gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Botulinum toxin therapy for pain and inflammatory disorders: mechanisms and therapeutic effects (2001)

Botulinum toxin (BTX) injections are a well-recognised therapeutic modality for the treatment of regional involuntary muscle disorders and recently BTX has been used for treatment of pain and inflammatory disorders. The primary purpose of this review is to discuss the mechanism of action of therapeutic BTX in light of both the traditional understanding of BTX pharmacological effects as well as new observations. The review will deal with clinical observations and relevant animal experimentation. The data and hypotheses presented are not only relevant to botulinum toxin technology but will certainly prove important in the basic mechanisms of some of the diseases where botulinum toxin has been successfully applied. BTX used clinically comprises botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) complexed with non-toxic proteins. The non-toxic components of the BTX complexes stabilise the labile BoNT during purification and formulation as a therapeutic. The complex proteins may also have unrecognised clinical significance such as slowing diffusion in tissues or imparting stability. The mechanisms of BTX formulations acting on SNARE proteins are briefly reviewed providing a basis for BTX clinical applications. The potential for design of improved botulinum toxins and formulations is addressed.
User Resource Structure Design with Enhanced Diversity for OFDMA in Time-Varying Channels (2009)

It is a significant challenge to support high data rate services at high mobile speeds. In this paper, an efficient diversity-exploiting user resource structure, namely evolving- type resource structure, for fast time-varying frequency-selective fading channel environments is designed. This newly proposed resource structure enjoys the advantages of both band-type and interleaved-type structures and avoids their disadvantages by exploiting both the multiuser diversity and the frequency diversity under fast time-varying channels. Simulation results corroborate the performance improvement of the new resource structure over the existing ones under various mobility scenarios.
Modular Assembly of Metal–Organic Supercontainers Incorporating Sulfonylcalixarenes (2012)

A new strategy for the design of container molecules is presented. Sulfonylcalix[4]arenes, which are synthetic macrocyclic containers, are used as building blocks that are combined with various metal ions and tricarboxylate ligands to construct metal-organic "supercontainers" (MOSCs). These MOSCs possess both endo and exo cavities and thus mimic the structure of viruses. The synthesis of MOSCs is highly modular, robust, and predictable. The unique features of MOSCs are expected to provide exciting new opportunities for the exploration of their functional applications.
Polarization gratings in the short-pitch approximation: electro-optics\n of deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystals (2010)

Electro-optical properties of deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystal\n(DHFLC) cells are studied by using a general theoretical approach to\npolarization gratings in which the transmission and reflection matrices of\ndiffraction orders are explicitly related to the evolution operator of\nequations for the Floquet harmonics. In the short-pitch approximation, a DHFLC\ncell is shown to be optically equivalent to a uniformly anisotropic biaxial\nlayer where one of the optical axes is normal to the substrates. For in-plane\nanisotropy, orientation of the optical axes and birefringence are both\ndetermined by the voltage applied across the cell and represent the parameters\nthat govern the transmittance of normally incident light passing through\ncrossed polarizers. We calculate the transmittance as a function of the applied\nvoltage and compare the computed curves with the experimental data. The\ntheoretical and experimental results are found to be in good agreement.\n
Improvement of bacterial  -glucanase thermostability by glycosylation (1991)

The relationship between enzyme stability and glycosylation was examined for two different Bacillus (1,3-1,4)-β-glucanases following expression of the corresponding genes in Escherichia coli and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both of the (1,3-1,4)-β-glucanases secreted from yeast cells were glycosylated and a pronounced difference in the type and extent of glycosylation was observed. Thermostability analysis of the glycosylated enzymes and their unglycosylated counterparts synthesized by E. coli disclosed a substantially higher thermotolerance of the glycosylated enzymes. At 70 °C the half-life of the glycosylated form of B. macerans (1,3-1,4)-β-glucanase was 26 min, as compared to 10 min for the unglycosylated form of the enzyme. Using the same conditions, the half-life of the B. amyloliquefaciens-B. macerans hybrid (1,3-1,4)-β-glucanase was 5 min for the unglycosylated enzyme and about 100 min when the enzyme was glycosylated.
High efficiency method of fast neutron detection by oxide scintillators for detection systems of fissionable radioactive substances (2011)

