gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of spectral radiance for correcting nitrogen deficiencies and estimating soil test variability in an established bermudagrass pasture (1998)

Abstract The use of variable rate technology has become increasingly popular for applying plant nutrient elements. The most widely used method for determining variable fertilizer rates is presently based on soil testing and yield mapping. Three field studies (Bumeyville 1995, Burneyville 1996, and Ardmore 1996) were initiated in established Midland bermudagrass [Cynodon dacrylon (L) Pers.] pastures to determine the relationship between spectral radiance at specific wavelengths with forage nitrogen (N) removal and biomass, and to determine field variability of soil test parameters. Variable N (applied to 1.5 × 2.4 m subplots within 2.4 × 45.7 m main plots), fixed N and check treatments were evaluated at each location. Spectral radiance readings were taken in the red (671±6 nm), green (570±6 nm), and near infrared (NIR) (780±6 nm) wavelengths. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated as NIR‐red/NIR+red. Variable N rates were applied based on NDVI. The highest fixed variable N rate was set at 224, 336, and 672 kg N ha‐1 for Burneyville, 1995, 1996, and Ardmore, 1996, respectively. At Bumeyville, soil samples were collected in all variable rate plots (1.5 × 2.4 m) and analyzed for various soil test characteristics. NDVI, red, green, and NIR spectral radiance readings were correlated with bermudagrass forage N removal and yield. Correlation of forage yield and N removal with red, NIR, and NDVI were best with maximum forage production, however, when forage production levels were low correlation decreased dramatically for the red wavelength compared with NIR and NDVI. Forage yield and forage N removal in variable rate treatments increased when compared to the check while being equal to the half‐fixed and fixed rates where higher N rates were applied. Also, variability about the mean in variable rate plots was significantly lower than half‐fixed and fixed rates which supports adjusting N rates based on indirect NDVI measurements. Variable N rate plots reduced fertilizer inputs by 60% and produced the same yield as fixed rate plots, while fixed and half‐fixed rates did not increase N content in the forage over that of the variable rate treatment. Soil sample data collected from small consecutive plots (<4 m2) was extremely variable indicating that intense sampling would be needed if variable fertilizer application were to be based on soil test results.
Genetic Variation in the <i>GCG</i> and in the <i>GLP1R</i> Genes and Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain (2014)

We found significant association of rs13429709 with AIWG. Although there was no significant finding for GLP1R, the observed trends and interaction suggest this to be an interesting gene for further examination.
Molecular Probes for Imaging of Hypoxia in the Retina (2014)

Hypoxia has been associated with retinal diseases which lead the causes of irreversible vision loss, including diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, and age-related macular degeneration. Therefore, technologies for imaging hypoxia in the retina are needed for early disease detection, monitoring of disease progression, and assessment of therapeutic responses in the patient. Toward this goal, we developed two hypoxia-sensitive imaging agents based on nitroimidazoles which are capable of accumulating in hypoxic cells in vivo. 2-nitroimidazole or Pimonidazole was conjugated to fluorescent dyes to yield the imaging agents HYPOX-1 and HYPOX-2. Imaging agents were characterized in cell culture and animal models of retinal vascular diseases which exhibit hypoxia. Both HYPOX-1 and -2 were capable of detecting hypoxia in cell culture models with >10:1 signal-to-noise ratios without acute toxicity. Furthermore, intraocular administration of contrast agents in mouse models of retinal hypoxia enabled ex vivo detection of hypoxic tissue. These imaging agents are a promising step toward translation of hypoxia-sensitive molecular imaging agents in preclinical animal models and patients.
Microstructured Membrane Electrode Assembly for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (2007)

