gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hybrid chirped-pulse amplification (2002)

Conversion efficiency in optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification is limited by spatiotemporal characteristics of the pump pulse. We have demonstrated a novel hybrid chirped-pulse amplification scheme that uses a single pump pulse and combines optical parametric amplification and laser amplification to achieve high gain, high conversion efficiency, and high prepulse contrast without utilization of electro-optic modulators. We achieved an overall conversion efficiency of 37% from the hybrid amplification system at a center wavelength of 820nm. Generation of multiterawatt pulses is possible by use of this simple method and commercial Q -switched pump lasers.
A Stateless and Light-Weight Bandwidth Management Mechanism for Elastic Traffic (2008)

Unbounded growth in the number of active flows can lead to severe service quality degradation to existing flows in a network . To guarantee minimum service quality for individual flows, specially for multimedia traffic, it is necessary to estimate and bound the number of active flows in the network. Prior work on estimating the number of active flows has been difficult without maintaining per-flow state. In this paper, we propose a light weight (not requiring per flow state) mechanism to estimate the number of active flows. This estimate is then used to determine the probability of admitting a new flow into the network with the goal of preventing extreme degradation of throughput to existing flows. The key idea here is that the number of active flows can be inferred from the frequency at which a newly arriving packet is part of the same flow as a randomly selected packet in the buffer. Since this scheme relies on information already available in the buffer, no per-flow state is maintained in the network. This mechanism requires very little per-packet processing, even less than a forwarding table lookup. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can stabilize an overloaded network by bounding the number of active flows without significantly impairing link utilization. This scheme also gives good performance when buffer sizes are small and when the network has a mix of TCP and UDP traffic.
The human estrogen receptor has transcriptional activator and repressor functions in the absence of ligand. (1990)

Most studies on the cloned human estrogen receptor (hER) have been conducted with a mutant receptor in which Gly400 is changed to Val. Here we describe two novel regulatory functions of wild-type hER that are hormone independent: (i) a constitutive activator function and (ii) a repressor activity. Mutations in the hormone-binding domain, including the Val400 mutation, impair both of these functions. In addition, DNA binding is strongly reduced in the mutant receptors. The hormone-binding domain of the hER thus controls DNA binding (and thereby the repressor function) of the hER as well as its constitutive activator function. Moreover, we find that the antiestrogen tamoxifen restores the constitutive activator function, the DNA binding, and the repressor function of the Val400 mutant, but has no effect on the constitutive activator function or DNA binding of the wild-type hER.
Brain-Machine Interface Control via Reinforcement Learning (2007)

We investigate the capabilities of reinforcement learning (RL) to create a brain-machine interface (BMI) that uses Q(lambda) learning to find the functional mapping between neural activity and intended behavior. This paradigm shift is intended to address the issue of paralyzed and amputee patients whom are physically unable to move, which is necessary to train traditional supervised learning BMIs. We created a RLBMI architecture incorporating a rat behavioral paradigm for prosthetic arm control. The performance results show 'proof of concept' that RLBMI can learn the temporal structure of neural signals to control a prosthetic arm
Fertilization and early embryology: Head-specific mannose—ligand receptor expression in human spermatozoa is dependent on capacitation-associated membrane cholesterol loss* (1993)

