gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prostatic growth and development are regulated by FGF10 (1999)

We have examined the role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10) during the growth and development of the rat ventral prostate (VP) and seminal vesicle (SV). FGF10 transcripts were abundant at the earliest stages of organ formation and during neonatal organ growth, but were low or absent in growth-quiescent adult organs. In both the VP and SV, FGF10 transcripts were expressed only in a subset of mesenchymal cells and in a pattern consistent with a role as a paracrine epithelial regulator. In the neonatal VP, FGF10 mRNA was expressed initially in mesenchymal cells peripheral to the peri-urethral mesenchyme and distal to the elongating prostatic epithelial buds. At later stages, mesenchymal cells surrounding the epithelial buds also expressed FGF10 transcripts. During induction of the SV, FGF10 mRNA was present in mesenchyme surrounding the lower Wolffian ducts and, at later stages, FGF10 transcripts became restricted to mesenchymal cells subadjacent to the serosa. We investigated whether the FGF10 gene might be regulated by androgens by analysing the levels of FGF10 transcripts in SV and VP organs grown in serum-free organ culture. While FGF10 transcript levels increased after treatment with testosterone in the SV (but not VP), these changes were not sensitive to anti-androgen treatment, and thus it is likely that FGF10 mRNA was not directly regulated by testosterone. Also, FGF10 mRNA was observed in the embryonic female reproductive tract in a position analogous to that of the ventral prostate in males suggesting that FGF10 is not regulated by androgens in vivo. Recombinant FGF10 protein specifically stimulated growth of Dunning epithelial and BPH1 prostatic epithelial cell lines, but had no effect on growth of Dunning stromal cells or primary SV mesenchyme. Furthermore, FGF10 protein stimulated the development of ventral prostate and seminal vesicle organ rudiments in serum-free organ culture. When both FGF10 and testosterone were added to organs in vitro, there was no synergistic induction of development. Additionally, development induced by FGF10 was not inhibited by the addition of the anti-androgen Cyproterone Acetate demonstrating that the effects of FGF10 were not mediated by the androgen receptor. Taken together, our experiments suggest that FGF10 functions as a mesenchymal paracrine regulator of epithelial growth in the prostate and seminal vesicle and that the FGF10 gene is not regulated by androgens
Nonlinear Residual Minimization by Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares (2015)

We address the numerical solution of minimal norm residuals of {\it nonlinear} equations in finite dimensions. We take inspiration from the problem of finding a sparse vector solution by using greedy algorithms based on iterative residual minimizations in the $\ell_p$-norm, for $1 \leq p \leq 2$. Due to the mild smoothness of the problem, especially for $p \to 1$, we develop and analyze a generalized version of Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares (IRLS). This simple and efficient algorithm performs the solution of optimization problems involving non-quadratic possibly non-convex and non-smooth cost functions, which can be transformed into a sequence of common least squares problems, which can be tackled more efficiently.While its analysis has been developed in many contexts when the model equation is {\it linear}, no results are provided in the {\it nonlinear} case. We address the convergence and the rate of error decay of IRLS for nonlinear problems. The convergence analysis is based on its reformulation as an alternating minimization of an energy functional, whose variables are the competitors to solutions of the intermediate reweighted least squares problems. Under specific conditions of coercivity and local convexity, we are able to show convergence of IRLS to minimizers of the nonlinear residual problem. For the case where we are lacking local convexity, we propose an appropriate convexification.. To illustrate the theoretical results we conclude the paper with several numerical experiments. We compare IRLS with standard Matlab functions for an easily presentable example and numerically validate our theoretical results in the more complicated framework of phase retrieval problems. Finally we examine the recovery capability of the algorithm in the context of data corrupted by impulsive noise where the sparsification of the residual is desired.
Intracellular Trafficking Considerations in the Development of Natural Ligand-Drug Molecular Conjugates for Cancer (2011)

