gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of current post-concussion protocols (2020)

The growing number of concussions and mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) with the lack of evidence-based treatment options is a continuous health concern. This creates problems when evaluating and providing efficacious symptom management to patients suffering from post-concussion syndrome (PCS). Numerous pharmacological and non-pharmacological agents have been utilized in an attempt to treat PCS. Some of these approaches include physical therapy, analgesics, antidepressants, and nutraceuticals. Although these treatments have had some success, there has been inconsistent outcomes, with some examples of patients' symptoms worsening. Among pharmaceutical agents, fluoxetine has been a popular choice for the symptom management of PCS. Although some patients have had symptom resolution with the use of fluoxetine, there is still a lack of conclusive data. Of the several biochemical changes that occur in a patient's brain following a concussion, an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) is of particular concern. In order to counteract the responses of the brain, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, have been utilized to reverse the damaging cellular effects. However, this may inadvertently cause an increase in ROS, rather than a reduction. Although there is a lack of consistency in exactly when each treatment was used in the post-injury interval, it is important that we analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the most commonly used agents due to the lack of a set protocol. The studies were chosen in a non-exhaustive manner and were not consistent in patients' post-injury intervals, in addition to other baseline characteristics. However, over-arching claims that some treatments may benefit more than others can be made. This review evaluates both the pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical protocols that are most commonly utilized in post-concussive patients for their efficacy in treatment of post-concussive syndrome (PCS).
Intelligent corner synthesis via cycle-consistent generative adversarial networks for efficient validation of autonomous driving systems (2018)

Today's automotive vehicles are often equipped with powerful data processing systems for driver assistance and/or autonomous driving. To meet the rigorous safety standard, one critical task is to ensure extremely small failure rate over all possible operation conditions. Such a validation task requires a large amount of on-road testing data to cover all possible corners. In this paper, we describe a novel general-purpose methodology to synthetically and efficiently generate a broad spectrum of corner cases for validation purpose. Our proposed method is based upon cycle-consistent generative adversarial networks (CycleGANs) trained by a small set of image samples to mathematically map a nominal case to other corner cases. By taking STOP sign detection as an example, our numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach is able to reduce the validation error by up to 100× given a limited data set for corner cases.
Mammary epithelial stem and progenitor cells and the prolactin pathway (2008)

Prolactin is a pleiotropic peptide hormone and cytokine that is secreted from the pituitary gland and locally within various tissues of the body for autocrine and paracrine signal transduction. It controls proliferation and differentiation in a number of body tissues and increasing evidence indicates that it controls these functions in undifferentiated stem and progenitor cells of adult tissues, such as mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic progenitors, neural stem cells, oligodendrocyte precursor cells and possibly in mammary gland stem/progenitor cells. These roles in these undifferentiated cell types also implicate prolactin in the stem cell theory of cancer, supporting its known roles in cancer formation and progression.
<i>SF3B1</i> and Other Novel Cancer Genes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (2011)

Our study defines the landscape of somatic mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and highlights pre-mRNA splicing as a critical cellular process contributing to chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Mechanism of Selective Oxygen Reduction on Platinum by 2,2‘-Bipyridine in the Presence of Methanol (2005)

Mechanism of selective oxygen reduction on platinum by 2,2'-bipyridine in the presence of methanol has been investigated by in situ surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy. The addition of 2,2'-bipyridine caused the decrease of adsorbed water molecules and those existing near the surface of platinum. The formation of both CO and formate, the latter being the intermediate in the non-CO path for methanol oxidation, depressed in the presence of 2,2'-bipyridine, suggests that 2,2'-bipyridine hinders methanol oxidation via both non-CO and CO paths on platinum. The geometrical effect of 2,2'-bipyridine adsorbed onto platinum was also investigated by multisite Monte Carlo simulation. It is indicated that selective oxygen reduction is caused by the difference in the number of required adsorption sites between methanol and dioxygen molecules. The suppression of Pt oxide species by 2,2'-bipyridine is found to be another factor that enhances the oxygen reduction.
A collective mechanism for phase variation in biofilms (2008)

