gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural Evolution of Three-Component Nanoparticles in Polymer Nanoreactors (2017)

Recent developments in scanning probe block copolymer lithography (SPBCL) enable the confinement of multiple metal precursors in a polymer nanoreactor and their subsequent transformation into a single multimetallic heterostructured nanoparticle through thermal annealing. However, the process by which multimetallic nanoparticles form in SPBCL-patterned nanoreactors remains unclear. Here, we utilize the combination of PEO-b-P2VP and Au, Ag, and Cu salts as a model three-component system to investigate this process. The data suggest that the formation of single-component Au, Ag, or Cu nanoparticles within polymer nanoreactors consists of two stages: (I) nucleation, growth, and coarsening of the particles to yield a single particle in each reactor; (II) continued particle growth by depletion of the remaining precursor in the reactor until the particle reaches a stable size. Also, different aggregation rates are observed for single-component particle formation (Au > Ag > Cu). This behavior is also observed for two-component systems, where nucleation sites have greater Au content than the other metals. This information can be used to trap nanoparticles with kinetic structures. High-temperature treatment ultimately facilitates the structural evolution of the kinetic particle into a particle with a fixed structure. Therefore, with multicomponent systems, a third stage that involves elemental redistribution within the particle must be part of the description of the synthetic process. This work not only provides a glimpse at the mechanism underlying multicomponent nanoparticle formation in SPBCL-generated nanoreactors but also illustrates, for the first time, the utility of SPBCL as a platform for controlling the architectural evolution of multimetallic nanoparticles in general.
A Critical Look at Multilayered Polymer Capsules in Biomedicine: Drug Carriers, Artificial Organelles, and Cell Mimics (2010)

Abstract This Feature Article discusses utility of multilayered polymer capsules in biomedicine, specifically in drug delivery and in design of artificial organelles and cells. We provide a critical view on recent successes and identified shortcomings of these capsules in delivery of therapeutic cargo and outline plausible further developments of capsules as candidate drug carriers. A special emphasis is placed on poly(methacrylic acid) hydrogel capsules as successful carriers used in delivery of anticancer drugs and protein and peptide vaccines. We further present a novel biomedical approach whereby the same vessel acts first as a microreactor and then as a carrier for de novo synthesized therapeutic cargo. Finally, utility of polymer capsules in design of cell mimics is discussed with an emphasis on assembly and performance of capsosomes, polymer capsules with liposomal subcompartments. This presentation of capsules in biomedicine aims to provide an overview of past achievements and existing challenges associated with these candidate vessels and to stimulate further research interest from a broad scientific audience.
Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction of Amines with 3-Bromo-4-nitropyridine (and 2-Nitropyridine): A New Nitro-group Migration (2005)

On the reaction 3-bromo-4-nitropyridine with amine, three in stead of two expected products are separated. 2D NMR spectral data indicate the major product was an unexpected nitro-group migration product. To explore the rearrangement mechanism, a systematic study with various solvents and bases was undertaken. Results obtained indicate that nitro-group migration occurs in polar aprotic solvents; while expected nucleophilic substitution took place under all tested conditions.
<i>In Cellulo</i> Synthesis of Proteins Containing a Fluorescent Oxazole Amino Acid (2019)

