gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Notes on improved procedures for the chemical modification and degradation of glycosphingolipids. (1980)

Some simplified and efficient procedures are described for the following chemical modifications of glycophingolipids. 1) The olefinic bond of the ceramide moiety of the acetylated glycolipid was quantitatively oxidized with osmium tetroxide and periodic acid. Treatment of the resulting glycolipid aldehyde with sodium methodixe resulted in the release of the intact oligosaccharide. The yield of oligosaccharides under the new conditions was much higher than previously found. 2) The olefinic bond was also oxidized to a carboxyl function by either of two methods: a) the aldehyde group resulting from the above oxidation was further oxidized with performic acid; and b) the olefinic bond of the fully acetylated glycolipid was oxidized directly to the acid by potassium permanganate in acetone. 3) The methyl ester of the carboxyl group of the sialic acid in gangliosides can be formed with diazomethane in methanol-ether after treatment of the gangliosides with Dowex-50 (H+ form). Possible uses of these glycolipid modifications are discussed.
A Newborn Screening Education Best Practices Framework: Development and Adoption (2019)

Newborn screening is a process-based public health service. Newborn screening staff and families alike are essential to maintaining the timeliness of the screening process. Newborn screening education must be accurate and accessible. Past newborn screening conferences have highlighted gaps in best practice and evidence-based guidance on newborn screening education. Sharing successful strategies across programs mitigates the scarcity of resources by cutting costs and reducing the burden of work. These factors illustrate the need for an education framework to guide newborn screening education efforts. The Newborn Screening Education Best Practices Framework responds to these issues by outlining guidance for newborn screening education approaches. Experts in the fields of newborn screening, genetics, and bioethics as well as previous research on best practice guidelines have contributed to the development of this framework. The framework outlines a process for users to evaluate newborn screening education approaches as best practices. This framework reviews best practices using a two-step approach, looking at guiding questions, implementation of the newborn screening issue, and evaluation. The framework helps the user define the characteristics of the newborn screening issue, intended audience, and practical steps to implementation, and then decide whether or not it can be used as a best practice.
Formation of hydroxynorspermidine from exogenously added 1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol in Vibrio species. (1989)

When Vibrio parahaemolyticus AQ 3627 was grown in the presence of 1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol (OH-Dap), a new compound accumulated in the cells. This was identified as hydroxynorspermidine (OH-Nspd), N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. It was also synthesized enzymatically from OH-Dap by a cell-free preparation from this strain. All other Vibrio strains examined also showed the ability to synthesize this compound, but none of the non-vibrio organisms did, indicating that OH-Dap is an in vivo substrate for the enzyme responsible for biosynthesis of norspermidine characteristically present in vibrios. These results suggest that the ability to synthesize OH-Nspd from OH-Dap present in the growth medium may be useful as an additional identifying factor for the genus Vibrio.
Correlation of Pseudo Random Noise to Measure Time Delay as a Function of Frequency (1999)

Numerous digital delays and loudspeaker processors have granted the user a higher level of precise control over the alignment of loudspeakers. This paper investigates an efficient measurement method using correlated pseudo random noise to accurately determine the acoustic center of a loudspeaker. It can be demonstrated the measurement process is robust and applicable in less than ideal environments.
Dynamics in a Controlled Flow Model of a Switching System (2005)

This paper studies dynamics in a controlled flow model of a switching system in communication networks. Since oscillations in the model are not preferable, some control methods have been proposed, but dynamics in the controlled system has been not discussed. Numerical studies in this paper show that there are many bifurcations including border-collision ones and crises as a control parameter is changed, and that the oscillations are eliminated by a crisis.
Monte Carlo calculation of X-ray spectra emitted by various anode materials at low voltages (2002)

Calculations of the absolute intensity and energy spectra of X-rays emitted by various targets have been performed for tube potentials in the 20-50 kV range using a single scattering Monte Carlo method. Monte Carlo modeling provides an accurate, practical method for obtaining X-ray spectra from arbitrary target materials for which experimental or semi-empirical results are not available. Our Monte Carlo program, SKEPTIC (Simulated Kilovolt Electron and Photon Transport In Condensed media), utilizes fast sampling schemes and employs extensive variance reduction techniques in order to reduce run time inefficiencies normally associated with single scattering electron transport simulations. Cross section data in the SKEPTIC physics model is taken from the partial wave elastic scattering formulation of Riley (1975) and the doubly differential bremsstrahlung description due to Pratt et al. (1977). Calculated spectra and intensities compare well with available experimental data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Detection of global, metamorphic malware variants using control and data flow analysis (2012)

