gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biomodification of Coal to Remove Mercury (2007)

A biological process for removal of mercury from coal is under investigation. Iron and sulfur oxidizing bacteria have previously been used for desulfurization of coal and for mineral mining. We have shown that removal of mercury from coal is also possible via the same principles. Two pure cultures, Leptospirillum ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and four environmental consortium samples obtained from an acid mine drainage site were studied for mercury removal from coal. Four different coal samples were included in the study and the preliminary results have shown that up to 20% of the mercury can be removed in batch cultures compared to control. Additional parameters such as media composition and inoculum size were also studied. This is the first report demonstrating successful leaching of mercury from coal using biological treatment.
Inhibition of Type A and Type B Monoamine Oxidases by Naturally Occurring Xanthones (1981)

Eleven naturally occurring xanthones were tested for in vitro inhibition of type A and type B monoamine oxidases (MAO's), prepared by treating rat brain mitochondria with selective inhibitors. All compounds showed various potencies of inhibition for both types of MAO. 1-Hydroxy-3,8-dimethoxy-xanthone and 1,3-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-xanthone were most potent for type A MAO, while they were rather weak for type B MAO, showing that these compounds can be regarded as type A inhibitors. The xanthones bearing 1,3-dihydroxy-groups generally exhibited potent inhibition for both types. The 3-O-glucosides of xanthones were much weaker than their corresponding genuine aglycones for both types.
Process for recovering elemental phosphorus and a metal concentrate from ferrophos (2023)

Ferrophos is treated in a plasma furnace by maintaining an electric arc between a cathode and at least one point on the surface of the ferrophos which serves as the anode in the presence of an inert plasma gas, maintaining the average temperature of the ferrophos at about 2,000.degree. C. to about 2,700.degree. C., evolving gaseous phosphorus from the ferrophos until it contains less than about 7% by weight phosphorus, removing a purified phosphorus gas as one product and a metal concentrate having a reduced phosphorus content as a coproduct.
Synthesis and in vivo photodynamic activity of some bacteriochlorin derivatives against bladder tumors in rodents (1991)

Bacteriochlorins have been suggested as potential photosensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy. We have shown that bacteriochlorin-like macrocycles can be generated through cyclization of either 5,10- or 5,15-bis[(ethoxycarbonyl)vinyl]porphyrins; however, the resulting products are rapidly decomposed on exposure to air. More stable systems can be generated by Diels-Alder reactions between dienophiles such as dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate or tetracyanoethylene, and vinylporphyrinones. Although spectroscopic properties of these latter products resemble those of porphyrinones rather than bacteriochlorins, in vivo studies using the N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]-formamide-induced rat bladder tumor (AY-27) transplanted into Fisher CDF (F344)/CrlBr rats demonstrated a powerful photodynamic response.
A 1.8GHz linear CMOS power amplifier with supply-path switching scheme for WCDMA/LTE applications (2013)

Low-cost CMOS PAs for mobile terminals have been a focus of attention in recent years. Self-contained, linear CMOS PAs are particularly attractive for smooth replacement of conventional compound semiconductor PA products. The main challenge concerning the linear CMOS PAs is to improve their power efficiency. Doherty PAs improve the average power efficiency by means of backoff efficiency boosting; however, their applicable carrier frequency range is narrow owing to the high-order output network. Supply modulation is another technique to improve the PA back-off efficiency. Although hybrid modulators have been studied for CMOS polar transmitters [1,2], none of them have satisfied full specs of modulation bandwidth and the output power for 4G cellular applications. The area overhead is also unacceptable for application to a self-contained linear PA. A class-G supply modulator relaxes the limitations by receiving external, discrete levels of supply voltages [3]. However, it still requires a costly extra DC-DC converter for multilevel supply voltages.
Impact of Mobile Usage on the Interpersonal Relations (2006)

