gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New cephalosporin derivatives with high antibacterial activities. (1977)

Syn-and anti-isomers of 7-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]-cephalosporins were synthesized selectively. These new cephalosporins exhibited excellent activities against a wide variety of bacteria including those which are resistant to β-lactamase susceptible cephalosporins currently available. The syn-isomers showed higher activities than the anti-isomers.
Bidirectional Phase Control Thyristor (BiPCT): A New Antiparallel Thyristor Concept (2020)

An antiparallel thyristor concept is introduced, where each thyristor occupies the whole silicon wafer This is achieved by full interdigitation of anode and cathode lateral and vertical structures of the antiparallel thyristors. The p-type cathode shorts on one wafer side serve as anode regions on the opposite side. This concept provides AC switch with turn-ON by any of the two gates and turn-off only after the load current ceased. Using an optimized irradiation procedure, we obtain device with turn-off capability called BiPCT. There the antiparallel thyristors show the recovery charge Q <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rr</sub> <; 3000 μAs and commutation turn-off time t <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</sub> <; 100 μs as experimentally demonstrated at four-inch 8.5 kV silicon devices. The concept is suitable for both Si and SiC.
Biomarker Panel for Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease (2016)

We conclude that the biomarker panel measured at diagnosis or day +100 after HCT may allow patient stratification according to risk of cGVHD.
Analysis of surface waves in shallow water environment of the Persian Gulf using S and t‐f‐k transform (2010)

Strong surface wave occurrence and its dispersion create severe problems for seismic data analysis in the shallow water environment of the Persian Gulf where the average water depth is about 10–15m. Common techniques for surface wave analysis are frequency, f‐k or velocity filtering based on exploiting low frequency and high amplitude characteristics. However, spatial aliasing of surface waves due to under‐sampling presents unique challenges to these methods. Considering that seismic signals are non‐stationary and surface waves have various spectrums over time, we in this paper explore the difference in time‐frequency variations of different seismic events to analyze and attenuate Schölte waves and other P‐related surface waves. In this study, we utilize the S transform instead of Fourier transform to build a t‐f‐k filter which provides a convenient way to analyze surface waves on separate f‐k panels at different times. The velocity of Schölte waves ranges from 450 m/s to about 2100 m/s depending upon the spatial variation of seabed shear wave velocity. The P‐related surface waves usually have a velocity ranging from 1300 m/s to 3500 m/s, which are more severely aliased than other waves in the seismic record. Analysis indicates that the proposed S‐t‐f‐k transform is effective to attenuate these surface waves in this area and improve reflection signal quality, which may be applicable in other similar ultra shallow water environment.
Large-Mode-Area All-Solid Photonic Bandgap Fibers for High Power Fiber Lasers (2015)

All-solid photonic bandgap fibers have unsurpassed higher-order-mode suppression in large-mode-area designs, making them well suited for further power scaling of fiber lasers. We will review of some of the recent progress in this invited talk.
A Fingertip Gestural User Interface Without Depth Data for Mixed Reality Applications (2018)

Hand gestures are widely used in Human-Computer and Human Robotic Interfaces. Head mounted devices use gestures to communicate as evident on HoloLens, Meta, and ARCore/ARKit platform enabled smartphones. However, these devices are expensive mainly due to onboard powerful processors and sensors such as multiple cameras, depth and IR sensors that process hand gestures. To enable mass market reach via inexpensive MR headsets without built-in depth or IR sensors, we propose a real-time, in-air gestural framework that works on monocular RGB input alone. We use fingertip for writing in air analogous to a pen on paper. The major challenge in training egocentric gesture recognition models is in obtaining sufficient labeled data for end-to-end learning. Thus, we design a cascade of networks, consisting of a CNN with differentiable spatial to numerical transform (DSNT) layer, for fingertip regression, followed by a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM), for a real-time pointing hand gesture classification. The framework takes 1.73s to run end-to-end and has a low memory footprint of 14MB facilitating easy portability on a smart-phone while achieving an accuracy of 88.0% on egocentric video dataset.
Impact of Detergent on Biophysical Properties and Immune Response of the IpaDB Fusion Protein, a Candidate Subunit Vaccine against Shigella Species (2014)

