gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neural trees: a new tool for classification (1990)

The authors propose a new classifier based on neural network techniques. The ‘network’ consists of a set of perceptrons functionally organized in a binary tree (‘neural tree’). The learning algorithm is inspired from a growth algorithm, the tiling algorithm, recently introduced for feedforward neural networks. As in the former case, this is a constructive algorithm, for which convergence is guaranteed. In the neural tree one distinguishes the structural organization from the functional organization: each neuron of a neural tree receives inputs from, and only from, the input layer; its output does not feed into any other neuron, but is used to propagate down a decision tree. The main advantage of this approach is due to the local processing in restricted portions of input space, during both learning and classification. Moreover, only a small subset of neurons have to be updated during the classification stage. Finally, this approach is easily and efficiently extended to classification in a multiclass problem. Promising numerical results have been obtained on different two- and multiclass problems (parity problem, multiclass nearest-neighbour classification task, etc.) including a ‘real’ low-level speech processing task. In all studied cases results compare favourably with the traditional ‘back propagation’ approach, in particular on learning and classification times as well as on network size.
Aquatic laser fluorescence analyzer: field evaluation in the northern Gulf of Mexico (2014)

The new Aquatic Laser Fluorescence Analyzer (ALFA) provides spectral and temporal measurements of laser-stimulated emission (LSE) for assessment of phytoplankton pigments, community structure, photochemical efficiency (PY), and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). The instrument was deployed in the Northern Gulf of Mexico to evaluate the ALFA analytical capabilities across the estuarine-marine gradient. The robust relationships between the pigment fluorescence and independent pigment measurements were used to validate the ALFA analytical algorithms and calibrate the instrument. The maximal PY magnitudes, PYm = PY(1-1.35·10⁻⁴PAR⁻¹, were estimated using the underway measurements of PY and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The chlorophyll (Chl) spatial patterns were calculated using the ratio of Chl fluorescence to PY to eliminate the effect of non-photochemical quenching on the underway Chl assessments. These measurements have provided rich information about spatial distributions of Chl, PYm, CDOM, and phytoplankton community structure, and demonstrated the utility of the ALFA instrument for oceanographic studies and bio-environmental surveys. The data suggest that the fluorescence measurements with 514 nm excitation can provide informative data for characterization of the CDOM-rich fresh, estuarine, and coastal aquatic environments.
Cover Picture: Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> as a Carrier for the Oral Delivery of Insulin (ChemMedChem 12/2007) (2007)

The cover picture shows an orally active, glucose-lowering vitamin B12–insulin conjugate bound to the B12 uptake protein transcobalamin II (TCII). The inset shows a close-up view of the TCII binding pocket. (Insulin is in red; vitamin B12 is in bright yellow.) For details, see the Communication by T. J. Fairchild, R. P. Doyle, et al. on p. 1717 ff.
Polyphenylquinoxalines containing alkylenedioxy groups (1986)

Abstract A series of new polyphenylquinoxalines (PPQ) containing alkylenedioxy units within the backbone were prepared in high molecular weight forms (η inh = 0.82–1.5 dL/g). The glass transition temperatures ranged between 203 and 241°C, decreasing with increasing length of the alkylenedioxy groups. Solution‐cast films gave tensile strength, tensile modulus, and elongation at room temperature as high as 14,400 psi, 378,000 psi, and 8.1%, respectively. The PPQ were readily compression molded to provide compact tension specimens that gave fracture energy ( G Ic ) as high as 10.5 in. lb/in. 2 Titanium to titanium tensile shear specimens provided average strengths of 4400 psi at 26°C, 3100 psi at 177°C, and 2010 psi at 203°C. The PPQ were resistant to normal aircraft fluids but were soluble in chlorinated solvents.
<i>Conus</i> Peptides Targeted to Specific Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subtypes (1999)

