gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptive defense against various network attacks (2006)

In defending against various network attacks, such as distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks or worm attacks, a defense system needs to deal with various network conditions and dynamically changing attacks. Therefore, a good defense system needs to have a built-in "adaptive defense" functionality based on cost minimization-adaptively adjusting its configurations according to the network condition and attack severity in order to minimize the combined cost introduced by false positives (misidentify normal traffic as attack) and false negatives (misidentify attack traffic as normal) at any time. In this way, the adaptive defense system can generate fewer false alarms in normal situations or under light attacks with relaxed defense configurations, while protecting a network or a server more vigorously under severe attacks. In this paper, we present concrete adaptive defense system designs for defending against two major network attacks: SYN flood DDoS attack and Internet worm infection. The adaptive defense is a high-level system design that can be built on various underlying nonadaptive detection and filtering algorithms, which makes it applicable for a wide range of security defenses.
Special Session: A Novel Low-Power and Energy-Efficient Adiabatic Logic-In-Memory Architecture Using CMOS/MTJ (2020)

Hybridization of Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) devices and CMOS transistors are being investigated to design Logic-In-Memory (LIM) architecture. However, hybrid CMOS/MTJ based LIM architecture suffers from significant power consumption due to charging and discharging of a capacitive output load. Adiabatic logic is one of the low-power design techniques to design energy-efficient hardware. Therefore, we apply the adiabatic logic in hybrid CMOS/MTJ based designs to propose the novel concept of Adiabatic Logic-In-Memory (ALIM) circuits. The proposed ALIM based CMOS/MTJ circuits have reduced dynamic power consumption as compared to the existing CMOS/MTJ circuits by using the energy recovery property. As a case study, we have designed an ALIM based magnetic full adder. Simulations are performed using 45nm CMOS technology with perpendicular anisotropy CoFeB/MgOMTJ model using Cadence Spectre simulator. From the simulation results, it is verified that the proposed ALIM based Magnetic Full Adder (MFA) saves 37% of energy and 43% of power as compared to the existing Pre-Charge Sense Amplifier (PCSA) based MFA. Further, the proposed ALIM based MFA also saves 38 % of the area as compared to the existing PCSA based MFA due to reduction in the number of transistors. The low-area, low-power and low-energy consumption makes the proposed ALIM architecture an the attractive choice to design low-power circuits.
Phase-shift ambiguity in microwave dielectric properties measurements (2000)

Phase measurements of the transmission coefficient are important when used for the dielectric characterization of materials. They are required for industrial material monitoring applications, where the phase is correlated with parameters such as moisture content and density, which need to be continuously determined, However, when the thickness of the material under test is greater than the wavelength in the material, a phase problem is encountered. Two methods are proposed to solve this problem. The first is based on the selection of the appropriate material thickness; the second requires the use of measurements at two frequencies. Advantages and limitations of both methods are discussed, and numerical validations are given for particulate materials.
High performance pure blue organic fluorescent electroluminescent devices by utilizing a traditional electron transport material as the emitter (2017)

We obtained efficient pure blue organic fluorescent electroluminescent (EL) devices by doping a traditional electron transport material into a hole transporting host material.
Regioregular Copolymers of 3-Alkoxythiophene and Their Photovoltaic Application (2006)

