gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Design, Implementation, and Deployment of a System to Transparently\n Compress Hundreds of Petabytes of Image Files for a File-Storage Service (2017)

We report the design, implementation, and deployment of Lepton, a\nfault-tolerant system that losslessly compresses JPEG images to 77% of their\noriginal size on average. Lepton replaces the lowest layer of baseline JPEG\ncompression-a Huffman code-with a parallelized arithmetic code, so that the\nexact bytes of the original JPEG file can be recovered quickly. Lepton matches\nthe compression efficiency of the best prior work, while decoding more than\nnine times faster and in a streaming manner. Lepton has been released as\nopen-source software and has been deployed for a year on the Dropbox\nfile-storage backend. As of February 2017, it had compressed more than 203 PiB\nof user JPEG files, saving more than 46 PiB.\n
Mutation of human keratin 18 in association with cryptogenic cirrhosis. (1997)

Mutations in 11 of the more than 20 keratin intermediate filaments cause several epidermal and oral associated diseases. No disease-associated mutations have been described in keratin 8 or 18 (K8/18) which are the major keratin pair in simple-type epithelia, as found in the liver, pancreas, and intestine. However, transgenic mice that express mutant keratin 18 develop chronic hepatitis, and have an increased susceptibility to drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Also, ectopic expression of epidermal K14 in mouse liver results in chronic hepatitis, and disruption of mouse K8 leads to embryo lethality with extensive liver hemorrhage. We tested if patients with liver disease of unknown cause may harbor mutations in K18. We describe a his127-->leu (H127L) K18 mutation in a patient with cryptogenic cirrhosis that is germline transmitted. The K18 H127L isolated from the liver explant, or after expression in bacteria, showed an altered migration on two-dimensional gel analysis as compared with normal human liver or bacterially expressed K18. Electron microscopy of in vitro assembled K18 H127L and wild type K8 showed an assembly defect as compared with normal K8/18 assembly. Our results suggest that mutations in K18 may be predispose to, or result in cryptogenic cirrhosis in humans.
<i>k</i>‐Space weighted least‐squares algorithm for accurate and fast motion extraction from magnetic resonance navigator echoes (2001)

Navigator echoes provide an effective method to monitor physiological motion, allowing motion artifacts to be suppressed by modifying the data acquisition accordingly. The displacement can be measured directly from the navigator phase using an algorithm suggested by Ahn and Cho (IEEE Trans Med Imaging 1987;MI-6:32-36). Although computationally efficient, it is susceptible to noise, particularly contributions from points at the edges of k-space. A k-space weighted least-squares (kLS) algorithm is proposed which fits a straight line to the motion-induced phase shift. The linear fit is weighted strongly to high SNR points near the k-space center and only weakly to the poor SNR points at the edges of k-space. This algorithm was found to be as efficient as Ahn's algorithm but more robust against noise.
Low jitter metal vapor vacuum arc ion source for electron beam ion trap injections (2005)

We describe a metal vapor vacuum arc (MeVVA) ion source containing eight different cathodes that are individually selectable via the control electronics which does not require moving components in vacuum. Inside the vacuum assembly, the arc plasma is produced by means of a 30μs pulse (26kV,125A) delivering 2.4mC of charge to the cathode sample material. The trigger jitter is minimized (&lt;200ns) to improve the capture efficiency of the ions which are injected into an ion trap. During a single discharge, the over-damped pulse produces an ion flux of 8.4×109ions∕cm2, measured by an unbiased Faraday cup positioned 20cm from the extractor grid, at discharge rates up to 5Hz. The electronic triggering of the discharge is via a fiber optic interface. We present the design, fabrication details, and performance of this MeVVA, recently installed on the National Institute of Standards and Technology electron beam ion trap (EBIT).
Novel Farnesol and Geranylgeraniol Analogues:  A Potential New Class of Anticancer Agents Directed against Protein Prenylation (1999)