Shigella spp. are causative agents of bacillary dysentery, a human illness with high global morbidity levels, particularly among elderly and infant populations. Shigella infects via the fecal-oral route, and its virulence is dependent upon a type III secretion system (T3SS). Two components of the exposed needle tip complex of the Shigella T3SS, invasion plasmid antigen D (IpaD) and IpaB, have been identified as broadly protective antigens in the mouse lethal pneumonia model. A recombinant fusion protein (DB fusion) was created by joining the coding sequences of IpaD and IpaB. The DB fusion is coexpressed with IpaB's cognate chaperone, IpgC, for proper recombinant expression. The chaperone can then be removed by using the mild detergents octyl oligooxyethelene (OPOE) or N,N-dimethyldodecylamine N-oxide (LDAO). The DB fusion in OPOE or LDAO was used for biophysical characterization and subsequent construction of an empirical phase diagram (EPD). The EPD showed that the DB fusion in OPOE is most stable at neutral pH below 55 °C. In contrast, the DB fusion in LDAO exhibited remarkable thermal plasticity, since this detergent prevents the loss of secondary and tertiary structures after thermal unfolding at 90 °C, as well as preventing thermally induced aggregation. Moreover, the DB fusion in LDAO induced higher interleukin-17 secretion and provided a higher protective efficacy in a mouse challenge model than did the DB fusion in OPOE. These data indicate that LDAO might introduce plasticity to the protein, promoting thermal resilience and enhanced protective efficacy, which may be important in its use as a subunit vaccine.
CADENCE (2019)

Many forms of interaction between computer systems and users are recorded in the form of event records, such as login events, API call records, bank transaction records, etc. These records are often comprised of high-dimensional categorical variables, such as user name, zip code, autonomous system number, etc. In this work, we consider anomaly detection for such data sets, where each record consists of multi-dimensional, potentially very high-cardinality, categorical variables. Our proposed technique, named CADENCE, uses a combination of neural networks, low-dimensional representation learning and noise contrastive estimation. Our approach is based on estimating conditional probability density functions governing observed events, which are assumed to be mostly normal. This conditional modeling approach allows CADENCE to consider each event in its own context, thereby significantly improving its accuracy. We evaluate our proposed method using both synthetic and real world data sets. Our results show that CADENCE performs significantly better than existing methods at real-world anomaly detection tasks.
Recent Advances in Camptothecin Drug Design and Delivery Strategies (2005)

Camptothecin (CPT) (Fig. 1) and its related analogs are an expanding class of anticancer agents that have the potential to effect a broad and significant clinical impact (1–15). Clinical interest in the CPTs is in large part based on their unique mode of action: these agents turn topoisomerase I (TOP-I), an enzyme that alleviates the torsional stress of supercoiled DNA, into an intracellular poison. The CPTs stabilize the covalent binding of TOP-I to its DNA substrate and the formation of these complexes leads to reversible, single-strand nicks. Initially, the nicks do not negatively affect the cellular viability; however, according to the fork collision model, the nicks are ultimately converted to irreversible and lethal double-strand breaks during DNA synthesis. As a result of this mechanism of action, the CPTs are regarded as being S-phase specific agents and are therefore toxic to cells that are actively replicating DNA (11,16,17). Because of their proliferating nature, cancerous cells spend more time in the S-phase relative to normal cells. Also, it has been shown that TOP-I is overexpressed in a variety of tumor lines (8,15). Logically, the accelerated rate of cell replication and the overexpression of TOP-I provide a limited basis for selectivity through which the CPTs can generate greater cytotoxicity against cancerous cells than against normal cells.
Remote underwater intense laser acoustic source (2007)

A novel underwater acoustic source is under development in which a tailored intense broadband laser pulse propagates many meters underwater and compresses at a predetermined remote location. Controlled compression of these optical pulses is governed by a combination of optical group velocity dispersion (GVD) and nonlinear self-focusing, resulting in photoionization, localized heating, and shock generation. Configurations involving both atmospheric and underwater laser propagation are also under investigation for applications where airborne lasers generate underwater acoustic signals. The ability to project an acoustic source far from a laser driver, and the increased photoacoustic energy conversion efficiency from the photoionization-shock generation mechanism, are significant improvements on previous laser acoustic source development. Recent experiments included the first demonstration of underwater acoustic generation using an intense lens-focused broadband laser pulse. Initial measurements of sound pressure levels yielded 170 dB for an optical pulse energy of 3 mJ, and are in the range of useful levels for some Navy applications. Optical GVD was precisely measured. Further acoustic measurements of this source, including photoacoustic energy conversion efficiency, acoustic power spectrum, and radiation pattern are underway. Experimental results will be presented.
Structural and molecular basis for Ebola virus neutralization by protective human antibodies (2016)

Ebola virus causes hemorrhagic fever with a high case fatality rate for which there is no approved therapy. Two human monoclonal antibodies, mAb100 and mAb114, in combination, protect nonhuman primates against all signs of Ebola virus disease, including viremia. Here, we demonstrate that mAb100 recognizes the base of the Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP) trimer, occludes access to the cathepsin-cleavage loop, and prevents the proteolytic cleavage of GP that is required for virus entry. We show that mAb114 interacts with the glycan cap and inner chalice of GP, remains associated after proteolytic removal of the glycan cap, and inhibits binding of cleaved GP to its receptor. These results define the basis of neutralization for two protective antibodies and may facilitate development of therapies and vaccines.
Plasticized Polystyrene by Addition of -Diene Based Molecules for Defect-Less CVD Graphene Transfer (2020)

