gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Implementation and performance measurement of an island multicast protocol (2005)

With the availability and penetration of multicast-capable routers, many local networks in today's Internet are multicast-capable. However, achieving global IP multicast is still hindered by many management and technical difficulties. This is because routers interconnecting these local multicast-capable networks, or so-called "islands," are often either multicast-incapable or multicast-disabled. Traditional application-level multicast (ALM) only makes use of unicast connections to form delivery trees and has not fully taken advantage of the local multicast capability of an island. As a result, these protocols are not very efficient. In order to achieve efficient global multicast, we propose and study island multicast (IM) where unicast connections are used between islands while IP multicast is used within islands. We present the detailed mechanisms of the IM centralized approach. IM is simple to implement and is based on minimum spanning tree, and hence is applicable to many-to-many communication. We have implemented the protocol and done real measurements on PlanetLab. We show that our protocol significantly improves network performance (in terms of stress, delay and nodal degrees) as compared to using ALM alone.
Stable Reference Material for Bilirubin and Hemoglobin (2008)

s: Critical and Point-of-Care Testing: Managing Technology for the Benefit of All Populations: 22nd International Symposium: September 17-20, 2008: Catalonia Barcelona Plaza Hotel|Barcelona, Spain
Design of photonic crystal optical microcavities (2001)

Using the 3-D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, we analyzed various designs of optical microcavities based on a thin semiconductor membrane perforated with a hexagonal lattice of air holes. The microcavities consisted of single or multiple lattice defects formed by increasing or decreasing radii of air holes, thereby producing acceptor or donor-like defect states. The analyzed geometries include single acceptor or donor defects, as well as ring, hexagonal and triangular cavities. Properties of these structures (excluding single donor-type defect) have not been analyzed previously in a slab of finite thickness. Frequencies, quality factors and radiation patterns of localized defect modes were analyzed as a function of parameters of photonic crystal (PC) and defects. Finally, we discuss possible applications of these structures in active or passive optical devices.
Biomarkers in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: current perspectives (2016)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a poor prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of 7.7%. Most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage not amenable to potentially curative resection. A substantial portion of this review is dedicated to reviewing the current literature on carbohydrate antigen (CA 19-9), which is currently the only guideline-recommended biomarker for PDAC. It provides valuable prognostic information, can predict resectability, and is useful in decision making about neoadjuvant therapy. We also discuss carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA 125, serum biomarker panels, circulating tumor cells, and cell-free nucleic acids. Although many biomarkers have now been studied in relation to PDAC, significant work still needs to be done to validate their usefulness in the early detection of PDAC and management of patients with PDAC.
Spatially pre-processed target-to-jammer ratio Weighted wiener filter using two microphones (2010)

In this paper, a speech enhancement algorithm using a two-channel microphone array is presented. The algorithm utilizes the target-to-jammer ratio (TJR) to determine the Wiener filter approximation. The noise in the resulting signal is further reduced, especially under a low SNR situation, using a postfilter-like method. The approximated magnitude-squared coherence (MSC) function for reverberant environments is also used to decide the reduction rate since two microphones provide limited spatial information at low frequencies. The performance of the proposed algorithm is accessed through experiments using real dual-channel recordings. The experimental results demonstrate the usefulness and superiority of the proposed method compared to other generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) based algorithms using speech quality indices.
Label-Free Fluorescent Aptamer Sensor Based on Regulation of Malachite Green Fluorescence (2009)

We report a label-free fluorescent aptamer sensor for adenosine based on the regulation of malachite green (MG) fluorescence, with comparable sensitivity and selectivity to other labeled adenosine aptamer-based sensors. The sensor consists of free MG, an aptamer strand containing an adenosine aptamer next to an MG aptamer, and a bridging strand that partially hybridizes to the aptamer strand. Such a hybridization prevents MG from binding to MG aptamer, resulting in low fluorescence of MG in the absence of adenosine. Addition of adenosine causes the adenosine aptamer to bind adenosine, weakening the hybridization of the aptamer strand with the bridging strand, making it possible for MG to bind to the aptamer strand and exhibit high fluorescence intensity. Since this design is based purely on nucleic acid hybridization, it can be generally applied to other aptamers for the label-free detection of a broad range of analytes.
Ultra High-Speed Radio Frequency Switch Based on Photonics (2015)

Microwave switches, or Radio Frequency (RF) switches have been intensively used in microwave systems for signal routing. Compared with the fast development of microwave and wireless systems, RF switches have been underdeveloped particularly in terms of switching speed and operating bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a photonics based RF switch that is capable of switching at tens of picoseconds speed, which is hundreds of times faster than any existing RF switch technologies. The high-speed switching property is achieved with the use of a rapidly tunable microwave photonic filter with tens of gigahertz frequency tuning speed, where the tuning mechanism is based on the ultra-fast electro-optics Pockels effect. The RF switch has a wide operation bandwidth of 12 GHz and can go up to 40 GHz, depending on the bandwidth of the modulator used in the scheme. The proposed RF switch can either work as an ON/OFF switch or a two-channel switch, tens of picoseconds switching speed is experimentally observed for both type of switches.
Development of a host-vector system in a Rhodococcus strain and its use for expression of the cloned nitrile hydratase gene cluster (1992)

