gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flash memory built-in self-test using March-like algorithms (2003)

Flash memories are a type of non-volatile memory based on floating-gate transistors. The use of commodity and embedded flash memories are growing rapidly as we enter the system-on-chip (SOC) era. Conventional tests for flash memories are usually ad hoc-the test procedure is developed for a specific design. We propose improved March-like algorithms (i.e., March FT) for both bit-oriented and word-oriented flash memory; to cover the disturbance faults derived from the IEEE 1005 Standard, as well as conventional faults. A novel flash memory fault simulator is used to analyze and generate the test algorithms. In addition, we present BIST designs for two industrial flash memories. The area overhead is only about 3% for a medium-sized flash memory.
Design of Contoured Thermomechanical Actuators and Pulsing Actuation to Enhance Dynamic Performance (2011)

This paper presents the concepts, models, and experimental validations of the geometric contouring method and a pulsing technique to enhance dynamic performance of micro thermomechanical actuators (μTMAs). For a typical TMA, contouring may improve its stroke, force, and speed performances by a factor of 4, 2.5, and 10, respectively. In the meantime, the required power for achieving the same performance is reduced by 40%. Herein, we show the following: 1) how to obtain marked dynamic and static performance from μTMAs; 2) how to model and optimize these improvements; and 3) how to use transient electrical command signals to augment these improvements. The utility and practical implementation of these techniques are illustrated via a case study on a stage from a three-axis optical scanner for a two-photon endomicroscope.
Sensitivity distribution simulations of surface electrode configurations for electrical impedance myography (2017)

The approach presented can be employed to inform the design of robust EIM electrode configurations that maximize the contribution of muscle across the disease and injury spectrum. Muscle Nerve 56: 887-895, 2017.
Passive RFID tag based heart rate monitoring from an ECG signal (2015)

In this paper, we propose a monitoring system that employs a passive RFID tag to transmit heart rate using an ECG signal as its source. This system operates without a battery and has been constructed with easily available commercial components. Here, an RFID tag is used as an on-off keying device, wherein it is normally transmitting, but turns off every time a heart beat is detected. Heart beats ranging from 30BPM through 300BPM are successfully measured using our device. It is shown that the system is capable of providing accurate heart rate measurements up to a distance of ten feet with a standard deviation of less than one beat per minute without a local power source. The proposed system is also found to be resilient in the presence of an additional RFID tag.
Textile Fiber Electrode to Monitor Uric Acid as a Marker for Assessing Wound Chronicity (2017)

A nanocomposite textile fiber electrode was functionalized with uricase for uric acid monitoring in chronic wound fluid. Uric acid is a metabolic product of purines which has a primary role in tissue healing by initiating the inflammatory process. Throughout the healing process, the uric acid levels are elevated in the wound fluids with relative concentrations correlating with wound chronicity. Though sensor devices implemented at point-of-care allows for rapid wound diagnostics, still there is no wearable technology for continuous monitoring. In this work, a three-dimensional high aspect ratio nanocomposite textile-based electrode was investigated. The unique structure of the electrode provided larger surface area for enzyme immobilization and an excellent platform for electron transfer from enzymatic reaction.
<title>Laser Surface Melting Of Stainless Steel For Corrosion Protection</title> (1980)

A scanning laser beam was used to melt and normalize the surface layer of sensitized 304 stainless steel. Subsequent Strauss tests indicated a complete resistance to intergranular corrosion. Mechanical testing at strains less than 15% also showed laser surface melting to indefinitely extend specimen life in a stress corrosion environment. At strains greater than 15%, the laser-scanned protective layer was breached by cracks. A maximum critical laser-scanning velocity compatible with normalization of the surface layer is calculated. Similarly, a minimum critical laser-scanning velocity required to avoid resensitization is determined. The stress distribution in a 304 stainless-steel specimen with a laser-melted and self-quenched surface layer is estimated and shown to be compatible with the observed appearance of martensite in the melted surface layer.
Peptidoglycan hydrolase enzyme fusions for treating multi-drug resistant pathogens (2009)

