gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kerr reversal in Josephson meta-material and traveling wave parametric amplification (2022)

Abstract Josephson meta-materials have recently emerged as very promising platform for superconducting quantum science and technologies. Their distinguishing potential resides in ability to engineer them at sub-wavelength scales, which allows complete control over wave dispersion and nonlinear interaction. In this article we report a versatile Josephson transmission line with strong third order nonlinearity which can be tuned from positive to negative values, and suppressed second order non linearity. As an initial implementation of this multipurpose meta-material, we operate it to demonstrate reversed Kerr phase-matching mechanism in traveling wave parametric amplification. Compared to previous state of the art phase matching approaches, this reversed Kerr phase matching avoids the presence of gaps in transmission, can reduce gain ripples, and allows in situ tunability of the amplification band over an unprecedented wide range. Besides such notable advancements in the amplification performance with direct applications to superconducting quantum computing and generation of broadband squeezing, the in-situ tunability with sign reversal of the nonlinearity in traveling wave structures, with no counterpart in optics to the best of our knowledge, opens exciting experimental possibilities in the general framework of microwave quantum optics, single-photon detection and quantum limited amplification.
Conceptualizing and Treating Social Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Focus Group Study with Multidisciplinary Professionals (2016)

Future studies should establish how aspects of the care pathway can be improved for individuals with ASD and SA.
Additives for Improving the Fuel Economy of Diesel Engine Systems (2010)

Due to tightening CO2 emission regulations and increasing fuel prices, fuel economy has become one of the greatest issues facing society today. Although molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) is a well-known friction modifier for gasoline engines, it has rarely been applied to a diesel application because of the negative effect soot has on the friction-reducing properties of MoDTC. This study examines which soot properties may influence the friction-reducing attributes of oil containing MoDTC. Fuel consumption tests were also conducted using heavy-duty diesel trucks that met the emission standards of the new long-term Japanese regulations. As a result, a fuel economy improvement of around 2% was observed.
Applications of minimum redundancy arrays in adaptive beamforming (1991)

It is shown, through analysis and simulation, that the use of a minimum redundancy array (MRA) in conjunction with an adaptive beamformer results in performance superior to that attained by a comparable system based on an array with uniformly spaced elements, or uniform array (UA) in terms of rejecting interferences located in close angular proximity to the look direction. Further, it is demonstrated that choosing the adaptive elements of a thinned adaptive array (TAA) based on a minimum spatial redundancy criterion, rather than spacing them uniformly, results in improved rejection of main lobe interferences, with negligible degradation in sidelobe interference rejection capabilities.
Targeting Ceramide Metabolism--a Strategy for Overcoming Drug Resistance (2001)

Inherent or acquired drug resistance, which frequently characterizes cancer cells, is caused by multiple mechanisms, including dysfunctional metabolism of the lipid second messenger ceramide. Ceramide, the basic structural unit of the sphingolipids, plays a role in activating cell death signals initiated by cytokines, chemotherapeutic agents, and ionizing radiation. Recent discoveries about the metabolism of ceramide suggest that this agent may have an important influence on the effectiveness of various cancer therapeutics. In particular, the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapy is decreased when generation of ceramide is impaired but is increased when the degradation of ceramide is blocked. Herein, we review the mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents in terms of ceramide metabolism.
MICROSTRUCTURE OF EGG YOLK (1977)

ABSTRACT The particulate matter of fresh, infertile egg yolk was studied using transmission electron microscopy. Granules in electron micrographs appeared to be composed of electron‐dense subunits. Treatment of granules with 0.34M NaCl removed a considerable amount of matrix particles, and, as a result, subunits each consisting of a large globule overlaid with protein strands having attached electron‐dense micro‐particles, were observed. The structure of the granules was disrupted completely by 1.71M NaCl treatment. Upon ultracentrifugation of granules in 1.71M NaCl, five fractions (two floating and three sedimenting) were formed. The uppermost floating fraction, a semisolid pellicle, was made up of small and large globules with diameters ranging between 30–100 nm. The subpellicle floating fraction consisted of only small globules with diameters about 27 nm and numerous myelin figures. The three sedimenting fractions appeared to be made up of protein strands with attached micro‐particles (presumably lipovitellins). The plasma was made up predominantly of small globules (LDL micelles) which had mottled surfaces but some myelin figures were also present. The diameters of the globules ranged between about 13–50 nm and the median diameter was about 23 nm. Small electron‐dense particles, designated as ultraparticles, were noted on the surfaces of LDL micelles of plasma, These ultraparticles were released from the LDL surfaces when plasma was treated with pepsin. ultraparticles were also noted on surfaces of globules in granules.
Aerogels with 3D Ordered Nanofiber Skeletons of Liquid‐Crystalline Nanocellulose Derivatives as Tough and Transparent Insulators (2014)

