gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isoxazolines as Potent Antagonists of the Integrin α<sub>v</sub>β<sub>3</sub> (1999)

Starting with lead compound 2, we sought to increase the selectivity for alpha(v)beta(3)-mediated cell adhesion by examining the effects of structural changes in both the guanidine mimetic and the substituent alpha to the carboxylate. To prepare some of the desired aminoimidazoles, a novel reductive amination utilizing a trityl-protected aminoimidazole was developed. It was found that guanidine mimetics with a wide range of pK(a)'s were potent antagonists of alpha(v)beta(3). In general, it appeared that an acylated 2-aminoimidazole guanidine mimetic imparted excellent selectivity for alpha(v)beta(3)-mediated adhesion versus alpha(IIb)beta(3)-mediated platelet aggregation, with selectivity of approximately 3 orders of magnitude observed for compounds 3g and 3h. It was also found in this series that the alpha-substituent was required for potent activity and that 2,6-disubstituted arylsulfonamides were optimal. In addition, the selective alpha(v)beta(3) antagonist 3h was found to be a potent inhibitor of alpha(v)beta(3)-mediated cell migration.
PDMA-1: chaotic communication via the extended Kalman filter (1998)

A method of synchronizing two chaotic systems by implementing an extended Kalman filter (EKF) as part of the receiver is presented. Communication is accomplished by parameter modulation in the transmitter and parameter estimation in the receiver filter and tolerates nontrivial parameter mismatches as well as additive noise. Several parameters may be modulated and estimated concurrently, resulting in simultaneous multiple access of a single channel.
Single-mode instability in standing-wave lasers: The quantum cascade laser as a self-pumped parametric oscillator (2016)

A comprehensive theory to investigate laser instabilities is developed. It is shown that quantum cascade lasers can display both amplitude- and phase-modulated emission, opening a promising route to ultrashort-pulse generation in the midinfrared, as well as the development of compact frequency-comb sources for spectroscopy.
In-plane anisotropy of a nano-scaled magnetic tunnel junction with perpendicular magnetic easy axis (2015)

We investigate magnetic properties of a 100-nm-diameter CoFeB/MgO magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) with perpendicular magnetic easy axis by homodyne-detected ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and junction resistance measurements. The resonant frequency depends clearly on the direction of the in-plane magnetic field, which is also the case for the angle dependence of the junction resistance. A good correspondence between the two independent measurements indicates the presence of unintentionally introduced in-plane magnetic anisotropy in the present MTJ.
Test-architecture optimization for TSV-based 3D stacked ICs (2010)

Testing of 3D stacked ICs (SICs) is becoming increasingly important in the semiconductor industry. In this paper, we address the problem of test architecture optimization for 3D stacked ICs implemented using Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs) technology. We consider 3D-SICs with both fixed given and yet-to-be-designed test architectures on each die and show that both corresponding problem variants are NP-hard. We next present mathematical programming techniques to derive optimal solutions for these problems. Experimental results for three handcrafted 3D-SICs of various SOCs from the ITC'02 SOC test benchmarks show that compared to the baseline method of sequentially testing all dies in a stack, the proposed solutions can achieve up to a 57% reduction in test time. We also show that increasing the number of test pins provides a greater reduction in test time compared to an increase in the number of TSVs. Furthermore, it is shown that 3D stacks with large and complex dies at lower layers require less test time than stacks with complex dies at higher layers.
Radiobiological considerations concerning the development of compounds for boron neutron capture therapy. (1993)

An analysis is carried out to evaluate the suitability of compounds for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Suitable boron compounds are not necessarily those that show a high uptake ratio between tumor and healthy tissue. Compounds with lower uptake ratios, but higher concentrations in both healthy tissue and tumor, can be as effective in increasing the dose to the tumor over that of healthy tissue. In compound synthesis and evaluation, the parameters for optimization should therefore not be limited to the uptake ratio. A final assessment of the question whether and how well a given compound is suitable for BNCT can only be made after a study of its radiobiological effects on tissue. The analysis also illustrates the importance of beam quality in thermal and epithermal BNCT. An increase of adventitious radiation must be compensated by higher absolute tissue levels of a given boron compound and/or a higher uptake ratio, in order to arrive at the same dose differential between tumor and healthy tissue.
Mechanism of Integrin Activation by Disulfide Bond Reduction (2001)