The concept of microstructured membrane electrode assembly for direct methanol fuel cell featuring a double-catalyst layer and micropatterned interface between the membrane and the catalyst layer was suggested and realized in this work. The double-catalyst layer, which consists of a dense first layer and a porous second layer, was designed to achieve effective mass transfer in the catalyst layer. The micropatterned interface was generated by forming a micropattern on the membrane surface prior to catalyst coating on the membrane. The introduction of the double-catalyst layer resulted in a power density increase of 18%, and the generation of the micropatterned interface caused an additional power density increase of 23% at and . The polarization and impedance analysis indicates that mass transfer in the catalyst layer was significantly improved owing to the large pores in the second catalyst layer. The micropatterned interface did not influence the cathode reaction rate; however, it caused a profound increase of the anode reaction rate.
Synthesis of β-carboline–benzimidazole conjugates using lanthanum nitrate as a catalyst and their biological evaluation (2014)

A series of β-carboline-benzimidazole conjugates bearing a substituted benzimidazole and an aryl ring at C3 and C1 respectively were designed and synthesized. The key step of their preparation was determined to involve condensation of substituted o-phenylenediamines with 1-(substituted phenyl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carbaldehyde using La(NO3)3·6H2O as a catalyst and their cytotoxic potential was evaluated. Conjugates 5a, 5d, 5h and 5r showed enhanced cytotoxic activity (GI50 values range from 0.3 to 7.1 μM in most of the human cancer cell lines) in comparison to some of the previously reported β-carboline derivatives. To substantiate the cytotoxic activity and to understand the nature of interaction of these conjugates with DNA, spectroscopy, DNA photocleavage and DNA topoisomerase I inhibition (topo-I) studies were performed. These conjugates (5a, 5d and 5r) effectively cleave pBR322 plasmid DNA in the presence of UV light. In addition, the effect of these conjugates on DNA Topo I inhibition was studied. The mode of binding of these new conjugates with DNA was also examined by using both biophysical as well as molecular docking studies, which supported their multiple modes of interaction with DNA. Moreover, an in silico study of these β-carboline-benzimidazole conjugates reveals that they possess drug-like properties.
An Optimal Shaft Balance Solution Using Integer Programming (2003)

A mathematical solution for optimal balance weights is presented for single-plane, discrete weight and discrete adjustment point balance. The algorithm uses influence coefficients, either given or derived, and measured synchronous complex vibration data to determine the best adjustment. The solution has a user selected objective: minimum residual vibration or minimum number of adjustments to reach a given vibration. The algorithm is part of Goodrich’s Integrated Mechanical Diagnostics Health Usage Monitoring System (IMD HUMS), currently installed on a number of helicopter platforms.
Direct polymerase chain reaction from whole blood without DNA isolation (2000)

Blood and other animal fluids contain a variety of substances that inhibit the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), so that isolation of DNA is generally necessary prior to PCR. We have developed a novel reagent cocktail that effectively suppresses these inhibitory substances and makes DNA isolation from blood unnecessary for PCR. When this reagent was included in the PCR mixture, DNA fragments of the beta-globin gene could be efficiently amplified directly from human blood samples treated with various anticoagulants or PCR-inhibitory substances. We confirmed the usefulness of this cocktail by examining a large number of blood samples with various PCR primer sets. In addition to fresh blood, this method enabled PCR amplification from blood samples stored at 4 degrees C, -20 degrees C or -80 degrees C for a minimum of 1 year.
Coprecipitation of titanium(IV) and Iron(III) complex salts from peroxide-fluoride solutions (2008)

Because the salts (NH4)3TiO2F5 and (NH4)3FeF6 are isostructural, precipitation of the titanium peroxy salt from the (NH4)2TiF6-(NH4)3FeF6-NH4F-H2O2 system is accompanied by crystal-chemical substitution of ions. As a result of partial peroxolysis, the iron salt coprecipitates with ammonium peroxypentafluorotitanate. If the degree of precipitation is higher than 20%, TiO2 samples of high whiteness can be prepared from the hydrolysis product isolated from such solutions, after annealing at 850°C.
On the use of conceptual reconstruction for mining massively incomplete data sets (2003)

