gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
One-step production of long-chain hydrocarbons from waste-biomass-derived chemicals using bi-functional heterogeneous catalysts (2014)

In this study, we demonstrate the production of long-chain hydrocarbons (C8+) from 2-methylfuran (2MF) and butanal in a single step reactive process by utilizing a bi-functional catalyst with both acid and metallic sites. Our approach utilizes a solid acid for the hydroalkylation function and as a support as well as a transition metal as hydrodeoxygenation catalyst. A series of solid acids was screened, among which MCM-41 demonstrated the best combination of activity and stability. Platinum nanoparticles were then incorporated into the MCM-41. The Pt/MCM-41 catalyst showed 96% yield for C8+ hydrocarbons and the catalytic performance was stable over four reaction cycles of 20 hour each. The reaction pathways for the production of long-chain hydrocarbons is probed with a combination of infrared spectroscopy and steady-state reaction experiments. It is proposed that 2MF and butanal go through hydroalkylation first on the acid site followed by hydrodeoxygenation to produce the hydrocarbon fuels.
Improved design optimization approach for high efficiency matching networks (2016)

Multistage matching networks are often utilized to provide voltage or current gains in applications such as wireless power transfer. Usually, each stage of a multistage matching network is designed to have a purely resistive input impedance and assumed to be loaded by a purely resistive load. This paper introduces an improved design optimization approach for multistage matching networks comprising L-section stages. The proposed design optimization approach explores the possibility of improvement in efficiency of the network by allowing intermediate stages to have complex input and load impedances. A new analytical framework is developed to determine the effective transformation ratio and efficiency of each stage for the case when input and load impedances may be complex. The method of Lagrange multipliers is used to determine the gain and impedance characteristics of each stage in the matching network that maximize overall efficiency. Compared with the conventional design approach for matching networks, the proposed approach achieves higher efficiency, resulting in loss reduction of up to 35% for a three-stage L-section matching network. The theoretical predictions are validated experimentally using a three-stage matching network designed for 10 MHz and 10 W operation.
<title>Character string detection algorithm using horizontal boundaries, and its application to a part number entry system</title> (1991)

This paper proposes a new algorithm for detecting character strings in an image containing illustrations and characters. It also describes a part number entry system that utilizes this algorithm. The algorithm detects character strings by investigating the horizontal boundaries of rectangles representing characters strings. It can be performed a high speed, and can detect characters touching an illustration. Using this algorithm, the part number entry system extracts areas of part numbers scattered among illustrations and then recognizes the. This is a software program implemented on a personal computer, and is composed of four subprograms: detection of character strings, character recognition, post-processing, and flexible user-interface for error correction.
Coherent macro porous silicon as a wick structure in an integrated microfluidic two-phase cooling system (1998)

This paper reports a new concept of building a coherent porous wick structure in planar silicon wafers for capillary pumping in Loop Heat Pipes (LHPs). By utilizing Macro Porous Silicon (MPS) fabrication technology, with pore sizes in the order of a micron, precise control of the pore dimensions of the wick is possible. In addition, by using MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) fabrication technology, LHPs can ultimately be integrated into electronic packaging systems, or indeed into the silicon microchips themselves. The MPS samples were fabricated and tested for capillary pressure and permeability. The test results closely matched the analytical models that were derived from basic physics.
"Vanishing-core" tapered coupler for interconnect applications (2009)

The "vanishing-core" tapered coupler is an all-fiber device that efficiently couples light between a standard low-numerical- aperture (NA) waveguide, such as a standard silica fiber, and a high-NA waveguide or device with a dissimilar mode field profile, such as a planar waveguide or laser diode. The coupler is comprised of a central core surrounded by a concentric secondary core for low-NA coupling on one side of the device. The central core effectively disappears on the tapered end of the device. Light escaping the "vanishing-core" at the tapered end of the fiber is confined in the secondary core by the surrounding cladding for high-NA coupling. This lens-less, low-insertion-loss solution obviates the need for a significant air gap between coupled components required in lensed fibers and thereby enables the use of index matching compounds. The all-fiber design also facilitates polarization selective and polarizing coupling and provides a path towards a high density of passively aligned interconnects.
Control of Neural Lineage Differentiation in an Alginate Encapsulation Microenvironment via Cellular Aggregation (2009)