Overexpressed receptors, characteristic of many cancers, have been targeted by various researchers to achieve a more specific treatment for cancer. A common approach is to use the natural ligand for the overexpressed receptor as a cancer-targeting agent which can deliver a chemically or genetically conjugated toxic molecule. However, it has been found that the therapeutic efficacy of such ligand-drug molecular conjugates can be limited, since they naturally follow the intracellular trafficking pathways of the endogenous ligands. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the intracellular trafficking properties of these ligands can lead to novel design criteria for engineering ligands to be more effective drug carriers. This review presents a few commonly used ligand/receptor systems where intracellular trafficking considerations can potentially improve the therapeutic efficacy of the ligand-drug molecular conjugates.
Chemoenzymatic Platform for Synthesis of Chiral Organofluorines Based on Type II Aldolases (2019)

Aldolases are C-C bond forming enzymes that have become prominent tools for sustainable synthesis of complex synthons. However, enzymatic methods of fluorine incorporation into such compounds are lacking due to the rarity of fluorine in nature. Recently, the use of fluoropyruvate as a non-native aldolase substrate has arisen as a solution. Here, we report that the type II HpcH aldolases efficiently catalyze fluoropyruvate addition to diverse aldehydes, with exclusive (3S)-selectivity at fluorine that is rationalized by DFT calculations on a mechanistic model. We also measure the kinetic parameters of aldol addition and demonstrate engineering of the hydroxyl group stereoselectivity. Our aldolase collection is then employed in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of novel fluoroacids and ester derivatives in high stereopurity (d.r. 80-98 %). The compounds made available by this method serve as precursors to fluorinated analogs of sugars, amino acids, and other valuable chiral building blocks.
Lexicalized Markov Grammars for Sentence Compression (2007)

We present a sentence compression system based on synchronous context-free grammars (SCFG), following the successful noisy-channel approach of (Knight and Marcu, 2000). We define a headdriven Markovization formulation of SCFG deletion rules, which allows us to lexicalize probabilities of constituent deletions. We also use a robust approach for tree-to-tree alignment between arbitrary document-abstract parallel corpora, which lets us train lexicalized models with much more data than previous approaches relying exclusively on scarcely available document-compression corpora. Finally, we evaluate different Markovized models, and find that our selected best model is one that exploits head-modifier bilexicalization to accurately distinguish adjuncts from complements, and that produces sentences that were judged more grammatical than those generated by previous work.
A BiCMOS thermal head intelligent driver with density controllers for full-tone rendition printers (1988)

A 3- mu m BiCMOS thermal head driver using pulsewidth modulation dealing with eight-bit density input data (256 gray levels) is described. Circuits composed of 64*8-bit complex counters, which function as eight-line parallel 64-bit shift registers (shift mode) and as 64 counters which have eight bits (count mode) by alteration of their mutual connections according to the mode signals, have been developed. The complex counter controls the output pulse width according to the binary data and the clock intervals (minimum 100 ns). The shift registers can operate using a 20-MHz clock. The driver consists of about 4500 CMOS gates and 128 bipolar transistors in a 2.8-mm*8.8-mm chip size. The breakdown voltage of the bipolar transistor BV/sub cbo/ is more than 35 V. The driver is especially suited for full-tone rendition printers. Applications of the driver include use in thermal print heads, LED print heads, and LCD print heads.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Experimental and numerical investigation of turbulent flow induced pipe vibration in fully developed flow (2004)

Flow-induced pipe vibration caused by fully developed pipe flow has been observed but not fully investigated when turbulent flow prevails. This article presents experimental results that indicate a strong correlation between the volume flow rate and a measure of the pipe vibration. In this work, the standard deviation of the frequency-averaged time-series signal, measured using an accelerometer attached to the pipe, is used as the measure of pipe vibration. A numerical, fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model used to investigate the relationship between pipe wall vibration and the physical characteristics of turbulent flow is also presented. This numerical FSI approach, unlike commercial FSI software packages, which are based on Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes flow models, is based on large eddy simulation (LES) flow models that compute the instantaneous pressure fluctuations in turbulent flow. The results from the numerical LES models also indicate a strong correlation between pipe vibration and flow rate. In general, the numerical simulations show that the standard deviation of the pipe wall vibration is proportional to the pressure fluctuations at the wall induced by the flow turbulence. This research, indicates that the pressure fluctuations on the pipe wall have a near quadratic relationship with the flow rate. Furthermore, the experimental results and the numerical modeling show that there is a definite relationship between the acceleration of the pipe (pipe vibration) and the flow rate. These last two concepts open possible avenues for the development of a non-intrusive flow sensor.
Comparison of Fractional Frequency Reuse Approaches in the OFDMA Cellular Downlink (2010)