Incomplete data sets have become almost ubiquitous in a wide variety of application domains. Common examples can be found in climate and image data sets, sensor data sets, and medical data sets. The incompleteness in these data sets may arise from a number of factors: In some cases, it may simply be a reflection of certain measurements not being available at the time, in others, the information may be lost due to partial system failure, or it may simply be a result of users being unwilling to specify attributes due to privacy concerns. When a significant fraction of the entries are missing in all of the attributes, it becomes very difficult to perform any kind of reasonable extrapolation on the original data. For such cases, we introduce the novel idea of conceptual reconstruction in which we create effective conceptual representations on which the data mining algorithms can be directly applied. The attraction behind the idea of conceptual reconstruction is to use the correlation structure of the data in order to express it in terms of concepts rather than the original dimensions. As a result, the reconstruction procedure estimates only those conceptual aspects of the data which can be mined from the incomplete data set, rather than force errors created by extrapolation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach on a variety of real data sets.
Gonadotrophin Control of Follicular Function (1995)

It has been known for over 50 years that both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are required to stimulate both follicular development and oestradiol synthesis. However, previous experiments employing FSH and LH preparations (whether of pituitary or urinary origin) have not been able to answer unequivocally, whether an observed response was solely due to either FSH or LH because they were not pure preparations. In view of the recent availability of both 100% pure recombinant human FSH and recombinant human LH, we now have a unique opportunity to test their contribution in the regulation of ovarian function. Such experiments may have important clinical implications as they offer a means to interpret the effect of 'pure' FSH preparations when used to stimulate ovarian function in women undergoing different therapeutic regimens. To test the contribution of LH to optimize ovarian responsiveness to FSH, 21-day-old hypophysectomized, immature, female rats were treated for a 2-day period with varying total doses of rec-FSH (30-72 IU and/or rec-LH at 12-hourly intervals. At 48 h after the first injection, ovaries were removed, weighed and used to isolate granulosa and thecal interstitial cells for assessment of basal and gonadotrophin-responsive steroidogenesis in vitro; homogenized to extract total RNA for Northern analysis of 17-hydroxylase/C17-20-lyase (cytochrome P-450C17); mRMA; or examined using in situ hybridization to determine the expression of P-450C17 in the rat graafian follicle. The experiments demonstrated the potential for rec-FSH to influence LH-responsive androgen synthesis (via a paracrine mechanism) which involves an up-regulation of thecal P-450C17 mRNA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
High-Frequency Characteristics of Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors with Blocking Barrier (2001)

We have developed an analytical model for quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) with a superlattice serving as the absorption region and a blocking barrier. The explicit analytical expression for the frequency-dependent responsivity is derived as a function of the QWIP structural parameters. Using this expression we calculate the 3 dB cut-off frequency and bandwidth-response efficiency. The bandwidth of QWIPs with a moderate number of QWs can exceed 100 GHz exhibiting fairly large responsivity. We show that a fast tunneling filling of the absorption region by the electrons injected from the emitter contact results in a significant modification of the high-frequency properties of the QWIP under consideration compared to the standard QWIPs, in particular, in the elimination of the low-frequency peak of the responsivity.
Design of single-moded, large-mode-area fibers with symmetric bend compensation (2013)

A partially bend-compensated index profile can accomplish robust single-modedness for fibers with Aeff ~1000µm2, much larger than conventional designs, and does not require asymmetric fabrication or oriented deployment.
Status of Direct Conversion Detectors for Medical Imaging With X-Rays (2009)

Imaging detectors for medical X-ray and computed tomography (CT) applications have undergone many improvements and technology changes over time. But most (dynamic) detectors sold in this field still rely on indirect conversion, using scintillators and photodiodes to convert the X-ray quanta ultimately into electrical signals. Direct conversion detectors promise very high spatial resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios. Some direct conversion materials may allow for counting or even energy resolving detection of the X-ray quanta. Based on this, for example spectrally resolving CT systems are becoming an interesting option for the next decade. This contribution highlights the requirements of advanced medical X-ray and CT imaging and reviews examples of status and progress in the field. The emphasis is on the direct conversion sensors for pixelated detectors, but considerations on read-out concepts and on associated challenges such as interconnects will also be presented. Finally, the most burning issues, such as count rate limitations and polarization effects, will be discussed from an application point of view.
Purification of multiple forms of glial growth factor. (1993)

