gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of adrenalectomy on interleukin‐1 release <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> (1989)

1 Peritoneal macrophages (M phi) collected from adrenalectomized (ADX) rats released more interleukin-1 (IL-1) activity and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) than macrophages from sham-operated (SHO) rats. 2 The increase in IL-1 activity in the supernatants was confirmed by the increase of the cell-associated 33 kD IL-1 alpha precursor in ADX macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 3 After the injection of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) to induce adjuvant arthritis, 60% of the ADX rats died, while no deaths occurred in the SHO group. 4 The in vivo administration of dexamethasone inhibited both IL-1 and PGE2 release by macrophages as well as protecting ADX animals from CFA-induced death. Indomethacin and BW 755C partially protected the animals from this lethal effect. 5 These results suggest that adrenalectomy induces an increased release of IL-1 both in vitro and in vivo, and are consistent with a feedback mechanism between IL-1 and glucocorticoid hormones.
Measurement of rotary pump flow and pressure by computation of driving motor power and speed (2000)

Measurement of pump flow and pressure by ventricular assist is an important process, but difficult to achieve. On one hand, the pump flow and pressure are indicators of pump performance and the physiologic status of the receptor, meanwhile providing a control basis of the blood pump itself. On the other hand, the direct measurement forces the receptor to connect with a flow meter and a manometer, and the sensors of these meters may cause haematological problems and increase the danger of infection. A novel method for measuring flow rate and pressure of rotary pump has been developed recently. First the pump performs at several rotating speeds, and at each speed the flow rate, pump head and the motor power (voltage x current) are recorded and shown in diagrams, thus obtaining P (motor power)-Q (pump volume) curves as well as P-H (pump head) curves. Secondly, the P, n (rotating speed) values are loaded into the input layer of a 3-layer BP (back propagation) neural network and the Q and H values into the output layer, to convert P-Q and P-H relations into Q = f (P,n) and H = g (P, n) functions. Thirdly, these functions are stored by computer to establish a database as an archive of this pump. Finally, the pump flow and pressure can be computed from motor power and speed during animal experiments or clinical trials. This new method was used in the authors' impeller pump. The results demonstrated that the error for pump head was less than 2% and that for pump flow was under 5%, so its accuracy is better than that of non-invasive measuring methods.
Diatom flora in subterranean ecosystems: a review (2014)

In scarcity of light and primary producers, subterranean ecosystems are generally extremely oligotrophic habitats, receiving poor supplies of degradable organic matter from the surface. Human direct impacts on cave ecosystems mainly derive from intensive tourism and recreational caving, causing important alterations to the whole subterranean environment. In particular, artificial lighting systems in show caves support the growth of autotrophic organisms (the so-called lampenflora), mainly composed of cyanobacteria, diatoms, chlorophytes, mosses and ferns producing exocellular polymeric substances (EPSs) made of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. This anionic EPSs matrix mediates to the intercellular communications and participates to the chemical exchanges with the substratum, inducing the adsorption of cations and dissolved organic molecules from the cave formations (speleothems). Coupled with the metabolic activities of heterotrophic microorganisms colonising such layer (biofilm), this phenomenon may lead to the corrosion of the mineral surfaces. In this review, we investigate the formation of biofilms, especially of diatom-dominated ones, as a consequence of artificial lighting and its impacts on speleothems. Whenever light reaches the subterranean habitat (both artificially and naturally) a relative high number of species of diatoms may indeed colonise it. Cave entrances, artificially illuminated walls and speleothems inside the cave are generally the preferred substrates. This review focuses on the diatom flora colonising subterranean habitats, summarizing the information contained in all the scientific papers published from 1900 up to date. In this review we provide a complete checklist of the diatom taxa recorded in subterranean habitats, including a total of 363 taxa, belonging to 82 genera. The most frequent and abundant species recorded in caves and other low light subterranean habitats are generally aerophilic and cosmopolitan. These are, in order of frequency: Hantzschia amphioxys, Diadesmis contenta, Orthoseira roeseana, Luticola nivalis, Pinnularia borealis, Diadesmis biceps and Luticola mutica. Due to the peculiarity of the subterranean habitats, the record of rare or new species is relatively common. The most important environmental factors driving species composition and morphological modifications observed in subterranean populations are analysed throughout the text and tables. In addition, suggestions to prevent and remove the corrosive biofilms in view of an environmentally sustainable cave management are discussed.
Study of On-line Pulp Kappa Number Determination with Spectrometry during Batch Pulping (2004)

