gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lithology-lndependent Gas Detection by Gradient-NMR Logging (1995)

Abstract It has been shown that the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Log (MRIL®) can detect hydrocarbon gases present in the near wellbore zone (approximately 10 cm from the borehole wall). By exploiting the T1- and diffusion-weighting capabilities of this tool, mineralogy-independent water and hydrocarbon saturations can be determined in this zone. Gas and oil saturations are used to correct the reduction in apparent NMR porosity, an effect due to reductions in hydrogen index and incomplete recovery of magnetization polarization. The proposed method exploits the predictability of density, hydrogen index, T1 and diffusivity of the non-wetting phase from its bulk properties. Gas is always and oil is often non-wetting. The MRIL®/C’s multi-frequency capabilities are used to integrate changes in recovery time and/or echo spacing into a single logging pass. The resultant data streams are processed in the complex time-domain to extract signal components characteristic for hydrocarbons.
Distinct Effects on Diversifying Selection by Two Mechanisms of Immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae (2012)

Antigenic variation to evade host immunity has long been assumed to be a driving force of diversifying selection in pathogens. Colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is central to the organism's transmission and therefore evolution, is limited by two arms of the immune system: antibody- and T cell- mediated immunity. In particular, the effector activity of CD4(+) T(H)17 cell mediated immunity has been shown to act in trans, clearing co-colonizing pneumococci that do not bear the relevant antigen. It is thus unclear whether T(H)17 cell immunity allows benefit of antigenic variation and contributes to diversifying selection. Here we show that antigen-specific CD4(+) T(H)17 cell immunity almost equally reduces colonization by both an antigen-positive strain and a co-colonized, antigen-negative strain in a mouse model of pneumococcal carriage, thus potentially minimizing the advantage of escape from this type of immunity. Using a proteomic screening approach, we identified a list of candidate human CD4(+) T(H)17 cell antigens. Using this list and a previously published list of pneumococcal Antibody antigens, we bioinformatically assessed the signals of diversifying selection among the identified antigens compared to non-antigens. We found that Antibody antigen genes were significantly more likely to be under diversifying selection than the T(H)17 cell antigen genes, which were indistinguishable from non-antigens. Within the Antibody antigens, epitopes recognized by human antibodies showed stronger evidence of diversifying selection. Taken together, the data suggest that T(H)17 cell-mediated immunity, one form of T cell immunity that is important to limit carriage of antigen-positive pneumococcus, favors little diversifying selection in the targeted antigen. The results could provide new insight into pneumococcal vaccine design.
Organic Metals and Semiconductors: Polyacetylene, (CH)x, and Its Derivatives. (1979)

As can be seen from the illustrated Figure, which contains a list of conductivities of common substances, (CH)x is quite remarkable in that its conductivity can be readily modified to span an extraordinarily large range. Considering possible polyacetylene derivatives, replacement of some or all of the hydrogen atoms in (CH)x with organic or inorganic groups, copolymerization of acetylene with other acetylenes or olefins, and the use of different dopants should lead to the development of a large new class of conducting organic polymers with electrical properties that can be controlled over the full range from insulator to semiconductor to metal.
A Fault Tolerant Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Turbine Using a Parallel Grid Side Rectifier and Series Grid Side Converter (2008)

With steadily increasing wind turbine penetration, regulatory standards for grid interconnection have evolved to require that wind generation systems ride-through disturbances such as faults and support the grid during such events. Conventional modifications to the doubly fed induction generation (DFIG) architecture for providing ride-through result in compromised control of the turbine shaft and grid current during fault events. A DFIG architecture in which the grid side converter is connected in series as opposed to parallel with the grid connection has shown improved low voltage ride through but poor power processing capabilities. In this paper, a unified DFIG wind turbine architecture which employs a parallel grid side rectifier and series grid side converter is presented. The combination of these two converters enables unencumbered power processing and robust voltage disturbance ride through. A dynamic model and control structure for this architecture is developed. The operation of the system is illustrated using computer simulations.
Endothelial Cells Derived from Human Vessel Walls Contain a Complete Hierarchy of Endothelial Progenitor Cells. (2004)

