gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Abstract 57: Erythropoietin Selectively Preserves Electron Transport Complex IV Activity During Resuscitation from Cardiac Arrest (2011)

Introduction: We have previously documented in a rat model of VF and closed-chest resuscitation that administration of erythropoietin (EPO) preserves left ventricular distensibility - yielding hemodynamically more effective CPR - and attenuates post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Hypothesis: Given that similar functional myocardial benefits can be elicited by preservation of mitochondrial bioenergetic function, we hypothesized that EPO could mediate the aforementioned myocardial effects in part by preserving activity of electron transport complexes I, III, IV and V (FoF1 ATPase). Methods: VF was electrically induced in 10 Sprague-Dawley male rats and left untreated for 8 minutes before attempting resuscitation by closed-chest resuscitation and delivery of electrical shocks. Rats were randomized to receive 5,000 U/kg of EPO (n=5) or NaCl 0.9% vehicle (n=5) into the right atrium immediately before starting closed-chest resuscitation, with the investigators blind to the assignment. All rats were resuscitated and survived 120 minutes, time at which hearts were removed storing the left ventricles at -80°C. Mitochondria were isolated from frozen tissue and activity of electron transport complexes I, I & III, IV and V measured spectrophotometrically via dichloro indophenol reduction, cytochrome c reduction, cytochrome c oxidation, and phosphate estimation, respectively. Results: Only complex IV activity was significantly higher in EPO compared with NaCl 0.9% treated rats with the levels in EPO rats comparable to the reference levels (Table). Conclusions: EPO ameliorated reductions in complex IV activity prompted by cardiac arrest and resuscitation, an effect that could mediate the favorable myocardial effect of EPO observed during resuscitation from cardiac arrest.
Antiviral Efficacy upon Administration of a HepDirect Prodrug of 2′- <i>C</i> -Methylcytidine to Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Chimpanzees (2011)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects an estimated 170 million individuals worldwide, and the current standard of care, a combination of pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin, is efficacious in achieving sustained viral response in ~50% of treated patients. Novel therapies under investigation include the use of nucleoside analog inhibitors of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. NM283, a 3'-valyl ester prodrug of 2'-C-methylcytidine, has demonstrated antiviral efficacy in HCV-infected patients (N. Afdhal et al., J. Hepatol. 46[Suppl. 1]:S5, 2007; N. Afdhal et al., J. Hepatol. 44[Suppl. 2]:S19, 2006). One approach to increase the antiviral efficacy of 2'-C-methylcytidine is to increase the concentration of the active inhibitory species, the 5'-triphosphate, in infected hepatocytes. HepDirect prodrug technology can increase intracellular concentrations of a nucleoside triphosphate in hepatocytes by introducing the nucleoside monophosphate into the cell, bypassing the initial kinase step that is often rate limiting. Screening for 2'-C-methylcytidine triphosphate levels in rat liver after oral dosing identified 1-[3,5-difluorophenyl]-1,3-propandiol as an efficient prodrug modification. To determine antiviral efficacy in vivo, the prodrug was administered separately via oral and intravenous dosing to two HCV-infected chimpanzees. Circulating viral loads declined by ~1.4 log(10) IU/ml and by >3.6 log(10) IU/ml after oral and intravenous dosing, respectively. The viral loads rebounded after the end of dosing to predose levels. The results indicate that a robust antiviral response can be achieved upon administration of the prodrug.
RNA as an RNA Polymerase: Net Elongation of an RNA Primer Catalyzed by the <i>Tetrahymena</i> Ribozyme (1988)

A catalytic RNA (ribozyme) derived from an intervening sequence (IVS) RNA of Tetrahymena thermophila will catalyze an RNA polymerization reaction in which pentacytidylic acid (C5) is extended by the successive addition of mononucleotides derived from a guanylyl-(3',5')-nucleotide (GpN). Cytidines or uridines are added to C5 to generate chain lengths of 10 to 11 nucleotides, with longer products being generated at greatly reduced efficiency. The reaction is analogous to that catalyzed by a replicase with C5 acting as the primer, GpNs as the nucleoside triphosphates, and a sequence in the ribozyme providing a template. The demonstration that an RNA enzyme can catalyze net elongation of an RNA primer supports theories of prebiotic RNA self-replication.
SULFUR AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR ASPHALT IN BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS (1976)

