gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Shape-morphing carbon fiber composite using electrochemical actuation (2020)

Structures that are capable of changing shape can increase efficiency in many applications, but are often heavy and maintenance intensive. To reduce the mass and mechanical complexity solid-state morphing materials are desirable but are typically nonstructural and problematic to control. Here we present an electrically controlled solid-state morphing composite material that is lightweight and has a stiffness higher than aluminum. It is capable of producing large deformations and holding them with no additional power, albeit at low rates. The material is manufactured from commercial carbon fibers and a structural battery electrolyte, and uses lithium-ion insertion to produce shape changes at low voltages. A proof-of-concept material in a cantilever setup is used to show morphing, and analytical modeling shows good correlation with experimental observations. The concept presented shows considerable promise and paves the way for stiff, solid-state morphing materials.
OUTDOOR HYBRID LOCATION TRACKING SYSTEM WITH REMOTE MONITORING (2016)

A hybrid location and tracking system designed for near real-time location monitoring of persons or objects in an outdoor environment is presented in this paper. The proposed system follows a client-server architecture, which confers flexibility and modularity characteristics. The client is represented by a System-on-chip (SOC) device, namely Raspberry Pi, equipped with a Global Positioning System (GPS) module and an USB 3G modem, configuration which ensures both localization and 3G (the 3 rd Generation of Mobile Communications) capabilities. This approach provides three mechanisms for retrieving the current location: based on the GPS module, based on 3G triangulation and based on the serving cell location, hence the hybrid characteristic of the system. The remote monitoring feature is ensured by a server which can be accessed over the internet. Its purpose is to host the database in which the tracking information is stored and to provide a reliable web framework which ensures that end-users can access this information remotely, via a dedicated web-page or a smartphone application.
Experiments on reduction of aircraft interior noise using active control of fuselage vibration (1985)

Interior sound in aircraft fuselages is directly coupled to fuselage vibration. This suggests the use of active vibration control of the fuselage vibration to reduce interior noise levels. In this paper, preliminary experiments to investigate this new technique are discussed. The experiments were performed on a closed cylindrical shell excited by an external acoustic source, representative of an aircraft fuselage. Active vibration control of the shell was achieved by a single minishaker attached pointwise to the exterior wall of the cylinder. Sound levels throughout the cylinder were measured by a moveable microphone traverse. The interior levels were found to be attenuated at most locations between 10 and 35 dB by the active vibration control with a constant control amplitude and phase, i.e., global attenuation was achieved. The physical mechanisms behind the effect are discussed. The new method shows much potential for reduction of propeller interior noise in aircraft, without the penalty of large added weight.
Quantum Computing and Simulations for Energy Applications: Review and Perspective (2022)

Quantum computing and simulations are creating transformative opportunities by exploiting the principles of quantum mechanics in new ways to generate and process information. It is expected that a variety of areas ranging from day-to-day activities to making advanced scientific discoveries are going to benefit from such computations. Several early-stage applications of quantum computing and simulation have already been demonstrated, and these preliminary results show that quantum computing and simulations could significantly accelerate the deployment of new technologies urgently needed to meet the growing demand for energy while safeguarding the environment. Exciting examples include developing new materials such as alloys, catalysts, oxygen carriers, CO<sub>2</sub> sorbents/solvents, and energy storage materials; optimizing traffic flows and energy supply chains; locating energy generation facilities such as wind and solar farms, and fossil and nuclear power plants; designing pipeline networks for transporting hydrogen, natural gas, and CO<sub>2</sub>; and speeding up tasks such as seismic imaging and inversion, reservoir simulation, and computational fluid dynamics. In this review, we introduce different aspects of quantum computing and simulations and discuss the status of theoretical and experimental approaches. We then specifically highlight growing number of application areas in the energy sector. We conclude by providing an analysis of high-value application directions to address energy sector challenges.
Characterization of Antiviral Activities in<i>Echinacea</i>. Root Preparations (2005)

