gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrical response of fractal and porous interfaces (1988)

The electrical response of porous electrodes is calculated in several particular cases, which permit one to approach the response of a realistic model for a porous interface. The case of nonblocking surfaces and the case of the diffusion impedance of a fractal electrode are also considered. The use of Bode diagrams is shown to provide a very simple means for calculating phase angles and algebraic values for the impedance. It is demonstrated that for a blocking deterministic Sierpi\ifmmode \acute{n}\else \'{n}\fi{}ski electrode the impedance presents oscillations around a constant phase angle (CPA). Various electrochemical regimes (blocking, nonblocking, and diffusive) are considered, giving rise to a variety of exponents. For blocking electrodes it is shown that at a given frequency, the power is dissipated in certain parts of the electrodes having a characteristic size which is a direct function of frequency. The fact that the response of the system is linear permits one to relate in general the dc response to the phase angle in the blocking regime and to study certain diffusive cases. It also permits one to deal with cases very common practically where the response of a flat surface would itself exhibit a CPA. In the case of a pure diffusion impedance the response is shown to be related directly to the Minkowski-Bouligand exterior dimension of the interface through the exponent (D-1)/2. This approach can be generalized to any type of irregular electrode independently of its fractal character. If both diffusion and Faradaic (electrochemical) impedance play a role, a CPA response exists for a porous electrode with an exponent equal to D-2. We discuss various regimes in which diffusion plays a role together with Faradaic, resistive, and capacitive effects. It is shown that there is in general no relation between fractal dimension and constant phase angle except in the case of diffusion. The response of irregular electrodes is shown to be related to the fractal dimension when the electrochemical regime is local.
Effects of pH and Metal Ions on Antioxidative Activities of Catechins (2001)

The Effects of pH on antioxidative activities of catechol, pyrogallol, and four catechins, and effects of metal ions (Al3+, Ca2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, K+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Na+, and Zn2+) on antioxidative activities of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) were studied by an oxygen electrode method. The antioxidative activities of catechins were high and constant at pH 6-12, but decreased in acidic and strong alkaline solutions. Copper(II) ion the most strongly increased the antioxidative activity of EGCG among these metal ions examined, but iron(II) ion largely inhibited the antioxidative activity of EGCG. These effects are discussed considering the formation of metal complexes with catechins and the change in oxidation potentials.
Reliability improvement of Cu interconnects by additional anneal between Cu CMP and barrier CMP (2004)

The new technology which improves the reliability of Cu interconnects has been developed. In this technology, an anneal is carried out after a Cu CMP, followed by a barrier CMP and a p-SiN deposition. As a result, electromigration (EM) lifetime and stress-induced voiding (SIV) resistance have been improved drastically without the degradation of device performance and yield. Structural analyses suggest that the reliability improvement is realized by the reduction of tensile stress due to the stabilization of the Cu films and the minimization of the contact area of p-SiN/Cu interface due to the surface smoothing.
The A‐C Response of Iridium Oxide Films (1980)

The dependence of the a‐c response of iridium oxide films upon thickness, potential, and pH was explored in sulfuric and perchloric acid solutions. For concentrations greater than 0.1M, the response function closely resembled that for an injection process diffusively spreading from one interface throughout the film. The response time shifted by a factor of 105 with the potential drop across the film. A porous film model is suggested in which response is determined by the mobility of reduced lattice sites, the diffusion coefficient being controlled by a hydrogen ion exchange current within the pores.
Noncontact optical communication between moving stations (1979)

Optical coupler allows non-contact data transfer between parts having several degrees of relative motion. Rotation about one axis and limited axial and radial motion will not interrupt communications.
Cleavage of Epstein–Barr virus glycoprotein B is required for full function in cell–cell fusion with both epithelial and B cells (2009)