The venoms of predatory cone snails represent a rich combinatorial-like library of evolutionarily selected, neuropharmacologically active peptides. A major fraction of the venom components are conotoxins--small, disulfide-rich peptides that potently and specifically target components of the neuromuscular system, particularly ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels. This review focuses on Conus peptides, which act at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These nicotinic antagonist peptides from Conus are broadly divided into two groups: those that act at the neuromuscular junction and those that act at subtypes of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The latter include peptides specific for the alpha 7, alpha 3 beta 2, and alpha 3 beta 4 nicotinic receptor subtypes. The degree of specificity exhibited by these peptides is remarkable, particularly given their relatively small size. As a group the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-targeted Conus peptides represent an increasingly well-defined set of tools for probing the structure, function, and physiological role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Simian hepatitis A virus (HAV) strain AGM-27: comparison of genome structure and growth in cell culture with other HAV strains (1991)

Fragments of cDNA representing greater than 99% of the entire genome of wild-type hepatitis A virus (HAV) strain AGM-27, isolated from an African green monkey, were obtained by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Comparison with other HAV isolates revealed differences in the predicted amino acid sequence in functionally critical parts of the genome. Comparison of the biological properties of AGM-27 with those of human wild-type and cell culture-adapted HM-175 strains revealed that AGM-27 grew in cell culture significantly better than did wild-type HM-175, but not as well as cell culture-adapted HM-175. AGM-27 and cell culture-adapted HM-175 were distinguishable by their differential growth in CV-1, FRhK-4 and primary AGMK cells.
Unique Autoantibody Epitopes in an Immunodominant Region of Thyroid Peroxidase (1996)

To define the autoantibody epitopes in amino acids 513-633 of thyroid peroxidase (TPO), a region frequently recognized in thyroiditis, cDNA sequences coding for peptide fragments of this region were amplified and ligated into pMalcRI and pGEX vectors for expression as recombinant fusion proteins. Western blots and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were then used to examine the reactivity in sera from 45 Hashimoto's and 47 Graves' disease patients. Two autoantibody epitopes within TPO amino acids 589-633 were identified; 16 of 35 patients reactive to TPO513-633 recognized the epitope of TPO592-613, while 6 patients recognized the epitope of TPO607-633. Eleven other patients with thyroiditis and two with Graves' disease recognized only the whole 589-633 fragment, and this response accounted for the Hashimoto's disease specificity. An amino acid sequence comparison of TPO592-613 with analogous regions of other peroxidase enzymes revealed significant differences in this area, and the substitution of even a single amino acid in one of the epitopes markedly decreased the binding affinity of autoantibodies. Additionally, the exclusive recognition by patients of only one of the epitopes within this region suggests a genetic restriction of the autoantibody response.
Dual-band antenna with highly isolated outputs for global navigation satellite systems receivers (2012)

This study describes the design of a dual-band microstrip antenna with four isolated outputs. The proposed antenna has been optimised to operate in the E5a/E5b and E1 bands of the European satellite navigation system Galileo. Each pair of outputs delivers the signal in only one of the operating bands; hence the antenna operates also as a diplexer. The operation principle, the design procedure and measured results are presented and discussed. It is demonstrated by means of measured results that the designed antenna exhibits high isolation between its output ports and that good performance in terms of radiation pattern and polarisation purity was obtained.
An α-fetoprotein-derived peptide reduces the uterine hyperplasia and increases the antitumour effect of tamoxifen (2007)

Tamoxifen (Tam) is effective for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. However, it has toxic drawbacks and has limited-duration utility because, over time, human tumours become refractory to Tam. Recently, a new nontoxic peptide, alpha-fetoprotein-derived peptide (AFPep) has been proposed for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether combining AFPep with Tam would increase efficacy and reduce toxicity in experimental models of breast cancer. Low doses of AFPep and Tam were more effective in combination than either agent alone against breast cancer growth in cell culture, in tumour-xenografted mice, and in carcinogen-exposed rats. alpha-Fetoprotein-derived peptide interfered with Tam-induced uterine hyperplasia in immature mice, and showed no toxic effects. Unlike Tam, AFPep did not inhibit binding of oestradiol (E(2)) to oestrogen receptor (ER). Thus, these two agents utilise different mechanisms to interfere with ER functionality, yet work cooperatively to reduce breast cancer growth and alleviate Tam's troubling toxicity of uterine hyperplasia and appear to be a rational combination for the treatment of ER-positive breast cancer.
A zero-voltage switched, three-phase isolated PWM buck rectifier (1995)

