gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Content adaptive enhancement of video images (2012)

Digital video products such as TVs, set-up boxes and DV players have circuits that enhance quality of incoming video content. User may control parameters of these circuits according to video source for optimum quality. However, there is a need for a procedure that can adjust these parameters automatically without user interaction. A three stages method for content adaptive enhancement of video images (CAEVI) in display processors is proposed. The first stage measures video signal statistics such as intensity and frequency histograms over image’s active area. The following stage generates control parameters for image processing blocks after measured statistics analysis. One of four quality classes (low, medium, high or special) is assigned to the incoming video, and a set of predefined control parameters for this class is selected. At the third stage, the set of control parameters is applied to the corresponding image processing blocks to reduce noise, improve signal transitions, enhance spatial details, contrast, brightness and saturation, and resample the video image. Video signal statistics are measured and accumulated for each frame, and control parameters are gradually adjusted on scene basis. Measuring and processing blocks are implemented in hardware to provide real time response. Image analysis and quality classification algorithm is implemented in embedded software for flexibility. The proposed method has been implemented in video processor as “Auto HQV” feature. The method was originally developed for TVs and. It is currently under adaptation for hand held devices.
Electro-optical modulation in silicon-silicon/germanium quantum-well structures (1993)

A new, fast, intersubband 1.55 micrometers electro-optic modulator in the SiGe/Si/CaF<SUB>2</SUB>-on- Si stepped-quantum-well system is proposed and analyzed. At applied electric fields of +/- 8 V/micrometers , resonant 1 - 3 conduction-intersubband absorption is predicted to given 18 dB of optical extinction for narrow-linewidth transitions. The procedure for incorporating conduction band nonparobolicity for higher lying subbands is described, and the issue of narrow linewidths is discussed.
Resist Free Patterning of Nonpreferential Buffer Layers for Block Copolymer Lithography (2010)

We report the design of a direct electron beam patternable buffer layer to spatially control the orientation of the microdomains in an overlaying polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) block copolymer (BCP) film. The buffer layer consists of a surface anchored low molecular weight PS-b-PMMA, with the PMMA segment anchored to the surface and a short PS block at the buffer layer/BCP interface. The block architecture of the buffer layer combines the essential features of "bottom up" and "top down" approaches as it functions as a nonpreferential layer to dictate perpendicular orientation of BCP domains from the substrate interface and as an e-beam resist to allow top-down lithographic process to spatially define the buffer layer on the substrate. The composition of the buffer layer can be tuned by changing the relative block lengths to create a nonpreferential surface which effectively induces perpendicular orientation of domains in an overlying BCP film. The grafted block copolymer can be locally shaved by e-beam lithography resulting in spatial control of domain orientation in the BCP film. The direct patterning approach reduces the number of steps involved in forming chemical patterns by conventional lithography.
Recycling zinc by dezincing steel scrap (1995)

In response to the worldwide increase in consumption of galvanized steel for automobiles in the last fifteen years, and the increased cost of environmental compliance associated with remelting larger quantities of galvanized steel scrap, a process is being developed to separate and recover the steel and zinc from galvanized ferrous scrap. The zinc is dissolved from the scrap in hot caustic using anodic assistance and is recovered electrolytically as dendritic powder. The designed ferrous scrap is rinsed and used directly. The process is effective for zinc, lead, and aluminum removal on loose and baled scrap and on all types of galvanized steel. The process has been pilot tested in Hamilton, Ontario for batch treatment of 900 tonnes of mostly baled scrap. A pilot plant in East Chicago, Indiana has designed in a continuous process mode 900 tonnes of loose stamping plant scrap; this scrap typically has residual zinc below 0.1% and sodium dragout below 0.001%. This paper reviews pilot plant performance and the economics of recycling galvanized steel and recovering zinc using a caustic process.
Adaptive markov inference game optimization (AMIGO) for rapid Discovery of satellite behaviors (2019)

