gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Field performance of perennial ryegrass (Lolium oerenne) infected with toxin-free fungal endophytes (Neotyphodium spp.) (1999)

A national series of six small plot trials were sown in 1996 and four in 1997 to evaluate the performance of six novel fungal endophytes in Grasslands Nui perennial ryegrass. These endophytes do not produce the mammalian toxins, ergovaline and lolitrem B, but produce peramine, a feeding deterrent to the major ryegrass pest, Argentine stem weevil (ASW). Trials included the naturally occurring endophyte (wild-type) which produces both toxins, and an endophyte-free (nil) treatment. Pasture production was measured regularly and samples were taken at least once each summer-autumn from all trials for assessment of ASW damage. Black beetle larval damage was recorded on three trials. The toxin-free endophytes, AR1, AR12, AR22 and the wild-type were equally effective at reducing ASW adult feeding and larval damage significantly below that which occurred in nil treatments. Ryegrass infected with AR1, AR12, AR22 and the wild-type endophyte was damaged less by black beetle larvae than ryegrass without endophyte. The effect of AR24 on insect damage was variable and two other toxin-free endophytes, AR17 and AR506, which had low infection rates, seldom reduced either ASW or black beetle damage. Yield differences between treatments were found on two of 21 sampling occasions between October and December and 12 of 30 sampling occasions between January and April. During summer-autumn, wild-type, AR1, AR12 and AR22 gave higher ryegrass yields than the nil, AR17 and AR506 treatments. In the second year of the 1996-sown trials, productivity of ryegrass with AR1 in the summer-autumn tended to be lower than that of the wild-type with significant differences occasionally occurring. Yield differences were correlated with either ASW or black beetle damage in North Island trials and with percent endophyte infection at all sites. Differences in yield at Lincoln, Canterbury, were attributed to pasture mealy bug. Three conclusions were drawn from these results: 1. Endophytes are very important for maximising ryegrass yield during summer and early autumn. 2. The effect of endophytes on yield is at least partly due to the insect resistance they impart. 3. The field performance of three toxin-free endophytes, AR1, AR12 and AR22, equalled that of the wild-type in terms of increased insect resistance but did not always match it in plant growth. Keywords: AR1, Argentine stem weevil, black beetle, endophyte strain, ergovaline, insect damage, lolitrem B, Neotyphodium lolii, ryegrass yield
Active optics: deformable mirrors with a minimum number of actuators (2016)

We present two concepts of deformable mirror to compensate for first order optical aberrations. Deforma-tion systems are designed using both elasticity theory and Finite Element Analysis in order to minimize the number of actuators. Starting from instrument specifications, we explain the methodology to design dedicated deformable mirrors. The work presented here leads to correcting devices optimized for specific functions. The Variable Off-Axis paraboLA concept is a 3-actuators, 3-modes system able to generate independently Focus, Astigmatism and Coma. The Correcting Optimized Mirror with a Single Actuator is a 1-actuator system able to generate a given combination of optical aberrations.
Evaporative Compressor Cooling for NOx Suppression and Enhanced Engine Performance for Naval Gas Turbine Propulsion Plants (1998)

Water, in the liquid or vapor phase, injected at various locations into the gas turbine cycle has frequently been employed to improve engine performance while simultaneously reducing NOx emissions. Commercial steam injected gas turbines have been designed to inject small amounts of steam (less than 15% of air flow), generated in a heat recovery boiler, into or downstream of the combustor. Recently, it has been proposed to inject larger amounts of water (as high as 50% of air flow) and operate combustors near stoichiometric conditions. All these methods increase turbine mass flow rate without increasing air flow rate and consequently increase specific power. The increase in specific power for naval applications means smaller intake and exhaust stacks and therefore less impact on topside space. The present paper presents a new concept, in naval propulsion plants, to decrease NOx production and increase specific power with a water fog (droplet spray) injected (WFI) directly into the inlet of the engine compressor. The simulated performance of a simple-cycle gas turbine engine using WFI is reported. The paper describes the computer model developed to predict compressor performance resulting from the evaporation of water passing through the stages of an axial flow compressor. The resulting effects are similar to those of an intercooled compressor, without the complications due to the addition of piping, heat exchangers, and the requirement for a dual spool compressor. The effects of evaporative cooling on compressor characteristics are presented. These results include compressor maps modified for various water flow rates as well as estimates of the reductions in compression work and compressor discharge temperature. These modified compressor performance characteristics are used in the engine simulation to predict how a WFI engine would perform under various water injection flow rates. Estimates of increased output power and decreased air flow rates are presented.
Biomarkers for Tuberculosis Based on Secreted, Species-Specific, Bacterial Small Molecules (2015)