A novel three-phase, single-stage, isolated PWM rectifier is proposed, which is capable of achieving unity power factor, and low harmonic distortion of input currents, and at the same time realizing zero-voltage switching for all power semiconductor devices. Operation of the proposed circuit is thoroughly analyzed. Design equations and trade-offs are provided. The performance of the proposed circuit is demonstrated through a 2 kW, 100 kHz, digital signal processor controlled prototype. The conversion efficiency is around 93%.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mannosylated lipoarabinomannan in serum as a biomarker candidate for subclinical bovine tuberculosis (2014)

LAM detection easily separated bTB infected animals from bTB exposed and negative controls. We propose that pathogen related markers, such as LAM, should be included with current testing strategies as a battery diagnostic for bTB.
A path to high-quality imaging through disordered optical fibers: a review (2019)

In this paper, we review recent progress in disordered optical fiber featuring transverse Anderson localization and its applications for imaging. Anderson localizing optical fiber has a transversely random but longitudinally uniform refractive index profile. The strong scattering from the transversely disordered refractive index profiles generates thousands of guiding modes that are spatially isolated and mainly demonstrate single-mode properties. By making use of these beam transmission channels, robust and high-fidelity imaging transport can be realized. The first disordered optical fiber of this type, the polymer Anderson localizing optical fiber, has been utilized to demonstrate better imaging performance than some of the commercial multicore fibers within a few centimeters transmission distance. To obtain longer transmission lengths and better imaging qualities, glass-air disordered optical fibers are desirable due to their lower loss and larger refractive index contrast. Recently developed high air-filling fraction glass-air disordered fiber can provide bending-independent and high-quality image transport through a meter-long transmission distance. By integrating a deep-learning algorithm with glass-air disordered fiber, a fully flexible, artifact-free, and lensless fiber imaging system is demonstrated, with potential benefits for biomedical and clinical applications. Future research will focus on optimizing structural parameters of disordered optical fiber as well as developing more efficient deep-learning algorithms to further improve the imaging performance.
Sampling a Stimulated Rock Volume: An Eagle Ford Example (2018)

Summary Between 2014 and 2016, ConocoPhillips drilled five deviated wells adjacent to a multistage, stimulated horizontal producer to sample the physical characteristics of the reservoir stimulation caused by hydraulic fracturing in the Eagle Ford Formation in DeWitt County, Texas. The design, execution, and results of the pilot are described. This pilot establishes the paucity of pre-existing natural fractures in this locale and enables the determination of the spatial characteristics of the stimulation using information derived from the core, cuttings samples, borehole-image logs, tracer logs, microseismic, distributed temperature sensing (DTS)/distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), and pressure data. Results show that stimulation effectively breaks the reservoir rock and makes a complex array of hydraulic fractures that are more closely spaced near the producer. Some fractures, however, extend interwell distances of more than 1,000 ft. The pilot data indicate that abundant proppant transport appears to be limited to distances less than 75 ft from the producer, which suggests that the stimulated rock volume (SRV) might be greater than the volume of rock that can be effectively drained.
Cytokinins Secreted by<i>Agrobacterium</i>Promote Transformation by Repressing a Plant Myb Transcription Factor (2013)

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the most widely used technique for generating transgenic plants. However, many crops remain recalcitrant. We found that an Arabidopsis myb family transcription factor (MTF1) inhibited plant transformation susceptibility. Mutating MTF1 increased attachment of several Agrobacterium strains to roots and increased both stable and transient transformation in both susceptible and transformation-resistant Arabidopsis ecotypes. Cytokinins from Agrobacterium tumefaciens decreased the expression of MTF1 through activation of the cytokinin response regulator ARR3. Mutating AHK3 and AHK4, genes that encode cytokinin-responsive kinases, increased the expression of MTF1 and impaired plant transformation. Mutant mtf1 plants also had increased expression of AT14A, which encodes a putative transmembrane receptor for cell adhesion molecules. Plants overexpressing AT14A exhibited increased susceptibility to transformation, whereas at14a mutant plants exhibited decreased attachment of bacteria to roots and decreased transformation, suggesting that AT14A may serve as an anchor point for Agrobacteria. Thus, by promoting bacterial attachment and transformation of resistant plants and increasing such processes in susceptible plants, treating roots with cytokinins may help engineer crops with improved features or yield.
Ratiometric fluorescent pH-sensitive polymers for high-throughput monitoring of extracellular pH (2016)

