gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal buffered routing path constructions for single and multiple clock domain systems (2002)

Shrinking process geometries and the increasing use of IP components in SoC designs give rise to new problems in routing and buffer insertion. A particular concern is that cross-chip routing will require multiple clock cycles. Another is the integration of independently clocked components. This paper explores simultaneous routing and buffer insertion in the context of single and multiple clock domains. We present optimal and efficient polynomial algorithms that can be used to estimate communication overhead for interconnect and resource planning in single and multi-clock domain systems. Experimental results verify the correctness and practicality of our approach.
Optimal Allocation Procedure for Gas-Lift Optimization (2010)

This paper presents an optimal allocation procedure (referred to as the Newton reduction method) which based on an upper convex profile requirement reduces a high dimensional problem into one of a single variable. This allocation procedure is used in a methodology designed for the treatment of the gas-lift optimization problem. This problem is encountered in the oil industry and specifically concerns the distribution of a fixed quantity of lift gas over a number of wells in order to increase the field production capability. The allocation procedure is applied by enforcing the notion of well separability and the availability of upper convex lift profiles for each well. However, due to the effects of interdependent wells, the procedure is performed iteratively until convergence on wellhead pressures. The approach reported is shown to be several times more efficient than traditional approaches in computational and time costs, while delivering comparable results.
Crystal Structure of p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (1996)

p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is activated by environmental stress and cytokines and plays a role in transcriptional regulation and inflammatory responses. The crystal structure of the apo, unphosphorylated form of p38 kinase has been solved at 2.3 A resolution. The fold and topology of p38 is similar to ERK2 (Zhang, F., Strand, A., Robbins, D., Cobb, M. H., and Goldsmith, E. J. (1994) Nature 367, 704-711). The relative orientation of the two domains of p38 kinase is different from that observed in the active form of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The twist results in a misalignment of the active site of p38, suggesting that the orientation of the domains would have to change before catalysis could proceed. The residues that are phosphorylated upon activation of p38 are located on a surface loop that occupies the peptide binding channel. Occlusion of the active site by the loop, and misalignment of catalytic residues, may account for the low enzymatic activity of unphosphorylated p38 kinase.
Virtual Biopsy: Distinguishing Post-traumatic Stress from Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (2017)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) affect soldiers returning from recent conflicts at an elevated rate. Our study focuses on the use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measurements to distinguish subjects having mTBI, PTSD, or both, with the goal of identifying biomarkers for of these specific disorders from the MRS data. MRS provides a non-invasive in vivo technique for measuring the concentration of metabolites in the brain, thus serving as a “virtual biopsy” that can be used to monitor a range of neurological diseases. The traditional method for analyzing MRS data assumes that the signal arises from a known set of metabolites and finds the best fit to a collection of pre-defined basis functions representing this set. Our novel approach makes no assumptions about the underlying metabolite population, and instead extracts a rich set of wavelet-based features from the entire MRS signal. Capturing the structure of all significant peaks in the signal allows for the discovery of previously unknown signatures related to disease state. We applied this approach to MRS data from 100 participants across five categories: civilian control subjects, military control subjects, military with PTSD, military with mTBI, and military with both PTSD and mTBI. After signal processing to remove artifacts, features were extracted from each signal using a wavelet decomposition approach, and MRS features from subjects with PTSD, mTBI, or both, were compared to both military and civilian control subjects. Our analysis identified significant changes in many different regions of the MR spectrum, including regions corresponding to glutamate, glutamine, GABA, Creatine, and Lactate. Classifiers based on these features exhibit correct classification rates of 80% or better in cross-validation, demonstrating the value of MRS as a non-invasive means of measuring biochemical signatures associated with PTSD and mTBI in military service men and women.
Nicotinic Attenuation of Central Nervous System Inflammation and Autoimmunity (2009)

The expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by neurons, microglia, and astrocytes suggests possibly diverse mechanisms by which natural nicotinic cholinergic signaling and exposure to nicotine could modulate immune responses within the CNS. In this study, we show that nicotine exposure significantly delays and attenuates inflammatory and autoimmune responses to myelin Ags in the mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. In the periphery, nicotine exposure inhibits the proliferation of autoreactive T cells and alters the cytokine profile of helper T cells. In the CNS, nicotine exposure selectively reduces numbers of CD11c(+) dendritic and CD11b(+) infiltrating monocytes and resident microglial cells and down-regulates the expression of MHC class II, CD80, and CD86 molecules on these cells. The results underscore roles of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and nicotinic cholinergic signaling in inflammatory and immune responses and suggest novel therapeutic options for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, including those that affect the CNS.
Real-time control of microgrids with explicit power setpoints: Unintentional islanding (2015)

We propose a method to perform a safe unintentional islanding maneuver of microgrids. The method is derived in the context of a framework for the real-time control of microgrids, called Commelec, recently proposed by the Authors. The framework uses a hierarchy of software agents that communicate with each other using a common, device independent protocol in order to define explicit power setpoints without the need of droop controllers. We show that the features of the framework allow to design a generic control method for treating unintentional islanding with the following properties. First, the method is able to choose the best candidate slack resource, based on the information obtained from the agents. Second, as the agent responsible for the grid has a global view of the network's status and its resources, it is possible to optimize the performance of the network during and after the islanding transition. Third, after the islanding maneuver it allows for the online switching of the slack resource to that with the best capabilities to face the network's needs. Finally, the method is suitable for inertia-less systems as the control is performed using explicit power setpoints and it does not rely on the frequency signal. We illustrate the benefits of the proposed method via simulation on the LV microgrid benchmark defined by the CIGRÉ Task Force C6.04.02, by comparing its performance to that of the standard droop-based method called load drop anticipator.
Nanolayer BaTiO<sub>3</sub>thin film capacitors using magnetron sputtering (1995)

Abstract Low leakage and high dielectric constant ferroelectric BaTiO3 thin film capacitors, taking advantage of the best properties of both amorphous and polycrystalline materials, were fabricated using radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The leakage current density was reduced to 10−10 A/cm2 at a field intensity of (2 ± 0.5) × 105 V/cm by using a nanolayer structure with an amorphous layer, on a number of alternating stacked layers of polycrystalline on microcrystalline material. This leakage current is believed to be the lowest reported so far for BaTiO3 with a dielectric thickness in the range of 250 nm. The dielectric constant and other electrical properties can be purposely controlled by choosing the number of layers and deposition conditions.
Development of a synthetic cyclized peptide derived from α‐fetoprotein that prevents the growth of human breast cancer (2001)

The peptide, EMTPVNPG, derived from alpha-fetoprotein, inhibits estrogen-stimulated growth of immature mouse uterus and estrogen-dependent proliferation of human breast cancer cells. However, the biological activities of the peptide diminish over time in storage, even when in the lyophilized state, probably because of peptide aggregation through hydrophobic interaction among monomers. Two analogs of EMTPVNPG were designed with the intent of minimizing aggregation and retaining biological activity during prolonged storage. EMTOVNOG, where O is 4-hydroxyproline, is a linear peptide generated by substituting 4-hydroxyproline for the two prolines, thereby increasing peptide hydrophilicity. This analog exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of estrogen-stimulated growth of immature mouse uterus similar to that of EMTPVNPG (maximal activity at 1 microg/mouse). A second analog, cyclo-(EMTOVNOGQ), a hydrophilic, cyclic analog with increased conformational constraint, was as potent as the other peptides in its inhibition of estrogen-dependent growth of immature mouse uterus, and had an expanded effective dose range. Both linear and cyclized hydroxyproline-substituted analogs exhibited indefinite shelf-life. Furthermore, both analogs inhibited the estrogen-dependent growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer growing as a xenograft in SCID mice. These analogs may become significant, novel agents for the treatment of breast cancer.
Establishing the Parabolic Relationship between Reactivity and Activity for Derivatives and Analogues of the Duocarmycin and CC-1065 Alkylation Subunits (2003)