D-Mannose binding lectins appear on the human sperm head following in-vitro incubation under capacitating conditions. Surface expression of lectin is dependent on reduction of the sterol content of sperm membranes. Mannose-specific lectin distribution over the head differs in acrosome-intact and acrosome-reacted spermatozoa. Sugar competition experiments show that mannose is the only saccharide competitive with D-mannosylated albumin binding and that free mannose induces an acrosome reaction in capacitated spermatozoa. A total of 183 men with normozoospermic semen parameters were screened for the ability of their spermatozoa to bind fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled mannosylated albumins, before and after incubation in vitro. The spermatozoa from 176 men 'responded' to incubation by exhibiting time-dependent increases in head-directed mannosylated albumin binding, accompanied by increases in the percentage of spermatozoa showing spontaneous acrosome loss. Motile spermatozoa from the remaining seven men failed to express mannose-lectin binding activity after 18 h of incubation and only low percentages of their spermatozoa showed spontaneous acrosome loss. These seven men were classified as 'non-responders'. The relative amounts of non-esterified cholesterol in the sperm membranes of the responder and non-responder males were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography. Responder spermatozoa showed decreases in free cholesterol content whereas non-responder spermatozoa exhibited either no decrease or increases in relative free cholesterol per cell. Fresh swim-up spermatozoa contain sub-plasma membrane stores of mannose lectins which are revealed by FITC-mannosylated albumin labelling before and after removal of the plasma membrane by vortexing. In contrast, the mannose-lectin binding activity of capacitated spermatozoa is entirely limited to the sperm surface. Western blots of proteins isolated from sperm plasma membranes after capacitation revealed two molecular species reactive with polyclonal antibodies against human macrophage mannose receptors. A model is proposed for the molecular mechanism whereby mannose lectins are transposed from sub-plasma membrane sites to an integral membrane position as a consequence of the loss of cholesterol from the sperm membrane.
Novel protein kinase D inhibitors cause potent arrest in cancer cell growth and motility (2010)

Protein kinase D (PKD) has been implicated in a wide range of cellular processes and pathological conditions including cancer. However, targeting PKD therapeutically and dissecting PKD‐mediated cellular responses remain difficult due to lack of a potent and selective inhibitor. Previously, we identified a novel pan‐PKD inhibitor, CID755673, with upper nanomolar potency and high selectivity for PKD. To further enhance its selectivity and potency for potential in vivo use, five small molecule analogs with equal or greater potencies as CID755673 were generated and analyzed. Modifications to the aromatic core structure significantly increased potency while retaining high specificity for PKD. When tested in prostate cancer cells, all compounds inhibited activation of PKD1, with the compound kb‐NB142‐70 being most active. Importantly, the analogs caused a dramatic arrest in cancer cell proliferation and reduced viability. Cell migration and invasion were also inhibited by these analogs with varying potencies that correlated to their cellular activity. Throughout the range of experiments, the compounds kb‐NB142‐70 and kb‐NB165‐09 emerged as the most potent and specific analogs. In summary, our study reports a class of novel PKD small molecule inhibitors that are promising pharmacological tools for dissecting PKD function and for antagonizing aberrant PKD activity in cancer.
Human adenovirus-36 and childhood obesity (2011)

There is increasing evidence that obesity in humans is associated with infection with human adenovirus-36 (Adv36). Infection of experimental animals with Adv36 demonstrates that this virus causes obesity. Human studies have shown a prevalence of Adv36 infection of 30% or greater in obese adult humans, but a correlation with obesity has not always been demonstrated. In contrast, three published studies and one presented study with a total of 559 children all show that there is an increase in prevalence of Adv36 infection in obese children (28%) compared to non-obese children (10%). The explanation for the apparently more robust correlation of Adv36 infection with obesity in children vs. adults is not clear. The data in animals and people suggests that Adv36 has contributed to the worldwide increase in childhood obesity. More research is needed to identify prevalences and consequences of Adv36 infection in people of all age groups and geographic locations.
Plasmin/plasminogen is essential for the healing of tympanic membrane perforations (2006)

Plasminogen has been proposed to play an important role in different tissue remodeling processes such as wound healing and tissue regeneration after injuries. The healing of tympanic membrane perforations is a well-organized chain of inflammatory events, with an initial invasion of inflammatory cells followed by reparative and restoration phases. Here we show that the healing of tympanic membrane perforations is completely arrested in plasminogen-deficient mice, with no signs of any healing even 143 days after perforation. Inflammatory cells were recruited to the wounded area, but there were no signs of tissue debridement. In addition, removal of fibrin, keratinocyte migration and in-growth of connective tissue were impaired. This contrasts with skin wound healing, where studies have shown that, although the healing process is delayed, it reaches completion in all plasminogen-deficient mice. Our finding that keratinocyte migration and re-epithelialization were completely arrested in plasminogen-deficient mice indicates that plasminogen/plasmin plays a more profound role in the healing of tympanic membrane perforations than in the healing of other epithelial wounds.
Synthesis and properties of chromophores of fluorescent proteins (2009)