Extracellular pH has a strong effect on cell metabolism and growth. Precisely detecting extracellular pH with high throughput is critical for cell metabolism research and fermentation applications. In this research, a series of ratiometric fluorescent pH sensitive polymers are developed and the ps-pH-neutral is characterized as the best one for exculsive detection of extracellular pH. Poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (PHPMA) is used as the host polymer to increase the water solubility of the pH sensitive polymer without introducing cell toxicity. The fluorescent emission spectra from the polymeric sensor under excitation at the isosbestic point 455 nm possess two fluorescence peaks at 475 nm and 505 nm, which have different responding trends to pH. This enables the polymer to detect pH using fluorescent maxima at 475 nm and 505 nm (<i>I<sub>475nm</sub></i> /<i>I</i><sub><i>505nm</i></sub> ) ratiometrically. The cell impermeability ensures the sensor can solely detect the environmental pH. The sensor is tested to detect the extracellular pH of bacteria or eukaryotic cells in high throughput assays using a microplate reader. Results showed that the pH sensor can be used for high throughput detection of extracellular pH with high repeatability and low photobleaching effect.
ChemInform Abstract: Chelating Ruthenium Phenolate Complexes: Synthesis, General Catalytic Activity, and Applications in Olefin Metathesis Polymerization. (2015)

Abstract Ru‐Complexes (I) and (II) are prepared and investigated in ring‐closing, enyne, and cross‐metathesis reactions.
Discovery of Potent and Selective Covalent Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) Inhibitors (2019)

Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is known to symmetrically dimethylate numerous cytosolic and nuclear proteins that are involved in a variety of cellular processes. Recent findings have revealed its potential as a cancer therapeutic target. PRMT5 possesses a cysteine (C449) in the active site, unique to PRMT5. Therefore, covalent PRMT5 inhibition is an attractive chemical approach. Herein, we report an exciting discovery of a series of novel hemiaminals that under physiological conditions can be converted to aldehydes and react with C449 to form covalent adducts, which presumably undergo an unprecedented elimination to form the thiol-vinyl ethers, as indicated by electron density in the co-crystal structure of the PRMT5/MEP50 complex.
New generation of camptothecin derivatives spontaneously alkylating DNA (2016)

The IC<sub>50</sub> values of new derivatives <bold>2(a–e)</bold> for blood and lung cancer cells are comparable to SN38, and a few orders of magnitude higher than for irinotecan.
Novolak design concept for high performance positive photoresists (1992)

Abstract Novolak resins have been optimized for high performance positive photoresists. Low molecular weight novolak resins are the key components for improving resolution capability, sensitivity, and heat resistance of positive photoresists. Various phenolic compounds (monomers) and oligomers of metacresol novolak resins were evaluated as low molecular weight components. It was found that phenolic compounds that have moderate hydrophobicity and azocoupling capability with diazonaphthaoquinone compounds greatly improve positive photoresist performance. This is explained in terms of the Stone wall model for positive photoresist development.
Gun Muzzle Control System Using Barrel Mounted Actuator (1998)

Abstract The development of an innovative gun pointing control system consisting of a gun barrel mounted high force actuation system, a modal filter sensor system, and a control system for the 30-mm Apache chain gun is described. The actuation system utilizes piezoelectric stack elements arrayed around the barrel to apply large torques directly to the gun barrel for improved control of the gun line of sight (LOS). By exploiting the spatial integrating nature and the coupling of strain to optical propagation in a surface mounted fiber, a barrel mounted optical fiber sensor system is designed which acts as a modal filter. The design, implementation, and testing of a control system for the 30-mm Apache chain gun test bed and the gun barrel mounted actuation system are described. The results of the system testing using gun recoil disturbance simulation and turret slewing inputs show that a significant improvement in gun system LOS error can be achieved.
High performance monolithic, broadly tunable mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers (2017)