Aiming at the difficulties and problems of on-line measurement of pulp Kappa number during batch pulping, this paper proposed a new measuring idea, which was to predict the lignin content in pulp through the measurement of dissolved lignin in cooking liquor with modern spectrum technology. According to the difference between the sulfite cooking and Kraft cooking, it was discovered that the absorption of red liquor from masson's pine in 460-580nm wave range resulted mainly from lignin-sulfonate with high molecular weight, where the absorption of black liquor from masson's pine in 800-900nm wave range resulted mainly from Kraft lignin, and Kappa number maintained a linear relationship with the absorbency of the cooking liquor within the wave range. Mathematical models of on-line Kappa number determination with visible spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) were developed by chemometrics for batch sulfite and Kraft cooking. After applying to sulfite pulp mill, the results showed that the new measuring method was much better than manual method. It was obviously that with this new method to control sulfite pulp Kappa number and predict the end point of pulping during cooking process, the first grade ratio of pulp has been improved from 55% to 70%, the pulp Kappa number could be controlled within 2 unit.
Toeplitz-based iterative image reconstruction for MRI with correction for magnetic field inhomogeneity (2005)

In some types of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, particularly functional brain scans, the conventional Fourier model for the measurements is inaccurate. Magnetic field inhomogeneities, which are caused by imperfect main fields and by magnetic susceptibility variations, induce distortions in images that are reconstructed by conventional Fourier methods. These artifacts hamper the use of functional MR imaging (fMRI) in brain regions near air/tissue interfaces. Recently, iterative methods that combine the conjugate gradient (CG) algorithm with nonuniform FFT (NUFFT) operations have been shown to provide considerably improved image quality relative to the conjugate-phase method. However, for non-Cartesian k-space trajectories, each CG-NUFFT iteration requires numerous k-space interpolations; these are operations that are computationally expensive and poorly suited to fast hardware implementations. This paper proposes a faster iterative approach to field-corrected MR image reconstruction based on the CG algorithm and certain Toeplitz matrices. This CG-Toeplitz approach requires k-space interpolations only for the initial iteration; thereafter, only fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) are required. Simulation results show that the proposed CG-Toeplitz approach produces equivalent image quality as the CG-NUFFT method with significantly reduced computation time.
Increased tau burden in the cortices of progressive supranuclear palsy presenting with corticobasal syndrome (2005)

The objective of this study is to better define the pathological characteristics of pathologically proven progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) presenting with the corticobasal syndrome (CBS). PSP is characterized by early falls, vertical supranuclear ophthalmoplegia, and axial rigidity, whereas asymmetric limb features, including rigidity, bradykinesia, apraxia, alien limb phenomena, and cortical sensory loss are characteristic of CBS. We investigated clinicopathological characteristics of 5 cases of PSP that presented with CBS (CBS-PSP). Comprehensive pathological analysis was undertaken to determine the presence of concomitant pathological processes as well as quantitative tau burden in cortical regions of CBS-PSP, compared with 8 typical PSP cases (Typ-PSP). The clinical features in the CBS-PSP cases included asymmetrical features, apraxia, alien limb phenomena, and progressive aphasia. All cases had Parkinsonism, and vertical supranuclear ophthalmoplegia was noted in all but 1 case of CBS-PSP. Secondary neuropathological diagnoses included argyrophilic grain disease (AGD) in 1 of the 8 cases of Typ-PSP, whereas Alzheimer's disease (AD), Lewy body disease, AGD, and vascular disease was found in 3 cases of CBS-PSP. Image analysis of cortical tau burden performed in 8 Typ-PSP and 3 CBS-PSP cases revealed a significant increased tau burden in mid-frontal and inferior-parietal cortices in the CBS-PSP cases. This study demonstrates that when PSP presents as CBS, it is most likely due to either a concurrent cortical pathology from a secondary process such as AD or from the primary pathology of PSP extending into cortical areas that are primarily and commonly affected in CBD.
Flow and Oxygen-Transfer Characteristics in an Aeration System Using an Annular Nozzle Ejector (2012)

