gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deadlock Avoidance in Model Predictive Direct Torque Control (2013)

For medium-voltage ac drives, model predictive direct torque control (DTC) (MPDTC) shows excellent performance characteristics regarding the switching frequency and the harmonic distortion of the torque and the stator currents, outperforming classic control schemes such as DTC and field-oriented control. Aside from these advantages, the MPDTC algorithm runs occasionally into the so-called deadlocks, in which no suitable voltage vector exists, similar to DTC. Even though an exit strategy is available to resolve these situations, deadlocks tend to cause spikes in the instantaneous switching frequency and impact the overall performance of MPDTC. This paper focuses on new methods to avoid such deadlocks, using terminal constraints and terminal weights. The proposed methods greatly reduce-and, in many cases, completely avoid-deadlocks. Moreover, in the case of a five-level topology, a significant reduction of the switching frequency and the harmonic distortion is observable.
Polymer flame retardancy: A new approach (1998)

New types of ecologically friendly polymer flame-retardant systems were proposed for Nylon 6,6 and polypropylene [high temperature polymer–organic char former, poly(vinyl alcohol), and silicon–inorganic system]. These systems can act in condensed and gaseous phases. The cone calorimeter and LOI tests indicated the improvement of fire-retardant properties for compositions of flame retardants with Nylon 6,6 and polypropylene in comparison with pure polymers. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 68:715–725, 1998
Direct Pressure−Volume−Temperature and Vapor−Liquid Equilibrium Measurements with a Single Equipment Using a Vibrating Tube Densimeter up to 393 K and 40 MPa: Description of the Original Apparatus and New Data (1998)

A novel apparatus for high-pressure studies of vapor−liquid equilibria in multicomponent fluid systems is fully described. It has been designed to get, almost simultaneously, vapor−liquid equilibrium properties and liquid, vapor, and saturating pressure−volume−temperature properties between 253 and 423 K and from subatmospheric pressures up to 40 MPa. The way of getting data allows quite continuous recording of pressure−density data along isotherms in compressed phases up to the saturation points. Sample results are given to illustrate the procedures, and results on pure refrigerant compounds R-32 and R-218 are discussed. New data on the refrigerant blend R-409A are presented.
Cutting Diffraction Gratings to Improve Dispersion ("Fire") in Diamonds (2009)

A new microlithography process developed to create high-resolution diffraction grating patterns on portions of certain facets can improve the dispersion of light and thus the amount of “fire” in a diamond.
Relative contributions of interface pressure, shear stress, and temperature on ischemic-induced, skin-reactive hyperemia in healthy volunteers: a repeated measures laboratory study. (2015)

Although the primary risk factors for pressure ulcer development - pressure, shear, skin temperature, moisture, and friction - have been identified for decades, the relative contribution of each to this risk remains unclear. To confirm the results of and expand upon earlier research into the relative contributions of interface pressures, shear stress, and skin temperature among 4 healthy volunteers, a study involving 6 additional healthy 40- to 75-year-old volunteers was conducted and results of the 2 studies were pooled. All 3 variables (interface pressures, shear stress, and skin temperature) were systematically and randomly varied. In the prone position, volunteers each underwent 18 test conditions representing different combinations of temperature (28˚ C, 32˚ C, 36˚ C), pressure (8.0 and 13.3 kPa), and shear (0, 6.7, and 14.0 kPa) using a computer-controlled indenter applied to the sacrum for 20 minutes exerting weights of 100 g and 200 g to induce 0.98 N and 1.96 N of shear force, respectively. Each condition was tested twice, resulting in a total of 360 trials. Magnitude of postload reactive hyperemia as an index of ischemia was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. Fixed effects regression models were used to predict 3 different indices of reactive hyperemic magnitude. Friedman tests were performed to compare the reactive hyperemia among 3 different skin temperatures or shear stresses under the same amount of localized pressure. In all regression models, pressure and temperature were highly significant predictors of the extent of reactive hyperemia (P <0.0001 and P <0.0001, respectively); the contributions of shear stress were not statistically significant (P = 0.149). With higher temperature, reactive hyperemia increased significantly, especially at greater localized pressure and shear stress, and the difference was more profound between 32˚ C and 36˚ C than between 28˚ C and 32˚ C. These results confirm that, in laboratory settings, temperature is an important factor in tissue ischemia. Additional studies examining the relative importance of pressure, shear, and temperature and potential effects of lowering temperature on tissue ischemia in healthy volunteers and patients at risk for pressure ulcer development are warranted. Because deformation at weight-bearing areas often results in blood flow occlusion, actively lowering the temperature may reduce the severity of ischemia and lower pressure ulcer risk. In this study, shear did not appear to contribute to ischemia in the dermal tissues when assessed using laser Doppler; further work is needed to examine its effect on deeper layers, particularly with regard to nonischemic mechanisms.
Systematic investigation of balanced steady‐state free precession for functional MRI in the human visual cortex at 3 Tesla (2006)