Mid-infrared lasers, emitting in the spectral region of 3–12 μm that contains strong characteristic vibrational transitions of many important molecules, are highly desirable for spectroscopy sensing applications. High-efficiency quantum cascade lasers have been demonstrated with up to watt-level output power in the mid-infrared region. However, the wide wavelength tuning that is critical for spectroscopy applications still largely relies on incorporating external gratings, which have stability issues. Here, we demonstrate a monolithic, broadly tunable quantum cascade laser source emitting between 6.1 and 9.2 μm through an on-chip integration of a sampled grating distributed feedback tunable laser array and a beam combiner. High peak power up to 65 mW has been obtained through a balanced high-gain active region design, efficient waveguide layout, and the development of a broadband antireflection coating. Nearly fundamental transverse-mode operation is achieved for all emission wavelengths with a pointing stability better than 1.6 mrad (0.1°). The demonstrated laser source opens new opportunities for mid-infrared spectroscopy.
Semiconstrained Distal Radioulnar Joint Prosthesis (2013)

Distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) problems can occur as a result of joint instability, abutment, or incongruity. The DRUJ is a weight-bearing joint; the ulnar head is frequently excised either totally or partially, and in some cases it is fused, because of degenerative, rheumatoid, or posttraumatic arthritis. Articles about these procedures report the ability to pronate and supinate, but they rarely discuss grip strength, and even less do they address lifting capacity. We report the long term results of the first 35 patients who underwent total DRUJ arthroplasty with the Aptis DRUJ prosthesis after 5 years follow-up. Surgical indications were all causes of dysfunctional DRUJ (degenerative, posttraumatic, autoimmune, congenital). We recorded data for patient demographics, range of motion (ROM), strength, and lifting capacity of the operated and of the nonoperated extremity. Pain and functional assessments were also recorded. The Aptis DRUJ prosthesis, a bipolar self-stabilizing DRUJ endoprosthesis that restores forearm function, consists of a semiconstained and modular implant designed to replace the function of the ulnar head, the sigmoid notch of the radius, and the triangular fibrocartilage ligaments. The surgical technique is presented in detail. The majority of the patients regained adequate ROM and improved their strength and lifting capacity to the operated side. Pain and activities of daily living were improved. Twelve patients experienced complications, most commonly being extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendinitis, ectopic bone formation, bone resorption with stem loosening, low-grade infection, and need for ball replacement. The Aptis total DRUJ replacement prosthesis is an alternative to salvage procedures that enables a full range of motion as well as the ability to grip and lift weights encountered in daily living activities.
A replication-defective human cytomegalovirus vaccine for prevention of congenital infection (2016)

Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection occurs in ~0.64% of infants born each year in the United States and is the leading nongenetic cause of childhood neurodevelopmental disabilities. No licensed HCMV vaccine is currently available. Natural immunity to HCMV in women before pregnancy is associated with a reduced risk of fetal infection, suggesting that a vaccine is feasible if it can reproduce immune responses elicited by natural infection. On the basis of this premise, we developed a whole-virus vaccine candidate from the live attenuated AD169 strain, with genetic modifications to improve its immunogenicity and attenuation. We first restored the expression of the pentameric gH/gL/pUL128-131 protein complex, a major target for neutralizing antibodies in natural immunity. We then incorporated a chemically controlled protein stabilization switch in the virus, enabling us to regulate viral replication with a synthetic compound named Shield-1. The virus replicated as efficiently as its parental virus in the presence of Shield-1 but failed to produce progeny upon removal of the compound. The vaccine was immunogenic in multiple animal species and induced durable neutralizing antibodies, as well as CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, to multiple viral antigens in nonhuman primates.