gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A single tri-axial accelerometer-based real-time personal life log system capable of activity classification and exercise information generation (2010)

Recording a personal life log (PLL) of daily activities is an emerging technology for u-lifecare and e-health services. In this paper, we present an accelerometer-based personal life log system capable of human activity classification and exercise information generation. In our system, we use a tri-axial accelerometer and a real-time activity recognition scheme in which a set of augmented features of accelerometer signals, processed with Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), is classified by our hierarchical artificial neural network classifier: in the lower level of the classifier, a state of an activity is recognized based on the statistical and spectral features; in the upper level, an activity is recognized with a set of augmented features including autoregressive (AR) coefficients, signal magnitude area (SMA), and tilt angles (TA). Upon the recognition of each activity, we further estimate exercise information such as energy expenditure based on Metabolic Equivalents (METS), step count, walking distance, walking speed, activity duration, etc. Our PLL system functions in real-time and all information generated from our system is archived in a daily-log database. By testing our system on seven different daily activities, we have obtained an average accuracy of 84.8% in activity recognition and generated their relative exercise information.
Temperature-Induced, Reversible Swelling Transitions in Multilayers of a Cationic Triblock Copolymer and a Polyacid (2010)

In this article, we seek to enable large-scale, fully reversible, thermally induced volumetric changes in layer-by-layer (LbL) electrostatically self-assembled thin films through the incorporation of A-B-A triblock copolymers. Poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (abbreviated “PD-PPO-PD”) was used as a dual pH and temperature-responsive component in the electrostatic self-assembly of multilayer thin films. In solutions of this triblock copolymer with poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PD) weak polyelectrolyte end blocks, the dehydration temperature of the central poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) block was strongly dependent on solution pH, as shown by microdifferential scanning calorimetry (micro-DSC) and dye solubilization techniques. Multilayer films were then assembled with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) or poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS) as anionic binding partners at various pH values, where the triblock copolymer was incorporated within the film either as unimers or micelles. Using in situ ellipsometry, we showed that the polyanion type and the self-assembly pH were both critical parameters for constructing functional films, which change their swelling degree in response to temperature. In particular, strongly associated PD-PPO-PD/PSS multilayers lacked temperature sensitivity and maintained a constant swelling degree in a wide range of pH and temperature. In contrast, the temperature response of PD-PPO-PD/PAA films was strongly dependent on the self-assembly pH. Whereas swelling of PD-PPO-PD/PAA films constructed at pH ≤ 5 was independent of temperature, multilayers assembled at pH ≥ 6 showed fully reversible, three- to five-fold changes in film thickness in response to temperature cycling between 6 and 20 °C, enabled by the ability of PPO domains to transit reversibly between the swollen hydrated and collapsed dehydrated states. These nanocomposite coatings show highly responsive, reversible swelling transitions that can be useful for future biomedical and device applications.
Accurate assessment of liver steatosis in animal models using a high throughput Raman fiber optic probe (2015)

Due to the shortage of healthy donor organs, steatotic livers are commonly used for transplantation, placing patients at higher risk for graft dysfunction and lower survival rates. Raman Spectroscopy is a technique which has shown the ability to rapidly detect the vibration state of C-H bonds in triglycerides. The aim of this study is to determine whether conventional Raman spectroscopy can reliably detect and quantify fat in an animal model of liver steatosis. Mice and rats fed a methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) and control diets were sacrificed on one, two, three and four weeks' time points. A confocal Raman microscope, a commercial Raman (iRaman) fiber optic probe and a highly sensitive Raman fiber optic probe system, the latter utilizing a 785 nm excitation laser, were used to detect changes in the Raman spectra of steatotic mouse livers. Thin layer chromatography was used to assess the triglyceride content of liver specimens, and sections were scored blindly for fat content using histological examination. Principal component analysis (PCA) of Raman spectra was used to extract the principal components responsible for spectroscopic differences with MCD week (time on MCD diet). Confocal Raman microscopy revealed the presence of saturated fats in mice liver sections. A commercially available handheld Raman spectroscopy probe could not distinguish the presence of fat in the liver whereas our specially designed, high throughput Raman system could clearly distinguish lobe-specific changes in fat content. In the left lobe in particular, the Raman PC scores exhibited a significant correlation (R(2) = 0.96) with the gold standard, blinded scoring by histological examination. The specially designed, high throughput Raman system can be used for clinical purposes. Its application to the field of transplantation would enable surgeons to determine the hepatic fat content of the donor's liver in the field prior to proceeding with organ retrieval. Next steps include validating these results in a prospective analysis of human liver transplantation implant biopsies.
Glycin‐bonded silica monolithic column as zwitterionic stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction pressurized capillary electrochromatography (2009)

