gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new surface treatment for bonding (1979)

Bonding resins to enamel requires some form of mechanical attachment. Currently the dissolution of the outermost enamel layer is involved in etching with phosphoric acid. A new approach to mechanical bonding is described using a crystalline interface which itself bonds chemically to enamel. The crystals can be removed from the enamel with an ultrasonci or sickle-scaler followed by pumice prophylaxis. Many variations of the crystal growth principle may be visualized, including the development of fluoride-containing crystals.
Microbial removal of SO{sub 2} and NO{sub x} from flue gas: Microbial by-product recovery from regenerable processes for the simultaneous removal for SO{sub 2} and NO{sub x} from flue gas; Technical progress report, July 1, 1989--September 30, 1989 (1989)

The objective of this project is to investigate the reduction of SO{sub 2} to H{sub 2}S by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans in co-culture with mixed fermentative heterotrophs and the reduction of NO and NO{sub 2} by Thiobacillus denitrificans. The ultimate goal is the development of a viable process concept whereby a microbial process could impact on the problem of flue gas desulfurization and NO{sub x} removal. In this reporting period we have investigated the simultaneous removal of SO{sub 2} and NO from a gas by contact of the gas with either D. desulfuricans and T. denitrificans reactors-in-series or in co-culture. We have observed that with reactors in series, SO{sub 2} will be completely reduced to H{sub 2}S in the 1st stage (D. desulfuricans reactor) and the H{sub 2}S produced will be completely oxidized to sulfate in the 2nd stage (T. denitrificans). However, within 48 hr of the introduction of NO (760--1320 ppM) into the feed gas, sulfite began to accumulate in the medium of the D. desulfuricans reactor and H{sub 2}S production dropped to below stoichiometric levels. Inhibition of D. desulfuricans by NO was indicated. 18 refs., 28 figs., 9 tabs.
A Rapid and Affordable Point-of-care Test for Detection of SARS-Cov-2-Specific Antibodies Based on Hemagglutination and Artificial Intelligence-Based Image Interpretation (2021)

Diagnostic tests that detect antibodies (AB) against SARS-CoV-2 for evaluation of seroprevalence and guidance of health care measures are important tools for managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Current tests have certain limitations with regard to turnaround time, costs and availability, particularly in point-of-care (POC) settings. We established a hemagglutination-based AB test (HAT) that is based on bi-specific proteins which contain a dromedary-derived antibody (nanobody) binding red blood cells (RBD) and a SARS-CoV-2-derived antigen, such as the receptor-binding domain of the Spike protein (Spike-RBD). While the nanobody mediates swift binding to RBC, the antigen moiety directs instantaneous, visually apparent hemagglutination in the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific AB generated in COVID-19 patients or vaccinated individuals. Method comparison studies with assays cleared by emergency use authorization (EUA) demonstrate high specificity and sensitivity. To further increase objectivity of test interpretation, we developed an image analysis tool based on digital image acquisition (via a cell phone) and a machine learning algorithm based on defined sample-training and -validation datasets. Preliminary data, including a small clinical study, provides proof of principle for test performance in a POC setting. Together, the data support the interpretation that this AB test format, which we refer to as 'NanoSpot.ai', is suitable for POC testing, can be manufactured at very low costs and, based on its generic mode of action, can likely be adapted to a variety of other pathogens.
Levels of the human hepatocyte growth factor in serum of patients with various liver diseases determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (1991)

We have found a hepatotrophic factor in plasma or sera of patients with fulminant hepatic failure and have purified human hepatocyte growth factor from plasma of these patients. In this study we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with high specificity and sensitivity for human hepatocyte growth factor in human serum. This assay for serum human hepatocyte growth factor is a sandwich method consisting of three steps. The standard curve for human hepatocyte growth factor appeared to be linear in the range of 0.20 to 12.50 ng purified human hepatocyte growth factor/ml (2.35 to 147 pmol/L). The assay took about 4 hr. Serum human hepatocyte growth factor values in patients with fulminant hepatic failure measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed a strong positive correlation with that by bioassay using rat hepatocytes in primary culture. The mean value of serum human hepatocyte growth factor for 30 normal subjects was 0.24 +/- 0.12 (S.D.) ng/ml; that for 23 patients with fulminant hepatic failure was 8.06 +/- 1.76 (S.E.M.) ng/ml- greater than 30 times greater than the mean value for normal subjects. Serum human hepatocyte growth factor levels in patients with acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis were found to be slightly higher than those in normal subjects, but only the increase in serum human hepatocyte growth factor of acute hepatitis patients was statistically significant. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serum human hepatocyte growth factor should prove useful for serum human hepatocyte growth factor level measurement in patients with various liver diseases.
ZONES: a search/match database for single-crystal electron diffraction (2002)

