gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A general and convergent synthesis of diverse glycosylphosphatidylinositol glycolipids (2012)

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) glycolipids anchor a large number of proteins in the cell membrane of eukaryotic cells. Their conserved pseudopentasaccharide core carries additional phosphoethanolamine, saccharide and lipid substituents. These structural variations are characteristic for a species or a tissue but their functional significance remains largely unknown. Studies that would link a specific function to a structurally unique GPI rely on availability of homogeneous samples of these glycolipids. To address this need we have developed a general synthetic route to GPI glycolipids. Our convergent synthesis starts from common building blocks and relies on a fully orthogonal set of protecting groups that enables the regioselective introduction of phosphodiesters and efficient assembly of the GPI glycans. Here, we report on the development of this synthetic strategy, evaluation of the set of protecting groups with respect to phosphorylation methods, evaluation of the assembly plan for the GPI glycan, optimization of the glycosylation reactions, and the application of this strategy to the total syntheses of four structurally diverse branched GPI glycolipids.
Reduction methods of capacitor mismatch errors in switched-capacitor A/D, D/A converters (2003)

Two kinds of methods have been proposed to compensate or eliminate the capacitor mismatch of switched-capacitor A/D (analog-to-digital) and D/A converters. In the first method, a cyclic D/A converter with the facility of the automatic compensation of the capacitor mismatch can be realized. In the second method, a ratio-independent cyclic A/D converter can be realized. Cyclic A/D and D/A converters designed using these methods are presented. Measurements on the proposed circuits built with discrete components proved the expected performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A fast algorithm to calculate ultrasound pressure fields from single-element transducers (1989)

An algorithm for calculating the beam profile for a single-element circular transducer is reported here. It performs well in calculating the pressure everywhere in the field including the near field and points at large distances from the axis of the transducer. The algorithm is much faster than direct numerical methods currently in use. Lateral beam profiles computed using the fast algorithm are nearly identical to profiles computed using a 96-point Gaussian quadrature routine.
Relationship between molecular structure and photoinduced surface relief grating formation using azobenzene-based photochromic amorphous molecular materials (2007)

The relationship between molecular structure and photoinduced surface relief grating (SRG) formation has been investigated by using azobenzene-based photochromic amorphous molecular materials. It was shown that modulation depth of SRG formed by irradiation with two coherent Ar+ laser beams (488 nm) becomes larger with increasing glass-transition temperature of the material. However, introduction of bulky substituents at both phenyl groups of the azobenzene moiety was undesirable for photoinduced SRG formation. These results were discussed from the viewpoints of frequency of trans–cis and cis–trans isomerization cycles and fluidity of the material upon irradiation.
High-concentration zeta potential measurements using light-scattering techniques (2010)

Zeta potential is the key parameter that controls electrostatic interactions in particle dispersions. Laser Doppler electrophoresis is an accepted method for the measurement of particle electrophoretic mobility and hence zeta potential of dispersions of colloidal size materials. Traditionally, samples measured by this technique have to be optically transparent. Therefore, depending upon the size and optical properties of the particles, many samples will be too concentrated and will require dilution. The ability to measure samples at or close to their neat concentration would be desirable as it would minimize any changes in the zeta potential of the sample owing to dilution. However, the ability to measure turbid samples using light-scattering techniques presents a number of challenges. This paper discusses electrophoretic mobility measurements made on turbid samples at high concentration using a novel cell with reduced path length. Results are presented on two different sample types, titanium dioxide and a polyurethane dispersion, as a function of sample concentration. For both of the sample types studied, the electrophoretic mobility results show a gradual decrease as the sample concentration increases and the possible reasons for these observations are discussed. Further, a comparison of the data against theoretical models is presented and discussed. Conclusions and recommendations are made from the zeta potential values obtained at high concentrations.
Mesoscopic Oxide Double Layer as Electron Specific Contact for Highly Efficient and UV Stable Perovskite Photovoltaics (2018)

