gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Viscosity Determination of Heavy Oil and Bitumen Using NMR Relaxometry (2003)

Abstract Knowledge of oil viscosity is important when estimating hydrocarbon reserves and evaluating the potential for waterflooding or EOR processes. This information is especially important in heavy oil and bitumen, as viscosity is usually the major impediment to recovery of these reserves. As oil viscosity increases, obtaining a laboratory measurement is difficult and prone to error, and viscosities measured in the lab may not be representative of field conditions. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is therefore presented as an attractive alternative method for determining oil viscosity. Several correlations already exist for determining oil viscosity using NMR. Some of these correlations compare the geometric mean T2 relaxation time to oil viscosity, while others relate viscosity to the apparent hydrogen index. This paper examines these different models on a suite of conventional and heavy oil samples. It is concluded that none of the existing models can accurately predict oil viscosity for both conventional and heavy oils, especially for oils with viscosity higher than 20,000 cP. All the measured oil samples show a correlation between oil viscosity and the geometric mean T2 relaxation time, and also between viscosity and relative hydrogen index. This is consistent with what other experimenters have noticed. An empirical model is developed, correlating oil viscosity to both of these parameters. Unlike previous models, this model can accurately predict oil viscosity for both conventional and heavy oil. The wider range of this model makes it useful for laboratory analysis of oil viscosity using NMR. If the results of this model can be applied to in situ oils, NMR can be used as a logging tool to characterize heavy oil and bitumen formations. The model presented in this paper is the first step towards successfully predicting viscosity in situ. Introduction Determination of oil viscosity is extremely important to the development of any potential oil reservoir. If waterflooding is being considered as a recovery scheme, the mobility ratio between oil and water will have a strong effect on the macroscopic sweep efficiency of the waterflood. Likewise, when considering possible EOR schemes, oil viscosity is one of the most serious impediments to the success of these schemes. Oil viscosity is also a required input parameter for reservoir simulation and well testing. In heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs, the high oil viscosity is often the limiting factor to efficient oil recovery. Waterflooding cannot be used in these reservoirs, due to the adverse mobility ratio between oil and water. The oil is so much more viscous than water that injected water will move through the oil in the form of "viscous fingers," which lead to early water breakthrough and poor sweep efficiency. If attempting a miscible solvent or gas flood, knowledge of oil viscosity is necessary for estimating the efficiency of the flood. Due to the negative effects of the adverse mobility ratio, viscosity reduction is the main focus of EOR schemes in heavy oil reservoirs.
Discriminative K-SVD for dictionary learning in face recognition (2010)

In a sparse-representation-based face recognition scheme, the desired dictionary should have good representational power (i.e., being able to span the subspace of all faces) while supporting optimal discrimination of the classes (i.e., different human subjects). We propose a method to learn an over-complete dictionary that attempts to simultaneously achieve the above two goals. The proposed method, discriminative K-SVD (D-KSVD), is based on extending the K-SVD algorithm by incorporating the classification error into the objective function, thus allowing the performance of a linear classifier and the representational power of the dictionary being considered at the same time by the same optimization procedure. The D-KSVD algorithm finds the dictionary and solves for the classifier using a procedure derived from the K-SVD algorithm, which has proven efficiency and performance. This is in contrast to most existing work that relies on iteratively solving sub-problems with the hope of achieving the global optimal through iterative approximation. We evaluate the proposed method using two commonly-used face databases, the Extended YaleB database and the AR database, with detailed comparison to 3 alternative approaches, including the leading state-of-the-art in the literature. The experiments show that the proposed method outperforms these competing methods in most of the cases. Further, using Fisher criterion and dictionary incoherence, we also show that the learned dictionary and the corresponding classifier are indeed better-posed to support sparse-representation-based recognition.
Diesel Exhaust Particle Size Distributions - Fuel and Additive Effects (1978)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Particle mass and size distribution measurements have been made on the exhaust of an Onan prechamber diesel engine. Seven fuels were examined: no. 1 and no. 2 diesel fuel, 40 and 50 cetane number secondary reference fuels, and no. 2 diesel fuel doped with three different concentrations of Lubrizol 565, a barium-based smoke suppressant.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The no. 1 and no. 2 diesel fuels and the 50 cetane number reference fuels produced very similar emissions with emission indices in the range 0.3-1.3 mg (gm-fuel)<sup>-1</sup> and volume mean diameters between .09 and 0.15 μm. The 40 cetane number reference fuel produced both smaller emission indices, 0.2 to 0.8 mg (gm-fuel)<sup>-1</sup>, and particle diameters, 0.03 to 0.09 μm. These reductions were apparently related to the longer ignition delay period of the 40 cetane number fuel, which allowed better mixing of the fuel and air prior to combustion.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Doping no. 2 diesel fuel with Lubrizol 565 led to decreases in particle size and Bosch smoke number, but in most cases, the emission index increased. The additive apparently suppresses the production of light absorbing carbon particles, but at the same time leads to the formation of dense but only weakly light absorbing barium-containing particles.</div>
Role of Oxidative Stress in Male Fertility and Idiopathic Infertility: Causes and Treatment (2014)