Two different types of plasmid were isolated from strains of Rhodococcus rhodochrous. Two plasmids, of the same type but from different strains, were combined with Escherichia coli plasmids carrying antibiotic resistance markers to develop E. coli-Rhodococcus shuttle vectors. The ampicillin and kanamycin resistance markers served for selection in Rhodococcus. Electroporation was used to introduce recombinant plasmid DNA into R. rhodochrous ATCC 12674 at a frequency of 5 x 10(7) transformants per microgram DNA. With these host-vector and transformation systems, the nitrile hydratase and amidase genes of a Rhodococcus strain were introduced into the host strain and were efficiently expressed.
Polar Codes: Analysis and Construction Based on Polar Spectrum (2019)

Polar codes are the first class of constructive channel codes achieving the symmetric capacity of the binary-input discrete memoryless channels. But the analysis and construction of polar codes involve the complex iterative-calculation. In this paper, by revisiting the error event of the polarized channel, a new concept, named polar spectrum, is introduced from the weight distribution of polar codes. Thus we establish a systematic framework in term of the polar spectrum to analyze and construct polar codes. By using polar spectrum, we derive the union bound and the union-Bhattacharyya (UB) bound of the error probability of polar codes and the upper/lower bound of the symmetric capacity of the polarized channel. The analysis based on the polar spectrum can intuitively interpret the performance of polar codes under successive cancellation (SC) decoding. Furthermore, we analyze the coding structure of polar codes and design an enumeration algorithm based on the MacWilliams identities to efficiently calculate the polar spectrum. In the end, two construction metrics named UB bound weight (UBW) and simplified UB bound weight (SUBW) respectively, are designed based on the UB bound and the polar spectrum. Not only are these two constructions simple and explicit for the practical polar coding, but they can also generate polar codes with similar (in SC decoding) or superior (in SC list decoding) performance over those based on the traditional methods.
Wresting control from BGP: scalable fine-grained route control (2007)

Today’s Internet users and applications are placing in-creased demands on Internet service providers (ISPs) to deliver fine-grained, flexible route control. To assist net-work operators in addressing this challenge, we present the Intelligent Route Service Control Point (IRSCP), a route control architecture that allows a network operator to flexibly control routing between the traffic ingresses and egresses within an ISP’s network, without modify-ing the ISP’s existing routers. In essence, IRSCP sub-sumes the control plane of an ISP’s network by replacing the distributed BGP decision process of each router in the network with a more flexible, logically centralized, application-controlled route computation. IRSCP sup-plements the traditional BGP decision process with an explicitly ranked decision process that allows route con-trol applications to provide a per-destination, per-router explicit ranking of traffic egresses. We describe our im-plementation of IRSCP as well as a straightforward set of correctness requirements that prevents routing anoma-lies. To illustrate the potential of application-controlled route selection, we use our IRSCP prototype to imple-ment a simple form of dynamic customer-traffic load bal-ancing, and demonstrate through emulation that our im-plementation is scalable. 1
Robust classification of speech based on the dyadic wavelet transform with application to CELP coding (2002)

This paper describes a new algorithm for the classification of telephone-bandwidth speech that is designed for efficient control of bit allocation in low bit-rate speech coders. The algorithm is based on the dyadic wavelet transform (D/sub y/WT) and classifies each unit subframe into one of the three categories background noise/unvoiced, transients/voicing onsets, periodic/voiced. A set of three parameters is derived from the D/sub y/WT coefficients, each giving a decision score that the associated class is active. Taking the history into account, a finite-state model controlled by these parameters computes the classifier's decision. The proposed algorithm is robust to various types of background noise. In comparison with a classifier based on the long-term autocorrelation function, the D/sub y/WT classifier proves to be superior. To evaluate its performance in CELP-type speech coders, a variety of excitation coding schemes with bit rates between 2200 and 4800 bit/s is investigated.
Diagnosis and management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a clinical practice guideline (2018)

The severity of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) can be estimated prenatally using observed-to-expected lung-head ratios (by ultrasound) and total fetal lung volumes (by magnetic resonance imaging), as well as fetal liver position.
Lymphocyte proliferative responses to separated bovine herpesvirus 1 proteins in immune cattle (1990)

