gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Osmotica, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, Parahydroxymercuribenzoate, and Cyanide Change the Period of the Circadian Clock in the Pulvini of<i>Phaseolus Coccineus</i>L (1985)

Several substances change the period length of the circadian oscillator in the laminar pulvinus of Phaseolus coccineus L. if offered continuously via the transpiration stream to the isolated leaves in continuous light and constant temperature. The osmotica mannitol and PEG 6000 (polyethylene glycol) lengthen the circadian period from 27.9 hr (control) to about 29.5 hr. The dose-response of both substances reveal saturation curves. DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) lengthens the circadian period much more strongly than the osmotica. The dose-response curve reflects a curvilinear dependence of the period length from the DMSO concentration. PHMB (p-hydroxymercuribenzoate) and NaCN shorten the circadian period. The dose-response curve for PHMB is a saturation curve; saturation is reached at 80 microM PHMB with a period length of about 25.7 hr. We conclude from these results that the period of the circadian oscillator in the Phaseolus pulvinus is not directly homeostatically regulated but influenced by the intracellular milieu which can be changed by affecting membrane permeability, active transport systems or other regulatory systems within the cells.
Computational complexity of optimal determination of cell sites and base station locations (2003)

We consider how to optimally determine the locations for the placement of base stations for a wireless system in an urban setting, and the computational requirements associated with it. We also propose a scheme to determine the optimal cell geometries and the minimum number of cells required to cover a given area of interest. The optimality of the base station locations is with respect to the total coverage area using the minimum number of base stations. Coverage is defined as the percentage of area from where it is possible to establish a communication link with at least one of the base stations. The objective is to provide wireless coverage in a certain area using the minimum number of base stations. We have divided the total area to be covered into grids, and thus the problem translates to providing coverage to all the grid points using the minimum number of base stations. The spacing of the grid can be reduced at the cost of additional computational load. This is basically a resource allocation problem, and we have solved it using concepts from dynamic programming. The computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is analyzed, and an intelligent scheme is suggested to considerably decrease the total computational load. The increase in the computational requirements with the increase in the number of grid points is also studied. The effect of increasing the transmitter power on the computational load is also analyzed. Finally, some simulation results are presented to corroborate the theory.
Tungsten and cobalt metallization: A material study for MOL local interconnects (2016)

Middle-of-the-line (MOL) interconnect and contact resistances represent significant impacts to high-end IC performance at ≤ 10 nm nodes. CVD W-based metallization has been used for all nodes since the inception of damascene. However, it is now being severely challenged due to limited scaling of the traditional PVD Ti/CVD TiN barrier and ALD nucleation layers. This study reports the use of alternate barriers, along with metal-to-metal contact interface cleans, to reduce contact resistance for W-based MOL metallization. As well, we report the first use of Co metal for MOL contacts and local interconnects, with successful integration below a Cu BEOL dual damascene V0/M1 module. Metal line resistances are compared among the various options, and the challenges with each option are highlighted.
A printed circuit board (PCB) inspection system employing the multi-lighting optical system (2002)

The authors have developed a PCB inspection system employing color image processing and multilighting which switches the lighting according to the type of inspection. Furthermore, they have also confirmed the system's effectiveness when it is introduced into the mounting process, with respect to accuracy, speed, and reliability. The inspection principle, system configuration, and software for the PCB inspection system are introduced here.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cyber security issues for Advanced Metering Infrasttructure (AMI) (2008)

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is becoming of increasing interest to many stakeholders, including utilities, regulators, energy markets, and a society concerned about conserving energy and responding to global warming. AMI technologies, rapidly overtaking the earlier Automated Meter Reading (AMR) technologies, are being developed by many vendors, with portions being developed by metering manufacturers, communications providers, and back-office Meter Data Management (MDM) IT vendors. In this flurry of excitement, very little effort has yet been focused on the cyber security of AMI systems. The comment usually is "Oh yes, we will encrypt everything - that will make everything secure." That comment indicates unawareness of possible security threats of AMI - a technology that will reach into a large majority of residences and virtually all commercial and industrial customers. What if, for instance, remote connect/disconnect were included as one AMI capability - a function of great interest to many utilities as it avoids truck rolls. What if a smart kid hacker in his basement cracked the security of his AMI system, and sent out 5 million disconnect commands to all customer meters on the AMI system...?
Gene expression profiling of single cells from archival tissue with laser-capture microdissection and Smart-3SEQ (2019)