Low band gap conjugated polymers with proper energy levels for charge transfer are required to achieve high-efficiency polymer solar cells. We report the synthesis and characterization of two new regioregular copolymers that are based on 3-alkoxythiophene monomers: poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5-diyl-co-3-decyloxythiophene-2,5-diyl) (POT-co-DOT) and poly{(9,9-dioctylfluorene)-2,7-diyl-alt-[4,7-bis(3-decyloxythien-2-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole]-5',5' '-diyl} (PF-co-DTB). Compared to the alkyl substituents, the alkoxy side chains on the thiophene units can effectively lower the band gap of copolymers and enhance the charge transfer to electron acceptors such as (6,6)-phenyl C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The chemical structure and regioregularity of the copolymers were confirmed by NMR. Both copolymers are readily soluble in organic solvents and form high-quality thin films. Electrochemical and photophysical studies reveal band gaps of 1.64 eV for POT-co-DOT and 1.78 eV for PF-co-DTB. Bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices were fabricated using blends of these copolymers with PCBM as the active layer, ITO-glass as the anode, and aluminum as the cathode. Power conversion efficiency of 1.6% was obtained under simulated solar light AM 1.5 G (100 mW/cm(2)) from a solar cell with an active layer containing 20 wt % PF-co-DTB and 80 wt % PCBM. Regioregular poly(3-decyloxythiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3DOT) was also studied for comparison purposes.
Dual‐echo arteriovenography imaging with 7T MRI (2009)

The dual-echo arteriovenography technique we implemented at 7T allows the improved visualization of small vessels in both the MRA and MRV because of the greatly increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and susceptibility contrast, compared to 3T.
Effect of magnetic field in malaria diagnosis using magnetic nanoparticles (2011)

The current gold standard method of Malaria diagnosis relies on the blood smears examination. The method is laborintensive, time consuming and requires the expertise for data interpretation. In contrast, Raman scattering from a metabolic byproduct of the malaria parasite (Hemozoin) shows the possibility of rapid and objective diagnosis of malaria. However, hemozoin concentration is usually extremely low especially at the early stage of malaria infection, rendering weak Raman signal. In this work, we propose the sensitive detection of enriched β-hematin, whose spectroscopic properties are equivalent to hemozoin, based on surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) by using magnetic nanoparticles. A few orders of magnitude enhancement in the Raman signal of β-hematin can be achieved using magnetic nanoparticles. Furthermore, the effect of magnetic field on SERS enhancement is investigated. Our result demonstrates the potential of SERS using magnetic nanoparticles in the effective detection of hemozoin for malaria diagnosis.
Improved Serodiagnostic Performance for Lyme Disease by Use of Two Recombinant Proteins in Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Compared to Standardized Two-Tier Testing (2017)

The most reliable test method for the serological confirmation of Lyme disease (LD) is a 2-tier method recommended by the CDC in 1995. The first-tier test is a low-specificity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the second-tier tests are higher-specificity IgG and IgM Western blots. This study describes the selection of two <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> recombinant proteins and evaluation of their performance in a simple 1-tier test for the serological confirmation of LD. These two proteins were generated from (i) the full-length <i>dbpA</i> gene combined with the invariable region 6 of the <i>vlsE</i> gene (DbpA/C6) and (b) the full-length <i>ospC</i> gene (OspC). The expressed DbpA/C6 and OspC proteins were useful in detecting anti-<i>Borrelia</i> IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. A blind study was conducted on a well-characterized panel of 279 human sera from the CDC, comparing ELISAs using these two recombinant antigens with the 2-tier test method. The two methods (DbpA/C6-OspC versus 2-tier test) were equivalent in identifying sera from negative-control subjects (99% and 100% specificity, respectively) and in detecting stage II and III LD patient sera (100% and 100% sensitivity). However, the DbpA/C6-OspC ELISA was markedly better (80% versus 63%) than the 2-tier test method in detecting anti-<i>Borrelia</i> antibodies in stage I LD patients. The findings suggest that these antigens could be used in a simple 1-tier ELISA that is faster to perform, easier to interpret, and less expensive than the 2-tier test method and which is better at detecting <i>Borrelia</i>-specific antibodies in sera from patients with stage I LD.
Imaging with short-wavelength surface plasmon polaritons (2005)

Operation and imaging principles of optical microscope with in-plane image magnification by surface plasmon polaritons are discussed. The influence of realistic experimental geometry and losses in the metal are considered. Using two-dimensional optics of surface polaritons on metal–dielectric interface, subwavelength optical resolution can be achieved with long-wave-vector surface polaritons and applied in far-field optical microscopy and photolithography.
Microstructured fiber lasers (2005)

