gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Large-Aperture Harmonic Diffractive Adaptive Liquid Crystal Lens for Vision Care (2015)

The previous design of the adaptive liquid crystal diffractive lens for ophthalmic applications has limitations in achievable lens aperture and power. By using harmonic diffractive lens concept, these limitations can be overcome. Lenses with 20-30 mm aperture and 1-3.5 diopters power can be achieved.
Synthesis, characterization, and water adsorption properties of a novel multi-walled carbon nanotube/MIL-100(Fe) composite (2016)

Conventional small-scale adsorption chillers generally employ silica-gel/water or zeolite/water working pairs given the relatively high level of mesoporosity and water affinity in these adsorbent materials. However, the coefficient of performance (COP) and specific cooling power (SCP) evaluated for the adsorption chiller using these adsorbent/adsorbate pairs cannot be still considered practically feasible in the context of a commercial system. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are not only characterized by much higher water adsorption capacities than these materials, but also can be mass-produced using much simpler methods than the template-assisted synthesis routes of most zeolites. However, the low intrinsic thermal conductivity of these materials limits their use as adsorbents in commercial-scale adsorption chillers. In this study, a novel composite composed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) incorporated in a MIL-100(Fe) framework has been synthesized using a molecular-level mixing process. The resulting composite, with varying volume fraction of MWCNTs, has been characterized for microstructure, degree of crystallinity, thermal stability, water sorption kinetics and hydrothermal cyclic stability for potential use as an adsorbent in commercial adsorption chillers.
<title>Aerosol fluorescence spectrum analyzer for individual airborne biological particles</title> (1997)

We report the operation of an aerosol analyzer capable of measuring the fluorescence spectra of single micrometer-size bioaerosol particles. Aerosol particles in an air stream initially transverse a cw 488-nm 'trigger' laser beam where their elastic scattering and total fluorescence is measured with photomultipliers. When the elastic scattering and fluorescence signals meet certain criteria, a UV (266 nm) 'probe' laser is triggered and it illuminates the selected particles. The UV laser-excited spectra of particles are measured with the instrument's image-intensified CCD detector, gaged with signals from the trigger laser. We demonstrate the ability of the instrument to capture the fluorescence of single airborne biological particles. The results suggest that it may be possible to differentiate among biological particles based on their single particle fluorescence spectra.
Initial Observations of Cell-Mediated Drug Delivery to the Deep Lung (2010)

Using current methodologies, drug delivery to small airways, terminal bronchioles, and alveoli (deep lung) is inefficient, especially to the lower lungs. Urgent lung pathologies such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and post-lung transplantation complications are difficult to treat, in part due to the methodological limitations in targeting the deep lung with high efficiency drug distribution to the site of pathology. To overcome drug delivery limitations inhibiting the optimization of deep lung therapy, isolated rat Sertoli cells preloaded with chitosan nanoparticles were use to obtain a high-density distribution and concentration (92%) of the nanoparticles in the lungs of mice by way of the peripheral venous vasculature rather than the more commonly used pulmonary route. Additionally, Sertoli cells were preloaded with chitosan nanoparticles coupled with the anti-inflammatory compound curcumin and then injected intravenously into control or experimental mice with deep lung inflammation. By 24 h postinjection, most of the curcumin load (∼90%) delivered in the injected Sertoli cells was present and distributed throughout the lungs, including the perialveloar sac area in the lower lungs. This was based on the high-density, positive quantification of both nanoparticles and curcumin in the lungs. There was a marked positive therapeutic effect achieved 24 h following curcumin treatment delivered by this Sertoli cell nanoparticle protocol (SNAP). Results identify a novel and efficient protocol for targeted delivery of drugs to the deep lung mediated by extratesticular Sertoli cells. Utilization of SNAP delivery may optimize drug therapy for conditions such as ARDS, status asthmaticus, pulmonary hypertension, lung cancer, and complications following lung transplantation where the use of high concentrations of anti-inflammatory drugs is desirable, but often limited by risks of systemic drug toxicity.
A prototype heat pipe heat exchanger for the capillary pumped loop flight experiment (1992)

A Capillary Pumped Two-Phase Heat Transport Loop (CAPL) Flight Experiment, currently planned for 1993, will provide microgravity verification of the prototype capillary pumped loop (CPL) thermal control system for EOS. CAPL employs a heat pipe heat exchanger (HPHX) to couple the condenser section of the CPL to the radiator assembly. A prototype HPHX consisting of a heat exchanger (HX), a header heat pipe (HHP), a spreader heat pipe (SHP), and a flow regulator has been designed and tested. The HX transmits heat from the CPL condenser to the HHP, while the HHP and SHP transport heat to the radiator assembly. The flow regulator controls flow distribution among multiple parallel HPHX's. Test results indicated that the prototype HPHX could transport up to 800 watts with an overall heat transfer coefficient of more than 6000 watts/sq m-deg C. Flow regulation among parallel HPHX's was also demonstrated.
Model of lactose repressor core based on alignment with sugar-binding proteins is concordant with genetic and chemical data (1993)