Integrin alphaIIbbeta3 plays a pivotal role in hemostasis and thrombosis by mediating platelet adhesion and platelet aggregation. Integrin alphaIIbbeta3 contains an on/off switch that regulates its ligand binding affinity. The switch from "off" to "on" is commonly referred to as integrin activation. We recently identified a redox site within the extracellular domain of the platelet integrin alphaIIbbeta3 that exhibits many properties that one might expect of the on/off switch [Yan, B., and Smith, J. W. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 39964-39972]. Several independent reports show that reducing agents, such as dithiothreitol, can activate integrins. The objective of the present study was to determine if the effects of DTT can be attributed to a perturbation at the integrin redox site. Indeed, we find that DTT reduces two disulfide bonds within the integrin's cysteine-rich domain. Such bond reduction leads to global conformational changes within both alphaIIb and beta3 and the opening of the RGD and fibrinogen binding sites. These findings causally link the reduction of disulfide bonds within the integrin's redox site to transitions in the integrin's activation state.
A REAL TIME APPROACH TO QUALITY CONTROL IN WELDING (1983)

The U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory has, in conjunction with Illinois University, developed a digital system, the Weld Quality Monitor , for monitoring welding process variables and providing continuous video or printed output; it can also provide adaptive feedback control of welding variables, maintaining them within preset limits. The Authors describe a WQM subsystem for observing, by an opto-electronic method, the weld arc from a suitable distance and noting variations in its composition; a fibre-optic bundle is used to collect light emitted by the welding arc in the 3000-12,000 angstrom range. The research has indicated the feasibility of opto-electronic monitoring methods for detecting, as the weld is being made, three common welding problems: the presence of hydrogen, loss of shielding gas, and voids in flux-cored wire. The high sensitivity of the opto-electronic spectrograph, and its broad wavelength range, suggest that these are only a few of its possible uses. The laboratory equipment that was used in this development work is expensive and unsuitable for an industrial environment, but further work is being done to reduce costs and make the equipment less sensitive to a shop atmosphere.
Fiber Bragg grating vibration-sensing system, insensitive to Bragg wavelength and employing fiber ring laser (2010)

A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) vibration-sensing system employing a fiber ring laser utilizing an FBG sensor as the ring cavity mirror was designed and developed herein. The fiber ring laser emitted lasing light at the Bragg wavelength of the FBG sensor, and the intensity of the lasing light varied with vibrations applied to the FBG sensor. Experiments demonstrated that this system could detect, with good sensitivity, vibrations over a broad band, ranging from just a few hertz up to ultrasound. This sensing system should be able to detect vibrations regardless of both the strain and temperature applied to the FBG sensor.
Integrated Systems Approach Benefit of Optimizing Drill Bit Design with Rotary Steerable System Drive Mechanism (2020)