The solar to electric power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has recently reached 22.7%, exceeding that of competing thin film photovoltaics and the market leader polycrystalline silicon. Further augmentation of the PCE toward the Shockley-Queisser limit of 33.5% warrants suppression of radiationless carrier recombination by judicious engineering of the interface between the light harvesting perovskite and the charge carrier extraction layers. Here, we introduce a mesoscopic oxide double layer as electron selective contact consisting of a scaffold of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles covered by a thin film of SnO<sub>2</sub>, either in amorphous (a-SnO<sub>2</sub>), crystalline (c-SnO<sub>2</sub>), or nanocrystalline (quantum dot) form (SnO<sub>2</sub>-NC). We find that the band gap of a-SnO<sub>2</sub> is larger than that of the crystalline (tetragonal) polymorph leading to a corresponding lift in its conduction band edge energy which aligns it perfectly with the conduction band edge of both the triple cation perovskite and the TiO<sub>2</sub> scaffold. This enables very fast electron extraction from the light perovskite, suppressing the notorious hysteresis in the current-voltage ( J-V) curves and retarding nonradiative charge carrier recombination. As a result, we gain a remarkable 170 mV in open circuit photovoltage ( V <sub>oc</sub>) by replacing the crystalline SnO<sub>2</sub> by an amorphous phase. Because of the quantum size effect, the band gap of our SnO<sub>2</sub>-NC particles is larger than that of bulk SnO<sub>2</sub> causing their conduction band edge to shift also to a higher energy thereby increasing the V <sub>oc</sub>. However, for SnO<sub>2</sub>-NC there remains a barrier for electron injection into the TiO<sub>2</sub> scaffold decreasing the fill factor of the device and lowering the PCE. Introducing the a-SnO<sub>2</sub> coated mp-TiO<sub>2</sub> scaffold as electron extraction layer not only increases the V <sub>oc</sub> and PEC of the solar cells but also render them resistant to UV light which forebodes well for outdoor deployment of these new PSC architectures.
Tumor-Targeted Quantum Dots Can Help Surgeons Find Tumor Boundaries (2009)

Despite surgical advances and recent progress in adjuvant therapies, the prognosis for patients with malignant brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme has remained poor, and the neurological deterioration suffered by most patients as a consequence of tumor progression is dramatic and severe. In addition, malignant brain tumors have >>95% recurrence close to the primary site of initial resection. Unfortunately, standard imaging techniques do not permit the intraoperative identification of individual or small clusters of residual tumor cells, precluding their selective removal while sparing the surrounding normal brain tissue. In this report, we show that quantum dots (QDs) coupled to epidermal growth factor (EGF) or anti-EGF receptor receptor (EGFR, Her1) specifically and sensitively label glial tumor cells in cell culture, glioma mouse models, and human brain-tumor biopsies. A clear demarcation between brain and tumor tissue at the macroscopic as well as the cellular level is provided by the fluorescence emission of the QDs.
DMSO: An Efficient Catalyst for the Cyclopropanation of C<sub>60,</sub> C<sub>70</sub>, SWNTs, and Graphene through the Bingel Reaction (2015)

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is an effective catalyst system for C60 cyclopropanation through the Bingel reaction. Various bromomalonic esters, brominated β-keto esters, brominated 1,3-diketones, and other bromo-substituted active methylene compounds can react with C60 in the presence of DMSO and Na2CO3 to achieve excellent yields of the corresponding methanofullerenes at 10 °C. Moreover, this proposed methodology has been also employed successfully to functionalize [70]fullerene, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), and graphene. This protocol is beneficial because it involves short reaction time, high yield, and a simple procedure. Additionally, this method does not need a strong base, such as sodium hydride and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene, because inexpensive Na2CO3 can be the catalyst.
Morphology of Tracheal Scar after Resection with CO<sub>2</sub>-laser and High-frequency Cutting Loop:<i>A Study in Normal Pigs</i> (1989)