Chemical vapor deposition of graphene on transition metals is the most favored method to get large scale homogenous graphene films to date. However, this method involves a very critical step of transferring as grown graphene to desired substrates. A sacrificial polymer film is used to provide mechanical and structural support to graphene, as it is detached from underlying metal substrate, but, the residue and cracks of the polymer film after the transfer process affects the properties of the graphene. Herein, a simple mixture of polystyrene and low weight plasticizing molecules is reported as a suitable candidate to be used as polymer support layer for transfer of graphene synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). This combination primarily improves the flexibility of the polystyrene to prevent cracking during the transfer process. In addition, the polymer removal solvent can easily penetrate between the softener molecules, so that the polymer film can be easily dissolved after transfer of graphene, thereby leaving no residue. This facile method can be used freely for the large-scale transfer of 2D materials.
Thermal Nitridation and Oxygen-induced Etching Reactions: A Comparative Study on Si(100) and (111) Surfaces by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (2001)

Comparative studies of the thermal nitridation and subsequent oxygen-induced etching reactions on Si(100) and Si(111) surfaces were done using a scanning tunneling microscope. Both surfaces were thermally nitrided by exposure to nitrogen gas at 700°C and subsequently reacted with oxygen under an oxygen partial pressure of 1×10 -7 Torr. Silicon nano-structures were formed via selective local oxygen etching of silicon using the silicon nitrides as masks against the oxygen exposure. Resultant silicon nano-structures showed distinct differences between the two surfaces. Very narrow size distribution of silicon dots with an average size of ∼5 nm was obtained on the Si(100) surface, whereas a broad size distribution of silicon protrusions ranging from 5 to 20 nm was obtained on the Si(111) surface. We discuss the observed differences between Si(111) and (100) surfaces considering the thermal mobility of nitrogen species and the lattice and symmetry mismatches between the silicon nitride layer and Si.
Whole Sentence Neural Language Models (2018)

Recurrent neural networks have become increasingly popular for the task of language modeling achieving impressive gains in state-of-the-art speech recognition and natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Recurrent models exploit word dependencies over a much longer context window (as retained by the history states) than what is feasible with n-gram language models. However the training criterion of choice for recurrent language models continues to be the local conditional likelihood of generating the current word given the (pos-sibly long) word context, thus making local decisions at each word. This locally-conditional design fundamentally limits the ability of the model in exploiting whole sentence structures. In this paper, we present our initial results at whole sentence neural language models which assign a probability to the entire word sequence. We extend the previous work on whole sentence maximum entropy models to recurrent language models while using Noise Contrastive Estimation (NCE) for training, as these sentence models are fundamentally un-normalizable. We present results on a range of tasks: from sequence identification tasks such as, palindrome detection to large vocabulary automatic speech recognition (LVCSR) and demonstrate the modeling power of this approach.
Sample-adaptive product quantization: asymptotic analysis and examples (2000)

Vector quantization (VQ) is an efficient data compression technique for low bit rate applications. However the major disadvantage of VQ is that its encoding complexity increases dramatically with bit rate and vector dimension. Even though one can use a modified VQ, such as the tree-structured VQ, to reduce the encoding complexity, it is practically infeasible to implement such a VQ at a high bit rate or for large vector dimensions because of the huge memory requirement for its codebook and for the very large training sequence requirement. To overcome this difficulty, a structurally constrained VQ called the sample-adaptive product quantizer (SAPQ) has recently been proposed. We extensively study the SAPQ that is based on scalar quantizers in order to exploit the simplicity of scalar quantization. Through an asymptotic distortion result, we discuss the achievable performance and the relationship between distortion and encoding complexity. We illustrate that even when SAPQ is based on scalar quantizers, it can provide VQ-level performance. We also provide numerical results that show a 2-3 dB improvement over the Lloyd-Max (1982, 1960) quantizers for data rates above 4 b/point.
In Vivo Canine Cardiac Electrophysiologic Profile of 1,4-Benzodiazepine Iks Blockers (2003)