Genetic code expansion has enabled many noncanonical amino acids to be incorporated into proteins in vitro and in cellulo. These have largely involved α-l-amino acids, reflecting the substrate specificity of natural aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and ribosomes. Recently, modified E. coli ribosomes, selected using a dipeptidylpuromycin analogue, were employed to incorporate dipeptides and dipeptidomimetics. Presently, we report the in cellulo incorporation of a strongly fluorescent oxazole amino acid (lacking an asymmetric center or α-amino group) by using modified ribosomes and pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS). Initially, a plasmid encoding the RRM1 domain of putative transcription factor hnRNP LL was cotransformed with plasmid pTECH-Pyl-OP in E. coli cells, having modified ribosomes able to incorporate dipeptides. Cell incubation in a medium containing oxazole 2 resulted in the elaboration of RRM1 containing the oxazole. Green fluorescent protein, previously expressed in vitro with several different oxazole amino acids at position 66, was also expressed in cellulo containing oxazole 2; the incorporation was verified by mass spectrometry. Finally, oxazole 2 was incorporated into position 13 of MreB, a bacterial homologue of eukaryotic cytoskeletal protein actin F. Modified MreB expressed in vitro and in cellulo comigrated with wild type. E. coli cells expressing the modified MreB were strongly fluorescent and retained the E. coli cell rod-like phenotype. For each protein studied, the incorporation of oxazole 2 strongly increased oxazole fluorescence, suggesting its potential utility as a protein tag. These findings also suggest the feasibility of dramatically increasing the repertoire of amino acids that can be genetically encoded for protein incorporation in cellulo.
Functional study of diacylglycerol acyltransferase type 2 family in <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i> (2013)

Algal triacylglycerol biosynthesis is of increasing interest for potential biodiesel production. A model microalga, Chlamydomonas, has multiple isoforms of diacylglycerol acyltransferase type 2 (DGTT) catalyzing the final step of triacylglycerol biosynthesis; however, the functions of the isoforms are poorly understood. Here, we performed heterologous complementation assay of Chlamydomonas DGTT1 to 4 in a yeast mutant defective in triacylglycerol biosynthesis. DGTT1, 2 and 3 but not 4 complemented the phenotype, including triacylglycerol levels. Interestingly, complementation by DGTT2 increased triacylglycerol content by 9-fold.
How Long for a Delayed Management of Early Stage Cervical Cancer during Pregnancy Still be Acceptable?-A Case Report and Review of Literature (2003)

Summary A 44-year-old female, who had the history of repeatedly spontaneous abortion due to cervical incompetency, visited our obstetric outpatient department for amniocentesis during her 17 weeks of gestation. The pelvic examination showed a ripened cervix, and McDonald cerclage was arranged. Unfortunately, an exo-folated neogrowth over the posterior lip of the cervix was noted during the cerclage at her 25(subscript th) week of gestation, and it was proved to be the invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Cesarean section was done at the 38(subscript th) week of gestation, and radical hysterectomy was scheduled six weeks later. The final pathological report showed squamous cell carcinoma stage Ib without lymph nodes, lymphovascular invasion or parametrium involvement. No adjuvant therapy was given and she stood well after 3 years of follow-up. The recommendations of therapy for cervical cancer during pregnancy are individualized in accordance with presenting stage, lesion size, and the patient's desire for pregnancy. Most of them depend on the lung maturity of the fetus and are most probable after 34 weeks of gestation. In conclusion, the delayed treatment (20 weeks after diagnosis) of early invasive cervical cancer stage Ib during pregnancy may be acceptable, and the probably of massive bleeding caused by post-cesarean section radical hysterectomy can be avoided.
On the challenge of flux concentration at grazing incidence for neutrons and x-rays (2012)

Designing optical systems for concentrating the flux of thermal neutrons and x-rays is severely constrained by the requirement of grazing incidence, i.e., the exceedingly small angles for total external reflection at mirror surfaces. As a result, the design principles established for non-imaging (i.e. flux concentrators) optics for visible light must be reconsidered. We present new concepts for improving the attainable flux density from neutron sources. In particular, we show how nested axisymmetric mirror systems including up to three reflections can achieve significantly higher concentrations.
Deep convolutional acoustic word embeddings using word-pair side information (2016)

Recent studies have been revisiting whole words as the basic modelling unit in speech recognition and query applications, instead of phonetic units. Such whole-word segmental systems rely on a function that maps a variable-length speech segment to a vector in a fixed-dimensional space; the resulting acoustic word embeddings need to allow for accurate discrimination between different word types, directly in the embedding space. We compare several old and new approaches in a word discrimination task. Our best approach uses side information in the form of known word pairs to train a Siamese convolutional neural network (CNN): a pair of tied networks that take two speech segments as input and produce their embeddings, trained with a hinge loss that separates same-word pairs and different-word pairs by some margin. A word classifier CNN performs similarly, but requires much stronger supervision. Both types of CNNs yield large improvements over the best previously published results on the word discrimination task.
Direct contact mechanism of Ohmic metallization to AlGaN/GaN heterostructures via Ohmic area recess etching (2009)

The effects of recess etching of the Ohmic contact area on the performance of Ti/Al/Mo/Au metallization and its interfacial reactions with AlGaN/AlN/GaN epilayers were investigated. The best Ohmic contact performances of 0.31, 0.41, and 0.26 Ω mm for three epilayers from two different sources were obtained only when the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) channels were completely removed under the Ohmic contact metallization. This is due to the direct sideway contact made by the electrode to the 2DEG around the edges of the active-layer mesas or pads; this is believed to be a more efficient carrier transport mechanism than tunneling through the AlGaN barrier.
Comparative analysis of non-autonomous effects of tasiRNAs and miRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana (2010)

In plants, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can trigger a silencing signal that may spread within a tissue to adjacent cells or even systemically to other organs. Movement of the signal is initially limited to a few cells, but in some cases the signal can be amplified and travel over larger distances. How far silencing initiated by other classes of plant small RNAs (sRNAs) than siRNAs can extend has been less clear. Using a system based on the silencing of the CH42 gene, we have tracked the mobility of silencing signals initiated in phloem companion cells by artificial microRNAs (miRNA) and trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA) that have the same primary sequence. In this system, both the ta-siRNA and the miRNA act at a distance. Non-autonomous effects of the miRNA can be triggered by several different miRNA precursors deployed as backbones. While the tasiRNA also acts non-autonomously, it has a much greater range than the miRNA or hairpin-derived siRNAs directed against CH42, indicating that biogenesis can determine the non-autonomous effects of sRNAs. In agreement with this hypothesis, the silencing signals initiated by different sRNAs differ in their genetic requirements.
Dry Reforming of Ethane and Butane with CO<sub>2</sub> over PtNi/CeO<sub>2</sub> Bimetallic Catalysts (2016)

Dry reforming is a potential process to convert CO2 and light alkanes into syngas (H2 and CO), which can be subsequently transformed to chemicals and fuels. In this work, PtNi bimetallic catalysts have been investigated for dry reforming of ethane and butane using both model surfaces and supported powder catalysts. The PtNi bimetallic catalyst shows an improvement in both activity and stability in comparison to the corresponding monometallic catalysts. The formation of PtNi alloy and the partial reduction of Ce4+ to Ce3+ under reaction conditions are demonstrated by in situ ambient-pressure X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (AP-XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements. A Pt-rich bimetallic surface is revealed by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) following CO adsorption. Combined in situ experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the Pt-rich PtNi bimetallic surface structure would weaken the binding of surface oxygenate/carbon species and reduce the activation energy for C–C bond scission, leading to an enhanced dry reforming activity.
An embedded smart agile pixel imager for lasers (2014)

The growing number of laser beam applications in the last few years has created a compelling case for efforts towards track and measure of the profile of laser beams. Laser beam imaging techniques can be embedded through the hardware and software co-design for developing embedded systems at a fraction of the cost, weight and volume and in less time than it would take to develop computer-based alternatives keeping the same accuracy. A smart agile pixel laser beam imager based on an embedded platform is presented in this paper. The design uses a Digital Micromirror Device along with a microcontroller and point photo-detectors to make a compact system having small sized components. This embedded imager is experimentally demonstrated for Gaussian laser beam profiling. The proposed design is suitable for industrial laser based applications requiring accurate two dimensional beam irradiance maps, without needing any attenuating components disrupting the beam.
RSSI &#x2014; Based localization and tracking algorithm for indoor environments (2009)

The paper reports the preliminary results of a RSSI-based localization algorithm that implements an exhaustive exploration of the data space, i. e. the power maps of the received signal in an indoor environment. The technique takes advantage of previous experimental results that served to calibrate the signal level simulated by a ray tracer. Numerical precalculated maps include perturbed scenarios that simulate actual conditions in which the signal fluctuates. The localization algorithm draws at random a perturbed map and it extracts the power values corresponding to the probe location. Then, an exhaustive exploration of the spatial domain over an average map is performed to single out the minimum of a cost function expressing the residual between the power values of the test point and those of the candidate points.
Mechanisms for Rescue of Correctable Folding Defects in CFTRΔF508 (2009)

Premature degradation of CFTRDeltaF508 causes cystic fibrosis (CF). CFTRDeltaF508 folding defects are conditional and folding correctors are being developed as CF therapeutics. How the cellular environment impacts CFTRDeltaF508 folding efficiency and the identity of CFTRDeltaF508's correctable folding defects is unclear. We report that inactivation of the RMA1 or CHIP ubiquitin ligase permits a pool of CFTRDeltaF508 to escape the endoplasmic reticulum. Combined RMA1 or CHIP inactivation and Corr-4a treatment enhanced CFTRDeltaF508 folding to 3-7-fold greater levels than those elicited by Corr-4a. Some, but not all, folding defects in CFTRDeltaF508 are correctable. CHIP and RMA1 recognize different regions of CFTR and a large pool of nascent CFTRDeltaF508 is ubiquitinated by RMA1 before Corr-4a action. RMA1 recognizes defects in CFTRDeltaF508 related to misassembly of a complex that contains MSD1, NBD1, and the R-domain. Corr-4a acts on CFTRDeltaF508 after MSD2 synthesis and was ineffective at rescue of DeltaF508 dependent folding defects in amino-terminal regions. In contrast, misfolding caused by the rare CF-causing mutation V232D in MSD1 was highly correctable by Corr-4a. Overall, correction of folding defects recognized by RMA1 and/or global modulation of ER quality control has the potential to increase CFTRDeltaF508 folding and provide a therapeutic approach for CF.
Microcap M&A: An Exploratory Study (2014)

A substantial body of accounting and finance literature has been devoted to the study of Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As) dominated by discussions relating to the gains and losses that accrue from transactions involving large public companies. This paper makes a unique contribution to the literature by investigating the M&A experience of microcap businesses. Transactions involving microcap M&A are substantially different to those involving large companies on a number of dimensions. This paper explores the determinants of microcap M&A success and pitfalls and problems from an integration perspective. Due to the paucity of research in the area an exploratory research design is employed, conducting interviews with five CEOs of companies that had each managed multiple transactions. We find microcap M&As are successful when measured against identified goals but generally take longer and cost more than expected. Further, culture and communication are key issues in determining success/failure. We also find the in-house management of integration aspects is problematic for these businesses and suggest this warrants further study.
Establishment of a New Cell-Based Assay To Measure the Activity of Sweeteners in Fluorescent Food Extracts (2011)

Taste receptors have been defined at the molecular level in the past decade, and cell-based assays have been developed using cultured cells heterologously expressing these receptors. The most popular approach to detecting the cellular response to a tastant is to measure changes in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration using Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent dyes. However, this method cannot be applied to food-derived samples that contain fluorescent substances. To establish an assay system that would be applicable to fluorescent samples, we tested the use of Ca(2+)-sensitive photoproteins, such as aequorin and mitochondrial clytin-II, as Ca(2+) indicators in a human sweet taste receptor assay. Using these systems, we successfully detected receptor activation in response to sweetener, even when fluorescent compounds coexisted. This luminescence-based assay will be a powerful tool to objectively evaluate the sweetness of food-derived samples even at an industry level.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Detect Lawsonia intracellularis in Rabbits with Proliferative Enteropathy (2004)

Lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular pathogenic bacterium that causes proliferative enteropathy in domestic and experimental animals. Antiserum against synthetic peptides of the Lawsonia surface antigen (LsaA) well recognized L. intracellularis in infected ileum by immunohistochemistry. The synthetic peptides in LsaA showed strong reaction with serum from rabbits infected with L. intracellularis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These results suggest that ELISA used synthetic peptides in LsaA and anti-LsaA serum might be useful to diagnose for proliferative enteropathy.
A Literature Review of IGBT Fault Diagnostic and Protection Methods for Power Inverters (2009)