Abstract An operator, drilling a 6-in horizontal production section in an offshore African field, observed diverging directional drilling steering behaviour that resulted in a round trip non-productive time (NPT) event. Being a mature field of known drilling performance and no significant structural or lithological variations, the interval was planned for one run with a Rotary-Steerable-System (RSS) bottom hole assembly (BHA). During the horizontal drilling of a particular well, the BHA began to build inclination, and all attempts to correct trajectory resulted in incremental build. Initial root cause indications were a malfunction in the RSS due to opposite steering behaviour and not a geological explanation. To complete the remaining drilling interval, the drill bit design was changed and the steering unit replaced with standby inventory. Drilling was resumed and the horizontal geosteering interval was completed with responsive directional control to the downlinked commands through the same reservoir geology. Extensive root cause analysis that combined in-depth bit and BHA modelling, physical RSS tool workshop testing, and detailed plotting of all surface and downhole data, verified possible malfunctions and identified potential negative steering behaviour. Proprietary digital simulation tools modelled the BHA bending behaviour and build up rates. Simulations of bit-BHA interactions in formation scenarios were run to define build and/or drop capabilities. Different drill bit designs were evaluated through the modelling iteration process to understand the observed field responses. Inspection and physical tool testing confirmed that the RSS tool was fully operational without any issues. Modelling matched the actual field outcomes in which drill bit features contributed to the observed lack of steering responsiveness, delivering drilling in a direction opposite to downlinked commands. An extended gage length bit drilled a 3.3deg/100ft build up rate, with an average 93% downward steer force, when a drop rate of 6.0deg/100ft was expected. Applying the new drill bit design with key gage features corrected the well trajectory with a 65% reduction in steering force. After 0.45hours of directional corrections, subsequent drilling kept precise target inclination enabling a 56% rate of penetration (ROP) improvement compared to the first run. Quality wellbore placement and NPT risk reduction can be achieved by utilizing proven and state-of-the-art digital simulations that combine bit with BHA and formation during the pre-planning phase to ensure appropriate drill bit designs are harmonized to the BHA and directional requirements. This paper illustrates the benefits when applying and adverse risk when not applying an integrated systems approach.
Mitral valve repair: Robotic and other minimally invasive approaches (2017)

Robotic and minimally invasive mitral valve (MV) procedures have been performed with increasing frequency over time. These alternatives offer similar efficacy to that achieved via standard median sternotomy, particularly in large volume centers, along with low perioperative morbidity and mortality rates. Moreover, patient acceptance is oftentimes increased due to less postoperative pain and shorter recovery times, as well as superior cosmetic results. However, these techniques are technically complex and associated with a significant learning curve. The following review offers an overview of the most relevant aspects related to minimally invasive and robotic MV repair. Although these techniques are well established in referral centers, future innovations should concentrate on decreasing complexity and improving reproducibility of these procedures.
Serum ionized magnesium and other electrolytes in the antenatal period of human pregnancy. (1996)

IMg2+ concentrations and fractions remain within a very narrow range during pregnancy and are minimally affected by physiologic hemodilution. We hypothesize that mobilization of intracellular or bone stores of magnesium helps maintain serum concentrations, thus placing a stress on magnesium balance.
Theory of optical signal amplification and processing by quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifiers (2004)

This work presents a theory of optical signal amplification and processing by quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA's) based on the density matrix equations to treat electron-light interaction and the optical pulse propagation equations. The theory includes the linear optical response as well as the incoherent and coherent nonlinear response of the new devices with arbitrary spectral and spatial distribution of quantum dots in the active region under the multimode light. The incoherent nonlinear response was due to the incoherent spectral hole burning and the reduction in the carrier density by the stimulated emission. The coherent nonlinearity was due to the dynamic spectral hole burning caused by the population beating at the electronic states resonant to the multimode light and the carrier density pulsation caused by the carrier relaxation dynamics. Based on the theory, we numerically simulated the operation of quantum-dot SOA's, and succeeded in presenting their diverse promising features in a very systematical manner. We expect amplifiers with low power consumption, high saturation power, broad gain bandwidth, and pattern-effect-free operation under gain saturation, and also signal processing devices to realize high-speed (40 to 160 Gb/s) pattern-effect-free wavelength conversion by the cross-gain modulation with low frequency chirping and symmetric highly-efficient 1 to 2 THz wavelength conversion by the nondegenerate four-wave mixing. We point out that the nonlinear optical response due to the spectral hole burning plays a decisive role in the high-speed optical signal processing. Many of the theoretical predictions in this paper agree well with recent experimental demonstrations of device performance. This work will help not only design practical quantum-dot devices working in the photonic networks but also understand how carrier dynamics relates to the optical response of quantum dots with optical gain under current injection.
A Proposed Peritoneal‐Based Wearable Artificial Kidney (1999)

