gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Fluoroquinolones (2001)

The pharmacokinetic characteristics of levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gatifloxacin include excellent oral bioavailability (90-99%), extensive penetration into tissues and body fluids, and an elimination half-life (6-12 hrs) that allows for once-daily dosing in patients with normal renal function. Levofloxacin and gatifloxacin primarily are excreted unchanged in the urine, whereas moxifloxacin undergoes hepatic metabolism. The pharmacodynamic values that correlate with successful clinical and microbiologic outcomes, as well as prevent emergence of bacterial resistance, are ratios of maximum or peak unbound drug concentration (Cmax) to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and 24-hour unbound area under the concentration curve (AUC(0-24hr)) to MIC. For gram-negative infections, a Cmax:MIC greater than or equal to 10 and AUC(0-24hr):MIC greater than or equal to 125 are associated with increased probability of a successful outcome. For infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, an AUC(0-24hr):MIC of 30 or more is suggested for favorable clinical outcomes. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic values influence rational therapeutic decisions in the selection and dosages of these drugs.
Hyperglycaemic hypoxia alters after‐potential and fast K+ conductance of rat axons by cytoplasmic acidification. (1993)

1. The effects of hyperglycaemic hypoxia (a condition possibly involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy) on the depolarizing after-potential and the potassium conductance of myelinated rat spinal root axons were investigated using electrophysiological recordings from intact spinal roots and from excised, inside-out axonal membrane patches. 2. Isolated spinal roots were exposed to hypoxia in solutions containing normal or high glucose concentrations. The depolarizing after-potential of compound action potentials was only enhanced in spinal roots exposed to hyperglycaemic (25 mM D-glucose) hypoxia. A maximal effect was seen in bathing solutions with low buffering power. 3. The depolarizing after-potential was also enhanced by cytoplasmic acidification after replacement of 10-30 mM chloride in the bathing solution by propionate. 4. Multi-channel current recordings from excised, inside-out axonal membrane patches were used to study the effects of cytoplasmic acidification on voltage-dependent K+ conductances with fast (F channels) and intermediate (I channels) kinetics of deactivation. 5. F channels were blocked by small changes in cytoplasmic pH (50% inhibition at pH 6.9). I channels were much less sensitive to intra-axonal acidification. 6. In conclusion, our data show that hyperglycaemic hypoxia enhances the depolarizing after-potential in peripheral rat axons. The underlying mechanism seems to be an inhibition of a fast, voltage-dependent axonal K+ conductance by cytoplasmic acidification. This alteration in membrane conductance may contribute to positive symptoms in diabetic neuropathy.
Advanced techniques and algorithms to collect, analyze and visualize spatiotemporal data from social media feeds (2016)

