gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Image fusion algorithm for differential phase contrast imaging (2012)

Differential phase-contrast imaging in the x-ray domain provides three physically complementary signals:<sup>1, 2</sup> the attenuation, the differential phase-contrast, related to the refractive index, and the dark-field signal, strongly influenced by the total amount of radiation scattered into very small angles. In medical applications, it is of the utmost importance to present to the radiologist all clinically relevant information in as compact a way as possible. Hence, the need arises for a method to combine two or more of the above mentioned signals into one image containing all information relevant for diagnosis. We present an image composition algorithm that fuses the attenuation image and the differential phase contrast image into a composite, final image based on the assumption that the real and imaginary part of the complex refractive index of the sample can be related by a constant scaling factor. The merging is performed in such a way that the composite image is characterized by minimal noise-power at each frequency component.
Method of activating limestone for enhanced capture of sulfur from post combustion gases (1991)

Calcium based sulfur sorbent is prepared in a highly reactive form for use in removing gaseous sulfur species from coal combustion gases by heating finely divided limestone particles at a temperature of at least 2,000 K for a period of 5 to 50 milliseconds and quenching the particles by bringing them to a temperature below 1,400 K before they become sintered. For application to a coal combustion system, the quenching step may be carried out in the post coal combustion zone along with the reaction of the particles with sulfur. The initial heating step is performed outside of the zone because of the high temperatures required in that step, which would result in decomposition of the calcium-sulfur product.
Monitoring process-induced overlay errors through high-resolution wafer geometry measurements (2014)

Controlling overlay errors resulting from wafer processing, such as film deposition, is essential for meeting overlay budgets in future generations of devices. Out-of-plane distortions induced on the wafer due to processing are often monitored through high-resolution wafer geometry measurements. While such wafer geometry measurements provide information about the wafer distortion, mechanics models are required to connect such measurements to overlay errors, which result from in-plane distortions. The aim of this paper is to establish fundamental connections between the out-ofplane distortions that are characterized in wafer geometry measurements and the in-plane distortions on the wafer surface that lead to overlay errors. First, an analytical mechanics model is presented to provide insight into the connection between changes in wafer geometry and overlay. The analytical model demonstrates that the local slope of the change in wafer shape induced by the deposition of a residually stressed film is related to the induced overlay for simple geometries. Finite element modeling is then used to consider realistic wafer geometries and assess correlations between the local slope of the wafer shape change induced by the deposition of a stressed film and overlay. As established previously, overlay errors only result when the stresses in the film are non-uniform, thus the finite element study considers wafers with several different nonuniform residual stress distributions. Correlation between overlay and a metric based on a corrected wafer slope map is examined. The results of the modeling and simulations are discussed and compared to recently published experimental results.
Decorporation of Monomeric Plutonium from the Dog by Glucan and/or DTPA (1973)

Monomeric 239-plutonium was injected intravenously into beagle dogs to determine the effectiveness of DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) and glucan, a polysaccharide derived from yeast cell walls, as agents for plutonium decorporation. DTPA therapy (100 mg/kg) was initiated six days after plutonium injection and continued, on a twice weekly basis, for 84 days. Glucan (15 mg/kg), given in conjunction with DTPA to a second group of dogs, was administered on days 6, 34, and 62. Control animals received sterile saline in place of both DTPA and glucan. When all animals were sacrificed on day 90, the liver burden in control dogs was the same as previously determined at day 6. DTPA therapy removed over 96% of this plutonium; removal from spleen, lungs, kidneys, testes, muscle, and lymph nodes ranged between 50 and 90%. The total skeletal content was also reduced by 50%. Adjunct therapy with glucan did not result in significant additional removal of plutonium, probably because of the high effectiveness of DTPA given alone. Species differences in the deposition of plutonium in liver as related to the effectiveness of DTPA therapy, with possible implications for man, are discussed.
Tunable InGaAsP/InP DFB lasers at 1.3 µm integrated with Pt thin film heaters deposited by focused ion beam (2003)

Data is presented on tunable singlemode operation from 1.3 µm InGaAsP/InP distributed feedback lasers, suitable for telecom and chemical sensing, integrated with Pt thin film heaters deposited by focused ion beam. The integrated laser shows a wavelength shift of 4.9 nm (or 857 GHz) with a very small heater current of 13 mA.
A self-retracting fully compliant bistable micromechanism (2003)