Pathogens with multiple resistance to antibiotics are a world-wide concern for human and animal health. Bacteriophage lytic enzymes are a potent new source of antimicrobials for treating these pathogens. Phages are viruses that infect bacteria. Survival of the phage relies on phage-encoded endolysins to degrade host peptidoglycan (PG) -- a major structure of bacterial cell walls -- so that nascent phage particles can escape and reinfect new host cells. Bacteria-phage co-evolution has yielded endolysins that target immutable PG bonds such that no hosts with resistance to the phage endolysins have been identified. The lysins are modular enzymes with lytic domains that maintain their parental specificities when fused. These qualities and the ability to kill pathogens in biofilms position the PG hydrolases as a potent new class of antimicrobials uniquely suited to eradicate multi-drug resistant pathogens.
Pistacia weinmannifolia root exerts a protective role in ovalbumin‑induced lung inflammation in a mouse allergic asthma model (2019)

Pistacia weinmannifolia (Anacardiaceae) has been used in herbal medicine for the treatment of influenza, dysentery and enteritis in China. It was recently observed that P. weinmannifolia root extract (PWRE) exerts anti‑inflammatory effects both in in vitro and in vivo models. Based on the results from previous studies, the present study investigated the protective effect of PWRE on airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion. Treatment with PWRE significantly decreased the number of eosinophils and the levels of Th2 cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)‑4, IL‑5 and IL‑13, in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of OVA‑exposed mice. PWRE decreased the high serum levels of total and OVA‑specific immunoglobulin E. PWRE also effectively inhibited the influx of inflammatory cells into the lung, as well as airway mucus hypersecretion. In addition, the increased level of monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1 was significantly decreased with the PWRE treatment in the BALF of OVA‑exposed mice and in lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. These protective effects of PWRE on OVA‑induced pulmonary inflammation were accompanied by the downregulation of mitogen associated protein kinases and nuclear factor‑κB activation. Thus, the results from the present study indicate that PWRE could be valuable adjuvant for the treatment of asthma.
Nanogroove-Enhanced Hydrogel Scaffolds for 3D Neuronal Cell Culture: An Easy Access Brain-on-Chip Model (2019)

In order to better understand the brain and brain diseases, in vitro human brain models need to include not only a chemically and physically relevant microenvironment, but also structural network complexity. This complexity reflects the hierarchical architecture in brain tissue. Here, a method has been developed that adds complexity to a 3D cell culture by means of nanogrooved substrates. SH-SY5Y cells were grown on these nanogrooved substrates and covered with Matrigel, a hydrogel. To quantitatively analyze network behavior in 2D neuronal cell cultures, we previously developed an automated image-based screening method. We first investigated if this method was applicable to 3D primary rat brain cortical (CTX) cell cultures. Since the method was successfully applied to these pilot data, a proof of principle in a reductionist human brain cell model was attempted, using the SH-SY5Y cell line. The results showed that these cells also create an aligned network in the 3D microenvironment by maintaining a certain degree of guidance by the nanogrooved topography in the z-direction. These results indicate that nanogrooves enhance the structural complexity of 3D neuronal cell cultures for both CTX and human SH-SY5Y cultures, providing a basis for further development of an easy access brain-on-chip model.
Alkylresorcinol biosynthesis in plants (2010)

Alkylresorcinols are members of an extensive family of bioactive compounds referred to as phenolic lipids, which occur primarily in plants, fungi, and bacteria. In plants, alkylresorcinols and their derivatives are thought to serve important roles as phytoanticipins and allelochemicals, although direct evidence for this is still somewhat lacking. Specialized type III polyketide synthases (referred to as 'alkylresorcinol synthases'), which catalyze the formation of 5-alkylresorcinols using fatty acyl-CoA starter units and malonyl-CoA extender units, have been characterized from several microbial species, however until very recently little has been known concerning their plant counterparts. Through the use of sorghum and rice EST and genomic data sets, significant inroads have now been made in this regard. Here we provide additional information concerning our recent report on the identification and characterization of alkylresorcinol synthases from Sorghum bicolor and Oryza sativa, as well as a brief consideration of the emergence of this intriguing subfamily of enzymes.
Refilling Silicon Grooves by Liquid Phase Epitaxy (1982)