Improved biomarkers are needed for tuberculosis. To develop tests based on products secreted by tubercle bacilli that are strictly associated with viability, we evaluated 3 bacterial-derived, species-specific, small molecules as biomarkers: 2 mycobactin siderophores and tuberculosinyladenosine. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we demonstrated the presence of 1 or both mycobactins and/or tuberculosinyladenosine in serum and whole lung tissues from infected mice and sputum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or lymph nodes from infected patients but not uninfected controls. Detection of the target molecules distinguished host infection status in 100% of mice with both serum and lung as the target sample. In human subjects, we evaluated detection of the bacterial small molecules (BSMs) in multiple body compartments in 3 patient cohorts corresponding to different forms of tuberculosis. We detected at least 1 of the 3 molecules in 90%, 71%, and 40% of tuberculosis patients' sputum, CSF, and lymph node samples, respectively. In paucibacillary forms of human tuberculosis, which are difficult to diagnose even with culture, detection of 1 or more BSM was rapid and compared favorably to polymerase chain reaction-based detection. Secreted BSMs, detectable in serum, warrant further investigation as a means for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring in patients with tuberculosis.
Examining the cross-reactivity and neutralization mechanisms of a panel of mAbs against adeno-associated virus serotypes 1 and 5 (2011)

Neutralizing antibodies play a central role in the prevention and clearance of viral infections, but can be detrimental to the use of viral capsids for gene delivery. Antibodies present a major hurdle for ongoing clinical trials using adeno-associated viruses (AAVs); however, relatively little is known about the antigenic epitopes of most AAV serotypes or the mechanism(s) of antibody-mediated neutralization. We developed panels of AAV mAbs by repeatedly immunizing mice with AAV serotype 1 (AAV1) capsids, or by sequentially immunizing with AAV1 followed by AAV5 capsids, in order to examine the efficiency and mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization. The antibodies were not cross-reactive between heterologous AAV serotypes except for a low level of recognition of AAV1 capsids by the AAV5 antibodies, probably due to the initial immunization with AAV1. The neutralization efficiency of different IgGs varied and Fab fragments derived from these antibodies were generally poorly neutralizing. The antibodies appeared to display various alternative mechanisms of neutralization, which included inhibition of receptor-binding and interference with a post-attachment step.
Learning to Wait: Wi-Fi Contention Control using Load-based Predictions (2019)

We propose and experimentally evaluate a novel method that dynamically changes the contention window of access points based on system load to improve performance in a dense Wi-Fi deployment. A key feature is that no MAC protocol changes, nor client side modifications are needed to deploy the solution. We show that setting an optimal contention window can lead to throughput and latency improvements up to 155%, and 50%, respectively. Furthermore, we devise an online learning method that efficiently finds the optimal contention window with minimal training data, and yields an average improvement in throughput of 53-55% during congested periods for a real traffic-volume workload replay in a Wi-Fi test-bed.
Automated Synthesis of Oligosaccharides (2003)