Abstract: Communication via mobile telephones is widespread in East Asian metropolis such as Seoul, Taipei and Tokyo. In the last ten years, the number of mobile telephone users has increased dramatically, with the younger generation in particular depending on the services available via mobile telephones. This paper explores the relationship between the voice and text messaging communications of these young consumers through their mobile telephones and their interpersonal relations. It analyses how mobile telephone usage affects relationships between respondents by comparing models of the cause-effect relationship of several latent factors in different environments, namely dependency on mobile telephone communication, perception of friendships, individual factors and IT literacy. By applying a covariance structure analysis, the correlations between latent and observable variables can be successfully visualized. The results show that mobile telephones have little influence on the perception of relationships among the younger generation, although somewhat different structures of interdependency exist in these metropolitan areas.
Structural Insights into the Secretin PulD and Its Trypsin-resistant Core (2005)

Limited proteolysis, secondary structure and biochemical analyses, mass spectrometry, and mass measurements by scanning transmission electron microscopy were combined with cryo-electron microscopy to generate a three-dimensional model of the homomultimeric complex formed by the outer membrane secretin PulD, an essential channel-forming component of the type II secretion system from Klebsiella oxytoca. The complex is a dodecameric structure composed of two rings that sandwich a closed disc. The two rings form chambers on either side of a central plug that is part of the middle disc. The PulD polypeptide comprises two major, structurally quite distinct domains; an N domain, which forms the walls of one of the chambers, and a trypsin-resistant C domain, which contributes to the outer chamber, the central disc, and the plug. The C domain contains a lower proportion of potentially transmembrane beta-structure than classical outer membrane proteins, suggesting that only a small part of it is embedded within the outer membrane. Indeed, the C domain probably extends well beyond the confines of the outer membrane bilayer, forming a centrally plugged channel that penetrates both the peptidoglycan on the periplasmic side and the lipopolysaccharide and capsule layers on the cell surface. The inner chamber is proposed to constitute a docking site for the secreted exoprotein pullulanase, whereas the outer chamber could allow displacement of the plug to open the channel and permit the exoprotein to escape.
High efficiency AlGaAs/GaAs power HBTs at a low supply voltage for digital cellular phones (2002)

We present a high performance AlGaAs/GaAs power HBT with very low thermal resistance for digital cellular phones. Device structure with emitter air-bridge is utilized and device layout is optimized to reduce thermal resistance by three-dimensional thermal flow analysis, and in spite of a rather thick substrate (100 /spl mu/m), a low thermal resistance of 23/spl deg/C/W is achieved for a multi-finger (4/spl times/40 /spl mu/m/sup 2//spl times/40 fingers) HBT. This 40 finger HBT achieved power added efficiency (PAE) of over 53%, 29.1 dBm output power (Pout) and high associated gain (Ga) of 13.5 dB with 50 KHz adjacent channel leakage power (Padj) of less than 48 dBc under a 948 MHz /spl pi//4-shifted QPSK modulation with 3.4 V emitter-collector voltage.
CD4/CD8 ratio and cytokine levels of the BAL fluid in patients with bronchiectasis caused by sulfur mustard gas inhalation. (2007)

The increased levels of cytokines CD4 lymphocytes in the BAL fluid suggest the possible causative mechanism in the lung in sulfur mustard gas-induced bronchiectasis by the recruitment of neutrophils into the lung.
Intraosseous Sliding Plate Fixation Used in Double Osteotomy Bunionectomy (2018)

Level III, retrospective comparative series.
Photolabile Carbonyl Protecting Group: A New Tool for Light‐Controlled Release of Anticancer Agents (2009)

Abstract A new type of photolabile carbonyl‐protecting group was utilized in releasing anticancer agents upon irradiation at 350 nm in an aqueous environment. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Second-generation antipsychotics for major depressive disorder and dysthymia (2010)

Quetiapine was more effective than placebo treatment. Aripiprazole and quetiapine and partly also olanzapine and risperidone augmentation showed beneficial effects compared to placebo. Some evidence indicated beneficial effects of low-dose amisulpride for dysthymic people. Most SGAs showed worse tolerability.
Self-aligned complementary bipolar technology for low-power dissipation and ultra-high-speed LSIs (1995)