Glial growth factors (GGFs) were purified from bovine pituitaries using an in vitro rat Schwann cell mitogenesis assay. In addition to an approximately 34-kDa species termed GGF-I, similar in molecular mass to a previously identified molecule (Lemke, G. E., and Brockes, J. P. (1984) J. Neuroscience 4, 75-83), two species named GGF-II and GGF-III were characterized with apparent molecular masses of approximately 59 and approximately 45 kDa, respectively. Highly purified preparations of all species share a similar dose-dependent stimulation of Schwann cell DNA synthesis at nanomolar concentrations. Forskolin synergizes with all three GGFs, shifting their dose dependence 3-8-fold into the sub-nanomolar range. The GGFs, which contain N-linked carbohydrate groups not essential for their in vitro mitogenic effects, are three distinct members of a novel family of glial cell mitogens.
Interferometric surface-wave acousto-optic time-integrating correlators (1981)

A structure for a coherent-interferometric acousto-optic (AO) time-integrating correlator was implemented by using a single surface acoustic wave (SAW) device with tilted transducers to reduce intermodulation terms. The SAW device was fabricated on Y-Z LiNbO3 with a center frequency of 175 MHz, a bandwidth of 60 MHz, and a time aperture of about 10 micros. The density of the photodetector array, with a potential of 120 MHz. Typical integration times are 30 to 40 ms, providing processing gains in excess of 10 to the 6th power. Such a device is useful in providing fast synchronization of communication links and in demodulating to base band and simultaneously acting as a synchronization lock monitor for moderate data rates. Where processing may be limited by Doppler shifts, a two dimensional architecture was implemented to allow full processing gain. Two one-dimensional, SAW AO time-integrating correlators and a two dimensional correlator are evaluated.
Corrosion and Protection of a Conductive Silver Paste (1995)

One of the possible uses for a conductive paste is as an adhesive in interconnect technology that could replace PbSn solder. The interconnections are expected to perform under a variety of environmental conditions, and with an applied voltage. Thus knowledge of their corrosion and dissolution resistance is of utmost importance. This is a study of the dissolution and protection of polymer/metal composite films, prepared with a high loading of silver or gold particles. Electrochemical tests were conducted in a droplet of triple-distilled water with or without benzotriazole (BTA) and BTA derivatives. Results indicate that, in spite of some protection obtained by the polymer, silver paste dissolution at high anodic potentials is rapid, reaching values of 10^-1 A/cm2, which corresponds to a catastrophic silver removal rate of at least 35.6 nm/s. With a reservoir of azole in the corrosive environment, this rate can be reduced by up to five orders of magnitude. This azole effect greatly reduces the probability of electrolytic silver migration, but the Ag dissolution rate is still higher than the anodic activity shown by Au paste under the same conditions.
A novel method for cement placement diagnosis behind multiple strings based on sonic dipole cutoff mode processing (2017)

Acoustic measurements are widely used to diagnose the condition and placement of cement in cased oil and gas wells, and its bond to interfaces in contact with it. However current methods, encompassing high frequency sonic CBL-VDL and ultrasonic measurements, are designed for single steel casings and insufficient to probe behind more than one casing, and so cannot address the diagnosis of the placement and bond of cement behind a second casing that have become critical in the oil and gas industry. We therefore look at the use of lower frequency sonic measurements with deeper radial probing capability, to identify features appropriate for such a diagnosis. In particular, in this work we look at the modeling of sonic monopole and dipole modes as generated by existing tools and identify a set of cutoff modes that are indicative of annular fill behind a second casing when the annulus behind the first is known. Therefore the acquisition and processing of such modes in conjunction with the use of traditional cement evaluation techniques could become a viable avenue for the acoustic diagnosis of cement placement in multiple casing string geometries. Modeling results for such scenarios will be presented along with potential application to experimental and field data to indicate the feasibility of such a diagnosis using feature extraction.
Photochromism of spiroindolinonaphthoxazine. I. Photophysical properties (1983)

