gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of equalization notch to improve synthetic aperture radar coherent data products (2015)

Interference and interference mitigation techniques degrade synthetic aperture radar (SAR) coherent data products. Radars utilizing stretch processing present a unique challenge for many mitigation techniques because the interference signal itself is modified through stretch processing from its original signal characteristics. Many sources of interference, including constant tones, are only present within the fast-time sample data for a limited number of samples, depending on the radar and interference bandwidth. Adaptive filtering algorithms to estimate and remove the interference signal that rely upon assuming stationary interference signal characteristics can be ineffective. An effective mitigation method, called notching, forces the value of the data samples containing interference to zero. However, as the number of data samples set to zero increases, image distortion and loss of resolution degrade both the image product and any second order image products. Techniques to repair image distortions, 1 are effective for point-like targets. However, these techniques are not designed to model and repair distortions in SAR image terrain. Good terrain coherence is important for SAR second order image products because terrain occupies the majority of many scenes. For the case of coherent change detection it is the terrain coherence itself that determines the quality of the change detection image. This paper proposes an unique equalization technique that improves coherence over existing notching techniques. First, the proposed algorithm limits mitigation to only the samples containing interference, unlike adaptive filtering algorithms, so the remaining samples are not modified. Additionally, the mitigation adapts to changing interference power such that the resulting correction equalizes the power across the data samples. The result is reduced distortion and improved coherence for the terrain. SAR data demonstrates improved coherence from the proposed equalization correction over existing notching methods for chirped interference sources.
Crystal structure of the human TLR2-Diprovocim complex (2018)

Diprovocim is a recently discovered exceptionally potent, synthetic small molecule agonist of TLR2/TLR1 and has shown significant adjuvant activity in anticancer vaccination against murine melanoma. Since Diprovocim bears no structural similarity to the canonical lipopeptide ligands of TLR2/TLR1, we investigated how Diprovocim interacts with TLR2/TLR1 through in vitro biophysical, structural, and computational approaches. We found that Diprovocim induced the formation of TLR2/TLR1 heterodimers as well as TLR2 homodimers in vitro. We determined the crystal structure of Diprovocim in a complex with a TLR2 ectodomain, which revealed, unexpectedly, two Diprovocim molecules bound to the ligand binding pocket formed between two TLR2 ectodomains. Extensive hydrophobic interactions and a hydrogen-bonding network between the protein and Diprovocim molecules are observed within the defined ligand binding pocket and likely underlie the high potency of Diprovocim. Our work shed first light into the activation mechanism of TLR2/TLR1 by a noncanonical agonist. The structural information obtained here may be exploited to manipulate TLR2/TLR1-dependent signaling.
Polyarchy visualization (2002)

We describe a new information structure composed of multiple intersecting hierarchies, which we call Polyarchies. Visualizing polyarchies enables use of novel views for discovery of relationships which are very difficult using existing hierarchy visualization tools. This paper will describe the visualization design and system architecture challenges as well as our current solutions. A Mid-Tier Cache architecture is used as a "polyarchy server" which supports a novel web-based polyarchy visualization technique, called Visual Pivot. A series of five user studies guided iterative design of Visual Pivot
CMOS logarithmic current generator (2012)

A new scheme for a controllable CMOS low-voltage and low-power current mode logarithmic function circuit is introduced. The proposed design provides wide normalized input range, controllable output amplitude, high accuracy and insensitive to temperature variation, while it simultaneously features the attractive characteristics of simplicity, operates under very low power supply (±0.5V), and consumes an ultra low power (0.3μW). The functionality of the proposed topology is confirmed using HSPICE with 0.35μm CMOS process.
Developing Family Healthware, a family history screening tool to prevent common chronic diseases. (2009)

Family health history reflects the effects of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors and is an important risk factor for a variety of disorders including coronary heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. In 2004, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed Family Healthware, a new interactive, Web-based tool that assesses familial risk for 6 diseases (coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and colorectal, breast, and ovarian cancer) and provides a "prevention plan" with personalized recommendations for lifestyle changes and screening. The tool collects data on health behaviors, screening tests, and disease history of a person's first- and second-degree relatives. Algorithms in the software analyze the family history data and assess familial risk based on the number of relatives affected, their age at disease onset, their sex, how closely related the relatives are to each other and to the user, and the combinations of diseases in the family. A second set of algorithms uses the data on familial risk level, health behaviors, and screening to generate personalized prevention messages. Qualitative and quantitative formative research on lay understanding of family history and genetics helped shape the tool's content, labels, and messages. Lab-based usability testing helped refine messages and tool navigation. The tool is being evaluated by 3 academic centers by using a network of primary care practices to determine whether personalized prevention messages tailored to familial risk will motivate people at risk to change their lifestyles or screening behaviors.
Characterization of a Tomato Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase Gene That Is Down-Regulated by Auxin in Etiolated Hypocotyls (2001)