The utilization of sulfur in sulfur-asphalt pavement materials is discussed from the standpoint of reducing asphalt demand in bituminous pavement systems. Two approaches for incorporating sulfur into asphalt aggregate mixes are direct substitution and the use of sulfur-asphalt emulsion binders. The relative merits of each approach are compared on the basis of standard physical and engineering properties of sulfur-asphalt blends and mixtures prepared with crushed limestone and volcanic aggregates. Correlations of laboratory data are made with field test results. The beneficial effects of using sulfur in the recycling of old asphalt pavement are also discussed.
Chasing sub-micrometer axial resolution in visible optical coherence tomography (2021)

Optical Coherence Tomography instruments can provide images of ultrahigh, depth dependent axial resolution. Here we demonstrate an instrument employing visible light, enhanced by the Master-Slave technique, which deliver nearly constant axial resolution over the whole imaging range.
Development and Validation of a Raman Spectroscopic Classification Model for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) (2022)

The mortality associated with cervical cancer can be reduced if detected at the precancer stage, but current methods are limited in terms of subjectivity, cost and time. Optical spectroscopic methods such as Raman spectroscopy can provide a rapid, label-free and nondestructive measurement of the biochemical fingerprint of a cell, tissue or biofluid. Previous studies have shown the potential of Raman spectroscopy for cervical cancer diagnosis, but most were pilot studies with small sample sizes. The aim of this study is to show the clinical utility of Raman spectroscopy for identifying cervical precancer in a large sample set with validation in an independent test set. Liquid-based cervical cytology samples (<i>n</i> = 662) (326 negative, 200 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)1 and 136 CIN2+) were obtained as a training set. Raman spectra were recorded from single-cell nuclei and subjected to a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA). In addition, the PLSDA classification model was validated using a blinded independent test set (<i>n</i> = 69). A classification accuracy of 91.3% was achieved with only six of the blinded samples misclassified. This study showed the potential clinical utility of Raman spectroscopy with a good classification of negative, CIN1 and CIN2+ achieved in an independent test set.
47.4: Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Device Stability Analysis (2008)

Abstract A model based on defect generation by exciton‐polaron annihilation interactions between the emitter and host molecules, in a blue phosphorescent OLED, is shown to fit well with experimental data. A blue PHOLED with (0.15, 0.25) chromaticity is shown to have a half‐life, from 1,000 nits, of 690 hrs.
Variable time-delay system for broadband phased array and other transversal filtering applications (1993)

A variable time-delay system for broadband phased array receiving and other transversal filtering applications is presented. The approach uses a segmented mirror device (SMD) and a linear fiber array to realize a quantized variable delay line. The use of the SMD allows for extremely high packing density withoutthe large losses usually associated with switched fiber schemes. The system presented is compatible with a SMD-based true time-delay transmitter that has been developed. Experimental results are presented.
Ultrasonic borehole velocity imaging (2006)

Abstract We describe a new technique for making high-resolution velocity images of rocks using refracted ultrasonic waves. The use of refracted waves makes this technique potentially suitable for imaging borehole walls. In the laboratory, we use a single-transmitter, two-receiver, first-arrival method for making velocity measurements, with a spatial resolution on the order of 1cm. Our acoustic pulses are centered near 200kHz. Scans of a borehole wall reveal dipping thin layers and fractures. When external stress is applied perpendicular to the borehole, stress concentrations appear on our images as axial bands of high and low velocities. Breakouts created by high stress also can be imaged. On a planar sample, a velocity image reveals shale laminations and carbonate stringers. For field applications, this technique offers the potential for imaging in both conductive and nonconductive muds and provides images based on a physical property (velocity) that currently is not used for fine-scale borehole imaging.
Dihydronepetalactones Deter Feeding Activity by Mosquitoes, Stable Flies, and Deer Ticks (2009)

