gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of the Biodegradability of Calcium-Alkali-Orthophosphate Ceramics in Vitro and in Vivo (2007)

Introduction Bioactive calcium phosphate ceramics have been widely used for bone regeneration.However, depending on the clinical application, these materials need to exhi bit varying degrees of biodegradability. For example,inclinical applications inwhi chimplants are tobe insertedintothe regeneratedsite,rapidbiodegradability is more important comp aredtoapplications inwhichthis is not the case.Therefore, there have been numerous efforts todev elop novel materials witha higher solubilitycomparedtotricalcium phosphate(TCP).Amongthevariouscalc ium phosphatematerials whichare currently clinically available,TCP possesses the highest solubility andbiodegradability. The most reliable methodfor evaluatinga bone substitute mat erial’s capability to degrade and promote bone formation and osseous regeneration is by performing hist omorphometric measurements onex vivospecimens from animal experiments.Anim al studies,however,are very cost-intensive.Furthermore,due toanincreasing focus onanimal ethic s,there has beenanongoingsearchfor alternative in vitromethods whichcancontribute toreduc ing the number of animal experiments.Consequently,this study compares aninvitromethodfor evaluating the biodegradability of novel calcium-alkali-orthophosphate ceramic particulates - by using solubility measurements - tohistomorphometric evaluationof the biodegradability of these materials by determining the decrease of particle size inhistological sections whichwer e obtainedsubsequent toimplantationinvivousingasheepmodel. Material and Methods Three novel calcium-alkali-orthophosphate ceramic bone substitute materials were studied. These materials are glassy-crystalline materials witha higher solubility thanβ-tricalcium phosphate [1-3].The compositionof these materials is rather similar, since their maincrystalline phase is the new phase Ca
<title>Performance comparison of global clock distribution networks on multichip modules based on electrical and optical interconnect technologies</title> (1995)

A high-speed low-skew system clock distribution network on a multichip module (MCM) is considered in systems perspective using system bandwidth, allowable system switching energy, number of clock signal fanout nodes supported, and the flexibility of the network structure to accommodate placement and routing requirements of various integrated circuits on MCM. Electrical H-tree networks modeled as lossless transmission lines are designed and evaluated along with guided wave optical H-tree networks. System performance analysis of optical and electrical H-tree networks on MCM suggests that optical H-tree clock distribution network has a superior capability compared to the electrical one by providing larger bandwidth, larger fanout, smaller system switching energy, and a flexible network configuration.
A 61 GHz frequency synthesizer in SiGe BiCMOS for 122 GHz FMCW radar (2016)

In this paper, a fractional-N phase-locked loop (PLL) with an integrated chirp generation circuit block for frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar systems is reported. The circuit is composed of a push-push voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a feedback divider including pre-scaler and programmable divider stages, a phase-frequency detector followed by a current steering charge pump, a sigma-delta modulator (SDM) with an 18-bit resolution, a chirp generator and a serial-peripheral-interface (SPI) for programming the chirp generator. The circuit occupies an area of 2.6 mm2, consumes 310 mW from a 3.3 V voltage supply. In integer-N mode, the PLL phase noise is better than -95 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset from 60 GHz center frequency. The rms frequency error is 134 kHz when the chirp slope is 0.4 GHz / 1.28 ms. The circuit is fabricated in a 0.13 μm SiGe BiCMOS technology. It is well suited for sub-harmonic transceiver frontend of an FMCW radar system at 122GHz and offers full programmability in ramp type, ramp duration and ramp bandwidth.
Identification and isolation of human prostate epithelial stem cells based on α2β1-integrin expression (2001)