In 6 pigs a bronchoscopical resection of the tracheal mucosa was performed using CO2-laser on one side, and an electric high-frequency cutting loop (ECL) on the other. The pigs were sacrificed 3 months later. On macroscopic examination the tracheal mucosa appeared almost normal on the laser-resected side, while severe deformation was seen after ECL treatment. Microscopically the respiratory epithelium had regenerated irrespective of the instrument used. After laser resection the subepithelial tissue had a normal width and consisted of collagen fibrils with few vessels and sparse fragmented elastic tissue. The cartilage showed necrosis and pericellular fibrosis. The scar tissue after ECL was a broad cellular and richly vascularized connective tissue. The content of elastic fibres was markedly greater than after laser resection. The cartilage showed small irregular necroses lined by pyknotic nuclei. In neither case had the gland regenerated. Both CO2-laser and ECL caused severe (but not identical) damage to the tissue, clearly visible after 3 months. However, the deformation caused by ECL was not seen at the laser-resected sites, which makes the laser technique seem preferable--where economy permits.
Extensible Platform for Location-Based Services Deployment and Provisioning (2011)

Location-based services can be considered the most rapidly expanding field of the mobile communications sector. The proliferation of mobile-wireless Internet, the constantly increasing use of handheld, mobile devices and position-tracking technologies, and the emergence of mobile computing prepared the grounds for the introduction of this new type of services with an impressively large application domain and use range. The combination of position-fixing mechanisms with location-dependent, geographical information can offer truly customised, personal communication services through the mobile phone or other type of devices. In this chapter, motivated by the technology advances in the aforementioned areas, we present a generic platform for delivering Location-based services (LBSs) to the nomadic user. The platform features a modular architecture, which can be easily extended. Although the overall architecture of the platform is discussed, the focus is on the technical specifications, the design, the functionality, and the prototype implementation of its central component, the kernel. The kernel is responsible for coordinating communication with the various pluggable components in order to provide the full range of operations involved in the LBS delivery chain (i.e., from initial deployment to invocation, execution, and delivery of results).
Tumor suppressor loci on mouse chromosomes 9 and 16 are lost at distinct stages of tumorigenesis in a transgenic model of islet cell carcinoma. (1995)

Techniques that detect loss of genetic heterozygosity (LOH) have helped elucidate genes involved in human cancers. Previously, a genome-wide search using simple sequence length polymorphisms to detect LOH in islet cell tumors arising in a transgenic mouse model of multistage tumorigenesis had revealed two candidate tumor suppressor genes, Loh1 and Loh2, on chromosomes 9 and 16, respectively. We now have analyzed the early stages of tumor development in this model (hyperplastic, early angiogenic, and angiogenic islets) for LOH involving regions of chromosomes 9 and 16. On chromosome 9, hyperplastic and early angiogenic islets reveal a low rate of loss (< 5%) indistinguishable from background; angiogenic islets showed a 9% rate, whereas the final tumor stage had an 18% rate. By contrast, LOH was observed much earlier on chromosome 16. Notably, the LOH rate in angiogenic islets was 29%, comparable to the rate seen in end-stage tumors (32%). The results show that the two loci are lost preferentially at different stages of tumorigenesis. The observation that a high LOH rate at Loh2 is seen in the angiogenic islet stage suggests that this locus may contain an angiogenesis suppressor; in contrast, the later appearance of Loh1 may contribute to the progression from the angiogenic stage to a solid tumor. Tumors containing chromosomes with partial LOH have allowed improved localization of Loh1 to a region of approximately 3.2 centiMorgans on chromosome 9, syntenic with human chromosomes 3q and 15q.
Late Effects after Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation in Very Young Children after Busulfan-Based, Myeloablative Conditioning (2016)