Fully symmetrical complementary bipolar transistors for low power-dissipation and ultra-high-speed LSIs have been integrated in the same chip using a 0.3-/spl mu/m SPOTEC process. Reducing the surface concentration of the boron by oxidation at the surface of the boron diffusion layer suppressed the upward diffusion of boron from the subcollector of the pnp transistor during epitaxial growth. This enabled thin epitaxial layer growth for both npn and pnp transistors simultaneously. Cutoff frequencies of 30 and 32 GHz were obtained in npn and pnp transistors, respectively. Simulated results showed that the power dissipation is reduced to 1/5 in a complementary active pull-down circuit compared with an ECL circuit.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Antigenic Equivalence of Human T-Cell Responses to <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> -Specific RD1-Encoded Protein Antigens ESAT-6 and Culture Filtrate Protein 10 and to Mixtures of Synthetic Peptides (2000)

The early secreted antigenic target 6-kDa protein (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10) are promising antigens for reliable immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis. Both antigens are encoded by RD1, a genomic region present in all strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis but lacking in all M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine strains. Production and purification of recombinant antigens are laborious and costly, precluding rapid and large-scale testing. Aiming to develop alternative diagnostic reagents, we have investigated whether recombinant ESAT-6 (rESAT-6) and recombinant CFP-10 (rCFP-10) can be replaced with corresponding mixtures of overlapping peptides spanning the complete amino acid sequence of each antigen. Proliferation of M. tuberculosis-specific human T-cell lines in response to rESAT-6 and rCFP-10 and that in response to the corresponding peptide mixtures were almost completely correlated (r = 0.96, P < 0.0001 for ESAT-6; r = 0.98, P < 0.0001 for CFP-10). More importantly, the same was found when gamma interferon production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to these stimuli was analyzed (r = 0.89, P < 0.0001 for ESAT-6; r = 0.89, P < 0.0001 for CFP-10). Whole protein antigens and the peptide mixtures resulted in identical sensitivity and specificity for detection of infection with M. tuberculosis. The peptides in each mixture contributing to the overall response varied between individuals with different HLA-DR types. Interestingly, responses to CFP-10 were significantly higher in the presence of HLA-DR15, which is the major subtype of DR2. These results show that mixtures of synthetic overlapping peptides have potency equivalent to that of whole ESAT-6 and CFP-10 for sensitive and specific detection of infection with M. tuberculosis, and peptides have the advantage of faster production at lower cost.
MARS2: An Advanced Femtosecond Laser Mask Repair Tool (2002)

Femtosecond pulsed lasers offer fundamental advantages over other techniques for repairing lithographic masks. Since the femtosecond ablation process is non-thermal, the spatial resolution is not degraded by thermal diffusion and is therefore limited only by optical diffraction. In addition, metal splatter, gallium staining, reduced optical transmission, beam induced charging, quartz damage, and phase errors inherent in other repair methods are eliminated. A second generation femtosecond laser repair tool is described. The tool utilizes DUV optics which allow ~100nm mask features to be imaged. The laser beam is focused to a round, gaussian spot. This gaussian spot is scanned over the defect, thus allowing arbitrarily shaped repairs to be performed with a spatial resolution of ~100nm. Since the mask is not degraded in any way during the repair process, repairs can be performed iteratively by ablating small slices of the defect. Mask features can be trimmed to an RMS precision of ~5nm. The system is also highly automated: masks are loaded into the tool from a SMIF pod via a robot and the tool is controlled from a single screen operator interface. This new tool has been operating successfully in the IBM Burlington mask house since late 2001, and is currently IBM's primary repair tool for 248 and 193nm chrome on glass and phase shift masks.
A unified control method for quadrotor tail-sitter UAVs in all flight modes: Hover, transition, and level flight (2017)

