gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Reinforcement-Learning Approach to Failure-Detection Scheduling (2007)

A failure-detection scheduler for an online production system must strike a tradeoff between performance and reliability. If failure-detection processes are run too frequently, valuable system resources are spent checking and rechecking for failures. However, if failure-detection processes are run too rarely, a failure can remain undetected for a long time. In both cases, system performability suffers. We present a model-based learning approach that estimates the failure rate and then performs an optimization to find the tradeoff that maximizes system performability. We show that our approach is not only theoretically sound but practically effective, and we demonstrate its use in an implemented automated deadlock-detection system for Java.
Evaluation of Potentially Predictive Markers for Anti-Angiogenic Therapy with Sunitinib in Recurrent Ovarian Cancer Patients (2013)

INTRODUCTION: In ovarian cancer, new therapeutic strategies are needed because the vast majority of patients develop a recurrence and resistance to platinum derivates. Attached to the AGO-OVAR2.11 study investigating the multityrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib in recurrent platinum refractory ovarian cancers, this translational research project assesses the potential value of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), soluble VEGF receptor-3 (sVEGFR-3), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) levels for progression-free survival (PFS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Longitudinal serum samples were taken while the patient was on study drugs. Serum concentration of VEGF, sVEGFR-3, and Ang-2 was determined by ELISA. The slope of the markers was correlated to the PFS. RESULTS: Patients showing a decrease in VEGF concentration had a median PFS of 10.5 months [confidence interval (CI), 2.89–12.25] compared to 2.9 months (CI, 1.48–5.32) in the case of an increase (P = .17). The stratified log-rank test showed a trend for longer PFS if a decrease of Ang-2 was observed (P = .089). Dichotomized in absolute decrease or increase, the PFS was 8.4 months (CI, 2.89–12.26) versus 2.7 months (CI, 1.05–5.32), respectively. Patients with a reduction of the sVEGFR-3 concentration had a median PFS of 4.76 months (CI 2.86–10.65) versus 8.61 months (CI, 1.05-not estimable) in patients with an increase of sVEGFR-3. This observation was statistically not significant in the log-rank test (P = .81). CONCLUSION: Ang-2 could potentially identify a patient population that might have a better PFS when under anti-angiogenic treatment, like the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib.
The Impact of Product and Reward Types in Reward-Based Crowdfunding (2021)

This article explores the impact of different types of products and rewards on the amount of funds raised in reward-based crowdfunding (RBCF). Specifically, we have analyzed two different product types, i.e., based on individual ownership or temporary use, and four types of rewards, i.e., prototype, branded promotional item, special edition, and discount. Results of a within-subject survey-based experiment indicate that individual ownership products obtain more funds than temporary use products. In addition, depending on the product type, some rewards are more effective in attracting funds from backers. These outcomes extend the application of Signaling Theory in the context of RBCF, as backers respond to multiple signals connected to both product and reward types because they are related to the likelihood of project realization, and of Self-Determination Theory, as backers are nonprofessionals and contribute their money mainly for the satisfaction of supporting what they consider valuable entrepreneurial projects. The findings of this article advance the scientific understanding of RBCF and provide advice for entrepreneurs on how to properly craft their call for money depending on the type of product proposed to the crowd.
Nonparametric estimation of large covariance matrices of longitudinal data (2003)

Journal Article Nonparametric estimation of large covariance matrices of longitudinal data Get access Wei Biao Wu, Wei Biao Wu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mohsen Pourahmadi Mohsen Pourahmadi Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Biometrika, Volume 90, Issue 4, December 2003, Pages 831–844, https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/90.4.831 Published: 01 December 2003
Mixture reduction algorithms for target tracking (1989)

The paper is concerned with the development of practical filters for tracking a target when the origin of sensor measurements is uncertain. The full Bayesian solution to this problem gives rise to mixture distributions. From knowledge of the mixture distribution, in principle, an optimal estimate of the state vector for any criteria may be obtained. Also, if the problem is linear and Gaussian, the distribution becomes a Gaussian mixture in which each component probability density function is given by a Kalman filter. The author only considers this case. The methods presented are based on the premise that the number of mixture components should be minimized without modifying the 'structure' of the distribution beyond a specified limit. The techniques operate by merging similar components in such a way that the approximation preserves the mean and covariance of the original mixture. Also to allow the tracking filter to be implemented as a bank of Kalman filters, it is required that the approximated distribution is itself a Gaussian mixture.
Handwritten ZIP code recognition (2002)

The encoding of delivery point code (DPC) for a handwritten address is one of the most complex problems of the US mail delivery automation. This paper describes a real-time system intended to recognize the 5-digit ZIP code part of DPC. To increase the system performance the results of ZIP code recognition are cross-validated with those of city and state name recognition. The main principles of the handwritten word recognizer which provide the core of the system are explained. The system throughput is 40,000 address blocks per hour. Experimental results on live mail pieces are presented. The ZIP code recognition rate is 73% with 1% error rate.
Temporal search (2006)