Current malware detection and classification tools fail to adequately address variants that are generated automatically using new polymorphic and metamorphic transformation engines that can produce variants that bear no resemblance to one another. Current approaches address this problem by employing syntactic signatures that mimic the underlying control structures such as call- and flow-graphs. These techniques, however, are easily defeated using new program diversification techniques. This hampers our ability to defend against zero day attacks perpetrated by such auto “replicating”, rapidly spreading malware variants. In this paper, we present a new form of abstract malware signature generation that is based on extracting semantic summaries of malware code that is immune to most polymorphic and metamorphic transformations. We also present results of our initial, experimental evaluation of the proposed approach.
Gold Nanoparticles Linked by Pyrrole- and Thiophene-Based Thiols. Electrochemical, Optical, and Conductive Properties (2007)

A series of new alkyl-substituted pyrrole, bithiophene, and terthiophene thiols, terthiophene and sexithiophene dithiols, and polythiophene polythiol have been synthesized. The compounds form self-assembled monolayers on gold with high surface coverages generally in the range (2–4) × 10−10 mol cm−2 as indicated by cyclic voltammetry and UV–vis spectroscopy. The thiols were reacted with 5 nm gold nanoparticles in toluene to form monodisperse, stable, and soluble thiol-capped gold clusters with the same gold core diameter, which were oxidatively coupled electrochemically (in solution or as films) and chemically (with iodine) to polymeric gold clusters. The dithiols (including ethanedithiol) and the polythiol formed analogous polymeric structures via layer-by-layer alternation with gold nanoparticles on gold-modified ITO and glass surfaces. The new materials were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, UV–vis and FTIR spectroscopy, and conductivity. The capped gold clusters display conductivities in the range 10−7–10−2 S cm−1 and give solvoconductive responses fast and stable, which parallel the degree of swelling measured by QCM. The conductivities of the polymeric clusters are in the range 2 × 10−2−10−1 S cm−1. Comparison with the literature indicates 10−1 S cm−1 as a practical limit to the conductivity in such systems.
Relationship Between Gastric Emptying and Diurnal Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Trial (2016)

In T1D, pharmacologically mediated acceleration of GE increases postprandial CGM-based glucose. In contrast, delayed GE is associated with greater CGM-based glucose values over the entire day.
Adsorptive contactors for removal of soluble manganese during drinking water treatment (2010)

Water treatment facilities are often challenged to achieve effective soluble manganese (Mn) removal in the face of competing needs to achieve other water treatment objectives (e.g., disinfection by‐product control and biological filtration). Previous research has demonstrated that effective soluble Mn removal can be achieved on media surfaces coated with manganese dioxide [MnO x ( s )]. This research study demonstrated that MnO X ( s )‐ coated media could be used as a post‐filtration adsorptive contactor to promote effective soluble Mn removal over a wide range of solution pH values (6.3‐8.0), free chlorine levels (1.0 mg/L and greater), initial soluble Mn concentrations (0.03‐0.3 mg/L), and hydraulic loading rates (up to 24 gpm/sq ft). Use of a postfiltration Mn adsorptive contactor in the overall process treatment train would allow water utilities to ensure effective Mn control while achieving other important water quality and regulatory compliance objectives.
Synthesis of Carbapenem Antibiotics (1982)

42) gave t h e d e s i r e d diazo-compound (%[).
Progress in the Study of Heparinases (2007)

Heparinases,a kind of polysaccharide lyases,can degrade heparin and heparin sulfate to low molecular weight polysaccharides.It has been noted that many bacteria have heparinases although only few of them have been purified and characterized.Heparinases I,II and III from Flavobacterium heparinum have been extensively studied for many years and been commercialized recently.Heparinases have some important applications in the industry and clinic as well as in the determination of heparin structure,which is a very important anticoagulant drug used world-widely.The recent progresses in isolation of heparinase-producing bacteria,genome mapping of heparinase homologs in sequenced bacteria and archaea genomes,purification of heparinases and the study of their biochemistry and regulation were reviewed.The recombinant expression of these enzymes as well as important applications of heparinases and their potential applications in the future will also be highlighted.
Website Fingerprinting at Internet Scale (2016)

The website fingerprinting attack aims to identify the content (i.e., a webpage accessed by a client) of encrypted and anonymized connections by observing patterns of data flows such as packet size and direction. This attack can be performed by a local passive eavesdropper -one of the weakest adversaries in the attacker model of anonymization networks such as Tor.
Lifelong treatment with gammaglobulin for primary antibody deficiencies: the patients' experiences of subcutaneous self‐infusions and home therapy (1995)