Abstract Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) can be isolated from adult peripheral and umbilical cord blood. EPCs are thought to originate from bone marrow, circulate in peripheral blood, and migrate to sites of angiogenesis. However, the number of circulating EPCs in peripheral blood is remarkably low, and recent genetic studies show that the contribution of bone marrow derived EPCs to newly formed vascular networks is minimal. Further, while endothelial cells (ECs) derived from vessel walls are widely considered to be differentiated mature ECs, these cells retain extensive proliferative potential and can be passaged for at least 40 population doubling in vitro. Based on these observations, we tested whether EPCs potentially reside in vessel walls utilizing a newly developed single cell deposition assay (Blood, 2004). Analogous to a paradigm established in the hematopoietic cell system, we can utilize this assay to reproducibly identify the following EPCs: (1) high proliferative potential - endothelial colony forming cells (HPP-ECFC), which form macroscopic colonies that form secondary and tertiary colonies upon replating, (2) low proliferative potential - endothelial colony forming cells (LPP-ECFC), which form colonies greater than 50 cells, but do not form secondary colonies upon replating, (3) endothelial cell clusters (EC-clusters) that contain less than 50 cells, and (4) mature terminally differentiated endothelial cells (EC), which do not divide. Utilizing this assay, we compared the clonogenic potential of 1000 single adult human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECds), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), human umbilical artery endothelial cells (HUAECs), human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs), and human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) to the potential of adult peripheral and umbilical cord blood derived EPCs. We conducted four independent experiments. Remarkably, we demonstrate that a complete hierarchy of EPCs can be identified in EC populations derived from every vessel wall tested (Table I and n=4). Further, we show that ECs derived from each vessel wall cell population tested contain more proliferative EPCs (LPP-ECFCs and HPP-ECFCs) compared to EPCs derived from adult peripheral blood. Percent of 1,000 Single Cells Plated Mature EC EC-Cluster LPP-ECFC HPP-ECFC HUVEC 42±6 18±2 29±9 11±5 HAEC 37±3 23±8 21±4 20±6 HMVECd 65±9 21±6 12±4 2±0.6 HCAEC 46±2 18±2 20±2 16±2 HUAEC 41±1 10±1 27±4 21±2 Adult EPC 81±9 9±1 12±8 0.2±0.2 Cord EPC 50±20 7±2 20±10 23±9 Thus, this study provides evidence that a diversity of EPCs exists in human vessels and provides a new conceptual framework for determining both the origin and function of EPCs in maintaining vessel integrity and contributing to new sites of angiogenesis.
Near ultraviolet-wavelength photonic-crystal biosensor with enhanced surface-to-bulk sensitivity ratio (2006)

We report the design and characterization of biosensors based on one-dimensional photonic-crystal reflectance filters operating at near-ultraviolet wavelengths. Rigorous coupled-wave analysis simulations predict an increased confinement of the resonant electric field at the surface of this biosensor as compared to previously fabricated near-infrared photonic-crystal biosensors. This change in the resonant electric field provides an improvement of over 4.5 times in the surface-sensitivity to bulk-sensitivity ratio, and therefore enables enhanced detection resolution for biomolecules adsorbed on the biosensor surface. These biosensors will be especially important for applications requiring the detection of small molecules or ultralow analyte concentrations.
Optimizing the Curing Process of Epoxy-Clay Nanocomposites (2011)

Epoxy resin is one of the most applied thermoset polymers as a matrix for Glass Fiber Reinforced Pipes (GFRP). Curing process of epoxy resin is important for the integrity of the GFRP. The present work has been conducted to determine the proper pre-curing and post-curing temperatures and duration to develop epoxy-clay nanocomposite. During this study a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to determine the glass transition temperature and hence the degree of curing. Several samples of epoxy were prepared at different pre-curing and post-curing temperatures and durations. Pre-curing temperatures ranging from 80 to 150°C and post-curing temperatures ranging from 150 to 200°C were studied. The results show that the optimum pre-curing and post-curing temperatures are 100 and 170°C, respectively. Regarding the effect of curing duration, several specimens were prepared at the same pre-curing and post-curing temperatures with different curing durations of 1, 2, and 3 hours. It was observed that beyond one hour curing, the changes in the Tg and the degree of crosslinking were negligible. Using these optimum conditions samples of epoxy-clay nanocomposites were prepared using ultrasonication. The results showed that the addition of nonoclay to epoxy resulted in a reduction of the Tg.
ChemInform Abstract: A CONVENIENT PREPARATION OF 2‐SUBSTITUTED 2‐CYCLOPENTENONES FROM CYCLOPENTANONE USING 2‐(MORPHOLINOTHIO)BENZOTHIAZOLE (1980)

