gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Error Characterization and Coding Schemes for (2010)

In this work, we use an extensive empirical database of errors induced by write, read, and erase operations to de- velop a comprehensive understanding of the error behavior of flash memories. Error characterization of MLC and SLC flash is given on the block, page, and bit level. Based on our error characterization in MLC flash, we propose an error-correcting scheme which outperforms the conventional BCH code. We com- pare several schemes which use an MLC block as an SLC block. Finally, an implementation of two-write WOM-codes in SLC flash is given as well as the BER for the first and second write. I. INTRODUCTION
Carbon dioxide detection by surface plasmon resonance with ionic liquid (2012)

We propose a carbon dioxide (CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) gas sensor using an SPR (surface plasmon resonance) sensing scheme with an ionic liquid. In this study, we used [EMIM][BF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> ] as an ionic liquid. The permittivity of the liquid increased when it absorbs CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> gas. This permittivity change was detected by the SPR sensing scheme. We confirmed that our proposed sensor was able to measure CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> gas with a concentration as low as 700 ppm.
Modeled and experimental results of an omnidirectional free-space optical receiver architecture (2017)

Free-space optical (FSO) communications provide point-to-point connectivity while offering many advantages in size, weight, and power as compared to radio frequency. It has the potential to provide fiber-optic data rates without the need for lengthy fiber cables. Omnidirectional FSO, also known as O-FSO systems, provide a non-line-of-sight option for data communications. They are gaining popularity in short-distance networks. Most existing O-FSO links range from 1 to 100 m and present experimental/simulated data rates ranging between 5 kb/s and 1 Mb/s. A 2.5-Gb/s O-FSO system was recently reported with a range of 25 cm. This paper employs a fiber bundle as an O-FSO receiver. The energy collected by the receiver is related to the acceptance cone of each fiber. The fiber bundle integrates the optical power gathered by the individual fibers and couples it to the photodetector. Experimental data rates approaching 100 kb/s over a meter long system are presented, whereas simulated results support a data rate up to 52 Mb/s for distances approaching a kilometer. Theoretical and experimental optical power versus range is also presented for the proposed O-FSO architecture, using on-off keying.
Integrated simulation combining process-driven and event-driven models (2011)

A simulation framework that integrates process-driven and event-driven approaches offers a powerful combination of tools to the modeller. In process-driven simulation models, the system can be represented by block diagrams or system networks through which entities flow to mimic real-life system objects. In event-driven models, the system can be represented by event graphs, which focus on the abstraction of the event rather than on observable physical entities. In this research, a simulation environment is proposed that integrates both the approaches, that is, process and event. One of the main outcomes of working in such an environment is that modellers can manage the complexity of large models based on real-world systems through process orientation, while retaining the control over the attributes, variables and the logic through event orientation. Discrete event simulation is often taught to students at either the event level or the process level. A simulation tool that effectively preserves both levels would be helpful in more effectively educating future simulation modellers.
Synthesis and Oxidation Behavior of Nanocrystalline MCrAlY Bond Coats (2003)

Abstract Thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems protect turbine blades against high-temperature corrosion and oxidation. They consist of a metal bond coat (MCrAlY, M = Ni, Co) and a ceramic top layer (ZrO2/Y2O3). In this work the oxidation behavior of conventional and nanostructured HVOF NiCrAlY coatings has been compared. Commercially available NiCrAlY powder was mechanically cryomilled and HVOF sprayed on a nickel alloy foil to form a nanocrystalline coating. Free-standing bodies of conventional and nanostructured HVOF NiCrAlY coatings were oxidized at a 1000°C for different time periods in order to form the thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer. The experiments show an improvement in oxidation resistance in the nanostructured coating when compared to that of the conventional one. This behavior is a result of the formation of a continuous Al2O3 layer on the top surface of the nanostructured HVOF NiCrAlY coating. This layer protects the coating from further oxidation and avoids the formation of mixed oxide protrusions present in the conventional coating.
<title>Mosaic construction, processing, and review of very large electron micrograph composites</title> (1996)

A system of programs is described for acquisition, mosaicking, cueing and interactive review of large-scale transmission electron micrograph composite images. This work was carried out as part of a final-phase clinical analysis study of a drug for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. MOre than 500 nerve biopsy samples were prepared, digitally imaged, processed, and reviewed. For a given sample, typically 1000 or more 1.5 megabyte frames were acquired, for a total of between 1 and 2 gigabytes of data per sample. These frames were then automatically registered and mosaicked together into a single virtual image composite, which was subsequently used to perform automatic cueing of axons and axon clusters, as well as review and marking by qualified neuroanatomists. Statistics derived from the review process were used to evaluate the efficacy of the drug in promoting regeneration of myelinated nerve fibers. This effort demonstrates a new, entirely digital capability for doing large-scale electron micrograph studies, in which all of the relevant specimen data can be included at high magnification, as opposed to simply taking a random sample of discrete locations. It opens up the possibility of a new era in electron microscopy--one which broadens the scope of questions that this imaging modality can be used to answer.
Immunochromatographic Gold-Based Test Strip for Rapid Detection of <i>Infectious Bursal Disease Virus</i> Antibodies (2011)