A solution of spiroindolinonaphthoxazine in a common organic solvent shows profound photochromic effect. The colorless form in ethanol displays three absorption bands (~320, 235, 203 nm) in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. The absorption spectrum of the colored metastable form shows two prominent absorption peaks at 612 and 578 nm. The triplet state energy level of the colorless form is estimated to be in the range from 2.4 × 10 4 to 2.1 × 10 4 cm −1 by the triplet–triplet energy transfer method. There exists a thermal equilibrium between the colorless and colored forms. From the measurement of absorbance of the colored form at different temperatures, the standard enthalpy of equilibrium is obtained (ΔH 0 = 1500 cm −1 ). The thermal decay of the colored form to the colorless form depends strongly on temperature. The decay rate increases three times for every 10 °C increase in temperature. From these temperature dependence studies of the thermal decay rate, the thermal energy barrier for the colored metastable state to decay to the colorless form is determined to be 6.9 × 10 3 cm −1 .
Functionalized congener approach for the design of novel muscarinic agents. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of N-methyl-N-[4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-2-butynyl] amides (1990)

A functionalized congener approach was used to design ligands for muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChRs). A series of omega-functionalized alkyl amides of N-methyl-4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-2-butynamine (22) were prepared as functionalized analogues of UH 5 [N-methyl-N-[4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-2-butynyl]acetamide], a muscarinic agonist related to oxotremorine. Intermediate 22 was coupled to a series of Boc-protected omega-amino acids, and the resulting amides were deprotected and acylated. Intermediate 22 was also acylated with succinic anhydride and derivatized. The synthetic intermediates and final compounds were evaluated in vitro for their effects on the turnover of phosphatidylinositides in SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells that express m3AChRs, and on the production of cyclic AMP in NG108-15 neuroblastoma x glioma cells that express only m4AChRs. The displacement of [3H]-N-methylscopolamine was also measured in membrane preparations from each of these cell lines. Conjugates of glycine and beta-alanine were agonists at m4AChRs, having little or no activity at m3AChRs. The potency in displacement of [3H]-N-methylscopolamine from both m3- and m4AChRs generally increased with increasing chain lengths of the omega-aminoalkyl congeners. The amides of 7-aminoheptanoic acid and 8-aminooctanoic acid, and their Boc-protected derivatives, had comparable affinities to UH 5 (Ki = 5.0 and 4.5 microM at m3AChRs and at m4AChRs, respectively) at both receptors but lacked any agonist effects.
Finite Alphabet Iterative Decoders, Part I: Decoding Beyond Belief Propagation on BSC (2012)

We introduce a new paradigm for finite precision iterative decoding on low-density parity-check codes over the Binary Symmetric channel. The messages take values from a finite alphabet, and unlike traditional quantized decoders which are quantized versions of the Belief propagation (BP) decoder, the proposed finite alphabet iterative decoders (FAIDs) do not propagate quantized probabilities or log-likelihoods and the variable node update functions do not mimic the BP decoder. Rather, the update functions are maps designed using the knowledge of potentially harmful subgraphs that could be present in a given code, thereby rendering these decoders capable of outperforming the BP in the error floor region. On certain column-weight-three codes of practical interest, we show that there exist 3-bit precision FAIDs that surpass the BP decoder in the error floor. Hence, FAIDs are able to achieve a superior performance at much lower complexity. We also provide a methodology for the selection of FAIDs that is not code-specific, but gives a set of candidate FAIDs containing potentially good decoders in the error floor region for any column-weight-three code. We validate the code generality of our methodology by providing particularly good three-bit precision FAIDs for a variety of codes with different rates and lengths.
Design and alignment strategies of 4f systems used in the vectorial optical field generator (2015)

In this paper, the design and alignment strategies of 4f systems used in the vectorial optical field generator are described in detail. Reflection-type 4f systems were adopted due to limited spacing. Alignment patterns are designed and introduced as alignment tools so that the optical property (degree of freedom) controlled by each specific spatial light modulator section can be visualized and alignment of the 4f systems can be performed using the CCD image sharpness as the metric. In particular, blurring due to diffraction effects is minimized when the 4f system is fully aligned.