Primary antibody deficiencies are chronic conditions and the patients usually need lifelong replacement therapy with gammaglobulin to prevent or reduce infections. It has been shown that the gammaglobulin can be given safely as subcutaneous infusions, instead of intramuscular injections or intravenous infusions. The major aim of this multi-centre study was to investigate the perceptions of the subcutaneous method among patients using it, both in hospital settings and as self-infusions at home. The study included 152 patients: 89 women, 63 men, mean age 44 years (range 18-76). Data were collected by using questionnaires. The patients were found to have a strongly positive attitude towards receiving the replacement therapy as subcutaneous infusions, perceived the method as effective in preventing infections and wished to retain the treatment. However, the younger patients found the subcutaneous infusions more uncomfortable and were less determined to continue with the therapy as compared with the older individuals. The responsibility for self-infusions at home was accepted by the patients, leading to an increased independence from the health care personnel and to a feeling of flexibility and freedom. As these patients have a chronic disease and are in need of lifelong treatment, it is important to discuss the development of structured education and training programmes in which special emphasis is placed on the support of the younger patients. It is suggested that Orem's nursing model of self-care may serve as a conceptual framework for nurses working in this specific area of nursing care.
Walking like a Man? (2013)

SlutWalk marches have emerged to protest the blaming of women for their own sexual assault. Sociologists Kristen Barber and Kelsy Kretschmer consider the different ways men participate in SlutWalk, and how their participation at times both supports and undermines the feminist goals of the event.
The Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Thymidine Kinase Is Expressed in the Testes of Transgenic Mice under the Control of a Cryptic Promoter (1991)

We reported previously that the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) thymidine kinase reporter gene (tk) was expressed in the testes of transgenic mice when coupled to the promoter of a liver-specific mouse major urinary protein (MUP) gene. Here we show that HSV-1 tk is also expressed in the testis when coupled to a MUP pseudogene promoter, to a truncated MUP promoter that is not active in the liver, and to the promoter of the bovine thyroglobulin gene. Furthermore, HSV-1 tk itself was expressed in the testis, although its normal expression had been disabled by removing an upstream regulator of transcription. In every case, the same multiple transcripts were observed, with their 5' ends located downstream of the normal HSV-1 tk translation initiation codon. We conclude that the transcription of HSV-1 tk in the testis is directed by a cryptic TATA box-independent promoter located in the coding region of the gene. The longest HSV-1 thymidine kinase (TK) polypeptides synthesized in the testis were shorter than full-length TK and probably result from translational initiation at Met46 and Met60, the second and third ATG codons of the tk reading frame. Male mice of most transgenic lines were sterile, and the severity of the lesion in spermatogenesis was directly related to the level of TK expression. In the most highly expressing lines, sperm counts were low and morphologically defective sperm were common. In other sterile lines, TK was expressed at a lower level and sperm counts were normal but sperm motility was greatly reduced. Lines with the lowest levels of HSV-1 TK expression were fertile. HSV-1 TK was expressed in germ line cells, mainly in the haploid spermatids. However, low-level HSV-1 TK activity was found in the testis before the first germ cells entered meiosis, showing that if expression is confined to the germ cells, it also occurs in spermatogonia.
Genetics of Ovarian Cancer (1997)

Epithelial ovarian cancer occurs primarily in postmenopausal women, and most cases are thought to be due to acquired alterations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. In contrast, approximately 5–10% of ovarian cancers arise in women who carry inherited mutations in a cancer susceptibility gene. It is thought that more than 90% of hereditary ovarian cancer is due to inherited mutations in the BRCA1 breast/ovarian cancer susceptibility gene on chromosome 17q. BRCA1 mutational analysis is being performed in several academic medical centers on a research basis and also now is commercially available. With the ability to identify mutations in BRCA1, prophylactic oophorectomy and other interventions intended to decrease ovarian cancer mortality can be offered specifically to women who carry a mutation, but the optimal strategy for the clinical management of these families has not yet been determined.
Suppression of interfacial atomic diffusion in InGaNAs/GaAs heterostructures grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (2002)

We have studied the effects of annealing of InGaNAs/GaAs heterostructures on diffusion at the interfaces and the resultant changes in optical and structural properties. Interdiffusion between In and Ga was found to be very significant. Inserting a thin compressively strained layer of InxdGa1−xdNydAs1−yd on either side of an InxqGa1−xqNyqAs1−yq quantum well (QW) suppressed this interdiffusion significantly. As a consequence, a blue shift of the photoluminescence signal after annealing remained small and the optical activity was largely improved. It was also found that a small amount of N incorporated in InGaAs QWs embedded in GaAs increased the In/Ga interdiffusion and that increased mechanical stresses enhanced the interdiffusion.
Gate Current Degradation Mechanisms of GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (2007)

In spite of their extraordinary performance, GaN HEMTs still lack solid reliability. Gate current degradation during RF power device operation is a great concern because it impacts PAE, gain, and output power. In this paper, we have experimentally studied gate current degradation under high forward and reverse bias conditions on the gate. We find that strong reverse bias on the gate produces defects that become paths for excess IG. On the other hand, strong forward bias on the gate degrades Schottky junction probably due to thermal effects.
Solid Tumors in Multiple Myeloma (1979)