Fractional frequency reuse (FFR) is an interference coordination technique well-suited to OFDMA based wireless networks wherein cells are partitioned into spatial regions with different frequency reuse factors. This work focuses on evaluating the two main types of FFR deployments: Strict FFR and Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR). Relevant metrics are discussed, including outage probability, network throughput, spectral efficiency, and average cell- edge user SINR. In addition to analytical expressions for outage probability, system simulations are used to compare Strict FFR and SFR with universal frequency reuse based on a typical OFDMA deployment and uniformly distributed users. Based on the analysis and numerical results, system design guidelines and a detailed picture of the tradeoffs associated with the FFR systems are presented, showing that Strict FFR provides the greatest overall network throughput and highest cell-edge user SINR, while SFR balances the requirements of interference reduction and resource efficiency.
A 2.5&#x2013;12.5Gbps interpolator-based clock and data recovery circuit for FPGA (2012)

This paper presents a programmable half-rate clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit for plesiochronous serial I/O links. The CDR is implemented in TSMC 28nm high-k metal-gate CMOS technology and covers a continuous range of data rates from 2.5Gb/s to 12.5Gb/s. The higher data rate is achieved by demultiplexing and decimating the sampled data in order for the subsequent circuit to operate at a much lower speed. The CDR is able to track maximum frequency deviation of ±286.78 ppm between the incoming data and the local reference clock at 12.5Gb/s. The CDR occupies a chip area of 18700um <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and consumes 30.30mW of power at 12.5Gb/s.
Cooperation of two distinct ExpR regulators controls quorum sensing specificity and virulence in the plant pathogen <i>Erwinia carotovora</i> (2006)

Quorum sensing, the population density-dependent regulation mediated by N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHSL), is essential for the control of virulence in the plant pathogen Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora (Ecc). In Erwinia carotovora ssp. the AHSL signal with an acyl chain of either 6 or 8 carbons is generated by an AHSL synthase, the expI gene product. This work demonstrates that the AHSL receptor, ExpR1, of Ecc strain SCC3193 has strict specificity for the cognate AHSL 3-oxo-C8-HSL. We have also identified a second AHSL receptor (ExpR2) and demonstrate a novel quorum sensing mechanism, where ExpR2 acts synergistically with the previously described ExpR1 to repress virulence gene expression in Ecc. We show that this repression is released by addition of AHSLs and appears to be largely mediated via the negative regulator RsmA. Additionally we show that ExpR2 has the novel property to sense AHSLs with different acyl chain lengths. The expI expR1 double mutant is able to act in response to a number of different AHSLs, while the expI expR2 double mutant can only respond to the cognate signal of Ecc strain SCC3193. These results suggest that Ecc is able to react both to the cognate AHSL signal and the signals produced by other bacterial species.
Application of Porous Membrane-Protected Micro-Solid-Phase Extraction Combined with HPLC for the Analysis of Acidic Drugs in Wastewater (2007)

This report describes the use of a porous membrane-protected micro-solid-phase extraction (micro-SPE) procedure to extract acidic drugs from wastewater that are then determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The micro-SPE device consists of C18 sorbent held within a membrane envelope made of polypropylene. Ketoprofen and ibuprofen were selected as model compounds, and extraction parameters were optimized. Correlation coefficients of 0.9980 and 0.9953 were obtained for ketoprofen and ibuprofen, respectively, across a concentration range of 1-250 microg/L. Relative extraction recoveries were between 94 and 112%. The relative standard deviation of the analytical method ranged between 2 and 10%, respectively. The method detection limits for these target analytes in wastewater ranged from 0.03 to 0.08 microg/L. When compared to conventional solid-phase extraction (SPE), this new method showed better detection limits with good reproducibility. The results shows that this micro-SPE technique is a feasible alternative to multistep SPE for the extraction of analytes in complex samples.
From a Comprehensive Experimental Survey to a Cost-based Selection Strategy for Lightweight Integer Compression Algorithms (2019)