Comparative measurements and analysis of detection efficiency (DE) of fast neutrons from <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">239</sup> Pu-Be source have been carried out in a broad energy range En ~ 0.1 ÷ 10 MeV using oxide scintillators BGO, GSO, CWO, ZnWO, ZnSe(Te, O), as well as LiI(Eu). DE of fast neutrons by heavy oxide scintillators was found to be very high (~ 40-50 %). The neutron inelastic scattering reaction (n, n'y) is considered as the most probable interaction mechanism of neutrons with nuclei of heavy oxide scintillators. It is concluded that heavy oxide scintillators, which are at the same time efficient gamma-detectors, allow creation of a highly efficient gamma-neutron detector ensuring high detection efficiency of fissionable radioactive substances.
Reservoir Sampling over Memory-Limited Stream Joins (2007)

In stream join processing with limited memory, uniform random sampling is useful for approximate query evaluation. In this paper, we address the problem of reservoir sampling over memory-limited stream joins. We present two sampling algorithms, reservoir join-sampling (RJS) and progressive reservoir join-sampling (PRJS). RJS is designed straightforwardly by using a fixed-size reservoir sampling on a join-sample (i.e., random sample of a join output stream). Anytime the sample in the reservoir is used, RJS always gives a uniform random sample of the original join output stream. With limited memory, however, the available memory may not be large enough even for the join buffer, thereby severely limiting the reservoir size. PRJS alleviates this problem by increasing the reservoir size during the join-sampling. This increasing is possible since the memory requirement by the join-sampling algorithm decreases over time. A larger reservoir provides a closer representation of the original join output stream. However, it comes with a negative impact on the probability of the sample being uniform. Through experiments we examine the tradeoffs and compare the two algorithms in terms of the aggregation error on the reservoir sample.
Low-Pt-Content Anode Catalyst for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (2008)

Combinatorial experiments have led to the discovery that a nanophase alloy of Pt, Ru, Ni, and Zr is effective as an anode catalyst material for direct methanol fuel cells. This discovery has practical significance in that the electronic current densities achievable by use of this alloy are comparable or larger than those obtained by use of prior Pt/Ru catalyst alloys containing greater amounts of Pt. Heretofore, the high cost of Pt has impeded the commercialization of direct methanol fuel cells. By making it possible to obtain a given level of performance at reduced Pt content (and, hence, lower cost), the discovery may lead to reduction of the economic impediment to commercialization.
Cell Breathing Techniques for Load Balancing in Wireless LANs (2009)

Maximizing network throughput while providing fairness is one of the key challenges in wireless LANs (WLANs). This goal is typically achieved when the load of access points (APs) is balanced. Recent studies on operational WLANs, however, have shown that AP load is often substantially uneven. To alleviate such imbalance of load, several load balancing schemes have been proposed. These schemes commonly require proprietary software or hardware at the user side for controlling the user-AP association. In this paper we present a new load balancing technique by controlling the size of WLAN cells (i.e., AP's coverage range), which is conceptually similar to cell breathing in cellular networks. The proposed scheme does not require any modification to the users neither the IEEE 802.11 standard. It only requires the ability of dynamically changing the transmission power of the AP beacon messages. We develop a set of polynomial time algorithms that find the optimal beacon power settings which minimize the load of the most congested AP. We also consider the problem of network-wide min-max load balancing. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed method is comparable with or superior to the best existing association-based methods.
<title>Fourier-transform holographic microscope</title> (1991)