The immunochromatographic assay is an alternative method for simple and rapid detection of Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in chickens using colloidal gold-antibody conjugate. The whole-virus antigen of IBDV (UPM04190 isolate) and the high-affinity polyclonal antibodies directed against IBDV were blotted onto nitrocellulose membranes for test and control lines, respectively. Evaluation of the strip was performed using serum samples from experimentally and naturally infected chickens. The results showed that the test strip was more sensitive than the commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) because it could detect a dilution factor up to 120,000 (250 ELISA units) for positive samples. It was also specific, in that it detected IBDV antibodies and did not cross-react with antibodies to other chicken viruses. The method was rapid (2 min) in both clinical and field environments with samples needing only a minimum amount (50 µl) of blood to produce an acceptable detection signal. The pen-site test strip proved successful in monitoring the immune status of chickens against the IBDV infection.
Control and Management of Multiple RATs in Wireless Networks: An SDN Approach (2018)

Telecom operators are using a variety of Radio Access Technologies (RATs) for providing services to mobile subscribers. This development has emphasized the requirement for unified control and management of diverse RATs. Although multiple RATs co-exist within today's cellular networks, each RAT is controlled by a set of different entities. This may lead to suboptimal utilization of the overall network resources. In this article, we review various architectures for multi-RAT control proposed by both industry and academia. We also propose a novel SDN based network architecture for end-to-end control and management of diverse RATs. The architecture is scalable and provides a framework for improved network performance over the present day architecture and proposals in existing literature. Our architecture also provides a framework for deployment of applications in a RAT agnostic fashion. It facilitates network slicing and enables the provision of Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees to the end user. We have also developed an evaluation platform based on ns-3 to evaluate the performance offered by the architecture. Experimental results obtained using the platform demonstrate the benefits provided by our architecture.
Segregation of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus into Genotypes (1994)

Isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were segregated into two groups based on comparison of sequences from the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the viral genome. Phylogenic analysis suggested that these groups, termed BVDV I and BVDV II, are as different from each other as reference BVDV (BVDV-NADL, BVDV-SD-1, BVDV-Osloss) are from hog cholera virus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, based on the 5' untranslated region and the genomic region coding for the p125 polypeptide, were designed to differentiate between BVDV I and BVDV II. Using these tests, 76 of 140 isolates of BVDV were identified as BVDV II. Antigenic and pathologic differences were noted between BVDV I and BVDV II viruses. Among BVDV I were viruses commonly used in vaccine production, diagnostic tests, and research. BVDV II was isolated predominantly from fetal bovine sera, persistently infected calves born to dams vaccinated against BVDV, and cattle that had died from an acute form of BVDV termed hemorrhagic syndrome.
Missense mutations in the catalase‐peroxidase gene, <i>katG</i>, are associated with isoniazid resistance in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (1995)

The toxicity of the powerful anti-tuberculosis drug isoniazid (INH) is believed to be mediated by the haem-containing enzyme catalase-peroxidase, encoded by the katG gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Compelling evidence for this was obtained by studying a panel of INH-resistant clinical isolates using a novel strategy based on the polymerase chain reaction and single-strand-conformation polymorphism analysis (PCR-SSCP) to detect mutations in katG. In most cases INH resistance was associated with missense mutations while in a small number of strains the gene had been completely, or partially, deleted. The missense mutations fell into two groups, the larger of which contained several independent mutations that affected the N-terminal peroxidase domain of the protein, resulting in the production of a catalase peroxidase with strongly reduced enzyme activity and increased heat liability. The effects of these substitutions could be interpreted by means of molecular modelling using the crystal structure of the related enzyme cytochrome c peroxidase from yeast as a template. The second group comprises a frequently occurring amino acid substitution and a single mutation that are both located in the C-terminal domain but do not noticeably alter either enzyme activity or heat stability.
Detection of Malaria Parasites in Blood by Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry (2002)