Lightweight integer compression algorithms are frequently applied in in-memory database systems to tackle the growing gap between processor speed and main memory bandwidth. In recent years, the vectorization of basic techniques such as delta coding and null suppression has considerably enlarged the corpus of available algorithms. As a result, today there is a large number of algorithms to choose from, while different algorithms are tailored to different data characteristics. However, a comparative evaluation of these algorithms with different data and hardware characteristics has never been sufficiently conducted in the literature. To close this gap, we conducted an exhaustive experimental survey by evaluating several state-of-the-art lightweight integer compression algorithms as well as cascades of basic techniques. We systematically investigated the influence of data as well as hardware properties on the performance and the compression rates. The evaluated algorithms are based on publicly available implementations as well as our own vectorized reimplementations. We summarize our experimental findings leading to several new insights and to the conclusion that there is no single-best algorithm. Moreover, in this article, we also introduce and evaluate a novel cost model for the selection of a suitable lightweight integer compression algorithm for a given dataset.
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in Produced Water and Scale from Texas Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Wells (1995)

Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in Produced Water and Scale from Texas Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Wells, by R. S. Fisher. 43 p., 12 figs., 7 tables, 1 appendix, 1995. ISSN: 2475-3637. doi.org/10.23867/gc9503D. Digital Version.For a print version: GC9503.
Hepatic Steatosis: A Mediator of the Metabolic Syndrome. Lessons From Animal Models (2004)

Epidemiological studies in humans, as well as experimental studies in animal models, have shown an association between visceral obesity and dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recently, attention has been focused on the excessive accumulation of triglycerides (TG) in the liver as part of this syndrome. In this review, important principles of the pathophysiological involvement of the liver in the metabolic syndrome obtained in rodent models are summarized. We focus on non-alcoholic causes of steatosis, because the animal experiments we refer to did not include alcohol as an experimental condition. In general, there is continuous cycling and redistribution of non-oxidized fatty acids between different organs. The amount of TG in an intrinsically normal liver is not fixed but can readily be increased by nutritional, metabolic, and endocrine interactions involving TG/free fatty acid (FFA) partitioning and TG/FFA metabolism. Several lines of evidence indicate that hepatic TG accumulation is also a causative factor involved in hepatic insulin resistance. Complex interactions between endocrine, metabolic, and transcriptional pathways are involved in TG-induced hepatic insulin resistance. Therefore, the liver participates passively and actively in the metabolic derangements of the metabolic syndrome. We speculate that similar mechanisms may also be involved in human pathophysiology.
Expression of HLA-A,B,C antigens on primary and metastatic tumor cell populations of human carcinomas. (1991)

