gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parameter biasing obfuscation for analog IP protection (2017)

A unique key-based technique that obfuscates the critical biasing conditions of an analog circuit is developed. The proposed technique targets the physical dimensions of the transistors used to set the optimal biasing conditions. The width of a transistor is obfuscated and, based on an applied key sequence, provides a range of potential biasing points. Only when the correct key sequence is applied, certain transistor(s) are active, and the correct biasing points are set at the target node. The proposed bias encryption technique is implemented on a VCO based phase locked loop (PLL) in a standard 180nm CMOS process. Circuit parameters including the settling time, power, and phase noise for both the obfuscated and an un-obfuscated PLL are compared. A 40-bit encryption key is used to obfuscate biasing parameters, significantly improving the security of an analog IC. Obfuscating the PLL results in a 6.3% increase in area, 0.89% increase in power consumption, and 5 dBc/Hz increase in phase noise. The probability to determine the correct key through brute force attack is 9.095×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-13</sup> . By implementing the proposed technique on multiple analog components in the integrated circuit, the key space is increased and the overall security is further improved. The analog obfuscation technique complements existing digital encryption techniques and is an effective countermeasure against IP theft, counterfeiting, and overproduction of analog and mixed signal circuits.
Intrathoracic Airway Closure Impacts CO2 Signal and Delivered Ventilation during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (2018)

During chest compressions, intrathoracic airway patency greatly affects the delivered ventilation. The expired CO<sub>2</sub> signal can reflect CPR effectiveness but is also dependent on airway patency. The maximal EtCO<sub>2</sub> recorded between consecutive ventilator breaths best reflects alveolar CO<sub>2</sub>.
Procedure for the Semisyntheses of Peptide Amides having a Glutamic or Aspartic Acid a-Amide at the C-terminal (1998)

Abstract: Various protected aspartic acid ex-amide and glutamic acid ex-amide derivatives were synthesized and applied as nucleophiles in transacylation reactions using carboxypeptidase Y. The benzyl, tert-butyl, cyclohexyl and cyclopentyl ester-type protection for the carboxyl groups were examined and deprotection were achieved by conventional methods.
A Broadband, Micromachined Rectangular Waveguide to Cavity-Backed Coplanar Waveguide Transition Using Impedance-Taper Technique (2014)

This paper presents a broadband fully micromachined transition from rectangular waveguide to cavity-backed CPW line for submillimeter-wave (sub-MMW) and terahertz applications. A cavity-backed CPW line (CBCBW) is a planar transmission line that is designed and optimized for minimum loss while providing 50- Ω characteristic impedance. This line is shown to provide less than 0.12 dB/mm loss over the entire J-band (220-325 GHz). The transition from CBCPW to waveguide is realized in three steps to achieve a broadband response with a topology amenable to silicon micromachining. The first step is a tapered transition from the CBCPW line to a 50- Ω reduced-height waveguide. The next two steps utilize a novel in-plane impedance tapering technique to transition from the reduced-height waveguide to the on-wafer regular height waveguide. The full transition has less than 0.9 dB of insertion loss and more than 13 dB of return loss over the entire J-band (39% bandwidth). Silicon micromachining technology is used to fabricate prototypes of back-to-back CBCPW line-to-waveguide transitions. A novel waveguide-probe measurement setup is introduced and utilized to evaluate the performance of the transitions and the CBCPW lines.
Retargeting of Rat Parvovirus H-1PV to Cancer Cells through Genetic Engineering of the Viral Capsid (2012)