This paper is aimed at the investigation of flow and oxygen-transfer characteristics in an aeration system using an annular nozzle ejector, and the experimental evaluation of the oxygen-transfer characteristics in the ejector aeration and blower aeration. The entrainment ratio decreased with the primary water flow rate of the annular nozzle ejector, with ratios ranging between 6.8 and 0.4. It was found that the turbulence level and entrainment ratio strongly affected the air bubble size and the volumetric mass-transfer coefficient. The saturation times and volumetric mass-transfer coefficients varied with the suction air flow rate in the ejector aeration, while the times decreased and the coefficients increased with the blowing air flow rate in the blower aeration. The average mass-transfer coefficient of the ejector aeration was about 3.7 times higher than that of the blower aeration. It was found that the high turbulence level and optimum entrainment ratio were needed to increase the oxygen-transfer rate.
Interleukin 7 promotes long-term in vitro growth of antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes with immunotherapeutic efficacy in vivo. (1994)

A major obstacle to the effective use of adoptive immunotherapeutic treatment of cancer is the difficulty of obtaining tumor-reactive lymphocytes in either sufficient numbers or with appropriate in vivo function to make such an approach feasible. Previous studies have shown that antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) with in vivo efficacy can be generated in vitro from lymphoid cells obtained from lymph nodes that drain the anatomical site of a tumor. Results presented here demonstrate that inclusion of interleukin 7 (IL-7) into the medium in which such CTL are cultured can support their growth in vitro for prolonged periods of time in the absence of repeated stimulation with either tumor stimulator cells or tumor antigen. More importantly, antitumor CTL propagated in medium containing IL-7 have retained both their antigenic specificity and their ability to reject tumors in vivo subsequent to intravenous injection. Parallel cultures of antitumor CTL similarly cultured in medium containing only IL-2 could only be maintained for 5-6 wk, after which the number and proportion of viable cells that were recoverable from such cultures progressively decreased. Phenotypic analysis of CTL maintained after extended culture (i.e., 22 mo) in medium containing IL-7 demonstrated them to be CD3+4-8+ T cells. These cells were also found to express lymphocyte function associated 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and Mel-14 cell interaction molecules. The data also demonstrate that these CTL do not require the presence of antigen-presenting cell populations to mount a proliferative response to tumor stimulator cells. Cells in these cultures were also demonstrated to produce IL-2 after stimulation with irradiated tumor cells, thereby indicating that these CTL have become independent of the requirement for CD4+ helper cells to survive and function either in vitro or in vivo. Collectively, the findings that IL-7 can beneficially augment the generation, and propagate the long-term growth, of antitumor CTL from lymph nodes draining a tumor site may have profound implications for promoting the immunotherapeutic treatment of cancer in humans.
nf.io: A file system abstraction for NFV orchestration (2015)

In recent years, Network Function Virtualization (NFV) has gained a lot of traction from both industry and academia. NFV promotes vendor-independence and rapid evolution through open source software, open standards, and open APIs. However, adopting these principles for virtual middleboxes or Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) is not enough. The VNF orchestration systems also need to adopt the same principles, otherwise a network operator may still face vendor lock-in. Moreover, standardization efforts take a long time to converge and are often futile. For this reason, we introduce nf.io that uses the existing well-known Linux file system interface for VNF orchestration. Different members of a DevOps team can readily utilize this tool without a cumbersome learning process. We have developed a prototype, and provided a set of example use-cases to demonstrate its effectiveness.
Fast Photovoltaic-System Voltage- or Current-Oriented MPPT Employing a Predictive Digital Current-Controlled Converter (2012)