Understanding how microbes gather into biofilm communities and maintain diversity remains one of the central questions of microbiology, requiring an understanding of microbes as communal rather then individual organisms. Phase variation plays an integral role in the formation of diverse phenotypes within biofilms. We propose a collective mechanism for phase variation based on gene transfer agents, and apply the theory to predict the population structure and growth dynamics of a biofilm. Our results describe quantitatively recent experiments, with the only adjustable parameter being the rate of intercellular horizontal gene transfer. Our approach derives from a more general picture for the emergence of cooperation between microbes.
Deep Face Feature for Face Alignment (2017)

In this paper, we present a deep learning based image feature extraction method designed specifically for face images. To train the feature extraction model, we construct a large scale photo-realistic face image dataset with ground-truth correspondence between multi-view face images, which are synthesized from real photographs via an inverse rendering procedure. The deep face feature (DFF) is trained using correspondence between face images rendered from different views. Using the trained DFF model, we can extract a feature vector for each pixel of a face image, which distinguishes different facial regions and is shown to be more effective than general-purpose feature descriptors for face-related tasks such as matching and alignment. Based on the DFF, we develop a robust face alignment method, which iteratively updates landmarks, pose and 3D shape. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method can achieve state-of-the-art results for face alignment under highly unconstrained face images.
Apolipoprotein D expression in substantia nigra of Parkinson disease. (2006)

Apolipoprotein D (apo D), a lipocalin transporter of small hydrophobic molecules could play an important role in several neurodegenerative diseases. However, its role in those diseases remains unclear. Increments of apo D have been reported in relation with injury and degeneration in the nervous system. Recently increases of apo D level have been reported in schizophrenia, a neuropathologic disease where the oxidative stress and lipid abnormalities may be involved. Apo D could act as a sequestering molecule binding excess of arachidonic acid in cells. In order to determine the relationship between apo D expression and other neurodegenerative pathologies related to oxidative damage, we studied the presence of apo D in the substantia nigra of control and Parkinson disease (PD) subjects. We found dopaminergic neurons were not immunoreactive for apo D, control or PD subjects. However, surrounding glial cells showed immunostaining for apo D and signal increases in PD cases. These findings support the role of apolipoprotein D in neuroprotection and the importance of glia in the amount of this protein in the central nervous system.
N-th-order Voltage Transfer Function Synthesis Using a Commercially Available Active Component, CFA: Signal-Flow Graph Approach (2000)

Article N-th-order Voltage Transfer Function Synthesis Using a Commercially Available Active Component, CFA: Signal-Flow Graph Approach was published on May 1, 2000 in the journal Frequenz (volume 54, issue 5-6).
Oxygen Limitation Contributes to Antibiotic Tolerance of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> in Biofilms (2004)

The role of oxygen limitation in protecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains growing in biofilms from killing by antibiotics was investigated in vitro. Bacteria in mature (48-h-old) colony biofilms were poorly killed when they were exposed to tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, carbenicillin, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, or tetracycline for 12 h. It was shown with oxygen microelectrodes that these biofilms contain large anoxic regions. Oxygen penetrated about 50 microm into the biofilms, which averaged 210 microm thick. The region of active protein synthesis was visualized by using an inducible green fluorescent protein. This zone was also limited to a narrow band, approximately 30 microm wide, adjacent to the air interface of the biofilm. The bacteria in mature biofilms exhibited a specific growth rate of only 0.02 h(-1). These results show that 48-h-old colony biofilms are physiologically heterogeneous and that most of the cells in the biofilm occupy an oxygen-limited, stationary-phase state. In contrast, bacteria in 4-h-old colony biofilms were still growing, active, and susceptible to antibiotics when they were challenged in air. When 4-h-old colony biofilms were challenged under anaerobic conditions, the level of killing by antibiotics was reduced compared to that for the controls grown aerobically. Oxygen limitation could explain 70% or more of the protection afforded to 48-h-old colony biofilms for all antibiotics tested. Nitrate amendment stimulated the growth of untreated control P. aeruginosa isolates grown under anaerobic conditions but decreased the susceptibilities of the organisms to antibiotics. Local oxygen limitation and the presence of nitrate may contribute to the reduced susceptibilities of P. aeruginosa biofilms causing infections in vivo.
neu protooncogene fused to an immunoglobulin heavy chain gene requires immunoglobulin light chain for cell surface expression and oncogenic transformation. (1988)