The rat parvovirus H-1PV is a promising anticancer agent given its oncosuppressive properties and the absence of known side effects in humans. H-1PV replicates preferentially in transformed cells, but the virus can enter both normal and cancer cells. Uptake by normal cells sequesters a significant portion of the administered viral dose away from the tumor target. Hence, targeting H-1PV entry specifically to tumor cells is important to increase the efficacy of parvovirus-based treatments. In this study, we first found that sialic acid plays a key role in H-1PV entry. We then genetically engineered the H-1PV capsid to improve its affinity for human tumor cells. By analogy with the resolved crystal structure of the closely related parvovirus minute virus of mice, we developed an in silico three-dimensional (3D) model of the H-1PV wild-type capsid. Based on this model, we identified putative amino acids involved in cell membrane recognition and virus entry at the level of the 2-fold axis of symmetry of the capsid, within the so-called dimple region. In situ mutagenesis of these residues significantly reduced the binding and entry of H-1PV into permissive cells. We then engineered an entry-deficient viral capsid and inserted a cyclic RGD-4C peptide at the level of its 3-fold axis spike. This peptide binds α(v)β(3) and α(v)β(5) integrins, which are overexpressed in cancer cells and growing blood vessels. The insertion of the peptide rescued viral infectivity toward cells overexpressing α(v)β(5) integrins, resulting in the efficient killing of these cells by the reengineered virus. This work demonstrates that H-1PV can be genetically retargeted through the modification of its capsid, showing great promise for a more efficient use of this virus in cancer therapy.
Toxicity and therapeutic effects in mice of liposome-encapsulated nystatin for systemic fungal infections (1987)

The therapeutic activity of nystatin (NYS) incorporated in multilamellar liposomes (L-NYS) was studied in vivo. Hale-Stoner mice injected intravenously with various doses of L-NYS and free NYS showed a significant reduction in toxicity of NYS after the NYS was incorporated into liposomes (maximal tolerated doses, 16 and 4 mg/kg of body weight, respectively). The maximal tolerated dose of free NYS had no effect in the treatment of mice infected with Candida albicans, whereas L-NYS at an equivalent dose improved the survival of mice. A marked increase in survival was observed when L-NYS was administered in higher and multiple doses (total doses up to 80 mg/kg). Liposome encapsulation thus provided a means for intravenous administration of NYS, reducing its toxicity and making it an active systemic antifungal agent.
Coding potential and transcript analysis of fowl adenovirus 4: insight into upstream ORFs as common sequence features in adenoviral transcripts (2011)

Recombinant fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) have been successfully used as veterinary vaccine vectors. However, insufficient definitions of the protein-coding and non-coding regions and an incomplete understanding of virus-host interactions limit the progress of next-generation vectors. FAdVs are known to cause several diseases of poultry. Certain isolates of species FAdV-C are the aetiological agent of inclusion body hepatitis/hydropericardium syndrome (IBH/HPS). In this study, we report the complete 45667 bp genome sequence of FAdV-4 of species FAdV-C. Assessment of the protein-coding potential of FAdV-4 was carried out with the Bio-Dictionary-based Gene Finder together with an evaluation of sequence conservation among species FAdV-A and FAdV-D. On this basis, 46 potentially protein-coding ORFs were identified. Of these, 33 and 13 ORFs were assigned high and low protein-coding potential, respectively. Homologues of the ancestral adenoviral genes were, with few exceptions, assigned high protein-coding potential. ORFs that were unique to the FAdVs were differentiated into high and low protein-coding potential groups. Notable putative genes with high protein-coding capacity included the previously unreported fiber 1, hypothetical 10.3K and hypothetical 10.5K genes. Transcript analysis revealed that several of the small ORFs less than 300 nt in length that were assigned low coding potential contributed to upstream ORFs (uORFs) in important mRNAs, including the ORF22 mRNA. Subsequent analysis of the previously reported transcripts of FAdV-1, FAdV-9, human adenovirus 2 and bovine adenovirus 3 identified widespread uORFs in AdV mRNAs that have the potential to act as important translational regulatory elements.
Quantitative Phase Imaging Camera With a Weak Diffuser (2019)