Protein farnesyltransferase (FTase), the enzyme responsible for protein farnesylation, has become a key target for the rational design of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Herein it is shown that certain novel prenyl diphosphate analogues are potent inhibitors of mammalian FTase. Furthermore, the alcohol precursors of two of these compounds are able to block anchorage-independent growth of ras-transformed cells. While 3-allylfarnesol inhibits protein farnesylation, 3-vinylfarnesol instead leads to abnormal prenylation of proteins with the 3-vinylfarnesyl group. In a similar manner, 3-allylgeranylgeraniol acts as a highly specific inhibitor of protein geranylgeranylation, while 3-vinylgeranylgeraniol restores protein geranylgeranylation in cells. This study indicates that certain prenyl alcohol analogues can act as prenyltransferase inhibitors in situ, via a novel prodrug mechanism. These analogues may prove to be valuable tools for investigating the therapeutic consequences of inhibiting geranylgeranylation relative to farnesylation. Furthermore, the 3-vinyl alcohol analogues can inhibit transformed cell growth through a mechanism not involving prenyltransferase inhibition.
A Dual BARC method for Lithography and Etch for Dual Damascene with Low<i>K</i> (2003)

A new method using dual bottom anti-reflective coating (BARC) is described in this paper for reducing critical dimension (CD) variation across wafer and improving Dual Damascene (DD) profiles. Combined use of conformal and planarizing BARC together, is investigated for Low K intermetal dielectric. Schemes that involve coat of planarizing BARC before conformal BARC and the other with coat of conformal BARC before planarizing BARC are investigated. Amount of BARC fill in the via and the sequence of BARC coat were both found to influence fence generation around via boundary during a subsequent etch process. Dual BARC also showed better via corner protection and smaller faceting after trench etch. BARC etch time was found to influence the amount of fence generation and circular step formation after etch. Electrical test results showed significant improvements of via yield for the dual BARC process that used conformal BARC coat followed by planarizing BARC coat.
Enhancement of Electrolaryngeal Speech by Adaptive Filtering (1998)

Artificial larynges provide a means of verbal communication for people who have either lost or are otherwise unable to use their larynges. Although they enable adequate communication, the resulting speech has an unnatural quality and is significantly less intelligible than normal speech. One of the major problems with the widely used Transcutaneous Artificial Larynx (TAL) is the presence of a steady background noise caused by the leakage of acoustic energy from the TAL, its interface with the neck, and the surrounding neck tissue. The severity of the problem varies from speaker to speaker, partly depending upon the characteristics of the individual's neck tissue. The present study tests the hypothesis that TAL speech is enhanced in quality (as assessed through listener preference judgments) and intelligibility by removal of the inherent, directly radiated background signal. In particular, the focus is on the improvement of speech over the telephone or through some other electronic communication medium. A novel adaptive filtering architecture was designed and implemented to remove the background noise. Perceptual tests were conducted to assess speech, from two individuals with a laryngectomy and two normal speakers using the Servox TAL, before and after processing by the adaptive filter. A spectral analysis of the adaptively filtered TAL speech revealed a significant reduction in the amount of background source radiation yet preserved the acoustic characteristics of the vocal output. Results from the perceptual tests indicate a clear preference for the processed speech. In general, there was no significant improvement or degradation in intelligibility. However, the processing did improve the intelligibility of word-initial non-nasal consonants.
A High-Density SNP Genotyping Array for Rice Biology and Molecular Breeding (2013)

A high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array is critically important for geneticists and molecular breeders. With the accumulation of huge amounts of genomic re-sequencing data and available technologies for accurate SNP detection, it is possible to design high-density and high-quality rice SNP arrays. Here we report the development of a high-density rice SNP array and its utility. SNP probes were designed by screening more than 10 000 000 SNP loci extracted from the re-sequencing data of 801 rice varieties and an array named RiceSNP50 was produced on the Illumina Infinium platform. The array contained 51 478 evenly distributed markers, 68% of which were within genic regions. Several hundred rice plants with parent/F1 relationships were used to generate a high-quality cluster file for accurate SNP calling. Application tests showed that this array had high genotyping accuracy, and could be used for different objectives. For example, a core collection of elite rice varieties was clustered with fine resolution. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) analysis correctly identified a characterized QTL. Further, this array was successfully used for variety verification and trait introgression. As an accurate high-throughput genotyping tool, RiceSNP50 will play an important role in both functional genomics studies and molecular breeding.
Postnatal Soluble FGFR3 Therapy Rescues Achondroplasia Symptoms and Restores Bone Growth in Mice (2013)