The expression of monomorphic determinants of the histocompatibility leukocyte antigens (HLA) class I antigens by human malignant tumor cells was studied in tissue specimens of 70 primary tumor lesions obtained from patients with carcinoma of the breast (41 patients), colon (8 patients), urinary bladder (8 patients), and kidney (13 patients), and in samples of either synchronous or metachronous lymph node, lung, or liver metastases available in 44 of the patients. The frequencies of HLA class I expressor and nonexpressor tumor cells were determined by immunohistochemical staining of histological sections of fresh frozen tissue samples with the W6/32 monoclonal antibody. The tumor cell populations in the majority of the primary lesions consisted predominantly of HLA-immunoreactive cells (observed in 38 of 70 patients; 54%), especially in those patients who did not have clinical evidence of metastatic disease (8 of 11 patients; 73%). Various degrees of loss of reactivity were observed in other primary lesions, although in only 8 (12%) tumors (7 of which were obtained from patients with metastatic disease), the neoplastic cells were nearly exclusively HLA-nonreactive. In contrast, the majority of metastatic lesions consisted of either predominantly HLA-negative cells (33 of 44 specimens; 75%) or mixed populations (10 of 44 specimens; 23%), whereas only one metastatic lesion manifested HLA class I antigen staining in more than 70% of its tumor cells (P = 0.0005). Intravascular clusters of tumor cells consisted predominantly of HLA class I nonexpressors. The observed patterns of distribution of HLA expressors and nonexpressor tumor cells are compatible with the notion that HLA-negative cells in human carcinomas manifest a selective advantage with regard to metastatic progression and growth. The suppressed expression of major histocompatibility complex class I antigens on metastatic cells may lead to failure of presentation of cell surface tumor specific epitopes to host cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Such a process would enable tumor cells to evade host immune responses and would promote and enhance cell dissemination and metastatic growth.
Metabolic Stress and Compromised Identity of Pancreatic Beta Cells (2017)

Beta cell failure is a central feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the molecular underpinnings of the process remain only partly understood. It has been suggested that beta cell failure in T2D involves massive cell death. Other studies ascribe beta cell failure to cell exhaustion, due to chronic oxidative or endoplasmic reticulum stress leading to cellular dysfunction. More recently it was proposed that beta cells in T2D may lose their differentiated identity, possibly even gaining features of other islet cell types. The loss of beta cell identity appears to be driven by glucotoxicity inhibiting the activity of key beta cell transcription factors including Pdx1, Nkx6.1, MafA and Pax6, thereby silencing beta cell genes and derepressing alternative islet cell genes. The loss of beta cell identity is at least partly reversible upon normalization of glycemia, with implications for the reversibility of T2D, although it is not known if beta cell failure reaches eventually a point of no return. In this review we discuss current evidence for metabolism-driven compromised beta cell identity, key knowledge gaps and opportunities for utility in the treatment of T2D.
Corporate Finance (1994)

The two areas of corporate finance relate to debt capital (or loans) and equity capital (or shares). Equity finance is capital paid into or kept in the business by the shareholders, the owners of the business. It is long-term capital and carries the greatest risk and attracts the highest returns. Debt finance is money invested in the business by third parties, usually for a shorter period of time than equity and carrying a lower risk and lower return.
Pgrmc1/BDNF Signaling Plays a Critical Role in Mediating Glia-Neuron Cross Talk (2016)

Abstract Progesterone (P4) exerts robust cytoprotection in brain slice cultures (containing both neurons and glia), yet such protection is not as evident in neuron-enriched cultures, suggesting that glia may play an indispensable role in P4's neuroprotection. We previously reported that a membrane-associated P4 receptor, P4 receptor membrane component 1, mediates P4-induced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) release from glia. Here, we sought to determine whether glia are required for P4's neuroprotection and whether glia's roles are mediated, at least partially, via releasing soluble factors to act on neighboring neurons. Our data demonstrate that P4 increased the level of mature BDNF (neuroprotective) while decreasing pro-BDNF (potentially neurotoxic) in the conditioned media (CMs) of cultured C6 astrocytes. We examined the effects of CMs derived from P4-treated astrocytes (P4-CMs) on 2 neuronal models: 1) all-trans retinoid acid-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and 2) mouse primary hippocampal neurons. P4-CM increased synaptic marker expression and promoted neuronal survival against H2O2. These effects were attenuated by Y1036 (an inhibitor of neurotrophin receptor [tropomysin-related kinase] signaling), as well as tropomysin-related kinase B-IgG (a more specific inhibitor to block BDNF signaling), which pointed to BDNF as the key protective component within P4-CM. These findings suggest that P4 may exert its maximal protection by triggering a glia-neuron cross talk, in which P4 promotes mature BDNF release from glia to enhance synaptogenesis as well as survival of neurons. This recognition of the importance of glia in mediating P4's neuroprotection may also inform the design of effective therapeutic methods for treating diseases wherein neuronal death and/or synaptic deficits are noted.