gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-sensitivity uncooled microcantilever infrared imaging arrays (2003)

The structure and operation of a new uncooled thermal infrared imaging detector is described which is composed of bimaterial, thermally sensitive microcantilever structures that are the moving elements of variable plate capacitors. The heat sensing microcantilever structures are integrated with CMOS control and amplification electronics to produce a low cost imager that is compatible with silicon IC foundry processing and materials. The bimorph sensor structure is fabricated using amorphous hydrogenated silicon carbide (a-SiC:H) as the low thermal expansion coefficient material, and gold as the high thermal expansion coefficient bimaterial (14 x 10<sup>-6</sup>/K). Amorphous hydrogenated silicon carbide is an ideal material in this application due to its very low thermal conductivity (0.34 W/m-K) and low thermal expansion coefficient (4x10<sup>-6</sup>/K). High resistivity (200-400 Ω/sq) thin Ti/W films are used as the infrared resonant cavity absorber and low thermal loss electrical interconnect to the substrate electrical contacts. A temperature coefficient of capacitance, ΔC/C, (equivalent to TCR for microbolometers) above 20% has been measured for these structures, and modeling of the performance of these devices indicates sensor performance in the range NETD < 5 mK and thermal time constants in the 5 -10 msec range are feasible with this technique. Our development efforts have focused on the fabrication of 320 x 240 imaging arrays with 50 micron pitch pixels. A number of these arrays have been fabricated with performance characteristics that are predicted by a detailed thermo-electro-optical-mechanical model of the sensor. The sensor design and the results from measurements of the thermo-electromechanical and optical properties of the detector arrays will be discussed.
Velocity Estimation in Medical Ultrasound [Life Sciences] (2017)

This article describes the application of signal processing in medical ultrasound velocity estimation. Special emphasis is on the relation among acquisition methods, signal processing, and estimators employed. The description spans from current clinical systems for one-and two-dimensional (1-D and 2-D) velocity estimation to the experimental systems for three-dimensional (3-D) estimation and advanced imaging sequences, which can yield thousands of images or volumes per second with fully quantitative flow estimates. Here, spherical and plane wave emissions are employed to insonify the whole region of interest, and full images are reconstructed after each pulse emission for use in velocity estimation.
Real-time soft shadows in dynamic scenes using spherical harmonic exponentiation (2006)

Previous methods for soft shadows numerically integrate over many light directions at each receiver point, testing blocker visibility in each direction. We introduce a method for real-time soft shadows in dynamic scenes illuminated by large, low-frequency light sources where such integration is impractical. Our method operates on vectors representing low-frequency visibility of blockers in the spherical harmonic basis. Blocking geometry is modeled as a set of spheres; relatively few spheres capture the low-frequency blocking effect of complicated geometry. At each receiver point, we compute the product of visibility vectors for these blocker spheres as seen from the point. Instead of computing an expensive SH product per blocker as in previous work, we perform inexpensive vector sums to accumulate the log of blocker visibility. SH exponentiation then yields the product visibility vector over all blockers. We show how the SH exponentiation required can be approximated accurately and efficiently for low-order SH, accelerating previous CPU-based methods by a factor of 10 or more, depending on blocker complexity, and allowing real-time GPU implementation.
Autocorrelation-Based Detection of Infinite Loops at Runtime (2016)

We present a new algorithm for the detection of infinite loop bugs in software. Source code is not needed. The algorithm is based on autocorrelation of a program execution's branch target address sequence. We describe the implementation of the algorithm in a dynamic binary instrumentation tool, the result is lightweight enough to be applied continuously at runtime. Functionality of the tool is evaluated with infinite loop bug test cases from the Juliet test suite for program analyzers. Applicability of the algorithm to production software is demonstrated by using the tool to detect previously known infinite loop bugs in cgit, Avahi and PHP.
Conversion of NfsB, a minor Escherichia coli nitroreductase, to a flavin reductase similar in biochemical properties to FRase I, the major flavin reductase in Vibrio fischeri, by a single amino acid substitution (1996)

NfsB is an oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase of Escherichia coli with significant amino acid sequence homology to the major flavin reductase (FRase I) of Vibrio fischeri. Here, we show that NfsB is convertible to an FRase I-like flavin reductase three times as active as the authentic FRase I by a single amino acid substitution in the least-conserved region.
Deep learning-based label-free imaging flow cytometry for on-site analysis of water samples (Conference Presentation) (2019)

We introduce a field-portable and cost-effective holographic imaging flow cytometer, which provides phase contrast microscopic images of the contents of water samples at a throughput of 100 ml/h. This imaging cytometer uses a high power multi-colored LED and a custom designed circuit to illuminate continuously flowing water samples with short-pulses of red, green, and blue light that are simultaneously on, thereby eliminating motion blur and making the system vibration resistant. The recorded color holograms are segmented and reconstructed in real time and are phase recovered using a deep learning-based algorithm. Weighing 1kg with the dimensions of 15.5 cm × 15 cm × 12.5 cm, our label-free imaging flow-cytometer is controlled by a laptop computer equipped with a graphical processing unit. We tested the capabilities of our field-portable device by imaging micro- and nano-plankton inside ocean water samples collected at six beaches along the California coastline. We also determined Pseudo-Nitzschia algae concentration of these samples, providing a good agreement with the measurements made by the California Department of Public Health. Our device represents 1-2 orders of magnitude reduction in the cost and size of an imaging flow cytometer compared to state-of-the-art designs, while providing a similar or better performance in terms of volumetric throughput, detection limit and imaging resolution.
Application of In Situ-Formed Metallic-Fiber-Reinforced Copper Matrix Composites to Cables Used for Robots (2000)

The newly developed cable used for a robot was shown to have its excellent durability against cyclic and flexural deformation, when composed of in situ -formed metallic-fiber-reinforced copper matrix composites ( in situ MMCs) as electric conductors, where the metallic fiber was, for example, niobium or chromium. The durability determined by a cyclic and flexural deformation test was one order magnitude higher than that of a conventional cable whose electric conductor was composed of a Cu-0.3 mass%Sn alloy. A noteworthy feature observed in the present in situ -formed chromium fiber is that the mean size of the formed chromium ribbon like fiber was below 1.0 µm in width and around 10 nm in thickness, which could result in an extremely high elastic limit of beyond 1000 MPa. The superior durability of the present robot cable is mainly due to the fact that robot operations are in the elastic region of the present electric conductors. The electric conductivity of samples was around 70%IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard).
The fibroblast-derived paracrine factor neuregulin-1 has a novel role in regulating the constitutive color and melanocyte function in human skin (2010)

Interactions between melanocytes and neighboring cells in the skin are important in regulating skin color in humans. We recently demonstrated that the less pigmented and thicker skin on the palms and soles is regulated by underlying fibroblasts in those areas, specifically via a secreted factor (DKK1) that modulates Wnt signaling. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that dermal fibroblasts regulate the constitutive skin color of individuals ranging from very light to very dark. We used microarray analysis to compare gene expression patterns in fibroblasts derived from lighter skin types compared to darker skin types, with a focus on secreted proteins. We identified a number of genes that differ dramatically in expression and, among the expressed proteins, neuregulin-1, which is secreted by fibroblasts derived from dark skin, effectively increases the pigmentation of melanocytes in tissue culture and in an artificial skin model and regulates their growth, suggesting that it is one of the major factors determining human skin color.
Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers (2008)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text B. S. Williams, "Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers," in Asia Optical Fiber Communication and Optoelectronic Exposition and Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optica Publishing Group, 2008), paper SuG3. Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Wearable Energy Generating and Storing Textile Based on Carbon Nanotube Yarns (2020)

Abstract The challenges of textiles that can generate and store energy simultaneously for wearable devices are to fabricate yarns that generate electrical energy when stretched, yarns that store this electrical energy, and textile geometries that facilitate these functions. To address these challenges, this research incorporates highly stretchable electrochemical yarn harvesters, where available mechanical strains are large and electrochemical energy storing yarns are achieved by weaving. The solid‐state yarn harvester provides a peak power of 5.3 W kg −1 for carbon nanotubes. The solid‐state yarn supercapacitor provides stable performance when dynamically deformed by bending and stretching, for example. A textile configuration that consists of harvesters, supercapacitors, and a Schottky diode is produced and stores as much electrical energy as is needed by a serial or parallel connection of the harvesters or supercapacitors. This textile can be applied as a power source for health care devices or other wearable devices and be self‐powered sensors for detecting human motion.
Enhanced Oncolytic Activities of the Telomerase-Specific Replication-Competent Adenovirus Expressing Short-Hairpin RNA against Dicer (2016)

Oncolytic viruses have been receiving much attention as potential agents for cancer treatment. Among the various types of oncolytic viruses, the telomerase-specific replication-competent adenovirus (TRAD), which carries the tumor-specific promoter-driven E1 gene expression cassette, exhibits efficient antitumor effects. The development of a novel TRAD that shows higher replication efficiency and antitumor activity would be highly beneficial for safer and more efficient cancer therapy. We recently demonstrated that the endoribonuclease Dicer significantly inhibits the replication of wild-type adenovirus (Ad) via the processing of viral-associated (VA)-RNAs, which are Ad-encoded small noncoding RNAs, and that the knockdown of Dicer leads to enhanced VA-RNA expression and Ad replication after infection with wild-type Ad. Based on these findings, we herein developed a novel TRAD expressing short-hairpin RNA against Dicer (shDicer; TRAD-shDicer). After infection, TRAD-shDicer efficiently induced the knockdown of Dicer. TRAD-shDicer showed significantly higher replication efficiency and tumor cell lysis activity compared with the conventional TRAD in tumor cells. The Dicer expression levels and viabilities of normal cells were not altered by infection with TRAD-shDicer. These results indicate that TRAD-shDicer is a potent antitumor reagent by virtue of its enhanced oncolytic activity. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(1); 251-9. ©2016 AACR.
Electronic Modifications of Fluorescent Cytidine Analogues Control Photophysics and Fluorescent Responses to Base Stacking and Pairing (2018)

The rational design of fluorescent nucleoside analogues is greatly hampered by the lack of a general method to predict their photophysics, a problem that is especially acute when base pairing and stacking change fluorescence. To better understand these effects, a series of tricyclic cytidine (tC and tC<sup>O</sup> ) analogues ranging from electron-rich to electron-deficient was designed and synthesized. They were then incorporated into oligonucleotides, and photophysical responses to base pairing and stacking were studied. When inserted into double-stranded DNA oligonucleotides, electron-rich analogues exhibit a fluorescence turn-on effect, in contrast with the electron-deficient compounds, which show diminished fluorescence. The magnitude of these fluorescence changes is correlated with the oxidation potential of nearest neighbor nucleobases. Moreover, matched base pairing enhances fluorescence turn-on for the electron-rich compounds, and it causes a fluorescence decrease for the electron-deficient compounds. For the tC<sup>O</sup> compounds, the emergence of vibrational fine structure in the fluorescence spectra in response to base pairing and stacking was observed, offering a potential new tool for studying nucleic acid structure and dynamics. These results, supported by DFT calculations, help to rationalize fluorescence changes in the base stack and will be useful for selecting the best fluorescent nucleoside analogues for a desired application.
Virtual memory window for application-specific reconfigurable coprocessors (2004)

Reconfigurable Systems-on-Chip (SoCs) on the market consist of full-fledged processors and large Field-Programmable Gate-Arrays (FPGAs). The latter can be used to implement the system glue logic, various peripherals, and application-specific coprocessors. Using FPGAs for application-specific coprocessors has certain speedup potentials, but it is less present in practice because of the complexity of interfacing the software application with the coprocessor. Another obstacle is the lack of portability across different systems. In this work, we present a virtualisation layer consisting of an operating-system extension and a hardware component. It lowers the complexity of interfacing and increases portability potentials, while it also allows the coprocessor to access the user virtual memory through a virtual memory window. The burden of moving data between processor and coprocessor is shifted from the programmer to the operating system. Since the virtualisation layer components hide physical details of the system, user designed hardware and software become perfectly portable. A reconfigurable SoC running Linux is used to prove the viability of the concept. Two applications are ported to the system for testing the approach, with their critical functions mapped to the specific coprocessors. We show a significant speedup compared to the software versions, while limited penalty is paid for virtualisation.
Cadmium Removal from Contaminated Water Using Polyelectrolyte-Coated Industrial Waste Fly Ash (2017)

Fly ash (FA) is a major industrial waste generated from power stations that add extra cost for proper disposal. Recent research efforts have consequently focused on developing ways to make use of FA in environmentally sound applications. This study, therefore, investigates the potential ability of raw fly ash (RFA) and polyelectrolyte-coated fly ash (PEFA) to remove cadmium (Cd) from polluted water. Using layer-by-layer approach, functionalized fly ash was coated with 20 layers from 0.03% (v/v) of cationic poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and anionic polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) solutions. Both surface morphology and chemical composition of the adsorbent (PEFA) were characterized using Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR), and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) techniques. The effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial contaminant concentration, and mixing rate of the adsorption of Cd were also studied in batch mode experiments. Results of the study revealed that a 4.0 g/L dosage of PEFA removed around 99% of 2.0 mg/L of Cd in 15 min at 150 rpm compared to only 27% Cd removal achieved by RFA under the same conditions. Results also showed that adsorption by PEFA followed both Langmuir and Freundlich models with correlation coefficients of 98% and 99%, respectively.
Radial addressing of nanowires (2006)