Using primary sequence similarity to arabinose-binding protein, D-glucose/D-galactose-binding protein, and ribose-binding protein (Vyas, N. K., Vyas, M. N., and Quiocho, F. A. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 5226-5237; Mowbray, S. L., and Cole, L. B. (1992) J. Mol. Biol. 225, 155-175), the core domain (residues 62-323) of the bacterial regulatory protein lac repressor has been aligned to these sugar-binding proteins of known structure. Although the sequence identity is not striking, there is strong overall homology based on two separate matrix scoring systems (minimum base change per codon (MBC/C) and amino acid homology per residue (AAH/R)) (mean score: MBC/C < 1.25, AAH/R > 5.50; random sequences: MBC/C = 1.45, AAH/R = 4.46). Similarly, the predicted secondary structure of the repressor exhibits excellent agreement with the known secondary structures of the sugar-binding proteins. Using this primary sequence alignment, the tertiary structure of the core domain of the lac repressor has been modeled based on the known structures of the sugar-binding proteins as templates. While the structure deduced for the repressor is hypothetical, the model generated allows a comparison between the predicted tertiary arrangement and the wealth of genetic and chemical data elucidated for the repressor. Important residues involved in operator and sugar binding and in protein assembly have been identified using genetic methods, and placement of these residues in the model is consistent with their known function. This approach, therefore, provides a means to visualize the core domain of the lac repressor that allows interpretation of genetic and chemical data for specific residues and rational design of future experiments.
Characterization of the Murine Pituitary Tumor Transforming Gene (PTTG) and Its Promoter<sup>1</sup> (2000)

We recently isolated rat pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) complementary DNA and showed its potent in vitro and in vivo transforming activity. We now characterize the mouse PTTG gene and its promoter. The entire gene is composed of five exons and four introns and spans about 7 kb. Northern analysis showed that PTTG was expressed in several tumor cell lines examined, but not in all normal tissues, implying a correlation between PTTG and tumorigenesis. Using rapid amplification of 5'-cDNA ends, the transcription start site was localized at -303 nucleotides upstream to the ATG codon in both F9 and AtT20 cells. An approximately 4.3-kb upstream region demonstrated promoter activity in AtT20 cells as well as other cell lines tested, and in vivo, the cloned promoter driving an enhanced green fluorescent protein transgene exhibited transcriptional activation in testis and embryo. Serial deletions showed that -313 bp of the 5'-flanking region was critical for promoter activity. Three elements contribute to promoter activity. Both element A (-313/-293) and element C (-180/-160), in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay using NIH-3T3 nuclear extract, formed three specific complexes, which were competed by a known Sp1 oligo; one complex was supershifted by Sp1 antibody, and the other two complexes were both supershifted by an Sp3 antibody. Two mutants disrupting element A resulted in up to 70% loss of promoter activity and abrogated formation of specific DNA-protein binding complexes, implying a more important role for element A. Element B (-249/-229) shows more than 80% homology to a consensus c-myb element, but formed two specific complexes that differed from that of c-myb in the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Thus, the integrity and possible cooperation among these elements contribute to the basal promoter activity of the mouse PTTG oncogene homolog.
Comparative pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability after subcutaneous administration of recombinant human erythropoietin formulated with different stabilizers (2000)

This report summarizes the results of two double-blind, single-center, randomized studies that used a two-period crossover design. The objective of these two studies was to compare the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pain score at the subcutaneous (sc) injection site of a phosphate-buffered recombinant human erythropoietin (EPREX, epoetin alfa, r-HuEPO) formulated with a new stabilizer (glycine and Polysorbate 80) with the commercially available EPREX formulations, which uses human serum albumin (HSA) as the stabilizer. Twenty-four healthy male volunteers were enrolled in each of the two studies. In the first study, subjects received a single 150 IU/kg sc dose of r-HuEPO using the 2000 IU/mL (2K) phosphate-buffered formulation with or without the new stabilizer (12 subjects/group). In the second study, subjects received a single 750 IU/kg sc dose of r-HuEPO using the 40 000 IU/mL (40K) phosphate-buffered formulation with or without the new stabilizer (12 subjects/group). In each study, r-HuEPO was administered over two separate dosing periods, each separated with a 28-day washout period. There were no significant differences in AUC and C(max) for either strength of r-HuEPO formulated with or without the new stabilizer, indicating that the absorption and disposition characteristics of the two formulations were similar after sc administration. Both r-HuEPO strengths with and without the new stabilizer were safe and well tolerated; the safety and tolerability profiles of both formulations for each r-HuEPO concentration were comparable. There were no statistically significant differences in pain score for either strength of r-HuEPO with and without the new stabilizer. It was concluded that the two phosphate-buffered r-HuEPO concentrations formulated with and without the new stabilizer are pharmacokinetically equivalent.
ONYCHOMYCOSIS: A Review of New and Emerging Topical and Device-based Treatments. (2019)

