gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy, neural network, and genetic algorithm based control system (2002)

This paper introduces a hierarchical control scheme based on a fuzzy, neural network, and a genetic algorithm for intelligent robotics. The scheme has three levels: learning level, skill level and adaptation level. The learning level manipulates symbols to reason logically for control strategies. The skill level produces control references along with the control strategies and sensory information on environments. The adaptation level controls robots and machines while adapting to their environments which include uncertainties. For these levels and to connect them, artificial intelligence, neural networks, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms are applied to the hierarchical control system while integrating and synthesizing themselves. To be intelligent, the hierarchical control system learns various experiences both in top-down manner and bottom-up manner. The hierarchical control scheme is effective for intelligent robotics and mechatronics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Flexible graphene photodetectors for wearable fitness monitoring (2019)

Wearable health and wellness trackers based on optical detection are promising candidates for public health uses due to their noninvasive tracking of vital health signs. However, so far, the use of rigid technologies hindered the ultimate performance and form factor of the wearable. Here, we demonstrate a new class of flexible and transparent wearables based on graphene sensitized with semiconducting quantum dots (GQD). We show several prototype wearable devices that are able to monitor vital health signs noninvasively, including heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>), and respiratory rate. Operation with ambient light is demonstrated, offering low-power consumption. Moreover, using heterogeneous integration of a flexible ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive photodetector with a near-field communication circuit board allows wireless communication and power transfer between the photodetectors and a smartphone, offering battery-free operation. This technology paves the way toward seamlessly integrated wearables, and empowers the user through wireless probing of the UV index.
Enhanced Li–S batteries using cation-functionalized pigment nanocarbon in core–shell structured composite cathodes (2017)

In this paper, a kind of cation-functionalized pigment nanocarbon (N-PCB) was utilized as the sulfur host for Li–S batteries to suppress the polysulfide shuttle effect, and finally improve the overall performance of Li–S batteries.
Including weather forecasts in routing decisions of navigation systems for road vehicles: The users' view (2017)

Weather conditions can have a substantial impact on driving speed. It can therefore be useful to take weather forecasts into consideration when calculating the optimal route in navigation systems for road vehicles. However, weather forecasts come along with an inherent inaccuracy, which raises the question if drivers will accept and use such a service. Based upon results from four focus group interviews with 20 participants, this paper analyzes how drivers view routing recommendations based on weather forecasts, and how weather-related route changes shall be best communicated to the users.
Oral Steroid Treatment of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Ten Year Retrospective Analysis (2003)

Application of steroid medication significantly improves the recovery outcomes in cases of Severe Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss.
Fine-grained Cross-modal Alignment Network for Text-Video Retrieval (2021)

Despite the recent progress of cross-modal text-to-video retrieval techniques, their performance is still unsatisfactory. Most existing works follow a trend of learning a joint embedding space to measure the distance between global-level or local-level textual and video representation. The fine-grained interactions between video segments and phrases are usually neglected in cross-modal learning, which results in suboptimal retrieval performances. To tackle the problem, we propose a novel Fine-grained Cross-modal Alignment Network (FCA-Net), which considers the interactions between visual semantic units (i.e., sub-actions/sub-events) in videos and phrases in sentences for cross-modal alignment. Specifically, the interactions between visual semantic units and phrases are formulated as a link prediction problem optimized by a graph auto-encoder to obtain the explicit relations between them and enhance the aligned feature representation for fine-grained cross-modal alignment. Experimental results on MSR-VTT, YouCook2, and VATEX datasets demonstrate the superiority of our model as compared to the state-of-the-art method.
Unambiguous detection of astaxanthin and astaxanthin fatty acid esters in krill (<i>Euphausia superba Dana</i>) (2005)

HPLC atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)/MS, GC MS, HPLC diode array detection (DAD), and NMR were used for the identification of astaxanthin and astaxanthin fatty acid esters in krill (Euphausia superba Dana). Matrix solid phase dispersion was applied for the extraction of the carotenoids. This gentle and expeditious extraction technique for solid and viscous samples leads to distinct higher enrichment rates than the conventional liquid-liquid extraction. The chromatographic separation was achieved employing a C30 RP column that allows the separation of shape-constrained geometrical isomers. A methanol/tert-butylmethyl ether/water gradient was applied. (all-E) Astaxanthin and the geometrical isomers were identified by HPLC APCI/MS, by coelution with isomerized authentical standard, by UV spectroscopy (DAD), and three isomers were unambiguously assigned by microcoil NMR spectroscopy. In this method, microcoils are transversally aligned to the magnetic field and have an increased sensitivity compared to the conventional double-saddle Helmholtz coils, thus enabling the measurement on small samples. The carotenol fatty acid esters were saponified enzymatically with Lipase type VII from Candida rugosa. The fatty acids were detected by GC MS after transesterification, but also without previous derivatization by HPLC APCI/MS. C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, C20:0, C20:5, and C22:6 were found in astaxanthin monoesters and in astaxanthin diesters. (all-E) Astaxanthin was identified as the main isomer in six fatty acid ester fractions by NMR. Quantitation was carried out by the method of internal standard. (13-cis) Astaxanthin (70 microg/g), 542 microg/g (all-E) astaxanthin, 36 microg/g unidentified astaxanthin isomer, 62 microg/g (9-cis) astaxanthin, and 7842 microg/g astaxanthin fatty acid esters were found.
<i>In‐situ</i> Synthesis of Polymer Nanocomposites (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Synthesis Methods In-situ Synthesis of Polymer Nanocomposites References
Possible Solutions to Overcome Drawbacks of Direct-Drive Generator for Large Wind Turbines (2009)

