gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A robust face detection system for real environments (2004)

In this paper, a robust real-time face detection system based on the integration of different location methods is proposed. A hierarchical architecture composed of three levels is designed. At the first level, a change detection method is applied to detect blobs of moving objects (i.e., humans) in the scene. Then, the silhouette of each blob is analyzed to focalize the attention of the system on small image areas where the probability of finding human heads is high. At the second level, two different methods, i.e., the skin color and the principal component analysis, are applied to locate human faces. Finally, the higher level fuses the obtained location data to improve the face detection reliability. The system is tested in outdoor environments in the context of a video-based surveillance system.
Evidence for the synthesis of the multi-positional isomers of monounsaturated fatty acid in Methylococcus capsusatus by the anaerobic pathway (1989)

The biosynthesis of the positional isomers of the monounsaturated fatty acids of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) has been investigated by studying the incorporation of [2-14C]malonyl CoA into long-chain fatty acids in vitro. The major unsaturated products were Δ9 16:1 and Δ11 18:1; however, Δ8, Δ10 and Δ11 16:1, as well as, Δ10, Δ12 and Δ13 18:1 were also synthesized. The exclusion of O2 from the reaction vessel did not affect the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids or the double bonds positions. Cerulenin inhibited the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acid more than saturated fatty acid. The use of both [1-14C] octanoate and [1-14C] decanoate as substrate resulted in the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids, however, unsaturates were only synthesized from octanoate. These results imply that the unique positional isomers of M. capsulatus are not synthesized by an aerobic mechanism.
Top 10 plant viruses in molecular plant pathology (2011)

Many scientists, if not all, feel that their particular plant virus should appear in any list of the most important plant viruses. However, to our knowledge, no such list exists. The aim of this review was to survey all plant virologists with an association with Molecular Plant Pathology and ask them to nominate which plant viruses they would place in a 'Top 10' based on scientific/economic importance. The survey generated more than 250 votes from the international community, and allowed the generation of a Top 10 plant virus list for Molecular Plant Pathology. The Top 10 list includes, in rank order, (1) Tobacco mosaic virus, (2) Tomato spotted wilt virus, (3) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, (4) Cucumber mosaic virus, (5) Potato virus Y, (6) Cauliflower mosaic virus, (7) African cassava mosaic virus, (8) Plum pox virus, (9) Brome mosaic virus and (10) Potato virus X, with honourable mentions for viruses just missing out on the Top 10, including Citrus tristeza virus, Barley yellow dwarf virus, Potato leafroll virus and Tomato bushy stunt virus. This review article presents a short review on each virus of the Top 10 list and its importance, with the intent of initiating discussion and debate amongst the plant virology community, as well as laying down a benchmark, as it will be interesting to see in future years how perceptions change and which viruses enter and leave the Top 10.
<title>Vertical thermal actuators for micro-optoelectromechanical systems</title> (1997)

This paper presents novel micro-opto-electro-mechanical (MOEM) applications employing vertical thermal actuators. The high force and large deflection of backbent vertical thermal actuators are useful in many applications, particularly when a single large deflection is required for device setup. For example, backbending two actuators driven in parallel flips a 250 micrometer square mirror to 45 degrees off the substrate. The actuators can then be driven to permit scanning over 45 degrees. In another example, 3 backbent actuators are used to position an electrostatically actuated optical beam steering mirror 10 micrometer off the substrate thereby increasing the maximum steering angle by a factor of 5. Critical to applications like these is predictable and repeatable operation of the actuators. The actuators are comprised of a polysilicon cantilever bar mechanically coupled to two expansion arms. If sufficient current is driven through the expansion arms they deform, bowing upward. Upon removal of the drive current the expansion arms shrink, backbending the actuator by pulling the tip of the actuator upward. Test actuators of three different sizes were carefully backbent. After backbending, the deflection of each actuator was measured on an interferometric microscope with plus or minus 5 nm precision. Although nonlinear, the relationship of backbending deflection to drive power is well behaved, and repeatable.
Detection challenges in quantitative polymer analysis by liquid chromatography (2020)