A camera system suitable for microholography has been constructed, tested, and applied to the imaging of biological materials. The design of this instrument is compatible with operation over a very wide spectral range spanning from visible to x-ray wavelengths. In order to evaluate its properties, visible light Fourier transform microholograms of biological samples and other test targets have been recorded and digitally reconstructed using a glycerol microdrop as a reference wave scatterer. Current results give a resolution of approximately 4 (lambda) with (lambda) equals 514.5 nm.
A novel pilot structure for the downlink transmission of cyclic prefix assisted single carrier CDMA system with frequency domain equalisation (2003)

A single carrier cyclic prefix assisted CDMA system (SCRIP-CDMA) is proposed to solve the potential problems of DS-CDMA and MC-CDMA for high data rate transmission in wireless environment. This paper proposes a data dependent pilot structure for downlink transmission of SCRIP-CDMA to enhance pilot assisted channel estimation in frequency domain. The pilot symbols are computed by assuming constant envelope in frequency domain. This structure gives an easy method for channel estimation. The performance of the proposed pilot structure is compared with common pilot structure, which is data independent. Extensive computer simulations were conducted for both pilot structures.
A cat's eye multiple quantum-well modulating retro-reflector (2003)

A new kind of modulating retro-reflector using cat's eye optics and a multiple quantum-well electro-absorption modulator array is described. The device exhibits retro-reflection over a 30/spl deg/ field of view and can support data rates of up to 50 Mb/s using 1-mm pixels. The use of the device in free-space optical communication is discussed.
DNA-Functionalized Dye-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles: Ultrabright FRET Platform for Amplified Detection of Nucleic Acids (2018)

Going beyond the limits of optical biosensing motivates exploration of signal amplification strategies that convert a single molecular recognition event into a response equivalent to hundreds of fluorescent dyes. In this respect, Førster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) with bright fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) is an attractive direction, but it is limited by poor efficiency of NPs as FRET donors, because their size is typically much larger than the Førster radius (∼5 nm). Here, we established FRET-based nanoparticle probes that overcome this fundamental limitation by exploiting a phenomenon of giant light harvesting with thousands of strongly coupled dyes in a polymer matrix. These nanoprobes are based on 40 nm dye-loaded poly(methyl methacrylate- co-methacrylic acid) (PMMA-MA) NPs, so-called light-harvesting nanoantennas, which are functionalized at their surface with oligonucleotides. To achieve this functionalization, we developed an original methodology: PMMA-MA was modified with azide/carboxylate bifunctional group that enabled assembly of small polymeric NPs and their further Cu-free click coupling with oligonucleotides. The obtained functionalized nanoantenna behaves as giant energy donor, where hybridization of target nucleic acid (encoding survivin cancer marker) with ∼23 grafted oligonucleotides/Cy5-acceptors switches on/off FRET from ∼3200 rhodamine-donors of the nanoantenna, leading to 75-fold signal amplification. In solution and on surfaces at single-particle level, the nanoprobe provides sequence-specific two-color ratiometric response to nucleic acids with limit of detection reaching 0.25 pM. It displays unprecedented brightness for a FRET biosensor: it outperforms analogous FRET-based molecular probe by >2000-fold and QDot-605 by ∼100-fold. The developed concept of amplified sensing will increase orders of magnitude sensitivity of fluorescent probes for biomolecular targets.
Integration of machine learning and mechanistic models accurately predicts variation in cell density of glioblastoma using multiparametric MRI (2019)

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a heterogeneous and lethal brain cancer. These tumors are followed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is unable to precisely identify tumor cell invasion, impairing effective surgery and radiation planning. We present a novel hybrid model, based on multiparametric intensities, which combines machine learning (ML) with a mechanistic model of tumor growth to provide spatially resolved tumor cell density predictions. The ML component is an imaging data-driven graph-based semi-supervised learning model and we use the Proliferation-Invasion (PI) mechanistic tumor growth model. We thus refer to the hybrid model as the ML-PI model. The hybrid model was trained using 82 image-localized biopsies from 18 primary GBM patients with pre-operative MRI using a leave-one-patient-out cross validation framework. A Relief algorithm was developed to quantify relative contributions from the data sources. The ML-PI model statistically significantly outperformed (p < 0.001) both individual models, ML and PI, achieving a mean absolute predicted error (MAPE) of 0.106 ± 0.125 versus 0.199 ± 0.186 (ML) and 0.227 ± 0.215 (PI), respectively. Associated Pearson correlation coefficients for ML-PI, ML, and PI were 0.838, 0.518, and 0.437, respectively. The Relief algorithm showed the PI model had the greatest contribution to the result, emphasizing the importance of the hybrid model in achieving the high accuracy.
Discovering stay-green drought tolerance genes in sorghum: A multidisciplinary approach (2004)