The objective of this paper is to give some solutions to overcome the limits of large direct-drive for wind turbines. Direct-drive wind turbines have been built to increase the energy yield, to reduce gearbox failures, and to lower maintenance problems [1][2]. In recent years, the size and power of wind turbines are increasing to reduce the cost of energy production. When the turbine is scaled up, the rotational speed of the blades is decreased further because the tip speed is kept constant. Thus high torque generator, which demands high tangential force and large air gap diameter, is required in large direct-drive wind turbines. This phenomenon makes direct-drive generators large and expensive. There are thus still different opinions about what is the most suitable generator system among existing wind turbine technologies. [3] In order to make large direct-drive generators lightweight, some new generator concepts have been proposed by some authors. Spooner et al. have proposed a concept with a pair of spoke wheels to carry the rotor and stator of air gap winding radial flux permanent magnet (PM) machine [4]. Tavner et al. have described how the large number of pole pairs and air gap diameter affect the design of large and low speed direct-drive machines [5]. A new direct-drive wind generator, namely NewGen has been proposed to reduce the stiffness demand in construction by putting the bearings close to the air gap [6]. Bang et al. have defined the most suitable generator system for wind turbines as a generator system with maximum energy yield and minimum cost [3]. They have also proposed some promising solutions to maximize the force density and to minimize both the active and inactive material. This paper gives some challenges and solutions of large direct-drive wind turbines. Thus this paper starts with the descriptions of the promising solutions proposed in [3]. Some additional solutions to the guiding and supporting systems of direct-drive generators are also proposed. Secondly, new direct-drive generator systems for 5 MW and 10 MW wind turbines are roughly designed considering the active parts, the inactive parts and the practical issues. For the design of active parts, the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) modelling in [1] is used. The mass of the new generator system is addressed by comparing with five different generator concepts. Furthermore, a new direct-drive generator downscaled is built to show a possibility of achieving the proposed solutions. Finally, summaries of this paper are drawn.
Two-Bus Holomorphic Embedding Method-based Equivalents and Weak-Bus Determination (2017)

A new method of solving the power-flow problem, the holomorphically embedded load-flow method (HELM) is theoretically guaranteed to find the high-voltage solution, if one exists, up to the saddle-node bifurcation point (SNBP), provided sufficient precision is used and the conditions of Stahls theorem are satisfied. Sigma indices, have been proposed as estimators of the distance from the present operating point to the SNBP, and indicators of the weak buses in a system. In this paper, it is shown that the sigma condition proposed in [2] will not produce reliable results and that a modified requirement can be used to produce a tight upper bound on the SNBP. Introduced is an approach to estimate the weak buses in the system using the HEM power series with numerical results compared to traditional modal analysis for a 14-bus system.
High-Breakdown-Voltage and Low-Specific-on-Resistance GaN p–n Junction Diodes on Free-Standing GaN Substrates Fabricated Through Low-Damage Field-Plate Process (2013)

In this letter, we describe the characteristics of Gallium Nitride (GaN) p–n junction diodes fabricated on free-standing GaN substrates with low specific on-resistance R on and high breakdown voltage V B . The breakdown voltage of the diodes with the field-plate (FP) structure was over 3 kV, and the leakage current was low, i.e., in the range of 10 -4 A/cm 2 . The specific on-resistance of the diodes of 60 µm diameter with the FP structure was 0.9 mΩ·cm 2 . Baliga's figure of merit ( V B 2 / R on ) of 10 GW/cm 2 is obtained. Although a certain number of dislocations were included in the device, these excellent results indicated a definite availability of this material system for power-device applications.
A stabilized finite element method for solving the navier-stokes equations. Application to ocean turbulance (2020)