Ideally, an artificial kidney should simulate the normal kidney in providing continuous metabolic control, removal of toxins, and unrestricted patient freedom. Of the dialysis procedures available, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) comes the closest to this ideal but provides inadequate dialysis and fails to remove protein-bound toxins. A continuous, wearable, peritoneal-based artificial kidney is proposed in which the spent peritoneal dialysate is regenerated using a REDY sorbent cartridge one-tenth the size of the present cartridge, with the urease chemically bound to an inert support to eliminate the possibility of its displacement by protein in the spent dialysate. To simplify the flow path and to increase clearance, the dialysate flow will be through the peritoneal cavity using a dual lumen catheter instead of the traditional in/outflow through a single catheter. At a flow rate of 4 L/hour through the peritoneal cavity, of which 2 L/hour will pass through the sorbent cartridge, it is estimated that the weekly Kt/V will be 6.5 and the creatinine clearance will be 250 L. In addition, any protein in the spent peritoneal dialysate will be stripped of toxins by the sorbents and returned to the patient, thereby minimizing protein loss. The only disposables will be the sorbent cartridge and infusate, which will be changed every 8 hours.
Identifying 'Cover Songs' with Beat-Synchronous Chroma Features (2006)

Large music collections, ranging from thousands to millions of tracks, are unsuited to manual searching, motivating the development of automatic search methods. When two musical groups perform the same underlying song or piece, these are known as 'cover' versions. We describe a system that attempts to identify such a relationship between music audio recordings. To overcome variability in tempo, we use beat-tracking to describe each piece with one feature vector per beat. To deal with variation in instrumentation, we use 12-dimensional chroma feature vectors that collect spectral energy supporting each semitone of the octave. To compare two recordings, we simply cross-correlate the entire beat-by-chroma representation for two tracks and look for sharp peaks indicating good local alignment between the pieces. Evaluation on a small set of 15 pairs of pop music cover versions identified within the USPOP2002 collection achieves a performance of around 60% correct.
Point and Line Source Laser Generation of Ultrasound for Inspection of Internal and Surface Flaws in Rail and Structural Materials (2001)

Abstract Laser-based ultrasound and air-coupled ultrasound test methods were used for the inspection of flowed rail, internal, and surface-breaking cracks in railroad tracks. Signals were generated with an infrared pulse laser and detected with a micromachined capacitive air-coupled transducer. A comparison is presented between point source and line source laser-generated signals and their effectiveness in detecting surface flaws. The experiments demonstrate the flexibility and capability of a laser-air hybrid ultrasonic technique to detect cracks using test procedures that are not possible with current contact inspection techniques. The noncontact and remote nature of these methods renders such tests suitable for in-service applications.
10.1016/s0967-0653(97)84009-4 (2000)

The article describes articulated stable offshore platforms (ASOP),a vessel concept that can provide a very stable floating platform at sea. The concept lends itself to two distinct types of offshore platforms: 1) a system that can produce, store, and offload oil (FPSO) and 2) a mobile system that can be self-propelled and provide a stable platform for uses such as a floating production system (FPS) and/or any other commercial or military need that requires a very stable deck.
A High-Speed Photodetector for Telecom, Ethernet, and FTTH Applications in Zero-change CMOS Process (2016)

A high-speed photodetector based on absorption by the defect states in transistor gate polysilicon is demonstrated with 0.14–0.2 A/W responsively in 1310–1610 nm and 10 GHz bandwidth in an unmodified 45 nm SOI CMOS process.
Spatiotemporally multiplexed integral imaging projector for large-scale high-resolution three-dimensional display (2004)

We present a projection method in integral imaging for large-scale high-resolution three-dimensional display. In the proposed method, the entire set of high resolution elemental images with a large number of pixels is spatially divided into smaller image subsets. Then they are projected separately onto the corresponding lenslet array positions either simultaneously or in a sequence faster than the flicker fusion frequency of human eyes or both (i.e., spatiotemporal multiplexing). Thus display panels that do not have enough pixel numbers can be used to display the entire elemental images with a large number of pixels. Preliminary experiments were performed using a galvanometer-based optical scanner.
Rejection of MHC class II-transfected tumor cells requires induction of tumor-encoded B7-1 and/or B7-2 costimulatory molecules (1996)