We introduce the quantitative phase imaging camera with a weak diffuser (QPICWD) as a practical realization of quantitative phase imaging (QPI) on standard microscope platforms. The QPICWD is a compact stand-alone camera which measures sample induced phase delay under low-coherence quasi-monochromatic illumination by examining the deformation of the speckle intensity pattern. By interpreting the speckle deformation with an ensemble average of the geometric flow, we can obtain the high-resolution distortion field by solving the transport of intensity equation (TIE). Since the phase measured by TIE is the generalized phase of the partially coherent image, instead of the phase of the measured object, we analyze the effect of illumination coherence and imaging numerical aperture (NA) on the accuracy of phase retrieval, revealing that the phase of the object can be reliably retrieved when the coherence parameter (the ratio of illumination NA to objective NA) of the Kohler illumination is between 0.3 and 0.5. We present several applications for the new design including nondestructive optical testing of microlens array with nanometric thickness and imaging of fixed and live HeLa cells. Since the designed QPI camera does not require any modification of the widely available bright-field microscope or additional accessories for its use, it is expected to be adopted by the broader biology and medical community.
Combined Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets and Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells Enhances the Survival and Insulin Function of Islet Grafts in Diabetic Mice (2010)

Our results indicated that cotransplantation of ADSCs with islet graft promoted survival and insulin function of the graft and reduced the islet mass required for reversal of diabetes. This innovative protocol may allow "one donor to one recipient" islet transplantation.
Monte Carlo based inverse model of diffuse reflectance for determination of UV-VIS optical properties and its application to breast cancer diagnosis (2004)

A method for extracting optical properties from diffuse reflectance spectra is applied to human breast tissue. It was found that using the physically-based model for classification of malignancy performed substantially better than an empirical model.
Microsphere-Based Seamless Scaffolds Containing Macroscopic Gradients of Encapsulated Factors for Tissue Engineering (2008)

Spatial and temporal control of bioactive signals in three-dimensional (3D) tissue engineering scaffolds is greatly desired. Coupled together, these attributes may mimic and maintain complex signal patterns, such as those observed during axonal regeneration or neovascularization. Seamless polymer constructs may provide a route to achieve spatial control of signal distribution. In this study, a novel microparticle-based scaffold fabrication technique is introduced as a method to create 3D scaffolds with spatial control over model dyes using uniform poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres. Uniform microspheres were produced using the Precision Particle Fabrication technique. Scaffolds were assembled by flowing microsphere suspensions into a cylindrical glass mold, and then microspheres were physically attached to form a continuous scaffold using ethanol treatment. An ethanol soak of 1 h was found to be optimum for improved mechanical characteristics. Morphological and physical characterization of the scaffolds revealed that microsphere matrices were porous (41.1 +/- 2.1%) and well connected, and their compressive stiffness ranged from 142 to 306 kPa. Culturing chondrocytes on the scaffolds revealed the compatibility of these substrates with cell attachment and viability. In addition, bilayered, multilayered, and gradient scaffolds were fabricated, exhibiting excellent spatial control and resolution. Such novel scaffolds can serve as sustained delivery devices of heterogeneous signals in a continuous and seamless manner, and may be particularly useful in future interfacial tissue engineering investigations.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Nitrogen Heterocycles via Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization. (1988)

Abstract The N‐(oxo)alkenyl‐2‐iodoanilines (I), (III), (V), and (VII) are cyclized upon treatment with a base in the presence of palladium diacetate, yielding the benzo‐fused N‐heterocycles (II), (IV), (VI), and (VIII).
Self-healable graphene polymer composites (2010)

We report here a simple and scalable process to fabricate graphene shape memory polymer composites. The graphene material was nanolayered graphene synthesized by a microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. The free standing nanolayered graphene, in its pristine state, was used as a filler to fabricate epoxy based shape memory polymer composites by (1) direct dispersion in the diamine curing agent; (2) thermal curing with diepoxides. The shape memory properties of the polymer matrix impart a thermal healing capability into the composites, which was greatly enhanced at ultra-low filler contents of 0.0025 and 0.0125 vol%.
ChaiTime: a system for rapid creation of portable next-generation telephony services using third-party software components (1999)