A major impediment to our understanding of the biology of stem cells is the inability to distinguish them from their differentiating progeny. We made use of the known association of stem cells with basement membranes to isolate prostate epithelial stem cells. We show that, in vivo, putative stem cells express higher levels of the alpha(2)-integrin subunit than other cells within the basal layer. Approximately 1% of basal cells examined by confocal microscopy were integrin "bright", and these cells can be selected directly from the tissue on the basis of rapid adhesion to type I collagen. This selected population has a basal phenotype, as determined by expression of CK5 and CK14 and lack of expression of the differentiation-specific markers prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and has a fourfold greater ability to form colonies in vitro than the total basal population. These putative stem cells are distinguished from other basal cells by their ability to generate prostate-like glands in vivo with morphologic and immuno-histochemical evidence of prostate-specific differentiation. These properties are consistent with a stem cell origin. Furthermore, the presence of surface integrins on prostate stem cells suggests that these cells share common pathways with stem cells in other tissues.
Signal-to-noise ratio in chirped laser dispersion spectroscopy (2011)

Quantitative studies and experimental validation of noise sources occurring in chirped laser dispersion spectroscopy (CLaDS) are reported. Their impact on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) achievable with the CLaDS sensing method is analyzed through a noise model supported by experimental results. In particular the model shows that the SNR is optimal for a given value of the laser chirp rate. The experimental studies are conducted with a quantum cascade laser operating at 5.2 µm for the detection of nitric oxide. Optical fringing has been found to be a significant non-random source of noise and an effective reduction method that can improve the SNR is also discussed.
An Integrated Model-Driven Approach for Mechatronic Systems Testing (2012)

Mechatronic systems integrate mechanical, electrical and software subsystems. They are increasingly important in mission-critical infrastructures in different domains including automotive, healthcare, energy and transportation sectors. As such, the adequate testing and validation of such infrastructures are of prime importance. Mechatronic systems testing has been supported by different isolated industrial and research approaches including automated test infrastructures, model-based testing, and test execution engines. While these approaches have individual benefits, they are usually applied in isolation, suffering from different weaknesses. This paper reports on an integrated model-driven approach for mechatronic systems testing, where existing approaches are combined and enhanced. The result is unprecedented levels of automation and testability. We discuss the design and implementation of our approach, illustrating its use with a hybrid calculator example.
Is Climate Change Controversial? Modeling Controversy as Contention\n Within Populations (2017)

A growing body of research focuses on computationally detecting controversial\ntopics and understanding the stances people hold on them. Yet gaps remain in\nour theoretical and practical understanding of how to define controversy, how\nit manifests, and how to measure it. In this paper, we introduce a novel\nmeasure we call "contention", defined with respect to a topic and a population.\nWe model contention from a mathematical standpoint. We validate our model by\nexamining a diverse set of sources: real-world polling data sets, actual voter\ndata, and Twitter coverage on several topics. In our publicly-released Twitter\ndata set of nearly 100M tweets, we examine several topics such as Brexit, the\n2016 U.S. Elections, and "The Dress", and cross-reference them with other\nsources. We demonstrate that the contention measure holds explanatory power for\na wide variety of observed phenomena, such as controversies over climate change\nand other topics that are well within scientific consensus. Finally, we\nre-examine the notion of controversy, and present a theoretical framework that\ndefines it in terms of population. We present preliminary evidence suggesting\nthat contention is one dimension of controversy, along with others, such as\n"importance". Our new contention measure, along with the hypothesized model of\ncontroversy, suggest several avenues for future work in this emerging\ninterdisciplinary research area.\n
Extracellular phosphorylation converts pigment epithelium–derived factor from a neurotrophic to an antiangiogenic factor (2004)

The pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) belongs to the superfamily of serine protease inhibitors (serpin). There have been 2 distinct functions attributed to this factor, which can act either as a neurotrophic or as an antiangiogenic factor. Besides its localization in the eye, PEDF was recently reported to be present also in human plasma. We found that PEDF purified from plasma is a phosphoprotein, which is extracellularly phosphorylated by protein kinase CK2 (CK2) and to a lesser degree, intracellularly, by protein kinase A (PKA). CK2 phosphorylates PEDF on 2 main residues, Ser24 and Ser114, and PKA phosphorylates PEDF on one residue only, Ser227. The physiologic relevance of these phosphorylations was determined using phosphorylation site mutants. We found that both CK2 and PKA phosphorylations of PEDF markedly affect its physiologic function. The fully CK2 phosphorylation site mutant S24, 114E abolished PEDF neurotrophic activity but enhanced its antiangiogenic activity, while the PKA phosphorylation site mutant S227E reduced PEDF antiangiogenic activity. This is a novel role of extracellular phosphorylation that is shown here to completely change the nature of PEDF from a neutrophic to an antiangiogenic factor.
Noise Figure Measurement Using Mixed-Signal BIST (2007)

A built-in self-test (BIST) approach for functionality measurements, including noise figure (NF), linearity and frequency response of analog circuitry in mixed-signal systems, is presented. The BIST circuitry consists of a direct digital synthesizer (DDS) based test pattern generator (TPG) and a multiplier/accumulator based output response analyzer (ORA). The BIST approach has been implemented in hardware and used for actual NF measurements for comparison with measurements from external test equipment.
Silencing of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in plants alters abiotic stress signal transduction (2007)

Transgenic plants with reduced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) levels have broad-spectrum stress-resistant phenotypes. Both Arabidopsis thaliana and oilseed rape (Brassica napus) lines overexpressing RNA interference-PARP constructs were more resistant to various abiotic stress treatments in laboratory and greenhouse experiments without negative effects on growth, development, and seed production. This outperforming stress tolerance was initially attributed solely to a maintained energy homeostasis due to reduced NAD(+) consumption. We show that in PARP2-deficient Arabidopsis plants, the observed abiotic stress resistance can also be explained by alterations in abscisic acid levels that facilitate the induction of a wide set of defense-related genes.
Polarisation-independent configuration optical amplifier (1988)

A new polarisation independent semiconductor laser amplifier is presented. By using a regular semiconductor amplifier in a double pass configuration, polarisation independent gain is achieved. Experiments demonstrate a reduction in the gain difference between TE and TM waves from 4dB to 0.2 dB.
Biosynthetic Routes for Producing Various Fucosyl-Oligosaccharides (2019)

Fucosyl-oligosaccharides (FOSs) play physiologically important roles as prebiotics, neuronal growth factors, and inhibitors of enteropathogens. However, challenges in designed synthesis and mass production of FOSs hamper their industrial applications. Here, we report flexible biosynthetic routes to produce various FOSs, including unnatural ones, through in vitro enzymatic reactions of various sugar acceptors, such as glucose, cellobiose, and agarobiose, and GDP-l-fucose as the fucose donor by using α1,2-fucosyltransferase (FucT2). Also, the whole-cell conversion for fucosylation of various sugar acceptors by overexpressing the genes associated with GDP-l-fucose production and fucT2 gene in Escherichia coli was demonstrated by producing 17.74 g/L of 2'-fucosylgalactose (2'-FG). Prebiotic effects of 2'-FG were verified on the basis of selective fermentability of 2'-FG by probiotic bifidobacteria. These biosynthetic routes can be used to engineer industrial microorganisms for more economical, more flexible, and safer production of FOSs than chemical synthesis of FOSs.
Implementation of a Real‐time Model‐based Spray‐cooling Control System for Steel Continuous Casting (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Model and Control System Design Simulation Results Implementation at Nucor Steel Decatur Acknowledgments
Human papillomavirus type 29 (HPV-29), an HPV type cross-hybridizing with HPV-2 and with HPV-3-related types (1989)

The cloning and partial characterization of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 29 is presented. By hybridization analyses, this virus appears to be related to HPV types associated with common warts and HPV types associated with flat warts.
Theoretical study on SAW characteristics of layered structures including a diamond layer (1995)