Achondroplasia is a rare genetic disease characterized by abnormal bone development, resulting in short stature. It is caused by a single point mutation in the gene coding for fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), which leads to prolonged activation upon ligand binding. To prevent excessive intracellular signaling and rescue the symptoms of achondroplasia, we have developed a recombinant protein therapeutic approach using a soluble form of human FGFR3 (sFGFR3), which acts as a decoy receptor and prevents FGF from binding to mutant FGFR3. sFGFR3 was injected subcutaneously to newborn Fgfr3(ach/+) mice-the mouse model of achondroplasia-twice per week throughout the growth period during 3 weeks. Effective maturation of growth plate chondrocytes was restored in bones of treated mice, with a dose-dependent enhancement of skeletal growth in Fgfr3(ach/+) mice. This resulted in normal stature and a significant decrease in mortality and associated complications, without any evidence of toxicity. These results describe a new approach for restoring bone growth and suggest that sFGFR3 could be a potential therapy for children with achondroplasia and related disorders.
Parallel real-time garbage collection of multiple heaps in reconfigurable hardware (2014)

Despite rapid increases in memory capacity, reconfigurable hardware is still programmed in a very low-level manner, generally without any dynamic allocation at all. This limits productivity especially as the larger chips encourage more and more complex designs to be attempted.
Colloids mediated liquid crystal blue phases (2013)

We report on dispersion of a small amount of colloids in a blue phase liquid crystal, and the blue-phases were found to exhibit extended temperature range. The stabilized temperature range of the blue phase was a function of their most effective concentration, different sizes of colloid particles and shape of colloidal particles. The temperature range was probed and determined and the temperature range of the blue phases was found to decrease as the colloidal particle size increased. Additionally, the temperature dependent of Bragg wavelength peak was found to redshifted in the colloidal-BP mixtures. The electro-optical results, especially the switching voltage and response time suggested that concentration and size of dispersed colloids modified the elastic energy of the blue phase liquid crystal composites and led to a lower switching voltage.
End-to-End Service Quality Measurement Using Source-Routed Probes (2006)

The need to monitor real time network services has prompted service providers to use new measurement technologies, such as service-specific probes. Service-specific probes are active probes that closely mimic the service traffic so that it receives the same treatment from the network as the actual service traffic. These probes are end-to-end and their deployment depends on solutions that address questions such as minimizing probe traffic, while still obtaining maximum coverage of all the links in the network. In this paper, we provide a polynomial-time probe-path computation algorithm, as well as a -approximate solution for merging probe paths when the number of probes exceed a required bound . Our algorithms are evaluated using ISP topologies generated via Rocketfuel. We find that for most topologies, it is possible to cover more than of the edges using just of the nodes as terminals. Our work also suggests that the deployment strategy for active probes is dependent on cost issues, such as probe installation, probe set-up, and maintenance costs.
Electrically reconfigurable optical metamaterials based on orientationally ordered dispersions of metal nano-rods in dielectric fluids (2010)