Abstract The chemical synthesis of oligosaccharides with an automated solid‐phase synthesizer is described. An octenediol linker served to attach the growing oligosaccharide chain to the solid support, and the desired structures were cleaved from the support via olefin metathesis to afford a pentenyl glycoside. The automated syntheses of several important carbohydrates, including a pentarhamnoside, a proteoglycan linkage‐region tetrasaccharide, a phytoalexin elicitor dodecasaccharide, and a branched Leishmania lipophosphoglycan tetrasaccharide, were accomplished in higher overall yield and ca. 20 times faster than with solution‐phase methods.
Mineral processing water treatment using magnesium oxide (1984)

Abstract Comparative tests show magnesium oxide to be superior to silica sand and garnet sand for the filtration of several different particulates and to lime for the precipitation of heavy metals.
A passively tunable acoustic metamaterial lens for damage detection applications (2014)

In this paper, we present an approach to the generation of steerable ultrasonic beams in structures for possible application to damage detection. The proposed approach is based on the design of embedded acoustic lenses that exploit fundamental principles of wave propagation in acoustic metamaterials. In particular, the lens design relies on the concept of acoustic drop-channel where multiple waveguides can be coupled and selectively activated by simply tuning the frequency of the excitation. Numerical analyses will show that this design allows generating highly directional excitation by using a single ultrasonic transducer. Plane Wave Expansion and Finite Difference Time Domain methods are used to evaluate the dispersion characteristics of the metamaterial lens as well as to simulate the transient response when the lens is embedded in a plate-like structure. The lens design is then experimentally validated on an aluminum plate where the lens is implemented by through the thickness notches. The overall performances are estimated by reconstructing the dynamic displacement field via Laser Vibrometry.
A library of novel monoclonal antibodies for determining levels of 4-hydroxy cyclophosphamide in biological fluids (2006)

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006

3107 

The objective of this work was to develop monoclonal antibodies for a stable form of 4-hydroxy cyclophosphamide (HCY) in order to develop a rapid immunoassay for determining levels of HCY in the plasma of patients undergoing cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment. Cyclophosphamide is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug included in a number of cancer regimens. Cyclophosphamide is actually a pro-drug that becomes clinically active following metabolic conversion to HCY. Studies have shown high pharmacokinetic variability of cyclophosphamide and a relationship between systemic levels of the drug and clinical outcome. Determination of HCY levels in patient samples has been difficult because of the instability of this species. Several methods have been developed to trap HCY in a stable form as a hydrazone or an oxime so quantitative analysis by mass spectroscopic methods can be performed. An immunoassay would provide a rapid, automated method to determine levels of HCY in patient samples. However this is complicated since immunogens used to elicit antibody response to HCY would quickly decompose before an immunological response could be achieved. To circumvent this stability issue an immunogen was prepared to a stabilized form of HCY. The O-methyl oxime of HCY was attached to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or bovine thyroglobulin (BTG) via a hydrocarbon tether bound through the phosphamide nitrogen. These immunogens were successful in eliciting nine highly selective monoclonal antibod ies for the O-methyl oxime of HCY with dose response curves in the range of 50 ng/mL to 3000 ng/mL by ELISA . The Table below lists performance characteristics that are elicited by this type of immunogen. [Table][1]: Monoclonal antibody 2.7B5-11 performance characteristics This library of monoclonal antibodies is the first report of antibodies able to measure HCY by detecting a stabilized derivative. These antibodies will be useful for the rapid and cost effective analysis of HCY in human samples. By monitoring the active form of the drug it should be possible to better adjust dosing of cyclophosphamide to individual patients.



![Figure][2] [1]: #F1
 [2]: pending:yes
Applying Convergent Immunity to Innovative Vaccines Targeting Staphylococcus aureus (2014)