The essential oil of catmint, Nepeta cataria L., contains nepetalactones, that, on hydrogenation, yield the corresponding dihydronepetalactone (DHN) diastereomers. The DHN diastereomer (4R,4aR,7S,7aS)-4,7-dimethylhexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-1(3H)-one, DHN 1) was evaluated as mosquito repellent, as was the mixture of diastereomers {mostly (4S,4aR,7S,7aR)-4,7-dimethylhexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-1(3H)-one, DHN 2} present after hydrogenation of catmint oil itself. The repellency of these materials to Aedes aegypti L. and Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann mosquitoes was tested in vitro and found to be comparable to that obtained with the well-known insect repellent active ingredient N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET). DHN 1 and DHN 2 also repelled the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L., in this study. DHN 1, DHN 2, and p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD), another natural monoterpenoid repellent, gave comparable levels of repellency against An. albimanus and S. calcitrans. Laboratory testing of DHN 1 and DHN 2 using human subjects with An. albimanus mosquitoes was carried out. Both DHN 1 and DHN 2 at 10% (wt:vol) conferred complete protection from bites for significant periods of time (3.5 and 5 h, respectively), with DHN2 conferring protection statistically equivalent to DEET. The DHN 1 and DHN 2 diastereomers were also efficaceous against black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis Say) nymphs.
LCOS spatial light modulator controlled by 12-bit signals for optical phase-only modulation (2007)

We developed a liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LCOS) spatial light modulator (SLM) for phase-only modulation. The SLM was designed mainly for wavefront control in adaptive optics, optical manipulation, laser processing, etc. A dielectric multilayer mirror was incorporated into the device to enhance the reflectivity. The number of pixels was 792 x 612 and their size was 20 x 20 microns square. The range of the phase modulation exceeded one wavelength, and the light-utilization efficiency for monochromatic light was approximately 90%. The silicon backplane of the SLM was mechanically weak and its surface was not flat. The poor flatness degraded the output wavefront from the SLM. The device was driven by electronics composed of a digital-visual-interface (DVI) receiver, a field programmable gate array, and 12-bit digital-to-analog converters (DACs). The converted analog voltage signals from the DACs were transmitted to the pixels of the SLM and created phase changes. The driver had several kinds of control modes for the device, according to the level of flatness compensation. In one of the modes, the driver received 12-bit data and transferred them directly to the DACs. This 12-bit control mode enabled highly flexible control of the device characteristics. In the presentation, we report details of the device and experimental results on compensation of distortion in the output wavefront from the device.
Antiretroviral Activity, Biochemistry, and Pharmacokinetics of 3′‐Azido‐2′,3′‐Dideoxy‐5‐Methylcytidine<sup>a</sup> (1990)

3'-Azido-2',3'-dideoxy-5-methylcytidine (CS-92, AzddMeC) is an antiviral nucleoside analogue structurally related to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT). CS-92 is a potent and selective inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and HIV-1 replication in human lymphocytes and macrophages. The EC50 for CS-92 in HIV-1-infected human PBM cells was 0.09 microM. In HIV-1-infected human macrophages, the EC50 was 0.006 microM. This compound was also effective against human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in lymphocytes. The replication of Friend murine virus was only weakly inhibited, and no effect was observed against herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 and coxsackievirus B4. CS-92 was not toxic to PBM or Vero cells when tested up to 200 microM and was, furthermore, at least 40 times less toxic to granulocyte-macrophage and erythroid precursor cells in vitro than was AZT. The interaction of the 5'-triphosphate of CS-92 with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase indicated competitive inhibition (the inhibition constant, Kis, was 0.0093 microM) with a 30-fold greater affinity for CS-92-TP than for ddCTP. CS-92-TP inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by 50% at a concentration 6,000-fold lower than that which was required for a similar inhibition of DNA polymerase alpha. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that CS-92 was not deaminated to AZT in rats, but this compound was found to have a half-life of 2.7 hours. In rhesus monkeys, however, a compound with a retention time and ultraviolet spectra characteristics similar to AZT was detected. The mean half-life in rhesus monkeys for CS-92 was 1.52 and 1.74 h after intravenous and oral administration, respectively, and the oral bioavailability was about 21 percent. Additional preclinical studies with CS-92 will determine the ultimate utility of this antiviral agent for the treatment of HIV-1 infections.
Preventing Service Oriented Denial of Service (PreSODoS): A Proposed Approach (2006)