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is a sensitive and accurate method for quantifying gene expression. Small samples or those whose RNA is degraded, such as formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue, remain challenging to study with nonspecialized RNA-seq protocols. Here, we present a new method, Smart-3SEQ, that accurately quantifies transcript abundance even with small amounts of total RNA and effectively characterizes small samples extracted by laser-capture microdissection (LCM) from FFPE tissue. We also obtain distinct biological profiles from FFPE single cells, which have been impossible to study with previous RNA-seq protocols, and we use these data to identify possible new macrophage phenotypes associated with the tumor microenvironment. We propose Smart-3SEQ as a highly cost-effective method to enable large gene expression profiling experiments unconstrained by sample size and tissue availability. In particular, Smart-3SEQ's compatibility with FFPE tissue unlocks an enormous number of archived clinical samples; combined with LCM it allows unprecedented studies of small cell populations and single cells isolated by their in situ context.
Intralysosomal iron chelation protects against oxidative stress‐induced cellular damage (2006)

Oxidant-induced cell damage may be initiated by peroxidative injury to lysosomal membranes, catalyzed by intralysosomal low mass iron that appears to comprise a major part of cellular redox-active iron. Resulting relocation of lytic enzymes and low mass iron would result in secondary harm to various cellular constituents. In an effort to further clarify this still controversial issue, we tested the protective effects of two potent iron chelators--the hydrophilic desferrioxamine (dfo) and the lipophilic salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (sih), using cultured lysosome-rich macrophage-like J774 cells as targets. dfo slowly enters cells via endocytosis, while the lipophilic sih rapidly distributes throughout the cell. Following dfo treatment, long-term survival of cells cannot be investigated because dfo by itself, by remaining inside the lysosomal compartment, induces apoptosis that probably is due to iron starvation, while sih has no lasting toxic effects if the exposure time is limited. Following preincubation with 1 mM dfo for 3 h or 10 microM sih for a few minutes, both agents provided strong protection against an ensuing approximately LD50 oxidant challenge by preventing lysosomal rupture, ensuing loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptotic/necrotic cell death. It appears that once significant lysosomal rupture has occurred, the cell is irreversibly committed to death. The results lend strength to the concept that lysosomal membranes, normally exposed to redox-active iron in high concentrations, are initial targets of oxidant damage and support the idea that chelators selectively targeted to the lysosomal compartment may have therapeutic utility in diminishing oxidant-mediated cell injury.
Scientific concepts for an integrated analysis of desertification (2011)

Abstract The Global Drylands Observing System proposed in this issue should reduce the huge uncertainty about the extent of desertification and the rate at which it is changing, and provide valuable information to scientists, planners and policy‐makers. However, it needs careful design if information outputs are to be scientifically credible and salient to the needs of people living in dry areas. Its design would benefit from a robust, integrated scientific framework like the Dryland Development Paradigm to guide/inform the development of an integrated global monitoring and assessment programme (both directly and indirectly via the use of modelling). Various types of dryland system models (e.g. environmental, socioeconomic, land‐use cover change, and agent‐based) could provide insights into how to combine the plethora of monitoring information gathered on key socioeconomic and biophysical indicators to develop integrated assessment models. This paper shows how insights from models can help in selecting and integrating indicators, interpreting synthetic trends, incorporating cross‐scalar processes, representing spatio‐temporal variation, and evaluating uncertainty. Planners could use this integrated global monitoring and assessment programme to help implement effective policies to address the global problem of desertification. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN TRANSPORT LOGISTICS (2014)

The information can be a good or phenomena without which, the proper functioning of the company, would not be possible. In the era of today's solutions for the acquisition and transmission of information, information systems play an increasingly important role in the enterprise’s processes realization. This paper presents the role of the information system, it plays in the implementation of transport processes in the enterprise.
Model predictive control of nonlinear processes by multi-model approach (2002)

The authors propose algorithms to develop fuzzy dynamical process models and to design model predictive controllers using these models. The multi-model approach uses a number of process models which are effective around the respective operating points and unifies the respective optimal controls by reasonable weights. Fuzzy set theory can be used to identify these reasonable weights. The application considered is the stable incineration control of a rotary kiln of sewage sludge.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Phased Array Receive Antenna Steering System Using a Ring Resonator-Based Optical Beam Forming Network and Filter-Based Optical SSB-SC Modulation (2007)