Glycoprotein B (gB) homologues within the herpesvirus family display high sequence conservation, and a number of gB homologues contain a cleavage motif R-X-K/R-R recognized by the cellular protease furin. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gB contains this motif and cleaved gB is found in EBV virions. To determine the functional significance of this cleavage motif in EBV gB, a deletion mutant (gB Deltafurin) was created lacking the motif. This cleavage mutant was expressed well in cell culture but was not cleaved. Experiments examining gB Deltafurin in a cell-fusion assay revealed that fusion was reduced by 52 % in epithelial and 28 % in B cells when compared with wild-type EBV gB. This decrease in cell-cell fusion is similar to that observed with multiple alphaherpesvirus gB cleavage mutants and supports a conserved function for cleaved gB.
PRKCA and Multiple Sclerosis: Association in Two Independent Populations (2006)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system responsible for a large portion of neurological disabilities in young adults. Similar to what occurs in numerous complex diseases, both unknown environmental factors and genetic predisposition are required to generate MS. We ascertained a set of 63 Finnish MS families, originating from a high-risk region of the country, to identify a susceptibility gene within the previously established 3.4-Mb region on 17q24. Initial single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based association implicated PRKCA (protein kinase C alpha) gene, and this association was replicated in an independent set of 148 Finnish MS families (p = 0.0004; remaining significant after correction for multiple testing). Further, a dense set of 211 SNPs evenly covering the PRKCA gene and the flanking regions was selected from the dbSNP database and analyzed in two large, independent MS cohorts: in 211 Finnish and 554 Canadian MS families. A multipoint SNP analysis indicated linkage to PRKCA and its telomeric flanking region in both populations, and SNP haplotype and genotype combination analyses revealed an allelic variant of PRKCA, which covers the region between introns 3 and 8, to be over-represented in Finnish MS cases (odds ratio = 1.34, 95% confidence interval 1.07-1.68). A second allelic variant, covering the same region of the PRKCA gene, showed somewhat stronger evidence for association in the Canadian families (odds ratio = 1.64, 95% confidence interval 1.39-1.94). Initial functional relevance for disease predisposition was suggested by the expression analysis: The transcript levels of PRKCA showed correlation with the copy number of the Finnish and Canadian "risk" haplotypes in CD4-negative mononuclear cells of five Finnish multiplex families and in lymphoblast cell lines of 11 Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) individuals of European origin.
Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>-Sensitized Nanoporous TiO<sub>2</sub> Solar Cells (2009)

Extremely Thin Absorber (ETA) solar cells were made using chemical-bath-deposited Sb2S3 as the absorber and TiO2/CuSCN as the interpenetrating electron/hole conductors. A solar conversion efficiency of 3.37% at 1 sun illumination was obtained. Surface oxidation of the Sb2S3 formed a passivation layer on Sb2S3: without this oxidation, much poorer cells were obtained. Preliminary stability measurements showed good stability over 3 days of illumination (at 60 mW/cm2) under load.
60 GHz Ultrawideband Polarimetric MIMO Sensing for Wireless Multi-Gigabit and Radar (2013)

Polarimetric radio wave processing becomes of increasing interest for very high-data rate wireless transmission and for short-range radar at millimeter-waves (mm-W). This goes along with the huge bandwidth of 7 to 9 GHz, which is available worldwide in the 60 GHz unlicensed band. In this paper, we propose a 60 GHz ultra-wideband (UWB) polarimetric multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) sensing system architecture and polarimetric signal processing for short-range communications and radar. Demonstration measurements were made by using an UWB radar interface. By measurements in multipath rich environments it is demonstrated that tap-wise polarimetric filtering in delay domain can enhance the 60 GHz link budget by filtering some paths and then reducing shadowing due to human activity. Additionally, optimum MIMO polarimetric filtering is proposed to reduce heavy clutter for mm-W radar, increasing by about 30 dB the signal-to-clutter-plus-noise-ratio.
Covalent Organic Frameworks for Next‐Generation Batteries (2020)