Today Web services have grown in context of both business to business (B2B) and business to customer (B2C) applications. Web services are the most popular mode of implementing Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). With this growth and acceptance in the industry, the role of security is crucial. Most of the existing security mechanisms in Web services like XML encryption[4], digital signatures[3], user tokens etc. provide security on one basic assumption that source of the request is legitimate. But a typical Denial of Service attacker can use these sources as reflectors and play around with the contents of a Web service body to create an attack scenario. In this paper, we propose PreSODoS - a framework to detect and prevent XML based Denial of Service (XDoS) attacks on Web services based applications. The framework relies on content introspection to detect any XDoS possibility. We use a Patricia Trie based representation so that the schemas and the request messages can be compared and validated in a performance efficient manner. PreSODoS is capable of detecting any repetitive request message and sense an attack scenario and trigger corresponding prevention mechanisms.
Master/slave interferometry – ideal tool for coherence revival swept source optical coherence tomography (2016)

In this paper, we demonstrate that the master slave (MS) interferometry method can significantly simplify the practice of coherence revival swept source optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique. Previous implementations of the coherence revival technique required considerable resources on dispersion compensation and data resampling. The total tolerance of the MS method to nonlinear tuning, to dispersion in the interferometer and to dispersion due to the laser cavity, makes the MS ideally suited to the practice of coherence revival. In addition, enhanced versatility is allowed by the MS method in displaying shorter axial range images than that determined by the digital sampling of the data. This brings an immediate improvement in the speed of displaying cross-sectional images at high rates without the need of extra hardware such as graphics processing units or field programmable gate arrays. The long axial range of the coherence revival regime is proven with images of the anterior segment of healthy human volunteers.
High Speed All Optical Nyquist Signal Generation and Full-band Coherent Detection (2014)

Spectrum efficient data transmission is of key interest for high capacity optical communication systems considering the limited available bandwidth. Transmission of the high speed signal with higher-order modulation formats within the Nyquist bandwidth using coherent detection brings attractive performance advantages. However, high speed Nyquist signal generation with high order modulation formats is challenging. Electrical Nyquist pulse generation is restricted by the limited sampling rate and processor capacities of digital-to-analog convertor devices, while the optical Nyquist signals can provide a much higher symbol rate using time domain multiplexing method. However, most optical Nyquist signals are based on direct detection with simple modulation formats. Here we report the first experimental demonstration of high speed all optical Nyquist signal generation based on Sinc-shaped pulse generation and time-division multiplexing with high level modulation format and full-band coherent detection. Our experiments demonstrate a highly flexible and compatible all optical high speed Nyquist signal generation and detection scheme for future fiber communication systems.
Expression of ErbB receptors during pancreatic islet development and regrowth (2000)

We have characterized expression of the ErbB receptor family and one of its ligands, heregulin, in an effort to identify molecules associated with pancreatic development and regeneration. In addition to studying expression during fetal pancreatic development, we have also studied expression during pancreatic regeneration in the interferon-gamma (IFNgamma)-transgenic mouse, which exhibits significant duct cell proliferation and new islet formation. These studies demonstrate significant expression of the ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4 receptors, in addition to heregulin isoforms, in the developing murine fetal pancreas. We also report significant ductal expression of these proteins during IFNgamma-mediated pancreatic regeneration. This striking expression was absent in 1-week-old neonates, but was clearly visible in pups by 5 weeks of age. These data therefore indicate that ErbB receptor and ligand expression decline by birth in both the IFNbeta-transgenic and non-transgenic mice, and that expression resumes early in postnatal life in the IFNbeta-transgenic mice. The expression of ErbB receptor family members at sites of islet development and regrowth suggests that these molecules might be relevant to these processes.
Development of optics for x-ray phase-contrast imaging of high energy density plasmas (2010)