Abstract Cyclopentanon (I) läßt sich durch die Benzthiazolylsulfenamide (II) zu den Ketosulfiden (III) sulfenylieren, die nach Alkylierung mit den Alkylbromiden (IV) zu den Alkylketosulfiden (V) säurekatalysiert in die α‐Alkylcyclopentenone (VI) und Mercaptobenzthiazol (VII) gespalten werden.
Dual-reference full-range frequency domain optical coherence tomography (2009)

It has been shown that frequency domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) systems achieve higher sensitivities compared to time domain OCT systems. However, the obscure object structure due to the mirror image generated by the Fourier transform is one of the main problems in FD-OCT. We designed and developed a novel full range FD-OCT system that we refer to as the dual-reference full-range FD-OCT (DR-FDOCT) that enables doubling the imaging depth by removing mirror images generated from the Fourier transform of the detected real-valued spectra. The DR-FDOCT system enables full-range imaging without any loss of speed and is less sensitive to phase errors generated by involuntary movements of the subject than the other established full-range OCT systems. The reason is because it uses two signals with a phase difference of π/2 obtained simultaneously from two reference arms to remove mirror images.
A novel tunable origami accordion antenna (2014)

A novel origami accordion antenna structure is presented, which can be expanded and collapsed. Based on this structure, one origami antenna is designed with operating frequency that can be changed based on its height. The return loss, far-field radiation pattern and peak gain of this antenna are examined.
P‐127: Stabilization of Azodye Alignment Layer for Liquid Crystal Display (2010)

Abstract In this paper, we explore novel method of fabricating novel stable alignment layer for liquid crystal display. Large azimuthal anchoring energy and alignment quality comparable to that of rubbed polyimide film is obtained without using a contact process. The poor photostability known for azodye materials is overcome with the additional introduction of photocrosslinking material.
<title>Shot noise limited optical measurements at baseband with noisy lasers (proceedings Only)</title> (1991)

This paper describes a simple all-electronic noise cancellation scheme which allows wideband shot noise limited optical measurements at baseband with noisy lasers in many kinds of optical systems. With this system it is usually possible to achieve the performance of a complex heterodyne system with a much simpler homodyne approach. Although it is similar to earlier differential and ratiometric techniques its noise cancellation performance is much better and it is highly effective at modulation frequencies up to tens of megahertz. The basic idea is to subtract photocurrents directly under feedback control to cancel excess noise (i. e. noise above the shot noise level) and spurious modulation of the beam. A sample is split off from the beam at the laser and detected with a photodiode similar to the main detector at the system output. Most optical systems and detectors have very wide temporal bandwidths and excellent linearity thus at all frequencies of interest the sample photocurrent has exactly the same instantaneous fractional excess noise fluctuations as the laser beam itself with no differential gain or phase. If a fraction of the sample photocurrent is subtracted from the main detector output with feedback controlling the division ratio to keep the DC component of the result at zero the excess noise cancels identically. The actual noise cancellation bandwidth is very wide and does not depend on the feedback bandwidth only on that of
Early evaluation of bus interconnects dependability for system-on-chip designs (2002)

This paper presents a methodology for designing system-on-chip interconnection architectures providing a high level of protection from crosstalk and single-event upsets. An event driven simulator enriched with fault injection capabilities is exploited to evaluate the dependability level of the system being designed. The simulation environment supports several bus coding protocols and thus designers can easily evaluate different design alternatives. To enhance the dependability level of the interconnection architecture, we propose a distributed bus guardian scheme, where dedicated hardware modules monitor the integrity of the information transmitted over the bus and provide error correction mechanisms. Preliminary experimental results on a small benchmark system are reported showing the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Evaluation of TWT (Traveling Wave Tube) cathode impregnant manufacturing procedures (1985)