The protein encoded by the neu protooncogene (human gene symbol NGL for neuro/glioblastoma-derived) is a member of the surface receptor/tyrosine kinase family. Though its structure suggests that it can transduce a transmembrane signal, neither its extracellular ligand nor its critical intracellular substrates are known. To explore the functional properties of the protein encoded by neu, we created a fusion gene that joins the cytoplasmic domain of neu to the extracellular portion of an immunoglobulin heavy chain. The localization of the fusion polypeptide can then be controlled by coexpression with immunoglobulin light chain. In the absence of light chain, the heavy chain-neu polypeptide is expressed intracellularly and has no transforming activity. By contrast, in the presence of light chain the fusion polypeptide is expressed at the cell surface and produces tumorigenic foci. Thus, transformation apparently requires expression at the cell surface, where the neu intracellular domain can interact with components that are localized to the plasma membrane. The fusion protein is active in cellular transformation when the transmembrane domain is derived either from neu or from immunoglobulin, indicating that the neu transmembrane domain is not specifically required for transformation, although neu activation in tumors is known to result from a point mutation in this region. The extracellular immunoglobulin heavy and light chain domains of the fusion protein form a functional binding site that allows antigen to modulate its activity, reversing the transforming effect.
New computational complexity analysis for a spatial segmentation algorithm (2014)

The emergence and increasing importance of digital society, cyber-physical systems, and semantic, pervasive, and mobile computing are expanding the role of software and applications in smart environments. Associated with these paradigms, are instruments, sensors, and a multitude of applications that generate and require analysis of massive volumes of diverse, heterogeneous, complex, and distributed data. The problem of partitioning images into homogenous regions or semantic entities is a basic problem for identifying relevant objects. There is a wide range of computational vision problems for 2D images that could use the segmented images. However the problems of 3D image segmentation and grouping remain great challenges for computer vision. Visual segmentation is related to some semantic concepts because certain parts of a scene are pre-attentively distinctive, and have a greater significance than other parts. Many approaches aim to create large regions using simple homogeneity criteria based only on color or texture. The 3D applications for such approaches are limited because they often fail to create meaningful partitions, due to either the complexity of the scene, or difficult lighting conditions. The paper introduces a new algorithm for spatial segmentation based on Virtual Tree-Hexagonal Structure constructed on the image's voxels. The paper also depicts a Spatial Segmentation Algorithm. It describes the Computational Complexity Analysis of the presented Color-Based Spatial Segmentation Algorithm.
Genetic Studies with Bacterial Protoplasts (1981)

Gram-poSlllve bacteria . Gram-negative bacteria . Protoplast Regeneration . GENETIC INTERACTIONS IN INTRASPECIFIC PROTOPLAST FUSIONS ..... ... . . . . . . . . ... . . ... . . . . ... ......... . . ... ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . The Measurement of Fusion . Optim!!l Conditions for Protoplast F.usio� : .. : : .. GenetIc Events After Protoplast FUSIOn In Gram-Poslflve BacteTla .. Streptomyces . Bacillus . ComparisollS between Streptomyces and Bacillus . Genetic Mapping by Protoplast Fusion .. Chromosomal linkage . Detection of extrachromosomal inheritance . Fusions Involving Nonviable Protoplasts .. Protoplast Fusion in Gram-Negative Bacteria . INTERSPECIFIC PROTOPLAST FUSION . PLASMID TRANSFER BY PROTOPLAST FUSION ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. LOSS OF PLASMIDS BY PROTOPLASTING .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ........ .. PLASMID TRANSFORMATION AND TRANSFECTION OF PROTOPLASTS .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Techniques .
Safety and Immunogenicity of a Novel Influenza Subunit Vaccine Produced in Mammalian Cell Culture (2009)