Cell replacement therapies, which utilize renewable stem cell sources, hold tremendous potential to treat a wide range of degenerative diseases. Although many studies have established techniques to successfully differentiate stem cells into different mature cell lineages, their practicality is limited by the lack of control during the differentiation process and low yields of differentiated cells. In order to address these issues, we have previously established a murine embryonic stem cell alginate-poly-L-lysine microencapsulation differentiation system [1]. We demonstrated that ES cell differentiation could be mediated by cell-cell aggregation in the encapsulation microenvironment. We have demonstrated that both cell aggregation and hepatocyte functions, such as urea and albumin secretions, as well as increased expression of cytokeratin 18 and cyp4507a, occur concomitantly with surface E-cadherin expression [2]. In the present studies, we assessed the feasibility of inducing neuronal lineage differentiation in the alginate microenvironment by incorporating soluble inducers, such as retinoic acid, into the permeable microcapsule system. We demonstrated decreased cell aggregation and enhanced neuronal lineage differentiation with the expression of various neuronal specific markers, including neurofilament, A2B5, O1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In addition, we demonstrated that, by blocking the cell aggregation using anti-E-cadherin antibody, encapsulated cells increased neuronal marker expression at a later stage of the encapsulation, even in the absence of retinoic acid. In conjunction with the mechanical and physical characterizations of the alginate crosslinking network, we show that 2.2% alginate concentration is most conducive to neuronal differentiation from embryonic stem cells in the presence of retinoic acid.
Discovery of MK-1462: GLP-1 and Glucagon Receptor Dual Agonist for the Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes (2022)

Peptide-based analogues of the gut-derived incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), stimulate insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. Currently marketed GLP1 receptor (GLP1R) agonists are safe and effective in the management of Type 2 diabetes but often offer only modest weight loss. This has prompted the search for safe and effective alternatives to enhance the weight loss component of these treatments. We have demonstrated that concomitant activation GLP1R and the glucagon receptor (GCGR) can improve glucose metabolism and provide superior weight loss when compared to selective GLP1R agonism in preclinical species. This paper will highlight chemistry structure-activity relationship optimization and summarize in vivo efficacy studies toward the discovery of a once daily balanced dual agonist <b>12</b> (MK-1462), which was advanced into clinical trials.
A smooth optical superlens (2010)

We demonstrate a smooth and low loss silver (Ag) optical superlens capable of resolving features at 1/12th of the illumination wavelength with high fidelity. This is made possible by utilizing state-of-the-art nanoimprint technology and intermediate wetting layer of germanium (Ge) for the growth of flat silver films with surface roughness at subnanometer scales. Our measurement of the resolved lines of 30 nm half-pitch shows a full-width at half-maximum better than 37 nm, in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. The development of this unique optical superlens leads promise to parallel imaging and nanofabrication in a single snapshot.
Denoising of Monte Carlo dose distributions (2002)

The Monte Carlo (MC) method has long been viewed as the ultimate dose distribution computational technique, due to its capability of realistically accounting for underlying physical processes and anatomical information. The inherent stochastic fluctuations (i.e., noise) in the resulting dose distributions, however, have several important effects: noise will affect estimations of all the relevant dosimetric and radiobiological indices; noise degrades the resulting visualizations, e.g. isodose plots, which are used to guide treatment planning; and the noise level dictates the computation time. We ask the question whether it is feasible to introduce a post-processing step which reduces statistical fluctuations in the MC dose distribution. We call this process denoising. It may also be referred to as filtering or smoothing. We present a few limited results for a homogeneous and a step-heterogeneity phantom. Our initial investigations support the hypothesis that denoising of MC dose distributions is, to some degree, feasible.
Mitigating server-side congestion in the Internet through pseudoserving (1999)

Server-side congestion arises when a large number of users wish to retrieve files from a server over a short period of time. Under such conditions, users are in a unique position to benefit enormously by sharing retrieved files. Pseudoserving, a new paradigm for Internet access, provides incentives for users to contribute to the speedy dissemination of server files through a contract set by a "superserver". Under this contract, the superserver grants a user a referral to where a copy of the requested file may be retrieved in exchange for the user's assurance to serve other users for a specified period of time. Simulations that consider only network congestion occurring near the server show that: (1) pseudoserving is effective because it self-scales to handle very high request rates; (2) pseudoserving is feasible because a user who participates as a pseudoserver benefits enormously in return for a relatively small contribution of the user's resources; (3) pseudoserving is robust under realistic user behavior because it can tolerate a large percentage of contract breaches; and (4) pseudoserving can exploit locality to reduce usage of network resources. Experiments performed on a local area network that account for the processing of additional layers of protocols and the finite processing and storage capacities of the server and the clients, corroborate the simulation results. They also demonstrate the benefits of exploiting network locality in reducing download times and network traffic while making referrals to a pseudoserver. Limitations of pseudoserving and potential solutions to them are also discussed.
Assymetric Nano‐objects: True Bulk Synthesis of Janus Objects by Bipolar Electrochemistry (Adv. Mater. 37/2012) (2012)