Aerogels of high porosity and with a large internal surface area exhibit outstanding performances as thermal, acoustic, or electrical insulators. However, most aerogels are mechanically brittle and optically opaque, and the structural and physical properties of aerogels strongly depend on their densities. The unfavorable characteristics of aerogels are intrinsic to their skeletal structures consisting of randomly interconnected spherical nanoparticles. A structurally new type of aerogel with a three-dimensionally ordered nanofiber skeleton of liquid-crystalline nanocellulose (LC-NCell) is now reported. This LC-NCell material is composed of mechanically strong, surface-carboxylated cellulose nanofibers dispersed in a nematic LC order. The LC-NCell aerogels are transparent and combine mechanical toughness and good insulation properties. These properties of the LC-NCell aerogels could also be readily controlled.
Enantioselective Organocatalyzed α Sulfenylation of Aldehydes (2005)

The facile elaboration of optically active α-sulfanyl-substituted aldehydes makes their direct preparation from unmodified aldehydes and 1-benzylsulfanyl-1,2,4-triazole particularly valuable. The substituted aldehydes are formed with excellent enantioselectivities in the presence of sterically demanding chiral pyrrolidine derivatives as organocatalysts (see scheme). R, R′=H, alkyl, allyl, benzyl, Ph. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2005/z462101_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Kirigami-based stretchable lithium-ion batteries (2015)

We have produced stretchable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) using the concept of kirigami, i.e., a combination of folding and cutting. The designated kirigami patterns have been discovered and implemented to achieve great stretchability (over 150%) to LIBs that are produced by standardized battery manufacturing. It is shown that fracture due to cutting and folding is suppressed by plastic rolling, which provides kirigami LIBs excellent electrochemical and mechanical characteristics. The kirigami LIBs have demonstrated the capability to be integrated and power a smart watch, which may disruptively impact the field of wearable electronics by offering extra physical and functionality design spaces.
Btn2a2, a T cell immunomodulatory molecule coregulated with MHC class II genes (2016)

Evidence has recently emerged that butyrophilins, which are members of the extended B7 family of co-stimulatory molecules, have diverse functions in the immune system. We found that the human and mouse genes encoding butyrophilin-2A2 (BTN2A2) are regulated by the class II trans-activator and regulatory factor X, two transcription factors dedicated to major histocompatibility complex class II expression, suggesting a role in T cell immunity. To address this, we generated Btn2a2-deficient mice. Btn2a2(-/-) mice exhibited enhanced effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses, impaired CD4(+) regulatory T cell induction, potentiated antitumor responses, and exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Altered immune responses were attributed to Btn2a2 deficiency in antigen-presenting cells rather than T cells or nonhematopoietic cells. These results provide the first genetic evidence that BTN2A2 is a co-inhibitory molecule that modulates T cell-mediated immunity.
Crystal Structures of the Short-Chain Flavin Reductase HpaC from <i>Sulfolobus tokodaii</i> Strain 7 in Its Three States:  NAD(P)<sup>+</sup>-Free, NAD<sup>+</sup>-Bound, and NADP<sup>+</sup>-Bound<sup>,</sup> (2006)