Recent perspectives forecast a new paradigm for future "third generation" vaccines based on commonalities found in diverse pathogens or convergent immune defenses to such pathogens. For Staphylococcus aureus, recurring infections and a limited success of vaccines containing S. aureus antigens imply that native antigens induce immune responses insufficient for optimal efficacy. These perspectives exemplify the need to apply novel vaccine strategies to high-priority pathogens. One such approach can be termed convergent immunity, where antigens from non-target organisms that contain epitope homologs found in the target organism are applied in vaccines. This approach aims to evoke atypical immune defenses via synergistic processes that (1) afford protective efficacy; (2) target an epitope from one organism that contributes to protective immunity against another; (3) cross-protect against multiple pathogens occupying a common anatomic or immunological niche; and/or (4) overcome immune subversion or avoidance strategies of target pathogens. Thus, convergent immunity has a potential to promote protective efficacy not usually elicited by native antigens from a target pathogen. Variations of this concept have been mainstays in the history of viral and bacterial vaccine development. A more far-reaching example is the pre-clinical evidence that specific fungal antigens can induce cross-kingdom protection against bacterial pathogens. This trans-kingdom protection has been demonstrated in pre-clinical studies of the recombinant Candida albicans agglutinin-like sequence 3 protein (rAls3) where it was shown that a vaccine containing rAls3 provides homologous protection against C. albicans, heterologous protection against several other Candida species, and convergent protection against several strains of S. aureus. Convergent immunity reflects an intriguing new approach to designing and developing vaccine antigens and is considered here in the context of vaccines to target S. aureus.
Adaptive tightly-coupled, a low cost alternative anti-jam INS/GPS integration technique (2003)

In an INS/GPS integrated navigation system, the GPS receiver may exploit the inertial aiding by operating with narrow tracking loop bandwidths in order to increase interference resistance. However, wider bandwidth tracking loops are more responsive to dynamics and provide more frequent statistically independent GPS measurements. Where a low grade INS is used, such as in a guided weapon, the wider bandwidths are needed to calibrate the INS errors effectively. This is important for GPS tracking loop aiding and sole-means inertial navigation during jamming. To obtain both effective INS calibration and jamming resistance, it is desirable to adapt the GPS tracking loop bandwidths according to the measured signal to noise ratio to attain high dynamics or high noise resistance tuning as appropriate. However, if the INS/GPS integration algorithm is tuned to the GPS receiver’s wide bandwidth setting to optimise INS calibration, the Kalman filter can become unstable when the bandwidths are narrowed, with the potential for positive feedback through the tracking loop aiding to destabilise the whole navigation system. To address this, an adaptive tightly-coupled (ATC) INS/GPS integration technique has been developed that adapts with the GPS receiver to varying jamming levels. This enables robust GPS calibration of the INS to be maintained under moderate jamming, whilst maintaining the established tightly-coupled integration architecture. The ATC technique has been assessed over a series of simulations, examining different jamming scenarios, different bandwidth adaptation algorithms, different grades of INS and the effect of transfer alignment. The results have shown that the ATC technique provides a significant anti-jam margin over an INS/GPS with fixed tracking bandwidths selected for INS calibration. Compared to the deep (or ultra-tightly-coupled) integration techniques currently under development, ATC is a low cost anti-jam integration technique as it does not require a complete re-design of the navigation architecture and does not impose a significantly higher processing load.
Nootropic α7 nicotinic receptor allosteric modulator derived from GABA <sub>A</sub> receptor modulators (2007)

Activation of brain alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (alpha7 nAChRs) has broad therapeutic potential in CNS diseases related to cognitive dysfunction, including Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. In contrast to direct agonist activation, positive allosteric modulation of alpha7 nAChRs would deliver the clinically validated benefits of allosterism to these indications. We have generated a selective alpha7 nAChR-positive allosteric modulator (PAM) from a library of GABAA receptor PAMs. Compound 6 (N-(4-chlorophenyl)-alpha-[[(4-chloro-phenyl)amino]methylene]-3-methyl-5-isoxazoleacet-amide) evokes robust positive modulation of agonist-induced currents at alpha7 nAChRs, while preserving the rapid native characteristics of desensitization, and has little to no efficacy at other ligand-gated ion channels. In rodent models, it corrects sensory-gating deficits and improves working memory, effects consistent with cognitive enhancement. Compound 6 represents a chemotype for allosteric activation of alpha7 nAChRs, with therapeutic potential in CNS diseases with cognitive dysfunction.
Production of genetically stable high-titer retroviral vectors that carry a human gamma-globin gene under the control of the alpha-globin locus control region (1996)