In this paper, a photovoltaic (PV)-system maximum power point (MPP) tracking (MPPT) control strategy employing a predictive digital current-controlled converter implemented in conventional hardware resources is presented. Two current programmed controllers (finite-state predictive control and valley current control) have been integrated into a system with current- or voltage-oriented MPPT. The modifications applied to the perturb-and-observe algorithm enable the MPP tracker to interact rapidly with the controller accounting also for abrupt irradiance drops by considering voltage and current limitations. The implementation of digital control in PV systems entails significant advantages of speed and accuracy, although the controller converges correctly at the MPP under irradiance variations featuring fast dynamic response. The proposed controller scheme has been experimentally demonstrated on a digitally current-controlled boost converter delivering power from a PV system.
Sex hormones, sexual activity and plasma anticonvulsant levels in male epileptics. (1983)

Testosterone, LH, FSH, PRL, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured in 72 male epileptic patients on chronic anticonvulsant drug regimes. Sexual activity was estimated and plasma anticonvulsants measured. Total testosterone (TT), LH, FSH, PRL, and SHBG were increased; free testosterone (FT) was decreased. Sexual activity appeared diminished particularly in relation to reduced FT.
Antioxidant enzyme response to exercise and aging (1993)

Antioxidant enzymes play an important role in defending the cells against free radical-mediated oxidative damage. The present investigations, using rats as models, indicate that antioxidant enzyme systems undergo significant alteration during aging and in response to acute and chronic exercise. Hepatic and myocardial antioxidant enzymes show a general decline at older age, whereas activity of glutathione-related enzymes in the liver and mitochondrial enzymes in the heart increase significantly. Skeletal muscle antioxidant enzymes are uniformly elevated during aging. An acute bout of exercise can increase activity of certain antioxidant enzymes in various tissues. The mechanism for this activation is unclear. Exercise training has little effect on hepatic or myocardial enzyme systems but can cause adaptive responses in skeletal muscle antioxidant enzymes, particularly glutathione peroxidase. These findings suggest that both aging and exercise may impose an oxidative stress to the body.
Synthesis of zwitterionic palladium complexes and their application as catalysts in cross-coupling reactions of aryl, heteroaryl and benzyl bromides with organoboron reagents in neat water (2017)

N-(3-Chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)-N'-arylimidazolium salts (aryl = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl [HL1Cl]Cl, aryl = mesityl [HL2Cl]Cl) have been synthesized by treating 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline with the corresponding N'-arylimidazole in neat water. Facile reactions of these imidazolium salts with Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> and Pd<sub>2</sub>(dba)<sub>3</sub>/PPh<sub>3</sub> (dba = dibenzyledene acetone) at 50 °C have afforded zwitterionic palladium(ii) complexes [Pd(HL1)(PPh<sub>3</sub>)Cl<sub>2</sub>] (I) and [Pd(HL2)(PPh<sub>3</sub>)Cl<sub>2</sub>] (II) in excellent yields. I and II have been tested for their ability to catalyze Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling (SMC) reactions in neat water/K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and are found to be highly active for carrying out these reactions between aryl bromides and organoboron reagents. Furthermore, the scope of the catalyst I was also examined by employing (hetero)aryl bromides, hydrophilic aryl bromides, benzyl bromides and various organoboron reagents. More than 80 aryl/benzyl bromide-arylboronic acid combinations were screened in neat water/K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and it was found that I was a versatile catalyst, which produced biaryls/diarylmethanes in excellent yields. A TON of 82 000 was achieved by using I. Studies on the mechanism have also been carried out to investigate the involvement of carbene complexes in the catalytic path. Poison tests and a two-phase test were also conducted and the results are reported.
Magnetic resonance temperature imaging for guidance of thermotherapy (2000)