Abstract Previous studies have applied balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) to functional brain imaging. Methods that exploit the strong frequency dependence of the MR signal in the bSSFP transition band are strongly affected by field inhomogeneity and frequency drifts. Recent bSSFP studies using “on‐resonance” (in the bSSFP passband) acquisition claimed that higher sensitivity was achieved compared to traditional fMRI methods. However, the contrast mechanism that generates activation‐related signal changes in bSSFP imaging is not yet fully understood. We performed a systematic study of on‐resonance bSSFP signal behavior using a multiecho balanced SSFP sequence with different TRs at 3 Tesla. We conclude that intravoxel dephasing, or the off‐resonance averaged steady state, dominates the bSSFP signal decay and determines the bSSFP fMRI contrast. Experimental findings were confirmed by simulations based on existing theories for signal formation around blood vessels in inhomogeneous tissues. The activation‐induced signal change in on‐resonance bSSFP increases with TE, and the TE dependence of the contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) in bSSFP is similar to that in gradient echo‐planar imaging (GE‐EPI). However, GE‐EPI has a significantly higher CNR efficiency. Magn Reson Med 57:67–73, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Water Dynamics in Graphite Oxide Investigated with Neutron Scattering (2006)

Graphite oxide is an inorganic multilayer system that preserves the layered structure of graphite but not the conjugated bond structure. In the past few years, detailed studies of the static structure of graphite oxide were carried out. This was mainly done by NMR investigations and led to a new structural model of graphite oxide. The layer distance of graphite oxide increases with increasing humidity level, giving rise to different spacings of the carbon layers in the range from 6 to 12 A. As a consequence, different types of motions of water and functional groups appear. Information about the mobility of the water molecules is not yet complete but is crucial for the understanding of the structure of the carbon layers as well as the intercalation process. In this paper, the hydration- and temperature-dependent dynamic behavior of graphite oxide will be investigated by quasielastic neutron scattering using the time-of-flight spectrometer NEAT at the Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin. The character of the embedded water does not change over a wide range of hydration levels. Especially the interlayer water remains tightly bound and does not show any translational motion. In samples with excess water, however, the water is also distributed in noninterlayer voids, leading to the observation of additional motions of bulklike or confined water. The dynamic behavior of hydrated graphite oxide can be described by a consistent model that combines two two-site jump motions for the motions of the water molecules and the motions of OH groups.
Autologous stem cell transplantation for primary systemic amyloidosis (2002)

High-dose melphalan with autologous blood stem cell transplantation (SCT) can reverse the disease process in selected patients with primary systemic amyloidosis (AL); however, SCT for AL remains controversial because of the treatment-related mortality in patients with cardiac and multisystem organ involvement. In this review, we briefly discuss recent advances in AL, such as the free light-chain assay and the role of immunoglobulin light-chain variable region germline genes in the disease, and then we discuss the current status of SCT for AL with emphases on patient selection, approaches to stem cell mobilization, and peri-SCT management. It is clear that patients with AL who have advanced amyloid cardiomyopathy or more than 2 major viscera involved with disease are poor candidates for SCT. Therefore, the importance of patient selection cannot be overemphasized, and patients with 1 or 2 involved organs or with early cardiac involvement are usually appropriate candidates for SCT. Because the toxicity of melphalan is dose-related and survival with AL may be age-related, patient age and the extent of organ involvement can provide a basis for patient stratification. We discuss such a risk-adapted approach to melphalan dosing in detail and conclude with a brief overview of current research using SCT to treat patients with AL.
Paracetamol-inhibitable COX-2. (2000)

Although paracetamol potently reduces pain and fever, its mechanism of action has so far not been satisfactorily explained. It inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 weakly in vitro, but reduces prostaglandin synthesis markedly in vivo. In mouse macrophage J774.2 cells, COX-2 induced for 48 hr with high concentrations of NSAIDs is more sensitive to inhibition with paracetamol than endotoxin-induced COX-2. In the rat pleurisy model of inflammation, a second peak of COX-2 protein appears 48 hr after administration of the inflammatory stimulus, during the resolution phase of the inflammatory process. Inhibition of the activity of this late-appearing COX-2 with indomethacin or a selective COX-2 inhibitor, delays resolution and the inflammation is prolonged. Cultured lung fibroblasts also express COX-2 activity after stimulation with IL-1beta which is highly sensitive to inhibition with paracetamol. Thus, evidence is accumulating for the existence of a COX-2 variant or a new COX enzyme which can be inhibited with paracetamol.
Learning Activation Functions: A new paradigm for understanding Neural\n Networks (2019)

The scope of research in the domain of activation functions remains limited\nand centered around improving the ease of optimization or generalization\nquality of neural networks (NNs). However, to develop a deeper understanding of\ndeep learning, it becomes important to look at the non linear component of NNs\nmore carefully. In this paper, we aim to provide a generic form of activation\nfunction along with appropriate mathematical grounding so as to allow for\ninsights into the working of NNs in future. We propose "Self-Learnable\nActivation Functions" (SLAF), which are learned during training and are capable\nof approximating most of the existing activation functions. SLAF is given as a\nweighted sum of pre-defined basis elements which can serve for a good\napproximation of the optimal activation function. The coefficients for these\nbasis elements allow a search in the entire space of continuous functions\n(consisting of all the conventional activations). We propose various training\nroutines which can be used to achieve performance with SLAF equipped neural\nnetworks (SLNNs). We prove that SLNNs can approximate any neural network with\nlipschitz continuous activations, to any arbitrary error highlighting their\ncapacity and possible equivalence with standard NNs. Also, SLNNs can be\ncompletely represented as a collections of finite degree polynomial upto the\nvery last layer obviating several hyper parameters like width and depth. Since\nthe optimization of SLNNs is still a challenge, we show that using SLAF along\nwith standard activations (like ReLU) can provide performance improvements with\nonly a small increase in number of parameters.\n
Genetic divergence and classification of non-structural protein 1 among porcine rotaviruses of species B (2011)

Porcine rotavirus B (RVB) has frequently been detected in diarrhoea of suckling and weaned pigs. Moreover, epidemiological studies using ELISA have demonstrated high antibody prevalence in sera from sows, indicating that RVB infections are widespread. Because it is difficult to propagate RVBs serially in cell culture, genetic analysis of RNA segments of porcine RVBs other than those encoding VP7 and NSP2 has been scarcely performed. We conducted sequence and phylogenetic analyses focusing on non-structural protein 1 (NSP1), using 15 porcine RVB strains isolated from diarrhoeic faeces collected around Japan. Sequence analysis showed that the porcine NSP1 gene contains two overlapping ORFs. Especially, peptide 2 of NSP1 retains highly conserved cysteine and histidine residues among RVBs. Comparison of NSP1 nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences from porcine RVB strains demonstrated low identities to those from other RVB strains. Phylogenetic analysis of RVB NSP1 revealed the presence of murine, human, ovine, bovine and porcine clusters. Furthermore, the NSP1 genes of porcine RVBs were divided into three genotypes, suggesting the possibility that porcine species might be an original host of RVB infection. Of nine strains common to those used in our previous study, only one strain was classified into a different genotype from the others in the analysis of VP7, in contrast to the analysis of NSP1, where all belonged to the same cluster. This fact suggests the occurrence of gene reassortment among porcine RVBs. These findings should provide more beneficent information to understand the evolution and functions of RVBs.
Disposal practices and management alternatives for CCA-treated wood waste (1999)