Infants and young children who undergo allogeneic cord blood transplantation (CBT) are at increased risk for late effects because of exposure of developing organs to chemotherapy and radiation therapy typically used in transplant conditioning regimens. Busulfan (Bu)-based myeloablative regimens were developed to eliminate radiation exposure in these young children with the hope that late effects would be minimized. We now describe the late effects in 102 consecutive patients surviving a minimum of 5 years (median follow-up, 12.9 years) post-CBT. Patients were conditioned with high-dose chemotherapy using Bu-containing regimens. No patient received total body irradiation. The median age at transplant was 1 year (range, .1 to 2). Diagnoses included inherited metabolic diseases (59.8%), leukemia (17.6%), congenital immune deficiency (20.2%), bone marrow failure/myelodysplastic syndrome (3.9%), and hemoglobinopathy (2%). Among patients surviving 5 years, the overall survival rate at 10 years post-CBT was 93% (95% CI, 84.9 to 96.8). Virtually all patients (98%) experienced at least 1 significant late effect. Most (83.3%) experienced 2 or more late effects, and more than half of the patients (64.7%) experienced 3 or more late effects. The most commonly observed late effects included dental problems (92.2%), short stature (55.9%), cognitive deficits (53.6%), pulmonary dysfunction (18.6%), and abnormal pubertal development (27.9%). This is the first report of late effects of Bu-based conditioning in a cohort of very young patients at the time of transplant. These results will inform clinical care guidelines for long-term follow-up and add to the growing information regarding outcomes of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
The importance of correcting for variable probe–sample interactions in AFM-IR spectroscopy: AFM-IR of dried bacteria on a polyurethane film (2016)

AFM-IR is a combined atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy method that shows promise for nanoscale chemical characterization of biological-materials interactions. In an effort to apply this method to quantitatively probe mechanisms of microbiologically induced polyurethane degradation, we have investigated monolayer clusters of ∼200 nm thick Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5 bacteria (Pf) on a 300 nm thick polyether-polyurethane (PU) film. Here, the impact of the different biological and polymer mechanical properties on the thermomechanical AFM-IR detection mechanism was first assessed without the additional complication of polymer degradation. AFM-IR spectra of Pf and PU were compared with FTIR and showed good agreement. Local AFM-IR spectra of Pf on PU (Pf-PU) exhibited bands from both constituents, showing that AFM-IR is sensitive to chemical composition both at and below the surface. One distinct difference in local AFM-IR spectra on Pf-PU was an anomalous ∼4× increase in IR peak intensities for the probe in contact with Pf versus PU. This was attributed to differences in probe-sample interactions. In particular, significantly higher cantilever damping was observed for probe contact with PU, with a ∼10× smaller Q factor. AFM-IR chemical mapping at single wavelengths was also affected. We demonstrate ratioing of mapping data for chemical analysis as a simple method to cancel the extreme effects of the variable probe-sample interactions.
Habert, Mireille. Montaigne traducteur de la Théologie naturelle. Plaisantes et sainctes imaginations (2012)

Habert, Mireille. Montaigne traducteur de la Théologie naturelle. Plaisantes et sainctes imaginations. An article from journal Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme (Women’s Translations in Early Modern England and France), on Érudit.
Die erweiterten Analysemöglichkeiten der Strafverfolgungsstatistik seit dem Berichtsjahr 2009 (2012)

Mit dieser Festschrift ehren Freunde, Kollegen und Weggefährten aus Wissenschaft und Praxis das imposante Lebenswerk von Wolfgang Heinz anlässlich seines 70. Geburtstages. Der Jubilar ist ein kriminologischer Gelehrter mit einem beeindruckenden Arbeitsfeld: So hat er mit umfassenden rechtstatsächlichen Materialien und unermüdlichem Einsatz immer wieder verbreitete Vorurteile in Frage gestellt und widerlegt und ist einer „Kriminalpolitik im Blindflug“ mit tatsachenbasierten, rationalen Aussagen entgegengetreten. Im Jugendstrafrecht hat er sich für den Erziehungsgedanken und in grundlegender wie erfolgreicher Weise für den Ausbau der Diversion eingesetzt, und zwar immer wieder im Gegenwind einer nach schärferen Sanktionen rufenden Öffentlichkeit. Als führender Statistikexperte hat er sich große Verdienste um die Verbesserung der Kriminal- und Strafrechtspflegestatistiken erworben. Seine internationale Ausstrahlung belegen die Übersetzungen zahlreicher Publikationen in verschiedene Sprachen sowie die ausländischen Gelehrten und Praktiker, die Wolfgang Heinz in dieser Festschrift mit einem Beitrag ehren.
Process Research and Development of a Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Inactivator:  Large-Scale Preparation of Eniluracil Using a Sonogashira Coupling (2001)