Space superiority requires space protection and space situational awareness (SSA), which rely on rapid and accurate space object behavioral and operational intent discovery. The presence of adversaries in addition to real-time and hidden information constraints greatly complicates the decision-making process in controlling both ground-based and spacebased surveillance assets. This paper develops and implements a solution called Adaptive Markov Inference Game Optimization (AMIGO) for rapid discovery of satellite behaviors. AMIGO is an adaptive feedback game theoretic approach. AMIGO gets information from sensors about the relations between the resident space objects (RSOs) of interest and ground and space surveillance assets (GSAs). The relations are determined by both the RSOs and GSAs. Therefore, AMIGO represents the situation as a game instead of a control problem. The game reasoning utilizes data level fusion, stochastic modeling/propagation, and RSO detection/tracking to predict the future RSOs-GSAs relations. The game engine also supports optional space pattern dictionary/semantic rules for adaptive transition matrices in the Markov game. If no existing pattern dictionary is available, AMIGO builds an initial one and revises it during the game reasoning. The outputs of the AMIGO reasoning include two kinds of control methods: processing of GSA measurements and localization of RSOs. The two sets form a game equilibrium, one for surveillance asset management and the other for the estimation of RSO behaviors. Numerical simulations and visualizations demonstrate the performance of AMIGO.
Functionalized anthradithiophenes for organic field-effect transistors (2008)

Two new semiconductors for organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), diperfluorophenyl anthradithiophene (DFPADT) and dimethyl anthradithiophene (DMADT), have been synthesized and characterized. The first material exhibits ambipolar transport in OTFT devices with field-effect mobilities (μ) of 6 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 0.05 cm2 V−1 s−1 for electrons and holes, respectively. Therefore, diperfluorophenyl substitution was found to be effective to induce n-type transport. Dimethyl-substituted anthradithiophene (DMADT) was also synthesized for comparison and exhibited exclusively hole transport with carrier mobility of ∼0.1 cm2 V−1 s−1. Within this semiconductor family, OTFT carrier mobility values are strongly dependent on the semiconductor film growth conditions, substrate deposition temperatures, and gate dielectric surface treatment.
DNA-independent deoxynucleotidylation of the phi 29 terminal protein by the phi 29 DNA polymerase. (1992)

In this paper, we show that the phi 29 DNA polymerase, in the absence of DNA, is able to catalyze the formation of a covalent complex between the phi 29 terminal protein (TP) and 5'-dAMP. Like the reaction in the presence of phi 29 DNA, TP.dAMP complex formation is strongly dependent on activating Mn2+ ions and on the efficient formation of a TP/DNA polymerase heterodimer. The nature of the TP-dAMP linkage was shown to be identical (a O-5'-deoxyadenylyl-L-serine bond) to that found covalently linking TP to the DNA of bacteriophage phi 29, indicating that this DNA-independent reaction actually mimics that occurring as the initiation step of phi 29 DNA replication. Furthermore, as in normal TP-primed initiation on the phi 29 DNA template, this novel reaction showed the same specificity for TP Ser232 as the OH donor and the involvement of the YCDTD amino acid motif, highly conserved in alpha-like DNA polymerases. However, unlike the reaction in the presence of phi 29 DNA, the DNA-independent deoxynucleotidylation of TP by the phi 29 DNA polymerase did not show dATP specificity, being possible to obtain any of the four TP.dNMP complexes with a similar yield. This lack of specificity together with the poor efficiency of this reaction at low deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) concentration reflect a weak, but similar stability of the four dNTPs at the phi 29 DNA polymerase dNTP-binding site. Thus, the presence of a director DNA would mainly contribute to stabilizing a complementary nucleotide, giving base specificity to the protein-primed initiation reaction. According to all these data, the novel DNA polymerase reaction described in this paper could be considered as a "non-DNA-instructed" protein-primed deoxynucleotidylation.
Tracking control for FES-cycling based on force direction efficiency with antagonistic bi-articular muscles (2014)