CCIV was well tolerated and highly immunogenic in adults 18 years of age or older. Cell culture may offer greater flexibility of supply during periods of high demand for both seasonal and pandemic vaccines.
Quantitative Analysis and Study of Coal Mine Underground Environment Gases Based on the FTIR (2011)

Coal mine underground environment gases gas composition is very complicated, especially coal self-ignition different oxidation stage symbol of mine gas and release of period of reckoning produce of the coal mine enterprises poisonous and harmful gas production safety, caused great harm to the mine production period and needed after the reckoning mine air composition for monitoring. Existing gas chromatographic analysis is slow and not on-line analysis problem, sensor use short-lived, need often set-up insufficient, we put forward such a kind of brand-new based on the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) in-well environment gas analysis method. Combining with gas absorption spectral characteristics and analysis from spectrometer parameter selection, request the sample gas preparation, feature extraction and analysis model is established in variable introduces a set of effective coal mine underground environment gas spectral analysis method, and then gives C2H6, C3H8, CH4, i-C4H10, n-C4H10, C2H4 C3H6, C2H2, SF6, CO and CO2, the test results. The results showed that the FTIR spectrometer in spectral resolution for 1cm -1 , optical path for 10cm circumstances, all gas resolution than 2x10 -6 , meet mine environment gas detection requirements. This shows that the infrared spectrum analysis is a potential mine environment gas analysis, this paper party could realize technology of coal mine underground environment gas on-line analysis.
Dissipation-Induced Super Scattering and Lasing PT-Spaser (2015)

Giant transmission and reflection of a finite bandwidth are shown to occur at the same wavelength when the electromagnetic wave is incident on a periodic array of PT-symmetric dimers embedded in a metallic film. Remarkably, we found that this phenomenon vanishes if the metallic substrate is lossless while keeping other parameters unchanged. When the metafilm is adjusted to the vicinity of a spectral singularity, tuning substrate dissipation to a critical value can lead to supper scattering in stark contrast to what would be expected in conventional systems. The PT-synthetic plasmonic metafilm acts as a lasing PT-spaser, a planar source of coherent radiation. The metallic dissipation provides a mean to couple light out of the dark modes of the PT- spaser. Above a critical gain-loss coupling, the metafilm behaves as a meta-gain medium with the meta-gain atoms made from the PT-plasmonic dimers. This phenomenon implies that super radiation is possible from a cavity having gain elements by tuning the cavity dissipation to a critical value.
Optimized graph-based mosaicking for virtual microscopy (2009)

Virtual microscopy has the potential to partially replace traditional microscopy. For virtualization, the slide is scanned once by a fully automatized robotic microscope and saved digitally. Typically, such a scan results in several hundreds to thousands of fields of view. Since robotic stages have positioning errors, these fields of view have to be registered locally and globally in an additional step. In this work we propose a new global mosaicking method for the creation of virtual slides based on sub-pixel exact phase correlation for local alignment in combination with Prim's minimum spanning tree algorithm for global alignment. Our algorithm allows for a robust reproduction of the original slide even in the presence of views with little to no information content. This makes it especially suitable for the mosaicking of cervical smears. These smears often exhibit large empty areas, which do not contain enough information for common stitching approaches.
Interactive Tooth Separation from Dental Model Using Segmentation Field (2016)