Planar epitaxial refilling of grooves etched in (110) oriented silicon wafers has been achieved by using a liquid phase epitaxial growth process. This process has the advantages of requiring lower processing temperatures, maintaining high minority carrier lifetime, and of not producing the undesirable polycrystalline deposits invariably observed on the oxide‐coated surfaces between the grooves during conventional vapor phase epitaxial growth. The effect of epitaxial growth conditions on the planar refill has been examined. It has been found that planar refill can be achieved at slow cooling rates on the order of 0.1–0.2°C/min in the presence of an oxide layer between the grooves to be refilled. At high cooling rates and in the absence of the oxide layer between the grooves, nonplanar surfaces are observed. Typical applications for this planar epitaxial refill process would be in the fabrication of vertical multijunction solar cell structures and in the fabrication of vertically walled gate regions for power junction field effect transistors and field controlled thyristors.
Current stiff converter topologies with resonant snubbers (2002)

In this paper, a study of resonant snubbers with auxiliary switches is presented as applied to three-phase current stiff power converter (CSC) topologies targeted for electric drives applications. Several realizations of CSCs with resonant snubbers are identified and characterized from a generalized three-phase commutation cell. The modulation characteristics associated with the operation of the CSCs with resonant snubbers are analyzed using the space vector approach. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the key aspects in this discussion. Experimental results are included for selected cases.
A transcriptomics-based in vitro assay for predicting chemical genotoxicity in vivo (2012)

The lack of accurate in vitro assays for predicting in vivo toxicity of chemicals together with new legislations demanding replacement and reduction of animal testing has triggered the development of alternative methods. This study aimed at developing a transcriptomics-based in vitro prediction assay for in vivo genotoxicity. Transcriptomics changes induced in the human liver cell line HepG2 by 34 compounds after treatment for 12, 24, and 48h were used for the selection of gene-sets that are capable of discriminating between in vivo genotoxins (GTX) and in vivo nongenotoxins (NGTX). By combining transcriptomics with publicly available results for these chemicals from standard in vitro genotoxicity studies, we developed several prediction models. These models were validated by using an additional set of 28 chemicals. The best prediction was achieved after stratification of chemicals according to results from the Ames bacterial gene mutation assay prior to transcriptomics evaluation after 24h of treatment. A total of 33 genes were selected for discriminating GTX from NGTX for Ames-positive chemicals and 22 for Ames-negative chemicals. Overall, this method resulted in 89% accuracy and 91% specificity, thereby clearly outperforming the standard in vitro test battery. Transcription factor network analysis revealed HNF3a, HNF4a, HNF6, androgen receptor, and SP1 as main factors regulating the expression of classifiers for Ames-positive chemicals. Thus, the classical bacterial gene mutation assay in combination with in vitro transcriptomics in HepG2 is proposed as an upgraded in vitro approach for predicting in vivo genotoxicity of chemicals holding a great promise for reducing animal experimentations on genotoxicity.
Direct lineage reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts to functional midbrain dopaminergic neuronal progenitors (2013)

The direct lineage reprogramming of somatic cells to other lineages by defined factors has led to innovative cell-fate-change approaches for providing patient-specific cells. Recent reports have demonstrated that four pluripotency factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) are sufficient to directly reprogram fibroblasts to other specific cells, including induced neural stem cells (iNSCs). Here, we show that mouse fibroblasts can be directly reprogrammed into midbrain dopaminergic neuronal progenitors (DPs) by temporal expression of the pluripotency factors and environment containing sonic hedgehog and fibroblast growth factor 8. Within thirteen days, self-renewing and functional induced DPs (iDPs) were generated. Interestingly, the inhibition of both Jak and Gsk3β notably enhanced the iDP reprogramming efficiency. We confirmed the functionality of the iDPs by showing that the dopaminergic neurons generated from iDPs express midbrain markers, release dopamine, and show typical electrophysiological profiles. Our results demonstrate that the pluripotency factors-mediated direct reprogramming is an invaluable strategy for supplying functional and proliferating iDPs and may be useful for other neural progenitors required for disease modeling and cell therapies for neurodegenerative disorders.
Analysis and Design of a Doherty-Like RF-Input Load Modulated Balanced Amplifier (2018)