ZONES is a relational database built from NIST Crystal Data for the identification of single crystals by selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and elemental analysis using Microsoft Access 97 for the personal computer (subsequently converted to Access 2000 ). The two largest experimental d spacings and included angle in a zone are matched against values calculated from reduced unit cells, thereby fully and rigorously incorporating the effects of double diffraction. A total of 79136 inorganic phases are included with original Crystal Data reference codes, allowing access to all the information in NIST Crystal Data. Specific examples illustrate the robustness of this approach. This database will be most useful to researchers in mineralogy, metallurgy, materials science, forensics and analytical chemistry who seek to identify well characterized phases with known unit cells.
The effect of injection well arrangement on CO2 injection into carbonate petroleum reservoir (2017)

The injection of CO2 into the reservoir, during long-term subsurface containment of CO2, increases the pore pressure, as well as the adsorption induced strains. The associated decrease in permeability causes the transport of the injected CO2 to decrease to a critical value, after which it becomes impossible to transport the injected carbon dioxide to regions of the reservoir far away from the injection well, regardless of its capacity. This problem initiated the need for multiple injection wells. The present investigation considers a dual porous carbonate reservoir. A new methodology is developed for reducing the pore pressure build-up and increasing the reservoir storage capacity by varying both the number and arrangement of the carbon dioxide injection wells. An equation-based finite element method is utilised for the numerical modelling of various carbon dioxide injection scenarios for Ghawar Arab-D carbonate reservoir. The obtained results demonstrated the significance of changing the number and arrangement of the injection wells and suggested the existence of an optimum arrangement.
Initiating translation with <i>D</i> -amino acids (2008)

Here we report experimental evidence that the translation initiation apparatus accepts D-amino acids ((D)aa), as opposed to only L-methionine, as initiators. Nineteen (D)aa, as the stereoisomers to their natural L-amino acids, were charged onto initiator tRNA(fMet)(CAU) using flexizyme technology and tested for initiation in a reconstituted Escherichia coli translation system lacking methionine, i.e., the initiator was reprogrammed from methionine to (D)aa. Remarkably, all (D)aa could initiate translation while the efficiency of initiation depends upon the type of side chain. The peptide product initiated with (D)aa was generally in a nonformylated form, indicating that methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase poorly formylated the corresponding (D)aa-tRNA(fMet)(CAU). Although the inefficient formylation of (D)aa-tRNA(fMet)(CAU) resulted in modest expression of the corresponding peptide, preacetylation of (D)aa-tRNA(fMet)(CAU) dramatically increased expression level, implying that the formylation efficiency is one of the critical determinants of initiation efficiency with (D)aa. Our findings provide not only the experimental evidence that translation initiation tolerates (D)aa, but also a new means for the mRNA-directed synthesis of peptides capped with (D)aa or acyl-(D)aa at the N terminus.
Specular surface reconstruction from sparse reflection correspondences (2010)

We present a practical approach for surface reconstruction of smooth mirror-like objects using sparse reflection correspondences (RCs). Assuming finite object motion with a fixed camera and un-calibrated environment, we derive the relationship between RC and the surface shape. We show that by locally modeling the surface as a quadric, the relationship between the RCs and unknown surface parameters becomes linear. We develop a simple surface reconstruction algorithm that amounts to solving either an eigenvalue problem or a second order cone program (SOCP). Ours is the first method that allows for reconstruction of mirror surfaces from sparse RCs, obtained from standard algorithms such as SIFT. Our approach overcomes the practical issues in shape from specular flow (SFSF) such as the requirement of dense optical flow and undefined/infinite flow at parabolic points. We also show how to incorporate auxiliary information such as sparse surface normals into our framework. Experiments, both real and synthetic are shown that validate the theory presented.
Strategic planning of preparedness budgets for wildland fire management (2007)

As part of the prototyping effort for the preparedness module (PM) of the Fire Program Analysis (FPA) system that IBM developed for five U.S. federal agencies, we designed and implemented an optimization model for determining budgets necessary for managing wildland fires during the initial response period. For a given budget, the model uses a mixed-integer linear optimization approach to maximize the number of acres managed (i.e., land protected from fire damage as a result of the initial response). The model is solved iteratively to establish a function that maps best achievable effectiveness, in terms of acres managed, at different budget levels. To handle the computationally prohibitive size of the resulting model instances, we devised a heuristic-based solution approach, and we reformulated the client's original model by switching to a continuous time domain and introducing piecewise-linearized functions. As a result, we not only built a tractable model, but also succeeded in delivering a performance speedup of more than 150 fold. We also conducted validation experiments for certain assumptions in the model to assess their impact on the solution quality.
Process for recovering actinide values. [DOE patent] (1978)