Abstract The demand for energy storage is increasing with the development of an electronic society. A key to improving the electrochemical performance of advanced batteries is to develop advanced electrode materials. Currently, electrode studies mainly focus on the development of materials with a high energy density and high power density by regulating the morphological structure, but most of the electrodes are inorganic materials, which may bring serious problems, such as high recycling costs and environmental pollution. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) that are environmentally friendly and possess adjustable structures have become a series of promising organic electrode materials for rechargeable advanced batteries and have attracted great attention in recent years. Precisely customized COFs can be achieved by adjusting the pore size and pore configuration and introducing functional groups into the framework through pre‐synthesis and post‐synthesis strategies, and these methods provide the possibility of obtaining high‐performance organic electrode materials. In this review, the latest research progress and perspective on using COFs as electrode materials for next‐generation batteries, including sodium‐ion batteries, potassium‐ion batteries, lithium‐sulfur batteries, lithium‐metal batteries, zinc‐ion batteries, magnesium‐ion batteries, and aluminum‐ion batteries, are summarized. The relative energy‐storage mechanism, advantages and challenges of COF electrodes, as well as the corresponding strategies used to achieve better electrochemical performances, are also presented.
Electrodeposition of Lead Dioxide from Alkaline Solution (1969)

An investigation has been made of the properties of lead dioxide electro‐deposited from dilute solutions made alkaline with , i.e., under conditions which were expected to produce . The apparent coulombic efficiency, measured gravimetrically, is strongly dependent on both the pH and the lead (biplumbite) ion concentration. Efficiency values encountered in this study ranged as high as 115%. A detailed composition analysis has been made on a material deposited from solution at an apparent coulombic efficiency of 112%. Analyses for water, lead, and active oxygen lead to the empirical composition
GaAs Analog to Digital Converter and Memory IC's for Ultra High Speed Transient Recording (1983)

The excellent electron dynamical properties of gallium arsenide enable GaAs devices to achieve high speed performance levels many times those of corresponding silicon devices. These device performance advantages carry over into integrated circuit technologies as well, aided significantly by the fact that GaAs substrate material is available in semi-insulating (>108Ωcm) form for very low parasitics in monolithic integrated circuits. This has led to the achievement of logic delays as low as 12.8ps at 77°K or 16.8ps at 300°K in the more exotic GaAs IC approaches. In the standard 1μm gate length, planar MESFET GaAs circuits, ring oscillator delays of τd=52ps at PD=1mw/gate have been demonstrated, increasing to τd=70ps at PD=2mw/gate in MSI flip flop circuits (standard ftoggle=1/5τd type-D flip flops toggle up to nearly 3 GHz). The planar ion implanted GaAs MESFET circuits have been fabricated in circuit complexities up to 1008 logic gates, with NOR gate delays as low as 150ps obtained in these LSI chips (e.g., a 35τd multiply time of 5.25ns in 8×8 bit latched parallel multiplier circuits). These 1μm gate length MESFET circuits have been fabricated on up to 3" diameter GaAs wafers using the same type of DSW optical lithography used for silicon VLSI, which is considered ample evidence that this GaAs IC technology can be cost-effective and is ready for commercialization. This paper focuses on the application of this MESFET GaAs IC technology for the types of digital memory and analog to digital converter circuits required to implement ultra high speed transient recorders.
Aufklärung und Unsterblichkeit (1995)

In der Literatur ist bereits vor längerer Zeit darauf aufmerksam gemacht worden, daß die Jungdeutschen ihre Ideen „trotz der bewußt markanten Traditionsfeindschaft (…) auf meist sehr genau fixierbare ‚Vor-bilder‘, das heißt auf chronologisch schon früher geäußerte philosophische, ästhetische, politische Gedanken zurückfuhren“1. Wenn dies gilt, so vor allem für die jungdeutsche Beziehung zur deutschen Aufklärung des 18. Jahrhunderts. Die Jungdeutschen, die sich bekanntlich mit klassischer Philosophie und Dichtung in kritischer Auseinandersetzung befanden, griffen oft auf deutsche Vorlagen des 18. Jahrhunderts zurück, verstanden sich als deren Erben und führten sie zeitgemäß weiter2. Sie stützten sich z.B. auf solche traditionellen aufklärerischen Zentralprobleme wie Fortschritt, Anthropozentrik und die Verklammerung von Veraunfts- und Glaubenspostulaten. Diese Problemkreise, die nicht zuletzt die Unsterbhchkeitsauffassungen der deutschen Aufklärung maßgeblich geprägt hatten, leiteten in bestimmter Hinsicht auch das Denken über Unsterblichkeit bei den Jungdeutschen. Der Herausbildung dieser aufklärerischen Positionen im 18. Jahrhundert lag ein ganzes Problemfeld zugrunde.
Hyperspectral and multispectral imaging in the food and beverage industries (2012)