Onychomycosis is a challenging nail condition to treat. The gold standard treatment relies on long-term systemic therapy, which carries risks of potential side effects and drug interactions. Topical alternatives exist; however, treatment outcomes remain disappointing. In this article, we review newer topical formulations that are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, as well as other topical drugs that are still undergoing clinical trials. Lasers and energy-based devices have also been used for the treatment of onychomycosis; however, standardized parameters and clear treatment endpoints have yet to be specified. Currently, device-based therapies are considered as options for improving the cosmetic appearance of nails. The use of lasers to improve the penetration of topical antifungal treatments as possible combination treatments is also reviewed.
Continuous digits recognition leveraging invariant structure (2011)

Recently, an invariant structure of speech was proposed, where the inevitable acoustic variations caused by non-linguistic factors are effectively removed from speech. The invariant structure was applied to isolated word recognition and the experimental results showed good performance. However, the previous method can’t apply to continuous speech recognition directly because there was no efficient decoding algorithm. In this paper, we propose a method to leverage the invariant structure in continuous digits recognition. We use a traditional HMMbased Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system to get N best lists with phone alignments. Then we construct invariant structures using these phone alignments and re-rank the N best lists by investigating which hypothesis is structurally more valid. Experimental results show a relative WER improvement of 17.4% over the baseline HMM-based ASR system.
Chimpanzee adenoviral vectors as vaccines – challenges to move the technology into the fast lane (2017)

In recent years, replication-defective chimpanzee-derived adenoviruses have been extensively evaluated as genetic vaccines. These vectors share desirable properties with human adenoviruses like the broad tissue tropism and the ease of large-scale manufacturing. Additionally, chimpanzee adenoviruses have the advantage to overcome the negative impact of pre-existing anti-human adenovirus immunity. Areas covered: Here the authors review current pre-clinical research and clinical trials that utilize chimpanzee-derived adenoviral vectors as vaccines. A wealth of studies are ongoing to evaluate different vector backbones and administration routes with the aim of improving immune responses. The challenges associated with the identification of an optimal chimpanzee vector and immunization strategies for different immunological outcomes will be discussed. Expert commentary: The demonstration that chimpanzee adenoviruses can be safely used in humans has paved the way to the use of a whole new array of vectors of different serotypes. However, so far no predictive signature of vector immunity in humans has been identified. The high magnitude of T cell responses elicited by chimpanzee adenoviruses has allowed dissecting the qualitative aspects that may be important for protective immunity. Ultimately, only the results from the most clinically advanced products will help establish the efficacy of the vaccine vector platform in the field of disease prevention.
Electrophysiological basis for the use of adenosine in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. (1990)

Electrophysiological basis for the use of adenosine in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias
Development of a Pan-H1 Influenza Vaccine (2018)

The efficacy of current seasonal influenza vaccines varies greatly, depending on the match to circulating viruses. Although most vaccines elicit strain-specific responses, some present cross-reactive epitopes that elicit antibodies against diverse viruses and remain unchanged and effective for several years. To determine whether combinations of specific H1 hemagglutinin (HA) antigens stimulate immune responses that protect against diverse H1 influenza viruses, we evaluated the antibody responses elicited by HA-ferritin nanoparticles derived from six evolutionarily divergent H1 sequences and two computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) HA antigens. Humoral responses were assessed against a panel of 16 representative influenza virus strains from the past 80 years. HAs from the strains A/NewCaledonia/20/1999 (NC99), A/California/04/2009 (CA09), A/HongKong/117/1977 (HK77), COBRA X6, or P1 elicited neutralization against diverse strains, and a combination of three wild-type HA or two COBRA HA nanoparticles conferred significant additional breadth beyond that observed with any individual strain. Therefore, combinations of H1 HAs may constitute a pan-H1 influenza vaccine.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Seasonal influenza vaccines elicit strain-specific immune responses designed to protect against circulating viruses. Because these vaccines often show limited efficacy, the search for a broadly protective seasonal vaccine remains a priority. Among different influenza virus subtypes, H1N1 has long been circulating in humans and has caused pandemic outbreaks. In order to assess the potential of a multivalent HA combination vaccine to improve the breadth of protection against divergent H1N1 viruses, HA-ferritin nanoparticles were made and evaluated in mice against a panel of historical and contemporary influenza virus strains. Trivalent combinations of H1 nanoparticles improved the breadth of immunity against divergent H1 influenza viruses.
Method for reducing background artifacts from images in single-photon emission computed tomography with a uniformly redundant array coded aperture (2002)

Uniformly redundant array coded apertures have proven to be useful in the design of collimators for x-ray astronomy. They were initially expected to be equally successful in single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Unfortunately, the SPECT images produced by this collimator contain artifacts, which mask the true picture and can lead to false diagnosis. Monte Carlo simulation has shown that the formation of a composite image will significantly reduce these artifacts. A simulation of a tumor in a compressed breast phantom has produced a composite image, which clearly indicates the presence of a 5 mm x 5 mm x 5 mm tumor with a 6:1 intensity ratio relative to the background tissue.
A Photochemical Approach to Directing Flow and Stabilizing Topography in Polymer Films (2014)

Coatings and substrates with topographically patterned features will play an important role in efficient technologies for harvesting and transmitting light energy. In order to address these applications, a methodology for prescribing height profiles in polymer films is presented here. This is accomplished by photochemcially patterning a solid-state, sensitized polymer film. After heating the film above its glass transition temperature, melt-state flow is triggered and directed by the chemical pattern. A second light exposure was applied to fully activate a heat-stable photo-crosslinking additive. The features formed here are thermochemically stable and can act as an underlayer in a multilayered film. To exemplify this capability, these films were also used to direct the macroscopic film morphology of a block copolymer overlayer.
From Electrode Surface Fouling to Sensitive Electroanalytical Determination of Phenols (2013)

Abstract The present investigation of phenol and chlorophenols is conducted on the surface of glassy carbon by cyclic and square wave stripping voltammetry, and by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The surface fouling is accompanied by the appearance of reversible peaks at lower potential range (+0.1 to+0.4 V), that grew up with CV‐cycling and attributed to the electro‐redox reactions of formed polymer film via electropolymerization. The electroanalytical monitoring of formed polymer oxidation peaks improved both sensitivity and detection limit by 35 and 10 times, respectively. The FT‐IR supported semiempirical prediction attributes the electropolymerization to the formation of ortho ‐ para and/or ortho ‐ meta CC coupled‐system.
Protection cycles in mesh WDM networks (2000)

A fault recovery system that is fast and reliable is essential to today's networks, as it can be used to minimize the impact of the fault on the operation of the network and the services it provides. This paper proposes a methodology for performing automatic protection switching (APS) in optical networks with arbitrary mesh topologies in order to protect the network from fiber link failures. All fiber links interconnecting the optical switches are assumed to be bidirectional. In the scenario considered, the layout of the protection fibers and the setup of the protection switches is implemented in nonreal time, during the setup of the network. When a fiber link fails, the connections that use that link are automatically restored and their signals are routed to their original destination using the protection fibers and protection switches. The protection process proposed is fast, distributed, and autonomous. It restores the network in real time, without relying on a central manager or a centralized database. It is also independent of the topology and the connection state of the network at the time of the failure.
Optimization of Camera Spectral Sensitivities (2000)

In the evaluation and optimal design of digital camera spectral sensitivity (SS), it is useful to have a metric of goodness that agrees closely with the perceived color accuracy of human visual system. In this paper, Vora et al's μ-factor based on the orthonormal color matching function space and a universal measure of goodness (UMG) based on CIE L*a*b* space with noise consideration were introduced to evaluate and optimize the camera spectral sensitivities. General physical constraints on spectral sensitivities were discussed in the paper and three feasible approaches to the optimal design of camera spectral sensitivities were proposed, compared and verified with simulated experiments.
Embedded Human Control of Robots Using Myoelectric Interfaces (2014)

Myoelectric controlled interfaces have become a research interest for use in advanced prostheses, exoskeletons, and robot teleoperation. Current research focuses on improving a user's initial performance, either by training a decoding function for a specific user or implementing "intuitive" mapping functions as decoders. However, both approaches are limiting, with the former being subject specific, and the latter task specific. This paper proposes a paradigm shift on myoelectric interfaces by embedding the human as controller of the system to be operated. Using abstract mapping functions between myoelectric activity and control actions for a task, this study shows that human subjects are able to control an artificial system with increasing efficiency by just learning how to control it. The method efficacy is tested by using two different control tasks and four different abstract mappings relating upper limb muscle activity to control actions for those tasks. The results show that all subjects were able to learn the mappings and improve their performance over time. More interestingly, a chronological evaluation across trials reveals that the learning curves transfer across subsequent trials having the same mapping, independent of the tasks to be executed. This implies that new muscle synergies are developed and refined relative to the mapping used by the control task, suggesting that maximal performance may be achieved by learning a constant, arbitrary mapping function rather than dynamic subject- or task-specific functions. Moreover, the results indicate that the method may extend to the neural control of any device or robot, without limitations for anthropomorphism or human-related counterparts.