The roots of three commonly used taxa of Echinacea.—E. purpurea., E. pallida. var. pallida., and E. pallida. var. angustifolia.—were extracted and fractionated by means of accelerated solvent extraction to reflect the most commonly used methods for commercial preparations. These fractions were analyzed by HPLC for their content of caffeic acid derivatives and alkamides and for antiviral activities against three viruses often implicated in colds and influenza. Aqueous extracts of E. purpurea. root contained a relatively potent activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV) and influenza virus (FV) but not against rhinovirus (RV). These fractions had low amounts of caffeic acids and alkamides. The ethyl acetate fraction contained significant but weak activity against both HSV and FV and contained significant levels of cichoric acid. In contrast, E. pallida. var. angustifolia. gave no water-soluble antiviral activity, but the ethanolic and ethyl acetate fractions contained significant activity against all three viruses, and this activity correlated with the presence of alkamides. E. pallida. var. pallida., however, gave no antiviral activity in any of the fractions, and this observation accorded well with the near absence of the marker compounds. Thus, we have detected a relatively potent water-soluble antiviral activity in E. purpurea. root, together with the weaker antiviral cichoric acid; an antiviral alkamide fraction in E. pallida. var. angustifolia.; but no antiviral activity in E. pallida. var. pallida.. Therefore, different types of Echinacea. root preparations, such as tinctures, tablets, and teas, based on different species and extraction methods, would be expected to offer quite different antiviral profiles.
A Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer for ambient measurements of Ammonia (2010)

Abstract. This study presents a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) for fast response, in-situ measurements of gas phase ammonia (NH3). The NH3 background level detected with the CIMS ranged between 0.3–1 ppbv, with an uncertainty of 30 pptv under optimized conditions. The instrument sensitivity varied from 4–25 Hz/pptv for >1 MHz of reagent ion signals (protonated ethanol ions), with a 30% uncertainty estimated based on variability in calibration signals. The CIMS detection limit for NH3 was ~60 pptv at a 1 min integration time (3 sigma). The CIMS time response was <30 s. This new NH3-CIMS has been used for ambient measurements in Kent, Ohio, for several weeks throughout three seasons. The measured NH3 mixing ratios were usually at the sub-ppbv level and higher in spring (200 ± 120 pptv) than in winter (60 ± 75 pptv) and fall (150 ± 80 pptv). High emissions of SO2 from power plants in this region, and thus possible high acidity of aerosol particles, may explain these low NH3 mixing ratios in general.
Novel-Phase Structural High-Efficiency Anode Catalyst for Methanol Fuel Cells: α-(NiCu)<sub>3</sub>Pd Nanoalloy (2014)

An approach has been explored to highly improve the catalytic activity and stability for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) by using dominant α-(NiCu)3Pd phase-structural NiCuPd nanoparticles (NPs) as anode catalysts. The NiCuPd alloy NPs are monodispersed with the diameter of ∼10 nm and have been prepared by the reduction of Pd(acac)2, Ni(acac)2, and Cu(acac)2 following alloying growth process. In the Ni–Cu–Pd alloy system, Ni atoms fused in Cu3Pd phase to form α-(NiCu)3Pd phase together with NiCuPd solid solution phase. As Ni concentration gradually enriched, the crystallinity of α-(NiCu)3Pd became higher, while its percentage decreased by one degree. Owing to the synergistic effect between components and facet atom arrangement, the catalytic activity and stability of NiCuPd NPs can be adjusted toward the MOR in alkaline media. The maximized crystallinity of α-(NiCu)3Pd results in the largest catalytic activity. Compared with commercial Pd/C with (111) facets, α-(NiCu)3Pd phase with (117) facets afforded a more open-atom arrangement surface and exhibited the remarkable catalytic activity and stability. Containing maximized crystallinity of α-(NiCu)3Pd, Ni63Cu12Pd25 NP-modified electrode, afforded the highest catalytic activity (333 mA·mg–1) toward the MOR, which is about 2.5 times higher than that of the commercial Pd/C-modified one (145 mA·mg–1). Combining the advantages of high electrochemical activity, stability, and economical effectiveness, the novel phase of α-(NiCu)3Pd has great potential as an anode catalyst for methanol fuel cells.
<scp>l</scp> -Pyroglutamate Spontaneously Formed from <scp>l</scp> -Glutamate Inhibits Growth of the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon <i>Sulfolobus solfataricus</i> (2001)