Many tumor cells that have been transfected with genes encoding B7 costimulatory molecules become effective cellular vaccines against wild-type tumor. The improved immunity is dependent on newly induced tumor-specific CD8+ and/or CD4+ T cells and presumably occurs because the B7 transfectants provide the requisite second signal for activation of T cells in conjunction with tumor cell-presented MHC class I/tumor peptide and/or MHC class II/tumor peptide complexes, respectively. Since B7 expression is such a potent enhancer of tumor immunity, and yet some tumors are immunogenic in the absence of B7 transfection, we have used class I+ class-II-transfected tumors to investigate whether costimulatory molecules are also involved in rejection of immunogenic, non-B7-transfected tumor. Blocking studies with B7 mAbs demonstrate that induction of tumor immunity in naive mice requires B7-1 and/or B7-2 expression, while experiments with tumor-primed mice indicate that once antitumor immunity is established, expression of B7 is not necessary. Flow cytometry analyses demonstrate that costimulatory molecules are expressed by the tumor cells via an in vivo induction process. Experiments with class II genes with truncated cytoplasmic tails indicate that the cytoplasmic region of the tumor-expressed class II heterodimer is involved in induction of B7. We therefore conclude that for this class I+ class II-transfected tumor, generation of tumor immunity requires induction of tumor cell-encoded B7 molecules that are mediated by the cytoplasmic region of the transfected class II heterodimer.
Process for Encapsulating Protein Crystals (2003)

A process for growing protein crystals encapsulated within membranes has been invented. This process begins with the encapsulation of a nearly saturated aqueous protein solution inside semipermeable membranes to form microcapsules. The encapsulation is effected by use of special formulations of a dissolved protein and a surfactant in an aqueous first liquid phase, which is placed into contact with a second, immiscible liquid phase that contains one or more polymers that are insoluble in the first phase. The second phase becomes formed into the semipermeable membranes that surround microglobules of the first phase, thereby forming the microcapsules. Once formed, the microcapsules are then dehydrated osmotically by exposure to a concentrated salt or polymer solution. The dehydration forms supersaturated solutions inside the microcapsules, thereby enabling nucleation and growth of protein crystals inside the microcapsules. By suitable formulation of the polymer or salt solution and of other physical and chemical parameters, one can control the rate of transport of water out of the microcapsules through the membranes and thereby create physicochemical conditions that favor the growth, within each microcapsule, of one or a few large crystals suitable for analysis by x-ray diffraction. The membrane polymer can be formulated to consist of low-molecular-weight molecules that do not interfere with the x-ray diffraction analysis of the encapsulated crystals. During dehydration, an electrostatic field can be applied to exert additional control over the rate of dehydration. This protein-crystal-encapsulation process is expected to constitute the basis of protein-growth experiments to be performed on the space shuttle and the International Space Station. As envisioned, the experiments would involve the exposure of immiscible liquids to each other in sequences of steps under microgravitational conditions. The experiments are expected to contribute to knowledge of the precise conditions under which protein crystals form. By enhancing the ability to grow crystals suitable for x-ray diffraction analysis, this knowledge can be expected to benefit not only the space program but also medicine and the pharmaceutical industry.
Monolithic vertical integration of Si/SiGe HBT and Si-based resonant interband tunneling diode demonstrating latching operation and adjustable peak-to-valley current ratios (2004)

We report the first monolithic vertical integration of a Si/SiGe HBT with a Si-based resonant interband tunnel diode (RITD) on a silicon substrate. This enables a 3-terminal negative differential resistance (NDR) device and the resulting devices have the distinguishing characteristics of adjustable peak-to-valley current ratio and adjustable peak current density (PCD) in the collector current under common emitter configuration at room temperature. We experimentally demonstrate its latching property and switching operation based on quantum mechanics.