Janus particles are synthesized in a straightforward way based on a bulk phase reaction. As reported by Alexander Kuhn and co-workers on page 5111, the developed method leads to selective modification of one side of conducting micro- and nano-objects with a well-defined metal or metal halide layer. The described reactor allows scaling-up the production of such asymmetric particles, which are of interest for a wide variety of potential applications, ranging from electronic paper to catalysis.
An Online Multi-lidar Dynamic Occupancy Mapping Method. (2019)

Occupancy maps offer a useful representation of the environment for applications in automated driving and robotics. If created from 3D lidar scanners, they can be very accurate. Traditional static occupancy mapping methods are not able to represent a changing environment. In this paper, we present a novel dynamic occupancy mapping (DOM) algorithm. Inspired by the phase congruency idea from computer vision, it has an intuitive formulation and yet is effective in practice. In addition, our framework provides solutions to several common challenges during occupancy mapping, such as multi-lidar fusion and ground estimation. Finally, we use several experiments to quantitatively evaluate the quality of DOM's output and our algorithm runs in real-time (10Hz).
Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of isopenicillin N synthetase genes from Streptomyces lipmanii and Aspergillus nidulans (1988)

beta-Lactam antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins are synthesized by a wide variety of microbes, including procaryotes and eucaryotes. Isopenicillin N synthetase catalyzes a key reaction in the biosynthetic pathway of penicillins and cephalosporins. The genes encoding this protein have previously been cloned from the filamentous fungi Cephalosporium acremonium and Penicillium chrysogenum and characterized. We have extended our analysis to the isopenicillin N synthetase genes from the fungus Aspergillus nidulans and the gram-positive procaryote Streptomyces lipmanii. The isopenicillin N synthetase genes from these organisms have been cloned and sequenced, and the proteins encoded by the open reading frames were expressed in Escherichia coli. Active isopenicillin N synthetase enzyme was recovered from extracts of E. coli cells prepared from cells containing each of the genes in expression vectors. The four isopenicillin N synthetase genes studied are closely related. Pairwise comparison of the DNA sequences showed between 62.5 and 75.7% identity; comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences showed between 53.9 and 80.6% identity. The close homology of the procaryotic and eucaryotic isopenicillin N synthetase genes suggests horizontal transfer of the genes during evolution.
P-order metric UWB receiver structures with superior performance (2008)

The generalized Gaussian probability density function is shown to better approximate the probability density function of the multiple access interference in ultra-wide bandwidth systems than the Gaussian approximation and the Laplacian density approximation. Two ultra-wide bandwidth receiver structures based on this new approximation using a p-order metric receiver decision statistic are investigated for the detection of time-hopping ultra-wide bandwidth wireless signals in multiple access interference channels. The first receiver outperforms both the conventional matched filter ultra-wide bandwidth receiver and the soft-limiting ultra-wide bandwidth receiver when only multiple access interference is present in UWB channels. The second new receiver with adaptive limiting threshold outperforms the conventional matched filter ultra-wide bandwidth receiver, the soft-limiting ultra-wide bandwidth receiver, and the adaptive threshold soft limiting ultra-wide bandwidth receiver in all multiple access interference-plus-noise environments. In multipath channels, a new Rake receiver based on the porder metric receiver is proposed for signal detection. Mathematical analysis and numerical results show that this new Rake receiver can achieve larger signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio than the standard matched filter Rake receiver when multipath components are resolvable in UWB channels.
<title>Novel 3D stereoscopic imaging technology</title> (1994)

Numerous 3-D stereoscopic techniques have been explored. These previous techniques have had shortcomings precluding them from making stereoscopic imaging pervasive in mainstream applications. In the last decade, several enabling technologies have emerged and have become available and affordable. They make it possible now to realize the near-ideal stereoscopic imaging technology that can be made available to the masses making possible the inevitable transition from flat imaging to stereoscopic imaging. The ideal stereoscopic technology must meet four important criteria: (1) high stereoscopic image quality; (2) affordability; (3) compatibility with existing infrastructure, e.g., NTSC video, PC, and other devices; and (4) general purpose characteristics, e.g., the ability to produce electronic displays, hard-copy printing and capturing stereoscopic images on film and stored electronically. In section 2, an overview of prior art technologies is given highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. In section 3, the novel (mu) Pol<SUP>TM</SUP> stereoscopic technology is described making the case that it meets the four criteria for realizing the inevitable transition from flat to stereoscopic imaging for mass applications.
Stable room temperature magnetic graphite (2004)