A new class of fully compliant bistable mechanisms with the added benefit of integrated self-retraction has been developed (hereafter identified as Self-Retracting Fully compliant Bistable Mechanism or SRFBM). A technique using tensural pivots to manage compressive loading in compliant mechanisms is introduced and implemented in the SRFBM. The elimination of traditional kinematic joints and their associated clearance allows a total displacement between stable positions of 8.5 μm, and the mechanism size is less than 300 μm square when using 2.0 μm minimum line widths. Maximum actuation force is approximately 500 μN. The SRFBM's small linear displacement and reasonable actuation force facilitate integration with efficient thermal actuators. Furthermore, fully compliant mechanisms allow greater freedom in fabrication as only one mechanical layer is needed. Systems with on-chip actuation have been fabricated and tested, demonstrating bistability and on-chip actuation, which requires approximately 150 mW. A single fatigue test has been completed, during which the SRFBM endured approximately 2 million duty cycles without failure.
Enzymatic Treatment with Manganese Peroxidase from<i>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</i>for Enhancing Wheat Straw Pulp Characteristics (1997)

Article Enzymatic Treatment with Manganese Peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium for Enhancing Wheat Straw Pulp Characteristics was published on January 1, 1997 in the journal Holzforschung (volume 51, issue 6).
Waveguide optics enabled consumer HUD’s revolutionizing AR transportation applications (2019)

DigiLens Switchable Bragg Grating (SBG) waveguide technology for transportation AR HUD consumer products enables switchable, tunable and digitally reconfigurable color HUDs with a field of view, brightness and form factor surpassing those of competing technologies. DigiLens waveguide gratings are printed into a proprietary polymer and liquid crystal mixture that can provide any required combination of diffraction efficiency and angular bandwidth in a thin waveguide with high transparency and very low haze. DigiLens waveguides can be laminated to integrate multiple optical functions into a thin transparent device. Our current reference designs for dashboard mounted and wearable ARHUDs will be presented.
A call for order in search space generation process of query optimization (2011)

Many search space generation algorithms used by query optimizers focus on efficiently and exhaustively enumerating the set of alternative plans. However, newly emerged systems, such as Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) tools, introduce new challenges to the query optimizer. This is because dynamically generated queries are very complex, relatively inexpensive to execute, and they must be optimized at runtime. For such queries the optimization time could be prohibitively expensive relative to their execution time, if traditional join enumeration algorithms are used. Recently, new heuristics for the query optimization have been proposed which provide feasible alternatives to the classical enumeration algorithms by using greedy techniques to efficiently build an execution plan. In this paper we propose a middle ground approach by introducing new techniques for dynamically ordering the search space of the candidate joins generated by conventional enumeration algorithms. Ordering the enumerated joins based on their properties allows effective pruning of the search space, so that the space size becomes adapted to the current characteristics of the optimization process. Any conventional join enumeration algorithms based on enumerating partitions and using memorization for saving access plans can be extended with our proposed ordered-Par technique. We discuss the enumeration algorithms supported in the SQL Anywhere Optimizer. We present experimental results comparing these algorithms with the new ordered-DPhyp algorithm which applies the ordered-Par technique to the DPhyp algorithm previously proposed in the research literature.
Performance of an Automatic Arrhythmia Classification Algorithm: Comparison to the ALTITUDE Electrophysiologist Panel Adjudications (2014)

This algorithm performs at a level comparable to an EP panel in the adjudication of arrhythmia episodes treated by both dual- and single-chamber ICDs. This type of algorithm has the potential for automated analysis of clinical ICD episodes, and adjudication of EGMs for research studies and quality analyses.
Ultra-high accuracy optical testing: creating diffraction-limited short-wavelength optical systems (2005)

Since 1993, research in the fabrication of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) optical imaging systems, conducted at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), has produced the highest resolution optical systems ever made. We have pioneered the development of ultra-high-accuracy optical testing and alignment methods, working at extreme ultraviolet wavelengths, and pushing wavefront-measuring interferometry into the 2-20-nm wavelength range (60-600 eV). These coherent measurement techniques, including lateral shearing interferometry and phase-shifting point-diffraction interferometry (PS/PDI) have achieved RMS wavefront measurement accuracies of 0.5-1-Å and better for primary aberration terms, enabling the creation of diffraction-limited EUV optics. The measurement accuracy is established using careful null-testing procedures, and has been verified repeatedly through high-resolution imaging. We believe these methods are broadly applicable to the advancement of short-wavelength optical systems including space telescopes, microscope objectives, projection lenses, synchrotron beamline optics, diffractive and holographic optics, and more. Measurements have been performed on a tunable undulator beamline at LBNL's Advanced Light Source (ALS), optimized for high coherent flux; although many of these techniques should be adaptable to alternative ultraviolet, EUV, and soft x-ray light sources. To date, we have measured nine prototype all-reflective EUV optical systems with NA values between 0.08 and 0.30 (<i>f</i>/6.25 to <i>f</i>/1.67). These projection-imaging lenses were created for the semiconductor industry's advanced research in EUV photolithography, a technology slated for introduction in 2009-13. This paper reviews the methods used and our program's accomplishments to date.
RADJAM: A Novel Approach for Reduction of Soft Errors in Logic Circuits (2009)