Tooth segmentation on dental model is an essential step of computer-aided-design systems for orthodontic virtual treatment planning. However, fast and accurate identifying cutting boundary to separate teeth from dental model still remains a challenge, due to various geometrical shapes of teeth, complex tooth arrangements, different dental model qualities, and varying degrees of crowding problems. Most segmentation approaches presented before are not able to achieve a balance between fine segmentation results and simple operating procedures with less time consumption. In this article, we present a novel, effective and efficient framework that achieves tooth segmentation based on a segmentation field, which is solved by a linear system defined by a discrete Laplace-Beltrami operator with Dirichlet boundary conditions. A set of contour lines are sampled from the smooth scalar field, and candidate cutting boundaries can be detected from concave regions with large variations of field data. The sensitivity to concave seams of the segmentation field facilitates effective tooth partition, as well as avoids obtaining appropriate curvature threshold value, which is unreliable in some case. Our tooth segmentation algorithm is robust to dental models with low quality, as well as is effective to dental models with different levels of crowding problems. The experiments, including segmentation tests of varying dental models with different complexity, experiments on dental meshes with different modeling resolutions and surface noises and comparison between our method and the morphologic skeleton segmentation method are conducted, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of our method.
Ordered porous materials as media for the organization of matter on the nanoscale (1998)

Ordered porous inorganic compounds can now be synthesized with pore sizes between 0.3 nm and several tens of nanometers. The sharp pore size distribution of such materials and the ordered pore arrangement open possibilities for using them to organize matter on the nanometer scale. This overview highlights different aspects of this topic, using four selected examples: the spatial organization of molecules with high molecular hyperpolarizability to create a frequency-doubling element; the encapsulation of a laser dye which results in a new class of solid-state lasers; the encapsulation of small metal clusters in mesoporous ordered oxides; and the encapsulation of semiconductor clusters in such oxides. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Pro-Neurotrophin Receptor Sortilin Is a Major Neuronal Apolipoprotein E Receptor for Catabolism of Amyloid-β Peptide in the Brain (2013)

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the major risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Among other functions, APOE is proposed to sequester neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain, delivering them to cellular catabolism via neuronal APOE receptors. Still, the receptors involved in this process remain controversial. Here, we identified the pro-neurotrophin receptor sortilin as major endocytic pathway for clearance of APOE/Aβ complexes in neurons. Sortilin binds APOE with high affinity. Lack of receptor expression in mice results in accumulation of APOE and of Aβ in the brain and in aggravated plaque burden. Also, primary neurons lacking sortilin exhibit significantly impaired uptake of APOE/Aβ complexes despite proper expression of other APOE receptors. Despite higher than normal brain APOE levels, sortilin-deficient animals display anomalies in brain lipid metabolism (e.g., accumulation of sulfatides) seen in APOE-deficient mice, indicating functional deficiency in cellular APOE uptake pathways. Together, our findings identified sortilin as an essential neuronal pathway for APOE-containing lipoproteins in vivo and suggest an intriguing link between Aβ catabolism and pro-neurotrophin signaling converging on this receptor.
Controlled Catalyst Transfer Polycondensation and Surface-Initiated Polymerization of a <i>p</i>-Phenyleneethynylene-Based Monomer (2013)

Herein, we describe a catalyst transfer polycondensation that enabled access to well-defined poly(p-phenyleneethynylene) (PPE), a prominent conjugated polymer. Treatment of a stannylated 4-iodophenylacetylene derivative with PhPd(t-Bu3P)Br afforded the corresponding PPE in up to 94% yield. Under optimized conditions, the molecular weight of the polymer increased linearly with monomer consumption, and was controlled by adjusting the initial monomer-to-catalyst ratio. The chain-growth nature of the polymerization reaction was utilized to produce well-defined PPE-containing block copolymers, as well as to grow PPE brushes from silica nanoparticles via a surface-initiated polymerization process.