Κατά τη διάρκεια της τελευταίας δεκαετίας, τα διαδικτυακά κοινωνικά δίκτυα εξελίχθηκαν και πλέον αποτελούν ένα αναπόσπαστο κομμάτι της καθημερινότητάς μας, παράγοντας παράλληλα, ένα τεράστιο όγκο δεδομένων που δημοσιεύεται εθελοντικά από τους ίδιους τους χρήστες. Το περιεχόμενο αυτό περιλαμβάνει τις δραστηριότητες, σκέψεις, και ιδέες των χρηστών του, και αποτελεί μια πολύ χρήσιμη πηγή δεδομένων.Εκτός από την πρόθεση των ίδιων των κοινωνικών δικτύων, και το κίνητρο που ωθεί τους χρήστες να δημοσιεύουν εθελοντικά περιεχόμενο, οι πληροφορίες που μπορούν να ανακτηθούν από εκτεταμένη ανάλυση και εξόρυξη αυτών των δεδομένων, δύναται να χρησιμοποιηθούν και για άλλες εφαρμογές, όπως για τον εμπλουτισμό συλλογών σημείων ενδιαφέροντος, για ειδοποιήσεις συμβάντων όπως αυτά εξελίσσονται, καθώς και παροχή πολύτιμης και άμεσης ανταπόκρισης για διάφορα γεγονότα.Στη διατριβή αυτή εξερευνούμε τις προοπτικές που έχουν αυτές οι συλλογές δεδομένων να χρησιμοποιηθούν για τους προαναφερόμενους σκοπούς. Για την ανάλυσή μας σχεδιάζουμε και υλοποιούμε αλγόριθμους και δομές δεδομένων για μεθοδευμένη και βελτιστοποιημένη συλλογή, ανάλυση και οπτικοποίηση πληροφοριών ανακτώμενων από πλατφόρμες κοινωνικής δικτύωσης. Περιγράφοντας μια σειρά από προβλήματα και προτεινόμενες λύσεις, αποδεικνύουμε την χρησιμότητα των μεθόδων μας.Τα προβλήματα που περιγράφουμε επιγραμματικά είναι: (α) εντοπισμός και περιγραφή γεοχωρικών οντοτήτων, (β) ενοποίηση συλλογών σημείων ενδιαφέροντος, (γ) παροχή πολυδιάστατων και διασυνδεδεμένων περιλήψεων για μεγάλες συλλογές δεδομένων από κοινωνικά δίκτυα (δ) αναγνώριση συμβάντων από παρακολούθηση ροών δεδομένων και κατηγοριοποίηση με βάση το γεωγραφικό τους αποτύπωμα, και (ε) ανάλυση των μετακινήσεων των χρηστών για ανακάλυψη μοτίβων κίνησης που συνδέουν διάφορες τοποθεσίες μεταξύ τους.Η ανάλυση μας στα παραπάνω προβλήματα, συνοδεύεται από εκτεταμένα παραδείγματα και πειράματα που μετρούν την αποδοτικότητα των προτεινόμενων αλγορίθμων. Τέλος, η εμπειρία που αποκτήθηκε από την ενασχόληση με τα προαναφερθέντα προβλήματα, γενικεύεται και παρουσιάζεται σαν γενική μεθοδολογία, μαζί με συμπεράσματα και κατευθύνσεις για μελλοντικές εργασίες.
Wallerian degeneration and inflammation in rat peripheral nerve detected by in vivo MR imaging. (1989)

To investigate the role of MR imaging in wallerian degeneration, a series of animal models of increasingly complex peripheral nerve injury were studied by in vivo MR. Proximal tibial nerves in brown Norway rats were either crushed, transected (neurotomy), or transected and grafted with Lewis rat (allograft) or brown Norway (isograft) donor nerves. The nerves distal to the site of injury were imaged at intervals of 0-54 days after surgery. Subsequent histologic analysis was obtained and correlated with MR findings. Crush injury, neurotomy, and nerve grafting all resulted in high signal intensity along the course of the nerve observed on long TR/TE sequences, corresponding to edema and myelin breakdown from wallerian degeneration. The abnormal signal intensity resolved by 30 days after crush injury and by 45-54 days after neurotomy, when the active changes of wallerian degeneration had subsided. These changes were not seen in sham-operated rats. Our findings suggest that MR is capable of identifying traumatic neuropathy in a peripheral nerve undergoing active wallerian degeneration. The severity of injury may be reflected by the corresponding duration of signal abnormality. With the present methods, MR did not distinguish inflammatory from simple posttraumatic neuropathy.
ENCORE: Ensemble Learning using Convolution Neural Machine Translation for Automatic Program Repair (2019)

Automated generate-and-validate (G&V) program repair techniques typically rely on hard-coded rules, only fix bugs following specific patterns, and are hard to adapt to different programming languages. We propose ENCORE, a new G&V technique, which uses ensemble learning on convolutional neural machine translation (NMT) models to automatically fix bugs in multiple programming languages. We take advantage of the randomness in hyper-parameter tuning to build multiple models that fix different bugs and combine them using ensemble learning. This new convolutional NMT approach outperforms the standard long short-term memory (LSTM) approach used in previous work, as it better captures both local and long-distance connections between tokens. Our evaluation on two popular benchmarks, Defects4J and QuixBugs, shows that ENCORE fixed 42 bugs, including 16 that have not been fixed by existing techniques. In addition, ENCORE is the first G&V repair technique to be applied to four popular programming languages (Java, C++, Python, and JavaScript), fixing a total of 67 bugs across five benchmarks.
Effect of a fermented milk containing <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> DN‐173 010 on the health‐related quality of life and symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome in adults in primary care: a multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, controlled trial (2007)

This study suggests a beneficial effect of a probiotic food on discomfort HRQoL score and bloating in constipation-predominant IBS, and on stool frequency in subjects with <3 stools/week.
A coefficient energy concentration model for motion compensated image coding (2005)