4-Hydroxyphenylacetate (4-HPA) is oxidized as an energy source by two component enzymes, the large component (HpaB) and the small component (HpaC). HpaB is a 4-HPA monooxygenase that utilizes FADH(2) supplied by a flavin reductase HpaC. We determined the crystal structure of HpaC (ST0723) from the aerobic thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon Sulfolobus tokodaii strain 7 in its three states [NAD(P)(+)-free, NAD(+)-bound, and NADP(+)-bound]. HpaC exists as a homodimer, and each monomer was found to contain an FMN. HpaC preferred FMN to FAD because there was not enough space to accommodate the AMP moiety of FAD in its flavin-binding site. The most striking difference between the NAD(P)(+)-free and the NAD(+)/NADP(+)-bound structures was observed in the N-terminal helix. The N-terminal helices in the NAD(+)/NADP(+)-bound structures rotated ca. 20 degrees relative to the NAD(P)(+)-free structure. The bound NAD(+) has a compact folded conformation with nearly parallel stacking rings of nicotinamide and adenine. The nicotinamide of NAD(+) stacked the isoalloxazine ring of FMN so that NADH could directly transfer hydride. The bound NADP(+) also had a compact conformation but was bound in a reverse direction, which was not suitable for hydride transfer.
Fabrication of Transparent-Conducting-Oxide-Coated Inverse Opals as Mesostructured Architectures for Electrocatalysis Applications: A Case Study with NiO (2014)

Highly ordered, and conductive inverse opal arrays were made with silica and subsequently coated with tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) via atomic layer deposition (ALD). We demonstrate the utility of the resulting mesostructured electrodes by further coating them with nickel oxide via ALD. The NiO-coated arrays are capable of efficiently electrochemically evolving oxygen from water. These modular, crack-free, transparent, high surface area, and conducting structures show promise for many applications including electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and dye-sensitized solar cells.
Platelets: a critical link between inflammation and microvascular dysfunction (2011)

Inflammation is an underlying feature of a variety of human diseases. An important manifestation of this pathophysiological response is microvascular dysfunction, which includes the activation of vascular endothelial cells, and circulating leucocytes and platelets. While endothelial cells and leucocytes are widely accepted as critical players in the microvascular alterations induced by inflammation, recent attention has focused on the modulatory role of platelets, which act both as effector and target cells in inflamed microvessels. Evidence is presented to demonstrate the capacity for 'cross-talk' between platelets and other cells (endothelial cells, leucocytes) that contribute to an inflammatory response, and to illustrate the pathophysiological consequences of these interactions of platelets with other cells within the microvasculature.
p53 Regulates Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) Receptor Expression and IGF-I-Induced Tyrosine Phosphorylation in an Osteosarcoma Cell Line: Interaction between p53 and Sp1 (1998)

The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) is involved in tumorigenesis. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the IGF-IR is a physiological target for p53 in osteosarcoma cells. The p53-induced regulation of IGF-IR levels was studied in a tetracycline-regulated expression system. When expressed in Saos-2, osteosarcoma cells that lack p53, wild-type p53 decreased, whereas mutated p53 increased IGF-IR expression, and IGF-I-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the IGF-IR. Similarly, wild-type p53 decreased IGF-I-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1. A functional and physical interaction between p53 and Sp1, in the regulation of the IGF-R, was studied in osteosarcoma cells. Expression of p53 decreased IGF-IR promoter activity, whereas no effect on promoter activity was seen by Sp1 expressed alone. However, Sp1 counteracted the inhibitory effect of p53 on IGF-IR promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, wild-type and mutated p53 were coimmunoprecipitated with Sp1, indicating a physical interaction between p53 and Sp1. In conclusion, p53 regulates IGF-IR expression, as reflected by a reduction in IGF-IR protein and a parallel reduction in IGF-I-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the IGF-IR and IRS-1 in an osteosarcoma cell line. These data indicate that the IGF-I receptor is a physiological target for p53 in osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, data supporting an interaction between p53 and Sp1 in the regulation of the promoter activity of IGF-IR are presented.
Einfluß der antihypertensiven Therapie auf Stumme Myokardischämien bei Hypertonikern (1999)