This paper presents an analysis and design technique for an RF-input load modulated balanced amplifier (LMBA) with Doherty-like efficiency enhancement characteristics. The LMBA is a recently introduced power amplifier (PA) architecture in which a control signal is injected into the isolation port of the output coupler of a balanced amplifier. This control signal modulates the apparent load impedance of the two main devices. In the RF-input LMBA presented in this paper, the control signal is generated from the single-modulated RF input using a class-C control amplifier, producing an overall Doherty-like response. A complete theoretical analysis of the RF-input LMBA is presented, by assuming generalized networks for the output combiner and input splitter which are then solved in terms of transistor parameters and boundary conditions for high efficiency. Based on this analysis, a generalized design technique is presented. The LMBA is, thereby, shown to have advantages over the Doherty PA, including the device periphery scaling between the main and control devices for a given back-off range. The design technique is demonstrated at 2.4 GHz using packaged GaN devices. The prototype has a peak CW output power of 45.6 dBm, with a power-added efficiency of 60% at peak power and 50% at 6-dB output back-off, including the power dissipated by the control PA. A long-term evolution signal at 2.4 GHz with a 7.5-dB peak-to-average power ratio is demonstrated with an unlinearized ACLR of -27 dBc and an average drain efficiency of 47% for a 38-dBm average output power.
Quantification of segregation and strain effects in InAs∕GaAs quantum dot growth (2005)

Reflection high-energy electron diffraction measurements of the critical thickness θcrit for quantum dot (QD) formation have been used to quantify the effects of indium segregation and strain on the growth of bilayer InAs∕GaAs(001) QD structures. These are not straightforward to deconvolute, because of the complex issues that arise during the growth and capping of the QDs. Segregation and out diffusion of In from buried QDs are shown to occur for GaAs thicknesses up to ∼6nm at 580°C. The existence of a floating In adlayer on the surface of the GaAs-capping layer as a result of In segregation is apparent at much lower substrate temperatures (510°C). The relative contribution of both segregation and strain on the reduction of θcrit during the growth of a second InAs layer is assessed. Compared with segregation, strain from the buried QDs can be measured through significantly larger capping thicknesses (∼30nm) under these conditions.
External cavity terahertz quantum cascade laser sources based on intra-cavity frequency mixing with 1.2–5.9 THz tuning range (2014)

We discuss the design and operation of widely-tunable terahertz sources based on Cherenkov intra-cavity difference-frequency generation in mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers. Laser chips are integrated into a Littrow-type external cavity system. Devices demonstrate continuous terahertz emission tuning at room temperature with a record tuning range from 1.2 THz to 5.9 THz and peak power output varying between 5 and 90 μW, depending on the operating frequency. Beam steering of terahertz Cherenkov emission with frequency is suppressed and mid-infrared-to-terahertz conversion efficiency is improved by bonding devices onto high-resistivity silicon substrates that have virtually no refractive index dispersion and vanishingly-small optical loss in 1–6 THz range.
PMTJ Temperature Sensor Utilizing VCMA (2019)