The preparation of a novel series of N-aryl CBI derivatives is detailed in which an aryl para substituent could be used to predictably modulate the reactivity of the resulting CC-1065/duocarmycin alkylation subunit analogue (rho = 0.17). The derivatives were found to be exceptionally stable and to exhibit a well-defined relationship between reactivity and cytotoxic potency. When combined with the results of an extensive series of N-acyl CBI analogues and derivatives assembled over the past 15 years, the studies define a fundamental parabolic relationship between reactivity and cytotoxic potency.
Image-based three-dimensional free viewpoint video synthesis (2009)

In this paper we describe an image-based rendering chain that realizes the free viewpoint video functionality throughout the whole scene. We summarize the most common problems that may be encountered in such an application and provide different solutions to each core stage of the rendering process. Moreover, we propose a novel way to specify the virtual camera's path that moves throughout the scene and implement a procedure to render the 3D effect by exploiting the stereoscopy principle. Finally, we give some results about the objective quality of the synthesized views w.r.t. their original counterparts acquired from real viewpoints.
Mucosal Dendritic Cells and Immunodeficiency Viruses (1999)

Dendritic cells [DCs] have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). When skin was used as a model for mucosae, the cutaneous DC-T cell milieu allowed the growth of HIV-1 and much of the newly produced virus could be detected in multinucleated DC-T cell syncytia. Such virus replication occurs irrespective of the genetic subtype, the syncytium- and non-syncytium-inducing capacities of the viruses, and whether they are classified as T cell- or macrophage-tropic. Similar DC-syncytia have been identified within the mucosal surfaces of the tonsillar tissue of HIV-1-infected persons. More recently, it was demonstrated that DC-T cell mixtures from the skin, mucosae, and blood of healthy macaques similarly support the replication of simian immunodeficiency virus. In both the human and monkey systems, active virus replication requires the presence of both DCs and T cells. Further studies using the macaque model are underway to elucidate the role of DCs in the transmission and spread of HIV infection.
Abstract B170: Discovery of tubulysin payloads for antibody drug conjugates with potent <i>in vitro</i> activity and <i>in vivo</i> efficacy in solid tumor models (2015)

Abstract Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) combine the specificity of antibodies with the potency of small molecule cytotoxic drugs and have the potential to provide significant efficacy as a treatment for cancer. The objective of this work was to identify potent new cytotoxic ADC payloads that can be used to target diverse tumor types. Here we report for the first time the discovery of fully synthetic tubulysin payloads which belong to a class of highly cytotoxic natural products that disrupt the cellular microtubule network leading to apoptosis of tumor cells. Our fully synthetic tubulysin payloads are comprised of: (i) a tubulysin warhead that displays pM potency, (ii) a protease cleavable amino-acid sequence and (iii) a tether bearing a reactive maleimide group. Tubulysin-based ADCs were generated via site-specific conjugation of these payloads to cysteines engineered into antibodies against cancer antigen target oncofetal protein 5T4. The resulting ADCs showed potent in vitro cell killing and in vivo efficacy in multiple solid tumor xenograft models including prostate cancer, non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma, breast cancer and gastric carcinoma. Furthermore, specific structural features of the tubulysin warhead, linker design and antibody engineering were shown to impact the overall in vitro and in vivo properties of the ADCs. Thus, these synthetic tubulysin payloads represent novel microtubule network disrupting compounds that display potent preclinical anti-tumor activity as an ADC that could be advanced to the clinic. Citation Format: Dorin Toader, Jay Harper, Chris Lloyd, Rose Marwood, David Bannister, Shenlan Mao, Cui (Tracy) Chen, Haihon (Helen) Zhong, Vahe Bedian, Fengjiang Wang, Lakshmaiah Gingipalli, Melisa Vasbinder, Pamela Thompson, Ryan Fleming, Byniam Bezabeh, Nazzareno Dimasi, Changshou Gao, Adeela Kamal. Discovery of tubulysin payloads for antibody drug conjugates with potent in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy in solid tumor models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr B170.
Design methodology for FinFET GG-NMOS ESD protecction devices (2008)