Ziel unserer Untersuchungen war es, bei 104 Hypertonikern mit unzureichend eingestellten Blutdruckwerten die Häufigkeit von stummen Myokardischämien sowie deren Beeinflußbarkeit durch eine medikamentöse Blutdrucksenkung zu prüfen. Dazu erfolgte vor Beginn der antihypertensiven Therapie sowie nach Einstellung normotoner Blutdruckwerte eine Langzeit-EKG-Untersuchung. Vor Beginn der Behandlung fanden sich bei 38 Patienten 316 stumme Myokardischämien, was einem Anteil von 94,3 % aller Myokardischämien entspricht. Unter Blutdrucksenkung (181,0 ± 8,8 mmHg/98,7 ± 9,7 mmHg vs. 136,4 ± 11,5 mmHg/78,2 ± 14,1 mmHg) zeigte sich sowohl ein Rückgang der Anzahl (Median 4,5 vs. 0, p 0,0005) an stummen Myokardischämien als auch der ST-Gesamtfläche pro Patient (Median 3,0 mV.min vs. 0 mV.min, p 0,0001), dem entscheidenden Parameter zur Beurteilung des Ischämieschweregrades. Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, daß es im Zusammenhang mit einer Blutdrucknormalisierung zur Senkung der ischämischen Belastung bei Hypertonikern kommt.
Polysaccharide nanofibers with variable compliance for directing cell fate (2014)

Cells perceive their microenvironment through physical and mechanical cues, such as extracellular matrix topography or stiffness. In this study, we developed a polysaccharide scaffold that can provide combined substrate topography and matrix compliance signals to direct cell fate. Pullulan/dextran (P/D) nanofibers were fabricated with variable stiffness by in situ crosslinking during electrospinning. By varying the chemical crosslinking content between 10, 12, 14, and 16%, (denoted as STMP10, STMP12, STMP14, and STMP16 respectively), scaffold mechanical stiffness was altered. We characterized substrate stiffness by various methods. Under hydrated conditions, atomic force microscopy and tensile tests of bulk scaffolds were conducted. Under dry conditions, tensile tests of scaffolds and single nanofibers were examined. In addition, we evaluated the efficacy of the scaffolds in directing stem cell differentiation. Using human first trimester mesenchymal stem cells (fMSCs) cultured on STMP14 P/D scaffolds (Young's modulus: 7.84 kPa) in serum-free neuronal differentiation medium exhibited greatest extent of differentiation. Cells showed morphological changes and significantly higher expression of motor neuron markers. Further analyses by western blotting also revealed the enhanced expression of choline acetyltransferase on STMP14 (7.84 kPa) and STMP16 (11.08 kPa) samples as compared to STMP12 (7.19 kPa). Taken together, this study demonstrates that the stiffness of P/D nanofibers can be altered by differential in situ crosslinking during electrospinning and suggests the feasibility of using such polysaccharide nanofibers in supporting fMSC neuronal commitment.
Tratamiento de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica: Importancia de la cesación tabáquica (2008)

RESUMEN. La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cronica se caracteriza por obstruccion irreversible y progresiva al flujo de aire, secundaria a la exposicion a humo de tabaco y biomasa. La prevalencia mundial es del 10%, mientras que en Mexico se estima en 18.4%. Sus sintomas mas importantes son: disnea, tos y expectoracion cronica, sibilancias, perdida de peso, ansiedad y alteraciones del estado de animo. Su diagnostico requiere de espirometria. Una vez instalada la enfermedad, su tratamiento es sintomatico y encaminado a mejorar la calidad de vida; y es una enfermedad prevenible si se retira el estimulo agresor a tiempo, por lo que la cesacion del tabaquismo es parte muy importante. Para lograr el cese del habito tabaquico se requiere combinar estrategias no farmacologicas como el consejo medico y terapia psicologica, con tratamiento farmacologico que incluye terapia de reemplazo con nicotina, bupropion y varenicline. Palabras clave: Enfermedad, pulmonar, obstructiva, cronica, cesacion, tabaquismo.
SUFFICIENT TO RECOGNIZE SELF TO ATTACK NON-SELF: BLUEPRINT FOR A ONE-SIGNAL T CELL MODEL (2011)