Worms, viruses, and other malware can be ticking bombs counting down to a specific time, when they might, for example, delete files or download new instructions from a public web server. We propose a novel virtual-machine-based analysis technique to automatically discover the timetable of a piece of malware, or when events will be triggered, so that other types of analysis can discern what those events are. This information can be invaluable for responding to rapid malware, and automating its discovery can provide more accurate information with less delay than careful human analysis.Developing an automated system that produces the timetable of a piece of malware is a challenging research problem. In this paper, we describe our implementation of a key component of such a system: the discovery of timers without making assumptions about the integrity of the infected system's kernel. Our technique runs a virtual machine at slightly different rates of perceived time (time as seen by the virtual machine), and identifies time counters by correlating memory write frequency to timer interrupt frequency.We also analyze real malware to assess the feasibility of using full-system, machine-level symbolic execution on these timers to discover predicates. Because of the intricacies of the Gregorian calendar (leap years, different number of days in each month, etc.) these predicates will not be direct expressions on the timer but instead an annotated trace; so we formalize the calculation of a timetable as a weakest precondition calculation. Our analysis of six real worms sheds light on two challenges for future work: 1) time-dependent malware behavior often does not follow a linear timetable; and 2) that an attacker with knowledge of the analysis technique can evade analysis. Our current results are promising in that with simple symbolic execution we are able to discover predicates on the day of the month for four real worms. Then through more traditional manual analysis we conclude that a more control-flow-sensitive symbolic execution implementation would discover all predicates for the malware we analyzed.
Dissemination of routing information in broadcast networks: OSPF versus IS-IS (2001)

OSPF and IS-IS are two main standard link state routing protocols designed to operate in various complex network topologies. One aspect that both protocols handle is the reliable dissemination of routing information over broadcast networks such as Ethernet and FDDI. Both protocols suggest different schemes for this purpose and in this article we compare the two. The performance criteria being checked are: the longest arrival time of a routing update packet at all the routers; the average arrival time of routing update packets at all the routers; the total required bandwidth; and the number of memory accesses a router performs, which is evidence of the amount of internal work it performs. We find that in our model of broadcast networks the scheme suggested in IS-IS is more efficient than that of OSPF in terms of the arrival times of routing update packets. In particular, the average arrival time of routing update packets in OSPF is 2-10 times longer than in IS-IS. In terms of the bandwidth each scheme consumes, there are scenarios where OSPF outperforms IS-IS and vice versa. In terms of the number of memory accesses routers perform in each scheme, IS-IS outperforms OSPF.
<title>InAs/Ga<formula><inf><roman>1-x</roman></inf></formula>In<formula><inf><roman>x</roman></inf></formula>Sb infrared superlattice photodiodes for infrared detection</title> (1998)

Electric and optical properties of IR photodiodes based on InAs/(GaIn)Sb superlattices were investigations. Mesa diodes were fabricated with cut-off wavelengths ranging from 7.5 to 12 micrometers , showing 77 K detectivities between 1 X 10<SUP>12</SUP> cmHz<SUP>0.5</SUP>/W and 5 X 10<SUP>10</SUP> cmHz<SUP>0.5</SUP>/W, respectively. At least two leakage current mechanisms are observed in the reverse bias branch of the current-voltage characteristics. At high reverse bias band-to-band tunneling currents dominate. Close to zero voltage surface leakage currents become important. The leakage currents are studied with gate controlled mesa diodes, allowing depletion or inversion of the mesa side walls. In addition, the band-to- band tunneling currents are investigated by applying magnetic fields oriented parallel and perpendicular to the electric field across the p-n junction of the diode.
Spectral–spatial excitation for rapid imaging of DNP compounds (2011)

Dynamic nuclear polarization and dissolution offer the exciting possibility of imaging biochemical reactions in vivo , including some of the key enzymatic reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The development of new pulse sequence strategies has been motivated by demanding applications, such as the imaging of hyperpolarized metabolite distributions in the heart. In this article, the key considerations surrounding the application of spectral–spatial imaging pulse sequences for hyperpolarized 13 C metabolic imaging in cardiac and cancer applications are explored. Spiral pulse sequences for multislice imaging of [1‐ 13 C]pyruvate in the heart were developed, as well as time‐resolved, three‐dimensional, echo‐planar imaging sequences for the imaging of [1‐ 13 C]pyruvate–lactate exchange in cancer. The advantages and challenges associated with these sequences were determined by testing in pig and rat models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent advances in on-line multidimensional liquid chromatography (2009)