A functional electrical stimulation (FES)-based tracking controller is developed to enable cycling based on a strategy to yield force direction efficiency by exploiting antagonistic bi-articular muscles. Given the input redundancy naturally occurring among multiple muscle groups, the force direction at the pedal is explicitly determined as a means to improve the efficiency of cycling. A model of a stationary cycle and rider is developed as a closed-chain mechanism. A strategy is then developed to switch between muscle groups for improved efficiency based on the force direction of each muscle group. Stability of the developed controller is analyzed through Lyapunov-based methods.
Rh2, a compound extracted from ginseng, hypersensitizes multidrug-resistant tumor cells to chemotherapy (2004)

Rh2 is a ginsenoside extracted from ginseng that has drawn attention in a few laboratories in Asian countries because of its potential tumor-inhibitory effect. In the present study, we tested Rh2 on many tumor-cell lines for its effects on cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and potential interaction with conventional chemotherapy agents. Our results showed that Rh2 inhibited cell growth by G1 arrest at low concentrations and induced apoptosis at high concentrations in a variety of tumor-cell lines, possibly through activation of caspases. The growth arrest and apoptosis may be mediated by 2 separate mechanisms. Apoptosis is not dependent on expression of the wild-type p53 nor the caspase 3. In addition, the apoptosis induced by Rh2 was mediated through glucocorticoid receptors. Most interestingly, Rh2 can act either additively or synergistically with chemotherapy drugs on cancer cells. Particularly, it hypersensitized multidrug-resistant breast cancer cells to paclitaxel. These results suggest that Rh2 possesses strong tumor-inhibiting properties, and potentially can be used in treatments for multidrug-resistant cancers, especially when it is used in combination with conventional chemotherapy agents.
Active Flow Control on a Boundary-Layer-Ingesting Inlet (2004)

Boundary layer ingestion (BLI) is explored as means to improve overall system performance for Blended Wing Body configuration. The benefits of BLI for vehicle system performance benefit are assessed with a process derived from first principles suitable for highly-integrated propulsion systems. This performance evaluation process provides framework within which to assess the benefits of an integrated BLI inlet and lays the groundwork for higher-fidelity systems studies. The results of the system study show that BLI provides a significant improvement in vehicle performance if the inlet distortion can be controlled, thus encouraging the pursuit of active flow control (AFC) as a BLI enabling technology. The effectiveness of active flow control in reducing engine inlet distortion was assessed using a 6% scale model of a 30% BLI offset, diffusing inlet. The experiment was conducted in the NASA Langley Basic Aerodynamics Research Tunnel with a model inlet designed specifically for this type of testing. High mass flow pulsing actuators provided the active flow control. Measurements were made of the onset boundary layer, the duct surface static pressures, and the mass flow through the duct and the actuators. The distortion was determined by 120 total pressure measurements located at the aerodynamic interface plane. The test matrix was limited to a maximum freestream Mach number of 0.15 with scaled mass flows through the inlet for that condition. The data show that the pulsed actuation can reduce distortion from 29% to 4.6% as measured by the circumferential distortion descriptor DC60 using less than 1% of inlet mass flow. Closed loop control of the actuation was also demonstrated using a sidewall surface static pressure as the response sensor.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Olefin Metathesis with Cyclometalated Ruthenium Complexes. (2015)

Abstract Enantioenriched complexes incorporating cyclometalated NHC ligands catalyze (Z)‐ and enantioselective asymmetric ring opening/cross metathesis reactions of norbornenes and cyclobutenes, and the difference in ring strain between these two compounds leads to different propagating species in the catalytic cycle.
The Proteasome of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Is Required for Resistance to Nitric Oxide (2003)

The production of nitric oxide and other reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) by macrophages helps to control infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, the protection is imperfect and infection persists. To identify genes that Mtb requires to resist RNI, we screened 10,100 Mtb transposon mutants for hypersusceptibility to acidified nitrite. We found 12 mutants with insertions in seven genes representing six pathways, including the repair of DNA (uvrB) and the synthesis of a flavin cofactor (fbiC). Five mutants had insertions in proteasome-associated genes. An Mtb mutant deficient in a presumptive proteasomal adenosine triphosphatase was attenuated in mice, and exposure to proteasomal protease inhibitors markedly sensitized wild-type Mtb to RNI. Thus, the mycobacterial proteasome serves as a defense against oxidative or nitrosative stress.
Clinically Significant Placebo Analgesic Response in a Pilot Trial of Botulinum B in Patients with Hand Pain and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (2006)