In this paper we present a motion compensated coding procedure based on a time modified autoregressive image source model. The procedure has the advantage that it does not depend on exact knowledge of the displacement vector. Instead, a two step procedure for determining the displacement is employed. In the first step the nearest integer displacement for any particular block is determined using a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate. The second step utilizes regression techniques that determine the best estimate for the autoregressive parameters of the model. This supplies knowledge equivalent to the non-integer portion of the displacement. The results of applying the algorithm to a forty one frame sequence of images is discussed.
Shift of C3 deposition from localization in the glomerulus into the tubulo-interstitial compartment in the absence of secreted IgM in immune complex glomerulonephritis (2007)

The role of secretory IgM in protecting kidney tissue from immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by 4 mg horse spleen apoferritin and 0.05 mg lipopolysaccharide has been investigated in mutant mice in which B cells do not secrete IgM, but are capable of expressing surface IgM and IgD and secreting other Ig isotypes. Glomerular size, number of glomeruli per cross-section, glomerular cellularity and urine content of protein and creatinine was comparable in treated secreted IgM (sIgM)-deficient and wild-type mice. Assessment of urinary proteins by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a 30 kDa low molecular weight protein in treated sIgM-deficient animals only, reflecting dysfunction of proximal tubules. A shift of bound C3 from glomeruli to the tubulo-interstitial compartment in sIgM-deficient mice also suggests tubulo-interstitial damage. In contrast, local C3 synthesis within the kidney tissue did not differ between the two treated groups. Apoptosis physiologically present to maintain kidney cell homeostasis was increased slightly in treated wild-type mice. These results indicate that secretory IgM can protect the tubulo-interstitial compartment from immune complex-induced damage without having an effect on the glomerulus.
A new bonding technology using gold and tin multilayer composite structures (1991)

A bonding technology which utilizes chromium, gold, and tin and gold deposited directly on the backside of a device die to form a multilayer composite is reported. The substrate accepting the die is coated with chromium and gold layers. The die and the substrate are brought into contact and heated to 310-320 degrees C. Due to the unique feature of the gold-tin alloy system, the tin layer melts first and dissolves the gold layers of the composite to produce a solution mixed with solid, which in turn would dissolve a portion of the gold layer on the substrate to develop a near eutectic bonding. In the composite, since the tin layer is protected by an outer gold layer in the same vacuum cycle, tin oxidation, which is a major cause of difficulty in achieving quality bondings, is reduced. This technology thus eliminates the requirement of preforms, prevents tin oxidation, and provides precise control of the bonding thickness. Results of bonding 4-mm by 4-mm GaAs dice on alumina substrates show that high-quality bondings are obtained as determined by a scanning acoustic microscope (SAM).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An Elastic Hydrogen-Bonded Cross-Linked Organic Framework for Effective Iodine Capture in Water (2017)

A crystalline microporous hydrogen-bonded cross-linked organic framework has been developed through covalent photo-cross-linking of molecular monomers that are assembled in a crystalline state. The elastic framework expands its void space to adsorb iodine rapidly with a high uptake capacity in an aqueous environment as well as recovering its crystalline form after the release of iodine.
Design and test of novel integrate and dump filter (I&D) for optical Gbit/s system applications (1991)

An innovative integrated and dump circuit (I&D) attractive for Gbit/s applications is presented. The new circuit avoids the dumping signal. Initial tests indicate that the I&D improves the receiver sensitivity of 1Gbit/s baseband and optical DPSK systems.
Highly Efficient O-Silylation of Alcohol with Vinylsilane Using a Rh(I)/HCl Catalyst at Room Temperature (2007)

Highly efficient O-silylation of alcohol with vinylsilane was developed using a catalyst system consisting of [(COE)(2)RhCl](2) and HCl. In this reaction, a key intermediate is chlorosilane, generated from vinylsilane and HCl, which can be regenerated in the catalytic cycle. Various alcohols and vinylsilanes were applied to the preparation of silyl ether compounds with this catalyst system.
Excitonic emission of colloidal nano-crystals embedded in Molecular Beam Epitaxy grown ZnSe (2010)

We combine ZnSe layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy with colloidal CdSe core, CdSe/ZnSe and CdSe/ZnS core/shell nano-crystals (NCs) to achieve monolithic NC-semiconductor heterostructures. The NCs are prepared in solution and deposited by spray-coating on ZnSe buffer layers and subsequently overgrown by ZnSe. We find a blue shift of the photoluminescence of core/shell dots when they are overgrown by ZnSe. Rapid thermal annealing is used to improve the interface region between the NCs and the ZnSe matrix. The effect of different annealing temperatures on the optical properties of CdSe core, CdSe/ZnSe and CdSe/ZnS core/shell NCs overgrown with a cap layer of ZnSe is investigated. After annealing at 673 K the photoluminescence of these samples is red-shifted as compared to unprocessed samples. All photoluminescence results are explained by a model calculation with the following assumption about the 3D confining potential of the NCs: (i) the shell of core/shell NCs dissolves during ZnSe overgrowth, (ii) after overgrowth NCs are separated from the ZnSe matrix by an interface barrier, (iii) the height of this barrier is significantly reduced by annealing. For all three types of NCs we find an excellent quantitative agreement between the experimental and calculated NC transition energies. The absence of the barrier after annealing is further demonstrated by low temperature photoluminescence data of annealed samples which show enhanced diffusion of electron-hole pairs from ZnSe into the NCs.
Phosphorylated tau predicts rate of cognitive decline in MCI subjects: A comparative CSF study (2005)

A significant increase in hyperphosphorylated tau proteins (P-tau) in CSF has been shown in Alzheimer disease (AD), suggesting potential utility as biologic markers of AD.1 Different subtypes of P-tau proteins perform differently in the discrimination of primary dementia disorders from AD.2 Recently, we have shown that tau phosphorylated at threonine 231 (P-tau231P) correlates with cognitive decline in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI),3 a group at risk for AD.4 Here, we examined in an exploratory study whether different P-tau epitopes differ in their accuracy to predict cognitive deterioration within subjects with MCI. Therefore, previously published results on P-tau231P are again presented briefly for comparison. Moreover, we wished to know whether a combination of different P-tau epitopes is superior to a single P-tau marker for the prediction of cognitive decline.

Three P-tau subtypes were measured at baseline in 59 patients with MCI.4 Clinical follow-up was performed in all patients (mean interval 12.27 months, range 6 to 42 months). The mean (SD) age of the MCI patients (28 female) was 72.56 (7.6) years with a mean Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of 28.0 (1.9). There were 23 healthy control subjects (HC; 14 female; age 60.0 ± 10.1 years; MMSE 29.2 ± 0.7 points). Study subjects were recruited at two centers (Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany, and …
The multiple spot beam antenna project “Medusa” (2009)

This paper describes the design of a multiple spot beam satellite antenna with overlapping beams in Ka-band. It has been designed in the frame of the DLR granted R&D program “Medusa”. We discuss the principle of a multiple feeds per beam (MFB) antenna in comparison to a classical single feed per beam (SFB) antenna. Results for the optimisation of antenna and feed network are given.
Digitally controlled oscillator gain estimation for RF-DPLLs in 4G LTE polar transmitters (2016)

The gain of a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) represents a crucial parameter for wideband phase modulators utilized in polar transmitters supporting SC-FDMA in LTE uplink. Accurate normalization of the DCO gain is necessary for a two-point modulation of a RF digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) to not degrade the in-band modulation quality and out-of-band emissions. The DCO gain can change due to process, voltage and temperature effects and therefore has to be estimated during runtime. A common way to estimate the DCO gain is by minimizing the residual error due to phase modulation signal content present in the error feedback signal of the DPLL control loop. This paper derives a simple discrete time, single-rate model of the DCO gain estimation and investigates the behavior and impact on modulation quality for different resource block (RB) allocation scenarios found in LTE uplink transmission. It is shown that the DCO gain estimation is sensitive to modulation signals with contiguous, sparse RB allocation and problems may arise in certain transmission scenarios.
The Airplace Indoor Positioning Platform for Android Smartphones (2012)