We describe the existing approaches to the synthesis of 5-arylidene-3,5-dihydro-4H-imidazol-4-ones - model chromophores of fluorescent proteins and their nonnatural analogs. We discuss in detail the chemical (acid-base and redox reactions, cis-trans isomery, etc.) and spectral properties of the chromophores and the influence of substitutes and the environment. The study of synthetic chromophores allows for modeling of the photophysical characteristics of fluorescent proteins.
Type II superlattice barrier infrared detector (2011)

Significant progress has been achieved in the antimonide-based type-II superlattices since the analysis by Smith and Mailhiot in 1987 first pointed out their advantages for infrared detection. In the long-wavelength infrared (LWIR), type-II InAs/Ga(In)Sb superlattices have been shown theoretically to have reduced Auger recombination and suppressed band-to-band tunneling. Suppressed tunneling in turn allows for higher doping in the absorber, which has led to reduced diffusion dark current. The versatility of the antimonide material system, with the availability of three different types of band offsets, provides great flexibility in device design. Heterostructure designs that make effective use of unipolar barriers have demonstrated strong reduction of generation-recombination (G-R) dark current. As a result, the dark current performance of antimonide superlattice based single element LWIR detectors is now approaching that of the state-of-the-art MCT detector. To date, the antimonide superlattices still have relatively short carrier lifetimes; this issue needs to be resolved before type-II superlattice infrared detectors can achieve their true potential. The antimonide material system has relatively good mechanical robustness when compared to II-VI materials; therefore FPAs based on type-II superlattices have potential advantages in manufacturability. Improvements in substrate quality and size, and reliable surface leakage current suppression methods, such as those based on robust surface passivation or effective use of unipolar barriers, could lead to high-performance large-format LWIR focal plane arrays.
Novel Surface-Mounted Neutron Generator (2012)

A deuterium-tritium base reaction pulsed neutron generator packaged in a flat computer chip shape of 1.54 cm (0.600 in) wide by 3.175 cm (1.25 in) long and 0.3 cm (0.120 in) thick has been successfully demonstrated to produce 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> neutrons per pulse (14 MeV) in a 0.5- μs pulse. The neutron generator is based on a deuterium ion beam accelerated to impact a tritium-loaded target. The accelerating voltage is in the 15- to 20-kV range with a 3-mm (0.120 in) gap, and the ion beam is shaped by using a lens design to produce a flat ion beam that conforms to the flat rectangular target. The ion source is a simple surface-mounted deuterium-filled titanium film with a fused gap that operates at a current-voltage design to release the deuterium during a pulselength of about 1 μs. We present some of the preliminary results and the general description of the working prototypes, which we have labeled the “NEUTRISTOR.”
Spawning Behaviour and Spatial Distribution of Atlantic Herring on Georges Bank Revealed by Ocean Acoustics Waveguide Remote Sensing (2008)

An ocean acoustics waveguide remote sensing (OAWRS) system was deployed in the Gulf of Maine, near Georges Bank to image Atlantic herring and other fish populations from Sep-Oct 2006. OAWRS provides spatially unaliased imaging of herring over wide areas, spannning over 100 km diameter. Migration and spawning behaviour of Atlantic herring was observed using OAWRS over several diurnal periods, including massive movements on and off the bank to spawn. Measurements made simultaneously with a conventional fish-finding echosounder (CFFS) and a multibeam sonar provide the depth distribution and local 3D morphology respectively of the herring schools in the water column. Concurrent trawl surveys provide identification of the fish species. Measurements mades by OAWRS and CFFS systems are highly correlated. Examples will be provided of the co-registration between the two systems over a one week period. Calibration of the OAWRS system using CFFS estimates of fish population densities along with a full-field scattering model that takes into account both coherent and incoherent scattering from a fish group is discussed. The fish swimbladder is modelled as a spheroidal bubble. Resonance scattering behaviour of herring is observed in the OAWRS system with significant changes in scattering amplitude over the 300 Hz to 1.5 kHz frequency range of the OAWRS system.
Standing wave probes for microassembly (2008)