We introduce radial encoding of nanowires (NWs), a new method of differentiating and controlling NWs by a small set of mesoscale wires for use in crossbar memories. We describe methods of controlling these NWs and give efficient manufacturing algorithms. These new encoding and decoding methods do not suffer from the misalignment characteristic of flow-aligned NWs. They achieve comparable effective pitch and resulting memory density with axially encoded NWs, while avoiding potential cases of address ambiguity and simplifying NW preparation. We also explore hybrid axial/radial encodings and show that they offer no net benefit over pure codes.
Genomic Organization and Chromosomal Location of the Human dsRNA Adenosine Deaminase Gene: The Enzyme for Glutamate-activated Ion Channel RNA Editing (1995)

The structure of the human gene encoding the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) adenosine deaminase (DRADA) was characterized. This nuclear localized enzyme is involved in the RNA editing required for the expression of certain subtypes of glutamate-gated ion channel subunits. The DRADA gene span 30 kb pairs and harbors 15 exons. The transcription of the DRADA gene driven by the putative promoter region, which contains no typical TATA or CCAAT box-like sequences, is initiated at multiple sites, 164 to 216 nucleotides upstream of the translation initiation codon. The three dsRNA binding motifs (DRBM), 70 amino acid residues long, are each encoded by two exons plus an intervening sequence that interrupts the motif at the identical amino acid position. This finding is consistent with the notion that the dsRNA binding domains may be composed of two separate functional subdomains. Fluorescent in situ hybridization localized the DRADA gene on the long arm chromosome 1, region q21. The gene structure and sequence information reported in this study will facilitate the investigation of involvement of DRADA in hereditary diseases that may be the result of malfunction of glutamate-gated ion channels.
Three-dimensional optical memory based on transparent electron-trapping thin films (1993)

Transparent electron trapping (ET) thin films are optical storage media recently developed by Quantex. A 3-D erasable optical memory based on stacked ET thin film layers is presented in this paper. The page memory is written by properly imaging the page composer onto a specific layer with blue laser light at 488 nm. To read out the memory on a specific layer, a slice of 1064 nm infrared (IR) beam is guided into the ET layer from the side of the stacked layer media. The orange emission (around 630 nm) corresponding to the written page memory at that layer is emitted as the result of the JR stimulation. The feasibility of this novel 3-D optical memory has been demonstrated by preliminary experiments.
Antimicrobial activity of silver nitrate against periodontal pathogens (2001)

Metal ions were evaluated as potential antimicrobial agents suitable for local delivery in the oral cavity for the treatment of periodontitis. Silver nitrate, copper chloride, and zinc chloride were tested for antimicrobial activity in in vitro killing assays conducted in phosphate buffered saline with a series of oral bacteria including gram-negative periodontal pathogens and gram-positive streptococci. Copper and zinc salts failed to exhibit strong and consistent activity against periodontal pathogens. In contrast, silver at a concentration of 0.5 microg/mL produced a 3 log10 reduction in colony forming units (CFU)/mL or greater against all periodontal pathogens tested including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella denticola, Bacteroides forsythus, Fusobacterium nucleatum vincentii, Campylobacter gracilis, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. In comparison, substantially higher concentrations of silver nitrate failed to kill oral streptococci. A silver nitrate concentration of 25 microg/mL produced log10 reductions in CFU/mL of 3.5-5 in killing assays performed in human serum against P. gingivalis, demonstrating the ability of silver to retain activity in a biological medium similar to that encountered in vivo in the periodontal pocket. These results identify silver nitrate, an antimicrobial that may possess advantages over traditional antibiotics, as a potential agent for controlled release local delivery in the oral cavity for the treatment of periodontitis.
Targeting Natural Killer Cell Reactivity by Employing Antibody to NKp46: Implications for Type 1 Diabetes (2015)

Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate lymphoid cells. Their cytotoxic activity is regulated by the delicate balance between activating and inhibitory signals. NKp46 is a member of the primary activating receptors of NK cells. We previously reported that the NKp46 receptor is involved in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Subsequently, we hypothesized that blocking this receptor could prevent or hinder disease development. To address this goal, we developed monoclonal antibodies for murine NKp46. One mAb, named NCR1.15, recognizes the mouse homologue protein of NKp46, named Ncr1, and was able to down-regulate the surface expression of NKp46 on primary murine NK cells following antibody injection in vivo. Additionally, NCR1.15 treatments were able to down-regulate cytotoxic activity mediated by NKp46, but not by other NK receptors. To test our primary assumption, we examined T1D development in two models, non-obese diabetic mice and low-dose streptozotocin. Our results show a significantly lower incidence of diabetic mice in the NCR1.15-treated group compared to control groups. This study directly demonstrates the involvement of NKp46 in T1D development and suggests a novel treatment strategy for early insulitis.