This invention related to a process for recovery actinide values. It related to a process for treating waste carbonate solutions which had been used to scrub actinides and other values and organic radiolytic and hydrolytic degradation products from neutral organo-phosphorus compounds which had been used as extractants in nuclear fuel reprocessing cycles in order to recover the actinide values. It was found that by extracting the radiolytic and hydrolytic degradation products away from the scrub solution, it became relatively easy to recover the actinide values from the waste solution for further processing or storage. Thus the sodium carbonate scrub waste solution was made acidic with mineral acid to form a feed solution. The feed solution was then contacted with a water immiscible highly polar organic extractant which selectively contracted the radiolytic and hydrolytic degradation products away from the feed solution while the actinide values remain in the feed solution, and separated feed solution from the organic extractant. The actinide values were readily recoverable by evaporating the water from the solution for processing or shortage or the solution may be recycled back into the high-level waste process stream. 1 figure, 2 tables.
Recombineering: Genetic Engineering in Bacteria Using Homologous Recombination (2003)

Abstract The bacterial chromosome and plasmids can be engineered in vivo by homologous recombination using PCR products and synthetic oligonucleotides as substrates. This is possible because bacteriophage‐encoded recombination functions efficiently recombine sequences with homologies as short as 35 to 40 bases. This recombineering allows DNA sequences to be inserted or deleted without regard to location of restriction sites. This unit first describes preparation of electrocompetent cells expressing the recombineering functions and their transformation with double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) or single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA). Support protocols describe a two‐step method of making genetic alterations without leaving any unwanted changes, and a method for retrieving a genetic marker (cloning) from the E. coli chromosome or a coelectroporated DNA fragment and moving it onto a plasmid. A method is also given to screen for unselected mutations. Additional protocols describe removal of defective prophage, methods for recombineering.
Genetic transformation of onions. (2002)

This chapter reviews the progress made in the genetic transformation of Allium spp., and mainly of onion (A. cepa) as this is the only system within the genus for which a reliable protocol has been published. This section covers developments since 1995. The term genetic transformation, in this chapter only, covers systems that transfer a particular set of characterized genes via Agrobacterium-mediated or biolistic delivery techniques. Genetic transformation of alliums is still in its infancy; hence a general outline of transformation techniques is presented, followed by a summary of Allium traits that are suitable for transformation and a discussion of the potential risks of transforming onions. The section on transgene analysis summarizes the types of transgenic Allium plants that have been produced and the ways in which they have been characterized.
Sutureless, Minimally Invasive Sealing of Corneal Lacerations with a Novel Bioadhesive Material. (2018)

Author(s): Al Karmi, Rani; Sun, Zhongmou; Kheirkhah, Ahmad; Sani, Ehsan Shirazaei; Annabi, Nasim; Dana, Reza
Scaffold‐Hopping of Multicationic Amphiphiles Yields Three New Classes of Antimicrobials (2015)

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are a vital class of antiseptics. Recent investigations into their construction are uncovering novel and potent multicationic variants. Based on a trisQAC precedent, we have implemented a scaffold-hopping approach to develop alternative QAC architectures that display 1-3 long alkyl chains in specific projections from cyclic and branched core structures bearing 3-4 nitrogen atoms. The preparation of 30 QAC structures allowed for correlation of scaffold structure with antimicrobial activity. We identified QACs with limited conformational flexibility that have improved bioactivity against planktonic bacteria as compared to their linear counterparts. We also confirmed that resistance, as evidenced by an increased minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) compared to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), can reduce efficacy up to 64-fold for monocationic QACs. Differentiation of antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity, however, was not observed, suggesting that these compounds utilize a non-specific mode of eradication.
Ytterbium-doped large-mode-area all-solid photonic bandgap fiber lasers (2014)