A single standing wave sensor was investigated and experiments demonstrated release capability of glass microscale objects. It is shown that this micrometer scale fiber may be employed as miniaturized tweezers able to pick up specimens and routinely release them when the standing wave is energized. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the standing wave probe has sensing capability. Both phase and magnitude indicate when the specimen releases, and also provide postrelease information such as mass of sphere and its rotation about its own axis or, surprisingly, about the probe fiber. The current experiments investigated only the release forces acting normal to the sphere/fiber contact interface. Some work was performed by changing the virtual tip from a normally applied force to a tangential applied force. In this condition, the specimen was observed to release differently.
Gamma-Ray Compton Light Source Development at LLNL (2007)

Summary form only given. A new class of tunable, monochromatic gamma-ray sources capable of operating at high peak and average brightness is currently being developed at LLNL for nuclear photo-science and applications. These novel systems are based on Compton scattering of laser photons by a high brightness relativistic electron beam produced by an rf photoinjector. Two new technologies are used in the laser: a hyper-Michelson temporal pulse stacker capable of producing 8 ps square UV pulses, and a hyper-dispersion compressor for the interaction laser. Other key technologies, basic scaling laws, and recent experimental results are presented, along with an overview of future research and development directions.
Real-time measurement of space-variant polarizations (2010)

A configuration for real-time measurement of unique, space-variant, polarizations is presented. The experimental results reveal that the full state of polarization at each location within the beam can be accurately obtained every 10 msec, limited only by the camera frame rate. We also present a more compact configuration which can be modified to determine the real-time wavelength variant polarization measurements.
Electron mobility enhancement in ZnO thin films via surface modification by carboxylic acids (2013)

Modifying the surface of polycrystalline ZnO films using a monolayer of organic molecules with carboxylic acid attachment groups increases the field-effect electron mobility and zero-bias conductivity, resulting in improved transistors and transparent conductors. The improvement is consistent with the passivation of defects via covalent bonding of the carboxylic acid and is reversible by exposure to a UV-ozone lamp. The properties of the solvent used for the attachment are crucial because solvents with high acid dissociation constants (Ka) for carboxylic acids lead to high proton activities and etching of the nanometers-thick ZnO films, masking the electronic effect.
High level secretion of cellobiohydrolases by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2011)

Gene or protein specific features and compatibility with the host are important for efficient cellobiohydrolase secretion in yeast. The present work demonstrated that production of both CBH1 and CBH2 could be improved to levels where the barrier to CBH sufficiency in the hydrolysis of cellulose was overcome.
Calcium, Phosphorus, and Sodium Concentrations in Cheddar Cheese (1988)

Commercial Cheddar cheese from 26 cheese plants in 7 midwestern states were analyzed for their Ca, P, and Na levels. Thirty-five cheese gave mean values for Ca of .715% with a range of .606 to .830%; for P .501% and a range of .442 to .556%; and for Na .65% (NaC1 1.64%) with a range of .48 to .85% (NaC1 1.22 to 2.16%).
RAMSES-FT: a fault simulator for flash memory testing and diagnostics (2003)