Ocean turbulence is a classic example of turbulent motion and observations of turbulence in the ocean lack in regions of complex topography since in-situ and experimental data are complicated to obtain. As a result, ocean circulation and flow interaction with obstacles such as seamounts and submarine canyons rely heavily on modelling and numerical simulation such that these are the only tools that can provide insights and ideas which are essential to the scientific community.
This research investigated the capability of a stabilized finite element method (SFEM) based on the finite increment calculus (FIC) procedure, which is one of the most promising approaches to numerically simulate turbulent flows with particular interest in its application in simulating oceanic turbulence. The use of the FIC procedure allows solution of a wide range of fluid flow problems without the need of a turbulence model.
The available numerical model was first validated through numerical simulations of various test cases such as Taylor-Couette flow, Ekman spiral, lock-exchange flow and circulation driven by oscillatory forcing over a theoretical submarine canyon model. Excellent qualitative agreement with available numerical and experimental data was obtained through minimal modification of the numerical model using TCL programming codes.
To improve on modeling capabilities, which eventually allowed simulation of oceanic turbulence, a systematic modification of the numerical model was done by introducing additional paramaters on the governing equation, which is the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The resulting stabilized finite element equation was subsequently implemented into the numerical model, and the modification produced a coastal ocean model version. It was validated through numerical simulations of flow in coastal areas affected by topography, upwelling flow and submarine canyon. These flows are particularly reliant on numerical simulation, as the extreme nature of their flow makes obtention of accurate and reliable experimental data difficult or nearly impossible.
The FIC approach has shown the potential for providing a reliable, accurate and efficient method for numerical simulation of coastal processes. The various applications demonstrated the good performance of the numerical model, and the computational results agree well with the theoretical and experimental data.
Antioxidant Principles from <i>Bauhinia </i><i>t</i><i>arapotensis</i> (2001)

A new cyclohexenone (1) and a new caffeoyl ester derivative (2), together with the known compounds (-)-isolariciresinol 3-alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), (+)-1-hydroxypinoresinol 1-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (4), isoacteoside (5), luteolin 4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), and indole-3-carboxylic acid (7), were isolated from the leaves of Bauhinia tarapotensis. The structures of these new compounds were determined by spectroscopic data analysis. The antioxidant activities of 1-7 were determined by measuring their free radical scavenging effects, using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-dipicrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC) methods, and the coupled oxidation of beta-carotene and linoleic acid. Compounds 3-5 showed good activities in the DPPH and TEAC tests, while compounds 1 and 2 were active in the coupled oxidation of beta-carotene and linoleic acid bioassay.
Novel Magnetism of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Ir</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>5</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>5</mml:mn><mml:msup><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>Ions in the Double Perovskite<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Sr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>YIrO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>6</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2014)

We synthesize and study single crystals of a new double-perovskite Sr2YIrO6. Despite two strongly unfavorable conditions for magnetic order, namely, pentavalent Ir5+(5d4) ions which are anticipated to have Jeff=0 singlet ground states in the strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC) limit and geometric frustration in a face-centered cubic structure formed by the Ir5+ ions, we observe this iridate to undergo a novel magnetic transition at temperatures below 1.3 K. We provide compelling experimental and theoretical evidence that the origin of magnetism is in an unusual interplay between strong noncubic crystal fields, local exchange interactions, and "intermediate-strength" SOC. Sr2YIrO6 provides a rare example of the failed dominance of SOC in the iridates.
Coherent combining of RF signals in a traveling-wave photodetector array (1997)

Analog fiber-optic links are used in a variety of microwave applications. The RF insertion loss and RF output power available from these links is currently limited by photodetector optical power handling. Using traveling-wave concepts similar to those in distributed amplifiers, we have demonstrated traveling-wave detector arrays (TWDAs) in which photodetectors are embedded within an artificial transmission line. By feeding this network with suitably time-delayed optical signals, this arrangement coherently combines the RF photocurrents from two detectors, yielding a 6-dB improvement in insertion loss and RF output power, while retaining 12 GHz of operating bandwidth.
Stuttering: Understanding and Treating a Common Disability. (2019)

Childhood-onset fluency disorder, the most common form of stuttering, is a neurologic disability resulting from an underlying brain abnormality that causes disfluent speech. Stuttering can lead to significant secondary effects, including negative self-perception and negative perception by others, anxiety, and occasionally depression. Childhood-onset fluency disorder affects 5% to 10% of preschoolers. Early identification of stuttering is important so that therapy can begin while compensatory changes to the brain can still occur and to minimize the chances of the patient developing social anxiety, impaired social skills, maladaptive compensatory behaviors, and negative attitudes toward communication. However, stuttering may be persistent, even with early intervention, and affects about 1% of adults. In patients with persistent stuttering, speech therapy focuses on developing effective compensatory techniques and eliminating ineffective secondary behaviors. The role of family physicians includes facilitating early identification of children who stutter, arranging appropriate speech therapy, and providing support and therapy for patients experiencing psychosocial effects from stuttering. Finally, physicians can serve as advocates by making the clinic setting more comfortable for people who stutter and by educating teachers, coaches, employers, and others in the patient's life about the etiology of stuttering and the specific challenges patients face.
Plexin-B2 and Plexin-D1 in Dendritic Cells: Expression and IL-12/IL-23p40 Production (2012)