Accurate quantification of polymer distributions is one of the main challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. The response of contemporary detectors is typically influenced by compositional features such as molecular weight, chain composition, end groups, and branching. This renders the accurate quantification of complex polymers of which there are no standards available, extremely challenging. Moreover, any (programmed) change in mobile-phase composition may further limit the applicability of detection techniques. Current methods often rely on refractive index detection, which is not accurate when dealing with complex samples as the refractive-index increment is often unknown. We review current and emerging detection methods in liquid chromatography with the aim of identifying detectors, which can be applied to the quantitative analysis of complex polymers.
Divergence-aware warp scheduling (2013)

This paper uses hardware thread scheduling to improve the performance and energy efficiency of divergent applications on GPUs. We propose Divergence-Aware Warp Scheduling (DAWS), which introduces a divergence-based cache footprint predictor to estimate how much L1 data cache capacity is needed to capture intra-warp locality in loops. Predictor estimates are created from an online characterization of memory divergence and runtime information about the level of control flow divergence in warps. Unlike prior work on Cache-Conscious Wavefront Scheduling, which makes reactive scheduling decisions based on detected cache thrashing, DAWS makes proactive scheduling decisions based on cache usage predictions. DAWS uses these predictions to schedule warps such that data reused by active scalar threads is unlikely to exceed the capacity of the L1 data cache. DAWS attempts to shift the burden of locality management from software to hardware, increasing the performance of simpler and more portable code on the GPU. We compare the execution time of two Sparse Matrix Vector Multiply implementations and show that DAWS is able to run a simple, divergent version within 4% of a performance optimized version that has been rewritten to make use of the on-chip scratchpad and have less memory divergence. We show that DAWS achieves a harmonic mean 26% performance improvement over Cache-Conscious Wavefront Scheduling on a diverse selection of highly cache-sensitive applications, with minimal additional hardware.
Reduced cortical activity due to a shift in the balance between excitation and inhibition in a mouse model of Rett Syndrome (2005)

Rett Syndrome (RTT) is a devastating neurological disorder that is caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene. Mecp2-mutant mice have been used as a model system to study the disease mechanism. Our previous work has suggested that MeCP2 malfunction in neurons is the primary cause of RTT in the mouse. However, the neurophysiological consequences of MeCP2 malfunction remain obscure. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in cortical slices, we show that spontaneous activity of pyramidal neurons is reduced in Mecp2-mutant mice. This decrease is not caused by a change in the intrinsic properties of the recorded neurons. Instead, the balance between cortical excitation and inhibition is shifted to favor inhibition over excitation. Moreover, analysis of the miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs)/inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) in the Mecp2-mutant cortex reveals a reduction in mEPSC amplitudes, without significant change in the average mIPSC amplitude or frequency. These findings provide the first detailed electrophysiological analysis of Mecp2-mutant mice and provide a framework for understanding the pathophysiology of the disease and tools for studying the underlying disease mechanisms.
Hyperconnectivity of Local Neocortical Microcircuitry Induced by Prenatal Exposure to Valproic Acid (2007)

Exposure to valproic acid (VPA) during embryogenesis can cause several teratogenic effects, including developmental delays and in particular autism in humans if exposure occurs during the third week of gestation. We examined the postnatal effects of embryonic exposure to VPA on microcircuit properties of juvenile rat neocortex using in vitro electrophysiology. We found that a single prenatal injection of VPA on embryonic day 11.5 causes a significant enhancement of the local recurrent connectivity formed by neocortical pyramidal neurons. The study of the biophysical properties of these connections revealed weaker excitatory synaptic responses. A marked decrease of the intrinsic excitability of pyramidal neurons was also observed. Furthermore, we demonstrate a diminished number of putative synaptic contacts in connection between layer 5 pyramidal neurons. Local hyperconnectivity may render cortical modules more sensitive to stimulation and once activated, more autonomous, isolated, and more difficult to command. This could underlie some of the core symptoms observed in humans prenatally exposed to valproic acid.
Stoichiometry and Thermodynamics of Metallurgical Processes (1985)