The ability to generate stable high-titer vectors that give rise to high levels of expression of transduced globin genes in erythroid cells is a prerequisite for effective retroviral-mediated globin gene therapy. The human beta-globin gene with its immediate flanking sequences does not contain all the regulatory elements necessary for regulated high-level and position-independent expression in erythroid cells. The regulatory element known as the beta-globin locus control region (BetaLCR) can provide a linked Beta-globin gene with these properties. However, addition of BetaLCR sequences to a retrovirus carrying a beta-globin gene increases its genetic instability. We have developed a new generation of retroviral vectors in which a human gamma-globin gene is placed under the control of the alphaLCR, the major regulatory element of the alpha-globin gene cluster. We demonstrate that these retroviruses are genetically stable in producer cell lines and can be produced at high titers that exceed 5 x 10(6) colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. In addition, we show that the transduced gamma-globin gene can be expressed in the adult erythroid environment of mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells at a level comparable to that of a single endogenous Betamaj-globin gene. These retroviruses can also transduce primary murine bone marrow progenitor cells as efficiently as retroviruses that carry the neomycin resistance (neor) gene. This new generation of globin retroviral vectors may prove useful for gene therapy of human beta-globin gene disorders such as sickle cell disease and beta-thalassemia.
Broad bandwidth slow light, enabled by surface plasmons and polaritons (2008)

We discuss a few different slow light systems, enabled by polaritons and surface plasmons: slow light in resonant photonic crystals, and small modal area surface plasmon waveguides, with low group velocities over unusually large bandwidths.
Caprylic Acid and Glyceryl Trinitrate Combination for Eradication of Biofilm (2014)

There is a growing need for biocompatible, broad-spectrum, nonantibiotic, antimicrobial treatments because of the frequent ineffectiveness of antibiotics against biofilms and the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance. In this study, we demonstrate rapid and complete biofilm eradication in an in vitro model with synergistic combinations of glyceryl trinitrate and caprylic acid against resistant Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungal biofilms.
A power clamp circuit using current mirror for on-chip ESD protection (2012)

A power clamp circuit using current mirror is proposed in this article. The current mirror is used for capacitance multiplication in the proposed circuit. Besides, the proposed circuit has different turn-on and turn-off paths towards clamp transistor and it employs a non-traditional phase inverter in the turn-on path of clamp transistor. Simulation results verify that the proposed circuit has enhanced ability to discharge static charges during an ESD event while making the ESD pulse detection CR time constant notably smaller. With the reduction of CR time constant, the proposed circuit has better immunity to mis-triggering and is less chip area-consuming.
A new "wireless" search-coil system (2008)

The scleral search-coil system is the accepted standard for precise and accurate recording of eye movements in the lab and clinic. One of the drawbacks of this system is the connecting wire that leads from the eye coil to the associated electronics; this wire causes irritation to the subject and has a tendency to break during experiments. We have developed a modified version of this technique, which uses a resonant scleral coil and no connecting wire. A transmitter sends a stream of pulses to the eye coil, and a receiver then detects the resonant oscillations re-radiated from the eye coil. The relative intensity of the signal as received by sets of orthogonal receiver coils determines the orientation of the eye coil. The new approach retains the advantages of accuracy, precision, and high sample rate, while making the system portable and more comfortable.
Efficient, Chromaticity-Preserving Midtone Correction for RGB Images (1994)

RGB Gamma adjustment, the standard method for control of midtone values, causes large changes in chromaticity. This paper presents an image transform algorithm that allows control of midtone values while producing chromatically-correct results. The exact algorithm requires computations only moderately more complex than those required for gamma adjustment. Approximations to the algorithm are simpler to implement than gamma adjustment, yet produce results which are more chromatically correct.