Summary form only given. Microstructured fibers and fiber lasers are providing new approaches for achieving single transverse mode guiding in large core fibers. We have successfully fabricated microstructured fibers from phosphate glass that allows the same high doping levels as in our step index fibers. We developed a two step draw-stack-redraw process that enables the realization of various microstructured cladding and multiple core designs. With our first active microstructured fibers we obtained the following important results. We fabricated and tested the first phosphate glass microstructured fiber lasers with large Er-Yb-codoped cores. For an 11-cm-long cladding-pumped fiber laser, more than 3 W continuous wave output powers has been demonstrated and single-mode beam quality was obtained for an active core area larger than 400 /spl mu/m/sup 2/. We performed, to the best of our knowledge, the first systematic study on how a negative core-cladding index difference influences microstructured optical fiber's modal behavior. Single-mode lasing has been realized for short-length cladding-pumped phosphate glass fibers with large depressed-index Er-Yb-codoped cores. Large core microstructured fibers allowed us to construct even shorter fiber lasers at Watt level output power. A 3.5 cm short microstructured fiber laser produced 5 W cw output power at a pump-to-signal conversion efficiency of 20%. To scale the output power of compact fiber lasers systems to even higher levels, we are working on phase-locked arrays of single mode fiber lasers. This work was initiated through theoretical modeling. Only recently, we were able to use the flexibility of our two-step fiber drawing process to fabricate fibers with multiple cores that can be used to test phase-locking techniques. Initial experiments in this direction has been started. As an example, a microscope image of our microstructured fiber with 12 active cores is shown. Another image demonstrates the lasing action of all 12 cores just above threshold indicating quality and homogeneity of the multi-core fiber. To avoid thermal issues, the first 2 fibers feature a 4 times lower (2 wt%) Yb/sub 2/O/sub 3/ doping level compared to our record breaking step index fibers leading to reduced pump absorption and efficiency. However, even with these test fibers we achieved more than 2 W of combined output power with more than 10% conversion efficiency in a 10 cm fiber laser.
Peptide identification via constrained multi‐objective optimization: Pareto‐based genetic algorithms (2005)

Abstract Automatic peptide identification from collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry data using optimization techniques is made difficult by large plateaus in the fitness landscapes of scoring functions, by the fuzzy nature of constraints from noisy data and by the existence of diverse but equally justifiable probabilistic models of peak matching. Here, two different scoring functions are combined into a parallel multi‐objective optimization framework. It is shown how multi‐objective optimization can be used to empirically test for independence between distinct scoring functions. The loss of selection pressure during the evolution of a population of putative peptide sequences by a Pareto‐driven genetic algorithm is addressed by alternating between two definitions of fitness according to a numerical threshold. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Securing information using a digital holographic technique (2000)

We propose a data security system that combines the optical encryption and a digital holographic technique. The proposed system enables us to store, transmit, and decrypt the encrypted data digitally. The data is encrypted optically using the double random phase encryption and is recorded as a digital hologram. The optical key, that is, the Fourier phase mask is also recorded as a digital hologram. The encrypted data is decrypted digitally by using the hologram of the optical key. Figure 1 (a) shows the input images used in the experiments to be decrypted. The electrically reconstructed image is obtained with an input phase mask without the Fourier phase mask. The digitally reconstructed encrypted images are shown in Fig. 1 (b). The image is obtained by inverse Fourier transforming the digital hologram of the encrypted data. The original image cannot be recognized. The digitally reconstructed decrypted images using the hologram of the Fourier phase mask are shown in Fig. 1 (c). Here one can see the original images. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.
Detection of Antibody against <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> in the Saliva of Patients with Dyspepsia (1994)