This paper presents a unified control framework for controlling a quadrotor tail-sitter UAV. The most salient feature of this framework is its capability of uniformly treating the hovering and forward flight, and enabling continuous transition between these two modes, depending on the commanded velocity. The key part of this framework is a nonlinear solver that solves for the proper attitude and thrust that produces the required acceleration set by the position controller in an online fashion. The planned attitude and thrust are then achieved by an inner attitude controller that is global asymptotically stable. To characterize the aircraft aerodynamics, a full envelope wind tunnel test is performed on the full-scale quadrotor tail-sitter UAV. In addition to planning the attitude and thrust required by the position controller, this framework can also be used to analyze the UAV's equilibrium state (trimmed condition), especially when wind gust is present. Finally, simulation results are presented to verify the controller's capacity, and experiments are conducted to show the attitude controller's performance.
Energy Storage and Its Use With Intermittent Renewable Energy (2004)

A simple probabilistic method has been developed to predict the ability of energy storage to increase the penetration of intermittent embedded renewable generation (ERG) on weak electricity grids and to enhance the value of the electricity generated by time-shifting delivery to the network. This paper focuses on the connection of wind generators at locations where the level of ERG would be limited by the voltage rise. Short-term storage, covering less than 1 h, offers only a small increase in the amount of electricity that can be absorbed by the network. Storage over periods of up to one day delivers greater energy benefits, but is significantly more expensive. Different feasible electricity storage technologies are compared for their operational suitability over different time scales. The value of storage in relation to power rating and energy capacity has been investigated so as to facilitate appropriate sizing.
Office dermatologic testing: the KOH preparation. (1991)

A potassium hydroxide preparation is used to confirm the diagnosis of a superficial fungal skin infection. Adding black or blue-black ink to the potassium hydroxide solution highlights fungal organisms and distinguishes them from surrounding cellular debris.
Inferring and Executing Programs for Visual Reasoning (2017)

Existing methods for visual reasoning attempt to directly map inputs to outputs using black-box architectures without explicitly modeling the underlying reasoning processes. As a result, these black-box models often learn to exploit biases in the data rather than learning to perform visual reasoning. Inspired by module networks, this paper proposes a model for visual reasoning that consists of a program generator that constructs an explicit representation of the reasoning process to be performed, and an execution engine that executes the resulting program to produce an answer. Both the program generator and the execution engine are implemented by neural networks, and are trained using a combination of backpropagation and REINFORCE. Using the CLEVR benchmark for visual reasoning, we show that our model significantly outperforms strong baselines and generalizes better in a variety of settings.
3D Printing of Highly Stretchable, Shape-Memory, and Self-Healing Elastomer toward Novel 4D Printing (2018)

The three-dimensional (3D) printing of flexible and stretchable materials with smart functions such as shape memory (SM) and self-healing (SH) is highly desirable for the development of future 4D printing technology for myriad applications, such as soft actuators, deployable smart medical devices, and flexible electronics. Here, we report a novel ink that can be used for the 3D printing of highly stretchable, SM, and SH elastomer via UV-light-assisted direct-ink-write printing. An ink containing urethane diacrylate and a linear semicrystalline polymer is developed for the 3D printing of a semi-interpenetrating polymer network elastomer that can be stretched by up to 600%. The 3D-printed complex structures show interesting functional properties, such as high strain SM and SM -assisted SH capability. We demonstrate that such a 3D-printed SM elastomer has the potential application for biomedical devices, such as vascular repair devices. This research paves a new way for the further development of novel 4D printing, soft robotics, and biomedical devices.
Effect of an inhaled adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> agonist on the allergen‐induced late asthmatic response (2007)

The inhaled A(2A)-receptor agonist, GW328267X, 25 microg does not affect the allergen-induced LAR or the associated inflammatory response in asthma.
Improved dynamic security assessment for AC/DC power systems using energy functions (2004)

A method is presented to integrate the dynamics of DC power flow into calculations of transient energy functions of AC/DC power systems. This method treats the generator input power as a function of the parameters and the input, output variables of the DC control system. By using this transient energy function, the accuracy of the stability prediction of AC/DC power systems is improved. The new transient energy function is validated using 12-bus and 30-bus test systems by comparing the stability results with those obtained from time simulation. The new transient energy function is used in a number of studies to establish its effectiveness.
An Endocrinologist's Guide to the Clock (2011)