Carbon materials are attracting increasing attention due to the novelty of the associated physical properties and the potential applications in high-tech devices. The possibility to achieve outstanding properties in macroscopic carbon materials opens up a profusion of new striking applications. Magnetic properties induced by defects on graphite structures, such as pores, edges of the planes and topological defects, have been theoretically predicted. The possible coexistence of sp3 and sp2 bonds have been also invoked to predict this behavior (for a review, see ref. 1). Some reports have proved the existence of weak ferromagnetic-like magnetization loops in highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) (ref. 2-3). Very recently two reports showed that the existence of ferromagnetism in pure carbon is unambiguously possible (ref. 4-5). Here we report on a novel and inexpensive chemical route consistent in a controlled etching on the graphite structure to obtain macroscopic amounts of magnetic pure graphite. This material has a strong magnetic response even at room temperature where it can be attracted by a commercial magnet and would be the experimental confirmation for the defect induced magnetism previously predicted.
Boll Weevils1 are Attracted to Volatile Oils from Cotton Plants (1977)

Journal Article Boll Weevils are Attracted to Volatile Oils from Cotton Plants Get access G. H. McKibben, G. H. McKibben Boll Weevil Research Laboratory, Agric. Res. Serv., USDA, Mississippi State, MS 39762 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar E. B. Mitchell, E. B. Mitchell Boll Weevil Research Laboratory, Agric. Res. Serv., USDA, Mississippi State, MS 39762 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar W. P. Scott, W. P. Scott Boll Weevil Research Laboratory, Agric. Res. Serv., USDA, Mississippi State, MS 39762 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar P. A. Hedin P. A. Hedin 2 3 Boll Weevil Research Laboratory, Agric. Res. Serv., USDA, Mississippi State, MS 39762 2In cooperation with the Mississippi Agricultural and forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State, MS 39762. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Environmental Entomology, Volume 6, Issue 6, 1 December 1977, Pages 804–806, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/6.6.804 Published: 01 December 1977 Article history Received: 14 April 1977 Published: 01 December 1977
Teaching ‘Old’ Polymyxins New Tricks: New-Generation Lipopeptides Targeting Gram-Negative ‘Superbugs’ (2014)

The antimicrobial lipopeptides polymyxin B and E (colistin) are being used as a 'last-line' therapy for infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Polymyxin resistance implies a total lack of antibiotics for the treatment of life-threatening infections caused by the Gram-negative 'superbugs'. This report details the structure-activity relationships (SAR) based design, in toto synthesis, and preclinical evaluation of a series of novel polymyxin lipopeptides with better antibacterial activity against polymyxin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.
An overview of spectrum sensing for harmonic radar (2016)

Harmonic radar is an exciting technology for the detection and ranging of nonlinear targets. The advantage of harmonic radar is that it can separate linear clutter from the harmonic target response. Possible disadvantages of harmonic radar include the need for highly sensitive receiver components, which can result in degraded performance in the presence of radio frequency interference (RFI). The authors have previously investigated multiple spectrum sensing techniques for harmonic radar. In this paper, an overview of these techniques are presented. These techniques mitigate the impact of RFI on harmonic radar performance, require a low computational complexity so that an up-to-date measure of the RFI is known, and are applicable to multiple radar types.
Automatic continuous online monitoring of polymerization reactions (ACOMP) (2007)

Abstract A brief overview of the principles and associated instrumentation used to monitor polymerization reactions by automatic continuous online monitoring of polymerization reactions (ACOMP) is presented. ACOMP can be used as an analytical method in R&D, as a tool for reaction optimization at the bench and pilot plant level and, eventually, for feedback control of full‐scale reactors. ACOMP measures in a model‐independent fashion the evolution of average molar mass and intrinsic viscosity, monomer conversion kinetics and, in the case of copolymers, also the average composition drift and distribution. A summary of areas of ACOMP application is given, which include free radical and controlled radical homo‐ and copolymerization, polyelectrolyte synthesis, heterogeneous phase reactions, including emulsion polymerization, adaptation to batch and continuous reactors, and modifications of polymers. Finally, a brief sketch of two novel complementary methods is given: automatic continuous mixing (ACM) and simultaneous multiple sample light scattering (SMSLS). Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Mining tags using social endorsement networks (2011)

Entities on social systems, such as users on Twitter, and images on Flickr, are at the core of many interesting applications: they can be ranked in search results, recommended to users, or used in contextual advertising. Such applications assume knowledge of an entity's nature and characteristic attributes. An effective way to encode such knowledge is in the form of tags. An untagged entity is practically inaccessible, since it is hard to retrieve or interact with. To address this, some platforms allow users to manually tag entities. However,while such tags can be informative, they can oftentimes be inadequate, trivial, ambiguous, or even plain false. Numerous automated tagging methods have been proposed to address these issues. However,most of them require pre-existing high-quality tags or descriptive texts for every entity that needs to be tagged. In our work, we propose a method based on social endorsements that is free from such constraints.