The immune response to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection can protect cattle from subsequent challenge with the virus. This protection involves a variety of defensive strategies, and the activation of most of these defenses requires the recognition of viral proteins by the cellular immune system. To identify some of the BHV-1 proteins recognized by T lymphocytes, we measured in vitro proliferative responses to individual proteins. Viral proteins were separated by gel electrophoresis followed by Western immunoblotting, and immunoblots were evaluated for serological reactions. Unstained blotted fractions were processed into antigen-bearing particles for analysis in blastogenesis assays. Purified BHV-1 proteins obtained by immunoadsorbent chromatography were processed and included for comparison in both enzyme-linked immunosorbent and proliferation assays. The tegument protein VP8 and the glycoprotein gIV appeared to be the antigens which most consistently stimulated the proliferation of lymphocytes from BHV-1-immunized animals. Positive blastogenic responses were also detected to gI, gIII, and to one or more uncharacterized, low-molecular-weight proteins in some of the cattle tested. These results indicate that T-lymphocyte proliferative responses to BHV-1 proteins are detectable in immune cattle and may be important in protection from BHV-1 infection.
Survivin the battle against immunosuppression (2012)

Improving on the limited success of cancer immunotherapy requires new approaches to inhibit immunosuppressive pathways initiated by tumor cells to "escape" protective immunity. One unique approach utilizes Salmonella for systemic delivery of inhibitory RNA, targeting the immunosuppressive molecule Stat3, and a Survivin vaccine to suppress growth of aggressive murine tumors.
Applications of Highly Sulfated Cyclodextrins for Enantiomeric Separation by Capillary Electrophoresis (1999)

Abstract Separation of enantiomeric pairs of compounds by capillary electrophoresis (CE) was performed using highly sulfated α‐, β‐ and γ‐cyclodextrins (HS‐CDs). CE analysis of the HS‐CDs using indirect absorbance detection showed that the new class of chiral selectors has substantially higher degrees of sulfation and narrower heterogeneity than those used in previous reports. Elemental analyses showed that the average number of sulfate groups per cyclodextrin was 11, 12, and 13, for HS‐α, β and γCD, respectively. Our earlier 13 C NMR data of HS‐CDs were consistent with the structural assignment of complete sulfation at the C‐6 primary hydroxyl groups, greater than 70% sulfation at the C‐2 secondary hydroxyls and absence of substitution at the C‐3 hydroxyls. CE‐based chiral separations were performed using a generalized procedure with phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) containing 5% (w/v) HS‐CD in a 50 μm I.D. × 31 cm (total length) fused silica capillary. Quantitation of enantiomeric impurity of less than 1% was demonstrated for pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine. The HS‐α, β and γCD complement each other by exhibiting different chiral selectivity. The combination of HS‐α, β and γCD resolved more than 140 chiral compounds of neutral, acidic and basic drugs with very different structural features. The HS‐CDs were synthesized under conditions of controlled sulfation to produce chiral reagents with consistent composition, making them excellent chiral selectors for capillary electrophoretic analysis of enantiomeric impurities.
New approaches to reversible crosslinking in epoxy resins (1989)

Abstract The objective of the research is to investigate epoxy resins where crosslinks formed in curing reactions can be cleaved and reformed without significant sacrifice in resin properties. Experimental disulfide‐containing crosslinking agents have been selected for the study, including dihydrazides of dithiodicarboxylic acids (aliphatic and aromatic) and dithioaromatic diamines. Conditions for curing reactions and for subsequent cleavage of crosslinks by reduction have been determined in model systems and confirmed for a prototype epoxy resin. A comparative evaluation of cure kinetics, crosslink density, and thermal and mechanical properties has been carried out for resin cured with aromatic curing agents (dithiodianiline and methylenedianiline) and with aliphatic compounds (3, 3′‐dithiopropionic acid dihydrazide and hexamethylenediamine). It has been shown that in resin fully cured with disulfide‐containing crosslinking agents, crosslinks are ruptured by reduction, and re‐established by oxidation under mild conditions, or by reaction of thiol groups with bifunctional alkylating agents.
Abstract 4489: Preclinical profile of novel, potent, and selective PI3K delta inhibitors (2011)