Botulinum toxin B is not dramatically superior to placebo for the relief of CTS symptoms. Possible explanations of the improvements in each study group are explored.
Broad neutralization of H1 and H3 viruses by adjuvanted influenza HA stem vaccines in nonhuman primates (2021)

Seasonal influenza vaccines confer protection against specific viral strains but have restricted breadth that limits their protective efficacy. The H1 and H3 subtypes of influenza A virus cause most of the seasonal epidemics observed in humans and are the major drivers of influenza A virus-associated mortality. The consequences of pandemic spread of COVID-19 underscore the public health importance of prospective vaccine development. Here, we show that headless hemagglutinin (HA) stabilized-stem immunogens presented on ferritin nanoparticles elicit broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) responses to diverse H1 and H3 viruses in nonhuman primates (NHPs) when delivered with a squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant, AF03. The neutralization potency and breadth of antibodies isolated from NHPs were comparable to human bnAbs and extended to mismatched heterosubtypic influenza viruses. Although NHPs lack the immunoglobulin germline VH1-69 residues associated with the most prevalent human stem-directed bnAbs, other gene families compensated to generate bnAbs. Isolation and structural analyses of vaccine-induced bnAbs revealed extensive interaction with the fusion peptide on the HA stem, which is essential for viral entry. Antibodies elicited by these headless HA stabilized-stem vaccines neutralized diverse H1 and H3 influenza viruses and shared a mode of recognition analogous to human bnAbs, suggesting that these vaccines have the potential to confer broadly protective immunity against diverse viruses responsible for seasonal and pandemic influenza infections in humans.
Hierarchical differential image filters for skin analysis (2016)

In this paper we present a framework for analyzing skin parameters from portrait images and videos. Using a series of Hierarchical Differential Image Filters (HDIF), it becomes possible to detect different skin features such as wrinkles, spots, and roughness. These detected features are used to compute skin ratings that are compared to actual ratings by dermatologists. Analyzing a database of 49 images with ratings by a panel of dermatologists, the proposed HDIF method is able to detect skin roughness, dark spots, and deep wrinkles with an average rating error of 11.3%, 17.6%, and 15.6%, respectively, as compared to individual dermatologist rating errors of 8.2%, 7.4%, and 6.5%. Although dermatologist ratings are more accurate than the proposed HDIF method, the ratings are close enough that the HDIF ratings can be a viable solution where dermatologist ratings are not readily available.
Fluorocarbon based atomic layer etching of Si3N4 and etching selectivity of SiO2 over Si3N4 (2016)

Angstrom-level plasma etching precision is required for semiconductor manufacturing of sub-10 nm critical dimension features. Atomic layer etching (ALE), achieved by a series of self-limited cycles, can precisely control etching depths by limiting the amount of chemical reactant available at the surface. Recently, SiO2 ALE has been achieved by deposition of a thin (several Angstroms) reactive fluorocarbon (FC) layer on the material surface using controlled FC precursor flow and subsequent low energy Ar+ ion bombardment in a cyclic fashion. Low energy ion bombardment is used to remove the FC layer along with a limited amount of SiO2 from the surface. In the present article, the authors describe controlled etching of Si3N4 and SiO2 layers of one to several Angstroms using this cyclic ALE approach. Si3N4 etching and etching selectivity of SiO2 over Si3N4 were studied and evaluated with regard to the dependence on maximum ion energy, etching step length (ESL), FC surface coverage, and precursor selection. Surface chemistries of Si3N4 were investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) after vacuum transfer at each stage of the ALE process. Since Si3N4 has a lower physical sputtering energy threshold than SiO2, Si3N4 physical sputtering can take place after removal of chemical etchant at the end of each cycle for relatively high ion energies. Si3N4 to SiO2 ALE etching selectivity was observed for these FC depleted conditions. By optimization of the ALE process parameters, e.g., low ion energies, short ESLs, and/or high FC film deposition per cycle, highly selective SiO2 to Si3N4 etching can be achieved for FC accumulation conditions, where FC can be selectively accumulated on Si3N4 surfaces. This highly selective etching is explained by a lower carbon consumption of Si3N4 as compared to SiO2. The comparison of C4F8 and CHF3 only showed a difference in etching selectivity for FC depleted conditions. For FC accumulation conditions, precursor chemistry has a weak impact on etching selectivity. Surface chemistry analysis shows that surface fluorination and FC reduction take place during a single ALE cycle for FC depleted conditions. A fluorine rich carbon layer was observed on the Si3N4 surface after ALE processes for which FC accumulation takes place. The angle resolved-XPS thickness calculations confirmed the results of the ellipsometry measurements in all cases.
Efficient and Robust Language Modeling in an Automatic Children's Reading Tutor System (2007)

