gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer: A Review (2016)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising alternative approach for improved cancer treatment. In PDT, a photosensitizer (PS) is administered that can be activated by light of a specific wavelength, which causes selective damage to the tumor and its surrounding vasculature. The success of PDT is limited by the difficulty in administering photosensitizers (PSs) with low water solubility, which compromises the clinical use of several molecules. Incorporation of PSs in nanostructured drug delivery systems, such as polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), hydrogels, liposomes, liquid crystals, dendrimers, and cyclodextrin is a potential strategy to overcome this difficulty. Additionally, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems may improve the transcytosis of a PS across epithelial and endothelial barriers and afford the simultaneous co-delivery of two or more drugs. Based on this, the application of nanotechnology in medicine may offer numerous exciting possibilities in cancer treatment and improve the efficacy of available therapeutics. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to review nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for photodynamic therapy of cancer.
Total Acid Number Determination in Residues of Crude Oil Distillation Using ATR-FTIR and Variable Selection by Chemometric Methods (2010)

The total acid number (TAN) was determined in the atmospheric residue (AR) and vacuum residue (VR) of the petroleum distillation process using mid-infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection in association with chemometric methods. Calibration and prediction sets consisted of 44 and 13 samples, respectively (16 AR samples and 41 VR samples). Calibration models were developed using three variable-selection models: interval partial least squares (iPLS), synergy interval partial least squares (siPLS), and backward interval partial least squares (biPLS). Different treatments and preprocessing steps were also evaluated for development of the models. The treatment based on the first derivative with a Savitzky−Golay filter and the mean centered was selected for model construction. A root-mean-square error of prediction of 0.164 mg g−1 of KOH was achieved using the biPLS algorithm with spectra divided into 20 intervals and combinations of 5 intervals (2992−2826, 1823−1657, 1656−1490, 1489−1323, and 821−655 cm−1). This model (biPLS20) showed a correlation coefficient of 0.991 between reference and predicted values. The proposed method for TAN determination allowed a fast analysis, and it is possible to apply it for quality control in industrial processes with advantages when compared with the method recommended by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D 664-09).
Contour detection and image segmentation (2009)

This thesis investigates two fundamental problems in computer vision: contour detection and image segmentation. We present new state-of-the-art algorithms for both of these tasks. Our segmentation algorithm consists of generic machinery for transforming the output of any contour detector into a hierarchical region tree. In this manner, we reduce the problem of image segmentation to that of contour detection. Extensive experimental evaluation demonstrates that both our contour detection and segmentation methods significantly outperform competing algorithms. 
Our approach to contour detection couples multiscale local brightness, color, and texture cues to a powerful globalization framework using spectral clustering. The local cues, computed by applying oriented gradient operators at every location in the image, define an affinity matrix representing the similarity between pixels. From this matrix, we derive a generalized eigenproblem and solve for a fixed number of eigenvectors which encode contour information. Using a classifier to recombine this signal with the local cues, we obtain a large improvement over alternative globalization schemes built on top of similar cues. 
To produce high-quality image segmentations, we link this contour detector with a generic grouping algorithm consisting of two steps. First, we introduce a new image transformation called the Oriented Watershed Transform for constructing a set of initial regions from an oriented contour signal. Second, using an agglomerative clustering procedure, we form these regions into a hierarchy which can be represented by an Ultrametric Contour Map, the real-valued image obtained by weighting each boundary by its scale of disappearance. This approach outperforms existing image segmentation algorithms on measures of both boundary and segment quality. These hierarchical segmentations can optionally be further refined by user-specified annotations. 
While the majority of this work focuses on processing static images, we also develop extensions for video. In particular, we augment the set of static cues used for contour detection with a low-level motion cue to create an enhanced boundary detector. Using optical flow in conjunction with this detector enables the determination of occlusion boundaries and assignment of figure/ground labels in video.
Oat endosperm cell walls. I. Isolation, composition, and comparison with other tissues. (1995)