A novel zwitterionic monolith was prepared by in situ covalent attachment of glycin to a gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane-modified silica monolith. The monolith possessing in its structure bonded secondary amine groups and carboxylic acid groups was evaluated in pressurized CEC (pCEC) system using small neutral and charged solutes. Owing to the zwitterionic nature of the resulting stationary phase, the direction and magnitude of EOF in this column could be manipulated by adjusting the pH values of the mobile phase. Typical hydrophilic interaction was observed when the ACN content exceeded 45%. Separations of acidic and basic compounds were performed on the prepared column in weakly anodic and cathodic EOF modes, respectively. The organic solvent composition, the salt concentration, and the pH of the mobile phase have effects on the electrochromatographic retention. Besides the hydrophilic interaction and electrophoretic mechanism, electrostatic interactions are also involved in the separations of acids and bases on the zwitterionic column.
Evidence for Direct Control of Virulence and Defense Gene Circuits by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Quorum Sensing Regulator, MvfR (2016)

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa defies eradication by antibiotics and is responsible for acute and chronic human infections due to a wide variety of virulence factors. Currently, it is believed that MvfR (PqsR) controls the expression of many of these factors indirectly via the pqs and phnAB operons. Here we provide strong evidence that MvfR may also bind and directly regulate the expression of additional 35 loci across the P. aeruginosa genome, including major regulators and virulence factors, such as the quorum sensing (QS) regulators lasR and rhlR , and genes involved in protein secretion, translation, and response to oxidative stress. We show that these anti-oxidant systems, AhpC-F, AhpB-TrxB2 and Dps, are critical for P. aeruginosa survival to reactive oxygen species and antibiotic tolerance. Considering that MvfR regulated compounds generate reactive oxygen species, this indicates a tightly regulated QS self-defense anti-poisoning system. These findings also challenge the current hierarchical regulation model of P. aeruginosa QS systems by revealing new interconnections between them that suggest a circular model. Moreover, they uncover a novel role for MvfR in self-defense that favors antibiotic tolerance and cell survival, further demonstrating MvfR as a highly desirable anti-virulence target.
Fastfood: approximating kernel expansions in loglinear time (2013)

Despite their successes, what makes kernel methods difficult to use in many large scale problems is the fact that computing the decision function is typically expensive, especially at prediction time. In this paper, we overcome this difficulty by proposing Fastfood, an approximation that accelerates such computation significantly. Key to Fastfood is the observation that Hadamard matrices when combined with diagonal Gaussian matrices exhibit properties similar to dense Gaussian random matrices. Yet unlike the latter, Hadamard and diagonal matrices are inexpensive to multiply and store. These two matrices can be used in lieu of Gaussian matrices in Random Kitchen Sinks (Rahimi &amp; Recht, 2007) and thereby speeding up the computation for a large range of kernel functions. Specifically, Fastfood requires O(n log d) time and O(n) storage to compute n non-linear basis functions in d dimensions, a significant improvement from O(nd) computation and storage, without sacrificing accuracy. We prove that the approximation is unbiased and has low variance. Extensive experiments show that we achieve similar accuracy to full kernel expansions and Random Kitchen Sinks while being 100x faster and using 1000x less memory. These improvements, especially in terms of memory usage, make kernel methods more practical for applications that have large training sets and/or require real-time prediction. 1.
Discount Counting for Fast Flow Statistics on Flow Size and Flow Volume (2013)

A complete flow statistics report should include both flow size (the number of packets in a flow) counting and flow volume (the number of bytes in a flow) counting. Although previous studies have contributed a lot to the flow size counting problem, it is still a great challenge to well support the flow volume statistics due to the demanding requirements on both memory size and memory bandwidth in monitoring device. In this paper, we propose a DIScount COunting (DISCO) method, which is designed for both flow size and flow bytes counting. For each incoming packet of length l, DISCO increases the corresponding counter assigned to the flow with an increment that is less than l. With an elaborate design on the counter update rule and the inverse estimation, DISCO saves memory consumption while providing an accurate unbiased estimator. The method is evaluated thoroughly under theoretical analysis and simulations with synthetic and real traces. The results demonstrate that DISCO is more accurate than related work given the same counter sizes. DISCO is also implemented on the network processor Intel IXP2850 for a performance test. Using only one microengine (ME) in IXP2850, the throughput can reach up to 11.1 Gb/s under a traditional traffic pattern. The throughput increases to 39 Gb/s when employing four MEs.
Event-Based Computation of Motion Flow on a Neuromorphic Analog Neural Platform (2016)

