gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hyperspectral target tracking (2011)

We introduce a non-kinematic based approach to autonomous target tracking using a new set of Independent and Indirectly Generated Attributes (IIGA) from hyperspectral imagery. The IIGA method addresses the detection of rare signal appearance (i.e., targets represented by a few pixels), which is often the case in remote sensing target tracking. The proposed method demonstrates that object distinctness can be preserved, or perhaps accentuated, by contrasting hyperspectral samples, indirectly, through differences between each sample and a series of unrelated random samples in order to generate new attribute sets. Object distinctness is captured by features of the new attribute sets' underlying distributions. Preliminary results are promising using a small but challenging dataset.
In Vitro Evolution of Functional Nucleic Acids: High-Affinity RNA Ligands of the HIV-1 rev Protein (1994)

Naturally occurring nucleic acids are primarily viewed as information-bearing macromolecules. In addition to encoding protein gene products, genomic DNA (or RNA) contains sequences that serve as recognition sites for the binding of various regulatory and catalytic proteins as well as RNA structural information crucial to a variety of biochemical functions. Thus, any nucleic acid sequence found in nature may be composed of tiers of information whose evolved function is revealed at discrete points in the cellular biochemistry and life cycle of the organism from which it is derived. One of the tasks facing a molecular biologist is to distinguish at what level each piece of sequence information is relevant. One level of information is the sequence-specific contributions of nucleic acids to protein-nucleic acid interactions. It was during investigations into such contributions of RNA sequence to affinity for T4 DNA polymerase that we developed a system we call SELEX (for Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment).
Multifunctional nanocomposite structural separators for energy storage (2019)

Separators in energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors are critical elements between the much-researched anodes and cathodes. Here we present a new "structural separator" comprised of electrically-insulating aligned alumina nanotubes, which realizes a structural, or mechanically robust, function in addition to allowing charge transfer. The polymer nanocomposite structural separator is demonstrated in a supercapacitor cell and also as an interface reinforcement in an aerospace-grade structural carbon fiber composite. Relative to a polymeric commercial separator, the structural separator shows advantages both electrically and structurally: ionic conductivity in the supercapacitor cell is doubled due to the nanotubes disrupting the semi-crystallinity in the polymer electrolyte, and the structural separator creates an interface that is 50% stronger in the advanced composite. In addition to providing direct benefits to existing energy storage devices, the structural separator is best suited to multifunctional structural energy storage applications.
Probing the Catalytic Mechanism of the Insulin Receptor Kinase with a Tetrafluorotyrosine-containing Peptide Substrate (2000)

The interaction of a synthetic tetrafluorotyrosyl peptide substrate with the activated tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin receptor was studied by steady-state kinetics and x-ray crystallography. The pH-rate profiles indicate that the neutral phenol, rather than the chemically more reactive phenoxide ion, is required for enzyme-catalyzed phosphorylation. The pK(a) of the tetrafluorotyrosyl hydroxyl is elevated 2 pH units on the enzyme compared with solution, whereas the phenoxide anion species behaves as a weak competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase. A structure of the binary enzyme-substrate complex shows the tetrafluorotyrosyl OH group at hydrogen bonding distances from the side chains of Asp(1132) and Arg(1136), consistent with elevation of the pK(a). These findings strongly support a reaction mechanism favoring a dissociative transition state.
Caching multidimensional queries using chunks (1998)

Caching has been proposed (and implemented) by OLAP systems in order to reduce response times for multidimensional queries. Previous work on such caching has considered table level caching and query level caching. Table level caching is more suitable for static schemes. On the other hand, query level caching can be used in dynamic schemes, but is too coarse for “large” query results. Query level caching has the further drawback for small query results in that it is only effective when a new query is subsumed by a previously cached query. In this paper, we propose caching small regions of the multidimensional space called “chunks”. Chunk-based caching allows fine granularity caching, and allows queries to partially reuse the results of previous queries with which they overlap. To facilitate the computation of chunks required by a query but missing from the cache, we propose a new organization for relational tables, which we call a “chunked file.” Our experiments show that for workloads that exhibit query locality, chunked caching combined with the chunked file organization performs better than query level caching. An unexpected benefit of the chunked file organization is that, due to its multidimensional clustering properties, it can significantly improve the performance of queries that “miss” the cache entirely as compared to traditional file organizations.
Blue Second-harmonic Generation with Low Cerenkov Angles from Ta2O5/KTiOPO4 Waveguides (1992)

Efficient blue second-harmonic generation (SHG) with Cerenkov angles of less than 1° has been observed for a Ta 2 O 5 /KTiOPO 4 channel waveguide 1) In order to realize low (<1°) Cerenkov angles as well as a high SHG efficiency, it is important to adjust waveguide parameters so that the overlapping between a nonlinear polarization wave and a SH wave in the KTiOPO 4 substrate becomes quite large as shown in Fig.1.
Achromatic phase matching for tunable second-harmonic generation by use of a grism (1997)