This chapter presents hyperspectral and multispectral imaging technologies in the food and agricultural area. It puts emphasis on the introduction and demonstration of spectral imaging techniques for practical uses. The main topics include spectral image acquisition methods, essential components for building spectral imaging systems (e.g., light sources, wavelength dispersive devices and area detectors), methods for calibrating spectral imaging systems (e.g., spectral and spatial calibrations) and techniques for analyzing spectral images (e.g., data preprocessing, dimension reduction and band selection). The spectral imaging applications for evaluating food and beverage products are also presented.
On the Thermodynamic Stability of BiFeO<sub>3</sub> (2008)

The thermodynamic stability of BiFeO3 is investigated by high temperature X-ray diffraction and isothermal heat treatment of Bi2O3−Fe2O3 powder mixture as well as phase pure BiFeO3 prepared by a wet chemical route. Experimental evidence for decomposition of BiFeO3 to Bi25FeO39 and Bi2Fe4O9 in the temperature interval 720−1040 K is reported. The experimental observations are discussed in terms of available thermodynamic data for the system. Finally, the stability of BiFeO3 and related Bi-based perovskites is discussed in relation to Goldschmidt tolerance factor and the influence of pressure and chemical substitution.
Toxoplasma Co-opts Host Cells It Does Not Invade (2012)

Like many intracellular microbes, the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii injects effector proteins into cells it invades. One group of these effector proteins is injected from specialized organelles called the rhoptries, which have previously been described to discharge their contents only during successful invasion of a host cell. In this report, using several reporter systems, we show that in vitro the parasite injects rhoptry proteins into cells it does not productively invade and that the rhoptry effector proteins can manipulate the uninfected cell in a similar manner to infected cells. In addition, as one of the reporter systems uses a rhoptry:Cre recombinase fusion protein, we show that in Cre-reporter mice infected with an encysting Toxoplasma-Cre strain, uninfected-injected cells, which could be derived from aborted invasion or cell-intrinsic killing after invasion, are actually more common than infected-injected cells, especially in the mouse brain, where Toxoplasma encysts and persists. This phenomenon has important implications for how Toxoplasma globally affects its host and opens a new avenue for how other intracellular microbes may similarly manipulate the host environment at large.
Artificial Intelligence and Ambient Intelligence (2021)

Artificial intelligence (AI) and its sister ambient intelligence (AmI) have in recent years become one of the main contributors to the progress of digital society and human civilization [...]
On-the-fly Operation Batching in Dynamic Computation Graphs (2017)

Dynamic neural networks toolkits such as PyTorch, DyNet, and Chainer offer more flexibility for implementing models that cope with data of varying dimensions and structure, relative to toolkits that operate on statically declared computations (e.g., TensorFlow, CNTK, and Theano). However, existing toolkits - both static and dynamic - require that the developer organize the computations into the batches necessary for exploiting high-performance data-parallel algorithms and hardware. This batching task is generally difficult, but it becomes a major hurdle as architectures become complex. In this paper, we present an algorithm, and its implementation in the DyNet toolkit, for automatically batching operations. Developers simply write minibatch computations as aggregations of single instance computations, and the batching algorithm seamlessly executes them, on the fly, in computationally efficient batches. On a variety of tasks, we obtain throughput similar to manual batches, as well as comparable speedups over single-instance learning on architectures that are impractical to batch manually.
New Insights on Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Complications May Lead to a “Causal” Antioxidant Therapy (2003)