Eniluracil (5-ethynyluracil) is a potent inactivator of the enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism of 5-fluorouracil, a widely used anti-cancer drug. The process research and development of a three-stage route to eniluracil is described. A Sonogashira coupling between 5-iodouracil and trimethylsilylacetylene was used to synthesise 5-(2-trimethylsilylethynyl)uracil on a >60 kg scale. Sodium hydroxide deprotection and acidification with acetic acid completed the synthesis of eniluracil in high yield and quality. The optimisation of this process is described with particular attention paid to minimising the input of palladium and copper catalysts and ensuring that the copper catalyst is well suspended in the reaction mixture.
Socioeconomic Impact of the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System, 1989-2009 (2009)

Two decades have passed since the United States Air Force launched the first fully operational NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite in 1989. During that time, GPS applications infiltrated many diverse fields and spawned billions of dollars in economic activity. From millimeter accuracy in three dimensions to extremely precise maneuveri ng day or night, regardless of weather, GPS enabled users worldwide with unprecedented positioning and navigational capabilities. Often transparent to those whom it affected, GPS also supplied nanosecond timing accuracy for global computer networks. By 2 009, manufacturers of GPS user equipment were introducing ever more sophisticated combinations of GPS and other technologies for military, civil, and commercial purposes. This paper explores the myriad ways in which the world has become dependent on, and benefited from, GPS in just twenty years.
Isolation and characterization of complementary DNA to proliferating cell nucleolar antigen P40. (1989)

Proliferating cell nucleolar antigen P40 is a late G1-specific protein, which was found in a variety of human tumors (A. Chatterjee, J. W. Freeman, and H. Busch. Cancer Res., 47: 1123-1129, 1987). Two overlapping complementary DNA clones for antigen P40 were isolated by immunoscreening a lambda gt11 human expression library. The complete nucleotide sequence of the clones was determined. The complementary DNAs encode the Mr 30,000 portion of the COOH-terminal portion of the protein. The mRNA for P40 was 2.8 kilobases long and was expressed maximally in G1 cells in cell cycle. A series of deletion mutants of the expressed peptide was constructed and the deletion mutants were expressed in Escherichia coli. Using these mutants, the epitope region of P40 recognized by a P40-specific monoclonal antibody was identified. The hydropathy plot based on the protein sequence revealed that this region of the protein is largely hydrophilic. This protein is unique and differs in sequence from other proliferating cell nuclear/nucleolar antigen proteins of similar molecular weight such as protein B23 and cyclin.
Anti-inflammatory Activity of Grains of Paradise (<i>Aframomum melegueta</i> Schum) Extract (2014)

The ethanolic extract of grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta Schum, Zingiberaceae) has been evaluated for inhibitory activity on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme, in vivo for the anti-inflammatory activity and expression of several pro-inflammatory genes. Bioactivity-guided fractionation showed that the most active COX-2 inhibitory compound in the extract was [6]-paradol. [6]-Shogaol, another compound from the extract, was the most active inhibitory compound in pro-inflammatory gene expression assays. In a rat paw edema model, the whole extract reduced inflammation by 49% at 1000 mg/kg. Major gingerols from the extract [6]-paradol, [6]-gingerol, and [6]-shogaol reduced inflammation by 20, 25 and 38%. respectively when administered individually at a dose of 150 mg/kg. [6]-Shogaol efficacy was at the level of aspirin, used as a positive control. Grains of paradise extract has demonstrated an anti-inflammatory activity, which is in part due to the inhibition of COX-2 enzyme activity and expression of pro-inflammatory genes.
The bonded wafer silicon on insulator approach to high performance low power integrated circuits (1995)

This paper describes R.F. circuits designed on a silicon on insulator (SOI) process. In circuit terms, compared with bulk silicon processes, SOI offers the advantages of low parasitic capacitance per transistor and small active area for a specific critical dimension, which can be translated into small chip area and hence, ultimately, high yield. It can also enable wide bandwidth operation at low power levels. The circuits have shown wider R.F. bandwidth, faster switching time and even lower noise performance than their bulk equivalents. (6 pages)