Role of Oxidative Stress in Male Fertility and Idiopathic Infertility: Causes and Treatment Epidemiological studies regarding male infertility have revealed that more and more infertile men suffer from acute or chronic inflammation of the genitourinary tract, which often occurs without any symptoms. The exact mechanism for unexplained male infertility and its correlation to oxidative stress incidence and/ or the inflammatory reactions within the male genital tract is still controversially unclear till know. Previous studies have shown the presence of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a key player in the inflammation process, in the semen of infertile men. However, the mechanism of their effect on human sperm functions is still in need for further under investigations. We expect that, seminal inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) and its expression regulator, testicular ADAM 17, will be varied, when seminal OS is established, that in turn, will vary cellular integrity and energy status. As conventional treatment of male infertility such as mineral and vitamins supplementation has poor success rates and leaves a lot to be desired, natural antioxidant ingredients are greatly suggested, nowadays, to ameliorate oxidative stress and the inflammatory detrimental effects accompanied to idiopathic male infertility. Thus, the empirical investigations of naturally occurring antioxidant modulators with prospective curative effect may support their administration as safe potent natural remedies against IMI. The role of antioxidants in the treatment of unexplained male infertility correlation to ROS and/or the inflammatory cytokines are discussed in this review.
Neural Network based Glucose - Insulin Metabolism Models for Children with Type 1 Diabetes (2006)

In this paper two models for the simulation of glucose-insulin metabolism of children with Type 1 diabetes are presented. The models are based on the combined use of Compartmental Models (CMs) and artificial Neural Networks (NNs). Data from children with Type 1 diabetes, stored in a database, have been used as input to the models. The data are taken from four children with Type 1 diabetes and contain information about glucose levels taken from continuous glucose monitoring system, insulin intake and food intake, along with corresponding time. The influences of taken insulin on plasma insulin concentration, as well as the effect of food intake on glucose input into the blood from the gut, are estimated from the CMs. The outputs of CMs, along with previous glucose measurements, are fed to a NN, which provides short-term prediction of glucose values. For comparative reasons two different NN architectures have been tested: a Feed-Forward NN (FFNN) trained with the back-propagation algorithm with adaptive learning rate and momentum, and a Recurrent NN (RNN), trained with the Real Time Recurrent Learning (RTRL) algorithm. The results indicate that the best prediction performance can be achieved by the use of RNN.
Programmable Low-Power Low-Noise Capacitance to Voltage Converter for MEMS Accelerometers (2016)

In this work, we present a capacitance-to-voltage converter (CVC) for capacitive accelerometers based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Based on a fully-differential transimpedance amplifier (TIA), it features a 34-dB transimpedance gain control and over one decade programmable bandwidth, from 75 kHz to 1.2 MHz. The TIA is aimed for low-cost low-power capacitive sensor applications. It has been designed in a standard 0.18-μm CMOS technology and its power consumption is only 54 μW. At the maximum transimpedance configuration, the TIA shows an equivalent input noise of 42 fA/ Hz at 50 kHz, which corresponds to 100 μg/ Hz .
The ACA10 Ca2+-ATPase Regulates Adult Vegetative Development and Inflorescence Architecture in Arabidopsis (2007)