A novel method for the in vitro detection of the protozoan Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, has been developed. It comprises a protocol for cleanup of whole blood samples, followed by direct ultraviolet laser desorption (LD) time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Intense ion signals are observed from intact ferriprotoporphyrin IX (heme), sequestered by malaria parasites during their growth in human red blood cells. The LD mass spectrum of the heme is structure-specific, and the signal intensities are correlated with the sample parasitemia (number of parasites per unit volume of blood). Parasitemia levels on the order of 10 parasites/microL blood can be unambiguously detected by this method. Consideration of laser beam parameters (spot size, rastering across the sample surface) and actual sample consumption suggests that the detection limits can be further improved by at least an order of magnitude. The influence of experimental factors, such as desorbed ion polarity, laser exposure and fluence, sample size, and parasite growth stage, on the threshold for parasite detection is also addressed.
Hyperpolarized [1,3‐<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub>]ethyl acetoacetate is a novel diagnostic metabolic marker of liver cancer (2014)

An increased prevalence of liver diseases such as hepatitis C and nonalcoholic fatty liver results in an augmented incidence of the most common form of liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is most often found in the cirrhotic liver and it can therefore be challenging to rely on anatomical information alone when diagnosing HCC. Valuable information on specific cellular metabolism can be obtained with high sensitivity thanks to an emerging magnetic resonance (MR) technique that uses 13 C labeled hyperpolarized molecules. Our interest was to explore potential new high contrast metabolic markers of HCC using hyperpolarized 13 C‐MR. This work led to the identification of a class of substrates, low molecular weight ethyl‐esters, which showed high specificity for carboxyl esterases and proved in many cases to possess good properties for signal enhancement. In particular, hyperpolarized [1,3‐ 13 C 2 ]ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) was shown to provide a metabolic fingerprint of HCC. Using this substrate a liver cancer implanted in rats was diagnosed as a consequence of an ∼4 times higher metabolic substrate‐to‐product ratio than in the surrounding healthy tissue, ( p = 0.009). Unregulated cellular uptake as well as cosubstrate independent enzymatic conversion of EAA, made this substrate highly useful as a hyperpolarized 13 C‐MR marker. This could be appreciated by the signal‐to‐noise (SNR) obtained from EAA, which was comparable to the SNR reported in a literature liver cancer study with state‐of‐the‐art hyperpolarized substrate, [1‐ 13 C]pyruvate. Also, the contrast‐to‐noise (CNR) in the EAA based metabolic ratio images was significantly improved compared with the CNR in equivalent images reported using [1‐ 13 C]pyruvate.
A 2m Quasi-Wireless Capacitive Power Transfer (CPT) System Using Earth Ground as the Current-Returning Path (2019)

This paper proposes a quasi-wireless capacitive power transfer system to achieve long-distance power transfer. Compared to the conventional four-plate CPT system, the proposed quasi-wireless system only requires two metal plates, and the other two plates are replaced by the earth ground, which provides a current-returning path. In long-distance power transfer applications, the coupling capacitances between plates are affected by the appearance of the earth ground, which are analyzed by the method of mirror images. Based on the circuit model of the coupler, a double-sided LC compensation circuit is used to realize a long-distance and loosely-coupled CPT system. Its output properties, including output power and efficiency, are presented in detail. Two 0.91m×0.91m aluminum plates are used to implement the proposed two-plate system. Experimental results show that the prototype can realize 216.5W power transfer with 52.2% dc-dc efficiency at an air-gap distance of 2.0m. When the distance is 1.5m, the efficiency can reach 67%, and when the distance increases to 2.5m, the system can still maintain an efficiency of 20%.
Boosting radiotherapy dose calculation accuracy with deep learning (2020)

In radiotherapy, a trade-off exists between computational workload/speed and dose calculation accuracy. Calculation methods like pencil-beam convolution can be much faster than Monte-Carlo methods, but less accurate. The dose difference, mostly caused by inhomogeneities and electronic disequilibrium, is highly correlated with the dose distribution and the underlying anatomical tissue density. We hypothesize that a conversion scheme can be established to boost low-accuracy doses to high-accuracy, using intensity information obtained from computed tomography (CT) images. A deep learning-driven framework was developed to test the hypothesis by converting between two commercially available dose calculation methods: Anisotropic analytic algorithm (AAA) and Acuros XB (AXB). A hierarchically dense U-Net model was developed to boost the accuracy of AAA dose toward the AXB level. The network contained multiple layers of varying feature sizes to learn their dose differences, in relationship to CT, both locally and globally. Anisotropic analytic algorithm and AXB doses were calculated in pairs for 120 lung radiotherapy plans covering various treatment techniques, beam energies, tumor locations, and dose levels. For each case, the CT and the AAA dose were used as the input and the AXB dose as the "ground-truth" output, to train and test the model. The mean squared errors (MSEs) and gamma passing rates (2 mm/2% & 1 mm/1%) were calculated between the boosted AAA doses and the "ground-truth" AXB doses. The boosted AAA doses demonstrated substantially improved match to the "ground-truth" AXB doses, with average (± s.d.) gamma passing rate (1 mm/1%) 97.6% (±2.4%) compared to 87.8% (±9.0%) of the original AAA doses. The corresponding average MSE was 0.11(±0.05) vs 0.31(±0.21). Deep learning is able to capture the differences between dose calculation algorithms to boost the low-accuracy algorithms. By combining a less accurate dose calculation algorithm with a trained deep learning model, dose calculation can potentially achieve both high accuracy and efficiency.
Nonhysteretic behavior inside the hysteresis loop of VO2 and its possible application in infrared imaging (2009)