Optical metamaterials capture the imagination with potential applications such as sub-wave imaging, invisibility cloaking and solar energy collection. The challenge is to learn how to construct and reconfigure a metamaterial with a spatially varying refractive index. We describe an approach based on colloidal dispersion of metal nano-rods in a dielectric fluid placed in a non-uniform electric field. Because of the dielectrophoretic effect, the nano-rods accumulate in the regions with the maximum field and align along the field lines. High concentration of nano-rods lowers the effective local refractive index of the dispersion. The nano-rods are much smaller than the wavelength of light. We illustrate the approach with a dispersion of gold nanorods (length 40-70 nm, diameter 10-20 nm) in toluene, using flat and cylindrical cells. In the first case, the electric field is created by two mutually perpendicular electrodes, in the second case, it is created by two coaxial electrodes. When the field is applied, the initially isotropic dispersion of nanorods transforms into birefringent orientationally ordered structures with the director following the electric field lines. We describe how the optical properties of the field-induced structures are controlled by dichroism and birefringence of the dispersion and determine the spatial variation of the field-induced optical phase retardation. In cylindrical capillaries, the index gradient bends lights around the central electrode, thus reducing its visibility. Our approach can be used as a starting point for the development of self-assembled and reconfigurable optical metamaterials with optical properties controlled by the dielectrophoretic effect on submicron scales.
Purification of Acetyl Coenzyme A: Deacetylacephalosporin C<i>O</i>-Acetyltransferase from<i>Acremonium chrysogenum</i> (1992)

Acetyl CoA: deacetylcephalosporin C O-acetyltransferase, which catalyzes the final step of the biosynthetic pathway to cephalosporin C, was stabilized by a buffer solution containing 7-aminocephalosporanic acid and purified over 1300-fold from Acremonium chrysogenum. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of 55,000 as measured by gel filtration. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed two subunit bands corresponding to molecular weights of 27,000 and 14,000. The enzyme has an isoelectoric point at pH 4.0 and optimum activity at pH 7.5.
Supporting Both Preferred and Predictable Reproduction with ICC Profiles (2000)

Our new model splits the work of the ICC profile into two parts. Preferred reproduction is supported by measurement-only profiles. Predictable reproduction is handled by standard ICC profiles. Separating the functionality makes each component easier to implement. The MOP allows unambiguous communication of device color information. As an added advantage, it is likely to be a convenient format for image archiving. The details of preferred image reproduction can be localized in one system. This allows for the user to select between proprietary systems. Once an appealing result has been created, standard ICC profiles handle the aspects of distributing work and allowing predictable color reproduction.
Poly(terphenylene) Anion Exchange Membranes: The Effect of Backbone Structure on Morphology and Membrane Property (2017)

A new design concept for ion-conducting polymers in anion exchange membranes (AEMs) fuel cells is proposed based on structural studies and conformational analysis of polymers and their effect on the properties of AEMs. Thermally, chemically, and mechanically stable terphenyl-based polymers with pendant quaternary ammonium alkyl groups were synthesized to investigate the effect of varying the arrangement of the polymer backbone and cation-tethered alkyl chains. The results demonstrate that the microstructure and morphology of these polymeric membranes significantly influence ion conductivity and fuel cell performance. The results of this study provide new insights that will guide the molecular design of polymer electrolyte materials to improve fuel cell performance.
Diffuse Backscattering of Linearly Polarized Light from Biological Cell Suspensions (1996)

That polarization effects in scattered light can yield useful information about biological material has been shown as early as 1976, when Bickel et al. announced a “new biophysical tool".[1] Surprisingly, very few authors have used this new tool. Only a couple of studies exist that are concerned with polarization of forward scattered and transmitted light. [2-4] However, there are many biomedical applications where only backward scattered light is available for diagnostics, as, for example, in most endoscopic procedures. Recently Wang et al. addressed this issue for the first time by reporting angular variations of intensity in the diffuse- backscattered polarized light around the polarized-light input point.[5] In this study we investigate in detail the effects of particle sizes and concentration on the diffuse backscattering of linearly polarized light. We demonstrate that different particle size and concentrations lead to differences in the spatial pattern of backscattered light when viewed through a polarizer. These differences can be explained by Rayleigh and Mie theory, and can be used to characterize biomedical cells and tissues.
Heterodyne Mixing of Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers Using a Planar Schottky Diode (2008)