The FinFET transistor is the most widely studied multi-gate architecture for technology-scaling below 45 nm due to its excellent control of Short Channel Effects (SCE) and its compatibility with standard CMOS processing. In [1], the different ESD device parameters (failure current It2, holding voltage Vh, onresistance Ron, leakage current and area consumption) of a Grounded-Gate-NMOS FinFET device were investigated as a function of different layout and process parameters. While process options are generally imposed by the technology, the ESD design engineer can only change the layout parameters to find an optimal ESD layout and design strategy.
High-Fidelity Piezoelectric Audio Device (2003)

ModalMax is a very innovative means of harnessing the vibration of a piezoelectric actuator to produce an energy efficient low-profile device with high-bandwidth high-fidelity audio response. The piezoelectric audio device outperforms many commercially available speakers made using speaker cones. The piezoelectric device weighs substantially less (4 g) than the speaker cones which use magnets (10 g). ModalMax devices have extreme fabrication simplicity. The entire audio device is fabricated by lamination. The simplicity of the design lends itself to lower cost. The piezoelectric audio device can be used without its acoustic chambers and thereby resulting in a very low thickness of 0.023 in. (0.58 mm). The piezoelectric audio device can be completely encapsulated, which makes it very attractive for use in wet environments. Encapsulation does not significantly alter the audio response. Its small size (see Figure 1) is applicable to many consumer electronic products, such as pagers, portable radios, headphones, laptop computers, computer monitors, toys, and electronic games. The audio device can also be used in automobile or aircraft sound systems.
An Innovative Algorithm for Carrier-Phase Navigation (2004)

An algorithm is described that uses the carrier-phase measurements to propagate the position and clock states forward in time with a minimum of computational burden. The algorithm uses the change in the carrierphase measurement over the propagation interval in a unique way. Specifically, rather than treat the change in the phase measurements as range difference measurements, they are treated as range error measurements. This allows the same gain values that are computed in the low-rate position and clock computations to be used in the high-speed position and clock updates. The change in the phase measurements is corrected by the change in satellite position and may, if one wishes, also be corrected by the change in satellite clock and the expected change in user position and clock. The technique is highly accurate and can be used in all navigation modes, including stand-alone GPS, DGPS and RTK implementations. NavCom has developed two variations of the technique. In one variation, the “maximum availability” mode, the change in the L1 carrier-phase measurements is used and the elevation angle threshold is lowered to a few degrees. (If available the L2 carrier-phase measurements are used as well, simply to reduce the effect of the measurement noise.) This allows the navigation to be maintained with good accuracy when the navigation might otherwise be aborted due to too few satellites at good elevation angles or due to loss of L1 or L2 carrier-phase measurements from signal blockage. Over short intervals all the slowly changing factors can be ignored in the computation. This includes effects from the ionosphere, troposphere, satellite clock, DGPS or RTK corrections. Thus, the computation is very simple and efficient. In the second variation of the technique, the “maximum accuracy” mode, all of the above effects are included in an attempt to make the position propagation as accurate as possible. The intent is to allow the technique to be used for extended intervals. Such an approach allows the primary full-computation to be run at a lower rate, which reduces the computational load without sacrificing any significant accuracy.
High thermal conductivity in electrostatically engineered amorphous polymers (2017)