In the resistive phase transition in VO2, temperature excursions taken from points on the major hysteresis loop produce minor loops. For sufficiently small excursions these minor loops degenerate into single-valued, nonhysteretic branches (NHBs) linear in log(ρ) versus T and having essentially the same or even higher temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) as the semiconducting phase at room temperature. We explain this behavior based on the microscopic picture of percolating phases. Similar short NHBs are found in otherwise hysteretic optical reflectivity. We discuss the opportunities NHBs present for infrared imaging technology based on resistive microbolometers. It is possible to choose a NHB with 102–103 times smaller resistivity than in a pure semiconducting phase, thus providing a microbolometer operating without hysteresis, with low tunable resistivity, and high TCR. Unique features of the proposed method and projected figures of merit are discussed in the context of uncooled focal plane array IR visualization technology.
Novel nighttime application of PV solar farms as STATCOM (PV-STATCOM) (2012)

Photovoltaic solar farms generate power only during daytime and remain completely idle during the nights. This paper presents a novel technology of utilizing Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Farms in the nighttime. New controls are developed for the solar farm inverters to operate as STATCOM - a Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) Controller, using the entire inverter capacity in the night for accomplishing various power system objectives, such as voltage regulation, improvement of power transfer capacity, load compensation, etc. During the daytime, the same objectives can be achieved to a substantial degree with the inverter capacity remaining after real power generation. This technology is termed PV-STATCOM. Two novel applications of solar farms operating as PV-STATCOM in realistic transmission and distribution systems are presented in this paper. These are : i) Improving power transfer capacity of transmission lines.; and ii) Increasing the connectivity of neighbouring wind farms.
Further Studies on in vitro and in vivo Assays of Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus (HEV) (1987)

Isolation of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) from spleens of infected turkeys in the MDTC-RP19 lymphoblastoid cell line was compared with detection of HEV antigen in the same spleens using the agar gel precipitation (AGP) test. A concordance of 80% was found between the two assays. Virus isolation had a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 88% compared with the AGP test. RP19 cells were also susceptible to infection with several other avian adenoviruses, but such infection was easily differentiated from that of HEV by a fluorescent-antibody (FA) test. Turkeys required 10(2) tissue-culture-infectious doses (TCID) to develop HE-specific lesions and 10(5) TCID to be killed. On the other hand, as little as 10 TCID of apathogenic HEV protected the poults against challenge with virulent HEV. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of HEV antibody was improved by using virus-infected RP19 cells as antigen. The ELISA appears to be more sensitive than the serum-neutralization test.
Sidelobe suppression techniques for laser diode arrays (1986)

Evanescent coupling, interconnected Y waveguides, and external cavities have been used to phase lock arrays of lasers into a coherent ensemble. The amount of energy which is coupled into the central far-field lobe is determined by the phases of the individual lasers as well as the array fill factor. This paper describes several optical methods for combining the energy of the individual laser sources into a single far-field lobe with high efficiency. One technique uses specially designed holographic diffraction gratings to couple more than 80% of the energy into the central far-field lobe independent of the array fill factor. A second technique uses a phase retarding aperture and a phase corrector plate to convert an array of low fill factor into one with an apparent fill factor of 100%. In this case, the energy from the side-lobes is effectively channeled into the central lobe. Several variations of these techniques are presented, as well as extensions to 2-D arrays.
Quantitative Analysis of Conjugated Dienes in Hydrocarbon Feeds and Products (2005)

We report a new method for the detailed speciation and quantification of low levels of conjugated dienes (diolefins) in complex hydrocarbon matrixes, such as steam-cracked naphthas, catalytically cracked naphthas, and heavy coker naphthas. Conjugated dienes are responsible for hydrocarbon polymerization (fouling) in various refinery processes. Until now, complete analysis of conjugated dienes, particularly C6+ conjugated dienes, was almost impossible, because of their low concentrations and severe matrix interference. Here, we show that selective derivatization of conjugated dienes with MTAD, in combination with gas chromatography−chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC/CIMS) and gas chromatography−nitrogen chemiluminescence detection (GC/NCD) can be used to analyze the total conjugated dienes (up to C10) in various hydrocarbon matrixes quantitatively.