The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) compact inflorescence (cif) genotype causes altered adult vegetative development and a reduction in elongation of inflorescence internodes resulting in formation of floral clusters. The cif trait requires both a recessive mutation, cif1, and the activity of a naturally occurring dominant allele of an unlinked gene, CIF2(D). We show here that the pseudoverticillata mutation is allelic with cif1 and that the product of the CIF1 gene is ACA10, a member of the large family of P-type Ca(2+)-ATPases found in higher plants. T-DNA insertion mutations in ACA10, but not in the two other Arabidopsis plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase-encoding genes, ACA8 and ACA9, cause a cif phenotype when combined with the dominant CIF2(D) modifier allele. Therefore, ACA10 has a unique function in regulating adult phase growth and inflorescence development. The wild-type ACA8 and ACA10 mRNAs are present at similar levels, and the two promoter-beta-glucuronidase fusion transgenes show very similar expression patterns. Moreover, transformation of the cif mutant with an extra copy of the ACA8 gene, which causes overexpression of the ACA8 transcript, can complement the cif phenotype. This suggests that these two Ca(2+) pump genes have distinct but related activities and that their differential functions can be altered by relatively small changes in their patterns or levels of expression. The correspondence between cif1 and mutations in ACA10 establishes a genetic link between calcium transport, vegetative phase change, and inflorescence architecture.
Light‐Up Hoechst–DNA Aptamer Pair: Generation of an Aptamer‐Selective Fluorophore from a Conventional DNA‐Staining Dye (2007)

We have designed a strategy to generate a light-up fluorophore-aptamer pair based on a down-modification of a conventional DNA-staining dye to suppress its affinity to the original dsDNA targets, followed by reselection of aptamers that would bind to the modified dye. Following this line, we prepared a micropolarity-sensitive Hoechst derivative possessing two tBu groups with low affinity to the usual AT-rich dsDNA targets. DNA aptamers selected in vitro from a random pool worked as triggers to enhance the fluorescence of an otherwise nonfluorescent Hoechst derivative, and the shortened 25-mer sequence showed remarkable enhancement (light-up). The 25-mer sequence was split into binary aptamer probes, thus enabling us to detect a target nucleic acid sequence with a single-nucleotide resolution by use of unmodified DNA as a probe.
Ion beam oxidation of GaAs: The role of ion energy (1991)

In this work, room temperature oxidation of GaAs was investigated using ion beam oxidation (IBO). In IBO, an ion beam is used to introduce oxygen athermally into the substrate, in this case GaAs. GaAs bonds are broken upon collision with the ions, making gallium and arsenic atoms readily available to react with the oxygen species. Ion beam oxidation of GaAs at room temperature was studied as a function of oxygen ion energy between 500 and 8 keV. The ion beam oxidized GaAs was characterized in situ by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and ex situ with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for accurate determination of the film chemical composition. Below 1 keV, a thin oxide film is formed: it is composed of Ga2O3 and As2O3 with almost no metallic arsenic, and presents insulating properties. As the ion energy increases, preferential sputtering of As and decomposition of As2O3 increase and prevent formation of an insulating film. No damage was detected by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) combined with ion channeling, in the substrate subjected to IBO below 1 keV.
Static intercept* technology: A new packaging platform for corrosion and ESD protection (2006)