Achromatic phase matching (APM) involves dispersing the light entering a nonlinear-optical crystal so that a wide range of wavelengths is simultaneously phase matched. Using an APM arrangement consisting of a grism (a grating on the surface of a prism) and three prisms, optimized to match a second-harmonic crystal phase-matching angle versus wavelength to high order, we efficiently doubled tunable fundamental light near 650nm with a bandwidth of >95 nm by use of a 4-mm type I beta-barium borate crystal. APM uses no moving parts, and unlike previous APM designs, ours avoids lenses and hence is easy to align and insensitive to translational misalignment of the beam.
Frederick Banting's observations leading to the potential for islet neogenesis without transplantation (2021)

On 31 October 1920, Sir Frederick Banting, while preparing for a medical student lecture on diabetes, a topic that he knew little about, learned how pancreatic stones resulted in the formation of new islets of Langerhans. He then scribbled down a potential research study of tying off the ducts of the pancreas and collecting the secretions to improve diabetes. These secretions became known as insulin. A century later, 60 different oral medications and 20 different insulins are available for the treatment of diabetes, yet none stimulate new islet formation. One hundred years later, after the discovery of insulin, more than a dozen research teams from around the world have demonstrated that similar studies to Banting's pancreatic ligation studies have resulted in upregulation of the REG gene. There are now more than 200 publications on the role of Reg gene proteins and shorter Reg peptides in initiating new islet formation islet from exocrine pancreatic ducts and protecting against inflammation to islets resulting in islet death. Human data through Phase 2b in both type 1 and 2 diabetes patients with diabetes for an average of 20 years have demonstrated that the use of a shorter bioactive Reg peptide can generate new endogenous insulin production, resulting in significant reductions in hemoglobin A1C and increases in stimulated C-peptide. The observations of Frederick Banting, one century ago, may now lead to the generation of therapeutics that form new islets without the need for transplantation.
Fasting-mimicking diet and markers/risk factors for aging, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease (2017)

Calorie restriction or changes in dietary composition can enhance healthy aging, but the inability of most subjects to adhere to chronic and extreme diets, as well as potentially adverse effects, limits their application. We randomized 100 generally healthy participants from the United States into two study arms and tested the effects of a fasting-mimicking diet (FMD)-low in calories, sugars, and protein but high in unsaturated fats-on markers/risk factors associated with aging and age-related diseases. We compared subjects who followed 3 months of an unrestricted diet to subjects who consumed the FMD for 5 consecutive days per month for 3 months. Three FMD cycles reduced body weight, trunk, and total body fat; lowered blood pressure; and decreased insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). No serious adverse effects were reported. After 3 months, control diet subjects were crossed over to the FMD program, resulting in a total of 71 subjects completing three FMD cycles. A post hoc analysis of subjects from both FMD arms showed that body mass index, blood pressure, fasting glucose, IGF-1, triglycerides, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and C-reactive protein were more beneficially affected in participants at risk for disease than in subjects who were not at risk. Thus, cycles of a 5-day FMD are safe, feasible, and effective in reducing markers/risk factors for aging and age-related diseases. Larger studies in patients with diagnosed diseases or selected on the basis of risk factors are warranted to confirm the effect of the FMD on disease prevention and treatment.
A 5′‐upstream short open reading frame encoded peptide regulates angiotensin type 1a receptor production and signalling via the β‐arrestin pathway (2015)

AUG sequences and short open reading frames are commonly present in the 5'-leader sequence of G protein-coupled receptor mRNAs. The presence of these upstream AUG sequences has been demonstrated to inhibit downstream receptor translation efficiency and, most recently, receptor signal transduction. A seven amino acid peptide encoded by a short open reading frame in exon 2 of the angiotensin type 1a receptor has been shown to inhibit non-G protein-coupled signalling of angiotensin II, without altering the classical G protein-coupled pathway activated by the ligand. This finding may lead to the development of a new class of angiotensin receptor antagonists with activities biased for one, but not all, of the signalling cascades activated by angiotensin II, which could have therapeutic implications for the myriad hormones and neurotransmitters that signal through G protein-coupled receptors.
Block-Based Image Compression With Parameter-Assistant Inpainting (2010)

This correspondence presents an image compression approach that integrates our proposed parameter-assistant inpainting (PAI) to exploit visual redundancy in color images. In this scheme, we study different distributions of image regions and represent them with a model class. Based on that, an input image at the encoder side is divided into featured and non-featured regions at block level. The featured blocks fitting the predefined model class are coded by a few parameters, whereas the non-featured blocks are coded traditionally. At the decoder side, the featured regions are restored through PAI relying on both delivered parameters and surrounding information. Experimental results show that our method outperforms JPEG in featured regions by an average bit-rate saving of 76% at similar perceptual quality levels.
Use of Adaptive Laboratory Evolution To Discover Key Mutations Enabling Rapid Growth of Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 on Glucose Minimal Medium (2014)

Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) has emerged as an effective tool for scientific discovery and addressing biotechnological needs. Much of ALE's utility is derived from reproducibly obtained fitness increases. Identifying causal genetic changes and their combinatorial effects is challenging and time-consuming. Understanding how these genetic changes enable increased fitness can be difficult. A series of approaches that address these challenges was developed and demonstrated using Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 on glucose minimal media at 37°C. By keeping E. coli in constant substrate excess and exponential growth, fitness increases up to 1.6-fold were obtained compared to the wild type. These increases are comparable to previously reported maximum growth rates in similar conditions but were obtained over a shorter time frame. Across the eight replicate ALE experiments performed, causal mutations were identified using three approaches: identifying mutations in the same gene/region across replicate experiments, sequencing strains before and after computationally determined fitness jumps, and allelic replacement coupled with targeted ALE of reconstructed strains. Three genetic regions were most often mutated: the global transcription gene rpoB, an 82-bp deletion between the metabolic pyrE gene and rph, and an IS element between the DNA structural gene hns and tdk. Model-derived classification of gene expression revealed a number of processes important for increased growth that were missed using a gene classification system alone. The methods described here represent a powerful combination of technologies to increase the speed and efficiency of ALE studies. The identified mutations can be examined as genetic parts for increasing growth rate in a desired strain and for understanding rapid growth phenotypes.
Graded Recombination Layers for Multijunction Photovoltaics (2012)

Multijunction devices consist of a stack of semiconductor junctions having bandgaps tuned across a broad spectrum. In solar cells this concept is used to increase the efficiency of photovoltaic harvesting, while light emitters and detectors use it to achieve multicolor and spectrally tunable behavior. In series-connected current-matched multijunction devices, the recombination layers must allow the hole current from one cell to recombine, with high efficiency and low voltage loss, with the electron current from the next cell. We recently reported a tandem solar cell in which the recombination layer was implemented using a progression of n-type oxides whose doping densities and work functions serve to connect, with negligible resistive loss at solar current densities, the constituent cells. Here we present the generalized conditions for design of efficient graded recombination layer solar devices. We report the number of interlayers and the requirements on work function and doping of each interlayer, to bridge an work function difference as high as 1.6 eV. We also find solutions that minimize the doping required of the interlayers in order to minimize optical absorption due to free carriers in the graded recombination layer (GRL). We demonstrate a family of new GRL designs experimentally and highlight the benefits of the progression of dopings and work functions in the interlayers.
Laser Vacuum Furnace for Zone Refining (1986)

Laser beam scanned to produce moving melt zone. Experimental laser vacuum furnace scans crystalline wafer with high-power CO2-laser beam to generate precise melt zone with precise control of temperature gradients around zone. Intended for zone refining of silicon or other semiconductors in low gravity, apparatus used in normal gravity.
Restoration of immune surface molecules in Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus infected cells by lenalidomide and pomalidomide (2017)

Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the cause of several tumors, including Kaposi sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Most viruses have evolved means of escaping immune recognition. KSHV downregulates MHC-I expression during lytic infection, and expression of ICAM-1 and B7-2 (CD86) during latent infection, allowing evasion of T cell and natural killer immunity respectively. These effects are largely mediated by two KSHV-encoded proteins, K3 and K5. We show here that lenalidomide (Len) and pomalidomide (Pom) prevent down-regulation of MHC-I during lytic activation, and restore ICAM-1 and B7-2 surface expression in latently infected PEL cells. Importantly, these changes occurred at clinically achievable concentrations and prior to any cytotoxic effects. Exploration of the mechanism revealed that Pom blocked lytic down-regulation of MHC-I induced by transfection with K3 but not K5. Although Pom alone did not significantly increase HLA mRNA expression in PEL cells, it did blunt the butyrate-induced decrease in MHC-I mRNA expression and decreased the upregulation of K3 mRNA in lytic cells. Virus-induced tumors express foreign antigens, but immunotherapy can be thwarted by viral strategies to evade immune recognition. The effects of Pom and Len described here can prevent these strategies and support the use of these drugs to treat KSHV-induced tumors.
Use of Catalytic Static Mixers for Continuous Flow Gas–Liquid and Transfer Hydrogenations in Organic Synthesis (2017)