The task of achieving reliability against transient faults poses a significant challenge due to technology scaling trends. Several optimization techniques have been proposed in the literature for preventing soft errors in logic circuits. However, most approaches for avoiding soft errors in logic circuits have significant overheads in terms of delay, area or power. In this work, we propose a circuit level technique called RADJAM (RADiation JAMmer) to prevent soft errors, occurring due to radiation strikes, in logic cells. The RADJAM circuit when inserted at the output of a logic can reduce the generation of transient glitches significantly. Further, we propose an algorithm to insert RADJAM cells on selective nodes in a logic circuit. The algorithm uses signal logic probabilities and circuit slack for insertion of RADJAM cells on circuit nodes, thus improving the reliability of the logic circuit with minimal impact on the overall circuit delay. The proposed algorithm has been implemented and validated on the ISCAS85 benchmarks. Experimental results indicate that RADJAM optimized logic circuits can reduce soft error rates by around 39% with marginal delay, area and power overheads.
Solution assembly of cytokine receptor ectodomain complexes (1996)

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a multifunctional cytokine that represents ligand recognition among the hematopoietin receptor family. To facilitate structure–function analysis of IL-2 and its receptor, the chapter describes a strategy of directed and stable solution assembly of receptor ectodomains. This strategy helps to prepare stable complexes of cytokine receptor ectodomains of defined composition and stoichiometry and that mimic the ligand binding characteristics of the equivalent cell surface receptor sites. The chapter demonstrates that it is possible to direct the assembly of cytokine receptor subunits in solution by employing coiled-coil molecular recognition. Heteromeric complexes can be prepared where the subunits function cooperatively to bind ligand. The use of idealized coiled-coil designs rather that naturally occurring sequences result in sub-nanomolar complex stabilities. The techniques of analytical ultracentrifugation and surface plasmon resonance help in quantitatively characterizing the complexes. Using these approaches and the present knowledge of coiled-coil molecular recognition, it should be possible to prepare soluble receptor complexes of defined stoichiometries and subunit composition.
Video compressive sensing for dynamic MRI (2012)

Recent theoretical and practical advances in video compressive sensing (CS) hold considerable promise for the application in dynamic MRI [1,2], an imaging technique for capturing sequence of images. The most profound utility of dynamic MRI is to examine motion, which carries biological signature of malfunctions for various organs, especially the heart and the lung. Dynamic MRI can also examine brain functions, exemplified by perfusion imaging. Compressive sensing enables signal recovery based on number of samples well below Nyquist rate, thereby accelerating the acquisition process of MRI.

Existing literature mainly employs two specific methodologies for dynamic imaging of organs such as the heart and the lung. The first method relies on a set of static imaging acquisitions while the subject holds breathing, and resorts to image registration for retrieving the motion. The second method tries to capture free-breathing motion by using fast imaging techniques, with a trade-off between image resolution and quality. Both methods have their limitations, and we envision video compressive sensing can resolve the challenge.

We propose a novel framework, inspired by a state-of-the-art video compressive sensing algorithm [3], to estimate motion and reconstruct high fidelity dynamic MRI based on partially sampled k-t data. Given highly under-sampled data in the k-t space, we first estimate a low-resolution version of the video at a sequence of sub-sampled time points based on a customized sensing matrix in the Fourier domain. The spatial and temporal resolution of this video is optimized for the best image quality, given the time varying nature of dynamic imaging and the uncertainty principle. Optical flow is consequently estimated between consecutive frames of this reconstructed low-resolution video [4].

Based on the partially sampled Fourier data, and the motion estimate obtained from the optical flow, we use a convex optimization framework to reconstruct the dynamic MRI at full spatial resolution. For the best recovery performance, we minimize an objective function using a mixture of wavelet sparsity of the MRI signal as well as its total variation (TV) in both spatial and temporal dimensions; the objective function is minimized along with two constraints in the least square sense. These constraints (a) enforce consistency of compressive measurements, and (b) impose the estimated optical flow between consecutive frames.

We develop an efficient algorithm to solve for the resultant convex optimization using the alternating direction method based on augmented Lagrangian, further accelerated using Bregman divergence on a sequence of minimization subproblems [5,6].