Telecommunications providers expect products to perform reliably during operation in the field. Achieving the expected hardware reliability is due to an amalgamation of multiple factors. A significant contribution to reliable performance results from the incorporation of specific materials, which are very corrosion resistant and electrostatic discharge (ESD) safe during the design and manufacturing phases of the equipment life cycle. Environmental protection must be given to products to ensure that the products retain designed reliability during global storage and transport. There will be cases of material corrosion with as-received or stored products and there are many instances of “less than ideal” storage conditions for our products (e.g., customer warehouses without air-conditioning or environmental controls). We have developed a strategy to mitigate these problems by the use of a Static Intercept <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∗</sup> packaging platform. This technology simultaneously protects equipment and components from corrosion, moisture, and ESD in a single packaging material for seven years or longer. The technical merits of Static Intercept, which currently provides the longest available protection against corrosion and ESD degradation, will be discussed in terms of addressing these storage issues.
The effects of inhibitors of GABAergic transmission and stress on brain and plasma allopregnanolone concentrations (1997)

1. This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between a reduction in brain GABAA receptor function and the cerebro-cortical content of 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20 one (allopregnanolone, AP), a potent endogenous positive modulator of 7-aminobutyric acid (GABA) action at GABAA receptors, with anticonflict and anticonvulsant effects in rodents. 2. An acute depletion of the cerebral content of GABA or an attenuation of GABAA receptor-mediated transmission by systemic injections of isoniazid (375 mg kg-1, s.c.) or FG 7142 (15 mg kg-1, i.p.) induced a transient increase in the cerebro-cortical and plasma concentrations of AP in handling-habituated (not stressed) rats. 3. Two stress paradigms, handling in naive rats and mild foot shock in handling-habituated rats, that reduce central GABAergic tone mimicked the effects of isoniazid and FG 7142 on cortical AP content; foot shock in handling-habituated rats, but not handling in naive animals, also increased plasma AP. Isoniazid, FG 7142, and foot shock also each increased the concentrations of the AP precursors, pregnenolone and progesterone, in both brain and plasma of handling-habituated rats, whereas handling in naive rats increased the concentrations of these steroids only in brain. 4. Pretreatment of handling-habituated rats with the anxiolytic beta-carboline derivative abecarnil, a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors, which per se failed to affect the AP concentration in brain or plasma, prevented the increase in brain and plasma AP induced by foot shock or isoniazid. 5. In adrenalectomized and castrated rats foot shock or isoniazid failed to increase AP both in brain cortex and plasma. 6. These observations indicate that inhibition of GABAergic transmission, induced by foot shock or pharmacological manipulations, results in an increase in the concentrations of AP in brain and plasma, possibly via a modulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. 7. Given that AP enhances GABAA receptor function with high efficacy and potency, an increase in brain AP concentration may be important in the fine tuning of the GABA-mediated inhibitory transmission in the central nervous system.
Case report: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis responds to vitamin B12 treatment. (2005)

ecurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common lesions of the oral mucosa seen in primary care. Aphthous ulcers aff ect up to 25% of the general population, and 3-month recurrence rates are as high as 50%. 1 Minor aphthous lesions are the most common presentation. Th ey appear as small, round, clearly defi ned, painful ulcers that heal in 10 to 14 days without scarring. Th ey often recur. Major RAS lesions are larger (> 5 mm), can last for 6 weeks or longer, and frequently leave scars. Th e third type of RAS, herpetiform ulcers, present as many small clusters of pinpoint lesions that sometimes coalesce to form large irregular ulcers. Th ey last for 7 to 10 days. Factors that predispose patients to RAS include infections, trauma, dryness, irritants, toxic agents, genetic factors, hypersensitivity, and autoimmune conditions. Systemic diseases, such as HIV, Crohn disease, Behcet syndrome, Reiter syndrome, and gluten-sensitive enteropathy, can appear as aphthous stomatitis. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis can also result from a nutritional defi ciency, particularly lack of iron, vitamin B 3 (as in pellagra), vitamin C (as in scurvy), folic acid, or vitamin B 12 . 2,4,5 A change in local regulation of the cell-mediated immune system after activation and accumulation of cytotoxic T cells might contribute to the localized breakdown of mucosa. Treatment with topical steroids and local anesthetics, as well as systemic steroids, can help in severe acute conditions. We describe three young, otherwise healthy, patients who had RAS for several years. All three were found to suff er from a vitamin B 12 defi ciency. Replacement therapy with vitamin B 12 led to complete recovery.
Classifications and comparisons of service architectural styles (2010)