There is a need to develop noninvasive assays to detect Helicobacter pylori infection in the gastric mucosa, Current dogma predicts that the presence of antibody within saliva should accurately reflect contemporary colonization of the gut mucosa. This study examined the clinical value of a saliva enzyme‐linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) for anti‐ H pylori antibody, compared with the serum ELISA assay, and found the sensitivity of the saliva assay was 89%, specificity 94%, accuracy 93%, positive predictive value 89% and negative predictive value 94%. Assessment following eradication therapy demonstrated that salivary antibody was a more sensitive indicator of colonization than was serum antibody. The immunoglobulin G antibody in saliva correlated best with colonization, and regression analysis was most consistent with a local production of antibody. These results indicate that detection of antibody in saliva contributes to diagnosis and management of H pylori infection.
Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles by Top‐Down Approach from a High Purity Ore (2015)

This study attempts to synthesize magnetite nanoparticles from a high purity natural iron oxide ore found in Panvila, Sri Lanka, following a novel top‐down approach. Powder X‐Ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and chemical analysis data confirmed the ore to be exclusively magnetite with Fe 2+ : Fe 3+ ratio of 1 : 2. Surface modified magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by destructuring of this ore using a top‐down approach in the presence of oleic acid. These oleic acid coated nanoparticles were further dispersed in ethanol resulting in stable nanomagnetite dispersion. Interestingly, the nanoparticles demonstrated a spherical morphology with a particle size ranging from 20 to 50 nm. Magnetic force microscopic data was used to confirm the topography of the nanoparticles and to study the magnetic domain structure.
Low Noise Amplifiers for Low-Power Impulse-Radio Ultra Wide-Band Receivers (2006)

In this paper, two different low noise amplifiers (LNA) for impulse-radio (IR) ultra-wideband (UWB) receivers are presented. They have been designed in a 0.18 mum CMOS process, with a central frequency of 8 GHz and about 1 GHz bandwidth. The applications considered are portable applications for very short communication distances (body area networks, BAN) with bit rates up to 200 Mbps. Therefore, a crucial goal to achieve when designing the LNAs was power dissipation. In order to get very low power consumption, on/off switching technique has been implemented. Both LNAs are presented and analyzed, comparing their performances with state of the art LNAs
Spatially smooth partitioning of hyperspectral imagery using spectral/spatial measures of disparity (2003)

A Bayesian approach to partitioning hyperspectral imagery into homogeneous regions is investigated, where spatial consistency is imposed on the spectral content of sites in each partition. An energy function is investigated that models disparities in an image that are defined with respect to a local neighborhood system. This energy function uses one or certain combinations of the spectral angle, Euclidean distance, and/or Kolmogorov-Smirnov (mean-adjusted) measures. Maximum a posteriori estimates are computed using an algorithm that is implemented as a multigrid process to improve global labeling and reduce computational intensity. Both constrained and unconstrained multigrid approaches are considered. A locally extended neighborhood structure is introduced with the intention of encouraging more accurate global labeling. The present effort is focused on terrain mapping applications using hyperspectral imagery containing narrow bands throughout the 400-2500-nm spectral region. The trials of our experiment are conducted on a scene from HYDICE 210-band imagery collected over an area that contains a diverse range of terrain features and that is supported with ground truth. Quantitative measures of local consistency (smoothness) and global labeling, along with class maps, demonstrate the benefits of applying this method for unsupervised and supervised classification, where the best results are achieved with an energy function consisting of the combined spectral angle and Euclidean distance measures.
Hydrocarbon Blown Rigid Polyurethane Foam for the Boardstock Industry—A Novel Approach (1999)