Preface 1. Introduction 2. Stoichiometry: material balances in metallurgical processes 3. First law of thermodynamics 4. Fuels and combustion 5. Energy balances 6. Second law of thermodynamics 7. Auxiliary functions 8. Theory of solutions I 9. The Gibbs free-energy changes and the equilibrium constant 10. Phase equilibria 1. Equilibria in complex systems 12. Theory of solutions II Appendices Answers to problems Nomenclature Index.
Protective immunity induced by vaccination with <i>Onchocerca volvulus</i> tropomyosin in rodents (1996)

A cDNA clone of Onchocerca volvulus, designated MOv14, and encoding 136 amino-acid residues from the C-terminus of O. volvulus tropomyosin, was evaluated as a protective immunogen in two complimentary rodent models of onchocerciasis. Vaccination of BALB/c mice with the recombinant fusion of MOv14 coupled to Maltose-Binding Protein (MBP) induced significant reductions (48-62%) in the recovery of Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae from the skin, compared to control groups immunized with MBP alone. The predominant antibody response generated to MOv14 by vaccination was of IgG1. Following a similar vaccination protocol in Mongolian jirds, two independent experiments demonstrated that 16 weeks after infection with Acanthocheilonema viteae there was a 46% reduction in the recovery of adult worms in vaccinated animals compared to control groups. Antibodies generated by vaccination recognized a product released during culture of A. viteae infective larvae which migrated at a distinct molecular mass from native tropomyosin from somatic tissues.
Serum HE4, CA125, YKL-40, bcl-2, cathepsin-L and prediction optimal debulking surgery, response to chemotherapy in ovarian cancer (2014)

Among the tested proteins the HE4 marker appears to be helpful in forecasting of optimal cytoreduction and possibly also of the prediction of response to platinum analogues used in first-line treatment of ovarian cancer.
Nomenclature for Immune Correlates of Protection After Vaccination (2012)

Identification of immune correlates of protection after vaccination is an important part of vaccinology for both theoretical and practical reasons. The terminology and definition of correlates have been confusing, because different authors have used variable terms and concepts. Here, we attempt to give precision to the field by defining 3 terms: correlate of protection (CoP), mechanistic correlate of protection (mCoP), and nonmechanistic correlate of protection (nCoP). A CoP is a marker of immune function that statistically correlates with protection after vaccination that may be either an mCoP, which is a mechanistic cause of protection, or an nCoP, which does not cause protection but nevertheless predicts protection through its (partial) correlation with another immune response(s) that mechanistically protects.
A direction-finding antenna system using an integrated six-port circuit (1995)

A new method to measure the complex ratio of signals at adjacent elements of an array is presented. The circuit used for the measurement is an integrated six-port junction operated as an homodyne vectorial analyzer. A procedure that uses three known and many unknown incident or radiated fields conditions to calibrate the junction embedded in the antenna feed network is implemented. Experimental results are shown for a basic two-element array used as a receiving antenna. The direction of arrival of an incoming plane wave computed from the six-port measurements can be determined with a good accuracy. The monitoring system presented may find applications in direction-of arrival estimation.
Control of Middle Ear Inflammatory and Ion Homeostasis Genes by Transtympanic Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Treatments (2015)

Improvement in middle ear inflammation was noted with both the glucocorticoid prednisolone and the mineralocorticoid aldosterone. This was due to reversal of inflammation-induced changes in middle ear cytokine genes, as well as those involved in ion and water homeostasis. Because glucocorticoids bind to the mineralocorticoid receptor, but not the reverse, it is concluded that much of the reduction of fluid and other inflammation measures was due to these steroids impact on ion and water transport channels. Further research is necessary to determine if this alternative mineralocorticoid treatment for otitis media will be clinically effective with fewer side effects than glucocorticoids.
A Design Framework for Highly Concurrent Systems (2000)