To test the hypothesis that the composition of oat endosperm cell walls would vary with the total groat β-glucan content, endosperm walls were isolated from two cultivars of oats previously identified as containing high and low levels of β-glucan (Marion and OA516-2, respectively). Oat endosperm cell walls were isolated by a modification of a method developed for wheat endosperm walls. In this modification, a slurry of anion exchange resin beads was used to take out cell walls from the bran (aleurone, pericarp, and testa) that were not removed using the original procedure, and cytoplasmic starch and protein were removed by washing the cell walls with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate in 70% ethanol. In both cultivars, β-glucan was the major endospermic cell wall polysaccharide, constituting approximately 85% of the wall. Despite the major difference in the β-glucan content of the two cultivars, determined on a groat basis, this difference was not reflected in the composition of isolated endosperm walls. The β-glucan content and monosaccharide composition were similar for the two types of walls. There were, however, differences in the phenolic acid content of the walls between the two cultivars, with those from OA516-2 having a higher total phenolic acid content than those from Marion. Preliminary analyses indicate that oat endosperm cell walls are composed primarily of β-glucan and arabinoxylan, with a small amount of cellulose and glucomannan. Phenolic acids and a small amount of protein, determined as amino acids, are also present in the cell wall.
Plant Chromosome Engineering (2010)

With an increasing human population and a decreasing amount of arable land, creative improvements in agriculture will be a necessity in the coming decades to maintain or improve the standard of living. In Plant Chromosome Engineering: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers present techniques for the modification of crops and other plant species in order to achieve the goal of developing the much needed novel approaches to the production of food, feed, fuel, fiber, and pharmaceuticals. This volume examines vital topics such as transformation procedures, chromosome painting, production of engineered minichromosomes, gene targeting and mutagenesis, site specific integration, gene silencing, protein expression, chromosome sorting and analysis, protocols for generating chromosomal rearrangements, enhancer trapping, and means of studying chromosomes in vivo. As a part of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology™ series, the methodological chapters include brief introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and professional tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Plant Chromosome Engineering: Methods and Protocols highlights the spectrum of tools currently available for modifying plant genomes and chromosomes and provides the foundation for crucial future developments
Fibroblasts from the growing margin of keloid scars produce higher levels of collagen I and III compared with intralesional and extralesional sites: clinical implications for lesional site-directed therapy (2010)

Our data show that cells from the growing margin of keloid scars have a higher production of collagen I and III compared with other lesional sites. Additionally, temporal extension of cell passage affects collagen production. Clinically these findings may influence selection and interpretation of extended cell passage and provide future direction for lesional site-specific therapy in keloid scars.
New Approach to Hyperbranched Polyesters:  Self-Condensing Cyclic Ester Polymerization of Bis(hydroxymethyl)-Substituted ε-Caprolactone (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunication to the...Communication to the EditorNEXTNew Approach to Hyperbranched Polyesters: Self-Condensing Cyclic Ester Polymerization of Bis(hydroxymethyl)-Substituted ε-CaprolactoneM. Trollsås, P. Löwenhielm, V. Y. Lee, M. Möller, R. D. Miller, and J. L. HedrickView Author Information IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120-6099 Cite this: Macromolecules 1999, 32, 26, 9062–9066Publication Date (Web):December 4, 1999Publication History Received29 June 1999Revised10 September 1999Published online4 December 1999Published inissue 1 December 1999https://doi.org/10.1021/ma991039vCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views855Altmetric-Citations67LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (127 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Monomers,Organic compounds,Organic polymers,Polymers,Ring-opening polymerization Get e-Alerts
Near optimal single-track Gray codes (1996)

Single-track Gray codes are a special class of Gray codes which have advantages over conventional Gray codes in certain quantization and coding applications. The problem of constructing high period single-track Gray codes is considered. Three iterative constructions are given, along with a heuristic method for obtaining good seed-codes. In combination, these yield many families of very high period single-track Gray codes. In particular, for m/spl ges/3, length n=2/sup m/, period 2/sup n/-2n codes are obtained.
Research on mechanisms of providing electronic public services for information vulnerable groups in China (2010)

In the construction of e-government public services in China, many measures should be taken to ensure information vulnerable groups accessing electronic public services. It will help to enlarge the coverage area of the government electronic public services and bridge the digital divide. In this paper, the author argues that the mechanisms of providing electronic public services for the information vulnerable groups mainly include two aspects, namely, providing mode and providing channels. In the aspect of providing mode, the paper suggests that the government should take the Public-Private Partnerships mode. In the aspect of providing channels, the paper advocates adopting various methods such as Internet, mobile phones, Government Call Centers (GCC) to spread government electronic public services to more information vulnerable groups.
A Hexa-<i>p</i><i>eri</i>-hexabenzocoronene Cyclophane:  An Addition to the Toolbox for Molecular Electronics (2004)