The reorganization of the cellulose-xyloglucan matrix is proposed to serve as an important mechanism in the control of strength and extensibility of the plant primary cell wall. One of the key enzymes associated with xyloglucan metabolism is xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET), which catalyzes the endocleavage and religation of xyloglucan molecules. As with other plant species, XETs are encoded by a gene family in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv T5). In a previous study, we demonstrated that the tomato XET gene LeEXT was abundantly expressed in the rapidly expanding region of the etiolated hypocotyl and was induced to higher levels by auxin. Here, we report the identification of a new tomato XET gene, LeXET2, that shows a different spatial expression and diametrically opposite pattern of auxin regulation from LeEXT. LeXET2 was expressed more abundantly in the mature nonelongating regions of the hypocotyl, and its mRNA abundance decreased dramatically following auxin treatment of etiolated hypocotyl segments. Analysis of the effect of several plant hormones on LeXET2 expression revealed that the inhibition of LeXET2 mRNA accumulation also occurred with cytokinin treatment. LeXET2 mRNA levels increased significantly in hypocotyl segments treated with gibberellin, but this increase could be prevented by adding auxin or cytokinin to the incubation media. Recombinant LeXET2 protein obtained by heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris exhibited greater XET activity against xyloglucan from tomato than that from three other species. The opposite patterns of expression and differential auxin regulation of LeXET2 and LeEXT suggest that they encode XETs with distinct roles during plant growth and development.
Intrinsic surface passivation of CdTe (2015)

Recombination is critically limiting in CdTe devices such as solar cells and detectors, with much of it occurring at or near the surface. In this work, we explore different routes to passivate p-type CdTe surfaces without any intentional extrinsic passivation layers. To provide deeper insight into the passivation routes, we uniquely correlate a set of characterization methods: surface analysis and time-resolved spectroscopy. We study two model systems: nominally undoped single crystals and large-grain polycrystalline films. We examine several strategies to reduce surface recombination velocity. First, we study the effects of removing surface contaminants while maintaining a near-stoichiometric surface. Then we examine stoichiometric thermally reconstructed surfaces. We also investigate the effects of shifting the surface stoichiometry by both “subtractive” (wet chemical etches) and “additive” (ampoule anneals and epitaxial growth) means. We consistently find for a variety of methods that a highly ordered stoichiometric to Cd-rich surface shows a significant reduction in surface recombination, whereas a Te-rich surface has high recombination and propose a mechanism to explain this. While as-received single crystals and as-deposited polycrystalline films have surface recombination velocities in the range of 105–106 cm/s, we find that several routes can reduce surface recombination velocities to &lt;2.5 × 104 cm/s.
Torsional Resonators Based on Inorganic Nanotubes (2016)

We study for the first time the resonant torsional behaviors of inorganic nanotubes, specifically tungsten disulfide (WS<sub>2</sub>) and boron nitride (BN) nanotubes, and compare them to that of carbon nanotubes. We have found WS<sub>2</sub> nanotubes to have the highest quality factor (Q) and torsional resonance frequency, followed by BN nanotubes and carbon nanotubes. Dynamic and static torsional spring constants of the various nanotubes were found to be different, especially in the case of WS<sub>2</sub>, possibly due to a velocity-dependent intershell friction. These results indicate that inorganic nanotubes are promising building blocks for high-Q nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS).
InGaN nanowire integrated nanophotonics (2017)

Summary form only given. A monolithic integrated photonic platform is essentially required for a broad range of applications, including optical interconnect, quantum information processing, lighting, display, and sensing. While Si photonics has been extensively studied, it has several serious shortcomings, including optical absorption in the ultraviolet, visible and telecom wavelengths range, and lack of second order nonlinearity. Moreover, due to the indirect bandgap of Si, a practical Si-based electrically injected laser has not been possible. These critical challenges can be readily addressed by developing a GaN-based integrated photonic platform. GaN has a direct energy bandgap of 3.4 eV and can be further tuned from 6.2 eV to 0.65 eV through alloying with In and Al, which enables a broad range of active photonic devices, including light emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, and photodetectors operating in the deep ultraviolet (UV), visible and near-infrared spectral range. GaN exhibits strong second order nonlinearity, and the χ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(2)</sup> coefficient is on the same order as LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> . GaN has a wide transparency window, from ~ 0.36 μm to 13.6 μm [4]. To date, however, the extraordinary potential of GaN-based materials for integrated photonics has been severely limited by the presence of large densities of defects and dislocations in conventional GaN planar heterostructures. In this context, we propose to develop a GaN nanowire based platform for integrated nanophotonics, which can be monolithically integrated on Si and other foreign substrates and are nearly free of dislocations. The paper demonstrates the epitaxy of InGaN nanostructures with controlled shape, composition, and morphology, which will serve as the building block for the emerging GaN integrated nanophotonics. The paper further demonstrates full-color (red, green, blue - RGB) single nanowire LED pixels monolithically integrated on a chip.
Tumor Suppressor Functions of miR-133a in Colorectal Cancer (2013)

miR-133a serves as a potential tumor suppressor upstream of p53 in colorectal cancer and may sensitize cells to therapeutics.
Model-Based Optoelectronic Packaging Automation (2004)

In this paper, we present an automation technique that yields high-performance, low-cost optoelectronic alignment and packaging through the use of intelligent control theory and system-level modeling. The control loop design is based on model-based control, previously popularized in process and other control industries. The approach is to build an a priori knowledge model, specific to the assembled package's optical power propagation characteristics, and use this to set the initial "feed-forward" conditions of the automation system. In addition to this feed-forward model, the controller is designed with feedback components, along with the inclusion of a built in optical power sensor. The optical modeling is performed with the rigorous scalar Rayleigh-Sommerfeld formulation, efficiently solved online using an angular spectrum technique. One of the benefits of using a knowledge-based control technique is that the efficiency of the automation process can be increased, as the number of alignment steps can be greatly reduced. An additional benefit of this technique is that it can reduce the possibility that attachment between optical components will occur at local power maximums, instead of the global maximum of the power distribution. Therefore, the technique improves system performance, while reducing the overall cost of the automation process.
A multi-cone x-ray imaging Bragg crystal spectrometer (2016)

This article describes a new x-ray imaging Bragg crystal spectrometer, which-in combination with a streak camera or a gated strip detector-can be used for time-resolved measurements of x-ray line spectra at the National Ignition Facility and other high power laser facilities. The main advantage of this instrument is that it produces perfect images of a point source for each wavelength in a selectable spectral range and that the detector plane can be perpendicular to the crystal surface or inclined by an arbitrary angle with respect to the crystal surface. These unique imaging properties are obtained by bending the x-ray diffracting crystal into a certain shape, which is generated by arranging multiple cones with different aperture angles on a common nodal line.
Stable And Oscillating Acoustic Levitation (1988)

Sample stability or instability determined by levitating frequency. Degree of oscillation of acoustically levitated object along axis of levitation chamber controlled by varying frequency of acoustic driver for axis above or below frequency of corresponding chamber resonance. Stabilization/oscillation technique applied in normal Earth gravity, or in absence of gravity to bring object quickly to rest at nominal levitation position or make object oscillate in desired range about that position.
High Efficiency Parallel Post Regulator for Wide Range Input DC–DC Converter (2008)

A high efficiency parallel post regulator for wide range input dc-dc converter is proposed. It achieves ZVS in the primary side switches in full range load due to operation; it also reduces voltage stresses across main rectifiers and has smaller conduction losses compared with the conventional post regulators; furthermore the requirement of input and output filters are significantly reduced due to the perfect filtered waveforms. A 250-400 Vdc 12 V/40 A prototype has been built and detailed experimental results are given to verify the theoretic analysis.
Fast Concurrent Data Sketches (2022)

Data sketches are approximate succinct summaries of long data streams. They are widely used for processing massive amounts of data and answering statistical queries about it. Existing libraries producing sketches are very fast, but do not allow parallelism for creating sketches using multiple threads or querying them while they are being built. We present a generic approach to parallelising data sketches efficiently and allowing them to be queried in real time, while bounding the error that such parallelism introduces. Utilising relaxed semantics and the notion of strong linearisability, we prove our algorithm’s correctness and analyse the error it induces in some specific sketches. Our implementation achieves high scalability while keeping the error small. We have contributed one of our concurrent sketches to the open-source data sketches library.
A Universal Technique for Fast and Flexible Instruction-Set Architecture Simulation (2004)