Estimating the speed and direction of moving objects is a crucial component of agents behaving in a dynamic world. Biological organisms perform this task by means of the neural connections originating from their retinal ganglion cells. In artificial systems the optic flow is usually extracted by comparing activity of two or more frames captured with a vision sensor. Designing artificial motion flow detectors which are as fast, robust, and efficient as the ones found in biological systems is however a challenging task. Inspired by the architecture proposed by Barlow and Levick in 1965 to explain the spiking activity of the direction-selective ganglion cells in the rabbit's retina, we introduce an architecture for robust optical flow extraction with an analog neuromorphic multi-chip system. The task is performed by a feed-forward network of analog integrate-and-fire neurons whose inputs are provided by contrast-sensitive photoreceptors. Computation is supported by the precise time of spike emission, and the extraction of the optical flow is based on time lag in the activation of nearby retinal neurons. Mimicking ganglion cells our neuromorphic detectors encode the amplitude and the direction of the apparent visual motion in their output spiking pattern. Hereby we describe the architectural aspects, discuss its latency, scalability, and robustness properties and demonstrate that a network of mismatched delicate analog elements can reliably extract the optical flow from a simple visual scene. This work shows how precise time of spike emission used as a computational basis, biological inspiration, and neuromorphic systems can be used together for solving specific tasks.
Surface Planar Ion Chip for Linear Radio-Frequency Paul Traps (2007)

We propose a surface planar ion chip which forms a linear radio frequency Paul ion trap. The electrodes reside in the two planes of a chip, and the trap axis is located above the chip surface. Its electric field and potential distribution are similar to the standard linear radio frequency Paul ion trap. This ion trap geometry may be greatly meaningful for quantum information processing.
Motor condition monitoring of induction motor with programmable logic controller and industrial network (2011)

This paper presents an open, multilevel condition monitoring system for induction motors (IMs). The current, voltage, speed and temperature values of the IM are measured with commercial, industrial equipment (power analyzer, temperature relay), and transmitted to a programmable logic controller (PLC) through a MODBUS industrial network. The PLC program, developed under the IEC-61131–3 standard, performs protection logic and transmits the data to a supervision computer using an OPC (Ole for Process Control) data communications server. An OPC client component has been inserted into a SCADA program, which displays the motor status and stores it to perform trend analysis. The use of open specifications for data communications and PLC software development has allowed the construction of the proposed system using industrial, commercially available components, instead of requiring custom developed equipment. This approach also facilitates its integration into information networks at the enterprise level. Experimental results with a commercial 1.1 three-phase IM show the feasibility of the proposed system
Bridging the Operational Efficiency Differences between Franchisors and Franchisees: A Metafrontier Approach (2022)

A franchise business is a contractual relationship in which the franchisor and franchisee should cooperate to promote sustainable growth of their franchise entities. However, it is still unclear whether the relationship between franchisees and franchisors is a principal–agent or a business partner sharing a business goal. Thus, this study is a first attempt to investigate the relationship between franchisees and franchises using metafrontier and bootstrap DEA from the perspective of efficiency. We measured the efficiency of coffee franchises in Korea, which have grown rapidly in recent years despite the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the bootstrap DEA results, there was a statistically significant difference in efficiency between franchisors and franchisees under the variable return-to-scale assumption. While the main cause of inefficiency in premium coffee chains is attributed to scale inefficiency, most franchisees have pure technological inefficiency. Thus, coffee franchisees can improve the operational efficiency by adjusting their business scale and reallocating service resources. This study demonstrates tailored operational plans to improve the operational efficiency of premium and mainstream coffee franchises and offers strategic initiatives to decrease the difference in efficiency between franchisors and franchisees.
Burn Wound Infections: Current Status (1998)

The burn wound represents a susceptible site for opportunistic colonization by organisms of endogenous and exogenous origin. Patient factors such as age, extent of injury, and depth of burn in combination with microbial factors such as type and number of organisms, enzyme and toxin production, and motility determine the likelihood of invasive burn wound infection. Burn wound infections can be classified on the basis of the causative organism, the depth of invasion, and the tissue response. Diagnostic procedures and therapy must be based on an understanding of the pathophysiology of the burn wound and the pathogenesis of the various forms of burn wound infection. The time-related changes in the predominant flora of the burn wound from gram-positive to gram-negative recapitulate the history of burn wound infection. Proper clinical and culture surveillance of the burn wound permits early diagnosis of gram-positive cellulitis, and the stable susceptibility of beta-hemolytic streptococci to penicillin has eliminated the threat of this once common burn wound pathogen. Selection and dissemination of intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms increase the probability of burn wound colonization by resistant species such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Even so, effective topical antimicrobial chemotherapy and early burn wound excision have significantly reduced the overall occurrence of invasive burn wound infections. Individual patients, usually those with extensive burns in whom wound closure is difficult to achieve, may still develop a variety of bacterial and nonbacterial burn wound infections. Consequently, the entirety of the burn wound must be examined on a daily basis by the attending surgeon. Any change in wound appearance, with or without associated clinical changes, should be evaluated by biopsy. Quantitative cultures of the biopsy sample may identify predominant organisms but are not useful for making the diagnosis of invasive burn wound infection. Histologic examination of the biopsy specimen, which permits staging the invasive process, is the only reliable means of differentiating wound colonization from invasive infection. Identification of the histologic changes characteristic of bacterial, fungal, and viral infections facilitates the selection of appropriate therapy. A diagnosis of invasive burn wound infection necessitates change of both local and systemic therapy and, in the case of bacterial and fungal infections, prompt surgical removal of the infected tissue. Even after the wounds of extensively burned patients have healed or been grafted, burn wound impetigo, commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, may occur in the form of multifocal, small superficial abscesses that require surgical debridement. Current techniques of burn wound care have significantly reduced the incidence of invasive burn wound infection, altered the organisms causing the infections that do occur, increased the interval between injury and the onset of infection, reduced the mortality associated with infection, decreased the overall incidence of infection in burn patients, and increased burn patient survival.
An automatic method of synthesizing panoramic radiograph by unwrapping dental CT image (2011)