Recently, there has been a rapidly increasing interest in using ASR for children's language learning. An automatic reading tutor system built with ASR technologies can track children's oral reading against story texts, detect reading miscues, and measure the level of reading fluency. They may even diagnose the nature of the miscues and provide feedback to improve reading skills. In such tasks, N-gram language models (LM) may be trained from the whole story text, or may be generated based on current story sentence with heuristic probabilities for both regular words in the sentence and explicitly predicted reading miscues. The disadvantages of those methods are either they require a relatively large text and are time-consuming, or a large-sized LM and complex processing are needed to accommodate all possible words in reading stories as well as in reading miscues. This paper proposes an efficient and robust LM which can be easily built on-the-fly with current reading sentences. With an additional parallel "garbage" model, the LM can also deal effectively with a wide range of reading miscues. Our experiments in a standard children's reading task show that the new LM reaches the state-of-the-art performance in detecting reading miscues with a fast speed while only a relatively simple children's acoustic model of speech was used.
<i>S</i> -Nitrosylation of Parkin Regulates Ubiquitination and Compromises Parkin's Protective Function (2004)

Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in the ubiquitination of proteins that are important in the survival of dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). We show that parkin is S-nitrosylated in vitro, as well as in vivo in a mouse model of PD and in brains of patients with PD and diffuse Lewy body disease. Moreover, S-nitrosylation inhibits parkin's ubiquitin E3 ligase activity and its protective function. The inhibition of parkin's ubiquitin E3 ligase activity by S-nitrosylation could contribute to the degenerative process in these disorders by impairing the ubiquitination of parkin substrates.
Receiver Training for Efficient Nonlinear Equalization and Detection in Optical Communications (2014)

The logarithmic-perturbation model is employed to design equalization and detection schemes for nonlinear fiber-optic systems, whose parameters are estimated and updated by proper training algorithms. Effective mitigation of intra- and inter-channel nonlinearity is demonstrated.
Ultra Miniature 1850 <i>μm</i> <sup>2</sup> Ring Oscillator Based Temperature Sensor (2020)

Temperature sensing is a necessity in semiconductor products, in order to monitor die behavior and avoid thermal runaway, while achieving high performance. Integrated sensors are used to monitor and regulate numerous hot spots across the die to prevent reliability issues. As the hot spots are in the most congested areas of the chip, it is also desirable for the sensors to have a very small sensing element which can be placed close to the hot-spot. The sensors are also used to monitor the coldest parts of the chip to determine the required Vdd level. These functions require the sensors to be very compact as well as low energy. A ring oscillator based temperature sensor is presented in TSMCs 65nm node, with an area of 1850μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . This sensor has a novel structure which is similar to a bandgap reference, with the BJT devices replaced by scaled ring oscillators. The sensor exhibits a 3-sigma inaccuracy of ±1°C near the throttle point, for hot-spot sensing, and ± 2.5°C over the -10°C to 110°C range. The power supply rejection is 2.4°C/V. The sensor consumes 0.94nJ per 10μs conversion and achieves a resolution FOM of 96pJ-K <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .