gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The In-the-Ear Recording Concept: User-Centered and Wearable Brain Monitoring (2012)

The integration of brain monitoring based on electroencephalography (EEG) into everyday life has been hindered by the limited portability and long setup time of current wearable systems as well as by the invasiveness of implanted systems (e.g. intracranial EEG). We explore the potential to record EEG in the ear canal, leading to a discreet, unobtrusive, and user-centered approach to brain monitoring. The in-the-ear EEG (Ear-EEG) recording concept is tested using several standard EEG paradigms, benchmarked against standard onscalp EEG, and its feasibility proven. Such a system promises a number of advantages, including fixed electrode positions, user comfort, robustness to electromagnetic interference, feedback to the user, and ease of use. The Ear-EEG platform could also support additional biosensors, extending its reach beyond EEG to provide a powerful health-monitoring system for those applications that require long recording periods in a natural environment.
Analyzing spatial correlations in tissue using angle-resolved low coherence interferometry measurements guided by co-located optical coherence tomography (2016)

Angle-resolved low coherence interferometry (a/LCI) is an optical technique used to measure nuclear morphology in situ. However, a/LCI is not an imaging modality and can produce ambiguous results when the measurements are not properly oriented to the tissue architecture. Here we present a 2D a/LCI system which incorporates optical coherence tomography imaging to guide the measurements. System design and characterization are presented, along with example cases which demonstrate the utility of the combined measurements. In addition, future development and applications of this dual modality approach are discussed.
Musicsun: A New Approach To Artist Recommendation. (2007)

[TODO] Add abstract here.
The Wnt antagonist secreted frizzled‐related protein‐1 controls osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis (2005)

Mechanisms controlling human bone formation remain to be fully elucidated. We have used differential display-polymerase chain reaction analysis to characterize osteogenic pathways in conditionally immortalized human osteoblasts (HOBs) representing distinct stages of differentiation. We identified 82 differentially expressed messages and found that the Wnt antagonist secreted frizzled-related protein (sFRP)-1 was the most highly regulated of these. Transient transfection of HOBs with sFRP-1 suppressed canonical Wnt signaling by 70% confirming its antagonistic function in these cells. Basal sFRP-1 mRNA levels increased 24-fold during HOB differentiation from pre-osteoblasts to pre-osteocytes, and then declined in mature osteocytes. This expression pattern correlated with levels of cellular viability such that the pre-osteocytes, which had the highest levels of sFRP-1 mRNA, also had the highest rate of cell death. Basal sFRP-1 mRNA levels also increased 29-fold when primary human mesenchymal stem cells were differentiated to osteoblasts supporting the developmental regulation of the gene. Expression of sFRP-1 mRNA was induced 38-fold following prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) treatment of pre-osteoblasts and mature osteoblasts that had low basal message levels. In contrast, sFRP-1 expression was down-regulated by as much as 80% following transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 treatment of pre-osteocytes that had high basal mRNA levels. Consistent with this, treatment of pre-osteoblasts and mature osteoblasts with PGE(2) increased apoptosis threefold, while treatment of pre-osteocytes with TGF-beta1 decreased cell death by 50%. Likewise, over-expression of sFRP-1 in HOBs accelerated the rate of cell death threefold. These results establish sFRP-1 as an important negative regulator of human osteoblast and osteocyte survival.
Robust optic disk detection in retinal images using vessel structure and radon transform (2006)

A robust and computationally efficient algorithm is proposed for optic disk detection in retinal fundus images. The algorithm includes two steps: optic disk localization and boundary detection. In the localization step, vessels are modeled as a tree structure and the root of the vessel tree is detected automatically and served as the location of an optic disk. The implementation is based on an efficient multi-level binarization and A* search algorithm. In the boundary detection step, a circle is used to model the shape of an optic disk, and Radon transform is applied to estimate the center and radius of the circle. Experimental results of 48 retinal images with varying image qualities show 100% accuracy in localization and an accuracy of 92.36% in boundary detection. The success of the proposed algorithm is attributed to the robust features extracted from retinal images.
Extreme ultraviolet interferometric measurements of diffraction-limited optics (1999)

At-wavelength interferometric measurements of recently fabricated extreme ultraviolet (EUV) microstepper projection optics have revealed the highest performance for prototype EUV lithographic systems observed to date. The phase-shifting point diffraction interferometer is used to measure and align these two-mirror, multilayer-coated Schwarzschild optical systems designed with a numerical aperture of 0.088 and operating at 13.4 nm wavelength. Root-mean-square wave front error magnitudes as small as 0.60 nm have been achieved, actually exceeding the design tolerance set for these objectives.
Increasing Linear Dynamic Range of a CMOS Image Sensor (2007)

A generic design and a corresponding operating sequence have been developed for increasing the linear-response dynamic range of a complementary metal oxide/semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor. The design provides for linear calibrated dual-gain pixels that operate at high gain at a low signal level and at low gain at a signal level above a preset threshold. Unlike most prior designs for increasing dynamic range of an image sensor, this design does not entail any increase in noise (including fixed-pattern noise), decrease in responsivity or linearity, or degradation of photometric calibration. The figure is a simplified schematic diagram showing the circuit of one pixel and pertinent parts of its column readout circuitry. The conventional part of the pixel circuit includes a photodiode having a small capacitance, CD. The unconventional part includes an additional larger capacitance, CL, that can be connected to the photodiode via a transfer gate controlled in part by a latch. In the high-gain mode, the signal labeled TSR in the figure is held low through the latch, which also helps to adapt the gain on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Light must be coupled to the pixel through a microlens or by back illumination in order to obtain a high effective fill factor; this is necessary to ensure high quantum efficiency, a loss of which would minimize the efficacy of the dynamic- range-enhancement scheme. Once the level of illumination of the pixel exceeds the threshold, TSR is turned on, causing the transfer gate to conduct, thereby adding CL to the pixel capacitance. The added capacitance reduces the conversion gain, and increases the pixel electron-handling capacity, thereby providing an extension of the dynamic range. By use of an array of comparators also at the bottom of the column, photocharge voltages on sampling capacitors in each column are compared with a reference voltage to determine whether it is necessary to switch from the high-gain to the low-gain mode. Depending upon the built-in offset in each pixel and in each comparator, the point at which the gain change occurs will be different, adding gain-dependent fixed pattern noise in each pixel. The offset, and hence the fixed pattern noise, is eliminated by sampling the pixel readout charge four times by use of four capacitors (instead of two such capacitors as in conventional design) connected to the bottom of the column via electronic switches SHS1, SHR1, SHS2, and SHR2, respectively, corresponding to high and low values of the signals TSR and RST. The samples are combined in an appropriate fashion to cancel offset-induced errors, and provide spurious-free imaging with extended dynamic range.
α‐Methylidene‐γ‐butyrolactones: Synthesis and evaluation of quinolin‐2(1<i>H</i>)‐one derivatives (1998)

Abstract As a continuation of our previous studies on the synthesis and antiplatelet activity of quinolin‐2(1 H )‐ones with an α‐methylidene‐γ‐butyrolactone substituted at O(8), the O(6)‐ and N(1)‐substituted isomers were synthesized and evaluated for antiplatelet activity against thrombin (Thr)‐, arachidonic acid (AA)‐, collagen (Col)‐, and platelet‐activating‐factor (PAF)‐induced aggregation in washed rabbit platelets. These compounds were synthesized from 6‐hydroxyquinolin‐2(1 H )‐one via alkylation and Reformatsky ‐type condensation ( Schemes 1 and 2 ). All of them were found to inhibit the platelet aggregation perfectly which was induced by AA and Col. 6‐Substituted isomers 5b – g exhibited very strong inhibitory activities against AA‐ and PAF‐ induced aggregation and are approximately ten times more potent than their 8‐substituted counterparts. However, the 1‐substituted ( 11a and 11b ) and the 1,6‐disubstituted ( 6 ) counterparts were relatively inactive. Their effects on the Ca 2+ ‐dependent vasoconstriction induced by high K + , and the phasic and tonic vasoconstrictions induced by norepinephrine (NE) in rat aorta were also evaluated. Except 5g , all of them were found to have significant inhibitory activity on the NE‐induced phasic and tonic vasoconstrictions. Compounds 6 and 11b also exhibited strong inhibitory activity on high−K + medium, Ca 2+ ‐induced vasoconstriction.
Structural Agnostic SpMV: Adapting CSR-Adaptive for Irregular Matrices (2015)

Sparse matrix vector multiplication (SpMV) is an important linear algebra primitive. Recent research has focused on improving the performance of SpMV on GPUs when using compressed sparse row (CSR), the most frequently used matrix storage format on CPUs. Efficient CSR-based SpMV obviates the need for other GPU-specific storage formats, thereby saving runtime and storage overheads. However, existing CSR-based SpMV algorithms on GPUs perform poorly on irregular sparse matrices, limiting their usefulness. We propose a novel approach for SpMV on GPUs which works well for both regular and irregular matrices while keeping the CSR format intact. We start with CSR-Adaptive, which dynamically chooses between two SpMV algorithms depending on the length of each row. We then add a series of performance improvements, such as a more efficient reduction technique. Finally, we add a third algorithm which uses multiple parallel execution units when operating on irregular matrices with very long rows. Our implementation dynamically assigns the best algorithm to sets of rows in order to ensure that the GPU is efficiently utilized. We effectively double the performance of CSR-Adaptive, which had previously demonstrated better performance than algorithms that use other storage formats. In addition, our implementation is 36% faster than CSR5, the current state of the art for SpMV on GPUs.
Data from Cytokines Produced by Dendritic Cells Administered Intratumorally Correlate with Clinical Outcome in Patients with Diverse Cancers (2023)

<div>Abstract<p><b>Purpose:</b> Dendritic cells (DC) initiate adaptive immune responses through the uptake and presentation of antigenic material. In preclinical studies, intratumorally injected activated DCs (aDCs; DCVax-Direct) were superior to immature DCs in rejecting tumors from mice.</p><p><b>Experimental Design:</b> This single-arm, open-label phase I clinical trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of aDCs, administered intratumorally, in patients with solid tumors. Three dose levels (2 million, 6 million, and 15 million aDCs per injection) were tested using a standard 3 + 3 dose-escalation trial design. Feasibility, immunogenicity, changes to the tumor microenvironment after direct injection, and survival were evaluated. We also investigated cytokine production of aDCs prior to injection.</p><p><b>Results:</b> In total, 39 of the 40 enrolled patients were evaluable. The injections of aDCs were well tolerated with no dose-limiting toxicities. Increased lymphocyte infiltration was observed in 54% of assessed patients. Stable disease (SD; best response) at week 8 was associated with increased overall survival. Increased secretion of interleukin (IL)-8 and IL12p40 by aDCs was significantly associated with survival (<i>P</i> = 0.023 and 0.024, respectively). Increased TNFα levels correlated positively with SD at week 8 (<i>P</i> < 0.01).</p><p><b>Conclusions:</b> Intratumoral aDC injections were feasible and safe. Increased production of specific cytokines was correlated with SD and prolonged survival, demonstrating a link between the functional profile of aDCs prior to injection and patient outcomes. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 24(16); 3845–56. ©2018 AACR</i>.</p></div>
Coded aperture compressive X-ray spectral CT (2017)

Spectral computed tomography (SCT) makes use of the spectral dependence of X-ray attenuation in tissues and contrast agents to separate the attenuation data into more than two energy bins. Current SCT detectors are costly and the measured data have low signal to noise ratio due to the detector's narrow bin bandwidth and quantum noise. A new approach called coded aperture compressive X-ray SCT that combines a conventional rotating X-ray CT system with a set of pixelated K-edge coded apertures is introduced. In this method, the amplitude and spectra of the X-ray source are filtered by a particular pattern of K-edge filters in each view angle. Compressed sensing (CS) reconstruction algorithms are then used to recover the spectral CT image from the coded measurements. Simulations results for random coded apertures are shown, and their performance is compared to the use of uncoded measurements.
Laser-driven chemical reaction for etching LiNbO3 (1986)

The first laser-driven chemical reaction for etching ionic solids based on the fusion of salts in the molten phase is reported here for the reaction of LiNbO3 with KF. The process involves spatially localized melting of LiNbO3 by high-power-density laser pulses with photon energies in excess of the band gap of LiNbO3. While molten, LiNbO3 undergoes reaction with KF to form niobium oxyfluoride anions by fusion of the salts. The resulting solid is highly water soluble. The insolubility of LiNbO3 permits subsequent removal of only the irradiated area by rinsing in water. This laser-driven chemical etching process shows great potential for applications which require either smooth surface morphology or very rapid etching rates.
<title>Three-dimensional image reconstruction in highly scattering turbid media</title> (1997)

A novel inverse algorithm, which combines a 2D matrix inversion with a 1D Fourier transform inversion, is designed for obtaining an image of 3D hidden objects in scattering media. The existence of 2D boundaries, on which source- detector pairs are located around, violates the condition for using a 3D Fourier transform inverse imaging. This effect has been handled in our approach. This method greatly reduces the computational burden, compared to standard 3D matrix inversion methods. The result of image of hidden objects using time- resolved simulated data is presented.
A new urethral catheter (1988)

A new balloon catheter for women with a flexible urethral portion that conforms to the shape of the closed urethra was tested. In sheep control catheters caused epithelial destruction, which was absent with the conformable catheter. A 12 week crossover trial compared control catheters in 52 long stay geriatric patients. Eighty two out of 91 conformable catheters were rated as comfortable compared with 68 of 87 control (p = 0.006). The average length of time in situ was 15.9 days for the conformable catheter compared with 12.9 days for the control (p = 0.001). The average number of bypasses a week with the conformable catheter was 1.1 compared with 1.3 for the control; this difference was not significant. Examination of 249 used catheters showed significantly fewer with intraluminal obstruction with struvite among the conformable than control catheters (1 (0.8%) versus 15 (11.5%); p less than 0.001). This new catheter for women is a substantial improvement over the Foley catheter and (except in urethral stricture) is suitable for all forms of drainage.
Nonviral Genome Editing Based on a Polymer-Derivatized CRISPR Nanocomplex for Targeting Bacterial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance (2017)

The overuse of antibiotics plays a major role in the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. A molecularly targeted, specific treatment method for bacterial pathogens can prevent this problem by reducing the selective pressure during microbial growth. Herein, we introduce a nonviral treatment strategy delivering genome editing material for targeting antibacterial resistance. We apply the CRISPR-Cas9 system, which has been recognized as an innovative tool for highly specific and efficient genome engineering in different organisms, as the delivery cargo. We utilize polymer-derivatized Cas9, by direct covalent modification of the protein with cationic polymer, for subsequent complexation with single-guide RNA targeting antibiotic resistance. We show that nanosized CRISPR complexes (= Cr-Nanocomplex) were successfully formed, while maintaining the functional activity of Cas9 endonuclease to induce double-strand DNA cleavage. We also demonstrate that the Cr-Nanocomplex designed to target mecA-the major gene involved in methicillin resistance-can be efficiently delivered into Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and allow the editing of the bacterial genome with much higher efficiency compared to using native Cas9 complexes or conventional lipid-based formulations. The present study shows for the first time that a covalently modified CRISPR system allows nonviral, therapeutic genome editing, and can be potentially applied as a target specific antimicrobial.
Quinazoline-based thymidylate synthase inhibitors: relationship between structural modifications and polyglutamation. (1995)

Quinazoline-based analogues of folic acid are a group of thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitors that display a wide spectrum of activity for cultured tumour cells, partly due to their differential ability to form polyglutamate metabolites that are (i) more potent TS inhibitors and (ii) not readily effluxed from cells. The rate of cell membrane transport and folylpolyglutamate synthetase substrate activity influence compound polyglutamation. A series of intact-cell assays has been used to determine how specific modifications of 2-desamino-2-methyl-N10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolate (ICI 198583) affect compound polyglutamation. Those containing the 'classical' glutamate structure were usually, but not always, well polyglutamated intracellularly. Replacement of N10 propargyl with smaller aliphatic substituents, particularly when combined with replacement of the benzene ring with thiophene or thiazole heterocycles, was beneficial for antitumour activity through polyglutamate formation. Fluorination of the benzene, particularly if a F was adjacent to the 'bridge region' (3'F or 2',5'diF), also gave compounds with a high dependence on polyglutamation for activity. Those analogues with 2-CH2OH or NH2 substituents were poor substrates for the reduced-folate cell membrane carrier which can account for their reduced polyglutamation rate and hence growth-inhibitory activity. A large decrease or prevention of polyglutamation was achieved by the introduction of CH3, CH2CH3, Br or C1 on C7. The concomitant enhancement in TS inhibition by these modifications gave compounds active under continuous-exposure cell culture conditions. Some ICI 198583 analogues had the glutamate moiety replaced with unnatural amino acids or dipeptides. Only the L-gamma-L-glu analogue (a polyglutamate metabolite of ICI 198583) gave activity entirely attributable to polyglutamate formation.
An inverse method to design RF coil arrays optimized for SENSE imaging (2006)

A new method to design MRI RF coils that are optimized for SENSE (sensitivity encoding) imaging is introduced. In this approach, the inverse problem was solved where the surface current density distribution on a coil former was calculated to maximize the SNR(sense) within a volume of interest (VOI). For that purpose, an analytic relationship was formulated between the SNR(sense) and surface current density on the coil former. The SNR at pixel rho in a SENSE-MR image, SNR(sense,rho), is inversely proportional to the g-factor: therefore, the g-factor was formulated in terms of the B1 distribution of the coils. Then, by specifying the geometry of the desired coil former and using a finite element mesh (FEM), the surface current distribution was calculated to maximize the SNR(sense), by minimizing (1/SNR(sense)) in the VOI using a least squares procedure. A simple two-coil array was designed and built to test the method and phantom images were collected. The results show that the new coil design method yielded better uniformity and SNR in SENSE images compared to those of standard coils.
Cutaneous photosensitization by topical hematoporphyrin derivative formulations; potential clinical applications (1983)

Photoradiation therapy provides a valuable approach for the selective therapy of diseases localized to the skin and mucous membranes. The topical delivery of photo-reactive drugs provides a means of further enhancing this selectivity by decreasing the undesired prolonged cutaneous phototoxicity associated with the systemic use of such agents. In this study vehicles were selected for effective topical delivery of hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD). Irradiation with either red light (600 nm) or long wave ultraviolet light (UVA) (360 nm) produced localized cutaneous phototoxicity and selective inhibition of epidermal cell proliferation in guinea pigs. Topical delivery produced a higher HPD concentration in dysplastic mouse epidermis versus surrounding normal epidermis. Preliminary clinical studies have demonstrated a partial clinical response in vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. Studies are in progress to evaluate topical HPD in the treatment of intraepithelial neoplasia of the female genital tract, and hyperproliferative skin diseases, such as psoriasis.
Functional Imaging of Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Head-to-Head Comparison of Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy, <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG Scintigraphy, and <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET (2010)

The overall sensitivity of (123)I-MIBG scintigraphy and (18)F-FDG PET was low compared with SRS. However, for tumors with a high proliferation rate, (18)F-FDG PET had the highest sensitivity. The results indicate that, although SRS should still be the routine method, (18)F-FDG PET provides complementary diagnostic information and is of value for neuroendocrine tumor patients with negative SRS findings or a high proliferation index.
Multiscale 3D navigation (2009)

We present a comprehensive system for multiscale navigation of 3-dimensional scenes, and demonstrate our approach on multiscale datasets such as the Earth. Our system incorporates a novel image-based environment representation which we refer to as the cubemap. Our cubemap allows consistent navigation at various scales, as well as real-time collision detection without pre-computation or prior knowledge of geometric structure. The cubemap is used to improve upon previous work on proximal object inspection (HoverCam), and we present an additional interaction technique for navigation which we call look-and-fly. We believe that our approach to the navigation of multiscale 3D environments offers greater flexibility and ease of use than mainstream applications such as Google Earth and Microsoft Virtual Earth, and we demonstrate our results with this system.