Drought is the major environmental factor constraining crop production globally. Identifying and understanding the function of genes and gene networks that contribute to improved plant drought resistance under water-limited conditions is a fundamental component of sorghum breeding programs in Australia and the United States. In particular, genes located in four genomic regions (Stg1, Stg2, Stg3 and Stg4) controlling the functional basis of the B35 source of ‘stay-green’ are being sought. Plants with the stay-green drought-resistance trait maintain green stems and upper leaves when water is limiting during grain filling. This paper discusses the multi-disciplinary approach to gene discovery implemented by Australian and U.S. scientists in pursuit of the key stay-green genes. In this project, map-based gene cloning is the primary approach to gene discovery. Multiple cycles of phenotyping and genotyping have enabled scientists to close-in on the genes of interest via fine-mapping, and will ultimately lead to the discovery of gene function. Candidate genes will be identified within each of the four genomic regions using an integrated genetic and physical map of sorghum, together with detailed physiological dissection of genotypes with different stay-green alleles. Proof of gene function will follow. Gene function in a range of environments will be assessed in silico using crop simulation modelling. Overall, this integrated approach to gene discovery will enable plant breeders to more efficiently custom-make sorghum varieties for specific water-limited environments.
High-Performance In-Memory Genome Project: A Platform for Integrated Real-Time Genome Data Analysis (2013)

A variety of next-generation sequencing technologies reduced costs and improved quality for whole genome sequencing within the last decade. However, interpretation and analysis of generated raw genome data is still a time- and resource-intensive task taking up to weeks. We applied in-memory database technology to form a completely new system architecture that enables processing and real-time analysis of genome data in a single system and reduces time and costs to obtain relevant results, e.g., in the course of personalized medicine. Keywords-Genome Data Analysis; Process Integra- tion; In-Memory Database Technology; Personalized Medicine; Next-Generation Sequencing.
An Ultimately Fast Frequency-scanning Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analyzer (2015)

A polarization-independent fast frequency-scanning Brillouin optical time-domain analysis technique is presented, capable of acquiring the full Brillouin gain spectrum at a speed limited only by the fiber length and the employed frequency scanning granularity.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells: The Magic Cure for Intraventricular Hemorrhage? (2017)

Severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) remains a major cause of mortality and long-term neurologic morbidities in premature infants, despite recent advances in neonatal intensive care medicine. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation in attenuating brain injuries resulting from severe IVH. Because there currently exists no effective intervention for severe IVH, the therapeutic potential of MSC transplantation in this intractable and devastating disease is creating excitement in this field. This review summarizes recent progress in stem cell research for treating neonatal brain injury due to severe IVH, with a particular focus on preclinical data concerning important issues, such as mechanism of protective action and determining optimal source, route, timing, and dose of MSC transplantation, and on the translation of these preclinical study results to a clinical trial.
Holographic reflective liquid‐crystal display (1995)

Abstract— Holographically reflective LCDs are approaching the production phase in Motorola portable products. They add improved performance and product differentiation to TN, STN and FSTN LCDs. Key features include up to two to three times improvement in brightness and contrast and elimination of image degradation due to glare. Without consuming additional power, the hologram provides a “backlit” appearance which further differentiates the product. Moreover, the current version of the holographic reflector has been “tuned” to the LCD so that the effective viewing cone is retained or even expanded slightly.
Additional studies of the acoustics of coffee roasting (2016)