Catalytic static mixers were used for the continuous flow hydrogenation of alkenes, alkynes, carbonyls, nitro- and diazo-compounds, nitriles, imines, and halides. This technique relies on tubular reactors fitted with 3D printed static mixers which are coated with a catalytic metal layer, either Pd or Ni. Additive manufacturing of the metal mixer scaffold results in maximum design flexibility and is compatible with deposition methods such as metal cold spraying which allow for mass production and linear process scale up. High to full conversion was achieved for the majority of substrates, demonstrating the flexibility and versatility of the catalytic static mixer technology. In the example of an alkyne reduction, the selectivity of the flow reactor could be directed to either yield an alkene or alkane product by simply changing the reactor pressure.
How to manipulate the frequency of a Terahertz Quantum Cascade Laser (2007)

We investigate techniques to manipulate the frequency of Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers (THz QCL). Frequency tuning by changing the heatsink temperature or the QCL drive current, or by illumination of the QCL with bandgap light. Creation of frequency sidebands through amplitude modulation of the drive current or the bandgap light. We report the observation of strong difference frequency generation in a two-colour THz QCL and discuss the possibility to use this resonant non-linear effect to create (tunable) sidebands by mixing the radiation from an external (tunable) microwave source with the THz field inside the QCL cavity.
Cerebrovascular Imaging with 3D MR DSA (1998)

We have developed a time-resolved technique for acquiring high quality MR angiograms of the cerebrovascular system. The technique is known as 3D MR DSA and represents a new method for imaging the passage of a contrast agent as it passes through the vessels of interest. This is accomplished by repeatedly and rapidly acquiring data so that a series of volume images may be reconstructed every 2 s to 6 s. The advantages of our approach to contrast-enhanced MRA is that, unlike other non time-resolved techniques, 3D MR DSA does not require synchronization with the intravenous injection.
Value Analysis of Neodymium Content in Shredder Feed: Toward Enabling the Feasibility of Rare Earth Magnet Recycling (2014)

In order to facilitate the development of recycling technologies for rare earth magnets from postconsumer products, we present herein an analysis of the neodymium (Nd) content in shredder scrap. This waste stream has been chosen on the basis of current business practices for the recycling of steel, aluminum, and copper from cars and household appliances, which contain significant amounts of rare earth magnets. Using approximations based on literature data, we have calculated the average Nd content in the ferrous shredder product stream to be between 0.13 and 0.29 kg per ton of ferrous scrap. A value analysis considering rare earth metal prices between 2002 and 2013 provides values between $1.32 and $145 per ton of ferrous scrap for this material, if recoverable as pure Nd metal. Furthermore, we present an analysis of the content and value of other rare earths (Pr, Dy, Tb).
Melt growth of silicon sheets by edge-supported pulling (1980)

Silicon sheets over 14 cm/sup 2/ in area and less than 0.4 mm in thickness have been solidified from the melt by an edge-supported pulling technique. A capillary film of liquid silicon is formed between two parallel wettable filaments immersed in the liquid. As the filaments are pulled away from the melt, the remote region of the film solidifies between the filaments in a continuous fashion while the meniscus is replenished by capillarity. Grain sizes of 0.2 cm/sup 2/ for unseeded growth and 2 cm/sup 2/ for seeded growth were obtained. An average AMl solar cell efficiency of 10% was attained on unseeded sheets, while the average was 13% for sheets grown from seeds with a (anti 110)) face and a (anti 1 anti 12) axis.
Detection of Mycoplasma genus and Mycoplasma fermentans by PCR in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (1998)

Mycoplasma fermentans and other Mycoplasma species are colonizers of human mucosal surfaces and may be associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. While many infectious agents have been described in different percentages of patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), little is known about the prevalence of mycoplasmas and especially M. fermentans in CFS patients. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay was used to detect Mycoplasma genus and M. fermentans genomes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of CFS patients. Blood was collected from 100 patients with CFS and 50 control subjects. The amplified products of 717 bp of Mycoplasma genus, and 206 bp of M. fermentans were detected in DNA purified from blood samples in 52% and 34% of CFS samples, respectively. In contrast, these genomes were found in only 14% and 8% of healthy control subjects respectively (P<0.0001). All samples were confirmed by Southern blot with a specific probe based on internal sequences of the expected amplification product. Several samples, which were positive for Mycoplasma genus, were negative for M. fermentans indicating that other Mycoplasma species are involved. A quantitative PCR was developed to determine the number of M. fermentans genome copies present in 1 µg of DNA for controls and CFS patients. Mycoplasma copy numbers ranging from 130 to 880 and from 264 to 2400 were detected in controls and CFS positive subjects, respectively. An enzyme immunoassay was applied for the detection of antibodies against p29 surface lipoprotein of M. fermentans to determine the relationship between M. fermentans genome copy numbers and antibody levels. Individuals with high genome copy numbers exhibited higher IgG and IgM antibodies against M. fermentans specific peptides. Isolation of this organism by culture from clinical specimens is needed in order to demonstrate specificity of signal detected by PCR in this study.