A challenge facing rigid polyurethane foam insulation today is the development of foam formulations and processing technologies that use blowing agents which are environmentally acceptable and produce foam having an excellent balance of properties. Rigid polyurethane foams are known for their outstanding combination of density, thermal resistivity, structural and fire performance, and cost-effectiveness. Such attributes are essential for, maintaining a competitive edge over alternate insulation materials. Currently, hydrocarbons and HFCs are the two leading classes of blowing agents under consideration to replace HCFCs. The benefits and challenges for each of the viable blowing agents are well known. This study focuses on hydrocarbon blown foam where the primary challenge is to meet the required regulatory firetests together with providing superior aged thermal resistance and structural performance at low densities. Learning from the ongoing commercial production with pentanes in Europe as well as from prior published works, this study systematically looks at the effects of selected polyurethane formulation and processing variables on the key polyurethane foam and laminate board performance characteristics. Formulation variables examined include pentane composition, index, and fire retardant. Processing variables examined include temperature, laydown, and the physical state of the blend. Physical properties of the laminate board and foam are discussed. ASTM E84 and Factory Mutual Calorimeter test results are presented. The results are analyzed keeping in perspective findings from years of experience with CFC-11 and HCFC-141b blown foam. Based on these evaluations, this paper outlines the key material and processing requirements for the successful use of hydrocarbon blowing agents in the North American boardstock industry.
Expression of the Regenerating Gene Family in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Mucosa: Reg Iα Upregulation, Processing, and Antiapoptotic Activity (2002)

Ectopic expression, physiologic processing, and directed tissue deposition of Reg Ialpha are components of the colonic mucosal regenerative response in IBD. Reg Ialpha may serve to reduce epithelial apoptosis in inflammation.
Image retrieval with local and spatial queries (2000)

To date most "content-based image retrieval" (CBIR) techniques rely on global attributes such as color or texture histograms which unfortunately ignore the spatial composition of the image. We present an alternative image retrieval system based on the principle that it is the user who is most qualified to specify the query "content" and not the computer. With our system, the user can select multiple "regions-of-interest" and can specify the relevance of their spatial layout in the retrieval process. We also derive similarity bounds on histogram distances for pruning the database search. This experimental system was found to be superior to global indexing techniques as measured by statistical sampling of multiple users' "satisfaction" ratings.
Tripeptide Probes for Tripeptidyl Protease I Production via Gene Transfer (2003)

Tripeptides derived from 5-chloroanthraquinone hydrazide and anthraquinone hydrazide have been prepared as potential reagents to probe cellular expression of tripeptidyl protease I (TPP-I). Attempted chemical synthesis of Gly-l-Pro-l-Ala-chloroanthraquinone hydrazide, a compound that had been reported to serve as a substrate for this enzyme, was complicated by formation of a pyrazoloquinone. In contrast, formation of pyrazoloquinones was not observed during coupling reactions with anthraquinone hydrazide, and several tripeptide derivatives of this compound were prepared. The most attractive probe for TPP-I activity in tests with mouse kidney tissue sections proved to be Gly-l-Pro-l-Ser anthraquinone hydrazide.
Testing an optical window of a small wedge angle: effect of multiple reflections (1993)

Multiple reflections between two surfaces of a window introduce a fixed pattern error in optical measurements. One way to remove these spurious reflections is to use a reasonably large wedge so that the interference fringes formed by the two surfaces are too dense for the detector to resolve. However, this method does not work if the wedge angle is small, e.g., several arcseconds. By tilting both the window and the return mirror properly, it is possible to remove the effect of multiple reflections of a window. Theory and experimental results are presented.
von Hippel-Lindau disease: genetic, clinical, and imaging features. (1995)

von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an autosomal dominant disorder that causes retinal hemangioblastomas, hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system, endolymphatic sac tumors, renal cell carcinomas, pancreatic cysts and tumors, pheochromocytomas, and epididymal cystadenomas, among other less common manifestations. Although this entity has been recognized for almost 70 years, recent developments in the genetics and imaging of VHL disease have greatly improved understanding of the disease and its natural history. This review describes the major events that led to the discovery of the gene for VHL and will familiarize the reader with recent developments in the magnetic resonance Imaging, computed tomographic, and ultrasound findings of this entity. Despite advances in the genetic understanding of this disease, imaging techniques will continue to play a major role in the diagnosis, management, and treatment of VHL.