Multidimensional liquid chromatography (MD LC) has, due to enhanced peak capacity compared to one-dimensional LC, become an important analytical tool for separating components in complex samples, e.g. in proteomics. MD LC can be performed both on-line and off-line. Because of the advantages like possible automation and minimal sample loss, on-line MD LC has appeared to be very attractive also for high throughput analysis. This review includes only on-line coupled MD LC. Different aspects related to the compatibility of separation principles and column dimensions are highlighted and recent applications using on-line mainly two-dimensional (2D) LC have been included.
Plasma levels of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and early mortality risk among patients enrolling for antiretroviral treatment in South Africa (2007)

Plasma suPAR concentration was the strongest independent predictor of short-term mortality risk among patients with advanced immunodeficiency enrolling in this ART programme. However, lack of a discriminatory threshold did not permit this marker to be used to triage patients according to short-term mortality risk.
General aspects of anti-angiogenesis and cancer therapy (2001)

Angiogenesis is the outgrowth of new vessels from pre-existing ones. Tumour growth and metastasis is dependent on angiogenesis and many stimulatory and inhibitory factors have been described which play an active role in this process. Inhibition of tumour neovasculature may be one strategy to inhibit tumour growth. Naturally occurring inhibitors of angiogenesis have been discovered and synthetic agents have been designed. Many of these inhibitors are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. This review discusses the mechanism of action of these anti-angiogenics as well as a description of the clinical trials in which they are being evaluated.
A multi-branch convolutional neural network for detecting double JPEG compression (2017)

Detection of double JPEG compression is important to forensics analysis. A few methods were proposed based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). These methods only accept inputs from pre-processed data, such as histogram features and/or decompressed images. In this paper, we present a CNN solution by using raw DCT (discrete cosine transformation) coefficients from JPEG images as input. Considering the DCT sub-band nature in JPEG, a multiple-branch CNN structure has been designed to reveal whether a JPEG format image has been doubly compressed. Comparing with previous methods, the proposed method provides end-to-end detection capability. Extensive experiments have been carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed network.
Recent advances in the management of anaplastic thyroid cancer (2020)

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is undoubtedly the thyroid cancer histotype with the poorest prognosis. The conventional treatment includes surgery, radiotherapy, and conventional chemotherapy. Surgery should be as complete as possible, securing the airway and ensuring access for nutritional support; the current standard of care of radiotherapy is the intensity-modulated radiation therapy; chemotherapy includes the use of doxorubicin or taxanes (paclitaxel or docetaxel) generally with platin (cisplatin or carboplatin). However, frequently, these treatments are not sufficient and a systemic treatment with kinase inhibitors is necessary. These include multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Lenvatinib, Sorafenib, Sunitinib, Vandetanib, Axitinib, Pazopanib, Pyrazolo-pyrimidine compounds), single target tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Dabrafenib plus Trametinib and Vemurafenib against BRAF, Gefitinib against EGFR, PPARγ ligands (e.g. Efatutazone), Everolimus against mTOR, vascular disruptors (e.g. Fosbretabulin), and immunotherapy (e.g. Spartalizumab and Pembrolizumab, which are anti PD-1/PD-L1 molecules). Therapy should be tailored to the patients and to the tumor genetic profile. A BRAF mutation analysis is mandatory, but a wider evaluation of tumor mutational status (e.g. by next-generation sequencing) is desirable. When a BRAF<sup>V600E</sup> mutation is detected, treatment with Dabrafenib and Trametinib should be preferred: this combination has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic ATC with BRAF<sup>V600E</sup> mutation and with no satisfactory locoregional treatment options. Alternatively, Lenvatinib, regardless of mutational status, reported good results and was approved in Japan for treating unresectable tumors. Other single target mutation agents with fair results are Everolimus when a mutation involving the PI3K/mTOR pathway is detected, Imatinib in case of PDGF-receptors overexpression, and Spartalizumab in case of PD-L1 positive tumors. Several trials are currently evaluating the possible beneficial role of a combinatorial therapy in ATC. Since in this tumor several genetic alterations are usually found, the aim is to inhibit or disrupt several pathways: these combination strategies use therapy targeting angiogenesis, survival, proliferation, and may act against both MAPK and PI3K pathways. Investigating new treatment options is eagerly awaited since, to date, even the molecules with the best radiological results have not been able to provide a durable disease control.
Tribute to Gary J. Miller, M.D., Ph.D. (1950-2001) (2002)

No Abstract Available
Low-complexity 2D behavioural model for concurrent dual-band power amplifiers (2012)

A complexity-efficient two-dimensional (2D) behavioural model for concurrent dual-band power amplifiers (PAs) is proposed based on the (k+1)th-order cross-band modulation basis function. The main advantages of the proposed model are lower complexity and comparable modelling performance compared to the state-of-the-art. Measurements were carried out for two types of dual-band PAs. The performance of the proposed model has been proved to be effective.
An Analysis for Unreplicated Fractional Factorials (1986)