Diamond has the highest surface acoustic wave (SAW) velocity among all materials and thus can provide much advantage for fabrication of high frequency SAW devices when it is combined with a piezoelectric thin film. Basic SAW properties of layered structures consisting of a piezoelectric material layer, a diamond layer and a substrate were examined by theoretical calculation. Rayleigh mode SAW's with large SAW velocities up to 12,000 m/s and large electro-mechanical coupling coefficients from 1 to 11% were found to propagate in ZnO/diamond/Si, LiNbO/sub 3//diamond/Si and LiTaO/sub 3//diamond/Si structures. It was also found that a SiO/sub 2//ZnO/diamond/Si structure can realize a zero temperature coefficient of frequency with a high phase velocity of 8,000-9,000 m/s and a large electro-mechanical coupling coefficient of up to 4%.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Advanced high-temperature thermal energy storage media for industrial applications (1981)

An advanced thermal energy storage media concept based on use of carbonate salt/ceramic composite materials is being developed for industrial process and reject heat applications. This paper describes the composite latent/sensible media concept and its potential advantages over state-of-the-art latent heat systems. Media stability requirements, on-going materials development efforts, and planned TES performance evaluation tests are discussed.
Compact near-eye display system using a superlens-based microlens array magnifier (2015)

This paper reports a new approach to making a very compact near-eye display (NED) using only two layers of microlens arrays (MLA) working in conjunction as a magnifying lens (MLA magnifier). The purpose of the MLA magnifier is to generate a virtual image of a display, positioned within several centimeters from the eye, at optical infinity to minimize the optical disparity between the surrounding scenery and the image on the display. Our MLA magnifier is about 2 mm thick with a system focal length of 5 mm and a total thickness of around 7 mm (excluding the thickness of the display) in non-folded optics configuration, which is much more compact in comparison to other popular NEDs such as Google Glass or Recon Instrument's Snow goggles having folded optics.
Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing With Flexible Index Modulation (2017)

After the vision and the overall objectives of future wireless networks for 2020 and beyond have been defined, standardization activities for fifth generation (5G) wireless networks have been started. Although it is expected that 5G new radio (NR) will be based on cyclicly prefixed orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM)-based waveforms along with multiple waveform numerologies, the sufficiency of CP-OFDM-based NR is quite disputable due to the continuing massive growth trend in number of wireless devices and applications. Therefore, studies on novel radio access technologies (RATs) including advanced waveforms and more flexible radio accessing schemes must continue for future wireless networks. Generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) is one of the prominent non-CP-OFDMbased waveforms. It has recently attracted significant attention in research because of its beneficial properties to fulfill the requirements of future wireless networks. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-friendliness is a key ability for a physical layer scheme to satisfactorily match the foreseen requirements of future wireless networks. On the other hand, the index modulation (IM) concept, which relies on conveying additional information bits through indices of certain transmit entities, is an emerging technique to provide better spectral and energy efficiency. In this paper, considering the advantages of non-CP-OFDMbased waveforms and the IM concept, we present a framework, which integrates GFDM with space and frequency IM schemes to provide flexible and advanced novel RATs for future wireless networks. Several MIMO-GFDM schemes are provided through the proposed framework and their bit error ratio performances, computational complexities, and spectral efficiencies are analyzed. Based on the obtained results, a guideline for selecting the proper MIMO-GFDM scheme considering target performance criterion is given. It has been demonstrated that the proposed framework has a strong potential to engineer the space-frequency structure according to channel conditions and use cases, and it provides a great flexibility that can be easily tuned to address the required performance criterion.
Advanced operational techniques and pn-pn-pn structures for high-power silicon carbide gate turn-off thyristors (2002)

SiC GTO thyristors may soon be the best available choice for very high-power switching. At this time, we have developed new operational techniques, growth requirements and pn-pn-pn type structures to address the issues of high on-state voltage, poor turn-off gain, and inability to reach predicted breakover voltages. We present these findings using experimental measurements and numerical simulations.
Deformable model-based face shape and motion estimation (2002)