Terahertz quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) have been used together with a monolithic planar Schottky diode receiver to study the heterodyne mixing between dual internal modes of a QCL and between a single mode of a QCL and a known molecular line from a molecular gas laser. Dual-mode mixing shows that the intrinsic linewidth of a free-running QCL is les30 kHz . Mixing against a molecular laser line gives a high precision measurement of a QCL's absolute frequency and can show transient turn-on behavior in a pulsed QCL.
Fast Wavelet Estimation of Weak Biosignals (2005)

Wavelet-based signal processing has become commonplace in the signal processing community over the past decade and wavelet-based software tools and integrated circuits are now commercially available. One of the most important applications of wavelets is in removal of noise from signals, called denoising, accomplished by thresholding wavelet coefficients in order to separate signal from noise. Substantial work in this area was summarized by Donoho and colleagues at Stanford University, who developed a variety of algorithms for conventional denoising. However, conventional denoising fails for signals with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Electrical signals acquired from the human body, called biosignals, commonly have below 0 dB SNR. Synchronous linear averaging of a large number of acquired data frames is universally used to increase the SNR of weak biosignals. A novel wavelet-based estimator is presented for fast estimation of such signals. The new estimation algorithm provides a faster rate of convergence to the underlying signal than linear averaging. The algorithm is implemented for processing of auditory brainstem response (ABR) and of auditory middle latency response (AMLR) signals. Experimental results with both simulated data and human subjects demonstrate that the novel wavelet estimator achieves superior performance to that of linear averaging.
Antileishmanial Ring-Substituted Ether Phospholipids (2003)

Three series of ring-substituted ether phospholipids were synthesized carrying N,N,N-trimethylammonium, N-methylpiperidino, or N-methylmorpholino headgroups. The first series is substituted by 2-cyclohexyloxyethyl or 2-(4-alkylidenecyclohexyloxy)ethyl groups, the second series by cyclohexylidenealkyl or adamantylidenealkyl moieties, and the third series by 2-aryloxyethyl or 6-aryloxyhexyl groups in the alkyl portion of the molecule. The antileishmanial activity of the new compounds was evaluated in vitro against the promastigote forms of L. donovani and L. infantum using an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)-based microassay as a marker of cell viability. Analogues 12, 15, 24, 30, 32, 41, 43, and 45 were more potent than the control compound miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine) against both L. donovani and L. infantum while, derivatives 13 and 42 were equipotent to miltefosine. Analogues 16, 17, 19, 20 were more potent than miltefosine against L. infantumand compounds 27, 31, 44 were more active than miltefosine against L. donovani. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to probe the role of individual ether phospholipids on the physicochemical properties of model membranes. The DSC scans showed that the active compounds have a more profound effect on the thermotropic properties of model membrane bilayers than the less active ones.
Compact Single-Shot D-Scan Setup for the Characterization of Few-Cycle Laser Pulses (2019)

Ultrashort laser pulses have become an indispensable tool in physics, chemistry and engineering. Their numerous applications call for accurate and robust characterization techniques able to reliably retrieve the pulse's intensity profile. Different methods, such as FROG [1] or SPIDER [2] and their variants, have been developed in past decades and are now common in many laboratories. More novel approaches based on manipulating the light's spectral phase include techniques like MIIPS [3] and dispersion scan (d-scan) [4].
A two-stage multi-network OCR system with a soft pre-classifier and a network selector (2002)

We propose a generic two-stage multi-network classification scheme and a realization of this generic scheme: a two-stage multi-network OCR system. The generic two-stage multi-network classification scheme decomposes the estimation of a posteriori probabilities into two coarse-to-fine stages. This generic classification scheme is especially suitable for the classification tasks which involve a large number of categories. The two-stage multi-network OCR system consists of a bank of specialized networks, each of which is designed to recognize a subset of whole character set. A soft pre-classifier and a network selector are employed in the two-stage multi-network OCR system for selectively invoking necessary specialized network. The network selector makes decisions based on both the prior case information and the outputs of the pre-classifier. Compared with the system which uses either a single network or one-stage multiple networks, the two-stage multi-network OCR system offers advantages in recognition accuracy, confidence measure, speed, and flexibility.