Cracking sounds emitted by coffee beans during the roasting process can be recorded by a microphone and used as the basis for automated acoustic roast profiling and monitoring, mimicking what expert artisanal coffee roasters do by ear. Three parameters are used for this purpose. Near the end of the roasting process, sounds known as “first crack” exhibit a higher acoustic amplitude than sounds emitted later, known as “second crack.” First crack emits more low frequency energy than second crack. Finally, the rate of cracks appearing in the second crack chorus is higher than the rate in the first crack chorus. This presentation is a companion to the previously published work on the same topic [J. Acoust. Soc. 185, EL265–EL269 (2014)], but expanded to include a discussion of automated crack detection signal processing, the acoustic characteristics of different coffee beans, and initial results of a study on how individual beans crack and emit their sounds.
Place and route for massively parallel hardware-accelerated functional verification (2013)

Hardware acceleration is a critical component in any modern functional verification methodology. To achieve the best possible utilization, a compiler must intelligently map a logical netlist to the various resources available in the machine architecture. For instance, instructions that serve to route signals between processors must be carefully balanced with those that encode Boolean operations. In addition, chip-to-chip communication should be reduced whilst also ensuring that logic is appropriately partitioned to be executed concurrently. This process is exacerbated by hard constraints on accelerator capacity, as well as rapidly growing industrial designs that approach billions of gates in size. In this paper, we present several compilation strategies that optimize resource allocation to curtail simulation depth, leverage design hierarchy to reduce runtime and memory, and exploit parallel processing to further improve performance. We also review the history of hardware acceleration within IBM, and describe the evolution in architecture that has driven many of these advances in compilation.
Radially Aligned, Electrospun Nanofibers as Dural Substitutes for Wound Closure and Tissue Regeneration Applications (2010)

This paper reports the fabrication of scaffolds consisting of radially aligned poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibers by utilizing a collector composed of a central point electrode and a peripheral ring electrode. This novel class of scaffolds was able to present nanoscale topographic cues to cultured cells, directing and enhancing their migration from the periphery to the center. We also established that such scaffolds could induce faster cellular migration and population than nonwoven mats consisting of random nanofibers. Dural fibroblast cells cultured on these two types of scaffolds were found to express type I collagen, the main extracellular matrix component in dural mater. The type I collagen exhibited a high degree of organization on the scaffolds of radially aligned fibers and a haphazard distribution on the scaffolds of random fibers. Taken together, the scaffolds based on radially aligned, electrospun nanofibers show great potential as artificial dural substitutes and may be particularly useful as biomedical patches or grafts to induce wound closure and/or tissue regeneration.
Simultaneous photoacoustic imaging of intravascular and tissue oxygenation (2019)

Hypoxia, a low tissue oxygenation condition caused by insufficient oxygen supply, leads to potentially irreversible tissue damage, such as brain infarction during stroke. Intravascular oxygenation has long been used by photoacoustic imaging, among other imaging modalities, to study hypoxia. However, intravascular oxygenation describes only the oxygen supply via microcirculation, which does not directly reflect the amount of free oxygen available for metabolism in the interstitial fluid. Therefore, to fully understand hypoxia, it is highly desirable to monitor blood oxygenation as well as tissue oxygenation during the same biological process. In this work, by combining high-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) and a novel bioreducible N-oxide-based hypoxia-sensitive probe HyP-650, we have demonstrated simultaneous imaging of intravascular oxygenation and tissue hypoxia. We have established detailed chemical, optical, and photoacoustic properties of HyP-650 for hypoxic activation in vitro and in living cells. We have also performed PAM on hindlimb ischemia models and tumor-bearing mice to study the correlation between intravascular oxygenation and tissue oxygenation at various hypoxic levels. We expect that Hyp-650 enhanced photoacoustic imaging will find a variety of applications in brain and cancer research.