Cyclophanes with the largest-to-date polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene, HBC) to be entrained in such a structural motif are reported. The two disks are covalently captured by intermolecular ring-closing olefin metathesis of dienes in good yield. DSC, optical microscopy, and WAXD show the new cyclophanes to self-assemble to thermotropic columnar liquid crystal mesophases similar to monomeric analogues. Solution spectroscopic studies reveal that the two disks within a single unit lie face-to-face, with a small average lateral offset. Self-assembly into two-dimensional crystals at a solid-liquid interface was visualized by STM, and the electrical properties of single molecules were assessed by scanning tunneling spectroscopy revealing a diode-like behavior which is similar to that previously reported for single HBC disks, laying the groundwork for future electrical interrogations of dynamic molecular complexes.
Colour-tunable asymmetric cyclometalated Pt(<scp>ii</scp>) complexes and STM-assisted stability assessment of ancillary ligands for OLEDs (2016)

The DFT-guided and STM-assisted realization of tunable triplet emitters is reported.
Long-Term Treatment With a Rho-Kinase Inhibitor Improves Monocrotaline-Induced Fatal Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats (2003)

Primary pulmonary hypertension is a fatal disease characterized by endothelial dysfunction, hypercontraction and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and migration of inflammatory cells, for which no satisfactory treatment has yet been developed. We have recently demonstrated that intracellular signaling pathway mediated by Rho-kinase, an effector of the small GTPase Rho, is involved in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. In the present study, we examined whether the Rho-kinase-mediated pathway is also involved in the pathogenesis of fatal pulmonary hypertension in rats. Animals received a subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline, which resulted in the development of severe pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary vascular lesions in 3 weeks associated with subsequent high mortality rate. The long-term blockade of Rho-kinase with fasudil, which is metabolized to a specific Rho-kinase inhibitor hydroxyfasudil after oral administration, markedly improved survival when started concomitantly with monocrotaline and even when started after development of pulmonary hypertension. The fasudil treatment improved pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary vascular lesions with suppression of VSMC proliferation and macrophage infiltration, enhanced VSMC apoptosis, and amelioration of endothelial dysfunction and VSMC hypercontraction. These results indicate that Rho-kinase-mediated pathway is substantially involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension, suggesting that the molecule could be a novel therapeutic target for the fatal disorder.
Autonomous Soft Robotic Fish Capable of Escape Maneuvers Using Fluidic Elastomer Actuators (2014)

In this work we describe an autonomous soft-bodied robot that is both self-contained and capable of rapid, continuum-body motion. We detail the design, modeling, fabrication, and control of the soft fish, focusing on enabling the robot to perform rapid escape responses. The robot employs a compliant body with embedded actuators emulating the slender anatomical form of a fish. In addition, the robot has a novel fluidic actuation system that drives body motion and has all the subsystems of a traditional robot onboard: power, actuation, processing, and control. At the core of the fish's soft body is an array of fluidic elastomer actuators. We design the fish to emulate escape responses in addition to forward swimming because such maneuvers require rapid body accelerations and continuum-body motion. These maneuvers showcase the performance capabilities of this self-contained robot. The kinematics and controllability of the robot during simulated escape response maneuvers are analyzed and compared with studies on biological fish. We show that during escape responses, the soft-bodied robot has similar input-output relationships to those observed in biological fish. The major implication of this work is that we show soft robots can be both self-contained and capable of rapid body motion.
Calendars and Software (2000)

Meteorologists need to be able to manipulate arbitrary dates in the past, present, and future. Here calendar rules for both the Julian (old) and Gregorian (modern) calendars are reviewed. The author describes free software available online to perform calendrical conversions involving (day, month, year), (day of the year, year), and Julian day number for both the Julian and Gregorian calendars.
A cross-layer congestion control algorithm for underground mine video transmission over wireless networks (2014)

In order to meet the mining rescue requirement for setting up a wireless telecommunications system quickly, a video transmission system is presented based on cross-layer multi-hop wireless networks. A cross-layer design method has been used in this system that combines the application layer, transport layer and data link layer to determine the congestion degree of the wireless multi-hop networks quickly and accurately. Therefore the system can adjust the transmission rate of the wireless node and the video transmission rate of the robot (source) node real-timely in order to lessen congestion and improve the quality of video transmission. Experimental results showed that the algorithm achieved the goals.
Polyclonal type II natural killer T cells require PLZF and SAP for their development and contribute to CpG-mediated antitumor response (2014)

CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like T cells with potent immunomodulatory function via rapid production of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. NKT cells comprise well-characterized type I NKT cells, which can be detected by α-galactosylceramide-loaded CD1d tetramers, and less-studied type II NKT cells, which do not recognize α-galactosylceramide. Here we characterized type II NKT cells on a polyclonal level by using a Jα18-deficient IL-4 reporter mouse model. This model allows us to track type II NTK cells by the GFP(+)TCRβ(+) phenotype in the thymus and liver. We found type II NKT cells, like type I NKT cells, exhibit an activated phenotype and are dependent on the transcriptional regulator promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) and the adaptor molecule signaling lymphocyte activation molecule-associated protein (SAP) for their development. Type II NKT cells are potently activated by β-D-glucopyranosylceramide (β-GlcCer) but not sulfatide or phospholipids in a CD1d-dependent manner, with the stimulatory capacity of β-GlcCer influenced by acyl chain length. Compared with type I NKT cells, type II NKT cells produce lower levels of IFN-γ but comparable amounts of IL-13 in response to polyclonal T-cell receptor stimulation, suggesting they may play different roles in regulating immune responses. Furthermore, type II NKT cells can be activated by CpG oligodeoxynucletides to produce IFN-γ, but not IL-4 or IL-13. Importantly, CpG-activated type II NKT cells contribute to the antitumor effect of CpG in the B16 melanoma model. Taken together, our data reveal the characteristics of polyclonal type II NKT cells and their potential role in antitumor immunotherapy.
Evidence for a glycolipid anchor of gp64, a putative cell‐cell adhesion protein of <i>Polysphondylium pallidum</i> (1993)

The membrane-bound glycoprotein (gp64) of the cellular slime mold Polysphondylium pallidum, is a putative cell-cell adhesion protein identified by adhesion-blocking antibody fragments. Since gp64 can be purified in a few days and in substantial yields, it is a good candidate for clarifying the structure of a cell-cell adhesion protein. This study reveals that gp64 possesses a glycolipid anchor which is sensitive to deamination but resistant to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from Bacillus thuringiensis. Although the anchor resistance to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C can be ascribed to the presence of an additional acyl chain on the inositol ring in the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchors, this was not the case. After a mild-base treatment that released an additional acyl chain on the inositol ring, only a trace amount of fatty acid was detected but, after strong acid hydrolysis, we detected both amide-linked fatty acids and a long-chain base. The long-chain base was further analysed by gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry and was found to be phytosphingosine. Both fatty acids and myo-inositol were also analysed by gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry. These data suggest that gp64 possesses a glycolipid anchor which contains ceramide and myo-inositol.
Latent inhibitors. Part 5. Latent inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase by a pteridine-spiro-cyclopropane (1989)

The design of cyclopropane-containing enzyme activated inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase is presented. The synthesis of two examples, 2-amino-7,8-dihydro-6-hydroxymethylpteridine-7-spirocyclopropan-4(3H)-one and 2,4-diamino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-cyclopropylpyrimidine, is described. Kinetic studies with dihydrofolate reductase from E. coil are presented to show that the former is a time-dependent inhibitor of the enzyme whereas the latter is a typical competitive inhibitor. The results are interpreted with regard to the active site structure of dihydrofolate reductase.
Application of Supported Gold Catalysts in Environmental Problems (1994)

Small gold particles deposited on metal oxides exhibit extraordinarily high catalytic activities at low temperatures. For example, Au/α-Fe2O3 can catalyze the oxidation of CO at a temperature as low as -70°C. The reaction is not retarded but accelerated by moisture contained in reaction gases. These unique properties of supported gold catalysts show a potential of their applications in a variety of environmental problems. The catalytic nature of supported gold depends on the kind of metal oxides supports. The suitable supports which we have found are NiFe2O4 for NOx reduction by CO and for the oxidation-decomposition of trimethylamine, Co3O4 for the complete oxidation of CH4 and C3H8, Al2O3 for NOx reduction by C3H6 in the presence of O2 and H2O, and ZnO for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol.