gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient Water-Splitting Electrodes Based on Laser-Induced Graphene (2017)

Electrically splitting water to H<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> is a preferred method for energy storage as long as no CO<sub>2</sub> is emitted during the supplied electrical input. Here we report a laser-induced graphene (LIG) process to fabricate efficient catalytic electrodes on opposing faces of a plastic sheet, for the generation of both H<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub>. The high porosity and electrical conductivity of LIG facilitates the efficient contact and charge transfer with the requisite electrolyte. The LIG-based electrodes exhibit high performance for hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction with excellent long-term stability. The overpotential reaches 100 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> for HER, and OER is as low as 214 and 380 mV with relatively low Tafel slopes of 54 and 49 mV/dec, respectively. By serial connecting of the electrodes with a power source in an O-ring setup, H<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> are simultaneously generated on either side of the plastic sheet at a current density of 10 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> at 1.66 V and can thereby be selectively captured. The demonstration provides a promising route to simple, efficient, and complete water splitting.
Obstacle detection using bi-spectrum CCD camera and image processing (2003)

Describes a method to identify cars from the road image obtained by the CCD camera. This method is based on the bi-spectrum combination between the visible and the near infrared ranges. The results allow the system to combine road marking identification for lane localization with obstacle detection. A detection algorithm may be implemented on a real-time machine to react on braking and accelerating pedals. This work contributes to the obstacle detection in the Eureka project PROMETHEUS.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effects of five different barrier materials on postsurgical adhesion formation in the rat (2000)

Postsurgical adhesion formation is a significant clinical problem within every surgical specialism. Due to the problems that adhesions cause, a wide variety of adjunctive treatments to prevent the formation and reformation of adhesions have been proposed. One of the modalities that has been studied extensively and that has been showing the most promising results is the so-called barrier method. The purpose of the present study was to compare the efficacy of five of these barrier materials in the prevention of postsurgical adhesion formation in a standardized rat adhesion model. It was concluded that no beneficial effect of Ringer's lactate on adhesion formation was seen. Significant reductions (P < 0.0001) in adhesion percentages compared to control animals were seen with Polyactive((TM)), PRECLUDE Peritoneal Membrane((TM)), Seprafilm((TM)) and Tissucol((TM)), but only PRECLUDE Peritoneal Membrane and Seprafilm significantly reduced adhesions (P < 0.01) when the barrier-treated peritoneal defects were compared with contralateral control-side peritoneal defects. The results of our study suggest that Seprafilm and PRECLUDE Peritoneal Membrane are superior to Tissucol and Polyactive in preventing adhesion formation. When Polyactive was still attached to the site of application during the second laparotomy, similar results to Seprafilm and PRECLUDE Peritoneal Membrane were seen. Future studies on the efficacy of a material to decrease adhesion formation should always include a comparison of several control materials in the same model. Our study indicates that Seprafilm or PRECLUDE Peritoneal Membrane might be used as standards of control.
MOS and MOSFET with transition metal oxides (1996)

MOS and MOSFET structures were constructed with a TiO<SUB>2</SUB> single crystal as a substrate. It was demonstrated that the n-type carriers injected by the applied gate field have a much higher mobility than the chemically doped carriers, by nearly two orders of magnitude. This result suggests that the intrinsic carrier mobility in TiO<SUB>2</SUB> may be substantially higher than usually assumed. Other MOSFET effects including the nonlinear optical effects are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Intramolecular C—H Amination: Synthesis of Benzoxazoles and Benzothiazoles. (2015)

Abstract 2‐Pyrimidyloxybenzenes and their thio analogues are subjected to anodic oxidation in a H‐type divided cell under constant current.
Picture quality measures in image compression systems (2004)

A major problem in evaluating picture quality in image compression systems is the extreme difficulty in describing the type and amount of degradation in reconstructed image. Because of the inherent drawbacks associated with the subjective measures of picture quality, there has been a great deal of interest in developing an objective measure that can be used as a substitute. The aim of this paper is to examine a set of objective picture quality measures for application in still image compression systems and to highlight the correlation of these measures with subjective picture quality measures. Picture quality is measured using nine different objective picture quality measures and subjectively using mean opinion score (MOS) as a measure of perceived picture quality. The correlation between each objective measure and MOS is found. The effects of different image compression ratios are assessed and the best objective measures are proposed. Our results show that some objective measures correlate well with the perceived picture quality for a given compression algorithm but they are not reliable for an evaluation across different algorithms. So, we compared objective picture quality measures across different algorithms and we found measures, which serve well in all tested image compression systems.
Light and an exogenous transcription factor qualitatively and quantitatively affect the biosynthetic pathway of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus leaves (2005)

The effects of increasing light and of a heterologous bHLH transcription factor on the accumulation of condensed tannins (CT) were investigated in leaves of Lotus corniculatus, a model legume species which accumulates these secondary metabolites in leaves as well as reproductive tissues. Light and expression of the transgene increased the level of CT in a synergistic way. To monitor how the changes in accumulation of condensed tannins were achieved, the level of expression of four key genes in the flavonoid pathway was estimated by real-time RT-PCR analysis. Early genes of the pathway (PAL and CHS) were affected less in their expression and so appeared to be less involved in influencing the final level of CT than later genes in the pathway (DFR and ANS). Steady-state levels of DFR and ANS transcripts showed a strong positive correlation with CT and these genes might be considered the first rate-limiting steps in CT biosynthesis in Lotus leaves. However, additional factors mediated by light are limiting CT accumulation once these genes are up-regulated by the transgene. Therefore, the increment of the steady-state mRNA level for DFR and ANS might not be sufficient to up-regulate condensed tannins in leaves. The real-time RT-PCR approach adopted showed that members within the CHS and DFR gene families are differentially regulated by the exogenous bHLH gene and light. This finding is discussed in relation to the approaches for controlling CT biosynthesis and for studying the expression profile of multi-gene families.
A review on coronary artery disease, its risk factors, and therapeutics (2019)

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the major cardiovascular diseases affecting the global human population. This disease has been proved to be the major cause of death in both the developed and developing countries. Lifestyle, environmental factors, and genetic factors pose as risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of risk factors among healthy individuals elucidates the probable occurrence of CAD in near future. Genome-wide association studies have suggested the association of chromosome 9p21.3 in the premature onset of CAD. The risk factors of CAD include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidemia, obesity, homocystinuria, and psychosocial stress. The eradication and management of CAD has been established through extensive studies and trials. Antiplatelet agents, nitrates, β-blockers, calcium antagonists, and ranolazine are some of the few therapeutic agents used for the relief of symptomatic angina associated with CAD.
Using distributed magnetometers to increase IMU-based velocity estimation into perturbed area (2007)

We address the problem of position estimation for a rigid body using an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and a set of spatially distributed magnetometers. We take advantage of the magnetic field disturbances usually observed indoors. This is particularly relevant when GPS is unavailable (e.g. during military operations in urban areas). We illustrate our technique with several experimental results obtained with a Kalman filter. We also present our testing bench which consists of low cost sensors (IMU and magnetometers).
Simplified fundamental force and mass measurements (2016)

The watt balance relates force or mass to the Planck constant h, the metre and the second. It enables the forthcoming redefinition of the unit of mass within the SI by measuring the Planck constant in terms of mass, length and time with an uncertainty of better than 2 parts in 108. To achieve this, existing watt balances require complex and time-consuming alignment adjustments limiting their use to a few national metrology laboratories. This paper describes a simplified construction and operating principle for a watt balance which eliminates the need for the majority of these adjustments and is readily scalable using either electromagnetic or electrostatic actuators. It is hoped that this will encourage the more widespread use of the technique for a wide range of measurements of force or mass. For example: thrust measurements for space applications which would require only measurements of electrical quantities and velocity/displacement.
Management of Large Erupting Complex Odontoma in Maxilla (2014)

We present the unusual case of a large complex odontoma erupting in the maxilla. Odontomas are benign developmental tumours of odontogenic origin. They are characterized by slow growth and nonaggressive behaviour. Complex odontomas, which erupt, are rare. They are usually asymptomatic and are identified on routine radiograph but may present with erosion into the oral cavity with subsequent cellulitis and facial asymmetry. This present paper describes the presentation and management of an erupting complex odontoma, occupying the maxillary sinus with extension to the infraorbital rim. We also discuss various surgical approaches used to access this anatomic area.
Synthesizing Sound from Turbulent Field using Sound Textures for Interactive Fluid Simulation (2004)

Abstract Sound is an indispensable element for the simulation of a realistic virtual environment. Therefore, there has been much recent research focused on the simulation of realistic sound effects. This paper proposes a method for creating sound for turbulent phenomena such as fire. In a turbulent field, the complex motion of vortices leads to the generation of sound. This type of sound is called a vortex sound. The proposed method simulates a vortex sound by computing vorticity distributions using computational fluid dynamics. Sound textures for the vortex sound are first created in a pre‐process step. The sound is then created at interactive rates by using these sound textures. The usefulness of the proposed method is demonstrated by applying it to the simulation of the sound of fire and other turbulent phenomena. Categories and Subject Descriptors (according to ACM CCS): I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three‐Dimensional Graphics and Realism ‐ Animation; I.6.8 [Simulation and Modeling]: Types of Simulation ‐ Animation; I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three‐Dimensional Graphics and Realism; I.6.3 [Simulation and Modeling]: Applications; H.5.5 [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: Sound and Music Computing ‐ Methodologies and techniques, Modeling.
<title>Characterization of defect sizing on an automatic inspection system (KLA238e)</title> (1994)

This paper describes the calibration of an automatic inspection system to size 5X reticle defects down to half-micron resolution, the defect printability limit of the stepper lens with which the 5X reticles are to be used. An enhanced technique using image analysis for defect sizing is also described. Whilst enabling more accurate defect sizing, this method is resolution limited in automatic operation.
A robotic system with AI (2003)

A voice activated robot arm with intelligence is presented. The robot arm is controlled with natural connected speech input. After interpreting the voice commands a series of control data for performing a task are generated, and the robot then performs the task. Artificial intelligence techniques are used to make the robot understand voice commands and act in the desired mode. It is also possible to control the robot using a keyboard input mode.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Wireless Networks With RF Energy Harvesting: A Contemporary Survey (2014)

Radio frequency (RF) energy transfer and harvesting techniques have recently become alternative methods to power the next-generation wireless networks. As this emerging technology enables proactive energy replenishment of wireless devices, it is advantageous in supporting applications with quality-of-service requirements. In this paper, we present a comprehensive literature review on the research progresses in wireless networks with RF energy harvesting capability, which is referred to as RF energy harvesting networks (RF-EHNs). First, we present an overview of the RF-EHNs including system architecture, RF energy harvesting techniques, and existing applications. Then, we present the background in circuit design as well as the state-of-the-art circuitry implementations and review the communication protocols specially designed for RF-EHNs. We also explore various key design issues in the development of RF-EHNs according to the network types, i.e., single-hop networks, multiantenna networks, relay networks, and cognitive radio networks. Finally, we envision some open research directions.
Feasibility Study for Building Hybrid Storage System Consisting of Non-volatile DIMM and SSD (2016)

Various vendors develop a byte accessible Nonvolatile Dual-Inline Memory Module (NVDIMM). The performance of the NVDIMM drastically surpasses that of the Solid State Drive (SSD), which is connected by PCI express. However, the cost of the NVDIMM is much higher than that of the SSD. Therefore, a hybrid storage system between the NVDIMM and SSD is an effective technique for improving cost-performance. If a system uses the NVDIMM less while maintaining performance, its cost-performance should be improved. Our previous work involves on-the-fly automated storage tiering (OTF-AST). OTF-AST is a hybrid storage system consisting of an SSD and HDD. It aims to reduce the average response time of IO accesses by migrating only the IO concentration area to the SSD when IO concentration happens. Therefore, we construct OTF-AST with both the DIMM and SSD and evaluate it in order to understand how to build a cost-effective hybrid storage system with these devices. We use a DIMM instead of a byte accessible NVDIMM, which is difficult to obtain. As a result, we found that the original OTF-AST is suitable for a hybrid storage system consisting of the DIMM and SSD. Moreover, we can improve the performance of OTF-AST if replace its migration algorithm with a more positive migration algorithm. This is because the IO access response time barely increases when the data migration between the DIMM and SSD is done. We will build a more positive migration algorithm in the near future.
Solvent-free direct reductive amination by catalytic use of an organotin reagent incorporated on an ionic liquid (2009)

An organotin reagent supported on an ionic liquid was used as a highly effective catalyst (down to 0.1 mol%) for the direct reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones using PhSiH3; this solvent-free method facilitates purification of the products, thus minimizing the contamination by tin.
<title>Tissue characterization in some clinical specialities utilizing laser-induced fluorescence</title> (1994)

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) can be used for noninvasive spectroscopic identification of biological tissue and is of special interest in early tumor detection. The basis for this optical biopsy method is the interaction of the laser light with tissue chromophores, such as tryptophan, collagen, elastin, NADH, beta-carotene and hemoglobin. The UV-excited fluorescence that arises from the native chromophores, the autofluorescence, has a broad distribution, peaking at about 490 nm with a lower intensity in tumor compared to normal tissue. The tumor detection potential is enhanced with exogenously administrated tumor- marking agents, such as hematoporphyrin (HPD, commercial name Photofrin), with two fluorescence peaks at about 630 and 690 nm. We have developed clinical instrumentation both for tissue point monitoring and for full real-time image processing. Seventy-one patients were investigated in vivo and surgical samples from additional 20 patients. In 46 patients the autofluorescence only was monitored. In 45 patients low-dose Photofrin injection was used. The in vivo investigations included different kinds of lung tumors, urinary bladder tumors, and malignant gliomas. The in vitro measurements were performed in breast tumors and prostatic tumors. Invasive and early tumors and also precancerous lesions can be revealed utilizing LIF in low-dose Photofrin injected patients.
Capital Accumulation and Deposit Pricing in Mutual Financial Institutions (1982)

Sudhakar D. Deshmukh, Stuart I. Greenbaum, Anjan V. Thakor, Capital Accumulation and Deposit Pricing in Mutual Financial Institutions, The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 17, No. 5 (Dec., 1982), pp. 705-725
X-ray absorption by macromolecular crystals: the effects of wavelength and crystal composition on absorbed dose (2004)

Radiation damage restricts the useful lifetime for macromolecular crystals in the X-ray beam, even at cryotemperatures. With the development of structural genomics pipelines, it will be essential to incorporate projected crystal lifetime information into the automated data collection software routines. As a first step towards this goal, a computer program, RADDOSE , is presented which is designed for use by crystallographers in optimizing the amount of data that can be obtained from a particular cryo-cooled crystal at synchrotron beamlines. The program uses the composition of the crystal and buffer constituents, as well as the beam energy, flux and dimensions, to compute the absorption coefficients and hence the theoretical time taken to reach an absorbed dose of 2 × 10^7 Gy, the so-called `Henderson limit'. At this dose, the intensity of the diffraction pattern is predicted to be halved. A `diffraction–dose efficiency' quantity is introduced, for the convenient comparison of absorbed dose per diffracted photon for different crystals. Four example cases are considered, and the implications for anomalous data collection are discussed in the light of the results from RADDOSE .
Analyzing the Impact of UMLS Relations on Word-sense Disambiguation Accuracy (2013)

Word-sense disambiguation (WSD) is the process of finding the correct meaning of words that have multiple meanings. The unsupervised WSD algorithm is the type of WSD algorithm that leverages an external source of knowledge to guide the disambiguation process. The unsupervised WSD algorithm type is attracting more interest in the biomedical domain because of its implementation practicality, especially when it leverages the knowledge sources of the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), but still the resulted accuracy of the unsupervised WSD algorithm is lower than its supervised alternative. In this study we analyze the impact of using different subsets of the UMLS on the resulted accuracy of the unsupervised WSD algorithm. Our findings show that there are better ways to leverage the UMLS than using it as a monolithic source of knowledge.
Solid-State NMR Characterization of Silicon Nitride Bonded Silicon Carbide Refractories (2008)

Solid-state 29Si NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction have been used to analyze commercial samples of silicon nitride bonded silicon carbide (SNBSC) refractories. Spectra of samples before and after exposure to aluminum electrolysis conditions from the peripheral and core parts of as manufactured SNBSC bricks from two different refractory producers are presented. The quantitative analysis of SiC/Si3N4 and α-Si3N4/β-Si3N4 using NMR is complicated due to the fact that SNBSC can contain paramagnetic impurities. Thus, from the NMR data, these ratios can only be tentatively estimated. It is shown that in order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the microstructure of SNBSC materials, a combination of NMR and X-ray diffraction methods should be applied.
Recent Progresses of AlGaN and InAlGaN-based Deep-UV LEDs (2009)

We demonstrated 222-282 nm AlGaN and InAlGaN-based efficient deep-ultraviolet (DUV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) fabricated on low threading dislocation density (TDD) AlN. We achieved over 10 mW CW UV output power for 264-282 nm LEDs.
A Review of Contact Tracing Approaches for Controlling COVID-19 Pandemic (2021)

The year 2020 will always be in the history of mankind due to the deadly outbreak of COVID-19. Many people are already infected around the world due to the spreading of this novel coronavirus. The virus mainly replicates through close contacts, so there are no other alternatives than to keep social distance, use proper safety gear, and maintain self-quarantine. As a result, the growth of the virus has changed the lifestyle of every individual to a great extent. It is also compelling the Governments to dictate strict lock-downs of the highly affected areas, impose work-from-home approaches where applicable, enforce strict social distancing standards, and so on. Some of the countries are also using smartphone-based applications for contact tracing to track the possibly infected individuals. However, there is a lot of discussion around the world about these contact tracing applications and also about their architecture, attribute, data privacy, and so on. In this paper, we have provided a comprehensive review of these contact tracing approaches in terms of their system architecture, key attributes, and data privacy. We have also outlined a list of potential research directions that can improvise the tracing performance while maintaining the privacy of the user to a great extent.
Flame retardant synergism of GUP and boric acid by cone calorimetry (2006)

Abstract Wood was treated with a new composite flame retardant (FRW), with its components guanyl urea phosphate (GUP) and boric acid (BA) to impart flame retardance. The flame retarding behavior of these samples was valued by cone calorimeter. The flammability parameters, including rate of heat release (RHR), total heat release (THR), effective heat of combustion (EHC), total mass loss (TML) and mass loss rate (MLR), yield of CO, smoke production rate (SPR), and specific extinction area (SEA) were recorded simultaneously. By analyzing these data, it was concluded that most combustion parameters of wood decreased by the treatment, especially for the FRW treatment, considerably decreased while the date for wood treated with GUP or boric acid decreased much less for the similar upload, which indicated a synergistic effect of flame retardance and suppressing smoke between GUP and boric acid in FRW, which has not been reported in other researches until now. Meanwhile, the probable flame retardation mechanism was proposed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5522–5527, 2006