Our framework enables simultaneous motion extraction and high fidelity video reconstruction in a computational efficient manner, based on highly compressive k-t sampling, therefore making it possible to perform real-time dynamic MRI.
The development of potent peptide agonists and antagonists for the endothelin receptors (1995)

The endothelins (ETs), sarafotoxins (SRTXs), vasoactive intestinal contractor (VIC), and bibrotoxin are a family of potent vasoconstrictor peptides. All peptides in this family possess 21 amino acids arranged in a unique bicyclic motif formed between cystine bridges in the 1-15 and 3-11 positions. Since the discovery of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in 1988, significant effort has been focused on the understanding of its structure-activity relationships. The identification of endothelin receptor subtypes has led to the discovery/design of potent peptide agonists and antagonists, along with nonpeptide antagonists of endothelin with varying levels of potency and receptor subtype selectivity. In keeping with the theme of this journal, this review will focus only on the development of peptidic-based agonists and antagonists of endothelin in addition to their applications in understanding the physiological and/or pathophysiological role of endothelin and its isopeptides.
Tissue invasiveness and non-acidic pH in human candidiasis correlate with “in vivo” expression by <i>Candida albicans</i> of the carbohydrate epitope recognised by new monoclonal antibody 1H4 (2004)

The fact that 1H4 epitope expression selectively identifies invasive forms of C albicans, in addition to candida remnants within macrophages, supports its potential value in the diagnosis and management of human candidiasis.
Corneal Surface Wave Propagation Associated with Intraocular Pressures: OCT Elastography Assessment in a Model Eye (2023)

Assessing corneal biomechanics in vivo has long been a challenge in the field of ophthalmology. Although recent wave-based optical coherence elastography (OCE) methods have shown promise in this area, the effect of intraocular pressure (IOP) on mechanical wave propagation in the cornea remains unclear. To address this, we constructed an artificial eye model and performed surface wave OCE measurements in the radial directions (54–324°) of the silicone cornea at varying IOP levels (10–40 mmHg). The results demonstrated increases in wave propagation speeds (mean ± STD) from 6.55 ± 0.09 m/s (10 mmHg) to 9.82 ± 0.19 m/s (40 mmHg), leading to an estimate of Young’s modulus, which increased exponentially from 145.23 ± 4.43 kPa to 326.44 ± 13.30 kPa. Our implementation of an artificial eye model highlighted that the impact of IOP on Young’s modulus (ΔE = 165.59 kPa, IOP: 10–40 mmHg) was more significant than the effect of stretching of the silicone cornea (ΔE = 15.79 kPa, relative elongation: 0.98%–6.49%). Our study sheds light on the potential of using an artificial eye model in OCE research for corneal biomechanics. Furthermore, it is critical to consider the impact of IOP on measurement results when utilizing wave-based OCE in clinical settings for enhanced assessment of corneal biomechanics.
On Passive One-Way Loss Measurements Using Sampled Flow Statistics (2009)

The ability to scalably measure one-way packet loss across different network paths is vital to IP network management. However, the effectiveness of active-measurement techniques depends on being able to deploy measurement hosts at appropriate locations, and to inject necessary amounts of probe traffic without impacting the performance of interest. On the other hand, existing passive-measurement methods like [1] require router support and suffer from deployment limitations for the foreseeable future. In this paper, we propose a new estimation technique that does not require any new router features or measurement infrastructure, and only uses the sampled flow level statistics that are routinely collected in operational networks. The technique is designed to handle challenges of sampled flow-level aggregation such as information aggregation and non-alignment of flow records with measurement intervals. We develop three different schemes and derive analytical bounds on the variance of loss estimation from such a flow-based approach. Our analysis shows that link data rates are now becoming sufficiently large to counteract the effects on sampling on estimation accuracy.
Improvement in the specificity of assays for detection of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (1991)

Reducing agents dramatically alter the specificity of competitive assays for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). A specificity improvement was demonstrated with a new assay which utilizes microparticle membrane capture and chemiluminescence detection as well as a current radioimmunoassay procedure (Corab: Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Ill.). The effect was most noticeable with elevated negative and weakly reactive samples. In both systems, reductants increased separation of a negative population (n = 160) from assay cutoffs. With a selected population (n = 307), inclusion of reductant eliminated apparent anti-HBc activity in 54 of 81 samples in the 30 to 70% inhibition range. Reductant-stable anti-HBc samples were strongly associated with the presence of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (21 of 27). The association persisted below the detection limits of current assays to 0.3 to 0.4 Paul Ehrlich Institute units per ml. Only 1 of 54 reduction-sensitive borderline samples was confirmed to be positive for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen. The modified procedures had unchanged or slightly improved sensitivity for immunoglobulin G (IgG)-associated anti-HBc activity. Although IgM anti-HBc detection was reduced from four- to eightfold in the presence of reductants, sensitivities remained at least twofold greater than tha of an enzyme immunoassay (Corzyme M; Abbott) designed to detect acute-phase levels of IgM anti-HBc. The use of reducing agents should significantly improve the reliability of anti-HBc testing, especially near assay cutoffs.