In this demonstration paper, we present an indoor positioning system developed for Android smartphones, coined Airplace. To infer the unknown user location we rely on ubiquitous WLANs and exploit Received Signal Strength (RSS) values from neighboring Access Points (AP) that are constantly monitored by the mobile devices under normal operation. Our system follows a mobile-based network-assisted architecture to eliminate the communication overhead and respect user privacy. In a typical scenario, when a user walks inside a building a smartphone client conducts a single communication with our Distribution Server to receive the RSS radiomap and is then able to position itself independently using the observed RSS values. Moreover, we have implemented an Android application to facilitate the collection of RSS values by users that may contribute their data to our system for constructing and updating the radiomap through crowdsourcing1. We will demonstrate the real-time positioning capabilities of the system during the conference by allowing attendees to carry an Android tablet in order to view their position on a floorplan map, while walking around inside the demo area (interactive scenario). Moreover, we will illustrate how to evaluate the performance of different positioning algorithms using profiled data in a trace-driven scenario. Our objective is to highlight the effectiveness and applicability of our system and at the same time the participants will be able to appreciate the potential of indoor location-oriented services and applications.
Modulation of sucrose metabolism (1997)

Since the first report on the successful transformation of plants (Hernalsteens et al., 1980) molecular tools (e.g. suitable transformation systems, regulatory sequences and genes) have been developed allowing the genetic manipulation of metabolic pathways in transgenic plants potentially leading to the production of tailor made plant products (Stitt and Sonnewald, 1995). The introduction of novel functions or the repression of endogenous routes in transgenic plants enables the creation of metabolic configurations which may be beneficial as long as cellular constituents necessary for growth and maintenance are not seriously affected. Thus understanding the regulation of metabolic partitioning is a prerequisite for metabolic engineering. Metabolic pathways commonly contain several enzymes, possibly regulating the flux of metabolites through the pathway; furthermore, cross-reaction between different pathways must exist, adapting metabolite flux according to developmental and environmental requirements. In the past metabolic regulation has been studied by determining substrate concentrations and characterizing the biochemical properties of a given enzyme in vitro. Although detailed information about the properties of individual enzymes have been obtained, the approach has several disadvantages, e.g. enzymes may be regulated by several effectors and alternative pathways may exist (Stitt, 1995). The use of mutants or transgenic plants altered in respect of the activity of a single enzyme allows the study of the function of the target enzyme in vivo, thereby omitting the problems discussed above. Furthermore ectopic expression of foreign enzymes enables the introduction of new pathways, allowing the manipulation of metabolite concentrations and/or end-products.
PARABOLIC AND HYPERBOLIC PARAXIAL TWO‐POINT TRAVELTIMES IN 3D MEDIA<sup>1</sup> (1993)

A bstract The 4 × 4 T ‐propagator matrix of a 3D central ray determines, among other important seismic quantities, second‐order (parabolic or hyperbolic) two‐point traveltime approximations of certain paraxial rays in the vicinity of the known central ray through a 3D medium consisting of inhomogeneous isotropic velocity layers. These rays result from perturbing the start and endpoints of the central ray on smoothly curved anterior and posterior surfaces. The perturbation of each ray endpoint is described only by a two‐component vector. Here, we provide parabolic and hyperbolic paraxial two‐point traveltime approximations using the T ‐propagator to feature a number of useful 3D seismic models, putting particular emphasis on expressing the traveltimes for paraxial primary reflected rays in terms of hyperbolic approximations. These are of use in solving several forward and inverse seismic problems. Our results simplify those in which the perturbation of the ray endpoints upon a curved interface is described by a three‐component vector. In order to emphasize the importance of the hyperbolic expression, we show that the hyperbolic paraxial‐ray traveltime (in terms of four independent variables) is exact for the case of a primary ray reflected from a planar dipping interface below a homogeneous velocity medium.
The single-atom transistor: Quantum electronics at room temperature (2009)

An atomic-scale quantum conductance switch is demonstrated which allows to open and close an electrical circuit by the controlled and reproducible reconfiguration of silver atoms within an atomic-scale junction (Fig. 1). The only movable parts of the switch are the contacting atoms. The atomic switch is entirely controlled by an external voltage applied to an independent third gate electrode. Controlled switching was performed between a quantized, electrically conducting “on-state” exhibiting a conductance of G 0 = 2e2/h (~ 1/12.9kQ) or preselectable multiples of this value and an insulating “off-state”. The device which reproducibly operates at room temperature, opens fascinating perspectives towards quantum electronics and logics on the atomic scale. Even an integrated circuit consisting of atomic-scale transistors was shown [1].