Research into the molecular clock provides a novel window onto endocrine and metabolic disease. These advances present new avenues for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Privacy Preserving Distributed Deep Learning and Its Application in Credit Card Fraud Detection (2018)

Preserving privacy in machine learning on multi-party data is of importance to many domains. In practice, existing solutions suffer from several critical limitations, such as significantly reduced utility under privacy constraints or excessive communication burden between the information fusion center and local data providers. In this paper, we propose and implement a new distributed deep learning framework that addresses these shortcomings and preserves privacy more efficiently than previous methods. During the stochastic gradient descent training of a deep neural network, we focus on the parameters with large absolute gradients in order to save privacy budget consumption. We adopt a generalization of the Report-Noisy-Max algorithm in differential privacy to select these gradients and prove its privacy guarantee rigorously. Inspired by the recent novel idea of Terngrad, we also quantize the released gradients to ternary levels {-B, 0, B}, where B is the bound of gradient clipping. Applying Terngrad can significantly reduce the communication cost without incurring severe accuracy loss. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of our method on a real-world credit card fraud detection data set consisting of millions of transactions.
Hydrometall urgical Recovery Of Molybdenum From Low-Grade Molybdenite (1977)

An alternative process to the separation of molybdenum from copper concentrates by selective flotation has been investigated.The process consists of hydrometallurgical separation of copper and molybdenum from leach solutions of lowgrade molybdenum calcine. The main advantages of the process are increased molybdenum recovery, a less critical roasting of the molybdenite and a high-quality product.Different leaching and separation methods have been studied. The most promising consists of a pseudo-selective ammonia leach of the calcine in the presence of elemental sulphur in autoclaves at 120 to 140° C and 3 to 10 bars. The molybdenum is obtained in solution at high concentrations adequate for direct precipitation. The corresponding flowsheet is presented. Résumé Un nouveau procédé pour séparer le molybdène des concentrés de cuivre par flottation sélective a été étudié.Le procédé consiste en une séparation hydrométallurgique du cuivre et du molybdène à partir des solutions de lixiviation à basse teneur en molybdène provenant de la calcination. Les principaux avantages du procédé sont une augmentation de la quantité de molybdène récupéré, un grillage moins critique de la molybdènite et un produit de haute qualité.Différentes méthodes de lixiviation et de séparation ont été étudiées. Celle qui a le plus d'avenir consiste en une lixiviation pséudo-sélective par l'ammoniaque des produits de calcination en présence de soufre élémentaire dans des autoclaves à des températures de 120 à 140°C et sous des pressions de 3 à 10 bars. Le molybdène est obtenu en solution à des concentrations suffisamment élevées pour permettre des précipitations directes. Le schéma correspondent est présenté.
Bph1p, the <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> Homologue of CHS1/Beige, Functions in Cell Wall Formation and Protein Sorting (2004)

Mutations in the Chediak-Higashi syndrome gene (CHS1) and its murine homologue Beige result in the formation of enlarged lysosomes. BPH1 (Beige Protein Homologue 1) encodes the Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologue of CHS1/Beige. BPH1 is not essential and the encoded protein was found to be both cytosolic and peripherally bound to a membrane. Neither disruption nor overexpression of BPH1 affected vacuole morphology as assessed by fluorescence microscopy. The deltabph1 strain showed an impaired growth on defined synthetic media containing potassium acetate buffered below pH 4.25, increased sensitivity to calcofluor white, and increased agglutination in response to low pH. A library screen identified VPS9, FLO1, FLO9, BTS1 and OKP1 as high copy suppressors of the growth defect of deltabph1 on both low pH potassium acetate and calcofluor white. The deltabph1 strain demonstrated a mild defect in sorting vacuolar components, including increased secretion of carboxypeptidase Y and missorting of alkaline phosphatase. Overexpression of VPS9, BTS1 and OKP1 suppressed the carboxypeptidase Y secretion defect of deltabph1. Overexpression of BPH1 was found to suppress the calcofluor white sensitivity of a class E VPS deletion strain, deltavta1. Together, these data suggest that Bph1p associates with a membrane and is involved in protein sorting and cell wall formation.