Service systems are essential to the execution of business services. When designing a service system, it is important to consider its global architecture to enable optimisation of high-level decision-making. In this paper, based on the analysis of the similarities between software and service systems, a new concept, service architecture, is presented. Service architecture (SA) defines the high-level structure of a service system, including service elements and their co-production relationships. The design quality of SA has a strong effect on the quality of service. Based on the summarisation of various service systems, we present several typical service architectural styles that can be directly reused to facilitate the development of high quality and efficient service systems. These styles are classified into three types, creational, structural and behavioural, based on a set of distinct dimensions. Features, application scenarios, graphical topology and typical cases for each style are then briefly discussed. In addition, comparisons between these styles, especially regarding their non-functional features, are shown. The results of this paper will aid in the study of methodologies for service system development.
<i>Paenibacillus polymyxa</i>produces fusaricidin-type antifungal antibiotics active against<i>Leptosphaeria maculans</i>, the causative agent of blackleg disease of canola (2002)

A bacterial isolate capable of inhibiting the growth of Leptosphaeria maculans (Desmaz.) Ces. & De Not., the causative agent of blackleg disease of canola (Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L.), was identified as a potential biological control agent. This environmental isolate was determined to be Paenibacillus polymyxa based on its (i) biochemical and growth characteristics and (ii) 16S rRNA sequence similarity, and was given the strain designation PKB1. Antifungal peptides were produced by P. polymyxa PKB1 around the onset of sporulation, with optimal production on potato dextrose broth. The antifungal peptides were extracted from P. polymyxa PKB1 cells and (or) spores using methanol and were purified using size exclusion and reverse-phase chromatography. Characterization of the antifungal peptides was done using amino acid compositional analysis, Edman degradation sequencing from partially hydrolyzed material, and a variety of mass spectrometric methods. The purified antifungal material was found to be a mixture of related peptides of molecular masses 883, 897, 948, and 961 Da, with the most likely structure of the 897 Da component determined to be a cyclic depsipeptide with an unusual 15-guanidino-3-hydroxypentadecanoic acid moiety bound to a free amino group. These compounds are therefore members of the fusaricidin group of cyclic depsipeptides.
Synthesis of the Key Intermediate, Diethyl 2-Acetylamino-2-(2-(4-octanoylphenyl)ethyl)propane-1,3-dioate, of the Immunomodulatory Agent FTY720 (Fingolimod) (2008)

The key intermediate, diethyl 2-acetylamino-2-(2-(4-octanoylphenyl)ethyl)propane-1,3-dioate (13), for the immunomodulatory agent FTY720 (2: fingolimod) was synthesized via Michael addition of diethyl(acetylamino)malonate (6) to 4-octanoylstyrene (12).
CAIM discretization algorithm (2004)

The task of extracting knowledge from databases is quite often performed by machine learning algorithms. The majority of these algorithms can be applied only to data described by discrete numerical or nominal attributes (features). In the case of continuous attributes, there is a need for a discretization algorithm that transforms continuous attributes into discrete ones. We describe such an algorithm, called CAIM (class-attribute interdependence maximization), which is designed to work with supervised data. The goal of the CAIM algorithm is to maximize the class-attribute interdependence and to generate a (possibly) minimal number of discrete intervals. The algorithm does not require the user to predefine the number of intervals, as opposed to some other discretization algorithms. The tests performed using CAIM and six other state-of-the-art discretization algorithms show that discrete attributes generated by the CAIM algorithm almost always have the lowest number of intervals and the highest class-attribute interdependency. Two machine learning algorithms, the CLIP4 rule algorithm and the decision tree algorithm, are used to generate classification rules from data discretized by CAIM. For both the CLIP4 and decision tree algorithms, the accuracy of the generated rules is higher and the number of the rules is lower for data discretized using the CAIM algorithm when compared to data discretized using six other discretization algorithms. The highest classification accuracy was achieved for data sets discretized with the CAIM algorithm, as compared with the other six algorithms.