Continuous thermometry during a hyperthermic procedure may help to correct for local differences in heat conduction and energy absorption, and thus allow optimization of the thermal therapy. Noninvasive, three-dimensional mapping of temperature changes is feasible with magnetic resonance (MR) and may be based on the relaxation time T(1), the diffusion coefficient (D), or proton resonance frequency (PRF) of tissue water. The use of temperature-sensitive contrast agents and proton spectroscopic imaging can provide absolute temperature measurements. The principles and performance of these methods are reviewed in this paper. The excellent linearity and near-independence with respect to tissue type, together with good temperature sensitivity, make PRF-based temperature MRI the preferred choice for many applications at mid to high field strength (>/= 1 T). The PRF methods employ radiofrequency spoiled gradient-echo imaging methods. A standard deviation of less than 1 degrees C, for a temporal resolution below 1 second and a spatial resolution of about 2 mm, is feasible for a single slice for immobile tissues. Corrections should be made for temperature-induced susceptibility effects in the PRF method. If spin-echo methods are preferred, for example when field homogeneity is poor due to small ferromagnetic parts in the needle, the D- and T(1)-based methods may give better results. The sensitivity of the D method is higher that that of the T(1) methods provided that motion artifacts are avoided and the trace of D is evaluated. Fat suppression is necessary for most tissues when T(1), D, or PRF methods are employed. The latter three methods require excellent registration to correct for displacements between scans.
Joining of Silicon Nitride to Molybdenum under High Pressure (1988)

Pressureless sintered silicon nitride was joined to molybdenum with metallic interlayers by hot-pressing and by hot-isostatic-pressing. The interfacial strengths of niobium and molybdenum was 400MPa. With increasing metal thickness, the residual stress in a joint increased resulting in a decreased strength. Lamination of molybdenum and tungsten layers reduced the residual stress. The highest tensile residual stress appeared at the corners of the square bond face joint. The magnitude of the residual stress depended on the dimension of the joint and increased with increasing size. When the side of the bond face was 20mm, the joint collapsed without any applied load. The joint with the molybdenum/tungsten laminate interlayer had the strength of 240MPa at 1173K and was resistant to thermal cycles between 673K and 1273K.
Novel Catalytic Tandem Isomerisation/Cyclisation Reaction of α‐Methallyloxy Carboxylic Acids (2006)

Abstract A new tandem isomerisation/cyclisation of α‐methallyloxy carboxylic acids leading to substituted 1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐ones in 60–70 % yields was catalysed by Cu(OTf) 2 or Al(OTf) 3 . Extension to the synthesis of oxathiolanones and oxathianones is also described. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Development and evaluation of a gyroscope-based wheel rotation monitor for manual wheelchair users (2013)

The results indicate that the G-WRM is an appropriate tool for tracking a spectrum of wheelchair-related activities from regular wheelchair propulsion to wheelchair sports such as handcycling. The real-time feedback provided by the G-WRM can help wheelchair users self-monitor their everyday activities.
Effect of Anionic Gums on the Texture of Pickled Frankfurters (1983)

ABSTRACT The addition of the anionic gums, xanthan and carrageenan, stabilized the texture of frankfurter emulsions against acid deterioration at 37°C in vinegar pickle. The proteins collagen, casein, and gluten, and the gums guar, arabic, and locust bean had no effect. The cationic gum, chitosan, formed an acid‐stable gel but the gel would not hold the emulsion. The process of acid deterioration had an initial period of firming of the gel texture. Shear (rupture) and elasticity did not show a corresponding initial increase. Subsequent deteriorative changes were less in the emulsions with xanthan gum than in any of the other emulsions. The gum gel is formed at the expense of the protein‐fat structure, probably through a gum‐protein interaction.
[Separation and pharmaco-toxicological studies of the enantiomers of Ifosfamide]. (1986)

The enantiomers of ifosfamide were isolated chromatographically by the use of an optically active adsorbent. The biological activities of the racemic product and of the enantiomers (+)- and (-)-ifosfamide were compared as to the acute toxicity after single intraperitoneal administration on mice. Futhermore, the antitumor activity has been compared with regard to the rat leukemia L 5222 and the haematotoxicological effect. Under the conditions given, no biological differences between these 3 ifosfamide preparations were observed.