We present the architecture, design and experimental research prototype implementation of ChaiTime, an open system architecture for the rapid development of advanced next generation telephony services that overcomes some of the limitations of the current closed PSTN architecture and service model. ChaiTime allows communication sessions to be set up over the PSTN, the Internet, or a combination of both. Services can be provided by multiple cooperating distributed service providers, some of whom may use third party software components which can be "plugged in" or even dynamically downloaded from the network as needed. This allows advanced services to be deployed and delivered to users rapidly; a crucial requirement in the increasingly competitive telecommunications services marketplace. ChaiTime is built upon an object oriented call model called Java Call Control (JCC) which we have defined as a small set of extensions to the standard Java Telephony API (JTAPI) call model that allows support for distributed providers as well as advanced services. JCC hides details of underlying call state management, protocols and hardware from applications. In our prototype, we have designed a small set of extensions to SIP, called Extended SIP, for supporting advanced services. The ChaiTime prototype software is currently operational in our laboratory. We briefly describe its current implementation as well as future work to address issues such as fault tolerance.
Logic encryption: A fault analysis perspective (2012)

The globalization of Integrated Circuit (IC) design flow is making it easy for rogue elements in the supply chain to pirate ICs, overbuild ICs, and insert hardware trojans; the IC industry is losing approximately $4 billion annually [1], [2]. One way to protect the ICs from these attacks is to encrypt the design by inserting additional gates such that correct outputs are produced only when specific inputs are applied to these gates. The state-of-the-art logic encryption technique inserts gates randomly into the design [3] and does not necessarily ensure that wrong keys corrupt the outputs. Our technique ensures that wrong keys corrupt the outputs. We relate logic encryption to fault propagation analysis in IC testing and develop a fault analysis based logic encryption technique. This technique achieves 50% Hamming distance between the correct and wrong outputs (ideal case) when a wrong key is applied. Furthermore, this 50% Hamming distance target is achieved by using a smaller number of additional gates when compared to random logic encryption.
Automated Risk Classification and Outlier Detection (2007)

Risk assessment is a common task present in a variety of problem domains, ranging from the assignment of premium classes to insurance applications, to the evaluation of disease treatments in medical diagnostics, situation assessments in battlefield management, state evaluations in planning activities, etc. Risk assessment involves scoring alternatives based on their likelihood to produce better or worse than expected returns in their application domain. Often, it is sufficient to evaluate the risk associated with an alternative by using a predefined granularity derived from an ordered set of risk-classes. Therefore, the process of risk assessment becomes one of classification. Traditionally, risk classifications are made by human experts using their domain knowledge to perform such assignments. These assignments will drive further decisions related to the alternatives. We address the automation of the risk classification process by exploiting risk structures present in sets of historical cases classified by human experts. We use such structures to pre-compile risk signatures that are compact and can be used to classify new alternatives. Specifically, we use dominance relationships, exploiting the partial ordering induced by the monotonic relationship between the individual features and the risk associated with a candidate alternative, to extract such signatures. Due to its underlying logical basis, this classifier produces highly accurate and defensible risk assignments. However, due to its strict applicability constraints, it covers only a small percentage of new cases. In response, we present a weaker version of the classifier, which incrementally improves its coverage without any substantial drop in accuracy. Although these approaches could be used as risk classifiers on their own, we found their primary strengths to be in validating the overall logical consistency of the risk assignments made by human experts and automated systems. We refer to potentially inconsistent risk assignments as outliers and present results obtained from implementing our technique in the problem of insurance underwriting
Carbon nanotube networks: Nanomaterial for macroelectronic applications (2004)