High thermal conductivity is critical for many applications of polymers (for example, packaging of light-emitting diodes), in which heat must be dissipated efficiently to maintain the functionality and reliability of a system. Whereas uniaxially extended chain morphology has been shown to significantly enhance thermal conductivity in individual polymer chains and fibers, bulk polymers with coiled and entangled chains have low thermal conductivities (0.1 to 0.4 W m<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup>). We demonstrate that systematic ionization of a weak anionic polyelectrolyte, polyacrylic acid (PAA), resulting in extended and stiffened polymer chains with superior packing, can significantly enhance its thermal conductivity. Cross-plane thermal conductivity in spin-cast amorphous films steadily grows with PAA degree of ionization, reaching up to ~1.2 W m<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup>, which is on par with that of glass and about six times higher than that of most amorphous polymers, suggesting a new unexplored molecular engineering strategy to achieve high thermal conductivities in amorphous bulk polymers.
Exploration of Alternative Scaffolds for P2Y<sub>14</sub> Receptor Antagonists Containing a Biaryl Core (2020)

Various heteroaryl and bicyclo-aliphatic analogues of zwitterionic biaryl P2Y<sub>14</sub> receptor (P2Y<sub>14</sub>R) antagonists were synthesized, and affinity was measured in P2Y<sub>14</sub>R-expressing Chinese hamster ovary cells by flow cytometry. Given this series' low water solubility, various polyethylene glycol derivatives of the distally binding piperidin-4-yl moiety of moderate affinity were synthesized. Rotation of previously identified 1,2,3-triazole attached to the central <i>m</i>-benzoic acid core (<b>25</b>) provided moderate affinity but not indole and benzimidazole substitution of the aryl-triazole. The corresponding P2Y<sub>14</sub>R region is predicted by homology modeling as a deep, sterically limited hydrophobic pocket, with the outward pointing piperidine moiety being the most flexible. Bicyclic-substituted piperidine ring derivatives of naphthalene antagonist <b>1</b>, e.g., quinuclidine <b>17</b> (MRS4608, IC<sub>50</sub> ≈ 20 nM at hP2Y<sub>14</sub>R/mP2Y<sub>14</sub>R), or of triazole <b>2</b>, preserved affinity. Potent antagonists <b>1</b>, <b>7a</b>, <b>17</b>, and <b>23</b> (10 mg/kg) protected in an ovalbumin/<i>Aspergillus</i> mouse asthma model, and PEG conjugate <b>12</b> reduced chronic pain. Thus, we expanded P2Y<sub>14</sub>R antagonist structure-activity relationship, introducing diverse physical-chemical properties.
Novel Transceiver Rotating Field Nondestructive Inspection Probe (2015)

Metallic tube inspection techniques using eddy current probes have evolved over the years from those employing a single bobbin coil to rotating coils and arrays, in an attempt to improve the speed and reliability of inspection. This paper presents a novel eddy current transceiver probe design that uses a rotating electromagnetic field. The transceiver coils consist of three identical windings located 120° apart on the same physical axis. A three-phase sinusoidal current source is used for exciting the coils. The phase voltages are identical in amplitude, but 120° apart in phase. The rotating magnetic field generated by the three-phase current is sinusoidal in space and time and so are the induced eddy currents in the tube wall. The sensor achieves mechanical rotating probe functionality by electronic means and eliminates the need for mechanical rotation. The terminal voltages of the three-phase windings can be measured during the scan. The defect's axial and angular position can be estimated by analyzing the amplitude and phase of the sum of the three terminal voltage signals. The probe is sensitive to defects of all orientations and is as effective as conventional rotating pancake coil probes while offering the advantages of high inspection speed and greater reliability, since the probe does not rotate mechanically. A 3-D finite-element model based on reduced magnetic vector potential Ar, V-Ar formulation was developed to simulate and predict the response of the probe to a variety of defects. A prototype unit consisting of a probe connected to a three-phase constant current source and data acquisition system was developed and tested. Experimental results validating the simulation model and demonstrating the feasibility concept are presented.
Potential use of metal hyperaccumulators (1996)

Experiments involving biological accumulation of metal contaminants are summarized in the article. The focus is on identification of hyperaccumulating plant species for cadmium and zinc. Two of the studies examined Thlaspi caerulescens (alpine pennycress) as a bioadsorbent; the third study compared different species of Thlaspi. The T. caerulescens accumulated both metals, but with low yields. Other plant species were identified which adsorbed cadmium or zinc, but not both metals.