We describe a model-based approach to human face shape and motion estimation using a deformable model framework in which optical flow information has been integrated. Our 3-D deformable face model uses a small number of parameters to describe a rich variety of face shapes and facial expressions. A detailed face model allows for the handling of self-occlusion and the correction of error accumulation in tracking by aligning the expected location of face features with those found in the input images. We present experiments in which we employ Kalman filtering to estimate the shape and motion of a face from image sequences of four subjects. The face is successfully tracked even in the presence of large head rotations.
Novel polyamide-imines (1988)

An account is given of tough, thermally stable linear polyimides containing amide linkages that recommend themselves for use in high temperature-resistant films and coatings as well as matrix resins for graphite-reinforced structures. Four such polymers were synthesized from unsubstituted amide diamines, and two others from N-substituted amide diamines. High inherent viscosities and glass transition temperatures were obtained. The films exhibit good resistance to organic solvents. Films of the 4,4-prime-isomer polyamide-imide yielded exceptionally high modulus and toughness during impact evaluation.
Transmission Line Identification via Impedance Inhomogeneity Pattern (2019)

This paper reports a new physical unclonable function (PUF) technology, namely, transmission line (TX-Line) PUF. We experimentally showed that using the intrinsic impedance inhomogeneity pattern, variation of characteristic impedance over distance, of any TX-Line, one can identify the TX-Line with high verification accuracy. The TX-Line PUF information can be extracted using either frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) or time domain reflectometry (TDR) methods. A coaxial cable as short as 2 cm was identified with an equal error rate (EER) of below 0.1%. The impact of TX-Line length, interrogation bandwidth, and environmental change toward the TX-Line PUF were experimentally studied. Different TX-Line PUF comparison algorithms were proposed and studied. A homodyne detection instrument was built to extract TX-Line PUF. A TDR-based PUF extraction method was also demonstrated. Twisted pair TX-Line PUF was demonstrated with similar performance as coaxial cable TX-Line PUF.
Electron emission from hafnium carbide (2010)

Summary form only given. Past research has studied single-crystal transition metal carbides operating in thermionic or field emission modes. In particular, hafnium carbide cathodes have properties making them attractive candidates for stable emission sources in moderate to good vacuum applications. The use of HfC or ZrC with a (310) orientation provides a relatively low work function emitting surface (3.4 eV) that has a very low evaporation rate, is resistant to ion bombardment and sputtering, has a high melting point (~4200 K), and has a very low surface mobility. As field emission sources they can operate at high current densities and using the mini Vogel mount can withstand many thousands of flash heating cycles. The robustness of this material has been demonstrated in field emission, photo-field, and thermionic studies.We report on field emission from (310) oriented single crystal hafnium carbide. These crystals are electrochemically etched and Vogel mounted to enable flash cleaning and operation at elevated temperatures as needed. Typical clean field emission patterns from a (100) oriented carbide emitter show four symmetrical lobes of emission corresponding to the (210) and (310) crystallographic areas. We have operated these emitters at room temperature over large ranges of pressures and compiled data on emission stability. We have achieved stable, 300 K emission for hour periods in UHV. Through use of a relatively simple analog feedback circuit we have achieved even greater stability without gas processing and have done so for pressures from UHV to 1 x 10"7 Torr. In UHV operation at 300 K these cathodes have a low energy spread making them attractive when compared to Zr/O/W Schottky sources for several applications. Recent work by others has shown the viability of using our HfC(310) as a photo-field source where the etched field emitter is driven by both a dc electric field and short laser pulses. Uses here could include sources for accelerators and to enable timeresolved imaging. HfC can be used as a large area thermal source for high total currents. For small spot sources, they can be used in FE mode where single etched emitters have operated as heated dc sources for thousands of hours at several mA of emission current. CFE sources have been shown to produce tens of mA operated in pulsed mode.
Simplified Coherent Detection Scheme for FM chirped Laser Radar (2006)

A simplified optical homodyne detection scheme for FM chirped lidar is proposed where dechirping is performed within the photodetector. The concept is validated by experiment and a comparison between coherent and direct detection is presented.