Previous cardiac electrophysiologic studies of blockers of the slowly activating delayed rectifier (IKs) current have focused primarily on ventricular repolarization. This report summarizes an extensive in vivo cardiac electrophysiologic profile of four 1,4-benzodiazepine IKs blocker analogues (L-761334, L-763540, L-761710, and L-768673) in dogs. At 3.0 mg/kg intravenously, all four analogues elicited 14.5%-21.4% increases in ventricular refractoriness and 19.2%-22.6% increases in QTc interval. Concomitant 11.1%-13.5% increases in atrial refractoriness were noted with all four analogues. Decreases in sinus heart rate of 8.4%-17.3% were noted with all four compounds. No effects on atrial, His Purkinje, ventricular conduction or atrial and ventricular excitation were observed. One analogue, L-761710, significantly delayed atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction (40.7+/-17.4% increase in atrial-to-His interval) and increased the AV conduction system functional refractory period 19.9+/-6.2%. The lack of effect of the other three 1,4-benzodiazepine IKs blockers on AV nodal function at dosages producing comparable effects on atrial and ventricular refractoriness suggest that the AV nodal effects of L-761710 were unrelated to IKs blockade. These findings indicate IKs plays important roles in both atrial and ventricular refractoriness as well as pacemaker function in the dog heart, suggesting potential utility for IKs blockers in the treatment of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias.
Multi-resolution planning for earthmoving (2002)

We suggest that planning for automated earthmoving operations such as digging a foundation or leveling a mound of soil, be treated at multiple levels. In a system that we have developed, a coarse-level planner is used to tessellate the volume to be excavated into smaller pieces that are sequenced in order to complete the task efficiently. Each of the smaller volumes is treated with a refined planner that selects digging actions based on constraint optimization over the space of prototypical digging actions. We discuss planners and the associated representations for two types of earthmoving machines: an excavator backhoe and a wheel loader. Experimental results from a full-scale automated excavator and simulated wheel loader are presented.
Inorganic Photovoltaic Devices Fabricated Using Nanocrystal Spray Deposition (2013)

Soluble inorganic nanocrystals offer a potential route to the fabrication of all-inorganic devices using solution deposition techniques. Spray processing offers several advantages over the more common spin- and dip-coating procedures, including reduced material loss during fabrication, higher sample throughput, and deposition over a larger area. The primary difference observed, however, is an overall increase in the film roughness. In an attempt to quantify the impact of this morphology change on the devices, we compare the overall performance of spray-deposited versus spin-coated CdTe-based Schottky junction solar cells and model their dark current-voltage characteristics. Spray deposition of the active layer results in a power conversion efficiency of 2.3 ± 0.3% with a fill factor of 45.7 ± 3.4%, Voc of 0.39 ± 0.06 V, and Jsc of 13.3 ± 3.0 mA/cm(2) under one sun illumination.
Monitoring of focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening in non-human primates using transcranial cavitation detection in vivo and the primate skull effect (2013)

Focused ultrasound (FUS) with microbubbles (MB) is promising for assisting the delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To assess the safety and efficacy, the monitoring using passive cavitation detection (PCD) is critical and yet the reliability of transcranial detection in large animals remained questioned. To study the primate skull effect, the PCD through the in-vitro monkey and human skulls and in the in vivo monkeys during the sonication (FUS frequency: 500 kHz) were investigated, with the use of in-house made lipid-shelled, monodisperse MB (median diameter: 4-5 μm) and a flatband hydrophone served as a passive cavitation detector. In the in vitro experiments, the MB were injected to the channel of the phantom under a degassed skull for sonication (peak negative pressure/PNP: 50-450 kPa, pulse length/PL: 0.2 ms, PRF: 10 Hz, duration: 2 s). A diagnostic B-mode imaging system was also used to monitor the cavitation. In the in vivo study, the PCD was realtime monitored during the sonication for PCD calibration (PNP: 50-700 kPa, PL: 0.2 ms and 10 ms, PRF: 2 Hz, duration: 10 s) and BBB opening (PNP: 200-600 kPa, PL: 10 ms, PRF: 2 Hz, duration: 2 min). The stable cavitation dose using harmonics (SCD <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">h</sub> ) and ultraharmonics (SCD <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">u</sub> ) and the inertial cavitation dose (ICD) were quantified. Results showed that the SCD <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">h</sub> , SCD <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">u</sub> , and ICD were detectable in vitro at 50 kPa and above, and the B-mode imaging showed bubble collapse at 200 kPa and above. The detection thresholds increased with the skulls in place, with the signal reduction of 15.4 dB for the monkey skull and 34.1 dB for the human skull. In the in vivo experiments, the SCD <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">h</sub> and ICD was detectable at and above 100 kPa and 250 kPa, respectively, and the SCD <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">u</sub> was less reliable due to spontaneous occurrence. The BBB was found to be disrupted in 250-600 kPa without edema, hemorrhage, and physiological changes were found. In conclusion, the SCD <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">h</sub> was more detectable and reliable than the SCD <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">u</sub> in assessing stable cavitation in vivo, and the inertial cavitation was detected at 250 kPa and may occur at lower pressures.
Process for thermochemically producing hydrogen. [reaction of water with chromium sesquioxide and strontium oxide] (1976)

Hydrogen is produced by the reaction of water with chromium sesquioxide and strontium oxide. The hydrogen producing reaction is combined with other reactions to produce a closed chemical cycle for the thermal decomposition of water.