Identification of physiological and environmental factors that limit efficient growth of hyperthermophiles is important for practical application of these organisms to the production of useful enzymes or metabolites. During fed-batch cultivation of Sulfolobus solfataricus in medium containing L-glutamate, we observed formation of L-pyroglutamic acid (PGA). PGA formed spontaneously from L-glutamate under culture conditions (78 degrees C and pH 3.0), and the PGA formation rate was much higher at an acidic or alkaline pH than at neutral pH. It was also found that PGA is a potent inhibitor of S. solfataricus growth. The cell growth rate was reduced by one-half by the presence of 5.1 mM PGA, and no growth was observed in the presence of 15.5 mM PGA. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect of PGA on cell growth was alleviated by addition of L-glutamate or L-aspartate to the medium. PGA was also produced from the L-glutamate in yeast extract; the PGA content increased to 8.5% (wt/wt) after 80 h of incubation of a yeast extract solution at 78 degrees C and pH 3.0. In medium supplemented with yeast extract, cell growth was optimal in the presence of 3.0 g of yeast extract per liter, and higher yeast extract concentrations resulted in reduced cell yields. The extents of cell growth inhibition at yeast extract concentrations above the optimal concentration were correlated with the PGA concentration in the culture broth. Although other structural analogues of L-glutamate, such as L-methionine sulfoxide, glutaric acid, succinic acid, and L-glutamic acid gamma-methyl ester, also inhibited the growth of S. solfataricus, the greatest cell growth inhibition was observed with PGA. We also observed that unlike other glutamate analogues, N-acetyl-L-glutamate enhanced the growth of S. solfataricus. This compound was stable under cell culture conditions, and replacement of L-glutamate with N-acetyl-L-glutamate in the medium resulted in increased cell density.
The Structural Basis of Coenzyme A Recycling in a Bacterial Organelle (2016)

Bacterial Microcompartments (BMCs) are proteinaceous organelles that encapsulate critical segments of autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolic pathways; they are functionally diverse and are found across 23 different phyla. The majority of catabolic BMCs (metabolosomes) compartmentalize a common core of enzymes to metabolize compounds via a toxic and/or volatile aldehyde intermediate. The core enzyme phosphotransacylase (PTAC) recycles Coenzyme A and generates an acyl phosphate that can serve as an energy source. The PTAC predominantly associated with metabolosomes (PduL) has no sequence homology to the PTAC ubiquitous among fermentative bacteria (Pta). Here, we report two high-resolution PduL crystal structures with bound substrates. The PduL fold is unrelated to that of Pta; it contains a dimetal active site involved in a catalytic mechanism distinct from that of the housekeeping PTAC. Accordingly, PduL and Pta exemplify functional, but not structural, convergent evolution. The PduL structure, in the context of the catalytic core, completes our understanding of the structural basis of cofactor recycling in the metabolosome lumen.
A Dual-Staged Context Aggregation Method towards Efficient End-to-End Speech Enhancement (2020)