Impregnant manufacturing procedures were evaluated as part of a program to develop guidelines for producing reliable dispenser cathodes. Such procedures must be controlled in order to eliminate variations in impregnant composition that can give rise to unpredictable cathode performance. Experiments revealed that variations in impregnant composition result primarily from contamination by moisture, incomplete mixing, and incomplete reaction. Procedures developed to overcome these problems are discussed. The following recommendations are made: (1) Alumina must be dried prior to weighing to avoid inaccurate formulation due to moisture. (2) Multiple dry and wet mixing steps are nedded to thoroughly homogenize the starting materials. (3) Calcination temperatures of 1300 + or - 60 C are required to form thoroughly reacted barium calcium aluminates. (4) Thermogravimetry is useful for testing impregnants and starting materials for moisture contamination. Keywords include: Dispenser cathode, Manufacturing, Impregnant, Barium, Calcium, Aluminate, Weighing, Mixing, Calcination, Thermogravimetry, and Carbonate.
Connectionless Port Scan Detection on the Backbone (2006)

Considerable research has been done on detecting and blocking portscan activities that are typically conducted by infected hosts to discover other vulnerable hosts. However, the focus has been on enterprise gateway-level intrusion detection systems where the traffic volume is low and network configuration information is readily available. This paper investigates the effectiveness of existing portscan detection algorithms in the context of a large transit backbone network and proposes a new algorithm that meets the demands of aggregated high speed backbone traffic. Specifically, we evaluate two existing approaches - the portscan detection algorithm in SNORT, and a modified version of the TRW algorithm that is a part of the intrusion detection tool BRO. We then propose a new approach, TAPS, which uses sequential hypothesis testing to detect hosts that exhibit abnormal access patterns in terms of destination hosts and destination ports. We perform a comparative analysis of these three approaches using real backbone packet traces, and find that TAPS exhibits the best performance in terms of catching the maximum number of true scanners and yielding the least number of false positives. We have a working implementation of TAPS on our monitoring platform. Further implementation optimizations using bloom filters are identified and discussed.
Oxysulfides Ln<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> as Stable Photocatalysts for Water Oxidation and Reduction under Visible-Light Irradiation (2004)

The series Ln2Ti2S2O5 (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho and Er) is demonstrated to evolve H2 or O2 from aqueous solutions under visible-light (440 nm ≤ λ ≤ 650 nm) irradiation in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor (Na2S−Na2SO3) or acceptor (Ag+) without noticeable degradation. Ln2Ti2S2O5 is synthesized by sulfurization under H2S flow, and the Sm2Ti2S2O5 form is found to have the highest activity for O2 evolution. X-ray Rietveld refinements reveal that the Ln2Ti2S2O5 framework of the Pr, Nd, and Er forms is distorted from the ideal perovskite structure. The calculations of the electronic band structures of Ln2Ti2S2O5 based on plane-wave based density functional theory indicated that the top of the valence band of [Gd−Er]2Ti2S2O5 is made up of hybridized O2p, S3p, and Ln4f orbitals, whereas Ln4f orbitals are localized in other [Pr−Sm]2Ti2S2O5. In addition, the conduction band of [Gd−Er]2Ti2S2O5 consists of S3p+Ln4f and Ti3d orbitals. The photocatalytic activity is discussed on the basis of the electronic band structure and bulk material structure.
Biomimetic In Vitro Assay for the Characterization of Bitter Tastants and Identification of Bitter Taste Blockers (2003)

The ability to detect bitter compounds protects against ingestion of noxious and/or poisonous compounds. We are studying guanine nucleotide binding regulatory protein (G protein) activation by bitter compounds utilizing an in vitro biochemical assay. This assay is based on the measurement of taste specific G protein activation by isolated taste membranes in the presence of bitter compounds. This assay has been shown to correlate well with the bitterness of a compound and is useful for the identification of bitterness blockers. We have examined multiple compounds isolated from foods that were shown to be bitter by human sensory evaluation. A number of these compounds were shown to activate the gustducin-dependent signal transduction cascade in a concentration dependent manner. Furthermore, we show that the bitter blocker adenosine 5'-monophosphate inhibits the activation of the gustducin-dependent bitter compounds.
Postoperative Quality of Life after Open Transinguinal Preperitoneal Inguinal Hernia Repair Using Memory Ring or Three-dimensional Devices (2013)