Limited information is available about the ultimate fate of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood waste upon disposal. This lack of information, coupled with concerns over potential environmental impacts, has prompted the current investigation, which focuses on establishing an inventory for this waste stream and identifying alternatives to current disposal practices. The state of Florida (USA) was utilized as a case study for this investigation. The results indicate that approximately 300 metric tonnes of the chemical were disposed of in Florida during 1996. By the year 2006 this figure will quadruple and by 2016 it will reach a value of 2700 metric tonnes. The majority of CCA-treated wood waste is processed through construction and demolition recycling facilities, resulting in a wood waste composition containing on average 6% CCA-treated wood. The primary market for wood waste in Florida is energy recovery and, as a consequence, the majority of CCA-treated wood waste is inadvertently burned for energy recovery purposes. Recommendations for handling this waste stream are discussed. Recommendations include options for waste minimization, reuse, recycling, and ultimate disposal.
Antimicrobial Activity of Some Essential Oils Against Microorganisms Deteriorating Fruit Juices (2006)

Seventeen microbial species including 10 fungal taxa, two yeasts and five bacteria, were isolated from freshly prepared orange, guava and banana juices kept in open bottles at room temperature for 7 days. Eight different essential oils, from local herbs, were tested for their antimicrobial activity against these test organisms. The essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum basilicum and Origanum majorana were found to be highly effective against these microorganisms. Aspergillus niger, A. flavus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the most prevalent microorganisms in juice, showed the highest resistance against these essential oils. GC-MS analysis showed that while e-citral, a'-myrcene, and z-citral represent the major components (75.1%) of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus; bezynen,1-methyl-4-(2-propenyl), 1,8-cineole and trans-a'-bisabolene were the main components (90.6%) of Ocimum basilicum; whereas 3-cyclohexen-1-01,4-methyl-1(1-methylethyl)-(CAS), c-terpinene and trans-caryophyllene represent the major components (65.1%) of Origanum majorana. These three essential oils were introduced into juices by two techniques namely, fumigation and direct contact. The former technique showed more fungicidal effect than the latter one against A. flavus, A. niger, and S. cerevisiae. The essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus by comparison to other test oils showed the strongest effect against these fungi with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.5 µl/ml medium and a sublethal concentration of 1.0 µl/ml. The antimicrobial activity of this oil is thermostable at 121℃ for 30 min.
Behavior of Ultrafine Metallic Particles on Silicon Wafer Surface (1995)

The diameter of particles which adversely affects the yield has been shrinking as ULSI devices are more and more miniaturized. Ultrafine particles with diameters of 0.1 μm or less have become important recently. Ultrafine particles of this type are expected to be difficult to remove. This study has established a method to evaluate ultrafine particle removal efficiency. Ultrafine metallic particles with diameters of several to several hundreds of nanometers were deposited on the Si surface using a gas deposition method. The removal efficiency of the ultrafine particles using various cleaning solutions was investigated. APM cleaning can remove 150 nm Au particles, but cannot remove ultrafine Au particles with a diameter less than several tens of nanometers. In addition, the Si surface becomes rougher when a cleaning is performed to remove Au ultrafine particles. This is believed to be because noble metals such as Au, Ag, and Cu, which feature a higher electronegativity than Si, attract electrons from Si facilitating Si oxidation.
<i>Nod2</i> Mutation in Crohn's Disease Potentiates NF-κB Activity and IL-1ß Processing (2005)