Building highly concurrent systems, such as large-scale Internet services, requires managing many information \nows at once and maintaining peak throughput when demand ex-ceeds resource availability. In addition, any platform sup-porting Internet services must provide high availability and be able to cope with burstiness of load. Many approaches to building concurrent systems have been proposed, which generally fall into the two categories of threaded and event-driven programming. We propose that threads and events are actually on the ends of a design spectrum, and that the best implementation strategy for these applications is somewhere in between. We present a general-purpose design framework for build-ing highly concurrent systems, based on three design com-ponents | tasks, queues, and thread pools | which encapsu-late the concurrency, performance, fault isolation, and soft-ware engineering benets of both threads and events. We present a set of design patterns that can be applied to map an application onto an implementation using these compo-nents. In addition, we provide an analysis of several systems (including an Internet services platform and a highly avail-able, distributed, persistent data store) constructed using our framework, demonstrating its benet for building and reasoning about concurrent applications. 1
Distribution of Amyloid Precursor Protein and Amyloid-β in Ocular Hypertensive C57BL/6 Mouse Eyes (2010)

High Abeta and APP levels were seen in ocular hypertensive retinas, probably due to abnormal APP-splicing in the presence of elevated IOP.
An Apoptotic Signaling Pathway in the Interferon Antiviral Response Mediated by RNase L and c-Jun NH2-terminal Kinase (2004)

Cellular stress responses induced during viral infections are critical to the health and survival of organisms. In higher vertebrates, interferons (IFNs) mediate the innate antiviral response in part through the action of RNase L, a uniquely regulated enzyme. RNase L is activated by 5'-phosphorylated, 2'-5' oligoadenylates (2-5A) produced from IFN-inducible and double stranded RNA-dependent synthetases. We show that viral activation of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK) family of MAP kinases and viral induction of apoptosis are both deficient in mouse cells lacking RNase L. Also, JNK phosphorylation in response to 2-5A was greatly reduced in RNase L-/- mouse cells. In addition, 2-5A treatment of the human ovarian carcinoma cell line, Hey1b, resulted in specific ribosomal RNA cleavage products coinciding with JNK activation. Furthermore, suppression of JNK activity with the chemical inhibitor, SP600125, prevented apoptosis induced by 2-5A. In contrast, inhibition of alternative MAP kinases, p38 and ERK, failed to prevent 2-5A-mediated apoptosis. Short interfering RNA to JNK1/JNK2 mRNAs resulted in JNK ablation while also suppressing 2-5A-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, Jnk1-/- Jnk2-/- cells were highly resistant to the apoptotic effects of IFN and 2-5A. These findings suggest that JNK and RNase L function in an integrated signaling pathway during the IFN response that leads to elimination of virus-infected cells through apoptosis.
Advanced Signal Integrity for High‐Speed Digital Designs (2008)

Signal integrity has become the key issue in most high-performance digital designs. Now, from the foremost experts in the field, this book leverages theory and techniques from non-related fields such as applied physics, communications, and microwave engineering and applies them to the field of high-speed digital design. This approach creates an optimal combination of theory and practice that is meaningful to practicing engineers and graduate students alike.
Sodium/proton antiport in brush-border-membrane vesicles isolated from rat small intestine and kidney (1976)

Studies on proton and Na+ transport by isolated intestinal and renal brush-border-membrane vesicles were carried out to test for the presence of an Na+/H+-exchange system. Proton transport was evaluated as proton transfer from the intravesicular space to the incubation medium by monitoring pH changes in the membrane suspension induced by sudden addition of cations. Na+ transport was determined as Na+ uptake into the vesicles by filtration technique. A sudden addition of sodium salts (but not choline) to the membrane suspension provokes an acidification of the incubation medium which is abolished by the addition of 0.5% Triton X-100. Pretreatment of the membranes with Triton X-100 prevents the acidification. The acidification is also not observed if the [K+] and proton conductance of the membranes have been increased by the simultaneous addition of valinomycin and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone to the K+-rich incubation medium. Either valinomycin or carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone when added alone do not alter the response of the membranes to the addition of Na+. Na+ uptake by brush-border microvilli is enhanced in the presence of a proton gradient directed from the intravesicular space to the incubation medium. Under these conditions a transient accumulation of Na+ inside the vesicles is observed. It is concluded that intestinal and renal brush-border membranes contain a NA+/H+ antiport system which catalyses an electroneutral exchange of Na+ against protons and consequently can produce a proton gradient in the presence of a concentration difference for Na+. This system might be involved in the active proton secretion of the small intestine and the proximal tubule of the kidney.
The diagnostic potential of salivary protease activities in periodontal health and disease (2013)