A transinguinal preperitoneal (TIPP) approach has become a common technique for inguinal hernia repair. Our goal was to compare the impact of the two mesh designs for this operation: a flat mesh with a memory ring device (MRD) or a three-dimensional device (3DD) containing both onlay and preperitoneal mesh components. The prospective International Hernia Mesh Registry (2007 to 2012) was queried for MRD and 3DD inguinal hernia repairs. Outcomes and patient quality of life (QOL), using the Carolinas Comfort Scale (CCS), were examined at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months. Standard statistical methods were used, and multivariate logistic regression was performed using a forward stepwise selection method. TIPP was performed in 956 patients. Their average age 57.4 ± 15.3 years, 94.0 per cent were male, and mean body mass index was 25.7 ± 3.2 kg/m(2). MRD was used in 131 and 3DD in 825. Follow-up was 97, 82, 87, and 80 per cent at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Complications were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Recurrence was 0.8 per cent for MRD and 2.1 per cent for 3DD (P = 0.45). Comparing patient outcomes of MRD with 3DD at 1 month, 18.9 versus 11.5 per cent had symptoms of mesh sensation (P = 0.02); 28.7 versus 14.8 per cent had movement limitations (P < 0.01). MRD use was a significant independent predictor of movement limitation (odds ratio, 2.3; confidence interval, 1.4 to 3.7). No significant differences in CCS scores were seen at 6, 12, and 24 months. TIPP repair is safe and has a low recurrence rate. Early postoperative QOL is significantly improved with a 3DD mesh compared with MRD.
A 0.1&#x00B0;/HR bias drift electronically matched tuning fork microgyroscope (2008)

This paper presents an architecture that utilizes the often ignored residual quadrature error in a gyroscope to achieve and maintain perfect mode-matching, i.e., ~ 0 Hz split between the drive and sense mode frequencies, as well as electronically control the sensor bandwidth. A 6 mW, 3 V CMOS ASIC and control algorithm have been interfaced with a 60 mum thick mode-matched tuning fork gyroscope (M <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> -TFG) to implement an angular rate sensor with bias drift as low as 0.15deg/radichr and angle random walk (ARW) of 0.003deg/radichr - the lowest recorded to date for a silicon MEMS gyro. The maximum scale factor of the gyroscope is 88 m V/deg/s and the microsystem bandwidth can be configured between 1 to 10 Hz.
Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Materials (1991)

Third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) organic materials with good processabilities are discussed. THG measurements are demonstrated on poly(arylene vinylene)s, dye attached polymers, cyanine dye doped polymers and charge transfer organic crystals. These materials possess a third order optical nonlinearity, χ(3), of the order of 10-10 to 10-11 esu. Resonant effects of poly(arylene vinylene)s and intramolecular charge transfer effects derived from substituted donors and acceptors of dye-attached polymers are revealed to contribute to the increment of the third-order optical nonlinearity. It is emphasized that a high χ(3) value is possible even in short π-electron conjugated systems by modifying the molecular structure.
Growth of Columnar Hydrogel Colloidal Crystals in Water−Organic Solvent Mixture (2006)

A novel emulsion method has been demonstrated to grow columnar hydrogel colloidal crystals by mixing an aqueous suspension of poly-N-isopropylacrylamide-co-allylamine microgels with organic solvent, driven by the coalescence of micelles consisting of organic oil droplets coated by many microgels. This method leads to microgel colloidal crystals of several centimeters growing from the top to the bottom along the gravity direction. Both temperature and polymer concentration play critical roles for the formation of columnar crystals. A phase diagram has been determined, and it can be used as a guide to selectively grow different crystals, including columnar crystals and randomly oriented crystals, and enable the coexistence of columnar crystals and randomly oriented crystals.