In speech enhancement, an end-to-end deep neural network converts a noisy speech signal to a clean speech directly in the time domain without time-frequency transformation or mask estimation. However, aggregating contextual information from a high-resolution time domain signal with an affordable model complexity still remains challenging. In this paper, we propose a densely connected convolutional and recurrent network (DCCRN), a hybrid architecture, to enable dual-staged temporal context aggregation. With the dense connectivity and cross-component identical shortcut, DCCRN consistently outperforms competing convolutional baselines with an average STOI improvement of 0.23 and PESQ of 1.38 at three SNR levels. The proposed method is computationally efficient with only 1.38 million parameters. The generalizability performance on the unseen noise types is still decent considering its low complexity, although it is relatively weaker comparing to Wave-U-Net with 7.25 times more parameters.
Mechanism of Chaperone Function in Small Heat Shock Proteins (2004)

Mammalian small heat shock proteins (sHSP) form polydisperse and dynamic oligomers that undergo equilibrium subunit exchange. Current models of their chaperone activity hypothesize that recognition and binding of protein non-native states involve changes in the oligomeric state. The equivalent thermodynamic representation is a set of three coupled equilibria that includes the sHSP oligomeric equilibrium, the substrate folding equilibrium, and the equilibrium binding between the sHSP and the substrate non-native states. To test this hypothesis and define the binding-competent oligomeric state of human Hsp27, we have perturbed the two former equilibria and quantitatively determined the consequences on binding. The substrate is a set of T4 lysozyme (T4L) mutants that bind under conditions that favor the folded state over the unfolded state by 10(2)-10(4)-fold. The concentration-dependent oligomer equilibrium of Hsp27 was perturbed by mutations that alter the relative stability of two major oligomeric states including phosphorylation-mimicking mutations that result in the dissociation to a small multimer over a wide range of concentrations. Correlation of binding isotherms with size exclusion chromatography analysis of the Hsp27 oligomer equilibrium demonstrates that the multimer is the binding-competent state. Binding occurs through two modes, each characterized by different affinity and number of binding sites, and results in T4L.Hsp27 complexes of different hydrodynamic properties. Mutants of the Hsp27 phosphorylation mimic that reverse the reduction in oligomer size also reduce the extent of T4L binding. Taken together, these results suggest a central role for the oligomeric equilibrium in regulating the chaperone activity of sHSP. The mutants identify sequence features important for modulating this equilibrium.
Wind speed predicted by wavelet analysis in input prediction control of wind turbine (2008)

The third order of the high frequency parts of the whole wind speed are changed greatly, it is the input of wind turbine. The input determines the control value, so the control value is changed greatly in short time. The controller has the determine time to work. Hence, the input prediction control is introduced. Simply the wind speed is composed by basic signal and instantaneous signal, of which the basic signal contains the main available power of whole wind speed. To get good control and avoid high frequency work of controller, the low frequency parts of the wind speed are picked up through the decomposition of the wind speed by wavelet multi resolution analysis. By analyzing the predict result of smoothed data by time series and the decomposed result of predicted original wind speed by wavelet, the error between the two signals is small, so the approach wind speed decomposed by wavelet analysis can be applied to the input of the wind turbine predict control system.
Towards changing healthcare workers' behaviour: a qualitative study exploring non-compliance through appraisals of infection prevention and control practices (2015)

Overall, behaviours are not entirely independent of policy rules, but often an amalgamation of local normative practices, individual preferences and a degree of professional isolation.
Gap waveguide components for millimetre-wave systems: Couplers, filters, antennas, MMIC packaging (2012)