Variants of NOD2, an intracellular sensor of bacteria-derived muramyl dipeptide (MDP), increase susceptibility to Crohn's disease (CD). These variants are thought to be defective in activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and antibacterial defenses, but CD clinical specimens display elevated NF-kappaB activity. To illuminate the pathophysiological function of NOD2, we introduced such a variant to the mouse Nod2 locus. Mutant mice exhibited elevated NF-kappaB activation in response to MDP and more efficient processing and secretion of the cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). These effects are linked to increased susceptibility to bacterial-induced intestinal inflammation and identify NOD2 as a positive regulator of NF-kappaB activation and IL-1beta secretion.
Synthesis and Pharmacological evaluation of Schiff's and Mannich bases of Indole Derivatives (2011)

A B S T R A C T Indole-3-carbaldehyde was treated with hydrazine hydrate to form hydrazones of indole. The synthesized derivatives were further treated with various aromatic aldehydes to afford Schiff's bases. On the other hand, Mannich bases of indole derivatives were synthesized by reacting derivatives of indole with various aromatic and heterocyclic amines in the 1 presence of formaldehyde and dimethyl formamide. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by FT-IR, H NMR & MASS spectra. Schiff's bases of indole derivates were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activity using cup-plate method. Some of the newly synthesized Schiff's bases showed good antibacterial and antifungal activity. Synthesized Mannich bases of indole derivatives were investigated for their anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan induced paw oedema method in rat and analgesic activity using acetic acid induced writhing method in mice. Some of Mannich bases of indole derivatives were found to possess good anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity.
Belgian administrative justice organisation: When federalism or devolution brings justice with it, or when regionalism is invading Europe? (2018)

INDEX : 1. Background: who is who and who does what? / 2. A situation created and legally admitted: how and why? / 2.1. A glance on the allocation of competences in matters of justice / 2.2. A judgement of the constitutional court in apparent opposition with the allocation of competences in matters of justice / 3. Criticisms and consequences of the situation: what and why? / 3.1. A reasoning, which lends itself to criticism and endorses a political strategy / 3.2. An enterprise without limits?
A hierarchically patterned, bioinspired e-skin able to detect the direction of applied pressure for robotics (2018)

Tactile sensing is required for the dexterous manipulation of objects in robotic applications. In particular, the ability to measure and distinguish in real time normal and shear forces is crucial for slip detection and interaction with fragile objects. Here, we report a biomimetic soft electronic skin (e-skin) that is composed of an array of capacitors and capable of measuring and discriminating in real time both normal and tangential forces. It is enabled by a three-dimensional structure that mimics the interlocked dermis-epidermis interface in human skin. Moreover, pyramid microstructures arranged along nature-inspired phyllotaxis spirals resulted in an e-skin with increased sensitivity, minimal hysteresis, excellent cycling stability, and response time in the millisecond range. The e-skin provided sensing feedback for controlling a robot arm in various tasks, illustrating its potential application in robotics with tactile feedback.
Simple, polarisation-independent, and dispersion-insensitiveSCM signal extraction technique for optical switching systems applications (2001)

A dispersion- and polarisation-insensitive all-optical method for transmitting and extracting a subcarrier multiplexed (SCM) signal using a fibre Bragg grating filter without a conventional SCM circuitry is demonstrated. Fibre transmission experiments conducted on standard singlemode fibres of varying lengths up to 80 km showed excellent sensitivity with no apparent fading effects.
NMR Data Processing (1996)

Fundamentals of the Discrete Fourier Transform. Using the DFT: Application to NMR. Linear Prediction. Maximum Entropy Reconstruction in NMR: An Alternative to DFT. Emerging Methods. Visualization, Quantification, and Error Analysis. References. Index.
Phantom-BTB (2009)

Modern processors use branch target buffers (BTBs) to predict the target address of branches such that they can fetch ahead in the instruction stream increasing concurrency and performance. Ideally, BTBs would be sufficiently large to capture the entire working set of the application and sufficiently small for fast access and practical on-chip dedicated storage. Depending on the application, these requirements are at odds.