Evidence implicates hyperglycemia-derived oxygen free radicals as mediators of diabetic complications. However, intervention studies with classic antioxidants, such as vitamin E, failed to demonstrate any beneficial effect. Recent studies demonstrate that a single hyperglycemia-induced process of overproduction of superoxide by the mitochondrial electron-transport chain seems to be the first and key event in the activation of all other pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. These include increased polyol pathway flux, increased advanced glycosylation end product formation, activation of protein kinase C, and increased hexosamine pathway flux. Superoxide overproduction is accompanied by increased nitric oxide generation, due to an endothelial NOS and inducible NOS uncoupled state, a phenomenon favoring the formation of the strong oxidant peroxynitrite, which in turn damages DNA. DNA damage is an obligatory stimulus for the activation of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation in turn depletes the intracellular concentration of its substrate NAD(+), slowing the rate of glycolysis, electron transport, and ATP formation, and produces an ADP-ribosylation of the GAPDH. These processes result in acute endothelial dysfunction in diabetic blood vessels that, convincingly, also contributes to the development of diabetic complications. These new findings may explain why classic antioxidants, such as vitamin E, which work by scavenging already-formed toxic oxidation products, have failed to show beneficial effects on diabetic complications and may suggest new and attractive "causal" antioxidant therapy. New low-molecular mass compounds that act as SOD or catalase mimetics or L-propionyl-carnitine and lipoic acid, which work as intracellular superoxide scavengers, improving mitochondrial function and reducing DNA damage, may be good candidates for such a strategy, and preliminary studies support this hypothesis. This "causal" therapy would also be associated with other promising tools such as LY 333531, PJ34, and FP15, which block the protein kinase beta isoform, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and peroxynitrite, respectively. While waiting for these focused tools, we may have other options: thiazolinediones, statins, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin 1 inhibitors can reduce intracellular oxidative stress generation, and it has been suggested that many of their beneficial effects, even in diabetic patients, are due to this property.
FBMC-based air interface for 5G Mobile: Challenges and proposed solutions (2014)

Scenarios envisaged for mobile communication systems beyond 2020 imply that future applications and services will impose highly diverse requirements on the system design. To appropriately respond to these requirements while ensuring an efficient usage of available spectrum and system resources, the
Exploring pH-Responsive, Switchable Crosslinking Mechanisms for Programming Reconfigurable Hydrogels Based on Aminopolysaccharides (2018)

Dynamic, stimuli-responsive, reconfigurable materials are finding growing interest and applications. A recent experiment (He et al., Adv Funct Matter., 2017) demonstrated a pH-responsive, reconfigurable hydrogel film based on a single biopolymer chitosan and two physical cross-linking mechanisms. Here, we use state-of-the-art molecular dynamics simulations to gain atomically detailed insights into the three salient features of this experimental system: (1) a pH-responsive switch between the crystalline network junctions formed by intermolecular hydrogen bonding between chitosan chains and electrostatic cross-links based on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles; (2) viscoelastic behavior of the SDS-crosslinked network; and (3) a stable but erasable gradient between the two cross-linked regions. Our simulations showed that the electrostatic cross-links are formed through the pH-dependent salt-bridge interactions between the chitosan glucosamines and SDS sulfates. Interestingly, the strength and directionality of the salt-bridge interactions give rise to complementary shape changes, despite the intrinsic stiffness of the chitosan chain or the hydrophobic forces that keep the micelle intact. Additionally, the salt-bridge contacts display temporal and spatial dynamics, which offers a microscopic explanation of the viscoelastic properties of the SDS-crosslinked network. Another significant finding is the pKa difference between the chitosan crystallite and the SDS-bound chitosan chain, which provides a physical origin for the persistent but erasable gradient in the structural and mechanical properties between the two cross-linked regions. pKa gradients are integral to protein structures and functions; our finding suggested that they may be important for polysaccharides and broadly exploited for designing pH-responsive, reconfigurable, complex, multifunctional materials. Our work provides a glimpse at how modern computer simulations can advance the understanding and potentially guide the design of novel soft matter.