We describe the properties and potential applications of an electronic material that consists of an interconnected random network of single-walled carbon nanotubes. This material possesses useful electronic properties, and it can be patterned into devices with high yield using conventional microfabrication technology. One unique aspect of this material is that every atom is a surface atom. For this reason nanotube networks form an ideal electronic material to utilize interface phenomena to engineer its properties for specific applications. We discuss two such applications: chemical sensing and macroelectronics.
WE‐DE‐207B‐11: Implementation of Size‐Specific 3D Beam Modulation Filters On a Dedicated Breast CT Platform Using Breast Immobilization (2016)

Purpose: To implement a 3D beam modulation filter (3D‐BMF) in dedicated breast CT (bCT) and develop a method for conforming the patient's breast to a pre‐defined shape, optimizing the effects of the filter. This work expands on previous work reporting the methodology for designing a 3D‐BMF that can spare unnecessary dose and improve signal equalization at the detector by preferentially filtering the beam in the thinner anterior and peripheral breast regions. Methods: Effective diameter profiles were measured for 219 segmented bCT images, grouped into volume quintiles, and averaged within each group to represent the range of breast sizes found clinically. These profiles were then used to generate five size‐specific computational phantoms and fabricate five size‐specific UHMW phantoms. Each computational phantom was utilized for designing a size‐specific 3D‐BMF using previously reported methods. Glandular dose values and projection images were simulated in MCNP6 with and without the 3DBMF using the system specifications of our prototype bCT scanner “Doheny”. Lastly, thermoplastic was molded around each of the five phantom sizes and used to produce a series of breast immobilizers for use in conforming the patient's breast during bCT acquisition. Results: After incorporating the 3D‐BMF, MC simulations estimated an 80% average reduction in the detector dynamic range requirements across all phantom sizes. The glandular dose was reduced on average 57% after normalizing by the number of quanta reaching the detector under the thickest region of the breast. Conclusion: A series of bCT‐derived breast phantoms were used to design size‐specific 3D‐BMFs and breast immobilizers that can be used on the bCT platform to conform the patient's breast and therefore optimally exploit the benefits of the 3D‐BMF. Current efforts are focused on fabricating several prototype 3D‐BMFs and performing phantom scans on Doheny for MC simulation validation and image quality analysis. Research reported in this paper was supported in part by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under award R01CA181081. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institue of Health.
MOS Controlled thyristors (MCT's) (1984)

The feasibility of a new class of power devices which is based on an optimal combination of MOS and thyristor elements has been shown. Devices of this class function in the on-state and off-state in a manner indistinguishable from a thyristor, yet can switch from on-to-off or off-to-on by applying a voltage to its MOS gate. Thus, the devices exhibit extremely low forward drop, high surge current capability and enjoy negative thermal feedback. To turn off the device, one activates the gate so that FET's are turned on to effectively short one of the emitting junctions of the thyristor. These FET's need only block a maximum of about IV when off and carry a sizable current for about a microsecond when on. To turn on the device, any of the normal methods may be employed. However, it is most convenient to use the same MOS gate electrode (and polysilicon layer) and a voltage of the opposite polarity to turn on the thyristor with another FET - just as if it were a normal MOS gated thyristor. The current density that can be turned off depends on the density and effective resistance of the turn-off FET's, while turn-on speed and di/dt rating depend on the initial turn-on area which, in turn, depends on the density of the on-FET's. If the off-gate voltage is maintained during the desired off-state period, the device has, effectively, an infinite dv/dt capability. Switching speed is most similar to, but somewhat faster than, that of GTO's (Gate Turn-Off thyristors) and, as in other bipolar devices, depends chiefly on carrier recombination time, device thickness and turn-off di/dt.
Cervinomycin A1 and A2, new antibiotics active against anaerobes, produced by Streptomyces cervinus sp. nov. (1982)

Two new antibiotics, cervinomycin A1 and A2, were isolated from the culture filtrate of strain AM-5344, a soil isolate. The strain was found to belong to a new species of the genus Streptomyces for which the name Streptomyces cervinus is proposed. The antibiotics possess a strong inhibitory activity against anaerobic bacteria, such as Clostridium perfringens, Peptococcus prevotii and Bacteroides fragilis.