to design to increase the effective torque taking these matters into consideration is described and the experimental data on the machine manufactured following such a design have shown so large torque as predicted by the calculation.
[Synthesis and characterization of folic acid-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles as a tumor-targeted drug carrier]. (2008)

FA-CTS can be a promising drug carrier with high efficiency in condensing drug, good tumor-targeting ability and low cytotoxicity.
Efficient computation of three-dimensional scattering of vector electromagnetic waves (1994)

A review of different methods of solving for the solution of scattering by three-dimensional objects is presented. There are two main classes of methods: one is for solving the differential equation directly, and the other is for solving the integral equation derived from the differential equation. The differential equation method has the advantage of generating a sparse matrix but could potentially suffer from grid-dispersion error. The radiation condition in the differential equation approach is sometimes approximated. The alternative approach, which is the integral equation approach, provides a solution that satisfies the radiation condition immediately and possibly with less grid-dispersion error. However, it gives rise to a dense matrix that is more computationally intensive to solve and to invert. Recent methods developed for inverting and solving the integral equation efficiently are discussed. They involve the recursive method, the nesting method, and the iterative method. The recursive method seeks the solution of (n + 1) subscatterers from the solution of n subscatterers. The nesting method nests a smaller problem within a larger problem. The iterative method uses the conjugate gradient method but exploits recursion and nesting to expedite the matrix-vector multiply in the conjugate gradient method. Some results for solving three-dimensional scattering of electromagnetic fields are presented.
Plasmid-Encoded Regulator of Extracellular Proteases in<i>Bacillus anthracis</i> (2005)

Bacillus anthracis Sterne cured of the pXO1 plasmid had enhanced secreted protease activity during the postexponential phase but no change in hemolytic or lecithinase activities. A zymogen profile revealed at least six proteases, including serine, metal, and perhaps cysteine types. There were similar amounts of protease secreted by the closely related species Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis, but the patterns differed. Among the pXO1 plasmid-encoded proteins, there is a tetratricopeptide protein designated Cot43 that is related to the Rap proteins of Bacillus subtilis and the PlcR pleiotropic regulator of secreted enzymes and toxins in B. thuringiensis. A disruption of the cot43 gene resulted in overproduction of several proteases to a somewhat greater extent than in the plasmid-cured strain. Transformation of either of these strains with a clone of the cot43 gene resulted in the inhibition of accumulation of some of the proteases and induction of at least one. On the basis of lacZ fusions, transcription of the cot43 gene increased in late exponential cells at the time of protease accumulation. The expression of lacZ fusions to the upstream regions of two B. anthracis extracellular protease genes was greater in the strain with the disruption of cot43 than in the Sterne strain, indicating regulation at the level of transcription. In B. anthracis, a pXO1 plasmid-encoded protein directly modulates or indirectly regulates the transcription of genes for several chromosomally encoded extracellular proteases.
Timing error recovery in turbo-coded systems on AWGN channels (2002)

The classical method for decoding turbo codes is the Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv (1974) algorithm which, in the majority of existing papers, is analyzed under the assumption of perfect channel knowledge and synchronization. In reality, however, its properties change significantly when synchronization is not ideal. We show that the influence of timing synchronization offset can be modeled as a decreased effective signal-to-noise ratio, which provides results consistent with simulations. Furthermore, we present a general model for the soft bit output of the BCJR algorithm and apply it to the situation when the received signal is sampled with a timing offset. Finally, we use the derived properties of the algorithm in a simple timing synchronizer which is shown to outperform the classical maximum-likelihood non-data-aided symbol synchronizer without a need of using additional pilot symbols.
Introduction: Theories of myth (2004)

Abstract Myth: A Very Short Introduction examines modern theories of myth. It is only in the modern era — specifically, only since the second half of the nineteenth century — that these theories have purported to be scientific, for only since then have there existed the professional disciplines that have sought to supply truly scientific theories of myth: the social sciences. Of these, anthropology, psychology, and to a lesser extent sociology, have contributed the most. Each discipline harbours multiple theories of myth, but what unites them is the questions asked: those of origin, function, and subject matter.
Theileria equi isolates vary in susceptibility to imidocarb dipropionate but demonstrate uniform in vitro susceptibility to a bumped kinase inhibitor (2015)

The observed variation in imidocarb dipropionate susceptibility, further reduction in susceptibility caused by drug exposure in vitro, and failure to clear T. equi infection in vivo, raises concern for the emergence of drug resistance in clinical cases undergoing treatment. Bumped kinase inhibitors may be effective as alternative drugs for the treatment of resistant T. equi parasites.
HIV-1 Protease Has a Genetic T-Cell Adjuvant Effect Which Is Negatively Regulated by Proteolytic Activity (2010)

HIV protease (PR) mediates the processing of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) polyproteins and is necessary for the viral production. Recently, HIV PR was shown to possess both cytotoxic and chaperone like activity. We demonstrate here that HIV PR can serve as a genetic adjuvant that enhances the HIV Env and human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA vaccine-induced T-cell response in a dose-dependent manner, only when codelivered with DNA vaccine. Interestingly, the T-cell adjuvant effects of HIV PR were increased by introducing several mutations that inhibited its proteolytic activity, indicating that the adjuvant properties were inversely correlated with its proteolytic activity. Conversely, the introduction of a mutation in the flap region of HIV PR limiting the access to the core domain of HIV PR inhibited the T-cell adjuvant effect, suggesting that the HIV PR chaperone like activity may play a role in mediating T-cell adjuvant properties. A similar adjuvant effect was also observed in adenovirus vaccine, indicating vaccine type independency. These findings suggest that HIV PR can modulate T-cell responses elicited by a gene-based vaccine positively by inherent chaperone like activity and negatively by its proteolytic activity.
Techniques for fabrication of multilayer dielectric graded-reflectivity mirrors and their use enhancement of the brightness of the radiation from a multimode Nd<sup>3+</sup>:YAG laser with a stable cavity (1996)

Techniques for fabrication of multilayer dielectric mirrors with the reflectivity varying over their surfaces are described. They were used at the output of the cavity of a high-power industrial Nd3+:YAG laser to form a beam with a Gaussian or super-Gaussian intensity distribution. The permissible range of variation of the mirror reflectivity was 40-90% and it was reproducible from sample to sample to within 5%. A mirror with the reflectivity of 84% was used at the output of a plane—plane cavity of a cw Nd3+:YAG laser (output power 12 W) to increase the axial brightness by a factor of 17.
Development of VCSELs for optical nerve stimulation (2011)

Neural stimulation using infrared optical pulses has numerous potential advantages over traditional electrical stimulation, including improved spatial precision and no stimulation artifact. However, realization of optical stimulation in neural prostheses will require a compact and efficient optical source. One attractive candidate is the vertical cavity surface emitting laser. This paper presents the first report of VCSELs developed specifically for neurostimulation applications. The target emission wavelength is 1860 nm, a favorable wavelength for stimulating neural tissues. Continuous wave operation is achieved at room temperature, with maximum output power of 2.9 mW. The maximum lasing temperature observed is 60° C. Further development is underway to achieve power levels necessary to trigger activation thresholds.