In this paper we present a fault simulator for flash memory testing and diagnostics, called RAMSES-FT. The fault simulator is designed for easy inclusion of new fault models by adding their fault descriptors without modifying the simulation engine. The flash memory fault models are discussed, based on the failures defined in the IEEE 1005 Standard. Both the NOR-type and NAND-type flash memory architectures are covered. Our flash memory fault simulator uses a parallel simulation strategy to reduce the simulation time complexity from O(N/sup 3/) to O(N/sup 2/), where N is the number of cells. With the proposed scaling method for March tests, the simulation time complexity is further reduced to O(W/sup 2/), where W is the word width of the memory. The fault simulator supports March algorithms as well as single memory operations, covering most of the flash memory tests. With RAMSES-FT we have developed a diagnostic algorithm that can distinguish the target flash memory faults.
<title>Using fiber optics to simplify free-space lasercom systems</title> (1990)

The use of single mode fiber optics to simplify the design of space-based optical communication systems is explored. Design considerations concerning the issues of acquisition, pointing, tracking, communication performance, efficient source-to-fiber coupling, isolation, and transmitter power limitations are presented. Preliminary experimental results of a breadboard fiber-based coherent optical communication system are also presented.
Neomycin Sulfate Improves the Antimicrobial Activity of Mupirocin-Based Antibacterial Ointments (2015)

In the midst of the current antimicrobial pipeline void, alternative approaches are needed to reduce the incidence of infection and decrease reliance on last-resort antibiotics for the therapeutic intervention of bacterial pathogens. In that regard, mupirocin ointment-based decolonization and wound maintenance practices have proven effective in reducing Staphylococcus aureus transmission and mitigating invasive disease. However, the emergence of mupirocin-resistant strains has compromised the agent's efficacy, necessitating new strategies for the prevention of staphylococcal infections. Herein, we set out to improve the performance of mupirocin-based ointments. A screen of a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug library revealed that the antibiotic neomycin sulfate potentiates the antimicrobial activity of mupirocin, whereas other library antibiotics did not. Preliminary mechanism of action studies indicate that neomycin's potentiating activity may be mediated by inhibition of the organism's RNase P function, an enzyme that is believed to participate in the tRNA processing pathway immediately upstream of the primary target of mupirocin. The improved antimicrobial activity of neomycin and mupirocin was maintained in ointment formulations and reduced S. aureus bacterial burden in murine models of nasal colonization and wound site infections. Combination therapy improved upon the effects of either agent alone and was effective in the treatment of contemporary methicillin-susceptible, methicillin-resistant, and high-level mupirocin-resistant S. aureus strains. From these perspectives, combination mupirocin-and-neomycin ointments appear to be superior to that of mupirocin alone and warrant further development.
Improved connectorization of compliant polymer waveguide ribbon for silicon nanophotonics chip interfacing to optical fibers (2015)

Optical packaging is one of the key challenges of silicon nanophotonics. Most of the existing optical packaging techniques, however, have scalability limitations in chip size, channel count of manufacturing cost. As the solution, we demonstrated a new method of low-cost, mechanically compliant polymer interface between standard single mode fibers and nanophotonic waveguides. This method gives better mechanical reliability and better optical performance than existing methods. To achieve the high precision assembly to meet with the single mode optics alignment accuracy, we used the self-alignment features to bridge the gap between the accuracy required by single-mode optics (1-2 um) and the capability of high-throughput microelectronic assembly equipment (~10 um). Although the self-alignment method was effective for lateral positioning, a precise thickness control of the polymer layer was necessary to achieve the positioning in the height direction. Since the tight thickness control of the polymer waveguide is sometimes difficult to realize, we have improved the precision alignment method without requiring tight thickness control of the polymer film. The new method has been confirmed in the passive assembly of polymer waveguide ribbon with the connector ferrule designed for this method.
Discobahamins A and B, New Peptides from the Bahamian Deep Water Marine Sponge Discodermia sp. (1994)

Discobahamin A [1] and discobahamin B [2] are two bioactive peptides isolated from a new species of the Bahamian deep water marine sponge Discodermia. The discobahamins are inhibitors of the growth of Candida albicans, and the isolation and structure elucidation of 1 and 2 by nmr and chemical methods is described.