Thermal aware systems are able to control distributed CMOS blocks based on the local temperature to enhance system power, speed, and reliability. The ultimate objective is multiple in situ temperature sensors, close to the CMOS device layer, distributed over the die, physically small, and leaking almost zero power. Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ) are able to provide this capability. An MTJ is a CMOS compatible device, fabricated within the metallic layers, above the CMOS device layers. A method for using an MTJ as a thermal sensor is presented. The method operates MTJs in an antiparallel state where an MTJ is more sensitive to thermal variations as compared to the parallel state. The method exploits device magnetism, thermal stability, and resistance with respect to an applied sensing voltage to sense the ambient temperature. The results are based on experimentally extracted parameters of a perpendicular and voltage controlled magnetic anisotropy MgO|CoFeB MTJ. A change in the device antiparallel resistance of up to 16 Ω per degree Kelvin at a sensing voltage of 0.2 volts is exhibited.
Multilayer enhanced SERS active materials: fabrication, characterization, and application to trace chemical detection (2006)

A multilayer surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate geometry providing significantly greater SERS enhancements, longer active lifetimes, better reproducibility, and lower detection limits for trace chemical analysis than traditional SERS substrates has been developed. We have fabricated and characterized this novel class of multilayered metal film-based SERS substrates, which are capable of enhancing SERS signals over an order of magnitude relative to conventional metal film over nanostructure substrates. These multilayer enhanced metal film substrates are fabricated by repeated vapor deposition of metal films over nanometer sized structures. Different sizes of nanostructures were evaluated in order to obtain the optimal SERS enhancements. Meanwhile, different dielectric coatings were fabricated between silver layers, and SERS enhancements were evaluated for each type. Additionally, different metals, such as gold, were used to further optimize the stability and reproducibility of these novel substrates. Silver oxide layers produced at elevated temperatures were also investigated to accelerate the fabrication rate of these multilayer substrates. Finally, this paper also discusses the application of these novel multilayer substrates for trace detection of chemical agents and simulants.
Nucleotide sequence of F <sub>0</sub> -ATPase proteolipid (subunit 9) gene of maize mitochondria (1985)

The F(0)-ATPase proteolipid, also referred to as subunit 9 or the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding protein, is encoded by a mitochondrial gene in maize that we have designated atp 9. The clone containing atp 9 was selected for investigation from a mitochondrial DNA library because of its abundant transcript in total maize mitochondrial RNA preparations. Sequence analysis of the clone revealed an open reading frame that was readily identified by its nucleotide homology with the ATPase subunit 9 gene of yeast. As deduced from the nucleotide sequence, the maize ATPase subunit 9 protein contains 74 amino acids with a molecular weight of 7368. Substantial amino acid sequence homology is conserved among maize, yeast, bovine, and Neurospora mitochondrial ATPase subunit 9 proteins, regardless of whether the gene is nuclearly encoded (bovine and Neurospora) or mitochondrially encoded (yeast and maize). RNA transfer blot analysis indicated that the gene sequence is actively transcribed, producing an initial transcript that is large and extensively processed.
A new geometric and mechanical verification device for medical LINACs (2002)

The goal of quality assurance (QA) for a radiation oncology medical LINAC is to maintain an acceptable level of equipment performance and reliability. The increasing complexity of Radiation Oncology equipment and treatment techniques have led to increased demands on the work load of the medical physicist. Regular testing needs to be as efficient as possible. Generally, the QA tests, as recommended by the AAPM Task Group 40 for medical LINACs, can be grouped into two categories: dosimetry and mechanical checks. A new QA device has been developed that facilitates many of the daily and monthly mechanical QA checks. Its efficiency and speed is achieved through a set of QA tools that are mounted on a single platform, which is designed to fit into the accessory mount of the medical LINAC. Named Mini-GARD (MG), it verifies the accuracy of the digital readouts for gantry angles, collimator angles, and field sizes. It also tests crosshair position, the optical distance indicator (ODI), and patient setup laser alignment. It uses two calibrated digital levels for the gantry and collimator angle verification, an electronic tape measure for ODI verification, and a calibrated transparent projection scale for the remaining tests. This paper evaluates the stability and accuracy of the device in clinical tests over a period of a year. Results show that the MG is reliable and capable of measuring gantry and collimator angle constancy to +/-0.3 degrees, ODI constancy to +/-0.05 cm, and field size accuracies to +/-0.05 cm.