Loss of markets to Japan has recently caused attention to return to the enormous potential that experimental design possesses for the improvement of product design, for the improvement of the manufacturing process, and hence for improvement of overall product quality. In the screening stage of industrial experimentation it is frequently true that the “Pareto Principle” applies; that is, a large proportion of process variation is associated with a small proportion of the process variables. In such circumstances of “factor sparsity,” unreplicated fractional designs and other orthogonal arrays have frequently been effective when used as a screen for isolating preponderant factors. A useful graphical analysis due to Daniel (1959) employs normal probability plotting. A more formal analysis is presented here, which may be used to supplement such plots and hence to facilitate the use of these unreplicated experimental arrangements.
Maximising the potential of AKT inhibitors as anti-cancer treatments (2016)

PI3K/AKT signalling is commonly disrupted in human cancers, with AKT being a central component of the pathway, influencing multiple processes that are directly involved in tumourigenesis. Targeting AKT is therefore a highly attractive anti-cancer strategy with multiple AKT inhibitors now in various stages of clinical development. In this review, we summarise the role and regulation of AKT signalling in normal cellular physiology. We highlight the mechanisms by which AKT signalling can be hyperactivated in cancers and discuss the past, present and future clinical strategies for AKT inhibition in oncology.
Comparative genomic and transcriptional analyses of CRISPR systems across the genus Pyrobaculum (2012)

Within the domain Archaea, the CRISPR immune system appears to be nearly ubiquitous based on computational genome analyses. Initial studies in bacteria demonstrated that the CRISPR system targets invading plasmid and viral DNA. Recent experiments in the model archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus have uncovered a novel RNA-targeting variant of the CRISPR system. Because our understanding of CRISPR system evolution in other archaea is limited, we have taken a comparative genomic and transcriptomic view of the CRISPR arrays across six diverse species within the crenarchaeal genus Pyrobaculum. We present transcriptional data from each of four species in the genus (P. aerophilum, P. islandicum, P. calidifontis, P. arsenaticum), analyzing mature CRISPR-associated small RNA abundance from over 20 arrays. Within the genus, there is remarkable conservation of CRISPR array structure, as well as unique features that are have not been studied in other archaeal systems. These unique features include: a nearly invariant CRISPR promoter, conservation of direct repeat families, the 5' polarity of CRISPR-associated small RNA abundance, and a novel CRISPR-specific association with homologues of nurA and herA. These analyses provide a genus-level evolutionary perspective on archaeal CRISPR systems, broadening our understanding beyond existing non-comparative model systems.
Occlusive and reperfused myocardial infarcts: effect of Gd-DTPA on ECG-gated MR imaging. (1986)

In vivo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed to determine the effect of gadolinium-DTPA on MR intensity and relaxation times of occlusive and reperfused acute myocardial infarcts. In 18 dogs the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery was ligated. Five hours after LAD artery occlusion, six dogs in group 1 received intravenous Gd-DTPA, 0.5 mmol/kg, and 6 dogs in group 2 received 0.1 mmol/kg. The myocardia of the remaining six dogs (group 3) were reperfused after 1 hour of coronary artery occlusion; these dogs received 0.1 mmol/kg Gd-DTPA intravenously 5 hours later. MR imaging was performed before (control) and 5 minutes after Gd-DTPA administration. Intravenous administration of 0.1 mmol/kg Gd-DTPA significantly improved contrast between infarcted and normal myocardium on T1-weighted spin echo images in group 3. In all groups, T2-weighted precontrast images provided contrast between infarcted and normal myocardium equivalent or better than that provided by T1-weighted postcontrast images. Thus, Gd-DTPA did not improve contrast between ischemically injured and normal myocardium in the early hours after coronary artery occlusion.
Azo dyes with absorption bands in the near infrared (1986)

The first examples of monoazo dyes absorbing in the near infrared (up to 806 nm in dimethyl sulphoxide) have been prepared from 2-(4-amino-2-acetylaminophenylazo)-4-chloro-5-formylthiazoles by condensing the formyl group with suitably electronegative active methylene compounds under base catalysed conditions.
Maximum likelihood trend estimation in exponential noise (2001)

This paper considers the problem of estimating a linear trend in noise, where the noise is modeled as independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random process with exponential distribution. The corresponding maximum likelihood parameter estimator of the trend and noise parameters is derived, and its performance is analyzed. It turns out that the resulting maximum likelihood estimator has to solve a linear programming problem with number of constraints equal to the number of received data. A recursive form of the maximum likelihood estimator, which makes it suitable for implementation in real-time systems, is then proposed. The memory requirements of the recursive algorithm are data dependent and are investigated by simulations using both computer-generated and recorded data sets.