Today, designers of next-generation embedded processors and software are increasingly faced with short product lifetimes. The resulting time-to-market constraints are contradicting the continually growing processor complexity. Nevertheless, an extensive design-space exploration and product verification is indispensable for a successful market launch. In the last decade, instruction-set simulators have become an essential development tool for the design of new programmable architectures. Consequently, the simulator performance is a key factor for the overall design efficiency. Motivated by the extremely poor performance of commonly used interpretive simulators, research work on fast compiled instruction-set simulation was started ten years ago. However, due to the restrictiveness of the compiled technique, it has not been able to push through in commercial products. In this paper, we tie up with our previous research on retargetable, compiled simulation techniques, and provide a discussion about their benefits and limitations using a particular compiled scheme, static scheduling, as an example. As a conclusion, we eventually present a novel retargetable simulation technique, which combines the performance of traditional compiled simulators with the flexibility of interpretive simulation. This technique is not limited to any class of architectures or applications and can be utilized from architecture exploration up to end-user software development. We demonstrate workflow and applicability of the so-called just-in-time cache-compiled simulation technique by means of state-of-the-art real-world architectures.
Dielectric Heaters for Testing Spacecraft Nuclear Reactors (2006)

A document proposes the development of radio-frequency-(RF)-driven dielectric heaters for non-nuclear thermal testing of the cores of nuclear-fission reactors for spacecraft. Like the electrical-resistance heaters used heretofore for such testing, the dielectric heaters would be inserted in the reactors in place of nuclear fuel rods. A typical heater according to the proposal would consist of a rod of lossy dielectric material sized and shaped like a fuel rod and containing an electrically conductive rod along its center line. Exploiting the dielectric loss mechanism that is usually considered a nuisance in other applications, an RF signal, typically at a frequency .50 MHz and an amplitude between 2 and 5 kV, would be applied to the central conductor to heat the dielectric material. The main advantage of the proposal is that the wiring needed for the RF dielectric heating would be simpler and easier to fabricate than is the wiring needed for resistance heating. In some applications, it might be possible to eliminate all heater wiring and, instead, beam the RF heating power into the dielectric rods from external antennas.
Adjuvants Induce Distinct Immunological Phenotypes in a Bovine Tuberculosis Vaccine Model (2009)

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most important infectious diseases of humans and animals. Mycobacterium bovis BCG, the only currently available TB vaccine, demonstrates variable levels of efficacy; therefore, a replacement or supplement to BCG is required. Protein subunit vaccines have shown promise but require the use of adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity. Using the protective mycobacterial antigen Rv3019c, we have evaluated the induction of relevant immune responses by adjuvant formulations directly in the target species for bovine TB vaccines and compared these to responses induced by BCG. We demonstrate that two classes of adjuvant induce distinct immune phenotypes in cattle, a fact not previously reported for mice. A water/oil emulsion induced both an effector cell and a central memory response. A cationic-liposome adjuvant induced a central memory response alone, similar to that induced by BCG. This suggests that water/oil emulsions may be the most promising formulations. These results demonstrate the importance of testing adjuvant formulations directly in the target species and the necessity of measuring different types of immune response when evaluating immune responses.
Peptide fragments of AMP-18, a novel secreted gastric antrum mucosal protein, are mitogenic and motogenic (2003)

Antrum mucosal protein (AMP)-18 is a novel 18-kDa protein synthesized by cells of the gastric antrum mucosa. The protein is present in secretion granules of murine gastric antrum epithelial cells and is a component of canine antrum mucus, suggesting that it is secreted into the viscoelastic gel layer on the mucosal surface. Release of the protein appears to be regulated because forskolin decreased the amount of immunoreactive AMP-18 in primary cultures of canine antrum mucosal epithelial cells, and indomethacin gavaged into the stomach of mice reduced AMP-18 content in antrum mucosal tissue before inducing histological injury. A functional domain of the protein was identified by preparing peptides derived from the center of human AMP-18. A 21-mer peptide stimulated growth of gastric and intestinal epithelial cells, but not fibroblasts, and increased restitution of scrape-wounded gastric epithelial monolayers. These functions of AMP-18 suggest that its release onto the apical cell surface is regulated and that the protein and/or peptide fragments may protect the antral mucosa and promote healing by facilitating restitution and proliferation after injury.
Quantum Cascade Laser (1994)

A semiconductor injection laser that differs in a fundamental way from diode lasers has been demonstrated. It is built out of quantum semiconductor structures that were grown by molecular beam epitaxy and designed by band structure engineering. Electrons streaming down a potential staircase sequentially emit photons at the steps. The steps consist of coupled quantum wells in which population inversion between discrete conduction band excited states is achieved by control of tunneling. A strong narrowing of the emission spectrum, above threshold, provides direct evidence of laser action at a wavelength of 4.2 micrometers with peak powers in excess of 8 milliwatts in pulsed operation. In quantum cascade lasers, the wavelength, entirely determined by quantum confinement, can be tailored from the mid-infrared to the submillimeter wave region in the same heterostructure material.