Current consensus postulates that the class I-antigen processing system is evolved to present microbial antigens to specific T cells. Since such cells are rare and short-lived, they require three to five days to attain fighting strength. During this critical period he innate immune system holds back the briskly multiplying pathogens. Nevertheless, a T cell response is measurable in the lymph nodes draining the infection site within 12 to 18 h. In order to explain this paradox here we suggest a new T cell model. This is based on the observation that T cells require continuous contact of the T cell receptor (TCR) with selecting self-peptide–major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in the periphery for their survival. We postulate that a dynamic steady state, a so-called coupled system is formed through low affinity complementary TCR–MHC interactions between T cells and host cells. Under such condition it is sufficient to recognize what is self in order to attack what is not self. A coupled system is regulated via soluble forms of peptide–MHC and TCR molecules by the law of mass action. In a coupled system one signal is sufficient for T cell activation. The new model implies that a significant fraction of the naive polyclonal T cells are recruited into the first line of defense from the very outset of an infection, so the number of activated T cells is increased by several orders of magnitude compared to conventional models. The one-signal model also predicts that therapeutic administration of soluble agonist or antagonist T cell receptor ligands may be able to fine tune the homeostatic physiological regulatory mechanism and thus improve the treatment of some chronic diseases such as metastatic cancer, HIV/AIDS, and transplantation.
Integrated-Connected Eco-Driving System for PHEVs With Co-Optimization of Vehicle Dynamics and Powertrain Operations (2017)

In the past several decades, various types of technologies have been developed to improve vehicle fuel efficiency and reduce tailpipe emissions across different dimensions. For example, powertrain-related technologies improve fuel efficiency by optimizing the powertrain operations in response to different driving conditions (e.g., energy management system for plugin hybrid electric vehicles); another technology dimension lies in intelligent transportation systems (ITS), which improve vehicle fuel efficiency by optimizing the vehicle dynamics or speed under different traffic conditions (e.g., eco-speed harmonization and eco-approach and departure). However, very little effort has been made to investigate the combined benefit of integrating both powertrain and ITS technology dimensions together. In this paper, an integrated and connected eco-driving assistance system with co-optimization of vehicle dynamics and powertrain operations for PHEVs is proposed. To fully evaluate the performance of the proposed system at different vehicle automation levels, real-world driving data for different eco-driving technological stages were collected: uninformed manual driving, eco-driving with an in-vehicle advisory display, and an eco-driving system with automatic longitudinal control. The numerical analysis shows that the co-optimization is able to achieve on average 24% fuel savings for typical urban driving conditions.
Ten-Year Outcomes in a Population-Based Cohort of Node-Negative, Lymphatic, and Vascular Invasion–Negative Early Breast Cancers Without Adjuvant Systemic Therapies (2004)

This study provides detailed information on the continued relapse and breast cancer death rate to 10 years of follow-up. Specifically, without adjuvant systemic therapy, patients with LV-, N - breast cancer had a > or = 25% 10-year risk of relapse and a corresponding 10-year breast cancer death rate of > or = 10% if they had either a grade 3 tumor < or = 1 cm, a grade 2 to 3 tumor from 1.1 to 2 cm, or any grade tumor greater than 2 cm.
A survey on multiple unmanned vehicles formation control and coordination: Normal and fault situations (2013)

This paper provides a review on the strategies and methodologies developed in recent years for trajectory/path following, coordination and unified group behavior of a team of unmanned vehicles in terms of application and categorization. The unmanned vehicles being studied have a common mission to maintain group formation and reach their target destinations in either known or unknown environments. The ability for a group of vehicles to follow individual paths is the first critical step in achieving group coordination and originates from path following employing a single vehicle. Once this technique is refined then various algorithm constructs can be explored in order to create efficient and harmonious group coordination, which is based on their originality on whether they are employed in a centralized or decentralized system. In this paper, survey and analysis on the various multi-vehicle applications in formation operation and categorizations of existing works are provided based on over 140 published literatures since 1986. A few challenges and future works are also recognized.
Analysis of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and biomechanical parameters on human discs with different grades of degeneration (2013)

Our studies indicate that qMRI can be used as a noninvasive diagnostic tool in the detection of IVD properties with the potential to help interpret and detect early, middle, and late stages of degeneration. QMRI of human IVD can therefore become a very important diagnostic assessment tool in determining the functional state of the disc.