A novel phased array receive antenna steering system is introduced. The core of this system is an optical ring resonator-hased broadband, continuously tunable optical beam forming network (OBFN). In the proposed system architecture, filter-based optical single-sideband suppressed-carrier modulation and balanced coherent optical detection are used. Such architecture has significant advantages over a straightforward architecture using optical double-sideband modulation and direct optical detection, namely relaxed bandwidth requirements on the optical modulators and detectors, reduced complexity of the OBFN chip, and enhanced dynamic range. Initial measurements on an actual 1 times 8 OBFN chip and an optical sideband filter chip arc presented. Both are realized in CMOS-compatible planar optical waveguide technology.
Morphing Human Faces: Automatic Control Points Selection And Color Transition (2007)

In this paper, we propose a morphing method by which face color images can be freely transformed. The main focus of this work is the transformation of one face image to another. This method is fully automatic in that it can morph two face images by automatically detecting all the control points necessary to perform the morph. A face detection neural network, edge detection and medium filters are employed to detect the face position and features. Five control points, for both the source and target images, are then extracted based on the facial features. Triangulation method is then used to match and warp the source image to the target image using the control points. Finally color interpolation is done using a color Gaussian model that calculates the color for each particular frame depending on the number of frames used. A real coded Genetic algorithm is used in both the image warping and color blending steps to assist in step size decisions and speed up the morphing. This method results in ''very smooth'' morphs and is fast to process.
Estimation of the impact of electrostatic discharge on density of states in hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin-film transistors (2002)

The objective of this letter is to give an estimation of the impact of an electrostatic discharge (ESD) stress on the density of states (DOS) within the energy gap of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film transistors. ESD stresses were applied by means of a transmission line model tester. The DOS in the a-Si:H was determined by Suzuki’s algorithm using field-effect conductance measurements. A comparison of stressed and unstressed devices shows that there is a threshold ESD stress voltage, below which there is no damage. Above the threshold stress level, first an increase of the deep gap states is found and when stress is increased further, also in the tail states.
Review on Polymers for Thermoelectric Applications (2014)

In this review, we report the state-of-the-art of polymers in thermoelectricity. Classically, a number of inorganic compounds have been considered as the best thermoelectric materials. Since the prediction of the improvement of the figure of merit by means of electronic confinement in 1993, it has been improved by a factor of 3-4. In the mean time, organic materials, in particular intrinsically conducting polymers, had been considered as competitors of classical thermoelectrics, since their figure of merit has been improved several orders of magnitude in the last few years. We review here the evolution of the figure of merit or the power factor during the last years, and the best candidates to compete with inorganic materials. We also outline the best polymers to substitute classical thermoelectric materials and the advantages they present in comparison with inorganic systems.
Whole mouse blood microRNA as biomarkers for exposure to 𝛄-rays and<sup>56</sup>Fe ions (2011)

miRNA signatures induced by ionising radiation in mouse blood are radiation type- and radiation dose-specific. These findings underline the complexity of the radiation response and the importance of miRNA in it.
Performance of a hybrid MC dose algorithm for IMRT optimization dose evaluation (2007)

This paper presents a hybrid intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) optimization strategy which combines the speed of pencil beam (PB) and the accuracy of Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculations. After an initial deliverable-based optimization using a PB algorithm, doses are recomputed using the VMC++ MC code to determine dose correction factors, which are then utilized during further PB-based optimization. The hybrid method is benchmarked with respect to full MC deliverable-based optimization for ten prostate and ten head-and-neck IMRT plans. Final optimized plans are compared in terms of dose-volume indices used for the plan optimization. Dose prediction errors (DPEs) and optimization convergence errors (OCEs) at intermediate steps of the hybrid sequence are evaluated. The hybrid method is found to produce optimized plans that are clinically equivalent to full MC-based optimization, yet requires only 40% of the number of MC dose calculations. With the hybrid strategy presented here, MC-based optimization results are achieved in 35 min or less on a modest computing cluster. While the initial PB-deliverable-based optimization is found to have DPEs and OCEs of up to 3 Gy relative to the 65-73 Gy prescription doses, application of the first MC correction reduces the average DPEs to less than 0.3 Gy for the prostate plans and less than 0.06 Gy for the head and neck plans. The maximum observed DPE or OCE is 0.7 Gy after 1 MC dose correction, indicating that a single MC dose calculation correction might be sufficient for IMRT optimization.
Susceptibility to PTSD-Like Behavior Is Mediated by Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor Type 2 Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis (2012)