Gap waveguides were first presented in [1] as an alternative guiding technology especially attractive for frequencies over 30 GHz up to THz. At those frequencies, the current technologies show some deficiencies regarding to the performance, integration ability, or product cost. Planar technologies, such as microstrip and coplanar, are often chosen due to their good integration ability and manufacture simplicity, but they suffer from higher losses with increasing frequency as well as from the presence of cavity resonances when encapsulated. Hence, hollow waveguides are usually resorted for low-loss applications, in spite of their difficulty for integration with active components and a high manufacturing cost. The need of new transmission line technologies for mm- and sub mm-wave systems is leading to the apparition of alternative technologies. Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology has been widely used for high-frequency applications [2], but it exhibits significant losses at increasing frequencies due to wave propagation in substrate. Gap waveguides, on the contrary, support waves in the air gap between two metal plates. One of the plates is provided with a texture, in the form of a bed of nails, to create a high impedance condition at the surface, which in turn forces a cut-off for the parallel-plate modes [3]. On the same plate, there are metal ridges in between the nails providing a path to the waves so that fields are confined to the air gap between the ridges and the metal plate on top. This propagation path can alternatively be provided by a microstrip line lying on the bed of nails, or by a groove in between the nails. An interesting application using similar technology can be found in [4] where a multi-layered phased array antenna developed in Japan was presented.
A Critical Role for IL-4 in Regulating Disease Severity in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis as Demonstrated in IL-4-Deficient C57BL/6 Mice and BALB/c Mice (1998)

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that has served as the principal experimental model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Susceptibility to disease is thought to correlate with the ability to generate a Th1-type cytokine profile in myelin-responsive T cells, whereas T cells producing a Th2 cytokine pattern, in particular IL-4, are thought to be nonencephalitogenic and also to confer protection against a Th1-type response. However, recent studies using a variety of genetically engineered animals in which the genes for Th1-type cytokines and/or their receptors have been inactivated have called into question the Th1-Th2 paradigm in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. In this report we have addressed the contribution of IL-4 to disease expression by studying two strains of mice, C57BL/6 and BALB/c, in which the gene for IL-4 has been inactivated. The IL-4-deficient C57BL/6 mice, and to a lesser extent the IL-4-deficient BALB/c mice, developed a more severe form of clinical disease, a more extensive pathologic involvement of the spinal cord, and an increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the CNS than their wild-type littermates. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice showed a slightly different cytokine profile in the CNS. Both groups of animals recovered from the acute clinical episode in a time frame that was essentially identical to that found in the wild-type controls. We conclude that IL-4 plays an important role in modulating the severity of the encephalitogenic process, but does not by itself contribute to spontaneous remission from the disease.
Thrombosis and Hemorrhage (2002)

Bleeding and clotting problems have traditionally been treated by haematologists and the emphasis has formerly been on life-threatening haemorrhagic disorders. Now problems of bleeding and clotting have moved into the field of the cardiologist, as the two specialties move closer together in the area of vascular medicine. The emphasis of this text is on thrombosis (clotting) and fibrinolysis (the dissolution of blood clots).
Fluorenone and benzophenone 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives with cardiodepressant activity. (1992)

A series of fluorenone and benzophenone 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives were prepared. The compounds were evaluated for inotropic, chronotropic and calcium antagonist properties.
Evaluation of CD14 in host defence (2000)

An extensive search for the cell membrane targets for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major causative agent of Gram-negative septic shock, resulted in the identification of CD14 as the major endotoxin 'receptor'. Besides recognition of LPS, several new aspects of its biological functions have been described recently. In this review the different CD14 forms, their most important biological and biochemical features, signalling properties, cellular and subcellular distribution and association with different diseases are discussed in detail, showing that these molecules posses several unique biological functions and further proving their central role in innate immunity.
DANCin SEQ2SEQ: Fooling Text Classifiers with Adversarial Text Example Generation (2017)

Machine learning models are powerful but fallible. Generating adversarial examples - inputs deliberately crafted to cause model misclassification or other errors - can yield important insight into model assumptions and vulnerabilities. Despite significant recent work on adversarial example generation targeting image classifiers, relatively little work exists exploring adversarial example generation for text classifiers; additionally, many existing adversarial example generation algorithms require full access to target model parameters, rendering them impractical for many real-world attacks. In this work, we introduce DANCin SEQ2SEQ, a GAN-inspired algorithm for adversarial text example generation targeting largely black-box text classifiers. We recast adversarial text example generation as a reinforcement learning problem, and demonstrate that our algorithm offers preliminary but promising steps towards generating semantically meaningful adversarial text examples in a real-world attack scenario.