Periodontal disease is characterised by proteolytic processes involving enzymes that are released by host immune cells and periodontal bacteria. These enzymes, when detectable in whole saliva, may serve as valuable diagnostic markers for disease states and progression. Because the substrate specificities of salivary proteases in periodontal health and disease are poorly characterised, we probed these activities using several relevant substrates: (i) gelatin and collagen type IV; (ii) the Arg/Lys-rich human salivary substrate histatin-5; and (iii) a histatin-derived synthetic analog benzyloxycarbonyl-Arg-Gly-Tyr-Arg-methyl cumaryl amide (Z-RGYR-MCA). Substrate degradation was assessed in gel (zymography) and in solution. Whole saliva supernatant enzyme activities directed at gelatin, quantified from the 42 kDa, 92 kDa and 130 kDa bands in the zymograms, were 1.3, 1.4 and 2.0-fold higher, respectively, in the periodontal patient group (P < 0.01), consistent with enhanced activities observed towards collagen type IV. On the other hand, histatin 5 degraded equally fast in healthy and periodontal patients' whole saliva supernatant samples (P > 0.10). Likewise, the hydrolysis rates of the Z-RGYR-MCA substrate were the same in the healthy and periodontal patient groups (P > 0.10). In conclusion, gelatinolytic/collagenolytic activities but not trypsin-like activities in human saliva differentiate health from periodontal disease and may thus provide an adjuvant to diagnosis for monitoring disease activity.
Non invasive optical biopsy using ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography (2004)

Advances of OCT technology are presented including application of latest laser technology achieving (sub)micrometer axial resolution from 400nm-1700nm, using adaptive optics to improve transverse resolution, and Fourier Domain OCT nabling high speed ultrahigh resolution OCT.
A Novel <i>Sinorhizobium meliloti</i> Operon Encodes an α-Glucosidase and a Periplasmic-Binding-Protein-Dependent Transport System for α-Glucosides (1999)

The most abundant carbon source transported into legume root nodules is photosynthetically produced sucrose, yet the importance of its metabolism by rhizobia in planta is not yet known. To identify genes involved in sucrose uptake and hydrolysis, we screened a Sinorhizobium meliloti genomic library and discovered a segment of S. meliloti DNA which allows Ralstonia eutropha to grow on the alpha-glucosides sucrose, maltose, and trehalose. Tn5 mutagenesis localized the required genes to a 6.8-kb region containing five open reading frames which were named agl, for alpha-glucoside utilization. Four of these (aglE, aglF, aglG, and aglK) appear to encode a periplasmic-binding-protein-dependent sugar transport system, and one (aglA) appears to encode an alpha-glucosidase with homology to family 13 of glycosyl hydrolases. Cosmid-borne agl genes permit uptake of radiolabeled sucrose into R. eutropha cells. Analysis of the properties of agl mutants suggests that S. meliloti possesses at least one additional alpha-glucosidase as well as a lower-affinity transport system for alpha-glucosides. It is possible that the Fix+ phenotype of agl mutants on alfalfa is due to these additional functions. Loci found by DNA sequencing to be adjacent to aglEFGAK include a probable regulatory gene (aglR), zwf and edd, which encode the first two enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, pgl, which shows homology to a gene encoding a putative phosphogluconolactonase, and a novel Rhizobium-specific repeat element.