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating disease, which affects 8-10% of the population exposed to traumatic events. The factors that make certain individuals susceptible to PTSD and others resilient are currently unknown. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2 (CRFR2) has been implicated in mediating stress coping mechanisms. Here, we use a physiological PTSD-like animal model and an in-depth battery of tests that reflect the symptomology of PTSD to separate mice into subpopulations of "PTSD-like" and "Resilient" phenotypes. PTSD-like mice are hypervigilant, hyperalert, insomniac, have impaired attention and risk assessment, as well as accompanying attenuated corticosterone levels. Intriguingly, PTSD-like mice show long-term robust upregulation of BNST-CRFR2 mRNA levels, and BNST-CRFR2-specific lentiviral knockdown reduces susceptibility to PTSD-like behavior. Additionally, using a BNST mRNA expression array, PTSD-like mice exhibit a general transcriptional attenuation profile, which was associated with upregulation of the BNST-deacetylation enzyme, HDAC5. We suggest PTSD to be a disease of maladaptive coping.
Statistics of Evolving Populations and Their Relevance to Flood Risk (2016)

统计方法通常被用来评估自然人口和环境变量，然而，这些必须在在一个演变世界上适当的人口特性认出时间的趋势。这里介绍的新方程定义历史的人口在人口工具和标准差由线性变化影响了的总数的统计措施。这些能被用来提取今日的人口的统计特性，需要定义现代可变性和风险，从历史的数据的表格，那被当条件是不同的时，做的大小统治。作为一个例子，象变化和在里面隧道结构正在引起的气候那样的许多因素充满层次升起，因此未来洪水层次的现实主义的评价必须考虑如此的世俗的变化。新方程在比习惯性地假定人口 stationarity 的正式计算高是 0.5 ～ 2 m 的 USA 中西部为 100 年的洪水提供水层次的估计。这些方程也证明洪水层次将继续每年由几厘米升起。这率比海水平的上升快将近十倍，并且因此代表被柔韧的数据记录的变化的最快、很损坏的率之一。
A Computationally Efficient Motion Primitive for Quadrocopter Trajectory Generation (2015)

A method is presented for the rapid generation and feasibility verification of motion primitives for quadrocopters and similar multirotor vehicles. The motion primitives are defined by the quadrocopter's initial state, the desired motion duration, and any combination of components of the quadrocopter's position, velocity, and acceleration at the motion's end. Closed-form solutions for the primitives are given, which minimize a cost function related to input aggressiveness. Computationally efficient tests are presented to allow for rapid feasibility verification. Conditions are given under which the existence of feasible primitives can be guaranteed a priori . The algorithm may be incorporated in a high-level trajectory generator, which can then rapidly search over a large number of motion primitives which would achieve some given high-level goal. It is shown that a million motion primitives may be evaluated and compared per second on a standard laptop computer. The motion primitive generation algorithm is experimentally demonstrated by tasking a quadrocopter with an attached net to catch a thrown ball, evaluating thousands of different possible motions to catch the ball.
Hinged heat pipes for cooling notebook PCs (2002)

In an endeavor to provide a total passive cooling solution for high heat dissipating CPU in a notebook computer environment, a new cooling method called hinged heat pipes system has been developed and is introduced here. This system takes the heat away from the CPU and dissipates it to the back of the display screen (LCD) via means of heat pipes and hinged connector. Its concept and design is discussed. From testing results, we will be able to show that hinged heat pipes system is capable of dissipating 10-12 watts of heat generated from the CPU while maintaining its surface temperature at less than 95/spl deg/C and not exceeding the thermal specification of LCD. We will also address the issue of thermal performance with respect to interfacing methods between heat pipes and hinged connector. Finally, we illustrate that hinged heat pipes cooling system is highly reliable through heat pipes' reliability data.
Organizational Hiring Standards (1986)

The authors gratefully acknowledge the comments of James Baron, Mark Granovetter, and John Meyer on an earlier version of this manuscript. Organizational hiring criteria help determine which individuals enter organizational labor markets as well as serving as an important component of organizational control systems more effort placed on screening workers at entry means that less emphasis may be placed on training and socialization or on monitoring them once in the organization. The determinants of organizational selectivity in hiring, including the use of educational credentials, written and unwritten tests, and screening on the basis of workers' characteristics were examined using a sample of 254 establishments in the San Francisco Bay Area. The analyses suggested that hiring standards for different occupations (both white and blue collar) within establishments were positively correlated with each other and were affected by the same set of factors. Formal hiring standards were positively related to the presence of a personnel department, to the amount of training and technological change, and to the presence of an internal labor market. The proportion of the workforce covered by collective bargaining was negatively related to organizational selectivity, and there was no effect of economic sector (core versus periphery) and organizational size once other organizational factors were controlled. The results indicate that hiring standards reflect not only organizations' skill requirements but also the preferences of various groups for such standards and their ability to enforce these preferences.