Panoramic radiographs synthesized from dental CT images manifest high quality than conventional dental panoramic radiograph and have been used in clinical treatment, but some manual operations are needed in current synthesizing algorithms. This paper presents a new algorithm to synthesize panoramic radiographs from dental CT images automatically. Firstly, projection image of the horizontal CT image is generated by maximum intensity projection (MIP). Then, a modified Ostu's threshold method is used to segment dental arch area in the projection images. After that, a reference curve is obtained by fitting the medial axis of dental arch area. Finally, the CT slices are unwrapped normal to the reference curve and the panoramic radiograph is generated by synthesizing the projection of unwrapped images in frontal axis. This algorithm is fully automatic and the panoramic radiograph synthesized from dental CT images with this algorithm shows less geometric distortion and blurring.
A pipelined 13-bit 250-ks/s 5-V analog-to-digital converter (1988)

A pipelined, 13-bit, 250-ksample/s (ks/s), 5-V, analog-to-digital (A/D) converter has been designed and fabricated in a 3- mu m, CMOS technology. Monotonicity is achieved using a reference-feedforward correction technique instead of (self-) calibration of trimming to minimize the overall cost. The prototype converter requires 3400 mil/sup 2/, and consumes 15 mW.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Rocket Science at the Nanoscale (2016)

Autonomous propulsion at the nanoscale represents one of the most challenging and demanding goals in nanotechnology. Over the past decade, numerous important advances in nanotechnology and material science have contributed to the creation of powerful self-propelled micro/nanomotors. In particular, micro- and nanoscale rockets (MNRs) offer impressive capabilities, including remarkable speeds, large cargo-towing forces, precise motion controls, and dynamic self-assembly, which have paved the way for designing multifunctional and intelligent nanoscale machines. These multipurpose nanoscale shuttles can propel and function in complex real-life media, actively transporting and releasing therapeutic payloads and remediation agents for diverse biomedical and environmental applications. This review discusses the challenges of designing efficient MNRs and presents an overview of their propulsion behavior, fabrication methods, potential rocket fuels, navigation strategies, practical applications, and the future prospects of rocket science and technology at the nanoscale.
Reliability assessment of tungsten via to copper interconnect for novel memory device (2012)

The reliability assessment of tungsten via to copper interconnect were investigated. Just-landing and un-landing via structure showed similar EM characteristics to full-landing structure. The activation energy of EM is about 0.86 and current density exponent is about 1.9, which means the mechanisms of interfacial diffusivity and line depletion stress. The resistance shifting of all splits was no more than 1% after 1000H SM test. The un-landing via of over-etching formation showed good resistivity and reliability that might be one of the solutions for gaining the process pitch in low-cost memory applications.
Biotin Administration Improves the Impaired Glucose Tolerance of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats. (1997)

The effect of biotin administration on the glucose tolerance of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats was investigated. STZ-induced diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg body weight as a single dose). The impaired glucose tolerance in response to an oral glucose load (1.8g per kg body weight) in STZ-induced diabetic rats (STZ-rat) was partially improved by intraperitoneal administration of biotin for 15 days (100 micrograms/rat/day). However, a recovery in the STZ-rat's insulin secretion was not found after biotin administration. To help clarify the mechanism underlying the improvement in glucose tolerance seen with biotin treatment, glucokinase and hexokinase activities were determined in the liver and pancreas. In STZ-rats that had received biotin (STZ-biotin rats), glucokinase activity was higher by 3.4-fold in liver and by 2.4-fold in pancreas than in the STZ-rats. The biotin level of STZ-rats was significantly lower in the liver and pancreas than that of the control rats (no STZ administration); but in STZ-biotin rats, the level in these organs recovered to the control level. These results demonstrate that injected biotin can improve glucose handling without increasing insulin secretion in STZ-rats.