Phase-contrast or refraction-enhanced x-ray radiography can be useful for the diagnostic of low-Z high energy density plasmas, such as imploding inertial confinement fusion (ICF) pellets, due to its sensitivity to density gradients. To separate and quantify the absorption and refraction contributions to x-ray images, methods based on microperiodic optics, such as shearing interferometry, can be used. To enable applying such methods with the energetic x rays needed for ICF radiography, we investigate a new type of optics consisting of grazing incidence microperiodic mirrors. Using such mirrors, efficient phase-contrast imaging systems could be built for energies up to ∼100 keV. In addition, a simple lithographic method is proposed for the production of the microperiodic x-ray mirrors based on the difference in the total reflection between a low-Z substrate and a high-Z film. Prototype mirrors fabricated with this method show promising characteristics in laboratory tests.
Machine-assisted election auditing (2007)

Election audit procedures usually rely on precinct-based recounts, in which workers manually review all paper ballots from selected polling places, but these recounts can be expensive due to the labor required. This paper proposes an alternative audit strategy that allows machines to perform most of the work. Precincts are recounted using recounting machines, and their output is manually audited using efficient ballot sampling techniques. This strategy can achieve equal or greater confidence than precinct-based auditing at a significantly lower cost while protecting voter privacy better than previous ballot-based auditing methods. We show how to determine which ballots to audit against the recounting machines' records and compare this new approach to precinct-based audits in the context of Virginia's November 2006 election. Far fewer ballots need to be audited by hand using our approach. We also explore extensions to these techniques, such as varying individual ballots' audit probabilities based on the votes they contain, that promise further efficiency gains.
A 160 mV Robust Schmitt Trigger Based Subthreshold SRAM (2007)

We propose a novel Schmitt trigger (ST) based differential 10-transistor SRAM (static random access memory) bitcell suitable for subthreshold operation. The proposed Schmitt trigger based bitcell achieves 1.56 x higher read static noise margin (SNM) ( Vdd = 400 mV) compared to the conventional 6T cell. The robust Schmitt trigger based memory cell exhibits built-in process variation tolerance that gives tight SNM distribution across the process corners. It utilizes differential operation and hence does not require any architectural changes from the present 6T architecture. At iso-area and iso-read-failure probability the proposed memory bitcell operates at a lower (175 mV) Vdd with 18% reduction in leakage and 50% reduction in read/write power compared to the conventional 6T cell. Simulation results show that the proposed memory bitcell retains data at a supply voltage of 150 mV. Functional SRAM with the proposed memory bitcell is demonstrated at 160 mV in 0.13 mum CMOS technology.
Catalyst development for coal liquefaction. Final report (1979)

A third test reactor was installed so that model compound studies could be performed in a continuous stirred tank reactor fitted with a stationary catalyst basket. In addition, a large batch of anthracene oil was hydrotreated and subsequently distilled for use in the continuous pilot plant. Catalysts were developed further for liquefaction of high sulfur Eastern coal. A higher severity aging test was employed to ensure that results in the Amoco pilot plant would translate to H-Coal operation. Catalyst ranking at the higher severity conditions remained unchanged. The criticality of the bimodal pore distribution was clearly demonstrated with cobalt-molybdena catalysts prepared on two essentially identical aluminas but one having essentially no macropore (> 1000/sup 0/A diameter) volume. The absence of macropore volume resulted in rapid catalyst deactivation. Model compound studies aimed at probing into the specific functions of the catalyst such as hydrogenation, cracking and heteroatom removal were carried out. A twelve component mixture dissolved in a hydrogen donor solvent was used for these development support studies. By monitoring the extent of conversion for each of the compounds, the liquefaction catalysts were characterized on the basis of reactivity. A number of tests were performed in the continuous pilot plant to characterize the liquefaction behavior of Wyodak coal and to establish how catalysts perform in this application. Technical assistance was provided to the H-Coal process in the area of catalysts.