The frequency of solid tumors was evaluated in 628 consecutive patients with multiple myeloma who had been treated with various melphalan-prednisone combinations. Among those patients who lived at least 2 months, the incidence and diversity of second tumors were similar to those in normal persons of the same age and duration at risk. The diagnosis was usually made within 2 years after the start of chemotherapy for the myeloma. Long-term melphalan therapy did not seem to contribute to the pathogenesis of second solid tumors in patients with multiple myeloma.
Fabrication of a flexible penetrating microelectrode array for use on curved surfaces of neural tissues (2013)

Conventionally, invasive neural microelectrodes for recording neuronal signals or stimulating the nervous system have been fabricated based on silicon substrate mainly due to well-established manufacturing processes. However, these silicon-based microelectrode devices have an issue of mechanical stability caused by the absence of flexibility when implanted onto curved surfaces of tissues. In this paper, a flexible and penetrating microelectrode array, a hybrid structure composed of silicon and elastomer, was devised and fabricated by bulk micromachining technologies. The structure uses individual silicon needles as independent electrodes in a square array and polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) as a base to support the needles. The dimensions of the electrode array and the needles are adjustable, depending on the number of needles, the pitch between the needles and the targeted penetration depth of the neural tissue. For mechanical characterization, the adhesion between PDMS and silicon was evaluated and the flexibility and integrity of the fabricated structure were investigated through flexural test and insertion test. Also, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the electrodes was measured. The results suggest that the proposed microelectrode array is promising for use in neuronal recording and stimulation over curved surfaces such as cortical surface and peripheral nerves with larger curvatures.
The Cultural Education of College Students under the Background of National Cultural Security (2007)

Globalization is a good opportunity to China as well as a serious challenge which refers to economy, politics,culture,and so on.After years of planning,managing and penetrating,and with the help of ad- vanced economy and sophisticated technical methods,some western capitalist countries headed by America have built a complete system of cultural expansion among Chinese college students.The invasion of powerful culture has surpassed the old forms of violence and opposition,and it's more legitimate and hiding.However, it is more attractive and has worse function.In order to protect our country' s benefits and improve the quality of talented persons,it's very important for us to strengthen the cultural education of college students.
Robust Inter-Vehicle Distance Estimation Method Based on Monocular Vision (2019)

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) based on monocular vision are rapidly becoming a popular research subject. In ADAS, inter-vehicle distance estimation from an in-car camera based on monocular vision is critical. At present, related methods based on a monocular vision for measuring the absolute distance of vehicles ahead experience accuracy problems in terms of the ranging result, which is low, and the deviation of the ranging result between different types of vehicles, which is large and easily affected by a change in the attitude angle. To improve the robustness of a distance estimation system, an improved method for estimating the distance of a monocular vision vehicle based on the detection and segmentation of the target vehicle is proposed in this paper to address the vehicle attitude angle problem. The angle regression model (ARN) is used to obtain the attitude angle information of the target vehicle. The dimension estimation network determines the actual dimensions of the target vehicle. Then, a 2D base vector geometric model is designed in accordance with the image analytic geometric principle to accurately recover the back area of the target vehicle. Lastly, area-distance modeling based on the principle of camera projection is performed to estimate distance. The experimental results on the real-world computer vision benchmark, KITTI, indicate that our approach achieves superior performance compared with other existing published methods for different types of vehicles (including front and sideway vehicles).
Levodopa, motor fluctuations and dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease (2006)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most frequent, chronic, progressive degenerative disorders of the CNS, characterised by altered neurotransmission of dopamine in the basal ganglia. This may result in disturbances of movement, mobility and posture symptoms, all of which cause severe disability in PD patients. There is no cure for PD. Current treatment approaches aim at symptomatic improvement with a balance of the altered neurotransmission, particularly in striatal dopaminergic neurons. Levodopa, the metabolic precursor of active dopamine, is the most effective compound in the drug treatment of PD. However, chronic exposure to levodopa and related dopaminergic agents supports an onset of movement behaviour fluctuations and dyskinesia in the long term. Dyskinesia is unwanted, sometimes excessive and causes abnormal facial, body and limb movements that appear in many PD patients who are often dependent on the overall dosage of dopaminergic substitution. This complication of anti-Parkinsonian drug therapy supports disability and reduces quality of life in PD patients and their caregivers. This review focuses on the major clinical features and knowledge on the aetiology of these treatment-associated, long-term side effects of dopaminergic drug treatment in PD. It also gives an overview of existing and potential future treatment-strategies for the management of these troublesome treatment complications that affect motor behaviour in PD patients.