Single-mode operation in a large-mode-area fiber laser is highly desired for power scaling. We have, for the first time, demonstrated a 50μm-core-diameter Yb-doped all-solid photonic bandgap fiber laser with a mode area over 4 times that of the previous demonstration. 75W output power has been generated with a diffraction-limited beam and an efficiency of 70% relative to the launched pump power. We have also experimentally confirmed that a robust single-mode regime exists near the high frequency edge of the bandgap. These fibers only guide light within the bandgap over a narrow spectral range, which is essential for lasing far from the gain peak and suppression of stimulated Raman scattering. This work demonstrates the strong potential for mode area scaling of in single-mode all-solid photonic bandgap fibers.
The importance of RSV F protein conformation in VLPs in stimulation of neutralizing antibody titers in mice previously infected with RSV (2017)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant respiratory pathogen but no vaccine is available. RSV infections present 2 major, unique problems. First, humans can experience repeated infections caused by the same virus sero-group indicating that protective memory responses to RSV infection are defective. Second, most people have been infected with RSV by age 5. Immune responses to these infections, while poorly protective, could impact the effectiveness of a vaccine. The goal of this study was to assess the generation of protective immune responses in mice previously infected with RSV by virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidates containing a stabilized pre-fusion form of the RSV F protein or a stabilized post-fusion F protein. We report that a single immunization of RSV-experienced animals with a stabilized pre-fusion F protein VLP stimulated high titers of neutralizing antibody while a single injection of a post-fusion F protein VLP or a second RSV infection only weakly stimulated neutralizing antibody titers. These results suggest that prior RSV infection can induce neutralizing antibody memory responses, which can be activated by pre-F protein VLPs but not by post-F protein VLPs or a subsequent infection. Thus the F protein conformation has a major impact on enhancing production of neutralizing antibodies in RSV-experienced animals. Furthermore, although both VLPs contained the same RSV G protein, the pre-F VLP stimulated significantly higher titers of total anti-G protein IgG than the post-F VLP in both naïve and RSV-experienced animals. Thus the F protein conformation also influences anti-G protein responses.
Physical Layer Key Generation (2018)

Modern automotive Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are increasingly adopting wireless communications for Intra-Vehicular, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) protocols as a promising solution for challenges such as the wire harnessing problem, collision detection, and collision avoidance, traffic control, and environmental hazards. Regrettably, this new trend results in new security challenges that can put the safety and privacy of the automotive CPS and passengers at great risk. In addition, automotive wireless communication security is constrained by strict energy and performance limitations of electronic controller units and sensors. As a result, the key generation and management for secure automotive CPS wireless communication is an open research challenge. This article aims to help solve these security challenges by presenting a practical key generation technique based on the reciprocity and high spatial and temporal variation properties of the automotive wireless communication channel. Accompanying this technique is also a key length optimization algorithm to improve performance (in terms of time and energy) for safety-related applications constrained by small communication windows. To validate the practicality and effectiveness of our approach, we have conducted simulations alongside real-world experiments with vehicles and RC cars. Last, we demonstrate through simulations that we can generate keys with high security strength (keys with 67% min-entropy) with 20× reduction in code size overhead in comparison to the state-of-the-art security techniques.
Continuous-Wave Cavity Ring-Down Technique for Accurate Measurement of High Reflectivity (2006)

A continuous-wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy(CW-CRDS) technique employing a broad-band diode laser is developed for the high reflectivity measurement.The theory of square-wave modulated CW-CRDS is presented.Both amplitude and phase shift of the first harmonic of the CRDS signal,measured at an appropriate frequency range,are detected by a lock-in method and fitted to obtain the ring-down time and the reflectivity.The measurements are repeated with different cavity spacings and the reflectivities are determined by the frequency-domain fitting methods.The reflectivity of the cavity mirror is determined to be 99.70%±0.01%.The agreement among the reflectivities determined with the frequency-domain fitting techniques indicates the high reliability of the CW-CRDS technique.Compared with the pulsed CRDS approach,the CW-CRDS technique is simple,low-cost and highly precise due to the use of a CW diode laser with high beam quality.
Phase‐Change Memory in Bi<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub> Nanowires (2011)

Bi2Te3 nanowires exhibit the phase-change memory switching behavior. The as-grown nanowire has a linear current–voltage curve and a crystalline structure. After switching to the high-resistance state with a voltage pulse, the crystalline phases are partially changed to amorphous phases. This indicates that a crystalline–amorphous phase change in Bi2Te3 nanowires can be induced by a voltage pulse.
Stereophonic acoustic echo cancellation using nonlinear transformations and comb filtering (2002)

Stereophonic sound becomes more and more important in a growing number of applications (such as teleconferencing, multimedia workstations, televideo gaming, etc.) where spatial realism is demanded. Such hands-free systems need stereophonic acoustic echo cancelers (AECs) to reduce echos that result from coupling between loudspeakers and microphones in full-duplex communication. We propose a new stereo AEC based on two experimental observations: (a) the stereo effect is due mostly to sound energy below about 1 kHz and (b) comb filtering above 1 kHz does not degrade auditory localization. The principle of the proposed structure is to use one stereo AEC at low frequencies (e.g. below 1 kHz) with nonlinear transformations on the input signals and another stereo AEC at higher frequencies (e.g. above 1 kHz) with complementary comb filters on the input signals.