This paper presents a survey on existing methods for fault diagnosis and protection of insulated gate bipolar transistors with special focus on those used in three-phase power inverters. Twenty-one methods for open-circuit faults and ten methods for short-circuit faults are evaluated and summarized, based on their performance and implementation efforts. The gate-misfiring faults and their diagnostic methods are also briefly discussed. Finally, the promising methods are recommended for future work.
Selective control of gene expression by CDK9 in human cells (2009)

CDK9 associates with T-type cyclins and positively regulates transcriptional elongation by phosphorylating RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and negative elongation factors. However, it is unclear whether CDK9 is required for transcription of most genes by RNAPII or alternatively plays a role regulating the expression of restricted subsets of genes. We have investigated the direct effects of inhibiting cellular CDK9 activity in global gene expression in human cells by using a dominant-negative form of CDK9 (dnCDK9). We have also compared direct inhibition of cellular CDK9 activity to pharmacological inhibition with flavopiridol (FVP), a CDK inhibitor that potently inhibits CDK9 and cellular transcription. Because of its presumed selectivity for CDK9, FVP has been previously used as a tool to infer the role of CDK9 on global gene expression. DNA microarray analyses described here show that inhibition of gene expression by FVP is consistent with global inhibition of transcription. However, specific inhibition of CDK9 activity with dnCDK9 leads to a distinctive pattern of changes in gene expression, with more genes being specifically upregulated (122) than downregulated (84). Indeed, the expression of many short-lived transcripts downregulated by FVP is not modulated by dnCDK9. Nevertheless, consistently with FVP inhibiting CDK9 activity, a significant number of the genes downregulated/upregulated by dnCDK9 are modulated with a similar trend by FVP. Our data suggests that the potent effects of FVP on transcription are likely to involve inhibition of CTD kinases in addition to CDK9. Our data also suggest complex and gene-specific modulation of gene expression by CDK9.
The Human Genome and Our View of Ourselves (2001)

The completion of the human genome sequence, like other great human achievements such as the first lunar landing or splitting the atom, carries such significance because it changes the way that we think about ourselves, explains
 PA¤A¤bo
 in this Future Directions9 article. Comparisons between our genome and those of other mammals (particularly the great apes) will reveal how similar we are to the rest of life on Earth. Yet the small differences between our genome and those of other animals should reveal what makes us uniquely human.
( ω , c ) $(\omega ,c)$ -Periodic solutions for time varying impulsive differential equations (2019)

In this paper, we study a class of $(\omega ,c)$ -periodic time varying impulsive differential equations and establish the existence and uniqueness results for $(\omega ,c)$ -periodic solutions of homogeneous problem as well as nonhomogeneous problem.
Facile synthesis of Cu and Cu@Cu–Ni nanocubes and nanowires in hydrophobic solution in the presence of nickel and chloride ions (2013)

A highly shape selective synthesis of Cu and Cu@Cu-Ni nanocubes and nanowires has been developed by modulating the coordination chemistry of transition metal ions with a trioctylphosphine (TOP)-Cl(-) ligand pair in oleylamine under mild organic solvent conditions. The as-prepared nanocubes have a face-centered cubic (fcc) phase and are covered by six {100} facets, whereas the as-prepared nanowires have a multi-twinned structure and grow along the [110] direction. Both the Ni(2+) and Cl(-) ions, along with TOP, play vital roles in determining the final morphology of the as-prepared nanocrystals (NCs). TOP can be used to selectively generate single-crystal seeds at the initial stage, which then grow into nanocubes in the presence of Cl(-) ions, while the absence of TOP leads to the formation of multi-twined crystal seeds that finally develop into nanowires. Moreover, Ni can be incorporated to form a Cu-Ni alloy shell over a Cu core at higher temperatures in a one-pot process, which makes diamagnetic Cu NCs magnetically responsive and has a significant influence on their optical properties.