Plexins are a family of genes (A,B,C, and D) that are expressed in many organ systems. Plexins expressed in the immune system have been implicated in cell movement and cell-cell interaction during the course of an immune response. In this study, the expression pattern of Plexin-B2 and Plexin-D1 in dendritic cells (DCs), which are central in immune activation, was investigated. Plexin-B2 and Plexin-D1 are reciprocally expressed in myeloid and plasmacytoid DC populations. Plasmacytoid DCs have high Plexin-B2 but low Plexin-D1, while the opposite is true of myeloid DCs. Expression of Plexin-B2 and Plexin-D1 is modulated upon activation of DCs by TLR ligands, TNFα, and anti-CD40, again in a reciprocal fashion. Semaphorin3E, a ligand for Plexin-D1 and Plexin-B2, is expressed by T cells, and interestingly, is dramatically higher on Th2 cells and on DCs. The expression of Plexins and their ligands on DCs and T cells suggest functional relevance. To explore this, we utilized chimeric mice lacking Plxnb2 or Plxnd1. Absence of Plexin-B2 and Plexin-D1 on DCs did not affect the ability of these cells to upregulate costimulatory molecules or the ability of these cells to activate antigen specific T cells. Additionally, Plexin-B2 and Plexin-D1 were dispensable for chemokine-directed in-vitro migration of DCs towards key DC chemokines, CXCL12 and CCL19. However, the absence of either Plexin-B2 or Plexin-D1 on DCs leads to constitutive expression of IL-12/IL-23p40. This is the first report to show an association between Plexin-B2 and Plexin-D1 with the negative regulation of IL-12/IL-23p40 in DCs. This work also shows the presence of Plexin-B2 and Plexin-D1 on mouse DC subpopulations, and indicates that these two proteins play a role in IL-12/IL-23p40 production that is likely to impact the immune response.
The <i>Trans</i> Effect in Electrocatalytic CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction: Mechanistic Studies of Asymmetric Ruthenium Pyridyl-Carbene Catalysts (2019)

A comprehensive mechanistic study of electrocatalytic CO<sub>2</sub> reduction by ruthenium 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine (tpy) pyridyl-carbene catalysts reveals the importance of stereochemical control to locate the strongly donating N-heterocyclic carbene ligand trans to the site of CO<sub>2</sub> activation. Computational studies were undertaken to predict the most stable isomer for a range of reasonable intermediates in CO<sub>2</sub> reduction, suggesting that the ligand trans to the reaction site plays a key role in dictating the energetic profile of the catalytic reaction. A new isomer of [Ru(tpy)(Mebim-py)(NCCH<sub>3</sub>)]<sup>2+</sup> (Mebim-py is 1-methylbenzimidazol-2-ylidene-3-(2'-pyridine)) and both isomers of the catalytic intermediate [Ru(tpy)(Mebim-py)(CO)]<sup>2+</sup> were synthesized and characterized. Experimental studies demonstrate that both isomeric precatalysts facilitate electroreduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to CO in 95/5 MeCN/H<sub>2</sub>O with high activity and high selectivity. Cyclic voltammetry, infrared spectroelectrochemistry, and NMR spectroscopy studies provide a detailed mechanistic picture demonstrating an essential isomerization step in which the N-trans catalyst converts in situ to the C-trans variant. Insight into molecular electrocatalyst design principles emerge from this study. First, the use of an asymmetric ligand that places a strongly electron-donating ligand trans to the site of CO<sub>2</sub> binding and activation is critical to high activity. Second, stereochemical control to maintain the desired isomer structure during catalysis is critical to performance. Finally, pairing the strongly donating pyridyl-carbene ligand with the redox-active tpy ligand proves to be useful in boosting activity without sacrificing overpotential. These design principles are considered in the context of surface-immobilized electrocatalysis.
Modeling Asynchronous Ballistic Reversible Computing (ABRC) Primitive Elements Using Superconducting Circuits. (2021)

Abstract not provided.
Separate opinions in the European Court of Human Rights (2009)

Separate opinions, both concurring and dissenting, have been a feature of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights since its earliest days, but detailed studies of their incidence and impact have until recently been sparse. This article, based on an AHRC-funded research study, offers a survey of the research literature and describes the outcome of its own consideration of such opinions. The use of separate opinions in the European Court of Human Rights is significant, but the incidence of sole dissents by national judges is very low. It would appear that the main determining factor in the writing of a separate opinion is judicial temperament. There is some evidence that the background of judges prior to their election to the Court has some influence on their approach to writing separate opinions. The Court, however, demonstrates high levels of collegiality and the use of separate opinions contributes to the transparency of its decision-making.