Abstract Background: Phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) belongs to a class of intracellular lipid kinases that phosphorylate the 3 position hydroxyl group of the inositol ring of phosphotidylinositol. The PI3K pathway is frequently activated in human cancers and thus represents an attractive target for small molecule inhibitors. Pan-PI3K inhibitors currently in development have been associated with adverse side-effects such as insulin resistance, thus necessitating the need to develop isoform specific inhibitors of PI3K. Herein, we describe the biological and pharmacokinetic properties of representative molecules from a series of novel and small molecule PI3KΔ inhibitors with scope to be further developed as clinical candidates for hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia and Non-Hodkin's lymphoma. Methods: Activity of test compounds on individual PI3K isoforms was determined by a Homogenous Time Resolved Fluorescence assay (Millipore, Billerica, MA) with modifications. Cell based selectivity assays against α, β, or γ isoforms was assessed by testing the effect of the compounds on PDGF, LPA, or c5a induced Akt phosphorylation in NIH-3T3 or RAW cells. Similarly, inhibition of cellular PI3KΔ activity was determined in a IgM induced human B-cell proliferation assay. Cell viability assay was conducted to determine the growth inhibitory effect of the compounds in cell lines representative of human acute and chronic leukaemia and lymphoma. Pharmacokinetic behaviour of compounds in plasma after single dose oral administration was determined in female Balb/c mice. Results: Among the compounds evaluated, RP5175 and RP5182 inhibited PI3KΔ activity in enzyme and cell based assays with IC50 values of 9.6 & 37.3 nM and EC50 values of 7.6 & 18.9 nM respectively. Besides, the compounds displayed a high degree of selectivity over the alpha (&gt;500 fold), beta (&gt;400 fold), and gamma (&gt;15-40 fold) isoforms. Viability assays demonstrated that the compounds caused a significant inhibition in growth of THP-1, TOLEDO, and HL-60 cells. Pharmacokinetic studies in female Balb/c mice indicated good oral absorption with favourable peak plasma concentrations. Conclusions: Results demonstrate the PI3K delta selective nature of RP5175 and 5182 along with an ability to suppress proliferation of cancer cells. In vitro selectivity and potency data indicate the therapeutics potential of the compounds in hematological cancers without the deleterious effects commonly associated with the Pan PI3K inhibitors. The compounds are currently being tested for in vitro and in vivo efficacy across various cancer cell lines and xenograft models besides selectivity against other kinases. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4489. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4489
Reduction of Traps and Improvement of Carrier Lifetime in SiC Epilayer by Ion Implantation (2007)

Reduction in deep level defects and increase of carrier lifetime in 4H-SiC epilayer was observed after carbon ion implantation into the shallow surface layer of 250 nm and subsequent annealing above 1400 °C. The concentration of Z1/2 and EH6/7 traps was determined by deep level transient spectroscopy 4 μm below the implanted layer. After annealing, concentration of both traps decreased from 1013 cm-3 range to below the detection limit. Minority carrier lifetime almost doubled in the implanted samples compared to the unimplanted samples. We suggest that carbon interstitials from the implanted layer in-diffuse into the layer underneath during annealing and annihilate with carbon vacancies. Our results indicate that Z1/2 and EH6/7 traps are most likely carbon vacancy related.
Ultra-Wide Band Non-reciprocity through Sequentially-Switched Delay Lines (2017)

Achieving non-reciprocity through unconventional methods without the use of magnetic material has recently become a subject of great interest. Towards this goal a time switching strategy known as the Sequentially-Switched Delay Line (SSDL) is proposed. The essential SSDL configuration consists of six transmission lines of equal length, along with five switches. Each switch is turned on and off sequentially to distribute and route the propagating electromagnetic wave, allowing for simultaneous transmission and receiving of signals through the device. Preliminary experimental results with commercial off the shelf parts are presented which demonstrated non-reciprocal behavior with greater than 40 dB isolation from 200 KHz to 200 MHz. The theory and experimental results demonstrated that the SSDL concept may lead to future on-chip circulators over multi-octaves of frequency.
Optoelectronic switch based on intrinsic dual Schottky diodes in\n ambipolar MoSe$_2$ field-effect transistors (2015)

Here, we report the observation of a hitherto unreported optoelectronic\neffect, namely a light-induced diode-like response in multi-layered MoSe$_2$\nfield-effect transistors whose sense of current rectification is controllable\nthrough a gate voltage. We argue, through numerical simulations, that this\nbehavior results from the difference in the size of the Schottky barriers\nbetween drain and source metal contacts. Each barrier can be modeled as a\nSchottky diode but with opposite senses of current rectification between them,\nwith the diode response resulting from the light induced promotion of\nphoto-generated carriers across the smaller barrier. The back gate voltage\ncontrols the sense of current rectification by modulating the relative\namplitude between them. This effect, which gives rise to a novel type of\noptoelectronic switch, also yields a photovoltaic response. Hence, it could\nprovide an alternative to PN-junctions when harvesting photovoltaic currents\nfrom transition metal dichalcogenides. We argue that the photovoltaic\nefficiency associated to this effect could be increased by just increasing the\nrelative asymmetry between both Schottky barriers. We also suggest that this\nnew electro-optical effect has potential for technological applications.\n
Device structure for the characterization of nanowire thermocouples (2012)

In order to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, we report the measurements of the Seebeck coefficients of a palladium-gold and a palladium-chrome nanowire (70 nm wide and 50 nm thick) thermocouple. The thermocouple, heater, and thermometers were fabricated on top of 640 nm of thermally grown SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> on a silicon wafer using electron beam lithography and electron beam evaporation.